bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation into Drug-Resistant Mutations of HBV from 845 Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue-Naive Chinese Patients with Chronic HBV Infection
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Liu Yan , Zhao Pan , Wang Yan , Chen Li , Xin Shaojie , Zhang Xin-Xin , Xu Dongping 
Published: July 2014

Background This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of drug-resistant HBV in nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (NA)-naive Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection in real clinical practice. Methods A total of 845 NA-naive patients who were admitted to Beijing 302 Hospital between July 2007 and March 2012 were included in the study. HBV drug-resistant mutations were examined by direct sequencing of the viral reverse transcriptase gene and verified by clonal sequencing. Phenotypic analysis of viral replication capacity and drug susceptibility were performed by measuring viral replicative intermediate level in 1.1-mer mutant or wild-type HBV amplicon-transfected HepG2 cells in absence or presence of serially diluted drugs. Results Drug-resistant mutations were detected in 2.01% (17/845) of the patients by direct sequencing, including 15 with lamivudine-resistant mutations (rtM204V, rtM204I), one with adefovir-resistant mutation (rtA181V), and one with both lamivudine- and adefovir-resistant mutations (rtA181V, rtM204I). Clonal sequencing identified 13 drug-resistant HBV strains: rtL80I+M204I, rtL80I+M204V, rtL180M+M204I, rtL180M+M204V, rtM204I, rtM204V, rtL80I+L180M+M204I, rtL80I+L180M+M204V, rtA181V, rtA181V+M204I, rtA181T+N236T, rtA181V+N236T and rtN236T. Phenotypic analysis showed that two preexisting lamivudine-resistant strains (rtL80I+M204I, rtL180M+M204V) had >1,000-fold resistance to lamivudine, and one pre-existing adefovir-resistant strain (rtA181V+N236T) had 15.4-fold resistance to adefovir compared with the wild-type strain. A follow-up study showed that the presence of pre-existing rtM204I strain in one patient increased from 20% at baseline to 85% after 13 months of entecavir treatment with corresponding recession of wild-type strain in the viral pool. Conclusions The incidence of drug-resistant HBV mutations was low in NA-naive Chinese HBV-infected patients. Pre-existing mutants had similar resistance characteristics to those from NA refractory patients.
La stratégie en théories
Authors: Desportes Vincent 
Published: July 2014

Le terme « stratégie » remonte à l’Antiquité grecque et sa signification a évolué avec le temps. S’il est aujourd’hui galvaudé et utilisé dans tous les domaines, il a précédemment fait l’objet d’essais de définition par les plus grands penseurs de la guerre. Ces derniers s’accordent sur le fait que la stratégie suppose une finalité et un adversaire. Pour atteindre son but en dépit des actions adverses, le stratège a besoin de liberté d’action et doit faire preuve d’une grande faculté d’adaptation. politique étrangère
Les relations entre le Saint-Siège et la République populaire de Chine
Authors: McFeat Raphaël 
Published: July 2014

L’Église catholique de Chine est divisée en deux branches : l’une encadrée par le Parti communiste et largement indépendante du Saint-Siège ; l’autre placée sous l’autorité du pape et brimée par le gouvernement de Pékin qui rejette toute forme d’ingérence. Le remplacement de Benoît XVI par François a suscité des espoirs de normalisation des relations entre le siège apostolique et la Chine. Toutefois, le nouveau pape affichera probablement la même fermeté que son prédécesseur à l’égard de Pékin. politique étrangère
Differential Requirement for CCR4 and CCR7 during the Development of Innate and Adaptive αβT Cells in the Adult Thymus
Authors: Cowan Jennifer E. , McCarthy Nicholas I. , Parnell Sonia M. , White Andrea J. , Bacon Andrea , Serge Arnauld , Irla Magali , Lane Peter J. L. , Jenkinson Eric J. , Jenkinson William E. , Anderson Graham 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
αβT cell development depends upon serial migration of thymocyte precursors through cortical and medullary microenvironments, enabling specialized stromal cells to provide important signals at specific stages of their development. Although conventional αβT cells are subject to clonal deletion in the medulla, entry into the thymus medulla also fosters αβT cell differentiation. For example, during postnatal periods, the medulla is involved in the intrathymic generation of multiple αβT cell lineages, notably the induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell development and the completion of invariant NKT cell development. Although migration of conventional αβT cells to the medulla is mediated by the chemokine receptor CCR7, how other T cell subsets gain access to medullary areas during their normal development is not clear. In this study, we show that combining a panel of thymocyte maturation markers with cell surface analysis of CCR7 and CCR4 identifies distinct stages in the development of multiple αβT cell lineages in the thymus. Although Aire regulates expression of the CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22, we show that CCR4 is dispensable for thymocyte migration and development in the adult thymus, demonstrating defective T cell development in Aire−/− mice is not because of a loss of CCR4-mediated migration. Moreover, we reveal that CCR7 controls the development of invariant NKT cells by enabling their access to IL-15 trans-presentation in the thymic medulla and influences the balance of early and late intrathymic stages of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell development. Collectively, our data identify novel roles for CCR7 during intrathymic T cell development, highlighting its importance in enabling multiple αβT cell lineages to access the thymic medulla.
Bilateral Carotid Paraganglioma: Surgery and Radiotherapy
Authors: Kiziltan Huriye S. , Ozucer Berke , Eris Ali H. , Veyseller Bayram 
Published: July 2014

Background Paragangliomas are relatively rare vascular tumors that develop from the neural crest cells of carotid bifurcation. They usually present as slow-growing, painless unilateral neck masses; bilateral presentation is rare and is mostly associated with familial forms. Bilateral total resection is not always possible for high-grade bilateral tumors, and radiotherapy is a good alternative, with cure rates similar to surgery. Case Report A 35-year-old female patient was admitted with a chief complaint of a bilateral, painless mass located on her neck. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiographic imaging revealed bilateral hypervascular masses surrounding her carotid at 360°, and they were interpreted as stage 3 carotid paragangliomas according to the Shamblin classification protocol. Surgery was carried out on the left carotid paraganglioma and the mass was totally resected. It was thought that the patient could not tolerate bilateral surgery. Primary radiotherapy was planned on the right carotid paraganglioma: 59.8 gray (Gy) conformal, Linac-based multileaf collimator radiotherapy with a 180 cGy daily dosage, and five fractions per week were planned. Results Follow-up at 3 months following the conclusion of radiotherapy revealed no significant regression. A follow-up MRI 6 months and 24 months later revealed 59% regression. Grade 2 esophagitis and minimal neck edema were the only complications noted during the course of radiotherapy and during the 24-month follow-up period. No complications or relapse were observed except for edema following neck surgery.
Evaluating Simulation-Based ACLS Education on Patient Outcomes: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Han Jenny E. , Trammell Antoine R. , Finklea James D. , Udoji Timothy N. , Dressler Daniel D. , Honig Eric G. , Abraham Prasad , Ander Douglas S. , Cotsonis George A. , Martin Greg S. , Schulman David A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Simulation training is widely accepted as an effective teaching tool, especially for dealing with high-risk situations.

Objective
We assessed whether standardized, simulation-based advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) training improved performance in managing simulated and actual cardiac arrests.

Methods
A total of 103 second- and third-year internal medicine residents were randomized to 2 groups. The first group underwent conventional ACLS training. The second group underwent two 2 1/2-hour sessions of standardized simulation ACLS teaching. The groups were assessed by evaluators blinded to their assignment during in-hospital monthly mock codes and actual inpatient code sheets at 3 large academic hospitals. Primary outcomes were time to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, time to administration of first epinephrine/vasopressin, time to delivery of first defibrillation, and adherence to American Heart Association guidelines.

Results
There were no differences in primary outcomes among the study arms and hospital sites. During 21 mock codes, the most common error was misidentification of the initial rhythm (67% [6 of 9] and 58% [7 of 12] control and simulation arms, respectively, P  =  .70). There were no differences in primary outcome among groups in 147 actual inpatient codes.

Conclusions
This blinded, randomized study found no effect on primary outcomes. A notable finding was the percentage of internal medicine residents who misidentified cardiac arrest rhythms.
Workplace-Based Assessment of Internal Medicine Resident Diagnostic Accuracy
Authors: Jain Michael D. , Tomlinson George A. , Lam Danica , Liu Jessica , Damaraju Deepti , Detsky Allan S. , Devine Luke A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Making an accurate diagnosis is a core skill residents must develop. Assessments of this skill and decisions to grant residents clinical independence often are based on global impressions. A workplace-based assessment of diagnostic accuracy could be a useful part of a competency-based assessment program and could inform decisions about granting residents independence.

Innovation
We developed a method for measuring diagnostic accuracy that was integrated into the workflow of internal medicine residents and attending physicians.

Methods
Four senior medical residents and 6 attending physicians working in the internal medicine clinical teaching unit of a tertiary hospital participated in this study. To determine their diagnostic accuracy, residents documented a leading diagnosis for each patient they evaluated in the emergency department. After reviewing each case with the resident and after examining the patient, the resident's attending physician documented the diagnosis. Discharge diagnosis was determined by retrospective chart review to allow determination of resident and attending physician diagnostic accuracy. Data were collected for 240 consecutive patients referred for a medicine consultation.

Results
Resident diagnostic accuracy was 66% (95% CI 60–72), whereas attending physician accuracy was significantly higher at 79% (95% CI 74–84, P &lt; .001). By logistic regression, the accuracy of the attending physician was found to be influenced by the accuracy of the resident. Participants felt this process motivated them to improve their clinical reasoning.

Conclusions
Measuring resident diagnostic accuracy provides information that could be used in a competency-based assessment program to provide feedback and motivation to stimulate performance improvement.
Absolute Essence of the Suffering Mystic:
Authors: Butcher Jeffrey 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The practices of the suffering mystic provide an opposition to the theory that religion is the alienation of the individual from the self. In this article, I argue that the spiritual autobiography of Elisabeth of Schönau affords us the opportunity to challenge notions of religious self-alienation. By examining the self-inflicted suffering described in Elisabeth's visions, I propose that imitations of the Passion of Christ illustrate a practice that allowed the mystic to (re)gain what I call the “absolute essence” of the self—the rejection of any sort of self-alienation, a place where the subject and object are one. As interest in the Passion grew in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the narratives of Elisabeth's mystical experiences appropriately demonstrate how self-mortification was a means to self-representation.
L’énigme topographique de Gibea
Authors: Lemardelé Christophe 
Published: July 2014

Tout récemment, l’archéologue Israel Finkelstein a récusé l’identification du site de Tell el-Ful comme pouvant être la cité biblique de Gibea. Sans remettre en cause sa lecture de la stratigraphie du site, il apparaît toutefois qu’on ne peut tirer de conclusion définitive à partir des données d’un site confrontées trop directement à ce que dit la Bible. En effet, si l’on procède à une « archéologie » des mentions de la ville dans les textes bibliques, il ressort qu’elle ne fut pas la cité fortifiée de Saül et que le massacre des habitants de Gibea peut être envisagé comme postérieur à ce roi, bouleversant la chronologie biblique habituelle. Pour faire de l’histoire avec la Bible, il importe de se baser sur une archéologie scientifique mais également sur une critique des textes bibliques totalement émancipée de leurs enjeux théologiques.
Situation sociale de la Galilée d’Antipas et de Jésus
Authors: Michaud Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2014

Les recherches sur le Jésus de l’histoire se sont concentrées récemment sur le contexte social de la Galilée d’Hérode Antipas, milieu qui fut aussi celui de Jésus de Nazareth. Deux positions séparent actuellement les spécialistes. La première, basée spécialement sur les modèles sociaux, présente, comme contexte de l’activité de Jésus, une Galilée déchirée par de graves conflits économiques et sociaux. La seconde, au contraire, se basant sur les données archéologiques disponibles, dessine le portrait d’une Galilée plutôt économiquement florissante au ier siècle. Galilée selon les modèles ou Galilée selon ce qu’en découvre l’archéologie sur le terrain ? L’article montre que l’interprétation de crise, issue des projections catastrophiques des modèles, n’est pas confirmée par les recherches archéologiques récentes.
1 Corinthiens et l’archéologie : douze dossiers-test
Authors: Gerber Daniel 
Published: July 2014

Quel profit y a-t-il à interroger l’archéologie pour commenter la première lettre de Paul aux Corinthiens, alors même que les communautés pauliniennes des premiers temps n’ont pas laissé de traces visibles de leur existence ? Une reprise critique de douze dossiers-test, s’appuyant entre autres sur les actes de travaux interdisciplinaires publiés en 2005 et en 2010, tente de répondre à cette question relancée en 1983 par Jerome Murphy O’Connor. Si l’éclairage qu’apporte l’archéologie sur l’épître envoyée à ceux qui construisaient leur identité en Christ dans la cité isthmique vers le milieu du premier siècle est le plus souvent indirect, son apport est cependant loin d’être négligeable, dans la mesure où cette discipline s’intéresse aujourd’hui également au quotidien des petites gens.
Le paradoxal troisième lieu, phénix culturel du XXIe siècle
Authors: Plante Jacques 
Published: July 2014

Affubler les bibliothèques du XXIe siècle de l’appellation de « troisième lieu », voire de « tiers-lieu », paraîtra réducteur et peu pertinent à quiconque s’attarde à la question. Considérant le renouvellement constant dont elles font preuve à chaque avancée technologique et leur achalandage croissant, ces bibliothèques de l’ère des médias sociaux ont vraiment su se réinventer. La Bibliothèque Jaume Fuster de Barcelone est un merveilleux exemple de l’évolution de ce lieu culturel, qu’il semble préférable de qualifier d’« espace polymorphe ».
Pickup ion measurements by MAVEN: A diagnostic of photochemical oxygen escape from Mars
Authors: Rahmati A. , Cravens T. E. , Nagy A. F. , Fox J. L. , Bougher S. W. , Lillis R. J. , Ledvina S. A. , Larson D. E. , Dunn P. , Croxell J. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA key process populating the oxygen exosphere at Mars is the dissociative recombination of ionospheric O2+, which produces fast oxygen atoms, some of which have speeds exceeding the escape speed and thus contribute to atmospheric loss. Theoretical studies of this escape process have been carried out and predictions made of the loss rate; however, directly measuring the escaping neutral oxygen is difficult but essential. This paper describes how energetic pickup ion measurements to be made near Mars by the SEP (Solar Energetic Particle) instrument on board the MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft can be used to constrain models of photochemical oxygen escape. In certain solar wind conditions, neutral oxygen atoms in the distant Martian exosphere that are ionized and picked up by the solar wind can reach energies high enough to be detected near Mars by SEP.
Effects of Music Training on Attention, Processing Speed and Cognitive Music Abilities—Findings from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Roden Ingo , Könen Tanja , Bongard Stephan , Frankenberg Emily , Friedrich Esther Kamala , Kreutz Gunter 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe present study addresses visual attention and processing speed in primary school children (N = 345; 7–8 years of age) who received either music (MC) or natural science training (NC) over a period of 18 months. Dependent variables were collected three times (T1–T3) and included measures for processing speed, visual attention and cognitive music abilities. They were submitted to latent or manifest change models including socioeconomic status and basic cognitive functions as covariates. Groups performed similarly in all dependent tasks at baseline (T1). MC showed significant increases in processing speed as well as in music abilities from T2 to T3 and increases in rhythmic abilities from T1 to T2. Although MC also showed increases in both processing speed and visual attention over time, they were at a small advantage with respect to the former and at a clear disadvantage with respect to the latter measure as compared to NC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toughening of epoxy resin with functionalized core‐sheath structured PAN/SBS electrospun fibers
Authors: Guo Tanghua , Zhou Zhi , Guo Honglei , Xiao Guohua , Tang Xinglei , Peng Mao 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTCore‐sheath structured electrospun fibers with styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) block copolymer as a rubbery core and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a hard sheath were prepared by coaxial electrospinning, and used to improve the toughness of epoxy resin. The surface of the fibers was aminated by reacting PAN with diethylenetriamine to improve the interfacial interaction between the fibers and epoxy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies confirm the core‐sheath structure of the PAN/SBS fibers. The Charpy impact energy is increased by the addition of electrospun fibers. When the content of aminated core‐sheath fibers is 4 wt %, the Charpy impact energy is increased by 150%. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the glass transition temperature of epoxy is not decreased by the addition of core‐sheath fibers. The high impact resistance is attributed to the rubbery core of the fibers that can absorb and dissipate impact energy, and the chemical bonding between the fibers and epoxy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41119.
Terpolymers as precursors for CuO nanoparticles synthesis
Authors: Zoromba M. Sh. , Al‐Hussaini A. S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis work describes the synthesis of terpolymers of aniline, diphenylamine, and o‐anthranilic acid (PANIDPAA) by 1 : 1 : 1 molar ratio of the respective monomers doped by different concentration of copper ions via in situ chemical terpolymerization. The results are justified by measuring spectral characteristics namely, UV‐vis absorption spectra, FTIR, and TGA. Calcining these PANIDPAA terpolymers doped by copper at temperatures in the range of 700°C led to the formation of CuO nanoparticles in the nanoscale by thermal decomposition in air directly. The stages of decompositions and the calcination temperature of the precursors have been determined from thermal analysis data sheet. The obtained CuO nanoparticles have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM showed a particle size less than 40 nm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41150.
Renewable thermoset copolymers from tung oil and natural terpenes
Authors: Sibaja Bernal , Sargent Jessica , Auad Maria L. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe cationic copolymerization of tung oil, limonene, and myrcene as comonomers, initiated by boron trifluoride, is presented and discussed in this work. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that all copolymers behave as thermosets. FTIR spectra for both copolymers, after extraction with dichloromethane, suggested that the major component of the insoluble fraction was reacted tung oil (a cross‐linked triglyceride network). Likewise, unreacted tung oil was found to be the main component of the soluble phase. Also, all the copolymers showed only one tan δ peak, indicating no phase separation. Glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with the myrcene content and decreased almost linearly as the limonene content increased. Furthermore, the Fox and Loshaek model showed a relatively good prediction of the Tg values of the polymers. The Young's modulus ranged from 33.8 to 4.7 MPa for all tested thermosets. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 41155.
Importance of crosslinking and disulfide bridge reduction for the mechanical properties of rigid wheat gluten bioplastics compression molded with thiol and/or disulfide functionalized additives
Authors: Jansens Koen J. A. , Bruyninckx Kevin , Redant Lore , Lagrain Bert , Brijs Kristof , Goderis Bart , Smet Mario , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThiol (SH) containing additives improve the mechanical properties of rigid, glassy gluten materials. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In particular, the importance of the preceding gluten‐additive mixing conditions remains to be investigated. Here, different additives containing either only SH, only disulfide or both SH and disulfide functionalities were synthesized and their impact on the gluten network using different mixing conditions prior to subsequent molding were assessed. All SH containing additives decreased the gluten molecular weight (MW) during mixing to a degree depending on the conditions. Additives with only disulfide functionality did not significantly affect protein size during mixing irrespective of the conditions used. Only when mixing induced sufficient MW reduction did the strength and failure strain of rigid gluten materials increase. This shows that factors other than the degree of cross‐linking affect the strength of rigid gluten materials. These results support our hypothesis that altered molecular conformations and improved molecular entanglements contribute to material strength. The extent to which such conformational changes occur may depend on the additive and the way of mixing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41160.