bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The economic value of improved air quality in urban Africa: a contingent valuation survey in Douala, Cameroon
Authors: Donfouet Hermann Pythagore Pierre , Cook Joseph , Jeanty P. Wilner 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of ‘time to think’ and ‘ballot box’ on willingness-to-pay, while providing the first empirical evidence on assessing the benefits of an air quality improvement program in urban Africa. Our hypothetical referendum scenario proposes to reduce the air pollution related morbidity rate in Douala, Cameroon by 25 per cent in exchange for a one-time surcharge on the electricity bill of each respondent. We find that on average WTP decreases by nearly one-fourth when allocating respondents time to think but markedly increases when we use a ‘ballot box’ approach allowing respondents to state their willingness privately. Our results suggest that on average households are willing to pay US$0.42 per month (0.2 per cent of household annual income). We conclude that total citywide benefits are unlikely to exceed the costs of implementing such a program at this point, although this situation may change quickly with increasing economic growth.
A New Silicon Drift Detector for High Spatial Resolution STEM-XEDS: Performance and Applications
Authors: Phillips Patrick J. , Paulauskas Tadas , Rowlands Neil , Nicholls Alan W. , Low Ke-Bin , Bhadare Santokh , Klie Robert F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA newly designed, 100 mm2, silicon drift detector has been installed on an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with an ultra-high resolution pole piece, without requiring column modifications. With its unique, windowless design, the detector’s active region is in close proximity to the sample, resulting in a dramatic increase in count rate, while demonstrating an increased sensitivity to low energy X-rays and a muted tilt dependence. Numerous examples of X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry are presented on relevant materials such as AlxGa1−xN nanowires, perovskite oxides, and polycrystalline CdTe thin films, across both varying length scales and accelerating voltages.
Creative economics for a creative world: a comment
Authors: COLANDER DAVID 
Published: July 2014

Abstract:Critics of mainstream economics often argue that the mainstream does not recognize that the economy is dynamic, creative and evolving, and they base their criticism of it for its failure to recognize that. This paper argues that the mainstream does recognize that the economy is evolving, and changes its methods as new analytic technologies and computational methods develop. The paper suggests that a narrower critique of the mainstream is appropriate: It attempts to be too scientific, following a scientific rather than an engineering methodology. Thinking of applied economic policy as engineering, not science opens up new avenues of research, and will allow it be better deal with our complex world.
Light Management in Flexible Glass by Wood Cellulose Coating
Authors: Fang Zhi-Qiang , Zhu Hong-Li , Li Yuan-Yuan , Liu Zhen , Dai Jia-Qi , Preston Colin , Garner Sean , Cimo Pat , Chai Xin-Sheng , Chen Gang , Hu Liang-Bing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUltra-thin flexible glass with high transparency is attractive for a broad range of display applications; however, substrates with low optical haze are not ideal for thin film solar cells, since most of the light will go through the semiconductor layer without scattering and the length of light travelling path in the active layer is small. By simply depositing a layer of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-oxidized wood fibers (TOWFs), we are able to tailor the optical properties of flexible glass dramatically from exhibiting low haze (<1%) to high haze (~56%) without compromising the total forward transmittance (~90%). The influence of the TOWFs morphology on the optical properties of TOWFs-coated flexible glass is investigated. As the average fiber length decreases, the transmission haze of TOWF-coated flexible glass illustrates a decreasing trend. Earth-abundant natural materials for transparent, hazy and flexible glass have tremendous applicability in the fabrication of flexible optoelectronics with tunable light scattering effects by enabling inexpensive and large-scale processes.
Structural and electronic properties of uranium-encapsulated Au14 cage
Authors: Gao Yang , Dai Xing , Kang Seung-gu , Jimenez-Cruz Camilo Andres , Xin Minsi , Meng Yan , Han Jie , Wang Zhigang , Zhou Ruhong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe structural properties of the uranium-encapsulated nano-cage U@Au14 are predicted using density functional theory. The presence of the uranium atom makes the Au14 structure more stable than the empty Au14-cage, with a triplet ground electronic state for U@Au14. Analysis of the electronic structure shows that the two frontier single-occupied molecular orbital electrons of U@Au14 mainly originate from the 5f shell of the U atom after charge transfer. Meanwhile, the bonding orbitals and charge population indicate that the designed U@Au14 nano-cage structure is stabilized by ionocovalent interactions. The current findings provide theoretical basis for future syntheses and further study of actinide doped gold nanoclusters, which might subsequently facilitate applications of such structure in radio-labeling, nanodrug carrier and other biomedical applications.
Research and Evaluation in the Public Schools
Authors: Laney Mary D. 
Published: July 2014

Current demands for accountability, substantiation, and documentation of clinical services provided in the public schools create unprecedented needs for speechlanguage pathologists and audiologists employed in that setting to become evaluators and researchers. Parents, administrators, and funding agencies expect and are entitled to verification of program effectiveness and documentation of individual gains. In addition, numerous issues of concern to our profession warrant substantive data collection in public schools.
In the following article, the author examines reasons for the lack of research beingconducted by speech-language pathologists and audiologists in the public schools and points out advantages of that setting as a research site. The training in research and evaluation traditionally provided in accredited speech pathology and audiology programs is addressed. Also, ways that certified speech-language pathologists and audiologists employed in public schools can upgrade their empirical skills are suggested
Educators' Perceptions of the Effects of Communication Disorders Upon Educational Performance
Authors: Bennett Clinton W. , Runyan Charles M. 
Published: July 2014

Based on a recent federal clarification of "educational performance" related to PL 94–142, an appropriate interpretation of educational performance must include both academic and psychosocial competencies. Because educational performance is one of the assessment components used to determine eligibility for special education services, classroom teachers must provide information to the Eligibility Committee. Therefore, educators' perceptions of the impact of communication disorders on educational performance have important implications for the provision of special education services to communicatively impaired students.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate educators' perceptions of the effects of communication disorders upon educational performance. Results indicated that 66% of the 282 educators responding believed that communication disorders have an adverse effect on educational performance. The perceived impact of specific communication disorders on educational performance is also presented.
Clinicians’ Training and Confidence Associated With Treating School-Age Children Who Stutter
Authors: Brisk Deborah J. , Healey E. Charles , Hux Karen A. 
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this survey was to obtain updated information on school-based speech-language pathologists’ training, confidence, attitudes, and perceptions associated with treating school-age children who stutter. A second goal was to investigate the impact of impending specialization training in fluency on service delivery to children who stutter. A total of 278 out of 500 (56%) randomly selected school clinicians certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) responded to the survey. The results showed a general improvement over previous reports in clinicians’ training, confidence, and attitudes concerning providing assessment and intervention services to school-age children who stutter. However, clinicians who received their degrees in the mid-to-late 1970s were less positive regarding their preparation to evaluate and treat preschool children who stutter than those clinicians who received their degrees within the last 10 years.
The results also showed that respondents have fewer successes with adolescents who stutter than with any other student age group. Although a large majority of respondents would consult and request assistance from a "fluency specialist" if one were available, only 40% reported that specialists in fluency were needed in the schools. The results suggest that university training programs need to continue offering clinical experiences with school-age children who stutter and courses devoted exclusively to fluency disorders in order to develop clinicians who feel confident evaluating and treating fluency disorders.
Facilitating Language Development for Inner-City Children: Experimental Evaluation of a Collaborative, Classroom-Based Intervention
Authors: Hadley Pamela A. , Simmerman Alice , Long Michele , Luna Michael 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:This study explores the effectiveness of a collaborative, classroom-based model in enhancing the development of vocabulary and phonological awareness skills for kindergarten and first-grade children in an inner-city school district.Method:Four regular education teachers from the neighborhood school were randomly selected for participation. Children were randomly assigned to classrooms following usual school procedures. Two classrooms served as standard practice controls. In the other two classrooms, a collaborative service delivery model was implemented. One certified speech-language pathologist taught in each experimental classroom 2½ days per week. The speech-language pathologist and the regular education teachers engaged in joint curriculum planning on a weekly basis. Vocabulary and phonological awareness instruction was embedded into ongoing curricular activities. Additionally, explicit instruction in phonological awareness was planned for a 25-minute small-group activity center weekly.Results:Following the 6-month intervention, superior gains were noted in receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, beginning sound awareness, and letter-sound associations for children in the experimental classrooms as compared to children in the standard practice control classrooms. The children in the experimental classrooms also showed greater improvement on a deletion task in comparison to the children in the standard practice classrooms. Importantly, this task was never used as an instructional activity, and thus demonstrated generalization to a novel phonological awareness task.Clinical Implications:The results are discussed with regard to the positive benefits of collaboration in facilitating the language abilities of inner-city children who are at risk for academic difficulties in the early elementary grades.
When Is "Watch and See" Warranted? A Response to Paul's 1996 Article, "Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development"
Authors: Kleeck Anne van , Gillam Ronald B. , Davis Barbara 
Published: July 2014

We commend Paul for undertaking an investigation that concerns critical clinical and theoretical issues. This type of longitudinal developmental research is exactly what is needed to advance the scientific basis of our profession. We also respect Paul's attempt to construct a firm bridge between her findings and their clinical implications. The necessary and sufficient data that completely solve a clinical problem are rarely available. Because clinicians do not have the luxury of waiting until the best data imaginable are collected and analyzed before acting, it is helpful for researchers to generalize their results to the extent possible. However, because of its potential clinical, economic, and educational implications, we believe that a broad social policy like Paul's "watch and see" recommendation should be based on unambiguous evidence.
We have suggested that a number of the children in Paul's cohort may have been within the normal range in language development at the beginning of the study. Without individual data, it is impossible for us to know whether or not this was the case. To the extent that our suspicions hold true, Paul's study tells us that a number of children who function at the low end of the normal range of language development between 20 and 34 months stay within the normal range throughout the preschool and early school-age years.
Paul's suggestion of "watch and see" seems reasonable enough for the 74% of the children who tested within the normal range by kindergarten and first grade, but it may not have been sufficient for the 26% who did not. We believe children like those in this latter group would probably benefit from preschool language intervention and that very valuable language learning time could be lost if Paul's general "watch and see" policy were implemented.
It is possible that children with good outcomes and children with language delays that were significant and persistent had different profiles with respect to expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, speech, and communicative intentions at the onset of the study. If so, one broad social policy may not be sufficient. We have asked Paul to provide additional data about the nature of the language difficulties exhibited by the children at the outset of her study, the predictors of continued language delay, and the results of language intervention efforts. It is our hope that Paul can provide the kinds of additional data and analyses we have requested in this discussion, and that this data can serve as the basis for refinements in definitions of early language delay, decisions about providing clinical services to very young children, and methods for analyzing intervention efficacy.
Neuroaudiologic Correlates to Anatomical Changes of the Brain
Authors: Musiek Frank E. , Lenz Suzanne , Gollegly Karen M. 
Published: July 2014

1. There appears to be a relationship among the improved overall behavior of this patient, anatomical changes in the brain, and enhanced performance of both psychophysical and electrophysiological central auditory tests.
2. The right-sided peripheral hearing loss was one of the primary indicators for further diagnostic workup, but probably is unrelated to the lesion that was later discovered.
3. In demonstrating structural as well as functional improvement, this case demonstrates the plasticity of the young human brain.
A Family With Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Halpin Chris , Herrmann Barbara , Whearty Margaret 
Published: July 2014

The family described in this article provides an unusual opportunity to relate findings from genetic, histological, electrophysiological, psychophysical, and rehabilitative investigation. Although the total number evaluated is large (49), the known, living affected population is smaller (14), and these are spread from age 20 to age 59. As a result, the findings described above are those of a large-scale case study. Clearly, more data will be available through longitudinal study of the individuals documented in the course of this investigation but, given the slow nature of the progression in this disease, such studies will be undertaken after an interval of several years.
The general picture presented to the audiologist who must rehabilitate these cases is that of a progressive cochlear degeneration that affects only thresholds at first, and then rapidly diminishes speech intelligibility. The expected result is that, after normal language development, the patient may accept hearing aids well, encouraged by the support of the family. Performance and satisfaction with the hearing aids is good, until the onset of the speech intelligibility loss, at which time the patient will encounter serious difficulties and may reject hearing aids as unhelpful. As the histological and electrophysiological results indicate, however, the eighth nerve remains viable, especially in the younger affected members, and success with cochlear implantation may be expected. Audiologic counseling efforts are aided by the presence of role models and support from the other affected members of the family. Speech-language pathology services were not considered important by the members of this family since their speech production developed normally and has remained very good. Self-correction of speech was supported by hearing aids and cochlear implants (Case 5’s speech production was documented in Perkell, Lane, Svirsky, & Webster, 1992). These patients received genetic counseling and, due to the high penetrance of the disease, exhibited serious concerns regarding future generations and the hope of a cure.
The Distributed Lambda (λ) Model (DLM): A 3-D, Finite-Element Muscle Model Based on Feldman's λ Model; Assessment of Orofacial Gestures
Authors: Nazari Mohammad Ali , Perrier Pascal , Payan Yohan 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
The authors aimed to design a distributed lambda model (DLM), which is well adapted to implement three-dimensional (3-D), finite-element descriptions of muscles.

Method
A muscle element model was designed. Its stress–strain relationships included the active force–length characteristics of the λ model along the muscle fibers, together with the passive properties of muscle tissues in the 3-D space. The muscle element was first assessed using simple geometrical representations of muscles in the form of rectangular bars. It was then included in a 3-D face model, and its impact on lip protrusion was compared with the impact of a Hill-type muscle model.

Results
The force–length characteristic associated with the muscle elements matched well with the invariant characteristics of the λ model. The impact of the passive properties was assessed. Isometric force variation and isotonic displacements were modeled. The comparison with a Hill-type model revealed strong similarities in terms of global stress and strain.

Conclusion
The DLM accounted for the characteristics of the λ model. Biomechanically, no clear differences were found between the DLM and a Hill-type model. Accurate evaluations of the λ model, based on the comparison between data and simulations, are now possible with 3-D biomechanical descriptions of the speech articulators because of the DLM.
Regression to the Mean in Pretreatment Measures of Stuttering
Authors: Andrews Gavin , Harvey Robin 
Published: July 2014

Pre-post treatment evaluation designs are common in stuttering research. Their propriety depends on the assumption that spontaneous remission is not likely. There are six studies to the literature in which stutterers have been measured on two occasions some months apart. In all studies there was a trend to less stuttering on the second assessment, but in no study was the difference between scores significant.
One hundred and thirty-two stutterers awaiting treatment were assessed when they were first seen and then at the beginning of treatment 1–23 months later. There was a small but significant improvement between the two assessments. The size of the improvement was comparable to those reported in the six published studies. This spontaneous improvement occurs mainly in the three months following the first assessment, and there is little change thereafter. It is concluded that pre-post studies of subjects who waited more than three months for treatment are valid and that the observed improvement can be due solely to the effects of treatment. Studies that assess improvement from the time subjects are first seen should allow for spontaneous remission to determine the improvement due to treatment.
Accuracy of Adaptive Procedure Estimates of PB-Max Level
Authors: Kamm Candace A. , Morgan Donald E. , Dirks Donald D. 
Published: July 2014

A measure of maximum speech recognition ability (PB max) is often obtained in the clinical audiologic evaluation of patients. However, without developing a complete performance-intensity function (PIF), it is often difficult to determine an appropriate intensity level for measuring PB max.
Levitt (1978) has described an adaptive procedure designed to estimate an intensity level at which maximum speech recognition performance could be measured. We have investigated the accuracy of this procedure by comparing speech recognition performance on a CNC word list presented at the level estimated by the adaptive procedure with maximum performance as measured on the listener's performance-intensity function. Using the presentation level indicated by the adaptive procedure, PB max scores were obtained for 12 of 16 normally hearing subjects and 19 of 25 listeners with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Similar accuracy was obtained for the hearing-impaired subjects using a single presentation level of 95 dB SPL, while use of a 40 dB SL speech level would have resulted in a lower proportion of PB-max measurements. Although PB max is most accurately estimated by delineating the entire performance-intensity function, the current results suggest that, if speech recognition is to be measured only at a single level, scores obtained at the level estimated by the adaptive procedure or at 95 dB SPL may serve as reasonable estimates of PB max for listeners with primarily cochlear hearing losses of ⩽ 50 dB.
Acquisition of Spoken and Signed English by Profoundly Deaf Children
Authors: Geers Ann , Moog Jean , Schick Brenda 
Published: July 2014

A sample of 327 profoundly deaf children from oral/aural (OA) and total communication (TC) programs across the country was tested on the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language—Simple Sentence Level (GAEL-S), which measures production of selected English language structures. Results were analyzed separately for four different response modes: the oral productions of OA children, the oral productions of TC children, the manual productions of TC children, and the combined productions of TC children.
Percentage correct scores for the oral productions of TC children were substantially below scores for their manual productions and below the scores of OA children in all grammatical categories sampled on the GAEL-S. The percentage correct scores of OA children were significantly higher than the manual and combined production scores of TC children in more than 50% of the grammatical categories. The manual scores of TC children significantly exceeded the scores of OA children in less than 20% of the categories.
The gap between oral and manual production of the children in total communication programs indicates that spoken English did not develop simultaneously with manually coded English and that these children educated in programs using manually coded English did not develop competence with early developing English syntax at a rate faster than those not using signs.