Industrial Cybersecurity, Process Safety, and Human Factors: A 360° Approach
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: August 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 35396, “Industrial Cybersecurity, Process Safety, and Human Factors: A Comprehensive 360° Approach,” by Pedro F. Vieira, Lenissa P. Hilgert, and Ilton Majerowicz, Petrobras. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2024 Offshore Technology Conference.

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The complete paper presents an integrated view of three key areas of knowledge that are typically addressed individually—cybersecurity, process safety, and human factors—from the perspective of cybersecurity. It discusses information technology (IT) and operations technology (OT) dimensions during the phases of a project: engineering design, procurement, construction and assembly, commissioning, and operation. It also proposes a strategy for implementing such an approach in the oil and gas industry.

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With the aim of forming a holistic safety and security vision, the authors propose a unified analysis integrating cybersecurity, process safety, and human factors, focusing on their interfaces and opportunities presented by risk analysis and the convergence of business procedures. This is referred to in the proposed approach as a high-level integration layer, or the “strategic (outer) circle.” The combination of two concentric circles—strategic (outer) and operational (inner)—forms what the authors term a 360° approach.

The Strategic (Outer) Circle
The outer circle illustrates the strategic-level interfaces between key processes of cybersecurity, process safety, and human factors from a cybersecurity perspective.
Cybersecurity/Process Safety Interface.
Integration of Cybersecurity Into Process Safety Management Risk Analyses.
One of the most practical examples of integration of cyber/physical attack scenarios into classical risk analyses is the use of layers-of-protection analysis and awareness of degradation of safety integrity level (SIL) barriers.
An SIL is used to determine the required performance level of safety-instrumented functions (SIFs) to achieve the required risk reduction. The SIL of an SIF produces a risk-reduction factor that helps calculate the final total risk of a given scenario.
Another opportunity to make this integration visible from the beginning of the engineering design is during the hazard and operability (HAZOP) study. The HAZOP study uses guidewords, standardized terms used to stimulate thinking about possible deviations in the established process. The idea is to create new words related to cybersecurity issues in the industrial-automation substrate, such as “data uncertain” (the data may have been corrupted) or “data unavailable” (the last available data is old).
Special Cybersecurity Zone for Production-Critical Equipment.
It is advisable that the zone and conduit analysis within the ISA/IEC 62443 framework consider segregating assets into distinct cybersecurity zones based on their operational continuity significance within the facility. For instance, a gas-export compressor, typically lacking redundancy, can halt a plant’s production, requiring secondary shutdowns of other systems. Therefore, by establishing a production-critical systems zone within the cybersecurity analysis, the availability of critical equipment and general operational availability can be ensured, and potential secondary effects of shutdowns and restarts can be mitigated.
Cyber/Physical Integrated Incident-Response Program.
Typically, incident-response programs are disjointed between cybersecurity and process safety, resulting in delays in digital responses to issues that have physical consequences. The formal inclusion of cybersecurity as a technical discipline in any process-safety incident-response program is essential and should be achieved even if it is discarded in the beginning of the analysis of a particular incident.