bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Capitalism
Authors: Hall Peter A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractScholarship on varieties of capitalism (VofC) explores the ways in which the institutions structuring the political economy affect patterns of economic performance or policy making and the distribution of well‐being. Contesting the claim that there is one best route to superior economic performance, a number of schemas have been proposed to explain why countries have often been able to secure substantial rates of growth in different ways, often with relatively egalitarian distributions of income. Prominent among them is a VofC analysis focused on the developed democracies that distinguishes liberal and coordinated market economies according to the ways in which firms coordinate their endeavors. On the basis of institutional complementarities among subspheres of the political economy, it suggests that the institutional structure of the political economy confers comparative institutional advantages, notably for radical and incremental innovation, which explains why economies have not converged in the context of globalization. Although this framework is contested, it has inspired new research on many subjects, including the basis for innovation, the determinants of social policy, the grounds for international negotiation, and the character of institutional change. In this issue area, there is promising terrain for further research into the origins of varieties of capitalism, the factors that drive institutional change in the political economy, how institutional arrangements in the subspheres of the political economy interact with one another, the normative underlay for capitalism, and the effects of varieties of capitalism on multiple dimensions of well‐being.
Virtual Worlds as Laboratories
Authors: Ross Travis L. , Castronova Edward , Knowles Isaac 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA virtual world is a persistent space where tens, hundreds, thousands, or even millions of users interact with each other and a mediated environment defined as a physical space through rules created by designers and enforced by computer code. Researchers have argued that these characteristics make virtual worlds particularly well suited for conducting parallel experiments to test macro‐level social theory. The purpose of this essay is to provide an introduction into virtual worlds research. It is not an exhaustive resource chronicling the history of virtual worlds, but rather an introduction broken into three sections for those wishing to learn more about the past, present, and future directions of the topic. First, it explores what researchers have said about using virtual worlds research and the fields of research where virtual worlds have been used. In doing so, it focuses on research in video games studies and complex systems. Second, it examines cutting‐edge work in virtual worlds research, identifying that both academia and the game industry will play a significant role in the success and direction. Third, it identifies six key issues that scholars using virtual worlds research will face as they move forward.
Visualizing Globalization
Authors: Mahutga Matthew C. , Nash‐Parkera Robert 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay reviews current approaches to visualizing globalization. We give special attention to relational data‐analytic approaches that implement social network analysis and geographic information systems, and emphasize the social structure of globalization as revealed in cross‐national and city‐to‐city relations. Cross‐national relations include international trade, comemberships in international governmental organization (IGO) and international nongovernmental organization (INGO), and other kinds of cross‐national relations. City‐to‐city relations include air‐passenger flows, transnational corporation (TNC) headquarter–subsidiary relations, among others. We conclude by discussing future directions in visualizing globalization. The analytical frontier in visualizing globalization lies squarely in statistical/model‐based approaches to spatial and social network analysis. While these analytical approaches hold much promise for visualizing globalization, the dearth of geocoded subnational relational data and the complexity inherent to modeling them create significant obstacles.
Vocal Communication in Primates
Authors: Slocombe Katie E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVocal communication is common in the animal kingdom. Researchers often examine vocal communication in nonhuman primates (primates) with the aim of identifying similarities and differences with human language and speech, in order to trace the evolutionary origins of our complex communication system. Primates can produce distinct calls in response to specific events, such as the discovery of a certain predator, and listeners seem to understand what these calls refer to. Although on the surface there are similarities between this type of communication and human referential words, the mental processes that underlie them may be very different. While in general the flexibility shown by primate receivers may demonstrate some commonalities with humans, there is much more controversy over whether there are similarities between the production of primate vocalizations and language. It is widely accepted that primates, unlike humans, lack the ability to generate new vocalizations. Although this means primates have a closed repertoire of calls that cannot be expanded, primates are capable of combining their existing calls to generate new messages. The degree of voluntary control and intentionality involved in the use of calls is also a matter of debate, with recent evidence on both a neural and behavioral level challenging traditional assumptions that primate vocalizations are used in an automatic, reflexive manner. More research is needed to examine the mental processes underlying communicative behavior in both the producer and the receiver. In the future adopting a more holistic, multimodal approach to studying primate communication is likely to challenge and ultimately improve our understanding of primate communication and the evolution of human language.
War and Social Movements
Authors: Tarrow Sidney 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn his scientific production, Charles Tilly broke new ground in two major areas: the study of war and state‐building and the study of contentious politics and social movements. Many scholars followed him and elaborated on each of these strands, but few—including Tilly—attempted to link them together. Both in the historical war and state‐building and in recent “new wars,” social movements—and contentious politics in general—play a vigorous but a poorly understood role. Drawing on Tilly's insights, this essay sets out five general hypotheses relating contention to war making and illustrates them with evidence from three historical episodes from French, American, and Italian history, and from the recent experience of the “global war on terror.”
What is Neuroticism, and Can We Treat it?
Authors: Ametaj Amantia , Sauer‐Zavala Shannon , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe review the substantive role of neuroticism and related temperaments such as extroversion in the development and maintenance of anxiety, mood, and related disorders subsumed under the termemotional disorders(EDs). We note that splitting these disorders into discrete categories as in the currentDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM‐5) diagnoses may be highlighting relatively superficial differences. Research on the structure of anxiety, mood, and related disorders indicates that neuroticism, emerging from genetic, neurobiological, and psychological factors, is central to the development of these disorders. We make a case for shifting the focus of psychological treatment of EDs to target core temperaments such as neuroticism, and discuss a dimensional approach to assessing EDs that focuses on the underlying temperament. We examine key issues requiring additional research to evaluate this possibility.
What is Special about Specialization?
Authors: Underhill Anne P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay argues that several key issues regarding craft specialization deserve to be further investigated. These include how specialization develops, variation in strategies to achieve intensification of production, causal factors for technological innovation versus technological conservatism, and how specialization changes in relation to the development of urbanism. Recent studies moving us forward in productive directions with respect to methodology examine the value of goods in specific social contexts, consider the impact of ritual life on craft production, and more thoroughly assess the sources of variation in finished products.
Why Do Governments Abuse Human Rights?
Authors: Moore Will H. , Welch Ryan M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBecause the abuse of human beings is abhorrent, we normatively expect governments to respect those rights. However, throughout human history, abuse of human begins has been the norm. Governments abuse rights because doing so helps leaders exercise, expand, or retain their power. Normatively, this is troubling. Yet, as a positive matter, it should not be surprising. We begin the essay explaining why this is so, and then turn to the question that broadly captures the research agendas of those studying the topic of human rights: how can people constrain Leviathan? Over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, several foundational studies helped establish a generally agreed on account that governments respond to dissent with coercion. Domestically, democracy and economic output both reduce rights abuses, while large populations increase repression. The impact of international characteristics is less well developed. In fact, what is known is that the international human right regime is complex and that norms, treaties, and international courts do not have a consistent effect on a countrys' respect for rights. Researchers are now studying complex relationships between domestic and international factors. For instance, the domestic judiciary of a country influences the extent to which human rights treaties constrain government abuse of rights. Over the coming decade, we expect scholars to produce considerable new knowledge about the impact of norms, treaties, and international courts on the states' (lack of) respect for human rights.
Objects of Urban Security PartII: Emerging Trends
Authors: Molotch Harvey , Coe Martha 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSecuritythings––intrinsic aspects of the built environment––offer a way to understand an important subset of life encounters while offering up clues of surrounding social relations and political structures. Security projects inveigle citizens in pursuit of everyday goals. For authorities, they set up special challenges both for gaining public acquiescence and for dealing with those who oppose them. As with all public objects, including those as mundane as trash bins, outcomes––for better or worse––involve specific manipulations and negotiations, material as well as ideological. Especially when justified as “security,” they have––we argue––negative consequences on other individual and collective goals. We have detailed this argument in the companion piece to this essay (see Part I: Background & Research Starts by same authors in this volume; see also Molotch, 2012) and carry it forward here toward some larger implications.
Heuristics: Tools for an Uncertain World
Authors: Neth Hansjörg , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe distinguish between situations ofrisk, where all options, consequences, and probabilities are known, and situations ofuncertainty, where they are not. Probability theory and statistics are the best tools for deciding under risk but not under uncertainty, which characterizes most relevant problems that humans have to solve. Uncertainty requires simple heuristics that are robust rather than optimal. We propose to think of the mind as anadaptive toolboxand introduce the descriptive study of heuristics, their building blocks, and the core capacities they exploit. The question of which heuristic to select for which class of problems is the topic of the normative study ofecological rationality. We discuss earlier views on the nature of heuristics that maintained that heuristics are always less accurate because they ignore information and demand less effort. Contrary to this accuracy–effort trade‐off view, heuristics can lead to more accurate inferences—under uncertainty—than strategies that use more information and computation. The study of heuristics opens up a new perspective on the nature of both cognition and rationality. In a world of uncertainty,Homo sapiensmight well be calledHomo heuristicus.
Cyclone contribution to dust transport over the Mediterranean region
Authors: Flaounas Emmanouil , Kotroni Vassiliki , Lagouvardos Konstantinos , Kazadzis Stelios , Gkikas Antonis , Hatzianastassiou Nikolaos 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study addresses the question of cyclone contribution to dust transport events over the Mediterranean. For this reason, we tracked and associated all intense cyclones in the period 2005–2012 with satellite estimations of the aerosol optical depth, the aerosol index and the aerosol Ångström exponent. Results show that cyclones are related with up to 20% of the total dust events over the Mediterranean, especially affecting its eastern side. When considering only the extreme dust events, the cyclone contribution may reach 70%, highlighting cyclones as one of the main factors for extreme dust transport events in the region.
Continuous Transfer Hydrogenation of Sugars to Alditols with Bioderived Donors over Cu–Ni–Al Catalysts
Authors: Scholz David , Aellig Christof , Mondelli Cecilia , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 10/2015 is provided by the group of Prof. Javier Pérez‐Ramírez at the ETH Zurich. The cover depicts the give‐and‐take concept at the heart of an emerging continuous transfer hydrogenation process for the conversion of sugars to alditols. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201403005.
An exchanged folded hypercube‐based topology structure for interconnection networks
Authors: Qi Heng , Li Yang , Li Keqiu , Stojmenovic Milos 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThis paper focuses on the topology structure of interconnection networks. To overcome drawbacks in the existing hypercube structure, we present an exchanged folded hypercube (EFH) structure, which is an improvement of the exchanged hypercube. Compared with the existing hypercube structures, EFH shows better performance in terms of many metrics such as smaller diameter, lower cost factor, and constant node degree. In this paper, we first introduce the structure of an EFH; then, we propose a routing algorithm and a load‐balancing algorithm for EFHs. Finally, we analyze the fault tolerance characteristics of EFHs including fault diameter and the cost effectiveness factor. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compiling Vector Pascal to the XeonPhi
Authors: Chimeh Mozhgan , Cockshott Paul , Oehler Susanne B. , Tousimojarad Ashkan , Xu Tian 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIntel's XeonPhi is a highly parallel x86 architecture chip made by Intel. It has a number of novel features which make it a particularly challenging target for the compiler writer. This paper describes the techniques used to port the Glasgow Vector Pascal Compiler to this architecture and assess its performance by comparisons of the XeonPhi with 3 other machines running the same algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelization of a graph‐cut based algorithm for hierarchical clustering of web documents
Authors: Seshadri Karthick , Shalinie S. Mercy 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWe propose a parallelization scheme for an existing algorithm for constructing a web‐directory, that contains categories of web documents organized hierarchically. The clustering algorithm automatically infers the number of clusters using a quality function based on graph cuts. A parallel implementation of the algorithm has been developed to run on a cluster of multi‐core processors interconnected by an intranet. The effect of the well‐known Latent Semantic Indexing on the performance of the clustering algorithm is also considered. The parallelized graph‐cut based clustering algorithm achieves an F‐measure in the range [0.69,0.91] for the generated leaf‐level clusters while yielding a precision‐recall performance in the range [0.66,0.84] for the entire hierarchy of the generated clusters. As measured via empirical observations, the parallel algorithm achieves an average speedup of 7.38 over its sequential variant, at the same time yielding a better clustering performance than the sequential algorithm in terms of F‐measure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ato‐Gal4 fly lines for gene function analysis: Eya is required in late progenitors for eye morphogenesis
Authors: Yu Linlin , Zhou Qingxiang , Pignoni Francesca 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe Gal4/UAS system is one of the most powerful tools for the study of cellular and developmental processes in Drosophila. Gal4 drivers can be used to induce targeted expression of dominant‐negative and dominant‐active proteins, histological markers, activity sensors, gene‐specific dsRNAs, modulators of cell survival or proliferation, and other reagents. Here, we describe novel atonal‐Gal4 lines that contain regions of the regulatory DNA of atonal, the proneural gene for photoreceptors, stretch receptors, auditory organ, and some olfactory sensilla. During neurogenesis, the atonal gene is expressed at a critical juncture, a time of transition from progenitor cell to developing neuron. Thus, these lines are particularly well suited for the study of the transcription factors and signaling molecules orchestrating this critical transition. To demonstrate their usefulness, we focus on two visual organs, the eye and the Bolwig. We demonstrate the induction of predicted eye phenotypes when expressing the dominant‐negative EGF receptor or a dsRNA against Notch in the developing eye disc. In another example, we show the deletion of the Bolwig's organ using the proapoptotic factor Hid. Finally, we investigate the function of the eye specification factor Eyes absent or Eya in late retinal progenitors, shortly before they begin morphogenesis. We show that Eya is still required in these late progenitors to promote eye formation, and show failure to induce the target gene atonal and consequent lack of neuron formation. genesis 53:347–355, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Hoxa13:Cre mouse strain for conditional gene manipulation in developing limb, hindgut, and urogenital system
Authors: Scotti Martina , Kherdjemil Yacine , Roux Marine , Kmita Marie 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARYThe developing limb is a useful model for studying organogenesis and developmental processes. Although Cre alleles exist for conditional loss‐ or gain‐of‐function in limbs, Cre alleles targeting specific limb subdomains are desirable. Here we report on the generation of the Hoxa13:Cre line, in which the Cre gene is inserted in the endogenous Hoxa13 gene. We provide evidence that the Cre is active in embryonic tissues/regions where the endogenous Hoxa13 gene is expressed. Our results show that cells expressing Hoxa13 in developing limb buds contribute to the entire autopod (hand/feet) skeleton and validate Hoxa13 as a distal limb marker as far as the skeleton is concerned. In contrast, in the limb musculature, Cre‐based fate mapping shows that almost all muscle masses of the zeugopod (forearm) and part of the triceps contain Hoxa13‐expressing cells and/or their descendants. Besides the limb, the activity of the Cre is detectable in the urogenital system and the hindgut, primarily in the epithelium and smooth muscles. Together our data show that the Hoxa13:Cre allele is a useful tool for conditional gene manipulation in the urogenital system, posterior digestive tract, autopod and part of the limb musculature. genesis 53:366–376, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does flower phenology mirror the slowdown of global warming?
Authors: Jochner Susanne , Menzel Annette 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough recent global warming trends in air temperature are not as pronounced as those observed only one decade ago, global mean temperature is still at a very high level. Does plant phenology – which is believed to be a suitable indicator of climate change – respond in a similar way, that is, does it still mirror recent temperature variations? We explored in detail long‐term flowering onset dates of snowdrop, cherry, and lime tree and relevant spring temperatures at three sites in Germany (1901–2012) using the Bayesian multiple change‐point approach. We investigated whether mean spring temperature changes were amplified or slowed down in the past decade and how plant phenology responded to the most recent temperature changes. Incorporating records with different end points (i.e., 2002 and 2012), we compared differences in trends and inferred possible differences caused by extrapolating phenological and meteorological data. The new multiple‐change point approach is characterized by an enhanced structure and greater flexibility compared to the one change point model. However, the highest model probabilities for phenological (meteorological) records were still obtained for the one change point (linear) model. Marked warming trends in the recent decade were only revealed for mean temperatures of March to May, here better described with one or two change point models. In the majority of cases analyzed, changes in temperatures were well mirrored by phenological changes. However, temperatures in March to May were linked to less strongly advancing onset dates for lime tree flowering during the period 1901‐2012, pointing to the likely influence of photoperiodic constraints or unfulfilled chilling requirements. Due to the slowdown of temperature increase, analyses conducted on records ending in 2002 demonstrated distinct differences when compared with records ending in 2012. Extrapolation of trends could therefore (along with the choice of the statistical method) lead to distinctly different results and most recent data should be integrated in order not to over‐ or underestimate future phenological changes.