bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Assessment of Some Isomers of Saturated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons for Use as Jet Fuels
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Monjezi Khadijeh Hosseini , Esmailpour Karim , Zamani Mehdi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe performance of jet fuel depends on the density (ρ), condensed phase heat of formation (▵fH°(c)), and specific impulse (ISP). Exo‐tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane (C10H16) or JP‐10 is now used as a suitable synthetic liquid jet fuel because it has the approximated values of ρ=1.1 g cm−3 and ▵fH°(c)=− 123 kJ mol−1 and a broad range between the melting and boiling points, i.e. Tbp–Tmp=196.2 K. This work introduces a suitable pathway for calculation of the values of ρ, ▵fH°(c), and ISP of 13 well‐known isomers of JP‐10 and a series of saturated polycyclic hydrocarbons with general formula of CnHn′ (5≤n≤12) in order to specify high performance jet fuels. Although 13 compounds have larger values of ISP*ρ than JP‐10, only two compounds, tetraspiro[2.0.0.0.2.1.1.1]undecane and tetracyclo[3.2.0.0(2,7).0(4,6)]heptane, are suitable as jet fuels.
Intrinsic defects, nonstoichiometry, and aliovalent doping of ABO perovskite scintillators
Authors: Casillas‐Trujillo L. , Andersson D. A. , Dorado B. , Nikl M. , Sickafus K. E. , McClellan K. J. , Stanek C. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstractauthoren We have employed a range of atomistic simulation methods to explore aspects of defect chemistry in ABO (where A= Ba or Sr, and B= Zr or Hf) perovskites, placing emphasis on processes relevant for application of these materials as high performance scintillators. Specifically, we examined intrinsic defect reactions, A and B excess nonstoichiometry and the solution of Me rare earth cations. As has been predicted in previous studies, we find that Schottky disorder is the lowest energy intrinsic process. For nonstoichiometry, we predict that AO‐excess is compensated by oxygen vacancies and BO‐excess is charge compensated by A vacancies (see abstract figure). Finally, for Me solution, we considered several reactions for Me cations ranging in size from Lu to La, and the preferred reaction depends on the specific Me cation and whether or not phase separation occurs.Nonstoichiometry mechanisms in ABO perovskites. Red spheres correspond to O, blue to A, and green to B.
Molecular data supportRamalina ovalisas a distinct lineage (Ramalinaceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: HAYWARD Glenys C. , BLANCHON Dan J. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRamalina celastriis a highly variable, widely distributed pan-subtropical lichen species. In Australasia the species had been separated into two subspecies;R. celastrisubsp.celastriandR. celastrisubsp.ovalis. This study compares morphological variation, substratum preference and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of ribosomal DNA from a range of specimens from New Zealand and one from Australia. Bayesian and ML trees generated using the sequence data form two well-supported clades corresponding to the two previously recognized subspecies. Molecular, morphological and geographical differences support the recognition ofR. ovalisat the species rank.
The allocation of responsibility for internationally wrongful acts committed in the course of multinational operations
Authors: Palchetti Paolo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe article aims to examine, in light of the codification work of the International Law Commission and of the most recent practice, some issues concerning the allocation of responsibility between an organisation and its troop-contributing states for the conduct taken in the course of a multinational operation (with a specific focus on UN operations). After explaining the general rule of attribution of conduct based on the status of the multinational force as an organ or an agent of the organisation, this article will examine the validity of special rules of attribution of conduct based on the notions of ‘effective control’ or ‘ultimate control’ over the acts of the multinational force. Finally, I will discuss the possibility of dual responsibility of both the organisation and the troop-contributing state concerned.
The correlation between reading and mathematics ability at age twelve has a substantial genetic component
Authors: Davis Oliver S. P. , Band Gavin , Pirinen Matti , Haworth Claire M. A. , Meaburn Emma L. , Kovas Yulia , Harlaar Nicole , Docherty Sophia J. , Hanscombe Ken B. , Trzaskowski Maciej , Curtis Charles J. C. , Strange Amy , Freeman Colin , Bellenguez Céline , Su Zhan , Pearson Richard , Vukcevic Damjan , Langford Cordelia , Deloukas Panos , Hunt Sarah , Gray Emma , Dronov Serge , Potter Simon C. , Tashakkori-Ghanbaria Avazeh , Edkins Sarah , Bumpstead Suzannah J. , Blackwell Jenefer M. , Bramon Elvira , Brown Matthew A. , Casas Juan P. , Corvin Aiden , Duncanson Audrey , Jankowski Janusz A. Z. , Markus Hugh S. , Mathew Christopher G. , Palmer Colin N. A. , Rautanen Anna , Sawcer Stephen J. , Trembath Richard C. , Viswanathan Ananth C. , Wood Nicholas W. , Barroso Ines , Peltonen Leena , Dale Philip S. , Petrill Stephen A. , Schalkwyk Leonard S. , Craig Ian W. , Lewis Cathryn M. , Price Thomas S. ,   The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Donnelly Peter , Plomin Robert , Spencer Chris C. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDissecting how genetic and environmental influences impact on learning is helpful for maximizing numeracy and literacy. Here we show, using twin and genome-wide analysis, that there is a substantial genetic component to children’s ability in reading and mathematics, and estimate that around one half of the observed correlation in these traits is due to shared genetic effects (so-called Generalist Genes). Thus, our results highlight the potential role of the learning environment in contributing to differences in a child’s cognitive abilities at age twelve.
Modeling ecological drivers in marine viral communities using comparative metagenomics and network analyses
Authors: Hurwitz Bonnie L. , Westveld Anton H. , Brum Jennifer R. , Sullivan Matthew B. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Microorganisms and their viruses are increasingly recognized as drivers of myriad ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of their roles is limited by the inability of culture-dependent and culture-independent (e.g., metagenomics) methods to be fully implemented at scales relevant to the diversity found in nature. Here we combine advances in bioinformatics (shared k-mer analyses) and social networking (regression modeling) to develop an annotation- and assembly-free visualization and analytical strategy for comparative metagenomics that uses all the data in a unified statistical framework. Application to 32 Pacific Ocean viromes, the first large-scale quantitative viral metagenomic dataset, tested existing and generated further hypotheses about ecological drivers of viral community structure. Highly computationally scalable, this new approach enables diverse sequence-based large-scale comparative studies.
The Politics of Food Labeling and Certification
Authors: Clough Emily 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFrom Fair Trade to Organic certification, the ethical labeling of food represents a growing phenomenon in the twenty-first century. The proliferation of labeling initiatives in recent years has provoked debate on the effectiveness of this form of voluntary, market-based regulation. Advocates understand ethical food labeling as a way of safeguarding environmental, labor, and health standards in food production that are unprotected by the state by empowering consumers as political actors. Conversely, critics view ethical food labeling as an elitist system plagued by problems of transparency, accountability, scalability, and consumer misinformation—ultimately an inadequate substitute for stronger state regulation. This chapter provides an overview of ethical labeling standards for food, outlining the claims made by proponents, the critiques that have been raised, and the relevant research, focusing particularly on Fair Trade and Organic standards.
Ethics of Food Production and Consumption
Authors: Korthals Michiel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFood production and consumption involves ethics, as reflected in prohibitions, refutations, exhortations, recommendations, and even less explicit ethical notions such as whether a certain food product is natural. Food ethics has emerged as an important academic discipline and a branch of philosophy whose underlying goal is to define and elucidate food ethical problems. This article explores the ethics of food production and food consumption. It first presents a historical overview of food and the evolving gap between food production and consumption before discussing a number of quite pressing social concerns associated with the present-day food production system. It then considers concepts and approaches, including agrarianism and pluralism, in the context of two urgent food ethical problems: malnutrition and producing and eating meat. The article also examines food choice, the relationship between food ethics and politics, and the task of food ethics before concluding with a discussion of the future of food and food ethics.
Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature From 2013
Authors: Becker Torben K. , Jacquet Gabrielle A. , Marsh Regan , Schroeder Erika D. , Foran Mark , Bartels Susan , Duber Herbert C. , Cockrell Hannah , Levine Adam C. ,   the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) Group
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) conducts an annual search of peer‐reviewed and grey literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) to identify, review, and disseminate the most important new research in this field to a worldwide audience of academics and clinical practitioners.MethodsThis year 8,768 articles written in six languages were identified by our search. These articles were distributed among 22 reviewers for initial screening based on their relevance to the field of global EM. An additional two reviewers searched the grey literature. A total of 434 articles were deemed appropriate by at least one reviewer and approved by an editor for formal scoring of overall quality and importance.ResultsOf the 434 articles that met our predetermined inclusion criteria, 65% were categorized as emergency care in resource‐limited settings, 18% as EM development, and 17% as disaster and humanitarian response. A total of 24 articles received scores of 18 or higher and were selected for formal summary and critique. Interrater reliability for two reviewers using our scoring system was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.63 (95% confidence interval = 0.55 to 0.69). Infectious diseases, trauma, and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases common in resource‐limited settings represented the majority of articles selected for final review.ConclusionsIn 2013, there were more emergency care in resource‐limited settings articles, while the number of disaster and humanitarian response articles decreased, when compared to the 2012 review. However, the distribution of articles selected for full review did not change significantly. As in prior years, the majority of articles focused on infectious diseases, as well as trauma and injury prevention.
The role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met genetic polymorphism in bipolar disorder: a case–control study, comorbidities, and meta‐analysis of 16,786 subjects
Authors: González‐Castro Thelma Beatriz , Nicolini Humberto , Lanzagorta Nuria , López‐Narváez Lilia , Genis Alma , Pool García Sherezada , Tovilla‐Zárate Carlos Alfonso 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association of Val66Met brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism with bipolar disorder in (i) a meta‐analysis and (ii) a case–control study in a Mexican population. We also investigated the possible association of this polymorphism with clinical features.MethodsWe performed a keyword search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases. A total of 22 studies that have investigated the association of Val66Met (rs6265) with bipolar disorder were selected for inclusion and combined with random effects meta‐analysis, using allelic, additive, dominant, and recessive models. Finally, the single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) Val66Met in theBDNFgene was genotyped and compared between 139 patients with bipolar disorder and 141 healthy volunteers in a Mexican population.ResultsThe pooled results from the meta‐analysis (9,349 cases and 7,437 controls) did not show a significant association in any of the models. The same results were obtained in our case–control study when analyzing the distribution of the genotypic frequencies of the Val66Met polymorphism in patients with bipolar disorder. However, when we analyzed the association between rs6265 and lifetime history of suicidal behavior, we found an association between genotype Val‐Val and suicide attempt (p = 0.02).ConclusionsAlthough the present study has some limitations, the results indicate a lack of association between the Val66Met polymorphism and bipolar disorder. However, in our case–control study in a Mexican population, the Val66Met polymorphism was associated with suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, it is important to consider potential interactions of theBDNFgene, the environment, and different inheritance patterns, when carrying out future genetic studies with larger samples.
Analysis of metabolic alterations in Arabidopsis following changes in the carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures
Authors: Florian Alexandra , Timm Stefan , Nikoloski Zoran , Tohge Takayuki , Bauwe Hermann , Araújo Wagner L. , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAs sessile organisms, plants are subject to a multitude of environmental variations including several which directly affect their interaction with the atmosphere. Given the indiscriminant nature of Rubisco, the relative rates of photosynthesis and photorespiration are known to be responsive to changes in gas composition. However, comprehensive profiling methods have not yet been applied in order to characterize the wider consequences of these changes on primary metabolism in general. Moreover, although transcriptional profiling has revealed that a subset of photorespiratory enzymes are co‐expressed, whether transcriptional responses play a role in short‐term responses to atmospheric compositional changes remains unknown. To address these questions, plants Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) ecotype Columbia (Col‐O) grown under normal air conditions were transferred to different CO2 and O2 concentrations and characterized at the physiological, molecular, and metabolic levels following this transition. The results reveal alterations in the components, which are directly involved in, or supporting, photorespiration, including transcripts and metabolite levels. The results further highlight that the majority of the regulation of these pathways is not mediated at the level of transcription and that the photorespiratory pathway is essential also in conditions in which flux through the pathway is minimized, yet suggest that flux through this pathway is not mediated at the level of transcription.
Accessing osteocyte lacunar geometrical properties in human jaw bone on the submicron length scale using synchrotron radiation μCT
Authors: HESSE BERNHARD , MÄNNICKE NILS , PACUREANU ALEXANDRA , VARGA PETER , LANGER MAX , MAURER PETER , PEYRIN FRANCOISE , RAUM KAY 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe architectural properties of the osteocyte cell network provide a valuable basis for understanding the mechanisms of bone remodelling, mineral homeostasis, ageing and pathologies. Recent advances in synchrotron microtomography enable unprecedented three‐dimensional imaging of both the bone lacunar network and the extracellular matrix. Here, we investigate the three‐dimensional morphological properties of osteocyte lacunae in human healthy and bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrotic jaw bone based on synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography images, with a spatial isotropic voxel size of 300 nm. Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a relatively new disease with increasing incidence, which remains poorly understood. A step forward in elucidating this malady is to assess whether, and how, the morphology of the osteocyte lacunar network is modified in the affected jaw tissue. We evaluate thousands of cell lacunae from five specimens of which three originate from patients diagnosed with bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis. In this exploratory study, we report three‐dimensional quantitative results on lacunar volumes (296–502 μm3), shape (approximated by an ellipsoidal shape with principal axes a > b > c, such that a = 2.2b and a = 4c) and spatial distribution (i.e., 50% of the mineralized matrix volume is located within 12 μm to the closest lacunar boundary) at submicron resolution on such specimens. We observe that the average lacunar volumes of the bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrotic jaw specimens were within the range of volumes found in the two specimens originating from healthy donors and conclude that lacunar volumes are not the key element in the course of bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrotic jaw. In three out of five specimens we observe lacunar volume sizes in segmented osteons to be significantly different compared to lacunar volumes in the adjacent tissue regions. Furthermore, we quantify the number of lacunae containing small dense objects (on average 9%). In contrast to lacunar morphology we report the lacunar density (16 000–50 000 per mm3) to be different in jaw bone tissue compared to what has been reported in femoral sites.
Competition for pollination by the lesser short‐tailed bat and its influence on the flowering phenology of some New Zealand endemics
Authors: Cummings G. , Anderson S. , Dennis T. , Toth C. , Parsons S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe lesser short‐tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata, is the only native mammalian pollinator in New Zealand and the only fully temperate bat pollinator in the world. Although this unique status as a pollinator is well recognized, its reduced abundance and cryptic behaviour means little research has been undertaken to assess the contribution of the lesser short‐tailed bat (hereafter ‘short‐tailed bat’) to pollination in New Zealand. Accordingly, pollination by short‐tailed bats has been assumed to be comparatively inconsequential, and the potential impacts of the bat's widespread extirpation have been overlooked. The recent discovery that the short‐tailed bat is a major pollinator for at least some of the plants it visits emphasizes the importance of exploring this species' role as a pollinator. Here, our aim was to provide an assessment of the competition for short‐tailed bat pollination through study of the temporal variation of flowering. Bats were sampled for pollen, and phenology surveys were conducted simultaneously. We found that the amount and type of pollen carried by the bats varied temporally, with one pollen type dominating samples at any given time. The two plants most consistently observed in the pollen samples flowered sequentially with little temporal overlap, suggesting that their flowering phenology may be adapted to minimize competition for the pollination services of the short‐tailed bat.
Sparse Principal Component Analysis in Hilbert Space
Authors: Qi Xin , Luo Ruiyan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTechnical advances in many areas have produced more complicated high‐dimensional data sets than the usual high‐dimensional data matrix, such as the fMRI data collected in a period for independent trials, or expression levels of genes measured in different tissues. Multiple measurements exist for each variable in each sample unit of these data. Regarding the multiple measurements as an element in a Hilbert space, we propose Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Hilbert space. The principal components (PCs) thus defined carry information about not only the patterns of variations in individual variables but also the relationships between variables. To extract the features with greatest contributions to the explained variations in PCs for high‐dimensional data, we also propose sparse PCA in Hilbert space by imposing a generalized elastic‐net constraint. Efficient algorithms to solve the optimization problems in our methods are provided. We also propose a criterion for selecting the tuning parameter.
Computerized detection of noncalcified plaques in coronary CT angiography: Evaluation of topological soft gradient prescreening method and luminal analysis
Authors: Wei Jun , Zhou Chuan , Chan Heang‐Ping , Chughtai Aamer , Agarwal Prachi , Kuriakose Jean , Hadjiiski Lubomir , Patel Smita , Kazerooni Ella 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:The buildup of noncalcified plaques (NCPs) that are vulnerable to rupture in coronary arteries is a risk for myocardial infarction. Interpretation of coronary CT angiography (cCTA) to search for NCP is a challenging task for radiologists due to the low CT number of NCP, the large number of coronary arteries, and multiple phase CT acquisition. The authors conducted a preliminary study to develop machine learning method for automated detection of NCPs in cCTA.Methods:With IRB approval, a data set of 83 ECG‐gated contrast enhanced cCTA scans with 120 NCPs was collected retrospectively from patient files. A multiscale coronary artery response and rolling balloon region growing (MSCAR‐RBG) method was applied to each cCTA volume to extract the coronary arterial trees. Each extracted vessel was reformatted to a straightened volume composed of cCTA slices perpendicular to the vessel centerline. A topological soft‐gradient (TSG) detection method was developed to prescreen for NCP candidates by analyzing the 2D topological features of the radial gradient field surface along the vessel wall. The NCP candidates were then characterized by a luminal analysis that used 3D geometric features to quantify the shape information and gray‐level features to evaluate the density of the NCP candidates. With machine learning techniques, useful features were identified and combined into an NCP score to differentiate true NCPs from false positives (FPs). To evaluate the effectiveness of the image analysis methods, the authors performed tenfold cross‐validation with the available data set. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the classification performance of individual features and the NCP score. The overall detection performance was estimated by free response ROC (FROC) analysis.Results:With our TSG prescreening method, a prescreening sensitivity of 92.5% (111/120) was achieved with a total of 1181 FPs (14.2 FPs/scan). On average, six features were selected during the tenfold cross‐validation training. The average area under the ROC curve (AUC) value for training was 0.87 ± 0.01 and the AUC value for validation was 0.85 ± 0.01. Using the NCP score, FROC analysis of the validation set showed that the FP rates were reduced to 3.16, 1.90, and 1.39 FPs/scan at sensitivities of 90%, 80%, and 70%, respectively.Conclusions:The topological soft‐gradient prescreening method in combination with the luminal analysis for FP reduction was effective for detection of NCPs in cCTA, including NCPs causing positive or negative vessel remodeling. The accuracy of vessel segmentation, tracking, and centerline identification has a strong impact on NCP detection. Studies are underway to further improve these techniques and reduce the FPs of the CADe system.