bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Monoliths and Embedding of Metal Nanoparticles by On‐Site Reduction
Authors: Moitra Nirmalya , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Shimada Toyoshi , Takeda Kazuyuki , Ikuhara Yumi H. , Gao Xiang , Nakanishi Kazuki 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA facile synthesis of a new class of reactive porous materials is reported: hierarchically porous hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSiO1.5, HSQ) monoliths with well‐defined macropores and mesopores. The HSQ monoliths are prepared via sol‐gel accompanied by phase separation in a mild condition, and contain micrometer‐sized co‐continuous macropores and high specific surface area reaching up to 800 m2 g−1 because of the small mesopores. A total preservation of Si–H, which is always an issue of HSQ materials, is confirmed by 29Si solid‐state NMR. The HSQ monolith has then been subjected to reduction of noble metal ions to their corresponding metal nanoparticles in simple aqueous solutions under an ambient condition. The nanoparticles produced in this manner are immobilized on the HSQ monolith and are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM). Both the bare HSQ and nanoparticles‐embedded HSQ are promising as heterogeneous catalysts, exhibiting reusability and recyclability.
Migrant and seasonal crop worker injury and illness across the northeast
Authors: Scribani Melissa , Wyckoff Sherry , Jenkins Paul , Bauer Henry , Earle‐Richardson Giulia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundNortheast farmworkers are a small, widely dispersed, and isolated population. Little is known about their occupational injury and illness risk.MethodsResearchers conducted chart reviews in migrant health centers across the Northeast, and calculated incidence‐density for agricultural morbidity based on a new method for estimating total worker hours at risk, and adjusting for cases seen at other sources of care.ResultsAn estimated annual average of 1,260 cases translated to an incidence of 30.27 per 10,000 worker weeks, (12.7 per 100 FTEs). Straining/spraining events (56% cases) was the most common occurrence (16.8 per 10,000 worker weeks), and lifting (21.5% cases) was the leading contributing factor. Incidence by crop category ranged from 12.95 (ground crop) to 29.69 (bush crop) per 10,000 weeks. Only 2.8% filed for Workers' Compensation.ConclusionThe predominance of straining/spraining events affecting the back, and their association with lifting suggests that Northeastern farmworker occupational health programs should focus on ergonomics, and specifically on safe lifting. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:845–855, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional links between canine height and jaw gape in catarrhines with special reference to early hominins
Authors: Hylander William L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study tests the hypothesis that decreased canine crown height in catarrhines is linked to (and arguably caused by) decreased jaw gape. Associations are characterized within and between variables such as upper and lower canine height beyond the occlusal plane (canine overlap), maximum jaw gape, and jaw length for 27 adult catarrhine species, including 539 living subjects and 316 museum specimens. The data demonstrate that most adult male catarrhines have relatively larger canine overlap dimensions and gapes than do conspecific females. For example, whereas male baboons open their jaws maximally more than 110% of jaw length, females open about 90%. Humans and hylobatids are the exceptions in that canine overlap is nearly the same in both the sexes and so is relative gape (ca. 65% for humans and 110% for hylobatids). A correlation analysis demonstrates that a large portion of relative gape (maximum gape/projected jaw length) is predicted by relative canine overlap (canine overlap/jaw length). Relative gape is mainly a function of jaw muscle position and/or jaw muscle‐fiber length. All things equal, more rostrally positioned jaw muscles and/or shorter muscle fibers decrease gape and increase bite force during the power stroke of mastication, and the net benefit is to increase the mechanical efficiency during chewing. Similarly, more caudally positioned muscles and/or longer muscle fibers increase the amount of gape and decrease bite force. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that canine reduction in early hominins is functionally linked to decreased gape and increased mechanical efficiency of the jaws. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic polymers and their potential as genetic materials
Authors: Pinheiro Vitor B. , Loakes David , Holliger Philipp 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDNA and RNA are the only known natural genetic materials. Systematic modification of each of their chemical building blocks (nucleobase, sugar, and phosphate) has enabled the study of the key properties that make those nucleic acids genetic materials. All three moieties contribute to replication and, significantly, all three moieties can be replaced by synthetic analogs without loss of function. Synthetic nucleic acid polymers capable of storing and propagating information not only expand the central dogma, but also highlight that DNA and RNA are not unique chemical solutions for genetic information storage. By considering replication as a question of information transfer, we propose that any polymer that can be replicated could serve as a genetic material.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Xenobiology: A new form of life as the ultimate biosafety tool Abstract
Mitochondria, maternal inheritance, and asymmetric fitness: Why males die younger
Authors: Wolff Jonci N. , Gemmell Neil J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMitochondrial function is achieved through the cooperative interaction of two genomes: one nuclear (nuDNA) and the other mitochondrial (mtDNA). The unusual transmission of mtDNA, predominantly maternal without recombination is predicted to affect the fitness of male offspring. Recent research suggests the strong sexual dimorphism in aging is one such fitness consequence. The uniparental inheritance of mtDNA results in a selection asymmetry; mutations that affect only males will not respond to natural selection, imposing a male‐specific mitochondrial mutation load. Prior work has implicated this male‐specific mutation load in disease and infertility, but new data from fruit flies suggests a prominent role for mtDNA in aging; across many taxa males almost invariably live shorter lives than females. Here we discuss this new work and identify some areas of future research that might now be encouraged to explore what may be the underpinning cause of the strong sexual dimorphism in aging.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays: Mitonuclear match: Optimizing fitness and fertility over generations drives ageing within generations AbstractMitochondrial manoeuvres: Latest insights and hypotheses on mitochondrial partitioning during mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AbstractMitochondria and the culture of the Borg Abstract
Bacterial cooperation in the wild and in the clinic: Are pathogen social behaviours relevant outside the laboratory?
Authors: Harrison Freya 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIndividual bacterial cells can communicate via quorum sensing, cooperate to harvest nutrients from their environment, form multicellular biofilms, compete over resources and even kill one another. When the environment that bacteria inhabit is an animal host, these social behaviours mediate virulence. Over the last decade, much attention has focussed on the ecology, evolution and pathology of bacterial cooperation, and the possibility that it could be exploited or destabilised to treat infections. But how far can we really extrapolate from theoretical predictions and laboratory experiments to make inferences about ‘cooperative’ behaviours in hosts and reservoirs? To determine the likely importance and evolution of cooperation ‘in the wild’, several questions must be addressed. A recent paper that reports the dynamics of bacterial cooperation and virulence in a field experiment provides an excellent nucleus for bringing together key empirical and theoretical results which help us to frame – if not completely to answer – these questions.
Modeling and optimization of granulation process of activated sludge in sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Su Kui‐Zu , Ni Bing‐Jie , Yu Han‐Qing 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAerobic granulation is a promising process for wastewater treatment, but this granulation process is very complicated and is affected by many factors. Thus, a mathematical model to quantitatively describe such a granulation process is highly desired. In this work, by taking into account all of key steps including biomass growth, increase in particle size and density, detachment, breakage and sedimentation, an one‐dimensional mathematic model was developed to simulate the granulation process of activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Discretization methodology was applied by dividing operational time, sedimentation process, size fractions and slices into discretized calculation elements. Model verification and prediction for aerobic granulation process were conducted under four different conditions. Four parameters indicative of granulation progression, including mean radius, biomass discharge ratio, total number, and bioparticle size distribution, were predicted well with the model. An optimum controlling strategy, automatically adjusted of settling time, was also proposed based on this model. Moreover, aerobic granules with a density higher than 120 g VSS/L and radius in a range of 0.4–1.0 mm were predicted to have both high settling velocity and substrate utilization rate, and the corresponding optimum operating conditions were be determined. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed model is appropriate for simulating the formation of aerobic granules in SBRs. These results are useful for designing and optimizing the cultivation and operation of aerobic granule process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1312–1322. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of an inducible cell‐communication system that amplifies Salmonella gene expression in tumor tissue
Authors: Dai Yumei , Toley Bhushan J. , Swofford Charles A. , Forbes Neil S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBacterial therapies have the potential to overcome resistances that cause chemotherapies to fail. When using bacteria to produce anticancer agents in tumors, triggering gene expression is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity. The use of chemical triggers, however, is hampered by poor delivery of inducing molecules, which reduces the number of activated bacteria. To solve this problem, we created a cell‐communication system that enables activated bacteria to induce inactive neighbors. We hypothesized that introducing cell communication into Salmonella would improve direct triggering strategies by increasing protein production, increasing sensitivity to inducer molecules, and enabling expression in tumor tissue. To test these hypotheses we integrated the PBAD promoter into the quorum‐sensing machinery from Vibrio fischeri. The expression of a fluorescent reporter gene was compared to expression from non‐communicating controls. Function in three‐dimensional tissue was tested in a tumor‐on‐a‐chip device. Bacterial communication increased fluorescence 40‐fold and increased sensitivity to inducer molecules more than 10,000‐fold. The system enabled bacteria to activate neighbors and increased the time‐scale of protein production. Gene expression was controllable and tightly regulated. At the optimal inducing signal, communicating bacteria produced 350 times more protein than non‐communicating bacteria. The cell‐communication system created in this study has uses beyond cancer therapy, including protein manufacturing, bioremediation and biosensing. It would enable amplified induction of gene expression in any environment that limits availability of inducer molecules. Ultimately, because inducible cellular communication enables gene expression in tissue, it will be a critical component of bacterial anticancer therapies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1769–1781. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative characterization of novel ene‐reductases from cyanobacteria
Authors: Fu Yilei , Castiglione Kathrin , Weuster‐Botz Dirk 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe growing importance of biocatalysis in the syntheses of enantiopure molecules results from the benefits of enzymes regarding selectivity and specificity of the reaction and ecological issues of the process. Ene‐reductases (ERs) from the old yellow enzyme family have received much attention in the last years. These flavo‐enzymes catalyze the trans‐specific reduction of activated CC bonds, which is an important reaction in asymmetric synthesis, because up to two stereogenic centers can be created in one reaction. However, limitations of ERs described in the literature such as their moderate catalytic activity and their strong preference for NADPH promote the search for novel ERs with improved properties. In this study, we characterized nine novel ERs from cyanobacterial strains belonging to different taxonomic orders and habitats. ERs were identified with activities towards a broad spectrum of alkenes. The reduction of maleimide was catalyzed with activities of up to 35.5 U mg−1 using NADPH. Ketoisophorone and (R)‐carvone, which were converted to the highly valuable compounds (R)‐levodione and (2R,5R)‐dihydrocarvone, were reduced with reaction rates of up to 2.2 U mg−1 with NADPH. In contrast to other homologous ERs from the literature, NADH was accepted at moderate to high rates as well: Enzyme activities of up to 16.7 U mg−1 were obtained for maleimide and up to 1.3 U mg−1 for ketoisophorone and (R)‐carvone. Additionally, excellent stereoselectivities were achieved in the reduction of (R)‐carvone (97–99% de). In particular, AnabaenaER3 from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 and AcaryoER1 from Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017 were identified as useful biocatalysts. Therefore, novel ERs from cyanobacteria with high catalytic efficiency were added to the toolbox for the asymmetric reduction of alkenes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1293–1301. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathways of reductive 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) biotransformation in sludge
Authors: Olivares Christopher , Liang Jidong , Abrell Leif , Sierra‐Alvarez Reyes , Field Jim A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs the use of the insensitive munition compound 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) increases, releases to the environment may pose a threat to local ecosystems. Little is known about the environmental fate of DNAN and the conversions caused by microbial activity. We studied DNAN biotransformation rates in sludge under aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions, detected biotransformation products, and elucidated their chemical structures. The biotransformation of DNAN was most rapid under anaerobic conditions with H2 as a cosubstrate. The results showed that the ortho nitro group in DNAN is regioselectively reduced to yield 2‐methoxy‐5‐nitroaniline (MENA), and then the para nitro group is reduced to give 2,4‐diaminoanisole (DAAN). Both MENA and DAAN were identified as important metabolites in all redox conditions. Azo and hydrazine dimer derivatives formed from the coupling of DNAN reduction products in anaerobic conditions. Secondary pathways included acetylation and methylation of amine moieties, as well as the stepwise O‐demethylation and dehydroxylation of methoxy groups. Seven unique metabolites were identified which enabled elucidation of biotransformation pathways. The results taken as a whole suggest that reductive biotransformation is an important fate of DNAN leading to the formation of aromatic amines as well as azo and hydrazine dimeric metabolites. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1595–1604. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Rhodium Complexes Generated from Mixtures of Monodentate Neutral and Anionic Phosphorus Ligands
Authors: Frank Dominik J. , Franzke Axel , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA series of monodentate neutral and anionic phosphorus ligands was synthesized and evaluated in the asymmetric rhodium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of functionalized olefins by using either catalysts containing identical ligands or catalysts generated from mixtures of two different ligands. We expected that the combination of an anionic ligand with a neutral ligand would favor the formation of hetero over homo bis‐ligand complexes due to charge repulsion. NMR spectroscopic studies confirmed that charge effects can indeed shift the equilibrium toward the hetero bis‐ligand complexes. In several cases, the combination of a neutral phosphane with an anionic phosphane, one chiral and the other achiral, furnished significantly higher enantioselectivities than analogous mixtures of two neutral ligands. The best results were obtained with a mixture of an anionic phosphoramidite and a neutral phosphoric acid diester. It is supposed that in this case a hydrogen bond between the two ligands additionally stabilizes the hetero ligand combination.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of a Biomimetic Light‐Harvesting Antenna Based on DNA G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Sancho Oltra Núria , Browne Wesley R. , Roelfes Gerard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new modular approach to an artificial light‐harvesting antenna system is presented. The approach involves the hierarchical self‐assembly of porphyrin acceptor molecules to G‐quadruplexes tethered to coumarin donor moieties.
Boronate Ligands in Materials: Determining Their Local Environment by Using a Combination of IR/Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopies and DFT Calculations
Authors: Sene Saad , Reinholdt Marc , Renaudin Guillaume , Berthomieu Dorothée , Zicovich‐Wilson Claudio M. , Gervais Christel , Gaveau Philippe , Bonhomme Christian , Filinchuk Yaroslav , Smith Mark E. , Nedelec Jean‐Marie , Bégu Sylvie , Mutin P. Hubert , Laurencin Danielle 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBoronic acids (R‐B(OH)2) are a family of molecules that have found a large number of applications in materials science. In contrast, boronate anions (R‐B(OH)3−) have hardly been used so far for the preparation of novel materials. Here, a new crystalline phase involving a boronate ligand is described, Ca[C4H9‐B(OH)3]2, which is then used as a basis for the establishment of the spectroscopic signatures of boronates in the solid state. The phase was characterized by IR and multinuclear solid‐state NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 11B and 43Ca), and then modeled by periodic DFT calculations. Anharmonic OH vibration frequencies were calculated as well as NMR parameters (by using the Gauge Including Projector Augmented Wave—GIPAW—method). These data allow relationships between the geometry around the OH groups in boronates and the IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic data to be established, which will be key to the future interpretation of the spectra of more complex organic–inorganic materials containing boronate building blocks.
Enantioselective Ring Opening of meso‐Epoxides with Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Dinuclear Magnesium Complexes
Authors: Bao Hongli , Wang Zheng , You Tianpa , Ding Kuiling 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe dinuclear magnesium complexes generated in situ from the reaction of chiral multidentate semi‐azacrown ether ligands with n‐Bu2Mg were found to be efficient catalysts for enantioselective ring‐opening of meso‐epoxides with aniline derivatives, affording the corresponding chiral β‐amino alcohols in good yields with up to 90% ee.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (−)‐Chloramphenicol, (+)‐Thiamphenicol and (+)‐Sphinganine via Chiral Tricyclic Iminolactone
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Hongbo , Li Chenguang , Xu Pengfei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe stereoselective syntheses of (−)‐chloramphenicol, (+)‐thiamphenicol and (+)‐sphinganine are described. The two continuous chiral centers within three target molecules were constructed through aldol reaction of chiral tricyclic iminolactone and aldehyde.
Field Evaluation of Arid Soils Wetting Pattern in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Scheme
Authors: Al‐Mefleh Naji K. , Abu‐Zreig Majed 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA field study evaluating wetted radius (Wr), downward depth (Dd), and upward movement (Um) under different emitter discharges and lateral depths was conducted. Four emitter discharges (2, 4, 8, and 16 L/h) and four lateral depths (0, 10, 20, and 30 cm) were tested in a clay loam soil. Relationships were found between the emitter discharge and lateral depth versus Wr, Dd, and Um. Wetting area at the surface occurs under different emitter discharges and lateral depths except at 30 cm lateral depth. At lateral depth of 0 and 10 cm, Wr and emitter discharge were positively correlated. The Dd was not affected by emitter discharge except for laterals installed at 20 cm depth. At 30 cm lateral depth, the correlations between each of Wr, Um, and Dd with emitter discharge were poor. The ratios of Wr/Dd and Um/Dd, with respect to emitter position, were less than unity over different emitter discharges and lateral depths. These results shed some light on the design of subsurface drip irrigation scheme so that the spacing between emitters should be determined based on the lateral depths and discharge of emitters. Evaporation losses were negligible for the 30‐cm‐lateral depth since the upward moisture movement has not reached the soil surface area at all discharge rates tested in the study.
Multifocal breast cancer documented in large‐format histology sections
Authors: Pekar Gyula , Hofmeyer Syster , Tabár László , Tarján Miklós , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi , Yen Amy Ming‐Fang , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Hellberg Dan , Gere Mária , Tot Tibor 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The prognostic significance of molecular phenotype in breast cancer is well established in the literature. Recent studies have demonstrated that subgross lesion distribution (unifocal, multifocal, and diffuse) and disease extent also carry prognostic significance in this disease. However, the correlation of molecular phenotypes with subgross parameters has not yet been investigated in detail.METHODS:In total, 444 consecutive invasive breast cancers that were documented in large‐format histology slides and worked up with detailed radiologic‐pathologic correlation were sampled into tissue microarray blocks and stained immunohistochemically to delineate the molecular subtypes.RESULTS:Diffuse or multifocal distribution of the invasive component of breast carcinomas in this series was associated with a 4.14‐fold respectively 2.75‐fold risk of cancer‐related death compared with unifocal tumors irrespective of molecular phenotype. Patients who had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive cancers; estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone receptor‐negative, and HER2‐negative (triple‐negative) cancers; or basal‐like cancers had a 2.18‐fold, 2.33‐fold, and 4.07‐fold risk of dying of disease, respectively, compared with patients who had luminal A carcinomas. Unifocal luminal A, HER2‐positive, and basal‐like cancers were associated with significantly better long‐term survival outcomes than their multifocal or diffuse counterparts; luminal B and triple‐negative tumors also had the same tendency. In multivariate analysis, patient age, tumor size category, lymph node status, lesion distribution, and molecular phenotypes remained significant.CONCLUSIONS:Multifocality and diffuse distribution of the invasive component were associated with significantly poorer survival in women with breast carcinomas compared with unifocal disease in patients with luminal A, HER2 type, and basal‐like cancers. Molecular classification of breast cancer is a powerful tool but gains in power when combined with conventional and subgross morphologic parameters. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.