bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peut-on traduire «  savamment  » tout en faisant des bévues incroyables  ? Andreas Divus et son Aristophane
Authors: Beta Simone 
Published: April 2015

Bien que la première traduction complète d’Aristophane, qui parut en 1538, ne soit pas parfaite, le rôle qu’elle a joué dans la connaissance de son œuvre a été extrêmement important, car cette traduction remporta un vif succès et fut réimprimée six fois entre 1539 et 1597. Dans sa préface, le traducteur, Andreas Divus, un professeur de Capodistrie, déclare n’avoir pas essayé de reproduire l’élégance, la beauté et le charme des mots  : il s’est contenté de la traduire de la façon la plus fidèle possible, pour exprimer les figures poétiques du style d’Aristophane. Or c’est précisément dans sa résolution de traduire le sens des mots que se trouvent les mérites et les défauts de son entreprise  : on peut parler de mérites, parce que sa traduction mot à mot a permis à qui possédait une connaissance limitée de la langue grecque de comprendre le texte d’Aristophane  ; mais on peut aussi parler de défauts, dans la mesure où le désir d’être toujours fidèle au texte original a produit une traduction qui est soit incorrecte soit incompréhensible. Les «  savants  » qui se sont occupés de cette traduction «  savante  » ont toujours négligé ses mérites et souligné ses défauts. Dans cette contribution, j’essaierai de souligner, à côté de défauts de Divus, ses mérites de traducteur, en analysant les Cavaliers, la plus politique de ses comédies.
Back to the Archives: Elias Bickerman in the Fonds Louis Robert
Authors: Baumgarten Albert I. 
Published: April 2015

This paper examines the letters of Elias Bickerman (1897-1981) to Louis Robert (1904-1985) found in the Fonds Louis Robert in Paris. It also considers comments by Henri Seyrig (1895-1973) writing to Robert concerning Bickerman in letters in that same collection. It argues that Bickerman’s agenda in Der Gott der Makkabäer was a matter of intense personal belief, in which history confirmed theology. This was opposed to the open attitude, in which conclusions were subject to revision, in Institutions des Séleucides. The paper utilizes that dogmatic setting to help explain why Der Gott der Makkabäer, while acknowledged as brilliant and original, convinced few other scholars. This conclusion is confirmed by comments concerning Bickerman in Seyrig’s letters to Robert. In the end, the article argues that while Der Gott der Makkabäer may have been a «  failure  » it should be compared to the failure of Columbus in reaching India, as a result of which Columbus discovered a new world. Few scholars ever achieve such important and creative failures as Bickerman did in Der Gott der Makkabäer.
De la page au partage, du livre au live
Authors: Vorger Camille 
Published: April 2015

Le slam se définit comme une forme moderne d’oralittérature. Ancré dans des traditions ancestrales liées à l’oralité, destiné à être déclamé en public, il est d’abord « encré » sur le papier, les mots courant sur la page avant d’être offerts en partage. Or les slameurs sont à ce point dans l’écriture partagée que certains d’entre eux nous ont donné à voir, lors d’entretiens menés dans le cadre de notre recherche, leurs manuscrits, carnets et autres blocs-notes, à commencer par le poète Souleymane Diamanka dont les écrits préparatoires se trouvent au cœur du présent article. Autant de « grifouillis » (Aragon) qui sont le lieu de jeux graphiques, jeux de lettres et exercices de styles témoignant d’une écriture en gestation. Cette écriture que l’on pourrait qualifier de « vocale », tant la finalité scénique est prégnante, est aussi une écriture palimpseste faite de réécritures successives. Encre vivante, mouvement « colludique » dont l’un des prolongements et mode de publication est la diffusion de ces jeux d’écriture sur la toile. Ainsi le slameur nous a-t-il laissé entrevoir son atelier, lieu d’un poiein en acte et d’un acte qui tend à intégrer le destinataire, l’auditor in poema.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2–Infected Dendritic Cells Produce TNF-α, Which Enhances CCR5 Expression and Stimulates HIV Production from Adjacent Infected Cells
Authors: Marsden Valerie , Donaghy Heather , Bertram Kirstie M. , Harman Andrew N. , Nasr Najla , Keoshkerian Elizabeth , Merten Steven , Lloyd Andrew R. , Cunningham Anthony L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Prior HSV-2 infection enhances the acquisition of HIV-1 &gt;3-fold. In genital herpes lesions, the superficial layers of stratified squamous epithelium are disrupted, allowing easier access of HIV-1 to Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis and perhaps even dendritic cells (DCs) in the outer dermis, as well as to lesion infiltrating activated T lymphocytes and macrophages. Therefore, we examined the effects of coinfection with HIV-1 and HSV-2 on monocyte-derived DCs (MDDC). With simultaneous coinfection, HSV-2 significantly stimulated HIV-1 DNA production 5-fold compared with HIV-1 infection alone. Because &lt;1% of cells were dually infected, this was a field effect. Virus-stripped supernatants from HSV-2–infected MDDCs were shown to enhance HIV-1 infection, as measured by HIV-1–DNA and p24 Ag in MDDCs. Furthermore these supernatants markedly stimulated CCR5 expression on both MDDCs and LCs. TNF-α was by far the most prominent cytokine in the supernatant and also within HSV-2–infected MDDCs. HSV-2 infection of isolated immature epidermal LCs, but not keratinocytes, also produced TNF-α (and low levels of IFN-β). Neutralizing Ab to TNF-α and its receptor, TNF-R1, on MDDCs markedly inhibited the CCR5-stimulating effect of the supernatant. Therefore, these results suggest that HSV-2 infection of DCs in the skin during primary or recurrent genital herpes may enhance HIV-1 infection of adjacent DCs, thus contributing to acquisition of HIV-1 through herpetic lesions.
mTORC2 Deficiency in Myeloid Dendritic Cells Enhances Their Allogeneic Th1 and Th17 Stimulatory Ability after TLR4 Ligation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Raïch-Regué Dàlia , Rosborough Brian R. , Watson Alicia R. , McGeachy Mandy J. , Turnquist Hēth R. , Thomson Angus W. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key integrative kinase that functions in two independent complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. In contrast to the well-defined role of mTORC1 in dendritic cells (DC), little is known about the function of mTORC2. In this study, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time an enhanced ability of mTORC2-deficient myeloid DC to stimulate and polarize allogeneic T cells. We show that activated bone marrow–derived DC from conditional Rictor−/− mice exhibit lower coinhibitory B7-H1 molecule expression independently of the stimulus and enhanced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-23 production following TLR4 ligation. Accordingly, TLR4-activated Rictor−/− DC display augmented allogeneic T cell stimulatory ability, expanding IFN-γ+ and IL-17+, but not IL-10+ or CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vitro. A similar DC profile was obtained by stimulating Dectin-1 (C-type lectin family member) on Rictor−/− DC. Using novel CD11c-specific Rictor−/− mice, we confirm the alloreactive Th1 and Th17 cell-polarizing ability of endogenous mTORC2-deficient DC after TLR4 ligation in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines produced by Rictor−/− DC after LPS stimulation are key in promoting Th1/Th17 responses. These data establish that mTORC2 activity restrains conventional DC proinflammatory capacity and their ability to polarize T cells following TLR and non-TLR stimulation. Our findings provide new insight into the role of mTORC2 in regulating DC function and may have implications for emerging therapeutic strategies that target mTOR in cancer, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
Pattern Recognition Receptor–Initiated Innate Antiviral Responses in Mouse Epididymal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zhu Weiwei , Zhao Shutao , Liu Zhenghui , Cheng Lijing , Wang Qing , Yan Keqin , Chen Qiaoyuan , Wu Han , Han Daishu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractViral infections of the epididymis may impair male fertility and spread sexually transmitted pathogens. The innate antiviral immune responses in the epididymis have yet to be intensively investigated. This study found that mouse epididymal epithelial cells (EECs) constitutively express several viral sensors, including TLR3, retinoic acid–inducible gene I, and DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors. Other DNA sensors, including p204 and cGMP-AMP synthase, can be induced by transfection of synthetic HSV genomic DNA (HSV60). TLR3 and retinoic acid–inducible gene I in EECs can be activated by their common agonist, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. The signaling pathway of DNA sensors can be initiated by HSV60. Both poly(I:C) and HSV60 induced the expression of type 1 IFNs and various antiviral proteins, including IFN-stimulated gene 15, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, and myxovirus resistance 1. Poly(I:C), but not HSV60, also dramatically induced the expression of major proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and MCP-1, in EECs. In vivo assay confirmed that the local injection of poly(I:C) or HSV60 induced the innate antiviral responses in EECs. This study provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the innate antiviral responses in the mouse epididymis.
In Vivo Suppression of Heat Shock Protein (HSP)27 and HSP70 Accelerates DMBA-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis by Inducing Antigenic Unresponsiveness to the Initiating Carcinogenic Chemical
Authors: Yusuf Nabiha , Nasti Tahseen H. , Ahmad Israr , Chowdhury Sanim , Mohiuddin Hasan , Xu Hui , Athar Mohammad , Timares Laura , Elmets Craig A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed in murine skin. HSP27 is present in the epidermis, and HSP70 can be found in both the epidermis and dermis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these proteins in cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis and to determine whether their effects on cell-mediated immune function were a contributing factor. In vivo inhibition of HSP27 and HSP70 produced a reduction in the T cell–mediated immune response to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and benzo(a)pyrene in C3H/HeN mice and resulted in a state of Ag-specific tolerance. When mice were pretreated with anti-HSP27 and anti-HSP70 Abs in vivo prior to subjecting them to a standard two-stage DMBA/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate cutaneous carcinogenesis protocol, the percentage of mice with tumors was much greater (p &lt; 0.05) in anti-HSP27– and HSP70–pretreated animals compared with mice pretreated with control Ab. Similar results were obtained when the data were evaluated as the cumulative number of tumors per group. Mice pretreated with HSP27 and HSP70 Abs developed more H-ras mutations and fewer DMBA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These findings indicate that in mice HSP27 and HSP70 play a key role in the induction of cell-mediated immunity to carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Bolstering the immune response to carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons may be an effective method for prevention of the tumors that they produce.
Macrophage Epoxygenase Determines a Profibrotic Transcriptome Signature
Authors: Behmoaras Jacques , Diaz Ana Garcia , Venda Lara , Ko Jeong-Hun , Srivastava Prashant , Montoya Alex , Faull Peter , Webster Zoe , Moyon Ben , Pusey Charles D. , Abraham David J. , Petretto Enrico , Cook Terence H. , Aitman Timothy J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Epoxygenases belong to the cytochrome P450 family. They generate epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known about their role in macrophage function. By high-throughput sequencing of RNA in primary macrophages derived from rodents and humans, we establish the relative expression of epoxygenases in these cells. Zinc-finger nuclease-mediated targeted gene deletion of the major rat macrophage epoxygenase Cyp2j4 (ortholog of human CYP2J2) resulted in reduced epoxyeicosatrienoic acid synthesis. Cyp2j4−/− macrophages have relatively increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ levels and show a profibrotic transcriptome, displaying overexpression of a specific subset of genes (260 transcripts) primarily involved in extracellular matrix, with fibronectin being the most abundantly expressed transcript. Fibronectin expression is under the control of epoxygenase activity in human and rat primary macrophages. In keeping with the in vitro findings, Cyp2j4−/− rats show upregulation of type I collagen following unilateral ureter obstruction of the kidney, and quantitative proteomics analysis (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) showed increased renal type I collagen and fibronectin protein abundance resulting from experimentally induced crescentic glomerulonephritis in these rats. Taken together, these results identify the rat epoxygenase Cyp2j4 as a determinant of a profibrotic macrophage transcriptome that could have implications in various inflammatory conditions, depending on macrophage function.
Which Direction Is the Regulatory Quality Pendulum Taking?
Authors: Di Donato Luca 
Published: April 2015

Which Direction Is the Regulatory Quality Pendulum Taking?
This article seeks a systematic definition of regulatory quality. Most of the literature has recognised that the concept of regulatory quality is particularly difficult to define. Member states, international organisations, and others have produced studies on regulatory quality, and they have reached different findings. Even if regulatory quality is based on conventional good governance principles, the enforcement and measurement of the quality of regulations and of its tools within any single country can differ widely and be very complicated.For these reasons, Part I explores regulatory quality in the European Union and – through the analysis of the policies, reports, and documents – indicates which direction the regulatory quality pendulum has taken.Part II, basing itself on the results of Part I, provides a general definition of quality, and it based on the procedures that legislator should comply with to enact its rules.Part III confirms the relationship between regulatory quality and competitiveness, and, in particular, this link has become more solid because the financial crisis has promoted new regulatory reforms by member states.Finally, this article notes that the legislator’s objectives can be achieved if the former takes into account the real people, including their irrational choices, human errors, and limits.
Regulating Genetic Discrimination in the European Union
Authors: de Paor Aisling , Ferri Delia 
Published: April 2015

Regulating Genetic Discrimination in the European Union: Pushing the EU into Unchartered Territory or Ushering in a New Genomic Era?
Against the backdrop of rapid developments in genetic science and technology, one of the main concerns arising in this area is the potential use of genetic testing to discriminate, especially in the employment and insurance contexts. Employers and insurance companies may use the results of genetic tests to discriminate (primarily for economic advantage), based on perceptions of future health risks or future disabilities. This article explores the scope for an EU to effectively address genetic discrimination and the misuse of genetic information. It first provides a theoretical overview of the choice of regulatory frameworks. It then examines the scope and protection of current non- discrimination laws in the EU and investigates the possibility of an EU level response to address the misuse of genetic information.
The Rule of Law Reform and Judicial Education in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Khurshid 
Published: April 2015

The Rule of Law Reform and Judicial Education in Pakistan: Search for a Model
The article investigates the intrinsic and instrumental roles of judicial education in broader contours of the rule of law theory and reform practice in a developing country. It focuses on: firstly, the relationship between judicial education and the rule of law theory and reform practice; secondly, whether and how judicial education can promote the rule of law; and third, the challenges to a successful judicial education in strengthening the rule of law. Examining Pakistan as a case study, the article explores challenges to judicial education in Pakistan and critically assesses Pakistan’s rule of law reform efforts to overcome those challenges. Evidence shows that key challenges to judicial education in Pakistan are lack of a national judicial educational vision and a well thought out policy, coordinated efforts to training needs assessment, curriculum and faculty, research and learning best practices, as means of development and innovation. Of special concern is the role of judicial education in promoting the rule of law to address security issues embedded in (bad) governance. The article finds that in view of its initial limited success, the judicial academy of Pakistan’s terrorism-hit Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province may play a role model to improve judicial services and thereby help promote the rule of law in a post-conflict society.
Extra-Marital Children and Their Right to Inherit from Their Fathers in Botswana
Authors: Jonas Obonye 
Published: April 2015

Extra-Marital Children and Their Right to Inherit from Their Fathers in Botswana: A Critical Appraisal
Despite the fact that in recent years a number of states have extended to non-marital children many of the legal rights previously exclusively granted to legitimate children, Botswana still denies non-marital children a wide constellation of their basic rights. One such area where the rights of non-marital children are violated in Botswana is inheritance. In terms of the law of succession of Botswana, extra-marital children have no real legal rights to inherit from and through their father, both at customary law and Common Law. This article discusses and analyses the rule that excludes non-marital children from inheriting from and through their fathers under the two systems of laws. Its central claim is that this rule is antithetical to extra-marital children’s rights to equality, non-discrimination, and dignity. The article argues that the rule is devoid of social currency, has no place in a democratic society, and must be abolished.
Goodwill/Intangibles Accounting Rules, Earnings Management, and Competition
Authors: Nwogugu Michael I.C. 
Published: April 2015

Goodwill/Intangibles Accounting Rules, Earnings Management, and Competition
Intangible assets account for 60%-75% of the market capitalization value in most developed stock markets around the world. The US GAAP and IFRS Goodwill and Intangibles accounting regulations (ASC 805, Business Combinations; ASC 350, Goodwill and Intangible Assets; IFRS-3R, Business Combinations; and IAS 38, Accounting for Intangible Assets) are inefficient and create potentially harmful psychological biases. These regulations facilitate earnings management and money laundering, reduce competition within industries, and are likely to increase the incidence of fraud and misconduct. This article introduces a new goodwill/intangibles disclosure/accounting model that can reduce the incidence of fraud, information asymmetry, moral hazard, adverse selection, and inaccuracy. The article also introduces new economic psychological theories that can explain fraud, misconduct, and non-compliance arising from the implementation of the goodwill/intangibles accounting rules.
Un-Constitutionality of the Dodd-Frank Act
Authors: Nwogugu Michael I.C. 
Published: April 2015

Un-Constitutionality of the Dodd-Frank Act
‘Restoring American Financial Stability Act’ of 2010 (‘RAFSA’ or the ‘Dodd-Frank Act’) was the first set of statutes in any country that attempted to simultaneously address the Global Financial Crisis, the national securities law framework, the structure of the executive branch of the federal government, and delegation of powers to federal government agencies (to the detriment of state governments). Other countries have enacted statutes that are similar to RAFSA. However, RAFSA and similar statutes in many countries are inefficient and have failed to address the fundamental problems in financial systems, and parts of RAFSA are unconstitutional.
Development of a real-time, semi-capacitive impedance phlebography device
Authors: Weyer Sören , Weber Hannes , Kleeberg Christian , Leonhardt Steffen , Wartzek Tobias 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs is a disease which is caused by an increased blood pressure inside the veins of the leg and the resulting increase of the contained blood volume. This work focuses on developing a device which uses impedance plethysmography, also known as impedance phlebography, to obtain information about the blood volume in the lower leg and provides the possibility to measure the impedance semi contact-less, e.g. through compression stockings. Furthermore a real-time beat-to-beat interval detection algorithm was implemented. Finally, the function of the developed impedance measuring system and the whole system was verified by comparing it with a gold standard. In comparison to the conductive coupling, the system performed similarly. The analysis showed that the developed system is suitable for semi-capacitive IPG. The algorithm was implemented conservatively since it provided a good false-positive rate of 0 %, but only a moderate sensitivity of about 68 %. Reliable and continuous measurement of the pulse signal was only possible in periods of immobility.
Soutenir une dynamique de changement dans les pratiques collaboratives : les lieux d’éducation associés à l’Institut français de l’éducation
Authors: Laflotte Lara , Loisy Catherine 
Published: April 2015

L’objectif du présent article est d’interroger les pratiques collaboratives et la continuité entre recherche et pratiques, deux attentes du ministère de l’Éducation en France, dans le contexte de la mise en place des lieux d’éducation associés (LéA) à l’Institut français de l’éducation. Plusieurs méthodologies sont utilisées : analyse de carnets de bord, associations d’idées, entretiens semi- directifs. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les lieux d’éducation associés soutiennent une dynamique de changement dans les pratiques collaboratives au moyen d’une continuité recherche/pratiques, mais le lien avec la mise en place des lieux d’éducation associés ne peut pas être affirmé. Les relations entre acteurs du terrain et chercheurs montrent une prise de pouvoir partagée. Ces instruments nous encouragent à poursuivre le projet, tout en nous interrogeant sur les instruments à développer pour le soutenir.