bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture and fragmentation of thin shells using the combined finite–discrete element method
Authors: Munjiza A. , Lei Z. , Divic V. , Peros B. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYA model for fracture and fragmentation of multilayered thin shells has been developed and implemented into the combined finite–discrete element code. The proposed model incorporates an extension of the original combined single and smeared fracture approach to multilayered thin shells; it then combines these with an interaction algorithm that is based on the original distributed potential contact force approach. The developed contact kinematics preserves both energy and momentum balance, whereas the developed fracture model is capable of modelling complex fracture patterns such as fracture of laminated glass under impact. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy conservative property of impulse‐based methods for collision resolution
Authors: Tang XH , Paluszny A , Zimmerman R. W. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYPhysical accuracy, numerical stability, and computational speed are critical factors in the simulation of collisions. The impulse‐based method models collisions in a system of rigid bodies in a relatively reliable and fast manner. In the present paper, evidence is presented for the energy‐conserving and momentum‐conserving properties of the method. Two different impulse‐based approaches are validated using numerical tests. A necessary condition is proposed for the impulse‐based method to be energy conservative. Results indicate that the impulse‐based method for collision simulation, which satisfies the proposed condition, is energy conservative. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discouraging Disadvantaged Fathers’ Employment: An Unintended Consequence of Policies Designed to Support Families
Authors: Cancian Maria , Heinrich Carolyn J. , Chung Yiyoon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSubstantial declines in employment and earnings among disadvantaged men may be exacerbated by child support enforcement policies that are designed to help support families but may have the unintended consequence of discouraging fathers’ employment. Disentangling causal effects is challenging because high child support debt may be both a cause and a consequence of unemployment and low child support order compliance. We used childbirth costs charged in unmarried mothers’ Medicaid‐covered childbirths, from Wisconsin administrative records, as an exogenous source of variation to identify the impact of debt. We found that greater debt has a substantial negative effect on fathers’ formal employment and child support payments, and that this effect is mediated by fathers’ prebirth earnings histories.
Elution‐extrusion Counter‐current Chromatography Separation of Two New Benzyl Ester Glucosides and Three Other High‐polarity Compounds from the Tubers of Pleione bulbocodioides
Authors: Wang Yang , Guan Shu‐hong , Feng Rui‐hong , Zhang Jing‐xian , Li Qing , Chen Xiao‐hui , Bi Kai‐shun , Guo De‐an 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe tubers of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe, with gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides as main components, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cancers and bacterial infections. Up to now, their official quality control method is still inadequate, and the difficulty of obtaining these high‐polarity compounds is one of the major reasons.ObjectiveTo develop a rapid and efficient method for preparative separation of the high‐polarity compounds gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides.MethodsAn optimised solvent system composed of n‐butanol:ethanol:water (20:1:20, v/v/v) was applied for the elution‐extrusion counter‐current chromatography (EECCC) separation. The upper phase was used as the stationary phase, and the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, a rotation speed of 850 rpm and a temperature of 35°C.ResultsFive high‐polarity glucosides, including two new compounds, (E)‐4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxycinnamic acid 9‐(4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester (4 mg) and (Z)‐2‐(2‐methylpropyl)butenedioic acid bis(4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester (9 mg), and three main components, gastrodin (87 mg), dactylorhin A (60 mg) and militarine (15 mg), with HPLC purities of 95.4%, 96.4%, 91.1%, 97.2% and 95.5% respectively, were yielded from 400 mg of the prepared sample.ConclusionElution‐extrusion counter‐current chromatography could be used as a useful tool for the separation of high‐polarity compounds such as gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides and the enrichment of the minor ones. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radial composition of single InGaN nanowires: a combined study by EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Gómez‐Gómez M. , Garro N. , Segura‐Ruiz J. , Martínez‐Criado G. , Chu M. H. , Cantarero A. , Denker C. , Malindretos J. , Rizzi A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstractmagnified imageThe radial alloy distribution of Inx Ga1–xN nanowires grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated by three different techniques with nanometric spatial resolution and capability to study single nanowires. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy radial line‐scans revealed a gradient in the alloy composition of individual nanowires. Resonant Raman scattering and spatially resolved X‐ray diffraction showed the existence of three distinctive regions with different alloy composition. The combination of the three techniques provides robust evidence of the spontaneous formation of a core–shell structure with a thin Ga‐richer shell wrapping an In‐rich core at the bottom part of the nanowires. This composition‐modulated nanostructure offers an attractive way to explore new device concepts in fully epitaxial nanowire‐based solar cells. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viral ocular manifestations: a broad overview
Authors: Newman Howard , Gooding Caroline 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe viruses able to affect the eye are taxonomically diverse, ranging from double‐stranded DNA viruses, to single stranded RNA viruses, to retroviruses. Any part of the eye may be affected, frequently producing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, cataract and retinitis.The more common ocular viral infections include the Herpesviruses such as HSV‐1, VZV and CMV. The HIV pandemic is placing a serious burden on ophthalmology clinics, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa as the number of viral ocular diseases is increasing. In particular, CMV retinitis is becoming more prevalent where antiretroviral therapy is not available and is replaced by immune‐recovery uveitis where antiretrovirals are given. This review aims to improve knowledge of the common viral ocular diseases, their diagnosis and management, as well as the fairly uncommon viral ocular diseases that may also cause considerable morbidity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing change in students' gene‐to‐evolution models in college‐level introductory biology
Authors: Dauer Joseph T. , Momsen Jennifer L. , Speth Elena Bray , Makohon‐Moore Sasha C. , Long Tammy M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractResearch in contemporary biology has become increasingly complex and organized around understanding biological processes in the context of systems. To better reflect the ways of thinking required for learning about systems, we developed and implemented a pedagogical approach using box‐and‐arrow models (similar to concept maps) as a foundational tool for instruction and assessment in an Introductory Biology course on genetics, evolution, and ecology. Over the course of one semester, students iteratively constructed, evaluated, and revised “Gene‐to‐Evolution” (GtE) models intended to promote understanding about the connections linking molecular‐level processes with population‐level outcomes. In practice, a successful GtE model contextualizes information provided in a case study and explains how genetic‐level variation originates at the molecular level, is differentially expressed among individuals, and is acted upon by the environment to produce evolutionary change within a population. Our analyses revealed that students' ability to construct biologically accurate models increased throughout the semester. Model complexity peaked near mid‐term then subsequently declined. This suggests that, with time, students were building more parsimonious models, shedding irrelevant information, and improving in their ability to apply accurate and appropriate biological language to explain relationships among concepts. Importantly, we observed the greatest relative gains in model correctness among students who entered the course with lower mean GPA. In an analysis comparing performance among achievement tritiles, lower‐performing students effectively closed the achievement gap with the highest performing students by the end of the semester. Our findings support the effectiveness of model‐based pedagogies for science teaching and learning, and offer a perspective on pedagogical application of modeling strategies to foster systems thinking and knowledge structuring in college‐level biology.
What should we expect from a dual‐process theory of preference construction in choice?
Authors: Gawronski Bertram 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDhar and Gorlin (2013) proposed a dual‐process framework for understanding the effects of preference construction in choice. Drawing on the distinction operating principles and operating conditions, it is argued that their emphasis on cognitive elaboration fails to specify the mental operations involved in preference construction. This limitation makes their dual‐process framework circular and susceptible to the criticism of single‐process alternatives. The distinction between associative and propositional processes has the potential to fill this conceptual gap, thereby providing a more thorough understanding of preference construction effects in choice.
Refining the dual‐process theory of preference construction: A reply to Gawronski, Martin and Sloman, Stanovich, and Wegener and Chien
Authors: Gorlin Margarita , Dhar Ravi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOur target article proposed a dual‐system framework for understanding context and task effects in choice. In this summary, we address the major points made by each set of commentators and, building on their suggestions, define a more precise dual‐system theory of preference construction. We also propose some avenues for future research on a broader dual‐system approach to understanding choice.
Mean dimension and a sharp embedding theorem: extensions of aperiodic subshifts
Authors: GUTMAN YONATAN , TSUKAMOTO MASAKI 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe show that if$(X, T)$is an extension of an aperiodic subshift (a subsystem of$(\mathop{\{ 1, 2, \ldots , l\} }\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$for some$l\in \mathbb{N} $) and has mean dimension$\mathrm{mdim} (X, T)\lt (D/ 2), D\in \mathbb{N} $, then it can be equivariantly embedded in$(\mathop{(\mathop{[0, 1] }\nolimits ^{D} )}\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$. The result is sharp. If$(X, T)$is an extension of an aperiodic zero-dimensional system then it can be equivariantly embedded in$(\mathop{(\mathop{[0, 1] }\nolimits ^{D+ 1} )}\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$.
An experimental and theoretical investigation of particle–wall impacts in a T-junction
Authors: Vigolo D. , Griffiths I. M. , Radl S. , Stone H. A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the behaviour of particles entrained in a fluid flow upon changes in flow direction is crucial in problems where particle inertia is important, such as the erosion process in pipe bends. We present results on the impact of particles in a T-shaped channel in the laminar–turbulent transitional regime. The impacting event for a given system is described in terms of the Reynolds number and the particle Stokes number. Experimental results for the impact are compared with the trajectories predicted by theoretical particle-tracing models for a range of configurations to determine the role of the viscous boundary layer in retarding the particles and reducing the rate of collision with the substrate. In particular, a two-dimensional model based on a stagnation-point flow is used together with three-dimensional numerical simulations. We show how the simple two-dimensional model provides a tractable way of understanding the general collision behaviour, while more advanced three-dimensional simulations can be helpful in understanding the details of the flow.
Effect of wall heating on turbulent boundary layers with temperature-dependent viscosity
Authors: Lee Jin , Yoon Jung Seo , Jin Sung Hyung , Zaki Tamer A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDirect numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent boundary layers over isothermally heated walls were performed, and the effect of viscosity stratification on the turbulence statistics and skin friction were investigated. An empirical relation for temperature-dependent viscosity for water was adopted. Based on the free-stream temperature (30°C), two wall temperatures (70°C and 99°C) were selected. In the heated flows, the turbulence energy diminishes in the buffer layer, but increases near the wall. The reduction in turbulence kinetic energy in the buffer layer is accompanied by smaller levels of Reynolds shear stresses and, hence, weaker turbulence production. The enhanced turbulence energy near the wall is attributed to enhanced transfer of energy via additional diffusion-like terms due to the viscosity stratification. Despite the lower fluid viscosity near the wall, dissipation is also increased owing to the augmented near-wall fine-scale motion. Wall heating results in reduction in the skin-friction coefficient by up to 26 %. An evaluation of the different contributions to the skin friction demonstrates that drag reduction is primarily due to the changes in the Reynolds shear stresses across the boundary layer. Quadrant and octant analyses showed that ejections (Q2) and sweeps (Q4) are significantly reduced, a result further supported by an examination of outer vortical structures from linear stochastic estimation of the ejection events and spanwise vortices.
Development of a field-friendly automated dietary assessment tool and nutrient database for India
Authors: Daniel Carrie R. , Kapur Kavita , McAdams Mary J. , Dixit-Joshi Sujata , Devasenapathy Niveditha , Shetty Hemali , Hariharan Sriram , George Preethi S. , Mathew Aleyamma , Sinha Rashmi 
Published: June 2013

Studies of diet and disease risk in India and among other Asian-Indian populations are hindered by the need for a comprehensive dietary assessment tool to capture data on the wide variety of food and nutrient intakes across different regions and ethnic groups. The nutritional component of the India Health Study, a multicentre pilot cohort study, included 3908 men and women, aged 35–69 years, residing in three regions of India (New Delhi in the north, Mumbai in the west and Trivandrum in the south). We developed a computer-based, interviewer-administered dietary assessment software known as the ‘NINA-DISH (New Interactive Nutrition Assistant – Diet in India Study of Health)’, which consisted of four sections: (1) a diet history questionnaire with defined questions on frequency and portion size; (2) an open-ended section for each mealtime; (3) a food-preparer questionnaire; (4) a 24 h dietary recall. Using the preferred meal-based approach, frequency of intake and portion size were recorded and linked to a nutrient database that we developed and modified from a set of existing international databases containing data on Indian foods and recipes. The NINA-DISH software was designed to be easily adaptable and was well accepted by the interviewers and participants in the field. A predominant three-meal eating pattern emerged; however, patterns in the number of foods reported and the primary contributors to macro- and micronutrient intakes differed by region and demographic factors. The newly developed NINA-DISH software provides a much-needed tool for measuring diet and nutrient profiles across the diverse populations of India with the potential for application in other South Asian populations living throughout the world.
College is a Rich, Han, Urban, Male Club: Research Notes from a Census Survey of Four Tier One Colleges in China
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Liu Chengfang , Zhang Linxiu , Shi Yaojiang , Rozelle Scott 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe opportunity to attend college and earn a degree has increased dramatically in China. However, that does not mean that everyone has an equal opportunity. Historically, there has been well-documented systematic discrimination against minorities, women and the rural poor. The main question of this paper is whether or not this discrimination has persisted since the recent expansion of China's tertiary education system. Using a census of incoming freshmen from four tier one universities, this paper assesses if certain types of students are over-represented while other types of students are under-represented. Comparing the shares of students from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds from our primary survey data with government generated census statistics, we conclude that poor, minority and rural female students are systematically under-represented. In contrast, rich, Han, urban males are dominant in college.
Factor Structure and Reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales in a Large Portuguese Community Sample
Authors: Vasconcelos-Raposo José , Fernandes Helder Miguel , Teixeira Carla M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to assess the factor structure and reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) in a large Portuguese community sample. Participants were 1020 adults (585 women and 435 men), with a mean age of 36.74 (SD = 11.90) years. All scales revealed good reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values between .80 (anxiety) and .84 (depression). The internal consistency of the total score was .92. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the best-fitting model (*CFI = .940, *RMSEA = .038) consisted of a latent component of general psychological distress (or negative affectivity) plus orthogonal depression, anxiety and stress factors. The Portuguese version of the DASS-21 showed good psychometric properties (factorial validity and reliability) and thus can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for measuring depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.
Body Image and Subjective Well-Being in Portuguese Adolescents
Authors: Borges António , Gaspar de Matos Margarida , Diniz José Alves 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe study examines the impact of body image in adolescents’ well-being. Well-being was assessed with the scale Kidscreen10, with the Cantril ladder for satisfaction with life and with an ad hoc happiness scale. The study presents data on adolescent health from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC)/World Health Organization study in Portugal (2006), with a sample of 4,877 adolescents, average age of 14 years old and gender distribution at 49,6% males. Portuguese adolescents showed differences between gender and age group regarding their body image-related satisfaction/dissatisfaction and self-perceived body image, being that both components have a direct impact on the levels of well-being. The male gender has better results in the perception of body image and, consequently, well-being. The largest inter-gender differences for well-being is at 15 years of age. The main predictors of well-being are the look and body satisfaction/dissatisfaction, with greater importance on the affective component. This research highlights the importance of body image for adolescents’ well-being, as well as to prepare educational strategies adapted to adolescents’ age and gender, by helping them to develop skills concerning self-knowledge and caring for their look.
Erratum: Dispersal in microbes: fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances
Authors: Adams Rachel I , Miletto Marzia , Taylor John W , Bruns Thomas D 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 1262–1273; doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.28; published online 21 February 2013 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error on Page 4, namely that the accession number contained within the first paragraph had been incorrectly listed as SRA059067 instead of SRA059097.
The transition state structure for coupled binding and folding of disordered protein domains
Authors: Dogan Jakob , Mu Xin , Engström Åke , Jemth Per 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntrinsically disordered proteins are abundant in the eukaryotic proteome and they are implicated in a range of different diseases. However, there is a paucity of experimental data on molecular details of the coupled binding and folding of such proteins. Two interacting and relatively well studied disordered protein domains are the activation domain from the p160 transcriptional co-activator ACTR and the nuclear co-activator binding domain (NCBD) of CREB binding protein. We have analyzed the transition state for their coupled binding and folding by protein engineering and kinetic experiments (Φ-value analysis) and found that it involves weak native interactions between the N-terminal helices of ACTR and NCBD, but is otherwise "disordered-like". Most native hydrophobic interactions in the interface between the two domains form later, after the rate-limiting barrier for association. Linear free energy relationships suggest a cooperative formation of native interactions, reminiscent of the nucleation-condensation mechanism in protein folding.
Hearing Conservation Program for Marching Band Members: A Risk for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?
Authors: Jin Su-Hyun , Nelson Peggy B. , Schlauch Robert S. , Carney Edward 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
To examine the risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in university marching band members and to provide an overview of a hearing conservation program for a marching band.

Method
Sound levels during band rehearsals were recorded and audiometric hearing thresholds and transient otoacoustic emission were measured over a 3-year period. Musician's earplugs and information about hearing loss were provided to the students. The hearing thresholds of other college students were tested as a partial control.

Results
There were no significant differences in hearing thresholds between the two groups. During initial testing, more marching band members showed apparent high-frequency notches than control students. Follow-up hearing tests in a subsequent year for the marching band members showed that almost all notches disappeared. Persistent standard threshold shift (STS) across tests was not observed in the band members.

Conclusion
Band members showed no evidence of STS or persistent notched audiograms. Because accepted procedures for measuring hearing showed a lack of precision in reliably detecting early NIHL in marching band members, it is recommended that signs of NIHL be sought in repeated measurements compared to baseline audiograms rather than in a single measure (a single notch). A hearing conservation program for this population is still recommended because of lengthy rehearsal times with high sound-level exposure during rehearsals.