bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of 16 microsatellite markers for Spiraea alpina and S. mongolica (Rosaceae) of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Khan Gulzar , Zhang Faqi , Gao Qingbo , Jiao Xiujie , Fu Pengcheng , Xing Rui , Zhang Jinhua , Chen Shilong 
Published: January 2014

• Premise of the study: A set of microsatellite markers were developed to characterize the level of genetic diversity and gene flow in two plant species endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Spiraea alpina and S. mongolica.• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) method, 16 microsatellite loci showed polymorphisms in both species. In two populations of each species, the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 18 in S. alpina and from four to 30 in S. mongolica.• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers provide an efficient tool for population genetic studies and will be used to assess the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of S. alpina and S. mongolica.
Identification by single‐particle soot photometer of black carbon particles attached to other particles: Laboratory experiments and ground observations in Tokyo
Authors: Moteki Nobuhiro , Kondo Yutaka , Adachi Kouji 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols, which are strong contributors to positive radiative forcing, are found in the atmosphere as bare BC or as internal mixtures of BC with non‐BC compounds (mixed BC‐containing particles). Mixed BC‐containing particles can be broadly classified into two morphological types: bare BC on the surface of non‐BC particles (attached type) or BC embedded within or coated by non‐BC compounds (coated type). For the same amount of mixed non‐BC compounds, enhancements of the mass absorption cross section of BC by the coated type are much larger than those of the attached type. Consequently, identification of the two morphological types in mixed BC‐containing particles is important for understanding the impact of BC on climate. We develop a new algorithm to classify mixed BC‐containing particles into attached and coated types by using the single‐particle soot photometer (SP2), based on laboratory experiments generating and detecting mixed BC‐containing particles of known morphological types. Our algorithm allows users to choose an optimal set of operational parameters, depending on their purpose and instrumental conditions. We used the algorithm to identify the morphology of mixed BC‐containing particles with a BC mass of ~8.0 fg in ambient air in Tokyo. The observed number fractions of attached type particles among morphologically identified BC‐containing particles were generally less than 0.1 but occasionally reached ~0.4 during short events. This finding will motivate further observations, including in known outflow regions, to investigate the regional and global abundance of the attached type among mixed BC‐containing particles.
Change in the contribution of spring snow cover and remote oceans to summer air temperature anomaly over Northeast China around 1990
Authors: Wu Renguang , Zhao Ping , Liu Ge 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSea surface temperature (SST), snow cover, and soil moisture anomalies are factors for climate variability over land regions. The present study found that the relationship between in situ spring snow cover and Northeast China summer surface temperature variations is not steady. It is significant during mid‐1970s through late 1980s but weak during the 1990s and 2000s. This interdecadal change in the spring snow cover‐summer temperature relationship is found to relate to the effects of SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific regions during the recent decades. These SST anomalies induce a meridional circulation pattern along the East Asian coast. The remote SST forcing‐induced circulation and precipitation anomalies overcome local snow cover‐induced soil moisture anomalies and thus disrupt the spring snow cover‐summer temperature connection during the recent decades. The present study indicated that both the North Atlantic SST anomaly pattern and local spring snow cover anomalies contribute to Northeast China summer temperature variations during mid‐1970s through late 1980s. During the 1990s and 2000s, the influence of the North Atlantic SST anomalies is weakened, and the SST anomaly in the tropical Indo‐western Pacific region is a major player in Northeast China summer temperature variations.
Shape‐Dependent Optoelectronic Cell Lysis
Authors: Kremer Clemens , Witte Christian , Neale Steven L. , Reboud Julien , Barrett Michael P. , Cooper Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe show an electrical method to break open living cells amongst a population of different cell types, where cell selection is based upon their shape. We implement the technique on an optoelectronic platform, where light, focused onto a semiconductor surface from a video projector creates a reconfigurable pattern of electrodes. One can choose the area of cells to be lysed in real‐time, from single cells to large areas, simply by redrawing the projected pattern. We show that the method, based on the “electrical shadow” that the cell casts, allows the detection of rare cell types in blood (including sleeping sickness parasites), and has the potential to enable single cell studies for advanced molecular diagnostics, as well as wider applications in analytical chemistry.
Extraction and fractionation of polyunsaturated fatty acids from Mortierella sp. using supercritical fluid: experimental and kinetic studies
Authors: Tilay Ashwini , Azargohar Ramin , Dalai Ajay K. , Annapure Uday S. , Kozinski Janusz A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe growing interest in various applications of polyunsaturated fatty acids daily dietary requirements and demand has directed much attention on the industrial production of bio‐oil from plant, animal, fungi, or algae sources. This work signifies that the extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fungal biomass of Mortierella sp. 1458 using supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) with subsequent fractionation of various fatty acids present in biomass using co‐solvents was investigated. The use of co‐solvent in supercritical fluid extraction has provided the green system as a substitute for classical solvent extraction at industrial scale. The optimized extraction temperature (62.3 °C), pressure (298.5 bar), and time (88.6 min) on SC‐CO2 extraction conditions gave maximum recovery up to 66.35% of bio‐oil from dried biomass. Further co‐solvent addition to SC‐CO2 has improved % recovery up to 97.88%. The bio‐oil obtained by this method was examined for use by characterization with value added chemicals such as omega‐3, omega‐6, and omega‐9 fatty acids. Peleg's equation was used to study the bio‐oil extraction kinetics. The equilibrium yield as well as the time required to reach half of equilibrium yield were also calculated. It showed that for an effective extraction process with high yield, CO2 density larger than 700 kg/m3 is needed. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the Floor and the Ceiling for Assessment of Physical Function
Authors: Fries James F. , Lingala Bharathi , Siemons Liseth , Glas Cees A. W. , Cella David , Hussain Yusra N. , Bruce Bonnie , Krishnan Eswar 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo improve the assessment of physical function by enhancing precision of physical function assessment as it pertains to subjects at extreme ends of the health continuum (i.e., subjects with extremely poor function [“floor”] or extremely good health [“ceiling”]).MethodsUnder the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (a National Institutes of Health initiative), we developed new items to assess floor and ceiling physical function in order to supplement the existing item bank. Using item response theory and standard PROMIS methodology, we developed 31 floor items and 31 ceiling items and administered the items during a 12‐month prospective, observational study of 737 subjects whose health status was at either extreme. Effect size was calculated and change over time was compared across anchor instruments and across items. Using the observed changes in scores, we back‐calculated sample size requirements for the new and comparison measures.ResultsWe studied 444 subjects who had been diagnosed as having a chronic illness and/or were of old age and 293 generally fit subjects (including athletes in training). Item response theory analyses confirmed that the new floor and ceiling items outperformed reference items (P < 0.001). The estimated post hoc sample size requirements were reduced by a factor of 2–4 for the floor population and a factor of 2 for the ceiling population.ConclusionExtending the range of items by which physical function is measured can substantially improve measurement quality, reduce sample size requirements, and improve research efficiency. The paradigm shift from assessing disability to assessing physical function focuses assessment on the entire spectrum of physical function, signals improvement in the conceptual base of outcome assessment, and may be transformative as medical goals more closely approach societal goals for health.
A Fluorogenic Probe with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Carboxylesterase Assay through Formation of Supramolecular Microfibers
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Liu Huan , Li Jingwen , Ding Kaiguo , Lv Zhonglin , Yang Yonggang , Chen Hong , Li Xinming 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHerein, we report a novel fluorescent “light‐up” probe useful for carboxylesterase assay that is based on a tetraphenylethylene derivative containing carboxylic ester groups. The specific cleavage of the carboxylic ester bonds by carboxylesterase results in the generation of a relatively hydrophobic moiety that self‐assembles into supramolecular microfibers, thus giving rise to “turn‐on” fluorescent signals. A high sensitivity towards carboxylesterase was achieved with a detection limit as low as 29 pM, which is much lower than the corresponding assays based on other fluorescent approaches.
Glasfaserverstärkte Holzrohre für Kleinwindkraftanlagen
Authors: Wehsener Jörg , Werner Tom‐Egmont , Heiduschke Andreas , Hartig Jens , Haller Peer 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn diesem Bericht werden Kleinwindkraftanlagen mit Schäften aus Holzrohren und einer äußeren Bewehrung aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff vorgestellt. Zum Antrieb der Generatoren kommen jeweils sich um die Vertikalachse drehende Darrieus‐Rotoren zum Einsatz. Das erste Ausführungsbeispiel besitzt einen konischen Schaft aus verleimten Vollholzsegmenten mit einer Höhe von 7,7 m. An diesem Anlagentyp experimentell gewonnene Daten zum Schwingverhalten werden kurz vorgestellt. Als zweites Ausführungsbeispiel wird eine Windkraftanlage mit einem Schaft, bestehend aus einem Bündel von drei Formholzrohren, die über Stahlschellen verbunden sind, beschrieben. Die Höhe des Rohrbündels beträgt 9 m. Beide Anlagentypen ließen sich durch das geringe Eigengewicht des Schafts leicht montieren und verrichten seit ihrer Montage zuverlässig ihren Dienst. Vorteilhaft für die Lebensdauer der Anlagen sind der Witterungsschutz des Holzes durch die äußere Faserbewehrung und die hohe Schwingfestigkeit. Die gute Materialdämpfung des Holzes reduziert gegenüber vergleichbaren Konstruktionen aus Stahl die Geräuschentwicklung und die Ermüdung durch starke Schwingungen in den aufgesetzten Maschinenteilen.Glass fiber reinforced wooden tubes for small‐sized wind power plantsIn this report, small‐sized wind power plants with towers of wooden tubes and an outer reinforcement of glass fiber reinforced plastic are presented. The power for the generator is produced by vertical axis Darrieus rotors. The first example of application has a shaft of glued laminated solid wood segments. The height is 7.7 m. Experimentally determined data on the vibration behavior of this construction is briefly presented. As a second example of application, a wind power plant with a shaft consisting of a bundle of three moulded wooden tubes, which are connected by steel clamps, are described. The height of the bundle of tubes is 9 m. Both constructions could be assembled easily because of the low deadweight of the shaft and are reliably in service since. The outer coating with fiber reinforced plastic and the high vibration resistance are advantageous for the endurance of the facility. The good material damping of the wood reduces the noise emission and the fatigue of the machine parts due to heavy vibrations compared to similar constructions made of steel.
Ni‐Catalysts Supported on Gd‐Doped Ceria for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Methane Steam Reforming
Authors: Andrade Maria Luiza , Almeida Lindaura , do Carmo Rangel Maria , Pompeo Francisco , Nichio Nora 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe anode materials used in solid oxide fuel cells at intermediate temperature (IT‐SOFC) consist of a mixture of nickel and cerium oxide doped with rare earth, forming a composite with a conductor metal and a ceramic with ionic conductivity. Nickel catalysts supported on gadolinium‐doped ceria were prepared in this work in order to obtain materials with catalytic properties suitable for their use as anodes in IT‐SOFC. The catalysts were evaluated in steam reforming of methane. It was noted that gadolinium caused an increase in the metal‐support interaction and in the resistance to sintering of metal particles. Although the carbon content is not reduced, the carbon deposited in the 30CG10 catalyst is more reactive due to its amorphous nature, and it can therefore be regenerated at temperatures lower than 400 °C.
Unusual Orthogonality in the Cleavage Process of Closely Related Chelating Protecting Groups for Carboxylic Acids by Using Different Metal Ions
Authors: Mundinger Stephan , Jakob Uwe , Bannwarth Willi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThree structurally related relay protecting groups for carboxylic acids that are based on chelating amines have been developed. These protecting groups can easily be introduced by coupling the carboxylic acid and the corresponding amine in the presence of 2‐(1H‐benzotriazole‐1‐yl)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU). In addition to being stable to a whole array of reaction conditions, these protecting groups are also stable under acidic and basic conditions, allowing them to be used in combination with the ester protection of carboxylic acids. The cleavage of these protecting groups is activated by the chelation of metal ions, involving an unusual coordination of the amide nitrogen. Despite their similarity, cleavage of these protecting groups is possible in both a stepwise and an orthogonal fashion by applying different metal salts.
An Unexpected Fluctuating Reactivity for Odd and Even Carbon Numbers in the TiO2‐Based Photocatalytic Decarboxylation of C2‐C6 Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Sun Yiran , Chang Wei , Ji Hongwei , Chen Chuncheng , Ma Wanhong , Zhao Jincai 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe degradation behaviours of five straight‐chain dicarboxylic acids (from ethanedioic acid to hexanedioic acid) were compared in aqueous TiO2‐based photocatalysis. When all other conditions were identical, the degradation rates were found to fluctuate regularly with the parity of the number of carbon atoms. Dicarboxylic acids with an even number of carbon atoms (e‐DAs) always degraded more slowly than those acids with an odd number of carbon atoms (o‐DAs). This unusual fluctuation in the reactivity for the degradation of dicarboxylic acids by TiO2‐based photocatalysis is very closely related to the different pre‐coordination modes of the acids with the photocatalyst. Attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR‐FTIR) of e‐DAs labelled with 13C showed that both carboxyl groups of the acid coordinate to TiO2 through bidentate chelating forms. In contrast, only one carboxyl group of the o‐DAs coordinated to TiO2 in a bidentate chelating manner, whereas the other formed a monodentate binding linkage. The bidentate chelating form with bilateral symmetric coordination did not favour degradation. Isotope‐labelling experiments were performed with 18O2 to observe the different ways in which incorporated oxygen entered the initial decarboxylated products of e‐ and o‐DAs. For the degradation of butanedioic acid, (45.9±0.5) % of the oxygen in the formed propanedioic acid came from H2O, whereas for pentanedioic acid, (97.4±0.2) % of the oxygen in the formed butanedioic acid came from H2O. Our results demonstrate that in TiO2‐based photocatalysis, the reactivity of active species, such as .OH/hvb+, is far from non‐selective and that the attacks of these active species on organic substrates are significantly affected by the coordination patterns of the substrates on the TiO2 surface.
Formation of “Quasi” Contact or Solvent‐separated Ion Pairs in the Local Environment of Probe Molecules Dissolved in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Strauch Matthias , Roth Christian , Kubatzki Falk , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe change from “quasi” contact to “quasi” solvent‐separated ion‐pair configuration in the local environment of a probe molecule in ionic liquids depends on the varying interaction strength of the chosen anions. The ion speciation in these Coulomb fluids could be shown by combining infrared spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and natural bond orbital analysis using a low‐self‐clustering probe molecule.
Multi‐Color Imaging of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds in Living HeLa Cells Using Direct Electron‐Beam Excitation
Authors: Nawa Yasunori , Inami Wataru , Lin Sheng , Kawata Yoshimasa , Terakawa Susumu , Fang Chia‐Yi , Chang Huan‐Cheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMulti‐color, high spatial resolution imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in living HeLa cells has been performed with a direct electron‐beam excitation‐assisted fluorescence (D‐EXA) microscope. In this technique, fluorescent materials are directly excited with a focused electron beam and the resulting cathodoluminescence (CL) is detected with nanoscale resolution. Green‐ and red‐light‐emitting FNDs were employed for two‐color imaging, which were observed simultaneously in the cells with high spatial resolution. This technique could be applied generally for multi‐color immunostaining to reveal various cell functions.
Tetracyanoquinodimethane Reduction by Complexed Guanidinyl‐Functionalized Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Herrmann Hendrik , Ziesak Alexandra , Wild Ute , Leingang Simone , Schrempp David , Wagner Norbert , Beck Johannes , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work, we report on the reduction of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with dicationic complexes of guanidinyl‐functionalized aromatic (GFA) electron donors. In contrast to reduction with free GFAs, milder reduction conditions were achieved, and this led to semiconducting materials with extended TCNQ π stacking. The charge on the TCNQ units was estimated from the structural data obtained by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and from IR spectroscopic data. The electrical conductivity was studied and the activation energy of the semiconducting materials was estimated from the temperature dependence of the conductivity.
Magnetite/Bi‐Doped Carboxylate‐Rich Carbon Spheres – A Highly Efficient Magnetic Photocatalyst Based on Dimetallic FeII/FeIII and BiIII/BiIV Photoredox Cycles
Authors: Luo Zhijun , Qu Lingling , Han Tingting , Zhang Zhen , Shao Xiaoling , Wu Xiangyang , Chen Zhong‐lin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new magnetically separable visible‐light photocatalyst, magnetite/Bi‐doped carboxylate‐rich carbon spheres (Bi‐MCRCSs), was synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation by using magnetite/carboxylate‐rich carbon spheres (MCRCSs) as a precursor. The Bi‐MCRCSs showed much better photocatalytic activity than MCRCSs in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible‐light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Compared with MCRCSs, the Bi‐MCRCSs show more intensive photoabsorption in the whole UV and visible region. In particular, Bi‐MCRCSs display a broad absorption band centered at 550 nm, which give Bi‐MCRCSs advantages over MCRCSs in the utilization of visible light for the degradation of organic pollutants. Owing to the Bi3+ doping, the BiIII/BiIV redox cycle can be established in the FeII/FeIII redox cycle system, which result in the establishment of dimetallic FeII/FeIII and BiIII/BiIV photoredox cycles for Bi‐MCRCSs. This dimetallic FeII/FeIII and BiIII/BiIV photoredox cycle possesses a significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation rate compared to that of the monometallic photocycles of FeII/FeIII for MCRCS. The synergistic effects between the FeII/FeIII cycle and the BiIII/BiIV cycle promote the regeneration of FeII ions in FeII/FeIII cycle and, hence, accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants. In addition, the magnetic saturation (Ms) value is about 20 emu/g. After completion of the reaction, the Bi‐MCRCSs could be rapidly separated under an applied magnetic field.
Correlations of the Structural Properties of a Complete R2PX Series (X = Hydrogen or Halogen)
Authors: Hopewell Jonathan P. , McMullin Claire L. , Pringle Paul G. , Shuttleworth Timothy A. , Woodall Christopher H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe CgP(Se)X series (X = H, F, Cl, Br and I; CgP = 6‐phospha‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyladamant‐6‐yl) is generated by the addition of elemental Se to the corresponding CgPX. The crystal structures of CgPX (X = H, F, Cl, Br and I) and CgP(Se)X (X = F, Cl, Br and I) are compared. TheJP,Sevalues are correlated with the P–Se distance and the electronegativity of X. For both the CgP(Se)X and the CgPX series, the P–C bond lengths correlate with the P–X bond lengths and with the C–P–C bond angle. These trends can be explained in terms of the δ+ charge on the P atom, which has been calculated in the gas phase. Cone‐angle measurements suggest that CgPCl, CgPBr and CgPI have essentially the same steric bulk.
Goffman on Gender, Sexism, and Feminism: A Summary of Notes on a Conversation with Erving Goffman and My Reflections Then and Now
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTOften known as cynical, contentious, and exhibiting a complicated approach to objectivity, Erving Goffman could also be generous, civil, insightful, open to feminist ideas, and surprisingly political. A 1977 collective feminist writing project led to my conversation with Goffman in 1980 about his ideas on gender, sexism, and feminism. A summary of that conversation is presented, together with my formal reflections then (1980) and now (2013). While documenting the sociological practice of an earlier era, this paper concludes that feminist sociological theory must move beyond its locations in the past and the present into the liberating knowledge of the future.
Synthesis and Thermodynamic Properties of Rosin‐Based Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Deng Weixing , Zhang Yongchang , Zhong Yuanwei , Peng Jinwen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA series of rosin‐based cationic gemini surfactants with different spacer length (n = 2, 3, 4) were synthesized and characterized. Surface activity and micellization parameters including the critical micelle concentration, the degree of counterion dissociation, and thermodynamic functions of micellization in aqueous solutions have been investigated. Free energy perturbation was performed to study the enthalpy‐entropy compensation of the synthesized gemini surfactants in aqueous solutions. The experimental results showed that the micellization of rosin‐based gemini surfactants in aqueous solutions is a spontaneous and entropy‐driven process. The micellization process was found to follow the entropy–enthalpy compensation phenomenon.