bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulation by fish-oil containing lipid emulsions in murine acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Hecker Matthias , Ott Juliane , Sondermann Christoph , Schaefer Martina Barbara , Obert Martin , Hecker Andreas , Morty Rory E , Vadasz Istvan , Herold Susanne , Rosengarten Bernhard , Witzenrath Martin , Seeger Werner , Mayer Konstantin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of mortality in intensive care units. Patients with ARDS often require parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsions as essential components. Besides being an energy supply, these lipid emulsions might display differential modulatory effects on lung integrity and inflammation.

Methods
In a pre-emptive strategy, we investigated the impact of three different intravenously infused lipid emulsions on lung morphology, leukocyte invasion, protein leakage and cytokines in a murine model of ARDS. Mice received an infusion of normal saline solution, a pure long-chain triglycerides (LCT) emulsion, a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) containing mixed emulsion (LCT/MCT), or a fish oil (FO) containing mixed emulsion (LCT/MCT/FO) before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge.

Results
Mice pre-infused with fish oil-containing lipid emulsion showed decreased leukocyte invasion, protein leakage, myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine production in their alveolar space after LPS challenge compared to mice receiving LCT or LCT/MCT. In line with these findings, lung morphology assessed by histological staining after LPS-induced lung injury improved faster in the LCT/MCT/FO group. Concerning the above mentioned parameters, no significant difference was observed between mice infused with LCT or the combination of LCT and MCT.

Conclusion
Fish oil-containing lipid emulsions might exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects in the murine model of acute lung injury. Partial replacement of n-6 fatty acids with n-3 fatty acids may thus be of benefit for critically ill patients at risk for ARDS which require parenteral nutrition.
Sexual Dimorphisms in the Associations of BMI and Body Fat with Indices of Pubertal Development in Girls and Boys
Authors: Crocker Melissa K. , Stern Elizabeth A. , Sedaka Nicole M. , Shomaker Lauren B. , Brady Sheila M. , Ali Asem H. , Shawker Thomas H. , Hubbard Van S. , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: April 2014

Context:The effect of obesity and concomitant insulin resistance on pubertal development is incompletely elucidated.Objective:To determine how measures of adiposity and insulin resistance are associated with pubertal maturation in boys and girls.Setting and Design:Breast and pubic hair Tanner stage and testicular volume by orchidometry were determined by physical examination in 1066 children. Ovarian volume was estimated by trans-abdominal ultrasound. Fat mass, skeletal age, and fasting serum for insulin and glucose, total T, estradiol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and androstenedione were measured at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center. Convenience sample; 52% obese, 59% female.Results:Logistic regression identified a significant interaction between sex and obesity for prediction of pubertal development (P ≤ .01). There was a negative association between boys' testicular volume and body mass index (BMI)/fat mass but a positive association between girls' breast stage and BMI/fat mass. Ovarian volume in girls was positively associated with insulin resistance but not with BMI/fat mass. There was a positive association between obesity and measures of estrogen exposure (breast development and skeletal age) in both sexes. Positive correlations were seen for girls between BMI and pubic hair development and between insulin resistance and T production, whereas adiposity was negatively associated with pubic hair in boys.Conclusions:Significant sexual dimorphisms in the manifestations of pubertal development are seen in obese girls and boys. Two known effects of obesity, increased peripheral conversion of low-potency androgens to estrogens by adipose tissue-aromatase and increased insulin resistance, may be in large part responsible for these differences.
Gouverner Par L’enquête En France, de Philippe Auguste Aux Derniers Capétiens
Authors: Dejoux Marie 
Published: April 2014

Dès que l’on en vient au Moyen Age central, il est difficile de faire abstraction de l’enquête, tant cette procédure est caractéristique du regimen médiéval et devient centrale dans l’art de gouverner. L’article se centre sur la séquence politique majeure allant de Philippe Auguste aux derniers Capétiens, quand les rois de France se saisirent de l’enquête comme d’un mode de gouvernement, lors de la transformation progressive de leur royaume féodal en Etat moderne. Après avoir décrit la progressive diffusion de l’inquisitio et ses principales mutations, cette contribution se concentre sur les hommes qui menèrent ces investigations : les enquêteurs.
When studying the central Middle Ages, it is hard to miss the importance of the inquest, a procedure that becomes characteristic of the medieval regime and central to the art of government. This article focuses on the major political evolution from Philip Augustus to the last Capetians, a period during which the kings of France used the inquest as an instrument of government in the progressive transformation of their feudal realm into a modern state. After describing the progressive diffusion of the inquisitio and its principal mutations, the article concentrates its analysis on the men who carried out these investigations: the enquêteurs.
An "Incurable" Schizophrenic: The Case of Mr. X
Authors: Karon Bertram P. 
Published: April 2014

Mr. X, a schizophrenic, was evaluated by all his psychiatrists as “incurable” after several years of unsuccessful outpatient and two months of inpatient treatment, both with medications. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) was strongly but pessimistically recommended. He was not eating, not sleeping, and continuously hallucinating. He began outpatient psychoanalytic therapy. All medications were stopped. After three days he began eating. After four months he began working at an intellectually demanding job. After two years he could be assured that he would never be psychotic again under normal stresses. But that was not good enough for him. He kept raising new issues: problems in living, difficulties writing his first book, psychosomatic problems, problems in enjoying ordinary pleasures, marital problems, undoing problems he had caused his son. The total treatment took 14 years. More than 20 years after the completion of treatment the patient sent a note indicating his continued professional accomplishments and thanking the therapist for “giving me my life back.”
Psychotherapy Can Be Helpful for Schizophrenics
Authors: VandenBos Gary R. 
Published: April 2014

Karon’s work with Mr. X reflects the model that he and I use generally in doing psychoanalytic psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients. In my experience, this work is frequently met with considerable skepticism and at times outright antagonism from the professional mental health community. In this commentary I explore 10 possible reasons for these negative reactions and why I believe the reactions are off target from the central clinical fact that Karon’s model has a track record of success. These reasons include such areas as the roles of diagnosis, medication, a detailed developmental history, the therapist’s distinctive personality and style, and the therapist’s level of activity in treating patients diagnosed as schizophrenic.
Deconstructing Demons: The Case of Geoffrey
Authors: Mohlman Jan , Cedeno Linda A. , Price Rebecca B. , Hekler Eric B. , Yan Grace W. , Fishman Daniel B. 
Published: April 2014

Research in late life mental health has not kept pace with the rapidly aging population of the U.S. Older adults (over age 65), more specifically the “baby boomer” cohort, are likely to pose unique challenges to mental health care providers. This report describes the case of Geoffrey, a 66-year-old African American male who presented with a complex range of psychiatric conditions (e.g., major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and a history of polysubstance dependence), and challenging life circumstances (e.g., limited financial and social resources, and poorly controlled medical illness). Because Geoffrey also evidenced impairment in several cognitive domains (attention, memory, executive functions), a combined intervention of executive skills training (Sohlberg, Johnson, Paule, Raskin, & Mateer, 2001) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was selected. Furthermore, because time for conducting therapy was limited (fourteen, 90-minute sessions over a ten-week period), a “transdiagnostic” approach was taken to maximize efficiency. Results suggest the utility of augmented, transdiagnostic therapies to achieve optimal response with older clients. Although Geoffrey’s intervention progressed well, an event occurring late in treatment changed the course of therapy and led to an unexpected outcome. Several noteworthy aspects of the intervention, including the relevance of Geoffrey’s case to the current aging trend in the U.S., the use of a combined transdiagnostic intervention, and aspects of the therapy process are discussed throughout.
Adapting Older Adults to Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Vice Versa: The Case of Geoffrey
Authors: Knight Bob G. 
Published: April 2014

Mohlman et al.’s (2008) case history of Geoffrey makes a compelling case for adding training to improve cognitive functioning in older adults to enhance responsiveness to CBT. They also provide by example a demonstration of therapist flexibility in working with older adults. Along with attention to the influence of cohort differences and ethnic differences, the case provides a good model for what changes in working with older clients.
Individualizing Exposure Therapy for PTSD: The Case of Caroline
Authors: Kramer Ueli 
Published: April 2014

In therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prolonged exposure (PE) to stimuli associated with an original trauma experience is considered a state-of-the-art treatment method. The present case report outlines the use of Foa and Rothbaum’s (1998) manual for this type of treatment in the year-long, 40-session treatment of Caroline, an adult female victim of child sexual abuse. The manual was supplemented by Caspar’s (1995, 2007) Plan Analysis technique for individualized case formulation and treatment planning, along with Caspar’s concept of the Motive-Oriented Therapeutic Relationship (MOTR). As indicated by standardized, quantitative measures, by changes in the client’s behavior patterns, and by the client’s subjective report, the treatment was very effective. An analysis of the therapy process illustrates the importance of a combination of manual-based procedures with individualized case formulations and interventions. The case is discussed in the context of enhancing the cognitive-behavioral treatment of PTSD.
Using Case Studies to Develop Theory: Roadmap to a Dialogue
Authors: Fishman Daniel B. 
Published: April 2014

This issue’s target article by William Stiles (2009) presents a general paradigm that explains how the "logical operations" of deduction, induction, and abduction can be applied to case-study-level observations in order to build, test, and refine applied psychology theories in areas like psychotherapy. Stiles’ paradigm is exemplified in the development of his own "assimilation model" of psychological change across many types of successful therapy. The subsequent commentaries, written by nine well-known psychologists representing a wide diversity of perspectives and expertise, fall into three general categories. These include illustrations of the usefulness of Stiles paradigm, and critiques of the Stiles paradigm as either being "insufficiently grounded" in mainstream scientific method and philosophy of science, or being "too grounded" in traditional science and not open to new philosophical developments in the areas of moral theory, pragmatic approaches to truth, and methodical hermeneutics. Because of the richness of the issues raised here, publication of further dialogue between Stiles and the commentators is planned for 2010.
Lurching Toward Theory: The Case of Case Study Research in Conflict Mediation
Authors: Kressel Kenneth 
Published: April 2014

William Stiles (2009) makes a cogent argument for the value of case study methods for building practice relevant theory in psychotherapy. My use of case study methods in the domain of conflict mediation, an area of professional practice in which more traditional empirical methods have largely failed to answer questions of most interest to practitioners, well illustrates many of Stiles’ points. Although mediation has more delimited objectives than psychotherapy and is practiced by many individuals with little if any mental health training, its practitioners face the same challenge of exerting influence in situations of considerable tension, ambivalence, and unpredictability. Stiles’ argument for the case study as a theory building device resonates most strongly with my own experience in three major ways: (1) The value of the case study for connecting theory to practice; (2) the capacity of the case study to capitalize on problematic or unique experiences; and (3) the ability of case studies to generate the kind of rich observations that allow theories to be productively modified and adapted. I illustrate these points by describing my gradual movement towards a theory of expert mediation practice in a series of case study investigations in three diverse domains: divorce mediation in a family court; the management of conflict in a university medical center; and the mediation of conflict among scientists by ombudsmen-mediators at The National Institutes of Health.
The Logic of Case-Study Methodology
Authors: Held Barbara S. 
Published: April 2014

The question of how we deploy logic in developing and justifying scientific theories of any sort is an important one. In this commentary, I consider William Stiles’ (2009) arguments about the logical operations that are deployed especially in theory-building case-study research in psychotherapy. My commentary contains three sections, defined by three sets of distinctions: (a) the distinction between description and explanation in theory building, (b) the distinction between theory building and theory justification, and (c) the distinction between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to theory building in case-study methodology.
The Use of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Promote Authenticity
Authors: Pachankis John E. 
Published: April 2014

Glassgold’s (2009) case study offers an excellent example of combining LGB-specific empirical findings with established treatments that have been shown to work for the general treatment-seeking population. In doing so, she helps her client, Felix, take a stand about who he is as a gay man and thus move towards a more authentic self. I focus this commentary on 1) the potential hazards of masculine ideology on gay male development, 2) the use of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) to promote our gay clients’ authenticity in the face of challenges to healthy sexual orientation development, and 3) the need for empirical tests of the integration of LGB-specific research findings into established treatment approaches. Although the field still awaits controlled trials of affirmative approaches to LGB-specific clinical issues, this should not stop clinicians from drawing on the relevant empirical work to facilitate successful treatments of our LGB clients’ presenting issues. Glassgold’s approach serves as an excellent example of the integration of this research into a cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of anxiety and panic.
Autobiographical Memory Narratives in Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied to the Case of Cynthia
Authors: Singer Jefferson A. , Bonalume Laura 
Published: April 2014

Recent cognitive and psychodynamic oriented therapies have converged on the powerful role that narrative processing plays in psychotherapy. Although previous coding systems have examined specific aspects of memory narratives, there are no comprehensive methods for coding segments of clinical evaluations or psychotherapy sessions that zero in on the unit of a briefly recounted autobiographical memory narrative. The present single case study aims to introduce and to demonstrate the Coding System for Autobiographical Memory Narratives in Psychotherapy (CS-AMNP; Singer & Bonalume, 2008) with a young female client whom we call "Cynthia." We applied this autobiographical memory narrative approach to the diagnostic interview of Cynthia in evaluation for psychotherapy and compared predictions based on its results to the clinician’s report of Cynthia's actual therapeutic outcome. This study demonstrates the utility of the coding system for personality assessment and case conceptualization in the service of ongoing treatment. In addition, implications of this coding system for future research, clinical practice, and training are discussed.
Using Systematic Case Studies to Investigate Therapist Responsiveness: Examples from a Case Series of PTSD Treatments
Authors: Edwards David J.A. 
Published: April 2014

This article highlights the emerging literature on therapist responsiveness in psychotherapy and examines several concepts used to identify dimensions of responsiveness. Some methodological obstacles are identified to studying responsiveness in a systematic manner, and several examples of existing responsiveness research are reviewed. It is argued that meaningful theory on responsiveness has emerged from research methods that are qualitative and interpretive and that the writing of systematic case studies can be of particular importance since only the presentation of a case unfolding over time can disclose some of the more complex aspects of therapist responsiveness. Examination of a series of systematic case studies of the treatment of posttraumatic case disorder in South Africa was used to derive a model for guiding therapist responsiveness with respect with what to focus on at a particular phase of the therapy within a particular session. Material from the cases is used to illustrate aspects of the model related to building social support for the client and promoting emotional processing of trauma memories.
Case Studies Help Us Read Between the Lines of Manual-Driven Therapy
Authors: Eells Tracy D. 
Published: April 2014

Edwards’ (2010) article illuminates the benefits of systematic case series analysis in exploring metacompetencies such as therapist responsiveness. These benefits are unique contributions of systematic case analyses since the situational and temporal contexts provided by cases are lost in group comparison research such as randomized clinical trials. For this reason, the two approaches triangulate well with each other, in the sense described by Edwards. Aggregation of findings from multiple cases facilitates generalization. Edward’s systematic case series of PTSD treatments demonstrates one important and pragmatic way in which this generalization can be accomplished. I discuss Edward’s approach to studying therapist responsiveness in light of methodology, theory-building, training, and case formulation.
A Promising Strategy for Critically Evaluating Case Studies: Introduction to an Issue on the Adjudicated Case Study Method
Authors: Fishman Daniel B. 
Published: April 2014

This introduction is designed to orient the reader to the 11 articles that comprise this issue of PCSP. The theme of the articles is an exploration of the adjudicated case study method. The rationale for this approach is first outlined below. This is followed by a brief description of the three different types of adjudicated case study methods presented and illustrated by specific case studies in this issue. These include: Ronald B. Miller's "Panels of Psychological Inquiry" model; Arthur C. Bohart's "Research Jury Method"; and Robert Elliott's "Hermeneutic Single Case Design" model. This article series ends with a commentary by Susan Stephen and Robert Elliott on issues that cross cut the three models, with the implications of these issues for improving the overall adjudication method.
Contrasting Two Clients in Emotion-Focused Therapy for Depression 1: The Case of "Tom," "Trapped in the Tunnel"
Authors: Watson Jeanne C. , Goldman Rhonda N. , Greenberg Leslie S. 
Published: April 2014

The objective in this paper is to present a case drawn from a series of randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing brief (16-20 sessions), emotion-focused therapy (EFT) the process experiential approach with client-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression. A case comparison method that triangulates data from clients’ histories, in-session process, post-session questionnaires, and post-therapy outcome measures was used to increase understanding of those factors that contribute to successful and unsuccessful outcomes. The case comparison method examines the role of the working alliance, clients’ emotional processing, clients’ and therapists’ interpersonal processes, and clients’ cognitive processing, as well as the specific changes that clients report immediately following their sessions that have been found to be related to therapeutic outcomes. The method is illustrated with two examples one a poor outcome case and the other a good outcome case The poor outcome case of "Tom" is presented in this article, and the good outcome case of "Eloise" is presented in the next article by Goldman, Watson, and Greenberg (2011). These two cases extend and build on the cases presented by the authors in their book Case Studies in Emotion-Focused Treatment of Depression: A Comparison of Good and Poor Outcome (Watson, Goldman, & Greenberg, 2007), in which six clients, three good outcome and three poor outcome, were compared and contrasted using the case-comparison method.
Theory Development via Single Cases: A Case Study of the Therapeutic Relationship in Psychodynamic Therapy
Authors: Messer Stanley B. 
Published: April 2014

The goals of this paper are (a) to demonstrate how study of the therapeutic alliance in single cases of psychodynamic therapy can exemplify and instantiate theoretical concepts and lead to the development or refinement of psychotherapy theory, research and practice, as illustrated in the case of Ron and in Hans Strupp's classic analyses of pairs of comparable successful and unsuccessful cases; (b) to point out methodological challenges of case studies as a source of reliable and valid data; and (c) to illustrate the greater influence of clinical case studies compared to research reviews of the psychotherapy literature on the practitioner.
Empathy and Otherness: Humanistic and Phenomenological Approaches to Psychotherapy of Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Pienkos Elizabeth , Sass Louis A. 
Published: April 2014

In this commentary, we respond to Atwood’s (2012) article, "Psychotherapy as a Human Science: Clinical Case Studies Exploring the Abyss of Madness," by highlighting some of the theoretical ideals that guide Atwood’s writing and his therapy work. In particular, we consider how these case studies fit into the larger paradigm of humanistic psychology, and how this perspective informed Atwood’s work with his clients, providing him with the understanding and empathy that facilitated the therapeutic healing he describes. We also consider the different, but complementary, idea in phenomenological psychiatry of "radical otherness," which suggests the fundamental impossibility of complete empathy, and how this can be therapeutic, particularly when treating cases of schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the contributions of phenomenology to the understanding of schizophrenia, and its implications for treatment.