bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piloting a Nationally Disseminated, Interactive Human Subjects Protection Program for Community Partners: Design, Content, and Evaluation
Authors: Solomon Stephanie , Eakin Brenda , Kirk Rosalind , Piechowski Patricia , Thomas Barbara 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFunders, institutions, and research organizations are increasingly recognizing the need for human subjects protections training programs for those engaged in academic research. Current programs tend to be online and directed toward an audience of academic researchers. Research teams now include many nonacademic members, such as community partners, who are less likely to respond to either the method or the content of current online trainings. A team at the CTSA‐supported Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research at the University of Michigan developed a pilot human subjects protection training program for community partners that is both locally implemented and adaptable to local contexts, yet nationally consistent and deliverable from a central administrative source. Here, the developers and the analysts of this program discuss its development, its content, and the results of its evaluation.
Effectiveness of exclosures for restoring soils and vegetation degraded by overgrazing in the Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Rong Yuping , Yuan Fei , Ma Lei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe desert steppe exclosure system was constructed in 2003 to implement the Chinese policy that banned livestock grazing to permit recovery of overgrazed rangeland. Empirical data on the effectiveness of excluding livestock grazing on restoring degraded desert soils and vegetation in western China is limited. Additional data are necessary for making alternative grassland management decisions and implementing effective subsidy policy. In this paper, desert vegetation in an extremely dry area, which was fenced to exclude winter sheep grazing in 2003, was compared to adjacent sites where winter grazing has been continued. Vegetation was sampled to determine plant species richness, vegetation composition and herb‐shrub layer cover. Soil properties were also measured. Results showed that excluding sheep grazing from desert steppe for 8 years increased plant cover and approximately tripled the biomass of standing vegetation, especially the shrub component. Livestock exclusion was more favorable for the growth of perennial grasses. Annual forbs were more abundant in the grazed area than in the ungrazed area. Species richness, evenness and diversity as measured by Simpson or Shannon‐Wiener indices did not differ between the grazed and ungrazed areas (P > 0.05), which indicated that species composition of the desert vegetation is difficult to restore. Excluding livestock grazing increased soil organic carbon in the 0–10 cm (by 66%) and 10–20 cm (26%) soil depths, total nitrogen in the 0–10 cm (110%) and 10–20 cm (60%) soil depths and total phosphorus in the 0–10 cm (114%) and 10–20 cm (64%) soil depths (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that vegetation biomass and soil properties can be improved by removal of sheep grazing, but had less impact on the species richness and diversity in this extremely dry region. It also affirms the current central government's policy of banning grazing to benefit the recovery of ecological services.
Frequent detection of BRAFV600E mutations in histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms
Authors: Go Heounjeong , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Huh Jooryung , Choi Suk Jin , Choi Yoo‐Duk , Cha Hee Jeong , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Park Gyeongsin , Min Sookee , Kim Ji Eun 
Published: April 2014

AimsIn this study, we examined BRAF mutation in a wide range of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms and compared its detection rate in each disease group.Methods and resultsA total of 129 cases of histiocytic, dendritic cell and other related lesions were reviewed from the archives of 10 hospitals in Korea. The cases consisted of histiocytic sarcoma, follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma, interdigitating cell sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Langerhans cell sarcoma, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, acute monocytic leukaemia M5, giant cell tumour, xanthogranuloma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour and Rosai–Dorfman disease. BRAF mutation analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing and PNAcqPCR. All the detected mutations of BRAF were V600E. Histiocytic sarcoma exhibited the highest rate of BRAFV600E (62.5%, five of eight), followed by Langerhans cell tumours (25%, seven of 28), FDC sarcoma (18.5%, five of 27) and giant cell tumour (6.7%, two of 30). The other tumours did not harbour BRAF mutations. In histiocytic sarcoma, FDC sarcoma and LCH, there were no significant differences in clinical features between tumours containing BRAFV600E and those with BRAFwt.ConclusionsBRAFV600E was not limited to LCH and was detected more frequently in histiocytic sarcoma. Our findings suggest that the BRAF pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis or malignant transformation of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms.
Low host‐tree preferences among saproxylic beetles: a comparison of four deciduous species
Authors: Milberg Per , Bergman Karl‐Olof , Johansson Helena , Jansson Nicklas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMany wood‐dwelling beetles rely on old hollow trees. In Europe, oaks are known to harbour a species‐rich saproxylic beetle fauna, while less is known regarding other broad‐leaved tree species. Furthermore, the extent to which saproxylic insect species have specialised on different tree species remains unknown.In this study, we sampled beetles through pitfall traps and window traps in four different tree species in a landscape with many old oaks.We recorded 242 saproxylic beetle species of which 27 were red‐listed. After eliminating the species recorded only on a single tree, few cases among the 171 remaining species in the data set were confined to a single tree species.Using odds ratios, we showed that 19 of the 171 beetle species showed significant associations withQuercus roburin at least one of the two trap types. ForAcer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsiorandTilia cordata, the corresponding numbers were 6, 2 and 5, respectively. One species showed a negative association withQ. robur.Using meta‐analysis, we quantified the degree of association between the beetle species and the tree species. The associations were most profound among species classified as obligate saproxylic rather than facultative in lifestyle. Overall, a significant association was only found withQ. robur.We conclude that the saproxylic fauna is dominated by non‐specialist species but includes a small proportion of truly host‐tree‐specific species. Furthermore, other broad‐leaved trees can be important as supporting habitats for many saproxylic organisms that have had presumed associations with oaks to date.
Realized Volatility Forecast: Structural Breaks, Long Memory, Asymmetry, and Day‐of‐the‐Week Effect
Authors: Yang Ke , Chen Langnan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigate the properties of the realized volatility in Chinese stock markets by employing the high‐frequency data of Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index and four individual stocks from Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and find that the volatility exhibits the properties of long‐term memory, structural breaks, asymmetry, and day‐of‐the‐week effect. In addition, the structural breaks only partially explain the long memory. To capture these properties simultaneously, we derive an adaptive asymmetry heterogeneous autoregressive model with day‐of‐the‐week effect and fractionally integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity errors (HAR‐D‐FIGARCH) and use it to conduct a forecast of realized volatility. Compared with other heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility models, the proposed model improves the in‐sample fit significantly. The proposed model is the best model for the day‐ahead realized volatility forecasts among the six models based on various loss functions by utilizing the superior predictive ability test.
Enhanced Coercivity of CaLaCo‐Doped SrM Hexaferrites by Microwave‐Calcination Technique
Authors: Chen Zhongyan , Wang Fan , Yan Shuoqing , Nie Yan , Feng Zekun , Chen Yajie , Harris Vincent G. 
Published: April 2014

The effects of microwave calcination (MC) and conventional muffle furnace calcination (CC) on the microstructure and magnetic properties of M‐type hexagonal ferrite Ca0.15La0.39Sr0.46Fe11.7Co0.3O19 were investigated. The phase composition, microstructure, and magnetic properties of calcined materials were examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry. Experiments indicated that the MC method can achieve both pure phase, and fine and uniform grains for both calcined and sintered M‐type hexaferrites. MC treatments resulted in a magnetization at 15 kOe of 67 emu/g and an increase in coercivity by 12% over the CC technique. The improved magnetic properties resulting from microwave‐assisted calcination were attributed to the formation of a fine‐grained morphology, which yielded a narrow grain size distribution. The microwave calcinating technique was shown here to possess unique potential for fabrication of high‐performance ferrites and possibly other ceramics.
Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Structure and Conduction of Polymer‐Derived SiC
Authors: Wang Kewei , Ma Baisheng , Li Xuqin , Wang Yiguang , An Linan 
Published: April 2014

We studied the electric conductivity and structure of polymer‐derived carbon‐rich amorphous SiC pyrolyzed at different temperatures. The conductivity of the material increased drastically with pyrolysis temperature followed an Arrhenius relationship with the activation energy of ~3.4 eV. Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the order of free carbon phase increased with pyrolysis temperature, accompanied by sp3→sp2 transition. The activation energy for such a structure change was 3.1–3.8 eV, which is close to that for the conductivity change. We thus believe that the increase in the conductivity was mainly due to the increase in conductivity of the free carbon phase.
Aged over 50 years and practising: separation and changes in nursing practice among New Zealand's older Registered Nurses
Authors: North Nicola , Leung William , Lee Rochelle 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo describe temporary and permanent separation patterns and changes in nursing practice over 5 years, for the 2006 cohort of nurses aged ≥50 years in New Zealand.BackgroundAs ageing populations increase demand on nursing services, workforce projections need better information on work and retirement decision‐making of large ‘baby‐boomer’ cohorts.DesignRetrospective cohort analysis using the Nursing Council of New Zealand administrative dataset.MethodsA cohort of all nurses aged ≥50 years on the register and practising in 2006 (n = 12,606) was tracked until 2011.ResultsAfter 5 years, a quarter (n = 3161) of the cohort (equivalent to 8·4% of all 2006 practising nurses) was no longer practising. There were no significant differences in permanent separation rates between the ages of 50–58; between 18–54% of annual separations re‐entered the workforce. On re‐entry, 56% returned to the same clinical area. Annual separations from the workforce declined sharply during the global financial crisis and more of those leaving re‐entered the workforce. In 2006, half the cohort worked in hospitals. After 5 years, the number of cohort nurses working in hospitals fell by 45%, while those in community settings increased by 12%. Over 5 years, weekly nursing practice hours declined significantly for every age‐band.ConclusionsTo retain the experience of older nurses for longer, workforce strategies need to take account of patterns of leaving and re‐entering the workforce, preferences for work hours and the differences between the sub‐groups across employment settings and practice areas.
Relevance of Differences between Net Income based on IFRS and Domestic Standards for European Firms
Authors: Barth Mary E. , Landsman Wayne R. , Young Danqing , Zhuang Zili 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNet income adjustments resulting from mandatory 2005 IFRS adoption in Europe are value relevant for financial and non‐financial firms. Differences in relevance of the aggregate adjustment and adjustments related to several IFRS standards, for financial and non‐financial firms and across country groups, suggest differences in domestic standards and institutions affect investors’ assessment of the relevance of IFRS accounting amounts. Despite these differences, except for French/German non‐financial firms, investors view net income measured using IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement as more relevant than that measured using domestic standards, which is notable because IAS 39 was highly controversial in Europe.
Managerial Ownership and Financial Analysts’ Information Environment
Authors: Han Sam , Jin Justin Yiqiang , Kang Tony , Lobo Gerald 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite the importance of sell‐side financial analysts as information intermediaries in the capital market, little is known about how managerial equity ownership is associated with their information environment. Using Barron, Kim, Lim and Stevens’ (1998) framework for measuring the precision of financial analysts’ information, we observe that managerial ownership is positively associated with the precision of financial analysts’ public (common) and private (idiosyncratic) information, largely consistent with the alignment view of managerial equity ownership. These results are robust to controlling for various economic and statistical factors that might affect the inference.
Aborigine‐managed forest, savanna and grassland: biome switching in montane eastern Australia
Authors: Butler Don W. , Fensham Roderick J. , Murphy Brett P. , Haberle Simon G. , Bury Sarah J. , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo assess hypotheses about the role of anthropogenic fire in the maintenance and origin of a fine‐scale vegetation mosaic of rain forest, eucalypt savanna and grassland.LocationBunya Mountains, subtropical eastern Australia.MethodsA time series of vegetation maps was compiled from historical and recent aerial photography and field surveys. Geospatial models were constructed of environmental domains for rain forest, savanna and grassland, and for areas of biome change. Grassland soils were analysed for carbon isotope ratios (δ13C), and radiocarbon (14C) dates were acquired for bulk samples from a range of depths.ResultsAnalysis revealed weak associations between topography and the distribution of rain forest, savanna and grassland, and their patterns of recent change. Grassland occupied an environmental domain intermediate between rain forest and savanna and was more than four times as likely to occur within a matrix of rain forest rather than savanna. There was a large proportional reduction in the area of both grassland (−35%) and savanna (−19%) between 1961 and 2006 because of the expansion of rain forest. However, the greater initial extent of savanna meant that the areal loss of savanna was an order of magnitude greater than for grassland (1433 vs. 146 ha). There was no evidence of abrupt changes in δ13C in grassland soil profiles, indicating stability of the vegetation over the last 2000 years.Main conclusionsThere is no simple gradient in ‘tree suitability’ from rain forest, through savanna, to treeless grassland on the Bunya Mountains. A general absence of fire since the 19th century has greatly reduced the extent of grassy savanna and grassland formations, to the advantage of rain forest. These results support the hypothesis that the vegetation mosaic on the Bunya Mountains is a cultural artefact and testament to millennia of skilful and persistent burning. We could not conclusively reject the hypothesis that the grasslands are Pleistocene relicts that have declined throughout the Holocene; nonetheless, an explanation more consistent with the evidence overall is that the grasslands must have had periods of expansion during the Holocene, probably as a consequence of severe fires that have destroyed patches of rain forest.
Southern Hemisphere temperate tree lines are not climatically depressed
Authors: Cieraad Ellen , McGlone Matt S. , Huntley Brian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimSouthern temperate tree lines are found at low elevations compared with their Northern Hemisphere counterparts. They are also regarded as forming at warm temperatures, which has been attributed to taxon‐specific limitations. Using New Zealand tree lines as an example, we assess whether these tree lines are anomalously warm compared with the global mean.LocationNew Zealand.MethodsSoil and air temperatures were measured over 2 years at six New Zealand tree line sites, and compared with other local and global growing season temperature data. In New Zealand and other oceanic regions, the long, variable seasonal transitions make calculations of mean growing season temperatures highly sensitive to how the growing season is defined. We used both the conventional (wide) definition (from when mean weekly root‐zone temperature exceeds 3.2 °C in spring, to when it first falls below 3.2 °C in autumn) and a narrow definition (the period during which temperatures are continuously above 3.2 °C). Application of these criteria leads to similar mean growing season temperatures in continental regions, but different ones in oceanic regions. We tested whether growing season temperatures differ between northern and southern temperate tree lines.ResultsNew Zealand tree lines had a mean root‐zone temperature during the wide growing season of 7.0 °C ± 0.4 SD, not significantly different from those at northern temperate tree lines. The mean temperature of the narrow growing season was 7.8 °C, warmer than tree lines elsewhere, but still within the range reported for temperate tree lines (7–8 °C).Main conclusionsWhilst they are found at lower elevations, New Zealand tree lines form at temperatures similar to those at Northern Hemisphere temperate tree lines. Together with similar recent evidence from Chile, these results refute the previously postulated taxon‐specific limitation hypothesis, and suggest these southern temperate tree lines are not climatically depressed, but are governed by the same thermal threshold as other tree lines worldwide.
Comparison of pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamics of liposomal and free doxorubicin in tumour-bearing mice following intratumoral injection
Authors: Ren Shuangxia , Li Cuiyun , Dai Yu , Li Ning , Wang Xin , Tian Fengjie , Zhou Sufeng , Qiu Zhixia , Lu Yang , Zhao Di , Chen Xijing , Chen Dingding 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by severe systemic side effects. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy that combined the liposomal DOX (LipDOX) and intratumoral injection to reduce the toxicity and enhance the antitumor efficiency.

Methods
The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamics of LipDOX compared with free DOX were investigated by intratumoral injection in murine H22 hepatoma-bearing mice at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. A sensitive HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine the DOX levels in plasma and tissues. The tumour volume and body weight of mice were measured every 3 days.

Key findings
LipDOX administration resulted in 1.3-fold longer mean residence time (MRT) and 2.4-fold higher area under concentration (AUC)-time curve compared with free DOX administration in tumour. Free DOX caused higher peak plasma concentration (Cmax) than LipDOX in plasma and major organs, which may result in significant mortality for acute cardiac toxicity. After successive 21 days treatment, the final volume of tumour treated by normal saline, free DOX and LipDOX was 5.0-, 1.3-fold higher and 1.6-fold lower than the initial tumour volume, respectively.

Conclusions
Our results indicated that the intratumoral injection of LipDOX is a promising approach with higher therapeutic efficacy and lower systemic toxicity than free DOX.
Penile Artery Shunt Syndrome: A Novel Cause of Erectile Dysfunction after Penile Revascularization Surgery
Authors: Pavlinec Jonathan G. , Hakky Tariq S. , Yang Christopher , Massis Kamal , Munarriz Ricardo , Carrion Rafael E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Penile revascularization is a surgical treatment option for erectile dysfunction (ED) in healthy individuals due to a focal arterial occlusion in the absence of generalized vascular disease. Most described failures have been attributed to graft stenosis or disruption of the anastomosis.

Aim
We report a novel phenomenon called Penile Artery Shunt Syndrome that contributed to persistent ED in a patient after penile microvascular arterial bypass surgery.

Methods
A 26-year-old man presented for evaluation of long-standing ED, which was attributed to trauma sustained 12 years earlier. He had difficulty obtaining and maintaining erections despite oral pharmacotherapy. Clinical data related to the case were studied, analyzed, and reviewed with urologic and radiologic specialists at multiple centers that collaborated in the care of this patient.

Main Outcome Measures
Penile duplex ultrasound peak systolic velocities and five-item International Index for Erectile Function questionnaire scores were the main outcome measures.

Results
Initial diagnostic workup of the patient confirmed severe insufficiency of the left cavernosal artery, with no evidence of venous leak. The patient underwent penile microvascular arterial bypass surgery with anastomosis of the left inferior epigastric artery to the left dorsal penile artery. The patient had persistence of severe ED despite patent anastomosis by penile duplex ultrasound. Subsequent arteriography revealed an arterial shunt due to an aberrant obturator artery arising from the donor inferior epigastric artery. The patient underwent embolization of the aberrant obturator artery, with resolution of the shunt and marked improvement in erectile function.

Conclusions
The presence of an aberrant obturator artery arising from the inferior epigastric artery may predispose to persistent ED after revascularization due to the creation of a shunt phenomenon. Pelvic arteriography may be useful in identifying anomalous anatomic considerations prior to penile revascularization and to evaluate patients with persistent postoperative ED.
The filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora can survive in ambient air without carbonic anhydrases
Authors: Lehneck Ronny , Elleuche Skander , Pöggeler Stefanie 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) is catalysed by metalloenzymes termed carbonic anhydrases (CAs). CAs have been identified in all three domains of life and can be divided into five evolutionarily unrelated classes (α, β, γ, δ and ζ) that do not share significant sequence similarities. The function of the mammalian, prokaryotic and plant α‐CAs has been intensively studied but the function of CAs in filamentous ascomycetes is mostly unknown. The filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora codes for four CAs, three of the β‐class and one of the α‐class. Here, we present a functional analysis of CAS4, the S. macrospora α‐class CA. The CAS4 protein was post‐translationally glycosylated and secreted. The knockout strain Δcas4 had a significantly reduced rate of ascospore germination. To determine the cas genes required for S. macrospora growth under ambient air conditions, we constructed double and triple mutations of the four cas genes in all possible combinations and a quadruple mutant. Vegetative growth rate of the quadruple mutant lacking all cas genes was drastically reduced compared to the wild type and invaded the agar under normal air conditions. Likewise the fruiting bodies were embedded in the agar and completely devoid of mature ascospores.