bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INACTIVATION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND OXYTOCIN DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Hawker R. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. When oxytocin and vasopressin are incubated at 37° C. for two hours with suitable volumes of plasma from healthy pregnant women, or with saline extracts of normal or pre‐eclamptic placentæ, they are destroyed.2. The loss of both oxytocic and antidiuretic activity is thought to be due to an enzyme which is heat labile with an optimum pH between 7 and 8.3. Placentæ from healthy pregnant women contain more enzymatic activity than placentae from women with pre‐eclamptic toxæmia.
GASTRIC DEVELOPMENT AND ANTIBODY TRANSFERENCE IN THE LAMB, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RAT AND GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Hill K. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Histological investigations on the development of the abomasal glands of the sheep showed that peptic cells, which contained pepsinogen granules, were present at 85 days and gradually increased in number up to term (150 days).2. Parietal cells, which were very sparse until term, increased rapidly during the first 48 hours of life.3. The abomasal contents during fœtal life were neutral in reaction, and in late fœtal life contained small quantities of a proteolytic enzyme active at pH 2·1. This material also clotted milk readily.4. The reaction of the abomasal contents, which at birth was between pH 6·0 and 7·0, changed gradually during the first two days of life, and 36 hours after birth was adequate for the activation of pepsin, pH 3·0 to 4·0.5. Comparative observations showed that in the young rat the gastric glands were not fully developed until three weeks after birth, whilst the newly born guinea‐pig possessed fully differentiated gastric glands.6. It is concluded that in those species in which antibody transference occurs in utero, secretion of active gastric juice occurs at or before birth, whilst in those species receiving antibodies from the colostrum, gastric protein digestion is delayed by retarded development of the gastric glands or by one of the cell types of the gastric glands.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CYTOLOGY OF PANCREATIC ISLETS
Authors: Mosca L. 
Published: December 2014

1. The islet apparatus of all vertebrates is mainly composed of alpha and beta cells. A third type of cell is sometimes visible among alpha elements, especially in fish. By means of different treatments (anoxia, cobalt chloride or insulin injections) it is possible to observe that both alpha and beta cells can be transformed into this “third type”.2. It is concluded that this type of cell is only a functional stage either of alpha or of beta cells.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ATHEROMATOUS LESIONS IN THE CORONARY ARTERIES OF RATS
Authors: Humphreys Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of the normal rat is reported. The incidence and severity of the lesion increases with age, and occurred in over 60 per cent of the rats more than 500 days old.2. Groups of rats were fed synthetic diets containing 16 per cent palm kernel oil, groundnut oil, palm oil, and butterfat from the age of 5–10 weeks until death between 330 and 600 days. The incidence and structure of the atheromatous lesions in the coronary arteries was similar to that in the animals on stock diet.3. The atheromatous lesions consisted of fibrous thickenings of the intima producing plaques which consisted mainly of collagenous tissue, swollen endothelial cells and some hyaline material. Fat was distributed throughout the plaques in the form of fine droplets.4. The possibility that the mechanism of atheromatous plaque formation in the coronary arteries of normal animals may be different from that in experimental animals in which there is marked hyperlipæmia, and the advantages of using the rat as an experimental animal in the investigation of atherosclerosis, are discussed.
THE ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Strong J. A. , Cameron D. , Riddell M. J. 
Published: December 2014

The secretion by the stomach of hydrochloric acid, sodium, potassium and chloride has been studied in normal human subjects and in patients suffering from peptic ulcer.A close inverse relationship was demonstrated between the concentration of acid and sodium, and a direct relationship between potassium concentration and the rate of secretion of gastric juice. It is suggested that H and Na ions may share a secretory pathway, and that K concentration represents a part of the process of water secretion. These findings were consistent in over 300 samples of gastric juice, obtained without stimulation, and after stimulation with histamine or insulin.
THE ACTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ON THE SHEEP'S LIVER
Authors: Alexander F. , Macdonald D. C. 
Published: December 2014

Changes in plasma alkaline phosphatase, proteins, serum calcium, blood sugar and BSP clearance were determined in sheep before and after the administration by mouth of 2 ml. carbon tetrachloride. Liver tissue was obtained by biopsy before and after the drug treatment and examined histologically. Carbon tetrachloride reduced the rate of clearance of BSP and the concentration of plasma proteins. Biopsy specimens taken after treatment showed histological evidence of damage. The histological changes were more marked in well‐fed sheep. In experiments on a sheep with a biliary fistula no evidence was obtained of the excretion of carbon tetrachloride in the bile.The results described support the hypothesis that the fasciocidal action of carbon tetrachloride is due to the liver damage produced by the drug and not a direct effect on the liver fluke.
THE EFFECT OF METABOLIC STIMULANTS ON THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF NORMAL AND LEUKÆMIC HUMAN LEUCOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Bisset Sheenah K. , Alexander W. D. 
Published: December 2014

The metabolic stimulants used were sodium salicylate (10–160 mg./100 ml. medium) and triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) (10–50 µg./100 ml. medium). Leucocytes from three groups were studied: normal individuals, patients with chronic lymphatic leukæmia, and patients with chronic myeloid leukæmia. Determination of oxygen consumption was made by the direct method in Warburg respirometers at 37°C.There was no significant difference between the oxygen consumption of normal or of either type of leukæmic leucocytes in absence of a metabolic stimulant.In presence of sodium salicylate, the increase in oxygen consumption of normal leucocytes was significantly greater than that of either type of leukæmic leucocyte. Addition of triiodothyroacetic acid did not produce any significant increase in the oxygen consumption of normal or chronic lymphatic leukæmic leucocytes: it did, however, produce a significant increase in the oxygen consumption of chronic myeloid leukæmic leucocytes.
E.C.G. CHANGES DURING POSTHÆMORRHAGIC HYPOTENSION IN PRECOOLED DOGS
Authors: Pantelić D. , Vajs E. , Debijadji R. 
Published: December 2014

E.C.G. changes were recorded in the course of twenty‐nine experiments on dogs which were bled during either light (30–32° C.) or deep (26–28° C.) hypothermia. After being maintained with a blood pressure of 40 mm. Hg for 2 hr., sixteen dogs received a 6 per cent solution of dextran in amounts equal to the total blood loss. The survival rate in this group was 87·5 per cent. The majority of dogs in the control group without administration of dextran died some hours after termination of the bleeding.It was impossible to pick out any E.C.G. changes which are characteristic for the state of prolonged posthæmorrhagic hypotension in hypothermia. In fact, excluding the effects of hypothermia itself, the E.C.G. changes were very similar to that described for dogs bled at normal body temperature. The less the hypothermia, the greater was the similarity.It is our opinion that the described E.C.G. changes do not explain the greater tolerance of cooled dogs to the posthæmorrhagic hypotension. Also, none of the described E.C.G. changes, including “Osborn's” wave, in the course of cooling and during posthæmorrhagic hypotension could be taken as a bad prognostic sign.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PARTICLES OBSERVED IN CHAMBERS IN RABBITS' EARS
Authors: Stehbens W. E. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

Observations have been made on non‐inflamed, inflamed and growing blood vessels in the rabbit ear chamber, following the intravenous injection of a variety of suspensions of particulate matter. The borders of the endothelial cells were not outlined by the particulate matter during several hours of observation, though a small amount adhered to the endothelium. The experiments failed to support the contention that a sticky cement substance exists between the endothelial cells of the smaller blood vessels and that this is increased during inflammation.The introduction of particulate matter into the blood stream led to the agglutination of platelets to which the particles adhered. Thrombi were thus formed which adhered to leucocytes and often entangled some erythrocytes. These thrombi formed strands which vibrated in the blood stream and fragmented forming emboli. Capillaries were frequently blocked by the thrombi. Some particulate matter was phagocytosed by leucocytes and appeared inside platelets in the blood stream and some escaped from the vessels and was later seen within macrophages, but the site and means of egress was not determined.Blood smears revealed particles inside platelets as well as those phagocytosed by leucocytes.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LIPIDS IN UDDER LYMPH AND PLASMA OF CATTLE
Authors: Heyndrickx G. V. 
Published: December 2014

Lecithin, kephalin, sphingomyelin, glycerides and free and esterified cholesterol have been determined in udder lymph and plasma of the udder veins. Expressed in absolute values, each lipid fraction occurs in a significantly lower concentration in lymph than in plasma. Expressed as a percentage of total lipids however the phospholipids occur in a lower and the cholesterolesters in a higher proportion in lymph than in plasma. The lecithin expressed as a percentage of total phospholipids is lower in lymph than in plasma, while the reverse is true for the sphingomyelin; the kephalin proportion is the same in the two fluids.It is striking that fatty acids and phospholipids, two classes of lipids removed from the blood by the mammary gland, comprise a lower proportion of the total lipids in the lymph than in the plasma. Correlations between the various lipid fractions of the udder lymph and plasma are discussed.
THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO IMMERSION IN COLD AND WARM WATER
Authors: Keatinge W. R. , Evans M. 
Published: December 2014

During their first few minutes of immersion in stirred water at 5 and 15° C. the pulmonary ventilation of twelve unclothed men was high, and their end‐tidal pCO2 fell. The pCO2 then returned to or a little above its original level but did not greatly exceed it even in working experiments lasting 20 min. in water at 5° C. or 40 min. in water at 15° C. Although work reduced or reversed the initial fall in pCO2, these results therefore do not bear out predictions that the pCO2 would rise to dangerous levels during hard work in cold water, at least in immersions of moderate duration.In water at 37·8° C. the men's heart rates rose steadily, in water at 25° C. they fell and remained low, and in water at 5 and 15° C. they rose and then fell. Repeated immersion at 15° C. reduced or abolished the early respiratory and heart rate responses to immersion and the metabolic response, but did not significantly increase the falls in rectal temperature. Clothing also reduced the reflex responses to immersion. A number of ventricular extrasystoles were observed during the first 2 min. of immersion in water at 15° C., and it is suggested that ventricular fibrillation due to increased venous and arterial pressures, adrenaline, and hyperventilation, may be responsible for some cases of sudden death in cold water.
CHANGES IN BODY WATER AND BODY SOLIDS IN AFRICAN ADULTS AND THEIR RELATION TO NUTRITION
Authors: Holmes E. G. , Darke Sylvia J. , Greaves J. P. , Read W. W. C. 
Published: December 2014

The total body water of a number of groups of African subjects has been measured, using tritiated water. None of the subjects were œdematous or showed signs of malnutrition. In some individuals nitrogen balances were also considered.The observations were undertaken in order to throw light on the discrepancy between changes in body weight, and retention of nitrogen which has been noted by a number of authors. They seem to show that retention of protein is not necessarily accompanied by the retention of a fixed amount of water, and that lipids may sometimes be lost as protein is retained.The bearing of the findings on the current theories of body composition is discussed. It is inferred that the lean body mass may not be of constant composition in persons who, while not suffering from recognizable malnutrition, and leading ordinary lives, are accustomed to nutritional standards common in underdeveloped countries, but below those enjoyed by more sophisticated and wealthier communities.
THE ABSORPTION OF SERUM ALBUMIN AND CASEIN FROM THE MAMMARY GLAND OF THE MERINO EWE
Authors: Lascelles A. K. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments have been carried out to determine the way in which 131I human serum albumin (131I HSA) and 131I casein are removed from the mammary gland when milk is allowed to accumulate in the gland. Lactating merino ewes with the mammary lymphatic duct cannulated were used in these experiments. The labelled proteins were introduced into the mammary gland through the teat duct and milk was allowed to accumulate in the gland. Lymph, plasma and urine samples were collected during the next 7–14 days. The results suggested that 131I HSA was absorbed from the mammary gland without being broken down and was removed largely by way of the lymphatics. It also appeared that casein was absorbed from the mammary gland and entered the interstitial pool without being broken down. However, the casein was rapidly transferred from the interstitial fluid into the blood stream.131I casein when introduced intravenously into lactating ewes rapidly left the blood and entered the lymph, milk and urine suggesting that the casein in the blood existed as a small molecule. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the physico‐chemical forms in which casein occurs in the body fluids.
DEPOSITION OF PROTEIN IN DAMAGED LIVER CELLS
Authors: Dixon Kendal C. 
Published: December 2014

Globular masses of protein are formed in centrilobular cells of the livers of rats following injection of carbon tetrachloride. These aggregates are coloured by the oxidized tannin‐azo (OTA) method for protein as well as by the oxidized tannin‐oxazine (OTO) technique described in the preceding paper. The deposited material is anionophilic being stained by eosin and by erythrosin.Fat is also visible in the injured cells. The concomitant deposition of protein and lipid may be initiated by interference with the intracellular co‐dispersion of these substances in the micellar state. Aggregation into globules may then impede utilization and so promote the quantitative accumulation of both lipid and protein followed by further visible deposition. In this way protein and fat, which enter the injured cells from the blood or which are formed de novo inside the cells, may both accumulate so as to contribute further to these visible intracellular deposits. The formation of these aggregates of anionophilic protein largely accounts for the eosinophilia of damaged and necrotic liver cells.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE LIPOPROTEINS IN THE PLASMA OF RABBITS WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLÆMIA OR TRITON WR‐1339‐INDUCED HYPERLIPÆMIA
Authors: Garlick D. G. , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

The lipoproteins in the plasma of rabbits with cholesterol‐fed hypercholesterolæmia and with Triton‐induced hyperlipæmia were separated in an ultracentrifuge into fractions at densities of 1·019, 1·063 and 1·200, and the protein, free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, triglyceride and phospholipid, of each fraction determined.In the group with hypercholesterolæmia, as the total cholesterol in the plasma rose, the cholesterol in the high density lipoprotein fraction remained constant, that in the fraction of density 1·019—1·063 increased at first and then remained constant, while that in the fraction of density < 1·019 accounted for most of the increase. In Triton‐induced hyperlipæmia, all the increased lipoprotein was in the fraction of density < 1·019. In composition the complexes of the fractions of density 1·063—1·200 and 1·019—1·063 remained fairly constant, whereas that of density < 1·019 varied with increasing total plasma lipid, indicating the presence of several lipoproteins with a fairly wide range of Sf values. Figures for the mean composition of each of the fractions show that in hypercholesterolæmic, the main increase in plasma lipid was cholesterol and cholesterol ester and it was distributed in the two fractions of density 1·019—1·063 and < 1·109, whereas in Triton‐induced hyperlipæmia the increased lipid was mainly triglyceride and it was present in the fraction of density < 1·019.The plasma from human patients with primary hypercholesterolæmia and hyperlipæmia and with similar disorders secondary to nephrosis and hypothyroidism was shown to fall into two groups approximately similar in composition to the experimental groups of rabbits.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CAPILLARY WALL TO THE DIFFERENT PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS OF THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLÆMIC RABBIT IN RELATION TO THEIR SIZE
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Garlick D. G. 
Published: December 2014

The lipoproteins in the plasma of the cholesterol‐fed rabbit were separated in the Spinco model L preparative ultracentrifuge into three fractions at densities of 1·019, 1·063 and 1·200.The size of these three lipoprotein fractions was determined by measuring the lymph : plasma ratios of the respective concentrations both before and after injuring the leg by a thermal burn. The mean ratios for the three fractions were 7·1, 20·3 and 36·6 before injury and 39·4, 53·0 and 70·1 after injury, indicating that in both cases the degree of transference of each fraction was roughly proportional to the size of the macromolecules.When Lipomul, an artificial fat emulsion with larger lipid particles which do not pass through the capillaries of the leg, was infused intravenously into a hypercholesterolæmic rabbit, the lymph : plasma lipid ratio greatly decreased. This was interpreted as due to the uptake of some of the smaller lipoproteins by the larger Lipomul particles, so reducing the degree of transference across the capillary wall. The possible mechanisms for the transference of the lipoproteins from plasma to lymph, involving the walls of both the blood and lymphatic capillaries are discussed.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF CORONARY CONSTRICTOR FIBRES. II. THE RÔLE OF CORONARY VASOMOTORS IN METABOLIC ADAPTATION OF THE CORONARIES
Authors: Szentiványi M. , Jiuhász‐Nagy A. 
Published: December 2014

On dogs under morphine‐chloralose narcosis the reactive‐hyperæmia test was used to evaluate the metabolic adaptation of the coronary circulation.When coronary constrictor tone was increased by clamping one or both carotids, the degree of hyperæmic responses was also increased, as compared to the reactions of the control period. By pharmacological or surgical interruption of the coronary vasomotor pathways a diminution or total disappearance of the hyperaemic responses could be observed. When the hyperaemic responses were eliminated, the intracoronary administration of vasopressin restored the tone of the vessel walls and thereby the capacity of the coronaries to adapt themselves to metabolic demands. All this indicates that the preliminary constrictor tone is an essential condition for the metabolic adaptation of the coronaries. Thus the vasomotor constrictor tone of the coronaries serves as a “reserve” of this adaptation. If this “reserve” is diminished disturbances can be observed in the lumen adjusting capacity of the coronaries as well as in the O2 consumption of the heart under condition of increased heart activity.The experimental data indicate that the unresponsiveness of the coronaries to metabolic stimuli is probably due to a rigidity of the vessels. This coronary “rigidity” is considered as a phenomenon equivalent to the human angina pectoris.
RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN THE LYMPH LEAVING THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Gale Muriel M. , Pratt O. E. 
Published: December 2014

In sheep, cats and rabbits undiluted thyroid lymph has been collected at some distance from the thyroid from individual lymphatic vessels which drain the gland. It has also been collected from lymphatics on the surface of the gland. In animals which had been injected previously with131I, the thyroid lymph has been found to contain a concentration of radioactivity considerably higher than that in either thyroid venous plasma or systemic blood plasma. This has been found to be the case in all three species of animal and both before and after giving thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Almost all the radioactivity in the lymph was due to organic 131I.An appreciable part of the iodine compounds leaving the thyroid gland is carried away in the lymphatics.
THE LYMPH‐BORNE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Hall J. G. , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

The changes in the cell population in the efferent lymph from the popliteal node have been studied in unanæsthetized sheep given subcutaneous injections of various antigens into the lower part of the leg. The antibody content of the cells and of the lymph plasma has been measured during the immune responses which followed the injection of the antigens.Human serum globulin, chicken red cells and killed Salmonella typhi were the antigens used. The chicken red cells and Salmonella organisms were virtually all retained in the lymph node whereas human serum globulin was mostly recovered in the efferent lymph. With all the antigens, a characteristic cellular response occurred in the efferent lymph. Initially there was an increase in the output of mature lymphocytes followed by the appearance of primitive stem cells and finally plasma cells. Antibody was detected in the cells and lymph plasma in the experiments with particulate antigens and in the lymph in experiments with human serum globulin. When a second dose of particulate antigen was injected, the response was always shorter and more vigorous than after the first. There was little difference between the primary and secondary responses after human serum globulin.The cell population of afferent lymph was found to change in roughly the same way as that of efferent lymph when an antigen was injected into the leg. All the cell types which characterized the immune response in the efferent lymph were identified in the afferent lymph.
HYPOGLYCÆMIA AND SPINAL SHOCK IN RATS
Authors: van Gool J. 
Published: December 2014

After destruction of the lower part of the spinal medulla in rats hypoglycæmia develops. Destroying other parts of the central nervous system had no such effect. Lowered arterial blood pressure was an important factor in the genesis of this hypoglycæmia. Hypotension, whatever its origin (destruction of the nervous system, hæmorrhage, extirpation of cœliac ganglion, guanethidin) lowered the blood glucose concentration, depending on the duration and degree of hypotension. In fasting rats blood pressure and blood glucose were closely related.The lowered blood pressure after cord destruction caused liver hypoxia with fatty changes and dysfunction, with high levels of SGOT and SGPT in the plasma, hyperlactæmia and hypoglycæmia.Probably liver hypoxia in reduced arterial pressure is caused by a very low oxygen concentration of the portal blood, and diminished arterial flow is less important. Hypoglycæmia is explained by insufficient gluconeogenesis, with disturbed transformation of lactate into glucose.