bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF SERUM CHOLYLGLYCINE CONCENTRATION AND BROMSULPHALEIN RETENTION IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY AND LATE ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
Authors: BARNES P. , LUNZER M. , O'HALLORAN M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMeasurement of serum bile acids has been claimed to be a sensitive and specific biochemical test of hepatic function. We have prospectively measured post‐prandial serum glycocholate (cholylglycine) concentrations in 31 patients with alcoholic liver disease and compared these measurements with those of bromsulphalein (BSP) retention, prothrombin time, and serum albumin.In the patients with early (non‐cirrhotic) alcoholic liver disease (N = 14) BSP retention was abnormal significantly more frequently than was serum cholylglycine concentration (100% vs 29%, p < 0.001). In contrast, amongst patients with late (cirrhotic) alcoholic liver disease, BSP retention and serum cholylglycine were abnormal with equal frequency (94%). In both groups of patients BSP retention and serum cholylglycine were abnormal significantly more often than were prothrombin time and serum albumin concentrations.We conclude that moderately severe hepatocellular dysfunction is required before serum cholylglycine can become a reliable biochemical indicator of liver disease.
SNEDDON'‘S SYNDROME
Authors: SCOTT I. A. , BOYLE R. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA 24 year old woman presented with generalised livedo reticularis and progressive intellectual decline. A CT scan of her head showed multifocal low density areas, consistent with cerebral infarction. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusive disease of major vessels, an arteriovenous malformation, and moya‐moya type anastomoses. There was no other associated systemic illness. Sneddon's syndrome was the provisional diagnosis. Her older brother had the same skin condition and was also shown to have occlusive cerebrovascular disease. The pathogenesis and natural history of this uncommon disease are highlighted.
Post‐glacial recolonization of the North American Arctic by Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus): genetic evidence of multiple northern refugia and hybridization between glacial lineages
Authors: Moore Jean‐Sébastien , Bajno Robert , Reist James D. , Taylor Eric B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsWe investigated post‐glacial recolonization of the North American Arctic by Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and examined potential hybridization between different glacial lineages upon secondary contact.LocationNorth American Arctic and adjacent areas.MethodsWe collected mtDNA sequence data from 1355 individuals from 110 sampling locations and data from nine microsatellite loci from 931 individuals from 37 locations. We assessed the phylogenetic relationships and geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes and conducted historical demographic analyses. We used a Bayesian clustering analysis method to detect potential hybridization between glacial lineages.ResultsTwo highly divergent mtDNA lineages were identified in the Arctic region with distinct but overlapping geographic distributions: one in Beringia and the other over the entire Arctic Archipelago and coastal mainland east of Alaska. The microsatellite data also implied the existence of these two lineages. Evidence of hybridization was detected between the Arctic lineage and an Atlantic lineage in eastern North America.Main conclusionsOur data suggested survival and recolonization from two northern glacial refugia: one in Beringia and another in a smaller refugium, perhaps in the Arctic Archipelago itself or a separate refugium within Beringia. Patterns of hybridization detected supported the presence of a secondary contact zone between glacial lineages in the eastern Canadian Arctic.
Convergent evolution across theAustralian continent: ecotype diversification drives morphological convergence in two distantly related clades ofAustralian frogs
Authors: Vidal‐García M. , Keogh J. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnimals from different clades but subject to similar environments often evolve similar body shapes and physiological adaptations due to convergent evolution, but this has been rarely tested at the transcontinental level and across entire classes of animal. Australia's biome diversity, isolation and aridification history provide excellent opportunities for comparative analyses on broad‐scale macroevolutionary patterns. We collected morphological and environmental data on eighty‐four (98%) Australian hylid frog species and categorized them into ecotypes. Using a phylogenetic framework, we tested the hypothesis that frogs from the same ecotype display similar body shape patterns: (i) across all the Australian hylids, and (ii) through comparison with a similar previous study on 127 (97%) Australian myobatrachid species. Body size and shape variation did not follow a strong phylogenetic pattern and was not tightly correlated with environment, but there was a stronger association between morphotype and ecotype. Both arboreal and aquatic frogs had long limbs, whereas limbs of fossorial species were shorter. Other terrestrial species were convergent on the more typical frog body shape. We quantified the strength of morphological convergence at two levels: (i) between fossorial myobatrachid and hylid frogs, and (ii) in each ecomorph within the hylids. We found strong convergence within ecotypes, especially in fossorial species. Ecotypes were also reflected in physiological adaptations: both arboreal and cocooned fossorial frogs tend to have higher rates of evaporative water loss. Our results illustrate how adaptation to different ecological niches plays a crucial role in morphological evolution, boosting phenotypic diversity within a clade. Despite phylogenetic conservatism, morphological adaptation to repeatedly emerging new environments can erase the signature of ancestral morphotypes, resulting in phenotypic diversification and convergence both within and between diverse clades.
The impact of high‐order epistasis in the within‐host fitness of a positive‐sense plant RNA virus
Authors: Lalić J. , Elena S. F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRNA viruses are the main source of emerging infectious diseases because of the evolutionary potential bestowed by their fast replication, large population sizes and high mutation and recombination rates. However, an equally important property, which is usually neglected, is the topography of the fitness landscape. How many fitness maxima exist and how well they are connected is especially interesting, as this determines the number of accessible evolutionary pathways. To address this question, we have reconstructed a region of the fitness landscape of tobacco etch potyvirus constituted by mutations observed during the experimental adaptation of the virus to the novel host Arabidopsis thaliana. Fitness was measured for many genotypes and showed the existence of multiple peaks and holes in the landscape. We found prevailing epistatic effects between mutations, with cases of reciprocal sign epistasis being common among pairs of mutations. We also found that high‐order epistasis was as important as pairwise epistasis in their contribution to fitness. Therefore, results suggest that the landscape was rugged due to the existence of holes caused by lethal genotypes, that a very limited number of potential neutral paths exist and that it contained a single adaptive peak.
The RISPOSTA procedure for the collection, storage and analysis of high quality, consistent and reliable damage data in the aftermath of floods
Authors: Ballio F. , Molinari D. , Minucci G. , Mazuran M. , Arias Munoz C. , Menoni S. , Atun F. , Ardagna D. , Berni N. , Pandolfo C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite the perceived abundance of information collected after a disaster, available data furnish a narrow picture of flood impacts, or they are difficult to compare so as to produce an integrated interpretation of flood events. This is due to the diversity of the purposes for which data are collected and the variety of stakeholders involved in data collection and management. The RISPOSTA procedure addresses the need for standardised ways to collect flood damage data and to create consistent and reliable flood databases that meet the objectives of risk mitigation. In this regard, the procedure satisfies several requirements of loss data: (1) the data should refer to the different exposed sectors so as to supply a comprehensive view of flood impacts; (2) they should be collected at the finest scale so that the proper scale of analysis can be chosen by subsequent data aggregation; (3) they should be linked to the physical event as well as to the features of the different exposed elements so as to supply information on both flood impacts and their explicative variables; and (4) they should be collected at different times according to the unfolding of the event in order to describe the entire range of possible damage.
Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of two different nickel–titanium rotary files in curved root canals of extracted human molar teeth
Authors: Ferrara Giulia , Taschieri Silvio , Corbella Stefano , Ceci Caterina , Del Fabbro Massimo , Machtou Pierre 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to compare the shaping ability of two different nickel–titanium rotary files in the curved root canals of extracted human molar teeth.MethodsThirty root canals of 17 extracted human molars teeth were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n = 15): ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal (PTU), on the basis of the rotary files system used. The final size of all apical foramina was 0.25 mm in diameter. Standardized digital radiographs were taken before and after instrumentation in both clinical and proximal views, with a size 10 K‐file inserted into the canal for the determination of the angle of curvature and apical transportation. Preparation time and fractured or deformed instruments were also recorded. The unpaired Student's t‐test was used to compare results.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the two instruments with respect to canal straightening and apical transportation before and after instrumentation (P > 0.05). The use of both instruments resulted in a significant reduction in the angle of curvature after instrumentation (P < 0.05). Instrumentation time was significantly greater for PTU (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next systems performed similarly with regard to the straightening of curved root canals and apical transportation. ProTaper Next was significantly faster than ProTaper Universal.
Adaptive behaviour of Chinese boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Zhu Z. , Li W. , Zhan J. , Hu L. , Wu L. , Zhao Z. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAdaptive behaviour is closely related to quality of life in children with intellectual disability (ID), but little is known about the adaptive behaviour of children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) in China.MethodIn boys with FXS, the adaptive behaviours in six domains, including self‐dependence, locomotion, work skills, communication, socialisation and self‐management, were assessed by the Infants‐Junior Middle School Students Social‐life Abilities Scale. In addition, we compared the adaptive skills of boys with FXS to those of three control groups of boys, including boys with Down syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) boys matched by chronological age (CA) or mental age (MA). The profile of the adaptive behaviour of boys with FXS is discussed in detail.ResultsCompared to boys with DS, boys with FXS obtained lower scores in three domains in adaptive behaviour, including work skills, socialisation and self‐management skills; boys with FXS had better scores in self‐dependence and locomotion skills than boys matched for MA; as expected, boys with FXS had significantly poorer adaptive skills in all six domains assessed compared to CA boys.ConclusionThe development of adaptive skills in boys with FXS was worse than that of boys with DS. The profile of the adaptive behaviour of boys with FXS establishes a basis for the development of targeted interventions to promote social development in this population. © 2015 MENCAP and International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Is riluzole a new drug for Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Whitcomb Daniel J. , Molnár Elek 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
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This Editorial highlights a study by Hunsberger et al. (2015) in the current issue of Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors explore the effects of riluzole (R) treatment on tau‐P301L transgenic mice. The authors employed a comprehensive analysis of possible restorative effects of the drug by examining glutamate levels in subregions of the hippocampus, expression of tau and its hyper‐phosphorylated forms, and memory function using behavioral tests. The authors report a simultaneous reduction in glutamate reuptake and an increase in glutamate release in the tau‐P301L model, both of which are ameliorated with riluzole treatment. The authors' findings have implications for our understanding of synaptic transmission mechanisms also associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology.
HEDONIC PRICING WHEN HOUSING IS ENDOGENOUS: THE VALUE OF ACCESS TO THE TRANS‐ISRAEL HIGHWAY*
Authors: Beenstock Michael , Feldman Dan , Felsenstein Daniel 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTStandard hedonic house pricing assumes that house prices are independent of the intangible to be priced. A methodology is proposed in which the supply as well as the demand for housing depends on the intangible. The methodology is applied to value access to the Trans‐Israel Highway (TIH). Using spatial panel data (2002–2008) we show that TIH had two effects on the housing market. It increased house prices in locations with greater access to TIH, and it affected housing construction. Standard hedonic pricing would have underestimated the value of access because it ignores the effects of housing construction on the intangible to be priced. House prices began to increase three years before TIH was inaugurated, but housing construction did not anticipate the inauguration of TIH.
Caring stress, suicidal attitude and suicide care ability among family caregivers of suicidal individuals: a path analysis
Authors: Chiang C.‐Y. , Lu C.‐Y. , Lin Y.‐H. , Lin H.‐Y. , Sun F.‐K. 
Published: September 2015

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Suicide is a global mental health issue. Taking care of suicidal individuals is a substantial challenge. Most studies emphasize the suicidal individual. Few studies have emphasized the family caregivers of suicidal individuals.
No study has explored the relationship between family caregivers' caring stress with suicidal attitudes and suicide care ability.
What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

The main results indicated that the older family caregivers tended to have a more negative attitude towards suicidal individuals. Female family caregivers' stress was higher than that of male family caregivers.
A mild level of caring stress would help family caregivers have a more positive attitude towards suicidal individuals. Furthermore, a positive attitude would help family caregivers improve their caring ability.
What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses could help family caregivers, especially female family caregivers, reduce their holistic caring burden by looking for support resources and enhancing their coping strategies.
Mental health nurses could help family caregivers promote positive attitudes towards suicidal relatives by understanding suicidal individuals' suffering.
AbstractIntroductionSuicide is a global mental health issue. Family caregivers play a key role in preventing suicide attempts.AimsThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship among stress due to the family caregiver's role, suicidal attitude of the family caregiver and suicide care ability among family caregivers. Additionally, instruments of caring stress, attitudes towards suicidal relatives and caring abilities used in the study were tested to measure construct validity.MethodsA cross‐sectional correlational study was conducted with 164 family caregivers of people who are suicidal. The following three questionnaires were used: the Caring Stress Scale, the Suicidal Attitudes Scale and the Suicidal Caring Ability Scale. Structural equation modelling was performed using SPSS AMOS 19.0 to examine the path relationships among variables.ResultsBivariate analyses showed that age was negatively correlated with suicidal attitude. In the final path model, caring stress had a positive effect on suicidal attitudes. Suicidal attitude and suicide care ability were highly positively correlated. Gender had a direct effect on caring stress, which indicated that female family caregivers experienced more stress from their role.Implications for practice:Mental health nurses could help family caregivers become aware of the emotional pain that suicidal people experience and then promote their positive attitudes towards their suicidal relatives. Furthermore, family caregivers could increase their ability to care for their suicidal relatives, which could reduce the numbers of suicides.
Physiological adaptive indicators in fasted neonate broiler chicks in response to calcium gluconate injection
Authors: Khosravinia H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryFour hundred and eighty mixed‐sex broiler chicks aged 3 h after hatching were allotted according to a completely random design in a 6 × 2 × 2 factorial schedule into two groups of 12 replications of 20 chicks each. The main experimental factors were fasting for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after chick placement and calcium gluconate (Ca‐glu) injection (0 and 0.6 ml). Live body weight (BW) of chicks decreased linearly (Y = 43.36–0.109BW0 h, r2 = 0.876) as neonatal fasting extended. Injection of 0.6 ml Ca‐glu at 3 h post‐hatching did not affect weight loss of chicks. Yolk residuals (YR) utilized linearly (Y = 5.75–0.062YR, r2 = 0.956) by 0.062 g/h in neonate fasted chicks up to 48 h, showing no effect of Ca‐glu injection. Neonatal fasting periods longer than 12 h increased liver weight (p < 0.05). The mean absolute and proportional (% of BW0 h) breast and leg weight were reduced linearly as neonatal fasting extended (p < 0.05). Serum glucose concentration increased up to 6 h and then reduced linearly to 150 mg/dl after 48‐h fasting. The Ca‐glu treatment influenced serum glucose level for a short period up to 6 h of fasting. Serum Ca concentration sharply increased up to threefolds in the birds received Ca‐glu injection resulting in acute hypercalcemia, then decreased to the initial level after 24‐h feed withdrawal (p < 0.05). The mean serum level for creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL, albumins and total proteins significantly increased during the fasting periods of 6 to 48 h and significantly elevated in the birds receiving 0.6‐ml Ca‐glu injection compared with the non‐treated chicks (p < 0.05). It was concluded that subcutaneous administration of 0.6 ml Ca‐glu in the chick's neck did not suitably support the increased metabolic demands for glucose and calcium in feed‐deprived neonate chicks.
Thiamine‐induced priming against root‐knot nematode infection in rice involves lignification and hydrogen peroxide generation
Authors: Huang Wen‐Kun , Ji Hong‐Li , Gheysen Godelieve , Kyndt Tina 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThiamine (vitamin B1, VB1) can act as a plant defence trigger, or priming agent, leading to a rapid counterattack on pathogen invasion. In this study, the priming effect of thiamine on rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) and its activity against root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) infection were evaluated. Thiamine treatment and subsequent nematode inoculation activated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and lignin deposition in plant roots, and this correlated with enhanced transcription of OsPAL1 and OsC4H, two genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The number of nematodes in rice roots was slightly but significantly reduced, and the development of the nematodes was delayed, whereas no direct toxic effects of VB1 on nematode viability and infectivity were observed. The combined application of thiamine with l‐2‐aminooxy‐3‐phenylpropionic acid (AOPP), an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), significantly hampered the VB1‐priming capacity. These findings indicate that thiamine‐induced priming in rice involves H2O2 and phenylpropanoid‐mediated lignin production, which hampers nematode infection. Further cellular and molecular studies on the mechanism of thiamine‐induced defence will be useful for the development of novel nematode control strategies.
Dental caries – not just holes in teeth! A perspective
Authors: Bowen W.H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCavitation in teeth results from a pathogenic process termed dental caries that has occurred on the tooth surface for weeks or even years. Accumulation of dental plaque (biofilm) on the tooth is usually the first manifestation of the disease. Although acid production is the immediate and proximal cause of dissolution of teeth; it is the milieu within which the acid is formed that should be of primary concern. Focusing on the ‘critical pH’ has detracted attention from the more biological aspects (biofilm formation) of dental caries. Dental caries is unique; it is a biological process occurring on essentially an inert surface. Investigation of the multitude of interactions occurring in plaque ranging from enamel interfaces to surfaces of bacteria and matrices poses challenges worthy of the best scientific minds. The mouth clearly offers unique opportunities to investigate the multi facets of biofilm formation in vivo, generating data that have relevance way beyond the mouth. Prevention of this ubiquitous disease, dental caries, continues to present serious challenges. The public health benefits of fluoride delivered in its various formats are well recognized. Nevertheless, additional preventive approaches are required. Overcoming the rapid clearance of agents from the mouth is particularly challenging. Building on the polymerizing capacity of glucosyltransferases it may be possible to incorporate a therapeutic agent into the matrix plaque, thereby delivering therapeutic agents precisely to where they are needed.
Downfall of the current antibody correlates of influenza vaccine response in yearly vaccinated subjects: Toward qualitative rather than quantitative assays
Authors: Cagigi Alberto , Cotugno Nicola , Rinaldi Stefano , Santilli Veronica , Rossi Paolo , Palma Paolo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractResponse to seasonal influenza vaccination is currently evaluated by antibody correlates that estimate vaccine seroconversion as well as immune protection. These correlates rely on the general dogmas surrounding seasonal influenza vaccination; that is, that vaccine‐induced antibodies would exclusively generate immunity to influenza vaccine strains and that protective immunity would wane before the next season. Here, we summarize recently reported data on immunity to seasonal influenza in healthy individuals and rediscuss results on yearly vaccinated pediatric immunocompromised patients that together highlight the need for revision of the current correlates of vaccine response to shift from quantitative to qualitative measurements.