bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Utopian Projects in Urban Design
Authors: Ganjavie Amir 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Utopian thinking has always played a central role in the literature of urban design, with utopians being the first urban designers. Moreover, many utopian projects throughout history have, until recently, been a research laboratory for the urban designer. This article aims to understand the role that urban utopias can play in thinking about the structure of contemporary cities. To do this, it compares two cases: KM3 by MVRDV and The Local Project book by Alberto Magnaghi. This analysis suggests that the utopian approach has two functions for the contemporary practice of urban design: First, it provides a unified external standard of criticism to diagnose urban challenges by looking at the city as a whole, and, second, it provides an approach in which catastrophic scenarios can be used to educate citizens.
Le pouvoir d’agir des salariés au prisme de la formation : les promesses non tenues d’une doctrine managériale
Authors: Perez Coralie 
Published: May 2014

La volonté affichée de donner des capacités d’agir aux salariés s’incarne dans le concept d’« habilitation » (empowerment) qui désigne des formes d’initiative et de participation accordées aux salariés, d’amplitude toutefois variable. Dans une perspective critique qui inspire notre travail, l’« habilitation » peut être vue comme une rhétorique managériale destinée à mobiliser la subjectivité des salariés tout en voilant les rapports de domination. En tout état de cause, la formation devrait constituer une ressource susceptible d’accroître le pouvoir d’agir des salariés et être conçue par les directions et perçue par les salariés comme telle. Comment et avec qui conçoit-on une politique de formation en cohérence avec ce projet ? Comment (et dans quelle mesure) cette politique contribue-t-elle effectivement à l’« habilitation » des salariés ?
Cet article met la doctrine de l’« habilitation » à l’épreuve de la formation. Le terrain ici mobilisé est une enquête monographique conduite auprès d’une entreprise de l’agro-alimentaire, filiale française d’un groupe américain, qui a érigé l’« habilitation » en doctrine managériale. Saisie au niveau de l’organisation, la politique de formation apparaît congruente avec les autres pratiques mobilisatrices visant l’engagement et la responsabilisation des salariés, mais dans le cadre strict des objectifs stratégiques du groupe. Au niveau individuel, certains salariés, parmi les plus récemment embauchés, jugent leur capacité d’agir renforcée par la politique de formation de l’entreprise. Mais pour la majorité des salariés interrogés, leur rapport à la formation traduit leur désenchantement sur leur pouvoir d’agir dans un environnement où les décisions managériales demeurent opaques et imprévisibles. Le consentement et la coopération des salariés apparaissent fragilisés par ces contradictions.
Ainsi, et malgré la situation très privilégiée de l’entreprise étudiée, dans un régime de gouvernance actionnariale où la prégnance des objectifs de rentabilité financière s’impose à tous les salariés et où, en outre, la représentation collective des salariés est faible voire inexistante, la politique d’« habilitation » ne parvient pas à concrétiser ses ambitions. Pour autant, elle n’est pas dépourvue d’effectivité. Au travers de la formation s’expriment les tensions dont l’« habilitation » est porteuse. Elle révèle, dans ce contexte, les promesses non tenues de cette doctrine managériale et questionne son efficacité économique et sociale.
Les lois de l’extension des frontières du Québec de 1898 et de 1912, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois et la Première Nation Abitibiwinni
Authors: Frenette Jacques 
Published: May 2014

Les lois de l’extension des frontières de 1898 et de 1912 ont défini, en bonne partie, le territoire du Québec. Des auteurs ont considéré ces lois sous l’angle des droits des Indiens, plaidant, en vertu de l’article 2 de la loi de 1912, l’obligation du Québec à cet égard. Le Québec a reconnu son obligation au moment de signer avec les Cris et les Inuits, en 1975, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois. Les Anichinabés/ Algonquins, les Attikameks et les Innus, qui habitaient aussi les territoires annexés en 1898 et en 1912, virent leurs droits éteints unilatéralement. Si la loi de 1912 servit d’argument juridique d’importance au moment de la Convention, peu d’auteurs ont cherché à replacer cet acte législatif dans son contexte. La relecture des documents de cette époque ramène au premier plan la question des droits des nations indiennes laissées de côté, comme c’est le cas pour la Première Nation Abitibiwinni.
Laboratory investigation of the boundary layer processes of artificially created ionospheric depletion
Authors: Liu Yu , Cao Jinxiang , Xu Liang , Zhang Xiao , Wang Pi , Wang Jian , Du Yinchang , Zheng Zhe 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn the work, we have experimentally investigated the boundary layer processes of artificially created ionospheric depletions. Those ionospheric depletions were modeled via releasing attachment chemicals, such as SF6,CF4, and CO2, into the ambient plasmas. Boundary layer of width of electric scale length emerged and separated those plasmas into two regions, the ambient plasmas and the negative ions plasmas. In the localized boundary layer, those fluctuations of the electron density and the floating potential were investigated varying with the plasma pressure and the partial pressure of released chemicals. The electron density decreased sharply that yielded steep density gradients ∇ne, and the floating potential increased which generated sheared electron flows. It is found that the magnitude of fluctuating floating potential is proportional to that of the ∇ne. Those fluctuations were analyzed in detail using digital spectra analysis techniques. Vortex‐like coherent structures were observed in the fluctuations of electrostatic potentials. These coherent frequencies are sensitive to the mass of the negative ions, and all lie in the lower hybrid range. By comparing the experimental results with theoretical predictions, the modes have been identified as the coherent structures resulting from the electron‐ion hybrid instability. Our results are important to study the early phase nonlinear evolution of the ionospheric depletion and also may be applied to the plasma sheet boundary layer in where often encounters the narrow electron density gradients and sheared electron flows.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Madangamine D
Authors: Ballette Roberto , Pérez Maria , Proto Stefano , Amat Mercedes , Bosch Joan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMadangamines are a group of bioactive marine sponge alkaloids, embodying an unprecedented diazapentacyclic skeletal type. The enantioselective total synthesis of madangamine D has been accomplished, and represents the first total synthesis of an alkaloid of the madangamine group. It involves the stereoselective construction of the diazatricyclic ABC core using a phenylglycinol‐derived lactam as the starting enantiomeric scaffold and the subsequent assembly of the peripheral macrocyclic rings. The synthesis provides, for the first time, a pure sample of madangamine D and confirms the absolute configuration of this alkaloid family.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Amination of Allenyl Phosphates: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allenes with an Additional Unsaturated Unit
Authors: Li Qiankun , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA highly enantioselective Pd‐catalyzed amination of allenyl phosphates generating 2,3‐allenyl amines with central chirality has been developed. Under the optimized conditions, chiral 2,3‐allenyl amines with or without (an) additional CC double or triple bond(s) have been prepared at 0 °C with up to 90 % yield and 94 % ee by identifying (R)‐3,4,5‐(MeO)3‐MeOBIPHEP as the ligand.
Synthesis of polyamidoxime chelating ligand from polymer‐grafted corn‐cob cellulose for metal extraction
Authors: Rahman Md Lutfor , Rohani Nik , Mustapa Nik , Yusoff Mashitah Mohd 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA conventional free‐radical initiating process was used to prepare graft copolymers from acrylonitrile (AN) with corn‐cob cellulose with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. The optimum grafting was achieved with corn‐cob cellulose (anhydroglucose unit, AGU), mineral acid (H2SO4), CAN, and AN at concentrations of 0.133, 0.081, 0.0145, and 1.056 mol/L, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrile functional groups of the grafted copolymers were converted to amidoxime ligands with hydroxylamine under basic conditions of pH 11 with 4 h of stirring at 70°C. The purified acrylic polymer‐grafted cellulose and polyamidoxime ligand were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The ligand showed an excellent copper binding capacity (4.14 mmol/g) with a faster rate of adsorption (average exchange rate = 7 min), and it showed a good adsorption capacity for other metal ions as well. The metal‐ion adsorption capacities of the ligand were pH‐dependent in the following order: Cu2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+ > Cr3+ > Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+. The metal‐ion removal efficiency was very high; up to 99% was removed from the aqueous media at a low concentration. These new polymeric chelating ligands could be used to remove aforementioned toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40833.
Chitin nanocrystal reinforced wet‐spun chitosan fibers
Authors: Yan Weixia , Shen Libin , Ji Yali , Yang Qing , Shen Xinyuan 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTChitosan (CS) has been extensively studied and found wide applications in the field of biomedicine because of its favorable biological properties. Normal CS fibers are manufactured either by wet‐spinning or by dry‐jet wet‐spinning. However, the poor tensile strength of CS fibers raises much concern. The present study uses chitin nanocrystal (ChiNC), a stiff rod‐like nanofiller, to enhance the mechanical properties of wet‐spun CS fibers. Owing to the good compatibility between CS and ChiNC, the nanoparticles are well distributed in the CS matrix. When the ChiNCs loading is 5 wt %, the optimal mechanical properties of CS fibers are obtained, and the peak stress is 2.2 cN/dtex and modulus is 145.6 cN/dtex, which are increased by 57% and 84.5%, respectively, compared to that of nonfilled CS fibers under the same processing condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40852.
Australia's Role in the Pacific
Authors: Fraser Rt Hon Malcolm 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFor all its history, Australia has been dependent upon a major power for security. Before federation, the colonies looked to Britain. That attitude continued until World War II. Britain was then unable to defend us, and Australia was vulnerable. Strategic dependence upon a major power was in the Australian psyche. A necessity forced us to transfer that sense of dependence to the United States. This was a justifiable policy until the fall of the Soviet Union. Now, changes in the United States itself, the absence of a global threat, and changes within the Pacific theatre all point to the need for Australia to abandon its traditional policies, to stand more independently, and to carve out a future for itself.
‘Should I Circumcise My Daughter?’ Exploring Diversity and Ambivalence in Egyptian Parents' Social Representations of Female Circumcision
Authors: Abdelshahid Amy , Campbell Catherine 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTFemale circumcision is still practiced in different parts of Egypt, impacting women's health and well‐being. Existing studies often portray parents' representations of the practice as positive and homogeneous, with little attention paid to the true diversity of views within a community. This study draws on social representations theory to highlight such nuances, while identifying the psychosocial factors that shape parents' decisions to circumcise or not circumcise their daughters. In‐depth interviews with 11 mothers and five fathers were conducted in rural communities in the Al Qalyoubeya and Benisweif governorates. Thematic analysis revealed the co‐existence of positive, negative and ambivalent representations of female circumcision amongst parents and within the individuals themselves. Although some parents positively represent female circumcision as ensuring the daughter's chastity, safeguarding her femininity and preserving community identity, they feel distress about its potential harms, such as pain, bleeding and terrifying experience on the daughter. Fathers further acknowledge its negative impact on marital sexual relationships. In some cases, parents challenge the ritual and refuse to circumcise their daughters. In light of a theory of change that emphasises the role of community dialogue in renegotiating health‐damaging social practices, along with evidence of diverse views amongst parents, this study argues that sensitively facilitated ‘community conversations’ might provide parents with opportunities to debate their opposing views and allow for the construction of health‐enabling social representations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of a Transition State: Role of Lys100 in the Active Site of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Miller Stephen P. , Gonçalves Susana , Matias Pedro M. , Dean Antony M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn active site lysine essential to catalysis in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is absent from related enzymes. As all family members catalyze the same oxidative β‐decarboxylation at the (2R)‐malate core common to their substrates, it seems odd that an amino acid essential to one is not found in all. Ordinarily, hydride transfer to a nicotinamide C4 neutralizes the positive charge at N1 directly. In IDH, the negatively charged C4‐carboxylate of isocitrate stabilizes the ground state positive charge on the adjacent nicotinamide N1, opposing hydride transfer. The critical lysine is poised to stabilize—and perhaps even protonate—an oxyanion formed on the nicotinamide 3‐carboxamide, thereby enabling the hydride to be transferred while the positive charge at N1 is maintained. IDH might catalyze the same overall reaction as other family members, but dehydrogenation proceeds through a distinct, though related, transition state. Partial activation of lysine mutants by K+ and NH4+ represents a throwback to the primordial state of the first promiscuous substrate family member.
Inhibition of Cytokine Release by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phenolic Glycolipid Analogues
Authors: Elsaidi Hassan R. H. , Lowary Todd L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInfection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease characterized by alteration of host innate and adaptive immunity. These processes are mediated by a series of bacterial biomolecules, among which phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) and the related p‐hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives have been suggested to play important roles. To probe the importance of structural features of these glycans on cytokine modulation, we synthesized three M. tuberculosis PGL analogues (1–3), which differ from the native glycoconjugates by possessing a simplified lipid algycone. The ability of 1–3 to modulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MCP‐1) and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. None of the compounds stimulated the secretion of these signalling molecules. However, all showed a Toll‐like Receptor 2‐mediated, concentration‐dependent inhibition profile that was related to the methylation pattern on the glycan.
Foreign direct investment motivations and knowledge acquisition from MNEs in overseas subsidiaries
Authors: Park Byung Il , Choi Jiyul 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite studies exploring factors affecting knowledge acquisition from multinational enterprises in subsidiaries, what accounts for a successful acquisition is unresolved. We argue that such disparity may stem from inattention to investment motivations of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign markets and to the fact that learning patterns of subsidiaries can be influenced by foreign firms' market‐seeking or efficiency‐seeking behaviors. We find that absorptive capacity in learning organizations and daily interactions with knowledge possessors are essential to learning from parent firms. In addition, active support from parent firms is particularly crucial for subsidiaries seeking to improve operational efficiency of MNEs. We also suggest that potential absorptive capacity plays a catalyst role in initiating knowledge acquisition, particularly in cases where MNEs have market‐seeking motivations. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase 2 trial of R1507, a monoclonal antibody to the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R), in patients with recurrent or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and other soft tissue sarcomas: Results of a Sarcoma Alliance for Research Through Collaboration study
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , Vassal Gilles , Crowley John J. , Bolejack Vanessa , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W. , Chugh Rashmi , Ladanyi Marc , Grippo Joseph F. , Dall Georgina , Staddon Arthur P. , Chawla Sant P. , Maki Robert G. , Araujo Dejka M. , Geoerger Birgit , Ganjoo Kristen , Marina Neyssa , Blay Jean‐Yves , Schuetze Scott M. , Chow Warren A. , Helman Lee J. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDInsulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) is implicated in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), osteosarcoma (OS), and synovial sarcoma (SS). The authors conducted a multi‐institutional phase 2 trial of the monoclonal antibody R1507 in patients with various subtypes of recurrent or refractory sarcomas.METHODSEligibility criteria included age ≥2 years and a diagnosis of recurrent or refractory RMS, OS, SS, and other soft tissue sarcomas. Patients received a weekly dose of 9 mg/kg R1507 intravenously. The primary endpoint was the best objective response rate using World Health Organization criteria. Tumor imaging was performed every 6 weeks × 4 and every 12 weeks thereafter.RESULTSFrom December 2007 through August 2009, 163 eligible patients from 33 institutions were enrolled. The median patient age was 31 years (range, 7‐85 years). Histologic diagnoses included OS (n = 38), RMS (n = 36), SS (n = 23), and other sarcomas (n = 66). The overall objective response rate was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%‐6.2%). Partial responses were observed in 4 patients, including 2 patients with OS, 1 patient with RMS, and 1 patient with alveolar soft part sarcoma. Four additional patients (3 with RMS and 1 with myxoid liposarcoma) had a ≥50% decrease in tumor size that lasted for <4 weeks. The median progression‐free survival was 5.7 weeks, and the median overall survival was 11 months. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were metabolic (12%), hematologic (6%), gastrointestinal (4%), and general constitutional symptoms (8%).CONCLUSIONSR1507 is safe and well tolerated but has limited activity in patients with recurrent or refractory bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Additional studies to help identify the predictive factors associated with clinical benefit in selected histologies such as RMS appear to be warranted. Cancer 2014;120:2448–2456. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Definition of cure in childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Inaba Hiroto , Leung Wing H. , Pounds Stanley , Cao Xueyuan , Campana Dario , Ribeiro Raul C. , Pui Ching‐Hon 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDA better understanding of when cure can be declared in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) would reduce anxiety and improve quality of life of AML survivors. The authors determined the likelihood that patients with AML would maintain long‐term remission after the completion of therapy.METHODSThe cumulative risk of relapse, the time to relapse, event‐free survival, and overall survival were analyzed for 604 patients with AML who were enrolled in 7 successive clinical trials divided into 3 treatment eras (1976‐1991, 1991‐1997, and 2002‐2008).RESULTSThe median time to relapse did not change over time (0.93 years vs 0.76 years vs 0.8 years, respectively, for each consecutive era; P = .22), but the risk of relapse decreased significantly (5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse: 52.6% ± 3.1% vs 31.5% ± 3.9% vs 22% ± 3%, respectively, for each consecutive era; P < .001). Among patients who were in remission 4 years from diagnosis, the probabilities of relapse were 1.7%, 2.9%, and 0.9%, respectively, for each consecutive era. In the most recent era, all but 1 of 44 relapses occurred within 4 years of diagnosis.CONCLUSIONSChildren with AML who receive treatment with contemporary therapy and remain in remission 4 years from diagnosis probably are cured. Although late relapses and late deaths from other causes are rare, long‐term follow‐up of survivors is necessary for the timely management of late adverse effects. Cancer 2014;120:2490–2496. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Computational Model of Thermal‐Fluid Flow in a Radio‐Frequency Plasma Torch
Authors: Ikhlef N. , Leroy O. , Mekideche M. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe paper aims to clarify the modelling results concerning the heat transfer and fluid flow in a radio‐frequency plasma torch with argon at atmospheric pressure. Fluid numerical simulation requires the coupling of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and thermal phenomena. This model combines Navier–Stokes equations with the Maxwell's equations for compressible fluid and electromagnetic phenomena successively. A numerical formulation based on the finite element method is used. In this study, fluid flow and temperature equations are simultaneously solved (direct method, instead of using the indirect method) using a finite elements method (FEM) for optically thin argon plasmas under the assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and laminar flow. Appropriate boundary conditions are given, and nonlinear parameters such as the thermal and electrical conductivity of the gas and input power used in the simulation are detailed. We have found that the source of power is located on the torch wall in this type of inductive discharge. The center can be heated by conduction and convection via electromagnetic phenomena (power loss and Lorentz force). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design and evaluation of a multifunctional plate sediment trap suitable for subaqueous and floodplain environments
Authors: Schoelynck Jonas , Oosterlee Lotte , De Groote Toon , Maris Tom , Struyf Eric , Meire Patrick , Temmerman Stijn 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn recent years, it has become increasingly clear that two‐way interactions between organisms and landscape‐forming processes play a key role in the evolution of many aquatic ecosystems. To be able to compare sedimentation processes among different environments, a standardized method that is generally applicable is necessary. Current methods are usually designed for one environment only or are unreliable in the presence of vegetation. This paper presents the functionality of a plate sediment trap with a lid in combination with a filter paper, which enables the measurement of sedimentation rates in both permanently subaqueous environments and periodically flooded wetlands. We first present the trap design and demonstrate its functionality. No significant differences were found between replicates, nor was there any indication of a trap size effect on the sedimentation rate. Secondly, we demonstrate its applicability in periodically flooded and permanently subaqueous environments and in the presence or absence of vegetation. It is concluded that the use of a standardized method and equipment makes it possible to compare (bio)geomorphological changes in totally different environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.