bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and dementia: a population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liao W.‐C. , Lin C.‐L. , Chang S.‐N. , Tu C.‐Y. , Kao C.‐H. 
Published: October 2014

Background and purposeChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with various comorbidities. However, the proportion of COPD patients with dementia has not been adequately examined. This retrospective cohort study investigated the association between COPD and dementia by using a nationwide population‐based database in Taiwan.MethodsData were retrieved from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database and analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the effects of COPD on the risk of dementia after adjusting for demographic characteristics and comorbidities.ResultsThe COPD cohort exhibited a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, head injury and depression at baseline than did the non‐COPD cohort (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for covariates, the COPD patients exhibited a 1.27‐fold higher risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.20–1.36). The incidence rate was higher in patients with frequent acute exacerbations than in the non‐COPD patients regardless of whether a hospital admission or emergency room visit was required (hazard ratio 196.8 vs. 41.7, 95% confidence intervals 145.9–265.5 and 22.3–78.0).ConclusionThis study shows that COPD is associated with a subsequent higher risk of dementia after adjusting for comorbidities. Specifically, the association between COPD and dementia is greater in patients with more frequent acute exacerbation events of COPD.
Expression of amino acid transporters (LAT1, ASCT2 and xCT) as clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Namikawa Masashi , Kakizaki Satoru , Kaira Kyoichi , Tojima Hiroki , Yamazaki Yuichi , Horiguchi Norio , Sato Ken , Oriuchi Noboru , Tominaga Hideyuki , Sunose Yutaka , Nagamori Shushi , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Oyama Tetsunari , Takeyoshi Izumi , Yamada Masanobu 
Published: October 2014

AimAmino acid transporters play an important role in tumor progression and survival of cancer cells. However, the prognostic significance of L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), system ASC amino acid transporter‐2 (ASCT2) and xCT expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinicopathological significance of these amino acid transporters in patients with HCC.MethodsWe examined 84 patients with surgically resected HCC. Tumor sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for LAT1, ASCT2, xCT, 4F2hc/CD98hc (4F2hc), Ki‐67 and microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34.ResultsLAT1, 4F2hc, ASCT2 and xCT were positively expressed in 61% (50/84), 77% (65/84), 63% (53/84) and 65% (55/84), respectively. Positive LAT1 expression was significantly associated with 4F2hc expression, Ki‐67 and the serum albumin. By univariate analysis, LAT1 expression, disease stage and albumin had a significant relationship with overall survival. Tumor size, disease stage, portal vein invasion, albumin and α‐fetoprotein had a significant relationship with progression‐free survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed that LAT1 expression is an independent and significant prognostic factor for predicting worse outcome after surgery.ConclusionLAT1 can serve as a significant prognostic marker for predicting negative prognosis after surgery.
Human placental extract treatment for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis non‐responsive to lifestyle intervention: A pilot study
Authors: Shimokobe Hideto , Sumida Yoshio , Tanaka Saiyu , Mori Kojiro , Kitamura Yoko , Fukumoto Kohei , Kakutani Akira , Ohno Tomoyuki , Kanemasa Kazuyuki , Imai Shunsuke , Hibino Sawako , Yoshikawa Toshikazu 
Published: October 2014

AimNo pharmacological therapies have been established for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to liver‐related mortality. Human placental extract (HPE), which has anti‐inflammatory effects, has been expected to be a promising treatment for chronic liver disease. This pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of HPE for biopsy‐diagnosed NASH.MethodsAfter a lifestyle intervention for 12 weeks, 10 subjects with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (≥30 IU/L) and biopsy‐proven NASH (Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score [NAS], ≥4) received i.m. injections of HPE (Laennec) at a dose of 4 mL/day twice per week for 24 weeks, and seven of them underwent a second liver biopsy after the treatment. Liver biopsies were scored for NAS and fibrosis. Histological response was defined as a decrease of 2 points or more in NAS and no increase in fibrosis.ResultsSerum transaminase activities were significantly lower at 8 weeks compared with pretreatment levels in nine patients who continued treatment for 24 weeks. One patient refused to continue the treatment soon after starting therapies. In seven patients undergoing post‐treatment biopsies, NAS (mean [standard deviation]) mildly decreased from 5.29 (0.95) to 4.00 (1.83) without reaching statistical significance (P = 0.078). Histological response was observed in all three obese patients and in only one of four non‐obese ones. No significant changes were observed in body mass index, lipid profiles and diabetic control/insulin resistance.ConclusionIn NASH patients who received HPE treatment, significant reductions in serum liver enzymes were obtained after 8 weeks. Histological efficacy may be better in obese patients than in non‐obese ones.
Children First, Offenders Second: The Centrality of Engagement in Positive Youth Justice
Authors: Case Stephen , Haines Kevin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractContemporary European youth justice practice, notably in England and Wales, fosters retrospective, risk‐focused and reductionist views of children. Enforced, inequitable, prescriptive and adult‐led youth justice relationships adulterise children and responsibilise them fully for their offending behaviour, disengaging them from constructive youth justice interventions. This article sets out and evidences an alternative model of youth justice: Children First, Offenders Second (CFOS). The CFOS model offers a whole child, preventative and diversionary approach that normalises offending by children and promotes strengths and positive behaviour. The model is grounded in the principles of child‐friendly, child‐appropriate and legitimate practice as a means of engaging children with youth justice services and interventions. Evidence of how these key principles have been animated in local practice is provided and implications for engagement in the youth justice context are discussed.
Predictive microbiology for cosmetics based on physicals, chemicals and concentration parameters
Authors: Ghalleb S. , De Vaugelade S. , Sella O. , Lavarde M. , Mielcarek C. , Pense‐Lheritier A.‐M. , Pirnay S. 
Published: October 2014

SynopsisObjectiveChallenge test (CT) is essential to assure the efficiency of the preservative system in products. A previous study realized by our staff in 2012, carried out to evaluate the influence of three parameters (ethanol, pH and water) on the microbiological cosmetics products conservation. Following this work, a correlation between aw (based on the glycerine concentration) and the selected parameter has been demonstrated. In the present study, smaller limits of ethanol, pH and glycerine were applied to determinate CT necessity.MethodsSixteen stables O/W cosmetics creams with different concentration of ethanol (1–19%), glycerine (3–16%) and different pH (6–11) were formulated. To evaluate the efficiency of the different formulations, CTs were performed according to the International Standard ISO 11930:2012. To determine the influence of the parameters, a D‐optimal plan generated by Design Expert® was applied. Design of Experiments software offers to plan, estimate and control the statistics and models for factorial and no‐factorial designs.ResultsChallenge tests results show that 10 formula passed criteria A, two passed criteria B and four are not conform. Mostly, an ethanol concentration higher than 16% exempts products of CT. It has been shown that an ethanol concentration between 10.5% and 16%, and an glycerine concentration >10%; or if the ethanol concentration is between 5% and 10.5%, glycerine is >6% and pH is ≥10, the CT is not required. Ethanol has a significant impact on conservation and especially when it is correlated with glycerine and pH. Finally, a glycerine concentration higher than 16% exempts products of CT.ConclusionFollowing the analysis of the different concentration, a correlation between glycerine and ethanol that directly influence microbiological protection of cosmetics products has been established. Indeed, by controlling ethanol, pH and glycerine, many products may be exempted from the CT.
Aesthetic Learning About, In, With and Through the Arts: A Curriculum Study
Authors: Lindström Lars 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAesthetic learning is a major issue in arts education. The ‘method of art’ is often expected to facilitate in‐depth learning not only in the arts but across the curriculum. This article defines aesthetic learning in terms of a conceptual framework based on two dimensions, one representing the goal and the other the means of aesthetic learning. The goal is described as convergent or divergent. Convergent learning is goal‐directed, focused and rational, while divergent learning is explorative, open‐ended and intuitive. The means are described as medium‐specific or medium‐neutral. Medium‐specific learning emphasises the forms of representation, for example words, pictures, algebra, dance. Medium‐neutral learning emphasises instrumental aspects of learning, such as academic achievement or personal development. Combining these dimensions two‐by‐two, the author arrives at a suggested definition of what is meant by learning about, learning in, learning with and learning through the arts. The rest of the article investigates the potential utility of this framework in various contexts and for different purposes. First, the author presents two temporary ‘Culture‐in‐School’ projects. Secondly, the framework is used to study aesthetic learning processes in sloyd (art & craft), based on student teachers’ portfolios in metalwork. Thirdly, the four modes of learning are compared to equivalent modes of teaching: the instructor, the facilitator, the advisor and the educator. Fourthly, there is a discussion on the role of aesthetics in a ‘balanced’ curriculum. Finally, there is an argument on the need for a variety of assessment tools based on the four modes of learning and teaching, such as copying, portfolios, projects and the repertory grid technique.
Room 13: The Movement and International Network
Authors: Gibb Claire 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRoom 13 is a global uprising of creative and entrepreneurial children who are responsible for a growing international network of student‐organised art studios. Each Room 13 studio facilitates the work of young artists alongside a professional adult artist in residence, providing an exchange of ideas, skills and experience across the ages. The result is an ongoing collaboration between adults and young people and a thriving culture of philosophical enquiry driven by a motivation to think and to learn. My own experience with Room 13 spans from that of the student, to adult artist and practitioner. Working under the direction of subsequent student‐management teams, I have been fortunate to be involved in the process by which Room 13 has gone on to establish an international network of student‐run art studios, serving an expanding global community of young artists.The emerging global movement surrounding these studios calls for a serious revaluation of what art is – and who is qualified to make it. Room 13 not only augments the case for the work of young artists, but presents a challenge to the current systems for art education. As the quality of formal arts education is eroded by a universal need to standardise educational experiences, the training that Room 13 provides motivates individuals and develops their creativity in a way that outstrips anything that schools, or even art colleges, can currently offer.
Franz Kafka in the Design Studio: A Hermeneutic‐Phenomenological Approach to Architectural Design Education
Authors: Hisarligil Beyhan Bolak 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article demonstrates the outcomes of taking a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to architectural design and discusses the potentials for imaginative reasoning in design education. This study tests the use of literature as a verbal form of art and design and the contribution it can make to imaginative design processes – which are all too often limited by physical constraints. It has been observed that a person reading a novel can choose to suspend their disbelief and become entangled in the events of the book – where they become involved with the art not only subjectively, but also as a form of play. In the words of Hans‐Georg Gadamer: ‘understanding occurs in interpreting’. This study asked design students to read three of Franz Kafka's books –The Metamorphosis, The Trial and The Castle– prior to designing a Franz Kafka museum. The students found themselves drawn into numerous worlds that they were compelled to play along with; and demonstrating the productive role that literature can play in studio design, the students were observed to reconstruct the text and authorial context as a spatio‐temporal frame of reference, in this case a museum, and thus provide museum visitors with a Kafkaesque spatial experience of the narrative world in terms of design.
Concepts of Art and Interpretation in Interviews with Educators from Tate Britain
Authors: Arriaga Amaia , Aguirre Imanol 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEducational practices in art museums are determined, to a great degree, by ideas of art and interpretation put into play, consciously or not, by both museums and educators. This article presents the results of research conducted at Tate Britain in which we have analysed the concepts of art and interpretation that underlie the discourses of the educators interviewed in this gallery. To this end we have designed a methodological device, a model that proposes four ways of understanding and interpreting art commonly found in educational contexts. This model has arranged the various conceptions from more visual or perceptual approaches to the most experientially complex as those summarised below: works of art as a visual representation and interpretation as identification; works of art as a message to be revealed, and interpretation as decodification; works of art as an intellectual, historical and cultural fact, and interpretation as an opportunity for critical reflection; works of art as the materialisation of an experience, and interpretation as an opportunity for self‐development. We conclude that in interviews with educators working in the Tate Britain different narratives about the idea of art and the idea of interpretation coexist, which in many cases are complementary and in some others are contradictory. Examples of the interviews are presented throughout the article.
Designing Student Citizenship: Internationalised Education in Transformative Disciplines
Authors: Mendoza Hannah Rose , Matyók Tom 
Published: October 2014

Design is a transformative, socially engaged practice and design education must provide a platform from which that practice can grow. Education plays a vital role in preparing design students to move beyond a purely reactive state to one in which they are actively engaged in shaping the world around them. Such a shift is built upon the provision of a holistic education that invites interaction with the concepts of democracy, engagement and empathy at the global scale. At a time when our graduates need to be prepared for global citizenship and design without borders, higher education has moved sharply toward discipline specific training and job preparation and away from liberal education and the development of critical thinking abilities.The internationalisation of education in design disciplines is reliant upon the formation of deep connections that are an embedded part of a student's larger academic career, rather than an isolated opportunity. Rather than focus on ‘exposure’, the internationalised education that design students need includes deep immersion and diverse contact in order to transform the study abroad tour into a layer of embedded experience rather than an artificial veneer. As students develop relationships with students from other cultures and experience the richness of others, they explore their own knowledges, values and assumptions. While all design graduates will live and work in a global environment, not all students are able to study abroad. Therefore, alternative opportunities for internationalising the curriculum must be explored.
Words for Artworks: The Aesthetics of Meaning Making
Authors: Fróis João Pedro , White Boyd 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this article we introduce a research strategy that involves the making of visual maps by individuals in response to their interactions with artworks. The maps record the meaning‐making processes involved in the encounters and provide us with permanent records of otherwise ephemeral experiences. The case study presented here provides data for comparisons between three visits each to two artworks exhibited at the Calouste Gulbenkian Modern Art Centre in Lisbon. We conclude that our meaning‐making strategy is important for its own heuristic research value in both formal and non‐formal educational contexts, as well as providing an instrument for the training of teachers and museum educators.
Long non‐coding RNAs in non‐small cell lung cancer as biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Authors: Chen Jing , Wang Rui , Zhang Kai , Chen Long‐Bang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLung cancer‐associated mortality is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), with no protein‐coding ability, have multiple biological roles. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a recently characterized class of ncRNAs that are over 200 nucleotides in length. Many lncRNAs have the ability of facilitating or inhibiting the development and progression of tumours, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Because of their fundamental roles in regulating gene expression, along with their involvement in the biological mechanisms underlying tumourigenesis, they are a promising class of tissue‐ and/or blood‐based cancer biomarkers. In this review, we highlight the emerging roles of lncRNAs in NSCLC, and discuss their potential clinical applications as diagnostic and prognostic markers and as therapeutic targets.
Weapon allometry varies with latitude in the New Zealand giraffe weevil
Authors: Painting C. J. , Buckley T. R. , Holwell G. I. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAnimal body size commonly shows a relationship with latitude to the degree that this phenomenon is one of the few ‘rules’ discussed in evolutionary ecology: Bergmann's rule. Although exaggerated secondary sexual traits frequently exhibit interesting relationships with body size (allometries) and are expected to evolve rapidly in response to environmental variation, the way in which allometry might interact with latitude has not been addressed. We present data showing latitudinal variation in body size and weapon allometry for the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis). Males display an extremely elongated rostrum used as a weapon during fights for access to females. Consistent with Bergmann's rule, mean body size increased with latitude. More interestingly, weapon allometry also varied with latitude, such that lower latitude populations exhibited steeper allometric slopes between weapon and body size. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document a latitudinal cline in weapon allometry and is therefore a novel contribution to the collective work on Bergmann's rule and secondary sexual trait variation.
Management of feline distal tibial fractures using a hybrid external skeletal fixator
Authors: Witte P. G. , Bush M. A. , Scott H. W. 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVETo document the results of management of feline distal tibial fractures with circular–linear hybrid external skeletal fixators.METHODSRetrospective examination of case records and radiographs of cats with distal tibial fractures managed with hybrid external skeletal fixators. Signalment, pre‐operative fracture conformation, post‐operative fracture reduction, implant complications, time to tibial and fibular fracture healing and time to hybrid external skeletal fixators removal were analysed.RESULTSCase records of eight cats were reviewed and included three closed fractures and five type 1 open fractures. Post‐operative fracture reduction was considered appropriate in all cases. Healing of five tibial fractures was complete and hybrid external skeletal fixators were removed within a mean of 13 weeks. Healing of the fibular fracture was complete within a mean of 12 · 1 weeks. Three tibial fractures demonstrated non‐union and were revised after a mean duration of 24 weeks. All three non‐union fractures were open on presentation.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEFeline distal tibial fractures may be managed with hybrid external skeletal fixators, however, non‐union still occurs. In this study type I open feline distal tibial fractures appeared more likely to develop non‐union.
Community assembly of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a subtropical secondary forest succession
Authors: Gao Cheng , Zhang Yu , Shi Nan‐Nan , Zheng Yong , Chen Liang , Wubet Tesfaye , Bruelheide Helge , Both Sabine , Buscot François , Ding Qiong , Erfmeier Alexandra , Kühn Peter , Nadrowski Karin , Scholten Thomas , Guo Liang‐Dong 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Environmental selection and dispersal limitation are two of the primary processes structuring biotic communities in ecosystems, but little is known about these processes in shaping soil microbial communities during secondary forest succession.

We examined the communities of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in young, intermediate and old forests in a Chinese subtropical ecosystem, using 454 pyrosequencing.

The EM fungal community consisted of 393 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), belonging to 21 EM fungal lineages, in which three EM fungal lineages and 11 EM fungal OTUs showed significantly biased occurrence among the young, intermediate and old forests. The EM fungal community was structured by environmental selection and dispersal limitation in old forest, but only by environmental selection in young, intermediate, and whole forests. Furthermore, the EM fungal community was affected by different factors in the different forest successional stages, and the importance of these factors in structuring EM fungal community dramatically decreased along the secondary forest succession series.

This study suggests that different assembly mechanisms operate on the EM fungal community at different stages in secondary subtropical forest succession.