Increased reproductive tract infections among secondary school girls during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with pandemic-related stress, mental health, and domestic safety
Authors: Mehta Supriya D , Nandi Debarghya , Otieno Fredrick , Zulaika Garazi , Nyothach Elizabeth , Agingu Walter , Bhaumik Runa , Mason Linda , van Eijk Anna Maria , Phillips-Howard Penelope A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Kenya, like many countries, shuttered schools during COVID-19, with subsequent increases in poor mental health, sexual activity, and pregnancy.

Aim
We sought to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic may mediate the risk of reproductive tract infections.

Methods
We analyzed data from a cohort of 436 secondary schoolgirls in western Kenya. Baseline and 6-, 12-, and 18-month study visits occurred from April 2018 to December 2019 (pre–COVID-19), and 30-, 36-, and 48-month study visits occurred from September 2020 to July 2022 (COVID-19 period). Participants self-completed a survey for sociodemographics and sexual activity and provided self-collected vaginal swabs for bacterial vaginosis (BV) testing, with sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing at annual visits. We hypothesized that greater COVID-19–related stress would mediate risk via mental health, feeling safe inside the home, and sexual exposure, given the pandemic mitigation–related impacts of school closures on these factors. COVID-19–related stress was measured with a standardized scale and dichotomized at the highest quartile. Mixed effects modeling quantified how BV and STI changed over time. Longitudinal mediation analysis quantified how the relationship between COVID-19 stress and increased BV was mediated.

Outcomes
Analysis outcomes were BV and STI.

Results
BV and STI prevalence increased from 12.1% and 10.7% pre–COVID-19 to 24.5% and 18.1% during COVID-19, respectively. This equated to 26% (95% CI, 1.00–1.59) and 36% (95% CI, 0.98–1.88) higher relative prevalence of BV and STIs in the COVID-19 vs pre–COVID-19 periods, adjusted for numerous sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Higher COVID-19–related stress was associated with elevated depressive symptoms and feeling less safe inside the home, which were each associated with a greater likelihood of having a boyfriend. In mediation analyses, the direct effect of COVID-19–related stress on BV was small and nonsignificant, indicating that the increased BV was due to the constellation of factors that were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical Translation
These results highlight factors to help maintain reproductive health for adolescent girls in future crises, such as anticipating and mitigating mental health impacts, domestic safety concerns, and maintaining sexual health services.

Strengths and Limitations
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on drivers of reproductive tract health among those who did not attend school or who live in different settings may differ.

Conclusions
In this cohort of adolescent girls, BV and STIs increased following COVID-19–related school closures, and risk was mediated by depressive symptoms and feeling less safe in the home, which led to a higher likelihood of sexual exposures.