bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epigrams of Gregory of Nazianzus Against Tomb Desecrators and Their Epigraphic Background
Authors: Floridi Lucia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In what follows I shall analyse funerary epigrams in which the wayfarer is invited to abstain from violating the tomb. I will deal first with inscriptional epigrams, in order to survey motifs and language of the so called arai epitymbioi. I will then analyse the same theme in literary poems, focussing in particular on Gregory of Nazianzus’ treatment of the topos, in order to illuminate the differences and especially the similarities between the use of this motif in both inscriptional and literary epigrams. I will try to argue that Gregory consciously plays not only with the Greek literary tradition—which is hardly surprising, considering what a cultivated poet he was—but also that he is well acquainted with epigraphic habits, images, and language. He adapts them, and introduces original twists, which are not purely ornamental, but which help to convey new meanings: in particular, the poet puts his versificatory competence to use in a social and moral cause, in a time and in a geographical area in which the desecration of tombs was felt as a matter of topical interest, as is shown by the many preserved arai epitymbioi of the Imperial period coming from the Near East.
Sprechen und Verstehen bei Heraklit und Parmenides
Authors: Gianvittorio Laura 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Many scholars explain the epistemological value of Heraclitus’ λόγος by interpreting it as a rational or mathematical pattern, whose translations refer to the related semantic fields: e.g. ‘law of thinking’, ‘proportion’, ‘formula of things’. Such meanings are not safely documented earlier than the philosophical language of the fourth century BC. From Homer until the end of the sixth century BC, λέγειν means basically ‘to collect’ and ‘to tell’, λόγος means ‘collection’ and much more often ‘speech’, whereas ‘speech’ itself represents a ‘collection of utterances (ἔπεα, µῦθοι)’.
Maybe our common sense suggests that no speaking activity can affect the human understanding as Heraclitus’ λόγος does. However, another archaic thinker, Parmenides, argues that ‘names’ and ‘naming’ mislead the opinions of human beings concerning natural phenomena. Furthermore, Heraclitus’ epistemology conforms to the Grundbedeutung of λόγος as ‘collection of utterances’ and consists in ‘listening’ (ἀκούειν) and ‘putting together’ (ξυνιέναι), even grasping the secret ‘joint’ (ἁρµονίη) of things. That is why I suggest to interpret λόγος according to the archaic, not philosophical meaning of the word, i.e. as ‘speech’.
Provincial Life with Animals
Authors: Donovan Josephine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The relationship of peasants and villagers with their animals in the premodern era is a missing chapter in the history of human-animal relations. Works on peasant culture ignore animals, and works on animals neglect their place in rural lives. This article, based on the depiction of premodern peasant and village life in hundreds of local-color novels and stories of the early nineteenth century, begins to fill in this gap in animal studies scholarship. It reveals that many of the defining boundaries between humans and animals introduced in the ideologies of modernity are fuzzy, fluid, or indeed nonexistent in premodernity, where animals are seen as subjects, companions, and, often, parts of the family.
Notes for a Metamorphosis
Authors: Giannetto Enrico R. A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A new critical perspective is proposed regarding the ways in which human life is based on anthropocentrism and speciesism. Criticism of human violence and dominion over other living beings is presented, starting from personal experience and moving into an analysis of the ideological subtratum of human culture, taking into consideration philosophy, science, and religion. An assessment of the antispeciesist position of primitive Christianity is briefly discussed.
Large Increasing Trend of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Taiwan and the Roles of Terrain
Authors: Chang Chih-Pei , Yang Yi-Ting , Kuo Hung-Chi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTaiwan, which is in the middle of one of the most active of the western North Pacific Ocean’s tropical cyclone (TC) zones, experienced a dramatic increase in typhoon-related rainfall in the beginning of the twenty-first century. This record-breaking increase has led to suggestions that it is the manifestation of the effects of global warming. With rainfall significantly influenced by its steep terrain, Taiwan offers a natural laboratory to study the role that terrain effects may play in the climate change of TC rainfall. Here, it is shown that most of the recently observed large increases in typhoon-related rainfall are the result of slow-moving TCs and the location of their tracks relative to the meso-α-scale terrain. In addition, stronger interaction between the typhoon circulation and southwest monsoon wind surges after the typhoon center moves into the Taiwan Strait may cause a long-term trend of increasing typhoon rainfall intensity, which is not observed before the typhoon center exits Taiwan. The variation in the location of the track cannot be related to the effects of global warming on western North Pacific TC tracks reported in the literature. The weaker steering flow and the stronger monsoon–TC interaction are consistent with the recently discovered multidecadal trend of intensifying subtropical monsoon and tropical circulations, which is contrary to some theoretical and model projections of global warming. There is also no evidence of a positive feedback between global warming–related water vapor supply and TC intensity, as the number of strong landfalling TCs has decreased significantly since 1960 and the recent heavy rainfall typhoons are all of weak-to-medium intensity.
Consistent Differences in Climate Feedbacks between Atmosphere–Ocean GCMs and Atmospheric GCMs with Slab-Ocean Models*
Authors: Shell Karen M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Climate sensitivity is generally studied using two types of models. Atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) include interactive ocean dynamics and detailed heat uptake. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) with slab ocean models (SOMs) cannot fully simulate the ocean’s response to and influence on climate. However, AGCMs are computationally cheaper and thus are often used to quantify and understand climate feedbacks and sensitivity. Here, physical climate feedbacks are compared between AOGCMs and SOM-AGCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) using the radiative kernel technique. Both the global-average (positive) water vapor and (negative) lapse-rate feedbacks are consistently stronger in AOGCMs. Water vapor feedback differences result from an essentially constant relative humidity and peak in the tropics, where temperature changes are larger for AOGCMs. Differences in lapse-rate feedbacks extend to midlatitudes and correspond to a larger ratio of tropical- to global-average temperature changes. Global-average surface albedo feedbacks are similar between models types because of a near cancellation of Arctic and Antarctic differences. In AOGCMs, the northern high latitudes warm faster than the southern latitudes, resulting in interhemispheric differences in albedo, water vapor, and lapse-rate feedbacks lacking in the SOM-AGCMs. Meridional heat transport changes also depend on the model type, although there is a large intermodel spread. However, there are no consistent global or zonal differences in cloud feedbacks. Effects of the forcing scenario [Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B (SRESa1b) or the 1% CO2 increase per year to doubling (1%to2x) experiments] on feedbacks are model dependent and generally of lesser importance than the model type. Care should be taken when using SOM-AGCMs to understand AOGCM feedback behavior.
Frequency Characteristics of Visually Induced Motion Sickness
Authors: Diels Cyriel , Howarth Peter A. 
Published: December 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the frequency response of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) for oscillating linear motion in the fore-and-aft axis. Background: Simulators, virtual environments, and commercially available video games that create an illusion of self-motion are often reported to induce the symptoms seen in response to true motion. Often this human response can be the limiting factor in the acceptability and usability of such systems. Whereas motion sickness in physically moving environments is known to peak at an oscillation frequency around 0.2 Hz, it has recently been suggested that VIMS peaks at around 0.06 Hz following the proposal that the summed response of the visual and vestibular self-motion systems is maximized at this frequency. Methods: We exposed 24 participants to random dot optical flow patterns simulating oscillating fore-and-aft motion within the frequency range of 0.025 to 1.6 Hz. Before and after each 20-min exposure, VIMS was assessed with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Also, a standard motion sickness scale was used to rate symptoms at 1-min intervals during each trial. Results: VIMS peaked between 0.2 and 0.4 Hz with a reducing effect at lower and higher frequencies. Conclusion: The numerical prediction of the “crossover frequency” hypothesis, and the design guidance curve previously proposed, cannot be accepted when the symptoms are purely visually induced. Application: In conditions in which stationary observers are exposed to optical flow that simulates oscillating fore-and-aft motion, frequencies around 0.2 to 0.4 Hz should be avoided.
Does Sinusitis Play a Pathogenic Role in Primary Acquired Obstructive Disease of the Lachrymal System?
Authors: Borges Dinis Paulo , Oliveira Matos Teresa , Ângelo Pedro 
Published: December 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate the etiopathogenic role of sinus inflammatory disease in primary acquired dacryocystitis and other chronic obstructive diseases of the lachrymal drainage system.Study DesignNoninterventional controlled study.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsSixty consecutive patients with primary acquired dacryocystitis and other chronic obstructive diseases of the lachrymal drainage system, selected for endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and who had been ordered a preoperative sinus CT scan, had their sinus scans assessed for inflammatory naso‐sinusal disease extension, using the modified Lund‐Mackay system. A control group of 40 subjects was simultaneously enrolled, as a way to assess the prevalence of sinus disease in the general population.ResultsChronic inflammatory sinus disease was found to be no more frequent or more extensive in DCR patients than in controls.ConclusionChronic sinusitis alone does not seem to be a causative factor to primary acquired chronic obstructive diseases of the lachrymal drainage system.
Use of BPPV Processes in Emergency Department Dizziness Presentations
Authors: Kerber Kevin A. , Burke James F. , Skolarus Lesli E. , Meurer William J. , Callaghan Brian C. , Brown Devin L. , Lisabeth Lynda D. , McLaughlin Thomas J. , Fendrick A. Mark , Morgenstern Lewis B. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveA common cause of dizziness, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), is effectively diagnosed and cured with the Dix‐Hallpike test (DHT) and the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM). We aimed to describe the use of these processes in emergency departments (EDs), assess for trends in use over time, and determine provider level variability in use.Study DesignProspective population‐based surveillance study.SettingEmergency departments in Nueces County, Texas, from January 15, 2008, to January 14, 2011.Subjects and MethodsAdult patients discharged from EDs with dizziness, vertigo, or imbalance documented at triage. Clinical information was abstracted from source documents. A hierarchical logistic regression model adjusting for patient and provider characteristics was used to estimate trends in DHT use and provider‐level variability.ResultsA total of 3522 visits for dizziness were identified. A DHT was documented in 137 visits (3.9%). A CRM was documented in 8 visits (0.2%). Among patients diagnosed with BPPV, a DHT was documented in only 21.8% (34 of 156) and a CRM in 3.9% (6 of 156). In the hierarchical model (c‐statistic = 0.93), DHT was less likely to be used over time (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.95‐0.99), and the provider level explained 50% (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.50) of the variance in the probability of DHT use.ConclusionBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo is seldom examined for and, when diagnosed, infrequently treated in this ED population. Use of the DHT is decreasing over time and varies substantially by provider. Implementation research focused on BPPV care may be an opportunity to optimize management in ED dizziness presentations.
Femoral Cortical Suspension Devices for Soft Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Petre Benjamin M. , Smith Sean D. , Jansson Kyle S. , de Meijer Peter-Paul , Hackett Thomas R. , LaPrade Robert F. , Wijdicks Coen A. 
Published: December 2012

Background: Optimization of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fixation is desired to improve graft healing. New soft tissue cortical suspension devices for femoral tunnel fixation should be biomechanically evaluated. Hypothesis: All femoral fixation devices would prevent a clinically significant amount of displacement and support loads significantly larger than in situ forces experienced by the ACL during early rehabilitation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Four cortical soft tissue ACL graft suspension devices were tested under cyclic and pull-to-failure loading conditions in both an isolated device-only setup and as a complete bone-device-tendon construct in porcine femurs using a tensile testing machine. Results: There were significant differences in the ultimate failure loads among the devices. The highest ultimate failure loads when tested as a construct were observed for the XO Button (1748 N), followed by the Endobutton CL (1456 N), ToggleLoc with ZipLoop (1334 N), and TightRope RT (859 N). Cyclic displacement after 1000 cycles during isolated device testing was less than 1 mm for all devices. Cyclic displacements after 1000 cycles in the porcine construct were 1.88 mm, 2.74 mm, 3.34 mm, and 1.82 mm for the Endobutton, TightRope, ToggleLoc, and XO Button, respectively; all were significantly different from each other except when the Endobutton was compared with the XO Button. The ToggleLoc exceeded the 3.0-mm displacement threshold defined as a clinical failure. The most displacement occurred during the first cycle, especially for the adjustable-length loop devices. Stiffness reapproximated the native ACL stiffness for all constructs. Conclusion: The Endobutton, TightRope, and XO Button have the necessary biomechanical properties with regard to ultimate failure strength, displacement, and stiffness for initial fixation of soft tissue grafts in the femoral tunnel for ACL reconstruction. The ToggleLoc had sufficient ultimate failure strength but crossed our 3.0-mm clinical failure threshold for cyclic displacement. Although this study was not designed to compare fixed and adjustable-length loop devices, it was noted that both fixed-loop devices allowed less cyclic displacement and initial displacement. Clinical Relevance: Adjustable-length loop devices may need to be retensioned after cycling the knee and fixing the tibial side to account for the increased initial displacement seen with these devices.
Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Muscle Injury in Professional Soccer
Authors: Hägglund Martin , Waldén Markus , Ekstrand Jan 
Published: December 2012

Background: Muscle injury is the most common injury type in professional soccer players. Despite this, risk factors for common lower extremity injuries remain elusive. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of various player- and match-related risk factors on the occurrence of lower extremity muscle injury in male professional soccer. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, 26 soccer clubs (1401 players) from 10 European countries participated in the study. Individual player exposure and time loss muscle injuries in the lower extremity were registered prospectively by the club medical staffs during 9 consecutive seasons. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for player-related factors from simple and multiple Cox regression, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for match-related variables from simple and multiple logistic regression, presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: There were 2123 muscle injuries documented in the major lower extremity muscle groups: adductors (n = 523), hamstrings (n = 900), quadriceps (n = 394), and calf (n = 306). Injuries to the adductors (56%; P = .015) and quadriceps (63%; P< .001) were more frequent in the kicking leg. Multiple analysis indicated that having a previous identical injury in the preceding season increased injury rates significantly for adductor (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.00-1.96), hamstring (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12-1.75), quadriceps (HR, 3.10; 95% CI, 2.21-4.36), and calf injuries (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.52-3.57). Older players (above mean age) had an almost 2-fold increased rate of calf injury (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.38-2.71), but no association was found in other muscle groups. Goalkeepers had reduced injury rates in all 4 muscle groups. Match play on away ground was associated with reduced rates of adductor (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73) and hamstring injuries (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.92). Quadriceps injuries were more frequent during preseason, whereas adductor, hamstring, and calf injury rates increased during the competitive season. Conclusion: Intrinsic factors found to increase muscle injury rates in professional soccer were previous injury, older age, and kicking leg. Injury rates varied during different parts of the season and also depending on match location.
A Matched-Cohort Population Study of Reoperation After Meniscal Repair With and Without Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Wasserstein David , Dwyer Tim , Gandhi Rajiv , Austin Peter C. , Mahomed Nizar , Ogilvie-Harris Darrell 
Published: December 2012

Background: Evidence for the success of a meniscal repair performed alone versus combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is equivocal. No large-scale comparative studies exist regarding this issue. Hypothesis: In the general population, meniscal repair in a presumed stable knee has the same rate of reoperation as meniscal repair performed with ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All meniscal repairs performed with ACLR in Ontario, Canada, between July 2003 and March 2008 in patients aged 15 to 60 years were identified using administrative billing, diagnostics, and procedural coding. This cohort was matched 1:1 for sex, age, and calendar year of surgery with a cohort of patients who underwent meniscal repair alone. The McNemar test of matched pairs was used to compare reoperation rates (debridement or repair) within 2 years of the index procedure. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for reoperation among unmatched patient (socioeconomic status surrogate, comorbidity) and provider (surgeon volume, academic hospital status) factors. Results: Of 1332 patients who underwent meniscal repair and ACLR, 1239 (93%) were matched with patients who underwent meniscal repair alone. The rate of meniscal reoperation was 9.7% in the combined cohort compared with 16.7% in the repair alone cohort ( P < .0001). In the regression analysis, only ACLR was protective against meniscal reoperation (odds ratio, 0.57; P < .0001). Surgeon volume of meniscal repair did not influence outcome. Conclusion: A meniscal repair performed in conjunction with ACLR carries a 7% absolute and 42% relative risk reduction of reoperation after 2 years compared with isolated meniscal repair.
Impact of aluminum exposure on lung
Authors: Elserougy Safaa , Mahdy-Abdallah Heba , Hafez Salwa Farouk , Beshir Safia 
Published: December 2012

Aluminum (Al) metal is considered one of the most benign industrial metals. Although the harmful effects of Al on respiratory health have been denied by some studies, others reported its noxious effect on the lung through spirometric measurements. This work aimed at studying the effect of Al fumes on pulmonary functions of occupationally exposed workers. It investigated the possible relationship between inhalation exposure to Al fumes and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). The study participants comprised a group of 56 male Al workers with a mean duration of occupational exposure of 10.1 ± 9.5 years and 52 male participants who were not exposed to Al fumes as the control group. All participants filled a questionnaire, underwent full clinical examination and their spirometric pulmonary functions were measured. Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum CRP and A1AT and urine samples for measuring Al. Results revealed that urinary Al (UAl) was significantly higher in Al workers compared with controls ( p < 0.05). However, spirometric measures showed no significant difference between the exposed group and the controls. A1AT was significantly lowered in Al workers compared with the controls ( p < 0.000). Serum CRP was positive in only two (3.6%) of the exposed workers. Smokers of both groups (exposed and controls) showed significantly higher UAl and lower A1AT compared with nonsmokers. There was only significant negative correlation between the duration of exposure and A1AT ( p < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between smoking index (SI) and UAl. There was also significant negative correlation between SI and some of the pulmonary function tests namely the percentage of predicted forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second and peak expiratory flow in the exposed group. Those correlations point to the importance of the combined effect of smoking and Al exposure on the impairment of lung functions. The study recommends the determination of CRP and A1AT in Al-exposed workers. It is expected that those parameters may undergo changes before reduction in pulmonary functions takes place.
Enhancing the Safety of Elderly Victims After the Close of an APS Investigation
Authors: Jackson Shelly L. , Hafemeister Thomas L. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to test whether particular actions on the part of adult protective services (APS), the elderly victim, and/or society’s response to abusive individuals, are associated with the continuation of abuse after the close of an APS investigation and thereby compromise victim safety. Method. Interviews were conducted with 71 APS caseworkers, 55 of the elderly victims of substantiated abuse, and 35 third-party persons. Results. A small proportion of elderly victims continue to experience abuse after the close of an APS investigation. Elderly victims were more likely to experience continued abuse when they chose to have ongoing contact with their abusers, vis-à-vis cohabitation or otherwise, and when their abusers experienced no consequences. Although continuation of abuse did not differ by the type of maltreatment involved, reasons for the cessation of abuse, and other safety indicators, did. Implications. To enhance victim safety, greater monitoring may be warranted in cases wherein elderly victims continue to have contact with their abuser and when abusive individuals experience no consequences. To further enhance victim safety, abusive individuals must be incorporated into an overall strategic response to elder abuse. A potential avenue for facilitating victim safety while maintaining victim autonomy is to understand their motivations for desiring continued contact with their abuser and developing interventions based upon such knowledge.