bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Component ratio effects of hyperbranched triazine compound and ammonium polyphosphate in flame‐retardant polypropylene composites
Authors: Xu Menglan , Chen Yajun , Qian Lijun , Wang Jingyu , Tang Shuo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA hyperbranched derivative of triazine group (EA) was synthesized by elimination reaction between ethylenediamine and cyanuric chloride. The different‐mass‐ratio EA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were mixed and blended with polypropylene (PP) in a constant amount (25%) to prepare a series of EA/APP/PP composites. The component ratio effect of EA/APP on the flame‐retardant property of the EA/APP/PP composites was investigated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL‐94), and cone calorimetry tests. Results indicated that the EA/APP/PP (7.50/17.50/75.00) composite with the appropriate EA/APP mass ratio had the highest LOI, UL94 V‐0 rating, lowest heat release rate, and highest residue yield. These results implied that the appropriate EA/APP mass ratio formed a better intumescent flame‐retardant system and adequately exerted their synergistic effects. Furthermore, average effective combustion heat values revealed that EA/APP flame retardant possessed the gaseous‐phase flame‐retardant effect on PP. Residues of the EA/APP/PP composites were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results demonstrated that the appropriate EA/APP mass ratio can fully interact and lock more chemical constituents containing carbon and nitrogen in the residue, thereby resulting in the formation of a dense, compact, and intumescent char layer. This char layer exerted a condensed‐phase flame‐retardant effect on EA/APP/PP composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41006.
Delinquency Diversion using Home‐based Psychotherapy and Therapeutic Mentoring
Authors: Desmarais Renee , Sacco‐Dion Cristen , Sacco Frank C. , Decoteau Nicholas 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDelinquency is often a source of crime and misery in a community. Truancy is frequently identified as a first step to delinquency too often resulting in a life of social deviance, addiction, and daily living instability. This paper provides case examples illustrating how long‐term home‐based psychotherapy, community supports such as therapeutic mentoring, and a strong mother can combine to divert delinquency in school aged children identified early with behavioral problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projective Techniques and Psychological Assessment in Disadvantaged Communities
Authors: Storey Robert , Gapen Mark , Sacco James S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines the use of psychological testing in a community clinic. The emphasis is on the use of projective techniques in designing treatment plans for youth in disadvantaged communities. These assessments fall into three categories of testing referrals: determining mental impairment for disability, learning disability assessments, and diagnostic clarifications and treatment recommendations for therapists. The demands of psychological testing often require that the psychological evaluation play a role in how the client progresses in a system of care. Placement and risk decisions are often made in the psychological report. Projective techniques are stressed as a means to answer the most common questions asked from community referral agents such as schools, child protective case workers, courts, and human services agencies involved with residential programs. The relative strength of projective testing is compared with the value of empirical approaches stressed in modern psychology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Variation of Psychopharmacological Prescription Rates for People With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in 30 Countries
Authors: Wong Angel Y.S. , Hsia Yingfen , Chan Esther W. , Murphy Declan G.M. , Simonoff Emily , Buitelaar Jan K. , Wong Ian C.K. 
Published: June 2014

There is significant variation in prescriptions among countries in clinical practice for the treatment of comorbidities associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been suggested that many people with mental health disorders in low‐/middle‐income countries do not receive adequate treatment. Hence, this study investigated psychopharmacological treatment patterns for ASD comorbidities in 30 countries and the association between country's income and prescription rates.The IMS Prescribing Insights database was used to investigate prescription patterns for ASD comorbidity treatment from 2007 to 2012. Data were obtained from 30 countries in continents of Europe, Asia, Oceania, Central America, South America, and Africa. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was used as a proxy for each country's income. Spearman correlation was used to examine the association between prescription rate and GDP per capita.The highest prescription rates were found in Western Europe (3.89–36.36/10,000) while the lowest prescription rates were found in Asian countries, such as Turkey, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan (0.04–0.82/10,000). The most commonly prescribed drug for ASD comorbidity treatment in most of the countries was risperidone, but antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs were also frequently prescribed. There was a significant positive correlation between GDP per capita and prescription rate (Spearman ρ = 0.60; P = 0.0011; 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.81), that is, the higher the GDP per capita, the higher the prescription rate.There are marked international differences in prescription rates, and this is partially accounted by economic factors. Future research should combine more data for ASD comorbidity treatment to explore the disparity of psychopharmacological treatment between countries. Autism Res 2014, 7: 543–554. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beneficial properties of natural phenols: Highlight on protection against pathological conditions associated with amyloid aggregation
Authors: Stefani Massimo , Rigacci Stefania 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMediterranean and Asian diets are currently considered as the most healthy traditional feeding habits effective against risk of age‐associated, particularly cardiovascular and neurodegenerative, diseases. A common feature of these two regimens is the abundance of foods and beverages of plant origin (green tea, extra virgin olive oil, red wine, spices, berries, and aromatic herbs) that are considered responsible for the observed beneficial effects. Epidemiological data suggest that the phenolic component remarkably enriched in these foods plays an important role in reducing the incidence of amyloid diseases, pathological conditions associated to tissue deposition of toxic protein aggregates responsible for progressive functional deterioration. Great effort is being spent to provide knowledge on the effects of several natural phenols in this context, moving from the test tube to animal models and, more slowly, to the patient's bed. An emerging feature that makes these molecules increasingly attractive for amyloid disease prevention and therapy is their wide spectrum of activity: recent pieces of evidence suggest that they can inhibit the production of amyloidogenic peptides from precursors, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. Our concept should than shift from considering natural phenols simply as antioxidants or, at the best, as amyloid aggregation inhibitors, to describing them as potentially multitargeting drugs. A main concern is the low bioavailability of such compounds and efforts aimed at improving it are underway, with encapsulation strategies being the most promising ones. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(5):482–493, 2014
Mechanisms of blindness: Animal models provide insight into distinct CRX‐associated retinopathies
Authors: Tran Nicholas M. , Chen Shiming 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBackground: The homeodomain transcription factor CRX is a crucial regulator of mammalian photoreceptor gene expression. Mutations in the human CRX gene are associated with dominant inherited retinopathies Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), Cone‐Rod Dystrophy (CoRD), and Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), of varying severity. In vitro and in vivo assessment of mutant CRX proteins have revealed pathogenic mechanisms for several mutations, but no comprehensive mutation‐disease correlation has yet been reported. Results: Here we describe four different classes of disease‐causing CRX mutations, characterized by mutation type, pathogenetic mechanism, and the molecular activity of the mutant protein: (1) hypomorphic missense mutations with reduced DNA binding, (2) antimorphic missense mutations with variable DNA binding, (3) antimorphic frameshift/nonsense mutations with intact DNA binding, and (4) antimorphic frameshift mutations with reduced DNA binding. Mammalian models representing three of these classes have been characterized. Conclusions: Models carrying Class I mutations display a mild dominant retinal phenotype and recessive LCA, while models carrying Class III and IV mutations display characteristically distinct dominant LCA phenotypes. These animal models also reveal unexpected pathogenic mechanisms underlying CRX‐associated retinopathies. The complexity of genotype‐phenotype correlation for CRX‐associated diseases highlights the value of developing comprehensive “true‐to‐disease” animal models for understanding pathologic mechanisms and testing novel therapeutic approaches. Developmental Dynamics 243:1153–1166, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo cell tracking of mouse embryonic myoblasts and fast fibers during development
Authors: Guerrero Lucia , Villar Pedro , Martínez Lidia , Badia‐Careaga Claudio , Arredondo Juan J. , Cervera Margarita 
Published: June 2014

SummaryFast and slow TnI are co‐expressed in E11.5 embryos, and fast TnI is present from the very beginning of myogenesis. A novel green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mouse lines (FastTnI/GFP lines) that carry the primary and secondary enhancer elements of the mouse fast troponin I (fast TnI), in which reporter expression correlates precisely with distribution of the endogenous fTnI protein was generated. Using the FastTnI/GFP mouse model, we characterized the early myogenic events in mice, analyzing the migration of GFP+ myoblasts, and the formation of primary and secondary myotubes in transgenic embryos. Interestingly, we found that the two contractile fast and slow isoforms of TnI are expressed during the migration of myoblasts from the somites to the limbs and body wall, suggesting that both participate in these events. Since no sarcomeres are present in myoblasts, we speculate that the function of fast TnI in early myogenesis is, like Myosin and Tropomyosin, to participate in cell movement during the initial myogenic stages. genesis 52:793–808, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Architectures in Copper Metal–Organic Frameworks from 4‐Substituted Anionic 1,2,4‐Triazoles
Authors: Gómez Verónica , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Martin Eddy , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThree new metal‐organic frameworks, [Cu3(L1)2(OH)4]n (1), [Cu(L1)(Cl)]n (2), and [Cu(H2O)(L2)(Cl)]n (3), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by reaction of 4‐substituted 1,2,4‐triazole derivative ligands (L1 = 4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)ethanesulfonate; L2 = 4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)benzenesulfonate) with Cu2+ salts. The different geometry and chemical features of the ligands have yielded unique crystal structures with different dimensionalities. The magnetic properties of the three compounds have been analyzed, all of which show antiferromagnetic interactions: J1 = –130 cm–1 and J2 = –370 cm–1 (1), J = –12.3 (2), and –216 cm–1 (3) (convention used H = –J). The nature and the magnitude of the antiferromagnetic super exchange are correlated with the crystal structure and the distinct bridging modes between spin carriers in the solid state.
From MoS2 Microspheres to α‐MoO3 Nanoplates: Growth Mechanism and Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Zhong Mianzeng , Wei Zhongming , Meng Xiuqing , Wu Fengmin , Li Jingbo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFlowerlike MoS2 microspheres were synthesized through a hydrothermal method. 2H‐MoS2 nanoparticles, MoS2/MoO3 heterojunctions, and α‐MoO3 nanoplates were prepared by annealing the MoS2 microspheres under different reaction conditions. The formation and growth mechanism of the samples from flowerlike MoS2 microspheres to α‐MoO3 nanoplates is explained in detail. The photocatalytic properties of the four samples for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation were studied. The results showed that the flowerlike MoS2 microspheres, MoS2/α‐MoO3 heterojunctions, and α‐MoO3 nanoplates all have excellent photocatalytic activities. In particular, the flowerlike MoS2 microspheres exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RhB.
Zinc Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on a Flexible Benzylaminetetracarboxylic Acid and Bipyridine Colinkers
Authors: Wang Chao , Tang Sifu , Lv Xiaoxia , Li Liangjun , Zhao Xuebo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThree new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Zn2(L)(H2O)]·3DMF·1.5H2O (1), [Zn2(L)(4,4′‐bpy)1.5(H2O)2]·2DMF·2H2O (2), and [Zn2(L)(2,2′‐bpy)2(DMF)2]·2DMF·4H2O (3) [H4L = 5,5′‐(2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(methylene)bis(azanediyl)diisophthalic acid, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide], were synthesized under solvothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The L4– ligands in 1–3 display different coordination modes, and the introduction of bipyridine colinkers brings significant structural variation into the frameworks. Complex 1 is constructed from dinuclear carboxylate [Zn2O(COO)4] secondary building units (SBUs) and H4L ligands and exhibits a binodal (4,4)‐connected pts net with 54.6 % solvent‐accessible void. Complex 2 exhibits an unprecedented tetranodal (3,4,4,4)‐connected net, which is constructed from two types of crystallographically independent ZnII ions, H4L ligands, and the 4,4′‐bipyridine colinker. Complex 3 is constructed from parallel 1D molecular ladders stacked along the a axis that generate 1D channels (7.8 × 10.4 Å) and are hydrogen bonded to form 2D layers. The thermal stabilities and luminescence properties of 1–3 have also been studied in detail.
AgI‐Directed Triple‐Stranded Helicates with meta‐Ethynylpyridine Ligands
Authors: Li Qiaolian , Huang Fu , Fan Yaxun , Wang Yilin , Li Jianfeng , He Yujian , Jiang Hua 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA series of triple‐stranded complexes, [1a3Ag]BF4, [1b3Ag]BF4, [2a3Ag2](BF4)2, [2b3Ag2](BF4)2, and [33Ag3](BF4)3, have been obtained through the self‐assembly of AgI ions with p‐phenylene ethynylpyridine ligands. X‐ray crystallographic studies unambiguously demonstrated a AgI‐directed monodentate triple‐stranded helical structure in the solid state for 1b and 2b. A combination of NMR spectroscopy, HRMS (ESI), and isothermal titration microcalorimetry studies further confirmed that strands 1, 2, and 3 are also able to form triple‐stranded helical structures in the presence of AgI ions in solution.
1H 2D MRSI tissue type analysis of gliomas
Authors: Raschke Felix , Fellows Greg A. , Wright Alan J. , Howe Franklyn A. 
Published: June 2014

PurposeTo decompose 1H MR spectra of glioma patients into normal and abnormal tissue proportions for tumor classification and delineation.MethodsAnatomical imaging and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data have been acquired from 11 grade II and 13 grade IV glioma patients. LCModel was used to decompose the magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data into normal brain, grade II, and grade IV tissue proportions using a tissue type basis set. Simulations were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the methodology. Results were visualized using colormaps and abnormality contours showing tumor grade and extent.ResultsSimulations suggest that infiltrative tumor proportions as low as 20% can be identified at the typical 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal‐to‐noise found in vivo. Tumor grading according to the highest estimated tumor grade within a lesion gave a classification accuracy of 86% discriminating between grade II and grade IV glioma. Voxels with significant proportions of tumor type spectra were found beyond the margins of contrast enhancement for most grade IV cases consistent with infiltration whereas the abnormality contours show that some tumors are confined within the hyperintensities shown by both post contrast T1 weighted and T2 weighted imaging.ConclusionLCModel can be used to decompose 1H MR spectra into proportions of normal and abnormal tissue to identify tumor extent, infiltration, and overall grade. Magn Reson Med 73:1381–1389, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bauen mit Leichtigkeit – Ein spannendes Montagekonzept
Authors: Schröppel Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBeim Bau von großen Stadiondächern bieten sich Seilnetztragwerke an. Sie sind leicht, können sehr große Spannweiten überbrücken und sind daher ohne störende Stützen realisierbar. Ein Seilnetzdach ist von einem oder zwei ringförmigen Druckringen im Bereich des oberen Tribünenrands über das Stadion gespannt. Die statische Lösung hat eine Leichtigkeit und eine Effizienz, die sich dem Betrachter geradezu aufdrängt. Aber wie kommt das Seilnetz dorthin und wie wird es gespannt? Der folgende Aufsatz soll helfen, dieses Rätsel aufzulösen und beschreibt die verschiedenen gängigen Methoden der Seilnetzmontage mit Litzenhebern. Je nach Bauart und Geometrie des Tragwerks ergeben sich mögliche Methoden für das Heben und Spannen. Eines der weltweit größten Membrandächer, mit einer Fläche von 203462 m², wurde 2013 beim Umbau des berühmten Estadio Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro installiert.Construction with lightness – exciting assembly concept. Cable‐net structures are an ideal option for the construction of large stadium roofs. They are lightweight and can span large areas without obstructing columns. One or two circular compression rings above the upper edge of the grand stands act as the abutments for the cable net roof. This structural solution is obviously very efficient and compelling. But how will the cable structure be installed and tensioned? The following article should answer these questions and show the different methods for the cable‐net installation with strand jacks. Depending on the type and geometry of the structure different methods for lifting and tensioning can be applied. In 2013 one of the largest membrane roofs, with a surface area of 203462 m², has been installed during the renovation of the famous Estadio Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro.
Energy constraint beaconing control in delay tolerant networks with multiple destinations
Authors: Wu Yahui , Deng Su , Huang Hongbin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMessage dissemination in delay tolerant networks (DTN) closely depends on the opportunistic contact between nodes. However, the contact is related to the beaconing rate of nodes. In particular, the node has more chances to contact with others if it has bigger beaconing rate, but this will need more energy. In this paper, we study the optimal beaconing policy in DTN with limited energy. In particular, we focus on the case with multiple destinations. According to whether the destinations forward the message to others, we explore the non‐replicative and replicative cases, respectively. First, we introduce a theoretical model for each case, which can be used to evaluate the performance under different beaconing rates. Then, based on these models, we present the corresponding optimization problems. Through Pontryagin's Maximal Principle, we obtain the optimal beaconing rate and prove that the optimal policies conform to the threshold form in both cases. Simulations show the accuracy of our theoretical models. Extensive numerical results show that the performance of the replicative case is better when the energy is limited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CSMA/CA‐based medium access control for indoor millimeter wave networks
Authors: Qiao Jian , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) , Mark Jon W. , Cao Bin , Shi Zhiguo , Zhang Kuan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMillimeter wave (mmWave) communication is a promising technology to support high‐rate (e.g., multi‐Gbps) multimedia applications because of its large available bandwidth. Multipacket reception is one of the important capabilities of mmWave networks to capture a few packets simultaneously. This capability has the potential to improve medium access control layer performance. Because of the severe propagation loss in mmWave band, traditional backoff mechanisms in carrier sensing multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) designed for narrowband systems can result not only in unfairness but also in significant throughput reduction. This paper proposes a novel backoff mechanism in CSMA/CA by giving a higher transmission probability to the node with a transmission failure than that with a transmission success, aiming to improve the system throughput. The transmission probability is adjusted by changing the contention window size according to the congestion status of each node and the whole network. The analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed backoff mechanism on reducing transmission collisions and increasing network throughput. Extensive simulations show that the proposed backoff mechanism can efficiently utilize network resources and significantly improve the network performance on system throughput and fairness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations of the superlubricity of sapphire against ruby under phosphoric acid lubrication
Authors: Li Jinjin , Zhang Chenhui , Deng Mingming , Luo Jianbin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this study, we address the superlubricity behavior of sapphire against ruby (or sapphire against itself) under phosphoric acid solution lubrication. An ultra-low friction coefficient of 0.004 was obtained under a very high contact pressure, with a virgin contact pressure up to 2.57 GPa. Related experiments have indicated that the load, sliding speed, and humidity of the test environment can affect superlubricity to some degree, so we tested variations in these conditions. When superlubricity appears in this study a thin film is present, consisting of a hydrogen bond network of phosphoric acid and water molecules adsorbed on the two friction surfaces, which accounts for the ultra-low friction. Most significantly, the wear rate of the sapphire and ruby in the friction process is very slow and the superlubricity state is very stable, providing favorable conditions for future technological applications.