bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Master runners dominate 24-h ultramarathons worldwide—a retrospective data analysis from 1998 to 2011
Authors: Zingg Matthias , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Lepers Romuald , Rosemann Thomas , Knechtle Beat 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
The aims of the present study were to examine (a) participation and performance trends and (b) the age of peak running performance in master athletes competing in 24-h ultra-marathons held worldwide between 1998 and 2011.

Methods
Changes in both running speed and the age of peak running speed in 24-h master ultra-marathoners (39,664 finishers, including 8,013 women and 31,651 men) were analyzed.

Results
The number of 24-h ultra-marathoners increased for both women and men across years (P < 0.01). The age of the annual fastest woman decreased from 48 years in 1998 to 35 years in 2011. The age of peaking running speed remained unchanged across time at 42.5 ± 5.2 years for the annual fastest men (P > 0.05). The age of the annual top ten women decreased from 42.6 ± 5.9 years (1998) to 40.1 ± 7.0 years (2011) (P < 0.01). For the annual top ten men, the age of peak running speed remained unchanged at 42 ± 2 years (P > 0.05). Running speed remained unchanged over time at 11.4 ± 0.4 km h-1 for the annual fastest men and 10.0 ± 0.2 km/h for the annual fastest women, respectively (P > 0.05). For the annual ten fastest women, running speed increased over time by 3.2% from 9.3 ± 0.3 to 9.6 ± 0.3 km/h (P < 0.01). Running speed of the annual top ten men remained unchanged at 10.8 ± 0.3 km/h (P > 0.05). Women in age groups 25–29 (r
2 = 0.61, P < 0.01), 30–34 (r
2 = 0.48, P < 0.01), 35–39 (r
2 = 0.42, P = 0.01), 40–44 (r
2 = 0.46, P < 0.01), 55–59 (r
2 = 0.41, P = 0.03), and 60–64 (r
2 = 0.57, P < 0.01) improved running speed; while women in age groups 45–49 and 50–54 maintained running speed (P > 0.05). Men improved running speed in age groups 25–29 (r
2 = 0.48, P = 0.02), 45–49 (r
2 = 0.34, P = 0.03), 50–54 (r
2 = 0.50, P < 0.01), 55–59 (r
2 = 0.70, P < 0.01), and 60–64 (r
2 = 0.44, P = 0.03); while runners in age groups 30–34, 35–39, and 40–44 maintained running speed (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Female and male age group runners improved running speed. Runners aged >40 years achieved the fastest running speeds. By definition, runners aged >35 are master runners. The definition of master runners aged >35 years needs to be questioned for ultra-marathoners competing in 24-h ultra-marathons.
Ontogenesis from embryo to juvenile and salinity tolerance of Japanese devil stinger Inimicus japonicus during early life stage
Authors: Wang Youji , Li Lisha , Cui Guoqiang , Lu Weiqun 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Embryonic development and morphological characteristics of Japanese devil stinger Inimicus japonicus during early life stage were investigated. Larvae were hatched out 50 h after fertilization at temperature 21°C. Total length of the newly hatched larva was 4.03 mm, the mouth of the larva opened at 3 days after hatching (DAH), and the yolk sac of the larva disappeared at 5 DAH. After hatching, the pectoral fin first developed, then the tail fin, dorsal fin, anal fin and pelvic fin continuously developed, and all fins formed completely at 15 DAH. The metamorphosis was complete at 25 DAH, and the body color and habit of the metamorphosed individuals were different from the larvae. At 30 DAH, the morphology and habit of the juveniles were the same to adults. In order to determine the suitable salinity for larviculture of I. japonicus, salinity tolerance at different early developmental stages was compared in terms of the survival activity index (SAI) and mean survival time (MST). The results indicated that salinity tolerance varied with development stages. The optimum salinity range for newly hatched larvae was 10–25‰. Larvae showed low tolerance to low salinity (5‰) before the mouth opened, and the suitable salinities for the larvae with open mouth, yolk-sac larvae, post yolk-sac larvae were 10–15‰. The flexion larvae showed a wider salinity tolerance with range of 5–20‰. After metamorphosis, the juveniles showed a preferable adaptability of salinities of 15–20‰. The SAI and MST of individuals at various stages under different salinity conditions were positively correlated.
Enhancing nitrilase production from Fusarium proliferatum using response surface methodology
Authors: Yusuf Farnaz , Chaubey Asha , Raina Arvind , Jamwal Urmila , Parshad Rajinder 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The individual and interactive effects of three independent variables i.e. carbon source (glucose), nitrogen source (sodium nitrate) and inducer (ϵ-caprolactam) on nitrilase production from Fusarium proliferatum were investigated using design of experiments (DOE) methodology. Response surface methodology (RSM) was followed to generate the process model and to obtain the optimal conditions for maximum nitrilase production. Based on central composite design (CCD) a quadratic model was found to fit the experimental data (p<0.0001) and maximum activity of 59.0U/g biomass was predicted at glucose concentration (53.22 g/l), sodium nitrate (2.31 g/l) and ϵ-caprolactam (3.58 g/l). Validation experiments were carried out under the optimized conditions for verification of the model. The nitrilase activity of 58.3U/g biomass obtained experimentally correlated to the predicted activity which proves the authenticity of the model. Overall 2.24 fold increase in nitrilase activity was achieved as compared to the activity before optimization (26U/g biomass).
Wage discrimination over the business cycle
Authors: Biddle Jeff E , Hamermesh Daniel S 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Using CPS data from 1979–2009 we examine how cyclical downturns and industry-specific demand shocks affect wage differentials between white non-Hispanic men and women, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Women’s relative earnings are harmed by negative shocks; the wage disadvantage of African-Americans drops with negative shocks, while the impact on Hispanics’ wages is unclear. A theory of job search suggests two opposite-signed mechanisms that affect these wage differentials. It suggests greater absolute effects among job-movers, which is verified using the longitudinal component of the CPS.

Jel codes

J7, E3
MicroRNAs networks in thyroid cancers: focus on miRNAs related to the fascin
Authors: Samimi Hilda , Zaki dizaji Majid , Ghadami Mohsen , Shahzadeh fazeli Abolhasan , Khashayar Patricia , Soleimani Masoud , Larijani Bagher , Haghpanah Vahid 
Published: July 2013

AbstractmiRNAs are non coding ribonucleic acids which are protected with respect to evolution, and have a length of 18–25 nucleotides. microRNAs control the gene expression after transcription, through mRNA destruction or translation processing, and therefore participate in arrangement of the physiologic and pathologic cellular processes; They also may act as oncogene or tumor suppressors. Altered expression of a number of microRNAs is reported in process of progression and metastasis of thyroid cancers. Therefore, identification of these microRNAs may shed a light to oncogenesis pathway of thyroid cancers and their metastasis. In addition, microRNAs might apply as potential biological markers in diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancers. The changes made in miRNAs profile of thyroid cancers are reviewed in this paper.
Essential genes in thyroid cancers: focus on fascin
Authors: Samimi Hilda , Zaki dizaji Majid , Ghadami Mohsen , Shahzadeh fazeli Abolhasan , Khashayar Patricia , Soleimani Masoud , Larijani Bagher , Haghpanah Vahid 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlthough thyroid cancers are not among common malignancies, they rank as the first prevalent endocrine cancers in human. According to the results of published studies it has been shown the gradual progress from normal to the neoplastic cell in the process of tumor formation is the result of sequential genetic events. Among them we may point the mutations and rearrangements occurred in a group of proto-oncogenes, transcription factors and metastasis elements such as P53, RAS,RET,BRAF, PPARγ and Fascin. In the present article,we reviewed the most important essential genes in thyroid cancers, the role of epithelial mesenchymal transition and Fascin has been highlighted in this paper.
Supportive psychodynamic psychotherapy for psychosis
Authors: Rosenbaum Bent , Martindale Brian , Summers Alison 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance suggests that psychodynamic principles may be used to understand the experiences of people with psychosis. In this article we consider the application of psychodynamic principles in psychotherapy for psychosis, focusing on one particular model: supportive psychodynamic psychotherapy (SPP). We describe this approach with a detailed fictitious case example and discuss how SPP has developed through significant modifications of classical psychoanalytic therapy and the evidence base for it. We consider its overlap with cognitive–behavioural therapy, its advantages and disadvantages, and the arguments for making SPP available as a treatment option in services for psychosis.
To be or not to be: legal and ethical considerations in suicide prevention
Authors: Sarkar Jaydip 
Published: July 2013

SummaryMaking potentially critical clinical decisions in complex cases with the real risk of death by suicide is a most challenging job in psychiatry. Sadly, risk assessment and management of harm to self is a largely ignored area compared with risk of harm to others. The legal and ethical challenges are more nuanced, and contemporary training schemes and textbooks on psychiatry have not always done justice to this area, where front-line clinicians require probably most assistance. This article is an attempt to integrate the seemingly disparate threads from legal, ethical and clinical realms to assist decision-making, and it introduces a set of principles for managing these in clinical practice. It refers in particular to legislation in England and Wales, but the clinical and ethical issues discussed are universal.
Messages from Manchester: pilot randomised controlled trial following self-harm
Authors: Kapur Navneet , Gunnell David , Hawton Keith , Nadeem Sarmad , Khalil Samer , Longson Damien , Jordan Rita , Donaldson Iain , Emsley Richard , Cooper Jayne 
Published: July 2013

SummaryStudies of therapeutic contact following self-harm have had mixed results. We carried out a pilot randomised controlled trial comparing an intervention (information leaflet listing sources of help, two telephone calls soon after presentation and a series of letters over 12 months) to usual treatment alone in 66 adults presenting with self-harm to two hospitals. We found that our methodology was feasible, recruitment was challenging and repeat self-harm was more common in those who received the intervention (12-month repetition rate 34.4% v. 12.5%).
ICD-11 should not repeat the mistakes made by DSM-5
Authors: Frances Allen J. , Nardo John M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHaving two systems of psychiatric diagnosis creates unnecessary confusion therefore it would be desirable to achieve increased consistency between ICD-11 and DSM-5. Unfortunately, however, DSM-5 has included many controversial suggestions that have weak scientific support and insufficient risk–benefit analysis. As a result ICD-11 should learn from the DSM-5 mistakes rather than repeating them.
In‑service training w kształceniu tłumaczy
Authors: Kuźnik Anna 
Published: July 2013

In‑service Training of Translators. Pilot Project at the University of Wrocław
In the Polish education context, the use of concrete translation assignments in the training of translators is a relatively new practice. The theoretical basis for such a teaching method combine aspects of sociology, didactic approaches originating in social constructivism and organizational procedures characteristic to knowledge transfer projects. The article presents a pilot translation project conducted in the academic year of 2011/2012 by the students of the Postgraduate Translation School at the Institute of Romance Studies (University of Wrocław). The project consisted in the translation of a tourist text from Polish into Spanish. The conclusions drawn from this experiment reflect its complex nature, at the same time providing a departure point for future projects of a similar type.
Tłumaczenie jako świadczenie usług tłumaczeniowych?
Authors: Dybiec‑Gajer Joanna 
Published: July 2013

Translation as provision of translation services? At the crossroads between enhancing professional realism and serving the needs of the industry in translator education
The paper seeks to analyze the current discourse in the field of translator training, developing in a triad of academic discussion, impact of translation standards and general educational debate. The discourse is discussed from chosen perspectives: empirical research on market requirements concerning translators (Optimale), the EN 15038:2006 translation standard and the EMT competence model. The paper stresses the importance of professional realism in translator education yet argues with ascribing the “translation service provision” competence a superordinate role. The arguments advocating a broader approach, taking into account transferable skills, are illustrated with results of empirical research on the perception of the EMT competence model and an analysis of recruitment competitions for translators in the EU institutions.
Incremental Prognostic Value of Biomarkers beyond the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) Score and High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Widera Christian , Pencina Michael J , Bobadilla Maria , Reimann Ines , Guba-Quint Anja , Marquardt Ivonne , Bethmann Kerstin , Korf-Klingebiel Mortimer , Kempf Tibor , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Katus Hugo A , Giannitsis Evangelos , Wollert Kai C 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND
Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk scores and a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assay for risk assessment in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). The incremental prognostic value of biomarkers in this context is unknown.

METHODS
We calculated the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score and measured the circulating concentrations of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and 8 selected cardiac biomarkers on admission in 1146 patients with NSTE-ACS. We used an hs-cTnT threshold at the 99th percentile of a reference population to define increased cardiac marker in the score. The magnitude of the increase in model performance when individual biomarkers were added to GRACE was assessed by the change (Δ) in the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and category-free net reclassification improvement [NRI(&gt;0)].

RESULTS
Seventy-eight patients reached the combined end point of 6-month all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction. The GRACE score alone had an AUC of 0.749. All biomarkers were associated with the risk of the combined end point and offered statistically significant improvement in model performance when added to GRACE (likelihood ratio test P ≤ 0.015). Growth differentiation factor 15 [ΔAUC 0.039, IDI 0.049, NRI(&gt;0) 0.554] and N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide [ΔAUC 0.024, IDI 0.027, NRI(&gt;0) 0.438] emerged as the 2 most promising biomarkers. Improvements in model performance upon addition of a second biomarker were small in magnitude.

CONCLUSIONS
Biomarkers can add prognostic information to the GRACE score even in the current era of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. The incremental information offered by individual biomarkers varies considerably, however.
The influence of Roger Corman in Richard Corben’s The Fall of the House of Usher
Authors: Saez de Adana Francisco 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of the movie (directed by Roger Corman in 1960) and the comic-book version (drawn by Richard Corben in 1989 for Pacific Comics) of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher. Both adaptations can be considered unfaithful to the original tale. However, as M. L. Rosenblat affirms in his book about Poe and Cortazar, the originality of Poe is related to the creation of a new effect. This article studies how this effect is represented visually in Corman’s work and how Corben uses some of the same visual ideas to revive this effect. Corman’s work attempts to identify a relationship between Poe and Freud, affirming that they have the same concept of the unconscious. The difference between the conscious and the unconscious is shown by Corman in the opposition between the narrator of the story and the character of Roderick Usher as the director plays with the concept of on-camera (for the conscious) and off-camera (for the unconscious). The same idea is captured by Corben when he attempts to show this opposition between the two characters, including the physical resemblance of the narrator with Poe himself. This opposition between the conscious and the unconscious plays a crucial role in the way Corman develops the movie’s scenarios (with two levels representing different states of mind) and places the camera. This article shows how Corben includes his own contributions but follows the principles introduced by Corman to create an oppressive atmosphere that reflects the effect created by Poe’s tales. Other aspects examined in this article include the use of colour in both works to represent the melancholy, following the ideas presented by Yves Hersant in his essay about the colours of the melancholy, and the representation of the incestuous relationship between Roderick and Madeleine, which is similar in both works in the understanding of incest as an element of the American Gothic, as defined by Leslie Fiedler. Considering these aspects and following the idea presented by Linda Hutcheon in her book A Theory of Adaptation (2006), it can be affirmed that these adaptations share what can be called, in Benjaminian terms, a common aura.
Of fumetti and graphic novels: Film adaptation as a reflexive act – The Bunker of the Last Gunshots and the Autodafé imprint (France, 1980s)
Authors: Méon Jean-Matthieu 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The formal analysis of the fumetti adaptation of the short film Le Bunker de la dernière rafale (Caro and Jeunet, 1981) and of its stylistic choices, as well as the examination of its editorial framework, offer a basis for a more general discussion of the emergence of ‘graphic novels’ in 1980s France as a term, as a format and as a specific aesthetics. This raises questions about the storytelling dimension of comics and their symbolic and formal boundaries with other art forms. The Bunker was adapted by its two authors, comic book artist Marc Caro and beginner film director Jean-Pierre Jeunet. They chose to use a rigid layout of two panels a page, quite different from the traditional comics-inspired fumetti, demonstrating their attention to the stylistic implications of the layout. The book came out in 1982 under the short-lived and innovative Autodafé imprint of the French ‘bande dessinée’ publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés. There, the Bunker was published next to works of comic book authors Will Eisner, Jim Steranko, Serge Clerc, Keiji Nakazawa and Romain Slocombe. This eclectic array of creators and works shared a new format – smaller and longer books in black and white – and explored various forms of combination of text and image. The Bunker adaptation thus took part in an editorial reflexion on the possibility of ambitious comic books – the graphic novel. This new approach to comics was looking towards literature for its legitimatization but was also opened on other artistic fields (cinema, photography). Autodafé appears as a capsule of the questions, the possibilities and the ambiguities the ‘graphic novel’ genre and term entailed when they appeared – and still do. The fumetti adaptation of the Bunker embodies this attempt at a spontaneous combustion of the boundaries of comics that still inform some contemporary endeavours.
‘The Fallow Narratives’ and The Pier: Writing for comics within transmedia storytelling
Authors: Fagence Brian 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Storytelling across media presents a variety of concerns for the practitioner in terms of production and consumption, for transmedia storytelling expands a story across a variety of media within some consistent storyworld, often to enhance and integrate the experience of the audience/user/player. This expansion does not necessarily adapt the same story to generate interrelated narratives within a cohesive cosmos – narratives may be perceived and engaged with separately, and yet may also advance a larger consistent story. ‘The Fallow Narratives’ is a transmedia storytelling project currently being developed at the University of South Wales to explore narrative and the transformation of story across media, and examine what creative writing, particularly scriptwriting, may reveal of its production related media. The themes of identity, memory and perception are explored within each story across the project, told through: Fallow (animation), The Pier (comic), Desistance (video game), The Deep Machine (songs), Observance (journal), dell’ Arte (mixed media), Stain (music video) and The Quay (novel). The Pier tells the story of a boy, Casper Fallow, who loses his younger brother in a late night fire at a pier where they had gone to imagine and play out a Punch and Judy show. It is the story of his subsequent healing and harmful journeys after he is taken to a sanatorium, his release, and his years as a Punch and Judy puppet maker and storyteller. Through exploring the development of ‘The Fallow Narratives’ this article will discuss the process of writing for comics while considering a transmedia cosmology, and through examining the creation of The Pier what this may reveal of comics as image and language text.
Digital comics – new tools and tropes
Authors: Goodbrey Daniel Merlin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The medium of comics is undergoing a transition, as digital display becomes an increasingly popular mode of consumption. Portable display devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have provided a single platform of consumption on which comics, film, animation, games and other interactive visual media are equally at home. As comics gradually leave behind the trappings of print and embrace those of the screen, so too do they invite new crossovers and appropriations of tropes from other screen-based media. This article considers the relationship between space and time in comics and how this relationship has changed during the medium’s transition from print to screen. Using the theories of S. McCloud, T. Groensteen and N. Cohn as its starting point, it examines the passage of time’s representation within the spatially based medium of traditional comics. It then looks at how this representation of time has been distorted by the range of new tropes and devices that comics have appropriated from other screen-based media. Key topics covered in the article include: Replacements for the page turn and their impact on the pacing of comic sequences; The infinite canvas and its implications for panel spacing and layout; Multicursal structures and a reconsideration of comic as temporal map; The impact of animation, both within the panel and in the movement of panels; The limits of animation in comics and the foregrounding of reader control as a key element of the medium.