bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Response of CO2 Evolution from Soils to Global Temperature Changes
Authors: Schleser G. H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Own experiments and literature data point at a strong correlation between mineralization processes in soils i.e. the corresponding CO2 release and temperature variations. This seems to be important with regard to the global CO2 problem, since it implies that due to the global temperature increase over 80 years (1860-1940) large additional amounts of CO2 were released to the atmosphere. These additional quantities seem to have been at least as important as the anthropogenic release of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.
Adiabatic Potentials and Oscillator Strengths of Thallium-Noble Gas Atom Pairs
Authors: Czuchaj E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Baylis' semiempirical method has been applied for calculating interatomic potentials and oscillator strengths as a function of internuclear separation of the thallium-noble gas systems. The new potentials for the four lowest molecular states of each diatomic have been compared with the corresponding ones deduced by Cheron et al. from the measurement of continuum emission intensities on the extreme wings of the Tl resonance lines due to noble gas perturbers. The calculated potentials differ considerably from the latter ones. The molecular oscillator strengths have been calculated for both the allowed and the forbidden Tl transitions. The asymptotic values of the first ones are compared with the corresponding atomic oscillator strengths of other calculations and measurements. The agreement is generally quite good.
Infrared Microwave Double-Resonance Investigations on Trifluoromethyljodide (CF3I)
Authors: Ibisch E. , Andresen U. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
An additional set of infrared microwave double-resonance signals was observed using the 9 R 12 line of the CO2 laser. The vibrational transition involved is assigned to the QQs(8) transition of the v1-fundamental. ⊿J = 1, K = 5 rotational transitions were found for J = 5, 6, 7, and 8 in both vibrational states. A detailed description of the apparatus and methods is given.
Die Valenzisomerisierung des 9.10-Dewarisomers zum 9-t-Butylanthrazen
Authors: Jahn Burkhardt , Dreeskamp Herbert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
By DTA calorimetry the enthalpy of valence isomerization of 1-t-butyl-dibenzo-2,5-bicyclo-(2,2,0)-hexadiene (9-t-butyl-9,10-Dewar-anthracene) 2 to 9-t-butylanthracene 1 has been determined as -172±5 kJ mol-1 in decaline at 350 K. Photochemically the isomerization 2→1 occurs with the high quantum yield of ΦR≅O.4 in contrast to the low quantum yield of the reverse photo-isomerization 1→2 of ΦR = 0.016 [5]. Since other meso-substituted anthracenes, e.g. 9-methyl-anthracene or 9-trimethylsilyl-anthracene do not photoreact to Dewar-isomers, it is concluded that a deformation of the anthracene sceleton is a prerequisite for this type of valence isomerization.
Schwingungseigenschaften des PO4
3-Ions im Monazit-und Zirkon-Gitter
Authors: Baran Enrique J. , Lavat Araceli E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The force constants and mean amplitudes of vibration for the PO4
3- ion present in the lattices of the rare earth orthophosphates of the monazite and zircon types, have been calculated from recently reported Raman data. It is shown that the P-O bond strength depends not only on the overall unit cell contraction but also on the structural type.
Infrared-Radio-Frequency Two-Photon Investigations on Deutero-Fluoroform (CDF3)
Authors: Ibisch E. , Andresen U. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Some rotation-vibration transitions of the v5-band of Deutero-Fluoroform using the infrared-radio-frequency two-photon technique are reported. An absorption cell for infrared-radio-frequency or infrared-microwave two-photon and double-resonance measurements inside a CO2 laser cavity is described. This type of cell may be used in a wide frequency range.
Superposition Model Analysis of the Spin Hamiltonian Parameters of Two Gd3+ Doped Thorium Dichalcogenides
Authors: Amoretti G. , Fava C. , Varacca V. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The spin Hamiltonian parameters of Gd3+ in a single crystal of Thorium disulfide (ThS2) are analysed by means of the superposition model, in its most general form of a two exponents power law. In fact, the approximated one exponent power law is not suitable for this compound, where the ion-ligand distances show a quite large spread. The results of the analysis are then applied to the case of Gd3+ doped Thorium oxysulfide (ThOS), where the fitting of the experimental data is possible only assuming some distortion of the ligand cage.
On the Theory of the Magnetic Resistivity near a Ferromagnetic Phase Transition
Authors: Lage E. J. S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Perturbation theory is applied to the evaluation of the magnetic resistivity of a magnetic metal near a ferromagnetic phase transition. The method starts from first principles and uses diagrammatic expansions together with the theory of spin cumulant averages. Emphasis is put on some critical hypothesis regarding the behaviour of the coupled electron-spin system. A generalization of the de-Gennes-Friedel expressions for the static conductivity is derived and arguments are advanced regarding its energy like critical behaviour.
A short discussion is also given for the frequency dependent conductivity and it is shown that it deviates from Drude’s law.
Cumulative Rapidity Gap-distribution and Cluster Characteristics in Proton-emulsion Interaction at 300 GeV/c
Authors: Ghosh Dipak , Roy Jaya , Sengupta Kaushik , Naha Sadhan , Basu Madhumita , Guhathakurta Tarit , Bhattacharjee Anuradha 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Multiparticle rapidity clustering in proton-emulsion interactions at 300 GeV/c is studied using cumulative rapidity-gap distributions. Both 2-particle and 3-particle clusters have been observed.
EXAFS Spectroscopy with Amorphous Transition Metal-Metalloid Alloys
Authors: Schmückle Friedrich , Lamparter Peter , Steeb Siegfried 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
EXAFS measurements were performed with amorphous T80M20 (T=Fe,Co, Ni; M=B,P). For the interpretation of the EXAFS spectra it was necessary also to compare them with spectra obtained from crystalline specimes with known atomic arrangement and with similar chemical composition such as the alloys Fe2B, CO3B, Ni3B as well as Fe3P, CO3P, and Ni3P. As a radiation source the Ag-target of a rotating anode X-ray generator (6 kW) was used. The spectra were obtained using a flat LiF-(220) monochromator. The specimens were kept at 80 K and thus thermal effects could be reduced. The EXAFS spectra of the amorphous alloys and those of the corresponding crystalline compounds of the type T3M show among each other a relatively great similarity. The greatest similarity exists in the case of the Ni-and Co-alloys. The amorphous alloys based on iron however show larger discrepancies with respect to the corresponding crystalline ones, where the greatest deviation occurs with the compound Fe2B. The Fourier transforms show such similarities too. The EXAFS spectra of the crystalline elements Fe. Co, and Ni as well as their Fourier transforms evidently show differences compared to the amorphous specimens and to the T3M compounds.
The similarities observed between the amorphous alloys and the corresponding crystalline specimens of the T3M-type together with their large discrepancies with respect to the pure metals led to the conclusion that the local structure in the amorphous alloys is in considerable accordance with that of the corresponding T3M-compound.
\Iultistereo Synchrotron X-ray Topography
Authors: Tuomi T. , Kelhä V. , Naukkarinen K. , Blomberg M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Any two of several reflection or transmission x-ray topographs taken simultaneously with polychromatic synchrotron radiation form a stereo pair. Multistereoscopic transmission and reflection patterns of topographs taken from a silicon and iron-silicon crystal are presented. The directions and depths of defects are calculated from the measurements on the images in two symmetric topographs.
Model Calculation for the Fe80B20 Alloy Glass
Authors: Fujiwara T. , Chen H. S. , Waseda Y. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Three partial radial distribution functions [RDF’s] are calculated by means of relaxed dense-random packing models for a Fe80B20 glass. The model structures reproduce fairly well recently reported experimental partial RDF's derived from x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction using isotopic substitutional methods. Most significantly, both the model calculated by means of relaxed dense-random packing models GBB (r), the appearance of a subpeak on the short distance side of the first peak.
On the Anderson Transition in Electronic Color Centers Systems in Alkali Halide Crystals
Authors: Berezin A. A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
An alkali halide crystal with a high concentration of F-centers is considered. If some of these F-centers are ionized into anion vacancies (a-centers) released electrons can be trapped by other F-centers to form F′-centers. It is shown that for each original concentration of F-centers there is a certain concentration of F′-centers for which the random potential fluctuations due to negatively charged F′-centers and positively charged a-centers have enough amplitude to create Anderson localization condition in the system of F-, F′- and a-centers.
On the Possibility of Stress Determination by Consideration of Pendellösung Effect
Authors: Maciaszek M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In this paper a simplified method of stress estimation is proposed. The calculation is based on the Pendellösung effect (i.e. beat of two Bloch waves). It is assumed that lattice distortion causes a local change of fringe spacing. The results of the calculations appear to be consistent with results based on the consideration of separated curved trajectories of two Bloch waves related to both branches of the dispersion surface.
MINDO/3 Study of the Protonation of Phenol and Methylphenols
Authors: Eckert-Maksić M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The electronic and molecular structures of phenol and its ortho-meta-, and para-methyl derivates as well as their conjugate acids were studied by the semiempirical MINDO/3 method. The calculations predict substantial structural changes upon protonation. Theoretically predict-ed protonation sites are in very good agreement with experimentally observed modes of protonation under superacidic conditions.
Effect of Frit Material on External Transport Numbers in Molten Salts
Authors: Sjöblom Carl-Axel , Laity Richard W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Molten salt external transport numbers have been examined with respect to the possible in-fluence of the frit material. Improved measuring techniques revealed a slight temperature dependence for the transference of PbCl2 in Pyrex frits over the range 529 to 610°C, but generally con-firmed the values obtained by most of the earlier workers who used porous glass or related mate-rials. Within experimental error the figures were found to be identical in Pyrex frits of two different pore sizes. On the other hand, significant deviations were detected when a boron nitride frit was used. These experiments confirm that the transport properties of the interfacial layer between the melt and the solid depend on the nature of the solid.
Das passive Problem der anomalen Plasma-Diffusion / The Passive Problem of Anomalous Plasma Diffusion
Authors: Elsässer Klaus 
Published: February 2015

The diffusion of magnetic lines of force in a toroidal plasma is equivalent within a perturbative treatment, to the problem of turbulent convection in two space dimensions. Neglecting a triplecorrelation the diffusion coefficient D is, therefore, given as a spectral and ensemble mean of the Green’s function, and the following order of magnitude is obtained:
Dxx ≈ Min(L0 |B̃x|2/B0
2, l0\B̃x\/B0),
where L0 and l0 are the (Eulerian) correlation lengths of the magnetic fluctuations B̃ parallel and perpendicular to the unperturbed field B0, respectively
Miscibility Gaps in Fused Salts. Note XI. Systems Formed with Silver Halides and Lithium or Sodium Halides
Authors: Flor Giorgio , Margheritis Chiara , Vigano’ Campari , Sinistri Cesare 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The salt families formed with silver halides and lithium or sodium halides were studied in order to investigate demixing in the liquid state. In particular, measurements were carried out on the stable diagonals of the 12 pertinent reciprocal ternaries. Liquid-liquid equilibria were found to occur in the 10 mixtures containing LiF, NaF, LiCl, LiBr and NaCl (the last one only in the presence of Agl).
The miscibility gap, however, could be fully measured only on the four mixtures AgBr+LiCl, Agl + LiCl, AgI+LiBr and Agl+NaCl: for these and for the mixture AgI+ NaBr an “a priori” prediction of the gap was possible on the basis of current thermodynamic theories.
On the Investigation of the Structure of Amorphous Substances by Means of Electron Diffraction
Authors: Paasdie Frieder , Olbrich Herbert , Schestag Ute , Lamparter Peter , Steeb Siegfried 
Published: February 2015

A “Scanning High Energy Electron Diffraction”-(SHEED-)apparatus is described with which the intensity curves of elastically scattered electrons are obtained within a few minutes. The elimination of the inelastic background is done by means of an electrostatic filter with an energy resolution of 104, which is only limited by the line width of the beam producing system. The intensity curves obtained experimentally are corrected for multiple scattering.
The pair correlation functions of amorphous Germanium as obtained by electron and X-ray diffraction are compared. The electron diffraction curves agree well with the corresponding curves of other authors. The same stands for the curves obtained with X-rays. The differences between the curves obtained with electrons and X-rays are discussed.
Correlations of the 0—0 Transitions, the Absorption and Fluorescence Maxima with the σ-Hammett Constants
Authors: Fratev F. , Nikolov P. , Polansky O. E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The correlations of the 0-0 transitions, the absorption and the fluorescence maxima with the (σ-Hammett constants are established for series of substituted compounds of various structures. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of the changes of the energy gaps between ground and excited states and their force constants upon substitution. On this basis, both the equally and oppositely directed shifts of the maxima of absorption and fluorescence, respectively, are understood.
Struktur und Lumineszenz verhalten von Ag+/ π-Donor-Komplexen
Authors: Zander M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Photoluminescence (ethanol, 77 K) of 2-naphthylamine (I), its N,N-dimethyl derivative (II), 1-methyl-naphthalene (III) and 1-naphthyl-9-carbazyl-methane (IV) in the presence of AgNO3 has been studied. The results obtained can be explained assuming different types of Ag+-compIexing with the π-donor: (i) Covalent linkage between Ag and N in the case of I, (ii) Charge-transfer complexation with the aromatic units of II and III , respectively, and (iii) Charge-transfer complexation with the carbazole in IV as the stronger π-donor compared to 1-methyl-naphthalene. Most of the photophysical properties of the systems AgNO3/π-donor can be understood as resulting from heavy atom spin-orbit coupling effects. However, a strong effect of AgNO3 on the structure of the phosphorescence spectra of II and III is shown not to result from heavy atom spin-orbit coupling interaction.
The Determination of Molecular Quantities from Measurements on Macroscopic SystemsIV. Phases with Chemical Reactions
Authors: Liptay Wolfgang , Wehning Detlev , Becker Jürgen , Rehm Torsten 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A general method for the determination of molecular quantities from measurements in dense phases without chemical reactions has been presented in a previous paper [1], The method is extended to phases where chemical reactions may occur. The intimate relationship between the investigation of chemical equilibria and the determination of model molar quantities is shown. Some particular reactions have to be assumed as hypothesis. A scheme is developed, by which in favorable cases it is possible to falsify the assumed hypothesis or to estimate corresponding equilibrium constants and model molar quantities. Some special chemical reactions are treated, where observable quantities are insensitive to any variation of the concentrations of solutions and therefore such methods cannot contribute to the investigation of the systems.
Biblische Familien als Herausforderung für die Erziehung heute
Authors: Gerjolj Stanko 
Published: February 2015

The Bible tells us not only about God, but about human beings and anthropological relationships. By reflecting on relationships of some biblical families, we can gain the potentials of overcoming different kinds of deep relational conflicts. In this way we might learn how to approach Jeremiah’s prophetic oracle: No longer will anyone go around saying, “Sour grapes eaten by parents leave a sour taste in the mouths of their children” (Jer. 31:29). According to the stories about Abraham and his family, Isaac and his family, Jacob and his family, and Josef and his reconciliation with his brothers in Egypt, we see that the “taste of the grapes” from the previous generations undoubtedly affects the next generation. To overcome the negative consequences and to prevail over the compulsive repetitions of the past generations, the biblical stories have lessons that cannot be ignored, lessons that are didactic even to contemporary men and women, especially in the context of the crisis which family life is experiencing today. By accepting the history and in learning from it, which includes at least some levels of forgiveness and reconciliation with the past, the next generation can potentiality cultivate the ability to “live different” and to “do better”. In that context God is giving the chance for a “new life” to each new generation.
Judaism and Economics: The Link between Judaism and Economic Life
Authors: Fel Stanisław , Zdun Magdalena 
Published: February 2015

This article deals with the relationship of Judaism to economic activity. The subject is the typical approach of Jewish ethical thought, concerning the understanding of money, wealth, jobs and economic initiatives. Issues related to fundamental economic life are shown to be covered in the books that the Jewish community considers sacred. Particularly important are the Old Testament and the Talmud. Also important are references to the cultural interpretation of Judaism, including the classical works on the subject – Jacques Attali and Werner Sombart. The key concept is the subject of “wealth,” the meaning of which is derived from the Bible’s Book of Exodus and the Talmud. Finally, the foundations for Jewish economic thought can be expressed as the product of an embedded culture, which is founded on religion, in which property acquires ethical legitimacy. The argument is crowned with historical examples of the noble economic activity of the Jewish people, which also give evidence of the interrelatedness of religion and the proper use of wealth.
Topicality and Relevance of Janusz Korczak’s Pedagogical Approach to Children and Their Upbringing
Authors: Janiak Alicja , Rynio Alina 
Published: February 2015

anusz Korczak’s ideas and practical pedagogical achievements permanently went down in the history of Polish and world pedagogy. They have become a unique source of knowledge, ideas and inspiration in the quest for new educational solutions. His rich literary works, especially the pedagogical trilogy entitled How to Love a Child, is both a source of knowledge and inspiration for further reflection and research in the field of pedagogic sciences and an encyclopaedia of practical knowledge in the area of care, upbringing and education. The purpose of this article is to depict Korczak as a person, tutor, guardian, researcher-clinician and show his moral credibility confirmed with testimony to love. Not only does it present the topicality and importance of his pedagogical message but it also indicates the possibility of being a role model for many of today’s tutors and teachers.
Comparison of traditional and optical grain-size field measurements with SNOWPACK simulations in a taiga snowpack
Authors: Leppänen L. , Kontu A. , Vehviläinen J. , Lemmetyinen J. , Pulliainen J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractKnowledge of snow microstructure is relevant for modelling the physical properties of snow cover and for simulating the propagation of electromagnetic waves in remote-sensing applications. Characterization of the microstructure in field conditions is, however, a challenging task due to the complex, sintered and variable nature of natural snow cover. A traditional measure applied as a proxy of snow microstructure, which can also be determined in field conditions, is the visually estimated snow grain size. Developing techniques also allow measurement, for example, of the specific surface area (SSA) of snow, from which the optical-equivalent grain size can be derived. The physical snow model SNOWPACK simulates evolution of snow parameters from meteorological forcing data. In this study we compare an extensive experimental dataset of measurements of traditional grain size and SSA-derived optical grain size with SNOWPACK simulations of grain-size parameters. On average, a scaling factor of 1.2 is required to match traditional grain-size observations with the corresponding SNOWPACK simulation; a scaling factor of 2.1 was required for the optical equivalent grain size. Standard deviations of scaling factors for the winters of 2011/12 and 2012/13 were 0.36 and 0.42, respectively. The largest scaling factor was needed in early winter and under melting conditions.
The effects of dating uncertainties on net accumulation estimates from firn cores
Authors: Rupper Summer , Christensen William F. , Bickmore Barry R. , Burgener Landon , Koenig Lora S. , Koutnik Michelle R. , Miège Clément , Forster Richard R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe mean, trend and variability of net snow accumulation in firn cores are often used to validate model output, develop remote-sensing algorithms and quantify ice-sheet surface mass balance. Thus, accurately defining uncertainties associated with these in situ measurements is critical. In this study, we apply statistical simulation methods to quantify the uncertainty in firn-core accumulation data due to the uncertainty in depth–age scales. The methods are applied to a suite of firn cores from central West Antarctica. The results show that uncertainty in depth–age scales can give rise to spurious trends in accumulation that are the same order of magnitude as accumulation trends reported in West Antarctica. The depth–age scale uncertainties also significantly increase the apparent interannual accumulation variability, so these uncertainties must first be accounted for before using firn-core data to assess such processes as small-spatial-scale variability. Better quantification of error in accumulation will improve our ability to meaningfully compare firn-core data across different regions of the ice sheet, and provide appropriate targets for calibration and/or validation of model output and remote-sensing data.