bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicomycological Pattern of Dermatophytosis in Odisha, a Coastal State of Eastern India
Authors: Gaba Sakshi , Panigrahi Kumudini , Kar Hemanta K. , Sethy Mitanjali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection that targets the skin and its appendages, such as the nails and hair. It affects all age groups and is estimated to affect approximately 20–25% of the population across the world. There are insufficient data on the clinic-mycological pattern of dermatophytosis in Odisha, a coastal state in eastern India. The study aims to explore the clinico-mycological pattern of prevailing superficial cutaneous fungal infections and to identify the specific species as per the site of skin involvement.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Dermatology in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology at a tertiary health care centre, Odisha, for a period of 2 years, from October 2020 to September 2022. Participants aged 18–65 years with active dermatophyte infections of the skin were included in the study. Clinical examination and mycological workup were performed, and the collected samples were divided into two parts, one for direct microscopy and the other for fungal culture.

Results:
According to our study, the most common isolate was Trichophyton mentagrophytes (21.7%), followed by T. rubrum (11.7%), and 5.3% of cultures showed T. schoenleinii isolates, whereas Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum constituted 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively.

Conclusion:
The present study focuses on the prevalence and clinical trends of different dermatophyte species associated with dermatophytosis in eastern India. Due to the favourable climate of Odisha, superficial mycoses are prevalent here, and according to our study, Trichophyton mentagrophytes is the predominate isolate in this region.
Clinical and Trichoscopic Patterns of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus of Scalp in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Observational Study
Authors: Bhardwaj Shivani , Peter Dincy , George Leni , George Anu A. , Mahabal Gauri D. , Pulimood Susanne , Danda Debashish , Janardana Ramya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a specific cutaneous manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which results in scarring alopecia of the scalp.

Methods:
A prospective cross-sectional observational study on scarring alopecia among SLE patients was done between September 2016 and August 2017. The clinical and trichoscopic patterns of scalp DLE among these patients were studied. The DLE lesions were categorised into active and inactive based on clinical features. Trichoscopy was done and photographs were obtained using a non-polarised videodermoscope.

Results:
There were 26 patients with scalp DLE, out of which 15 patients (57.69%) had active DLE and 11 (42.30%) had inactive DLE. The trichoscopic findings seen were structureless white areas, loss of follicular units, blue-grey dots and globules, follicular keratotic plugs and telangiectasia. The trichoscopic features seen in active versus inactive DLE were blue-grey dots and globules (93.33% vs 63.63%), structureless white areas (93.33% vs 90.90%), loss of follicular units (86.66% vs 72.72%) and follicular keratotic plugs (80% vs 45.45%), yellow dots with arborising vessels (33.33% vs 72.72%), exaggerated honeycomb pigmentation (46% vs 63.63%) and telangiectasia (66.67% vs 54.54%). Scaling (P = 0.033) and blue-grey dots (P = 0.021) were significantly higher in active and yellow dots with arborising vessels (P = 0.047) in inactive DLE.

Conclusions:
On comparing trichoscopic features between active and inactive DLE scaling and blue-grey dots were significantly higher in active and yellow dots with arborising vessels in inactive DLE.
Examining risk and protective factors for mental health among school-going tribal adolescents in Meghalaya, India: Insights from the communities that care youth survey [CTC-YS]
Authors: Suting Francis , Ali Arif 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Risk and protective factors play crucial roles in shaping problem behavior, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents. The study aims to examine the risk and protective factors and their association with emotional and behavioral problems among school-going tribal adolescents in Meghalaya, India.

Methods:
This study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a simple random sampling method to select schools from the Ri-Bhoi district (Nongpoh town) and East Khasi Hills district (Shillong cantonment area) of Meghalaya. A total of 450 students participated in the survey, out of which 300 students belonged to tribal ethnicity. The study focused on school-going adolescents with tribal ethnicity, aged 13–19 years, encompassing both genders (male and female). Participation in the study required both parental consent and the adolescent’s assent. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) and the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaires (SDQ), scale were administered.

Results:
The findings highlighted significant risk factors including laws and norms favorable to drug use, community disorganization, poor family management, and low school commitment. Protective factors such as opportunities for prosocial involvement were evident across all domains. Family conflict, family history of antisocial behavior, and parental overcontrol were significant contributors (P < 0.05) to total difficulty scores. Among individual risk factors, “Interaction with anti-social peers” (P = 0.009) and “Intentions to use substance” (P = 0.021) had significant associations with higher difficulty scores. The overall prevalence of mental health problems, as indicated by the total difficulty score, was 31.3% among school-going tribal adolescents.

Conclusion:
The high prevalence of mental health problems, especially among tribal adolescents, underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions. By addressing these factors, policymakers and stakeholders can work toward fostering healthier outcomes for tribal adolescents in Meghalaya and similar communities.
Mental health burden following extreme weather events in South-east Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Majumder Joydeep , Saha Indranil , Bagepally Bhavani Shankara , Kalita Manoj , Munikrishnappa Devaraja , Ray Sujoy , Saha Asim , Chakrabarti Amit 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Exposure to extreme weatherly events potentially develops mental disorders among affected individuals.

Aim:
To synthesize the burden of mental disorders following impact of extreme weather events in South-east Asian (SEA) countries.

Methods:
Proposal was registered in PROSPERO register [CRD42023469788] and reported as per PRISMA-2020 guidelines. Studies reporting prevalence of mental health disorders following extreme weather events from SEA countries during 1990 and 2023 were searched on Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Study quality was assessed using Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Overall pooled prevalence was computed using DerSimonian–Laird method for random-effects model and reported as 95% confidence intervals.

Results:
On screening 12,046 records, we included 155 studies (2,04,474 participants) for analysis. Overall burden of mental disorders was 35.31% (95%CI: 30.42%–40.21%). In subgroup analysis, studies on cyclones, India, local residents, children and adolescents, rural settings, and community settings reported higher burden of mental disorders. Depression (28.58%; 95%CI: 24.05%–33.1%) and PTSD (29.36%; 95%CI: 26.26%–32.46%) had similar prevalence. Visiting tourists to SEA region experienced fear, fear of recurrence of tsunami, nightmares, and sense of helplessness. Mental health outcomes were relatively higher in studies conducted within 1 year of events. Heterogeneity and possibility of publication bias exists among the reported studies.

Conclusion:
With the significant rise in episodes of extreme weather events in SEA region over the last three decades, mental disorders are documented in different proportions. We suggest prioritizing well-informed policies to formulate inclusive and resilient strategies on effectively identifying and treating mental health concerns among victims of extreme weather events.
Is Ventilator-associated Event Algorithm Ideal for Surveillance? – Experience from a Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit in Kerala
Authors: Pallivalappil Lisha , Sharma Daksh , Nishanth P. S. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
The ventilator-associated event (VAE) surveillance algorithm was brought in to replace the clinical ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) surveillance by NHSN in January 2013. This study intends to find the correlation of these surveillance criteria with the clinical VAP rates in a neurosurgery intensive care unit (ICU).

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective analysis of records of patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in a neurosurgery ICU during a 3-month period.

Results:
Thirty-seven patients underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. The mean age was 56 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity among 22 (59.4%) patients. The neurological diagnosis was traumatic brain injury in 19 cases, nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage in 12 cases, and ischemic stroke in 6 cases. Twenty-one patients had respiratory sample culture positivity and 14 were clinical VAP. The total ventilator days assessed were 82. The clinical VAP rate was 170.7, and the probable VAP (PVAP) rate for the same period was 12.19. Among the 14 patients who developed clinical VAP, 13 (88%) were hospital acquired and caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Six patients died during their ICU stay. ICU stay of more than 7 days was significantly associated with a clinical VAP.

Conclusions:
VAE was found to correlate poorly with a clinical diagnosis of VAP. When used as a surveillance tool in an ICU, it was found to miss important infection-related events in ventilated patients.
A Diagnostic Dilemma of Emphysematous Liver Abscess with Gas under the Diaphragm: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Roy Shubhajeet , Singh Gitika Nanda , Gupta Deepak , Suryavanshi Parijat 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A 53-year-old woman presented to the surgical emergency with complaints of high-grade fever accompanied by chills for 15 days and pain in the right upper abdomen for 10 days. X-ray of the abdomen and chest X-ray revealed free gas under the right hemidiaphragm. As there were no signs of generalised or localised peritonitis, emergency laparotomy was postponed. Subsequently, a contrast-enhanced computerised tomography scan of the abdomen suggested an emphysematous liver abscess, which was managed by ultrasonography-guided drainage of the abscess cavity.
Comparative Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury Severity in Motorcycle and Car Accident Victims Treated at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
Authors: Banson Mabel , Ametefe Mawuli K. , Darko Kwadwo , Dakubo Jonathan C. B. , Iddrisu Mutawakilu , Dakurah Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the common causes of long-term disabilities, with about 10 million deaths annually.

Objectives:
Our aim is to compare the severity and outcomes of TBI between motorcycle and car accident victims.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective cohort study focusing on TBI patients. Data were collected from patients on admission at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). Road traffic accident patients attending KBTH were recruited consecutively. Data collected included demographics, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Marshall’s computed tomography (CT) grading, and Glasgow outcome scale-extended. We employed descriptive summaries for all variables. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used in comparing severity.

Results:
A total of 164 individuals were enrolled, with males comprising (73.8%) and a study average age of 33.2 years. Accidents involved cars and motorcycles almost equally. The GCS revealed 43.9% of injuries to be mild, and ISS indicated severe injuries in 49.4% of cases. CT showed grade 2 injuries per Marshall’s classification and no significant differences in injury patterns. Nonsurgical treatment predominated, and a higher proportion of motorcycle cases required surgery. There were no significant differences in mortality or disability. The average hospital stay was 11.26 days, with 57.9% of deaths occurring within 72 h. Car accident survivors and pedestrians experienced longer days to mortality.

Conclusion:
Across groups, the severity of TBIs showed a substantial proportion of participants with severe injuries, although no significant differences were observed between groups. The findings highlight the need for preventive measures and trauma care strategies to mitigate the impact of TBIs, particularly among high-risk demographics and road user categories.
Colour Vision Defects: Awareness, Prevalence And Effects Among Secondary School Students In Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Okeke Chiamaka Jane-Pamela , Achigbu Eberechukwu Ogbeanu , Dike Kenneth Chukwuma , Ubochi Chinemerem Chioma 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Colour vision defect (CVD) is a public health issue with approximately one in ten males exhibiting some form of colour deficiency. Colour is used extensively in education so CVD has a dramatic impact on the learning, educational and social potentials of children. Racial differences have been reported with higher values noted amongst people of European ancestry.

Objective:
This study aims to assess CVDs, their magnitude and impact on the daily activities of secondary school students in Imo State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
This was a multistage, cross-sectional, descriptive study which assessed the prevalence and effect of congenital CVD on secondary school students in Imo state using a questionnaire modified and adapted for this purpose. Colour vision was tested uniocularly for each student under bright illumination using the 38-plate Ishihara colour vision chart and Lanthony D-15 colour panel. The test was administered on a black background between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.

Results:
Eight hundred and twenty-eight secondary school students were studied with a mean age of 15 ± 1.89 years. There were 468 males (57.0%) and 360 females (43%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. There was a 3% prevalence of CVD. More males were significantly affected than females. Deutan defect was more common and none of the students had tritan defect.

Conclusion:
There is a low level of awareness of congenital CVD. This disorder resulted in various degrees of difficulty with colour-related school and daily living tasks. Advocacy to government and schools is needed to create awareness of CVDs and offer early counselling to those affected.
Mesoporous silica and alumina nanoparticles to improve drug delivery of pioglitazone on diabetic type 1 nephropathy in rats
Authors: Varshosaz Jaleh , Ahmadipour Saeedeh , Dezhangfard Armin 
Published: August 2024

Background and purpose:
Diabetic nephropathy leads to end-stage renal disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic effect of pioglitazone-loaded mesoporous silica and alumina scaffold on renal function and the underlying mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Experimental approach:
The mesoporous nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical methods from tetraethylorthosilicate and aluminum isopropoxide and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The soaking method was applied to load pioglitazone into the mesoporous silica and alumina. Subsequently, the most capable formulation was evaluated for lipid profile, blood glucose, renal function biomarkers, malondialdehyde, and kidney histopathological changes in diabetic rats.

Findings/Results:
Pioglitazone loaded in the mesoporous included a superior release of about 80%. No interaction was observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction was shown crystalline. Scanning electron microscopy showed the size of the nanometer in the range of 100 - 300 nm. Mesoporous silica containing the drug significantly decreased urinary parameters, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and creatinine. In addition, it showed increased high-density lipoprotein, significantly. The renal histopathological changes indicated improvement compared with the untreated diabetic group.

Conclusion and implications:
It was concluded that the mesoporous was potent to serve as a promising drug carrier and a platform aimed at the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs for improving oral bioavailability. Furthermore, it has the potential to provide a beneficial effect on the changes in diabetic parameters.
Corneal astigmatism induced by scleral small incision versus corneal tunnel incision in children after cataract surgery
Authors: Shaat Eman M.A.E. , Abdelhalim Tamer I. , Hassby Hesham A. , El-Seht Rabab M. 
Published: August 2024

Background
The amount of postoperative astigmatism is an important factor in the development of amblyopia in children. Early postoperative astigmatism is of concern since amblyopia treatment is usually initiated as soon as possible after cataract surgery, and precise optical correction of astigmatism is needed to maximize visual improvement. Small-incision cataract surgery is preferred by some pediatric ophthalmologists, as it reduces corneal scarring and this reduces the incidence of irregular astigmatism. Also, it is very useful in cases with micro cornea and cases with low endothelial count. However, it has many disadvantages such as increased risk of bleeding, slower visual recovery, hyphemia from scleral vessels, and postoperative surgically induced astigmatism.

Aim
To assess corneal astigmatism induced by scleral tunnel small incision versus corneal tunnel incision after cataract surgery in children.

Patients and methods
The study was a prospective study and included 30 eyes of 30 children with cataract from the outpatient clinic of the ophthalmology department of Tanta University in the period between December 2021 to July 2022.

Results
There was an insignificant difference between the small incision and corneal tunnel incision as regard K1 and K2 prereadings, after 2 weeks, after 6 weeks, and after 3 months of readings.

Conclusion
We think that both corneal tunnel and scleral tunnel are stigmatically neutral in pediatric cataract surgery.
Correlation between axial length and choroidal changes in high myopia
Authors: Rady Fatma A. , El-Koumy Hamdy A. , El Koddousy Mona S. , Nawar Amin E. 
Published: August 2024

Background
Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) can furnish high-resolution structural images of the choroid for chorioretinal atrophy in high myopia.

Aim
The present study aimed to detect the axial length and choroidal thickness correlation in high myopia using SS-OCT. Using SS-OCT seeks to establish the choroidal thickness and axial length correlation in extreme myopia individuals.

Patients and methods
A prospective cross-sectional study that was carried out on two groups of patients, group A involved 60 high myopic eyes with myopic refractive error less than or equal to −6.00 diopters (D) and axial length greater than or equal to 26.5 mm which was divided into group A1 which included 30 eyes with axial length less than 29 mm and group A2 that involved 30 eyes with axial length greater than or equal to 29 mm. Group B (control group) included 30 emmetropic eyes with a normal range of axial length (23.5–24.5 mm).

Results
A high significant axial length was detected in group A2 in contrast to groups A1 and B with P value less than 0.001. The subfoveal choroidal thickness and choroidal thickness in other locations (1 mm superior, 1 mm inferior, 1 mm nasal, and 1 mm temporal to the fovea) were significantly thinner in group A2 than groups A1 and B (P <0.001). A statistically significant inverse correlation (P <0.001) was identified between the choroidal thickness at various locations and the axial length in groups A1 and A2.

Conclusion
Negative correlation was detected between axial length and both subfoveal choroidal thickness and best corrected visual acuity in patients with high myopia. There was a significant positive correlation between axial length and myopic refractive error.
Comparative study between misoprostol and lidocaine before intrauterine contraceptive device insertion
Authors: Alshoura Asmaa A. A. A. , El-khiat Ahmed M. , Elbohoty Shereen B. , Shaheen Karam A. 
Published: August 2024

Background
Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a safe, extremely effective and long-acting reversible contraceptive method. Misoprostol has definite to be a very pliable and adequate drug because its composition as a tablet that is stable and may be delivered orally, rectally or vaginally, and through the sublingual route. Lidocaine is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug.

Aims
The objective of the present study was to compare between sublingual administration of misoprostol and lidocaine spray prior to IUCD insertion.

Patients and methods
This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Department of Family Planning at Tanta University Hospital from February 2021 to March 2022. The study included 150 women into three groups each of them had 50 women.

Results
The pain scores during IUCD insertion and during uterine sounding were lower in group A, B. There was nonhuge distinction between both groups regarding insertion result (failed, easy or difficult insertion). There was nonhuge distinction between sublingual misoprostol and lidocaine spray regarding Visual Analogue Scale during sounding the uterus and during IUCD insertion. There was nonhuge distinction between studied groups as regard of medication related side effect except misoprostol group significant increase abdominal cramps.

Conclusions
The study concluded that the use of sublingual misoprostol and lidocaine before IUCD insertion reduces Visual Analogue Scale scores (pain scores) during sounding the uterus and during IUCD insertion.
Spontaneous fungal peritonitis in cirrhotic Egyptian patients with ascites: a single-center study
Authors: Abo Eta Enas M. , Amer Wesam H. , Elhendawy Mohamed E. , Asal Fathia E. 
Published: August 2024

Background
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the most common infectious complication in cirrhosis. Spontaneous fungal peritonitis (SFP) is rare but more severe.

Aim
To assess the occurrence of fungal infection of the ascitic fluid in Egyptian cirrhotic patients with spontaneous peritonitis (SP) in a single-center study.

Patients and methods
In all, 100 patients with SP were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasonography, and diagnostic abdominal paracentesis. The ascitic fluid was subjected to microscopic examination, microbiological cultures (bacterial and fungal), biochemical examination, and 1-3-β-D-glucan.

Results
Of the 100 patients, 4% developed SFP and 96% developed SBP. The most common organisms in SFP patients were Candida albicans (75%), followed by Cryptococcus neoformans (25%), with no bacterial growth in those patients. Ascitic fluid bacterial culture was positive in 41.67% of patients with SBP, while it was negative in 58.33%. The most isolated organisms in SBP were Gram-negative (77.5%), predominantly E. coli (57.5%) and Klebsiella (17.5%), then Gram-positive (22.5%). Upper GI bleeding and antibiotic exposure in the last month were significantly higher in SFP than SBP. Patients with SFP had higher ascitic fluid lactate dehydrogenase 202.5 (162.5–230.0) versus 105.0 (86.0–165.0) (P=0.045) and ascitic fluid 1,3-b-d-glucan 97.95 (96.96–98.78) versus 21.0 (13.0–32.50) (P<0.001).

Conclusions
SFP is less common than SBP but usually presented as a severe disease, so clinical prediction and early detection help in proper treatment and a better prognosis.