bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfusion imaging of spinal cord contusion: injury-induced blockade and partial reversal by β2-agonist treatment in rats
Authors: Brown Abraham , Nabel Anna , Oh William , Etlinger Joseph D. , Zeman Richard J. 
Published: December 2013

Object
Traumatic injury to the spinal cord results in considerable delayed tissue loss. The authors investigated the extent to which ischemia occurs following contusion-induced spinal cord injury and whether ischemia exacerbates tissue damage that leads to the loss of locomotor function. They also determined if ischemia is reversed with β2–adrenoceptor agonist treatment, which has been established to be neuroprotective following contusion injury.

Methods
The extent and role of circulation loss in spinal cord injury was determined in an established experimental model of contusion injury. The spinal cord dura mater of Wistar rats was exposed by performing a laminectomy at T-8 to T-11. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was then used to measure microcirculation in the exposed spinal cord. After imaging, a moderately severe contusion injury was produced using a weight-drop device unto the exposed dura at T-10. Perfusion imaging was again performed, scans were quantitated, and integrated intensities were compared.

Results
Postinjury imaging revealed an 18%–27% reduction in perfusion in regions rostral and caudal to the injury site, and a 68% reduction was observed at the contusion epicenter. These perfusion losses persisted for at least 48 hours. At 24 hours after injury, some rats were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg of the β2–adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol, which has been shown to promote the partial recovery of locomotor function and spare spinal cord tissue when administered within 2 days after contusion injury. Clenbuterol injection caused a gradual increase in perfusion, which was detectable at 30 minutes postinjection and continued over time, resulting in an 127% overall increase in perfusion at the epicenter 24 hours after treatment.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the occurrence of chronic perfusion loss after contusion contributes to delayed damage and tissue loss. In contrast, β2–adrenoceptor agonist treatment may exert neuroprotection by restoring perfusion, thereby preventing ischemic neurodegeneration. The ability of laser Doppler imaging to measure the loss of perfusion and its restoration upon treatment suggests that it may have clinical utility in the assessment and treatment of spinal cord injury.
Le contrôle de gestion environnemental. État des lieux, état de l'art
Authors: Antheaume Nicolas 
Published: December 2013

Si les définitions du contrôle de gestion et du contrôle des organisations font l’objet d’une littérature abondante, qu’en est-il du contrôle de gestion environnemental, ou éco-contrôle, qui se développe dans certaines organisations, en réponse aux enjeux du développement durable ? Est-il possible aujourd’hui de proposer un cadre conceptuel spécifique pour une pratique en émergence mais encore fragmentaire, et de positionner les outils existants dans ce cadre ? Cet article a pour ambition de répondre à cette question à partir d’un effort de synthèse des travaux existants. Cette synthèse est effectuée tout d’abord à partir d’une revue de littérature portant sur des travaux conceptuels, et normatifs, de définition de la comptabilité environnementale et du contrôle de gestion, pour en déduire les cadres conceptuels sous-jacents. Dans un deuxième temps cette synthèse se poursuit par une revue de littérature sur les outils, pour en effectuer un recensement. En nous appuyant sur ce dernier nous effectuons, parmi nos propres travaux, une sélection de projets de développements d’outils de comptabilité environnementale. Nous analysons les caractéristiques de ces outils afin d’identifier en quoi ils élargissent le contrôle de gestion traditionnel, et comment ils se positionnent dans les cadres conceptuels que nous avons identifiés pour le contrôle de gestion environnemental.
The Moravian Church and the Society of Jesus: American Mission and American Utopia in the Age of Confessionalization
Authors: Křížová Markéta 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
In this article, missions of the Moravian Church in North America in the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century will be compared with missions of the Society of Jesus that took place in New Spain (Mexico) in the period preceding and parallel with the Moravian ones. Through a detailed study of the goals, methods, and results of the mission projects we can better understand the ideological roots and aims of the two specific religious groups and the general intellectual and political atmosphere in Europe of the early modern period.
« L’enfance d’un chef » et les romanciers américains
Authors: Besand Vanessa 
Published: December 2013

Malgré toute l’ambiguïté qui a toujours uni Sartre à l’Amérique du Nord, son attirance pour la littérature romanesque américaine de l’entre-deux-guerres ne s’est jamais démentie. Dans la lignée de ces jeunes auteurs outre-Atlantique que furent Hemingway et Dos Passos, le philosophe et romancier a lui-même proposé une nouvelle manière d’écrire, loin du modèle introspectif français de l’époque, qu’il déplorait, et en vue de représenter, à travers la technique narrative et les jeux de focalisations mêmes, la situation de l’homme dans le monde telle qu’il la concevait en tant que penseur existentialiste. Avant même la trilogie des Chemins de la liberté, c’est la nouvelle « L’enfance d’un chef », parue dans le recueil Le mur en 1939, qui incarne le mieux cette tentative sartrienne. Tout particulièrement séduit par la technique de Dos Passos, auquel il a consacré quelques articles critiques, Sartre cherche ici, à travers son personnage de Lucien Fleurier, jeune homme incapable d’accéder à la liberté et de ce fait véritable contre-exemple dans l’univers sartrien, à énoncer les grands principes de son système de pensée (l’importance capitale de l’action, le refus de la mauvaise foi, l’humanisme existentialiste), non pas seulement à travers le parcours de son protagoniste, mais aussi et surtout à travers la technique narrative (multiplicité des focalisations et des types de discours intérieurs). C’est ainsi que, loin de se cantonner à l’imitation d’une technique américaine qu’il juge novatrice et admirable, il se la réapproprie pleinement en en faisant le permanent miroir de ses propres convictions sur l’homme et sur le monde.
Deux nouveaux mystiques : le sacré selon Bataille et Sartre
Authors: Zenkine Serge 
Published: December 2013

Les relations littéraires entre Jean-Paul Sartre et Georges Bataille, y compris l’article de Sartre sur L’expérience intérieure de Bataille (1943), montrent leurs convergences et divergences sur la question du sacré non-religieux. Sensibles aux expériences extatiques, ils interprètent différemment la connaissance, l’expérience et l’écriture du sacré. Sartre, en critiquant Bataille, cherche à distinguer deux attitudes intellectuelles devant le sacré, intérieure (existentialiste) et extérieure (scientiste) ; Bataille les tient pour inséparables. Sartre, dans ses oeuvres littéraires et philosophiques, isole deux aspects affectifs du sacré (le bonheur et l’angoisse), en les relatant dans différents textes ou dans différents passages d’un texte ; Bataille au contraire les réunit, montrant l’ambiguïté du sacré. Sartre parle du sacré dans des récits bien bâtis ou dans des traités systématiques, tandis que Bataille emploie une écriture fragmentaire, un « sacrifice des mots ». Si le premier traite le sacré théoriquement, à distance, le second le fait pratiquement, se plaçant au coeur de l’absolument autre.
Sartre et la photographie : autour de la théorie de l’imaginaire
Authors: Sawada Nao 
Published: December 2013

Bien qu’il existe de nombreuses études consacrées au thème de Sartre et l’art, la photographie reste encore aujourd’hui un sujet quasi inconnu, voire ignoré. Il est vrai que les mentions de la photographie sont plutôt rares et succinctes dans les textes philosophiques de Sartre. Nous pouvons constater le même phénomène dans les oeuvres romanesques. Pourquoi cette absence ? Qu’est-ce qui explique cette haine de la photo ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous proposons d’analyser le rapport de Sartre à la photographie. Dans un premier temps, nous passons très brièvement en revue la théorie de l’image développée dans L’imagination et L’imaginaire. Dans un deuxième temps, nous examinons les rares scènes où apparaissent les photos dans ses romans. Dans La nausée, Antoine Roquentin a apparemment pris beaucoup de photos pendant ses voyages autour du monde. Mais il parle de ses photos de souvenirs comme des faux passés ou comme un vestige de son véritable vécu. Dans Les chemins de la liberté également, les photos ne jouent qu’un rôle anecdotique et négatif. C’est surtout dans Les mots que nous pouvons trouver les passages les plus significatifs sur la photographie. En se souvenant de son grand-père « photogénique », Sartre brosse le portrait caricatural d’un homme prisonnier de sa propre image charismatique. Et, en contrepartie, il souligne la découverte de sa laideur physique, en se référant à ses photos d’enfance. Ainsi, les photos sont presque toujours convoquées comme des métaphores négatives dans ses textes littéraires. Dans un troisième temps, nous analysons « D’une Chine à l’autre », la préface à l’album de Henri Cartier-Bresson, qui est l’unique texte que Sartre ait consacré à la photographie. Même si l’on ne trouve pas de théorie explicite sur la photo dans ce texte, nous pouvons repérer ce que Sartre apprécie dans certaines photos. Ainsi, à travers cette démarche, nous tâchons, d’une part, de mettre en lumière quelques aspects mal connus du Sartre esthéticien et, d’autre part, de faire une psychanalyse existentielle de Sartre homme à travers sa réticence par rapport à la photographie.
Optimum plant populations for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in a mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and its relevance to rainy season-based cropping systems in south-western Nigeria
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the optimum plant population density for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta). The crops were sown as late and early season crops in 1997 and 1998. Okra was sown at varied spacings to achieve final plant densities of 25000, 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in both monoculture and mixed stands. Intercropping had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting). However, it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture. The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density. Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best and gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons. There was little increase in pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops. The growth and tuber yield of cassava were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density.The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons. The substantial variation in the weather during the two seasons also had greater effect in monoculture than mixed stands. It is concluded that when rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava using population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under the relatively dry conditions. The optimum target suggested is 50000–60000 plants/ha during the wet periods.
Characterization and agronomic value of Italian

landraces of lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Authors: RUSSI L. , FALCINELLI M. 
Published: July 2002

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the most common forage

species in the world. In Italy it is grown on

c. 1 million ha and is one of the most important crops for

restoring soil fertility and for low-input

agriculture. Landraces are still common (73% of the seed market) and 14

are registered in the

National Register of Varieties. However, by 2002, landraces will be removed

from the Register, seed

certification will terminate and seed marketing will be forbidden. The

collection, agronomic

evaluation and characterization of farmer-landraces, still widespread in

central Italy, were the

objectives of the present work, particularly of the most important

morphological and physiological

characters useful for their identification. From 1993 to 1995, 20

landraces were evaluated for dry

matter and seed yield in dense stands, and compared with Casalina, a

local landrace, Boreal, an

improved variety, and Italia Centrale, the registered landrace from central

Italy. From 1992 to 1994,

six landraces were evaluated as spaced plants and 48 morphophysiological

characters were recorded.Several landraces, not differing from the local control, were

significantly more productive than

Boreal. Univariate analysis of variance indicated that although

differences were found in several

characters, they could not be used to distinguish between populations.

Discriminant analysis was

more powerful, and five landraces out of six were clearly distinguished,

with an average of correct

classification of individuals in the group of origin as high as 82%.The ex situ and in situ conservation of lucerne landraces,

their potential role in future breeding

programmes, and the most important characters to be used in discriminant

analysis in the

landrace/variety characterization of allogamous species in

Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium are discussed.
Integration of nitrate cover crops into sugarbeet

(Beta vulgaris) rotations. I. Management and

effectiveness of nitrate cover crops
Authors: ALLISON M. F. , ARMSTRONG M. J. , JAGGARD K. W. , TODD A. D. 
Published: July 2002

Between 1989 and 1993, 17 experiments tested the

effect of cover crop species, sowing date and

destruction date on cover crop dry matter (DM) yield, N

uptake and on soil mineral nitrogen (SMN)

content. All the experiments were carried out in Suffolk,

Norfolk, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire on

sandy-loam textured soils after crops of cereals or

oilseed rape had been harvested. The largest DM

yields were obtained with early sowings and averaged

1·6 t/ha. Cover crop N uptake was less

dependent upon sowing date and averaged 35 kg N/ha.

The average reduction in SMN was from 46

to 32 kg N/ha. Differences between cover crop species

were small when compared with season/site variations.Cereal cover crop DM yields were closely related to the

thermal time accumulated from the first

significant rainfall after sowing, whilst the yields of

non-cereal cover crops were more affected by the

moisture content of the soil at sowing. The amount of

SMN in the soil at sowing had little or no effect

on cover crop yield. The yields of cereal cover crops were

much more predictable than those of non-cereal cover

crops. Water usage by cover crops was estimated to be

20 mm/t DM and large cover

crops delayed the onset of leaching and reduced the

amount of water leached. However, even in dry

autumns and winters, soils are likely to reach field

capacity before the following beet crop is sown.

Due to their large C[ratio ]N ratio (20[ratio ]1) little

N would be mineralized after cover crop destruction. Cover

crops comprising volunteer cereals and weeds often

performed as well as the other cover crops and

in most cases will be the most cost-effective cover crops.
A comparative study of nitrate leaching from
intensively managed monoculture grass and
grass–clover pastures
Authors: HOODA P. S. , MOYNAGH M. , SVOBODA I. F. , ANDERSON H. A. 
Published: July 2002

Nitrate leaching losses from intensively managed monoculture grass
and grass–clover pastures were
measured during 1994–96 at a long-term experimental farm in south-west
Scotland. Field-size
lysimeter plots were established in 1993 on the existing pastures on a
silty clay loam non-calcareous
gley. No fertilizer-N was applied to the grass–clover, while the
monoculture grass was fertilized with
c. 240 kg N ha−1 year−1, but
both swards received 2–3 cattle
slurry applications annually
(120–390 kg total N ha−1 year−1).

The pastures supported 2–3 cuts for silage conservation, and were

grazed by dairy cattle and stocked with sheep during the winter months.Initially, leachate nitrate concentrations from the fertilized grass

were considerably larger than
those from the clover-based pasture, but became similar with time. The

annual nitrate leaching losses
from the grass–clover (24–38 kg NO3-N ha−1)

were less than that from the monoculture grass
(30–45 kg NO3-N ha−1), but the
differences were not large considering the additional fertilizer-N
applied to the latter treatment. Results also suggested that greater leaching
losses occur during a
warmer, drier year, compared to a cooler, wetter year, regardless of the
source of N-input.
The effect of compressibility on turbulent shear flow: a

rapid-distortion-theory and direct-numerical-simulation study
Authors: SIMONE A. , COLEMAN G.N. , CAMBON C. 
Published: July 2002

The influence of compressibility upon the structure of

homogeneous sheared turbulence is investigated. For the case in which

the rate of shear is much larger than the rate of nonlinear

interactions of the turbulence, the modification caused by

compressibility to the amplification of turbulent kinetic energy by

the mean shear is found to be primarily reflected in

pressure–strain correlations and related to the anisotropy of

the Reynolds stress tensor, rather than in explicit dilatational

terms such as the pressure–dilatation correlation or the

dilatational dissipation. The central role of a ‘distortion

Mach number’ Md =

S[lscr ]/a, where S is the mean strain or

shear rate, [lscr ] a lengthscale of energetic structures, and

a the sonic speed, is demonstrated. This parameter has

appeared in previous rapid-distortion-theory (RDT) and

direct-numerical-simulation (DNS) studies; in order to generalize the

previous analyses, the quasi-isentropic compressible RDT equations

are numerically solved for homogeneous turbulence subjected to

spherical (isotropic) compression, one-dimensional (axial)

compression and pure shear. For pure-shear flow at finite Mach

number, the RDT results display qualitatively different behaviour at

large and small non-dimensional times St: when

St < 4 the kinetic energy growth rate increases

as the distortion Mach number increases; for

St > 4 the inverse occurs,

which is consistent with the frequently observed tendency for

compressibility to stabilize a turbulent shear flow. This

‘crossover’ behaviour, which is not present when the mean

distortion is irrotational, is due to the kinematic distortion and

the mean-shear-induced linear coupling of the dilatational and

solenoidal fields. The relevance of the RDT is illustrated by

comparison to the recent DNS results of Sarkar (1995), as well as new

DNS data, both of which were obtained by solving the fully nonlinear

compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The linear

quasi-isentropic RDT and nonlinear non-isentropic DNS solutions are

in good general agreement over a wide range of parameters; this

agreement gives new insight into the stabilizing and destabilizing

effects of compressibility, and reveals the extent to which linear

processes are responsible for modifying the structure of compressible

turbulence.
Co-rotating stationary states and vertical
alignment of geostrophic vortices with thin cores
Authors: SUTYRIN GEORGI G. , McWILLIAMS JAMES C. , SARAVANAN R. 
Published: July 2002

We investigate the evolution of nearby like-sign vortices whose

centres are at different
vertical levels in a stably stratified rotating fluid. We employ two differently
singularized
representations of the potential vorticity distribution in the quasi-geostrophic

equations (QG), in order to elucidate the pair-interaction behaviour previously
seen
in non-singular QG numerical solutions. The first is an analytically tractable
conservative
(Hamiltonian) elliptical-moment model (EM) for thin-core vortices, which

exhibits a regime of very strong horizontal elongation of a vortex in response
to the
strain induced by its partner. We interpret this as an early evolutionary
stage towards
the irreversible dissipative merger and alignment interactions. This interpretation

is strengthened by weakly dissipative numerical solutions of a thin-core
contour-dynamics
model (CD), which exhibit even further progress towards the completion

of these vortex interactions in the same regime.In the EM model we classify the co-rotating stationary states which exist
always
for vertically offset thin-core vortices. However, the mutual strain field
among the
vortices cannot be balanced by co-rotation in a weakly elongated stationary
state for
a certain class of neighbouring, but substantially non-aligned, vortex
configurations,
and our interpretive assumption is that such configurations will rapidly
evolve in
non-singular QG solutions towards a more aligned configuration through
significantly
non-conservative reorganizations of the potential vorticity field. Both
the EM and CD
models show qualitatively similar regime boundaries between evolutions
with weakly
and strongly deformed vortices. In particular, there is a fairly close
correspondence
between the occurrence of strong vortex elongation in the EM solutions
and significant
filamentation and splitting in the CD solutions.
Single drop impact onto liquid films:

neck distortion, jetting, tiny bubble entrainment,

and crown formation
Authors: WEISS DANIEL A. , YARIN ALEXANDER L. 
Published: July 2002

Single drop impact onto liquid films is simulated numerically. Surface tension and

gravity are taken into account, whereas viscosity and compressibility are neglected.

This permits recourse to a boundary-integral method, based on an integral equation

for a scalar velocity potential. Calculations are performed for normal impacts resulting

in axisymmetric flows.For times that are small compared to the characteristic time of impact

2R/w0 (R being the drop radius,

w0 its initial velocity towards the liquid film), it is found that a

disk-like jet forms at the neck between the drop and the pre-existing liquid film, if the

impact Weber number is high enough. This jet can pinch off a torus-shaped liquid

volume at its tip or reconnect with the pre-existing liquid film, thus entraining a torus-

shaped bubble. In reality, both the torus-shaped bubble and liquid torus will decay

according to Rayleigh's capillary instability, thus breaking the cylindrical symmetry.

This mechanism of bubble entrainment differs from those described in literature.For times that are comparable to or larger than the characteristic time of impact,

capillary waves on the film, or the well-known crowns, are obtained again according

to whether the impact Weber number is low or high enough.