bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TNF-α and IFN-γ promote lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial junctional regions facilitating transendothelial migration
Authors: Jaczewska Justyna , Abdulreda Midhat H , Yau Chi Y , Schmitt Martin M , Schubert Irene , Berggren Per-Olof , Weber Christian , Koenen Rory R , Moy Vincent T , Wojcikiewicz Ewa P 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTInflammatory conditions induce redistribution of junctional adhesion receptors toward the apical regions of endothelial cells promoting lymphocyte TEM. Much of the molecular structures of TEM have been revealed; however, the biophysical mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we used immunofluorescence microscopy and AFM to study endothelial distribution of adhesion molecules upon lymphocyte activation and transmigration. Our immunofluorescence results revealed redistribution of JAM-A and PECAM-1 but not ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 toward the apical junctional regions of HUVECs following a 6-h stimulation with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Consistently, our SCFS studies revealed that Jurkat cell adhesion to stimulated HUVEC monolayers was significantly greater in junctional regions. Enhanced adhesion was mediated mostly by JAM-A receptors. Further AFM adhesion mapping of the homophilic JAM-A/JAM-A interaction on the surfaces of HUVECs revealed a greater number of JAM-A receptors available for binding along junctional regions after TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation. Our data reveal for the first time that adhesion “hot spots” of JAM-A receptors are involved in initiating lymphocyte TEM under inflammatory conditions.
Predicting future violence among individuals with psychopathy
Authors: Coid Jeremy W. , Ullrich Simone , Kallis Constantinos 
Published: September 2013

SummaryStructured risk assessment aims to help clinicians classify offenders according to likelihood of future violent and criminal behaviour. We investigated how confident clinicians can be using three commonly used instruments (HCR-20, VRAG, OGRS-II) in individuals with different diagnoses. Moderate to good predictive accuracy for future violence was achieved for released prisoners with no mental disorder, low to moderate for clinical syndromes and personality disorder, but accuracy was no better than chance for individuals with psychopathy. Comprehensive diagnostic assessment should precede an assessment of risk. Risk assessment instruments cannot be relied upon when managing public risk from individuals with psychopathy.
Increase in cardiac myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) alpha protein isoform in hibernating ground squirrels, with echocardiographic visualization of ventricular wall hypertrophy and prolonged contraction.
Authors: Nelson O. Lynne , Rourke Bryan 
Published: September 2013

SummaryDeep hibernators such as golden-mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus lateralis) have multiple challenges to cardiac function during low temperature torpor and subsequent arousals. As heart rates fall from over 300 beats per minute to less than 10, chamber dilation and reduced cardiac output could lead to congestive myopathy. We performed echocardiography on a cohort of individuals prior to, and after several months of hibernation. The left ventricular chamber exhibited eccentric and concentric hypertrophy during hibernation and thus calculated ventricular mass was ~30% greater. Ventricular ejection fraction was mildly reduced during hibernation but stroke volumes were greater due to the eccentric hypertrophy and dramatically increased diastolic filling volumes. Globally, the systolic phase in hibernation was approximately 9.5x longer, and the diastolic phase was 28x longer. Left atrial ejection generally was not observed during hibernation. Atrial ejection returned weakly during early arousal. Strain echocardiography assessed the velocity and total movement distance, of contraction and relaxation, of regional ventricular segments in active and early arousal states. Myocardial systolic strain during early arousal was significantly greater than the active state, indicating greater total contractile movement. This mirrored the increased ventricular ejection fraction noted with early arousal. However, strain rates were slower during early arousal compared to the active period, particularly systolic strain which was 33% of active, compared to the rate of diastolic strain, which was 67% of active. As heart rate rose during the arousal period, myocardial velocities and strain rates also increased; this was matched closely by cardiac output. Curiously, though heart rates were only 26% of active heart rates during early arousal, the cardiac output was nearly 40% of the active state, suggesting an efficient pumping system. We further analyzed proportions of cardiac myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoforms in a separate cohort of squirrels over five months, including timepoints before hibernation, during hibernation, and just prior to emergence. Hibernating individuals were maintained in both a 4°C cold room, and a 20°C warm room. Measured by SDS-PAGE, relative percentages of cardiac MyHC alpha were increased during hibernation, at both hibernacula temperatures. A potential increase in contractile speed, and power, from more abundant MyHC alpha may aid force generation at low temperature, and at low heart rates. Unlike many models of cardiomyopathies where the alpha isoform is replaced by the beta isoform in order to reduce oxygen consumption, ground squirrels demonstrate a potential cardioprotective mechanism to maintain cardiac output during torpor.
Functional implications of ontogenetic and sexual dimorphic dentition in the eastern shovelnose ray Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw & Nodder, 1794)
Authors: Gutteridge Adrian , Bennett Mike 
Published: September 2013

Summary
Unlike other elasmobranchs, batoids exhibit sexually dimorphic dentition. The functional implications of such dentition, however, remain understudied. For the present study ontogenetic and sexual dimorphism in tooth and jaw structure, together with the functional implications of this dimorphism, was determined in the eastern shovelnose ray, Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw & Nodder, 1794). Sexually dimorphic dentition and jaw structure was first observed in sub-adult age classes, with males developing a pronounced lower jaw at the symphysis. Monognathic heterodonty was prominent in mature males, with teeth in the symphyseal region developing significantly greater tooth heights and tooth sharpness ratios in comparison to females. Ex vivo mechanical grip strength tests were used to determine simulated bite-grip tenacity. The mean peak pullout forces required to withdraw a section of a dissected pectoral fin from between jaws closed with a constant occlusal force was highest for mature males, intermediate for mature females and lowest for immature females and males. Although the species exhibits ontogenetic variations in diet, these were unrelated to sex. Rather, the larger and highly cuspidate teeth of mature males increased the bite-grip tenacity. This allowed for the pectoral fin of the females to be more firmly held, which likely aids in copulation.
Acute heat tolerance of cardiac excitation in the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario)
Authors: Vornanen Matti , Haverinen Jaakko , Egginton Stuart 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe upper thermal tolerance and mechanisms of heat-induced cardiac failure in the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) was examined. The point above which ion channel function and sinoatrial contractility in vitro, and electrocardiogram (ECG) in vivo, started to fail (break point temperature, BPT) was determined by acute temperature increases. In general, electrical excitation of the heart was most sensitive to heat in the intact animal (ECG) and least sensitive in isolated cardiac myocytes (ion currents). BPTs of Ca2+ and K+ currents of cardiac myocytes were much higher (&gt;28°C) than BPT of in vivo heart rate (23.5±0.6°C) (P&lt;0.05). A striking exception among sarcolemmal ion conductances was the Na+ current (INa), which was the most heat sensitive molecular function with a BPT of 20.9±0.5°C. The low heat tolerance of INa was reflected as a low BPT for the rate of action potential upstroke in vitro (21.7±1.2ºC) and the velocity of impulse transmission in vivo (21.9±2.2ºC). These findings from different levels of biological organization strongly suggest that heat-dependent deterioration of Na+ channel function disturbs normal spread of electrical excitation over the heart, leading to progressive variability of cardiac rhythmicity (missed beats, bursts of fast beating), reduction of heart rate and finally cessation of the normal heartbeat. Among the cardiac ion currents INa is ‘the weakest link’ and possibly a limiting factor for upper thermal tolerance of electrical excitation in the brown trout heart. Heat sensitivity of INa may result from functional requirements for very high flux rates and fast gating kinetics of the Na+ channels, i.e. a trade-off between high catalytic activity and thermal stability.
Combining an ancient tradition with modern developments: Latin and open access
Authors: Can Levent , Erol Osman , Şafak Nevin , Küçüker Orhan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn publishing names of new taxa of algae, fungi, and plants, it is argued that it is advantageous to retain the ancient tradition of Latin diagnoses in combination with the modern trend of publication in openly accessible electronic journals. Leading up to the XIX International Botanical Congress in 2017 in Shenzhen, China, we encourage that, even in the absence of a requirement, Latin continues to be used for diagnoses and consideration be given to making it a requirement that all valid publications of new taxa be freely accessible electronically. Retention of Latin diagnoses retains the discipline's link to the past and buffers against the rapid evolution modern languages are subject to, and Open access allows the discipline's results to be available to the widest possible audience.
Towards a phylogenetic classification of the climbing fern genus Arthropteris
Authors: Liu Hong-Mei , Jiang Ri-Hong , Guo Jian , Hovenkamp Peter , Perrie Leon R. , Shepherd Lara , Hennequin Sabine , Schneider Harald 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe inferred the classification of the Paleotropical climbing fern genus Arthropteris and its close relative Psammiosorus, a monotypic genus endemic to Madagascar. The classification of these ferns has until now been poorly understood. To address this, we sampled more than half of the species diversity covering the whole range of the genus including the outlying occurrence at the Juan Fernández Islands. To reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, we obtained DNA sequences from up to six plastid genome regions, including coding and non–coding regions, for these two genera and representatives of all families of the eupolypod I clade, with an emphasis on the Tectariaceae. These data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. We also obtained divergence time estimates. Three questions were addressed. (1) We established that Arthropteris and Psammiosorus form a well–supported clade representing a separate taxon based on their morphological distinctiveness, phylogenetic relationships, and separation since the Eocene from other accepted families of eupolypod ferns. (2) Psammiosorus was found to be nested within Arthropteris. (3) Our analyses supported recognition of a previously doubted species endemic to the karst regions of southern China and northern Vietnam. As a consequence of our results, we describe the new family Arthropteridaceae and introduce the new combination Arthropteris paucivenia for the Madagascan endemic previously treated under Psammiosorus.
Calla palustris (Araceae): New palynological insights with special regard to its controversial systematic position and to closely related genera
Authors: Ulrich Silvia , Hesse Michael , Bröderbauer David , Bogner Josef , Weber Martina , Halbritter Heidemarie 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlmost all systematic treatments agree that Calla is a puzzling case, being a highly autapomorphic taxon with obscure relationships. In molecular–based classifications the variable placements of Calla within Aroideae conflict strongly with those in morphologically and anatomically based systematic classifications, which treat the genus as a subfamily (Calloideae) of its own. We studied the pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Calla by light and electron microscopy, and mapped the relevant pollen characters as well as some flower characters to the proposed placements of Calla within the Araceae as indicated in the various molecular phylogenies. Calla pollen is extraordinary within the entire Araceae. Pollen grains are small, and basically disulcate or with a ring–like aperture. The ornamentation is psilate to perforate, and the pollen wall consists of a sporopolleninous tectate–columellate exine. These pollen characters are shared with those of several earlier–diverging aroid taxa, especially with those of subfamily Zamioculcadoideae, whereas pollen characters in members of subfamily Aroideae deviate significantly. These findings are in accordance with other floral characters. Therefore, we propose that Calla is best placed in a transition zone between either subfamily Zamioculcadoideae (Stylochaeton clade) and subfamily Aroideae (Aroideae clade) or between subfamily Zamioculcadoideae (Stylochaeton clade) and subfamily Lasioideae.
Species diversity and reticulate evolution in the Asplenium normale complex (Aspleniaceae) in China and adjacent areas
Authors: Chang Yanfen , Li Jie , Lu Shugang , Schneider Harald 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Asplenium normale complex contains the widespread A. normale and several geographically restricted species: A. boreale, A. hobdyi, A. kiangsuense, A. oligophlebium and A. shimurae. The taxonomy of this group is unclear with some entities treated infraspecifically or as synonyms. Furthermore, the existence of diploids and tetraploids in this species complex is suggestive of reticulate evolution. In order to formulate a natural classification and to investigate the relationships in this complex, phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear sequence data and inference of ploidy level were used to assess the distinctiveness of putative taxonomic units and their relationships. The Asplenium normale complex was recovered as a monophyletic group comprising six principal chloroplast lineages. The results support the hypothesis that A. normale s.l. contains several species. Based on our inferences, we outline an improved species classification recognizing three diploid and four tetraploid entities. Incongruence of chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies was interpreted to be a result of recurrent reticulation events in the A. normale complex.
A laboratory investigation to assess the influence of cement augmentation of screw and plate fixation in a simulation of distal femoral fracture of osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic bone
Authors: Wähnert D. , Lange J. H. , Schulze M. , Gehweiler D. , Kösters C. , Raschke M. J. 
Published: September 2013

The augmentation of fixation with bone cement is increasingly being used in the treatment of severe osteoporotic fractures. We investigated the influence of bone quality on the mechanics of augmentation of plate fixation in a distal femoral fracture model (AO 33 A3 type). Eight osteoporotic and eight non-osteoporotic femoral models were randomly assigned to either an augmented or a non-augmented group. Fixation was performed using a locking compression plate. In the augmented group additionally 1 ml of bone cement was injected into the screw hole before insertion of the screw. Biomechanical testing was performed in axial sinusoidal loading. Augmentation significantly reduced the cut-out distance in the osteoporotic models by about 67% (non-augmented mean 0.30 mm (sd 0.08) vs augmented 0.13 mm (sd 0.06); p = 0.017). There was no statistical reduction in this distance following augmentation in the non-osteoporotic models (non-augmented mean 0.15 mm (sd 0.02) vs augmented 0.15 mm (sd 0.07); p = 0.915). In the osteoporotic models, augmentation significantly increased stability (p = 0.017). Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1406–9.
Neurological deterioration due to missed thoracic spinal stenosis after decompressive lumbar surgery
Authors: Fushimi K. , Miyamoto K. , Hioki A. , Hosoe H. , Takeuchi A. , Shimizu K. 
Published: September 2013

There have been a few reports of patients with a combination of lumbar and thoracic spinal stenosis. We describe six patients who suffered unexpected acute neurological deterioration at a mean of 7.8 days (6 to 10) after lumbar decompressive surgery. Five had progressive weakness and one had recurrent pain in the lower limbs. There was incomplete recovery following subsequent thoracic decompressive surgery. The neurological presentation can be confusing. Patients with compressive myelopathy due to lower thoracic lesions, especially epiconus lesions (T10 to T12/L1 disc level), present with similar symptoms to those with lumbar radiculopathy or cauda equina lesions. Despite the rarity of this condition we advise that patients who undergo lumbar decompressive surgery for stenosis should have sagittal whole spine MRI studies pre-operatively to exclude proximal neurological compression. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1388–91.
Proximal tibial strain in medial unicompartmental knee replacements
Authors: Scott C. E. H. , Eaton M. J. , Nutton R. W. , Wade F. A. , Pankaj P. , Evans S. L. 
Published: September 2013

As many as 25% to 40% of unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) revisions are performed for pain, a possible cause of which is proximal tibial strain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of UKR implant design and material on cortical and cancellous proximal tibial strain in a synthetic bone model. Composite Sawbone tibiae were implanted with cemented UKR components of different designs, either all-polyethylene or metal-backed. The tibiae were subsequently loaded in 500 N increments to 2500 N, unloading between increments. Cortical surface strain was measured using a digital image correlation technique. Cancellous damage was measured using acoustic emission, an engineering technique that detects sonic waves (‘hits’) produced when damage occurs in material.Anteromedial cortical surface strain showed significant differences between implants at 1500 N and 2500 N in the proximal 10 mm only (p < 0.001), with relative strain shielding in metal-backed implants. Acoustic emission showed significant differences in cancellous bone damage between implants at all loads (p = 0.001). All-polyethylene implants displayed 16.6 times the total number of cumulative acoustic emission hits as controls. All-polyethylene implants also displayed more hits than controls at all loads (p < 0.001), more than metal-backed implants at loads ≥ 1500 N (p < 0.001), and greater acoustic emission activity on unloading than controls (p = 0.01), reflecting a lack of implant stiffness. All-polyethylene implants were associated with a significant increase in damage at the microscopic level compared with metal-backed implants, even at low loads. All-polyethylene implants should be used with caution in patients who are likely to impose large loads across their knee joint.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1339–47.
Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Roche A. J. , Calder J. D. F. 
Published: September 2013

The two main categories of tendo Achillis tendon disorder are broadly classified by anatomical location to include non-insertional and insertional conditions. Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy is often managed conservatively, and many rehabilitation protocols have been adapted and modified, with excellent clinical results. Emerging and popular alternative therapies, including a variety of injections and extracorporeal shockwave therapy, are often combined with rehabilitation protocols. Surgical approaches have developed, with minimally invasive procedures proving popular. The management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy is improved by recognising coexisting pathologies around the insertion. Conservative rehabilitation protocols as used in non-insertional disorders are thought to prove less successful, but such methods are being modified, with improving results. Treatment such as shockwave therapy is also proving successful. Surgical approaches specific to the diagnosis are constantly evolving, and good results have been achieved.
Patient satisfaction with total knee replacement cannot be predicted from pre-operative variables alone
Authors: Baker P. N. , Rushton S. , Jameson S. S. , Reed M. , Gregg P. , Deehan D. J. 
Published: September 2013

Pre-operative variables are increasingly being used to determine eligibility for total knee replacement (TKR). This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationships, interactions and predictive capacity of variables available pre- and post-operatively on patient satisfaction following TKR. Using nationally collected patient reported outcome measures and data from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales, we identified 22 798 patients who underwent TKR for osteoarthritis between August 2008 and September 2010. The ability of specific covariates to predict satisfaction was assessed using ordinal logistic regression and structural equational modelling. Only 4959 (22%) of 22 278 patients rated the results of their TKR as ‘excellent’, despite the majority (71%, n = 15 882) perceiving their knee symptoms to be much improved. The strongest predictors of satisfaction were post-operative variables. Satisfaction was significantly and positively related to the perception of symptom improvement (operative success) and the post-operative EuroQol-5D score. While also significant within the models pre-operative variables were less important and had a minimal influence upon post-operative satisfaction. The most robust predictions of satisfaction occurred only when both pre- and post-operative variables were considered together. These findings question the appropriateness of restricting access to care based on arbitrary pre-operative thresholds as these factors have little bearing on post-operative satisfaction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1359–65.
When Should a Monopolist Improve Quality in a Network Industry?
Authors: Garcia Filomena 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article identifies the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a monopolist, producing a network good, benefits from introducing a higher quality in the market. It is shown that, if the network externality is higher than the intrinsic quality differential, quality improvement is not optimal. Also, we obtain that, for low levels of the network effect, the monopolist prefers not to cover the market, whereas for higher levels, optimal prices are such that all consumers buy one of the two qualities. Finally, there is an introductory price strategy which is optimal for the good that benefits from network externalities.
Convection Problems on Anisotropic Meshes
Authors: Kruse Carola , Maischak Matthias 
Published: September 2013

Abstract.

The Galerkin and SDFEM methods are compared for a steady state convection
problem. The theoretical part of this work deals with the development of
approximation results for continuous solutions on the unit square containing
an edge singularity. In the numerical part we verify those
approximation results by considering continuous as well as discontinuous
solutions to the transport problem on an annular domain with a singularity at the inner circle.