bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of thin film GaSb thermophotovoltaic cells
Authors: Guo Wenli , Chen Hua , Yang Anneng , Li Xin , Wang Yu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Economical converters are the key component for the industrial applications of thermophotovoltaic technology. In this work thin film GaSb cells are demonstrated for broadband thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. It is shown that n-on-p configuration is a superior choice for thin film cell due to its larger accessible efficiency. Under the illumination of unshaped blackbody spectrum, the matched spectrum temperature for GaSb thin film cells should be in the range of 2000∼2600 K, With those matched spectra, the optimal GaSb thin film can achieve the efficiency up to 8% or so with V

OC
= 0.55 V, FF = 0.64, J

SC
= 44 A cm−2, thus showing the power density output up to 15 W cm−2 while only having the active layer thickness 4.5 μm or so. These results are well preserved for S

F
no more than 104 cm s−1. With increasing spectrum temperature, a phenomenological model has also been formulated to analytically predict the optimal cell structure at a given spectrum illumination. This work has thus established the fundamental guidelines to develop GaSb thin film cells or subcells for economical thermophotovoltaic energy conversion.
Negative cosmological constant in the dark energy sector: tests from JWST photometric and spectroscopic observations of high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Menci Nicola , Adil Shahnawaz A. , Mukhopadhyay Upala , Sen Anjan A. , Vagnozzi Sunny 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEarly observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed the existence of an unexpectedly large abundance of extremely massive galaxies at redshiftsz≳ 5: these are in tension with the predictions not only of the standard ΛCDM cosmology, but also with those of a wide class of dynamical dark energy (DE) models, and are generally in better agreement with models characterized by a phantom behaviour. Here we consider a model, inspired by string theory and the ubiquity of anti-de Sitter vacua therein, featuring an evolving DE component with positive energy density on top of a negative cosmological constant, argued in an earlier exploratory analysis to potentially be able to explain the JWST observations. We perform a robust comparison of this model against JWST data, considering both photometric observations from the CEERS program, and spectroscopic observations from the FRESCO survey. We show that the model is able to accommodate the JWST observations, with a consistency probability of up to 98%, even in the presence of an evolving component with a quintessence-like behaviour (easier to accommodate theoretically compared to phantom DE), while remaining consistent with standard low-redshift probes. Our results showcase the potential of measurements of high-redshift galaxy abundances in tests of fundamental physics, and their complementarity with standard cosmological probes.
Proprioception enhancement for robot assisted neural rehabilitation: a dynamic electrical stimulation based method and preliminary results from EEG analysis
Authors: Jiao Yuze , Wang Weiqun , Wang Jiaxing , Hou Zeng-Guang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. In recent years, the robot assisted (RA) rehabilitation training has been widely used to counteract defects of the manual one provided by physiotherapists. However, since the proprioception feedback provided by the robotic assistance or the manual methods is relatively weak for the paralyzed patients, their rehabilitation efficiency is still limited. In this study, a dynamic electrical stimulation (DES) based proprioception enhancement and the associated quantitative analysis methods have been proposed to overcome the limitation mentioned above. Approach. Firstly, the DES based proprioception enhancement method was proposed for the RA neural rehabilitation. In the method, the relationship between the surface electromyogram (sEMG) envelope of the specified muscle and the associated joint angles was constructed, and the electrical stimulation (ES) pulses for the certain joint angles were designed by consideration of the corresponding sEMG envelope, based on which the ES can be dynamically regulated during the rehabilitation training. Secondly, power spectral density, source estimation, and event-related desynchronization of electroencephalogram, were combinedly used to quantitatively analyze the proprioception from multiple perspectives, based on which more comprehensive and reliable analysis results can be obtained. Thirdly, four modes of rehabilitation training tasks, namely active, RA, DES-RA, and ES-only training, were designed for the comparison experiment and validation of the proposed DES based proprioception enhancement method. Main results. The results indicated that the activation of the sensorimotor cortex was significantly enhanced when the DES was added, and the cortex activation for the DES-RA training was similar to that for the active training. Meanwhile, relatively consistent results from the multiple perspectives were obtained, which validates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed proprioception analysis method. Significance. The proposed methods have the potential to be applied in the practical rehabilitation training to improve the rehabilitation efficiency.
Exact solution of the nonlinear boson diffusion equation for gluon scattering
Authors: Möhringer L , Wolschin G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An exact analytical solution of the nonlinear boson diffusion equation is presented. It accounts for the time evolution toward the Bose–Einstein equilibrium distribution through inelastic and elastic collisions in the case of constant transport coefficients. As a currently interesting application, gluon scattering in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is investigated. An estimate of the time-dependent gluon-condensate formation in overoccupied systems through number-conserving elastic scatterings in Pb–Pb collisions at relativistic energies is given.
Engineering a durable BDDE cross-linked collagen filler for skin rejuvenation
Authors: Wang Qi , Yan Huiyu , Zhang Jingting , Tian Xinyu , Xiao Jianxi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Skin aging, characterized by reduced regeneration, chronic inflammation, and heightened skin cancer risk, poses a significant challenge. Collagen fillers have emerged as a potential solution for skin rejuvenation by stimulating collagen regeneration. However, their clinical efficacy is limited by inherent instability and vulnerability to in vivo degradation by collagenase. Chemical cross-linking presents a promising approach to enhance stability, but it carries risks such as cytotoxicity, calcification, and discoloration. Here, we introduce a highly durable 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) cross-linked collagen filler for skin rejuvenation. BDDE effectively cross-links collagen, resulting in fillers with exceptional mechanical strength and injectability. These fillers demonstrate favorable stability and durability, promoting proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of human foreskin fibroblast-1 cells in vitro. In vivo studies confirm enhanced collagen regeneration without inducing calcification. BDDE cross-linked collagen fillers offer promising prospects for medical cosmetology and tissue regeneration.
The Effect of Biofertilizers and Seaweed Extract on the Activity of Cellulase Enzyme and β-Glucosidase in Soil Planted with Broccoli Plants
Authors: Al-Khalidi Alyaa M. A. , Al-Taweel Luma S. J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aims to study the effect of biofertilizers and seaweed extract on the effectiveness of the cellulase enzyme and β-glucosidase for the flowering and full maturity stages in soil planted with broccoli plants. The experiment was carried out in one of the fields located in the Al-Nouriya district of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate for the 2023 season in soil with a mixture clay-silty texture, a factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The first factor included adding biofertilizers (Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and Trichoderma harzianum fungus), which are coded (B and F) respectively, the second factor is adding organic fertilizers at one level (10 tons ha−1) (yellow corn cobs, rice straw, and wheat waste) coded (O1, O2, and O3), respectively, the third factor included adding two levels of seaweed extract (20 and 40) kg ha−1, coded (A1 and A2), respectively, in addition to the comparison treatment (without adding fertilizer). The effect of fertilizers differed significantly on enzyme activity, as the (FO1) treatment achieved the highest activity for the cellulase enzyme for the flowering and full maturity stages, amounting to (227.1 and 264.3) µg geq g−1 dwt 24h−1, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded the lowest effectiveness (209.4 and 215.0) µg geq. g−1 dwt 24h−1 sequentially, (BO1) recorded the highest activity of the β-glucosidase enzyme, amounting to (120.3 and 134.5) µg PNP g−1 dwt 1h−1 for the flowering and full maturity stages compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded the lowest effectiveness (106.4 and 119.7) µg PNP g−1 dwt 1h−1µ sequentially.
Economic Estimation of the Long-Run Cost Function and Economies of Scale for the Date Crop in the Holy Governorate of Karbala-Al-Husseiniyah District for the Productive Season (2021)
Authors: Awad Al-Shammari Saadoon Turki , Zanzal Al-Samurai Hassan Thamir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research was conducted through personal interviews with farmers in palm orchards in Al-Husseiniyah District - Holy Karbala Governorate for the productive season (2021). The research aimed to study the cost structure of date production in the study area. The results of the research showed that fixed and variable costs constituted (32.3%, 66.7%) of the total costs of the research sample, respectively, and that the optimal size of production that reduces costs reached (19.148) tons, while the optimal area that can be used to achieve the optimal size is (7.27) dunams, The elasticity of costs reached a value of (1) at the optimal production level. The minimum price at which farmers sell dates was calculated (173,693) thousand dinars/ton. The supply function was derived in the long run, and it was found that there is a positive relationship between the price and the quantity supplied of dates. When the price is greater than (173.693) dinars / ton. The results of the study also revealed the percentage of achieved economies of scale and cost flexibility, and that average costs decrease until they reach below the optimal production level, while the achieved percentage of economies of scale reaches its maximum value (100%) at the same level. The results of the field research showed that the average price of a ton of the date crop reached (550) thousand dinars for the sample studied.
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaves Extract of Capparis spinosa L. and Evaluation of their Resistance to Salt Stress of some Aquatic Plants
Authors: Daish Malak Khalaf , Muhammad-Ali Munther Abduljaleel , Tahet Al-Asadi Widad M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Salinity is one of the major biological stressors that has an impact on the growth and development of plants. Because of AgNPs distinct physical and chemical characteristics as well as their huge surface area in relation to their size. Green synthesized of AgNPs was used to reduce the salt stress aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum. AgNPs were biosynthesized by Capparis spinosa L. extract and characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques which gave spherical shape of crystal size 44.33 nm. Three concentrations of AgNPs were prepared (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 g) and used to study the salt stress. The effect on the properties of the aquatic environment was carried out at four weeks for salt pressure. As a result, the study showed that these particles improved the properties of the aquatic environment by reducing the amount of dissolved salt ions. In addition, the growth rate of the C. demersum plant increased, the amount of chlorophyll and the total organic carbon content increased and the proline content decreased So, we conclude from this study that AgNPs is a useful, ecofriendly and interesting application for use in environmental treatments, especially in water treatment.
Using Activated Carbon Prepared from the Salsola Incanescens Plant for Removal of Carboxylic Acids from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Searan Tuka Mahroos , Sirhan Muthana Muhammed , Hussein Hanaa Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In current work, activated carbon was prepared by burning a desert plant Salsola incanescens, at 250 C° for 2hrs. H2O2 was used to enhance the porosity of it, various analytical methods, such as (EDX), (FESEM), and (XRD) were used to examine the constituents of activated charcoal. The crystal structure of the activated carbon was revealed by the XRD data, and the surface pore shape was shown by the FESEM images. Furthermore, an elemental composition analysis using EDX was conducted to ascertain the composition of activated charcoal. The prepared activated carbon was employed as an adsorbent surface to remove benzoic and acetic acids. The effect of initial concentration, temperature, adsorbent dose, and contact time on the adsorption removal were studied. The application of both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms confirmed a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The estimated thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) show that the adsorption process is exothermic and is enhanced by high temperatures. The process was found to be spontaneous and accompanied by an increase in entropy, indicating that it is less homogeneous on the surface of the adsorbent compared to the solution.
Monitoring of Iraq Vegetation Dynamics Using MODIS Data From 2000-2023
Authors: Al-Daoudi Ahmed. S. , Al-Timimi Y. K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research paper is made to investigate the vegetation land cover and no vegetation land cover that changes in Iraq during the period 2000-2023 Utilizing the 1-month/1000 m composites of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; product code MOD13Q1). The period was divided into five years (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019, 2023) and compared with the start year 2000; to calculate changes (increase and decrease) in vegetation cover. The results of the spatial analysis using the ArcGIS program showed that by comparing April (the growing month in Iraq) during 2000 as the start year with each selected year through the interval, the highest value of lands covered by vegetation observed in 2019, where vegetation land reached 223,780.17 km2 (51.2%) of the total area, while the start year 2000 was 63,462.53 km2 (14.5%) of the total area. In contrast, the lowest value of vegetation was in 2009, during this year vegetation land cover value was approximately 61,696.33 km2 (14%) of the total area. Maps also demonstrated that the highest increase in vegetation cover was concentrated in the northern part, moderate in the eastern part of the alluvial plain, and sparse in the southern regions. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into long-term vegetation trends in Iraq, crucial for understanding ecosystem dynamics and informing environmental management strategies.
Molecular Identification of Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Its Biological Control
Authors: Abd Al-Qader Zainab Adel , Thanoon Ali Hamood 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At this study, the causative root rot agent was isolate and molecularly identified in cucumber which were grown in Nineveh province, northern of Iraq, in autumn season of 2022. A pathogenic fungus thought to be responsible for Cucumis sativus seedling damping-off disease and root rot. The symptoms of disease are the manifestation from partially yellowing on the leaves of cucumber, seedling damping-off to wilting of plant. Species of fungi isolated of infected plants were further grown on agar in form of potato dextrose which formed aerial mycelia as white to brown. The fungus was identified from the Morphological diagnosis as Rhizoctonia solani, and the pathogen was confirmed by Koch’s hypotheses as well as the results of amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis using BLAST showed that the R. solani isolate was genetically distinct from the R. solani isolates in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Moreover, the complete verified ITS sequences are homologous to the isolates of R. solani in GenBank database having 99% similarity. Therefore, it was recorded in Gen Bank under the accession number OQ231503.1. and the results of the plastic tunnel showed that the Trichoderma harizanum T22 led to a significant reduction in the incidence and severity rate of infection recorded 64.17% and 23.500% respectively
Response of Maize to Bio and Organic Fertilization and the Stages of Spraying Nano-Fertilizer
Authors: Abu Hamad Ammar Hadi Abbas , Hamza Mahdi Abdel , Hussain Abdul Karim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Babylon province / Al-Mussaib project during the 2023 agricultural season to study the effect of bio and organic fertilization and nano-fertilizer spraying stages on Maize. It was applied as a split-split plot experiment according to the R.C.B.D. complete randomized block design with three factors. The main plots included three different stages of spraying of balanced nano-fertilizer NPK (20:20:20) with a concentration of (2) g.L-1, sprayed on the vegetative parts of the plants after one month of planting the seeds. The sub-plots included four levels of organic matter (control treatment, cow waste 8 tons. ha-1, palm frond waste 8 tons. ha-1, cow waste mixture 4 tons. ha-1 + Palm frond waste 4 tons ha-1, the sub-sub-plots included four levels of biofertilizer with the control treatment, without biofertilization (control), fungal biofertilization (Mycorrhizae: Glomus mosseae), and bacterial biofertilization: which are A mixture of three types of bacteria: (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Pseudomonas fluorescens), a mixture of (fungal biofertilization + bacterial biofertilization). The results showed the excelled of the triple(A3B1C3) interaction of the combination consisting of (spraying stage (S8+S10) with the addition of 8 tons of cow waste ha-1 with the addition of the treatment (bacteria + fungus from the biofertilizer) significantly in yield components traits outperformed and gave the highest average in the Number of rows per cob (19.33 rows. cob-1), Number of grains per row (39.25 grains/row-1), Number of grains per cob (750.6 grains cob-1) and Weight of 500 grains (167.81 g). The study concluded that bio and organic fertilization, either alone or in combination, can stimulate microbial activity and increase the availability of nutrients in the soil, and that the use of bio and organic fertilizers + nano-fertilizers can be used as an alternative fertilizer to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ordinary and Nano-Chitosan in Stimulating Acquired Systemic Resistance of Cucumber Plants Against the Fungus Fusarium solani Which Causes Root Rot Disease
Authors: Al-Khafaji Hamed Abdzaid , Shamran Zaid Taleb , Mohan Hadeer Amer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the study aimed to use ordinary and nano-chitosan at doses of (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0)% to stimulate acquired systemic resistance and defensive responses in Cucumis sativus L. against the fungus Fusarium solani that causes cucumber root rot. In contrast to the control treatment, where the percentage of seed germination reached 100%, the findings of the pathogenicity assessment of the fungus F. solani revealed a considerable decrease in the percentage of germination of cabbage seeds, with the average percentage of germination reaching 0.00%. In order to evaluate the efficacy of ordinary and nano-chitosan against the fungus F. solani, which causes cucumber root rot, the results also revealed that these additions were made to the culture medium. Results indicated a direct correlation between the concentrations of chitosan addition and the percentage of fungal growth inhibition (F. solani). Fungal growth inhibition percentages reached 88.8% and 72.2%, respectively, when using 2% concentrations of nano- and ordinary chitosan, compared to 0.0% in the control treatment (fungus F. solani). The application of both ordinary and nano-chitosan, along with their combination, to plants infected with the pathogenic fungus under greenhouse conditions resulted in a noteworthy decrease in both the rate and severity of infection when compared to the control treatment. The infection rate was observed to be (48.00, 24.00, and 18.00)%, and the severity was (37.00, 12.66, and 10.00)% for both types of chitosan. Additionally, their interaction was evaluated in relation to the infection rate (100.00) and severity (90.00%), respectively. Additionally, spraying regular and nano chitosan, as well as their combination, increased the cucumber plant’s growth parameters. The intervention treatment outperformed the control treatment (mushrooms) in terms of plant height, fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root system, and plant height, achieving growth rates of 22.52 cm, 15.55, 3.00, 1.75, and 0.63 g, respectively. Results from lab and greenhouse experiments show that nano-chitosan performs noticeably better than regular chitosan. This suggests that nano-chitosan could be used first, and then ordinary chitosan, as an alternative to chemical pesticides in controlling the causes of cucumber root rot disease.
The Bioactivity of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea against the larval Stages of the Cowpea Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)
Authors: Akmoosh Noor , Al-Shareefi Ekhlas , Ali Kawther Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi, with their cosmopolitan existence and rich diversity, present a sustainable solution towards integrated pest management programs. Due to their eco-friendliness and bio-persistence, these entomopathogens are preferred to kill insects at various stages of their life cycle. The Cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is an important bruchid pest in cowpea seed storages. The used pesticides against this pest have caused the occurrence of resistant populations and direct toxicity to the users. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mortality effects of two entomopathogenic fungi isolates obtained from fungi isolated from adults of C. maculatus collection, Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea, against the larval stages of C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. The mortality percentage of 2nd instar larval mortality peaked at 100% when the B. bassiana spores’ concentration was 4*105. On the other hand, the effect of I. fumosorosea spores’ concentration on 2nd instar larvae peaked at 76.67% when the spores’ concentration was 4*105, while it peaked at 73.33% when the I. fumosorosea extract concentration was 100%. For 4th instar larvae, the results had shown the same pattern of effects by B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea spores and extract, with mortality percentage peaked at 96.67% when the B. bassiana spores’ concentration was 4*105, while it peaked at 83.33% when the B. bassiana extract concentration was 100%. In contrast, the effect of I. fumosorosea extract concentration on 4th instar larval mortality peaked at 70% when the extract concentration was 4*105, while it peaked at 73.33% when the I. fumosorosea extract concentration was 100%. For larvae, the relationship between the mortality percentage and (spores or extract) concentration, with increasing duration of exposure to the fungus spores, was positive, whereas the larval mortality increased when the fungus, spores or extract, concentration was raised.