bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition and Tissue Distributions in Growth Hormone Deficient Adults Before and After Growth Hormone Treatment
Authors: Lönn Lars , Johansson Gudmundur , Sjöström Lars , Kvist Henry , Odén Anders , Bengtsson Bengt‐Åke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study examines short and long‐term effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on body composition and regional tissue distributions by using a multicompartment technique based on computed tomography. Part I includes nine subjects aged 46 ± 9 years with adult onset GH deficiency who were examined before and in the end of 6 months treatment with rhGH (0.4 U. kg−1. week−1) in a double‐blind crossover trial. Part II is an ongoing open trial including seven of the males in part I. They were treated with rhGH (0.25 U. kg−1. week−1) over an additional period of 24 months.Adipose tissue (AT) was reduced by 4.7 kg (p<0.01) while the muscle plus skin compartment (M) and visceral organs (V) were increased by 2.4 (p<0.05) and 0.7 kg (p<0.01), respectively, over 6 months of treatment with a high rhGH dose. A preferential lipid mobilization occurred in the visceral and subcutaneous trunk depots resulting in a changed AT distribution. Muscles of legs and arms increased while the increase of trunk muscles did not reach significance.The body composition changes were maintained over 2 years additional treatment. The preferential loss in visceral AT was further pronounced while other changes in tissue distributions observed during the first 6 months tended to be reversed on the lower rhGH dosage.It is concluded that growth hormone has profound and discordant effects on AT, M and V and with associated changes in tissue distributions. The beneficial effects on body composition seen in short‐term treatment is preserved throughout an additional 24 months period of treatment.
Fat Accretion and Growth in the Rat
Authors: ZUCKER THEODORE F. , ZUCKER LOIS M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe normal course of fat accretion in male rats from birth to 3 years is described. The relative amount of fat and relative size of fat pads increased steadily throughout life (except for a brief cessation in fat accretion at weaning), in a manner closely related to body weight and independent of age. Several new rat strains with extremes of growth or fat accretion, fed the same diet, were used to define and illustrate courses of fat accretion: very large and very small non‐obese strains and a hereditarily obese rat. Rats of different known strains fed a variety of more refined diets show a course of fat growth different from that obtained with stock diets. Several types of obesity are discussed: insulin obesity, nutritional obesity, and hereditary obesity. Hereditary size and growth of the rat were readily (in a few generations) altered up or down, by consistently using the largest or the smallest 25% of the population for breeders. It is probable that the large increase in size of some laboratory rats over the past 40 years has been accomplished not only by improvement in stock diets and colony conditions, but also by selection for increased hereditary size.
Abnormal Regulation of Hepatic Glucocorticoid Receptor mRNA and Receptor Protein Distribution in the Obese Zucker Rat
Authors: Jenson Michelle , Kilroy Gail , York David A. , Braymer Douglas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study examines the cellular distribution of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein and transcriptional activity of the GR gene in the liver of Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats. Immunoabsorption and Western blotting showed an increase in nuclear GR protein level but a decrease in cytosolic GR levels in the liver of 5‐week old male obese rats (fa/fa) compared to their lean littermates (Fa/‐). These changes were confirmed by receptor‐ligand binding assays with [3H]‐dexamethasone which showed a sixfold increase in average obese nuclear GR binding and a twofold reduction in cytosolic GR binding. HSP90, but not HSP70, levels were reduced in hepatic cytosol and increased in hepatic nuclei prepared from obese rats. Using Northern blot analysis of hepatic RNA, we demonstrated a twofold increase in hepatic mRNAs for GR, malic enzyme (ME), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and glyceraldehyde 3‐P04‐dehydroge‐nase in the obese rat. Increased transcription of GR and ME mRNAs in obese nuclei was indicated in nuclear run‐on assays. These data suggest that there is increased nuclear localization of GR in the liver of obese rats and suggests that increased transcription of the GR gene may contribute to this effect. The described changes may contribute to the abnormal regulation by glucocorticoids of some hepatic genes in the Zucker fa/fa rat.
Ontogeny of the Response to Thyroxine (T4) in the Porcine Fetus: Interrelationships Between Serum T4, Serum Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and Differentiation of Skin and Several Adipose Tissues
Authors: Hausman Gary J. , Wright J. Thomas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe temporal aspect of thyroxine (T4) enhanced development of several fetal adipose tissue depots (locations) and skin was examined in the present study. On day 70 of gestation pig fetuses were either hypophysectomized (hypox), hypoxed and implanted with T4 pellets or left intact (control). Subsequently, fetuses were removed for study at either 73, 75, 80, 85 and 90 days of gestation. Serum levels of T4 and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) were significantly elevated by T4 after 3 days of treatment and throughout the study. T4 treatment enhanced development of skin, inner and outer subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue and adipocyte lobules around hair follicles (HFL's) but degree of response and response time were tissue or depot dependent. The T4 response time was shortest for skin and HFL's, longest for inner SQ and intermediate for the outer SQ. Considering the entire treatment period, magnitude of the T4 response was much greater for skin and HFL's than for outer and inner SQ tissues.Possibly, these developmental characteristics indicate that T4 directly influences skin and HFL's and indirectly influences inner SQ adipose tissue by increasing production of a locally produced adipogenic growth factor. Furthermore, developmental characteristics (morphological) indicated that putative local growth factor mediation of T4 action may depend on stage of development or maturity of the tissue. IGF‐I is clearly the most logical candidate as a putative local mediator of T4, but evidence at the molecular level is needed to prove this suggestion. Regardless, the particular adipose tissue location or depot is an important aspect of hormone responsiveness during the critical or sensitive period of fetal adipose tissue development.
The Accumulation of Visceral Adipose Tissue may be Influenced by Intra‐Abdominal Temperature
Authors: Kahn Henry S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDespite the established link between visceral obesity and major chronic diseases, little is known about physiologic factors that directly and specifically lead to the accumulation of visceral fat. I hypothesize that reduced intra‐abdominal temperature might be a physical factor underlying the partitioning of adipose tissue to the intra‐abdominal region rather than the periphery. The hypothesis is supported by biochemical reports that rat and bovine lipoprotein lipase have increased activity when incubated at lower temperatures. Persons exercising in cool water have been found to preserve subcutaneous fat whereas comparable exercise without local cooling results in subcutaneous fat loss. Pima Indians, a group that commonly acquires extreme levels of visceral fat, have been found to have lower intraabdominal temperatures during sleep than weight‐matched European‐Americans. In a study of four young men and four young women, I have noted that mean intra‐abdominal basal temperatures were higher for women than men (36.51 ± 0.18°C vs. 35.91 ± 0.11°C; p = .0014). Since the men are more likely to acquire visceral obesity at later age, this also provides support for my hypothesis. Investigators might wish to examine further the temperature dependence of adipose‐tissue lipoprotein lipase, the temperature variation between sites of adipose tissue, and the effects of foods, physical activities, smoking and drugs on localized body temperature.
Prediction Equations Do Not Eliminate Systematic Error in Self‐Reported Body Mass Index
Authors: Plankey Michael W. , Stevens June , Fiegal Katherine M. , Rust Philip F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPLANKEY MICHAEL W, JUNE STEVENS, KATHERINE M FLEGAL, PHILIP F RUST. Prediction equations do not eliminate systematic error in self‐reported body mass index.Epidemiological studies of the risks of obesity often use body mass index (BMI) calculated from self‐reported height and weight. The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of reporting error associated with self‐reported values of BMI and to evaluate the extent to which linear regression models predict measured BMI from self‐reported data and whether these models could compensate for this reporting error. We examined measured and self‐reported weight and height on 5079 adults aged 30 years to 64 years from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measured and self‐reported BMI (kg/m2) was calculated, and multiple linear regression techniques were used to predict measured BMI from self‐reported BMI. The error in self‐reported BMI (self‐reported BMI minus measured BMI) was not constant but varied systematically with BMI. The correlation between measured BMI and the error in self‐reported BMI was −0.37 for men and −0.38 for women. The pattern of reporting error was only weakly associated with self‐reported BMI, with the correlation being 0.05 for men and −0.001 for women. Error in predicted BMI (predicted BMI minus measured BMI) also varied systematically with measured BMI, but less consistently with self‐reported BMI. More complex models only slightly improved the ability to predict measured BMI compared with self‐reported BMI alone. None of the equations were able to eliminate the systematic reporting error in determining measured BMI values from self‐reported data. The characteristic pattern of error associated with self‐reported BMI is difficult or impossible to correct by the use of linear regression models.
Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in African‐American Girls With and Without Obesity
Authors: Ward Dianne S. , Trost Stewart G. , Felton Gwen , Saunders Ruth , Parsons Mary Ann , Dowda Marsha , Pate Russell R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstracWARD, DIANNE S, STEWART G TROST, GWEN FELTON, RUTH SAUNDERS, MARY ANN PARSONS, MARSHA DOWDA, RUSSELL R PATE. Physical activity and physical fitness in African‐American girls with and without obesity.Lack of physical activity and low levels of physical fitness are thought to be contributing factors to the high prevalence of obesity in African‐American girls. To examine this hypothesis, we compared habitual physical activity and physical fitness in 54 African‐American girls with obesity and 96 African‐American girls without obesity residing in rural South Carolina. Participation in vigorous (6 METs) (VPA) or moderate and vigorous physical activity (4 METs) (MVPA) was assessed on three consecutive days using the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the PWC 170 cycle ergometer test. Upper body strength was determined at two sites via isometric cable tensiometer tests. Relative to their counterparts without obesity, girls with obesity reported significantly fewer 30‐minute blocks of VPA (0. 90 ± 0. 14 vs. 1. 3 ± 0. 14) and MVPA (1. 2 ± 0. 18 vs. 1. 7 ± 0. 16) (p<0. 01). Within the entire sample, VPA and MVPA were inversely associated with body mass index (r=−0. 17 and r=−0. 19) and triceps skinfold thickness (r=−0. 19 and r=−0. 22) (p<0. 05). In the PWC 170 test and isometric strength tests, girls with obesity demonstrated absolute scores that were similar to, or greater than, those of girls without obesity; however, when scores were expressed relative to bodyweight, girls with obesity demonstrated significantly lower values (p<0. 05). The results support the hypothesis that lack of physical activity and low physical fitness are important contributing factors in the development and/or maintenance of obesity in African‐American girls.
How NOT to Approach the Obesity Problem
Authors: Flatt J. P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFLATT, JP. How NOT to approach the obesity problem.The emphasis given to the energy balance equation has fostered the widespread belief that obesity is a problem of energy balance. This mistaken view has led to many unjustified and unfortunate interpretations, because obesity is, rather, a problem of the interaction between body composition and food intake regulation.
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Leptin in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Al‐Barazanji Kamal A. , Buckingham Robin E. , Arch Jonathan R.S. , Haynes Andrea , Mossakowska Danuta E. , McBay Diane L. , Holmes Stephen D. , McHale Mark T. , Wang Xin‐Min , Gloger Israel S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAL‐BARAZANJI, KAMAL A, ROBIN E BUCKINGHAM, JONATHAN RS ARCH, ANDREA HAYNES, DANUTA E MOSSAKOWSKA, DIANE L McBAY, STEPHEN D HOLMES, MARK T McHALE, XIN‐MIN WANG, ISRAEL S GLOGER. Effects of intracerebro‐ventricular infusion of leptin in obese Zucker rats.The obese Zucker rat (OZR) exhibits a missense mutation in the cDNA for the leptin receptor, producing a single amino acid substitution in the extracellular domain of the receptor. A mutation in the leptin receptor gene of the db/db mouse prevents the synthesis of the long splice variant of the receptor. The possibility that the OZR, like the db/db mouse, is refractory to the actions of murine leptin was tested by infusing the protein intracerebroventricularly via a minipump for 7 days. Lean Zucker rats (LZR) infused with leptin acted as positive controls, and other groups of OZR and LZR were infused with vehicle. In LZR, leptin reduced body‐weight and food intake and increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature. Plasma corticosterone increased (61%) in these rats, and plasma triglycerides fell (78%). Leptin treatment improved tolerance to an oral glucose load (16% reduction in the area under the blood glucose curve) while lowering plasma insulin. In OZR, the actions of leptin were blunted. Food intake was slightly, but not significantly, reduced. Although there was a reduction in the rate of increase in body mass, the effect of leptin was about half that seen in LZR. BAT temperature and glucose tolerance were unchanged. In contrast to the elevated plasma corticosterone seen inLZR, leptin reduced the level of this hormone (27%) in OZR. In OZR and LZR treated with leptin, the plasma leptin levels were increased 24‐fold and 47‐fold, respectively. The results suggest that leptin retains some efficacy in OZR, although these rats are less responsive than LZR.
The Influence of Anatomical Boundaries, Age, and Sex on the Assessment of Abdominal Visceral Fat
Authors: Clasey Jody L. , Bouchard Claude , Wideman Laurie , Kanaley Jill , Teates C. David , Thorner Michael O. , Hartman Mark L. , Weltman Arthur 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCLASEY, JODY L, CLAUDE BOUCHARD, LAURIE WIDEMAN, JILL KANALEY, C DAVID TEATES, MICHAEL O THORNER, MARK L HARTMAN, ARTHUR WELTMAN. The influence of anatomical boundaries, age, and sex on the assessment of abdominal visceral fat.Single‐slice abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning has been used extensively for the measurement of abdominal visceral fat (AYF). Optimal anatomical scan location and pixel density ranges have been proposed and are specifically reported to allow for the replication and standardization of AVF measurements. Standardization of the anatomical boundaries for CT measurement of AVF and the influence of age and gender on results obtained with different boundary locations have received much less attention. To determine the influence of three boundary analysis methods (AVF‐1, AVF‐2, and AVF‐3) on the measurement of AVF by CT, 54 older (60 years to 79 years) and 37 younger (20 years to 29 years) healthy men and women were examined. The measurement boundary for AVF‐1 was the internal most aspect of the abdominal and oblique muscle walls, and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body. AVF‐2 used fat measurements enclosed in a boundary formed by the midpoint of the abdominal and oblique muscle walls, and the most posterior aspect of the spinous process. AVF‐3 used fat measurements enclosed in a boundary formed by the external border of the abdominal and oblique muscle walls, and the external border of the erector spinae. Greater AVF measures were obtained with AVF‐2 and AVF‐3 compared with AVF‐1 (p<0.0001). These differences were greater in older compared with younger subjects (p<0.0001) and greater in women compared with men (p<0.02). The significantly greater AVF measurements obtained with AVF‐2 and AVF‐3 resulted from the inclusion of larger amounts of fat that are not drained by the portal circulation. This included retroperitoneal, intermuscular, and intramuscular lipid droplets, which increase with aging. On the basis of these results, we recommend the AVF‐1 anatomical boundaries for the measurement of AVF in clinical investigations, particularly with older subjects. These data demonstrate the importance of precise and reproducible anatomical boundaries for the measurement of AVF, particularly in longitudinal studies.
Assessment of Socially Acceptable Body Sizes by University Students
Authors: Rand Colleen S. W. , Resnick Jaquelyn L. , Seldmant Roberta S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRAND, COLLEEN SW, JAQUELYN L RESNICK, ROBERTA S SELDMAN. Assessment of socially acceptable body sizes by university students.The objective of this study was to determine if more than one body size (the ideal) is considered socially acceptable. Two hundred undergraduates rated ideal male and female sizes, all socially acceptable male and female sizes, and their own current and desired sizes. Stimuli were arrays of nine outline drawings illustrating extremely thin to very fat male and female sizes. Most students considered three of nine sizes socially acceptable. There was high consensus on the sizes considered ideal. Although nearly three‐quarters of women and half of men desired to be a different size, most considered their current size socially acceptable for other people. The results clearly demonstrate the existence of a range of socially acceptable male and female body sizes. The current size of most students was within this range. Exclusive focus on ideal body size distorts understanding of both other‐size and own‐size evaluations.
Leptin and the Development of Obesity and Diabetes in Psammomys obesus
Authors: Collier Greg R. , Walder Ken , Lewandowski Paul , Sanigorski Andrew , Zimmetf Paul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCOLLIER, GREG R, KEN WALDER, PAUL LEWAN DOWSJCI, ANDREW SANIGORSKI, PAUL ZIMMET. Leptin and the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus.The recently discovered ob gene and its circulating product, leptin, may be critical factors in the control of energy balance. Recent studies in ob/ob mice, which lack circulating leptin, have shown dramatic reductions in food intake and bodyweight after leptin treatment. In addition, studies in both humans with obesity and animal models of obesity have demonstrated hyperleptinemia. Here, we report a longitudinal study examining changes in circulating leptin during the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus. Over the 8 weeks of the study, lean animals increased their bodyweight by 154% and leptin levels remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, animals that developed obesity (223 % increase in bodyweight), hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia also developed hyperleptinemia between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age. These results demonstrate that the development of hyperleptinemia is associated with the development of obesity and subsequent metabolic abnormalities.
The Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Combined with a Low‐Fat Diet in Spontaneously Obese Dogs: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Kurzman Ilene D. , Panciera David L. , Miller James B. , MacEwen E. Gregory 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to have antiobesity activity in rodents and spontaneously obese dogs. This study evaluated the effect of DHEA or placebo combined with a low‐fat/high‐fiber diet in spontaneously obese dogs in a clinical trial. Spontaneously obese, euthyroid dogs, referred to the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine for treatment of their obesity, were evaluated for percent overweight, rate of weight loss, serum cholesterol, plasma lipoprotein and serum biochemistry profiles, complete blood count, and endocrine profiles (T4, T3, Cortisol, insulin, and DHEA‐sulfate). DHEA‐treated dogs had a significantly increased rate of actual and percent excess weight loss compared with placebo‐treated dogs. Serum cholesterol decreased in both treatment groups; however, DHEA‐treated dogs had a significantly greater reduction than placebo‐treated dogs. DHEA‐treated dogs had a significant 32% reduction in total plasma cholesterol, which was due to a 27% reduction in the lipoprotein fraction containing the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and a 50% reduction in the lipoprotein fraction containing the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL). Placebo‐treated dogs did not have a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol or in the fraction containing LDL; however, they did have a significant 11% reduction in the fraction containing HDL. Significant decreases in serum T4 and T3 observed in dogs receiving DHEA were not noted in dogs receiving placebo. DHEA in combination with caloric restriction results in a faster rate of weight loss than does caloric restriction alone. In addition, DHEA has hypocholesterolemic activity, particularly affecting the lipoprotein fraction containing the LDL cholesterol.
Evidence for Multiple Determinants of the Body Mass Index: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Authors: Borecki Ingrid B. , Higgins Millicent , Schreiner Pamela J. , Arnett Donna K. , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth , Hunt Steven C. , Province Michael A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe body mass index (BMI) is a complex phenotype representing the amount of fat mass, lean mass, body build and proportions, and it is likely to be affected by various metabolic processes, hormonal effects, energy intake and expenditure, and interactions within and among these broad categories of etiologic factors. Nonetheless, several previous studies have reported evidence for major gene segregation for the BMI in various populations. Data on a random sample of Caucasian families participating in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study were analyzed to document the extent of familial resemblance and to investigate whether a similar monogenic inheritance pattern could be detected. Genetic analysis was carried out on age‐ and sex‐adjusted BMI values. Familial correlations were significant implying a maximal heritability, including all genetic and environmentally inherited additive factors, of 41% to 59%. Segregation analysis revealed the presence of two maximum likelihood solutions, one characterized as a recessive Mendelian gene and the other as a major effect with an ambiguous transmission pattern. The presence of two such solutions is consistent with detection of two separate factors, each influencing the BMI distribution in a substantive manner. The evidence also supports a multifactorial background for BMI and suggests that the frequencies of these two factors, one of which appears to be a gene, may vary among diverse populations in the United States.