bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Tied Short RCA Columns Strengthened with Basalt Fiber
Authors: Alkareem Jebur Abdullah A. , Khalel Raid I. , Mohammed Dhiyaa H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article offers an experimental procedure to evaluate the validity of RC circular short columns with various replacement ratios of recycled coarse aggregate and strengthening with basalt fibers. In order to provide it, fifteen (15) short reinforcing concrete columns with transverse reinforcement (ties), two recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratios (50 and 100 %), and four ratios of basalt fibers (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) were designed and loaded axially concentrically. The obtained experimental data is recorded and evaluated to improve the RC short column’s structural properties (first crack load, ultimate carrying load, and load-displacement curve). The results showed that for columns containing 0% recycled coarse aggregate, 0.1% basalt fibers addition increased the ultimate loading capacity by 14.1%; for columns containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate, 0.1% basalt fibers addition increased the ultimate loading capacity by 9.7%, while 0.2% basalt fibers addition had increased the ultimate loading capacity for columns that contained 100% recycled coarse aggregate by 7.9%. By utilizing basalt fibers, higher stiffness is noted in the load-displacement curve of RC columns can be seen, and Improved column ductility can be achieved. The initial cracking load was delayed and the column’s loading capacity was enhanced by the bonding forces between basalt fibers and the mixture, which offered internal confinement for the concrete that prevented the formation of initial cracks inside the concrete.
Influence of Recycled Coarse Aggregate and Steel Fiber on the Workability and Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete
Authors: Shawais Zhino A. , Abdulhaleem Khamees N. , Ahmed Saleh H. , Hamada Hussein M. , Mohammed Van R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Waste materials pose a significant threat to both the environment and human health. On a global scale, the quantity of recyclable material is steadily growing, and its proper disposal is a significant focus of modern study. Concrete debris is a recyclable material that poses challenges for reutilization. Concrete waste refers to the fragments or remains of ready-mix concrete plants and the debris from destroyed structures, including historic buildings and those affected by earthquakes. The objective of this study is to reuse and utilize coarse aggregate formerly used in concrete constructions to create self-compacting concrete (SCC). The purpose is to assess the performance of this recycled aggregate in both its fresh and hardened states. Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was switched out for recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) at 0, 50, and 100% volume ratios. In contrast, concrete was mixed with steel fibers (SF) at volume percentages of 0 and 0.44. Workability tests, including V-funnel, slump flow, and L-box tests, were conducted to assess the consistency of the mixes in their fresh condition. Additionally, the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete specimens were measured to evaluate their strength in the hardened state. Overall, the experimental findings showed that the fresh qualities of almost all SCC mixes fell within the required range, as outlined in the EFNARC standards. While the steel fiber harmed the fresh characteristics, it resulted in a proportionate enhancement in tensile strength. The findings indicated that including recycled aggregates into the concrete mixture enhanced its strength. The results showed that adding (0.44%) of steel fibers to concrete reduced the decline in compressive strength when the coarse aggregate was replaced entirely with recycled aggregate. In contrast, an equivalent proportion of fibers resulted in a significant improvement in tensile strength, rising from 26% to 54%, when using recycled coarse aggregate as the replacement of natural coarse aggregate. Thus, it can be concluded that using recycled aggregates and steel fibers in concrete production results in a higher quality product than regular concrete. Removing concrete waste has other benefits, such as enhanced financial return and preservation of the environment.
Evaluation of the performance of warm asphalt mixture with Sasobit
Authors: Mohammed Humam H. , Al-Ameri Mohammed A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The highway pavement construction industry has consistently attempted to promote the use of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) to encourage the construction of environmentally friendly pavement. This study aims to investigate the mechanical characteristics of warm asphalt mixtures that are made by utilizing modified asphalt binders containing different amounts of Sasobit. The base bitumen is modified with various percentages of Sasobit (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) of the weight of the bitumen by shear mixing. The rheological-physical characteristics of the base and enhanced asphalt binders were assessed using various tests such as: rotational-viscosity, softening point, and penetration tests. The stiffness, susceptibility to moisture, and resistance to rutting of the hot and warm mixes, made the binders are modified by using Sasobit, were assessed through Marshall characteristics, tensile strength, and punching shear tests. The findings demonstrated a significant enhancement in the rheological-physical characteristics of the modified binders. Findings revealed that the asphalt mixtures containing 5% Sasobi-modified binders exhibited more excellent resistance to both moisture damage and rutting in comparison to the control mixture.
In-Situ EBSD Study of Austenitisation in a Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel
Authors: Taylor M , Mozumder Y H , Smith A D , Davis A E , Scenini F , Prangnell P B , Pickering E J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As-built high-strength steel wire-arc additive manufactured (WAAM) components often contain coarse columnar prior austenite grain (PAG) structures. These microstructures can result in poor mechanical properties, hence post-build re-austenitisation treatments are of interest to improve microstructures. Here, the potential for engineering austenite refinement was investigated using high-temperature in-situ EBSD with high temporal resolution. It was found that 300M first austenitised with a memory effect, reforming the columnar PAG structures in both morphology and crystallographic orientation. This was observed to occur by the coalescence of acicular austenite and happened earlier in the depleted dendritic regions. On further heating, austenite underwent recrystallisation without the application of external deformation via a discontinuous mechanism, involving the bulging of the prior high angle boundaries. Recrystallisation twins were also seen to form and grow alongside regular recrystallised grains. The predominance of discontinuous recrystallisation meant that a coarse grain structure was still retained after austenitisation, owing to the influence of a grain ‘swapping’ effect.
Understanding heterogeneous nucleation and predicting grain size in wire and arc additive manufacturing of steels with inoculation
Authors: Xu Y , Tranell G. , Li Y 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Inoculation has become a common practice to achieve grain refinement in metal additive manufacturing, and its application in steels has been extensively investigated in recent years. However, the nucleation behavior of equiaxed grains under high temperature gradient and fast cooling rate solidification conditions in additive manufacturing is still not well understood. And grain size prediction models for additive manufacturing of steel is lacking. In this work, a numerical microstructure simulation model is developed to simulate the growth and nucleation behaviors of grains in additive manufacturing, and to predict the grain size of inoculated steels with equiaxed grain structure. Here a wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of duplex stainless steel is selected for case study. The simulation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results.
Influence of print-chamber oxygen content on the microstructure and properties of 3D-printed 316L
Authors: Wang WY , Liu W , Godfrey A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Samples of 316L stainless steel have been prepared using laser-powder bed fusion from the same batch of powder using different print-chamber oxygen levels, ranging from 50 ppm to 1500 ppm. The oxide particle density is found to increase with oxygen content, while the cell structure is invariant with oxygen level and the grain size shows a relatively sharp transition for measured oxygen levels of above 450 ppm. Based on the microstructural observations it is suggested that the increasing oxygen levels leads to a transition in the solidification pattern. Samples printed at the higher oxygen level show higher strength and lower mechanical anisotropy than samples with a coarser grains structure printed at lower oxygen levels. The main influence of the higher oxide particle content on thermal stability is on the kinetics of recrystallization during isothermal annealing at 1000 °C.
Dislocation structure evolution during metal additive manufacturing
Authors: Upadhyay M V , Gaudez S , Pantleon W 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Dislocation structures are abundantly present in any additively manufactured alloy and they play a primary role in determining the mechanical response of an alloy. Until recently, it was understood that these structures form due to rapid solidification during AM. However, there was no consensus on whether they evolve due to the subsequent solid-state thermal cycling that occurs with further addition of layers. In order to design alloy microstructures with desired mechanical responses, it is crucial to first answer this outstanding question. This question was answered in a recent work [1] involving a novel experiment employing high resolution reciprocal space mapping, a synchrotron based X-ray diffraction technique, in situ during AM of an austenitic stainless steel. The study revealed that dislocation structures formed during rapid solidification undergo significant evolution during subsequent solid-state thermal cycling, in particular during addition of the first few (up to 5) layers above the layer of interest. A summary of the findings of this study are presented in this work. A possible pathway (involving experiment and modelling synergy) to better understanding dislocation structure formation during AM is presented.
Control of crystallographic textures by metal additive manufacturing-A review
Authors: Nakano Takayoshi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM), a unique manufacturing method that stacks powder materials layer-by-layer to fabricate products with complex shapes and high precision, allows for a wide range of control over metallurgical microstructures. Metal AM defines solidification units with specific solidification directions and fast cooling, thereby enabling the control of the resulting metallurgical microstructure. However, the studies investigated texture control and utilizing textured microstructure are lacking in the literature. This review describes some of the results of our research on the control of crystallographic textures by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), focusing on (1) the effect of powder properties on densification and crystallographic texture formation, (2) the effect of the melt pool shape and crystallographic characteristics of the starting material on the formation and orientation of single crystals, and (3) the successful application of alloy design to the preparation of highly functional single-crystalline-like textured biological high-entropy alloys considering specific solidification fields under LPBF.
Grain size assessment using EBSD on heterogeneous additively manufactured microstructures
Authors: del Gaudio J , Donoghue J , Withers P J , Garner A , Mingard K , Gee M , Gholinia A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Grain microstructures are important for a whole range of materials properties. With the widespread use of additive manufacturing (AM), current standards for grain boundary evaluation, such as ASTM E2627-13, may not be fit for purpose due to their microstructural complexity. They are notoriously anisotropic across a range of length scales due to the non-equilibrium nature of the solidification process and the tracking of the heat source. In this work we examine the grain microstructure of a nickel superalloy produced by laser powder bed AM by electron back scatter diffraction. We find that the guidelines provided by the ASTM E2627-13 are not suitable for such heterogeneous and anisotropic materials and some modified guidelines are provided on the field of view and EBSD step size that should be used to characterise such materials.
Cracking Mechanism in E-Beam 3D-Printed DZ125 Ni-based Superalloys
Authors: Wang Z , Lin Y , Zhao Y , Shangguan F , Chen K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Directionally solidified Ni-based superalloys are extensively employed to manufacture turbine blades due to their outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties. To reduce overall costs, repairing techniques are highly demanded to restored the shape and properties of damaged turbine blades. In this study, as a surrogate for the repair process, DZ125 Ni-based superalloys were grown epitaxially with the electron beam powder bed fusion 3D-printing method on a base metal with the same chemical composition. Cracks are detected within the printed part, always along the high-angle grain boundaries and roughly parallel to the building direction. The cracks are identified to be liquation cracks, and the thermal cycling effects are proved to play an important role in crack initiation and propagation. The knowledge gained from this work provides valuable insights towards 3D-printing strategy development to obtain crack-free directionally solidified superalloys.
Multiscale characterization of the additive-manufacturing-induced cell structure in 316L stainless steel: A comparative study
Authors: Wang X , Nadimpalli V K , Juul Jensen D , Yu T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study evaluates the potential of various electron microscopy-based methods for the characterization of the cell structures in additive manufactured stainless steel 316L. We focus on the capability of different techniques to characterize the multiscale microstructural features of the cell structures, including cell morphology, elemental segregation, particle distribution, and dislocation arrangement. Additionally, we suggest a manual method to quantify the very small misorientation angles across cell walls and within the cells. The advantages and limitations of different methods are discussed.
Effect of solution treatment temperature on recrystallisation behaviour of Haynes 282 manufactured through laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Swaminathan K , Andersson J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Increasing layer thickness in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) process of metals enable increasing productivity and facilitate industrialisation of metal additive manufacturing (AM) process. Understanding of microstructure in as-built stage and possible post-processing steps to modify the microstructure is critical for metal AM components. Haynes 282 Nickel based superalloy, typically used in aerospace and energy industries, was manufactured using PBF-LB process at 60 microns layer thickness. Two different solution treatment temperatures were studied to analyse the recrystallization behaviour of the as-built material. The as built microstructure consisted high dislocation density given the rapid cooling in PBF-LB process. Solution treatment at 1150°C resulted in reduced dislocation density but similar morphology to grains in as built condition with visible residual melt pool boundaries. Solution treatment at 1250°C resulted in recrystallised grain structure. The recrystallisation behaviour is discussed with relation to manufacturing process and kinetic behaviour of alloying elements.
Elucidating the impact of laser beam shape on the as-printed microstructure in 316L stainless steel
Authors: Alphonso W E , Ribeiro M A , Rothfelder R , Schmidt M , Hattel J H , Juul Jensen D , Bayat M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), the intrinsic inclination of the laser beam creates variability in the interaction between the laser and the melt pool, which along with thermal conditions within the pool, results in the formation of defects in the parts. To elucidate the impact of laser beam inclination on the melt pool, a deposition scale model using the finite volume method (FVM) is developed. The laser model demonstrates that as the laser beam inclines towards the periphery of the build plate, the projected laser spot size enlarges, resulting in lowered energy density. To assess how the laser beam inclination affects multi-layer printing, cubic specimens are printed at both the center and the far corner of a rectangular build plate of 280 mm x 280 mm size. X-ray computer tomography (X-CT) is used to investigate internal porosities and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is used to characterize the microstructure of the printed cubes. The experimental results are discussed based on the FVM simulations.
Recrystallization kinetics in 3D printed 316L stainless steel
Authors: Zhang C , Ahmed S , Nadimpalli V K , Yu T , Juul Jensen D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
During operation, many 3D printed components are likely to be exposed to external strains and/or high temperatures. However, the thermomechanical behaviours, e.g. plastic deformation and recrystallization, have not been thoroughly analysed, and are interesting to study because of the complex microstructure introduced by 3D printing. In the present work, the microstructural evolution and change in hardness during plastic deformation and recrystallization have been characterized in austenitic stainless steel 316L samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. The focus is on the recrystallization kinetics in both the as-printed and the plastically deformed state. It is discussed how these results compare to results for conventionally manufactured samples. The present study suggests that the inhomogeneity of 3D printed samples significantly affects the recrystallization behaviour.
Exploring the feasibility of preparing Ti/Ti6Al4V composites by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Shen J , Pan Z , Nadimpalli V K , Yu T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Ti-based alloys and composites are advanced lightweight materials that are indispensable for many critical applications. This study presents a novel strategy of fabricating laminated plates by printing Ti6Al4V on the surface of pure Ti substrate to obtain a composite structure combining coarse equiaxial and fine acicular grains. The molten pool layer is well bonded to the substrate surface and the chemical composition is rather uniform, due to melting of the substrate surface together with the powders and subsequent solidification. These findings provide a new path for material design, which will broaden the alternatives of structural materials applied in extreme service enviroment.
The electrochemical corrosion performance of aluminum alloys grade 6082-T6 weld repair
Authors: Sareekumtorn Porntep , Chaideesungnoen Sasirat , Muangjunburee Prapas , Oo Hein Zaw 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This research investigated the corrosion behavior of standard current metal inert gas weld repair for 6082-T6 aluminum alloy using ER5356 filler metal. The new and repaired (NW and RW) welds were studied. The welds comprised the weld metal (WM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) (solid solution and softened zones), and the base metal (BM). The study focused on investigating electrochemical corrosion using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in 3.5% NaCl solutions, especially in HAZ, including metallurgical and mechanical examinations. The BM containing an α-Al matrix with Al(Fe,Mn)Si and Mg2Si phases exhibited the maximum hardness (70–104 HV0.1). The WM hardness decreased (67–76 HV0.1) with the α-Al, β-Mg3Al2, and Mg2Si phases. Despite having comparable phases to BM, HAZs showed lower hardness (Solid HAZ: 70–82 HV0.1) due to more intermetallic phases. The RW’s softened HAZ revealed the minimum hardness (52–63 HV0.1) compared to that of the NW (55–70 HV0.1). Besides, the tensile strength of the RW (179.7 MPa) was also lower than that of the NW (174.4 MPa) because of the reheating effect. The electrochemical corrosion results indicated that the BM exhibited the maximum corrosion resistance (the lowest corrosion current density (icorr), the highest corrosion potential (Ecorr), and the charge transfer resistance (Rct)), followed by the HAZ and the WM, respectively. The softened HAZ demonstrated better corrosion resistance than the solid solution HAZ. Conversely, the over-aging effect reduced the softened zone’s pitting corrosion resistance (Ep) compared to the solid solution zone. The RW exhibited inferior corrosion resistance compared to the NW due to increased intermetallic phases, which was consistent with the mechanical results. However, the RW’s softened HAZ corrosion characteristics were inconsistent with its mechanical properties; its hardness and tensile strength were the lowest, but its corrosion resistance was not. Pitting corrosion was observed on the weld surfaces using the SEM.
Soluble ST2 Is a Biomarker Associated With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Concentric Hypertrophy in Patients With Essential Hypertension
Authors: Wang Xia , Han Shu-Jie , Wang Xiao-Li , Xu Yun-Feng , Wang Hui-Cheng , Peng Jiang-Yang , Pan Guang-Ming , Chen Ya-Hui , Wang Chuangchang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Elevated soluble stimulating factor 2 (sST2) level is observed in cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and acute coronary syndrome, which reflects myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, indicating adverse clinical outcomes. However, the association between sST2 and hypertensive heart disease are less understood. This study aimed to determine the relationship of sST2 with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension (EH).

METHODS
We enrolled 483 patients (aged 18–80 years; 51.35% female). sST2 measurements and echocardiographic analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed significant associations among sST2, left ventricular (LV) mass, and LV mass index. The prevalence of LVH and concentric hypertrophy (CH) increased with higher sST2 grade levels (P for trend &lt; 0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the highest tertile of sST2 was significantly associated with increased LVH risk, compared with the lowest tertile (multivariate-adjusted odds ratio [OR] of highest group: 6.61; P &lt; 0.001). Similar results were observed in the left ventricular geometric remodeling; the highest tertile of sST2 was significantly associated with increased CH risk (multivariate-adjusted OR of highest group: 5.80; P &lt; 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic analysis results revealed that sST2 had potential predictive value for LVH (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.752, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.704–0.800) and CH (AUC: 0.750, 95% CI: 0.699–0.802) in patients with EH.

CONCLUSIONS
High sST2 level is strongly related to LVH and CH in patients with EH and can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and risk assessment of hypertensive heart disease.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
Trial Number ChiCTR2400082764