bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHAT ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT? THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY THROUGH FORESTRY‐RELATED CLIMATE CHANGE INTERVENTIONS IN POST‐CONFLICT NEPAL
Authors: Rutt Rebecca Leigh , Lund Jens Friis 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThis study examines rationales behind the choice of local interlocutors by forestry‐related climate change projects in post‐conflict Nepal. In their stated objectives, all projects claim to involve the government, and most project decision makers are in favor of government involvement, yet project resources overwhelmingly favor civil society institutions. Project decision makers' choices are shaped by a combination of donor conditionalities, contextual constraints, and beliefs about which institutional attributes matter and how to address historical marginalization. The projects' empowerment of civil society sidesteps opportunities to strengthen the local government, which is described as weak, disinterested, and lacking legitimacy owing to the absence of elections due to the unsettled post‐conflict situation. Through the choices made and their justifications, projects and donors further marginalize the local government materially and discursively and thereby entrench its perceived deficiencies. We argue that this privileging of civil society may have implications for government legitimacy and post‐conflict reconstruction and call for donors and the intervening institutions they fund to critically and collectively reassess the role of forestry‐related climate change projects in the larger process of post‐conflict reconstruction in Nepal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes as observed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Wang Weihua , Li Li , Yu Xuanji , Han Haoya , Guo Xuhong 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a size of about 2 nm are prepared in nanoreactors of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) consisting of a solid polystyrene (PS) core and a shell of linear poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) chains densely grafted onto the core by one end. The synthesized MNP are strongly adhered to PAA chains due to the intense interaction of chemical coordination with the carboxyl groups. The generation of MNP in SPB layer is legibly revealed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) due to the significant increase in electron density. The radial distribution of MNP in SPB is built by fitting SAXS data. Most of MNP are found to locate nearby the surface of PS core. Compared to dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, SAXS can observe the generation and distribution of MNP in SPB as well as the changes upon changing pH and salt concentration in real time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1681–1688
Investigation into stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane fiber
Authors: Yang Qianxi , Li Guoqiang 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, the stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) fiber was investigated. The as‐spun SMPU fibers were subjected to various programing‐recovery conditions. It was observed that recovering at 100 °C generated higher recovery stress than recovering at 150 °C. It was also found that, while hot‐drawn programed fiber has higher recovery stress than cold‐drawn programed fiber if recovered at 100 °C, cold‐drawn programed fiber has higher stabilized recovery stress than hot‐drawn programed counterpart when recovered at 150 °C. A morphological model was proposed based on the results from differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction to understand the physics behind the different stress recovery behaviors. It is found that SMPU experiences different phase transitions and phase separations under different programing and stress recovery conditions. It is concluded that the two sequential phase separations taking place at 100 and 150 °C are primarily responsible for the differences in the stress recovery behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1429–1440
An approach to manage the concept phase of ISO 26262
Authors: Ito Masao , Kishida Koichi 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe face two difficulties when applying ISO 26262[1] in the concept phase. ISO 26262 is the functional safety standard in the automobile field and requires strict safety requirements. Usually, it is not easy to divide requirements into safety parts and non‐safety parts because they are closely connected with each other. That is, we have to perform two activities, functional development and functional safety activity, simultaneously. Other difficulty is a term item. From the definition, the item is a ‘system (1.129) or array of systems to implement a function at the vehicle level’. In concept phase, we apply hazard analysis to an item, not system. The system definition comes after item definition and hazard analysis and risk assessment. So, it is hard to use the conventional methods (e.g. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)).To support this situation, we propose a method and a tool. Our method is an extension of knowledge acquisition in automated specification, and we also use the Goal Structuring Notation and scenario–situation matrix. The drawback of multi‐diagrams approach is the difficulty of maintaining the integrity of data, but the linkage mechanism of our tool provides the good navigation measure to transit a node of a diagram into the other node of a different diagram.Although we aim to support the scope of part 3 of ISO 26262, we believe this approach is not limited to the automobile field and can be used in a wide range of fields Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis at room temperature: perspectives for future green chemical processes
Authors: Lam Frank Leung‐Yuk , Li Michael C.L. , Chau Rock S.L. , Arancon Rick A.D. , Hu Xijun , Luque Rafael 
Published: September 2014

Catalytic processes have been one of the main pillars of the chemical industry in recent years. Protocols that make use of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been extensively implemented for the production of fine chemicals, fuels, materials, and relevant products. Importantly, the need for benign by design processes and technologies became recently a major driver in both research and industry for a more sustainable future. This contribution has been aimed to discuss and highlight key examples on room temperature catalytic processes as one of the most relevant research avenues for future developments in catalysis. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:316–338. doi: 10.1002/wene.141This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Efficiency > Science and Materials
Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials
Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Patients Undergoing Gastroenterological Surgery: Thromboembolic Risks Versus Bleeding Risks During Its Perioperative Withdrawal
Authors: Fujikawa Takahisa , Tanaka Akira , Abe Toshihiro , Yoshimoto Yasunori , Tada Seiichiro , Maekawa Hisatsugu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundAntiplatelet agents given to prevent thromboembolic disease are frequently withdrawn prior to surgical procedures to reduce bleeding complications. This action may expose patients to increased thromboembolic morbidity and mortality.
MethodsA series of 2012 patients who had undergone gastroenterologic surgery between January 2005 and June 2010 at our institution were reviewed. Among this cohort, antiplatelet therapy (APT) was used in 519 patients (25.8 %). The perioperative management included interruption of APT 1 week before surgery and early postoperative reinstitution in patients at low thromboembolic risk, although APT was maintained until surgery in those at high thromboembolic risk. Bleeding and thromboembolic complications, as well as other outcome variables, were assessed in patients with and without APT.
ResultsAmong 519 patients with APT, 99 (19.1 %) underwent multidrug APT. Among them, 124 (23.9 %) required preoperative continuation of APT. None suffered from excessive bleeding intraoperatively. There were 19 thromboembolic events (0.9 %) in the whole cohort. Postoperative bleeding complications occurred in 37 patients (1.8 %). Multivariate analysis showed that increased postoperative bleeding complications were independently associated with multidrug APT [hazard ratio (HR) 4.3, p = 0.014], high‐risk surgical procedures (HR 3.5, p = 0.003), and perioperative heparin bridging (HR 2.8, p = 0.029). High‐risk surgery (HR 8.3, p < 0.001) and poor performance status (HR 4.9, p = 0.005)—but neither APT nor anticoagulation use—were significant prognostic factors for thromboembolic complications.ConclusionsSatisfactory outcomes were obtained during gastroenterologic surgery under rigorous perioperative management, including single‐agent APT continuation in patients at high thromboembolic risk. Patients treated with multidrug APT still represent a challenging group, however, and need to be carefully managed to prevent perioperative complications.
Reporting of Adverse Events in Surgical Trials: Critical Appraisal of Current Practice
Authors: Rosenthal Rachel , Hoffmann Henry , Dwan Kerry , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Bucher Heiner C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundReporting of surgical outcomes is important for healthcare decision making and includes the reporting of complications. Several classifications have been proposed and validated for postoperative, but not intraoperative, complications. The aim of the present study is to assess the current practice of complication reporting in surgical trials.MethodsWe evaluated the reporting of intra‐ and postoperative complications in all registered randomized controlled trials that included investigate surgery or invasive interventions in at least one study arm and were published in 2010 in the Annals of Surgery, JAMA Surgery, and the British Journal of Surgery.ResultsA total of 46 trials were identified; intra‐ and postoperative complications were reported separately in 42 % and pooled in 15 %. In 37 % intraoperative, in 2 % postoperative, and in 4 % both intra‐ and postoperative, complications were not reported at all. Exact definitions were provided in 13 % for intraoperative and in 50 % for postoperative complications. A classification was used in 9 % for intra‐ and in 54 % for postoperative complications, most frequently according to severity. The type of intervention (surgical vs. other) or whether the primary outcome was the assessment of complications had no significant impact on reporting definitions of adverse events.ConclusionsIntraoperative complications are frequently pooled with postoperative complications, ill‐defined, or not reported at all, hampering informed decision making. As further research, we propose to develop and validate a classification of intraoperative complications. This will facilitate the evaluation of safety and the continuous quality control of surgical interventions with the ultimate goal to contribute to patient safety.
Robotic Spleen Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy: How I Do It (with Video)
Authors: Ntourakis Dimitrios , Marescaux Jacques , Pessaux Patrick 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLaparoscopic hepatobiliary surgery, although technically demanding, gains popularity due to the patient benefits of a mini‐invasive approach. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is a technically feasible and reproducible operation that doesn’t require complex digestive reconstruction. It requires advanced laparoscopic skill for vascular dissection and control. Due to the absence of trials proving its oncological results it is mainly indicated for benign or borderline tumours of the pancreatic body and tail. Since for these tumours there is no indication for a lymph node dissection, there are benefits for the patient if the spleen is preserved. There is some evidence that robotic assistance facilitates the procedure and makes it accessible to surgeons diminishing the necessity of advanced laparoscopic skills. In this technical multimedia article, we present our method for a robotic mini‐invasive spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy with preservation of the splenic vessels. The technique is presented in a stepwise approach with an accompanying video. We believe that the use of the Da Vinci robotic platform facilitates this demanding procedure.
Decomposition frameworks for cooperative manipulation of a planar rigid body with multiple unilateral thrusters
Authors: Li Wei , Spong Mark W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider cooperative manipulation of a planar rigid body using multiple actuator agents—unilateralthrusters, each attached to the body and each able to apply an unilateral force to the body. Generally, the dynamics of the body manipulated with uncoordinated forces of thrusters is nonlinear. The problem we consider ishow to design the unilateral forceeach agent applies to ensure the decoupling and linearity of the linear and angular (i.e., translational and rotational) accelerations of the body and thus allow a controller to be designed in a simpler manner, instead of developing sophisticated nonlinear control techniques. Here consider two types of unilateral thrusters with (i) all fixed directions, and (ii) all non-fixed directions, respectively. To address the problem, we design two decomposition frameworks, each with its advantages, on the structure of the forces and control policy such that (i) the linear and angular accelerations of the body are decoupled and controlled independently, and (ii) the control that ensures the forces to be unilateral (only for thrusters with non-fixed directions) is independent from the linear and angular accelerations. As a result, the closed-loop dynamics of the body is linear with respect to both the linear and angular accelerations; thus the control of the body becomes trivial, which may provide a convenient and alternative methodology for design of a physical system with a quick estimation and reference of the manipulated forces required.
Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solutions of Trisiloxane‐Based Surfactants Modified by Ethoxy and Propoxy Groups
Authors: Xin Xia , Pang Jinyu , Li Wenzhe , Wang Yitong , Yuan Jing , Xu Guiying 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSilicone surfactants favor spreading at interfaces and siloxane has strong interaction with carbon nanotubes (CNT), thus silicone surfactant may be a good dispersant of CNT. Here, four silicone surfactants (named S1E19, S2E38, S2E16 and S1E16P8) were used to disperse CNT in aqueous solutions. The effects of surfactant structure and concentration on the ability at dispersing CNT were considered. All of the four silicone surfactants can disperse CNT in aqueous solution and the sample with 1,000 mg L−1 S1E16P8 was the best one. The hydrophilic group polyoxyethylene (PEO) and the hydrophobic groups siloxane and polypropylene (PPO) are crucial factors in the ability of dispersing CNT. S2E38 with more ethylene oxide (EO) groups has a stronger ability to disperse CNT than S2E16. The dispersion system provided by S1E19 which contains fewer siloxane and EO groups is relatively unstable and disperses less CNT. These experimental results are explained by molecular dynamics simulation. S2E38 compared with S1E19 and S2E16 has stronger interactions with CNT. The interaction energy of CNT with S1E16P8 which has a PPO moiety but fewer siloxane groups is close to that of S2E16. Furthermore, it can be concluded that these four surfactants are adsorbed on CNT mainly by van der Waals forces and the Si–O–Si chain of silicon surfactant was flexible due to the long Si–C bond and it could easily wrap onto the surface of CNT through hydrophobic and other intermolecular interactions. The hydrophilic part of PEO helped the CNT dispersed in the aqueous solution and prevented CNT from aggregating in water through steric stabilization.
Cultural Scenes and Voting Patterns in Canada
Authors: Silver Daniel , Miller Diana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractExtending recent social science work using the concept of “scene” into politics, this paper investigates connections between cultural variation and political variation across Canadian localities. First, we introduce the notion of “scene.” Then, using a national database of local amenities (with some 1800 categories and 1.6 million data points), we show that key dimensions of cultural meaning account for significant differences in voting patterns in recent Canadian elections. In particular, electoral districts with scenes that suggest themes of self-expression are associated with support for left-leaning parties, while scenes that support locality and corporateness are associated with the right. We conclude with suggestions for pursuing hypotheses about potential mechanisms driving these associations.
Genetic moderation of effects of maternal sensitivity on girl's age of menarche: Replication of the Manuck et al. study
Authors: Hartman Sarah , Widaman Keith F. , Belsky Jay 
Published: September 2014

AbstractManuck, Craig, Flory, Halder, and Ferrell (2011) reported that a theoretically anticipated effect of family rearing on girls' menarcheal age was genetically moderated by two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the estrogen receptor-α gene. We sought to replicate and extend these findings, studying 210 White females followed from birth. The replication was general because a different measure of the rearing environment was used in this inquiry (i.e., maternal sensitivity) than in the prior one (i.e., family cohesion). Extensions of the work included prospective rather than retrospective measurements of the rearing environment, reports of first menstruation within a year of its occurrence rather than decades later, accounting for some heritability of menarcheal age by controlling for maternal age of menarche, and using a new model-fitting approach to competitively compare diathesis–stress versus differential-susceptibility models of Gene × Environment interaction. The replication/extension effort proved successful in the case of both estrogen receptor-α SNPs, with the Gene × Environment interactions principally reflecting diathesis–stress: lower levels of maternal sensitivity predicted earlier age of menarche for girls homozygous for the minor alleles of either SNP but not for girls carrying other genotypes. Results are discussed in light of the new analytic methods adopted.
Ennius
Authors: La Barbera Sandro 
Published: September 2014

Quintus Ennius was an author of Latin poetry and prose who lived and wrote between the second half of the 3rd century and the first half of the 2nd century bce (apparently 239–169 bce). He was born in the trilingual Messapian city of Rudiae, where Latin, Greek, and Oscan were spoken concurrently (as apparently did Ennius himself: cf. Gellius, Attic Nights 17.17). Tradition has Ennius follow Cato the Elder to Rome in 204 bce, after meeting him in Sardinia while serving in the army during the Second Punic War. In Rome, Ennius distinguished himself for his literary and scholarly production in Latin, in which he mastered a cultural and linguistic fusion between the Greek tradition and the fledgling Roman literature. All of Ennius’s works have been lost and only fragments of them have been preserved, all indirectly transmitted within the corpora of other authors’ works; we also have references by other authors to works of which we do not have any fragments at all. His first major achievements seem to have come with the public staging of his tragedies, mostly set in Greece and having original Greek tragedies as models (these were called fabulae cothurnatae). He also wrote praetextae, that is, tragedies of Roman setting and subject, but we have fewer fragments for these than we have for the cothurnatae, and only two titles—Ambracia and Sabinae. Even less is known about his comedies, which do not seem to have been held in high consideration (cf. Volcacius Sedigitus’s canon of comedy), and about whose titles and contents very little information has been preserved. Most of the information we still possess regards Ennius’s last and longest work, the Annals, an eighteen-book epic poem that covered the national history of Rome and its wars from the mythological founding of the city until the contemporary reality of the Punic Wars, with the title Annals (Lat. Annales) possibly alluding to the year-by-year approach of the ancient tradition of Roman annalists. Ennius was the first author to choose hexameter, the Greek meter of epic, to compose a Latin epic poem (the former traditional meter being Saturnian), and for this reason was considered the “father” of Latin epic poetry, thus influencing all following authors (Lucretius, Cicero, Virgil, etc.) by whom he was either praised and taken as a model, or more or less fiercely rejected for his “archaic” language and taste in favor of a more modern style. Apart from plays and epic, Ennius also cultivated many other genres in works that are traditionally referred to as Minor Works.
Differential expression of lactic acid isomers, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 in vaginal fluid from women with vaginal disorders
Authors: Beghini J , Linhares IM , Giraldo PC , Ledger WJ , Witkin SS 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveDo metabolites in vaginal samples vary between women with different vaginal disorders.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingCampinas, Brazil.SampleSeventy‐seven women (39.9%) with no vaginal disorder, 52 women (26.9%) with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 43 women (22.3%) with bacterial vaginosis (BV), and 21 women (10.9%) with cytolytic vaginosis (CTV).MethodConcentrations of d‐ and l‐lactic acid, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8), and the influence of Candida albicans on EMMPRIN production by cultured vaginal epithelial cells, were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations were determined by the Mann–Whitney U‐test and by Spearman's rank correlation test.Main outcome measuresMetabolite levels and their correlation with diagnoses.ResultsVaginal concentrations of d‐ and l‐lactic acid were reduced from control levels in BV (P < 0.0001); l‐lactic acid levels were elevated in CTV (P = 0.0116). EMMPRIN and MMP‐8 concentrations were elevated in VVC (P < 0.0001). EMMPRIN and l‐lactic acid concentrations (P ≤ 0.008), but not EMMPRIN and d‐lactic acid, were correlated in all groups. EMMPRIN also increased in proportion with the ratio of l‐ to d‐lactic acid in controls and in women with BV (P ≤ 0.009). Concentrations of EMMPRIN and MMP‐8 were correlated in controls and women with VVC (P ≤ 0.0002). Candida albicans induced EMMPRIN release from vaginal epithelial cells.ConclusionsVaginal secretions from women with BV are deficient in d‐ and l‐lactic acid, women with VVC have elevated EMMPRIN and MMP‐8 levels, and women with CTV have elevated l‐lactic acid levels. These deviations may contribute to the clinical signs, symptoms, and sequelae that are characteristic of these disorders.