bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of PAM50 Risk of Recurrence Score With Oncotype DX and IHC4 for Predicting Risk of Distant Recurrence After Endocrine Therapy
Authors: Dowsett Mitch , Sestak Ivana , Lopez-Knowles Elena , Sidhu Kalvinder , Dunbier Anita K. , Cowens J. Wayne , Ferree Sean , Storhoff James , Schaper Carl , Cuzick Jack 
Published: July 2013

Purpose Risk of distant recurrence (DR) among women with estrogen receptor (ER) –positive early breast cancer is the major determinant of recommendations for or against chemotherapy. It is frequently estimated using the Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS). The PAM50 risk of recurrence (ROR) score provides an alternative approach, which also identifies intrinsic subtypes. Patients and Methods mRNA from 1,017 patients with ER-positive primary breast cancer treated with anastrozole or tamoxifen in the ATAC trial was assessed for ROR using the NanoString nCounter. Likelihood ratio (LR) tests and concordance indices (c indices) were used to assess the prognostic information provided beyond that of a clinical treatment score (CTS) by RS, ROR, or IHC4, an index of DR risk derived from immunohistochemical assessment of ER, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki67. Results ROR added significant prognostic information beyond CTS in all patients (Δ LR-χ2 = 33.9; P < .001) and in all four subgroups: node negative, node positive, HER2 negative, and HER2 negative/node negative; more information was added by ROR than by RS. C indices in the HER2-negative/node-negative subgroup were 0.73, 0.76, and 0.78 for CTS, CTS plus RS, and CTS plus ROR, respectively. More patients were scored as high risk and fewer as intermediate risk by ROR than by RS. Relatively similar prognostic information was added by ROR and IHC4 in all patients but more by ROR in the HER2-negative/node-negative group. Conclusion ROR provides more prognostic information in endocrine-treated patients with ER-positive, node-negative disease than RS, with better differentiation of intermediate- and higher-risk groups.
LEACHING OF LEAD FROM SPENT MOTORCYCLE BATTERY IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID. PART II: SOLVENT EXTRACTION STUDIES
Authors: A. Baba Alafara 
Published: July 2013

This work, constituting the second part of acid leaching of total Lead studied the extraction efficiency of Pb (II) by solvent extraction techniques by Dithizone in chloroform. The development of simple hydrometallurgical route for possible recovery of total lead from spent motorcycle battery ash leach liquor in hydrochloric acid solution has been investigated using combination of leaching, cementation, precipitation, solvent extraction and stripping techniques. The influence of extractant concentration on lead extraction and the extraction temperature on the total Lead extraction efficiency were examined. An extraction efficiency of 98% total Pb(II)was obtained by 0.01 mol/L Dithizone in chloroform at pH 8.3 from the initial 10g/L motorcycle ash leach liquor containing mainly 763.1 mg/L Pb, 4.3 mg/L Zn (10.7 mg/L after cementation) and 28.8mg/L Fe. Other constituents such as Cu, Mn, Ca and As whose concentrations in each case are less than 2mg/L after leaching, were first separated by cementation with zinc granules, followed by the total Iron removal by precipitating with 4mol/L ammoniacal solution to a pH 3.5 at 25±2 0C. Stripping of 98% total Pb(II) from dithizone extract by 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution was achieved. The values of thermodynamic data obtained on total Pb(II) extraction showed that the extraction by 0.01 mol/L Dithizone in chloroform is thermodynamicallyfavourable. Finally, a simple hydrometallurgical scheme for the operational procedures for the extraction of total Pb(II) from the spent motorcycle ash liquor was presented.
SYSTEM FOR INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT FLOWS AT ANNEALING OF THE STEEL COILS
Authors: Durdán Milan , Kačur Ján 
Published: July 2013

The temperature of the thermal processed products is the main variable which designates their quality and energy consumption. In aspect of the steel coils annealing quality is necessary to known temperature inside the object. It is the place with the lowest temperature during annealing process. This paper deals about proposal of the “System of indirect measurement of the heat flows” in the steel coil. This system provides in the real time information about behaviours of the inner temperatures in the coil during annealing process based on indirect measurement of the heat flows. Indirect measurement of the heat flows is based on direct measurement of the temperatures on protective hood, atmosphere temperature and direct or indirect measurement of coil’s surface temperatures. This system was verified in laboratory conditions. Proposed system for indirect measurement of the heat flows is extension of the system for indirect measurement of the inner temperatures based on direct measured atmosphere temperature.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRUSION PROCESS OF TWIST DRILLS
Authors: Bulzak Tomasz , Pater Zbigniew 
Published: July 2013

The paper presents numerical analysis results of hot forward extrusion of twist drills. The calculations were made using DEFORM-3D v10.0, the simulation programme based on the finite element method (FEM). The numerical analysis of the process was performed in a threedimensional state of strain which took thermal phenomena into account. A geometric model employed in the conducted numerical simulation is presented. As a result of the conducted research, force parameters of the process, distributions of effective strain, reduced stress, and temperature could be determined. In effect, it has been proven that twist drills can be formed by extrusion. The obtained results constitute an introduction to a complex analysis of metal forming processes for drills.
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE REFERENCE FEATURES IN TEXTURAL FRACTOGRAPHY OF FATIGUE FRACTURES
Authors: Lauschmann Hynek , Šiška Filip 
Published: July 2013

Reference features of a fatigue fracture surface are the reference texture and reference crack growth rate which are unambiguously mutually related. The reference texture is a subset of the image texture in SEM fractographs. It is expected to be common to all fractures caused by loadings in which significant events occur sufficiently regularly and frequently. The ratio of the reference and the conventional crack growth rate called reference factor is a characteristic of a particular loading. Its value may be related to the sequence of successive sizes of the cyclic plastic zone, while the mechanism of the effect of overloads follows the models of Wheeler and Willenborg. Application to a set of nine test specimens from aluminium alloy loaded by three different loading regimes is shown.
Gastric tube necrosis following minimally invasive oesophagectomy is a learning curve issue
Authors: Ramage L , Deguara J , Davies A , Hamouda A , Tsigritis K , Forshaw M , Botha AJ 
Published: July 2013

Introduction Gastric tube necrosis following oesophagectomy is thought to have an increased association with a minimally invasive technique. Some suggest gastric ischaemic preconditioning may reduce ischaemic complications. We discuss our series of 155 consecutive minimally invasive oesophagectomies (MIOs), including a number of cases of gastric tube ischaemia, of which 4 (2.6%) developed conduit necrosis. Methods Data were collected prospectively of MIOs carried out by a single surgeon between 2005 and 2011. Cases of gastric tube necrosis were identified. Results Overall, 155 patients were identified. The inpatient mortality rate was 2.6%. Gastric tube necrosis occurred in four patients (2.6%). An ultrasonic dissector injury to the gastroepiploic arcade had occurred in two cases. In another case, the gastric tube was strangulated in the hiatus. In the remaining case, no clear mechanical cause was identified. All 4 cases occurred within the first 73 cases. The gastric tube necrosis rate of the first 50 cases versus cases 51–155 was 4% and 2% respectively (p=0.5948). The anastomotic leak rate in these two cohorts was 18% and 7% respectively (p=0.0457). There was a significant reduction in overall gastric tube complications from 22% to 10% following the learning curve of the initial 50 cases (p=0.0447). Conclusions In our series, gastric tube necrosis appears to be a learning curve issue. Prophylactic measures such as ischaemic preconditioning become less relevant as the operating surgeon’s experience increases. Instead, meticulous attention to preserving the gastroepiploic arcade, avoidance of tension in the tube and careful positioning of the gastric conduit through an adequately sized hiatus are key factors.
A UK national survey of breast surgeons on primary endocrine therapy of early operable breast cancer
Authors: Wylie S , Ravichandran D 
Published: July 2013

Introduction A significant proportion of elderly breast cancer patients in the UK have no surgical treatment recorded and appear to be treated with primary endocrine therapy (PET) only. Despite this, PET remains one of the poorly studied areas in breast cancer therapy and very little is known about the practice of PET in the UK. Methods A questionnaire comprising 14 questions relevant to PET was sent to 489 breast surgeons who were members of the UK Association of Breast Surgery and returned questionnaires were analysed. Results Overall, 228 questionnaires (47%) were returned. The vast majority (93%) of surgeons who responded use PET in early operable breast cancer in elderly women unfit for surgery or owing to patient preference but 7% would recommend PET to fit elderly patients. Most (76%) use letrozole. The percentage of elderly patients treated with PET varied from <10% to 70% between surgeons. The majority (77%) of respondents had not formally audited the outcome of their PET patients and over 70% underestimated the expected survival of an 80-year-old woman. Conclusions Most UK breast surgeons use PET in elderly patients with surgically resectable breast cancer. While most use it in unfit, frail patients, a minority would treat even fit elderly women with PET. Most surgeons have not formally audited the outcome of their patients treated with PET and underestimate the expected survival of elderly patients, which might have an impact on their decision to offer PET rather than surgery.
A selective antibiotic prophylaxis policy for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is effective in minimising infective complications
Authors: Yanni F , Mekhail P , Morris-Stiff G 
Published: July 2013

Introduction It has been demonstrated previously that the identification of bactibilia during cholecystectomy is associated with the presence of one or more risk factors: acute cholecystitis, common duct stones, emergency surgery, intraoperative findings and age >70 years. Current evidence-based guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is based on elective procedures and does not take into account these factors. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a selective antibiotic prophylaxis policy limited to high risk patients undergoing LC with the development of port site infections as the primary endpoint. Methods One hundred consecutive patients undergoing LC under the care of a single consultant surgeon during a one-year period were studied prospectively. Data collected included patient demographics (age, sex) as well as details of the history of gallstone disease to determine those with complex disease and risk factors for bactibilia. A single dose of antibiotics (second generation cephalosporin and metronidazole) was administered on induction to patients with a risk factor present. Information relating to all radiologically or microbiologically confirmed infections was documented. Results Eighty-four of the patients were female and the mean age was 47.7 ±16.0 years. Nineteen LCs were performed as emergencies and the remainder were elective procedures. A risk factor for bactibilia was present in 35 patients. A wound infection was identified in four cases, two of which were Staphylococcus aureus (one methicillin resistant), one was a coagulase negative Staphylococcus and one wound cultured a mixed anaerobic growth. Three of the infections occurred in patients receiving prophylaxis (2 staphylococcal and 1 anaerobic) at intervals of 7, 14 and 19 days respectively. One patient with a body mass index of 32kg/m2 in the ‘no prophylaxis’ group developed a coagulase negative staphylococcal infection at 10 days. No intra or extra-abdominal abdominal infections were identified. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that restricting antibiotic prophylaxis to high risk patients has no detrimental effects in terms of increasing the rate of infections in those with no risk factors. Furthermore, the act of not prescribing to low risk patients will limit costs and the risk of adverse events. It will also reduce the risk of resistance and clostridial infections in this cohort.
Visit Spain: The image of Spain in the state’s tourist poster (1928–1975)
Authors: Pelta Raquel 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, tourist posters have played a key role in the transmission of the image of Spain abroad. This article focuses on two periods in which they had a greater role: the end of the reign of Alfonso XIII with the founding of the National Tourist Board and the Franco dictatorship. These two periods are two different ways to show the country’s image. The first was an attempt to spread the wealth and diversity of Spain, in an effort to break stereotypes that travellers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had created. The second used many of these clichés in order to gain acceptance of the regime at a time of international isolation.
Notes on the politics of configuration (Part II): A Berlin event
Authors: Dilnot Clive 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The political in representation, as active dissent, has no meaning if it is denied that the visual can mean – propose, argue, reason, contend – in ways comparable to that achieved in language. In the first part of this article, working through the analysis of a number of political posters (above all the Obama Hope poster from 2008) the case was made for seeing the visual configuration of the work (its design or disegno) as structuring the work in potentially the same way as arguments and propositions are structured in language. Working from the comparison between a moment from Hamlet and Margaret Bourke-White’s famous photograph from Louisville 1937 (which shows a line of people standing queuing for flood relief below a poster boosting the American Way) part two takes much further the analysis of the Bourke-White photograph opened in part one but it balances this with an exploration of a remarkable, but little known, 1993 Holocaust memorial in Berlin by the artist and art historian couple Renata Stih and Frieder Schnock. As the only Holocaust memorial centred on a distributed series of printed, poster-like images, the memorial is analysed both in its economy and in the force of its political gestures. Taken together the two analyses offer the embryo of a theory of the politics of visual dissent.
Reviews
Authors: Yagou Artemis , Matthiessen Neil 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Exhibition: ‘Typographie Des Terrors – Plakate in München 1933 Bis 1945’/‘Typography of Terror – Posters in Munich 1933–1945’, Munich Stadtmuseum, 11 May–11 November 2012
Exhibition: ‘Posters of Discontent II’, University Gallery, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 3 October–7 November 2012
The Economics of Personalization in Prevention and Public Health
Authors: Kenkel Don S. , Wang Hua 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Personalized prevention uses family history and predictive genetic testing to identify people at high risk of serious diseases. The availability of predictive genetic tests is a newer and still-developing phenomenon. Many observers see tremendous potential for personalized prevention to improve public health. At the same time, the emergence of these new markets raises familiar health policy concerns about costs, cost-effectiveness, and health disparities. This paper first discusses an economic framework for the analysis of personalized prevention. On the demand side, consumers use personalized prevention as a form of information that allows them to make better choices about prevention, including medical care and health behaviors like diet and exercise. On the supply side, an interplay of complex market forces and regulations will determine the prices, advertising, and insurance coverage of predictive genetic tests. Beyond the question of whether health insurance will cover the costs of predictive genetic tests, there is a great deal of concern about whether consumers’ use of genetic tests might place them at risk of genetic discrimination or might lead to adverse selection. The paper also reports descriptive analysis of data from the 2000, 2005, and 2010 National Health Interview Surveys on the use of predictive genetic tests. The empirical analysis documents large socioeconomic status-related disparities in consumers having heard of genetic tests: for example, consumers with less schooling, Blacks, and Hispanics were substantially less likely to have heard of genetic tests. Evidence from other empirical studies provides little evidence that genetic testing leads to genetic discrimination in insurance markets. There is more evidence suggesting adverse selection, where genetic testing leads consumers to purchase long-term care insurance. The paper concludes with some preliminary thoughts about important directions for future research. The goal of the paper is to review relevant research to help develop an economic approach and social science research agenda into the determinants and consequences of genetic tests for prevention.
Mechanical Property Performance of Polymer-Modified Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Mortar Systems
Authors: Brien Joshua V. , Mahboub Kamyar C. , Robl Thomas L. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of polymer glass-transition temperature (Tg) on the mechanical property performance of mortars containing calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement and vinyl acetate/ethylene dispersible polymer powder (VAE DPP). Competitive products were acquired from companies A, B, and C. Company A supplied VAE DPP with glass-transition temperatures of 64°F (18°C) and 19°F (−7°C). Company B supplied VAE DPP with glass-transition temperatures of 59°F (15°C) and 5°F (−15°C). Company C provided VAE DPP with glass-transition temperatures of 68°F (20°C) and −8°F (−22°C). It is important to note that differences in glass-transition temperature result from differences in the ratio of monomers utilized for production of the liquid polymeric dispersion during reaction polymerization, where the pertinent ratio is that of ethylene to vinyl acetate for materials germane to this study. Additionally, each utilized polymer powder may also differ in constituent components comprising the polymer powder as a result of the drying process, where constituent materials should not be limited to products typically utilized for forming protective colloids or products utilized as anti-caking agents. Each polymer was tested in a standard mortar formulation with polymer/cement ratio of 2/5 and water/cement ratio of 0.48. Experimental results show that polymer modification improves the ductile performance of CSA cement mortars. Additionally, experimental results show that the glass-transition temperature of vendor-specific products influences the mechanical property performance of polymer-modified CSA cement mortars.
Cost-Effectiveness of Using 2 vs 3 Primary Doses of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Stoecker Charles , Hampton Lee M. , Link-Gelles Ruth , Messonnier Mark L. , Zhou Fangjun , Moore Matthew R. 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Although effective in preventing pneumococcal disease, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is the most expensive vaccine on the routinely recommended pediatric schedule in the United States. We examined the cost-effectiveness of switching from 4 total doses to 3 total doses by removing the third dose in the primary series in the United States.

METHODS:
We used a probabilistic model following a single birth cohort of 4.3 million to calculate societal cost savings and increased disease burden from removing the 6-month dose of PCV13. Based on modified estimates of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine from randomized trials and observational studies, we assumed that vaccine effectiveness under the 2 schedules is identical for the first 6 months of life and largely similar after administration of the 12- to 15-month booster dose.

RESULTS:
Removing the third dose of PCV13 would annually save $500 million (in 2011$) but would also result in an estimated 2.5 additional deaths among inpatients with pneumonia or invasive pneumococcal disease. Such dose removal would also result in 261 000 estimated otitis media and 12 000 estimated pneumonia cases annually. These additional illnesses could be prevented through modest increases in coverage. Overall, societal savings per additional life-year lost would be ∼$6 million. When nonfatal outcomes are also considered, savings would range from $143 000 to $4 million per additional quality adjusted life-year lost, depending on the assumptions used for otitis media.

CONCLUSIONS:
Sizable societal cost savings and a moderate pneumococcal disease increase could be expected from removing the PCV13 primary series’ third dose.
Recent Progress and Effects Analysis of Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Field Tests in China
Authors: Zhu Youyi , Jian Guoqing , Liu Weidong , Cheng Lijing , Hou Qingfeng , Li Jianguo 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Surfactant-Polymer (SP) flooding has attracted lots of attention among chemical combination flooding researchers in recent years. Pilot tests of SP flooding in China were introduced and key factors influencing the performance of pilot tests were analyzed in this paper. Main technological problems occurred in pilot tests were indicated. Suggestions concerning technology improvement and development were given.
About ten SP flooding pilot tests were carried out in China since 2003. These target reservoirs were characterized with high permeability and low permeability sandstone, conglomerate, and high temperature and high salinity ones respectively. At present, the performance of SP flooding pilot tests in Gudong Block 6 and Gudong Block 7 of Shengli oilfield have shown good enhanced oil recovery (EOR) effect. It confirmed SP flooding could improve both of oil displacing efficiency and sweep efficiency and EOR ability for SP flooding is better than that of polymer flooding. EOR effect of SP flooding can be reflected from the following two aspects. Firstly, with SP slug injecting, the pressure of injection well increased and fluid entry profile was adjusted. The performance of profile control was favorable. Secondly, ultralow interfacial tension could be achieved and residual oil was displaced significantly. SP flooding showed stronger ability in decreasing water cut and increasing oil production than polymer flooding. The production history data showed that main factors influencing EOR were the corresponding relationship between injection wells and production wells, the chemical formula properties and the injection amount of SP system. The favorable oil production was obtained when the corresponding relationship between injection wells and production wells was good. The quality stability of SP formula could influence the flooding EOR performance greatly. Small injection slug size of chemical system would lead low EOR level.
The key technologies which should be improved and optimized for SP flooding are displacing agent quality, formula system stability, slug design, well pattern and so on.