bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobile technologies for disease surveillance in humans and animals
Authors: Mwabukusi Mpoki , Karimuribo Esron D. , Rweyemamu Mark M. , Beda Eric 
Published: April 2014

A paper-based disease reporting system has been associated with a number of challenges. These include difficulties to submit hard copies of the disease surveillance forms because of poor road infrastructure, weather conditions or challenging terrain, particularly in the developing countries. The system demands re-entry of the data at data processing and analysis points, thus making it prone to introduction of errors during this process. All these challenges contribute to delayed acquisition, processing and response to disease events occurring in remote hard to reach areas. Our study piloted the use of mobile phones in order to transmit near to real-time data from remote districts in Tanzania (Ngorongoro and Ngara), Burundi (Muyinga) and Zambia (Kazungula and Sesheke). Two technologies namely, digital and short messaging services were used to capture and transmit disease event data in the animal and human health sectors in the study areas based on a server–client model. Smart phones running the Android operating system (minimum required version: Android 1.6), and which supported open source application, Epicollect, as well as the Open Data Kit application, were used in the study. These phones allowed collection of geo-tagged data, with the opportunity of including static and moving images related to disease events. The project supported routine disease surveillance systems in the ministries responsible for animal and human health in Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia, as well as data collection for researchers at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. During the project implementation period between 2011 and 2013, a total number of 1651 diseases event-related forms were submitted, which allowed reporters to include GPS coordinates and photographs related to the events captured. It was concluded that the new technology-based surveillance system is useful in providing near to real-time data, with potential for enhancing timely response in rural remote areas of Africa. We recommended adoption of the proven technologies to improve disease surveillance, particularly in the developing countries.
Foot and mouth disease in Zambia: Spatial and temporal distributions of outbreaks, assessment of clusters and implications for control
Authors: Sinkala Yona , Simuunza Martin , Muma John B. , Pfeiffer Dirk U. , Kasanga Christopher J. , Mweene Aaron 
Published: April 2014

Zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), but little is known about the epidemiology of the disease in these endemic settings. The fundamental questions relate to the spatio-temporal distribution of FMD cases and what determines their occurrence. A retrospective review of FMD cases in Zambia from 1981 to 2012 was conducted using geographical information systems and the SaTScan software package. Information was collected from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, laboratory reports, unpublished scientific reports and grey literature. A space–time permutation probability model using a varying time window of one year was used to scan for areas with high infection rates. The spatial scan statistic detected a significant purely spatial cluster around the Mbala–Isoka area between 2009 and 2012, with secondary clusters in Sesheke–Kazungula in 2007 and 2008, the Kafue flats in 2004 and 2005 and Livingstone in 2012. This study provides evidence of the existence of statistically significant FMD clusters and an increase in occurrence in Zambia between 2004 and 2012. The identified clusters agree with areas known to be at high risk of FMD. The FMD virus transmission dynamics and the heterogeneous variability in risk within these locations may need further investigation.
Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy in time-variant systems: Is undersampling always a problem?
Authors: Abtahi Farhad , Seoane Fernando , Lindecrantz Kaj 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
During the last decades, Electrical Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (EBIS) has been applied mainly by using the frequency-sweep technique, across a range of many different applications. Traditionally, the tissue under study is considered to be time-invariant and dynamic changes of tissue activity are ignored by treating the changes as a noise source. A new trend in EBIS is simultaneous electrical stimulation with several frequencies, through the application of a multi-sine, rectangular or other waveform. This method can provide measurements fast enough to sample dynamic changes of different tissues, such as myocard. This high sampling rate comes at a price of reduction in SNR and the increase in complexity of devices. Although the frequency-sweep technique is often inadequate for monitoring the dynamic changes in a variant system, it can be used successfully in applications focused on the time-invariant or slowly-variant part of a system. However, in order to successfully use frequency-sweep EBIS for monitoring time-variant systems, it is paramount to consider the effects of aliasing and especially the folding of higher frequencies, on the desired frequency e.g. DC level. This paper discusses sub-Nyquist sampling of thoracic EBIS measurements and its application in the case of monitoring pulmonary oedema. It is concluded that by considering aliasing, and with proper implementation of smoothing filters, as well as by using random sampling, frequency-sweep EBIS can be used for assessing time-invariant or slowly-variant properties of time-variant biological systems, even in the presence of aliasing. In general, undersampling is not always a problem, but does always require proper consideration.
Statistical methods for bioimpedance analysis
Authors: Tronstad Christian , Pripp Are H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper gives a basic overview of relevant statistical methods for the analysis of bioimpedance measurements, with an aim to answer questions such as: How do I begin with planning an experiment? How many measurements do I need to take? How do I deal with large amounts of frequency sweep data? Which statistical test should I use, and how do I validate my results? Beginning with the hypothesis and the research design, the methodological framework for making inferences based on measurements and statistical analysis is explained. This is followed by a brief discussion on correlated measurements and data reduction before an overview is given of statistical methods for comparison of groups, factor analysis, association, regression and prediction, explained in the context of bioimpedance research. The last chapter is dedicated to the validation of a new method by different measures of performance. A flowchart is presented for selection of statistical method, and a table is given for an overview of the most important terms of performance when evaluating new measurement technology.
A Cost-Effective Interdisciplinary Approach to Microbiologic Send-Out Test Use
Authors: Aesif Scott W. , Parenti David M. , Lesky Linda , Keiser John F. 
Published: April 2014

ContextUse of reference laboratories for selected laboratory testing (send-out tests) represents a significant source of laboratory costs. As the use of more complex molecular analyses becomes common in the United States, strategies to reduce costs in the clinical laboratory must evolve in order to provide high-value, cost-effective medicine.ObjectiveTo report a strategy that employs clinical pathology house staff and key hospital clinicians in the effective use of microbiologic send-out testing.DesignThe George Washington University Hospital is a 370-bed academic hospital in Washington, DC. In 2012 all requisitions for microbiologic send-out tests were screened by the clinical pathology house staff prior to final dispensation. Tests with questionable utility were brought to the attention of ordering clinicians through the use of interdisciplinary rounds and direct face-to-face consultation.ResultsScreening resulted in a cancellation rate of 38% of send-out tests, with proportional cost savings. Nucleic acid tests represented most of the tests screened and the largest percentage of cost saved through screening. Following consultation, requested send-out tests were most often canceled because of a lack of clinical indication.ConclusionsDirect face-to-face consultation with ordering physicians is an effective, interdisciplinary approach to managing the use of send-out testing in the microbiology laboratory.
Postoperative Complications Associated With Perioperative Sirolimus Prior to Pediatric Cardiac Retransplantation
Authors: Goldberg Jason F. , Jeewa Aamir , Dreyer William J. , Adams Gerald J. , Cabrera Antonio G. , Price Jack F. , Heinle Jeffrey S. , Denfield Susan W. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES
Sirolimus has been used in pediatric cardiac transplantation for the past decade for chronic renal dysfunction, recurrent rejection, and/or coronary allograft vasculopathy. There has been concern regarding the effect of sirolimus on wound healing and other postoperative complications. To date, the pediatric literature on its use is limited and has not specifically addressed its use in the perioperative period following repeat cardiac transplantation.

METHODS
We compared the patients in our institution who received sirolimus before repeat cardiac transplantation to those in the same era who did not receive sirolimus.

RESULTS
Of the 5 patients in the study group, 5 (100%) developed pleural effusions vs 1 (17%) in the control group (p=0.013). There was no increase in mortality in the sirolimus group, and there were no significant differences in renal dysfunction, serious bacterial infection, rejection, or postoperative length of stay.

CONCLUSIONS
In this small data set, there was a statistically significant increase in pleural effusions in patients on sirolimus. Further study is needed to develop an appropriate strategy to avoid postoperative complications in this patient population.
Drug Utilization, Dosing, and Costs After Implementation of Intravenous Acetaminophen Guidelines for Pediatric Patients
Authors: Fusco Nicholas M. , Parbuoni Kristine , Morgan Jill A. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this evaluation of medication use were to characterize the use of intravenous acetaminophen at our institution and to determine if acetaminophen was prescribed at age-appropriate dosages per institutional guidelines, as well as to evaluate compliance with restrictions for use. Total acquisition costs associated with intravenous acetaminophen usage is described as well.

METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated the use of acetaminophen in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age, admitted to a tertiary care hospital, who received at least 1 dose of intravenous acet-aminophen between August 1, 2011, and January 31, 2012.

RESULTS
A total of 52 doses of intravenous acetaminophen were administered to 31 patients during the 6-month study period. Most patients were admitted to the otorhinolaryngology service (55%), and the majority of doses were administered either in the operating room (46%) or in the intensive care unit (46%). Nineteen doses (37%) of intravenous acetaminophen were administered to patients who did not meet institutional guidelines' eligibility criteria. Three patients received single doses of intravenous acetaminophen that were greater than the dose recommended for their age. One patient during the study period received more than the recommended 24-hour maximum cumulative dose for acetaminophen. Total acquisition cost of intravenous acetaminophen therapy over the 6-month study period was $530.40.

CONCLUSIONS
Intravenous acetaminophen was used most frequently among pediatric patients admitted to the otorhinolaryngology service during the perioperative period. Nineteen doses (37%) were administered to patients who did not meet the institutional guidelines' eligibility criteria. Our data support reinforcing the availability of institutional guidelines to promote cost-effective use of intravenous acetaminophen while minimizing the prescription of inappropriate doses.
Ethacrynic Acid Continuous Infusions in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients
Authors: Miller Jamie L. , Schaefer Jared , Tam Matthew , Harrison Donald L. , Johnson Peter N. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to describe dosage regimens and treatment outcomes in critically ill children receiving ethacrynic acid continuous infusions (CI).METHODSThis retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated patients less than 18 years of age who received ethacrynic acid CI with a duration exceeding 12 hours, from January 1, 2007, through January 31, 2012. The primary objective was to determine the mean/median doses of ethacrynic acid CI. Secondary objectives were to assess surrogate efficacy markers (e.g., urine output [UOP], fluid balance) and the number of patients with electrolyte abnormalities or metabolic alkalosis. Descriptive statistics were used. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to assess differences in surrogate efficacy markers and in adverse events that occurred pre-, mid-, and posttherapy.RESULTSNine patients were included. The mean ± SD initial and maximum doses (mg/kg/hr) were 0.13 ± 0.07 (median 0.1; range, 0.08–0.3) and 0.17 ± 0.08 (median, 0.16; range 0.09–0.3), respectively. The median UOP (mL/kg/hr) pre-, mid-, and postinfusions (interquartile range [IQR]) were 2.4 (1.8–3.2), 4.2 (3.5–6), and 4 (3.4–5.3), respectively. The median fluid balance (mL; IQR) was 189 (90–526), −258 (−411.7 to 249) and −113.5 (−212.5 to 80.2), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in UOP and fluid balance pre- versus mid-therapy (0.014) and pre- versus posttherapy (p=0.010). No significant differences were noted with magnesium and potassium. Five children (55.6%) developed metabolic alkalosis.CONCLUSIONSThis study provides preliminary evidence for ethacrynic acid CI in children. The median initial dose and maximum dose in this cohort were 0.13 mg/kg/hr and 0.17 mg/kg/hr, respectively. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Perceptions of HIV‐related health services in Zambia for people with disabilities who are HIV‐positive
Authors: Nixon Stephanie A , Cameron Cathy , Hanass‐Hancock Jill , Simwaba Phillimon , Solomon Patricia E , Bond Virginia A , Menon Anitha , Richardson Emma , Stevens Marianne , Zack Elisse 
Published: April 2014

IntroductionDespite the emerging body of literature on increased vulnerability to HIV among people with disabilities (PWDs), there is a dearth of evidence related to experiences of PWDs who have become HIV‐positive. This priority was identified by a disability advocacy organization in Lusaka, Zambia, where the prevalence of HIV and of disability is each approximately 15%. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and experiences of HIV‐related health services for PWDs who are also living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia.MethodsThis qualitative, interpretive study involved in‐depth, semi‐structured, one‐on‐one interviews with two groups of participants in Lusaka, Zambia: 21 PWDs who had become HIV‐positive, and 11 people working in HIV and/or disability. PWDs had physical, hearing, visual and/or intellectual impairments. Interviews were conducted in English, Nyanja, Bemba or Zambian sign language. Descriptive and thematic analyses were conducted by a multidisciplinary, international research team.ResultsParticipants described their experiences with HIV‐related health services in terms of the challenges they faced. In particular, they encountered three main challenges while seeking care and treatment: (1) disability‐related discrimination heightened when seeking HIV services, (2) communication barriers and related concerns with confidentiality, and (3) movement and mobility challenges related to seeking care and collecting antiretroviral therapy. These experiences were further shaped by participants’ profound concerns about poverty and unmet basic needs.DiscussionThis study demonstrates how PWDs who are HIV‐positive have the same HIV care, treatment and support needs as able‐bodied counterparts, but face avoidable barriers to care. Many challenges mirror concerns identified with HIV prevention, suggesting that efforts to promote inclusion and reduce stigma could have widespread benefits.ConclusionsDespite the growing body of literature on increased risk of exposure to HIV among HIV‐negative PWDs, this is the first published study to examine perceptions of testing, treatment and other HIV services for PWDs who have become HIV‐positive. Findings reveal far‐reaching opportunities for improving the quality of care for this population.
Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Across the Disease Spectrum
Authors: Schorr Alan B. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The management of diabetes mellitus, in particular the various forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has become increasingly complex over the past several decades. In the 1970s through the 1980s, options were limited. Standard treatment consisted of diet, exercise, combinations of diet, exercise, and insulin, or the use of biguanides, sulfonylureas, or both medications. Recent advances have given more choices for physicians and patients.1
Managing Recent-Onset Diabetes: Choosing Durable, Well-Tolerated Therapies and Understanding the Role of Incretin-Based Therapies
Authors: Shubrook Jay H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Management of recent-onset diabetes offers osteopathic physicians the opportunity to work with patients to set treatment goals and expectations for this progressive yet manageable disease, as well as intervene early to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. Starting effective therapy early—and intensifying therapy appropriately—to achieve and maintain glycemic goals has been shown to reduce microvascular risks and produce legacy effects that may have macrovascular benefits. Metformin remains a cornerstone of therapy for those patients who can tolerate it. Early combination therapy that is well tolerated reduces risks of hypoglycemia or unwanted weight gain, improves patient adherence, and addresses the multifactoral pathophysiology of even recent-onset diabetes. Incretin-based therapies have been shown to be effective across the spectrum of type 2 diabetes mellitus, including recent-onset diabetes. The present article reviews the use of incretin-based therapies early in the disease process of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Preparation of Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐ones Via Cyclization of Phenyl Acetamides Using Eaton's Reagent
Authors: Yang Qiang , Ulysse Luckner G. , McLaws Mark D. , Keefe Daniel K. , Guzzo Peter R. , Haney Brian P. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chlorophenylacetic acid
Thionyl chloride
Methylamine

2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐
N
‐

Methylacetamide
Eaton's reagent
Paraformaldehyde
Anhydrous Hydration of Nitriles to Amides:p‐Carbomethoxybenzamide
Authors: Kang Dahye , Lee Jinwoo , Lee Hee‐Yoon 
Published: April 2014

Abstractp‐CarbomethoxylbenzamideMethylp‐cyanobenzoateWilkinson's catalystAcetaldoxime
Preparation of Enantioenriched Homoallylic Primary Amines
Authors: González-Gómez JoséC. , Foubelo Francisco , Yus Miguel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

(

S
s

)‐
N‐tert‐
Butanesulfinamide

Indium
Decanal
Titanium(IV) ethoxide
Allyl bromide

(
rac)‐
1‐Tridecen‐4‐amine
o‐Aminobenzaldehyde, Redox‐Neutral Aminal Formation and Synthesis of Deoxyvasicinone
Authors: Zhang Chen , Kanta De Chandra , Seidel Daniel 
Published: April 2014

Abstracto‐Aminobenzaldehdyeo‐NitrobenzaldehydeIron powderPyrrolidine1,2,3,3a,4,9‐Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐9(1H)‐one,2,3‐dihydro‐DeoxyvasicinonePotassium permanganate
Multicomponent Synthesis of Tertiary Diarylmethylamines: 1‐((4‐Fluorophenyl)(4‐methoxyphenyl)methyl)piperidine
Authors: Le Gall Erwan , Martens Thierry 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Acetonitrile
Zinc dust
1,2‐Dibromoethane
Trifluroacetic acid
4‐Bromoanisole
4‐Flurobenzaldehyde
Piperidine
Cobalt bromide
Synthesis of Quinolines by Electrophilic Cyclization of

N

‐(2‐Alkynyl)Anilines: 3‐Iodo‐4‐Phenylquinoline
Authors: Anton Dubrovskiy Yu Chen , Larock Richard C 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Aniline
Propargyl bromide
Triethylamines
Iodobenzene
Bis(triphenylphsophine)palladium dichloride
Copper iodide
Iodine
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
An Efficient and Scalable Ritter Reaction for the Synthesis of
t
‐Butyl Amides
Authors: Milne Jacqueline E. , Baum Jean C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Methyl 4‐cyanobenzoate
Acetic acid

Tert
‐Butyl acetate

Sulfuric acid
Ammonium acetate

Methyl 4‐(
tert
‐butylcarbamoyl)benzoate
Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow‐spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S–17°S
Authors: Son Juwon , Pak Sang‐Joon , Kim Jonguk , Baker Edward T. , You Ok‐Rye , Son Seung‐Kyu , Moon Jai‐Woon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe complex geology and expansive axial valleys typical of slow‐spreading ridges makes evaluating their hydrothermal activity a challenge. This challenge has gone largely unmet, as the most undersampled MOR type for hydrothermal activity is slow spreading (20–55 mm/yr). Here we report the first systematic hydrothermal plume survey conducted on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR, 8°S–17°S), the most extensive such survey yet conducted on a slow‐spreading ridge. Using a combined CTD/Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorder (MAPR) package, we used 118 vertical casts along seven segments of the CIR (∼700 km of ridge length) to estimate the frequency of hydrothermal activity. Evidence for hydrothermal activity (particle and methane plumes) was found on each of the seven spreading segments, with most plumes found between 3000 and 3500 m, generally <1000 m above bottom. We most commonly found plumes on asymmetric ridge sections where ultramafic massifs formed along one ridge flank near ridge‐transform intersections or nontransform offsets. The estimated plume incidence (ph) for axial and wall casts (ph=0.30, 35 of 118 casts) is consistent with the existing global trend, indicating that the long‐term magmatic budget on the CIR is the primary control on the spatial frequency of hydrothermal venting. Our results show that the tectonic fabric of the CIR strongly determines where hydrothermal venting is expressed, and that using only near‐axial sampling might underestimate hydrothermal activity along slow‐spreading and ultraslow‐spreading ridges. Serpentinization is a minor contributor to the plume inventory, based on 15 profiles with methane anomalies only, predominantly at depths above the local valley walls.
Circumpolar ground‐based optical measurements of proton and electron shock aurora
Authors: Holmes J. M. , Johnsen M. G. , Deehr C. S. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Lorentzen D. A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMeridian scanning photometer (MSP) data are combined with global ultraviolet images from the Polar Ultraviolet Imager instrument to estimate the timing and propagation speed of shock auroras previously studied using solely space‐based ultraviolet auroral imagery. The multispectral nature of the MSPs, including the presence of a Balmer beta channel, enables the discrimination between proton and electron aurora. Following a near‐magnetic noon onset, the occurrence of auroral emissions created by shocked precipitating protons and electrons is observed to propagate tailward, along the auroral oval with speeds of several km/s, consistent with the shock propagation speed in the solar wind. In two cases, shock aurora propagation speeds along the auroral oval determined from satellite imagery are confirmed, to within calculated uncertainties, with ground‐based timing. The majority of instruments detect low‐energy discrete auroral arcs poleward of diffuse, higher‐energy aurora. Evidence of a previously reported two‐pulse proton aurora shock onset is detected at some, but not all, locations.