bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
tBuOK/TMSOK‐Mediated “Alkyl Halide to Alkyl Free Radical” Transformation for Transition‐Metal‐Free Benzoin α‐C—H Alkylation
Authors: Wang Zhouying , Gan Lu , Song Zhibin , Liu Yunyun , Wan Jie‐Ping 
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive SummaryThe alkali tert‐butoxide (tBuOK or tBuONa) mediated generation of aryl free radical from aryl iodide remarks a milestone discovery in the free radical chemistry. However, the equivalent “alkyl halide to alkyl free radical” transformation has not yet been realized in applicable synthesis by similar catalytic tactic. In this paper, the first practical “alkyl halide to alkyl free radical” transformation mediated by tBuOK or TMSOK in the direct α‐C—H alkylation of benzoins is presented. As the parallelly significant issue as aryl free radical generation, the current work, while bringing a rather facile and useful new approach for the synthesis of diverse benzoins, represents also an important step in the alkyl free radical‐based synthesis by displaying the higher generality of simple alkali base mediated radical formation.
Computational model‐based hemodynamic comparisons of traditional and modified idealized models of autologous radiocephalic fistula
Authors: Wang Fan , Wang Baohui , Guo Jinfeng , Zhang Tian , Mu Weina , Liu Chunhui 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAutologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a commonly used vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis, and hemodynamic changes are one of the main factors for its failure. To explore the effect of geometry on the hemodynamics in the AVF, a modified model is built with a gradual and smooth turn at the anastomosis and is compared with the traditional model, which has an abrupt sharp turn at the anastomisis. Transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed for the comparison and analysis of the hemodynamic fields of the two models at different stages of the pulse cycle. The results showed that the low shear stress region and high oscillatory shear stress region in the modified AVF model coincided with regions of intimal hyperplasia that have been identified by previous studies. A comparison with the blood flow velocities measured in vivo was performed, and the error between the simulation results and the medical data was reduced by 22% in the modified model, which verifies the rationality and utility of the modified model.
In silico analysis reveals the prospects of renal anisotropy in improving chronic kidney disease detection using ultrasound shear wave elastography
Authors: Lim William T. H. , Ooi Ean H. , Foo Ji J. , Ng Kwan H. , Wong Jeannie H. D. , Leong Sook S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRenal anisotropy is a complex property of the kidney and often poses a challenge in obtaining consistent measurements when using shear wave elastography to detect chronic kidney disease. To circumvent the challenge posed by renal anisotropy in clinical settings, a dimensionless biomarker termed the ‘anisotropic ratio’ was introduced to establish a correlation between changes in degree of renal anisotropy and progression of chronic kidney disease through an in silico perspective. To achieve this, an efficient model reduction approach was developed to model the anisotropic property of kidneys. Good agreement between the numerical and experimental data were obtained, as percentage errors of less than 5.5% were reported when compared against experimental phantom measurement from the literature. To demonstrate the applicability of the model to clinical measurements, the anisotropic ratio of sheep kidneys was quantified, with both numerical and derived experimental results reporting a value of .667. Analysis of the anisotropic ratio with progression of chronic kidney disease demonstrated that patients with normal kidneys would have a lower anisotropic ratio of .872 as opposed to patients suffering from renal impairment, in which the anisotropic ratio may increase to .904, as determined from this study. The findings demonstrate the potential of the anisotropic ratio in improving the detection of chronic kidney disease using shear wave elastography.
High‐throughput in‐memory bitwise computing based on a coupled dual‐SRAM array with independent operands
Authors: Wu Hongbiao , Lin Zhiting , Wu Xiulong , Zhao Qiang , Lu Wenjuan , Peng Chunyu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe successful implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms depends on the capacity to execute numerous repeated operations, which, in turn, requires systems with high data throughput. Although emerging computing‐in‐memory (CIM) eliminates the need for frequent data transfer between the memory and processing blocks and enables parallel activation of multiple rows, the traditional structure, where each row has only one identical input value, significantly limits its further application. To solve this problem, this study proposes a dual‐SRAM CIM architecture in which two SRAM arrays are coupled such that all operands are different, thus rendering the use of CIM considerably more flexible. The proposed dual‐SRAM array was implemented through a 55‐nm process, essentially delivering a frequency of 361 MHz for a 1.2‐V supply and energy efficiency of 161 TOPS/W at 0.9 V supply.
CM‐Pf deep brain stimulation in polyneuromodulation for epilepsy
Authors: Tatum W. O. , Freund B. , Middlebrooks E. H. , Lundstrom B. N. , Feyissa A. M. , Van Gompel J. J. , Grewal S. S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectiveNeuromodulation is a viable option for patients with drug‐resistant epilepsies. We reviewed the management of patients with two deep brain neurostimulators. In addition, patients implanted with a device targeting the centromedian‐parafascicular (CM‐Pf) nuclear complex supplements this report to provide an illustrative case to implantation and programming a patient with three active devices.MethodsA narrative review using PubMed and Embase identified patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy implanted with more than one neurostimulator was performed. Combinations of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) were identified. We provide a background of a newly reported case of an adult with a triple implant eventually responding to CM‐Pf DBS as the third implant following suboptimal benefit from VNS and RNS.ResultsIn review of the literature, dual‐device therapy is increasing in reports of use with combinations of VNS, RNS, and DBS to treat patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. We review dual‐device implants with thalamic DBS device combinations, functional neural networks, and programming patients with dual devices. CM‐Pf is a new target for DBS and has shown a variable response in focal epilepsy. We report the unique case of 28‐year‐old male with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy who experienced a 75% seizure reduction with CM‐Pf DBS as his third device after suboptimal responses to VNS and RNS. After 9 months, he also experienced seizure freedom from recurrent focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures. No medical or surgical complications or safety issues were encountered.ConclusionWe demonstrate safety and feasibility in an adult combining active VNS, RNS, and CM‐Pf DBS. Patients with dual‐device therapy who experience a suboptimal response to initial device use at optimized settings should not be considered a neuromodulation “failure.” Strategies to combine devices require a working knowledge of brain networks.
Measurement of thermal conductivity of thermally reactive materials for use in pyrolysis models
Authors: DiDomizio Matthew J. , McKinnon Mark B. , Bellamy Grayson 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPyrolysis models are used in the fire science field to simulate the thermal decomposition of materials. These models require knowledge of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of an assumed reaction mechanism, and the thermophysical properties of the virgin material and product species. Standard test methods exist for measuring the thermal conductivity of nonreactive materials, but to date no suitable method exists that is compatible with contemporary pyrolysis models and is applicable to thermally reactive materials. In the present study, a modified methodology was presented and evaluated to address this need. The methodology involves a preliminary assessment of thermal stability, followed by a series of tests including: thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and laser flash analysis. Once a reaction mechanism has been identified, gram‐scale samples of the virgin and stable product species are isolated and independent measurements of thermal conductivity of those species are obtained. The methodology was applied to eucalyptus fiber hardboard, for which a complete set of property data for pyrolysis modeling was obtained. A pyrolysis experiment was then conducted, and that experiment was simulated using a pyrolysis model parameterized with the measured property data. Model predictions of the mass loss rate and temperature rise of a hardboard sample exposed to radiant heat flux of 35 and 60 kW m−2 were found to be a good match to measurements. These results demonstrate the suitability of the property data, the pyrolysis model, and the utility of this approach. This work will serve as a basis for property determination in future pyrolysis studies.
Assessing the influence of financial fair play on sporting performance: A study of the Spanish league using a data envelopment analysis model
Authors: Calahorro‐López Alberto , Ratkai Melinda , Fernández‐Uclés Domingo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe football industry stands as an important economic sector in numerous countries, sparking scholarly discussions on the multifaceted nature of interconnected objectives and the influence of financial, accounting, and management elements on athletic performance. This discussion has gained prominence following the implementation of Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations, which have substantially reshaped industry management practices. This study introduces two innovative models—financial and sporting—that employ data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the performance of Spanish league football clubs within the context of FFP regulations. These models illuminate a crucial aspect of sports economic theory: the balancing act between financial and sporting objectives. Moreover, our analysis explores the influence of FFP on the efficiency of the Spanish league by comparing club proximity to the best practice frontier before and after FFP implementation. Our findings uncover intriguing differentiations within the proposed models and across various club clusters, providing valuable insights into the nuanced interplay among finance, accounting, and sports management.
Meshless method for wave propagation in poroelastic transversely isotropic half‐space with the use of perfectly matched layer
Authors: Shaker Kamal , Eskandari‐Ghadi Morteza , Mohammadi Soheil 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNumerical investigation of wave propagation in transversely isotropic poroelastic half‐space with the use of a new stretched coordinate system through the Meshless Local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) formulation is presented in this paper. To this end, the u−p formulation of Biot is adopted as the framework of the porous media. One approach to numerically solve the infinite domain problems is the use of an absorber layer in which the whole half‐space is divided into two parts, that is (i) a finite part, in which the responses are interested, and (ii) the remaining semi‐infinite part, which is replaced by a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML). The stretched coordinates in the PML are introduced in such a way that the wave propagating in it does not generate spurious reflection to the finite part. Comparing the numerical results with some existing exact solutions and evaluating the norm of error demonstrate that the response functions in the finite part are achievable as precise as desired. Some new results are also presented which show the validity of the numerical approach in poroelastic transversely isotropic domain.
Experimental and statistical damage analysis in milling of S2‐glass fiber/epoxy and basalt fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Sayin Ahmed Cagri , Danisman Sengul , Ersoy Emin , Yilmaz Cagatay , Kesriklioglu Sinan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractS2‐glass fiber reinforced plastics (S2‐GFRP) and basalt fiber reinforced plastics (BFRP) have emerged as crucial materials due to their exceptional mechanical properties, and milling of composite materials plays an important role in achieving desired properties. However, they have proven challenges due to relative inhomogeneity compared with metals, resulting unpredictability in quality of milling operations. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters, tool geometry and tool surface materials on the surface quality of composites using burrs as a metric. S2‐GFRP and BFRP composites were produced by the vacuum infusion method. Helical and straight flute end mills were manufactured from high‐speed steel (HSS) and carbide rounds, and half of them were coated with titanium nitride using reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used to determine the effect of tool material, tool angle, coating, cutting direction, spindle speed, and feed rate on the machining quality of S2‐GFRPs and BFRPs with respect to burr formations. Milling experiments were conducted under dry conditions and then the burrs were imaged to calculate the total area and length. Statistical analysis was also performed to optimize the machining parameters and tool type for ensuring the structural integrity and performance of the final composite parts. The results showed that the selection of tool material has the most significant impact on the burr area and length of the machined surface. The novel image analysis allows to analyze the extent of the burr size with a desirable operation speed for industrial applications.Highlights
Aerospace grade S2‐Glass (S2‐GFRP) and basalt fiber reinforced plastics (BFRP) were manufactured.
Carbide and HSS end mills were fabricated and coated with titanium nitride protective layer.
FRPs were machined at various process parameters designed by Taguchi method.
Distinctive image processing was firstly used to compute milling induced Burr area and length.
Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of parameters and optimize milling.
Analysis of CFRP inter‐laminar cracking location under laser impacts
Authors: Song Yuheng , Qu Meijiao , He Weifeng , Zhu Hanrui , Liu Kai 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this study, a combination of theoretical analysis and experimental verification was used to investigate the effects of laser parameters and shock wave shape on the location of layer cracks in carbon fiber‐reinforced plastics specimens. Firstly, the propagation coupling process of trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular pulses in the material was investigated based on the one‐dimensional stress wave propagation theory. The study analyzed the effects of shock wave pressure amplitude, pulse width, and other factors on the location of layer cracks in the material. Subsequently, laser impact experiments with varying energies and pulse widths were conducted on specimens of different thicknesses to investigate the impact of shock wave pressure amplitude and laser pulse width on the location of layer cracking. The results show that the theoretical analysis of triangular shock waves has broader applicability and can serve as a representative analytical model to describe single‐layer crack damage.Highlights
Laser impact experiments with various specimen thicknesses.
Laser pulse width determines the initial location of inter‐laminar cracking.
The applicability of the triangular pulsed layer cracking formula.
The effect of laser energy on pulse amplitude.
Mutagenesis Supports AlphaFold Prediction of How Modular Polyketide Synthase Acyl Carrier Proteins Dock With Downstream Ketosynthases
Authors: Hirsch Melissa , Desai Ronak R. , Annaswamy Shreyas , Keatinge‐Clay Adrian T. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTThe docking of an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain with a downstream ketosynthase (KS) domain in each module of a polyketide synthase (PKS) helps ensure accurate biosynthesis. If the polyketide chain bound to the ACP has been properly modified by upstream processing enzymes and is compatible with gatekeeping residues in the KS tunnel, a transacylation reaction can transfer it from the 18.1‐Å phosphopantetheinyl arm of the ACP to the reactive cysteine of the KS. AlphaFold‐Multimer predicts a general interface for these transacylation checkpoints. Half of the solutions obtained for 50 ACP/KS pairs show the KS motif TxLGDP forming the first turn of an α‐helix, as in reported structures, while half show it forming a type I β‐turn not previously observed. Solutions with the latter conformation may represent how these domains are relatively positioned during the transacylation reaction, as the entrance to the KS active site is relatively open and the phosphopantetheinylated ACP serine and the reactive KS cysteine are relatively closer—17.2 versus 20.9 Å, on average. To probe the predicted interface, 20 mutations were made to KS surface residues within the model triketide lactone synthase P1‐P6‐P7. The activities of these mutants are consistent with the proposed interface.
Effects of inlet height of detention basins on fish movement to refuges during floods
Authors: Nakagawa Hikaru , Matsuzawa Yuki , Nagayama Akira , Agata Yoshihiro , Okamoto Seiya , Masuda Shinichi , Aikawa Takao , Sakamoto Taihei , Kono Takanori , Hayashida Kazufumi , Mori Terutaka 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDetention basins, typically installed adjacent to rivers, prevent the rise in water levels downstream by temporarily storing river water. Furthermore, these basins potentially promote biodiversity by creating floodplains as refuges during floods. The heights of the inlet dikes, which divert river water into the basins during floods, are designed just below the flood elevation to maximise disaster prevention. However, the accessibility of these artificial basins to organisms during floods is uncertain, primarily due to the design of the inlet dikes. Herein, we experimentally examined the effect of the height of these inlets on fish entering the detention basins during floods. The Aqua Restoration Research Center created small‐scale detention basins next to the experimental streams to induce artificial flooding using movable water gates. We controlled the height of the inlet boards to simulate an inlet dike and recorded the number of fishes that entered these basins during an experimental flood. The number of individuals moving into the basins increased as the height of the inlet board decreased. No fish were captured in the basins with the highest inlet board, which was set just below the experimental flood level. While the detention basin needs to be of a certain height of the inlet for effective flood control, we suggest a solution that may be possible to achieve both objectives, disaster prevention and biodiversity conservation, by altering the inlet location, with reference to a Japanese traditional flood reduction installation, the Kasumi‐tei.
Boosting the Electrical Transfer by Molybdenum Doping for Robust and Flexible NiSe‐Based Supercapacitor
Authors: Tang Guilin , Tang Weinan , Li Quancai , Tian Bin , Zhang Xinyu , Liang Jing , Wu Wei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNiSe is a promising electrode material for enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors, but it faces challenges such as sensitivity to electrolyte anions, limited specific capacity, and unstable cycling. This study employs a strategy of metal atom doping to address these issues. Through a hydrothermal reaction, Mo‐doped NiSe demonstrates significant improvement in electrochemical performance, exhibiting high capacity (799.90 C g−1), splendid rate performance, and excellent cyclic stability (90% capacity retention). The introduction of Mo induces charge redistribution in NiSe, leading to a reduction in the band gap. Theoretical calculation reveals that Mo doping can effectively enhance the electrical conductivity and the adsorption energy of NiSe. A flexible printed hybrid Mo‐doped NiSe‐based supercapacitor is fabricated, demonstrating superior electrochemical performance (367.04 mF cm−2) and the ability to power timers, LEDs, and toy fans. This research not only deepens the understanding of the electrochemical properties of metal‐doped NiSe but also highlights its application potential in high‐performance supercapacitors.
Recent Advances in Revealing the Electrocatalytic Mechanism for Hydrogen Energy Conversion System
Authors: Cai Mingxin , Zhang Yiran , He Peilei , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn light of the intensifying global energy crisis and the mounting demand for environmental protection, it is of vital importance to develop advanced hydrogen energy conversion systems. Electrolysis cells for hydrogen production and fuel cell devices for hydrogen utilization are indispensable in hydrogen energy conversion. As one of the electrolysis cells, water splitting involves two electrochemical reactions, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. And oxygen reduction reaction coupled with hydrogen oxidation reaction, represent the core electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cell devices. However, the inherent complexity and the lack of a clear understanding of the structure‐performance relationship of these electrocatalytic reactions, have posed significant challenges to the advancement of research in this field. In this work, the recent development in revealing the mechanism of electrocatalytic reactions in hydrogen energy conversion systems is reviewed, including in situ characterization and theoretical calculation. First, the working principles and applications of operando measurements in unveiling the reaction mechanism are systematically introduced. Then the application of theoretical calculations in the design of catalysts and the investigation of the reaction mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities are also summarized and discussed for paving the development of hydrogen energy conversion systems.