bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Palatal Canine and the Adjacent Lateral Incisor: A Study of a West of Scotland Population
Authors: Mossey P. A. , Campbell H. M. , Luffingham J. K. 
Published: December 2014

The hypothesis that palatally-displaced canines are associated with smaller than average lateral incisors or with congenital absence of adjacent lateral incisors was tested on a West of Scotland population. A retrospective study of the records of orthodontic patients attending Glasgow Dental Hospital was carried out. One-hundred-and-eighty-two subjects with palatally displaced canines were identified. The tooth length of lateral and central incisors was measured on radiographs and the crown widths of lateral incisors were measured on study casts. One-hundred-and-six extracted maxillary lateral incisors were examined to allow more accurate measurement of crown width and root length than was possible from radiographs. An association was sought between the size of the lateral incisor or its absence, the position of the adjacent maxillary canine, and between crown size and root length of the lateral incisor. The conclusions supported the hypothesis that there is a weak association between palatally displaced maxillary canines and lateral incisors of smaller than average crown width. There was weak support for the association between palatal canines and absence of the adjacent lateral incisor. There was no correlation between lateral incisor crown width and root length.
Facial Growth of Males and Females Compared by Tensor Analysis
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. 
Published: December 2014

This study compares and contrasts the longitudinal differences in facial development between 18 male and 22 female subjects, employing the technique of tensor analysis. Children were examined in two age ranges: prepubertal (aged 7–10 years) and post-pubertal (15–20 years of age). Both the changes over time and the differences in amount and direction of growth between the sexes were subjected to statistical analysis. A tensor analysis permits the computation of differences in form (that is in size and shape) without specifically measuring either. Mean values for 21 hard and soft tissue landmarks were determined for both males and females at each age. Customized computer software allowed examination of the growth changes between 32 selected groups of points. Results indicated that the tensor analysis reinforced and supplemented the more conventional descriptions of facial growth. Females grew a smaller amount over the period examined than their male peers and development was in a relatively more vertical direction. These differences in growth between the sexes were highly statistically significant.
Hypersensitivity to an Orthodontic Bonding Agent. A Case Report
Authors: Hutchinson I. 
Published: December 2014

A case report of a 14-year-old male who developed an allergic reaction shortly after the placement of Edgewise stainless steel orthodontic brackets with Unite®, a composite bonding agent, is reported. Patch testing revealed that he was allergic to the set composite and the catalyst paste. The brackets were replaced by stainless steel orthodontic bands cemented with Poly F® Zinc polycarboxylate cement which allowed treatment to progress without further incident.
Chernoff Faces: An Orthodontic Application
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. 
Published: December 2014

This retrospective study examined 21 children (12 males and nine females) with Class III malocclusions, who had been successfully treated by a non-extraction technique and for whom follow-up records were available at least 2 years after all treatment and retention had ceased. On the basis of their post-retention records, children were divided into two groups: those who remained stable (n=10) and those whose treatment relapsed (n=11). A graphical technique of data description, Chernoff faces, in which variables for each individual may be portrayed by appropriate scaling of selected facial features, was used to construct cartoon faces for each child. Seven variables, overjet, overbite, upper and lower incisor inclination, the numbers of anterior and posterior teeth in lingual occlusion and the angle ANB were chosen and diagrammatic faces drawn using data from both the start of treatment and post-retention stages. These were arranged according to relapse status and scrutinized to determine whether the groups possessed any common features which were related to the outcome of treatment. The faces showed a wide range of variation, especially at the pretreatment stage. Whilst the cartoons were easy to read, no typical features could be identified at the start of treatment which might indicate that therapy would later relapse.
Long-term Evaluation of Treated Class II Division 1 Malocclusions Utilizing the PAR Index
Authors: Otuyemi O. D. , Jones S. P. 
Published: December 2014

The PAR Index was used to evaluate treatment and long-term post-retention results obtained from 50 Class II division 1 malocclusions. Dental casts were used to record the occlusions pre- and post-treatment as well as 1 and 10 years post-retention. The results suggested a high treatment standard, as indicated by mean percentage PAR score reduction. However, maintenance of post-treatment results 1 and 10 years post-retention was only achieved in 60 and 38 per cent of cases, respectively. The major factor involved in this deterioration appeared to be late lower anterior crowding.
The Effects of Extracting Upper Second Permanent Molars on Lower Second Permanent Molar Position
Authors: Smith R. 
Published: December 2014

There is some controversy over whether the extraction of upper second permanent molars as part of orthodontic treatment leads to the over eruption of unopposed lower second permanent molars. A study was established to investigate the presence of any over-eruption in a group of subjects who had upper second permanent molars extracted as part of a previous course of orthodontic treatment. These subjects (the experimental group) were compared with a control group of subjects, matched for age and sex. Upper and lower impressions were taken, and the vertical positions of the posterior teeth were objectively assessed from the study models using the travelling microscope. Measurements from the study models showed that the distal aspect of the lower second permanent molar had over erupted in the experimental group when compared to the control (P <0·001 right, P<0·05 left). The degree of over-eruption was influenced on the mesial aspect by the distal position of the upper first permanent molar (P<0·01), but the distal aspect was not. Eruption of the upper third molar did not affect the over-eruption of the lower second permanent molar in the experimental group. The majority of upper third molars had erupted at least 3 years since the upper second molars had been extracted, but the majority had erupted into an unfavourable contact position with the Just permanent molar.
Distal End Cutters—Efficiency, Safety and Design
Authors: O'Neill Julian R. S. 
Published: December 2014

This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a range of different distal end cutters in cutting and holding the ends of orthodontic arch wires. Fourteen different types of distal end cutter were used to cut a range of orthodontic arch wires under standard conditions. The arch wires comprised nickel-titanium and stainless steel wires of different dimensions, as well as twist flex and coaxial wires. The number of times each wire was successfully cut and held by each cutter was recorded. Significant differences in performance between the cutters were noted, particularly in holding the cut distal ends. Small diameter nickel-titanium wires were significantly less well held than heavier grade or stainless steel wires. Twist flex and coaxial wires were less easily cut cleanly than nickel-titanium and plain staiidess steel wires.
Reorientation of the Mandible and Tongue during Growth
Authors: Cohen A. M. 
Published: December 2014

A longitudinal study was carried out on the position of the mandible and tongue at different ages. Most of the individuals measured showed an antero-superior growth rotation of the mandible during the period studied. In the majority of cases, the tongue rotated in the same direction as the mandible, but to a greater extent. These findings were related to measurements of the vertical position of the tongue at the ages concerned and to previous studies on the growth of the tongue and inter-maxillary space. The results were discussed in relation to functional considerations.
Early Orthopaedic Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw W. C. 
Published: December 2014

Serial frontal and lateral cephalometric radiographs with implants and study models of 31 infants' who received orthopaedic treatment for unilateral cleft lip and palate, were analysed with an electronic XY reader. Partial data for 50 normal infants and 10 isolated palatal cleft patients were included to allow certain comparisons. The records at birth indicate that the size of the alveolar cleft in unilateral cleft cases is governed mainly by the degree of transverse segmental separation which is present and only to a lesser extent by deficiency of alveolar tissue, except in a minority of cases. It is clear that in the early months of life, the divided maxillary arch can be made to assume near normal dimensions by inward rotation of the anterior ends of the segments, at the alveolar and basal level, around axes in the tuberosity regions. Appositional growth of the cleft margins makes little contribution to the reduction in cleft size. The significance of the findings is discussed.
A Correlation Study of Two Methods of Assessing Skeletal Pattern
Authors: Bhatia S. N. , Akpabio T. A. 
Published: December 2014

A study was carried out to compare the two current methods, Downs' method and the conversion (Ballard's) method, of assessing skeletal pattern. Correlations were moderate to high for the Class I and Class III groups (+0·6 and +0·76 respectively), but low for the Class II group(+0·35). The latter correlation, however, improved to +0·54 when the angle ANB was corrected for the value of the angle SNA. The point of rotation of the incisors, whether at the apex or apical third of the root, and the adjustment in the lower incisor angulation for the maxillary-mandibular plane angle value did not make any appreciable difference to the correlations obtained. The correlation for the total sample was about +0·7. When the cases were classified into the three skeletal categories the correspondence between the two methods was about 69 per cent. It is concluded that there are insufficient grounds for the recent criticism of the conversion method.
Combined image and genomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer reveals PTEN loss as a common driver event and prognostic classifier
Authors: Martins Filipe C , Santiago Ines de , Trinh Anne , Xian Jian , Guo Anne , Sayal Karen , Jimenez-Linan Mercedes , Deen Suha , Driver Kristy , Mack Marie , Aslop Jennifer , Pharoah Paul D , Markowetz Florian , Brenton James D 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background
TP53 and BRCA1/2 mutations are the main drivers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). We hypothesise that combining tissue phenotypes from image analysis of tumour sections with genomic profiles could reveal other significant driver events.

Results
Automatic estimates of stromal content combined with genomic analysis of TCGA HGSOC tumours show that stroma strongly biases estimates of PTEN expression. Tumour-specific PTEN expression was tested in two independent cohorts using tissue microarrays containing 521 cases of HGSOC. PTEN loss or downregulation occurred in 77% of the first cohort by immunofluorescence and 52% of the validation group by immunohistochemistry, and is associated with worse survival in a multivariate Cox-regression model adjusted for study site, age, stage and grade. Reanalysis of TCGA data shows that hemizygous loss of PTEN is common (36%) and expression of PTEN and expression of androgen receptor are positively associated. Low androgen receptor expression was associated with reduced survival in data from TCGA and immunohistochemical analysis of the first cohort.

Conclusion
PTEN loss is a common event in HGSOC and defines a subgroup with significantly worse prognosis, suggesting the rational use of drugs to target PI3K and androgen receptor pathways for HGSOC. This work shows that integrative approaches combining tissue phenotypes from images with genomic analysis can resolve confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity and should be used to identify new drivers in other cancers.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of three rhombosoleid fishes and comparative analyses with other flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes)
Authors: Wang Shu-Ying , Shi Wei , Miao Xian-Guang , Kong Xiao-Yu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background

Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae, Colistium nudipinnis, and Pelotretis flavilatus belong to the family Rhombosoleidae of Pleuronectiformes. Their high phenotypic similarity has provoked great differences in the number and nomenclature of the taxa that depend primarily on morphological features. These facts have made it necessary to develop molecular markers for taxonomy and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the complete mitogenomes (mtDNA) of the three rhombosoleid fishes were determined for the comparative studies and potential development of molecular markers in the future.

Results
The lengths of the complete mitogenome of the three flatfishes are 16,889, 16,588, and 16,937 bp in the order mentioned above. The difference of lengths mainly results from the presence of tandem repeats at the 3′-end with variations of motif length and copy number in the control regions (CR). The gene content and arrangement is identical to that of the typical teleostean mtDNA. Two large intergenic spacers of 28 and 18 bp were found in P. flavilatus mtDNA. The genes are highly conserved except for the sizes of ND1 (which is 28 bp shorter than the two others), ND5 (13 bp longer), and tRNA

Glu
(5 bp longer) in P. flavilatus mtDNA. The symbolic structures of the CRs are observed as in other fishes, including ETAS, CSB-F, E, D, C, B, A, G-BOX, pyrimidine tract, and CSB2, 3.

Conclusions
Comparative genomic analysis within rhombosoleids revealed that the mitogenomic feature of P. flavilatus was significantly different from that of the two others. Base composition, gene arrangement, and CR structure were carried on in the 17 mitogenomes. Apart from gene rearrangement in two tongue soles (Cynoglossus semilaevis and Cynoglossus abbreviatus), the gene order in 15 others is identical to that of the typical fish mitogenomes. Of the 16 studied mitogenomes, 15 species (except for Zebrias zebrinus) have tandem repeats at the 3′-, 5′-, or both 3′- and 5′-ends of the CRs. Moreover, the motif length and copy number intraspecies or interspecies are also variable. These phenomena fully indicate the diversity of repeats in flatfish mtDNA and would provide useful data for studies on the structure of mitogenomes in fishes.
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Large Active Surveillance Cohort of Patients With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Klotz Laurence , Vesprini Danny , Sethukavalan Perakaa , Jethava Vibhuti , Zhang Liying , Jain Suneil , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Mamedov Alexandre , Loblaw Andrew 
Published: December 2014

PurposeActive surveillance is increasingly accepted as a treatment option for favorable-risk prostate cancer. Long-term follow-up has been lacking. In this study, we report the long-term outcome of a large active surveillance protocol in men with favorable-risk prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsIn a prospective single-arm cohort study carried out at a single academic health sciences center, 993 men with favorable- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer were managed with an initial expectant approach. Intervention was offered for a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time of less than 3 years, Gleason score progression, or unequivocal clinical progression. Main outcome measures were overall and disease-specific survival, rate of treatment, and PSA failure rate in the treated patients.ResultsAmong the 819 survivors, the median follow-up time from the first biopsy is 6.4 years (range, 0.2 to 19.8 years). One hundred forty-nine (15%) of 993 patients died, and 844 patients are alive (censored rate, 85.0%). There were 15 deaths (1.5%) from prostate cancer. The 10- and 15-year actuarial cause-specific survival rates were 98.1% and 94.3%, respectively. An additional 13 patients (1.3%) developed metastatic disease and are alive with confirmed metastases (n = 9) or have died of other causes (n = 4). At 5, 10, and 15 years, 75.7%, 63.5%, and 55.0% of patients remained untreated and on surveillance. The cumulative hazard ratio for nonprostate-to-prostate cancer mortality was 9.2:1.ConclusionActive surveillance for favorable-risk prostate cancer is feasible and seems safe in the 15-year time frame. In our cohort, 2.8% of patients have developed metastatic disease, and 1.5% have died of prostate cancer. This mortality rate is consistent with expected mortality in favorable-risk patients managed with initial definitive intervention.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine Plus TH-302 Versus Gemcitabine in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Borad Mitesh J. , Reddy Shantan G. , Bahary Nathan , Uronis Hope E. , Sigal Darren , Cohn Allen L. , Schelman William R. , Stephenson Joe , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Rosen Peter J. , Ulrich Brian , Dragovich Tomislav , Del Prete Salvatore A. , Rarick Mark , Eng Clarence , Kroll Stew , Ryan David P. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose TH-302 is an investigational hypoxia-activated prodrug that releases the DNA alkylator bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in hypoxic settings. This phase II study (NCT01144455) evaluated gemcitabine plus TH-302 in patients with previously untreated, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2), gemcitabine plus TH-302 240 mg/m2 (G+T240), or gemcitabine plus TH-302 340 mg/m2 (G+T340). Randomized crossover after progression on gemcitabine was allowed. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), tumor response, CA 19-9 response, and safety. Results Two hundred fourteen patients (77% with metastatic disease) were enrolled between June 2010 and July 2011. PFS was significantly longer with gemcitabine plus TH-302 (pooled combination arms) compared with gemcitabine alone (median PFS, 5.6 v 3.6 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.87; P = .005; median PFS for metastatic disease, 5.1 v 3.4 months, respectively). Median PFS times for G+T240 and G+T340 were 5.6 and 6.0 months, respectively. Tumor response was 12%, 17%, and 26% in the gemcitabine, G+T240, and G+T340 arms, respectively (G+T340 v gemcitabine, P = .04). CA 19-9 decrease was greater with G+T340 versus gemcitabine (−5,398 v −549 U/mL, respectively; P = .008). Median OS times for gemcitabine, G+T240, and G+T340 were 6.9, 8.7, and 9.2 months, respectively (P = not significant). The most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue, nausea, and peripheral edema (frequencies similar across arms). Skin and mucosal toxicities (2% grade 3) and myelosuppression (55% grade 3 or 4) were the most common TH-302–related AEs but were not associated with treatment discontinuation. Conclusion PFS, tumor response, and CA 19-9 response were significantly improved with G+TH-302. G+T340 is being investigated further in the phase III MAESTRO study (NCT01746979).
Lynch Syndrome Caused by Germline PMS2 Mutations: Delineating the Cancer Risk
Authors: ten Broeke Sanne W. , Brohet Richard M. , Tops Carli M. , van der Klift Heleen M. , Velthuizen Mary E. , Bernstein Inge , Capellá Munar Gabriel , Gomez Garcia Encarna , Hoogerbrugge Nicoline , Letteboer Tom G.W. , Menko Fred H. , Lindblom Annika , Mensenkamp Arjen R. , Moller Pal , van Os Theo A. , Rahner Nils , Redeker Bert J.W. , Sijmons Rolf H. , Spruijt Liesbeth , Suerink Manon , Vos Yvonne J. , Wagner Anja , Hes Frederik J. , Vasen Hans F. , Nielsen Maartje , Wijnen Juul T. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose The clinical consequences of PMS2 germline mutations are poorly understood compared with other Lynch-associated mismatch repair gene (MMR) mutations. The aim of this European cohort study was to define the cancer risk faced by PMS2 mutation carriers. Methods Data were collected from 98 PMS2 families ascertained from family cancer clinics that included a total of 2,548 family members and 377 proven mutation carriers. To adjust for potential ascertainment bias, a modified segregation analysis model was used to calculate colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer (EC) risks. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to estimate risks for other Lynch syndrome–associated cancers. Results The cumulative risk (CR) of CRC for male mutation carriers by age 70 years was 19%. The CR among female carriers was 11% for CRC and 12% for EC. The mean age of CRC development was 52 years, and there was a significant difference in mean age of CRC between the probands (mean, 47 years; range, 26 to 68 years) and other family members with a PMS2 mutation (mean, 58 years; range, 31 to 86 years; P < .001). Significant SIRs were observed for cancers of the small bowel, ovaries, breast, and renal pelvis. Conclusion CRC and EC risks were found to be markedly lower than those previously reported for the other MMR. However, these risks embody the isolated risk of carrying a PMS2 mutation, and it should be noted that we observed a substantial variation in cancer phenotype within and between families, suggesting the influence of genetic modifiers and lifestyle factors on cancer risks.
Impact of Continuous Versus Discontinuous Progesterone on Estradiol Regulation of Neuron Viability and Sprouting After Entorhinal Cortex Lesion in Female Rats
Authors: Barron Anna M. , Brown Meghan A. , Morgan Todd E. , Pike Christian J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Because the estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women typically contains a progestogen component, understanding the interactions between estrogens and progestogens is critical for optimizing the potential neural benefits of HT. An important issue in this regard is the use of continuous vs discontinuous hormone treatments. Although sex steroid hormone levels naturally exhibit cyclic fluctuation, many HT formulations include continuous delivery of hormones. Recent findings from our laboratory and others have shown that coadministration of progesterone (P4) can either attenuate or augment beneficial actions of 17β-estradiol (E2) in experimental models depending in part upon the delivery schedule of P4. In this study, we demonstrate that the P4 delivery schedule in combined E2 and P4 treatments alters degenerative and regenerative outcomes of unilateral entorhinal cortex lesion. We assessed how lesion-induced degeneration of layer II neurons in entorhinal cortex layer and deafferentation in dentate gyrus are affected by ovariectomy and treatments with E2 alone or in combination with either continuous or discontinuous P4. Our results demonstrate the combined efficacy of E2 and P4 is dependent on the administration regimen. Importantly, the discontinuous-combined E2+P4 regimen had the greatest neuroprotective efficacy for both end points. These data extend a growing literature that indicates qualitative differences in the neuroprotective effects of E2 as a function of cotreatment with continuous versus discontinuous P4, the understanding of which has important implications for HT in postmenopausal women.