bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher establishment success in specialized parasitoids: support for the existence of trade‐offs in the evolution of specialization
Authors: Rossinelli Silvia , Bacher Sven 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Most animals do not feed on all the resources available to them, but the mechanisms behind the evolution of dietary specialization are still debated. A central but unanswered question is whether specialists generally gain fitness advantages on their resource compared to generalists, experiencing a trade‐off between the ability to use a broad range of resources and the fitness reached on each single one.

Empirical tests so far suffered from difficulties in measuring fitness; they were restricted to few species, and results were equivocal. This lack of support for the importance of trade‐offs gave rise to theories explaining the evolution of specialization without such trade‐offs.

Using a large dataset of intentional biological control introductions of 254 species of parasitoids from 15 families to locations outside their native range, we show that establishment success, a measure of total fitness, is higher in specialized species. This result holds when controlling for possible confounding factors such as the number of introduced individuals (propagule pressure).

The outcome of this study provides robust evidence that dietary specialization implies fitness advantages in an entire species‐rich taxon, indicating that trade‐offs might be widely involved in the evolution of specialization.
“Urban Ecology Under Fire”: Water Supply in Madrid During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Authors: Gorostiza Santiago , March Hug , Sauri David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the critical role of workers to enhance the resilience of water supply services in cities at war through analyzing the case of Madrid and the Madrid water company Canales del Lozoya during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). We argue that securing the protection of vital urban flows mediated through infrastructures is a key objective of cities under attack. In doing so we contend that examining how those affected by the interruption of these flows cope with the situation represents a valuable but largely neglected form of water management. We illustrate how quotidian knowledge about the urban geography of water flows may have important repercussions for the war effort itself. In a nutshell, the case of Madrid offers an early account of the critical role of water workers in sustaining “urban ecologies under fire” securing the complex urban metabolism while also contributing to the struggle against invading forces.
Detrital thermochronologic record of burial heating and sediment recycling in the Magallanes foreland basin, Patagonian Andes
Authors: Fosdick Julie C. , Grove Marty , Graham Stephan A. , Hourigan Jeremy K. , Lovera Oscar , Romans Brian W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Patagonian Magallanes retroarc foreland basin affords an excellent case study of sediment burial recycling within a thrust belt setting. We report combined detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and (U–Th)/He thermochronology data and thermal modelling results that confirm delivery of both rapidly cooled, first‐cycle volcanogenic sediments from the Patagonian magmatic arc and recycled sediment from deeply buried and exhumed Cretaceous foredeep strata to the Cenozoic depocentre of the Patagonian Magallanes basin. We have quantified the magnitude of Eocene heating with thermal models that simultaneously forward model detrital zircon (U–Th)/He dates for best‐fit thermal histories. Our results indicate that 54–45 Ma burial of the Maastrichtian Dorotea Formation produced 164–180 °C conditions and heating to within the zircon He partial retention zone. Such deep burial is unusual for Andean foreland basins and may have resulted from combined effects of high basal heat flow and high sediment accumulation within a rapidly subsiding foredeep that was floored by basement weakened by previous Late Jurassic rifting. In this interpretation, Cenozoic thrust‐related deformation deeply eroded the Dorotea Formation fromca. 5 km burial depths and may be responsible for the development of a basin‐wide Palaeogene unconformity. Results from the Cenozoic Río Turbio and Santa Cruz formations confirm that they contain both Cenozoic first‐cycle zircon from the Patagonian magmatic arc and highly outgassed zircon recycled from older basin strata that experienced burial histories similar to those of the Dorotea Formation.
The effects of an epithelial barrier protective cationic aerosol on allergen‐induced airway inflammation in asthma: a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Nair P. , Denis S. , Cancelliere L. , Radford K. , Efthimiadis A. , Rosano M. , Hanrahan J. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryInhaled cationic airway lining modulator (iCALM) is a cationic aerosol therapy comprised of 1.29% calcium chloride dissolved in 0.9% isotonic saline that enhances the biophysical barrier function of the airway lining fluid and primes the host defense response. It's ability to attenuate bronchitis caused by inhaled particles was investigated using an allergen‐inhalation model in a proof‐of‐concept study. In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled cross‐over trial of 6 mild atopic steroid‐naïve asthmatic subjects, 3 doses of iCALM were well tolerated and they attenuated allergen‐induced increase in sputum eosinophils, and levels of IL‐5, MCP‐1 and eotaxin. This study provides an opportunity to investigate the role of enhancing epithelial barrier to decrease airway inflammation provoked by inhaled particles in a variety of airway diseases.
Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is a reliable predictive marker for early‐stage diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Huang Wanjing , Huang Jinhua , Liu Qingxing , Lin Fuchuan , He Zhihao , Zeng Zhenhua , He Lei 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIntroductionDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication in diabetics. Recent evidence suggests that neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) affects the development and acceleration of some diabetic complications. Scholars have rarely investigated the relationship between DN and NLR. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between DN and NLR and estimate whether or not NLR is a reliable marker for early‐stage DN.Patients and methodsThe study included 253 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 115 of whom have early‐stage DN. The control group was composed of 210 healthy age‐ and sex‐matched subjects.ResultsThe NLR values of the patients with diabetes were significantly higher than those of the healthy controls (P < 0·001), and the NLR values of the patients with early‐stage DN were higher than those of the patients without DN (P < 0·001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk predictors of DN include NLR, creatinine, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c and insulin resistance. NLR (P = 0·004, EXP(B) = 2·088, 95% CI = 1·271–3·429) levels positively correlated with DN. The DN odds ratio increased by a factor of 2·088 (95% CI, 1·271–3·429) for every one unit increase in NLR.ConclusionsIncreased NLR was significantly associated with DN, and high NLR values may be a reliable predictive marker of early‐stage DN.
Connecting Conscious and Unconscious Processing
Authors: Cleeremans Axel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractConsciousness remains a mystery—“a phenomenon that people do not know how to think about—yet” (Dennett, , p. 21). Here, I consider how the connectionist perspective on information processing may help us progress toward the goal of understanding the computational principles through which conscious and unconscious processing differ. I begin by delineating the conceptual challenges associated with classical approaches to cognition insofar as understanding unconscious information processing is concerned, and to highlight several contrasting computational principles that are constitutive of the connectionist approach. This leads me to suggest that conscious and unconscious processing are fundamentally connected, that is, rooted in the very same computational principles. I further develop a perspective according to which the brain continuously and unconsciously learns to redescribe its own activity itself based on constant interaction with itself, with the world, and with other minds. The outcome of such interactions is the emergence of internal models that are metacognitive in nature and that function so as to make it possible for an agent to develop a (limited, implicit, practical) understanding of itself. In this light, plasticity and learning are constitutive of what makes us conscious, for it is in virtue of our own experiences with ourselves and with other people that our mental life acquires its subjective character. The connectionist framework continues to be uniquely positioned in the Cognitive Sciences to address the challenge of identifying what one could call the “computational correlates of consciousness” (Mathis & Mozer, ) because it makes it possible to focus on the mechanisms through which information processing takes place.
Skeptical Appeal: The Source‐Content Bias
Authors: Turri John 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRadical skepticism is the view that we know nothing or at least next to nothing. Nearly no one actually believes that skepticism is true. Yet it has remained a serious topic of discussion for millennia and it looms large in popular culture. What explains its persistent and widespread appeal? How does the skeptic get us to doubt what we ordinarily take ourselves to know? I present evidence from two experiments that classic skeptical arguments gain potency from an interaction between two factors. First, people evaluate inferential belief more harshly than perceptual belief. Second, people evaluate inferential belief more harshly when its content is negative (i.e., that something is not the case) than when it is positive (i.e., that something is the case). It just so happens that potent skeptical arguments tend to focus our attention on negative inferential beliefs, and we are especially prone to doubt that such beliefs count as knowledge. That is, our cognitive evaluations are biased against this specific combination of source and content. The skeptic sows seeds of doubt by exploiting this feature of our psychology.
Neurodevelopmental and mental health comorbidities in children and adolescents with epilepsy and migraine: a response to identified research gaps
Authors: Wagner Janelle L , Wilson Dulaney A , Smith Gigi , Malek Angela , Selassie Anbesaw W 
Published: August 2014

AimTo determine the distribution and risk characteristics of comorbid neurodevelopmental and mental health comorbidities among children and adolescents (6–18y) with epilepsy or migraine (i.e. a neurological condition with shared features and potential etiology) compared with lower extremity fracture (LEF).MethodThis case–control study involved a subset analysis of surveillance data in South Carolina, USA. Hospital admission, outpatient, and emergency department visits for individuals with an International Classification of Disease, 9th revision Clinical Modification diagnosis of epilepsy (n=6730; 54.5% females, 45.5% males; mean age [SD] 14y 2mo [4y 5mo]); migraine (n=10 495; 74.5% females, 25.5% males; 15y 6mo [2y 6mo]), or LEF (n=15 305; 40.3% females, 59.7% males; 13y 11mo [2y 11mo]) from January 1 2000 to December 31 2011 were identified. The association of epilepsy, migraine, or LEF with any mental health comorbidity was evaluated with univariate and multivariate polytomous logistic regression.ResultsComorbidities were highly prevalent in children and adolescents, with epilepsy with a rate of 29.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.6–30.8) for mental health comorbidities and 30.8% (95% CI: 29.7–31.9) for neurodevelopmental comorbidities. The odds of mental health comorbidity was 2.20 (95% CI: 2.02–2.39) for children and adolescents with epilepsy and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.48–1.73) for migraine, in reference to children and adolescents with LEF after adjusting for potential confounders. Prevalence and risk for specific comorbidities are presented.InterpretationNeuropathophysiological and psychosocial factors specific to epilepsy may provide more risk for adolescents with epilepsy compared to migraine.
Unbalanced growth and health care expenditure
Authors: Ho Chun‐Yu , Li Xin , Zhou Weimin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBaumol's model of unbalanced growth implies that health care expenditure (HCE) is driven by wage increases in excess of productivity growth. However, it remains unclear whether the HCE in developing countries is affected by the same factor. This paper tests this hypothesis by using China provincial panel data. We show that HCE grows more rapidly if economy‐wide wage growth exceeds productivity growth in China. The results are robust to the use of housing price as an instrumental variable for the economy‐wide nominal wage and the inclusion of real GDP growth, demographic structure, government deficit, pollution emissions and health sector quality as control variables. Furthermore, our findings show that Baumol's cost disease plays a more important role in the less economically developed western regions in which the rural–urban migration is less pronounced.
Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?
Authors: Chang Qiuzhi , Wang Weike , Regev‐Yochay Gili , Lipsitch Marc , Hanage William P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe use of antibiotics in agriculture is routinely described as a major contributor to the clinical problem of resistant disease in human medicine. While a link is plausible, there are no data conclusively showing the magnitude of the threat emerging from agriculture. Here, we define the potential mechanisms by which agricultural antibiotic use could lead to human disease and use case studies to critically assess the potential risk from each. The three mechanisms considered are as follows 1: direct infection with resistant bacteria from an animal source, 2: breaches in the species barrier followed by sustained transmission in humans of resistant strains arising in livestock, and 3: transfer of resistance genes from agriculture into human pathogens. Of these, mechanism 1 is the most readily estimated, while significant is small in comparison with the overall burden of resistant disease. Several cases of mechanism 2 are known, and we discuss the likely livestock origins of resistant clones of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium, but while it is easy to show relatedness the direction of transmission is hard to assess in robust fashion. More difficult yet to study is the contribution of mechanism 3, which may be the most important of all.
Mass mortality events in atoll lagoons: environmental control and increased future vulnerability
Authors: Andréfouët Serge , Dutheil Cyril , Menkes Christophe E. , Bador Margot , Lengaigne Matthieu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCoral reefs and lagoons worldwide are vulnerable environments. However, specific geomorphological reef types (fringing, barrier, atoll, bank for the main ones) can be vulnerable to specific disturbances that will not affect most other reefs. This has implications for local management and science priorities. Several geomorphologically closed atolls of the Pacific Ocean have experienced in recent decades mass benthic and pelagic lagoonal life mortalities, likely triggered by unusually calm weather conditions lasting for several weeks. These events, although poorly known, reported, and characterized, pose a major threat for resource sustainability. Based on a sample of eleven events on eight atolls from the central South Pacific occurring between 1993 and 2012, the conservative environmental thresholds required to trigger such events are identified using sea surface temperature, significant wave height and wind stress satellite data. Using these thresholds, spatial maps of potential risk are produced for the central South Pacific region, with the highest risk zone lying north of Tuamotu Archipelago. A regional climate model, which risk map compares well with observations over the recent period (r = 0.97), is then used to downscale the projected future climate. This allows us to estimate the potential change in risk by the end of the 21st century and highlights a relative risk increase of up to 60% for the eastern Tuamotu atolls. However, the small sample size used to train the analysis led to the identification of conservative thresholds that overestimated the observed risk. The results of this study suggest that long‐term monitoring of the biophysical conditions of the lagoons at risk would enable more precise identification of the physical thresholds and better understanding of the biological processes involved in these rare, but consequential, mass mortality events.
Touring “Terrorism”: Landscapes of Memory in Post‐War Sri Lanka
Authors: Hyndman Jennifer , Amarasingam Amarnath 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Sri Lankan state's power to narrate the war and characterize the enemy is an expression of “triumphalist nationalism” and is a selective remembering of war. Based on photographs taken during several field visits to these sites by both authors between December 2012 and January 2014, we analyze the relationship of war and tourism and how a particular Sinhala nationalist remembering of the war and landscape of memory are being constructed in post‐war Sri Lanka.Today, Sri Lanka is a former war zone where the Government's troops defeated the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers) and ended 26 years of violent conflict in May 2009. The end of the war came at a huge cost to civilian life in the northern part of the country; the UN estimates that over 40,000 people were killed, most of whom were Tamils who form the majority in Northern Sri Lanka. Despite the end of military conflict, war continues by other means, and its representation encapsulates a nationalist politics of victory that at once vilifies the defeated LTTE “terrorists” and excludes Northern Tamils from the Sri Lankan polis. The LTTE's former hideouts, training facilities, weapons, and vehicles are now tourist sites on display for public viewing.
Managing clients’ expectations at the outset of online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for depression
Authors: Ekberg Stuart , Barnes Rebecca K. , Kessler David S. , Malpass Alice , Shaw Alison R. G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundEngaging clients in psychotherapy by managing their expectations is important for therapeutic success. Initial moments in first sessions of therapy are thought to afford an opportunity to establish a shared understanding of how therapy will proceed. However, there is little evidence from analysis of actual sessions of therapy to support this.ObjectiveThis study utilised recorded session logs to examine how therapists manage clients’ expectations during the first two sessions of online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).MethodsExpectation management was investigated through conversation analysis of sessions from 176 client‐therapist dyads involved in online CBT. The primary focus of analysis was expectation management during the initial moments of first sessions, with a secondary focus on expectations at subsequent points.AnalysisClients’ expectations for therapy were most commonly managed during the initial moments of first sessions of therapy. At this point, most therapists either produced a description outlining the tasks of the first and subsequent sessions (n = 36) or the first session only (n = 108). On other occasions (n = 32), no attempt was made to manage clients’ expectations by outlining what would happen in therapy. Observations of the interactional consequences of such an absence suggest clients may struggle to engage with the therapeutic process in the absence of appropriate expectation management by therapists.ConclusionClients may more readily engage from the outset of therapy when provided with an explanation that manages their expectation of what is involved. Therapists can accomplish this by projecting how therapy will proceed, particularly beyond the initial session.
Influence of working length and apical preparation size on apical bacterial extrusion during reciprocating instrumentation
Authors: Teixeira J. M. S. , Cunha F. M. , Jesus R. O. , Silva E. J. N. L. , Fidel S. R. , Sassone L. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of reciprocating single‐file instrumentation with different working lengths (WL) and apical preparation sizes on apical bacterial extrusion.MethodologySixty‐eight human single‐rooted pre‐molars were used. Conventional access cavities were prepared, and the root canals were contaminated with an Enterococcus faecalis suspension and incubated at 37°C for 30 days. Teeth were then divided into four groups of 15 specimens each (Reciproc size 25, .08 taper and Reciproc size 40, .06 taper instruments were used at the foramen; Reciproc size 25, .08 taper and Reciproc size 40, .06 taper instruments were used 1 mm short of the foramen). Positive and negative controls consisted of four infected and four uninfected pre‐molars that were instrumented according to each experimental group. Bacteria extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into vials containing 0.9% NaCl. The microbiological samples were then incubated in a brain–heart agar medium for 24 h. The resulting bacterial titre, in colony‐forming units (CFU) per mL, was determined, and these data were analysed using a Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test and a Kruskal–Wallis H‐test. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.ResultsNo growth was observed in the negative control group. All positive controls demonstrated bacterial growth after the experimental time interval. No significant difference was found in the number of CFU amongst all experimental groups (P = 0.95).ConclusionsThis study showed that the WL and the apical preparation size did not have a significant effect on bacterial extrusion when performing reciprocating instrumentation.
Survey of root canal irrigating solutions used in dental practices within Germany
Authors: Willershausen I. , Wolf T. G. , Schmidtmann I. , Berger C. , Ehlers V. , Willershausen B. , Briseño B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimIrrigant usage information in relation to years of professional experience was collected from general dentists in different German federal states by means of a questionnaire.MethodologyA short survey concerning endodontic treatment and use of irrigants was mailed to 4240 dentists or delivered to 3720 dental offices as an extra page in a journal in eight German states. Detailed information concerning the most frequently used irrigants, their concentrations, the spectrum of disinfectants used in root canal treatment concepts for vital and nonvital pulps, main topics of continuing education as well as years of professional experience was collected. The statistical analysis of differences found amongst the dentists in relation to professional experience or federal state was performed using the chi‐square test.ResultsOf a total of 7960 invitations, 1630 replies were evaluated (response rate 20.5%). The majority of the dentists (57.3%) had >20 years of professional experience, 23% had >30 years. Dentists with long‐standing professional experience (20–30 years) used H2O2 significantly more often than dentists with less experience (P < 0.001), and of the older colleagues (>30 years of professional experience), 14.6% never used NaOCl, whilst the younger colleagues almost always used it (P < 0.001). Differences were also found for the usage of irrigants amongst dentists from the various German states.ConclusionsWhilst NaOCl was used in almost all states, regional differences were found regarding the choice of additional irrigants, which were mainly determined by the irrigation protocols taught at different universities.