bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic methods and treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Guerrini Renzo , Duchowny Michael , Jayakar Prasanna , Krsek Pavel , Kahane Philippe , Tassi Laura , Melani Federico , Polster Tilman , Andre Véronique M. , Cepeda Carlos , Krueger Darcy A. , Cross J. Helen , Spreafico Roberto , Cosottini Mirco , Gotman Jean , Chassoux Francine , Ryvlin Philippe , Bartolomei Fabrice , Bernasconi Andrea , Stefan Hermann , Miller Ian , Devaux Bertrand , Najm Imad , Giordano Flavio , Vonck Kristl , Barba Carmen , Blumcke Ingmar 
Published: October 2015

SummaryOur inability to adequately treat many patients with refractory epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), surgical inaccessibility and failures are significant clinical drawbacks. The targeting of physiologic features of epileptogenesis in FCD and colocalizing functionality has enhanced completeness of surgical resection, the main determinant of outcome. Electroencephalography (EEG)–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography are helpful in guiding electrode implantation and surgical treatment, and high‐frequency oscillations help defining the extent of the epileptogenic dysplasia. Ultra high‐field MRI has a role in understanding the laminar organization of the cortex, and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) is highly sensitive for detecting FCD in MRI‐negative cases. Multimodal imaging is clinically valuable, either by improving the rate of postoperative seizure freedom or by reducing postoperative deficits. However, there is no level 1 evidence that it improves outcomes. Proof for a specific effect of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in FCD is lacking. Pathogenic mutations recently described in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) genes in FCD have yielded important insights into novel treatment options with mTOR inhibitors, which might represent an example of personalized treatment of epilepsy based on the known mechanisms of disease. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been demonstrated to be particularly effective in children with epilepsy caused by structural abnormalities, especially FCD. It attenuates epigenetic chromatin modifications, a master regulator for gene expression and functional adaptation of the cell, thereby modifying disease progression. This could imply lasting benefit of dietary manipulation. Neurostimulation techniques have produced variable clinical outcomes in FCD. In widespread dysplasias, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has achieved responder rates >50%; however, the efficacy of noninvasive cranial nerve stimulation modalities such as transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) and noninvasive (nVNS) requires further study. Although review of current strategies underscores the serious shortcomings of treatment‐resistant cases, initial evidence from novel approaches suggests that future success is possible.
Terminal hepatic venule injury in liver biopsies of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell recipients—a study of 63 cases
Authors: Ma Changqing , Brunt Elizabeth M 
Published: October 2015

AimsSubtle lesions of terminal hepatic venules (THVs) may be overlooked in liver biopsies from haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) receipients when graft‐versus‐host disease is the clinical concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of THV injury resembling sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS).Methods and resultsSixty‐three consecutive biopsies from allogeneic HSCT recipients were scored for injured THVs. Forty‐nine (78%) biopsies had injured THVs, and 10 (16%) were diagnosed with SOS (mean ± standard deviation of injured THVs/biopsy: 90 ± 9%). Biopsies diagnosed with other diseases also had injured THVs (36 ± 33%). Biopsies from patients with cyclophosphamide plus fractionated total body irradiation conditioning and biopsies taken within 100 days post‐HSCT had significantly more occluded THVs (respectively: 40 ± 38%, P = 0.0188; and 35 ± 35%, P = 0.0076) than those with other conditioning regimens or in biopsies taken >100 days post‐HSCT. All biopsies taken at any time in the 6‐year post‐HSCT period had similar amounts of THV phlebosclerosis (23 ± 25%).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate a high incidence of THV injuries resembling SOS in post‐HSCT liver biopsies. THV injuries were detectable for several years post‐HSCT, and were concurrent with other diagnoses. Our results also suggest that SOS may be underdiagnosed.
Waterlogging Affects Leaf and Tillering Dynamics in Wheat and Barley
Authors: de San Celedonio R. P. , Abeledo L. G. , Brihet J. M. , Miralles D. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse (i) the crop attributes that determine flowering time (i.e. final leaf number, FLN; and phyllochron, Phy), (ii) the dynamics of tiller appearance and (iii) the synchrony between leaf and tiller appearance in wheat and barley plants exposed to waterlogging. Two experiments were carried out in pots, in which wheat and barley cultivars were exposed to five waterlogging treatments, during different periods throughout the crop cycle, from emergence to maturity. The appearance of leaves and tillers on the main stem was measured twice a week in labelled plants. Waterlogging from emergence to flag leaf appearance significantly delayed time to flowering. The delay was greater when waterlogging occurred at the beginning of tillering, lengthening the period from emergence to flowering 24 % (13–15 days) in barley and 10–15 % (6–10 days) in wheat, as compared to control. Phy was the main attribute explaining the delay in flowering, as FLN was not altered. Waterlogging during the early stages of development reduced tiller appearance rate (TAR) in both species, but this effect was partially counterbalanced by a lengthening of the tillering phase, so the effect on final tiller number at maturity was limited. In conclusion, the exposure of wheat and barley to waterlogging during early stages of development delayed time to flowering and reduce TAR in both species. Waterlogging during more advanced crop stages produced slight effects on tillering dynamics, which would indicate that waterlogging affected structure generation more than mortality.
Effect of Splinting on Dimensional Accuracy of Impressions Made of Implants with Different Subgingival Alignments
Authors: Beyabanaki Elaheh , Shamshiri Ahmed Reza , Alikhasi Marzieh , Monzavi Abbas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposePlacement of implants at deeper levels of gingiva is sometimes inevitable because of issues like esthetics or bone availability. The accuracy of impressions may be affected in these situations. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of splinting and length of impression copings on the accuracy of impressions made of deeply placed implants.Materials and MethodsA metal model with two parallel implants (Implantium; Dentium) was fabricated. One hundred and twenty impressions were made using the direct impression technique with and without splinting the impression copings (using short and long impression copings). Impressions were made of implants at three subgingival levels (1, 3, and 6 mm) using regular viscosity poly(vinyl siloxane). The impressions were poured with type IV dental stone. Displacements in the x, y, and z axes, as well as rotational discrepancies and interimplant distances were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. Data were analyzed with Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann‐Whitney, and nonparametric adjusted rank transform tests.ResultsThere was less rotational displacement using longer impression copings at different subgingival positions of the implants, either with splinted or nonsplinted direct technique (p < 0.05). Also, the nonsplinted technique produced more accurate impressions at different apico‐coronal levels of implants than the splinted technique using short impression copings (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAccording to the findings of this study, longer impression copings yielded better results than shorter ones in both splinted and nonsplinted techniques. Also, nonsplinted short impression copings produced more accurate impressions than splinted short impression copings.
Effect of Jig Design and Assessment of Stress Distribution in Testing Metal‐Ceramic Adhesion
Authors: Özcan Mutlu , Kojima Alberto Noriyuki , Nishioka Renato Sussumu , Mesquita Alfredo Mikail Melo , Bottino Marco Antonio , Filho Gilberto Duarte 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeIn testing adhesion using shear bond test, a combination of shear and tensile forces occur at the interface, resulting in complex stresses. The jig designs used for this kind of test show variations in published studies, complicating direct comparison between studies. This study evaluated the effect of different jig designs on metal‐ceramic bond strength and assessed the stress distribution at the interface using finite element analysis (FEA).Materials and MethodsMetal‐ceramic (Metal: Ni‐Cr, Wiron 99, Bego; Ceramic: Vita Omega 900, Vita) specimens (N = 36) (diameter: 4 mm, veneer thickness: 4 mm; base diameter: 5 mm, thickness: 1 mm) were fabricated and randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 per group) to be tested using one of the following jig designs: (a) chisel (CH) (ISO 11405), (b) steel strip (SS), (c) piston (PI). Metal‐ceramic interfaces were loaded under shear until debonding in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Failure types were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FEA was used to study the stress distribution using different jigs. Metal‐ceramic bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05).ResultsThe jig type significantly affected the bond results (p = 0.0001). PI type of jig presented the highest results (MPa) (p < 0.05) (58.2 ± 14.8), followed by CH (38.7 ± 7.6) and SS jig type (23.3 ± 4.2) (p < 0.05). Failure types were exclusively a combination of cohesive failure in the opaque ceramic and adhesive interface failure. FEA analysis indicated that the SS jig presented slightly more stress formation than with the CH jig. The PI jig presented small stress concentration with more homogeneous force distribution compared to the CH jig where the stress concentrated in the area where the force was applied.ConclusionMetal‐ceramic bond strength was affected by the jig design. Accordingly, the results of in vitro studies on metal‐ceramic adhesion should be evaluated with caution. Clinical significance: When adhesion of ceramic materials to metals is evaluated in in vitro studies, it should be noted that the loading jig type affects the results. Clinical observations should report on the location and type of ceramic fractures in metal‐ceramic reconstructions so that the most relevant test method can be identified.
Toll‐IL1 receptor‐mediated innate immune responses vary across HBV genotype and predict treatment response to pegylated‐IFN in HBeAg‐positive CHB patients
Authors: Visvanathan K. , Lang T. , Ryan K. , Wilson R. , Skinner N. A. , Thompson A. J. V. , Ahn S. H. , Weilert F. , Abbott W. , Gane E. , Colledge D. , Li K. , Locarnini S. , Mansell A. , Revill P. A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPatients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have suppressed TLR2 expression, function and cytokine production. The aim of this study was to explore the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in innate immune responses and investigate whether Toll‐like receptor (TLR) expression/function has potential roles as predictive biomarkers of successful therapy with pegylated interferon (Peg‐IFN) therapy of HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg‐positive patients. We showed that as early as 4 weeks after initiation of Peg‐IFN, future HBeAg seroconverters had significantly elevated levels of TLR2 expression on monocytes. TLR2‐associated IL‐6 production at baseline and week 4 of therapy and TLR4 IL‐6 production at week 4 were also markedly elevated in HBeAg seroconverters. HBV genotype also influenced treatment response, with genotypes A and B more likely to seroconvert than D. We were able to demonstrate that these differences were due in part to the interaction of the specific HBeAg proteins with TLR pathway adaptor molecules, and these interactions were genotype dependent. HBeAg‐mediated modulation of TLR signalling was also observed in Huh7 cells, following stimulation with Pam3Cys. Importantly, the addition of IFN‐α to TLR2‐stimulated cells cotransfected with an HBeAg expression plasmid reversed HBeAg‐mediated suppression of hepatocytes. These findings demonstrate that patients with an activated inflammatory response are much more likely to respond to IFN therapy, with TLR responses showing promise as potential biomarkers of HBeAg seroconversion in this setting. Furthermore, our findings suggest there is differential genotype‐specific HBeAg suppression of innate signalling pathways which may account for some of the clinical differences observed across the CHB spectrum.
BGA66 and BGA71 facilitate complement resistance of Borrelia bavariensis by inhibiting assembly of the membrane attack complex
Authors: Hammerschmidt Claudia , Klevenhaus Yvonne , Koenigs Arno , Hallström Teresia , Fingerle Volker , Skerka Christine , Pos Klaas Martinus , Zipfel Peter F. , Wallich Reinhard , Kraiczy Peter 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBorrelia (B.) bavariensis exhibits a marked tropism for nervous tissues and frequently causes neurological manifestations in humans. The molecular mechanism by which B. bavariensis overcomes innate immunity, in particular, complement remains elusive. In contrast to other serum‐resistant spirochetes, none of the B. bavariensis isolates investigated bound complement regulators of the alternative (AP) and classical pathway (CP) or proteolytically inactivated complement components. Focusing on outer surface proteins BGA66 and BGA71, we demonstrated that both molecules either inhibit AP, CP and terminal pathway (TP) activation, or block activation of the CP and TP respectively. Both molecules bind complement components C7, C8 and C9, and thereby prevent assembly of the terminal complement complex. This inhibitory activity was confirmed by the introduction of the BGA66 and BGA71 encoding genes into a serum‐sensitive B. garinii strain. Transformed spirochetes producing either BGA66 or BGA71 overcome complement‐mediated killing, thus indicating that both proteins independently facilitate serum resistance of B. bavariensis. The generation of C‐terminally truncated proteins as well as a chimeric BGA71 protein lead to the localization of the complement‐interacting binding site within the N‐terminus. Collectively, our data reveal a novel immune evasion strategy of B. bavariensis that is directed against the activation of the TP.
Rooting depth, water relations and non‐structural carbohydrate dynamics in three woody angiosperms differentially affected by an extreme summer drought
Authors: Nardini Andrea , Casolo Valentino , Dal Borgo Anna , Savi Tadeja , Stenni Barbara , Bertoncin Paolo , Zini Luca , McDowell Nathan G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn 2012, an extreme summer drought induced species‐specific die‐back in woody species in Northeastern Italy. Quercus pubescens and Ostrya carpinifolia were heavily impacted, while Prunus mahaleb was largely unaffected. By comparing seasonal changes in isotopic composition of xylem sap, rainfall and deep soil samples, we show that P. mahaleb has a deeper root system than the other two species. This morphological trait allowed P  mahaleb to maintain higher water potential (Ψ), gas exchange rates and non‐structural carbohydrates content (NSC) throughout the summer, when compared with the other species. More favourable water and carbon states allowed relatively stable maintenance of stem hydraulic conductivity (k) throughout the growing season. In contrast, in Quercus pubescens and Ostrya carpinifolia, decreasing Ψ and NSC were associated with significant hydraulic failure, with spring‐to‐summer k loss averaging 60%. Our data support the hypothesis that drought‐induced tree decline is a complex phenomenon that cannot be modelled on the basis of single predictors of tree status like hydraulic efficiency, vulnerability and carbohydrate content. Our data highlight the role of rooting depth in seasonal progression of water status, gas exchange and NSC, with possible consequences for energy‐demanding mechanisms involved in the maintenance of vascular integrity.
Wheat leaf lipids during heat stress: I. High day and night temperatures result in major lipid alterations
Authors: Narayanan Sruthi , Tamura Pamela J. , Roth Mary R. , Prasad P.V. Vara , Welti Ruth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under high temperature (HT) regulate lipid composition is critical to developing climate‐resilient varieties. We measured 165 glycerolipids and sterol derivatives under optimum and high day and night temperatures in wheat leaves using electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry. Levels of polar lipid fatty acyl chain unsaturation were lower in both heat‐tolerant genotype Ventnor and susceptible genotype Karl 92 under HT, compared with optimum temperature. The lower unsaturation was predominantly because of lower levels of 18:3 acyl chains and higher levels of 18:1 and 16:0 acyl chains. Levels of 18:3‐containing triacylglycerols increased threefold/more under HT, consistent with their possible role in sequestering fatty acids during membrane lipid remodelling. Phospholipids containing odd‐numbered or oxidized acyl chains accumulated in leaves under HT. Sterol glycosides (SG) and 16:0‐acylated sterol glycosides (ASG) were higher under HT than optimum temperatures. Ventnor had lower amounts of phospholipids with oxidized acyl chains under HT and higher amounts of SG and 16:0‐ASG than Karl 92. Taken together, the data demonstrate that wheat leaf lipid composition is altered by HT, in which some lipids are particularly responsive to HT, and that two wheat genotypes, chosen for their differing physiological responses to HT, differ in lipid profile under HT.
Effective intra‐S checkpoint responses to UVC in primary human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines
Authors: Cordeiro‐Stone Marila , McNulty John J. , Sproul Christopher D. , Chastain Paul D. , Gibbs‐Flournoy Eugene , Zhou Yingchun , Carson Craig , Rao Shangbang , Mitchell David L. , Simpson Dennis A. , Thomas Nancy E. , Ibrahim Joseph G. , Kaufmann William K. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe objective of this study was to assess potential functional attenuation or inactivation of the intra‐S checkpoint during melanoma development. Proliferating cultures of skin melanocytes, fibroblasts, and melanoma cell lines were exposed to increasing fluences of UVC and intra‐S checkpoint responses were quantified. Melanocytes displayed stereotypic intra‐S checkpoint responses to UVC qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent to those previously demonstrated in skin fibroblasts. In comparison with fibroblasts, primary melanocytes displayed reduced UVC‐induced inhibition of DNA strand growth and enhanced degradation of p21Waf1 after UVC, suggestive of enhanced bypass of UVC‐induced DNA photoproducts. All nine melanoma cell lines examined, including those with activating mutations in BRAF or NRAS oncogenes, also displayed proficiency in activation of the intra‐S checkpoint in response to UVC irradiation. The results indicate that bypass of oncogene‐induced senescence during melanoma development was not associated with inactivation of the intra‐S checkpoint response to UVC‐induced DNA replication stress.
Non‐specificity of ethylene inhibitors: ‘double‐edged’ tools to find out new targets involved in the root morphogenetic programme
Authors: Le Deunff E. , Lecourt J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the last decade, genetic and pharmacological approaches have been used to explore ethylene biosynthesis and perception in order to study the role of ethylene and ethylene/auxin interaction in root architecture development. However, recent findings with pharmacological approaches highlight the non‐specificity of commonly used inhibitors. This suggests that caution is required for interpreting these studies and that the use of pharmacological agents is a ‘double‐edged’ tool. On one hand, non‐specific effects make interpretation difficult unless other experiments, such as with different mutants or with multiple diversely acting chemicals, are conducted. On the other hand, the non‐specificity of inhibitors opens up the possibility of uncovering some ligands or modulators of new receptors such as plant glutamate‐like receptors and importance of some metabolic hubs in carbon and nitrogen metabolism such as the pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis involved in the regulation of the root morphogenetic programme. Identification of such targets is a critical issue to improve the efficiency of absorption of macronutrients in relation to root the morphogenetic programme.
In Search of Fiscal Interactions: A Spatial Analysis ofChinese Provincial Infrastructure Spending
Authors: Zheng Xinye , Song Feng , Yu Yihua , Song Shunfeng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing a dataset for 31Chinese provinces from 1998 to 2006, this paper provides a spatial Durbin panel analysis to test for fiscal interactions amongChina's provinces in their public spending on infrastructure. We find significant positive interactions acrossChinese provincial governments. Further analysis attempting to distinguish between the possible sources of such fiscal interactions reveals evidence of expenditure competition instead of yardstick competition.
Information and Communications Technology, Agricultural Profitability and Child Labor in Rural Peru
Authors: Beuermann Diether W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe estimate the impact of access to information and communications technology on agricultural profitability and child labor among isolated rural villages in Peru. We exploit the timing of an intervention that provided at least one public (satellite) payphone to villages that did not previously have communications services. Using a village‐level panel, we show that agricultural profitability increased by 19.7%. Moreover, this positive income effect translated into an increase in the likelihood of children being dedicated only to school and a reduction in the likelihood of child labor equivalent to 17 and 16 percentage points respectively.
North–South Trade Liberalization and Economic Welfare
Authors: Gilbert John , Beladi Hamid , Oladi Reza 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe consider a general equilibrium model of a developing economy (the South) that opens to trade with a developed economy (the North). The southern economy is characterized by open urban unemployment and rural–urban migration, a competitive agricultural sector and a monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector. Hence, there is potential for both inter‐ and intra‐industry trade to arise on liberalization, in addition to distortionary effects of duality. Southern comparative advantage in agriculture may arise from the labor market distortion and the basis for intra‐industry trade is love for variety. We characterize various configurations of the trade pattern, and the resulting welfare consequences of opening to trade in this context. We illustrate a new mechanism under which in some circumstances it may be possible for trade liberalization to lower economic welfare in the South.