bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of syndiotactic polystyrene using novel monotitanocene with ortho-substituted phenoxy ligands
Authors: Zhang Ling , Xiao Shanshan , Huang Shaowen , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing 
Published: May 2014

Abstract Four new Cp*Ti compounds with ortho-substituted phenoxy ligands for the syndio- specific polymerization of styrene were prepared by the reaction of various kinds of ortho- substituted phenol with Cp*TiCl3 in the presence of triethylamine. Their catalytic properties for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene were investigated at different AlMAO/Ti ratio, different AlTIBA/Ti ratio and different polymerization temperature. All four compounds in the presence of cocatalyst methylaluminoxane (MAO) and triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) showed good performance at lower concentrations of titanium, MAO, and TIBA. Especially, ( Cp*Ti(OPhMe)3)/MAO system afforded syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) with the highest activity and high molecular weight.
Schriftquellen zur westafrikanischen Geschichte
Authors: Stamm Volker 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Erst allmählich breiten sich die Kenntnisse darüber aus, dass westafrikanische Gesellschaften über eine umfangreiche und sehr komplexe Schrifttradition verfügen. Eng mit der islamischen Kultur verbunden, deckt sie all die Themen ab, die Arbeitsbereiche der europäischen Historiographie darstellen: politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Geschichte, Geistes-, Rechts- und Kulturgeschichte. Zu großen Teilen sind diese Quellen nicht erschlossen, viele davon noch nicht aufgefunden und registriert. Die vorrangige Aufgabe der Historiker liegt deshalb darin, die Bestände zu identifizieren, zu sichern, zu katalogisieren und sodann zu bearbeiten und zu edieren. Auf dieser Grundlage sind völlig neue Einsichten in die Entwicklung Westafrikas möglich, die sowohl die Besonderheiten der Region zutage treten lassen wie auch ihre Einbeziehung in die Universalgeschichte erleichtern und zugleich zeigen, dass die geschichtswissenschaftliche Methodik einen angemessenen Zugang dazu gestattet.
University students and the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in Uganda: The Crane Survey
Authors: Rutherford George W. , Anglemyer Andrew , Bagenda Danstan , Muyonga Michael , Lindan Christina P. , Barker Joseph L. , Johnston Lisa , Hladik Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Adolescents and young adults are at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous reports have found that university students in Africa comprise a sexually active population, although the prevalence of HIV or sexually transmitted infections (STI) has not been measured. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of students from five large universities in Kampala, Uganda, using respondent-driven sampling. We asked students to complete behavioral questionnaires and provide biological samples to test for HIV, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis. We enrolled 649 students and obtained interpretable data from 640. Around 50% of the respondents were male, and the mean age was 22 years. An estimated 0.8% (95% CI 0.0–2.0) of male students had Chlamydia infection, approximately 4.3% (95% CI 2.0–7.0) had syphilis, 0.4% (95% CI 0.0–0.9) had HIV, and none had gonorrhea. An estimated 32.6% (95% CI 22.4–40.8) of women had bacterial vaginosis, 2.5% (95% CI 0.7–6.3) had Chlamydia infection, 1.7% (95% CI 0.5–3.6) had syphilis, 1.0% (95% CI 0.0–2.4) had gonorrhea, 0.9% (95% CI 0.0–4.2) had trichomoniasis, and 0.9% (95% CI 0.0–1.8) had HIV. We found no significant risk factors for HIV or other STI among males. We also found that not using a condom during the latest sexual intercourse was significantly associated with HIV infection, other STI, or bacterial vaginosis (OR 2.16; 95% 1.26–3.78) among females. We conclude that while university students are sexually active and there is substantial risk for syphilis, there is little evidence of substantially increased HIV risk among them.
An efficient Monte Carlo solution for
problems with random matrices
Authors: Grigoriu Mircea 
Published: May 2014

Abstract.
Random matrices, that is, matrices whose entries are measurable
functions of a random vector Z, are encountered in finite
element/difference formulations of a broad range of stochastic
mechanics problems. Monte Carlo simulation, the only general
method for solving this class of problems, is usual impractical
when dealing with realistic problems.
A new method is proposed for solving this class of problems. The
method can be viewed as a smart Monte Carlo simulation. Like Monte
Carlo, it calculates statistics for quantities of interest from
deterministic matrices corresponding to samples of Z. In
contract to Monte Carlo that uses a large number of samples of Z
selected at random, the proposed method uses a small number of
samples of this vector selected in an optimal manner. The method
is based on stochastic reduced models (SROMs) for Z, i.e.,
random vectors with finite numbers of samples, and surrogate
models expressing quantities of interest as known functions of
Z.
Theoretical arguments are followed by numerical examples providing
statistics for inverses of random matrices, solutions of
stochastic algebraic equations, and eigenvalues/eigenvectors of
random matrices.
The Sugar-Pie Game: The Case of Non-Conforming Expectations
Authors: Mullat Joseph E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPlaying a bargaining game, the players with non-conforming expectations were
trying to enlarge their share of a sugar-pie. The first player, who was not
very keen on sweets, placed an emphasis on quality. In contrast, for the
second player, all sweet options, whatever they might be, were open. Thus,
this paper aims to determine the negotiating power of the first player, if
equal division of the pie was desirable, i. e., both players aimed to get
1/2 of the available sweets.
Crystal structure of 2,2-dibromo-1-(4-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl) ethanone, C14H8Br2F2O2
Authors: Yang Shuang-Hua , Zhai Zhi-Wei 
Published: May 2014

Abstract C14H8Br2F2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.009(1) Å, b = 15.787(2) Å, c = 8.687(1) Å, β = 112.912(1)°, V = 1390.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0449, wRref(F2) = 0.1309, T = 296 K.
Ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries
Authors: Wu Xiongwei , Hu Junping , Liu Jun , Zhou Qingming , Zhou Wenxin , Li Huiyong , Wu Yuping 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been paid to vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) because of their excellent performance as a new and efficient energy storage system, especially for large-scale energy storage. As one core component of a VRB, ion exchange membrane prevents cross-over of positive and negative electrolytes, while it enables the transportation of charge-balancing ions such as H+, $${\text{SO}}_4^{2 - },$$ and $${\text{HSO}}_4^ - $$ to complete the current circuit. To a large extent, its structure and property affect the performance of VRBs. This review focuses on the latest work on the ion exchange membranes for VRBs such as perfluorinated, partially fluorinated, and nonfluorinated membranes. The prospective for future development on membranes for VRBs is also proposed.
Optimal mechanical and gas permeation properties of polypropylene-organically modified montmorillonite (PP-OMMT) nanocomposites
Authors: Al Herz Youssef , Madhuranthakam Chandra Mouli R. , Elkamel Ali , Mittal Vikas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on obtaining optimal mechanical properties of polypropylene-organically modified montmorillonite (PP-OMMT) nanocomposites for different objectives using simulations. The primary objective was to minimize the cost of the PP-OMMT nanocomposites. The other aim was to obtain specific desired properties of the nanocomposite (irrespective of the nanocomposite cost). The later simulation results are useful in designing products where quality of the nanocomposite cannot be compromised (while the cost of the PP-OMMT is secondary). The properties that were optimized include Young’s modulus and oxygen permeation. Regression models were obtained and used to predict these properties as functions of corresponding compositions of the composites. Further, optimization procedures were simulated using these models along with other constraints and objective functions. All simulations were programmed using MATLAB version 7.10.0 (R2010a).
A new conductometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on chitosan and chitosan/gold nanoparticle films
Authors: Valencia Germán Ayala , de Oliveira Vercik Luci Cristina , Vercik Andrés 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A new conductometric biosensor was developed and characterized; the biosensor was based on horseradish peroxidase that was deposited in chitosan and chitosan/AuNPs films. The biosensors were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and current-voltage curves. Current-voltage curves in biosensors showed that the electrical conductivity and bistability in biosensors can be modulated by horseradish peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed the reduction of H2 O2 to H2 O with the oxidation of the prosthetic group (Fe3+) in the enzyme to Fe4+=O. Conductometric signal in the biosensors increased with the gradual increase of H2 O2 concentration, and it was due to the H2 O2 reduction. Linear hydrogen peroxide detection was observed for a concentration between 0 and 15 mm. The results proved that these biosensors could have promising industrial applications, due to its rapid and sensitive H2 O2 detection.
The broad diversity of CpCo(I) complexes
Authors: Thiel Indre , Hapke Marko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe presented review will focus on the systematic overview of the available synthetic approaches and the reactivity and the structural characteristics of selected mononuclear CpCo(I) complexes with (non)chelating neutral donor ligands. The complexes containing symmetrical or unsymmetrical neutral ligand combinations aside from the anionic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand will be discussed and the differences to complexes with substituted Cp ligands will be considered in selected cases.
Managing Consumer Referrals on a Chain Network
Authors: Arbatskaya Maria , Konishi Hideo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider a monopoly that sets a price and differentiated referral fees to spread product information along a simple consumer communication network (a chain). The profit-maximizing solution involves standard monopoly pricing and referral fees that provide consumers with strictly positive referral incentives. Effective price discrimination among consumers based on their positions in the chain occurs both in the case of differentiated referral fees and in the case of uniform referral fees.
Thermographischer Detektor basierend auf einem
neuartigen Mikro-Spiegel Sensor
Authors: Rangelow Ivo W. , Sinzinger Stefan , Steffanson Marek , Holz Mathias , Ivanov Tzvetan , Kleindienst Roman , Kampmann Ronald 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Wir berichten über die Entwicklung eines
Wärmebildgeräts, das auf einem
neuartigen, patentierten Sensor
basiert. Der Sensor besteht aus einer Matrix aus
Mikro-Spiegeln für deren Betreib keine
Energiezufuhr in Form von Strom oder Spannung und darüber hinaus keine
Kühlung notwendig ist. Die
Mikro-Spiegel verbiegen sich proportional zur
aufgenommen Wärmestrahlung
(Infrarot-Intensität), vergleichbar mit einem
bi-Metall-Thermometer.
Die Verbiegung des einzelnen Mikro-Spiegels wird durch
Auslenkung eines, an dem Spiegel reflektierten
Kaltlichtstrahles von einem konventionellen CCD-Sensor
erfasst und in Echtzeit-Wärmebilder
umgewandelt. Das System besteht aus optischen
Standardkomponenten. Durch Dünnschichttechnologien und
CMOS-Kompatibilität des Sensors
besitzt diese Innovation klare Kostenvorteile gegenüber aktuellen
Infrarotdetektoren.
Television History and the Cultural Politics of Remembering in The Crossing (1999)
Authors: Schwenk Maria-Constanze 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Based on the TV re-enactment The Crossing (1999), this paper will argue that the film intertwines three modes of cultural memory: historiography, iconography, and mythology. As a complex blend of different visual and narrative codes, The Crossing unfolds a history of continuity that is closely related to the commemorative cult about George Washington and his victory at the Battle of Trenton in 1776. Released in the year of the bicentennial commemoration of Washington's death, the film reinscribes the visual and imaginary codes that make up the memory of the nation. The Crossing is thus both a storage medium of collective memory and a dynamic medium of remembrance that actively configures the past by echoing national images and narratives.
Transcutaneous biopsy of adrenocortical carcinoma is rarely helpful in diagnosis, potentially harmful, but does not affect patient outcome
Authors: Williams Andrew R , Hammer Gary D , Else Tobias 
Published: May 2014

ContextAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with high recurrence and mortality rates. The utility, sensitivity, and effect on patient outcome of transcutaneous adrenal biopsy (TAB) for single, large, adrenal masses are unclear.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the utility, diagnostic sensitivity, and effect on patient outcome of TAB in patients with ACC.Design and settingWe conducted a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of all ACC patients who were evaluated at the University of Michigan Health System from 1991 to 2011. We evaluated the sensitivity of TAB for tumors with the final pathological diagnosis of ACC. We compared the characteristics and survival of patients with stage I–III disease who underwent TAB with those who did not undergo TAB.ResultsA total of 75 ACC patients with TAB were identified. Complications occurred in at least 11% of patients and were mainly associated with bleeding. The maximum sensitivity of the procedure in diagnosing ACC was 70%. For stage I–III patients, baseline characteristics, stage at diagnosis, and adjuvant treatment with mitotane or radiation were not significantly different between the TAB (n=36) and the non-TAB (n=254) groups. There was no significant difference in recurrence-free (P=0.7) or overall survival (P=0.7) between patients who underwent TAB and those who did not.ConclusionsTAB of single, large, adrenal masses is usually unnecessary, exposes patients to risk, but does not affect recurrence-free or overall survival.
Association between l-thyroxine treatment, GH deficiency, and radiological vertebral fractures in patients with adult-onset hypopituitarism
Authors: Mazziotti G , Mormando M , Cristiano A , Bianchi A , Porcelli T , Giampietro A , Maffezzoni F , Serra V , De Marinis L , Giustina A 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed at evaluating the association between radiological vertebral fractures and levo-thyroxine (l-T4) replacement doses in adult patients with hypopituitarism.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsWe studied 74 adult hypopituitary patients (males, 43; females, 31; mean age, 57 years; and range, 23–79) with central hypothyroidism treated with l-T4 (median daily dose: 1.1 μg/kg). All patients also had severe GH deficiency (GHD) and 38 of them were replaced with recombinant GH. Vertebral fractures were assessed by a quantitative morphometric analysis performed on thoracic and lumbar spine lateral X-ray.ResultsRadiological vertebral fractures were found in 23 patients (31.1%) in association with untreated GHD (P=0.02), higher serum free T4 levels (P=0.03), a higher daily dose of l-T4 (P=0.005), and a longer duration of hypopituitarism (P=0.05). When GHD was treated, the prevalence of vertebral fractures was more frequent (P=0.03) in patients receiving high l-T4 doses (third tertile: >1.35 μg/kg per day) as compared with patients who were treated with lower drug doses (first tertile: <0.93 μg/kg per day). Such a difference was not observed in patients with untreated GHD who showed a higher prevalence of vertebral fractures regardless of l-T4 daily doses. Multivariate analysis showed that untreated GHD (odds ratio: 4.27, 95% CI 1.27–14.33; P=0.01) and the daily dose of l-T4 (odds ratio: 4.01, 95% CI 1.16–14.39; P=0.03) maintained a significant and independent association with vertebral fractures in patients with central hypothyroidism.ConclusionsOur data suggest for the first time that a relative overtreatment with l-T4 may influence the fracture risk in some patients with hypopituitarism.
Insights into Three Whole-Genome Duplications Gleaned from theParamecium caudatumGenome Sequence
Authors: McGrath Casey L , Gout Jean-Francois , Doak Thomas G , Yanagi Akira , Lynch Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractParamecium has long been a model eukaryote. The sequence of the Paramecium tetraurelia genome reveals a history of three successive whole-genome duplications (WGDs), and the sequences of P. biaurelia and P. sexaurelia suggest that these WGDs are shared by all members of the aurelia species complex. Here, we present the genome sequence of P. caudatum, a species closely related to the P. aurelia species group. P. caudatum shares only the most ancient of the three WGDs with the aurelia complex. We found that P. caudatum maintains twice as many paralogs from this early event as the P. aurelia species, suggesting that post-WGD gene retention is influenced by subsequent WGDs and supporting the importance of selection for dosage in gene retention. The availability of P. caudatum as an outgroup allows an expanded analysis of the aurelia intermediate and recent WGD events. Both the Guanine+Cytosine (GC) content and the expression level of preduplication genes are significant predictors of duplicate retention. We find widespread asymmetrical evolution among aurelia paralogs, which is likely caused by gradual pseudogenization rather than by neofunctionalization. Finally, cases of divergent resolution of intermediate WGD duplicates between aurelia species implicate this process acts as an ongoing reinforcement mechanism of reproductive isolation long after a WGD event.
The Role of Exo1p Exonuclease in DNA End Resection to Generate Gene Conversion Tracts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yin Yi , Petes Thomas D 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The yeast Exo1p nuclease functions in multiple cellular roles: resection of DNA ends generated during recombination, telomere stability, DNA mismatch repair, and expansion of gaps formed during the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. In this study, we performed high-resolution mapping of spontaneous and UV-induced recombination events between homologs in exo1 strains, comparing the results with spontaneous and UV-induced recombination events in wild-type strains. One important comparison was the lengths of gene conversion tracts. Gene conversion events are usually interpreted as reflecting heteroduplex formation between interacting DNA molecules, followed by repair of mismatches within the heteroduplex. In most models of recombination, the length of the gene conversion tract is a function of the length of single-stranded DNA generated by end resection. Since the Exo1p has an important role in end resection, a reduction in the lengths of gene conversion tracts in exo1 strains was expected. In accordance with this expectation, gene conversion tract lengths associated with spontaneous crossovers in exo1 strains were reduced about twofold relative to wild type. For UV-induced events, conversion tract lengths associated with crossovers were also shorter for the exo1 strain than for the wild-type strain (3.2 and 7.6 kb, respectively). Unexpectedly, however, the lengths of conversion tracts that were unassociated with crossovers were longer in the exo1 strain than in the wild-type strain (6.2 and 4.8 kb, respectively). Alternative models of recombination in which the lengths of conversion tracts are determined by break-induced replication or oversynthesis during strand invasion are proposed to account for these observations.
Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis After Congenital Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Strychowsky Julie E. , Rukholm Gavin , Gupta Michael K. , Reid Diane 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
There is variation in the literature in regard to the occurrence of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) after congenital cardiothoracic surgery. The objective of this study was to identify and appraise the evidence for the occurrence of UVFP after congenital cardiothoracic surgery in a meta-analysis.

METHOD:
A comprehensive search strategy in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted, limited to English publications. Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility criteria. Of the 162 identified studies, 32 (20%) met the inclusion criteria. Using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines, 2 reviewers appraised the level of evidence, extracted data, and resolved discrepancies by consensus. Weighted pooled proportion and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.

RESULTS:
Thirty-two studies (n = 5625 patients) were included. Levels of evidence varied from level 3 to 4. Among all studies, the weighted pooled proportion of UVFP was 9.3% (95% CI, 6.6% to 12.5%), and among 11 studies (n = 584 patients) that postoperatively evaluated patients with flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy to document presence of UVFP, the weighted pooled proportion of UVFP was 29.8% (95% CI, 18.5% to 42.5%). Twenty-one studies (n = 2748 patients) evaluated patients undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation surgery, and the weighted pooled proportion of UVFP was 8.7% (95% CI, 5.4% to 12.6%). Six of these (n = 274 patients) assessed all patients postoperatively, and the weighted pooled proportion of UVFP was 39% (95% CI, 18% to 63%). Pooled analyses of risk factors and comorbidities are reported. Heterogeneity and publication bias were detected.

CONCLUSIONS:
UVFP is a demonstrated risk of congenital cardiothoracic surgery. Routine postoperative nasopharyngolaryngoscopy for vocal fold assessment by an otolaryngologist is suggested.
Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide Monotherapy Versus Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-3)
Authors: Umpierrez Guillermo , Tofé Povedano Santiago , Pérez Manghi Federico , Shurzinske Linda , Pechtner Valeria 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE
Compare the efficacy and safety of monotherapy with dulaglutide, a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, to metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. The primary objective compared dulaglutide 1.5 mg and metformin on change from baseline glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 26 weeks.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This 52-week double-blind study randomized patients to subcutaneous dulaglutide 1.5 mg, dulaglutide 0.75 mg, or metformin. Patients (N = 807) had HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) and ≤9.5% (≤80 mmol/mol) with diet and exercise alone or low-dose oral antihyperglycemic medication (OAM) monotherapy; OAMs were discontinued at beginning of lead-in period.

RESULTS
At 26 weeks, changes from baseline HbA1c (least squares [LS] mean ± SE) were: dulaglutide 1.5 mg, −0.78 ± 0.06% (−8.5 ± 0.70 mmol/mol); dulaglutide 0.75 mg, −0.71 ± 0.06% (−7.8 ± 0.70 mmol/mol); and metformin, −0.56 ± 0.06% (−6.1 ± 0.70 mmol/mol). Dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg were superior to metformin (LS mean difference): −0.22% (−2.4 mmol/mol) and −0.15% (−1.6 mmol/mol) (one-sided P &lt; 0.025, both comparisons), respectively. Greater percentages reached HbA1c targets &lt;7.0% (&lt;53 mmol/mol) and ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) with dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg compared with metformin (P &lt; 0.05, all comparisons). No severe hypoglycemia was reported. Compared with metformin, decrease in weight was similar with dulaglutide 1.5 mg and smaller with dulaglutide 0.75 mg. Over 52 weeks, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting were the most common adverse events; incidences were similar between dulaglutide and metformin.

CONCLUSIONS
Dulaglutide improves glycemic control and is well tolerated as monotherapy in patients with early stage type 2 diabetes.