bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A secure portable execution environment to support teleworking
Authors: James Peter , Griffiths Don 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper presents the design, development and trialling of the mobile execution environment (MEE), a secure portable execution environment designed to support secure teleworking. Teleworking is an established work practice, yet often the information security controls in the teleworking location are weaker than those in a corporate office. Security concerns also prevent organisations allowing personnel to telework.

Design/methodology/approach
– The design science research methodology was applied to develop the MEE, and this paper is structured using the process elements of the methodology.

Findings
– In this paper, the problem addressed and the design objectives are defined. The design and implementation is discussed, and the testing and trialling approach adopted to demonstrate the MEE is summarised. An evaluation of the demonstration results against the design objectives is presented.

Research limitations/implications
– The MEE is part of an ongoing research project using open source software; the structure and functionality of the software can limit or influence the direction of the research.

Practical implications
– The MEE provides a secure portable execution environment suitable for transaction-oriented work performed remotely; e.g. teleworkers performing customer support work.

Social implications
– The paper contributes to encouraging the implementation of teleworking.

Originality/value
– The MEE builds on the concept of a portable executable operating system that uploads onto a PC through an external port. The MEE extends this concept by providing a hardened secure computing environment that is uploaded from a secure storage device or a standard thumb drive (USB flash drive).
Cryptocurrencies: an unconventional challenge to the AML/CFT regulators?
Authors: Dostov Victor , Shust Pavel 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of the article is to look closely at the phenomenon of the cryptocurrencies such as and bitcoin to identify their potential vulnerabilities to money laundering and financing of terrorism. It also explores their specific characteristics relevant to ML/FT risks.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using digicash and bitcoin protocols as primary cases for centralized and decentralized cryptocurrencies we analyse their characteristics against cash and cashless payments. We also draw on “bundle of attributes” that may define their attractiveness for common public or criminals.

Findings
– Our research shows that characteristics of the cryptocurrencies are unlikely to make them popular among the consumers, as demand for anonymity seems to be overrated. Cryptocurrencies can also be classified as payment instrument rather than private currencies; therefore their embededdness in the financial system minimizes the ML/FT risks.

Research limitations/implications
– Some decentralized cryptocurrencies operate within informal communities. Therefore, relations within these communities are constantly evolving and need to be monitored further.

Practical implications
– The paper provides an insight into the mechanics and classification of cryptocurrencies as payment instruments. Place of cryptocurrencies within the broader payment ecosystem defines their potential vulnerabilities to being abused by the criminals.

Originality/value
– The paper fills the gap in research on cryptocurrencies as payment instruments rather than private currencies and also provides an overview of their relevance for the Anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime.
Pharmacodynamic effects of oral oxymorphone: abuse liability, analgesic profile and direct physiologic effects in humans
Authors: Babalonis Shanna , Lofwall Michelle R. , Nuzzo Paul A. , Walsh Sharon L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOxymorphone is a semisynthetic μ‐opioid agonist, marketed as a prescription analgesic purported to be twice as potent as oxycodone for pain relief. Oral formulations of oxymorphone were reintroduced in the United States in 2006 and reports of abuse ensued; however, there are limited data available on its pharmacodynamic effects. The current study aimed to examine the direct physiologic effects, relative abuse liability, analgesic profile and overall pharmacodynamic potency of oxymorphone in comparison with identical doses of oxycodone. Healthy, non‐dependent opioid abusers (n = 9) were enrolled in this within‐subject, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 3‐week inpatient study. Seven experimental sessions (6.5 hours) were conducted, during which an oral dose of immediate‐release formulations of oxymorphone (10, 20 and 40 mg), oxycodone (10, 20 and 40 mg) or placebo was administered. An array of physiologic, abuse liability and experimental pain measures was collected. At identical doses, oxymorphone produced approximately twofold less potent effects on miosis, compared with oxycodone. Oxymorphone also produced lesser magnitude effects on measures of respiratory depression, two experimental pain models and observer‐rated agonist effects. However, 40 mg of oxymorphone was similar to 40 mg of oxycodone on several abuse‐related subjective ratings. Formal relative potency analyses were largely invalid because of the substantially greater effects of oxycodone. Overall, oxymorphone is less potent on most pharmacodynamic measures, although at higher doses, its abuse liability is similar to oxycodone. These data suggest that the published clinical equianalgesic estimates may not be consistent with the observed direct physiologic effects of opioids, results of experimental pain models or abuse liability measures, as assessed in the human laboratory.
Relative adrenal insufficiency in chronic liver disease: its prevalence and effects on long‐term mortality
Authors: Jang J. Y. , Kim T. Y. , Sohn J. H. , Lee T. H. , Jeong S. W. , Park E. J. , Lee S. H. , Kim S. G. , Kim Y. S. , Kim H. S. , Kim B. S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe relationship between relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) and chronic liver disease is unclear.AimTo determine the frequency with which RAI is observed in noncritically ill patients at various stages of chronic liver disease, and the correlation between RAI and disease severity and long‐term mortality.MethodsIn total, 71 non‐critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 54) and chronic hepatitis (n = 17) were evaluated prospectively. A short stimulation test (SST) with 250 μg of corticotrophin was performed to detect RAI. RAI was defined as an increase in serum cortisol of <9 μg/dL in patients with a basal total cortisol of <35 μg/dL.ResultsRAI was observed in only 13 (24.1%) of 54 patients with cirrhosis. Compared to those without RAI, cirrhotic patients with RAI had significantly higher Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score (10.3 ± 1.7 vs. 7.1 ± 1.8, mean ± s.d., P < 0.001) and Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score (14.5 ± 6.6 vs. 9.4 ± 3.7, P = 0.017). The cortisol response to corticotropin was negatively correlated with the severity of cirrhosis (P < 0.05). In addition, the mortality rate was higher in cirrhotic patients with RAI (69.2%) than in those without RAI (4.9%; P < 0.001) during the follow‐up period of 20.1 ± 13.5 months (range, 5.8–51.1 months). The cumulative 1‐year survival rates in cirrhotic patients with and without RAI were 69.2% and 95.0%, respectively (P = 0.05), while the corresponding cumulative 3‐year survival rates were 0% and 95.0% (P < 0.001).ConclusionsRelative adrenal insufficiency is more commonly observed in those with severe cirrhosis, and is clearly associated with more advanced liver disease and a shortened long‐term survival. This suggests that relative adrenal insufficiency is an independent prognostic factor in non‐critically ill patients with cirrhosis.
Evaluation of family‐centred services from parents of Chinese children with cerebral palsy with the Measure of Processes of Care
Authors: Wang M. , Petrini M. A. , Guan Q. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundFamily‐centred service (FCS) has become essential to parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP) and professionals in Chinese paediatric rehabilitation services. FCS practice meets the unique needs of the child and family, through facilitation of optimal service provision delivered by professionals, and ensures service systems to be flexible, appropriate and actively responsive to the family needs. Parents used the Measure of Processes of Care 20 (MPOC‐20) questionnaire to evaluate and verify the efficacy of use in China. The aims of the present study were twofold: to assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese MPOC‐20, and investigate the range of parents' satisfaction with service provision in an FCS practice using the MPOC‐20.MethodsThe Chinese MPOC‐20 was selected to assess parent satisfaction with service provision of professionals in FCS practice. Participants were parents of children under 8 years of age with CP, who had received rehabilitation services between May 2012 and May 2013, and were receiving rehabilitation services in May 2013 at a hospital outpatient department and a rehabilitation centre.ResultsThe reliability and validity of the Chinese MPOC‐20 were confirmed. Parents evaluated FCS practice with the MPOC‐20 survey. Respectful and supportive care was rated with the highest score and providing general information the lowest. Parents according to the data were dissatisfied with the lack of information.ConclusionsParents fairly evaluated service provision of professionals in FCS practice with the Chinese MPOC‐20. Professionals received feedback reports of parents, summaries of the inadequacy of service delivery, and developed and implemented ameliorated measures in the FCS policy to strive to provide exemplary service.
Improving delirium care for hospitalized older patients. A qualitative study identifying barriers to guideline adherence
Authors: van de Steeg Lotte , Langelaan Maaike , Ijkema Roelie , Nugus Peter , Wagner Cordula 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesGuidelines are intended as a means of getting research evidence into practice and ensuring provided care is of sufficient quality. However, the effect of guidelines is hindered by limited guideline adherence. The aim of this study is to identify and classify barriers to adherence by nurses to a guideline on delirium care.MethodsOpen‐ended interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 63 research participants. The sample included 28 nurses, 18 doctors and 17 policy advisors working in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. The interviews were conducted between June and September 2011. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsBarriers to guideline adherence that were identified could be grouped into four themes: motivation and goals, knowledge and skills, professional role and identity, and context and resources. While the interviews with nurses, doctors and policy advisors produced similar views of the current situation, doctors and policy advisors placed a higher importance on education as a means of stimulating adherence.ConclusionsThis study illustrates that individual, social and organizational factors play a role in nurse's adherence to a delirium guideline. The potential benefits of following a guideline, both for patients and for nursing staff, need to be highlighted in order to motivate nurses. When formulating new guidelines, nurses' perceptions of their professional role and patient care need to be taken into account to ensure that policy makers and managers are realistic about guideline adherence and engage with nurses from a position of mutual respect and trust.
Affiliative and aggressive humour in leadership and their relationship to leader–member exchange
Authors: Pundt Alexander , Herrmann Felicia 
Published: July 2014

In this study, we investigate the relationship between affiliative and aggressive humour of the leader and the quality of relationship between leader and follower in terms of leader–member exchange (LMX), assuming identification with the leader to mediate this relationship. We conducted a 2‐wave survey study with a time lag of 6 weeks (N = 152). We found affiliative humour of the leader rated at Time 1 to be positively related to LMX at Time 2, even after controlling for LMX at Time 1, whereas aggressive humour was negatively related to LMX at Time 2. Identification with the leader mediated the relationship between affiliative humour of the leader and LMX but did not mediate the relationship between aggressive humour and LMX. Our results contribute to the understanding of leader behaviours that contribute to a positive professional relationship between leader and follower as well as to the understanding of the relational processes that may explain the effects of humour in leadership.Practitioner points

Leader humour may help establish high‐quality relationships between leaders and followers. Leaders could use affiliative humour and should avoid aggressive humour to improve the quality of leader–follower relationships.

Affiliative humour may be developed by an established humour training programme focusing on the so‐called humour habits. Aggressive humour could be prevented by establishing organizational non‐aggression norms.

Formal humour training for leaders should be used with care to prevent potential downsides such as emotional exhaustion.
Proposed Shade Guide for Attached Gingiva—A Pilot Study
Authors: Ito Masayasu , Marx David B. , Cheng Ansgar C. , Wee Alvin G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of race, age, and gender on Commision Internationale de l’Eclairage Lab color space (CIELAB) values of attached gingival colors. The color coordinates of an optimal proposed attached gingival shade guide were also determined.Material and MethodsParticipants (n = 120) were recruited to fulfill the following stratification of five age groups: 18‐29, 30‐39, 40‐49, 50‐59, and 60‐85, with four racial categories (white, black, Asian, and others) and balanced for gender. Reflectance measurements of participants’ attached gingiva were made using a spectroradiometer and Xenon arc lamp with a 45/0 optical configuration. A stepwise discriminant analysis was carried out to identify gingival color contribution from race, age, and gender. A hierarchical clustering analysis was used to identify color groups that clustered together. The coverage error of the proposed shade guide was calculated to the original gingival color.ResultsThe stepwise discriminant analysis showed a statistically significant difference in gingival color contribution from the factors evaluated. Significant influence was found for the race/gender factors (p < 0.05), but not for age. The cluster analysis results revealed three cluster centroids with mean L*a*b* as follows: (1 = 51.0 ± 4.2, 27.7 ± 4.7, 18.3 ± 3.2), (2 = 61.4 ± 4.5, 24.3 ± 4.3, 17.6 ± 2.3), and (3 = 36.1 ± 4.1, 21 ± 4.9, 16 ± 5.2). The coverage errors to the following racial categories were: Asian (ΔE = 6.0 ± 4.8), black (ΔE = 6.7 ± 3.9), others (ΔE = 5.8 ± 2.9), and white (ΔE = 4.6 ± 2.7).ConclusionsThe study showed that L*a*b* was significantly affected by race and gender. Clustering analysis was able to identify clusters in 120 participants for three gingival tones.
Pharmacokinetics of oral chlortetracycline in nonpregnant adult ewes
Authors: Washburn K. , Fajt V. R. , Plummer P. , Coetzee J. F. , Wulf L. W. , Washburn S. 
Published: July 2014

The objectives of this study were to determine plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of feed‐grade chlortetracycline (CTC) in sheep after oral administration of 80 or 500 mg/head daily, divided into two equal doses given at 12‐h intervals for 8 days. These are the approved, and commonly used but unapproved, feed additive doses, respectively, in the United States for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion.Blood samples were collected just prior to dosing at 0, 12, 24, 72, 96, and 192 h, as well as 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h after the last dose, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to estimate elimination half‐life and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC).Mean observed maximum CTC concentrations (Cmax) were 20.0 ng/mL (80 mg dose) and 101 ng/mL (500 mg dose). Mean apparent elimination half‐life was 18 h (80 mg dose) and 20 h (500 mg dose).Although published data do not exist to estimate plasma CTC concentrations necessary for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion, concentrations reached in our study suggest that either the FDA‐approved and FDA‐unapproved dosages are not high enough or that the pharmacodynamic parameter relating preventive dose to pathogen minimum inhibitory concentrations is yet to be determined.
Amikacin Resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs
Authors: Gold R. M. , Cohen N. D. , Lawhon S. D. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
is the most common microorganism isolated from canine pyoderma and postoperative wound infections. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant
S. pseudintermedius
(MRSP) has increased, and recently, isolates that are resistant not only to methicillin but also to other classes of antibiotic drugs, including aminoglycosides, have become common. A total of 422
S. pseudintermedius
isolates collected from 413 dogs were analyzed for amikacin and methicillin resistance using broth microdilution and disk diffusion testing. Methicillin-resistant isolates were significantly (
P
< 0.0001) more likely to be resistant to amikacin (37%, 31/84) than were methicillin-susceptible isolates (7%, 22/338). Additionally, resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics was significantly associated with resistance to amikacin irrespective of methicillin resistance. Among the 422 isolates, 32 that tested positive for amikacin resistance by broth microdilution or disk diffusion testing were investigated further for the presence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes using multiplex PCR. Of these isolates, 66% (21/32) were methicillin resistant. In contrast to previous studies of
Staphylococcus aureus
, the most prevalent gene detected was
aph(3
′
)-IIIa
found in 75% (24/32) of isolates followed by
aac(6
′
)/aph(2
″
)
and
ant(4
′
)-Ia
in 12% (4/32) and 3% (1/32), respectively. Understanding the differences in antimicrobial resistance gene carriage between different species of
Staphylococcus
may improve antimicrobial drug selection for clinical therapy and provide insights into how resistance develops in
S. pseudintermedius
.
Duplication of the A17L Locus of Vaccinia Virus Provides an Alternate Route to Rifampin Resistance
Authors: Erlandson Karl J. , Cotter Catherine A. , Charity James C. , Martens Craig , Fischer Elizabeth R. , Ricklefs Stacy M. , Porcella Stephen F. , Moss Bernard 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Specific gene duplications can enable double-stranded DNA viruses to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures despite the low mutation rate of their high-fidelity DNA polymerases. We report on the rapid positive selection of a novel vaccinia virus genomic duplication mutant in the presence of the assembly inhibitor rifampin. Until now, all known rifampin-resistant vaccinia virus isolates have contained missense mutations in the D13L gene, which encodes a capsid-like scaffold protein required for stabilizing membrane curvature during the early stage of virion assembly. Here we describe a second pathway to rifampin resistance involving A17, a membrane protein that binds and anchors D13 to the immature virion. After one round of selection, a rifampin-resistant virus that contained a genomic duplication in the A17L-A21L region was recovered. The mutant had both C-terminally truncated and full-length A17L open reading frames. Expression of the truncated A17 protein was retained when the virus was passaged in the presence of rifampin but was lost in the absence of the drug, suggesting that the duplication decreased general fitness. Both forms of A17 were bound to the virion membrane and associated with D13. Moreover, insertion of an additional truncated or inducible full-length A17L open reading frame into the genome of the wild-type virus was sufficient to confer rifampin resistance. In summary, this report contains the first evidence of an alternate mechanism for resistance of poxviruses to rifampin, indicates a direct relationship between A17 levels and the resistance phenotype, and provides further evidence of the ability of double-stranded DNA viruses to acquire drug resistance through gene duplication.

IMPORTANCE
The present study provides the first evidence of a new mechanism of resistance of a poxvirus to the antiviral drug rifampin. In addition, it affirms the importance of the interaction between the D13 scaffold protein and the A17 membrane protein for assembly of virus particles. Resistance to rifampin was linked to a partial duplication of the gene encoding the A17 protein, similar to the resistance to hydroxyurea enabled by duplication of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and of the K3L gene to allow adaptation to the antiviral action of protein kinase R. Gene duplication may provide a way for poxviruses and other DNA viruses with high-fidelity DNA polymerases to adjust rapidly to changes in the environment.
The 19S Proteasome Activator Promotes Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early Gene Expression through Proteolytic and Nonproteolytic Mechanisms
Authors: Winkler Laura L. , Kalejta Robert F. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Proteasomes are large, multisubunit complexes that support normal cellular activities by executing the bulk of protein turnover. During infection, many viruses have been shown to promote viral replication by using proteasomes to degrade cellular factors that restrict viral replication. For example, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp71 protein induces the proteasomal degradation of Daxx, a cellular transcriptional repressor that can silence viral immediate early (IE) gene expression. We previously showed that this degradation requires both the proteasome catalytic 20S core particle (CP) and the 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 19S RP associates with the 20S CP to facilitate protein degradation but also plays a 20S CP-independent role promoting transcription. Here, we present a nonproteolytic role of the 19S RP in HCMV IE gene expression. We demonstrate that 19S RP subunits are recruited to the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) that directs IE transcription. Depletion of 19S RP subunits generated a defect in RNA polymerase II elongation through the MIE locus during HCMV infection. Our results reveal that HCMV commandeers proteasome components for both proteolytic and nonproteolytic roles to promote HCMV lytic infection.

IMPORTANCE
Proteasome inhibitors decrease or eliminate 20S CP activity and are garnering increasing interest as chemotherapeutics. However, an increasing body of evidence implicates 19S RP subunits in important proteolytic-independent roles during transcription. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of the 20S CP as a means to modulate proteasome function toward therapeutic effect is an incomplete capitalization on the potential of this approach. Here, we provide an additional example of nonproteolytic 19S RP function in promoting HCMV transcription. These data provide a novel system with which to study the roles of different proteasome components during transcription, a rationale for previously described shifts in 19S RP subunit localization during HCMV infection, and a potential therapeutic intervention point at a pre-immediate early stage for the inhibition of HCMV infection.