bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of cough response by sensory inputs from the nose - role of trigeminal TRPA1 versus TRPM8 channels
Authors: Buday Tomas , Brozmanova Mariana , Biringerova Zuzana , Gavliakova Silvia , Poliacek Ivan , Calkovsky Vladimir , Shetthalli Manjunath V , Plevkova Jana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Cough, the most important airways defensive mechanism is modulated by many afferent inputs either from respiratory tussigenic areas, but also by afferent drive from other organs. In animal models, modulation of cough by nasal afferent inputs can either facilitate or inhibit the cough response, depending on the type of trigeminal afferents stimulated.

Methods
In this study we addressed the question of possible bidirectional modulation of cough response in human healthy volunteers by nasal challenges with TRPA1 and TRPM8 agonists respectively. After nasal challenges with isocyanate (AITC), cinnamaldehyde, (−) menthol and (+) menthol (all 10-3 M) nasal symptom score, cough threshold (C2), urge to cough (Cu) and cumulative cough response were measured).

Results
Nasal challenges with TRPA1 relevant agonists induced considerable nasal symptoms, significantly enhanced urge to cough (p<0.05) but no statistically significant modulation of the C2 and cumulative cough response. In contrast, both TRPM8 agonists administered to the nose significantly modulated all parameters including C2 (p<0.05), Cu (p<0.01) and cumulative cough response (p <0.01) documenting strong anti irritating potential of menthol isomers.

Conclusions
In addition to trigeminal afferents expressing TRP channels, olfactory nerve endings, trigemino – olfactoric relationships, the smell perception process and other supramedullar influences should be considered as potential modulators of the cough response in humans.
Usual interstitial pneumonia coexisted with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, What’s the diagnosis?
Authors: Fang Xia , Luo Benfang , Yi Xianghua , Zeng Yu , Liu Fang , Li Huiping , Gu Pan , Zhu Xuyou , Zhang Suxia , Jiang Gelin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The differential diagnosis between idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia(INSIP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia(UIP)is tough in both clinicians and pathologists. In this study, we analyzed the lesions of right lung removed from a 58-year-old patient by gross and microscopy. The results showed that the pathological appearance of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and UIP coexisted in his upper lobe. Besides, because of severe fibrosis in middle and lower lobes, it was hard to distinguish the lesions of NSIP fibrotic pattern (NSIP-F) or UIP. Based on clinic-radiologic-pathological data, the diagnosis of INSIP-F was made for this patient finally. Our study suggests that UIP is not always an accurate diagnosis when the NSIP and UIP coexist, and NSIP can have regions of UIP.

Virtual slide

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2573531681608730
Impact of catheter antimicrobial coating on species-specific risk of catheter colonization: a meta-analysis
Authors: Novikov Aleksey , Lam Manuel Y , Mermel Leonard A , Casey Anna L , Elliott Tom S , Nightingale Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial catheters have been utilized to reduce risk of catheter colonization and infection. We aimed to determine if there is a greater than expected risk of microorganism-specific colonization associated with the use of antimicrobial central venous catheters (CVCs).

Methods
We performed a meta-analysis of 21 randomized, controlled trials comparing the incidence of specific bacterial and fungal species colonizing antimicrobial CVCs and standard CVCs in hospitalized patients.

Results
The proportion of all colonized minocycline-rifampin CVCs found to harbor Candida species was greater than the proportion of all colonized standard CVCs found to have Candida. In comparison, the proportion of colonized chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine CVCs specifically colonized with Acinetobacter species or diphtheroids was less than the proportion of similarly colonized standard CVCs. No such differences were found with CVCs colonized with staphylococci.

Conclusion
Commercially-available antimicrobial CVCs in clinical use may become colonized with distinct microbial flora probably related to their antimicrobial spectrum of activity. Some of these antimicrobial CVCs may therefore have limited additional benefit or more obvious advantages compared to standard CVCs for specific microbial pathogens. The choice of an antimicrobial CVC may be influenced by a number of clinical factors, including a previous history of colonization or infection with Acinetobacter, diphtheroids, or Candida species.
Factors associated with suicidal thoughts in a large community study of older adults
Authors: Almeida Osvaldo P. , Draper Brian , Snowdon John , Lautenschlager Nicola T. , Pirkis Jane , Byrne Gerard , Sim Moira , Stocks Nigel , Flicker Leon , Pfaff Jon J. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundThoughts about death and self-harm in old age have been commonly associated with the presence of depression, but other risk factors may also be important.AimsTo determine the independent association between suicidal ideation in later life and demographic, lifestyle, socioeconomic, psychiatric and medical factors.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted of a community-derived sample of 21290 adults aged 60-101 years enrolled from Australian primary care practices. We considered that participants endorsing any of the four items of the Depressive Symptom Inventory - Suicidality Subscale were experiencing suicidal thoughts. We used standard procedures to collect demographic, lifestyle, psychosocial and clinical data. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsThe 2-week prevalence of suicidal ideation was 4.8%. Male gender, higher education, current smoking, living alone, poor social support, no religious practice, financial strain, childhood physical abuse, history of suicide in the family, past depression, current anxiety, depression or comorbid anxiety and depression, past suicide attempt, pain, poor self-perceived health and current use of antidepressants were independently associated with suicidal ideation. Poor social support was associated with a population attributable fraction of 38.0%, followed by history of depression (23.6%), concurrent anxiety and depression (19.7%), prevalent anxiety (15.1%), pain (13.7%) and no religious practice (11.4%).ConclusionsPrevalent and past mood disorders seem to be valid targets for indicated interventions designed to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviour. However, our data indicate that social disconnectedness and stress account for a larger proportion of cases than mood disorders. Should these associations prove to be causal, then interventions that succeeded in addressing these issues would contribute the most to reducing suicidal ideation and, possibly, suicidal behaviour in later life.
Remembering the self in schizophrenia
Authors: Watson Andrew , Barker Vicky , Hall Jeremy , Lawrie Stephen M. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAutobiographical memories are a key component of our identity. Here, in the light of Cuervo-Lombard and colleagues' paper in this issue, we review impairments in autobiographical memory in schizophrenia and the association between autobiographical memory and outcome in the disorder. We also discuss whether these deficits are specific to schizophrenia and a possible link with traumatic events.
Clinician hesitation prior to clozapine initiation: is it justifiable?
Authors: Patel Maxine X. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryClozapine has been endorsed by national clinical guidelines for 10 years and yet underutilisation and delay to initiation remain rife. Although there will be good clinical reasons for clozapine not being initiated for some patients, it is hypothesised here that for others, clinicians' attitudes and preferences are the most likely predictive factors.
No scope for complacency: time to improve healthcare for older people
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe Equality Act 2010 should prevent age discrimination in the provision of healthcare and other services in the UK. The Royal College of Psychiatrists' Faculty of the Psychiatry of Old Age and General & Community Psychiatry Faculty have offered constructive guidance to help achieve this. However, there are pitfalls. First, legislation does not guarantee enforcement. Second, discrimination in the form of persisting negative attitudes of society towards older people and their ability to benefit from health interventions is associated with a deficit in funding old age services that has accumulated gradually during the 60 years of the National Health Service. These difficulties will need to be overcome to achieve effective implementation of the Act.
Reflective assignments by students completing an undergraduate psychiatry attachment
Authors: O'Brien Aileen , Mudunkotuwe Jeremy 
Published: December 2012

Aims and methodStudents at St George's, University of London, complete a long case with a reflective component as part of their psychiatry attachment. This consists of a case history and reflection about how meeting the patient has affected them and how it will change their practice. This study aimed to analyse the reflection content, to better understand the student psychiatry experience. A hundred consecutive assignments underwent content analysis to establish the main themes.ResultsSix main themes were elicited: stigma, social and cultural aspects of psychiatry, fear of mental illness in the students themselves, fear of conducting the interview and criticism of the care the patient received.Clinical implicationsNegative attitudes towards psychiatry are common among medical students, although many showed mature reflection. Anxiety about interviewing patients with mental illness should be acknowledged by educators.
‘We've got another one for you!’ Liaison psychiatry's experience of stigma towards patients with mental illness and mental health professionals
Authors: Bolton Jim 
Published: December 2012

Aims and methodTo assess stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatric professionals experienced by UK liaison psychiatry staff. A questionnaire asked about the impact of these events on patient care and for suggestions for tackling stigma in the general hospital.ResultsOut of 72 multidisciplinary respondents, over three-quarters had experienced stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness by general hospital colleagues at least monthly. Two-thirds reported instances where stigmatisation had an adverse impact on patient care, and over a quarter reported stigmatising attitudes towards mental health professionals. Suggestions for combating stigma included educational initiatives, clear clinical communication, and the provision of high-quality liaison services.Clinical implicationsLiaison psychiatry is well placed to both recognise and combat stigma in the general hospital. This can help to ensure that patient care is comprehensive, safe and respectful.
Standard of medical tribunal reports in a high secure setting
Authors: Murphy Paula Marie , Basu Amlan 
Published: December 2012

Aims and methodTo investigate whether medical tribunal reports were meeting acceptable standards as set out in the practice direction issued by the Tribunal Service in 2010. We looked at 50 medical reports and compared the content of the reports with a 13-item checklist that was derived from the recommendations set out in the practice direction.ResultsThe results show a number of areas where the reports are not meeting acceptable standards. For 5 of 13 items in our checklist, less than 80% of reports evaluated included the required information.Clinical implicationsThe results have important clinical governance implications. As clinicians we need to improve our report writing, not least because it is our professional and statutory duty but also to avoid potential repercussions from the tribunal in terms of their legal power to order remedies, sanctions and costs. Improvements might be achieved through robust performance management of individual clinicians and consideration being given to including this in revalidation procedures.
Terahertz-wave generation using graphene
Authors: Otsuji Taiichi , Tombet Stephane Boubanga , Satou Akira , Ryzhii Maxim , Ryzhii Victor 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper recent advances in terahertz-wave generation in graphene are reviewed. First, fundamental basis of the optoelectronic properties of graphene is introduced. Second, nonequilibrium carrier relaxation and recombination dynamics in optically or electrically pumped graphene is described to introduce a possibility of negative dynamic conductivity in a wide terahertz range. Third, recent theoretical advances toward the creation of current-injection graphene terahertz lasers are described. Fourth, unique terahertz dynamics of the two-dimensional plasmons in graphene are described. Finally, the advantages of graphene materials and devices for terahertz-wave generation are summarized.
Nanodiamond-Triggered Organization in Fibers of PANI Nanocomposites Produced by Chemical and Electrochemical Routes: Structural Features and Functional characterizations
Authors: Tamburri Emanuela , Guglielmotti Valeria , Orlanducci Silvia , Terranova Maria Letizia , Passeri Daniele , Rossi Marco , Sordi Daniela 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTWe present some recent results of a systematic study regarding polyaniline-based nanocomposites with detonation nanodiamond as guest component. The peculiar properties of such crystalline nanomaterial not only help in improving the mechanical and thermal properties of the host polymeric matrix, but also influence polymerization mechanism, modifying the morphological features of the polymers. Induced by the nanodiamond presence, the final nanocomposites show a prominent arrangement of polymer segments into tubular forms and a subsequent structural organization suitable for many technological applications.
Seshadri positive submanifolds of polarized manifolds
Authors: Bădescu Lucian , Beltrametti Mauro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLet Y be a submanifold of dimension y of a polarized complex manifold (X, A) of dimension k ≥ 2, with 1 ≤ y ≤ k−1. We define and study two positivity conditions on Y in (X, A), called Seshadri A-bigness and (a stronger one) Seshadri A-ampleness. In this way we get a natural generalization of the theory initiated by Paoletti in [Paoletti R., Seshadri positive curves in a smooth projective 3-fold, Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur. Rend. Lincei (9) Mat. Appl., 1996, 6(4), 259–274] (which corresponds to the case (k, y) = (3, 1)) and subsequently generalized and completed in [Bădescu L., Beltrametti M.C., Francia P., Positive curves in polarized manifolds, Manuscripta Math, 1997, 92(3), 369–388] (regarding curves in a polarized manifold of arbitrary dimension). The theory presented here, which is new even if y = k − 1, is motivated by a reasonably large area of examples.
The higher rank numerical range of nonnegative matrices
Authors: Aretaki Aikaterini , Maroulas Ioannis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this article the rank-k numerical range ∧k (A) of an entrywise nonnegative matrix A is investigated. Extending the notion of elements of maximum modulus in ∧k (A), we examine their location on the complex plane. Further, an application of this theory to ∧k (L(λ)) of a Perron polynomial L(λ) is elaborated via its companion matrix C L.
Factorization in the model of unstable particles with continuous masses
Authors: Kuksa Vladimir , Volchanskiy Nikolay 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We study processes with unstable particles in intermediate time-like states. It is shown that the amplitudes squared of such processes factor exactly in the framework of the model of unstable particles with continuous masses. Decay widths and cross sections can then be represented in a universal factorized form for an arbitrary set of interacting particles. This exact factorization is caused by specific structure of propagators in the model. We formulate the factorization method and perform a phenomenological analysis of the factorization effects. The factorization method considerably simplifies calculations while leading to compact and reasonable results.
Fractures of the mandibular condylar processes — literature review
Authors: Niedzielska Iwona , Tomczyk-Wziątek Anna , Borowski Bartłomiej 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Fractures of the mandibular condylar processes are often-met injuries of lower region of face. The cause of that state is dynamic development of municipal transport and the increase of aggression in human relations. Many classifications of fractures of mandibular condylar processes are in literature. The choice of therapy is a subject for debate among doctors. Contemporary literature does not give an unequivocal answer to the question whether in the case of fractures of mandibular condylar processes non-invasive treatment should be applied or whether the method of surgical supply of fractures is better.
Evolution récente et future des paysages sylvo-pastoraux du Jura vaudois
Authors: Buttler Alexandre , Spiegelberger Thomas , Chételat Joël , Kalbermatten Michael , Lannas Katy , Peringer Alexander , Wettstein Jean-Bruno , Gillet François 
Published: December 2012

Recent and future evolution of the silvopastoral landscape in the Jura vaudois
Land-use management in silvopastoral landscapes is particularly complex because such ecosystems depend on a subtle equilibrium in the management scheme which aims to provide various ecological goods and services such as fodder, timber and biodiversity, as well as areas for leisure and attractive scenery. In this study we investigated land-use changes in the Parc naturel régional Jura vaudois, and the changes in tree cover density in two pastures using land-use statistics and aerial photographs. A prospective modelling approach was also undertaken on one pasture to assess changes in the landscape structure under two climate scenarios. A general tendency towards segregation between closed forests and open pastures was observed. The agriculture policy has markedly influenced the dynamics of tree cover density, but this effect depended very much on the local situation, for example, the proximity of a village, which allows a better optimization of farm management. The simulation of future development of these landscapes suggests that one might expect large changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation because of climate change. In the long run, areas of high tree densities will expand, and spruce will give way to beech and pine, depending on the warming intensity. Nevertheless, adaptation to new environmental conditions for sustaining ecological goods and services will call for management measures appropriate to the intensity of climate change. Furthermore, an active adaptive management based on experimentation and innovation, as well as allowing collaboration between scientists and land managers will be required to face and mitigate the ecological problems associated with climate change.
Children’s Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Finkel Martin A. 
Published: December 2012

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Understand the spectrum of clinical presentations that raise the concern that a child has experienced sexual victimization, the clinical expression of the “disease” of sexual victimization, and the disclosure process.

2.
Differentiate normal developmental behaviors vs. concerning sexual behaviors and the unique role of the medical history as an essential element of securing an accurate diagnosis.

3.
Determine the basics of meeting the medical, mental health, and protective needs of child victims, as well as review reporting expectations and liabilities.

The appropriate response to possible child sexual abuse can only occur when the pediatrician understands the essential elements of the “disease of sexual victimization.” As with any disease, the evolution of this disease is reflected by a clinical presentation that unfolds over a period of time with associated signs and symptoms. This article describes how children who are suspected of being sexually abused present to pediatricians, and how to properly diagnose them in order to meet the statutory mandate to report.
Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Risk Factors Among Premature Infants at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Canada
Authors: Isaza Gloria , Arora Sourabh , Bal Manpartap , Chaudhary Varun 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:To study the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a neonatal intensive care unit and obtain information on risk factors associated with ROP.Methods:Four hundred twenty-three infants were screened for ROP between July 2006 and July 2010. Demographic information, clinical data, and risk factors were reviewed.Results:The incidence was 40.4% (171 infants) for ROP, 9.2% (39 infants) for severe ROP, and 5.67% (24 infants) for laser treatment. Mean gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower among infants with ROP versus those without ROP (26 ± 0.13 vs 28.55 ± 0.12 weeks,P< .0001 and 840.5 ±17.49 vs 1,190.24 ± 20.20 g,P< .0001, respectively). Birth weight (P< .001), gestational age (P< .001), mechanical ventilation therapy (P= .039), and necrotizing enterocolitis (P =.019) were independent risk factors for ROP.Conclusion:Gestational age and birth weight were the most significant risk factors for developing ROP. The study population had an elevated percentage of infants with birth weight less than 1,000 g (extremely low birth weight), yet there was no corresponding increase in severe ROP incidence and treatment when compared to other studies.
South Africa: A Diceyan Rechtsstaat?
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: December 2012

South Africa’s transformation to constitutionalism in 1994 saw the addition to a mixed legal system of a supreme constitution that requires all law to conform to its provisions, principles, and values. This new constitutional design was developed for the circumstances and modeled on existing liberal democratic constitutions, the most influential of which were Canadian and German.
Adopted in 1993, the first constitution introduced the notion of the “constitutional state” but being only a transitional document, it provided for the creation of a “final” constitution crafted in conformity with prescribed principles. The final constitution, adopted in 1996, made no mention of the “constitutional state”, including instead the expression “rule of law”. Since the constitutional principles laid down in 1993 referred to neither the German “Rechtsstaat”, nor Diceyan “rule of law”, the replacement of the former term by the latter was permissible.
The two constitutional texts did not, however, elaborate on these two terms. It was left to constitutional interpreters, especially the judiciary, to give meaning to these historically disconnected but conceptually related ideas. The result was a completely novel and pervasive constitutional doctrine. The judicial process of merging these notions may be described as “comparison by global assimilation”.