bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimated mortality of adult HIV-infected patients starting treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Yiannoutsos Constantin Theodore , Johnson Leigh Francis , Boulle Andrew , Musick Beverly Sue , Gsponer Thomas , Balestre Eric , Law Matthew , Shepherd Bryan E , Egger Matthias 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo provide estimates of mortality among HIV-infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy.MethodsWe report on the death rates from 122 925 adult HIV-infected patients aged 15 years or older from East, Southern and West Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America. We use two methods to adjust for biases in mortality estimation resulting from loss from follow-up, based on double-sampling methods applied to patient outreach (Kenya) and linkage with vital registries (South Africa), and apply these to mortality estimates in the other three regions. Age, gender and CD4 count at the initiation of therapy were the factors considered as predictors of mortality at 6, 12, 24 and >24 months after the start of treatment.ResultsPatient mortality was high during the first 6 months after therapy for all patient subgroups and exceeded 40 per 100 patient years among patients who started treatment at low CD4 count. This trend was seen regardless of region, demographic or disease-related risk factor. Mortality was under-reported by up to or exceeding 100% when comparing estimates obtained from passive monitoring of patient vital status.ConclusionsDespite advances in antiretroviral treatment coverage many patients start treatment at very low CD4 counts and experience significant mortality during the first 6 months after treatment initiation. Active patient tracing and linkage with vital registries are critical in adjusting estimates of mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.
Work-stealing without the baggage
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Frampton Daniel , Blackburn Stephen M. , Grove David , Tardieu Olivier 
Published: November 2012

Work-stealing is a promising approach for effectively exploiting software parallelism on parallel hardware. A programmer who uses work-stealing explicitly identifies potential parallelism and the runtime then schedules work, keeping otherwise idle hardware busy while relieving overloaded hardware of its burden. Prior work has demonstrated that work-stealing is very effective in practice. However, work-stealing comes with a substantial overhead: as much as 2x to 12x slowdown over orthodox sequential code.
In this paper we identify the key sources of overhead in work-stealing schedulers and present two significant refinements to their implementation. We evaluate our work-stealing designs using a range of benchmarks, four different work-stealing implementations, including the popular fork-join framework, and a range of architectures. On these benchmarks, compared to orthodox sequential Java, our fastest design has an overhead of just 15%. By contrast, fork-join has a 2.3x overhead and the previous implementation of the system we use has an overhead of 4.1x. These results and our insight into the sources of overhead for work-stealing implementations give further hope to an already promising technique for exploiting increasingly available hardware parallelism.
Chaperones and impersonators
Authors: Strickland T. Stephen , Tobin-Hochstadt Sam , Findler Robert Bruce , Flatt Matthew 
Published: November 2012

Chaperones and impersonators provide run-time support for interposing on primitive operations such as function calls, array access and update, and structure field access and update. Unlike most interposition support, chaperones and impersonators are restricted so that they constrain the behavior of the interposing code to reasonable interposition, which in practice preserves the abstraction mechanisms and reasoning that programmers and compiler analyses rely on.
Chaperones and impersonators are particularly useful for implementing contracts, and our implementation in Racket allows us to improve both the expressiveness and the performance of Racket's contract system. Specifically, contracts on mutable data can be enforced without changing the API to that data; contracts on large data structures can be checked lazily on only the accessed parts of the structure; contracts on objects and classes can be implemented with lower overhead; and contract wrappers can preserve object equality where appropriate. With this extension, gradual typing systems, such as Typed Racket, that rely on contracts for interoperation with untyped code can now pass mutable values safely between typed and untyped modules.
Longitudinal Study of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Masoudi Frederick A. , Go Alan S. , Magid David J. , Cassidy-Bushrow Andrea E. , Doris Jonathan M. , Fiocchi Frances , Garcia-Montilla Romel , Glenn Karen A. , Goldberg Robert J. , Gupta Nigel , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Hammill Stephen C. , Hayes John J. , Jackson Nathaniel , Kadish Alan , Lauer Michael , Miller Aaron W. , Multerer Deborah , Peterson Pamela N. , Reifler Liza M. , Reynolds Kristi , Saczynski Jane S. , Schuger Claudio , Sharma Param P. , Smith David H. , Suits Mary , Sung Sue Hee , Varosy Paul D. , Vidaillet Humberto J. , Greenlee Robert T. 
Published: November 2012

Background—
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are increasingly used for primary prevention after randomized, controlled trials demonstrating that they reduce the risk of death in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The extent to which the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of unselected, community-based patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction undergoing primary prevention ICD implantation in a real-world setting compare with those enrolled in the randomized, controlled trials is not well characterized. This study is being conducted to address these questions.

Methods and Results—
The study cohort includes consecutive patients undergoing primary prevention ICD placement between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2009 in 7 health plans. Baseline clinical characteristics were acquired from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry. Longitudinal data collection is underway, and will include hospitalization, mortality, and resource use from standardized health plan data archives. Data regarding ICD therapies will be obtained through chart abstraction and adjudicated by a panel of experts in device therapy. Compared with the populations of primary prevention ICD therapy randomized, controlled trials, the cohort (n=2621) is on average significantly older (by 2.5–6.5 years), more often female, more often from racial and ethnic minority groups, and has a higher burden of coexisting conditions. The cohort is similar, however, to a national population undergoing primary prevention ICD placement.

Conclusions—
Patients undergoing primary prevention ICD implantation in this study differ from those enrolled in the randomized, controlled trials that established the efficacy of ICDs. Understanding a broad range of health outcomes, including ICD therapies, will provide patients, clinicians, and policy makers with contemporary data to inform decision-making.
EU Asylum Law and Human Rights Protection: Revisiting the Principle of Non-refoulement and the Prohibition of Torture and Other Forms of Ill-treatment
Authors: Mink Júlia 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The principal objective of the article is to examine the EU legal framework and international law parameters of legal harmonisation processes in a specific field of human rights protection: asylum legislation. In particular, it is to provide an in-depth analysis of the compatibility of EU asylum legislation with existing international norms in relation to the principle of non-refoulement and the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. It also aims at exploring the correspondence and controversies of relevant legal principles and norms under international law. Similarly, it attempts to provide an analysis of the incomplete and inefficient implementation of these international norms and principles by EU asylum law as well.
Le cadi et le sauf-conduit (amān) : les enjeux juridiques de la diplomatie dans l'Orient abbasside
Authors: Tillier Mathieu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe employment of jurists or qādī-s for diplomatic missions, in the first centuries of Islam, is still little understood. The case of the qādī Ibrāhī;m b. al-Jarrāh, who took a part in the surrender of the Egyptian governor 'Ubayd Allāh b. al-Sarī b. al-Hakam in 211/826, sheds light on the diplomatic use of qādī-s. With their special knowledge of legal books and formulas, qādī-s were increasingly seen by rulers as important experts who could use law to constrain the power of political rivals.
Traditional Healers and Western Medicine: The Challenge of Addressing Malaysia’s Cancer Burden through Collaboration
Authors: Merriam Sharan B. , Muhamad Mazanah 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Developing countries share a disproportionate burden of late-stage cancer presentation and cancer-related deaths. This burden is often a function of an inadequately resourced healthcare system along with easier access to and preference for traditional healers. In Malaysia, traditional healers are so embedded in the culture that they are often the first and sometimes only source of cancer information and treatment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess the willingness and the means by which Malay traditional healers and Western cancer specialists might work collaboratively in addressing the country’s cancer burden. Interviews were conducted in urban and rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia with 14 Malay traditional healers known for treating cancer and with 12 cancer specialists. Findings from traditional healers suggest that there is a range of receptiveness for working with the Western medical system, with Islamic healers being the most receptive. Medical doctors readily acknowledged the presence of traditional healers and their personal willingness to cooperate; however, cooperation was conditional depending on the nature of the healer’s practice, the timing of the healer’s intervention, and the instituting of government oversight/regulation. Suggestions for fostering interaction and implications for healthcare policy are discussed.
Oracles, Myth, and Luke’s Nativity Story
Authors: Derrett J. Duncan M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Luke 1:31; 2:8-20, 46-49 are illuminated by the myth of Ion as dramatised by Euripides. Apollo begot Ion on Creusa, who married Xuthus, a supernumerary parent for Ion, providing him with a kingdom. The shepherds recall the “royal foundling” myth; the manger recalls reproaches of the Old Israel—at once signs of birth and burial.
Sustainable yield of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) through understanding its population structure and dynamics in Poyang Lake
Authors: Huang Yu , Wang Shu Jun , Dai Yin Gen , Fang Chun Lin , Xiao Ming He , Wang Jian Ming , Hu Cheng Yu 
Published: November 2012

With increasing commercial demand for its delicacy, Procambarus clarkii has become an important fishery resource of Poyang Lake in recent years. However, habitat loss, overfishing, and the crayfish plague have diminished P. clarkii populations throughout their area of distribution. In consequence, this study systemically analyses the population structure and dynamics of P. clarkii in the wetland of Poyang Lake using the analytical methods of Bhattacharya and Von Bertalanffy. The main purpose was to collect biological data necessary for the management of this species. The present study showed that the population structure consisted of a maximum of 5.58 age classes for females and 3.25 for males, which indicated that P. clarkii is a relatively short-lived species. The Y′/R analysis showed that Epresent > E0.5, which exceeded the optimization (Eopt) criterion of 0.5 for sustainable exploitation of fisheries, so this species was overexploited in Poyang Lake. The Lc (mean length at first capture) equals 67.5 mm. The estimated mesh size for catching the red swamp crayfish is 13.5 cm. The virtual population analysis model (VPA) showed that the largest annual catch of P. clarkii is 3.43 × 104 t. The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is 1.18 × 104 t. The low natural mortality rate range of 0.68-1.11 year−1 suggested that it is ecologically worthwhile to allow the individuals of P. clarkii to grow to larger sizes in order to contribute to the biomass for biologically optimal exploitation. This could be facilitated by the adoption of measures involving a closed season, which would help to conserve the fishery.
Temporal variation in the shore amphipod community in the supralittoral zone of Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia)
Authors: Jelassi R. , Nasri-Ammar K. 
Published: November 2012

Seasonal variation in the structure of the amphipod community on the banks of Bizerte Lagoon was studied at Menzel Jmil (37°13′8″N 09°55′1″E) from July 2006 to June 2007. The distance between the actual sites of collection (sampling points) and the shoreline varied from 70 cm in September to 6.8 m in December. Specimens were mainly collected from under roots ofCymodocea nodosaandSuaeda maritima. In the laboratory, the specimens of Amphipoda (N = 10 645) were preserved in ethanol 70%, identified, sexed, and counted under a binocular microscope. Monthly counts varied between 553 (November) and 1240 individuals (April). Eight species of talitrids were identified, based on the specific characters of their gnathopods and pereiopods. Furthermore, the results show that the amphipod community of Bizerte Lagoon is primarily composed of 3 species,Orchestia mediterranea,Orchestia gammarellusandOrchestia montagui. The species last-mentioned represented the most frequent form in summer, whereas the other two,Orchestia mediterraneaandOrchestia gammarellus, dominated in autumn.Orchestia stephenseni,Platorchestia platensis,Talorchestia deshayesii,Talitrus saltator, andOrchestia cavimana, were also found.A subsequent analysis of various diversity parameters of the amphipod community indicated a seasonal variation in abundance, species richness, and diversity.
Cultural Borders
Authors: Scott Charles E. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This essay is motivated by the question, how might we describe the occurrences of cultural borders? It is organized in three sections with these titles: A. Borders of Concealment and Translation; B. Attunement with Fragmented, Differential Borders; C. Metaphors, Relations of Power, Borderlands. I limit these topics by focusing primarily on cultural borders and transformations within the United States. My aims within the context of these situated accounts are to encourage greater awareness of borders as events that often have shared and describable characteristics, to make evident a group of issues that need further philosophical attention, to develop an enlarged philosophical vocabulary for such thought in comparison to that in standard use, and to bring to the fore questions of cultural sensibility and their transformations. In this process I address and utilize specific works by Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Gloria Anzaldúa.
Contextualising Organised Labour in Expansion and Crisis: The Case of the US
Authors: Moody Kim 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhile, as Marx argued, periods of expanded accumulation present the best conditions for increasing working-class living standards, the expansion that began in 1982 was based in large part on the rapidfallin the value of labour-power in the US. This recovery and rapid rise in the rate of surplus-value in the US was enabled by the collapse of union-resistance beginning in 1979 and the strategic choices made by union-leaders across the economy from that time on. The expansion was sustained in the 1980s by dramatic work-reorganisation, enabled by the embrace of labour-management cooperation-schemes by much of the trade-union leadership, and the restructuring of several major industries that undermined the industry-wide bargaining on which rising postwar incomes had been based. Productivity, boosted by lean production-methods, would continue to outstrip real wages up until the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008 and resume again in the wake of a weak recovery in the US. The rapid geographic expansion of capital after 1990 provided new investment-possibilities, as did the explosion of financial instruments. What stands out, however, is that rising productivity, far from providing the basis for increases in working-class income, had become coupled with flat or declining real wages and a fall in the value of labour-power as the necessary condition to sustain almost any level of growth in the real economy. The link between productivity and wage-increases, central to Keynesian and institutional collective-bargaining theory, had been broken and Marx’s idea of the most favourable conditions stood on its head. The breaking of this link had, in the final analysis, been an outcome of class-struggle in which capital had the upper hand. All of this underlines the failed strategies and practices of most of the trade-union leadership in the US since 1979. New approaches to the workplace and broader forms of mobilisation will be needed. Signs of worker-resistance to the latest neoliberal clampdowns in Latin America, Europe, China, and even the US, however, may point to a renewed era of intensified class-struggle.
Imperialist Canada, Todd Gordon, Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2011
Authors: Heller Henry 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In the immediate postwar period, liberal internationalism was the hallmark of Canadian foreign policy. In part this position was intended to protect Canadian sovereignty from the too-close embrace of US Cold-War imperialism. But this multilateral and peacekeeping approach was partly a veneer meant to disguise the fact that Canada was of necessity a close American ally in the fight against communism. This strategy was abandoned by the Canadian state in the late 1990s in favour of a more militaristic and aggressive approach. The dependency-school of Canadian Marxist political economy that flourished from the 1970s argued that Canadian conformity with American foreign policy resulted from the fact that American economic dominance over Canada and lack of a strong national bourgeoisie made it a willing instrument of American foreign policy. Reflecting a challenge by a new school of Marxist political economy, Todd Gordon argues convincingly that Canada is an imperialist entity with its historic roots lying in the dispossession of the indigenous peoples. It is based on its strong national bourgeoisie which is flourishing under neoliberalism. But whether imperialist Canada is independent of the United States is more contestable.
Enacting their Business Environments: Asian Entrepreneurs in East Africa
Authors: KRISTIANSEN STEIN , RYEN ANNE 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to contribute to explaining the outstanding business success among the Asian diaspora in East Africa as compared to the native African population. Taking an actor's point of view, the business context is analysed against a theoretical background of alien entrepreneurship and a presentation of the history of Asians in the region. A main argument is that the alien entrepreneurs are in a better position to enact their business context in a manner favourable for success, based on ethnic resources such as kinship, education and pride, mobility and communication and social networking. The main policy recommendations include mechanisms to improve information flows and networking capabilities of indigenous business people.
On Links between the Ancient Nomads in the Southern Foothills of the Urals and Central Asia
Authors: Gutsalov Sergeï 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article publishes interesting burials of ancient nomads dating from the end of the 3rd, 2nd or 1st centuries BC from the Dongulyuk II and Volodarka I tumuli necropoleis in the West of Kazakhstan. Materials from these funerary sites include some quite rare finds: phalerae, belt plates bearing depictions of confronting winged dragons, two-handled infantry swords used by warriors on foot and other objects relating to the life of nomads. The funerary rite – including such elements as burials in pits with ledges or in catacombs, the laying out of horses’ skulls on ledges, the arrangement of the deceased with their heads pointing to the north or south – indicates that the cultural links of the nomads from the southern foothills of the Urals at the end of the 1st millennium BC were orientated towards Central Asia. If it is borne in mind that many objects among the accompanying grave goods can also be associated with the eastern half of the Eurasian steppes, then it would seem highly likely that the nomads had originally come from northern China, moving west and migrating into eastern Europe including the southern Urals.
New Thamudic Inscriptions from Al-Jafr Region in the Southeast of Jordan
Authors: Al-Qudrah Hussein , Alzouʿbi Mahdi , Al-Maʿani Sultan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper is an analytical study of ten new Thamudic inscriptions written in the so-called Thamudic E script, collected by the authors during a survey in the region of al-Jafr (southeast Jordan). The study aims at analyzing the inscriptions, meanings and structure of the words and the proper nouns contained therein. This group of inscriptions emphasizes some new personal names mentioned in Thamudic inscriptions.
What Might the Muslim Brotherhood Do with al-Azhar? Religious Authority in Egypt
Authors: Scott Rachel M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMuslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party gained an electoral victory in the 2011-2012 Egyptian Parliamentary elections. It has often been argued that among the likely outcomes of Muslim Brotherhood control of the People's Assembly would be the establishment of a tyrannical theocratic regime akin to that of Iran. However, what an Islamic state means and what the application of sharī'a would entail in the context of the modern Egyptian state remains an open question, and calls for the enforcement of sharī'a are often unclear about the institutional framework that would regulate its interpretation. This article analyzes Muslim Brotherhood statements about the public role which the organization sees for the 'ulamā' of al-Azhar and their function in the legislative process. It also analyzes the statements of Azharite and other'ulamā' and Islamic intellectuals concerning the construction and defense of their religious authority. Contrary to the mentioned assumptions, the Muslim Brotherhood tends toward preserving existing institutions. This includes retaining al-Azhar as the representative body of religious authority, at the same time as keeping the Supreme Constitutional Court as final interpreter of the sharī'a provision of the Egyptian Constitution (in Article 2). On the other hand, there are also controversies within the Brotherhood about the role of the 'ulamā' of al-Azhar vis-à-vis the Supreme Constitutional Court, a question that also occupies the Azharites themselves. This article outlines the complex and varied positions on these issues both within the Muslim Brotherhood and among the 'ulamā' of al-Azhar.