bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allegiance in International Humanitarian Law: the duty of fidelity and the laws of armed conflict
Authors: Galvis Martínez Manuel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Allegiance is a legal concept that seeks to regulate the duty of fidelity of individuals towards states. A particularity of allegiance is the fact that it has been repeatedly used in treaty provisions, as well as interpretation of rules, in the field of International Humanitarian Law. The fields in which it has been introduced are quite broad, from rules relating to Prisoner of War status, to defining the relationship between occupiers and occupied population, passing through rules on Protected Personal status for civilians, the internment of enemy aliens, rules on the conduct of hostilities, and deserters. The article analyses both the meaning of allegiance and how it has been used in International Humanitarian Law revealing some useful instances as well as a set of inconsistencies and potential perils for its use.
Evolutionary patterns and heterogeneity of dengue virus serotypes in Pakistan
Authors: Mumtaz Zilwa , Zia Saeeda , Saif Rashid , Farhan Ul Haque Muhammad , Yousaf Muhammad Zubair 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive and systematic examination of dengue virus (DENV) evolution is essential in Pakistan, where the virus poses a significant public health challenge due to its ability to adapt and evolve. To shed light on the intricate evolutionary patterns of all four DENV serotypes, we analyzed complete genome sequences (n = 43) and Envelope (E) gene sequences (n = 44) of all four DENV serotypes collected in Pakistan from 1994 to 2023, providing a holistic view of their genetic evolution. Our findings revealed that all four serotypes of DENV co-circulate in Pakistan with a close evolutionary relationship between DENV-1 and DENV-3. Among the genetically distinct serotypes DENV-2 and DENV-4, DENV-4 stands out as the most genetically different, while DENV-2 exhibits greater complexity due to the presence of multiple genotypes and the possibility of temporal fluctuations in genotype prevalence. Selective pressure analysis of the Envelope (E) gene revealed heterogeneity among sequences (n = 44), highlighting 46 codons in the genome experiencing selective pressure, characterized by a bias toward balancing selection, indicating genetic stability of the virus. Furthermore, our study suggested an intriguing evolutionary shift of DENV-4 toward the DENV-2 clade, potentially influenced by antibodies with cross-reactivity to multiple serotypes, providing a critical insight into the complex factors, shaping DENV evolution and contributing to the emergence of new serotypes.
SME Failures Under Large Liquidity Shocks: an Application to the Covid-19 Crisis
Authors: Gourinchas Pierre-Olivier , Kalemli-Özcan Şebnem , Penciakova Veronika , Sander Nick 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We study the effects of financial frictions on firm exit when firms face large liquidity shocks. We develop a simple model of firm cost-minimization, where firms’ borrowing capacity to smooth temporary shocks to liquidity is limited. In this framework, firm exit arises from the interaction between this financial friction and fluctuations in cash flow due to aggregate and sectoral changes in demand conditions, as well as more traditional shocks to productivity. To evaluate the implications of our model, we use firm level data on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in 11 European countries. We confirm that our framework is consistent with official failure rates in 2017–2019, a period characterized by standard business cycle fluctuations. To capture a large liquidity shock, we apply our framework to the COVID-19 crisis. We find that, absent government support, SME failure rates would have increased by 6.01 percentage points, putting 3.1% of employment at risk. Our results also show that in the presence of financial frictions and in the absence of government support, the firms failing due to COVID have similar productivity and growth to firms that survive COVID.
Assessing alimentary tract radiation in liver cancer treatment with proton beam therapy: a PET/CT imaging study
Authors: Shiraishi Sachika , Yamanaka Masashi , Shiba Shintaro , Tokuuye Koichi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Proton beams deposit energy along their path, abruptly stopping and generating various radioactive particles, including positrons, along their trajectory. In comparison with traditional proton beam therapy, scanning proton beam therapy is effective in delivering proton beams to irregularly shaped tumors, reducing excessive radiation exposure to the alimentary tract during the treatment of liver cancer.

Methods
In this study, we utilized positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging to assess the total amount of radiation to the alimentary tract during liver cancer treatment with proton beam therapy, involving the administration of complex irradiation in 13 patients.

Results
This approach resulted in the prevention of excess radiation. The planned radiation restraint doses for the colon exhibited a significant correlation with the PET values of the colon (correlation coefficient 0.8384, P = .0003). Likewise, the scheduled radiation restraint doses for the gastroduodenum were correlated with the PET values of the gastroduodenum (correlation coefficient 0.5397, P = .0569).

Conclusions
PET/CT conducted after proton beam therapy is useful for evaluating excess radiation in the alimentary tract. Proton beam therapy in liver cancer, assessed via PET/CT, effectively reduced alimentary tract radiation, which is vital for optimizing treatments and preventing excess exposure.
MT1E in AML: a gateway to understanding regulatory cell death and immunotherapeutic responses
Authors: Zhuang Xin , Chen Peng , Yang Kaiqian , Yang Rong , Man Xiaoying , Wang Ruochen , Shi Yifen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of tumors, particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study investigates the prognostic importance of RCD-related genes in AML and their correlation with immune infiltration. We combined TCGA and GTEx data, analyzing 1,488 RCD-related genes, to develop a predictive model using LASSO regression and survival analysis. The model's accuracy was validated against multiple databases, examining immune cell infiltration, therapy responses, and drug sensitivity among risk groups. RT-qPCR confirmed MT1E expression in AML patients and healthy bone marrow. CCK8 and Transwell assays measured cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion, while flow cytometry and Western blotting assessed apoptosis and protein expression. We developed a prognostic model using 10 RCD methods, which demonstrated strong predictive ability, showing an inverse correlation between age and risk scores with survival in AML patients. Functional enrichment analysis of the model is linked to immune modulation pathways. RT-qPCR revealed significantly lower MT1E expression in AML vs healthy bone marrow (P &lt; 0.05). Consequently, experiments were designed to assess the function of MT1E overexpression. Findings indicated that MT1E overexpression showed it significantly reduced THP-1 cell proliferation and adhesion (P &lt; 0.001), decreased migration (P &lt; 0.001), and invasiveness (P &lt; 0.05), and increased apoptosis (P &lt; 0.05), with a notable rise in Caspase3 expression. A novel AML RCD risk model was developed, showing promise as a prognostic marker for evaluating outcomes and immune therapy effectiveness. Insights into MT1E's impact on AML cell proliferation and apoptosis open possibilities for improving patient outcomes and devising personalized treatment strategies.
Simultaneous observation of multiple interferograms with Mach-Zehnder type electron interferometer on a 1.2-MV field-emission transmission electron microscope
Authors: Akashi Tetsuya , Takahashi Yoshio , Harada Ken 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We developed a Mach-Zehnder type electron interferometer (MZ-EI) that enables simultaneous observation of interferograms created at multiple output locations on a 1.2-MV field-emission transmission electron microscope. This MZ-EI is composed of two single-crystal thin films, a lens located between the single-crystal thin films and imaging lenses. By comparing interferograms created by electron waves travelling through different beam paths, we found that the relative phase difference was caused by phase modulation passing through the single crystals and by aberrations and defocus values of the lenses. We also confirmed that the relative phase difference can be controlled using the tilted illumination method.
Ancient classical theatre from the digital humanities: a systematic review 2010–21
Authors: Martínez Nieto Roxana Beatriz , Dabrowska Monika 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The aim of this article is to offer a systematic review of digital studies that provide new research perspectives on ancient classical theatre. The undeniable progress in the field of computational analysis in the service of traditional textual interpretation is helping to study in greater depth and to interpret in greater detail the classical linguistic corpora that have come down to us through the manuscript tradition. The new model of digital research is integrated not only in the field of information technologies, but also in the field of e-learning, where we can already observe the implementation of a new educational model. Based on the digital processing of data on Greco-Roman theatre, a systematic review is presented, following the methodological principles of the PRISMA statement [Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 (2020)].
White dwarf constraints on geological processes at the population level
Authors: Buchan Andrew M , Bonsor Amy , Rogers Laura K , Brouwers Marc G , Shorttle Oliver , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
White dwarf atmospheres are frequently polluted by material from their own planetary systems. Absorption features from Ca, Mg, Fe, and other elements can provide unique insights into the provenance of this exoplanetary material, with their relative abundances being used to infer accretion of material with core- or mantle-like composition. Across the population of white dwarfs, the distribution of compositions reveals the prevalence of geological and collisional processing across exoplanetary systems. By predicting the distribution of compositions in three evolutionary scenarios, this work assesses whether they can explain current observations. We consider evolution in an asteroid belt analogue, in which collisions between planetary bodies that formed an iron core lead to core- or mantle-rich fragments. We also consider layer-by-layer accretion of individual bodies, such that the apparent composition of atmospheric pollution changes during the accretion of a single body. Finally, we consider that compositional spread is due to random noise. We find that the distribution of Ca, Fe, and Mg in a sample of 202 cool DZs is consistent with the random noise scenario, although 7 individual systems show strong evidence of core-mantle differentiation from additional elements and/or low noise levels. Future surveys that detect multiple elements in each of a few hundred white dwarfs, with well-understood biases, have the potential to confidently distinguish between the three models.
Logical regulation of endogenous gene expression using programmable, multi-input processing CRISPR guide RNAs
Authors: Kang Hansol , Park Dongwon , Kim Jongmin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system provides a versatile RNA-guided approach for a broad range of applications. Thanks to advances in RNA synthetic biology, the engineering of guide RNAs (gRNAs) has enabled the conditional control of the CRISPR-Cas system. However, achieving precise regulation of the CRISPR-Cas system for efficient modulation of internal metabolic processes remains challenging. In this work, we developed a robust dCas9 regulator with engineered conditional gRNAs to enable tight control of endogenous genes. Our conditional gRNAs in Escherichia coli can control gene expression upon specific interaction with trigger RNAs with a dynamic range as high as 130-fold, evaluating up to a three-input logic A OR (B AND C). The conditional gRNA-mediated targeting of endogenous metabolic genes, lacZ, malT and poxB, caused differential regulation of growth in Escherichia coli via metabolic flux control. Further, conditional gRNAs could regulate essential cytoskeleton genes, ftsZ and mreB, to control cell filamentation and division. Finally, three types of two-input logic gates could be applied for the conditional control of ftsZ regulation, resulting in morphological changes. The successful operation and application of conditional gRNAs based on programmable RNA interactions suggests that our system could be compatible with other Cas-effectors and implemented in other host organisms.
Taxonomy of introns and the evolution of minor introns
Authors: Olthof Anouk M , Schwoerer Charles F , Girardini Kaitlin N , Weber Audrey L , Doggett Karen , Mieruszynski Stephen , Heath Joan K , Moore Timothy E , Biran Jakob , Kanadia Rahul N 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Classification of introns, which is crucial to understanding their evolution and splicing, has historically been binary and has resulted in the naming of major and minor introns that are spliced by their namesake spliceosome. However, a broad range of intron consensus sequences exist, leading us to here reclassify introns as minor, minor-like, hybrid, major-like, major and non-canonical introns in 263 species across six eukaryotic supergroups. Through intron orthology analysis, we discovered that minor-like introns are a transitory node for intron conversion across evolution. Despite close resemblance of their consensus sequences to minor introns, these introns possess an AG dinucleotide at the –1 and –2 position of the 5′ splice site, a salient feature of major introns. Through combined analysis of CoLa-seq, CLIP-seq for major and minor spliceosome components, and RNAseq from samples in which the minor spliceosome is inhibited we found that minor-like introns are also an intermediate class from a splicing mechanism perspective. Importantly, this analysis has provided insight into the sequence elements that have evolved to make minor-like introns amenable to recognition by both minor and major spliceosome components. We hope that this revised intron classification provides a new framework to study intron evolution and splicing.
Polyoxometalates: metallodrug agents for combating amyloid aggregation
Authors: Ma Mengmeng , Liu Zhenqi , Zhao Huisi , Zhang Haochen , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects ∼50 million people globally. The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a predominant pathological feature of AD, plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis. In this respect, Aβ has been regarded as a highly promising therapeutic target for AD treatment. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a novel class of metallodrugs being developed as modulators of Aβ aggregation, owing to their negative charge, polarity, and three-dimensional structure. Unlike traditional discrete inorganic complexes, POMs contain tens to hundreds of metal atoms, showcasing remarkable tunability and diversity in nuclearities, sizes, and shapes. The easily adjustable and structurally variable nature of POMs allows for their favorable interactions with Aβ. This mini-review presents a balanced overview of recent progress in using POMs to mitigate amyloidosis. Clear correlations between anti-amyloid activities and structural features of POMs are also elaborated in detail. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of POMs in combating AD.
Multicriteria Measures to Assess the Sustainability of Diets: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rei Mariana , Costa Alexandra , Sosa Sofia , da Costa Sofia , Torres Duarte , Sage Colin , Rodrigues Sara 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Context
Assessing the overall sustainability of a diet is a challenging undertaking requiring a holistic approach capable of addressing the multicriteria nature of this concept.

Objective
The aim was to identify and summarize the multicriteria measures used to assess the sustainability characteristics of diets reported at the individual level by healthy adults.

Data Sources
Articles were identified via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy consisted of key words and MeSH terms, and was concluded in September 2022, covering references in English, Spanish, and Portuguese.

Data Extraction
This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The search identified 5663 references, from which 1794 were duplicates. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of each of the 3869 records and the full-text of the 144 references selected. Of these, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Data Analysis
A total of 6 multicriteria measures were identified: 3 different Sustainable Diet Indices, the Quality Environmental Costs of Diet, the Quality Financial Costs of Diet, and the Environmental Impact of Diet. All of these incorporated a health/nutrition dimension, while the environmental and economic dimensions were the second and the third most integrated, respectively. A sociocultural sustainability dimension was included in only 1 of the measures.

Conclusion
Despite some methodological concerns in the development and validation process of the identified measures, their inclusion is considered indispensable in assessing the transition towards sustainable diets in future studies.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022358824.
Hepatitis B Virus in People who Inject Drugs and Men who Have Sex With Men With HIV in India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Loeb Talia A , Gunaratne Mihili P , Iqbal Syed , Anderson Mark , McFall Allison M , Amrose Pradeep , Rodgers Mary A , Srikrishnan Aylur K , Balagopal Ashwin , Lucas Gregory M , Mehta Shruti H , Thomas David L , Cloherty Gavin , Thio Chloe L , Solomon Sunil S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
People with HIV (PWH) who are coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have a higher risk of mortality compared with PWH alone. Populations such as people who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are particularly at high risk for HBV acquisition; yet, limited epidemiological data from these populations exist on HBV prevalence from low- and middle-income country settings (LMICs).

Methods
We characterized the prevalence and correlates of HBV serological markers in a sample of PWID and MSM with HIV recruited across 15 Indian cities using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). Testing of stored specimens for the presence of these markers was performed on the Abbott ARCHITECT i1000 as per the manufacturer's instructions. Correlates of ever being infected with HBV (reactive for anti-HBc and/or HBsAg) and chronic HBV (reactive for HBsAg) among those ever infected were assessed using univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression models accounting for site-level clustering.

Results
A total of 2198 (95%) of the 2314 participants recruited for the trial were screened for HBV markers. The median age among the PWID and MSM participants was 30 and 32 years, respectively. The prevalence of ever being infected with HBV was 75.6% vs 46.9% in PWID vs MSM, respectively (P &lt; .01); prevalence of chronic infection was also higher in PWID vs MSM (14.1% vs 9.5%; P &lt; .01). Correlates of ever being infected with HBV among PWID included unstable housing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.02) and sharing injection paraphernalia (aOR, 2.70), and among MSM, correlates included history of injection drug use (aOR, 4.87) and gender identity. The prevalence of isolated core (anti-HBc in the absence of anti-HBs) was 34.7% vs 29.4% in PWID vs MSM (P &lt; .05). Vaccination serostatus was &lt;10% in both populations.

Conclusions
In this large sample of PWID and MSM with HIV, we observed a high prevalence of serology consistent with HBV infection and low vaccination, highlighting the need for routine screening and catch-up vaccination. The high prevalence of isolated anti-HBc reactivity highlights the need to understand the risk of reactivation with this serological pattern.
SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Cycle Threshold Trends in Patients Who Are Immunocompromised and Implications for Isolation Precautions
Authors: Harris Courtney E , Vaidya Vineeta , Lan Zhou , Klompas Michael , Rhee Chanu , Baden Lindsey R , Baker Meghan A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Among 495 patients who were immunocompromised and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, polymerase chain reaction cycle thresholds remained &lt;33 beyond 20 days more frequently in patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly those receiving B-cell–depleting or Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, as compared with those with solid organ malignancy (26% vs 5%).
Ancillary Benefit of Microbiology Culture Diagnostic Stewardship: Decreasing Health Care's Climate Impact
Authors: Hofmeister Raja J , Gonzalez Mark D , Hildreth Jonathan , Savage Troy , Leber Amy , Jaggi Preeti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We calculated weights of blood, urine, and endotracheal tube culture supplies and quantified greenhouse gas emissions emitted for disposal of these supplies. Of note, disposal-related emissions for positive blood and endotracheal tube culture results are equivalent to driving 0.6 and 0.4 miles, respectively, in a gasoline-powered vehicle.
Radicle Growth Regulation of Root Parasitic Plants by Auxin-related Compounds
Authors: Tsuzuki Kei , Suzuki Taiki , Kuruma Michio , Nishiyama Kotaro , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Hagihara Shinya , Seto Yoshiya 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Root parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae, such as Striga and Orobanche, cause significant damage to crop production. The germination step of these root parasitic plants is induced by host-root-derived strigolactones. After germination, the radicles elongate toward the host and invade the host root. We have previously discovered that a simple amino acid, tryptophan (Trp), as well as its metabolite, the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), can inhibit radicle elongation of Orobanche minor. These results suggest that auxin plays a crucial role in the radicle elongation step in root parasitic plants. In this report, we used various auxin chemical probes to dissect the auxin function in the radicle growth of O. minor and Striga hermonthica. We found that synthetic auxins inhibited radicle elongation. In addition, auxin receptor antagonist, auxinole, rescued the inhibition of radicle growth by exogenous IAA. Moreover, a polar transport inhibitor of auxin, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, affected radicle bending. We also proved that exogenously applied Trp is converted into IAA in O. minor seeds, and auxinole partly rescued this radicle elongation. Taken together, our data demonstrate a pivotal role for auxin in radicle growth. Thus, manipulation of auxin function in root parasitic plants should offer a useful approach to combat these parasites.