bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON ${\omega _1}$-STRONGLY COMPACT CARDINALS
Authors: BAGARIA JOAN , MAGIDOR MENACHEM 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
An uncountable cardinal κ is called

${\omega _1}$

-strongly compact if every
κ-complete ultrafilter on any set I
can be extended to an

${\omega _1}$

-complete ultrafilter on I. We show that the
first

${\omega _1}$

-strongly compact cardinal,

${\kappa _0}$

, cannot be a successor cardinal, and that its cofinality is at
least the first measurable cardinal. We prove that the Singular Cardinal
Hypothesis holds above

${\kappa _0}$

. We show that the product of Lindelöf spaces is
κ-Lindelöf if and only if

$\kappa \ge {\kappa _0}$

. Finally, we characterize

${\kappa _0}$

in terms of second order reflection for relational structures
and we give some applications. For instance, we show that every first-countable
nonmetrizable space has a nonmetrizable subspace of size less than

${\kappa _0}$

.
CONVEXLY ORDERABLE GROUPS AND VALUED FIELDS
Authors: FLENNER JOSEPH , GUINGONA VINCENT 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We consider the model theoretic notion of convex orderability, which fits
strictly between the notions of VC-minimality and dp-minimality. In some classes
of algebraic theories, however, we show that convex orderability and
VC-minimality are equivalent, and use this to give a complete classification of
VC-minimal theories of ordered groups and abelian groups. Consequences for
fields are also considered, including a necessary condition for a theory of
valued fields to be quasi-VC-minimal. For example, the p-adics
are not quasi-VC-minimal.
THE NEAT EMBEDDING PROBLEM FOR ALGEBRAS OTHER THAN CYLINDRIC ALGEBRAS
AND FOR INFINITE DIMENSIONS
Authors: HIRSCH ROBIN , AHMED TAREK SAYED 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Hirsch and Hodkinson proved, for

$3 \le m &lt; \omega $

and any

$k &lt; \omega $

, that the class

$SNr_m {\bf{CA}}_{m + k + 1} $

is strictly contained in

$SNr_m {\bf{CA}}_{m + k} $

and if

$k \ge 1$

then the former class cannot be defined by any finite set of
first-order formulas, within the latter class. We generalize this result to the
following algebras of m-ary relations for which the neat reduct
operator

$_m $

is meaningful: polyadic algebras with or without equality and
substitution algebras. We also generalize this result to allow the case where
m is an infinite ordinal, using quasipolyadic algebras in
place of polyadic algebras (with or without equality).
THE STRENGTH OF RAMSEY’S THEOREM FOR COLORING RELATIVELY
LARGE SETS
Authors: CARLUCCI LORENZO , ZDANOWSKI KONRAD 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We characterize the effective content and the proof-theoretic strength of a
Ramsey-type theorem for bi-colorings of so-called exactly large
sets. An exactly large set is a set

$X \subset {\bf{N}}$

such that

${\rm{card}}\left( X \right) = {\rm{min}}\left( X \right) + 1$

. The theorem we analyze is as follows. For every infinite
subset M of N, for every coloring C of the
exactly large subsets of M in two colors, there exists and
infinite subset L of M such that
C is constant on all exactly large subsets of
L. This theorem is essentially due to Pudlák and
Rödl and independently to Farmaki. We prove that—over
RCA0 —this theorem is equivalent to closure under the
ωth Turing jump (i.e., under arithmetical truth).
Natural combinatorial theorems at this level of complexity are rare. In terms of
Reverse Mathematics we give the first Ramsey-theoretic characterization of

${\rm{ACA}}_0^ +$

. Our results give a complete characterization of the theorem
from the point of view of Computability Theory and of the Proof Theory of
Arithmetic. This nicely extends the current knowledge about the strength of
Ramsey’s Theorem. We also show that analogous results hold for a
related principle based on the Regressive Ramsey’s Theorem. We
conjecture that analogous results hold for larger ordinals.
GENERIC STABILITY AND STABILITY
Authors: ADLER HANS , CASANOVAS ENRIQUE , PILLAY ANAND 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe prove two results about generically stable typespin arbitrary theories. The first, on existence of strong germs, generalizes results from [2] on stably dominated types. The second is an equivalence of forking and dividing, assuming generic stability ofp(m)for allm. We use the latter result to answer in full generality a question posed by Hasson and Onshuus: IfP(x) εS(B) is stable and does not fork overAthenprestrictionAis stable. (They had solved some special cases.)
FAMILIES OF ULTRAFILTERS, AND HOMOMORPHISMS ON INFINITE DIRECT
PRODUCT ALGEBRAS
Authors: BERGMAN GEORGE M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Criteria are obtained for a filter

${\cal F}$

of subsets of a set I to be an intersection
of finitely many ultrafilters, respectively, finitely many
κ-complete ultrafilters for a given uncountable
cardinal

$\kappa .$

From these, general results are deduced concerning
homomorphisms on infinite direct product groups, which yield quick proofs of
some results in the literature: the Łoś–Eda
theorem (characterizing homomorphisms from a not-necessarily-countable direct
product of modules to a slender module), and some results of Nahlus and the
author on homomorphisms on infinite direct products of
not-necessarily-associative k-algebras. The same tools allow
other results of Nahlus and the author to be nontrivially strengthened, and
yield an analog to one of their results, with nonabelian groups taking the place
of k-algebras.
We briefly examine the question of how the common technique used in applying the
general results of this note to k-algebras on the one hand, and
to nonabelian groups on the other, might be extended to more general varieties
of algebras in the sense of universal algebra.
In a final section, the Erdős–Kaplansky theorem on
dimensions of vector spaces

${D^I}$

$(D$

a division ring) is extended to reduced products

${D^I}/{\cal F},$

and an application is noted.
THE NON-AXIOMATIZABILITY OF O-MINIMALITY
Authors: RENNET ALEX 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Fix a language extending the language of ordered fields by at least one new
predicate or function symbol. Call an L-structure R
pseudo-o-minimal if it is (elementarily equivalent to) an
ultraproduct of o-minimal structures. We show that for any recursive list of
L-sentences , there is a real closed field satisfying which
is not pseudo-o-minimal. This shows that the theory To−min
consisting of those -sentences true in all o-minimal
-structures, also called the theory of o-minimality (for L), is
not recursively axiomatizable. And, in particular, there are locally o-minimal,
definably complete expansions of real closed fields which are not
pseudo-o-minimal.
Food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, 10 years after the invasion of Iraq: data from a household survey
Authors: Ghattas Hala , Sassine AnnieBelle J. , Seyfert Karin , Nord Mark , Sahyoun Nadine R. 
Published: April 2014

Iraqi refugees in Lebanon are vulnerable to food insecurity because of their limited rights and fragile livelihoods. The objective of the present study was to assess household food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, almost 10 years after the invasion of Iraq. A representative survey of 800 UN High Commissioner for Refugees-registered refugee households in Lebanon was conducted using multi-stage cluster random sampling. We measured food insecurity using a modified US Department of Agriculture household food security module. We collected data on household demographic, socio-economic, health, housing and dietary diversity status and analysed these factors by food security status. Hb level was measured in a subset of children below 5 years of age (n 85). Weighted data were used in univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the Iraqi refugee households surveyed (n 630), 20·1 % (95 % CI 17·3, 23·2) were found to be food secure, 35·5 % (95 % CI 32·0, 39·2) moderately food insecure and 44·4 % (95 % CI 40·8, 48·1) severely food insecure. Severe food insecurity was associated with the respondent's good self-reported health (OR 0·3, 95 % CI 0·2, 0·5), length of stay as a refugee (OR 1·1, 95 % CI 1·0, 1·2), very poor housing quality (OR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·6, 6·5) and the number of children in the household (OR 1·2, 95 % CI 1·0, 1·4), and resulted in poor dietary diversity (P< 0·0001). Anaemia was found in 41 % (95 % CI 30·6, 51·9) of children below 5 years of age, but was not associated with food insecurity. High food insecurity, low diet quality and high prevalence of anaemia in Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon call for urgent programmes to address the food and health situation of this population with restricted rights.
Patterns of trematode infections of Opisthorchis viverrini (Opisthorchiidae) and Haplorchis taichui (Heterophyidae) in human populations from two villages in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
Authors: Sato M. , Pongvongsa T. , Sanguankiat S. , Yoonuan T. , Kobayashi J. , Boupha B. , Nishimoto F. , Moji K. , Sato M.O. , Waikagul J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, and the minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchis taichui, are prevalent in many Asian countries. This study analysed the patterns of infections of O. viverrini and H. taichui in Lahanam and Thakhamlien villages (Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR), in two cross-sectional investigations. Out of a total of 207 human participants, post-anthelmintic treatment positivity rates for expelled worms were 170 (82.1%) for H. taichui and 65 (31.4%) for O. viverrini. Both these species co-exist in the study villages. When each parasite was analysed separately, H. taichui infections reached a plateau among people aged >20 years. Opisthorchis viverrini infection rates were highest in the age group 21–30 years, with decreasing infection rates after the age of 30. Our findings indicated that fish-borne trematode infections were more prevalent among adults. Fish, common intermediate hosts, were acquired in the study area for analysis. The examination of 35 species of fish as intermediate hosts found O. viverrini metacercariae in only six species, and these were found mostly during the month of November. Many farmers who live on the rice fields obtain their food from their immediate environment, including these intermediate-host fish, potentially putting them at greater risk of O. viverrini infection. By contrast, H. taichui metacercariae were found in three species of fish obtained from the market, meaning that anyone could consume them and become infected. If people who work in rice fields limit the species of fish they consume, or avoid consuming raw fish during the month of November, they may reduce their risk of O. viverrini infection.
Effect of mobile phone use on salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein of the parotid gland
Authors: Hashemipour M S , Yarbakht M , Gholamhosseinian A , Famori H 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground:The possibility of side effects associated with the electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones is a controversial issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein.Methods:Stimulated salivary samples were collected simultaneously from both parotid glands of 86 healthy volunteers. Salivary flow rate and salivary concentrations of proteins, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin A, were measured. Data were analysed usingt-tests and one-way analyses of variance.Results:Salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein were significantly higher on the right side compared to the left in those that predominantly held mobile phones on the right side. In addition, there was a decrease in concentrations of amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin and peroxidase.Conclusion:The side of dominant mobile phone use was associated with differences in salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations, in right-dominant users. Although mobile phone use influenced salivary composition, the relationship was not significant.
Hepatitis A infection in patients with chronic viral liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Jahrom, Iran
Authors: AHMADI VASMEHJANI A. , JAVESHGHANI D. , BAHARLOU R. , SHAYESTEHPOUR M. , MOUSAVINASAB S. D. , JOHARINIA N. , ENDERAMI S. E. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYInfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) in patient with chronic liver disease (CLD; due to hepatitis B or hepatitis C) may cause severe disease and fulminant liver failure. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HAV antibodies in patients infected with HCV or HBV in Iran (Jahrom city). A total of 159 patients with underlying CLD were recruited between September 2012 and February 2013. Serum samples were collected from each patient and tested for anti-HAV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of total anti-HAV was 79·2%. Patients aged 20–30 years had the lowest (28·3%) anti-HAV seropositivity and those aged >50 years had the highest (95%) seropositivity. The overall prevalence of anti-HAV in patients with chronic HCV and HBV infection was 93·7% and 77·1%, respectively. The anti-HAV seropositivity in liver cirrhosis patients was 100% compared to CLD patients. Because of low HAV immunity in younger CLD patients, vaccination against HAV should be considered.
Deterministic processes guide long-term synchronised population dynamics in replicate anaerobic digesters
Authors: Vanwonterghem Inka , Jensen Paul D , Dennis Paul G , Hugenholtz Philip , Rabaey Korneel , Tyson Gene W 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A replicate long-term experiment was conducted using anaerobic digestion (AD) as a model process to determine the relative role of niche and neutral theory on microbial community assembly, and to link community dynamics to system performance. AD is performed by a complex network of microorganisms and process stability relies entirely on the synergistic interactions between populations belonging to different functional guilds. In this study, three independent replicate anaerobic digesters were seeded with the same diverse inoculum, supplied with a model substrate, α-cellulose, and operated for 362 days at a 10-day hydraulic residence time under mesophilic conditions. Selective pressure imposed by the operational conditions and model substrate caused large reproducible changes in community composition including an overall decrease in richness in the first month of operation, followed by synchronised population dynamics that correlated with changes in reactor performance. This included the synchronised emergence and decline of distinct Ruminococcus phylotypes at day 148, and emergence of a Clostridium and Methanosaeta phylotype at day 178, when performance became stable in all reactors. These data suggest that many dynamic functional niches are predictably filled by phylogenetically coherent populations over long time scales. Neutral theory would predict that a complex community with a high degree of recognised functional redundancy would lead to stochastic changes in populations and community divergence over time. We conclude that deterministic processes may play a larger role in microbial community dynamics than currently appreciated, and under controlled conditions it may be possible to reliably predict community structural and functional changes over time.
Interspecies competition triggers virulence and mutability in Candida albicans–Pseudomonas aeruginosa mixed biofilms
Authors: Trejo-Hernández Abigail , Andrade-Domínguez Andrés , Hernández Magdalena , Encarnación Sergio 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Inter-kingdom and interspecies interactions are ubiquitous in nature and are important for the survival of species and ecological balance. The investigation of microbe-microbe interactions is essential for understanding the in vivo activities of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium, are two opportunistic pathogens that interact in various polymicrobial infections in humans. To determine how P. aeruginosa affects the physiology of C. albicans and vice versa, we compared the proteomes of each species in mixed biofilms versus single-species biofilms. In addition, extracellular proteins were analyzed. We observed that, in mixed biofilms, both species showed differential expression of virulence proteins, multidrug resistance-associated proteins, proteases and cell defense, stress and iron-regulated proteins. Furthermore, in mixed biofilms, both species displayed an increase in mutability compared with monospecific biofilms. This characteristic was correlated with the downregulation of enzymes conferring protection against DNA oxidation. In mixed biofilms, P. aeruginosa regulates its production of various molecules involved in quorum sensing and induces the production of virulence factors (pyoverdine, rhamnolipids and pyocyanin), which are major contributors to the ability of this bacterium to cause disease. Overall, our results indicate that interspecies competition between these opportunistic pathogens enhances the production of virulence factors and increases mutability and thus can alter the course of host-pathogen interactions in polymicrobial infections.
Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for methane cycling beneath the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Dieser Markus , Broemsen Erik L J E , Cameron Karen A , King Gary M , Achberger Amanda , Choquette Kyla , Hagedorn Birgit , Sletten Ron , Junge Karen , Christner Brent C 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Microbial processes that mineralize organic carbon and enhance solute production at the bed of polar ice sheets could be of a magnitude sufficient to affect global elemental cycles. To investigate the biogeochemistry of a polar subglacial microbial ecosystem, we analyzed water discharged during the summer of 2012 and 2013 from Russell Glacier, a land-terminating outlet glacier at the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The molecular data implied that the most abundant and active component of the subglacial microbial community at these marginal locations were bacteria within the order Methylococcales (59–100% of reverse transcribed (RT)-rRNA sequences). mRNA transcripts of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) from these taxa were also detected, confirming that methanotrophic bacteria were functional members of this subglacial ecosystem. Dissolved methane ranged between 2.7 and 83 μm in the subglacial waters analyzed, and the concentration was inversely correlated with dissolved oxygen while positively correlated with electrical conductivity. Subglacial microbial methane production was supported by δ13C-CH4 values between −64‰ and −62‰ together with the recovery of RT-rRNA sequences that classified within the Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales. Under aerobic conditions, &gt;98% of the methane in the subglacial water was consumed over ∼30 days incubation at ∼4 °C and rates of methane oxidation were estimated at 0.32 μm per day. Our results support the occurrence of active methane cycling beneath this region of the Greenland Ice Sheet, where microbial communities poised in oxygenated subglacial drainage channels could serve as significant methane sinks.
Implications of streamlining theory for microbial ecology
Authors: Giovannoni Stephen J , Cameron Thrash J , Temperton Ben 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Whether a small cell, a small genome or a minimal set of chemical reactions with self-replicating properties, simplicity is beguiling. As Leonardo da Vinci reportedly said, ‘simplicity is the ultimate sophistication’. Two diverging views of simplicity have emerged in accounts of symbiotic and commensal bacteria and cosmopolitan free-living bacteria with small genomes. The small genomes of obligate insect endosymbionts have been attributed to genetic drift caused by small effective population sizes (Ne). In contrast, streamlining theory attributes small cells and genomes to selection for efficient use of nutrients in populations where Ne is large and nutrients limit growth. Regardless of the cause of genome reduction, lost coding potential eventually dictates loss of function. Consequences of reductive evolution in streamlined organisms include atypical patterns of prototrophy and the absence of common regulatory systems, which have been linked to difficulty in culturing these cells. Recent evidence from metagenomics suggests that streamlining is commonplace, may broadly explain the phenomenon of the uncultured microbial majority, and might also explain the highly interdependent (connected) behavior of many microbial ecosystems. Streamlining theory is belied by the observation that many successful bacteria are large cells with complex genomes. To fully appreciate streamlining, we must look to the life histories and adaptive strategies of cells, which impose minimum requirements for complexity that vary with niche.
Prenatal development is linked to bronchial reactivity: epidemiological and animal model evidence
Authors: Pike Katharine C. , Davis Shelley A. , Collins Samuel A. , Lucas Jane S. A. , Inskip Hazel M. , Wilson Susan J. , Thomas Elin R. , Wain Harris A. , Keskiväli-Bond Piia H. M. , Cooper Cyrus , Godfrey Keith M. , Torrens Christopher , Roberts Graham , Holloway John W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChronic cardiorespiratory disease is associated with low birthweight suggesting the importance of the developmental environment. Prenatal factors affecting fetal growth are believed important, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The influence of developmental programming on bronchial hyperreactivity is investigated in an animal model and evidence for comparable associations is sought in humans. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either control or protein-restricted diets throughout pregnancy. Bronchoconstrictor responses were recorded from offspring bronchial segments. Morphometric analysis of paraffin-embedded lung sections was conducted. In a human mother-child cohort ultrasound measurements of fetal growth were related to bronchial hyperreactivity, measured at age six years using methacholine. Protein-restricted rats' offspring demonstrated greater bronchoconstriction than controls. Airway structure was not altered. Children with lesser abdominal circumference growth during 11–19 weeks' gestation had greater bronchial hyperreactivity than those with more rapid abdominal growth. Imbalanced maternal nutrition during pregnancy results in offspring bronchial hyperreactivity. Prenatal environmental influences might play a comparable role in humans.
Integrating reductive and synthetic approaches in biology using man-made cell-like compartments
Authors: Aoki Wataru , Saito Masato , Manabe Ri-ichiroh , Mori Hirotada , Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe propose ‘integrated synthetic genetics’ as a novel methodology that integrates reductive and synthetic approaches used in life science research. Integrated synthetic genetics enables determinations of sets of genes required for the functioning of any biological subsystem. This method utilizes artificial cell-like compartments, including a randomly introduced whole gene library, strictly defined components for in vitro transcription and translation and a reporter that fluoresces ‘only when a particular function of a target biological subsystem is active.’ The set of genes necessary for the target biological subsystem can be identified by isolating fluorescent artificial cells and multiplex next-generation sequencing of genes included in these cells. The importance of this methodology is that screening for the set of genes involved in a subsystem and reconstructing the entire subsystem can be done simultaneously. This methodology can be applied to any biological subsystem of any species and may remarkably accelerate life science research.