bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quitting Certainties
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSubjective Bayesianism is one of the most popular tools of contemporary epistemology, using probability mathematics to provide comprehensive rational constraints both for an agent’s degrees of belief at a given time and for the evolution of those degrees of belief over time. Yet Conditionalization (the traditional Bayesian updating rule) has trouble modeling cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because these cases involve the loss of certainties over time. This book proposes a new Bayesian modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (or CLF), that yields correct verdicts about rational requirements in such cases. The framework resolves a variety of outstanding problems for Bayesianism, including the Sleeping Beauty Problem concerning self-locating beliefs and difficulties squaring Bayesianism with Everettian interpretations of quantum mechanics. CLF is developed within a carefully-articulated formal modeling methodology that focuses our attention on the boundaries of our models’ applicability and the precise relation between formal systems and norms. The result is a framework that merges the advantages of formal modeling with the complexities of everyday epistemic life.
2 Models and norms
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter is about formal models, norms, and their relations. It first discusses bridge principles, which relate a formal model to the domain it is meant to model. For example, bridge principles relate the probability axioms in a Bayesian model to rational requirements on degrees of belief. Next, the chapter lays out the elements needed to engage in formal modeling: the modeling framework itself, bridge principles, and modeling rules to tell you when and how a framework is used. These elements are illustrated by considering deduction systems in logic as formal modeling frameworks. Finally, the chapter discusses the modeling methodology of this book and its advantages, especially in how counterexamples are treated and how a modeling outlook encourages one to be explicit about the choices made in building a model.
4 Applying CLF models to stories
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on what exactly models in the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) say about agents’ degrees of belief. Developing the standard interpretation of CLF given in the previous chapter, it lays down explicit bridge principles relating CLF’s formal models to norms. Under this intepretation, CLF models indicate necessary but not sufficient evaluative requirements for rational consistency. The chapter considers objections to these evaluative requirements and exactly how idealized the notion of rationality involved needs to be. Finally, the chapter provides a model theory for CLF’s derivation system and considers alternative interpretations for the framework, such as interpretations on which CLF models represent imprecise probabilities (also known as “ranged” degrees of belief).
13 The advantages of modeling
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews and evaluates the modeling methodology that has been applied over the course of the book. It examines how the book’s modeling approach was crucial to constructing and defending the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), a modeling framework capable of representing rational requirements on agents in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. A modeling methodology also has general advantages: It forces us to be explicit about the choices that go into building a model; it focuses our attention on the principles bridging a model with the modeled world; and it allows us to narrow the domain of potential counterexamples to our view. In the best case, a modeling project can also generate new insights and lead us to a deeper understanding of the phenomena being modeled.
Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This monograph explores the significance accorded to St John’s island of Patmos (Rev. 1:9) within the wider reception history of the Apocalypse. In contrast to the relatively scant attention paid to John’s island in modern commentaries, this reception-historical survey reveals both the greater prominence accorded to Patmos by earlier interpreters, and the richer diversity of readings the text has provoked. These include interest in the physical character of Patmos and its significance as an island; the date and reason for John’s sojourn there; attempts to locate Patmos in a geography which is sometimes more mythical than literal; the meaning of the name ‘Patmos’ for a biblical book which treats other place names symbolically. This diversity is supported by a close reading of Rev. 1:9, which highlights the extent to which even its literal sense is highly ambiguous. This book brings together for the first time in a coherent narrative a wide range of interpretations of Patmos, reflecting different chronological periods, cultural contexts, and Christian traditions. It understands biblical interpretation broadly, to include interpretations in biographical traditions about John, sermons, liturgy, and visual art, as well as biblical commentaries. It also considers popular and marginal readings alongside magisterial and centrist ones, and draws analogies between similar hermeneutical strategies across the centuries. The final chapter explores the wider implications of this study for New Testament scholarship, advocating an approach which encourages use of the imagination and reader participation, and which works with a broader concept of ‘meaning’ than traditional historical criticism.
Negative Moods, Group Effects, and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter first organizes the previously discussed enhancers using the nature of the motivation to help to which they seem to give rise. Then it turns to the central topic of the closely related ‘inhibitors’ of helping. The two specific examples which are discussed at length are negative moods and group effects. This will serve to round out the presentation of work in psychology which has led to the framework of Mixed Traits to be developed in Part Three.
Strategies of Quantification in St'át'imcets and the Rest of the World
Authors: Matthewson Lisa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGeneralized Quantifier theory enables a compositional derivation of the meanings of quantified noun phrases. A semantic ‘determiner’ (instantiated in English, for example, by every or most) denotes a relation between sets (equivalently, a function of type 〈 〈e,t〉,〈 〈e,t〉,t〉 〉). It combines with a common noun phrase to create a Generalized Quantifier (such as most girls), which denotes a set of sets (a function of type 〈 〈e,t〉,t〉). This chapter addresses the topic which Barwise and Cooper themselves did not discuss, namely the internal compositionality of the semantic determiner. The chapter argues here that even setting aside complex quantifications like ‘more than half’, the function of the semantic determiner, namely to create a GQ from a common noun, is not a unitary or primitive process. Rather, GQ‐creation standardly involves at least two separate functions: quantification and domain restriction. This leads to a cross‐linguistic prediction, namely that we will find languages in which domain restriction is overtly expressed within the noun phrase via a separate lexical item. Furthermore, there are languages where the elements which effect domain restriction and quantification do not even form a syntactic constituent. The chapter thus argues that the notion of the ‘semantic determiner’ in Barwise and Cooper's sense may need to be retired, as it has outlived its cross‐linguistic usefulness. The chapter argues that we need to investigate the GQ‐internal syntax–semantics mapping in a large number of different languages, in order to determine what the range of possibilities is in this domain and where the interesting generalizations lie.
The Non‐uniformity of Wh‐indeterminates with Polarity and Free Choice in Chinese
Authors: Lai‐Shen Cheng Lisa , Giannakidou Anastasia 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWh‐elements in Chinese (as in Japanese and Korean) can have non‐interrogative interpretations, i.e. they are the so‐called ‘wh‐indeterminates’ la Kuroda 1965. While the existential (non‐interrogative) and universal readings of wh‐indeterminates have received a lot of attention the free choice interpretation of wh‐elements, however, has been discussed only recently (Giannakidou and Cheng 2006). On the surface, there are three types of Free Choice Items (FCIs) in Mandarin Chinese, all of which involve a wh‐related element. Though all three types appear to express free choice, they are not equal in terms of distribution and interpretation. The contrasts that we observe do not follow from recent accounts of wh‐indeterminates as Hamblin indefinites that are routinely closed by sentential quantifiers at the top level (Kratzer and Shimoyama 2002; Kratzer 2006), since in these accounts the wh‐phrase merely forms the basis for creation of a Hamblin set of propositions, and polarity behaviour is not predicted. In this chapter, we discuss the non‐uniform distribution of Chinese wh‐indeterminates in their use as FCIs, and propose that the key to understanding the contrasts is intensionality: the three paradigms of wh‐indeterminates as FCIs vary depending on whether or not they contain a world variable that needs to be bound. In addition, we show that Chinese FCIs provide further evidence for Giannakidou and Cheng (2006), who propose that there are both definite and indefinite FCIs. Definite FCIs in Chinese will be shown to have the same composition as the Greek definite FCIs: maximality, core wh, and the intensional world variable.
A Cross‐Linguistic Approach to Mysterious Scope Facts
Authors: Ueda Yukiko 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores relative scope phenomena cross‐linguistically. First, we observe the facts that the head licensing each QP is closely related to the possibility of creating inverse scope readings in English, Greek/Catalan, and Japanese and further point out that the relative scope interpretation does not rely on whether the languages undergo Quantifier Raising (henceforth QR) or not. The facts observed in the three languages lead us to a new scope calculation system, named a phase‐based approach, and provide further evidence for the purely syntactic scope system. The system treats inverse scope calculation as a feature‐matching operation between more than one interpretable feature related to quantification. We call this matching operation F‐quant matching. The operation is restricted by syntactic unit phases and is subject to the Phase Impenetrability Condition. Given the matching operation, scope interpretation can be determined in the following two ways: (i) c‐command relation between QPs at the end of a derivation D, namely, the LF‐input structure, (ii) through F‐quant matching in a derivation D. As a result, if (i) and (ii) predict different scope relations, then the sentence is ambiguous. If (i) and (ii) predict the same scope relation, then the sentence is unambiguous. Different scope phenomena between languages follow from a currently acknowledged basic apparatus for structure building, match, and the PIC, without any other special implement.
International Minimum Standard and Administration of Justice
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 8 and 9 determine the content of the modern international standard, following the distinction accepted both by the classical and the modern international standard between the rules relating to administration of justice and other aspects of the standard. In this chapter, the classical customary law of denial of justice provides the broad contours of the rule that will be filled in by human rights reasoning and confirmed by modern investment cases. Overall, different authorities point in the same direction, identifying the international obligation of providing a certain quality of procedural guarantees in the administration of justice, while being less settled regarding the best approach to be taken to reviewing the substance of the judgments.
Introduction to the Art of Enlightenment
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter One: Introduction to the Art of Enlightenment. This chapter lays out the problem of imagery vis-ò-vis awakening. It first outlines two kinds of meditative experience, and relates active meditation to Kūkai’s unitive paradigm of kaji, and passive meditation to Dōgen’s threefold purgative paradigm involving shinjin datsuraku. It further explores recent brain scan studies that note the importance of imagery to active deity yoga visualizations, such as kaji, and the utter lack of imagery in passive, purgative states, such as shinjin datsuraku, when the “body-mind drops off” altogether in a moment of selfless, contentless meditation. The central importance of imagery to both of these kataphatic and apophatic religious experiences has been overlooked by scholars of religious studies and art history alike. The time is ripe, however, for both disciplines to take a closer look at the neglected middle term of image-experience.
Mikkyō Space, Zen Time
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter Two: Mikkyō Space, Zen Time explores Kūkai’s primarily spatial, and Dōgen’s primarily temporal interpretations of Kegon (Ch. Hua-yen) doctrine. These provide the important philosophical framework for their unitive and purgative paradigms for awakening. Their primarily spatial and temporal “takes” on reality also seem to influence how they view the relationship between form and emptiness as articulated in the Heart Sūtra. Kūkai’s spatial-reflexive reading of “form is emptiness, emptiness is form” sets him up for the unitive experience of kaji and an embrace of forms as emptiness. By contrast, Dōgen’s temporal-sequential reading sets him up for the self-emptying, purgative experience of shinjin datsuraku and the valuation of the imageless void before the forms of the world (oneself included) are reconstituted. The chapter further proposes that Kūkai’s Two World mandalas, and Dōgen’s shisho transmission certificate, help to inform their primarily spatial and temporal outlooks, respectively.
Financing International Trade
Authors: AUBOIN MARC 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter highlights the importance of trade finance in the expansion of global trade by first showing how the shortages in available financing experienced in 2008 and 2009 contributed to the collapse of trade and then by documenting the importance of support from the G-20 governments in response to this shortage. The chapter also shows that the recent problems created by shortages in the supply of trade finance have reemphasized the importance of events that affect the transmission of financial shocks to the "real economy." Further, the chapter examines the challenges ahead for trade finance, that is, the conditions under which the market may be fully restored so that financial markets are in a position to finance and accompany the next phase of expansion of international trade.
Multinational Capital Budgeting: Valuing Cross-Border Investments
Authors: BUTLER KIRT C. , GWINYAI UTETE 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The rational expectations framework relies on the assumption that atomistic investors who share a common information set make decisions about assets' expected payoffs. Under these conditions, market clearing prices can be derived from an agent's expectation of these payoffs and the comovement of these payoffs with those of other assets in the economy. The individual investor is thus endowed with an ability to optimally allocate resources in a value-maximizing way and consequently represents the sole actor in the economy. Therefore, discussions over how a particular project is financed, the identity of the steward of the project, and whether the returns to the investment are received in domestic or foreign currency are rendered moot. Each of these simplifying assumptions is routinely violated in real-world settings and nowhere more so than in cross-border investments where they have important consequences for project valuation. This chapter begins with a model of investment in perfect markets and then progressively relaxes the assumptions therein in order to demonstrate the impact of real-world deviations from theory on cross-border capital budgeting and project valuation.
What Can Neurosciences Say About Responsibility?Taking the Distinction Between Theoretical and Practical Reason Seriously1
Authors: Mackor Anne Ruth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question what neurosciences can say about responsibility. First I argue that the claim that neurosciences can show the practices of holding oneself and others responsible to be untenable or at least pointless is self-contradictory. Next I discuss the question whether neurosciences might change the conception of responsibility. I argue that although neurosciences do not have a ‘final say’ on this matter, they can offer viable arguments for and against changing the conception as well as for and against applying the conception to particular persons or categories of persons. Finally, I argue that neuroscientific findings do not necessarily result in a reduction of the category (and number) of people we can hold responsible. On the contrary, neuroscientific findings might just as well have the opposite result. Via a construction of culpa in causa, they might result in hyper-responsibility.
Alice and the Curious Room
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the novel as a dollhouse filled with tiny women (Alice from Alice in Wonderland, Little Nell, and “little Esther Summerson”), which plays complicated games with size and mimesis. This discussion, which includes the odd and understudied genre of “dollhouse novels” and Freud’s work on the uncanny (another game played with the heroine’s perspective), sets up the key formal terms of the book. For Alice asks not only what the heroine is, and what she can be thinking, but exactly how big she is, and how she can survive an unreliable body in an ever-shifting world. In that way, after the careful realism of the epistolary novel or of The Golden Bowl, in these novels we reenter the fairy-tale chamber, cross the threshold into a darker form of curiosity, the world of dolls, of waxwork figures, of automatons, of “the wrong Alice.”
“Out of the Sphere of Religion”: The Sacred, the Profane, and the Mormons
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines the problem nineteenth-century writers and critics of Mormonism faced in reconciling a rhetoric of vituperation and a practice of exclusion with an ideology of Jeffersonian religious toleration and pluralism. One of the challenges Mormonism—like other heterodoxies—presented to its detractors, in other words, was that its religious radicalism was an opportunity for toleration at the same time it was an occasion for outrage. At those times when outrage carried the day, the pressures of pluralism made it desirable to cast the objectionability of Mormonism in nonreligious terms.
“Ground in the Presbyterian Smut Machine”: The Popular Press, Fiction, and Moral Crusading
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Given the fact that newspapers, novelists, preachers, politicians, and humorists united in heaping contempt upon Mormonism—and upon other heterodoxies as well—in the nineteenth century, it is natural enough to ask what provoked such opposition. This chapter addresses the following question: what circumstances might have contributed to an atmosphere in which it was possible to galvanize, exacerbate, and express public opinion in a way that created a symphony of censure out of disparate and often unrelated protests? It suggests that while the Mormon image prevalent throughout most of the nineteenth century was largely a response to a perceived Mormon heresy, tensions can be compounded, facilitated, and exaggerated by prevailing norms and mechanisms of rhetorical practice. Construction of the Mormon image was profoundly affected by revolutions in publishing, literacy, and literary form that conditioned an entire generation of literature hostile to religious heterodoxy.
Improving Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Assessment of Infrastructure Projects in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Amend Marcos , Fleck Leonardo , Reid John 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Because a substantial portion of Brazil is covered by the Amazon rain forest and because the rain forest is so valuable, environmental decision-making in Brazil is closely linked with the Amazon. This chapter surveys several case studies where researchers examined the costs and benefits of government-backed infrastructure projects with significant impacts on the Amazon. In each of these cases, the analyses conducted were inadequate and failed to account for a range of important considerations. The Brazilian experience shows that cost-benefit analysis can play an important role in shaping environmental policy in the context of an emerging economy by adding transparency to the decision-making process and increasing political accountability.
The Differences between Various Doctrinal Categories
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter of the translation reads a bit like a primer (or even catechism) of Buddhism. It introduces the reader to various categories and then goes on to discuss the differences between them. It treats the differences between (1) saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, (2) mundane and transcendental paths, (3) between those who have and who have not been influenced by philosophical tenets, (4) between the heterodox and Buddhists, (5) between Mahāyāna and Hīnyāna, (6) between Mantrayāna and philosophical [Mahāyāna], (7) between outer and inner tantras, (8) between the three inner tantric stages: generation, completion, and great completion, (9) between scripture and treatises, and (10) between the old and new translation schools of the tantra.
Non-Buddhists
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins the second part of the Lamp, which is dedicated to the nine vehicles (theg pa dgu), the fundamental doxographical scheme used by followers of the Ancient or Nyingma tradition. Before launching into the nine vehicles, however, Rogben provides the reader with a general overview of the non-Buddhist schools, which can be divided into those who have philosophical views, and those who do not. The latter fall into two main headings: hedonists and nihilists. The former can be classified into eternalists or nihilists. Rogben also offers refutations of these various types of “false views.”