bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of proteobacterial endosymbionts in hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) from its native and introduced range
Authors: von Dohlen Carol D. , Spaulding Usha , Shields Kathleen , Havill Nathan P. , Rosa Cristina , Hoover Kelli 
Published: January 2013

SummaryKnowledge of intraspecific variation in symbioses may aid in understanding the ecology of widespread insects in different parts of their range. We investigated bacterial symbionts of Adelges tsugae, a pest of hemlocks in eastern North America introduced from Asia. Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA, in situ hybridizations, and electron microscopy revealed that A. tsugae harbours up to five bacterial phylotypes, according to population. Three Gammaproteobacteria species are maternally transmitted. The first, designated ‘Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas’ resides in the haemocoel, and was detected in all populations except Taiwan. The second phylotype, ‘Ca. Serratia symbiotica’, resides in bacteriocytes of populations on Tsuga sieboldii in Japan and in E. North America. The third phylotype, designated ‘Ca. Annandia adelgestsuga’, clustered within a lineage of several insect endosymbionts that included Buchnera aphidicola. It was detected in bacteriocytes in all populations, and in salivary glands of first instars. Two Betaproteobacteria phylotypes were detected in some Japanese T. sieboldii and eastern North America populations, and were observed only in salivary glands with no evidence of maternal transmission. Our results support the ideas that symbiont gain and loss has been volatile in adelgids, and that symbionts may help to trace the source of invasive species.
Understanding NHS Policy Making in England: The Formulation of the NHS Plan, 2000
Authors: Alvarez-Rosete Arturo , Mays Nicholas 
Published: January 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract The article investigates which of two competing accounts of contemporary British policy making better captures the nature of policy making during episodes of major reform of the English NHS. The analysis of the formulation of the English NHS Plan 2000 suggests that the Asymmetric Power Model better describes the reality of NHS policy making under New Labour than the Differentiated Polity Model. Although the process of developing the Plan showed signs of a more open policy process, it was tightly controlled and personally led by the Secretary of State for Health and his close advisers, reflecting an underlying British political tradition that emphasises the idea that the NHS has to be continuously improved with change led from above by central government. However, when compared to the processes underpinning Thatcher's Ministerial Review of the NHS and the 2010 Coalition government's White Paper, if ever NHS policy making in England were to have come close to the Differentiated Polity Model, it would have been during the formulation of the 2000 NHS Plan. Through a case study of the formulation of the English NHS Plan 2000, this article investigates which of two competing models of the British policy process—the Differentiated Polity and Asymmetric Power Models—better describes the reality of major NHS reform policy making under New Labour. The process of developing the Plan showed signs of a more open policy process, seemingly closer to the DPM. There was contestability of policy advice and limited involvement of the medical profession through its representative bodies. However, the process was tightly controlled and personally led by the Secretary of State and his advisers, with the direct involvement of the Prime Minister throughout. Two key moments of interest group involvement—the Modernisation Action Teams and the signing of the Plan by health sector organisations—were marked by power asymmetries. Overall, the APM better describes the reality of major reform policy making under New Labour.
Members are Not the Only Fruit: Volunteer Activity in British Political Parties at the 2010 General Election
Authors: Fisher Justin , Fieldhouse Edward , Cutts David 
Published: January 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract This article shows: The importance of non-party members (supporters) in election campaigns. Party evolution rather than self-evident decline. How parties cope with falling membership to staff campaigns. The extent to which supporter activities complement and supplement those of members. Existing research on volunteer activity in political parties has tended to focus on party membership, both in terms of numbers and activities undertaken. Recent developments in British political parties suggest however, an increasing role for party supporters—supporters of parties who are not formal members. Using data collected through surveys of election agents at the 2010 general election, this article examines the extent of supporter activity in constituency (district-level) campaigns, the extent to which active local parties stimulate supporter activity, the correlates of supporter and member activity, and whether supporter activity makes a positive and independent contribution to parties' constituency campaigns. The article provides an important opportunity to question whether the evolution of party organisations suggests that formal members may be less important than has been previously assumed in the conduct of election campaigns and the extent to which supporter activity complements that of members.
Gentrification, Education and Exclusionary Displacement in East London
Authors: Butler Tim , Hamnett Chris , Ramsden Mark J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this article we draw on Peter Marcuse's discussion of different types of displacement using evidence from a recent study we conducted in East London to argue that there is clear evidence of ‘exclusionary displacement’ and ‘displacement pressure’ in terms of education and specifically the choice of schooling. We show how the incoming middle classes in the Victoria Park area of inner East London have displaced not only existing poor residents but also many of the less affluent middle class from the favoured state schools in the area by adopting some schools and avoiding others. The preferred schools are often praised to the heavens whilst the shunned schools are similarly disparaged and deemed unacceptable. We suggest that it is this middle‐class dichotomization of schooling which accounts for the kind of educational displacement we have observed. The main form that this takes is direct exclusionary displacement when middle‐class pressure on favoured schools leads to local people being unable to get their children into them — normally because of ‘distance from school’ selection criteria.
Comparison of three interventions in the treatment of malnutrition in hospitalised older adults: A clinical trial
Authors: Campbell Katrina L. , Webb Lindsey , Vivanti Angela , Varghese Paul , Ferguson Maree 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe objective of the present study was to determine the most effective method for providing oral nutrition support to hospitalised older adult patients with malnutrition using clinical and patient‐centred measures.MethodsThe present study involved consecutive assignment of 98 inpatients assessed as malnourished (Subjective Global Assessment B or C) to conventional commercial supplements (traditional, n = 33), MedPass (n = 32, 2 cal/mL supplement delivered 60 mL four times a day at medication rounds) or mid‐meal trolley (n = 33, selective snack trolley offered between meals) for two weeks. Weight change, supplement compliance, energy and protein intake (3‐day food records), quality of life (EQ‐5D), patient satisfaction and cost were evaluated.ResultsWeight change was similar across the three interventions (mean ± SD): 0.4 ± 3.8% traditional; 1.5 ± 5.8% MedPass; 1.0 ± 3.1% mid‐meal (P = 0.53). Energy and protein intakes (% of requirements) were more often achieved with traditional (107 ± 26, 128 ± 35%) and MedPass (110 ± 28, 126 ± 38%) compared with mid‐meal (85 ± 25, 88 ± 25%) interventions (P = < 0.01). Overall quality‐of‐life ratings (scale 0–100) improved significantly with MedPass (mean change, 12.4 ± 20.9) and mid‐meal (21.1 ± 19.7) interventions, however, did not change with traditional intervention (1.5 ± 18.1) (P = 0.05). Patient satisfaction including sensory qualities (taste, look, temperature, size) and perceived benefit (improved health and recovery) was rated highest for mid‐meal trolley (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsPatients achieved recommended intake with supplements (MedPass or traditional), and despite lower cost, higher satisfaction and quality of life with selective mid‐meal trolley did not achieve recommended energy and protein intake. Future research is warranted for implementing a combination of strategies in providing oral nutrition support.
Re‐evaluation of women's nutritional needs, knowledge and behaviours in a tertiary maternity service: are we meeting women's needs yet?
Authors: Wilkinson Shelley A. , Walker Alice , Tolcher Debbie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to assess changes in nutritional awareness, knowledge and behaviours of women following nutrition service changes, implemented after a 2008 survey, in a Queensland Maternal Health Hospital.MethodsIn 2011, 356 antenatal and 138 postnatal women were surveyed for seven weeks. Results were compared with those from a previous survey in 2008 of a similar cohort of 309 antenatal and 102 postnatal women.ResultsThe cohorts were similar on most demographic, anthropometric and pregnancy characteristics. Approximately half were primiparous and over one‐third had a body mass index of >25 kg/m2. Similar proportions of women accessed the nutrition services both years (4.9%, 9.6%) and felt the service met their needs (94–100%). In both survey years, women had poor diet quality, despite identifying healthy eating as a high priority. While similar proportions reported receiving written information (63.8% vs 69.6%), women surveyed in 2011 rated its appearance more favourably (3.7 ± 0.9 vs 3.9 ± 0.8; P < 0.001), found it useful (3.7 ± 0.9 vs 3.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.003) and knew of nutrition services available (10.5% vs 27.5%; P < 0.001), compared with the 2008 cohort. In 2011, women had lower gestational weight gain (12.8 ± 5.2 kg vs 14.5 ± 6.3 kg; P = 0.04) and more knew correct gestational weight gain guidelines (P = 0.005) compared with the 2008 cohort.ConclusionEvidence‐based service changes at the Maternal Health Hospital have effected positive change in women's gestational weight gain and service awareness and ratings. However, targeted, intensive interventions may be required to improve diet quality and manage gestational weight gain to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes.
An investigation into the perioperative nutritional management of open colorectal surgery patients in major Australian hospitals: a comparison with the ERAS guidelines
Authors: Wykes Katie , Taylor Karen , Wilkinson Shelley A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe present study compared the adherence of Australian hospitals with the ‘enhanced recovery after surgery’ guidelines for the management of colorectal surgery patients to inform development of a colorectal surgery care‐path.MethodsTwelve Australian dietetic departments were approached and completed telephone interviews from June to September 2010 based on questions informed by the ‘enhanced recovery after surgery’ guidelines. Dietitians were questioned about their guideline awareness and the nutritional management of colorectal surgery patients within their facility. Current dietetic practices and perceived barriers and enablers to implementation of the ‘enhanced recovery after surgery’ guidelines were investigated.ResultsDietitians at 10 of the 12 hospitals approached completed the interviews. Despite wide awareness of the ‘enhanced recovery after surgery’ nutrition guidelines in those surveyed and attempts to change practice, no hospital in the study had fully implemented the guidelines. Only three dietitians reported practising nutritional management of patients in accordance with more that half of the guideline elements. The most consistently implemented guideline element was the early removal of nasogastric tubes. The guideline element with the most reported difficulty were avoiding the use of bowel preparation and implementing preoperative carbohydrate supplementation. Recommendations have been presented to assist dietitians throughout Australia to close the gap between the evidence base and clinical practice.ConclusionA significant gap between the literature and clinical practice remains in the nutritional management of colorectal surgery patients. Acknowledgement of barriers and enablers to guideline implementation may assist in future guideline adoption.
Factors that influence consumption of fish and omega–3‐enriched foods: A survey of Australian families with young children
Authors: Rahmawaty Setyaningrum , Charlton Karen , Lyons‐Wall Philippa , Meyer Barbara J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to identify factors that influence the consumption of fish and foods that are enriched with omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 LCPUFA), in order to inform the development of effective nutrition education strategies.MethodsA cross‐sectional, 10‐item self‐administered survey was conducted to 262 parents of children aged 9–13 years from a regional centre in New South Wales. Parents were asked questions related to frequency of consumption, and to identify factors that either encouraged or prevented the provision of fish/seafood and/or n‐3 LCPUFA‐enriched foods for their families.ResultsSalmon, canned tuna, prawn and take‐away fish were the most commonly eaten variants of fish/seafood, at approximately once a month. Perceived health benefits and the influence of media and health professionals in health promotion were identified as the primary motivators for consumption of fish/seafood and foods enriched with n‐3 LCPUFA. Among families who consume fish, taste was valued as having a major positive influence, as well as preferences of individual family members, but the latter was perceived as an obstacle in non‐fish consumers. Price was the main barrier to consumption of fresh, but not canned, fish and n–3‐enriched foods, in both those that do and do not consume these foods.ConclusionDespite Australian parents’ knowledge of the health benefits n‐3 LCPUFA, only a fifth of households meet the recommended two serves of fish per week, hence nutrition education strategies are warranted.
Pilot intervention in an economically disadvantaged community: The back‐to‐basics after‐school healthy lifestyle program
Authors: Burrows Tracy , Bray James , Morgan Philip J. , Collins Clare 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an after‐school obesity prevention strategy for families.MethodsTen children aged 5–12 years and their parents/guardians from an economically disadvantaged area participated in an after‐school healthy lifestyle program, which was run over a school term. It consisted of five face‐to‐face sessions that were run fortnightly with an additional social barbeque session at program completion.ResultsFeasibility was demonstrated by successful recruitment, retention (80%) and collection of a high percentage of usable data (96% at baseline, 80% at follow up). Acceptability was demonstrated by a session attendance of 83%, 100% positive enjoyment response. There was no significant change in anthropometrics, child or adult fruit and vegetable intake with no or little effect on all other dietary variables.ConclusionsThe present study illustrated an approach to the translation of a program used in an evidence‐based efficacious clinical trial into a sustainable community setting.
Genomes of replicatively senescent cells undergo global epigenetic changes leading to gene silencing and activation of transposable elements
Authors: De Cecco Marco , Criscione Steven W. , Peckham Edward J. , Hillenmeyer Sara , Hamm Eliza A. , Manivannan Jayameenakshi , Peterson Abigail L. , Kreiling Jill A. , Neretti Nicola , Sedivy John M. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryReplicative cellular senescence is an important tumor suppression mechanism and also contributes to aging. Progression of both cancer and aging include significant epigenetic components, but the chromatin changes that take place during cellular senescence are not known. We used formaldehyde assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) to map genome‐wide chromatin conformations. In contrast to growing cells, whose genomes are rich with features of both open and closed chromatin, FAIRE profiles of senescent cells are significantly smoothened. This is due to FAIRE signal loss in promoters and enhancers of active genes, and FAIRE signal gain in heterochromatic gene‐poor regions. Chromatin of major retrotransposon classes, Alu, SVA and L1, becomes relatively more open in senescent cells, affecting most strongly the evolutionarily recent elements, and leads to an increase in their transcription and ultimately transposition. Constitutive heterochromatin in centromeric and peri‐centromeric regions also becomes relatively more open, and the transcription of satellite sequences increases. The peripheral heterochromatic compartment (PHC) becomes less prominent, and centromere structure becomes notably enlarged. These epigenetic changes progress slowly after the onset of senescence, with some, such as mobilization of retrotransposable elements becoming prominent only at late times. Many of these changes have also been noted in cancer cells.
The dynamic relationship between social norms and behaviors: the results of an HIV prevention network intervention for injection drug users
Authors: Latkin Carl , Donnell Deborah , Liu Ting‐Yuan , Davey‐Rothwell Melissa , Celentano David , Metzger David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsSocial norms are a key source of influence on health behaviors. This study examined changes in social norms and relationships between HIV injection risk behaviors and social norms among injection drug users (IDUs) involved in an experimental intervention.DesignRandomized clinical trial.SettingAn HIV Prevention Trials Network study, Philadelphia, USA.ParticipantsIDUs, called indexes, and their social network members, who were drug or sex partners, were recruited for an HIV prevention intervention and followed for up to 30 months (n = 652). Indexes were randomized into a peer education intervention or control condition.MeasurementsOutcomes of injection‐related HIV risk behaviors (sharing needles, sharing cookers, sharing cotton, front‐/back‐loading) were measured every 6 months and the social norms of these four risk behaviors were assessed every 12 months.FindingsThere was a statistically significant intervention effect on all four social norms of injection behaviors, with participants in the intervention reporting less risky social norms compared with controls (changes in mean score: needles, −0.24, P = 0.007; cookers, −0.33, P = .004; cottons, −0.28, P = .0165; front‐/back‐loading, −0.23, P = .002). There was also a statistically significant bidirectional association with social norms predicting injection risk behaviors at the next assessment and risk behaviors predicting social norms at the subsequent visit.ConclusionsThrough social network interventions it is feasible to change both injection risk behaviors and associated social norms. However, it is critical that social network interventions focus on publically highlighting behavior changes, as changing social norms without awareness of behaviors change may lead to relapse of risk behaviors.
Associations between area‐level disadvantage and DMFT among a birth cohort of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Jamieson LM , Do LG , Bailie RS , Sayers SM , Turrell G 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundIndividual‐level factors influence DMFT, but little is known about the influence of community environment. This study examined associations between community‐level influences and DMFT among a birth cohort of Indigenous Australians aged 16–20 years.MethodsData were collected as part of Wave 3 of the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study. Fifteen community areas were established and the sample comprised 442 individuals. The outcome variable was mean DMFT with explanatory variables including diet and community disadvantage (access to services, infrastructure and communications). Data were analysed using multilevel regression modelling.ResultsIn a null model, 13.8% of the total variance in mean DMFT was between community areas, which increased to 14.3% after adjusting for gender, age and diet. Addition of the community disadvantage variable decreased the variance between areas by 4.8%, indicating that community disadvantage explained one‐third of the area‐level variance. Residents of under‐resourced communities had significantly higher mean DMFT (β = 3.86, 95% CI 0.02, 7.70) after adjusting for gender, age and diet.ConclusionsLiving in under‐resourced communities was associated with greater DMFT among this disadvantaged population, indicating that policies aiming to reduce oral health‐related inequalities among vulnerable groups may benefit from taking into account factors external to individual‐level influences.
Stress analysis of different post‐luting systems: a three‐dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Romeed SA , Dunne SM 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe longevity of endodontically treated teeth is usually determined by the adequacy of root canal treatments, coronal seal and favourable stress distribution within the remaining tooth tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of post material and luting cement on the biomechanics of endodontically treated teeth using three‐dimensional finite element analysis (3‐D FEA).MethodsA 3 mm section of endodontically treated canine tooth was scanned and reconstructed for 3‐D modelling and FE analyses. A metal post (MP) and a glass fibre post (GFP) were tested individually with four luting cements [zinc phosphate (ZPH), glass ionomer (GI), resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) and resin based cements (RC)]. A push‐out test was conducted by subjecting all models to 100 N perpendicular loading at the post.ResultsThe maximum stresses generated along the MP‐cement interface were significantly higher than corresponding stresses in the GFP‐cement interface regardless of the cement type. GFP generated seven times higher stresses within the root dentine than metal posts when ZPH and GI were used, and three times higher when RMGI and RC were used. The displacement of GFP was double (50 μ) the displacement of MP (20 μ) in all groups.ConclusionsThe low elastic modulus of GFP generated lower stresses along its interface and higher stresses within the root dentine, therefore the probability of debonding and root fracture in the GFP group was lower.
The Economic impact of public agricultural research and development in the United States
Authors: Andersen Matthew A. , Song Wenxing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this article, we examine the relationship between public investments in agricultural research and development and the productivity‐enhancing benefits they generate. Knowledge productivity functions are estimated for U.S. agriculture using data on multifactor productivity and public knowledge stocks. We examine the time‐series properties of the data and compare alternative econometric estimation procedures. The results are used to calculate economic performance measures such as internal rates of return and benefit‐cost ratios. The real rate of return to public investments in agricultural research and development in the United States is in the range of 8–10% per annum.