bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor ‘surround inhibition’ is not correlated with activity in surround muscles
Authors: Kassavetis Panagiotis , Sadnicka Anna , Saifee Tabish A. , Belvisi Daniele , van den Bos Mehdi , Pareés Isabel , Kojovic Maja , Rothwell John C. , Edwards Mark J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSurround inhibition (SI) is a neural process that has been extensively investigated in the sensory system and has been recently probed in the motor system. Muscle‐specific modulation of corticospinal excitability at the onset of an isolated finger movement has been assumed to reflect the presence of SI in the motor system. This study attempted to characterise this phenomenon in a large cohort of normal volunteers and investigate its relationship with muscle activity in the hand. Corticospinal excitability of the pathways projecting to three hand muscles [first dorsal interosseus (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM)] and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the same muscles were assessed in 31 healthy volunteers during an isolated index finger movement. In the agonist FDI muscle both corticospinal excitability and EMG activity were found to be increased at the onset of the movement (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). On the contrary, in the surround ADM, there was dissociation between the corticospinal excitability (decreased: P < 0.001) and EMG activity (increased: P < 0.001). Cross‐correlation analysis of the EMG activity showed that neuronal signals driving the agonist and surround muscles are not synchronised when SI is present. The results suggest a distinctive origin of the neuronal signals driving the agonist and surround muscles. In addition, they indicate that cortical output might be simultaneously modulated by voluntary and non‐voluntary activity, generated in cortical and subcortical structures, respectively.
Turning Shy on a Winter's Day: Effects of Season on Personality and Stress Response in Microtus arvalis
Authors: Gracceva Giulia , Herde Antje , Groothuis Ton G. G. , Koolhaas Jaap M. , Palme Rupert , Eccard Jana A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAnimal personalities are by definition stable over time, but to what extent they may change during development and in adulthood to adjust to environmental change is unclear. Animals of temperate environments have evolved physiological and behavioural adaptations to cope with the cyclic seasonal changes. This may also result in changes in personality: suites of behavioural and physiological traits that vary consistently among individuals. Winter, typically the adverse season challenging survival, may require individuals to have shy/cautious personality, whereas during summer, energetically favourable to reproduction, individuals may benefit from a bold/risk‐taking personality. To test the effects of seasonal changes in early life and in adulthood on behaviours (activity, exploration and anxiety), body mass and stress response, we manipulated the photoperiod and quality of food in two experiments to simulate the conditions of winter and summer. We used the common voles (Microtus arvalis) as they have been shown to display personality based on behavioural consistency over time and contexts. Summer‐born voles allocated to winter conditions at weaning had lower body mass, a higher corticosterone increase after stress and a less active, more cautious behavioural phenotype in adulthood compared to voles born in and allocated to summer conditions. In contrast, adult females only showed plasticity in stress‐induced corticosterone levels, which were higher in the animals that were transferred to the winter conditions than to those staying in summer conditions. These results suggest a sensitive period for season‐related behavioural plasticity in which juveniles shift over the bold–shy axis.
Sibling Aggregation Preference Depends on Activity Phase in the European Earwig (Forficula auricularia)
Authors: Raveh Shirley , Vogt Dominik , Montavon Célien , Kölliker Mathias 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBenefits and costs of group living may be differentially influenced by kinship or familiarity and depend on context. For example, aggregation with kin may be costly in a mating context due to the risk of inbreeding, but beneficial in social interactions because it may reduce within‐group competition. Research investigating aggregation behaviour in different contexts is scarce, especially in gregarious invertebrates. In the present study, we investigated the aggregation among adult European earwigs (Forficula auricularia) by comparing the aggregation behaviour of groups composed of individuals from two different families with the aggregation dynamics of groups composed of individuals from the same family (siblings). Aggregation behaviour was measured both during the night (active phase) and during the day (inactive phase). Our results showed enhanced aggregation among individuals from the same family at night, but lack of such preferences during the day. These findings demonstrate that earwigs are able to recognize familiar relatives and that this information is used for aggregation decisions at night, while they are most active, but not during the day when they rest.
Fighting During Suckling: Is it Really an Epiphenomenon?
Authors: Skok Janko , Škorjanc Dejan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSuckling by piglets and kittens is accompanied by intense fighting among littermates. There are strong arguments that support the fighting for teats as an epiphenomenon, such as there being a sufficient number of mammary glands (teats) that are of equal quality for littermates, as suggested by Hudson and Distel (Ethology, 119, 2013, 353). However, this article presents a possible adaptive explanation for fighting during suckling. To substantiate the adaptive function of suckling fights, the disposability and limitations of colostrum are first considered. Other aspects are also discussed, such as the potential role of social thermoregulation, the stimulation of mammary glands (massage) and milk composition. Adaptive explanations for the absence/presence and intensity of suckling fights across species consider differences in the colostrum and mature milk composition, mechanisms of transferring immunoglobulin that supply passive immunity to neonates, strategies used to compete for teats and litter size. However, agonistic behaviours in the context of suckling should not be simply categorised as an epiphenomenon.
Exploring How a Shift in the Physical Environment Shapes Individual and Group Behavior across Two Social Contexts
Authors: Keiser Carl N. , Modlmeier Andreas P. , Singh Nishant , Jones Devin K. , Pruitt Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe presence or absence of social counterparts can be instrumental in shaping both individual and collective behaviors. Furthermore, factors of the social environment may safeguard individuals from environmental stressors. In the study reported here, we tested the effects of moving into a new habitat on the mean, variance, and repeatability of individual behavioral tendencies between two social contexts (isolated vs. in a social group). Using the arid social spider, Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae: Eresidae), we tested whether individuals' boldness was influenced by either (i) their time spent in a social group or (ii) their latency since having moved into a new habitat. We found that the effect of moving into a new habitat on individuals' boldness depended on whether spiders entered the novel environment in isolation or as part of a social group. Spiders that experienced a habitat shift with a social group showed no change in their average boldness, whereas individuals that shifted environments in isolation showed an increase in their mean boldness. Interestingly, neither of these trends was influenced by the time which had elapsed since the habitat shift, suggesting that shifting habitats has a lasting effect on isolated spiders' behavioral tendencies. Finally, we assessed how time spent in a new environment influenced colonies' collective foraging behavior. Here, we found that the longer social groups remained in a new environment, the faster the group responded to prey. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the effects of shifting physical environments on individuals' boldness may depend on individuals' social context, and that group tenure is associated with subtle shifts in colonies' collective foraging behavior.
Identification of stocked muskellunge and potential for distinguishing hatchery‐origin and wild fish using pelvic fin ray microchemistry
Authors: Rude N. P. , Smith K. T. , Whitledge G. W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe effectiveness of pelvic fin ray microchemistry of muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, to identify stocked individuals along with the potential to identify naturally reproduced fish were evaluated. Fish and water samples were obtained from one hatchery and seven lakes with natural differences in water Sr:Ca to determine whether location‐specific environmental signatures were recorded in sectioned muskellunge pelvic fin rays, including fish of known environmental history. Water and fin ray Sr:Ca were strongly correlated. Six lakes in Illinois possessed Sr:Ca signatures that were distinct from the hatchery where muskellunge were raised, resulting in pronounced shifts in Sr:Ca across sectioned fin rays of stocked fish. Hatchery and lake‐specific Sr:Ca signatures were stable across years. Sixteen of 19 individual fish known to have been stocked based on PIT tags implanted at stocking were correctly identified as hatchery‐origin fish using fin ray core Sr:Ca. Results also indicated that the hatchery Sr:Ca signal can be retained for at least 7 years in fin rays of stocked fish. Fin ray microchemistry is a non‐lethal approach for determining environmental history of muskellunge that could be used to assess movement patterns in lake and river systems and the degree to which muskellunge populations are supported by natural reproduction and stocking.
Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees
Authors: Chave Jérôme , Réjou‐Méchain Maxime , Búrquez Alberto , Chidumayo Emmanuel , Colgan Matthew S. , Delitti Welington B.C. , Duque Alvaro , Eid Tron , Fearnside Philip M. , Goodman Rosa C. , Henry Matieu , Martínez‐Yrízar Angelina , Mugasha Wilson A. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Mencuccini Maurizio , Nelson Bruce W. , Ngomanda Alfred , Nogueira Euler M. , Ortiz‐Malavassi Edgar , Pélissier Raphaël , Ploton Pierre , Ryan Casey M. , Saldarriaga Juan G. , Vieilledent Ghislain 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTerrestrial carbon stock mapping is important for the successful implementation of climate change mitigation policies. Its accuracy depends on the availability of reliable allometric models to infer oven‐dry aboveground biomass of trees from census data. The degree of uncertainty associated with previously published pantropical aboveground biomass allometries is large. We analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types (4004 trees ≥ 5 cm trunk diameter). When trunk diameter, total tree height, and wood specific gravity were included in the aboveground biomass model as covariates, a single model was found to hold across tropical vegetation types, with no detectable effect of region or environmental factors. The mean percent bias and variance of this model was only slightly higher than that of locally fitted models. Wood specific gravity was an important predictor of aboveground biomass, especially when including a much broader range of vegetation types than previous studies. The generic tree diameter–height relationship depended linearly on a bioclimatic stress variable E, which compounds indices of temperature variability, precipitation variability, and drought intensity. For cases in which total tree height is unavailable for aboveground biomass estimation, a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height. However, to minimize bias, the development of locally derived diameter–height relationships is advised whenever possible. Both new allometric models should contribute to improve the accuracy of biomass assessment protocols in tropical vegetation types, and to advancing our understanding of architectural and evolutionary constraints on woody plant development.
Geographies of Knowledge and Learning: The Example of Medical Technology
Authors: Hermelin Brita , Dahlström Margareta , Smas Lukas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper brings a geographical perspective to debates in research on knowledge and learning for the innovation of products and firms. The importance of understanding the development of “composite knowledge,” which should be understood as knowledge developed through the bridging of different knowledge fields, is stressed. The empirical focus of the study is medical technology. The arguments in this paper are based on a literature review, secondary data, and a “knowledge biography” case study of a firm located in Stockholm, Sweden. The discussion describes how knowledge networks may be multilocal, thus connecting partners in local, national, and international geographical settings. This paper shows that synergies and complementary relations between regional, network, and corporate spaces are focal points for the processes of knowledge dynamics. It also illustrates how “soft” factors in innovations (in addition to important and “hard” factors of technology and functionality improvements, for instance) are important. “Soft” factors include market, process and input innovations, and aesthetic expressions.
Effects of chloride, thiocyanate and sulphate salts on β‐lactoglobulin–pectin associative complexes
Authors: Hirt Stacey , Jones Owen G. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryProtein–polysaccharide complexes are used to improve protein stability and encapsulate high‐value ingredients, yet the influence of different salts on their formation has not been investigated. Using light scattering and turbidimetry, effects of chloride, sulphate and thiocyanate salts on β‐lactoglobulin and pectin complexes (protein/pectin ratio = 2:1 and 4:1) were determined in relation to effects of pH and ionic strength. Effects of anions on complex formation were significant at 25 mmol kg−1 added ionic strength. Cation effects were not significant. At 100 mmol kg−1 ionic strength, pH of complex formation increased with sulphate salts (pH 5.1) relative to chloride and thiocyanate salts (pH 4.9), while pH of coacervation increased with sulphate salts (pH 4.7) and decreased with thiocyanate salts (pH 4.4) relative to chloride salts (pH 4.6). Pure β‐lactoglobulin stability was otherwise reduced with thiocyanate salts below pH 5, implying a significant effect of pectin interactions.
Trap Levels in Eu and other Rare‐Earth Ions Codoped CaAl2O4 Phosphors
Authors: Katsumata Toru , Kubo Hiromi , Komuro Shuji , Aizawa Hiroaki 
Published: May 2014

Photoluminescence spectrum, trap depths, and densities of trapped carriers of CaAl2O4:Eu phosphor crystals doped with rare‐earth elements were studied using the thermally stimulated luminescence technique. Trap depths and densities of the specimens vary with rare‐earth elements doped as the auxiliary activators. Tm and Nd are found to be effective for the strong afterglow phosphorescence peaking at λ = 442 nm for several hours after the excitation. CaAl2O4:Eu phosphor crystals doped with Nd and Tm include high density of carriers trapped at E = 0.59 and 0.52 eV, respectively.
Sense of coherence and incidence of periodontal disease in adults
Authors: Kanhai Jai , Harrison Victoria E. , Suominen Anna L. , Knuuttila Matti , Uutela Antti , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimTo assess whether sense of coherence (SOC) predicts the 4‐year incidence of periodontal disease in adults.MethodsData from 848 adults who participated in both the Health 2000 Survey and the Follow‐Up Study of Finnish Adults' Oral Health were analysed. At baseline, participants provided information on demographic characteristics, education level, the SOC scale, pre‐existing diabetes and dental behaviours. The outcome measure was the change in number of teeth with pocketing ≥4 mm over 4 years over 4 years. Two separate sets of longitudinal analyses were conducted. The first set was conducted with all the 848 subjects who participated in both surveys and the second set was conducted with the 305 subjects who had no pocketing ≥4 mm at baseline.ResultsIn the full sample, baseline SOC was not associated with change in number of teeth with pocketing over 4 years (coefficient from linear regression: −0.28; 95% CI: −0.74 to 0.18). Similarly, baseline SOC was not associated with number of teeth with pocketing after 4 years (Rate Ratio: 0.94; 95%CI: 0.80 to 1.11) among those with no pocketing at baseline.ConclusionThis 4‐year prospective study suggests that SOC measured in adulthood does not explain change in the number of teeth with periodontal pocketing ≥4 mm.
Relationship between increases in BMI and changes in periodontal status: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ekuni Daisuke , Mizutani Shinsuke , Kojima Azusa , Tomofuji Takaaki , Irie Koichiro , Azuma Tetsuji , Yoneda Toshiki , Furuta Michiko , Eshima Nobuoki , Iwasaki Yoshiaki , Morita Manabu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimThe purpose of this prospective cohort study was to investigate whether body mass index (BMI) and oral health behaviour are related to changes in periodontal status in Japanese university students.Materials and MethodsStudents (n = 224) who were interested in receiving oral health examinations before entering university and before graduation were included in the analysis. Subjects were investigated regarding the correlations of oral health behaviours and increases in BMI with the percentage of bleeding on probing (%BOP) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores as indicators of changes in periodontal status.ResultsThe risk of increased %BOP was associated with the non‐use of dental floss (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31–7.37; p < 0.05), whereas the risk of increased CPI score was associated with increases in BMI (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.05–3.65; p < 0.05) and simplified oral hygiene index score (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.23–4.22; p < 0.01).ConclusionIncreases in BMI were associated with worsening of periodontal status, defined as increased CPI score in Japanese university students, whereas lack of inter‐dental cleaning was associated with exacerbated gingival bleeding.
Expert panel evaluation of health information technology effects on adverse events
Authors: Abramson Erika L. , Kern Lisa M. , Brenner Samantha , Hufstader Meghan , Patel Vaishali , Kaushal Rainu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesAdverse events (AEs) among hospitalized patients occur frequently and result in significant sequelae. Federal policy is incentivizing health information technology (HIT) use, although research demonstrating safety benefits from HIT is mixed. Our objective was to evaluate the potential effects of HIT on reducing 21 different inpatient AEs. Identifying AEs most likely to be reduced by HIT can inform the design of future studies evaluating its effectiveness.MethodsWe conducted a modified Delphi panel of national experts in HIT and safety. We conducted a focused literature review to inform the experts. Using a novel framework, experts rated each AE as ‘definitely reduced by health IT,’ ‘possibly reduced by health IT’ and ‘not likely to be reduced by health IT’.ResultsFrom our panel discussion, experts identified six AEs as ‘definitely reduced by health IT’: (1) adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with digoxin; (2) ADE associated with IV heparin; (3) ADE associated with hypoglycaemic agents; (4) ADE associated with low molecular weight heparin and factor Xa inhibitor; (5) contrast nephropathy associated with catheter angiography; and (6) ADE hospital‐acquired antibiotic‐associated Clostridium difficile.ConclusionsUnderstanding the effects of HIT on patient outcomes will be essential to ensuring that the significant federal investment results in anticipated improvements. This study serves as an important early step in helping with the design of future work evaluating level of HIT infrastructure and rates of inpatient AEs.
Rasch analysis of the illness management and recovery scale‐clinician version
Authors: McGuire Alan B. , Kean Jacob , Bonfils Kelsey , Presnell Jade , Salyers Michelle P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe illness management and recovery scale‐clinician version (IMRS‐C) is a measure of outcomes thought to be important indicators of progress for consumers participating in illness management and recovery (IMR). Prior research has examined the psychometric properties of the IMRS‐C; extant research supports certain aspects of the scale's reliability (test–retest) and validity (sensitivity to interventions). Analyses based on Rasch provide certain advantages and have not been applied to the IMRS‐C.MethodThis study used an archival IMRS database including responses regarding 697 participants with severe mental illness from a variety of community‐based settings. Rasch analyses were utilized to determine item functioning and utility of the IMRS‐C.ResultsResults of Rasch analyses using the IMRS‐C as one unidimensional scale were problematic. Analyses grouping items into three separate scales measuring recovery, management and biological vulnerability were more promising, but the third scale had other limitations.ConclusionsResults suggest that the items included in the IMRS‐C can form two screeners, one for recovery and one for management; items regarding biological vulnerability were inadequate. The assessment could be supplemented by more refined measures of coping/self‐management and recovery constructs.
Mental suffering and the DSM‐5: a critical review
Authors: Vanheule Stijn , Devisch Ignaas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe definition of mental disorder included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5), indicates that mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress. However, the handbook is vague with respect to whether distress is crucial to the diagnosis of mental disorders, and a conceptual framework on the precise nature of distress is lacking. As a result, it remains vague how the term ‘distress’ is to be taken into account in actual diagnostic situations: the DSM‐5 provides no operational framework for diagnosing distress. The authors argue that the work of Georges Canguilhem, who focuses on the topic of abnormality and pathology, and Paul Ricoeur's philosophical reflections on the theme of mental suffering may provide a structure for conceptualizing and evaluating distress. Ricoeur's phenomenological model of mental suffering is discussed. Here, mental suffering can be thought of in terms of the relationship between self and other, and also in terms of the continuum made up by, what he terms, languishing and acting. Ricoeur suggests that distress is not a quantity that can be measured, but a characteristic that should be studied qualitatively in interpersonal and narrative contexts. Consequently, diagnosticians should describe and document how individuals experience subjective distress. On a practical level, this means that clinicians' ideas about patients' distress should be embedded in case formulations. A detailed evaluation of an individual's pathos‐experience should be made before conclusions are drawn with regard to diagnosis.