bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements in pandemic preparedness in 8 Central American countries, 2008 - 2012
Authors: Johnson Lucinda EA , Clará Wilfrido , Gambhir Manoj , Fuentes Rafael Chacón- , Marín-Correa Carlos , Jara Jorge , Minaya Percy , Rodríguez David , Blanco Natalia , Iihoshi Naomi , Orozco Maribel , Lange Carmen , Pérez Sergio Vinicio , Amador Nydia , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Moen Ann C , Azziz-Baumgartner Eduardo 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background
In view of ongoing pandemic threats such as the recent human cases of novel avian influenza A(H7N9) in China, it is important that all countries continue their preparedness efforts. Since 2006, Central American countries have received donor funding and technical assistance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to build and improve their capacity for influenza surveillance and pandemic preparedness. Our objective was to measure changes in pandemic preparedness in this region, and explore factors associated with these changes, using evaluations conducted between 2008 and 2012.

Methods
Eight Central American countries scored their pandemic preparedness across 12 capabilities in 2008, 2010 and 2012, using a standardized tool developed by CDC. Scores were calculated by country and capability and compared between evaluation years using the Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, respectively. Virological data reported to WHO were used to assess changes in testing capacity between evaluation years. Linear regression was used to examine associations between scores, donor funding, technical assistance and WHO reporting.

Results
All countries improved their pandemic preparedness between 2008 and 2012 and seven made statistically significant gains (p < 0.05). Increases in median scores were observed for all 12 capabilities over the same period and were statistically significant for eight of these (p < 0.05): country planning, communications, routine influenza surveillance, national respiratory disease surveillance, outbreak response, resources for containment, community interventions and health sector response. We found a positive association between preparedness scores and cumulative funding between 2006 and 2011 (R2 = 0.5, p < 0.01). The number of specimens reported to WHO from participating countries increased significantly from 5,551 (2008) to 18,172 (2012) (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
Central America has made significant improvements in influenza pandemic preparedness between 2008 and 2012. U.S. donor funding and technical assistance provided to the region is likely to have contributed to the improvements we observed, although information on other sources of funding and support was unavailable to study. Gains are also likely the result of countries’ response to the 2009 influenza pandemic. Further research is required to determine the degree to which pandemic improvements are sustainable.
Dropout trends and educational reforms: the role of the LOGSE in Spain
Authors: Felgueroso Florentino , Gutiérrez-Domènech Maria , Jiménez-Martín Sergi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Over the last 50 years, some important reforms in European countries were aimed at improving the system of vocational studies. By contrast, the Spanish educational law (LOGSE) from 1990 moved in the opposite direction. While the LOGSE increased the number of compulsory schooling years from 8 to 10, it also eliminated vocational studies of first grade (FP-I, ages 14 to 16), thereby reducing flexibility. The LOGSE was rolled out at different times across regions within Spain. This is used as an identification strategy to analyse whether the change in law contributed to stop the declining trend in dropout rates observed in the last two decades (they declined from 70% in 1977 to 30% in 1995, but remained at roughly 30% until recent years, twice the EU27 average). Results show that the new compulsory secondary education increased dropout rates for men and decreased them for women. Alternatively, the removal of the lower vocational track had negative effect for both genders, being the effect stronger for women. Finally, by reducing the track choice opportunities for students, the reform reduced the probability of following the vocational track after completion of the compulsory stage.

JEL codes

I20, J24.
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging identifies markers of ageing and osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Peffers Mandy J , Cillero-Pastor Berta , Eijkel Gert B , Clegg Peter D , Heeren Ron MA 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Cartilage protein distribution and the changes that occur in cartilage ageing and disease are essential in understanding the process of cartilage ageing and age related diseases such as osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the peptide profiles in ageing and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage sections using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI).

Methods
The distribution of proteins in young, old and OA equine cartilage was compared following tryptic digestion of cartilage slices and MALDI-MSI undertaken with a MALDI SYNAPT™ HDMS system. Protein identification was undertaken using database searches following multivariate analysis. Peptide intensity differences between young, ageing and OA cartilage were imaged with Biomap software. Analysis of aggrecanase specific cleavage patterns of a crude cartilage proteoglycan extract were used to validate some of the differences in peptide intensity identified. Immunohistochemistry studies validated the differences in protein abundance.

Results
Young, old and OA equine cartilage was discriminated based on their peptide signature using discriminant analysis. Proteins including aggrecan core protein, fibromodulin, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were identified and localised. Fibronectin peptides displayed a stronger intensity in OA cartilage. Age-specific protein markers for collectin-43 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were identified. In addition potential fibromodulin and biglycan peptides targeted for degradation in OA were detected.

Conclusions
MALDI-MSI provided a novel platform to study cartilage ageing and disease enabling age and disease specific peptides in cartilage to be elucidated and spatially resolved.
Extracorporeal life support devices and strategies for management of acute cardiorespiratory failure in adult patients: a comprehensive review
Authors: Shekar Kiran , Mullany Daniel V , Thomson Bruce , Ziegenfuss Marc , Platts David G , Fraser John F 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEvolution of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technology has added a new dimension to the intensive care management of acute cardiac and/or respiratory failure in adult patients who fail conventional treatment. ECLS also complements cardiac surgical and cardiology procedures, implantation of long-term mechanical cardiac assist devices, heart and lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Available ECLS therapies provide a range of options to the multidisciplinary teams who are involved in the time-critical care of these complex patients. While venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide complete respiratory support, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal facilitates protective lung ventilation and provides only partial respiratory support. Mechanical circulatory support with venoarterial (VA) ECMO employed in a traditional central/peripheral fashion or in a temporary ventricular assist device configuration may stabilise patients with decompensated cardiac failure who have evidence of end-organ dysfunction, allowing time for recovery, decision-making, and bridging to implantation of a long-term mechanical circulatory support device and occasionally heart transplantation. In highly selected patients with combined severe cardiac and respiratory failure, advanced ECLS can be provided with central VA ECMO, peripheral VA ECMO with timely transition to venovenous ECMO or VA-venous ECMO upon myocardial recovery to avoid upper body hypoxia or by addition of an oxygenator to the temporary ventricular assist device circuit. This article summarises the available ECLS options and provides insights into the principles and practice of these techniques. One should emphasise that, as is common with many emerging therapies, their optimal use is currently not backed by quality evidence. This deficiency needs to be addressed to ensure that the full potential of ECLS can be achieved.
Low-temperature dielectric measurements of confined water in porous granites
Authors: Silva Hugo Gonçalves , Tlemçani Mouhaydine , Monteiro Jorge Humberto , Graça Manuel Pedro , Moita Patricia , Pinho António , Bezzeghoud Mourad , Mendiratta Sushil Kumar , Rosa Rui Namorado 
Published: May 2014

The dielectric behavior of rocks affected by the known phase transition of supercooled water is the main problem we analyzed. Three different granitic rocks were used to perform dielectric measurements in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and temperatures 100–350 K. Thin cylindrical samples were prepared, and circular electrodes were established using silver conductive paint. A clear change in the dielectric measurements appears at [Formula: see text] for one of the samples. This coincides with the known phase transition of supercooled water. Tightly bounded water confined in the pores of the rock do not crystallize at 273 K, but form a metastable liquid down to 200–220 K maintaining water polarization. Below this temperature, water molecules solidify and polarizability decreases. The rock presenting the most sizable change has a very low specific surface area of [Formula: see text], has connected porosity of [Formula: see text], and has the smallest degree of alteration. In addition, geochemical analyzes reveal a low percentage of hydration water in its structure confirming the role of pore water in this change. A comparison between water-saturated, oven-dried, and vacuum-dried samples was done. Finally, a logarithmic dependency of the critical temperature for the supercooled water phase transition with the measuring frequency was found.
Relationship between obesity and the risk of clinically significant depression: Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Hung Chi-Fa , Rivera Margarita , Craddock Nick , Owen Michael J. , Gill Michael , Korszun Ania , Maier Wolfgang , Mors Ole , Preisig Martin , Rice John P. , Rietschel Marcella , Jones Lisa , Middleton Lefkos , Aitchison Kathy J. , Davis Oliver S. P. , Breen Gerome , Lewis Cathryn , Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundObesity has been shown to be associated with depression and it has been suggested that higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of depression and other common mental disorders. However, the causal relationship remains unclear and Mendelian randomisation, a form of instrumental variable analysis, has recently been employed to attempt to resolve this issue.AimsTo investigate whether higher BMI increases the risk of major depression.MethodTwo instrumental variable analyses were conducted to test the causal relationship between obesity and major depression in RADIANT, a large case–control study of major depression. We used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FTO and a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 32 SNPs with well-established associations with BMI.ResultsLinear regression analysis, as expected, showed that individuals carrying more risk alleles of FTO or having higher score of GRS had a higher BMI. Probit regression suggested that higher BMI is associated with increased risk of major depression. However, our two instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression (FTO genotype: coefficient −0.03, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.13, P = 0.73; GRS: coefficient −0.02, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.07, P = 0.62).ConclusionsOur instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression. The positive associations of higher BMI with major depression in probit regression analyses might be explained by reverse causality and/or residual confounding.
Developmental model of suicide trajectories
Authors: Séguin Monique , Beauchamp Guy , Robert Marie , DiMambro Mélanie , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundMost developmental studies on suicide do not take into account individual variations in suicide trajectories.AimsUsing a life course approach, this study explores developmental models of suicide trajectories.MethodTwo hundred and fourteen suicides were assessed with mixed methods. Statistical analysis using combined discrete-time survival (DTS) and growth mixture modelling (GMM) generated various trajectories, and path analysis (Mplus) identified exogenous and mediating variables associated with these trajectories.ResultsTwo groups share common risk factors, and independently of these major risk factors, they have different developmental trajectories: the first group experienced a high burden of adversity and died by suicide in their early 20s; and the second group experienced a somewhat moderate or low burden of adversity before they took their own life. Structural equation modelling identified variables specific to the early suicide trajectory: conduct and behavioural difficulties, social isolation/conflicts mediated by school-related difficulties, the end of a love relationship, and previous suicide attempts.ConclusionsPsychosocial adversity between 10 and 20 years of age may warrant key periods of intervention.
ANK3 gene expression in bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia
Authors: Wirgenes Katrine Verena , Tesli Martin , Inderhaug Elin , Athanasiu Lavinia , Agartz Ingrid , Melle Ingrid , Hughes Timothy , Andreassen Ole Andreas , Djurovic Srdjan 
Published: May 2014

SummaryANK3 gene variants have consistently been associated with
bipolar spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. However, the
relevance of its encoded protein, ankyrin-3, in these disorders remains
elusive. Here, we show that ANK3 gene expression in blood
is significantly increased in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia compared
with healthy controls. Additionally, we identified potential cis-acting
expression quantitative trait loci located close to the transcription start
site of one of the isoforms of the gene. These findings suggest that
ANK3 mRNA is an interesting marker for further
investigation of the underlying mechanisms in psychotic disorders.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes from 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Okura Keisho , Tamura Ryuichi , Shigehara Kiyotaka , Masai Eiji , Nakamura Masaya , Otsuka Yuichiro , Katayama Yoshihiro , Nakao Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions of a lignin-derived pyrone derivative, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, and its dimethyl ester with alkenyl acetates and alkynes under thermal conditions proceed with decarboxylation to give isophthalic acids and various mono- and disubstituted isophthalates. A ruthenium complex catalyzes the reaction with alkynes under milder conditions and affords products with different regioselectivity from that observed under thermal conditions.
Disneyland: Another kind of reality
Authors: Allen David 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Disney park is usually condemned as a kind of Platonic cave of illusions, where visitors are so mesmerized by the verisimilitude of the displays that they begin to take it for ‘reality’. However, the park does not so much simulate the ‘real’ as celebrate the art of simulation, the ability to construct fantasy worlds as if they are ‘real’.
Main Street USA was designed to evoke the ‘excitement of a dawning century of new technology’. This theme was continued in the Carousel of Progress attraction. There were four scenes showing the life of a typical American family through the generations and the ways their lives were continually improved by the latest advances in technology. Horizons, which opened in 1983, was a kind of sequel to Carousel. It showed the same all-American family living and working in the ‘brave new world’ of the future. Both Carousel and Horizons were ostensibly designed to promote the ideal of a technologically controlled ‘reality’. However, the shows were actually a demonstration and celebration of the power of ‘imagineering’ – the ability of Disney’s Imagineers to simulate the real.
BOOk Review
Authors: Petrus Dr Stephen 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Spatial Regulation in New York City: From Urban Renewal to Zero Tolerance, Themis Chronopoulos (2011)
New York and London: Routledge, 234 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0-415-85079-7 (PB) $44.95 ISBN-13: 978-0-415-89158-5 (HB) $141.00
Distinction work and its consequences for women working as room attendants within five star hotels on the Gold Coast, Australia
Authors: Kensbock Sandra , Jennings Gayle , Bailey Janis , Patiar Anoop 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article highlights women room attendants’ experiences of the consequences of distinction work in five five-star hotels located in the Gold Coast region of South East Queensland, Australia. Those consequences are demonstrations of deference, reification of lower social class standing and social ostracism. ‘Distinction work’ requires attendants to recognize the guest’s superior class position as a key part of service interactions. An ontologically intertwined research stance was used with socialist feminism and critical theory epistemologies and a qualitative constructionist grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with 46 room attendants working at five five-star hotels. This research contributes to hospitality literature by focusing on the influence of broader socio-economic hierarchies functioning within hotels, an arena not usually encompassed within hospitality studies. We argue that ‘distinction work’ involves a process wherein the causal aspects of demonstration of deference to guests during interactions, and the conditional aspects of the lower social standing of room attendants within the broader socio-economic arena, result in embedded ostracism. This article presents a new perspective on the low social value currently placed on room attendant employment.
Hospitality and organizations: Enchantment, entrenchment and reconfiguration
Authors: Lugosi Peter 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article examines the complex relationship between hospitality and organizations. It is argued that a variety of organizational practices can be understood by considering how hospitality is mobilized and experienced by multiple stakeholders. The article begins by synthesizing existing conceptions of hospitality and outlining its different dimensions. It then goes on to examine how hospitality themes and related issues emerge in, and are thus relevant to, the study of organizations and management. The article first considers how hospitality is extended to or oriented towards external stakeholders and thus mobilized as tactical or strategic enchantment. It is argued that hospitality can be used purposefully to establish power relations and invoke obligations both to conform to organizational norms and to reciprocate. Second, the article considers how hospitality emerges within organizational practices and may be deployed by various stakeholders as an instrument of entrenchment to perpetuate existing norms and hierarchies. However, it is also suggested that practices of hospitality can create alternative organizational spaces and networks, and hospitable acts may thus help to reconfigure power relationships and become focal points of resistance. The article concludes by reflecting upon emerging questions, challenges and potential avenues for further research and intervention.
Balancing Selection in Species with Separate Sexes: Insights from Fisher’s Geometric Model
Authors: Connallon Tim , Clark Andrew G 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
How common is balancing selection, and what fraction of phenotypic variance is attributable to balanced polymorphisms? Despite decades of research, answers to these questions remain elusive. Moreover, there is no clear theoretical prediction about the frequency with which balancing selection is expected to arise within a population. Here, we use an extension of Fisher’s geometric model of adaptation to predict the probability of balancing selection in a population with separate sexes, wherein polymorphism is potentially maintained by two forms of balancing selection: (1) heterozygote advantage, where heterozygous individuals at a locus have higher fitness than homozygous individuals, and (2) sexually antagonistic selection (a.k.a. intralocus sexual conflict), where the fitness of each sex is maximized by different genotypes at a locus. We show that balancing selection is common under biologically plausible conditions and that sex differences in selection or sex-by-genotype effects of mutations can each increase opportunities for balancing selection. Although heterozygote advantage and sexual antagonism represent alternative mechanisms for maintaining polymorphism, they mutually exist along a balancing selection continuum that depends on population and sex-specific parameters of selection and mutation. Sexual antagonism is the dominant mode of balancing selection across most of this continuum.
Comparison of Two Transcutaneous Bilirubinometers in Term and Near-Term Neonates
Authors: Sarici Serdar Umit , Köklü Esad , Babacan Oguzhan 
Published: May 2014

Purpose: Determination of bilirubin levels is performed for many newborns in the first days of life, and several different transcutaneous bilirubinometers are available. We aimed to determine whether transcutaneous bilirubin measurement, as performed using Jaundice Detector JH20-1C, a new device, correlates with Minolta/Hill-Rom Air-Shields Transcutaneous Jaundice Meter model JM-103.Design and Sample: The study was performed on term or near-term newborn infants who underwent transcutaneous bilirubin measurements as part of their normal care. The study group consisted of 585 newborn infants with gestational ages ranging from 35 to 42 weeks, coming from an uneventful pregnancy. In this prospective study, bilirubin concentrations were determined with two different transcutaneous bilirubinometers.Main Outcome Variable: In 585 infants, the correlation coefficient for Jaundice Detector JH20-1C versus Minolta Air-Shields Jaundice Meter model JM-103 was .965 (p < .0001). The mean (± standard deviation) difference between the Jaundice Detector JH20-1C versus Minolta Air-Shields Jaundice Meter model JM-103 was 0.26 ± 0.95 mg/dL. Results showed the Jaundice Detector JH20-1C to have an acceptable level of intradevice imprecision (r = .978, p < .0001, mean differences .0158 ± .871 mg/dL).Results: Jaundice Detector JH20-1C showed the good performances of intradevice and interdevice imprecision in comparison with Minolta/Hill-Rom Air-Shields Transcutaneous Jaundice Meter model JM-103. Jaundice Detector JH20-1C may be suitable for screening term or near-term newborn infants for jaundice in the well-baby nursery or maternity ward.