bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐Opetition
Authors: Mukherjee Kankana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In their seminal work, develop the concept of co‐opetition within the context of game theory. The idea of co‐opetition recognizes that business games call for co‐operation and competition at the same time. There are simultaneous win–win and win–lose elements that exist in a firm's relationships with customers, suppliers, competitors, and complementors. When it comes to making the market (i.e., creating the profit pie) co‐operation is called for, whereas when it comes to dividing the pie, competition prevails. The co‐opetition mindset, therefore, broadens the horizon of the business landscape to include many more decisions and actions as part of successful strategy. The essence lies in choosing to play the right game in a given situation. Focusing only on competition would lead managers to miss out on many successful strategies.
Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Mukherjee Kankana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was introduced in the Management Science/Operations Research literature by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes. The method can be utilized to measure the efficiency of a decision making unit (DMU), such as a firm, relative to other firms that produce the same outputs. The intellectual roots of DEA can be traced back to the nonparametric analysis of production economics due to Debreu and Farrell, and has its foundations in neoclassical production theory. DEA uses linear programming techniques to construct a piecewise linear frontier that envelopes all the data points.
Double Monopoly Markup
Authors: Mukherjee Kankana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
When manufacturing and distribution are undertaken by two successive monopolies, each firm, in its attempt to maximize its own profits, charges a price that contains a monopoly markup over its own marginal cost. This gives rise to the problem of double monopoly markup (also known as double marginalization). The overall result is higher prices for consumers, lower quantity sold, and lower consumer surplus for consumers. Further, the joint profit of the two successive monopoly firms is also less than what it would have been if the two firms were vertically integrated. Hence, there is a deadweight loss due to the double monopoly markup.
Vertical Integration
Authors: Mukherjee Kankana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Vertical integration refers to the process of management control across the stages of the vertical chain. The decision of a firm to perform an activity from another stage of the vertical chain in‐house (i.e., vertically integrate), rather than use market exchange is called the
make versus buy
decision. This decision is influenced by factors such as economies of scale, transaction costs, asset specificity, coordination problems, and demand conditions.
Winner's Curse
Authors: Mukherjee Kankana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In common value auctions, the true value of the item for purchase is the same to all bidders. However, the parties who are competing to purchase the item are unaware of the true value at the time of bidding. Since the bidder with the highest estimated value (and, therefore, the highest bid price) wins the auction, the bidder with the highest overestimate of the true value is generally the winner. This is what leads to the winner's curse, as the winner potentially earns very low to negative returns from winning the bid.
Rent Seeking
Authors: Jones Kent A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Broadly defined, rent seeking is an attempt by the owner or potential owner of an asset to secure excess returns on the asset by investing resources in influencing public policy. Tullock (1967) and Krueger (1974) developed this concept originally in terms of the efforts by firms to capture MONOPOLY profits by acquiring government‐issued licenses on quotas that grant exclusive access to a market. One can extend this idea to the owner of a factor of production whose price is affected by government intervention in the market for the factor itself or for the final product in which the factor is an input. Bhagwati (1982) developed the broader definition of rent seeking to include what he termed “directly unproductive profit‐seeking (DUP) activities.” To the extent that public policy can affect prices for assets or final products, the rent seeker has a strong incentive to invest resources to influence policy decisions in an attempt to alter marketdriven prices or access to the market in his favor.
Incomplete Contracts
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Incomplete contracts are a response to bounded rationality which results from the inability of people to exactly foresee and articulate all possible contingencies or because the cost minimization requires the contract to be incomplete. Unlike formal contracts, most employment contracts are incomplete and implicit. A complex long‐term relationship between the employee and the employer is most commonly defined as an incomplete contract and is a rational response to human limits of bounded rationality and uncertainty. Employment contracts are also implicit in the sense that they are based on shared expectations about the behavior or a relationship; these contracts are too vague to be legally enforceable and it is, therefore, essential that they be self‐enforcing.
Marginal Product
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The marginal product of any input, such as labor or capital, measures the change in total product as a result of a small change in the usage of that input, holding all other inputs constant. For example, the marginal product of labor is the additional output from using an extra unit of labor, holding other factors (capital) constant. A cost minimizing firm will want to know how adding inputs influences output and subsequently costs. Production efficiency is achieved when all inputs are used so that marginal product per unit of cost is equal.
Public Goods Problem
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Public goods (as opposed to private goods) are nonrival in consumption: once the good is provided, the additional resource cost of another person consuming the good is zero. Public goods are also nonexclusive: the consumption of a good is non‐excludable when it is either very costly or impossible to prevent others from consuming the good. National defense and street lighting are examples of public goods. However, the definition of a public good is not absolute; it depends on market conditions, the state of technology, and legal arrangements. If public goods are provided by private companies, then their level of production will be suboptimal and correspondingly the incentives for overuse are greater. A free‐rider problem occurs as consumers cannot be excluded from the consumption of a public good, and they may try to avoid paying for their consumption of this good. In addition, it is difficult to determine the true market demand for public goods. The public goods problem can be improved on by changing, assigning, or creating property rights. When property rights are secure and tradable and transactions costs are low, the Coase Theorem suggests that people will trade rights until the new pattern of ownership is efficient.
Rents
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Economic rents are defined as payments to entrepreneurs and owners of resources which are over and above the resource's opportunity cost. For example, an economic rent is a portion of payment in excess of the minimum amount of profit necessary for a firm to enter a particular industry or a worker to accept a particular job. These excess payments are called economic rents because of the analogy to land rents: a given piece of land is fixed in supply, and whatever rent is received for it is, by its nature, a surplus over what is needed to keep the land in use.
Signaling
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
When information is not readily available, individuals can take the initiative to produce signals that reveal their attributes such as competency/skills, ambition, and work ethic. Spence (1973) provided a systematic explanation of investment in education as a means of signaling productivity to the market. Let's assume we have high‐ability workers whose marginal product of labor is two and low‐ability workers whose marginal product of labor is one. In the absence of knowing individual worker productivity, employer pools the workers and pays them the same wage. High‐ability workers would want to signal employers about their greater than average productivity in order to command higher wages. Employers would benefit from such a signal by being able to select more productive workers and avoiding the cost of hiring and training workers, who may potentially be fired. Education might be a credible signal if high‐ability workers can complete education with lesser effort (lower cost) than low‐ability workers. If education is used as a signal of differentiating high‐ability workers from low‐ability workers, employers and employees benefit from this information; note, this model assumes there is no other benefit from public spending on education.
Transactions Costs
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The concept of transactions costs was first described by Ronald Coase in his 1937 paper “The Nature of the Firm.” In order to explain why we observe so much economic activity taking place inside the firm rather than be provided by competitive mechanism of the markets, Coase concluded that certain costs exist when using markets that can be eliminated when using the firm. Some examples of transactions costs when the firm uses the market are searching for the best supplier, best quality and delivery terms, the costs of writing a contract, monitoring and enforcing the agreement, and bargaining costs. Williamson showed that firms are more likely to vertically integrate and eliminate transaction costs when asset specificity exists, when hold up problem exists, transactions are complex and frequent, and economic environment is more uncertain.
Contribution Analysis
Authors: M. Way Megan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Contribution analyzis involves calculating the increase in operating profits that results from a given production or marketing decision. It is a short‐run decision tool, meaning that it ignores fixed costs that are unaffected by the decision at hand, and looks only at the incremental costs and benefits of the decision. The total
contribution
to the bottom line, or the difference between revenue generated and the variable costs of production and sales, represents how much operating profit can contribute to covering fixed costs and generating a net profit. In the short run, maximizing contribution and maximizing profits are identical concepts. Contribution analysis can inform pricing, output, production, and promotion decisions.
Factor Markets
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Factor markets (also known as input markets or resource markets) are the settings for the interaction of households and firms in the purchase and sale of inputs to production. The main categories of factors of production are land, labor, and capital. Households supply their labor, augmented by their human capital, and their land directly through the labor and real‐estate markets. Capital is supplied more indirectly by households depositing their savings in a bank or other financial institution. These savings then become loanable funds for firms to borrow to make capital purchases or investments. Firms' demand for these inputs is a derived demand, meaning it is derived from the demand for the end‐product or service the firm produces. Demand in factor markets is also determined by the productivity of the input, as well as other considerations that affect profit maximization, such as the technology employed in production and the availability of substitute inputs.
Operating Leverage
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Operating leverage refers to the use of fixed inputs versus variable inputs in the production of goods and services. A firm with high operating leverage employs more capital as opposed to labor or other variable inputs in its production processes. Operating leverage is related to financial leverage because a firm that uses more operating leverage must fund its investment in fixed assets through debt or equity, affecting the financial leverage of the firm. The level of operating leverage affects risk through the firm's commitment to fixed costs, which raises the break‐even level of output. When sales volume (output) falls below the break‐even level, losses mount as long as fixed assets cannot be shed. Conversely, when firm sales are above the break‐even level, profits mount because of the low incremental (variable) costs of additional units produced.
Piece‐Rate Wages
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPiece‐rate wages compensate workers based on output or productivity; fruit pickers paid by the basket, or salespeople on commission are piece‐rate workers. Piece‐rate wages attempt to mitigate the principal–agent problem that occurs when a firm (the principal) hires a worker (the agent) to produce a product or service in the most efficient, profitable manner. From the employee's perspective, working efficiently may require undesirable physical or psychic effort. By tying pay to output, the firm aligns the employee's incentive with the objective of the firm. Relatively few workers in the United States, however, are paid piece‐rate wages. This is because of the costs of monitoring output, quantity‐quality issues, and the risks workers must take on when working for piece‐rates.
Time‐Rate Wages
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Time‐rate wages compensate workers based on time spent working rather than output or productivity. Salaried or hourly employees are examples of time‐rate workers, and time‐rate wages are the way most workers in the United States are paid. Standard time‐rate wages do not usually address the principal‐agent problem that occurs when a firm (the principal) hires an worker (the agent) to produce a product or service in the most efficient manner. From the worker's perspective, working efficiently may require undesirable physical or psychic effort. Without any link between effort and pay, time‐rate employees have the incentive to shirk, or to exert minimal effort. For this reason, firms that use standard time‐rate compensation schemes often pay based on the value of a minimal effort that can be easily monitored, such as punching a time card or keeping up with an assembly line.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Petty Ross D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Intellectual property is considered an important means for stimulating innovation by providing innovators to the exclusive rights to particular aspects of their innovations usually for a limited period of time. Trade secrets may protect confidential information such as future plans, product formula and production processes from misappropriation by others but they are not protected from reverse engineering or independent discovery. Patents disclose functional product and process innovations but protect them from copying for 20 years. Design protection complements patents' protection of functionality by protecting ornamental aspects of products and manufactured items. In contrast, copyrights protect original expression that has at least a minimum level of creativity and trademarks protect source designations s such as names, logos and other brand identifiers.
Excess Capacity
Authors: Hussain Sayed A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term “capacity” has multiple meanings in managerial economics: it can be interpreted as a firm's “physical capacity” (e.g., the maximum units of a product that can be produced in a month or the maximum number of customers/transactions that can be processed in an hour) or interpreted as that “quantity” in which the average cost (cost per unit) is minimized (in a long‐run context this capacity is also known as the “Minimum Efficient Scale”).
Lemons Market
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A “lemons market” is a market in which sellers have an informational advantage over buyers regarding the quality of the product. Buyers are not willing to pay more than an average price for an item of uncertain quality and sellers of high quality products are unwilling to sell at the prevailing price. The result is that only low quality products (“lemons”) are available for sale. In the absence of credible signaling of quality, this will lead to market failure.
Moral Hazard
Authors: Gai Yunwei 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMoral hazard occurs when parties involved in a transaction or other market activities (e.g., labor contracts) have different incentives and one party's action is unobservable or extremely costly to monitor. Moral hazard is a result of asymmetric information often in the context of principle–agent relationship with risk and uncertainty involved. In the insurance market, moral hazard causes individual patients incentive to control medical use as each person does not bear these costs. The total healthcare costs for the society as a whole increase and health insurance premium goes up as a result. For these reasons, moral hazard has long been understood to be a welfare decreasing effect of health insurance coverage. Although it is prevalent in insurance industry, moral hazard is common in other markets and industries such as financial markets, labor markets, and management.
Mapping Conformational Heterogeneity of Mitochondrial Nucleotide Transporter in Uninhibited States
Authors: Sounier Remy , Bellot Gaetan , Chou James J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne of the less well understood aspects of membrane transporters is the dynamic coupling between conformational change and substrate transport. NMR approaches are used herein to investigate conformational heterogeneity of the GTP/GDP carrier (GGC) from yeast mitochondria. NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) analysis of GGC in a DNA‐origami nanotube liquid crystal shows that several structured segments have different generalized degrees of order (GDO), thus indicating the presence of conformational heterogeneity. Complete GDO mapping reveals asymmetry between domains of the transporter and even within certain transmembrane helices. Nucleotide binding partially reduces local structural heterogeneity, and the substrate binds to multiple sites along the transport cavity. These observations suggest that mitochondrial carriers in the uninhibited states are intrinsically plastic and structural plasticity is asymmetrically distributed among the three homologous domains.
CH Functionalization of Phenols Using Combined Ruthenium and Photoredox Catalysis: In Situ Generation of the Oxidant
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Zoller Jochen , Rueping Magnus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA combination of ruthenium and photoredox catalysis allowed the ortho olefination of phenols. Using visible light, the direct CH functionalization of o‐(2‐pyridyl)phenols occurred, and diverse phenol ethers were obtained in good yields. The regeneration of the ruthenium catalyst was accomplished by a photoredox‐catalyzed oxidative process.
Chip‐Based Free‐Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass‐Spectrometry
Authors: Benz Christian , Boomhoff Michael , Appun Johannes , Schneider Christoph , Belder Detlev 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFree‐flow electrophoresis is an ideal tool for preparative separations in continuous microflow. With the approach presented herein for coupling free‐flow electrophoresis and mass spectrometry it is now also possible to trace non‐fluorescent compounds and identify them by means of mass spectrometry. The functionality of the method and its potential as an integrated separation unit for microflow synthesis is demonstrated by application to a multicomponent [3+2]‐cycloannulation.
The Biological Activity of Zeise’s Salt and its Derivatives
Authors: Meieranz Sandra , Stefanopoulou Maria , Rubner Gerhard , Bensdorf Kerstin , Kubutat Dominic , Sheldrick William S. , Gust Ronald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWith the aim to design new biologically active bioinorganic drugs of aspirin, whose mode of action is based on the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase(COX) enzymes, derivatives of Zeise’s salt were synthesized in this structure–activity relationship study. Surprisingly, not only these Zeise–aspirin compounds but also Zeise’s salt itself showed high inhibitory potency against COX enzymes in in vitro assays. In contrast, potassium tetrachloroplatinate and cisplatin did not influence the enzyme activity at equimolar concentrations. It was demonstrated by LC‐ESI tandem‐mass spectrometry that Zeise’s salt platinates the essential amino acids Tyr385 (active site of the enzyme) and Ser516 (will be acetylated by aspirin) of COX‐1, thereby strongly impairing the function of the enzyme. This finding demonstrates for the first time that Zeise’s salt is pharmacologically active and is a potent enzyme inhibitor.
Filigrane Bauwerke aus Textilbeton
Authors: Rempel Sergej , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef , Beul Patrick 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDer innovative Verbundwerkstoff textilbewehrter Beton (kurz: Textilbeton) eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für den Betonbau und bietet besondere Vorteile in vielen Bereichen des Bauwesens. Im Gegensatz zur Stahlbewehrung sind die Textilien nicht korrosionsgefährdet, sodass die Betondeckung auf wenige Millimeter reduziert werden kann. Damit sind architektonisch anspruchsvolle Betonkonstruktionen möglich, die sich vor allem in der Schlankheit und den geschmackvollen Sichtoberflächen widerspiegeln. Zusätzlich bieten sie ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile. Das Potenzial lässt sich in den realisierten Anwendungsprojekten erkennen. Der Beitrag stellt ausgewählte filigrane Bauwerke vor, die nur durch den Einsatz des Textilbetons entstehen konnten. Dabei wird sowohl auf selbsttragende als auch tragende Baustrukturen eingegangen.Filigree Textile‐Reinforced‐Concrete constructionsThe innovative composite material Textile‐Reinforced‐Concrete (TRC) enables new possibilities for concrete constructions and offers the building industry many advantages. In contrast to steel reinforcement the technical textiles are not vulnerable to corrosion. The consequence is the minimization of the concrete cover. The results of the remaining millimeters are architectonical challenging concrete constructions, which stand out through slenderness and elegant surfaces. Additionally TRC structures provide ecological and economic efficiency. The realized projects prove the potential of TRC. The paper introduces filigree constructions, which only could be fulfilled with Textile Reinforced Concrete. Especially the self‐supporting and bearing structures will be presented.