bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Training in Healthcare Epidemiology A National Needs Assessment
Authors: Sandora Thomas J. , Esbenshade Jennifer C. , Bryant Kristina A. ,   on behalf of the Pediatric Leadership Council of SHEA
Published: December 2012

Objective.Pediatric infectious diseases (ID) fellows are required to receive training in hospital epidemiology and infection control and prevention. We sought to assess the current state of healthcare epidemiology training for fellows and to determine which topics are considered important by key stakeholders.Participants.US pediatric ID fellowship program directors and hospital epidemiologists.Methods.We conducted an anonymous Web-based survey in February 2012. We assessed the presence and content of curricula, perceived importance of specific topics, and barriers to career development.Results.Of 97 eligible participants, 76 (78%) completed the survey, representing 54 programs. Respondents were program directors (60%), hospital epidemiologists (25%), or both (15%). A total of 82% of programs with didactic curricula have infection control sessions, most commonly 1–2 hours in total duration. Of 17 identified topics, only 3 were covered by more than 50% of programs: isolation precautions (54%), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI; 53%), and hand hygiene (51%). Of the 76 respondents, 35% indicated that fellows participate in a dedicated infection control rotation. Six topics were considered very important by more than 75% of respondents: antimicrobial stewardship (94%), isolation precautions (93%), hand hygiene (90%), CLABSI (90%), surveillance for resistant bacteria (81%), and communicable disease exposure management (81%).Conclusions.Pediatric ID fellowship programs dedicate little time to didactic or experiential learning in healthcare epidemiology. There are a wide array of topics that the majority of programs do not cover, including several subjects that are considered to be very important by program directors and hospital epidemiologists. Creating a standardized pediatric infection control curriculum would likely benefit fellows in training.
Effects of Intravascular Volume Replacement on Lung and Kidney Function and Damage in Nonseptic Experimental Lung Injury
Authors: Silva Pedro L. , Güldner Andreas , Uhlig Christopher , Carvalho Nadja , Beda Alessandro , Rentzsch Ines , Kasper Michael , Wiedemann Bärbel , Spieth Peter M. , Koch Thea , Capelozzi Vera L. , Pelosi Paolo , Rocco Patricia R. M. , de Abreu Marcelo Gama 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background:
Intravascular volume replacement is often required in the presence of increased pulmonary capillary leakage, for example in patients with volutrauma with major hemorrhage. In the present study, the effects of Ringer’s acetate (RA), gelatin-polysuccinate (GEL), and a modern hydroxyethyl starch (HES, 6% 130/0.42) on lung and kidney function and damage were compared in a two-hit model of acute lung injury. The authors hypothesized that GEL and HES, compared to RA: (1) reduced lung histological damage, (2) impaired kidney morphology and function.

Methods:
Acute lung injury was induced in 30 anesthetized pigs by tidal volumes approximately 40 ml/kg, after saline lung lavage. Protective ventilation was initiated and approximately≈25% of estimated blood volume was drawn. Animals were randomly assigned to receive RA, GEL, or HES (n = 10/group) aimed at approximately 90% of intrathoracic blood volume before blood drainage.

Results:
Fluid volumes were higher with RA (2,250 ± 764 ml) than GEL (704 ± 159 ml) and HES (837 ± 82 ml) (P < 0.05). Compared to RA, HES reduced diffuse alveolar damage overall, and GEL in nondependent zones only. GEL and HES yielded lower wet-to-dry ratios compared to RA (6.5 ± 0.5 and 6.5 ± 0.6 vs. 7.9 ± 0.9, respectively, P < 0.05). HES and RA resulted in less kidney damage than GEL, but kidney function did not differ significantly among groups. Compared to GEL, HES yielded lower lung elastance (55 ± 12 vs. 45 ± 13 cm H2O/l, P < 0.05) and intra-abdominal pressure (15 ± 5 vs. 11 ± 4 cm 14;H2O, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
In this model of acute lung injury, intravascular volume expansion after major hemorrhage with HES yielded less lung damage than RA and less kidney damage than GEL.
International Incidence and Outcomes of Biliary Atresia
Authors: Jimenez‐Rivera Carolina , Jolin‐Dahel Kheira S. , Fortinsky Kyle J. , Gozdyra Peter , Benchimol Eric I. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:International trends in incidence and outcomes of biliary atresia (BA) are controversial and a wide range of estimates have been reported worldwide. We reviewed the population‐based literature to assess international variation of BA incidence and outcomes, and to assess the evidence for seasonal variation in incidence, centralization of Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, and newborn screening.Methods:We conducted a systematic review (registration number CRD42011001441) of observational or interventional research within MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database, which reported incidence, prevalence, or outcomes of infants with BA. Population‐based studies, defined by inclusion of an entire population or representative sample, were included. Outcomes included overall survival, native liver survival (NLS), and time to Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy. Single‐ or multicenter studies were excluded unless those centers captured all potential patients within a jurisdiction. Two independent data extractors reviewed the abstracts and articles.Results:A total of 40 studies were included following review of 3128 references. A wide range of incidence was reported internationally. Ten‐year overall survival ranged from 66.7% to 89%. NLS ranged from 20.3% to 75.8% at 1 to 3 years and 24% to 52.8% at 10 years. Earlier age at Kasai was a predictor of improved NLS. Seasonality was reported in 11 studies, and 3 reported an increased incidence during the months of August to March. The evidence for centralization of Kasai to high‐volume centers is promising but does not account for all case‐mix, provider, or health system factors involved in volume–outcome relations. Stool color card screening resulted in earlier Kasai and improved NLS in Taiwan.Conclusions:Large, international studies could help fill the gaps in knowledge identified by this review.
Rice GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE1 Encodes a Glycosyltransferase Essential for Pollen Wall Formation
Authors: Moon Sunok , Kim Sung-Ryul , Zhao Guochao , Yi Jakyung , Yoo Youngchul , Jin Ping , Lee Sang-Won , Jung Ki-hong , Zhang Dabing , An Gynheung 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The pollen wall consists of an exine and an intine. The mechanism underlying its formation is not well understood. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the modification of biological molecules by attaching a single or multiple sugars and play key roles in a wide range of biological processes. We examined the role of GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE1 (OsGT1) in pollen wall development in rice (Oryza sativa). This gene is highly expressed in mature pollen, and plants containing alleles caused by transfer DNA insertion do not produce homozygous progeny. Reciprocal crosses between OsGT1/osgt1 and the wild type indicated that the mutation leads to a male gametophyte defect. Microscopic analyses revealed that osgt1 pollen developed normally to the pollen mitosis stage but failed to produce mature grains. In osgt1 pollen, intine structure was disrupted. In addition, starch and protein levels were much lower in the mutant grains. Recombinant OsGT1 transferred glucose from UDP-glucose to the third and seventh positions of quercetin, a universal substrate of glycosyltransferases. Consistent with the role of OsGT1, an OsGT1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was localized to the Golgi apparatus. Taken together, our results suggest that OsGT1 is a Golgi-localized glycosyltransferase essential for intine construction and pollen maturation, providing new insight into male reproductive development.
Acquisition, Conservation, and Loss of Dual-Targeted Proteins in Land Plants
Authors: Xu Lin , Carrie Chris , Law Simon R. , Murcha Monika W. , Whelan James 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The dual-targeting ability of a variety of proteins from Physcomitrella patens, rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was tested to determine when dual targeting arose and to what extent it was conserved in land plants. Overall, the targeting ability of over 80 different proteins from rice and P. patens, representing 42 dual-targeted proteins in Arabidopsis, was tested. We found that dual targeting arose early in land plant evolution, as it was evident in many cases with P. patens proteins that were conserved in rice and Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we found that the acquisition of dual-targeting ability is still occurring, evident in P. patens as well as rice and Arabidopsis. The loss of dual-targeting ability appears to be rare, but does occur. Ascorbate peroxidase represents such an example. After gene duplication in rice, individual genes encode proteins that are targeted to a single organelle. Although we found that dual targeting was generally conserved, the ability to detect dual-targeted proteins differed depending on the cell types used. Furthermore, it appears that small changes in the targeting signal can result in a loss (or gain) of dual-targeting ability. Overall, examination of the targeting signals within this study did not reveal any clear patterns that would predict dual-targeting ability. The acquisition of dual-targeting ability also appears to be coordinated between proteins. Mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly protein40, a protein involved in oxidative folding in mitochondria and peroxisomes, provides an example where acquisition of dual targeting is accompanied by the dual targeting of substrate proteins.
Trafficking of Vacuolar Proteins: The Crucial Role of Arabidopsis Vacuolar Protein Sorting 29 in Recycling Vacuolar Sorting Receptor
Authors: Kang Hyangju , Kim Soo Youn , Song Kyungyoung , Sohn Eun Ju , Lee Yongjik , Lee Dong Wook , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Hwang Inhwan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The retromer is involved in recycling lysosomal sorting receptors in mammals. A component of the retromer complex in Arabidopsis thaliana, vacuolar protein sorting 29 (VPS29), plays a crucial role in trafficking storage proteins to protein storage vacuoles. However, it is not known whether or how vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) are recycled from the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) during trafficking to the lytic vacuole (LV). Here, we report that VPS29 plays an essential role in the trafficking of soluble proteins to the LV from the TGN to the PVC. maigo1-1 (mag1-1) mutants, which harbor a knockdown mutation in VPS29, were defective in trafficking of two soluble proteins, Arabidopsis aleurain-like protein (AALP):green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sporamin:GFP, to the LV but not in trafficking membrane proteins to the LV or plasma membrane or via the secretory pathway. AALP:GFP and sporamin:GFP in mag1-1 protoplasts accumulated in the TGN but were also secreted into the medium. In mag1-1 mutants, VSR1 failed to recycle from the PVC to the TGN; rather, a significant proportion was transported to the LV; VSR1 overexpression rescued this defect. Moreover, endogenous VSRs were expressed at higher levels in mag1-1 plants. Based on these results, we propose that VPS29 plays a crucial role in recycling VSRs from the PVC to the TGN during the trafficking of soluble proteins to the LV.
REVIEW: The role of ecosystems and their management in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality
Authors: Smith Pete , Ashmore Mike R. , Black Helaina I. J. , Burgess Paul J. , Evans Chris D. , Quine Timothy A. , Thomson Amanda M. , Hicks Kevin , Orr Harriet G. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Ecosystems have a critical role in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality, but management to change an ecosystem process in support of one regulating ecosystem service can either provide co‐benefits to other services or can result in trade‐offs.

We examine the role of ecosystems in delivering these regulating ecosystem services, using the UK as our case study region. We identify some of the main co‐benefits and trade‐offs of ecosystem management within, and across, the regulating services of climate regulation, and soil, water and air quality regulation, and where relevant, we also describe interactions with other ecosystem services. Our analysis clearly identifies the many important linkages between these different ecosystem services.

However, soil, water and air quality regulation are often governed by different legislation or are under the jurisdiction of different regulators, which can make optimal management difficult to identify and to implement. Policies and legislation addressing air, water and soil are sometimes disconnected, with no integrated overview of how these policies interact. This can lead to conflicting messages regarding the use and management of soil, water and air. Similarly, climate change legislation is separate from that aiming to protect and enhance soil, water and air quality, leading to further potential for policy conflict.

All regulating services, even if they are synergistic, may trade off against other ecosystem services. At a policy level, this may well be the biggest conflict. The fact that even individual regulating services comprise multiple and contrasting indicators (e.g. the various components of water quality such as nutrient levels, acidity, pathogens and sediments), adds to the complexity of the challenge.

Synthesis and applications. We conclude that although there are some good examples of integrated ecosystem management, some aspects of ecosystem management could be better coordinated to deliver multiple ecosystem services, and that an ecosystem services framework to assess co‐benefits and trade‐offs would help regulators, policy‐makers and ecosystem managers to deliver more coherent ecosystem management strategies. In this way, an ecosystem services framework may improve the regulation of climate, and soil, water and air quality, even in the absence of economic valuation of the individual services.
Functional diversity in a large river floodplain: anticipating the response of native and alien macroinvertebrates to the restoration of hydrological connectivity
Authors: Paillex Amael , Dolédec Sylvain , Castella Emmanuel , Mérigoux Sylvie , Aldridge David C. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Rivers and floodplains are among the most threatened ecosystems. Hydroelectric power plants and embankments have reduced the hydrological connectivity between rivers and their floodplain channels, leading to loss of freshwater habitats and biological communities. To prevent and reverse such loss, numerous restoration programmes have aimed at rejuvenating the lateral hydrological connectivity between rivers and floodplain channels. Despite considerable global attention, we know remarkably little about the ecological benefits of floodplain restoration programmes.
We analysed the functional diversity of different macroinvertebrate groups (natives and aliens) along a gradient of lateral hydrological connectivity on the Rhône river in France. We used 36 sampling sites to describe the functional diversity (Rao's quadratic entropy) before and after the enhancement of the lateral hydrological connectivity by restoration. The effects of restoration on functional diversity were tested for each macroinvertebrate group and at multiple spatial levels (alpha and beta).
Before restoration, alpha functional diversity of the entire macroinvertebrate community peaked in sites with a high lateral connectivity. The contribution of the native groups to functional diversity was higher than that of the alien group. The latter was not constrained by high values of lateral hydrological connectivity and reached a maximum in highly connected sites.
After restoration, within‐site functional diversity (alpha FD) declined linearly following the enhancement of lateral hydrological connectivity. The restoration operations increased the contribution of the aliens to functional diversity and reduced the contribution of a group of native taxa. In addition, among‐sites functional diversity (beta FD) was successfully enlarged by restoration.
Synthesis and applications. The lateral hydrological connectivity (LHC) represents a key parameter for explaining the functional diversity (FD) of macroinvertebrates in a floodplain ecosystem. Our results demonstrate that restoration‐induced changes to functional diversity can be predicted. Controversially, restoration‐induced enhancement of lateral hydrological connectivity increased the functional diversity of the alien macroinvertebrates. However, these species contributed only to a small part of the total macroinvertebrate functional diversity. We recommend that restoration programmes diversify the levels of lateral hydrological connectivity among the channels to ensure an optimal functional diversity at the floodplain scale.
Invasive species management restores a plant–pollinator mutualism in Hawaii
Authors: Hanna Cause , Foote David , Kremen Claire 
Published: December 2012

Summary

The management and removal of invasive species may give rise to unanticipated changes in plant–pollinator mutualisms because they can alter the composition and functioning of plant–pollinator interactions in a variety of ways. To utilize a functional approach for invasive species management, we examined the restoration of plant–pollinator mutualisms following the large‐scale removal of an invasive nectar thief and arthropod predator, Vespula pensylvanica.

We reduced V. pensylvanica populations in large plots managed over multiple years to examine the response of plant–pollinator mutualisms and the fruit production of a functionally important endemic Hawaiian tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha. To integrate knowledge of the invader's behaviour and the plant's mating system, we determined the efficacy of V. pensylvanica as a pollinator of M. polymorpha and quantified the dependence of M. polymorpha on animal pollination (e.g. level of self‐compatibility and pollen limitation).

The reduction of V. pensylvanica in managed sites, when compared to unmanaged sites, resulted in a significant increase in the visitation rates of effective bee pollinators (e.g. introduced Apis mellifera and native Hylaeus spp.) and in the fruit production of M. polymorpha.

Apis mellifera, following the management of V. pensylvanica, appears to be acting as a substitute pollinator for M. polymorpha, replacing extinct or threatened bird and bee species in our study system.

Synthesis and applications. Fruit production of the native M. polymorpha was increased after management of the invasive pollinator predator V. pensylvanica; however, the main pollinators were no longer native but introduced. This research thus demonstrates the diverse impacts of introduced species on ecological function and the ambiguous role they play in restoration. We recommend incorporating ecological function and context into invasive species management as this approach may enable conservation managers to simultaneously minimize the negative and maximize the positive impacts (e.g. taxon substitution) of introduced species. Such novel restoration approaches are needed, especially in highly degraded ecosystems.
New Zealand occupational therapists' views on evidence‐based practice: A replicated survey of attitudes, confidence and behaviours
Authors: Graham Fiona , Robertson Linda , Anderson Jane 
Published: December 2012

Background/aimEvidence‐based practice is internationally recognised as an essential component of contemporary occupational therapy, and as being critical to the future of the profession. However, its uptake by therapists has been modest with barriers such as therapists attitudes, skills and organisational support frequently cited. This study explored New Zealand therapists' perceptions of their behaviours, skills and attitudes regarding evidence‐based practice.MethodA survey comprising open and closed questions was emailed to all therapists holding practicing certificates who had consented to be contacted about research (n = 1587) with 30% (n = 473) of surveys returned. Therapists' evidence‐based practice attitudes, skills and behaviours were examined using descriptive statistics. Relationships between therapists' perceptions of evidence‐based practice and demographic characteristics of therapists were explored using Chi‐square analysis. Text responses were analysed using content analysis.ResultsNew Zealand therapists have a positive attitude towards evidence‐based practice (84%), but report moderate reference to research literature (56%) during clinical decision‐making and moderate (66%) to low (35%) levels of confidence in research‐related skills. Therapists with training in evidence‐based practice had higher levels of confidence, perceived research as more relevant to practice and reported less barriers to implementing evidence‐based practice than other therapists. A perception that evidence‐based practice is separate to clinical reasoning was widely held.ConclusionNew Zealand therapists' evidence‐based practice behaviours, skills and attitudes are largely consistent with international comparisons. However, if New Zealand therapists are to enact the ideal of being ‘evidence‐based’ then accessible training in evidence‐based practice‐related skills is indicated and should include education of what evidence‐based practice means.
High and stable substrate specificities of microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorus removal plants
Authors: Kindaichi Tomonori , Nierychlo Marta , Kragelund Caroline , Nielsen Jeppe Lund , Nielsen Per Halkjær 
Published: December 2012

SummaryMicrobial communities are typically characterized by conditions of nutrient limitation so the availability of the resources is likely a key factor in the niche differentiation across all species and in the regulation of the community structure. In this study we have investigated whether four species exhibit anyin situshort‐term changes in substrate uptake pattern when exposed to variations in substrate and growth conditions. Microautoradiography was combined with fluorescencein situhybridization to investigatein situcell‐specific substrate uptake profiles of four probe‐defined coexisting species in a wastewater treatment plant with enhanced biological phosphorus removal. These were the filamentous ‘CandidatusMicrothrix’ andCaldilinea(type 0803), the polyphosphate‐accumulating organism ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’, and the denitrifyingAzoarcus. The experimental conditions mimicked the conditions potentially encountered in the respective environment (starvation, high/low substrate concentration, induction with specific substrates, and single/multiple substrates). The results showed that each probe‐defined species exhibited very distinct and constant substrate uptake profile in time and space, which hardly changed under any of the conditions tested. Such niche partitioning implies that a significant change in substrate composition will be reflected in a changed community structure rather than the substrate uptake response from the different species.