bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great Colorado Flood of September 2013
Authors: Gochis David , Schumacher Russ , Friedrich Katja , Doesken Nolan , Kelsch Matt , Sun Juanzhen , Ikeda Kyoko , Lindsey Daniel , Wood Andy , Dolan Brenda , Matrosov Sergey , Newman Andrew , Mahoney Kelly , Rutledge Steven , Johnson Richard , Kucera Paul , Kennedy Pat , Sempere-Torres Daniel , Steiner Matthias , Roberts Rita , Wilson Jim , Yu Wei , Chandrasekar V. , Rasmussen Roy , Anderson Amanda , Brown Barbara 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
During the second week of September 2013, a seasonally uncharacteristic weather pattern stalled over the Rocky Mountain Front Range region of northern Colorado bringing with it copious amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. This feed of moisture was funneled toward the east-facing mountain slopes through a series of mesoscale circulation features, resulting in several days of unusually widespread heavy rainfall over steep mountainous terrain. Catastrophic flooding ensued within several Front Range river systems that washed away highways, destroyed towns, isolated communities, necessitated days of airborne evacuations, and resulted in eight fatalities. The impacts from heavy rainfall and flooding were felt over a broad region of northern Colorado leading to 18 counties being designated as federal disaster areas and resulting in damages exceeding $2 billion (U.S. dollars). This study explores the meteorological and hydrological ingredients that led to this extreme event. After providing a basic timeline of events, synoptic and mesoscale circulation features of the event are discussed. Particular focus is placed on documenting how circulation features, embedded within the larger synoptic flow, served to funnel moist inflow into the mountain front driving several days of sustained orographic precipitation. Operational and research networks of polarimetric radar and surface instrumentation were used to evaluate the cloud structures and dominant hydrometeor characteristics. The performance of several quantitative precipitation estimates, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and hydrological forecast products are also analyzed with the intention of identifying what monitoring and prediction tools worked and where further improvements are needed.
A Clustering Method to Characterize Intermittent Bursts of Turbulence and Interaction with Submesomotions in the Stable Boundary Layer
Authors: Vercauteren Nikki , Klein Rupert 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Atmospheric boundary layers with stable stratification include a variety of small-scale nonturbulent motions such as waves, microfronts, and other complex structures. When the thermal stratification becomes strong, the presence of such motions could affect the turbulent mixing to a large extent, and common similarity theory that is used to describe weakly stable conditions may become unreliable. The authors apply a statistical clustering methodology based on a bounded variation, finite-element method (FEM-BV) to characterize the interaction between small-scale nonturbulent motions and turbulence. The clustering methodology achieves a multiscale representation of nonstationary turbulence data by approximating them through an optimal sequence of locally stationary multivariate autoregressive factor model (VARX) processes and some slow hidden process switching between them. The clustering method is used to separate periods with different influence of the nonturbulent motions on the vertical velocity fluctuations. The methodology can be used in a later stage to derive a stochastic parameterization for the interactions between nonturbulent and turbulent motions.
ENSO Prediction in Project Minerva: Sensitivity to Atmospheric Horizontal Resolution and Ensemble Size
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Huang Bohua , Cash Ben , Kinter James L. , Manganello Julia , Barimalala Rondrotiana , Altshuler Eric , Vitart Frederic , Molteni Franco , Towers Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This study examines El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction in Project Minerva, a recent collaboration between the Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The focus is primarily on the impact of the atmospheric horizontal resolution on ENSO prediction, but the effect from different ensemble sizes is also discussed. Particularly, three sets of 7-month hindcasts performed with ECMWF prediction system are compared, starting from 1 May (1 November) during 1982–2011 (1982–2010): spectral T319 atmospheric resolution with 15 ensembles, spectral T639 with 15 ensembles, and spectral T319 with 51 ensembles. The analysis herein shows that simply increasing either ensemble size from 15 to 51 or atmospheric horizontal resolution from T319 to T639 does not necessarily lead to major improvement in the ENSO prediction skill with current climate models. For deterministic prediction skill metrics, the three sets of predictions do not produce a significant difference in either anomaly correlation or root-mean-square error (RMSE). For probabilistic metrics, the increased atmospheric horizontal resolution generates larger ensemble spread, and thus increases the ratio between the intraensemble spread and RMSE. However, there is little change in the categorical distributions of predicted SST anomalies, and consequently there is little difference among the three sets of hindcasts in terms of probabilistic metrics or prediction reliability.
Twenty-First-Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region*
Authors: Berg Neil , Hall Alex , Sun Fengpeng , Capps Scott , Walton Daniel , Langenbrunner Baird , Neelin David 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A new hybrid statistical–dynamical downscaling technique is described to project mid- and end-of-twenty-first-century local precipitation changes associated with 36 global climate models (GCMs) in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project archive over the greater Los Angeles region. Land-averaged precipitation changes, ensemble-mean changes, and the spread of those changes for both time slices are presented. It is demonstrated that the results are similar to what would be produced if expensive dynamical downscaling techniques were instead applied to all GCMs. Changes in land-averaged ensemble-mean precipitation are near zero for both time slices, reflecting the region’s typical position in the models at the node of oppositely signed large-scale precipitation changes. For both time slices, the intermodel spread of changes is only about 0.2–0.4 times as large as natural interannual variability in the baseline period. A caveat to these conclusions is that interannual variability in the tropical Pacific is generally regarded as a weakness of the GCMs. As a result, there is some chance the GCM responses in the tropical Pacific to a changing climate and associated impacts on Southern California precipitation are not credible. It is subjectively judged that this GCM weakness increases the uncertainty of regional precipitation change, perhaps by as much as 25%. Thus, it cannot be excluded that the possibility that significant regional adaptation challenges related to either a precipitation increase or decrease would arise. However, the most likely downscaled outcome is a small change in local mean precipitation compared to natural variability, with large uncertainty on the sign of the change.
Perspectives of Non-Gaussianity in Atmospheric Synoptic and Low-Frequency Variability
Authors: Sura Philip , Hannachi Abdel 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Understanding non-Gaussian statistics of atmospheric synoptic and low-frequency variability has important consequences in the atmospheric sciences, not least because weather and climate risk assessment depends on knowing and understanding the exact shape of the system’s probability density function. While there is no doubt that many atmospheric variables exhibit non-Gaussian statistics on many time (and spatial) scales, a full and complete understanding of this phenomenon remains a challenge. Various mechanisms behind the observed atmospheric non-Gaussian statistics have been proposed but remain, however, multifaceted and scattered in the literature: nonlinear dynamics, multiplicative noise, cross-frequency coupling, nonlinear boundary layer drag, and others. Given the importance of this subject for weather and climate research, and in an attempt to contribute to this topic, a thorough review and discussion of the different mechanisms that lead to non-Gaussian weather and climate variability are presented in this paper and an outlook is given.
Comparison of 3D C‐Arm–Based Registration to Conventional Pair‐Point Registration Regarding Navigation Accuracy in ENT Surgery
Authors: Grauvogel Tanja Daniela , Becker Christoph , Hassepass Frederike , Arndt Susan , Laszig Roland , Maier Wolfgang 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveNavigation surgery on the skull base requires high navigation accuracy. The registration process is related to the main loss in accuracy. This study compared titanium screw registration with an inbuilt registration process of a 3‐dimensional (3D) C‐arm.Study DesignExperimental phantom study.SettingOperating room.Subjects and MethodsFour skull models were fabricated with a 3D printer based on the patient’s computed tomography (CT) data sets and fitted with an individually customized silicone skin. A 3D‐isocentric C‐arm fluoroscopic image intensifier system combined with a flat panel detector performed scans of petrous bones (PB) and paranasal sinuses (PS). The navigation accuracy of pair‐point registration (PPR) with titanium screws was compared with C‐arm–based registration.ResultsOverall navigation accuracy was 1.53 ± 0.51 mm after PPR and 1.26 ± 0.12 mm after C‐arm registration (P =. 0259). PPR showed the best accuracy results on PS (1.28 ± 0.69 mm), followed by right PB (1.43 ± 0.52 mm) and left PB (1.74 ± 0.69 mm). A significant difference was seen only between PS and left PB (P =. 0206). In contrast, C‐arm registration revealed significantly lower target registration errors (TREs) on PB (0.99 ± 0.23 mm right PB, P <. 0001; 1.2 ± 0.35 mm left PB, P =. 0412) compared with PS. When comparing both registration modalities, C‐arm registration was significantly superior on PB. With respect to specific anatomic locations, C‐arm–based registration showed significantly lower TREs on the frontal and lateral skull base than PPR.ConclusionC‐arm–based navigation shows higher navigation accuracy on the skull base compared with PPR. As the 3D C‐arm allows real‐time imaging and real‐time navigation, it will be a helpful tool for skull base surgeons.
Fcγ-receptor–mediated trogocytosis impacts mAb-based therapies: historical precedence and recent developments
Authors: Taylor Ronald P. , Lindorfer Margaret A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA specialized form of trogocytosis occurs when Fcγ receptors on acceptor cells take up and internalize donor cell-associated immune complexes composed of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) bound to target antigens on donor cells. This trogocytosis reaction, an example of antigenic modulation, has been described in recent clinical correlative studies and in vitro investigations for several mAbs used in cancer immunotherapy, including rituximab and ofatumumab. We discuss the impact of Fcγ-receptor–mediated trogocytosis on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and other mAb-based therapies.
Estrogen receptor mutations and their role in breast cancer progression
Authors: Alluri Prasanna G , Speers Corey , Chinnaiyan Arul M 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEndocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers and significantly reduces disease recurrence and breast cancer-related mortality. However, acquired resistance to therapy has been noted in nearly one-third of women treated with tamoxifen and other endocrine therapies. Mutations in the estrogen receptor have long been speculated to play a role in endocrine therapy resistance but have been rarely detected. However, recent studies utilizing next-generation sequencing on estrogen receptor-positive, metastatic clinical samples have revealed that recurrent ESR1 mutations are far more frequent than previously thought and may play an important role in acquired endocrine therapy resistance. Here we review recent advances in detection and characterization of ESR1 mutations in advanced, endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancers.
DEAD-box protein p68 is regulated by β-catenin/transcription factor 4 to maintain a positive feedback loop in control of breast cancer progression
Authors: Guturi Kiran Kumar Naidu , Sarkar Moumita , Bhowmik Arijit , Das Nilanjana , Ghosh Mrinal Kanti 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Nuclear accumulation of β-catenin is important for cancer development and it is found to overlap with p68 (DDX5) immunoreactivity in most breast cancers, as indicated by both clinical investigations and studies in cell lines. In this study, we aim to investigate the regulation of p68 gene expression through β-catenin/transcription factor 4 (TCF4) signaling in breast cancer.

Methods
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections derived from normal human breast and breast cancer samples were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Protein and mRNA expressions were determined by immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR respectively. Promoter activity of p68 was checked using luciferase assay. Occupancy of several factors on the p68 promoter was evaluated using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer was used to assess physiological significance.

Results
We demonstrated that β-catenin can directly induce transcription of p68 promoter or indirectly through regulation of c-Myc in both human and mouse breast cancer cells. Moreover, by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we have found that both β-catenin and TCF4 occupy the endogenous p68 promoter, which is further enhanced by Wnt signaling. Furthermore, we have also established a positive feedback regulation for the expression of TCF4 by p68. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on β-catenin/TCF4-mediated p68 gene regulation, which plays an important role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, as shown in vitro in breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in an animal breast tumour model.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in breast cancer progression through p68 upregulation.
Assessment of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) as a discovery tool for cancer epigenomics
Authors: Guilhamon Paul , Butcher Lee M , Presneau Nadege , Wilson Gareth A , Feber Andrew , Paul Dirk S , Schütte Moritz , Haybaeck Johannes , Keilholz Ulrich , Hoffman Jens , Ross Mark T , Flanagan Adrienne M , Beck Stephan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background
The use of tumour xenografts is a well-established research tool in cancer genomics but has not yet been comprehensively evaluated for cancer epigenomics.

Methods
In this study, we assessed the suitability of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) for methylome analysis using Infinium 450 K Beadchips and MeDIP-seq.

Results
Controlled for confounding host (mouse) sequences, comparison of primary PDXs and matching patient tumours in a rare (osteosarcoma) and common (colon) cancer revealed that an average 2.7% of the assayed CpG sites undergo major (Δβ ≥ 0.51) methylation changes in a cancer-specific manner as a result of the xenografting procedure. No significant subsequent methylation changes were observed after a second round of xenografting between primary and secondary PDXs. Based on computational simulation using publically available methylation data, we additionally show that future studies comparing two groups of PDXs should use 15 or more samples in each group to minimise the impact of xenografting-associated changes in methylation on comparison results.

Conclusions
Our results from rare and common cancers indicate that PDXs are a suitable discovery tool for cancer epigenomics and we provide guidance on how to overcome the observed limitations.
Right superior temporal gyrus volume in adolescents with a
history of suicide attempt
Authors: Pan Lisa A. , Ramos Lisa , Segreti AnnaMaria , Brent David A. , Phillips Mary L. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe extent to which observed differences in emotion processing and
regulation neural circuitry in adolescents with a history of suicide attempt
are paralleled by structural differences is unknown. We measured brain
cortical thickness and grey- and white-matter volumes in 100 adolescents: 28
with a history of suicide attempt and major depressive disorder (MDD); 31
with a history of MDD but no suicide attempt; and a healthy control group
(n = 41). The first group compared with controls showed
reduction in grey-matter volume in the right superior temporal gyrus (BA38),
a region important for social emotion processing.
Deformations with constant Lê numbers and multiplicity of nonisolated hypersurface singularities
Authors: Eyral Christophe , Soares Ruas Maria Aparecida 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe show that the possible jump of the order in an 1-parameter deformation family of (possibly nonisolated) hypersurface singularities, with constant Lê numbers, is controlled by the powers of the deformation parameter. In particular, this applies to families of aligned singularities with constant topological type—a class for which the Lê numbers are “almost” constant. In the special case of families with isolated singularities—a case for which the constancy of the Lê numbers is equivalent to the constancy of the Milnor number—the result was proved by Greuel, Plénat, and Trotman.As an application, we prove equimultiplicity for new families of nonisolated hypersurface singularities with constant topological type, answering partially the Zariski multiplicity conjecture.
Aqueous Phase Behavior of the Rare Monosaccharide d-Allose and X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of d-Allose Dihydrate
Authors: Kozakai Taro , Fukada Kazuhiro , Kuwatori Ryu , Ishii Tomohiko , Senoo Tatsuya , Izumori Ken 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The solubility and ice melting point of a binary system containing water and d-allose (d-All), the C3 epimer of d-glucose, were investigated and, for the first time, a binary phase diagram was constructed in the temperature range −2 to 70 °C. It was found that d-All formed the dihydrate below 32 °C as a thermodynamically stable solid in equilibrium with the solution phase. X-ray single-crystal analysis confirmed that d-All molecules in the dihydrate form a β-d-pyranose ring in 4C1 conformation. The crystal system (orthorhombic), space group (P212121, #19), and number of sugar molecules per unit cell (Z = 4) were the same as those of d-All anhydride (stable Form I). The unit cell length of the c axis for d-All dihydrate was ca. 2.8 Å longer than that for d-All anhydride due to the incorporation of water molecules, whereas the differences in length of the a and b axes were within 0.7 Å. Conversion from the dihydrate to the anhydride of d-All was easily attained by heating d-All dihydrate above 75 °C or by storing it over P2O5 in a desiccator for ca. 4 h.
Synthesis of Oxidized Thioxanthene-type Base Amplifiers and Their Application to Photoreactive Materials
Authors: Arimitsu Koji , Kitamura Hiroshi , Mizuochi Ryuta , Furutani Masahiro 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We propose base amplifiers (BAs) that are autocatalytically decomposed into base molecules by a small amount of trigger base molecules from photobase generators. We report here novel BAs having oxidized thioxanthene skeletons. It is confirmed that they are decomposed autocatalytically in solution or polymer matrix. They are applied to UV curing systems to improve their photosensitivity.
The Role of Equity, Royalty, and Fixed Fees in Technology Licensing to University Spin-Offs
Authors: Savva Nicos , Taneri Niyazi 
Published: December 2014

We develop a model based on asymmetric information (adverse selection) that provides a rational explanation for the persistent use of royalties alongside equity in university technology transfer. The model shows how royalties, through their value-destroying distortions, can act as a screening tool that allows a less-informed principal, such as the university’s Technology Transfer Office (TTO), to elicit private information from the more informed spin-off. We also show that equity–royalty contracts outperform fixed-fee–royalty contracts because they cause fewer value-destroying distortions. Furthermore, we show that our main result is robust to problems of moral hazard. Beside the coexistence result, the model also offers explanations for the empirical findings that equity generates higher returns than royalty and that TTOs willing to take equity in lieu of fixed fees are more successful in creating spin-offs. This paper was accepted by David Hsu, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Spatial variability of surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica
Authors: Mu L. , Stammerjohn S. E. , Lowry K. E. , Yager P. L. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the surface waters of the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) were measured during austral summer 2010–2011 on the Amundsen Sea Polynya International Research Expedition (ASPIRE). Surface pCO2 in the central polynya was as low as 130 µatm, mainly due to strong net primary production. Comparing saturation states of pCO2 and DO distinguished dominant factors (biological activity, temperature, upwelling, and ice melt) controlling pCO2 across regions. Air-sea CO2 flux, estimated using average shipboard winds, showed high spatial variability (-52 to 25 mmol C m-2 d-1) related to these factors. The central region exhibited a high flux of -36 ± 8.4 mmol C m-2 d-1, which is ∼ 50% larger than that reported for the peak of the bloom in the well-studied Ross Sea, comparable to high rates reported for the Chukchi Sea, and significantly higher than reported for most continental shelves around the world. This central region (∼ 20,000 km2) accounted for 85% of the CO2 uptake for the entire open water area. Margins with lower algal biomass accounted for ∼ 15% of regional carbon uptake, likely resulting from pCO2 reductions by sea ice melt. During ASPIRE we also observed pCO2 up to 490 µatm in a small region near the Dotson Ice Shelf with an efflux of 11 ± 5.4 mmol C m-2 d-1 that offset about 3% of the uptake in the much larger central region. Overall, the 2010–2011 ASP was a large net sink for atmospheric CO2 with a spatially averaged flux density of -18 ± 14 mmol C m-2 d-1. This high flux suggests a disproportionate influence on the uptake of CO2 by the Southern Ocean. Since the region has experienced a significant increase in open water duration (1979–2013), we speculate about whether this CO2 sink will increase with future climate-driven change.