bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are historical sociolinguistics?
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper takes a look at recent shifts in sociolinguistic paradigms and considers their applications to historical sociolinguistic research. Besides growth areas such as multilingualism, a current trend is convergence of established approaches. My discussion focuses on those that go even further, bridging the gap between macro- and micro-levels of analysis in the historical context of study. Presented as interdependent levels, layers or domains of analysis, these models usually imply that the analyst needs to cross boundaries between established sociolinguistic paradigms when moving from one level of analysis to another. From the analyst’s perspective the issues include the layered simultaneity of the multiple contexts present at any given point in time and the ways in which their chronologies stretch over time and space. I discuss the reconstruction of macro- and micro-contexts and their interdependence by presenting a case study of Samuel Pepys, a seventeenth-century English naval administrator. I conclude by advocating both informational maximalism and an empirical baseline for such studies. Digital humanities will no doubt facilitate this research in the future.
Tele-Health Monitoring of Patient Wellness
Authors: Sparks Ross Stewart , Okugami Chris 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe vital signs of chronically ill patients are monitored daily. The record flags when a specific vital sign is stable or when it trends into dangerous territory. Patients also self-assess their current state of well-being, i.e. whether they are feeling worse than usual, neither unwell nor very well compared to usual, or are feeling better than usual. This paper examines whether past vital sign data can be used to forecast how well a patient is going to feel the next day. Reliable forecasting of a chronically sick patient’s likely state of health would be useful in regulating the care provided by a community nurse, scheduling care when the patient needs it most. The hypothesis is that the vital signs indicate a trend before a person feels unwell and, therefore, are lead indicators of a patient going to feel unwell. Time series and classification or regression tree methods are used to simplify the process of observing multiple measurements such as body temperature, heart rate, etc., by selecting the vital sign measures, which best forecast well-being. We use machine learning techniques to automatically find the best combination of these vital sign measurements and their rules that forecast the wellness of individual patients. The machine learning models provide rules that can be used to monitor the future wellness of a patient and regulate their care plans.
A developed equation for predicting the vapor pressure of C-H-O hydrocarbons
Authors: Reiszadeh Mehdi , Sanjari Ehsan , Jali Zahra , Saviz Baktash Mohammad 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Prediction of the available vapor pressure
data in the case of C-H-O hydrocarbons led to derivation and recommendation
of standard equations for this property. The accuracy of vapor pressure
estimations is essential because it is used as a basis to calculate the
acentric factor and the thermal and equilibrium properties. In this study,
an accurately developed equation for calculation of vapor pressure is
presented for 213 pure C-H-O hydrocarbons as a function of reduced
temperature and critical pressure. With this equation, vapor pressures have
been calculated and compared with the experimental data reported in the
literatures for 213 pure hydrocarbons for more than 3800 data points, and
the overall average absolute percentage deviation is only 0.286%.
The accuracy of the developed equation has been compared to Antoine, Wagner, and
other most used equations, and the comparison indicates that the developed
method provides more accurate results than other methods used in this work.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Study of Non-conventional Morphological Brains: malnourished rats
Authors: Martin R. , Vazquez F. , Solis-Najera S.E. , Marrufo O. , Godinez R. , Rodriguez A. O. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Malnutrition during brain development can cause serious problems that can be irreversible. Dysfunctional patterns of brain activity can be detected with functional MRI. We used BOLD functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate region differences of brain activity between control and malnourished rats. The food-competition method was applied to a rat model to induce malnutrition during lactation. A 7T magnet was used to detect changes of the BOLD signal associated with changes in brain activity caused by the trigeminal nerve stimulation in malnourished and control rats. Major neuronal activation was observed in malnourished rats in several brain regions, including cerebellum, somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Statistical analysis of the BOLD signals from various brain areas revealed significant differences in somatosensory cortex between the control and experimental groups, as well as a significant difference between the cerebellum and other structures in the experimental group. This study, particularly in malnourished rats, demonstrates increased BOLD activation in the cerebellum.
Repeated Loading of Cohesive Soil – Shakedown Theory in Undrained Conditions
Authors: Głuchowski Andrzej , Szymański Alojzy , Sas Wojciech 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The development of industry and application of new production techniques could bring about extraordinary problems that have been neglected. One of these challenges in terms of soil mechanics is high frequency cyclic loading. Well constructed foundation may reduce this troublesome phenomenon but excluding it is usually uneconomic.
In this paper, shakedown theory assumptions were studied. Cyclically loaded soils behave in various ways depending on the applied stress rate. Common cohesive soils in Poland, i.e., sandy-silty clays are problematic and understanding of their behaviour in various conditions is desired. In order to study repeated loading of this material, cyclic triaxial test were carried out. Cyclic loading tests were conducted also in one way compression. These methods in small strain regime allow permanent strain increment analysis with resilient response after numerous cycles. This behaviour was subsequently exploited in the study of shakedown theory. This paper contains some conclusions concerning the above-mentioned theory.
Liquefaction of Saturated Soil and the Diffusion Equation
Authors: Sawicki Andrzej , Sławińska Justyna 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper deals with the diffusion equation for pore water pressures with the source term, which is widely promoted in the marine engineering literature. It is shown that such an equation cannot be derived in a consistent way from the mass balance and the Darcy law. The shortcomings of the artificial source term are pointed out, including inconsistencies with experimental data. It is concluded that liquefaction and the preceding process of pore pressure generation and the weakening of the soil skeleton should be described by constitutive equations within the well-known framework of applied mechanics. Relevant references are provided
Evaluation of the Impact of Hydrostatic Pressure and Lode Angle on the Strength of the Rock Mass Based on the Hoek–Brown Criterion
Authors: Marczak Halina 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Determination of the global uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass on the basis of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion requires knowledge of the strength parameters: cohesion and the angle of internal friction. In the conventional method for the determination of these parameters given by Balmer, they are expressed by the minimum principal stress. Thus, this method does not allow for the assessment of an impact of hydrostatic pressure and stress path on the value of cohesion, friction angle and global uniaxial compression of rock mass. This problem can be eliminated by using the Hoek-Brown criterion expressed by the invariants of the stress state. The influence of hydrostatic pressure and the Lode angle on the strength parameters of the rock mass was analysed.
Visualization and analysis of crystal structures using CrystalMaker software
Authors: Palmer David C. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the CrystalMaker software suite, which includes modular programs for crystal and molecular structures visualization, modeling and diffraction simulation. The underlying rationale for the software is discussed, and several applications are given for teaching and research in crystal chemistry and molecular dynamics. A free CrystalViewer program, for students, is also discussed.
Novel conformationally constrained pyrazole derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents
Authors: Kasiotis Konstantinos M. , Tzanetou Evangelia N. , Stagos Dimitrios , Fokialakis Nikolas , Koutsotheodorou Eleni , Kouretas Dimitrios , Haroutounian Serkos A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The synthesis of 17 novel conformationally constrained pyrazole derivatives is reported herein, along with the assessment of their anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. The evaluation of their inhibitory effect on cell proliferation against HepG2, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells revealed the pyrrolo[2,3-g]indazole 23 as a potent inhibitor of cell growth with IC50 values of 5 μm. Additionally, the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor by pyrazoles 20 and 23 (30 % and 35 %, respectively) in HeLa supernatant cells was evidenced. These findings highlight the usefulness of these compounds as potential scaffolds for the design and development of novel anti-cancer agents with pronounced anti-angiogenic activity.
On the Relation between Population Kinetics and State-to-State Rate Coefficients for Vibrational Energy Transfer
Authors: Dashevskaya Elena I. , Litvin Ilya , Nikitin Evgeny E. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The relation between time-dependent population of vibrational state
and collision-induced state-to-state rate coefficients is discussed
within the Landau–Teller kinetic equations for the relaxation of
harmonic oscillators in a heat bath. In particular, the increase of
the populations in the first and the second vibrational state of an
initially cold oscillator shows a considerable variety of its relation
to a single Landau–Teller state-to-state rate coefficient. It is
suggested that this variety should be kept in mind when experimental
studies of the relaxation of specific level are analyzed.
LC–MS/MS based determination of basal- and ACTH-stimulated plasma concentrations of 11 steroid hormones: implications for detecting heterozygote CYP21A2 mutation carriers
Authors: Kulle A E , Riepe F G , Hedderich J , Sippell W G , Schmitz J , Niermeyer L , Holterhus P M 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveHeterozygosity in 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) has been associated with hyperandrogenemic symptoms in children and adults. Moreover, the carrier status is mandatory for genetic counseling. We aimed at defining a hormonal parameter for carrier detection by mass spectrometry.DesignEleven basal and ACTH-stimulated steroid hormones of heterozygous carriers ofCYP21A2mutations and control individuals were compared.MethodHormones were determined in plasma samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) in 58 carriers (35 males, 23 females, age range 6–78 years) and 44 random controls (25 males, 19 females, age range 8–58 years).ResultsHeterozygotes could be identified best applying the 17-hydroxyprogesterone+21-deoxycortisol/cortisol×1000 ((17OHP+21S)/F×1000) equation 30 min after ACTH injection. An optimal cut-off value of 8.4 provided 89% sensitivity and specificity. Considering this data and a published frequency of heterozygotes of 1/50 to 1/61, the positive predictive value (PPV) of this cut-off is 12%. Of note, the negative predictive value (NPV) excluding heterozygosity in a given patient is 99.8%.ConclusionConsidering only marginal biochemical effects anticipated from heterozygosity, the stimulated ((17OHP+21S)/F×1000) identifies and excludes heterozygotes remarkably well. Nevertheless, LC–MS/MS cannot replace genetic testing, since sensitivity and specificity did not reach 100%. However, due to the considerably high NPV of the optimal cut-off and to a specificity of even 100% applying a cut-off higher than 14.7, hormonal assessment of heterozygosity can be of significant aid in conditions with limited access to genetic testing, as in some health care systems. The ((17OHP+21S)/F×1000) equation can guide diagnostic considerations in the differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenism.
Abdominal Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Gastric Emptying Revisited
Authors: Muresan Crina , Blaga Teodora Surdea , Muresan Lucian , Dumitrascu Dan L. 
Published: August 2015

Background & Aims: Disorders of gastrointestinal transit and motility are frequently found in the general population, impacting the quality of life and increasing the costs of health care services. Ultrasonographic assessment of gastric emptying is a method introduced in the early 1980s for the evaluation of dyspepsia. The aim of this paper was to assess the current role of abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of gastric emptying.
Method: Using the keywords “ultrasound and gastric emptying”, “echography and gastric emptying”, “3D and gastric emptying” and “strain rate imaging and gastric emptying” the PubMed database was screened for publications on ultrasonography evaluating gastric emptying in adults from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2014.
Results: 281 papers were identified, of which only 21 randomized studies, 18 comparative and 18 non-comparative studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted on healthy subjects for research purposes. Thirteen studies were performed on patients with functional dyspepsia, of which 6 studies assessed treatment efficacy. Other indications for ultrasound gastric emptying evaluation were: diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, metabolic syndrome, asthma, Parkinson’s disease, and obesity. Using abdominal ultrasound, delayed gastric emptying was found in 10% of patients with functional dyspepsia, 48.5% of patients with longstanding diabetes and 65-70% of patients with systemic sclerosis with a disease duration of more than 10 years.
Conclusion: Functional ultrasonography is a non-invasive method used for research or practical purposes that brings an insight into gastric emptying in healthy individuals, and in individuals with functional and motility gastrointestinal disorders.
Risk Factors for Hepatic Encephalopathy after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Hypertension
Authors: Yao Jiannan , Zuo Li , An Guangyu , Yue Zhendong , Zhao Hongwei , Wang Lei , Liu Fuquan 
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study aimed at assessing the risk factors for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal hypertension.
Method: Consecutive patients (n=279) with primary HCC who underwent TIPS between January 1997 and March 2012 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Pre-TIPS, peri-TIPS and post-TIPS clinical variables were reviewed using univariate and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for HE after TIPS.
Results: The overall incidence of HE was 41% (114/279). Multivariate analysis showed an increased odds for HE in patients with: >3 treatments with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and/or trans-arterial embolization (TAE) (odds ratio [OR], 4.078; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.748-9.515); hepatopetal portal flow (OR, 2.362; 95%CI, 1.032-5.404); high portosystemic pressure gradient (OR, 1.198; 95%CI, 1.073-1.336) and high pre-TIPS MELD score (OR, 1.693; 95%CI, 1.390-2.062). Odds for HE were increased 1.693 fold for each 1-point increase in the MELD score, and 1.198 fold for each 1-mmHg decrease in the post-TIPS portosystemic pressure gradient.
Conclusion: The identification of clinical variables associated with increased odds of HE may be useful for the selection of appropriate candidates for TIPS. Results suggest that an inappropriate decrease in the portosystemic pressure gradient might be associated with HE after TIPS. In addition, >3 treatments with TACE/TAE, hepatopetal portal flow, and high MELD score were also associated with increased odds of HE after TIPS.
Key words: – – – .
Peculiarities of Expression of Leadership of Pre-Primary Children in Musical Activities
Authors: Rauduvaitė Asta , Virganavičienė Živilė 
Published: August 2015

On the basis of scientific literature analysis it can be stated that at pre-primary age leadership is fostered developing children’s self-confidence, initiative, communication with adults, empathy, curiosity, leading of activities and play, activity, self-regulation and self-control, creativity, generating of ideas, which may be expressed in musical activities as well. Therefore, applying musical activities, expression of various features may be encouraged, their synthesis and variations may be achieved to enable a child to experience the nurtured qualities and to develop them.
The results of the research on expression of leadership qualities of pre-primary children in musical activities showed that children’s leadership qualities are expressed in singing most frequently. Expression of leadership in other activities such as listening to music, playing and rhythmisation, improvisation and creation, is not so suggestive. Expression of leadership qualities in all activities should be encouraged, whereas during singing activities, all the distinguished leadership qualities were noticed: communicating with adults, generating of ideas, leading of activities and play, initiative, activity, empathy, creativity, curiosity, sensitivity, self-regulation and self-control.
The analysis of children’s opinion about leadership qualities revealed that: 1) distribution of favorable musical activities is predetermined by child’s wish to involve in a certain activity and its attractiveness. Therefore, the role of a teacher is important presenting these activities in an attractive way and making attempts to strengthen learners’ interested in them; 2) children like to rally other children for activities but involve in them to a different extent. Some of them seek to lead, others generate ideas and show initiative to rally other children but they later assume the role of a collaborator and do not lead activities. Moreover, a number of children experience a negative influence of their peers, when they are not invited to engage in play, i.e., they lose self-confidence or engage in play only as an observer.
Factors of (Self) Education of Adolescents Intercultural Sensitivity
Authors: Šaulienė Valdonė 
Published: August 2015

In this study the research problem can be formulated as the question: what adolescents’ ability to communicate with people from other cultures should be promoted in order to develop a full-fledged intercultural dialogue in the future? Aim – ascertain the factors of (self) education of adolescent’s intercultural sensitivity. The object of investigation – intercultural sensitivity of adolescents, as one of the most important aspects of modern national identity.
In order to investigate the intercultural sensitivity was selected M. J. Bennett’s (1986, 2004) theoretical Model of the Development of Intercultural Sensitivity and intercultural sensitivity’s measurement tool called the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) developed by G. M. Chen and W. J. Starosta (2000). Instrument (ISS) has been translated into the Lithuanian language and adapted to Lithuanian adolescents.
According to the scientific literature article discussed: is the progress of ethnorelativism the premise of intercultural dialogue? The empirical data analysis allows to discuss about some strengthen / weakening external / internal factors of intercultural sensitivity of adolescents: the worldview and environmental influences. To promote intercultural sensitivity of adolescents and intercultural dialogue in the future should be drawn attention to those aspects: cognitive – to teach them their own culture, they should know how to represent it, by behavior, thinking attributes promote to recognize the signs of other cultures as well as the learning of foreign languages; emotional – to motivate them understand, respect and accept their own and other cultures, their differences, allowing to fid friends abroad, to promote interest to notice the diversity, avoiding stereotypes, prejudice; behavioral – increasing adolescents’ national identity, self-confidence in dealing with others and the courage to be themselves.
Spring issue 2015
Authors: Lal Hamish 
Published: August 2015

In this, the first issue of 2015, we look at the first case from the Supreme Court dealing with statutory adjudication – if a construction adjudicator’s decision has gone against you, and you have had to pay out money in compliance with it, what is the time limit for you to bring legal or arbitral proceedings to have the dispute finally determined in your favour? Is it the time limit applying to the original claim, or do you get the benefit of a new period of 6 years from the date you made the payment? Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Limited v. Higgins Construction Plc provides the answer. I have also chosen to look at two cases dealing with payment – the first looks at whether it is possible to serve more than one payment application in a month and the second looks at whether an employer can challenge a payment notice in circumstances where he has failed to issue the requisite payless notice. On a more substantive ground, we look at whether final certificates can be subject to so-called ‘forum shopping’ – in other words can one start an adjudication and also court/arbitration proceedings? Trustees of the Marc Gilbard 2009 Settlement Trust v. OD Developments and Projects Ltd provides the answer. Readers ought to note that the High Court in (1) Sierra Fishing Company (2) Said Jamil Said Mohamed (3) The State of Jamil Said Mohamed (together ‘Sierra’) v. (1) Hasan Said Farran (2) Ahmad Mehdi Assad (3) Ali Zbeeb granted an application made by Sierra to remove an arbitrator under section 24 (1)(a) of the Arbitration Act 1996 on the grounds of impartiality – the case contains excellent guidance on how one ought to approach conflicts and impartiality. It has been my aim for a while to increase the number of articles from external contributors, and I would encourage readers to suggest topics of specific interest and to submit articles. May I wish all readers a most enjoyable 2015.
A new fossil drywood termite species from the Late Eocene of France allied to <i>Cryptotermes</i> and <i>Procryptotermes</i> (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)
Authors: Engel Michael S. , Nel André 
Published: August 2015

A new fossil genus and species of drywood termite (Kalotermitidae) is described and figured from the Late Eocene of southern France. <em><strong>Huguenotermes septimaniensis</strong> </em>Engel &amp; Nel, new genus and species, is closely allied to <em>Cryptotermes</em> Banks and <em>Procryptotermes</em> Holmgren, perhaps representing part of the stem group leading to the <em>Cryptotermes</em>-<em>Procryptotermes</em> clade.