bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of pneumatic valve dispenser for printing viscous biomaterials in additive manufacturing
Authors: Ren Xiang , Zhang Qingwei , Liu Kewei , Li Ho-lung , Zhou Jack G. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is establishing a general mathematical model and theoretical design rules for 3D printing of biomaterials. Additive manufacturing of biomaterials provides many opportunities for fabrication of complex tissue structures, which are difficult to fabricate by traditional manufacturing methods. Related problems and research tasks are raised by the study on biomaterials’ 3D printing. Most researchers are interested in the materials studies; however, the corresponded additive manufacturing machine is facing some technical problems in printing user-prepared biomaterials. New biomaterials have uncertainty in physical properties, such as viscosity and surface tension coefficient. Therefore, the 3D printing process requires lots of trials to achieve proper printing parameters, such as printing layer thickness, maximum printing line distance and printing nozzle’s feeding speed; otherwise, the desired computer-aided design (CAD) file will not be printed successfully in 3D printing.

Design/methodology/approach
– Most additive manufacturing machine for user-prepared bio-material use pneumatic valve dispensers or extruder as printing nozzle, because the air pressure activated valve can print many different materials, which have a wide range of viscosity. We studied the structure inside the pneumatic valve dispenser in our 3D heterogeneous printing machine, and established mathematical models for 3D printing CAD structure and fluid behaviors inside the dispenser during printing process.

Findings
– Based on theoretical modeling, we found that the bio-material’s viscosity, surface tension coefficient and pneumatic valve dispenser’s dispensing step time will affect the final structure directly. We verified our mathematical model by printing of two kinds of self-prepared biomaterials, and the results supported our modeling and theoretical calculation.

Research limitations/implications
– For a certain kinds of biomaterials, the mathematical model and design rules will have unique solutions to the functions and equations. Therefore, each biomaterial’s physical data should be collected and input to the model for specified solutions. However, for each user-made 3D printing machine, the core programming code can be modified to adjust the parameters, which follows our mathematical model and the related CAD design rules.

Originality
– This study will provide a universal mathematical method to set up design rules for new user-prepared biomaterials in 3D printing of a CAD structure.
Options for additive rapid prototyping methods (3D printing) in MEMS technology
Authors: A. Lifton Victor , Lifton Gregory , Simon Steve 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This study aims to investigate the options for additive rapid prototyping methods in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Additive rapid prototyping technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS), all commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing methods, are reviewed and compared with the resolution requirements of the traditional MEMS fabrication methods.

Design/methodology/approach
– In the 3D print approach, the entire assembly, parts and prototypes are built using various plastic and metal materials directly from the software file input, completely bypassing any additional processing steps. The review highlights their potential place in the overall process flow to reduce the complexity of traditional microfabrication and long processing cycles needed to test multiple prototypes before the final design is set.

Findings
– Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing technique in micro-device technology.

Practical implications
– In the current state of 3D printing, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for fluid handling and manipulation appear to be the most compatible with the 3D print methods, given their fairly coarse minimum feature size of 50-500 μm. Future directions in the 3D materials and method development are identified, such as adhesion and material compatibility studies of the 3D print materials, wafer-level printing and conductive materials development. One of the most important goals should be the drive toward finer resolution and layer thickness (1-10 μm) to stimulate the use of the 3D printing in a wider array of MEMS devices.

Originality/value
– The review combines two discrete disciplines, microfabrication and AM, and shows how microfabrication and micro-device commercialization may benefit from employing methods developed by the AM community.
A method to represent heterogeneous materials for rapid prototyping: the Matryoshka approach
Authors: Lei Shuangyan , C. Frank Matthew , D. Anderson Donald , D. Brown Thomas 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a new method for representing heterogeneous materials using nested STL shells, based, in particular, on the density distributions of human bones.

Design/methodology/approach
– Nested STL shells, called Matryoshka models, are described, based on their namesake Russian nesting dolls. In this approach, polygonal models, such as STL shells, are “stacked” inside one another to represent different material regions. The Matryoshka model addresses the challenge of representing different densities and different types of bone when reverse engineering from medical images. The Matryoshka model is generated via an iterative process of thresholding the Hounsfield Unit (HU) data using computed tomography (CT), thereby delineating regions of progressively increasing bone density. These nested shells can represent regions starting with the medullary (bone marrow) canal, up through and including the outer surface of the bone.

Findings
– The Matryoshka approach introduced can be used to generate accurate models of heterogeneous materials in an automated fashion, avoiding the challenge of hand-creating an assembly model for input to multi-material additive or subtractive manufacturing.

Originality/value
– This paper presents a new method for describing heterogeneous materials: in this case, the density distribution in a human bone. The authors show how the Matryoshka model can be used to plan harvesting locations for creating custom rapid allograft bone implants from donor bone. An implementation of a proposed harvesting method is demonstrated, followed by a case study using subtractive rapid prototyping to harvest a bone implant from a human tibia surrogate.
A strategic look at how to extend your digital footprint
Authors: North Steve , Jason Oliver John 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the key strategic questions that need to be considered when evaluating whether or not to extend a company’s reach across multiple digital platforms.

Design/methodology/approach
– The viewpoint presented in this paper reflects both the practical experience of conceiving, launching and implementing a multi-platform digital strategy, combined with an academic insight into branding and strategic resource allocation and management.

Findings
– Before extending the digital footprint, executives need to consider several key questions that will impact on the relative success of their digital strategy.

Practical implications
– A digital strategy that extends a company’s reach across multiple platforms needs to be considered in terms of delivering against corporate- and business-level strategy to be effective.

Originality/value
– This paper presents a unique combination of practical experience fused with academic knowledge on the key questions that should be considered to successfully design and implement a multi-platform digital strategy.
The merits of ISO 26000 for CSR development in the mining industry: a case study in the Zambian Copperbelt
Authors: Ranängen Helena , Zobel Thomas , Bergström Andrea 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to design a case study to explore how a mining and construction company, located in the Zambian Copperbelt, practices corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has a vital role to play in the mining industry because of its importance in a range of areas including: the local economy, avoiding a negative impact on the environment and society and occupational safety. This is especially true in the developing parts of the world. Numerous initiatives, guidelines and tools have been made available for CSR practice but very little is known about the usefulness of the new CSR-standard International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 26000.

Design/methodology/approach
– A case study was designed to explore how a mining and construction company, located in the Zambian Copperbelt, practices CSR within the health area and to discuss the possible merits of ISO 26000 for CSR development in the mining industry in the developing world.

Findings
– Our findings show that, despite the fact that ISO 26000 is primarily a series of guidelines, it can be used to evaluate and improve a company’s CSR practice even if that company is already considered as a frontrunner within CSR. The standard can give valuable advice when designing community development programs and allocating the use of charity donations. Further, our study has shown that traditional management systems based on occupational health and safety standard 18001 and ISO 14001 can rather effectively support actions and expectations in ISO 26000.

Research limitations/implications
– The research context is Zambia, so there might be limitations when applying the results to other cultural and geographical settings.

Practical implications
– The paper is a useful source of information about the practical implementation of CSR within the health area.

Originality/value
– Much of the literature within the field of practical implementation of CSR is focusing on the philanthropic activities. This paper brings more information about practical implementation of CSR in core corporate business.
Behavioral and demographic predictors of staff ratings of role model status in a corrections-based therapeutic community for women
Authors: I. Hodge Ashleigh , L. Warren Keith , V. Linley Jessica 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine personal and social network characteristics that predict staff ratings of therapeutic community (TC) resident role model status.Design/methodology/approach– In all, 49 incarcerated female residents tracked interactions with peers, including verbal affirmations and corrections, during a 12-hour period. Two weeks later, staff members were surveyed about their view of participants as role models. Poisson regression was used to analyze resident interactions and demographics as predictors of role model status.Findings– The number of corrections given to peers was positively related to staff ratings of role model status (B=0.234, SE=0.088,p=0.008). The number of affirmations given was negatively related to staff ratings (B=−0.112, SE=0.051,p=0.028). Resident phase was positively related to staff ratings (B=0.256, SE=0.102,p=0.012). These values did not significantly change when controlling for affirmations and corrections received from peers, non-programmatic interactions between residents, or resident demographics.Research limitations/implications– These results imply that TC staff judge role model status by resident actions in the community rather than demographics or peer reactions. External validity is limited by the single site, case study design, and the fact that only female TC residents were sampled.Originality/value– This study is the first to track resident peer interactions over the course of a day and to link those interactions to role model status.
Knowledge assimilation by employees in learning organizations
Authors: Marcus Tali , Shoham Snunith 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to examine the factors related to the employee as an individual, that affect the quality and level of the individual’s assimilation of knowledge (AOK) which is transmitted by way of organizational learning.

Design/methodology/approach
– All subjects (317) of this research were employed at different positions in day camps of a social organization. The study examined the subjects’ AOK relating to the organization’s security and safety procedures. The variables examined in this study include: the employee’s organizational commitment; the employee’s perception of the organization’s culture; the employee’s perception of the advantage inherent in the security and safety information; the employee’s self-efficacy; and the employee’s motivation to assimilate the new knowledge.

Findings
– The research variables explained a significant part (37 per cent) of the variance obtained with respect to assimilation and learning in the organization. The most powerful explanation for the variance in degree of implementation was the perception of the organization’s security and safety culture and the subject’s self-efficacy. Subjects’ perceived advantage from the knowledge did not make a significant contribution and motivation serves as a mediator but it does not mediate directly between the variables and AOK.

Research limitations/implications
– The research was conducted in a single organization. We recommend conducting similar studies in other organizations, including other types of organizations, to strengthen the conclusions which derive from our research. We also recommend that future research should use alternative methodologies (e.g. qualitative research and review of the results by experts) since other methodologies might reveal new facts that may have been uncovered in the use of the quantitative method applied in our research.

Practical implications
– We recommend that an organization which strives to be a learning organization, should pay attention, inter alia, to factors relating to the employees themselves, and in particular: increasing the employees’ self-efficacy, clarifying the benefits to the employee of the transmitted knowledge; and bringing the organization’s values and culture into clearer focus for the employees.

Originality/value
– The unique nature of our research model is twofold: first, the variables on which we have chosen to focus are different from other studies, and to our knowledge, the combination of these variables and the examination of these variables in relation to learning in the context of organizations have not been examined in other studies. Second, our model gauges the effects of an employee’s subjective perception with relation to his organization’s culture, his perceived advantage with regard to the subject-matter which he is learning and his self-assessed existing knowledge.
Stakeholder power and engagement in an English seaside context: implications for destination leadership
Authors: Kennedy Victoria , Augustyn Marcjanna M. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder power and engagement within an increasingly competitive English seaside resort setting. It aims to adopt a structuralist and functionalist perspective and develop an enabling conceptualisation of power that incorporates structural and agency components in stakeholders’ reasons for engaging. Based on the conceptual interdependencies between stakeholder power and engagement, this study aims to present the limitations of previous studies on destination leadership in this area, and this paper also seeks to discuss implications for destination leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
As a qualitative and exploratory study, mixed-method research was adopted using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with destination stakeholders from a prominent tourism action group. The primary research was carried out in an English seaside resort between 2010 and 2011. Data are used to draw a stakeholder map as a visual tool.

Findings
Eight elements of enabling power are confirmed to be of importance in identifying stakeholder power and engagement. The level of power varies depending on stakeholders’ position within a network. These findings direct attention towards adopting a complexity leadership approach in an increasingly competitive destination environment.

Research limitations/implications
The paper focuses on an English seaside resort, although results can be transferred to other similar-sized destinations where the focus is on local tourism policy development.

Originality/value
The paper provides an innovative conceptualisation of power in stakeholder theory by drawing primarily on a sociological understanding of power as an enabler and not as an inhibitor for development, leadership and change in seaside resorts. This paper uses leadership theories to interpret data and infer implications for destination leadership.
Did the context of economic crisis affect the image of Portugal as a tourist destination?
Authors: de Serpa Soares André 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to offer a response to the general proposed questions “Did the context of economic crisis affect the image of Portugal as a tourist destination? What were the answers and lessons learned?” from TAP Portugal perspective and what were, for the airline, the answers and lessons learned for the future.

Design/methodology/approach
– Major economic indicators in Portugal and Europe were compared with TAP numbers and Portuguese Travel and Tourism balance of payments.

Findings
– The image of Portugal as a tourist destination was not affected. Portugal managed to use the increase in international exposure to publicise itself for the right reasons. The key to future success lies on markets intelligence.

Originality/value
– This article constitutes an original viewpoint based on TAP market experience and may be useful for tourism and travel industry professionals, students and research community.
Did the context of economic crisis affect the image of Portugal as a tourist destination?
Authors: Nunes Adolfo Mesquita 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present the governmental perspective on the effects of the economic crisis on Portugal as a touristic destination.

Design/methodology/approach
– The main political decisions related to tourism were analysed and related to the sector’s present performance.

Findings
– Portugal’s public and private entities were able to use the crisis as an opportunity to increase the quality and competitiveness of the tourism sector and, as result, grow more than its main competitors.

Originality/value
– This paper concludes that there are still some challenges that the tourism sector faces, like the decline of the internal market and the level of prices, but overall, the sector has been showing signs of resilience that shall allow it to overcome its main issues.
Hot spots of mutualistic networks
Authors: Gilarranz Luis J. , Sabatino Malena , Aizen Marcelo A. , Bascompte Jordi 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Incorporating interactions into a biogeographical framework may serve to understand how interactions and the services they provide are distributed in space.

We begin by simulating the spatiotemporal dynamics of realistic mutualistic networks inhabiting spatial networks of habitat patches. We proceed by comparing the predicted patterns with the empirical results of a set of pollination networks in isolated hills of the Argentinian Pampas.

We first find that one needs to sample up to five times as much area to record interactions as would be needed to sample the same proportion of species.

Secondly, we find that peripheral patches have fewer interactions and harbour less nested networks – therefore potentially less resilient communities – compared to central patches.

Our results highlight the important role played by the structure of dispersal routes on the spatial distribution of community patterns. This may help to understand the formation of biodiversity hot spots.
Risk factors for dental caries in childhood: a five‐year survival analysis
Authors: Lee Hyo‐Jin , Kim Jin‐Bom , Jin Bo‐Hyoung , Paik Dai‐Il , Bae Kwang‐Hak 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors of dental caries at the level of an individual person with survival analysis of the prospective data for 5 years.MethodsA total of 249 first‐grade students participated in a follow‐up study for 5 years. All participants responded to a questionnaire inquiring about socio‐demographic variables and oral health behaviors. They also received an oral examination and were tested for Dentocult SM and LB. Over 5 years, the participants received yearly oral follow‐up examinations to determine the incidence of dental caries. The incidence of one or more dental caries (DC1) and four or more dental caries (DC4) were defined as one or more and four or more decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth increments, respectively. Socio‐demographic variables, oral health behaviors, and status and caries activity tests were assessed as risk factors for DC1 and DC4. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of risk factors for DC1 and DC4 were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.ResultsDuring the 5‐year follow‐up period, DC1 and DC4 occurred in 87 and 25 participants, respectively. In multivariate hazard models, five or more decayed, missing, and filled primary molar teeth [HR 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–3.13], and Dentocult LB of two or three (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.37–3.56) were independent risk factors of DC1. For DC4, only Dentocult LB of two or three was an independent risk factor (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.11–7.79).ConclusionsOur results suggest that dental caries incidence at an individual level can be associated with the experience of dental caries in primary teeth and Dentocult LB based on the survival models for the 5‐year prospective data.
Association between neck ultrasonographic findings and clinico‐pathological features in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Jang Eun Kyung , Kim Won Gu , Choi Yun Mi , Jeon Min Ji , Kwon Hyemi , Baek Jung Hwan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Kim Tae Yong , Shong Young Kee , Song Dong Eun , Kim Won Bae 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveThe follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) has multiple histological subtypes. Clinical outcomes of FVPTC are variable depending on the subtypes. This study evaluated the association of pre‐operative ultrasonographic (US) findings and clinico‐pathological features of FVPTC.PatientsThis retrospective study enrolled patients with FVPTC (n = 70), size‐matched classical variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CPTC, n = 328), follicular carcinoma (n = 85) and follicular adenoma (FA, n = 120). We defined the histological subtypes of FVPTC as infiltrative (I‐FVPTC; n = 19) or encapsulated (E‐FVPTC; n = 51) according to the presence of a fibrous capsule. Pre‐operative US was reviewed using a US scoring system and classified into low US score (n = 42) and high US score (n = 28).ResultsThe median US score for FVPTC was lower than CPTC (2 vs 7, P < 0·001), but higher than FA (2 vs 0, P < 0·001). The median US score for I‐FVPTC was significantly higher than E‐FVPTC (4 vs 2, P = 0·009). I‐FVPTC was more likely to be diagnosed as a malignancy or suspicious for malignancy on cytology than E‐FVPTC (P = 0·002). The cumulative risks of cervical lymph node (LN) or distant metastasis according to tumour size were significantly higher in I‐FVPTC than E‐FVPTC (all P < 0·001). The cumulative risks for cervical LN metastasis or capsular invasion according to tumour size were significantly higher in FVPTC with high US score than FVPTC with low US score (P = 0·005, P < 0·001, respectively).ConclusionsPre‐operative US findings of thyroid nodules were associated with not only histological subtypes, but also the clinical behaviour in FVPTC.