bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iteration Principles in Epistemology I: Arguments For
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEpistemic iteration principles are principles according to which some or another epistemic operator automatically iterates‐‐‐e.g., if it is known that P, then it is known that P, or there is evidence that P, then there is evidence that there is evidence that P. This article provides a survey of various arguments for and against epistemic iteration principles, with a focus on arguments relevant to a wide range of such principles.
Interrupting Rivaling Access‐flow with Nonsurgical Image‐guided ligation: the “IRANI” Procedure
Authors: Cui Jie , Freed Robert , Liu Fengyong , Irani Zubin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe presence of collateral veins is one of the most common causes of fistula failure to mature. The traditional approach to eliminate collateral vessel flow is coil embolization under fluoroscopy or surgical cut down and branch vessel ligation. However, both approaches are expensive and time consuming. Here, we described an image‐guided nonsurgical method to ligate collateral veins. The collateral veins were ligated using Hawkins‐Akins needle under ultrasound guidance. The average time for one ligation procedure was 17 minutes. There was a significant increase of blood flow in the venous outflow postligation procedure. Four weeks postprocedure ultrasound demonstrated occlusion of the target vessels. This procedure was well tolerated without major complications. In summary, the novel procedure described here offers an image‐guided nonsurgical approach for collateral vein occlusion.
Negation, Refusal and Co‐Optation: The Frankfurt School and Social Movement Theory
Authors: Schlembach Raphael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article outlines how the critical theory of the Frankfurt School has influenced some key debates within social movement studies. The impact of Jürgen Habermas's sociology is widely acknowledged, especially with regards to our understanding of ‘new social movements’. There have however also been several lesser‐known attempts to bring the concerns of Theodor W. Adorno's negative dialectics and Herbert Marcuse's critique of one‐dimensional society to bear onto social movement research. For this reason it makes sense to outline the relevance of the ‘first generation’ members of the Frankfurt School – something that is often missing from the most authoritative overviews and textbooks on social movement theory. Presenting a body of literature that often appears as fragmented or only on the periphery of social movement theory in this way reveals a number of common themes, such as negation, refusal and co‐optation. To this end, the article provides a comprehensive theoretical overview of the multiple ways of how critical theory has made sense of social movements and argues that its concerns can be brought into a rewarding dialogue with contemporary social movement studies.
Relations Between Alphabetized Name Order and Nomination Counts in Peer Nomination Measures
Authors: Marks Peter E. L. , Cillessen Antonius H. N. , Babcock Ben 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPeer nominations, a central method for measuring peer relationships in developmental research, typically involve asking children or adolescents to choose peers who fit various criteria from an alphabetized roster of classmates or grade‐mates. Although such measures have been used for decades, very little research has investigated the effects of alphabetical name order on the number of nominations received by peers. This study collected peer nominations for 20 items among 607 eighth grade participants in two schools. Regression analyses showed that earlier name order significantly predicted higher nomination counts for eight of the items, and explained over 5 percent of the variance in four affective variables (friendship, acceptance, acquaintanceship, and received liking). Across variables, name order effects were negatively correlated with internal reliability of nominations, implying that order effects may be related to the consensus of the peer group. Name order also had a minimal effect on inter‐correlations among a subset of variables. Implications and concrete recommendations for controlling and reducing name order effects in future research are discussed.
Ex vivo confocal microscopy: a new diagnostic technique for mucormycosis
Authors: Leclercq A. , Cinotti E. , Labeille B. , Perrot J. L. , Cambazard F. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundSkin‐dedicated ex vivo confocal microscopy (EVCM) has so far mainly been employed to identify cutaneous tumours on freshly excised samples. We present two cases where EVCM has been used to diagnose cutaneous mucormycosis.MethodsThe skin biopsies were evaluated by the skin‐dedicated ex vivo confocal microscope VivaScope 2500® (MAVIG GmbH, Munich Germany) under both reflectance and fluorescence mode. Conventional direct optical examination on skin scraping and histological examination were later performed.ResultsMucormycetes observed by EVCM presented as hyper‐reflective elongated 20 μm in diameter structures with perpendicular ramifications. Fungi were found both under reflectance and fluorescence mode and were better visible with acridine orange under fluorescence EVCM. Conventional direct optical examination on skin scraping and histological examination found the same elongated and branching structures confirming the presence of Mucormycetes.ConclusionsEx vivo confocal microscopy has both the advantages of being fast as the direct optical examination, and to be able to show the localisation of the fungi in the tissue like the histological examination. In our cases, EVCM allowed to rapidly confirm the clinical diagnosis of mucormycosis, which is essential for the treatment of this fungal infection. Further studies are needed to compare the performance of EVCM with the findings of conventional histological and mycological examinations.
The effects of pig manure type and application timing and frequency on nitrate leaching from a seven‐course arable rotation on a retentive alluvial soil
Authors: Shepherd M. A. , Newell‐Price J. P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractManagement rules for integrating manure applications into arable crop rotations have generally been developed from short‐term studies. The aim of this experiment was to test whether they would apply to frequent applications across an entire crop rotation. The hypothesis was that by avoiding autumn manure applications and adjusting fertilizer inputs to account for manure nitrogen (N) inputs, frequent manure applications could be made to a rotation without increasing N leaching compared with a control that received inorganic fertilizer according to the recommended rates. Four separate manure management strategies with varying manure types (pig slurry vs. pig farmyard manure), timing (autumn/winter vs. spring) and frequency (4–7 applications in 7 yrs) were superimposed on the rotation and compared with a treatment that received no manure. The rotation comprised cereals, potatoes, sugar beet and fallow and was undertaken on a retentive marine silt soil in Eastern England. The results demonstrated that by reducing fertilizer N inputs (by 14–54%, depending on manure type and application frequency) to account for manure N and by avoiding autumn applications of slurry, applications could be made as regularly as 6 yrs in seven without increasing N leaching, compared with an inorganic fertilizer control. Yields were at least the same as the inorganic fertilizer control from all manure treatments. This result contrasts with previous work which demonstrated that less frequent manure applications were necessary on a sandy soil. Soil type is therefore an important consideration when developing guidelines. The message is generally positive: fertilizer savings, similar or better yields and no extra leaching can be achieved over a rotation by careful manure management.
Strategies to reduce wastage of red blood cell units
Authors: Bots M. , de Grouw E. P. L. M. , van Rooyen‐Schreurs I. H. M. , van den Akker G. J. , Sturk A. , Klinkspoor J. H. , Zeerleder S. S. 
Published: October 2015

Background and objectivesWastage of red blood cell units (RBCs) due to their inappropriate storage at the clinical ward has become both a financial and ethical challenge in the daily hospital practice. This study was aimed at identifying the extent of RBC wastage and evaluating the effects of various interventions in reducing this wastage.Materials and methodsFrom January 2011 to March 2011, baseline wastage level was evaluated using temperature‐sensitive labels. Following this initial analysis, various interventions were implemented, including modifying the transfusion practice, intensifying training of and communication with the medical staff and improving the transport conditions. The impact of these interventions on wastage was measured during two periods, and results were compared with baseline wastage level.ResultsBased on the extent of label colouring, 7·5% of the units dispensed by the transfusion laboratory were determined as non‐reusable at baseline. After implementation of the various interventions, wastage decreased to 1% of the units dispensed, potentially leading to an annual saving for our hospital of approximately €208·000/$230·600 on the total number of RBCs dispensed.ConclusionRelative straightforward interventions, such as raising awareness among medical staff and particularly improving transport conditions, had a clear impact on the level of RBC wastage, accommodating the financial issue not to waste public money as well as the ethical issue that RBC wastage should be as low as possible.
Elution of Clindamycin and Enrofloxacin From Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Beads In Vitro
Authors: Phillips Heidi , Boothe Dawn M. , Bennett R. Avery 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo compare the in vitro elution characteristics of clindamycin and enrofloxacin from calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads containing a single antibiotic, both antibiotics, and each antibiotic incubated in the same eluent well.Study DesignExperimental in vitro study.MethodsCalcium sulfate hemihydrate beads were formed by mixing with clindamycin and/or enrofloxacin to create 4 study groups: (1) 160 mg clindamycin/10 beads; (2) 160 mg enrofloxacin/10 beads; (3) 160 mg clindamycin + 160 mg enrofloxacin/10 beads; and (4) 160 mg clindamycin/5 beads and 160 mg enrofloxacin/5 beads. Chains of beads were formed in triplicate and placed in 5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4 and room temperature) with constant agitation. Antibiotic‐conditioned PBS was sampled at 14 time points from 1 hour to 30 days. Clindamycin and enrofloxacin concentrations in PBS were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsEluent concentrations from clindamycin‐impregnated beads failed to remain sufficiently above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for common infecting bacteria over the study period. Enrofloxacin eluent concentrations remained sufficiently above MIC for common wound pathogens of dogs and cats and demonstrated an atypical biphasic release pattern. No significant differences in elution occurred as a result of copolymerization of the antibiotics into a single bead or from individual beads co‐eluting in the same eluent well.ConclusionClindamycin‐impregnated beads cannot be recommended for treatment of infection at the studied doses; however, use of enrofloxacin‐impregnated beads may be justified when susceptible bacteria are cultured.
Highly Comminuted, Articular Fractures of the Distal Antebrachium Managed by Pancarpal Arthrodesis in 8 Dogs
Authors: Brown Gordon , Kalff Stephen , Gemmill Toby J. , Pink Jonathan , Oxley Bill , McKee W. Malcolm , Clarke Stephen P. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo describe the surgical management by pancarpal arthrodesis for highly comminuted articular fractures of the distal antebrachium in 8 dogs.Study DesignRetrospective clinical case series.AnimalsEight dogs.MethodsMedical records (2001–2014) of dogs with antebrachial fractures were reviewed and dogs with highly comminuted distal antebrachial fractures were identified. The nature of the injury, surgical management by pancarpal arthrodesis, outcome, and complications were recorded.ResultsNine fractures occurred in 8 dogs. Seven dogs were ex‐racing greyhounds (8 fractures) and of these, 6/7 dogs had fractures of the right thoracic limb. Compared with the hospital population of dogs with antebrachial fractures, greyhounds were over‐represented for the antebrachial injury (odds ratio 117, 95% confidence interval 13–1022). Five dogs sustained injury during exertional exercise or with relatively minor trauma. Submitted bone samples (n = 4) showed no evidence of underlying neoplasia. Mean followup was 15.5 months with 11 complications recorded in 7/8 dogs, including 1 catastrophic, 5 major, and 5 minor complications. Pancarpal arthrodesis allowed a full functional outcome in 3 dogs and an acceptable outcome in 3.ConclusionComminuted articular fractures of the distal radius and ulna are complex injuries and have a similar presentation to pathologic fractures. Surgical management by pancarpal arthrodesis is associated with a high risk of complication and a guarded prognosis for a full functional outcome.
SIMULATION OF RICE YIELD UNDER WATER AND SALINITY STRESS IN RASHT AREA USING AQUACROP MODEL
Authors: Ebrahim Amiri , Hamidreza Ahmadzadeh Araji , Aimrun Wayayok , Mojtaba Rezaei 
Published: October 2015

Guilan is a north province of Iran in which plays an important role in rice production. Since 78.8% of Giulan farmlands are under cultivation of rice, it is the second province ranking as rice producer in Iran. On the other hand, because of dam construction and neighborhood to the Caspian Sea, the volume of fresh water is declining, and is transformed to saline water. In this study, AquaCrop model version 4.0 with additional salinity module was used for calibration and validation in two successive years at Rasht rice Research Institute that is located nearby Rasht city. Five irrigation levels: full irrigation, alternate wetting and drying (AWD), irrigation at 100, 90 and 80% of field capacity (FC) and Four water salinity treatments: fresh water = S0 (EC = 1 dS m-1) while S1, S2, and S3 are saline water with 2, 4, and 6 dS m-1, respectively, were applied for evaluation of rice yield. Statistical analysis, including root mean square error normalized, coefficient of determination (R2), and paired t-tests showed that simulated and observed values are the same at 95% confidence level. Moreover, the FAO AquaCrop model predicted rice yield with more accuracy in less salinity values (EC = 2 dS m-1 and less). Overall, AquaCrop model represented acceptability in simulation of rice yield under simultaneously water and salinity stress.
THE ROLE OF GROUNDWATER TO MITIGATE THE DROUGHT AND AS AN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHITSANULOK IRRIGATION PROJECT, IN THE NAN BASIN, THAILAND
Authors: Koontanakulvong Sucharit , Suthidhummajit Chokchai 
Published: October 2015

The Phitsanulok Irrigation Project is located in the Nan Basin of the Upper Central Plain of Thailand where farmers depended on both surface water and groundwater. Land use and climate changes are the important factors to determine the runoff from the watershed. The changes also affected to runoff volume/pattern to the dam operation and may cause flood and drought situations in the downstream area. Sirikit Dam is one of the biggest dams in Thailand which cover about 25 % of the runoff into the Central Plain where the Bangkok Capital is located. Though there is the Sirikit Dams storing water to be used during dry period but water allocation is limited and still caused water shortage during dry season. The study aims to determine the role of groundwater to mitigate the drought situation from the past and to study the groundwater use for adaptation to climate change in The Phitsanulok Irrigation Development Project. In this study, the relationship of recharge rate with climate data was developed in terms of precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and soil type under monthly time series data and the study found that there were in good relationship. Groundwater will take an important role to alleviate from the water shortage situations in climate change conditions when compared with the situations based on the existing water use pattern. The limit of ground water to alleviate water shortage will be 80 and 77 MCM/year in average, in near future and far future periods to keep water table drawn down in the safe manner even when the Sirikit’s reservoir operation rule is improved.
FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN AGRICULTURAL AREA IN SELANGOR RIVER BASIN
Authors: Muhadi Nur'Atirah , Abdullah Ahmad Fikri 
Published: October 2015

Flooding is the major natural hazard that occurs in Malaysia. Flooding causes loss of lives, injuries, property damage and leave economic damage to the country, especially when it occurs in an agricultural area. There is still a lack of information available on floodplain especially on the impact of flooding in the agricultural area. This study focused on flooding and flooding impact in oil palm plantations, fruits and vegetables area. A river modeling is required to study the impact of flooding and to mitigate the floods using one mitigation option. A flood model was developed using InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Model (ICM) to carry out the analysis for flood damage assessment. With the aim of creating a flood damage map, Geographical Information System (GIS) was combined with the flood model to provide an ideal tool for the analysis of the flood damage and the effect of mitigation to flood damage. The estimated total damage for three different flood event; 10 ARI, 50 ARI and 100 ARI involved millions of ringgits. In order to reduce the flood impact along the Selangor River, a flood mitigation structure which is a retention pond was suggested, modeled and simulated. The effects of the retention ponds were analyzed and evaluated for 10 ARI, 50 ARI and 100 ARI. With this retention pond, flood extents of the flood events in agricultural area were shown capable of reduction significantly by 65.57% for 10 ARI, 76.18% for 50 ARI and 72.51% for 100 ARI.
Autophagy-Related Protein ATG8 Has a Noncanonical Function for Apicoplast Inheritance in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Lévêque Maude F. , Berry Laurence , Cipriano Michael J. , Nguyen Hoa-Mai , Striepen Boris , Besteiro Sébastien 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Autophagy is a catabolic process widely conserved among eukaryotes that permits the rapid degradation of unwanted proteins and organelles through the lysosomal pathway. This mechanism involves the formation of a double-membrane structure called the autophagosome that sequesters cellular components to be degraded. To orchestrate this process, yeasts and animals rely on a conserved set of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). Key among these factors is ATG8, a cytoplasmic protein that is recruited to nascent autophagosomal membranes upon the induction of autophagy.
Toxoplasma gondii
is a potentially harmful human pathogen in which only a subset of ATGs appears to be present. Although this eukaryotic parasite seems able to generate autophagosomes upon stresses such as nutrient starvation, the full functionality and biological relevance of a canonical autophagy pathway are as yet unclear. Intriguingly, in
T. gondii
, ATG8 localizes to the apicoplast under normal intracellular growth conditions. The apicoplast is a nonphotosynthetic plastid enclosed by four membranes resulting from a secondary endosymbiosis. Using superresolution microscopy and biochemical techniques, we show that TgATG8 localizes to the outermost membrane of this organelle. We investigated the unusual function of TgATG8 at the apicoplast by generating a conditional knockdown mutant. Depletion of TgATG8 led to rapid loss of the organelle and subsequent intracellular replication defects, indicating that the protein is essential for maintaining apicoplast homeostasis and thus for survival of the tachyzoite stage. More precisely, loss of TgATG8 led to abnormal segregation of the apicoplast into the progeny because of a loss of physical interactions of the organelle with the centrosomes.

IMPORTANCE
By definition, autophagy is a catabolic process that leads to the digestion and recycling of eukaryotic cellular components. The molecular machinery of autophagy was identified mainly in model organisms such as yeasts but remains poorly characterized in phylogenetically distant apicomplexan parasites. We have uncovered an unusual function for autophagy-related protein ATG8 in
Toxoplasma gondii
: TgATG8 is crucial for normal replication of the parasite inside its host cell. Seemingly unrelated to the catabolic autophagy process, TgATG8 associates with the outer membrane of the nonphotosynthetic plastid harbored by the parasite called the apicoplast, and there it plays an important role in the centrosome-driven inheritance of the organelle during cell division. This not only reveals an unexpected function for an autophagy-related protein but also sheds new light on the division process of an organelle that is vital to a group of important human and animal pathogens.
Enzymatic Degradation of Phenazines Can Generate Energy and Protect Sensitive Organisms from Toxicity
Authors: Costa Kyle C. , Bergkessel Megan , Saunders Scott , Korlach Jonas , Newman Dianne K. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Diverse bacteria, including several
Pseudomonas
species, produce a class of redox-active metabolites called phenazines that impact different cell types in nature and disease. Phenazines can affect microbial communities in both positive and negative ways, where their presence is correlated with decreased species richness and diversity. However, little is known about how the concentration of phenazines is modulated
in situ
and what this may mean for the fitness of members of the community. Through culturing of phenazine-degrading mycobacteria, genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and molecular analysis, we identified several conserved genes that are important for the degradation of three
Pseudomonas
-derived phenazines: phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), and pyocyanin (PYO). PCA can be used as the sole carbon source for growth by these organisms. Deletion of several genes in
Mycobacterium fortuitum
abolishes the degradation phenotype, and expression of two genes in a heterologous host confers the ability to degrade PCN and PYO. In cocultures with phenazine producers, phenazine degraders alter the abundance of different phenazine types. Not only does degradation support mycobacterial catabolism, but also it provides protection to bacteria that would otherwise be inhibited by the toxicity of PYO. Collectively, these results serve as a reminder that microbial metabolites can be actively modified and degraded and that these turnover processes must be considered when the fate and impact of such compounds in any environment are being assessed.

IMPORTANCE
Phenazine production by
Pseudomonas
spp. can shape microbial communities in a variety of environments ranging from the cystic fibrosis lung to the rhizosphere of dryland crops. For example, in the rhizosphere, phenazines can protect plants from infection by pathogenic fungi. The redox activity of phenazines underpins their antibiotic activity, as well as providing pseudomonads with important physiological benefits. Our discovery that soil mycobacteria can catabolize phenazines and thereby protect other organisms against phenazine toxicity suggests that phenazine degradation may influence turnover
in situ
. The identification of genes involved in the degradation of phenazines opens the door to monitoring turnover in diverse environments, an essential process to consider when one is attempting to understand or control communities influenced by phenazines.