bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selbstheilende Polymere
Authors: Döhler Diana , Michael Philipp , Neumann Steve , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAuch wenn das Gebiet erst kurze Zeit beforscht wird: Selbstheilende Materialien sind bereits seit tausenden Jahren über intuitive Entwicklung “am Markt” – doch erst die moderne Wissenschaft und eine konsequente chemische Materialforschung haben die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der Selbstheilung im Detail erkennen lassen. Auf diesem Materialdesign aufbauend, können selbstheilende Materialien mit nahezu beliebigen Eigenschaften entwickelt werden, die breit anwendbar sind – vorausgesetzt der “Markt”‐preis stimmt, und die verlängerte Lebensdauer ermöglicht tatsächlich einen entsprechenden Vorteil: Wie schon bei Beton und Autolacken gezeigt, stimmt der eingeschlagene Weg zu einer verbesserten Materialwissenschaft mit resultierender verbesserter Nachhaltigkeit.
Exploring compatible facility colors and associated colors for outdoor recreational spaces
Authors: Cheng Chia‐Kuen , Lee Yin‐Chieh , Shen Li 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMany studies have demonstrated that people associate customary colors to buildings and facilities, and these colors significantly influence people's evaluations of the environment. However, whether customary colors also exist in the environments where building facilities have been installed is rarely discussed. Using correspondence analysis, this study explored the colors associated with five different outdoor recreational spaces (theme parks, national parks, recreational farms, riverside parks, and historic heritage sites) and fitted facility colors. The study acquired a valid sample of 103 college students and demonstrated that people judge colors in recreational spaces according to past experience and their impressions of the spaces. Hue, value, and saturation are not independent factors for color consideration; a color with a specific value and saturation is particularly suitable for some spaces. In addition, the color associated with an environment and the compatible color for facilities are not exactly the same. The possible factors that influence different environment colors and future research directions were also discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 424–432, 2016
Analog circuits fault diagnosis using multi‐valued Fisher's fuzzy decision tree (MFFDT)
Authors: Cui Yiqian , Shi Junyou , Wang Zili 
Published: April 2015

SummaryFault diagnosis of analog circuits is more challenging compared with digital circuits as a result of the parametric deviation and the difficulty in signal discretization. There still lacks effective approaches to realize reliable fault detection and isolation for a comprehensive diagnosis. A new fault diagnosis technique called multi‐valued Fisher's fuzzy decision tree (MFFDT) is proposed in this paper to solve the problem. This technique uses the decision tree as the diagnosis model and incorporates the Fisher's linear discriminant principles. The fuzzification mechanism is devised to discretize the input monitoring data. The proposed MFFDT method is composed of two aspects: decision tree training and real fault diagnosis processes. The former uses the benchmark data to train a decision tree, while the latter sends the monitoring data into the decision tree to generate diagnosis results. The proposed method is validated using simulated data and the real‐time data for an active filter circuit and an audio amplifying circuit. The comparative analysis is also presented to evaluate diagnosis performances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy efficiency optimization for downlink OFDMA system in heterogeneous network with QoS constraints
Authors: Bastos Joaquim , Huq Kazi Mohammed Saidul , Mumtaz Shahid , Rodriguez Jonathan , Verikoukis Christos 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEnergy efficiency (EE) has currently turn into one of the major issues in heterogeneous networks (HetNet) paradigm of today's wireless communication industry. In this paper, we optimize EE for downlink OFDMA system in HetNet, taking into account realistic network power consumption model, that is, considering circuit power. This paper investigates the EE maximization using convex optimization theory where primary optimization criterion is data rate in a downlink multiuser HetNet. Given QoS (data rate) requirement, for maximizing EE, a constrained based optimization problem is devised. Because the optimization problem is non‐convex in nature, we reconstruct the optimization problem as a convex one and devise a pragmatically efficient novel resource assignment algorithm for maximizing achievable EE, with quick convergence. The considered optimization problem is transformed into a convex optimization problem by redefining the constraint using cubic inequality, which results in an efficient iterative resource allocation algorithm. In each iteration, the transformed problem is solved by using dual decomposition with a projected gradient method. Analytical insights and numerical results exhibit the potency of the devised scheme for the targeted complex wireless systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bioinspired System for Light‐Driven Water Oxidation with a Porphyrin Sensitizer and a Tetrametallic Molecular Catalyst
Authors: Natali Mirco , Deponti Elisa , Vilona Debora , Sartorel Andrea , Bonchio Marcella , Scandola Franco 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInspired by natural photosynthesis, the aim of light‐driven water splitting is to produce renewable fuels by exploiting solar radiation. Sustained hydrogen production is desirable in such systems, and the oxidation of water to oxygen is currently recognized as the bottleneck of the entire process. Therefore, solutions for this difficult task retain a fundamental interest. In this paper, we present a bioinspired, three‐component system for water oxidation that comprises a tetracationic porphyrin ZnII complex as the photosensitizer, a tetraruthenium water‐oxidation catalyst, and sodium persulfate as the electron acceptor. An in‐depth photophysical study reveals the photogeneration of a pentacation radical of the porphyrin (quantum yield up to Φ = 1.01) upon oxidative quenching of the triplet excited state by persulfate. Electron transfer from the water‐oxidation catalyst to the pentacation radical (hole scavenging) is slow (bimolecular rate constant, k < 4 × 107 M–1 s–1), and this is likely the main reason for the low efficiency of the system in photocatalytic tests for water oxidation. Perspectives for improvements of the system and for the development of a light‐activated device for water splitting are discussed.
Determining the Ligand Properties of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from 77Se NMR Parameters
Authors: Verlinden Kathrin , Buhl Hannes , Frank Walter , Ganter Christian 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe 1JCSe coupling constants for a range of NHC–selenium adducts have been measured and used to establish a correlation with the σ‐donor strength of the respective carbenes. For the subclass of amido‐carbenes, the 1JCSe values revealed a high donor capacity, very much in contrast to what the DFT‐calculated HOMO energies suggest. The 1JCH coupling constants for the C‐2 atoms in azolium‐type NHC precursors were more readily obtained and show the same trend as the 1JCSe coupling constants. In addition, the use of 77Se chemical shifts to determine π‐acidity has been extended to a broader range of derivatives, namely 1·Se–22·Se. The superior resolution of the δ(77Se) method in comparison with the Tolman electronic parameters derived from IR spectroscopy is demonstrated for the caffeine‐derived bis‐carbene 19.
Spray Coating for Polymer Solar Cells: An Up‐to‐Date Overview
Authors: Reale Andrea , La Notte Luca , Salamandra Luigi , Polino Giuseppina , Susanna Gianpaolo , Brown Thomas M. , Brunetti Francesca , Di Carlo Aldo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSolution processing is the most appealing aspect of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. The possibility of printing low‐cost, lightweight, and efficient polymer solar cells (PSC) is the commonly accepted paradigm associated with printable materials deposited as inks using solution‐processing techniques. In addition to slot–die, serigraphy, and flexo/gravure printing, spray coating can be used for photo‐active polymer blends, interface materials for hole and electron extraction, and electrodes. This technique is widely accepted in the industrial world as one of the most suitable for coating thin layers onto virtually any kind of substrate (e.g., glass, metal, plastic) with a degree of conformability insuperable by any other high‐speed coating technique. We present the basic principles governing the mechanisms of atomization, the main techniques adopted for PSCs, the state of the art applications of spray coating for building up each layer of a PSC, and an overview of the perspectives for industrialization.
Oil droplet ingestion and oil fouling in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus exposed to mechanically and chemically dispersed crude oil
Authors: Nordtug Trond , Olsen Anders J. , Salaberria Iurgi , Øverjordet Ida B. , Altin Dag , Størdal Ingvild F. , Hansen Bjørn Henrik 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

The rates of ingestion of oil microdroplets and oil fouling were investigated in the zooplankton filter-feeder Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) at 3 concentrations of oil dispersions ranging from 0.25 mg/L to 5.6 mg/L. To compare responses to mechanically and chemically dispersed oil, the copepods were exposed to comparable dispersions of micron-sized oil droplets made with and without the use of a chemical dispersant (similar oil droplet size range and oil concentrations) together with a constant supply of microalgae for a period of 4 d. The filtration rates as well as accumulation of oil droplets decreased with increasing exposure concentration. Thus the estimated total amount of oil associated with the copepod biomass for the 2 lowest exposures in the range 11 mL/kg to 17 mL/kg was significantly higher than the approximately 6 mL/kg found in the highest exposure. For the 2 lowest concentrations the filtration rates were significantly higher in the presence of chemical dispersant. Furthermore, a significant increase in the amount of accumulated oil in the presence of dispersant was observed in the low exposure group. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1899–1906. © 2015 SETAC
Modelling surface runoff to evaluate the effects of wildfires in multiple semi‐arid, shrubland‐dominated catchments
Authors: Moussoulis Elias , Mallinis Giorgos , Koutsias Nikos , Zacharias Ierotheos 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWildfires change the infiltration properties of soil, reduce the amount of interception and result in increased runoff. A wildfire at Northeast Attica, Central Greece, in August 2009, destroyed approximately one third of a study area consisting of a mixture of shrublands, pastures and pines. The present study simultaneously models multiple semi‐arid, shrubland‐dominated Mediterranean catchments and assesses the hydrological response (mean annual and monthly runoff and runoff coefficients) during the first few years following wildfires. A physically based, hydrological model (MIKE SHE) was chosen. Calibration and validation results of mean monthly discharge presented very good agreement with the observed data for the pre‐wildfire and post‐wildfire period for two subcatchments (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient of 79.7%). The model was then used to assess the pre‐wildfire and post‐wildfire runoff responses for each of seven catchments in the study area. Mean annual surface runoff increased for the first year and after the second year following the wildfires increased by 112% and 166%, respectively. These values are within the range observed in similar cases of monitored sites. This modelling approach may provide a way of prioritizing catchment selection with respect to post‐fire remediation activities. Additionally, this modelling assessment methodology would be valuable to other semi‐arid areas because it provides an important means for comprehensively assessing post‐wildfire response over large regions and therefore attempts to address some of the scaled issues in the specific literature field of research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whole cell bioconversion of (+)‐valencene to (+)‐nootkatone by Yarrowia lipolytica using a three phase partitioning bioreactor
Authors: Palmerín‐Carreño Dulce M , Castillo‐Araiza Carlos O , Rutiaga‐Quiñones Olga M , Verde Calvo José R , Trejo‐Aguilar Gloria M , Dutta Abhishek , Huerta‐Ochoa Sergio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDLow permeability of substrates across the cell membrane, cofactor regeneration and product inhibition are some drawbacks of (+)‐nootkatone bioconversion. The aim of this work was to evaluate and enhance the bioconversion of (+)‐valencene to (+)‐nootkatone with Yarrowia lipolytica in a partitioning bioreactor using orange essential oil as the dispersed phase.RESULTSPreliminary experiments in shake flasks allowed enhancing (+)‐nootkatone bioconversion to obtain favorable operating conditions (0.2% w/v of CTAB, 2.0 mmol L−1 of niacin and 11.5 g L−1 of biomass) to produce 420.9 mg L−1. Bioreactor experiments in a two‐phase system using 0.2% (w/v) of CTAB, 2.0 mmol L−1 of niacin and 22.5 g L−1 of biomass produced a maximum (+)‐nootkatone concentration of 619.8 mg L−1 which was around the product inhibition concentration. Nevertheless, the partitioning three‐phase system using orange essential oil overcame product inhibition, obtaining concentrations up to 852.3 mg L−1.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first report of a wild type Y. lipolytica with the enzymatic machinery to carry out this bioconversion. The multiphase partitioning bioreactor concept seems to have good potential for enhancing the productivity of (+)‐nootkatone. The bioconversion approach presents an attractive way to produce and recover (+)‐nootkatone in situ using a natural (+)‐valencene source. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The bronze panel (paliotto) ofSan Moisèin Venice: materials and causes of deterioration
Authors: Chiavari C. , Martini C. , Montalbani S. , Franzoni E. , Bignozzi M.C. , Passeri M.C. 
Published: April 2015

This paper reports on the diagnostic investigations on the bronze panel in the Church ofSan Moisèin Venice (Italy), aiming at the identification of materials and causes of corrosion. Both the bulk metal and surface layers were investigated by a wide range of techniques: alloy composition and microstructure were determined by VP‐SEM/EDS, the corrosion products by Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The organic compounds were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐MS). The adjacent mortars were analysed in terms of mineralogical composition and soluble salts content, in order to highlight their role in the degradation processes at the contact areas between the masonry and the bronze panel.The alloy is a quaternary bronze (Cu‐Sn‐Zn‐Pb): high‐relief figures were cast separately then mechanically joined to the panel. Traces of the clay core were detected in the back of the panel. The bronze surface was artificially patinated by potassium sulphide. The organic protective layer consisted of stearin and paraffinic wax. However, siccative oil was detected at the interface with the metal, likely corresponding to the original protective treatment. Also pine resin traces were detected.The corrosion products mainly consisted of basic copper chlorides (paratacamite, atacamite) and mixed copper/sodium carbonates (chalconatronite), deriving from the interaction with mortar.
Safety and Regulatory Issues Regarding Stem Cell Therapies: One Clinic's Perspective
Authors: Centeno Christopher J. , Bashir Jamil 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStem cells therapies have been in preclinical development for the past 2 decades. A rapidly evolving regulatory landscape has restrained many of these technologies from advancing from the bench to the bedside. Although the large‐scale clinical safety of stem cell therapies remains to be fully tested, the total number of patients who have safely received these therapies is large and growing. Prima facie evidence would dictate that certain types of cell therapy are likely safer than others. Understanding the current regulation regarding stem cells involves a discussion of their safety profile, as the 2 issues are closely intertwined.
Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Cartilage and Bone Disorders: Osteoarthritis, Avascular Necrosis, and Non‐union Fractures
Authors: Sampson Steven , Botto‐van Bemden Angie , Aufiero Danielle 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe general ease of availability and strong fundamental science of autologous mesenchymal stem cells has prompted increasing application of such biologic therapies to address inherent orthopedic challenges of limited vascularity and ability to self‐repair. This article provides a concise review of emerging mesenchymal stem cell applications for bone‐related pathologies including cartilage, avascular necrosis, and fractures.
STRATEGIC TRADE ANALYSIS OF U.S. AND CHINESE APPLE JUICE MARKET
Authors: LUCKSTEAD JEFF , DEVADOSS STEPHEN , DHAMODHARAN MAHALINGAM 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBecause of high competition from Chinese apple juice processors, the United States imposed an antidumping duty on apple juice imports from China to protect the domestic processors. This trade policy benefited U.S. processors but negatively impacted Chinese processors as well as consumers in the United States. Because of the economic reforms, foreign direct investment, and technological spillover, Chinese apple processors have increased their productivity. Under oligopolistic competition with endogenous firm entry and exit, this article analyzes how the changes in U.S. tariff policy and Chinese productivity impact the market structure in the United States and China, as well as prices, quantities, and U.S. and Chinese welfare. Trade liberalization and an increase in Chinese productivity help U.S. consumers and Chinese processors. However, U.S. tariff removal adversely affects U.S. apple juice processors.
Radiation Dose from 3D Rotational vs. Conventional 2D Digital Subtraction Angiography in Intracranial Aneurysm Coiling
Authors: Tonkopi Elena , Al-Habsi Ahmed H. , Shankar Jai J. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurpose: To compare patient effective dose resulting from two alternative imaging protocols for pre-coiling assessment of intracranial aneurysms: a series of 2D Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) projections, and a 3D rotational angiography (RA) acquisition. Methods: In a retrospective analysis, we investigated 44 patients who underwent endovascular coiling in our institution. Images were acquired on a biplane Image Intensifier system not equipped with dose-area product (DAP) meter. Conventional 2D DSA images were simulated with an anthropomorphic skull phantom. Entrance skin dose was measured with a 60 cc ion chamber, and the PCXMC Monte Carlo based software was used to calculate patient effective dose. For the RA protocol, a 16 cm computed tomography (CT) dosimetry phantom and a 100 mm pencil ion chamber were employed to measure the CT dose index. Patient effective dose was calculated with the ImPACT calculator. An unpaired two-tailed t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between patient doses in each group. Results: Sixteen patients underwent the 2D DSA protocol with multiple projections; their mean number of cine runs was 5.1; the mean effective dose was 2.11 millisievert (mSv) (range 1.69–3.43 mSv). Twenty eight patients were assessed using the 3D RA protocol with the effective dose of 1.29 mSv. The difference between the means of two dose distributions was statistically significant (p=0.00028). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the patient effective dose was significantly lower from the 3D RA protocol than that from the 2D DSA protocol used in the planning of coiling of intracranial aneurysm.
Contamination of the Hospital Environment From Potential Clostridium difficile Excretors Without Active Infection
Authors: Biswas Jason S. , Patel Amita , Otter Jonathan A. , van Kleef Esther , Goldenberg Simon D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractClostridium difficile was recovered from 33 (34%) of 98 rooms of patients who were excretors compared with 36 (49%) of 73 rooms of patients with active infection. Not all laboratory algorithms can distinguish between these 2 groups, yet both may be a significant source for ongoing transmission.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(8): 975–977
The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Electromigration Behavior
Authors: Chang H.-H. , Su Y.-F. , Liang Steven Y. , Chiang K.-N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThree-dimensional integrated circuit packages with through-silicon vias (TSVs) provide a good solution to the integration of different chips and help achieve high performance. The signals are transmitted to different layers directly through the vias, thereby enabling the high performance of the chips. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited SiO2, polyimide, and benzo-cyclo-butene are commonly used as the passivation layer for three-dimensional packages. In the 3D stacked chips, mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the passivation material and silicon will generate thermal/mechanical stress in the metal trace and the stress affects the behavior of electromigration. However, few studies have examined the relationship among the external mechanical stress and critical product of electromigration. In the present study, external stress is applied to the aluminum thin film by a four-point bending equipment. In order to apply higher external stress in the aluminum thin film, the fracture strength of the silicon substrate should be improved. Reduces the edge chipping of the test sample is a key factor for improving the fracture strength of the silicon substrate and a special cutting approach is employed to obtain higher silicon strength. A two-step cutting method is applied to reduce front side chipping and also a dicing before grinding approachis adopted to reduce backside chipping, the above-mentioned technology can enable more than 275MPa of external stress on the aluminum thin film and can make the critical length effect more visible. The residual stress of the aluminum thin film is at stress-free state after annealing at 300°C for 10h. The critical product is found to be reduced from 1,294A/cm to 1,281A/cm when 120MPa of mechanical tensile stress is applied. It increased to 1,315A/cm under 120MPa of mechanical compressive stress. Clearly, electromigration behavior is enhanced by tensile stress and decreased by compressive stress. In the current research, a modified equation for Blech condition is proposed with a stress-dependent effective charge number, the effective charge number increased when tensile stress was applied and decreased when compressive stress was applied.
Inference of posterior inclusion probability of QTLs in Bayesian shrinkage analysis
Authors: YANG DEGUANG , HAN SHANSHAN , JIANG DAN , YANG RUNQING , FANG MING 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBayesian shrinkage analysis estimates all QTLs effects simultaneously, which shrinks the effect of “insignificant” QTLs close to zero so that it does not need special model selection. Bayesian shrinkage estimation usually has an excellent performance on multiple QTLs mapping, but it could not give a probabilistic explanation of how often a QTLs is included in the model, also called posterior inclusion probability, which is important to assess the importance of a QTL. In this research, two methods, FitMix and SimMix, are proposed to approximate the posterior probabilities. Under the assumption of mixture distribution of the estimated QTL effect, FitMix and SimMix mathematically and intuitively fit mixture distribution, respectively. The simulation results showed that both methods gave very reasonable estimates for posterior probabilities. We also applied the two methods to map QTLs for the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project data.