bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Rosemary Extract, Mint Extract and a Mixture of Tocopherols in Beef Sausage during Storage at 4C
Authors: Azizkhani Maryam , Tooryan Fahimeh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effects of extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (RE), Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson (ME) and a mixture of tocopherols (Toc) on microbiological parameters and lipid oxidation were investigated in beef sausages stored for 25 days at 4C. The addition of RE resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth and the lowest microbial counts were obtained in samples containing both RE and ME, indicating a possible synergistic effect. RE and its combination with Toc or ME, but especially the latter, showed the greatest antioxidative effect (P ≤ 0.05); the use of RE alone was comparable (P > 0.05) with ME and its combinations. Shelf lives of samples containing RE were almost doubled compared with the remaining samples and the best antimicrobial and antioxidative effects were obtained from the combination of RE with ME.Practical ApplicationFood spoilage is considered to be one of the most important economic and health‐related matters in the food industry; thus, preservatives are used in food products to inhibit chemical deterioration and the growth of microorganisms. Concerns over the safety of some chemical preservatives and the negative consumer reaction to those perceived as being of chemical and/or artificial origin have prompted increased interest in more natural or “green” alternatives for the maintenance or extension of product shelf life. Many spices and herbs exert antioxidant and antimicrobial activities conferred by compounds present in extracts of these plants or in their essential oil fractions, some of which are classified as generally recognized as safe substances. These compounds could therefore be of considerable interest for use in the food industry as natural preservatives.
Magnetic resonance enterocolonography in detecting erosion and redness in intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Sato Hirokazu , Tamura Chiharu , Narimatsu Kazuyuki , Shimizu Motonori , Takajyo Takeshi , Yamashita Masataka , Inoue Yasushi , Ozaki Hayato , Furuhashi Hirotaka , Maruta Koji , Yasutake Yuichi , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Watanabe Chikako , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Nagao Shigeaki , Miura Soichiro , Shinmoto Hiroshi , Hokari Ryota 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground and AimIn Crohn's disease (CD), assessment of disease activity and extension is important for clinical management. Endoscopy is the most reliable tool for evaluating disease activity in these patients and it distinguishes between lesions based on ulcer, erosion, and redness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is less invasive than endoscopy; however, the sensitivity of MRI in detecting lesions is believed to be lower, and whether MRI can detect milder lesions has not been studied. The aim of this study was to compare the detection ability of magnetic resonance enterocolonography (MREC) with ileocolonic endoscopy in patients with CD.MethodsA total of 27 patients with CD underwent both MREC and ileocolonoscopy. There were 55 lesions (18 ileum and 37 colon) endoscopically detected, and the findings of MREC were compared with each ileocolonoscopic finding to determine sensitivity and specificity.ResultsFor a positive lesion defined as having at least one of the following: wall thickness, edema, diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) high intensity and relative contrast enhancement (RCE) on MREC, the sensitivities were 100% for ulcer, 84.6% for erosion, and 52.9% for redness, suggesting an ability to detect milder lesions such as erosion or redness. Moreover, RCE values were well correlated with the severity of endoscopically identified active lesions.ConclusionMREC findings may be useful not only for evaluation of ulcers, but also for detection of endoscopically identified milder lesions in CD, suggesting a clinical usefulness of MREC for disease detection and monitoring.
Perceptions of Oral Health, Preventive Care, and Care‐Seeking Behaviors Among Rural Adolescents
Authors: Dodd Virginia J. , Logan Henrietta , Brown Cameron D. , Calderon Angela , Catalanotto Frank 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAn asymmetrical oral disease burden is endured by certain population subgroups, particularly children and adolescents. Reducing oral health disparities requires understanding multiple oral health perspectives, including those of adolescents. This qualitative study explores oral health perceptions and dental care behaviors among rural adolescents.METHODSSemistructured individual interviews with 100 rural, minority, low socioeconomic status adolescents revealed their current perceptions of oral health and dental care access. Respondents age ranged from 12 to 18 years. The sample was 80% black and 52% male.RESULTSPerceived threat from dental disease was low. Adolescents perceived regular brushing and flossing as superseding the need for preventive care. Esthetic reasons were most often cited as reasons to seek dental care. Difficulties accessing dental care include finances, transportation, fear, issues with Medicaid coverage and parental responsibility. In general, adolescents and their parents are in need of information regarding the importance of preventive dental care.CONCLUSIONSFindings illuminate barriers to dental care faced by low‐income rural adolescents and counter public perceptions of government‐sponsored dental care programs as being “free” or without cost. The importance of improved oral health knowledge, better access to care, and school‐based dental care is discussed.
The Effects of Sensory and Nonsensory Factors on Consumer Acceptability and Purchase Intention of Commercial Toothpaste
Authors: Kim Ji‐Yoon , Kim Kwang‐Ok 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe number of toothpastes on the market has increased not only with respect to flavors (a sensory factor) but also to nonsensory factors such as function, price and brand. The objectives of this study were to examine the consumer liking and purchase intention of toothpaste in the presence and absence of product information and to relate them to the sensory attributes identified in a previous study. Eight commercial toothpastes were selected as samples of the diverse flavors and manufacturers. In total, 160 consumers who were balanced for age and gender were recruited. The consumer test was conducted under both blind (N = 80) and informed (N = 80) conditions. Overall, the preferred sensory attributes were sweet, peppermint, menthol and cooling; however, sensory attributes driving flavor acceptability differed according to gender. Purchase intention appeared to be affected not only by flavor but also by price, brand and labeling.Practical ApplicationsThis study applied a procedure developed in a previous study evaluating toothpaste flavor that involved diluting the toothpaste. The tasting of diluted toothpaste by consumers enabled a quick and easy evaluation without oral numbness that can result from repeated toothbrushing, which might have affected consumer acceptability. The findings demonstrated the importance of the presence of information in the consumer test. This study is beneficial in the context of conducting the consumer acceptability study for commercial toothpaste first, and that this study aimed to examine the multilateral factors that affect consumer acceptability and purchase intention of toothpaste with segmented consumers.
CheY's acetylation sites responsible for generating clockwise flagellar rotation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Fraiberg Milana , Afanzar Oshri , Cassidy C. Keith , Gabashvili Alexandra , Schulten Klaus , Levin Yishai , Eisenbach Michael 
Published: November 2014

SummaryStimulation of Escherichia coli with acetate elevates the acetylation level of the chemotaxis response regulator CheY. This elevation, in an unknown mechanism, activates CheY to generate clockwise rotation. Here, using quantitative selective reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and high‐resolution targeted mass spectrometry, we identified K91 and K109 as the major sites whose acetylation level in vivo increases in response to acetate. Employing single and multiple lysine replacements in CheY, we found that K91 and K109 are also the sites mainly responsible for acetate‐dependent clockwise generation. Furthermore, we showed that clockwise rotation is repressed when residue K91 is nonmodified, as evidenced by an increased ability of CheY to generate clockwise rotation when K91 was acetylated or replaced by specific amino acids. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that K91 repression is manifested in the conformational dynamics of the β4α4 loop, shifted toward an active state upon mutation. Removal of β4α4 loop repression may represent a general activation mechanism in CheY, pertaining also to the canonical phosphorylation activation pathway as suggested by crystal structures of active and inactive CheY from Thermotoga maritima. By way of elimination, we further suggest that K109 acetylation is actively involved in generating clockwise rotation.
The transmembrane protein FgSho1 regulates fungal development and pathogenicity via the MAPK module Ste50‐Ste11‐Ste7 in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Gu Qin , Chen Yun , Liu Ye , Zhang Chengqi , Ma Zhonghua 
Published: November 2014

Summary

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways have been characterized in Fusarium graminearum. Currently, the upstream sensors of these pathways are unknown.

Biological functions of a transmembrane protein FgSho1 were investigated using a target gene deletion strategy. The relationship between FgSho1 and the MAPK cassette FgSte50‐Ste11‐Ste7 was analyzed in depth.

The transmembrane protein FgSho1 is required for conidiation, full virulence, and deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in F. graminearum. Furthermore, FgSho1 and FgSln1 have an additive effect on virulence of F. graminearum. The yeast two‐hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, colocalization and affinity capture‐mass spectrometry analyses strongly indicated that FgSho1 physically interacts with the MAPK module FgSte50‐Ste11‐Ste7. Similar to the FgSho1 mutant, the mutants of FgSte50, FgSte11, and FgSte7 were defective in conidiation, pathogenicity, and DON biosynthesis. In addition, FgSho1 plays a minor role in the response to osmotic stress but it is involved in the cell wall integrity pathway, which is independent of the module FgSte50‐Ste11‐Ste7 in F. graminearum.

Collectively, results of this study strongly indicate that FgSho1 regulates fungal development and pathogenicity via the MAPK module FgSte50‐Ste11‐Ste7 in F. graminearum, which is different from what is known in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Intellectual and academic performance in children undergoing solid organ pretransplant evaluation
Authors: Reed‐Knight Bonney , Lee Jennifer L. , Cousins Laura A. , Mee Laura L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlthough prior research has shown lower intellectual functioning across pediatric solid organ transplant recipients relative to matched siblings or norm comparisons, few studies have assessed intellectual and academic performance prior to transplant across organ groups. The current data examine intellectual and academic functioning in children being evaluated for kidney, liver, or heart transplant. This investigation included intellectual and academic testing data from 195 children and adolescents between the ages of six and 19 yr evaluated for solid organ transplantation. Across organ groups, patients' intellectual functioning as estimated by the WASI/WASI‐II at the time of pretransplant evaluation was within the average range, but lower compared to test norms. Patients demonstrated lower estimates of word reading, math computation, and spelling skills compared to the normal population, with the exception of heart patients' word reading and spelling skills and liver patients' spelling scores. Cognitive and academic impairments exist in children prior to transplantation. Findings emphasize the support that patients may require to manage the complicated medical regimen and succeed academically. Routine cognitive and academic assessment can inform healthcare providers regarding transplant patients' capacity to take on increasing medical responsibility and successfully reintegrate into the school environment.
Is a regional flood signal reproducible from lake sediments?
Authors: Wilhelm Bruno , Sabatier Pierre , Arnaud Fabien 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe evolution of flood activity with global warming remains uncertain. To better assess flood–climate relationships, lake sediments are increasingly being investigated because they could provide regional flood histories long enough to cover past climate changes. However, site‐specific sedimentary processes may bias flood reconstructions. The aim of this article is to investigate these effects through the reconstruction of two distinct flood records from independent, neighbouring sedimentary basins of the same lake (Lake Allos in the Mediterranean French Alps), i.e. under the same climate conditions. Understanding of sedimentary processes is crucial in order to adapt the sampling strategy and the flood‐intensity proxy to each sedimentary system and, thereby, reconstruct a complete and reliable flood history. Thanks to this detailed approach, the main trends of the regional flood variability can be reproduced; i.e. periods of high flood‐frequency, ranges of flood‐frequency values and timing of the most intense events. In detail, some differences appeared associated to the various stream capacities to erode and transport flood sediments to the lake system, implying variable sensitivity of sedimentary systems in recording floods. Comparing regional flood records based on independent sedimentary systems from similar environments could thus be a complementary approach to assessing past flood intensity. Such an approach could open particularly interesting perspectives because reconstructing the long‐term evolution of flood intensity is a key challenge in the geosciences.
2′‐Deoxymugineic acid promotes growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by orchestrating iron and nitrate uptake processes under high pH conditions
Authors: Araki Ryoichi , Kousaka Kayoko , Namba Kosuke , Murata Yoshiko , Murata Jun 
Published: November 2014

SummaryPoaceae plants release 2′‐deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and related phytosiderophores to chelate iron (Fe), which often exists as insoluble Fe(III) in the rhizosphere, especially under high pH conditions. Although the molecular mechanisms behind the biosynthesis and secretion of DMA have been studied extensively, little information is known about whether DMA has biological roles other than chelating Fe in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that hydroponic cultures of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings show almost complete restoration in shoot height and soil‐plant analysis development (SPAD) values after treatment with 3–30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0), compared with untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8). These changes were accompanied by selective accumulation of Fe over other metals. While this enhanced growth was evident under high pH conditions, DMA application also enhanced seedling growth under normal pH conditions in which Fe was fairly accessible. Microarray and qRT‐PCR analyses revealed that exogenous DMA application attenuated the increased expression levels of various genes related to Fe transport and accumulation. Surprisingly, despite the preferential utilization of ammonium over nitrate as a nitrogen source by rice, DMA application also increased nitrate reductase activity and the expression of genes encoding high‐affinity nitrate transporters and nitrate reductases, all of which were otherwise considerably lower under high pH conditions. These data suggest that exogenous DMA not only plays an important role in facilitating the uptake of environmental Fe, but also orchestrates Fe and nitrate assimilation for optimal growth under high pH conditions.
Rising CO2 can alter fodder–weed interactions and suppression of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Khan N , George D , Shabbir A , Hanif Z , Adkins S W 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThree C4 grass (Setaria incrassata, Astrebla squarrosa and Bothriochloa decipiens) and one C3 legume (Clitoria ternatea) suppressive fodder species, were re‐evaluated against the growth of the C3 Parthenium hysterophorus under an ambient (390 μmol mol−1) and an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (550 μmol mol−1). Under the elevated atmospheric CO2, shoot dry biomass and suppression index (SI) value of the C4 S. incrassata were both reduced by 32% and 0.7 respectively, while those for A. squarrosa were reduced by 23% and 0.3. In contrast and under the same elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, the shoot dry biomass and SI of the C4 B. decipiens were increased by 8% and 0.1 respectively, while those for the C3 C. ternatea were increased by 38% and 0.8. Our results suggest that C3 fodder plants along with certain C4 species could be utilised for the effective management of P. hysterophorus under the future elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions. However, this system needs more fodder species to be investigated. Our results suggest that rising CO2 per se may alter the efficacy of suppressive fodder management of an invasive C3 species, P. hysterophorus.
Registration of clinical volumes to beams‐eye‐view images for real‐time tracking
Authors: Bryant Jonathan H. , Rottmann Joerg , Lewis John H. , Mishra Pankaj , Keall Paul J. , Berbeco Ross I. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:The authors combine the registration of 2D beam's eye view (BEV) images and 3D planning computed tomography (CT) images, with relative, markerless tumor tracking to provide automatic absolute tracking of physician defined volumes such as the gross tumor volume (GTV).Methods:During treatment of lung SBRT cases, BEV images were continuously acquired with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) operating in cine mode. For absolute registration of physician‐defined volumes, an intensity based 2D/3D registration to the planning CT was performed using the end‐of‐exhale (EoE) phase of the four dimensional computed tomography (4DCT). The volume was converted from Hounsfield units into electron density by a calibration curve and digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were generated for each beam geometry. Using normalized cross correlation between the DRR and an EoE BEV image, the best in‐plane rigid transformation was found. The transformation was applied to physician‐defined contours in the planning CT, mapping them into the EPID image domain. A robust multiregion method of relative markerless lung tumor tracking quantified deviations from the EoE position.Results:The success of 2D/3D registration was demonstrated at the EoE breathing phase. By registering at this phase and then employing a separate technique for relative tracking, the authors are able to successfully track target volumes in the BEV images throughout the entire treatment delivery.Conclusions:Through the combination of EPID/4DCT registration and relative tracking, a necessary step toward the clinical implementation of BEV tracking has been completed. The knowledge of tumor volumes relative to the treatment field is important for future applications like real‐time motion management, adaptive radiotherapy, and delivered dose calculations.
The Myotonometer: Not a Valid Measurement Tool for Active Hamstring Musculotendinous Stiffness
Authors: Pamukoff Derek N. , Bell Sarah E. , Ryan Eric D. , Blackburn J. Troy 
Published: November 2014

Context:Hamstring musculotendinous stiffness (MTS) is associated with lower-extremity injury risk (ie, hamstring strain, anterior cruciate ligament injury) and is commonly assessed using the damped oscillatory technique. However, despite a preponderance of studies that measure MTS reliably in laboratory settings, there are no valid clinical measurement tools. A valid clinical measurement technique is needed to assess MTS and permit identification of individuals at heightened risk of injury and track rehabilitation progress.Objective:To determine the validity and reliability of the Myotonometer for measuring active hamstring MTS.Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Setting:LaboratoryParticipants:33 healthy participants (15 men, age 21.33 ± 2.94 y, height 172.03 ± 16.36 cm, mass 74.21 ± 16.36 kg).Main Outcome Measures:Hamstring MTS was assessed using the damped oscillatory technique and the Myotonometer. Intraclass correlations were used to determine the intrasession, intersession, and interrater reliability of the Myotonometer. Criterion validity was assessed via Pearson product–moment correlation between MTS measures obtained from the Myotonometer and from the damped oscillatory technique.Results:The Myotonometer demonstrated good intrasession (ICC3,1 = .807) and interrater reliability (ICC2,k = .830) and moderate intersession reliability (ICC2,k = .693). However, it did not provide a valid measurement of MTS compared with the damped oscillatory technique (r = .346, P = .061).Conclusions:The Myotonometer does not provide a valid measure of active hamstring MTS. Although the Myotonometer does not measure active MTS, it possesses good reliability and portability and could be used clinically to measure tissue compliance, muscle tone, or spasticity associated with multiple musculoskeletal disorders. Future research should focus on portable and clinically applicable tools to measure active hamstring MTS in efforts to prevent and monitor injuries.