bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural–Urban/Suburban Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Delinquency☆
Authors: Jones Melissa S. , Hoffmann John P. , Wheelock Benjamin T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are recognized as significant precursors to delinquency. However, to date, no studies have explicitly examined the interconnectedness of ACEs, residency in rural or urban/suburban areas, and delinquent behavior to discern potential variations among youths residing in these distinct areas. This study aims to address this important gap in existing literature. Data from the 2022 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (FYSAS), comprising a statewide representative sample of students enrolled in public high schools in Florida (N = 23,078), were analyzed using negative binominal regression models. Our findings demonstrate a significant correlation between ACEs and delinquent behavior, with notable variations in this association among youths residing in rural versus urban/suburban environments. In particular, the impact of ACEs on the anticipated frequency of delinquent behaviors appears to be marginally greater among adolescents residing in urban/suburban locales compared to their counterparts in rural areas. Implications are provided.
Slavery's absence from histories of moral and political philosophy
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAt a time when many institutions of higher learning are reflecting on their past complicity with chattel slavery, either in terms of the sources of their funding or their use of slave labor, philosophy as an academic discipline has been largely silent about its own complicity. Questions surrounding the legitimacy and practice of slavery were a regular part of moral philosophy courses at universities from the sixteenth century until its abolition. However, the discussions of slavery found in the dominant textbooks tended to be deeply conservative judged even by the standards of those times. This partly explains why after emancipation the many moral questions posed by slavery are barely mentioned in survey histories of ethics or of political philosophy today: this is a context in which academic philosophy does not show itself to its best advantage. The present article explores what academic philosophers need to do to redress the discipline's past failures, including its virtual silence about slavery since the Civil War. Given today's political environment, academic philosophers need to reflect on how the discipline in its institutional form functions within a system governed by the legacy of slavery and its aftermath.
Comparison of Monte Carlo Tools for Displacement Calculations for Protons and Heavy Ions Irradiation on Iron and EUROFER97
Authors: Cozzarizza Davide , Corniani Enrico , D'Agata Elio , Ciolini Riccardo , Giusti Valerio 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ion irradiation of structural materials for the current and future generation nuclear reactors is a widespread technique used to simulate neutron irradiation in the context of material science research. During the designing phase of irradiation experiments Monte Carlo transport codes are often employed to quantify the radiation exposure, by estimating the displacements per atom (dpa) quantity. From the available displacement calculation codes, four popular choices were selected: cern-fluka, mcnp, phits, and srim. These codes will be used to simulate the irradiation effects of proton and Fe ions on pure iron (G379) and EUROFER97 alloy (a common material in fusion applications) targets. Results coming from the different software are presented in the form of damage profiles and of number of displacements as a function of the primary beam energy. This study identifies discrepancies between the codes' outputs and provides optimized simulation setup parameters.
Stability and Energy Balance Analysis of Axisymmetric Boundary Layer: Effects of Oblique Nonuniform Suction and Injection
Authors: Thummar Mayank , Bhoraniya Ramesh , Narayanan Vinod 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the modal global stability analysis of the boundary layer (BL) formed over a circular cylinder subjected to oblique nonuniform suction and injection. The linearized stability equations governing the system are obtained using a standard procedure in the cylindrical coordinate system, followed by discretization using the spectral method. The discretized equations, accompanied by suitable boundary conditions, constitute an eigenvalue problem (EVP) that is solved using the arpack with a shift-and-invert approach. The stability computations are performed for different inclination angles (θ = 30 deg,60 deg,90 deg,120 deg, and 150 deg), transpiration velocities (I=0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of U∞), Reynolds numbers (Reδ*=195,285, and 411), and different azimuthal wavenumbers (N=0−10) for both uniform and nonuniform profiles of suction and injection. The results reveal that instability modes, such as Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) waves, are damped due to suction and amplified due to injection. The T–S branch of the eigenspectra shifts toward the damped region as the suction angle increases, while it moves toward the upper half-plane as injection angle increases, specifically from θ=0 deg to 90 deg. The uniform suction profile is found to be modally more stable than the nonuniform profiles, while nonuniform injection profiles are found to be more stable than the uniform profile. The energy balance analysis is also performed corresponding to leading nonstationary eigenmodes, and the results reveal that suction has a strong damping viscous dissipation (VD) effect, while injection has a strong amplifying energy production effect.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Electrofuel as a Shipping Fuel
Authors: Tassew Fasil Ayelegn , Brinks Hendrik , Tvete Hans Anton 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this study, we aim to evaluate the technical and economic requirements of electrofuel production through Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using green hydrogen and CO2. We find that a plant with a 1000-barrel/day capacity necessitates 60 tH2 and 424 tCO2 daily, achieving a 36% hydrogen-to-electrofuel conversion rate. The initial capital expenditure (CAPEX) is projected at 295 million USD, with an additional 139 million USD for electrolyzer replacement. The hydrogen production unit accounts for 61% of the CAPEX, followed by the direct air capture unit at 22%. The annual operating expense (OPEX) is estimated at 49.3 million USD, with hydrogen production and direct air capture constituting 58% and 25% of this expense, respectively, largely due to substantial electricity requirements. The synthesis and refining units comprise 17% of the OPEX. The levelized cost of electrofuel is calculated at 1881 USD/t, which is 2.5 times the cost of marine gas oil and 3.8 times that of very low sulfur fuel oil. However, electrofuels emission factor is found to be significantly lower, nearly 14 times less carbon-intensive than traditional fuels. We conclude that electrofuels cost competitiveness with fossil fuels depends on favorable conditions such as low electricity costs, low discount rates, and high carbon prices. While the European Union's emission trading system inclusion for maritime transport will lessen the cost disparity, it is unlikely to make electrofuels cost-competitive given the current carbon prices.
An Elementary Approach to Evaluating the Thermal Self-Sufficiency of Residential Buildings With Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Lüchinger Richard , Duran Adroher Núria , Worlitschek Jörg , Walter Heimo , Schuetz Philipp 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Thermal energy storage (TES) plays a pivotal role in integrating renewable energy. Nevertheless, there are major challenges in the diffusion of TES such as selection of the optimum system size, system integration, and optimization. A key target for using TES is to increase the thermal self-sufficiency of a building or an entire district. Thermal self-sufficiency, unlike total energy self-sufficiency, concerns space heating and domestic hot water exclusively. Thus, it measures the ability of a system to meet its heating demand from local renewable energy sources. Thermal self-sufficiency is an important metric for practitioners and researchers in the design, optimization, and evaluation of energy systems, especially when considering TES. Unfortunately, no comprehensive method exists in the literature for determining thermal self-sufficiency with TES. Energy profiles and simulations are required to determine it. This article aims to close this gap and presents a new method for evaluating thermal self-sufficiency for a building with a TES. Using this approach, the upper and lower limits of the building thermal self-sufficiency are derived for various heat storage capacities and annual heat demands, demonstrating the impact of a TES on the system. A mathematical model applied to a case study of a single-family house illustrates the effect of different TES capacities on the thermal self-sufficiency: small TES significantly improves the thermal self-sufficiency, with a 20-kWh TES reaching 50% thermal self-sufficiency, while higher thermal self-sufficiency values require exponentially larger storage capacities.
Pbp4 provides transpeptidase activity to the FtsW-PbpB peptidoglycan synthase to drive cephalosporin resistance in
Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Nelson Madison E. , Little Jaime L. , Kristich Christopher J. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Enterococci exhibit intrinsic resistance to cephalosporins, mediated in part by the class B penicillin-binding protein (bPBP) Pbp4 that exhibits low reactivity toward cephalosporins and thus can continue crosslinking peptidoglycan despite exposure to cephalosporins. bPBPs partner with cognate SEDS (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) glycosyltransferases to form the core catalytic complex of peptidoglycan synthases that synthesize peptidoglycan at discrete cellular locations, although the SEDS partner for Pbp4 is unknown. SEDS-bPBP peptidoglycan synthases of enterococci have not been studied, but some SEDS-bPBP pairs can be predicted based on sequence similarity. For example, FtsW (SEDS)-PbpB (bPBP) is predicted to form the catalytic core of the peptidoglycan synthase that functions at the division septum (the divisome). However, PbpB is readily inactivated by cephalosporins, raising the question—how could the FtsW-PbpB synthase continue functioning to enable growth in the presence of cephalosporins? In this work, we report that the FtsW-PbpB peptidoglycan synthase is required for cephalosporin resistance of
Enterococcus faecalis
, despite the fact that PbpB is inactivated by cephalosporins. Moreover, Pbp4 associates with the FtsW-PbpB synthase and the TPase activity of Pbp4 is required to enable growth in the presence of cephalosporins in an FtsW-PbpB-synthase-dependent manner. Overall, our results implicate a model in which Pbp4 directly interacts with the FtsW-PbpB peptidoglycan synthase to provide TPase activity during cephalosporin treatment, thereby maintaining the divisome SEDS-bPBP peptidoglycan synthase in a functional state competent to synthesize crosslinked peptidoglycan. These results suggest that two bPBPs coordinate within the FtsW-PbpB peptidoglycan synthase to drive cephalosporin resistance in
E. faecalis
.
Coxiella burnetii
inhibits nuclear translocation of TFEB, the master transcription factor for lysosomal biogenesis
Authors: Killips Brigham , Heaton Emily J. Bremer , Augusto Leonardo , Omsland Anders , Gilk Stacey D. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Coxiella burnetii
is a highly infectious, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of human Q fever. The
Coxiella
Containing Vacuole (CCV) is a modified phagolysosome that forms through fusion with host endosomes and lysosomes. While an initial acidic pH < 4.7 is essential to activate
Coxiella
metabolism, the mature, growth-permissive CCV has a luminal pH of ~5.2 that remains stable throughout infection. Inducing CCV acidification to a lysosomal pH (~4.7) causes
Coxiella
degradation, suggesting that
Coxiella
regulates CCV pH. Supporting this hypothesis,
Coxiella
blocks host lysosomal biogenesis, leading to fewer host lysosomes available to fuse with the CCV. Host cell lysosome biogenesis is primarily controlled by the transcription factor EB (TFEB), which binds Coordinated Lysosomal Expression And Regulation (CLEAR) motifs upstream of genes involved in lysosomal biogenesis and function. TFEB is a member of the microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) protein family, which also includes MITF, TFE3, and TFEC. This study examines the roles of MiT/TFE proteins during
Coxiella
infection. We found that in cells lacking TFEB, both
Coxiella
growth and CCV size increase. Conversely, TFEB overexpression or expression in the absence of other family members leads to significantly less bacterial growth and smaller CCVs. TFE3 and MITF do not appear to play a significant role during
Coxiella
infection. Surprisingly, we found that
Coxiella
actively blocks TFEB nuclear translocation in a Type IV Secretion System-dependent manner, thus decreasing lysosomal biogenesis. Together, these results suggest that
Coxiella
inhibits TFEB nuclear translocation to limit lysosomal biogenesis, thus avoiding further CCV acidification through CCV-lysosomal fusion.

IMPORTANCE

The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen
Coxiella burnetii
causes the zoonotic disease Q fever, which is characterized by a debilitating flu-like illness in acute cases and life-threatening endocarditis in patients with chronic disease. While
Coxiella
survives in a unique lysosome-like vacuole called the
Coxiella
Containing Vacuole (CCV), the bacterium inhibits lysosome biogenesis as a mechanism to avoid increased CCV acidification. Our results establish that transcription factor EB (TFEB), a member of the microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) family of transcription factors that regulate lysosomal gene expression, restricts
Coxiella
infection. Surprisingly,
Coxiella
blocks TFEB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thus downregulating the expression of lysosomal genes. These findings reveal a novel bacterial mechanism to regulate lysosomal biogenesis.
Spatial technologies to evaluate the HIV-1 reservoir and its microenvironment in the lymph node
Authors: Zaman Fatima , Smith Melissa L. , Balagopal Ashwin , Durand Christine M. , Redd Andrew D. , Tobian Aaron A. R. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

The presence of the HIV-1 reservoir, a group of immune cells that contain intact, integrated, and replication-competent proviruses, is a major challenge to cure HIV-1. HIV-1 reservoir cells are largely unaffected by the cytopathic effects of viruses, antiviral immune responses, or antiretroviral therapy (ART). The HIV-1 reservoir is seeded early during HIV-1 infection and augmented during active viral replication. CD4+ T cells are the primary target for HIV-1 infection, and recent studies suggest that memory T follicular helper cells within the lymph node, more precisely in the B cell follicle, harbor integrated provirus, which contribute to viral rebound upon ART discontinuation. The B cell follicle, more specifically the germinal center, possesses a unique environment because of its distinct property of being partly immune privileged, potentially allowing HIV-1-infected cells within the lymph nodes to be protected from CD8+ T cells. This modified immune response in the germinal center of the follicle is potentially explained by the exclusion of CD8+ T cells and the presence of T regulatory cells at the junction of the follicle and extrafollicular region. The proviral makeup of HIV-1-infected cells is similar in lymph nodes and blood, suggesting trafficking between these compartments. Little is known about the cell-to-cell interactions, microenvironment of HIV-1-infected cells in the follicle, and trafficking between the lymph node follicle and other body compartments. Applying a spatiotemporal approach that integrates genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to investigate the HIV-1 reservoir and its neighboring cells in the lymph node has promising potential for informing HIV-1 cure efforts.
Global evaluation and outcomes of cholecystectomy: protocol for a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study (GlobalSurg 4)
Authors: Harrison Ewen , Kathir Kamarajah Sivesh 
Published: July 2024

Introduction
Cholecystectomy is one of the most common operations performed worldwide. Although laparoscopic surgery has been the ‘gold-standard’ approach for this operation, there is a paucity of global evidence around the variations of safe provision of cholecystectomy, including low-income and middle-income countries. This international collaborative study will allow contemporaneous data collection on the quality of cholecystectomies using measures covering infrastructure, care processes and outcomes, with the primary aim define the global variation in compliance with preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative audit standards.

Methods and analysis
Global Evaluation of Cholecystectomy Knowledge and Outcomes is a prospective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study delivered by the GlobalSurg Collaborative. Consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy between 31 July 2023 and 19 November 2023 will be recruited, with follow-up at 30 days and 1-year postoperatively. The study will be undertaken at any hospital providing emergency or elective surgical services for biliary disease. The primary endpoint of this study is compliance with preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative audit standards. Secondary outcomes include rates of 30-day complications, achievement of critical view of safety and rates of gallbladder cancer.

Ethics and dissemination
This project will not affect clinical practice and has been classified as clinical audit following research ethics review at University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust. The protocol will be disseminated through the international GlobalSurg and CovidSurg network.

Trial registration number

NCT06223061
.
Methodological quality of research on perioperative immunomodulatory supplementation in oncological gastrointestinal tract surgery: a meta-research protocol
Authors: Lima Luana Pucci de , Mello Arthur Thives , Nascimento Giovanna Mozzaquattro , Trindade Erasmo B S de Moraes 
Published: July 2024

IntroductionOne of the topics that show differences of opinion in the scientific field of nutrition is the recommendation by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of an immunomodulatory diet with arginine, nucleotides and omega-3 for individuals diagnosed with cancer undergoing major surgery. The quality of the recommendations is directly related to credibility, transparency and rigour in their development, but also to the quality of the studies published and available for inclusion in the recommendation, such as systematic reviews (SRs) and randomised clinical trials. The aim of this study is to evaluate the methodological quality of the recommendation of perioperative immunomodulatory supplementation for individuals with gastrointestinal and head and neck cancer, the CPGs, and the studies that support the recommendations.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic search for CPGs. Recommendations for nutritional supplementation with immunomodulatory substrates for individuals undergoing major oncological surgery will be analysed using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation-Recommendations Excellence tool. CPGs will be analysed using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II tool. The SRs cited in the recommendations will be analysed using the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews II tool and additional questions regarding heterogeneity in reviews. The clinical trials cited in the SRs and in the guideline recommendations (when applicable) will be analysed according to questions regarding heterogeneity in trials. The results will be presented in tables or charts using descriptive analyses.Ethics and disseminationThe results of this study will be disseminated through relevant conferences and peer-reviewed journals.Protocol registration number10.17605/OSF.IO/X2GYT.
Disparity between statistical and clinical significance in published randomised controlled trials indexed in PubMed: a protocol for a cross-sectional methodological survey
Authors: Esterhuizen Tonya Marianne , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Thabane Lehana 
Published: July 2024

IntroductionThe commonly used frequentist paradigm of null hypothesis statistics testing with its reliance on the p-value and the corresponding notion of ‘statistical significance’ has been under ongoing criticism. Misinterpretation and misuse of the p-value have contributed to publication bias, unreliable studies, frequent false positives, fraud and mistrust in results of scientific studies. While p-values themselves are still useful, part of the problem may be the confusion between statistical and clinical significance. In randomised controlled trials of health interventions, this confusion could lead to erroneous conclusions about treatment efficacy, research waste and compromised patient outcomes. The extent to which clinical and statistical significance of published randomised clinical trials do not match is not known. This is a protocol for a methodological study to understand the extent of the problem of disparities between statistical and clinical significance in published clinical trials, and to identify and assess the factors associated with discrepant results in these studies.Methods and analysisA methodological survey of published randomised controlled trials is planned. Trials published between 2018 and 2022 and their protocols will be searched and screened for inclusion, with a planned sample size of 500 studies. The reported minimum clinically important difference, the study effect size and confidence intervals will be used to assess clinical importance of trial results. Comparison of statistical significance and clinical importance of the trial results will be used to determine disparity. Data will be analysed to estimate the outcomes, and factors associated with disparate study results will be assessed using logistic regression analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study has been granted by Stellenbosch University’s Health Research Ethics Committee. This is part of a larger study towards a PhD in Biostatistics and will be disseminated as a thesis, conference abstract and peer-reviewed manuscript.