bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision Analysis Frameworks for Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment
Authors: Seppälä Jyri , Basson Lauren , Norris Gregory A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryLife‐cycle impact assessments (LCIAs) are complex because they almost always involve uncertain consequences relative to multiple criteria. Several authors have noticed that this is precisely the sort of problem addressed by methods of decision analysis. Despite several experiences of using multipleattribute decision analysis (MADA) methods in LCIA, the possibilities of MADA methods in LCIA are rather poorly elaborated in the field of life‐cycle assessment. In this article we provide an overview of the commonly used MADA methods and discuss LCIA in relation to them. The article also presents how different frames and tools developed by the MADA community can be applied in conducting LCIAs. Although the exact framing of LCIA using decision analysis still merits debate, we show that the similarities between generic decision analysis steps and their LCIA counterparts are clear. Structuring of an assessment problem according to a value tree offers a basis for the definition of impact categories and classification. Value trees can thus be used to ensure that all relevant impact categories and interventions are taken into account in the appropriate manner. The similarities between multiattribute value theory (MAVT) and the current calculation rule applied in LCIA mean that techniques, knowledge, and experiences derived from MAVT can be applied to LCIA. For example, MAVT offers a general solution for the calculation of overall impact values and it can be applied to help discern sound from unsound approaches to value measurement, normalization, weighting, and aggregation in the LCIA model. In addition, the MAVT framework can assist in the methodological development of LCIA because of its well‐established theoretical foundation. The relationship between MAVT and the current LCIA methodology does not preclude application of other MADA methods in the context of LCIA. A need exists to analyze the weaknesses and the strengths of different multiple‐criteria decision analysis methods in order to identify those methods most appropriate for different LCIA applications.
Approaches for Quantifying the Metabolism of Physical Economies: Part I: Methodological Overview
Authors: Daniels Peter L. , Moore Stephen 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article is the first of a two‐part series that describes and compares the essential features of nine existing “physical economy” approaches for quantifying the material demands of the human economy upon the natural environment. A range of material flow analysis (MFA) and related techniques is assessed and compared in terms of several major dimensions. These include the system boundary identification for material flow sources, extents, and the key socioinstitutional entities containing relevant driving forces, as well as the nature and detailing of system components and flow interconnections, and the comprehensiveness and types of flows and materials covered.Shared conceptual themes of a new wave of physical economy approaches are described with a brief overview of the potential applications of this broad family of methodologies. The evolving and somewhat controversial nature of the characteristics and role that define MFA is examined. This review suggests the need to specify whether MFA is a general metabolic flow measurement procedure that can be applied from micro to macrolevels of economic activity, or a more specific methodology aimed primarily at economy‐wide analyses that “map” the material relations between society and nature. Some alternative options for classifying MFA are introduced for discussion before a more detailed comparative summary of the key methodological features of each approach in the second part of this two‐part article.The review is presented (1) as a reference and resource for the increasing number of policy makers and practitioners involved in industrial ecology and the evaluation of the material basis of economies and the formulation of eco‐efficiency strategies, and (2) to provoke discussion and ongoing dialogue to clarify the many existing areas of discordance in environmental accounting related to material flows, and help consolidate the methodological basis and application of MFA.
Combining a Geographical Information System and Process Engineering to Design an Agricultural‐Industrial Ecosystem
Authors: Özyurt Derya B. , Realff Matthew J. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA methodology to systematically construct an industrial ecosystem is presented in the context of a specific biomass input of peanut hulls and a process complex of activated carbon, adhesive precursor, and hydrogen. The methodology consists of three phases: locating sources and sinks of potential materials for exchange or upgrading; filtering feasible exchanges, the exchange candidates, and locations for new infrastructure; and generating optimal configurations for the industrial ecosystem based on the objective of maximizing the system benefit, defined in the particular case study as the revenue that is generated by the system. To implement the methodology two computer tools are combined: geographic information systems (GIS) and mathematical programming. A screening problem formulation is developed that uses feasibility contours to help reduce the number of candidate material and energy linkages. A case study describing a prospective agro‐industrial complex in the state of Georgia, U.S.A., is given.
Materials and Energy Flow Analysis of Paper Consumption in the United Kingdom, 1987‐2010
Authors: Sundin Erik , Svensson Niclas , McLaren Jake , Jackson Tim 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article presents the results of a life‐cycle materials and energy flow analysis for the pulp and paper cycle in the United Kingdom. Material flows are reconstructed for the period be‐tween 1987 and 1996 for all major processes associated with the paper cycle, and system energy requirements are calculated over this period using the best available data. Attention is drawn to the import dependence of U.K. paper demand, and the significant energy requirements associated with upstream forestry processes. The historical trend analysis is then used to model possible future developments in materials and energy consumption until 2010 under a variety of assumptions about process technology improvements, wastepaper utilization rates, and changing demand trends. The results indicate that policy options to increase recycling yield some energy benefits, but these are small by comparison with the benefits to be gained by reducing consumption of paper and improving process technology. The structure of the electricity supply industry in the United Kingdom means that global energy benefits could also be achieved by increasing the contribution from imported pulp.
DOES LACHISH LETTER 4 CONTRADICT JEREMIAH XXXIV 7?
Authors: Begin Ze'ev 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAccording to Jer. xxxiv 7, the Babylonian army, while advancing towards Jerusalem ca. 589 B.C.E., conquered all Judean fortresses except for Azekah and Lachish. On the other hand, the contemporary Lachish letter 4 was interpreted as signifying that Azekah had fallen into the hands of the Babylonians before the letter had been sent to Lachish from a nearby fortress. A fourth century B.C.E. ostracon indicates that that fortress could be Maresha. Since there is no line of vision between Maresha and Azekah, the dramatic interpretation of the Lachish letter 4 should be rejected and thus the letter does not contradict Jer. xxxiv 7. A new interpretation to the Lachish letter 4 is proposed, from which the main conclusion is that the defenders of Maresha, being unable to see Azekah, looked out southwards for the signals from Lachish in order to afford themselves an early warning of an attack from the north.
LE SACRIFICE DE PURIFICATION: UN SACRIFICE AMBIGU?
Authors: Lemardelé Christophe 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLe sacrifice de purification (hattā't) a un sens complexe. Dans le cas du nazir, il apparaît qu'il préserve de l'impureté. Quant à l'usage du sang de ce sacrifice, il semble indiquer deux destinataires opposés.
Animal Desiring: Nietzsche, Bataille, and a World without Image
Authors: Wirth Jason 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of the earth. I center this effort on a reading of the figure of animality in the writings of Nietzsche and Bataille. I begin by accepting one of the decisive questions (die Entscheidungen) that Heidegger poses in the Beiträge zur Philosophie: "Whether nature is degraded to the exploitative place of calculation and furnishing and to an opportunity to 'have an experience' or whether nature as the self-closing Earth bears the opening of a world without image." In an attempt to think the Earth, I argue that the human as a natural kind emerges in denial or flight from animality. Animality renders natural kinds porous. It does not congeal into a categorically delimitable operation, but rather interrupts and multiplies such operations. Moreover, they multiply them with what Nietzsche called "transvaluative" force. Animality contests the closure of a discourse on kinds of animals.
Phenomenology on (the) Rocks
Authors: Klaver Irene 
Published: July 2002

Abstract"Phenomenology on (the) Rocks" shows how an interest in the natural realm can be congruent with globalization if we conceive this globality in a vernacular way. Husserl and Merleau-Ponty first developed a tentative conceptual instrumentarium for this direction of thought. Through a broadening of traditional phenomenology as a philosophy of primordial constitution based upon intentionality of the subject, they began thinking in terms of co-constitution and operative intentionality. In the rest of the paper I mainly show how operant intentionality works in and through the way we take up - or are taken up by - that which seems the most indifferent and impervious to us, namely - the world of stones.
Medicaid Spending and Health-Related Social Needs in the North Carolina Healthy Opportunities Pilots Program
Authors: Berkowitz Seth A. , Archibald Jessica , Yu Zhitong , LaPoint Myklynn , Ali Salma , Vu Maihan B. , Dave Gaurav , Flower Kori B. , Domino Marisa Elena 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceHealth-related social needs are drivers of worse health and high health care spending. In North Carolina Medicaid’s 1115 waiver, the Healthy Opportunities Pilots (HOP) program allows for nonmedical services to address health-related social needs, such as healthy food boxes and housing navigation, financed by Medicaid, in 3 regions of North Carolina.ObjectiveTo determine whether individual participation in the HOP program is associated with lower Medicaid spending.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsComparative interrupted time series evaluation using North Carolina Medicaid data from March 2021 through November 2023. The 13 227 HOP enrollees were compared with 73 469 Medicaid beneficiaries reporting a health-related social need (a HOP eligibility criterion), but who were ineligible for HOP due to county of residence.ExposureParticipation in HOP.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the sum of spending by Medicaid on medical and HOP services per beneficiary per month. Secondary outcomes included health care use (emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and outpatient visits).ResultsAmong 13 227 HOP and 73 469 comparison group members, the mean age was 23.4 (SD, 18.8) years, 63.9% were female, 42.4% were Black, and 57.4% were White (participants could report &amp;gt;1 race). Mean monthly preindex spending was $828 (SD, $5105). Of HOP enrollees, 89% received at least 1 HOP service, and 85% of services were food services. The comparative interrupted time series analysis estimated that spending increased at the month of HOP enrollment (change in level, $687; 95% CI, $420-$954). However, the trend in spending for HOP participants was differentially lower (change in trend, −$85 per beneficiary per month; 95% CI, −$122 to −$48; P &amp;lt; .001) relative to a counterfactual scenario without HOP. Taken together, these findings indicated that monthly spending was equivalent to estimated counterfactual expenditures by month 8 after starting HOP and lower thereafter. Emergency department visit trend was differentially lower for HOP participants (−6 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −8 to −4). There was no statistically significant differential trend in hospitalizations (−1 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −2 to 0) or outpatient visits (1 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −7 to 9).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study suggest that the HOP program was associated with increased spending at enrollment, followed by a subsequently lower spending trend.
Tolerability and Clinical Outcomes With Anesthesia Dose Reduction During Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Espinola Caroline W. , Kaster Tyler S. , Prillo Jake , Zapf Lorina , Lee Hyewon H. , Foley Karen , Ma Martin , Van Rensburg Adriaan , Blumberger Daniel M. 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated restriction of bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation to minimize disease transmission through aerosolization. To reduce BVM use, many sites decreased doses of anesthesia agents, but the associations of such dose reduction with clinical and tolerability outcomes are unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of COVID-19 pandemic modifications in ECT, including reduction in anesthetic dosage and BVM use, with the rates of clinical complications and clinical outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study included data from patients receiving an index course of ECT for any clinical indication treated with methohexital and succinylcholine between March 16, 2017, and March 15, 2023, at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Data analysis occurred from February to December 2024.ExposureParticipants were split into 2 cohorts: pre–COVID-19 (treated between March 2017 and March 2020) and COVID-19 (treated between June 2020 and March 2023).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were BVM use and rates of complications (specifically, aspiration, bradycardia, insufficient initial sedation dosage, postictal agitation [PIA], residual weakness, and prolonged seizures). Secondary outcomes were rates of response and cognitive impairment. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations of COVID-19 pandemic modifications with outcomes.ResultsA total of 616 individuals (median [IQR] age, 45.0 [31.0-59.0] years; 342 female [55.5%]) were included in the analysis, with 362 in the pre-COVID-19 group and 254 in the COVID-19 group. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar. The COVID-19 group received lower median (IQR) methohexital dosages (0.82 [0.72-0.96] mg/kg vs 0.87 [0.78-1.00] mg/kg; P = .007) and succinylcholine (0.33 [0.27-0.39] mg/kg vs 0.53 [0.45-0.59] mg/kg; P &amp;lt; .001) than the pre–COVID-19 group. The COVID-19 group had higher odds of insufficient initial sedation dosage (odds ratio, 2.16, 95% CI, 1.09-4.38) and PIA (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.76-4.56), with no difference for other complications. BVM use was reduced from standard use to 13.8% (35 individuals) during COVID-19. Groups were similar in the rates of response (pre–COVID-19, 246 individuals [68.0%]; COVID-19, 181 individuals [71.3%]; P = .38) and cognitive impairment (pre–COVID-19, 75 individuals [20.7%]; COVID-19, 49 individuals [19.3%]; P = .66).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study, reduction of anesthesia agents was associated with reduced BVM use, with similar clinical outcomes and tolerability other than increased rates of insufficient initial sedation dosage and PIA, suggesting that management of PIA with this anesthesia dosing strategy warrants further investigation.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Compliance and Outcomes for Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Wagoner Chad W. , Thomas Abby , Dort Joseph C. , Nelson Gregg , Sauro Khara M. 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceFew studies have examined the association between enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) compliance and postoperative outcomes within head and neck (HN) free flap reconstructive surgery. Doing so may inform future interventions to improve ERAS adoption and improve postoperative outcomes.ObjectiveTo assess overall compliance with ERAS guidelines and its association with postoperative outcomes among individuals undergoing HN free flap reconstructive surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent ERAS-guided HN major reconstructive surgery in Alberta, Canada between January 2017 and September 2021. Data analysis occurred from May 2024 until August 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresERAS compliance was assessed for 17 ERAS care elements, and the total compliance score for each patient was a sum of the compliance for each ERAS care element. Compliance was categorized as low compliance (&amp;lt;53%), moderate compliance (53%-72%), and high compliance (&amp;gt;72%). Postoperative outcomes included hospital length of stay and hospital readmission and emergency department admissions within 30 days, intensive care unit readmission, complications, and severe complications. Unadjusted and adjusted models (using backward stepwise regression) assessed associations between ERAS compliance (exposure) and postoperative outcomes.ResultsOf 257 patients, 90 (35.0%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 62.4 (13.3) years. Overall, 196 (76.3%) had moderate compliance, 50 (19.5%) had low ERAS compliance, and 11 (4.3%) had high compliance. Preoperative (86%) and intraoperative (73%) ERAS compliance exceeded postoperative compliance (38%). Compliance for ERAS care elements varied widely, with the highest compliance observed for preincision antibiotic prophylaxis (99.6%) and the lowest compliance observed for postoperative early mobilization (10.2%). Postoperative hospital length of stay decreased by 0.71 days (95% CI, −1.34 to −0.08), and the odds of experiencing complications decreased by 28% (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.90) for each 1-unit increase in the total ERAS compliance score.Conclusions and RelevanceThis results of this cohort study suggest that higher overall compliance with ERAS guidelines was associated with improved postoperative outcomes for individuals undergoing major HN free flap reconstructive surgery. There also appeared to be discrepancies in compliance between preoperative and postoperative phases, suggesting areas for interventions designed to improve adherence to ERAS protocols and underscoring the need for proactive compliance monitoring for optimizing patient outcomes in major HN surgery.
Elastic Relaxation of Coherent InGaN/GaN Interfaces at the Microwire LED Sidewall
Authors: Kim Jongil , Yeo Jinwook , Park Bumsu , Jeong Jeehun , Ryu Seunghwa , Oh Sang Ho 
Published: February 2025

AbstractElastic relaxation of lattice misfit strain via traction‐free surface results in complex 3D strain distribution and morphological modification at the boundary of epitaxial heterostructure. While this phenomenon is extensively studied, the influence of the interface coherency constraining the strain relaxation has received little attention. Here it is shown that the interfacial shear stresses arise toward the traction free sidewall of microscale light emitting diode (LED) wires while the two complementary strained InGaN and GaN layers are relaxed to revert their bulk lattice parameters near the sidewall. The shear stresses with opposite signs achieve mechanical equilibrium by counterbalancing the change in the sign of the in‐plane strain in each layer of the near‐surface region. A unique nonmonotonic modulation of both normal and shear strain is detected unambiguously in the strain maps and corroborated by finite element modeling. An analytical model is developed based on the Airy stress function, which incorporates the superposition of alternating in‐plane pre‐stress and the image stress to satisfy the boundary condition. The resultant complex strain fields in microscale LEDs, where surface emission is dominant, alter strain‐induced piezoelectric polarization near the surface, significantly affecting electro‐optical efficiency and resulting in spectral broadening and/or wavelength shifts in emitted light.
A Prediction Nomogram for Moderate‐to‐Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Chinese Very Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress: A Multi‑Center Prospective Study
Authors: Wang Chenhong , Chen Zheng , Bai Guannan , Du Lizhong , Shi Yuan , Shi Liping ,   on the behalf of the China‐BPD Cohort Study Group Investigators
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTModerate‐to‐severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (msBPD) is a prevalent and severe condition in very preterm infants, contributing to long‐term respiratory issues. Developing a predictive model specific to the Chinese population could support early intervention. This research focused on determining risk factors and developing a predictive model for msBPD in very preterm infants with respiratory distress, following the 2018 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria. A prospective multicenter study was conducted across 26 tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in China from March 2020 to March 2022. Infants born at < 32 weeks' gestation, admitted within 72 h of birth with a respiratory score ≥ 5, were enrolled. Infants were assigned at random to either a training cohort (800 infants from 18 NICUs) or an external validation cohort (397 infants from 8 NICUs). Predictive factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression and Lasso regression, leading to the development of a prediction nomogram. Key independent predictors included birth weight, surfactant use, early pulmonary hypertension, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, and necrotizing enterocolitis (Stages II–III). The model demonstrated high accuracy in the training cohort (AUC = 0.844) with good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test, p = 0.247). Independent validation showed consistent discrimination (AUC = 0.849) and calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test, p = 0.333), while decision curve analysis confirmed clinical benefit. The developed nomogram‐based model offers reliable early msBPD risk assessment in very preterm infants, supporting timely clinical interventions within Chinese NICUs.
Active Terahertz Nonlocal Metasurfaces With Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Long Shangyan , Zhang Wei , Xue Zhanqiang , Xu Guizhen , Shum Perry Ping , Luo Dan , Cong Longqing 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAchieving active tunability in metasurfaces remains a critical challenge, with conventional local metasurfaces limited by dispersive wavefront deflection and broad resonances that lack spectral selectivity. In contrast, nonlocal metasurfaces exhibit high selectivity, offering a promising platform for dynamic functionality. Here, an active nonlocal metasurface with exceptional spectral and spatial selectivity is experimentally demonstrated, leveraging the physics of bound states in the continuum and coupling phase. The metasurface achieves a deflected beam with a quality factor of 22 and a narrow beamwidth of 5°, focusing energy more precisely than local metasurfaces across both spectral and spatial domains. By integrating a liquid crystal elastomer substrate, tunable azimuthal deflection of 3° with 4.5% in‐plane deformation is realized. Furthermore, the coupling phase introduces polarization‐dependent in‐plane wavevectors, enabling the spatial separation of orthogonal polarization components while maintaining high selectivity and tunability. This active nonlocal metasurface architecture shows strong potential for polarization‐division multiplexing and demultiplexing with low cost and high environmental adaptation, paving the way for advanced terahertz devices, such as signal relays, processors, modulators, and transmitters, for next‐generation wireless communications.