bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmentalist Thought and Action
Authors: Newman Lance 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at the evolution of the concept of nature from a field for spiritual seeking into the broadening of Transcendentalism. The article also looks on the responses of major Transcendentalists towards that change. Despite having taken shape within Unitarianism, the Transcendentalist movement quickly developed into a comprehensive critique of capitalism that combined protoenvironmentalist attitudes with radical ideas about social reform. The article also talks about the involvement of major Transcendentalists in the movement. It was Ralph Waldo Emerson who led the Transcendentalist turn to nature by resigning his ministry at Boston's Second Church in 1832. The Transcendentalist ideal of the green city, which partly inspired the Brook Farmers, may be the movement's least well-recognized legacy. It developed in direct response to the realities of urbanization in the Northeast.
Manifest Destiny and the Question of the Moral Absolute
Authors: Buell Lawrence 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article seeks to comprehend the contradictions inherent in the thinking of the Transcendentalists. The most particular concern here is to make sense of the paradox of Transcendentalism's strong antiestablishment tendencies as against the signs of its complicity with American expansionism. The article critically examines the stand of Transcendentalists according to new phenomena of the world. It explains the concept of “English race” and different opinions of different people about it. It also talks about the Transcendentalists' vacillations between dissent from and acquiescence to the nineteenth-century national, political, and ideological status quo as the movement evolved. Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and William Henry Channing are criticized for their stand on the concept of “west”. Transcendentalists have been accused of precipitating the climate of moralistic extremism in American society.
Journals
Authors: Sattelmeyer Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
From the beginnings of Transcendentalism, journals were an important form of both private and public discourse. As this article states, even though the most interesting writing produced during that period was found in the journals of the major literary figures of Transcendentalism, they were difficult to define because their forms and functions were so varied. Most of the major figures associated with Transcendentalism kept journals for at least some period of their lives. An additional advantage journal writing had was that its very looseness, informality, and irregular nature gave it certain intrinsic advantages over more polished forms of expression. Despite Transcendentalist journals' diametrically opposed editorial policies, the net effect of the appearance of carefully edited editions of Emerson's and Thoreau's journals has been to heighten awareness among scholars of their importance and to bring these texts fully into scholarly discourse about Transcendentalism.
Letter Writing
Authors: Hudspeth Robert N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The letters the Transcendentalists wrote each other were a kind of literary performance; they were indirect and they were a verbal play. As the article explains, among the Transcendentalists, the reaching out to close ones was often accomplished through private, very personal letters. While all writers write letters, and many of the letters of the Transcendentalists memorable, even brilliant, the Transcendentalists distinguished themselves in this genre because their letters were often an art form in themselves, one that explored their most abiding concern to know the nature of a human self. However, the Transcendentalists seldom wrote about the “holy” in their letters. Even so, not all of their letters were literature, nor did every letter rise to significant intellectual occasions, for the mail was for the Transcendentalists as it was for the public at large, a means of conducting life's ordinary business. But letters were more than just life's business; they were also an opportunity to be creative.
The Dial
Authors: Belasco Susan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Dial, the quarterly journal of the Transcendentalists, was published from July 1840 through April 1844. It played a crucial role in the social and literary segment of the then America. Dial helped launch the careers of a series of important American writers. As the article narrates, the idea for the journal originated with the “Transcendental Club,” a small group of young people in New England with Ralph Waldo Emerson at the center. Starting a journal was hardly a novel idea in the mid-nineteenth century as there were more than 1,500 periodicals already in existence, and dozens of new magazines and journals were founded every year in the United States. It was in this complex literary marketplace the young Transcendentalist optimistically considered the scope and purposes of the new journal. However, the article says, that the journal found its way.
Literary Criticism
Authors: Steele Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article is about the Transcendentalist critics and their style of criticism. Though there were various opinions on how a literary work should be formed, Transcendentalists thought neither creation nor reading should take place in solitude; they constantly evaluated the factors that shaped creativity and critical awareness. But individual writers linked critical perception to personal or cultural factors. It was the variety of reading practices that formed the foundation of their critical analyses. Transcendentalists such as Orestes Brownson and Margaret Fuller insisted that literary acts needed to be connected to their material and cultural contexts, rather than focusing solely on the products of genius. Literature, in their eyes, was not only expressive but also relational in its form and function. The article states that most of the Transcendentalists insisted that writers must “sympathize with the people in their sentiments and passions, their joys and sorrows”.
Biography, Memoir, and Reminiscence
Authors: Habich Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at memoirs, biographies, and reminiscence. In a journal entry for 1832, while musing over the need for a “Modern Plutarch,” Ralph Waldo Emerson declared, “I would draw characters not write lives”. His statement suggests clear lines between portraiture and narrative, art and exposition, the internal and external selves, troubling issues in the writing of biography that were far from clear during the nineteenth century. Like their contemporaries in an age enamored of biography, the Transcendentalists struggled with these distinctions, and while the impulse to “write lives”—to reveal the individuality of another person—would seem central to the Transcendentalists' project, they did surprisingly little of it. Personally Thoreau found the lives of others morally compelling. Likewise, Emerson's injunctions in Nature against building “sepulchres of the fathers” would seem to equate biography with unproductive retrospection. For the Transcendentalists, biographical authority derived from a sympathetic relationship to one's subject.
Concord
Authors: Bosco Ronald A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
While much of the exchange between the Transcendentalists occurred in Boston, without a doubt the heart of the movement was in the nearby small town of Conocrd. Concord was the birthplace for Henry David Thoreau and a long-time home for members of Ralph Waldo Emerson's extended family. Having spent boyhood summers in the town, Emerson settled there as an adult. The Hawthornes and Alcotts also lived in the small town for some years. By the 1850s, Concord had become a pilgrimage destination as people from all over the United States and the world came to pay homage to Emerson. This article is far less about how we approach, see, feel, and appropriate Concord today than about how Concord was approached, seen, felt, and appropriated by William Dean Howells and his contemporaries, who visited the town and took it into their respective consciousnesses from the middle of the nineteenth century into the early twentieth.
Boston and Beyond
Authors: Scholnick Robert J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Transcendentalists' embrace of particular provinces was central to their strategy of escaping what might be called the anxiety of provincialism. The article states that the majority of them possessed that feeling. However, as the article puts it, they had to reach beyond Boston. In both its origins and continuing development, Transcendentalism was transnational. It had its beginnings in the work of writers such as Johann G. Fichte, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and Thomas Carlyle. That deepening contacts between American writers and like-minded colleagues in England proved to be essential to Transcendentalism's growth and development from the 1830s through the Civil War. The article explains in detail that the involvement of scholars and writers in the movement proved the insignificance of the concept of provincialism. And that mainly came from Britain.
Families and Friendships
Authors: Addison Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explains how personal relationships and family bonds played a crucial role in making Transcendentalism what it was. Personal attachments and attractions as well as relations by birth or marriage, were thickly interlaced. The article states that in the most intense years of the movement, its signal enterprises almost simultaneously revealed an intricate interplay of related persons and friends. Later on the formal associations petered out, but the individual Transcendentalists continued their relationships, tied by the bonds of blood or marriage and by friendship. The energy of their friendships helped them as they moved towards the reform movements of the midcentury. In the antislavery movement and the movement for women's rights, they worked together or supported each other's efforts. When conflicts arose, the need to keep those enterprises going and the desire to mend those personal relationships worked to make the movement what it was, revolutionary yet persistent, idealistic, and passionate.
Measurement in Health Psychology Research
Authors: Smith Timothy W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of basic principles and methods of measurement and illustrates their application in health psychology. Clearly articulated conceptual models and theoretical assumptions greatly facilitate sound measurement. In health psychology, several important considerations or contexts influence these conceptual models and other facets of the design, development, evaluation, and refinement of measurement procedures and techniques. Measures are useful to the extent that they permit valid inferences in the service of given research goals, and health psychology research encompasses a variety of goals and audiences.
Uncertainty, Variability, and Resource Allocation in the Health Care Decision Process
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMedicine is not a mechanical science. Instead, it is a social science that requires complex decisions based on ambiguous evidence. Uncertainty often exists about the correctness of the diagnosis, regarding whether treatments will make patients better, and regarding variability in beliefs that treatments are safe. This chapter presents evidence showing that substantial variability arises in physician decisions. It reviews several lines of research to demonstrate remarkable variation in the decisions to use diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions. It argues that physician decisions are influenced by incentives to increase the number of patients receiving a chronic disease diagnoses through aggressive testing and through changes in the definition of what we label as “disease.” These incentives can have substantial impacts on health care costs, patient anxiety, and the organization and delivery of health care. Because of these problems, patients need to be much more active in sharing decisions about their own care. The final section of the chapter reviews the emerging literature on shared medical decision making.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Kemeny Margaret E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPsychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that involves the investigation of the bidirectional relationships among the mind, brain, immune system, and health. In this chapter, studies are reviewed demonstrating that exposure to stressful life experience can impact immune function, with relations depending on psychological and behavioral responses. In addition, our evolving understanding that the immune/inflammatory system can impact the brain and behavioral processes, including mood, motivation, and cognition, will be described. The implications of brain–immune communication for health and disease will be discussed.
Social Support: A Review
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial support, which is the perception or experience that one is cared for, esteemed, and part of a mutually supportive social network, has beneficial effects on mental and physical health. We review the psychobiological pathways whereby these effects may occur and detail the circumstances under which socially supportive efforts may misfire. Origins of social support include genetic factors and the early environment. We examine gender and cultural differences in how social support is experienced. Under some circumstances, providing social support confers the same benefits as receiving it. A myriad number of social support interventions, including those delivered via the internet, have been evaluated and have the potential to provide emotional and informational support to people who might otherwise lack social support.
Beyond the Myths of Coping with Loss: Prevailing Assumptions Versus Scientific Evidence
Authors: Wortman Camille B. , Boerner Kathrin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews those developments in the field of bereavement that have led to changes in prevailing views about how people cope with the loss of a loved one. The first section provides a brief review of the most influential theories of grief and loss. Some of these theories have contributed to the myths of coping, whereas others have helped generate new questions about the grieving process. The second section discusses each myth of coping, summarizing available evidence and highlighting ways in which myths have changed over time as research evidence has accumulated. The final section discusses the implications of this work for researchers, clinicians, and the bereaved themselves. In so doing, it considers the efficacy of grief counseling or therapy. It also addresses the question of what physicians, funeral directors, employers, and friends can do to support the bereaved in their efforts to deal with loss.
Family Consultation for Couples Coping with Health Problems: A Social Cybernetic Approach
Authors: Rohrbaugh Michael J. , Shoham Varda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe describe a social-cybernetic view of health behavior problems and a family consultation (FAMCON) intervention based on that view. Resurrecting foundational ideas from cybernetic family systems theory, this approach takes relationships rather than individuals as a primary unit of analysis, attaches more importance to problem maintenance than to etiology, downplays linear causality, and blurs the conceptual boundary between an individual patient and factors such as stress or support in his or her social environment. Intervention aims to interrupt two types of interpersonal problem maintenance—ironic processes and symptom–system fit (conceptualized, respectively, as positive and negative feedback cycles)—and to mobilize communal coping as a relational resource for change. Although this chapter draws primarily on a couple-focused intervention project with health-compromised smokers to illustrate both the clinical approach and supporting research, we have also applied both the FAMCON format and the social cybernetic view of problem maintenance to help couples and families cope with problems ranging from heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain to alcoholism, anxiety, and depression. If FAMCON proves effective with health problems that do not respond to other, more straightforward behavioral approaches, it could offer a useful alternative to psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral interventions in the framework of stepped care.
Childhood Health and Chronic Illness
Authors: Tinsley Barbara J. , Burleson Mary H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChildren’s health has profound and sustained consequences for later life. Although child morbidity and mortality have been greatly reduced over the past few decades due to medical discoveries, immunization efforts, and improved technology, many children continue to face poor health due to poverty or related issues, behavioral risk factors, and chronic illness or disability. In this chapter, we provide a state-of-the-art summary of research on children’s health and its developmental consequences.
Obesity
Authors: Van Walleghen Emily L. , Steeves Betsy A. , Raynor Hollie A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe prevalence of obesity has increased in recent years and is now considered a global epidemic. Due to the serious health and economic impacts of weight gain, an understanding of the consequences and causes of obesity is necessary in order to develop effective weight management strategies and implement weight loss programs. The objective of this chapter is to review the epidemiology, implications, etiology, and treatment of adult obesity. Obesity prevalence and trends, the health and economic implications of obesity, environmental and genetic determinants of obesity, benefits of weight loss treatment and treatment goals, obesity assessment, lifestyle, behavioral, and medical obesity treatment, and weight loss maintenance will be discussed.
Asian Meditation and Health
Authors: Sakairi Yosuke , Sugamura Genji , Suzuki Masao 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the theory and methods of achieving well-being, focusing on meditation as a behavioral-physical-psychological training system. It includes a discussion of the training system of zen, yoga training, types of meditation methods, simple techniques for meditation, systems for practicing meditation, conditioning in meditation, mindfulness in meditation, and the effects of the meditation method.
Computer-Based Assessment
Authors: Butcher James N. , Perry Julia N. , Dean Brooke L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPsychological testing has become integral to clinical and forensic practice in contemporary psychology today, and numerous psychological assessments exist for use by clinicians and researchers alike. These assessments and tests provide evaluation for various areas of functioning, such as neuropsychology, personality, career interests and values, and psychopathology. There are generally two sources of information available for computer-based personality tests: the published psychological literature and the publisher's catalogs of commercially available tests. This article provides a contemporary overview of computer-based personality assessment, examines the extent of current computer-based assessment, presents a historical context for computerized psychological assessment, and illustrates computer-based personality assessment with a clinical case example. It also addresses some contemporary issues in computer-based assessment, including computer-adapted test administration strategies and the use of the Internet to conduct psychological assessments. In addition, the article looks at some computer applications for use in clinical assessment in three areas: clinical interview and diagnosis, psychopathology screening, and psychotherapy treatment intervention.
The Clinical Interview
Authors: Craig Robert J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the anatomy of the basic clinical interview, focusing on its structure, content, factors affecting it, techniques, types, patient and psychologists' expectations, reliability, and computer-assisted clinical interviews. The term “clinical interview” as used in this article refers to the assessment of personality, personality disorders, and psychopathology. Too often, clinicians rely primarily on the clinical interview as their major tool for personality assessment and diagnosis. This is often never the case among forensic psychologists who routinely consult these sources as part of their exploration to determine fact. The article also uses the terms “client” and “patient” interchangeably.
Personality Assessment with the Rorschach Inkblot Method
Authors: Weiner Irving B. , Meyer Gregory J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the development of the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) and delineates its value in identifying a broad range of personality traits. It examines the value of the RIM in a test battery and how Rorschach assessment can be applied. The article looks at particularly useful purposes served by Rorschach assessment in clinical and forensic evaluations when it is integrated with self-report measures. Available evidence indicates that Rorschach personality assessment is a psychometrically sound procedure that is being actively practiced and studied, both in the United States and in many other parts of the world, and which can be meaningfully applied in diverse countries and cultures. Some concern is raised, however, about the adequacy of education and training in Rorschach assessment currently provided in graduate programs. In addition to assisting in differential diagnosis, personality characteristics identified or suggested by Rorschach data are often useful in treatment planning and outcome evaluation. The article also assesses the reliability and validity of the Rorschach assessment.
Understanding and Assessing Aggression and Violence
Authors: Megargee Edwin I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the issues involved in understanding and, especially, assessing, human aggression and violence. First, it defines aggression and discusses a broad range of factors that influence its assessment, before differentiating individualized from generalized assessments. In the former, the clinician analyzes the factors influencing aggressive behavior in a particular individual. A conceptual framework, the “algebra of aggression,” is offered for analyzing physiological and psychological factors, such as instigation, inhibitions, and habit strength, which influence the relative response strength of different aggressive and non-aggressive acts. Generalized assessments are focused on identifying which members of a group, such as applicants for parole, are most likely to be aggressive. A number of subjective and objective rationally and actuarially derived risk-assessment instruments are described and evaluated.
Assessing Antisocial and Psychopathic Personalities
Authors: Gacono Carl B. , Meloy J. Reid 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding that antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are distinct but related constructs is crucial to clinical and forensic assessment of these patients. This article describes the use of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, Rorschach, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for a comprehensive evaluation of these patients. These measures lend incremental validity to understanding these difficult patients, especially when combined with testing of intelligence and cognitive functioning. Integrating data from multiple domains is essential to answering the psycholegal and forensic treatment questions surrounding the antisocial and psychopathic patient. The forensically trained clinical psychologist is best suited to assess psychopathy, a task that historically has been overlooked or avoided in traditional mental health settings.