bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 versus 6 months and growth in early childhood
Authors: Jonsdottir Olof H , Kleinman Ronald E , Wells Jonathan C , Fewtrell Mary S , Hibberd Patricia L , Gunnlaugsson Geir , Thorsdottir Inga 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the growth and the prevalence of overweight in early childhood among infants exclusively breastfed for 6 months (EBF) compared with those receiving complementary foods from 4 months of age in addition to breast milk (CF).MethodsA total of 119 mother–infant pairs were randomised either in the CF or in the EBF group. Weight, length and head circumference of the infants were measured at birth, 6 weeks, and 3–6 months of age. In the follow‐up, the children's weight, length and head circumference were measured at 8, 10, 12 and 18 months and weight and height at 29–38 months.ResultsThere were no differences between groups in the anthropometric outcome measures of weight‐for‐age (p = 0.78), length‐for‐age (p = 0.59), head‐circumference‐for‐age (p = 0.82) and BMI‐for‐age (p = 0.61), using repeated measurements ANOVA. Furthermore, no difference was seen in the prevalence between groups in risk of being overweight or in those who were overweight at 18 months and 29–38 months of age.ConclusionExclusive breastfeeding for the first 4 or 6 months of life does not seem to affect the risk of being overweight or the prevalence of those who were overweight in early childhood.
Neurological symptoms in hospitalised patients: do we assess hyponatraemia with sufficient care?
Authors: Rodríguez M Jose , Alcaraz Andrés , Solana Maria Jose , García Ana 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo review the incidence of hyponatraemic encephalopathy in children treated in a tertiary care centre hospital, together with the clinical setting and clinical management of these cases.MethodsRetrospective descriptive study by chart review of patients admitted to hospital during 2000–2010. Patients older than 1 month were included who had severe hyponatraemia (sodium concentration <125 mmol/L) on admission or during their hospital stay and co‐incidental neurological symptoms. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data were collected.ResultsWe analysed 41 cases of severe hypotonic hyponatraemia and neurological symptoms compatible with hyponatraemic encephalopathy. Boys accounted for 56.1% patients, and the median age was 1 year. Hyponatraemia was acquired in hospital by 61% of the patients, and 88% of those patients were receiving intravenous hypotonic fluids. The most frequent neurological symptom was seizures. The most common therapeutic strategy was sodium supplementation and antiepileptic drugs. Hypertonic fluids were only used in the initial treatment of 16 patients. There were two deaths related to hyponatraemic encephalopathy.ConclusionHyponatraemia should always be considered a cause of neurological symptoms in hospitalised patients. Treatment should be prompt to prevent neurological sequelae and death. Current recommendations for fluid management in hospitalised children should be reviewed.
Providing lipid‐based nutrient supplements does not affect developmental milestones amongMalawian children
Authors: Mangani Charles , Cheung Yin Bun , Maleta Kenneth , Phuka John , Thakwalakwa Chrissie , Dewey Kathryn , Manary Mark , Puumalainen Taneli , Ashorn Per 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo assess whether using lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) to complement the diets of infants and young children affected when they achieved selected developmental milestones.MethodsIn rural Malawi, 840 6‐month‐old healthy infants were enrolled to a randomised trial. Control participants received no supplements, others were provided with milk‐containingLNS, soy‐containingLNSor corn–soy blend (CSB) for 12 months. Outcomes were the age at which they achieved key milestone: motor (walking with assistance, standing and walking alone, running), social (drinking from a cup and eating by themself) and language (saying single comprehensible words and waving goodbye).ResultsThe mean age at which the subjects walked with assistance was 42.5, 42.3, 42.7 and 43.2 weeks in the control, milk‐LNS, soy‐LNSandCSBgroups, respectively (p = 0.748). There were also no significant differences in the mean age at standing alone (45.0, 44.9, 45.1 and 46.3 weeks), walking alone (54.6, 55.1, 55.3, 56.5 weeks), running (64.6, 63.7, 64.8, 65.9 weeks) or any other social or language milestones (each p > 0.10).ConclusionThe findings do not support a hypothesis that providing tested formulations and doses of micronutrient‐fortifiedLNSorCSBwould have an impact on when young children in rural Malawi achieved selected developmental milestones.
Early lexical development and risk of verbal and nonverbal cognitive delay at school age
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Rescorla Leslie , Henrichs Jens , Jaddoe Vincent W , Verhulst Frank C , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo characterise the relationship between preschool lexical delay and language comprehension and nonverbal intelligence at school age.MethodsThe mothers of 2724 children completed the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory when their child reached 1.5 years and the Language Development Survey and the Parent Report of Children's Ability at 2.5 years. When the children were 6 years old, we assessed vocabulary comprehension and nonverbal intelligence using Dutch batteries for language and nonverbal intelligence.ResultsDemographic factors explained 9.9% of the variance in vocabulary comprehension and 8.7% of the variance in nonverbal intelligence at 6 years. Male gender, low maternal education and non‐Western ethnic background predicted vocabulary comprehension delay at 6 years. Lexical development at 1.5 and 2.5 years explained only 3.8% of the variance in language comprehension at the age of six. Late onset expressive vocabulary delay increased the risk of language comprehension and nonverbal intelligence delay at 6 years (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.62‐3.29 and OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.17–2.58, respectively).ConclusionSociodemographic factors are important predictors of delays in language and nonverbal abilities as children enter school. In contrast, early expressive lexical delays, in particular before the age of two, have limited predictive power for language delays at the age of six.
Timing of complementary feeding and the risk of atopic eczema
Authors: Niinivirta Katri , Isolauri Erika , Nermes Merja , Laitinen Kirsi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo find out whether there was an association between when complementary feeding was introduced and the appearance of atopic eczema in children with a family history of allergy.MethodsThis prospective study followed 256 mother and child pairs until the child was four‐years‐old. Repeated skin prick testing was performed and a clinical diagnosis of eczema made by a physician. The mothers kept a continuous diary about the introduction of complementary feeding. To control the possible reverse causation of delaying complementary food introduction due to presumed child allergy, parental suspicions of allergic reactions were recorded.ResultsThe introduction of cereals and fish after seven‐months‐of‐age was associated with an increased risk of atopic eczema. However, when the parents' suspicions that their child might be exhibiting symptoms of allergic disease were taken into account, this effect was no longer significant.ConclusionWe found no evidence that the timing of the introduction of complementary feeding increased the risk of atopic eczema in a high‐risk cohort, when parental suspicions were taken into account. Therefore, it seems that families with a history of allergy can safely comply with current feeding recommendations, although confirmation in further studies is warranted.
Physiology and analysis of the electrocardiographic T wave in mice
Authors: Speerschneider T. , Thomsen M. B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimThe murine electrocardiogram (ECG) is a valuable tool in cardiac research, although the definition of the T wave has been a matter of debate for several years potentially leading to incomparable data. By this study, we seek to make a clear definition of the murine T wave. Moreover, we investigate the consequences of performing QT interval correction in anaesthetized mice.MethodsElectrocardiograms from conscious mice were recorded by implanted telemetry devices. Surface ECGs were recorded from anaesthetized mice before and during pharmacological interventions, ventricular ischaemia and heart failure. Right atrial pacing was performed to evaluate the relationship between heart rate and QT intervals.ResultsElectrocardiogram traces of conscious and anaesthetized mice (lead II) showed separable positive J waves and negative T waves. The end of the T wave was determined as the point where the T wave returned to the isoelectric line. Atrial pacing revealed that the duration of the QT interval is independent of heart rate in anaesthetized mice. The calcium channel blocker, verapamil, prolonged the PR interval; however, the polarities of the J and T waves were not changed. Local cardiac ischaemia and β‐adrenergic stimulation caused indistinguishable positive J and T waves. In contrast, chronic heart failure caused entirely negative J and T waves. In every case, the end of the T wave was clearly distinguishable on the ECG.ConclusionThe end of the T wave is readily available from conscious and anaesthetized mice. Heart rate correction of QT interval duration in the anaesthetized mouse is not recommended.
Review article: newer optical and digital chromoendoscopy techniques vs. dye‐based chromoendoscopy for diagnosis and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Tontini G. E. , Vecchi M. , Neurath M. F. , Neumann H. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundRecent innovations in gastrointestinal endoscopy have changed our traditional approach to diagnosis and therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While traditionally used dye‐based chromoendoscopy (DBC) techniques suffer from several limitations that reduce their utility in daily routine practice, newer ‘dye‐less’ chromoendoscopy (DLC) techniques offer a great potential to overcome most of these limitations.AimTo review available optical and digital chromoendoscopy techniques, by critically discussing their potential for diagnostic and surveillance colonoscopy in patients with IBD.MethodsA literature search on the use of dye‐less and dye‐based chromoendoscopy in IBD patients was performed.ResultsIn long‐standing IBD, DBC improves detection of dysplasia (diagnostic odds ratio = 17.5, 95% CI = 1.2–247.1) as well as prediction of inflammatory disease activity and extent of disease compared with standard video‐colonoscopy. Narrow band imaging (NBI) shows no improvement in dysplasia detection rates compared with white‐light endoscopy and DBC (P = 0.6). Moreover, NBI results in a suboptimal differentiation of dysplastic from nondysplastic lesions. No data regarding digital DLC techniques (i.e. FICE, i‐scan) for dysplasia detection in IBD are yet available. Both NBI and i‐scan are superior to white‐light endoscopy in assessing the activity and extent of colorectal IBD.ConclusionsAlthough the potential benefits of newer optical and digital dye‐less chromoendoscopy techniques over traditionally used DBC are substantial, only DBC can currently be recommended to improve dysplasia detection in long‐standing IBD. In contrast, DLC has the potential to quantify disease activity and mucosal healing in IBD.
Biochemical criteria at 1 year are not robust indicators of response to ursodeoxycholic acid in early primary biliary cirrhosis: results from a 29‐year cohort study
Authors: Papastergiou V. , Tsochatzis E. A. , Rodriquez‐Peralvarez M. , Thalassinos E. , Pieri G. , Manousou P. , Germani G. , Rigamonti C. , Arvaniti V. , Karatapanis S. , Burroughs A. K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundIn primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), biochemical criteria at 1 year are considered surrogates of response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). However, due to the slow natural history of PBC, evaluation at 1 year may be suboptimal to assess the therapeutic response, particularly in early disease.AimTo determine whether evaluation of biochemical criteria at 1 year is a reliable surrogate of UDCA response in early PBC.MethodsWe analysed the prospectively collected data of 215 patients (untreated = 129; UDCA‐treated = 86) with early PBC (normal baseline bilirubin/albumin) and a median follow‐up of 8 years (range: 1–29.1). The 1‐year attainment rates of the Barcelona, Paris‐I, Paris‐II and Toronto definitions, and their predictive relevance for a poor outcome (death, transplantation, complications of cirrhosis), were assessed either as a result of UDCA or no treatment. Independent associations with attaining each UDCA response definition were identified by multivariate analysis.ResultsUntreated patients displayed 1‐year biochemical features compatible with ‘treatment response’ at rates (Barcelona: 36.4%, Paris‐I: 66.7%, Toronto: 59.7%, Paris‐II: 40.3%) similar to those obtained under UDCA. Depending on the definition, baseline ALP≤3xULN (OR: 4.80–35.90), AST≤2xULN (OR: 5.63–9.34) and early histological stage (OR: 3.67–3.87) were the stronger predictors for attaining the criteria. UDCA treatment was associated with attaining Barcelona (OR = 2.16) and Paris‐II (OR = 2.84), but not Paris‐I, and not Toronto definition when excluding late histological cases. Paris‐I criteria were significantly predictive of long‐term outcomes (HR = 2.83) in untreated patients.ConclusionsIn early PBC, biochemical criteria at 1 year reflect severity of the disease rather than the therapeutic response to UDCA.
Covariate effects and population pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in HIV‐infected children
Authors: Piana Chiara , Zhao Wei , Adkison Kimberly , Burger David , Jacqz‐Aigrain Evelyne , Danhof Meindert , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: October 2013

AimLamivudine is used as first line therapy in HIV‐infected children. Yet, like many other paediatric drugs, its dose rationale has been based on limited clinical data, without thorough understanding of the effects of growth on drug disposition. Here we use lamivudine to show how a comprehensive population pharmacokinetic model can account for the influence of demographic covariates on exposure (i.e. AUC and Cmax).MethodsData from three paediatric trials were used to describe the pharmacokinetics across the overall population. Modelling was based on a non‐linear mixed effects approach. A stepwise procedure was used for covariate model building.ResultsA one compartment model with first order elimination best described the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in children. The effect of weight on clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) was characterized by an exponential function, with exponents of 0.705 and 0.635, respectively. For a child with median body weight (17.6 kg), CL and V were 16.5 (95% CI 15.2, 17.7) l h−1 and 46.0 (95% CI 42.4, 49.5) l, respectively. There were no differences between formulations (tablet and solution). The predicted AUC(0,12 h) after twice daily doses of 4 mg kg−1 ranged from 4.44 mg l−1 h for children <14 kg to 7.25 mg l−1 h for children >30 kg.ConclusionsThe use of meta‐analysis is critical to identify the correct covariate‐parameter relationships, which must be assessed before a model is applied for predictive purposes (e.g. defining dosing recommendations for children). In contrast to prior modelling efforts, we show that the covariate distribution in the target population must be considered.
The Effect of Intraspinal Bupivacaine versus Levobupivacaine on the QTc Intervals during Caesarean Section: A Randomized, Double‐blind, Prospective Study
Authors: Dogan Zafer , Yildiz Huseyin , Akcay Ahmet , Coskuner Ismail , Arikan Deniz C. , Silay Emin , Akbudak Ilknur H. , Kaya Hakan , Oksuz Hafize 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe whether or not spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine versus levobupivacaine has any effects on the QTc interval during caesarean section. Sixty healthy pregnant women scheduled for elective caesarean section were randomized to spinal anaesthesia with either bupivacaine (the bupivacaine group) or levobupivacaine (the levobupivacaine group). ECG recordings were performed prior to spinal anaesthesia at baseline (T1), 5 min. after spinal anaesthesia, but before uterine incision (T2), and after skin closure (T3). QT intervals were calculated and corrected with the patients' heart rate according to the Bazett formula. Compared with baseline values, mean maximum QTc intervals at T2 and T3 were significantly longer in the levobupivacaine group, but only at T2 in the bupivacaine group. In addition, compared with the bupivacaine group, the QTc maximum interval at T3 was significantly longer in the levobupivacaine group. At T2, the QTc maximum intervals were longer than baseline in both groups. By the end of the surgery, the prolongation of the QTc interval had disappeared in the bupivacaine group but not in the levobupivacaine group.
Naringin Inhibits ROS‐activated MAPK Pathway in High Glucose‐induced Injuries in H9c2 Cardiac Cells
Authors: Chen Jingfu , Guo Runmin , Yan Hai , Tian Lihong , You Qiong , Li Shanghai , Huang Ruina , Wu Keng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNaringin, an active flavonoid isolated from citrus fruit extracts, exhibits biological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant activity and antidiabetic effect. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway has been shown to participate in hyperglycaemia‐induced injury. The present study tested the hypothesis that naringin protects against high glucose (HG)‐induced injuries by inhibiting MAPK pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells. To examine this, the cells were treated with 35 mM glucose (HG) for 24 hr to establish a HG‐induced cardiomyocyte injury model. The cells were pre‐treated with 80 μM naringin for 2 hr before exposure to HG. The findings of this study showed that exposure of H9c2 cells to HG for 24 hr markedly induced injuries, as evidenced by a decrease in cell viability, increases in apoptotic cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as dissipation of mitochondrial membrance potential (MMP). These injuries were significantly attenuated by the pre‐treatment of cells with either naringin or SB203580 (a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK) or U0126 (a selective inhibitor of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2) or SP600125 (a selective inhibitor of c‐jun N‐termanal kinase, JNK) before exposure to HG, respectively. Furthermore, exposure of cells to HG increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK. The increased activation of MAPK pathway was ameliorated by pre‐treatment with either naringin or N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, which also reduced HG‐induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, leading to increase in cell viability and decrease in apoptotic cells. In conclusion, our findings provide new evidence for the first time that naringin protects against HG‐induced injuries by inhibiting the activation of MAPK (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK) and oxidative stress in H9c2 cells.
The Neuro‐Immune Axis: Prospect for Novel Treatments for Mental Disorders
Authors: Kraneveld Aletta D. , de Theije Caroline G.M. , van Heesch Floor , Borre Yuliya , de Kivit Sander , Olivier Berend , Korte Mechiel , Garssen Johan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDisturbed bidirectional pathways between the (central) nervous system and immune system have been implicated in various mental disorders, including depressive and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this minireview, the role of the neuro‐immune axis and its targetability in relation to major depression and autism spectrum disorder will be discussed. All together, the management of these and possibly other multi‐factorial mental disorders needs a new and integrated therapeutic approach. Pharmacologically bioactive molecules as well as medical nutrition targeting the (gut)–immune–brain axis could be such an approach.
In Vitro Assessment of 36 CYP2C9 Allelic Isoforms Found in the Chinese Population on the Metabolism of Glimepiride
Authors: Dai Da‐Peng , Wang Shuang‐Hu , Geng Pei‐Wu , Hu Guo‐Xin , Cai Jian‐Ping 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOf the 57 reported CYP2C9 alleles, to date, 36 of them have been identified in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to assess the catalytic characteristics of these allelic isoforms and their effects on the metabolism of glimepiride in vitro. Baculovirus‐mediated expressing system was used to highly express wild‐type and the 35 CYP2C9 allelic variants in insect cell microsomes. Then, the enzymatic characteristics of each variant were evaluated using glimepiride as the substrate. Reactions were performed at 37°C with the insect microsomes and 0.125–10 μM glimepiride for 40 min. After termination, the products were extracted and used for signal collection by LC‐MS/MS. Of the 36 tested CYP2C9 allelic isoforms, only four variants (CYP2C9.40, CYP2C9.47, CYP2C9.51 and CYP2C9.54) exhibited similar relative clearance values to that of wild‐type CYP2C9.1. In addition, one variant (CYP2C9.36) showed a higher intrinsic clearance value than the wild‐type protein, while the remaining 30 CYP2C9 allelic isoforms exhibited significantly decreased clearance values (from 0.1% to 87.2%) compared to CYP2C9.1. This study provided the most comprehensive data on the enzymatic activities of all reported CYP2C9 variants in the Chinese population with regard to the commonly used antidiabetic drug, glimepiride. Our results indicate that most of the tested rare alleles significantly decrease the catalytic activity of CYP2C9 variants towards glimepiride hydroxylation in vitro.
Abnormalities of brain response during encoding into verbal working memory among euthymic patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: McKenna Benjamin S , Sutherland Ashley N , Legenkaya Anna P , Eyler Lisa T 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have trait‐like deficits in attention and working memory (WM). A fundamental dissociation for most verbal WM theories involves the separation of sensory‐perceptual encoding, reliant upon attention, from the maintenance of this information in WM proper. The present study examined if patients with BD demonstrate differential neural changes in encoding and maintenance WM processes that underlie cognitive impairment.MethodsEvent‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging during a delayed match‐to‐sample WM paradigm was employed in 23 inter‐episode medicated patients with BD and 23 demographically similar healthy comparison participants. We examined brain regions during encoding and maintenance task intervals to identify regions that demonstrated differential effects between groups. Medication effects and functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia/thalamus were examined during the encoding interval due to the importance of these regions and the connection among them for encoding into WM.ResultsPatients with BD exhibited deficits in task accuracy and attenuated brain response during the encoding interval in areas of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, thalamus, and posterior visual regions. In contrast, patients with BD exhibited hyperactivation in posterior sensory regions during the maintenance interval. Among the BD group, those with greater medication load exhibited the greatest brain response within the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionsReduction in activation during the encoding interval suggests that attentional deficits underlie WM deficits in patients with BD. These deficits appear to be trait‐like in so far as they were observed during periods of euthymia in patients with BD. Medication effects remain to be further explored as there was evidence of prefrontal changes dependent on medication load.