bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Website Content Features Using Retrospective Pretest Methodology
Authors: Mueller Christoph Emanuel 
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives: In order to assess website content effectiveness (WCE), investigations have to be made into whether the reception of website contents leads to a change in the characteristics of website visitors or not. Because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not always the method of choice, researchers may have to follow other strategies such as using retrospective pretest methodology (RPM), a straightforward and easy-to-implement tool for estimating intervention effects. This article aims to introduce RPM in the context of website evaluation and test its viability under experimental conditions. Method: Building on the idea that RCTs deliver unbiased estimates of the true causal effects of website content reception, I compared the performance of RPM with that of an RCT within the same study. Hence, if RPM provides effect estimates similar to those of the RCT, it can be considered a viable tool for assessing the effectiveness of the website content features under study. Results and Conclusions: RPM was capable of delivering comparatively resilient estimates of the effects of a YouTube video and a text feature on knowledge and attitudes. With regard to all of the outcome variables considered, the differences between the sizes of the effects estimated by the RCT and RPM were not significant. Additionally, RPM delivered relatively accurate effect size estimates in most of the cases. Therefore, I conclude that RPM could be a viable alternative for assessing WCE in cases where RCTs are not the preferred method.
Quality of life in primary headache disorders: A review
Authors: Abu Bakar Norazah , Tanprawate Surat , Lambru Giorgio , Torkamani Mariam , Jahanshahi Marjan , Matharu Manjit 
Published: April 2015

Background Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is emerging as an important element of clinical research in primary headache disorders, allowing a measure of the impact of headache on patients’ well-being and daily life. A better understanding of this may contribute to improved resource allocations and treatment approaches. Objective The objective of this study is to review available data on HRQoL in primary headache disorders and identify any influencing factors. Methods Database searches including MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE were performed. Studies that investigated HRQoL in patients with primary headache disorders were included and reviewed. Trials that evaluated the efficacy of medications or interventions were excluded. Results A total of 80 articles were included in the review. Both physical and emotional/mental aspects of HRQoL were impaired across headache subtypes, although the extent varied depending on headache type. A number of factors influencing HRQoL were also identified. Conclusion This narrative review suggests that headache, particularly in its chronic form, has a great impact on HRQoL. Clinical practice should not solely focus on pain alleviation but rather adopt routine assessment of HRQoL. Furthermore, identification and management of associated psychological comorbidities, which can significantly influence HRQoL in headache sufferers, are essential for optimal clinical management.
Reduced functional connectivity between salience and visual networks in migraine with aura
Authors: Niddam David M , Lai Kuan-Lin , Fuh Jong-Ling , Chuang Chih-Ying Naomi , Chen Wei-Ta , Wang Shuu-Jiun 
Published: April 2015

Background Migraine with visual aura (MA) is associated with distinct visual disturbances preceding migraine attacks, but shares other visual deficits in between attacks with migraine without aura (MO). Here, we seek to determine if abnormalities specific to interictal MA patients exist in functional brain connectivity of intrinsic cognitive networks. In particular, these networks are involved in top-down modulation of visual processing. Methods Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, whole-brain functional connectivity maps were derived from seeds placed in the anterior insula and the middle frontal gyrus, key nodes of the salience and dorsal attention networks, respectively. Twenty-six interictal MA patients were compared with 26 matched MO patients and 26 healthy matched controls. Results The major findings were: connectivity between the anterior insula and occipital areas, including area V3A, was reduced in MA but not in MO. Connectivity changes between the anterior insula and occipital areas further correlated with the headache severity in MA only. Conclusions The unique pattern of connectivity changes found in interictal MA patients involved area V3A, an area previously implicated in aura generation. Hypoconnectivity to this and other occipital regions may either represent a compensatory response to occipital dysfunctions or predispose MA patients to the development of aura.
Plasma-electrochemical deposition of porous zirconia on titanium-based dental material and in vitro interactions with primary osteoblasts cells
Authors: Kaluđerović Milena R , Schreckenbach Joachim P , Graf Hans-Ludwig 
Published: April 2015

Three new porous zirconia-coated titanium materials using anodic plasma-electrochemical oxidation have been fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. These ZrO2/TiO2 surfaces contained up to 43 wt% of ZrO2, 49 wt% TiO2 (M1–M3) and 8 wt% P2O5 (M2, M3). Zirconium titanate was detected as dominant microcrystalline phase. Primary human osteoblast cells were used for in vitro investigations. Cell proliferation and immunohistochemical analyses of morphology and expression of bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin were performed. Novel coatings M2 and M3 were shown to induce proliferation and expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein to the extent comparable to that of Ticer, a material already employed in clinical practice.
Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thinning in systemic lupus erythematosus: an optical coherence tomography study comparing SLE and neuropsychiatric SLE
Authors: Liu G Y , Utset T O , Bernard J T 
Published: April 2015

Objective Due to the lack of reliable biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), the aim of this study was to examine the utility of measurements obtained through spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) as a biomarker for NP involvement in SLE. Methods Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macula scans were performed using SD-OCT on 15 NPSLE patients, 16 SLE patients without NP symptoms (non-NP SLE), and 16 healthy controls. Macular volume and thickness of the central macula and peripapillary RNFL were compared between the groups and to scores on two validated cognitive tests. Results NPSLE patients did not differ significantly from non-NP SLE patients in retinal thickness or macular volume. However, SLE patients as a whole showed significant RNFL and macular thinning compared to controls. Scores on the Trail Making Test B, a test of complex attention, showed significant correlation to temporal superior and temporal inferior RNFL thickness. Conclusion Our results demonstrate RNFL thinning in SLE, and confirm the previous finding of high incidence of abnormal brain scans in SLE. These findings suggest that OCT measurements may be indicative of neurodegeneration in SLE and may be a useful biomarker for early cognitive impairment in SLE.
Once daily versus twice daily enoxaparin for acute pulmonary embolism in cancer patients
Authors: King Amber C , Ma Maggie Q , Chisholm Gary , Toale Katy M 
Published: April 2015

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition in which a thrombus occludes the vasculature. The incidence of VTE in cancer patients is three times higher than that of the general population. Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) twice daily and enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg SC once daily are both FDA-approved dosing regimens for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE). The objectives of this study were to assess outcomes of cancer patients treated with once or twice daily enoxaparin for acute PE. Primary outcomes included recurrent or worsening PE and secondary outcomes included mortality or signs of clinically overt, major bleeding. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review of adult cancer patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2011 to 2013 who received either 1 mg/kg twice daily or 1.5 mg/kg once daily enoxaparin for acute PE upon discharge. Results Among 48 patients in each the twice daily and once daily group, six recurrent PEs occurred. The incidence of recurrent PE was higher in the once daily group ( n = 4) versus twice daily group ( n = 2). More major bleeding events occurred in the once daily group than the twice daily group (15% vs. 6%). Mortality at 6 months was higher in the twice daily group versus once daily group (13% vs. 6%). Conclusion Cancer patients receiving once daily enoxaparin for the treatment of acute PE may be at increased risk of recurrent PE and clinically overt bleeding. Larger randomized trials are needed to confirm the results of this study.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature increase on Escherichia coli spp. and pectin methyl esterase inactivation in orange juice
Authors: Torres EF , González-M G , Klotz B , Rodrigo D 
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment combined with moderate processing temperatures (25 ℃–50 ℃) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 (ATCC 700728), E. coli K12 (ATCC 23716), and pectin methyl esterase in orange juice, using pressures of 250 to 500 MPa with times ranging between 1 and 30 min. Loss of viability of E. coli O157:H7 increased significantly as pressure and treatment time increased, achieving a 6.5 log cycle reduction at 400 MPa for 3 min at 25 ℃ of treatment. With regard to the inactivation of pectin methyl esterase, the greatest reduction obtained was 90.05 ± 0.01% at 50 ℃ and 500 MPa of pressure for 15 min; therefore, the pectin methyl esterase enzyme was highly resistant to the treatments by high hydrostatic pressure. The results obtained in this study showed a synergistic effect between the high pressure and moderate temperatures in inactivating E. coli cells.
Foster caregiver insightfulness and emotional investment in foster children
Authors: Koren-Karie Nina , Markman-Gefen Raanan 
Published: April 2015

Summary The study examined foster caregivers’ insightfulness ( Oppenheim & Koren-Karie, 2009 ) and emotional investment ( Bates & Dozier, 2002 ) in a sample of foster caregivers living in family group homes. Thirty caregivers were observed with two of the several children under their care: one identified by the social worker of the family group home as the most challenging child in the home, and one identified as the least challenging one. Study questions focused on the correlation between children’s levels of challenging behaviors and their foster caregivers’ insightfulness and emotional investment. Findings Results suggest that children’s challenging behaviors are associated with their caregivers’ emotional investment but not with their insightfulness. Caregivers tended to show similar patterns of insightfulness toward both easy and challenging children, but tended to show higher emotional investment in easy children than in more challenging ones. Applications The results demonstrate the complexity of foster parenting and the need to include both insightfulness and emotional investment in the supervision and training of foster parents.
Elementary school lunch categorisation and correlations with dietitian recommendations
Authors: Latimer Lara A , Pasch Keryn E , Bartholomew John B 
Published: April 2015

Aims: Numerous interventions have been designed to impact children’s diet in the elementary school setting. One popular strategy is to label foods in the elementary cafeteria as more or less healthy. An example is the Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) labels of ‘go’, ‘slow’, or ‘whoa’ foods. In many respects, this has been successful, as food purveyors have responded by offering more healthy versions of popular foods (e.g. hamburgers with a high soy content) in an effort to avoid the less healthy, ‘whoa’ label. While this provides an obvious benefit to children’s dietary choices and overall risk of obesity, it may have the unintended consequence of not setting up youth to make healthy choices in the environment outside of schools where these foods have not been altered. In response, the current study was designed to compare school labels and registered dietitian (RD) recommendations of common elementary lunch options. Methods: In the spring of 2010, 28 RDs provided their recommendation of ‘generally healthy, choose often’; ‘generally less healthy, choose less often’; and ‘generally unhealthy, choose rarely’ for 48 common school lunch options. RDs were not told how schools categorised each selection. Kappa analyses were used to determine agreement between school labels and RD recommendations. Results: Results indicate some disagreement between school labels and RD recommendations, with higher fat/calorie entrées showing greater discrepancies. Conclusions: Given these inconsistencies, nutrition education in schools should be designed to help children and their parents understand how foods offered in school may differ from those outside the school environment.
Is Operative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Ruptures Superior to Nonoperative Treatment?
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Mascarenhas Randy , Saltzman Bryan M. , Walton David , Lee Simon , Cole Brian J. , Bach Bernard R. 
Published: April 2015

Background: Multiple meta-analyses have been published in efforts to determine whether operative or nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures affords superior outcomes. Purpose: To perform a systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses comparing operative and nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures to determine which meta-analyses provide the highest level of evidence for treatment recommendations. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify meta-analyses that fit the study inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from these meta-analyses regarding patient outcomes and reruptures. Meta-analysis quality was assessed using the Oxman-Guyatt and QUOROM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses) systems. The Jadad algorithm was applied to determine the meta-analyses with the highest level of evidence. Results: Nine meta-analyses met the eligibility criteria, with all but 1 study including level 1 evidence. A total of 5842 patients were included. Seven studies found a higher rate of rerupture in the nonoperative group but a higher rate of complications in the operative group. One study found no differences in rerupture or complication rates, and 1 study found surgery decreased rerupture rates only when compared with nonoperative treatment without a functional brace. Three studies also identified an earlier return to work in the operative group. Almost all (8 of 9) of the meta-analyses had Oxman-Guyatt scores >3, indicating no major flaws. Conclusion: Operative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures decreases rerupture rates but increases the risk for minor complications when compared with nonoperative treatment. Additionally, surgical treatment may allow earlier return to work.
Pesticide contaminants in Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli from three rivers in Edo State, Nigeria; implications for human exposure
Authors: Ezemonye Lawrence I , Ogbeide Ozekeke S , Tongo Isioma , Enuneku Alex A , Ogbomida Emmanuel 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The concentrations of 16 pesticides residues (alpha BHC, gamma BHC (lindane), beta BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, Endosulfan I, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endosulfan II, 4, 4 DDT, Endosulfan Aldehyde, Endosulfan sulfate, Atrazine, Phosphomethylglycine and Carbofuran) in two fish species (Tilapia zilli and Clarias gariepinus) from selected rivers (Illushi, Owan and Ogbesse) in Edo State, Nigeria was investigated and the associated human health risks from the consumption of contaminated fishes was also determined. Fish species were collected for a period of 18 months, and pesticides analyses was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC) equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The distribution of pesticide residues was more in the tissues of Clarias gariepinus (5.53-9.98 μg/g wet weight) than Tilapia zilli (3.49- 4.98 μg/g wet weight), while the most dominant pesticide in all the stations and all fish species was the persistent organochlorine; ∑BHC. Furthermore, the estimated dose for alpha BHC, beta BHC, Endosulfan Aldehyde, DDT, Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, gamma BHC, Heptachlor, Endosulfan sulfate, Atrazine, Phosphomethylglycine and Carbofuran, do not pose direct hazard to human health since values were lower than the reference dose and Hazard quotient (HQ) were lower than toxic threshold of 1. However, estimated dose for, Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, Endrin and Aldrin exceeded the reference dose and were higher than toxic threshold indicating a potential toxicity in humans.
Assessment of microbiological quality of some drinks sold in the streets of Dhaka University Campus in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Mahbub Murshed , Islam Md Tazul , Chowdhury Mohammed Mehadi Hassan , Alim Sharmin Rumi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
Various kinds of fruit juices and sherbets sold by the street vendors are widely consumed in Dhaka city. These street vended fruit juices and sherbets are usually high in microbial loads. So, the present study was undertaken to assess the microbiological load, possible risk factors and identity of freshly squeezed juices and sherbets and their safety for human consumption in terms of pathogens.

Result
For the study purpose papaya juice, sugarcane juice, tukmaria sherbet, lemon sherbet and wood apple sherbet were taken as samples. The study showed a high microbial load in the drinks. The range of average total viable count (microbial load) and total coliforms were 7.7 × 103 - 9 × 108 cfu/ml and 210–1100 cfu/100 ml, indicated the heavy presence of microorganisms in all the drinks analyzed in this study. The study revealed that tukmaria sherbet was most contaminated with a count of 9 × 108 cfu/ml. The least contamination was observed in lemon sherbet. A count of 1.98 × 106 cfu/ml was observed in papaya juice and 3.4 × 105 cfu/ml was in wood apple sherbet. Total coliforms were present in all samples and average count for total coliforms was high in tukmaria sherbets than others. Various pathogenic species of bacteria such as Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp, E. coli, Shigella sp, Citrobacter sp, Vibrio sp, Yersinia sp and Hafnia sp were isolated from the juices and sherbets. Unhygienic water for dilution, dressing with ice, prolonged use without refrigeration, insanitary surroundings, raw materials, chemical properties, equipment, fruit flies and airborne dust are the risk factors of contamination.

Conclusion
It was revealed that consumption of these street drinks were harmful for people. These drinks can cause various food borne illnesses. People should avoid these drinks.
Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole against naturally acquired fascioliasis in cattle of Bangladesh with special reference to its residual effect
Authors: Aktaruzzaman Md. , Mohamed Zahurin , -Ul-Alam Naim , Islam Md. Siddiqu , Howlader Md. Matiar Rahman 
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole against fascioliasis in naturally infected cattle of government dairy farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 cattle breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 based on their weight and egg count. Twenty cattle of 2-3 years old irrespective of sex infested with fascioliasis were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 cattle and cattle of group D were kept as control group. One injectable nitroxynil (10 mgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Renata Ltd. Bangladesh) and two solid triclabendazole, albendazole (12 mgkg-1, 15 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Novartis Ltd. and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh) were used for positive control of fascioliasis as group A, B and C. Cattle of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the fecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight was recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through determination of parasitic prevalence, body weight gain/loss and hematological findings. Pre and post-treatment EPG (eggs per gram) values were recorded, and efficacies compared. The results showed that the efficacy of nitroxynil was 92.57%, followed by triclabendazole 91.55% and albendazole 84.53%, which were significant (p<0.01). The observed differences in efficacy between these three brands of anthelmintics were most likely due to variations either in quality or the administered doses. The body weight of the treated animals was increased, which were significant (p<0.01). After treatment triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p<0.01 and p>0.05) in cattle but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p<0.05 and p>0.01) in all treated cattle and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. Â The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against fascioliasis in cattle. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh.
Learning to Understand Others
Authors: Eddy Beth 
Published: April 2015

This article examines literature from cultural anthropology for insights into ethics. It particularly addresses the moral issue of justly understanding those people different from oneself. Clifford Geertz, pragmatist as well as anthropologist, draws upon the rhetorical theory of Kenneth Burke in his 1988 book Works and Lives. Just this sort of cross-disciplinary borrowing offers resources for understanding what were once religiously-based ethics in a humanistic context. The rhetorical style of various cultural anthropologists serves to inform the rhetorical forms of appeal of theistic and non- theistic ethics.