bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant formulas for preterm infants: In‐hospital and post‐discharge
Authors: Tudehope David I , Page Denise , Gilroy Melissa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe availability and composition of preterm and post‐discharge formulas (PDFs) have undergone considerable changes over the last decade. Human milk, supplemented with multi‐component fortifier, is the preferred feed for very preterm infants as it has beneficial effects for both short‐ and long‐term outcomes compared with formula. If supply of mother's milk or donor milk is inadequate, a breast milk substitute specifically designed for premature infants is the next option. Preterm formula is intended to provide nutrient intakes to match intrauterine growth and nutrient accretion rates and is enriched with energy, macronutrients, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements compared with term infant formulas. Post‐natal longitudinal growth failure has been reported almost universally in extremely preterm infants. Since 2009, a nutritionally enriched PDF specifically designed for preterm infants post hospital discharge with faltering growth has been available in Australia and New Zealand. This formula is an intermediary between preterm and term formulas and contains more energy (73 kcal/100 mL), protein (1.9 g/100 mL), minerals, vitamins, and trace elements than term formulas. Although the use of a PDF is based on sound nutritional knowledge, the 2012 Cochrane Systematic Review of 10 trials comparing feeding preterm infants with PDF and term formula did not demonstrate any short‐ or long‐term benefits. Health professionals need to make individual decisions on whether and how to use PDF.
Growth monitoring of low birthweight infants: What references to use?
Authors: Tudehope David , Gibbons Kristen , Cormack Barbara , Bloomfield Frank 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGrowth charts are the mainstay of monitoring growth in babies who were born small or preterm. A variety of different charts are available, each with specific limitations. Most birthweight centile charts underestimate growth restriction in preterm babies and there are few good charts for monitoring longitudinal growth in preterm babies; it is important to be aware of the limitations of using cross‐sectional data for monitoring longitudinal growth. Customised centile charts of fetal growth are used increasingly for antenatal monitoring for small‐for‐gestational age fetuses despite a lack of robust evidence. It is also unclear whether customised centile charts should be used for assessing birthweight, particularly in babies born at term. Faltering post‐natal growth in preterm babies is very common but need not be universal with close attention to nutrition. Monitoring of growth trajectories through infancy following either fetal growth restriction or post‐natal faltering growth is important to ensure proportional growth, particularly during periods of accelerated growth. This review will discuss these issues in the context of current practice in Australia and New Zealand.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at term equivalent age in extremely premature neonates: To scan or not to scan?
Authors: Smyser Christopher D , Kidokoro Hiroyuki , Inder Terrie E 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the last decade, the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in neonatal care for prematurely born infants has rapidly expanded and evolved. Recent investigations addressed many of the practical issues pertaining to image acquisition and interpretation, enabling high‐quality MR images to be obtained without sedating medications in preterm infants at any institution. Expanded application has demonstrated that MRI provides superior ability to assess cerebral development and identify and define cerebral injury in comparison to other imaging modalities. Term equivalent MRI results have been shown to correlate with neurodevelopmental outcomes, providing improved predictive ability over other neuroimaging, clinical or physical examination measures. Regular utilisation of MRI in this population is fundamental to gaining the knowledge and expertise necessary for rational, accurate application. Ongoing experiences will continue to shape the nature and type of information available to clinicians and families using MRI, further refining its role as a routine element of neonatal care.
Preterm patent ductus arteriosus: Should we treat it?
Authors: Evans Nick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDebate about the importance of the preterm patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains unresolved. Ultrasound studies of PDA have suggested that the haemodynamic impact may be much earlier after birth than previously thought, but we still do not know when to treat a PDA. Studies that have tested symptomatic or pre‐symptomatic treatment are mainly historical and have not tested the effect of no treatment. Prophylactic treatment is the best studied regimen, but improvements in some short‐term outcomes do not translate to any difference in longer term outcomes. Neonatologists have been reluctant to engage in trials that test treatment against not treating at all or very rarely. Targeting treatment on the basis of the early post‐natal constrictive response of the duct is currently being tested as a possible strategy.
Use of oxygen for delivery room neonatal resuscitation in non‐tertiary Australian and New Zealand hospitals: A survey of current practices, opinions and equipment
Authors: Bhola Kavita , Lui Kei , Oei Ju Lee 
Published: September 2012

Background:  Delivery room resuscitation of hypoxic newborn infants with pure or 100% oxygen causes oxidative toxicity and increases mortality. Current international resuscitation guidelines therefore recommend that oxygen be used judiciously. However, this requires staff education and special equipment that may not be available in non‐tertiary maternity hospitals where the majority of births occur.Aim:  To determine current attitudes, practices and available equipment for the use of air and blended oxygen for newborn delivery room resuscitation in non‐tertiary maternity hospitals of Australia and New Zealand (ANZ).Methods:  Structured questionnaires sent by mail and e‐mail after personal phone contact. A total of 203 eligible hospitals in ANZ were identified. A second mailing was conducted a month later for non‐responders.Responders:  Final response rate was 64% (n= 130: 70% physicians, 30% midwives). The majority (121, 93%) of respondents were aware of Australian Resuscitation Council recommendations, but only one in five hospitals had the capacity to deliver blended oxygen and 38% used pulse oximeters at delivery. Only 24 (18.5%) hospitals had guidelines. Air would be used by 68 (57%) hospitals to resuscitate term infants compared to 35 (31%) for preterm infants. Most (111, 91%) advocated the use of blended oxygen despite the lack of facilities.Conclusion:  Only one in five ANZ non‐tertiary maternity hospitals had the capacity to resuscitate newborn infants with air or blended oxygen. Most are aware of current recommendations and agreed that the use of less oxygen would be beneficial for this purpose. Further study into the necessary infrastructure required to implement these guidelines are recommended.
Role of breastfeeding in childhood cognitive development: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Boutwell Brian B , Beaver Kevin M , Barnes James C 
Published: September 2012

Aim:  To examine whether the association between breastfeeding and childhood cognitive development is direct or whether the association is spurious owing to confounding variables.Method:  The current study conducted a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort.Results:  The results of PSM models revealed that prior to matching, the association between breastfeeding and cognitive functioning was significant (mean difference = 3.20, t‐value = 7.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.40–4.00, P ≤ 0.05). After controlling for a range of confounding factors, the mean difference was reduced by 40% (mean difference = 1.92, t‐value = 3.75, 95% CI = 0.92–2.93, P ≤ 0.05); however, significant differences remained between groups.Conclusion:  The results produced in the current study provide tentative evidence that breastfeeding may have an influence on the development of cognitive abilities in children. Additional research is necessary, however, in order to further evaluate the causal impact and exact developmental pathway of breastfeeding on childhood cognitive growth.
It's time: A new era for paediatrics and child health in Australia
Authors: Oberklaid Frank 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Australian College of Paediatrics (ACP) was established in 1978; part of the stated rationale was to ‘acquire equal status to other colleges in medicine’ . . . and to become . . . ‘to which governments, or other organisations dealing with children, could officially turn to for advice’. After less than 2 decades, the ACP ceased to exist, and paediatricians became members of the Paediatrics and Child Health Division of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP). Many would now argue that the decision to dissolve the ACP and instead become a division within the RACP, though not taken lightly and made for what seemed at the time to be good reasons, might have been a mistake. While there have been some benefits, overall the public profile and national influence of paediatricians has been diminished. Paediatricians as a group have had little influence on policy formulation as it pertains to children and families, and the present administrative arrangements within the RACP raise considerable bureaucratic barriers for paediatricians to be able to contribute in a constructive and timely manner. It is suggested that paediatricians cannot be effective advocates for the health and wellbeing of children when they are but a relatively small and powerless group that resides within a large body of professionals whose primary interest is in various aspects of adult medicine. It is time that paediatricians (re)established their own college and controlled their own destiny. While such a step is not without its challenges, many would argue that it is an essential and timely step if we are to address our political and public health responsibilities.
Missed congenital hypothyroidism in an identical twin
Authors: Azam Anita , Cutfield Wayne , Mouat Fran , Hofman Paul L , Jefferies Craig , Webster Dianne , Gunn Alistair Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNewborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism has been remarkably effective, although rare cases of false negative screening have been reported in same sex twins, presumptively due to fetal blood exchange. We report a case in which the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid ectopia in a monozygotic twin was delayed by 8 months, with a normal newborn screening TSH level of 11 mIU/L blood (normal < 15 mIU/L) at 2 days of life. This is the first such case since the national New Zealand newborn screening programme introduced screening for congenital hypothyroidism in 1981 (30 years ago). Repeating thyroid studies at 14 days of age in same‐sex twins has been advocated to avoid delayed diagnosis, but given the low risk, may not be cost effective. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion in same‐sex twin pregnancies of potential congenital hypothyroidism.
Juvenile Parkinsonism
Authors: Ware Tyson L , Srinivasan Jayasri , Gonzalez Linda , Hardikar Winita , Scheinberg Adam M , Baker Louise , Prakash Chidambaram , Ryan Monique M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present the case of a 14‐year‐old boy presented with a recent history of progressive neurologic decline and extrapyramidal features. The history and findings with illustrative figures are detailed, and a diagnostic approach to the presentation is considered. The therapeutic options and broader management issues are briefly reviewed.
Early identification of autism: A comparison of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
Authors: Sunita  , Bilszta Justin LC 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere is still debate as to what is the most effective strategy for identifying the early signs of autism in very young children. Two levels of screening having been advocated: broad‐based developmental surveillance and targeted screening. Two popular tools for use in developmental surveillance are the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M‐CHAT). The purpose of this article is to summarise the current evidence for screening for autistic symptoms in very young children using CHAT and M‐CHAT. A systematic search was carried out of electronic database and other sources for original studies which evaluated the use of CHAT and M‐CHAT in screening for autism in children younger than 5 years of age. Studies were included for review if they evaluated the sensitivity and/or specificity of CHAT or M‐CHAT, or described the best age to administer these instruments. The available evidence suggests that characteristic behaviours in autism should be evident in simple forms before the age of 18 months, while screening at 24 months should be conducted to identify those who regress. Administering a screening tool during 18‐ to 24‐month well‐child visits improves early identification of autism, while the stability of diagnosis at the ages of 18 months and 24 months is confirmed. M‐CHAT has slightly better sensitivity and specificity compared to CHAT, and is preferable to use as a developmental surveillance screening instrument.
Urodynamic findings in women with insensible incontinence
Authors: Brucker Benjamin M , Fong Eva , Kaefer Daniela , Shah Sagar , Rosenblum Nirit , Nitti Victor W 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo define the urodynamic study findings among women with insensible urinary incontinence.MethodsWomen complaining of insensible incontinence who underwent urodynamics at our center were identified. Coexisting symptoms of stress incontinence, urgency incontinence and/or mixed incontinence were recorded. The primary outcome was the urodynamic study finding. Urodynamic stress incontinence, detrusor overactivity incontinence, combination of both or neither (no incontinence) were the possible diagnoses.ResultsA total of 58% of patients had insensible incontinence alone and 42% had insensible incontinence combined with other urinary incontinence symptoms. Of the patients with insensible incontinence alone, 37% had no incontinence on urodynamics, whereas urodynamic stress incontinence was diagnosed in 52%. Isolated urodynamic stress incontinence was found in 73% of patients with insensible and stress incontinence symptoms. In patients with insensible plus urgency incontinence, isolated detrusor overactivity incontinence and detrusor overactivity incontinence with urodynamic stress incontinence were found in the same percentage of women (40% each). In patients with symptoms including stress urinary incontinence, stress incontinence was the predominant urodynamic finding.ConclusionsIn patients who have incontinence symptoms in addition to insensible incontinence, these symptoms are highly predictive of urodynamic findings. In particular, women with insensible incontinence, concomitant stress incontinence symptoms are most predictive of urodynamic findings (i.e. urodynamic stress urinary incontinence). In contrast, where insensible incontinence represents the only symptom, urodynamic findings vary widely, with a significant proportion having non‐diagnostic studies.
Stage‐specific impact of extended versus standard pelvic lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy
Authors: Simone Giuseppe , Papalia Rocco , Ferriero Mariaconsiglia , Guaglianone Salvatore , Castelli Emanuele , Collura Devis , Muto Giovanni , Gallucci Michele 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of an extended versus a standard pelvic lymph node dissection on disease‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival of patients with non‐metastatic muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data of 933 patients collected in two prospectively‐maintained institutional databases between 2002 and 2010. Patients who met inclusion criteria (high‐grade urothelial carcinoma, have not undergone neoadjuvant treatments, have not undergone salvage cystectomy) were included for analysis. The upper boundary was the iliac bifurcation for standard lymph‐node dissection and the aortic bifurcation for the extended lymph node dissection, respectively. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were carried out to identify independent predictors of disease‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival and, subsequently, the effect of extended lymph node dissection was determined with a multivariable Cox analysis after stratifying for significant covariates.ResultsAt multivariable analysis, once adjusted for the effect of the other covariates, extended lymph node dissection was an independent predictor of disease‐free survival (hazard ratio 1.95, P < 0.001) and cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio 1.80, P < 0.001). The benefit of an extended pelvic lymph node dissection on disease‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival was significant across all pT stages (all P < 0.05) except for pT <2 and across all pN stages (pN = 0, P = 0.011 and P = 0.034 for disease‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival, respectively; pN1 and pN2, all P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe staging accuracy and the survival benefit provided by extended pelvic lymph node dissection suggests the adoption of this template as the standard template for patients with muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy.
Tradescantia management in a New Zealand National Park
Authors: Hurrell Geoff A. , Belton Tom , Lusk Carolyn S. , Lamoureaux Shona L. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe invasive plant species, Tradescantia fluminensis, first appeared in the Whakapohai Reserve in South Westland, New Zealand, during the 1960s, and by 2002, it had spread throughout the 43‐ha riparian reserve. It was presumed at high risk of spreading to neighbouring National Parks because of its ability to spread by floodwaters. A restoration project with the aim of eradicating Tradescantia in the reserve began in May 2002, at which time eight transects were established. The cover of Tradescantia was measured before control, and after on six subsequent occasions. The initial cover of Tradescantia was estimated to be about 17% of the entire reserve in 2002 and declined with annual control to <0.1% in 2011. The effects of this management regime on the forest community are described along with documentation of the costs and time put into achieving these outcomes.
Biofortification of plants with altered antioxidant content and composition: genetic engineering strategies
Authors: Zhu Changfu , Sanahuja Georgina , Yuan Dawei , Farré Gemma , Arjó Gemma , Berman Judit , Zorrilla‐López Uxue , Banakar Raviraj , Bai Chao , Pérez‐Massot Eduard , Bassie Ludovic , Capell Teresa , Christou Paul 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAntioxidants are protective molecules that neutralize reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, therefore reducing the rate of cell death and hence the effects of ageing and ageing‐related diseases. The fortification of food with antioxidants represents an overlap between two diverse environments, namely fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients that happen to have antioxidant properties (e.g. vitaminsCandE) and the fortification of luxury foods with health‐promoting but non‐essential antioxidants such as flavonoids as part of the nutraceuticals/functional foods industry. Although processed foods can be artificially fortified with vitamins, minerals and nutraceuticals, a more sustainable approach is to introduce the traits for such health‐promoting compounds at source, an approach known as biofortification. Regardless of the target compound, the same challenges arise when considering the biofortification of plants with antioxidants, that is the need to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways to increase the production of specific antioxidants without affecting plant growth and development and without collateral effects on other metabolic pathways. These challenges become even more intricate as we move from the engineering of individual pathways to several pathways simultaneously. In this review, we consider the state of the art in antioxidant biofortification and discuss the challenges that remain to be overcome in the development of nutritionally complete and health‐promoting functional foods.
WAGE BARGAINING AND MERGER INCENTIVES WITH ASYMMETRIC COSTS
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiko 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how wage bargaining within each firm influences the relationship between an equilibrium ownership structure and the most preferred ownership structure from the viewpoint of social welfare, in a unionized oligopoly of asymmetric firms with respect to productivity of capital. We consider the merger incentive of each firm’s owner when the wage level is determined through bargaining between the firm’s owner and union. We derive a condition for both the degree of cost asymmetry among existing firms and the relative bargaining power of each firm’s owner to her/his union such that each ownership structure can be observed in equilibrium. We also show that although the two types of ownership structures with the merger involving the least efficient firm can be equilibria and socially optimal, these structures are observed only when both the degree of cost asymmetry and the relative bargaining power of each firm’s owner are moderate. Finally, we analyse the relationship among the cooperative game approach employed in this paper and two non‐cooperative merger formation approaches, and examine the robustness of the results obtained in this paper against the change in the assumption regarding each firm’s cost function.
Morphological Externalisation and the Old Irish Verbal ParticleRo1
Authors: García‐Castillero Carlos 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe basic claim of this paper is that the noticeable variation in the positioning of the Old Irish (= OIr.) perfectivising particleroin the verbal complex can be accounted for in terms of a process of morphological externalisation. In order to make clear the extent of this claim, I first offer a brief description of the morphological structure implied by the OIr. verbal complex and I propose a classification of the OIr. forms including the particlero. Second, I develop a notion of morphological externalisation, specifically, of its mechanism of change, according to which externalisation involves a sequence of paradigmatic reanalysis and proportional analogy, and which may serve to explain the reordering of morphemes observed both in Haspelmath’s (1993) and in Mithun’s (1999) studies. Finally, I explain the assumed change in which the particlerochanges its position within the OIr. verbal complex as an example of externalisation in complex morphological structures of the type dealt with in Mithun’s study.