bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Barrier Layer Metallizations in Long Term High Temperature Endurance Tests on Wire Bond Interconnections
Authors: Riches S. T. , Johnston C. , Lui A. 
Published: October 2015

Silicon on insulator (SOI) device technology has been shown to be capable of functioning satisfactorily at operating temperatures of &gt;200°C, with device lifetimes of 5 y at 225°C being declared. One of the key areas governing the lifetime of the packaged electronic devices is the reliability of the wire bond interconnection between the device and the package or substrate connection. Extended temperature storage testing at 250°C of packaged SOI devices has highlighted end of life failure modes associated with wire bond connections.
SOI devices are normally supplied with an aluminum based bond pad metallization, which are not suitable for direct connection of Au wire at operating temperatures of &gt;125°C, due to the formation of Au-Al intermetallics. It is possible to postprocess silicon wafers to deposit barrier and connection materials to create a monometallic Au-Au joint at the surface. For long term endurance at temperatures &gt;200°C, the effectiveness of the barrier layer in preventing diffusion of the aluminum bond pad metallization to interact with the Au is a critical factor.
This paper presents results of studies carried out on two postprocess metallization systems Au/TiW and Au/Pd/Ni deposited onto aluminum bond pads, which have been Au wire bonded and exposed to 250°C temperature storage for up to 13,000 h. The results have shown that the barrier layers are not effective in preventing diffusion of the aluminum bond pad metallization to create Au-Al based intermetallics. The results are compared with Al-1%Si wire bonding to the aluminum bond pad, where the second wedge bond is attached to a Au/Ni plated metallization, where the degradation appears to be less severe. Recommendations for designing stable wire bond interconnection systems for extended high temperature operation will be presented.
Effects of Copper Pattern Density and Orientation on the Modulus of BGA Substrates
Authors: Carpenter Burton , Yeung Betty , Yuan Yuan 
Published: October 2015

Substrate material properties directly impact package mechanical performance. The component materials of a BGA substrate are the fiberglass-reinforced epoxy, copper, and solder-mask. Even when the material properties (modulus and CTE) of each component are known, the behavior of the final substrate is not easily determined because factors such as copper density and pattern have significant effects. For example, the modulus in the direction parallel to the copper traces will be different from the modulus in the direction perpendicular to the traces. Package mechanical simulations typically do not mesh the details of the copper patterns, but rather average within each layer, thus neglecting the orientation effects. Therefore FEM (finite element model) simulations may yield inaccurate stress and warpage results.
In this study the effect of copper pattern density and orientation on substrate modulus was examined. Eight different test patterns were designed, each with a single simple pattern. These were fabricated into two metal layer substrates. Flexural modulus measurements from −65°C to 260°C were made using two types of instruments: DMA and Instron. Because the geometries were simple, FEM simulations were able to mesh the copper pattern details exactly. The exact FEM simulations matched the empirical data better than simulations using traditional layer averaging methods.
The copper pattern effect was significant. The substrate modulus was lower in the direction perpendicular to the traces than in the direction parallel to the traces by 15% at room temperature and 35% at 260°C. The substrate modulus parallel to the copper traces increased linearly with copper pattern density as predicted by theoretical mixture rules. However, the substrate modulus in the direction perpendicular to the traces was not predicted theoretically. Therefore, more sophisticated averaging techniques are needed.
Is anxiety more common in school students with newly diagnosed specific learning disabilities? A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Thakkar AN , Karande S , Bala N , Sant H , Gogtay NJ , Sholapurwala R 
Published: October 2015

Background and Objectives:
School students with specific learning disabilities (SpLDs) experience chronic academic underachievement and resultant stress. The present study aimed to determine if school students with newly diagnosed SpLD were more likely to have anxiety than their regular peers.

Materials and Methods:
The study cases (aged 8-15 years) were recruited from our institute's learning disability clinic. The matched controls were recruited from four schools in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Anxiety was measured using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)-child self-report version questionnaire. Median SCAS scores and the proportion of students with an SCAS score in the "clinical anxiety" range were compared between the groups.

Results:
SCAS scores were significantly higher in 8-11-year-old learning-disabled male and female students (P < 0.0001 for both groups) and 12-15-year-old female students (P = 0.004), as compared with matched controls. A significantly higher number of learning-disabled students were found to have "clinical anxiety" [24.64% vs 4.35%, crude odds ratio (OR) = 7.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.91-17.78, P = 0.0001], as compared with the controls regardless of gender, age group, presence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or associated medical conditions. A significantly higher proportion of 8-11-year-old learning-disabled students, especially males, were found to have "clinical anxiety" as compared with 12-15-year-old learning-disabled students (crude OR = 4.38, 95% CI 1.94-9.92, P = 0.0004). Gender, presence of comorbid ADHD or associated medical conditions, and type of school attended or curriculum did not impact the prevalence of "clinical anxiety" in learning-disabled students.

Interpretation and Conclusions:
Students with newly diagnosed SpLD have greater odds of being "clinically anxious" relative to their regular peers. We recommend screening for anxiety in children with SpLD immediately after diagnosis so that their optimum rehabilitation can be facilitated.
Análisis iconográfico del mito de Lilith en la publicidad
Authors: Martínez-Oña María del Mar , Muñoz-Muñoz Ana María 
Published: October 2015

La cultura occidental, mantiene un imaginario femenino condicionado por la creación androcéntrica, que encasilla a las mujeres bajo diversos estereotipos conceptuales de maldad o bondad, entre ellos, aquel que ejemplifica la maldad en sí, el mito de Lilith. Metodología: A partir de una lectura y posterior análisis iconográfico se identifican y clasifican las diferentes iconografías, nueve en total, que presentan este mito. Tras este primer análisis se cuantifica en qué sectores comerciales aparece el antiguo mito y cómo se representa. Resultados y conclusiones: Siendo los sectores comerciales de perfumes, audiovisual y moda los que más utilizan la imagen de Lilith. La iconografía más usada es la de mujer objeto en un 38%, seguida de mujer mimetizada con la serpiente 21%, mujer amante del reptil en un 12% y mujer como sinónimo de muerte en un 8%.
Schaduwgebieden van Europese regulering
Authors: Senden L.A.J. 
Published: October 2015

Schaduwgebieden van Europese regulering
In deze bijdrage worden drie trends geschetst op het terrein van Europese regulering die nogal ongrijpbaar zijn, omdat ze zich aftekenen in de schaduw van de formele normenhiërarchie die het Verdrag van Lissabon heeft geïntroduceerd. Dit zijn ‘zachte’ bestuurlijke regelgeving door de Commissie, ten tweede bestuurlijke regelgeving door netwerken en verschillende Europese agentschappen en ten derde de ‘infiltratie’ van private regulering in het Unierecht. Deze trends hebben als gevolg dat Europese normstelling een steeds diffuser karakter krijgt, zowel in termen van feitelijke herkomst en ‘auteurschap’ als in termen van juridische aard en status. Lidstaten en nationale autoriteiten worden hiermee geconfronteerd, maar staan niet helemaal aan de zijlijn van deze ontwikkelingen, althans niet wanneer bevoegdheden op grond van wetgevingshandelingen waarbij de Raad is betrokken (wat doorgaans het geval is), aan de Commissie en agentschappen worden toegekend. De trends roepen wel vragen op ten aanzien van de betrokkenheid van nationale autoriteiten bij de opstelling ervan, alsook van stakeholders.
Wetgeving en andere normenstelsels: zes aanwijzingen aan de Nederlandse wetgever
Authors: Smits J.M. 
Published: October 2015

Wetgeving en andere normenstelsels: zes aanwijzingen aan de Nederlandse wetgever
Het doel van deze bijdrage is om na te gaan hoe de nationale wetgever heeft te reageren op de toename van rechtens relevante normenstelsels. Er worden zes vragen verkend waar de nationale wetgever praktisch mee heeft te rekenen. De voorzichtige conclusie is dat de wetgever zich tot nu toe onvoldoende realiseert wat het betekent om in een meergelaagd rechtssysteem te functioneren. Het zou goed zijn indien door politici en wetgevingsjuristen een fundamenteler discussie wordt gevoerd over onder meer de ‘wie doet wat’-vraag, de kenbaarheid en coherentie van het recht, de implementatie van EU-recht, verwijzing naar private regulering en de positionering van Nederland op de internationale ‘rechtsmarkt’. Eén ding moet daarbij vooropstaan: een meergelaagde rechtsorde is geen bedreiging voor de nationale wetgever, maar biedt vooral een kans om opnieuw invulling te geven aan de eisen die in een rechtsstaat aan regelgeving moeten worden gesteld.
Ook een nieuwe zaaksbehandeling door de bezwaarschriftencommissie?
Authors: Waasdorp Jim 
Published: October 2015

Application of a new case procedure by the review committee? Discussing a more informal and socially effective approach at the hearing during the objection proceedings
The Dutch administrative procedure needs to become more informal and socially effective. This has to be accomplished by implementing the projects ‘In pleasant contact with the authorities’ (Prettig contact met de overheid) aimed at government institutions and a ‘New case procedure’ (Nieuwe zaaksbehandeling) aimed at the administrative courts. Both projects expressly provide more space to deal with a case from more than just a legal perspective. As of yet, the review committee does not make use of a standard procedure. It has been criticised in literature for limiting its assessment of a case to aspects of lawfulness, rather than embracing notions of justice and fairness in its procedure. In this article the author discusses the application by the review committee of guidelines derived from the aforementioned projects in order to make the hearing during the objections proceedings more informal and socially effective.
Drug‐Free “Triboelectric Immunotherapy” Activating Immunity for Osteomyelitis Treatment and Recurrence Prevention
Authors: Yuan Ying , Li Haimei , Song Yuchen , Zhang Dong , Wang Zheng , Yi Xinzeyu , Qi Baiwen , Zhang Xianzheng , Jiang Peng , Yu Aixi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTreatment of osteomyelitis is clinically challenging with low therapeutic efficacy and high risk of recurrence owing to the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Existing therapies are limited by drug concentration and single regulatory effect on the immune network, and emphasize the role of anti‐inflammatory effects in reducing osteoclast rather than the role of proinflammatory effects in accelerating infection clearance, which is not conducive to complete bacteria elimination and recurrence prevention. Herein, a direct‐current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC‐TENG) is established to perform antibacterial effects and modulate immunological properties of infectious microenvironments of osteomyelitis through electrical stimulation, namely triboelectric immunotherapy. Seeing from the results, the triboelectric immunotherapy successfully activates polarization to proinflammatory (M1) macrophages in vitro, accompanied by satisfying direct antibacterial effects. The antibacterial and osteogenic abilities of triboelectric immunotherapy are verified in rat cranial osteomyelitis models. The effects on the polarization and differentiation of immune‐related cells in vivo are investigated by establishing in situ tibial osteomyelitis models and immunosurveillance models in C57 mice respectively, indicating the ability of activating immunity and producing immunological memory for in situ infection and secondary recurrence, thus accelerating healing and preventing relapse. This study provides an efficient, long‐acting, multifunctional, and wearable triboelectric immunotherapy strategy for drug‐free osteomyelitis treatment systems.
Porous Magnetic Soft Grippers for Fast and Gentle Grasping of Delicate Living Objects
Authors: Li Xingxiang , Fan Dinggang , Sun Yuxuan , Xu Liwen , Li Dongxiao , Sun Boxi , Nong Shutong , Li Weihua , Zhang Shiwu , Hu Bing , Li Mujun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMagnetic soft grippers have attracted intensive interest due to their untethered controllability, rapid response, and biological safety. However, manipulating living objects requires a simultaneous increase in shape adaptability and gripping force, which are typically mutually exclusive. Increasing the magnetic particle content enhances the magnetic strength but also increases the elastic modulus, leading to low adaptability and high impact force. Here, a porous magnetic soft gripper (PMSG) is developed by integrating a porous structure into a magnetic silicone elastomer. The design of porous hard magnetic composite is characterized by high magnetization, low modulus, and rough surface. It offers the PMSG good compliance, high gripping force, and low impact force at fast gripping. The PMSG is capable of performing a variety of tasks, including the fast and gentle grasping of delicate living objects. The study provides insight into the design of novel magnetic grippers and may offer a promising outlook for biomedical or scientific applications in the manipulation of delicate organisms.
Solvation Regulation Reinforces Anion‐Derived Inorganic‐Rich Interphase for High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Xu Pan , Gao Yu‐Chen , Huang Yu‐Xin , Shuang Zong‐Yao , Kong Wei‐Jing , Huang Xue‐Yan , Huang Wen‐Ze , Yao Nan , Chen Xiang , Yuan Hong , Zhao Chen‐Zi , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSolid‐state polymer lithium metal batteries are an important strategy for achieving high safety and high energy density. However, the issue of Li dendrites and inherent inferior interface greatly restricts practical application. Herein, this study introduces tris(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)phosphate solvent with moderate solvation ability, which can not only complex with Li+ to promote the in‐situ ring‐opening polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane (DOL), but also build solvated structure models to explore the effect of different solvation structures in the polymer electrolyte. Thereinto, it is dominated by the contact ion pair solvated structure with pDOL chain segments forming less lithium bonds, exhibiting faster kinetic process and constructing a robust anion‐derived inorganic‐rich interphase, which significantly improves the utilization rate of active Li and the high‐voltage resistance of pDOL. As a result, it exhibits stable cycling at ultra‐high areal capacity of 20 mAh cm−2 in half cells, and an ultra‐long lifetime of over 2000 h in symmetric cells can be realized. Furthermore, matched with LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 cathode, the capacity retention after 60 cycles is as high as 96.8% at N/P value of 3.33. Remarkably, 0.7 Ah Li||LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 pouch cell with an energy density of 461 Wh kg−1 can be stably cycled for five cycles at 100% depth of discharge.
A Minimalist Pathogen‐Like Sugar Nanovaccine for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Miao Yu , Niu Le , Lv Xinying , Zhang Qiang , Xiao Zhisheng , Ji Zhaoxin , Chen Linfu , Liu Yi , Liu Nanhui , Zhu Junjie , Yang Yang , Chen Qian 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPathogen‐mimicking nanoparticles have emerged at the forefront of vaccine delivery technology, offering potent immune activation and excellent biocompatibility. Among these innovative carriers, mannan, a critical component of yeast cell walls, shows promise as an exemplary vaccine carrier. Nevertheless, it faces challenges like unpredictable immunogenicity, rapid elimination, and limited antigen loading due to high water solubility. Herein, mannan with varying carbon chain ratios is innovatively modified, yielding a series of dodecyl chains modified mannan (Mann‐C12). Through meticulous screening, a mannan variant with a 40% grafting ratio is pinpointed as the optimal vaccine carrier. Further RNA sequencing confirms that Mann‐C12 exhibits desired immunostimulatory characteristics. Coupled with antigen peptides, Mann‐C12/OVA257‐280 nanovaccine initiates the maturation of antigen‐presenting cells by activating the TLR4 and Dectin‐2 pathways, significantly boosting antigen utilization and sparking antigen‐specific immune responses. In vivo, experiments utilizing the B16‐OVA tumor model underscore the exceptional preventive capabilities of Mann‐C12/OVA257‐280. Notably, when combined with immune checkpoint blockade therapy, it displays a profound synergistic effect, leading to marked inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, the work has yielded a pathogen‐like nanovaccine that is both simple to prepare and highly effective, underscoring the vast potential of mannan‐modified nanovaccines in the realm of cancer immunotherapy.
Dual Nozzle‐Assisted Deterministic Encapsulation of Triple Particles for Screening NK‐Cell Cytotoxicity Against Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters
Authors: Park Junhyun , Kim Seong‐Eun , Kim Jaejeung , Yoon Minjung , Doh Junsang , Hyun Kyung‐A , Jung Hyo‐Il 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCirculating tumor cell (CTC) clusters represent formidable precursors of cancer metastasis due to their heightened immune resistance against natural killer (NK) cells. Despite this, the cytotoxicity of NK cells against CTC clusters, particularly their interaction with other immune cells such as neutrophils, remains inadequately examined. This study introduces a dual‐nozzle integrated droplet microfluidic chip (dual‐nozzle chip) designed to facilitate the deterministic encapsulation of three distinct cell types—CTCs, NK cells, and neutrophils—to monitor the dynamic cytotoxicity between immune cells and target cells. The dual‐nozzle chip comprises double‐spiral channels and a serpentine channel for inertial cell focusing, alongside dual‐nozzle oil phases employed to generate monodisperse droplets at high flow rates. Utilizing Rayleigh–Plateau instability, the focused cell streams, characterized by high inertia, undergo pinching off into monodisperse droplets at the flow‐focusing junction, where dual‐nozzle oil phases are introduced. Consequently, triple cells are paired at the desired ratios, overcoming the intrinsic challenge posed by the Poisson distribution. A droplet‐based assay demonstrates that NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity varies depending on the type of cancer cells and the presence of suppressor cells. The design strategy of the dual‐nozzle chip exhibits promises for broader applications, emphasizing its potential for analyzing diverse cell‐to‐cell interactions.
3D Printing of Ultrastretchable and Tough Double‐Network Hydrogel for Strain Sensor
Authors: Tiston Karl Albright , Tipachan Chuenkhwan , Yimnoi Tawanrat , Cheacharoen Rongrong , Hoven Voravee P. , Narupai Benjaporn 
Published: August 2024

AbstractStretchable conductive hydrogels have garnered considerable recognition due to their uses in strain sensors, electronic skins, soft robotics, and actuators. However, many hydrogels have poor mechanical properties limiting widespread implementation. While the development of ultrastretchable and mechanically robust hydrogels remains a challenge, the fabrication of these materials with customized designs is also highly desirable. Herein, a direct‐ink write 3D printable double‐network (DN) hydrogel is reported by integrating a physically cross‐linked κ‐carrageenan and a chemically cross‐linked poly(acrylamide‐co‐hydroxyethyl acrylate‐co‐Pluronic F127‐bisurethane methacrylate) with an ionically cross‐linked coordination between κ‐carrageenan and Fe3+ ions in water–glycerol binary solvent. The DN hydrogel demonstrates excellent stretchability (1770% strain), remarkable toughness (6.24 MJ m−3), high ionic conductivity (1.55 S m−1), biocompatibility, and nondrying behavior. A variety of 3D printed constructs including auxetic structures are fabricated and used as a strain sensor. The sensor exhibited real‐time electrical response to strain to detect human motions demonstrating the practicality of this system. These 3D printable DN hydrogels show great potential for on‐demand fabrication of flexible health‐monitoring devices.
Exploring the Substrate Scope and Catalytic Promiscuity of Nitroreductase‐Like Enzymes
Authors: Luján Alejandro Prats , Bhat Mohammad Faizan , Saravanan Thangavelu , Poelarends Gerrit J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFlavin‐dependent nitroreductases are gaining attention as biocatalysts for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds and their precursors. Here, we examined a panel of nitroreductase‐like flavoenzymes for their reductase activity towards a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds, nitroolefins, and α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Several of these flavoenzymes displayed high reductase activity and achieved excellent conversion of diverse nitroarenes, nitroolefins and α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, accomplishing good product yields in semi‐preparative scale reactions (up to 97%). In addition to the catalytic promiscuity of several of these flavoenzymes, being able to perform the reduction of nitro groups (nitroreductase activity) as well as C=C groups (ene‐reductase activity), this study also revealed that some flavoenzymes exhibit high chemo‐, regio‐ and/or enantioselectivity, making them attractive enzymes for use in organic synthesis.
Design of Gradient Porosity Architecture with Through‐Hole Carbon Spheres to Promoting Fast Charging and Low‐Temperature Workable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Qianrong , Cao Ruoyu , Luo Jin , Fang Yongjin , Chen Zhongxue , Cao Yuliang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe reduced surface porosity of highly compacted graphite anode after calendering is one of the major obstacles restraining the fast‐charging capability and low‐temperature adaptability of lithium‐ion batteries. In this work, through‐hole carbon spheres (THCS) synthesized by coaxial electrospinning and the following template sacrifice method are employed as a pore‐forming agent on graphite surfaces for the first time. The established gradient porosity architecture endows graphite anode with interconnected conductive networks and abundant Li+ transport channels. Therefore, the THCS pouch cell exhibits fast charging capability (charging efficiency of 49.2% at 5 C), superior cycling stability (96% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C), and low‐temperature adaptability (high lithium plating resistance at −10 °C). By contrast, severe lithium‐plating behavior is observed in the blank pouch cell under the same testing conditions. It is believed that the facile and scalable gradient pore structure manufacturing technology will succeed in promoting the fast‐charging capability and low‐temperature adaptability of commercial Li‐ion batteries.