bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenylglycol Metabolites from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723
Authors: Isaka Masahiko , Chinthanom Panida , Sappan Malipan , Supothina Sumalee , Boonpratuang Thitiya 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMycenadiols A–D (1–4, resp.), phenylglycols possessing an ethynyl or vinyl (ethenyl) group were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR‐spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by synthesis. Compounds 1–4 are synthetically known, but, they have not been previously isolated from natural sources.
Reduction of Thiocarbonyl Compounds with Lithium Diisopropylamide
Authors: Gebert Andreas , Jasiński Marcin , Mlostoń Grzegorz , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTreatment of 4,4‐disubstituted 2‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazole‐5(4H)‐thiones with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA; LiNiPr2) in THF at −78° yielded the corresponding 1,3‐thiazole‐5(4H)‐thioles in moderate yields. Sequential treatment with LDA and MeI under the same conditions led to the 5‐methylsulfanyl derivatives. Similarly, reaction of some cycloalkanethiones as well as diaryl thioketones with LDA and MeI gave cycloalkyl methyl sulfides and diarylmethyl methyl sulfides, respectively. A reaction mechanism via H transfer from LDA to the thiocarbonyl C‐atom via a six‐membered transition state is proposed for this unprecedented reduction of the CS bond.
Red blood cell transfusion: Impact of an education program and a clinical guideline on transfusion practice
Authors: Corwin Howard L. , Theus John W. , Cargile Christopher S. , Lang Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDRed blood cell (RBC) transfusion guidelines have been developed by professional societies. These guidelines recommend a restrictive RBC transfusion practice for most clinical populations. Despite the consistency of guidelines and limited evidence for RBC transfusion efficacy, there is variability in RBC transfusion practice.METHODSA program was initiated in a tertiary medical center to align RBC transfusion practice with best‐practice RBC transfusion guidelines. The program included an educational program, followed after 6 months by RBC transfusion decision support that included the approval of a best‐practice RBC transfusion guideline by the hospital medical board and an RBC transfusion order form that included the guideline recommendations. RBC transfusion practice was followed over an 18‐month period and compared with transfusion practice over the prior 18 months. The primary outcome variables were adult inpatient RBC units transfused, RBC units per admission, and RBC units per 100 patient‐days.RESULTSThe mean RBC units transfused decreased with initiation of each component of the program: from 923 ± 68 units to 852 ± 40 (P = 0.025) with education and further to 690 ± 52 (P < 0.0001) with the RBC transfusion decision support. Similarly, RBC transfusions per 100 patient‐days fell from 10.56 ± 0.80 to 9.69 ± 0.49 (P = 0.02) and to 7.68 ± 0.63 (P = 0.0001) during the 3 time periods.CONCLUSIONAn education program coupled with institutional adoption of a best‐practice RBC transfusion guideline and RBC transfusion order set resulted in a reduction in total RBC units transfused. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:745–749. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Comparison of brown and white adipose tissues in infants and children with chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat MRI
Authors: Hu Houchun H. , Yin Larry , Aggabao Patricia C. , Perkins Thomas G. , Chia Jonathan M. , Gilsanz Vicente 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo compare fat‐signal fractions (FFs) and T2* values between brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissue located within the supraclavicular fossa and subcutaneous depots, respectively.Materials and MethodsTwelve infants and 39 children were studied. Children were divided into lean and overweight/obese subgroups. Chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify FFs and T2* metrics in the supraclavicular and adjacent subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Linear regression and t‐tests were performed.ResultsInfants had lower supraclavicular FFs than children (P < 0.01) but T2* values were similar (P = 0.5). Lean children exhibited lower supraclavicular FFs and T2* values than overweight children (P < 0.01). In each individual infant and child, supraclavicular FFs were consistently lower than adjacent subcutaneous FFs. Supraclavicular T2* values were consistently lower than subcutaneous T2* values in children, but not in infants. FFs in both depots were positively correlated with age and weight in infants (P < 0.01). In children, they were correlated with weight and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01), but not age. Correlations between T2* and anthropometric variables existed in children (P < 0.01), but were absent in infants.ConclusionCross‐sectional comparisons suggest variations in FF and T2* values in the supraclavicular and subcutaneous depots of infants and children, which are potentially indicative of physiological differences in adipose tissue fat content, amount, and metabolic activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:885–896. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An 18 000‐year pollen and sedimentary record from the cedar forests of the Middle Atlas, Morocco
Authors: EL BAIT M. NOUR , RHOUJJATI A. , EYNAUD F. , BENKADDOUR A. , DEZILEAU L. , WAINER K. , GOSLAR T. , KHATER C. , TABEL J. , CHEDDADI R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA new record from the heart of the Moroccan Middle Atlas cedar forests spans the last 18 000 years and provides valuable insight into our understanding of the natural vegetation and environmental changes. The approach is based on the study of pollen content, geochemical elements and grain size analysis. The pollen data indicate that the vegetation was dominated by herbaceous plants until 9000 BP. Such open landscape allowed greater soil erosion and an input of chemical elements from the watershed. After 9000 BP, tree cover, mainly oak, increased slightly and was accompanied by a higher taxonomic diversity. However, several steppe elements remain well represented in the area until 5000 BP, which suggests that the climate was rather dry during the first part of the Holocene. After 6000 BP, the climate became more favourable to expansion of the forest ecosystems, including Cedrus atlantica, thereby reducing erosion. A strong reduction of the tree pollen percentages is recorded after 2000 BP, which may be related to increasing human activities during the Roman period. These forest changes are concomitant with an increase of lead and copper concentrations in the record, probably related to Roman metalworking activities.
West Greenland and global in situ14C production‐rate calibrations
Authors: YOUNG NICOLÁS E. , SCHAEFER JOERG M. , GOEHRING BRENT , LIFTON NATHANIEL , SCHIMMELPFENNIG IRENE , BRINER JASON P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe in situ cosmogenic nuclide 14C is unique compared with other nuclides because of its short half‐life, and when combined with longer‐lived isotopes (e.g. 10Be), in situ 14C can be a powerful tool for deciphering recent and complex surface exposure histories. Like all in situ cosmogenic nuclides, quantifying earth surface processes with in situ 14C requires a well‐constrained in situ 14C production rate. We present a production‐rate calibration from an independently dated moraine in West Greenland, previously used as an in situ 10Be production‐rate calibration site. The local in situ 14C production rate is 22.8 ± 1.4 atoms g−1 a−1 (69.28°N, 50.76°W; 350 m asl) and when scaled to sea level/high latitude using time‐dependent Lal/Stone scaling (Lm), we calculate a spallation‐only in situ 14C production rate of 12.0 ± 0.9 atoms g−1 a−1 and a 14C/10Be production rate ratio of 3.1 ± 0.2. The West Greenland in situ 14C production rate is indistinguishable from the New Zealand, Promontory Point and Scottish Highlands in situ 14C production rates. When combined, we calculate a global production rate of 12.1 ± 0.5 atoms g−1 a−1 (Lm).
Testate amoebae as a proxy for reconstructing Holocene water table dynamics in southern Patagonian peat bogs
Authors: VAN BELLEN SIMON , MAUQUOY DMITRI , PAYNE RICHARD J. , ROLAND THOMAS P. , DALEY TIM J. , HUGHES PAUL D. M. , LOADER NEIL J. , STREET‐PERROTT F. ALAYNE , RICE EMMA M. , PANCOTTO VERÓNICA A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTTestate amoebae are abundant and diverse in Sphagnum peat bogs and have been used extensively as indicators of past water table depths. Although these unicellular protists are widely dispersed with globally similar hydrological preferences, regional variations in communities demand region‐specific transfer functions. Here we present the first transfer function for southern Patagonian bogs, based on 154 surface samples obtained from transects in five bogs sampled in 2012 and 2013. Significant variance was explained by pH, electrical conductivity and, in particular, water table depth. Transfer functions for water table were constructed using weighted averaging and evaluated by cross‐validation and independent test sets. The optimal transfer function has predictive ability, but relatively high prediction errors given the wide range in sampled water tables. The use of independent test sets, as well as cross‐validation, allows a more rigorous assessment of model performance than most previous studies. For a subset of locations we compare surface and subsurface samples to demonstrate significant differences in community composition, possibly due to vertical zonation. Our results provide the first quantification of hydrological optima and tolerances for several rare species, which may include Southern Hemisphere endemics and pave the way for palaeohydrological reconstructions in southern Patagonian bogs.
36Cl production rate from K‐spallation in the European Alps (Chironico landslide, Switzerland)
Authors: SCHIMMELPFENNIG IRENE , SCHAEFER JOERG M. , PUTNAM AARON E. , KOFFMAN TOBY , BENEDETTI LUCILLA , IVY‐OCHS SUSAN , TEAM ASTER , SCHLÜCHTER CHRISTIAN 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe abundant production of in situ cosmogenic 36Cl from potassium renders 36Cl measurements in K‐rich rocks or minerals, such as K‐feldspars, potentially useful for precisely dating rock surfaces, either in single‐nuclide or in multi‐nuclide studies, for example combined with 10Be measurements in quartz. However, significant discrepancies in experimentally calibrated 36Cl production rates from spallation of potassium (36PK‐sp), referenced to sea‐level/high‐latitude (SLHL), limit the accuracy of 36Cl dating from K‐rich lithologies. We present a new 36Cl calibration using K‐feldspars, in which K‐spallation is the most dominant 36Cl production pathway (>92% of total 36Cl), thus minimizing uncertainties from the complex multi‐pathway 36Cl production systematics. The samples are derived from boulders of an ∼13.4 ka‐old landslide in the Swiss Alps (∼820 m, 46.43°N, 8.85°E). We obtain a local 36PK‐sp of 306 ± 16 atoms 36Cl (g K)−1 a−1 and an SLHL 36PK‐sp of 145.5 ± 7.7 atoms 36Cl (g K)−1 a−1, when scaled with a standard scaling protocol (‘Lm’). Applying this SLHL 36PK‐sp to determine 36Cl exposure ages of K‐feldspars from 10Be‐dated moraine boulders yields excellent agreement, confirming the validity of the new SLHL 36PK‐sp for surface exposure studies, involving 36Cl in K‐feldspars, in the Alps.
Processes of flood‐triggered detrital layer deposition in the varved Lake Mondsee sediment record revealed by a dual calibration approach
Authors: KÄMPF LUCAS , BRAUER ACHIM , SWIERCZYNSKI TINA , CZYMZIK MARKUS , MUELLER PHILIP , DULSKI PETER 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA succession of 23 sub‐millimetre to maximum 12‐mm‐thick, mostly flood‐triggered detrital layers, deposited between 1976 and 2005, was analysed in 12 varved surface sediment cores from meso‐scale peri‐alpine Lake Mondsee applying microfacies and high‐resolution micro X‐ray fluorescence analyses. Detailed intrabasin comparison of these layers enabled identification of (i) different source areas of detrital sediments, (ii) flood‐triggered sediment flux and local erosion events, and (iii) seasonal differences of suspended flood sediment distribution within the lake basin. Additional calibration of the detrital layer record with river discharge and precipitation data reveals different empirical thresholds for flood layer deposition for different parts of the basin. At proximal locations detrital layer deposition requires floods exceeding a daily discharge of 40 m3 s−1, whereas at a location 2 km more distal an hourly discharge of 80 m3 s−1 and at least 2 days of discharge above 40 m3 s−1 are necessary. Furthermore, we observe a better correlation between layer thickness and flood amplitude in the depocentre than in distal and proximal areas of the basin. Although our results are partly site‐specific, the applied dual calibration approach is suitable to precisely decipher flood layer formation processes and, thereby, improve the interpretation of long flood time series from lake sediments.
IntCal13 calibrated ages of the Vedde and Saksunarvatn ashes and the Younger Dryas boundaries from Kråkenes, western Norway
Authors: LOHNE ØYSTEIN S. , MANGERUD JAN , BIRKS HILARY H. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTFrom Kråkenes Lake in western Norway there exist 118 accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates for the time interval 12 000–8000 14C a BP that we earlier calibrated using the IntCal09 data set. These yielded the most accurate and precise ages available for the Younger Dryas boundaries and the Vedde and Saksunarvatn ashes. Here we present a new calibration using the recently published IntCal13 data set. All differences between the two sets of calibrated ages are within the ± 1σ error of the original IntCal09 results. The most significant differences are that the error for the Allerød/Younger Dryas boundary decreased, that this boundary became slightly older and that the length of the Younger Dryas increased slightly.
Effect of the addition of soy flour on sensory quality of extrusion and conventionally cooked cassava complementary porridges
Authors: Muoki Penina N , Kinnear Marise , Emmambux Mohammad Naushad , de Kock Henriëtte L 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe sensory properties of the usual conventionally cooked cassava porridge consumed in some regions of Africa and porridges consisting of composited cassava and either defatted or full fat soy flour, with or without extrusion cooking, were evaluated to better understand consumers' acceptance. The composited and extruded porridges have superior nutritional quality and added convenience value in the case of extrusion cooked products.RESULTSExtrusion cooking allowed preparation of porridges with 25% solids content (compared with 10% for conventional cooking) with a viscosity suitable for consumption by infants. Compositing and extrusion cooking reduced the apparent negative sensory attributes of high viscosity, stickiness, translucency, jelly‐like appearance and bland flavour that characterise conventionally cooked cassava porridge while increasing slimy appearance of the porridge. The caramel aroma and overall flavour of all extrusion cooked porridges was more intense, with more toasted nutty flavour and aftertaste compared to the corresponding conventionally cooked porridges. Slightly more consumers preferred the conventionally cooked cassava–soy flour porridges.CONCLUSIONSCompositing cassava flour with full‐fat or defatted soy flour and extrusion cooking change the appearance and flavour of porridges while improving the textural properties for better mastication and swallowing by infants. Hedonic adjustment to the changed sensory properties of the porridges in comparison to what mothers and caregivers are used to (conventionally cooked cassava only porridges) is required to ensure acceptance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Mastoidectomy performance assessment of virtual simulation training using final‐product analysis
Authors: Andersen Steven A. W. , Cayé‐Thomasen Per , Sørensen Mads S. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThe future development of integrated automatic assessment in temporal bone virtual surgical simulators calls for validation against currently established assessment tools. This study aimed to explore the relationship between mastoidectomy final‐product performance assessment in virtual simulation and traditional dissection training.Study DesignProspective trial with blinding.MethodsA total of 34 novice residents performed a mastoidectomy on the Visible Ear Simulator and on a cadaveric temporal bone. Two blinded senior otologists assessed the final‐product performance using a modified Welling scale. The simulator gathered basic metrics on time, steps, and volumes in relation to the on‐screen tutorial and collisions with vital structures.ResultsSubstantial inter‐rater reliability (kappa = 0.77) for virtual simulation and moderate inter‐rater reliability (kappa = 0.59) for dissection final‐product assessment was found. The simulation and dissection performance scores had significant correlation (P = .014). None of the basic simulator metrics correlated significantly with the final‐product score except for number of steps completed in the simulator.ConclusionsA modified version of a validated final‐product performance assessment tool can be used to assess mastoidectomy on virtual temporal bones. Performance assessment of virtual mastoidectomy could potentially save the use of cadaveric temporal bones for more advanced training when a basic level of competency in simulation has been achieved.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:431–435, 2015
The role of elective neck dissection in early stage buccal cancer
Authors: Huang Shiang‐Fu , Tung‐Chieh Chang Joseph , Liao Chun‐Ta , Kang Chung‐Jan , Lin Chien‐Yu , Fan Kang‐Hsing , Wang Hung‐Ming , Chen I‐How 
Published: July 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThe benefits of elective neck dissection (END) in early‐stage tongue cancer have been widely discussed but are still controversial regarding early‐stage buccal cancer. In this study, we evaluate the role of END and the treatment outcome in early‐stage buccal cancer in an areca‐quid endemic area.Study DesignRetrospective case‐control study.MethodsOne hundred seventy‐three cT1‐2N0M0 buccal cancer patients all staged by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were recruited. A total of 151 patients received radical surgery with END, whereas 22 received observation (OBS). Adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy was given in selected high‐risk patients.ResultsThe 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates for cT1 lesions and cT2 lesions were 86.14% and 75.45%, respectively (P = .105). In the END group, the occult metastasis rate was 1.8% for cT1 lesions and 10.6% for cT2 lesions (P = .053). The 5‐year neck control rate rates (P = .001) and disease‐free survival rates (P = .0101) were significantly better in the END group compared to the OBS group but were not significant in OS (P = .689). Eighteen (10.41%) patients developed a second primary tumor (SPT), and five (2.89%) patients developed a third primary tumor. Ninety‐four percent of SPTs were located within the oral cavity.ConclusionsEND was suggested in T1–T2N0 buccal cancer to improve the neck control rate. In patients for whom END is not performed at the time of tumor excision, regular follow‐up of neck status is necessary because the metastatic lesions are mostly salvageable and do not influence the OS.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 125:128–133, 2015
Vinylsulfide‐Containing Polyesters and Copolyesters from Fatty Acids: Thiol‐yne Monomer Synthesis and Thiol‐ene Functionalization
Authors: Beyazkilic Zeynep , Lligadas Gerard , Ronda Juan Carlos , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia 
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of a vinylsulfide‐containing hydroxy acid (VSHA) from undecylenic fatty acid via thiol‐yne monoaddition is described. Metal‐ and enzymatic‐catalyzed polycondensation of VSHA is investigated to obtain functional polyesters with a view to further modification. Higher molecular weights are obtained when using enzymatic polymerization. Random copolymers are prepared by direct enzymatic copolymerization of VSHA and ε‐caprolactone (CL) and triblock CL‐VSHA‐CL copolymers are obtained by consecutive VSHA self‐condensation and ring‐opening polymerization. The copolymers display semicrystalline behavior and a good thermal stability with no significant weight loss below 300 °C. Thiol‐ene chemistry‐type crosslinking and surface functionalization are employed to open new application fields. Evidence of the successful reactions is obtained by NMR, IR, and fluorescence measurements.
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UV Curing of Perfluoropolyether Oligomers Containing Graphene Nanosheets to Enhance Water‐Vapor Barrier Properties
Authors: Vitale Alessandra , Merlo Simone , Rizza Giancarlo , Melilli Giuseppe , Sangermano Marco 
Published: July 2014

Recently, graphene and its derivative nanosheets have been considered as potential candidates for gas barrier membranes. Here, the effect on the water‐vapor barrier properties of incorporating graphene nanoplatelets into a UV‐curable perfluoropolyether methacrylic oligo­mer is investigated. By combining the hydrophobicity of the highly fluorinated polymer with the tortuous path induced by the graphene sheets, the barrier properties of the crosslinked films are further enhanced, acting both on the thermodynamic (low solubility) and kinetic (longer diffusion path) contribution of the water‐vapor diffusion through the polymeric films. Good performance in increasing water‐vapor barrier properties at a very low filler loading is obtained: the permeability is halved in the presence of only 0.3 wt% graphene.
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Chemical Structure and Microstructure of Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s, their Copolyesters, and their Blends as Studied by NMR
Authors: de Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: July 2014

The use of NMR spectroscopy in solution to investigate the chemical structure of engineering poly(alkylene terephthalate)s such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is reviewed. Chemical defects present in the polyester chain, such as oxydialkylene units, as well as accompanying side products such as cyclic oligomers generated in the polycondensation, are well detected in 1H NMR spectra. The technique is also demonstrated to be effective for identifying, and even for quantifying in certain cases, the end groups of these polyterephthalates, including those that are generated in small amounts as a consequence of thermal degradation. The application of NMR to the study of the chemical microstructure of copolyesters derived from such polyterephthalates is also reviewed for its unique ability to determine comonomeric sequence lengths and degree of randomness (R). Copolyesters synthesized by either melt polycondensation or entropically driven ring opening polymerization, in addition to those prepared by solid‐state modification or melt blending, are the object of this review.
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