bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model species in evo‐devo: a philosophical perspective
Authors: Bolker Jessica A. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYA model is a representation of or an analogy for something else; in a biological context, the term often refers to organisms or species that serve as a widely used platform for experimental research. In developmental biology, an extraordinarily detailed understanding of fundamental genes and mechanisms has been built around a few core models including Drosophila, mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis, and zebrafish. The use of model species entails a series of epistemological issues and commitments regarding similarity, generalization, and the balance between representation and accessibility. In addition, the power of a given model is highly context‐dependent, and the core models of developmental biology may not suffice for evo‐devo questions. An epistemological perspective can clarify the complementary roles of standard and emerging models in evo‐devo, as well as inform decisions about when new models are needed, and criteria for choosing them.
Choanoflagellate and choanocyte collar‐flagellar systems and the assumption of homology
Authors: Mah Jasmine L. , Christensen‐Dalsgaard Karen K. , Leys Sally P. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYThe similarities between the choanoflagellates and the choanocytes of sponges have been discussed for more than a century yet few studies allow a direct comparison of the two. We reviewed current knowledge of the collar and flagellum and compared their structure and function in the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the sponge Spongilla lacustris. Collar microvilli were of similar length and number, but the shape of the collar differed between the two cells. In Monosiga, collars were flared and microvilli were joined by a single band of glycocalyx mid‐way along their length; in Spongilla, collars formed a tube and microvilli were joined by a mesh of glycocalyx. Monosiga flagella beat at least four times faster than those in Spongilla. Flagellar vanes were found in both cell types. In both cells, the flagella and so probably also the vanes maintained moving points of contact with the microvilli, which suggested that collars and flagella were integrated systems rather than independent units. There were fundamental differences in how the collar and flagella interacted, however. In Spongilla, the flagellum bent upon contact with the collar; the flagellar amplitude was fitted to the collar diameter. In Monosiga, the flagellar amplitude was unaffected by the collar; instead the collar diameter appeared fitted to the flagellum. These differences suggest that though choanocytes and choanoflagellates are similar, homology cannot be taken for granted. Similarities in collar‐flagellum systems separated by 600 million years of evolution, whether maintained or convergent, suggest that these form important adaptations for optimizing fluid flow through micro‐scale filters.
When should species richness be energy limited, and how would we know?
Authors: Hurlbert Allen H. , Stegen James C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEnergetic constraints are fundamental to ecology and evolution, and empirical relationships between species richness and estimates of available energy (i.e. resources) have led some to suggest that richness is energetically constrained. However, the mechanism linking energy with richness is rarely specified and predictions of secondary patterns consistent with energy‐constrained richness are lacking. Here, we lay out the necessary and sufficient assumptions of a causal relationship linking energy gradients to richness gradients. We then describe an eco‐evolutionary simulation model that combines spatially explicit diversification with trait evolution, resource availability and assemblage‐level carrying capacities. Our model identified patterns in richness and phylogenetic structure expected when a spatial gradient in energy availability determines the number of individuals supported in a given area. A comparison to patterns under alternative scenarios, in which fundamental assumptions behind energetic explanations were violated, revealed patterns that are useful for evaluating the importance of energetic constraints in empirical systems. We use a data set on rockfish (genus Sebastes) from the northeastern Pacific to show how empirical data can be coupled with model predictions to evaluate the role of energetic constraints in generating observed richness gradients.
How do various maize crop models vary in their responses to climate change factors?
Authors: Bassu Simona , Brisson Nadine , Durand Jean‐Louis , Boote Kenneth , Lizaso Jon , Jones James W. , Rosenzweig Cynthia , Ruane Alex C. , Adam Myriam , Baron Christian , Basso Bruno , Biernath Christian , Boogaard Hendrik , Conijn Sjaak , Corbeels Marc , Deryng Delphine , De Sanctis Giacomo , Gayler Sebastian , Grassini Patricio , Hatfield Jerry , Hoek Steven , Izaurralde Cesar , Jongschaap Raymond , Kemanian Armen R. , Kersebaum K. Christian , Kim Soo‐Hyung , Kumar Naresh S. , Makowski David , Müller Christoph , Nendel Claas , Priesack Eckart , Pravia Maria Virginia , Sau Federico , Shcherbak Iurii , Tao Fulu , Teixeira Edmar , Timlin Dennis , Waha Katharina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPotential consequences of climate change on crop production can be studied using mechanistic crop simulation models. While a broad variety of maize simulation models exist, it is not known whether different models diverge on grain yield responses to changes in climatic factors, or whether they agree in their general trends related to phenology, growth, and yield. With the goal of analyzing the sensitivity of simulated yields to changes in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2], we present the largest maize crop model intercomparison to date, including 23 different models. These models were evaluated for four locations representing a wide range of maize production conditions in the world: Lusignan (France), Ames (USA), Rio Verde (Brazil) and Morogoro (Tanzania). While individual models differed considerably in absolute yield simulation at the four sites, an ensemble of a minimum number of models was able to simulate absolute yields accurately at the four sites even with low data for calibration, thus suggesting that using an ensemble of models has merit. Temperature increase had strong negative influence on modeled yield response of roughly −0.5 Mg ha−1 per °C. Doubling [CO2] from 360 to 720 μmol mol−1 increased grain yield by 7.5% on average across models and the sites. That would therefore make temperature the main factor altering maize yields at the end of this century. Furthermore, there was a large uncertainty in the yield response to [CO2] among models. Model responses to temperature and [CO2] did not differ whether models were simulated with low calibration information or, simulated with high level of calibration information.
Characteristic differences in barrier and hygroscopic properties between normal and cosmetic dry skin. I. Enhanced barrier analysis with sequential tape‐stripping
Authors: Lu N. , Chandar P. , Tempesta D. , Vincent C. , Bajor J. , McGuiness H. 
Published: January 2014

SynopsisObjectiveCosmetic dry skin often has a lower hydration level but a similar apparent barrier function, as measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), than that of the normal skin. To investigate the intrinsic difference in barrier property and moisture‐holding ability between the cosmetic dry and normal skin, we developed a new clinical and data analysis procedure based on sequential tape‐stripping with TEWL measurement, coupled with chemical analysis for protein and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the stratum corneum.MethodsA clinical study consisting of 64 healthy Caucasian female subjects with normal and cosmetic dry skin was conducted according to our clinical and data collection protocols. After the baseline visual dryness assessment, 20 tape‐strips were placed and removed on each test site using D‐Squame tapes. TEWL was measured at baseline and after the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th tape‐strips. All tapes were analysed for protein mass via chemical extraction and the Pierce BCA protein assay, as well as using an infrared densitometry device SquameScan 850A. The stratum corneum thickness and barrier quality (water transport resistance per thickness of the stratum corneum) were decoupled from the apparent barrier function using the TEWL and protein data.ResultsA linear relationship between 1/TEWL and cumulative protein removal was observed for both normal and cosmetic dry skin. However, the slope of the linear relation was significantly steeper for normal skin, and significantly more protein was removed from cosmetic dry skin. The results showed that on average, the barrier quality of the stratum corneum of the normal skin is about 40% higher than that of the dry skin, whereas the stratum corneum of the dry skin is about 30% thicker than that of the normal skin. In addition, the amount of SC removal in sequential tape‐stripping is generally non‐uniform.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that there are characteristic differences in the barrier property between normal and cosmetic dry skin. In comparison to the normal skin, the stratum corneum of the cosmetic dry skin is considerably thicker, however, with a lower barrier quality. The results also showed that the amount of the SC removal in sequential tape‐stripping is generally non‐uniform. Therefore, the number of tape strips is not a good indicator for the tape‐stripping depth.
A novel methodology providing insights into removal of biofilm‐mimicking hydrogel from lateral morphological features of the root canal during irrigation procedures
Authors: Macedo R. G. , Robinson J. P. , Verhaagen B. , Walmsley A. D. , Versluis M. , Cooper P. R. , van der Sluis L. W. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTo introduce and characterize a reproducible hydrogel as a suitable biofilm mimic in endodontic research. To monitor and visualize the removal of hydrogel from a simulated lateral canal and isthmus for the following: I) Ultrasonic‐Activated Irrigation (UAI) with water, ii) UAI with NaOCl and iii) NaOCl without UAI.MethodologyA rheometer was used to characterize the viscoelastic properties and cohesive strength of the hydrogel for suitability as a biofilm mimic. The removal rate of the hydrogel from a simulated lateral canal or isthmus was measured by high‐speed imaging operating at frame rates from 50 to 30 000 fps.ResultsThe hydrogel demonstrated viscoelastic behaviour with mechanical properties comparable to real biofilms. UAI enhanced the cleaning effect of NaOCl in isthmi (P < 0.001) and both NaOCl and water in lateral canals (P < 0.001). A greater depth of cleaning was achieved from an isthmus (P = 0.009) than from a lateral canal with UAI and also at a faster rate for the first 20 s. NaOCl without UAI resulted in a greater depth of hydrogel removal from a lateral canal than an isthmus (P < 0.001). The effect of UAI was reduced when stable bubbles were formed and trapped in the lateral canal. Different removal characteristics were observed in the isthmus and the lateral canal, with initial highly unstable behaviour followed by slower viscous removal inside the isthmus.ConclusionsThe biofilm‐mimicking hydrogel is reproducible, homogenous and can be easily applied and modified. Visualization of its removal from lateral canal anatomy provides insights into the cleaning mechanisms of UAI for a biofilm‐like material. Initial results showed that UAI improves hydrogel removal from the accessory canal anatomy, but the creation of stable bubbles on the hydrogel–liquid interface may reduce the cleaning rate.
Work‐related quality of life of Ugandan healthcare workers
Authors: Opollo J.G. , Gray J. , Spies L.A. 
Published: January 2014

AimsTo describe perceived work‐related quality of life of Ugandan healthcare workers. A secondary aim was to seek participant input on ways to improve work environments.BackgroundPoor patient outcomes, decreased employee motivation and decisions to leave the organization have been linked to poor work conditions. Interventions to correct healthcare worker shortage in developing countries require information about work quality of life.MethodsDescriptive cross‐sectional study conducted in health and educational settings in Uganda in July 2011. Participants completed the Biographical Information Scale demographic questionnaire and the validated 24‐item Work‐Related Quality of Life scale.ResultsSample included 146 healthcare workers employed in various settings. Participants reported poorer quality of work life on the work conditions, control at work and home–work interface subscales. Participants perceived stress at work to be low and experienced higher job career satisfaction. There was a significant relationship between work‐related quality of life, gender and hours worked. Participants' suggestions to improve work life ranged from simple no‐cost suggestions to more complex system level interventions.DiscussionWork‐related quality of life was low in this convenience sample. Perceived stress at work was lower than expected, but may have been due to nurses' expectations of a normal work assignment. Predominantly women, the participants had significant caregiving responsibilities.Nursing implicationsNurses must acquire a seat at the table where crucial decisions about nursing and its future are made. By advancing leadership skills, nurses can effectively advocate for organizational changes that address broad factors related to increasing job satisfaction, and retaining and attracting nurses.ConclusionNurses can influence work quality of life individually and collectively by identifying workplace concerns, demanding safe work environments, fostering teamwork and enhancing professional growth.
Effects of Foreign Institutional Ownership on Foreign Bank Lending: Some Evidence for Emerging Markets
Authors: Jiang Liangliang , Zhu Yi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite the large literature on developed countries, little is known about the interactions between corporate governance, foreign ownership, and foreign bank lending in developing countries. Using data from five Latin American countries from 2001 to 2008, we provide one of the first pieces of evidence of how foreign ownership affects the loan cost of borrowers in emerging markets. We find that in terms of foreign bank lending, the cost of debt financing is significantly higher for firms whose largest shareholder is a foreign institutional one. The results support the hypothesis that because of potential agency conflicts between shareholders and creditors, having block institutional shareholders tend to increase the borrowers’ debt burden. There is further evidence supporting this agency conflict hypothesis as we find that the effects of large institutional shareholders on borrowing costs become larger (smaller) when the conflicts are aggravated (mitigated).
Structural and Thermodynamics Properties of TiC1−xNx–TiO1−xNx Solid Solutions: X‐ray Diffraction and First‐Principles Approaches
Authors: Jiang Bo , Ying Nantao , Wang Qiuyu , Xiao Jiusan , Huang Kai , Hou Jungang , Zhu Hongmin 
Published: January 2014

The structural properties and mixing thermodynamic of TiC1−xNx and TiO1−xNx (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solutions have been studied by X‐ray diffraction method and first‐principles calculations. The TiC1−xNx and TiO1−xNx compounds were synthesized via solid‐state reaction and the analysis of XRD patterns show the properties of continuous solid solutions over the whole composition range. Thermodynamic analyses and structural stability studies were performed based on the mixing enthalpies and electronic structures. The mixing enthalpies of TiC1−xNx and TiO1−xNx can be fitted using a second‐degree polynomial with the increasing of supercell. The first‐principles calculations results reveal that the TiO1−xNx shows large number vacancies segregated in TiO‐part. The charge redistributed around Ti vacancy constitutes the main contribution to the stabilization rather than the Ti–Ti bond across the O vacancy through analyzing the electron density difference plots and PDOS . These results provide theoretical basis for the development and application of the TiC1−xNx and TiO1−xNx solid solutions.
Actorness beyond the European Union: Comparing the International Trade Actorness of SADC and ECOWAS
Authors: Hulse Merran 
Published: January 2014

AbstractActorness is no longer the preserve of the European Union. Due to their participation in interregional relations, other regional organizations are developing and institutionalizing the requirements of international actorness, but insofar as a comparative framework for systematically comparing and contrasting actorness across different organizations is lacking, it is difficult to predict the likely outcomes of such relations. Taking a comparative regionalisms approach, this article develops a comparative and generalizable framework of actorness. Adding to the extremely limited literature on non‐EU actorness, the model is tested in an analysis of the actorness of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in the field of international trade negotiations. Despite SADC's stronger identity and presence, it is ECOWAS – having more effective decision‐making and better capabilities – that possesses greater actorness – a fact likely to impact on inter‐regional outcomes.
How to Explain the Transnational Security Governance of the European Union?
Authors: Zwolski Kamil 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article argues that empirical developments in international security governance offer untapped opportunities for strengthening intellectual links between European Union (EU) studies and international relations. To uncover these links, the article first demonstrates how the EU has started to address various chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear security risks through adopting an approach conceptualized as ‘transnational security governance’. The article subsequently argues that this approach can be convincingly explained by drawing on the insights from the study of the sociology of bureaucracy and bureaucratic behaviour in international relations. In this story, the EU's approach to international security is an example of normal bureaucratic practice, stemming in particular from the bureaucracy's moral and expert authority. Importantly, the engagement with the broader social science scholarship will benefit EU studies as much as other sub‐disciplines.
A novel BRAF mutation in association with primary amelanotic melanoma with oral metastases
Authors: Zalaudek I. , Ciarrocchi A. , Piana S. , Argenziano G. , Torricelli F. , Sancisi V. , Gandolfi G. , Longo C. , Moscarella E. , Banzi C. , Nicoli D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of amelanotic melanoma, little is known on the genetic or molecular background that determines the onset of this peculiar phenotype of melanoma and its sites of metastatic spread. However, it appears that amelanotic melanomas frequently lack BRAF mutations.ObjectiveTo report the genetical analysis of one case amelanotic melanoma developing oral metastasis.MethodsThe BRAF mutational status of the primary lesion was assessed by both Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing.ResultsBoth methodologies showed changes in three nucleotides: C1796T; G1798A and T1799A. These mutations should result in a rare double aminoacid substitution in codons 599 and 600 of the BRAF protein (BRAF T599I/V600K).ConclusionThis unusual mutation was associated with an uncommon clinical phenotype of the primary tumour and with an unusual site of metastatic spread. In the lack of comparable data, a potential association between the unusual mutation and clinical findings remains a matter of further studies.
Ex Ante Agreements in Standard Setting and Patent‐Pool Formation*
Authors: Llanes Gastón , Poblete Joaquín 
Published: January 2014

We present a model of standard setting and patent‐pool formation. We study the effects of alternative standard‐setting and pool‐formation rules on technology choice, prices, and welfare. We find three main results. First, we show that allowing patent pools may reduce welfare when standards are negotiated and patent pools need to be ex post incentive compatible. Second, we show that ranking combinations of standard‐setting and pool‐formation rules in welfare terms when patent pools need to be ex post incentive compatible is not possible. Third, we show that allowing firms to sign ex ante agreements regarding pool participation dominates—in terms of welfare—any other policy rule. This policy does not require the standard‐setting organization to have information on patent ownership, the terms of license agreements, or the value added of patents.
Flow Properties of Ficus Deltoidea Extract Powder and the Binders, Acdisol and Avicel
Authors: Mohd Salleh F.S. , Yusof Y.A. , Anuar M.S. , Chin N.L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis work aimed to investigate the flowability properties of the basic powders used to make tablets by means of direct compression. The main product in this study is Ficus deltoidea extract powder, while the excipients operated as binder were croscarmellose sodium (NaCMC or Acdisol) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC or Avicel). Such excipient powders are essentially water insoluble and can also act as a filler, disintegrator and dissolver in tablet form. In order to compare and optimize powders regarding flowability, a Jenike shear tester was used to measure the flow properties of the powder particle, such as the effective angle of internal friction, flow function and the angle of wall friction. The experimental results showed higher flow property values for binders compared with F. deltoidea extract powder. These results provide essential information for the processing and handling of these powders during storage, transportation and also for the next processing step of powder – tabletting.Practical ApplicationsFicus deltoidea is a popular herb in Malaysia and has become an international favorite for its health‐giving properties and nutritional benefits. This medicinal plant is locally known as Mas Cotek or serapat angin, telinga beruk and other few names. It is a valuable herbal plant that grows wild in the tropical forest of Malaysia, which has become an international favorite for its medicinal and healthy values. As a herbal tree, almost all of the parts of F. deltoidea plant including the roots, bark, stems, leaves and fruits are believed to have medicinal properties, which is useful for health purposes. Due to their promising and high commercial potential, the herb is studied to further develop their scientific usage in terms of pharmaceutical dosage (tablet). However, a small number of scientific work have been conducted to investigate the flow and physical properties of F. deltoidea. However, empirical knowledge and fundamental understanding of the relative contribution of flow properties of F. deltoidea extract powder to neutraceutical industries is lacking. Knowledge of flowabilities of this herb may improve its handling and processing and the quality of tablet production, particularly its mechanical properties.