bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oxide–Water Interface: How Valid Is the Site Dissociation–Surface Equilibria Model?
Authors: Healy Thomas W , Scales Peter J 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The great Dutch school of colloid science of Kruyt, Overbeek, and others developed theoretical and experimental models of the silver halide–water interface. Potentiometric titrations, electrokinetic measurements, and coagulation kinetics set high standards of experimentation. They, further, led to the development of theoretical models, mostly thermodynamic, of the silver halide–aqueous electrolyte interface, which allowed quantitative understanding of experimental results. The fundamental step was to recognize that silver and halide ions, as potential-determining ions, controlled the Nernst potential of the interface. At ca. 25 °C, as the concentration of silver ions in the bulk solution changed by a factor of 10, the potential of the silver halide–water interface changed by 59 mV. Colloid scientists across the globe in the post-1948 era, additionally wished to understand the properties of colloidal dispersions of simple inorganic oxides such as silica, hematite, and alumina, and more recently, the properties of “latex” particles. In short, it became difficult to apply the theories that allowed understanding of the silver halide–water interface to the understanding of the properties of latex, oxides, and similar colloidal dispersions. Finally, a very recent resurgence in the interest in the electrical double layer (e.d.l.) at the air–water and oil–water interface has fuelled the discussion on the ubiquitous role of protons as potential-determining ions (p.d.i.’s) on interfaces ranging from oxides, to lattices, close packed monolayers, and oil–water and air–water interfaces. We explore the new thinking on all of these aqueous interfaces.
Ionic Self-assembled Fluorescent Organic Nanosticks
Authors: Lv Chao , Xu Guanchen , Chen Xiao 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Stable fluorescent organic nanosticks were fabricated via a facile ionic self-assembly (ISA) route through complexation between p-aminoazobenzene hydrochloride (AzoHCl) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) molecules in solution. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic (TEM and SEM) observations and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the nanostick structure and the self-assembling mechanism.
Dyslipidemia: Management Using Optimal Lipid-Lowering Therapy
Authors: Ito Matthew K 
Published: October 2012

Objective: To evaluate current approaches and explore emerging research related to dyslipidemia management. Data Sources: MEDLINE (2004-April 2012) was searched for randomized controlled trials using the terms dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy or statin (>1000 hits). Separate searches (MEDLINE, Google) identified meta-analyses (2010–2011), disease prevalence statistics, and current consensus guidelines (2004–July 2011). Additional references were identified from the publications reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language articles on large multi-center trials were evaluated. Data Synthesis: National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines for the reduction of cardiovascular risk recommend the attainment of specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) target values, based on an individual's 10-year risk of coronary heart disease or global risk. For most patients unable to achieve recommended lipid level goals with therapeutic lifestyle changes, statins are the first option for treatment. Results of large, well-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that statins are effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diverse populations, including patients with diabetes and the elderly, and that intensive statin therapy provides more effective lipid goal attainment and significantly greater risk reduction in patients with coronary artery disease. Stalin therapy is generally well tolerated but may increase the risk of myopathy. Statin use has been associated with increases in hepatic transaminases and an increased risk of diabetes, although the absolute risk of diabetes is low compared with the risk reduction benefit. Combination therapy including a statin may be appropriate for certain populations, but the risk reduction benefits of combination therapy remain unclear. Ezetimibe is an important treatment option for patients with hypercholesterolemia who do not tolerate intensive statin therapy. Although fibrates or niacin improves overall lipid profiles in patients with hypertriglyceridemia or dyslipidemia who are receiving statin therapy, their efficacy in reducing cardiovascular risk remains questionable and their use raises safety and tolerability concerns. Conclusions: Intensifying lifestyle changes and statin dose should be utilized first in patients not achieving their LDL-C and non-HDL-C goals.
Inhibitory Metabolic Drug Interactions with Newer Psychotropic Drugs: Inclusion in Package Inserts and Influences of Concurrence in Drug Interaction Screening Software
Authors: Boyce Richard D , Collins Carol , Clayton Marc , Kloke John , Horn John R 
Published: October 2012

Background: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations mandate that package inserts (Pls) include observed or predicted clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs), as well as the results of pharmacokinetic studies that establish the absence of effect. Objective: To quantify how frequently observed metabolic inhibition DDIs affecting US-marketed psychotropics are present in FDA-approved Pls and what influence the source of DDI information has on agreement between 3 DDI screening programs. Methods: The scientific literature and Pls were reviewed to determine all drug pairs for which there was rigorous evidence of a metabolic inhibition interaction or noninteraction. The DDIs were tabulated noting the source of evidence and the strength of agreement over chance. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the influence of source of DDI information on agreement among 3 DDI screening tools. Logistic regression was used to assess the influence of drug class, indication, generic status, regulatory approval date, and magnitude of effect on agreement between the literature and PI as well as agreement among the DDI screening tools. Results: Thirty percent (13/44) of the metabolic inhibition DDIs affecting newer psychotropics were not mentioned in Pls. Drug class, indication, regulatory approval date, generic status, or magnitude of effect did not appear to be associated with more complete DDI information in Pls. DDIs found exclusively in Pls were 3.25 times more likely to be agreed upon by all 3 DDI screening tools than were those found exclusively in the literature. Generic status was inversely associated with agreement among the DDI screening tools (odds ratio 0.11; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.89). Conclusions: The presence in Pls of DDI information for newer psychotropics appears to have a strong influence on agreement among DDI screening tools. Users of DDI screening software should consult more than 1 source when considering interactions involving generic psychotropics.
Support Needs of Siblings of People with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Arnold Catherine K. , Heller Tamar , Kramer John 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This qualitative study examines the support needs of adult siblings of people with developmental disabilities. A survey completed by 139 siblings of people with developmental disabilities captured the needs of adult siblings through 2 open-ended questions. A grounded theory approach was used, and the sibling responses anchored the analysis, interpretation of findings, and discussion using the constant comparison method. Eleven core variables and 3 overarching themes emerged. Three overarching themes for sibling support needs include: (a) getting disability-related information, (b) getting support for their caregiving role, and (c) enhancing the formal support system to address sibling needs.
Moderating Effects of Autism on Parent Views of Genetic Screening for Aggression
Authors: May Michael E. , Brandt Rachel C. , Bohannan Joseph K. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Advances in gene–environment interaction research have revealed genes that are associated with aggression. However, little is known about parent perceptions of genetic screening for behavioral symptoms like aggression as opposed to diagnosing disabilities. These perceptions may influence future research endeavors involving genetic linkage studies to behavior, including proactive approaches for parents to avoid events leading to aggression. The purpose of this study was to solicit the perspectives of parents who have children with autism about screening for genes associated with aggression, compared to responses from those who have children without disabilities and those planning to have children. Parents of children with autism were more likely to support screening and the use of the results to seek treatment if necessary. Results are discussed in the context of surveillance screening and systematic early intervention for behavioral symptoms related to autism. The results may provide insight for clincians, researchers, policymakers, and advocacy groups related to diagnosing and treating aggression in people with autism.
The South African Sexual Offences Act and Local Meanings of Coercion and Consent in KwaZulu Natal: Universal Human Rights?
Authors: Singleton Judith L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract:In 2007 South Africa's Parliament passed the Sexual Offences Act, which had been debated since 1999. The law includes a statutory provision with new legal definitions of rape and consent. Influenced by Western human rights ideology and vocabulary, the Sexual Offences Act represents one form of discourse in South Africa about sexual coercion and consent. By using ethnographic methods, this article examines the wide disparity between some of the state discourses about coercion and consent and local beliefs and practices about the meanings of these terms in the Zulu township of Mpophomeni. Proponents of South Africa's new democracy often ignore poor young women's and men's local understandings of rape and of the violence they encounter on a daily basis. Against this background, the article offers recommendations to improve the current law and its effectiveness.
Neural Network Based Multi Stage Modelling of Chylla Haase Polymerization Reactor
Authors: Damodaran Vasanthi , N Pappa 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
An accurate semi batch process model should be a nonlinear dynamic model. Neural networks are suitable for modelling nonlinear dynamics and can be used for developing empirical models of semi batch processes. Multi stage neural network based modelling of the polymerization reactor described by Chylla and Haase, is illustrated in this paper. The process is divided into three regions namely heat up period, feed period and hold period and neural model is developed for each stage. This method of multi stage modelling captures the dynamics of the process accurately for the semi batch process. At different stages respective neural model is active based on the period of operation.
Minimal support results for Schrödinger equations
Authors: De Carli Laura , Edward Julian , Hudson Steve , Leckband Mark 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We consider a number of linear and non-linear
boundary value problems involving generalized
Schrödinger equations. The model case is
-Δu = V
u for u ∈ W
0
1,2(D)
with D a bounded domain in ℝ
n
. We use the Sobolev embedding theorem, and in some cases the Moser–Trudinger inequality and the Hardy–Sobolev inequality, to derive necessary conditions for the existence of nontrivial solutions.
These conditions usually involve a lower bound for a product of
powers of the norm of V, the measure of D, and a sharp Sobolev
constant. In most cases, these inequalities are best possible.
A Spectrum Sensing Network for Cognitive PMSE Systems
Authors: Brendel Johannes , Riess Steffen , Stoeckle Andreas , Rummel Rafael , Fischer Georg 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article is about a Spectrum Sensing Network (SSN) which generates an accurate radio environment map (e.g. power over frequency, time, and location) from a given application area. It is intended to be used in combination with cognitive Program Making and Special Events (PMSE) devices (e.g. wireless microphones) to improve their operation reliability. The SSN consists of a distributed network of multiple scanning radio receivers and a central data management and storage unit. The parts of the SSN are presented in detail and the advantages and use cases of such a sensing network structure will be outlined.
System-Level Mitigation of Undersampling ADC Nonlinearity for High-IF Radio Receivers
Authors: Vallant Georg , Epp Michael , Allén Markus , Valkama Mikko , Jondral Friedrich K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOver the last years ongoing advances in ADC technology have enabled RF signals to be sampled at IF frequencies. Undersampling is nowadays employed in software-defined radio or radar receivers and offers the possibility to relieve requirements in the analog receiver partition. Unfortunately, when moving to higher IF concepts, this becomes demanding for the ADC itself, because of inherent spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) roll-off that increases with input frequency. This fact often limits the receiver's IF placement to Nyquist zone (NZ) 2. In this work the emerging concept of Digital Assistance is pursued to give the receiver access to higher NZs while making no compromise on the SFDR. We will present and discuss post-correction results for two 16-bit high-speed converters from two different vendors at 120 and 125 MSPS, respectively. The proposed system-level post-correction decomposes nonlinearity into a static and a dynamic part. For both ADCs under investigation the degraded SFDR in higher NZs could be improved by up to 15 dB using purely digital linearization technologies, thus increasing the detectability of small signals in the presence of very strong signals or interferers. Near-identical results for both ADCs confirm the general validity of the system-level correction approach.
Applicability of Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging for monitoring wood moisture content (MC)
Authors: Kobori Hikaru , Gorretta Nathalie , Rabatel Gilles , Bellon-Maurel Véronique , Chaix Gilles , Roger Jean-Michel , Tsuchikawa Satoru 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Visible-near-infrared hyperspectral imaging was tested for its suitability for monitoring the moisture content (MC) of wood samples during natural drying. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) prediction of MC was performed on the basis of average reflectance spectra obtained from hyperspectral images. The validation showed high prediction accuracy. The results were compared concerning the PLSR prediction of MC mapping from raw spectra and standard normal variate (SNV) treatment. SNV pretreatment leads to the best results for visualizing the MC distribution in wood. Hyperspectral imaging has a high potential for monitoring the water distribution of wood.
Transforming growth factor β signaling regulates the invasiveness of normal mammary epithelial cells and the metastasis formation of tumor cells
Authors: Vafaizadeh Vida , Graab Ulrike , Darvishi Tahmineh , Machado Rita , Groner Bernd 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Breast cancer patients with disseminated metastatic disease still have a very unfavorable prognosis. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms that underlie metastasis formation have a high priority and can possibly result in improved therapeutic interventions. The process of oncogenic epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has recently become a focus in cancer research because it encompasses many of the phenotypic traits characteristic of metastatic cells, e.g., increased motility, invasion, anoikis resistance, immunosuppression, and cancer stem cell potential. A number of central cellular signaling pathways and transcription factors have been implied in the control of EMT and metastasis formation, among them signal originating from the activation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), epithelial growth factor, Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. We have investigated the contribution of TGFβ signaling to metastasis-related cellular properties. TGFβ signaling can have tumor-suppressive and -promoting effects depending on the tumor type and the stage of tumor progression. TGFβ can inhibit the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), but it can also induce EMT, invasion, and metastasis, possibly through Smad-independent signaling events. We investigated the effects of TGFβ pathway inhibition on the proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of both normal and malignant MECs. shRNA-mediated downregulation of the Smad4 protein in non-tumorigenic HC11 and tumorigenic 4T1 cells promotes the invasiveness of both cell lines. Mammary gland reconstitution studies, with primary MECs expressing shSmad4, resulted only in subtle effects on the glandular morphogenesis. Orthotopic transplantation of shSmad4-transduced 4T1 tumor cells caused the accelerated growth of mammary tumors and enhanced colonization and macroscopic lung metastases when compared to control cells. Surprisingly, the expression of Smad4 was restored, and a strong activation of Stat3 was found in the metastatic lesions present in the lungs. These lesions express metastatic factors, such as angiopoietin-like-4 and the inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 1. We suggest that the downregulation of Smad4 inhibits the tumor-suppressive effects of TGFβ signaling and enhances tumor growth. The downregulation, however, was only transient, and the reactivation of Smad4 expression caused the reversal of EMT, mesenchymal to epithelial transition, and thereby promoted metastasis formation in the lungs.
Phenolic-rich extracts from selected tropical underutilized legumes inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin I converting enzyme in vitro
Authors: Ademiluyi Adedayo O. , Oboh Ganiyu 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background: In this study, interaction of free and bound phenolic extracts from selected tropical underutilized legumes (a popular folklore for the management of diabetes and hypertension) with key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme, ACE) was assessed.

Methods: The free phenolic extracts of the soybean were obtained by extracting powdered legume seeds with 80% acetone, whereas the residue was subjected to alkaline and acid hydrolysis before extraction with ethyl acetate to obtain the bound extracts. Thereafter, enzyme (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE) inhibitory studies and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were investigated.

Results: The free and bound phenolic extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE activities in a dose-dependent manner. However, the free phenolic extracts of all the legumes were stronger inhibitors of α-glucosidase than their corresponding bound phenolic extracts. In addition, the free phenolic extracts (except melon) exhibited stronger ACE inhibition than their corresponding bound phenolic extracts. All the phenolic extracts significantly (p<0.05) inhibited Fe2+-induced oxidative stress in the pancreas (in vitro) and exhibited strong antioxidant activities.

Conclusions: The inhibition of the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, ACE, and oxidative stress by the phenolic extracts could be a part of the mechanism through which these underutilized legumes manage/prevent type 2 diabetes and hypertension. However, as revealed by this study, bambara groundnut with the best enzyme inhibitory potentials coupled with strong antioxidant properties ranked highest, whereas melon seed ranked least.
Inverse determination of unsteady temperatures and heat fluxes on inaccessible boundaries
Authors: Dennis Brian H. , Dulikravich George S. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract.
The direct measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes may be difficult or impossible on
boundaries that are inaccessible, such as internal cavities, or exposed to harsh environmental conditions
that would destroy the thermal sensors. In such circumstances, one may inversely determine the temperature
and heat fluxes on these unknown boundaries by using over-specified conditions on boundaries where such
information can be readily collected. This assumes the geometry and material properties of the domain are
known. Algorithms for solving these problems, such as those based on finite difference, finite element, and
boundary element, are well known for the case where measured boundary conditions are not a function of
time. In this work, we demonstrate an inverse finite element method that effectively solves this inverse
heat conduction problem using over-specified temperatures and heat fluxes that are time varying. The
material properties may be highly heterogeneous and non-linear. A boundary regularization method is used to
stabilize the method for cases involving errors in temperature and heat flux measurements. Several three-dimensional examples are given using simulated measurements with and without measurement errors, to
demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
Pharmacovigilance in pregnancy: adverse drug reactions associated with fetal disorders
Authors: Wettach Carmen , Thomann Janine , Lambrigger-Steiner Claudia , Buclin Thierry , Desmeules Jules , von Mandach Ursula 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Objective: To provide the first update on drug safety profiles and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using data from 202 pharmacovigilance reports on drug-associated fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database from 1990 to 2009. Evaluated aspects included administrative information on the report, drug exposure, and disorders.

Results: The ADR reporting frequency on the topic of fetal disorders has increased during the last 20 years, from only 1 report in 1991 to a maximum of 31 reports in 2008. Nervous system drugs were the most frequently reported drug group (40.2%) above all antidepressants and antiepileptics. The highest level of overall drug intake could be observed for the 1st trimester (85.4%), especially for the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. The most frequently reported types of fetal disorders were malformations (68.8%), especially those of the musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. A positive association was discovered between antiepileptics and malformations in general and in particular of the circulatory system and the eye, ear, face, and neck.

Conclusions: The results suggest that the nervous system drug group bears an especially high risk for malformations. The most commonly identified drug exposures can help focus pharmacoepidemiologic efforts in drug-induced birth defects.