bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial Policy in Italy viewed through the journal L’Industria
Authors: Bianchi Patrizio , Labory Sandrine , Pontarollo Enzo 
Published: February 2013

The aim of this paper is to review the articles published in the journal L’Industria over the last 30 years, focusing on issues related to industrial policy. Articles published in the journal have both analysed the characteristics of Italian industry and discussed industrial policy implications. Attention has never been exclusively turned to the Italian case: industry in other countries has been considered, not only in Europe but also elsewhere in the world, in Asia and America. Foreign cases are used as examples to follow or as analyses of partners of or markets for Italian firms. Regarding industrial policy, three phases can be identified in this review. The first 10 years (in the 1980s) discussed the « dirigiste » or « interventionist » type of industrial policy, whereby governments directly intervened in markets by command-and-control and by buying also producers. The second decade, that of the 1990s, saw the adoption of a new approach to industrial policy, whereby governments no longer directly intervene in markets but rather induce behaviour by appropriate incentives and, in terms of structural policy, provide the conditions for competitiveness. These phases correspond to the phases of industrial policy implemented in Italy and the EU. The 21st century starts with a new phase of industrial policy, that this paper tries to characterise by looking at the papers published in L’Industria. The main conclusion is that the new industrial policies are still in the process of being defined in the real world, perhaps waiting for industrial economists to provide guidance. Economists and policy-makers writing in the journal stress that in the current context new models have to be built and new solutions have to be suggested. We add that a number of issues has to be examined for solutions to be proposed.
Une analyse empirique des stratégies d’interconnexion des opérateurs internet
Authors: Colombier Nathalie , M’Chirgui Zouhaïer , Pénard Thierry 
Published: February 2013

Cet article s’attache à analyser les accords d’interconnexion entre les principaux acteurs de l’Internet afin de mieux appréhender les stratégies d’acteurs et leur pouvoir de marché. L’originalité de cet article est de s’appuyer sur la double littérature de théorie des réseaux et d’économie industrielle pour mieux comprendre le lien entre les stratégies d’interconnexion des opérateurs Internet et la place qu’ils occupent dans le réseau global. Nous montrons en particulier que seul le réseau des opérateurs situés au plus haut niveau de l’Internet présente une structure « petit monde » favorable à la mise en œuvre de services avec une qualité garantie. Par ailleurs, la topologie d’Internet se caractérise par une certaine instabilité liée à la concurrence que se livrent les opérateurs sur la fourniture d’accès et de service Internet au niveau local. Enfin, nous montrons que les stra­tégies d’interconnexion dépendent du degré de symétrie entre les opérateurs Internet, de leur proximité géographique et de l’ampleur des effets de réseau.
A.-A. Cournot et les fondements théoriques de l’économie industrielle : un éclairage historique
Authors: Fessler Damien 
Published: February 2013

Cet article revient sur l’histoire de la constitution du corpus théorique de l’économie industrielle et sur l’apport des Recherches sur les principes de la théorie des richesses (1838) d’Antoine-Augustin Cournot. Nous défendons l’idée que cet apport ne peut se résumer à la découverte de résultats théoriques formels attachés à la détermination du prix en équilibre partiel. Nous soutenons, à l’inverse, que loin d’être directe et univoque, l’influence des Recherches résulte d’un processus long et complexe de réinterprétation de l’œuvre à partir de la fin du 19ème siècle. Principal argument à l’appui de cette thèse, les développements mathématiques de l’ouvrage de 1838 - notamment son étude des situations de monopole, duopole et de « concurrence indéfinie » - n’étaient pas pensés par leur auteur comme un schème général et systématique de formation du prix. Aussi cherchons-nous dans cet article à restituer la signification originelle des Recherches. Précisément, nous montrons que l’étude mathématique des structures de la concurrence (la « théorie des pôles ») visait à répondre à un problème spécifique de mesure de la valeur qui s’inscrit dans un champ de questions propre à l’économie classique d’inspiration ricardienne. L’apport de Cournot apparaît finalement davantage comme méthodologique que théorique.
Le droit d’auteur, incitation à la création ou frein à la diffusion ?
Authors: Benhamou Françoise , Peltier Stéphanie 
Published: February 2013

L’article analyse les deux effets du droit d’auteur, généralement pointés par la littérature économique : incitation à la création mais frein à la diffusion, sur un domaine spécifique, plus industrialisé que d’autres filières des industries culturelles, celui de la télévision. Il ressort de l’analyse des rémunérations perçues par 468 auteurs représentatifs de 196 fictions diffusées sur les cinq principales chaînes hertziennes françaises pour trois saisons télévisées (1995-1996, 2000-2001, 2003-2004) que les objectifs assignés par cette littérature aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ne sont pas atteints. En premier lieu, les effets d’incitation à la création ne sont pas apparents : la rémunération moyenne par auteur et par œuvre recule et est versée exclusivement sous la forme d’un forfait indépendamment du succès des œuvres, alors même que les coûts des programmes augmentent, et que de nouveaux supports et fenêtres de diffusion sont proposés. En second lieu, le droit d’auteur n’assure pas un partage du risque satisfaisant entre auteurs et producteurs. L’étude souligne également que le système du droit d’auteur à la télévision ne semble pas offrir un cadre favorable à la diffusion de fictions. Enfin, l’étude montre que le droit est instrumentalisé dans l’objectif de réduire les coûts en emploi.
FLOSS in an industrial economics perspective
Authors: Jullien Nicolas , Zimmermann Jean-Benoît 
Published: February 2013

Ces dernières années, la diffusion du logiciel libre, ou open source, représente une des évolutions les plus importantes de l’industrie des technologies de l’information. Dans un contexte d’une économie basée sur la connaissance, ce modèle apparaît comme exemplaire pour de nombreuses industries, où la quantité de connaissance qu’il faut maîtriser est trop grande pour être maîtrisée par un seul agent, même puissant. Considérer la connaissance comme une ressource partagée implique de repenser le concept de chaîne de valeur, car la richesse est générée par les usages de cette base de connaissance (services, produits complémentaires) et non plus de la connaissance par elle-même. Si l’on se place dans une perspective d’économie industrielle « classique », cette restructuration de la valeur doit être étudiée au niveau de l’écosystème global (qui produit quoi entre les entreprises et les universités, entre les utilisateurs et les producteurs, etc.), mais aussi au niveau industriel (une fois que le rôle de l’industrie est compris, comment celle-ci s’organise). De nombreuses explications ont été proposées, mais, la plupart du temps, les chercheurs étudient soit l’implication des entreprises dans les communautés, soit l’intégration du logiciel libre dans leurs stratégies commerciales, rarement les deux. Dans cet article, nous défendons l’idée d’une approche plus structurée et globale, partant des conditions initiales du marché de l’informatique et des compétences des acheteurs en terme de développement logiciel (les compétences de l’utilisateur « représentatif »). Ce cadre conceptuel permet d’éclairer les différents comportements des entreprises que l’on constate dans l’écosystème libre, et spécifiquement la variation de leur implication.
Nouveaux enjeux d’organisation de la propriété intellectuelle dans les industries complexes
Authors: Ayerbe Cécile , Lazaric Nathalie , Callois Michel , Mitkova Liliana 
Published: February 2013

L’industrie de la défense, en France comme à l’étranger, a connu ces dernières années de nombreuses mutations. Ces changements ont introduit une nouvelle division du travail qui fournit des possibilités d’interaction renouvelées pour créer des actifs complémentaires. Dans ce contexte, la question de la protection des innovations et de leur valorisation est devenue centrale. Elle s’impose avec d’autant plus d’acuité que la gestion des DPI requiert des compétences nouvelles pour les groupes industriels. Cet article analyse ces évolutions et met l’accent sur les nouveaux arrangements organisationnels qui y sont liés. L’étude du cas de Thales, qui a externalisé en 2005 une grande partie de la gestion de sa propriété intellectuelle, est emblématique de ces changements. Comment comprendre cette modification des activités a priori si sensibles que la protection ? Telle est la question centrale de cette recherche qui analyse les motivations et les conséquences du choix de l’externalisation de la protection sur la gestion des DPI.
TURP in the Young Man: Is it Possible to Preserve the Anterograde Ejaculation?
Authors: Del Rosso Alessandro , Masciovecchio Stefano , Saldutto Pietro , Galatioto Giuseppe Paradiso , Vicentini Carlo 
Published: February 2013

Introduction LUTS are fairly common in young men. BPO and intra-prostatic cyst localized near the bladder neck can determine a BOO in men younger than 50 years too. TURP remains the gold standard treatment, but the retrograde ejaculation or the decreased ejaculate volume after TURP was associated with considerable bother. In our study we have evaluated the possibility of obtaining a prostatic disobstruction without affecting the patient's sexual function and, specifically, the retrograde ejaculation, evaluating the sexual function after a 1-year follow-up. Materials and Methods 18 patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the patients at time of surgery was 41 years. Erectile and sexual functions have been evaluated according to the self-administered IIEF and MSHQ. Endoscopic procedure was performed with a resection of the bladder neck at 6 o'clock position followed by a resection at the 12 o'clock position. The same questionnaires were administered at 6 months and 1 year after endoscopic surgery. Results The mean baseline prostate volume was 36 mL, with a mean operative time of 22 minutes. No statistical differences were reported in IIEF and MSHQ domains at baseline and after 1 year. Qmax increased from 7.4 mL/s preoperatively to 23.6 mL/s at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion In young and selected patients with prostatic obstruction, it is possible to perform a mini-invasive surgery: “Minimally Invasive Nonexpensive TURP”, an effective and safe procedure, not affecting sexual function, and particularly, retrograde ejaculation.
The Community of Commerce:
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the rhetoric of the famous opening sections of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, drawing on his understanding of sympathy as developed in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and the theory of rhetoric developed in the Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. It shows how Smith uses rhetorical means for sketching a vision of an egalitarian society, united by sympathetic ties, that includes not only author and reader but also the characters that appear in the first scenes of the Wealth of Nations. Yet Smith's vision is deceptively one-sided and “rhetorical” in a problematic sense, departing from the impartiality Smith usually recommends. This one-sidedness points to a systematic problem of commercial society in Smith's time as well as today: the unequal ability of its members to use rhetoric and thereby to attract sympathy from others.
Analysis of Clinical Interventions and the Impact of Pediatric Pharmacists on Medication Error Prevention in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Cunningham Kelli J. 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVEResearch has shown that the potential risk for medication errors within the pediatric inpatient population is about 3 times as high as for adults; however, there is limited information regarding the impact of a pediatric pharmacist's contribution to decreasing medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs). The purpose of this study was to record and analyze all interventions during a 2-month time span in a pediatric teaching hospital to determine the benefit of having a pediatrics-trained clinical pharmacist on the floor.METHODSPediatric pharmacists prospectively collected data for all interventions and medication errors made between July 1 and August 31, 2010. The pediatric hospital comprises 87 beds, and data were collected during the influx of new pediatric resident interns on the general pediatric ward and pediatric and neonatal intensive care units.RESULTSDuring the study period, 1315 interventions were recorded, which is an average of 21 interventions per day. Most interventions were made through order entry. Errors made up 24.5% of all interventions, with the most common cause of error being prescribing. Physicians with the least amount of training made the most errors. Of order pages scanned, 5.9% contained an error in the order; however, only 0.2% of all errors reached the patient.CONCLUSIONSThis study highlighted the impact a pediatric pharmacist can make on prevention of ADEs and medication errors. Only 0.2% of all errors made during the study period reached the patient owing to interventions made by the pediatric pharmacists, which shows a vast improvement in patient safety.
Automated Compounding of Parenteral Nutrition for Pediatric Patients: Characterization of Workload and Costs
Authors: Raimbault Mélina , Thibault Maxime , Lebel Denis , Bussières Jean-François 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVES
Parenteral nutrition (PN) compounding in large hospital centers is now largely automated using volumetric pump systems. No study has examined the pharmacy workload and costs associated with this process. This study was designed to characterize these elements at our center and to identify areas for potential improvement.

METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed all PN orders compounded from May 19, 2007, to June 25, 2010. Patients were divided into groups according to the ward where PN was initiated.

RESULTS
The age and weight of patients at initiation of PN were similar throughout the study, except in neonatology, where initiation now occurs earlier in life (age 1.3 ± 2.7 days in 2010 vs. 3.4 ± 9.4 in 2007; p=0.003). An average of 894 orders per month were compounded. A total of 59% of orders were for neonatal patients. The average cost of source solutions per PN order increased from Can$23.27 in 2007 to Can$37.78 in 2010. Partially used source solutions discarded at the end of the day represented between 7.7% and 9.2% of total source solution cost. Amino acids in 3-L bags were responsible for the largest waste, with Can$953 to Can$1048 wasted monthly.

CONCLUSIONS
PN compounding at our center represents an important workload and increasing costs. A reduction in source solution waste, for example, by reducing the use of large source solution containers, would be beneficial.
Qualitative Evaluation of Obstacles Facing Multiple Sclerosis Societies in Addressing Sexual Dysfunction in MS
Authors: Foley Frederick W. , Poster Cynthia , Sheridan Peter , Brown Beverley , Hatch Jan , McDonald Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is a highly prevalent, but undertreated symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). The current study utilized focus groups and individual interviews with 24 MS Society staff from 14 different countries in order to determine the phenomenological perspective of MS Society staff regarding obstacles in addressing sexual dysfunction. Focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed by two independent raters. Results identified 6 key elements that contributed to difficulties in addressing sexuality: 1) lack of comfort in discussing intimacy and/or sexuality-related issues; 2) lack of basic knowledge about the sexually-related aspects of MS; 3) lack of local educational and healthcare resources with expertise in sexuality; 4) obstacles to effective communication about sexuality; 5) failure to address the needs of MS caregivers who are partners; and 6) cultural differences that demand local problem-solving and solutions. Recommendations are provided for MS Societies that may be helpful in addressing some of these complex issues.
Review of Common Management Strategies for Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Chan A 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Fatigue is the most common symptom experienced by individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), regardless of their disability level or the severity of the disease. The Fatigue Severity Scale and the Fatigue Impact Scale are standardized tools designed to measure the impact of fatigue on an individual's life. In addition to the use of medications, other fatigue management strategies include education, modification of activities and environment, compensation, and participation in physical exercises. Because the patient is required to take an active role in the implementation of these fatigue management strategies, his or her sense of control in disease management is enhanced, resulting in empowerment of the individual. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), empowerment is a health-promotion strategy for the individual and for populations. Therefore, having options and control in fatigue management is empowering and promotes health for individuals with MS.
Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Outcome Selection in Clinical Trials
Authors: Freeman JA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In carrying out an evaluation of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS), it is necessary to select relevant outcomes to measure and to identify instruments to use for their measurement. This requires a detailed understanding of the problems of MS, the aims of the rehabilitation, and the changes that are expected as a result of the rehabilitation. It also requires a thorough knowledge of the clinical and scientific properties of the measurement instruments, so that the most appropriate instruments can be selected and the data produced from them can be interpreted meaningfully. This article provides a structured and systematic approach to undertaking this selection process.
Mobility in Multiple Sclerosis: More than just a Physical Problem
Authors: Chan A , Heck CS 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mobility restriction is a common physical disability among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Psychological, sociocultural, environmental, political, and economic influences are among the factors that affect the mobility of a person with MS. These factors have also been identified as elements of the determinants of individual and population health. Health care professionals providing services to the MS population often prescribe appropriate mobility devices for those with mobility restrictions. The goal is to enhance activities and participation in all domains of the individual's life. In addition to directing their services at the individual level, health care professionals addressing mobility issues of individuals with MS should include the additional factors and other determinants of health at the population and societal levels. Therefore, mobility is not only an individual's physical problem, but it is also a population health issue and a societal issue.
Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Family and Employment: A Retrospective Study in the Aegean District of Turkey
Authors: Gedizlioglu Muhtesem , Mavioglu Hatice , Uzunel Fatma , Ce Pinar , Oguz Meral , Sagduyu Ayse , Özer Behiye , Zorlu Yasar , Idiman Egemen , Korkmaz Hasan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
We investigated many of the effects of multiple sclerosis (MS) on patients in the Aegean District of Turkey who have had the disease for longer than one year to establish their social and occupational needs. Questions covered income, marital status, employment status of patient and spouse, housing, employment status of children, special care needs, and what changes had occurred in any of the preceding areas due to the illness. Our survey questionnaire yielded responses from 246 MS patients (ages 16–65; 87 men, 159 women) from the outpatient departments of six centers in Izmir, Turkey. The survey was conducted from March 2, 1998, to March 5, 1999. Survey results were tabulated and analyzed statistically for correlations between factors and were similar to other reports from western countries. Men reported reduced income and higher unemployment than women, many of whom were housewives. First-degree relatives carried the burden of caregiving. Disease duration and higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were strongly correlated with changes in employment, marital status, and housing. Higher EDSS scores had a negative impact on the spouse's work and the patient's need for care. Among disease types, secondary progressive MS (SPMS) also negatively affected the family structure. The disease had little effect on children's employment status.
A High‐Performance Graphene Oxide‐Doped Ion Gel as Gel Polymer Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Yang Xi , Zhang Fan , Zhang Long , Zhang Tengfei , Huang Yi , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA high‐performance graphene oxide (GO)‐doped ion gel (P(VDF‐HFP)‐EMIMBF4‐GO gel) is prepared by exploiting copolymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoro propylene), P(VDF‐HFP)) as the polymer matrix, ionic liquid (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMIMBF4) as the supporting electrolyte, and GO as the ionic conducting promoter. This GO‐doped ion gel demonstrates significantly improved ionic conductivity compared with that of pure ion gel without the addition of GO, due to the homogeneously distributed GO as a 3D network throughout the GO‐doped ion gel by acting like a ion “highway” to facilitate the ion transport. With the incorporation of only a small amount of GO (1 wt%) in ion gel, there has been a dramatic improvement in ionic conductivity of about 260% compared with that of pure ion gel. In addition, the all‐solid‐state supercapacitor is fabricated and measured at room temperature using the GO‐doped ion gel as gel polymer electrolyte, which demonstrates more superior electrochemical performance than the all‐solid‐state supercapacitor with pure ion gel and the conventional supercapacitor with neat EMIMBF4, in the aspect of smaller internal resistance, higher capacitance performance, and better cycle stability. These excellent performances are due to the high ionic conductivity, excellent compatibility with carbon electrodes, and long‐term stability of the GO‐doped ion gel.