bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial Catheterization and Infection: Toll‐like Receptors in Defense against Microorganisms and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Hambsch Zakary J. , Kerfeld Mitchell J. , Kirkpatrick Daniel R. , McEntire Dan M. , Reisbig Mark D. , Youngblood Charles F. , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRadial artery catheterization has become a preferred route over femoral artery catheterization, in order to monitor the blood pressure of hemodynamically unstable patients or for repeated sampling of arterial blood gases. While the incidence of catheter‐related infection is lower in the radial artery than the femoral artery, infection remains a major issue that requires attention. In this review of the literature, we discuss infectious complications of radial artery catheterization, with a focus on various risk factors and establishing the most common causative agents. We also critically review the role of the innate immune system involving Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in host‐defense, with the goal of establishing a common pathway used by the innate immune system via TLRs to combat the pathogens that most commonly cause infection in radial artery catheterization. If this pathway can be therapeutically manipulated to preemptively attack pathogenic agents, immunomodulation may be an option in reducing the incidence of infection in this procedure.
New variant lymphomatoid papulosis type E preceding and coexisting with mycosis fungoides – a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kiavash Katrin , Abner Sabra M. , Malone Janine C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAngioinvasive (type E) lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a recently described subtype of LyP presenting with eschar‐like lesions that can be mistaken for aggressive forms of angiocentric cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. None of the cases of angioinvasive LyP described thus far have been associated with mycosis fungoides (MF). Herein, we describe a case of angioinvasive LyP type E coexisting with MF. The patient presented with an eschar on his chest and over time developed new nodules and large plaques with eschar formation, all of which resolved spontaneously over a period of a few weeks without intentional therapy. Biopsy revealed a CD30+ atypical inflammatory cell infiltrate with marked angiocentricity. Later, he developed erythematous annular scaly patches histologically consistent with MF. Our patient's clinical course confirms the indolent behavior characteristic of LyP despite the aggressive clinical and histologic appearance of lesions. The co‐occurrence of angioinvasive LyP and MF in our patient highlights the propensity for LyP type E to coexist with MF, as is characteristic of other LyP subtypes, and supports the theory that LyP and MF are related T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Patients with LyP can present with large lesions exhibiting eschar formation and an atypical angiocentric/angiodestructive lymphoid infiltrate and should be spared overtreatment.
A case of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor presenting with leonine facies
Authors: Oh Chee Won , Ivan Doina , Curry Jonathan L. , Ellis Rachel , Gerber Howard , Duvic Madeleine , Torres‐Cabala Carlos 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundIndeterminate dendritic cell tumor is an extremely rare neoplastic proliferation of dendritic cells that share immunophenotypic features of Langerhans cells and macrophages but lack Birbeck granules and Langerin expression.MethodsWe report a 55‐year‐old female presenting with a leonine facies and generalized multiple confluent papules, nodules and plaques on neck, upper trunk, arms and thighs. Laboratory evaluations were performed including skin biopsies, peripheral blood flow cytometry and positron emission tomography–computed tomography.ResultsThe lesional skin biopsy showed a dense dermal and perifollicular infiltrate composed of histiocytoid cells with nuclear grooves lacking dendritic processes in a background of lymphocytes. Eosinophils were absent. The histiocytoid cells were CD68+CD1a+Langerin− and only focally S100+. Special stains including GMS, Gram and Fite were all negative for infectious organisms. Although an initial diagnosis suggesting Langerhans cell histiocytosis was proposed due to CD1a positivity, a diagnosis of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor was finally rendered based on the histopathological findings and the lack of expression of Langerin.ConclusionThis case illustrates the variegated clinical presentation of indeterminate cell tumor and the necessity of appropriate immunohistochemical workup for its diagnosis.
Loss of primary cilia correlates with cytologic severity in dysplastic melanocytic nevi
Authors: Lang Ursula E. , Cheung Christine , Vladar Eszter K. , Swetter Susan M. , Kim Jinah 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundPrimary cilia are ubiquitously present in cell surface organelles with essential functions in cellular proliferation, differentiation and development. We have previously shown that cilia in melanoma in situ, invasive melanoma and metastatic melanoma are nearly completely lost, whereas benign nevi are ciliated. Dysplastic nevi (DN) have a wide range of histopathologic features from mild (low‐grade) to severe (high‐grade) cytologic atypia and represent a key clinical and histopathologic marker for melanomagenesis. We sought to identify whether cilia are retained in these melanocytic lesions and whether increasing degree of dysplasia correlates with loss of ciliation.MethodsWe measured the percentage of ciliated melanocytes (ciliation index) in DN with mild (n = 9) and severe dysplasia (n = 10). We identified the primary cilium and basal bodies by immunofluorescence staining of sections with acetylated alpha‐tubulin and gamma‐tubulin, respectively.ResultsOur results showed a significant decrease in the ciliation index from mild dysplastic (55%) to severe DN (14%) (p = 0.005).ConclusionsThese data support the hypothesis that primary cilium loss may play a role in the underlying biology of severe DN. The ciliation index is a novel quantitative tool that may increase the reproducibility in grading severity of dysplasia for diagnostic and clinical management of melanocytic neoplasms.
Relationships between Oak powdery mildew incidence and severity and commensal fungi
Authors: Topalidou E. T. , Shaw M. W. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryOak (Quercus robur) powdery mildew is a common and damaging fungal disease. In a local survey at Reading, UK, oak powdery mildew was common on trees of all height classes but was most common on trees of 3–9 m. A variety of other fungal species were commonly found growing in association with oak powdery mildew colonies. The abundance of such fungi was estimated through stratified sample surveys for 2.5 years. The taxa most commonly associated with oak powdery mildew were Acremonium sp., Trichoderma sp., Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. and Leptosphaerulina australis. Nearly 90% of mildew colonies were associated with L. australis, which is not generally considered as a mycoparasite or antagonist, in contrast with the other three fungi. Abundance varied between June and October surveys. Acremonium sp. abundance was greater in summer samplings, whereas L. australis and Trichoderma sp. abundances were greater in autumn samplings. Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. was never observed in the absence of powdery mildew. Relationships between the mildew‐associated fungi and oak powdery mildew appeared curved and differed significantly between sampling years. L. australis was positively correlated with the other three associated fungi studied when powdery mildew was also present. The variety and high population densities of the mildew‐associated fungi suggest that they may be important in determining the final density of oak mildew and the damage caused by it.
Growth rates of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and H. parviporum in functional sapwood of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies
Authors: Zaluma A. , Gaitnieks T. , Arhipova N. , Vasaitis R. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryGrowth rates of H. annosum s.s. and H. parviporum were investigated in the functional sapwood of young Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies plants as an indicator of the relative susceptibilities of the hosts to these pathogens. The stems of 520 five‐year‐old P. abies and 321 four‐year‐old P. sylvestris plants were inoculated and the extent of infection determined 16 weeks later. H. annosum s.s. grew further than H. parviporum in P. sylvestris sapwood, while in P. abies, no differences between the two Heterobasidion spp. were found. Both H. annosum s.s. and H. parviporum spread faster in the sapwood of P. abies than in P. sylvestris. There was high within‐host species variation in growth rates for both P. sylvestris and P. abies suggesting it may be possible to identify tree genotypes with lower susceptibility.
Can performance on summative evaluation of wax‐added dental anatomy projects be better predicted from the combination of supervised and unsupervised practice than from supervised practice alone?
Authors: Radjaeipour G. , Chambers D. W. , Geissberger M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPurposeThe study explored the effects of adding student‐directed projects in pre‐clinical dental anatomy laboratory on improving the predictability of students’ eventual performance on summative evaluation exercises, given the presence of intervening faculty‐controlled, in‐class practice.MethodAll students from four consecutive classes (n = 555) completed wax‐added home projects (HP), spending as much or as little time as desired and receiving no faculty feedback; followed by similar laboratory projects (LP) with time limits and feedback; and then summative practical projects (PP) in a timed format but without faculty feedback. Path analysis was used to assess if the student‐directedHPhad any effect over and above the laboratory projects.ResultsAverage scores wereHP = 0.785 (SD = 0.089);LP = 0.736 (SD = 0.092); andPP = 0.743 (SD = 0.108). Path analysis was applied to show the effects of including a student‐controlled home practice exercise on summative exercise performance.HPcontributed 57% direct effect and 37% mediated effect through theLPcondition.ConclusionStudent‐directed home practice provided a measureable improvement in ability to predict eventual performance in summative test cases over and above the predictive contribution of intervening faculty‐controlled practice conditions.
Rule encoding in dorsal striatum impacts action selection
Authors: Bissonette Gregory B. , Roesch Matthew R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCognitive flexibility is a hallmark of prefrontal cortical (PFC) function yet little is known about downstream area involvement. The medial dorsal striatum (mDS) receives major projections from the PFC and is uniquely situated to perform the integration of responses with rule information. In this study, we use a novel rule shifting task in rats that mirrors non‐human primate and human studies in its temporal precision and counterbalanced responses. We record activity from single neurons in the mDS while rats switch between different rules for reward. Additionally, we pharmacologically inactivate mDS by infusion of a baclofen/muscimol cocktail. Inactivation of mDS impaired the ability to shift to a new rule and increased the number of regressive errors. While recording in mDS, we identified neurons modulated by direction whose activity reflected the conflict between competing rule information. We show that a subset of these neurons was also rule selective, and that the conflict between competing rule cues was resolved as behavioural performance improved. Other neurons were modulated by rule, but not direction. These neurons became selective before behavioural performance accurately reflected the current rule. These data provide an additional locus for investigating the mechanisms underlying behavioural flexibility. Converging lines of evidence from multiple human psychiatric disorders have implicated dorsal striatum as an important and understudied neural substrate of flexible cognition. Our data confirm the importance of mDS, and suggest a mechanism by which mDS mediates abstract cognition functions.
Differential effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal, motor and somatosensory cortices on cortical excitability and pain perception – a double‐blind randomised sham‐controlled study
Authors: Vaseghi B. , Zoghi M. , Jaberzadeh S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c‐tDCS) over cortical regions of the pain neuromatrix, including the primary motor (M1), sensory (S1) and dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortices on M1/S1 excitability, sensory (STh), and pain thresholds (PTh) in healthy adults. The secondary aim was to evaluate the placebo effects of c‐tDCS on induced cortical and behavioural changes. Before, immediately after and 30 min after c‐tDCS the amplitude of N20–P25 components of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured under four different experimental conditions. STh and PTh for peripheral electrical and mechanical stimulation were also evaluated. c‐tDCS of 0.3 mA was applied for 20 min. A blinded assessor evaluated all outcome measures. c‐tDCS of M1, S1 and DLPFC significantly decreased the corticospinal excitability of M1 (P < 0.05) for at least 30 min. Following the application of c‐tDCS over S1, M1 and DLPFC, the amplitude of the N20–P25 component of SEPs decreased for at least 30 min (P < 0.05). Compared with baseline values, significant STh and PTh increases were observed after c‐tDCS of these three sites. Decreasing the level of S1 and M1 excitability, following S1, M1 and DLPFC stimulation, confirmed the functional connectivities between these cortical sites involved in pain processing. Furthermore, increasing the level of STh/PTh after c‐tDCS of these sites indicated that stimulation of not only M1 but also S1 and DLPFC could be considered a technique to decrease the level of pain in patients.
Not all non‐natives are equally unequal: reductions in herbivore β‐diversity depend on phylogenetic similarity to native plant community
Authors: Burghardt Karin T. , Tallamy Douglas W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEffects of host plant α‐ and β‐diversity often confound studies of herbivore β‐diversity, hindering our ability to predict the full impact of non‐native plants on herbivores. Here, while controlling host plant diversity, we examined variation in herbivore communities between native and non‐native plants, focusing on how plant relatedness and spatial scale alter the result. We found lower absolute magnitudes of β‐diversity among tree species and among sites on non‐natives in all comparisons. However, lower relative β‐diversity only occurred for immature herbivores on phylogenetically distinct non‐natives vs. natives. Locally in that comparison, non‐native gardens had lower host specificity; while among sites, the herbivores supported were a redundant subset of species on natives. Therefore, when phylogenetically distinct non‐natives replace native plants, the community of immature herbivores is likely to be homogenised across landscapes. Differences in communities on closely related non‐natives were subtler, but displayed community shifts and increased generalisation on non‐natives within certain feeding guilds.
Prediction of fatigue crack nucleation life in polycrystalline AA7075‐T651 using energy approach
Authors: Naderi M. , Amiri M. , Iyyer N. , Kang P. , Phan N. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA crystal plasticity (CP) simulation and an energy‐based model is presented to predict the fatigue nucleation onset for polycrystalline AA 7075‐T651. Different microstructure morphology and grain sizes are employed in the simulations. Using a simple method, statistically stored dislocation (SSD) and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) as decoupled with crystal plasticity model are estimated using a double round‐notch specimen test data, and CP simulation. The dislocation density parameter approximated from plastic energy density, stored energy density, elastic energy and accumulated slip validated with double hole experimental data. Sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to different microstructures and dislocation density parameters. Roughly, maximum 30% difference between experimental nucleation life and the simulated one is observed. The simulated predictions are in fair agreement with test data. The proposed strategy is suitable to study the scatter of fatigue nucleation life.
High School Spanish Teachers' Attitudes and Practices Toward Spanish Heritage Language Learners
Authors: Russell Brittany D. , Kuriscak Lisa M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis case study uses survey data to examine the attitudes and pedagogical practices of preservice and current high school Spanish teachers toward Spanish heritage language learners (HLLs). The research questions addressed were (1) the extent to which participants were aware of the challenges facing Spanish HLLs who are enrolled in traditional second language courses, (2) the pedagogical practices they implemented and/or recommended, and (3) the extent to which they perceived the need for Spanish heritage language programs at the high school level. Participants, though largely aware of issues facing HLLs, struggled with how best to support them in practice, and the majority noted a need for implementation of programs for Spanish as a heritage language. Also discussed is the importance of enhancing teaching methods programs and professional development opportunities for high school Spanish teachers to better serve HLLs.
The Relationship Between Global Competence and Language Learning Motivation: An Empirical Study in Critical Language Classrooms
Authors: Semaan Gaby , Yamazaki Kasumi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between global competence and second language learning motivation in critical language classrooms. Data were collected from 137 participants who were studying critical languages (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Persian) at two universities on the East and West Coasts of the United States, using a 30‐item Likert scale survey. There was a positive relationship between global competence and second language motivation, as well as between global competence and the components that are seen as constituting second language learning motivation.
Patient‐defined goals for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Coylewright Megan , Palmer Roseanne , O'Neill Elizabeth S. , Robb John F. , Fried Terri R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) at high risk for aortic valve replacement are a unique population with multiple treatment options, including medical therapy, surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Traditionally, in elderly populations, goals of treatment may favour quality of life over survival. Professional guidelines recommend that clinicians engage patients in shared decision making, a process that may lead to decisions more aligned with patient‐defined goals of care. Goals of care for high‐risk patients with AS are not well defined in the literature, and patient‐reported barriers to shared decision making highlight the need for explicit encouragement from clinicians for patient involvement.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to elicit and report patient‐defined goals from elderly patients facing treatment decisions for severe AS.MethodsThis analysis was conducted at Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center, an academic medical institution. In a retrospective manner, we qualitatively analysed goal statements reported by high‐risk, elderly patients with severe AS evaluated for TAVR between June 2012 and August 2014.ResultsForty‐six patients provided treatment goals during consideration of TAVR and defined preferred outcomes as maintaining independence, staying alive, reducing symptoms or, most commonly, increasing their ability to do a specific activity or hobby.ConclusionsIn the high‐risk patient population considering TAVR, patient‐reported goals may be obtained with a simple question delivered during the clinical encounter. Encouraging patients to define their goals may lead to a greater degree of shared decision making, as advocated in current professional guidelines.
A case study of the organisation of research knowledge by systematic reviews within the mental health care field
Authors: Forsetlund Louise , Austvoll‐Dahlgren Astrid , Johansen Marit , Lidal Ingeborg B. , Odgaard‐Jensen Jan , Vist Gunn E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to explore how systematic reviews of the effects of complex interventions within the field of organisation of mental health care organised research knowledge.MethodsWe looked up references included in 14 mental health care reviews in the database Epistemonikos to examine overlap between reviews. We classified topic concordance between study reports and reviews as similar, narrower, broader or other topic to indicate how well the research knowledge was organised.FindingsWe examined 182 comparisons between the theme of study reports and reviews. In 100 (55%) of the 182 comparisons, the review had a broader theme, 18 (10%) narrower, 34 (19%) similar and in 30 (16%), the review's theme was classified as ‘other’. The content analysis indicated that there existed (inconsistent) overlapping of study reports between different topics.ConclusionsWithin the field organisation of mental health care, there exists some unclear and inconsistent organisation of current knowledge. This may diminish the validity and reliability of systematic reviews. It is important that review authors take care in defining the review question precisely, conduct thorough literature searches, consider each study's hypothesis, disciplinary tradition and context, and if necessary, examine which other reviews have included a study in question.
The story so far: a summary of the contributions to the ‘Dissertations into practice’ feature
Authors: Marshall Audrey 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe ‘Dissertations into practice’ feature began life in March 2012 with a dual aim: to encourage students and new professionals to write for publication and to highlight the impact of student research on policy and practice. This article reflects on the initiative and to summarise what has been achieved so far. It highlights the diverse range of contributions to the feature so far and proves that student research can and does influence policy and practice. It also demonstrates that, with a bit of encouragement and support, students are willing and able to write for academic publication.AM
Knowledge for Healthcare: the future of health librarianship
Authors: Bryant Sue Lacey , Stewart David , Goswami Louise , Grant Maria J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMany people are still not receiving the right care. It is imperative for health care librarians to come together around a common vision to achieve Knowledge for Healthcare so that the right knowledge and evidence is used at the right time in the right place. The authors describe five workstreams within a modernisation programme: Service Transformation, Workforce Planning and Development, Quality and Impact, Resource Discovery and Optimising Investment. Communications, engagement and partnership working are central to success. The development framework sets out principles on which to base decisions, and design criteria for transforming services.