bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the role of psychological inflexibility, perspective taking, and empathic concern in generalized prejudice
Authors: Levin Michael E. , Luoma Jason B. , Vilardaga Roger , Lillis Jason , Nobles Richard , Hayes Steven C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractResearch to‐date on generalized prejudice has focused primarily on personality factors. Further work is needed identifying manipulable variables that directly inform antiprejudice interventions. This study examined three such variables: empathic concern, perspective taking, and psychological inflexibility/flexibility with prejudiced thoughts, as a test of the flexible connectedness model. A sample of 604 undergraduate students completed online surveys. A model indicated prejudice measures loaded onto a latent variable of generalized prejudice. In a second model, psychological inflexibility, flexibility, empathic concern, and perspective taking were all significant, independent predictors of generalized prejudice. Psychological inflexibility also predicted prejudice above and beyond personality and general inflexibility variables. Results suggest the three components of the flexible connectedness model may be important targets for prejudice interventions.
The Effects of Relative Changes in CEO Equity Incentives on the Cost of Corporate Debt
Authors: Prevost Andrew K. , Devos Erik , Rao Ramesh P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examine how effort and risk incentives embedded in CEO equity incentives are related to the cost of debt and the role credit worthiness plays in this relationship. Our empirical approach addresses a number of unanswered questions in the literature by examining the sources and effects of co‐movements in CEO incentives, whether the proportionality of these movements is rationally priced, and whether the effects are concentrated among bonds with greater likelihood of default. Our findings confirm that effort and risk incentives are rationally priced by bond market participants. We also show that significant cross‐sectional effects are more pronounced for speculative bonds, implying that previously documented links between equity incentives and the cost of debt may not be generalizable to all debt issues.
Dividend Irrelevance and Accounting Models of Value
Authors: Rees William , Valentincic Aljosa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn accounting models of value, dividends typically appear to have a strong positive relationship with value despite theoretical reasons to expect dividend displacement. We show that this result is driven by the relationship between dividends and both core earnings and other information derived from the valuation error in the prior year. Where core earnings can be effectively modelled in a specification including other information, dividend displacement is no longer rejected. Under these circumstances dividends exhibit weak incremental predictive power for earnings and earnings expectations and hence have little impact on value. We show that valuation models are sensitive to model specification and should be used with caution when testing the value impact of firm characteristics or accounting numbers.
Using Public Health Legal Counsel Effectively: Beliefs, Barriers and Opportunities for Training
Authors: Kaufman Nancy , Allan Susan , Ibrahim Jennifer 
Published: October 2015

Laws, ordinances, regulations, and executive orders create the powers and duties of public health agencies and modify the complex community conditions that affect health. Appropriately trained legal counsel serving as legal advisors on the health officer's team facilitate clear understanding of the legal basis for public health interventions and access to legal tools for carrying them out.Legal counsel serve public health agencies via different organizational arrangements — e.g., internal staff counsel, external counsel from the state attorney general's (AG) office, state health department, county or city, or private counsel under contract, or in combination. As of 2011, most state health departments (63%) employ their own counsel, and 56% use AG counsel, while 17% contract with independent attorneys; most local health departments (66%) work with attorneys and legal staff assigned by local government, by the state health agency (23%), or contract with outside attorneys and legal staff (15%).
When Law is Not Law: Setting Aside Legal Provisions during Declared Emergencies
Authors: Orenstein Daniel G. 
Published: October 2015

During an emergency, laws serve crucial functions, including clarifying responsibilities, authorizing critical interventions, and protecting vulnerable populations. However, provisions of existing laws designed for normal, non-emergency circumstances may sometimes hinder emergency response efforts, thereby potentially endangering the public's health rather than protecting it. Pursuant to declared states of emergency, disaster, or public health emergency, however, the legal landscape changes in several important ways. Interventions not legally permissible under non-emergency circumstances become available. One key example is authority to temporarily waive legal provisions that may impede emergency response efforts, such as professional licensing requirements, facility capacity limitations, pharmaceutical pedigree obligations, and state contract restrictions, among other laws spanning a host of legal spheres.This article examines the structure and use of waiver authority in emergencies. It provides recent examples of waivers and analyzes potential application to a hypothetical emergency scenario.
Is There a Right Time to Know?: The Right Not to Know and Genetic Testing in Children
Authors: Borry Pascal , Shabani Mahsa , Howard Heidi Carmen 
Published: October 2015

In the last few decades, great progress has been made in both genetic and genomic research. The development of the Human Genome Project has increased our knowledge of the genetic basis of diseases and has given a tremendous momentum to the development of new technologies that make widespread genetic testing possible and has increased the availability of previously inaccessible genetic information. Two examples of this exponential evolution are the increasing implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies in the clinical context and the expanding commercial offer of genetic tests directly-to-consumers.Firstly, the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies (i.e., high-throughput and massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies) has substantially reduced both the cost and the time required to sequence an entire human genome. These technologies are increasingly being used in the clinical setting with the goal of diagnosing conditions of presumed genetic origin that cannot be explained by targeted sequencing approaches.
Automatic recognition of myeloma cells in microscopic images using bottleneck algorithm, modified watershed and SVM classifier
Authors: SAEEDIZADEH Z. , MEHRI DEHNAVI A. , TALEBI A. , RABBANI H. , SARRAFZADEH O. , VARD A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPlasma cells are developed from B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells that is generated in the bone marrow. The plasma cells produce antibodies to fight with bacteria and viruses and stop infection and disease. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that collections of abnormal plasma cells (myeloma cells) accumulate in the bone marrow. The definitive diagnosis of multiple myeloma is done by searching for myeloma cells in the bone marrow slides through a microscope. Diagnosis of myeloma cells from bone marrow smears is a subjective and time‐consuming task for pathologists. Also, because of depending on final decision on human eye and opinion, error risk in decision may occur. Sometimes, existence of infection in body causes plasma cell's increment which could be diagnosed wrongly as multiple myeloma. The computer diagnostic process will reduce the diagnostic time and also can be worked as a second opinion for pathologists.This study presents a computer‐aided diagnostic method for myeloma cells diagnosis from bone marrow smears. At first, white blood cells consist of plasma cells and other marrow cells are separated from the red blood cells and background. Then, plasma cells are detected from other marrow cells by feature extraction and series of decision rules. Finally, normal plasma cells and myeloma cells could be classified easily by a classifier.This algorithm is applied on 50 digital images that are provided from bone marrow aspiration smears. These images contain 678 cells: 132 normal plasma cells, 256 myeloma cells and 290 other types of marrow cells. Applying the computer‐aided diagnostic method for identifying myeloma cells on provided database showed a sensitivity of 96.52%; specificity of 93.04% and precision of 95.28%.
Post‐thinning using Ar ion‐milling system for transmission electron microscopy specimens prepared by focused ion beam system
Authors: LEE MIN‐HEE , KIM KYOU‐HYUN 
Published: October 2015

SummaryWe investigate Ar ion‐milling rates and Ga‐ion induced damage on sample surfaces of Si and GaAs single crystals prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) method for transmission electron microscopy observation. The convergent beam electron diffraction technique with Bloch simulation is used to measure the thickness of the Ar‐ion milled samples to calculate the milling rates of Si and GaAs single crystals. The measurement shows that an amorphous layer is formed on the sample surface and can be removed by further Ar‐ion milling. In addition, the local symmetry breaking induced by FIB is investigated using quantitative symmetry measurement. The FIBed‐GaAs sample shows local symmetry breaking after FIB milling, although the FIBed‐Si sample has no considerable symmetry breaking.
Acquisition and Utilization of Information About Alcohol Use in Pregnancy Among Australian Pregnant Women and Service Providers
Authors: Loxton Deborah , Chojenta Catherine , Anderson Amy E. , Powers Jennifer R. , Shakeshaft Anthony , Burns Lucy 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionBecause of an unknown safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and inconsistent alcohol guidelines for pregnant women, it is unclear what information is being circulated with regard to alcohol use and pregnancy. This study aimed to explore how pregnant women and service providers acquire and utilize information about alcohol use during pregnancy.MethodsThis qualitative study involved 10‐minute semistructured interviews with 74 mothers of young children and focus groups with 14 service providers in urban and rural areas of New South Wales in 2008 and 2009. Mothers were asked about their use of pregnancy‐related services, social support, and their perceptions about advice they received about alcohol use during pregnancy. Service providers were asked about what they knew about recommended alcohol use during pregnancy, how they knew it, and how they communicated this information to pregnant clients.ResultsWomen and service providers expressed uncertainty about what the alcohol recommendations were for pregnant women. Health care providers were inclined to discuss alcohol use with women they perceived to be high risk but not otherwise. Women felt pressure to both drink and not drink during their pregnancies. Those who drank discounted abstinence messages and reported a process of internal bargaining on issues such as the stage of their pregnancy and the type of beverages they consumed. Those who abstained did so mainly because they were afraid of being held responsible for any problems with their pregnancies or infants that might have occurred from drinking.DiscussionConfusion surrounding the recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy, inconsistency in addressing alcohol use with pregnant women, information overload, and a perceived culture of drinking appear to contribute to the high proportion of Australian women drinking during pregnancy.
Side Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Are Associated with Depression in Chinese Individuals with HIV: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ti 
Published: October 2015

Purpose/AimThis study examined experiences of antiretroviral therapy (ART) side effects among Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS and evaluating their relationship with depressive mood.HypothesesChinese individuals with HIV who had severe ART side effect symptoms will experience more depression compare to individuals who had less side effect symptoms from ART.BackgroundA national ART is now widely available in China. This growing availability of ART has changed the prospect of HIV/AIDS management. Although some patients with HIV can overcome initial side effects, without appropriate treatments, side effects could lead to challenging situations, including decreasing adherence and quality of life.DesignThis mixed methods study was conducted from July 2005 to March 2008 at Beijing's Ditan Hospital. Inclusion criteria were individuals who were HIV positive, Mandarin‐speaking, at least 18 years old, and willing to and physically capable of participating.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted in Mandarin with 29 individuals. Interviews took one hour and were conducted in a private office at the hospital. A quantitative survey was developed, tested, and administered to 120 individuals.ResultsCommon symptoms included digestive discomfort, pancreatitis skin issues, numbness, memory loss, nightmares, and dizziness. These side effects not only brought physical discomfort, but also interfered with everyday activities. Multiple regression analysis revealed that participatns who suffered from more severe side effects were more depressed after controlling for effects of social support, knowledge of the medications, and general health.ConclusionsAntiretroviral therapy side effects are one of the reasons that Chinese individuals with HIV/AIDS delay or stop taking the medicine. The psychological and physical demands of coping with medication side effects can be overwhelming. Enhanced social support and educating patients with HIV/AIDS on up‐to‐date ART knowledge might enhance adherence. Self‐management intervention should be developed and included in the ART initiation counseling and carefully followed thereafter.
Vegetarian diet and reduced uterine fibroids risk: A case–control study in Nanjing, China
Authors: Shen Yang , Wu Yanting , Lu Qing , Ren Mulan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate whether a vegetarian diet correlates with a potential reduced risk of uterine fibroids.Material and MethodsWe used data from a case–control study conducted in Southeast University Zhongda Hospital between February 2010 and December 2014. Cases included 600 Chinese Han women with uterine fibroids (case group) whose clinical diagnosis dated back no more than 1 year. Controls were 600 patients without uterine fibroids as well as healthy volunteers (control group). All of the information gathered through the questionnaire survey was analyzed for the risk factors of the uterine fibroids pathogenesis.ResultsThe multifactor analysis showed that women with uterine fibroids reported a less frequent consumption of broccoli (odds ratio [OR]: 0.552; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.316–0.964), cabbage (OR: 0.446; 95%CI: 0.211–0.943), Chinese cabbage (OR: 0.311; 95%CI: 0.102–0.946), tomato (OR: 0.453; 95%CI: 0.241–0.853), and apple (OR: 0.416; 95%CI: 0.213–0.814) (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe original evidence from this epidemiological investigation shows that a high consumption of broccoli, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, tomato and apple seems to be a protective factor for uterine fibroids. We suggest that greater intake of fresh fruits and cruciferous vegetables may be able to reduce the incidence of uterine fibroids.
Introducing infant and young child feeding indicators into national nutrition surveillance systems: lessons from Vietnam
Authors: Hajeebhoy Nemat , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Tran Do Thanh , de Onis Mercedes 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA comprehensive set of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators for international use was published in 2008. We describe the process followed to incorporate these indicators into Vietnam's National Nutrition Surveillance System (NNSS).Following its establishment in 1980, the National Institute of Nutrition introduced the Vietnam NNSS to provide an evidence base for nutrition interventions. While anthropometric indicators based on international standards were regularly used for programme purposes, data on IYCF could not be collected with similar rigor until 2010.In 2009, with support from Alive & Thrive and UNICEF, the NNSS questionnaire was reviewed and additional content incorporated to measure IYCF practices. The tool was pilot‐tested in 10 provinces and revised before nationwide roll‐out in 2010.The tool comprises four pages, the first three of which focus on collecting data relating to maternal nutrition and IYCF. The last page is flexibly designed to incorporate planners’ data requests for other relevant activities (e.g. mass media interventions, food security). Once analysed, the data are presented in a report comprising provincial profiles and maps illustrating IYCF practices. Importantly, the IYCF data have been used for policy advocacy (e.g. maternity leave legislation, advertisement law), programme planning, trend monitoring and capacity building.Adoption of the IYCF indicators was successful due to strategic timing, a phased approach, buy‐in from stakeholders and capacity building at all levels to ensure the quality and use of data. Further revisions to the NNSS (e.g. sampling methodology, quality assurance systems) will be important to ensure the reliability of indicators.
Key principles to improve programmes and interventions in complementary feeding
Authors: Lutter Chessa K , Iannotti Lora , Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary , Guyon Agnes , Daelmans Bernadette , Robert Rebecca , Haider Rukhsana 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough there are some examples of successful complementary feeding programmes to promote healthy growth and prevent stunting at the community level, to date there are few, if any, examples of successful programmes at scale. A lack of systematic process and impact evaluations on pilot projects to generate lessons learned has precluded scaling up of effective programmes. Programmes to effect positive change in nutrition rarely follow systematic planning, implementation, and evaluation (PIE) processes to enhance effectiveness over the long term. As a result a set of programme‐oriented key principles to promote healthy growth remains elusive. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by proposing a set of principles to improve programmes and interventions to promote healthy growth and development. Identifying such principles for programme success has three requirements: rethinking traditional paradigms used to promote improved infant and young child feeding; ensuring better linkages to delivery platforms; and, improving programming. Following the PIE model for programmes and learning from experiences from four relatively large‐scale programmes described in this paper, 10 key principles are identified in the areas of programme planning, programme implementation, programme evaluation, and dissemination, replication, and scaling up. Nonetheless, numerous operational research questions remain, some of which are highlighted in this paper.
Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes
Authors: Castellanos M. C. , González‐Martínez S. C. , Pausas J. G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe strong association observed between fire regimes and variation in plant adaptations to fire suggests a rapid response to fire as an agent of selection. It also suggests that fire‐related traits are heritable, a precondition for evolutionary change. One example is serotiny, the accumulation of seeds in unopened fruits or cones until the next fire, an important strategy for plant population persistence in fire‐prone ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the potential of this trait to respond to natural selection in its natural setting. For this, we use a SNP marker approach to estimate genetic variance and heritability of serotiny directly in the field for two Mediterranean pine species. Study populations were large and heterogeneous in climatic conditions and fire regime. We first estimated the realized relatedness among trees from genotypes, and then partitioned the phenotypic variance in serotiny using Bayesian animal models that incorporated environmental predictors. As expected, field heritability was smaller (around 0.10 for both species) than previous estimates under common garden conditions (0.20). An estimate on a subset of stands with more homogeneous environmental conditions was not different from that in the complete set of stands, suggesting that our models correctly captured the environmental variation at the spatial scale of the study. Our results highlight the importance of measuring quantitative genetic parameters in natural populations, where environmental heterogeneity is a critical aspect. The heritability of serotiny, although not high, combined with high phenotypic variance within populations, confirms the potential of this fire‐related trait for evolutionary change in the wild.
The Origins ofWalterBenjamin's Concept of Philosophical Critique
Authors: Procyshyn Alexei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFocusing onWalterBenjamin's earliest pieces dedicated to school reform and the student movement, this article traces the basic critical approaches informing his mature thought back to his struggle to critically implement and transform the theory of concept formation and value presentation developed by hisFreiburg teacher,HeinrichRickert. It begins with an account ofRickert's work, specifically of the concept ofDarstellung(presentation) and its central role inRickert'spostmetaphysicaltheory of historical research (which he characterizes as exclusively concerned with theKantianquid juris). It shows that Rickert develops a speculative but practical theory of value recognition, which nevertheless leaves the status of value itself undetermined.ContraRickert,Benjamin returns to the ignoredquid facti, or origin of value, and shows that a metacritical, postmetaphysical approach such asRickert's ultimatelylimitspossible experience rather than grounding it. This basic insight, it is argued, is the cornerstone ofBenjamin's concept of critique.
Alief and Explanation
Authors: Hubbs Graham 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article critiques the much‐discussed notion of alief recently introduced by Tamar Gendler. The narrow goal is to show that the notion is explanatorily unnecessary; the broader goal is to demonstrate the importance of making explicit one's explanatory framework when offering a philosophical account of the mind. After introducing the concept of alief and the examples Gendler characterizes in terms of it, the article examines the explanatory framework within which appeal to such a concept can seem necessary. This framework, it argues, is a generalization of the belief‐desire account of action. Although Gendler introduces the notion of alief in an attempt to move beyond the belief‐desire account, it argues that she nevertheless works within a generalized version of its explanatory structure. Once the framework is made explicit, we find no explanatory need that requires introducing the notion of alief into our account of the mind.