bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blockade of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis produces antidepressant‐like effects and enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Wei , Zhong Peng , Liu Sarah J. , Long Jonathan Z. , Zhao Li , Gao Hai‐qing , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Liu Qing‐song 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe endocannabinoid ligand 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is inactivated primarily by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). We have shown recently that chronic treatments with MAGL inhibitor JZL184 produce antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like effects in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in animal models of anxiety and depression and behavioral effects of antidepressants. We tested whether CUS and chronic JZL184 treatments affected adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mouse hippocampus. We report that CUS induced depressive‐like behaviors and decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine‐labeled neural progenitor cells and doublecortin‐positive immature neurons in the DG, while chronic JZL184 treatments prevented these behavioral and cellular deficits. We also investigated the effects of CUS and chronic JZL184 on a form long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the DG known to be neurogenesis‐dependent. CUS impaired LTP induction, whereas chronic JZL184 treatments restored LTP in CUS‐exposed mice. These results suggest that enhanced adult neurogenesis and long‐term synaptic plasticity in the DG of the hippocampus might contribute to antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like behavioral effects of JZL184. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurocomputational account of memory and perception: Thresholded and graded signals in the hippocampus
Authors: Elfman Kane W. , Aly Mariam , Yonelinas Andrew P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests that the hippocampus, a region critical for long‐term memory, also supports certain forms of high‐level visual perception. A seemingly paradoxical finding is that, unlike the thresholded hippocampal signals associated with memory, the hippocampus produces graded, strength‐based signals in perception. This article tests a neurocomputational model of the hippocampus, based on the complementary learning systems framework, to determine if the same model can account for both memory and perception, and whether it produces the appropriate thresholded and strength‐based signals in these two types of tasks. The simulations showed that the hippocampus, and most prominently the CA1 subfield, produced graded signals when required to discriminate between highly similar stimuli in a perception task, but generated thresholded patterns of activity in recognition memory. A threshold was observed in recognition memory because pattern completion occurred for only some trials and completely failed to occur for others; conversely, in perception, pattern completion always occurred because of the high degree of item similarity. These results offer a neurocomputational account of the distinct hippocampal signals associated with perception and memory, and are broadly consistent with proposals that CA1 functions as a comparator of expected versus perceived events. We conclude that the hippocampal computations required for high‐level perceptual discrimination are congruous with current neurocomputational models that account for recognition memory, and fit neatly into a broader description of the role of the hippocampus for the processing of complex relational information. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modifications to Nano- and Microstructural Quality and the Effects on Mechanical Integrity in Paget's Disease of Bone
Authors: Zimmermann Elizabeth A , Köhne Till , Bale Hrishikesh A , Panganiban Brian , Gludovatz Bernd , Zustin Joszef , Hahn Michael , Amling Michael , Ritchie Robert O , Busse Björn 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is the second most common bone disease mostly developing after 50 years of age at one or more localized skeletal sites; it is associated with severely high bone turnover, bone enlargement, bowing/deformity, cracking, and pain. Here, to specifically address the origins of the deteriorated mechanical integrity, we use a cohort of control and PDB human biopsies to investigate multiscale architectural and compositional modifications to the bone structure (ie, bone quality) and relate these changes to mechanical property measurements to provide further insight into the clinical manifestations (ie, deformities and bowing) and fracture risk caused by PDB. Here, at the level of the collagen and mineral (ie, nanometer-length scale), we find a 19% lower mineral content and lower carbonate-to-phosphate ratio in PDB, which accounts for the 14% lower stiffness and 19% lower hardness promoting plastic deformation in pathological bone. At the microstructural scale, trabecular regions are known to become densified, whereas cortical bone loses its characteristic parallel-aligned osteonal pattern, which is replaced with a mosaic of lamellar and woven bone. Although we find this loss of anisotropic alignment produces a straighter crack path in mechanically-loaded PDB cases, cortical fracture toughness appears to be maintained due to increased plastic deformation. Clearly, the altered quality of the bone structure in PDB affects the mechanical integrity leading to complications such as bowing, deformities, and stable cracks called fissure fractures associated with this disease. Although the lower mineralization and loss of aligned Haversian structures do produce a lower modulus tissue, which is susceptible to deformities, our results indicate that the higher levels of plasticity may compensate for the lost microstructural features and maintain the resistance to crack growth. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The Political Economy of the United States Economic Growth Programme in Pakistan
Authors: Tabbasum Salamat Ali 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the US assistance for economic growth in Pakistan since 2002. Delving into the political economy of the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) economic growth programme, this paper appraises the effectiveness of economic growth projects and their impact on the economy of Pakistan by analysing donor's project execution mechanisms and priority areas for economic development. This study finds that despite USAID's proclamation of spurring growth through their neoliberal‐oriented interventions, the economy has shown a gloomy picture in recent years and hence questions the perception that foreign aid can spur economic growth in recipient countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farmer‐led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming
Authors: Martinsen Vegard , Mulder Jan , Shitumbanuma Victor , Sparrevik Magnus , Børresen Trond , Cornelissen Gerard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn extensive farmer‐led trials practicing conservation farming (CF) in three regions of Zambia (Mongu: sandy soils; Kaoma: sandy or loamy sand soils; Mkushi: sandy loam or loamy soils), we studied the effects of biochar made of maize cobs (0, 2, and 6 t ha−1corresponding to 0, 0.8, and 2.5% per basin) at different fertilizer rates of NPK and urea on crop yield of maize (Zea mays) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea). Conservation farming in this case combines minimum tillage (how basins), crop rotation and residue retention. For the first time, the effect of biochar onin situsoil nutrient supply rates [determined by buried Plant Root Simulator (PRS™) exchange resins] was studied, as well as the effects of biochar on elemental composition of maize. Effects of 0–10% (w:w) biochar addition on soil physical and soil chemical properties were determined in the laboratory. At all sites there was a consistent positive response in crop yield upon the addition of biochar. However, due to a great variability between farms there were no significant differences in absolute yields between the treatments. In the sandy soils at Mongu, relative yields (i.e., percentage yield with biochar relative to the same fertilizer rate without biochar) of maize grains and maize stover were significantly increased at recommended fertilizer rates (232 ± 60%) and at half the recommended rate (128 ± 6%), respectively. In addition, biochar significantly increased concentrations of K and P in maize stover.In situsoil nutrient supply rates as measured by PRS™‐probes were highly spatially variable with no consistent effects of the different treatments in the three regions. By contrast, the fraction of plant available water (Vol.‐%) significantly increased upon the addition of biochar in all three soils. The increase caused by 10% biochar addition was of factor 2.5 in Mongu (from 4.5% to 11.2%) and 1.2 in both Kaoma (from 14.7% to 18.2%) and Mkushi (from 18.2% to 22.7%). Cation exchange capacity, pH, and exchangeable K significantly increased upon the addition of 10% (w:w) biochar in all three regions with a subsequent increase in base saturation and decrease of available Al3+. Our findings suggest that the addition of biochar in combination with CF might have a positive impact on crop growth and that this positive effect is mainly caused by increases in plant‐available water and decreased available Al.
The effect of ZnCl2 on green Spanish‐style table olive packaging, a presentation style dependent behaviour
Authors: Bautista‐Gallego Joaquín , Arroyo‐López Francisco Noé , Romero‐Gil Verónica , Rodríguez‐Gómez Francisco , Garrido‐Fernández Antonio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDZinc chloride has been used previously as a preservative in directly brined olives with promising results. However, this is the first time that the effects of ZnCl2 addition (0–1 g L−1) on green Spanish‐style table olive (cv. Manzanilla) packaging has been studied.RESULTSThe presence of ZnCl2 affected the physico‐chemical characteristics of the products; the presence of the Zn led to lower pH values (particularly just after packaging) and titratable and combined acidity values than the control but did not produce clear trends in the colour parameters. No Enterobacteriaceae were found in any of the treatments evaluated. At the highest ZnCl2 concentrations, the lactic acid bacteria were inhibited while, unexpectedly, its presence showed a lower effect than potassium sorbate against the yeast population. Regardless of the use of potassium sorbate or ZnCl2, the packages had a reduced microbial biodiversity because only Lactobacillus pentosus and Pichia galeiformis were found at the end of the shelf life. With respect to organoleptic characteristics, the presentations containing ZnCl2 were not differentiated from the traditional product.CONCLUSIONZinc chloride was less efficient than potassium sorbate as a yeast inhibitor in green Spanish‐style olives, showing clear presentation style dependent behaviour for this property. Its presence produced significant changes in chemical parameters but scarcely affected colour or sensory characteristics.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of selective sentinel lymph node dissection in head and neck melanoma
Authors: Leong Stanley P.L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSelective sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plays an important role in the staging of the regional nodal basins for head and neck (H&N) melanoma. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is mandatory to identify the regional nodal basin(s) accurately for a newly diagnosed H&N primary melanoma of at least 1 mm or greater. A wide local excision should be delayed if SLN mapping is indicated, to minimize watershed effect and maximize accuracy in identifying the “true” SLN because of the complex lymphatic network in the H&N region. An experienced multidisciplinary team is required for optimal identification of H&N SLNs. In general, selective SLND can replace ELND to minimize the complications of a neck dissection. Completion lymph node dissection is only indicated when the SLN is positive. A nerve stimulator should be used during selective SLND in the parotid and posterior triangle to minimize the injury to the facial and spinal accessory nerve. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:361–368. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monolithic molecularly imprinted cryogel for lysozyme recognition
Authors: Rabieizadeh Mohammadmahdi , Kashefimofrad Seyed Mohammadreza , Naeimpoor Fereshteh 
Published: August 2014

The application of molecularly imprinted polymers in the selective adsorption of macromolecules such as proteins by monolithic protein‐imprinted columns requires a macroporous structure, which can be provided by cryogelation at low temperature in which the formation of ice crystals gives a porous structure to the molecularly imprinted polymer. In this study, we applied this technique to synthesize lysozyme‐imprinted polyacrylamide cryogels containing 8% w/v of total monomers and 0.3% w/v of lysozyme. The synthesized cryogel was sponge‐like and elastic with very fast swelling and reshaping properties, showing a swelling ratio of 24.5 ± 3 and gel fraction yield of about 72%. It showed an imprinting effect of 1.58 and a separation factor of 1.37 for cytochrome c as the competing protein. Adsorption studies on the cryogel revealed that it follows the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 36.3 mg lysozyme per gram of cryogel. Additionally, it was shown that a salt‐free rebinding solution at low flow rate and pH = 7.0 is favorable for lysozyme rebinding. This kind of monolithic column promises a wide range of application in separation of various biomolecules due to its preparation simplicity, good rebinding characteristics, and macroporosity.
Effect of hypercrosslinking conditions on pore size distribution and efficiency of monolithic stationary phases
Authors: Urban Jiří , Škeříková Veronika 
Published: August 2014

Three dihalogenic solvents differing in the length of alkyl chain (1,2‐dichloroethane, 1,4‐dichlorobutane, and 1,6‐dichlorohexane) with three Friedel–Crafts alkylation catalysts varying in reactivity (AlCl3, FeCl3, and SnCl4) have been used to prepare hypercrosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐vinylbenzyl chloride‐co‐divinylbenzene) columns. Hydrodynamic characteristics as well as column efficiency and mass transfer resistance were tuned by the combination of swelling solvent and alkylation reaction catalyst in the modification mixture. The column swelled in 1,6‐dichlorohexane and hypercrosslinked in the presence of AlCl3 provided the highest column efficiency and enabled fast isocratic separations of small molecules in a RP mode. To uncover factors controlling the efficiency of hypercrosslinked monolithic columns, we have studied pore volume distribution of prepared columns. We found that column efficiency increases with the higher pore volume of pores smaller than 2 nm.
Impact of Community Conservation Management on Herbaceous Layer and Soil Nutrients in a Kenyan Semi‐Arid Savannah
Authors: Mureithi Stephen M. , Verdoodt Ann , Njoka Jesse T. , Gachene Charles KK , Warinwa Fiesta , Van Ranst Eric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe impact of community conservation management on a semi‐arid savannah herbaceous vegetation and soil nutrient status was studied in the conservation and grazing zones of two community ranches in Laikipia County, Kenya. Land zoning was carried out in 1999 using participatory approaches to demarcate conservation areas excluded from livestock grazing, buffer areas for grazing and high‐intensity use zones for both grazing and settlement. Collected data included cover, grass species composition, standing grass biomass and topsoil chemical characteristics using line transect and quadrant methods. The conservation zones had significantly higher herbaceous diversity, species richness and relative abundance of both annual and perennial grasses, basal cover and herbage and a lower percentage of bare ground compared with the continuously grazed zones. The conservation zones also had higher total organic carbon, organic nitrogen and exchangeable basic cations content, indicating improved soil nutrient status. The grazing zones exhibited loss of vegetation cover and reduction of forage production, with a decline in rangeland condition, whereas the conservation zones showed recovery and improvement of the rangeland condition. Long‐term implementation of Natural resource management programme in community wildlife conservancies seems to drive the semi‐arid savannahs to exist in two steady states and transitions under the influence of grazing. We recommend long‐term monitoring of the impact of the community conservation model on the rangeland and timely incorporation of remedial measures such as shifting bomas (cattle corrals) across the grazing zones, aggressive rangeland rehabilitation of severely degraded areas through reseeding and random grass seed broadcast along stock routes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power‐conservative server consolidation based resource management in cloud
Authors: Perumal Varalakshmi , Subbiah Sankari 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThe cloud computing environment is a real‐time communication network that involves a large number of systems connected in a distributed fashion, for which resources are available on demand. In recent years, due to the enormous growth of data and information, data maintenance tasks involve a major effort in information technology (IT) industries. So, IT industries are concentrating on the cloud computing environment in order to maintain their data and manage their resources. Owing to the increase in the number of data centres, which have an impact on electrical energy cost, peak power dissipation, cooling and carbon emission, power‐conservation‐based resource management is essential. A best‐fit heuristic job placement algorithm is proposed in this paper in order to increase the job allocation percentage, a worst‐fit heuristic virtual machine (VM) placement algorithm is also proposed in order to place the VMs over the physical machines (PMs) thereby reducing the number of the latter allotted, and a server consolidation algorithm is proposed in order to improve power conservation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heparin co‐factor II enhances cell motility and promotes metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liao Wei‐Yu , Ho Chao‐Chi , Hou Hsin‐Han , Hsu Tsi‐Hsuan , Tsai Meng‐Feng , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Chen Hsuan‐Yu , Lee Yung‐Chie , Yu Chong‐Jen , Lee Chau‐Hwang , Yang Pan‐Chyr 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) database from the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project, we identified heparin co‐factor II (HCII), which is over‐expressed in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we investigated the clinical significance of HCII and provided molecular evidence to support the suggestion that HCII could enhance cancer metastasis in NSCLC. We found that high HCII expression in tumour tissue was associated with increased cancer recurrence and shorter overall survival times in 75 clinically operable NSCLC patients. High pretreatment plasma concentration of HCII was associated with reduced overall survival in 57 consecutive NSCLC patients. We over‐expressed and knocked down HCII expression in lung cancer cell lines and confirmed that HCII could promote cell motility, invasion ability and filopodium dynamics in NSCLC cells in vitro and increased metastatic colonization in an in vivo mouse model. Exogenous treatment of HCII promoted cancer cell migration, and this promigratory effect of HCII was independent of thrombin. We further showed that HCII could up‐regulate cancer cell migration through the activation of PI3K, which acts upstream of Rac1 and Cdc42, and this effect could be blocked by heparin. We suggest that HCII is a novel metastasis enhancer and may be used as a prognostic predictor for heparin treatment in NSCLC. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Scottish youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: MacMillan Freya , Kirk Alison , Mutrie Nanette , Robertson Kenneth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to objectively measure physical activity and sedentary behaviour, across week and weekend days, in Scottish children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Forty patients aged 7–9 years (n = 20) or 12–14 years (n = 20) wore accelerometers for seven days. Validated cut‐points categorised sedentary behaviour, <100cpm, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), ≥3200cpm. Differences in behaviour based on age, gender, and diabetes treatment therapy, and patterns in behaviour were explored.The average sedentary time was 10.2 ± 1.7 hours/day and MVPA was 43.2 ± 23.8 minutes/day. Two participants achieved 60 minutes MVPA on each accelerometer wear day and 19/40 did not achieve 60 minutes of MVPA on any day. Adolescents (11.5 ± 1.2 hours) were more sedentary than younger children (8.9 ± 1.0 hours), (Cohen's D, [d] = 2.36, p < 0.001). MVPA and sedentary behaviour were similar for insulin injection and pump users. MVPA was lower on Saturdays (32.3 ± 27.7 minutes, d = 0.56) and Sundays (34.5 ± 33.7 minutes, d = 0.40) than weekdays (44.1 ± 14.2 minutes), p < 0.05.It was concluded that physical activity was below the recommendations for health and sedentary behaviour was high, confirming the need for intervention in youth with type 1 diabetes. Particular focus should be made to: minimise sedentary behaviour in adolescents; increase MVPA in adolescent girls; and increase MVPA in children and adolescents at weekends. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes in the young: technology, engagement and context
Authors: Greene Stephen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOver the last three decades, while insulin replacement in type 1 diabetes in the young remains fundamental, the methods of delivering this therapy have changed dramatically.‘Intensive insulin’ therapy offers the best outcome, in terms of glycaemia and long‐term health, and a shift to multiple injection therapy and pumps has become the approach promoted early after diagnosis. A recent recognition is the sustained effect of near‐normal glycaemia from diagnosis (‘metabolic memory’), achieved through strict glucose targets and dose adjustment of insulin for carbohydrate.To use the developing technology of type 1 diabetes requires considerable motivation from patients and their families with a need for a parallel support programme from a multidisciplinary team. The components of successful adherence to the management regimens are a matching of health beliefs, attuned communication and reciprocity between those with diabetes, their families and health professionals. Innovative approaches are required to deliver these components within a health service.For many patients across the world, the context in which they live markedly affects the treatment offered and the acceptance of the condition. With the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes the difficulties encountered in different environments and social settings are considerable, requiring support and direction from an international ‘diabetes family’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.