bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence analysis of porcine polymeric immunoglobulin receptor from mammary epithelial cells present in colostrum
Authors: KUMURA HARUTO , SONE TERUO , SHIMAZAKI KEI-ICHI , KOBAYASHI EIJI 
Published: July 2002

The composition of colostrum is quite different from that of mature milk. In
particular, colostrum contains relatively high concentrations of proteins responsible
for the immunological defence of newborns, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase,
lysozyme and immunoglobulins (Farkye, 1992; Cals et al. 1994; Telemo & Hanson,
1996; Wang et al. 1997). Whereas lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase are synthesized in
mammary epithelial cells (Cals et al. 1994; Molenaar et al. 1996), the immunoglobulins
are derived from blood serum (Larson, 1992). Immunoglobulin A (IgA), predominantly
found in milk, participates in the development of the gastrointestinal
system and the immune system in newborn infants. It is transported by a system
that involves formation of a complex with the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgR)
exposed on the basolateral aspect of mammary gland epithelial cells, followed by
internalization and release into milk as secretory IgA (Rosato et al. 1995; De Groot
et al. 1999). Consequently, expression of pIgR in mammary epithelial cells also
contributes to the development of the immune system. These proteins specifically
expressed in the early stage of lactation are of interest. However, few studies have
been carried out compared with those focusing on the major proteins in mature milk,
in part owing to problems of mammary gland availability.Imamura et al. (1996) reported the isolation of mRNA from bovine mammary
epithelial cells derived from colostrum and showed that it is possible to detect
αs1-casein mRNA, predominantly expressed in the bovine mammary gland, through the
application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We have
applied this procedure to porcine colostrum, and successfully analysed the coding
sequence of pIgR. In this paper we describe the possibility of detecting gene
expression in mammary epithelial cells present in colostrum and the porcine pIgR
sequence obtained is compared with those of other animal species.
St James in Tuscany: The Opera di
San Jacopo of Pistoia and
Pilgrimage to Compostela
Authors: WEBB DIANA 
Published: July 2002

Pilgrimage is universally recognised by historians as a principal
feature of medieval popular religion, if by ‘popular’ we mean
something in which the ordinary laity fully participated. While we
can be confident of the fact of this participation, accurate measures of its
scale are less easy to come by, while putting names to the thousands of
humble participants is less easy still. Narrative sources, such as chronicles
and hagiographies, tend to describe the pilgrimages of the great and good
(and also of the not so good), and even when, especially in and after the
fourteenth century, pilgrims themselves begin to leave accounts of their
journeys for their own satisfaction, or for the edification and information
of others, they can be seen, almost by definition, as standing somewhat
apart from the nameless masses because they are either literate themselves,
or addressing a literate pilgrimage ‘public’.The task of putting not merely names, but faces, to ‘ordinary’ pilgrims
is not quite hopeless, however, although the materials which make it
possible vary in their availability and abundance at different times and
places. Use has been made of monastic cartularies to trace at least
fragments of the biographies and family histories of members of the
knightly classes whose participation in pilgrimage, it has been argued,
helped to foster the crusading movement. A little later, the records of
English royal government reveal the names of numerous pilgrims who
sought royal licence and safe-conduct for their travels, registered the
appointment of attorneys for the duration of their absence, or, as witnesses
at inquisitions post mortem, remembered births and deaths by the year in
which they themselves, or kin or friends, went to the Holy Land, to
Canterbury, Compostela or elsewhere. Some at least of these names are
those of men (and women) who occur elsewhere in surviving records and
about whose lives and connections it is therefore possible to know at least
a little. From all over Christendom, too, there are wills, made by
intending pilgrims as a necessary part of their preparations.
Experimental evidence for a new instability of a
vertical columnar vortex pair in a strongly stratified fluid
Authors: BILLANT PAUL , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC 
Published: July 2002

This paper shows that a long vertical columnar vortex pair created by a double flap
apparatus in a strongly stratified fluid is subjected to an instability distinct from the
Crow and short-wavelength instabilities known to occur in homogeneous fluid. This
new instability, which we name zigzag instability, is antisymmetric with respect to the
plane separating the vortices. It is characterized by a vertically modulated twisting
and bending of the whole vortex pair with almost no change of the dipole's cross-
sectional structure. No saturation is observed and, ultimately, the vortex pair is sliced
into thin horizontal layers of independent pancake dipoles. For the largest Brunt–Väisälä
frequency N = 1.75 rad s−1 that may be achieved in the experiments, the zigzag
instability is observed only in the range of Froude numbers:
0.13 < Fh0 < 0.21 (Fh0
= U0/NR, where U0 and R
are the initial dipole travelling velocity and radius). When
Fh0 > 0.21, the elliptic instability develops resulting in three-dimensional motions
which eventually collapse into a relaminarized vortex pair. Irregular zigzags are then
also observed to grow. The threshold for the inhibition of the elliptic instability
Fh0 = 0.2±0.01 is independent of N and in good agreement with the theoretical study
of Miyazaki & Fukumoto (1992). Complete stabilization for Fh0 < 0.13 is probably
due to viscous effects since the associated Reynolds number is low, Re0 < 260. In
geophysical flows characterized by low Froude numbers and large Reynolds numbers,
we conjecture that this viscous stabilization will occur at much lower Froude number.It is tentatively argued that this new type of instability may explain the layering
widely observed in stratified turbulent flows.
Theoretical analysis of the zigzag instability of a vertical columnar vortex pair in a strongly stratified fluid
Authors: BILLANT PAUL , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC 
Published: July 2002

A general theoretical account is proposed for the zigzag instability of a vertical
columnar vortex pair recently discovered in a strongly stratified experiment.The linear inviscid stability of the Lamb–Chaplygin vortex pair is analysed by a
multiple-scale expansion analysis for small horizontal Froude number
(Fh = U/LhN,
where U is the magnitude of the horizontal velocity, Lh the horizontal lengthscale
and N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) and small vertical Froude number
(Fv = U/LvN,
where Lv is the vertical lengthscale) using the scaling of the equations of motion
introduced by Riley, Metcalfe & Weissman (1981). In the limit Fv = 0, these equations
reduce to two-dimensional Euler equations for the horizontal velocity with
undetermined vertical dependence. Thus, at leading order, neutral modes of the flow
are associated, among others, to translational and rotational invariances in each
horizontal plane. To each broken invariance is related a phase variable that may
vary freely along the vertical. Conservation of mass and potential vorticity impose at
higher order the evolution equations governing the phase variables that we derive for
Fh [Lt ] 1 and Fv [Lt ] 1
in the spirit of phase dynamics techniques established for periodic
patterns. In agreement with the experimental observations, this asymptotic analysis
shows the existence of an instability consisting of a vertically modulated rotation and
a translation of the columnar vortex pair perpendicular to the travelling direction.
The dispersion relation as well as the spatial eigenmode of the zigzag instability are
determined. The analysis predicts that the most amplified vertical wavelength should
scale as U/N and the maximum growth rate as U/Lh.Our main finding is thus that the typical thickness of the ensuing layers will be
such that Fv = O(1) and not Fv [Lt ] 1
as assumed by Riley et al. (1981) and Lilly
(1983). This implies that such strongly stratified flows are not described by two-
dimensional horizontal equations. These results may help to understand the layering
commonly observed in stratified turbulence and the fundamental differences with
strictly two-dimensional turbulence.
On the crest instabilities of steep surface waves
Authors: LONGUET-HIGGINS MICHAEL , TANAKA MITSUHIRO 
Published: July 2002

The forms of the superharmonic instabilities of irrotational surface
waves

on deep water are calculated for wave steepnesses up to 99.9% of the limiting

value. It is found

that as the limiting wave steepness is approached the rates of growth of
the

lowest two

unstable modes (n=1 and 2) increase according to the asymptotic

law suggested by the

theory of the almost-highest wave (Longuet-Higgins & Cleaver 1994;

Longuet-Higgins, Cleaver & Fox 1994; Longuet-Higgins & Dommermuth

1997). Moreover,

each eigenfunction becomes concentrated near the wave crest, with a horizontal
scale

proportional to the local radius of curvature at the crest. These are therefore

‘crest instabilities’ in the original sense.Similar calculations are carried out for the normal-mode instabilities
of solitary

waves in shallow water, at steepnesses up to 99.99% of the limiting steepness.

Similar conclusions are found to apply, though with greater accuracy.
Planetary waves in a stratified ocean of variable
depth. Part 1. Two-layer model
Authors: REZNIK G. M. , TSYBANEVA T. B. 
Published: July 2002

Linear Rossby waves in a two-layer ocean with a corrugated bottom relief (the isobaths
are straight parallel lines) are investigated. The case of a rough bottom relief (the wave
scale L is much greater than the bottom relief scale
Lb) is studied analytically by the
method of multiple scales. A special numerical technique is developed to investigate
the waves over a periodic bottom relief for arbitrary relationships between
L and Lb.There are three types of modes in the two-layer case: barotropic, topographic,
and baroclinic. The structure and frequencies of the modes depend substantially on
the ratio Δ =
(Δh/h2)/(L/a) measuring the
relative strength of the topography and β-effect. Here
Δh/h2 is the typical relative height
of topographic inhomogeneity and
a is the Earth's radius. The topographic and barotropic mode frequencies depend
weakly on the stratification for small and large Δ and increase monotonically with
increasing Δ. Both these modes become close to pure topographic modes for
Δ>1.The dependence of the baroclinic mode on Δ is more non-trivial. The frequency
of this mode is of the order of
f0L2i/aL
(Li is the internal Rossby scale) irrespective
of the magnitude of Δ. At the same time the spatial structure of the mode depends
strongly on Δ. With increasing Δ the relative magnitude of motion in the lower layer
decreases. For Δ>1 the motion in the mode is confined mainly to the upper layer
and is very weak in the lower one. A similar concentration of mesoscale motion in an
upper layer over an abrupt bottom topography has been observed in the real ocean
many times.Another important physical effect is the so-called ‘screening’.
It implies that for Lb<Li
the small-scale component of the wave with scale
Lb is confined to the lower layer, whereas in the upper layer the scale
of the motion L is always greater than or
of the order of, Li. In other words, the stratification prevents the ingress of motion
with scale smaller than the internal Rossby scale into the main thermocline.
Spatial distribution of copepods in the north of the Humboldt Current region off Chile during coastal upwelling
Authors: Escribano Ruben , Hidalgo Pamela 
Published: July 2002

During the austral spring (December 1996), numerical abundance of copepod species (Crustacea: Copepoda) was estimated from 53 sampling stations scattered over the coastal waters off Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile. Samples were obtained from two depth strata; 0-50 m and 50-200 m depth. Oceanographic data over the three-day cruise indicated that coastal upwelling was actively occurring during the survey.A total of 19 species was identified, of which four of them, Paracalanus parvus, Oncaea conifera, Oithona similis and Calanus chilensis, accounted for more than 80% of the whole copepod assemblage in terms of numerical abundance. Using the K-means exploratory analysis the 53 locations were grouped into two clusters: an upwelling type and a non-upwelling type. The former characterized by locations nearshore, with low temperature (<17°C) and high chorophyll-a (>13.4 mg m−3), while the latter had warmer waters (>18°C) and low chlorophyll-a (<4.8 mg m−3). Chlorophyll-a (chl-a), distance to shoreline and temperature at 10 m depth (T10) were all significant variables ( P<0.05) for clustering analysis. There was a strong negative correlation between T10 and chl-a ( P<0.01). The same clustering technique, based on species abundance, suggested the presence of a unique cluster, whose composition was dominated by P. parvus, O. similis, Acartia tonsa and Centropages brachiatus. Stepwise multiple regression showed that these species were also strongly correlated to chl-a and T10. Together these analyses suggest that water mass circulation during upwelling is the driving force for structuring spatial patterns of copepod distribution. In addition, a vertical distribution parameter suggested that copepods, independently of time of the day, tended to remain in a large proportion in near surface waters, possibly constrained by a shallow oxygen minimum layer. This implies that advection during active upwelling may cause large fractions of populations being transported offshore, allowing zooplankton export to more oceanic waters. Rapid turnover rates of copepods growing continuously year-round, may act as a mechanism to compensate population losses during persistent coastal upwelling.
Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children
Authors: HAINES M. M. , STANSFELD S. A. , JOB R. F. S. , BERGLUND B. , HEAD J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous research suggests that children are a high risk group vulnerable to the effects of chronic noise exposure. However, questions remain about the nature of the noise effects and the underlying causal mechanisms. This study addresses the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children around London Heathrow airport, in terms of stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance. The research also focuses on the underlying causal mechanisms contributing to the cognitive effects and potential confounding factors.Methods. The cognitive performance and health of 340 children aged 8–11 years attending four schools in high aircraft noise areas (16h outdoor Leq>66dBA) was compared with children attending four matched control schools exposed to lower levels of aircraft noise (16h outdoor Leq<57dBA). Mental health and cognitive tests were group administered to the children in the schools. Salivary cortisol was measured in a subsample of children.Results. Chronic aircraft noise exposure was associated with higher levels of noise annoyance and poorer reading comprehension measured by standardized scales with adjustments for age, deprivation and main language spoken. Chronic aircraft noise was not associated with mental health problems and raised cortisol secretion. The association between aircraft noise exposure and reading comprehension could not be accounted for by the mediating role of annoyance, confounding by social class, deprivation, main language or acute noise exposure.Conclusions.These results suggest that chronic aircraft noise exposure is associated with impaired reading comprehension and high levels of noise annoyance but not mental health problems in children.
Religion as a cross-cultural determinant of depression in elderly Europeans: results from the EURODEP collaboration
Authors: BRAAM A. W. , VAN DEN EEDEN P. , PRINCE M. J. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , KIVELÄ S.-L. , LAWLOR B. A. , BIRKHOFER A. , FUHRER R. , LOBO A. , MAGNUSSON H. , MANN A. H. , MELLER I. , ROELANDS M. , SKOOG I. , TURRINA C. , COPELAND J. R. M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The protective effects of religion against late life depression may depend on the broader sociocultural environment. This paper examines whether the prevailing religious climate is related to cross-cultural differences of depression in elderly Europeans.Methods. Two approaches were employed, using data from the EURODEP collaboration. First, associations were studied between church-attendance, religious denomination and depression at the syndrome level for six EURODEP study centres (five countries, N = 8398). Secondly, ecological associations were computed by multi-level analysis between national estimates of religious climate, derived from the European Value Survey and depressive symptoms, for the pooled dataset of 13 EURODEP study centres (11 countries, N = 17739).Results. In the first study, depression rates were lower among regular church-attenders, most prominently among Roman Catholics. In the second study, fewer depressive symptoms were found among the female elderly in countries, generally Roman Catholic, with high rates of regular church-attendance. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were found among the male elderly in Protestant countries.Conclusions. Religious practice is associated with less depression in elderly Europeans, both on the individual and the national level. Religious practice, especially when it is embedded within a traditional value-orientation, may facilitate coping with adversity in later life.
Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach
Authors: KÉRI S. , KELEMEN O. , BENEDEK G. , JANKA Z. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this study was to assess visual information processing and cognitive functions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control subjects with a negative family history.Methods. The siblings of patients with schizophrenia (N = 25), bipolar disorder (N = 20) and the controls subjects (N = 20) were matched for age, education, IQ, and psychosocial functioning, as indexed by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Visual information processing was measured using two visual backward masking (VBM) tests (target location and target identification). The evaluation of higher cognitive functions included spatial and verbal working memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, letter fluency, short/long delay verbal recall and recognition.Results. The relatives of schizophrenia patients were impaired in the VBM procedure, more pronouncedly at short interstimulus intervals (14, 28, 42 ms) and in the target location task. Marked dysfunctions were also found in the spatial working memory task and in the long delay verbal recall test. In contrast, the siblings of patients with bipolar disorder exhibited spared performances with the exception of a deficit in the long delay recall task.Conclusions. Dysfunctions of sensory-perceptual analysis (VBM) and working memory for spatial information distinguished the siblings of schizophrenia patients from the siblings of individuals with bipolar disorder. Verbal recall deficit was present in both groups, suggesting a common impairment of the fronto-hippocampal system.
Missing the forest for the trees? Deficient memory for linguistic gist in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: CABRERA A. R. , McNALLY R. J. , SAVAGE C. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit recall deficits on word learning tasks, mediated by their failure to detect semantic connections among the words.Methods. In the present experiment, using methods devised by Bransford & Franks (1971), we tested whether this encoding problem impairs their extraction of gist from complex linguistic material.Results. Consistent with our hypothesis, OCD patients extracted less gist from related sentences than did healthy participants. The groups did not differ in recognition memory for individual sentences or in criterion for affirming previously encountered sentences as ‘old’, as evinced by signal detection indices of memory sensitivity (d′) and response bias (β), or in recognition memory confidence.Conclusions. These data provide further evidence that OCD patients exhibit less reliance on organizational strategies than do healthy control participants. These data are consistent with neuropsychological research suggestive of prefrontal executive problems in OCD.
Gender and cross-cultural differences in somatic symptoms
associated with emotional distress. An international study in primary
care
Authors: PICCINELLI MARCO , SIMON GREGORY 
Published: July 2002

Background. Gender and cross-cultural differences in
the association between somatic symptoms and emotional distress were
investigated, using data from the World Health Organization
Collaborative Project on Psychological Problems in General Health
Care.Methods. Data were collected at 15 centres in 14 countries
around the world. At each centre, a stratified random sample of
primary care attenders aged 15–65 years was assessed using,
among other instruments, the 28-item General Health Questionnaire and
the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Primary Health Care
Version.Results. Females reported higher levels of somatic
symptoms and emotional distress than males. A strong correlation
between somatic symptoms and emotional distress was found in both
sexes, with females reporting more somatic symptoms at each level of
emotional distress. However, linear regression analysis showed that
gender had no significant effect on level of somatic symptoms, when
the effects of centre and emotional distress were controlled for. In
both sexes, no specific pattern of association emerged between somatic
symptom clusters and either anxiety or depression. Primary care
attenders from less developed centres reported more somatic symptoms
and showed greater gender differences than individuals from more
developed centres, but inter-centre differences were small. Finally,
gender was not a significant predictor of reason for consultation
(somatic versus mental/behavioural symptoms), after
controlling for levels of somatic symptoms and emotional distress as
well as for centre effect.Conclusions. These data do not support the common belief
that females somatize more than males or the traditional view that
somatization is a basic orientation prevailing in developing
countries. Instead, somatic symptoms and emotional distress are
strongly associated in primary care attenders, with few differences
between the two sexes and across cultures.