bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QCISD(T) Insight on the Electronic Structure of C3N2 Conjugated Skeletons
Authors: Irshaidat Tareq 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Tautomerism is an important concept in organic chemistry and a key element in many applications. This motivated us in this study to investigate the electronic structure of the conjugated NCCCN skeleton by studying the properties of malonaldimine as the simplest form. The analysis confirms that the π-system allows efficient electron density flow (delocalization). On the other hand, this skeleton features a valuable energy barrier for the hydrogen-bridge form. These two characteristics are corner stones for designing unsymmetrically functionalized skeletons for molecular switching and signaling.
Innovative technologies in hotel businesses
Authors: Духовная Лилия , Dukhovnaya Liliya , Холодцова Ирина , Kholodtsova Irina 
Published: January 2015

Today, innovation is becoming a major feature of modern economy, as basic innovations are a powerful and strategic crisis management tool. The relevance of innovative technologies proved by rapid globalization of the world market and a reduction in product life cycles, as well as by the need of a strategic approach to upgrade the quality characteristics of products and services. In the hotel businesses innovations involve technological aspects of the production of hotel services and marketing tools.
In an increasingly competitive hotel enterprises are forced to look for new ways to improve and appeal.
To remain competitive and develop efficiently, as well as to attract foreign tourists in hotels of Russia there is a need for an active introduction of innovative technologies used by leading international hotel companies. Innovation should not only meet the needs of the client, but also create a sense of excitement from the time spent in the hotel.
The article gives a theoretical justification of the term &#34;innovation&#34;, the features of the introduction and use of &#34;green&#34; technologies in the hospitality industry in Russia and abroad as one of the most important indicators of success and competitiveness of a modern hotel businesses, noted the role of these innovations in the transition to the new course of &#34;green&#34; economy in the process to ensure public safety and the environment, due to inherent &#34;green&#34; technologies as an integral part of management in the hospitality industry. The article also highlights the need for enhanced problem-solving of ecological and economic efficiency for hotel businesses in regions, which receive significant volumes of tourist flows.
Positional distribution of sentence members in the french, english and russian languages
Authors: Газилов Магомед , Gazilov Magomed , Гозалова Марина , Gozalova Marina 
Published: January 2015

The article presents a comparative analysis of the sentence structure of the French language in comparison to English and Russian, described are differences and similarities for the three languages. English and French, are important languages of international communication, trade, cooperation and business. As for the Russian language, it is the fifth language in the world in the total number of speakers and the second most popular language of the Internet.
Traditionally, the French and English languages are considered as analytic with strict fixed word order in a sentence, at the same Russian is a synthetic language with free word order. Recently, however, linguists are increasingly beginning to assert that there are no languages purely synthetic or analytical. The analysis gives grounds to state that despite the fact that the French and British sentences have a fixed word order in their development there is a trend of occurrence of certain &#34;liberties&#34;, in particular, modern French interrogative sentence violates the strict word order; It is constructed both with inversion, and without it, and the circumstances occupy not only postposition or preposition, but also interposition in relation to the predicative basis of the sentence.
The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in the classroom whiles teaching second language, and that would ensure a much easier and faster learning.
Current regulation of provision of discounts to customers by medical institutions and insurers in Russia
Authors: Кулакова Елена , Kulakova Elena , Цыганов Александр , Tsyganov Aleksandr 
Published: January 2015

The article based on the consideration of the Russian legal acts regulating the provision of discounts. In the article recommendations are made in respect of paid medical services and voluntary health insurance, with provision of the example of a short marketing plan required for formal reasons of discounts.
Currently, the process of providing discounts and medical insurance companies are regulated, and most of the information should be public and posted on websites of medical institutions, insurance companies and their partners, which implement insurance or paid medical services.
The increasing complexity of legislation on consumer protection, health and insurance law leads to the formation of new instruments for operations that previously did not require such a formalization. Of course, this leads to an increase in operating costs, not only the cost of creating, storing and placing this information. At the same time most organizations formalize many business processes, previously considered insignificant. Scope of medical care, like no other, attracted the attention of society composed of different groups and strata, some of whom are citizens who want to take advantage of a discount clinic or insurer.
Women's Experiences Seeking Publicly Funded Family Planning Services in Texas
Authors: Hopkins Kristine , White Kari , Linkin Fran , Hubert Celia , Grossman Daniel , Potter Joseph E. 
Published: January 2015

CONTEXTLittle is known about low‐income women's and teenagers’ experiences accessing publicly funded family planning services, particularly after policy changes are made that affect the cost of and access to such services.METHODSEleven focus groups were conducted with 92 adult women and 15 teenagers in nine Texas metropolitan areas in July–October 2012, a year after legislation that reduced access to subsidized family planning was enacted. Participants were recruited through organizations that serve low‐income populations. At least two researchers independently coded the transcripts of the discussions and identified main themes.RESULTSAlthough most women were not aware of the legislative changes, they reported that in the past year, they had had to pay more for previously free or low‐cost services, use less effective contraceptive methods or forgo care. They also indicated that accessing affordable family planning services had long been difficult, that applying and qualifying for programs was a challenge and that obtaining family planning care was harder than obtaining pregnancy‐related care. As a result of an inadequate reproductive health safety net, women experienced unplanned pregnancies and were unable to access screening services and follow‐up care. Teenagers experienced an additional barrier, the need to obtain parental consent. Some women preferred to receive family planning services from specialized providers, while others preferred more comprehensive care.CONCLUSIONWomen in Texas have long faced challenges in obtaining subsidized family planning services. Legislation that reduced access to family planning services for low‐income women and teenagers appears to have added to those challenges.
A New Era for Educational Assessment
Authors: Conley David 
Published: January 2015

In this article, David Conley focuses on how to assess meaningful learning in ways that promote student achievement while simultaneously meeting system accountability needs. The article draws upon research that supports the notion that a major shift in educational assessment is needed in order to encourage and evaluate the kind of learning that enables success in college and careers. Over the next several years, almost every state will either implement the Common Core State Standards or develop an alternative version of their own. The question worth posing is whether educational stakeholders should be satisfied with on- demand tests that measure only a subset of the standards, or will they demand something more like a system of assessments in which multiple measures result in deeper insight into student mastery of complex and cognitive challenging standards? This article presents a vision for a new system of assessments, one designed to support the kinds of ambitious teaching and learning that most parents say they want for their children. The article begins with a brief historical overview, describes where educational assessment appears to be headed in the near term, and then discusses some longer-term possibilities, concluding with a series of recommendations for how policymakers and practitioners can move toward a better model of assessment for teaching and learning.
Spatial and temporal variability of seagrass at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Saunders Megan I. , Bayraktarov Elisa , Roelfsema Chris M. , Leon Javier X. , Samper-Villarreal Jimena , Phinn Stuart R. , Lovelock Catherine E. , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Increasing threats to natural ecosystems from local and global stressors are reinforcing the need for baseline data on the distribution and abundance of organisms. We quantified spatial and/or temporal patterns of seagrass distribution, shoot density, leaf area index, biomass, productivity, and sediment carbon content in shallow water (0–5 m) at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in field surveys conducted in December 2011 and October 2012. Seagrass meadows were mapped using satellite imagery and field validation. A total of 18.3 ha of seagrass, composed primarily of Thalassia
hemprichii and Halodule uninervis, was mapped in shallow water. This was 46% less than the area of seagrass in the same region reported in 1995, although variations in mapping methods may have influenced the magnitude of change detected. There was inter-annual variability in shoot density and length, with values for both higher in 2011 than in 2012. Seagrass properties and sediment carbon content were representative of shallow-water seagrass meadows on a mid-shelf Great Barrier Reef island. The data can be used to evaluate change, to parameterize models of the impact of anthropogenic or environmental variability on seagrass distribution and abundance, and to assess the success of management actions.
Life history bias in endophyte infection of the Antarctic rhodophyte, Iridaea cordata
Authors: Schoenrock Kathryn M. , Amsler Charles D. , McClintock James B. , Baker Bill J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Endophytic organisms are known to have varied effects on their host organism in terrestrial and marine environments. In previous studies on marine algae, these symbioses range from innocuous to pathogenic depending on the host and endophyte species. The present study further assessed a pathogenic relationship between filamentous algal endophytes and a red algal host from the western Antarctic Peninsula. We analyzed endophyte presence (appearance of filamentous thalli) in the three life history stages of Iridaea cordata and potential impacts on fertility in the fertilized female gametophytes (carposporophytes) and tetrasporophytes. We found that endophytes proliferate throughout significantly more thallus area in tetrasporophyte and unfertilized gametophyte hosts than in carposporophyte hosts, but there was no correlation between endophyte cover and fertility in these individuals. This study also provides a demographic analysis of I. cordata populations surrounding Palmer Station, Antarctica, showing that these populations are haploid dominated (∼78% of individuals). The differential presence of filamentous algal endophytes indicates that endophyte pathogenicity indirectly has greater effect on tetrasporophytes and unfertilized gametophytes than on the carposporophytes, which house the products of sexual recombination.
Quantitation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by LC-MS/MS using solid-phase extraction and fixed-charge derivitization in comparison to immunoextraction
Authors: Chan Nancy , Kaleta Erin J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to present analysis of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (DHVD) by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using fixed-charge derivitization extraction to enhance ionization for liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in comparison to traditional immunoextraction (IE) techniques.Full analytical validation of both a SPE and IE LC-MS/MS assay was performed, and included accuracy, intra- and inter-assay precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Performance of these two assays was compared with reference laboratory IE LC-MS/MS testing.This SPE LC-MS/MS assay demonstrated similar performance to the IE LC-MS/MS assay validated simultaneously. Intra-assay precision for low (12 pg/mL), medium (25 pg/mL) and high (60 pg/mL) control samples was 7.2%, 13.7% and 11.3% for DHVD2, respectively, and 9.1%, 5.9% and 8.9% for DHVD3. The inter-assay precision was 11.6%, 10.3% and 3.9% for DHVD2 and 10.6%, 7.0% and 5.6% for DHVD3. The limit of detection was 1.9 and 2.7 pg/mL for DHVD2 and DHVD3, and limit of quantitation was 4 pg/mL for both DHVD2 and DHVD3. Comparison to a reference LC-MS/MS assay showed excellent correlation (slope 0.936, RThe study demonstrated comparability of the SPE-LC-MS/MS assay for analysis of DHVD and offers an attractive option for assessment of vitamin D status as an alternative to traditional IE techniques.
Increased level of circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments indicates metastasis in melanoma patients
Authors: Kuhlmann Jan Dominik , Wimberger Pauline , Wilsch Katja , Fluck Michael , Suter Ludwig , Brunner Georg 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMelanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and, despite recent advances in therapy, about 20% of the patients die of their disease. Early relapse detection and monitoring of therapy response are crucial for efficient treatment of advanced melanoma. Thus, there is a need for blood-based biomarkers in melanoma management. Serum-derived U2 small nuclear RNA fragments (RNU2-1f) were previously shown to be blood-based biomarkers for gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. Here we examined whether RNU2-1f may also serve as diagnostic biomarker in advanced melanoma.Circulating RNU2-1f levels were quantified by comparative reverse transcription PCR in a training cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma (n=33, thereof regionally metastasized to skin and lymph nodes, n=23, and distantly metastasized, n=10) vs. patients with benign naevi (n=16) vs. healthy controls (n=39). Results were validated in an independent patient cohort with distant metastasis (n=16) vs. controls (n=18).Circulating RNU2-1f levels in the training cohort were significantly increased in serum of regionally and distantly metastatic patients, compared with patients with benign naevi or healthy controls (p<0.0001) and allowed accurate detection of regional (AUC 0.80) as well as distant (AUC 0.84) metastasis. In the validation cohort, increased RNU2-1f levels were confirmed and enabled highly specific detection of distant metastasis (sensitivity 81%, specificity 100%, AUC 0.94).This is the first report to suggest a blood-based snRNA serving as a diagnostic biomarker for melanoma metastasis. Our data provide a rationale for further defining clinical utility of circulating RNU2-1f in metastasis detection in the management of melanoma patients at risk of relapse and/or with advanced disease.
Effects of inorganic salts on the degradation of 2,5-dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone as a key chromophore in pulps by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions
Authors: Hosoya Takashi , Henniges Ute , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
2,5-Dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is one of the key chromophores in cellulosics. Due to its special resonance stabilization, it is a prime survivor of bleaching treatments and its degradation is essential in pulp bleaching. The clarification of the degradation mechanism of this compound is indispensable for targeting improvements of pulp bleaching processes. Previous studies revealed that DHBQ degradation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is influenced by salts. This study addresses the effects of alkaline metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and Al2(SO4)3 on the degradation of DHBQ under simulated conditions of pulp bleaching in a peroxide stage. The degradation by excess H2O2 followed first-order kinetics in the presence of alkaline metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts, which enhanced and retarded the reaction, respectively. Kinetic studies and theoretical computations provided detailed mechanistic insights: Li+, Na+, and K+ stabilize several reaction intermediates by complex formation, causing the enhancement of the degradation, whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ coordinate and stabilize the reactant, resulting in the observed retardation. Al2(SO4)3 exhibited a strong enhancing effect, but the degradation followed second-order kinetics with regard to DHBQ, suggesting a fundamentally different degradation mechanism.
Investigation of UF and MF Membrane Residual Fouling in Full-Scale Dairy Production Using FT-IR to Quantify Protein and Fat
Authors: Jensen Jannie K. , Ottosen Niels , Engelsen Søren B. , van den Berg Frans 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This study investigates the distribution of residual fouling in used spiral wound ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membrane cartridges. Residual fouling on four full-scale production UF membrane cartridges and two full-scale MF membrane cartridges were investigated with infrared spectroscopy inspecting fat and protein deposits. A non-homogenous distribution of residual fouling was observed with concentrations highest at the center tube decreasing away from the feed side. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate significant factors affecting the model. The observed tendencies can be explained by flow and pressure differences caused by design aspects of spirally wound membrane cartridge and the steel housing. Variations between individual sheets from the same cartridges were observed, suggesting a role from manufacturing variability in residual fouling after cleaning-in-place. This paper describes a new method for mapping fouling proposing a semi-quantifiable description. This description might guide membrane developers and users to optimize cleaning methods in the future.
Chinese IT terminology management in Hong Kong
Authors: Chiu Aman , Jernudd Björn H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article discusses IT terms and terminology management in Hong Kong from the perspective of Language Management Theory (Jernudd and Neustupný 1987, 1991; Jernudd and Nekvapil 2012; Nekvapil 2012). The noting, evaluating, adjusting and implementing of IT terms are examined in the context of lexical innovation (through translation) in the contact situation that Hong Kong represents. It describes the management of Chinese IT terms by agencies in Hong Kong and also discusses the efficacy of standardization of terminology as an agency goal in view of the potential of noting inadequacies of terminology in actual discourse.
Immundefizienz und immunmonitoring1)
Authors: Renz Harald 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
In der immunologischen Diagnostik sind eine Reihe wichtiger Weiterentwicklungen aktuell zu verzeichnen, die insbesondere die Gebiete der Immundefektdiagnostik und des Monitorings von (chronischen) Entzündungserkrankungen betreffen. Im Bereich des Immunmonitorings sind jüngst neue Panels für die Durchflusszytometrie publiziert worden, nebst altersabhängigem Referenzbereich. In den USA ist die Suche nach schweren angeborenen Störungen der T-Zell-Entwicklung (SCID) Teil des Neugeborenenscreenings. Aus einigen Bundesstaaten liegen jetzt erste Daten hierzu vor, basierend auf der Messung der T-Zell Rezeptor-Exzisionszirkel (TRECs). Altersabhängige Referenzwerte für die Messung der IgG-Subklassen und der subklassenspezifischen Impfantikörper sind ebenfalls publiziert. In Bezug auf das Monitoring chronischer Entzündungserkrankungen fokussiert dieser Artikel auf die Prototyperkrankung Asthma. Die Klassifikation der zellulären Inflammation im induzierten Sputum (Neutrophilen- vs. Eosinophilenzahl) setzt sich zunehmend durch. Neue Biomarker, wie das Periostin, werden gegenwärtig evaluiert. Solche Phänotypisierungen sind Basis einer individualisierten Therapie von Patienten mit (schwerem) Asthma, die besonderes auf bestimmte Biologika dann ansprechen.
Herausforderungen in der Diagnostik und Prävention von Viruserkrankungen
Authors: Verheyen Jens 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Nachweisverfahren zur Diagnose und Monitoring von Viruserkrankungen haben in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen und sind in vielen Bereichen Teil der routinemäßigen Patientenversorgung. Eine besondere Herausforderung an die molekularbiologischen Methoden stellen neue bzw. neu entdeckte Krankheitserreger dar, die im Rahmen einer Pandemie oder begrenzten regionalen Ausbrüchen auftreten. Dieses betraf in den letzten Jahren insbesondere Influenzaviren, aber auch Coronaviren, Dengueviren, Chikungunyaviren und andere reise-assoziierte Viren können zur diagnostischen Herausforderung werden. Daneben können auch Therapie- bzw. Präventionskonzepte den Umfang und die Art der Diagnostik von Viruserkrankungen wie HIV und HPV nachhaltig beeinflussen. Es kann auch vorkommen, dass Viruserkrankungen, die schon seit vielen Jahren bekannt sind, neue klinische Relevanz bekommen, wie im Fall von Hepatitis E (HEV).
Mediators in pleural effusions of different origin: a two-step diagnostic study
Authors: Fricke Stephan , Hoheisel Gerhard , Gessner Christian , Bauer Katrin , Seyfarth Hans-Jürgen , Hammerschmidt Stefan , Kahlenberg Franka , Chan Kin , Boldt Andreas , Wirtz Hubert , Keller Thomas , Sack Ulrich 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background: Many mediators in pleural effusions give diagnostic information. This study therefore aimed to find out whether the repeated determination of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 would confirm previous results and, furthermore, whether a combination of these parameters could achieve a higher diagnostic yield.

Methods: Two consecutive groups of patients with pleural effusions were included. The underlying disease entities in series I vs. series II were: 12 vs. 0 tuberculosis (TB), 19 vs. 30 primary lung cancer, 7 vs. 14 secondaries to the lung, 5 vs. 13 congestive heart failure, and 2 vs. 7 parapneumonic effusion.

Results: VEGF could not differentiate values of series I to the same degree as in series II. For IL-15, totally deviating levels were obtained in series II. IL-6, however, showed comparable results in both series. Values of TIMP-2 were generally higher in series II. The diagnostic accuracies of VEGF and IL-6 were comparable. With logistic regression, the data of VEGF and IL-6 could be used as a classifying tool when TB cases were excluded. The classifying tool based on the data of series I showed a high degree of diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, AUC=0.94) in contrast to the calculation based on the data of series II (AUC=0.56). Combining both series, VEGF was superior.

Conclusions: VEGF was confirmed as a valid marker for malignant diseases. VEGF in combination with IL-6 could serve as a classifying tool. TB cases, however, should be excluded. The previously proposed relevance of TIMP-2 as a diagnostic parameter could, similarly to IL-15, not be confirmed.