bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorted Deferred Shading for Production Path Tracing
Authors: Eisenacher Christian , Nichols Gregory , Selle Andrew , Burley Brent 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRay‐traced global illumination (GI) is becoming widespread in production rendering but incoherent secondary ray traversal limits practical rendering to scenes that fit in memory. Incoherent shading also leads to intractable performance with production‐scale textures forcing renderers to resort to caching of irradiance, radiosity, and other values to amortize expensive shading. Unfortunately, such caching strategies complicate artist workflow, are difficult to parallelize effectively, and contend for precious memory. Worse, these caches involve approximations that compromise quality. In this paper, we introduce a novel path‐tracing framework that avoids these tradeoffs. We sort large, potentially out‐of‐core ray batches to ensure coherence of ray traversal. We then defer shading of ray hits until we have sorted them, achieving perfectly coherent shading and avoiding the need for shading caches.
Optimizing Disparity for Motion in Depth
Authors: Kellnhofer Petr , Ritschel Tobias , Myszkowski Karol , Seidel Hans‐Peter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBeyond the careful design of stereo acquisition equipment and rendering algorithms, disparity post‐processing has recently received much attention, where one of the key tasks is to compress the originally large disparity range to avoid viewing discomfort. The perception of dynamic stereo content however, relies on reproducing the full disparity‐time volume that a scene point undergoes in motion. This volume can be strongly distorted in manipulation, which is only concerned with changing disparity at one instant in time, even if the temporal coherence of that change is maintained. We propose an optimization to preserve stereo motion of content that was subject to an arbitrary disparity manipulation, based on a perceptual model of temporal disparity changes. Furthermore, we introduce a novel 3D warping technique to create stereo image pairs that conform to this optimized disparity map. The paper concludes with perceptual studies of motion reproduction quality and task performance in a simple game, showing how our optimization can achieve both viewing comfort and faithful stereo motion.
Generating Pointillism Paintings Based on Seurat's Color Composition
Authors: Wu Yi‐Chian , Tsai Yu‐Ting , Lin Wen‐Chieh , Li Wen‐Hsin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a novel example‐based stippling technique that employs a simple and intuitive concept to convert a color image into a pointillism painting. Our method relies on analyzing and imitating the color distributions of Seurat's paintings to obtain a statistical color model. Then, this model can be easily combined with the modified multi‐class blue noise sampling to stylize an input image with characteristics of color composition in Seurat's paintings. The blue noise property of the output image also ensures that the color points are randomly located but remain spatially uniform. In our experiments, the multivariate goodness‐of‐fit tests were adopted to quantitatively analyze the results of the proposed and previous methods, further confirming that the color composition of our results are more similar to Seurat's painting style than that of previous approaches. Additionally, we also conducted a user study participated by artists to qualitatively evaluate the synthesized images of the proposed method.
Extended implied weighting
Authors: Goloboff Pablo A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSeveral extensions to implied weighting, recently implemented in TNT, allow a better treatment of data sets combining morphological and molecular data sets, as well as those comprising large numbers of missing entries (e.g. palaeontological matrices, or combined matrices with some genes sequenced for few taxa). As there have been recent suggestions that molecular matrices may be better analysed using equal weights (rather than implied weighting), a simple way to apply implied weighting to only some characters (e.g. morphology), leaving other characters with a constant weight (e.g. molecules), is proposed. The new methods also allow weighting entire partitions according to their average homoplasy, giving each of the characters in the partition the same weight (this can be used for dynamically weighting, e.g. entire genes, or first, second, and third positions collectively). Such an approach is easily implemented in schemes like successive weighting, but in the case of implied weighting poses some particular problems. The approach has the peculiar implication that the inclusion of uninformative characters influences the results (by influencing the implied weights for the partitions). Last, the concern that characters with many missing entries may receive artificially inflated weights (because they necessarily display less homoplasy) can be solved by allowing the use of different weighting functions for different characters, in such a way that the cost of additional transformations decreases more rapidly for characters with more missing entries (thus effectively assuming that the unobserved entries are likely to also display some unobserved homoplasy). The conceptual and practical aspects of all these problems, as well as details of the implementation in TNT, are discussed.
Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: a comparison with the findings at surgery
Authors: Fallis S. A. , Murphy P. , Sinha R. , Hawker P. , Gladman L. , Busby K. , Sanders S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimMagnetic resonance (MR) enterography is a radiation‐free small bowel investigation which identifies luminal and extra‐luminal pathology in patients with Crohn's disease. Most studies have validated MR against conventional radiology. We evaluated the results of MR enterography by comparison with findings at elective surgery for patients with Crohn's disease, including complex pathology.MethodBetween January 2007 and March 2012 the results of preoperative MR enterography for Crohn's disease in consecutive patients in one unit were compared with the detailed findings at surgery.ResultsFifty‐one patients underwent 55 laparotomies during the study period. MR enterography identified the presence of Crohn's disease in the distal ileum in 33/34 patients, in the proximal ileum in 7/12 patients, in the jejunum in 7/8 patients, in the large bowel in 10/11 patients and in the duodenum in one of two patients. MR enterography identified ileo‐enteric fistula in 10/12 patients, ileosigmoid fistula in all of seven patients and other fistulae in 10/11 patients. An abscess was identified on MR enterography in eight of nine patients. Within abnormal distal ileal segments, the mean contrast enhancement ratio of acute inflammation was 2.39 ± 0.59 compared with 1.82 ± 0.63 (P < 0.05) in segments with fibrosis only.ConclusionMagnetic resonance enterography identifies small bowel Crohn's disease with an accuracy similar to or better than those of previously published series. Fistulation, abscess formation and large bowel disease can be reliably identified and disease activity assessed. Normal, uninvolved small bowel length can also be measured. Discrete proximal small bowel lesions may not always be detected. In our practice, MR enterography has replaced conventional radiology in the assessment of symptomatic patients with Crohn's disease.
Strength and size ratios between reciprocal muscle groups in the thigh and lower leg of male collegiate soccer players
Authors: Akagi Ryota , Tohdoh Yukihiro , Takahashi Hideyuki 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis study investigated the strength and size ratios between reciprocal muscle groups in the thigh and lower leg of soccer players. In 11 male collegiate soccer players and 21 male non‐soccer players, the joint torques developed during isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors (TQKE) and flexors (TQKF), plantar flexors (TQPF) and dorsiflexors (TQDF) were determined using a dynamometer. The muscle volumes of the same muscles (i.e. MVKE, MVKF, MVPF and MVDF) were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. There were no significant differences in any of the joint torques or muscle volumes between soccer and non‐soccer players. TQKE/TQKF was significantly lower for soccer players than for non‐soccer players. On the other hand, no significant difference in TQPF/TQDF was found between soccer and non‐soccer players. MVKE/MVKF and MVPF/MVDF for soccer players were not significantly different from those for non‐soccer players. Additionally, there were no significant correlations between MVKE/MVKF and TQKE/TQKF and between MVPF/MVDF and TQPF/TQDF of soccer players. Thus, the strength ratios appear not to be affected by the size ratios between the knee extensors and flexors and between the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors in soccer players.
Is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: case report of an HIV(−) EBV(−) HHV8(+) patient
Authors: Ozbalak Murat , Tokatlı Ilyas , Özdemirli Metin , Tecimer Tülay , Ar Muhlis Cem , Örnek Serdar , Koroglu Aykut , Laleli Yahya , Ferhanoglu Burhan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPrimary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) associated lymphoproliferative disease characterized by effusions in body cavities, and lack of tumor mass. Valganciclovir is a treatment option in PEL, however, little is known about its clinical efficacy. Ganciclovir has been reported to be effective in HHV8(+) multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) by decreasing the plasma HHV8 load, which is an important factor in the induction and persistence of MCD, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and PEL. But there is no information about the efficacy of valganciclovir on HHV8 associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Here, we present the first EBV and HIV negative, HHV8 positive PEL case treated with valganciclovir; for whom it initially reduced the viral load leading to a transient partial improvement in the clinical status, but failed to induce a complete and durable remission.
Spatio‐temporal trends of sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus catch rates in relation to spawning ground and environmental factors in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mourato Bruno L. , Hazin Fábio , Bigelow Keith , Musyl Michael , Carvalho Felipe , Hazin Humberto 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSpatial and temporal trends of sailfish catch rates in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean in relation to environmental variables were investigated using generalized additive models and fishery‐dependent data. Two generalized additive models were fit: (i) ‘spatio‐temporal’, including only latitude, longitude, month, and year; and (ii) ‘oceanographic’, including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll‐a concentration, wind velocity, bottom depth, and depth of mixed layer and year. The spatio‐temporal model explained more (average ~40%) of the variability in catch rates than the oceanographic model (average ~30%). Modeled catch rate predictions showed that sailfish tend to aggregate off the southeast coast of Brazil during the peak of the spawning season (November to February). Sailfish also seem to aggregate for feeding in two different areas, one located in the mid‐west Atlantic to the south of ~15°S and another area off the north coast of Brazil. The oceanographic model revealed that wind velocity and chlorophyll‐a concentration were the most important variables describing catch rate variability. The results presented herein may help to understand sailfish movements in the Atlantic Ocean and the relationship of these movements with environmental effects.
Backcasting the decline of a vulnerable Great Plains reproductive ecotype: identifying threats and conservation priorities
Authors: Worthington Thomas A. , Brewer Shannon K. , Grabowski Timothy B. , Mueller Julia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractConservation efforts for threatened or endangered species are challenging because the multi‐scale factors that relate to their decline or inhibit their recovery are often unknown. To further exacerbate matters, the perceptions associated with the mechanisms of species decline are often viewed myopically rather than across the entire species range. We used over 80 years of fish presence data collected from the Great Plains and associated ecoregions of the United States, to investigate the relative influence of changing environmental factors on the historic and current truncated distributions of the Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi. Arkansas River shiner represent a threatened reproductive ecotype considered especially well adapted to the harsh environmental extremes of the Great Plains. Historic (n = 163 records) and current (n = 47 records) species distribution models were constructed using a vector‐based approach in MaxEnt by splitting the available data at a time when Arkansas River shiner dramatically declined. Discharge and stream order were significant predictors in both models; however, the shape of the relationship between the predictors and species presence varied between time periods. Drift distance (river fragment length available for ichthyoplankton downstream drift before meeting a barrier) was a more important predictor in the current model and indicated river segments 375–780 km had the highest probability of species presence. Performance for the historic and current models was high (area under the curve; AUC > 0.95); however, forecasting and backcasting to alternative time periods suggested less predictive power. Our results identify fragments that could be considered refuges for endemic plains fish species and we highlight significant environmental factors (e.g., discharge) that could be manipulated to aid recovery.
Environmental controls of temporal and spatial variability in CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a neotropical peatland
Authors: Wright Emma L. , Black Colin R. , Turner Benjamin L. , Sjögersten Sofie 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTropical peatlands play an important role in the global storage and cycling of carbon (C) but information on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from these systems is sparse, particularly in the Neotropics. We quantified short and long‐term temporal and small scale spatial variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes from three contrasting vegetation communities in a domed ombrotrophic peatland in Panama. There was significant variation in CO2 fluxes among vegetation communities in the order Campnosperma panamensis > Raphia taedigera > Cyperus. There was no consistent variation among sites and no discernible seasonal pattern of CH4 flux despite the considerable range of values recorded (e.g. −1.0 to 12.6 mg m−2 h−1 in 2007). CO2 fluxes varied seasonally in 2007, being greatest in drier periods (300–400 mg m−2 h−1) and lowest during the wet period (60–132 mg m−2 h−1) while very high emissions were found during the 2009 wet period, suggesting that peak CO2 fluxes may occur following both low and high rainfall. In contrast, only weak relationships between CH4 flux and rainfall (positive at the C. panamensis site) and solar radiation (negative at the C. panamensis and Cyperus sites) was found. CO2 fluxes showed a diurnal pattern across sites and at the Cyperus sp. site CO2 and CH4 fluxes were positively correlated. The amount of dissolved carbon and nutrients were strong predictors of small scale within‐site variability in gas release but the effect was site‐specific. We conclude that (i) temporal variability in CO2 was greater than variation among vegetation communities; (ii) rainfall may be a good predictor of CO2 emissions from tropical peatlands but temporal variation in CH4 does not follow seasonal rainfall patterns; and (iii) diurnal variation in CO2 fluxes across different vegetation communities can be described by a Fourier model.
Improving pooled calibration of a rising‐plate meter for estimating herbage mass over a season in cool‐season grass pasture
Authors: Nakagami K. , Itano S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTo construct a new calibration method that combines usability and accuracy for estimating herbage mass from rising‐plate meter readings, we derived four models differing in the way their parameters are related to sampling date and compared their estimation accuracies using cross‐validation. The parameters of the linear regression for each sampling date showed seasonal variations, which had a steep decrease from early April to early June and a gradual increase thereafter. The pooled models were less accurate for estimating herbage mass than a separate model, which had specific parameters for each sampling date (S model). Among the pooled models, however, those in which the parameters were assumed to be linear functions (PL model) or combined functions (PC model) of the sampling date showed substantively improved estimation accuracy compared with the traditional pooled model, in which the parameters were assumed to be fixed throughout the year (PF model). Moreover, at the beginning of the season, the models derived from previous years' data were suggested to be applicable as a practical method. Thus, it can be concluded that these types of pooled calibration could be used as ‘compromise methods’ that combine both accuracy and usability.
Pulmonary metastatic nodules of uterine low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 10 cases
Authors: Park Ji Young , Sung Chang Ohk , Jang Se‐Jin , Song Sang Yong , Han Jung Ho , Kim Kyu‐Rae 
Published: July 2013

AimsTo identify histopathological and immunohistochemical findings that aid diagnosis of metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) in small biopsy specimens of the lung.Methods and resultsWe reviewed the histology of 46 lung nodules from 10 cases of pulmonary metastatic ESS. Biopsy sections were analysed by immunohistochemistry to highlight blood and lymphatic vasculature, and for expression of CD10 and oestrogen receptor (ER). Various histological changes were identified that could mislead in making a diagnosis on small biopsy samples: haemangiopericytomatous blood vessels (39%), absence of characteristic spiral arteriole‐like vasculature (26%), intratumoral cysts formed by dilatation of airways (22%) or intratumoral myxoid change (11%), prominent interstitial collagen deposits (48%), foam cell infiltration (4%) and smooth muscle differentiation (2%). Peribronchial/peribronchiolar distribution of tumour cells with juxtaepithelial growth was a frequent feature, observed in 59% of nodules. In two very small nodules the lesion was barely recognizable histologically; tumour cells were detected only by expression of ER and CD10.ConclusionsCombined staining for ER and CD10 can be helpful in avoiding an erroneous diagnosis. As lymphatics are not normally present in the juxtaepithelial bronchial/bronchiolar wall, juxtaepithelial tumour growth beneath the bronchial epithelium in early metastatic lesions indicates a haematogenous metastastic route through the bronchial artery.
Temporal changes and regional differences in treatment uptake of hepatitis C therapy in EuroSIDA
Authors: Grint D , Peters L , Schwarze‐Zander C , Beniowski M , Pradier C , Battegay M , Jevtovic D , Soriano V , Lundgren JD , Rockstroh JK , Kirk O , Mocroft A ,   EuroSIDA in EuroCoord
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesAll HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected patients with chronic HCV infection and ≥ F2 fibrosis should be considered for HCV therapy. This study aimed to determine the rate of HCV treatment uptake among coinfected patients in Europe.MethodsEuroSIDA patients with viraemic HCV infection were included in the study. Poisson regression was used to identify temporal changes and regional differences in HCV treatment uptake.ResultsA total of 1984 patients were included in the study, with a median follow‐up time of 168 months [interquartile range (IQR) 121–204 months]. To date, 501 (25.3%) HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients have received HCV therapy. Treatment incidence rose from 0.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.50] per 100 person‐years of follow‐up (PYFU) in 1998 to 5.93 (95% CI 4.49–7.38) in 2007, falling to 3.78 (95% CI 2.50–5.07) in 2009. After adjustment, CD4 cell count > 350 cells/μL [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.33 (95% CI 1.06–1.67) vs. CD4 count 200−350 cells/μL] and ≥F2 liver fibrosis [IRR 1.60 (95% CI 1.14–2.25; P = 0.0065) vs. < F2 fibrosis] were predictors of anti‐HCV treatment initiation. However, 22% of patients who remain untreated for HCV, with fibrosis data available, had ≥F2 fibrosis and should have been considered for treatment, while only 36% of treated patients had ≥F2 fibrosis.ConclusionsAlthough treatment incidence for HCV has increased, there remain a large proportion of patients indicated for treatment who have yet to be treated.
Potential Mesozoic reference zircon from the Unazuki plutonic complex: geochronological and geochemical characterization
Authors: Horie Kenji , Takehara Mami , Suda Yoshimitsu , Hidaka Hiroshi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOT4 zircon collected from Oto‐dani quartz diorite in Unazuki, in the northeastern part of the Hida Belt, Southwest Japan, was evaluated using microbeam analysis for its qualification as a Mesozoic reference zircon based on U–Pb dating. The characterization of OT4 zircon was carried out using a sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP II). Chemical zoning was revealed in some of the grains with a relatively high concentration of U and Th (up to 988 and 1054 ppm, respectively). The weighted mean 206Pb/238U age corrected by 207Pb was 191.1 ± 0.3 Ma (95% confidence limit) and was found to be almost constant for all the grains. The high crystallinity, the constant REE abundance patterns, and the homogeneous Hf concentrations (8651 ± 466 ppm) indicate that the grains were not affected by any geological events after crystallization. Furthermore, the homogeneous Hf concentrations and consistency of the Ti‐in‐zircon temperature (733 ± 34°C) and the Zr saturation temperature (728°C) suggest that the OT4 zircon crystallized over a short time. The OT4 zircon contains enough radiogenic 206Pb (>2 ppm) and 207Pb (>0.1 ppm) to be detected by microbeam analysis, which indicates its potential of being an effective Mesozoic reference used in microbeam U–Pb dating.