bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose Metabolites in Blood and Adipose Tissue of Obese Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Page M. A. , Galton D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate, glycerol phosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose have been measured in human adipose tissue and blood from obese subjects under fed and fasting conditions and in obese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects before and after an oral glucose load (100 g).
2. Adipose tissue metabolites expressed as nmol/g wet weight correlated inversely with adipocyte diameter.
3. After fasting, fructose diphosphate and glycerol phosphate in adipose tissue decreased significantly.
4. The basal concentrations of metabolites in blood and adipose tissue were maintained at similar concentrations in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects despite very different blood glucose concentrations.
5. The significant increase in adipose tissue glucose 6-phosphate after the glucose load seen in the non-diabetic but not in the diabetic subjects suggests that glucose uptake is decreased in the diabetic adipocyte.
Effect of Cellulose Phosphate on Calcium and Magnesium Homeostasis: Studies in Normal Subjects and Patients with Latent Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Parfitt A. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The bivalent cation-binding agent, cellulose phosphate, was given for 6 days to four normal subjects and six patients with latent hypoparathyroidism (diagnosed by impaired response to EDTA infusion), all of whom were on a moderately low calcium diet.
2. In normal subjects, there was a prompt and sustained fall in urinary calcium with no change in plasma calcium, indicating increased tubular reabsorption. Plasma and urinary magnesium fell, without increase in tubular reabsorption. The urinary total hydroxyproline increased and Tm,P/ glomerular filtration rate fell after 2 days; these changes were transient and were consistent with a transient increase in parathyroid hormone secretion.
3. In the hypoparathyroid patients, urinary calcium fell more slowly and a fall in plasma calcium occurred in several subjects, the extent and duration of which corresponded with parathyroid status determined by EDTA infusion. Urinary conservation of calcium was impaired but plasma and urinary magnesium fell as in normal subjects. Urinary total hydroxyproline did not change and Tm,P/glomerular filtration rate fell more slowly than in the normal subjects.
4. The relative contributions of increased tubular reabsorption and reduced filtered load to calcium conservation in response to calcium depletion depend on the prevailing level of parathyroid function; the former is more important when parathyroid function is normal, the latter when parathyroid function is impaired.
5. In the detection of reduced parathyroid reserve, the assessment based on the plasma calcium response to cellulose phosphate agrees closely with the assessment based on the degree of recovery from EDTA-induced hypocalcaemia.
Effect of Cellulose Phosphate and Dietary Calcium Restriction in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Parfitt A. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The bivalent cation-binding agent, cellulose phosphate, together with a low calcium diet was given for 6 days to nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism subsequently verified at surgery.
2. Urinary calcium fell promptly by 8·4 mmol/24 h, and by 70%, and reached amounts below 4·0 mmol/24 h in five of the nine patients. The magnitude of fall may have been related to increased synthesis of vitamin D by the skin in a sub-tropical environment. Plasma magnesium fell steadily and urinary magnesium fell by 80%.
3. The plasma calcium showed two types of response. In five patients there was no significant change because a reduction in calcium load was offset by a further increase in the already high tubular reabsorption of calcium. In the remaining four patients, the tubular reabsorption of calcium was at a higher level initially and failed to increase further on the experimental regime, with a corresponding fall in plasma calcium.
4. The hypercalcaemia of primary hyperparathyroidism can be explained by increased gastrointestinal absorption and increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium; net bone resorption makes only a small contribution but an additional factor dependent on the blood-bone equilibrium is not ruled out.
5. Comparison with other published data suggests that the fall in urinary calcium in response to a calcium-depleting regimen is prevented by concurrent depletion of inorganic phosphate and may be enhanced by concurrent depletion of magnesium.
6. Persistence of hypercalcaemia combined with an increase in tubular reabsorption of calcium in response to cellulose phosphate may be of diagnostic value in suspected primary hyperparathyroidism.
7. Cellulose phosphate may be of value in stone prevention in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who are unsuitable for surgical treatment.
Determination of Platelet and Fibrinogen Half-Life with [75Se]Selenomethionine: Studies in Normal and in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Ferguson J. C. , Mackay N. , Philip J. A. D. , Sumner D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Simultaneous platelet and fibrinogen survival studies were carried out on a group of seven normal persons and eleven diabetic patients.
2. Survival time was calculated: (a) by measuring the interval between 50% of the maximum radioactivity in the anabolic phase and 50% of the maximum radioactivity in the catabolic phase, and (b) by fitting an exponential function to the decay phase of the curve.
3. With the first method, the normal group had a mean platelet survival which did not differ significantly from that in the diabetic group. With the second method, however, the platelet half-life in the diabetic patients was significantly shorter than in the normal subjects.
4. Fibrinogen survival was significantly shorter in the diabetic group with either method.
5. It is concluded that there is an increased utilization of platelets and fibrinogen in diabetic subjects.
Adrenal Weight and Catecholamine Content in Renal and Calciferol-Induced Hypertension in Rabbits
Authors: Angell-James Jennifer E. , Powis D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypertension was produced in rabbits by unilateral renal encapsulation combined with contralateral nephrectomy or by the administration of calciferol and calcium lactate.
2. Weighed post mortem, the adrenal glands from the two hypertensive groups were significantly heavier than those from normotensive animals of similar weight. There was a direct correlation between the adrenal gland weight and the mean arterial blood pressure measured at the time of the terminal experiment.
3. The catecholamine content of the adrenal glands from the two groups of hypertensive animals was similar to that of the normotensive animals.
4. There was histological evidence of adrenal cortical hypertrophy in the glands of the hypertensive groups of animals.
Cardiac Effects of Lead in Drinking Water of Rats
Authors: Moore M. R. , Meredith P. A. , Goldberg A. , Carr K. E. , Toner P. G. , Lawrie T. D. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. There is no known cause for the increased mortality due to ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas. Since the lead concentration of soft water is elevated in houses with lead plumbing, studies have been carried out to determine the effects of lead on the heart of rats.
2. Rats were given drinking water containing lead for 1 year at concentrations similar to those found previously in Glasgow, which has a soft water supply.
3. There was increasing deposition of lead in the heart and a fall in the cardiac levels of the enzymes ferrochelatase and δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. These changes are maximal after 6 months, when there were marked electron-microscopic changes in the myocardium and myocardial mitochondria.
4. Further studies are needed to determine whether lead is a cause of the increased mortality from ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas.
Effect of Phenylalanine and Its Metabolites on the Metabolism of Leucocytes and Lymphocytes
Authors: Bradley D. M. , Mahler R. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The pathogenesis of the mental retardation in phenylketonuria remains obscure. Leucocytes have proved of value in the study of other inborn errors of metabolism. The lymphocyte is a suitable model cell for the study of mammalian metabolism, because of its ability to divide in vitro in response to various stimuli.
2. We have examined the effects of phenylalanine, phenylpyruvate, phenyl-lactate and phenylacetate on the human leucocyte and the resting and phyto-haemagglutinin-stimulated rabbit lymphocyte.
3. Phenylpyruvate and phenyl-lactate reduced acetate incorporation into leucocyte lipid by 38% and 48% respectively. Only phenyl-lactate reduced acetate incorporation into the resting and stimulated lymphocyte, by 20% and 34% respectively.
4. Glucose incorporation into leucocyte lipid was unaffected by phenylalanine, phenylpyruvate and phenyl-lactate. Only phenyl-lactate inhibited (46%) the production of CO2 from glucose.
5. Phenylalanine and leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material of resting and stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by phenyl-lactate (10–42%), phenylpyruvate (27–57%) and phenylacetate (19–39%).
6. Uridine incorporation into resting and stimulated cells was inhibited by phenyl-lactate (22–26%), phenylpyruvate (42–52%) and phenylacetate (20%).
7. Thymidine incorporation into resting lymphocytes was reduced by phenyl-lactate, phenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and phenylalanine by 12–26%. Incorporation into the stimulated cell was inhibited by phenylpyruvate and phenyl-lactate (90%) and phenylacetate (66%).
8. Phenylalanine inhibited lymphocyte pyruvate kinase and phenylpyruvate inhibited citrate synthetase.
9. These results are compared with published data relating to experimental hyperphenylalaninaemia and the effects of these metabolites on nervous tissue in vitro.
The Effects of a Diphosphonate and Dietary Calcium on the Metabolism of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) in the Chick
Authors: Taylor Carol M. , Mawer E. Barbara , Reeve A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Vitamin D-deficient chicks, maintained on a diet adequate in calcium and treated with ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate for 2 days before a single oral dose of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), converted the vitamin into 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol instead of into the normal metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
2. This inhibition of the renal 1-hydroxylase disappeared on withdrawal of the diphosphonate.
3. Kidneys from chicks given diphosphonate for 12 days converted 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on incubation in vitro.
4. The inhibition of the 1-hydroxylase was markedly accelerated by treating the birds with cholecalciferol.
5. No inhibition of renal 1-hydroxylation was observed in birds maintained on a diet low in calcium.
6. A possible mechanism producing this effect is discussed.
A Study of Relations between the Absorption of Amino Acids, Dipeptides, Water and Electrolytes in the Normal Human Jejunum
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Fairclough P. D. , Park Nicola J. , Lane Annette E. , Webb Joan P. W. , Clark M. L. , Dawson A. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A double-lumen perfusion technique was used to study the effect of a wide range of concentrations of the dipeptide glycyl-l-alanine and its constituent amino acids on water and electrolyte absorption from iso-osmotic solutions in the upper jejunum of normal human subjects.
2. There was no significant absorption of water and electrolytes from sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l) but the presence of the dipeptide or its constituent amino acids stimulated water and electrolyte absorption.
3. Water absorption reached a peak at increasing amino acid and dipeptide concentrations and then tailed off. Our data suggest that the tailing off is not solely due to the diminished sodium content of the solutions.
4. During perfusion of the dipeptide-sodium chloride and amino acid-sodium chloride solutions solute and water were absorbed as an iso-osmotic solution. Analysis of the results indicates that this could occur at high dipeptide concentrations only if the majority of the dipeptide enters the cell intact.
Effects of Pent-4-Enoic Acid on Renal Free Water, Bicarbonate and Phosphate Excretion in the Dog
Authors: Kleinman J. G. , Levin M. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of pent-4-enoic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, were studied in dogs undergoing water diuresis and acetazolamide diuresis. Free water excretion and distal solute delivery were increased when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on an increasing mannitol diuresis.
2. Bicarbonate excretion increased significantly when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on maximum acetazolamide diuresis.
3. Phosphate excretion exceeded 90% of filtered load when pent-4-enoic acid was administered under stable free water conditions and increased significantly when pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on stable acetazolamide diuresis.
4. The results are interpreted as indicating inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption by pent-4-enoic acid, emphasizing the importance of fatty acids as a major fuel for proximal tubular metabolism.
Respiratory Responses to Simultaneous Static and Rhythmic Exercises in Humans
Authors: Wiley R. L. , Lind A. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six male subjects performed simultaneous static (hand-grip) and rhythmic (bicycle ergometer) exercises while their respiratory responses were measured.
2. Oxygen consumption increased with the intensity of rhythmic work load, with a modest additional oxygen consumption accompanying the addition of static effort during the rhythmic exercise.
3. Minute ventilation (V̇E) increased directly with rhythmic exercise, but increased disproportionately to the metabolic need when static effort was added. The mean increment of V̇E elicited by the static exercise influence was nearly constant at 20 1/min, regardless of the rhythmic load present.
4. Possible reflex mechanisms which result in disruption of the normally well-matched ventilation and metabolic oxygen demands whenever static effort is present are discussed.
Effects of Metiamide on the Human Stomach
Authors: Thjodleifsson B. , Wormsley K. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of metiamide on gastric acidity in man has been studied. Solutions of hydrochloric acid or glucose were instilled into the stomach and the subsequent rates of gastric secretion and emptying, and the disappearance of acid within the stomach, were measured.
2. Metiamide inhibited the gastric secretory response to the instilled acid and glucose solutions but did not change the overall pattern of emptying of the instilled solutions.
3. During administration of metiamide, there was a net loss of acid from within the gastric lumen. The rate of disappearance of acid from the instilled acid solution was small and not sufficient in magnitude to account for the metiamide-evoked decrease in the concentration of acid secreted in response to pentagastrin.
4. We conclude that metiamide does not inhibit gastric secretion by altering the ‘barrier’ function of the gastric mucosa.
Disturbances in Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Liver Damage Due to Paracetamol Overdose
Authors: Record C. O. , Chase R. A. , Alberti K. G. M. M. , Williams R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in fourteen patients with mild or moderate liver damage due to paracetamol overdose.
2. In patients managed conservatively there was glucose intolerance associated with a diminished early insulin response to glucose, suggesting inadequate nutrition in the period between the overdose and the glucose tolerance test.
3. Patients given intravenous glucose supplements to maintain nutrition were also glucose intolerant and, in these, insulin responses to glucose were normal. The decreased fractional disappearance rate was partly due to an increase in glucose distribution space and partly due to a decrease in absolute glucose disappearance rate.
4. Impaired gluconeogenesis was suggested by mild fasting hypoglycaemia in four patients and raised fasting blood lactate concentrations. Serum growth hormone concentrations showed a paradoxical increase after glucose.
5. All these variables had returned to normal in four patients re-tested after recovery.
Arterial Catecholamines in Hypoxic Exercise in Man
Authors: Clancy L. J. , Critchley J. A. J. H. , Leitch A. G. , Kirby B. J. , Ungar A. , Flenley D. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. We measured the minute ventilation and arterial blood catecholamine concentrations in four normal men standing and at two levels of moderate treadmill exercise breathing 14% oxygen or air.
2. Minute ventilation was significantly higher during hypoxic exercise than during normoxic exercise at an oxygen uptake of 1500 ml/min.
3. Arterial plasma noradrenaline during hypoxic exercise at an oxygen uptake of 1500 ml/min was significantly greater than at rest.
4. Arterial plasma noradrenaline during normoxic exercise at an oxygen uptake of 1500 ml/min was not elevated above the resting concentration.
5. The results are compatible with the suggestion that increased concentrations of arterial plasma noradrenaline contribute to the hypoxic potentiation of the respiratory response to moderate exercise.
Potassium Depletion Induced by Vasopressin and Overhydration in the Rabbit
Authors: Barraclough M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to study the effect of overhydration on body potassium, experiments were performed on pair-fed rabbits, one of which was maintained continuously on vasopressin and given extra water (60–90 ml day−1 kg−1) for 6–8 days, while the other served as control.
2. Overhydrated rabbits excreted significantly more potassium (53%) in their urine than control rabbits and accumulated a mean potassium deficit of 65·0 mmol, significantly higher than the mean value of 37·1 mmol in the control rabbits.
3. In the overhydrated rabbits, potassium fell significantly in both erythrocytes, from 266 to 173 mmol/kg of dry cells, and also in muscle, from 435 to 341 mmol/kg of fat-free dry solids. Neither changed significantly in the control animals.
4. Overhydration in the presence of vasopressin leads to potassium depletion in the rabbit and a similar phenomenon might be expected in man. Potassium depletion due to overhydration might account for the hypokalaemia and reduction in exchangeable potassium observed in some patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
Urinary Concentration and Dilution after Unilateral Nephrectomy in the Rat
Authors: Emmanouel D. S. , Lindheimer M. D. , Katz A. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of unilateral nephrectomy on urinary concentration and dilution were studied in Sprague—Dawley rats. To exclude incomplete suppression of antidiuretic hormone, free water formation was also studied in rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain).
2. Urinary solute-free water formation was similar in Sprague—Dawley and Brattleboro rats. Unineph-rectomized animals excreted a water load promptly and diluted their urine to the same degree as control rats. Maximal values for Cwater and TCwater per kidney were higher after nephrectomy, but were similar to those of control rats at comparable rates of fluid delivery to the distal nephron. Renal tissue osmolality was similar in uninephrectomized and sham-operated animals, indicating that non-antidiuretic hormone-dependent backflux of filtrate was the same in the two groups. The only defect observed in uninephrectomized animals was a small reduction in maximal urine osmolality.
3. These results demonstrate that free water formation and reabsorption are unaffected by unilateral nephrectomy and suggest that, in the remaining kidney, filtrate reabsorption along the entire nephron increases in proportion to the increment in glomerular filtration.
The Nylon Column Dye Test: A Possible Screening Test of Phagocyte Function
Authors: Segal A. W. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A simple quantitative test has been developed to investigate phagocyte function.
2. This test is performed by the addition of Nitroblue Tetrazolium to whole blood, followed by the isolation of leucocytes on a column of nylon wool. Dye reduction by phagocytes is apparent as a blue coloration of the column due to the formation of formazan. The formazan can be extracted from the column and measured spectrophotometrically.
3. The formation of formazan was found to be directly related to the number of phagocytes in blood.
4. Two patients with chronic granulomatous disease gave abnormal results, suggesting that the test procedure may be of value as a screening procedure for this disease.
Plasma Squalene as an Index of Cholesterol Synthesis
Authors: Nestel P. J. , Kudchodkar B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Seven subjects were studied before and after the rate of cholesterol synthesis was altered with drugs or dietary cholesterol.
2. The rate at which plasma free cholesterol was formed from squalene during constant infusions of radioactive mevalonate increased with colestipol treatment, decreased with clofibrate treatment and decreased when cholesterol was added to the diet. The plasma squalene concentration showed corresponding changes, confirming that its measurement may qualitatively define changes in cholesterol synthesis.
3. The mean plasma squalene concentration in seven hypertriglyceridaemic, slightly overweight subjects was significantly higher than in six hypercholesterolaemic subjects, which is consistent with other evidence for increased cholesterol synthesis in hypertriglyceridaemia.
The Fate of Circulating Lactate Dehydrogenase-5 in the Rabbit
Authors: Qureshi A. R. , Wilkinson J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In an attempt to determine the mechanism whereby enzymes are removed from the circulating plasma, purified rabbit-muscle lactate dehydrogenase-5 was labelled with 125I and injected intravenously into rabbits. During the first hour after injection enzyme activity and radioactivity disappeared from the plasma at comparable fast rates, which are attributed mainly to distribution of the enzyme throughout the extracellular fluid. This was followed by a phase lasting about 7 h during which enzyme activity disappeared at a faster rate than the radioactivity, an observation indicating either intravascular breakdown of the enzyme protein or its degradation in the tissues, followed by release of labelled fragments into the circulation. Enzyme activity then reached a constant value and the plasma radioactivity continued to decrease at a slower exponential rate; it is suggested that this is due to removal of breakdown products.
2. The radioactivity of the tissues was measured at various time-intervals after injection. After 2 h and 8 h highest concentrations were found in the spleen, liver, jejunum and duodenum. Relatively high concentrations were also found in the intestinal juices throughout the period of study, an observation which suggests that discharge via the small intestine is a major route whereby inactivated enzyme fragments are removed from the circulation.
3. About 5% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the faeces during the first 3 days, and the urine accounted for 73% during the same period. About 35% of the urinary radioactivity was shown by silver nitrate precipitation and by chromatography to consist of free iodide and the remainder appeared to consist of radio-iodinated amino acids or peptides. Free mono- and di-iodotyrosine were identified among the products. These results suggest that further breakdown in the intestine is followed by absorption of the products, which are excreted in the urine.