bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equitable Access to Comprehensive Surgical Care: The Potential of Indigenous Private Philanthropy in Low‐Income Settings
Authors: Samad Lubna , Iqbal Mehreen , Tariq Ahson , Shahzad Wasif , Khan Aamir J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionEquitable access to surgical care is necessary for improving global health. We report on the performance, financial sustainability, and policy impact of a free‐of‐cost multispecialty surgical delivery program in Karachi, Pakistan built upon local private philanthropy.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated trends in surgical service delivery, expenditures, and philanthropic donations from Indus Hospital’s first 5 years of operation (2007–2012), projected these over the hospital’s current expansion phase, compared these to publicly accessible records of other philanthropic hospitals providing surgical care, and documented the government’s evolving policies toward this model.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2012, Indus Hospital treated 40,012 in‐patients free of cost, 33,606 (84 %) of them for surgical procedures. Surgical procedures increased fivefold to 9,478 during 2011–2012 from 1,838 during 2007–2008. Bed occupancy increased to 91 % from 65 % over the same period. External surgical missions accounted for less than 0.5 % of patients served. Ninety‐eight percent (98 %) of all philanthropic donations—totaling USD 26.6 million over 2007–2012—were locally generated. Zakat (obligatory annual religious alms in the Islamic faith) constituted 34 % of all donations, followed by unrestricted funds (24 %) and donations‐in‐kind (24 %), buildings (12 %), grants (5 %), and return on investments (1 %). Overall, donations received between 2007 and 2012 increased sevenfold, with Zakat increasing 12‐fold. During 2013–2014, the Government of Pakistan provided land lease and annual operational grants totaling USD 9 million.ConclusionsLocal philanthropy can sustain and grow the provision of free, high‐quality surgical care in low‐income settings, and encourage the development of hybrid government–philanthropic models of surgical care.
Pedestrian Injuries‐Related Deaths: A Global Evaluation
Authors: Eid Hani O. , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivePedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at risk of injuries and death on the roads. We aimed to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries‐related deaths worldwide and to give recommendations regarding their prevention priorities.MethodsData on pedestrian injuries‐related deaths for years 2007 and 2010 were retrieved from the WHO global status reports on road safety. These included the country population, gross national income (GNI), number of registered vehicles, estimated pedestrian deaths rate, effectiveness of enforcement of law, and the presence of policies to promote walking or cycling. Correlations between studied variables were done using Spearman rank correlation. General linear models were used to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries‐related deaths.ResultsThe median (range) pedestrian death rates of different countries per 100,000 population significantly decreased in year 2010 compared with year 2007 [3.9 (0–13.5) compared with 4.2 (0–23.6), (p = 0.004, Wilcoxon signed rank test)]. There was a reduction of 8.1 % of the global pedestrian death rate between 2007 and 2010. The estimated pedestrian lives saved annually worldwide of a population of 6.8 billion were 23,120 persons. A general linear model has shown that GNI (p = 0.001) and population density (p = 0.01) were the best predictors of pedestrian death rates in 2007, while national legislation (p = 0.03) was the best predictor of pedestrian death rates in 2010.ConclusionsThere is a change in the factors affecting pedestrian mortality worldwide over time. GNI and population density became less significant than national legislation enforcement. Legislation and its enforcement are important to achieve the UN mission of reducing road traffic deaths by 5 million over the next decade.
The Republic of Letters: Arab Modernity? [Pt. II]
Authors: al-Musawi Muhsin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this part, the implications of negativism are interrogated, especially as they lead to a deliberate negligence on the part of some nahḍah scholars to overlook significant and in fact groundbreaking contributions to the theories of translation as laid down by al-Jāḥiẓ, for example. Counter readings by other nahḍah scholars and translators balance and should have corrected the view of$T{\hskip-5.6pt\vskip1.9pt.}\,$āhā Ḥusayn, whose alignment with the Enlightenment prevented him from exploring even the most salient features of a past tradition. The medieval as a powerful dynamic in the makeup of historical understanding can be traced in writings by Mudawwar, Sulaymān Khaṭṭar al-Bustānī, and others, but these draw on a Golden past (the Abbasid) as an imaginary that sustains another lineage that takes translation from a Greco-Roman tradition as an invigorating enterprise in an otherwise lively Abbasid (750–978; and then until 1258) culture that was already triumphant. In other words this reclamation of the Golden past was not meant to disparage the Middle Ages, that is, the Mamluk period (1250–1517), but to obliquely criticize cultural dependency on Europe. Hence, prominent journals and publishers did not shy away from picking their designations and names from the Mamluk parlance and architectural sites. These two trends in lexical activity, translation, and historicization attest to a differentiated nahḍah space where the proclaimed epistemic discontinuity with the immediate past was balanced by the setup of a schema for translation as a schema for the nation, a premise that was also applied to the lexicon as a pan-Arab cauldron.
BEETHOVEN AND THE SOUND OF REVOLUTION IN VIENNA, 1792–1814
Authors: JONES RHYS 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBeethoven the revolutionary is fading from history. Ossified by the Romantic tradition and, under the pressure of recent revision, reconsidered as conservative and prone to power worship, Beethoven's music has been drained of its radical essence. Yet his compositions also evoked the sonic impact of revolution – its aesthetic of natural violence and terrifying sublime – and so created an aural image of revolutionary action. Through stylistic appropriations of Luigi Cherubini and others, Beethoven imported the rhetorical tropes of French revolutionary composition to the more culturally conservative environment of Vienna. But where the music of revolutionary Paris accompanied concerted political action, the Viennese music that echoed its exhortative rhetoric played to audiences that remained politically mute. This inertia was the result of both a Viennese mode of listening that encouraged a solely internalized indulgence in revolution, and a Beethovenian musical rhetoric that both goaded and satisfied latent political radicalism. Far from rallying the public to the figurative barricades, then, the radical content of Beethoven's music actually helped satiate – and thereby stymie – the outward expression of rebellion in Vienna. This article is a bid to reaffirm the revolutionary in Beethoven.
ELIZABETHAN PURITANISM AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN POST-MARIAN ENGLAND
Authors: HARKINS ROBERT 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new perspective on Elizabethan puritanism. In particular, it examines the ways in which the memory of Marian conformity continued to influence religious and political controversy during the reign of Elizabeth I. Drawing upon extensive archival evidence, it focuses on moments when the chequered pasts of Queen Elizabeth, William Cecil, and other chief officers of English church and state were called into question by puritan critics. In contrast to the prevailing narrative of Elizabethan triumphalism, it argues that late Tudor religion and politics were shaped by lingering puritan distrust of those who had revealed a propensity for idolatry by conforming during the Marian persecution. This fraught history of religious conformity meant that, for some puritans, the Church of England had been built on unstable foundations.
Antibiotic prescriptions and cycles ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfections in Norway: can a nationwide prescription register be used for surveillance?
Authors: BLIX H. S. , VESTRHEIM D. F. , HJELLVIK V. , SKAARE D. , CHRISTENSEN A. , STEINBAKK M. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYMycoplasma pneumoniaeoutbreaks cause increased use of macrolides and tetracyclines. We aimed to investigate whether drug use data, in addition to laboratory data, could improve understanding of the spread ofM. pneumoniaeepidemics. Number of users ofMycoplasmaantibiotics (erythromycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin) per week and county of residence in an indicator age group (6–12 years) was retrieved from the Norwegian prescription database for the epidemic season 2011–2012 and compared to non-epidemic seasons. In 2011, increased use ofMycoplasmaantibiotics was first observed in September on the west coast of Norway. The Norwegian laboratory-based surveillance system showed the first increase in positive tests in August 2011 and an epidemic was announced on 25 October 2011. At that time the use ofMycoplasmaantibiotics had already exceeded three times the use in non-epidemic periods. Data for three counties from the regional microbiological laboratories showed that the increase in number of positive samples coincided in time with the increase in prescription data. Laboratory data cannot accurately determine the extent of an epidemic, and drug use data cannot identify the cause. Establishing a systematic interaction between the two monitoring systems will enhance surveillance and probably contribute to improved infection control and prudent antibiotic prescribing.
Characteristics and TB treatment outcomes in TB patients with viral hepatitis, New York City, 2000–2010
Authors: BUSHNELL G. , STENNIS N. L. , DROBNIK A. M. , PROOPS D. C. , AHUJA S. D. , BORNSCHLEGEL K. , FULD J. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYLiterature surrounding the burden of and factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in persons with tuberculosis (TB) disease remains limited and focused on populations outside the USA. Cross-matched New York City (NYC) TB and viral hepatitis surveillance data were used to estimate the proportion of NYC adults diagnosed with TB from 2000 to 2010 with a report of viral hepatitis infection and to describe the impact of viral hepatitis infection on TB treatment completion and death. For 9512 TB patients, HCV infection was reported in 4·2% and HBV infection in 3·7%; <1% of TB patients had both HCV and HBV infection. The proportion of TB patients with HCV infection to die before TB treatment completion was larger than in TB patients without a viral hepatitis report (21%vs. 9%); this association remained when stratified by HIV status. There was no significant difference in death before treatment completion for TB patients with HBV infection compared to TB patients without a viral hepatitis report when stratified by HIV status. These findings reinforce the importance of hepatitis testing and providing additional support to TB patients with viral hepatitis infection.
Addendum to ‘The Katětov construction modified for a T0-quasi-metric space’
Authors: KÜNZI HANS-PETER A. , SANCHIS MANUEL 
Published: November 2014

It is known that if K is a compact subset of the (separable complete) metric Urysohn space (${\mathbb U}$, d) and f is a Katětov function on the subspace K of (${\mathbb U}$, d), then there is z ∈ ${\mathbb U}$ such that d(z, x) = f(x) for all x ∈ K.Answering a question of Normann, we show in this article that the supseparable bicomplete q-universal ultrahomogeneous T0-quasi-metric space (q${\mathbb U}$, D) recently discussed by the authors satisfies a similar property for Katětov function pairs on subsets that are compact in the associated metric space (q${\mathbb U}$, Ds).
A light-weight integration of automated and interactive theorem proving
Authors: KANSO KARIM , SETZER ANTON 
Published: November 2014

In this paper, aimed at dependently typed programmers, we present a novel connection between automated and interactive theorem proving paradigms. The novelty is that the connection offers a better trade-off between usability, efficiency and soundness when compared to existing techniques. This technique allows for a powerful interactive proof framework that facilitates efficient verification of finite domain theorems and guided construction of the proof of infinite domain theorems. Such situations typically occur with industrial verification. As a case study, an embedding of SAT and CTL model checking is presented, both of which have been implemented for the dependently typed proof assistant Agda.Finally, an example of a real world railway control system is presented, and shown using our proof framework to be safe with respect to an abstract model of trains not colliding or derailing. We demonstrate how to formulate safety directly and show using interactive theorem proving that signalling principles imply safety. Therefore, a proof by an automated theorem prover that the signalling principles hold for a concrete system implies the overall safety. Therefore, instead of the need for domain experts to validate that the signalling principles imply safety they only need to make sure that the safety is formulated correctly. Therefore, some of the validation is replaced by verification using interactive theorem proving.
Correcting Bias Caused by Missing Data in the Estimate of the Effect of Apolipoprotein ε4 on Cognitive Decline
Authors: Hall Charles B. , Lipton Richard B. , Katz Mindy J. , Wang Cuiling 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLongitudinal administration of neuropsychological instruments are often used to assess age-related changes in cognition. Informative loss to follow-up may bias the results of these studies. Herein, we use auxiliary data to adjust for informative loss to follow-up. In the Einstein Aging Study, memory was assessed annually in a community sample of adults age 70+, free of dementia at baseline, using the free recall from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, andviatelephone using the Memory Impairment Screen for Telephone (the auxiliary data). Joint linear mixed models were used to assess how the effect of the APOE ε4 genotype may be affected by informative missingness in the in-person data. A total of 620 EAS participants contributed 2085 person years of follow-up to the analyses. Memory decline rates estimated in joint models were 19% greater in ε4 negative participants and 27% greater in ε4 positive participants compared to traditional approaches; the effect of APOE ε4 on memory decline was 37% greater. Joint modeling methods can help address bias caused by informative missing data in the estimation of the effect of risk factors on cognitive change, and may be applicable to a broader range of outcomes in longitudinal aging studies. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–6)
Structure Identification in High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic Images: An Example on Graphene
Authors: Vestergaard Jacob S. , Kling Jens , Dahl Anders B. , Hansen Thomas W. , Wagner Jakob B. , Larsen Rasmus 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA connection between microscopic structure and macroscopic properties is expected for almost all material systems. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy is a technique offering insight into the atomic structure, but the analysis of large image series can be time consuming. The present work describes a method to automatically estimate the atomic structure in two-dimensional materials. As an example graphene is chosen, in which the positions of the carbon atoms are reconstructed. Lattice parameters are extracted in the frequency domain and an initial atom positioning is estimated. Next, a plausible neighborhood structure is estimated. Finally, atom positions are adjusted by simulation of a Markov random field model, integrating image evidence and the strong geometric prior. A pristine sample with high regularity and a sample with an induced hole are analyzed. False discovery rate-controlled large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing is used as a statistical framework for interpretation of results. The first sample yields, as expected, a homogeneous distribution of carbon–carbon (C–C) bond lengths. The second sample exhibits regions of shorter C–C bond lengths with a preferred orientation, suggesting either strain in the structure or a buckling of the graphene sheet. The precision of the method is demonstrated on simulated model structures and by its application to multiple exposures of the two graphene samples.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNIVALENT HARMONIC MAPPINGS ON THE UNIT DISK WITH HALF-INTEGER COEFFICIENTS
Authors: PONNUSAMY SAMINATHAN , QIAO JINJING 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLet${\mathcal{S}}$denote the set of all univalent analytic functions$f$of the form$f(z)=z+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{n}$on the unit disk$|z|<1$. In 1946, Friedman [‘Two theorems on Schlicht functions’,Duke Math. J.13(1946), 171–177] found that the set${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathbb{Z}}$of those functions in${\mathcal{S}}$which have integer coefficients consists of only nine functions. In a recent paper, Hiranuma and Sugawa [‘Univalent functions with half-integer coefficients’,Comput. Methods Funct. Theory13(1) (2013), 133–151] proved that the similar set obtained for functions with half-integer coefficients consists of only 21 functions; that is, 12 more functions in addition to these nine functions of Friedman from the set${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathbb{Z}}$. In this paper, we determine the class of all normalized sense-preserving univalent harmonic mappings$f$on the unit disk with half-integer coefficients for the analytic and co-analytic parts of$f$. It is surprising to see that there are only 27 functions out of which only six functions in this class are not conformal. This settles the recent conjecture of the authors. We also prove a general result, which leads to a new conjecture.
Which plan to choose? The determinants of pension system choice for public school teachers
Authors: GOLDHABER DAN , GROUT CYRUS 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper examines a natural experiment in which Washington State teachers were offered the opportunity to choose between enrolling in a traditional defined benefit (DB) plan and a hybrid plan with DB and defined contribution (DC) components. We find plan preference is weakly related to estimates of the relative financial benefits of being in either the DB or hybrid system and strongly related to teacher age. Importantly, we also find that the majority of teachers prefer the hybrid plan, and that teachers opting into the hybrid plan tend to be more effective based on student output measures of teacher productivity. These results suggest that policy shifts toward pension systems that include DC options do not necessarily make teaching a less desirable profession, particularly for the most productive employees.
Distinct profiling of antimicrobial peptide families
Authors: Khamis Abdullah M. , Essack Magbubah , Gao Xin , Bajic Vladimir B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Motivation: The increased prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens heightens the need to design new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit broad-spectrum potent activity against MDR pathogens and kills rapidly, thus giving rise to AMPs being recognized as a potential substitute for conventional antibiotics. Designing new AMPs using current in-silico approaches is, however, challenging due to the absence of suitable models, large number of design parameters, testing cycles, production time and cost. To date, AMPs have merely been categorized into families according to their primary sequences, structures and functions. The ability to computationally determine the properties that discriminate AMP families from each other could help in exploring the key characteristics of these families and facilitate the in-silico design of synthetic AMPs.
Results: Here we studied 14 AMP families and sub-families. We selected a specific description of AMP amino acid sequence and identified compositional and physicochemical properties of amino acids that accurately distinguish each AMP family from all other AMPs with an average sensitivity, specificity and precision of 92.88%, 99.86% and 95.96%, respectively. Many of our identified discriminative properties have been shown to be compositional or functional characteristics of the corresponding AMP family in literature. We suggest that these properties could serve as guides for in-silico methods in design of novel synthetic AMPs. The methodology we developed is generic and has a potential to be applied for characterization of any protein family.
Contact: vladimir.bajic@kaust.edu.sa
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of M dwarfs. I. CO molecule as an abundance indicator of carbon
Authors: Tsuji Takashi , Nakajima Tadashi 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Based on the near-infrared spectra of 42 M dwarfs, carbon abundances are determined from the ro-vibrational lines of the CO (2–0) band. We apply Teff values based on the angular diameters if available or use the Teff values in a log Teff–M3.4 relation (M3.4 is the absolute magnitude at 3.4 μm based on the WISE W1 flux and the Hipparcos parallax) to estimate Teff values of objects for which angular diameters are unknown. Also, we discuss briefly the HR diagram of low-mass stars. On the observed spectrum of the M dwarf, the continuum is depressed by the numerous weak lines of H2O and only the depressed continuum or the pseudo-continuum can be seen. On the theoretical spectrum of the M dwarf, the true continuum can be evaluated easily but the pseudo-continuum can also be evaluated accurately thanks to the recent H2O line database. Then spectroscopic analysis of the M dwarf can be done by referring to the pseudo-continuum both on the observed and theoretical spectra. Since the basic principle of the spectroscopic analysis should be the same whether the true- or pseudo-continuum is referred to, the difficulty related to the continuum in cool stars can in principle be overcome. Then, the numerous CO lines can be excellent abundance indicators of carbon, since almost all the carbon atoms are in stable CO molecules which suffer little effect of the uncertainties in photospheric structure, and carbon abundances in late-type stars can best be determined in M dwarfs rather than in solar type stars. The resulting C/Fe ratios for most M dwarfs are nearly constant at about the solar value based on the classical high carbon abundance rather than on the recently revised lower value. This result implies that the solar carbon abundance is atypical for its metallicity among the stellar objects in the solar neighborhood if the downward revised carbon abundance is correct.