bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative treatments of solid olive residues: Effects on phenolic and fatty acid fractions
Authors: Girardi Fabio , Cichelli Angelo , Perri Enzo , Basti Carla , d'Alessandro Nicola 
Published: January 2014

In the present study, we considered the effects of several chemical treatments of three different olive residues (pomace) of diverse origins, which all involve H2O2. Diluted (40 vol) and concentrated (130 vol; 30% wt) H2O2 was used alone or in combination with Fe sulfate (the Fenton system). The main goal was to oxidize the phenolic substances, as only a dephenolyzed sample can be safely used for applications like soil improvement or as biomass for biogas generation. The o‐diphenols were always oxidized in higher amount than single phenols as demonstrated by data on tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. The Fenton system appears to be a method that can oxidize the phenolic fraction, while leaving only a trace of residual H2O2 inside the pomace. We also considered the effects of these oxidative treatments on the triglycerides. Linoleic acid was largely oxidized, although only in pomace with a low water content and in the presence of the Fenton treatment. Finally, the whole lignocellulose matrix of all of the pomaces was recovered at the end of treatment without any large changes, as shown by the IR spectra of oxidized samples.Practical applications: Modern two‐phase olive‐oil extraction systems have become widely used, and it can be expected that in the near future they will replace traditional extraction plants. Together with many advantages, they also have some disadvantages, such as a greater need for disposal of pomace. Such by‐products can be of value for re‐use in soil improvement, as biomass for generation of biogas, as new ingredients for livestock feed, and as raw material for energy purposes (stone). Often these uses are hindered by the presence of low amounts of derivatives that can cause problems such as inhibition of the biochemical pathways involved. The high amounts of phenols and fatty acids in pomaces represent a serious problem for these supplementary uses. A phenol‐free pomace would allow alternative uses and provide additional economic return from these by‐products.
Ready Access to Alkylidenecyclopentenones by Nazarov Cyclization/β‐Elimination of 2‐Hydroxyalkyl‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones
Authors: Scadeng Owen , West F. G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCross‐conjugated dienones bearing α‐hydroxyalkyl substituents readily undergo Nazarov cyclization followed by deprotonation of the resulting cyclopentenyl cation, and β‐elimination of the exocyclic hydroxy group to form alkylidenecyclopentenones in moderate yield. The deprotonation step occurs with complete regioselectivity opposite to the hydroxyalkyl substituent, with preferential introduction of an endocyclic olefin. The transformation is tolerant of a variety of substituents and occurs under relatively mild conditions.
Total Synthesis of Carbazole Alkaloids – Ekeberginine, Harmandianamine A, and Furanoclausamine B
Authors: Roy Joyeeta , Mal Dipakranjan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe anionic [4 + 2] annulation of 3‐substituted furoindolones with dimethyl maleate provides an expedient route for the synthesis of the title carbazole alkaloids. The employment of this strategy in combination with a Krapcho reaction/retro‐Kolbe–Schmitt reaction has culminated in the first total synthesis of the lactonic carbazoles harmandianamine A and furanoclausamine B and a brief total synthesis of ekeberginine from a prenylated furoindolone. An unusual fragmentation of an ester function during the annulation is also reported.
Characterization and thermal degradation of protective layers in high‐rating fire‐resistant glass
Authors: Wu Miao , Chow W. K. , Ni Xiaomin 
Published: January 2014

SummaryFire‐resistant glass products are considered to have better performance against fire. They are developed to replace conventional glass products. However, the smoke emitted from these products can be potentially harmful during fires and cause injuries or even deaths. Six samples of insulating glass available in the local market were selected. A variety of techniques, including X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric FTIR, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and tubular furnace coupled FTIR spectroscopy, were employed. According to the test results, there are two types of protective layers of the fire‐resistant glass. One consists of water, water‐soluble salt and polyamide with possible presence of alcohols, and the other consists of water metal silicates with possible presence of carboxylate and alcohols. Gases emitted from the protective layers heated in air, in argon and in vacuum are similar. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride are the main components of the gases emitted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery Truck Drivers’ Work Outside Their Cabs: Ergonomic Video Analyses Supplemented with National Accident Statistics
Authors: Reiman Arto , Putkonen Ari , Nevala Nina , Nyberg Mika , Väyrynen Seppo , Forsman Mikael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDelivery truck drivers’ work contains various physically and psychosocially demanding work situations. Fifteen drivers’ and 8 other stakeholders’ identifications of such work situations were examined by video analyses in this study. The identifications were analyzed in‐depth by the researchers and compared with statistics on 3,507 accidents in the Finnish trucking industry. The aim was to determine what kind of identifications were made and to what degree the identifications coincided among the participants and with the accident statistics. The drivers’ identifications differed from the statistics data. The statistics showed a significantly higher relative frequency of movement‐related situations. However, the identifications also included risks for future workload‐related musculoskeletal disorders. Most commonly, these were emphasized during manual materials handling. The participation of different interest groups seems to increase the amount of relevant information obtained. Nonetheless, the age of the evaluator seems not to affect the analyses.
Promoter hypermethylation of the phosphatase DUSP22 mediates PKA‐dependent TAU phosphorylation and CREB activation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sanchez‐Mut Jose Vicente , Aso Ester , Heyn Holger , Matsuda Tadashi , Bock Christoph , Ferrer Isidre , Esteller Manel 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTGenetic screening in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has identified only a handful of genes that are mutated in the disorder. Thus, for a very large proportion of patients, the biology of their disease is poorly understood. Epigenetic alterations may provide an explanation in these cases. Using DNA methylation profiles of human hippocampus from controls and patients, we have identified the presence of promoter hypermethylation of the dual‐specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) gene in AD. DUSP22 is a likely candidate gene for involvement in the pathogenesis of the disorder since, as we demonstrate here, it inhibits PKA activity and thereby determines TAU phosphorylation status and CREB signaling. © 2014 The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geospatial and geostatistical approach for groundwater potential zone delineation
Authors: Mallick Javed , Singh Chander Kumar , Al‐Wadi Hussein , Ahmed Mohd , Rahman Atiqur , Shashtri Satyanarayan , Mukherjee Saumitra 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the past few decades, groundwater has become an essential commodity owing to increased demand as a result of growing population, industrialization, urbanization and so on. The water supply situation is expected to become more severe in the future because of continued unsustainable water use and projected change in hydrometeorological parameters due to climate change. This study is based on the integrated approach of remote sensing, geographical information system and multicriteria decision‐making techniques to determine the most important contributing factors that affect the groundwater resources and to delineate the groundwater potential zones. Ten thematic layers, namely, geomorphology, geology, soil, topographic elevation (digital elevation model), land use/land cover, drainage density, lineament density, proximity of surface water bodies, surface temperature and post‐monsoon groundwater depth, were considered for the present study. These thematic layers were selected for groundwater prospecting based on the literature; discussion with the experts of the Central Ground Water Board, Government of India; field observations; geophysical investigation; and multivariate techniques. The thematic layers and their features were assigned suitable weights on Saaty's scale according to their relative significance for groundwater occurrence. The assigned weights of the layers and their features were normalized by using the analytic hierarchy process and eigenvector method. Finally, the selected thematic maps were integrated using a weighted linear combination method to create the final groundwater potential zone map. The final output map shows different zones of groundwater potential, namely, very good (16%), good (35%), moderate (28%) low (17%) and very low (2.1%). The groundwater potential zone map was finally validated using the discharge and groundwater depth data from 28 and 98 pumping wells, respectively, which showed good correlation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal study assessing lens thickness changes in the eye of the growing beagle using ultrasound scanning: relevance to age of dogs in regulatory toxicology studies
Authors: Maynard Juliana , Sykes Angela , Powell Helen , Healing Guy , Scott Marietta , Holmes Andrew , Ricketts Sally‐Ann , Stewart Jane , Davis Stewart 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe lens is formed in utero with new secondary lens fibres added as outer layers throughout life in a growth pattern characteristic of the species. This study examined the time course of beagle lens growth to better understand the optimal starting age of dogs for safety studies to support adult versus paediatric indications, and to assess the feasibility of non‐invasively monitoring lens growth with high frequency ultrasound. Ultrasound scanning was performed in six female beagle dogs using the Vevo770. All dogs were imaged in B‐mode using local anaesthetic but without sedation. Imaging was carried out every 2 weeks from 8 to 22 weeks of age and then monthly until 62 weeks of age. The dogs tolerated the procedure well. The lens was visible in all dogs and measuring the lens thickness with high frequency ultrasound demonstrated good analytical reproducibility [Root Mean Square (RMS) = 3.13%]. No differences between the left and right eye existed and lens thickness correlated with body weight. The highest weekly growth rate was before 12 weeks of age. A statistically significant difference between monthly thickness was detected until 42 weeks of age at which point growth reached a plateau. During the experiment, lenses grew by 29.7% reaching an average thickness of 6.4 mm ± 0.03. By 10 months of age (the typical age used for routine toxicological evaluation), beagles have reached a plateau in lens growth that is analogous to human adults. Where lens is a target organ of concern it is suggested that beagles under 6 months old may be a better model for determining paediatric safety. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoporosis Screening in Postmenopausal Women 50 to 64 Years Old: Comparison of US Preventive Services Task Force Strategy and Two Traditional Strategies in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Crandall Carolyn J , Larson Joseph , Gourlay Margaret L , Donaldson Meghan G , LaCroix Andrea , Cauley Jane A , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Gass Margery L , Robbins John A , Watts Nelson B , Ensrud Kristine E 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends osteoporosis screening for women younger than 65 years whose 10-year predicted risk of major osteoporotic fracture is ≥9.3%. For identifying screening candidates among women aged 50 to 64 years, it is uncertain how the USPSTF strategy compares with the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) and the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimate (SCORE). We examined data (1994 to 2012) from 5165 Women's Health Initiative participants aged 50 to 64 years. For the USPSTF (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool [FRAX] major fracture risk ≥9.3% calculated without bone mineral density [BMD]), OST (score &lt;2), and SCORE (score &gt;7) strategies, we assessed sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to discriminate between those with and without femoral neck (FN) T-score ≤−2.5. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for identifying FN T-score ≤−2.5 were 34.1%, 85.8%, and 0.60 for USPSTF (FRAX); 74.0%, 70.8%, and 0.72 for SCORE; and 79.8%, 66.3%, and 0.73 for OST. The USPSTF strategy identified about one-third of women aged 50 to 64 years with FN T-scores ≤−2.5. Among women aged 50 to 64 years, the USPSTF strategy was modestly better than chance alone and inferior to conventional SCORE and OST strategies in discriminating between women with and without FN T-score ≤−2.5. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Gene delivery in malignant B cells using the combination of lentiviruses conjugated to anti‐transferrin receptor antibodies and an immunoglobulin promoter
Authors: Leoh Lai Sum , Morizono Kouki , Kershaw Kathleen M. , Chen Irvin S. Y. , Penichet Manuel L. , Daniels‐Wells Tracy R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe previously developed an antibody‐avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) specific for the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1; CD71) to be used as a delivery vector for cancer therapy and showed that ch128.1Av delivers the biotinylated plant toxin saporin‐6 into malignant B cells. However, as a result of widespread expression of TfR1, delivery of the toxin to normal cells is a concern. Therefore, we explored the potential of a dual targeted lentiviral‐mediated gene therapy strategy to restrict gene expression to malignant B cells. Targeting occurs through the use of ch128.1Av or its parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) and through transcriptional regulation using an immunoglobulin promoter.MethodsFlow cytometry was used to detect the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in a panel of cell lines. Cell viability after specific delivery of the therapeutic gene FCU1, a chimeric enzyme consisting of cytosine deaminase genetically fused to uracil phosphoribosyltransferse that converts the 5‐fluorocytosine (5‐FC) prodrug into toxic metabolites, was monitored using the MTS or WST‐1 viability assay.ResultsWe found that EGFP was specifically expressed in a panel of human malignant B‐cell lines, but not in human malignant T‐cell lines. EGFP expression was observed in all cell lines when a ubiquitous promoter was used. Furthermore, we show the decrease of cell viability in malignant plasma cells in the presence of 5‐FC and the FCU1 gene.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that gene expression can be restricted to malignant B cells and suggests that this dual targeted gene therapy strategy may help to circumvent the potential side effects of certain TfR1‐targeted protein delivery approaches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic detection of anatomical landmarks on the knee joint using MRI data
Authors: Xue Ning , Doellinger Michael , Ho Charles P. , Surowiec Rachel K. , Schwarz Raphael 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo propose a new automated learning‐based scheme for locating anatomical landmarks on the knee joint using three‐dimensional (3D) MR image data.Materials and MethodsThis method makes use of interest points as candidates for landmarks. All candidates are evaluated by a “coarse to fine” 3D feature descriptor computed from manually placed landmarks in training datasets. The results are refined using a multi‐classifier boosting system. We demonstrate our method by the detection of 24 landmarks on the knee joint of 35 subjects. To verify the robustness, the test datasets differ in contrast, resolution, patient positioning, and health condition of the knee joint. The proposed method is evaluated by measuring the distance between manually placed landmarks and automatically detected landmarks and the computational cost for detecting one landmark in a 3D dataset.ResultsThe results reveal that the method is capable of localizing landmarks with a reasonable accuracy (1.64 ± 1.03 mm [mean ± standard deviation]), sensitivity (97%) and run time efficiency (4.82 s).ConclusionThis study suggests that the proposed method is an accurate and robust approach for the automated landmark detection in various MR datasets. The proposed method can be used as the initialization or constraint in higher level medical image processing workflows such as in kinematic description, segmentation and registration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:183–192. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of volumetric and single‐slice MRI adipose analysis using a novel fully automated segmentation method
Authors: Addeman Bryan T. , Kutty Shelby , Perkins Thomas G. , Soliman Abraam S. , Wiens Curtis N. , McCurdy Colin M. , Beaton Melanie D. , Hegele Robert A. , McKenzie Charles A. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo validate a fully automated adipose segmentation method with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fat fraction abdominal imaging. We hypothesized that this method is suitable for segmentation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intra‐abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) in a wide population range, easy to use, works with a variety of hardware setups, and is highly repeatable.Materials and MethodsAnalysis was performed comparing precision and analysis time of manual and automated segmentation of single‐slice imaging, and volumetric imaging (78–88 slices). Volumetric and single‐slice data were acquired in a variety of cohorts (body mass index [BMI] 15.6–41.76) including healthy adult volunteers, adolescent volunteers, and subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipodystrophies. A subset of healthy volunteers was analyzed for repeatability in the measurements.ResultsThe fully automated segmentation was found to have excellent agreement with manual segmentation with no substantial bias across all study cohorts. Repeatability tests showed a mean coefficient of variation of 1.2 ± 0.6% for SAT, and 2.7 ± 2.2% for IAAT. Analysis with automated segmentation was rapid, requiring 2 seconds per slice compared with 8 minutes per slice with manual segmentation.ConclusionWe demonstrate the ability to accurately and rapidly segment regional adipose tissue using fat fraction maps across a wide population range, with varying hardware setups and acquisition methods. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:233–241. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship of computed tomography perfusion and positron emission tomography to tumour progression in malignant glioma
Authors: Yeung Timothy P. C. , Yartsev Slav , Lee Ting‐Yim , Wong Eugene , He Wenqing , Fisher Barbara , VanderSpek Lauren L. , Macdonald David , Bauman Glenn 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to explore the potential for computed tomography (CT) perfusion and 18‐Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in predicting sites of future progressive tumour on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.MethodsTen patients underwent pre‐radiotherapy magnetic resonance (MR), FDG‐PET and CT perfusion near the end of radiotherapy and repeated post‐radiotherapy follow‐up MR scans. The relationships between these images and tumour progression were assessed using logistic regression. Cross‐validation with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the value of these images in predicting sites of tumour progression.ResultsPre‐radiotherapy MR‐defined gross tumour; near‐end‐of‐radiotherapy CT‐defined enhancing lesion; CT perfusion blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV) and permeability‐surface area (PS) product; FDG‐PET standard uptake value (SUV); and SUV:BF showed significant associations with tumour progression on follow‐up MR imaging (P < 0.0001). The mean sensitivity (±standard deviation), specificity and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PS were 0.64 ± 0.15, 0.74 ± 0.07 and 0.72 ± 0.12 respectively. This mean AUC was higher than that of the pre‐radiotherapy MR‐defined gross tumour and near‐end‐of‐radiotherapy CT‐defined enhancing lesion (both AUCs = 0.6 ± 0.1, P ≤ 0.03). The multivariate model using BF, BV, PS and SUV had a mean AUC of 0.8 ± 0.1, but this was not significantly higher than the PS only model.ConclusionPS is the single best predictor of tumour progression when compared to other parameters, but voxel‐based prediction based on logistic regression had modest sensitivity and specificity.
An investigation of the effect of transient climate change on snowmelt, flood frequency and timing in northern Britain
Authors: Kay A. L. , Crooks S. M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTClimate change is almost certain to affect snow and ice processes. Even at lower latitudes, changes in snow cover at high altitudes can significantly affect catchment hydrology. This article uses data from a transient Regional Climate Model projection (HadRM3Q0) for 1950–2099 (A1B emissions) to drive hydrological models for three nested catchments on the river Dee in north‐east Scotland, to assess potential changes in flood frequency and timing using annual maxima and moving‐window analyses. Some results are also shown for an upland catchment in northern England. Modelling is performed both with and without a snow module, to demonstrate the effects of snowfall/melt and how these change through time and vary between catchments. Modelled changes in flood magnitude and timing are nonlinear, with most changes for daily mean flows not significant. For longer duration (30‐day) flows with snow there are significant decreases in peak magnitude, particularly for the smaller higher altitude Dee catchments, with peaks occurring months earlier in future (changes without snow are generally not significant). There is a general convergence in results with and without snow later in the period, as snow processes become less important, but convergence occurs at different times for different catchments and occurs differently for daily and 30‐day peak flows due to the differential effects of snow at different durations. This not only highlights the importance of including snow processes for such catchments, particularly for longer duration flows, but also highlights the complexity of interactions: Physical catchment properties, the balance between precipitation occurrence and temperature, and how this balance alters as the climate changes will each be critical in determining the impact on the magnitude and timing of peak flows, making it hard to generalize results.