bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional distribution and molecular interaction of caveolins in bladder smooth muscle
Authors: Sullivan Maryrose P. , Cristofaro Vivian , Radisavljevic Ziv M. , Yalla Subbarao V. 
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Caveolae are specialised regions of bladder smooth muscle (BSM) cell membranes where specific signalling pathways are regulated. Caveolin proteins are involved in caveolar biogenesis and function as signal transduction regulators. Expression of caveolin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 has been previously identified in the bladder; however, the distribution and relative expression of these proteins have not been defined.The present data show significant differences in the spatial distribution of caveolin proteins throughout the bladder wall. Region dependent variations in the co‐localisation of caveolin subtypes in detrusor SM were also detected. These findings support the premise that the unique spatial pattern of caveolin proteins associated with BSM cells may enable regionally distinct functional responses to common stimuli.OBJECTIVE
To determine the regional expression profile of caveolin isoforms (integral membrane proteins abundant in caveolae), the spatial relationships among caveolin proteins within specific smooth muscle (SM) regions and the extent of their molecular interactions in bladder SM (BSM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Regional differences in the expression of caveolin family members were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot of RNA and protein extracted from the base, body and dome of rat bladders.
To evaluate the distribution of caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1), Cav‐2 and Cav‐3 within the bladder, longitudinal tissue sections from the base to dome were processed for confocal microscopy and quantified for intensity of immunoreactivity (IR) and extent of co‐localisation.
Interactions among Cav‐1, Cav‐2 and Cav‐3 were determined by co‐immunoprecipitation.
RESULTS
Differential expression of Cav‐1 and Cav‐3 was detected among bladder regions, with lowest expression in the bladder base relative to the dome.
Cav‐1 was highly expressed in all regions, although an increase in IR from submucosa to serosa was detected in each region.
The distribution of Cav‐2 IR generally paralleled Cav‐1, but progressively decreased from submucosa to serosa in each region.
Cav‐3 expression predominated in the medial region of BSM increasing progressively from base to dome, but was poorly expressed in the outer SM layer particularly in the dome.
Cav‐1 co‐precipitated extensively with both Cav‐2 and Cav‐3. Co‐precipitation between Cav‐3 and Cav‐2 was also detected.
CONCLUSIONS
The isoform‐specific spatial distribution and distinct molecular interactions among caveolins in BSM may contribute to the contractile heterogeneity of BSM cells and facilitate differential modulation of responses to local stimuli.
As BSM caveolae regulate key signalling processes involved in contraction, altered expression of caveolin proteins may generate a regional imbalance in contraction/relaxation responses, thus leading to bladder dysfunction.
Public opinion and drug policy in Australia: Engaging the ‘affected community’
Authors: Lancaster Kari , Ritter Alison , Stafford Jennifer 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionPolicy should be informed by the people it directly affects; however, the voices of people who use illicit drugs have been marginalised from drug policy debate. In Australia, the majority of survey data regarding attitudes to drug policy are collected at the population level and the opinions of people who inject drugs remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate how people who inject drugs perceive drug policy in Australia and whether these opinions differ from those of the broader general population.MethodsDrug‐related policy questions were drawn from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) and added to the 2011 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) Survey (n = 868). The results were analysed for the full IDRS sample and by recent drug use. IDRS responses were compared with the general population using the 2010 NDSHS.ResultsThere was a high level of support among IDRS participants for measures to reduce the problems associated with heroin, but heterogeneity in levels of support for legalisation and penalties for sale/supply across different drug types. Differences between the opinions of the IDRS sample and the NDSHS sample were identified regarding support for harm reduction, treatment, legalisation and penalties for sale/supply.DiscussionThese findings provide a springboard for further investigation of the attitudes of people who use illicit drugs towards drug policy in Australia, and challenge us to conceptualise how the opinions of this community should be solicited, heard and balanced in drug policy processes.
Depression: the ambivalence of diagnosis
Authors: Kokanovic Renata , Bendelow Gillian , Philip Brigid 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe diagnosis of depression in the clinical context is extremely controversial and is subject to criticism of over‐medicalisation and pharmaceuticalisation. Depression can be conceptualised across the entire spectrum of lay and medical belief, from the ‘normal’ highs and lows of the human condition to its inclusion in the dominant Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classificatory system, as a form of serious mental illness. In this context, a better understanding of how people describe, experience, negotiate and participate in the process of diagnosis is needed. This article draws on qualitative interviews to explore lay accounts of being diagnosed with depression. The findings reveal that lay accounts of depression vacillate in and out of the medicalised discourse of depression, highlighting the limitations of the biomedical approach to diagnosis and treatment.
The dynamics and processes of social support: families’ experiences coping with a serious paediatric illness
Authors: Gage Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA large body of research has revealed that social support helps buffer the negative consequences of stressful life events. Yet research also suggests that social support exchanges involve complex interpersonal dynamics. Using in‐depth interview data from 76 parents of paediatric cancer patients in the US, the findings demonstrate that parents experienced difficulty sustaining support after the diagnosis crisis, uncertainty about how to ask for the support they needed and challenges managing support efforts. Given these complexities in negotiating social support, this article examines the mechanics of effective social support exchanges. The findings show the importance of the nature of the pre‐existing relationship between the support recipient and provider, as well as the interactions throughout the period of support. For example, parents found support efforts that involved frequent interactions and involvement in families’ daily lives (such as help with childcare) most effective when the support provider was a close network member. In contrast, support offered from members of extended networks was most effective when the effort required little marshalling from the parents, did not need to be asked for and did not intrude in the families’ private lives. These findings contribute to the medical sociology and social support literature by analysing the conditions under which effective support efforts are marshalled.
‘You don’t need a body to feel a body’: phantom limb syndrome and corporeal transgression
Authors: Crawford Cassandra S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOne of the central tensions within the literature on body studies concerns the degree to which the physical body is constituted by or through language, knowledges, and practices and the degree to which the body has foundational, purely material, or essential attributes. Three theoretical approaches have been at the heart of this debate: social constructionism, phenomenology, and structuration theory. Recently, body studies theorists have challenged scholars to move beyond the widely recognised limitations of dominant theorising by taking into account all three perspectives and conceptualising the body as surface, vehicle, and circuit. Because they embrace agnosticism and relational materialism, science and technology studies scholars are in a distinctive position to answer this call. Proponents fully acknowledge the materiality of the body without espousing essentialist claims by effacing the analytic division between agency and structure. Starting from this perspective, I use the concept of corporeal transgression and the phenomenon of phantom limb to reveal how ‘immaterial’– indeed, at times, fictive and fanciful – body parts became socially and materially substantive, engendering transformations within the bodies, minds, and brains of amputees, as well as within the field of neuroscience.
Inter‐embodiment and the experience of genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Jenkins Nicholas , Lawton Julia , Douglas Margaret , Hallowell Nina 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this article we explore the concept of inter‐embodiment and its potential for advancing sociological research into illness biography and genetic identity. Inter‐embodiment theory views embodied knowledge as produced through relations between bodies, as opposed to originating from within the body or as the product of relations between disembodied selves. Drawing on a qualitative study in which we interviewed 38 individuals about their experiences of discovering they had high cholesterol and undergoing genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), we discuss how their narratives may be understood from an inter‐embodiment perspective. The participants frequently talked at length about their family histories of high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Through these accounts, we develop the concept of the family corpus in order to highlight the role body networks play in shaping lay constructions of genetic identity and a familial disease biography. The notion of a family corpus, we argue, is useful in understanding why genetic testing for FH was experienced as either biographical re‐enforcement or as biographical disruption. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for future sociological research into illness biography and genetic identity.
Wicked problems or wicked people? Reconceptualising institutional abuse
Authors: Burns Diane , Hyde Paula , Killett Anne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInstitutional abuse is a global issue, sometimes ascribed to the behaviour of a few wicked people. It persists despite regulatory measures, interventions from enforcement and protection agencies, organisational policies and procedures. Therefore, the accurate recognition and early detection of abuse and taking corresponding steps to deal with perpetrators are critical elements in protecting vulnerable people who live in institutions. However, research is less clear about why and how abuse (re)occurs. Using the tame and wicked problem analysis of Rittell and Webber (1973) as a lens, we examine the ways institutional abuse is formulated in care settings. Drawing on case study data from eight care homes for older people, we show how solutions seeking to reduce institutional abuse and improve care quality can cause additional problems. The article reconceptualises institutional abuse through the lens of wicked problem analysis to illustrate the multifaceted and recurring, wicked problem characteristics of residential care provision.
The Effect of Early Cognitive Ability on Earnings Over the Life‐Cycle
Authors: Falch Torberg , Massih Sofia Sandgren 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper utilizes information on cognitive ability at age 10 and earnings information from age 20 to 65 to estimate the return to ability over the life‐cycle. Cognitive ability measured at an early age is not influenced by the individual's choices of schooling. We find that most of the unconditional return to early cognitive ability goes through educational choice. The conditional return is increasing for low levels of experience and non‐increasing for experience above about 15–25 years. The return is similar for men and women, and highest for individuals with academic education. Only a small part of the return can be explained by higher probability of having a supervisory position.
A clinical analysis of 58 chinese cases of pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue
Authors: Tan C. , Liu Y. , Min Z.‐S. , Zhu W.‐Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground  Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue (PFPT) is a disorder in which the fungiform papillae of the tongue have abnormal coloration. However, Chinese‐specific clinical data for PFPT are lacking.Objective  To determine the prevalence and characteristics of PFPT among the Chinese population.Methods  A survey was carried out using a clinical examination and a questionnaire on 14,346 first‐time outpatients in our dermatology department, and 58 cases of PFPT were subsequently diagnosed.Results  The prevalence of PFPT was 0.4% among dermatological outpatients. All patients had pin‐sized, brownish fungiform papillae on the tip, lateral or dorsal parts of the tongue. Of the three subtypes, type I was the most common (87.93%). PFPT generally coexisted with Hori’s nevus (48.28%), melasma (20.69%), hysteromyoma (24.14%) and breast cystic hyperplasia (20.69%).Conclusion  Our study confirms that PFPT is a relatively common disorder among Chinese outpatients, and it was presumed to be closely coupled with Hori’s nevus, melasma and other disorders.
The effect of induced heat waves on Pinus taeda and Quercus rubra seedlings in ambient and elevated CO2 atmospheres
Authors: Ameye Maarten , Wertin Timothy M. , Bauweraerts Ingvar , McGuire Mary Anne , Teskey Robert O. , Steppe Kathy 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Here, we investigated the effect of different heat‐wave intensities applied at two atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on seedlings of two tree species, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra).

Seedlings were assigned to treatment combinations of two levels of [CO2] (380 or 700 μmol mol−1) and four levels of air temperature (ambient, ambient +3°C, or 7‐d heat waves consisting of a biweekly +6°C heat wave, or a monthly +12°C heat wave). Treatments were maintained throughout the growing season, thus receiving equal heat sums. We measured gas exchange and fluorescence parameters before, during and after a mid‐summer heat wave.

The +12°C heat wave, significantly reduced net photosynthesis (Anet) in both species and [CO2] treatments but this effect was diminished in elevated [CO2]. The decrease in Anet was accompanied by a decrease in Fv′/Fm′ in P. taeda and ΦPSII in Q. rubra.

Our findings suggest that, if soil moisture is adequate, trees will experience negative effects in photosynthetic performance only with the occurrence of extreme heat waves. As elevated [CO2] diminished these negative effects, the future climate may not be as detrimental to plant communities as previously assumed.
Red blood cell endothelial nitric oxide synthase does not modulate red blood cell storage hemolysis
Authors: Kanias Tamir , Wang Ling , Lippert Ashley , Kim‐Shapiro Daniel B. , Gladwin Mark T. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The red blood cell (RBC) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been shown to regulate intrinsic RBC rheologic properties, such as membrane deformability, suggesting that a functional eNOS could be important in RBC viability and function during storage. This study examines the correlation between RBC eNOS deficiency and the propensity of RBCs to hemolyze under selected stress conditions including prolonged hypothermic storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh or stored RBCs from normal and eNOS knockout (KO) mice or from healthy human volunteers were subjected to selected hemolytic stress conditions including mechanical stress hemolysis, osmotic stress hemolysis, and oxidation stress hemolysis and evaluated during standard storage in CPDA‐1 solutions.RESULTS: Fresh RBCs from normal and eNOS KO mice demonstrated comparable susceptibility to hemolysis triggered by mechanical stress (mechanical fragility index 6.5 ± 0.5 in eNOS KO vs. 6.4 ± 0.4 for controls; n = 8‐9), osmotic stress, and oxidative stress. Additionally, RBCs from both mouse groups exhibited similar hemolytic profile at the end of 14‐day hypothermic storage, analogous to 42 days of human RBC storage. Storage of human RBCs (28 days in CPDA‐1) in the presence of NOS cofactors (l‐arginine and tetrahydro‐l‐biopterin) or inhibitor (N5‐[imino(methylamino)methyl]‐l‐ornithine monoacetate) did not affect cell recovery or hemolytic response to the selected stressors.CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that RBC eNOS does not modulate susceptibility to hemolysis in response to selected stress conditions or prolonged hypothermic storage. Other strategies to increase nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity after prolonged storage utilizing NOS‐independent pathways such as the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway may prove a more promising approach.
Washing of banked blood by three different blood salvage devices
Authors: Gruber Michael , Breu Anita , Frauendorf Melanie , Seyfried Timo , Hansen Ernil 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Storage lesions in red blood cells (RBCs) lead to an accumulation of soluble contaminants that can compromise the patient. Organ failures, coagulopathies, and cardiovascular events including lethal cardiac arrest have been reported, especially with massive transfusion or in pediatric patients. Washing improves the quality of stored RBCs, and autotransfusion devices have been proposed for intraoperative processing, but these devices were designed for diluted wound blood, and limited data on their performance with RBCs are available.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three autotransfusion devices (Electa, Sorin; CATS, Fresenius; OrthoPAT, Haemonetics) differing in function of their centrifugation chambers were evaluated with RBCs at the end of their shelf life and with dilutions thereof. Elimination rates of potassium, plasma free hemoglobin, total protein, citrate, acid equivalents, and iomeprol added as a marker substance were analyzed, in addition to RBC recoveries.RESULTS: Product hematocrit (Hct) levels ranged between 54.8 and 72.6%. RBC recovery rates were between 62.7 and 95.0%, the lowest being with the OrthoPAT processing of undiluted RBCs. Plasma elimination rates increased with predilution and ranged from 46.6% to 99.5%, the lowest being with the CATS and undiluted RBCs. Washing did not change pH and buffering capacity of RBCs.CONCLUSION: Autotransfusion devices offer a practical and obviously economical option to wash banked RBCs intraoperatively to prevent hyperkalemia and other disturbances in massive transfusion or pediatric patients. Predilution improves elimination rates, especially in devices that produce high product Hct levels. With a Y‐tubing the RBCs should bypass reservoir and vacuum, and the procedure should be guarded by a policy and procedure manual and a quality management system.
Results of lookback for Chagas disease since the inception of donor screening at New York Blood Center
Authors: Kessler Debra A. , Shi Patricia A. , Avecilla Scott T. , Shaz Beth H. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is a parasitic infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, typically transmitted via infected triatomine bug fecal contamination of bite sites. Other routes of infection include congenital, oral, organ transplantation, and blood product transmission.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: From 2007 until 2011, New York Blood Center screened donations for the presence of T. cruzi antibodies using a Food and Drug Administration–approved test. Confirmatory testing was performed and recipients of units donated by confirmed‐positive donors were investigated via lookback.RESULTS: A total of 204 donors were T. cruzi antibody positive representing 0.019% of all donors during this time period (1,066,516 unique donors screened). Of the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–reactive donors, 77 were confirmed positive by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (0.007%). At least 154 units from 29 of the confirmed‐positive donors had been transfused to 141 recipients. At the time of lookback, 48 of the 141 recipients were alive and seven underwent T. cruzi screening. Two recipients were found to be immunofluorescence assay (IFA) positive. Both IFA‐positive recipients received a leukoreduced apheresis platelet unit (two separate donations) from the same confirmed positive donor, a 72‐year‐old immigrant from Argentina.CONCLUSIONS: Lookback analysis was able to identify the first two cases of probable transfusion‐transmitted T. cruzi infection since implementation of the national screening program, which increases the total number of reported cases in the United States to 8.
Robust Model‐Based Quantification of Global Ventricular Torsion from Spatially Sparse Three‐Dimensional Time Series Data by Orthogonal Distance Regression: Evaluation in a Canine Animal Model Under Different Pacing Regimes
Authors: ZENKER SVEN , KIM HYUNG KOOK , CLERMONT GILLES , PINSKY MICHAEL R. 
Published: August 2012

Background: Quantification of global ventricular rotational deformation, expressed as twist or torsion, and its dynamic changes is important in understanding the pathophysiology of heart disease and its therapy. Various techniques, such as sonomicrometry, allow tracking of specific sites within the myocardium. Quantification of twist from such data requires a longitudinal reference axis of rotation. Current methods require specific positioning and numbers of myocardial markers and assumptions about temporal positional evolution that may be violated during dyssynchronous contraction.Methods: We present a new method to assess myocardial twist that makes minimal fully explicit assumptions while removing extraneous assumptions, by performing a least squares orthogonal distance regression of all position data on an ellipsoidal ventricular model. Rotational deformation is quantified in terms of the ellipsoid's internal coordinate system, allowing intuitive visualization.Results: We tested this method on a set of sparse, noisy sonomicrometric crystal data in dogs under different pacing regimes to model dyssynchrony and cardiac resynchronization. We found that this method yielded robust and plausible data. This technique is also fully automated while identifying when data may be insufficient for reliable quantification of rotational deformation.Conclusion: This approach may allow future analysis of myocardial contraction with less tracking sites and relaxed positioning requirements while identifying situations where data are insufficient for reliable quantification of rotational deformation.(PACE 2013; 36:13–23)