bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumen digestion and rumen outflow rate in deer fed fresh chicory

(Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium

perenne)
Authors: KUSMARTONO  , SHIMADA A. , BARRY T. N. 
Published: July 2002

Pure swards of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and

perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were grown at Palmerston

North, New Zealand. They were cut daily and fed hourly at 2·25

kg dry matter (DM)/day to eight hand-reared, rumen-fistulated

castrated red deer stags kept in metabolism crates during December

1994 and January 1995 (summer). Apparent digestibility, rumen

fractional disappearance rate (FDPR), rumen fractional degradation

rate (FDR), rumen fractional outflow rate (FOR) and mean retention

time (MRT) were measured. The ratio of readily fermentable

carbohydrate to structural carbohydrate was approximately three times

higher in chicory than in perennial ryegrass. Apparent digestibility

of DM was higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial

ryegrass (0·785 v. 0·727), whilst apparent

digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was lower in deer fed

chicory (0·679 v. 0·755), due to a reduced

hemicellulose digestibility (0·667 v. 0·783).

Relative to deer fed perennial ryegrass, those fed chicory had higher

rumen FDPR values for DM (14·5 v. 8·6%/h),

soluble carbohydrate (69·9 v. 54·7%/h),

cellulose (15·5 v. 9·8%/h) and lignin

(6·8 v. 3·8%/h). Rumen FDR in deer fed

chicory was higher than those fed perennial ryegrass for cellulose

(11·4 v. 7·0%/h) and lignin (2·7

v. 1·0%/h), but tended to be lower for

hemicellulose. Rumen FOR was higher and MRT was lower for both liquid

and particulate matter in deer fed chicory compared to deer fed

perennial ryegrass.It is concluded that rumen FDPR and apparent digestibility were

much higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial ryegrass,

due to faster degradation rates of most constituents in the rumen and

faster outflow rates from the rumen. An exception was hemicellulose,

where reduced rumen degradation rates and shorter rumen particulate

MRT contributed to reduced apparent digestibility. Faster clearance

from the rumen, due to both faster degradation and outflow rates may

be used to explain the greater voluntary feed intake (VFI), as well

as faster growth rate in deer grazing chicory compared to those

grazing perennial ryegrass. Faster rates of lignin solubility in the

rumen probably contributed to the more rapid breakdown of chicory in

the rumen.
Stocking rate effects on sheep and forage productivity
under rubber in Malaysia
Authors: CHONG D. T. , TAJUDDIN I. , SAMAT Abd. M. S. , STÜR W. W. , SHELTON H. M. 
Published: July 2002

The productivity of grazing sheep was assessed under 7-year-old rubber
at the Rubber Research
Institute of the Malaysia Experimental Station at Sungai Buloh near Kuala
Lumpur between October
1988 and May 1990. The sheep were Dorset × Marlin crossbred lambs and they
grazed planted
leguminous cover crops and naturally occurring species at a range of
stocking rates.In the immature rubber trial, presentation yields of forage declined
with time regardless of stocking
rate. In the mature rubber trial, presentation yields of forage were low
(<1000 kg/ha) due to low
light transmission. High stocking rates (>6 sheep/ha) resulted in a
decrease in the proportion of
palatable species, namely Pueraria phaseoloides, Paspalum
conjugatum, Asystasia gangetica and
Mikania micrantha and an increase in the proportion of the less
palatable species such as
Calopogonium caeruleum and Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum.Daily liveweight gains ranged from 100 g/lamb per day at 4 sheep/ha to
70 g/lamb per day at
14 sheep/ha in the immature rubber trial. Only the lowest stocking rate of
2 sheep/ha was
continuously sustainable in the mature rubber trial. The estimated maximum
liveweight gain that
could be achieved under immature rubber was 266 kg/ha per year at a
stocking rate of 13·2 sheep/ha.
Effects of feeding varying amounts of a grain/forage
diet during late gestation and lactation on the
performance of Matebele goats
Authors: SIBANDA L. M. , NDLOVU L. R. , BRYANT M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Individually-penned Matebele does were randomly allocated to three
dietary treatments during
gestation (0·66, 0·50 and 0·33 MJ ME/kg metabolic
weight) and subsequently offered either 0·95 or
0·6 MJ ME/kg metabolic weight during lactation in Gwanda, south
west of Zimbabwe, in 1990. The
diets offered consisted of veld and lucerne hay and maize grain in proportions
of 0·56, 0·24 and 0·2, respectively.Reducing the amount of energy consumed from 0·58 to 0·26 MJ
ME/kg metabolic weight in the
last 7 weeks of gestation resulted in does suffering a net loss in body weight
(−2 kg) and body
condition score, although it had no significant effect on the birth weight
of single kids.Reducing feeding in the first 15 weeks of lactation from 0·95 to
0·59 MJ ME/kg metabolic body
weight only had minor effects upon liveweight and body condition score change
of the does and had
no effect on the growth of kids. Amount of feed offered in lactation had a
positive effect upon milk
yield and there was a trend for yields to increase proportionally to
pre-partum dietary intake. Diet
had no effect upon milk composition. It was concluded that the benefits of
supplementary feeding are
small and may not justify the extra costs entailed in smallholder systems.
Factors affecting the yield of winter cereals in
crop margins
Authors: WILCOX A. , PERRY N. H. , BOATMAN N. D. , CHANEY K. 
Published: July 2002

Yields of arable crops are commonly lower on the crop margins or headlands, but the nature of the
relationship between yield and distance from the crop edge has not been clearly defined, nor have the
reasons for lower marginal yields. Surveys of 40 winter wheat headlands were carried out in 2 years
to determine how yield changed with distance, and what factors might influence this relationship.
Two field experiments were also conducted over 3 years in winter cereal headlands, in which the effect
of distance was measured under conservation headland and conventional (fully sprayed) management.Yields in the headland surveys varied from 0·8 to 10·2 t/ha. An inverse polynomial regression
model was fitted to yield and weed data. Best fits were obtained by using separate parameters for each
site. Adjusting yields to take account of weed dry matter improved the non-linear fit between yield
and distance from crop edge. Field experiments provided similar results but the non-linear
relationship was not as apparent.There was a negative relationship between soil compaction, as measured by a cone penetrometer,
and yield in one field experiment, where soil density values were relatively constant. No relationship
was found between pattern of nitrogen fertilizer application and yield. Conservation headland
management resulted in lower yield at one experimental site, especially in the third year, but not at
the other site. Where yields were affected, weed dry matter was higher in conservation headland plots
than in fully sprayed plots.Although greater weed competition appears to account for at least part of the observed yield
reductions on headlands, the role of other factors, particularly soil compaction, needs further study.
Increased weed infestation may be an indirect result of reduced crop competition caused by other
adverse conditions.
Heat inactivation of the extracellular proteinase from
Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F: inactivation during heating up
and cooling periods
Authors: SCHOKKER ERIX P. , VAN BOEKEL MARTINUS A. J. S. 
Published: July 2002

We have reported previously on the kinetics of thermal inactivation at 80–120°C
of the extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F (Schokker & van
Boekel, 1997, 1999b). During these studies, we noted some inactivation during the
heating up and cooling periods, but allowed for this by calculating the residual
activity as a fraction of the activity after the heating up period of 2 min followed by
cooling to 0°C. However, it may be of interest to evaluate the extent of inactivation
during these heating up and cooling periods. If the temperature dependence of the
reaction rate behaves according to Eyring's theory, inactivation would, of course, be
slower than at the final heating temperature. However, during the heating and
cooling of the enzyme solution, the temperature also passes the region in which
autoproteolysis occurs (Schokker & van Boekel, 1998a). Prolonged residence time in
the critical zone for autoproteolysis may cause increased inactivation, as has been
demonstrated in electrophoresis experiments for proteinases from other Ps.
fluorescens strains (Barach & Adams, 1977; Richardson, 1981; Diermayr et al. 1987).
Consequently, the inactivation during the first few minutes would be dependent on
factors influencing both autoproteolytic and thermal inactivation.In most of our heating experiments (Schokker & van Boekel, 1997, 1999b),
inactivation during heating up was relatively rapid compared with inactivation at
the final heating temperature, leading to a biphasic inactivation curve. This was also
found for proteinases from many other Ps. fluorescens strains. In some studies the
inactivation during heating up was not taken into account when analysing the
kinetics of thermal inactivation (Patel et al. 1983;
Yan et al. 1985; Fairbairn & Law,
1986), which led to misinterpretation of the mechanism or the kinetic values. Others
explained the biphasic inactivation curve by autoproteolysis (Barach & Adams,
1977; Richardson, 1981; Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Kroll & Klostermeyer, 1984;
Diermayr et al. 1987), or stabilization by Ca2+
of a small portion of the proteinase to
heat inactivation (Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Azcona et al. 1988).In this paper we discuss the influence of protein, enzyme purification and Ca2+
activity on inactivation during the heating up and cooling periods. The aim of this
study was to determine, using kinetic modelling, whether the inactivation during
heating up and cooling periods could be explained by autoproteolysis and thermal
inactivation, or whether other mechanisms are involved in the strong initial
inactivation.
Before the Edict of Nantes
Authors: GREENGRASS MARK 
Published: July 2002

The French wars of religion, 1562–1629.
By Mack P. Holt. (New Approaches to
European History, 8.) Pp. xiv+239 incl. 9 maps and 7 figs. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995. £30 (cloth), £10.95 (paper).

0 521 35359 9; 0 521 35873 6Reformation in La Rochelle. Tradition and change in early modern
Europe,
1500–1568. By
Judith Pugh Meyer. (Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 298). Pp.
182
incl. frontispiece, 9 figs and 21 tables. Geneva: Droz, 1996. 2 600 00115
8A city in conflict. Troyes during the French wars of religion.

By Penny Roberts. (Studies
in Early Modern European History.) Pp. xi+228. Manchester–New York:

Manchester University Press, 1996. £40. 0 7190 4694 7One king, one faith. The Parlement of Paris and the religious
reformations of the sixteenth
century. By Nancy Lyman Roelker. (A Centennial Book.) Pp. xiii+543.

Berkeley–Los Angeles–London: University of California Press,
1996.
£50 ($65). 0 520 08626 0When the French king Henri III appeared before the Parlement
of
Paris to enregister the Edict of Nemours on 18 July 1585, he was
greeted with a eulogistic harangue from the first president of the
parlement, Achille de Harlay. This was, he told the king, a true lit
de
justice, in which the king was united and reconciled with his people
within
a godly union around the one, true and Catholic religion. He went on to

remind the king that it was twenty-five years ago to the month that the

first edict of Catholicity had been promulgated. In the intervening period,

the parlement had never accepted the principle behind the adventure of

religious pluralism attempted in the various edicts of pacification with
the
Protestant minority. They had only enregistered them under the duress of

‘the explicit command of the king’ and the ‘urgent
necessity of the times’,
judging all such measures ‘contrary to the tranquility of your state’,
and
against the law of God. One observer recorded that the king wept during

this speech. But these were not tears of joy, for this edict (which obliged

the Protestant minority to abjure or depart the realm within months) had

been forced upon him by the duke of Guise and the Catholic League. At
a stroke it unwound the painfully slow efforts of the French monarchy to

rebuild its authority on the basis of a royally imposed religious pluralism.

The king appeared before his parlement to reap what rewards he could
from a measure that also advertised his faiblesse. Like the more
recent tear
for the decommissioning of a royal yacht, these were the ways a monarch

used to express the politically impossible. For us they are an important

reminder of the passions that gripped French politics during its painful

and bloody reformation and how sophisticated we must be in their
interpretation. The four works under consideration here are very disparate

– a socio-institutional study, an up-to-date, interpretative textbook,
and
two case-studies in the urban reformation. Their only common thread is

that they represent the variety of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ (in the French

denomination) scholarship on the wars of religion.
A note on helicity conservation in steady fluid flows
Authors: SPOSITO GARRISON 
Published: July 2002

A theorem on helicity conservation proved by Moffatt (1969) for
the flows of inviscid
barotropic fluids is generalized, for steady flows, to any fluid in which
vorticity field
lines are material. To make this generalization, the helicity within a
volume V
enclosed by a material surface S must be defined by the volume
integral,formula herewhere v is the fluid velocity, m is a unit vector
tangent
to a vorticity line, λ is the
vorticity line stretch (Casey & Naghdi 1991), and J is the
determinant of the
deformation gradient tensor. For the case of an inviscid barotropic fluid,

([Hscr ]′S differs
only by a constant factor from the helicity integral defined originally
by Moffatt (1969).
The condition under which ([Hscr ]′S
is
invariant under steady fluid motion is also the
condition necessary and sufficient for the existence of a permanent system
of surfaces
on which both the stream lines and the vorticity lines lie (Sposito 1997).
These surfaces
and the helicity invariant ([Hscr ]′S

figure importantly in the topological classification of
integrable steady fluid flows, including flows with dissipation, in which
vorticity lines
are material.
On the status of an implicit arguments
in middles
Authors: IWATA SEIZI 
Published: July 2002

Massam (1992), challenging the view that the presence of an implicit argument is
essential to middles, argues that middles should be defined in terms of genericity and
modality. This paper shows that Massam's hypothesis is factually untenable.
Genericity and modality are only typical, not essential, properties of middles.
Furthermore, middles in Massam's conception do not form a natural class with
middles as normally understood. Rather, the presence of an implicit argument is a
defining characteristic, as is widely accepted.It is further shown that in order to handle an implicit argument properly, middles
need to be represented by conceptual structure in the sense of Jackendoff (1987a,
1987b, 1990). The proposed analysis of middle by means of conceptual structure
accommodates even the implicit argument of middles that express specific events.
Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?
Authors: VOLLMER-CONNA UTÉ 
Published: July 2002

Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence
that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous
manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and
the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al.
1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the
predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g.
stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see
Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest
in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper
considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the
immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with
acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become
the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie
& Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996;
Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the
normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying
mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition
of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more
chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood
non-specific symptom clusters.
Non-disabled cases in a national survey
Authors: HENDERSON S. , KORTEN A. , MEDWAY J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of mental disorders consistently reported in large-scale community surveys have met with deserved scepticism. A crucial variable is the extent to which people who are considered cases are also disabled by their symptoms. In a national population survey, we hypothesized that an administratively significant proportion of persons with anxiety or depressive disorders according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV would report no disability.Methods. Interviews were sought on a nationally representative sample of people aged 18 and over across Australia. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview on laptop (CIDI-A) was used by professional survey interviewers to identify persons meeting ICD-10 or DSM-IV criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders in the previous 4 weeks, together with self-reported data on associated disability and medical consultations for the same period.Results. In an achieved sample of 10641 persons (response rate = 78%), no disability in daily life was reported by 28% of persons with an anxiety disorder and 15% with a depressive disorder by ICD-10 criteria; and by 20·4% and 13·9% respectively by DSM-IV. Non-disabled respondents had lower scores on two measures of psychological distress and markedly lower rates for having consulted a doctor for their symptoms.Conclusion. The ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for anxiety and depressive disorders, when applied to the information on symptoms elicited by the CIDI-A, inadequately discriminate between people who are and are not disabled by their symptoms. There may be a group of highly symptomatic people in the general population who tolerate their symptoms and are not disabled by them.
A comparison of needs assessed by staff and by an
epidemiologically representative sample of patients with psychosis
Authors: SLADE M. , PHELAN M. , THORNICROFT G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Staff and severely mentally ill patients
differ in their assessments of need. This study
compares staff and patient assessments of need for people suffering from
psychotic disorders.Method. The needs of an epidemiologically representative sample
of
137 patients from a catchment
area psychiatric service in South London who had an ICD-10 diagnosis of
a functional psychotic
disorder were assessed cross-sectionally by patients and staff,
using the Camberwell Assessment of Need.Results. Staff rated patients to have on average 6·1
needs,
and patients rated 6·7 needs (t=2·58,
df=136, P=0·011). This difference was accounted for by
the
staff rating of 1·2 unmet needs and
the patient rating of 1·8 unmet needs (t=3·58, df=136,

P<0·001). There was no difference in
rating of total number of met needs. There was no difference in ratings
in relation to any
patient sociodemographic characteristics. There was moderate
or better agreement on the presence
of a need for 13 of the 22 domains in the Camberwell Assessment of Need.Conclusions. Staff and patients moderately agree about met
needs,
but agree less often on unmet needs.
The role of exposure with response prevention in the
cognitive-behavioural therapy for bulimia nervosa
Authors: BULIK C. M. , SULLIVAN P. F. , CARTER F. A. , McINTOSH V. V. , JOYCE P. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. One hundred and thirty-five women with
bulimia nervosa participated in a randomized
clinical trial designed to determine whether the addition of
exposure with response prevention to a
core of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) leads to greater
clinical improvement and lower risk
of relapse. We present results from the end of treatment and 6- and 12-month
follow-up.Methods. Participants received eight sessions of CBT and
were then randomized to either exposure
to pre-binge cues (B-ERP), exposure to pre-purge cues (P-ERP), or a
relaxation training control condition (RELAX).Results. CBT produced significant clinical change. At
the end of the behavioural treatments, there
were no significant differences across the three groups on abstinence (66%
in B-ERP, 45% in
P-ERP and 47% in RELAX), or frequency of bingeing and purging. B-ERP, but
not P-ERP,
significantly reduced anxiety on the cue reactivity assessment,
food restriction, body dissatisfaction
and depression. These differences were not maintained at 6-month follow-up.
At 12-months, B-ERP
was independently associated with lower food restriction and better global
functioning.Conclusions. CBT is a highly effective treatment for bulimia
nervosa.
B-ERP was modestly superior
to P-ERP at post-treatment; however, the advantage did not remain throughout
the follow-up
interval. ERP for bulimia nervosa is an expensive and logistically
complicated treatment that does
not appear to offer any significant additive benefits that are proportional

to the amount of effort required to implement the treatment.