bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Percentage of high‐grade tumour volume does not meaningfully improve prediction of early biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy compared with Gleason score
Authors: Hansen Jens , Bianchi Marco , Sun Maxine , Rink Michael , Castiglione Fabio , Abdollah Firas , Steuber Thomas , Ahyai Sascha A. , Steurer Stefan , Göbel Cosima , Freschi Massimo , Montorsi Francesco , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Fisch Margit , Graefen Markus , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Briganti Alberto , Chun Felix K.‐H. 
Published: August 2013

Objective
To examine whether percentage of tumour volume (%TV) and percentage of high‐grade tumour volume (%HGTV) help to better identify men at higher risk of early biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) for non‐metastatic high‐risk prostate cancer, as early BCR after RP might be associated with higher risk of metastases and cancer‐specific mortality.
Patients and Methods
We examined the data of 595 men treated with RP for non‐metastatic high‐risk prostate cancer between 1992 and 2011 at two European tertiary care centres.
Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to graphically depict 2‐year BCR‐free survival. Multivariable Cox regression models addressed early BCR.
We tested whether addition of %TV and %HGTV to a multivariable Cox regression model helps to increase a model's predictive accuracy (PA) for prediction of early BCR.
Results
In all, 32 men (10%) with specimen‐confined prostate cancer (pT2–pT3a, negative surgical margin, pN0) and 67 men (24%) with non‐specimen‐confined prostate cancer had early BCR. After stratification according to %HGTV (%HGTV threshold: ≤33.33 vs >33.33%), the 2‐year BCR‐free survival rates were respectively 93 vs 60% (log‐rank P < 0.001).
In multivariable Cox regression models %HGTV emerged as an independent predictor of early BCR (P < 0.001), whereas %TV did not (P > 0.05).
However, adding %HGTV (regardless of its coding) to other covariates in multivariable Cox regression analysis did not increase the model's PA in a meaningful fashion compared with the use of the detailed Gleason grading system (6 vs 7a vs 7b vs 8 vs 9–10).
Conclusions
In a large cohort of patients with high‐risk prostate cancer, %HGTV and %TV did not improve prediction of early BCR after RP substantially, although %HGTV was an independent predictor of early BCR.
Therefore, sophisticated TV/HGTV measurements do not seem to have additional benefit for early BCR prediction relative to the use of Gleason grading. However, these results need to be confirmed in larger, prospective studies.
The Zyxin‐related protein thyroid receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) is overexpressed in Ewing's sarcoma and promotes migration, invasion and cell growth
Authors: Grunewald Thomas G. P. , Willier Semjon , Janik Dirk , Unland Rebekka , Reiss Cora , da Costa Olivia Prazeres , Buch Thorsten , Dirksen Uta , Richter Günther H.S. , Neff Frauke , Burdach Stefan , Butt Elke 
Published: August 2013

Background informationEwing's sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone‐associated malignancy in children and is driven by the fusion oncogene EWS/FLI1 and characterised by rapid growth and early metastasis. Here, we explored the role of the Zyxin‐related protein thyroid receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) in ES. The Zyxin family comprises seven homologous proteins involved in migration and proliferation of many cell types of which Zyxin has been described as a tumour suppressor in ES.ResultsBy interrogation of published microarray data (n = 1254), we observed that of all Zyxin proteins, only TRIP6 is highly overexpressed in primary ES compared with normal tissues. Re‐analysis of published EWS/FLI1 gain‐ and loss‐of‐function microarray experiments as well as chromatin‐immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TRIP6 overexpression is not mediated by EWS/FLI1. Microarray and subsequent gene‐set enrichment analyses of ES cells with and without RNA interference‐mediated TRIP6 knockdown demonstrated that TRIP6 expression confers a pro‐proliferative and pro‐invasive transcriptional signature to ES cells. While short‐term proliferation was not considerably affected by TRIP6 knockdown, silencing of the protein significantly reduced migration, invasion, long‐term proliferation and clonogenicity of ES cells in vitro as well as tumourigenicity in vivo.ConclusionsTaken together, our data indicate that TRIP6 acts, in contrast to Zyxin, as an oncogene that partially accounts for the autonomous migratory, invasive and proliferative properties of ES cells independent of EWS/FLI1.
Comparison of weight‐ vs body surface area‐based growth hormone dosing for children: implications for response
Authors: Hughes Ian P. , Harris Mark , Cotterill Andrew , Ambler Geoffrey , Cowell Christopher T. , Cutfield Wayne S. , Werther George , Choong Catherine S. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo compare weight (per kg)‐ vs body surface area (BSA, per m2)‐based growth hormone (GH) dosing formats in children and to derive a useful conversion formula between the two formats.Patients and DesignGrowth hormone doses (>33 000) from 1874 children were obtained from the national Australian database (OZGROW) and used to derive conversion formulae and to confirm the accuracy of a conversion formula based on a weight‐only BSA estimate. A further 27 000 doses were used to test the accuracy of all formulae. The best conversion formula was used to compare weight‐ and surface area‐based GH dosing, which included an analysis of first year response (∆SDS height or growth velocity, GV).MeasurementsGrowth hormone doses in mg/m2/wk and mg/kg/wk, dose estimates, residuals, first year ∆SDS, first year GV.ResultsThe formula, urn:x-wiley:03000664:media:cen12315:cen12315-math-0001based on a weight‐only BSA estimate, provides accurate dose conversion (mean residual, 0·005 mg/kg/week). A constant mg/m2/week dose expressed in terms of mg/kg/week declines quickly with increasing body weight to approximately 15 kg after which the decline continues although less dramatically. For Australian patients, despite an increase in mean per m2 dose with increased starting weight/age, the per kg dose decreased. This was associated with a greater decline in first year GV than estimated if a per kg dose had been maintained.ConclusionsGrowth hormone doses can be accurately converted between formats. Surface area‐based GH dosing is likely to result in a reduced height response as children become heavier when compared with weight‐based GH dosing.
‘I may not know who I am, but I know where I am from’: the meaning of place in social work with children and families
Authors: Jack Gordon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAlthough social work around the world is understood to be a ‘person‐in‐environment’ activity, policy in UK places more emphasis on individual characteristics than on environmental influences on development and behaviour. This results in social work practice which rightly places a strong emphasis on children's attachments to their parents and other significant people, but which largely fails to recognize their attachments to important places in their lives. Evidence from a range of disciplines is used to demonstrate the fundamental links that exist between place, identity and well‐being. The implications of this evidence for social work with children and families are explored, using practice examples to highlight some of the consequences of a lack of ‘place awareness’, as well as ways in which greater place awareness can be used to promote the well‐being of children and families.
Microstructure of Titanium‐Cement‐Lithium Disilicate Interface in CAD‐CAM Dental Implant Crowns: A Three‐Dimensional Profilometric Analysis
Authors: Cresti Stefano , Itri Angelo , Rebaudi Alberto , Diaspro Alberto , Salerno Marco 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundPeri‐implantitis is an infection of the implant surface caused by adhesion of bacteria that generate bone resorption and sometimes even consequent implant loss. Both screw‐retained and cemented fixed implants are affected.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological defects at the cemented interface between titanium abutment and ceramic crown, comparing different adhesive cements used to fill the marginal gap.Materials and MethodsTwelve computer‐aided design–computer‐aided manufacturing dental crowns were cemented to titanium abutments using three different resin composite cements. Sealed margins were polished using grommets with descending diamond particle size. Three groups of four crowns each were made according to the cement used, namely RelyX Unicem (3 M ESPE), Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray), and NX3 (Nexus Kerr). Samples were analyzed using optical inspection, three‐dimensional profilometry, and image analysis, including analysis of variance.ResultsAlthough RelyX showed significantly lower root mean square surface roughness (4.4 ± 1.5 μm) than that of NX3 (7.0 ± 2.9 μm), it showed no significant difference with Panavia (3.7 ± 1.5 μm). The marginal gap was significantly wider in Panavia (149 ± 108 μm) as compared with NX3 (71 ± 45 μm) and Relyx (64 ± 34 μm). For all groups, homogeneous heights of both metal‐cement and ceramic‐cement gaps were observed. Moreover, all samples showed homogeneity of the margins and absence of instrumental bias, thus validating both procedure and materials.ConclusionsWhen using the chosen polishing method, RelyX Unicem showed both low roughness and marginal width, and thus the smoothest and more continuous abutment‐crown interlayer, promising a low probability of occurrence of peri‐implantitis.
Biodiversity Offsets and the Challenge of Achieving No Net Loss
Authors: GARDNER TOBY A. , VON HASE AMREI , BROWNLIE SUSIE , EKSTROM JONATHAN M. M. , PILGRIM JOHN D. , SAVY CONRAD E. , STEPHENS R. T. THEO , TREWEEK JO , USSHER GRAHAM T. , WARD GERRI , TEN KATE KERRY 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBusinesses, governments, and financial institutions are increasingly adopting a policy of no net loss of biodiversity for development activities. The goal of no net loss is intended to help relieve tension between conservation and development by enabling economic gains to be achieved without concomitant biodiversity losses. biodiversity offsets represent a necessary component of a much broader mitigation strategy for achieving no net loss following prior application of avoidance, minimization, and remediation measures. However, doubts have been raised about the appropriate use of biodiversity offsets. We examined what no net loss means as a desirable conservation outcome and reviewed the conditions that determine whether, and under what circumstances, biodiversity offsets can help achieve such a goal. We propose a conceptual framework to substitute the often ad hoc approaches evident in many biodiversity offset initiatives. The relevance of biodiversity offsets to no net loss rests on 2 fundamental premises. First, offsets are rarely adequate for achieving no net loss of biodiversity alone. Second, some development effects may be too difficult or risky, or even impossible, to offset. To help to deliver no net loss through biodiversity offsets, biodiversity gains must be comparable to losses, be in addition to conservation gains that may have occurred in absence of the offset, and be lasting and protected from risk of failure. Adherence to these conditions requires consideration of the wider landscape context of development and offset activities, timing of offset delivery, measurement of biodiversity, accounting procedures and rule sets used to calculate biodiversity losses and gains and guide offset design, and approaches to managing risk. Adoption of this framework will strengthen the potential for offsets to provide an ecologically defensible mechanism that can help reconcile conservation and development.Balances de Biodiversidad y el Reto de No Obtener Pérdida Neta
Roles of Patch Characteristics, Drought Frequency, and Restoration in Long‐Term Trends of a Widespread Amphibian
Authors: HOSSACK BLAKE R. , ADAMS MICHAEL J. , PEARL CHRISTOPHER A. , WILSON KRISTINE W. , BULL EVELYN L. , LOHR KRISTIN , PATLA DEBRA , PILLIOD DAVID S. , JONES JASON M. , WHEELER KEVIN K. , MCKAY SAMUEL P. , CORN PAUL STEPHEN 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDespite the high profile of amphibian declines and the increasing threat of drought and fragmentation to aquatic ecosystems, few studies have examined long‐term rates of change for a single species across a large geographic area. We analyzed growth in annual egg‐mass counts of the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) across the northwestern United States, an area encompassing 3 genetic clades. On the basis of data collected by multiple partners from 98 water bodies between 1991 and 2011, we used state‐space and linear‐regression models to measure effects of patch characteristics, frequency of summer drought, and wetland restoration on population growth. Abundance increased in the 2 clades with greatest decline history, but declined where populations are considered most secure. Population growth was negatively associated with temporary hydroperiods and landscape modification (measured by the human footprint index), but was similar in modified and natural water bodies. The effect of drought was mediated by the size of the water body: populations in large water bodies maintained positive growth despite drought, whereas drought magnified declines in small water bodies. Rapid growth in restored wetlands in areas of historical population declines provided strong evidence of successful management. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining large areas of habitat and underscore the greater vulnerability of small areas of habitat to environmental stochasticity. Similar long‐term growth rates in modified and natural water bodies and rapid, positive responses to restoration suggest pond construction and other forms of management can effectively increase population growth. These tools are likely to become increasingly important to mitigate effects of increased drought expected from global climate change.Papeles de las Características del Fragmento, Frecuencia de Sequía y Restauración en las Tendencias a Largo Plazo de un Anfibio Ampliamente Distribuido
Offsets and Conservation of the Species of the EU Habitats and Birds Directives
Authors: REGNERY BAPTISTE , COUVET DENIS , KERBIRIOU CHRISTIAN 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBiodiversity offsets are intended to achieve no net loss of biodiversity due to economic and human development. A variety of biodiversity components are addressed by offset policies. It is required that loss of protected species due to development be offset under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives in Europe. We call this type of offset a species‐equality offset because the offset pertains to the same species affected by the development project. Whether species equality can be achieved by offset design is unknown. We addressed this gap by reviewing derogation files (i.e., specific files that describe mitigation measures to ensure no net loss under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives) from 85 development projects in France (2009–2010). We collected information on type of effect (reversible vs. irreversible) and characteristics of affected and offset sites (i.e., types of species, total area). We analyzed how the type of effect and the affected‐site characteristics influenced the occurrence of offset measures. The proportion of species targeted by offset measures (i.e., offset species) increased with the irreversibility of the effect of development and the conservation status of the species affected by development (i.e., affected species). Not all effects on endangered species (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List) were offset; on average, 82% of affected species would be offset. Twenty‐six percent of species of least concern were offset species. Thirty‐five percent of development projects considered all affected species in their offset measures. Species richness was much lower in offset sites than in developed sites even after offset proposals. For developed areas where species richness was relatively high before development, species richness at offset sites was 5–10 times lower. The species‐equality principle appears to have been applied only partially in offset policies, as in the EU directives. We suggest the application of this principle through offsets is highly important for the long‐term conservation of biodiversity in Europe.Compensaciones y Conservación de las Especies de las Directivas de Hábitats y Aves de la UE
A Novel Approach to Assessing the Prevalence and Drivers of Illegal Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti
Authors: NUNO ANA , BUNNEFELD NILS , NAIMAN LOIRUCK C. , MILNER‐GULLAND E. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAssessing anthropogenic effects on biological diversity, identifying drivers of human behavior, and motivating behavioral change are at the core of effective conservation. Yet knowledge of people's behaviors is often limited because the true extent of natural resource exploitation is difficult to ascertain, particularly if it is illegal. To obtain estimates of rule‐breaking behavior, a technique has been developed with which to ask sensitive questions. We used this technique, unmatched‐count technique (UCT), to provide estimates of bushmeat poaching, to determine motivation and seasonal and spatial distribution of poaching, and to characterize poaching households in the Serengeti. We also assessed the potential for survey biases on the basis of respondent perceptions of understanding, anonymity, and discomfort. Eighteen percent of households admitted to being involved in hunting. Illegal bushmeat hunting was more likely in households with seasonal or full‐time employment, lower household size, and longer household residence in the village. The majority of respondents found the UCT questions easy to understand and were comfortable answering them. Our results suggest poaching remains widespread in the Serengeti and current alternative sources of income may not be sufficiently attractive to compete with the opportunities provided by hunting. We demonstrate that the UCT is well suited to investigating noncompliance in conservation because it reduces evasive responses, resulting in more accurate estimates, and is technically simple to apply. We suggest that the UCT could be more widely used, with the trade‐off being the increased complexity of data analyses and requirement for large sample sizes.Una Aproximación Novedosa para Evaluar la Prevalencia y Factores de la Cacería Ilegal en el Serengueti
Derivation of the Extrinsic Values of Biological Diversity from Its Intrinsic Value and of Both from the First Principles of Evolution
Authors: WHITE PETER S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractConservation ethics have been based on 2 philosophical value systems: extrinsic value (defined broadly to include all values that derive from something external to the thing valued) and intrinsic value. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an extrinsic value system is problematic because measurement is often difficult; extrinsic value changes as spatial or temporal scales change; extrinsic value differs on the basis of external factors; some species have trivial or negative extrinsic values; and extrinsic value varies across human cultures and societies and with such factors as socioeconomic conditions, individual experiences, and educational backgrounds. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an intrinsic value system also poses challenges because intrinsic value can be seen as a disguised form of human extrinsic value; intrinsic value is initially ambiguous as to which objects or characteristics of biological diversity are to being valued; all aspects of biological diversity (e.g., species and ecosystems) are transitory; species and ecosystems are not static concrete entities; and intrinsic value of one species is often in conflict with the intrinsic value of other species. Extrinsic and intrinsic value systems share a common origin, such that extrinsic values are always derived from intrinsic value and life mutely expresses both intrinsic and extrinsic values—these are derived from and are products of biological evolution. Probing the values that underlie conservation helps the community clearly articulate its aims.Derivación de los Valores Extrínsecos de la Biodiversidad a Partir de sus Valores Intrínsecos y de Ambos a Partir de los Primeros Principios de la Evolución
Assessing Risk and Guidance on Monitoring of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Europe through Identification of Taxonomic Selectivity of Infection
Authors: BALÁŽ VOJTECH , VÖRÖS JUDIT , CIVIŠ PETR , VOJAR JIRI , HETTYEY ATTILA , SÓS ENDRE , DANKOVICS RÓBERT , JEHLE ROBERT , CHRISTIANSEN DITTE G. , CLARE FRANCES , FISHER MATTHEW C. , GARNER TRENTON W. J. , BIELBY JON 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAmphibians are globally threatened, but not all species are affected equally by different threatening processes. This is true for the threat posed by the chytridiomycete fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). We compiled a European data set for B. dendrobatidis to analyze the trends of infection in European amphibians. The risk of infection was not randomly distributed geographically or taxonomically across Europe. Within countries with different prevalence, infection was nonrandom in certain amphibian taxa. Brown frogs of the genus Rana were unlikely to be infected, whereas frogs in the families Alytidae and Bombinatoridae were significantly more likely to be infected than predicted by chance. Frogs in the 2 families susceptible to B. dendrobatidis should form the core of attempts to develop spatial surveillance studies of chytridiomycosis in Europe. Ideally, surveys for B. dendrobatidis should be augmented by sampling the widespread genus Pelophylax because this taxon exhibits geographically inconsistent overinfection with B. dendrobatidis and surveillance of it may facilitate recognition of factors causing spatial variability of infection intensity. Several European amphibian taxa were not represented in our data set; however, surveillance of unsampled species should also occur when warranted.Evaluación de Riesgo y Orientación para el Monitoreo de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en Europa Mediante la Identificación de la Selectividad Taxonómica de la Infección