bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLIL in higher education: the (perfect?) crossroads of ESP and didactic reflection
Authors: Taillefer Gail 
Published: March 2013

Avec l’internationalisation croissante de l’enseignement supérieur, l’Enseignement d’une matière intégré à une langue étrangère (EMILE) est devenu un objet à la fois d’enseignement et de recherche. Différents contextes internationaux fournissent des exemples de pratiques efficaces et des modèles théoriques qui incorporent des critères de qualité complexes et pertinents, tels qu’une politique linguistique institutionnelle ou nationale, une pédagogie et une didactique de l’EMILE et des rôles spécifiques des différents acteurs (institutions, enseignants disciplinaires et de langue, étudiants). La France s’intéresse à l’EMILE depuis relativement peu de temps et elle n’est pas très sensibilisée à ces questions clés liées à la qualité. Les travaux de recherche indiquent qu’une mise en œuvre défaillante de l’EMILE peut découler de la marginalisation des spécialistes de langue de l’enseignement supérieur. Le secteur ASP/Lansad se trouve au carrefour de l’EMILE entre les disciplines et les langues ; il joue un rôle naturel de médiateur transdisciplinaire axé sur le lien entre théorie et pratique efficace. L’objectif de la présente réflexion est de partager avec la communauté ASP des travaux internationaux récents sur l’EMILE et de suggérer à travers une analyse SWOT une manière d’intégrer une réflexion et une pratique pertinentes à cette forme de pédagogie.
Variation lexicologique dans les traductions de l’expression cloud computing dans le journal Le Monde : vers une recherche de transparence
Authors: Lacaze Grégoire 
Published: March 2013

L’expression cloud computing, apparue à la fin des années 1990 aux États-Unis dans le domaine spécialisé de l’informatique, est de plus en plus fréquemment utilisée dans la presse francophone. La nécessité de proposer des équivalences de cette expression en français, notamment par le biais de la traduction, s’est imposée. Cette étude se propose d’analyser la grande variabilité observée dans les traductions en français de cette expression. Deux axes majeurs sont évoqués : d’une part, la traduction officielle, normative édictée par la France et adoptée par les multinationales dans leur communication institutionnelle et, d’autre part, les nombreuses équivalences proposées dans la presse écrite, notamment dans le quotidien Le Monde. Les efforts de traduction mis en œuvre par les journalistes dans un souci d’adaptation au français sont mis en évidence. Enfin, l’auteur étudie dans quelle mesure ce qui s’apparente à une recherche de transparence vis-à-vis du grand public conduit à un glissement de l’emploi d’une expression du spécialisé vers la langue générale par un effet de plasticité.
MicroRNA-375 Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin by Diesel Exhaust Particles and Ambient Particulate Matter in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bleck Bertram , Grunig Gabriele , Chiu Amanda , Liu Mengling , Gordon Terry , Kazeros Angeliki , Reibman Joan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Air pollution contributes to acute exacerbations of asthma and the development of asthma in children and adults. Airway epithelial cells interface innate and adaptive immune responses, and have been proposed to regulate much of the response to pollutants. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pivotal cytokine linking innate and Th2 adaptive immune disorders, and is upregulated by environmental pollutants, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). We show that DEP and ambient fine PM upregulate TSLP mRNA and human microRNA (hsa-miR)-375 in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBEC). Moreover, transfection of pHBEC with anti–hsa-miR-375 reduced TSLP mRNA in DEP but not TNF-α–treated cells. In silico pathway evaluation suggested the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as one possible target of miR-375. DEP and ambient fine PM (3 μg/cm2) downregulated AhR mRNA. Transfection of mimic-hsa-miR-375 resulted in a small downregulation of AhR mRNA compared with resting AhR mRNA. AhR mRNA was increased in pHBEC treated with DEP after transfection with anti–hsa-miR-375. Our data show that two pollutants, DEP and ambient PM, upregulate TSLP in human bronchial epithelial cells by a mechanism that includes hsa-miR-375 with complex regulatory effects on AhR mRNA. The absence of this pathway in TNF-α–treated cells suggests multiple regulatory pathways for TSLP expression in these cells.
Differential Localization of T-bet and Eomes in CD8 T Cell Memory Populations
Authors: McLane Laura M. , Banerjee Pinaki P. , Cosma Gabriela L. , Makedonas George , Wherry E. John , Orange Jordan S. , Betts Michael R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In mice, two T-box transcription factors, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) and eomesodermin (Eomes), drive the differentiation of CD8 T cell lineages; however, little is known regarding their role in human CD8 T cell differentiation. In this study, we characterized T-bet and Eomes expression and localization within human CD8 memory T cell populations. We find that T-bet and Eomes are broadly expressed in human memory CD8 T cells, with increasing levels of T-bet and Eomes strongly correlating with differentiation from central memory to effector memory and effector subpopulations. In resting T cells, T-bet levels directly correlate to subcellular localization, with a higher propensity for nuclear expression of T-bet within T-bethi cells and predominantly cytoplasmic expression in T-betlo cells. In addition, Eomes is also localized to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Upon TCR stimulation, the percentage of T cells that express T-bet dramatically increases, whereas the percentage of cells expressing Eomes remains largely unchanged across all memory populations. Of interest, T-bet, but not Eomes, relocalizes to the nucleus in the majority of cells across all populations within 24 h post stimulation. These data indicate that T-bet and Eomes are likely regulated at the level of subcellular localization, potentially via different mechanisms. Together, these findings suggest a novel model for CD8 T cell differentiation in humans that is based on the localization of T-bet and Eomes.
Orai1 Function Is Essential for T Cell Homing to Lymph Nodes
Authors: Greenberg Milton L. , Yu Ying , Leverrier Sabrina , Zhang Shenyuan L. , Parker Ian , Cahalan Michael D. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In T lymphocytes, Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels composed of Orai1 subunits trigger Ag-induced gene expression and cell proliferation through the NFAT pathway. We evaluated the requirement of CRAC channel function for lymphocyte homing using expression of a dominant-negative Orai1-E106A mutant to suppress Ca2+ signaling. To investigate homing and motility of human lymphocytes in immunocompromised mouse hosts, we transferred human lymphocytes either acutely or after stable engraftment after a second transfer from the same blood donor. Human and mouse lymphocyte homing was assessed, and cells were tracked within lymph nodes (LNs) by two-photon microscopy. Our results demonstrate that human T and B lymphocytes home into and migrate within the LNs of immunocompromised NOD.SCID mice similar to murine lymphocytes. Human T and B cells colocalized in atrophied or reconstituted mouse LNs, where T cells migrated in a random walk at velocities of 9–13 μm/min and B cells at 6 μm/min. Expression of Orai1-E106A inhibited CRAC channel function in human and mouse T cells, and prevented homing from high endothelial venules into murine LNs. Ca2+ signals induced by CCL21 were also inhibited in T cells expressing Orai1-E106A. With CRAC channels inhibited, the high-affinity form of LFA-1 failed to become active, and T cells failed to migrate across endothelial cells in a transwell model. These results establish a requirement for CRAC channel–mediated Ca2+ influx for T cell homing to LNs mediated by high-affinity integrin activation and chemokine-induced transendothelial migration.
Primate B-1 Cells Generate Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses to T Cell–Independent Type 2 Antigens
Authors: Yammani Rama D. , Haas Karen M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Ab responses to T cell–independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags, such as bacterial capsular polysaccharides, are critical for host defense. In mice, B-1b cells expressing a CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD19hi phenotype play a key role in producing Abs against TI-2 Ags. In primates, a distinct IgM+CD27+ “memory” B cell population is thought to generate TI-2 Ab responses, and evidence for a B-1b–like cell population participating in these responses is lacking. In this article, we demonstrate that nonhuman primates (NHPs; African green monkeys and cynomolgus macaques) harbor serosal B cells expressing a CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD80+/−CD19hi phenotype, constitutively active Stat3, and increased reactivity with phosphorylcholine, similar to murine peritoneal B-1a and B-1b cell populations. Like what is observed for murine B-1b cells, NHP CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD19hi B cells dominate the Ag-specific B cell response and Ab production against the TI-2 Ag trinitrophenyl-Ficoll. Although Ag-specific IgM+ B cells expressing CD27 were not detected prior to immunization, Ag-specific CD11b+CD19hi B cells expressed and maintained an IgM+IgDloCD27+CD80+ phenotype following immunization. Thus, the murine and NHP B cell populations responding to trinitrophenyl-Ficoll are highly similar, with the main exception being that Ag-specific NHP B-1–like cells express CD27 following TI-2 Ag encounter. Therefore, murine B-1b and primate IgM+CD27+ “memory” B cell subsets proposed to produce TI-2 Ab responses may be highly related, if not identical. Overall, these data not only support that B-1–like cells are present in NHPs but also provide evidence that these cells perform the same functions attributed to murine B-1b cells.
NKG2D Blockade Inhibits Poly(I:C)-Triggered Fetal Loss in Wild Type but Not in IL-10−/− Mice
Authors: Thaxton Jessica E. , Nevers Tania , Lippe Eliana O. , Blois Sandra M. , Saito Shigeru , Sharma Surendra 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Infection and inflammation can disturb immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms for detrimental immune responses remain ill defined. In this study, we provide evidence for immune programming of fetal loss in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a viral mimic and an inducer of inflammatory milieu. IL-10 and uterine NK (uNK) cells expressing the activating receptor NKG2D play a critical role in poly(I:C)-induced fetal demise. In wild type (WT) mice, poly(I:C) treatment induced expansion of NKG2D+ uNK cells and expression of Rae-1 (an NKG2D ligand) on uterine macrophages and led to fetal resorption. In IL-10−/− mice, NKG2D− T cells instead became the source of fetal resorption during the same gestation period. Interestingly, both uterine NK and T cells produced TNF-α as the key cytotoxic factor contributing to fetal loss. Treatment of WT mice with poly(I:C) resulted in excessive trophoblast migration into the decidua and increased TUNEL-positive signal. IL-10−/− mice supplemented with recombinant IL-10 induced fetal loss through NKG2D+ uNK cells, similar to the response in WT mice. Blockade of NKG2D in poly(I:C)-treated WT mice led to normal pregnancy outcome. Thus, we demonstrate that pregnancy-disrupting inflammatory events mimicked by poly(I:C) are regulated by IL-10 and depend on the effector function of uterine NKG2D+ NK cells in WT mice and NKG2D− T cells in IL-10 null mice.
Cigarette Smoke Exposure as a Model of Inflammation Associated with COPD
Authors: Eltom Suffwan , Stevenson Christopher , Birrell Mark A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation resulting from inflammation‐driven pathologies in the lungs that are a consequence of smoking over many years. Given that the disease is increasing globally, understanding the mechanism by which cigarette smoke (CS) causes lung inflammation and exploiting that knowledge to develop effective treatments is urgently required. Animal models of CS exposure are commonly used to examine the inflammatory processes that may be involved in the development of COPD. The protocols described in this unit detail the development of preclinical models of CS‐driven lung inflammation. These systems can be utilized to investigate the role of various biological pathways in CS‐mediated inflammation and to assess the efficacy of new therapeutic strategies for treating COPD. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:14.24.1‐14.24.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Determination of Biopharmaceutical Properties for Development Candidate Selection
Authors: Yazdanian Mehran 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of putative drug molecules impact their performance in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The design and selection of molecules with drug‐like properties assists in the selection of drug candidates with a higher probability of success in the development process. Described in this overview are commonly used approaches for measuring compound solubility, permeability, and partitioning in drug discovery and development. The utility of these methods in the drug discovery process and product development is discussed. The evaluation of crystallinity and physicochemical stability in relation to biopharmaceutical properties and in assessing the potential for successful development are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:9.17.1‐9.17.8. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enantioselective Additions of Aryltitanium Tris(isopropoxide) to Ketones: Structure of [(i‐PrO)2Ti{μ‐(S)‐BINOLate}(μ‐O‐i‐Pr)TiPh(O‐i‐Pr)2], Study of Mechanistic and Stereochemical Insights
Authors: Wu Kuo‐Hui , Kuo Yi‐Yin , Chen Chien‐An , Huang Yi‐Ling , Gau Han‐Mou 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAryl addition reactions of ArTi(O‐i‐Pr)3 to aromatic, heteroaromatic, or α,β‐unsaturated ketones are described, producing tertiary alcohols in good to excellent enantioselectivities of up to 97% ee. The structure of the dititanium complex [(i‐PrO)2Ti{μ‐(S)‐BINOLate}(μ‐O‐i‐Pr)TiPh(O‐i‐Pr)2] [(S)‐4] that simultaneously bears a chiral directing ligand and a nucleophile is reported. Complex (S)‐4 possesses a pocket structure and has been illustrated as the key active species for addition reactions of both aldehydes and ketones. Mechanistic and stereochemical insights concerning addition reactions of organometallic reagents to organic carbonyls are rationalized based on the pocket structure and pocket size of (S)‐4.
Body fat distribution of children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Senbanjo Idowu O. , Oshikoya Kazeem A. , Olutekunbi Olanike A. , Njokanma Olisamedua F 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTExcessive central fat in children and adolescents is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to compare the body fat distribution patterns of children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Nigeria with international reference standards. Five hundred seventy children aged 5 to 19 years were selected from seven schools using multistage random sampling. Weight, height, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (TSF, SSF), and circumference at the waist and hips (WC, HC) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), subscapular:triceps skinfold ratio (STR), waist:hip circumference ratio (WHR), and waist: height ratio (WHtR) were derived. Females had higher mean BMI, TSF, SSF, WC, HC, WHR, and WHtR, while males had significantly higher STR. The mean BMI, WC, TSF, and SSF values were lower for our subjects than for African‐American subjects at all ages. On the other hand, in both sexes, STR was higher among Nigerian than African‐American subjects up to 12 years old. Thereafter the values were similar. The mean WC was similar to those reported for African‐American males up to 8 years, and females up to 7 years of age; thereafter, African‐American had higher values. The prevalence of central obesity using WC and WHtR measures was 4.4% and 5.8%, respectively. There is a need to validate each index against serum lipid profiles and other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:647–654, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of the carbon black structure on the stability and efficiency of the conductive network in polyethylene composites
Authors: Ren Danqi , Zheng Shaodi , Huang Shilin , Liu Zhengying , Yang Mingbo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractComposites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with different kinds of carbon black (CB) were prepared through melt blending. The influence of the CB structure on the stability and efficiency of the conductive network in HDPE/CB composites were mainly investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the CB primary aggregates. The relationship between the temperature‐resistivity behaviors of the composites and the crystallization behaviors of the matrix were also investigated. High‐structure CB built an effective conductive network at a low filler content compared to the low‐structure one because of its branched morphology. Therefore, the composite containing high‐structure CB revealed a lower percolation threshold. The composite containing low‐structure CB obtained a stronger positive temperature coefficient (PTC) intensity because the cluster network was fragile and easily damaged during matrix melting. The reproducibility of the results of PTC effect of the composite containing high‐structure CB was better than that of the composite containing a low‐structure one. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fabrication of pH‐responsive microcapsules by precipitation polymerization on calcium carbonate templates
Authors: Han Rui , Wang Feng , Ren Tianrui 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA simple and fast method was developed to fabricate pH‐responsive microcapsules. After the copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), methacrylic acid (MAA), and a crosslinker, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, at 65°C in the presence of sacrificial CaCO3 microparticles, hollow microcapsules were acquired by template removal. A higher temperature and the presence of MAA/NIPAAm were found to be critical factors for the successful fabrication of the microcapsules. The entire fabrication step was simple, fast, and easy to scale up. The microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The pH responsiveness of the microcapsules was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and ζ‐potential analysis. Together with the fastness and simplicity of the fabrication process, this kind of pH‐responsive microcapsule holds potential for drug‐ and gene‐delivery systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Geotechnische Herausforderungen auf der Ausbaustrecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld
Authors: Reichl Ignaz , Spang Christian , Schäfer René , Michels Ulrike 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMit dem Ziel, die Schnellbahnstrecke München – Berlin (VDE 8) schrittweise auszubauen, um mit einer auf ca. 4 Stunden verkürzten Fahrzeit den Fahrgästen eine umweltfreundliche Alternative zu Auto und Flugzeug zu bieten, plant und koordiniert die DB ProjektBau GmbH seit Beginn der 1990er‐Jahre den Ausbau der Teilstrecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld. Das als ABS VDE Nr. 8.1.1 geführte Großprojekt umfasst ein Investitionsvolumen von ca. zehn Milliarden Euro. Finanziert wird es vom Bund, der Europäischen Union und von der Deutschen Bahn AG. Der Abschnitt München – Berlin fügt sich in ein europaweites Schienennetz zwischen Norditalien im Süden und Skandinavien im Norden ein. Die Dr. Spang GmbH ist mit der Baugrunderkundung sowie der Erstellung der rund 700 Baugrundgutachten im Hinblick auf die Ertüchtigung der bestehenden Strecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, dem Neubau von zwei weiteren Streckengleisen und dem Neubau bzw. der Erweiterung der Kreuzungsbauwerke an der Strecke von der DB ProjektBau GmbH beauftragt. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Einblick in die intensive dreijährige Baugrundgutachtertätigkeit und die geotechnischen Herausforderungen, die sich bei der Bearbeitung an der Teilstrecke stellten und stellen. Insbesondere die Problematik der wirtschaftlichen und regelkonformen Festlegung der Bau‐ und Bemessungswasserstände für Strecke und Ingenieurbauwerke soll näher beleuchtet und diskutiert werden.Geotechnical challenges during the construction of the high‐speed railway section Nürnberg – EbensfeldIn order to reduce the travelling time from Munich to Berlin to app. 4 hours and to offer an ecology‐minded travel connection in comparison to highway and air traffic, DB ProjektBau GmbH designs since the beginning of the 1990‐years the construction and extension of the road section Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, which is part of the high‐speed railway connection (VDE 8) from northern Italy to Scandinavia. The project is entitled as ABS VDE Nr. 8.1.1 and comprises an overall investment volume of 10 Billion Euros. This investment is conjointly done by the German Federation, the European Union and the Deutsche Bahn AG. In the last three years, Dr. Spang GmbH was commissioned to intensively evaluate the subsurface soil conditions along the ABS VDE Nr. 8 with a total length of app. 70 km and to prepare about 700 soil reports which especially focus on the improvement of the existing railway connection Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, the construction of two additional railtracks as well as the redesign of crossway constructions. The following paper gives an overview of the three years of geotechnical investigation and design and highlights on geotechnical challenges. As an example, the approach to determine the design water level during the construction and the operation period of the railway will be shown in the context of field investigation works.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicities of methotrexate in healthy and collagen‐induced arthritic rats
Authors: Liu Dong‐Yang , Lon Hoi‐Kei , Wang Yan‐Lin , DuBois Debra C. , Almon Richard R. , Jusko William J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMethotrexate (MTX) is an anchor drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but responsiveness is variable in effectiveness and toxicity. Methotrexate and its polyglutamate conjugates (MTXPGn) in red blood cells (RBC) have been associated with patient response. In the current study, 13 collagen‐induced arthritic (CIA) rats and 12 healthy rats were given subcutaneous doses of either saline or 0.3 or 1.5 mg/kg per 2 days of MTX from day 21 to 43 post‐induction. Blood samples were obtained at various times to measure MTX in plasma, and MTX and MTXPGn in RBC. Effects on disease progression were indicated by body weight and paw size. After multiple‐doses, RBC MTX reached steady‐state (82.4 nm) within 4 days. The MTXPG2 and MTXPG3 in RBC kept increasing until the end of the study, attaining 12.5 and 17.7 nm. Significant weight loss was observed after dosing with 1.5 mg/kg/2 days, whereas moderate effectiveness was observed after dosing with 0.3 mg/kg/2 days. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/disease (PK/PD/DIS) model with indirect mechanisms and transduction components incorporating plasma MTX, RBC MTX and RBC MTXPGn concentrations, and paw size was developed using naïve data pooling and ADAPT 5. The PK/PD in CIA rats dosed at 0.3 mg/kg/2 days were captured well by our proposed model. Methotrexate showed modest (Imaxd = 0.16) but sensitive (IC50d = 0.712 nm) effectiveness on paw edema. The higher dose produced toxicity. The proposed model offers improved understanding of the effects of methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.