bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of the Mental Health Commission in Ireland to the reform of mental health services
Authors: O' Farrell Lisa , Gilheaney Patricia , Smyth Rosemary 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to describe the establishment and evolution of Ireland's Mental Health Commission including its functions, strategic objectives and the challenges encountered.Design/methodology/approachThis case study is based on an analysis of the outputs of the organisation to date, legislative reviews, and available evidence on the contributions of the organisation to the development of services.FindingsThe organisation has a breadth of responsibilities. It has administered reviews of 9,896 involuntary admissions to inpatient units to date since its inception. It has regulatory and enforcement powers in terms of the licensing of inpatient mental health facilities in Ireland. It has issued numerous codes of practice and rules for the guidance of those working across services. It also has an independent Inspectorate arm that inspects the quality of mental health services annually.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a risk of potential bias given the authors work for the organisation, however, attempts have been made to support observations with evidence from external sources.Practical implicationsThe organisation's work has been seminal in enhancing the protection of the human rights of persons accessing mental health services. Regulatory measures have also led to changes in the behaviour of service providers, but it has proven to be more challenging to change attitudes and culture within services.Social implicationsThe Commission has contributed to the reform agenda by focusing greater attention on rights‐based, participatory and recovery‐oriented models of care provision.Originality/valueThis paper documents the work of the Mental Health Commission and highlights the impact changes have had both for those using services and those providing them.
The Mental Health Commission of Canada: the first five years
Authors: Goldbloom David , Bradley Louise 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the progress of the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) over the first five years of its existence toward stated goals while existing outside the constitutional framework of health care funding.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a review of the outputs of the MHCC with emphasis on its first‐ever mental health strategy for Canada, knowledge exchange network, anti‐stigma initiatives, randomized controlled trial of housing‐first initiatives for the homeless mentally ill, as well as other completed projects.FindingsConsultation and collaboration are essential aspects of working successfully with people with lived experience of mental illness, their families, health professionals, and governments. At the same time, when expectations are high, needs are great, and opinions are varied, disappointment and frustration are inevitable.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the MHCC initiatives include the largest single funded research project in mental health in Canadian history, and evaluation is built into other initiatives, the political dimension of its work does not lend itself to research evaluation.Practical implicationsThe creation of an organization outside the constitutional framework of health care funding may allow for a catalytic role in precipitating change.Social implicationsThe emphasis on anti‐stigma campaigns targeted at defined populations (youth, health professionals, workforce, journalists) may combat the discrimination people with mental illnesses and their families experience.Originality/valueThe paper shows that the Canadian experience is, to date, largely undescribed in the peer‐reviewed literature and may influence other jurisdictions. One of its interventions is already being replicated internationally.
Prevention better than cure for optimised active ageing
Authors: Minett Christopher 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThis article aims to reflect on the role of prevention with respect to active ageing and why early action and intervention to promote active ageing at a societal, familial and personal level has potentially become somewhat of a necessity.Design/methodology/approachThe article is the observations of injury prevention and contemporary active ageing initiatives in the UK from a practitioner's perspective.FindingsThe potential contribution of prevention towards optimised active ageing has frequently been recognised and supported by studies and programs from around the world. This article supports the theme that prevention can play an important role in promoting active ageing.Originality/valueThe article provides a simple and structured reflection upon the potential role of injury prevention in active ageing and also provides a framework for further analysis and discussion.
The process and impact of intergenerational theatre making
Authors: Petherbridge Jonathan , Kendall David 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThe aim of this article is to share the process and outcomes of an intergenerational community theatre project run by London Bubble in 2011.Design/methodology/approachThe article is a narrative describing the process of the project written by the project director followed by an observational evaluation from the Centre for Urban Community Research at Goldsmiths College.FindingsThe process of making community drama from gathered oral histories has positive outcomes for elders, children and adults as individuals, and the theatre that results has a wider positive impact on audiences drawn from the immediate community.Originality/valueThis process is unusual, if not unique. The article points the reader towards a fuller evaluation study, and a follow up project.
Emotional memory modulation in schizophrenia: an overview
Authors: Dieleman S. , Röder C. H. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveIn healthy controls, the emotional charge of stimuli influences how well stimuli are remembered. Although patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in memory and in emotional processing, studies on emotional memory modulation (EMM) in SCZ report contradictory results. The aim of this review was to investigate whether methodological differences could explain these contradictory results.MethodWe reviewed the literature to investigate whether task differences could explain these differences. Due to the methodological differences, a meta‐analysis was not possible.ResultsFourteen studies were identified that used a total of 22 tasks to study EMM in patients with SCZ. Two‐thirds of the tasks showed no differences in EMM between patients with SCZ and healthy controls. Differences in EMM were found more often when long‐term compared to short‐term memory was measured, when memory instructions were implicit instead of explicit and when stronger emotional stimuli were used. An overall memory deficit or the mode of retrieval was not related to EMM.ConclusionDeficits in EMM in long‐term compared to short‐term memory point toward impaired emotional modulation of memory consolidation. Reduced EMM on implicit, but not explicit, tasks suggests a deficit in unconsciously using emotional content to modulate memory.
Enterovirus infections in early childhood and the risk of atopic disease – a nested case‐control study
Authors: Korhonen L. , Kondrashova A. , Tauriainen S. , Haapala A. M. , Huhtala H. , Ilonen J. , Simell O. , Knip M. , Lönnrot M. , Hyöty H. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackgroundEnterovirus infections in childhood have been associated with a reduced risk of atopy in cross‐sectional studies.ObjectiveTo study the relation between enterovirus infections in the first 2 years of life and atopic disease with IgE sensitization in a prospective study setting.MethodsThis was a nested case‐control study among children who had been followed from birth. Neutralizing antibodies against 12 enterovirus serotypes were analysed at the age of 2 years from 71 atopic children and 142 non‐atopic control children. Atopy was defined as having an atopic disease and IgE antibodies against at least one aeroallergen by the age of 5 years.ResultsCumulative exposure to different enterovirus serotypes was inversely associated with atopy [odds ratio (OR) 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56‐0.96]. The most pronounced protection was seen when echoviruses were analysed as a separate group (OR 0.63; 95%CI: 0.46–0.88).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe propose that exposure to several different enteroviruses in early childhood is inversely associated with atopic diseases. Our results support the hypothesis that repeated microbial infections in early life may protect from atopic sensitization and atopic diseases.
Predation of cotton bollworm by green lacewings in the presence of cotton aphid as alternative prey on transgenic Bt and conventional cotton
Authors: Bahar Md Habibullah , Stanley John , Gregg Peter , Socorro Alice Del 
Published: December 2012

AbstractExperiments were conducted in small arenas and on whole plants to explore the effect of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as alternative prey on the predation of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae by green lacewing larvae, Mallada signatus Schneider (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Transgenic Bt (Bollgard II®) and conventional cotton plants were included to explore potential differences in the predator's performance on these cotton types. In small arenas, the presence of 20 aphids reduced predation on H. armigera larvae by 22% (from 5.5 to 3.3 of 10) by a single lacewing larva over a 24‐h period. The presence of H. armigera reduced predation on aphids by ca. 29% (from 16.8 to 11.0 of 20) over 24 h. On whole plants, the presence of alternative prey had no effect on the number of H. armigera larvae or aphids remaining after 3 days. The presence of H. armigera larvae alone, without the predator, caused a 24% reduction in the numbers of aphids on conventional, but not on Bt cotton plants. The combination of Bt cotton and lacewing larvae caused a 96.6% removal of early‐stage H. armigera larvae, a statistically significant increase over the addition of the proportions (91.6%) removed by each factor measured separately, providing evidence of synergism. These studies suggest that the presence of aphids as alternative prey would not necessarily disrupt the predation by green lacewing on larvae of H. armigera, especially on Bt cotton.
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease
Authors: Hall David G. , Richardson Matthew L. , Ammar El‐Desouky , Halbert Susan E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is an important pest of citrus because it transmits phloem‐limited bacteria [Candidatus Liberibacter spp., notably Ca. L. asiaticus (LAS)] associated with huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Asian citrus psyllid transmits LAS in a persistent manner and, although the rate of LAS transmission by ACP individuals usually is low, HLB can spread rapidly in a citrus grove and the geographic range of the disease is expanding, threatening citrus industries in new areas. Intensive chemical control of ACP is the primary management strategy currently advocated for HLB, but this strategy is costly, unsustainable, and generally ineffective. The scientific community is searching aggressively for solutions to HLB on many fronts, but it could still be years before solutions are found and implemented. Plant resistance to LAS is one area of research being pursued, whereby traits that confer resistance are identified and incorporated into citrus germplasm through conventional or transgenic methods. It remains to be seen if a solution to HLB can be found that specifically targets ACP, but research on ACP has been stepped up in a number of areas, notably on ACP–LAS–plant interactions, on host plant resistance to ACP, and on molecular methods of silencing ACP genes to induce mortality or to block its ability to transmit HLB‐causing bacteria. Advancements in these and other research areas may depend greatly on a better understanding of basic ACP biology and vector–pathogen–host plant interactions at the molecular, cellular, and community levels. Here, we present an updated review of ACP and HLB with an emphasis on the problem in Florida.
Reducing boll weevil populations by clipping terminal buds and removing abscised fruiting bodies
Authors: Neves Robério C.S. , Showler Allan T. , Pinto Ézio S. , Bastos Cristina S. , Torres Jorge B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCotton pests damaging fruiting bodies (squares and young bolls) are difficult to control and their damage results in direct yield loss. Small growers, with low technological inputs, represent a large portion of cotton growers worldwide comprising more than 76 countries; they rely mainly on cultural practices to counteract pest attack in their crops. Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), oviposition involves puncturing cotton squares and young bolls, causing abscission. We examined the impact on boll weevil population of collecting abscised cotton fruiting bodies and clipping plant terminals at 50% boll maturation in the field during two cotton‐growing seasons and under field cage conditions. Greatest numbers of damaged squares occurred ca. 117 days after planting and clipped plants resulted in reduction of abscised structures and adult boll weevils compared with non‐clipped plants, irrespective of cotton variety. Damaged young bolls were found ca. 128 days after planting in 2009 and 2011, but clipping had no effect. Numbers of boll weevils found in plants of the varieties BRS 201 and BRS Rubi (both in 2009) and BRS Rubi (in 2011) were, respectively, 13‐, 17‐, and 20‐fold greater when clipping plus collecting abscised fruiting bodies were not practiced. Furthermore, the average percentage of the boll weevil parasitoid Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) emerging from abscised and collected structures was similar between clipped and non‐clipped plant terminals in both seasons. Clipping plant terminals did not result in yield reduction and reduced adult boll weevil production. Collecting abscised reproductive structures, clipping plant terminals, and using both practices together reduced boll weevil populations by as much as 63, 57, and 79%, respectively, in cage trials. Thus, these practices cause significant impact on boll weevil populations and are feasible of adoption, especially for smallholder cotton growers.
Cryptic maternal effects in Hippodamia convergens vary with maternal age and body size
Authors: Vargas German , Michaud J.P. , Nechols James R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMaternal effects can mold progeny phenotypes in various ways and may constitute ecological adaptations. By examining the effect of oviposition sequence on progeny produced by different size classes of female ladybird beetles (produced by controlling larval access to food), we show that maternal signals can change through adult life and alter the developmental programs of progeny, ostensibly to synchronize their life histories with predictable resource dynamics, thus maximizing maternal fitness. We also show that female body size, as determined by larval food supply, interacts with female age to influence progeny fitness. When fed ad libitum as adults, small females reared with limited food access laid fewer, smaller eggs than large females reared with ad libitum food access. Maternal body size interacted with oviposition sequence to influence progeny development, but the latter had greater impact. Eggs laid later by medium and large females hatched faster than those laid earlier, larvae fed longer in the fourth instar, their pupation period was shorter, total developmental time was reduced, and adults emerged with greater mass, most notably daughters. Oviposition sequence effects on progeny from small mothers were non‐significant for total developmental time and progeny mass. Only large mothers increased egg size over time and egg mass was not consistently correlated with developmental parameters, indicating that progeny phenotype was impacted by other, more cryptic, maternal signals. Such signals appear costly, as food limitation during development constrained not only fecundity and egg size but also maternal ability to manipulate progeny phenotype. The production of faster‐developing offspring that mature to larger sizes late in the oviposition cycle may be adaptive for exploitation of ephemeral aphid outbreaks with predictable dynamics of prey abundance and competition.
Plant chemistry underlies herbivore‐mediated inbreeding depression in nature
Authors: Campbell Stuart A. , Thaler Jennifer S. , Kessler André 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe cost of inbreeding (inbreeding depression, ID) is an important variable in the maintenance of reproductive variation. Ecological interactions such as herbivory could modulate this cost, provided that defence traits harbour deleterious mutations and herbivores are responsible for differences in fitness. In the field, we manipulated the presence of herbivores on experimentally inbred and outcrossed plants of Solanum carolinense (horsenettle) for three years. Damage was greater on inbred plants, and ID for growth and fitness was significantly greater under herbivory. Inbreeding reduced phenolic expression both qualitatively (phytochemical diversity) and quantitatively, indicating deleterious load at loci related to the biosynthesis of defence compounds. Our results indicate that inbreeding effects on plant–herbivore interactions are mediated by changes to functional plant metabolites, suggesting that variation in inbreeding could be a predictor of defence trait variation. The magnitude of herbivore‐mediated, ecological ID indicates that herbivores could maintain outcrossing mating systems in nature.
A test of critical thresholds and their indicators in a desertification‐prone ecosystem: more resilience than we thought
Authors: Bestelmeyer Brandon T. , Duniway Michael C. , James Darren K. , Burkett Laura M. , Havstad Kris M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheoretical models predict that drylands can cross critical thresholds, but experimental manipulations to evaluate them are non‐existent. We used a long‐term (13‐year) pulse‐perturbation experiment featuring heavy grazing and shrub removal to determine if critical thresholds and their determinants can be demonstrated in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. We asked if cover values or patch‐size metrics could predict vegetation recovery, supporting their use as early‐warning indicators. We found that season of grazing, but not the presence of competing shrubs, mediated the severity of grazing impacts on dominant grasses. Recovery occurred at the same rate irrespective of grazing history, suggesting that critical thresholds were not crossed, even at low cover levels. Grass cover, but not patch size metrics, predicted variation in recovery rates. Some transition‐prone ecosystems are surprisingly resilient; management of grazing impacts and simple cover measurements can be used to avert undesired transitions and initiate restoration.
Alpine road colonisation: An update
Authors: McDougall Keith L. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryA wide road verge on the Bogong High Plains near Falls Creek (north‐eastern Victoria), stabilised with exotic species in the late 1950s, was monitored for species composition and cover between 1989 and 2010. Following the removal of cattle grazing in 1991, the cover and species richness of native shrubs, forbs and grasses increased on the verge. Changes were initially slow, but by 1999, they were profound. The cover of exotic species decreased over the same period, but the species richness of exotic species remained unchanged. A wildfire in 2003 did not alter the trajectories of change. Although native species are proving to be competitive, the exotic rhizomic grass Brown‐top Bent (Agrostis capillaris) has been very persistent and is still locally dominant. Feral horses and rabbits are future threats to the continued colonisation by native species.
Evidence for a regulatory loop between IFN‐γ and IL‐33 in skin inflammation
Authors: Seltmann Jenny , Werfel Thomas , Wittmann Miriam 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInterleukin‐33 has recently gained much attention due to its role in allergic responses. It has been shown to amplify Th2 responses and to act as a damage‐associated molecular pattern. IL‐33 acts on a broad range of cells and has been proposed to link innate and adaptive features of allergic responses. It was the aim of this study to investigate this property of IL‐33 in the inflammatory response characterising atopic dermatitis (AD). We have analysed the response of skin‐resident cells derived from patients with AD and healthy donors with regard to the expression of IL‐33 and its receptor ST2. The functional impact of IL‐33 on CD4+ T cells was investigated. Keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts clearly differ in their regulation of IL‐33. In fibroblasts, the concerted action of TNF‐α and IL‐1β was the strongest inducer, whereas IFN‐γ is clearly the key molecule that upregulates IL‐33 in keratinocytes with a more pronounced response of cells derived from patients with AD. Keratinocytes from patients with AD showed a markedly higher constitutive expression level of surface ST2. CD4+ T cells respond to IL‐33. Unexpectedly, IL‐33 failed to induce a significant secretion of IL‐5 or IL‐13. By contrast, high amounts of IFN‐γ were detectable if IL‐33 was added to the T‐cell receptor‐stimulated cells or in combination with IL‐12. These results suggest that IL‐33 and IFN‐γ are closely interlinked in epidermal AD inflammation. IFN‐γ induces IL‐33 in keratinocytes and IL‐33 acts on activated T cells to further increase the release of IFN‐γ, therefore contributing to drive skin inflammation towards chronic responses.
Climate‐associated population declines reverse recovery and threaten future of an iconic high‐elevation plant
Authors: Krushelnycky Paul D. , Loope Lloyd L. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Starr Forest , Starr Kim , Drake Donald R. , Taylor Andrew D. , Robichaux Robert H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough climate change is predicted to place mountain‐top and other narrowly endemic species at severe risk of extinction, the ecological processes involved in such extinctions are still poorly resolved. In addition, much of this biodiversity loss will likely go unobserved, and therefore largely unappreciated. The Haleakalā silversword is restricted to a single volcano summit in Hawai‘i, but is a highly charismatic giant rosette plant that is viewed by 1–2 million visitors annually. We link detailed local climate data to a lengthy demographic record, and combine both with a population‐wide assessment of recent plant mortality and recruitment, to show that after decades of strong recovery following successful management, this iconic species has entered a period of substantial climate‐associated decline. Mortality has been highest at the lower end of the distributional range, where most silverswords occur, and the strong association of annual population growth rates with patterns of precipitation suggests an increasing frequency of lethal water stress. Local climate data confirm trends toward warmer and drier conditions on the mountain, and signify a bleak outlook for silverswords if these trends continue. The silversword example foreshadows trouble for diversity in other biological hotspots, and illustrates how even well‐protected and relatively abundant species may succumb to climate‐induced stresses.