bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Des neutralités imbriquées : l'Italie et les Balkans (août 1914 – mai 1915)
Authors: Jesné Fabrice 
Published: January 2015

Il est bien connu que la décision italienne d’entrer en guerre aux côtés de l’Entente résulte du choix d’un très petit groupe de décideurs. Le présent article se concentre en revanche sur les ambitions balkaniques de Salandra et de Sonnino (août 1914 – mai 1915). Les neutralités de l’Italie et des pays balkaniques sont imbriquées, car tous entendent choisir le moment de leur entrée en guerre en vue d’en retirer un profit maximal. En outre, l’Italie agit en garante de la neutralité de l’Albanie, en vue de protéger cette dernière des revendications de ses voisins. Contrairement à la neutralité de principe des pays du nord de l’Europe, celle de l’Italie est calculée, même si la majorité de la population italienne demeure opposée à l’entrée en guerre.
Fondements et modalités de l'impartialité du Saint-Siège pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Ticchi Jean-Marc 
Published: January 2015

Bien que le concept de « neutralité » soit fréquemment utilisé pour qualifier l’attitude du Vatican durant la Première Guerre mondiale, les contemporains ont reproché au pape son parti-pris pour l’une ou l’autre puissance. Cette incompréhension résulte de la position de « puissance morale » qu’occupait le Vatican dans le concert international et de son souci de demeurer impartial entre les parties au conflit, préférant condamner les crimes des belligérants de façon générale sans désigner l’un d’entre eux pour ne s’aliéner ni les opinions publiques ni les gouvernements.
Constraints Contributed by Chromatin Looping Limit Recombination Targeting during Ig Class Switch Recombination
Authors: Feldman Scott , Achour Ikbel , Wuerffel Robert , Kumar Satyendra , Gerasimova Tatiana , Sen Ranjan , Kenter Amy L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Engagement of promoters with distal elements in long-range looping interactions has been implicated in regulation of Ig class switch recombination (CSR). The principles determining the spatial and regulatory relationships among Igh transcriptional elements remain poorly defined. We examined the chromosome conformation of C region (CH) loci that are targeted for CSR in a cytokine-dependent fashion in mature B lymphocytes. Germline transcription (GLT) of the γ1 and ε CH loci is controlled by two transcription factors, IL-4–inducible STAT6 and LPS-activated NF-κB. We showed that although STAT6 deficiency triggered loss of GLT, deletion of NF-κB p50 abolished both GLT and γ1 locus:enhancer looping. Thus, chromatin looping between CH loci and Igh enhancers is independent of GLT production and STAT6, whereas the establishment and maintenance of these chromatin contacts requires NF-κB p50. Comparative analysis of the endogenous γ1 locus and a knock-in heterologous promoter in mice identified the promoter per se as the interactive looping element and showed that transcription elongation is dispensable for promoter/enhancer interactions. Interposition of the LPS-responsive heterologous promoter between the LPS-inducible γ3 and γ2b loci altered GLT expression and essentially abolished direct IgG2b switching while maintaining a sequential μ→γ3→γ2b format. Our study provides evidence that promoter/enhancer looping interactions can introduce negative constraints on distal promoters and affect their ability to engage in germline transcription and determine CSR targeting.
Retinoic Acid Imprints a Mucosal-like Phenotype on Dendritic Cells with an Increased Ability To Fuel HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Guerra-Pérez Natalia , Frank Ines , Veglia Filippo , Aravantinou Meropi , Goode Diana , Blanchard James L. , Gettie Agegnehu , Robbiani Melissa , Martinelli Elena 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The tissue microenvironment shapes the characteristics and functions of dendritic cells (DCs), which are important players in HIV infection and dissemination. Notably, DCs in the gut have the daunting task of orchestrating the balance between immune response and tolerance. They produce retinoic acid (RA), which imprints a gut-homing phenotype and influences surrounding DCs. To investigate how the gut microenvironment impacts the ability of DCs to drive HIV infection, we conditioned human immature monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with RA (RA-DCs), before pulsing them with HIV and mixing them with autologous T cells. RA-DCs showed a semimature, mucosal-like phenotype and released higher amounts of TGF-β1 and CCL2. Using flow cytometry, Western blot, and microscopy, we determined that moDCs express the cell adhesion molecule mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and that RA increases its expression. MAdCAM-1 was also detected on a small population of DCs in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulata) mesenteric lymph node. RA-DCs formed more DC–T cell conjugates and promoted significantly higher HIV replication in DC–T cell mixtures compared with moDCs. This correlated with the increase in MAdCAM-1 expression. Blocking MAdCAM-1 partially inhibited the enhanced HIV replication. In summary, RA influences DC phenotype, increasing their ability to exacerbate HIV infection. We describe a previously unknown mechanism that may contribute to rapid HIV spread in the gut, a major site of HIV replication after mucosal exposure.
Fast Solver for the Local Discontinuous Galerkin Discretization of the KdV Type Equations
Authors: Guo Ruihan , Xu Yan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we will develop a fast iterative solver for the system of linear equations arising from the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) spatial discretization and additive Runge-Kutta (ARK) time marching method for the KdV type equations. Being implicit in time, the severe time step , with the k-th order of the partial differential equations (PDEs)) restriction for explicit methods will be removed. The equations at the implicit time level are linear and we demonstrate an efficient, practical multigrid (MG) method for solving the equations. In particular, we numerically show the optimal or sub-optimal complexity of the MG solver and a two-level local mode analysis is used to analyze the convergence behavior of the MG method. Numerical results for one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases are given to illustrate the efficiency and capability of the LDG method coupled with the multigrid method for solving the KdV type equations.
Multiple-Body Collision Algorithms for Computational Simulation of High-Speed Air-Delivered Systems
Authors: Harris Robert E. , Liever Peter A. , A. Luke Edward , Dudley Jonathan G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCurrently, there exists a lack of confidence in the computational simulation of multiple body high-speed air delivered systems. Of particular interest is the ability to accurately predict the dispersion pattern of these systems under various deployment configurations. Classical engineering-level methods may not be able to predict these patterns with adequate confidence due primarily to accuracy errors attributable to reduced order modeling. In the current work, a new collision modeling capability has been developed to enable multiple-body proximate-flight simulation in the Loci/CHEM framework. This approach maintains high-fidelity aerodynamics and incorporates six degrees of freedom modeling with collision response, and is well-suited for simulation of a large number of projectiles. The proposed simulation system is intended to capture the strong interaction phase early in the projectile deployment, with subsequent transfer of projectile positions and flight states to the more economical engineering-level methods. Collisions between rigid bodies are modeled using an impulse-based approach with either an iterative propagation method or a simultaneous method. The latter is shown to be more accurate and robust for cases involving multiple simultaneous collisions as it eliminates the need to sort and resolve the collisions sequentially. The implementation of both the collision detection methodology and impact mechanics are described in detail with validation studies to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the developed technologies. The studies chronologically detail the findings for simulating simple impacts and collisions between multiple bodies with aerodynamic interference effects.
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC THERMAL TREATMENT ON YOUNG'S MODULUS CHANGES IN A NATURAL RUBBER–BASED COMPOUND: STUDY BY AFM NANOINDENTATION
Authors: Linck T. , Mruk R. , Zielinski B. , Bistac S. , Brogly M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
The determination and study of Young's modulus at the nanometric scale in an efficient and fast way is carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a specific thermal treatment on Young's modulus changes from the surface toward the bulk of a cured natural rubber (NR)–based compound. The AFM nanoindentation experiments were conducted on a cross-linked NR sample. Following a depth profiling analysis method, AFM deflection distance curves were measured every 40 μm from the oxygen-exposed surface toward the bulk, and then the Hertz's model was applied to force-indentation curves for the calculation of the Young's modulus. Investigations on the thermal-treated samples revealed an overall increase of the Young's modulus along the samples after heating. Moreover, a decrease of Young's modulus values from the surface exposed to oxygen during heating toward the bulk was observed, indicating a stiffening of the sample at the surface.
Comparative Toxicities of Hydrastis Canadensis L., Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium L. Against Brine Shrimps (Artemia salina) Using Dosage Mortality Curve: A Probit Approach
Authors: Mahwish Ahmed Karim  , Ghazala H. Rizwani  , Afaq Ahmed Sidddiqui   , Muhammad Farhanullah Khan  
Published: January 2015

Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium were compared for their toxicities against brine shrimps (Artemia salina). After applying statistical method of probits to the experimental data, H. canadensis was found to be the most toxic with the LC50 of 3.236 mg/ml, while, B. aristata showed moderate toxic potential showing that of 60.264 mg/ml and A. millefolium manifested the highest value, that is, 41297.5 mg/ml.
CDPDJ c Bombardier inc : réflexion sur le lien requis entre la différence de traitement et le motif illicite de discrimination
Authors: Aubry Alexis 
Published: January 2015

Le dossier Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse c Bombardier inc (Bombardier Aerospace Training Center) offre l’occasion de se pencher sur le lien requis entre la différence de traitement et le motif illicite de discrimination selon la Charte québécoise. Dans ce texte, l’auteur soutient, tout d’abord, que le lien doit être établi entre le motif prohibé et l’exclusion subie, et cela tant en matière de discrimination directe qu’indirecte. Ensuite, il se questionne sur la nature de ce lien. À cet effet, il précise que le motif illicite ne doit pas nécessairement constituer l’unique ou le principal fondement de l’exclusion, mais plutôt être l’un de ceux-ci. Compte tenu de ces éléments, l’auteur propose ensuite une méthode unifiée devant servir de guide aux tribunaux lors de l’analyse de la preuve prima facie de discrimination. Ainsi, lors de la seconde étape du test de l’article 10, le demandeur aura le fardeau d’établir, tant en matière de discrimination directe qu’indirecte, que le motif prohibé a été l’un des fondements de l’exclusion subie.
Trapping and acceleration of upflowing ionospheric electrons in the magnetosphere by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves
Authors: Horne Richard B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuring geomagnetically active conditions upflowing field‐aligned electrons which form part of the Birkland current system have been observed at energies of up to 100 eV. If the first adiabatic invariant is conserved, these electrons would reach the conjugate ionosphere without trapping in the magnetosphere. Here we show, by using quasi‐linear diffusion theory, that electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves can diffuse these low‐energy electrons in pitch angle via Doppler‐shifted cyclotron resonance and trap them in the magnetosphere. We show that energy diffusion is comparable to pitch angle diffusion up to energies of a few keV. We suggest that ECH waves trap ionospheric electrons in the magnetosphere and accelerate them to produce butterfly pitch angle distributions at energies of up to a few keV. We suggest that ECH waves play a role in magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and help provide the source electron population for the radiation belts.
Peru‐Chile upwelling dynamics under climate change
Authors: Oerder Véra , Colas Francois , Echevin Vincent , Codron Francis , Tam Jorge , Belmadani Ali 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe consequences of global warming on the Peru‐Chile Current System (PCCS) ocean circulation are examined with a high‐resolution, eddy‐resolving regional oceanic model. We performed a dynamical downscaling of climate scenarios from the IPSL‐CM4 Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM), corresponding to various levels of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. High‐resolution atmospheric forcing for the regional ocean model are obtained from the IPSL atmospheric model run on a stretched grid with increased horizontal resolution in the PCCS region. When comparing future scenarios to preindustrial (PI) conditions, the circulation along the Peru and Chile coasts is strongly modified by changes in surface winds and increased stratification caused by the regional warming. While the coastal poleward undercurrent is intensified, the surface equatorial coastal jet shoals and the nearshore mesoscale activity are reinforced. Reduction in alongshore wind stress and nearshore wind stress curl drive a year‐round reduction in upwelling intensity off Peru. Modifications in geostrophic circulation mitigate this upwelling decrease in late austral summer. The depth of the upwelling source waters becomes shallower in warmer conditions, which may have a major impact on the system's biological productivity.
Seasonality of the transitional region of the California Current System off Baja California
Authors: Durazo Reginaldo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHydrographic data collected over the period 1997–2013 are analyzed to investigate the seasonality of hydrographic features and associated geostrophic flows off the Baja California peninsula. The upper ocean in the region was found to be homogeneous in winter and spring but subdivided into two regions in the summer and autumn. In the first case, the system typically shows relatively low‐temperature and salinity waters, which give it a subarctic character. In the second, only the region north of Punta Eugenia (28°N) maintains subarctic characteristics, while the southern region receives an inflow of tropical and subtropical waters that results from the weakening of northwesterly winds, which allows the poleward advection of surface waters. Also during this period, a positive wind stress curl promotes the zonal advection of North Pacific's eastern edge waters into the coast and to the north as a surface coastal flow. Average seasonal patterns of geostrophic flow at 200 dbar revealed that the differentiation into provinces is also evident at that depth, with two clearly defined cyclonic structures in summer and autumn, both separated at the latitude of Punta Eugenia. The analyses conducted also showed a clear continuity of the California undercurrent along the shelf break, with more diffuse currents in the winter. Poleward flows were observed throughout the water column, especially in summer and autumn, although the origin of the surface flow does not necessarily involve a surfacing of the California Undercurrent.
Variability in diatom contributions to biomass, organic matter production and export across a frontal gradient in the California Current Ecosystem
Authors: Krause Jeffrey W. , Brzezinski Mark A. , Goericke Ralf , Landry Michael R. , Ohman Mark D. , Stukel Michael R. , Taylor Andrew G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the offshore waters of Southern California, submesoscale processes associated with fronts may stimulate phytoplankton blooms and lead to biomass shifts at multiple trophic levels. Here we report the results of a study on the cycling of biogenic silica (bSiO2) with estimates of the contributions of diatoms to primary and new production in water masses adjacent to (i.e., coastal or oceanic) and within an offshore front in the Southern California Current Ecosystem (CCE). The coastal and oceanic water were sampled in cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, respectively, with the frontal water being an interaction region between the eddy types. Concentrations of bSiO2 varied by 25‐fold across the front, with concentrations in frontal waters 20–25% of those in coastal waters. Rates of biogenic silica production spanned an equally large range, with rates within the frontal region that were half those in the coastal regions. Contributions of diatoms to primary and new production were disproportionately higher than their contribution to autotrophic biomass in all areas, ranging from 5–8%, 19–30%, and 32–43% for both processes in the oceanic, frontal and coastal waters, respectively. Across the frontal area, diatoms could account for <1.0%, 6–8%, and 44–72% of organic matter export in the oceanic, frontal and coastal waters, respectively. The results suggest that the regions of frontal interactions between eddies in the southern CCE can account for variability in diatom biomass, productivity and export over very short spatial scales that is comparable to the variability observed across the Pacific basin.
Impact of improved light calculations on predicted phytoplankton growth and heating in an idealized upwelling‐downwelling channel geometry
Authors: Mobley Curtis D. , Chai Fei , Xiu Peng , Sundman Lydia K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOcean ecosystem models require accurate calculations of both hydrodynamics and biology; those calculations in turn require accurate calculation of in‐water irradiance. Ecosystem models now achieve great accuracy in their hydrodynamical predictions, and the biological modules are becoming correspondingly sophisticated. The optical calculations are however often oversimplified, to the possible detriment of the physical and biological predictions. We used a recently developed, extremely fast radiative transfer code, EcoLight‐S, to study differences in ecosystem and thermal development in an idealized upwelling‐downwelling system when simple versus accurate irradiance calculations are used. The use of accurate irradiances gave up to 57% differences in chlorophyll concentrations after two weeks of simulated time, compared to predictions based on irradiances obtained using a simple exponential attenuation formula. Accurate irradiance calculations increased sea surface temperatures and decreased temperatures at depth, leading to increased stratification. Use of EcoLight‐S couples the physical and biological calculations so that biology feeds back to physics, and vice versa. EcoLight‐S outputs ancillary quantities such as remote sensing reflectance and in‐water spectral irradiance, which can be used to validate ecosystem predictions using remotely sensed ocean color imagery or optical measurements from buoys or gliders, without the need to convert such measurements to chlorophyll values. After optimization, the ecosystem model total run times with EcoLight‐S were less than 20% more than for the analytical irradiance models. We also found that the use of 24 h average irradiances gave factor‐of‐two differences in chlorophyll concentrations compared to the use of a diel irradiance pattern with the same 24 h average value.
A model for partitioning the light absorption coefficient of natural waters into phytoplankton, nonalgal particulate, and colored dissolved organic components: A case study for the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Zheng Guangming , Stramski Dariusz , DiGiacomo Paul M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present a model, referred to as Generalized Stacked‐Constraints Model (GSCM), for partitioning the total light absorption coefficient of natural water (with pure‐water contribution subtracted), anw(λ), into phytoplankton, aph(λ), nonalgal particulate, ad(λ), and CDOM, ag(λ), components. The formulation of the model is based on the so‐called stacked‐constraints approach, which utilizes a number of inequality constraints that must be satisfied simultaneously by the model outputs of component absorption coefficients. A major advancement is that GSCM provides a capability to separate the ad(λ) and ag(λ) coefficients from each other using only weakly restrictive assumptions about the component absorption coefficients. In contrast to the common assumption of exponential spectral shape of ad(λ) and ag(λ) in previous models, in our model these two coefficients are parameterized in terms of several distinct spectral shapes. These shapes are determined from field data collected in the Chesapeake Bay with an ultimate goal to adequately account for the actual variability in spectral shapes of ad(λ) and ag(λ) in the study area. Another advancement of this model lies in its capability to account for potentially nonnegligible magnitude of ad(λ) in the near‐infrared spectral region. Evaluation of model performance demonstrates good agreement with measurements in the Chesapeake Bay. For example, the median ratio of the model‐derived to measured ad(λ), ag(λ), and aph(λ) at 443 nm is 0.913, 1.064, and 1.056, respectively. Whereas our model in its present form can be a powerful tool for regional studies in the Chesapeake Bay, the overall approach is readily adaptable to other regions or bio‐optical water types.
Forsterite dissolution rates in Mg‐sulfate‐rich Mars‐analog brines and implications of the aqueous history of Mars
Authors: Olsen Amanda Albright , Hausrath Elisabeth M. , Rimstidt J. Donald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHigh salinity brines, although rare on Earth's surface, may have been important in the geologic history of Mars. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of liquid brines in multiple locations on Mars. In order to interpret the effect of high ionic strength brines on olivine dissolution, which is widely present on Mars, 47 new batch reactor experiments combined with 35 results from a previous study conducted at 25°C from 1 < pH < 4 in magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, and potassium nitrate solutions with ionic strengths as high as 12 m show that very high ionic strength brines have an inhibitory effect of forsterite dissolution rates. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data suggests that the inhibition in dissolution rates is due to decreased water activity at high ionic strengths. Regression models also show that mMg up to 4 m and mSO4 up to 3 m have no effect on forsterite dissolution rates. The effect of decreasing dissolution rates with decreasing aH2O is consistent with the idea that water acts as a ligand that participates in the dissolution process. Less available water to participate in the dissolution reaction results in a slower dissolution rate. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data produces the rate equation . Forsterite in dilute solutions with a water activity of one dissolves twice as fast as those in brines with a water activity of 0.8.