bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Butyltins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and bivalve mollusks in a mid-latitude environment from the Patagonian coastal zone
Authors: Commendatore Marta G. , Franco Marcos A. , Gomes Costa Patricia , Castro Italo B. , Fillmann Gilberto , Bigatti Gregorio , Esteves José L. , Nievas Marina L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Butyltins (BTs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in a mid-latitude environment of the Patagonian coast, distant from significant pollutant sources. Bioaccumulation processes through bottom sediment resuspension were suggested by BTs level (expressed as ng of tin [Sn] g–1 dry wt) found in surface sediment (&lt;limit of detection [LOD]–166.5 ng [Sn] g–1 dry wt) and bivalve mollusks (29.4–206.0 ng [Sn] g–1 dry wt); whereas imposex incidence was only 15% in the gastropod Pareuthria plumbea collected near a harbor. Low hydrocarbon pollution was found in sediments and bivalves with ∑PAHs(16) ranging from &lt;LOD to 94.9 ng g–1 dry weight and from &lt;LOD to 54.9 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively. Values were typical of locations distant from pollutant sources and showed different compositional patterns for both substrates. However, concentrations for some individual PAHs in sediments were found over the threshold effect level. On average, ΣPCB did not exceed the sediment quality guidelines being 0.57 ± 0.88 ng g–1 dry weight in sediments and 0.41 ± 0.26 ng g−1 dry weight in bivalves. Average ΣOCPs in sediments were 0.53 ± 0.34 ng g−1 dry weight and ranged from &lt;LOD to 0.22 ng g–1 dry weight in bivalves, showing a different pattern and suggesting a different accumulation pathway as was found for PAHs. Although both discrete and atmospheric sources can be considered for PAHs, organochlorines pollution was clearly related to atmospheric global transport, indicating that in the studied area, OCPs and PCBs experience permanent or temporal deposition during their migration to southern zones. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2750–2763. © 2015 SETAC
Advancing tracer‐aided rainfall–runoff modelling: a review of progress, problems and unrealised potential
Authors: Birkel Christian , Soulsby Chris 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsing conservative tracers to aid conceptual rainfall–runoff modelling has gained momentum over the past decade. Tracer data have been invaluable in providing rich insights into runoff sources, flow paths and water age that cannot be established by simple rainfall–runoff dynamics alone. Accordingly, this has provided a focus for fertile dialogue between field hydrologists and modellers in joint efforts to understand catchment function and incorporate this in runoff models. Central to this has been the utility of tracers in establishing the differences between the timescales of the celerity of the rainfall–runoff response and the timescales of the pore velocity of water. The literature now has numerous examples of using tracers to aid modelling as a learning framework. Despite this progress, utilization of tracer‐aided models and exploitation of their evident advantages by the wider modelling community have been slow. This in part reflects lack of suitable data sets at many sites and the fact that studies to date have highlighted various problems and challenges when trying to integrate tracers into rainfall–runoff models (e.g. increased parameterisation). Nevertheless, interest in tracer‐aided modelling has continued to build as there have been marked improvements in the reliability and economics of field and laboratory methods for collecting spatially distributed and high temporal resolution tracer data sets. Consequently, we stand on the threshold of unprecedented advances in applications of this area. Here, we critically evaluate the progress to date and assess the challenges that remain. The key current research frontiers with the greatest potential for rapid advancement are as follows: (1) to go beyond hydrograph simulation alone and build more realistic models of catchment functioning based on tracer data, (2) investigations into the nonlinear, threshold‐type, non‐stationary and hysteresis‐driven nature of how catchments process water and solutes, (3) detailed eco‐hydrological studies of connectivity patterns and the role of vegetation on water partitioning and (4) the assessment of anthropogenic influences on the catchment hydrological cycle. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of windflow calculations on simulations of alpine snow accumulation, redistribution and ablation
Authors: Musselman Keith N. , Pomeroy John W. , Essery Richard L. H. , Leroux Nicolas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWind redistribution, radiation and turbulent heat fluxes determine seasonal snow accumulation and melt patterns in alpine environments. Mathematical representations of windflow vary in complexity and introduce uncertainty to snow modelling. To characterize this uncertainty, a spatially distributed snow model that considers the physics of blowing snow transport and sublimation and the energy fluxes contributing to snowpack ablation were evaluated for its ability to simulate seasonal snow patterns around a windy alpine ridge in the Canadian Rockies. The model was forced with output from three windflow models of varying computational complexity and physical realism: (i) a terrain‐based empirical interpolation of station observations, (ii) a simple turbulence model and (iii) a computational fluid dynamics model. Compared with wind measurements, the windflow simulations produced similar and relatively accurate (biases lower than ±1.1 m s−1) wind speed estimates. However, the snow mass budget simulated by the snow model was highly sensitive to the windflow simulation used. Compared with measurements, distributed snow model depth and water equivalent errors were smallest using either of the two turbulence models, with the best representation of downwind drifts by the computational fluid dynamics model. Sublimation was an important mass loss from the ridge, and windflow model choice resulted in cumulative seasonal sublimation differences ranging from 10.5% to 19.0% of seasonal snowfall. When aggregated to larger scales, differences in cumulative snowmelt and snow transport were negligible, but persistent differences in sublimation and snow‐covered area suggest that windflow model choice can have significant implications at multiple scales. Uncertainty can be reduced by using physically based windflow models to drive distributed snow models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layering Literacies and Contemporary Learning
Authors: Abrams Sandra Schamroth , Russo Michael P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article explores how adolescents layer literacies in and outside school. Findings from a longitudinal study of gaming in a public library, as well as data related to the use of Portal 2 in a New York City middle school classroom, reveal how the students created, showcased, analyzed, and experimented with online and offline artifacts and knowledge. By examining the ways youths collaboratively and independently moved about their various practices, the authors not only address characteristics of contemporary learning but also call for flexible opportunities for agentive and layered meaning making.
Galvanic corrosion of nitinol under deaerated and aerated conditions
Authors: Pound Bruce G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractVarious studies have examined the corrosion rate of nitinol generally under deaerated conditions. Likewise, galvanic corrosion studies have typically involved deaerated solutions. This work addressed the effect of galvanic coupling on the corrosion current of electropolished nitinol in phosphate buffered saline and 0.9% sodium chloride under dearated and aerated conditions for times up to 24 h. Tests were performed on nitinol alone and coupled with MP35N in both the mechanically polished and passivated conditions. Aeration and galvanic coupling were found to have relatively little effect, indicating that the corrosion current is controlled by the anodic reaction. The current can be attributed entirely to Ni2+ dissolution, which appears to be governed by solid‐state mass transport of Ni2+ through the passive oxide film. Because corrosion of EP nitinol is controlled by the anodic reaction, contact between EP nitinol and MP35N or other biomedical Co‐Cr alloys is unlikely to result in significant galvanic effects in vivo. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1322–1327, 2016.
Pharmacodynamics and tolerability of repository corticotropin injection in healthy human subjects: A comparison with intravenous methylprednisolone
Authors: Lal Ritu , Bell Stacie , Challenger Rashida , Hammock Vakessa , Nyberg Mary , Decker Dima , Becker Patrice M. , Young David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRepository corticotropin injection (porcine adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] analog) and intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) are used to treat inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) exacerbations and rheumatoid arthritis. This multiple‐dose, randomized, crossover, open‐label study evaluated and compared pharmacodynamic outcomes in subjects who received ACTH analog (80 U subcutaneously) or IVMP (1 g) daily for 5 days. Specific outcome measures included IVMP and cortisol concentrations, total cortisol‐equivalent exposure, immune cell population changes, and tolerability. IVMP and ACTH analog increased granulocyte numbers and decreased lymphocyte counts; effects on both were significantly less pronounced with ACTH analog. Based on total cortisol‐equivalent exposure (assuming linearity), administration of 80 U of ACTH analog equates to 30 mg IVMP. Because IVMP doses significantly higher than 30 mg are usually required to treat MS exacerbations, the lower cortisol‐equivalent exposure of 80 U ACTH analog supports the hypothesis that efficacy of ACTH analog results from both steroid‐dependent and ‐independent properties. Adverse events were mild in severity; subject incidence for adverse‐event reporting was similar following both regimens. The clinical relevance of these findings in autoimmune disease populations is unknown and requires further evaluation.
Biocompatible citric acid‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance the activity of first‐line anti‐TB drugs in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Padwal Priyanka , Bandyopadhyaya Rajdip , Mehra Sarika 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe development of drug resistant Mycobacterium strains is a serious health concern causing impairment in tuberculosis (TB) therapy. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a model, the possible enhancement in the efficacy of first‐line anti‐TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, is explored by using a combined strategy of treating the cells simultaneously with both drug and nanoparticles. The latter can target the tough cell wall of mycobacteria.RESULTSBiocompatible citric acid‐coated iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (CA‐MNP) were synthesized by a co‐precipitation route with an average diameter of 9 nm. The uptake of nanoparticles by M. smegmatis was proportional to its concentration up to 32 µg mL−1. Real‐time studies on fluorescent tracers demonstrate that the nanoparticles enhance membrane permeability, aiding in a higher influx of drugs into the cells. Intracellular rifampicin levels were enhanced 2‐fold in the presence of CA‐MNP, compared with that in the absence of CA‐MNP. Similarly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, measured as an indication of intracellular isoniazid, increased in cells treated with both nanoparticles and isoniazid, compared with when only the drug was used.CONCLUSIONCA‐MNP in conjunction with either isoniazid or rifampicin displayed a synergistic effect in inhibiting bacterial growth, leading to a 2‐fold reduction in the drug dosage. This study demonstrates that the enhanced uptake of existing anti‐Tb drugs using nanoparticles is a possible option in tuberculosis treatment. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the application of the Fenton chemistry for the remediation of a contaminated soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Pardo Fernando , Peluffo Marina , Santos Aurora , Romero Arturo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDA contaminated soil with 100 mg kg−1 each of the following pollutants: anthracene (ANT), phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was treated by three different kinds of Fenton's reaction without pH adjustment, Fenton‐like reaction (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a ferric iron salt (Fe(III)), Fenton catalyzed with nanoparticles of zerovalent iron (nZVI), and Fenton‐like reaction coupled simultaneously with soil washing, using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant.The influence of initial iron concentration (1–5 mmol L−1), oxidant dosage (88–1765 mmol L−1), type of iron initially added (Fe(III) or nZVI) and effect of surfactant addition were tested.RESULTSAlmost total conversion of ANT and BaP was achieved for the majority of the experiments, having obtained the best results for the Fenton like reaction with initial Fe(III) concentration of 5 mmol L−1, where a total abatement for all contaminants was obtained in less than 10 days. Besides, the coupling of Fenton reagent and soil washing enhanced the removal of the PAHs studied. 9–10 anthraquinone (ATQ) was detected as the main aromatic intermediate.CONCLUSIONSThe results put forward in this work reveal the suitability of new effective alternatives to conventional Fenton Reagent for the removal of PAH in soils. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Anti‐Ramsey Problems for t Edge‐Disjoint Rainbow Spanning Subgraphs: Cycles, Matchings, or Trees
Authors: Jahanbekam Sogol , West Douglas B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe seek the maximum number of colors in an edge‐coloring of the complete graph not having t edge‐disjoint rainbow spanning subgraphs of specified types. Let , , and denote the answers when the spanning subgraphs are cycles, matchings, or trees, respectively. We prove for and for . We prove for and for . We also provide constructions for the more general problem in which colorings are restricted so that colors do not appear on more than q edges at a vertex.
Detecting long‐term population trends for an elusive reptile species
Authors: Erb Lori A. , Willey Lisabeth L. , Johnson Lori M. , Hines James E. , Cook Robert P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMany reptile species are in decline and turtles are especially susceptible. In Massachusetts, eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) population densities are critically low, and they are listed as a Species of Special Concern. To aid in the conservation of this species, we developed a statewide population monitoring program to track large‐scale population trends. We used GENPRES3 to identify the most efficient sampling design a priori. Using this design, we performed visual surveys in 2010–2012 and used site occupancy models to evaluate baseline occupancy and abundance data. We surveyed 62 4‐ha monitoring plots within early successional and forest edge habitat where box turtles congregate in the spring for foraging, mating, nesting, and thermoregulation. We also used radio‐telemetry at 2 survey sites to evaluate assumptions and further assess occupancy rates, detection estimates, and population size. The best fit Royle–Nichols model predicted a probability of box turtle occupancy of 0.81 ± 0.10 (mean ± SE) and a mean probability of detection of 0.29 ± 0.18. Roads and vegetation density were important covariates affecting the probability of occurrence. Survey start time, humidity, and surveyor were important covariates affecting detection probability. A power analysis indicated that we could detect a 10% decline in occupancy between 5‐year sampling rounds within 15 years. The proportion of radio‐tagged turtles inside the survey plots during surveys was relatively constant at each site (0.44–0.63 and 0.36–0.43), mean detection rate was 0.35 ± 0.10, and the total estimated population size of the 2 survey plots (8 ha total) was 13.31 ± 1.53. Our results can be used to track the status of this rare species as well as guide conservation actions and evaluate the effectiveness of site‐specific and statewide management plans. Our approach and design can serve as a model for other states developing monitoring programs for the eastern box turtle and other similar, rare and difficult to detect species. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Mortality patterns and detection bias from carcass data: An example from wolf recovery in Wisconsin
Authors: Stenglein Jennifer L. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Wydeven Adrian P. , Mladenoff David J. , Wiedenhoeft Jane E. , Businga Nancy K. , Langenberg Julia A. , Thomas Nancy J. , Heisey Dennis M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWe developed models and provide computer code to make carcass recovery data more useful to wildlife managers. With these tools, wildlife managers can understand the spatial, temporal (e.g., across time periods, seasons), and demographic patterns in mortality causes from carcass recovery datasets. From datasets of radio‐collared and non‐collared carcasses, managers can calculate the detection bias by mortality cause in a non‐collared carcass dataset compared to a collared carcass dataset. As a first step, we provide a standard procedure to assign mortality causes to carcasses. We provide an example of these methods for radio‐collared wolves (n = 208) and non‐collared wolves (n = 668) found dead in Wisconsin (1979–2012). We analyzed differences in mortality cause relative to season, age and sex classes, wolf harvest zones, and recovery phase (1979–1995: initial recovery, 1996–2002: early growth, 2003–2012: late growth). Seasonally, illegal kills and natural deaths were proportionally higher in winter (Oct–Mar) than summer (Apr–Sep) for collared wolves, whereas vehicle strikes and legal kills were higher in summer than winter. Spatially, more illegally killed collared wolves occurred in eastern wolf harvest zones where wolves reestablished more slowly and in the central forest region where optimal habitat is isolated by agriculture. Natural mortalities of collared wolves (e.g., disease, intraspecific strife, or starvation) were highest in western wolf harvest zones where wolves established earlier and existed at higher densities. Calculating detection bias in the non‐collared dataset revealed that more than half of the non‐collared carcasses on the landscape are not found. The lowest detection probabilities for non‐collared carcasses (0.113–0.176) occurred in winter for natural, illegal, and unknown mortality causes. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Charged supramolecular assemblies of surfactant molecules in gas phase
Authors: Bongiorno David , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Indelicato Sergio , Turco Liveri Vincenzo , Indelicato Serena 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe aim of this review is to critically analyze recent literature on charged supramolecular assemblies formed by surfactant molecules in gas phase. Apart our specific interest on this research area, the stimuli to undertake the task arise from the widespread theoretical and applicative benefits emerging from a comprehensive view of this topic. In fact, the study of the formation, stability, and physicochemical peculiarities of non‐covalent assemblies of surfactant molecules in gas phase allows to unveil interesting aspects such as the role of attractive, repulsive, and steric intermolecular interactions as driving force of supramolecular organization in absence of interactions with surrounding medium and the size and charge state dependence of aggregate structural and dynamical properties. Other interesting aspects worth to be investigated are joined to the ability of these assemblies to incorporate selected solubilizates molecules as well as to give rise to chemical reactions within a single organized structure. In particular, the incorporation of large molecules such as proteins has been of recent interest with the objective to protect their structure and functionality during the transition from solution to gas phase. Exciting fall‐out of the study of gas phase surfactant aggregates includes mass and energy transport in the atmosphere, origin of life and simulation of supramolecular aggregation in the interstellar space. Moreover, supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic molecules in gas phase could find remarkable applications as atmospheric cleaning agents, nanosolvents and nanoreactors for specialized chemical processes in confined space. Mass spectrometry techniques have proven to be particularly suitable to generate these assemblies and to furnish useful information on their size, size polydispersity, stability, and structural organization. On the other hand molecular dynamics simulations have been very useful to rationalize many experimental findings and to furnish a vivid picture of the structural and dynamic features of these aggregates. Thus, in this review, we will focus on the most important achievements gained in recent years by both these investigative tools. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35: 170–187, 2016.
Contrasting association of circulating sCD14 with insulin sensitivity in non‐obese and morbidly obese subjects
Authors: de Courten Barbora , Moreno‐Navarrete José Maria , Lyons Jasmine , Soldatos Georgia , de Courten Maximilian , Dougherty Sonia , Forbes Josephine , Fernández‐Real José Manuel 
Published: June 2015

ScopeIn experimental studies, moderate to high concentrations of sCD14 (serum cluster of differentiation 14 protein) prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced systemic inflammation, while low concentrations may promote inflammation. Given that metabolic endotoxemia is thought to initiate high‐fat diet‐induced insulin resistance, we explored the association between sCD14 concentrations and insulin sensitivity in humans.Methods and resultsHealthy non‐obese (n = 12, BMI 26 ± 5y), obese (n = 11, BMI 33.45 ± 3.2) and morbidly obese participants (n = 38, BMI 45 ± 7) underwent measurement of body composition (dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry) and a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp to measure insulin sensitivity (M value). Circulating sCD14 concentrations were measured by ELISA.
Non‐obese participants had lower circulating sCD14 concentrations compared to obese (p = 0.03). Circulating sCD14 concentrations were positively associated with percent body fat, waist circumference and white blood cell count and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. In contrast, circulating sCD14 were positively associated with insulin sensitivity in morbidly obese participants. In regression analysis, insulin sensitivity (r = 0.52, p = 0.004) and fasting triglycerides (r = 0.49, p = 0.005) contributed independently to circulating sCD14 variance after controlling for age, sex and BMI in these morbidly obese subjects.ConclusionThese findings suggest that circulating sCD14 concentrations, through its compensatory (in non‐obese subjects) or buffering role (in morbidly obese subjects), could exert an important role in modulating insulin sensitivity.