bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Atmospheric internal waves generated by explosive volcanic eruptions
Authors: Baines Peter G. , Sacks Selwyn 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Observations of microbarograph recordings on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean have shown signals with periods of several minutes and amplitude of approximately 1 mb following explosive eruptions of the Soufrière Hills Volcano. These properties suggest that the explosions are causing the generation of atmospheric internal waves. Here an analysis of wave generation by sudden disturbances in a stratified atmosphere is developed, and the properties of these waves are described and compared with observations. Two types of forcing of the atmosphere by a volcanic explosion are considered: that due to the sudden addition of mass, and separately, of thermal energy. The pattern and distribution of these depend on the nature of the explosion, which has a timescale of the order of 1 min. The theoretical results resemble the effect of ‘throwing a stone’ into the atmosphere, producing transient waves that radiate radially away from the source. Near the source, these waves have frequency around 0.7–0.8
N
(where
N
is the buoyancy frequency) initially, and approach
N
with decreasing amplitude. The results of forcing due to added mass and thermal forcing are presented and compared for a variety of vertical forcing profiles, and these are compared with observations of surface pressure. The results suggest that forcing due to the injection of mass (mostly solid particles) is the principal factor in forcing the observed internal waves. The addition of thermal energy (heat) produces waves that have frequencies closer to
N
, and persist for much longer periods than those observed at the stations on Montserrat.
Surviving Metabolic Stress: Of Mice (Squirrels) and Men
Authors: Hait William N. , Versele Matthias , Yang Jin-Ming 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: Understanding how cancer cells survive harsh environmental conditions may be fundamental to eradicating malignancies proven to be impervious to treatment. Nutrient and growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, and low pH create metabolic demands that require cellular adaptations to sustain energy levels. Protein synthesis is one of the most notable consumers of energy. Mounting evidence implicates exquisite control of protein synthesis as a survival mechanism for both normal and malignant cells. In this commentary, we discuss the role of protein synthesis in energy conservation in cancer and focus on elongation factor-2 kinase, a downstream component of the PI3K–AKT pathway that behaves as a critical checkpoint in energy consumption. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 646–9. ©2014 AACR.
EML4–ALK Fusions: Propelling Cancer but Creating Exploitable Chaperone Dependence
Authors: Workman Paul , van Montfort Rob 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: The crystal structure of a conserved tubulin-binding region of the EML1 protein reveals a highly atypical fold in one of its β-propeller domains. Disruption of the EML1 core region domain in many of the oncogenic EML4–ALK fusion protein variants that drive non–small cell lung cancer explains their dependence on the HSP90 molecular chaperone, provides a basis to allow more precise patient stratification for therapy, and suggests a more general model for other oncogenic fusion proteins. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 642–5. ©2014 AACR.
Second-Generation ALK Inhibitors: Filling the Non “MET” Gap
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh S. , Khuri Fadlo R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: Ceritinib and other second-generation inhibitors have demonstrated promising anticancer activity in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Specifically, they can overcome resistance due to certain gatekeeper mutations acquired following crizotinib exposure. These agents now provide new options for the management of ALK-positive NSCLC. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 634–6. ©2014 AACR.
See related article by Friboulet et al., p. 662
Soil Amendments That Slow Cancer Growth
Authors: Isacke Clare M. , Barcellos-Hoff Mary Helen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: The recognition that the tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor survival, growth, and response to therapy provides the rationale for considering it a therapeutic target. The article by Alspach and colleagues in this issue provides evidence that p38MAPK acts posttranscriptionally to promote the tumor-permissive secretory phenotype of both cancer-associated and senescent fibroblasts, and that p38MAPK inhibitors already in clinical trials have significant therapeutic potential. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 637–9. ©2014 AACR.
See related article by Alspach et al., p. 716
Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar
Authors: Reichardt Jens 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A spectrometer for height-resolved measurements of the Raman backscatter-coefficient spectrum of water in its gaseous and condensed phases is presented. The spectrometer is fiber coupled to the far-range receiver of the Raman Lidar for Atmospheric Moisture Sensing (RAMSES) of the German Meteorological Service and consists of a Czerny–Turner spectrograph (500-mm focal length) and a 32-channel single-photon-counting detection system based on a multianode photomultiplier. During a typical measurement (transmitter wavelength of 355 nm), the spectrum between 385 and 410 nm is recorded with a spectral resolution of 0.79 nm; the vertical resolution is 15 m and the height range is 15 km. The techniques outlined are those that are applied to calibrate the spectrum measurement and to monitor fluorescence by atmospheric aerosols that have the potential to interfere with the water observation. For the first time, Raman spectra of liquid-water, mixed-phase, and cirrus clouds are reported, and their temperature dependence is investigated by means of band decomposition. The spectrum-integrated condensed-water Raman backscatter coefficient strongly depends on cloud particle volume, but it is not tightly correlated with the cloud optical properties (particle extinction and backscatter coefficient), which implies that retrieval of cloud water content from optical proxies is likely impossible. Aerosol measurements are also discussed. Depending on type, aerosols may show no backscattering in the spectrometer range at all, or a featureless spectrum that stems quite likely from fluorescence. Finally, the example of a cloud forming in an aerosol layer demonstrates that the new instrument not only opens up new perspectives in cloud research but also contributes to studies of cloud–aerosol interaction.
Adaptive Range Oversampling to Improve Estimates of Polarimetric Variables on Weather Radars
Authors: Curtis Christopher D. , Torres Sebastián M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
One way to reduce the variance of meteorological-variable estimates on weather radars without increasing dwell times is by using range oversampling techniques. Such techniques could significantly improve the estimation of polarimetric variables, which typically require longer dwell times to achieve the desired data quality compared to the single-polarization spectral moments. In this paper, an efficient implementation of adaptive pseudowhitening that was developed for single-polarization radars is extended for dual polarization. Adaptive pseudowhitening maintains the performance of pure whitening at high signal-to-noise ratios and equals or outperforms the digital matched filter at low signal-to-noise ratios. This approach results in improvements for polarimetric-variable estimates that are consistent with the improvements for spectral-moment estimates described in previous work. The performance of the proposed technique is quantified using simulations that show that the variance of polarimetric-variable estimates can be reduced without modifying the scanning strategies. The proposed technique is applied to real weather data to validate the expected improvements that can be realized operationally.
Congenital heart disease in men – birth characteristics and reproduction: a national cohort study
Authors: Kernell Kristina , Sydsjö Gunilla , Bladh Marie , Nielsen Niels Erik , Josefsson Ann 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Women with congenital heart disease (CHD) are more often born preterm or small-for-gestational age and with a caesarean section. This pattern together with an increased risk of congenital anomalies seems to be repeated in the next generation. Information on the effect of paternal CHD on their offspring is sparse. In this study we investigated if men with CHD differ from those who do not have CHD with respect to characteristics related to their own births, their reproductive patterns and the neonatal outcomes of their children.

Methods
In this national cohort study data were derived from Swedish population-based registries. The population consists of all men born in 1973-1983 who were alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age (n = 522 216). The index group is men with CHD (n = 2689). Men diagnosed with CHD were compared with men without CHD. The CHD were also divided into two groups, complex and simple CHD and comparisons between the groups were made.

Results
Men with CHD are more likely to have been born preterm (p < 0.001), small-for gestational-age (p < 0.001) or large-for-gestational-age (p < 0.001) than men without CHD. They are also more likely to have been the result of a twin pregnancy (p < 0.001) and to have been delivered by caesarean section (p < 0.001). Men with CHD have a decreased likelihood to become fathers compared to non-CHD men and in this study their offspring do not have a higher incidence of CHD than offspring to non-CHD fathers. The neonatal outcomes of children of men with CHD do not differ from the outcomes of children of non-CHD men.

Conclusions
Men with CHD were more often born with non-optimal characteristics compared to men without the condition. However, the increased risk does not repeat itself in the next generation. This knowledge can lead to improved preconception counselling for couples in which the father has a CHD.
Pata contractions and coupled type fixed points
Authors: Eshaghi Madjid , Mohseni Samad , Delavar Mohsen Rostamian , De La Sen Manuel , Kim Gwang Hui , Arian Asma 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A new coupled fixed point theorem related to the Pata contraction for mappings having the mixed monotone property in partially ordered complete metric spaces is established. It is shown that the coupled fixed point can be unique under some extra suitable conditions involving mid point lower or upper bound properties. Also the corresponding convergence rate is estimated when the iterates of our function converge to its coupled fixed point.

MSC:47H10, 34B15, 54H25.
Common fixed point theorems for weakly compatible mappings satisfying contractive conditions of integral type
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Han Yan , Kang Shin Min , Ume Jeong Sheok 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Two common fixed theorems for weakly compatible mappings satisfying general contractive conditions of integral type in metric spaces are proved and an illustrative example is provided. The results obtained in this paper substantially extend and improve several previous results, particularly Theorem 2.1 of Branciari (Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 29(9):531-536, 2002), Theorem 2 of Rhoades (Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2003(63):4007-4013, 2003) and Theorem 2 of Vijayaraju et al. (Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2005(15):2359-2364, 2005). A nontrivial example with uncountably many points is also provided to support the results presented herein.

MSC:54H25.
Contraction conditions using comparison functions on b-metric spaces
Authors: Shatanawi Wasfi , Pitea Ariana , Lazović Rade 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the setting of b-metric spaces to establish results regarding the common fixed points of two mappings, using a contraction condition defined by means of a comparison function. An example is presented to support our results comparing with existing ones.

MSC:49H09, 47H10.
Current approaches of the management of mercury poisoning: need of the hour
Authors: Rafati-Rahimzadeh Mehrdad , Rafati-Rahimzadeh Mehravar , Kazemi Sohrab , Moghadamnia Ali Akbar 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMercury poisoning cases have been reported in many parts of the world, resulting in many deaths every year. Mercury compounds are classified in different chemical types such as elemental, inorganic and organic forms. Long term exposure to mercury compounds from different sources e.g. water, food, soil and air lead to toxic effects on cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, gastrointestinal, neurological systems and skin. Mercury level can be measured in plasma, urine, feces and hair samples. Urinary concentration is a good indicator of poisoning of elemental and inorganic mercury, but organic mercury (e.g. methyl mercury) can be detected easily in feces. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a rapid, cheap and sensitive method for detection of thymine bound mercuric ions. Silver nanoparticles are used as a sensitive detector of low concentration Hg2+ions in homogeneous aqueous solutions. Besides supportive therapy, British anti lewisite, dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA. succimer) and dimercaptopropanesulfoxid acid (DMPS) are currently used as chelating agents in mercury poisoning. Natural biologic scavengers such as algae, azolla and other aquatic plants possess the ability to uptake mercury traces from the environment.
High phosphoserine in sepsis: panel of clinical and plasma amino acid correlations
Authors: Chiarla Carlo , Giovannini Ivo , Siegel John H 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The determination of plasma phosphoserine concentration in sepsis is uncommon, and the clinical and metabolic correlations of abnormally high phosphoserine are basically unknown. We analyzed 430 determinations of phosphoserine, other amino acid (AA) levels and ancillary variables obtained in 18 septic patients, in order to assess the biochemical and clinical correlations of changes in phosphoserine. Phosphoserine ranged between 5 and 55 micromol/L (n.v. < 12). Increasing phosphoserine was associated with higher severity of illness and death, and its best AA correlates were increasing cystathionine, 3-methylhistidine, histidine, hydroxyproline and tyrosine (r > 0.65, p < 0.001 for all). High phosphoserine seemed to cumulatively reflect kidney and liver dysfunction and enhanced proteolysis. As a collateral finding, 3-methylhistidine (a best correlate of phosphoserine) was also inversely related to nutritional AA dose (p < 0.001). These data suggest that in septic patients the determination of plasma phosphoserine may provide useful information on severity of septic illness and prognosis. The observed correlations also indirectly evidenced an impact of nutritional AA dose in moderating proteolysis.
How to build an inducible cartilage-specific transgenic mouse
Authors: Blaney Davidson Esmeralda N , van de Loo Fons AJ , van den Berg Wim B , van der Kraan Peter M 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTransgenic mice are used to study the roles of specific proteins in an intact living system. Use of transgenic mice to study processes in cartilage, however, poses some challenges. First of all, many factors involved in cartilage homeostasis and disease are also crucial factors in embryogenesis. Therefore, meddling with these factors often leads to death before birth, and mice who do survive cannot be considered normal. The build-up of cartilage in these mice is altered, making it nearly impossible to truly interpret the role of a protein in adult cartilage function. An elegant way to overcome these limitations is to make transgenic mice time- and tissue-specific, thereby omitting side-effects in tissues other than cartilage and during embryology. This review discusses the potential building blocks for making an inducible cartilage-specific transgenic mouse. We review which promoters can be used to gain chondrocyte-specificity - all chondrocytes or a specific subset thereof - as well as different systems that can be used to enable inducibility of a transgene.
Functional characterization and structural modeling of synthetic polyester-degrading hydrolases from Thermomonospora curvata
Authors: Wei Ren , Oeser Thorsten , Then Johannes , Kühn Nancy , Barth Markus , Schmidt Juliane , Zimmermann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Thermomonospora curvata is a thermophilic actinomycete phylogenetically related to Thermobifida fusca that produces extracellular hydrolases capable of degrading synthetic polyesters. Analysis of the genome of T. curvata DSM43183 revealed two genes coding for putative polyester hydrolases Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 sharing 61% sequence identity with the T. fusca enzymes. Mature proteins of Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10. Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 exhibited an optimal reaction temperature against p-nitrophenyl butyrate at 60°C and 55°C, respectively. The optimal pH for both enzymes was determined at pH 8.5. Tcur1278 retained more than 80% and Tcur0390 less than 10% of their initial activity following incubation for 60 min at 55°C. Tcur0390 showed a higher hydrolytic activity against poly(ε-caprolactone) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles compared to Tcur1278 at reaction temperatures up to 50°C. At 55°C and 60°C, hydrolytic activity against PET nanoparticles was only detected with Tcur1278. In silico modeling of the polyester hydrolases and docking with a model substrate composed of two repeating units of PET revealed the typical fold of α/β serine hydrolases with an exposed catalytic triad. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the superior thermal stability of Tcur1278 considered as the main reason for its higher hydrolytic activity on PET.
The School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt: An Innovative Research-Based Program for High School Students
Authors: Eeds Angela , Vanags Chris , Creamer Jonathan , Loveless Mary , Dixon Amanda , Sperling Harvey , McCombs Glenn , Robinson Doug , Shepherd Virginia L. 
Published: June 2014

The School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt (SSMV) is an innovative partnership program between a Research I private university and a large urban public school system. The SSMV was started in 2007 and currently has 101 students enrolled in the program, with a total of 60 students who have completed the 4-yr sequential program. Students attend the SSMV for one full day per week during the school year and 3–6 wk in the summers following their ninth- to 11th-grade years, with each grade of 26 students coming to the Vanderbilt campus on a separate day. The research-based curriculum focuses on guiding students through the process of learning to develop questions and hypotheses, designing projects and performing analyses, and communicating results of these projects. The SSMV program has elevated the learning outcomes of students as evidenced by increased achievement scores relative to a comparison group of students; has provided a rigorous research-based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics elective curriculum that culminates in a Summer research internship; has produced 27 Intel and Siemens semifinalists and regional finalists over the past 4 yr; and has supported the development of writing and communication skills resulting in regional and national oral presentations and publications in scientific journals.
The Dominance Concept Inventory: A Tool for Assessing Undergraduate Student Alternative Conceptions about Dominance in Mendelian and Population Genetics
Authors: Abraham Joel K. , Perez Kathryn E. , Price Rebecca M. 
Published: June 2014

Despite the impact of genetics on daily life, biology undergraduates understand some key genetics concepts poorly. One concept requiring attention is dominance, which many students understand as a fixed property of an allele or trait and regularly conflate with frequency in a population or selective advantage. We present the Dominance Concept Inventory (DCI), an instrument to gather data on selected alternative conceptions about dominance. During development of the 16-item test, we used expert surveys (n = 12), student interviews (n = 42), and field tests (n = 1763) from introductory and advanced biology undergraduates at public and private, majority- and minority-serving, 2- and 4-yr institutions in the United States. In the final field test across all subject populations (n = 709), item difficulty ranged from 0.08 to 0.84 (0.51 ± 0.049 SEM), while item discrimination ranged from 0.11 to 0.82 (0.50 ± 0.048 SEM). Internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.77, while test–retest reliability values were 0.74 (product moment correlation) and 0.77 (intraclass correlation). The prevalence of alternative conceptions in the field tests shows that introductory and advanced students retain confusion about dominance after instruction. All measures support the DCI as a useful instrument for measuring undergraduate biology student understanding and alternative conceptions about dominance.
Management of medically unexplained symptoms: outcomes of a specialist liaison clinic
Authors: Röhricht Frank , Elanjithara Thomas 
Published: June 2014

Aims and methodService utilisation and clinical outcomes of a newly developed specialist primary–secondary care liaison clinic for patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) were evaluated in a cross-sectional and feasibility pilot study. The impact of body-oriented psychological therapy (BOPT) was explored in a small cohort of patients with an identified somatoform disorder.ResultsOf 147 consecutive referrals, 113 patients engaged with the assessment process. Of patients with MUS, 42% (n= 45) had a primary diagnosis of somatoform disorder, 36% (n= 38) depressive disorder, and depressive symptoms (even subsyndromal) mediated the effect of somatic symptoms. A marked variation of presenting complaints and service utilisation across ethnic groups was noted. A significant reduction in somatic symptom levels and service utilisation was achieved for patients undergoing BOPT.Clinical implicationsA high proportion of patients with MUS have undiagnosed and therefore untreated mental disorders. New and locally derived collaborative care models of active engagement in primary care settings are required. Patients with somatoform disorder may benefit from BOPT; this requires further evaluation in adequately powered clinical trials.
Psychiatry, subjectivity and emotion – deepening the medical model
Authors: Yakeley Jessica , Hale Rob , Johnston James , Kirtchuk Gabriel , Shoenberg Peter 
Published: June 2014

SummaryMorale among psychiatrists continues to be seriously challenged in the face of recruitment difficulties, unfilled posts, diagnostic controversies, service reconfigurations and public criticism of psychiatric care, in addition to other difficulties. In this article, we argue that the positivist paradigm that continues to dominate British psychiatry has led to an undervaluing of subjectivity and of the role of emotions within psychiatric training and practice. Reintegrating the subjective perspective and promoting emotional awareness and reflection may go some way towards restoring faith in the psychiatric specialty.