bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate–Activated Protein Kinase Regulates IL-10–Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Macrophages
Authors: Zhu Yanfang Peipei , Brown Jonathan R. , Sag Duygu , Zhang Lihua , Suttles Jill 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase with a critical function in the regulation of metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells. Recently, AMPK has been shown to play an additional role as a regulator of inflammatory activity in leukocytes. Treatment of macrophages with chemical AMPK activators, or forced expression of a constitutively active form of AMPK, results in polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, we reported previously that stimulation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β results in rapid activation of AMPK, suggesting that AMPK contributes to the suppressive function of these cytokines. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK in IL-10–induced gene expression and anti-inflammatory function. IL-10–stimulated wild-type macrophages displayed rapid activation of PI3K and its downstream targets Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1), an effect that was not seen in macrophages generated from AMPKα1-deficient mice. AMPK activation was not impacted by treatment with either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the JAK inhibitor CP-690550, suggesting that IL-10–mediated activation of AMPK is independent of PI3K and JAK activity. IL-10 induced phosphorylation of both Tyr705 and Ser727 residues of STAT3 in an AMPKα1-dependent manner, and these phosphorylation events were blocked by inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β, an upstream activator of AMPK, and by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, respectively. The impaired STAT3 phosphorylation in response to IL-10 observed in AMPKα1-deficient macrophages was accompanied by reduced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and an inadequacy of IL-10 to suppress LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, our data demonstrate that AMPKα1 is required for IL-10 activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways regulating macrophage functional polarization.
Broadband Policy in the Light of the Dutch Experience with Telecommunications Liberalization
Authors: de Bijl Paul W.J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
EU telecommunications regulators have taken a more activist role than those in the US in promoting competition. How successful have they been? Dr. de Bijl notes that over the last decade, the outcomes predicted by EU policymakers have largely failed to materialize. Sustainable facilities-based competition is still remote. A return to monopolies is possible. For the US, this suggests regulation that focuses on promoting innovation and investment while preserving the social benefits of the Internet as a general purpose technology.
Promoting Universal Broadband through Middle Mile Institutions: A Legislative Agenda
Authors: Jayakar Krishna 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Can broadband save declining communities? The National Broadband Plan pays more attention than any previous policy to this question. Professor Jayakar focuses on community-based public and non-profit institutions which serve as anchor institutions or demand aggregators, and which provide job training, digital literacy instruction, continuing education, and entrepreneurship classes. He conducts an analysis based on extensive usage and penetration data and determines which situations are most likely to produce the greatest return on investment. He then recommends specific legislative and regulatory enablers.
A European Risk Barometer for Media Pluralism: Why Assess Damage When You Can Map Risk?
Authors: Valcke Peggy 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The role of government, if any, in assuring media pluralism is complex and contested. In her essay, Professor Valcke describes an indicators-based model, the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM), for measuring threats to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union. Although the importance of media pluralism is generally recognized, divergent approaches among the Member States (market vs. public regulation) make a harmonized rule unlikely. The MPM is described as flexible and adaptable to each Member State, not for regulation but as a standardized, neutral tool for collection of data on indicators of media pluralism. It is characterized as a holistic, risk-based analytical framework using six “risk domains,” three “risk areas,” and three types of indicators (a total of 166 quantitative and qualitative indicators) to potentially create a unique, multidimensional media pluralism “risk profile” for each State. Professor Valcke notes that while this tool has been available since mid-2009, it has so far had little uptake, and she suggests that absent any new initiatives from the European Commission on this politically sensitive issue, its future is uncertain.
Media Regulatory Frameworks in the Age of Broadband: Securing Diversity
Authors: Hitchens Lesley 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Professor Hitchens, writing from Australia, sees a dramatically different regulatory framework in a post-convergence “Broadband Age.” Future media policy and regulation, she says, will have to address the entire “media ecosystem,” viewed as a “regulatory space” in which self-regulation and the market are all part of the basket of regulatory tools. Its goal should be to maintain and strengthen the public sphere. Traditional rules limiting media ownership or setting content requirements are unlikely to be viable, and will be replaced by increased reliance on sectoral ex ante competition regulation, perhaps complemented by a code of behavior promoting self-regulation regarding content. Hitchens concludes that traditional media regulations rooted in spectrum scarcity are not sustainable in the long term.
Digital Diversity: Broadband and Indigenous Populations in Alaska
Authors: Hudson Heather E. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The challenge of bringing the benefits of broadband to very small, extremely remote villages is exemplified by the experience of serving indigenous rural populations in Alaska. This requires not just access, but adoption, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Dr. Hudson describes the history of provisioning access to these areas, and suggests a strategy of integrating investments from NTIA and RUS programs as a model for promoting broadband “digital diversity” to similar populations.
Let Them Eat Cellphones: Why Mobile Wireless is No Solution for Broadband
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The policy of serving rural America through wireless broadband offers false hope for the future and promotes inefficient use of resources in the present, argues Professor Noam. Rural mobile broadband will never, he says, be a satisfactory substitute for wired (fiber or coaxial) systems for meeting foreseeable needs for increased throughput, creating a new “digital gap.” It is at best a temporary Band-Aid for addressing the increasingly uneven distribution of broadband quality. Eventually its inherently second-rate characteristics will drive the national network to an all-wired infrastructure. It would be better to recognize and address this now.
The Internet is Not a Super Highway: Using Metaphors to Communicate Information and Communications Policy
Authors: Osenga Kristen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Do metaphors influence our information policy preferences? Professor Osenga thinks so, which makes it especially important to choose the right one, as a metaphor is often the primary tool the general public uses to understand information policy. Using a five-point rubric, she evaluates, among others, understanding the Internet as “tubes,” “highway,” “space (cyberspace),” “coffee shop/bar” and “cloud.” Osenga finds them all lacking in important ways. However, she believes the metaphor of the Internet as “ecosystem” is very promising and deserves to be further developed.
Fortunes and Misfortunes of the CENADI in Bénin: How a National Documentation Center Disappeared
Authors: Mêgnigbêto Eustache , Hounton Maxime 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Why did an important, well-supported plan for a national economic development statistics center in Bénin fail, ask the authors, and what broader lessons can we learn from this? Such statistics are the foundation of information policies supporting sustainable economic development and social welfare. As part of a larger African initiative, in 1982 such a center was established in Bénin, but over time it failed completely. The authors identify multiple exogenous and endogenous causes, some of which may have been avoidable. The fundamental lesson is that the technology employed came to be more valued than the information it was intended to produce.
Promoting Fair Local Organizing for Broadband Delivery: Suggestions for Community-Level Action in Persistently Underserved Communities
Authors: Fortunato Michael William-Patrick , Bridger Jeffrey C. , Alter Theodore R. , Emmerling Grace M. , Ortbal Kathryn J. , Schwartz Mike , Sterner Glenn E. , Shuffstall William 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Are public-private partnerships superior to private-only or public-only broadband initiatives in meeting the needs of the most rural and least served areas? Yes, say the authors, based on data collected from a USDA-funded six-case mixed-methods study that compared examples of the three types of successful rural broadband initiatives. This finding, they say, applies both to residential and business users. Based on these data, they offer six targeted strategies to address access, public education, and local organizational capacity to support technology independence in persistently lagging areas.
Digital Human Capital: Developing a Framework for Understanding the Economic Impact of Digital Exclusion in Low-Income Communities
Authors: Bach Amy , Shaffer Gwen , Wolfson Todd 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAre universal access and computer literacy the keys to ending the digital divide? No, argue Bach, Shaffer and Wolfson. Socio-economic inequality and social exclusion demand a more aggressive and nuanced plan to address this problem. They argue for a Digital Human Capital framework, taking into account the complex nature of social exclusion in the informational age. Based on a year of qualitative research on BTOP programs in Philadelphia aimed at closing the digital divide, the authors conclude that ICT training initiatives must shift toward critical social and cultural practices that encourage full participation in community affairs, cultural life, and official institutions. Policymakers must design digital inclusion initiatives that ultimately lead to diversity in media ownership, expand digital literacy, and teach participants to create meaningful content.
Mexico's Universal Telecommunications Service Policies and Regulatory Environment in an International Perspective, 1990–2010
Authors: Casanueva-Reguart Cristina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhat happens to “universal service” commitments when there is a weak institutional framework and a marked imbalance of power between the regulatory authorities and the dominant telecom operators? Commitments are abandoned and service breaks down, according to the author. Using Telmex in Mexico as a case study, and using national, regional, and international comparative data, she builds econometric models that indicate shortcomings in the design and enforcement of telecommunications policies and regulations. These account for the gap in coverage for Mexico's lower-income population.
Testing Current Telecommunications Practices Against User and Provider Principles
Authors: Shaffer Gwen , Scott Jordan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
What is the future of “Carterfone” style device attachment rules for a converged broadband network? The authors predict that American rules governing device attachment will become unsustainable as network technologies converge, and that a unified statute regarding device attachment will become necessary. They posit that end users will increasingly expect the functionality of the mobile Internet to resemble that of the fixed Internet. Current telecommunications law results in very different requirements depending on the type of network over which service is provided. This article explores the application of a previously proposed set of statutory provisions regarding device attachment to multiple scenarios. The authors find that a combination of an “any device” rule with provisions on device interconnection, device subsidies, and reasonable network management can effectively address the range of likely scenarios.
Tribal Sovereignty Means Competition, Broadband Access, and Economic Development for Indian Country: A Law and Economics Analysis of the Efficiency of the FCC's Standing Rock Sioux Case
Authors: Kemper Kevin R. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The digital divide continues to persist in Indian Country, and a significant percentage of Native Americans still await affordable and reliable telecommunications services. In a potentially influential move based on existing conceptions of competition and tribal sovereignty, the Federal Communications Commission recently recognized the Standing Rock Sioux tribe as an Eligible Telecommunications Carrier for its reservation lands. Via the disciplines of law and economics, Dr. Kemper analyzes these developments to find whether they will be efficient and equitable for all the parties involved.
AJUSTE DA FUNÇÃO DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA WEIBULL POR PLANILHA ELETRÔNICA
Authors: Wendling William Thomaz , Emerenciano Dartagnan Baggio , Hosokawa Roberto Tuyoshi 
Published: December 2014

Desenvolve-se uma metodologia traçada por um roteiro em algoritmo factível e amigável para efetivação em planilhas eletrônicas, reconhecidas como uma interface popular para cálculos. Busca-se, assim, apresentar uma ferramenta útil para alunos de graduação e recém-graduados em engenharia florestal, ou engenheiros mais experientes que ainda não dominem a técnica, para ajuste de um modelo de função densidade de probabilidade, com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura da distribuição diamétrica de populações florestais. O modelo adotado é o da função de Weibull, e o método de ajuste é o do percentis, com simulações comparadas por teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A eficiência do método apresentado é testada por comparação a outro método alternativo.Palavras-chave: Manejo florestal; florestas - modelos matemáticos; florestas - simulação por computador. AbstractWeibull diameter distribution function adjusts for electronic spreadsheet. This research develops a methodology based on easy and friendly algorithm for spreadsheets, a well known interface for calculus. It aims to present a helpful tool for forestry students, as well as for newly or experienced engineers who haven’t already known adjustment techniques for a density function model of probability, which is useful into diametric distribution structure descriptions of forest population. It has Weibull’s function as main model, percentile as adjustment method, and comparing simulations by Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. Efficiency of the presented method was tested by comparison to another method.Keywords: Forest management; forest - mathematical models; forest - computer simulator.
ANÁLISE DA FRAGILIDADE AMBIENTAL COMO SUPORTE AO PLANEJAMENTO DO ECOTURISMO EM UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO: ESTUDO DE CASO FLONA DE IRATI-PR
Authors: Maganhotto Ronaldo Ferreira , Santos Leonardo José Cordeiro , Oliveira Filho Paulo Costa de 
Published: December 2014

Uma série de fatores, como ocrescimentodemográficodesordenado, a industrialização e a exploraçãodosrecursosnaturais, entre outros, têm influenciado negativamente na salubridade ambiental. As unidades de conservação estão inseridas nesse cenário como agentes reguladores da utilização irracional da natureza e como instrumento de educação ambiental a partir de atividades recreativas. No entanto, grande parte dessas áreas apresenta ausência ou deficiências quanto ao seu plano de manejo. Nesse contexto, o levantamento da fragilidade física ambiental da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Irati, PR, objetivo deste trabalho, poderá auxiliar na atualização do plano de manejo, assim como no planejamento e gestão da unidade. A metodologia de Ross (1994) orientou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa e identificou quatro classes de fragilidade, sendo predominante a classe de fragilidade baixa, que ocupa cerca de 60% da área. No entanto, as classes de fragilidade alta e muito alta requerem uma maior atenção, já que a unidade configura-se como de uso sustentável, fato que regulamenta a utilização direta da natureza. Além disso, tais informações poderão auxiliar no planejamento turístico, dando subsídio à implantação do ecoturismo, de trilhas e de demais ações que deverão ser direcionadas para as classes de menor fragilidade.Palavras-chave: SIG; análise espacial; sustentabilidade florestal; unidades de conservação; ecoturismo. AbstractEnvironment physical fragility analysis for ecotourism planning into conservation units: case-study of Irati’s National Forest. Different factors as disorderly demographic growth, industrialization, exploration of natural resources and others have negative influence into environment healthiness. Conservation units are inserted into such scenario as regulating agents for irrational use of nature as well as an instrument of environmental education by recreational activities. However, a large number of these areas present absence or deficiencies related to their management plan. In such context, surveying environment physical fragility of National Forest (FLONA) of Irati-PR, focus of this work, would be helpful to bring up-to-date a management plan, as well as for planning and management of the unit. Ross methodology (1994) oriented this research development and identified four classes of fragility, having as the predominant one the Low Fragility Class, about 60%. However, High and Very High Fragility Class require a higher attention, considering that this is a sustainable unit, a configuration which regulates direct use of nature. Moreover, such information would be helpful to touristic planning in order to ecological tourism implantation, tracks, and other actions for less fragility classes.Keywords: GIS; spatial analyst; forest sustainable; conservation areas; ecological tourism.
ANÁLISE DO PERIGO DE INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS EM UM MUNICÍPIO DA AMAZÔNIA MATO-GROSSENSE, BRASIL
Authors: Ribeiro Luciene , Soares Ronaldo Viana , Batista Antonio Carlos , Silva Ivan Crespo 
Published: December 2014

Com o objetivo de estabelecer o período de maior perigo de incêndios florestais e propor medidas mitigadoras de riscos de incêndios florestais para o município de Novo Mundo, Mato Grosso, Brasil, foi aplicado um estudo de previsão de perigo de incêndios florestais. O trabalho foi realizado utilizando-se dados de uma série climática correspondente ao período de 2000 a 2005, obtida junto ao Instituto de Meteorologia (INMET). A metodologia aplicada se deu através do cálculo diário do índice de perigo de incêndios florestais, utilizando-se a Fórmula de Monte Alegre (FMA), sendo os dados graficamente representados através do programa A.M.A.D.O. A análise estatística foi realizada com auxílio do programa Statgraphics Centurion XV, e a sazonalidade dos índices de perigo de incêndios foi expressa a partir dos modelos propostos por Box; Jenkins (1976). Foram elaboradas propostas mitigadoras de riscos de incêndios florestais. Os resultados indicaram que os meses de maio, junho, julho e agosto foram os mais perigosos, devido à escassez ou ausência total de precipitação. As medidas mitigadoras de riscos propostas neste estudo são simples e de fácil aplicação, podendo contribuir de forma eficaz e segura para previsão, prevenção e controle de incêndios florestais no município.Palavras-chave: Fogo; proteção florestal; Amazônia. AbstractFire danger analysis in a county located in Mato Grosso State, Amazon region, Brazil. The aim of this paper were to establish fire season as well as to propose proceedings in order to reduce fire risk, specifically at “Novo Mundo” county, located in “Mato Grosso” State, Brazil. A forest fire forecast methodology was applied to reach the proposed objectives. The research was carried out along 2000-2005. Fire danger was daily calculated using Monte Alegre Formula, and the results were graphically represented through the A.M.A.D.O. software. The statistics had been developed using Statgraphics Centurion XV program, and applying the methodology proposed by Box and Jenkins (1976). Furthermore, some actions to reduce fire risk had been suggested. Results points to May, June, July and August as the most critical months regarding fire risk, mainly due to the rain shortage along the period. The mitigation measures proposed in this work are easy to implement and could be carried out by county authorities and local community, leading to improvement of forest fire control in the county or even the whole region.Keywords: Forest fire; forest protection; Amazon.
APLICAÇÃO DE FERTILIZANTE DE LIBERAÇÃO LENTA NO ESTABELECIMENTO DE MUDAS DE IPÊ-ROXO E ANGICO-BRANCO EM ÁREA DE DOMÍNIO CILIAR
Authors: Lang Aletéia , Malavasi Ubirajara Contro , Decker Vanessa , Pérez Paula Vergili , Aleixo Maicon Antonio , Malavasi Marlene de Matos 
Published: December 2014

O uso de fertilizantes de liberação controlada constitui-se em uma das modernas técnicas na produção de mudas. Porém existem poucos relatos de seus efeitos sobre o crescimento inicial de espécies florestais nativas em área de domínio ciliar. O estudo objetivou comparar os efeitos de diferentes fertilizantes de liberação lenta (FLL) com uma formulação convencional no crescimento a campo de mudas de Anadenanthera colubrina e Tabebuia avellanedae. As mudas foram plantadas com 55 g por cova de Basacote 3M, Basacote 6M, Basacote 9M, formulação 16-8-12, e uma testemunha (sem fertilização). As mensurações não destrutivas incluíam os incrementos em altura, diâmetro do coleto e número de folhas aos 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o plantio, e avaliações destrutivas da massa seca aérea e radicular em mudas escavadas aos 180 e 360 dias após o plantio. Os resultados revelaram maior incremento para o diâmetro do coleto e o número de folhas em A. colubrina com FLL, enquanto que mudas de T. avellanedae expressaram maiores respostas em incrementos de altura. As biomassas secas da raiz e aérea não foram influenciadas pela adição de fertilizantes na cova, apresentando apenas diferenças entre as espécies.Palavras-chave: Crescimento inicial; Anadenanthera colubrina; Tabebuia avellanedae; fertilizante de liberação lenta. AbstractEffects of fertilizers applied to ipe roxo and angico during their seedlings planting. Slow release fertilizer (SRF) is a modern tool for seedling production. However, there are few reports on the effects of its application on initial growth of native forest species planted on repairing areas. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of SRF and a conventional fertilizer on initial growth of fields planted with Anadenanthera colubrine and Tabebuia avellanedae seedlings. Treatments included 55 g per planting hole of Basacote 3M, Basacote 6M, Basacote 9M, conventional fertilizer NPK (16-8-12) and a control (no fertilizer). Non destructive measurements included increments of root collar, length, and number of leaves at 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after planting date. Destructive measurements included dried biomass of above and bellow ground tissues, root length, and leaf area of three seedling randomly selected from each treatment. The results showed higher increments in root collar diameter and number of leaves for A. colubrine with SRF while T. avellanedae seedlings showed higher increments in plant height. Differences in relation to above and below ground dry masses were detected only between species at 180 and 360 days after planting date.Keywords: Initial growth; Anadenanthera colubrina; Tabebuia avellanedae; slow release fertilizer.