bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jan van Eyck
Authors: Acres Alfred 
Published: June 2013

Jan van Eyck (b. c. 1390–d. 1441), whose fame was international during his own lifetime and has never faded in the centuries since, was one of the most inventive and influential painters of all time. Born probably in the 1390s in or near Maaseik, his early years and training remain obscure. His career first comes into partial focus in the early 1420s, when he is recorded working in The Hague for John of Bavaria, Count of Holland. In 1425 he was employed by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419–1467), one of the most powerful princes in Europe. Based mainly in Bruges, he served Philip and other prestigious patrons for rest of his life. The great esteem in which he was held by the duke and others, along with Jan’s unprecedented assertion of himself among inscriptions and images, made him an early model of the prized court artist, a role that would soon become more familiar in the Renaissance and after. Of the approximately two dozen paintings most confidently attributed to him, the earliest dated work is also the largest and most complex: the Ghent Altarpiece, completed 1432. Its inscription indicates that the project was begun by his brother Hubert (d. 1426), from whom no other surviving works have been confidently identified. The remaining paintings attributed to Jan van Eyck are altarpieces, smaller devotional pieces, and portraits. Lost works mentioned in early sources or echoed in variant paintings and drawings included more of the same, along with at least one genre-like image, of a woman at her bath. It has long been speculated that Jan’s early work may have included manuscript illumination, with the paintings of the Turin-Milan Hours at the center of this scholarship. In his 1550 Lives of the Artists, Vasari credited Jan van Eyck with the invention of oil painting, a claim widely repeated until it was disproven in the late 18th century. But fascination with the brilliant effects of van Eyck’s technique—and especially the novel depths of his realism—has never waned. Much of the 20th-century literature has probed symbolic and related dimensions of meaning in his realism. This interpretive scholarship on van Eyck and his Flemish contemporaries (chiefly Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden), associated especially with Panofsky’s conceptions of iconography, iconology, and “disguised symbolism,” became widely influential in 20th-century art history.
Law
Authors: Kuehn Thomas 
Published: June 2013

The period between the mid-14th and the mid-17th centuries saw the consolidation of both major European legal traditions. One was based on Roman and canon law and held sway as a common law (ius commune) on much of the European Continent. The other was rooted in royal writs and judgments that constituted the “common law” of England. The Romano-canonical law was based on venerable texts, chiefly those of the Corpus iuris civilis, compiled at the behest of the Emperor Justinian in the early 6th century, and the Corpus iuris canonici, assembled in the course of the Middle Ages by legal teachers and popes, with the process of assembly ending in the early 14th century. These texts served as the basis for a highly sophisticated and technical education in law in the medieval universities of Italy and southern France, whose graduates spread throughout Europe. The establishment of new universities from the 14th century—in Italy but also spreading to Germany, Spain, and elsewhere—only served to foster the geographical reach of the Romano-canonical law. This was also the point at which the teaching methods in the universities changed from the logical elaboration of authoritative texts (the so-called school of the glossators) in the direction of contemporary issues and practices (the era of the post-glossators and commentators). The greatest exponent of this trend was Bartolus of Sassoferrato (b. 1313–d. 1357), whose influence was such that it was said that to be a jurist was to be a “bartolist” (nemo iurista nisi bartolista) (see Jurisprudence and Legal Methodologies). The English law consisted of royal writs, Parliamentary statutes, customs, and precedents set in courts. These became in some regards increasingly rigid by the 14th and 15th centuries, but flexibility was introduced by means of the Royal Court of Chancery, which drew to some degree on Roman law notions. This was the so-called law of equity. The influence of royal courts and their remedies led to the waning of manorial and other local courts. The trend toward legal centralization in England was further fueled by the Crown’s break with Catholicism. By the 17th century the common law tradition, including much of the intervening developments in equity, served as the bastion of those who would resist the pretensions of the Stuart monarchs, especially Charles I (b. 1600–d. 1649). Developments in the commercial economy of Europe, intellectual and cultural trends, and religious turmoil would all pose problems in areas such as property law, contracts, marital relations and family prerogatives, and judicial procedures, and would call forth adjustments to resolve them.
Jane Addams
Authors: Yans Virginia , Shin Ji-Hye 
Published: June 2013

Jane Addams (b. 1860–d. 1935), along with Ellen Gates Starr, was cofounder of Chicago’s Hull-House, a model American settlement. Addams was a social reformer, author, and public intellectual. During her Hull-House residence from 1889 until her death, Addams led national and local childhood reform efforts for child labor, juvenile court, and public health legislation, the playground movement, public-school teaching innovations, and the abolition of childhood prostitution. When Addams and her friend Ellen Gates Starr arrived in Chicago, European immigrants and their children constituted three-quarters of its population. Hull-House, located in an immigrant slum, offered innovative well-babies clinics, a day nursery, a playground, and children’s art, drama, and music classes to neighborhood residents. Addams passionately insisted that the future of American democracy depended on the education, protection, health, and well-being of its youth, including immigrant and minority youth. Hull-House attracted many middle- and upper-class professionals: juvenile justice reformer Julia Lathrop, labor reformer Florence Kelley, and educator and philosopher John Dewey were drawn to Addams’s settlement as a hands-on reform experiment designed to “test the value of human knowledge by action” (see Lasch 1982: p. 187, cited under Papers, Autobiographies, and Collected Writings). They saw themselves involved in a mutually beneficial reciprocal relationship with immigrants and their children intended to make both sides of the Hull-House democratic experiment better citizens. Addams and Dewey maintained that democracy required continuing moral responsibility and receptivity to others—whatever their class, race, or gender. Far from a simple matter of individual freedom or a particular set of political institutions, they understood democracy as a way of life. In her Hull-House programs, her writings, her educational and juvenile delinquency reforms, and her suggestions for training immigrant children for industrial labor—indeed in all her efforts—Addams consistently argued the importance of the child’s potential and value as a participant in social democracy. Aware that children of poor families faced dull, unrewarding futures as unskilled factory laborers, Addams called on educators to assist students to appreciate their “social and industrial value.” At the same time, Addams cajoled industrial employers for their abuse of child laborers and, far ahead of her time, insisted on the propriety of federal powers protecting children (see Addams and Lagemann 1985: 124–135, cited under Writings on Children and Education). During her lifetime and even in the 21st century, Jane Addams is regarded as one of the United States’ most outstanding citizens and child advocates.
Traditional Chinese Law
Authors: MacCormack Geoffrey 
Published: June 2013

What is termed “traditional Chinese legal history” spans a period in excess of three thousand years. This period can be said to start around 1500 bce during the Shang dynasty. It ends in 1911 with the fall of the Qing dynasty. Between the Shang and the Qing occurred many complex legal developments, of which the most important was the rise of the bureaucratic, centralized state in the 4th century bce, leading ultimately to the establishment of the first empire (Qin) in 221 bce. From that time there evolved a magnificent tradition of imperial legislation, primarily administrative and penal, but including in its ambit elements of what we would call civil law, that is, the law relating to marriage, inheritance, property, and contract. The quality and nature of the evidence for legal activities, whether the enactment of legislation or the making of a contract, vary enormously for each dynastic period. For the earliest times (the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties from around 1500 to 770 bce) we have only sparse evidence consisting of inscriptions on oracle bones or bronze vessels or accounts in historical documents, often written long after the events described. On the other hand, for the Qing (1644–1911) we have voluminous records of all kinds: imperial legislation, provincial regulations, judicial decisions, and documents recording transactions between private individuals. Each period, moreover, brings up many problems in relation to the sources and the way they are to be interpreted. The understanding of law in early China at the time of the Qin and Han dynasties (221 bce–220 ce) is even now being continually transformed through the discovery in tombs or wells of collections of laws, case reports, or transcripts of trials. Equally, at the end of the period Qing, legal history is being amplified as more and more archives from district courts or central government departments are being discovered and made available for study. The opening of the archives of district courts has particularly transformed our knowledge of the way magistrates handled disputes relating to family and property. This has led to the rise of a distinctive school of historical scholarship in which the primary focus of study has been not on the statutory law as such but on the interaction between the lives of the ordinary people and the courts. It is not possible in this article to cover every aspect of traditional legal history at all periods in China. Nor is it possible to present the whole range of sources or the scholarship dependent on them. What is attempted is merely a guide to the literature that will open a starting point for research into Chinese legal history, in relation to both penal and civil law, at its relatively well-developed stage. Although the material is not divided into dynastic periods, with a few exceptions the emphasis has been on the Tang (618–907 ce) and succeeding dynasties. Only literature in a Western language is cited.
Jan van Eyck
Authors: Seidel Linda 
Published: June 2013

Jan van Eyck (b. c. 1380–d. 1441) is universally recognized as the legendary inventor of oil painting and is widely acknowledged to be the earliest master of independent panel painting for use outside of the church. Immediate predecessors in northern Europe, such as Melchior Broederlam in Burgundy and Master Theodoric in Prague, had combined oil with tempera on wooden surfaces in ecclesiastical furnishings, but none approached Jan’s skill in the handling of oil for glazing and the binding of pigments, or achieved his degree of refinement and creativity in the understanding of optical effects and the rendering of luminosity in self-sufficient pictures. The date and place of Jan’s birth are not known. It is generally accepted that he was born in Maaseyck, not far from Maastricht in the Meuse (Maas) Valley, in the decade between 1380 and 1390, making him a man in his thirties when he entered historical record as “meyster jan den Maelre” or “Johannes die scilder” (master John the painter) in the employ of the Count of Holland, John of Bavaria. His name recurs in documents of the Count’s household between 1422 and 1424 without specification as to the sorts of work he did. Speculation about his work during these years has sought to connect it with book illumination, the medium in which the most refined and sophisticated painting of the time could be found. A few months after John of Bavaria’s death in January of 1425, “Jehan de Heick,” known for the excellence of his work, entered the employ of Philip the Good, the powerful Duke of Burgundy. He lived initially at the Court in Lille, painting tableaux and other things, none of which was ever described. From that moment on, he became the most frequently documented artist of his time, traveling on a diplomatic mission for the Duke to the Iberian Peninsula before taking up residence near the Ducal court in Bruges around 1430. Account records detail gifts and personal visits made to him by the Duke. Ledgers enumerate payments of Jan’s salary as the Duke’s varlet de chambre (chamberlain) and indicate supplemental remuneration for travel to places unknown, made on the Duke’s behalf. All of Jan’s surviving work can be dated to this decade. He completed a huge polyptych in Ghent, which his brother Hubert is said to have begun, and painted about a dozen portraits of individuals, all of whom, as far as is known, had close ties to the Court. Several panels with narrative biblical scenes also appear to date from this decade. When Jan died, he was buried where the Counts of Flanders had traditionally been interred, as was his prerogative as a member of the Duke’s inner circle.
Stipe Canker Caused by Trichothecium roseum on the Edible Shaggy Mane Coprinus comatus in China
Authors: Dong W. H. , Bian Y. B. 
Published: June 2013

Coprinus comatus, the shaggy mane, is one of the most popular and widely cultivated edible mushrooms in China. Its young fruiting body has good nutritional and medicinal value as well as a special flavor. In July 2010, an unusual stipe rot symptom was observed in cultivation tunnels in Pingyin county of Shandong Province. The lower part of the stipe was infected and water soaked scab occurred. The scab then expanded, a few mycelia and pink spores emerged on the scab surface, and finally, the stipe decayed and the fruiting body became wilted. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissues of C. comatus and the colonies on CYM were whitish at first, then pink sorus emerged, later forming concentric rings of sporulation. Mycelia were floccose, colorless, slender, and septate. Conidiophores bore upright, nonbranched, and colorless sporogenous cells, and slightly rounded spores were borne on the top and aggregated in pink cephaloid. Conidia were obovoid or obpyriform. Almost all spores were two-celled and one septate, while one was nearly round and the other bore an apex (1). The size of spores ranged from 10 to 21 μm long and 5 to 7 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Trichothecium roseum (1). The species identification was confirmed by sequencing the ribosomal ITS sequences. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to T. roseum (JQ434580). Pathogenicity was tested on different parts of 20 fruiting bodies of C. comatus with or without the wound treatment. One inoculum was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double distilled water for spore suspension (6.5 × 103 conidia/ml), and the other was by 0.2 × 0.2 cm mycelial plugs without spore production on CYM at 25°C for 5 days. After 1 to 2 days, only inoculated stipes showed water soaked and slight decay on the injured surface of all 20 fruiting bodies, while control fruiting bodies remained healthy. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the cultivation tunnels. No symptom was observed on the pileus, either with or without wound treatment. Pathogens reisolated from the inoculated stipes were confirmed to be T. roseum based on morphological characteristics. Because T. roseum is generally regarded as a postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables such as apple, pear, and muskmelon (2), apples and pears were inoculated with this fungus as well using the same methods. The parts inoculated were sunken, wettish, and decayed with brown stain at 25°C and 90% relative humidity after 5 days. Thus, it was confirmed that the T. roseum from the C. comatus stipe canker could infect the fruits of apple and pear. To our knowledge, this is the first report that T. roseum can cause disease on agaric. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) J.-H. Kwon et al. Plant Pathol. J. 26:296, 2010.
First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara obducens on Impatiens in Taiwan
Authors: Shen Y. M. , Huang J. H. , Liu H. L. 
Published: June 2013

In February 2013, single and double flowered impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.) affected by downy mildew were observed in nurseries (cv. Accent) and in the wild in central Taiwan. More than 90% of the plants were infected in areas where the disease broke out. Symptomatic leaves showed yellowing, with white, fungal-like structure covering the lower leaf surfaces, causing the plants to become wilted and defoliated. Under microscopic observation, hyaline, thin-walled sporangiophores branched monopodially and had slightly swollen bases. Three apical branchlets were at right angles to the main axis, measuring 4.3–15.0 μm (average 8.5 μm). Sporangia were hyaline, ovoid, with an average length and width of 14.2 (10.0 to 18.0) × 12.1 (9.3 to 15.0) μm. For molecular categorization, PCR amplification of the 5′ end of the large ribosomal subunit gene was performed with primers NL1 and NL4 (2). The amplicons were cloned, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KC905620 and KC905621). The sequence similarities were 99% compared with that of Plasmopara obducens (J. Schröt.) J. Schröt from Florida (JX217746) (3). Based on morphological and molecular characters, the pathogen was identified as P. obducens. Three voucher specimens (TNM Nos. F0026644, F0026645, and F0026646) were deposited in the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of five young, potted impatiens plants with a suspension containing 1 × 105 sporangia/ml in 0.05% Tween 20 (approximately 8 ml/plant). An additional five plants sprayed with 0.05% Tween 20 served as negative controls. The plants were maintained in an outdoor ambient environment. After 2 weeks incubation at an average temperature of 20°C and approximately 80% relative humidity, the inoculated plants exhibited typical downy mildew symptoms, while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was repeated in a dew chamber under 20°C with similar results. In the Asia-Pacific region, impatiens downy mildew was recently confirmed in Korea and Japan (1,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on impatiens in Taiwan. Our further surveys indicated the disease has spread to other parts of the island and will become a potential problem requiring prevention. References: (1) Y. J. Choi et. al. Plant Pathol. J. 25:433, 2009. (2) K. O'Donnell. Curr. Genet. 22:213, 1992. (3) A. J. Palmateer et. al. Plant Dis. 97:687, 2013. (4) M. Satou et. al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 79:205, 2013.
A framework to evaluate the complexity of home care services
Authors: Sahin Evren , Vidal Ludovic‐Alexandre , Benzarti Emna 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the potential factors that may generate complexity in managing operations in home care (HC) organizations. Hence, a framework which might assist decision making regarding complexity‐driven issues in HC organizations is developed.Design/methodology/approachBased on a systems thinking view, a framework was developed identifying complexity factors in HC organizations. The paper is based on field research to explore the practical challenges of managing operations in HC structures. The authors additionally give a state of the art in many scientific domains; definition of complexity and its implications; complexity in health care; description of home care operations and their management. The literature review enlightens the lack of consensus on HC complexity and thus provides a broad view and a critical analysis of the underlying concepts.FindingsProposal of a HC operations complexity model (and validation due to a practical application).Practical implicationsThe framework developed by the authors permits one to identify rapidly the existing complexity factors which may create potential damages regarding value creation and cost improvement in HC. Two kinds of HC complexity are identified: HC organization complexity and HC individual patients' therapeutical projects complexity. Complexity factors are grouped into five categories: factors related to size; factors related to variety; interdependence factors; factors related to uncertainties; and factors related to context. By identifying the factors, decision support systems and response plans may be more adapted to the potential existing short comings of operations.Originality/valueBased on authors' extensive knowledge of HC practices, as well as an international systematic review of literature, this paper contributes to a better characterization of factors inducing complexity in the HC context. To the best of the authors' knowledge, operations management literature lacks a general framework enabling a better identification and understanding of what makes HC operations specific. The paper presents an innovative way to analyze HC complexity using a systems thinking‐based approach. In this sense, its contribution is very complementary to traditional operations management models.
Dietary protein mediates a trade‐off between larval survival and the development of male secondary sexual traits
Authors: Sentinella Alexander T. , Crean Angela J. , Bonduriansky Russell 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Increased protein intake by adults typically enhances reproduction and shortens life, but much less is known about the effects of protein intake prior to reproductive maturity. In particular, it remains unclear whether dietary protein mediates a trade‐off between survival and the development of reproductive traits, especially in males.

We used the nutritional geometry approach to investigate the effects of 25 replicated larval diets varying in protein and carbohydrate content on larval performance and the development of adult male morphology in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis.

We found that body size increased with carbohydrate and especially protein content in the larval diet. Moreover, after controlling for body size, dietary protein strongly enhanced the expression of those male morphological traits that appear to be most directly targeted by sexual selection, while having no effect on the expression of other traits. In sharp contrast, egg‐to‐adult viability decreased steeply with increasing protein content.

Thus, protein intake during the larval stage mediates a trade‐off between the expression of male secondary sexual traits and the probability of survival to adult emergence.