bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropomyosin from tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) as an allergen
Authors: Liu R. , Holck A. L. , Yang E. , Liu C. , Xue W. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundTilapia is among the most common fresh water fish species raised by fish farms and can cause allergic reactions upon ingestion.ObjectiveTo investigate important allergens in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).MethodsAllergens were detected using immunoblotting. An important allergen was purified to homogeneity by reversed‐phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and characterized by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), competitive ELISA, Mass spectrometry (MS), circular dichroism measurements and differential scanning calorimetry.ResultsBy immunoblotting using sera from 10 patients with confirmed tilapia allergy, we identified a number of allergens with apparent molecular weights 114 to 17 kD. All patients produced IgE against a 32 kD allergen, Ore m 4, which was identified by MS as tropomyosin (TM). IgE binding of the pure protein was confirmed by immunoblotting, ELISA and ELISA inhibition. cDNA from tilapia tropomyosin (TM) was sequenced and compared with TMs from other species. The tilapia TM showed 53.5% homology to TM from shrimp. Homology was much higher to human TM isoform 5 (87.7%).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceTMs are the major allergens in allergy to crustaceans. Auto‐antibodies against human TM isoform 5 have been implicated as a causative agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intriguingly, six of the 10 tilapia allergic patients had also been diagnosed with IBD, corroborating a connection between allergy and IBD. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tropomyosin from vertebrates as an allergen.
Glycaemic variability in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections (MDI): a cross‐sectional cohort study
Authors: Schreiver C. , Jacoby U. , Watzer B. , Thomas A. , Haffner D. , Fischer D.‐C. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryObjectiveThis cross‐sectional observational cohort study was designed to investigate i) whether glycaemic variability in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes is lower in those using an insulin pump (CSII) compared with those using multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) and ii) whether urinary F2‐isoprostanes and/or urinary prostaglandin F2 excretion as surrogate marker of oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase activity are associated with glycaemic variability.Methods48 paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (22 using an insulin pump) underwent an ambulatory 3‐day continuous glucose monitoring. All patients continued with normal daily activities and collected urine for two consecutive 24 h periods. The glucose pentagon was used to calculate the glycaemic risk parameter.ResultsInsulin requirements, HDL‐cholesterol, the mean of glycaemic excursions (P < 0·01) and the standard deviation of mean glucose concentration (P < 0·05) were significantly lower in patients with CSII compared with those using MDI. By contrast, averaged HbA1c during the last twelve months as well as at the time of sensor insertion did not differ significantly between both groups. Summarizing characteristic parameter of acute and long‐term metabolic control into the glucose pentagon revealed a significantly lower glycaemic risk parameter in CSI patients compared with both, healthy subjects and patients using MDI (P < 0·05).ConclusionsPaediatric patients with type 1 diabetes using an insulin pump presented with lower glycaemic variability and a concomitantly lower glycaemic risk parameter compared with those using MDII. Whether these findings translate into a lower risk of diabetes associated cardiovascular complications remains to be elucidated.
Hypoglycaemia risk with insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in type 2 and type 1 diabetes: a pre‐planned meta‐analysis of phase 3 trials
Authors: Ratner R. E. , Gough S. C. L. , Mathieu C. , Del Prato S. , Bode B. , Mersebach H. , Endahl L. , Zinman B. 
Published: November 2012

AimHypoglycaemia and the fear of hypoglycaemia are barriers to achieving normoglycaemia with insulin. Insulin degludec (IDeg) has an ultra‐long and stable glucose‐lowering effect, with low day‐to‐day variability. This pre‐planned meta‐analysis aimed to demonstrate the superiority of IDeg over insulin glargine (IGlar) in terms of fewer hypoglycaemic episodes at equivalent HbA1c in type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T2DM/T1DM).MethodsPooled patient‐level data for self‐reported hypoglycaemia from all seven (five in T2DM and two in T1DM) randomized, controlled, phase 3a, treat‐to‐target trials in the IDeg clinical development programme comparing IDeg once‐daily (OD) vs. IGlar OD were analysed.ResultsFour thousand three hundred and thirty subjects (2899 IDeg OD vs. 1431 IGlar OD) were analysed. Among insulin‐naïve T2DM subjects, significantly lower rates of overall confirmed, nocturnal confirmed and severe hypoglycaemic episodes were reported with IDeg vs. IGlar: estimated rate ratio (RR):0.83[0.70;0.98]95%CI, RR:0.64[0.48;0.86]95%CI and RR:0.14[0.03;0.70]95%CI. In the overall T2DM population, significantly lower rates of overall confirmed and nocturnal confirmed episodes were reported with IDeg vs. IGlar [RR:0.83[0.74;0.94]95%CI and RR:0.68[0.57;0.82]95%CI). In the T1DM population, the rate of nocturnal confirmed episodes was significantly lower with IDeg vs. IGlar during maintenance treatment (RR:0.75[0.60;0.94]95%CI). Reduction in hypoglycaemia with IDeg vs. IGlar was more pronounced during maintenance treatment in all populations.ConclusionsThe limitations of this study include the open‐label design and exclusion of subjects with recurrent severe hypoglycaemia. This meta‐analysis confirms that similar improvements in HbA1c can be achieved with fewer hypoglycaemic episodes, particularly nocturnal episodes, with IDeg vs. IGlar across a broad spectrum of patients with diabetes.
Characterization and expression ofdaf‐9anddaf‐12genes in the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Wang D.‐D. , Cheng X.‐Y. , Wang Y.‐S. , Pan H.‐Y. , Xie B.‐Y. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryDauer formation is a mechanism by which nematodes cope with difficult environmental circumstances. DAF‐encoding genes are known to control the formation of dauer larvae in several nematode species. In this article, two importantdafgenes were isolated from the invasive plant parasitic nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which has two dauer larval stages for overwintering and transmitting by vector beetles in its life cycle. A 1915‐bp full‐lengthcDNAofBx‐daf‐9was obtained, containing a 1533‐bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding a polypeptide of 510 amino acids. A 3966‐bp full‐lengthcDNAofBx‐daf‐12was obtained, containing a 2712‐bpORF, which encoded a polypeptide of 903 amino acids. The structures of both genes in nematodes were compared. A 2758‐bp promoter region ofBx‐daf‐9and a 2459‐bp promoter region ofBx‐daf‐12were obtained, with eight putative response elements binding transcription factors in each promoter region. The quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) was performed to detect themRNAexpression levels of the two genes in different stages of the nematode. The result showed that expression levels of the two genes were low in egg stage and up‐regulated five to seven times in larval and adult stages. However,Bx‐daf‐9expression in the third dispersal stage was relatively low. Expression ofdaf‐12in the fourth dispersal stage was extraordinarily high. The results imply thatdaf‐9anddaf‐12perhaps have special roles in the dispersal stages ofB. xylophilus.
Core continuing professional development (CPD) topics for the European dentist
Authors: Bailey S. , Bullock A. , Cowpe J. , Barnes E. , Thomas H. , Thomas R. , Kavadella A. , Kossioni A. , Karaharju‐Suvanto T. , Suomalainen K. , Kersten H. , Povel E. , Giles M. , Walmsley A. D. , Soboleva U. , Liepa A. , Akota I. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIntroductionIn the context of free movement, EU‐citizens need assurance that dental practitioners providing their care have a degree/license to practice that meets EU‐standards and that they maintain their knowledge and skills through ongoing education.AimOne aim of the ‘DentCPD’ project (HYPERLINK ‘http://www.dentcpd.org’ www.dentcpd.org) was to identify and agree essential CPD requirements for EU dentists. This paper reports the consensus process and outcomes.MethodsAgreement on core components of CPD was achieved through a three stage process: an online survey of dental educators' (n = 143) views on compulsory topics; a paper‐based questionnaire to practitioners (n = 411); leading to a proposal discussed at the Association for Dental Education (ADEE) 2011 Lifelong Learning special interest group (SIG).ResultsFrom the online survey and practitioner questionnaire, high levels of agreement were achieved for medical emergencies (89%), infection control (79%) and the medically compromised patient (71%). The SIG (34 attendees from 16 countries) concluded that these three CPD topics plus radiation protection should be core‐compulsory and three CPD topics should be core‐recommended (health and safety, pain management, and safeguarding children & vulnerable adults). They also agreed that the teaching of all topics should be underpinned by evidence‐based dentistry.ConclusionBuilding four core topics into CPD requirements and making quality‐approved education and training available will ensure that all dentists have up‐to‐date knowledge and skills in topic areas of direct relevance to patient safety. In turn, this will contribute to patients having access to comparably high standards of oral health care across Europe.
Effect of fluoxetine and pergolide on expression of nucleoside transporters and nucleic‐related enzymes in mouse brain
Authors: Nagai Katsuhito , Konishi Hiroki 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNucleoside transporter (NT) and nucleic‐related enzyme (NRE) play key roles in the physiology of nucleosides and the pharmacology of its analogs in mammals. In this study, we examined the effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and pergolide, a dopamine D receptor agonist, on the expression of NTs and NREs in mouse brain. It was confirmed by the detection of corresponding mRNAs that three equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1‐3) isoforms, concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2), CNT3, adenosine kinase (AK), and apyrase, but not CNT1, were expressed in brain tissue. Based on an assessment by mRNA determination, the cerebral expression of CNT2 was found to be increased by administration of fluoxetine and pergolide to mice. Furthermore, pergolide increased the expression of ENT2. However, fluoxetine and pergolide had no significant effect on the expression of mRNA for other NTs, AK, and apyrase. Therefore, we concluded that the expression of several NT isoforms, but not NREs, in mouse brain was affected by treatment with fluoxetine and pergolide.
Early Modern Central Asia in World History
Authors: Levi Scott C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractScholars have long recognized that Central Asia played a key role in trans‐Eurasian trade, positioned as it was at the crossroads of the overland “Silk Road” network of caravan routes. The economic advantages associated with the region’s geography are presumed to have supported the great nomadic empires of the Eurasian interior in the classical and medieval eras, and to have come to an abrupt end in the early modern era. This generally has been attributed to the rise of European commercial interests in the Indian Ocean, which signaled the end of the overland Silk Road trade and sent Central Asia into a centuries‐long period of decline. This essay draws attention to a number of foundational assumptions that have informed this interpretation, and it advocates for moving beyond the decline paradigm to employ an integrative method of analysis that more effectively situates the region in its global context and invigorates the study of early modern Central Asian history.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*40:221 allele in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor using a sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryUsing DNA sequence‐based typing method, we found a new HLA‐B*40 variant, B*40:221, in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor. The allele sequence of B*40:221 is identical to the sequence of B*40:01:01 in exons 2, 3 and 4 except the nucleotides at codon 265 (GGG→AGG). The sequence variation caused one amino acid exchange at residue 265 where Gly was replaced by Arg. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 haplotype in association with B*40:221 may be deduced as HLA‐A*11:01‐B*40:221‐C*03:04‐DRB1*14:54‐DQB1*05:02. The generation of B*40:221 is thought as a result of a nucleotide point mutation involving B*40:01:01. Our discovery of B*40:221 increases the polymorphism of B*40 in Taiwanese.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐DRB1*04:05:14 allele in a Taiwanese unrelated haematopoietic stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Kao R. H. , Lin C. L. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryWe report here a de novo HLA‐DRB1*04 allele, DRB1*04:05:14, discovered in a Taiwanese unrelated volunteer bone marrow stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing method. In exon 2, the DNA sequence of DRB1*04:05:14 is identical to the sequence of DRB1*04:05:01 except the nucleotide at positions 321 where C is replaced by T (at codon 78; TAC→TAT). Due to the silent mutation, the nucleotide substitution produced no amino acid variation in comparison with DRB1*04:05:01. We assume DRB1*04:05:14 was derived from DRB1*04:05:01 via a point mutation. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 haplotype in association with DRB1*04:05:14 may be deduced as A*11‐B*55‐DRB1*04:05:14. We here report the Taiwanese ethnicity of DRB1*04:05:14.
Expression of recombinant HA1 protein for specific detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies in human serum
Authors: Luo Lizhong , Nishi Krista , MacLeod Erin , Sabara Marta I. , Coleman Brenda L , Gubbay Jonathan B , Li Yan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe hemagglutinin genes (HA1 subunit) from human and animal 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus isolates were expressed with a baculovirus vector. Recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein‐based ELISA was evaluated for detection of specific influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated humans. It was found that rHA1 ELISA consistently differentiated between antibodies recognizing the seasonal influenza H1N1 and pdm09 viruses, with a concordance of 94% as compared to the hemagglutination inhibition test. This study suggests the utility of rHA1 ELISA in serosurveillance.
Enhanced angiogenesis and relaxation of bladder as early response to bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Song Yun Seob , Lee Hong Jun , Doo Seung Whan , An Jin , Kim Seung U 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesTo provide insights into the pathogenesis of bladder insult secondary to bladder outlet obstruction.MethodsSix‐week‐old female Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 80) were divided into eight groups, 10 rats each, according to the duration of bladder outlet obstruction, including 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 1 week. Cystometric parameters were evaluated at 72 h and 1 week after bladder outlet obstruction. Bladder tissues were harvested and Masson's trichrome staining was carried out. Each slide was inspected microscopically and the mean percent collagen area was examined. Changes of collagen deposition and pathological expression of several factors including hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor‐β1 and nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid of bladders were evaluated.ResultsA significant time‐dependent increase in the bladder weight after 6 h and the percent of collagen area after 24 h of bladder outlet obstruction were found. Increase in hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, transforming growth factor‐β1, inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid expression, time‐dependent increase in vascular endothelial growth factor, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid expression after 6 h of bladder outlet obstruction was found. The intercontraction interval decreased significantly after 72 h of bladder outlet obstruction.ConclusionsCellular remodeling in the bladder secondary to bladder outlet obstruction starts in the early hours and it includes enhanced angiogenesis and bladder relaxation. Early relief from bladder outlet obstruction is helpful to preserve bladder structure and function.
Association of RENAL nephrometry score with outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy
Authors: Ellison Jonathan S , Montgomery Jeffrey S , Hafez Khaled S , Miller David C , He Chang , Wolf J Stuart , Weizer Alon Z 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the predictive value of the Radius, Exophytic, Nearness, Anterior, Location nephrometry scoring system and to investigate the influence of its individual components on perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy.MethodsConsecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (n = 189) and robotic partial nephrectomy (n = 109) cases from 2007 through 2011 were retrospectively reviewed from our prospectively maintained database. Urological surgeons assigned nephrometry scores, excluding cases without images available for review. The association of nephrometry score categories and individual components of the score to perioperative outcomes were assessed.ResultsNo differences were observed in preoperative characteristics of low (n = 135), intermediate (n = 155) and high (n = 8) nephrometry groups. Higher nephrometry score was associated with an increased length of stay, estimated blood loss and warm ischemia time. Higher nephrometry scores were also associated with a greater proportion of major complications (P < 0.001). Distance to the renal sinus had the greatest impact on perioperative outcomes including operative and ischemic times, estimated blood loss, complications and length of stay.ConclusionsThe Radius, Exophytic, Nearness, Anterior, Location nephrometry score has value as a predictive tool for perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. Distance to the renal sinus seems to have the greatest association with outcomes. Using these findings, clinicians will be better able to counsel patients regarding anticipated perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy.
Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in a dog
Authors: Tajima Kazuki , Sinjyo Akiko , Ito Toshio , Noda Yoshizumi , Goto Hiroshi , Ito Norihiko 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to report a case of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis in a dog. A 7‐year‐old intact male American cocker spaniel that had undergone removal of a nictitating gland was referred for severe ulcerative keratitis. Slit‐lamp examination showed swelling of the eyelid, mucopurulent discharge, conjunctival injection and chemosis, diffuse corneal edema and opacity, and a deep ulcer in central cornea. Gram staining of discharge from the eye demonstrated Gram‐positive cocci. Despite topical ofloxacin, oxytetracycline and polymyxin B ophthalmic solution and intravenous cefazolin, there was no improvement. Cultures revealed MRSA that was sensitive only to chloramphenicol, vancomycin, lincomycin, and clindamycin. The antibiotic regimen was changed to topical and systemic chloramphenicol. After 9 days of treatment, although inflammation started to be resolved, the dog developed nonregenerative anemia. The antimicrobial regimen was changed again to topical and systemic vancomycin. Inflammation continued to improve over the next week. MRSA should be considered a potential organism in infectious keratitis, especially when general antibiotics are not effective. Although topical and systemic chloramphenicol and/or vancomycin are effective for treating MRSA keratitis, vancomycin should only be used when culture and susceptibility results indicate it is appropriate and no other options are available. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed case report of MRSA keratitis in a dog.
CATEGORIAL PREDICATION
Authors: Lowe E. J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhen, for example, we say of something that it ‘is an object’, or ‘is an event’, or ‘is a property’, we are engaging in categorial predication: we are assigning something to a certain ontological category. Ontological categorization is clearly a type of classification, but it differs radically from the types of classification that are involved in the taxonomic practices of empirical sciences, as when a physicist says of a certain particle that it ‘is an electron’, or when a zoologist says of a certain animal that it ‘is a mammal’, or when a meteorologist says of a certain weather‐phenomenon that it ‘is a hurricane’. Classifications of the latter types presuppose that the items being classified have already been assigned to appropriate ontological categories, such as the categories of object, species, or event. What do categorial predications mean? How are their truth‐conditions to be determined, and how can those truth‐conditions be known to be satisfied? Do they have truthmakers? Questions like these are amongst those addressed in the present paper.
Legitimacy Through Neutrality: Probation and Conflict in Northern Ireland
Authors: Carr Nicola , Maruna Shadd 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe conflict in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles presented numerous challenges for the administration of traditional forms of criminal justice and has led to a variety of adaptations that have been widely discussed in the literature in criminology and transitional justice. The role of Northern Ireland's probation service is often forgotten or ignored in such analyses. This brief article is intended to begin to fill this gap by exploring how the Troubles impacted on probation practice during the Conflict and beyond. In particular, we argue that the ‘neutrality stance’ taken by probation in the mid‐1970s, when officers decided to cease mandated work with individuals charged with ‘politically‐motivated’ offences, has had a lasting impact on the identity and role of probation in the region. The deep immersion into, and engagement with, marginalised communities during this time, facilitated by this neutrality stance, has overlooked implications for probation practice more widely in the United Kingdom and abroad.
Young People, Conflict and Regulation
Authors: Haydon Deena , McAlister Siobhán , Scraton Phil 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSet against the progress claimed since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, this article reflects the reality of life for children and young people as they negotiate the aftermath of the Conflict in Northern Ireland. Their experiences of informal and formal policing, community and State control, demonstrate the need to understand the lasting impacts of the Conflict when developing policies and practices affecting their lives. At a crucial defining period in the devolution of justice and policing, and based on primary research conducted by the authors, the article establishes key rights‐compliant principles central to reform of youth justice.
Addressing a ‘New’ Form of ‘Loyalist’ Extremism? Reflections on the Legacy of the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: Harris Lyndsey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article presents an examination of the capacity for existing Loyalist paramilitary structures and actors to engage with ‘far right’ wing action‐based and value‐based extremism. The author argues that Northern Ireland faces a similar threat posed by far right groups as the rest of the United Kingdom and that utilising a strategic theory approach reveals a number of possible responses to the threat posed by far right extremism.