bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Turbulent Mixing Factor and Study of Turbulent Flow Structures in Pressurized Water Reactor Sub Channel by Direct Numerical Simulation
Authors: Singh R. K. , Mukhopadhyay Deb , Khakhar D. , Joshi J. B. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Subchannel analysis codes are presently a requirement for design and safety analysis of nuclear reactors. Among the crucial inputs for these codes, the turbulent mixing factor holds particular significance. However, acquiring this factor through experimental means proves to be a challenging endeavor, primarily due to the necessity for precise pressure equilibrium between subchannels. Consequently, this requirement leads to the undertaking of expensive and intricate experiments for each new reactor or in cases where there are modifications in fuel bundle design. The need for direct numerical simulation (DNS) stems from the challenges and costs involved in experimental techniques, and the uncertainties due to empiricism in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. In this study, DNS has been conducted across six Reynolds numbers, ranging from 17,640 to 1.176 × 105, in the geometry of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) subchannel. The resulting turbulent flow structures have been computed and their dynamics are examined. Furthermore, this paper presents a methodology for directly calculating the turbulent mixing factor from the fluctuating velocity field obtained from DNS data. The turbulent mixing process has been scrutinized in-depth, and a correlation for the turbulent mixing factor is developed. It is noted that most of the mixing occurs in the near-wall region. The study suggests different mixing factors for mass and momentum mixing. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the turbulent mixing phenomenon.
Topology Optimization of the Misaligned Water-Lubricated Thrust Bearings
Authors: Gu Chunxing , Tu Jingyi , Zhang Di 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Misalignment results in uneven force on the contact surface, which not only increases friction loss but also shortens the bearing's service life, especially for water-lubricated bearings. In this study, an advanced approach is investigated to optimize the performance of the water-lubricated thrust bearings, in which the surface textures are introduced and optimized using topological optimization. By this approach, the influence of speed, misalignment angle, surface roughness, and lubrication state can be analyzed. The results demonstrate that with the increase in speed and the decrease in film thickness ratio, the topological texture's shape becomes increasingly slender. Additionally, the increase in misalignment angle results in a simpler texture. When the film thickness ratio remains unchanged, a decrease in surface roughness leads to a greater number of texture branches, resulting in a finer texture overall. When compared to the thrust bearing with the groove type texture, the thrust bearing with the optimized texture was found to have a higher load-carrying capacity, in some cases up to six times higher. The proposed approach offers valuable insights and directions for further research focused on enhancing the efficiency of texture optimization.
Multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Flood Navigation of Waterborne Vehicles Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Garg Armaan , Jha Shashi Shekhar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During disasters, such as floods, it is crucial to get real-time ground information for planning rescue and response operations. With the advent of technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being deployed for real-time path planning to provide support to evacuation teams. However, their dependency on expert human pilots for command and control limits their operational capacity to the line-of-sight range. In this article, we utilize a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to autonomously control multiple UAVs for area coverage. The objective is to identify serviceable paths for safe navigation of waterborne evacuation vehicles (WBVs) to reach critical location(s) during floods. The UAVs are tasked to capture the obstacle-related data and identify shallow water regions for unrestricted motion of the WBV(s). The data gathered by UAVs is used by the minimum expansion A* (MEA*) algorithm for path planning to assist WBV(s). MEA* addresses the node expansion issue with the standard A* algorithm, by pruning the unserviceable nodes/locations based on the captured information, hence expediting the path planning process. The proposed approach, MEA*MADDPG, is compared with other prevalent techniques from the literature over simulated flood environments with moving obstacles. The results highlight the significance of the proposed model as it outperforms other techniques when compared over various performance metrics.
Dry Grinding: A More Sustainable Manufacturing Process for the Production of Automotive Gears
Authors: Fortunato Alessandro , Liverani Erica , Cestone Lorenzo , Lerra Flavia , Ascari Alessandro , Iqbal Hambal , Lutey Adrian H.A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Gears represent a fundamental component of automotive transmissions, the performance of which is directly influenced by flank surface integrity. With the exception of grinding, gear production does not require the use of lubricants. The elimination of oils in the final finishing phase represents an important opportunity to greatly improve process sustainability and reduce production costs. However, dry grinding presents several challenges, including dimensional tolerances and roughness requirements, microstructural defects due to excessive heat generation, and maintaining the overall surface integrity of flanks such that wear resistance is not compromised. The present work investigates the geometric accuracy, microstructure, and wear resistance of FIAT 500 4/6 speed gears manufactured by FCA/Stellantis, comparing conventional wet grinding with two alternative processes including superfinishing and dry grinding. The material and manufacturing processes employed prior to grinding were the same in all cases, with grinding then performed by the same manufacturer. The dimensional accuracy, roughness, microstructure, residual stress state, and wear resistance of gear flanks were then analyzed to compare the overall performance of each grinding process. The obtained results show that dry grinding can produce gears with acceptable geometric accuracy, no microstructure defects and greater wear resistance than gears finished with conventional wet grinding or superfinishing. As a result, the complete elimination of lubricant in gear production is possible, leading to a more sustainable process without compromising gear performance.
Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel by Laser Shock Peening
Authors: Over Veronica , Yao Y. Lawrence 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Use of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) stainless steel in corrosive environments is attractive due to material's high corrosion resistance and fine feature resolution, which is advantageous for fluidic applications. For this implementation to be optimized, LPBF stainless steel parts must have reduced susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), a failure mode that is of high risk for stainless steels. Laser shock peening (LSP) surface processing has been used to improve SCC resistance in wrought metals and has also been used to improve other material properties of additively manufactured metals. However, LSP has yet to be investigated for the improvement of SCC behavior in LPBF stainless steel. This article demonstrates that not only does LSP improve time to crack initiation of LPBF 316L stainless steel in SCC testing but also improves SCC behavior differently when applied to different surfaces of the build. To explain these results, residual stress, texture, dislocation distribution, hardness, microstructure, and fracture surfaces are investigated, linking different hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms to each of the two build orientations as well as the peened and un-peened conditions. These results are supported by matching the observed crack morphologies to those simulated with dynamic crack modeling, thereby demonstrating the impact of residual stress and plastic versus brittle failure upon the observed outcome.
Numerical and Analytical Study for the Stochastic Spatial Dependent Prey–Predator Dynamical System
Authors: Baber Muhammad Zafarullah , Yasin Muhammad Waqas , Xu Changjin , Ahmed Nauman , Iqbal Muhammad Sajid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Prey and predator are the important factor of the ecosystem. Generally, it is considered that prey–predator models depends on time and it is only required nonlinear system of equations for its dynamical study. But, it is observed that such species can move from one to place to another and in such a way there is a need of nonlinear equations which also depends on spatial as well. The stochastic prey–predator system are investigated numerically and analytically. The proposed stochastic NSFD is used for numerical study; it is consistent with given system and its linear stability analysis showed that it is unconditionally stable. There are two equilibria one is predator free and second is coexistence equilibrium. These equilibria are successfully gained in the numerical case. Extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method is applied for analytical study. The obtained solutions are of the form rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric. For the comparative study, the unique physical problems are developed and their simulations are drawn for various choices of the parameters. The graphical behavior depicts the efficacy of our study.
Fault-tolerant one-bit addition with the smallest interesting color code
Authors: Wang Yang , Simsek Selwyn , Gatterman Thomas M. , Gerber Justin A. , Gilmore Kevin , Gresh Dan , Hewitt Nathan , Horst Chandler V. , Matheny Mitchell , Mengle Tanner , Neyenhuis Brian , Criger Ben 
Published: July 2024

Fault-tolerant operations based on stabilizer codes are the state of the art in suppressing error rates in quantum computations. Most such codes do not permit a straightforward implementation of non-Clifford logical operations, which are necessary to define a universal gate set. As a result, implementations of these operations must use either error-correcting codes with more complicated error correction procedures or gate teleportation and magic states, which are prepared at the logical level, increasing overhead to a degree that precludes near-term implementation. Here, we implement a small quantum algorithm, one-qubit addition, fault-tolerantly on a trapped-ion quantum computer, using the[[8, 3, 2]]color code. By removing unnecessary error correction circuits and using low-overhead techniques for fault-tolerant preparation and measurement, we reduce the number of error-prone two-qubit gates and measurements to 36. We observe arithmetic errors with a rate of ∼1.1 × 10−3for the fault-tolerant circuit and ∼9.5 × 10−3for the unencoded circuit.
Indigenous emergence and spread of
kelch13
C469Y artemisinin-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
in Uganda
Authors: Awor Phyllis , Coppée Romain , Khim Nimol , Rondepierre Laurine , Roesch Camille , Khean Chanra , Kul Chanvong , Eam Rotha , Lorn Thornleaksmey , Athieno Proscovia , Kimera Joseph , Balikagala Betty , Odongo-Aginya Emmanuel I. , Anywar Denis A. , Mita Toshihiro , Clain Jérôme , Ringwald Pascal , Signorell Aita , Lengeler Christian , Burri Christian , Ariey Frédéric , Hetzel Manuel W. , Witkowski Benoit 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) were introduced as the standard of care for uncomplicated malaria in Africa almost two decades ago. Recent studies in East Africa have reported a gradual increase in
kelch13
(
k13
) mutant parasites associated with reduced artesunate efficacy. As part of the Community Access to Rectal Artesunate for Malaria project, we collected blood samples from 697 children with signs of severe malaria in northern Uganda between 2018 and 2020, before and after the introduction of rectal artesunate (RAS) in 2019.
K13
polymorphisms were assessed, and parasite editing and phenotyping were performed to assess the impact of mutations on parasite resistance. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, and haplotype networks were constructed to determine the geographic origin of
k13
mutations. Of the 697 children, 540 were positive for
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria by PCR and were treated with either RAS or injectable artesunate monotherapy followed in most cases by ACT. The most common
k13
mutation was C469Y (6.7%), which was detected more frequently in samples collected after RAS introduction. Genome editing confirmed reduced
in vitro
susceptibility to artemisinin in C469Y-harboring parasites compared to wild-type controls (
P
< 0.001). The haplotypic network showed that flanking regions of the C469Y mutation shared the same African genetic background, suggesting a single and indigenous origin of the mutation. Our data provide evidence of selection for the artemisinin-resistant C469Y mutation. The realistic threat of multiresistant parasites emerging in Africa should encourage careful monitoring of the efficacy of artemisinin derivatives and strict adherence to ACT treatment regimens.
Difference in microbial community structure along a gradient of crater altitude: insights from the Nushan volcano
Authors: Chen Jin , Cui Ye , Xiao Qingchen , Lin Keqin , Wang Boyan , Zhou Jing , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

The variation in the soil microbial community along the altitude gradient has been widely documented. However, the structure and function of the microbial communities distributed along the altitude gradient in the crater still need to be determined. We gathered soil specimens from different elevations within the Nushan volcano crater to bridge this knowledge gap. We investigated the microbial communities of bacteria and fungi in the soil. It is noteworthy that the microbial alpha diversity peaks in the middle of the crater. However, network analysis shows that bacterial (nodes 760 vs 613 vs 601) and fungal (nodes 328 vs 224 vs 400) communities are most stable at the bottom and top of the crater, respectively. Furthermore, the soil microbial network exhibited a decline, followed by an increase across varying altitudes. The core microorganisms displayed the highest correlation with pH and alkaline phosphatase (AP, as determined through redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel tests for correlation analysis. The fungal community has a higher number of core microorganisms, while the bacterial core microorganisms demonstrate greater susceptibility to environmental factors. In conclusion, we utilized Illumina sequencing techniques to assess the disparities in the structure and function of bacteria and fungi in the soil.

IMPORTANCE
These findings serve as a foundation for future investigations on microbial communities present in volcanic soil.
“IF,” Then…
Authors: Ward A. Wesley 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
I have been fascinated by science ever since childhood, through college, during 30 years with the U.S. Geological Survey, and to this day. Younger and smaller than my urban elementary and high-school peers, I developed a great curiosity about the outdoors early in my life. Through capturing specimens and placing them in home terrariums, building plastic models, and attending school science fairs, I looked to learn all I could about the world of science. Yet, in a span of a few years, I went from gifted student to college dropout. After breaking away from school for three years as a college sophomore, I finally found the inspiration, confidence, and an environment for success in the U.S. Army. Taking chances and making changes to live my new dream of being a geologist, I worked in lunar- and Mars-like areas of the Columbia River Plateau and at a workplace staffed by scientists I had seen on television as a teen. I made opportunities or took those that came along to help me reach my goals and became a professional geoscientist, entering perhaps the least diverse of all the sciences. There were wonderful experiences that I had, through outreach programs, activities, and the personal involvement of caring and forthright people. There were other experiences or circumstances, perpetuated against me by people with uncaring, antisocial, and even antiscience motives. Having addressed my own insecurities, I took on these extra challenges and found ways of ignoring or overcoming hatred and contempt by finding and grasping the outreaching hands that wanted to make lasting changes in our profession. Through it all, I persevered and achieved goals and happiness I had previously only dreamed of. Aside from perhaps leaving a scientific or management legacy, I also strove to help as many other underrepresented, underserved, and overlooked students as I could.

Content Warning:
This chapter contains several instances of a racist slur. The editors have chosen to leave this language intact in order to most faithfully convey the power of the author’s experience.
Onlies and Firsts: My Path in Geoscience
Authors: Williams-Stroud Sherilyn 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Underrepresentation is a significant issue in the geoscience profession, particularly in academia. At the time I was pursuing my Ph.D. degree in the geosciences, I was one of only a handful of black women doing so. I will recount events in my life that led me to geoscience, but also those that helped me want to continue to work in this field. The fact that my professional journey contains so many situations where I was a “first” and/or an “only” seemed to me to be less an accomplishment than simply a condition that needed to be changed. If not me, it would have been somebody else. I have surmised through discussions with other women of color in geoscience over the course of my career that seeing my path as merely a condition to navigate may have significantly contributed to my ability to overcome obstacles. There were things I wanted to do, and I was determined to figure out a way to do them. I share my life story because I did not take a straight line to geology, or even a straight line through school. I had to juggle family and career in the way that many women do, I met and got to know many unique and interesting people, and I had the opportunity to travel to many parts of the world. I will name names to acknowledge my significant mentors. It is because of many positive experiences and support from them that I have such a difficult time coming up with negative experiences. I hope my unique path may help readers to develop a deeper understanding of some of the subtle obstacles that have been keeping the numbers of black women in geoscience so low for decades, illuminate the ways that those obstacles can be traversed, and contribute to a little bit of change for the future.
On the delayed expression of mantle inheritance–controlled strain localization during rifting
Authors: Zwaan Frank , Erratt Duncan , Manatschal Gianreto , Chenin Pauline , Schreurs Guido 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we explore the relative impact mantle inheritance can have on the evolution of magma-poor rift systems during the early stages of rift localization. To this end, we revisit the tectonic history of the Mesozoic Northeast Atlantic and its North Sea subdomain, analyzing these observations through comparison with results from recent analogue tectonic modeling work. Our analysis suggests that initial broadly distributed rift basin formation may be controlled by crustal inheritance, whereas the subsequent localization of deformation along deeper mantle inheritance may have caused the overprinting of previous rift basin trends in the Northeast Atlantic. This overprinting became possible as soon as the thinning of the ductile crust during progressive rifting allowed for sufficient coupling between the mantle and the upper crust. Importantly, we suggest that no changes in plate motion direction due to large-scale reorganization of the plate tectonic system are needed for differently oriented basin trends overprinting each other to develop. With these insights, we propose an updated scenario for rift kinematics in the North Sea involving continuous E-W plate divergence and provide a framework to rethink the evolution of other rift systems around the world during their early stages of rift localization.
More variables or more bins? Impact on the EFT interpretation of Drell–Yan measurements
Authors: Grossi Samuele , Torre Riccardo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe generalize previous studies on constraining operators of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory using Drell-Yan (DY) measurements to include at the same time all relevant operators and uncertainties. It has been shown that fully differential measurements (triple differential for neutral and double differential for charged) are more sensitive to EFT effects. Nevertheless, due to the finite statistics, the fully differential measurements sacrifice some statistical power on the shape (less invariant mass or transverse momentum bins) in favour of more kinematic variables. We show that when the observables are particularly sensitive to the shape of the distributions, such as the invariant mass of the two leptons in neutral DY, the single differential measurement with more bins, may be as sensitive as the fully differential one, at least for specific EFT operators. This suggests to always supplement fully differential analyses with projections into the relevant distributions evaluated with finer bins.
Exploring stream patterns of titania-CNTs blended blood in a squeezed artery subject to electro-magnetization, Hall and ion-slip currents
Authors: Das Subhendu , Das Sanatan 
Published: July 2024

Exploring electrokinetics phenomena in the context of diverse currents and nanoparticle blends introduces the possibility of novel biomedical approaches. This research is aimed at exploring the streaming patterns of electro-magnetized blood infused with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a squeezed arterial channel under the influence of electroosmosis. The model is deliberated through the imposition of an intense external magnetic field that is aligned perpendicular to the channel, resulting in effects such as Hall and ion-slip currents and Joule warming. The distribution of electric potential within the electric double layer (EDL) is predicted by solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF45) shooting scheme via bvp4c solver in Mathematica is hired to execute the proposed blood flow model computation. By presenting informative graphs and tables, a study is carried out to comprehend and elucidate the physical effects of crucial factors on flow dynamical features and physical quantities. A statistical analysis is carried out to identify the intricate association of model parameters with physical flow characteristics, enriching the study’s novelty. Some key outcomes are that the blood temperature attenuates with swilling values of Hall and ion slip parameters. The skin friction on the artery’s upper wall is lessened when the electroosmosis parameter gets increase. Expanding volume fraction of nanoparticles results in an elevation of the Nusselt number on the upper wall. In squeezed artery, the streamlines in the blood flow are notably aligned. The study’s findings could contribute to improving drug delivery strategies, diagnostics, medical imaging, patient care, treatment outcomes, design of biomedical devices, such as stents and catheters, and understanding of blood flow behavior in intricate arterial configurations.