bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Say Nothing! How Pathology within Catholicism Created and Sustained the Institutional Abuse of Children in 20th Century Ireland
Authors: McLoone‐Richards Claire 
Published: January 2013

The article will offer an historical perspective on the origins of institutionalised care for children in Ireland during 1914 to 2000; the relevant period of inquiry for the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) (2009a), commonly known in Ireland as the Ryan Report. This includes an account of the concerns and extent of the abuse of children and the responses to a number of these concerns. The article presents a socio‐cultural analysis of how and why the Irish Roman Catholic Church (IRCC) during the 20th century perpetuated the abuse of children in the care of its institutions. The rise of Ireland's new state of independence, following release from British rule, saw the emergence of a new power for the IRCC, in addition to a reinforced sexual morality for the people. The culture of honour towards the Church and its agents, together with the collusion of state agents themselves, permeates testimonies of victims and survivors in the CICA (2009c) inquiry. The article considers the power and control of this ecclesiastical authority, its relation to state affairs, governance over family life and particularly its impact on children. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘An historical perspective on the origins of institutionalised care for children in Ireland during 1914 to 2000’‘The culture of honour towards the Church and its agents, together with the collusion of state agents themselves, permeates testimonies’Key Practitioner Messages

Cultures of obedience and the unchallenged power of religious institutions may compromise the safety and wellbeing of children.
Deficit thinking in public debates on child clerical abuse needs to shift to a more enlightened and progressive understanding of the problem. Properly resourced and managed staff providing institutional care for children is critical in meeting their sometimes complex needs, or simply, to ensure that staff have a kind disposition to children.
Determination of chitin content in fungal cell wall: An alternative flow cytometric method
Authors: Costa‐de‐Oliveira Sofia , Silva Ana P. , Miranda Isabel M. , Salvador Alexandre , Azevedo Maria M. , Munro Carol A. , Rodrigues Acácio G. , Pina‐Vaz Cidália 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe conventional methods used to evaluate chitin content in fungi, such as biochemical assessment of glucosamine release after acid hydrolysis or epifluorescence microscopy, are low throughput, laborious, time‐consuming, and cannot evaluate a large number of cells. We developed a flow cytometric assay, efficient, and fast, based on Calcofluor White staining to measure chitin content in yeast cells. A staining index was defined, its value was directly related to chitin amount and taking into consideration the different levels of autofluorecence. Twenty‐two Candida spp. and four Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates with distinct susceptibility profiles to caspofungin were evaluated. Candida albicans clinical isolate SC5314, and isogenic strains with deletions in chitin synthase 3 (chs3Δ/chs3Δ) and genes encoding predicted GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol (GPI)—anchored proteins (pga31Δ/Δ and pga62Δ/Δ), were used as controls. As expected, the wild‐type strain displayed a significant higher chitin content (P < 0.001) than chs3Δ/chs3Δ and pga31Δ/Δ especially in the presence of caspofungin. Ca. parapsilosis, Ca. tropicalis, and Ca. albicans showed higher cell wall chitin content. Although no relationship between chitin content and antifungal drug susceptibility phenotype was found, an association was established between the paradoxical growth effect in the presence of high caspofungin concentrations and the chitin content. This novel flow cytometry protocol revealed to be a simple and reliable assay to estimate cell wall chitin content of fungi. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Hydroxy fatty acid production by Pediococcus sp.
Authors: Takeuchi Michiki , Kishino Shigenobu , Tanabe Kaori , Hirata Akiko , Park Si‐Bum , Shimizu Sakayu , Ogawa Jun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThrough the screening of about 300 strains of lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus sp. AKU 1080 was selected as a strain with the ability to hydrate linoleic acid (cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid) to three hydroxy fatty acids, i.e., 10‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid, 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid, and 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. The strain hydrated one of two cis double bonds at Δ9 and Δ12 positions to produce 10‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid and 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid, respectively, then further hydrated these two mono‐hydroxy fatty acids to 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. The growing cells of this strain were applied to the production of 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid, that is potential as polymer substrates and functional foods but its specific and efficient production was not established. Under the optimum conditions, 2.3 mg/mL of 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid was produced from 12.3 mg/mL of linoleic acid with 0.04 mg/mL 10‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid (HYA) and 0.05 mg/mL 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid in the cultivation medium. Specific production of 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid was attained using cell‐free extracts of the strain as the catalyst. Under the optimum conditions, 0.4 mg/mL of 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid was produced from 2.0 mg/mL of linoleic acid without HYA and 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid.Practical applications: Hydroxy fatty acids are useful as starting materials for industrial chemicals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. Regioselective introduction of hydroxyl group to unsaturated fatty acids by microorganisms was applied to hydroxy fatty acid production. Especially, specific production of 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid, which is useful for the production of 13‐oxo‐fatty acids with anti‐obesity activity, was established in this work.
The effects of nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating on the biodegradation and cytocompatibility of magnesium implants
Authors: Iskandar Maria Emil , Aslani Arash , Liu Huinan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMagnesium (Mg) alloys, a novel class of degradable, metallic biomaterials, have attracted growing interest as a promising alternative for medical implant and device applications due to their advantageous mechanical and biological properties. Although its biodegradability is an attractive property, rapid degradation of Mg in the physiological environments imposes a major obstacle that limits the translation of Mg‐based implants to clinical applications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a nanostructured hydroxyapatite (nHA) coating on polished Mg substrates to mediate the rapid degradation of Mg while improving its integration with bone tissue for orthopedic applications. The nHA coatings were deposited on polished Mg using the patented transonic particle acceleration (Spire Biomedical) process. Surface morphology, elemental compositions, and crystal structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. The degradation of nHA‐coated and non‐coated Mg samples was investigated by incubating the samples in phosphate buffered saline and revised simulated body fluid, under standard cell culture conditions. Rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were harvested and cultured with nHA‐coated and non‐coated Mg samples to determine cytocompatibility. The degradation results suggested that the nHA coatings decreased Mg degradation. Improved BMSC adhesion was observed on the surfaces of the nHA‐coated and non‐coated Mg samples, in comparison with the cells on the culture plate surrounding the Mg samples. In conclusion, nHA coatings showed promise for improving the biodegradation and cytocompatibility properties of Mg‐based orthopedic implants and should be further studied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Activation and promotion of adipose stem cells by tumour necrosis factor‐alpha preconditioning for bone regeneration
Authors: Lu ZuFu , Wang GuoCheng , Dunstan Colin R. , Chen YongJun , Yenn‐Ru Lu William , Davies Ben , Zreiqat Hala 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a major medical need for developing novel and effective approaches for repairing non‐union and critical‐sized bone defects. Although the mechanisms remain to be determined, it is known that inflammation plays a crucial role in initiating bone repair and regeneration. This study investigated the effect of short‐term (3 days) preconditioning with tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) on proliferation, mobilization, and differentiation of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). We demonstrated that TNF‐α pre‐conditioning increased proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs and up‐regulated bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) protein level. BMP‐2 silencing by siRNA partially inhibited osteogenic differentiation of ASCs induced by TNF‐α; BMP‐2 pre‐conditioning also significantly increased osteogenic differentiation of ASCs but the effects were significantly smaller than those observed for TNF‐α preconditioning. Furthermore, TNF‐α treatment promoted extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases(Erk)1/2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, but only Erk1/2 inhibition reduced the BMP‐2 levels and osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF‐α preconditioning. Together, these results support the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to bone regeneration by promoting proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs; 3 days of TNF‐α preconditioning, mimicking the short boost of inflammation normally occurring after bone injury, might serve as a feasible approach for directing stem cells into osteogenic differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: XX–XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1737–1744, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conservation of placentation during the tertiary radiation of mammals in South America
Authors: Carter Anthony Michael , Mess Andrea Maria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe eutherian placenta is considered to possess great plasticity, but it is not clear how this variation reflects adaptation to different ecological niches. Because South America was isolated for most of the Tertiary, it represents a natural laboratory to examine this question. We here describe placentation in three South American groups: Xenarthra have been part of the fauna from at least the mid‐Paleocene whereas caviomorph rodents and Neotropical primates are each derived from a single founder that reached South America in the Eocene and Oligocene, respectively. The common ancestor of Xenarthra had a villous, haemochorial placenta, from which the labyrinthine, endotheliochorial placenta of sloths later evolved. Placentation in Caviomorpha follows an extraordinary stable pattern, characterized by a haemomonochorial, labyrinthine and highly lobed structure with specialized growing areas. This pattern was present before arrival of these rodents in South America and enabled a successful radiation especially during the spread of grasslands. Neotropical primates have haemochorial, trabecular placentas with a specialized maternal blood supply; a pattern that contrasts with that of Old World monkeys and may have been present in the founder generation on arrival in South America. In conclusion, there is a dichotomy within Xenarthra but otherwise the ancient South American mammals do not show much variation in principal placental characters. Thus, the successful radiation of these three groups, and their adaptation to diverse ecological niches, did not require substantial alterations in placentation. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Locomotor muscle profile of a deep (Kogia breviceps) versus shallow (Tursiops truncatus) diving cetacean
Authors: Kielhorn Caitlin E. , Dillaman Richard M. , Kinsey Stephen T. , McLellan William A. , Mark Gay D. , Dearolf Jennifer L. , Ann Pabst D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen a marine mammal dives, breathing and locomotion are mechanically uncoupled, and its locomotor muscle must power swimming when oxygen is limited. The morphology of that muscle provides insight into both its oxygen storage capacity and its rate of oxygen consumption. This study investigated them. longissimus dorsi, an epaxial swimming muscle, in the long duration, deep‐diving pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) and the short duration, shallow‐diving Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Muscle myoglobin content, fiber type profile (based upon myosin ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase assays), and fiber size were measured for five adult specimens of each species. In addition, a photometric analysis of sections stained for succinate dehydrogenase was used to create an index of mitochondrial density. Them. longissimus dorsiofK. brevicepsdisplayed significantly a) higher myoglobin content, b) larger proportion of Type I (slow oxidative) fibers by area, c) larger mean fiber diameters, and d) lower indices of mitochondrial density than that ofT. truncatus. Thus, this primary swimming muscle ofK. brevicepshas greater oxygen storage capacity, reduced ATP demand, and likely a reduced rate of oxygen consumption relative to that ofT. truncatus.The locomotor muscle ofK. brevicepsappears able to ration its high onboard oxygen stores, a feature that may allow this species to conduct relatively long duration, deep dives aerobically. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vivo Biological Responses to Silk Proteins Functionalized with Bone Sialoprotein
Authors: Gomes Sílvia , Gallego‐Llamas Jabier , Leonor Isabel B. , Mano João F. , Reis Rui L. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecombinant 6mer + BSP protein, combining six repeats of the consensus sequence for Nephila clavipes dragline (6mer) and bone sialoprotein sequence (BSP), shows good support for cell viability and induces the nucleation of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate during osteoblast in vitro culture. The present study is conducted to characterize this bioengineered protein‐based biomaterial further for in vivo behavior related to biocompatibility. 6mer + BSP protein films are implanted in subcutaneous pouches in the back of mice and responses are evaluated by flow cytometry and histology. The results show no major differences between the inflammatory responses induced by 6mer + BSP films and the responses observed for the controls. Thus, this new chimeric protein could represent an alternative for bone regeneration applications. magnified image
Inhibition of atypical protein kinase Cι induces apoptosis through autophagic degradation of β‐catenin in esophageal cancer cells
Authors: Wang Bo‐Shi , Yang Yang , Lu Hai‐Zhen , Shang Li , Zhang Yu , Hao Jia‐Jie , Shi Zhi‐Zhou , Wang Xiao‐Min , Liu Yi‐Zhen , Zhan Qi‐Min , Jia Xue‐Mei , Wang Ming‐Rong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAtypical protein kinase Cι (PKCι) has been identified as an oncoprotein in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of PKCι in this disease remain unclear. In the present work, we found that inhibition of PKCι expression by RNAi induced apoptosis via the down‐regulation of β‐catenin in esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that PKCι regulated β‐catenin in an autophagy dependent way. Since down‐regulation of β‐catenin induced by knockdown of PKCι could be rescued by autophagy inhibition; knockdown of PKCι activated autophagy and promoted the recruitment of β‐catenin into autophagosome. These results suggested that PKCι positively regulated β‐catenin through negatively regulated autophagy and depletion of PKCι promoted apoptosis via autophagic degradation of β‐catenin in esophageal cancer cells. These data provide new insights into PKCι signaling in human cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Turkish adaptation of the short form of the pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual function questionnaire (PISQ‐12): A validation and reliability study
Authors: Celik Dilek Bilgic , Beji Nezihe Kizilkaya , Yalcin Onay 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe purpose of this methodological study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of a Turkish adaptation of the short form of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ‐12) used in assessing sexuality function in women with POP/UI.MethodsThe PISQ‐12 was translated into Turkish; the adaptation of the PISQ‐12 to Turkish language was performed via back‐translation, the content validity of the questionnaire was conducted by experts in the field, test–retest reliability was examined with 40 women with UI and/or POP. PISQ‐12 was administered to 120 women with pelvic floor dysfunction. The reliability and validity of the PISQ‐12 were analyzed. Evaluation of the data was performed using Content Validity Index (CVI), Cronbach's alpha, test–retest reliability, item total correlation, and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsCVI of the Turkish PISQ‐12 was found 1.00 (% 100). Item‐total correlations were between 0.42 and 0.68 (P < 0.001). The PISQ‐12 had an adequate and high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.74) as well as a high test–retest reliability (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.961; P < 0.001). Factor analysis results revealed strong construct validity.ConclusionThe Turkish version of the PISQ‐12 is a reliable, consistent and valid instrument to assess sexual function in women with urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse. It is also a comprehensive and easily applicable instrument which as a treatment outcome or research tool in clinical practices. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32:1068–1073, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The orienteering problem with variable profits
Authors: Erdoǧan Güneş , Laporte Gilbert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article introduces, models, and solves a generalization of the orienteering problem, called the the orienteering problem with variable profits (OPVP). The OPVP is defined on a complete undirected graph G = (V,E), with a depot at vertex 0. Every vertex i∈V \{0} has a profit pi to be collected, and an associated collection parameter αi∈[0, 1]. The vehicle may make a number of “passes,” collecting 100αi percent of the remaining profit at each pass. In an alternative model, the vehicle may spend a continuous amount of time at every vertex, collecting a percentage of the profit given by a function of the time spent. The objective is to determine a maximal profit tour for the vehicle, starting and ending at the depot, and not exceeding a travel time limit. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
High polymer/surfactant ratio in the seeded semicontinuous heterogeneous polymerization of vinyl acetate
Authors: Martínez‐Gutiérrez Hugo , Ovando‐Medina Víctor M. , Peralta René D. , Mendizábal Eduardo , Puig Jorge E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVinyl acetate (VAc) was polymerized by a seeded semicontinuous heterogeneous process. Stable latexes with a polymer/surfactant weight ratio of 65 were obtained, which is comparable with the highest value reported in the literature for emulsion polymerization but with the advantage of obtaining smaller particles (average diameter, Dp = 53 nm) which are similar to those obtained by microemulsion polymerization. The surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) concentration used in the recipe (0.32 wt%) is much lower than those typically used in microemulsion polymerization. Although molar masses increased during the continuous monomer addition period, they were small at the end of the reaction (Mn = 69 × 103 g·mol–1) and this was attributed to bimolecular termination inside the particles. The values of polymerization rate (Rp) and monomer addition rate (Fm) were nearly the same, indicating that polymerization was performed under monomer starved conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Resolving spectral overlap issue of intermediate band solar cells using non‐uniform sub‐bandgap state filling
Authors: Lin Albert , Phillips Jamie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIntermediate band solar cell provides novel alternative to multi‐junction solar cell, but its efficiency is significantly degraded when spectral overlap exists between different absorption bands. Here, a scheme using non‐uniform sub‐bandgap state filling together with intermediate band transport is proposed to resolve the spectral overlap issue. On the basis of detailed balance calculation, spectrally decoupled devices using low–high state filling is shown to achieve 52.8% conversion efficiency when 4 eV spectral overlap is present between absorption coefficients of different bands, compared with baseline efficiency equal to 35.1% for conventional half‐filled intermediate band devices. If a base material without intermediate band is added to the two section low–high state filling devices, the efficiency is further increased to 61.5%, which approaches efficiency of 63.2% for intermediate band devices with no spectral overlap and 63.8% for unconstrained triple‐junction tandem cells. The junction thermalization loss associated with proposed new structures is shown to be equal to conventional half‐filled intermediate band devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic sol–gel synthesis of microporous molecular networks containing spirobifluorene and tetraphenylmethane nodes
Authors: Moon Su‐Young , Mo Hye‐Rim , Ahn Min‐Kyoon , Bae Jae‐Sung , Jeon Eunkyung , Park Ji‐Woong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe microporous molecular networks based on rigid tetrafunctional units are synthesized via organic sol–gel polymerization of 2,2′,7,7′‐tetraamino‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (TASBF) and/or tetrakis(4‐aminophenyl)methane (TAPM) with a diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), or p‐phenylene diisocyanate. This study is performed as an extension of our previous report on the first organic sol–gel method, which enabled the synthesis of microporous molecular networks via a two‐stage mechanism involving the formation of colloidal dispersions of the nanoparticulate molecular networks and their subsequent growth to monolithic networks on solvent evaporation. The sol–gel‐synthesized molecular networks obtained by incorporating TASBF as a network former show improved porosity, processability, and thermal stability than the TAPM‐based system. The improved porosity of TASBF‐based networks is attributed to higher rigidity of the spirobifluorene compared with the tetraphenylmethane units. We also demonstrate the synthesis of mixed organic molecular networks by sol–gel copolymerization of the two network formers, TASBF and TAPM, and a diisocyanate monomer. The sol–gel transformation of TASBF/TAPM/HDI occurred at longer reaction times with increasing the amount of TASBF in the TASBF/TAPM/HDI mixture. The results indicate that the organic sol–gel method can be further optimized by adjusting various synthesis parameters to create new functional organic molecular network materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013