bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The disability system and programs to promote employment for people with disabilities
Authors: Wittenburg David , Mann David R , Thompkins Allison 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This paper examines employment-focused interventions within the US disability system. Our review illustrates the challenges of developing and implementing these types of initiatives, despite substantial policy interest. Our findings indicate that none of the demonstrations we reviewed have the potential to lead to substantial caseload reductions that could reverse program growth. However, they can inform future designs, particularly the importance of customizing supports to very well-defined target populations.

JEL code

D04
From the “Kingdoms of Angola” to Santiago de Guatemala: The Portuguese Asientos and Spanish Central America, 1595–1640
Authors: Lokken Paul 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The evidence presented in this article establishes the era of the major Portuguese asientos (1595–1640) as a key moment in the history of African migration to Spanish Central America. Between 1607 and 1628 alone, Portuguese slave traders made at least 15 voyages from Angola to the Caribbean coast of Central America, landing in most cases “by accident” at the Honduran port of Trujillo while allegedly en route to Veracruz. Many of the West Central Africans carried on these voyages were subsequently marched inland by the same Portuguese merchants to be sold in Santiago de Guatemala, capital of the Audiencia of Guatemala. Their final destinations were often rural properties located in or near the Pacific lowlands of modern-day Guatemala and El Salvador, where the largest sugar and indigo plantations counted dozens of Angolans among their enslaved workers. A decided majority of these involuntary migrants were young men, most no doubt having departed from Luanda following misfortune in the wars that, with a good deal of Portuguese encouragement, wracked their homelands after 1575. Their migration experiences testify to a significant shift in the point of origin of Africans brought to Central America away from Senegambia and neighboring regions of West Africa, birthplace of the majority of Africans transported to Central America prior to 1595. The later-arriving and larger West Central African workforce played a more important role than heretofore understood in satisfying the demands for labor that arose in the early seventeenth century as commercial agriculture briefly boomed amid persistent indigenous population decline.
Features and Problems of Russian Public IT-Project Managing
Authors: ���������  
Published: April 2013

IIn this paper the features and problems for public sector IT-project managing are considered from the side of executive on public contract. The main factors influencing on administrative decisions related to project�s initiation, planning, execution, management and completion
processes are presented. By studying of existing approaches to IT-project managing the author has come to realize the necessity for adjustments related to theory and practice of public sector IT project
management.
Observations of the 9 June 2002 Dryline During IHOP
Authors: Cai Huaqing , Lee Wen-Chau 
Published: April 2013

Detailed studies of drylines that do not initiate storms are rare but scientifically important. Studying these null
cases will improve the understanding of critical factors separating whether convection would be initiated along a dryline.
This observational study presents a null case dryline near the Oklahoma/New Mexico border during the International H2O
Project (IHOP_2002) on 9 June 2002. High-resolution observations obtained from an airborne Doppler radar (ELDORA),
two water-vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (LEANDRE II and LASE), Learjet dropsondes, as well as aircraft in situ
measurements were used to describe the dryline environment and mesoscale structures in both along- and cross-line
directions. The 9 June dryline was characterized by a rather broad radar reflectivity thinline with a large moisture gradient.
Its updrafts were found generally associated with the local maximum of radar reflectivity; however, they were not colocated.
The simultaneous observations from ELDORA and LEANDRE II confirmed that the dryline updrafts tend to be
located near its moisture gradient, consistent with previous findings using aircraft in situ measurements.
The dryline moisture boundary was found to be greatly modified by mesocyclone circulations, which caused the alongline
moisture gradient at certain segments of the dryline to become greater than the cross-line moisture gradient. Twodimensional
water vapor fields derived from LEANDRE II across the dryline clearly showed the moisture gradient
associated with the dryline and moisture variations on the order of ~ 1 g kg-1 on both sides of the dryline. No storms
initiated within the IHOP_2002 domain associated with this dryline owing to unfavorable atmospheric instability
conditions and only weak upward forcing near the dryline.
Influence of Examiner Experience on Clinical Performance of Visual Inspection in Detecting and Assessing the Activity Status of Caries Lesions
Authors: Gimenez T , Bittar DG , Piovesan C , Guglielmi CAB , Fujimoto KY , Matos R , Novaes TF , Braga MM , Mendes FM 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYOur hypothesis was that a method of caries activity evaluation based on the clinical features of the lesions would be less time consuming but more influenced by the examiner's experience than the scoring system used in association with the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three groups of examiners with different levels of experience using two different methods to assess the activity status of caries lesions by visual inspection. A cross-sectional study in a dental office setting was performed selecting 18 children, aged three to eight years, who had sought dental treatment at a dental school. Examinations to detect caries lesions were performed using visual inspection by six examiners with different levels of experience: two undergraduate dental students, two specialists in pediatric dentistry, and two graduate students. The examiners used ICDAS and two different methods to assess caries activity: using an additional score system or considering the examination of clinical features. Two benchmark examiners examined the children in a joint session, and their consensus was considered to be the reference standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility were calculated for different thresholds: all, cavitated, and active caries lesions. Multilevel analyses were performed to compare the different methods and examiners. No differences were observed among the examiners, either in detecting all lesions and cavitated lesions or regarding the activity assessment. The methods of assessing activity status performed similarly, but the time spent on examinations was shorter for the method evaluating clinical features. In conclusion, the experience of examiners does not significantly influence the performance of visual inspection, and both methods of assessing activity status result in similar diagnostic accuracy.
Basal melting beneath a fast-flowing temperate tidewater glacier
Authors: Alexander D.J. , Davies T.R.H. , Shulmeister J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe role of melting at the base of temperate tidewater glaciers is rarely discussed, and its potential importance for total glacier mass balance and subglacial dynamics is often overlooked. We use Columbia Glacier, Alaska, USA, as an example of a temperate tidewater glacier to estimate the spatial distribution of basal melt due to friction both before and during the glacier’s well-documented retreat since the early 1980s. Published data on glacier surface and bed profiles, ice-flow velocities and surface melt were collated and used as input data for a two-dimensional basal melt model. We estimate that before the retreat of Columbia Glacier (pre-1980s), mean basal melt amounted to 61 mm a–1, increasing to 129 mma–1 during retreat (post-1980s). According to our calculations, basal melt accounts for 3% and 5% of total glacier melt for the pre-retreat and syn-retreat (i.e. during retreat) glacier profiles, respectively. These calculations of basal melt are an order of magnitude greater than those typically reported in polar glacier settings. Basal melting in temperate tidewater settings may be a non-negligible process affecting glacier mass balance and subglacial dynamics.
Les réseaux sociaux d'aujourd'hui
Authors: Forsé Michel 
Published: April 2013

Dans une expérimentation devenue un classique, Stanley Milgram avait montré en 1969 qu’il suffisait en moyenne de 6 liaisons (transitant donc par 5 intermédiaires) pour relier deux inconnus aux États-Unis. Ces six degrés de séparation avaient été confirmés par d’autres études mais portant elles aussi sur des petits effectifs. L’avènement des réseaux sociaux sur l’Internet a récemment permis de se demander ce qu’il en était cette fois à très grande échelle. Or les études portant sur la messagerie instantanée de Microsoft , Twitter ou Facebook ont vérifié et même amplifié l’hypothèse du petit monde. Ainsi, en analysant les 69 milliards de liens entre les 721 millions d’individus s’étant connectés à Facebook en mai 2011, il apparaît qu’en moyenne la distance (ou nombre de degrés) séparant deux utilisateurs choisis au hasard sur la planète vaut 4,7. Différentes explications du petit monde sont examinées dans cet article (liens faibles entre clusters , présence de hubs selon une structure libre d’échelle) et apparaissent en fin de compte plutôt complémentaires.
Human FcγRII Cytoplasmic Domains Differentially Influence Antibody-Mediated Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Boonnak Kobporn , Slike Bonnie M. , Donofrio Gina C. , Marovich Mary A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Ab-dependent enhancement (ADE) of dengue virus (DENV) infection is mediated through the interaction of viral immune complexes with FcγRs, with notable efficiency of FcγRII. Most human dengue target cells coexpress activating (FcγRIIa) and inhibitory (FcγRIIb) isoforms, but their relative roles in ADE are not well understood. We studied the effects of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb by transfecting cells to express each individual receptor isoform or through coexpression of both isoforms. We showed that although both isoforms similarly bind dengue-immune complexes, FcγRIIa efficiently internalized virus leading to productive cellular infection, unlike FcγRIIb. We next focused on the main discriminating feature of these isoforms: their distinct intracytoplasmic tails (FcγRIIa with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif [ITAM] and FcγRIIb with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif [ITIM]). We engineered cells to express “swapped” versions of their FcγRII by switching the cytoplasmic tails containing the ITAM/ITIM motifs, leaving the remainder of the receptor intact. Our data show that both FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb comparably bind dengue immune complexes. However, wild type FcγRIIa facilitates DENV entry by virtue of the ITAM motif, whereas the swapped version FcγRIIa-ITIM significantly inhibited ADE. Similarly, replacing the inhibitory motif in FcγRIIb with an ITAM (FcγRIIb-ITAM) reconstituted ADE capacity to levels of the wild type activating counterpart, FcγRIIa. Our data suggest that FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb isoforms, as the most abundantly distributed class II Fcγ receptors, differentially influence Ab-mediated DENV infection under ADE conditions both at the level of cellular infection and viral production.
Autoantibody Induction by DNA-Containing Immune Complexes Requires HMGB1 with the TLR2/MicroRNA-155 Pathway
Authors: Wen Zhenke , Xu Lin , Chen Xi , Xu Wei , Yin Zhinan , Gao Xiaoming , Xiong Sidong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnti-dsDNA Ab is reported to be the central pathogenic autoantibody involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms involved in anti-dsDNA Ab production remain unclear. Recent evidence indicated that DNA-containing immune complexes (ICs) in circulation (termed “circulating DNA-containing ICs”), which are one of the hallmarks of SLE, might be involved in autoantibody production. In this study, we explored their potential role in anti-dsDNA Ab production and the underlying mechanisms in patients with SLE. We demonstrated that circulating DNA-containing ICs were able to induce anti-dsDNA Ab. Of note, HMGB1 in circulating DNA-containing ICs was crucial for anti-dsDNA Ab induction. The HMGB1 content of circulating DNA-containing ICs also correlated positively with anti-dsDNA Ab production in patients with SLE. Further, we revealed that the TLR2/MyD88/microRNA-155 (miR-155) pathway was pivotal for HMGB1 to confer anti-dsDNA Ab induction, and Ets-1 was a functional target of miR-155 in the induction of anti-dsDNA Ab by circulating DNA-containing ICs. Finally, we validated the expression of miR-155 and Ets-1 and their correlation with anti-dsDNA Ab production in patients with SLE. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the crucial role of HMGB1 in autoantibody production mediated by the TLR2/MyD88/miR-155/Ets-1 pathway. These findings identify a novel mechanism to account for the persistent production of anti-dsDNA Ab in SLE and a clue for developing a novel therapeutic strategy against SLE.
Using n-Grams for Syndromic Surveillance in a Turkish Emergency Department without English Translation: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Halász Sylvia , Brown Philip , Oktay Cem , Çevik Arif Alper , Kılıçaslan Isa , Goodall Colin , Cochrane Dennis G , Fowler Thomas R , Jacobson Guy , Tse Simon , Allegra John R 
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Syndromic surveillance is designed for early detection of disease outbreaks. An important data source for syndromic surveillance is free-text chief complaints (CCs), which are generally recorded in the local language. For automated syndromic surveillance, CCs must be classified into predefined syndromic categories. The n-gram classifier is created by using text fragments to measure associations between chief complaints (CC) and a syndromic grouping of ICD codes. Objectives: The objective was to create a Turkish n-gram CC classifier for the respiratory syndrome and then compare daily volumes between the n-gram CC classifier and a respiratory ICD-10 code grouping on a test set of data. Methods: The design was a feasibility study based on retrospective cohort data. The setting was a university hospital emergency department (ED) in Turkey. Included were all ED visits in the 2002 database of this hospital. Two of the authors created a respiratory grouping of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision ICD-10-CM codes by consensus, chosen to be similar to a standard respiratory (RESP) grouping of ICD codes created by the Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE), a project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An n-gram method adapted from AT&T Labs’ technologies was applied to the first 10 months of data as a training set to create a Turkish CC RESP classifier. The classifier was then tested on the subsequent 2 months of visits to generate a time series graph and determine the correlation with daily volumes measured by the CC classifier versus the RESP ICD-10 grouping. Results: The Turkish ED database contained 30,157 visits. The correlation ( R2) of n-gram versus ICD-10 for the test set was 0.78. Conclusion: The n-gram method automatically created a CC RESP classifier of the Turkish CCs that performed similarly to the ICD-10 RESP grouping. The n-gram technique has the advantage of systematic, consistent, and rapid deployment as well as language independence.
Deforestation
Authors: Meyfroidt Patrick 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Forests are sources of wood, food, and other non‐timber forest products. They provide multiple ecosystem services including carbon sink and storage, habitats for biodiversity, preservation of soils, regulation of hydrological cycles, and micro‐and regional climates. Deforestation is the largest single anthropogenic transformation of natural ecosystems, with large impacts on all these goods and services. Concern about forests and deforestation has long been framed through the issue of sustaining timber resources. Starting in the 1980s, loss and preservation of biodiversity in tropical forests became a dominant topic in the public debate. More recently, the role of forests in climate regulation, and deforestation as a source of greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change, has been emphasized.
Indymedia
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNew global communication technologies have led to new socio‐political formations defined by their reliance on Internet strategies, participatory practices, and network social structures.Indymedia(also referred to as the Independent Media Center, or IMC) exemplifies all of these trends. Although Indymedia's early influences trace back at least as far as the 1990s media democracy movement, it first took shape within the global justice movement at the turn of the twenty‐first century. The first IMC was founded during the November 1999 World Trade Organization protests – the “Battle of Seattle” – to circumvent mainstream commercial media coverage of activist issues, and it was soon replicated in over 150 sites across six continents in some 30 languages. Guided by the principle of “be the media,” the Indymedia model is defined by grassroots journalism, an interactive community news web site, a global network, and a radical democratic organization.
Dollarization
Authors: Fields David , Vernengo Matías 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The expression “dollarization” has at least two different meanings. In the narrow sense, it refers to massive currency substitution, in which a country, most likely a developing one, supplements its domestic unit account of fiduciary reserve assets with a foreign currency, more often than not the US dollar or, in some cases, the euro. Note that currency substitution could be complete and might even imply the elimination of a domestic token. Full dollarization in that sense has taken place in small countries, mostly in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, which are heavily dependent on the United States. Dollarization, in this sense, is the exemplification of a country foregoing its national “monetary sovereignty”.
Cyberconflict
Authors: Bronk Chris 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Cyberconflict is the pursuit of political disagreement or argument in cyberspace, a wholly human‐constructed environment in which communication over computer networks occurs. The magnitude of cyberconflict can vary, as the means and motivations of those engaging in such conflict can extend from quite modest to substantial. Additionally, the actors engaged in cyberconflict can vary as well. Individuals, groups, organizations, and states may choose to attack others of their own type or differing actors. An individual may choose to engage in conflict with an organization, or a state with a group.
Coupling of Micromagnetic and Structural Properties Across the Martensite and Curie Temperatures in Miniaturized Ni‐Mn‐Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Jakob A. M. , Hennes M. , Müller M. , Spemann D. , Mayr S. G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMicromagnetic structure evolution in Ni‐Mn‐Ga ferromagnetic shape memory thin films is investigated by means of temperature dependent magnetic force microscopy (TD‐MFM). The center of interest is the magnetic properties of epitaxial Ni‐Mn‐Ga thin films on MgO substrates across thermally induced phase transitions. Experimental results are discussed within the framework of competing magnetic interactions arising in stressed thin ferromagnetic films. Measurements on 14M martensite specimens are supplemented by three‐dimensional micromagnetic simulations. Corresponding calculated MFM micrographs are compared to experimental data. The influence of twin variant dimension and orientation on micromagnetic domain formation and wall structure is depicted from a theoretical point of view. A micromagnetic model system of partial flux closure is proposed and calculated analytically to estimate a stress induced magneto crystalline anisotropy constant in austenite Ni‐Mn‐Ga.
A Versatile Light‐Switchable Nanorod Memory: Wurtzite ZnO on Perovskite SrTiO3
Authors: Bera Ashok , Peng Haiyang , Lourembam James , Shen Youde , Sun Xiao Wei , Wu T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIntegrating materials with distinct lattice symmetries and dimensions is an effective design strategy toward realizing novel devices with unprecedented functionalities, but many challenges remain in synthesis and device design. Here, a heterojunction memory made of wurtzite ZnO nanorods grown on perovskite Nb‐doped SrTiO3 (NSTO) is reported, the electronic properties of which can be drastically reconfigured by applying a voltage and light. Despite of the distinct lattice structures of ZnO and NSTO, a consistent nature of single crystallinity is achieved in the heterojunctions via the low‐temperature solution‐based hydrothermal growth. In addition to a high and persistent photoconductivity, the ZnO/NSTO heterojunction diode can be turned into a versatile light‐switchable resistive switching memory with highly tunable ON and OFF states. The reversible modification of the effective interfacial energy barrier in the concurrent electronic and ionic processes most likely gives rise to the high susceptibility of the ZnO/NSTO heterojunction to external electric and optical stimuli. Furthermore, this facile synthesis route is promising to be generalized to other novel functional nanodevices integrating materials with diverse structures and properties.
The Copolymer of Poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and Methacrylated Chondroitin Sulfate with Low Cytotoxicity for Gene Delivery
Authors: Lo Yu‐Lun , Wang Yao‐Sheng , Wang Li‐Fang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPoly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) is one of the most potent synthetic nonviral gene‐delivery vectors because of its high transfection efficiency. However, the cytotoxicity of PDMAEMA is a major concern for its clinical applications. An anionic crosslinker is synthesized based on a natural polysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate (CS), by introducing methacrylate groups (CSMA). By systematically adjusting the substitution degree of methacrylation on CS and the weight percent of CSMA and PDMAEMA, sol‐type copolymers are obtained as a gene‐delivery vector. The combination of CS and PDMAEMA is expected not only to reduce the cytotoxicity of PDMAEMA, but also to facilitate better transfection efficiency than PDMAEMA because of the recognition of CS by CD44 receptors on cell surfaces. Two CSMA‐modified PDMAEMA copolymers with different CSMA constituents are selected and their polyplexes prepared with plasmid DNA. The cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency of the polyplexes are tested and compared with those of PDMAEMA/pDNA. The copolymers of CSMA and PDMAEMA show significantly improved cell viability as compared with PDMAEMA. Their formed polyplexes with pDNA also show lower cytotoxicity than does PDMAEMA/pDNA. The transfection efficiency remarkably increases as the CSMA‐modified PDMAEMA/pDNA polyplex is prepared at a weight ratio of 2.4. The internalization mechanism of CSMA‐modified PDMAEMA/pDNA in HEK 293T cells is mainly based on caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. However, both caveolae‐mediated and CD44‐mediated endocytosis mechanisms are involved in U87 cells.