bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deoptimization for dynamic language JITs on typed, stack-based virtual machines
Authors: Kedlaya Madhukar N. , Robatmili Behnam , Caşcaval Cġlin , Hardekopf Ben 
Published: October 2014

We are interested in implementing dynamic language runtimes on top of language-level virtual machines. Type specialization is a critical optimization for dynamic language runtimes: generic code that handles any type of data is replaced with specialized code for particular types observed during execution. However, types can change, and the runtime must recover whenever unexpected types are encountered. The state-of-the-art recovery mechanism is called deoptimization. Deoptimization is a well-known technique for dynamic language runtimes implemented in low-level languages like C. However, no dynamic language runtime implemented on top of a virtual machine such as the Common Language Runtime (CLR) or the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) uses deoptimization, because the implementation thereof used in low-level languages is not possible.
In this paper we propose a novel technique that enables deoptimization for dynamic language runtimes implemented on top of typed, stack-based virtual machines. Our technique does not require any changes to the underlying virtual machine. We implement our proposed technique in a JavaScript language implementation, MCJS, running on top of the Mono runtime (CLR). We evaluate our implementation against the current state-of-the-art recovery mechanism for virtual machine-based runtimes, as implemented both in MCJS and in IronJS. We show that deoptimization provides significant performance benefits, even for runtimes running on top of a virtual machine.
Extensive Profiling of the Expression of the Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Protein in Normal and Tumoral Human Tissues
Authors: Théate Ivan , van Baren Nicolas , Pilotte Luc , Moulin Pierre , Larrieu Pierre , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Hervé Caroline , Gutierrez-Roelens Ilse , Marbaix Etienne , Sempoux Christine , Van den Eynde Benoît J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays a key role in tumoral resistance to immune rejection. In humans, constitutive expression of IDO1 has been observed in several tumor types. However, a comprehensive analysis of its expression in normal and tumor tissues is still required to anticipate the risks and potential benefits of IDO1 inhibitors. Using a newly validated monoclonal antibody to human IDO1, we performed an extensive immunohistochemical analysis of IDO1 expression in normal and tumor tissues. In normal tissues, IDO1 was expressed by endothelial cells in the placenta and lung and by epithelial cells in the female genital tract. In lymphoid tissues, IDO1 was expressed in mature dendritic cells with a phenotype (CD83+, DC-LAMP+, langerin−, CD123−, CD163−) distinct from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Importantly, IDO1-expressing dendritic cells were not enriched in tumor-draining lymph nodes, in contrast with previously reported findings. IDO1-expressing cells were observed in a large fraction (382/624, 61%) of human tumors. They comprised tumor cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells in proportions that varied depending on the tumor type. Tumors showing the highest proportions of IDO1-immunolabeled samples were carcinomas of the cervix, followed by endometrium, bladder, kidney, and lung. This hierarchy of IDO1 expression was confirmed by gene expression data mined from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Expression of IDO1 may be used to select tumors likely to benefit from targeted therapy with IDO1 inhibitors.
Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C Versus 36°C and Impact on Systemic Vascular Resistance and Myocardial Function After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Bro-Jeppesen John , Hassager Christian , Wanscher Michael , Østergaard Morten , Nielsen Niklas , Erlinge David , Friberg Hans , Køber Lars , Kjaergaard Jesper 
Published: October 2014

Background—
Cardiovascular dysfunction is common after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as part of the postcardiac arrest syndrome, and hypothermia may pose additional impact on hemodynamics. The aim was to investigate systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), cardiac index, and myocardial performance at a targeted temperature management of 33°C (TTM33) versus 36°C (TTM36).

Methods and Results—

Single-center substudy of 171 patients included in the Target Temperature Management Trial (TTM Trial) randomly assigned to TTM33 or TTM36 for 24 hours after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg and central venous pressure of 10 to 15 mm Hg were hemodynamic treatment goals. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed by serial right heart catheterization and transthoracic echocardiography. Primary end point was SVRI after 24 hours of cooling and secondary end points included mean SVRI, cardiac index, systolic function, and lactate levels. The TTM33 group had a significant increase in SVRI compared with TTM36 (2595; 95% confidence interval, 2422–2767) versus 1960 (95% confidence interval, 1787–2134) dynes m
2
/s per cm
5
;
P
<0.0001, respectively) after 24 hours of cooling with an overall difference of 556 dynes m
2
/s per cm
5
(
P
group
<0.0001). TTM33 was associated with decreased cardiac index (−0.4 L/min per m
2
;
P
group
<0.0001), decreased heart rate (
P
group
=0.01), and stroke volume index (
P
group
=0.004) compared with TTM36. Left ventricular ejection fraction (
P
=0.39) and peak systolic myocardial velocity (
P
=0.62) did not differ between TTM groups. Lactate levels were significantly higher in the TTM33 group (
P
=0.0008).

Conclusions—
Targeted temperature management at 33°C with target mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg is associated with increased SVRI and lower cardiac index because of lower heart rate with unaffected left ventricular systolic function compared with 36°C.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01020916.
Ethnic Disparities in Ischemic Stroke, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Incidence in The Netherlands
Authors: Agyemang Charles , van Oeffelen Aloysia A.M. , Norredam Marie , Kappelle L. Jaap , Klijn Catharina J.M. , Bots Michiel L. , Stronks Karien , Vaartjes Ilonca 
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—
Data on the incidence of stroke subtypes among ethnic minority groups are limited. We assessed ethnic differences in the incidence of stroke subtypes in the Netherlands.

Methods—
A Dutch nationwide register–based cohort study (n=7 423 174) was conducted between 1998 and 2010. We studied the following stroke subtypes: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate incidence differences between first-generation ethnic minorities and the Dutch majority population (ethnic Dutch).

Results—
Compared with ethnic Dutch, Surinamese men and women had higher incidence rates of all stroke subtypes combined (adjusted hazard ratios, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.35–1.50 and 1.34; 1.28–1.41), ischemic stroke (1.68; 1.57–1.81 and 1.57; 1.46–1.68), intracerebral hemorrhage (2.08; 1.82–2.39 and 1.74; 1.50–2.00), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.25; 0.92–1.69 and 1.26; 1.04–1.54). By contrast, Moroccan men and women had lower incidence rates of all stroke subtypes combined (0.42; 0.36–0.48 and 0.37; 0.30–0.46), ischemic stroke (0.35; 0.27–0.45 and 0.34; 0.24–0.49), intracerebral hemorrhage (0.61; 0.41–0.92 and 0.32; 0.16–0.72), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.42; 0.20–0.88 and 0.34; 0.17–0.68) compared with ethnic Dutch counterparts. The results varied by stroke subtype and sex for the other minority groups. For example, Turkish women had a reduced incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas Turkish men had an increased incidence of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage compared with ethnic Dutch.

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that Surinamese have an increased risk, whereas Moroccans have a reduced risk for all the various stroke subtypes. Among other ethnic minorities, the risk seems to depend on the stroke subtype and sex. These findings underscore the need to identify the root causes of these ethnic differences to assist primary and secondary prevention efforts.
Relationship between Warm Airmass Transport into the Upper Polar Atmosphere and Cold Air Outbreaks in Winter
Authors: Yu Yueyue , Cai Ming , Ren Rongcai , van den Dool Huug M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This study investigates dominant patterns of daily surface air temperature anomalies in winter (November–February) and their relationship with the meridional mass circulation variability using the daily Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis in 1979–2011. Mass circulation indices are constructed to measure the day-to-day variability of mass transport into the polar region by the warm air branch aloft and out of the polar region by the cold air branch in the lower troposphere. It is shown that weaker warm airmass transport into the upper polar atmosphere is accompanied by weaker equatorward advancement of cold air in the lower troposphere. As a result, the cold air is largely imprisoned within the polar region, responsible for anomalous warmth in midlatitudes and anomalous cold in high latitudes. Conversely, stronger warm airmass transport into the upper polar atmosphere is synchronized with stronger equatorward discharge of cold polar air in the lower troposphere, resulting in massive cold air outbreaks in midlatitudes and anomalous warmth in high latitudes. There are two dominant geographical patterns of cold air outbreaks during the cold air discharge period (or 1–10 days after a stronger mass circulation across 60°N). One represents cold air outbreaks in midlatitudes of both North America and Eurasia, and the other is the dominance of cold air outbreaks only over one of the two continents with abnormal warmth over the other continent. The first pattern mainly corresponds to the first and fourth leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of daily surface air temperature anomalies in winter, whereas the second pattern is related to the second EOF mode.
The MJO Cycle Forcing of the North Atlantic Circulation: Intervention Experiments with the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Straus David M. , Swenson Erik , Lappen Cara-Lyn 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A three-dimensional evolution of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) diabatic heating for October–March from satellite data is constructed: the heating propagates eastward for three cycles, modulated by the likelihood for a given MJO phase to occur on a given calendar day. This heating is added to the temperature tendencies of each member of an ensemble of 48 (1 October–31 March) simulations with the Community Earth System Model.
The leading two most predictable modes of the planetary wave vertically integrated total (added plus model generated) heating capture 81% of the ensemble-mean variance and form an eastward-propagating oscillation with very high signal-to-noise ratio. The two most predictable modes of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere 200-hPa height form an oscillation, as do those of the 300-hPa height tendency due to synoptic vorticity flux convergence, the 200-hPa Rossby wave source, and the envelope transient kinetic energy. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+) occurs 15–25 days after the MJO convection crosses the 90°E meridian, supported by synoptic vorticity flux convergence and a distinct pattern of Rossby wave source.
The daily North Atlantic circulation anomalies are categorized into four circulation regimes with a cluster analysis. The NAO+ and NAO− are equally likely in the control model runs, but the NAO+ is 10% more likely in the model runs with heating, compared to a difference of 14% in reanalyses. The daily occurrence of the NAO+ regime in the heating ensemble shows maxima at times when the leading two optimal modes of height also indicate NAO+ but also shows maxima at other times.
Role of Resolved and Parameterized Eddies in the Labrador Sea Balance of Heat and Buoyancy
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Dupont Frédéric , Yang Duo , Myers Paul G. , Yashayaev Igor , Smith Gregory C. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Deep convection in the Labrador Sea is an important component of the global ocean ventilation. The associated loss of heat to the atmosphere from the interior of the sea is thought to be mostly supplied by mesoscale eddies, generated either remotely or as a result of convection itself—processes that are not resolved by low-resolution ocean climate models. The authors first employ a high-resolution (°) ocean model forced with high-resolution (33 km, 3 h) atmospheric fields to further elaborate on the role of mesoscale eddies in maintaining the balance of heat and buoyancy in the Labrador Sea. In general agreement with previous studies, it is found that eddies remove heat along the coast and supply it to the interior. Some of the eddies that are generated because of the barotropic instability off the west coast of Greenland are recaptured by the boundary current. In the region of deep convection, the convergence of heat and buoyancy by eddies significantly increases with the deepening of the winter mixed layer. In addition, the vertical eddy flux plays an important part in the heat budget of the upper Labrador Sea, accounting for up to half of the heat loss to the atmosphere north of 60°N. A low-resolution (1°) model with parameterized eddies is then applied to show that it does capture, qualitatively, the general structure of eddy buoyancy advection along the Labrador Current. However, the 1° model is deficient in this regard in the most eddy active region off the west coast of Greenland, although some improvements can be made by forcing it with the high-resolution atmospheric fields.
Continuous Daily Observation of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Kuroshio by a Helicopter Shuttle Service
Authors: Tanimoto Youichi , Shimoyama Kou , Mori Shoichi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a new initiative in which in situ observations of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) are made by a helicopter shuttle connecting six islands south of Tokyo. This observation method aims to make frequent measurements of temperature and moisture in the MABL across an ocean front, where direct measurements of the MABL have been limited. An onboard observation system to meet flight regulations was developed. Observed temperature and moisture as a function of pressure at 1-s intervals provided vertical profiles up to the 900-hPa level above each of the islands, from 24 December 2010 to 6 April 2011, with the exception of an accidental power down in mid-February 2011. The observed values are validated by intercomparison with surface measurements from weather stations, atmospheric soundings, and mesoscale weather analysis provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Temperature and moisture values obtained using the system described here at the surface are significantly correlated with those from the weather station. The meridional changes revealed by the observed vertical profiles depict rich MABL structures, such as a cold-air intrusion and a strong near-surface inversion, that are not captured by the mesoscale weather analysis. However, this discrepancy is probably due to insufficient treatment in the mesoscale numerical model rather than observational errors. Additional intercomparisons indicate no influence from either artificial mixing by the helicopter rotor or by dynamic pressure caused by the fast-moving helicopter when obtaining the vertical profiles. Following these validations, the continuation of the initiative will allow for examining the influence of the ocean front on the overlying MABL on a synoptic time scale.
The Kinematic and Microphysical Characteristics and Associated Precipitation Efficiency of Subtropical Convection during SoWMEX/TiMREX
Authors: Chang Wei-Yu , Lee Wen-Chau , Liou Yu-Chieng 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Dual-Doppler, polarimetric radar observations and precipitation efficiency (PE) calculations are used to analyze subtropical heavy rainfall events that occurred in southern Taiwan from 14 to 17 June 2008 during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment/Terrain-Influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SoWMEX/TiMREX) field campaign. Two different periods of distinct precipitation systems with diverse kinematic and microphysical characteristics were investigated: 1) prefrontal squall line (PFSL) and 2) southwesterly monsoon mesoscale convective system (SWMCS). The PFSL was accompanied by a low-level front-to-rear inflow and pronounced vertical wind shear. In contrast, the SWMCS had a low-level southwesterly rear-to-front flow with a uniform vertical wind field. The PFSL (SWMCS) contained high (low) lightning frequency associated with strong (moderate) updrafts and intense graupel–rain/graupel–small hail mixing (more snow and less graupel water content) above the freezing level. It is postulated that the reduced vertical wind shear and enhanced accretional growth of rain by high liquid water content at low levels in the SWMCS helped produce rainfall more efficiently (53.1%). On the contrary, the deeper convection of the PFSL had lower PE (45.0%) associated with the evaporative loss of rain and the upstream transport of liquid water to form larger stratiform regions. By studying these two events, the dependence of PE on the environmental and microphysical factors of subtropical heavy precipitation systems are investigated by observational data for the first time. Overall, the PE of the convective precipitation region (47.9%) from 14 to 17 June is similar to past studies of convective precipitation in tropical regions.
Ordered and ultrathin reduced graphene oxide LB films as hole injection layers for organic light-emitting diode
Authors: Yang Yajie , Yang Xiaojie , Yang Wenyao , Li Shibin , Xu Jianhua , Jiang Yadong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated the utilization of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films as high performance hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diode (OLED). By using LB technique, the well-ordered and thickness-controlled RGO sheets are incorporated between the organic active layer and the transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO), leading to an increase of recombination between electrons and holes. Due to the dramatic increase of hole carrier injection efficiency in RGO LB layer, the device luminance performance is greatly enhanced comparable to devices fabricated with spin-coating RGO and a commercial conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport layer. Furthermore, our results indicate that RGO LB films could be an excellent alternative to commercial PEDOT:PSS as the effective hole transport and electron blocking layer in light-emitting diode devices.
Embryo sac formation and early embryo development in Agave tequilana (Asparagaceae)
Authors: González-Gutiérrez Alejandra G , Gutiérrez-Mora Antonia , Rodríguez-Garay Benjamín 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAgave tequilanais an angiosperm species that belongs to the family Asparagaceae (formerly Agavaceae). Even though there is information regarding to some aspects related to the megagametogenesis ofA. tequilana, this is the first report describing the complete process of megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, the early embryo and endosperm development process in detail. The objective of this work was to study and characterize all the above processes and the distinctive morphological changes of the micropylar and chalazal extremes after fertilization in this species. The agave plant material for the present study was collected from commercial plantations in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Ovules and immature seeds, previously fixed in FAA and kept in ethanol 70%, were stained based on a tissue clarification technique by using a Mayer’s-Hematoxylin solution. The tissue clarification technique was successfully used for the characterization of the megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, mature embryo sac formation, the early embryo and endosperm development processes by studying intact cells. The embryo sac ofA. tequilanawas confirmed to be of the monosporic Polygonum-type and an helobial endosperm formation. Also, the time-lapse of the developmental processes studied was recorded.
Determination of superoxide dismutase mimetic activity in common culinary herbs
Authors: Chohan Magali , Naughton Declan P , Opara Elizabeth I 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
Under conditions of oxidative stress, the removal of superoxide, a free radical associated with chronic inflammation, is catalysed by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus in addition to acting as an antioxidant, SOD may also be utilized as an anti-inflammatory agent. Some plant derived foods have been shown to have SOD mimetic (SODm) activity however it is not known if this activity is possessed by culinary herbs which have previously been shown to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to ascertain if the culinary herbs rosemary, sage and thyme possess SODm activity, and to investigate the influence of cooking and digestion on this activity. Transition metal ion content was also determined to establish if it could likely contribute to any SODm activity detected.

Findings
All extracts of uncooked (U), cooked (C) and cooked and digested (C&D) herbs were shown to possess SODm activity, which was significantly correlated with previously determined antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of these herbs. SODm activity was significantly increased following (C) and (C&D) for rosemary and sage only. The impact of (C) and (C&D) on the SODm for thyme may have been influenced by its transition metal ion content.

Conclusions
SODm activity may contribute to the herbs’ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities however the source and significance of this activity need to be established.