bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power quality complex estimation at alternating current traction substations
Authors: Bosiy D. O. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. At alternating current traction substations are used three-winding transformers. This scheme comes to significant costs from power quality disturbances at each supplier. The most significant power quality indices at alternating current traction substation are voltage deviation, voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion. The purpose of this article is power quality complex estimation at two traction substations that work on the one district of traction network. Methodology. The measurements were made according to accepted program during 24 hours with 1 sec discretization. A few power quality analyzers PM175 are used to record data with time synchronization. The scheme of measurements means that devices are connected through current and potential transformers at the each level of voltage. Findings. Voltage level at different substation is various due to power losses in primary network. The voltage in one phase of 1-st substation is bigger than in other phases. Voltage THD values according to standard requirements are below norm only for primary 154 kV networks. For another traction and regional networks voltage THD values are above norm value. The voltage unbalances in 154 kV networks are below voltage unbalance in 35 kV networks. Besides the voltage unbalance in 154 kV network is below 2 % that complies with the requirements of standard. At the same time we can consider that voltage and current spectrums consist from discrete harmonics with frequencies that multiples of the fundamental frequency. Originality. Voltages at the connection points of traction substations to supply lines are complex stationary random process that determines the voltage mode of the external power supply system of each traction substation. The flows of active and reactive power of the higher harmonics at AC traction substation are directed opposite power of the fundamental harmonic. The power flows on higher harmonics create the disturbing impact on related devices. The total power at AC traction substation consists of 61,8 % of the active power, 32,5 % of the reactive power of the 1st harmonic and 5,7 % of the distortion power in the quadrature components. Practical value. Analysis of the quadrature components suggests that traditional approaches to reactive power compensation at the fundamental frequency will be sufficiently effective. But the influence of the distortion power on reducing energy losses must be also researched. Besides reactive power compensation should be considered with the issue of reducing the basic power quality indices to standardized values.
Determination of dynamic performance of freight cars taking into account technical condition of side bearers
Authors: Myamlin S. , Neduzha L. , Ten O. , Shvets A. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. The railway transport plays an important role in social and economic life of the country and carries out the large containment of transportation activities. The transport industry should migrate towards innovation changes and increase its significance as an important transit subsystem on the way of renovation of both the infrastructure and the strategy of all transportation process components including the interaction with other transport modes. At present the life sets strategic challenges for the railway branch, and the basic goals among them are as follows: high-speed train traffic development, increase of the weight of freight trains, new rolling stock development etc. Due to the urgency of this subject, the researchers should cope with the task devoted to one of aspects of improving the freight transportation efficiency, namely to the study of effects of various factors and characteristics of technical conditions of the freight cars running gears (which are unavoidable to arise during operation) on their basic dynamic indices. The deviations of technical conditions of running gears from the normal state of the wedge system of bogie swing suspension also play an important role among them. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the influence of different factors of the technical conditions of freight car running gears (size deviation in both the bearers and the wedge system during operation) on their basic indices – coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength, and derailment stability coefficient. Methodology. The study was conducted by numerical integration and mathematical modeling of the freight car dynamic loading using the software package “Dynamics of Rail Vehicles” (“DYNRAIL”). Findings. As a result of the research for freight car dynamic coefficients determination taking into account technical conditions of the side bearers, the dependencies of the basic freight cars dynamic coefficients on the parameters of side bearers (the clearances in the side bearers and the wedge system conditions of the bogie swing suspension) considering running speed in the tangent and curved track sections of minor and mean radii were obtained. Originality. The impact of the technical condition of the car running gears on the traffic safety factors is determined.Practical value. The theoretical research results in determination of freight car dynamic indices taking into consideration the technical conditions of the side bearers of freight cars allow for an adequate assessment of effect of the freight car bogies’ technical conditions, namely the bearers parameters, on the railway traffic safety factors (coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength and derailment stability coefficient).
Tank head parameters assessment of influence on tank car boiler stress and strain state
Authors: Bespalko S. V. , Bogachev V. I. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. The purpose of the investigation is to estimate such value of a tank head depth wherein the maximum capacity of vehicle is provided and a tank vessel durability meets the requirements. Methodo-logy. The problem solution was carried out with using the finite element analysis program NASTRAN. The finite element model is a tank shell of the railway eight-wheel tank car of model 15-1443. The load was presented as pressure. The value was accepted equal 0,4 MPa. The finite element model strain-stress state was analyzed. The tank head depth changed ranging from 0,2 m to 1,5 m. Findings. The rational tank head depth was 0,47 m from the tank vessel durability condition. This allows to improve the basic tank car parameters. It means to increase the tank vessel volume and to increase the capacity at 0,7 ton. Authors has investigated that an additional increase of the tank vessel volume and the vehicle capacity can be achieved when the tank head sheets thickness as high as 13 mm. In this case it is necessary to recognize that the rational tank head depth is 0,4 m. Tank capacity can be increase at 1 ton. Originality. This paper presents the method of analysis of the tank car volume increase. The tank car volume increase and thus а capacity of vehicle increase allows to improve the car productiveness. Calculations results allow to give the dependence of the maximum equivalent stresses in a tank head which the depth of the one change. Practical value. It is shown that the tank head depth reduction will allow to improve parameters of the existing railway tank when the tank vessel durability meets the requirements. Investigation results can be used when new tank cars are designed.
Development of dynamic models of wagons on models 18-9810 and 18-9855 bogies taking into account wheel wear research
Authors: Saidova A. V. , Orlova A. M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. Wear parameters clarification in wear simulation is an actual goal because of absence of corresponding data for freight cars in condition of using them on Russian railways. Research is devoted to development of dynamic models of wagons on three-peace two-axle models 18-9810 and 18-9855 bogies with maximum axle-loads 23,5 ts and 25 ts, and to choice of factors, with varying which parameters in the model of wheel wear can be identified. Methodology. The problem is solved by method of mathematic simulation in «MEDYNA» software. Wear calculation is based on abrasive wear theory (Archard’s theory). Findings. Clarification of wheels’ wear model may be done with varying of friction coefficient between wheel and rail for different wheel profile areas (flange and tread), wear coefficient in Archard’s model for mild and heavy wear and transition between them. Originality. Dynamic models of universal gondola on models 18-9810 and 18-9855 bogies are developed. It is established, that rail treads irregularities size effect wheel wear insignificantly, when car is running on circle track of constant radius. Practical value. Developed dynamic models of wagons on models 18-9810 and 18-9855 bogies may be used in wear simulation, determination of car running characteristics, interaction of car and rail of different type, construction, condition and etc. Research results of some factors influence on freight car wheel wear may be interesting for people, who study this problem.
Breeding Common Bean for Resistance to Common Blight: A Review
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Miklas Phillip N. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTCommon blight [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli Smith (Dye)] is a major bacterial disease causing >40% seed yield and quality losses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Use of resistant cultivars is crucial for its effective, economical, and environment friendly integrated management and control. Common blight resistant germplasm are found in the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools of the common bean. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the pathogenic variation, germplasm screening methods, identification of resistant germplasm, genetics of resistance, identifying and mapping molecular markers linked with resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), introgressing resistance from the secondary and tertiary gene pools, transferring resistance from the Middle American common bean landraces to Andean cultivars and germplasm lines, and pyramiding or combining resistance from diverse germplasm sources into common bean. Backcross, pedigree, gamete, and recurrent selection methods or their modifications singularly or in combination have been used to introgress and pyramid resistance. Also, molecular markers with or without direct disease screening have been used for breeding for resistance. However, Andean and Middle American common bean cultivars with high levels of combined resistance to less‐aggressive and aggressive bacterial strains in all aerial plant parts are not available. We will review progress achieved in breeding for resistance, briefly describe problems faced, and discuss strategies for integrated genetic improvement for common blight resistance for cultivar development.
Variation for Grain Mineral Concentration in a Diversity Panel of Current and Historical Great Plains Hard Winter Wheat Germplasm
Authors: Guttieri Mary J. , Baenziger P. Stephen , Frels Katherine , Carver Brett , Arnall Brian , Waters Brian M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain mineral concentrations tend to decrease as yields increase, therefore, breeding for yield improvement may reduce wheat nutritional quality. The objectives of this study were to survey grain mineral concentration in Great Plains hard winter wheat to assess (i) the heritable variation for grain mineral concentrations in the germplasm pool, (ii) the effects of more than 50 yr of wheat breeding on mineral concentrations, and (iii) opportunities to exploit the underlying physiological relationship between grain protein concentration (GPC) and grain mineral concentration to improve nutritional quality. Grain mineral concentrations were measured in a panel of 299 winter wheat genotypes grown in 2012 and 2013 in Oklahoma and Nebraska. Cadmium and Li concentrations were most heritable across environments, and the low heritabilities of Fe and Zn concentrations will challenge direct breeding efforts, particularly within low‐yield environments that minimize genetic variance. Within the subset of cultivars released from 1960 to 2014, grain yield increased 0.58 to 1.25% yr−1, and Zn concentration decreased 0.15 to 0.26% yr−1, relative to the reference cultivar Scout 66. Grain concentrations of Fe, P, and S also trended lower over this time period. Significant genetic variation persists within contemporary germplasm. Among 93 cultivars released since 2000, Zn concentration max/min ratios ranged from 1.5 to 2.3, depending on environment. The positive interrelationship between GPC and grain Fe and Zn concentrations could be exploited in a yield‐neutral breeding strategy that selects genotypes based on positive grain protein deviation (GPD) in multiple environments.
Application of the Smith‐Hazel Selection Index for Improving Biomass Yield and Quality of Switchgrass
Authors: Jahufer M. Z. Z. , Casler M. D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTApart from the importance of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as forage for livestock, it is useful as a high‐value cellulosic biofuel feedstock. Breeding for a biofuel crop is complicated by the existence of multiple platforms for conversion of biomass to energy. Our main objective was to investigate the relative merits of single‐trait selection, correlated response to selection, and Smith‐Hazel‐index‐based selection for the following traits: biomass dry matter yield (YLD), ethanol (ETOH), Klason lignin (KL), and high heating value (HHV). The genetic analysis was based on a 2‐yr data set generated from evaluation of 144 half‐sib (HS) families in sward‐plot trials at Arlington and Marshfield, WI. There was significant (P < 0.05) additive genetic variation among the families for all traits and for family × site interaction for the traits HHV and YLD. The estimates of narrow sense heritability on a HS family mean basis ranged from 0.37 for YLD to 0.51 for KL. Genetic correlation of YLD with ETOH, HHV, and KL were 0.38, 0.27, and 0.01, respectively. The index constructed to increase YLD and ETOH and reduce KL was most successful for a fermentation platform. This index enabled identification of families for enhancing ethanol production that would have been missed if selection was based solely on YLD. The index weighted to increase YLD and KL best suited a combustion platform. Both of these two indices had economic impacts superior to any other selection index evaluated.
Computational Modelling of Piston Ring Dynamics in 3D
Authors: Dlugoš Jozef , Novotný Pavel 
Published: April 2015

Shrnutí
Pokročilé výpočtové modely pístní skupiny na základě virtuálních prototypů vyžadují mimo jiné i detailní popis dynamického chování pístního kroužku. Z tohoto hlediska je zřejmé, že pístní kroužky pracují v podmínkách, které obecně nelze zjednodušit na často využívaný osově symetrický model. Píst a vložka válce nemají dokonale kruhový tvar především v důsledku výrobních tolerancí a vnějšího tepelně-mechanického zatížení. V případech, kdy kroužek nedokáže kopírovat deformace vložky, nastane lokální ztráta kontaktu a následně i zvýšený profuk spalin a spotřeba oleje. V současné době využívané výpočtové modely nejsou schopné zahrnout všechny podstatné efekty. Článek se zaměřuje na tvorbu 3D poddajného modelu pístního kroužku s využitím Timoshenkovy teorie prutů a Multibody systému (MBS). Vytvořený výpočetní model je porovnán s numerickým řešením na základě metody konečných prvků (FEM).
Taking a look at both sides of the ice: comparison of ice thickness and drift speed as observed from moored, airborne and shore-based instruments near Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Mahoney Andrew R. , Eicken Hajo , Fukamachi Yasushi , Ohshima Kay I. , Simizu Daisuke , Kambhamettu Chandra , Rohith M.V. , Hendricks Stefan , Jones Joshua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractData from the Seasonal Ice Zone Observing Network (SIZONet) acquired near Barrow, Alaska, during the 2009/10 ice season allow novel comparisons between measurements of ice thickness and velocity. An airborne electromagnetic survey that passed over a moored Ice Profiling Sonar (IPS) provided coincident independent measurements of total ice and snow thickness and ice draft at a scale of 10 km. Once differences in sampling footprint size are accounted for, we reconcile the respective probability distributions and estimate the thickness of level sea ice at 1.48 ± 0.1 m, with a snow depth of 0.12 ± 0.07 m. We also complete what we believe is the first independent validation of radar-derived ice velocities by comparing measurements from a coastal radar with those from an under-ice acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). After applying a median filter to reduce high-frequency scatter in the radar-derived data, we find good agreement with the ADCP bottom-tracked ice velocities. With increasing regulatory and operational needs for sea-ice data, including the number and thickness of pressure ridges, coordinated observing networks such as SIZONet can provide the means of reducing uncertainties inherent in individual datasets.
Impact of spatial aliasing on sea-ice thickness measurements
Authors: Geiger Cathleen , Müller Hans-Reinhard , Samluk Jesse P. , Bernstein E. Rachel , Richter-Menge Jacqueline 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe explore spatial aliasing of non-Gaussian distributions of sea-ice thickness. Using a heuristic model and >1000 measurements, we show how different instrument footprint sizes and shapes can cluster thickness distributions into artificial modes, thereby distorting frequency distribution, making it difficult to compare and communicate information across spatial scales. This problem has not been dealt with systematically in sea ice until now, largely because it appears to incur no significant change in integrated thickness which often serves as a volume proxy. Concomitantly, demands are increasing for thickness distribution as a resource for modeling, monitoring and forecasting air–sea fluxes and growing human infrastructure needs in a changing polar environment. New demands include the characterization of uncertainties both regionally and seasonally for spaceborne, airborne, in situ and underwater measurements. To serve these growing needs, we quantify the impact of spatial aliasing by computing resolution error (Er) over a range of horizontal scales (x) from 5 to 500 m. Results are summarized through a power law (Er= bxm) with distinct exponents (m) from 0.3 to 0.5 using example mathematical functions including Gaussian, inverse linear and running mean filters. Recommendations and visualizations are provided to encourage discussion, new data acquisitions, analysis methods and metadata formats.
First record of Limnatis paluda (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Praobdellidae) from Kazakhstan, with comments on genetic diversity of Limnatis leeches
Authors: Nakano Takafumi , Dujsebayeva Tatjana , Nishikawa Kanto 
Published: April 2015

Sawyer (1986) included three species in the nasal leech genus Limnatis Moquin-Tandon 1827: Limnatis nilotica (Savigny 1822), Limnatis bacescui Manoleli 1972 and Limnatis paluda (Tennent 1859). The first and last species have mainly been identified in Middle Eastern countries (e.g. Kinzelbach and Rückert 1985). The second species has been identified only in Romania Dobruja (Manoleli 1972). Although Limnatis leeches are well known species of endoparasitic leeches, Limnatis nilotica was recorded only once in Kazakhstan (Lukin 1976).
Specimens of the genus Limnatis from Almaty Province, Kazakhstan are identified as Limnatis paluda. This is the first record of Limnatis paluda from Kazakhstan. Mitochondrial COI and 12S data demonstrated that the present specimens are genetically close to an Israeli specimen identified as Limnatis nilotica. In addition, molecular data suggest that some Limnatis specimens whose DNA sequences have been reported were misidentified. According to the observed phylogenetic relationships, the taxonomic status of the known Limnatis species should be revisited.
Appropriateness criteria of FDG PET/CT in oncology
Authors: Agrawal Archi , Rangarajan Venkatesh 
Published: April 2015

Abstract18Fluorine-2-fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-glucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) is a well-established functional imaging method widely used in oncology. In this article, we have incorporated the various indications for18 FDG PET/CT in oncology based on available evidence and current guidelines. Growing body of evidence for use of18 FDG PET/CT in select tumors is also discussed. This article attempts to give the reader an overview of the appropriateness of using18 F-FDG PET/CT in various malignancies.
Post-treatment imaging of high-grade gliomas
Authors: Sanghvi Darshana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCurrent standard of care for treatment of newly diagnosed high grade gliomas is surgery followed by concomitant radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) with temozolomide (TMZ). Recently, bevacizumab, an anti - angiogenic agent has also been approved for treatment of recurrent gliomas. Baseline imaging after excision is optimally obtained in the first 24 hours. When baseline postoperative imaging is delayed beyond 24 hours, subacute hemorrhage, subacute ischemia and inflammation at the resection margins render differentiation from residual tumor challenging. Radiation necrosis is a well recognized entity and is differentiated from recurrence based on morphology on structural imaging, presence of lipid - lactate complexes with lack of choline on spectroscopy and low normalized cerebral blood volume (CBV) ratios at perfusion imaging. Novel chemotherapies have lead to the occurrence of interesting but sometimes confusing post treatment imaging appearances including the phenomena of ′pseudoprogression′ and ′pseudoresponse′. Pseudoprogression refers to transient, self resolving focal enhancement mediated by TMZ-induced increased vascular permeability and local inflammatory response. Pathologically, these lesions do not have viable tumor. The lesions stabilize or regress without further treatment and are usually clinically asymptomatic. Pseudoresponse refers to rapid regression of enhancement, perfusion, mass effect and midline shift caused by the anti - angiogenic effect of bevacizumab. It is termed pseudoresponse since biological tumor persists as non-enhancing altered signal. It is important for radiologists to be aware of these entities seen on post treatment imaging of gliomas, as misinterpretation may lead to inappropriate management decisions and prognostication.
Imaging of lung cancer: Implications on staging and management
Authors: Purandare Nilendu C , Rangarajan Venkatesh 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Accurate assessment of disease extent is important in deciding the optimal treatment approach. To play an important role in the multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients, it is necessary that the radiologist understands the principles of staging and the implications of radiological findings on the various staging descriptors and eventual treatment decisions.