bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic Models for Projecting Population and Migration: Methods for African Historical Analysis
Authors: Manning Patrick , Nickleach Scott , Yi Bowen , McGill Brian 
Published: August 2015

This study presents methods for projecting population and migration over time in cases were empirical data are missing or undependable. The methods are useful for cases in which the researcher has details of population size and structure for a limited period of time (most obviously, the end point), with scattered evidence on other times. It enables estimation of population size, including its structure in age, sex, and status, either forward or backward in time. The program keeps track of all the details. The calculated data can be reported or sampled and compared to empirical findings at various times and places to expected values based on other procedures of estimation. The application of these general methods that is developed here is the projection of African populations backwards in time from 1950, since 1950 is the first date for which consistently strong demographic estimates are available for national-level populations all over the African continent. The models give particular attention to migration through enslavement, which was highly important in Africa from 1650 to 1900. Details include a sensitivity analysis showing relative significance of input variables and techniques for calibrating various dimensions of the projection with each other. These same methods may be applicable to quite different historical situations, as long as the data conform in structure to those considered here.
The Influence of the Firm’s Career-Website on Job-Seekers’ Intentions to the Firm
Authors: Stone Robert W. , Baker-Eveleth Lori , Eveleth Daniel 
Published: August 2015

Currently organizations rely on its websites to engage and inform job-seekers, and as the primary method for job-seekers to submit applications for screening (Thompson, Braddy & Wuensch, 2008). Therefore a website must be able to influence job-seekers to react positively to perform behaviors such as submitting an application, returning to the site, recommending the company or site to others, and to engage the organization by transitioning to the organization’s social-media sites. Whether or not a job-seeker performs these behaviors is largely a function of the experience with the website. Understanding the website-related factors affecting a job-seeker’s intentions and subsequent behavior is, therefore, critical to the firm. The sample consisted of 199 usable responses and the results show website aesthetics, content and ease of use influence respondents’ intentions, indirectly, through perceived usefulness of the site. Social norms toward the firm have a significant, positive influence on respondents’ intentions.
Hobbes' Problem
Authors: Stone Peter 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper considers the contribution positive political theory has made to the resolution of “Hobbes' Problem”—the problem of describing the nature of artificial persons, such as states. This problem plays a central role in both empirical and normative work in political science. Several areas of positive political theory, most notably social choice theory, have shed light on Hobbes' Problem, and the results have been generally negative. That is to say, they have suggested that the conditions necessary to generate an artificial collective agent out of the individual agents comprising it may be impossible to satisfy, at least if this is done in a nontrivial way. While efforts to establish the possibility of a collective agent continue—notably in recent work by Christian List and Philip Pettit—the primary accomplishment of positive political theory has been to raise the question of whether Hobbes' Problem can be solved at all.
Theorems and Models in Political Theory:
Authors: Ingham Sean 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn his recent book, Phillip Pettit presents a model of popular control over government, according to which it consists in the government being subject to those policy-making norms that everyone accepts. In this paper, I provide a formal statement of this interpretation of popular control, which illuminates its relationship to other interpretations of the idea with which it is easily conflated, and which gives rise to a theorem, similar to the famous Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem. The theorem states that if government policy is subject to popular control, as Pettit interprets it, and policy responds positively to changes in citizens' normative attitudes, then there is a single individual whose normative attitudes unilaterally determine policy. I use the model and theorem as an illustrative example to discuss the role of mathematics in normative political theory.
Is Capitalism to Blame? Animal Lives in the Marketplace
Authors: McMullen Steven 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Increasing efficient production of commercial animal products has resulted in decreased quality of life and shorter life spans for animals being farmed and bred. Should this animal welfareproblem be blamed on farmers or consumers? Or should we blame the capitalist system? I argue that those elements that make the market economy successful also result in poor outcomes for animals in the system. Understanding the way in which capitalism is the problem allows us to think clearly about what reforms are necessary to improve the lives of nonhuman animals.
How Science Fiction Helps Us Reimagine Our Moral Relations with Animals
Authors: Clements Jennifer 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Science fiction has often been at the forefront of popular renderings and exploration of various “subaltern” groups, including that of nonhuman animals. I argue that science fiction’s freedom from the boundaries of what is currently possible allows writers such as Mary Shelley, H. G. Wells, Philip K. Dick, Olaf Stapledon, Daniel Keyes, Octavia Butler, Cordwainer Smith, and H. Beam Piper to explore ethical possibilities regarding animals that are diverse from those of the context in which they wrote. It is also notable that the earlier science fiction writers only critique majority views regarding animals, whereas their antecessors go so far as to suggest the empowerment of the “Other,” in this case, nonhuman animals.
Ethical Issues of Mammoth Proportions? Reviving and Re-Engineering the Extinct
Authors: O’Sullivan Maureen 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is a fascinating exploration of ethical issues in the restoration of extinct species, viewed from multidisciplinary perspectives. It does not, however, include law. Scientific possibilities and experimentation that appear to operate outside of the ethical sphere are explored in detail and various outcomes are considered. Several essays moot the possibility of more public debate, but a nexus will need to be made to know how this feeds into the regulation of science and its progression. An overarching possibility emerging from the conglomeration of essays is that animals may need recognition as legal persons in order to counterbalance their current treatment as property.
Primary Anal Canal Syphilis in Men: The Clinicopathologic Spectrum of an Easily Overlooked Diagnosis
Authors: Gopal Purva , Shah Rajal B. 
Published: August 2015

Context
The incidence of syphilis is on the rise, particularly in male patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, and men who have sex with men.

Objective
To describe 4 cases of primary syphilis presenting in the anal canal to increase awareness of its presentation and morphology in this location, as the diagnosis can be easily overlooked clinically and by the pathologist.

Design
Clinical presentation, hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections, and Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining were reviewed in detail in all 4 cases.

Results
Three patients presented with anal canal ulcers; one presented with an ulcerated anal mass. All 4 patients were male, of whom 2 were HIV positive. Syphilis was clinically suspected in only 1 case; in 2 cases, confirmatory evaluation and treatment were prompted by pathologic diagnosis. In the fourth case, syphilis was diagnosed serologically at time of biopsy; however, the patient had an anal mass, and malignancy was clinically suspected. All 4 cases had bandlike chronic plasma cell–rich inflammation at the squamous epithelium and lamina propria junction; 2 cases had poorly formed granulomas. One case had concomitant rectal biopsy specimens with proctitis. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemistry highlighted homing of organisms in a perivascular pattern and at the junction of squamous epithelium and lamina propria.

Conclusions
Syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anal canal ulcers, anorectal inflammatory masses, and proctitis. Detailed knowledge of clinical history and recognition of the characteristic pattern of inflammation by the pathologist is important. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining can help avoid a missed diagnosis of syphilis, which, if left unrecognized, can progress to late-stage disease with serious complications.
The MFA in Creative Writing: The Uses of a “Useless” Credential
Authors: Childress Clayton , Gerber Alison 
Published: August 2015

Over half of today’s Masters of Fine Arts programs in creative writing in the United States were founded after the year 2000. Has the MFA-CW become a necessary credential for novelists? Relying on participant observation field research in the American literary field and interviews with authors, publishers, MFA graduates, and instructors, this work focuses on a paradox: Despite widespread agreement that the credential doesn’t “teach” enrollees to be a good writers or open up a pathway to a professional writing career, many involved in the literary field hold an MFA-CW. In this paper, we look at the uses of the MFA-CW, finding that although the degree serves little if any jurisdictional or closure-related functions it is made useful in a variety of ways: for students as a symbolic resource for artistic identity, for working writers as a source of income and community, and for editors in publishing houses as a signal for possible marketing and publicity potential.
Keywords: Credentialism, Professions, Literature, Books, Publishing, MFA
Balancing Costs and Patients' Health: Dental Students’ Perception of Economics in Dentistry
Authors: Franzén Cecilia 
Published: August 2015

One aim of higher education is to develop professional identities in students to equip them for future working life. Health professional students will work under financial pressures in a market-based environment, which can lead to conflicts with professional ethical values. This study explores how Swedish dental students perceive economic aspects of dentistry. The article is based on a study of undergraduate research projects. In the analysis of the projects, two themes were identified: (1) cost-effective organizing of dentistry and (2) costs and benefits of interventions. The students displayed socially responsible values by emphasizing the need for dentists to utilize resources effectively, which implies that professional education can support the development of the perception that economic values can be compatible with professional ethical values.
Keywords: cost-effectiveness, ethics, healthcare, higher education, social responsibility
Learning in Technology-Enhanced Medical Simulation: Locations and Knowings
Authors: Ahn Song-ee , Rimpiläinen Sanna , Theodorsson Annette , Fenwick Tara , Abrandt Dahlgren Madeleine 
Published: August 2015

This qualitative study focuses on how knowings and learning take place in full-scale simulation training of medical and nursing students, by drawing upon actor-network theory (ANT). ANT situates materiality as a part of the social practices. Knowing and learning, according to ANT, are not simply cognitive or social phenomena, but are seen as emerging as effects of the relation between material assemblages and human actors being performed into being in particular locations. Data consists of observations of simulations performed by ten groups of students. The analysis focuses on the emerging knowings in the socio-material—arrangements of three locations involved in the simulation—the simulation room, the observation room and the reflection room. The findings indicate that medical knowing, affective knowing and communicative knowing are produced in different ways in the different locations and material arrangements of the simulation cycle.
Keywords: simulation, locations, knowings, actor-network theory, collaborate learning, multiprofessional learning.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the Earth's magnetosphere with a kappa‐Maxwellian particle distribution
Authors: Sugiyama Hajime , Singh Satyavir , Omura Yoshiharu , Shoji Masafumi , Nunn David , Summers Danny 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA theoretical model to study electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in kappa‐Maxwellian plasma is developed. The plasma is assumed to have five components, i.e., electrons, cool and hot protons, and singly charged helium and oxygen ions. The kappa‐Maxwellian anisotropic particle distribution function is assumed for the hot protons. We use the Kyoto University Plasma Dispersion Analysis Package, a full dispersion solver developed at Kyoto University, to obtain the numerical results and delineate the oxygen, helium, and proton bands. Higher harmonics of the EMIC waves are also studied, and the effects of the kappa distribution on the growth of these waves are clearly demonstrated. Our results are applied to Cluster spacecraft observations of EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere.
Prevalence of Severe Fatigue Among Adolescents With Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Nijhof Linde N. , van de Putte Elise M. , Wulffraat Nico M. , Nijhof Sanne L. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of severe fatigue and fatigue‐related limitations among adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and other pediatric rheumatic diseases (PRDs). In addition, we assessed the effect of disease activity and pain on the severity of fatigue.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 175 patients (ages 10–18 years) who visited the pediatric rheumatology and immunology outpatient clinic at Wilhelmina Children's Hospital from April through July 2013. Patients completed validated questionnaires regarding fatigue, physical functioning, and school attendance. Disease activity in JIA patients was measured using the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score including 27 joints. The results were compared against a healthy control group.ResultsThe prevalence of severe fatigue among patients with PRDs was 25.1%, which was significantly higher than among the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Fatigued patients had significantly lower levels of physical functioning compared to nonfatigued patients (62.1% versus 89.0%, respectively; P < 0.001) and a significantly higher percentage of school absences (21.2% versus 11.6%, respectively; P = 0.005). Among JIA patients, the level of pain was significantly correlated with fatigue. Finally, disease activity was not a predictor for fatigue.ConclusionFatigue is a common problem among teenagers with PRDs, with a higher prevalence among these patients than in the general population. Severe fatigue leads to significant impairments, including increased school absences and decreased physical functioning. Interestingly, fatigue was associated with pain, but not with the disease activity. Therefore, in this patient population, fatigue may be a promising therapeutic target for improving functioning, school attendance, and possibly pain as well.
Alternative Methods for Defining Osteoarthritis and the Impact on Estimating Prevalence in a US Population‐Based Survey
Authors: Cisternas Miriam G. , Murphy Louise , Sacks Jeffrey J. , Solomon Daniel H. , Pasta David J. , Helmick Charles G. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveProvide a contemporary estimate of osteoarthritis (OA) by comparing the accuracy and prevalence of alternative definitions of OA.MethodsThe Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) household component (HC) records respondent‐reported medical conditions as open‐ended responses; professional coders translate these responses into International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes for the medical conditions files. Using these codes and other data from the MEPS‐HC medical conditions files, we constructed 3 case definitions of OA and assessed them against medical provider diagnoses of ICD‐9‐CM 715 (osteoarthrosis and allied disorders) in a MEPS subsample. The 3 definitions were 1) strict = ICD‐9‐CM 715; 2) expanded = ICD‐9‐CM 715, 716 (other and unspecified arthropathies) OR 719 (other and unspecified disorders of joint); and 3) probable = strict OR expanded + respondent‐reported prior diagnosis of OA or other arthritis excluding rheumatoid arthritis.ResultsSensitivity and specificity of the 3 definitions, respectively, were 34.6% and 97.5% for strict, 73.8% and 90.5% for expanded, and 62.9% and 93.5% for probable.ConclusionThe strict definition for OA (ICD‐9‐CM 715) excludes many individuals with OA. The probable definition of OA has the optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity relative to the 2 other MEPS‐based definitions and yields a national annual estimate of 30.8 million adults with OA (13.4% of US adult population) for 2008–2011.
Recent Advances in the Development of Pharmacologically Active Compounds that Contain a Benzoxazole Scaffold
Authors: Singh Sarbjit , Veeraswamy Gajulapati , Bhattarai Deepak , Goo Ja‐Il , Lee Kyeong , Choi Yongseok 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn recent years, the emergence of biologically active compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring has gained a great deal of attention among medicinal chemists. Among these, benzoxazole‐based compounds are particularly attractive because of their wide range of pharmacological activities. In this focus review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of benzoxazole‐based pharmacologically active compounds since the year 2000.
Hybride Volatolomik und der Nachweis von Krankheiten
Authors: Broza Yoav Y. , Mochalski Pawel , Ruzsanyi Vera , Amann Anton , Haick Hossam 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHier stellen wir einige der Hauptkonzepte und Ansätze der Volatolomik, einem sich rasch entwickelnden Gebiet der schnellen, risikofreien und wahrscheinlich preisgünstigen Diagnostik, vor. Wir versuchen, einen Überblick über die Herkunft und die Eigenschaften der Volatolomik anhand von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (“volatile organic compounds”, VOCs), die von Zellen und ihrer Mikroumgebung freigesetzt werden, zu geben. Wir beschreiben außerdem das Vorkommen von VOCs in verschiedenen Körperflüssigkeiten, darunter die zelluläre Umgebung, Blut, Atemluft, Haut, Faeces, Urin und Speichel. Schließlich diskutieren wir den Nutzen der Volatolomik für eine Diagnosestellung auf Basis einer einzelnen Körperflüssigkeit ebenso wie die Verbesserung der Diagnosesicherheit durch den “Hybrid”‐Ansatz, bei dem die VOC‐Profile von zwei oder mehr Körperflüssigkeiten erstellt und kombiniert werden. Die Perspektiven dieser Verfahrensweise zur Weiterentwicklung der Diagnostik werden aufgezeigt.
Spontaneous Reconstitution of Functional Transmembrane Proteins During Bioorthogonal Phospholipid Membrane Synthesis
Authors: Cole Christian M. , Brea Roberto J. , Kim Young Hun , Hardy Michael D. , Yang Jerry , Devaraj Neal K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTransmembrane proteins are critical for signaling, transport, and metabolism, yet their reconstitution in synthetic membranes is often challenging. Non‐enzymatic and chemoselective methods to generate phospholipid membranes in situ would be powerful tools for the incorporation of membrane proteins. Herein, the spontaneous reconstitution of functional integral membrane proteins during the de novo synthesis of biomimetic phospholipid bilayers is described. The approach takes advantage of bioorthogonal coupling reactions to generate proteoliposomes from micelle‐solubilized proteins. This method was successfully used to reconstitute three different transmembrane proteins into synthetic membranes. This is the first example of the use of non‐enzymatic chemical synthesis of phospholipids to prepare proteoliposomes.
Ein Chitin‐MOF‐Kompositmaterial mit hierarchischem Porensystem für Anwendungen in der Luftfiltration
Authors: Wisser Dorothea , Wisser Florian M. , Raschke Silvia , Klein Nicole , Leistner Matthias , Grothe Julia , Brunner Eike , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMetall‐organische Gerüste (MOFs) sind vielversprechende Materialien für die Gastrennung und Luftfiltration. Für diese Anwendungen müssen die MOF‐Kristalle jedoch in robuste und leicht zu handhabende Trägermaterialien eingebettet werden. Wir haben ein chitinbasiertes Netzwerk aus einem marinen Schwamm als ungiftiges, bioabbaubares und leichtes Trägermaterial für die Abscheidung eines MOF verwendet. Die Struktureigenschaften des Materials begünstigen die Kristallanbindung des MOF hauptsächlich im Inneren der hohlen Fasern. Das Kompositmaterial weist ein hierarchisches Porensystem mit einer inneren Oberfläche von 800 m2 g−1 und einem Porenvolumen von 3.6 cm3 g−1 auf. Dieses Porensystem ermöglicht eine gute Transportkinetik und eine sehr hohe Beladung mit dem aktiven Material. Ammoniak‐Durchbruchskurven zeigen zudem die Zugänglichkeit der MOF‐Kristalle und das Adsorptionspotenzial des Kompositmaterials, das vielversprechend für die Aufreinigung toxischer Industriegase ist.
An Indoxyl‐Based Strategy for the Synthesis of Indolines and Indolenines
Authors: Yu Yuanyuan , Li Guang , Jiang Long , Zu Liansuo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn indoxyl‐based strategy for the synthesis of indolines and indolenines via unprecedented aza‐pinacol and aza‐semipinacol rearrangements was developed. This method provides direct access to the core structures of several classes of indole alkaloids. The synthetic utility was demonstrated by the divergent synthesis of an array of functionalized polycyclic structures from a common intermediate and the formal total synthesis of the indoline natural product minfiensine. The reversed reactivity of indoxyl as a building block compared to that of indole offers a conceptually distinct disconnection strategy for indoline‐ and indolenine‐containing heterocycles and natural products.
A 2:1 Receptor/C60 Complex as a Nanosized Universal Joint
Authors: Yanney Michael , Fronczek Frank R. , Sygula Andrzej 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBuckycatcher II, a C51H24 hydrocarbon with two corannulene pincers on a dibenzonorbornadiene tether, exhibits an affinity toward C60 in organic solvents that is dramatically higher than the original buckycatcher C60H28 and other corannulene‐based molecular receptors for fullerenes. In addition to the formation of an usual 1:1 C60@catcher inclusion complex, a trimeric C60@(catcher)2 assembly is detected in solutions and in the solid state. X‐ray structure determination reveals a remarkable “universal joint” solvent‐free crystal arrangement of the trimer, with a single fullerene cage wrapped by four corannulene subunits of two cooperating catcher receptors.