bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HRD Education in Developing Countries
Authors: McLean Gary N. , Akaraborworn Chiraprapha Tan 
Published: February 2015

The Problem Human resource development (HRD) university programs, so named, have been found dominantly in the United States. However, university programs in HRD have emerged elsewhere, interestingly, more often in developing countries than in other developed countries. But, globally, we know virtually nothing about these programs, their histories, their curricula, their missions, and their research, as there is an almost complete gap in international literature. The Solution Two countries in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), Thailand and Malaysia, were selected as case studies for HRD education in developing countries or upper-middle income countries as defined by the World Bank; they are also the most active in the Academy of HRD (AHRD) in Asia as they have hosted the Asian AHRD conference twice within a decade. Because of the paucity of literature on this topic, we accessed related websites to determine details about the HRD programs, supplemented by our own information related to these two countries based on our knowledge of HRD education in these two countries. The study showed that HRD education in these two countries is at the stage of established, based on the taxonomy developed within the article. More than one university in each country is offering HRD majors in undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral levels. The Stakeholders The information in this article should be of interest to anyone interested in international or global HRD, potential students who wish to study HRD in these countries, officers and members of the AHRD, members of the Program Excellence Network (PEN) of AHRD, and anyone generally interested in HRD in higher education.
Enriching HRD Education Through Professional Organizations
Authors: McLean Gary N. , Akdere Mesut 
Published: February 2015

The Problem Human resource development (HRD) education does not take place only in academic institutions. There are hundreds of global professional organizations or associations that are designed to give professionals in the field of HRD opportunities to share their knowledge. Yet, there has been little research to determine what such organizations anticipate contributing to professionals’ education. Particularly problematic is the large number of professional organizations at global, regional, country, and local levels, all of which claim to add to professionals’ expertise. The Solution There is little literature focusing on specific HRD professional organizations. In this article, we explore samples of both academic and practitioner professional organizations globally and on each populated continent. We have identified educational outcomes that are part of the educational missions of professional organizations and associated modes. Data were gathered through websites, interaction with professional networks, and our personal experiences. The Stakeholders HRD practitioners and academics need to be aware of the significant contributions made by professional organizations to HRD education. This is especially important in countries where there is little to no formal HRD education offered in universities, as well as for all professionals, academics and practitioners, who desire to expand their global knowledge. Greater intentionality of this mission may improve the outcomes experienced by professional organizations and help others select appropriate organizations with which to affiliate.
Neuroesthetics and Healthcare Design
Authors: Nanda Upali , Pati Debajyoti , McCurry Katie 
Published: February 2015

While there is a growing consciousness about the importance of visually pleasing environments in healthcare design, little is known about the key underlying mechanisms that enable aesthetics to play an instrumental role in the caregiving process. Hence it is often one of the first items to be value engineered. Aesthetics has (rightfully) been provided preferential consideration in such pleasure settings such as museums and recreational facilities; but in healthcare settings it is often considered expendable. Should it be? In this paper the authors share evidence that visual stimuli undergo an aesthetic evaluation process in the human brain by default, even when not prompted; that responses to visual stimuli may be immediate and emotional; and that aesthetics can be a source of pleasure, a fundamental perceptual reward that can help mitigate the stress of a healthcare environment. The authors also provide examples of studies that address the role of specific visual elements and visual principles in aesthetic evaluations and emotional responses. Finally, they discuss the implications of these findings for the design of art and architecture in healthcare.
Identification of Critical Factors Affecting Flexibility in Hospital Construction Projects
Authors: Olsson Nils O. E. , Hansen Geir K. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: This paper analyzes the dynamics relating to flexibility in a hospital project context. Three research questions are addressed: (1) When is flexibility used in the life cycle of a project? (2) What are the stakeholders' perspectives on project flexibility? And (3) What is the nature of the interaction between flexibility in the process of a project and flexibility in terms of the characteristics of a building? Background: Flexibility is discussed from both a project management point of view and from a hospital architecture perspective. Flexibility in project life cycle and from a stakeholder perspective is examined, and the interaction between flexibility in scope lock-in and building flexibility is investigated. Methods: The results are based on case studies of four Norwegian hospital projects. Information relating to the projects has been obtained from evaluation reports, other relevant documents, and interviews. Observations were codified and analyzed based on selected parameters that represent different aspects of flexibility. Results: One of the cases illustrates how late changes can have a significant negative impact on the project itself, contributing to delays and cost overruns. Another case illustrates that late scope lock-in on a limited part of the project, in this case related to medical equipment, can be done in a controlled manner. Project owners and users appear to have given flexibility high priority. Project management teams are less likely to embrace changes and late scope lock-in. Architects and consultants are important for translating program requirements into physical design. A highly flexible building did not stop some stakeholders from pushing for significant changes and extensions during construction.
Redefining Healthcare Infrastructure: Moving toward Integrated Solutions
Authors: Tillmann Patricia A. , Tzortzopoulos Patricia , Formoso Carlos T. 
Published: February 2015

Currently in the United Kingdom there is a trend to broaden the scope of service provision in the healthcare sector. Not only are new healthcare-related services being provided to the community, but also there is increasing concern for providing services to extend the life cycle of built facilities. This trend is similar to what has been observed in manufacturing, where different approaches are used to combine products and services, generating high-value integrated solutions. This article analyzes integrated-solution approaches that have been adopted in the manufacturing sector and compares them to trends that are emerging in the healthcare sector. The practical implications of these trends in the UK healthcare sector are also pointed out. This study discusses how to improve value generation by combining products and services; it also addresses the need for a value-creating system that is capable of developing and sustaining new healthcare infrastructures. Some of the major changes needed to achieve fully integrated solutions in healthcare—such as supporting policies for innovation and stakeholder engagement—are pointed out. However, understanding the theoretical concept behind such approaches (and thus how value can be generated) and the challenges associated with introducing them into practice seem to be the first steps toward achieving integrated solutions in the healthcare context.
Knowledge Modeling Tool for Evidence-Based Design
Authors: Durmisevic Sanja , Ciftcioglu Özer 
Published: February 2015

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to take evidence-based design (EBD) to the next level by activating available knowledge, integrating new knowledge, and combining them for more efficient use by the planning and design community. This article outlines a framework for a performance-based measurement tool that can provide the necessary decision support during the design or evaluation of a healthcare environment by estimating the overall design performance of multiple variables. Background: New knowledge in EBD adds continuously to complexity (the “information explosion”), and it becomes impossible to consider all aspects (design features) at the same time, much less their impact on final building performance. Research Questions: How can existing knowledge and the information explosion in healthcare—specifically the domain of EBD—be rendered manageable? Is it feasible to create a computational model that considers many design features and deals with them in an integrated way, rather than one at a time? Approach: The found evidence is structured and readied for computation through a “fuzzification” process. The weights are calculated using an analytical hierarchy process. Actual knowledge modeling is accomplished through a fuzzy neural tree structure. The impact of all inputs on the outcome—in this case, patient recovery—is calculated using sensitivity analysis. Finally, the added value of the model is discussed using a hypothetical case study of a patient room. Conclusion: The proposed model can deal with the complexities of various aspects and the relationships among variables in a coordinated way, allowing existing and new pieces of evidence to be integrated in a knowledge tree structure that facilitates understanding of the effects of various design interventions on overall design performance.
Investigating Walking Environments in and around Assisted Living Facilities: A Facility Visit Study
Authors: Lu Zhipeng 
Published: February 2015

Objective: This study explores assisted living residents' walking behaviors, locations where residents prefer to walk, and walking environments in and around assisted living facilities. Background: Regular walking is beneficial to older adults' physical and psychological health. Yet frail older residents in assisted living are usually too sedentary to achieve these benefits. The physical environment plays an important role in promoting physical activity. However, there is little research exploring this relationship in assisted living settings. Methods: The researcher visited 34 assisted living facilities in a major Texas city. Methods included walk-through observation with the Assisted Living Facility Walking Environment Checklist, and interviews with administrators by open- and close-ended questions. The data from 26 facilities were analyzed using descriptive statistics (for quantitative data) and content analysis (for qualitative data). Results: The results indicate that (a) residents were walking both indoors and outdoors for exercise or other purposes (e.g., going to destinations); (b) assisted living facility planning and design details—such as neighborhood sidewalk conditions, facility site selection, availability of seating, walking path configuration (e.g., looped/nonlooped path), amount of shading along the path, presence of handrails, existence of signage, etc.—may influence residents' walking behaviors; and (c) current assisted living facilities need improvement in all aspects to make their environments more walkable for residents. Conclusion: Findings of the study provide recommendations for assisted living facilities to improve the walkability of environments and to create environmental interventions to promote regular walking among their residents. This study also implies several directions for future research.
An Empirical Examination of Patient Room Handedness in Acute Medical-Surgical Settings
Authors: Pati Debajyoti , Cason Carolyn , Harvey Thomas E. , Evans Jennie 
Published: February 2015

Objective: The study objective was to examine whether standardized same-handed room configurations contribute more to operational performance in comparison to standardized mirror-image room configurations. Based on a framework that physical environment standardization supports process and workflow standardization, thus contributing to safety and efficiency, the study examined the comparative effectiveness of the standardized same-handed configuration and the standardized mirror-image configuration. Background: Patient room handedness has emerged as an important issue in inpatient unit design, with many hospitals adopting the standardized same-handed room concept at all levels of patient acuity. Although it is argued that standardized same-handed rooms offer greater levels of safety and efficiency in comparison to standardized mirror-image rooms, there is little empirical evidence either to support or refute these contentions. Method: An experimental setting was developed where elements of the physical environment and approach to the caregiver zone were systematically manipulated. Twenty registered nurses (10 left-handed and 10 right-handed) provided three types of care to a patient-actor across nine physical design configurations, which were videotaped in 540 separate segments. Structured interviews of the subjects were conducted at the end of each individual set of simulation runs to obtain triangulation data. Video segments were coded by nursing experts. Statistical and content analyses of the data were conducted. Results: Study data show that standardized same-handed configurations may not contribute to process and workflow standardization—hence, to safety and efficiency—any more than standardized mirror-image configurations in acute medical-surgical settings. Data suggest that a global view of the patient care environment upon entry is the most sought-after familiarization factor to reduce cognitive load.
Rooftop Hospital Gardens for Physical Therapy: A Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Authors: Davis Brad E. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: The goal of this study was to understand successes and weaknesses of a rooftop hospital garden used primarily for physical therapy. Background: Literature on the healing benefits of nature and designed outdoor spaces in healthcare contexts continues to become more focused on specific patient populations. This study contributes to the knowledge of rooftop hospital gardens and gardens for physical rehabilitation. Methods: A post-occupancy evaluation was conducted using interviews with a lead therapist and landscape architect, behavior mapping, a staff survey, and a patient questionnaire. Results: The designer and administrative staff perceived high accessibility while patients and staff reported low accessibility. Patients reported high satisfaction with the garden while staff reported little time for garden use. Poor maintenance decisions resulted in decreased functional and aesthetic value. Conclusions: Garden elements take on added layers of meaning and value to users seeking to escape the indoor environment, placing increased importance on evidence-based site design. Multiple perspectives must be considered in facility and garden master planning. Finally, designers and horticultural therapists must be retained in garden management to preserve and enhance garden functionality.
A Comparison of Parent Satisfaction in an Open-Bay and Single-Family Room Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Stevens Dennis C. , Helseth Carol C. , Khan M. Akram , Munson David P. , Reid E. J. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that parental satisfaction with neonatal intensive care is greater in a single-family room facility as compared with a conventional open-bay neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This investigation was a prospective cohort study comparing satisfaction survey results for parents who responded to a commercially available parent NICU satisfaction survey following the provision of NICU care in open-bay and single-family room facilities. A subset of 16 items indicative of family-centered care was also computed and compared for these two NICU facilities. Results: Parents whose babies received care in the single-family room facility expressed significantly improved survey responses in regard to the NICU environment, overall assessment of care, and total survey score than did parents of neonates in the open-bay facility. With the exception of the section on nursing in which scores in both facilities were high, nonsignificant improvement in median scores for the sections on delivery, physicians, discharge planning, and personal issues were noted. The total median item score for family-centered care was significantly greater in the single-family room than the open-bay facility. Conclusions: Parental satisfaction with care in the single-family room NICU was improved in comparison with the traditional open-bay NICU. The single-family room environment appears more conducive to the provision of family-centered care. Improved parental satisfaction with care and the potential for enhanced family-centered care need to be considered in decisions made regarding the configuration of NICU facilities in the future.
Color-Coding and Human Factors Engineering to Improve Patient Safety Characteristics of Paper-Based Emergency Department Clinical Documentation
Authors: Kobayashi Leo , Boss Robert M. , Gibbs Frantz J. , Goldlust Eric , Hennedy Michelle M. , Monti James E. , Siegel Nathan A. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: Investigators studied an emergency department (ED) physical chart system and identified inconsistent, small font labeling; a single-color scheme; and an absence of human factors engineering (HFE) cues. A case study and description of the methodology with which surrogate measures of chart-related patient safety were studied and subsequently used to reduce latent hazards are presented. Background: Medical records present a challenge to patient safety in EDs. Application of HFE can improve specific aspects of existing medical chart organization systems as they pertain to patient safety in acute care environments. Methods: During 10 random audits over 5 consecutive days (573 data points), 56 (9.8%) chart binders (range 0.0–23%) were found to be either misplaced or improperly positioned relative to other chart binders; 12 (21%) were in the critical care area. HFE principles were applied to develop an experimental chart binder system with alternating color-based chart groupings, simple and prominent identifiers, and embedded visual cues. Results: Post-intervention audits revealed significant reductions in chart binder location problems overall ( p < 0.01), for Urgent Care A and B pods (6.4% to 1.2%; p < 0.05), Fast Track C pod (19.3% to 0.0%; p < 0.05) and Behavioral/Substance Abuse D pod (15.7% to 0.0%; p < 0.05) areas of the ED. The critical care room area did not display an improvement (11.4% to 13.2%; p = 0.40) Conclusions: Application of HFE methods may aid the development, assessment, and modification of acute care clinical environments through evidence-based design methodologies and contribute to safe patient care delivery.
Hospitals on the Time Axis: Trends in the Real World and Implications for Architectural Education
Authors: Kendall Stephen 
Published: February 2015

Hospitals are never finished, and in the best cases they retain value and coherence for decades while they adjust in response to the dynamics of the healthcare field. In the worst cases, the facility is demolished, incapable of accommodating cycles of change. These are well known but poorly documented realities. Today, it is not unusual for one architect to design a hospital and another to design the interior fit-out, either initially or years later. Some clients ask for “shell space” to be fitted out later by another firm. Architects educated to define function first and to maintain unified control find this unsettling, believing that only if one party controls everything can high-quality architecture result. This is not the case, as diverse buildings, cities, and neighborhoods show, but the belief dies hard. In fact, the educational paradigm in schools of architecture largely maintains the old myths. This article describes this reality and poses questions about habit and method that are now at odds with reality. Finally, the paper suggests a way to handle new realities in the education of the next generation of architects.
Environmental Congruence and Work-Related Stress in Acute Care Hospital Medical/Surgical Units: A Descriptive, Correlational Study
Authors: Dendaas Nancy 
Published: February 2015

Objective: To describe the degree to which Environmental Congruence (EC) is present in sampled units and considered important/desirable by staff RNs; staff RNs' reported level of work-related stress (WRS); the perceived contribution of the physical environment to WRS; and the relationship between existing levels of EC and WRS. Background: Few studies have focused on how the physical environment might contribute to nurses' WRS and chronic nursing shortages. The construct of EC can be used, within a Person Environment (PE)-Fit framework, to assess the fit among nurses, nursing work, the physical work environment, and WRS. Methods: EC was measured using investigator-developed, literature/criterion-based survey instruments. Staff RNs reported WRS variables by using two single-item self-report measures. The final convenience sample consisted of 471 staff RNs from 39 medical/surgical units from 12 hospitals in the upper Midwest. Data were collected over a 7-month period. Results: The mean level of existing EC in the sample was roughly 70% percent of highest capacity and that of important/desired EC in the sample was 93%. Staff RNs' mean level of WRS was 6.7; the mean contribution of the physical environment to WRS was 5.8. Moderate negative correlations were found between EC and WRS ( r = −.41, p < .05), and between physical environment contribution to WRS and EC ( r = −.55, p <.001). Conclusions: Staff RNs in the sampled units wanted a significantly higher level of EC. They rated their WRS moderately high and the contribution of the physical environment to it as moderate. A moderately negative relationship was found between EC and WRS. EC may be a useful construct in research that attempts to improve hospital nursing work environments.