bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carrots and Sticks: Compliance Provisions in State Competitive Food Laws—Examples for State and Local Implementation of the Updated USDA Standards
Authors: Gourdet Camille K. , Chriqui Jamie F. , Piekarz Elizabeth , Dang Quang , Chaloupka Frank J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDCompetitive foods remain prevalent in schools even though the majority of states' laws have addressed this for several years. Whereas updated federal standards take effect during school year 2014‐2015, aspects of competitive food regulation will remain relegated to the states and districts and concerns exist about compliance with the federal standards. This study examined compliance provisions codified into state law that focused on incentives, monetary penalties, or contracts which could provide examples for other jurisdictions.METHODSCodified statutory and administrative laws effective as of January 2013 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia were compiled using Boolean searches in Lexis‐Nexis and Westlaw. All laws were analyzed by 2 study authors to determine the presence and components of relevant provisions.RESULTSEighteen states' laws contained compliance mechanisms including financial and/or programmatic incentives (5 states), contract provisions (11 states), and monetary penalties for noncompliance (7 states). Five states' laws contained a combination of approaches.CONCLUSIONSCompliance measures help to strengthen competitive food laws by providing state agencies with an enforcement mechanism. Enforcing such provisions will help to create healthier school environments. This study will provide useful insight for governments at all levels as they implement competitive food laws.
Home‐use icterometry in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: Cluster‐randomised controlled trial in Vietnam
Authors: Luu Mitchell N , Le Loc T , Tran Bich H , Duong Tuan K , Nguyen Ha T , Le Vui T , Partridge John C 
Published: June 2014

AimTo determine whether home‐use icterometry improves parental recognition of neonatal jaundice, early care seeking and treatment to minimize risks of bilirubin encephalopathy.MethodsCluster‐randomised controlled trial of community‐level icterometry used at home by mothers in Chi Linh, Vietnam. Rural health‐care workers identified and enrolled term newborns. Post‐partum mothers received jaundice education and icterometry instructions and were cluster‐randomised by commune. Cases received icterometers (icterometer group (IG)) and controls did not (control group (CG)). Subjects received mobile telephone calls from post‐natal days 2–7 to determine maternal recognition by visual inspection and icterometer detection of jaundice (≥3.0 on five‐point scale). Mothers without telephones, premature newborns (<35 weeks) or newborns hospitalised >5 days were excluded.ResultsThree hundred fifty‐two subjects were enrolled (183 IG and 169 CG), of whom 11 (3.4%) were lost to telephone follow‐up. Jaundice was recognised and/or detected in 94 (27%) of all newborns. Icterometry helped 11 mothers (6%) detect neonatal jaundice that was not visually recognised by IG mothers. Detection by IG mothers was not statistically greater than CG mothers (P = 0.09). Follow‐up care seeking was 8% in both groups (P = 0.2), and 11% of jaundiced newborns received treatment (9% IG vs. 16% CG, P = 0.3). Newborns who received care had bilirubin measurements that averaged 257 μmol/L IG vs. 322 μmol/L CG (P = 0.3). There were no deaths.ConclusionsIn this pilot study, home‐use icterometry may help improve parental detection of jaundice in rural Vietnam. However, larger studies are necessary to determine the changes in recognition, care seeking and treatment.
Virtual Word of Mouth and Willingness to Pay for Consumer Electronic Innovations
Authors: Parry Mark E. , Kawakami Tomoko 
Published: June 2014

The authors examine the impact of virtual word‐of‐mouth (vWOM) communication on willingness to pay (WTP) for an innovation. A series of hypotheses are developed that link vWOM to the credibility of innovation information, perceived utilitarian value, and the perceived hedonic value of an innovation, which are in turn hypothesized to influence WTP. The authors test these hypotheses using data collected in Japan from 658 potential adopters of e‐readers and from 565 potential adopters of smartphones. Findings indicate that, in both samples, vWOM is positively correlated with the perceived credibility of innovation information, which in turn is positively correlated with both perceived utilitarian value and perceived hedonic value. WTP is also positively correlated with an innovation's perceived utilitarian and perceived hedonic value. In addition, the path between vWOM and perceived hedonic value is positive and significant in both samples. However, the path between vWOM and perceived utilitarian value is positive and significant in the smartphone sample, but not in the e‐reader sample.The empirical findings provide support for theoretical arguments that link WTP for complex consumer electronic products to consumer perceptions of utilitarian and hedonic value. The results also have important implications for the creation of vWOM strategies designed to reduce the price sensitivity of potential adopters.
Djuna Barnes in a Material World: Fashion and Transatlantic Modernity in the 1910s
Authors: Oliver Sophie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFashion is becoming a highly productive context in which to study modernist literature, and its relevance to the work of Djuna Barnes is an exciting ground for further exploration. The untimely qualities that critics have come to regard as so central to her art have troubled her relationship to modernity, but this article suggests that Barnes was invested in fashion as a paradigm for transatlantic modernity and a material example of its effects. With its conceptual and philosophical appeal, and central place in print and popular cultures, fashion provides a way of relating Barnes's complex attitude towards time and the contemporary resonances of her work. The article opens up a relationship between Barnes's early output – journalism, short stories, illustrations and, notably, the 1915 collection of poetry and drawingsThe Book of Repulsive Women– and transatlantic fashions in the 1910s. In so doing, it considers the place of both Barnes and fashion in the new modernist studies.
Core Competency Model for the Family Planning Public Health Nurse
Authors: Hewitt Caroline M. , Roye Carol , Gebbie Kristine M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectivesA core competency model for family planning public health nurses has been developed, using a three stage Delphi Method with an expert panel of 40 family planning senior administrators, community/public health nursing faculty and seasoned family planning public health nurses.Design and SampleThe initial survey was developed from the 2011 Title X Family Planning program priorities. The 32‐item survey was distributed electronically via SurveyMonkey®.ResultsPanelist attrition was low, and participation robust resulting in the final 28‐item model, suggesting that the Delphi Method was a successful technique through which to achieve consensus.ConclusionsCompetencies with at least 75% consensus were included in the model and those competencies were primarily related to education/counseling and administration of medications and contraceptives. The competencies identified have implications for education/training, certification and workplace performance.
Achaemenid Religion
Authors: Skjærvø Prods Oktor 
Published: June 2014

Abstract“Achaemenid religion” was the religion of the rulers of Iran in the second half of the first millennium BCE and the local form of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of the Iranians. The earliest form of Zoroastrianism is known from the Avesta, their sacred texts, which probably originated in the last half of the second and first half of the first millennium BCE, but were transmitted only orally until priests began writing them down in the seventh century. The “Achaemenid religion” is known from cuneiform inscriptions in the local Iranian language, Old Persian, and from tablets in Elamite found at Persepolis, as well as from other sources. It was a dualist religion, postulating the existence of good and evil from the beginning, as well as a polytheistic religion, but with one god, Ahura‐Mazdā, outranking the others. Scholarly discussion has centered on the question whether the Achaemenids were real Zoroastrians, in the sense of following the reformed teachings of the historical Zarathustra. As the assumed historicity of Zarathustra and his reform are increasingly being questioned, scholars are now focusing on the interpretation of the inscriptions, notably from the point of view of the orality of Iranian traditions and their relationship with the Avesta, but also increasingly on the editing of the Elamite tablets and mining them for information.
Private Information in Healthcare Utilization: Specification of a Copula-Based Hurdle Model
Authors: Shi Peng , Zhang Wei 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWe study whether individuals' private information on health risk affects their medical care utilization. The presence of such information asymmetry is critical to the optimal payment design in healthcare systems. To do so, we examine the relationship between self-perceived health status and healthcare expenditures. Because of simultaneity, we employ a copula regression to model jointly the mixed outcomes, with the association parameter capturing the residual dependence conditional on covariates. The semicontinuous nature of healthcare expenditures leads to a two-part interpretation of private health information: the hurdle component assesses its effect on the likelihood of using medical care services, and the conditional component quantifies its effect on the expenditures given consumption of care. The methodology proposed is applied to a survey data set of a sample of the US civilian non-institutionalized population to test and quantify the effects of private health information. We find evidence of adverse selection in the utilization of various types of medical care services.
Predicting Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior From Young Children's Dispositional Sadness
Authors: Edwards Alison , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Reiser Mark , Eggum‐Wilkens Natalie D. , Liew Jeffrey 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine whether dispositional sadness predicted children's prosocial behavior and if sympathy mediated this relation. Constructs were measured when children (n = 256 at time 1) were 18, 30, and 42 months old. Mothers and non‐parental caregivers rated children's sadness; mothers, caregivers, and fathers rated children's prosocial behavior; sympathy (concern and hypothesis testing) and prosocial behavior (indirect and direct, as well as verbal at older ages) were assessed with a task in which the experimenter feigned injury. In a panel path analysis, 30‐month dispositional sadness predicted marginally higher 42‐month sympathy; in addition, 30‐month sympathy predicted 42‐month sadness. Moreover, when controlling for prior levels of prosocial behavior, 30‐month sympathy significantly predicted reported and observed prosocial behavior at 42 months. Sympathy did not mediate the relation between sadness and prosocial behavior (either reported or observed).
A Heuristic Approach to Train Dispatch Planning
Authors: Vilela Plínio R. S. , Christofoletti Luciano M. , Dias Rafael L. , Vieira Anderson P. 
Published: June 2014

Decision support tools that employ the use of computational intelligence are natural candidates to tackle the problem of dispatching trains in a railroad, allowing for the construction of flexible algorithms that explore the solution space optimizing the result for a defined objective, besides supporting the insertion of knowledge to the solution search process.
We present a solution based on discrete-event simulation and heuristics to find feasible routes for all the trains. Decisions about passings and overtakings follow a set of heuristics that adhere to the railway circulation rules. Empirical results show that this algorithm runs in polynomial time.
Some possibilities for improving the results provided by the tool are discussed. The first is to collect information from one planning run to feed the next run and improve the subsequent result, this approach is called adaptive. We use a rules executing environment that process a set of facts collected from previous executions of the planning tool and alter the results based on the set of rules and collected facts. The second approach is based on the simultaneous execution of different algorithms, an architecture to support it is being developed and the goal is to be able to choose the best result provided by a set of planning algorithms and not just one.
Development of a Bogie-Mounted Vehicle On-Board Weighing System
Authors: Maraini Dan , Shahidi Parham , Hopkins Brad M. , Seidel Andrew 
Published: June 2014

Knowledge of the payload of freight cars is of utmost importance to shippers and carriers, used for billing and ensuring compliance with overload regulations. Typically, rail cars are weighed at dedicated sites, using strain-gage based pit-type scales, or weigh-in-motion scales. Shippers often weigh the shipped payload using mass flow meters, or force transducers integrated into infrastructure such as hoppers. Although accuracy on the order of 0.2% is achievable with these weighing methods, they carry high installation and maintenance costs, are sparsely distributed, and often require re-routing and decoupling of rail cars.
The need for a high-accuracy (less than 1% of full-scale) vehicle-mounted, standalone solution has been expressed by chemical, grain, and coal shippers. This paper presents the key benefits of a standalone system, including real-time monitoring of car filling, and periodic monitoring. Real-time monitoring during filling allows customers to monitor and control fill rates, optimize filling methods, and prevent over-loading assets. Weight penalties can thus be avoided and infrastructure damage can be reduced. Periodic monitoring, when combined with GPS tracking, allows the customer to monitor filling/emptying events and the subsequent location. Theft and tampering can be monitored using alerts to notify customers of events taking place outside of designated facilities.
Additionally, the development and implementation of a proprietary weighing system is presented. The performance of several prototype instrumented bogies is shown, including: 1) the results of repeated calibration cycles using full-scale bogie loads in a load frame, and 2) field performance computed by comparing instrumented bogie readings to reference instrumentation used by a chemical shipper.
Lateral Instability Detection
Authors: Shahidi Parham , Hopkins Brad , Maraini Dan , Seidel Andrew 
Published: June 2014

Lateral instability of rail vehicles, more colloquially known as “hunting” is a dynamic instability mode of high importance. In extreme cases hunting can lead to derailments, but more frequently it is the cause of a number of less catastrophic yet costly damages to track, truck, and lading.
It is known in the railroad industry that wheel conicity inherently affects the stability of the rail car on the track. Additional factors include reduced warp restraint of the truck system, low truck/car body rotational resistance due to degraded side bearings, and hollow worn wheels. Nonetheless, reconditioning of these components does not always lead to the desired result of reduced lateral accelerations. Furthermore, with trains often consisting of up to 200 cars, worn truck systems may go undetected for long periods of time until either a Truck Hunting Detector (THD) or visual inspection reveals the issue.
Accurate detection of hunting and estimation of hunting severity remain challenging tasks. The network of truck hunting detectors is sparse, provides limited insight, and is expensive to expand and maintain. Furthermore, the nature of the detection method does not provide the user with information about the cause of the failure. This increases the probability of reoccurrence of lateral instability in reconditioned truck systems.
In this paper, the root causes, dynamic behavior, and existing measurement techniques are evaluated. Additionally, a novel method to detect dynamic instability is presented. This method has been developed to provide a new way to examine dynamic instability in a more direct and detailed manner. A preliminary study to evaluate the proposed method has been completed and the results are presented in this paper. To evaluate the benefit of the proposed method, the test data is measured against AAR limits.
Validation of the Accessible Lavatory Recommendations for the Next Generation of Accessible Passenger Rail Cars
Authors: Hunter-Zaworski Kate , Kiff Robin , Shurland Melissa 
Published: June 2014

The accessible lavatory specifications are part of the recommendations for specifications of the Next Generation of Passenger Rail Vehicles. These are being validated using virtual tools to model wheeled mobility aids with occupants using “concept” lavatories to determine optimal spatial configurations for accessible lavatories on board passenger rail vehicles. The overall project objectives included the development of accessibility specifications for the single and bi-level cars that can be used by the rail manufacturing industry to produce vehicles for high speed (HSR) and intercity passenger rail. The specific objective includes developing “virtual” models of accessible lavatories that incorporate the recommended accessibility specifications reported in paper No. JRC 2013-2554 in the proceedings of the 2013 Joint Rail Conference. The “virtual” models will permit both calibration and validation of the recommendations that were submitted to the PRII A Accessibility Working Group (the Working Group). The Working Group requested that prior to acceptance of the recommendations that they be validated and calibrated. The use of “virtual” validation tools and models permits the development, validation and calibration of different lavatory concepts and configurations prior to any future full scale testing. The construction and testing of full scale models is expensive, and some of the costs can be defrayed through the use of virtual modeling.
This project extends the work undertaken in the development of the draft specifications for the accessibility of next generation of passenger rail cars. The draft specifications increase the size of both the wheeled mobility devices and occupants as a reflection of the changes in population demographics, this has prompted the need to develop new accessible lavatories that are more inclusive for the user, and still meet the design constraints of the vehicle builders. The project uses the new recommended design parameters for wheeled mobility devices and the draft guidelines for new accessibility features. Current accessible lavatories that are used on VIA Rail cars in Canada, and the TALGO and the Acela in the US serve as base models for the 2-D and 3-D renderings. These designs are optimized, validated, and calibrated with mannequins that represent the 5th and 95th percentile populations on large wheeled mobility devices including; sport manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs and 4 wheel scooters that meet the 30 inch wide by 54 inch long footprint. It is known that some accessible lavatories that on are on existing rolling stock do not meet the needs of all customers. This project will provide quantitative measures to evaluate current designs and recommend future designs that are more inclusive.
Battery Storage of Propulsion-Energy for Locomotives
Authors: Iden Michael E. 
Published: June 2014

Significant technical, regulatory and media attention has recently been given to the use of electrical storage batteries onboard a line-haul (long-distance) locomotive or “energy storage tender” (coupled adjacent to a locomotive) as a means of improving railroad fuel efficiency and reducing freight locomotive exhaust emissions. The extent to which electrical energy stored onboard could supplement or replace diesel generated power has yet to be quantified or proven. There are significant technical design, maintainability, logistical and safety challenges to making this technology commonplace, especially for over-the-road (line-haul) freight trains.
The use of electrical batteries to provide some amount of point-source fuel- and/or emissions-free locomotive power is not a new concept. Recent claims that onboard storage of locomotive propulsion energy is “new locomotive technology” are unfounded. The world’s first all-battery-powered locomotive was built in 1838 only 34 years after the world’s first steam locomotive operated. A total of 126 identifiable locomotives using onboard batteries to store propulsion energy have been built and operated to some extent in the United States (US) since 1920. Almost all were low-power switching locomotives and none are currently in revenue freight service. Two high-horsepower line-haul experimental engineering test locomotives with an experimental battery design and regenerative dynamic braking have been built (in 2004 and 2007) but very little revenue service testing has occurred.
This paper reviews propulsion battery-equipped locomotives over the past 95 years in the US, and discusses future options and possibilities including the technical and logistical challenges to such propulsion.
Capturing dynamic braking energy (developed by locomotive traction motors during deceleration or downhill operation) could be a source of onboard battery recharging, but will require significant additional locomotive control system development work to achieve practicality. New battery technologies are being developed but none are yet practical for large-scale locomotive applications. Retrofitting of large amounts of onboard battery storage on existing (or even future) diesel-electric locomotives will be limited by onboard space constraints. The development and use of energy storage “tenders” will bring complications to locomotive and train operations to make effective use (if commercialized) practical and safe.
This paper is also intended to provide technical background and clarity for various regulatory agencies regarding battery energy storage technologies for future locomotive propulsion.
Evaluation of Single Track Timetables Using Simulation
Authors: Sipilä Hans 
Published: June 2014

One way to model train operations and make predictions of future outcome is to use simulation. Many lines and networks connecting major cities have a high capacity utilization, meaning that running additional trains leads to an even more strained situation and delays are likely to increase. The mix of average train speeds is also related to capacity and delay propagation.
Considering one line or several lines connected in a network a requested train traffic can consist of different train categories and departure frequencies. There are usually several possible timetables satisfying this traffic demand. The infrastructure often implies limitations on the type and volume of traffic that can be handled. Additionally constraints introduced by requests for regular intervals, minimum headways, passenger transfers between trains etc. can reduce the number of acceptable timetables.
This paper presents an approach using combinatorial train initiations and simulation to generate conflict-free timetables. These can then be simulated with random variations in departure and dwell times. This is implemented on a fictive single track line with high speed passenger train traffic. The objective is to study outcome by varying allowance times and delays. Simulations are carried out in RailSys, a software using synchronous simulation to model train traffic operations.