bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Drosophila Imd Signaling Pathway
Authors: Myllymäki Henna , Valanne Susanna , Rämet Mika 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has helped us to understand how innate immunity is activated. In addition to the Toll receptor and the Toll signaling pathway, the Drosophila immune response is regulated by another evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade, the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway, which activates NF-κB. In fact, the Imd pathway controls the expression of most of the antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila; thus, it is indispensable for normal immunity in flies. In this article, we review the current literature on the Drosophila Imd pathway, with special emphasis on its role in the (patho)physiology of different organs. We discuss the systemic response, as well as local responses, in the epithelial and mucosal surfaces and the nervous system.
Integration of sources in academic writing: A corpus-based study of citation practices in essay writing in two departments at the University of Botswana
Authors: Ramoroka Boitumelo T. 
Published: April 2014

The ability to cite sources appropriately is an important feature of academic writing. Academic writers are expected to integrate ideas of others into their texts and take a stance towards the reported material as they develop their arguments. Despite this importance, research has shown that citation presents considerable difficulties for students, particularly non-native English speakers. Such difficulties include using citations effectively in writing and understanding them in reading, expressing one’s voice and signalling citations in writing so that there is a clear distinction between one’s ideas and those derived from source materials. This study investigates the types of reporting verbs used by students to refer to the work of others and the extent to which they evaluate the work of others in their writing. It draws from a corpus of approximately 80 000 words from essays written by students in two departments at the University of Botswana (Botswana). The findings show that students used more informing verbs, associated with the neutral passing of information from the source to the reader, without interpreting the information cited, compared with argumentative verbs (which signify an evaluative role). The results of the study underscore the importance of teaching reporting verbs in the English for academic purposes classroom and making students aware of their evaluative potential.
Conjugate Gradient Method for Estimation of Robin Coefficients
Authors: Ma Yan-Bo , Lin Fu-Rong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe consider a Robin inverse problem associated with the Laplace equation, which is a severely ill-posed and nonlinear. We formulate the problem as a boundary integral equation, and introduce a functional of the Robin coefficient as a regularisation term. A conjugate gradient method is proposed for solving the consequent regularised nonlinear least squares problem. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Three Iterative Finite Element Methods for the Stationary Smagorinsky Model
Authors: Su Haiyan , Huang Pengzhan , Wen Juan , Feng Xinlong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThree iterative stabilised finite element methods based on local Gauss integration are proposed in order to solve the steady two-dimensional Smagorinsky model numerically. The Stokes iterative scheme, the Newton iterative scheme and the Oseen iterative scheme are adopted successively to deal with the nonlinear terms involved. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate their effectiveness. Furthermore, the effect of the parameters Re (the Reynolds number) and δ (the spatial filter radius) on the performance of the iterative numerical results is discussed.
Four Achnanthidium species (Bacillariophyta) formerly identified as Achnanthidium minutissimum from the Antarctic Region
Authors: Van de Vijver Bart , Kopalová Kateřina 
Published: April 2014

Four taxa belonging to the complex of species around Achnanthidium minutissimum were found during the ongoing taxonomic revision of the Antarctic freshwater and limno-terrestrial diatom flora. Two taxa were previously described as Achnanthidium lailae and A. sieminskae. Two others were formerly identified as A. minutissimum but detailed light and scanning electron microscopical observations revealed sufficient morphological differences compared to the type of A. minutissimum, to justify their separation and description as new taxa: Achnanthidium indistinctum and A. maritimo-antarcticum. The morphology and ecology of all four taxa are discussed comparing the species with morphologically similar taxa. The biogeographical consequences of the splitting of the former A. minutissimum complex in the Antarctic Region are discussed.
La réadaptation cardiaque en contexte de défavorisation matérielle et sociale1
Authors: Bergeron Cindy , Dumas Alex , Savage Mathieu 
Published: April 2014

Les effets bénéfiques des programmes de réadaptation cardiaque ont été largement documentés. Par contre, peu d’études se sont penchées sur la faible participation des populations moins bien nanties. En employant l’approche socioculturelle de Pierre Bourdieu, cette étude qualitative contribue à élargir la base des connaissances à l’égard des pratiques de réadaptation cardiaque d’hommes de milieux socio-économiquement défavorisés. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été effectuées auprès de 22 hommes francophones (âge moyen : 51,7 ans) de l’Outaouais urbain et ayant subi un accident cardiovasculaire. Les résultats suggèrent que les conditions de défavorisation façonnent un rapport au corps incompatible avec les normes de santé publique. Deux thèmes principaux sont développés : (a) les faibles dispositions à adopter des pratiques préventives en santé et (b) les faibles dispositions à participer à un programme de réadaptation cardiaque.
Réduire les facteurs de risques associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires chez les membres du personnel de l’Université de Moncton
Authors: Harrison Suzanne , Godin Jeanne , Iancu Horia-Daniel , LeBlanc Roger G. , Hachey Karine 
Published: April 2014

Être en santé est plus important que jamais. L’alimentation saine, l’exercice régulier, la gestion du stress et les examens de dépistages précoces ne sont que quelques exemples contribuant au maintien d’un état de mieux-être. Malheureusement, 60 % des canadiens sont inactifs et un quart d’eux souffrent d’obésité les prédisposant ainsi aux maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) (Agence canadienne de santé publique, 2011b ; Fondation des maladies du coeur du Canada, 2012 ; Statistique Canada, 2011).
Le comité de mieux-être universitaire offre, en interdisciplinarité, diverses activités de promotion de la santé et de prévention des maladies. Cet article présente la synthèse des données obtenues lors de trois cliniques de dépistage. Grâce aux mesures obtenues à six stations, les membres du personnel connaissent leur risque d’être atteints de MCV, particulièrement en lien avec l’adiposité et la cholestérolémie. Nombreux éléments de succès associés à l’activité sont présentés en plus des recommandations.
Un verre à moitié plein ou un verre à moitié vide
Authors: Larouz Brahime 
Published: April 2014

Énoncer une phrase, c’est faire référence à un état de choses dont on parle; mais cet état de choses n’est pas, en général, complètement symbolisé par la phrase : pour déterminer ce dont on parle, il faut prendre en considération non seulement la phrase qu’on énonce, mais aussi le contexte d’énonciation; et certains éléments dans la phrase ont justement pour effet d’indiquer quel aspect de la situation d’énonciation doit être considéré pour savoir ce dont on parle.
Cycle de la négation en arabe marocain
Authors: Chatar-Moumni Nizha 
Published: April 2014

En arabe marocain, la négation grammaticale est réalisée soit par le seul élément ma- soit par l’association de ma- à l’élément –š ou sa variante –ši. L’analyse des relations qu’entretiennent ces deux éléments nécessite de prendre conjointement en compte différents niveaux d’analyse : la morphologie, la syntaxe, la sémantique, la lexicologie, la pragmatique, mais aussi la logique. L’auteur explore les racines historiques de la négation en arabe afin de saisir les facteurs conditionnant l’usage en synchronie de la négation en arabe marocain défend l’hypothèse que l’unité ma- doit nécessairement être associée à un quantifieur véhiculant un trait de sens [+ non-défini]. L’association avec -š est liée à la présence ou l’absence de ce trait de sens, mais aussi à la force pragmatique de la négation.
La faille et la brèche : réflexions sur un dépassement possible des controverses contemporaines en sociologie
Authors: Vautier Claude 
Published: April 2014

La sociologie n’en finit pas de confronter des positions selon lesquelles ce serait l’individu qui serait la source du tout social ou, au contraire, ce serait le système qui construirait les individus. Ces confrontations se poursuivent dans un débat autour de la synchronie ou de la diachronie des études. La sociologie des réseaux a marqué une avancée vers une réconciliation entre ces positions. Mais, pourrait-on dire, c’est une réconciliation a minima. Tout comme la théorie des systèmes complexes selon la mouvance du RNSC (Réseau national des systèmes complexes), si elle fait coexister une analyse structurale et une analyse individualiste, les catégories analytiques d’individu et de système restent nettement séparées et l’historicité du social n’est pas vraiment prise en compte.
Ce texte explore les possibilités de modélisation de l’inséparabilité des catégories individu, système et événement. Il tente de montrer que la tradition sociologique, jusqu’à nos jours, a manipulé ces catégories, les a appariées de diverses manières et que chaque courant théorique est analysable à travers une grille représentant le mode d’appariement de ces trois catégories. Il essaie de mettre en lumière le fait que ces combinaisons sont à la source de polémiques récurrentes et qui finissent par devenir largement stériles. Il le fait en développant l’idée qu’une approche relationnelle en sciences sociales peut être une voie de sortie de ces disputes en liant de façon intime les trois catégories précédentes. En leur accordant, dans la modélisation un niveau causal et résultant, soit de façon alternative, soit de façon simultanée, il permet leur circulation, comme dans un ruban de Möbius. Cette modélisation qui prend la forme d’un modèle trialectique noue, dans un périmètre élargi, ces grandes catégories de la sociologie sans donner prééminence à l’une sur les autres.
The seismic cycle in the area of the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Perfettini H. , Avouac J. P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe model seismic and aseismic slip on the Japan megathrust in the area of the Mw9.0, 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake based on daily time series from 400 GPS stations of the GEONET network and campaign measurements of six sea floor displacements. The coseismic and postseismic slip distributions are inverted simultaneously using principal component analysis‐based inversion method (PCAIM). Exploring a wide range of boundary conditions and regularization constraints, we found the coseismic slip distribution to be quite compact with a peak slip between 30 and 50 m near the trench. Our model shows deep afterslip fringing the downdip edge of the coseismic rupture but also a dominant zone of shallow afterslip. Afterslip over the first 279 days following the main shock represents about 40% of the coseismic moment. We compare the coseismic and postseismic models with an interseismic coupling model derived from inland and sea bottom measurements determined in a self‐consistent manner. Assuming that seismic and aseismic slip had to match the long‐term slip rate along the megathrust, the recurrence time of Mw9.0 earthquakes is estimated to 100–300 years, while historical and paleotsunami records suggest a return period more of the order of 1000 years. The discrepancy is smaller if the shallower portion of the megathrust is assumed to produce both aseismic slip, as the afterslip model suggests, and seismic slip during occasional large tsunamigenic earthquakes.
Large wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011
Authors: Dennison Philip E. , Brewer Simon C. , Arnold James D. , Moritz Max A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe used a database capturing large wildfires (> 405 ha) in the western U.S. to document regional trends in fire occurrence, total fire area, fire size, and day of year of ignition for 1984–2011. Over the western U.S. and in a majority of ecoregions, we found significant, increasing trends in the number of large fires and/or total large fire area per year. Trends were most significant for southern and mountain ecoregions, coinciding with trends toward increased drought severity. For all ecoregions combined, the number of large fires increased at a rate of seven fires per year, while total fire area increased at a rate of 355 km2 per year. Continuing changes in climate, invasive species, and consequences of past fire management, added to the impacts of larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions to fire regimes of the western U.S. and other fire‐prone regions of the world.
RCM‐E simulation of a thin arc preceded by a north‐south‐aligned auroral streamer
Authors: Yang Jian , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager data have recently revealed a repeatable sequence that occurs during many auroral substorms, in which a newly formed thin arc is preceded by an equatorward propagating streamer. The paper aims at modeling this sequence using the Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium. The simulation shows a thin arc arising when a plasma sheet bubble with its PV5/3 reduced to the transition region value arrives at the magnetic transition region. The modeled thin arc consists of two parts: the one east of the streamer is the result of the bubble pushing high PV5/3 flux tubes ahead of it, strengthening the upward region 2 current, and the one west of the streamer is associated with westward drifting bubble particles, sliding along the transition region. The model predicts that (1) the westward and eastward leading edges of the thin arc propagate azimuthally at a speed of ~0.5–2.7 km/s and (2) the streamer‐induced thin arc is accompanied by classic signatures of bubble injections.
Large magnetic storms as viewed by TWINS: A study of the differences in the medium energy ENA composition
Authors: Valek P. W. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Fok M.‐C. , Mitchell D. G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring large geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤−100 nT), oxygen can become a significant component of the energetic particles of the inner magnetosphere. Until recently, there were no available global observations of the medium energy (<50 keV) oxygen populations. Using observations from the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imagers we present a study of nine large storms of solar cycle 24 as a function of storm phase. For these storms we observe that the H and O ENA fluxes and their temperatures increase in tandem during the storm's initial phase. However, there is no increase in the O+/H+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere until the storm main phase. Also seen during the main phase is an energy dispersion with higher‐energy (32 keV) H ENAs seen before the arrival of O ENAs of the same energy. The O ENAs take longer to return to prestorm levels during the recovery phases. This longer recovery time is likely because of the large difference between the storm time and prestorm O populations compared to H (i.e., there is always some prestorm H in the inner magnetosphere, but effectively no O prestorm). These results imply that medium‐energy O ENAs evolve over long time scales (hours to days) as opposed to the shorter substorm time scales of the higher‐energy (>52 keV) O ENAs.
The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion: The importance of surface shear stress distribution
Authors: Webb Nicholas P. , Okin Gregory S. , Brown Shannon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRepresentation of surface roughness effects on aeolian sediment transport is a key source of uncertainty in wind erosion models. Drag partitioning schemes are used to account for roughness by scaling the soil entrainment threshold by the ratio of shear stress on roughness elements to that on the vegetated land surface. This approach does not explicitly account for the effects of roughness configuration, which may be important for sediment flux. Here we investigate the significance of roughness configuration for aeolian sediment transport, the ability of drag partitioning approaches to represent roughness configuration effects, and the implications for model accuracy. We use wind tunnel measurements of surface shear stress distributions to calculate sediment flux for a suite of roughness configurations, roughness densities, and wind velocities. Roughness configuration has a significant effect on sediment flux, influencing estimates by more than 1 order of magnitude. Measured and modeled drag partitioning approaches overestimate the predicted flux by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The drag partition is sensitive to roughness configuration, but current models cannot effectively represent this sensitivity. The effectiveness of drag partitioning approaches is also affected by estimates of the aerodynamic roughness height used to calculate wind shear velocity. Unless the roughness height is consistent with the drag partition, resulting fluxes can show physically implausible patterns. These results should make us question current assessments of the magnitude of vegetated dryland dust emissions. Representing roughness effects on surface shear stress distributions will reduce uncertainty in quantifying wind erosion, enabling better assessment of its impacts and management solutions.
Designed magnetic multilayer thin films fabricated via the layer‐by‐layer assembly of polycyanofullerenes
Authors: Luo Jin , Wang Yanhua , Ren Rong , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technique was used to fabricate a series of multilayer thin films with poly[4′‐(4‐methacryloyphenyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine] (PmPhtpy), polycyanofullerenes, and transition metals (Ni2+ and Co2+). The polymer PmPhtpy was prepared by free‐radical polymerization, and this was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The polycyanofullerenes, which were characterized by FTIR, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, was synthesized via the bromination of fullerene and then substitution with a nucleophilic reagent [potassium cyanide (KCN)]. The optical properties of the films were measured by attenuated total reflection infrared and UV–vis spectroscopy, and the results indicate that the driving force of the fabrication of the multilayer film was the coordination interaction. The magnetic behavior was examined as a function of the magnetic field strength at 5 K and the temperature (5–300 K). The magnetic hysteresis loops of the films showed a typical S shape at 5 K; this suggested soft ferromagnetic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40681.
Synthesis of a poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] block copolymer and its effects on the surface charges and pH‐responsive properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes
Authors: Du Chun‐Hui , Ma Xu‐Min , Wu Chun‐Jin , Cai Mei‐Qiang , Wu Li‐Guang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐b‐poly[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) block copolymer was successfully synthesized by a reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer method. The resulting copolymer was used to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes via a phase‐inversion technique. The polymorphism, structure, and properties of the blend membranes were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ζ potential analysis, and filtration. The results indicate that PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA could migrate onto the surface of the membrane during the coagulation process, and more of the β‐crystal phase appeared with the increase of the block copolymer in the membranes. The surface morphology and cross section of the membranes were also affected by the copolymer, as shown by SEM. The ζ‐potential results show that the surface charges of the membrane could be changed from positive to negative at an isoelectric point as the pH increased. The blend membrane also exhibited good pH sensitivity, and its water flux showed a great dependence on pH. The filtration experiment also indicated that the blend membrane had good hydrophilicity and antifouling properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40685.
Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)‐grafted nanocellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite for the in vitro gastrointestinal release of amoxicillin
Authors: Anirudhan Thayyath Sreenivasan , Rejeena Sylaja Raveendran 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSuperabsorbent polymer composites (SAPCs) are very promising and versatile materials for biomedical applications. This study concentrates on the development of novel cellulose‐based SAPC, Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide‐co−2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)‐grafted nanocellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite, P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA, as a potential drug delivery vehicle. Amoxicillin was selected as a model drug, which is used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori induced peptic and duodenal ulcers. P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA was synthesized by graft copolymerization reaction, and FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS analyses were performed for its characterization. Equilibrium swelling studies were conducted to evaluate the stimuli‐response behavior of the SAPC and found that equilibrium swelling was dependent on pH, contact time, temperature, ionic strength, concentration of crosslinker and PVA. Maximum drug encapsulation efficiency was found out by using different concentrations of amoxicillin. Drug release studies were carried out at simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and the release % was observed as maximum in intestinal fluids within 4 h. The drug release kinetics was investigated using Peppas' potential equation and follows non‐Fickian mechanism at pH 7.4. Thus, the drug release experiments indicate that P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA would be a fascinating vehicle for the in vitro administration of amoxicillin into the gastrointestinal tract. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40699.
L2 − L∞ Consensus Control for High‐Order Multi‐Agent Systems with Nonuniform Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Cui Yan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper considers consensus problem for high‐order multi‐agent systems with dynamically changing topologies and nonuniform time‐varying delays. By means of the tree‐type transformation approach, the model transformation is conducted and the consensus problem is converted into an L2 − L∞ control problem of equivalent reduced‐order systems. Furthermore, a Lyapunov‐Krasovkii function is constructed for stability analysis and sufficient conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities are derived to ensure the consensus with the prescribed L2 − L∞ performance. A numerical simulation is provided to verify the correctness of the theoretical results.