bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A performance‐based framework for adaptive seismic aftershock risk assessment
Authors: Ebrahimian Hossein , Jalayer Fatemeh , Asprone Domenico , Lombardi Anna M. , Marzocchi Warner , Prota Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYOperative seismic aftershock risk forecasting can be particularly useful for rapid decision‐making in the presence of an ongoing sequence. In such a context, limit state first‐excursion probabilities (risk) for the forecasting interval (a day) can represent the potential for progressive state of damage in a structure. This work lays out a performance‐based framework for adaptive aftershock risk assessment in the immediate post‐mainshock environment. A time‐dependent structural performance variable is adopted in order to measure the cumulative damage in a structure. A set of event‐dependent fragility curves as a function of the first‐mode spectral acceleration for a prescribed limit state is calculated by employing back‐to‐back nonlinear dynamic analyses. An epidemic‐type aftershock sequence model is employed for estimating the spatio‐temporal evolution of aftershocks. The event‐dependent fragility curves for a given limit state are then integrated together with the probability distribution of aftershock spectral acceleration based on the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence aftershock hazard. The daily probability of limit state first‐excursion is finally calculated as a weighted combination of the sequence of limit state probabilities conditioned on the number of aftershocks. As a numerical example, daily aftershock risk is calculated for the L'Aquila 2009 aftershock sequence (central Italy). A representative three‐story reinforced concrete frame with infill panels, which has cyclic strength and stiffness degradation, is used in order to evaluate the progressive damage. It is observed that the proposed framework leads to a sound forecasting of limit state first‐excursion in the structure for two limit states of significant damage and near collapse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐scale statistical approach to assess the effects of connectivity of road and stream networks on geomorphic channel condition
Authors: Pechenick Alison M. , Rizzo Donna M. , Morrissey Leslie A. , Garvey Kerrie M. , Underwood Kristen L. , Wemple Beverley C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTRoads in rural, upland landscapes are important sources of runoff and sediment to waterways. The downstream effects of these sources should be related to the connectivity of roads to receiving waters. Recent studies have explored this idea, but only simple metrics have been used to characterize connectivity and few studies have quantified the downstream effects of road–stream connectivity on sediment or solute budgets and channel morphology. In this study, we evaluated traditional and newly developed connectivity metrics that utilized features of landscape position and delivery pathway to characterize road–stream connectivity in upland settings. Using data on stream geomorphic conditions developed by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (Montpelier, VT), we related road connectivity metrics to channel condition on a set of 101 forested, upland streams with minimal development other than predominantly gravel road networks. Logistic regression indicated that measures of road density, proximity and orientation successfully distinguished among categories of stream geomorphic condition at multiple geographic scales. Discriminant function analysis using a set of inherent channel characteristics combined with road connectivity metrics derived at the reach corridor scale successfully distinguished channel condition for over 70% of the channels evaluated. This research contributes to efforts to evaluate the cumulative downstream effects of roads on stream channels and aquatic resources and provides a new means of watershed assessment to derive metrics that can be used to predict channel condition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion
Authors: Kempel Florian , Schartel Bernhard , Marti Julio M. , Butler Kathryn M. , Rossi Riccardo , Idelsohn Sergio R. , Oñate Eugenio , Hofmann Anja 
Published: June 2014

SummaryAn experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the fire behaviour of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) in the vertical UL 94 scenario is presented. Four PC/ABS blends were discussed, which satisfy different UL 94 classifications due to the competing effects of gasification, charring, flame inhibition and melt flow/dripping. For numerical investigation, the particle finite element method (PFEM) is used. Its capability to model the complex fire behaviour of polymers in the UL 94 is analysed. The materials' properties are characterised, in particular the additives impact on the dripping behaviour during thermal exposure. BDP is an efficient plasticiser; adding PTFE prevents dripping by causing a flow limit. PFEM simulations reproduce the dripping and burning behaviour, in particular the competition between gasification and dripping. The thermal impact of both the burner and the flame is approximated taking into account flame inhibition, charring and effective heat of combustion. PFEM is a promising numerical tool for the investigation of the fire behaviour of polymers, particularly when large deformations are involved. Not only the principal phenomena but also the different UL 94 classifications and the extinction times are well predicted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the composite Riemann problem for multi‐material fluid flows
Authors: Menshov Igor , Zakharov Pavel 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWe develop an Eulerian fixed grid numerical method for calculating multi‐material fluid flows. This approach relates to the class of interface capturing methods. The fluid is treated as a heterogeneous mixture of constituent materials, and the material interface is implicitly captured by a region of mixed cells that have arisen owing to numerical diffusion. To suppress this numerical diffusion, we propose a composite Riemann problem (CRP), which describes the decay of an initial discontinuity in the presence of a contact point between two different fluids, which is located off the initial discontinuity point. The solution to the CRP serves to calculate multi‐material no mixed numerical flux without introducing any material diffusion. We discuss the CRP solution and its implementation in the multi‐material fluid Godunov method. Numerical results show that a simple framework of the CRP greatly improves capturing material interfaces in the Godunov method and reproduces many of the advantages of more complicated interface tracking multi‐material treatments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Diphosphenes Bearing Fused‐Ring Bulky Rind Groups
Authors: Li Baolin , Tsujimoto Shota , Li Yongming , Tsuji Hayato , Tamao Kohei , Hashizume Daisuke , Matsuo Tsukasa 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDiphosphenes stabilized by the fused‐ring bulky 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7‐octa‐R‐substituted s‐hydrindacen‐4‐yl (Rind) groups have been obtained as orange crystals by the reduction of the corresponding dichlorophosphines, (Rind)PCl2, with lithium naphthalenide (LiNaph). The molecular structures of (Eind)PCl2 and the diphosphenes, (Eind)PP(Eind) and (EMind)PP(EMind), having the bulky Eind and the less bulky EMind groups, have been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The formation of the PP bond has been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods.
Influences of sudden changes in discharge and physical stream characteristics on transient storage and nitrate uptake in an urban stream
Authors: Mueller Price Jennifer , Bledsoe Brian P. , Baker Daniel W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChanges in the physical structure of urban streams can occur abruptly due to flashy high‐flow events and subsequently alter stream processes, including transient storage and nitrate uptake. We examined temporal variability in transient storage and nitrate uptake by exploring the effects of altered physical characteristics resulting from a single high‐flow event in three reaches of Spring Creek, an urban stream in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Study reaches of varying geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics were chosen to represent distinct geomorphic settings in terms of substrate size, sinuosity, bed slope, and degree of rehabilitation and structural controls. We performed detailed physical characterizations and multiple nutrient injections of Br− and NO3− to estimate transient storage and nitrate uptake in each reach. A comparison of pre‐flood and post‐flood data indicates that transient storage and nitrate uptake are highly context specific and mediated by interactions between geomorphic setting and flood discharge. In the two reaches that showed significant post‐flood increases in transient storage (250% to 350% increases in Fmed200), the pool‐riffle reach exhibited a significant increase in uptake velocity, while the channelized reach did not. In contrast, transient storage decreased post‐flood in the third reach containing hydraulic structures. These complex responses likely reflect reach‐specific differences in hyporheic versus in‐channel storage. This study shows that repeat injections are necessary to describe nutrient dynamics because transient storage and nitrate uptake can be highly variable over time (showing changes on the order of 100%) due to variation in discharge and geomorphically influential flow events. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview of recently approved 505(b)(2) new drug applications (2010–2012): Role of clinical pharmacology
Authors: Agarwal Sheetal , Qiu Wei , Sahajwalla Chandrahas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe role of clinical pharmacology (CP) in the approval of 505(b)(2) NDAs was explored with the goal of sharing with the drug development community, some of the critical CP aspects that need to be considered and addressed during the planning and submission of a 505(b)(2) NDA. Among the 106 505(b)(2) NDAs approved in 2010–2012 (excluding those that were approved under the PEPFAR program), 25% included only CP information, no supportive clinical safety/efficacy was necessary for their approval and 43% included both clinical and CP information. A review of the pre‐submission interaction discussion held for 58% of the non‐PEPFAR NDAs, indicated that CP‐related aspects discussed at this avenue included study design of the pivotal BA/BE study, biowaiver related discussion, need for additional or supportive pharmacokinetic information to be included in the NDA, selection of the most appropriate reference drug product for 505(b)(2) purpose, as well as acceptability of publicly available information to address data gaps in knowledge. Further, we also noted that 505(b)(2) NDAs that did not report having a pre‐submission interaction with the Agency had twice the rate of receiving a complete response action in the first cycle as compared to the NDAs that did meet with the Agency.
Adeno‐associated virus 8‐mediated gene therapy for choroideremia: preclinical studies in in vitro and in vivo models
Authors: Black Aaron , Vasireddy Vidyullatha , Chung Daniel C. , Maguire Albert M. , Gaddameedi Rajashekhar , Tolmachova Tania , Seabra Miguel , Bennett Jean 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundChoroideremia (CHM) is a slowly progressive X‐linked retinal degeneration that results in a loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. CHM, the gene implicated in choroideremia, encodes Rab escort protein‐1 (REP‐1), which is involved in the post‐translational activation via prenylation of Rab proteins.MethodsWe evaluated AAV8.CBA.hCHM, a recombinant adeno‐associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8) vector, which targets retinal cells efficiently, for both therapeutic effect and safety in vitro and in vivo in a murine model. In vitro studies included western blot analyses and prenylation assays. In vivo studies included ophthalmoscopy, pupillometry, histology and immunofluorescence analysis.ResultsInfection with AAV8.CBA.hCHM induced the expression of REP‐1 protein in a dose‐responsive fashion. Transduction with AAV8.CBA.hCHM reverses the biochemical and pathogenetic defects in CHM both in vitro and in vivo and showed no safety concerns in the in vivo investigations performed in the present study.ConclusionsAAV8 is a promising vector for human clinical gene therapy trials for choroideremia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of head diameter on passive and active dynamic hip dislocation
Authors: Bunn Adam , Colwell Clifford W. , D'Lima Darryl D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHip dislocation is a major short‐term complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). One factor thought to reduce the risk for dislocation is head size. We constructed subject‐specific computer models to study the effect of head size on risk for postoperative dislocation. Femoral and acetabular geometry was constructed after segmenting CT scans of nine hips. CAD models of THA components with four head diameters (28, 32, 36, and 44 mm) were virtually implanted. Hip capsular ligaments were simulated using rigid‐body ellipsoids connected by non‐linear springs. Posterior dislocation was simulated during a rise from a low chair; anterior dislocation was simulated during a pivot activity. Intraoperative stability tests were simulated for anterior or posterior dislocation. While rising from a low chair (posterior dislocation) and during the pivot activity (anterior dislocation), increasing head size significantly increased hip flexion angle at dislocation and generated higher dislocation moments. Larger heads reduced the risk for dislocation. Intraoperative stability tests detected the relative increased resistance to dislocation despite differences in the absolute magnitude of moments. This model can be useful preclinical tool for assessing design changes, the effect of component placement, and the activity‐based risk for dislocation. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1525–1531, 2014.
3D statistical modeling techniques to investigate the anatomy of the sacrum, its bone mass distribution, and the trans‐sacral corridors
Authors: Wagner Daniel , Kamer Lukas , Rommens Pol M. , Sawaguchi Takeshi , Richards Robert Geoff , Noser Hansrudi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe complex anatomy of the sacrum makes surgical fracture fixation challenging. We developed statistical models to investigate sacral anatomy with special regard to trans‐sacral implant fixation. We used computed tomographies of 20 intact adult pelves to establish 3D statistical models: a surface model of the sacrum and the trans‐sacral corridor S1, including principal component analysis (PCA), and an averaged gray value model of the sacrum given in Hounsfield Units. PCA demonstrated large variability in sacral anatomy markedly affecting the diameters of the trans‐sacral corridors. The configuration of the sacral alae and the vertical position of the auricular surfaces were important determinants of the trans‐sacral corridor dimension on level S1. The statistical model of trans‐sacral corridor S1 including the adjacent parts of the iliac bones showed main variation in length; however, the diameter was the main criterion for the surgically available corridor. The averaged gray value model revealed a distinct pattern of bone mass distribution with lower density particularly in the sacral alae. These advanced 3D statistical models provide a thorough anatomical understanding demonstrating the impact of sacral anatomy on positioning trans‐sacral implants. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1543–1548, 2014.
Patch‐burn management: Implications for conservation of avian communities in fire‐dependent sagebrush ecosystems
Authors: Holcomb Elizabeth D. , Davis Craig A. , Fuhlendorf Samuel D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTRangeland birds in the Southern High Plains, USA evolved within a context of fire and grazing (i.e., pyric herbivory), a disturbance regime that played a dominant role in shaping rangelands in this region but has been absent since the 1880s. A management technique known as patch‐burn grazing was used to mimic the heterogeneity in vegetation created by the historical disturbance regime of fire and grazing in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) rangelands. We compared nest survival of Cassin's sparrows (Peucaea cassinii), field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), and lark sparrows (Chondestes grammacus); species richness; and densities of 11 bird species between rangelands managed with patch‐burn grazing and rangelands managed with traditional management (i.e., seasonal grazing) in Oklahoma from 2006 to 2008. Estimates of nest survival were similar between patch‐burn and traditional pastures (Cassin's sparrows: 51% and 57%; field sparrows: 18% and 22%; and lark sparrows: 14% and 12%, patch‐burn and traditional, respectively). Species richness was higher in patch‐burn pastures compared to traditionally managed pastures. Densities of the majority of avian species (73%) were similar between treatments; however, lark sparrow densities were 5 times more abundant in patch‐burn pastures and grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were >3 times more abundant on traditional pastures. Our results suggest that introducing patch‐burn grazing management to sand sagebrush rangelands is not detrimental to nesting shrubland birds, and the creation of heterogeneity through patch‐burn grazing can increase avian species diversity. Furthermore, some species such as lark sparrows may benefit from patch‐burn grazing. Patch‐burn management may be an important tool to assist in the recovery of biodiversity in this ecosystem. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Design and Fabrication of Regenerable Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Applications in Foulant Removal
Authors: Irigoyen Joseba , Politakos Nikolaos , Murray Richard , Moya Sergio E. 
Published: June 2014

Regenerable polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are prepared on the basis of a sacrificial block of polyelectrolyte on the top of a non‐removable PEM. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and polyestyrene sulfonate (PSS) PEMs with a block of poly(diallylmethylammonium chlor­ide) (PDADMAC)/PSS on top; PAH/PSS with PDADMAC/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) on top; and poly­ethylenimine (PEI)/PSS with PEI/PAA on top are fabricated. The top PDADMAC/PSS and PEI/PAA blocks are removed by interaction with (1‐tetradecyl) trimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecylsulfate surfactants, respectively, whereas PDADMAC/PAA is removed by exposure them to basic pH. The supporting PEMs are not removed. The PEMs are coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model foulant. The top block is removed together with the BSA. After removal of the top block, the film is regenerated by assembling polyelectrolyte layers with the same composition as the original top block. Removal and regeneration are followed by quartz crystal microbalance measurements with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and X‐ray photon electron spectroscopy.
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Facile Fabrication of Electrochromic Poly(amine‐amide) and Poly(amine‐imide) Films Via Carbazole‐Based Oxidative Coupling Electropolymerization
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Lin Jun‐Wen 
Published: June 2014

The synthesis and electrochemical properties of four electropolymerizable monomers featuring an interior aromatic diamide or diimide segment bridged by p‐phenylene units to terminal electroactive carbazole groups are described. Upon electrochemical oxidation, the coupling reactions between carbazole radical cations occur instantly, rendering an efficient electropolymerization process feasible. The electrogenerated polymer films exhibit reversible electrochemical processes and stable color changes upon electro‐oxidation, which can be switched by potential modulation. The remarkable electrochromic behavior of the film is clearly interpreted on the basis of spectroelectrochemical studies.
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Functional and structural impact of the most prevalent missense mutations in classic galactosemia
Authors: Coelho Ana I. , Trabuco Matilde , Ramos Ruben , Silva Maria João , Tavares de Almeida Isabel , Leandro Paula , Rivera Isabel , Vicente João B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGalactose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in galactose metabolism, particularly important in the neonatal period due to ingestion of galactose‐containing milk. GALT deficiency results in the genetic disorder classic galactosemia, whose pathophysiology is still not fully elucidated. Whereas classic galactosemia has been hypothesized to result from GALT misfolding, a thorough functional–structural characterization of GALT most prevalent variants was still lacking, hampering the development of alternative therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural–functional effects of nine GALT mutations, four of which account for the vast majority of the mutations identified in galactosemic patients. Several methodologies were employed to evaluate the mutations' impact on GALT function, on the protein secondary and tertiary structures, and on the aggregation propensity. The major structural effect concerns disturbed propensity for aggregation, particularly striking for the p.Q188R variant, resulting from the most frequent (~60%) allele at a worldwide scale. The absence of major effects at the secondary and tertiary structure levels suggests that the disturbed aggregation results from subtle perturbations causing a higher and/or longer exposure of hydrophobic residues in the variants as compared to WT GALT. The results herein described indicate a possible benefit from introducing proteostasis regulators and/or chemical/pharmacological chaperones to prevent the accumulation of protein aggregates, in new avenues of therapeutic research for classic galactosemia.
Bandwidth enhancement and cross‐polarization suppression in ultrawideband microstrip antenna with defected ground plane
Authors: Khandelwal Mukesh Kumar , Kanaujia Binod Kumar , Dwari Santanu , Kumar Sachin , Gautam A. K. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA compact microstrip antenna is proposed with very wide bandwidth ranging from 2 to 18 GHz. Impedance bandwidth of 160% is achieved which covers S, C, X, and Ku bands. Antenna gain upto 5 dBi is achieved within the operating band with suppressed cross‐polarized radiation characteristics. The maximum cross‐polarization levels are −28 and −20 dB in E‐plane and H‐plane, respectively. Further, the ground plane of the proposed antenna is embedded with triangular and square defects. Proposed antenna with defected ground plane operates in impedance bandwidth ranging from 2 to 21 GHz and bandwidth is improved to the value of 165.22%. The antenna gain is improved upto the maximum value of 18 dBi within the band of operation. The maximum cross‐polarization levels are improved to the value of −40 and −42 dB in E‐plane and H‐plane, respectively. The measured results are in good match with simulated results for both the antennas. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2141–2146, 2014
Planar inverted‐Eantenna for future generation applications
Authors: Chattha Hassan Tariq , Nasir Mumammad , Jamal Yasir , Huang Yi , Alja'afreh Saqer S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis work presents a new simple low‐profile and compact planar inverted‐E antenna (PIEA) which is a modified form of planar inverted‐F antenna having two shorting plates instead of one. A slot is inserted on the ground plane to further enhance the impedance bandwidth of this antenna. This PIEA covers the frequency band from around 1700 MHz to more than 2700 MHz in a single band which covers most of the frequency bands used in 2G, 3G, and 4G applications. The height of this antenna is h = 5 mm which makes it suitable for handheld applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2103–2107, 2014