bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased prevalence of sex chromosome aneuploidies in specific language impairment and dyslexia
Authors: Simpson Nuala H , Addis Laura , Brandler William M , Slonims Vicky , Clark Ann , Watson Jocelynne , Scerri Thomas S , Hennessy Elizabeth R , Bolton Patrick F , Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Fairfax Benjamin P , Knight Julian C , Stein John , Talcott Joel B , O'Hare Anne , Baird Gillian , Paracchini Silvia , Fisher Simon E , Newbury Dianne F , Consortium SLI 
Published: October 2013

AimSex chromosome aneuploidies increase the risk of spoken or written language disorders but individuals with specific language impairment (SLI) or dyslexia do not routinely undergo cytogenetic analysis. We assess the frequency of sex chromosome aneuploidies in individuals with language impairment or dyslexia.MethodGenome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed in three sample sets: a clinical cohort of individuals with speech and language deficits (87 probands: 61 males, 26 females; age range 4 to 23 years), a replication cohort of individuals with SLI, from both clinical and epidemiological samples (209 probands: 139 males, 70 females; age range 4 to 17 years), and a set of individuals with dyslexia (314 probands: 224 males, 90 females; age range 7 to 18 years).ResultsIn the clinical language‐impaired cohort, three abnormal karyotypic results were identified in probands (proband yield 3.4%). In the SLI replication cohort, six abnormalities were identified providing a consistent proband yield (2.9%). In the sample of individuals with dyslexia, two sex chromosome aneuploidies were found giving a lower proband yield of 0.6%. In total, two XYY, four XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), three XXX, one XO (Turner syndrome), and one unresolved karyotype were identified.InterpretationThe frequency of sex chromosome aneuploidies within each of the three cohorts was increased over the expected population frequency (approximately 0.25%) suggesting that genetic testing may prove worthwhile for individuals with language and literacy problems and normal non‐verbal IQ. Early detection of these aneuploidies can provide information and direct the appropriate management for individuals.
The UK service level audit of insulin pump therapy in adults
Authors: White H. D. , Goenka N. , Furlong N. J. , Saunders S. , Morrison G. , Langridge P. , Paul P. , Ghatak A. , Weston P. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsThe National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published guidelines for the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in 2008 (technology appraisal 151). The first UK‐wide insulin pump audit took place in 2012 with the aim of determining adherence to the guidance issued in NICE technology appraisal 151. The results of the adult service level audit are reported here.MethodsAll centres providing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion services to adults with diabetes in the UK were invited to participate. Audit metrics were aligned to technology appraisal 151. Data entry took place online using a DiabetesE formatted data collection tool.ResultsOne hundred and eighty‐three centres were identified as delivering adult continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion services in the UK, of which 178 (97.3%) participated in the audit. At the time of the audit, 13 428 adults were using insulin pump therapy, giving an estimated prevalence of use of 6%. Ninety‐three per cent of centres did not report any barriers in obtaining funding for patients who fulfilled NICE criteria. The mean number of consultant programmed activities dedicated to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion services was 0.96 (range 0–8), mean whole‐time equivalent diabetes specialist nurses was 0.62 (range 0–3) and mean whole‐time equivalent dietitian services was 0.3 (range 0–2), of which 39, 61 and 60%, respectively, were not formally funded.ConclusionsThe prevalence of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion use in the UK falls well below the expectation of NICE (15–20%) and that of other European countries (> 15%) and the USA (40%). This may be attributable, in part, to lack of healthcare professional time needed for identification and training of new pump therapy users.
Reference values of skin autofluorescence as an estimation of tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products in a general Slovak population
Authors: Simon Klenovics K. , Kollárová R. , Hodosy J. , Celec P. , Šebeková K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsFor decades, Slovakia has maintained a prominent place in mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases among European Union (EU‐27) countries. Determination of skin autofluorescence serves as an estimate of tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products—substances accumulating in tissues and body fluids that play a pathophysiological role in age‐related diseases and their complications, such as diabetes.MethodsIn 1385 apparently healthy Slovakian subjects aged from a few days old to 77 years, skin autofluorescence was determined using an advanced glycation end product reader and compared with reference data from Dutch Caucasians. The impact of the weekly frequency of recreational physical exercise on skin autofluorescence was investigated in the adults, and the impact of feeding regimen in the infants.ResultsWith the exception of 10‐ to 19‐year‐olds, Slovaks had lower skin autofluorescence values in comparison with the Dutch Caucasians. In healthy non‐smokers, physical exercise for > 30 min/day performed ≥ 3 times/week was associated with lower skin autofluorescence levels. In infants, breastfeeding (advanced glycation end product‐poor diet) was associated with lower skin autofluorescence levels in comparison with consumption of infant formulas (advanced glycation end product‐rich diet).ConclusionsReference ranges of skin autofluorescence in Slovak Caucasians, detailed for paediatric age groups, are provided. Our data show that, in healthy adults, regular physical exercise associates with lower skin autofluorescence. Infants fed or weaned from infant formulas (advanced glycation end product‐rich diet) have higher skin autofluorescence than their breast milk‐consuming counterparts. It is unclear why Slovaks have lower skin autofluorescence compared with a Dutch population with lower cardiovascular mortality rates. Reference data on skin autofluorescence from diverse populations are needed for the precise clinical interpretation of skin autofluorescence measurements.
Pregnancy losses in women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in the UK: an investigation using primary care records
Authors: McGrogan A. , Snowball J. , de Vries C. S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimThis study aims to investigate pregnancy losses in women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes and compare this with the general population.MethodsPregnancies ending between 1993 and 2006 in those with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes were identified on the General Practice Research Database. Pregnancy losses were identified from medical records and the cohort described by their characteristics and prescribing for diabetes.ResultsOf 2001 pregnancies identified in women with Type 1 diabetes, 678 ended in a pregnancy loss: 19.6% were spontaneous, 9.6% were induced and 4.3% were losses for unknown reasons. In women with Type 2 diabetes, there were 240 losses in 669 pregnancies: 21.1% were spontaneous, 10.3% induced and 4.0% were losses for unknown reasons. The proportion of spontaneous losses in women with diabetes was higher than in the general population (13.2%). Women with Type 1 diabetes treated with human and analogue insulins were 60% more likely to have a delivery than a loss (odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.18–2.18) compared with human insulin treatment alone, although numbers were small.ConclusionWe found that the proportions of spontaneous losses in women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes were similar at approximately 20%, which is higher than in the general population and also higher than previous studies have reported. While much emphasis has been placed on pre‐conception care for women with Type 1 diabetes, the same is now needed for those with Type 2 diabetes, given the similarity in outcomes and increasing prevalence of this condition.
Social patterning in knowledge following an informed choice invitation for Type 2 diabetes screening
Authors: Kellar I. , Mason D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsTo describe prevalence of knowledge of items specified by the UK General Medical Council as required to make an informed choice following an invitation for screening for Type 2 diabetes and investigate whether knowledge was socio‐economically patterned.MethodsA 9‐item knowledge questionnaire was employed immediately following an informed choice invitation to Type 2 diabetes screening that was piloted with 278 people between 40 and 69 years in the UK between February and April 2006.ResultsWith the exception of post‐diagnosis treatment and the effectiveness of early treatment in preventing long‐term problems, information was typically understood correctly. Social patterning was observed: individuals who left full‐time education before 19 years of age were less likely to understand the most likely test result, the effectiveness of early treatment in preventing long‐term problems or the possible harms of screening.ConclusionsEven risk communication materials developed for ease of readability can result in inequity, limiting autonomy in healthcare decisions.
Weight change upon once‐daily initiation of insulin detemir with or without dietary intervention in overweight or obese insulin‐naïve individuals with type 2 diabetes: results from the DIET trial
Authors: Niswender K. , Piletic M. , Andersen H. , Conradsen Hiort L. , Hollander P. 
Published: October 2013

AimsWeight gain upon insulin initiation is opposite to clinical goals in diabetes management. This trial aimed to determine the impact of modest dietary intervention on weight change and examine weight change in baseline body mass index strata when initiating once‐daily insulin detemir (IDet) in overweight or obese insulin‐naïve individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsDIET (Impact of Dietary Intervention on Weight Change in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes) was a 26‐week, randomized, treat‐to‐target, stratified, controlled, open‐label, multinational trial. Subjects were randomized 1 : 1 to either the IDet group, which received basic dietary and physical exercise advice at baseline, or the Diet+IDet group, which had additional dietary consultations with a certified dietician (three face‐to‐face meetings, three phone contacts).ResultsMean estimated change in body weight from baseline ± standard error (SE) was −1.05 ± 0.23 kg for Diet+IDet and −0.56 ± 0.23 kg for IDet alone. Estimated mean difference was 0.49 kg (95% confidence interval: −0.15; 1.13, p = 0.132). Glycaemic control, measured by haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose, improved similarly in both groups. Both groups reported variable reductions in caloric intake and overall physical activity levels. No difference in hypoglycaemia rates between groups was observed.ConclusionThis study suggests that a modest dietary intervention plus basic lifestyle advice, compared with basic lifestyle advice alone, resulted in similar weight change, efficacy, safety and tolerability when initiating IDet once daily in overweight or obese insulin‐naïve individuals with T2D.
Dental traumas during the military service
Authors: Immonen Matti , Anttonen Vuokko , Patinen Pertti , Kainulainen Marco‐Juhan , Päkkilä Jari , Tjäderhane Leo , Oikarinen Kyösti 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundDental traumas are most frequent during the first three decades of life and more frequent among males than females. Approximately 80% (n = 28 000) of the male age cohort performs military service annually in Finland. As little is known of dental, head, and neck traumas during the military service, our aim was to study the etiology, number and occurrence of traumas of the Finnish conscripts during one calendar year. Our hypothesis was that above‐mentioned traumas comprise a remarkable proportion of military accidents.Materials and methodsThe data comprised of all the Finnish conscripts' trauma cases in the year 2009 (mean age 20.1 years, SD 1.1). The frequency, mechanism, and time of the incidences were analyzed.ResultsOf the total 1432 trauma cases, 303 (23%) involved head, neck, or dentition. The occurrence rate of dental traumas was 6.5 cases/1000 persons/year. Dental traumas comprised 14.3% of all traumas. The most common mechanism for dental traumas was a blow‐type force. First 4 months of the service and winter time were periods of increased risk of dental traumas. Two‐thirds of the dental traumas, one‐third of the body traumas and a quarter of the head and neck traumas occurred during military field exercises. Most dental traumas required a visit to a military dental clinic and also needed follow‐up care.Discussion and ConclusionHead, neck, and dental injuries are common during the military service in Finland. Prevention of dental traumas and need for first aid dental skills of the personnel should be emphasized.
Antimicrobial activity of short‐ and medium‐term applications of polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine digluconate and calcium hydroxide in infected immature bovine teeth in vitro
Authors: Zaugg Lucia K. , Zitzmann Nicola U. , Hauser‐Gerspach Irmgard , Waltimo Tuomas , Weiger Roland , Krastl Gabriel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (Prontosan wound gel, Pr) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) after short‐ and medium‐term application with the disinfection ability of calcium hydroxide (Ca) in a model using immature bovine teeth.MethodsSixty immature bovine roots were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10). Disinfectants were applied into the root canal for 10 min (CHX‐10 min and Pr‐10 min) or 7 days (CHX‐7d, Pr‐7d and Ca‐7dg). In the negative control group (Co‐n), no disinfectant was used. Dentine samples were collected, and the total count of bacteria and colony‐forming units were determined. The log10‐transformed Colony‐forming units (CFU) data were analysed using a Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Wilcoxon multiple‐comparison tests.ResultsThe application of disinfectants led to a significant reduction in CFUs in all groups compared with group Co‐n. When compared to Ca‐7dg, CHX‐7d (P = 0.290), CHX‐10 min (P = 0.963) and Pr‐7d (P = 0.095) revealed no significant differences. Pr‐10 min had a significantly higher CFU value than Ca‐7dg (P = 0.0004), CHX‐10 min (P = 0.0009) and Pr‐7d (P = 0.0006).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, sufficient antimicrobial effect may be reached by a short‐term application of CHX. For the application of 1% Prontosan wound gel, a medium‐term use (7 day) is required, while short‐term use (10 min) is less effective.
Management of crown‐related fractures in children: an update review
Authors: Güngör Hamdi Cem 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a serious public health problem. Epidemiology of dental trauma indicates that these injuries are more prevalent in child population of the world. Children are the sufferers in two‐thirds of all TDIs observed. Although being a major fraction, crown‐related fractures are a less severe form of TDIs with respect to their complications and sequelae. However, as with other types of traumatic injuries, the delay in seeking for immediate care following a traumatic injury and the lack of appropriate treatment may compromise long‐term outcomes. This article reviews the occurrence, management, and prognosis of crown‐related fractures in primary and permanent teeth in light of the recent literature.
Age‐specific maternal effects interact with larval food supply to modulate life history in Coleomegilla maculata
Authors: VARGAS GERMAN , MICHAUD J. P. , NECHOLS JAMES R. , MORENO CARLOS A. 
Published: October 2013

Maternal effects can modify progeny phenotypes to improve their survival under variable conditions, such as changes in food supply. In aphidophagous coccinellids, maternal effects can influence egg size, developmental rate, and final adult body size.
Four cohorts of Coleomegilla maculata De Geer larvae were reared from four different points in their mothers' reproductive lives (1st, 12th, 24th, and 36th oviposition days) and divided into two diet treatments for rearing; 30‐min daily access to eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller or ad libitum.
Progeny survival was lower on restricted food but increased over the first 12 oviposition days in both treatments, suggesting mothers did not conform to the theoretical norm of producing their ‘best’ progeny first.
Larval development was delayed on the restricted diet, but there was no effect of oviposition day on total developmental time, although pupation was faster in the final cohort than in the first.
The results suggest that mothers employ a mixed strategy and produce subsets of progeny that vary in response to food limitation. A small fraction adopt an ‘optimistic’ strategy and undergo an additional instar to take advantage of any possible improvement in the food supply, whereas a larger fraction adopt a ‘pessimistic’ strategy, forgoing an instar and the costs of a moult to pupate at a small size.
The restricted diet increased the percentage of larvae that added or subtracted an instar, but larvae from later clutches were more likely to pupate after only three instars, independent of treatment, suggesting that a larger proportion of later‐hatching progeny are maternally programmed for pessimism, as would be adaptive for larvae exploiting aphid populations in decline.
Depression in young adult psychiatric outpatients: delimiting early onset
Authors: Ramirez Adriana , Ekselius Lisa , Ramklint Mia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine differences in childhood, adolescent and adult onset of depression.MethodsYoung psychiatric outpatients (n = 156) diagnosed with a lifetime depressive episode were divided into three groups according to age of onset of their first depressive episode: childhood (≤12 years, n = 21), adolescent (13–17 years, n = 58) and early adult onset (18–25 years, n = 77). Participants were assessed by diagnostic interviews and by questionnaires measuring previous life events and childhood developmental delays. Clinical characteristics and various risk factors were compared between groups.ResultsThis clinical sample was dominated by women, with onset of their first depressive episode occurring during adolescence. Childhood onset was related to an increased number of depressive episodes, higher prevalence of personality disorders, more current social problems and more reported development delays during childhood regarding literacy learning, social skills and memory. They also reported more separation anxiety symptoms and neglect during childhood and more experiences of teenage pregnancies and abortions.ConclusionsChildhood onset of depression is associated with more severe symptoms, more psychosocial risk factors and childhood developmental delays. Because all onset groups shared many features, the results are inconclusive if there are distinct subgroups according to age of onset.
Pathways to (specialized) care: patient costs and contacts en route to a first‐episode psychosis clinic
Authors: Cheung Desmond , Roper Leslie , Purdon Scot E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo estimate the public health costs of specific help‐seeking pathways into an early intervention psychosis clinic.MethodsThe sequence of police, emergency and mental health contacts utilized by 50 patients up to 1 year prior to admission was characterized using chart reviews and structured interviews. Cost estimates for contacts were obtained from provincial health/public service cost reports.ResultsA high‐cost inpatient pathway and a low‐cost outpatient pathway were identified, with the former exceeding the latter by a factor of 18.5 in cost. This discrepancy was attributable to both the high cost of inpatient services and the long duration of inpatient admissions, as well as more frequent inpatient use of high‐cost urgent services (e.g. police, emergency services).ConclusionGiven the substantial cost differential between inpatient and outpatient routes, additional clarification of modifiable factors that determine pathways to care could have significant implications to health service delivery costs for this population.
Can I be a student again? How medical graduates make the decision to return to dental school prior to a career in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Tahim A. S. , Payne K. F. B. , Goodson A. M. C. , Cabot L. B. , Fan K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroductionOral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) trainees in the UK have traditionally completed their dental undergraduate studies prior to returning to medical school. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of medical graduates who return to dental school before embarking on OMFS specialist training. There is limited research into the career motivation within this group and little guidance on how they may integrate the dental undergraduate course into their postgraduate training path. This study aims to evaluate these factors in more detail.MethodsQuestionnaires and focus groups were used to evaluate prior surgical experience of qualified medics who return to dental school with the intention of pursuing a career in OMFS, along with the factors that affect the timing of their return to dental school.ResultsThe average age of medical graduates entering dental school decreased during the study period. The average number of months each cohort of students spent as a practicing doctor prior to starting dentistry also reduced. Postgraduate experience in OMFS was highly variable, but the numbers of students who received alternative exposure to OMFS, such as undergraduate special study modules, medical school elective or taster weeks, increased. The key barriers that were carefully considered by these trainees before returning to university included the perceived increase in the length of training, trainees' prior surgical experience, financial implications and the impact on quality of life.ConclusionsA trainee's decision to return to study dentistry is a multifactorial process. Understanding when trainees decide to return to sit their dental degree is vital not only to provide guidance for future trainees but also to assist future workforce planning, thus aiding training, education and development within OMFS.
An introduction to clinical practice guideline for Chinese undergraduates in stomatology
Authors: Li C. , Zheng J. , Guo C. , Ling J. , Yu H. , Zhang J. , Tai B. , Hou T. , Tang G. , Sun W. , Wang S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Society of Dental Education, Chinese Stomatological Association has formulated the Standards of Clinical Practice for Chinese Undergraduate Students Majoring in Stomatology, on the basis of extensively soliciting the views of experts in various fields. The aim of this standard is to guide clinical teaching and improve teaching quality in schools of stomatology in China. The standards include eight parts: the standard of clinical practice for oral and maxillofacial surgery, for cariology and endodontics, for periodontics, for the oral mucosa diseases, for preventive dentistry, for pedodontology, for prosthodontics and for oral imageology. Each part includes introduction to subjects, the clinical practice time period, the purpose and requirements of practice, the disease types of practice and items of clinical operation, the index of the lowest workload of practice and the major methods of assessment. These standards are not only the basic requirements and guiding principles for clinical teaching, but also the major criteria for assessing the clinical teaching quality of stomatological colleges/schools of China.