bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) to Monitor Compound Effects on Cardiac Myocyte Signaling Pathways
Authors: Guo Liang , Eldridge Sandy , Furniss Mike , Mussio Jodie , Davis Myrtle 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is a need to develop mechanism‐based assays to better inform risk of cardiotoxicity. Human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) are rapidly gaining acceptance as a biologically relevant in vitro model for use in drug discovery and cardiotoxicity screens. Utilization of hiPSC‐CMs for mechanistic investigations would benefit from confirmation of the expression and activity of cellular pathways that are known to regulate cardiac myocyte viability and function. This unit describes an approach to demonstrate the presence and function of signaling pathways in hiPSC‐CMs and the effects of treatments on these pathways. We present a workflow that employs protocols to demonstrate protein expression and functional integrity of signaling pathway(s) of interest and to characterize biological consequences of signaling modulation. These protocols utilize a unique combination of structural, functional, and biochemical endpoints to interrogate compound effects on cardiomyocytes. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diabetic Retinopathy: Retina‐Specific Methods for Maintenance of Diabetic Rodents and Evaluation of Vascular Histopathology and Molecular Abnormalities
Authors: Veenstra Alexander , Liu Haitao , Lee Chieh Allen , Du Yunpeng , Tang Jie , Kern Timothy S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment, which continues to increase in prevalence as more and more people develop diabetes. Despite the importance of vision, the retina is one of the smallest tissues in the body, and specialized techniques have been developed to study retinopathy. This article summarizes several methods used to (i) induce diabetes in mice, (ii) maintain the diabetic animals throughout the months required for development of typical vascular histopathology, (iii) evaluate vascular histopathology of diabetic retinopathy, and (iv) quantitate abnormalities implicated in the development of the retinopathy. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploration of Energy Metabolism in the Mouse Using Indirect Calorimetry: Measurement of Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Authors: Meyer Carola W. , Reitmeir Peter , Tschöp Matthias H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCurrent comprehensive mouse metabolic phenotyping involves studying energy balance in cohorts of mice via indirect calorimetry, which determines heat release from changes in respiratory air composition. Here, we describe the measurement of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in mice. These well‐defined metabolic descriptors serve as meaningful first‐line read‐outs for metabolic phenotyping and should be reported when exploring energy expenditure in mice. For further guidance, the issue of appropriate sample sizes and the frequency of sampling of metabolic measurements is also discussed. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phenotyping Circadian Rhythms in Mice
Authors: Eckel‐Mahan Kristin , Sassone‐Corsi Paolo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCircadian rhythms take place with a periodicity of 24 hr, temporally following the rotation of the earth around its axis. Examples of circadian rhythms are the sleep/wake cycle, feeding, and hormone secretion. Light powerfully entrains the mammalian clock and assists in keeping animals synchronized to the 24‐hour cycle of the earth by activating specific neurons in the “central pacemaker” of the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Absolute periodicity of an animal can deviate slightly from 24 hr as manifest when an animal is placed into constant dark or “free‐running” conditions. Simple measurements of an organism's activity in free‐running conditions reveal its intrinsic circadian period. Mice are a particularly useful model for studying circadian rhythmicity due to the ease of genetic manipulation, thus identifying molecular contributors to rhythmicity. Furthermore, their small size allows for monitoring locomotion or activity in their homecage environment with relative ease. Several tasks commonly used to analyze circadian periodicity and plasticity in mice are presented here including the process of entrainment, determination of tau (period length) in free‐running conditions, determination of circadian periodicity in response to light disruption (e.g., jet lag studies), and evaluation of clock plasticity in non‐24‐hour conditions (T‐cycles). Studying the properties of circadian periods such as their phase, amplitude, and length in response to photic perturbation, can be particularly useful in understanding how humans respond to jet lag, night shifts, rotating shifts, or other transient or chronic disruption of environmental surroundings. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A 3D Spatio-Temporal Geovisualization of Subcounty Estimates of Historic Housing Density in Metro Atlanta, 1940–2009
Authors: Hauer Mathew 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper is a 3D Geovisualization of subcounty estimates of historic housing density in the 20-county metro Atlanta Region for 1940–2009 using the Hammer Method. Representing information spatially and temporally, by themselves, are well developed techniques for demographers to use. Representing information spatio-temporally, together, however, is underdeveloped in the demographic literature. This paper includes a number of contemporary geovisualization techniques that can be employed to better visually represent demographic data in a more intuitive manner. Policymakers and other consumers of demographic data could greatly benefit from improved representations of the spatio-temporal data that demographers produce.
Poverty Segregation in Nonmetro Counties: A Spatial Exploration of Segregation Patterns in the US
Authors: Sparks P. Johnelle , Sparks Corey S. , Campbell Joseph J. A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Most research on segregation focuses on racial residential segregation in metropolitan statistical areas and typically uses a-spatial measures of segregation. What is less clear is if segregation measures operate in a similar fashion in nonmetropolitan areas and if spatial patterns exist for poverty segregation in nonmetro counties. The purpose of this research was to examine multiple dimensions of poverty segregation in the United States the period 2006–2010 for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. Data for this analysis come from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5 year estimates, the 2000 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 3 and the USDA Economic Research Service. Four different measures of poverty segregation were calculated, including both aspatial and spatial measures. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test for variation in the segregation indices across metro and nonmetro areas and spatially autoregressive models were used to examine the socioeconomic correlates of poverty segregation. Results indicate significant variation in poverty segregation patterns in metro and nonmetro counties in the US, and nonmetro counties outside of the South have significantly lower levels of poverty segregation. This research adds to the literature by exploring patterns of metro and nonmetro poverty segregation and measuring different dimensions of segregation with an explicit spatial referent across counties in the contiguous United States in an effort to note differences in how segregation works across rural and urban places.
A Spatially Explicit Approach to the Study of Socio- Demographic Inequality in the Spatial Distribution of Trees across Boston Neighborhoods
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Kawachi Ichiro , Kum Susan , Aldstadt Jared , Piras Gianfranco , Matthews Stephen A. , Arbia Giuseppe , Castro Marcia C. , White Kellee , Williams David R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe racial/ethnic and income composition of neighborhoods often influences local amenities, including the potential spatial distribution of trees, which are important for population health and community wellbeing, particularly in urban areas. This ecological study used spatial analytical methods to assess the relationship between neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics (i.e. minority racial/ethnic composition and poverty) and tree density at the census tract level in Boston, Massachusetts (US). We examined spatial autocorrelation with the Global Moran’sIfor all study variables and in the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression residuals as well as computed Spearman correlations non-adjusted and adjusted for spatial autocorrelation between socio-demographic characteristics and tree density. Next, we fit traditional regressions (i.e. OLS regression models) and spatial regressions (i.e. spatial simultaneous autoregressive models), as appropriate. We found significant positive spatial autocorrelation for all neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics (Global Moran’sIrange from 0.24 to 0.86, allP=0.001), for tree density (Global Moran’sI=0.452,P=0.001), and in the OLS regression residuals (Global Moran’sIrange from 0.32 to 0.38, allP<0.001). Therefore, we fit the spatial simultaneous autoregressive models. There was a negative correlation between neighborhood percent non-Hispanic Black and tree density (rS=−0.19; conventionalP-value=0.016; spatially adjustedP-value=0.299) as well as a negative correlation between predominantly non-Hispanic Black (over 60% Black) neighborhoods and tree density (rS=−0.18; conventionalP-value=0.019; spatially adjustedP-value=0.180). While the conventional OLS regression model found a marginally significant inverse relationship between Black neighborhoods and tree density, we found no statistically significant relationship between neighborhood socio-demographic composition and tree density in the spatial regression models. Methodologically, our study suggests the need to take into account spatial autocorrelation as findings/conclusions can change when the spatial autocorrelation is ignored. Substantively, our findings suggest no need for policy intervention vis-à-vis trees in Boston, though we hasten to add that replication studies, and more nuanced data on tree quality, age and diversity are needed.
Duration of Smoking Cessation and Postoperative Morbidity After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: How Long Should Patients Stop Smoking Before Surgery?
Authors: Yoshida Naoya , Baba Yoshifumi , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Shigaki Hironobu , Kurashige Junji , Sakamoto Yasuo , Miyamoto Yuji , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Kosumi Keisuke , Sugihara Hidetaka , Harada Kazuto , Tokunaga Ryuma , Izumi Daisuke , Watanabe Masayuki , Baba Hideo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundSmoking is one of the risk factors for postoperative morbidity. There were no studies on the correlation between the duration of smoking cessation and the incidence of morbidities after esophagectomy.MethodsA total of 246 patients undergoing elective esophagectomy with 2‐ or 3‐field lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer between April 2005 and February 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into five groups according to the duration of smoking cessation [no smoking cessation (including cessation for a few days), cessation for 7–30, 31–90, ≥91 days, never smoker].ResultsAny morbidity of Clavien–Dindo classification (CDc) ≥II, pneumonia, any pulmonary morbidity, surgical site infection, cardiovascular morbidity, and severe morbidities of CDc ≥IIIb frequently occurred in patients with no smoking cessation. The incidence of pneumonia and severe morbidities decreased as the duration of smoking cessation became longer. Logistic regression analysis suggested that no smoking cessation was the independent risk factor for any pulmonary morbidity (HR 3.68, 95 % CI 1.152–11.74; p = 0.028). Smoking cessation ≤30 days was also the independent risk factor for pneumonia (HR 2.89, 95 % CI 1.141–7.301; p = 0.025). Smoking cessation ≤90 days was the independent risk factor for severe morbidities of CDc ≥IIIb (HR 2.82, 95 % CI 1.072–7.427; p = 0.036).ConclusionsPreoperative smoking cessation more than 90 days is ideal to reduce morbidities after esophagectomy. When patients with insufficient smoking cessation undergo esophagectomy, careful perioperative management is required.
Oxidative Stability of α‐Linolenic Acid in Corn Chips Enriched with Linseed Oil Pro/Antioxidative Activity of Tocopherol
Authors: Rogalski Mateusz , Szterk Arkadiusz 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExtruded products, particularly those which are corn‐based, are widely consumed salty or sweet snacks; moreover, they very often provide a basis for breakfast for people around the world. Extruded products are characterised by a low nutritional value, and a particularly low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n‐3 group. An attempt was made to enrich extruded corn crisps with α‐linolenic acid (ALA) through the addition of refined linseed oil at an amount of 5 %. Corn crisps were produced with the addition of the oil concerned so that the concentration of ALA in the finished product was at least 2 g 100 g−1 (in a portion). With such a content of ALA, the crisps may be classified as ‘functional food’ in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 of May 2012. The following were tested: oxidative stability, and changes to the content of ALA during 6‐month storage of crisps with the addition of linseed oil and various concentrations of δ‐tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The crisps were packed in polyamide/polyethylene barrier film packages (30/70 µm), using either atmospheric air of argon for the packaging process. The study showed that with each applied concentration of δ‐tocopherol added to the linseed oil (200–800 mg 100 g−1), it had a strong pro‐oxidant effect. Packaging in argon atmosphere play very protective role in ALA stabilisation in functional corn crisp.
Supply chain coordination by contracts under binomial production yield
Authors: Clemens Josephine , Inderfurth Karl 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSupply chain coordination is enabled by adequately designed contracts so that decision making by multiple actors avoids efficiency losses in the supply chain. From the literature it is known that in newsvendor-type settings with random demand and deterministic supply the activities in supply chains can be coordinated by sophisticated contracts while the simple wholesale price contract fails to achieve coordination due to the double marginalization effect. Advanced contracts are typically characterized by risk sharing mechanisms between the actors, which have the potential to coordinate the supply chain. Regarding the opposite setting with random supply and deterministic demand, literature offers a considerably smaller spectrum of solution schemes. While contract types for the well-known stochastically proportional yield have been analyzed under different settings, other yield distributions have not received much attention in the literature so far. However, practice shows that yield types strongly depend on the industry and the production process that is considered. As consequence, they can deviate very much from the specific case of a stochastically proportional yield. This paper analyzes a buyer–supplier supply chain in a random yield, deterministic demand setting with production yield of a binomial type. It is shown how under binomially distributed yields risk sharing contracts can be used to coordinate buyer’s ordering and supplier’s production decision. Both parties are exposed to risks of overproduction and under-delivery. In contrast to settings with stochastically proportional yield, however, the impact of yield uncertainty can be quite different in the binomial yield case. Under binomial yield, the output uncertainty decreases with larger production quantities while it is independent from lot sizes under stochastically proportional yield. Consequently, the results from previous contract analyses on other yield types may not hold any longer. The current analytical study reveals that, like under stochastically proportional yield, coordination is impeded by double marginalization if a simple wholesale price contract is applied. However, more sophisticated contracts which penalize or reward the supplier can change the risk distribution so that supply chain coordination is possible also under binomial yield. In this context, many contract properties from planning under stochastically proportional yield carry over. Nevertheless, numerical examples reveal that a misspecification of the yield type can considerably downgrade the extent of supply chain coordination.
Learning through passive participation in asset market bubbles
Authors: Cason Timothy N. , Samek Anya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe report a laboratory experiment that investigates the impact of passive participation on bubble formation in asset markets with inexperienced and experienced traders. Some treatments employ pre-market training in which each participant is ‘matched’ with a trader from a different prior market and observes all trading details but does not directly participate in trading. We find that passive participation, similar to direct experience, significantly reduces mispricing in subsequent markets. This finding suggests that observation of prices is a key mechanism through which experience mitigates bubbles. We also vary whether transaction prices are displayed in a column of text or in a graphical display, and find that among inexperienced and once-experienced traders, markets with the tabular display result in bubbles that are greater in amplitude relative to markets with the graphical display.
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Swallowing Functions in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Song Woo Jin , Park Ji Hyuk , Lee Joo Hyun , Kim Min Young 
Published: September 2015

Objective/Background Oral-motor and sensory dysfunctions are primary reasons for difficulties with swallowing in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been shown to provide positive effects on the swallowing function in adult populations with various neurological disorders. However, there is a lack of studies regarding the effects of NMES in children with dysphagia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NMES and oral sensorimotor treatment (OST) by occupational therapists in children with CP and dysphagia. Methods The present study was a two-group experimental design. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). The NMES group received both NMES and OST, with NMES on the pharyngeal level for 20 minutes after OST, while the control group received OST and sham–-NMES only. The treatment sessions occurred twice a week for 8 weeks. Results The experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in: lip closure while swallowing, ability to swallow food without excess loss, ability to sip liquid, ability to swallow liquid without excess loss, and ability to swallow without cough (p < .05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that OST and NMES facilitated swallowing functions than OST and sham–-NMES in children with CP and dysphagia. Future studies need to utilise video fluoroscopy swallowing study for outcome measurements in a large participant group.
Integrated Yet Marginalized: Implications of Globalization for African Development
Authors: Ndikumana Léonce 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:This article discusses Africa’s deepening marginalization in the globalization of production, finance, and labor. It underscores critical development issues that result from, and are exacerbated by, globalization in the context of unequal global distribution of economic and political power: illicit financial flows and tax evasion, the brain drain, an increasing incidence of noncommunicable diseases, and the disproportionate burden of environmental degradation that is shouldered by the African continent. It also offers some policy suggestions to address these issues at national and regional levels.
Voluntarism, Virtuous Citizenship, and Nation-Building in Late Colonial and Early Postcolonial Tanzania
Authors: Hunter Emma 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:This article offers a historical perspective on the concept of voluntarism in modern Africa. It does so by exploring the ways in which postcolonial states grappled with the legacies of colonial-era concepts of voluntarism, using Tanzania as a case study. It argues that the postcolonial state sought to combine two strands of colonial thinking about voluntarism in a new conception of “virtuous citizenship.” But this was a fragile construction, and the language of voluntarism could bring to light divisions in society that many would have preferred to keep hidden.
Obscuring and Revealing: Muslim Engagement with Volunteering and the Aid Sector in Tanzania
Authors: Becker Felicitas 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:This article examines Muslim involvement, or lack of it, in AIDS services provision in Tanzania. It argues that Muslims find it harder than Christians to work with Western donors whose conceptions of civil society and volunteering do not accurately reflect the institutional practices of Muslims. Many Muslims also mistrust the role played by the state in brokering cooperation. Nevertheless, Muslims seek to engage with the volunteering discourse and have established some organizations that are visible to aid institutions. The complexity of this process reveals the political tensions and unstated agendas on the part of donors that are usually obscured by the notion of “volunteering.”
Motor Cortex Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Cross-over Trial
Authors: Radic Julia A.E. , Beauprie Ian , Chiasson Paula , Kiss Zelma H.T. , Brownstone Robert M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground: Chronic motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been used to treat medically refractory neuropathic pain over the past 20 years. We investigated this procedure using a prospective multicentre randomized blinded crossover trial. Methods: Twelve subjects with three different neuropathic pain syndromes had placement of MCS systems after which they were randomized to receive low (“subtherapeutic”) or high (“therapeutic”) stimulation for 12 weeks, followed by a crossover to the other treatment group for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the pain visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcome measures included McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Beck Depression Inventory-II, medication log, work status, global impression of change, and SF-36 quality of life scale. Results: The trial was halted early due to lack of efficacy. One subject withdrew early due to protocol violation and five subjects withdrew early due to transient adverse events. Six subjects with upper extremity pain completed the study. There was no significant change in VAS with low or high stimulation and no significant improvement in any of the outcome measures from low to high stimulation. SF-36 role physical and mental health scores were worse with high compared to low stimulation (p=0.024, p=0.005). Conclusions: We failed to show that MCS is an effective treatment for refractory upper extremity neuropathic pain and suggest that previous studies may have been skewed by placebo effects, or ours by nocebo. We suggest that a healthy degree of skepticism is warranted when considering this invasive therapy for upper extremity pain syndromes.