bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual Astigmatism Following Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation Related to Pupil Size
Authors: Visser Nienke , Bauer Noël J.C. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. 
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:
To present two patients with residual astigmatism following toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

METHODS:
Case reports.

RESULTS:
A 58-year-old woman underwent toric IOL implantation (spherical power 29.50 diopters [D], cylinder power 3.00 D; SN60T5, Alcon Laboratories Inc) to correct 2.33 D @ 80° of corneal astigmatism. Postoperatively, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/30 and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/22 (0 −1.75 × 95), indicating an overcorrection of astigmatism. Slit-lamp examination demonstrated no IOL misalignment. Wavefront aberrometry showed a large pupil diameter (>6 mm) and a lower corneal astigmatism in a 6-mm zone (−1.40 D @ 174°) compared to a 4-mm zone (−2.21 D @ 171°). The second patient, a 60-year-old man, underwent multifocal toric IOL implantation (spherical power 22.50 D, cylinder power 2.25 D; SND1T4, Alcon Laboratories Inc) to correct 1.51 D @ 173° of corneal astigmatism. Postoperatively, UDVA was 20/50 and CDVA was 20/20 (+0.25 −1.00 × 102), indicating an undercorrection of astigmatism. Slit-lamp examination showed no misalignment.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both cases indicate that unexplained residual astigmatism following toric IOL implantation may be the result of multiple factors: the effect of the spherical power and anterior chamber depth on toric IOL calculations, the effect of posterior corneal astigmatism, and the effect of a large pupil size. The first two issues may be compensated for by improving toric IOL calculations. The latter indicates that pupillometry is indicated in relatively young patients who undergo toric IOL implantation.
Foxp3 Expression Is Required for the Induction of Therapeutic Tissue Tolerance
Authors: Regateiro Frederico S. , Chen Ye , Kendal Adrian R. , Hilbrands Robert , Adams Elizabeth , Cobbold Stephen P. , Ma Jianbo , Andersen Kristian G. , Betz Alexander G. , Zhang Mindy , Madhiwalla Shruti , Roberts Bruce , Waldmann Herman , Nolan Kathleen F. , Howie Duncan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for immune homeostasis and maintenance of self-tolerance. They are produced in the thymus and also generated de novo in the periphery in a TGF-β–dependent manner. Foxp3+ Treg are also required to achieve tolerance to transplanted tissues when induced by coreceptor or costimulation blockade. Using TCR-transgenic mice to avoid issues of autoimmune pathology, we show that Foxp3 expression is both necessary and sufficient for tissue tolerance by coreceptor blockade. Moreover, the known need in tolerance induction for TGF-β signaling to T cells can wholly be explained by its role in induction of Foxp3, as such signaling proved dispensable for the suppressive process. We analyzed the relative contribution of TGF-β and Foxp3 to the transcriptome of TGF-β–induced Treg and showed that TGF-β elicited a large set of downregulated signature genes. The number of genes uniquely modulated due to the influence of Foxp3 alone was surprisingly limited. Retroviral-mediated conditional nuclear expression of Foxp3 proved sufficient to confer transplant-suppressive potency on CD4+ T cells and was lost once nuclear Foxp3 expression was extinguished. These data support a dual role for TGF-β and Foxp3 in induced tolerance, in which TGF-β stimulates Foxp3 expression, for which sustained expression is then associated with acquisition of tolerance.
Scavenger Receptor in Fish Is a Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Molecule Involved in Negative Regulation of NF-κB Activation by Competing with TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 Recruitment into the TNF-α Signaling Pathway
Authors: Meng Zhen , Zhang Xiao-yu , Guo Jian , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) play crucial roles in innate immunity by acting as pattern recognition receptors. Although SRs are widely documented in mammals, data on their occurrence and functions in ancient vertebrates are limited. In this study, we report, to our knowledge, the first cloning and functional characterization of an SR molecule from teleost fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This SR (TnSR) was identified as a homolog to mammalian scavenger receptor class A member 5 with the conserved structure of a class A SR. TnSR contained multidomains in a type II transmembrane receptor, including an SR cysteine-rich domain, two coiled-coil collagenous domains, a transmmebrane domain, and a short N-terminal intracellular region with an unexpected TNFR-associated factor 2-binding consensus motif similar to that in human MSR molecules. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TnSR may be an ancient member of class A SRs resulting from the close relationship between scavenger receptor class A member 5 and macrophage SR in vertebrates associated with the subtle differences in TnSR structure. Subcellular localization analysis showed that TnSR was a cell membrane receptor with homotrimer forms involved in the recognition and internalization of LPS from surface membranes into lysosomes. Functionally, TnSR expression was dramatically induced by LPS stimulation. TnSR served as a negative regulator in LPS-induced NF-κB activation by the competitive recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2 from the TNF-α signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that SR plays an inhibitory role in LPS-elicited inflammation by cross-talking with the TNF-α inflammatory pathway. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the biological and evolutionary history of the SR family.
Kruppel-like Factor 2 Modulates CCR5 Expression and Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Richardson Max W. , Jadlowsky Julie , Didigu Chuka A. , Doms Robert W. , Riley James L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCCR5, a cell surface molecule critical for the transmission and spread of HIV-1, is dynamically regulated during T cell activation and differentiation. The molecular mechanism linking T cell activation to modulation of CCR5 expression remains undefined. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that promotes quiescence, survival, and in part by modulating chemokine receptor levels, induces homing to secondary lymphoid organs. Given the relationship between T cell activation and chemokine receptor expression, we tested whether the abundance of KLF2 after T cell activation regulates CCR5 expression and, thus, susceptibility of a T cell to CCR5-dependent HIV-1 strains (R5). We observed a strong correlation between T cell activation, expression of KLF2 and CCR5, and susceptibility to infection. To directly measure how KLF2 affects CCR5 regulation, we introduced small interfering RNA targeting KLF2 expression and demonstrated that reduced KLF2 expression also resulted in less CCR5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified KLF2 bound to the CCR5 promoter in resting but not CD3/28 activated T cells, suggesting that KLF2 directly regulates CCR5 expression. Introduction of KLF2 under control of a heterologous promoter could restore CCR5 expression and R5 susceptibility to CD3/28 costimulated T cells and some transformed cell lines. Thus, KLF2 is a host factor that modulates CCR5 expression in CD4 T cells and influences susceptibility to R5 infection.
The Thymic Niche Does Not Limit Development of the Naturally Diverse Population of Mouse Regulatory T Lymphocytes
Authors: Romagnoli Paola , Dooley James , Enault Genevieve , Vicente Rita , Malissen Bernard , Liston Adrian , van Meerwijk Joost P. M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Thymus-derived CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) play a central role in the suppression of immune responses to self-antigens and thus avoid autoimmune disorders. It remains unclear if the specialized thymic niche controls the number of differentiating Tregs. We investigated development of murine Tregs from precursors expressing the naturally very large repertoire of TCRs. By analyzing their developmental kinetics, we observed that differentiating Tregs dwell in the thymus ∼1 d longer than their conventional T cell counterparts. By generating hematopoietic chimeras with very low proportions of trackable precursors, we could follow individual waves of developing T cells in the thymus. We observed strongly increased proportions of Tregs at the end of the waves, confirming that these cells are the last to leave the thymus. To assess whether the thymic niche limits Treg development, we generated hematopoietic chimeras in which very few T cell precursors could develop. The substantial increase in the proportion of Tregs we found in these mice suggested a limiting role of the thymic niche; however, this increase was accounted for entirely by the prolonged thymic dwell time of Tregs. We conclude that, when precursors express a naturally diverse TCR repertoire, the thymic niche does not limit differentiation of Tregs.
Noninvasive treatment of focal adenomyosis with MR-guided focused ultrasound in two patients
Authors: Polina Laveena , Nyapathy Vinay , Mishra Anindita , Yellamanthili Himabindu , Vallabhaneni Mythri P 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAdenomyosis is a common benign gynecological disorder presenting with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and pressure symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) utilizes precisely focused USG waves to generate and maintain high temperatures within the targeted tissue to achieve protein denaturation and coagulative necrosis. The heat generated is monitored using MRI images acquired in real-time in three planes. We present two cases of focal adenomyosis treated with MRgFUS showing good symptomatic relief at 3 and 6 months follow-up.
Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: Srinivasan Sivasubramanian , Moorthy Srikant , Sreekumar KP , Kulkarni Chinmay 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBlindness following surgery, especially cardiac surgery, has been reported sporadically, the most common cause being ischemic optic neuropathy. The role of MRI in the diagnosis of this condition is not well established. We present a case of postoperative posterior ischemic optic neuropathy that was diagnosed on diffusion-weighted MRI.
Understanding the natural history of focal nodular hyperplasia in the liver with MRI
Authors: Halankar Jaydeep A , Kim Tae Kyoung , Jang Hyun-Jung , Khalili Korosh , Masoom Haider A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Aim: To determine the incidence of natural growth or regression of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in the liver. Material and Methods: We retrospectively included 120 consecutive patients who were diagnosed to have FNH on MRI. The mean follow-up duration was 19 months (range: 6-64 months). There were 25 men and 95 women (age range: 18-80 years; mean: 45 years). There were 167 FNH lesions in the 120 patients. MRI images were retrospectively reviewed for interval growth or regression of FNH. The maximum size of the lesions was measured on axial arterial-phase images of the initial and the last MRI examinations. An interval increase or decrease in diameter of over 10% of the initial diameter was considered as positive growth or regression, respectively. The use of Oral contraceptives was also documented. Results: Interval growth was seen in 25/167 nodules (15%) over 7-48 months (mean: 21 months), with increase in size of 0.2-1.7 cm (mean: 0.6 cm) and percentage change of 10.5-340% (mean: 64%). Interval regression was seen in 13/167 (8%) of nodules over 7-63 months (mean: 22 months), with decrease in size of 0.2-0.9 cm (mean: 0.5 cm) and percentage change of 10.4-60% (mean: 24%).Five of 17 (29%) female patients with growing FNH and 25/78 (32%) female patients with non-growing FNH had a history of intake of oral contraceptives (P=0.83). Conclusions: Although FNH is benign and of no clinical significance, a substantial percentage of FNH shows interval growth or regression on long-term follow-up with MRI.
A perspective on the PCPNDT Act
Authors: Patnaik A Murali Mohan , Kejriwal Gouri Shankar 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Background: An important modern diagnostic tool, used for monitoring pregnancy and genetic defects; the ultrasound machine, has also become a selective killer of the female child. The male child preference in India was responsible for female infanticides in the past. With easy availability and accessibility of USG, a shift has occurred from infanticide to feticide, although female infanticides still continue. In the process doctors are blamed as "merchants of death". Peeved and pressed by national and internal agencies for the declining female child ratio (0-6 years), the Government of India reacted by enacting a stringent PC-PNDT Act almost solely aimed at doctors to prevent them from advertising and disclosing the sex of the fetus to the pregnant woman or her relatives. Since the enactment, hundreds of cases have been launched against the doctors. Aim: 1. In order to stand up to the law important sections and rules of the PC-PNDT Act have been analyzed for the benefit of our colleagues. 2. The Indian legal system rests the "burden of proof" on the prosecution. In two sections of The Act, these have been done away with. Instead, the accused doctor has to prove himself innocent. Therefore a demand has been made to make suitable amendments to The Act in this regard. 3. The inclusion of column numbers 9-19 in the form ′F′ is not relevant for USG clinics/ imaging centers; inaccurate filling of which may attract a prison sentence of 3 years. This irrelevance has to be deleted. 4. Some suggestions.
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: LNU Rijuneeta , Gupta Bhumika 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTInvasive sinus Aspergillus infection has been reported in the last decade with increased frequency, most commonly in the setting of hematologic malignancy, neutropenia, HIV infection and other states of immunosuppression. Fungal rhinosinusitis can be broadly classified into two varieties-invasive and noninvasive on the basis of tissue invasion. Invasive fungal sinusitis are acute invasive, chronic invasive (both granulomatous and nongranulomatous forms), whereas noninvasive are fungus balls and allergic fungal sinusitis. Invasive fungal sinusitis is one of the most challenging forms of sinonasal pathology to manage, most commonly presenting in immunocompromised individuals. Chronic invasive being sinus aspergillosis (CISA) is being reported in immunocompetent patients at an increasing rate while most of these cases are being reported from the India subcontinent and middle east. Invasive fungal sinusitis is on the rise worldwide and especially in north India as it is endemic in this part of the country. It is affecting immunocompetent young and middle aged population causing a great morbidity and mortality. This entity needs to be picked up early by spreading awareness among the family physicians, internists, otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, neurosurgeons, pulmonary physicians, critical care specialists so that an early management can initiated to achieve better control over the disease. This review is an attempt to initiate an interdisciplinary approach to achieve a better outcome.How to cite this articleGupta AK, Bansal S, Rijuneeta, Gupta B. Invasive Fungal Sinusitis. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2012;5(2): 63-71.
Microsatellite polymorphism in the EGFR, NOTCH4 and E2F4 genes and their association with breast cancer risk
Authors: González-Hernández Ana , Henríquez-Hernández Luis Alberto , De León Antonio Cabrera , del Cristo Rodríguez-Pérez M. , Murias-Rosales Adolfo , Domínguez-Coello Santiago , Brito-Díaz Buenaventura , Almeida-González Delia , Aguirre-Jaime Armando , Díaz-Chico B. Nicolás 
Published: September 2012

Background The sequences of many human genes that encode proteins involved in cancer contain polymorphic microsatellites. Variations in microsatellite length may constitute risk factors in several human diseases, a possibility that has been little explored in breast cancer. Among the genes that contain polymorphic microsatellites are EGFR, NOTCH4 and E2F4. The length of some of these microsatellites has been associated with breast cancer risk. Purpose and methods To determine whether the length of the microsatellites (CA)n in EGFR, (CTG)n in NOTCH4 and (AGC)n in E2F4 was associated with breast cancer risk, we genotyped these 3 microsatellites in 212 women with breast cancer and a control group of 308 women from the general population who did not have this disease. Results and conclusions The allelic distribution observed for the 3 microsatellites matched that found in other white populations, with the exception of some (AGC)n alleles in E2F4, which have not been described previously. The length of (CA)n in EGFR and (CTG)n in NOTCH4 was not associated with breast cancer (OR=0.99; 95% CI 0.59–1.37; p=0.619 and OR=1.08; 95% CI 0.71–1.65; p=0.725, respectively). Short alleles (<13 repeats) of (AGC)n in E2F4 were less frequent in women with cancer than in the control sample.
A Skin Fixation Method for Decreasing the Influence of Wound Contraction on Wound Healing in a Rat Model
Authors: Bae Seong Hwan , Bae Yong Chan , Nam Su Bong , Choi Soo Jong 
Published: September 2012

Background The elasticity of the back skin of the rat reduced the tension around wounds during the wound healing process in that region, and thus activates wound contraction. The authors proposed two skin fixation methods using readily available materials to decrease the influence of wound contraction on wound healing and designed an experiment to determine their effects.
Methods The authors made 36 skin wounds on the backs of 18 rats, and they divided them into three groups. Each group was treated with three different kinds of dressing materials, each with different skin fixing characteristics. Group A was a control group. Group B and group C were dressed by the first and the second skin fixation method. We measured the areas of the wounds post-surgically and calculated the wound area reduction rates.
Results The two skin fixation methods both reduced the effect of wound contraction compared to the control group. Each of the two methods had different outcomes in reducing wound contraction.
Conclusions The experiment demonstrated significant differences among the wound areas and the wound area reduction rates of the three groups as a result of differences in the degree of wound contraction. To obtain accurate results from wound healing experiments, appropriate skin fixation methods must be adopted.
Reliability of Reconstructed Breast Flap after Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Immediate Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Lee Keun-Cheol , Kim Tae-Heon , Park Su-Seong , Kim Min-Su , Kim Myung-Hoon , Kim Seok-Kwun , Cho Se-Heon , Lee Mi-Ri , Lee Jin-Hwa , Lee Hyung-Sik , Kim Dae-Cheol 
Published: September 2012

Background Postmastectomy adjuvant therapy is used to prevent locoregional recurrence and improve overall breast cancer specific survival rates. However, it can adversely affect the cosmetic results of reconstruction. Therefore, the authors examined flap stability and patients' satisfaction with immediate breast reconstruction after adjuvant therapy.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 204 patients from January 2006 to November 2011. For complication rates, the authors categorized the patients who underwent the immediate breast reconstruction into 4 groups: adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy group, adjuvant chemotherapy only group, adjuvant radiotherapy only group, and the group that did not undergo adjuvant therapy. For comparison of patients' satisfaction, the study was performed with an additional 16 patients who had undergone delayed breast reconstruction.Results Regarding complication rates, the group that had undergone adjuvant therapy showed no significant difference compared to the group that did not undergo adjuvant therapy. In evaluating the patients' satisfaction, there was no significant difference.Conclusions Even after adjuvant therapy, immediate breast reconstruction showed good results with respect to flap stability and patients' satisfaction. Immediate breast reconstruction and adjuvant therapy is a safe and useful option for breast cancer patients.
Facial Soft Tissue Augmentation using Autologous Fat Mixed with Stromal Vascular Fraction
Authors: Lee Sang Kyun , Kim Deok-Woo , Dhong Eun-Sang , Park Seung-Ha , Yoon Eul-Sik 
Published: September 2012

Background Autologous fat grafting evolved over the twentieth century to become a quick, safe, and reliable method for restoring volume. However, autologous fat grafts have some problems including uncertain viability of the grafted fat and a low rate of graft survival. To overcome the problems associated with autologous fat grafts, we used uncultured adipose tissue-derived stromal cell (stromal vascular fraction, SVF) assisted autologous fat grafting. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of SVF in a clinical trial.
Methods SVF cells were freshly isolated from half of the aspirated fat and were used in combination with the other half of the aspirated fat during the procedure. Between March 2007 and February 2008, a total of 9 SVF-assisted fat grafts were performed in 9 patients. The patients were followed for 12 weeks after treatment. Data collected at each follow-up visit included clinical examination of the graft site(s), photographs for historical comparison, and information from a patient questionnaire that measured the outcomes from the patient perspective. The photographs were evaluated by medical professionals.
Results Scores of the left facial area grafted with adipose tissue mixed with SVF cells were significantly higher compared with those of the right facial area grafted with adipose tissue without SVF cells. There was no significant adverse effect.
Conclusions The subjective patient satisfaction survey and surgeon survey showed that SVF-assisted fat grafting was a surgical procedure with superior results.
Lunar Lies: The Impact of Informational Framing and Individual Differences in Shaping Conspiracist Beliefs About the Moon Landings
Authors: Swami VIREN , Pietschnig Jakob , Tran ULRICH S. , Nader INGO W. , Stieger Stefan , Voracek Martin 
Published: September 2012

SummaryTwo studies examined the role of informational framing and individual differences on acceptance of the moon landings conspiracy theory (CT). In Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups in which they were exposed to different forms of information about the moon landings CT. Results showed that information critical of the moon landings CT resulted in attenuated conspiracist beliefs and that information supportive of the CT resulted in stronger conspiracist beliefs. In addition, stronger belief in the moon landings CT was associated with participants' belief in other CTs and openness to experience. In Study 2, participants completed a survey measuring their belief in the moon landings CT and a range of individual difference factors. Results showed that acceptance of the moon landings CT was associated with the adoption of a conspiracist worldview and schizotypal tendencies. Possibilities for conceptualizing the functional roles played by CTs are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The City's Architectural Project: From Formless City to Forms of Architecture
Authors: Eisenschmidt Alexander 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIs the city architecture's nemesis? Formless where architecture requires form, open where building projects require completion and closure; ceaseless in its development – growth and contraction – often simultaneously experiencing decay as well as expansion. Seeking to renegotiate the terms of architecture's engagement with the city, Alexander Eisenschmidt turns to some of the most significant architectural precedents of the recent past that are squarely set within the metropolis.