bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of the bioagents Bacillus isolates and Trichoderma spp. in the control of wilt/root-rot disease in chickpea
Authors: Mudawi Hanan Ibrahim , Idris Mohamed Osman 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of four microorganisms to reduce disease infection of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) and Fusarium spp. the causal agent of wilt/root-rot disease complex in chickpea.

Design/methodology/approach
– A pot experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter seasons. A completely randomized design with five replicates was adopted. Two Bacillus isolates and Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride and their combinations were applied in infected soil. The effect on plant growth parameters, disease incidence and severity, root necrosis, weight of shoot and root, nematode population density and reproductive index were assessed.

Findings
– The applications significantly (p=0.05) reduced the wilt/root-rot diseases complex. The reduction was attributed to the decline of the population density of nematodes in soil and root, and the suppression of the disease complex compared to controls, represented by reproductive index and the disease intensity index. Combinations were better than individual inoculation. The use of Bacillus isolate B3 and T. harzianum increased the number of flowers by 88.34 per cent. Reduction in the severity of root necrosis was in the range of 2.22-5.55 within a scale of 1-10. These findings indicate the significance of utilizing local bioagents for control of wilt/root-rot disease complex in chickpea plants.

Originality/value
– The microorganisms used in this study are indigenous.
Whatever happened to the Norwegian Medical Need Clause? Lessons for current debates in EU pharmaceutical regulation
Authors: Brooks Eleanor , Geyer Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUntil 1994, pharmaceutical products seeking market authorisation in Norway were required to demonstrate a fulfilment of unmet medical need. This clause enabled the national regulator to dramatically limit the number of products on the market whilst encouraging price competition to keep drug expenditure low and was credited with encouraging the development of drugs with genuine added therapeutic value and reducing the incidence of antimicrobial resistance. Norway was forced to abandon its Medical Need Clause (MNC) when it joined the European Economic Area as it was incompatible with the acquis communautaire of the European Union. This article reviews Norway's experience with its MNC in light of contemporary debates in European health policy. It discusses the potential contribution of an MNC‐style regulation to improving health, reducing illness, ensuring sustainable health systems and fostering pharmaceutical innovation. It concludes by asking how these findings can inform current European Union debates over the growing cost of prescription drugs and direction of pharmaceutical development.
Microencapsulation of Oils: A Comprehensive Review of Benefits, Techniques, and Applications
Authors: Bakry Amr M. , Abbas Shabbar , Ali Barkat , Majeed Hamid , Abouelwafa Mohamed Y. , Mousa Ahmed , Liang Li 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMicroencapsulation is a process of building a functional barrier between the core and wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and to maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical properties of core materials. Microencapsulation of marine, vegetable, and essential oils has been conducted and commercialized by employing different methods including emulsification, spray‐drying, coaxial electrospray system, freeze‐drying, coacervation, in situ polymerization, melt‐extrusion, supercritical fluid technology, and fluidized‐bed‐coating. Spray‐drying and coacervation are the most commonly used techniques for the microencapsulation of oils. The choice of an appropriate microencapsulation technique and wall material depends upon the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved. Microencapsulation has the ability to enhance the oxidative stability, thermostability, shelf‐life, and biological activity of oils. In addition, it can also be helpful in controlling the volatility and release properties of essential oils. Microencapsulated marine, vegetable, and essential oils have found broad applications in various fields. This review describes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various oils, microencapsulation techniques, and application of encapsulated oils in various food, pharmaceutical, and even textile products. Moreover, this review may provide information to researchers working in the field of food, pharmacy, agronomy, engineering, and nutrition who are interested in microencapsulation of oils.
Microwave‐Osmotic/Microwave‐Vacuum Drying of Whole Cranberries: Comparison with Other Methods
Authors: Wray Derek , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA novel drying method for frozen‐thawed whole cranberries was developed by combining microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray (MWODS) conditions with microwave vacuum finish‐drying. A central composite rotatable design was used to vary temperature (33 to 67 °C), osmotic solution concentration (33 to 67 °B), contact time (5 to 55 min), and flow rate (2.1 to 4.1 L/min) in order to the determine the effects of MWODS input parameters on quality of the dried berry. Quality indices monitored included colorimetric and textural data in addition to anthocyanin retention and cellular structure. Overall it was found that the MWODS‐MWV process was able to produce dried cranberries with quality comparable to freeze dried samples in much shorter time. Additionally, cranberries dried via the novel process exhibited much higher quality than those dried via either vacuum or convective air drying in terms of color, anthocyanin content, and cellular structure.
Phenotypic Characters and Molecular Epidemiology ofCampylobacter Jejuniin East China
Authors: Zeng Dexin , Zhang Xiaoping , Xue Feng , Wang Yanhong , Jiang Luyan , Jiang Yuan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the distribution, phenotypic and molecular typing characters ofCampylobacter jejuniin domestic fowl, and livestock populations in East China, to provide some reference for researches on its molecular epidemiology. A total of 1250 samples were collected from different animal sources, andC. jejunistrains were then isolated and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics‐resistance gene and pathogenic genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenic analysis on theC. jejunistrains was performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 108 out of the 1250 samples (mean 8.64%) wereC. jejunipositive. These 108C. jejunistrains were highly sensitive to antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, amikacin, cefotaxime, and azithromycin, whereas they were highly resistant to antibiotics such as cefoperazone, cotrimoxazole, cefamandole, sulfamethoxazole, and cefradine. Pathogenicity related gene identification indicated that the mean carrying rate of adhesion related gene cadF and racR, flagellin gene flaA, toxin regulating gene cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, wlaN and virB11, heat shock proteins and transferring proteins related genes dnaJ and ceuE, CiaB and pldA were 92.45%, 38.69%, 73.58%, 71.70%, 52.83%, 96.23%, 12.26%, 1.89%, 0.94%, 65.09%, 39.62% and 9.43%, respectively. A total of 58.82% of these strains contained more than 6 pathogenicity‐related genes. MLST typed 58 ST types from the 108 isolatedC. jejunistrains, including 24 new types, and ST‐21 was the major type, accounting for 39.3% of the total strains.
New austral records of massive swarming by a chloropid fly, Chloromerus striatifrons (Diptera: Chloropidae)
Authors: Farrow Roger , Butterfield Martin , Cranston Peter S 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMass aggregations, including aerial swarms, of a yellow swarming chloropid fly are reported from Australia. The species, Chloromerus striatifrons (Becker), is endemic to south‐eastern Australia and has been reported swarming only once previously, 40 years ago.
Computing education in children's early years: A call for debate
Authors: Manches Andrew , Plowman Lydia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractInternational changes in policy and curricula (notably recent developments in England) have led to a focus on the role of computing education in the early years. As interest in the potential of computing education has increased, there has been a proliferation of programming tools designed for young children. While these changes are broadly to be welcomed, the pace of change has arguably led to more attention to the tools than to key questions about pedagogy. This paper proposes three areas of research (Logo; computational thinking; and teaching STEM subjects of science, technology, engineering and mathematics) that may inform computing education for young children and suggests that a greater focus on thinking skills and connections to manifestations of computers in the real world is needed. Above all, the paper calls for an informed debate about the trend towards introducing computing education to children in the early years.
Job Anxiety, Work‐Related Psychological Illness and Workplace Performance
Authors: Jones Melanie K. , Latreille Paul L. , Sloane Peter J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article uses matched employee–employer data from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey to examine the relationship between employee psychological health and workplace performance in 2004 and 2011. Using two measures of work‐related psychological health — namely employee‐reported job anxiety and manager‐reported workforce stress, depression and anxiety — we find a positive relationship between psychological ill‐health and absence, but not quits. The association between psychological ill‐health and labour productivity is less clear, with estimates sensitive to sector, time period and the measure of psychological health. The 2004–2011 panel is further used to explore the extent to which change in psychological health is related to change in performance.
Determinants of the Wage Share: A Panel Analysis of Advanced and Developing Economies
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWage shares have declined substantially in all OECD countries and most developing economies since 1980. This study uses a new ILO/IILS dataset on adjusted wage shares for a panel of up to 43 developing and 28 advanced economies (1970–2007) to explain changes in wage shares and assess the relative contributions of technological change, financialization, globalization and welfare state retrenchment. We find strong negative effects of financialization as well as negative effects of welfare state retrenchment. Globalization has (in production) robust negative effects in advanced as well as in developing economies, which is at odds with the Stolper–Samuelson theorem. We find small, and for developing countries positive effects of technological change. Our results support a Political Economy approach to explaining income distribution.
Natural and synthetic flavonoid modulation of TRPC5 channels
Authors: Naylor Jacqueline , Minard Aisling , Gaunt Hannah J , Amer Mohamed S , Wilson Lesley A , Migliore Marco , Cheung Sin Y , Rubaiy Hussein N , Blythe Nicola M , Musialowski Katie E , Ludlow Melanie J , Evans William D , Green Ben L , Yang Hongjun , You Yun , Li Jing , Fishwick Colin W G , Muraki Katsuhiko , Beech David J , Bon Robin S 
Published: November 2015

Background and PurposeThe TRPC5 proteins assemble to create calcium‐permeable, non‐selective, cationic channels. We sought novel modulators of these channels through studies of natural products.Experimental ApproachIntracellular calcium measurements and patch clamp recordings were made from cell lines. Compounds were generated by synthetic chemistry.Key ResultsThrough a screen of natural products used in traditional Chinese medicines, the flavonol galangin was identified as an inhibitor of lanthanide‐evoked calcium entry in TRPC5 overexpressing HEK 293 cells (IC50 0.45 μM). Galangin also inhibited lanthanide‐evoked TRPC5‐mediated current in whole‐cell and outside‐out patch recordings. In differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells, it inhibited constitutive and lanthanide‐evoked calcium entry through endogenous TRPC5‐containing channels. The related natural flavonols, kaempferol and quercetin were less potent inhibitors of TRPC5. Myricetin and luteolin lacked effect, and apigenin was a stimulator. Based on structure–activity relationship studies with natural and synthetic flavonols, we designed 3,5,7‐trihydroxy‐2‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one (AM12), which inhibited lanthanide‐evoked TRPC5 activity with an IC50 of 0.28 μM. AM12 also inhibited TRPC5 activity evoked by the agonist (−)‐Englerin A and was effective in excised outside‐out membrane patches, suggesting a relatively direct effect. It inhibited TRPC4 channels similarly, but its inhibitory effect on TRPC1–TRPC5 heteromeric channels was weaker.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe data suggest that galangin (a natural product from the ginger family) is a TRPC5 inhibitor and that other natural and synthetic flavonoids contain antagonist or agonist capabilities at TRPC5 and closely related channels depending on the substitution patterns of both the chromone core and the phenyl ring.
APT070 (mirococept), a membrane‐localizing C3 convertase inhibitor, attenuates early human islet allograft damage in vitro and in vivo in a humanized mouse model
Authors: Xiao Fang , Ma Liang , Zhao Min , Smith Richard A , Huang Guocai , Jones Peter M , Persaud Shanta , Pingitore Attilio , Dorling Anthony , Lechler Robert , Lombardi Giovanna 
Published: November 2015

Background and PurposeA major obstacle to islet cell transplantation is the early loss of transplanted islets resulting from the instant blood‐mediated inflammation reaction (IBMIR). The activation of complement pathways plays a central role in IBMIR. The aim of this study was to test the inhibitory effect of “painting” human islets with APT070, a membrane‐localizing C3 convertase inhibitor, on inflammation evoked by exposure to human serum in vitro and by transplantation in vivo in a humanized diabetic mouse model.Experimental ApproachIn vitro, human islets pre‐incubated with APT070 were exposed to allogeneic whole blood. In vivo, similarly treated islets were transplanted underneath the kidney capsule of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic NOD‐SCID IL2rγ−/− mice that had been reconstituted with human CD34+ stem cells. Complement activation and islet hormone content were assayed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Supernatants and sera were assayed for cytokines using cytometric beads array. Morphology of the islets incubated with human serum in vitro and in graft‐bearing kidney were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining.Key ResultsPre‐incubation with APT070 decreased C‐peptide release and iC3b production in vitro, with diminished deposition of C4d and C5b‐9 in islets embedded in blood clots. In vivo, the APT070‐treated islets maintained intact structure and showed less infiltration of inflammatory cells than untreated islets. The pretreatments also significantly reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokines in supernatants and sera.Conclusions and ImplicationsPre‐treatment of islets with APT070 could reduce intra‐islet inflammation with accompanying preservation of insulin secretion by beta cells. APT070 could be as a potential therapeutic tool in islet transplantation.
2‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate – a coupler causing contact allergy from use in hair dyes
Authors: Madsen Jakob T. , Andersen Klaus E. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of permanent hair dyes is common. Approximately 100 hair dye chemicals are permitted in Europe. Hair dye ingredients may change over time, and hence new hair dye allergens should be looked for continuously.ObjectivesTo review positive patch test reactions to the coupler 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014.MethodsPatch test results from the Allergen Bank database for eczema patients patch tested with 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014 were reviewed.ResultsA total of 902 dermatitis patients (154 from the dermatology department and 748 from 65 practices) were patch tested with amino‐4‐hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014. Thirteen (1.4%) patients had a positive patch test reaction. Our results do not indicate irritant reactions.Conclusions2‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate is a new but rare contact allergen.
Abiotic mediation of a mutualism drives herbivore abundance
Authors: Mooney Emily H. , Phillips Joseph S. , Tillberg Chadwick V. , Sandrow Cheryl , Nelson Annika S. , Mooney Kailen A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSpecies abundance is typically determined by the abiotic environment, but the extent to which such effects occur through the mediation of biotic interactions, including mutualisms, is unknown. We explored how light environment (open meadow vs. shaded understory) mediates the abundance and ant tending of the aphid Aphis helianthi feeding on the herb Ligusticum porteri. Yearly surveys consistently found aphids to be more than 17‐fold more abundant on open meadow plants than on shaded understory plants. Manipulations demonstrated that this abundance pattern was not due to the direct effects of light environment on aphid performance, or indirectly through host plant quality or the effects of predators. Instead, open meadows had higher ant abundance and per capita rates of aphid tending and, accordingly, ants increased aphid population growth in meadow but not understory environments. The abiotic environment thus drives the abundance of this herbivore exclusively through the mediation of a protection mutualism.
Impact of fraction unbound, CYP3A, and CYP2D6 in vivo activities, and other potential covariates to the clearance of tramadol enantiomers in patients with neuropathic pain
Authors: de Moraes Natália V. , Lauretti Gabriela R. , Coelho Eduardo B. , Godoy Ana Leonor P. C. , Neves Daniel V. , Lanchote Vera L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of tramadol is characterized by a large interindividual variability, which is partially attributed to polymorphic CYP2D6 metabolism. The contribution of CYP3A, CYP2B6, fraction unbound, and other potential covariates remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of in vivo activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A as well as other potential covariates (CYP2B6 genotype to the SNP g.15631G>T, fraction unbound, age, body weight, creatinine clearance) to the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of tramadol. Thirty patients with neuropathic pain and phenotyped as CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers were treated with a single oral dose of 100 mg tramadol. Multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the contribution of CYP activities and other potential covariates to the clearance of tramadol enantiomers. The apparent total clearances were 44.9 (19.1–102‐2) L/h and 55.2 (14.8–126.0) L/h for (+)‐ and (−)‐tramadol, respectively [data presented as median (minimum–maximum)]. Between 79 and 83% of the overall variation in apparent clearance of tramadol enantiomers was explained by fraction unbound, CYP2D6, and CYP3A in vivo activities and body weight. Fraction unbound explained 47 and 41% of the variation in clearance of (+)‐tramadol and (−)‐tramadol, respectively. Individually, CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities were shown to have moderate contribution on clearance of tramadol enantiomers (11–16% and 11–18%, respectively). In conclusion, factors affecting fraction unbound of drugs (such as hyperglycemia or co‐administration of drugs highly bound to plasma proteins) should be monitored, because this parameter dominates the elimination of tramadol enantiomers.
Maternal consumption of non‐toxic Microcystis by Daphnia magna induces tolerance to toxic Microcystis in offspring
Authors: Lyu Kai , Guan Haoyong , Wu Changcan , Wang Xingyu , Wilson Alan E. , Yang Zhou 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms are a worldwide environmental issue. These blooms often comprise both non‐toxic and toxic species and strains. Populations of some zooplankton, including Daphnia, have been shown to adapt locally to toxic Microcystis through maternal effects. However, Microcystis populations vary spatially and temporally in the absolute and relative abundances of non‐toxic and toxic genotypes.

We examined variation in induction of tolerance to toxic cyanobacteria in offspring from two Daphnia magna clones (JS and AH) fed diets containing Scenedesmus by itself or in combination with either a non‐toxic or a toxic clone of Microcystis aeruginosa. The diets containing Microcystis included relatively more cyanobacteria within each week of the 3 week experiment (week 1–10%, week 2–20%, week 3–40%). Daphnia neonates were collected from these three treatments at the end of the third week and fed a diet containing Scenedesmus and toxic Microcystis for 3 weeks before a suite of life‐history, physiological and biochemical measurements were made on the surviving animals.

Neonates from mothers fed toxic and non‐toxic Microcystis showed enhanced growth and reproduction compared to neonates produced from mothers fed only Scenedesmus. Our results showed that Daphnia neonates could be induced to tolerate toxic cyanobacteria when their mothers were fed diets containing non‐toxic or toxic strains of cyanobacteria. Furthermore, elevated RNA–DNA ratios, superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity in neonates fed diets containing non‐toxic or toxic Microcystis clones suggested that the mechanisms behind these changes involved processes associated with metabolism and antioxidation.

Our study shows that non‐toxic cyanobacteria can induce tolerance to toxic cyanobacteria and further elucidates the general importance of maternal effects on tolerance of cyanobacteria in herbivorous zooplankton.
Promoting Ethnic Entrepreneurship in European Cities: Sometimes Ambitious, Mostly Absent, Rarely Addressing Structural Features
Authors: Rath Jan , Swagerman Anna 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn increasing number of immigrants have become entrepreneurial and many governments expect or hope that the ongoing rise of ethnic entrepreneurship will contribute significantly to the integration of immigrants, to their upward mobility, and to the economic development of the city of residence. In this article we explore the rules, regulations and policy interventions that shape self‐employment trajectories in general and those of immigrant ethnic minorities in particular. The article is based on a general inventory of measures to promote ethnic entrepreneurship in 32 European countries, and a somewhat deeper inventory of policies and interventions in 28 European cities. We came across all kinds of measures and interventions and identified certain patterns, but the most striking finding was that such explicit measures and interventions were actually thin on the ground. We conclude this article with a discussion of the structural determinants of this outcome.