bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Externalities and Ownership Choices in Foreign Acquisitions by Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Mariotti Sergio , Piscitello Lucia , Elia Stefano 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article assesses the influence of spatial heterogeneity on the entry mode by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign markets. Focusing on acquisitions, we claim that the location of the target firm influences the MNE's ownership choice. MNEs normally execute partial acquisitions to reduce their liability of foreignness and to preserve their target's inherent competencies, particularly in highly innovative and internationally competitive sectors. However, this phenomenon occurs less frequently if target firms are located in areas that are characterized by relevant externalities, such as core cities and industrial districts. In particular, core cities allow foreign MNEs to access a variety of information and knowledge as well as other externalities that are associated with international interconnectedness; industrial districts provide MNEs with easier access to industry‐specific agglomeration economies (a local pool of skilled labor, local input‐output linkages, and local knowledge spillovers). These locations provide substitutes for different aspects of the target firm's competences, thus reducing an MNE's need to maintain a local partner. Empirical evidence from foreign acquisitions of local manufacturing firms that occurred in Italy during the 2001–10 period confirms these expectations.
Respiratory cycle entrainment of septal neurons mediates the fast coupling of sniffing rate and hippocampal theta rhythm
Authors: Tsanov Marian , Chah Ehsan , Reilly Richard , O'Mara Shane M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMemory for odour information may result from temporal coupling between the olfactory and hippocampal systems. Respiration defines the frequency of olfactory perception, but how the respiratory rate affects hippocampal oscillations remains poorly understood. The afferent connectivity of the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DB) proposes this region as a crossroads between respiratory and limbic pathways. Here we investigate if the firing rates of septal neurons integrate respiratory rate signals. We demonstrate that approximately 50% of MS/DB neurons are temporally correlated with sniffing frequency. Moreover, a group of slow‐spiking septal neurons are phase‐locked to the sniffing cycle. We show that inter‐burst intervals of MS/DB theta cells relate to the sniff rate. Intranasal odour infusion evokes sniff phase preference for the activity of fast‐spiking MS/DB neurons. Concurrently, the infusion augments the correlation between sniffing and limbic theta oscillations. During periods of sniffing–theta correlation, CA1 place cells fired preferentially during the inhalation phase, suggesting the theta cycle as a coherent time frame for central olfactory processing. Furthermore, injection of the GABAergic agonist muscimol into medial septum induces a parallel decrease of sniffing and theta frequencies. Our findings provide experimental evidence that MS/DB does not merely generate theta rhythm, but actively integrates sensorimotor stimuli that reflect sniffing rate. Such integration may provide temporal oscillatory synchronisation of MS/DB‐innervated limbic structures with the sniffing cycle.
Evaluation of the immature platelet fraction as an indicator of platelet recovery in dengue patients
Authors: Dadu T. , Sehgal K. , Joshi M. , Khodaiji S. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIntroductionThrombocytopenia is a common complication in many disorders (such as aplastic anemia, ITP, dengue fever,), the etiology being multifactorial. Immature platelet fraction (IPF) is a new parameter which is a measure of reticulated platelets that reflects the rate of thrombopoiesis. We tried to evaluate IPF as an indicator to predict the recovery of platelets in patients with dengue.MethodsA total of 32 patients suffering from dengue fever (as confirmed by NS1 antigen or IgM antibody positivity for dengue) were taken for the study. The platelet count and IPF value of all these patients were evaluated on a daily basis.ResultsIt was found out that IPF has a strong correlation with the recovery of platelet counts in patients with dengue. 84.3% patients showed recovery within 24 h after attaining the peak IPF, 93.75% of the patients showed recovery within 24–48 h of the rise of the IPF compared with the previous day's value, and 100% patients showed a recovery within 24 h of the fall of the IPF compared with the previous days. It was also observed that 93.75% of the patients show platelet recovery within 24–48 h if the IPF was more than 10%.ConclusionBased on our study, we concluded that IPF can be used to evaluate the recovery of platelets in patients with dengue. It holds a great promise of becoming a reliable future guide for decisions concerning platelet transfusions.
General health of opioid substitution therapy clients
Authors: Islam M. M. , Taylor A. , Smyth C. , Day C. A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFive common medical conditions among opioid substitution therapy (OST) clients were assessed during a health promotion event held at a tertiary hospital‐based OST clinic in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected anthropometrically (body mass index and waist circumference), using spirometry, electrocardiogram, Pap test histories, Fibroscan and medical record review. Assessments were undertaken by specialised hospital staff. Abnormal results were found for 17% of those who underwent an electrocardiogram, 60% were anti‐hepatitis C virus positive (40% were viraemic), fibrosis was detected in one‐third (7% severe fibrosis and 18% cirrhosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was detected among 30% of participants with 7% at Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II and 2% at stage III. Forty‐seven percent of the female respondents reported that they had not had a Pap test in the previous 2 years. Findings indicate that OST clients suffer several health problems that OST clinics are well placed to identify and provide support for referrals.
La Recomendación del piso de protección social: ¿puede un documento de seis páginas cambiar el rumbo de la historia social?
Authors: Cichon Michael 
Published: December 2013

ResumenEn junio de 2012 la comunidad mundial dio un importante paso hacia el firme establecimiento de la protección social como parte de las estrategias nacionales y mundiales de desarrollo. La Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo adoptó unánimemente la Recomendación sobre los pisos de protección social, 2012 (núm. 202), para proporcionar el contenido concreto del derecho humano a la seguridad social. Este artículo sitúa a la Recomendación en el contexto histórico del establecimiento de normas y el desarrollo de políticas, relata el surgimiento del concepto de piso de protección social y analiza el contenido de la nueva Recomendación y algunos de sus aspectos políticos candentes. Luego, examina si el nuevo instrumento cuenta con el potencial para cambiar la realidad social de los 185 Estados miembros de la OIT y concluye que su adopción es una demostración sin precedentes de la buena voluntad y del amplio alcance del consenso mundial en materia de políticas sociales. Sin embargo, a fin de facilitar la creación de espacios de cambio en las políticas nacionales, la campaña para alcanzar un mínimo de seguridad social para todas las necesidades debe proseguir y mantenerse en el programa internacional. Para terminar, el artículo enumera estrategias que la coalición mundial promotora de esta campaña debe adoptar para que la seguridad social siga siendo o se convierta en un objetivo inalienable de las estrategias nacionales e internacionales de desarrollo.
La Recomendación sobre los pisos de protección social, 2012 (núm. 202): completar las normas para cerrar la brecha de cobertura
Authors: Kulke Ursula , Guilbault Emmanuelle St‐Pierre 
Published: December 2013

ResumenEn junio de 2012 la 101.ª reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo (CIT) adoptó la Recomendación sobre los pisos de protección social, 2012 (núm. 202). Este artículo explora los vínculos entre dicha recomendación y las normas de seguridad social preexistentes de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y su complementariedad con éstas. En respuesta a las preguntas acerca de si las normas de seguridad social de la OIT existentes han perdido su relevancia y si la nueva recomendación se ha adoptado con el fin de sustituir las ya existentes, el artículo concluye que su adopción no sólo complementa sino que también amplía y fortalece el código internacional de seguridad social existente. En conjunto, se considera que la citada recomendación y los convenios de seguridad social de la OIT proporcionan un marco normativo completo y adecuado para el establecimiento y el mantenimiento de sistemas integrales de seguridad social.
Revisión de las políticas para avanzar hacia la cobertura universal de salud en los países de bajos ingresos: ventajas de los pisos nacionales de protección social
Authors: Scheil‐Adlung Xenia 
Published: December 2013

ResumenA pesar de los avances en la ampliación de la cobertura de la protección social de salud, la mayoría de los países de bajos ingresos aún están lejos de alcanzar la cobertura universal de salud, por lo que es casi seguro que no se cumplan los objetivos clave relacionados con las mejoras de salud, como los fijados por los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). Los principales afectados son las poblaciones más vulnerables: los pobres de las zonas urbanas y rurales y los trabajadores de la economía informal y sus familias. Lo más preocupante es que los avances podrían no sólo limitarse sino incluso invertirse si las políticas continúan sin abordar las causas fundamentales de las deficiencias y los déficit de la cobertura de salud. En este artículo se proporcionan pruebas de que dichas causas se hallan tanto dentro como fuera del sector de salud y están estrechamente relacionadas con la pobreza y otras formas de vulnerabilidad. Se argumenta que la única manera de lograr un progreso sostenible hacia la cobertura universal de salud en un plazo de tiempo adecuado es centrarse, de modo simultáneo, en: a) extender la cobertura de salud y mejorar el acceso a la atención médica necesaria; b) proporcionar seguridad de ingresos mediante ayudas a las personas necesitadas; c) abordar las limitaciones o la imposibilidad de participar en la generación de ingresos procedentes del trabajo, y d) aplicar políticas coherentes dentro y entre los sectores sociales, económicos y de salud que establezcan prioridades en la disminución de la pobreza. Dichas políticas pueden aplicarse mejor en el contexto de los pisos de protección social (PPS) nacionales que se centran en el acceso como mínimo a la asistencia médica básica y en proporcionar, al menos, la seguridad básica del ingreso durante el ciclo de vida a todas las personas necesitadas. La aplicación de los PPS puede romper los vínculos mutuos entre la mala salud, la pobreza y otras vulnerabilidades y lograr un progreso sostenible hacia la cobertura universal de salud y otros objetivos de protección social.
The Effect of Making a Voluntary Labour Market Programme Compulsory: Evidence from a UK Experiment
Authors: Dorsett Richard , Smeaton Deborah , Speckesser Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects on employment and benefit receipt of making a voluntary active labour market programme compulsory. This policy change, which targeted long‐term unemployed people over the age of 50, was piloted in a number of areas within the UK and evaluated by individual random assignment of the requirement to participate. The results show that mandating participation resulted in a sustained increase in employment and a corresponding reduction in benefit receipt. The results were driven at least in part by a deterrent effect.
Fiscal Fan Charts: A Tool for Assessing Member States' (Likely?) Compliance with EU Fiscal Rules
Authors: Cronin David , Dowd Kevin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper sets out a methodology for constructing fan charts for the government deficit and debt ratios over the medium term. It relies on information contained in Stability/Convergence Programme Updates, a model of the relevant stochastic process (for example, that of real GDP) or processes, and a parameter estimate of the sensitivity of the primary budget balance to the output gap for the member state under consideration. A model of the dynamic deficit–debt relationship allows the impact of random output growth to work its way through the fiscal arithmetic in a consistent and traceable way to produce fan charts over a five‐year forecast horizon. The initial set of fiscal fan charts included here for Ireland use the indicative public finance projections set out in its 2011 Update. The methodology makes the standard assumption of no fiscal policy response to any change in the budgetary position over the period such as could arise from changes in growth rates. Governments will, however, generally be in a position to adjust fiscal policy towards meeting a specific target, such as the 3 per cent Maastricht Treaty deficit target. A second set of fan charts is included that indicates how the probabilistic range of fiscal outcomes could be affected by a tightening of fiscal policy in 2013–15.
Dopant Site Occupancy and Chemical Expansion in Rare Earth‐Doped Barium Zirconate
Authors: Han Donglin , Shinoda Kozo , Uda Tetsuya 
Published: December 2013

Rare earth‐doped BaZrO3 is a very attractive material in electrochemical applications due to its proton conductive property. In this work, powder X‐ray diffraction patterns of BaZr0.8M0.2O3−δ (M = Sc, Eu, Sm, Dy) were collected using synchrotron radiation, and also using characteristic X‐ray of CuKα in dry and wet atmospheres at high temperature. Then, a combined interpretation of the diffraction patterns was established by using Rietveld refinement. The results revealed that an obvious lattice expansion was observed for BaZr0.8M0.2O3−δ (M = Sc, Eu, Sm, Dy) in wet O2 compared with the case in dry condition, indicating a chemical expansion effect on lattice volume by incorporating water into lattice. Eu, Sm, and Dy cations occupied both A‐ and B‐sites of BaZrO3 crystalline lattice, whereas Sc cations were determined to occupy B‐site only. These results indicate clearly an increasing tendency toward A‐site occupation for the rare earth cations in BaZrO3 with an increasing radius.
Facile Growth of Cu2O Nanowires on Reduced Graphene Sheets with High Nonenzymatic Electrocatalytic Activity Toward Glucose
Authors: Feng Xiaoxia , Guo Changfa , Mao Liyuan , Ning Jiqiang , Hu Yong 
Published: December 2013

In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of a unique hybrid structure by directly growing ultrathin Cu2O nanowires (about 5 nm in diameter) onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets via a facile solvothermal method. This is a facile process carried out at 120°C for 6 h, in which only cupric acetate and rGO sheets are used as initiating materials, ethylene glycol as the solvent and reducing agent, and soldium acetate as precipitator, without employing any additional surfactant. Furthermore, the as‐obtained nanocomposites‐modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) shows significantly improved electrochemical performance in nonenzymatic amperometric glucose detection, exhibiting the good linear behavior with glucose concentrations ranging from 10 μM to 0.1 mM with a high gradient of 80.17 μA/mM. More importantly, interference from the oxidation of common interfering species under physiological conditions, such as uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid, is effectively avoided. Therefore, these nanocomposites may be a promising electrode material for the determination of glucose.
Calcium Sulfoaluminate Sodalite (Ca4Al6O12SO4) Crystal Structure Evaluation and Bulk Modulus Determination
Authors: Hargis Craig W. , Moon Juhyuk , Lothenbach Barbara , Winnefeld Frank , Wenk Hans‐Rudolf , Monteiro Paulo J. M. 
Published: December 2013

The predominant phase of calcium sulfoaluminate cement, Ca4(Al6O12)SO4, was investigated using high‐pressure synchrotron X‐ray diffraction from ambient pressure to 4.75 GPa. A critical review of the crystal structure of Ca4(Al6O12)SO4 is presented. Rietveld refinements showed the orthorhombic crystal structure to best match the observed peak intensities and positions for pure Ca4(Al6O12)SO4. The compressibility of Ca4(Al6O12)SO4 was studied using cubic, orthorhombic, and tetragonal crystal structures due to the lack of consensus on the actual space group, and all three models provided similar results of 69(6) GPa. With its divalent cage ions, the bulk modulus of Ca4(Al6O12)SO4 is higher than other sodalites with monovalent cage ions, such as Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2 or Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2·H2O. Likewise, comparing this study to previous ones shows the lattice compressibility of aluminate sodalites decreases with increasing size of the caged ions. Ca4(Al6O12)SO4 is more compressible than other cement clinker phases such as tricalcium aluminate and less compressible than hydrated cement phases such as ettringite and hemicarboaluminate.
(Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 and (Cr5/8Ti3/8)4AlC3: New MAX‐phase Compounds in Ti–Cr–Al–C System
Authors: Liu Zhimou , Zheng Liya , Sun Luchao , Qian Yuhai , Wang Jingyang , Li Meishuan 
Published: December 2013

Two new MAX compounds, (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 and (Cr5/8Ti3/8)4AlC3, were successfully synthesized by hot‐pressing elemental powders at 1500°C for 1 h under 30 MPa in a flowing argon atmosphere. Their crystal structures were indentified and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis. (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 and (Cr5/8Ti3/8)4AlC3 have the same crystal structures with the well‐characterized Ti3AlC2 and Ti4AlN3, respectively.
Adverse childhood experiences: towards a clear conceptual meaning
Authors: Kalmakis Karen A. , Chandler Genevieve E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo report an analysis of the concept of adverse childhood experiences.BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences have been associated with negative physical and psychological health outcomes, but this phenomenon lacks the clear, consistent meaning necessary for use in nursing research, theory development and practice.DesignConcept clarification.Data SourcesThe literature search was not limited a priori by date and included publications with abstracts in English from PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Social Abstracts. The search retrieved 128 articles published from 1970–2013. The search term ‘adverse childhood experiences’ was used, with similar terms permitted. A snowball approach was used to expand the search to relevant literature.MethodsThe articles were read and analysed following Norris's five steps for concept clarification to refine, elucidate and operationally define the concept and the context in which it occurred.ResultsAdverse childhood experiences were defined operationally as childhood events, varying in severity and often chronic, occurring in a child's family or social environment that cause harm or distress, thereby disrupting the child's physical or psychological health and development.ConclusionThis concept clarification should raise awareness and understanding of the diverse nature and shared characteristics of adverse childhood experiences that are believed to influence the health of individuals as they age. This clarified concept will help expand research on health consequences of adverse childhood experiences and interventions to improve health. We recommend promoting a model of primary care that pays attention to the social and familial influences on the health of individuals worldwide.
Attenuation of steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in mice fed a methionine‐choline deficient diet by CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein deficiency
Authors: Toriguchi Kan , Hatano Etsuro , Tanabe Kazutaka , Takemoto Kenji , Nakamura Kojiro , Koyama Yukinori , Seo Satoru , Taura Kojiro , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsHepatic steatosis is a metabolic liver disease with the potential to progress to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) deficiency in the development of steatosis‐associated progression of HCC.MethodsEight‐week‐old wild‐type (WT) and CHOP knockout (CHOP−/−) mice were fed a normal or methionine‐choline‐deficient (MCD) diet. Mice were sacrificed after 3 weeks, and steatosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver damage were assessed. We also evaluated fibrosis after 8 weeks of nutrition intervention. To explore the role of CHOP in liver carcinogenesis, 25 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was injected intraperitoneally into 2‐week‐old mice, which were then fed the aforementioned diets from 8 to 24 weeks of age. CHOP expression in HCC patient livers was also evaluated.ResultsCHOP deficiency did not affect steatosis but significantly reduced apoptotic cells, inflammation scores, and serum liver enzymes. It also significantly suppressed total serum bilirubin levels, fibrotic area size, and messenger RNA expression of profibrotic cytokines. DEN‐initiated carcinogenesis was promoted by the MCD diet, while CHOP deficiency significantly attenuated the total number and maximum diameter of tumors and the Ki‐67 labeling index. In human livers, CHOP expression was enhanced in parallel with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis‐to‐HCC progression.ConclusionsCHOP deficiency attenuated apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis under fat‐loading conditions, indicating that a therapeutic strategy targeting CHOP might be effective for fat‐induced liver injury and protecting against promotion of carcinogenesis in patients with liver steatosis.
Coping strategies for activities of daily living in women whose hands affected by systemic sclerosis
Authors: Cinar Fatma I , Unver Vesile , Cinar Muhammet , Yilmaz Sedat , Simsek Ismail , Tosun Nuran , Erdem Hakan , Yilmaz Fatma , Pay Salih , Dinc Ayhan 
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectivesTo determine the challenges experienced by women with systemic sclerosis, whose hands affected, while performing activities of daily living and their coping strategies.BackgroundMany of the patients with systemic sclerosis experience difficulties in performing daily activities. One of the most important reasons for that is the impaired hand function due to their diseases.DesignA descriptive cross‐sectional design was conducted and questionnaire was used in this study.MethodsThe study was performed in a Rheumatology Department at a tertiary‐care hospital in Turkey between April 2010–December 2011. Nineteen patients with systemic sclerosis with hand involvement were enrolled in this study. The data were collected by using both a demographic data form and an Evaluation of Daily Activity Questionnaire.ResultsAccording to Evaluation of Daily Activity Questionnaire, the most scored dimension that patients can do with much difficulty was ‘eating’ and the dimension that patients unable to do was ‘washing/clothes care’. In ‘eating’ dimension, the most difficult activities were ‘opening glass jar’, ‘opening juice bottle’ and ‘opening bottle’ that requiring the movement of rotation. Their coping strategies for these activities were as follows: try to open with a towel, try to remove the edge of the palm with a knife, use the hand palm and help from someone else (spouse, neighbour, etc.). In ‘washing/clothes care’ dimension, the most difficult activities were ‘turning up hem of a skirt’, ‘washing up in bowl’ and ‘cutting out material’. For these activities, they use some coping strategies such as getting help from tailor, washing in the machine instead of hand washing.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that impaired hand function affects the daily life activities of patients with systemic sclerosis, and patients have developed some coping strategies to overcome these difficulties.Relevance to clinical practiceThe coping strategies used by patients can be helpful for the other patients with systemic sclerosis.