bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Member State Responsibility for Migration Control within Third States – Externalisation Revisited
Authors: Mc Namara Frank 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article re-examines externalisation – direct migration control by Member States of the EU, within third states, i.e., States which are not members of the EU. The nature and extent of this control is considered. The instruments of externalisation examined are carrier sanctions and immigration liaison officers. State responsibility for these externalised migration controls is assessed. The jurisdiction of the ECtHR is the trigger for Member State responsibility. ECtHR jurisprudence has made it clear that it is the exercise of physical power and control over a person by the State, which is pivotal to deciding jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is engaged where the Court finds that physical power and control to have been ‘effective’. This threshold of ‘effective’ control which has emerged from the Court’s jurisprudence is a demanding hurdle. If State control is found to be ‘effective’, then the State is responsible for the full range of rights contained within the Convention. The question then stands whether or not the ECtHR can keep abreast with these controls which can lead to States evading jurisdiction and thus avoiding fundamental rights responsibilities. One possible interpretation of recent jurisprudence is that the ECtHR is moving toward a broader interpretation of jurisdiction. It is in this context that ‘externalised’ controls have come under renewed scrutiny. A prevailing opinion is that the ECtHR will be able to protect those asylum seekers who encounter externalised control. This article questions any such assumption. The author argues for an alternative reading of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR with regard to jurisdiction. The conclusion reached is that the hurdle of extraterritorial jurisdiction is so demanding that States avoid it despite exercising extensive control over migrants. It is asserted that despite this considerable control, examination by the ECtHR will result in a failure to satisfy the ‘effective’ control threshold. Responsibility can thus be avoided while extraterritorial control is retained. The control level held by the State is still capable of guaranteeing a denial of access to individuals in need of international protection. If jurisdiction is not engaged then this externalised migration control represents a divergence between State control and State responsibility. Taking the threshold for jurisdiction of the ECtHR as a starting point, the author suggests a distinction between externalisation on the one hand and the external dimension on the other. States, oftentimes with facilitation from the Union, pursue one of these two alternatives. Externalisation affords the State stronger and more direct control over the entry of the migrant into the territory of a Member State than the external dimension, where the control is indirect and weaker. This distinction allows for a refined understanding of externalisation and applies it to verifying Member State responsibility for externalised migration control.
Possessed and Inspired: Hermias on Divine Madness
Authors: Manolea Christina-Panagiota 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Hermias of Alexandria (5th cent. A.D.) wrote down the lectures given on the Phaedrus by his teacher Syrianus, Head of the Neoplatonic School of Athens. In the preserved text the Platonic distinction of madness is presented in a Neoplatonic way. In the first section of the article we discuss Hermias’ treatment of possession. The philosopher examines four topics in his effort to present a Neoplatonic doctrine concerning possession. As he holds that divine possession is evident in all parts of the soul, he first argues that it is primarily applied to the one-in-the-soul. Secondly, he explains that possession is also applied to reason, opinion, imagination, thymos and desire, all the above being distinctive parts of the human soul, but not as important as the one-in-the-soul. The third issue he discusses is whether all causes of possession are identical to the divine. Then, Hermias examines the fact that possession is to be traced not only in the human soul but also in the statues.
In the second section of the article Hermias’ analysis of the four kinds of Platonic madness is presented. The philosopher first analyzes the interdependence between all four divine kinds of madness and then describes their function on two levels, inside and outside the soul. The function within the soul is richer and is realized in four fields: (a) the restoration of the soul after its fall, (b) the restoration of the human being as a whole, (c) the Pythagorean mathematical system and (d) the logic processes. The function outside the soul deals with the manifestations of the soul in human society. Under this perspective, Hermias clearly proposes an original classification of the kinds of madness, on the basis of which we encounter poetic madness. After that follow the madness of the seer, the telestic madness, and the madness of love. The whole analysis incorporates Platonic, Aristotelian, Pythagorean and theurgic elements that cover the fields of psychology, logic and metaphysics.
Evaluation of the National Weather Service Extreme Cold Warning Experiment in North Dakota
Authors: Chiu Cindy H. , Vagi Sara J. , Wolkin Amy F. , Martin John Paul , Noe Rebecca S. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Dangerously cold weather threatens life and property. During periods of extreme cold due to wind chill, the National Weather Service (NWS) issues wind chill warnings to prompt the public to take action to mitigate risks. Wind chill warnings are based on ambient temperatures and wind speeds. Since 2010, NWS has piloted a new extreme cold warning issued for cold temperatures in wind and nonwind conditions. The North Dakota Department of Health, NWS, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated in conducting household surveys in Burleigh County, North Dakota, to evaluate this new warning. The objectives of the evaluation were to assess whether residents heard the new warning and to determine if protective behaviors were prompted by the warning. This was a cross-sectional survey design using the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) methodology to select a statistically representative sample of households from Burleigh County. From 10 to 11 April 2012, 188 door-to-door household interviews were completed. The CASPER methodology uses probability sampling with weighted analysis to estimate the number and percentage of households with a specific response within Burleigh County. The majority of households reported having heard both the extreme cold and wind chill warnings, and both warnings prompted protective behaviors. These results suggest this community heard the new warning and took protective actions after hearing the warning.
Home-based exercise program and fall-risk reduction in older adults with multiple sclerosis: phase 1 randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sosnoff Jacob J , Finlayson Marcia , McAuley Edward , Morrison Steve , Motl Robert W 
Published: August 2013

Objective: To determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a home-based exercise intervention targeting fall risk in older adults with multiple sclerosis. Design: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting: A home-based exercise program. Intervention: Participants were randomly allocated to either a home-based exercise intervention group ( n = 13) or a waiting list control group ( n = 14). The exercise group completed exercises targeting lower muscle strength and balance three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group continued normal activity. Measures: Fall risk (Physiological Profile Assessment scores), balance (Berg Balance Scale), and walking testing prior to and immediately following the 12-week intervention. Each outcome measure was placed in an analysis of covariance with group as the between-subject factor and baseline values as the covariate. Effect sizes were calculated. Results: Twelve participants from the control group and ten from the exercise group completed the study. There were no related adverse events. Fall risk was found to decrease in the exercise group following the intervention (1.1 SD 1.0 vs. 0.6 SD 0.6) while there was an increase in fall risk in the control group (1.9 SD 1.5 vs. 2.2 SD 1.9). Effect sizes for most outcomes were large (η2 > 0.15). Conclusions: Home-based exercise was found to be feasible, safe, and effective for reducing physiological fall risk in older adults with multiple sclerosis. Our findings support the implementation of a larger trial to reduce fall risk in persons with multiple sclerosis.
Diffusion-weighted MRI and optimal b-value for characterization of liver lesions
Authors: Kaya Bilal , Koc Zafer 
Published: August 2013

Background Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is commonly used to distinguish between benign and malignant liver lesions. However, different b-values are recommended. Purpose To determine the most suitable b-value in DWI for differentiation of benign and malignant liver lesions. Material and Methods A total of 124 lesions in 89 consecutive patients (43 men, 46 women; age, mean  ± standard deviation, 58  ±  14 years) with a pathological or radiological diagnosis of malignant or benign focal liver lesions after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included in this study. Routine abdominal MRI and DWI were performed using seven b-values (0, 50, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 s/mm2). Lesions were analyzed for benignity/malignity using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with 10  b-value combinations and by measuring the lesion/normal parenchyma ADC ratio. Results Mean ADC values were significantly different between malignant and benign lesions for all b-value combinations ( P  =  0.000). The best b-value combination was 0 and 800 (Az  =  0.935). Using lower b-values such as 0 and 50 together with higher b-values ≥600 s/mm2 was beneficial (Az  =  0.928 and 0.927). Mean ADC values were approximately 13% (1–15%) higher in total when b = 0 and b = 50 s/mm2 were included in multiple b-value combinations. Conclusion In DWI, we recommend the use of b-values of 0 and 800 s/mm2 as two b-values, or b = 0, 50, 600, 800, and 1000 s/mm2 as multiple b-values for distinguishing between benign and malignant liver lesions. Mean ADC value is 13% higher in total by additional use of b = 0 and b = 50 s/mm2 in multiple b-value combinations.
Computed Tomography Analysis of the Femoral Tunnel Position and Aperture Shape of Transportal and Outside-In ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Kim Jae Gyoon , Chang Min Ho , Lim Hong Chul , Bae Ji Hoon , Ahn Jin Hwan , Wang Joon Ho 
Published: August 2013

Background: The desire to perform independent femoral drilling in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has prompted interest in both the transportal (TP) and outside-in (OI) techniques. However, there have been no in vivo studies on the differences in femoral aperture shape between the 2 techniques. Purpose: To evaluate the femoral tunnel aperture shape and femoral tunnel position between ACL reconstruction using the TP and OI techniques. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 80 patients were randomized to undergo double-bundle ACL reconstruction using either the TP (n = 40) or OI (n = 40) technique. The femoral tunnel aperture shape (height/width ratio), aperture axis angle (angle between the aperture axis and femoral shaft axis), and femoral tunnel position were assessed by computed tomography. Results: The mean height/width ratio of the anteromedial (AM) femoral tunnels in the TP group (1.35 ± 0.16) was significantly more ellipsoidal than that in the OI group (1.22 ± 0.16) ( P = .008). There was no difference between the 2 groups in the posterolateral (PL) tunnels (TP, 1.32 ± 0.23; OI, 1.35 ± 0.29; P = .99). The mean aperture axis angle of the PL femoral tunnels in the OI group was significantly more perpendicular to the femoral shaft axis and had a more variable range than that in the TP group ( P = .007). The mean PL femoral tunnel position in the OI group was significantly shallower and a little higher than that in the TP group ( P = .006). Conclusion: The TP technique revealed a more ellipsoidal AM femoral tunnel aperture than the OI technique. The mean PL femoral tunnel position in the OI group was significantly shallower than that in the TP group, with a more variable and more perpendicular aperture axis angle to the femoral shaft axis. Clinical Relevance: The TP technique might be more advantageous than the OI technique in terms of graft coverage, with a more ellipsoidal AM femoral tunnel and more horizontal and consistent PL aperture axis angle. In addition, it may be useful to consider the shallower PL femoral tunnel positions created with the OI technique.
Biomechanical Properties of Suture Anchor Repair Compared With Transosseous Sutures in Patellar Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Ettinger Max , Dratzidis Antonios , Hurschler Christof , Brand Stephan , Calliess Tilman , Krettek Christian , Jagodzinski Michael , Petri Maximilian 
Published: August 2013

Background: Ruptures of the patellar tendon are debilitating injuries requiring surgical repair. Reliable data about the most appropriate suture technique and suture material are missing. The standard procedure consists of refixing the tendon with sutures in transpatellar tunnels, sometimes combined with augmentation. Hypothesis: Suture anchors provide at least equal results concerning gap formation during cyclic loading and ultimate failure load compared with transosseous suture repair. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 30 human cadaveric patellar tendons underwent tenotomy followed by repair with 5.5-mm titanium suture anchors, 5.5-mm resorbable hydroxyapatite suture anchors, or transpatellar suture tunnels with No. 2 Ultrabraid and the Krackow whipstitch technique. Biomechanical analysis included pretensioning the constructs at 20 N for 30 seconds and then cyclic loading of 250 cycles between 20 and 100 N at 1 Hz in a servohydraulic testing machine with measurement of elongation. After this, ultimate failure load and failure mode analysis was performed. Results: Compared with transosseous sutures, tendon repairs with suture anchors yielded significantly less gap formation during cyclic loading ( P < .05) and resisted significantly higher ultimate failure loads ( P < .05). Common failure mode was pullout of the eyelet within the suture anchor in the hydroxyapatite anchor group and rupture of the suture in the titanium anchor group and—at lower load to failure—in the transosseous group. Conclusion: Patellar tendon repair with suture anchors yields significantly better biomechanical results than repair with the commonly applied transosseous sutures. Clinical Relevance: These findings may be of relevance for future clinical treatment of patellar tendon ruptures. Randomized controlled clinical trials comparing suture anchors to transosseous suture repair are desirable.
Specific aspects of modern life for people with multiple sclerosis: considerations for the practitioner
Authors: Oreja-Guevara Celia , Wiendl Heinz , Kieseier Bernd C. , Airas Laura ,   for the NeuroNet Study Group
Published: August 2013

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, debilitating, neurodegenerative disease that has a high impact on patients’ quality of life. Individuals are often diagnosed in early adulthood and are faced with the difficulty of managing their lifestyle within the context of this chronic illness. Here we review factors that influence the disease course and the challenges that might be encountered when managing patients with MS. The majority of diagnosed patients are women of childbearing age, making pregnancy-related issues a key concern. MS typically stabilizes during pregnancy and evidence suggests that the disease has no impact on the risk of complications or outcomes. However, the effect of disease-modifying therapies on outcomes is less clear, and discontinuation of treatment prior to pregnancy or when breastfeeding is recommended. Awareness of genetic risk factors is important for patients planning a family, as several genes increase the risk of MS. Further aspects that require consideration include infections, vaccinations, environmental factors, surgery and the emergence of osteoporosis. Vaccinations are generally not a risk factor for MS and may be beneficial in terms of protection against infection and reducing the number of relapses. Environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency, low exposure to sunlight, smoking and Epstein−Barr virus infection can all negatively influence the disease course. Furthermore, osteoporosis is generally higher in patients with MS than the general population, and the risk is increased by the environmental and genetic factors associated with the disease; bone mineral density should be assessed and smoking cessation and correction of serum vitamin D levels are recommended. Finally, as patients with MS are typically young, they are at low risk of surgery-related complications, although they should be carefully monitored postoperatively. Awareness of, and planning around, these factors may minimize the impact of the disease on patients’ lifestyle.
Vitamin D and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2
Authors: Kostoglou-Athanassiou Ifigenia , Athanassiou Panagiotis , Gkountouvas Anastasios , Kaldrymides Philippos 
Published: August 2013

Objectives: The extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have attracted considerable interest. Vitamin D deficiency appears to be related to the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and the metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D may affect glucose homeostasis, vitamin D levels having been found to be inversely related to glycosylated hemoglobin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. In addition, vitamin D appears to protect from the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The aim was to study levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and 25(OH)D3 levels were measured in a group of 120 diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. The same measurements were performed in a group of 120 control subjects of the same age and sex. 25(OH)D3 was measured by radioimmunoassay and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: 25(OH)D3 levels were lower in the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients than in the control group, being 19.26 ± 0.95 ng/ml and 25.49 ± 1.02 ng/ml, in the patient and control groups, respectively ( p < 0.001, Student’s t-test). 25(OH)D3 levels were found to be inversely associated with HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients ( p = 0.008, r2 = 0.058, linear regression). 25(OH)D3 levels were found to be inversely associated with HbA1c when the patient and control groups were analysed together ( p < 0.001, r2 = 0.086). Conclusions: Vitamin D levels appeared to be lower in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients than in the control group, vitamin D levels being related to glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings may have therapeutic implications as cautious vitamin D supplementation may improve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2.
MDM2 phenotypic and genotypic profiling, respective to TP53 genetic status, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab-CHOP immunochemotherapy: a report from the International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program
Authors: Xu-Monette Zijun Y. , Møller Michael B. , Tzankov Alexander , Montes-Moreno Santiago , Hu Wenwei , Manyam Ganiraju C. , Kristensen Louise , Fan Lei , Visco Carlo , Dybkær Karen , Chiu April , Tam Wayne , Zu Youli , Bhagat Govind , Richards Kristy L. , Hsi Eric D. , Choi William W. L. , van Krieken J. Han , Huang Qin , Huh Jooryung , Ai Weiyun , Ponzoni Maurilio , Ferreri Andrés J. M. , Wu Lin , Zhao Xiaoying , Bueso-Ramos Carlos E. , Wang Sa A. , Go Ronald S. , Li Yong , Winter Jane N. , Piris Miguel A. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Young Ken H. 
Published: August 2013

Key PointsPhenotypic and genotypic profiling of MDM2 in DLBCL. MDM2 as a negative regulator of p53 tumor suppressor function.
Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma: a chronic EBV+ lymphoproliferative disorder with risk to develop a systemic lymphoma
Authors: Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Ridaura Cecilia , Nagl Florian , Sáez-de-Ocariz Marimar , Durán-McKinster Carola , Ruiz-Maldonado Ramon , Alderete Georgia , Grube Peter , Lome-Maldonado Carmen , Bonzheim Irina , Fend Falko 
Published: August 2013

Key Points
HVLL is a chronic EBV+ lymphoproliferative disorder of childhood with risk to develop systemic lymphoma. The disease shows favorable response to conservative therapy despite the presence of a T- or NK-cell monoclonal proliferation.
The role of retinoic acid in hepatic lipid homeostasis defined by genomic binding and transcriptome profiling
Authors: He Yuqi , Gong Lei , Fang Yaping , Zhan Qi , Liu Hui-Xin , Lu Yanliu , Guo Grace L , Lehman-McKeeman Lois , Fang Jianwen , Wan Yu-Jui Yvonne 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
The eyes and skin are obvious retinoid target organs. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness and retinoids are widely used to treat acne and psoriasis. However, more than 90% of total body retinol is stored in liver stellate cells. In addition, hepatocytes produce the largest amount of retinol binding protein and cellular retinoic acid binding protein to mobilize retinol from the hepatic storage pool and deliver retinol to its receptors, respectively. Furthermore, hepatocytes express the highest amount of retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRα) among all the cell types. Surprisingly, the function of endogenous retinoids in the liver has received very little attention.

Results
Based on the data generated from chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, the global DNA binding of transcription factors including retinoid x receptor α (RXRα) along with its partners i.e. retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), pregnane x receptor (PXR), liver x receptor (LXR), farnesoid x receptor (FXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) has been established. Based on the binding, functional annotation illustrated the role of those receptors in regulating hepatic lipid homeostasis. To correlate the DNA binding data with gene expression data, the expression patterns of 576 genes that regulate lipid homeostasis were studied in wild type and liver RXRα-null mice treated with and without RA. The data showed that RA treatment and RXRα-deficiency had opposite effects in regulating lipid homeostasis. A subset of genes (114), which could clearly differentiate the effect of ligand treatment and receptor deficiency, were selected for further functional analysis. The expression data suggested that RA treatment could produce unsaturated fatty acids and induce triglyceride breakdown, bile acid secretion, lipolysis, and retinoids elimination. In contrast, RXRα deficiency might induce the synthesis of saturated fatty acids, triglyceride, cholesterol, bile acids, and retinoids. In addition, DNA binding data indicated extensive cross-talk among RARα, PXR, LXR, FXR, and PPARα in regulating those RA/RXRα-dependent gene expression levels. Moreover, RA reduced serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and bile acid levels in mice.

Conclusions
We have characterized the role of hepatic RA for the first time. Hepatic RA mediated through RXRα and its partners regulates lipid homeostasis.