bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamete production patterns, ploidy, and population genetics reveal evolutionary significant units in hybrid water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus)
Authors: Pruvost Nicolas B. M. , Hoffmann Alexandra , Reyer Heinz‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTheEuropean water frogPelophylax esculentusis a natural hybrid betweenP. lessonae(genotypeLL) andP. ridibundus(RR). It reproduces through hybridogenesis, eliminating one parental genome from its germline and producing gametes containing the genome of the other parental species. According to previous studies, this elimination and transmission pattern is very diverse. In mixed populations, where only diploid hybrids (LR) live in sympatry and mate with one or both parental species, the excluded genome varies among regions, and the remaining genome is transmitted clonally to haploid gametes. In all‐hybrid populations consisting of diploid (LR) and triploid (LLRand/orLRR) frogs, diploid individuals also produce gametes clonally (1n in males, 2n in females), whereas triploids eliminate the genome they have in single copy and produce haploid gametes containing the recombined other genome. However, here, too, regional differences seem to exist, and some triploids have been reported to produce diploid gametes. In order to systematically study such regional and genotype differences in gamete production, their potential origin, and their consequences for the breeding system, we sampled frogs from five populations in threeEuropean countries, performed crossing experiments, and investigated the genetic variation through microsatellite analysis. For four populations, one inPoland, two inGermany, and one inSlovakia, our results confirmed the elimination and transmission pattern described above. In oneSlovakian population, however, we found a totally different pattern. Here, triploid males (LLR) produce sperm with a clonally transmitted diploidLLgenome, rather than a haploid recombinedLgenome, andLRfemales clonally produce haploidReggs, rather than diploidLReggs. These differences among the populations in gamete production go along with differences in genomotype composition, breeding system (i.e., the way triploids are produced), and genetic variation. These differences are strong evidence for a polyphyletic origin of triploids. Moreover, our findings shed light on the evolutionary potential inherent to theP. esculentuscomplex, where rare events due to untypical gametogenetic processes can lead to the raise, the perpetuation, and the dispersion of new evolutionary significant lineages which may also deserve special conservation measures.
Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aromatic Ethers by Solvent‐Free Dehydrogenative Aromatization: Mechanism, Scope, and Limitations Under Aerobic and Non‐Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Sutter Marc , Lafon Romain , Raoul Yann , Métay Estelle , Lemaire Marc 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStarting from cyclohexanone derivatives and alcohols, both non‐aromatic precursors, aryl ethers could be synthesized in good yields and with good selectivities in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd/C, in one step, without added solvent, in a reaction vessel open to air. For less reactive substrates, the addition of 1‐octene in a closed system under non‐aerobic conditions improved the conversion. In addition, the catalyst could be recycled several times with no decrease in the yield of the aryl ether. The process was also used with tetralone derivatives and polyols. Several reactions were performed to propose a mechanism for this transformation. The formation of an enol ether followed by a dehydrogenation reaction seem to be the key steps of this reaction.
1,2‐Addition of Alkyl Grignard Reagents to the Nitro Group: Simple Access to 2‐[Alkyl(hydroxy)amino]pyridine N‐Oxides and 2‐Alkylaminopyridine N‐Oxides
Authors: Liu Kun‐Ming , Zhang Fang , Duan Xin‐Fang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe unexpected 1,2‐addition of various alkyl Grignard reagents to nitro groups is described. A simple treatment of a 2‐nitropyridine N‐oxide with an alkyl Grignard reagent results in a 2‐[alkyl(hydroxy)amino]pyridine N‐oxide as the result of a 1,2‐addition to the nitro group. Moreover, 2‐(alkylamino)pyridine N‐oxides can also be obtained from this 1,2‐addition after a reductive workup by using NaBH4/FeCl3. This work shows another facet of the reactions between alkyl Grignard reagents and nitro groups, and provides a simple method for the formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds without a transition metal catalyst.
A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux
Authors: Norris Sarah J. , Brooks Ian M. , Salisbury Dominic J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractParameterizations of the sea spray aerosol source flux are derived as functions of wave roughness Reynolds numbers, RHa and RHw, for particles with radii between 0.176 and 6.61 µm at 80% relative humidity. These source functions account for up to twice the variance in the observations than does wind speed alone. This is the first such direct demonstration of the impact of wave state on the variability of sea spray aerosol production. Global European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts operational mode fields are used to drive the parameterizations. The source flux from the RH parameterizations varies from approximately 0.1 to 3 (RHa) and 5 (RHw) times that from a wind speed parameterization, derived from the same measurements, where the wave state is substantially underdeveloped or overdeveloped, respectively, compared to the equilibrium wave state at the local wind speed.
Number of central lymph node metastasis for predicting lateral lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Authors: Zeng Rui‐chao , Zhang Wei , Gao Er‐li , Cheng Pu , Huang Guan‐li , Zhang Xiao‐hua , Li Quan 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to present our evaluation of the relationship between the number of positive central lymph nodes and lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).MethodsUp to 141 patients with PTMC were divided into 3 groups according to different positive central lymph node classifications as follows: group A, no positive central lymph node; group B, 1 positive central lymph node; and group C, 2 or more positive central lymph nodes.ResultsIncidence of lateral lymph node metastasis was 30.5% (43 of 141). It was significantly high in group C compared with groups A and B, although there was no significant difference between groups A and B. Number of positive central lymph node ≥2, underlying Hashimoto thyroiditis, and extrathyroidal extension were the independent predictive factors for lateral lymph node metastasis on multivariate analysis.ConclusionLateral lymph node metastasis was mainly observed in patients with ≥2 positive central lymph nodes, which is an independent predictive factor for lateral lymph node metastasis. Therefore, ≥2 positive central lymph nodes may be valuable in predicting lateral lymph node metastasis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 101–106, 2014
Serving Highly Vulnerable Families in Home‐Visitation Programs
Authors: Azzi‐Lessing Lenette 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTHome‐visitation programs for families with young children are growing in popularity in the United States. These programs typically seek to prevent child abuse and neglect and/or promote optimal development for infants, toddlers, and/or preschool‐age children. This article focuses on improving the capacity of home‐visitation programs to meet the complex needs of highly vulnerable families with young children. Poverty, maternal depression and substance abuse, and domestic violence are noted as factors that place young children at risk for poor outcomes. The challenges of providing home‐visitation services to families in which these risk factors are present are discussed. Family engagement, matching services to families’ needs, and staff capabilities are highlighted as areas in which improvements can be made to enhance home‐visitation programs’ capacity to serve highly vulnerable families. Recommendations are given for improving the effectiveness of home‐visitation programs in serving these families as well as for addressing policy and research issues related to the further development and evaluation of these programs.
Briefly delayed reinforcement effects on variable‐ratio and yoked‐interval schedule performance
Authors: Holtyn August F. , Lattal Kennon A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMost investigations of briefly delayed reinforcement have involved schedules that arrange a time‐plus‐response requirement. The present experiment examined whether briefly delaying reinforcement on schedules that have a ratio requirement differs from results with schedules that have a time‐plus‐response requirement. Four pigeons responded on a two‐component multiple schedule. One component arranged a variable‐ratio (VR) 50 and the other a variable‐interval (VI) schedule in which the distribution of reinforcers was yoked to the preceding VR schedule. Across a series of conditions, delays were imposed in both schedules. These delays were brief (0.25‐ or 0.5‐s) unsignaled delays and, as control conditions, a 5‐s unsignaled delay and a 0.5‐s delay signaled by a blackout of the chamber. In the yoked‐VI component, the brief unsignaled delay increased response rates in six of nine opportunities and increased the proportion of short interresponse times (IRTs) (<0.4 s) in eight of nine opportunities. In the VR component, the brief unsignaled delay increased response rates and the proportion of short IRTs in only two of nine opportunities. For two of the three pigeons that were exposed to the 5‐s unsignaled delay, response rates and the proportion of short IRTs decreased in both of the components. The 0.5‐s signaled delay did not systematically change response rates nor did it change the distribution of short IRTs relative to the immediate reinforcement condition. The results replicate effects reported with time‐based schedules and extend these observations by showing that changes commonly observed in VI performance with briefly delayed reinforcement are not characteristic of VR responding.
Functional morphology of the Andean climbing catfishes (Astroblepidae, Siluriformes): Alternative ways of respiration, adhesion, and locomotion using the mouth
Authors: De Crop Wannes , Pauwels Elin , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Geerinckx Tom 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAstroblepidae or “climbing catfishes” encompass a single genus of species living in high altitude rivers in the Andes of South America. They are characterized by a specialized head morphology closely resembling their better known, widely radiated sister family Loricariidae, or armored suckermouth catfishes. Existent data show that even though both families share important traits, there are some striking differences as well. Albeit poorly known, Astroblepus species possess a duplicated gill opening, and have the ability to climb vertical rocks or waterfalls. In this study, morphological and kinematic data are combined to yield insights into the functions of the mobile elements of the astroblepid head, and to compare head morphology and biomechanics with those of Loricariidae. We found that, even though there is substantial similarity in head structure of both families, there are major differences in functionally important structures. These include a different lower lip muscle configuration, an alternative oral valve system, and an incurrent gill opening only found in astroblepids. Kinematic analyses confirm that the astroblepid suckermouth, freed from its inhalatory function, offers advantages for climbing in the high‐altitude environment, and is used alternately with the extremely mobile pelvic girdle, in a crawling, nonundulatory motion. J. Morphol. 274:1164–1179, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative study of bioactive compounds in primitive wheat populations from Italy, Turkey, Georgia, Bulgaria and Armenia
Authors: Giambanelli Elisa , Ferioli Federico , Koçaoglu Bike , Jorjadze Marjam , Alexieva Iordanka , Darbinyan Nune , D'Antuono L Filippo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn recent years there has been a considerable interest in the consumption of ancient wheats, often referred to as having superior health‐promoting properties than modern cultivars. The BaSeFood project allowed us to explore the use of primitive wheats in the Black Sea area region and in Italy, with special regard to emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and einkorn (T. monococcum), and to collect seed samples to be grown and compared for their bioactive content, together with some other primitive wheat genotypes (T. timopheevi, T. palaeo‐colchicum, T. macha).RESULTSThe data show that genotype was an important factor controlling phytochemical content. Variability ranges were as follows: lipids (18.0–28.5 g kg−1), tocols (26.6–72.8 mg kg−1), carotenoids (1.6–8.4 mg kg−1), sterols (441–929 mg kg−1) and phenolic compounds (819–1465 mg kg−1) content (dry matter basis). The fraction of individual components, within each class, was also variable; however, the species were well discriminated by their overall composition.CONCLUSIONSThe present research represents a further contribution to the available literature about the analytical composition of primitive wheats, including the complete range of relevant bioactives and lesser investigated species. The data do not support an overall superiority of primitive forms, but evidenced interesting, potentially exploitable, between‐ and within‐species variability. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of bioactive‐rich extracts of pomegranate, persimmon, nettle, dill, kale andSideritisand isolated bioactives on arachidonic acid induced markers of platelet activation and aggregation
Authors: Konić‐Ristić Aleksandra , Srdić‐Rajić Tatjana , Kardum Nevena , Aleksić‐Veličković Vesna , Kroon Paul A , Hollands Wendy J , Needs Paul W , Boyko Nadiya , Hayran Osman , Jorjadze Mariam , Glibetić Maria 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe beneficial effect of fruit‐ and vegetable‐rich diets on cardiovascular health is partly attributed to the effect of their bioactive compounds on platelet function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bioactive‐rich plant extracts and isolated bioactive metabolites on platelet function. Blood samples from healthy subjects (n = 4) and subjects with metabolic syndrome (n = 4) were treated with six extracts of bioactive‐rich plants consumed as traditional foods in the Black Sea region, or with human metabolites of the bioactives quercetin and sulforaphane. Markers of arachidonic acid induced platelet activation and platelet–leucocyte aggregation were assessed using flow cytometry.RESULTSIn subjects with metabolic syndrome, kale extract significantly inhibited agonist induced P‐selectin expression (P = 0.004). Sulforaphane–cysteine–glycine, a human plasma metabolite of the related glucosinolate, glucoraphanin, significantly inhibited P‐selectin and GPIIb–IIIa expression (P = 0.020 and 0.024, respectively) and platelet–neutrophil aggregation (P = 0.027). Additionally, pomegranate extract significantly inhibited GPIIb–IIIa expression (P = 0.046) in subjects with metabolic syndrome. In healthy subjects only dill extract significantly inhibited agonist induced P‐selectin expression (P = 0.025).CONCLUSIONThese data show that bioactive‐rich extracts of kale and pomegranate that are consumed as traditional plant foods of Black Sea area countries were effective in modulating platelet function. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Aroma chemistry of African Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa rice and their interspecific hybrids
Authors: Cho Sungeun , Nuijten Edwin , Shewfelt Robert L , Kays Stanley J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo increase rice production in Africa, considerable research has focused on creating interspecific hybrids between African (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian (O. sativa L.) rice in an attempt to obtain the positive attributes of each in new cultivars. Since flavor is a key criterion in consumer acceptance of rice, as an initial inquiry we characterized and compared the aroma chemistry of selected cultivars of African O. sativa ssp. japonica, O. sativa ssp. indica, O. glaberrima, and their interspecific hybrids grown in West Africa, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–olfactometry and descriptive sensory analysis.ResultsOf 41 volatiles identified across seven representative rice cultivars grown in West Africa, 3,5,5‐trimethyl‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one, styrene, eucalyptol, linalool, myrtenal and l‐α‐terpineol had not been previously reported in rice. Thirty‐three odor‐active compounds were characterized. 4‐Ethylphenol and (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal were unique to O. glaberrima, and pyridine, eucalyptol and myrtenal were described only in an interspecific hybrid. Descriptive sensory analysis indicated ‘cooked grain’, ‘barny’ and ‘earthy’ attributes were statistically different among the cultivars.ConclusionThe aroma chemistry data suggest that it should be possible to separate African cultivars into distinct flavor types thereby facilitating selection of new cultivars with superior flavor in African rice breeding programs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Aroma‐active components of yeast extract pastes with a basic and characteristic meaty flavour
Authors: Lin Meili , Liu Xiaosheng , Xu Qianqian , Song Huanlu , Li Pei , Yao Juan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDAroma‐active compounds, together with sugars, amino acids, fat and nucleotides, are the main chemical species determining the characteristic aroma and taste of food. For selecting yeast extract pastes products with a less undesirable aroma, the aroma‐active compounds that affect the overall consumer acceptance of yeast extract pastes products were analysed in this work.RESULTSThe aroma‐active compounds of yeast extract pastes were extracted by using dynamic headspace extraction or simultaneous distillation extraction, and were detected by gas chromatography–olfactrometry–mass spectrometry in conjunction with dynamic headspace dilution analysis or aroma extract dilution analysis. Sensory results revealed that a meaty, roasted aroma was the dominant of overall aroma. The important aroma‐active compounds referred in this work were mainly aldehydes, acids, ketones, furan derivatives, pyrazines, and sulfur‐containing compounds. Of these, six volatile compounds such as 3‐methylbutanal, 2,3‐butanedione, 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐pyrazin, acetic acid ethenyl ester, 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal had never been reported before as key aroma‐active compounds of yeast extract pastes.CONCLUSIONSThe key aroma‐active compounds were identified in basic and characteristic meaty flavour yeast extract pastes, and their characterisation was determined. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Determining the threshold for asymmetry detection in facial expressions
Authors: Hohman Marc H. , Kim Sang W. , Heller Elizabeth S. , Frigerio Alice , Heaton James T. , Hadlock Tessa A. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo quantify the threshold for human perception of asymmetry for eyebrow elevation, eye closure, and smile, and to ascertain whether asymmetry detection thresholds and perceived severity of asymmetry differ in distinct facial zones.Study DesignOnline survey.MethodsPhotographs of a female volunteer performing eyebrow elevation, eye closure, and smile were digitally manipulated to introduce left‐to‐right asymmetry in 1‐mm increments from 0 mm to 6 mm. One hundred and forty‐five participants viewed these photographs using an online survey, measuring accuracy of asymmetry detection and perceived expression unnaturalness (on a scale of 1–5).ResultsPhotographs of facial asymmetries were correctly judged as asymmetrical over 90% of the time for 2 mm or more of asymmetry in eyelid closure, and 3 mm or more of asymmetry during smiling. Identification of eyebrow elevation asymmetry gradually rose from 23% correct to 97% correct across the range of 1 mm to 6 mm of asymmetry. Greater degrees of asymmetry were ranked as significantly more unnatural across all expressions (3 tests; X2 (6, N = 145) = 405.52 to 656.27, all P <0.001).ConclusionThresholds for asymmetry detection vary across different zones of the face; once detected, asymmetry in eyelid position is perceived as more unnatural than asymmetries in either brow elevation or smile. These data will inform counseling of patients with segmental facial weakness and may provide more objective goals for facial reanimation procedures.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:860–865, 2014
Extent of sinus surgery, 2000 to 2009: A population‐based study
Authors: Pynnonen Melissa A. , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisSinus surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical operations. The objective was to determine if rates of surgery have changed over the last 10 years.Study DesignSecondary data analysis of the State Ambulatory Surgery Database of Florida.MethodsWe calculated population adjusted rates of ambulatory sinus surgery for all adults, 2000 to 2009.ResultThere was a substantial decrease in the proportion of patients who had surgery in a hospital setting and a substantial increase in patients who had surgery with image guidance. Population‐adjusted rates of sinus surgery increased over the study period, from a mean of 104 cases per 100,000 population in 2000 to 129 per 100,000 in 2009 (P <0.001). Procedure rates also increased, from a mean of 226 per 100,000 in 2000 to 316 per 100,000 in 2009 (P <0.001). Rates of frontal sinus procedures more than doubled, and rates of cases in which all four sinuses were treated tripled during the same time period. A greater number of sinus procedures was associated with use of image guidance and high annual surgical case volume. The strongest predictor was the individual surgeon.ConclusionRates of sinus surgery increased over the study period, with more patients undergoing surgery and more procedures per surgical case. The strong association of procedural patterns with specific surgeons in sinusitis care highlights the importance of future investigations to examine training, technological, and reimbursement factors that may influence surgeons' clinical decision making for this common condition.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 124:820–825, 2014
Mechanism of Associations of Neutral Semiflexible Biopolymers in Water: The Xyloglucan Case Reveals Inherent Links
Authors: Muller François , Jean Bruno , Perrin Patrick , Heux Laurent , Boué François , Cousin Fabrice 
Published: July 2013

The mechanisms of association between neutral xyloglucan chains extracted from tamarind seeds are explored. Mesoscale structures involving a few chains are evidenced and monitored by static light scattering and low‐shear viscosity experiments as a function of the xyloglucan concentration, obtained from increasing the dilution of an initial dispersion. The mechanism of association is addressed by means of multiangle dynamic light scattering. The associations exist whether the chains are in the dilute regime or in the semi‐dilute regime and are characteristic of weak interactions. Their progressive loosening by dilution is evidenced and their level depends only on the xyloglucan concentration. The associations are due to a mechanism inherent to the nature of the chains.image