bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What to wear? The influence of attire on the perceived professionalism of dentists and lawyers
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Chan Pui Shuen , Wilson Emma 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUsing a sample of 201 participants and a between‐subjects design, the perceived professionalism—suitability, capability, ease to talk to and friendliness—of male and female dentists and lawyers in various attires was examined. Results showed an absolute preference for male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire, respectively. Male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire were further rated as more suitable, capable, easier to talk to, and friendlier than female professionals, and than those dressed in smart or casual attire. Results are discussed in terms of positive dental outcomes and legal representation. Limitations are considered.
Relations between personality, knowledge, and behavior in professional service encounters
Authors: Motowidlo Stephan J. , Martin Michelle P. , Crook Amy E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe report two studies that tested hypotheses about relations between personality, knowledge about service encounters, and performance in service encounters. A novel method for measuring knowledge was used. In one study, we measured undergraduates' personality, knowledge, and skill in handling service encounters in jobs performed by human factors professionals. The other study reanalyzed data reported by Motowidlo, Crook, Kell, and Naemi about volunteers' personality, knowledge about volunteer service encounters, and job performance. Both studies found that knowledge about service encounters is correlated with effectiveness in service encounters, even when effects of personality are controlled. Conscientiousness was correlated with this knowledge. We discuss implications of personality in the development of knowledge about effective behavior in social situations at work.
Natural experiments and meta‐analyses in comparative phylogeography
Authors: Dawson Michael N 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe challenge for phylogeography, like other observational sciences, is to extract general relationships representing causes and effects from complex natural data. I describe comparisons of synchronously diverging co‐distributed (SDC) taxa, including sympatric sister species, to help meet this challenge.LocationGlobal.MethodsAs an example, using narrative and best evidence synthesis, I re‐evaluate ad hoc aggregate analyses relating population genetic structure (FST) to dispersal potential. I deconstruct an aggregate global analysis to generate a regional subset of data which I compare with datasets describing co‐distributed taxa, SDC species and sympatric sister species.ResultsA weak negative relationship between FST and dispersal potential is implied by aggregate global analysis (0.1 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.29). In contrast, regional datasets of co‐distributed species show strong correlation between FST and dispersal potential (0.78 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.85). Comparisons between SDC and sympatric sister species consistently evince higher gene flow in species with higher dispersal potential.Main conclusionsAd hoc aggregate analyses can be compromised by multiple sources of error. Comparisons of SDC taxa, including sympatric sister species, adapt the experimental scientific method to natural situations, providing robust and repeatable tests of phylogeographic hypotheses and accurate estimates of effect sizes. To make strong inferences about phylogeography we should seek out the hidden wealth of natural experiments that provide particularly clear opportunities to study the factors that influence patterns of biodiversity. The SDC framework enables independent tests of existing hypotheses, integration of independent studies in meta‐analyses across taxa and regions, and identification of general trends versus location‐ or taxon‐specific phenomena. Coupled with advances in statistical phylogeography, species distribution modelling and palaeoecology, the SDC framework bridges the long‐standing gap between observational and experimental sciences.
Trends in incidence and predictions of cutaneous melanoma across Europe up to 2015
Authors: Arnold M. , Holterhues C. , Hollestein L.M. , Coebergh J.W.W. , Nijsten T. , Pukkala E. , Holleczek B. , Tryggvadóttir L. , Comber H. , Bento M.J. , Diba Ch.S. , Micallef R. , Primic‐Žakelj M. , Izarzugaza M.I. , Perucha J. , Marcos‐Gragera R. , Galceran J. , Ardanaz E. , Schaffar R. , Pring A. , de Vries E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundMelanoma is a significant health problem in Caucasian populations. The most recently available data from cancer registries often have a delay of several months up to a few years and they are generally not easily accessible.ObjectivesTo assess recent age‐ and sex‐specific trends in melanoma incidence and make predictions for 2010 and 2015.MethodsA retrospective registry‐based analysis was performed with data from 29 European cancer registries. Most of them had data available from 1990 up to 2006/7. World‐standardized incidence rates (WSR) and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were computed. Predictions were based on linear projection models.ResultsOverall the incidence of melanoma is rapidly rising and will continue to do so. The incidence among women in Europe was generally higher than in men. The highest incidence rates were seen for Northern and north‐western countries like the UK, Ireland and the Netherlands. The lowest incidence rates were observed in Portugal and Spain. The incidence overall remained stable in Norway, where, amongst young (25–49 years) Norwegian males rates significantly decreased (EAPC −2.8, 95% CI −3.6; −2.0). Despite a low melanoma incidence among persons above the age of 70, this age group experienced the greatest increase in risk during the study period.ConclusionsIncidence rates of melanoma are expected to continue rising. These trends are worrying in terms of disease burden, particularly in eastern European countries.
Pressure‐reducing interventions among persons with pressure ulcers: results from the first three national pressure ulcer prevalence surveys in Sweden
Authors: Bååth Carina , Idvall Ewa , Gunningberg Lena , Hommel Ami 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe overall aim of this study was to describe preventive interventions among persons with pressure ulcer (PU) in three nationwide PU prevalence surveys in Sweden.MethodsA cross‐sectional research design was used; more than 70 000 persons from different hospitals and nursing homes participated in the three prevalence surveys conducted in March 2011, October 2011 and March 2012.The methodology used was that recommended by the European Pressure Ulcers Advisory Panel.ResultsThe overall prevalence of PU categories I–IV in hospitals was 16.6%, 14.4% and 16.1%, respectively. Corresponding figures for nursing homes were 14.5%, 14.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Heel protection/floating heels and sliding sheets were more frequently planned for persons with PU category I.ConclusionsDespite the three prevalence studies that have showed high prevalence of PU the use of preventing interventions is still not on an acceptable level. Heel protection/floating heels and sliding sheets were more frequently planned for persons with PUs, and individual‐planned repositioning also increased. However, when persons already have a PU they should all have pressure‐reducing preventive interventions to prevent the development of more PUs. Preventing PUs presents a challenge even when facilities have prevention programmes. A PU prevention programme requires an enthusiastic leader who will maintain the team's focus and direction for all staff involved in patient care.
First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe
Authors: Borzym E , Matras M , Maj‐Paluch J , Baud M , De Boisséson C , Talbi C , Olesen N J , Bigarré L 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA rhabdovirus was isolated in cell culture inoculated with tissue material from diseased grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), originating from a fish farm affected by a mortality episode in Poland. Diagnostics tests showed that the virus was not related to novirhabdoviruses known in Europe, nor to vesiculovirus‐like species, except perch rhabdovirus (PRhV) with which it shared moderate serological relations. However, RT‐PCR with PRhV probes gave negative results. To identify the virus, a random‐priming sequence‐independent single primer amplification was adopted. Surprisingly, two of the obtained sequences exhibited a high identity (>99%) with hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), a novirhabdovirus usually found in fish in marine Asiatic countries, for instance Japan, China and Korea. The full‐length sequence of the phosphoprotein gene (P) demonstrated a higher identity of the present isolate with HIRRV from China compared with the Korean isolate. An identical viral sequence was also found in brown trout, Salmo trutta trutta L., affected by mortalities in a second farm in the same region, after a likely contamination from the grayling farm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV in Europe, and in two hosts from fresh water that have not been described before as susceptible species.
Effect of γ‐Ray Irradiation on Food Qualities and Sprouting Inhibition of Sweet Potato Roots (Ipomea batatas Lam.)
Authors: Lim Sung Jin , Chung Byung Yeoup , Park Min Goo , Cho Jae Young 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe examined the effect of γ‐ray irradiation on food quality and sprouting inhibition of sweet potato roots. The weight loss of sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation was slightly higher than that of control, but hardness, sugar content, and β‐carotene and vitamin contents were not significantly different from those of control (P > 0.05). Also, the amount of hydroxyl radical (●OH) reached is similar to that of the control from 2 weeks after storage. All sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation did not sprout at all storage temperature, but the control sprouted at storage temperatures of 12 and 25C from 6 and 4 weeks after storage; the sprouting rate reached 10.8 ± 2.3 and 70.4 ± 3.4% 8 weeks after storage. Furthermore, peroxidase and indole acetic acid oxidase activity of all sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation were higher than those of the control.Practical ApplicationsRecently, the consumption of sweet potatoes as a functional food has greatly increased. Because the sprouting and the deterioration of sweet potato roots in import and export occur and present a problem for the plant quarantine system, we suggest that the γ‐ray irradiation technique is an efficient method for inhibiting the sprouting of sweet potato roots without negative effect.
Endogenous Destruction in a Model of Armed Conflict: Implications for Conflict Intensity, Welfare, and Third‐Party Intervention
Authors: SANDERS SHANE , WALIA BHAVNEET 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper employs a contest approach to study a class of territorial conflicts in which conflict‐related arming is (endogenously) destructive of the contest prize. Of particular focus is the effect of endogenously destructive conflict arming upon conflict intensity and utility levels among primary parties to conflict. Also of interest are implications of endogenous destruction upon third‐party welfare effect in conflict. As compared to the case of a fixed‐prize conflict, we find starkly different arming and welfare outcomes in the case of an endogenously destructive conflict. We also find stark differences in third‐party effect under this distinct setting.
Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system: expression levels of this system are associated with melanogenesis and pigmentation in the tawny owl (Strix aluco)
Authors: Emaresi Guillaume , Ducrest Anne‐Lyse , Bize Pierre , Richter Hannes , Simon Celine , Roulin Alexandre 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe adaptive function of melanin‐based coloration is a long‐standing debate. A recent genetic model suggested that pleiotropy could account for covariations between pigmentation, behaviour, morphology, physiology and life history traits. We explored whether the expression levels of genes belonging to the melanocortin system (MC1R, POMC, PC1/3, PC2 and the antagonist ASIP), which have many pleiotropic effects, are associated with melanogenesis (through variation in the expression of the genes MITF, SLC7A11, TYR, TYRP1) and in turn melanin‐based coloration. We considered the tawny owl (Strix aluco) because individuals vary continuously from light to dark reddish, and thus, colour variation is likely to stem from differences in the levels of gene expression. We measured gene expression in feather bases collected in nestlings at the time of melanin production. As expected, the melanocortin system was associated with the expression of melanogenic genes and pigmentation. Offspring of darker reddish fathers expressed PC1/3 to lower levels but tended to express PC2 to higher levels. The convertase enzyme PC1/3 cleaves the POMC prohormone to obtain ACTH, while the convertase enzyme PC2 cleaves ACTH to produce α‐melanin‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH). ACTH regulates glucocorticoids, hormones that modulate stress responses, while α‐MSH induces eumelanogenesis. We therefore conclude that the melanocortin system, through the convertase enzymes PC1/3 and PC2, may account for part of the interindividual variation in melanin‐based coloration in nestling tawny owls. Pleiotropy may thus account for the covariation between phenotypic traits involved in social interactions (here pigmentation) and life history, morphology, behaviour and physiology.
The N‐terminal region of the Neurospora NDR kinase COT1 regulates morphology via its interactions with MOB2A/B
Authors: Ziv Carmit , Feldman Daria , Aharoni‐Kats Liran , Chen She , Liu Yi , Yarden Oded 
Published: August 2013

SummaryNuclear Dbf2p‐related (NDR) protein kinases are important for cell differentiation and polar morphogenesis in various organisms, yet some of their functions are still elusive. Dysfunction of the Neurospora crassa NDR kinase COT1 leads to cessation of tip extension and hyperbranching. NDR kinases require the physical interaction between the kinase's N‐terminal region (NTR) and the MPS1‐binding (MOB) proteins for their activity and functions. To study the interactions between COT1 and MOB2 proteins, we mutated several conserved residues and a novel phosphorylation site within the COT1 NTR. The phenotypes of these mutants suggest that the NTR is required for COT1 functions in regulating hyphal elongation and branching, asexual conidiation and germination. Interestingly, while both MOB2A and MOB2B promote proper hyphal growth, they have distinct COT1‐dependent roles in regulation of macroconidiation. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicate physical association of COT1 with both MOB2A and MOB2B, simultaneously. Furthermore, the binding of the two MOB2 proteins to COT1 is mediated by different residues at the COT1 NTR, suggesting a hetero‐trimer is formed. Thus, although MOB2A/B may have some overlapping functions in regulating hyphal tip extension, their function is not redundant and they are both required for proper fungal development.
Psychological Contract Breach, Negative Reciprocity, and Abusive Supervision: The Mediated Effect of Organizational Identification
Authors: Wei Feng , Si Steven 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrevious research has indicated that abusive supervision negatively influences various organizational outcomes. However, the antecedents and psychological mechanisms of abusive supervision are not well understood, especially in the Chinese context. In this study, we propose and test a mediated moderation model to explore the interactive effect of psychological contract breach and negative reciprocity belief on abusive supervision, and the mediating effect of organizational identification. Using a sample of 268 dyads of employees and their immediate supervisors (N = 536) from six companies and two industries in China, we find that when supervisors experience breaches in psychological contract they are likely to increase abusive behaviours toward subordinates, and that the positive association is stronger the more the supervisor holds negative reciprocity beliefs. Moreover, the results indicate that organizational identification mediates the joint effect of psychological contract breach and negative reciprocity belief on abusive supervision. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
An overview of the role of diet in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: O'Connor Á. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryRheumatoid arthritis is the second most common form of arthritis that affects more than half a million adults in the UK. Medications can be used to relieve symptoms and/or help slow the progression of the disease, but some medicines have side effects and thus patients frequently turn to complimentary therapies including dietary modification. Studies of the effects of diet and nutrient supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis are hampered by study design issues (e.g. differences in the wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes among study participants). Despite this, there is good evidence to suggest that fish oil supplements may be helpful in relieving some symptoms, such as decreased morning stiffness, in those with long‐standing rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence relating to specialised diets, plant seed oils, antioxidants, minerals and trace elements, folate and other B‐vitamins, vitamin D and antioxidants are also considered in this paper. This paper provides a general overview of the scientific evidence of the role of specialised diets and nutrients in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Genetic variation in yield under hot ambient temperatures spotlights a role for cytokinin in protection of developing floral primordia
Authors: SOBOL SHIRI , CHAYUT NOAM , NAVE NAHUM , KAFLE DINESH , HEGELE MARTIN , KAMINETSKY RINA , WÜNSCHE JENS N. , SAMACH ALON 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUnusually hot ambient temperatures (HAT) can cause pre‐anthesis abortion of flowers in many diverse species, limiting crop production. This limitation is becoming more substantial with climate change. Flower primordia of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) vines exposed to HAT summers, normally abort. Flower abortion can also be triggered by gibberellin application. We screened for, and identified a genotype capable of reaching anthesis during summer as well as controlled HAT conditions, and also more resistant to gibberellin. Leaves of this genotype contained higher levels of endogenous cytokinin. We investigated a possible connection between higher cytokinin levels and response to gibberellin. Indeed, the effects of gibberellin application were partially suppressed in plants pretreated with cytokinin. Can higher cytokinin levels protect flowers from aborting under HAT conditions? In passion fruit, flowers at a specific stage showed more resistance in response to HAT after cytokinin application. We further tested this hypothesis in Arabidopsis. Transgenic lines with high or low cytokinin levels and cytokinin applications to wild‐type plants supported a protective role for cytokinin on developing flowers exposed to HAT. Such findings may have important implications in future breeding programmes as well as field application of growth regulators.
MtZR1, a PRAF protein, is involved in the development of roots and symbiotic root nodules in Medicago truncatula
Authors: HOPKINS JULIE , PIERRE OLIVIER , KAZMIERCZAK THÉOPHILE , GRUBER VÉRONIQUE , FRUGIER FLORIAN , CLEMENT MATHILDE , FRENDO PIERRE , HEROUART DIDIER , BONCOMPAGNI ERIC 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPRAF proteins are present in all plants, but their functions remain unclear. We investigated the role of one member of the PRAF family, MtZR1, on the development of roots and nitrogen‐fixing nodules in Medicago truncatula. We found that MtZR1 was expressed in all M. truncatula organs. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that MtZR1 expression in M. truncatula roots was mostly limited to the root meristem and the vascular bundles of mature nodules. MtZR1 expression in root nodules was down‐regulated in response to various abiotic stresses known to affect nitrogen fixation efficiency. The down‐regulation of MtZR1 expression by RNA interference in transgenic roots decreased root growth and impaired nodule development and function. MtZR1 overexpression resulted in longer roots and significant changes to nodule development. Our data thus indicate that MtZR1 is involved in the development of roots and nodules. To our knowledge, this work provides the first in vivo experimental evidence of a biological role for a typical PRAF protein in plants.
Salicylic acid‐dependent and ‐independent impact of an RNA‐binding protein on plant immunity
Authors: HACKMANN CHRISTIAN , KORNELI CHRISTIN , KUTYNIOK MAGDALENE , KÖSTER TINO , WIEDENLÜBBERT MATTHIAS , MÜLLER CAROLINE , STAIGER DOROTHEE 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPlants overexpressing the RNA‐binding protein AtGRP7 (AtGRP7‐ox plants) constitutively express the PR‐1 (PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED‐1), PR‐2 and PR‐5 transcripts associated with salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated immunity and show enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Here, we investigated whether the function of AtGRP7 in plant immunity depends on SA. Endogenous SA was elevated fivefold in AtGRP7‐ox plants. The elevated PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5 levels were eliminated upon expression of the salicylate hydroxylase nahG in AtGRP7‐ox plants and elevated PR‐1 levels were suppressed by sid (salicylic acid deficient) 2‐1 that is impaired in SA biosynthesis. RNA immunoprecipitation showed that AtGRP7 does not bind the PR‐1 transcript in vivo, whereas it binds PDF1.2. Constitutive or inducible AtGRP7 overexpression increases PR‐1 promoter activity, indicating that AtGRP7 affects PR‐1 transcription. In line with this, the effect of AtGRP7 on PR‐1 is suppressed by npr (non‐expressor of PR genes) 1. Whereas AtGRP7‐ox plants restricted growth of Pto DC3000 compared with wild type (wt), sid2‐1 AtGRP7‐ox plants allowed more growth than AtGRP7‐ox plants. Furthermore, we show an enhanced hypersensitive response triggered by avirulent Pto DC3000 (AvrRpt2) in AtGRP7‐ox compared with wt. In sid2‐1 AtGRP7‐ox, an intermediate phenotype was observed. Thus, AtGRP7 has both SA‐dependent and SA‐independent effects on plant immunity.
The effect of MC1R variants and sunscreen on the response of human melanocytes in vivo to ultraviolet radiation and implications for melanoma
Authors: Hacker Elke , Boyce Zachary , Kimlin Michael G. , Wockner Leesa , Pollak Thomas , Vaartjes Sam A. , Hayward Nicholas K. , Whiteman David C. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryWe conducted a clinical trial to compare the molecular and cellular responses of human melanocytes and keratinocytes in vivo to solar‐simulated ultraviolet radiation (SSUVR) in 57 Caucasian participants grouped according to MC1R genotype. We found that, on average, the density of epidermal melanocytes 14 days after exposure to 2 minimal erythemal dose (MED) SSUVR was twofold higher than baseline (unirradiated) skin. However, the change in epidermal melanocyte counts among people carrying germline MC1R variants (97% increase) was significantly less than those with wild‐type MC1R (164% increase; P = 0.01). We also found that sunscreen applied to the skin before exposure to 2 MED SSUVR completely blocked the effects of DNA damage, p53 induction, and cellular proliferation in both melanocytes and keratinocytes.