bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hypothyroidism in the Etiology and Progression of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Beier P. , Reese S. , Holler P.J. , Simak J. , Tater G. , Wess G. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundHypothyroidism and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are both common diseases in Doberman Pinschers. A possible influence of hypothyroidism on the etiology and progression ofDCMis controversial.ObjectivesEvaluation of the role of hypothyroidism in etiology and progression ofDCM.AnimalsA total of 175 Doberman Pinschers.MethodsIn this longitudinal prospective study, echocardiography and 24‐hour ambulatory ECG recordings were performed in all dogs as screening tests for DCM. Total thyroxine (TT4) and thyroid ultrasonography served as initial screening tests for hypothyroidism and low TT4values were followed up by a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test or free total thyroxine (fT4)/cTSHmeasurements. Additionally, a follow‐up study of dogs affected by bothDCMand hypothyroidism under optimal treatment for hypothyroidism was conducted.ResultsA total of 107 dogs were healthy, 45 dogs hadDCM, 11 hypothyroidism, and 12 dogs had bothDCMand hypothyroidism.TT4values as well as the thyroid volumes were equivalent in the healthy dogs and in those withDCM. Neither ventricular premature complexes nor echocardiographic parameters differed between healthy and hypothyroid dogs. Dogs withDCMhad a 2.26‐fold (CI0.95 = 1.1–4.8) higher risk of also being affected by hypothyroidism. Despite optimal thyroid treatment of dogs with hypothyroidism andDCM, there was a progression of the heart disease.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study did not confirm a role of hypothyroidism in the etiology or progression ofDCM. Treatment of hypothyroidism did not improve the clinical outcome.
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Provides an Additional Benefit to a Low‐Dust Diet in the Management of Horses with Chronic Lower Airway Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Nogradi N. , Couetil L.L. , Messick J. , Stochelski M.A. , Burgess J.R. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundOmega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may benefit humans and animals with chronic inflammatory diseases.HypothesisOmega‐3PUFAsupplementation improves clinical signs, lung function, and airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD).AnimalsEight research horses and 35 client‐owned horses.MethodsA pilot study examined the dose ofPUFAthat can alter plasmaPUFAcomposition. Then, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in horses withRAOandIAD. Horses were fed a complete pelleted diet with no hay and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 daily treatments for 2 months: 30 or 60 g of the supplement or 30 g of placebo. Clinical signs, lung function, plasmaPUFAcomposition, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were evaluated. Data were expressed as median (25–75th percentiles).P < .05 was considered significant.ResultsPolyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation resulted in increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that peaked at 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was noted in all horses involved in the clinical trial, but the group that receivedPUFAhad greater improvement in clinical signs (cough score improved 60%), lung function (respiratory effort decreased 48%), andBALF(neutrophils decreased from 23 to 9%) when compared to placebo (cough score improved 33%, respiratory effort decreased 27%,BALFneutrophils increased from 11 to 17%;P < .05).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFeeding horses withRAOandIADaPUFAsupplement containing 1.5–3 gDHAfor 2 months provides an additional benefit to low‐dust diet.
Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model of autoimmune biliary disease
Authors: Sharon David , Chen Min , Zhang Guangzhi , Girgis Safwat , Sis Banu , Graham Don , McDougall Chelsea , Wasilenko Shawn T. , Montano‐Loza Aldo , Mason Andrew L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe NOD.c3c4 mouse model develops autoimmune biliary disease characterized by spontaneous granulomatous cholangitis, antimitochondrial antibodies and liver failure. This model for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has evidence of biliary infection with mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), suggesting that the virus may have a role in cholangitis development and progression of liver disease in this mouse model. We tested the hypothesis that MMTV infection is associated with cholangitis in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model by investigating whether antiretroviral therapy impacts on viral levels and liver disease.MethodsNOD.c3c4 mice were treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Response to treatment was studied by measuring MMTV RNA in the liver, liver enzyme levels in serum and liver histology using a modified Ishak score.ResultsCombination therapy with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir and emtricitabine, resulted in a significant reduction in serum liver enzyme levels, attenuation of cholangitis and decreased MMTV levels in the livers of NOD.c3c4 mice. Furthermore, treatment with the retroviral protease inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir, in addition to the reverse transcriptase inhibitors, resulted in further decrease in MMTV levels and attenuation of liver disease in this model.ConclusionsThe attenuation of cholangitis with regimens containing the reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir and emtricitabine, and the protease inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir, suggests that retroviral infection may play a role in the development of cholangitis in this model.
On the advantage of sharing a holdfast: effects of density and occurrence of kin aggregation in the kelp Lessonia berteroana
Authors: Segovia Nicolás I. , Vásquez Julio A. , Faugeron Sylvain , Haye Pilar A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigated the density‐dependent and genetic relatedness that regulate the occurrence of inter‐individual (genet) fusion forming plurigenotypic organisms in the brown alga Lessonia berteroana. Recruitment generally occurs at high densities in the inter‐tidal, allowing contact of neighbouring holdfasts as they grow and expand on the substrate. Algal density, by contrast, is regulated by the effects of herbivory and wave impact, which often lead to low holdfast density. Herein, we investigated whether the occurrence of plurigenotypic organisms and their genotypic composition (number of genotypes per plurigenotypic organism) are density dependent and affected by kin selection in the inter‐tidal kelp L. berteroana. Four microsatellite loci were used to analyse DNA from 260 samples obtained from shared and non‐shared holdfasts, at two sites with high and two site with low holdfast density. Analyses showed that fusions forming plurigenotypic organisms are extremely common. Interestingly, the frequency of fusions was higher in low‐density sites, in which 100% of the plants had at least two genotypes and the average was 3.5. In high‐density sites, 62% of plants were plurigenotypic, with an average of 2.8 genotypes per plant. Additionally, we found that genotypes that shared a holdfast had a significantly higher genetic relatedness than the average in the population, compatible with a kin structure. Density dependence and kin structure suggest that the occurrence of plurigenotypic organisms is linked to environmental quality, and that kin or multilevel selection may be favouring the fusion of genetically related genets.
Territory configuration moderates the frequency of extra‐group mating in superb fairy‐wrens
Authors: Bain Glen C. , Hall Michelle L. , Mulder Raoul A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe frequency of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) in socially monogamous birds varies substantially between and within species, but ecological drivers of this variation remain poorly understood. Habitat configuration could influence EPP by moderating access to extra‐pair mates, because species occupying territories in a clustered ‘honeycomb’ configuration have a larger pool of potential extra‐group mates in their immediate neighbourhood than those living in linearly arranged territories (e.g. along narrow strips of riparian or fragmented habitat). We exploited variation in the spatial arrangement of territories due to anthropogenic modification of habitat of the cooperatively breeding superb fairy‐wren Malurus cyaneus to test whether habitat configuration influenced the frequency of EPP. In this species, most paternity is obtained by males outside the social group [extra‐group paternity (EGP)]. We found that the frequency of EGP among groups living in linear strips of roadside vegetation (41% of 44 offspring) was lower than it was for groups living in clustered territories within continuous habitat (59% of 70 offspring). Differences in group size and pair relatedness did not explain differences in EGP associated with territory configuration, although the frequency of EGP was negatively correlated with pair relatedness. Our finding suggests that territory configuration can influence rates of EGP and that anthropogenic habitat fragmentation has the potential to limit access to extra‐pair mates, affecting mating systems and ultimately fitness.
Nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling dynamics of the transcriptional regulators XYR1 and CRE1 under conditions of cellulase and xylanase gene expression in Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Lichius Alexander , Seidl‐Seiboth Verena , Seiboth Bernhard , Kubicek Christian P. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTrichoderma reesei is a model for investigating the regulation of (hemi‐)cellulase gene expression. Cellulases are formed adaptively, and the transcriptional activator XYR1 and the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 are main regulators of their expression. We quantified the nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling dynamics of GFP‐fusion proteins of both transcription factors under cellulase and xylanase inducing conditions, and correlated their nuclear presence/absence with transcriptional changes. We also compared their subcellular localization in conidial germlings and mature hyphae. We show that cellulase gene expression requires de novo biosynthesis of XYR1 and its simultaneous nuclear import, whereas carbon catabolite repression is regulated through preformed CRE1 imported from the cytoplasmic pool. Termination of induction immediately stopped cellulase gene transcription and was accompanied by rapid nuclear degradation of XYR1. In contrast, nuclear CRE1 rapidly decreased upon glucose depletion, and became recycled into the cytoplasm. In mature hyphae, nuclei containing activated XYR1 were concentrated in the colony center, indicating that this is the main region of XYR1 synthesis and cellulase transcription. CRE1 was found to be evenly distributed throughout the entire mycelium. Taken together, our data revealed novel aspects of the dynamic shuttling and spatial bias of the major regulator of (hemi‐)cellulase gene expression, XYR1, in T. reesei.
A sweet new role for LCP enzymes in protein glycosylation
Authors: Amer Brendan R. , Clubb Robert T. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe peptidoglycan that surrounds Gram‐positive bacteria is affixed with a range of macromolecules that enable the microbe to effectively interact with its environment. Distinct enzymes decorate the cell wall with proteins and glycopolymers. Sortase enzymes covalently attach proteins to the peptidoglycan, while LytR‐CpsA‐Psr (LCP) proteins are thought to attach teichoic acid polymers and capsular polysaccharides. Ton‐That and colleagues have discovered a new glycosylation pathway in the oral bacterium Actinomyces oris in which sortase and LCP enzymes operate on the same protein substrate. The A. oris LCP protein has a novel function, acting on the cell surface to transfer glycan macromolecules to a protein, which is then attached to the cell wall by a sortase. The reactions are tightly coupled, as elimination of the sortase causes the lethal accumulation of glycosylated protein in the membrane. Since sortase enzymes are attractive drug targets, this novel finding may provide a convenient cell‐based tool to discover inhibitors of this important enzyme family.
Immunolocalization of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β) and pericytes in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Authors: Craggs Lucinda J.L. , Fenwick Richard , Oakley Arthur E. , Ihara Masafumi , Kalaria Raj N. 
Published: October 2014

AimsCerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is identified by aggregates of NOTCH3 extracellular domain (N3ECD) along capillaries and the deposition of granular osmiophilic material (GOM). We assessed the pattern of distribution of pericytes in relation to N3ECD deposits in cerebral microvessels of CADASIL subjects.MethodsWe assessed post mortem brains from (n = 50) subjects with CADASIL, cerebral small vessel disease, and similar‐age cognitively normal and older controls. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining methods were used to study the distribution and quantify immunoreactivities of the platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β) (for pericytes) and microvascular markers in the frontal cortex and white matter.ResultsPDGFR‐β antibody stained cells typical of pericytes in capillaries and small arterioles in both the grey and white matter. PDGFR‐β reactive pericytes adopted ‘crescent’ morphology wrapped closely around capillary walls readily evident in cross‐sections. We noted considerable overlap between PDGFR‐β and N3ECD imunoreactivities in capillaries. Quantitative analysis of PDGFR‐β immunoreactivity revealed significant differences in PDGFR‐β %A in CADASIL compared with young controls (P < 0.05). PDGFR‐β %A was further positively correlated with the basement membrane marker collagen IV (r = 0.529, P = 0.009), but was not associated with GLUT‐1, the marker for endothelial cells.ConclusionsOur results suggest increased expression of PDGFR‐β immunoreactive pericytes in cerebral microvessels in CADASIL compared with similar age controls. While we cannot confirm whether PDGFR‐β‐expressing pericytes produce N3ECD and hence GOM, our findings demonstrate that up‐regulation of pericyte‐like cells is associated with microvascular changes, including loss of vascular smooth muscle cells in CADASIL.
Beyond Elites: ReassessingIrishIronAge Society
Authors: Dolan Brian 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe past two decades have seen an expansion of archaeological activity on the island ofIreland that has transformed our knowledge and understanding of most periods inIrish prehistory and history. However,IronAge sites and artefacts remain rare finds and are often ephemeral, particularly in the case of settlements. It is now clear that the peculiarly sparse record of theIrishIronAge is genuinely representative of the surviving archaeology. It is also clear that this evidence does not fit the traditional ‘Celtic’ picture of warrior elites, druids and tribal hierarchies imported from other regions and later insular texts. This paper proposes an alternative model for theIrishIronAge of the first millenniumBC, one that centres on nomadism and heterarchy.
Reassessing the Oppida: The Role of Power and Religion
Authors: Fernández‐Götz Manuel 
Published: October 2014

SummaryFor a long time, the origins and development of Late Iron Age oppida were viewed from predominantly economic perspectives and as dependent on contacts with the Mediterranean world. However, advances in research in recent decades make it necessary to qualify and reassess many of the traditional interpretations of the genesis and functions of these centres, one of the most striking phenomena of the last two centuries BC. This article emphasizes the political and religious role of continental European oppida, understanding them as a new ‘technology of power’, which enabled a more hierarchical and centralizing ideology to be articulated. Moreover, new evidence suggests that many oppida may have had their origin in spaces for ritual gatherings. The result is a new interpretation of the genesis and characteristics of Late Iron Age centralization processes.
Finding Vikings in the Danelaw
Authors: Buckberry Jo , Montgomery Janet , Towers Jacqueline , Müldner Gundula , Holst Malin , Evans Jane , Gledhill Andrew , Neale Naomi , Lee‐Thorp Julia 
Published: October 2014

SummaryHistorical, artefactual and place‐name evidence indicates thatScandinavian migrants moved to easternEngland in the ninth centuryAD, settling in theDanelaw. However, only a handful of characteristicallyScandinavian burials have been found in the region. One, widely held, explanation is that most of theseScandinavian settlers quickly adopted localChristian burial customs, thus leavingScandinavians indistinguishable from theAnglo‐Saxon population. We undertook osteological and isotopic analysis to investigate the presence of first‐generationScandinavian migrants. Burials fromMasham were typical of the laterAnglo‐Saxon period and included men, women and children. The location and positioning of the four adult burials fromCoppergate, however, are unusual forAnglo‐ScandinavianYork. None of the skeletons revealed interpersonal violence. Isotopic evidence did not suggest a marine component in the diet of either group, but revealed migration on a regional, and possibly an international, scale. Combined strontium and oxygen isotope analysis should be used to investigate further both regional andScandinavian migration in the laterAnglo‐Saxon period.
Political Trust and Negative Campaigns: Two Tests of the Figure‐Ground Hypothesis
Authors: Craig Stephen C. , Rippere Paulina S. 
Published: October 2014

Despite what many Americans believe, there is little evidence that increased campaign negativity has contributed to the loss of public trust in government in recent decades. In this article, we consider the relationship between negative campaigning and trust in a different light. The “figure‐ground hypothesis” suggests that negative information is more likely than positive information to shape people's attitudes and behavior, in part because negativity “stands out” in a world where most of us have positive expectations of others. Accordingly, we posit that negative campaign ads are most effective among those who possess a high level of trust in their political leaders. The catch is that high trust is uncommon in U.S. politics today, in which case negative appeals may play to a smaller audience than in the past. Our data indicate, however, that a well‐conceived negative campaign ad can influence voter choice regardless of one's feelings about government.Related ArticlesJones, David A., Kathleen Ferraiolo, and Jennifer Byrne. 2011. “.” Politics and Policy 39 (): 195‐221. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00288.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
Caillier, James. 2010. “.” Politics and Policy 38 (): 1015‐1035. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00267.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
Lewis, Gregory B., Marc A. Rogers, and Kenneth Sherrill. 2011. “.” Politics and Policy 39 (): 655‐677. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00315.x/abstractRelated Media. 2013. “.” October 18. http://www.people‐press.org/2013/10/18/trust‐in‐government‐nears‐record‐low‐but‐most‐federal‐agencies‐are‐viewed‐favorably/
. 2008. “.” http://wiscadproject.wisc.edu/
. 2012. “.” http://mediaproject.wesleyan.edu/2012/05/02/jump‐in‐negativity/
Impact of Retirement Age Policy on the Workforce of a Higher Education Institution inSouthAfrica
Authors: Udjo Eric O. , Erasmus Barney 
Published: October 2014

Several key sectors including higher education institutions have a skills shortage inSouthAfrica. Combined with aging of its workforce, higher education institutions may find it increasingly difficult to maintain adequate numbers of skilled and experienced employees to fulfill their core functions. This study assesses the impact of mandatory retirement age on the workforce of a higher education institution inSouthAfrica. The data were obtained from theHumanResources of the higher education institution and using an estimation model. The results indicate that a mandatory retirement age of 60 years has a negative impact on the future size of permanent academic staff in the short‐to‐medium term. However, a mandatory retirement age of 65 years or even higher has positive impact on the number of permanent academic staff in the institution.Related ArticlesHerrick,Rebekah.2004. “.”Politics & Policy32():397‐411.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2004.tb00189.x/abstractBrill,Sam, andMcCartney,Abby.2008. “.”Politics & Policy36():750‐774.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00133.x/abstractPatrick,Barbara.2012. “Politics & Policy40():593‐628.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00370.x/abstractRelated Media.2014. “.” March 29.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxzfMJPl0gU.2013. “.” November 17.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4Yx_B25CJk
Internal Party Democracy, Party Candidature, and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria's Fourth Republic
Authors: Ikeanyibe Okechukwu 
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the major reasons accounting for the failure of internal party democracy (IPD) in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, despite extensive constitutional and other legal provisions to guarantee it. I examine the parody of IPD in Nigeria, exemplified in faulty processes employed in the nomination of political party electoral candidates. In doing so, I establish that the nonuse (practice) of IPD in the nomination of party candidates for elections weakens party unity and institutionalization, and negatively affects democratic consolidation. The article posits that attempts to institutionalize IPD through state‐mandated legislations apparently do not guarantee that party leadership will abide by it in a high‐formalism environment. Yet this does not undermine the necessity for performance‐driven, rather than control‐driven, state legislations for parties if party institutionalization and democratic consolidation will be enhanced. The research provides further grounds for understanding the intricacies of IPD, party organization, and institutionalization in a democratizing environment, such as Nigeria.Related ArticlesIshiyama, John, and Krystal Fox. 2006. “” Politics & Policy 34 (): 748‐773. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00039.x/abstractBeal, Amanda L., and Leah Graham. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 311‐345. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12077/abstractPelizzo, Riccardo. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 474‐498. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00117.x/abstractRelated Media. 2014. “.” http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/nigerias‐political‐parties‐lack‐internal‐democracy‐chigbo/. 2013. “.” http://nigerianvoice.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/africas‐biggest‐political‐party‐pdp‐and‐its‐internal‐crisis/. 2013. “.” http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/inec‐blames‐desperation‐absence‐of‐internal‐democracy‐for‐election‐violence/170504/
Networks and Networking: The Public Administrative Agendas
Authors: O'Toole Laurence J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPublished in 1997, the article “Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research‐Based Agendas in Public Administration” outlined the importance of networks for the field of public administration and suggested a series of research agendas that should be pursued. That argument has received substantial attention in the years since. Research on networks and networking has made substantial progress, particularly on some questions—the descriptive agenda, for instance, and some aspects of the practical agenda. However, considerable work remains to be done. More needs to be known about the ways in which networks and networking behavior can shape performance and affect the most salient values in our governance systems; better empirical theory is also needed in this regard. Such further developments would be of immense value to the practice of public administration. The world of public administration has for some time been treating networks seriously, but the work is far from complete.