bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A population genetic transect of Panicum hallii (Poaceae)
Authors: Lowry David B. , Purmal Colin T. , Juenger Thomas E. 
Published: February 2013

• Premise of study: Understanding the relationship between climate, adaptation, and population structure is of fundamental importance to botanists because these factors are crucial for the evolution of biodiversity and the response of species to future climate change. Panicum hallii is an emerging model system for perennial grass and bioenergy research, yet very little is known about the relationship between climate and population structure in this system.• Methods: We analyzed geographic population differentiation across 39 populations of P. hallii along a longitudinal transect from the savannas of central Texas through the deserts of Arizona and New Mexico. A combination of morphological and genetic (microsatellite) analysis was used to explore patterns of population structure.• Key results: We found strong differentiation between high elevation western desert populations and lower elevation eastern populations of P. hallii, with a pronounced break in structure occurring in western Texas. In addition, we confirmed that there are high levels of morphological and genetic structure between previous recognized varieties (var. hallii and var. filipes) within this species.• Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that patterns of population structure within P. hallii may be driven by climatic variation over space. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for future studies on the genetics of local adaptation and reproductive isolation in this system.
Differential Polarization of C-Terminal Src Kinase between Naive and Antigen-Experienced CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Borger Jessica G. , Filby Andrew , Zamoyska Rose 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In CD8+ T cells, engagement of the TCR with agonist peptide:MHC molecules causes dynamic redistribution of surface molecules including the CD8 coreceptor to the immunological synapse. CD8 associates with the Src-family kinase (SFK) Lck, which, in turn, initiates the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation events that drive cellular activation. Compared with naive T cells, Ag-experienced CD8+ T cells make shorter contacts with APC, are less dependent on costimulation, and are triggered by lower concentrations of Ag, yet the molecular basis of this more efficient response of memory T cells is not fully understood. In this article, we show differences between naive and Ag-experienced CD8+ T cells in colocalization of the SFKs and their negative regulator, C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). In naive CD8+ T cells, there was pronounced colocalization of SFKs and Csk at the site of TCR triggering, whereas in Ag-experienced cells, Csk displayed a bipolar distribution with a proportion of the molecules sequestered within a cytosolic area in the distal pole of the cell. The data show that there is differential redistribution of a key negative regulator away from the site of TCR engagement in Ag-experienced CD8+ T cells, which might be associated with the more efficient responses of these cells on re-exposure to Ag.
Functional Education of Invariant NKT Cells by Dendritic Cell Tuning of SHP-1
Authors: Napolitano Anna , Pittoni Paola , Beaudoin Lucie , Lehuen Agnes , Voehringer David , MacDonald H. Robson , Dellabona Paolo , Casorati Giulia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play key roles in host defense by recognizing lipid Ags presented by CD1d. iNKT cells are activated by bacterial-derived lipids and are also strongly autoreactive toward self-lipids. iNKT cell responsiveness must be regulated to maintain effective host defense while preventing uncontrolled stimulation and potential autoimmunity. CD1d-expressing thymocytes support iNKT cell development, but thymocyte-restricted expression of CD1d gives rise to Ag hyperresponsive iNKT cells. We hypothesized that iNKT cells require functional education by CD1d+ cells other than thymocytes to set their correct responsiveness. In mice that expressed CD1d only on thymocytes, hyperresponsive iNKT cells in the periphery expressed significantly reduced levels of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a negative regulator of TCR signaling. Accordingly, heterozygous SHP-1 mutant mice displaying reduced SHP-1 expression developed a comparable population of Ag hyperresponsive iNKT cells. Restoring nonthymocyte CD1d expression in transgenic mice normalized SHP-1 expression and iNKT cell reactivity. Radiation chimeras revealed that CD1d+ dendritic cells supported iNKT cell upregulation of SHP-1 and decreased responsiveness after thymic emigration. Hence, dendritic cells functionally educate iNKT cells by tuning SHP-1 expression to limit reactivity.
Usos impropios de los términos «iconografía» e «iconología»
Authors: García Mahíques Rafael 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT: A reflection on the meaning of the terms «iconography» and «iconology», as defined by the fields of Art History and Archeology, in a strict sense, as disciplines concerned with the description and interpretation of images, respectively. In the everyday use of these terms we can also observe an inappropriate meaning when the object itself to which one of these disciplines is applied is designated as «iconography». Likewise, the term «iconology», in its migration from Art History to areas such as Theology, has come to acquire —in one concrete case analyzed here— a completely inappropriate meaning due to the loss of the correct epistemological orientation. KEY WORDS: Iconography, Iconology, Theology of Images, Iconic Program, Visual Program. RESUMEN: Reflexión en torno al sentido de los términos «iconografía» e «iconología», definidos dentro de la Historia de la arte y de la Arqueología, en sentido propio, como disciplinas de la descripción y de la interpretación de las imágenes respectivamente. En el uso corriente, se observa también un sentido impropio al designarse como «iconografía» el objeto mismo sobre el que se aplica dicha disciplina. Así mismo, el término «iconología», migrando desde la Historia del arte a ámbitos tales como la Teología, ha llegado a adquirir —en un caso concreto que aquí se analiza— un sentido completamente impropio a causa de haber perdido la correcta orientación epistemológica. PALABRAS CLAVES: iconografía, iconología, Teología de la imagen, programa icónico, programa visual.
Death of the Alpha: Within‐Community Lethal Violence Among Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park
Authors: KABURU STEFANO S. K. , INOUE SANA , NEWTON‐FISHER NICHOLAS E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are capable of extreme violence. They engage in inter‐group, sometimes lethal, aggression that provides the winners with an opportunity to enlarge their territory, increase their food supply and, potentially, attract more mates. Lethal violence between adult males also occurs within groups but this is rare; to date, only four cases (three observed and one inferred) have been recorded despite decades of observation. In consequence, the reasons for within‐group lethal violence in chimpanzees remain unclear. Such aggression may be rare due to the importance of coalitions between males during inter‐group encounters; cooperation between males is also thought to be key in the defense or advancement of social rank within the group. Previous accounts of within‐group lethal violence concern victims who were low‐ranking males; here we provide the first account of the killing of an incumbent alpha male by a coalition of adult males from the same community. We found no clear evidence that the alpha male's position was under threat during the months before the lethal attack: the male dominance hierarchy was highly stable, with low rates of male–male aggression, and there were no significant changes in social interactions (i.e. grooming and aggression) between the alpha male and the other adult males. Two of the four attackers were former alpha males and were the individuals with whom the victim appeared, in the period preceding his death, to be most strongly affiliated: his most frequent grooming partners and those with whom he spent most time in proximity. The lethal attack triggered a period of instability in the male hierarchy and was likely an opportunistic attempt to seize alpha status by the third‐ranking male. Am. J. Primatol. 75:789–797, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐acyl chitosan and its fiber with excellent moisture absorbability and retentivity: Preparation in a novel [Gly]Cl/water homogeneous system
Authors: Li Lu , Yuan Bing , Liu Shiwei , Yu Shitao , Xie Congxia , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Chenggang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractN‐acyl chitosans (such as N‐acetylated, N‐maleyl, and N‐succinyl chitosan), which were synthesized in glycine chloride ([Gly]Cl)/water homogeneous system, were of better moisture‐absorption and moisture‐retention abilities than those from the traditional methods, even better than hyaluronic acid. Moreover, the new method overcame many shortcomings, such as long reaction time, gel formed during the process of reaction, and complex workup procedure. In addition, the new [Gly]Cl solvent system was of the low volatility and no corrosion compared with organic solvent, especially, could be repeatedly used. Therefore, an environmental friendly approach for the synthesis of N‐acyl chitosan was provided. At the same time, the N‐acetylated chitosan fibers by wet‐spinning using N‐acetylated chitosan‐[Gly]Cl as spinning dope solution were firstly reported, and the fibers had smooth surface as well as round and compact structure. More to the point, the N‐acetylated chitosan fibers directly prepared in this study were of excellent mechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of collagen‐modified polylactide and its application in drug delivery
Authors: Li Xiao , Liu Leili , Yang Pengfei , Li Peng , Xin Jingjing , Su Ruixia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this article, collagen modified polylactide (CPLA) was synthesized by means of graft modification, and its structure was confirmed by FTIR and FITC‐labeled fluorescence spectra. Subsequently, the performance of CPLA was characterized with hydrophilicity test and degradability test. After that, the aspirin sustained release microspheres of the synthetic copolymers were prepared via the emulsion‐solvent evaporation technique, followed with its measurements of morphology, size, and encapsulation efficiency. Finally, the controlled release properties of the obtained microspheres were investigated. The results showed that the aspirin sustained release microspheres exhibited well‐defined morphology with smooth spherical surface, with average size of 3.990 μm and encapsulation efficiency of 51.83%. Furthermore, compared with aspirin‐loaded PLA microspheres, at the initial 32 h, the drug release was faster for aspirin‐loaded CPLA microspheres favored by its increased hydrophilicity, and then the drug release was slower than that of PLA microspheres because the NH2 group on the introduced collagen inhibited acidic autocatalytic degradation. The results suggested that CPLA showed a great potential as particles for drug delivery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Reducing infectivity of HIV upon exposure to surfaces coated with N,N‐dodecyl, methyl‐polyethylenimine
Authors: Gerrard Stephen E. , Larson Alyssa M. , Klibanov Alexander M. , Slater Nigel K.H. , Hanson Carl V. , Abrams Barbara F. , Morris Mary K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe infectivity of high‐titer, cell‐free HIV in culture media and human milk is rapidly reduced upon exposure to polyethylene slides painted with the linear hydrophobic polycation N,N‐dodecyl,methyl‐polyethylenimine (DMPEI). Accompanying viral p24 protein and free viral RNA analysis of solutions exposed to DMPEI‐coated surfaces suggests that virion attachment to the polycationic surface and its subsequent inactivation are the likely mechanism of this phenomenon. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2058–2062. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel humanized anti‐CD20 antibody BM‐ca binds to a unique epitope and exerts stronger cellular activity than others
Authors: Kobayashi Hideaki , Matsunaga Yuka , Uchiyama Yumiko , Nagura Kenji , Komatsu Yasuhiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCellular activity of BM‐ca, a novel humanized anti‐CD20 antibody, was quantitatively compared with that of two other anti‐CD20 antibodies used for clinical practice, rituximab and ofatumumab. The results of a complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay revealed that the strongest antibody was ofatumumab, followed by BM‐ca, with rituximab being the weakest. Ofatumumab and BM‐ca were effective not only against rituximab‐sensitive SU‐DHL‐4 cells but also against rituximab‐resistant RC‐K8 cells. In an antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, although the effective concentrations against SU‐DHL‐4 cells were almost the same among these three antibodies, the maximum cytotoxic level was the highest for BM‐ca. In an anti‐cell proliferation assay using SU‐DHL‐4 cells, BM‐ca was the most effective and ofatumumab, the weakest. Against RC‐K8 cells, only BM‐ca was effective. When combined with each of four cancer chemotherapeutics (prednisolone, vincristine, hydroxydaunorubicin, and cisplatin), BM‐ca exerted the most effective combinatorial anti‐cell proliferation activity. To assess the in vivo effect of BM‐ca, we intravenously administered BM‐ca into cynomolgus monkeys and found that the peripheral B‐cell levels did not decrease in half of the animals. Sequencing of cDNA encoding CD20 of cynomolgus monkeys revealed that the responders and nonresponders had Leu/Pro (hetero) and Leu/Leu (homo) at amino acid (a.a.) position 160, respectively, suggesting that the epitope recognized by BM‐ca was around this a.a. By analyzing reactivity to synthetic peptides, the epitope recognized by BM‐ca was estimated to be a.a.'s 156–166, not shared with rituximab and ofatumumab. These results suggest BM‐ca to be a promising anti‐CD20 antibody having superior properties and recognizing a unique epitope.
Comparison between three‐dimensional angiographic reconstruction and intravascular ultrasound: Imaging of the left main coronary artery
Authors: Spoon Daniel B. , Rubinshtein Ronen , Psaltis Peter J. , Sandhu Gupreet S. , Lennon Ryan , Rihal Charanjit S. , Lerman Amir 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the left main (LM) coronary artery anatomy using three‐dimensional (3D) quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) software as compared to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).BackgroundPercutaneous intervention of the LM coronary artery is becoming more common in selected patients with LM coronary artery disease (CAD). Quantification of LM CAD by conventional angiography can be difficult. IVUS is considered the gold standard to evaluate LM anatomy and severity of CAD but entails additional steps, catheters, and expertise. Our objective was to compare a novel quantitative angiographic analysis system with IVUS for LM anatomy.MethodsFifty five patients underwent both coronary angiography and IVUS of the LM. LM measurements were analyzed with 3D QCA (IC‐PRO, Paieon, Israel) software using IVUS as the reference standard. The measurements included proximal, middle, distal minimal luminal diameter (MLD) and area. Additionally, lesion MLD, minimal luminal area were recorded by both systems. Bland–Altman plots were used to investigate agreement between the two imaging systems.ResultsOf the 55 patients in our cohort, average age was 66 ± 11 years (25% female). By Bland‐Altman analysis there was very good agreement between 3D QCA and IVUS for measures of MLD and minimal lumen area (MLA). However, there was poor concordance in the estimation of plaque burden between the two methods.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that 3D QCA software has fair agreement when compared with IVUS for imaging of LM MLD and MLA. These results suggest that 3D QCA could potentially be helpful to guide intervention of the LM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AripiprazoleMontmorillonite: A New Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrid Material for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Oh Yeon‐Ji , Choi Goeun , Choy Young Bin , Park Je Won , Park Jung Hyun , Lee Hwa Jeong , Yoon Yeo Joon , Chang Hee Chul , Choy Jin‐Ho 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPoor aqueous solubility and the unpleasant taste of aripiprazole (APZ) have been recurring problems, owing to its low bioavailability and low patient tolerance, respectively. Herein, we prepared a nanohybrid system that was based on a bentonite clay material, montmorillonite (MMT), which could both mask the taste and enhance the solubility of APZ (i.e., APZ‐MMT). To further improve the efficacy of this taste masking and drug solubility, APZ‐MMT was also coated with a cationic polymer, polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate (AEA). In vitro dissolution tests at neutral pH showed that the amount of drug that was released from the AEA‐coated APZ‐MMT was greatly suppressed (<1 %) for the first 3 min, thus suggesting that AEA‐coated APZ‐MMT has strong potential for the taste masking of APZ. Notably, in simulated gastric juice at pH 1.2, the total percentage of APZ that was released within the first 2 h increased up to 95 % for AEA‐coated APZ‐MMT. Furthermore, this in vitro release profile was also similar to that of Abilify®, a commercially available medication. In vivo experiments by using Sprague–Dawley rats were also performed to compare the pharmacokinetics of AEA‐coated APZ‐MMT and Abilify®. AEA‐coated APZ‐MMT exhibited about 20 % higher systemic exposure of APZ and its metabolite, dehydro‐APZ, compared with Abilify®. Therefore, a new MMT‐based nanovehicle, which is coated with a cationic polymer, can act as a promising delivery system for both taste masking and for enhancing the bioavailability of APZ.
Practical Enantioselective Arylation and Heteroarylation of Aldehydes with In Situ Prepared Organotitanium Reagents Catalyzed by 3‐Aryl‐H8‐BINOL‐Derived Titanium Complexes
Authors: Uenishi Ami , Nakagawa Yuya , Osumi Hironobu , Harada Toshiro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA highly efficient and practical method for the catalytic enantioselective arylation and heteroarylation of aldehydes with organotitanium reagents, prepared in situ by the reaction of aryl‐ and heteroaryllithium reagents with ClTi(OiPr)3, is described. Titanium complexes derived from DPP‐H8‐BINOL (3 d; DPP=3,5‐diphenylphenyl) and DTBP‐H8‐BINOL (3 e; DTBP=3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) exhibit excellent catalytic activity in terms of enantioselectivity and turnover efficiency for the transformation, providing diaryl‐, aryl heteroaryl‐, and diheteroarylmethanol derivatives in high enantioselectivity at low catalyst loading (0.2–2 mol %). The reaction begins with a variety of aryl and heteroaryl bromides through their conversion into organolithium intermediates by Br/Li exchange with nBuLi, thus providing straightforward access to a range of enantioenriched alcohols from commercially available starting materials. Various 2‐thienylmethanols can be synthesized enantioselectively by using commercially available 2‐thienyllithium in THF. The reaction can be carried out on a 10 mmol scale at 0.5 mol % catalyst loading, demonstrating its preparative utility.
Precise Tuning of Surface Composition and Electron‐Transfer Properties of Graphene Oxide Films through Electroreduction
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGraphene materials are generally prepared from the exfoliation of graphite oxide (GO) to graphene oxide, followed by subsequent chemical or thermal reduction. These methods, although efficient in removing most of the oxygen functionalities from the GO material, lack control over the extent of the reduction process. We demonstrate here an electrochemical reduction procedure that not only allows for precise control of the reduction process to obtain a graphene material with a well‐defined C/O ratio in the range of 3 to 10, but also one that is able to tune the electrocatalytic properties of the reduced material. A method that is able to precisely control the amount and density of the oxygen functionalities on the graphene material as well as its electrochemical behaviour is very important for several applications such as electronics, bio‐composites and electrochemical devices.
Coupling Photocatalysis and Redox Biocatalysis Toward Biocatalyzed Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Lee Sahng Ha , Kim Jae Hong , Park Chan Beum 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn green plants, solar‐energy utilization is accomplished through a cascade of photoinduced electron transfer, which remains a target model for realizing artificial photosynthesis. We introduce the concept of biocatalyzed artificial photosynthesis through coupling redox biocatalysis with photocatalysis to mimic natural photosynthesis based on visible‐light‐driven regeneration of enzyme cofactors. Key design principles for reaction components, such as electron donors, photosensitizers, and electron mediators, are described for artificial photosynthesis involving biocatalytic assemblies. Recent research outcomes that serve as a proof of the concept are summarized and current issues are discussed to provide a future perspective.
3‐Aryl‐4‐methyl‐2‐quinolones Targeting Multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
Authors: Doléans‐Jordheim Anne , Veron Jean‐Baptiste , Fendrich Olivier , Bergeron Emmanuelle , Montagut‐Romans Adrien , Wong Yung‐Sing , Furdui Bianca , Freney Jean , Dumontet Charles , Boumendjel Ahcène 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe NorA efflux pump lowers intracellular fluoroquinolone concentrations by expelling antibiotics through the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus. We identified 3‐aryl‐4‐methyl‐2‐quinolin‐2‐ones as compounds able to restore the activity of the NorA substrate, ciprofloxacin, against resistant S. aureus strains, and acting as efflux pump inhibitors (EPI). In particular, 5‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐4‐methyl‐3‐phenylquinolin‐2‐one (6 c) presents both an EPI and an antimicrobial effect. Its efficacy and safety make it a potential candidate for further investigations.
A Concise Synthesis of Pyrazole Analogues of Combretastatin A1 as Potent Anti‐Tubulin Agents
Authors: Zaninetti Roberta , Cortese Salvatore V. , Aprile Silvio , Massarotti Alberto , Canonico Pier Luigi , Sorba Giovanni , Grosa Giorgio , Genazzani Armando A. , Pirali Tracey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCombretastatin A1 (CA1) binds to the β‐subunit at the colchicine binding site of tubulin and inhibits polymerization. As such, it is both an antitumor agent and a vascular disrupting agent. It has been shown to be at least tenfold more potent than combretastatin A4 (CA4) in terms of vascular shutdown, which correlates with its metabolism to reactive ortho‐quinone species that are assumed to be directly cytotoxic in tumor cells. A series of 3,4‐diarylpyrazoles were concisely synthesized, one of which, 3‐methoxy‐6‐[4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]benzene‐1,2‐diol (27), proved to be a cytotoxic anti‐tubulin agent with low nanomolar potency. We also report that combretastatins, including CA1, CA4, and 27, are effective against mesothelioma cell lines and therefore have significant clinical promise. Metabolism experiments demonstrate that 27 retains the ability to form ortho‐quinone species, while the pyrazole ring shows high metabolic stability, suggesting that this compound might result in better pharmacokinetic profiles than CA1, with similar pharmacodynamic properties and clinical potential.