bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE CONTENT OF THE RABBIT'S HEART
Authors: Chang I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of the rabbit's heart in situ produced at the time of arrest a loss of three‐quarters of its phosphagen, nine‐tenths of its glycogen, and three‐quarters of its adenosinetriphosphate content. The reduction of the three substances to their minimal value occurred in the following order: phosphagen, glycogen, and adenosinetriphosphate. Asphyxial arrest of rabbit's heart in situ can therefore be ascribed to depletion of available sources of energy.2. When auricles asphyxiated to arrest in situ were revived in vitro phosphagen was rapidly restored to normal, but the restoration of adenosinetriphosphate was much slower and less complete.3. As regards both asphyxial changes and changes during recovery after asphyxia, the mechanical activity and the phosphagen content varied in a similar manner. The changes in the adenosinetriphosphate content were slower and less extensive, and no close relation could be demonstrated between these latter changes and the changes in the mechanical response.4. “Hexosemonophosphate” accumulated both during anaerobiosis in the normal heart and in the I. A. A. poisoned auricles under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.5. Auricles asphyxiated to arrest in situ, revived in oxygen in vitro and again asphyxiated responded to asphyxia like auricles poisoned with I. A. A., since they were arrested in two or three minutes and a “contracture” followed.The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his suggestions and advice throughout the experiments.The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer wishes to express his thanks.
THE ACTION OF IODOACETATE AND FLUORIDE ON THE ISOLATED RABBIT'S AURICLE
Authors: Chang I. 
Published: December 2014

1. lodoacetate inhibits aerobic as well as anaerobic activity of the isolated rabbit's auricle. Under aerobic conditions, a rabbit's auricle inhibited by iodoacetate can be revived by lactate, pyruvate, phosphoglycerate, and propionate. Glucose, glycerophosphate, caproate, butyrate, valerate, malate, succinate, fumarate, and amino‐acids, including glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid, have no revival effect.2. Fluoride has no action upon the aerobic activity of the frog's heart and the rabbit's auricle but inhibits their anaerobic activity.3. lodoacetate is believed to inhibit the formation of glycerophosphate and phosphoglyceric acid from triosephosphate and fluoride to prevent the conversion of phosphoglyceric acid to phosphopyruvic acid. If these conclusions are accepted, my results indicate that the frog's heart and rabbit's auricle can oxidise phosphoglyceric acid, that the frog's heart can oxidise triosephosphate, but that the rabbit's auricle has little power to oxidise triosephosphate.The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and criticism.The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer desires to express his thanks.
RATE OF STABILISATION OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD‐PRESSURE FOLLOWING ADOPTION OF THE SUPINE POSTURE
Authors: Ogden Eric , Shock Nathan W. , Heck Kathryn 
Published: December 2014

A change in systolic blood‐pressure was observed during the first 10 minutes of a series of successive measurements made in the supine posture. On the average this was a fall. The experimental findings are presented as group average plots and as frequency curves. Experiments in which manipulation, nervousness, and rest following activity were controlled suggested that none of these was the cause of this fall.The fall was produced by the change from the erect to the supine posture.The probable mechanism of the change and its significance in estimating resting blood‐pressure in an individual are discussed.No comparable change was observed in diastolic blood‐pressure.
HÆMOLYSIS AND THE MOBILISATION OF RED CELLS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF 30 PER CENT. NaCl
Authors: Robertson J. Douglas , Barrett J. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. Injection of 30 per cent. saline causes hæmolysis in cats and also in man (one observation). This hæmolysis also occurs in vitro and is therefore a direct action.2. The hæmolysis interferes with the determination of blood volume by the vital red method. A method is described whereby plasma may be freed from hæmoglobin to allow determinations to be carried out by this technique.3. A further effect of hypertonic salt is a mobilisation of red cells and hæmoglobin. When the animals are eviscerated and the liver excluded from the circulation this effect is virtually abolished.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE, TOGETHER WITH ACUTE ANOXIA, ON THE HEART GLYCOGEN
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Evans C. Lovatt , Gregory R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the heart‐lung or isolated heart‐oxygenator preparations, rapid anoxia produced by administration of cyanide or by ventilation with N2/CO2 causes only a small disappearance of the heart glycogen.2. The presence of adrenaline during anoxia results in a much more rapid breakdown of glycogen (most pronounced with cyanide), and which is more complete the longer the heart survives.3. The depletion of glycogen caused by adrenaline and anoxia together is more rapid than that caused by adrenaline alone, although anoxia alone has, during such short times, little effect on glycogen breakdown.The costs of the investigation were defrayed by grants made to C. L. E. from the Central Research Fund of the University of London, and to J. Y. B. by the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society, to whom the authors are indebted.
RESPONSE OF TISSUES TO SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventos J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of nerve stimulation and of adrenaline administration have been studied on the auricle of the frog and the nictitating membrane, gut, and blood‐pressure of the cat.2. The summation effects observed with stimulation at varying frequencies can be explained on the assumptions that a mediator is liberated, that it is destroyed in the tissues and that the course of destruction approximates to that of a monomolecular reaction.3. The shortest time for half‐destruction calculated is 5 secs.4. The durations of the responses to nerve stimulation indicates longer times for half‐destruction than those calculated from the sum‐mation of stimuli at varying frequencies. Lag in the response of the tissue is likely to affect duration more than summation, and hence the times calculated from summation experiments are regarded as the more probable.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE CLEARANCE OF SODIUM EVIPAN
Authors: Das S. C. , Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects produced on the respiratory activity of the rabbit by continuous intravenous injection of sodium evipan can be explained on the assumption that about 1/25 of the amount present in the body is inactivated every minute. These results cannot be explained on the assumption that a constant quantity of sodium evipan is inactivated per minute.2. The relations between dosage and duration of respiratory depression in the rabbit indicate a clearance of about 1/22 per min. of the drug.3. The effects of continuous intravenous injection in mice and monkeys indicate respective rates of clearance of 1/35 and 1/30 per min.4. The dosage‐duration of narcosis relations in mice and in monkeys indicates the much slower rates of clearance of 1/110 and 1/140 per min. respectively. The reason for the discrepancy in the results shown by the two methods is not known.The authors desire to express their thanks to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout the course of this work. The expenses of this work were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the Edinburgh University, and one of us (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Authors: Engel D. 
Published: December 2014

The permeability of the synovial membranes was studied by injecting intravenously a series of dyes in rabbits and cats, and perfusing the knee joints afterwards.It was found that only dyes of acid character reach the joint cavity and appear in the perfusate. The amount excreted was in direct proportion to the diffusibility of the dye.Alkaline dyes were not excreted into the joint cavity, irrespective of their diffusibility. The importance of this fact for joint pathology is stressed.The permeability of the inflamed synovial membrane is considerably diminished compared with the normal. It is proposed that this fact should be utilised as a functional test of joints for diagnostic purposes, in analogy to the dye excretion tests of the kidney.Sod. salicylate and Prontosil appeared in the perfusate in large quantity. It is suggested that the method of joint perfusion offers possibilities for building up a systematic pharmacology of joints.I wish to express my thanks to the Medical Research Council for their grant and to Professor A. J. Clark for the interest taken in the experiments.
THE RATES OF ACTION AND CLEARANCE OF BARBITURATES
Authors: Das S. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of detoxication of quick‐acting barbiturates in mice can be determined by the method of continuous intravenous infusion into the tail vein following a suitable initial dose.2. The rate of detoxication of sodium evipan was found to lie between 1/28 to 1/35 of the quantity present per minute, and of pentothal sodium between 1/40 and 1/50.3. Barbiturates such as barbitone, which produce a prolonged action, also act much more slowly than the labile barbiturates and hence the method described above does not give satisfactory results.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE VAGUS ON THE SECRETION OF MUCUS THE STOMACH
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Evidence is produced that the vagus controls the secretion of the cardiac and pyloric mucous glands and the mucous neck cells of the fundal glands.2. A histological procedure is described for staining these cells selectively and intensely.3. No effect of vagal nerve stimulation on the surface epithelial cells of the stomach has been seen.4. Innervated pyloric pouches cease to secrete on starvation, but secrete at once following the ingestion of food.5. Blood transfusion has been found greatly to improve the general condition of the decapitate cat after a long and complicated preparation.
HUNGER MOTILITY IN A HYPNOTISED SUBJECT
Authors: Scantlebury R. E. , Patterson T. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. Hypnosis is valuable as an aid in scientific study since it permits the regulation of the number, kind, and intensity of stimuli used.2. The literature fails to reveal any animal in which the so‐called “Animal hypnosis” permits rapport. Therefore, animal studies are of little value in psychophysiology. This phase needs further study.3. Normal sleep does not diminish the height of the hunger contractions.4. The process of hypnotising a subject may diminish the strength of the hunger movements, but does not abolish them or change their rhythm.5. The effect of the suggestion of eating a hypnotic meal depends upon where in the period of contraction the suggestion is made.(a) If the “meal” is suggested during the first two‐fifths of the hunger period there is a temporary inhibition of the gastric movements. When the suggestion is stopped the contractions return to normal vigour, and a normal incomplete tetanus ending may occur.(b) If the suggestions are continued into the second two‐fifths of the normal hunger period there is a complete cessation of gastric motility which continues to a normal quiescent period.(c) We were unable to inhibit the stomach movements during the period of incomplete tetanus.6. We were not able to elicit any contractions during a period of quiescence.The authors wish to express thanks to Mr. Harvey L. Frick for his splendid assistance, acting as operator and subject in part of these experiments.
TISSUE AUTOLYSIS AND SHOCK
Authors: Abraham E. P. , Brown G. M. , Chain E. , Florey H. W. , Gardner A. D. , Sanders A. G. 
Published: December 2014

It is quite clear that in the rabbit and cat it is possible to produce death rapidly by inserting muscle or liver into the peritoneal cavity. In the fatal cases, however, it appears that the liver or muscle is infected with anaerobic gas‐producing bacilli. When we succeeded in transplanting liver in a sterile fashion in rabbits, death did not occur. Large doses of sterile peptic digests containing permeability‐increasing poly‐peptides caused death only occasionally unless contaminated, although hæmoconcentration was usually present.We were not able to confirm Moon's results on guinea‐pigs nor did our rats die after liver implantation. It must be emphasised that in comparison with muscle liver is a tissue which autolyses relatively easily, even when sterile. Moreover, in our experiments large amounts of liver were used. In addition, this was minced into a paste to give maximum opportunity for autolysis and subsequent diffusion of the digestive products. Nevertheless from their behaviour the animals did not appear to be “shocked.”It may be argued that a rabbit, which is rather a “moist” animal and probably has much body fluid, is not very suitable for experiments of this nature. Nevertheless, on the evidence produced, we believe that those authors who attach great importance to the infection associated with nearly all liver transplantation experiments are right and that autolytic products alone, although producing local loss of fluid, do not produce general effects, after absorption, whicb lead to a shocklike state.However, the presence of large masses of auatolysing tissue such as muscle must liberate substances of a polypeptide nature which affect profoundly the local blood‐vessels, causing increased permeability of the capillaries and hence the escape of plasma. It is possible that this local action of autolytic products may be of considerable importance in the production of wound shock by the promotion of fluid loss. This is a further argument for removing such tissue as thoroughly as possible.E. P. Abraham and E. Chain are responsible for the chemical work, A. D. Gardner for the bacteriological examinations, and G. M. Brown, H. W. Florey, and A. G. Sanders for the animal work.We are indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant to E. P. Abraham and E. Chain and a grant towards the expenses of this work.
RENAL DAMAGE DUE TO CRUSH INJURY AND ISCHÆMIA OF THE LIMBS OF THE ANÆSTHETIZED DOG
Authors: Eggleton M. Grace , Richardson K. C. , Schild H. O. , Winton F. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of crushing the hind limbs and rendering them ischæmic for 4‐5 hours is described which results in impairment of renal function in the anæsthetized dog, and supervenes almost immediately after readmission of circulation to the limbs.2. The renal damage is characterized by a profound reduction in urine flow and in creatinine clearance maintained even when the arterial pressure is restored by intravenous administration of fluids, by a reduction in urine/plasma creatinine concentration ratio, even when the urine flow is unchanged or reduced, and by pigmentation of the urine. The chloride content of the urine is not systematically affected in these experiments.3. P.M. the damaged kidney is flaccid. Microscopic appearance of non‐cellular debris in the proximal convoluted tubule is shown not to be specifically associated with the deterioration in function of the kidney. The loops of Henle and more distal portions of the nephron are dilated and free of debris.4. A number of diuretics were shown to be capable of increasing the urine flow from the damaged kidneys, and concurrently to raise the creatinine clearance, but only to about one‐half its normal value.5. The period of anuria ensuing on readmission of the circulation to the limbs is not an essential antecedent of the renal damage. Lowering the urine flow from damaged kidneys by partial obstruction of the ureter does not enhance the damage.6. The renal damage does not ensue after a considerable period of low arterial pressure maintained by intravenous infusion of histamine into dogs with uninjured limbs.7. The characteristics of the renal damage, due to limb injury, are discussed in relation to the known renal mechanisms likely to be affected, and it is concluded that the disturbance of no single mechanism could account for all the observed phenomena.8. During ischæmia of the limbs the arterial pressure slowly rises and the urine flow is apt to fall off. The urinary chloride content falls and the creatinine clearance often also falls somewhat. These changes may be attributed to increase in sympathetic tone.
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED LUNG
Authors: Trowell O. A. 
Published: December 2014

A description is given of the histological changes found in the isolated perfused lungs of dogs. The perfusion was carried out with heparinised blood under negative pressure ventilation for 3½ to 7 hours. The main findings were:(1) Œdema: comprising alveolar exudate, distension of periarterial lymphatics and œdema of arterial walls.(2) Periarterial and peribronchial hæmorrhage.(3) Collections of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the small pulmonary blood vessels.(4) Dilation of bronchi and bronchioles.(5) Vascular congestion of bronchial walls (except in experiments in which the outflow was allowed to drain from the open pulmonary veins).The alveolar walls, bronchial epithelium and vascular endothelium were normal and there was no pulmonary vascular congestion. It is pointed out that changes (1) and (2) have been recorded in other types of experimental lung damage and they seem to represent a common reaction of the lung to various modes of injury. The possible causes of these changes are discussed.The histological changes which have been described in the lung of the heart‐lung preparation were for the most part not found in the isolated perfused lung.The perfusion experiments which provided the material for this investigation were performed by Miss Catherine Hebb, and the author is indebted to her and to Professor de Burgh Daly for much helpful discussion.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHOLESTEROL AND LECITHIN TOWARDS NORMAL HÆMOLYTIC SERUM
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. Cholesterol is able to inhibit the hæmolytic action of normal serum from a large number of mammalian species towards a variety of mammalian red blood cells. The only exception was found in the sera of some rabbits.2. The sera of most of the local rabbits does not exhibit lytic property against dog cells; only that of a few, especially of the black variety, possesses this lytic action. The lytic activity of the sera of some of these rabbits is inhibited by cholesterol, but that of others is not.3. This inhibitory action of cholesterol towards normal hæmolytic serum is due to the inactivation of the complement. Similar behaviour has also been observed with lecithin. Unlike cholesterol, lecithin is able to reinforce amboceptor activity, but this occurs only in the absence of complement.4. The inactivation of complement by cholesterol and by lecithin are both reversible; i. e. when the complement is destroyed by heat, the anti‐hæmolytic potency of cholesterol and of lecithin is recovered quantitatively.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHOLESTEROL TOWARDS HÆMOLYTIC IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. A specific property that antagonizes the anti‐hæmolytic action of cholesterol, or may even reverse it to an accelerating one on hæmolysis, has been demonstrated in the sera of rabbits, goats, and dogs immunized with dog cells, dog cells and rabbit cells respectively.2. This property is always associated with the acquired sensitizers, but its development does not run exactly parallel with them.3. The specificity of the anti‐cholesterol property is demonstrated by the fact that it acts only in the presence of specific antigen and complement.4. It is not related to the agglutinating property or process of the immune serum.
FACTORS IN PANCREATIN WHICH INFLUENCE THE NUCLEOPROTEIN CONTENT OF FIBROBLASTS GROWING IN VITRO
Authors: Davidson J. N. , Waymouth C. 
Published: December 2014

Material has been prepared from pancreatin which influences the growth of fresh explants of the 9‐day chick embryo heart in roller‐tubes. Cultures grown in a mixture of this material and embryo‐extract show a much higher nucleoprotein phosphorus (N. P. P.) content than do control cultures grown in embryo‐extract alone. They also have a characteristic dense compact appearance and are composed of well‐nourished polyhedral cells with numerous mitotic figures.A method for the partial purification of the factor (or factors) responsible for these phenomena is described. It appears that at least two components are involved, one of which is responsible for the characteristic morphological changes in the cells, while the other can produce even in the absence of embryo‐juice a very marked rise in N. P. P., as great as that produced under similar conditions by a very concentrated extract of embryonic tissue. Such nucleoprotein synthesis appears to be a necessary preliminary to cell division in cultures stimulated by the factor. This would be in accordance with the views of Willmer [1942 b, 1943].Some chemical properties of the purified material are described. It appears to consist mainly of polypeptides and nucleotide derivatives. Crude preparations of lecithinase A from pancreatin and snake venom produce the morphological changes described, and this enzyme may be one of the active components.Our grateful thanks are due to Mr. E. N. Willmer of Cambridge and to Lt.‐Col. W. F. Harvey of the Royal College of Physicians Laboratory, Edinburgh, for much valuable advice, to Dr. F. W. Landgrebe for photographic assistance, and to Dr. G. R. Barker and Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. for samples of snake venom.A grant for scientific assistance from the Medical Research Council and an expenses grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland to one of us (J. N. D.) are gratefully acknowledged.
THE EFFECTS OF SKIN CONTAMINATION WITH LIQUID MUSTARD‐GAS ON WATER BALANCE IN ANIMALS
Authors: Cameron G. R. , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

The lymph flow from the skin of dogs contaminated with mustardgas increases, and the lymph protein concentration approaches that in the plasma.The lymph taken after contamination inhibits the growth of bonemarrow fragments in tissue culture, indicating the presence of mustardgas or a toxic derivative.The effect of local œdema is to produce hæmoconcentration and hypoproteinæmia lasting 1 to 2 days in goats and rabbits.The absorption of mustard‐gas leads often to diarrhœa, with loss of fluid from the bowel. This causes dehydration without hypoproteinæmia. The dehydration results in loss of body‐weight, increased protein breakdown, and rise in blood urea.We are indebted to Mr. F. W. Randoll for his assistance in the experiments with tissue culture. Our acknowledgments are also due to the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this investigation.