bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the connections between health lean management and clinical risk management
Authors: Crema Maria , Verbano Chiara 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate connections and overlaps between health lean management (HLM) and clinical risk management (CRM) understanding whether and how these two approaches can be combined together to pursue efficiency and patient safety improvements simultaneously.Design/methodology/approach– A systematic literature review has been carried out. Searching in academic databases, papers that focus not only on HLM, but also on clinical errors and risk reduction, were included. The general characteristics of the selected papers were analysed and a content analysis was conducted.Findings– In most of the papers, pursing objectives of HLM and CRM and adopting tools and practices of both approaches, results of quality and, particularly, of safety improvements were obtained. A two-way arrow between HLM and CRM emerged but so far, none of the studies has been focused on the relationship between HLM and CRM.Originality/value– Results highlight an emerging research stream, with many useful theoretical and practical implications and opportunities for further research.
Assessing the structure and temporal dynamics of seabird communities: the challenge of capturing marine ecosystem complexity
Authors: Moreno Rocío , Stowasser Gabriele , McGill Rona A. R. , Bearhop Stuart , Phillips Richard A. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Understanding interspecific interactions, and the influences of anthropogenic disturbance and environmental change on communities, are key challenges in ecology. Despite the pressing need to understand these fundamental drivers of community structure and dynamics, only 17% of ecological studies conducted over the past three decades have been at the community level.

Here, we assess the trophic structure of the procellariiform community breeding at South Georgia, to identify the factors that determine foraging niches and possible temporal changes. We collected conventional diet data from 13 sympatric species between 1974 and 2002, and quantified intra‐ and inter‐guild, and annual variation in diet between and within foraging habits. In addition, we tested the reliability of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of seabird feathers collected over a 13‐year period, in relation to those of their potential prey, as a tool to assess community structure when diets are diverse and there is high spatial heterogeneity in environmental baselines.

Our results using conventional diet data identified a four‐guild community structure, distinguishing species that mainly feed on crustaceans; large fish and squid; a mixture of crustaceans, small fish and squid; or carrion. In total, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba represented 32%, and 14 other species a further 46% of the combined diet of all 13 predators, underlining the reliance of this community on relatively few types of prey. Annual variation in trophic segregation depended on relative prey availability; however, our data did not provide evidence of changes in guild structure associated with a suggested decline in Antarctic krill abundance over the past 40 years.

Reflecting the differences in δ15N of potential prey (crustaceans vs. squid vs. fish and carrion), analysis of δ15N in chick feathers identified a three‐guild community structure that was constant over a 13‐year period, but lacked the trophic cluster representing giant petrels which was identified using conventional diet data.

Our study is the first in recent decades to examine dietary changes in seabird communities over time. Conventional dietary analysis provided better resolution of community structure than SIA. However, δ15N in chick feathers, which reflected trophic (level) specialization, was nevertheless an effective and less time‐consuming means of monitoring temporal changes.
Functional responses of insectivorous bats to increasing housing density support ‘land‐sparing’ rather than ‘land‐sharing’ urban growth strategies
Authors: Caryl Fiona M. , Lumsden Linda F. , van der Ree Rodney , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Debates about ‘land‐sparing’ and ‘land‐sharing’ strategies for conserving biodiversity in cities provide an overly simplistic characterization of alternate planning options. Increased urbanization manifests in a number of ways and sophisticated analyses of how species respond to urban environments are required before generalizations about the relative merits of either planning strategy should be made.

We investigated how insectivorous bats respond to housing density (a measure of urbanization intensity) and a range of habitat variables by modelling the occupancy and activity of 12 species in Melbourne, Australia. In addition to species‐level analyses, species were grouped into guilds (‘matrix’, ‘patch’ or ‘edge’ species) depending on their ecomorphology and level of patch‐dependency.

Housing density (dwellings per hectare: dph) was the dominant explanatory variable of occupancy and activity of most species studied. Site occupancy probabilities of patch and edge species were reduced by half at housing densities of just 1·1–4·5 dph depending on species, while their activity was halved at housing densities of 2·6–10·3 dph. The activity of two matrix species also declined, but at higher housing densities (reducing by half at 4·5–7·9 dph). Patch and edge species responded nonlinearly to tree cover at low housing densities, with peaks in occupancy and activity at 20–60%. This response broke down at medium housing densities, however, as most species were no longer present.

Synthesis and applications. Occupancy probability and activity of almost all bat species studied were substantially reduced even at very low housing densities. Increasing tree cover had no positive effect on the occupancy and activity of patch and edge species once medium housing densities were reached. In order for land‐sharing strategies to provide good habitat for patch and edge bat species housing densities would need to be so low as to be impractical in most urban planning contexts. By contrast, land‐sparing with forested habitat remaining in 20% or more of the landscape could provide positive conservation outcomes for the species modelled here. We discuss the relevance of our findings in planning for conservation of bats and their habitats in other recently established and expanding cities.
Aid, Growth and Jobs
Authors: Fields Gary 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVarious development objectives are worthy, but one objective merits special attention: reducing the scourge of absolute economic misery in the world. This study focuses on an important but relatively underemphasized approach to poverty reduction: helping the poor earn more in the labour market for the work they do, so that they can buy the goods and services they need to move up out of poverty. The core of the study is divided into three sections: defining the global poverty challenge and the world's employment problem, presenting policy options for improving employment outcomes for the poor, and suggesting ways of choosing which policy interventions are most promising for poverty reduction.
A comparison of recommendations for pharmacologic thromboembolism prophylaxis after caesarean delivery from three major guidelines
Authors: Palmerola KL , D'Alton ME , Brock CO , Friedman AM 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveGuidelines for pharmacologic obstetric venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis from the American Congress of Obstetricians (ACOG), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), and the American College of Chest Physicians (Chest) vary significantly. The objective of this study was to determine the practical implications of these recommendations in terms of prophylaxis rates for a tertiary obstetric population.Study designCross‐sectional.SettingTertiary referral hospital.PopulationPatients post‐operative day 1 after caesarean delivery.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study evaluated rates of pharmacologic prophylaxis for women based on RCOG, ACOG, and Chest recommendations. Medical, obstetric, and demographic risk factors for thromboembolism were reviewed for individual patients. Rates of prophylaxis based on each of the guidelines with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Outcome measureRecommended pharmacologic prophylaxis.ResultsAbout 293 patients were included in the analysis. Under RCOG guidelines, 85.0% of patients would receive post‐caesarean pharmacologic prophylaxis [95% confidence interval (CI) 80.5–88.6%] compared with 1.0% of patients under ACOG guidelines (95% CI 0.3–3.0%) and 34.8% of patients under Chest guidelines (95% CI 29.6–40.4%). Caesarean during labour, obesity, advanced maternal age, pre‐eclampsia, and multiple gestation were among the most commonrisk factors.ConclusionRecommended prophylaxis differed significantly. Under ACOG recommendations a small minority of patients would receive prophylaxis, whereas under RCOG recommendations a large majority of patients would receive low‐molecular‐weight heparin. Given the large differences in prophylaxis rates for post‐caesarean thromboprophylaxis based on different guidelines, further research is urgently needed to compare the risks and benefits of recommendations.Tweetable AbstractRecommendations from major society guidelines for post‐caesarean thromboprophylaxis differ greatly.
Enacting a Local Reform in the Age of Reform: A Salary for the Chairman of Middlesex Sessions
Authors: Landau Norma 
Published: October 2015

This article examines the unsuccessful attempts made from 1833 to 1842 by Middlesex's justices of the peace to obtain a local statute allowing them to pay a salary to their chairman. Instead of securing such an act, they had to settle for a statute enacted by the government, a statute authorising the government to appoint their chairman for judicial proceedings. The article uses the story of Middlesex's attempt to obtain a salary for the chairman to examine: justices' attempts to reform the office of chairman of county Sessions; the limited powers of justices in their county Sessions; and the centralising aspirations of central government.The statute that the government produced in 1844 originated as a public bill. In contrast, the statute that Middlesex had attempted to obtain originated as private bills. The statute enacted by the government contained defects that probably would not have marred a statute enacted under the rules governing private bills. So, this article uses the legislative misadventures of the government's bill to compare the procedures for enactment of public and private bills. The article therefore provides a case study of mid‐19th‐century legislative procedures governing enactment of local legislation, while arguing that, as of the mid 19th century, parliament had not developed procedures appropriate to both representative government and a centralising central government using public bills for local matters.
Gouty arthropathy: Review of clinico‐pathologic and imaging features
Authors: Parathithasan Nishanthinie , Lee Wai‐Kit , Pianta Marcus , Oon Shereen , Perera Warren 
Published: October 2015

SummaryGout is a common inflammatory arthropathy in adults, with the prevalence increasing in males of older age. It occurs when monosodium urate (MSU) crystals are deposited in joints and connective tissue causing inflammation. The gold standard for the diagnosis of gout is the demonstration of negatively birefringent, needle‐shaped MSU crystals through synovial fluid aspiration. However, this is an invasive technique and may not always be conclusive or feasible. Imaging techniques have been developed to aid in diagnosis of gout non‐invasively. Radiography has a low utility in the early diagnosis of gout and demonstrates erosions in late stages. Ultrasound (US) has a high overall sensitivity in diagnosing gout with the ‘double contour’ sign having a high specificity. Magnetic resonance imaging is good at detecting tophi, bone marrow oedema and erosions, but has a limited role in diagnosis because of its high cost and limited availability. Conventional computed tomography (CT) has no role in the routine diagnosis of gout before development of erosions and tophi. A newer technology, dual‐energy CT (DECT) has been shown to be able to detect MSU crystals burden with high accuracy. It has a higher specificity and lower sensitivity that US in gout diagnosis. However, because of radiation exposure and cost, it has a better utility in diagnosing clinically suspected gout complicated by other concurrent rheumatologic conditions or if radiography, US and synovial aspiration are inconclusive or not feasible. This paper will review the clinico‐pathologic and imaging features of gouty arthropathy.
Role of radiation in the treatment of non‐metastatic osseous Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Ning Matthew S , Perkins Stephanie M , Borinstein Scott C , Holt Ginger E , Stavas Mark J , Shinohara Eric T 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionLocal control, either with surgery, radiation (RT) or both, is essential in the management of localised Ewing sarcoma; however, the relative role of RT remains controversial.MethodsUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 612 patients treated for non‐metastatic skeletal Ewing sarcoma between the years 1988 and 2010 were identified.ResultsMedian age and follow‐up were 13 years (range: 0–21) and 56 months (range: 0–287), respectively. Five‐year overall survival (OS) for the cohort was 74.4 ± 2.0%. Patients received surgery alone (51.3%), RT alone (21.6%) or both (27.1%). Patients with skeletal Ewing sarcoma had improved OS with surgery alone compared with other treatments. However, in subset analyses, RT was not inferior to surgery alone for appendicular (5‐year OS: 80.0% vs. 79.3%), non‐pelvic (84.3% vs. 79.9%) or localised disease (confined to cortex or periosteum; 79.7% vs. 80.6%). After controlling for stage and site, no increase in mortality was observed with RT versus surgery alone (hazard ratio = 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.49–1.19)).ConclusionsIn regard to survival, RT did not appear to be inferior to surgery alone for most patients, particularly those with disease at favourable sites (localised, appendicular, non‐pelvic). In select patients with Ewing sarcoma, RT may be an appropriate strategy for local control that does not necessarily compromise survival outcomes.
The impact of altering filling pressures in diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy on the procedure completion rates and associated pain: a randomised double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Haggag Hisham M. , Hassan AbdelGany M.A. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundSeveral studies have compared different distension media and analgesics to optimise the efficiency of outpatient hysteroscopy. However, studies comparing different uterine filling pressures are scarce.AimThe objective of this study was to evaluate and compare different uterine filling pressures during diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy in an attempt to find the optimal pressure allowing adequate visualisation while minimising pain and increasing patient satisfaction.Materials and MethodsThis was a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. A total of 240 women who had diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy were randomly divided into three equal groups: the uterine filling pressure was 30 mm Hg in group 1, 50 mm Hg in group 2 and 80 mm Hg in group 3. The primary outcome was adequate visualisation, and secondary outcomes were the proportion of completed procedures, pain perceived during the procedure, immediately after the procedure and 30 min later.ResultsAdequate visualisation was lower in group 1 (88.7% vs 97.5% and 98.7%; P = 0.009), but was not different between groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.999). The proportion of completed procedures was not different among the groups. There was a progressive increase in pain scores from the lower to the higher pressure groups during the procedure, immediately after the procedure and 30 min after completing the procedure.ConclusionUterine filling pressure of 50 mm Hg was associated with better visualisation than 30 mm Hg and lower pain scores than that of 80 mmHg with no difference in the proportion of completed procedures.
A brief review of the application and pharmacology of ethnomedicines of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Tucci Joseph , Wilkens Sabine 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveIndigenous Australians suffer higher mortality and have statistically worse outcomes for many chronic disease states than the non‐Indigenous population. Although many of these people are prescribed pharmaceutical drugs for their illnesses, some still use medicines that were traditional to their culture. This report reviews some of the traditional medicines used for ailments seen in Indigenous Australian communities.DesignA literature search was conducted, with the period between the publication of an ‘Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia’ in 1988 and ‘current’ our target interval for searching. The ethics of publishing knowledge belonging to Aboriginal people is briefly discussed in this context.ResultsAilments were grouped into communicable diseases, pain and inflammation, skin disorders and gastrointestinal disorders. Although cancer is regarded as a disease of the ‘white man’, it is briefly discussed in the context that several traditional medicines and foods may have provided some protective effects. Where known, the ethnopharmacology of these medicines is discussed, as well as a brief description of their preparation and application.ConclusionSome Indigenous Australians continue to use traditional medicines. We have tabulated these according to ailment, and have listed pharmacological actions where known. What is not known, however, is their potential to interact with pharmaceutical drugs. Further study in this area is needed to optimise health outcomes for Indigenous Australians, especially those in remote communities.
Micronutrient status and neurodevelopment in internationally adopted children
Authors: Fuglestad Anita J. , Kroupina Maria G. , Johnson Dana E. , Georgieff Michael K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo assess the status of nutrients relevant for brain development in internationally adoptees from disparate global regions and determine whether identified deficiencies are associated with neurodevelopment.MethodsParticipants included children adopted from Post‐Soviet States (n = 15), Ethiopia (n = 26) or China (n = 17), ages 8–18 months. A comprehensive nutritional battery and a neurodevelopmental assessment were completed at baseline (within one month of arrival) and follow‐up (six months later).ResultsAt baseline, 35% were stunted, and 68% had at least one abnormal nutritional biochemical marker. The most common were low retinol‐binding protein (33%), zinc deficiency (29%), vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (21%), and iron deficiency (15%). There was significant catch‐up growth in height and weight at follow‐up, but little improvement in micronutrient deficiencies. Iron deficiency was associated with lower cognitive scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐III, p = 0.027, and slower speed of processing, p = 0.012. Zinc deficiency was associated with compromised memory functioning, p = 0.001.ConclusionNutrient deficiencies were common during the early adoption period in internationally adoptees from three global regions, and iron and zinc deficiencies were associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Results emphasise the importance of monitoring micronutrient status at arrival and during the early adoption period, irrespective of country of origin.
The Relationship Between Development of Neuronal and Astrocytic Tau Pathologies in Subcortical Nuclei and Progression of Argyrophilic Grain Disease
Authors: Ikeda Chikako , Yokota Osamu , Nagao Shigeto , Ishizu Hideki , Oshima Etsuko , Hasegawa Masato , Okahisa Yuko , Terada Seishi , Yamada Norihito 
Published: October 2015

AbstractProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) cases frequently have argyrophilic grain disease (AGD). However, the PSP‐like tau pathology in AGD cases has not been fully clarified. To address this, we examined tau pathologies in the subcortical nuclei and frontal cortex in 19 AGD cases that did not meet the pathological criteria of PSP or corticobasal degeneration, nine PSP cases and 20 Braak NFT stage‐matched controls. Of the 19 AGD cases, five (26.3%) had a few Gallyas‐positive tau‐positive tufted astrocytes (TAs) and Gallyas‐negative tau‐positive TA‐like astrocytic inclusions (TAIs), and six (31.6%) had only TAIs in the striatum and/or frontal cortex. Subcortical tau pathology was sequentially and significantly greater in AGD cases lacking these tau‐positive astrocytic lesions, AGD cases having them, and PSP cases than in controls. There was a significant correlation between three histologic factors, including the AGD stage and the quantities of subcortical neuronal and astrocytic tau pathologies. Tau immunoblotting demonstrated 68‐ and 64‐kDa bands and 33‐kDa low‐molecular mass tau fragments in PSP cases, and although with lesser intensity, in AGD cases with and without TAs and TAIs also. Given these findings, the progression of AGD may be associated with development of the neuronal and astrocytic tau pathologies characteristic of PSP.
GPR55 promotes migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells indicating a role in metastasis
Authors: Kargl J , Andersen L , Hasenöhrl C , Feuersinger D , Stančić A , Fauland A , Magnes C , El‐Heliebi A , Lax S , Uranitsch S , Haybaeck J , Heinemann A , Schicho R 
Published: October 2015

Background and PurposeTumour cell migration and adhesion constitute essential features of metastasis. G‐protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a lysophospholipid receptor, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of GPR55 in migration and metastasis of colon cancer cells.Experimental ApproachAdhesion and migration assays using the highly metastatic colon cancer cell line HCT116 and an in vivo assay of liver metastasis were performed. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, cannabidiol, a putative GPR55 antagonist and GPR55 siRNA were used to block GPR55 activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells.Key ResultsHCT116 cells showed a significant decrease in adhesion to endothelial cells and in migration after blockade with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. The inhibitory effects of CID16020046 or cannabidiol were averted by GPR55 siRNA knock down in cancer cells. The integrity of endothelial cell monolayers was increased after pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the antagonists or after GPR55 siRNA knockdown while pretreatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the endogenous ligand of GPR55, decreased integrity of the monolayers. LPI also induced migration in GPR55 overexpressing HCT116 cells that was blocked by GPR55 antagonists. In a mouse model of metastasis, the arrest of HCT116 cancer cells in the liver was reduced after treatment with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. Increased levels of LPI (18:0) were found in colon cancer patients when compared with healthy individuals.Conclusions and ImplicationsGPR55 is involved in the migratory behaviour of colon carcinoma cells and may serve as a pharmacological target for the prevention of metastasis. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society