bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La crise de la culture face au multiculturalisme
Authors: Fitzi Gregor 
Published: November 2012

Nos sociétés deviennent de plus en plus « multiculturelles ». Il s’agit d’un phénomène très présent dans les débats politiques et scientifiques, dont la définition n’est pourtant pas univoque. Communautés avec langues, religions et moeurs caractéristiques produisent différentes identités, qui se partagent bien ou mal l’espace social entre elles. Arriveront-elles à s’intégrer un jour dans une société commune ou resteront-elles toujours dans un état de conflit latent ? La crise de la culture caractérise selon Simmel la vie de l’homme moderne, qui n’arrive plus à réaliser une synthèse subjective soit des contenus objectifs de la culture soit des rôles sociaux qu’il exerce. Face à la théorie simmelienne de la culture se pose aujourd’hui la question de l’interprétation sociologique du multiculturalisme. Est-elle à voir comme une stratégie de réduction de la complexité sociale moderne ou bien comme un conflit entre « multi-communautarisme » et pluralisme sociétaire ? L’article propose une clef de lecture simmelienne de la problématique.
Comment l’individualité est-elle possible ?
Authors: Müller Hans-Peter , Kalinowski Isabelle 
Published: November 2012

Dans ce qui va suivre, il s’agira de proposer une esquisse retraçant de manière systématique les idées majeures de Simmel relatives à cet ensemble de problématiques. Ma thèse est que le sociologue allemand a saisi avec une exceptionnelle acuité les conditions anthropologiques, structurelles et culturelles (idéelles mais aussi normatives) de l’individualité moderne. En effet, la question « Comment l’individualité est-elle possible ? » fait pendant, comme en miroir, à la question « Comment la société est-elle possible ? » Bien que Simmel n’ait pas posé la question exactement en ces termes, il a développé une réflexion systématique sur les conditions structurelles et les présupposés culturels de cet idéal moderne. La « tragédie de l’individualité », je tenterai de le montrer, résulte du hiatus entre le développement structurel, qui ouvre pour la première fois la voie à la liberté et à l’individualité modernes, et le développement culturel qui rend presque impossible, d’un point de vue moral, cette option générée d’un point de vue structurel. En termes wébériens, on pourrait dire que les « chances de vie de l’individualité » ne permettent pas de développer un « style de vie de l’individualité ».
Genotypic HIV‐coreceptor tropism prediction with geno2pheno [coreceptor]: differences depending on HIV‐1‐subtype
Authors: Obermeier M , Ehret R , Berg T , Braun P , Korn K , Müller H , Noah C , Stürmer M , Thielen A , Walter H , Wolf E , Kaiser R 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyDetermination of HIV‐1 coreceptor tropism is a major prerequisite before starting treatment with a CCR5‐antagonist. While most of the patients currently under treatment with maraviroc are probably infected with HIV‐1 subtype B viruses, recently published data show differences in the distribution of coreceptor tropism in different HIV‐1 subtypes.MethodsIn a Germany‐wide project within the HIV‐GRADE society, V3‐loop sequences of 2466 isolates were analysed with geno2pheno for coreceptor tropism using a FPR cut‐off of 10%. HIV‐1 subtype was determined by using the COMET HIV subtyping tool. Sequences consisted of at least the V3 loop fragment. The ratio of CCR5 vs CXCR4 tropic viruses was calculated for each subtype. A normalized mean for all analyzed subtypes was calculated to extrapolate the overall ratio of coreceptor usage distribution. From this the expected distribution in the particular subtype was calculated and compared to the observed one. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi2 test.Summary of ResultsMost samples were classified as HIV‐1 subtype B (79%, n=1952). Other subtypes present in at least 23 samples were A1 (9.5%, n=234), C (4.8%, n=118), CRF01_AE (2.2%, n=55), G (1.6%, n=39), D (1.1%, n=27), F (0.9%, n=23). The calculated normalized mean distribution over all subtypes was 71% CCR5‐ vs. 29% CXCR4‐tropic viruses. No significant difference compared to the mean distribution could be observed for HIV‐1 subtypes B (71/29%), C (76/24%) and F (70/30%). Higher rates of CXCR4 tropic virus were detected in subtypes D (52/48%, p=0.01) and CRF01_AE (49/51%, p=0.001), while in HIV‐1 subtypes A1 (22/78%, p=0.02) and G (13/87%, p=0.02), a higher rate of CCR5‐tropic virus was observed.ConclusionsOur analysis shows a different distribution of CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic virus in some subtypes. In contrast to other publications, we could not observe a statistically significant difference in subtype C compared to the overall mean distribution, while we could confirm a higher rate of CXCR4‐tropic virus in subtype D, as previously described. Without further data on treatment success of patients with non‐B subtypes under treatment with maraviroc, it remains unclear if subtype‐specific differences in the distribution of tropism are biased by differences in clinical variables before test or if there is a bias in the tropism interpretation system. In the latter case, individual interpretation cut‐offs for different subtypes may be necessary.
Drivers Display Anger‐Congruent Attention to Potential Traffic Hazards
Authors: Stephens Amanda N. , Trawley Steven L. , Madigan Ruth , Groeger John A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPrevious research has suggested that angry drivers may respond differently to potential hazards. This study replicates and extends these findings. Under simulated driving conditions, two groups of drivers experienced conditions that would either increase angry mood (N = 12; men = 6) or not (control group, N = 12; men = 6). All drivers then performed a neutral drive, during which they encountered a number of traffic events not experienced in the initial drive. These included vehicles emerging from driveways into their path and jaywalking pedestrians. Subjective anger, eye‐movement behaviour and driving behaviours (speed and reaction times) were measured as drivers drove. Subjective moods (Profile of Mood States) were assessed before and after each drive. Anger‐provoked drivers reported reliably higher increases in angry mood when compared with the control group after the initial drive, and these increases remained stable across the subsequent neutral drive. During the neutral drive, anger‐provoked drivers demonstrated evidence of more heuristic style processing of potential hazards, with shorter initial gazes at less apparent hazards and longer latencies to look back at jaywalking pedestrians obscured by parked vehicles. Anger‐provoked drivers also took longer to make corrective actions to avoid potential collisions. It is concluded that anger‐provoked drivers may initially make more superficial assessments of certain driving situations and consequently underestimate the inherent risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacist‐initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis: A multidisciplinary intervention for knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Marra Carlo A. , Cibere Jolanda , Grubisic Maja , Grindrod Kelly A. , Gastonguay Louise , Thomas Jamie M. , Embley Patrick , Colley Lindsey , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Khan Karim M. , Esdaile John M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveKnee osteoarthritis (OA) is a commonly undiagnosed condition and care is often not provided. Pharmacists are uniquely placed for launching a multidisciplinary intervention for knee OA.MethodsWe performed a cluster randomized controlled trial with pharmacies providing either intervention care or usual care (14 and 18 pharmacies, respectively). The intervention included a validated knee OA screening questionnaire, education, pain medication management, physiotherapy‐guided exercise, and communication with the primary care physician. Usual care consisted of an educational pamphlet. The primary outcome was the pass rate on the Arthritis Foundation's quality indicators for OA. Secondary outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lower Extremity Function Scale (LEFS), the Paper Adaptive Test‐5D (PAT‐5D), and the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3).ResultsOne hundred thirty‐nine patients were assigned to the control (n = 66) and intervention (n = 73) groups. There were no differences between the groups in baseline measures. The overall quality indicator pass rate was significantly higher in the intervention arm compared to the control arm (difference of 45.2%; 95% confidence interval 34.5, 55.9). Significant improvements were observed for the intervention care group as compared to the usual care group in the WOMAC global, pain, and function scores at 3 and 6 months (all P < 0.01); the PAT‐5D daily activity scores at 3 and 6 months (both P < 0.05); the PAT‐5D pain scores at 6 months (P = 0.05); the HUI3 single‐attribute pain scores at 3 and 6 months (all P < 0.05); and the LEFS scores at 6 months (P < 0.05).ConclusionPharmacists can launch a multidisciplinary intervention to identify knee OA cases, improve the utilization of treatments, and improve function, pain, and quality of life.
Sex differences in assessment of obesity in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Katz Patricia P. , Yazdany Jinoos , Trupin Laura , Schmajuk Gabriela , Margaretten Mary , Barton Jennifer , Criswell Lindsey A. , Yelin Edward H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of obesity and how accurately standard anthropometric measures identify obesity among men and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsDual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed for 141 persons with RA (56 men and 85 women). Two anthropometric proxies of obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC]) were compared to a DXA‐based obesity criterion. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure, relative to DXA. The association of body fat and anthropometric obesity measures with disease status and cardiovascular risk was assessed in multiple regression analyses, controlling for age and glucocorticoid use. All analyses were performed separately for men and women.ResultsA total of 20%, 32%, and 44% of women and 41%, 36%, and 80% of men were classified as obese by BMI, WC, and DXA, respectively. Cut points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat (BMI ≥26.1 kg/m2 for women and ≥24.7 kg/m2 for men; WC ≥83 cm for women and ≥96 cm for men). For women and men, higher percent fat was associated with poorer RA status. Anthropometric measures were more closely linked to RA status for women, but identified cardiovascular risk for both women and men.ConclusionA large percentage of this RA sample was overfat; DXA‐defined obesity was twice as common in men as in women. Utility of revised BMI and WC cut points compared to traditional cut points remains to be examined in prospective studies, but results suggest that lower, sex‐specific cut points may be warranted to better identify individuals at risk for poor RA and/or cardiovascular outcomes.
Learning from adaptive neural network output feedback control of uncertain ocean surface ship dynamics
Authors: Dai Shi‐Lu , Wang Min , Wang Cong , Li Liejun 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThis paper studies the problem of learning from adaptive neural network (NN) output feedback control of ocean surface ship without velocity measurements in uncertain dynamical environments. When only ship position and heading measurements are available for identification and control, using a high‐gain observer to estimate the unmeasurable velocities, we propose stable adaptive output feedback NN tracking control. Partial persistent excitation condition of some internal signals in the closed‐loop system is satisfied during tracking control to a recurrent reference trajectory. Under the persistent excitation condition, the proposed adaptive NN control is shown to be capable of acquiring knowledge on the uncertain ship dynamics in the stable control process and of storing the learned knowledge in memory. Subsequently, a novel NN learning control method exploiting the learned knowledge without readapting to the unknown ship dynamics is proposed to achieve closed‐loop stability and the improvement of the control performance. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of Filamentous Nanostructures in Organic‐Inorganic Composite Thin Films Deposited by Co‐Evaporation
Authors: Donhauser Daniela , Pfannmöller Martin , Dieterle Levin , Schultheiß Katrin , Schröder Rasmus R. , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Kröger Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNanostructures are important for a wide area of applications, but are very often difficult to fabricate. A novel and basic approach for controlled nanofilament growth in an organic/inorganic composite material is demonstrated. Thin films of MoO3‐doped 4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl are grown via vacuum sublimation and analyzed using advanced electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Using electron spectroscopic imaging in the core‐loss and low‐loss regime, MoO3 agglomerations are identified for different doping concentrations. A 3D reconstruction of the thin film yielded by electron tomography reveals a filamentous structure of MoO3 within the organic matrix. These filaments are preferentially oriented along the growth direction and are only a few nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, control of the filament growth is possible by changing the substrate temperature because for composites grown on substrates cooled to 120 K MoO3 agglomeration cannot be detected.
Surface State Mediated NIR Two‐Photon Fluorescence of Iron Oxides for Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
Authors: Liao Mei‐Yi , Wu Cheng‐Ham , Lai Ping‐Shan , Yu Jiashing , Lin Hong‐Ping , Liu Tzu‐Ming , Huang Chih‐Chia 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe development of fluorescent iron oxide nanomaterials is highly desired for multimodal molecular imaging. Instead of incorporating fluorescent dyes on the surface of iron oxides, a ligand‐assisted synthesis approach is developed to allow near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence in Fe3O4 nanostructures. Using a trimesic acid (TMA)/citrate‐mediated synthesis, fabricated Fe3O4 nanostructures can generate a NIR two‐photon florescence (TPF) peak around 700 nm under the excitation by a 1230‐nm femtosecond laser. By tailoring the absorption of Fe3O4 nanostructures toward NIR band, the NIR‐TPF efficiency can be greatly increased. Through internal etching, surface peeling, and ligand replacement, spectroscopic results validated that such resonantly enhanced NIR‐TPF is mediated by surface states with strong NIR‐IR absorption. This TPF signal evolution can be generalized to other iron oxide nanomaterials like magnetite nanoparticles and α‐Fe2O3 nanoplates. Using the developed fluorescent Fe3O4 nanostructures, it is demonstrated that their TPF and third harmonic generation (THG) contrast in the nonlinear optical microscopy of live cells. It is anticipated that the synthesized NIR photofunctional Fe3O4 will serve as a versatile platform for dual‐modality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as a magnet‐guided theranostic agent.
The effect of Ca on distribution of nitrogen species during coal pyrolysis in N2, CO2 and Ar atmospheres
Authors: Gu Ying , Liu Xiaowei , Zhao Bo , Liu Wenqiang , Xu Minghou 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTNitrogen species distribution during coal pyrolysis with Ca addition in N2, CO2 and Ar was studied at 1000 °C using a horizontal tube furnace. In particular, the effect of Ca on the distribution of nitrogen species in N2 and CO2 atmospheres, which were closer to pyrolysis processes of conversional air and oxy‐fuel combustion in comparison with inert Ar environment, was investigated for the first time in this work. It was found that Ca has a great effect on nitrogen species distribution during both coal and demineralized coal pyrolysis; on the other hand, CO2 causes the formation of NO. Demineralization increases the formation of HCN and char nitrogen, but there is little effect on NH3 formation during pyrolysis in N2, in contrast to pyrolysis in Ar atmosphere, which decreases NH3 formation. A significant reduction in char yield was found after char gasification in CO2 at 1000 °C. With two different Ca‐based additives, i.e., (CH3COO)2Ca and Ca(OH)2, char yield decreases with the increasing amount of Ca additives in both cases. The effect of Ca on HCN and NH3 formation during pyrolysis depends on both the form of Ca and the amount of addition. In most cases, HCN and NH3 formation decreases with Ca addition in Ar, but increases in N2. Ca addition slightly promotes HCN formation during pyrolysis in CO2. There is no NH3 detected during pyrolysis in CO2 because of the reaction of NH3 and CO2 in the background. In addition, NO concentration decreases sharply with increasing the amount of Ca addition in the atmosphere of CO2, which means that Ca has an effect not only on pyrolysis, but also on gasification of char in CO2. In most cases, char nitrogen increases with Ca addition in N2 or Ar. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Robust Controller for A 3‐DOF Flexible Robot with a Time Variant Payload
Authors: Feliu Vicente , Castillo Fernando , Jaramillo Victor , Partida Gonzalo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article describes a new control scheme designed for a three degree of freedom (3‐DOF) flexible robot. The control scheme consists of two multi variable control loops. The inner loop is the motor's position control system, while the outer loop controls the robot tip's position, thus canceling vibrations which are originated by the structural flexibility of the manipulator during movement. As it will be shown, the outer control loop is robust to payload variations. The outer loop performance is based on a perfect cancelation of the inner loop dynamics. The effects of not achieving such perfect cancelation are also studied, and rules for designing a robust controller in this case are developed. Simulations assuming different payloads have been carried out with successful results for trajectory tracking. Trajectory tracking with a variable payload is also achieved.
HIPK2: A tumour suppressor that controls DNA damage‐induced cell fate and cytokinesis
Authors: Hofmann Thomas G. , Glas Carolina , Bitomsky Nadja 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn response to DNA‐damage, cells have to decide between different cell fate programmes. Activation of the tumour suppressor HIPK2 specifies the DNA damage response (DDR) and tips the cell fate balance towards an apoptotic response. HIPK2 is activated by the checkpoint kinase ATM, and triggers apoptosis through regulatory phosphorylation of a set of cellular key molecules including the tumour suppressor p53 and the anti‐apoptotic corepressor CtBP. Recent work has identified HIPK2 as a regulator of the ultimate step in cytokinesis: the abscission of the mother and daughter cells. Since proper cytokinesis is essential for genome stability and maintenance of correct ploidy, this finding sheds new light on the tumour suppressor function of HIPK2. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms coordinating HIPK2 function and discuss its emerging role as a tumour suppressor.
Fiber alignment directs cell motility over chemotactic gradients
Authors: Sundararaghavan Harini G. , Saunders Randi L. , Hammer Daniel A. , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe ability of tissue engineered scaffolds to direct cell behavior is paramount for scaffold design. Cell migration can be directed by various methods including chemical, adhesive, mechanical, and topographical cues. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method to control topography and create fibrous scaffolds similar to that found in extracellular matrix. One major hurdle is limited cell infiltration and several studies have explored methods to alter electrospun materials to increase scaffold porosity; however, uniform cell distributions within scaffolds is still limited. Towards this, we investigated the motility of HUVECs on a model system of electrospun hyaluronic acid fibers under a gradient of VEGF and found that topographical cues dominate cell motility direction. Using time‐lapse microscopy, cell aspect ratio, and migration angle were measured; cells were directed in a chemical gradient and/or on aligned electrospun fibers. Measurements of the persistence time demonstrated an additive effect of the chemical gradient and fiber alignment. However, when fibers were aligned perpendicular to a chemical gradient, cells were directed by fiber alignment and there was no effect of the chemical gradient. These results suggest that topographical cues may be more influential than chemical cues in directing cell motility and should be considered in material design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1249–1254. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of microextraction by packed sorbent and micro‐liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry as a green approach in bioanalysis
Authors: Abdel‐Rehim Abbi , Abdel‐Rehim Mohamed 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study the use of micro‐liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (μLC‐MS/MS) was investigated in routine bioanalysis application for separation and quantification of pro‐drug AZD6319 (developed for aldezheimer treatment). Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used as sample clean‐up method. The focus of this study was put on the evaluation of the usability of smaller column diameters such as 1.0 and 0.3 mm instead of 2.1 mm in bioanalysis application to reduce solvent consumption and sample volumes. Solvent consumption was reduced by 80% when a 1.0 mm column was used compared with 2.1 mm column. Robustness of the micro‐columns in terms of accuracy and precision was investigated. The application of μLC‐MS/MS for the quantitative analysis of AZD6319 in plasma samples showed good selectivity, accuracy and precision. The coefficients of determination (R2) were >0.998 for all runs using plasma samples on the studied micro‐columns. The inter‐day accuracy values for quality control samples ranged from 99 to 103% and from 96 to 105% for 0.3 × 50 mm and 1.0 × 50 mm columns, respectively. The inter‐day precision values ranged from 4.0 to 9.0% and from 4.0 to 8.0% for 0.3 × 50 and 1.0 × 50 mm columns, respectively. In addition the sensitivity was increased by three times using a 1.0 mm column compared with 2.1 mm. Furthermore, robustness of the micro‐columns from different manufacturers was investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.