bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adherence‐enhancing interventions for highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected patients – a systematic review
Authors: Mathes T , Pieper D , Antoine S‐L , Eikermann M 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThe objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of adherence‐enhancing interventions for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV‐infected patients in developed countries.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed (January 2001 to May 2012) in EMBASE, including MEDLINE records, CENTRAL and PsycInfo. Trials meeting the following predefined inclusion criteria were included: adult patients with an HIV infection treated with HAART, an intervention to enhance patient adherence, adherence as the outcome, clinical outcomes, randomized controlled trial (RCT), article written in English or German, patient enrolment after 2001, and trial conducted in World Health Organization (WHO) stratum A. Selection was performed by two reviewers independently. All relevant data on patient characteristics, interventions, adherence measures and results were extracted in standardized tables. The methodological trial quality was evaluated by two reviewers independently. All discrepancies were discussed until a consensus was reached. A meta‐analysis could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of trials.ResultsIn total, 21 trials fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Of 21 trials, only one that examined motivational interviewing for alcohol‐dependent patients showed statistically significant results for adherence rates and viral load in favour of the intervention. One trial showed a statistically significant clinical effect of the intervention; however, inconsistent results were presented for adherence depending on the underlying adherence definition. The results of the remaining 19 trials were not statistically significant or were conflicting for adherence and/or clinical outcomes. However, the methodological trial quality was low.ConclusionsIt is not possible to definitively assess the effectiveness of adherence‐enhancing interventions. However, it appears that most adherence interventions have no effect.
Emergency department (ED) utilization by HIV‐infected ED patients in the United States in 2009 and 2010 – a national estimation
Authors: Mohareb AM , Rothman RE , Hsieh Y‐H 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe the emergency department (ED) resource utilization patterns of ED visits by patients reported to be HIV‐infected in the USA in 2009 and 2010 and to compare them with those of the general ED patient population.MethodsWe identified demographics, HIV infection status, and ED utilization patterns in 2009 and 2010 from a weighted sample of US ED visits using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative survey. Data on visits by patients aged ≥ 13 years were analysed using procedures for multiple‐stage survey data.ResultsIn 2009 and 2010, 1 192 535 visits were documented for HIV‐infected patients. The estimated annual ED visit rates were 633 per 1000 known HIV‐infected persons and 438 per 1000 non‐HIV‐infected persons [rate difference 195; 95% confidence interval (CI) 194, 197]. While no difference was recorded in the level of acuity between HIV‐infected ED patients and general ED patients, the total number of diagnostic/screening services ordered and medications administered in the ED was significantly higher for visits by HIV‐infected patients. HIV‐infected patients making ED visits also had a longer duration of stays [mean 5.4 h (95% CI 4.6, 6.2 h) vs. 3.6 h (95% CI 3.5, 3.8 h) for HIV‐uninfected patients] and were more likely to be admitted [28% (95% CI 22, 34%) vs. 15% (95% CI 14, 16%), respectively] than their non‐HIV‐infected counterparts.ConclusionsED visits by HIV‐infected individuals occur at rates higher than those of visits by the general population, and consume significantly more ED resources than visits by the general population. These national findings represent baseline prior to full implementation of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
‘Similar but Different’ Conversations: Working with Denial in Cases of Severe Child Abuse
Authors: Essex Susie , Gumbleton John 
Published: June 2013

This article describes a particular aspect of a service called ‘Resolutions’ that has been developed at the NSPCC Child and Family Centre in Bristol, England. The Resolutions service works with families where parents and/or carers are disputing responsibility for serious abuse of their children, but where child protection agencies deem at least one of them culpable on a balance of probabilities.The service's general approach to developing partnerships with families is briefly considered, but the article concentrates on a particular approach. This is where parents and/or carers who are disputing abuse of their children roleplay a ‘similar but different’ family. This enables key issues in relation to child abuse to be discussed by the parents and/or carers. It also facilitates the gaining of greater understanding that helps them ensure the future safety of their own and other children.
DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES: DO LIMITED DATA CONSTRAIN INVESTORS?
Authors: Murtazashvili Irina , Vozlyublennaia Nadia 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate that the mean–variance optimal portfolio does not outperform (out of sample) the naive 1/N diversification strategy even if securities are grouped into indexes or broad asset classes. This finding is due to insufficient data on past returns, which limit investors' ability to accurately estimate the means and covariance structure of securities. The resulting high estimation errors eliminate the benefits of using the means and covariance matrix as compared to the naive strategy in portfolio optimization. Using value‐weighted indexes, characteristic‐sorted portfolios, or portfolios defined by principal components as underlying assets in mean–variance optimization does not help. At the same time, increasing data frequency or adding data on past earnings may in some cases make mean–variance optimization useful.
Smoking induced heavy metals and periodontitis: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2010
Authors: Han Dong‐Hun , Lee Hye‐Ju , Lim Sinye 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimExposure to hazardous heavy metals such as cadmium and lead may contribute to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the periodontal tissue. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum cadmium and lead levels and periodontitis.Materials & MethodsPooled cross‐sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2010 were used. Periodontitis was defined as WHO community periodontal index. Active smokers were defined as self‐reported current smokers or those with measured urine cotinine ≥164 ng/ml measurements. Serum cadmium and lead levels were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for periodontitis.ResultsThe mean cadmium and lead levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared with control population. A progressive increase in serum heavy metals were found as the number of sextants with periodontitis. The ORs for periodontitis were significantly associated with serum cadmium (OR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.00–1.87) and lead levels (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.15–2.21). The association between periodontitis and smoking was attenuated after adjusting for serum cadmium concentration.ConclusionsWe demonstrated a significant association between periodontitis and serum cadmium and lead concentrations. Cadmium appeared to partially mediate the association between smoking and periodontitis.
Predicting outcomes following cognitive behaviour therapy in child anxiety disorders: the influence of genetic, demographic and clinical information
Authors: Hudson Jennifer L. , Lester Kathryn J. , Lewis Cathryn M. , Tropeano Maria , Creswell Cathy , Collier David A. , Cooper Peter , Lyneham Heidi J. , Morris Talia , Rapee Ronald M. , Roberts Susanna , Donald Jennifer A. , Eley Thalia C. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundWithin a therapeutic gene by environment (G × E) framework, we recently demonstrated that variation in the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism; 5HTTLPR and marker rs6330 in Nerve Growth Factor gene; NGF is associated with poorer outcomes following cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for child anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to explore one potential means of extending the translational reach of G × E data in a way that may be clinically informative. We describe a ‘risk‐index’ approach combining genetic, demographic and clinical data and test its ability to predict diagnostic outcome following CBT in anxious children.MethodDNA and clinical data were collected from 384 children with a primary anxiety disorder undergoing CBT. We tested our risk model in five cross‐validation training sets.ResultsIn predicting treatment outcome, six variables had a minimum mean beta value of 0.5:5HTTLPR, NGF rs6330, gender, primary anxiety severity, comorbid mood disorder and comorbid externalising disorder. A risk index (range 0–8) constructed from these variables had moderate a predictive ability (AUC = .62–.69) in this study. Children scoring high on this index (5–8) were approximately three times as likely to retain their primary anxiety disorder at follow‐up as compared with those children scoring 2 or less.ConclusionSignificant genetic, demographic and clinical predictors of outcome following CBT for anxiety‐disordered children were identified. Combining these predictors within a risk index could be used to identify which children are less likely to be diagnosis‐free following CBT alone and require longer or enhanced treatment. The ‘risk‐index’ approach represents one means of harnessing the translational potential of G × E data.
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and p63 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Varun B.R. , Ranganathan K. , Rao Umadevi K. , Joshua Elizabeth 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may be preceded by potentially malignant disorders such as leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). p63 in concert with p53 regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and may have a role in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the expression of p53 and p63 proteins in OSCC, leukoplakia, and OSF by immunohistochemistry (IHC).MethodsTissue sections of OSCC (n = 20), leukoplakia (n = 20), OSF (n = 20) and normal oral mucosa (n = 10) were stained with p53 and p63 antibodies by IHC. Mean labeling index (LI) among the study groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test.ResultsThe mean LI of p53 for OSCC, leukoplakia, OSF, and normal mucosa were 56.9 ± 21.3, 37.6 ± 12.6, 34.6 ± 8.7 and 15.1 ± 9, while mean LI of p63 were 56.8 ± 19.6, 42.3 ± 10.5, 32.8 ± 12.1, and 26.4 ± 9.4. The mean LI of p53 and p63 were significantly higher in OSCC, leukoplakia and OSF compared to normal mucosa (P < 0.01; P < 0.01).ConclusionThe significant increase in expression of p53 and p63 proteins in OSCC, leukoplakia, and OSF suggests their role as surrogate markers of malignant transformation.
Public Versus Private Provision of Public Goods
Authors: SLAVOV SITA NATARAJ 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIt is well known that public goods are underprovided in a static setting with voluntary contributions. Public provision—in a median voter framework with proportional taxation—generally exceeds private provision. This paper compares private and public provision of public goods in a dynamic setting. In a dynamic setting, voluntary donations can result in efficient provision. Also, majority‐rule solutions exist even when taxes are not proportional to income. At low discount factors, public provision tends to exceed private provision. As patience increases, however, private provision may exceed public provision. This occurs because many outcomes with a low level of public good provision—and potentially large targeted transfer payments to particular individuals—become sustainable under public provision. Under private provision, however, large targeted transfers are unsustainable. To finance the public good, private provision tends to result in benefit taxation, and public provision tends to result in progressive taxation.
NO‐ARBITRAGE PRICING FOR DIVIDEND‐PAYING SECURITIES IN DISCRETE‐TIME MARKETS WITH TRANSACTION COSTS
Authors: Bielecki Tomasz R. , Cialenco Igor , Rodriguez Rodrigo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe prove a version of First Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing under transaction costs for discrete‐time markets with dividend‐paying securities. Specifically, we show that the no‐arbitrage condition under the efficient friction assumption is equivalent to the existence of a risk‐neutral measure. We derive dual representations for the superhedging ask and subhedging bid price processes of a contingent claim contract. Our results are illustrated with a vanilla credit default swap contract.
Petrography and geochemistry of impactites and volcanic bedrock in the ICDP drill core D1c from Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia
Authors: Raschke Ulli , Schmitt Ralf T. , Reimold W. Uwe 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe 3.6 Ma old and 18 km diameter El'gygytgyn impact structure in NE Siberia was drilled in 2008/09 by ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program). A 517 m long core hole (D1c) was drilled into the outer flank of the central uplift structure, with an overall core recovery of approximately 63%. Thereby, approximately 315 m lake sediments and approximately 202 m impactites were recovered. Here, we present a detailed petrographic and geochemical assessment of the impact breccia and bedrock sections in this core. The 97 m long lower bedrock unit (517–420 m below lake floor [blf]) consists of an ignimbrite. In the overlying upper bedrock unit (420–390 mblf), the core recovered a sequence of similar ignimbrite and several decimeters of mafic rocks. We interpret these units as rocks that are located close to their former, preimpact position, but have been somewhat rotated due to collapse of the central uplift (i.e., it represents parautochthonous basement). From about 390 to 328 mblf occurs a suevite package with an impact melt poor, clast‐dominated matrix, and lithic and mineral clasts that cover the entire range of volcanic target rocks known from the El'gygytgyn region. All stages of shock metamorphism (unshocked to melted) were observed in clasts, and in microclasts of the matrix, of suevite from different depths. Immediately below this package, at the contact to the underlying bedrock, occurs a 1 m wide sheared zone within vitrophyric ignimbrite, which we consider the actual crater floor. The uppermost approximately 12 m, from 328–316 mblf depth, seem to comprise reworked suevite, consisting of a mixture of sediments and suevite with more and, on average, stronger shocked minerals than found in the main suevite unit. This includes a small component of glassy spherules and impact melt fragments. Toward the top of this unit, lake sediments progressively become the dominant material in this section. We assume that this unit contains a fallback component from the ejecta plume that was mixed with the first sediments of the postimpact crater lake, and possibly some rocks that slumped off the inner crater wall—similar to a thin layer at the base of the sediment section of borehole LB‐5A recovered in Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana).
Magmatic history and parental melt composition of olivine‐phyric shergottite LAR 06319: Importance of magmatic degassing and olivine antecrysts in Martian magmatism
Authors: Balta J. Brian , Sanborn Matthew , McSween Harry Y. , Wadhwa Meenakshi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSeveral olivine‐phyric shergottites contain enough olivine that they could conceivably represent the products of closed‐system crystallization of primary melts derived from partial melting of the Martian mantle. Larkman Nunatak (LAR) 06319 has been suggested to represent a close approach to a Martian primary liquid composition based on approximate equilibrium between its olivine and groundmass. To better understand the olivine–melt relationship and the evolution of this meteorite, we report the results of new petrographic and chemical analyses. We find that olivine megacryst cores are generally not in equilibrium with the groundmass, but rather have been homogenized by diffusion to Mg# 72. We have identified two unique grain types: an olivine glomerocryst and an olivine grain preserving a primary magmatic boundary that constrains the time scale of eruption to be on the order of hours. We also report the presence of trace oxide phases and phosphate compositions that suggest that the melt contained approximately 1.1% H2O and lost volatiles during cooling, also associated with an increase in oxygen fugacity upon degassing. We additionally report in situ rare earth element measurements of the various mineral phases in LAR 06319. Based on these reported trace element abundances, we estimate the oxygen fugacity in the LAR 06319 parent melt early in its crystallization sequence (i.e., at the time of crystallization of the low‐Ca and high‐Ca pyroxenes), the rare earth element composition of the parent melt, and those of melts in equilibrium with later formed phases. We suggest that LAR 06319 represents the product of closed‐system crystallization within a shallow magma chamber, with additional olivine accumulated from a cumulate pile. We infer that the olivine megacrysts are antecrysts, derived from a single magma chamber, but not directly related to the host magma, and suggest that mixing of antecrysts within magma chambers may be a common process in Martian magmatic systems.
Locke's Reply to the Skeptic
Authors: Weinberg Shelley 
Published: June 2013

AbstractGiven his representationalism how can Locke claim we have sensitive knowledge of the external world? We can see the skeptic as asking two different questions: how we can know the existence of external things, or more specifically how we can know inferentially of the existence of external things. Locke's account of sensitive knowledge, a form of non‐inferential knowledge, answers the first question. All we can achieve by inference is highly probable judgment. Because Locke's theory of knowledge includes both first order psychological and second order normative conditions, sensitive knowledge can be non‐inferential and less certain than intuitive and demonstrative knowledge.
Targeted molecular trait stacking in cotton through targeted double‐strand break induction
Authors: D'Halluin Kathleen , Vanderstraeten Chantal , Van Hulle Jolien , Rosolowska Joanna , Van Den Brande Ilse , Pennewaert Anouk , D'Hont Kristel , Bossut Martine , Jantz Derek , Ruiter Rene , Broadhvest Jean 
Published: June 2013

SummaryRecent developments of tools for targeted genome modification have led to new concepts in how multiple traits can be combined. Targeted genome modification is based on the use of nucleases with tailor‐made specificities to introduce a DNA double‐strand break (DSB) at specific target loci. A re‐engineered meganuclease was designed for specific cleavage of an endogenous target sequence adjacent to a transgenic insect control locus in cotton. The combination of targeted DNA cleavage and homologous recombination–mediated repair made precise targeted insertion of additional trait genes (hppd, epsps) feasible in cotton. Targeted insertion events were recovered at a frequency of about 2% of the independently transformed embryogenic callus lines. We further demonstrated that all trait genes were inherited as a single genetic unit, which will simplify future multiple‐trait introgression.
Predictive modelling of complex agronomic and biological systems
Authors: KEURENTJES JOOST J. B. , MOLENAAR JAAP , ZWAAN BAS J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBiological systems are tremendously complex in their functioning and regulation. Studying the multifaceted behaviour and describing the performance of such complexity has challenged the scientific community for years. The reduction of real‐world intricacy into simple descriptive models has therefore convinced many researchers of the usefulness of introducing mathematics into biological sciences. Predictive modelling takes such an approach another step further in that it takes advantage of existing knowledge to project the performance of a system in alternating scenarios. The ever growing amounts of available data generated by assessing biological systems at increasingly higher detail provide unique opportunities for future modelling and experiment design. Here we aim to provide an overview of the progress made in modelling over time and the currently prevalent approaches for iterative modelling cycles in modern biology. We will further argue for the importance of versatility in modelling approaches, including parameter estimation, model reduction and network reconstruction. Finally, we will discuss the difficulties in overcoming the mathematical interpretation of in vivo complexity and address some of the future challenges lying ahead.
A Case of Successful Pregnancy in a Ewe with Uterus Didelphys
Authors: Carr DJ , Aitken RP , Milne JS , David AL , Wallace JM 
Published: June 2013

ContentsUterus didelphys is a rare congenital abnormality of the reproductive tract. Although it occurs in various species, there are no published reports describing pregnancy outcome in association with this abnormality. Herein we describe a case of successful unilateral singleton pregnancy in a ewe incidentally found to have uterus didelphys during the course of a biomedical research study. The pregnancy was established using assisted reproductive techniques and interrupted in late gestation, at which point the abnormality was identified. Serial ultrasound assessment of foetal biometry revealed a normal foetal growth trajectory. Despite a 45% reduction in placentome number, total placentome weight was near normal secondary to compensatory placentome growth and development. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of normal foetal growth in an animal with uterus didelphys and illustrates the ability of the ovine placenta to adapt to a reduced number of placentomes and maintain foetal nutrient supply.
Four Core Social‐Psychological Motivations to Undertake Collective Action
Authors: van Zomeren Martijn 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCollective action against collective disadvantage is a theoretically and socially relevant phenomenon that has received increased scientific attention in recent years. Because recent work combines different theoretical traditions, the last decade can be rightly called an ‘age of integration’. In this article, I take stock and look ahead by briefly reviewing four core social‐psychological motivations for undertaking collective action (based on identity, morality, emotion, and efficacy). I then review recent accumulating evidence for an encompassing social‐psychological model of collective action that integrates all four core motivations. Based on this model's shortcomings, I close by calling for an ‘age of innovation’ for which I propose a theoretical and research agenda.