bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Near‐Infrared Photography to Image Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases
Authors: Stein Darrell , Yu Jorn Chi Chung 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn imaging technique that is capable of reducing glare, reflection, and shadows can greatly assist the process of toolmarks comparison. In this work, a camera with near‐infrared (near‐IR) photographic capabilities was fitted with an IR filter, mounted to a stereomicroscope, and used to capture images of toolmarks on fired bullets and cartridge cases. Fluorescent, white light‐emitting diode (LED), and halogen light sources were compared for use with the camera. Test‐fired bullets and cartridge cases from different makes and models of firearms were photographed under either near‐IR or visible light. With visual comparisons, near‐IR images and visible light images were comparable. The use of near‐IR photography did not reveal more details and could not effectively eliminate reflections and glare associated with visible light photography. Near‐IR photography showed little advantages in manual examination of fired evidence when it was compared with visible light (regular) photography.
Spread and change in stress resistance of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157 on fungal colonies
Authors: Lee Ken‐ichi , Kobayashi Naoki , Watanabe Maiko , Sugita‐Konishi Yoshiko , Tsubone Hirokazu , Kumagai Susumu , Hara‐Kudo Yukiko 
Published: August 2013

SummaryTo elucidate the effect of fungal hyphae on the behaviour of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, the spread and change in stress resistance of the bacterium were evaluated after coculture with 11 species of food‐related fungi including fermentation starters. Spread distances of STEC O157 varied depending on the co‐cultured fungal species, and the motile bacterial strain spread for longer distances than the non‐motile strain. The population of STEC O157 increased when co‐cultured on colonies of nine fungal species but decreased on colonies of Emericella nidulans and Aspergillus ochraceus. Confocal scanning microscopy visualization of green fluorescent protein‐tagged STEC O157 on fungal hyphae revealed that the bacterium colonized in the water film that existed on and between hyphae. To investigate the physiological changes in STEC O157 caused by co‐culturing with fungi, the bacterium was harvested after 7 days of co‐culturing and tested for acid resistance. After co‐culture with eight fungal species, STEC O157 showed greater acid resistance compared to those cultured without fungi. Our results indicate that fungal hyphae can spread the contamination of STEC O157 and can also enhance the stress resistance of the bacteria.
Assessment of smear layer removal protocols in curved root canals
Authors: Yeung William , Raldi Denise Pontes , Cunha Rodrigo Sanches , Mello Isabel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study sought to assess if the final rinse protocol interferes with the smear layer removal in the apical area of curved canals. Sixty‐four extracted human mandibular molars with curved mesial roots were instrumented with rotary files and divided into six experimental groups for final rinse: 1EDTA (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ), 5EDTA (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA), 1EDTA‐P (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% EDTA + pumping with gutta‐percha point), 5EDTA‐P (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA + pumping with gutta‐percha point), 1EDTA‐EA (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% EDTA + EndoActivator) and 5EDTA‐EA (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA + EndoActivator). Final rinsing was carried out over 3 min. The specimens were split lengthwise and observed under a scanning electron microscope using a score criterion. Comparison among the groups showed statistically significant difference only between the 5EDTA‐EA group and the other groups (Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post‐hoc tests, P < 0.05). The combination of 5 mL of 17% EDTA and 3 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with the EndoActivator removed smear layer from the apical area of curved root canals more effectively than the other protocols used.
Effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) on lipid accumulation by transcriptional control of CPT1A and CPT1B
Authors: Zhang Y.‐F. , Yuan Z.‐Q. , Song D.‐G. , Zhou X.‐H. , Wang Y.‐Z. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryCB1 (also known as CNR1), a main receptor for cannabinoids acting at PPARs, can enhance fat deposition. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT1), an enzyme responsible for the transport of long‐chain fatty acids for β‐oxidation, is closely related to fat deposition. Whether CB1 can regulate intramuscular adipocytes lipid accumulation through regulation of CPT1 is unclear. Based on the investigation of tissue‐ and breed‐specific CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA expression levels in Jinhua and Landrace pigs, we studied the effects of CB1 on lipid accumulation and CPT1B expression by treating porcine intramuscular adipocytes with CB1 antagonist Δ9‐THC and antagonist SR141716. Results showed that muscle CPT1 mRNA was expressed at higher levels in the longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous fat. Liver CPT1A mRNA expression levels were higher in the pancreas, duodenum and liver. Compared with Landrace pigs, CPT1A and CPT1B in the longissimus dorsi of Jinhua pigs were significantly higher and positively correlated with intramuscular fat content. However, for subcutaneous fat, CPT1 levels were significantly lower and negatively correlated with body fat percentage. Δ9‐THC significantly increased CB1 mRNA levels and lipid accumulation but decreased CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA levels. Conversely, SR141716 reduced CB1 mRNA levels but increased CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA levels, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation. The CPT1 antagonist etomoxir did not affect CB1 expression, suggesting that CB1 is likely upstream of CPT1A and CPT1B. Meanwhile, PPARA expression was greatly decreased when CPT1A and CPT1B were inhibited and enhanced when CPT1A and CPT1B were activated. Taken together, these data indicate that CB1 can affect intramuscular fat deposition by regulating both CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA expression, with the PPARA signal pathway likely playing a major role in this process.
The significance of subcarinal dissection in esophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Hu Wei , Liang Yayong , Zhang Shuishen , Hu Yi , Liu Jingeng 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of subcarinal dissection on short‐term outcome and survival following esophagectomy in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsA total of 2252 patients underwent an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer from January 1997 to December 2008, of whom 1419 patients met the selection criteria. There were 335 cases without a subcarinal dissection and 1084 with a subcarinal dissection. Short‐term outcomes and survival following the esophagectomy between the subcarinal non‐dissection group and dissection group were compared.ResultsThe average operation time of the subcarinal dissection group was longer than that of the non‐dissection group (227 vs 208 min, P < 0.05). Both blood loss (246 vs 231 ml) and postoperative pleural drainage volume (1033 vs 950 ml) of the dissection group were significantly greater than in the non‐dissection group (P < 0.05). For the entire cohort, the overall survival rate of the subcarinal non‐dissection group was significantly lower than the dissection group (54 vs 36 mo., P < 0.05). However, in the N1–3 subgroup, no significant difference was found in overall survival rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the N0 subgroup the overall survival rate of the subcarinal non‐dissection group was significantly lower than that of the dissection group (P < 0.05).ConclusionSubcarinal dissection is still necessary in esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
‘It's not about believing’: Exploring the transformative potential of cultural acknowledgement in an Indigenous tourism context
Authors: Scherrer Pascal , Doohan Kim 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper directly challenges the persisting argument that in the host–(uninvited) guest relationship of Kimberley coastal tourism in Australia's far northwest, Traditional Owners (the hosts) have a pedagogic responsibility to first educate the tourism industry (the guests) of their impacts on them in order to facilitate culturally appropriate and sustainable tourism experiences. We contend that such an argument reflects a deeply entrenched context of erasure and power imbalance between Australian Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people. We highlight, using three decades of public records, the fact that government and industry have ignored and continue to ignore knowledge and learning shared by Kimberley Aboriginal peoples in attempts to rectify serious issues of cultural impacts and risks to visitors arising from unsanctioned tourism activities on Traditional Owners’ land and sea country. We argue for the possibility of tourism operating in a mutually satisfactory hybrid space in which acknowledgement, tolerance and respect discharges the need for understanding different ontologies that operate within that space but provides the potential for learning. Using Bourdieu's notion of transformative practice, we propose that the development of such a hybrid space could transform the problem of unsanctioned tourism access to the Kimberley coast into an iteration that could facilitate its taming and thus a shift towards sustainable practices based on mutual recognition and respect.
Faculty Perceptions of How Community‐Engaged Research Is Valued in Tenure, Promotion, and Retention Decisions
Authors: Nokes Kathleen M. , Nelson David A. , McDonald Mary Anne , Hacker Karen , Gosse Jacquelyn , Sanford Becky , Opel Shannon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurposeWe assessed the perceptions of community core faculty in academic medical center institutions that received Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) about how these institutions consider community‐engaged scholarship (CES) when tenure, promotion, and retention decisions are made.MethodAn assessment tool was adapted to create an 18‐item survey that was sent during November and December 2011 via the Internet to the 369 members of the community‐engagement core mailing list of the CTSA.ResultsFifty‐nine responses were received which represented 37 of the possible 60 different funded institutions. The mean score was 48.14 (SD = 11.18); range of 23–74; and Cronbach's alpha was .91 About half reported that support for CES and its inclusion in the academic decision process increased since the institution was awarded a CTSA. Open‐ended responses indicated some confusion with terminology although a definition of CES had been provided in the instrument instructions.ConclusionRespondents overall agreed there was moderate support for CES in tenure, promotion, and retention decisions which may have been influenced by the CTSA application requirements. This survey could be used to identify if there are differences in institutional and departments and measure changes over time.
Recent advances in artificial production of glass eels for conservation of anguillid eel populations
Authors: Okamura Akihiro , Horie Noriyuki , Mikawa Naomi , Yamada Yoshiaki , Tsukamoto Katsumi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRemarkable progress in techniques for maturation of adults and rearing of larvae has been achieved for the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica over the past 50 years, but recent efforts have not yet succeeded in the mass production of glass eels. This article reviews recent advances in techniques for artificial production of A. japonica glass eels. Successful new protocols for obtaining viable eggs and larvae of A. japonica are largely resulting from using artificially feminised eels instead of wild silver eels. The feminisation technique by administration of 17β‐estradiol to glass eels not only provides an opportunity for using females as experimental broodstock throughout the year, but also accelerates their oocyte development or even increases the competence of females to respond to salmon pituitary extract. Induced spontaneous spawning with paired eels can improve the success rate for obtaining good‐quality eggs compared with the traditional stripping‐insemination method. As a result of the accumulation of field data on natural environmental conditions, such as an optimum temperature, where eel eggs and larvae were collected, the survival and growth rate of captive eel leptocephali have been much improved under these conditions. However, 50% diluted sea water (17.5 psu) that is far from the natural condition can result in better growth and survival performance in A. japonica leptocephali, possibly because it reduces the energy necessary for osmoregulation. Starvation can be a cue for triggering the onset of metamorphosis in A. japonica leptocephali, reducing the prolonged duration of the larval stage in captivity. To reach the mass production of glass eels at a commercial level, further improvement in quality of an artificial larval diet not containing eggs of the endangered shark Squalus acanthias is needed. The control of deformities in captive leptocephali and glass eels is also an important task. New techniques reducing the excessive use of exogenous hormones with parent eels should also be developed, to avoid public perception of an unhealthy product. If these techniques are completely established, we can exchange artificially produced glass eels with some part of the wild glass eels that are heavily exploited and provided to the eel aquaculture industry, and this can help to reduce the impact of eel consumption, which will contribute to the conservation of eel species worldwide.
Movement patterns of adult pike (Esox lucius L.) in a Belgian lowland river
Authors: Pauwels Ine S. , Goethals Peter L.M. , Coeck Johan , Mouton Ans M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNorthern pike, Esox lucius, needs different habitats to survive and reproduce and thus depends on the availability and accessibility of these habitats. To efficiently manage pike, information is needed on its spatial and temporal patterns of migration. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of adult pike migration and which environmental variables influenced migration. From December 2010, we followed 15 pike for 1 year by use of radio telemetry in the River Yser, a typical lowland river characterised by anthropogenic impacts such as artificial embankments. Pike migrated most in February and March, which could indicate they frequented spawning habitat in this period. Four environmental variables significantly affected pike migration, ranging from the location where pike were observed (strongest effect), over water temperature and flow to diel water temperature change (weakest effect). The relation between migration and the location where pike were observed could demonstrate that pike preferred specific regions in the river. Increasing water temperature triggered migration for both sexes, and males started migrating at lower temperatures than females, which suggests that males start migrating earlier. This was the only substantial difference observed between male and female pike migration. The results suggest that migration was inhibited by high flow, as no migration was observed at high flow. River managers can use this information to efficiently manage their pike populations, for example, by removing or temporarily opening hydraulic structures like valves, weirs and sluices. This may facilitate access to suitable habitats at moments pike needs these habitats to fulfil its life cycle.
Habitat characteristics affecting occurrence of a fluvial species in a watershed altered by a large reservoir
Authors: Hawkshaw Sarah C. F. , Gillingham Michael P. , Shrimpton J. Mark 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFlooding river valleys following construction of dams restrict fluvial environments to reaches that were formerly headwaters. Whether remaining habitat is suitable for all life stages of fluvial species is poorly understood. A fluvial species, Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus, showed a dramatic decline following flooding of the Upper Peace River and the formation of the Williston Reservoir. We related landscape and field site‐specific features with occurrence of juvenile Arctic grayling using an information theoretic approach. For the landscape model, an association was identified between stream order and Arctic grayling occurrence although stream order alone was a poor predictor. A positive association between juvenile Arctic grayling occurrence and distance from the Williston reservoir and stream order, as well as a negative association with water temperature and temperature variance, was deemed important for the field site model. Both modelling approaches indicated size of stream system to be an important influence on occurrence of juvenile grayling in the Williston watershed. River length required for suitable river habitat for salmonids has not previously been identified, but should be factored into future management plans when evaluating the impact of proposed hydroelectric dams and subsequent flooding of river systems.
The involvement of the GABAergic system in the formation and expression of the extinction memory in the crab Neohelice granulata
Authors: Tano Martin Carbó , Molina Victor A. , Pedreira Maria Eugenia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThere is growing interest in the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the extinction of aversive memory. This cognitive process usually occurs after repeated or prolonged presentation of a conditioned stimulus that was previously associated with an unconditioned stimulus. If extinction is considered to be a new memory, the role of the γ‐aminobutyric acid system (GABAergic system) during extinction memory consolidation should be similar to that described for the original trace. It is also accepted that negative modulation of the GABAergic system before testing can impair extinction memory expression. However, it seems possible to speculate that inhibitory mechanisms may be required in order to acquire a memory that is inhibitory in nature. Using a combination of behavioral protocols, such as weak and robust extinction training procedures, and pharmacological treatments, such as the systemic administration of GABAA agonist (muscimol) and antagonist (bicuculline), we investigated the role of the GABAergic system in the different phases of the extinction memory in the crab Neohelice granulata. We show that the stimulation of the GABAergic system impairs and its inactivation facilitates the extinction memory consolidation. Moreover, fine variations in the GABAergic tone affect its expression at testing. Finally, an active GABAergic system is necessary for the acquisition of the extinction memory. This detailed description may contribute to the understanding of the role of the GABAergic system in diverse aspects of the extinction memory.
Repeatability of Host Female and Male Aggression Towards a Brood Parasite
Authors: Trnka Alfréd , Požgayová Milica , Samaš Peter , Honza Marcel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCurrent research on behavioural consistency showed that various types of animal behaviour are highly repeatable in the context of mate choice, exploration and parental care, including nest protection. However, the repeatability of aggressive nest defence has not yet been studied in hosts of brood parasites, although host aggression against adult parasites represents a crucial line of antiparasitic defences. Here, we investigated the between‐season repeatability of the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) aggression towards a stuffed dummy of the brood parasitic common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). We found that under the relatively stable risk of brood parasitism across breeding seasons, female responses to the cuckoo were highly repeatable, whereas male responses were variable. We suggest that the potential explanation for the observed patterns of female and male behaviours may lie in female's prominent roles in offspring care and nest protection, and in her lower renesting potential in comparison with that of males. However, further studies on the relationship between host aggression and other types of behaviours (host personality) and their fitness consequences under the fluctuating parasitism pressures are required to clarify the adaptive significance of aggressive behaviour observed in hosts of brood parasites.
Trends in species diversity of lotic stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Czech Republic over five decades
Authors: Bojková Jindřiška , Rádková Vanda , Soldán Tomáš , Zahrádková Světlana 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

An unusual data set of Plecoptera, very sensitive aquatic insects, allow diversity changes to be estimated for 175 streams in the Czech Republic between two periods, 1955–1960 and 2006–2011.

Substantial overall declines in Plecoptera biodiversity were found. Three‐quarters of the species studied declined in their frequency of occurrence, 48% of which were estimated have undergone a reduction of >30%. Overall, streams either at lowland or submontane altitude, particularly large rivers, lost the most species. A significant decrease in local species biodiversity was found in streams up to 700 m a.s.l., especially in small rivers.

The taxonomic dissimilarity between contemporary and previous assemblages increased from montane to lowland altitudes (from ˜30 to ˜70%) and was the same in streams of different size (˜50%). Partitioning of dissimilarity showed that the overall change in dissimilarity was primarily driven by changes in species richness; however, species replacement was not negligible.

The results demonstrated that aquatic insect biodiversity (Plecoptera in particular) is substantially declining in Europe, probably to a similar or greater extent than terrestrial insects, with potential implications for biodiversity of running waters. Plecoptera showed a complex response to habitat change, including loss of pollution‐sensitive species and habitat‐specialists as well as common species, which, in some cases, counterbalanced their losses by concurrent colonisation of new sites.
Comparative In Vitro Osteoinductivity Study of HA and α‐TCP/HA Bicalcium Phosphate
Authors: Chan Yu‐Hao , Chang Yushan‐Sophie , Shen Yun‐Dun , Yang Tzu‐Sen , Ou Shih‐Fu , Hsu Ya‐Ju , Huang Mao‐Suan , Ou Keng‐Liang 
Published: August 2013

A bicalcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic comprising α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by a two‐step sintering. The microstructure of the BCP bioceramic was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction. The in vitro osteoinductivity was evaluated by culturing MG63 osteoblast‐like cells on the BCP bioceramic. Results showed that the BCP bioceramic comprising α‐TCP and HA in a moderate ratio possessed a hardness of 93.7 Hv. The cells spread faster on the BCP bioceramic than those on the commercial HA. It suggested that the BCP bioceramic can enhance osteoinductivity in vivo.