bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primate Pulpal Healing after Exposure and TheraCal Application
Authors: Cannon M , Gerodias N , Vieira A , Percinoto C , Jurado R 
Published: April 2015

Aim: The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of a new light cured resin based dicalcium/tricalcium silicate pulp capping material (TheraCal LC, Bisco), pure Portland cement, resin based calcium hydroxide or glass ionomer in the healing of bacterially contaminated primate pulps. Study design: The experiment required four primates each having 12 teeth prepared with buccal penetrations into the pulpal tissues with an exposure of approximately 1.0 mm. The exposed pulps of the primate teeth were covered with cotton pellets soaked in a bacterial mixture consisting of microorganisms normally found in human pulpal abscesses. After removal of the pellet, hemostasis was obtained and the pulp capping agents applied. The light cured resin based pulp capping material (TheraCal LC) was applied to the pulpal tissue of twelve teeth with a needle tip syringe and light cured for 15 seconds. Pure Portland cement mixed with a 2% Chlorhexidine solution was placed on the exposed pulpal tissues of another twelve teeth. Twelve additional teeth had a base of GIC applied (Triage, Fuji VII GC America) and another twelve had a pulp cap with VLC DYCAL (Dentsply), a light cured calcium hydroxide resin based material. The pulp capping bases were then covered with a RMGI (Fuji II LC GC America). The tissue samples were collected at 4 weeks. The samples were deminerilized, sectioned, stained and histologically graded. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in regard to pulpal inflammation (H= 0.679, P=1.00). However, both the Portland cement and light cured TheraCal LC groups had significantly more frequent hard tissue bridge formation at 28 days than the GIC and VLC Dycal groups (H= 11.989, P=0.009). The measured thickness of the hard tissue bridges with the pure Portland and light cured TheraCal LC groups were statistically greater than that of the other two groups (H= 15.849, P=0.002). In addition, the occurrence of pulpal necrosis was greater with the GIC group than the others. Four premolars, one each treated according to the protocols were analyzed with a microCT machine. The premolar treated with the light cured TheraCal LC demonstrated a complete hard tissue bridge. The premolar treated with the GIC did not show a complete hard tissue bridge while the premolar treated with VLC Dycal had an incomplete bridge. The pure Portland with Chlorhexidine mixture created extensive hard tissue bridging.
Conclusion: TheraCal LC applied to primate pulps created dentin bridges and mild inflammation acceptable for pulp capping.
Net Neutrality in the U.S. – 2015
Authors: Larribeau Robert 
Published: April 2015

<p>A U.S. Federal Court ruling in January 2014 overturned Net Neutrality rules issued in 2010 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the body that regulates both the telecommunications and the cable industries in the U.S. This sparked significant support for establishing new rules to provide Net Neutrality and resulted in the submission of more than one million comments to the FCC, which broke all records. This led to the FCC adopting new Net Neutrality rules in February 2015. The FCC followed President Barack Obama’s lead and classified the broadband operators as common carriers, which will require that they treat all of their customers and all content providers equally. As common carriers the broadband operators will not be able to favour one content provider over another or favour their own content services. It is very likely that these new rules will not settle the issue and will be challenged in Congress and in the courts. The Net Neutrality controversy will continue.</p>
Direct and Indirect Benefits Reported by Users of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Qualitative Exploration Using Patient Interviews
Authors: Gladwell Peter William , Badlan Kathryn , Cramp Fiona , Palmer Shea 
Published: April 2015

Background
There is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for management of chronic musculoskeletal pain or chronic low back pain. A recent review of previous trial methodology identified significant problems with low treatment fidelity. There is little information available to guide selection of patient-reported outcome measures appropriate for TENS evaluation.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of patients at a secondary care pain clinic who successfully used TENS to help manage chronic musculoskeletal pain. These key informants were selected because they had the potential to generate knowledge that could inform research design and clinical practice.

Design
A qualitative method using individual semistructured interviews with open questions was selected for its capacity to generate rich data.

Methods
A mini focus group informed the development of a discussion guide for semistructured interviews with 9 patients (6 women, 3 men). Thematic analysis was used as the primary data analysis method, and this analysis was enhanced by a case-level analysis of the context and processes of TENS use of each individual.

Results
Data analysis indicated that distraction from pain and a reduction in the sensations associated with muscle tension or spasm should be considered as separate outcomes from pain relief. These direct benefits led to a wide range of indirect benefits dependent on patient decision making, including medication reduction, enhanced function, psychological benefits, and enhanced ability to rest.

Conclusions
The findings indicate that evaluating TENS using a unidimensional pain scale is likely to overlook potential benefits. The complex pattern of TENS usage, as well as multiple direct and indirect outcomes, indicates that TENS could be considered as a complex intervention.
Multilayer Coextrusion of Polymer Composites to Develop Organic Capacitors
Authors: Mondy L. , Mrozek R. , Rao R. , Lenhart J. , Bieg L. , Spangler S. , Stavig M. , Schroeder J. , Winter M. , Diantonio C. , Collins R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Multilayer coextrusion is applied to produce a tape containing layers of alternating electrical properties to demonstrate the potential for using coextrusion to manufacture capacitors. To obtain the desired properties, we develop two filled polymer systems, one for conductive layers and one for dielectric layers. We describe numerical models used to help determine the material and processing parameters that impact processing and layer stability. These models help quantify the critical ratios of densities and viscosities of the two layers to maintain stable layers, as well as the effect of increasing the flow rate of one of the two materials. The conducting polymer is based on polystyrene filled with a blend of low-melting-point eutectic metal and nickel particulate filler, as described by Mrozek et al. (2010). The appropriate concentrations of fillers are determined by balancing measured conductivity with processability in a twin screw extruder. Based on results of the numerical models and estimates of the viscosity of emulsions and suspensions, a dielectric layer composed of polystyrene filled with barium titanate is formulated. Despite the fact that the density of the dielectric filler is less than the metallic filler of the conductive phase, as well as rheological measurements that later showed that the dielectric formulation is not an ideal match to the viscosity of the conductive material, the two materials can be successfully coextruded if the flow rates of the two materials are not identical. A measurable capacitance of the layered structure is obtained.
Heat Flow Analysis and Efficiency Optimization of Rotational Molding Equipment for Large Plastic Products
Authors: Qin L. , Ding Y.-M. , Zhu G.-C. , Yu H.-C. , Yang W.-M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There exists an important relationship between the temperature fields and the heat utilization efficiency in the oven of rotational molding equipment. If the temperatures at the main locations can be reasonably controlled, then the efficiency of the rotational molding machine can be effectively improved. The main objective of this research project is to carry out numerical simulation and analysis of the velocity field and temperature field in the oven of a shuttle-type rotational molding machine by using the commercial code FLUENT. The machine was selected as the research object owing to its uneven temperature fields and large energy wastage. The simulation results were then verified by experiments. By improving the structure of the outlets of rotational molding machine and by reasonably controlling the temperature distribution in the oven and die, the working temperature can quickly reach the maximum point, and the uniformity of the temperature in the working area can be ensured. The results showed that the molding efficiency and energy efficiency of the rotational molding machine can be improved by controlling the temperature distribution, thereby increasing the production efficiency of rotational molding.
Thermoplastic Cellulose Stearate and Cellulose Laurate: Melt Rheology, Processing and Application Potential
Authors: Krasnou I. , Tarasova E. , Märtson T. , Krumme A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this work thermoplastic materials from cellulose fatty acid esters were manufactured, their properties described and application and processing perspectives evaluated. Rheological properties of some cellulose esters in melt were studied under conditions similar to those usually used in industrial polymer processing. Thermoplastic properties of cellulose esters were compared with properties of low density polyethylene under the same conditions. It was discovered that long chain fatty acid cellulose esters could be processed in the same way as commodity polymers, but these materials need further improvement for being industrially applied as thermoplastic polymers.
The Effect of ZnO Nanoparticle Filler on the Attenuation of ZnO/PCL Nanocomposites Using Microstrip Line at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Yakubu A. , Abbas Z. , Esa F. , Tohidi P. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper describes attenuation measurement using the modified micrsotrip line technique from new microwave substrate material. The magnitudes of the transmission coefficient (S21) from the microstrip measurement were used to determine the attenuation of the ZnO/PCL nanocomposites substrate with respect to different percentages of ZnO nanoparticles filler. Result from the measurement showed amongst others that as the filler content increases, the attenuation increases. The highest magnitude for attenuation was calculated for the 70% ZnO nano filler with a value of 14.92 dB and the least attenuation was calculated for the 25% ZnO nano filler, which value gave 6.72 dB which is very good for shielding applications. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to analyse the average particle size of the ZnO powder used as filler in the study. The analysis showed that the average partcile size was 52.7 nm.
Melt Elongation Strength and Drawability of LDPE/LLDPE Blends
Authors: Liang J. Z. , Tan L. C. , Wang K. J. , Li F. J. , Zhang S. D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The melt strength behavior and drawability during elongation flow of low density polyethylene (LDPE)/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends were investigated using the Rheotens test method under temperature ranging from 160 to 200 °C and die extrusion velocity varying from 9 to 36 mm/s. It was found that the blend melt strength decreased with a rise of temperature while increased with increasing the LDPE weight fraction when the extension rate or drawing ratio is constant; the dependence of the blend melt strength on the melt extension temperature roughly obeyed the Arrhenius equation; the dependence of the blend melt strength on the die extrusion velocity roughly obeyed the index equation. The drawing ratio at the melt fracture decreased with increasing the LDPE weight fraction and the die extrusion velocities, while increased with a rise of the melt extension temperature.
Evolution de la gestion des chablis ces 50 dernières années dans la région du Bas-Valais (essai)
Authors: Métral Roland 
Published: April 2015

Trends in windthrow management during the last 50 years in Lower Valais (essay)
A review on the measures taken in forests hit by storms during the last 50 years reveals the mind-set behind the evolution of management operations. In the 1960s, to remove all dead wood in a stand was perfectly normal due to timber prices. Between 1984 and 1990, vast sums of money were pumped into the improvement of forest structures facing the threat of a general forest dieback. As a consequence, only few of the windthrow areas caused by storm Vivian remained with no intervention. Vivian also marked the beginning of manifold research activities and practical terrain examination in windthrow gaps. Conclusions of this first research phase resulted in a critical assessment of the windthrow areas caused by Lothar in 1999, considering different goals than systematic removal of damage wood and the prevention of bark beetle outbreaks. Since the 1990s, retaining timber after windthrow has been lively discussed, as well as the maintenance of the protection function against natural hazards and opportunities for biodiversity. Several handbooks were developed and successfully used for the planning and defining of top priority measures in damaged forests that resulted from disturbances in 2011 and 2012 in Lower Valais. These recent disturbances together with the certainty that storms will recur led to the formation of a task force in the canton Valais, aiming to organize both logistics and funds, as well as to define management priorities regarding a next hazard.
Waldverjüngung und Totholz in Sturmflächen 10 Jahre nach Lothar und 20 Jahre nach Vivian
Authors: Wohlgemuth Thomas , Kramer Kathrin 
Published: April 2015

Forest regeneration and deadwood in windthrow gaps 10 years after Lothar and 20 years after Vivian
Tree regeneration in Swiss forests after winter storms Lothar (1999) and Vivian (1990) was analysed based on a sample of 90 totally wind damaged forest gaps of at least 3 ha size, located in the Jura Mountains, the Central plateau, the Prealps and parts of the Alps. In the less elevated Lothar gaps (Ø 860 m a.s.l.) mean stem densities in no intervention gaps (NI) were 7,644 and in salvage logged gaps (SL) 10,786. Means in Vivian gaps (Ø 1428 m a.s.l.) were significantly smaller with 2,572 in NI and 4,600 in SL gaps. Pre-storm regeneration in Lothar gaps amounted to one third of the total stem density and in Vivian gaps to one tenth. The ten tallest trees in both Lothar and Vivian gaps were similar sized with 6.3 m and 6.5 m in average. Most abundant tree species were beech (Fagus sylvatica), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Lothar gaps, and Norway spruce, sycamore and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) in Vivian gaps. Stem density increased with soil pH and decreased with elevation and the portion of tall herbs, raspberry and blackberry. The deadwood volume amounted to average 266 and 285 m3 per ha in NI gaps of Lothar and Vivian, respectively. In the SL gaps, volumes averaged to 74 and 76 m3 per ha, respectively. Deadwood as regeneration substrate matters predominantly in forests at higher elevations and favouring Norway spruce in particular. Natural regeneration takes place in all studied forest gaps, sooner or later. To achieve specific forest aims, however, competing understory vegetation needs to be controlled. Our results serve as a reference for tree regeneration in wind damaged forests of Central Europe.
Wintersturmschäden im Schweizer Wald von 1865 bis 2014
Authors: Usbeck Tilo 
Published: April 2015

Forest damages from winter storms in Switzerland from 1865 to 2014
Winter storms cause the most catastrophic damages in Swiss forests. The present article analyses how these storm damages correspond with wind gust speed, growing stock and forest area, in regard to the whole country and individual cantons, and from 1865 to 2014. During the study period, 26 storm events each totalling a volume of at least 70,000 m3 damaged wood were registered. Winter storm damages were highly variable regarding absolute numbers (volume) and portions per area (m3 per ha) and per growing stock (%). In the past 150 years, the cantons Nidwalden, Freiburg, Aargau, Zurich and Zug were hit most often by storm events, with damages ranging per event in average from 2.2 m3 per ha (Zurich) to 3.1 m3 per ha (Nidwalden). At the turn of the millennium, not only the greatest damages occurred but also growing stock peaked as well did the wind gust speeds.
Success/Failure Prediction of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Martín-González Félix , González-Robledo Javier , Sánchez-Hernández Fernando , Moreno-García María 
Published: April 2015

SummaryObjectives: This paper addresses the problem of decision-making in relation to the administration of noninvasive mechanical ventila tion (NIMV) in intensive care units.Methods: Data mining methods were employed to find out the factors influencing the success/failure of NIMV and to predict its results in future patients. These artificial intelligence-based methods have not been applied in this field in spite of the good results obtained in other medical areas.Results: Feature selection methods provided the most influential variables in the success/ failure of NIMV, such as NIMV hours, PaCO2 at the start, PaO2 / FiO2 ratio at the start, hematocrit at the start or PaO2 / FiO2 ratio after two hours. These methods were also used in the preprocessing step with the aim of improving the results of the classifiers. The algorithms provided the best results when the dataset used as input was the one containing the attributes selected with the CFS method. Conclusions: Data mining methods can be successfully applied to determine the most influential factors in the success/failure of NIMV and also to predict NIMV results in future patients. The results provided by classifiers can be improved by preprocessing the data with feature selection techniques.
Quality Assurance of UMLS Semantic Type Assignments Using SNOMED CT Hierarchies
Authors: Chen Y. , He Z. , Halper M. , Chen L. , Gu H. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBackground: The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is one of the largest biomedical terminological systems, with over 2.5 million concepts in its Metathesaurus repository. The UMLS’s Semantic Network (SN) with its collection of 133 high-level semantic types serves as an abstraction layer on top of the Metathesaurus. In particular, the SN elaborates an aspect of the Metathesaurus’s concepts via the assignment of one or more types to each concept. Due to the scope and complexity of the Metathesaurus, errors are all but inevitable in this semantic-type assignment process.Objectives: To develop a semi-automated methodology to help assure the quality of semantic-type assignments within the UMLS.Methods: The methodology uses a cross- validation strategy involving SNOMED CT’s hierarchies in combination with UMLS se -mantic types. Semantically uniform, disjoint concept groups are generated programmatically by partitioning the collection of all concepts in the same SNOMED CT hierarchy according to their respective semantic-type assignments in the UMLS. Domain experts are then called upon to review the concepts in any group having a small number of concepts. It is our hypothesis that a semantic-type assignment combination applicable only to a very small number of concepts in a SNOMED CT hierarchy is an indicator of potential problems.Results: The methodology was applied to the UMLS 2013AA release along with the SNOMED CT from January 2013. An overall error rate of 33% was found for concepts proposed by the quality-assurance methodology. Supporting our hypothesis, that number was four times higher than the error rate found in control samples.Conclusion: The results show that the quality-assurance methodology can aid in effective and efficient identification of UMLS semantic-type assignment errors.
Matthew 13 and the feasts of the LORD
Authors: Scholtz Jacob J. 
Published: April 2015

After summarising the results of reading Matthew 13 as a prophetic discourse containing ‘new and old’ prophecies that have been, or will still be, literally fulfilled, this article links the parables of Matthew 13 to the prophetic and typological fulfilment of the feasts of the LORD.Matteus 13 en die feeste van die HERE. Ná ’n samevatting van die resultate van ’n interpretasie van Matteus 13 as ’n profetiese diskoers wat ‘nuwe en ou’ profesieë bevat wat letterlik vervul is of nog vervul gaan word, word die verband tussen die gelykenisse van Matteus 13 en die profetiese en tipologiese vervulling van die feeste van die HERE aangetoon.
A Localized Mass-Conserving Lattice Boltzmann Approach for Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows
Authors: Wang Liang , Mi Jianchun , Meng Xuhui , Guo Zhaoli 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA mass-conserving lattice Boltzmann model based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) model is proposed for non-Newtonian fluid flows. The equilibrium distribution function includes the local shear rate related with the viscosity and a variable parameter changing with the shear rate. With the additional parameter, the relaxation time in the collision can be fixed invariable to the viscosity. Through the Chapman-Enskog analysis, the macroscopic equations can be recovered from the present mass-conserving model. Two flow problems are simulated to validate the present model with a local computing scheme for the shear rate, and good agreement with analytical solutions and/or other published results are obtained. The results also indicate that the present modified model is more applicable to practical non-Newtonian fluid flows owing to its better accuracy and more robustness than previous methods.
Pore-Scale Study of the Non-Linear Mixing of Fluids with Viscous Fingering in Anisotropic Porous Media
Authors: Liu Gaojie , Guo Zhaoli 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMixing processes of miscible viscous fluids in anisotropic porous media are studied through a lattice Boltzmann method in this paper. The results show that fluid mixing can be enhanced by the disorder and interfaces induced by viscous fingers. Meanwhile, the permeability anisotropy affects the developments of viscous fingers and the subsequent mixing behaviors significantly. Specifically, as the streamwise (longitudinal) permeability is larger than the spanwise (transverse) one, the mixing process is faster and stronger than that in the contrary case. Furthermore, the anisotropy can lead to different behaviors of the dissipation rates in streamwise and spanwise directions. Generally, the dissipation rate is dominated by the transverse concentration gradients when the longitudinal permeability is higher than the transverse one; on the contrary, as the transverse permeability is higher than the longitudinal one, the contributions to the dissipation rate from longitudinal and transverse concentration gradients are both significant.