bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of environmental shear, sea‐surface temperature, and ambient moisture on the formation and predictability of tropical cyclones: An ensemble‐mean perspective
Authors: Tao Dandan , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe formation and predictability of sheared tropical cyclones (TCs) are explored through a series of convection‐permitting ensemble simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with different environmental vertical wind shear, sea‐surface temperature (SST), and ambient moisture conditions. Small‐amplitude random moisture perturbations are introduced in the lower troposphere as the initial‐condition uncertainties to generate the ensembles under different environmental conditions; the composites of each ensemble are analyzed in this study to examine the mean dynamics of sheared TCs. It is found that the environmental shear can significantly affect the timing of tropical cyclone formation by influencing the spatial distribution of convection and subsequently changing the positive feedback between diabatic heating and the TC vortex primary circulation. Except for the initial spin‐up periods, the larger the vertical wind shear, the farther and weaker the convection from the TC center, which leads to a weakening TC vortex circulation and more time is needed to start the onset of rapid intensification (RI). The simulated tropical cyclones cannot start rapid intensification during a 9 day simulation if the shear exceeds 7.5 m/s for a constant SST of 27°C. Increasing SST to 29°C reduces the tilt magnitude and thus shortens the RI onset time because of the increased diabatic heating closer to the TC center. Reduction in the environmental moisture content will eventually lead to weakened convection and delayed or failed precession in the latter stages if the TC forms at all. In summary, the development of tropical cyclones is largely depending on the magnitude of vertical wind shear and diabatic heating, which can be further altered by other environmental conditions, such as the sea‐surface temperature and ambient moisture content.
The Cooperation of Regenerative Braking and Friction Braking in Fuel Cell, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles
Authors: Yu Zhuoping , Xiong Lu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The cooperative regenerative braking system is more and more widely used in the whole world. First, the history of the regenerative braking system is introduced in this chapter. Then the cooperative working of regenerative and friction braking systems is discussed. There are three ways to cooperate the two sub‐braking systems, and the structures of the cooperative system in battery electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, and fuel cell vehicle are different. Moreover, three parts of cooperative regenerative braking system are introduced in detail. Signal part collects signals related to the driver's braking intention. Control part monitors the rotational speed of the wheels and decides the intervention of the friction brake if the motor is incapable of handling the force necessary for stopping the car. Actuator part in friction braking system is the hydraulic braking system, whereas for the regenerative braking system, it is electric motor. At last, some related research fields and cases in this regard are mentioned.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Prevalence in Sweden in 2010: What Do National Registers Say?
Authors: Simard Julia F. , Sjöwall Christopher , Rönnblom Lars , Jönsen Andreas , Svenungsson Elisabet 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveWorldwide prevalence estimates of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) range from 3 to 207 per 100,000, depending on region and population, SLE definition, case sources, and other methodologic considerations. We aimed to determine the prevalence of SLE in Sweden on January 1, 2010, using population‐based registers.MethodsLinking multiple national registers, we identified all possible inpatient and outpatient visits with SLE‐specific discharge diagnoses and relevant prescription dispensations among living individuals registered in Sweden on January 1, 2010. SLE was defined from a lenient classification (requiring only a single visit) to stricter definitions that required multiple visits with a history of relevant specialist care and a dispensation for common SLE medications. Prevalence was calculated overall and by sex, age (0–14 years, 15–49 years, and ≥50 years, as well as in 5‐year age groups), and county of residence.ResultsOverall prevalence ranged from 46 per 100,000 for the strictest definition to 85 per 100,000 for the least strict definition. As expected, SLE was more common among females (range 79–144 per 100,000) than males (range 12–25 per 100,000) and varied by age. The up to 4‐fold variation by county was unexpected. Prevalence generally increased with age (2, 52, and 95 per 100,000 by increasing age group, 0–14 years, 15–49 years, and ≥50 years, respectively, using a moderately strict definition) and also varied by county.ConclusionVariations of prevalence by age and sex were consistent with previous studies and overall ranged from 46 to 85 per 100,000. We observed a surprising geographic variation in the prevalence of SLE in Sweden on January 1, 2010, according to multiple definitions.
Linking Physical Function Outcomes in Rheumatology: Performance of a Crosswalk for Converting Health Assessment Questionnaire Scores to Short Form 36 Physical Functioning Scale Scores
Authors: Oude Voshaar Martijn A. H. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Taal Erik , Wolfe Frederick , Vonkeman Harald , Glas Cees A. W. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability of a crosswalk, developed in The Netherlands, between the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and the Short Form 36 physical functioning scale (PF‐10) in a sample of patients with various rheumatic diseases in the US.MethodsBaseline data from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 29,020), fibromyalgia (FM; n = 3,776), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 1,609) participating in the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases were analyzed. Reliability of the crosswalk was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and agreement between observed and predicted scores was evaluated using the Bland‐Altman approach.ResultsThe crosswalk produced reliable conversions for both the HAQ DI (ICC range 0.70–0.77) and PF‐10 (ICC range 0.73–0.78) in all 3 disease groups. The mean difference between observed and expected scores was close to zero in US patients with RA. For all 3 disease groups, the limits of agreement were fairly wide and conversion at the level of individual patients is not recommended.ConclusionThe crosswalk produced reliable conversions at the group level in a crosscultural setting and can be used to convert HAQ DI to PF‐10 scores and vice versa in US patients with RA, FM, or SLE.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Adjacent Acyclic Quaternary‐Tertiary Motifs: Application to a Concise Total Synthesis of (−)‐Filiformin
Authors: Blair Daniel J. , Fletcher Catherine J. , Wheelhouse Katherine M. P. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLithiation/borylation methodology has been developed for the synthesis of acyclic quaternary‐tertiary motifs with full control of relative and absolute stereochemistry, thus leading to all four possible isomers of a stereodiad. A novel intramolecular Zweifel‐type olefination enabled acyclic stereocontrol to be transformed into cyclic stereocontrol. These key steps have been applied to the shortest enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐filiformin to date (9 steps) with full stereocontrol.
Production, purification, characterization, immobilization, and application of β‐galactosidase: a review
Authors: Nath Arijit , Mondal Subhoshmita , Chakraborty Sudip , Bhattacharjee Chiranjib , Chowdhury Ranjana 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBiopharmaceuticals are new categorizing biomolecules, which are the results of incredible proliferation in the field of biotechnology. One of the challenging biomolecule β‐galactosidase (β‐galactosidase galacto hydrolysase, trivially lactase) catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to produce glucose and galactose, and in some cases, it takes part in transgalactosylation reaction that produces functional food galato‐oligosaccharide. A wide variety of strategies had been already attempted for production of β‐galactosidase through fermentative route. Beside the upstream process, downstream technology towards purification and immobilization of target enzyme also create great attentions. Subsequently, its wide applications in the field of food, biopharmaceuticals, dairy, diagnosis, and waste treatment boost up biotechnological economy as well as zero‐effluent discharge. In dairy industry, β‐galactosidase has been used to degrade lactose, prevent crystallization of lactose, improve sweetness, and increase the solubility of milk product, otherwise which would be an environmental pollutant. In food and pharmaceutical industries, β‐galactosidase has been used to prepare low lactose‐containing food products for low lactose‐tolerant people. Therefore, it is obvious to elucidate different technological aspects of β‐galactosidase, which may provide a great knowledge in educational and industrial field. Taking the enzyme into account, a ready review has been made about its production, purification, characterization, and immobilization technology. The review also addresses wide applications of β‐galactosidase in different fields. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning of hydroxyapatite–chitosan nanofibers for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Liverani Liliana , Abbruzzese Franca , Mozetic Pamela , Basoli Francesco , Rainer Alberto , Trombetta Marcella 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAn organic/inorganic composite scaffold was synthesized by the introduction of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder within electrospun chitosan fibers. The effects of HA dispersion on the cross‐linking process have been investigated. The obtained chitosan–HA electrospun samples were characterized in terms of morphology, chemical structure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity. Positive results were obtained in terms of homogeneous nanofibrous sample morphology, preservation of HA structure in the electrospun membranes, and improvement of sample bioactivity. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun antibacterial nanofibers: Production, activity, andin vivoapplications
Authors: Gao Yuan , Bach Truong Yen , Zhu Yonggang , Louis Kyratzis Ilias 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTElectrospinning is an economical and relatively simple method to produce continuous and uniform nanofibers from almost any synthetic and many natural polymers. Because of the high specific surface area, tunable pore size, and flexibility, the nanofibrous membranes are finding an increasingly wide range of applications. Some particular attention has been devoted to antibacterial nanofibers for applications such as wound dressings. A variety of biocides, e.g.,antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts, triclosan, biguanides, (silver, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide) nanoparticles and chitosan have been incorporated by various techniques into nanofibers that exhibit strong antibacterial activity in standard assays. However, the small diameters of the nanofibers also mean that the incorporated biocides are often burst released once the materials are submerged in an aqueous solution. Nevertheless, several strategies, such as core‐sheath structure of the nanofiber, covalent bonding of the biocide on the fiber surface and adsorption of the biocide in nanostructures, can be utilized to sustain the release over several days. This review summarizes recent development in the fabrication of antibacterial nanofibers, the release profiles of the biocides and their applications inin vivosystems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40797.
Strength improvements in toughened epoxy composites using surface treated GnPs
Authors: Zaldivar Rafael J. , Adams Paul M. , Kim Hyun I. , Nokes James P. , Patel Dhruv N. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTNanographitic materials are gaining enormous interest as a new class of reinforcement for nanocomposites, promising revolutionary electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. However, the progress has been quite limited especially in terms of mechanical properties. Here we report a significant leap, >2× increases in tensile strength and modulus of an epoxy composite using surface treated graphite nanoplatelets (GnPs). This corroborated by increases in Tgs as well as the presence of oxygen‐functionalized groups verified by XPS, suggest improved distribution and chemical interaction at the filler‐to‐matrix interface. Toughness values also showed increases with concentration, without compromising the strength or failure strain. However, if solvent levels during degassing were not reduced sufficiently, negligible contributions to strength and stiffness were observed with GnP loading. Subsequent elevated temperature treatments increased the strength of the composite due to cure enhancement of the matrix material, yet did not provide mechanical enhancements due to the incorporation of the filler. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40802.
Zein film: Effects of dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma
Authors: Pankaj S. K. , Bueno‐Ferrer Carmen , Misra N. N. , Bourke Paula , Cullen P. J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDielectric barrier discharge atmospheric plasma is a novel nonthermal technology for the food and packaging industry. The effects of dielectric barrier discharge plasma on the surface, structural, thermal, and moisture sorption properties of edible zein films have been examined. Plasma treatment increased the surface roughness and equillibrium moisture content of the zein film in a direct relationship with the applied voltage level. No significant difference in the thermal stability of the zein film is also observed after plasma treatment. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatments of zein film lead to a change in the protein conformation which is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy. The evaluation of films modifications by plasma discharge will contribute to enhance the in‐package decontamination studies of food products by plasma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40803.
CO2 gas barrier properties in polymer nanocomposite coatings containing Li‐hectorite clays
Authors: Choudalakis Georgios A. , Kalo Hussein , Breu Josef , Gotsis Alexandros D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis is a study of the addition of hydrophilic Li‐hectorite nanoplatelets in waterborne acrylic resin emulsions and the resulting nanocomposite coatings. The mechanism of the dispersion of the nanoplatelets during film formation and curing from aqueous suspensions is described. The morphological features of the coating and the state of delamination is examined via X‐ray diffraction for three different clay treatment procedures. The influence of the shape of the nanosized objects and their dispersion level on the transport characteristics of the nanocomposite film are measured and their effect on the polymer free volume is discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40805.
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Autoimmune‐Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome in Adults
Authors: Kumakura Shunichi , Murakawa Yohko 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo better define the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of autoimmune‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome (AAHS) in adults.MethodsAdults with AAHS (defined as pathologic evidence of hemophagocytosis without any obvious cause other than an autoimmune disease) were identified through a review of the literature.ResultsAmong 116 patients identified, underlying diseases included systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 52.3%, adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) in 26.7%, and dermatomyositis in 6.9%. Fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were found in 86.8%, 41.0%, 41.8%, and 45.5% of patients, respectively. Cytopenia, liver dysfunction, and hyperferritinemia developed frequently, and coagulopathy was seen in 50.6% of patients. Normal or low C‐reactive protein levels were characteristic of patients with underlying SLE. The most commonly used therapy was corticosteroids, which were initially administered in 95.7% of patients, with 57.7% responding. Patients with corticosteroid‐refractory disease were usually treated with cyclosporine, intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV CYC), or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), with IV CYC being highly effective. Treatment with biologic agents resulted in favorable effects in the majority of patients. The mortality rate was 12.9%. Male sex (odds ratio [OR] 6.47, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.06–30.39, P < 0.01), dermatomyositis (OR 5.57, 95% CI 1.08–28.65, P < 0.05), and anemia (hemoglobin <8 gm/dl; OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.02–13.8, P < 0.05) were identified as factors associated with mortality.ConclusionAAHS is potentially fatal. Corticosteroids are a mainstay of initial treatment. For corticosteroid‐refractory disease, IV CYC may be beneficial as compared with cyclosporine or IVIG. Treatment that proceeds directly from corticosteroids to biologic agents is promising.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibition Stimulates Human Cartilage Destruction and Exacerbates Murine Osteoarthritis
Authors: Litherland Gary J. , Hui Wang , Elias Martina S. , Wilkinson David J. , Watson Sharon , Huesa Carmen , Young David A. , Rowan Andrew D. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) as a regulator of cartilage destruction in human tissue and a murine model of osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsSurgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was performed to induce experimental murine OA, and joint damage was assessed histologically. Bovine nasal and human OA cartilage samples were incubated with interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) plus oncostatin M (OSM) and GSK‐3 inhibitor. Collagen and proteoglycan release was assessed by hydroxyproline measurement and dye binding assay, collagenase activity was assessed by bioassay, and gene expression was analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Human articular chondrocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion and cultured prior to gene silencing and immunoblotting of cell lysates and nuclear fractions.ResultsMice treated with GSK‐3 inhibitor exhibited significantly greater cartilage damage compared with sham‐operated control mice. GSK‐3 inhibition in bovine cartilage dramatically accelerated IL‐1 plus OSM–stimulated degradation, concomitant with a profound increase in collagenase activity. GSK‐3 inhibitor induced collagen release from human OA cartilage in the presence of IL‐1 plus OSM and increased proteoglycan loss. Gene expression profiling of resorbing OA cartilage revealed a marked procatabolic switch in gene expression upon GSK‐3 inhibition. This was mirrored in human articular chondrocytes following GSK3 silencing, particularly with the GSK‐3β isoform. GSK‐3 inhibition or silencing led to enhanced IL‐1 plus OSM–stimulated abundance and activity of Jun, and silencing of c‐jun ameliorated GSK‐3 inhibitor–mediated procatabolic gene expression.ConclusionGSK‐3 is an important regulator of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–mediated joint destruction, the inhibition of which by proinflammatory stimuli de‐represses catabolic gene expression. Therapeutic strategies that maintain cartilage GSK‐3 activity may therefore help curtail aberrant MMP activity during pathologic joint destruction.
Highly Efficient Orange and Warm White Phosphorescent OLEDs Based on a Host Material with a Carbazole–Fluorenyl Hybrid
Authors: Du Xiaoyang , Huang Yun , Tao Silu , Yang Xiaoxia , Wu Chuan , Wei Huaixin , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA new carbazole–fluorenyl hybrid compound, 3,3′(2,7‐di(naphthaline‐2‐yl)‐9H‐fluorene‐9,9‐diyl)bis(9‐phenyl‐9H‐carbazole) (NFBC) was synthesized and characterized. The compound exhibits blue‐violet emission both in solution and in film, with peaks centered at 404 and 420 nm. In addition to the application as a blue emitter, NFBC is demonstrated to be a good host for phosphorescent dopants. By doping Ir(2‐phq)3 in NFBC, a highly efficient orange organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) with a maximum efficiency of 32 cd A−1 (26.5 Lm W−1) was obtained. Unlike most phosphorescent OLEDs, the device prepared in our study shows little efficiency roll‐off at high brightness and maintains current efficiencies of 31.9 and 26.8 cd A−1 at a luminance of 1000 and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively. By using NFBC simultaneously as a blue fluorescence emitter and as a host for a phosphorescent dopant, a warm white OLED with a maximum efficiency of 22.9 Lm W−1 (21.9 cd A−1) was also obtained.
A Reversible Dual Mode Chemodosimeter for the Detection of Cyanide Ions in Natural Sources
Authors: Shankar Balaraman H. , Jayaram Dhanya T. , Ramaiah Danaboyina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of two indolium probes 1 and 2 based on anthracene and pyrene derivatives and their interactions with various anions. Of these probes, the pyrene conjugate 2 acts as a dual colorimetric and fluorescent chemodosimeter for the selective and sensitive detection of cyanide ions. The detection limit of probe 2 for CN− ions was found to be 10 ppb (30 nM). The nature of interaction has been thoroughly studied through various techniques such as 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, HRMS, and isothermal calorimetric (ITC) studies. These studies confirm that probe 2 forms a 1,2‐adduct in the presence of CN− ions. Kinetic studies using probe 2 showed the completion of the reaction within 15 s with a rate constant of k′=0.522±0.063 s−1. This probe can be coated on a solid surface (dipstick) and a polymer matrix for the on‐site analysis and quantification of endogenous cyanide ions in natural sources such as Indian almonds.
Pluviometric ID: precipitation characteristics at a glance
Authors: de Pessôa João Augusto 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article proposes the Pluviometric ID, a graphic representation of the main precipitation characteristics from a given dataset. The Pluviometric ID exceeds the traditional depiction of rainfall data as it allows a fast and simultaneous perception of parameters such as seasonal and interannual precipitation pattern changes, historic data series (length and integrity), cumulative and distributed (daily) long‐term mean precipitation, among others. When plotted on a web map, the Precipitation ID quickly projects the regional precipitation patterns and trends towards a particular visually chosen direction. Non‐standard patterns may eventually arise and be easily spotted.