bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of fig glands is associated with nursery mutualism in fig trees
Authors: Souza Camila D. , Pereira Rodrigo A. S. , Marinho Cristina R. , Kjellberg Finn , Teixeira Simone P. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Fig trees (Moraceae) have remarkable enclosed inflorescences called figs or syconia. The flowers are pollinated by host‐specific fig wasps that enter the fig to lay their eggs. This nursery pollination system is one of the most studied of tropical mutualism interactions, but the source of the volatiles that attract fig wasps to their specific host figs has not been confirmed. The fragrance is the basis of host selection and, therefore, of reproductive isolation among sympatric Ficus species. This study locates and characterizes the glands likely to be responsible for pollinator attraction and also protection from herbivory in the figs of nine Ficus species representing all the major lineages within the genus.METHODS:Figs with receptive pistillate flowers were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Tests for histolocalization of substances were employed to detect glandular activity throughout the figs.KEY RESULTS:A great diversity of glands is found throughout the fig, and for the first time, the sites producing fragrances are identified. Scent glands are present on the ostiolar bracts and the outer layers of the fig receptacle. Laticifers and phenolic‐producing idioblasts, epidermis, and trichomes associated with fig protection occur on the ostiolar bracts, the fig receptacle, and floral tissues.CONCLUSIONS:The volatiles produced by glands on the ostiolar bracts are candidate sources for the long‐distance attraction of pollinator fig wasps. Scent glands on the outer layers of the receptacle may also play a role in chemical perception of the figs or may be related to their protection. The high cost to the plants if the figs are eaten and the temperature conditions required for nursery pollination are likely the factors that led to the selection of phenolic glands and laticifers during the group's evolution.
Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms
Authors: Audu Rosemary A. , Okoye Rosemary N. , Onwuamah Chika K. , Ige Fehintola A. , Musa Adesola Z. , Odunukwe Nkiruka N. , Onwujekwe Daniel I. , Ezechi Oliver C. , Idigbe Emmanuel O. , Kanki Phyllis J. 
Published: September 2015

Background: In order to scale up access to HIV counselling and testing in Nigeria, an HIV diagnostic algorithm based on rapid testing was adopted. However, there was the need to further evaluate the testing strategy in order to better assess its performance, because of the potential for false positivity.Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare positive HIV test results obtained from the approved rapid testing algorithm with results from western blot tests performed on samples from the same patient.Methodology: A retrospective review was conducted of HIV screening and confirmatory results for patients seen between 2007 and 2008. Rapid test and western blot results were extracted and compared for concordance. Discordant results were further reviewed using a combination of HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4+ cell count test results and clinical presentation from medical records.Results: Analysis of 2228 western blot results showed that 98.3% (n = 2191) were positive for HIV-1, 0.4% (n = 8) were positive for HIV-2 and 0.3% (n = 7) were dual infections (positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2); 0.6% (n = 13) were indeterminate and 0.4% (n = 9) were negative. Further investigation of the 13 indeterminate results showed nine to be HIV-1 positive and four to be HIV-negative, for a total of 13 negative results. The positive predictive value of the HIV counselling and testing algorithm was 99.4%.Conclusion: Using the rapid testing algorithm alone, false positives were detected. Therefore, effective measures such as training and retraining of staff should be prioritised in order to minimise false-positive diagnoses and the associated potential for long-term psychological and financial impact on the patients.
Effects of rearing feeding programme on the young rabbit females’ behaviour and welfare indicators
Authors: Martínez-Paredes E. , Ródenas L. , Pascual J.J. , Blas E. , Brecchia G. , Boiti C. , Cervera C. 
Published: September 2015

<p>Restriction of young rabbit females during rearing is a widespread management technique that could have negative consequences on their welfare and behaviour. In the present work, a total of 24 young rabbit females aged 9 wk were used to evaluate 3 rearing feeding programmes until first parturition: CAL, fed ad libitum with a control diet [C: 11.0 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 114 g digestible protein (DP) per kg dry matter (DM)]; CR, receiving the C diet restricted (140 g/d) from 12 wk of age; and F, fed ad libitum with a low energy/high fibre diet [F: 8.7 MJ DE and 88 g DP per kg DM]. F females presented lower body weight than CAL and CR females at week 18 (–0.4 kg and –0.2 kg; P&lt;0.05), but differences in body weight disappeared at parturition. Feeding programme affected the daily feed intake of young females during rearing and gestation periods (on av. of 2 periods: 140, 127 and 179 g DM/d, for CAL, CR and F females, respectively; P&lt;0.001). Blood levels of glucose and insulin decreased with the age of rabbits (from 97 to 73 mg/dL for glucose and from 11 to 6 μUI/mL for insulin at 13 and 20 wk, respectively; P&lt;0.001). Concentration of non-esterified fatty acids was higher in the blood of CAL females (+0.13 mmol/L compared to F; P&lt;0.05), while corticosterone was higher in F females (+0.7 μg/dL compared to CAL; P&lt;0.05). The type of feeding schedule affected the lying still and eating behaviour (P&lt;0.01) of CR females, especially before and after feeding supply, as well as their behavioural stressed indicators (stereotypies; P&lt;0.01), which were more frequent in CR females before feeding supply at 20 weeks of age. Therefore, ad libitum use of a low energy/high fibre diet is an adequate feeding programme for young rabbit females, which does not alter their behavioural patterns.</p>
When Smitty Stopped Pretending to Snore
Authors: Pettit Alexander 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Travis Bogard's reliance on final authorial intention as the principal criterion in his selection of copy-texts for the Library of America edition of O'Neill's plays sometimes disadvantages scholars interested in, for example, performance and reception. For work on thirteen plays in particular, scholars will do well adjunctively to consider states other than those on which Bogard based his texts.
“Anna Christie,” Chris Christophersen, and dat ole davil Broadway
Authors: Boulos Daniel 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Many scholars have examined “Anna Christie” and its ending, frequently suggesting that the play functions well as a barometer of O'Neill's artistic growth at a critical juncture in his development as a playwright. This article argues that in revising Chris Christophersen, the play out of which “Anna Christie” was born, O'Neill purposefully addressed criticisms leveled at the play in an effort to generate a commercial hit, but struggled to maintain the essence of the original title character. The end result was a play in which Chris, a beloved protagonist more suited to the world of the Glencairn plays, was cast adrift in the unfamiliar world of the Broadway show shop.
ALTERAÇÕES QUÍMICAS DE UM CAMBISSOLO HÚMICO CAUSADAS POR FLORESTAMENTO COM Pinus taeda EM ÁREA DE CAMPO NATURAL
Authors: Abrão Simone Filipini , Da Rosa Suzana Ferreira , Reinert Dalvan José , Reichert José Miguel , Secco Deonir , Ebling Ângelo Augusto 
Published: September 2015

Objetivou-se verificar se a introdução da espécie Pinus taeda L. em solo sob campo natural pode degradar quimicamente a qualidade do Cambissolo Húmico. O estudo foi conduzido na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, no município de Cambará do Sul, RS, Brasil. Para isso, foram escolhidas duas áreas de estudo, uma em primeira e a outra em segunda rotação, com 13 anos de idade. Para cada povoamento, foi avaliada conjuntamente uma área de campo natural adjacente (testemunha). Em cada área, foram abertas cinco trincheiras e coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,20; 0,20-0,40 e 0,40-0,60 m. Os atributos químicos do Cambissolo Húmico foram alterados, com reduções no teor de bases trocáveis (cálcio e magnésio), nas camadas superficiais, enquanto os teores de fósforo apresentaram-se maiores nas áreas com povoamentos. O pínus também alterou os níveis de alumínio trocável e a acidez do solo, elevando os teores de alumínio e reduzindo o pH. Os teores de carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio total foram reduzidos na camada mais superficial do solo, porém esse comportamento muda na segunda rotação, em que a área com plantio de pínus manteve níveis de C e N similares aos do campo original. AbstractImpact of afforestation with Pinus taeda in chemical attributes of a Haplumbrept. The This research aimed to determine whether Pinus taeda L. cultivation on a Haplumbrept, previously under native grassland, would degrade soil chemical quality. The study was conducted in the region of Campos de Cima da Serra, in Cambará do Sul, RS, Brazil. We selected two areas, one in the first and another in the second rotation, aged 13 years. A contiguous area with grassland (control) was studied for each pine stand. In each area, five trenches were opened and soil samples collected in 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m soil layers. Chemical soil analyses revealed reduction in exchangeable bases (calcium and magnesium) in surface layers, but phosphorus content was higher in areas with pine stands. The forest also altered exchangeable aluminum and soil acidity, increasing the contents of aluminum and reducing pH. Total organic carbon and total nitrogen were reduced in the surface, but this behavior changed in the second rotation, where soil with pine maintained C and N contents similar to the original field.Keywords: Acidity; nitrogen; organic matter; C/N relation.
NITROGEN, POTASSIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZER SUGGESTIONS FOR AUSTRALIAN RED CEDAR IN OXISOL
Authors: Moretti Bruno Silva , Furtini Neto Antonio Eduardo , Benatti Bruno Peres , Deccetti Soami , Lacerda Julian Junio de Jesus , Stehling Eduardo De Castro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractForest species present around 75% of their nutrient demand in the initial growth stage. The objectives of this study were: to determine appropriate doses of N, P and K to be applied for Australian cedar cultivation in Oxisols; and to establish foliar contents suitable for the initial stage of plant development. Three concomitant experiments were carried out using randomized blocks design with four replications. In the first, it was provided 5 doses of N, and in the second 5 doses of P2O5, and in the third 5 doses of K2O. In all three experiments, Australian cedar seedlings were planted at 3x2 m spacing. Maximum economic yield (MEY) was achieved when was provided 75 g N, and 80 g P2O5 per planting hole. In this study, could not be established the dose of K2O that allows MEY, because there was no difference in height and diameter of plants as a function of potassium fertilizer rates. The initial K concentration in the soil (around 100 mg.dm-3) seems adequate to meet the nutritional needs to Australian cedar seedlings. Foliar concentrations did not vary with levels of N, P2O5 and K2O applied to soil. Mean content of N, P and K in the leaves of Australian cedar seedlings were 30, 18 and 2 mg.kg-1, respectively.ResumoSugestões de adubação nitrogenada, potássica e fosfatada para o cedro-australiano em Latossolos. Espécies florestais apresentam cerca de 75% de sua demanda de nutrientes na fase inicial de crescimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar doses adequadas de N, P e K a serem aplicadas para o cultivo de cedro-australiano em Latossolos e estabelecer os teores foliares adequados para a fase inicial de desenvolvimento da planta. Foram realizados três experimentos concomitantes, em que se aplicaram cinco doses de N no primeiro, cinco doses de P2O5 no segundo e cinco doses de K2O no terceiro. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m, no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A máxima eficiência econômica (MEY) foi alcançada com a oferta de 75 g de N e 80 g de P2O5 por cova de plantio. Para potássio, não foi possível estabelecer a dose que permite MEY, porque não houve diferença de altura e diâmetro das plantas que receberam doses diferentes do elemento. Portanto, a concentração inicial de K no solo (cerca de 100 mg.dm-3) parece ser adequada para satisfazer as necessidades nutricionais da espécie. O teor dos nutrientes nas folhas não variou com os níveis de N, P2O5 e K2O aplicados no solo, e os níveis médios de N, P e K nas folhas de cedro-australiano foram de 30, 18 e 2 mg.kg-1, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Nutrição mineral; silvicultura; Toona ciliata.
Het Besluit externe veiligheid inrichtingen anno 2015. Over planregels en de Omgevingswet
Authors: Soer J.H.K.C. (Christiaan) , Broeren E. (Esther) 
Published: September 2015

Het Besluit externe veiligheid inrichtingen anno 2015. Over planregels en de Omgevingswet
In dit artikel worden enkele recente uitspraken besproken over de (on)mogelijkheid om uitvoering te geven aan het Bevi door middel van planregels. De selectie van de uitspraken en de inhoud van dit artikel zijn gebaseerd op de inhoud van jurisprudentierubrieken van auteurs die in 2014 en 2015 zijn gepubliceerd in het digitale vakblad ‘Ruimtelijke veiligheid en risicobeleid’. Aansluitend staan auteurs kort stil bij de komst van de Omgevingswet.
As formas da experiência mística: especulativa, mistérica e profética
Authors: Quadros Elton Moreira , De Almeida Jorge Miranda 
Published: September 2015

No contexto ocidental, existem três formas de experiência mística: especulativa, mistérica e profética. A forma especulativa consiste num caminho filosófico em que, através do pensamento, procura adentrar o Ser, entendido enquanto mistério, ou seja, constitui uma forma que se fundamenta no conhecimento. Já a forma mistérica tem como base a experiência comunitária das religiões. A mística profética congrega pontos da forma especulativa e da mistérica e tem sua origem no ambiente cristão; buscará unir conhecimento e rito na pretensão de dizer o absoluto abarcando uma dimensão individual e uma dimensão coletiva. Apresentar e refletir sobre essas formas da experiência mística constitui a centralidade deste trabalho, tendo em vista demonstrar a importância da mística para uma compreensão efetiva do conhecimento humano que ultrapassa a pura racionalidade técnico-instrumental.
Sensory Evaluation, Shelflife and Nutritional Composition of Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) Cookies
Authors: Go Marivel B. , Velos Severina P. , Minyamin Antonieta V. , Bagsit Rosita D. , Pableo Romeo G. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Despite its being nutritious and potential uses and food, breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) remains underutilized. This study aimed to develop breadnut products for its extensive use and specifically aimed to determine the acceptability of chocolate cookies formulated from the mixtures of breadnut seed flour and all purpose flour and the shelf life of the most acceptable cookie formulation. The cookies were prepared in different ratios of all purpose flour and breadnut seed flour in percent (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) with 100% all purpose flour served as the control. The five formulations were evaluated by the 50 consumers as to color, odor, crispiness, flavor and general acceptability using descriptive 9-point Hedonic scale. And the most acceptable cookies were evaluated for storage quality which was done for six months to determine its shelf life. Results showed that all formulated breadnut cookies were acceptable, scoring 6.5 based on the 9-point hedonic scale. The cookie with 50% BSF was the most acceptable based on general acceptability score. There were no significant (p≤0.05) differences on the sensory properties being tested to the cookies made from BSF up to 75 %.
The formulated cookies has significant amount of nutrients needed by the body. It is safe with guaranteed desirable sensory properties for six months. It is recommended for consumption and commercialization.
Poromechanics of stick‐slip frictional sliding and strength recovery on tectonic faults
Authors: Scuderi Marco M. , Carpenter Brett M. , Johnson Paul A. , Marone Chris 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPore fluids influence many aspects of tectonic faulting including frictional strength aseismic creep and effective stress during the seismic cycle. However, the role of pore fluid pressure during earthquake nucleation and dynamic rupture remains poorly understood. Here we report on the evolution of pore fluid pressure and porosity during laboratory stick‐slip events as an analog for the seismic cycle. We sheared layers of simulated fault gouge consisting of glass beads in a double‐direct shear configuration under true triaxial stresses using drained and undrained fluid conditions and effective normal stress of 5–10 MPa. Shear stress was applied via a constant displacement rate, which we varied in velocity step tests from 0.1 to 30 µm/s. We observe net pore pressure increases, or compaction, during dynamic failure and pore pressure decreases, or dilation, during the interseismic period, depending on fluid boundary conditions. In some cases, a brief period of dilation is attendant with the onset of dynamic stick slip. Our data show that time‐dependent strengthening and dynamic stress drop increase with effective normal stress and vary with fluid conditions. For undrained conditions, dilation and preseismic slip are directly related to pore fluid depressurization; they increase with effective normal stress and recurrence time. Microstructural observations confirm the role of water‐activated contact growth and shear‐driven elastoplastic processes at grain junctions. Our results indicate that physicochemical processes acting at grain junctions together with fluid pressure changes dictate stick‐slip stress drop and interseismic creep rates and thus play a key role in earthquake nucleation and rupture propagation.
Projected changes to Tasman Sea eddies in a future climate
Authors: Oliver Eric C. J. , O'Kane Terence J. , Holbrook Neil J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Tasman Sea is a hot spot of ocean warming, that is linked to the increased poleward influence of the East Australian Current (EAC) over recent decades. Specifically, the EAC produces mesoscale eddies which have significant impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the Tasman Sea. To effectively consider and explain potential eddy changes in the next 50 years, we use high‐resolution dynamically downscaled climate change simulations to characterize the projected future marine climate and mesoscale eddies in the Tasman Sea through the 2060s. We assess changes in the marine climate and the eddy field using bulk statistics and by detecting and tracking individual eddies. We find that the eddy kinetic energy is projected to increase along southeast Australia. In addition, we find that eddies in the projected future climate are composed of a higher proportion of anticyclonic eddies in this region and that these eddies are longer lived and more stable. This amounts to nearly a doubling of eddy‐related southward temperature transport in the upper 200 m of the Tasman Sea. These changes are concurrent with increases in baroclinic and barotropic instabilities focused around the EAC separation point. This poleward transport and increase in eddy activity would be expected to also increase the frequency of sudden warming events, including ocean temperature extremes, with potential impacts on marine fisheries, aquaculture, and biodiversity off Tasmania's east coast, through direct warming or competition/predation from invasive migrating species.
Complex scattering as canonical transformation: A semiclassical approach in Fock space
Authors: Engl Thomas , Urbina Juan Diego , Hummel Quirin , Richter Klaus 
Published: September 2015

We show that a theory of com	plex scattering between many‐body (Fock) states can be constructed such that its classical limit is a canonical transformation thus encoding quantum interference in the semiclassical form of the associated unitary operator. Based on this idea, we study the different coherent effects expected under different choices of the many‐body states and provide different representations of the associated transition probabilities. In this way, we derive exact relations and representations of the scattering process that can be used to attack timely problems related with Boson Sampling.image
Z‐Selective Hydrothiolation of Racemic 1,3‐Disubstituted Allenes: An Atom‐Economic Rhodium‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Pritzius Adrian B. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA Z‐selective rhodium‐catalyzed hydrothiolation of 1,3‐disubstituted allenes and subsequent oxidation towards the corresponding allylic sulfones is described. Using the bidentate 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) ligand, Z/E‐selectivities up to >99:1 were obtained. The highly atom‐economic desymmetrization reaction tolerates functionalized aromatic and aliphatic thiols. Additionally, a variety of symmetric internal allenes, as well as unsymmetrically disubstituted substrates were well tolerated, thus resulting in high regioselectivities. Starting from chiral but racemic 1,3‐disubstituted allenes a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) could be achieved by applying (S,S)‐Me‐DuPhos as the chiral ligand. The desired Z‐allylic sulfones were obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities up to 96 % ee.
Shape‐memory behavior of high‐strength amorphous thermoplastic poly(para‐phenylene)
Authors: Collins David A. , Yakacki Christopher M. , Lightbody Daniel , Patel Ravi R. , Frick Carl P. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the shape‐memory behavior of poly(para‐phenylene) (PPP) under varying programming temperatures, relaxation times, and recovery conditions. PPP is an inherently stiff and strong aromatic thermoplastic, not previously investigated for use as a shape‐memory material. Initial characterization of PPP focused on the storage and relaxation moduli for PPP at various frequencies and temperatures, which were used to develop continuous master curves for PPP using time–temperature superposition (TTS). Shape‐memory testing involved programming PPP samples to 50% tensile strain at temperatures ranging from 155°C to 205°C, with varying relaxation holds times before cooling and storage. Shape‐recovery behavior ranged from nearly complete deformation recovery to poor recovery, depending heavily on the thermal and temporal conditions during programming. Straining for extended relaxation times and elevated temperatures significantly decreased the recoverable deformation in PPP during shape‐memory recovery. However, PPP was shown to have nearly identical full recovery profiles when programmed with decreased and equivalent relaxation times, illustrating the application of TTS in programming of the shape‐memory effect in PPP. The decreased shape recovery at extended relaxation times was attributed to time‐dependent visco‐plastic effects in the polymer becoming significant at longer time‐scales associated with the melt/flow regime of the master curve. Under constrained‐recovery, recoverable deformation in PPP was observed to have an exponentially decreasing relationship to the bias stress. This study demonstrated the effective use of PPP as a shape‐memory polymer (SMP) both in mechanical behavior as well as in application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42903.