bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV.—On the Fragmentary Remains of an Organism Referable to the Nematophytales, from the Rhynie Chert, Nematoplexus rhyniensis gen. et sp. nov.
Authors: Lyon A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisIncomplete, but structurally preserved remains of an organism referable to the Nematophytales Lang, are described from the Rhynie Chert as a new genus and species. The fossil is composed of a plexus of non-septate tubular cells of two types—the smaller having uniformly smooth walls, the larger, walls with conspicuous spiral thickenings. Branching of both types is localized in areas referred to as branch-knots. Comparison is made with other members of the Nematophytales which have been shown to possess differentially thickened tubes.
XV.—The Periostracum ofMytilus edulis
Authors: Dunachie J. F. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Histological investigation has been made of growth and repair of periostracum inMytilus edulis. Physical rather than chemical differences in the processes of secretion can account for the variations in the structure of periostracum which appear during normal growth and in that which follows damage. Amœbocytes take part in the production of periostracum by supplying material for the secretory cells. Reasons for the presence of other granular cells near the site of secretion are also suggested. The periostracum is secreted solely by the epithelium of the inner surface of the outer mantle fold, although initially it adheres to the epithelium of a process of the middle fold. Consideration of the nature of the connection of the periostracum with its retractor muscles leads to the hypothesis that the cells of both epithelia move with the periostracum towards the mantle edge. The tissue where the two epithelia meet appears to be meristematic.
XVIII.—The Geological Structure of North-East Northumberland
Authors: Shiells K. A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe main deformation of the Carboniferous sediments of north-east Northumberland took place in Armorican times. An analysis of minor structures shows that they occur in three distinct structural environments. These are, (i) as accommodation structures to large folds, (ii) as structures produced by transcurrent movement along lateral shearfaults, and (iii) as minor structures formed in direct response to the regional compression. The detailed interrelation-ships of these minor structures are described for selected areas.In the neighbourhood of Berwick-on-Tweed a major east-facing monocline has been recognized. It appears that the large-scale folding of the Carboniferous strata was directly controlled by the configuration of the Lower Palæozoic and Lower Old Red Sandstone basement. Major folds have been generated by an east-west compression and are deflected around the Cheviot and Southern Upland masses. A regional fault pattern is interpreted as a conjugate system of strike-slip and oblique-slip shears. The nature and influence of structural control on the emplacement of the Whin Sill suggests that it was intruded during this same tectonic episode.
XII.—Studies in Floral Zygomorphy. I. The Initiation of Staminal Zygomorphy.
Authors: Thompson John McLean 
Published: January 2013

In the quest of phyletic lines, biologists who have based their opinions on the widest field of observation and comparison known to their age have often felt that the position which they have assigned to any organism within its own affinity may be given to another by later systematists.The origin of this uncertainty of systematic position is not to be found in a foreboding that the immediate descendants of an organism, now considered relatively simple, may suddenly acquire characters which will justify changes of position in the affinity. It is to be found in the biologist's avowed ignorance of the relative value of the characters by which he judges, and in his belief that much which is important has escaped his observation.
XXV.—The Anatomy of a Fœtal African Elephant, Elephas africanus (Loxodonta africana). Part II. The Body Muscles
Authors: Eales Nellie B. 
Published: January 2013

In theTransactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LIV, Part III, No. 11, 1926, the author published an account of the anatomy of the head of an African Elephant fœtus, 21 cms. in length. The present paper deals with the voluntary muscles (except those already described) of the same fœtus. The author intends to prepare later an account of the skeleton and internal organs, so that a complete description of the anatomy of this rare specimen will be available.The section which treats of the head will henceforward be referred to as Part I; the present paper, therefore, becomes Part II.The body muscles were investigated under the Zeiss Binocular Dissecting Microscope, and the work was facilitated by rapid staining with a weak solution of saffranin. Owing to long preservation, the muscles, nerves, and blood-vessels of the specimen were quite colourless. The saffranin gave a certain amount of differentiation which lasted for several hours, and the advantage of the method is that the colour disappears entirely when the specimen is put back into the store jar between one working period and the next.
X.—On Two New Gorilla Foetuses
Authors: Hill W. C. O. , Spatz W. B. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisDescriptions are offered of two foetal gorillas representative of developmental stages intermediate between those previously described by Duckworth (1904), Schultz (1927) and Deniker (1885). They are numbered accordingly II and IV and comparison made throughout with the other stages represented in the literature.Special attention has been paid to the ontogenetic changes occurring in the bodily form, and posture, cutaneous structures, cranial and skeletal development and in the disposition of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, much of which is previously known only in respect of Deniker's stage V.
6.—A Re-examination of the Central Nervous System ofAlderia modesta(Lovén).
Authors: Gascoigne T. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisAlderia modesta(class Gastropoda, order Sacoglossa) has a central nervous system of a type common in the Stiligeridae and Limapontiidae. The visceral loop is short and bears two ganglia, the abdominal and supra-intestinal.Medio-dorsal bodies, probably neurosecretory in function, are present on the cerebral ganglia. They were also found in eight other species of Sacoglossa and latero-dorsal bodies were noted inOxynoe viridis(Pease) andLobiger viridis(Pease).Dissections of sixteen species of Sacoglossa showed that the order may be arranged on the length of the visceral loop and the number of ganglia on it. The evolution of medio-dorsal bodies is discussed.
9.—On the Ecology and Sedimentation of the Cardium Shellsands and Transgressive Shellbanks of Traigh Mhor, Island of Barra, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Farrow George E. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisHolocene carbonates rest unconformably on Lewisian gneiss in an almost land-locked bay sheltered from Atlantic waves by sand dunes: frosts are rare and cockles, the dominant species, may reach 16 years of age. Five intertidal zones are recognised: algal mat, Arenicola sand, Cardium shell sand, Lanice sand, Ensis sand. Transgressive shellbanks composed solely of cockles and linguoid in form, are advancing over the Arenicola sand towards the shore, earlier seaward positions being indicated by hard-packed areas of shell pavement. Comparison of 1973 positions with those on aerial photographs taken in 1965 demonstrates a maximum transgression of 150 m over the past eight years, but in 1948 banks were smaller and most material was onshore as a chenier.Different age-groups are dominant in different parts of the beach: young cockles high on the shore; older, partially epifaunal individuals towards low water. In any one age-group shell height is inversely related to distance from LWM. By analysing the age and growth of dead shells from the banks it is possible to estimate where they originated, and thus how much post-mortem transport they have suffered. In the centre of the bay banks receive 90 per cent of their shells from seaward, the maximum distance travelled being 400 m.During westerly gales adult cockles living high on the shore are blown seawards, though young forms escape by speedier burrowing. This, together with the concentration of oystercatcher predation on small individuals from the more emergent parts of the bay, probably explains why older animals are more abundant on the lower reaches of the shore.Feeding oystercatchers leave many conjoined valves of Cardium on the sediment surface which roll in easily with the tide and replenish the shellbanks. The valves are rarely damaged, though gulls shatter shells by dropping them onto hard areas of pavement. In calm conditions shoreward flotation of both fragments and single valves is important: banks are high and narrow, and accrete by avalanche co-sets of haphazardly arranged whole valves. In stormy conditions much comminuted shell sand is blown onto the beach from the dunes: banks are more spread out, and the shell fabric locally becomes vertically imbricate in response to directly opposed wave systems generated by refraction around the banks.
15.—Calathopteris heterophyllagen. et sp. nov., a Lower Carboniferous Pteridosperm bearing Two Kinds of Petioles
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisCalathopteris heterophyllagen. et sp. nov. is described from a single petrified stem found in a loose block at Oxroad Bay, East Lothian. It is approximately 17 cm long and 2 cm diameter, being clothed with the swollen bases of incomplete petioles, many reflexed, and arranged in a dense 2/5 phyllotactic spiral. In most petioles the vascular bundle becomes U-shaped in transverse section with six abaxial mesarch lobes. Other leaf-traces divide in the inner cortex to form three concentric xylem strands which differentiate as they pass outward to form a median triarch bundle flanked by two tetrarch bundles. The stem possesses a medullated stele in which short wide tracheids occur in the medulla. Similarities between the petioles and those ofCalathospermum fimbriatumBarnard are pointed out while those with three bundles were probably trichotomous (and ?microsporangiate) likeDiplopteridium teilianumWalton.
20.—Rowleya trifurcata gen. et sp. nov., a Simple Petrified Vascular Plant from the Lower Coal Measures (Westphalian A) of Lancashire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisRowleya trifurcata gen. et sp. nov. is described from specimens discovered in coal-balls from the Union Mine of Burnley, Lancashire. It consists of slender cylindrical axes (0·3–1·4 mm diam.) branched at long intervals by anisotomous dichotomies. Often three closely consecutive dichotomies produce a lateral trifurcation in which one or both outer branches have been arrested in growth. These bear one or two pairs of vascularised tapering appendages interpreted as ‘leaves’. Main axes usually possess a tetrarch solid strand of primary xylem somewhat like certain branches of Stauropteris. Slightly smaller axes often have a triarch strand of primary xylem triangular in cross-section. Backwardly directed branches are occasionally borne above a trifurcation and opposite a pair of ‘leaves’.Rowleya trifurcata is associated with Psalixochlaena cylindrica and Botryopteris hirsuta. Its closest affinities seem to be with Stauropteris and Psilotum.
23.—Psalixochlaena berwickense sp. nov., a Lower Carboniferous Fern from Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisPsalixochlaena berwickense sp. nov. is described from specimens found in the Cementstone Group of Berwickshire. The incomplete fossils consist of short cylindrical stems, 0·7–1·5 mm diameter, and probably represent portions of one or more branching rhizomes. Attached petioles have not been seen but one detached fragment shows a resemblance in structure to the petioles of P. cylindrica (Williamson) Holden. Branching of the stem is by trifurcate laterals and this distinguishes it from P. cylindrica but bears a superficial resemblance to Rowleya trifurcata Long.
(2) The Pathology of Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees
Authors: White P. Bruce 
Published: January 2013

Isle of Wight disease is, as we have seen, primarily a disease of the respiratory system, in which the organism remains localised throughout the entire course of the attack.The effects are, however, far-reaching, and are registered in the disordered functioning of several organs, and in visible pathological changes in some of them.The parasitic invasion has two aspects.We have, in the first place, to consider the active injury wrought upon the host by a parasite developing and living at the expense of its body fluids. With this aspect of the question may be coupled the possibility of a definite toxic action on the part of the parasite.In the second place, we have to consider the passive rôle of the mites in hindering or inhibiting the normal functions of the infected organs.Before proceeding to consider the various pathological conditions, a few words on the distribution of the parasite within the host is called for.
II.—The Readvance, Marginal Kame-moraine of the South of Scotland, and some Later Stages of Retreat
Authors: Charlesworth J. Kaye 
Published: January 2013

In the course of researches into the glaciation of the western part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland the writer accidentally stumbled upon a series of large and continuous moraines bordering the Central Valley. Some of these had been observed and described by earlier workers, others—probably constituting the larger part—had either escaped detection or had been differently interpreted.The solution of the problem presented by these moraines not only required their careful mapping from coast to coast, but also inevitably led to an attempt to decipher the history of the retreat of the ice out of the Central Valley.
VI.—The Development of the Hypophysis Cerebri in Man, with a Note upon its Structure in the Human Adult
Authors: Waterston David 
Published: January 2013

The development of the hypophysis cerebri throughout the Vertebrates has attracted the attention of many workers, and our knowledge of its development and adult structure is comprehensive in many forms of the Reptilia, Amphibia, Fishes, in certain Marsupials, and in several of the best-known Mammals.Its development in man has recently been investigated by Rudel (1) and by Hochstetter (12), but the small number of specimens as yet examined and described by these and other writers makes it desirable that further work should be done on this subject.
XIX. — Foraminifera of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Pearcey F. Gordon 
Published: January 2013

The fauna of the Polar regions is of deep interest to zoologists generally, that of the Antarctic specially so, and in this the Rhizopodist can justly claim his share.Since the return of theChallengerExpedition in 1876, the later British expeditions to this area, with the exception of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, did but little in the way of sounding and trawling in the deeper waters of the Antarctic. Although much additional work has been carried out, and many new and rare species of the higher forms of marine life from this region have been brought to light, comparatively little has been added to the Rhizopod fauna since the results of theChallengerExpedition were published. The following pages on the Foraminifera are due to the energy and enthusiasm of Dr W. S. Bruce, F.R.S.E., and his colleagues. The genera and species here enumerated and described have been obtained from samples of deposits sent to me at intervals by Dr Bruce and Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie, collected by them, during the S.Y.ScotiaExpedition in 1903-4, chiefly from the area of the Weddell Sea, where the ocean floor is covered with terrigenous deposits of Blue Mud, or (as Dr Pirie calls them) Glacial Muds and Clays.
V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields.
Authors: Kidston R. 
Published: January 2013

The first of this series of papers, that on the “Fossil Plants collected during the sinking of the shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, near Birmingham,” was published in 1888, and the second, dealing with the “Fossil Flora of the Coal Field of the Potteries,” in 1891.Since that date the North Staffordshire Coal Field has been re-surveyed by members of the Geological Survey, and the result of this re-examination of the geology of the Potteries Coal Field was the classification of the strata into several well-defined groups.
VII.—Rupture Stresses in Beams and Crane Hooks.
Authors: Fulton Angus R. 
Published: January 2013

CONCLUSIONS1. It may be taken as conclusive that the final distribution of stress at rupture point in a member subjected to an external bending moment is a rectangular one, unless where the cohesion of adjacent layers is not sufficient to withstand the shear induced by the resisting moment of the section.2. That, provided shear does not take place, the neutral axis moves always to the position which reduces the summation of the tensile and compressive stress areas, across a section, to the equilibrant of the external forces. (In the case of a beam this reduces to zero; in that of a hook, at the principal section to the suspended weight.)3. That the total resisting moment of these stresses must be equal to the external bending moment as measured to the neutral axis at rupture point, but that these balancing moments do not differ materially from those measured to an axis obtained by dividing the sectional area into tensile and compressive stress areas which are in inverse proportion to the magnitude of their respective ultimate direct stresses.The advantage of these formulæ are important. It is possible to indicate with certainty the magnitude of the load which will cause rupture in a beam or a hook provided there is known the point of application or the effective arm of the load, the cross-section of the beam or hook, and the breaking strengths of the material when subjected to the different forms of direct loading.
XXI.—The Life-history and Development of Agriolimax agrestis L., the Gray Field Slug.
Authors: Carrick Robert 
Published: January 2013

Among Gasteropod Molluscs the life-histories and development of the most highly evolved members, the terrestrial Pulmonates, have been less intensively studied than those of more primitive aquatic forms. This has been due in part to the technical difficulties involved in the permanent preparation of material for study, and in part to the fact that the investigator seeking for primitive features of phyletic interest is more likely to find these among more generalised species of Gasteropods than among those which are obviously adapted, both during the early stages of their development and in adult life, to a habitat far removed from the ancestral one.It is the purpose of this paper to present data bearing upon the life-history of a single species of land Pulmonate, Agriolimax agrestis L., to enlarge upon certain aspects of the embryology of this species, and to demonstrate the structural and functional changes of the larva which have accompanied the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial breeding habit.
XXIX.—An EarlyDictyoconus, and the GenusOrbitolina: Their Contemporaneity, Structural Distinction, and Respective Natural Allies
Authors: Davies Lieut.-Colonel L. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe author summarises recent reports regarding the appearance in Mesozoic rocks of Blanckenhorn's genusDictyoconus, long supposed to have originated in the Middle Eocene. He figures and describes the best known of these Mesozoic forms, in order to place its age and generic attribution beyond question, and discusses the problem of its relationship to allied genera as affected by its early appearance. He then describes d'Orbigny's contemporary (Cretaceous) genusOrbitolina, with whichDictyoconushas often been confused, in order to show its radical difference in structure and the characteristics of forms which can be more justly regarded as related to it. He also discusses the genotype ofOrbitolina, since the species lately quoted as such is unsuitable.
XV.—On Benzyl Phosphines and their Derivatives
Authors: Letts  , Blake R. F. 
Published: January 2013

The phosphines which have been obtained as yet are not very numerous, and with one or two exceptions their properties have not been exhaustively studied, a fact which is no doubt largely due to the difficulties encountered in preparing them in any quantity.There are consequently a great many points in their history which require examination, and the object we had in view in the present investigation was chiefly to extend our knowledge of this interesting group of substances.
III.—Cytological Studies in the Genus Solanum. I. Wild and Native Cultivated “Diploid” Potatoes
Authors: Choudhuri H. G. 
Published: January 2013

Previous studies on the cytology of the wild and less highly developed “diploid” forms of potatoes have been mainly concerned with the number of chromosomes. Rybin (1933) in his cytological investigation on the South American cultivated and wild potatoes has recorded 12 as the haploid number of chromosomes in seven species including S. Rybinii. Ratera (1938) reported the same number of haploid chromosomes in S. Parodii and six other species indigenous to Argentine.The present study is concerned primarily with the secondary pairing of chromosomes at meiosis in six “diploid” species with a view to determining the basic number in potatoes and to ascertaining the exact “status” of these species.
VIII.—The Petrography of the Franz Josef Fjord Region, North-East Greenland, in Relation to its Structure: A Study in Regional Metamorphism
Authors: Odell N. E. 
Published: January 2013

In the introduction to his previous paper on the Structure (Odell, 1939) the author included a short description of the stratigraphy of the region under review, and the briefest account only is therefore here deemed necessary.A principal feature of north-east Greenland is the considerable number of representatives of the Geological Succession which lie exposed in the ice-free mountainous tract between the Inland Ice Cap and the Greenland Sea. These formations include Pre-Cambrian, Palæozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentaries with Kainozoic eruptives. They have a general trend north and south, and while the older rocks are situated mainly inland, the younger ones lie along the fringes of the coast-line. Consequently, as one sails westward up the immense fjords which cut transversely across the formations, one moves downwards in the succession towards the older rocks. The older rocks, however, underlie by far the greater part of the ice-free area, and of these, sandstones and coarse elastics of Old Red type, quartzites, slates, and limestones ranging from Ordovician to Pre-Cambrian, and metamorphic rocks with granites comprising a Metamorphic Complex, are found in three great belts in order from east to west, between latitudes 72° and 74°. Within these limiting latitudes, the numerous inlets and deeply entrenched fjords, whose great bare walls display in remarkable fashion the multi-coloured formations and their structures, have yielded a considerable amount of information in recent years to the British, Scandinavian, and other geologists who have studied them.