bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Après la chair
Authors: Romano Claude 
Published: December 2013

Il n’y a pas de question plus urgente, pour la phénoménologie, que la question du « corps propre », comme il est convenu de l’appeler depuis Husserl. Mais il n’y a pas non plus de question qui ait été davantage négligée par les phénoménologues contemporains. À première vue, cette affirmation se heurte à l’évidence d’une production littéraire quasi exponentielle autour de cette notion depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années, aussi bien en histoire de la philosophie que dans des travaux qui se sont efforcés de croiser la perspective phénoménologique avec les apports des sciences du cerveau et de la cognition. L’ennui est que cette ample littérature ne pose aucune des questions préjudicielles à l’adoption du concept de corps propre ou de chair (Leib) en phénoménologie ; pour l’essentiel, elle fait comme si ce concept allait de soi et se borne à se demander de quelle manière il pourrait « féconder » des approches scientifiques plus positives. La légitimité du concept même de Leib et de ses prolongements à l’intérieur du courant phénoménologique n’y est jamais questionnée en tant que telle. Non seulement on ne se demande pas si les descriptions de cette « chair » au fil conducteur de l’expérience du toucher redoublé est tenable, mais on ne soulève même pas la question de savoir si l’adoption de ce concept chez Husserl et ses successeurs n’est pas conditionnée par des présupposés discutables et, en vérité, par tout un cadre théorique, de sorte que la mise en question de certains aspects centraux de ce cadre devrait conduire inévitablement à une révision en profondeur de ce concept. C’est cette question que nous voudrions aborder dans ces pages. Compte-tenu de l’ampleur du sujet, notre but sera uniquement d’indiquer un certain nombre de directions que pourrait – ou devrait – emprunter la réflexion.
Using Vapor Generation Equipment to Create Artificial Rain: The Design and Function of a New System
Authors: Hideyo Murakami  
Published: December 2013

The incidence of water shortage events – including drought, forest fire, and desertification – is rapidly increasing due to global warming. This paper shows the principles and the practical application of a new artificial rain system that would help prevent these types of harmful water shortage events. The proposed artificial rain system is composed of solar-powered vapor generation equipment that floats on a large body of water. From this water, vapor is generated by means of solar energy. This vapor is transformed into clouds. These clouds are transported to an area experiencing water shortage, and these clouds provide rain to the target area. The proposed artificial rain system can be designed to provide a specific amount of rain, to be applied at a pre-determined time, to a specified area. This equipment is operated by solar power, so does not produce any CO2emissions. The detailed design example shown in this paper demonstrates that a vapor generation equipment group 1,080km square in area can make 1,200 kg of vapor per square meter per one year, and provide precipitation for an agricultural area 9,720 km square. The advantages and disadvantages of this system are considered. The estimated cost to produce one kilogramme of precipitation water by the proposed artificial rain system is about 0.002USD.
Public Perceptions of the Value of Urban Trees in the River Rouge Watershed
Authors: OLIVE ANDREA , RUSCH LARA , AYERS ANGELA 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
This study examines attitudes toward urban green space among homeowners in the River Rouge Watershed of southeast Michigan. Trees play a significant role in urban areas by providing numerous environmental, economic and social benefits to community residents. But public attitudes toward trees are not well understood. Through survey research we found that residents are most likely to value trees for personal benefit (like shade) but that social reasons are also valuable (improving the neighborhood). We also illustrate that cost is not an impeding factor in willingness to plant trees. Finally, our study reveals that homeowners felt tree planting is both an individual responsibility as well as a government responsibility. On the basis of these findings, we recommend that urban forestry policy should focus on education and outreach in an attempt to marry tree-planting initiatives to the individual benefits of trees as well as the community benefits of urban green space.
Indigenous Professional Development Workers in Haiti
Authors: VANNIER CHRISTIAN NEIL 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIndigenous development professionals in southern Haiti occupy an intermediary position between actors and institutions of the international development industry and the rural peasant beneficiaries of development projects and programs. Educated and trained as agronomists or development technicians, these professionals facilitate the transmission of northern development standards and ideologies to southern subjectivities. By first situating Haitian development into greater post-structural understandings of how the global south is produced, these agents of globalization will be oriented as rural intellectuals in the Gramscian sense. In the rural communes surrounding the city of Les Cayes in southern rural Haiti, indigenous professionals have a place in the social field that characterizes localized development practice, which itself is located in larger regimes of power and representation that typify development processes around the world. These frequently urban-based professional agents carry western-based discourses surrounding modernity, secularism, and scientific capitalism to local peasant communities that are ideologically constructed as antitheses to these discourses. However, a case study of these processes demonstrates that the produced “truths” regarding aid and development are mediated and negotiated through social encounters between development intermediaries and aid recipients. This article concludes that localized development intermediaries represent new and important intellectual strata through which the peasantry engages global governance institutions.
International Religious Radio Broadcasting: The Reactions of Local Listeners to a Global Message
Authors: VERNON DESRENE L. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the dialogue of Tanzanian radio listeners in correspondence with Adventist Word Radio (AWR). The study sought to identify the reasons expressed by listeners for corresponding with an international radio network. The study also sought to determine whether listeners expressed preferences for specific radio programs. A historical systematic methodology was used to analyze a variety of sources available from the AWR headquarters, and the Seventh-day Adventist Office of Archives and Statistics located in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. The study utilized the Diffusion of Innovations theory (Rogers 2003) to examine how receptive the social system of Tanzania was to the religious messages presented by AWR via the medium of radio, over a 25-year period from the inception of AWR-Africa in 1983 to 2008.The findings reveal the regions from which listener correspondences originated, the radio programs popular among AWR listeners, and the reasons given for corresponding with the network. This qualitative study offers insight in the area of media effects research, and can serve as a guide for other assessments of international religious broadcasters and their impact on local listeners.
International Cooperation: The Study Abroad Experience
Authors: TYNER NICOLE 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
In this paper I will explore the Case Studies of three American students who spent time studying abroad during their undergraduate education. Through personal, one-on-one, interviews, I explore each individual's specific program, educational experience, and lasting personal impressions. I have compiled these findings and presented them in conjunction with pertinent information on Study Abroad in the United States today. This review includes present day models used in the Study Abroad industry, barriers to entry facing students, as well as the benefits and concerns related to foreign study. By placing these experiences in the context and perspective of domestic curriculums, I will emphasize the need to integrate globally- focused education further into undergraduate learning. In conclusion, I touch on possible solutions to obstacles preventing students from spending time studying internationally.
Gypsum crystals observed in experimental and natural sea ice
Authors: Geilfus N.‐X. , Galley R. J. , Cooper M. , Halden N. , Hare A. , Wang F. , Søgaard D. H. , Rysgaard S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAlthough gypsum has been predicted to precipitate in sea ice, it has never been observed. Here we provide the first report on gypsum precipitation in both experimental and natural sea ice. Crystals were identified by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Based on their apparent distinguishing characteristics, the gypsum crystals were identified as being authigenic. The FREeZing CHEMistry (FREZCHEM) model results support our observations of both gypsum and ikaite precipitation at typical in situ sea ice temperatures and confirms the “Gitterman pathway” where gypsum is predicted to precipitate. The occurrence of authigenic gypsum in sea ice during its formation represents a new observation of precipitate formation and potential marine deposition in polar seas.
Open boundary particle‐in‐cell simulation of dipolarization front propagation
Authors: Klimas Alex , Hwang Kyoung‐Joo , ‐Viñas Adolfo F. , Goldstein Melvyn L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFirst results are presented from an ongoing open boundary 2½D particle‐in‐cell simulation study of dipolarization front (DF) propagation in Earth's magnetotail. At this stage, this study is focused on the compression, or pileup, region preceding the DF current sheet. We find that the earthward acceleration of the plasma in this region is in general agreement with a recent DF force balance model. A gyrophase bunched reflected ion population at the leading edge of the pileup region is reflected by a normal electric field in the pileup region itself, rather than through an interaction with the current sheet. We discuss plasma wave activity at the leading edge of the pileup region that may be driven by gradients, or by reflected ions, or both; the mode has not been identified. The waves oscillate near but above the ion cyclotron frequency with wavelength several ion inertial lengths. We show that the waves oscillate primarily in the perpendicular magnetic field components, do not propagate along the background magnetic field, are right handed elliptically (close to circularly) polarized, exist in a region of high electron and ion beta, and are stationary in the plasma frame moving earthward. We discuss the possibility that the waves are present in plasma sheet data, but have not, thus far, been discovered.
Case study of absorption aerosol optical depth closure of black carbon over the East China Sea
Authors: Koike M. , Moteki N. , Khatri P. , Takamura T. , Takegawa N. , Kondo Y. , Hashioka H. , Matsui H. , Shimizu A. , Sugimoto N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAbsorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) measurements made by sun‐sky photometers are currently the only constraint available for estimates of the global radiative forcing of black carbon (BC), but their validation studies are limited. In this paper, we report the first attempt to compare AAODs derived from single‐particle soot photometer (SP2) and ground‐based sun‐sky photometer (sky radiometer, SKYNET) measurements. During the Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A‐FORCE) experiments, BC size distribution and mixing state vertical profiles were measured using an SP2 on board a research aircraft near the Fukue Observatory (32.8°N, 128.7°E) over the East China Sea in spring 2009 and late winter 2013. The aerosol extinction coefficients (bext) and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 500 nm were calculated based on aerosol size distribution and detailed BC mixing state information. The calculated aerosol optical depth (AOD) agreed well with the sky radiometer measurements (2 ± 6%) when dust loadings were low (lidar‐derived nonspherical particle contribution to AOD less than 20%). However, under these low‐dust conditions, the AAODs obtained from sky radiometer measurements were only half of the in situ estimates. When dust loadings were high, the sky radiometer measurements showed systematically higher AAODs even when all coarse particles were assumed to be dust for in situ measurements. These results indicate that there are considerable uncertainties in AAOD measurements. Uncertainties in the BC refractive index, optical calculations from in situ data, and sky radiometer retrieval analyses are discussed.
A comparative evaluation of impact of domain size and parameterization scheme on simulation of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Goswami Prashant , Mohapatra G. N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA large number of processes and factors control the quality of simulations with a numerical weather prediction model and especially with mesoscale models; identification and optimization of these processes are critical for improving forecast skill. The importance of cumulus parameterization schemes in simulation of tropical cyclones was recognized early, and a large number of studies have addressed this issue. However, certain other aspects have received relatively less attention. In particular, unlike simulation with a global circulation model, a mesoscale simulation is characterized by a limited domain and hence inhomogeneous lateral boundary conditions that strongly affect the quality of the simulation. In this work, we investigate the relative impact of size of the model domain and the cumulus parameterization scheme on simulation of 10 cyclones over the Bay of Bengal during the period 1999–2009. For five domains with different spatial extents, simulations were carried out for three different cumulus parameterization schemes (Anthes‐Kuo, Grell, and Kain‐Fritsch2) for each of the 10 events (using the mesoscale model MM5). Our results show that the size of the domain also plays an equally critical role as the parameterization scheme in simulation of maximum intensity, track, and spatial structure of the cyclones. The impact of domain size is not linear; while each domain chosen is large enough, neither the largest nor the smallest domain provides the best simulation. However, there is consistency in the sense that a single domain emerges as best for intensity and track among the five considered. While the specific conclusions may depend on the ocean basin, the methodology is generic and can be applied to any ocean basin of cyclogenesis.
Intercomparison of spring soil moisture among multiple reanalysis data sets over eastern China
Authors: Liu Li , Zhang Renhe , Zuo Zhiyan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractStatistical characteristics of spring soil moisture in different reanalysis data sets of ERA‐Interim, Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), Japanese 25‐year Reanalysis, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research‐Reanalysis 1 (NCEP/NCAR‐R1) are intercompared with each other and with the observations over China. The spring soil moisture is largest in southeastern China and smallest in northwestern China in climatology. It exhibits a pronounced interannual variability with opposite variation in the midlatitude zone and northeastern China. There exist a wet trend at midlatitudes and a dry trend in northeastern China. The intercomparison shows that, except NCEP/NCAR‐R1, the reanalyses can reproduce the observed gradual increases of climatological soil moisture in China from the northwest to the northeast and to the southeast. MERRA presents the best climatological soil moisture. Only ERA‐Interim can well represent the interannual variations of observed soil moisture. The first empirical orthogonal function mode of observed soil moisture demonstrates that the variability of soil moisture is most robust in the midlatitude zone of eastern China and the ERA‐Interim is the best in reproducing the spatial and temporal features. The reasons causing differences between reanalyses of soil moisture are also investigated in terms of two main factors affecting soil moisture, precipitation and evaporation. The ERA‐Interim can well reproduce the precipitation and evaporation from observations as well as their relations to soil moisture, resulting in a preferable ability to represent the spatial and temporal characteristics of observed soil moisture. Although the other four reanalysis data sets reproduce precipitation well, their poor ability to describe the evaporation causes large differences of soil moisture between their simulations and observations.
Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles
Authors: Zhao Hengbing , Burke Andrew 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHydrogen fuel cell vehicles are considered as one of the best sustainable transportation solutions that have the potential to significantly reduce our dependence on fossil oil and lower harmful emissions. This chapter reviews and discusses different powertrain arrangements and onboard hydrogen storage technologies in a fuel cell vehicle and various hydrogen generation and refueling approaches. Optimal varying pressure operation of a fuel cell system is studied. Compared to fixed pressure operation, optimal operation shows higher system efficiency over the full load range. However, optimal operation of a fuel cell system requires coordinated reactant flow control in both cathode and anode sides to minimize the mechanical stress on theMEA. Hybridization of the vehicle powertrain is an effective approach to mitigate the stress on the fuel cell stack by shifting most of the dynamic power demand to a second power source such as batteries and/or ultracapacitors. Different power splitting strategies in a hybrid fuel cell vehicle are discussed. Simulations over various driving cycles are performed to compare fuel cell vehicles with other advanced technology vehicles in terms of fuel savings.
Engine Management Systems
Authors: Lahti John 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEngine models are now commonly used within the electronic control unit (ECU) to predict parameters that are not measured. The models may also be used for calculating the required actuator positions. These models and their use in the control structure are described. Strategies are explained for modeling and controlling the airflow, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) vane position, fuel injection, and spark advance. Model fidelity is discussed and a new individual cylinder engine model is introduced.
Sandwich Materials
Authors: Palkowski Heinz , Sokolova Olga A. , Carradò Adele 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMultifunctionality and the demand for improving the properties of construction materials make it necessary to use hybrid systems, such as combinations of metals with polymers. In the following, “sandwich materials” are understood to be metal–polymer–metal sandwich sheets bonded together by adhesive layers. Their applications involve many topics; such as manufacturing methods, mechanical and thermal properties, working capacity, and of course an understanding of internal structure as well as the static, dynamic, or cyclic behavior in different applications.Joining different materials for specific applications is a challenge that has kept the scientists being busy for more than recent half century. The problem is to find the right way to combine dissimilar materials to a composite. In this chapter, a short theoretical background of composites used in the automotive industry is presented. Moreover, thermal and mechanical joining processes, fabricating processes and forming methods for composites are briefly introduced. Furthermore, a study ofAISI SS316L/polypropylene copolymer/AISI SS316Lsandwich sheets, manufactured in a roll bonding process, is introduced. Their mechanical behavior and formability by deep drawing with and without using different local, embedded solid and mesh steel inlays are discussed.
Reparability and Insurance Ratings in the Development of Cars
Authors: Leimbach Frank , Kiebach Helge 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Analysis of real world accidents determined that most accidents happen at low speeds. Statistics revealed that 85% of all frontal impacts occur at velocities below 9 mph (15 km/h). From an insurance cost view, the requirements are to limit the deformation or damage to structural parts and cost‐intensive components. The crash safety performance could be implemented relatively easily, that is, in the design of rigid bumpers and beams. However, the design of car front structures is a very complex process, including marketing and visual design criteria, as well as pedestrian safety. Along with the insurance cost aspects, other regulatory and consumerism low speed crash tests are often employed to reduce damage and improve the repairability of vehicles. In addition to frontal testing, low speed tests for the rear and side areas of the vehicle have also been introduced for similar purposes. This chapter addresses the history of low speed repair crash tests and the relevance of crash repair tests in the calculation of insurance premiums for fully comprehensive cover. Various standards and crash tests for consumer information and insurance tests have been introduced in many markets. Research Council for Automobile Repairs provides an overview of the variety of low speed test procedures.
Epstein‐Barr virus antibody titer and its association with the domain scores from the World Health Organization's Quality of Life questionnaire: Findings from Rural Hainan Province, China
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Yazawa Aki , Li Dandan , Du Jianwei , Jin Yuming , Chen Yan , Watanabe Chiho , Umezaki Masahiro 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) antibody titer has recently been used as a biomarker of psychological stress. This is the first study to investigate the association between EBV antibody titer and perceived quality of life (QOL) in Hainan Island, China.MethodsParticipants from two regions of Hainan Island, recruited into a larger study investigating the health impact of rapid economic development among rural residents, were stratified by age, sex, and region; 15 people were randomly selected from each of the 16 subgroups, to give a total sample size of 240. EBV antibody titer in dried blood spot samples was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The abbreviated version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life questionnaire was used to gather information on six categories of QOL. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between EBV antibody titer and QOL.ResultsAfter adjusting for the effects of age, sex, region and C‐reactive protein concentration, EBV antibody titer was negatively associated with the physical (P = 0.044) and psychological QOL domains (P = 0.039).ConclusionThis study suggests that among individuals living in an environment in the initial stages of economic development EBV antibody titer, a biomarker of psychological stress, is not only associated with the psychological aspects of QOL but is also linked to physical problems. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:51–55, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective Hydrogen Production from Methanol with a Defined Iron Pincer Catalyst under Mild Conditions
Authors: Alberico Elisabetta , Sponholz Peter , Cordes Christoph , Nielsen Martin , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Baumann Wolfgang , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMolecularly well‐defined iron pincer complexes promote the aqueous‐phase reforming of methanol to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which is of interest in the context of a methanol and hydrogen economy. For the first time, the use of earth‐abundant iron complexes under mild conditions for efficient hydrogen generation from alcohols is demonstrated.