bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsampling Versus Bootstrapping in Resampling-Based Model Selection for Multivariable Regression
Authors: De Bin Riccardo , Janitza Silke , Sauerbrei Willi , Boulesteix Anne-Laure 
Published: August 2015

Summary
In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to the problem of the stability of multivariable regression models, understood as the resistance of the model to small changes in the data on which it has been fitted. Resampling techniques, mainly based on the bootstrap, have been developed to address this issue. In particular, the approaches based on the idea of “inclusion frequency” consider the repeated implementation of a variable selection procedure, for example backward elimination, on several bootstrap samples. The analysis of the variables selected in each iteration provides useful information on the model stability and on the variables’ importance. Recent findings, nevertheless, show possible pitfalls in the use of the bootstrap, and alternatives such as subsampling have begun to be taken into consideration in the literature. Using model selection frequencies and variable inclusion frequencies, we empirically compare these two different resampling techniques, investigating the effect of their use in selected classical model selection procedures for multivariable regression. We conduct our investigations by analyzing two real data examples and by performing a simulation study. Our results reveal some advantages in using a subsampling technique rather than the bootstrap in this context.
Developing a questionnaire on technology‐integrated mathematics instruction: A case study of the AMA training course in Xinjiang and Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chun‐Yi , Chen Ming‐Jang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study describes the development of a questionnaire to evaluate how teachers perceive technology‐integrated math instruction. Following an AMA (Activate Mind Attention) training course, we surveyed 322 teachers to understand their views on the implantation of AMA in the classroom. We also analyzed differences in viewpoints between teachers from Xinjiang and those from Taiwan. This questionnaire could be used in other studies on technology‐integrated training for math teachers and also provide a basis for improving AMA design workshops, thereby enhancing the ability of teachers to implement AMA effectively.
Helping patients to reach decisions regarding their treatment: Do ‘non‐directive’ approaches cause systematic bias?
Authors: MacInnes Joy Anne , Salkovskis Paul M. , Wroe Abigail , Hope Tony 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesMany patients want help in considering medical information relevant to treatment decisions they have to make or agree to. The present research investigated whether focussing on particular issues relevant to a medical treatment decision (using an apparently non‐directive procedure) could systematically bias a treatment decision.Design and methodsIn a randomized design, participants (community volunteers, n = 146) were given standard information about treatment of cardiac risk factors by medication (statins). There were four experimental interventions in which the participants focussed on the likely personal relevance of subsets of the information previously given (positive, negative, or mixed aspects) or on irrelevant information. Participants were asked to rate their anticipated likelihood of accepting treatment before and after the experimental intervention.ResultsThe rating of acceptance of treatment was significantly increased by positive focussing; negative focussing did not significantly alter the decision rating.ConclusionsThe results partially replicate similar studies in health screening decisions. Reasons for the differences in results from those obtained in screening studies are considered. It is suggested that negative focussing may have less effect in decisions in which there are few risks.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Decision‐making in the context of health behaviour change has been widely described, but there are few experimental studies testing hypothesised strategies.

‘Non‐directiveness’ is often regarded as desirable because it supposedly allows exploration of the decision without influencing it.

Previous studies on health screening (but not treatment) have shown that health decision outcomes can be systematically influenced by the way in which a ‘non‐directive’ intervention is implemented.

This can be accounted for by a modified subjective expected utility theory previously applied to both health screening and child vaccination decisions.

What does this study add?

The hypothetical decision about whether or not, in future, to take statins for elevated cholesterol levels was influenced by positive but not by negative focussing.

Results were consistent with the theoretical framework.

This study extends previous work on influences on the decision to undertake health screening and vaccination to treatment offered as secondary prevention.

‘Non‐directive’ approaches to helping facilitate decisions can modify those decisions, and as such cannot be regarded as non‐directive.
The Rise and Stall of Canada's Gender‐Equity Revolution
Authors: Guppy Neil , Luongo Nicole 
Published: August 2015

The growing symmetry in gender roles is a revolutionary change as consequential as technological advances and globalization. We illustrate how the social world in Canada has changed for women and men over the course of the last century, both in terms of greater gender equity and of policies supporting equity. However, some of the significant changes that occurred in the last 100 years have recently stalled, while the overall progress has been uneven for certain subgroups. We suggest reasons for both the stalling and the unevenness and make policy recommendations for reigniting the march to enhanced equality between the sexes.La symétrie croissante des rôles liés aux identités sexuelles constitue un changement révolutionnaire, dont les conséquences sont aussi puissantes que celles dues aux avancées technologiques et à la globalisation. Nous démontrons comment la sphère sociale canadienne a changé pour la femme et pour l'homme durant le dernier siècle, tant au niveau de l’égalité des sexes qu'au niveau des politiques qui soutiennent cette égalité. Toutefois, certains des changements importants qui ont eu lieu durant le dernier siècle ont connu une récente stagnation, et certains changements n'ont pas été appliqués avec le même effort dans tous les groupes sociaux. Nous proposons des explications pour cette stagnation et pour ces inégalités, tout en suggérant des améliorations politiques qui viseront à relancer la progression vers une égalité complète entre hommes et femmes.
Distal Communication by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for Common Ground?
Authors: Leavens David A. , Reamer Lisa A. , Mareno Mary Catherine , Russell Jamie L. , Wilson Daniel , Schapiro Steven J. , Hopkins William D. 
Published: August 2015

van der Goot et al. (2014) proposed that distal, deictic communication indexed the appreciation of the psychological state of a common ground between a signaler and a receiver. In their study, great apes did not signal distally, which they construed as evidence for the human uniqueness of a sense of common ground. This study exposed 166 chimpanzees to food and an experimenter, at an angular displacement, to ask, “Do chimpanzees display distal communication?” Apes were categorized as (a) proximal or (b) distal signalers on each of four trials. The number of chimpanzees who communicated proximally did not statistically differ from the number who signaled distally. Therefore, contrary to the claim by van der Goot et al., apes do communicate distally.
Effortful Control Predicts Adolescent Antisocial‐Aggressive Behaviors and Depressive Symptoms: Co‐Occurrence and Moderation by Impulsivity
Authors: Wang Frances L. , Chassin Laurie , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. 
Published: August 2015

Effortful control is associated with fewer aggressive‐antisocial behaviors (AAB) and depressive symptoms (DEP), but impulsivity may moderate these relations. However, few researchers have considered the effects of AAB‐DEP co‐occurrence. A multi‐informant, multimethod approach assessed 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds’ effortful control and impulsivity and, 5–6 years later, their AAB and DEP (N = 474). Participants were non‐Hispanic Caucasian (59.2%) or Hispanic (27.9%) from a Southwestern U.S. metropolitan area. Low effortful control predicted pure AAB. Low effortful control and low impulsivity predicted pure DEP and co‐occurring AAB‐DEP. An effortful Control × Impulsivity × Age interaction predicted pure AAB and co‐occurring AAB‐DEP. For older adolescents, lower effortful control predicted more symptoms only at average and high impulsivity. Results highlight multiple pathways to pure DEP versus pure AAB or co‐occurring AAB‐DEP.
Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (fSCIg) therapy – practical considerations
Authors: Ponsford M , Carne E , Kingdon C , Joyce C , Price C , Williams C , El-Shanawany T , Williams P , Jolles S 
Published: August 2015

Summary
There is an increasing range of therapeutic options for primary antibody-deficient patients who require replacement immunoglobulin. These include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg), rapid push SCIg and most recently recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated SCIg (fSCIg). Advantages of fSCIg include fewer needle punctures, longer infusion intervals and an improved adverse effect profile relative to IVIg. Limited real-life experience exists concerning the practical aspects of switching or starting patients on fSCIg. We describe the first 14 patients who have been treated with fSCIg at the Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales (ICW), representing more than 6 patient-years of experience. The regimen was well tolerated, with high levels of satisfaction and no increase in training requirement, including for a treatment-naive patient. Two patients discontinued fSCIg due to pain and swelling at the infusion site, and one paused therapy following post-infusion migraines. Ultrasound imaging of paired conventional and facilitated SCIg demonstrated clear differences in subcutaneous space distribution associated with a 10-fold increase in rate and volume delivery with fSCIg. Patient profiles for those choosing fSCIg fell into two main categories: those experiencing clinical problems with their current treatment and those seeking greater convenience and flexibility. When introducing fSCIg, consideration of the type and programming of infusion pump, needle gauge and length, infusion site, up-dosing schedule, home training and patient information are important, as these may differ from conventional SCIg. This paper provides guidance on practical aspects of the administration, training and outcomes to help inform decision-making for this new treatment modality.
Brain and behavioral inhibitory control of kindergartners facing negative emotions
Authors: Farbiash Tali , Berger Andrea 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInhibitory control (IC) – one of the most critical functions underlying a child's ability to self‐regulate – develops significantly throughout the kindergarten years. Experiencing negative emotions imposes challenges on executive functioning and may specifically affect IC. In this study, we examined kindergartners' IC and its related brain activity during a negative emotional situation: 58 children (aged 5.5–6.5 years) performed an emotion‐induction Go/NoGo task. During this task, we recorded children's performance and brain activity, focusing on the fronto‐central N2 component in the event‐related potential (ERP) and the power of its underlying theta frequency. Compared to Go trials, inhibition of NoGo trials was associated with larger N2 amplitudes and theta power. The negative emotional experience resulted in better IC performance and, at the brain level, in larger theta power. Source localization of this effect showed that the brain activity related to IC during the negative emotional experience was principally generated in the posterior frontal regions. Furthermore, the band power measure was found to be a more sensitive index for children's inhibitory processes than N2 amplitudes. This is the first study to focus on kindergartners' IC while manipulating their emotional experience to induce negative emotions. Our findings suggest that a kindergartner's experience of negative emotion can result in improved IC and increases in associated aspects of brain activity. Our results also suggest the utility of time‐frequency analyses in the study of brain processes associated with response inhibition in young children.
Family preferences for home or hospital care at diagnosis for children with diabetes in the DECIDE study
Authors: Morgan‐Trimmer S. , Channon S. , Gregory J. W. , Townson J. , Lowes L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimsA diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes in childhood can be a difficult life event for children and families. For children who are not severely ill, initial home rather than hospital‐based care at diagnosis is an option although there is little research on which is preferable. Practice varies widely, with long hospital stays in some countries and predominantly home‐based care in others. This article reports on the comparative acceptability and experience of children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents taking part in the DECIDE study evaluating outcomes of home or hospital‐based treatment from diagnosis in the UK.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with 11 (pairs of) parents and seven children were conducted between 15 and 20 months post diagnosis. Interviewees were asked about adaptation to, management and impact of the diabetes diagnosis, and their experience of initial post‐diagnosis treatment.ResultsThere were no differences between trial arms in adaptation to, management of or impact of diabetes. Most interviewees wanted to be randomized to the ‘home’ arm initially but expressed a retrospective preference for whichever trial arm they had been in, and cited benefits relating to learning about diabetes management.ConclusionsThe setting for early treatment did not appear to have a differential impact on families in the long term. However, the data presented here describe different experiences of early treatment settings from the perspective of children and their families, and factors that influenced how families felt initially about treatment setting. Further research could investigate the short‐term benefits of both settings.
Your ticket to independence: a guide to getting your first Principal Investigator position
Authors: Káradóttir Ragnhildur Thóra , Letzkus Johannes J. , Mameli Manuel , Ribeiro Carlos 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe transition to scientific independence as a principal investigator (PI) can seem like a daunting and mysterious process to postdocs and students ‐ something that many aspire to while at the same time wondering how to achieve this goal and what being a PI really entails. The FENS Kavli Network of Excellence (FKNE) is a group of young faculty who have recently completed this step in various fields of neuroscience across Europe. In a series of opinion pieces from FKNE scholars, we aim to demystify this process and to offer the next generation of up‐and‐coming PIs some advice and personal perspectives on the transition to independence, starting here with guidance on how to get hired to your first PI position. Rather than providing an exhaustive overview of all facets of the hiring process, we focus on a few key aspects that we have learned to appreciate in the quest for our own labs: What makes a research programme exciting and successful? How can you identify great places to apply to and make sure your application stands out? What are the key objectives for the job talk and the interview? How do you negotiate your position? And finally, how do you decide on a host institute that lets you develop both scientifically and personally in your new role as head of a lab?
Geometry‐coupled reactive fluid transport at the fracture scale: application toCO2geologic storage
Authors: Kim S. , Santamarina J. C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWater acidification followsCO2injection and leads to reactive fluid transport through pores and rock fractures, with potential implications to reservoirs and wells inCO2geologic storage and enhanced oil recovery. Kinetic rate laws for dissolution reactions in calcite and anorthite are combined with the Navier‐Stokes law and advection–diffusion transport to perform geometry‐coupled numerical simulations in order to study the evolution of chemical reactions, species concentration, and fracture morphology. Results are summarized as a function of two dimensionless parameters: the Damköhler numberDawhich is the ratio between advection and reaction times, and the transverse Peclet numberPedefined as the ratio between the time for diffusion across the fracture and the time for advection along the fracture. Reactant species are readily consumed near the inlet in a carbonate reservoir when the flow velocity is low (low transverse Peclet number andDa > 10−1). At high flow velocities, diffusion fails to homogenize the concentration field across the fracture (high transverse Peclet numberPe > 10−1). When the reaction rate is low as in anorthite reservoirs (Da < 10−1), reactant species are more readily transported toward the outlet. At a given Peclet number, a lower Damköhler number causes the flow channel to experience a more uniform aperture enlargement along the length of the fracture. When the length‐to‐aperture ratio is sufficiently large, sayl/d > 30, the system response resembles the solution for 1D reactive fluid transport. A decreased length‐to‐aperture ratio slows the diffusive transport of reactant species to the mineral fracture surface, and analyses of fracture networks must take into consideration both the length and slenderness of individual fractures in addition toPeandDanumbers.
Liver regeneration after splenectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Yamada Shinichiro , Morine Yuji , Imura Satoru , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Arakawa Yusuke , Iwahashi Shuichi , Saito Yu , Yoshikawa Masato , Teraoku Hiroki , Shimada Mitsuo 
Published: August 2015

AimSplenectomy is a well‐known procedure to improve thrombocytopenia and liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). However, the effect of splenectomy on liver regeneration remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of splenectomy on liver regeneration.MethodsTwenty patients with LC who underwent splenectomy were included in this study. Liver and splenic volumes were measured by a 3‐D simulation imaging system. Liver volume (LV) and clinicopathological data were compared before and 6 months after splenectomy. Thereafter, patients were divided into two groups: the elevated LV group and the reduced LV group. Patient characteristics were compared between the two groups.ResultsPostoperative LV was increased in 14 patients compared with the preoperative state. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, total bilirubin and prothrombin time were improved after splenectomy. In the elevated LV group, four patients exhibited improved Child–Pugh grades after splenectomy, whereas no patients demonstrated improvement in the reduced LV group. The elevated LV group exhibited high albumin level, good indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min and large splenic volume compared with the same measurements in the decreased group. Patients with larger spleen volumes and higher albumin values before splenectomy showed increased rates of LV after splenectomy.ConclusionSplenectomy for patients with LC improved pancytopenia and liver function. Especially, in patients with large spleen and high albumin levels, considerable increases in LV and improved liver function were observed.
A Comparative Analysis of Graduate Employment Prospects in European Labour Markets: A Study of Graduate Recruitment in Four Countries
Authors: Branine Mohamed , Avramenko Alex 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of higher education and the graduate labour markets in selected European countries (France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom) in the context of the expectations of graduates and prospective employers, and respective recruitment and selection practices. Expectations of graduating students from a number of European collaborating universities are sought and analysed in order to find out about a match between the knowledge and skills of graduates and the needs of European employers. The study examines the process of graduate recruitment, employee and employer expectations, and the role of higher education institutions in meeting such expectations. Primary data was gathered from 252 employers and 485 final year (graduating) students through the use of questionnaires. The analysis of the data collected has revealed different approaches to but similar methods of graduate recruitment between the four countries. Despite the current differences in higher education systems and labour market trends, the expectations of employers and graduating students are more similar than different. It is concluded that EU graduates will have good employment prospects in an integrated labour market.
Industrial relations and the management of whistleblowing after the Francis report: what can be learned from the evidence?
Authors: Lewis David , D'Angelo Alessio , Clarke Lisa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article focuses on the results obtained from the quantitative surveys conducted for the independent review into creating an open and honest report culture in the NHS. It examines the management of whistleblowing and discusses the research findings in the light of the recommendations made by Sir Robert Francis QC in his ‘Freedom to Speak Up’ report published in February 2015. The authors believe that the principles and actions set out in this report and the detailed Annexe describing various aspects of good practice are generally applicable in both the public and private sectors. In so far as it provides evidence that those who follow their employer's procedure when raising a concern have better outcomes than others, the authors conclude that the quantitative research for Francis is consistent with other findings that power resources and institutional arrangements can be critical to the whistleblowing process.
States as Gender Equality Activists: The Evolution of Quota Laws in Latin America
Authors: Piscopo Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article examines two decades of strengthening, expansion, and diffusion of gender quota laws in Latin America. The analysis departs from studies of quotas' adoption, numerical effectiveness, or policy impacts, instead focusing on states' use of coercive power to integrate women into public and private institutions. Viewing these policies in light of feminist theories of the poststructuralist state reveals how state institutions act to restructure government and promote gender equality. In building this argument, the article presents an up-to-date empirical survey and conceptual understanding of quota evolution in Latin America, including recent developments in countries such as Chile, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Uruguay.