bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF FORCE AND FIREARMS BY PRIVATE MARITIME SECURITY COMPANIES AGAINST SUSPECTED PIRATES
Authors: Petrig Anna 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe legal framework pertaining to the use of private armed guards protecting merchant ships from Somalia-based piracy is complex, sometimes ambiguous, and currently in a state of flux. Against the background that commercial shipping increasingly relies on Private Maritime Security Companies and that various regulatory projects on the subject matter are underway, this article sketches out what domestic and international rules govern the use of force and firearms by private armed guards on board merchant ships today. It concludes that at this juncture an effort to coordinate this legal framework is necessary, both regarding the interpretation of existing rules and the creation of new norms.
THE ENDURING VULNERABILITY OF MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS IN EUROPE
Authors: Murphy Clíodhna 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWhile the rights of domestic workers are expanding in international law, including through the adoption of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention in 2011, migrant domestic workers remain particularly vulnerable to employment-related abuse and exploitation. This article explores the intersection of the employment law and migration law regimes applicable to migrant domestic workers in the United Kingdom, France and Ireland. The article suggests that the precarious immigration status of many migrant domestic workers renders employment protections, such as they exist in each jurisdiction, largely illusory in practice for this group of workers. The labour standards contained in the Domestic Workers Convention, together with the recommendations of the UN Committee on Migrant Workers on the features of an appropriate immigration regime for migrant domestic workers, are identified as providing an alternative normative model for national regulatory frameworks.
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ‘SUPRA-CONSTITUTIONAL’ LIMITS ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Authors: Roznai Yaniv 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines whether there are any limitations on constitutional amendment powers that are external to the constitutional system and above it—‘supra-constitutional’ limits. It considers the theory and practice of the relationship between natural law, international law or other supranational law, and domestic constitutional law in a comparative prism. After considering the alleged supremacy of supranational law over constitutional amendments, the author explores the problem of the relationship between the different legal orders in the external/internal juridical spheres, and the important potential and actual role of national courts in ‘domesticating’ supranational law and enforcing its supremacy. It is claimed that despite the growing influence of supranational law, state practice demonstrates that constitutional law is still generally superior to international law, and even when the normative hierarchical superiority of supranational law is recognized within the domestic legal order, this supremacy derives not from supranational law as a separate legal order, but rather from the constitution itself. Therefore, it is claimed that existing practice regarding arguments of ‘supra-constitutional’ limitations are better described by explicit or implicit limitations within the constitution itself, through which supranational standards can be infused to serve as valid limitations on constitutional amendment powers.
Free fat grafting in superficial parotid surgery to prevent Frey's syndrome and improve aesthetic outcome
Authors: Chan L S , Barakate M S , Havas T E 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground:Frey's syndrome and cosmesis are important considerations in parotid surgery. Placement of an interpositional barrier can prevent these complications; however, surgical technique and efficacy remain controversial.Methods:A prospective case series was collected comprising all patients undergoing primary superficial parotidectomy for benign pathology with abdominal free fat grafting between June 2007 and December 2010, performed by a single surgeon. A survey was also distributed to otorhinolaryngology consultants across Australia to assess current practice.Results:Twenty-eight patients were included. No patient had clinical symptoms of Frey's syndrome. Seventy-five per cent of patients were completely satisfied with their aesthetic outcome, 18 per cent scored 4/5 and the remaining 7 per cent (2 patients) scored 3/5. The survey revealed that 79 per cent of respondents did not use interpositional grafts.Conclusion:Abdominal free fat is ideal for grafting as it is an effective, safe, simple, accessible, fast and inexpensive method of providing an interpositional graft.
Detection of circulating tumour cells with the CellSearch system in patients with advanced-stage head and neck cancer: preliminary results
Authors: He S , Li P , He S , Long T , Zhang N , Fang J , Yu Z 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjective:To assess the feasibility and clinical value of using the CellSearch system to detect circulating tumour cells in patients with advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:Circulating tumour cells were isolated and counted via positive selection utilising magnetically labelled anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule and immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratin. The correlation between circulating tumour cell presence and clinical features was evaluated in nine patients newly diagnosed with advanced-stage (stage III or IV) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Results:Circulating tumour cells were detected in three of the nine patients (33 per cent). Circulating tumour cell positivity was more prevalent in node stage 2 to 3 patients (3 of 5, 60 per cent) than node stage 0 to 1 patients (0 of 4, 0 per cent). Recurrent or progressive disease was observed in only one of the six patients (17 per cent) without circulating tumour cells, compared with two of the three patients (67 per cent) with circulating tumour cells.Conclusion:In this preliminary study, circulating tumour cells were successfully isolated in patients with advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, using the CellSearch system. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the prognostic significance of circulating tumour cells.
Unilateral hemiplegia: a unique complication of septoplasty
Authors: D'Ascanio L , Cappiello L , Piazza F 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground:Septoplasty is one of the most common otolaryngological operations. It is often dismissed as a simple procedure, despite the wide range of potential complications. We describe the first reported case of unilateral hemiplegia as a complication of septoplasty.Methods and results:A 51-year-old man presented with right hemiplegia following a septoplasty and turbinoplasty procedure carried out elsewhere. Cranial imaging showed a breakthrough fracture of the left sphenoid sinus anterior wall and clivus, with a haemorrhagic area in the left paramedian pons, which was responsible for the patient's right hemiplegia. Despite neurological and physiotherapeutic rehabilitation, the patient gained only partial recovery from his right hemiplegia.Conclusion:Good intra-operative visualisation and appropriate surgical technique are essential to prevent complications and achieve a functional nasal airway. The importance of the presented case to the pre-operative informed consent process is underlined.
Motivations for Relativism as a Solution to Disagreements
Authors: Hales Steven D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThere are five basic ways to resolve disagreements: keep arguing until capitulation, compromise, locate an ambiguity or contextual factors, accept Pyrrhonian skepticism, and adopt relativism. Relativism is perhaps the most radical and least popular solution to a disagreement, and its defenders generally think the best motivator for relativism is to be found in disputes over predicates of personal taste. I argue that taste predicates do not adequately motivate relativism over the other possible solutions, and argue that relativism looks like the most promising approach when disputants cannot even agree on the meta-evidence for a contested proposition.
Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective
Authors: Venables N. C. , Hall J. R. , Patrick C. J. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes the disorder in terms of three distinguishable phenotypic facets: disinhibition, meanness and boldness. The present study sought to (1) inform current debates regarding the role of boldness in the definition of psychopathy and (2) clarify boundaries between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).MethodThis study evaluated the degree to which facets of the triarchic model are represented in the most widely used clinical inventory for psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R), in comparison with ASPD as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Adult male offenders from two distinct correctional settings (n = 157 and 169) were investigated to ensure replicability of findings across samples exhibiting high base rates of psychopathy and antisocial behavior.ResultsWe found evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three triarchic facets in predicting symptomatic components of psychopathy as assessed by the PCL-R. Additionally, and crucially vis-à-vis current debates in the field, we found that boldness contributed incrementally (over and above disinhibition and meanness) to prediction of PCL-R psychopathy, in particular its interpersonal style component, but not ASPD.ConclusionsThe three distinct facets of the triarchic model of psychopathy are represented clearly and distinctly in the PCL-R, with boldness through its interpersonal facet, but not in DSM-defined ASPD. Our findings suggest that boldness is central to diagnostic conceptions of psychopathy and distinguishes psychopathy from the more prevalent diagnosis of ASPD.
A prospective latent analysis study of Axis I psychiatric co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder
Authors: Melartin T. , Mantere O. , Ketokivi M , Isometsä E. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundWe tested the degree to which longitudinal observations fit two hypotheses of psychiatric co-morbidity in DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) among adult patients: (1) Axis I co-morbidity is dependent on major depressive episode (MDE) course, and (2) Axis I co-morbidity is independent of MDE course.MethodIn the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS), 269 psychiatric secondary-care patients with a DSM-IV MDD were evaluated with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) at intake and at 6 and 18 months. Three evaluations of co-morbidity were available for 193 out of 259 living patients (75%). A latent curve model (LCM) was used to examine individual-level changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms across time. Outcome of MDD was modeled in terms of categorical DSM-IV diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores, and co-morbidity in terms of categorical DSM-IV anxiety and alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnoses and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores.ResultsDepression and anxiety correlated cross-sectionally at baseline. Longitudinally, changes in depression and anxiety correlated in both the 0–6 and 6–18 months time windows. Higher baseline depression raised the likelihood of an AUD at 6 months, and patients with more depressive symptoms in the 0–6 months time window were more likely to have had an AUD at 6 months, which further linked to less improvement in depression symptoms in the 6–18 months time window.ConclusionsLongitudinal and individual-level courses of both internalizing and externalizing disorders in adult patients with MDD seem to be dependent, albeit to differing degrees, on the course of depressive symptoms.
Reliability of temperature determination from curve-fitting in multi-wavelength pyrometery
Authors: Ni P.A. , More R.M. , Bieniosek F.M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the reliability of a widely used method for temperature determination by multi-wavelength pyrometry. In recent warm dense matter experiments with ion-beam heated metal foils, we found that the statistical quality of the fit to the measured data is not necessarily a measure of the accuracy of the inferred temperature. We found a specific example where a second-best fit leads to a more realistic temperature value. The physics issue is the wavelength-dependent emissivity of the hot surface. We discuss improvements of the multi-frequency pyrometry technique, which will give a more reliable determination of the temperature from emission data.
Recurrent axon collaterals of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
Authors: JOO HANNAH R. , PETERSON BETH B. , DACEY DENNIS M. , HATTAR SAMER , CHEN SHIH-KUO 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, have axons that project via the optic nerve to diverse targets in the brain. Typically, RGC axons do not branch before exiting the retina and thus do not provide it with synaptic feedback. Although a small subset of RGCs with intraretinal axon collaterals has been previously observed in human, monkey, cat, and turtle, their function remains unknown. A small, more recently identified population of RGCs expresses the photopigment melanopsin. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) transmit an irradiance-coding signal to visual nuclei in the brain, contributing both to image-forming vision and to several nonimage-forming functions, including circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. In this study, using melanopsin immunolabeling in monkey and a genetic method to sparsely label the melanopsin cells in mouse, we show that a subgroup of ipRGCs have axons that branch en route to the optic disc, forming intraretinal axon collaterals that terminate in the inner plexiform layer of the retina. The previously described collateral-bearing population identified by intracellular dye injection is anatomically indistinguishable from the collateral-bearing melanopsin cells identified here, suggesting they are a subset of the melanopsin-expressing RGC type and may therefore share its functional properties. Identification of an anatomically distinct subpopulation in mouse, monkey, and human suggests this pathway may be conserved in these and other species (turtle and cat) with intraretinal axon collaterals. We speculate that ipRGC axon collaterals constitute a likely synaptic pathway for feedback of an irradiance signal to modulate retinal light responses.
Safety by design: engineers and entrepreneurs invent fire safety in Mexico City, 1860–1910
Authors: ALEXANDER ANNA ROSE 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines fire-safety innovations (safety matches, extinguishers and hydrants) from professional engineers and lay inventors in Mexico City from 1860–1910. With a drastic increase in the frequency and intensity of fires in the capital, engineers and entrepreneurs saw fire hazards as business opportunities. Global trends that promoted patenting new technologies spurred entrepreneurs and professionals alike to transform the capital into an epicentre of innovation aimed at making the city safer. Their inventions marked the city with visible signs of technological change and reminded residents that fire was a real threat to urban life.
John Voelcker, Team 10 founder member: a view from the practice
Authors: Carolin Peter 
Published: July 2013

Aldo van Eyck, in an interview twenty-five years after John Voelcker died [1], remembered him as follows:There were, of course, other highly interesting men in Team 10, for their personality and intellect and passion; one of them was John Voelcker. He really thought about the great problems of urbanism. He was one of the first people, in Aix already, who talked about quantity, number and identity and in such a way that I thought ‘hey, now I have a new scale; somebody is tuned in rather differently, with a completely other approach […]He wasn't the kind of person to organise himself to build. He did build several things, but not much. He was younger […] and anyway with the kind of ideas he had it wasn't easy to hook onto British building practice. His ideas went very far, though they were not utopian. John was a quintessential Team 10 thinker. He was urbanistically the best of the Team 10 thinkers, by far. He knew a lot, he was interesting, inclined and open.
Dietary intake and body composition in HIV-positive and -negative South African women
Authors: Wrottesley Stephanie V , Micklesfield Lisa K , Hamill Matthew M , Goldberg Gail R , Prentice Ann , Pettifor John M , Norris Shane A , Feeley Alison B 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper examines dietary intake and body composition in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative South African women, as well as the impact of disease severity on these variables.DesignBaseline data from a longitudinal study assessing bone health in HIV-negative and HIV-positive premenopausal South African women over 18 years of age were used. Anthropometry and body composition, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were analysed together with dietary intake data assessed using an interviewer-based quantitative FFQ.SettingSoweto, Johannesburg, South Africa.SubjectsBlack, urban South African women were divided into three groups: (i) HIV-negative (HIV−; n 98); (ii) HIV-positive with preserved CD4 counts (HIV+ non-ARV; n 74); and (iii) HIV-positive with low CD4 counts and due to start ARV treatment (HIV+ pre-ARV; n 75).ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was high in this population (59 %). The HIV+ pre-ARV group was lighter and had a lower BMI than the other two groups (all P < 0·001). HIV+ pre-ARV women also had lower fat and lean masses and percentage body fat than their HIV− and HIV+ non-ARV counterparts. After adjustment, there were no differences in macronutrient intakes across study groups; however, fat and sugar intakes were high and consumption of predominantly refined food items was common overall.ConclusionHIV-associated immunosuppression may be a key determinant of body composition in HIV-positive women. However, in populations with high obesity prevalence, these differences become evident only at advanced stages of infection.
Jugendliche Übersetzer
Authors: Schulz Sebastian , Titzmann Peter F. , Michel Andrea 
Published: July 2013

Jugendliche Migranten übersetzen häufig für ihre Eltern, was auch als Language Brokering (LB) bezeichnet wird. Ziel dieser Studie war es, herauszufinden inwieweit demographische, akkulturative und familiäre Prädiktoren mit LB in Zusammenhang stehen, inwiefern LB mit internalisierten Verhaltensproblemen verbunden ist, und ob das Alter der Jugendlichen diesen Zusammenhang moderiert. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 119 Dyaden jugendlicher Migranten aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in Deutschland (mittleres Alter = 15 Jahre 10 Monate, 61 % weiblich) sowie deren Müttern. LB wurde häufiger von Jugendlichen berichtet, die älter waren, eine positivere Einstellung zum Übersetzen hatten, deren Mütter schlechtere Deutschkenntnisse und weniger deutsche Bekannte angaben und deren Familie nicht intakt war. Bei jüngeren Jugendlichen war LB mit mehr internalisierten Problemen assoziiert, bei älteren hingegen nicht. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass vor allem jüngere Jugendliche durch Übersetzungsaufgaben überfordert sind, wahrscheinlich weil ihre sozialen und kognitiven Fähigkeiten den Anforderungen noch nicht gewachsen sind.
Identification and characterization of mitochondrial Mia40 as an iron–sulfur protein
Authors: Spiller Michael P. , Ang Swee Kim , Ceh-Pavia Efrain , Fisher Karl , Wang Qi , Rigby Stephen E. J. , Lu Hui 
Published: July 2013

Mia40 is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that plays an essential role in the import and oxidative folding of many proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Mia40 uses its redox active CPC motif to shuttle disulfides between its client proteins (newly imported proteins) and the thiol oxidase Erv1. As a thiol oxidoreductase, no cofactor was found in Mia40, nor is a cofactor required for this function. In the present study we, for the first time based on both in vitro and in vivo studies, show that yeast Mia40 can exist as an Fe–S (iron–sulfur) protein as well. We show that Mia40 binds a [2Fe–2S] cluster in a dimer form with the cluster co-ordinated by the cysteine residues of the CPC motifs. The biological relevance of the cofactor binding was confirmed in vivo by cysteine redox state and iron uptake analyses, which showed that a significant amount of cellular Mia40 binds iron in vivo. Furthermore, our oxygen consumption results suggested that the Fe–S-containing Mia40 is not an electron donor for Erv1. Thus we conclude that Mia40 is a novel Fe–S protein with a new cluster-binding motif (CPC), and apart from the thiol oxidoreductase activity, Mia40 may have another important, as yet undefined, function in cells.
Weather measurement system using near‐infrared differential spectroscopy
Authors: Mizumoto I. , Yoshi Y. , Oguma H. , Tsukada A. , Sakai S. 
Published: July 2013

A weather measurement system was constructed using near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes and indium gallium arsenide photodiodes for the 1–2 µm near‐infrared region. The difference in the absorbance of water for near‐infrared light at wavelengths of 945 and 1450 nm was used to distinguish between three different precipitation types: snow, sleet and rain. From the ratio of the number of generated light absorption events at the two wavelengths, a distinction between snow, sleet and rain events was demonstrated. The judgement results by this system were consistent with those obtained from the meteorological observatory weather database.
Four‐channel MIMO antenna for WLAN using hybrid structure
Authors: Kim J. , Ju J. , Eom S. , Song M. , Kim N. 
Published: July 2013

A hybrid structure consisting of a printed cross dipole and annular ring antennas with a pattern and polarisation diversity for a four‐channel multiple input multiple output system operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) (2.34–2.54 GHz) is presented. The entire antenna size is only 88 × 88 × 44 mm. The envelope correlation coefficient and mean effective gain are computed using measured far‐field radiation patterns. The measured − 10 dB impedance frequency bandwidths of the proposed antenna cover the whole operation bandwidths of wireless LAN with an isolation of less than − 15 dB.
Coupling of terahertz radiation to metallic wire using end‐fire technique
Authors: Edelmann A. , Moeller L. , Jahns J. 
Published: July 2013

Coupling of THz radiation at 625 GHz onto a copper wire is demonstrated. The end‐fire technique is used in combination with an axicon to excite the azimuthally polarised surface plasmon polaritons on the wire‘s front facet. A small lateral offset of the wire relative to the optical axis is used to achieve significant plasmon excitation. Coupling efficiencies of about 17% were measured. The coupling mechanism is discussed theoretically using the overlap integral and verify plasmonic excitation and propagation by measuring the radiated field at the wire end.
Footwear‐centric body area network with directional UWB antenna
Authors: Gaetano D. , Sipal V. , McEvoy P. , Ammann M.J. , Brannigan C. , Keating L. , Horgan F. 
Published: July 2013

A footwear‐centric body area network employing a directional antenna is compared with waist‐centric systems using omnidirectional and directional antennas. The effect of body movements on path gain is analysed for two bands at 3.99 and 7.99 GHz. The path gain and data rate results demonstrate that footwear‐centric configurations are equivalent to or better than waist‐centric body area networks.