bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Planning
Authors: Sarker Bhaba R. , Webster Dennis B. , Ray Thomas G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The rapid introduction of newer technology and better approaches to management have led to unprecedented increases in productivity, but at its heart, the objective of manufacturing is still to provide the right product in the right quantity at the right time with the right quality at the right price to its customers. This chapter shows how manufacturing organizations strive to meet this objective. Forecasting provides the manufacturer with a basis for anticipating customer demand so as to have adequate product on hand when it is demanded. Aggregate planning approaches establish overall production requirements, and materials requirements planning techniques provide a methodology for ensuring that adequate inventory is available to complete the work required on products needed to meet forecasted customer demands. Job‐sequencing methodologies are used to develop shop schedules for production processes to reduce the time for manufacturing products. Finally, Japanese manufacturing philosophy and supply chain management are discussed.
Metal Forming, Shaping, and Casting
Authors: Zohdi Magd E. , Biles William E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Metal‐forming processes use a remarkable property of metals and their ability to flow plastically in the solid state without concurrent deterioration of properties. Metal‐forming processes are classified into two categories: hot‐working processes and cold‐working processes. Some of the hot‐working processes that are of major importance in modern manufacturing are: rolling, forging, extrusion and upsetting, pipe welding and piercing. The major cold‐working operations can be classified basically under the headings of squeezing, bending, shearing, and drawing. Metal casting provides versatility and flexibility that have maintained casting position as a primary production method for machine elements. Some of the most common molding processes discussed are: injection molding, coinjection molding, expandable‐bead molding, and blow molding. In powder metallurgy (PM), fine metal powders are pressed into a desired shape, usually in a metal die and under high pressure, and the compacted powder is then heated (sintered), with a protective atmosphere.
Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing
Authors: Biles William E. , Zohdi Magd E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Modern manufacturing systems are advanced automation systems that use computers as an integral part of their control. The computer‐integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) combines computer‐aided design (CAD), computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM), computer‐aided inspection (CAI), and computer‐aided production planning (CAPP), along with automated material handling. This chapter focuses on CAM for both parts fabrication and assembly. It treats numerical control (NC) machining, robotics, and group technology. It shows how to integrate these functions with automated material storage and handling to form a CIM system. The chapter examines three types of models by which one can examine production operations: graphical models, manufacturing process models, and mathematical models of production activity. Flexible manufacturing systems combined with automatic assembly and product inspection, on the one hand, and integrated CAD/CAM systems, on the other hand, are the basic components of the CIMS.
Evaluating And Selecting Technology‐Based Projects
Authors: Thamhain Hans J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Evaluating and selecting projects is both an art and a science that, for most cases, has to go beyond a simple cost‐benefit analysis. Virtually every organization selects and implements projects, ranging from product development to organizational improvements and from customer contracts to R&D activities and bid proposals. Well‐organized project evaluation and selection process provides the framework for systematic data gathering and informed decision making toward resource allocation. Quantitative approaches are often favored to support project evaluation and selections if the decisions require economic justification. Effective project evaluation and selection requires a broad‐scanning process across all segments of the enterprise and its environment to deal with the risks, uncertainties, ambiguities, and imperfections of data available for assessing the value of a new project venture relative to other opportunities. Finally, organizational strategy must be aligned and integrated with the evaluation/selection process, early and throughout its evaluation cycle.
Total Quality Management for Mechanical Engineers
Authors: Kemerling Alan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The processes in total quality management (TQM) provide paths that not only work but also can be understood by the wider audience of team members and upper management. There are two basic paths in TQM, one is called define, measure, analyze, improve/innovate, and control (DMAIIC) and the other is called define, measure, analyze, design, verify, and validate (DMADVV). Critical to quality analysis (CTQ) or as it is often known, CTQ cascade has become known as the process to trace features of key customer importance into the process. Two different paths of TQM have been presented for the mechanical engineer to be successful at leading projects of design or improvement. Questions were provided to guide the appropriate tool selection and to understand where the team is in the process. Mechanical engineers are encouraged to continue practicing the processes of TQM for their businesses and personal careers.
Registrations, Certifications, and Awards
Authors: Sabelhaus Cynthia M. , Stapp Eric H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In recent decades, the concept of quality has evolved from inspection of items during or after production, to development and control of processes, to optimizing the entire quality management system. This chapter provides a general overview of the most widely recognized programs. An accreditation body will accredit, i.e., approve, a conformity assessment body such as a registrar. While the concept of certifying or registering quality systems to an industry or international standard has become the norm throughout the world, the terminology is often misunderstood. For all practical purposes, the terms certification and registration are interchangeable. Awards for quality and performance excellence have played an important role in the worldwide improvement of organizational performance over the past 30 or more years. Award criteria are updated regularly to reflect the best practices of successful organizations as well as emerging challenges.
Online Information Resources for Mechanical Engineers
Authors: Schwarzwalder Robert N. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how one can navigate the maze of professional information resources available through the Internet while minimizing the frustrations and pitfalls inherent with the Web. It discusses approaches for gaining access to suites of online services and content for mechanical engineers in a variety of job environments. The chapter also provides a listing of selected online resources for mechanical engineers. The Internet has become a major avenue to find and acquire technical information. Content providers and information services have rushed to establish businesses on the Web as more and more engineers, academicians, and business people have discovered the efficiencies of working online. The chapter presents an overview of the types of resources that can be used to locate engineering information. The advent of online citations and digital articles has allowed engineers to manage their personal libraries in new, more effective ways.
Sources of Mechanical Engineering Information
Authors: Dusold Fritz , Kutz Myer 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter is designed to enable the engineer to find mechanical engineering information efficiently and take advantage of all available information. The emphasis is placed on publications and services designed to identify and obtain information. The most important source of information is the primary literature. It consists mainly of the articles published in periodicals and of papers presented at conferences. In order to retrieve the desired/needed information, indexes and abstracts were prepared by individual libraries and professional societies. There are well over 300 encyclopedias and handbooks covering science and technology. Codes, specifications, and standards are produced by government agencies, professional societies, businesses, and organizations devoted almost exclusively to the production of standards. The U.S. government is probably the largest publisher in the world. Engineering societies have exerted a strong influence on the development of the profession. The most comprehensive collections of engineering information can be found at large research libraries.
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Authors: Liley Peter E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter on the thermophysical properties of fluids presents several of tables and figures. The information presented is in the System International des Unit's, called in English as the International System of Units and abbreviated as SI. Various tables of conversion factors from other unit systems into the SI system and vice versa are also available. Some tables presented in the chapter include tables on conversion factors, phase transition data for elements, phase transition data for compounds, thermodynamic properties of liquid and saturated vapor air ideal gas, thermophysical properties of air, and thermophysical properties U.S. standard atmosphere. The chapter also presents figures that are graphs. These include illustrations of the enthalpy‐log pressure diagram for carbon dioxide, the enthalpy‐log pressure diagram for mercury, and compressibility factor of refrigerant 134a, among others.
Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Authors: Bejan Adrian 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their implications in mechanical engineering. It reviews the analytical aspects (the formulas) of engineering thermodynamics primarily in terms of the behavior of a pure substance, as would be the case of the working fluid in a heat engine or in a refrigeration machine. The analytical forms of the first and second laws of thermodynamics contain properties such as internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, which cannot be measured directly. The values of these properties are derived from measurements that can be carried out in the laboratory (e.g., pressure, volume, temperature, specific heat); the formulas connecting the derived properties to the measurable properties. It contains a summary of the equations obtained by applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics to the components encountered in most engineering systems, such as power cycles and refrigeration cycles.
Exergy Analysis, Entropy Generation Minimization, and the Constructal Law
Authors: Bejan Adrian 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews three methods that account for much of the newer work in engineering thermodynamics and thermal design and optimization. The method of exergy analysis rests on thermodynamics alone. Entropy generation minimization (EGM) is a method of modeling and optimization. The search for design is being pursued on the basis of principle, the constructal law, which is the statement that as configurations changes on the designer's table the ones that survive are those that offer greater access to currents. The modeling and optimization progress made in EGM is illustrated by some of the simplest and most fundamental results of the method. The generation of power and refrigeration based on energy from the sun has been the subject of some of the oldest EGM studies, which now cover a wide territory. There are several EGM models and optima of power plants that have fundamental implications.
Furnaces
Authors: Cone Carroll 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides information needed for the solution of furnace engineering problems in areas of design, performance analysis, construction and operating cost estimates, and improvement programs. The modern industrial furnace design has evolved from a rectangular or cylindrical enclosure, built up of refractory shapes and held together by a structural steel binding. Heat may be transmitted in industrial furnaces by radiation—gas radiation from combustion gases to furnace walls or direct to load and solid‐state radiation from walls, radiant tubes, or electric heating elements to load—or by convection—from combustion gases to walls or load. In fuel‐fired furnaces, a fraction of the energy from combustion leaves the combustion chamber as sensible heat in waste gases and the latent heat of evaporation for any water vapor content resulting from the combustion of hydrogen. Heating times for furnace loads, loading patterns, and time‐temperature cycles can be calculated from data on radiation and non‐steady‐state conduction.
Heat Exchangers, Vaporizers, and Condensers
Authors: Palen Joseph W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHeat exchangers permit exchange of energy from one fluid to another, usually without permitting physical contact between the fluids. The following configurations are commonly used in the power and process industries. They are Shell‐and‐Tube Heat Exchangers, Plate‐Type Heat Exchangers, Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers, Air‐Cooled Heat Exchangers, Boiler Feedwater Heaters, Recuperators and Regenerator. In determining the overall cost of a proposed process plant or power plant, the cost of heat exchangers is of significant importance. Different rating methods are used depending on exchanger geometry and process type. When heat exchangers fail to operate properly in practice, the entire process is often affected and sometimes must be shut down. For proper operation of condensers it is always necessary to provide for venting of noncondensables. Industrial experience has shown for a long time that arbitrary fouling factors may actually contribute to fouling by greatly oversizing exchangers and lowering velocities.
Air Heating
Authors: Reed Richard J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Air can be heated by burning fuel or by recovering waste heat from another process. In either case, the heat can be transferred to air directly or indirectly through air heaters. This chapter lists the gross Btu of fuel input required to heat one standard cubic foot of air from a given inlet temperature to a given outlet temperature. In addition to the cost of the heat exchanger for preheating the combustion air, there are many other costs that have to be weighed. Changing temperatures from end to end of high‐temperature heat exchangers and from time to time during high‐temperature furnace cycles cause thermal stress, often resulting in leaks and shortened heat exchanger life. Corrosion, fouling, and condensation problems continue to limit the applications of heat recovery equipment of all kinds. Despite all the costs and warnings, there are many benefits associated with the use of combustion air preheating systems.
Biofuels for Transportation
Authors: Smith Aaron , Granda Cesar , Holtzapple Mark 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Biofuels offer a responsible solution to potential crises in the near future. Biofuels are renewable and provide a means to become independent from fossil fuels. Oil exploration is becoming more costly as more remote locations must be explored to find oil. The purpose of this chapter is to educate practicing engineers and students about biofuels for transportation. Biofuels are made from renewable materials such as plants and organic waste. Conventional transportation fuels such as gasoline or diesel are made from petroleum. Although biofuels are alternative fuels, not all alternative fuels are biofuels. For example, natural gas and propane are alternative fuels, but not biofuels. It discusses ethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen in detail. The chapter enumerates other biofuels that are less well known yet potentially valuable. Each of the three central biofuels is reviewed objectively. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well as engineering and research issues.
Solar Energy Measurements
Authors: Muneer Tariq , Tham Yieng Wei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recommended a standard terminology for various radiation fluxes and the classification of the associated instruments. The units have been chosen on the basis of standard use and ease of physical interpretation. Some of the relevant basic concepts are explained in this chapter. According to the European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA), solar radiation measurements can be broadly classified as ground‐based measurements derived from geostationary satellites, which measures the energy reflected by the system in different wavelength bands. With any measurement there exist errors, some of which are systematic and others inherent of the equipment used. The sources of operation‐related errors itemized in the chapter are self‐explanatory. Delta‐T Device of Cambridge has produced a relatively new instrument that measures the horizontal global and diffuse irradiance as well as sunshine duration from a single, stationary sensor. Finally, the chapter summarizes a few data quality assessment methods.
Wind Power Generation
Authors: Nemec Todd S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Wind power has long been used for grain‐milling and water‐pumping applications. The ability to predict and trade life‐cycle costs versus energy improvement from new technologies is a key contributor to efficient technology development and market success. The most popular configuration for power‐generating wind turbines is the upwind three‐bladed horizontal‐axis wind turbine (HAWT). Upwind refers to the position of the blades relative to the tower. Wind turbine performance is characterized by its power curve, which shows the gross power produced as a function of wind speed. The rotor and drive train are ultimately optimized to yield the best economics for the turbine's mission. Turbine siting tasks are designed to solve a wide range of economic, environmental, social, and technical issues. Computer modeling of wind farm concepts can both help estimate the wind resource and improve understanding of visual, acoustic, and environmental issues.
Hydrogen Energy
Authors: Stefanakos E. K. , Goswami D. Y. , Srinivasan S. S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHydrogen is a good alternative to fossil fuels for the production, distribution, and storage of energy. Steam reforming of natural gas, or steam methane reformation (SMR), is one of the most developed and commercially used technologies for hydrogen production. Partial oxidation (POX) refers to the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks into a mixture of H<SUB>2</SUB>, CO, and CO<SUB>2 </SUB>using superheated steam and oxygen. In the thermal path hydrogen can be produced in two ways: direct gasification and pyrolysis to produce liquid bio‐oil, followed by steam reforming. Fossil fuels, electricity, biomass, and sunlight are four potential resources to use in H2 production. Photochemical and photoelectrochemical systems are currently at a very early stage of development. Hydrogen storage is essential, especially for the on‐board vehicular applications that lead to a hydrogen‐based economy. This chapter presents various hydrogen storage methods with respect to their physical and chemical phenomena.
Kooperative Katalyse nicht‐kompatibler Katalysatoren durch Kompartimentierung: Wacker‐Oxidation und enzymatische Reduktion in einem Eintopf‐Verfahren im wässrigen Medium
Authors: Sato Hirofumi , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEine Wacker‐Oxidation unter Verwendung von CuCl/PdCl2 als Katalysatorsystem wurde erfolgreich mit einer enzymatischen Ketonreduktion zur enantioselektiven Umwandlung von Styrol in 1‐Phenylethanol in einem Eintopf‐Verfahren kombiniert, obwohl beide im wässrigen Medium verlaufende Reaktionen aufgrund der Enzymdeaktivierung durch Cu‐Ionen nicht miteinander kompatibel sind. Die Machbarkeit als Eintopf‐Verfahren wurde durch Kompartimentierung der beiden Reaktionen erreicht. Die Durchführung der Wacker‐Oxidation im inneren Bereich einer Polydimethylsiloxan‐Hülse erlaubt nur die Diffusion des organischen Substrats und Produkts in den Außenbereich, in dem die Biotransformation stattfindet. Somit werden die für das Enzym nachteiligen Cu‐Ionen vom Reaktionsmedium der Biotransformation ferngehalten. In diesem Eintopf‐Verfahren, welches formal einer asymmetrischen Hydrierung von Alkenen entspricht, werden eine Reihe von 1‐Arylethanolen mit hohen Umsätzen und 98–99 % ee gebildet. Zudem wurde das Katalysatorsystem für die Wacker‐Oxidation 15‐mal wiederverwendet, ohne signifikanten Rückgang an Umsatz.
Nanoglas‐Verkapselung funktionaler organischer Verbindungen für optisch anisotrope Beschichtungen
Authors: Stöter Matthias , Biersack Bernhard , Rosenfeldt Sabine , Leitl Markus J. , Kalo Hussein , Schobert Rainer , Yersin Hartmut , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Förster Stephan , Breu Josef 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFunktionale Moleküle lassen sich mit einem neuen Verfahren zwischen zwei 1 nm dünnen Schichten verkapseln, die ähnlich wie Glas transparent und chemisch inert sind. Geordnete Wechsellagerungen von alternierenden organischen und osmotisch quellfähigen Na+‐Zwischenschichten delaminieren spontan zu Doppelschichten bestehend aus zwei Silicatschichten, welche die organische Zwischenschicht einschließen. Die neue Technik ist geeignet, um hydrophobe, funktionale Moleküle zu maskieren und vollständig in Wasser dispergierbar zu machen. Die Doppelschichten besitzen durch die laterale Ausdehnung von 5000 nm und die Dicke von 4.5 nm ein Aspektverhältnis von >1000. Die Kombination aus strukturimmanenter Anisotropie der Silicatschichten und der aus dem begrenzten Raum zwischen den Schichten resultierenden Vorzugsorientierung eingelagerter Moleküle erlaubt es, Nanokompositfilme mit einer definierten Orientierung der eingekapselten Moleküle herzustellen, die sich in der Folge durch anisotrope optische Eigenschaften auszeichnen.
Affinitätsbestimmung durch kompetitive Bindung mit Fluor‐19‐hyperpolarisierten Liganden
Authors: Kim Yaewon , Hilty Christian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFluor‐19‐NMR‐Spektroskopie und ‐Hyperpolarisierung bilden eine leistungsfähige Kombination für die Suche nach pharmakologischen Wirkstoffen. Im kompetitiven Gleichgewicht mit einem ausgewählten fluorierten Reporterliganden ist die Dissoziationskonstante (KD) eines gewünschten Liganden durch einen einzelnen Scan eines Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill(CPMG)‐Experimentes messbar, ohne dass eine Titration notwendig ist. Diese Methode wird durch die Charakterisierung der Bindung dreier Liganden mit unterschiedlichen Affinitäten zur Serinprotease Trypsin demonstriert. Monte‐Carlo‐Simulationen zeigen, dass die größte Genauigkeit erreicht wird, wenn ungefähr die Hälfte des gebundenen Reporterliganden verdrängt wird. Diese Bedingung kann über einen großen Bereich von Affinitäten erreicht werden und ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Bindung nichtfluorierter Liganden in rascher Folge, wenn ein einzelner fluorierter Ligand für die gewünschte Bindungsstelle bekannt ist.