bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges, Benefits And Solutions In Holistic Oil Field Monitoring
Authors: Brandsaeter Helge 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The initial value driver for implementation of field wide monitoring systems is increased recovery, based on seismic techniques. However; recent events with leaks from wells and infrastructure as well as more frequent cap-rock integrity failures having environmental impact, have led to a more holistic approach to monitoring incorporating the reservoir, the cap-rock, the overburden, subsea infrastructure and the water column.
This paper will try summarizing the main challenges related to monitoring. That is; as seen from an increased recovery perspective, reservoir integrity perspective and environmental perspective.
Furthermore, a vision for a way forward building sounder business models for monitoring using an integrated approach with equipment complying with open standards will be outlined.
Lophelia II Shipwreck Component: End Game
Authors: Warren Daniel J. , Church Robert A. , Westrick Robert F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In 2008 the Minerals Management Service, now the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement BOEM/BSEE in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), sanctioned a deepwater study in the Gulf of Mexico. Officially designated as the Deepwater Program: Natural and Artificial Hard Bottom Habitats with Emphasis on Coral Communities: Reefs, Rigs and Wrecks "Lophelia II", it is typically referred to as the "Lophelia II" Project. A substantial component of the contract was the examination of several deepwater shipwrecks. The "Wrecks" component of the project called for the archaeological examination of several shipwrecks as a continuation of the 2004 Deepwrecks Study in the Gulf of Mexico. These wrecks covered a broad time period from 19th century wooden sailing vessels to World War II era vessels. Between 2008 and 2010 three field seasons incorporated shipwreck investigation cruises that culminated in an Archaeological Assessment Report submitted as part of the larger Lophelia II Project Draft Report submitted to BOEM/BSEE in 2013. This presentation will provide a final analysis of the Lophelia II shipwreck sites based on data acquired between 2008 and 2010. In addition to the shipwreck findings, it will also present an analysis of the project itself and provide recommendations for future deepwater shipwreck studies of this type.
Successful Hole Enlargement Operations Utilizing Reaming While Drilling Techniques and Combining LWD operations in a Deep Water Drilling Environment
Authors: Takase Koji , Sawada Ikuo , Saruhashi Tomokazu , Hodkin Roger D. 
Published: June 2014

Hole enlargement tools are often required in deep water drilling operations because of the necessity of running additional casing strings. At the same time, logging while drilling (LWD) tools are required depending on the drilling purpose even in large hole sections. When LWD and hole enlargement operations are required opening the hole and drilling with LWD at the same time offers an effective solution to save time and drilling costs.
Deepwater drilling, hole enlargement and LWD operations are well established technologies individually. However, it becomes very challenging once these three factors are combined together. The main reasons of complication are hydraulics and vibration issues. Additional factors including deep water, large diameter hole, heavy LWD BHA's and reduction of flow to LWD tools by diversion at hole enlargement tools, may require a higher flow rate and higher pump pressure than the rig is capable of providing. Sonic LWD sensors are also sensitive to noise and vibration which are often caused by hole enlargement tools. In these most challenging of circumstances the operator decided to open the hole to 20? while simultaneously logging with LWD.
This paper describes the procedures used at pre-drilling stage and actual operations such as the positive indication of the hole enlargement tool's activation and comparisons between surface weight on bit (WOB) / torque (TRQ) and downhole WOB / TRQ.
The hole enlargement system selection and hydraulic optimization were the key points at the engineering stage. During the actual operation, it was crucial to monitor various drilling parameters and to keep the hole in good condition because of unstable formations.
Although the hole enlargement service and LWD service providers were selected from different companies, detailed engineering and close communications were achieved for the common goal. The challenge ended successfully with hole enlargement to 20? while acquiring satisfactory LWD data for over a 1,100m section.
Development and Qualification of a High-Pressure, High-Temperature Chemical Injection Valve
Authors: He Peter , Yuan Kun , Rees Robert , Hughes Baker 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAs conventional oil and gas resources decline, interest in unexplored or underdeveloped areas has grown steadily in recent years. High-pressures and/or high-temperatures (HPHT) are the new normal when exploring these territories, posing tremendous challenges on almost all aspects from drilling to completion and production. One of these challenges is developing chemical injection systems with high integrity and reliability specifically for HPHT applications. The chemical injection systems provide precise wellbore chemistry management by pumping down chemicals via dedicated injection lines. Working principles of chemical injection systems for HPHT applications are not significantly different from those used under less-demanding well conditions; however, challenges remain due to harsh HPHT conditions that affect material and equipment performance.This paper presents the development and qualification of an HPHT chemical injection valve that is the key flow control device in a chemical injection system. The valve contains a pressure differential valve design that creates a "bubble-tight" seal between wellbore fluids and the surface, provides a constant flow rate, and eliminates valve cavitations. The valve was thoroughly tested at various temperatures, pressures and flow rates, and it withstood conditions representative of the most severe well environments. The design cycle was also shortened by integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations into the design process and good agreement was achieved between the simulations and the experiments.
An Innovating Premium Tubular Solution For Umbilical's Applications
Authors: Wagner O. , Thevenet G. , Peultier J. , Roques JP. , Romazzotti H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Offshore and deep offshore applications are coming more and more demanding regarding number of functionalities and water depth for umbilicals and especially regarding tubing. Oriented to new resources, the future developments (i.e. ultra deep offshore or abrupt margins) will be more difficult to operate leading to more and more stringent requirements for tubes. Thanks to its high mechanical properties and appropriate corrosion performances, super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) grade 2507 is already commonly adopted by main players of the O&G industry for a wide range of conditions. With a strong collaboration with one of the Majors, an innovative SDSS seam welded tube solution has been developed, exceeding the standards characteristics and opening new perspectives.
An extensive program of qualification, here presented, has been built in collaboration between Oil Companies, Umbilical manufacturers and the tube supplier, to confirm the expected potentialities of the product. Based on more than 11000 results, this paper is presenting the performance of the product in terms of mechanical and corrosion properties. The associated innovative and robust process, here described, is able to guarantee tight manufacturing tolerances combined with a high quality level, offering attractive potential cost savings.
LWD Sonic Data Analysis and Applicability in South China Sea
Authors: Cai Jun , Zhen Lingxia , Han Shim Yen , YiMing Jiang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Many drilling risks are met during exploration and evaluation stage in South China Sea, China. The narrow mud weight window and presence of high pressure formation are two main challenges in this area. Generally, geomechanics study will be carried out using information obtained from nearby wells together with the surface seismic data before drilling the well. Sonic measurement is one of the most important input data in the geomechanics analysis to provide an estimate for mud weight window and drilling risks evaluation. What's more, the real-time LWD sonic is critical to improve the accuracy of the safe mud window by calibrating the initial geomechanics model to reduce the associated drilling risks. The real-time LWD sonic data together with the pre-drill geomechanics model calibration is our solution for those challenges.
Based on our experience, the former LWD sonic tool delivers good memory data but the real-time data quality is not very consistent depending on drilling noise, borehole condition, formation properties as well as other operation restrictions. In such cases, the sonic memory data was used to calibrate the mechanical earth model, the updated model will then be used as reference to drill the subsequence well. However, with unstable real-time sonic data makes it difficult to perform real-time evaluation.
Having a reliable real-time sonic measurement is very important for offshore operation, especially in High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) environment to reduce the drilling risks and save rig time. It is vital to get good quality and accurate real-time sonic data to meet our requirements. With the latest LWD sonic tool, good quality of LWD sonic data was obtained for both real-time and memory. The real-time slowness acquired matches the memory slowness very well which give us more confidence to perform real-time geomechanics analysis in the coming HPHT deep water project.
This paper focuses on data quality comparison between the two generation of LWD sonic tools tested in this area, challenges and methodology in real-time data quality control as well as the applicability of the LWD sonic in South China Sea. With the confidence of the real-time measurement data quality shown in these examples, this will significantly reduce the drilling risks in our next HPHT project. This assurance also enables us to explore additional applications in our projects.
Blended Source Ocean Bottom Seismic Acquisition
Authors: Walker C D T , Monk D J , Hays D B 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
"Blended" or simultaneous source seismic acquisition has had a dramatic impact on the quality and productivity of land seismic acquisition but its application offshore has been comparatively limited to date.
For towed streamer operations the principle benefit is to improve data quality by increasing the fold of the acquired data by reducing the shot spacing. There is little, if any, reduction in data acquisition time and hence no reduction in costs. For ocean bottom seismic applications, however, the situation is very different - survey durations can be almost halved with a very modest increase in costs by firing more than one source into the receiver spread "simultaneously."
In this paper we will describe the acquisition of what is believed to be the world's largest ocean bottom survey, more than 2200 square km, using two blended sources and a very large receiver spread - more than 4200 ocean bottom receiver nodes. By firing each source wholly independently on a pseudo-random distance basis not only is blended source residual noise reduced but also operational efficiency is improved since downtime on one source vessel has no impact on the other. Since ocean bottom data are extensively used for production and development applications to provide wide azimuth data in congested producing fields the usability of blended sources for 4D or timelapse is critical and this will be examined in the presentation.
Implications Of New Code Versions To Pile Fatigue Assessment
Authors: Chung Jean , Wallerand Régis 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the methodology currently followed in the offshore industry for the prediction of the pile fatigue induced by pile hammering during installation. A few decades ago piles were thicker, of lower yield stress and hammers were less efficient. Today, to be cost effective, it is common to use high strength steel resulting in lower pile thickness and increased driving stress together with better hammer efficiency to reduce installation time. Hence fatigue damages are more important. Evaluation of fatigue damages depend on various parameters such as applied stresses, number of blows, Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) and S-N curves. It is shown how fatigue damages are dependant on the choice of the values used for the SCF and S-N curves and also on applied stresses by the hammer, and in the end the impact of these parameters on the residual available fatigue life for the in-place conditions.
Subsea Field Inspection of the Future
Authors: Gair George , Ferguson Hugh , Jamieson James 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The latest advances in sensor and autonomous technology provide the opportunity to change the way that future inspection and condition assessment of the subsea infrastructure is carried out. The potential for smart sensors to be an integral or retrofit able part of the infrastructure and the increasing capability of autonomous vehicles is already promoting discussions. Recent work by standards groups is producing new and robust methods of harvesting sensor data; subsea hardware suppliers are looking at increased in-suite equipment monitoring and intervention methods; the oceanographic community has developed remote seabed environmental monitoring systems. These are all significant indicators that show a general trend is towards smarter systems. Some of the more significant challenges that remain in the subsea inspection arena are changing methods and practices that have been evolved over many years. It is only to be expected that the introduction of new technology will change the norms and will need to be managed. Key decision making parameters can be identified by revisiting the type and format of the measurements required to make an acceptable assessment of subsea infrastructure. Early engaging with operators, service providers, sensor manufacturer and standards groups will be essential. This paper aims to set out the key benefits that can be achieved by embracing the technology and provide a look ahead to show what future services might look like.
New Deepwater Constructin Equipment Update 2014
Authors: Wilson Mike 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ecosse's SCAR Plough system has been developed to deliver an all-in-one or one-part solution to support trenching and pipe/cable lay operations. The SCAR system has the capacity to work in deep water, both near shore and onshore, and can be deployed dry for shore approaches or can be launched and recovered over the stern roller of an Anchor Handler with no A-frame required. SCAR is inherently simple and robust, offering reduced downtime and low maintenance time/costs.
A Modular Subsea DC Electrical Power System
Authors: Lai Rixin , Zhang Di , Dong Dong , Song Chi , Harfman Todorovic Maja , Ranjan Gupta , Garces Luis , Gunturi Satish , Datta Rajib , Wijekoon Thiwanka , Sihler Christof , Rocke Svend Erik , Elgsaas Kristin Moe , Savarit Elise , Arungalai Anbarasu , Song-manguelle Joseph , Pappas James Marcus 
Published: June 2014

Subsea processing has been increasingly accepted by the offshore oil and gas industry as a solution to boost the production and reduce cost. Accordingly, the subsea power demand is growing in order to support the various processing loads including pumps and compressors. Depending on the application, the power rating of a field ranges from tens of kW to tens of MW. A reliable subsea electrical power system which is suitable for subsea deployment is desired.
The hostile and remote subsea environment has imposed significant technical challenges on the electrical system. Due to the extremely limited accessibility, the electrical system needs to be very reliable and require minimum regular maintenance in its lifetime. The system should be able to detect and isolate local faults without shutting down the whole system in order to maximize the availability and avoid unplanned stops. The electrical system should also be as compact as possible and modularized, so that they can be installed and retrieved without heavy vessels and lifts which have very limited availability.
A novel modular stacked DC (MSDC) development has been developed to address the above mentioned challenges. The proposed system consists of a number of power converter building blocks connected in series on both the on-shore station and the seabed stations. The dc-link current is controlled to be constant, and the dc-link voltage will vary according to the loading condition. This architecture renders simplified power distribution, fault-tolerant capability and feasibility for field extension.
This paper will focus on fault protection of the MSDC system. A fast bypass circuit is proposed to isolate the faulty equipment in tens of micro-second without affecting the operation of the rest of the system. The concept has been verified by both simulation and experiments. The paper will also cover the cooling concept for the power electronics in the subsea power converter. A phase change approach has been investigated and tested in the lab. Latest testing results will be shown in the paper.
Integration of Horizontal Wells in the Modeling of Carbonates Reservoir. Upscaling and Economical Assessment Challenges
Authors: Ait-Ettajer Taoufik , Fontanelli Laurent , Diaz-Aguado Almudena 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The integration of horizontal wells during the modeling and the economical assessment of reservoirs is becoming an important task. This is mainly due to the development of horizontal drilling and the improvement of the logging techniques of horizontal wells. However, this integration of horizontal wells creates additional challenges related to the uncertainty generated by the upscaling of the well data from well log scale to reservoir scale. A large number of probable scenarios is required prior to the economical assessment of the reservoir potential in terms of hydrocarbon in place and reservoir performance forecast. In this paper we will present a process for quantifying and modeling the uncertainty of the upscaling of horizontal well logs, then we will discuss the impact of this uncertainty and the pore volume and the economical assessment of the reserves related to the hydrocarbon reservoir.
The process of quantifying, incorporating and modeling the uncertainty introduced by the upscaling of the properties of horizontal wells, can be decomposed into four steps:Defining the optimal geological layering scheme.Quantifying the one dimension uncertainty introduced by the upscaling of the horizontal wells.Modeling the upscaling uncertainty in the three dimension reservoir.Ranking the different scenarios through pore volume calculation and flow simulation processes.
The technique was applied to a tight carbonate reservoir. The study showed that the range of uncertainty, introduced by the integration of horizontal wells into the reservoir model, can significantly impact the accuracy of the reservoir pore volume and the reservoir performance forecast.
Industry Survey of Past Failures, Pre-emptive Replacements and Reported Degradations for Mooring Systems of Floating Production Units
Authors: Fontaine E. , Kilner A. , Carra C. , Washington D. , Ma K.T. , Phadke A. , Laskowski D. , Kusinski G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The results of an industry survey of mooring line failures are presented and analyzed. The failure data presented includes geographic location, mooring line composition, prevalent failure modes and the phase of failure inception. At a component level, cause of failure, location along the line and time to failure are presented. Failure data suggests that the observed increase in the number of failures is proportional to the increase of the FPSO population, with the underlying failure rate per mooring line approximately constant over the last ten years.
The Changing Role and Perception of Archaeology in the Gulf of Mexico Exploration Industry
Authors: Warren Daniel J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Archaeology related to the offshore energy exploration industry has changed significantly over the last 15 years. New regulations, technologies, and discoveries have impacted not only how archaeology related to offshore exploration conducted but also how it is perceived within the industry itself. Additionally, the nature of the exploration taking place in the Gulf of Mexico has affected archaeology. The shift from shallow continental shelf exploration to ever deeper regions of the Gulf of Mexico has taxed to archaeologists adapt to changing technologies used in deepwater exploration. The increasing discoveries in deepwater show that the past perceptions of these portions of the Gulf are mistaken and has forced archaeologists to re-examined the processes affecting shipwrecks in these regions. Numerous deepwater shipwreck discoveries have also led to increased interactions and cooperation between archaeologists and industry operators. These interactions have changed perceptions of both groups and are forming strong mutually beneficial relationships between those involved in exploration and those tasked with protecting our maritime heritage. This paper will discuss how archaeology within the industry has changed, what have been some of the most significant events influencing this change, how archaeologists are interacting with industry now versus the past, and what they perceive the future will bring for archaeologists working in this sector of the industry.