bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interferon Production and Resistance to Viral Infection Induced by Poly I · Poly C in Chick Embryo Cells
Authors: Machida Haruhiko , Kuninaka Akira , Yoshino Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo different growth media, one based on Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) and the other on Earle's balanced salt solution–lactalbumin hydrolysate–yeast extract (YLE), were used for growing primary chick embryo cells (CEC), and resistance to viral infection and interferon production induced by polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly I·poly C) were compared. In CEC grown in Eagle's MEM, treatment with poly I·poly C at a concentration as low as 1.0 ng/ml was sufficient to induce a detectable resistance to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), while more than 300‐fold concentrated poly I·poly C was required to induce a similar resistance when the cells were grown in YLE. The cells grown in YLE did not produce an appreciable amount of interferon, whereas a significantly higher level of interferon was produced by the cells grown in Eagle's MEM. A similar phenomenon was observed in the interferon production of chick embryo cells treated with ultraviolet light (UV)‐irradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and in the induction of resistance to vaccinia virus in cells treated with poly I·poly C. It was found that the response of cells, bathing in one growth medium, to poly I·poly C was not affected by replacing it with the other at the same time with the addition of poly I·poly C, and that the response of CEC was strongly dependent upon the medium used for cultivation. These facts suggested that the observed difference in the response of cells to poly I·poly C was not due to a direct interaction between the inducer and medium components but to the physiological state of CEC established during their growth. Which component of YLE was responsible for such a lowered response of cells to poly I·poly C was also examined, and the marked reduction of PDD50 by the replacement of lactalbumin hydrolysate of YLE with amino acids and the increase of PDD50 by addition of lactalbumin hydrolysate to MEM suggested that lactalbumin hydrolysate might play an important role in this phenomenon.
A Rapid and Simple Method for Assaying Interferon1
Authors: Suzuki Jiro , Akaboshi Tomoko , Kobayashi Sigeyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new procedure of assaying interferon (IF) has been developed. Cell suspension was dispensed into liquid scintillation counting vials together with IF sample. During an overnight incubation, the cells adhered sufficiently to the bottom of the vials and all the subsequent procedures were carried out without transfer of the cells from the vials. Vesicular stomatitis virus was inoculated and virus‐specific RNA was labeled by adding 3H‐uridine and actinomycin D to the medium. Incubation was terminated prior to completion of a single‐step growth of the virus and radioactivity of the labeled cells in each vial was determined. The reciprocal of the IF dilution which reduced the radioactivity in viral RNA by 50% was taken as the titer. The present procedure consists of simple manipulations and can be completed within 24 hr. Furthermore, it is quite reproducible and gives a titer almost identical to that obtained by the conventional plaque‐reduction dose method. The procedure can be applied to mouse L cells, rabbit RK‐13 cells and human FL cells, without modification.
Microbial Adjuvant and Autoimmunity
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWith the use of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) as a powerful adjuvant, high precipitin responses could be induced in mice to syngeneic eyeball extracts and thyroid gland extracts which were normally nonimmunogenic. Only very weak responses were induced to eyeball extracts by Freund's complete adjuvant. Repeated administrations of the antigens mixed with CPS‐K at time intervals of 30 days (more than twice for the eyeballs or more than three times for the thyroid glands) were required for induction of high precipitin responses. Antibody responses detectable by the immunofluorescent technique could be induced to syngeneic lymphoid tissue extracts by injecting the mixture of antigen and CPS‐K more than five times at time intervals of 30 days. These findings suggest that repeated stimulation by autoantigens together with such a strong adjuvant as CPS‐K can terminate natural tolerance against autoantigens.
Arginine Gene Cluster of Serratia marcescens
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Hosogaya Shigemi , Suzuki Kiyoshi , Tazaki Tadakatu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBiochemical and genetic studies on the arginine‐requiring auxotrophs derived from a Serratia marcescens strain were carried out. The arg mutants were classified into seven biochemical groups based on their growth response to five precursors of arginine biosynthesis and enzyme deficiency. Reciprocal transduction tests among those arg mutants divided them into three linkage groups, and the fine mapping in each of the groups by two‐ or three‐point crosses revealed the following arrangement of loci. (1) arg44–thy11–lys1; (2) met1–glt2–argE–(arg19–arg51)–arg120–argG–argH; (3) arg33–pyr4. Five of the seven biochemically distinct arg mutants belonged to the second linkage group, and they constituted an arg‐gene cluster. A characteristic feature of the arg‐gene cluster of S. marcescens is that it involves argG, which was previously reported only in the Proteus group of Enterobacteriaceae.
Staphylococcal Footpad Infection in Mice
Authors: Katagiri Ken , Hori Kenji , Nishino Takeshi , Fukao Takashi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTLocal footpad infection in mouse was investigated with 55 clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus. When 107 viable cells were inoculated into the footpad, local swelling and bacterial growth resulted after 24 hr. With a dose of 106 cells, moderate swelling was observed after a few hours but the reaction had almost disappeared after 24 hr. About 75% of the staphylococcal strains tested caused footpad edema in mice at doses of 107 cells. A statistical comparison of the virulence of the organisms on intravenous and intraperitoneal injection with that in inducing footpad swelling is also reported.
Requirement of Newly Synthesized Protein for the Priming Activity of Interferon
Authors: Ito Fumiaki , Suzuki Jiro , Kobayashi Sigeyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPretreatment of mouse L cells with interferon (IF) enhanced IF production in response to polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly I·poly C). Post‐treatment of cells with IF caused no significant enhancement of IF production. The enhancing effect of IF pretreatment (priming) reached a maximum after incubation with IF (10 or 100 units/ml) for 4–6 hr at 37 C, but this effect was absent when the incubation was done at 4 C. Cells which were incubated for additional several hours at 37 C after IF pretreatment at 4 C did not develop the primed state nor the antiviral state. The presence of protein synthesis inhibitors during the IF pretreatment depressed, though not completely, the development of the primed state. The residual priming effect was lost when the cells were incubated with the inhibitors at 37 C for 2 hr before they were exposed to poly I·poly C. There was no significant difference in the binding rate of poly I·poly C to cells between IF‐treated and untreated cells. The degradation rate of cell‐bound poly I·poly C and its sensitivity to exogenous pancreatic ribonuclease in the pretreated cells were also similar to those in the untreated cells.
Inhibiting Materials for γ Phage Adsorption to the Cell Wall of Bacillus anthracis, Strain Pasteur No. 2‐H
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Shiomi Toshiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCell wall preparations of Bacillus anthracis, strain Pasteur No. 2‐H, were treated with heat or with acetone and ether. Both of the treated cell walls preparations inactivated γ phage. The centrifuged supernatant of the heat‐treated cell walls was fractionated on Sephadex G‐200, and four fractions containing reducing sugars were obtained. The first fraction had the phage‐inactivating activity. On the other hand, the fourth fraction had no phage‐inactivating activity, but strongly inhibited phage adsorption to the cell walls. In the fourth fraction, glutamic acid, alanine, 2, 6‐diaminopimelic acid and glucosamine were detected by paper chromatography after acid hydrolysis. Authentic D,L‐2, 6‐diaminopimelic acid and D‐glucosamine markedly inhibited phage adsorption to the cell walls. D‐Galactosamine, D‐mannosamine and L‐lysine also showed similar activities. Results suggest the possibility that one or a combination of these substances defines the characteristics of phage adsorption to the cell walls of B. anthracis, strain Pasteur No. 2‐H.
Comparative Studies on Generalized Transducing Bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis, φm and π1
Authors: Nakamura Motoko , Horiuchi Sankichi , Nakaya Rintaro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparative studies were made on the generalized transducing bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis φm (Nakaya and Rownd), π1 (Böhme), and a clear plaque‐forming mutant φm‐c, derived from φm. Electron microscopic observations revealed that these phages were morphologically identical, indicating that they belonged to the group C of Bradley's classification, or to the type Cl of Ackermann's classification. Phages φm and π1 formed characteristic turbid plaques different from each other, and the plaques of π1 were smaller in size than those of φm. The plaques of phage φm‐c were clear and also were the largest in size among those studied. Average latent periods of φm and π1 were 70 and 60 min, respectively. Average burst size was found to be 30 and 10 plaque‐forming units per infected cell for φm and π1, respectively. It was confirmed by cross neutralization tests that φm and π1 differed serologically from each other. The host range of the two phages also differed, and phage φm was more sensitive to heat than π1. These results indicate that phages φm and π1 are different types of phages. Majority of the properties of phage φm‐c were nearly identical with those of phage π1 except that the multiplication of φm‐c was more strongly inhibited by methylene blue than that of φm and π1. Phage φm‐c is considered to be a clear mutant of φm.
Studies on Complement‐Fixation Reaction in Equine Infectious Anemia
Authors: Ueda Susumu , Nakamura Junji , Kuroda Sadao , Samejima Togo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe substances responsible for inhibiting complement‐fixation (CF) reaction of the late‐stage serum of an equine infectious anemia (EIA)‐infected horse were investigated. It was found that the IgG and IgG(T) classes in the late‐stage serum were responsible for the CF inhibition. IgA could not be detected in partially purified IgG(T) by an immunodiffusion test using rabbit anti‐human IgA serum. Other serum components could not be demonstrated in purified IgG by immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti‐horse serum. The IgG class simultaneously showed CF and CF‐inhibiting (CFI) activities, whereas the IgG(T) class showed only CFI activity. The IgG(T) class could exert CFI activity only when it had been reacted with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum and complement. In contrast, the IgG class converted the CF‐active reference serum into a non‐CF‐reactive one irrespective of whether it was simultaneously reacted with the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, whether it was added to the reaction mixture of the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, or whether it was sensitized with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum. Inhibitory activities of the IgG and IgG(T) classes seemed to be different from each other in their reaction pattern as far as tested under our experimental conditions. Their CFI activities seemed to be specific for EIA, being negative in CFI activity in reaction with other antigens.
Studies on the Establishment of Multi‐Drug‐Resistant Strain BIO‐4R of Streptococcus faecalis in the Intestinal Tract of Germ‐Free Mice
Authors: Hara Noriyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGerm‐free ICR mice were mono‐ or dicontaminated with a multi‐drug‐resistant strain BIO‐4R of Streptococcus faecalis (BIO‐4R) and Escherichia coli 026 : K60 (E. coli) and administered aminobenzyl penicillin (ABPC). BIO‐4R was established in the intestinal tract at a level of 108 viable cells per gram of stool on the fourth day following oral inoculation and the BIO‐4R population was stably maintained thereafter. The drug resistance of BIO‐4R remained unchanged in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotes throughout the experiment. Highly resistant cells of E. coli were isolated from the feces of some dicontaminated mice after ABPC administration. However, it seems that the high resistance of these E. coli is not due to the transfer of resistance of BIO‐4R to E. coli. All animals given a large amount of BIO‐4R (108 cells) per os survived throughout the study period of two weeks without symptoms.
Lethal Effect of Fresh Sea Water on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Isolation of Bdellovibrio Parasitic against the Organism
Authors: Miyamoto Saburo , Kuroda Koichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHalophilic Bdellovibrio, which is parasitic and lytic to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated from fresh sea water in the winter. It had a lethal effect on V. parahaemolyticus. The optimum temperature for multiplication ranged from 25 C to 30 C and growth was not observed at 35 C. Plaque numbers of the isolate reached a maximum in 17 hr under conditions of shaking at 25 C in autoclaved sea water supplemented with V. parahaemolyticus cells, and were as high as ten times the number of host cells. With respect to the host‐suspended medium, the isolate multiplied in natural sea water ten times more than in Herbst's artificial sea water but did not grow in saline. V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and several species in the Vibrio genus were susceptible to the parasite on the basis of plaque formation but Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not.
Studies of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in Cell Culture
Authors: Matsuo Yoshiyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA serially diluted bacterial suspension of the Kurume‐42 strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium maintained for 1255 days in a mouse foot pad (MFP) cell culture was inoculated in mice subcutaneously. The ID50 value was estimated at more than 10.7 and less than 85 organisms, indicating that pathogenicity of the organism had been maintained well in a long‐term cell culture. The cells infected and maintained for a long period in the cell culture showed all the stages of cell mitosis. This suggests that the bacterial increase in cell cultures of M. lepraemurium is not only due to rephagocytosis of the bacilli released from the infected cells but also to a constant intracellular growth cycle of the bacilli accompanied by mitosis of the infected cells. In acid phosphatase activity, no appreciable differences were noted between the infected and uninfected cells as far as the present cell culture system was concerned. Most of the bacilli within the cells were ultrastructurally normal. Solid bacilli in phagosomes were surrounded by less electron‐dense clear zones.
Relationship between the Molecular Size of Poly I·Poly C and Its Biological Activity1
Authors: Machida Haruhiko , Kuninaka Akira , Yoshino Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSeven polyinosinic·polycytidylic acid (poly I·poly C) preparations, ranging from 4.2 S to 21.2 S, prepared from various sizes of polyinosinate and polycytidylate, were examined for toxicity and interferon‐inducing activity in mice. The increase in size of poly I·poly C was accompanied by increases both in the maximal amount of interferon produced and in the length of persistence of a high level of interferon in plasma. Toxicity of poly I·poly C was proportional to the molecular size within the range of 8 S to 16 S. The amount of interferon induced by 1/5 LD50 of poly I·poly C depended on the size of the inducer, being increasingly lower with progressively smaller sizes. Next, activities of poly I·poly C in culture cells were examined. The resistance‐inducing activity of poly I·poly C in primary chick embryo cells (CEC) increased with the size of the inducer (4.2 S to 11.6 S), whereas the activity in L cells was not so markedly dependent upon its molecular size as in CEC. In the presence of calf serum during induction of resistance the activity was lowered. The activities of preparations with small molecular sizes were affected by calf serum more markedly than those of large molecular sizes. The interferon‐inducing activity in RK13 was not appreciably influenced by the size of poly I·poly C, especially in the presence of DEAE‐dextran, while the activity in L cells was markedly dependent upon the size of the inducer. These results suggest that the influence of the molecular size of poly I·poly C upon the resistance‐inducing and interferon‐inducing activities varies among different kinds of cells, and alters in the presence of serum or DEAE‐dextran.
Induction of Antiviral Activity In Vivo and In Vitro by Human Placenta Ribonucleic Acid Treated with Nitrous Acid
Authors: Arimura Hirofumi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInduction of antiviral activity and interferon by human placenta ribonucleic acid deaminated with sodium nitrite (NO2‐RNA) was studied in vitro and in vivo. (1) Viral multiplication in diploid cells from human kidney (HK cells) was depressed by pretreatment with NO2‐RNA, but not by pretreatment with the original placenta RNA. (2) NO2‐RNA showed an interferon‐inducing activity in rabbits and mice. (3) NO2‐RNA sedimenting in 18 S and 28 S regions showed a higher antiviral activity than that sedimenting in 4 S region.
Immunochemical Studies on Bacterial Blood Group Substances
Authors: Kishi Koichiro , Iseki Shoei 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBlood group H‐active polysaccharide has been prepared from “smooth” strain Escherichia coli 2B‐V by Freeman's method. a‐Fucosidase derived from Bacillus fulminans caused the liberation of fucose from this polysaccharide, together with concomitant loss of blood group H activity. The results of quantitative microanalysis, borohydride reduction, the Morgan‐Elson reaction and enzymic hydrolysis with β‐galactosidase using isolated oligosaccharides obtained by partial acid hydrolysis indicated that the O‐specific side chain of the polysaccharide has a pentasaccharide unit which is β‐d‐Gal‐(1→3)‐d‐GalNAc‐(1→3)‐d‐GalNAc‐Fuc with a D‐glucose residue bound at some undetermined point on this structure. It was considered that terminal non‐reducing fucose of the polysaccharide was liberated by partial acid hydrolysis.
Separation of a Water‐Soluble Adjuvant (MAF3) from Delipidated Cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain Aoyama B by Hydrogenolysis and Gel Filtration
Authors: Kumazawa Yoshio , Shibusawa Atsuko , Suzuki Takakazu , Mizunoe Kimifusa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA water‐extract from hydrogenolyzed cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Aoyama B was separated into four portions (F‐1 to F‐4 fractions) by gel filtration with a Sephadex G‐100 column. The third peak (called MAF3) eluted from the column was the most adjuvant‐active fraction. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration was around 16 000 daltons. MAF3 consisted of heteropolymer(s) composed of approximately 76 to 79% neutral sugars (Ara, Gal, Man, and Glc) and 19% mucopeptide (MurN, GlcN, Glu, Ala, Dpm, Gly, Asp, Thr, Ser, Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Pro, Tyr, and Phe). The adjuvanticities of MAF3 and other fractions in water‐in‐oil emulsion were estimated by the enhancing effect on immune response to egg albumin (EA) in guinea pigs. MAF3 stimulated the production of humoral antibodies, particularly IgG2 antibody specific to the antigen, and induced delayed type hypersensitivity against EA in the skin and cornea of antigen‐primed guinea pigs. These adjuvanticities of MAF3 were similar to the characteristics of mycobacterial cell wall in Freund's complete adjuvant.
Inhibition by Thiopeptin of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Authors: Liou Yei‐Fei , Kinoshita Tadatoshi , Tanaka Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThiopeptin, a sulfur‐containing antibiotic, was found to inhibit protein synthesis in a bacterial ribosomal system. The pretreatment of ribosomal subunits with the antibiotic revealed that thiopeptin may act on the 50 S ribosomal subunit. The elongation of peptide chain on the ribosome is more profoundly blocked by the antibiotic than the initiation of protein synthesis. It was demonstrated that thiopeptin inhibits elongation factor (EF)‐Tu‐dependent GTP hydrolysis and binding of aminoacyl‐tRNA to the ribosome. The peptidyl transferase‐catalyzed puromycin reaction is not significantly affected by the antibiotic. Thiopeptin inhibits EF‐G‐associated GTPase reaction, and translocation of peptidyl‐tRNA and mRNA from the acceptor site to the donor site. Protein synthesis in ribosomal systems, obtained from rat liver and rabbit reticulocytes are insensitive to the antibiotic.
Tolerance and Other Biological Properties of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Endotoxins
Authors: Sochard M.R. , Colwell R.R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBiological properties of endotoxins prepared from three strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were compared with reference to commercially prepared Salmonella typhi endotoxin. Endotoxin assays performed in rabbits included dermal Shwartzman reactivity, pyrogenicity, heat stability, and ability to induce tolerance as well as cross‐tolerance. Mice were used for endotoxin LD50 determinations. Results showed V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins were similar to that of S. typhi strain O901. Induction of tolerance to V. parahaemolyticus strain 11590 endotoxin resulted in complete cross‐tolerance to S. typhi endotoxin, and vice versa. Partial cross‐tolerance to S. typhi endotoxin was demonstrated with rabbits rendered tolerant to endotoxin from V. parahaemolyticus strains Sak‐3 and FC1011. Absorption spectra, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbohydrate analyses revealed additional similarities between endotoxins from V. parahaemolyticus and endotoxin from a member of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Inhibition of Rat Dental Caries by Dextranase from a Strain of Spicaria violacea
Authors: Hamada Shigeyuki , Ooshima Takashi , Masuda Norio , Mizuno Junn , Sobue Shizuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDextranase AD17 obtained from a culture liquor of a strain of Spicaria violacea was assessed for its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in conventional Sprague‐Dawley rats which had been infected with one of the Streptococcus mutans strains, MT6R (serotype c), OMZ 176R (d), or MT‐703R (e). These experiments showed that caries was significantly inhibited when rats were given cariogenic diet # 2000 and drinking water containing AD17 at a concentration of 10 units/g, as compared to control rats not given dextranase. The inhibitory effects of AD17 were more prominent in smooth surface caries than in total caries. AD17 had a tendency to retard both the establishment of inoculated S. mutans and plaque deposition on tooth surfaces. However, S. mutans could be implanted in the rat oral cavity after repeated inoculation of the bacteria, even in the presence of AD17. These results suggest that the anticaries activity of AD17 is due to not only inhibition of adherence of S. mutans cells on tooth surfaces but also to physicochemical changes of dental plaque formed under the enzymatic action of AD17. Preliminary histopathological examination showed that AD17 had no significant toxicity in rats.