bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Interpretation of Data Analysis
Authors: Grolemund Garrett , Wickham Hadley 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis paper proposes a scientific model to explain the analysis process. We argue that data analysis is primarily a procedure to build understanding, and as such, it dovetails with the cognitive processes of the human mind. Data analysis tasks closely resemble the cognitive process known as sensemaking. We demonstrate how data analysis is a sensemaking task adapted to use quantitative data. This identification highlights a universal structure within data analysis activities and provides a foundation for a theory of data analysis. The competing tensions of cognitive compatibility and scientific rigour create a series of problems that characterise the data analysis process. These problems form a useful organising model for the data analysis task while allowing methods to remain flexible and situation dependent. The insights of this model are especially helpful for consultants, applied statisticians and teachers of data analysis.
Does stimulant use impair housing outcomes in low‐demand supportive housing for chronically homeless adults?
Authors: Edens Ellen L. , Tsai Jack , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundRecent research suggests low‐demand housing (ie, not contingent upon abstinence) is effective in helping people exit homelessness, even among recent active substance users. Whether active users of illicit drugs and stimulants have worse housing outcomes than primary alcohol users, however, is unknown.MethodsA total of 149 participants in a multisite supportive housing program who reported high levels of active substance use at program entry were classified as either (1) predominantly “Alcohol Use” (>10 of 30 days alcohol, but not >10 days of drug use) or (2) “Illicit Drug Use” (>10 of 30 days any single illicit drug use with or without alcohol use). Sub‐analysis of the “Illicit Drug Use” group compared participants reporting high levels of “Stimulant Use” (>10 days cocaine, crack, or methamphetamine use) to those with high levels of “Non‐stimulant Use” (>10 days marijuana or other non‐stimulant drug use). Group differences in housing outcomes were examined with mixed model multivariate regression.ResultsDuring 24‐month follow‐up, days housed increased dramatically for both the “Alcohol Use” and the “Illicit Drug Use” groups without significant differences. Sub‐analysis of illicit drug users showed stimulant use was associated with fewer days housed (p = .01) and more days homeless (p = .02) over time.ConclusionsAmong illicit drug users, stimulant users have somewhat less successful housing outcomes than other active drug and alcohol users, though both groups maintained substantial housing improvements in low‐demand housing. (Am J Addict 2014;23:243–248)
Sex differences in smoking cue reactivity: Craving, negative affect, and preference for immediate smoking
Authors: Doran Neal 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesFemale smokers have greater difficulty quitting, possibly due to increased reactivity to smoking‐related cues. This study assessed sex differences in craving, affect, and preference for immediate smoking after cue exposure.MethodsRegular smokers (n = 60; 50% female) were exposed to smoking and neutral cues in separate, counterbalanced sessions. Outcomes included changes in craving and affect and preference for immediate smoking following cue exposure.ResultsFindings indicated that women exhibited greater preference for immediate smoking (p = .004), and reported greater cue‐induced increases in cigarette craving (p = .046) and negative affect (p = .025).Discussion and ConclusionsThese data suggest that women may have greater difficulty inhibiting smoking after cue exposure, possibly as a consequence of greater increases in craving and negative affect.Scientific Significance and Future DirectionsFindings suggest a mechanism that may contribute to greater cessation failure among female smokers. (Am J Addict 2014;23:211–217)
Indirect effects of 12‐session seeking safety on substance use outcomes: Overall and attendance class‐specific effects
Authors: Morgan‐Lopez Antonio A. , Saavedra Lissette M. , Hien Denise A. , Campbell Aimee N. , Wu Elwin , Ruglass Lesia , Patock‐Peckham Julie A. , Bainter Sierra C. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesThis study examined in‐ and post‐treatment mediation effects of a 12‐session dose of Seeking Safety (SS)—an integrative cognitive behavioral treatment for comorbid PTSD and SUDs—on alcohol and cocaine outcomes in comparison to Women's Health Education (WHE) in a seven‐site randomized controlled effectiveness trial.MethodsWomen (n = 353) enrolled in outpatient substance abuse treatment, who had experienced multiple traumas in childhood and/or adulthood and who had comorbid PTSD, were randomly assigned to receive SS or WHE delivered in open enrollment groups for 12 sessions in 6 weeks (unlike the full 25‐topic SS protocol). Data were analyzed under two forms of longitudinal mediation analysis, each accounting for changes over time in group membership and group context, respectively.ResultsWomen in SS, compared to WHE, showed significantly steeper decreases in PTSD frequency and severity, which in turn, showed significant impact in reducing both cocaine and alcohol use. This pattern was strongest for those who completed most of the treatment sessions, which was the majority of patients in the trial; these patterns only emerged during the in‐treatment phase.ConclusionsUse of an integrated approach to PTSD/SUD such as SS can be helpful to more rapidly reduce PTSD, which consequently reduce SUD symptoms, particularly for those who attend most of the available treatment sessions.Scientific SignificanceThis is one of the first studies to illustrate such effects in treating comorbid PTSD and SUD in the context of a highly impaired population delivered by community‐based providers. (Am J Addict 2014;23:218–225)
Alcoholics anonymous and twelve‐step recovery: A model based on social and cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundIn the course of achieving abstinence from alcohol, longstanding members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) typically experience a change in their addiction‐related attitudes and behaviors. These changes are reflective of physiologically grounded mechanisms which can be investigated within the disciplines of social and cognitive neuroscience.ObjectiveThis article is designed to examine recent findings associated with these disciplines that may shed light on the mechanisms underlying this change.MethodLiterature review and hypothesis development.ResultsPertinent aspects of the neural impact of drugs of abuse are summarized. After this, research regarding specific brain sites, elucidated primarily by imaging techniques, is reviewed relative to the following: Mirroring and mentalizing are described in relation to experimentally modeled studies on empathy and mutuality, which may parallel the experiences of social interaction and influence on AA members. Integration and retrieval of memories acquired in a setting like AA are described, and are related to studies on storytelling, models of self‐schema development, and value formation. A model for ascription to a Higher Power is presented.ConclusionThe phenomena associated with AA reflect greater complexity than the empirical studies on which this article is based, and certainly require further elucidation. Despite this substantial limitation in currently available findings, there is heuristic value in considering the relationship between the brain‐based and clinical phenomena described here.Scientific SignificanceThere are opportunities for the study of neuroscientific correlates of Twelve‐Step‐based recovery, and these can potentially enhance our understanding of related clinical phenomena. (Am J Addict 2014;23:300–307)
Epidemiological trends and the advances of treatments of amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) in China
Authors: Sun Hong‐Qiang , Chen Hong‐Mei , Yang Fu‐De , Lu Lin , Kosten Thomas R. 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesAmphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) have quickly spread and been widely abused in many parts of the world, particularly in China. This review focuses on and describes the epidemiological trends and the advances of treatments of ATS in China.MethodsA descriptive study based on literature identified from searches of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979–2013), PubMed databases, hand‐picked references, and online references with emphasis on epidemiology, treatment and traditional Chinese medicine. This review covers some traditional Chinese treatments and their complementary Western approaches.Results and ConclusionsThe epidemiological trends of ATS in China have led to its being 2.2 times the rate of morphine abuse and second only to marijuana abuse. The treatment programs in China have used traditional herbal approaches as well as acupuncture, often in combination with Western medications such as fluoxetine for depression associated with ATS abuse. Other herbal treatments have reversed the cardiac arrhythmias associated with ATS intoxication, and acupuncture has been used successfully for the protracted depressive and somatic symptoms of ATS withdrawal over a period of 3 months.Scientific SignificanceThese traditional Chinese treatments may be increasingly available to the world, but will remain a consistent complementary therapy for ATS in China and the Far East, where ATS has become such a prevalent problem. (Am J Addict 2014;23:313–317)
Injured workers in China: Injustice, conflict and social unrest
Authors: ZHU Ying , CHEN Peter Y. , ZHAO Wei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCompared to other, developed countries, there has been a disproportionately high level of work‐related accidents and ill health in China over the past decade, resulting in increased conflict and unrest, thereby undermining social stability and social harmony. To investigate how key stakeholders address occupational safety and health (OSH) challenges, the authors interview 25 injured workers from five Chinese provinces about: safety practices at work; potential causes of injury; how the workers were treated – or mistreated – when they were injured; and the compensation process, and present recommendations for addressing OSH problems in China, in order to ensure social justice and social harmony.
Ethnic wage gaps in Peru: What drives the particular disadvantage of indigenous women?
Authors: KOLEV Alexandre , SUÁREZ ROBLES Pablo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEthnic inequality in labour market outcomes has long been on the policy agenda across Latin America. Using National Household Survey data, the authors analyse Peru's ethnic wage gap by sex over the period 2005–11. Although the gender wage gap is smaller than the ethnic gap, indigenous women compound both disadvantages. Interpreting the unexplained component of the gap as an upperlimit measure of ethnic discrimination, the authors then decompose the explained component into the discrete effects of individual, job and locational characteristics. Since more of the ethnic wage gap can be explained on these grounds among women, they conclude with targeted policy proposals.
Why acquiesce? Worker reproductive parasitism in the Eastern honeybee (Apis cerana)
Authors: Holmes M. J. , Tan K. , Wang Z. , Oldroyd B. P. , Beekman M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMost societies are vulnerable to rogue individuals that pursue their own interests at the expense of the collective entity. Societies often protect themselves from selfish behaviour by ‘policing’, thereby enforcing the interests of the collective over those of individuals. In insect societies, for example, selfish workers can activate their ovaries and lay eggs, exploiting the collective brood rearing system for individual benefit. Policing, usually in the form of oophagy of worker‐laid eggs, controls selfish behaviour. Importantly, once an effective system of policing has evolved, the incentive for personal reproduction is lost, and ‘reproductive acquiescence’ in which ovary activation is rare or absent is predicted to evolve. Studies of social Hymenoptera have largely supported the prediction of worker ‘acquiescence’; workers of most species where policing is well developed have inactive ovaries. However, the eastern honeybee Apis cerana appears to be an exception. A. cerana colonies are characterized by highly efficient policing, yet about 5% of workers have active ovaries, even when a queen is present. This suggests that the evolution of acquiescence is incomplete in A. cerana. We regularly sampled male eggs and pupae from four A. cerana colonies. Workers had high levels of ovary activation overall (11.7%), and 3.8% of assignable male eggs and 1.1% of assignable male pupae were worker‐laid. We conclude that workers with active ovaries lay their eggs, but these rarely survive to pupation because of intense policing. We then used our findings as well as previously published data on A. cerana and A. mellifera to redo the meta‐analysis on which reproductive acquiescence theory is based. Including data on both species did not affect the relationship between effectiveness of policing and levels of worker reproduction. Their inclusion did, however, seriously weaken the relationship between relatedness among workers and levels of worker reproduction. Our work thus suggests that relatedness among workers does not affect the probability that workers will attempt to reproduce, but that it is coercion by peers that limits worker reproduction.
Colonic diverticular hemorrhage associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, low‐dose aspirin, antiplatelet drugs, and dual therapy
Authors: Nagata Naoyoshi , Niikura Ryota , Aoki Tomonori , Shimbo Takuro , Kishida Yoshihiro , Sekine Katsunori , Tanaka Shohei , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Sakurai Toshiyuki , Yokoi Chizu , Akiyama Junichi , Yanase Mikio , Mizokami Masashi , Uemura Naomi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThe effects of various medications on lower gastrointestinal tract remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), low‐dose aspirin, and antiplatelet drugs associated with diverticular bleeding.MethodsThis prospective study involved patients with diverticulosis who underwent colonoscopy. Alcohol and smoking, medications, and Charlson comorbidity index and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale scores were assessed. The medications evaluated were nine kinds of NSAIDs, two kinds of low‐dose aspirin, 10 kinds of nonaspirin antiplatelet drugs, three kinds of anticoagulants, acetaminophen, and corticosteroids. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated by a logistic regression model.ResultsA total of 911 patients with non‐bleeding diverticula (n = 758) and bleeding diverticula (n = 153) were enrolled. Independent risk factors were alcohol consumption (light drinker, aOR 3.4; ≥ moderate drinker, aOR 3.3), smoking index (≥ 400, aOR 2.0), NSAIDs (aOR 4.6), low‐dose aspirin (aOR 1.9), and nonaspirin antiplatelet drugs (aOR 2.2). The drugs significantly associated with bleeding were loxoprofen (aOR 5.0), diclofenac (aOR 3.1), diclofenac suppository (aOR 8.0), etodolac (aOR 4.9), enteric‐coated aspirin (aOR 3.9), buffered aspirin (aOR 9.9), clopidogrel (aOR 2.5), and cilostazol (aOR 7.3). Dual therapy carried a higher risk than monotherapy (single NSAID, aOR 3.6, P < 0.01; dual, aOR 23, P < 0.01; single antiplatelet drug, aOR 2.0, P < 0.01; dual, aOR 4.1, P < 0.01).ConclusionsBesides alcohol and smoking, NSAIDs, low‐dose aspirin, and antiplatelet drugs are risk factors for diverticular bleeding. The magnitude of risk may differ between different kinds of NSAIDs and antiplatelet drugs, and dual therapy with NSAIDs or antiplatelet drugs increases the risk of bleeding.
Associations of FUT2 and FUT3 gene polymorphisms with Crohn's disease in Chinese patients
Authors: Hu Ding‐yuan , Shao Xiao‐xiao , Xu Chang‐long , Xia Sheng‐long , Yu Li‐qin , Jiang Li‐jia , Jin Jie , Lin Xiu‐qing , Jiang Yi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimFUT2 and FUT3 genes are responsible for the formation of histo‐blood group antigens, which act as binding sites for some intestinal microbes. Several studies suggested that FUT2 gene might affect the intestinal microbiota composition and modulate innate immune responses. However, the effect of FUT2 polymorphisms on Crohn's disease (CD) is uncertain. Our study aimed to analyze associations of CD with FUT2 and FUT3 polymorphisms in Chinese population.MethodsA total of 273 CD patients and 479 controls were recruited. The genotypes of FUT2 (rs281377, rs1047781, and rs601338) and FUT3 (rs28362459, rs3745635, and rs3894326) were detected by SNaPshot analysis.ResultsCompared with controls, homozygote TT of FUT2 (rs1047781) was significantly increased in CD patients (TT vs others; P = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 1.767, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.235–2.528). The haplotype TT formed with FUT2 (rs281377) and (rs1047781) was more prevalent in CD patients than in controls (48.9% vs 43.5%, P = 0.046). Mutant T allele and homozygote TT of FUT2 (rs1047781) were increased in colonic CD patients compared with controls (P < 0.001, OR = 1.843, 95% CI = 1.353–2.512; P < 0.001, OR = 2.607, 95% CI = 1.622–4.191, respectively). Although allele and genotypic distributions of FUT3 were not statistically different between CD patients and controls, mutant allele and genotype of FUT3 (rs28362459) and (rs3745635) were significantly discrepant in three subgroups of CD patients according to lesion locations (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study strongly implicates the polymorphic locus of FUT2 (rs1047781) in CD susceptibility in Chinese population. Mutations of FUT3 (rs28362459) and (rs3745635) might influence the lesion locations in CD patients.
Murine genetic deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS‐/‐) and interstitial cells of Cajal (W/Wv): Implications for achalasia?
Authors: Müller Michaela , Colcuc Sebastian , Drescher Daniel G. , Eckardt Alexander J. , von Pein Harald , Taube Christian , Schumacher Johannes , Gockel Henning R. , Schimanski Carl C. , Lang Hauke , Gockel Ines 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimNitric oxide (NO) is an important inhibitory mediator of esophageal function, and its lack leads to typical features of achalasia. In contrast, the role of intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC‐IM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function is still controversial. Therefore, we examined the function and morphology of the LES in vivo in NO‐deficient (nNOS‐/‐), ICC‐IM‐deficient (W/Wv)‐, and wild‐type (WT) mice.MethodsEsophageal manometry was performed with a micro‐sized transducer catheter to quantify LES pressure, swallow evoked LES relaxation, and esophageal body motility. The LES morphology was examined by semiquantitative analysis of the immunoreactivity (reduction grade I–IV) of neuronal NOS (nNOS), ICC‐IM, and VIP and their correlation with esophageal function.ResultsnNOS‐/‐ in comparison to WT mice showed a significantly higher LES mean resting pressure with an impaired swallow induced relaxation, whereas W/Wv mice had a hypotensive LES with decreased relaxation. W/Wv and nNOS‐/‐ mice demonstrated differing degrees of tubular esophageal dysfunction.The reduced immunoreactivity of nNOS correlated with an increased LES pressure and decreased LES relaxation, respectively. Cajal‐cell reduction correlated with impaired LES relaxation, whereas VIP reduction revealed no correlation with esophageal function.ConclusionsThe reduction of ICC‐IM and nNOS can cause dysfunction of the LES and esophageal peristalsis, whereas VIP reduction seems to have no effect. ICC‐IM and nNOS deficiency might be independent relevant causes of esophageal dysfunction similar to that seen in human achalasia.
An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Carbon Capture and Storage Assessment Methods
Authors: Choptiany John Michael Humphries , Pelot Ron , Sherren Kate 
Published: April 2014

SummaryClimate change is one of the most serious threats facing humankind. Mitigating climate change will require a suite of actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a new technology aimed at mitigating climate change by capturing and storing carbon dioxide, typically in deep geological reservoirs. CCS has risks characteristic of new technologies, as well as risks unique to this technology and its application. Large‐scale CCS decision making is complex, encompassing environmental, social, and economic considerations and requiring the risks to be taken into consideration. CCS projects have been cancelled as a result of inadequate assessments of risks. To date, studies assessing CCS have been limited mostly to environmental, social, and economic fields in isolation from each other, predominantly using life cycle assessments (LCAs), cost benefit analyses (CBAs), or surveys of public perception. LCAs, CBAs, and surveys of public perception all have limitations for assessing difficult multifaceted problems. Incompatibilities across CCS assessment methods have hindered the comparison of the results across these single‐discipline studies and limited the possibility of drawing broader conclusions about CCS development. More standardization across assessment methods, study assumptions, functional units, and assessment criteria for CCS could be beneficial to the integration of multiple study results. We propose a set of criteria, which decision analysts could use to develop CCS‐project–specific criteria lists in order to comprehensively assess a CCS project's viability. This list was created by determining the frequency of use of each criterion in recent studies, with a focus on their use across disciplines.
Time Horizon and Dominance in Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Dyckhoff Harald , Kasah Tarek 
Published: April 2014

SummaryTemporal aspects have traditionally not been recognized adequately in life cycle assessment (LCA). The dynamic LCA model recently proposed offers a significant step forward in the dynamic assessment of global warming impacts. The results obtained with dynamic LCA are highly sensitive to the choice of a time horizon. Therefore, decision making between alternative systems can be critical because conclusions are dependent on the specific time horizon. In this article, we develop a decision‐making methodology based on the concept of time dominance. We introduce instantaneous and cumulative time dominance criteria to the dynamic LCA context and argue why the dominance of an alternative should also imply preference. Our approach allows for the rejection of certain alternatives without the determination of a specific time horizon. The number of decision‐relevant alternatives can thereby be reduced and the decision problem facilitated. We demonstrate our methodology by means of a case study of end‐of‐life alternatives for a wooden chair derived from the original authors of dynamic LCA and discuss the implications and limitations of the approach. The methodology based on time dominance criteria is supplementary to the dynamic LCA model, but does not substitute it. The overall value of this article stretches beyond LCA onto more general assessments of global warming, for example, in policy where the choice of a time horizon is equally significant.