bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 9 year analysis of drowning in children and adolescents aged 5–19 years in Australia, 2002–2011
Authors: Peden A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThere has been limited analysis and exploration of drowning deaths that occur in children aged 5–19 years.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo undertake an analysis of drowning deaths of children 5–19 years in Australia.To explore strategies for prevention.MethodsInformation was collected for the period July 2002 to June 2011 on all drowning deaths in Australia using multiple sources including the National Coroners Information System. Cases were excluded if he death was intentional (ie suicide, homicide), from natural causes, or from an animal (eg shark attack, crocodile attack), or hypothermia where known.Results/OutcomeOver the 9 years there were 271 (46%) deaths of 5–19-year-olds. As children aged, the predominant locations of drowning deaths transitioned from home environments (swimming pools and bathtubs) to open waterways (rivers, creeks and streams). A related transition occurred in activity prior to drowning, where younger children were more likely to fall into water and be bathing and older children drowning in more active pursuits such as swimming and recreating, using watercraft and intentionally entering the water. Gender plays a key role, with 87% of all drowning victims being male in the 15–19 years age group. As adulthood approaches the number of deaths increase.Significance/Contribution to the FieldDrowning in children aged 5 to 19 years is a significant issue that has been largely neglected in Australia. Royal Life Saving believes that these drowning deaths are preventable and that the increase in drowning deaths in late adolescents points to the importance of swimming and water safety education during the school years.
Design strategies to mitigate the hazard of button cell battery electrical burn injuries
Authors: Rider G , Altkorn R , Stool D , Chen X , Milkovich S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChildren's exposure to button cell batteries is increasing with the greater number of toys and other consumer products requiring their use. Children frequently mouth objects and may inadvertently swallow them. Ingestion of batteries or insertion into the nasal passages or external auditory canals may lead to serious injury resulting from burns caused by electric discharge.Aims/Objectives/PurposeA variety of hazard mitigation strategies may be utilised to reduce the potential for these injuries, including decreasing accessibility of the batteries or redesign of the batteries themselves. Hazard mitigation strategies are discussed and evaluation methods presented.MethodsData on battery injuries is reviewed and various existing reduced hazard battery modalities are identified. Methods of assessing hazard are discussed. Comparative potential release of current between battery/housing designs has been measured using animal cadaver tissue.Results/OutcomesExisting designs of batteries consistently cause burns to animal cadaver tissue of varied severity depending on power and surface contact area.Significance/Contribution to the FieldAlthough there are problems that remain to be solved in order to economically manufacture button cell batteries and/or housings that have a reduced hazard for electrical burns, this research demonstrates that feasible solutions to this issue are possible.
Coin battery modification to prevent Gastrointestinal injury from current flow
Authors: Eli M Baum , Carl R Baum 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe US Consumer Product Safety Commission warns that battery-related injuries are increasing as small button or coin batteries become more prevalent in households. Since 1985, severe injuries and fatalities from these batteries have increased sevenfold. Young children and senior adults can swallow batteries, which may become lodged in the oesophagus, allowing electrical current to cause burns and haemorrhage.ObjectivesWe propose a modification of a standard coin battery to prevent current flow once removed from the battery compartment of a device.MethodsA modification of a standard coin battery allows current flow only when the battery compartment depresses a spring-loaded interlock mechanism on the surface of the battery. Once depressed, this mechanism connects the external shell to the sealed internal electrode. When the battery is removed from the compartment, the springloaded mechanism returns to its normal state and disconnects the electrode from the external shell.Significance/Contribution to the FieldWe believe that a modification of standard coin battery design would eliminate current flow outside of the battery compartment, and therefore would limit gastrointestinal injury if swallowed and lodged in the oesophagus.
Regulatory approach to button batteries
Authors: John Jamieson , Kathryn Burela 
Published: October 2012

Oral PresentationThe Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has been assessing the safety of lithium-cell button batteries since August 2010. Part of this assessment compared the Australian injury experience with published USA data. This confirmed a similar level and nature of injuries in both countries. The study included an Australian market survey of these batteries and their packaging. Suppliers were consulted for safety information. The survey revealed that some packaging allowed easy access by children to multiple batteries. However, some batteries were individually packaged within an all-plastic seal that made access by children more difficult. The warnings on the packaging also varied. Some warnings detailed the hazards associated with ingestion by small children whereas other products had no relevant warnings or focused solely on disposal of the product after use. The security of battery compartments in products most commonly known for using button batteries was also surveyed. The top two products identified with unsafe battery compartments were LED candles and bathroom scales.The survey also revealed that while remote controls were often powered by button batteries, these compartments were predominantly secured. The ACCC is also monitoring current standards development work. At this stage it appears that some products such as bathroom scales will not be captured in Australia by current standards development efforts. In April 2012thebatterycontrolledcampaign was launched in Australia by the ACCC in partnership with Energiser and Kidsafe. This campaign increased awareness in consumers and suppliers of the risks associated with ingestion of lithiumcell button batteries.
Button battery ingestion and insertion by children—an international approach to an emerging dangerous injury
Authors: Chalmers Eric 
Published: October 2012

The Seminar will include a variety of presenters, on behalf of• Product safety regulators—USA, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Japan• Community organisations—Safe Kids Worldwide, Safe Kids USA, Safe Kids Canada, Safekids NZ, Kidsafe in Australia• Paediatricians will outline the nature and consequences of ingestion or insertion• Research—Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit; Safe Kids Worldwide and Fleishman; Australian Competition and Consumer CommissionEach presenter will outline a brief summary of issues and implications from their work in the area.BackgroundExtensive cooperative work is being undertaken internationally at regulatory, community and industry levels to address this emerging cause of severe injury. This, like many developing issues, is complex. The problem arises from the misuse of batteries (often unnoticed) by young children who were never intended to have access to them; community awareness is very low; data is difficult and misdiagnosis easy; the result can be catastrophic and deadly; containing the risk is complex.Aims/ObjectivesThe Seminar will address all three themes for the Conference and provide a round table discussion on the issue; lessons from work to date; and next steps in addressing the trends internationally—to synthesise the issue and consider the implications for ongoing efforts.Structure of Seminar• Introduction and outline• Outline of the Battery Controlled Programme and history• Input and implications from research• A medical profession perspective• Industry issues and actions• Community awareness campaign• Regulatory responses• Summary and conclusionResultsThe Seminar will demonstrate• How Governments, the medical profession, researchers, community groups and industry are working together to find practical solutions to the issue and benefits of this approach;• A variety of research issues; work to overcome these; and how research has been put to immediate use in the Programme;• Development of a successful awareness Programme and how this has started to be transported across countries and cultures;• The process of addressing complex regulatory and standards issues impacting many areas.SignificanceThe Seminar' significance lies in• Demonstration of the capacity to address emerging issues quickly when regulators, community organisations, researchers and industry work together• An international opportunity to consider progress in addressing this emerging risk to children and the key next steps.
MEDICAL COMMUNITY ROLE IN GLOBAL ARMS TRADE POLICY DISCUSSIONS
Authors: Valenti Maria 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) made seeking practical, internationally agreed responses to the global drug and arms trade one of nine priority recommendations in its 2002World Report on Violence and Health.“Even modest progress on either front would contribute to reducing the amount and degree of violence suffered by millions of people,”states WHO.A number of health organizations have taken a leadership role in bringing an evidence-based perspective to discussions on the global arms trade, including such initiatives as the Arms Trade Treaty, and the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons.PurposeTo identify and describe key health contributions to the discussion and negotiation of international agreements to prevent armed violence.MethodsReview contributions of organizations including the International Committee of the Red Cross, the WHO Violence Prevention Alliance, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and the American Public Health Association.ResultsMedical and public health organizations are playing a vital role in strengthening arguments for global arms control treaties and agreements by: Quantifying the health and humanitarian costs of armed violence; contributing case studies on the context and societal consequences of firearm violence; describing how health professionals can help monitor agreements; outlining best practices for victim assistance, and; by using their medical platforms to educate decision makers about armed violence prevention as essential to community health and development.SignificanceThis paper provides rationale for health professionals to continue and increase their participation in policy debates on arms control issues.
Contextual factors putting DSM youth at risk for death by mob violence: a qualitative study
Authors: Outwater A , Tarimo E , Campbell JC 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundMob violence, a collective community action arising against individuals or small groups, who are perceived as threatening social safety, is known to occur around the world. More than 200 male youth, mostly petty thieves, are killed annually in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (DSM) by community mobs.PurposeThe purpose of the research was to find contextual factors putting youth at risk for death by mob violence in DSM.MethodsData for this qualitative study were gathered through face-to-face interviews (22) and a focus group discussion. All interviews were audiotaped. Source data were imported into NVivo7. Coding and analysis took place within NVivo.Results49 nodes were identified. Seven were mentioned by more than 10 respondents. Almost all respondents (20) reported that lack of employment was a major factor leading to the victims' death. Twelve respondents each mentioned lack of human rights (12), and good or any parenting, and the difficulties of transitioning from childhood to adulthood, and often rural to urban. The police (14), God (11), and government (11) were also viewed as important factors.Significance to the FieldUnless youth needs for employment, in urban and rural areas are supported, there will not be peace at the community level. Research is needed to understand more clearly the factors pulling the youth to the city and the factors pushing youth out of the rural areas.
Trend of homicide in São Paulo city: an intra-urban analysis
Authors: Peres MFT , Levy RB , Luiz O , Grangeiro A 
Published: October 2012

The homicide mortality rate (HMR) is declining consistently in São Paulo, Brazil. From 2001 to 2008 HMR dropped by 74% in the city. Few studies tried to analyse homicide trends in different areas of São Paulo city.ObjectiveA. to analyse the trend of HMR in the 96 administrative districts (AD) of São Paulo Municipality (SPM) from 2000 to 2010B. to describe the characteristics of homicide death and the sociodemographic and economic conditions of areas with distinct homicide time trends.MethodsTrends of HMR was analysed through simple linear regression. Regression coefficients were standardised for comparison between the districts and were used as basis for the stratification into terciles.ResultsSignificant trends were found for 89 AD's. Trends ranged from −0.298 to −0.2038 (p<0,05). Areas with more accelerated fall presented worse socioeconomic conditions, higher proportion of men and youth in the population The proportion of low schooling, black and young (15–24-years-old) between the victims are higher in such areas, as well as the contribution of firearms to death.ConclusionsHMR is falling in different areas of SPM. More intense fall is being noticed in areas with characteristics that are associated with higher risk for Homicide death (low socioeconomic conditions, high proportion of youth and men in population). Characteristics of the victims in areas with more accelerated trend suggests that fall is more proeminent for homicide committed with firearm, and which victim has low schooling level and are black.
The relationship between violence and mental illnesses in Guatemala
Authors: Polanco V D Puac , Branas CC , Soto V A López , Xie D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundNumerous factors are thought to connect violence to mental illness, including civil conflict, yet very few studies of this relationship have been conducted using large, population-based samples in developing nations.AimTo test the association between prior violent events and mental health outcomes for Guatemala.MethodsWe collected and analysed a national cluster random sample of 1452 participants as part of the 2009 Guatemalan National Survey of Mental Health. Our exposure of interest was the most stressful or upsetting violent event experienced by participants; ICD-10 criteria classified mental illness. Analyses of the 36-year Guatemalan civil war as an effect modifier were also completed.ResultsIn total, 22.51% participants experienced ≥1 prior violent event. The proportions of subjects who were diagnosed for PTSD, depression, and anxiety were 5.45%, 3.66%, and 1.85%, respectively. The unadjusted risk ratios associated with prior violent event for PTSD, depression, and anxiety were 18.21 (95% CI 6.40 to 51.81, p<0.001), 1.29 (95% CI 0.60 to 2.76, p=0.504), and 1.50 (95% CI 0.55 to 4.08, p=0.417), respectively. After adjusting for various confounders, risk ratios for PTSD, depression, and anxiety were 21.73 (95% CI 7.23 to 65.23, p<0.001), 1.36 (95% CI 0.58 to 3.20, p=0.469), and 1.59 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.97, p=0.411), respectively. These risk ratios were larger and more significant during the Guatemala civil war.SignificanceGuatemalans exposed to prior violent events had a significantly higher risk of developing PTSD. Mental illness treatment and prevention programmes that identify individuals with prior exposure to violent events could be of great value to developing nations, many of which have a recent history of civil war or are actively involved in civil war.
Forensic examination following rape: do skin colour and baseline injury matter?
Authors: Sommers M , Everett J , Tiller D , Fargo J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRape is a global health risk for women. We are exploring the role of skin colour in the forensic examination by studying women after consensual sexual intercourse (CSI).Aims/Objectives/PurposeDetermine whether injury prevalence varies by ethnicity and skin colour following CSI; Evaluate whether recent (≤24 h) CSI increases injury from baseline.MethodsCross-sectional design for phase I (n=120) and repeated measures design for phase II (n=281). In phase I, participants underwent a forensic exam following CSI, and in phase II participants had a baseline exam, followed by CSI and a follow-up exam.Results/OutcomesIn phase I, 55% of the sample had ≥1 genital injury; percentages significantly differed for White (68%) and Black (43%) participants (p=0.02). While ethnicity was a significant predictor of injury occurrence (OR=3.15; RR=2.94), skin colour confounded the original relationship between ethnicity and injury. In phase II, we enrolled 146 women. The change in genital injury prevalence and frequency from exam 1 to 2 was modelled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Outcomes included specific injury type and observation of any injury during exam 2. Injury observed during examination 1 was the key predictor, adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since intercourse, duration and frequency of intercourse, degree of lubrication, number of lifetime partners, and skin colour.Significance/Contributions to the FieldResults showed significant increases in redness as well as increased frequency of any external genital injury. We conclude that the rape forensic examination should be sensitive to skin colour, time since last intercourse, and baseline injury.
Violent injury in Ilorin
Authors: Agere IA , Nasir AA , Yakub S , Abdur-Rahman OL , Ofoegbu CKP , Solagberu AB 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjuries through violence are threats to health in every country of the world. Current data on violence and injury in Nigeria requires updating.ObjectiveTo generate current data on violence-related Injuries in Ilorin, a suburban settlement generally seen as peaceful.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in emergency department of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital between 1 June 2010–31 December 2011. All the patients seen with violent-related injury were included into the study. Patient demographics, the cause, circumstances and severity of injury were recorded. Data was analysed with SPSS 15.0.ResultsA total of 79 patients were studied, 89.9% (n=71) were male. Majority (56.3%, n=45) of them were economically active; age 21–40 years. Mechanism of injury was assault in 38(47.5%) cases and gunshot in 36 (45%). The leading motive of the violence was armed robbery (37, 46.8%) and fight (29, 36.7%). Most of the gunshot injuries (29 out of 36) were from armed robbery attacked, p=0.000. Majority of the injuries were lacerations 36(45%) and penetrating wounds 29(36.7%). Twenty (25.3%) patients were severely injured. Most of the injuries 34.2% (n=27) occurred on the roads and 29.1% (n=23) at home.SignificanceArmed robbery accounted for high incidence of violence injuries. These results call for detailed study of the causes of violence with a view of generating preventive strategies.
New techniques of victims recovery buried by homicides and natural disasters
Authors: Ticas Israel 
Published: October 2012

ProblemIn Latin America the country more violently is El Salvador possesses clandestine cemeteries where victims of Homicides are buried, and his vulnerability before the natural disasters that they provoke fade of land stopping buried victims, the techniques used by the institutions in charge of the forensic research and of rescue, they are old-fashioned.TargetTo show the efficiency in the merger of different disciplines applying them to the forensic research and his implementation to improve the recovery of buried victims.MethodsI compile information of cases realised by the author of the new techniques of victims' recovery buried of homicides and natural disasters, tried in the programme excel.ResultsIn the period of 2010 and 2011 there recovered 205 victims buried in 43 clandestine cemeteries of seven departments, were 110 men, 75 women and 20 children, the reason of death was 60 dismembered, 67 stabbed, 25 beheaded ones, 28 hanged persons, 20 for firearm, and five buried alive, 450 physical evidences and 18 victims Of three fade in two departments.ConclusionsIt was a success to fuse the archaeology and forensic anthropology, the architecture, the sculpture and the criminology, Since in 2 years there recovered 505 victims who were eliminated and 18 of fade, one recommends to implement these techniques to the institutions in charge of the forensic researches of the state, and to create a database of missing persons and DNA of the mothers of these.
Violent injuries in Nigeria: increasing occurrence but low priority on preventive measures
Authors: Chukwuneke F , Anyanechi C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundViolent injuries among Nigerian civilian population are on the increase, almost approaching an epidemic level. This is attributable to the rising violent crime rate as a result of hardship, high level of unemployment, political crisis, religious and ethnic conflicts, police brutality and high incidence of armed robbery.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThe purpose of this study was to characterise the total burden of violent injuries in Eastern Nigeria over a 5-year recent period from 2006 to 2010 and identified the trends in the number of cases.MethodA multicentre retrospective review of 126 cases of violent injuries seen in the trauma units of five specialists' hospitals in eastern Nigeria was analysed. All the cases were categorised by the age, sex, aetiology, type of injury and the year of presentation.Results/OutcomeOne hundred and twenty-six cases seen for the 5-year period accounted for 46.2% of all the trauma injuries. There were 76 males (60.4%) and 50 females (39.6%) giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.6 : 1. The most common type of injury was gunshot (64%) followed by stab injuries (17%). Domestic violence was high (32.6%). The highest number of cases was recorded in 2010 (28.6%).Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis study has shown an increasing trend in the occurrence of violent injuries in Nigeria. Most victims were inflicted with gunshot injuries. With the changing political situation, social advancement and urbanisation, economic frustrations and ethnic conflicts, there is a need to regulate the influx of deadly weapons in the country by the relevant agencies.Table 1Types of violent injuries and the number of casesCause of injuryNo of the casesPercentageGunshot8164%Stab injuries2117%Others2419%Table 2Trends in the number of Violent Injury Cases per yearYearNumber of casesPercentage20061915%20072923%20082015.920092217.5%20103628.6%