bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xylanase and laccase aided bio‐bleaching of wheat straw pulp
Authors: Dedhia Bhavin S. , Vetal Mangesh D. , Rathod Virendra K. , Levente Csoka 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper illustrates the application of enzymes (e.g. xylanase and laccase) in the bio‐bleaching of non‐woody material (e.g. wheat straw). The objective of this paper is to develop an alternative bleaching sequence avoiding the use of chlorine during bleaching. In the study, wheat straw pulp has been treated with commercially available xylanase and laccase separately and sequentially. Optimised parameters for the xylanase pre‐treatment are pH 5.5, temperature 60°C, enzyme dose 6 IU/g, pre‐treatment time 75 min and speed of agitation 80 rpm. Similarly, optimum parameters for laccase delignification are pH 3.5, temperature 60°C, enzyme dose 22.5 IU/g of oven dried pulp, mediator concentration 1.5% of oven dried pulp (odp), delignification time 10 h and speed of agitation 120 rpm. On the other hand, sequential treatments such as xylanase pre‐treatment (X) followed by laccase (L) and alkaline perdoxide (E) in presence of mediator have shown better reduction in kappa number, that is 24.84% as compared to LE in presence and absence of a mediator.
A novel modification of vapour‐lift liquid distributor
Authors: Du Wei , Liu Wenming , Xu Jian , Wei Weisheng 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFor upgrading the liquid distribution in a trickle‐bed reactor, the distributor is always the primary consideration. The vapour‐lift tube device, most widely used in industry, still has disadvantages like mal‐distribution to overcome. Therefore in this paper, two major modifications, that is increasing of slot numbers and opening side pores, were proposed to improve its liquid distribution performance. Cold‐flow model tests were carried out with liquid distribution, and pressure drop was measured by liquid collectors and Omega pressure sensor, respectively. The results showed that as compared with proto type, the modified liquid distributor has a better liquid distribution performance and a lower pressure drop. Liquid distribution increases with the increasing of gas/liquid velocity ratio ϵ only when it is <200. The pressure drop of new distributor increases with increasing of inner tube gas velocity and ϵ. Finally, correlations for liquid distribution and pressure drop of a new distributor were derived, showing rather good agreements with experimental results.
A dual approach for modelling and optimisation of industrial urea reactor: Smart technique and grey box model
Authors: Zendehboudi Sohrab , Zahedi Gholamreza , Bahadori Alireza , Lohi Ali , Elkamel Ali , Chatzis Ioannis 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUrea has the highest demand among all solid nitrogenous fertilisers within the agriculture industry. In this paper, a mathematical model and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique are proposed for the simulation and optimisation of the urea plant in an industrial petrochemical company. The developed mathematical model consists of complex vapour–liquid equilibria for the NH3–CO2–H2O–(NH2)2CO system in thermodynamic and reaction frameworks. The smart technique (e.g. ANN) considers the CO2 conversion in terms of temperature and the molar ratios of NH3/CO2 and H2O/CO2 in the liquid phase. The ANN predictions were compared with the real data and results obtained from the mathematical model. An acceptable agreement was attained between deterministic methods. Through implementation of a systematic sensitivity analysis, it was found that a temperature of 191°C, a pressure of 132 atm and a NH3/CO2 ratio of 2.7 are the optimum process conditions for the urea production. It is concluded that the developed ANN (or connectionist) technique is an efficient tool for modelling complex phase equilibria with reaction in the industrial urea plant.
Catalytic gasification of lignite with KOH in supercritical water
Authors: Xia Fenggao , Tian Senlin , Ning Ping , Gu Junjie , Guan Qingqing , Miao Rongrong , Wang Yixue 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSupercritical water gasification of lignite with KOH was investigated in a batch autoclave on a wide range of conditions, that is residence time (5–30 min), mass ratio of H2O to lignite (0.5–10), temperature (400–600°C) and mass ratio of KOH to lignite (0–20%). Although lignite is difficult to be gasified in supercritical water, the results indicated that gasification efficiency about 47% was achieved at 30 min, 550°C with 10% KOH. Higher mass ratio of H2O to lignite and temperature can lead to higher gas yields and GE. It is also observed that the solid residue was dispersed at low feed concentration and consolidated at high concentration. Besides KOH's improvement of water–gas shift reaction, in this case, it is also observed that KOH also enhances the gasification of aromatics of lignite in supercritical water, which leads to higher gasification efficiency of lignite.
Which strategies reduce breast cancer mortality most?
Authors: Mandelblatt Jeanne , van Ravesteyn Nicolien , Schechter Clyde , Chang Yaojen , Huang An‐Tsun , Near Aimee M. , de Koning Harry , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDUS breast cancer mortality is declining, but thousands of women still die each year.METHODSTwo established simulation models examine 6 strategies that include increased screening and/or treatment or elimination of obesity versus continuation of current patterns. The models use common national data on incidence and obesity prevalence, competing causes of death, mammography characteristics, treatment effects, and survival/cure. Parameters are modified based on obesity (defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Outcomes are presented for the year 2025 among women aged 25+ and include numbers of cases, deaths, mammograms and false‐positives; age‐adjusted incidence and mortality; breast cancer mortality reduction and deaths averted; and probability of dying of breast cancer.RESULTSIf current patterns continue, the models project that there would be about 50,100‐57,400 (range across models) annual breast cancer deaths in 2025. If 90% of women were screened annually from ages 40 to 54 and biennially from ages 55 to 99 (or death), then 5100‐6100 fewer deaths would occur versus current patterns, but incidence, mammograms, and false‐positives would increase. If all women received the indicated systemic treatment (with no screening change), then 11,400‐14,500 more deaths would be averted versus current patterns, but increased toxicity could occur. If 100% received screening plus indicated therapy, there would be 18,100‐20,400 fewer deaths. Eliminating obesity yields 3300‐5700 fewer breast cancer deaths versus continuation of current obesity levels.CONCLUSIONSMaximal reductions in breast cancer deaths could be achieved through optimizing treatment use, followed by increasing screening use and obesity prevention. Cancer 2013;119:2541–2548. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Generation of Shox2‐Cre allele for tissue specific manipulation of genes in the developing heart, palate, and limb
Authors: Sun Cheng , Zhang Tao , Liu Chao , Gu Shuping , Chen YiPing 
Published: April 2013

SummaryShox2 is expressed in several developing organs in a tissue specific manner in both mice and humans, including the heart, palate, limb, and nervous system. To better understand the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Shox2 and to systematically dissect the genetic cascade regulated by Shox2, we created Shox2‐LacZ and Shox2‐Cre knock‐in mouse lines. We show that the Shox2‐LacZ allele expresses beta‐galactosidase reporter gene in a fashion that recapitulates the endogenous Shox2 expression pattern in developing organs, including the sinoatrial node (SAN), the anterior portion of the palate, and the proximal region of the limb bud. Conditional deletion of Shox2 in mice carrying the Shox2‐Cre allele yielded SAN phenotypes that resemble conventional Shox2 knockout mice. Our results indicate that the Shox2‐Cre allele offer a useful tool for tissue specific manipulation of genes in a number of developing organs, particularly in the developing SAN. genesis 51:515–522. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrido and Allyl/Hydrido Complexes of Early Lanthanides Supported by an NNNN‐Type Macrocyclic Ligand
Authors: Martin Daniel , Kleemann Julian , Abinet Elise , Spaniol Thomas P. , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHydrogenation of the neutral bis(allyl) complexes of the early lanthanides [Ln(Me3TACD)(η3‐C3H5)2] [(Me3TACD)H = 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane, Me3[12]aneN4] with phenylsilane gave the tetranuclear octahydrido complexes [Ln(Me3TACD)(μ‐H)2]4 [Ln = Ce (1‐Ce), Pr (2‐Pr)] or the dinuclear allyl/hydrido complexes [Ln(Me3TACD)(η3‐C3H5)(μ‐H)]2 [Ln = Nd (3‐Nd), Sm (4‐Sm)], which were isolated and characterized. The structures of 1‐Ce and 2‐Pr are constructed of a tetrahedral Ln4H8 core. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses of 3‐Nd and 4‐Sm revealed a C2 symmetric planar Ln2H2 core. The experimental structures agreed with the results of DFT calculations, which predict that the nuclearity of the dihydrido complexes depend on the ionic radius of the metal. Compounds 1‐Ce, 2‐Pr, 3‐Nd and 4‐Sm were tested as catalysts in the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with CO2 to give highly carbonate‐linked copolymers with moderate activities.
Towards Reagents for Bimetallic Activation Reactions: Polyhydride Complexes with Ru2H3, Ru2ZnH6, and Cu2Ru2H6 Cores
Authors: Plois Markus , Wolf Robert , Hujo Waldemar , Grimme Stefan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe utility of the fac‐[RuH3(PR3)3]– anion (R = Ph, C6H4‐4‐Me) for the preparation of new oligonuclear transition metal polyhydrides has been examined. The lithium salts [Li(thf)x{Ru(μ‐H)3(PPh3)3}] {1: R = Ph, x = 3; 1′: R = C6H4‐4‐Me (Tol), x = 2.5} react with [Cp*RuCl]4 (Cp* = C5Me5), ZnCl2, and CuCl(SMe2) to form new oligonuclear polyhydrido complexes. The compounds [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)3Ru(PR3)3] (2: R = Ph, 2′: R = Tol), [Zn{Ru(μ‐H)3(PPh3)3}2] (3), and [Cu2{Ru(μ‐H)3(PPh3)3}2] (4) were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, and microanalysis. The molecular structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Density functional theory calculations at the PBE‐D3/def2‐TZVP level support the proposed structures of the new polyhydride complexes. The impact of intramolecular London dispersion interactions on the optimized geometries is discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitriles: Reduction and Subsequent N‐Monoalkylation to Secondary Amines
Authors: Werkmeister Svenja , Bornschein Christoph , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe selective synthesis of amines continues to be of importance because of their application in the bulk and fine chemical industries. Herein, domino ruthenium‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of nitriles with subsequent N‐monoalkylation by using alcohols is described. With this novel approach, various nitriles were reductively N‐monoalkylated in excellent yields.
Determination of Lead(II) Using Screen‐Printed Bismuth‐Antimony Film Electrode
Authors: Chen Chen , Niu Xiangheng , Chai Yan , Zhao Hongli , Lan Minbo , Zhu Yonggang , Wei Gang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis work presents a disposable bismuth‐antimony film electrode fabricated on screen‐printed electrode (SPE) substrates for lead(II) determination. This bismuth‐antimony film screen‐printed electrode (Bi‐SbSPE) is simply prepared by simultaneously in situ depositing bismuth(III) and antimony(III) with analytes on the homemade SPE. The Bi‐SbSPE can provide an enhanced electrochemical stripping signal for lead(II) compared to bismuth film screen‐printed electrodes (BiSPE), antimony film screen‐printed electrodes (SbSPE) and bismuth‐antimony film glassy carbon electrodes (Bi‐SbGC). Under optimized conditions, the Bi‐SbSPE exhibits attractive linear responses towards lead(II) with a detection limit of 0.07 µg/L. The Bi‐SbSPE has been demonstrated successfully to detect lead in river water sample.
Energetic Graphene‐Based Electrochemical Analytical Devices in Nucleic Acid, Protein and Cancer Diagnostics and Detection
Authors: Zhu Chengzhou , Dong Shaojun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn recent years graphene (GN) received widespread attention owing to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Lately, considerate efforts have been devoted to explore potential applications of GN in life science, especially in disease‐related diagnostics and detection. Especially, the coupling of electrochemical devices with the GN offers an excellent platform to realize the diagnostics and detection of nucleic acid, protein and cancer cells with high performance. This review focuses on the rising progress on GN‐based nanomaterials as advanced electrochemical sensing devices for the detection of the above‐mentioned targets. Future challenges and perspectives in this rapidly developing field are also discussed.
Rapid loss of firn pore space accelerates 21st century Greenland mass loss
Authors: van Angelen J. H. , M. Lenaerts J. T. , van den Broeke M. R. , Fettweis X. , van Meijgaard E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMass loss from the two major ice sheets and their contribution to global sea level rise is accelerating. In Antarctica, mass loss is dominated by increased flow velocities of outlet glaciers, following the thinning or disintegration of coastal ice shelves into which they flow. In contrast, ~55% of post‐1992 Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) mass loss is accounted for by surface processes, notably increased meltwater runoff. A subtle process in the surface mass balance of the GrIS is the retention and refreezing of meltwater, currently preventing ~40% of the meltwater to reach the ocean. Here we force a high‐resolution atmosphere/snow model with a mid‐range warming scenario (RCP4.5, 1970–2100), to show that rapid loss of firn pore space, by >50% at the end of the 21st century, quickly reduces this refreezing buffer. As a result, GrIS surface mass loss accelerates throughout the 21st century and its contribution to global sea level rise increases to 1.7 ±0.5 mm yr−1, more than four times the current value.
Translucent titanium coating altered the composition of focal adhesions and promoted migration of osteoblast‐like MG‐63 cells on glass
Authors: Ho Yi , Kok Sang‐Heng , Wang Juo‐Song , Lin Li‐Deh 
Published: April 2013

Abstract“TiGlass” was designed and was known to promote initial adhesion and increase migration of rat calvarial osteoblats. In this article, migration study and a series of epifluorescence microscopic studies were conducted to find out the composition of focal adhesion on titanium surface. The translucent titanium surface was applied in random migration analysis and immunofluorescence cell staining. In the immunofluorescent double staining, phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase was tested with vinculin. Various integrin subunits were then tested with vinculin to study the composition of activated focal adhesions. Integrin subunit α5 and αV were tested against β3; integrin subunits α5, αV, β3, and αVβ3 were tested with F‐actin, respectively. The MG‐63 cells began migration earlier and migrated faster on “TiGlass.” Immunofluorescent double staining revealed that all focal adhesion kinase in the focal adhesions were activated on both the surfaces. The osteoblast was inferred to made adhesion to titanium and glass through integrins. The focal adhesions on glass were found to be composed of integrin subunits αV and β3. However, on “TiGlass,” integrin subunits α5 might have supplemented the adhesion to titanium. Results from double staining of integrin subunits α5, αV, β3, and αVβ3 with F‐actin also supported integrin subunits α5 might have involved in adhesion of titanium. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1187–1201, 2014.
Local ultraviolet laser irradiation for gradients on biocompatible polymer surfaces
Authors: Nottrodt Nadine , Leonhäuser Dorothea , Bongard Yvonne , Bremus‐Köbberling Elke , Gillner Arnold 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGeneration of supporting structures, which guide cell growth, is a challenging task in the field of tissue engineering. Cell guidance properties of a scaffold are important in the field of neuronal regeneration. Those guiding structures can provide guidance just by mechanical stimulus or by chemical stimuli like cell signaling molecules. For an enhanced guidance, chemical gradients are under investigation. With this study, we show that ultraviolet laser irradiation is a useful tool to activate polymer surfaces with a high temporal and spatial resolution. We demonstrated that poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) can be locally activated and functionalized with amine groups that can be used for immobilization of arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide. The immobilized RGD was detected by neuronal B35 cells. By defined pulse accumulation functionalization density on the surface can be varied for the generation of gradients. We demonstrated that PMMA and PCL have different process windows for functionalization. Although PMMA has a very small process window for activation, PCL allows the generation of stepwise functionalization. The presented technology can help to develop assays for the analysis of cell migration and neuronal regeneration due to flexible patterning easily realized by changing the irradiation parameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 2014:102A:999–1007.
On the nature of GPS draconitic year periodic pattern in multivariate position time series
Authors: Amiri‐Simkooei A. R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPlate tectonics studies using GPS require proper analysis of time series, in which all functional effects are understood and all stochastic effects are captured using an appropriate noise assessment technique. Both issues are addressed in this contribution. Estimates of spatial correlation, time correlated noise, and multivariate power spectrum for daily position time series of 350, 150, and 50 permanent GPS stations, respectively, collected between 2000–2007, 1998–2007, and 1996–2007 are obtained. The daily GPS global solutions were processed by the GPS Analysis Center at JPL. The detection power of the common‐mode signals is improved by including the time‐ and space‐correlated noise into the least squares power spectrum. Previous signals, such as those with periods of 13.63, 14.2, 14.6, and 14.8 days, are identified in the multivariate analysis. Significant signal with period of 351.6 ± 0.2 days and its higher harmonics are detected in the series, which closely follows the GPS draconitic year. The variation range of this periodic pattern for the north, east, and up components are about ±3, ±3.2, and ±6.5 mm, respectively. Three independent criteria confirm that this periodic pattern is of similar nature at adjacent stations, indicating its independence of the station‐related effects such as multipath. It is likely due to the other causes of the GPS draconitic year period driven into GPS time series. The multivariate power spectrum shows a cluster of signals with periods ranging from 5 to 6 days (quasiperiodic signals). In their aliased forms, the effects are likely partly responsible for the time‐correlated noise and partly for the periodic patterns at lower frequencies.
Off‐resonance insensitive complementary SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (ORI‐CSPAMM) for quantification of left ventricular twist
Authors: Reyhan Meral , Natsuaki Yutaka , Ennis Daniel B. 
Published: April 2013

PurposeTo evaluate Off Resonance Insensitive Complementary SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (ORI‐CSPAMM) and Fourier Analysis of STimulated echoes (FAST) for the quantification of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and compare it with the previously validated FAST+SPAMM technique.Materials and MethodsLV short‐axis tagged images were acquired with ORI‐CSPAMM and SPAMM in healthy volunteers (n = 13). The FAST method was used to automatically estimate LV systolic and diastolic twist parameters from rotation of the stimulated echo and stimulated anti‐echo about the middle of k‐space subsequent to ∼3 min of user interaction.ResultsThere was no significant difference between measures obtained for FAST+ORI‐CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM for mean peak twist (12.9 ± 3.4° versus 11.9 ± 4.0°; P = 0.4), torsion (3.3 ± 0.9°/cm versus 2.9 ± 1.0°/cm, P = 0.3), circumferential–longitudinal shear angle (9.1 ± 3.0° versus 8.2 ± 3.4°, P = 0.3), twisting rate (79.6 ± 20.2°/s versus 68.2 ± 23.4°/s, P = 0.1), untwisting rate (−117.5 ± 31.4°/s versus −106.6 ± 32.4°/s, P = 0.3), normalized untwisting rate (−9.3 ± 2.0/s versus −9.9 ± 4.4/s, P = 0.7), and time of peak twist (281 ± 18 ms versus 293 ± 25 ms, P = 0.04). FAST+ORI‐CSPAMM also provided measures of duration of untwisting (148 ± 21 ms) and the ratio of rapid untwisting to peak twist (0.9 ± 0.3). Bland‐Altman analysis of FAST+ORI‐CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM twist data demonstrates excellent agreement with a bias of −0.1° and 95% confidence intervals of (−1.0°, 3.2°).ConclusionFAST+ORI‐CSPAMM is a semi‐automated method that provides a quick and quantitative assessment of LV systolic and diastolic twist and torsion. ORI‐CSPAMM corrects off‐resonance accrued during tagging preparation and readout and visibly removes chemical shift from the tagging pattern, which confers greater robustness to the derived quantitative measures. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:339–345. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional testing provides unique insights into the pathomechanics of femoroacetabular impingement and an objective basis for evaluating treatment outcome
Authors: Rylander Jonathan , Shu Beatrice , Favre Julien , Safran Marc , Andriacchi Thomas 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFemoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been recognized as a significant clinical problem. While hip reshaping surgery for treating FAI has had positive clinical outcomes, there remains a need for objective functional outcomes of FAI treatment. We tested the hypothesis that during walking and stair climbing significant changes in hip kinematics would occur following hip reshaping surgery that indicate restoration of normal function post‐operatively. Hip and pelvic kinematics were collected for 17 FAI patients pre‐ and 1 year post‐operatively and compared to 17 healthy matched controls. Prior to surgery, FAI patients had significantly reduced hip internal rotation and hip sagittal plane range of motion during walking (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) and stair climbing (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) as compared with controls. Post‐operatively, these motions were restored to normal during walking (p = 0.70, p = 0.46, respectively), but remained significantly reduced in the FAI patients during stair climbing (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, respectively). These results have important implications for understanding the functional pathomechanics of FAI and providing an objective basis for evaluating treatment outcome. The stair climbing results indicate that problems still exist in the hip joint for activities requiring higher ranges of hip motion and suggest a basis for exploring future improvements for the treatment of FAI. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1461–1468, 2013