bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR image reconstruction from generalized projections
Authors: Schultz Gerrit , Gallichan Daniel , Reisert Marco , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: November 2013

PurposeCurrently, the time required for image reconstruction is prohibitively long if data are acquired using multidimensional imaging trajectories that make use of multichannel systems equipped with nonlinear gradients. Methods are presented that reduce the computational complexity of the iterative time‐domain reconstruction algorithm down from O(N4) to O(N3).TheoryFor generalized projections, a large class of multidimensional imaging trajectories, the encoding matrix can be focused to sparse bands by introducing an appropriate filter function along the frequency‐encoding direction. The reconstruction can be speeded up by ignoring values below a predefined threshold level.MethodsTwo methods are presented that differ in how the filter is incorporated into the reconstruction algorithm. The first method represents, without implementation of a threshold, a weighted version of the time‐domain method, while the second method is equivalent to it.ResultsSimulation and measurement results show that image reconstruction from high‐resolution imaging data can be speeded up by up to two orders of magnitude. While the weighted reconstruction requires more iterations to reach an optimum than the second method, it is less sensitive to thresholding.ConclusionFor complex spatial encoding strategies that involve nonlinear gradient fields, fast and accurate image reconstruction methods are provided that are particularly efficient for high‐resolution anatomical imaging. Magn Reson Med 72:546–557, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved B0‐distortion correction in diffusion MRI using interlaced q‐space sampling and constrained reconstruction
Authors: Bhushan Chitresh , Joshi Anand A. , Leahy Richard M. , Haldar Justin P. 
Published: November 2013

PurposeTo enable high‐quality correction of susceptibility‐induced geometric distortion artifacts in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images without increasing scan time.Theory and MethodsA new method for distortion correction is proposed based on subsampling a generalized version of the state‐of‐the‐art reversed‐gradient distortion correction method. Rather than acquire each q‐space sample multiple times with different distortions (as in the conventional reversed‐gradient method), we sample each q‐space point once with an interlaced sampling scheme that measures different distortions at different q‐space locations. Distortion correction is achieved using a novel constrained reconstruction formulation that leverages the smoothness of diffusion data in q‐space.ResultsThe effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with simulated and in vivo diffusion MRI data. The proposed method is substantially faster than the reversed‐gradient method, and can also provide smaller intensity errors in the corrected images and smaller errors in derived quantitative diffusion parameters.ConclusionThe proposed method enables state‐of‐the‐art distortion correction performance without increasing data acquisition time. Magn Reson Med 72:1218–1232, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The EORTC emotional functioning computerized adaptive test: phases I–III of a cross‐cultural item bank development
Authors: Gamper Eva‐Maria , Groenvold Mogens , Petersen Morten Aa , Young Teresa , Costantini Anna , Aaronson Neil , Giesinger Johannes M. , Meraner Verena , Kemmler Georg , Holzner Bernhard ,   on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life Group
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group is currently developing computerized adaptive testing measures for the Quality of Life Questionnaire Core‐30 (QLQ‐C30) scales. The work presented here describes the development of an EORTC item bank for emotional functioning (EF), which is one of the core domains of the QLQ‐C30.MethodsAccording to the EORTC guidelines on module development, the development of the EF item bank comprised four phases, of which the phases I–III are reported in the present paper.Phase I involved defining the theoretical framework for the EF item bank and a literature search. Phase II included pre‐defined item selection steps and a multi‐stage expert review process. In phase III, feedback from cancer patients from different countries was obtained.ResultsOn the basis of literature search in phase I, a list of 1750 items was generated. These were reviewed and further developed in phase II with a focus on relevance, redundancy, clarity, and difficulty. The development and selection steps led to a preliminary list of 41 items. In phase III, patient interviews (N = 41; Austria, Denmark, Italy, and the UK) were conducted with the preliminary item list, resulting in some minor changes to item wording. The final list comprised 38 items.DiscussionThe phases I–III of the developmental process have resulted in an EF item list that was well accepted by patients in several countries. The items will be subjected to larger‐scale field testing in order to establish their psychometric characteristics and their fit to an item response theory model. © 2013 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral characterization of Mg2Si pn ‐junction diode depending on RTA periods
Authors: Takezaki Masaaki , Yamanaka Yusuke , Uchikoshi Masahito , Udono Haruhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have studied the effect of thermal annealing periods on the optoelectrical properties of Mg2Si pn ‐junction diodes fabricated by a conventional thermal diffusion process of Ag acceptor. The Au/Ag/n ‐Mg2Si (carrier concentration = 2 × 1015cm‐3, resistivity = 5‐10 Ωcm) substrate was annealed at 550 °C in the Ar‐atmosphere using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace. The annealing periods were varied between 2 and 10 minutes. Clear rectifying behavior of J ‐V characteristics was observed for the diodes annealed for more than 2 minutes. Spectral responsivity from the photon energy threshold of approximately 0.6 eV was demonstrated with the Mg2Si pn ‐junction diodes under the zero bias condition at room temperature. The maximum intensity of spectral responsivity was increased with decrease the annealing period. The spectral responsivity of the diode with the RTA periods of 4 minutes was approximately 4 times higher than that of 10 minutes annealed one. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The art of forging neurons: direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced neuronal cells
Authors: Karow M. , Berninger B. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Cellular reprogramming has shed new light on the plasticity of terminally differentiated cells and unearthed novel strategies for cell-based therapies to treat neurological disor­ders. With accumulating knowledge of the programs underlying the genesis of the dis­tinct neural cell types, particularly the iden­tification of crucial transcription factors and microRNAs, reprogramming of somatic cells of different origins into induced neuronal cells or neural stem cells has been success­fully achieved. Starting with the general con­cept of reprogramming, we discuss three dif­ferent paradigms: (1) direct conversion of central nervous system (CNS) foreign cells such as skin fibroblasts into induced neuro­nal cells or neural stem cells; (2) transdiffer­entiation of CNS resident cells such as astro­cytes and brain pericytes into induced neuro­nal cells; (3) reprogramming of one neuronal subtype into another. The latter has already been successfully achieved in vivo during ear­ly brain development, providing a strong im­pulse to attempt direct reprogramming in si­tu for future brain repair.
Political Arithmetic and Sacred History: Population Thought in the English Enlightenment, 1660–1750
Authors: McCormick Ted 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCurrent approaches to the history of early modern population thought focus on the state and secular governance, while standard treatments of Restoration and Augustan “political arithmetic” emphasize its economic or social-scientific content. This article recovers nonsecular uses of demographic quantification, excavating the use of political arithmetic in religious polemic between ca. 1660 and ca. 1750. As a form of empirical natural philosophy, political arithmetic suited the polemical needs of latitudinarian Anglicans and others combating deism, atheism, and preadamism; the demographic regularities it revealed furnished evidence of providential solicitude, while the history of population growth was a potential prop for scriptural chronologies. A strand of “sacred” political arithmetic thus contributed to natural theology while modeling—albeit inconsistently—new historical applications for empirical methodology. The article concludes by considering possible causes for the decline of this “sacred” strand of demographic quantification, while suggesting connections between it and better-known secular forms of Enlightenment-era population thought.
The Cock of the School: A Cultural History of Playground Violence in Britain, 1880–1940
Authors: Middleton Jacob 
Published: November 2013

AbstractViolence was an important part of the educational experience of many British children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It principally took the form of playground fights, in which children competed in displays of physical prowess to win the accolade “cock of the school,” the term attached to the best fighter. This article examines the background to these fights using autobiographical accounts produced by individuals educated between 1890 and 1940. Working from common themes in these accounts, it explains the structure and context of schoolyard fights. In particular, it examines the manner in which contemporary notions of masculinity influenced the conduct of children. Fighting was a means by which a schoolboy could act out a fantasy of manhood and, through this, relate to his peers and the school environment.
Mutton Dressed as Lamb? Fashioning Age in Georgian England
Authors: Vickery Amanda 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDespite an established literature on gender, consumerism, and dress, there is almost no research on fashion and the life cycle. Meanwhile, the historiography on aging has addressed stigma, physicality, and sexuality, though only tangentially the manufacture of femininity through clothes. This article links the two separate historiographies. It is concerned with the ongoing fabrication of mature femininity through fashionable clothes, and the paradoxes inherent in that performance. The misogynist attack on dressy older women was pungent, but mature women still had to clothe themselves. Accusations of frolicking in a lamb fashion were mortifying, but keeping up appearances was vital too. This article examines the interplay of age and fashion, re-creating the distinctive way women of the middling ranks and lesser gentry negotiated the pitfalls of dressing past their prime, charting a perilous course between indignity and scorn on the one hand and invisibility on the other. Perceptions of age and aging bore unevenly on women and men. Nevertheless, conviction about the decorum of female sartorial retirement once the blush was off the peach and savage portrayals of hideous physical decline were counterbalanced by the blandishments of the market itself. Cumulatively, the Georgian marketplace tended to endorse the public profiles of older women, suggesting a galaxy of imagined performances that overwhelmed the misogynist discourse arguing for their obliteration.
Time-dependent, non-monotonic mixing in stratified turbulent shear flows: implications for oceanographic estimates of buoyancy flux
Authors: Mashayek A. , Caulfield C. P. , Peltier W. R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe employ direct numerical simulation to investigate the efficiency of diapycnal mixing by shear-induced turbulence in stably stratified free shear layers for flows with bulk Richardson numbers in the range $0. 12\leq R{i}_{0} \leq 0. 2$ and Reynolds number $Re= 6000$. We show that mixing efficiency depends non-monotonically upon $R{i}_{0} $, peaking in the range 0.14–0.16, which coincides closely with the range in which both the buoyancy flux and the dissipation rate are maximum. By detailed analyses of the energetics of flow evolution and the underlying dynamics, we show that the existence of high mixing efficiency in the range $0. 14\lt R{i}_{0} \lt 0. 16$ is due to the emergence of a large number of small-scale instabilities which do not exist at lower Richardson numbers and are stabilized at high Richardson numbers. As discussed in Mashayek & Peltier (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 725, 2013, pp. 216–261), the existence of such a well-populated ‘zoo’ of secondary instabilities at intermediate Richardson numbers and the subsequent high mixing efficiency is realized only if the Reynolds number is higher than a critical value which is generally higher than that achievable in laboratory settings, as well as that which was achieved in the majority of previous numerical studies of shear-induced stratified turbulence. We furthermore show that the primary assumptions upon which the widely employed Osborn (J. Phys. Oceanogr. vol. 10, 1980, pp. 83–89) formula is based, as well as its counterparts and derivatives, which relate buoyancy flux to dissipation rate through a (constant) flux coefficient ($\Gamma $), fail at higher Richardson numbers provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently high. Specifically, we show that the assumptions of fully developed, stationary, and isotropic turbulence all break down at high Richardson numbers. We show that the breakdown of these assumptions occurs most prominently at Richardson numbers above that corresponding to the maximum mixing efficiency, a fact that highlights the importance of the non-monotonicity of the dependence of mixing efficiency upon Richardson number, which we establish to be characteristic of stratified shear-induced turbulence. At high $R{i}_{0} $, the lifecycle of the turbulence is composed of a rapidly growing phase followed by a phase of rapid decay. Throughout the lifecycle, there is considerable exchange of energy between the small-scale turbulence and larger coherent structures which survive the various stages of flow evolution. Since shear instability is one of the most prominent mechanisms for turbulent dissipation of energy at scales below hundreds of metres and at various depths of the ocean, our results have important implications for the inference of turbulent diffusivities on the basis of microstructure measurements in the oceanic environment.
Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B12status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study
Authors: Doets Esmée L. , Ueland Per M. , Tell Grethe S. , Vollset Stein Emil , Nygård Ottar K. , van't Veer Pieter , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M. , Nurk Eha , Refsum Helga , Smith A. David , Eussen Simone J. P. M. 
Published: November 2013

A combination of high folate with low vitamin B12plasma status has been associated with cognitive impairment in a population exposed to mandatory folic acid fortification. The objective of the present study was to examine the interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and vitamin B12markers in relation to cognitive performance in Norwegian elderly who were unexposed to mandatory or voluntary folic acid fortification. Cognitive performance was assessed by six cognitive tests in 2203 individuals aged 72–74 years. A combined score was calculated using principal component analysis. The associations of folate concentrations, vitamin B12markers (total vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA)) and their interactions in relation to cognitive performance were evaluated by quantile regression and least-squares regression, adjusted for sex, education, apo-ɛ4 genotype, history of CVD/hypertension and creatinine. Cross-sectional analyses revealed an interaction (P= 0·009) between plasma concentrations of folate and vitamin B12in relation to cognitive performance. Plasma vitamin B12concentrations in the lowest quartile ( < 274 pmol/l) combined with plasma folate concentrations in the highest quartile (>18·5 nmol/l) were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment compared with plasma concentrations in the middle quartiles of both vitamins (OR 0·22, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·92). The interaction between folate and holoTC or MMA in relation to cognitive performance was not significant. In conclusion, this large study population unexposed to mandatory folic acid fortification showed that plasma folate, but not plasma vitamin B12, was associated with cognitive performance. Among the elderly participants with vitamin B12concentrations in the lower range, the association between plasma folate and cognitive performance was strongest.
Effects of habitat, group-size, sex-age class and seasonal variation on the behavioural responses of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Munessa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Solomon A. , Kotler Burt P. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:Activity patterns of animals are generally influenced by many factors. We hypothesized that the behavioural responses (i.e. activity time-budget allocated to vigilance, feeding and moving) of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) should vary with habitat type, season, group-size and sex-age class. We randomly established a total of 12 permanent walking transects with the aid of a GPS device across three major habitat types used by the mountain nyala (i.e. four transects in each habitat). Following each transect, we conducted focal-animal observations to quantify the time-budget allocated to vigilance, feeding and moving. A total of 119 and 116 focal-animals were assessed in the wet and dry season respectively. Moreover, along each transect, seven habitat variables were collected in systematically laid 109 circular plots each with a 5-m radius (i.e. 31, 41 and 37 plots in the cleared vegetation, plantation and natural forest respectively) in the wet and dry season. We developed behavioural models by correlating the time-budget (i.e. proportion of time vigilance, feeding and moving) of the focal-animals in accordance with habitat variables, group-size and sex-age class. In the wet season, mountain nyala devoted most of their time to vigilance, but they allocated the largest proportion of their time to moving in the dry season. Vigilance differed among the three habitats and was highest in the cleared vegetation during the dry season. Contrary to expectations, adult males were more vigilant than both adult females and sub-adults during the dry season. The behavioural models based on time-budget help to predict how the mountain nyala perceive their environment and trade-off between food acquisition and safety in the wet and dry season. The study also improves our understanding of the adaptive behavioural ecology of the endangered mountain nyala.
The Möbius–Wall congruences forp-adicL-functions of CM elliptic curves
Authors: BOUGANIS THANASIS 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper we prove, under a technical assumption, the so-called “Möbius–Wall” congruences between abelianp-adicL-functions of CM elliptic curves. These congruences are the analogue of those shown by Ritter and Weiss for the Tate motive, and offer strong evidences in favor of the existence of non-abelianp-adicL-functions for CM elliptic curves.
Molecular epidemiology ofStaphyloccocus aureuscolonization in the Old Order of Amish of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: ROGHMANN M.-C. , LONGINAKER N. , CROFT L. , JOHNSON J. K. , LYDECKER A. D. , STINE O. C. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYTransmission ofStaphylococcus aureuscolonization in community-based populations is not well understood. We sought to describe the molecular epidemiology ofS. aureuscolonization in the Old Order Amish. The study was a prospective, observational study of healthy adults and their same-sex siblings who were cultured from the anterior nares twice.S. aureusisolates were characterized usingspatyping. Overall, 40% (159/398) of the study population was colonized withS. aureus. There were 84spatypes with the most abundantspatypes being t012 (13%) and t021 (7%). There was no clustering ofspatypes within sibling groups; however, there was clustering within households. There were 111S. aureus-colonized participant pairs living within the same household. Of these, 47% had concordantspatypes. The diversity ofspatypes across a relatively isolated, genetically homogenous population with a similar lifestyle is striking. Taken together this suggests thatS. aureustransmission is a local phenomenon limited to very close contact.
Evaluation of Intrinsic Charge Carrier Transport at Insulator-Semiconductor Interfaces Probed by a Non-Contact Microwave-Based Technique
Authors: Honsho Yoshihito , Miyakai Tomoyo , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have successfully designed the geometry of the microwave cavity and the thin metal electrode, achieving resonance of the microwave cavity with the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) device structure. This very simple MIS device operates in the cavity, where charge carriers are injected quantitatively by an applied bias at the insulator-semiconductor interface. The local motion of the charge carriers was clearly probed through the applied external microwave field, also giving the quantitative responses to the injected charge carrier density and charge/discharge characteristics. By means of the present measurement system named field-induced time-resolved microwave conductivity (FI-TRMC), the pentacene thin film in the MIS device allowed the evaluation of the hole and electron mobility at the insulator-semiconductor interface of 6.3 and 0.34 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. This is the first report on the direct, intrinsic, non-contact measurement of charge carrier mobility at interfaces that has been fully experimentally verified.
Antitoxin MqsA Represses Curli Formation Through the Master Biofilm Regulator CsgD
Authors: Soo Valerie W. C. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMqsA, the antitoxin of the MqsR/MqsA toxin/antitoxin (TA) system, is a global regulator that reduces expression of several stress response genes (e.g., mqsRA, cspD and rpoS) by binding to the promoter palindromic motif [5′-AACCT (N)3AGGTT-3′]. We identified a similar mqsRA-like palindrome [5′-AACCT TA AGGTT-3′] 78 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site in the csgD promoter (p-csgD). CsgD is a master regulator for biofilm formation via its control of curli and cellulose production. We show here that MqsA binds to this palindrome in p-csgD to repress csgD transcription. As expected, p-csgD repression by MqsA resulted in reduced transcription from CsgD-regulated curli genes csgA and csgB (encoding the major and minor curlin subunits, respectively). Curli production was reduced in colonies and in planktonic cells upon MqsA production. Hence, MqsA directly represses p-csgD and thereby influences curli formation. This demonstrates that TA systems can impact overall cell physiology by fine-tuning cellular stress responses.