bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerobic vs. anaerobic scope: sibling species of fish indicate that temperature dependence of hypoxia tolerance can predict future survival
Authors: Sørensen Christina , Munday Philip L. , Nilsson Göran E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe temperature dependence of aerobic scope has been suggested to be a major determinant of how marine animals will cope with future rises in environmental temperature. Here, we present data suggesting that in some animals, the temperature dependence of anaerobic scope (i.e., the capacity for surviving severe hypoxia) may determine present‐day latitudinal distributions and potential for persistence in a warmer future. As a model for investigating the role of anaerobic scope, we studied two sibling species of coral‐dwelling gobies, Gobiodon histrio, and G. erythrospilus, with different latitudinal distributions, but which overlap in equal abundance at Lizard Island (14°40′S) on the Great Barrier Reef. These species did not differ in the temperature dependence of resting oxygen consumption or critical oxygen concentration (the lowest oxygen level where resting oxygen consumption can be maintained). In contrast, the more equatorial species (G. histrio) had a better capacity to endure anaerobic conditions at oxygen levels below the critical oxygen concentration at the high temperatures (32–33 °C) more likely to occur near the equator, or in a warmer future. These results suggest that anaerobic scope, in addition to aerobic scope, could be important in determining the impacts of global warming on some marine animals.
First experiences with a two‐step method for discussing goals with community‐dwelling frail older people
Authors: Robben Sarah H. M. , Heinen Maud M. , Perry Marieke , van Achterberg Theo , Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Schers Henk J. , Melis René J. F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough frail older people can be more reluctant to become involved in clinical decision making, they do want professionals to take their concerns and wishes into account. Discussing goals can help professionals to achieve this.ObjectiveTo describe the development of a two‐step method for discussing goals with frail older people in primary care and professionals' first experiences with it.MethodsThe method consisted of (i) an open‐ended question: If there is one thing we can do for you to improve your situation, what would you like? if necessary, followed by (ii) a bubble diagram with goal subject categories. We reviewed the goals elaborated with the method and surveyed professionals' (primary care nurses and social workers) experiences, using questions concerning time investment, reasons for not formulating goals, and perceived value of the method.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐seven community‐dwelling frail older people described 173 goals. These most frequently concerned mobility (n = 43; 24.9%), well‐being (n = 52; 30.1%) and social context (n = 57; 32.9%). Professionals (n = 18) were generally positive about the method, as it improved their knowledge about what the frail older person valued. Not all frail older people formulated goals; reasons for this included being perfectly comfortable, not being used to discussing goals or cognitive problems limiting their ability to formulate goals.ConclusionsThis two‐step method for discussing goals can assist professionals in gaining insight into what a frail older person values. This can guide professionals and frail older people in choosing the most appropriate treatment option, thus increasing frail older people's involvement in decision making.
Finding of nevirapine extended release tablet remnants in stools does not threaten the success of combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Stephan C , León W 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesThe finding of nevirapine extended release (XR) tablet remnants in stools has raised concerns about emerging HIV‐1 resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and pharmacokinetic and virological outcomes of affected patients from clinical trials.MethodsHIV‐1‐infected individuals reporting tablet remnants in stools during phase III (VERxVE and TRANxITION‐studies)‐clinical trials were evaluated for mean pharmacokinetic nevirapine concentrations in available blood trough samples and remnants from stool. Patient characteristics including age, race, geographical region and primary study endpoint outcome were investigated for risk factor association with the finding of tablet remnants.ResultsOf 800 patients receiving the nevirapine XR formulation, 15 reported tablet remnants in stools, an incidence rate of 1.19% in VERxVE and 3.05% in the TRANxITION study. The difference in event rate was highly significant between the XR and immediate release (IR) formulations (P < 0.001), but not between trials (P = 0.061). All patients (15 of 15) reporting remnants achieved the primary study endpoint of HIV‐1 suppression (< 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL), whereas overall 81% of patients in the VERxVE trial and 94% in the TRANxITION trial did so. The mean nevirapine trough concentration was 3431.4 ng/mL in patients reporting remnants. Tablet remnants retrieved from the stools of three subjects revealed a percentage nevirapine recovery of 22.8–42.2% of original drug. Subgroup analysis of gender, age, race and geographical region revealed no risk factor association with the finding of remnants.ConclusionsThe finding of nevirapine tablet remnants in stools is a rare event, with an incidence of approximately 2%, restricted to the XR formulation. Affected patients responded fully to antiretroviral therapy by achieving the primary study endpoint and demonstrating no relevant safety risks; nevirapine pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and stool samples ruled out underexposure.
Supervising Rioters: The Role of Probation
Authors: Fitzgibbon Wendy , Curry Devinder , Lea John 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the current response to the riots in the UK in August 2011 by comparing and contrasting the political and institutional factors with the reaction to the riots that occurred in Brixton and Toxteth 1981 and those in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham in 2001. The article focuses on the changes which have occurred within the probation service over that period and by interviewing twelve frontline practitioners, seeks to gain an insight into the ways these transformations reflect wider differences within the role of probation, the community, political and government attitudes and the ways this is communicated within the media.
Detrital anisotropic grandite garnet as an indicator of denudation level of Permian volcanic arc in the provenance of the South Kitakami Belt, Northeast Japan
Authors: Takeuchi Makoto 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this study, the chemical and optical features of detrital garnets from the Middle Permian to Upper Triassic sandstones in the South Kitakami Belt, Northeast Japan, were examined to reveal the tectonic movement in the provenance. The sandstones contain a large amount of detrital grandite garnet grains with a wide range of andradite content. Among them, some grandite garnet grains show optically anisotropic features and rarely oscillatory zoning and sector twinning. The proportion of the detrital anisotropic grandite garnet increases from the Permian to the Middle Triassic and decreases in the Late Triassic. Such grandite garnets with various andradite contents occur in skarn deposits. Isotropic grandite garnets in the early stage of skarn evolution are distributed widely around a pluton, which affects the thermal metamorphism of the surrounding strata. However, anisotropic grandite garnets are formed along veinlets and fractures in the middle to late hydrothermal stage as the pluton cools, and their distribution is limited to a narrower area near the pluton compared to the metamorphic aureoles formed in the early stage. Changes in the chemical and optical features of the detrital garnets indicate a progressive denudation of the plutonic body accompanying skarn deposits in the provenance. The proportion of detrital anisotropic grandite garnet grains among all of the detrital grandite garnet is considered to be a sensitive indicator of the denudation level in a deeper part of the volcanic arc in association with skarn deposits, together with traditional sandstone composition datasets. This newly proposed method should be useful for clarifying the paleogeography during the Permian to Triassic in the East Asian continental margin, associated with uplift and denudation of the Permian volcanic arc, which seems to have been induced by the collision of the North China and South China Blocks.
Effect of reciprocating file motion on microcrack formation in root canals: an SEM study
Authors: Ashwinkumar V. , Krithikadatta J. , Surendran S. , Velmurugan N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo compare dentinal microcrack formation whilst using Ni–Ti hand K‐files, ProTaper hand and rotary files and the WaveOne reciprocating file.MethodologyOne hundred and fifty mandibular first molars were selected. Thirty teeth were left unprepared and served as controls, and the remaining 120 teeth were divided into four groups. Ni–Ti hand K‐files, ProTaper hand files, ProTaper rotary files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files were used to prepare the mesial canals. Roots were then sectioned 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex, and the cut surface was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and checked for the presence of dentinal microcracks.ResultsThe control and Ni–Ti hand K‐files groups were not associated with microcracks. In roots prepared with ProTaper hand files, ProTaper rotary files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files, dentinal microcracks were present. There was a significant difference between control/Ni–Ti hand K‐files group and ProTaper hand files/ProTaper rotary files/WaveOne Primary reciprocating file group (P < 0.001) with ProTaper rotary files producing the most microcracks. No significant difference was observed between teeth prepared with ProTaper hand files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files.ConclusionProTaper rotary files were associated with significantly more microcracks than ProTaper hand files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files. Ni–Ti hand K‐files did not produce microcracks at any levels inside the root canals.
Immunotherapy following relapse of acute leukaemia after T‐cell‐replete allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation: importance of new onset chronic graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Curley C. , Hill G. R. , McLean A. , Kennedy G.A. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryIntroductionTo further define the relative impact of immunotherapy and subsequent development of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) on survival in patients with relapsed acute leukaemia postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT), we performed a single‐centre retrospective analysis of 32 actively treated patients between 2003 and 2011.MethodsA total of 13 patients were identified who were treated actively with cessation of immunosuppression ± Fludarabine, Cytarabine, G‐CSF (FLAG) induction, but no donor leucocyte infusion (DLI) (non‐DLIgroup) and 19 patients received the same step‐wise therapy plus G‐CSFmobilizedDLI(G‐DLIgroup).ResultsGroups were not statistically different with regards to baseline characteristics; however, the G‐DLIgroup contained more sibling donors as opposed to unrelated donors than the non‐DLIgroup. With a median follow‐up of 47 months, the median overall survival (OS) of the non‐DLIand G‐DLIgroups was not statistically different (8 monthsvs. 9 months, respectively,P = 0.5). Survival at 3 years was <10% in both groups. Univariate analysis identified response toFLAG, and new onset chronicGVHDas the only factors associated with improvedOS.ConclusionSecond donor stem cell infusions are unwarranted in the treatment of relapse after allogeneicSCTand therapeutic strategies should focus on cytoreduction followed by immune modulation with the aim of invoking chronicGVHD.
A study examining the appropriateness of a self‐rated alcohol‐related clinical confidence tool as a method of measurement among registered hospital nurses using Rasch analysis
Authors: Holloway Aisha , Blackman Ian , Flynn Fiona 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsThis paper is a report of a study, which seeks to determine if self‐reported estimates of RNs' self‐rated confidence in responding to alcohol use in patients is a psychometrically sound measure.BackgroundAlcohol‐related harm is a global public health problem. Nurses are the largest group of health professionals worldwide, with evidence showing that despite being well placed to respond, they are not engaging in this important role.DesignInstrument development.MethodThe study was a survey set in a large teaching hospital in England, UK. The Clinical Confidence Questionnaire was made available to a convenience sample of 200 RNs in 2007, with a response rate of 22%. Rasch analysis was used to develop a scale for future learning based on the conjoint estimates of registered hospital nurses abilities to meet needs of patients requiring nursing care of different complexities related to alcohol use in patients.ResultsOutcomes verify that registered hospital nurses' self‐rated clinical confidence measures for their own nursing abilities in responding to alcohol use in patients can be reliably estimated and a hierarchical scale of learning can be generated to inform curricula content and learning processes.ConclusionCurrent health policy in the UK identifies nurses as having a role in responding to alcohol‐related harm. More focus should, therefore, be placed on ensuring that they are prepared to fully engage with patients in assessing and responding to alcohol use through specific education, training and skill development. The self‐rated clinical confidence tool offers evidence as an acceptable method of measurement in this area.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor correlates with therapeutic effects of losartan in rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis
Authors: Wang Di , Hu Shanshan , Zhu Jie , Yuan Jun , Wu Jingjing , Zhou Aiwu , Wu Yujing , Zhao Wendi , Huang Qiong , Chang Yan , Wang Qingtong , Sun Wuyi , Wei Wei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an experimental model. In RA, AT2R mainly opposes AT1R, but the mechanism by which this occurs still remains obscure. In the present study, we investigated the role of AT2R in the treatment of rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA) by losartan. Adjuvant‐induced arthritis rats were treated with losartan (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) and methotrexate (MTX; 0.5 mg/kg) in vivo from day 14 to day 28. Arthritis was evaluated by the arthritis index and histological examination. Angiotensin II, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and VEGF levels were examined by ELISA. The expression of AT1R and AT2R was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. After stimulation with interleukin‐1β in vitro, the effects of the AT2R agonist CGP42112 (10−8–10−5 M) on the chemotaxis of monocytes induced by 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) were analysed by using Transwell assay. Subsequently, the therapeutic effects of CGP42112 (5, 10 and 20 μg/kg) were evaluated in vivo by intra‐articular injection in AIA rats. After treatment with losartan, the down‐regulation of AT1R expression and up‐regulation of AT2R expression in the spleen and synovium of AIA rats correlated positively with reduction in the polyarthritis index. Treatment with CGP42112 inhibited the chemotaxis of AIA monocytes in vitro, possibly because of the up‐regulation of AT2R expression. Intra‐articular injection with CGP42112 (10 and 20 μg/kg) ameliorated the arthritis index and histological signs of arthritis. In summary, the present study strongly suggests that the up‐regulation of AT2R might be an additional mechanism by which losartan exerts its therapeutic effects in AIA rats.
A new gamboge derivative Compound 2 inhibits cancer stem‐like cells via suppressing EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Deng Rongxin , Wang Xu , Liu Yang , Yan Ming , Hanada Sayaka , Xu Qin , Zhang Jianjun , Han Zeguang , Chen Wantao , Zhang Ping 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCancer stem‐like cells represent a population of tumour‐initiating cells that lead to the relapse and metastasis of cancer. Conventional anti‐cancer therapeutic drugs are usually ineffective in eliminating the cancer stem‐like cells. Therefore, new drugs or therapeutic methods effectively targeting cancer stem‐like cells are in urgent need to successfully cure cancer. Gamboge is a natural anti‐cancer medicine whose pharmacological effects are different from those of conventional chemotherapeutical drugs and they can kill some kinds of cancer cells selectively. In this study, we identified a new gamboge derivative, Compound 2 (C2), which presents eminent suppression effects on cancer cells. Interestingly, when compared with cisplatin (CDDP), C2 effectively suppresses the growth of both cancer stem‐like cells and non‐cancer stem‐like cells derived from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), inhibiting the formation of tumour spheres and colony in vitro, resulting in the loss of expression of multiple cancer stem cell (CSC)‐related molecules in HNSCC. Treating with C2 effectively inhibited the growth of HNSCC in BALB/C nude mice. Further investigation found that C2 notably inhibits the activation of epithelial growth factor receptor and the phosphorylation of its downstream protein kinase homo sapiens v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) in HNSCC, resulting in down‐regulation of multiple CSC‐related molecules in HNSCC. Our study has demonstrated that C2 effectively inhibits the stem‐like property of cancer stem‐like cells in HNSCC and may be a hopeful targeting drug in cancer therapy.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes switched from glinides
Authors: Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Goto Hiroyuki , Araki Rika , Yamamoto Mika , Tanaka Takashi , Fujiwara Ryoko , Murata Kazuya 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe efficacy and safety of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitor, were compared with those of glinides in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThe participants were 82 patients with type 2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≥6.0% and <10%) under treatment with glinides for glucose control. The participants were randomly assigned to a group (n = 44) receiving continuous treatment with glinides and a group (n = 38) switched to sitagliptin. Patients were followed for 12 weeks to evaluate glucose control. A meal tolerance test was carried out in weeks 0 and 12 to examine the pancreatic secretory response to postprandial hyperglycemia.ResultsThe changes in HbA1c from week 0 to week 12 were −0.25 and −0.05% in the sitagliptin and glinide groups, respectively, with a significant improvement with sitagliptin. The differences in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycoalbumin and 1,5‐anhydroglucitol between the two groups were 14.2 mg/dL, 0.7% and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively, showing significant improvements with sitagliptin. In the meal tolerance test, glucose at 0 min was lower in the sitagliptin group; however, there were no differences in glucose elevation at 30 and 60 min compared with 0 min. Plasma insulin and glucagon secretion at week 12 were significantly lower than at baseline in the sitagliptin group. Adverse events including hypoglycemia did not differ between the groups.ConclusionsFPG decreased and glucose control improved in patients who switched from glinides to sitagliptin. Sitagliptin decreased secretion of insulin and glucagon in a meal tolerance test compared with glinides, whereas the agents showed similar inhibition of postprandial hyperglycemia. This trial was registered with UMIN (UMIN‐CTR no. 000003479).
Inhibitory Effect of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on the Growth of Penicillium citrinum and Citrinin Production
Authors: Aiko Visenuo , Mehta Alka 
Published: October 2013

AbstractClove was studied for its effect on the growth of Penicillium citrinum and citrinin production in culture medium and rice. The minimum concentration at which clove inhibited fungal growth and citrinin production was determined and recorded as 1.8 mg/mL in yeast extract sucrose broth. All concentrations of clove inhibited the fungal growth; however, citrinin production was inhibited significantly only at higher concentration. At 1.6 mg/mL, clove inhibited fungal growth and citrinin production by 80 and 58%, respectively; hence, this concentration was used to study the relationship between P. citrinum and citrinin production. Clove inhibited the growth of P. citrinum in culture media by 60–70%, throughout the observation period of 14 days. Along with the fungal growth inhibition, citrinin production was inhibited significantly. In rice, clove delayed the growth of Penicillium by 3 days; however, after 5 days of incubation, fungal growth and citrinin production were equivalent to the control.Practical ApplicationsCitrinin is a nephrotoxin and found as a common contaminant in rice, wheat and red yeast rice. This study showed the potential of clove in controlling P. citrinum and citrinin in culture media and rice. As spices are commonly used in many food ingredients, clove may be recommended for use in processed and ready‐to‐eat foods as a preservative. The use of whole clove eliminates the need for extracting essential oils and is more economical.
Comparing the effects of meal replacements with an isocaloric reduced‐fat diet on nutrient intake and lower urinary tract symptoms in obese men
Authors: Khoo J. , Ling P.‐S. , Chen R. Y.‐T. , Ng K.‐K. , Tay T.‐L. , Tan E. , Cho L.‐W. , Cheong M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men are associated with obesity, particularly central obesity as measured by waist circumference (WC), and may improve with weight loss. We aimed to compare effects of a meal‐replacement based diet with isocaloric reduced‐fat plan on LUTS and nutrient intake in obese Asian men.MethodsObese Asian [mean (range) body mass index of 32.9 (30.5–42.3) kg m–2] men [mean (range) age 40.2 (30–61) years] were randomised to a reduced‐fat (< 30% of energy) diet [conventional reduced‐fat diet (CD) group; n = 23] or meal‐replacement‐based plan [meal replacement (MR) group; n = 23], to reduce daily intake by 2000 kJ for 12 weeks.ResultsCD and MR groups had statistically significant and similar reductions in weight (−2.6 ± 1.9 kg versus −4.2 ± 3.8 kg), overall LUTS severity measured with International Prostate Symptom Scale (IPSS) scores (−1.71 ± 1.93 points versus −2.42 ± 2.12 points) and insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) calculated from plasma glucose and insulin]. The MR group had significantly greater decreases in WC (−4.8 ± 3.3 cm versus −2.5 ± 2.3 cm), fat mass (−2.47 ± 3.63 kg versus −1.59 ± 2.32 kg), fat intake, plasma C‐reactive protein, and in storage LUTS score (−1.59 ± 1.33 points versus −1.00 ± 0.87 points), which was associated with a decreased fat intake (r = 0.48, P = 0.03). A decrease in overall IPSS score was associated with reductions in weight, WC and HOMA.ConclusionsWeight loss as a result of CD or MR had similar efficacy in relieving LUTS. MR produced greater reductions in fat intake, adiposity and storage LUTS.