bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections in a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Heintz Brett H , Cho Stacey , Fujioka Akina , Li Jenny , Halilovic Jenana 
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) among hospitalized patients. Clinicians need to differentiate between VRE-associated urinary colonization, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and UTIs to determine the need for treatment and length of therapy. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the diagnosis and management of VRE from urinary sources, including compliance with institutional treatment guidelines, and identify risk factors associated with clinical failure. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, single-center, cohort study among patients with VRE-positive cultures from urinary sources over a 3-year study period (July 2008-September 2011). Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate demographics, diagnostics, guideline compliance, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes. Risk factors associated with clinical failure were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-nine distinct episodes of VRE met inclusion criteria among 252 patients. Forty-seven percent and 77% of episodes occurred in patients admitted to an intensive care unit and hospitalized for 7 or more days, respectively. Fifty-eight percent of the episodes were classified as asymptomatic bacteriuria or colonization. Compliance with institutional treatment guidelines for the appropriate drug, dose, and duration occurred in approximately 70% of the cases. Among noncompliant cases (n = 83), 48 (58%) were overtreated, and 35 (42%) were undertreated. Clinical failure among all cases was common, including mortality (17.1%). Factors independently associated with clinical failure determined on multivariate analysis included weight 100 kg or more (OR 5.30; 95% CI 1.42–12.21; p = 0.014), renal disease (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.02–6.47; p = 0.048), indwelling catheter (OR 4.62; 95% CI 1.05–18.24; p = 0.046), and VRE bloodstream infection (OR 15.71; 95% CI 2.9–128.7; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Improved education is needed to minimize cases of overtreatment and undertreatment of VRE-associated UTIs and decrease inappropriate drug-related costs and clinical failure rates. Risk factors for clinical failure can be used to risk stratify VRE-associated UTIs and further guide treatment decisions.
Visual Input Enhances Selective Speech Envelope Tracking in Auditory Cortex at a “Cocktail Party”
Authors: Zion Golumbic Elana , Cogan Gregory B. , Schroeder Charles E. , Poeppel David 
Published: January 2013

Our ability to selectively attend to one auditory signal amid competing input streams, epitomized by the “Cocktail Party” problem, continues to stimulate research from various approaches. How this demanding perceptual feat is achieved from a neural systems perspective remains unclear and controversial. It is well established that neural responses to attended stimuli are enhanced compared with responses to ignored ones, but responses to ignored stimuli are nonetheless highly significant, leading to interference in performance. We investigated whether congruent visual input of an attended speaker enhances cortical selectivity in auditory cortex, leading to diminished representation of ignored stimuli. We recorded magnetoencephalographic signals from human participants as they attended to segments of natural continuous speech. Using two complementary methods of quantifying the neural response to speech, we found that viewing a speaker's face enhances the capacity of auditory cortex to track the temporal speech envelope of that speaker. This mechanism was most effective in a Cocktail Party setting, promoting preferential tracking of the attended speaker, whereas without visual input no significant attentional modulation was observed.These neurophysiological results underscore the importance of visual input in resolving perceptual ambiguity in a noisy environment. Since visual cues in speech precede the associated auditory signals, they likely serve a predictive role in facilitating auditory processing of speech, perhaps by directing attentional resources to appropriate points in time when to-be-attended acoustic input is expected to arrive.
P-ideal dichotomy and weak squares
Authors: Raghavan Dilip 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe answer a question of Cummings and Magidor by proving that the P-ideal dichotomy of Todorčević refutes □κ,ωfor any uncountableκ. We also show that the P-ideal dichotomy implies the failure of □κ,<bprovided that cf(κ) >ω1.
Random reals, the rainbow Ramsey theorem, and arithmetic conservation
Authors: Conidis Chris J. , Slaman Theodore A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe investigate the question “To what extent can random reals be used as a tool to establish number theoretic facts?” Let 2-RANbe the principle that for every realXthere is a realRwhich is 2-random relative toX. In Section 2, we observe that the arguments of Csima and Mileti [3] can be implemented in the base theoryRCA0and soRCA0+ 2-RANimplies the Rainbow Ramsey Theorem. In Section 3, we show that the Rainbow Ramsey Theorem is not conservative overRCA0for arithmetic sentences. Thus, from the Csima–Mileti fact that the existence of random reals has infinitary-combinatorial consequences we can conclude that 2-RANhas non-trivial arithmetic consequences. In Section 4, we show that 2-RANis conservative overRCA0+BΣ2for-sentences. Thus, the set of first-order consequences of 2-RANis strictly stronger thanP−+IΣ1and no stronger thanP−+BΣ2.
Uniform distribution and algorithmic randomness
Authors: Avigad Jeremy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA seminal theorem due to Weyl [14] states that if (an) is any sequence of distinct integers, then, for almost everyx∈ ℝ, the sequence (anx) is uniformly distributed modulo one. In particular, for almost everyxin the unit interval, the sequence (anx) is uniformly distributed modulo one for everycomputablesequence (an) of distinct integers. Call such anx UD random. Here it is shown that every Schnorr random real is UD random, but there are Kurtz random reals that are not UD random. On the other hand, Weyl's theorem still holds relative to a particular effectively closed null set, so there are UD random reals that are not Kurtz random.
Increasing Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Youth
Authors: Lipman Terri H. , Levitt Katz Lorraine E. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Murphy Kathryn M. , Aguilar Alexandra , Rezvani Iraj , Howe Carol J. , Fadia Shruti , Suarez Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children in Philadelphia from 2000–2004, compare the epidemiology to the previous three cohorts in the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, and, for the first time, describe the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Diabetes cases were obtained through a retrospective population-based registry. Hospital inpatient and outpatient records were reviewed for cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnosed from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004. The secondary source of validation was the School District of Philadelphia. Time series analysis was used to evaluate the changing pattern of incidence over the 20-year period.

RESULTS
The overall age-adjusted incidence rate in 2000–2004 of 17.0 per 100,000 per year was significantly higher than that of previous cohorts, with an average yearly increase of 1.5% and an average 5-year cohort increase of 7.8% (P = 0.025). The incidence in white children (19.2 per 100,000 per year) was 48% higher than in the previous cohort. Children aged 0–4 years had a 70% higher incidence (12.2 per 100,000 per year) than the original cohort; this increase was most marked in young black children. The overall age-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes was 5.8 per 100,000 per year and was significantly higher in black children.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising among children in Philadelphia. The incidence rate has increased by 29% since the 1985–1989 cohort. The most marked increases were among white children ages 10–14 years and black children ages 0–4 years. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is 18 times higher than that of type 2 in white children but only 1.6 times higher in black children.
Randomized Crossover Study to Examine the Necessity of an Injection-to-Meal Interval in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Human Insulin
Authors: Müller Nicolle , Frank Thomas , Kloos Christof , Lehmann Thomas , Wolf Gunter , Müller Ulrich Alfons 
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE
Patients with diabetes and insulin therapy with human insulin were usually instructed to use an interval of 20–30 min between the injection and meal. We examined the necessity of the injection-to-meal interval (IMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and flexible insulin therapy with human insulin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this randomized, open crossover trial, 100 patients with T2DM (47% men, mean age = 66.7 years) were randomized to the IMI first group (phase 1, IMI 20 min; phase 2, no IMI) or IMI last group (phase 1, no IMI; phase 2, IMI 20 min). The main outcome measures were HbA1c, blood glucose profile, incidence of hypoglycemia, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and patient preference.

RESULTS
Forty-nine patients were randomized to the IMI first group and 51 patients to the IMI last group. Omitting the IMI only slightly increases HbA1c (average intraindividual difference = 0.08% [95% CI 0.01–0.15]). Since the difference is not clinically relevant, a therapy without IMI is noninferior to its application (P &lt; 0.001). In the secondary outcomes, the incidence of mild hypoglycemia also did not differ between no IMI and IMI significantly (mean of differences = −0.10, P = 0.493). No difference in the blood glucose profile of both groups was found. Treatment satisfaction increased markedly, by 8.08, if IMI was omitted (P &lt; 0.001). The total score of the quality of life measure did not show differences between applying an IMI or not. Insulin therapy without IMI was preferred by 86.5% of patients (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
An IMI for patients with T2DM and preprandial insulin therapy is not necessary.
Hypertrophied Facial Fat in An HIV-1-Infected Patient after Autologous Transplantation from ‘Buffalo Hump’ Retains a Partial Brown-Fat-Like Molecular Signature
Authors: Gallego-Escuredo José M , Domingo Pere , Fontdevila Joan , Villarroya Joan , Domingo Joan C , Martinez Esteban , Giralt Marta , Villarroya Francesc 
Published: January 2013

Background Facial lipoatrophy, a common alteration among HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-treated patients, is often corrected using autologous transplantation. In some cases, especially when enlarged adipose tissue from the dorso-cervical area (that is, a ‘buffalo hump') is used as a source of fat for transplantation, the transplanted fat develops progressive hypertrophy. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this phenomenon, we evaluated the cell morphology and gene expression in this hypertrophied facial fat. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of various marker genes in a sample of facial fat that underwent hypertrophy after autologous transplantation. The results were compared with gene expression data from ‘buffalo hump’ fat and subcutaneous fat from healthy controls. Optical and electron microscopic analyses were used to determine cell morphology. Results The enlarged facial adipose tissue did not exhibit the overt microscopic morphology of brown adipose tissue but (similar to ‘buffalo hump’ fat) it contained adipocytes heterogeneous in size. The enlarged facial fat retained the partial molecular signature of a distorted brown-to-white adipocyte phenotype, including expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) transcript, and showed unaltered adipogenesis and inflammation that are characteristic of ‘buffalo hump’ fat. Conclusions Despite being implanted in a former lipoatrophic area, facially grafted ‘buffalo hump’ tissue appears to retain the altered phenotype of dorso-cervical adipose cells, thus accounting for its progressive enlargement. These results argue that caution should be exercised when considering ‘buffalo hump’ fat depots as a fat source for autologous transplantation.
Evaluation of Activities of Daily Living Ability and Awareness among Clients in a Forensic Psychiatry Evaluation Unit in Sweden
Authors: Kottorp Anders , Heuchemer Birgit , Lie Ingela Petersson , Gumpert Clara Hellner 
Published: January 2013

Introduction: The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate activities of daily living (ADL) functioning for clients in a forensic psychiatry evaluation unit and also to investigate the relationship between ADL functioning and awareness of their ability to perform ADL. Method: The sample consisted of 35 participants at a forensic psychiatry evaluation unit in Sweden. ADL was investigated using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and awareness of ability was investigated using the Assessment of Awareness of Ability (A3). Results: The ADL mean motor ability for the participants was 1.68 logits and the process ability showed an ADL mean value of 0.83 logit. The mean value of awareness was 0.60 logit. A majority of the participants demonstrated ability measures below the cut-off criteria in the AMPS, which indicates that they might need support to function in the community. There was also a significant relationship between awareness of ability and ADL motor ability (rho = 0.49, p<0.01) and ADL process ability (rho = 0.77, p<0.01). Conclusion: Clients in forensic psychiatry demonstrate limited ability in ADL, associated with a limited awareness. Clients in forensic psychiatry may also need assistance to live in the community, which suggests that occupational therapy may be offered to these clients in order to prepare them to manage in the community.
An Occupation-Based Group for Children with Anxiety
Authors: Tokolahi Ema , Em-Chhour Cheryl , Barkwill Laura , Stanley Sarah 
Published: January 2013

Introduction: Anxiety significantly affects children in middle childhood, impacting on functioning and predicting future mental health problems. Despite this, there is little literature describing occupational therapy for this population. This preliminary study evaluated the acceptability and outcomes of an occupation-based group for children with anxiety aged 10–14 years. Method: The group employed developmentally appropriate occupations to teach and participate in cognitive, behavioural and functional skills for managing anxiety. The five outcome measures used were the Beck Youth Inventories, Occupational Questionnaire, Child Behaviour Checklist, Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents, and Children's Global Assessment Scale. Acceptability was measured by attendance and outcome measures were taken at pre-group and post-group (n = 34). Data were examined using repeated measures t-tests. Results: All 34 participants completed the intervention, with 87.9% attendance. Parent-rated child anxiety decreased, as did clinician-rated factors inhibiting optimal functional performance, and clinician-rated overall child functioning increased. No significant changes in child-rated measures were reported. Conclusion: Preliminary findings were that the occupation-based group for children with anxiety aged 10–14 years was an acceptable and beneficial intervention for reducing parent-rated and clinician-rated symptoms of anxiety while increasing functioning.
Sequential Management of Keratoconus Treatment
Authors: Salgado-Borges José M , Rodrigues Filipa Daniela , Santos Gil Calvão , Gonçalves Serafim , Ferreira Cláudia Costa 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The authors describe three cases of patients with bilateral keratoconus. The clinical evolution, tomographic features and the different therapeutic options selected in accordance with the evolution of the disease over the course of 10 years of follow-up are discussed. A periodic follow-up of patients with keratoconus allows planning the most appropriate therapy according to the evolutionary stage of the disease.

How to cite this article
Rodrigues FD, Santos GC, Gonçalves S, Ferreira CC, Salgado-Borges JM. Sequential Management of Keratoconus Treatment. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(3):201-204.
Comparative Analysis of Targeted Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) and Human Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals Variability Associated With Incomplete Transgene Silencing in Retrovirally Derived hiPSC Lines
Authors: Toivonen Sanna , Ojala Marisa , Hyysalo Anu , Ilmarinen Tanja , Rajala Kristiina , Pekkanen-Mattila Mari , Äänismaa Riikka , Lundin Karolina , Palgi Jaan , Weltner Jere , Trokovic Ras , Silvennoinen Olli , Skottman Heli , Narkilahti Susanna , Aalto-Setälä Katriina , Otonkoski Timo 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Functional hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) could provide a defined and renewable source of human cells relevant for cell replacement therapies, drug discovery, toxicology testing, and disease modeling. In this study, we investigated the differences between the differentiation potentials of three hESC lines, four retrovirally derived hiPSC lines, and one hiPSC line derived with the nonintegrating Sendai virus technology. Four independent protocols were used for hepatocyte, cardiomyocyte, neuronal, and RPE cell differentiation. Overall, cells differentiated from hESCs and hiPSCs showed functional similarities and similar expression of genes characteristic of specific cell types, and differences between individual cell lines were also detected. Reactivation of transgenic OCT4 was detected specifically during RPE differentiation in the retrovirally derived lines, which may have affected the outcome of differentiation with these hiPSCs. One of the hiPSC lines was inferior in all directions, and it failed to produce hepatocytes. Exogenous KLF4 was incompletely silenced in this cell line. No transgene expression was detected in the Sendai virus-derived hiPSC line. These findings highlight the problems related to transgene expression in retrovirally derived hiPSC lines.
Differentiation of CD133+ Stem Cells From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Into Preneuron Cells
Authors: González-Garza Maria Teresa , Martínez Héctor R. , Caro-Osorio Enrique , Cruz-Vega Delia E. , Hernández-Torre Martin , Moreno-Cuevas Jorge E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Improvements in quality of life and life expectancy have been observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients transplanted with CD133+ stem cells into their frontal motor cortices. However, questions have emerged about the capacity of cells from these patients to engraft and differentiate into neurons. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro capacity of CD133+ stem cells from 13 ALS patients to differentiate into neuron lineage. Stem cells were obtained through leukapheresis and cultured in a control medium or a neuroinduction medium for 2–48 hours. Expression of neuronal genes was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical techniques. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that CD133+ stem cells from ALS patients incubated for 48 hours in a neuroinduction medium increased the detection of neuronal proteins such as nestin, β-tubulin III, neuronal-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. RT-PCR assays demonstrated an increase in the expression of β-tubulin III, nestin, Olig2, Islet-1, Hb9, and Nkx6.1. No correlation was found between age, sex, or ALS functional scale and the CD133+ stem cell response to the neuroinduction medium. We conclude that CD133+ stem cells from ALS patients, like the stem cells of healthy subjects, are capable of differentiating into preneuron cells.
Reprogramming of Fibroblasts From Older Women With Pelvic Floor Disorders Alters Cellular Behavior Associated With Donor Age
Authors: Wen Yan , Wani Prachi , Zhou Lu , Baer Tom , Phadnis Smruti Madan , Reijo Pera Renee A. , Chen Bertha 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
We aimed to derive induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from vaginal fibroblasts from older women with pelvic organ prolapse. We examined the effect of donor age on iPSCs and on the cells redifferentiated from these iPSCs. Vaginal fibroblasts were isolated from younger and older subjects for reprogramming. iPSCs were generated simultaneously using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral vector expressing Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc. The pluripotent markers of iPSCs were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Spectral karyotyping was performed. The ability of the iPSCs to differentiate into three germ layers was confirmed by embryoid body and teratoma formation. Senescence marker (p21, p53, and Bax) expressions were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The iPSCs were redifferentiated to fibroblasts and were evaluated with senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA) activity and mitotic index using time-lapse dark-field microscopy. iPSCs derived from both the younger and older subjects expressed pluripotency markers and showed normal karyotype and positive teratoma assays. There was no significant difference in expression of senescence and apoptosis markers (p21, p53, and Bax) in iPSCs derived from the younger subject compared with the older subject. Furthermore, fibroblasts redifferentiated from these iPSCs did not differ in SA activity or mitotic index. We report successful derivation of iPSCs from women with pelvic organ prolapse. Older age did not interfere with successful reprogramming. Donor age differences were not observed in these iPSCs using standard senescence markers, and donor age did not appear to affect cell mitotic activity in fibroblasts redifferentiated from iPSCs.
Behavioural responses of Argentine coastal dusky dolphins(Lagenorhynchus obscurus)to a biopsy pole system
Authors: de Castro R Loizaga , Hoelzel AR , Crespo EA 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn recent years, analysis of tissue samples has become a powerful tool in cetacean ecology since it provides information for effective conservation and management policies. Biopsy samples taken for such studies have been obtained by various means including crossbows, rifles, and pole systems. We investigated sampling success and the reaction of dusky dolphins(Lagenorhynchus obscurus)off the coast of Argentina to a biopsy pole system from 2008 to 2009. Usingad libitumbehavioural sampling, we documented individual behavioural reactions to biopsy sampling immediately after a biopsy was taken. Log-linear models were used to determine whether there were significant differences in behavioural response for different group size, composition or behavioural context. In total, 109 sampling attempts were made and 58 biopsy samples were obtained (53.21% success rate). The intensity of individual response was influenced by group size and composition. Small groups (typically mother/calf) reacted more frequently than larger groups (generally mixed-age adults and juveniles). The behaviour of the animals prior to our approach for biopsy sampling also affected their response. Milling dolphins appeared to respond more intensively than dolphins socialising or travelling. In conclusion, biopsy sampling with the biopsy pole system presented here show generally mild and short-term reactions, though behaviour, group size and group composition affected the response. This information can be used to minimise the impact of biopsy sampling, and facilitate the collection of data critical to effective conservation strategies.