bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Aromatic Amines from Side-Stream Cigarette Smoke are Common Contaminants of Indoor Air
Authors: Luceri Francesca , Pieraccini Giuseppe , Moneti Gloriano , Dolara Piero 
Published: September 2013

A very sensitive mass-spectrometry method has been developed for the analysis of aromatic amines in tobacco smoke and in indoor air. Cigarettes were smoked with a smoking machine; the anwies from the smoke were trapped in a 5% HCl water solution containing internal standards and detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The amines measured were the following: aniline. 2-toluidine, 3-toluidine, 4-toluidine, 2-ethylaniline, 3-ethylaniline, 4-ethylaniline, 2,3-dimethylaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 2,5-dimethylaniline, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-1-naphthylamine, 2-aminobiphenyl,3-aminobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl. We analyzed nine brands of cigarettes sold commercially in Italy (Gauloise, Nazionali, Marlboro, Camel, MS, MS mild and MS lights), with and without filter. Main-stream smoke contained a lower amount of aromatic amines than side-stream smoke: the total level of these amines in main-stream smoke ranged from 200 to 1300 nglcigarette, whereas the level of aromatic amines in side-stream smoke varied from 20,000 to 30,000 nglcigarette. The smoke of black-tobacco cigarettes had higher levels of aromatic amines compared to light-tobacco cigarettes and the filters significantly reduced aromatic amines in main-stream smoke. We also determined the levels of aromatic amines in ambient air, offices and houses. Some aromatic amines (aniline and toluidine) were detected in ambient air, as well as in rooms of non-smokers. Most measurements showed a considerable contamination of aromatic amines derived from side-stream smoke, which was detected also in parts of the buildings in which smoking was not allowed.
Characterization of Highly Polar Dna Adducts Derived from Dibenz[A,H]Anthracene (DBA), 3,4-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dihydro-DBA, and 3,4,10,11-Tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-Tetrahydro-DBA
Authors: Fuchs Juergen , Mlcoch Jiri , Oesch Franz , Platt Karl Ludwig 
Published: September 2013

Two highly polar DNA adducts were found after metabolic activation of 3,4,10,11-tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-tetrahydrodibenz[ a,h]anthracene(DBA-3,4;10, 11-bisdiol) by liver microsomes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254 in presence of calf thymus DNA. These DNA adducts could be assigned to the metabolites of dibenz[ a,h]anthracene (DBA), of 3R,4R,10R,11R-tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-DBA and of 3R,4R,10S,US-tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-DBA. DNA adducts derived from metabolites of 3S,4S,10S,11S-tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-DBA were not found. These highly polar adducts also could be detected by reversed phase HPLC after incubation of dibenz[ a,h]anthracene, 3R,4R-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-DBA ((-)-DBA-3,4-diol) and 3S,4S- dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-DBA ((+)-DBA-3,4-diol) with DNA in presence of the activating system. After incubation of 14C labelled DBA DNA adducts derived from DBA-3,4;10,11-bisdiol were found in a fraction of 38% and bay region 3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-DBA-DNA adducts at a level of 25%. DBA-3,4; 10,11-bisdiol exhibited a higher DNA binding yield (38 × 12 pmollmg DNA) than (-)-DBA-3,4-diol (23 × 6 pmol/mg DNA), the most mutagenic 3,4-diol enantiomer. For (+)-DBA-3,4-diol the highly polar DNA adducts derived from DBA-3,4;10,11-bisdiol were by far the most predotmnant adducts in vitro.
An in Vitro Model for Toxicological Investigations of Environmental Neurotoxins in Primary Neuronal Cell Cultures
Authors: Schmuck Gabriele , Schlüter Gerhard 
Published: September 2013

Currently, most neurotoxicological investigations are still conducted using various animal models (e.g. chickens, rodents). In this report, alternative strategies of testing were examined to detect the neurotoxic potency of foreign compounds. Primary neuronal cell cultures from fetal rats are already an accepted model for mechanistic and pharmacological studies in drug research. Their suitability for neurotoxicological studies was examined by using industrial model compounds, which are well-known inductors of neuropathies: acrylamide, hexachlorophene, paraquat, n-hexane, and its neurotoxic metabolites acetylaceton and 2,5-hexandione. As a control compound, the nonneurotoxic solvent n-heptane was used. General cytotoxicity and the intracellular content of glial fibrillary acid protein, neuron-specific enolase, and neurofilaments were measured. n-Heptane induced an acute cytotoxicity and acrylamide and 2,5-hexandione produced a delayed cytotoxicity in primary neuronal cells, whereas the others showed no cytotoxic potency in the tested concentration range. These results were in agreement with the quantification of neurons by neuron-specific enolase. In contrast, with the exception of acetylaceton, glia cells were significantly affected by all neurotoxins at the later time. Signs of axonopathies were demonstrated for acrylamide, n-hexane and its metabolites, as well as for hexachlorophene and paraquat in vitro, by determining the intracellular neurofilament level. Therefore, the determination of cell-specific end points is necessary to detect the neurotoxic potency and quality of a compound, whereas the cytotoxicity assay limited the tested concentration range.
Short-Term Exposure To Jp-8 Jet Fuel Results in Longterm Immunotoxicity
Authors: Harris David T. , Sakiestewa Debbie , Robledo Raymond F. , Wittent Mark 
Published: September 2013

Chronic exposure to jet fuel has been shown to have adverse effects on human liver function, to cause emotional dysfunction, to cause abnormal electroencephalograms, to cause shortened attention spans, and to decrease sensorimotor speed. Due to the decision by the United States Air Force to implement the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is both critical and necessary. Exposure to potential environmental toxicants such as JP-8 may have significant effects on host systems beyond those readily visible (i.e., physiology, cardiology, respiratory, etc.); e.g., the immune system. Previous studies have shown that short-term, low concentration JP-8 exposure had significant effects on the immune system, which should have serious consequences for the exposed host in terms of susceptibility to infectious agents. If these alterations in immune function were long-lasting, it might also result in an increased likelihood of development and/or progression of cancer, as well as autoimmune disease. In the current study, mice were exposed for 1 hlday for 7 days to a moderate (1000 mg/m 3) and a high (2500 mg/m3) concentration of aerosolized JP-8 jet fuel to simulate occupational exposures. One to 28 days after the last exposure the mice were analyzed for effects of the exposure on their immune systems. It was observed that decreases in viable immune cell numbers and immune organ weights found at 24 h after exposure persisted for extended periods of time. Further, JP-8 exposure resulted in significantly decreased immune function, as analyzed by mitogenesis assays, which persisted for up to 4 weeks post-exposure. Thus, short-term exposure of mice to JP-8 jet fuel caused significant toxicological effects on the immune system, which were long-lasting and persistent. It appears that the immune system may be the most sensitive indicator of toxicological damage due to JP-8 exposure. Such long-term changes in immune status may have significant effects on the health of the exposed individual.
Outcomes and complication rates of different bone grafting modalities in long bone fracture nonunions: a retrospective cohort study in 182 patients
Authors: Flierl Michael A , Smith Wade R , Mauffrey Cyril , Irgit Kaan , Williams Allison E , Ross Erin , Peacher Gabrielle , Hak David J , Stahel Philip F 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Novel bone substitutes have challenged the notion of autologous bone grafting as the ‘gold standard’ for the surgical treatment of fracture nonunions. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that autologous bone grafting is equivalent to other bone grafting modalities in the management of fracture nonunions of the long bones.

Methods
A retrospective review of patients with fracture nonunions included in two prospective databases was performed at two US level 1 trauma centers from January 1, 1998 (center 1) or January 1, 2004 (center 2), respectively, until December 31, 2010 (n = 574). Of these, 182 patients required adjunctive bone grafting and were stratified into the following cohorts: autograft (n = 105), allograft (n = 38), allograft and autograft combined (n = 16), and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with or without adjunctive bone grafting (n = 23). The primary outcome parameter was time to union. Secondary outcome parameters consisted of complication rates and the rate of revision procedures and revision bone grafting.

Results
The autograft cohort had a statistically significant shorter time to union (198 ± 172–225 days) compared to allograft (416 ± 290–543 days) and exhibited a trend towards earlier union when compared to allograft/autograft combined (389 ± 159–619 days) or rhBMP-2 (217 ± 158–277 days). Furthermore, the autograft cohort had the lowest rate of surgical revisions (17%) and revision bone grafting (9%), compared to allograft (47% and 32%), allograft/autograft combined (25% and 31%), or rhBMP-2 (27% and 17%). The overall new-onset postoperative infection rate was significantly lower in the autograft group (12.4%), compared to the allograft cohort (26.3%) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Autologous bone grafting appears to represent the bone grafting modality of choice with regard to safety and efficiency in the surgical management of long bone fracture nonunions.
Arginine improves peroxisome functioning in cells from patients with a mild peroxisome biogenesis disorder
Authors: Berendse Kevin , Ebberink Merel S , IJlst Lodewijk , Poll-The Bwee Tien , Wanders RonaldJ A , Waterham Hans R 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are multisystem genetic disorders caused by a lack of functional peroxisomes, due to mutations in one of the PEX genes, encoding proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis. The phenotypic spectrum of ZSDs ranges from an early lethal form to much milder presentations. In cultured skin fibroblasts from mildly affected patients, peroxisome biogenesis can be partially impaired which results in a mosaic catalase immunofluorescence pattern. This peroxisomal mosaicism has been described for specific missense mutations in various PEX genes. In cell lines displaying peroxisomal mosaicism, peroxisome biogenesis can be improved when these are cultured at 30°C. This suggests that these missense mutations affect the folding and/or stability of the encoded protein. We have studied if the function of mutant PEX1, PEX6 and PEX12 can be improved by promoting protein folding using the chemical chaperone arginine.

Methods
Fibroblasts from three PEX1 patients, one PEX6 and one PEX12 patient were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of arginine. To determine the effect on peroxisome biogenesis we studied the following parameters: number of peroxisome-positive cells, levels of PEX1 protein and processed thiolase, and the capacity to β-oxidize very long chain fatty acids and pristanic acid.

Results
Peroxisome biogenesis and function in fibroblasts with mild missense mutations in PEX1, 6 and 12 can be improved by arginine.

Conclusion
Arginine may be an interesting compound to promote peroxisome function in patients with a mild peroxisome biogenesis disorder.
Photo Competition as a Tool for Providing Occupational Health Education to General Secondary School Students
Authors: Bazas Theodore , Krikella Alkinoi , Zorba Konstantina , Kapsali Konstantina 
Published: September 2013

Photo Competition as a Tool for Providing Occupational Health Education to General Secondary School Students: Theodore BAZAS, et al. Committee of Health and Welfare, Municipality of Philothei‐Psychiko, Athens, Greece—ObjectivesEducation on occupational health and safety (OHS) is not a compulsory part of the curriculum of general secondary schools (GSSs) in many countries. Adolescence is a formative period. Mainstreaming education in OHS into GSSs is necessary in order to initiate in students a risk prevention culture. We explored the feasibility of using a photo competition (PC) concerning health protection at work as a health education tool by assessing the degrees of relevant responses of students aged 13−18, teachers, parents and private enterprises and by identifying the types of work and hazards selected in 17 state and non‐state GSSs of a Greek municipality.MethodsFollowing the mayor's decision to hold a PC, prizes were secured from 11 private donors, the PC was publicized widely, and presentations on OHS were delivered to students by an occupational physician and suitably instructed teachers; the students then took photos of identifiable work situations containing OHS hazards, with protection either present or absent. Photos were assessed by juries of the Municipality and of the European Centre for the Environment and Health of the WHO.ResultsThe 87 photos submitted revealed that students had an understanding of 15 types of OHS hazards, mainly knocks and blows (28.7%) and falls from heights (26.4%) but also of diseases (respiratory, back pain, hearing loss), in 28 types of non‐school work, mostly in transport (12.6%) and construction (9.1%), and recognized measures for protection in 50.5% of photos.ConclusionsThis PC concerning OHS in GSSs is the first reported in the literature, and it proved to be a feasible, extracurricular educational activity that requires increased teacher collaboration within the school curriculum.
Distribution of Airborne Bacteria in Railway Stations in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Kawasaki Tamami , Kyotani Takashi , Ushiogi Tomoyoshi , Lee Hunjun 
Published: September 2013

Distribution of Airborne Bacteria in Railway Stations in Tokyo, Japan: Tamami KAWASAKI, et al. Biotechnology Laboratory, Railway Technical Research Institute—ObjectivesWe performed the current study to (1) understand the distribution of culturable airborne bacteria over a one‐year monitoring period, (2) confirm places in stations where airborne bacteria are highly detected, (3) understand the factors that affect concentrations of airborne bacteria and (4) compare the distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi in railway stations in Japan.MethodsMeasurements of airborne bacteria were taken at stations A and B located in Tokyo. Station A had under‐ and above‐ground concourses and platforms, whereas station B had spaces only above‐ground. Airborne bacteria at each measurement position were collected with an air sampler on plate count agar media. After cultivation of the sampled media, the number of bacteria colonies was counted on each media.Results(1) Airborne bacteria were highly detected in the above‐ground concourse in station A. Almost all the indoor‐to‐outdoor (I/O) ratios of concentrations of airborne bacteria in the above‐ground concourse in station A were higher than one throughout the year and were especially high in summer. (2) The factor that affects the concentrations of airborne bacteria seems to be the number of railway customers, not humidity. (3) The characteristics of the distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi were different, even though they were sampled in the same stations on the same days.ConclusionsIn the case of controlling indoor air quality of stations in the future, the locations in railway stations that would require control of indoor air quality differ between airborne bacteria or fungi, respectively.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Alkenylations of Phenols with Removable Directing Groups
Authors: Ma Wenbo , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCationic ruthenium(II) complexes enabled oxidative alkenylations of phenols bearing easily cleavable directing groups. The optimized catalytic system allowed twofold CH bond activations with excellent chemo‐, site‐, and diastereoselectivities. The double CH functionalization process proceeded efficiently in an aerobic fashion under an atmosphere of ambient air. Detailed mechanistic studies were performed and provided strong support for an initial reversible CH bond activation by the formation of six‐membered ruthenacycles as the key intermediates.
Chemical Functionalization of Exfoliated Graphene
Authors: Economopoulos Solon P. , Tagmatarchis Nikos 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGraphene is turning out to be the material that will effectively kick‐start a new era for nanotechnology. The impressive properties of this atom‐thick carbon layer are taking shape and form with early reports of successful applications based on it. The turning point for this material will be its low‐cost mass production. In this report a chemist’s perspective on the production methods for graphene and the subsequent functionalization processes is discussed.
An Interwoven Metal‐Organic Framework Combining Mechanically Interlocked Linkers and Interpenetrated Networks
Authors: Frank Nissa C. , Mercer Darren J. , Loeb Stephen J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNew dibenzo[24]crown‐8 ether derivatives were prepared that contain appendages with thioether donors that can coordinate to a metal ion. These macrocycles were then combined with 1,2‐bis(pyridinium) ethane axles to create two types of [2]rotaxane ligands; those with the four thioether donors on the crown ether and those with six donor groups, four from the crown ether and two more attached to the stoppering groups of the dumbbell. The crown ethers and both types of [2]rotaxane ligands were allowed to react with AgI ions to form metal‐organic rotaxane framework (MORF) style coordination polymers. The interlocked hexadentate ligand forms the first example of a new type of lattice containing interwoven frameworks resulting from both interpenetration of frameworks due to the presence of an interlocked ligand and more classical interpenetration of independent frameworks.
Development and manipulation of spontaneous eye blinking in the first year: Relationships to context and positive affect
Authors: Bacher L.F. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe present study explored the development of spontaneous eye blinking (SEB) and its relationship to approach‐inhibition behavior during the second half of the first year. The dopaminergic regulation of SEB in adult primates provides an empirical basis for studying blinking in infants, and dopamine's role in infant temperament provides justification for examining approach‐inhibition specifically. A longitudinal design with an experimental manipulation was used to examine developmental change in the rate of SEB. Healthy, full‐term infants (N = 74) were observed at 4 and 12 months. Blinking rate was observed during a quiet baseline and a randomly assigned stimulus condition. Then, approach‐inhibition responses were examined as stimulus objects were presented. Experimental conditions altered blink rate at both ages, but the effects varied by age and stimulus type. At 12 months, individual differences in SEB were associated with positive affect during the approach‐inhibition task. The divergent effects for the cognitive and social conditions suggest that the mechanisms regulating blink rate have distinct relationships to these behavioral domains and that these undergo changes during the first year. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 783–796, 2014.
Isolation and Characterization of Single and Sulfide‐Bridged Double [4Fe–4S] Cubane Clusters with 4‐Pyridinethiolato Ligands
Authors: Gerlach Deidra L. , Coucouvanis Dimitri , Kampf Jeff , Lehnert Nicolai 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCuboidal iron–sulfur clusters, [4Fe–4S], are important electron‐transfer (ET) sites in biology. In addition, more complex structures, usually consisting of modified or fused cubane clusters, are used as active sites in many important enzymes. For example, the Fe–Mo cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase contains two fused cubanes. Here, we report the synthesis of three new para‐pyridylthiolate ligated iron–sulfur cubane clusters, two single clusters (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SMePy)4] and (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4], and the sulfide‐bridged double cubane (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] with 4‐pyridinethiolato exogenous ligands. The properties of these clusters were then explored by 1H NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X‐ray crystallography. Importantly, (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] is the first example of a crystallographically characterized sulfide‐bridged double cubane with all‐thiolato exogenous ligands that is not supported by a large encapsulating ligand. This cluster shows a bridging Fe–S–Fe angle of 104°, its other structural parameters are in close agreement with those of the single‐cluster analog (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4]. Finally, the one‐electron‐reduced forms of (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4] and (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] were studied by low‐temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Both clusters exhibit reversible one‐electron reductions at –401 and –528 mV [vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)], respectively. The one‐electron‐reduced forms of both clusters show S = 1/2 ground states as evident from EPR spectroscopy at liquid‐helium temperature. The temperature‐dependent data for the double cubane further indicate that the extra electron is trapped in one of the clusters of the dimer and that a low‐lying excited state is likely present in this complex, close in energy to the ground state.
Pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, in patients with impaired renal function and end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Krishnaswami Sriram , Chow Vincent , Boy Mary , Wang Cunshan , Chan Gary 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics (PK) of tofacitinib were assessed in patients with mild (Cockcroft–Gault creatinine clearance >50 and ≤80 mL/min), moderate (≥30 and ≤50 mL/min), and severe (<30 mL/min) renal impairment, and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis. Six patients each with normal, mild, moderate, or severely impaired renal function, and 12 patients with ESRD, received single tofacitinib doses of 10 mg. PK data were obtained from blood and dialyzate (patients with ESRD only) samples prior and subsequent to dosing and/or hemodialysis (patients with ESRD only). Relative to patients with normal renal function, mean (90% CI) AUC(0–∞) ratios were 137% (97–195), 143% (101–202), and 223% (157–316) in patients with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were similar across the four treatment groups. Terminal phase half‐life (t1/2) increased with severity of renal impairment. Mean AUC(0–∞) in patients with ESRD on a non‐dialysis day was similar to that in patients with moderate renal impairment and approximately 40% greater than healthy volunteer data. Mean (SD) dialyzer efficiency (ratio of dialyzer clearance/blood flow entering the dialyzer) was 0.73 (0.15). However, due to extensive non‐renal clearance, dialysis procedure is unlikely to result in significant elimination of tofacitinib.