bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying college athletes at risk for pathogenic eating
Authors: DePalma M T , Koszewski W M , Romani W , Case J G , Zuiderhof N J , McCoy P M 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a discriminant function that predicts risk of pathogenic eating in comparison with a standard self report measure (EAT) and a clinical interview. In addition, to determine the effectiveness of this discriminant function using a variety of collegiate athletes.Methods: A total of 319 participants were asked to complete a series of self report measures that assessed dietary practices. In addition, anthropometric measures were obtained, and a random sample of 15% participated in a structured clinical interview.Results: Correlational analyses indicated that the discriminant function categorisation of risk was significantly related to both the clinical interview and EAT (p≤0.05). The discriminant function was accurate in predicting risk category in this diverse group of athletes, particularly with respect to those at low risk (83.1%) and those at high risk (72.7%).Conclusion: This information may be helpful in the development of a simple, accessible tool to identify athletes at risk of engaging in pathogenic eating behaviours.
Improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcome after prolonged ventilation in preterm neonates who have received antenatal steroids and surfactant
Authors: Gaillard E A , Cooke R W I , Shaw N J 
Published: July 2002

AIMSTo assess survival and neurodevelopmental outcome following prolonged ventilation beyond 27 or 49 days of postnatal life in neonates treated with antenatal steroids and surfactant.METHODSThe medical records of 84 babies born in 1994–1996 requiring ventilation after 27 postnatal days at Liverpool Women's Hospital were reviewed to determine the duration of mechanical ventilation, survival, and neurodevelopmental outcome at 3 years of age.RESULTSFifty six babies were mechanically ventilated after 27 postnatal days but for less than 50 days; 48 (86%) survived to 3 years. Twenty six (54%) of the survivors had normal neurodevelopment at 3 years and seven (15%) had only mild disability. Twenty eight babies were ventilated after 49 postnatal days; 14 survived to 3 years. Five of these survivors were neurodevelopmentally normal at 3 years and two had mild disability.CONCLUSIONSSurvival decreases with more prolonged ventilation. When antenatal steroids and postnatal surfactant are used, there appears to be improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm babies who require prolonged ventilation.
Modification of small bowel mechanosensitivity by intestinal fat
Authors: Accarino A M , Azpiroz F , Malagelada J-R 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDLipids may exacerbate symptoms induced by gut stimuli.AIMTo determine the mechanism whereby fat exerts this effect.SUBJECTSTwenty four healthy subjects were studied during fasting.METHODSWe measured perception (0–6 scale) in response to jejunal balloon distension and transmucosal electrical nerve stimulation; phasic stimuli (one minute) were randomly applied at five minute intervals during intestinal infusion (2 ml/min) of saline and then Intralipid 2 kcal/min (high fat; n=8 subjects), Intralipid 0.5 kcal/min (low fat; n=8), or saline (n=8).RESULTSIntestinal lipids increased the perception of jejunal distension regardless of concentration (by 53% with high fat, 49% with low fat, and 17% with saline; p<0.05 for both fat loads). This effect could not be attributed to changes in intestinal compliance as intraballoon pressures remained unchanged during lipid infusion (2% change; NS). Sensitisation induced by lipids seemed to be specifically related to intestinal mechanoreceptors because electrical stimulation, which non-specifically activates gut afferents, was perceived equally during saline and lipid administration (10%, 11%, and 15% change during high fat, low fat, and saline, respectively; NS).CONCLUSIONPhysiological amounts of lipids heighten intestinal sensitivity by modulating intestinal mechanoreceptor response.
Histopathological changes associated with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for localised adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Van Leenders G J L H , Beerlage H P , Ruijter E Th , de la Rosette J J M C H , van de Kaa C A 
Published: July 2002

Aims—Investigation of the histopathological changes in prostatectomy specimens of patients with prostate cancer after high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and identification of immunohistochemical markers for tissue damage after HIFU treatment.Methods—Nine patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent unilateral HIFU treatment seven to 12 days before radical prostatectomy. The prostatectomy specimens were analysed histologically. Immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy were performed to characterise more subtle phenotypic changes.Results—All prostatectomy specimens revealed well circumscribed HIFU lesions at the dorsal side of the prostate lobe treated. Most epithelial glands in the centre of the HIFU lesions revealed signs of necrosis. Glands without apparently necrotic features were also situated in the HIFU lesions, raising the question of whether lethal destruction had occurred. This epithelium reacted with antibodies to pancytokeratin, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and Ki67, but did not express cytokeratin 8, which is indicative of severe cellular damage. Ultrastructural examination revealed disintegration of cellular membranes and cytoplasmic organelles consistent with cell necrosis. HIFU treatment was incomplete at the ventral, lateral, and dorsal sides of the prostate lobe treated.Conclusions—HIFU treatment induces a spectrum of morphological changes ranging from apparent light microscopic necrosis to more subtle ultrastructural cell damage. All HIFU lesions are marked by loss of cytokeratin 8. HIFU does not affect the whole area treated, leaving vital tissue at the ventral, lateral, and dorsal sides of the prostate.
Primary infertility in nuclear industry employees: report from the nuclear industry family study
Authors: Doyle P , Roman E , Maconochie N , Davies G , Smith P G , Beral V 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo determine whether men and women who are occupationally exposed to ionising radiation are at increased risk of primary infertility.METHODSA cross sectional analysis of reproductive outcome was reported in an occupational cohort of nuclear industry workers from the Atomic Energy Authority, Atomic Weapons Establishment, and British Nuclear Fuels in the United Kingdom. Data on employment and radiation monitoring supplied by employers were linked to data obtained from self administered questionnaires sent to all current employees and a sample of past workers. A total of 5353 men and 603 women aged 40 years or more at the time of survey whose first pregnancy, or attempt at pregnancy, had occurred after first employment in the nuclear industry were recruited to the study. Primary infertility was defined as consultation with a doctor about the failure to achieve at least one viable (24 weeks gestational age or more) pregnancy.RESULTS2.6% Of men and 3.7% of women reported primary infertility. For men, this proportion did not differ by amount of radiation monitored or by dose received. The prevalence of infertility was higher among monitored women than non-monitored women, but not significantly so and the numbers were too small to draw any firm conclusions.CONCLUSIONSNo support was found for a hypothesis linking exposure to low level ionising radiation among men with primary infertility. There was weak evidence of an association in women, but the relatively few monitored women prevented detailed examination of these data.
Aspergillus niger endocarditis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual course
Authors: Kreiss Yitshak , Vered Zvi , Keller Nathan , Kochva Ilan , Sidi Yechezkel , Gur Hanan 
Published: July 2002

Summary
Aspergillus is an opportunistic nosocomial fungus generally associated with a high mortality rate.A nigerhas been rarely associated with infection, and most cases have occurred in patients who have recently undergone heart surgery or in immunocompromised patients. We present a case of an immunocompetent patient with A niger endocarditis which illustrates the difficulties in diagnosis and the possible insidious course of fungal endocarditis.
Closed pelvic fractures: characteristics and outcomes in older patients admitted to medical and geriatric wards
Authors: Morris Robert O , Sonibare Adeniyi , Green Desmond J , Masud Tahir 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of older patients with pelvic fracture admitted to medical and geriatric wards.

Methods
All patients admitted to medical and geriatric wards with a pelvic fracture over a four year period were identified using the hospital clinical coding database. Data were collected from casenotes, hospital and Family Health Services Authority databases. Where available, pelvic radiographs were graded according to the Singh index.

Results
The casenotes of 148 patients (126 women) were studied; 83% (n=123) of patients suffered a pelvic fracture in low energy trauma. Mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 21.3 (17.6) days. Single breaks of the pubic rami accounted for 47.2% (n=68) of all fractures. Inpatient mortality was 7.6% and at one year was 27%. There was a marked adverse effect on the mobility of survivors with all patients using at least a walking stick at discharge and 51.1% (n=70) needing assistance for mobility. Although 70.9% (n=83) of patients admitted from home (or warden aided accommodation) were able to return there, 84.3% (n=70) of them required extra community support. Rates of institutionalisation rose from 20.9% (n=31) at admission to 35.8% (49/137) of survivors at discharge. Altogether 93% (n=107) of 115 patients, in whom adequate quality pelvic radiographs were available, were assigned a Singh index grade of 4 or less indicating the presence of osteoporosis.

Conclusions
Pelvic fractures are often the result of low energy trauma. They are associated with appreciable inpatient and considerable one year mortality. They also have marked negative effects on mobility in the short term. They result in increased levels of dependency in terms of higher levels of community support and rates of institutionalisation. On the evidence of Singh index grading, pelvic fractures are associated with low bone density.
Review of the current methods in the diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures
Authors: Krasin E , Goldwirth M , Gold A , Goodwin D R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
If neglected or misdiagnosed, non-union of a scaphoid fracture will almost inevitably progress to radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis of the wrist with subsequent morbidity and lifelong disability, especially in young males in which the fracture is more common. Fractures of the scaphoid bone are the most common fractures of the carpus and second in occurrence among fractures of the wrist.
The diagnosis and treatment are not simple. Familiarity with different imaging methods and treatment options is required. The treatment in most cases is conservative and will lead to uneventful union, but an operation may be needed in certain cases primarily and in the treatment of non-union.
The current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures is reviewed, and the authors try to make a clear and concise picture of this complex and sometimes controversial field.
Consultations and referrals for dyspepsia in general practice—a one year database survey
Authors: van Bommel M J J , Numans M E , de Wit N J , Stalman W A B 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Dyspepsia usually presents first in primary care. There are many reasons for referral including urgent problems (for example, haematemesis and melaena), treatment failure, or to exclude serious pathology. Referral will change the population characteristics of primary and secondary care dyspeptics. Many of the guidelines for primary care dyspepsia, however, are based on secondary care research on these referred patients. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of dyspepsia in general practice, the characteristics of patients presenting with dyspepsia in primary care, and the clinical and non-clinical determinants of referral in these patients.

DESIGN
Cross sectional survey of the consultation records of patients presenting with dyspepsia in primary care during a one year period.

METHODS
Dyspeptic patients who consulted their general practitioner (GP) in 1997 were selected on the basis of International Classification of Primary Care codes using a computer search among 20 sentinel practices affiliated with the Utrecht Network of General Practitioners. Cross tables and logistic regression analysis were carried out to reveal patient characteristics and determinants of referral.

RESULTS
The prevalence of dyspepsia presenting in primary care in 1997 was 3.4% (1740/48958). These patients were usually not referred during the first consultation. Men, elderly patients, and patients with a previous history of dyspepsia were referred to secondary care more frequently than other dyspeptic patients. Patients diagnosed with both irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia were at risk of being referred most.

CONCLUSION
Dyspepsia is a frequently occurring complaint in primary care and patients are usually treated by their GP. Besides clinically relevant reasons for referral, dyspeptic patients with irritable bowel syndrome seem to be more “at risk” of being referred to secondary care than other dyspeptic patients. The differences between primary and secondary care dyspeptic patients should be taken into account when interpreting research for guideline purposes. Further research is needed to clarify the background of the relation between irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia and its influence on referral.
Smoke and mirrors: how Massachusetts diverted millions in tobacco tax revenues
Authors: Ritch Wendy A , Begay Michael E 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVEThis study examines the politics of appropriating Question 1 tobacco tax revenues in the first budget year after Massachusetts voters passed the ballot initiative in 1992. The initiative increased the tobacco tax on cigarettes by 25 cents per pack and on smokeless tobacco by 25% of the wholesale price.METHODSData were collected from newspapers, letters, memoranda, budgets, press releases, legislative floor debates, government documents, legislative journals, personal interviews, and tobacco industry documents that were downloaded from the Tobacco Archives internet site.RESULTSDuring the first budget year, programmes mentioned by the initiative that were not exclusively tobacco related accounted for 27% of total Question 1 expenditures, while 50% of the revenues were allocated for programmes that were neither mentioned by the initiative nor provided any tobacco education, prevention, and cessation services. Only 23% of Question 1 funds were appropriated for programmes that provided exclusively tobacco education, prevention, and cessation services. Question 1 revenues were also used to supplant funding for pre-existing programmes, which was explicitly prohibited by the initiative. The first budget year became the template for Question 1 appropriations in subsequent fiscal years.CONCLUSIONPolitics did not end after voters passed Question 1. Public health advocates lacked a strategy and budget plan to influence the appropriation of Question 1 funds after the passage of this ballot initiative.
TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IN VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA
Authors: SMALL MICHAEL , YU DEJIN , HARRISON ROBERT G. , CLAYTON RICHARD , EFTESTØL TRYGVE , SUNDE KJETIL , STEEN PETTER ANDREAS 
Published: July 2002

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a rapidly lethal cardiac arrhythmia and one of the leading causes of sudden death in many industrialized nations. VF appears at random, but is produced by a spatially extended excitable system. We generated VF-like "pseudo-ECG" signals from a numerical caricature of cardiac tissue of 100 × 100 × 50 elements. The VF-like "pseudo-ECG" signals represent the propagation and break-up of an excitation scroll wave under FitzHugh–Nagumo dynamics. We use surrogate data and correlation dimension techniques to show that the dynamics observed in these computational simulations is consistent with the evolution of spontaneous VF in humans. Furthermore, we apply a novel adaptation of the traditional first return map technique to show that scroll wave break-up may be represented by a characteristic structural transition in the first return plot. The patterns and features identified by the first return mapping technique are found to be independent of the observation function and location. These methods offer insight into the evolution of VF and hint at potential new methods for diagnosis and analysis of this rapidly lethal condition.
PROFINITE SEMIGROUPS, VARIETIES, EXPANSIONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVELY FREE PROFINITE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: RHODES JOHN , STEINBERG BENJAMIN 
Published: July 2002

Building on the now generally accepted thesis that profinite semigroups are important to the study of finite semigroups, this paper proposes to apply various of the techniques, already used in studying algebraic semigroups, to profinite semigroups. The goal in mind is to understand free profinite semigroups on a finite set. To do this we define profinite varieties. We then introduce expansions of profinite semigroups, giving examples of several classes of such expansions. These expansions will then be useful in studying various structural properties of relatively free profinite semigroups, since these semigroups will be fixed points of certain expansions. This study also requires a look at profinite categories, semigroupoids, and Cayley graphs, all of which we handle in turn. We also study the structure of the minimal ideal of relatively free profinite semigroups showing, in particular, that the minimal ideal of the free profinite semigroup on a finite set with more than two generators is not a relatively free profinite completely simple semigroup, as well as some generalizations to related pseudovarieties.
CONVERGENCE OF MINIMUM ENTROPY OPTION PRICES FOR WEAKLY CONVERGING INCOMPLETE MARKET MODELS
Authors: HUBALEK FRIEDRICH , HUDETZ THOMAS 
Published: July 2002

We study weak convergence of a sequence of (approximating) asset price models Sn to a limiting model S: both Sn and S are multi-dimensional asset price processes with some physical probability measures Pn resp. P, and a natural notion of process convergence is the weak convergence of the induced path probability measures, denoted by (Sn|Pn) resp. (S|P), on the abstract topological space of possible asset price trajectories. For the purpose of no-arbitrage pricing of options or more general derivatives on the model assets, there are two different aspects of this convergence: (i) convergence under the given physical probability measures, (Sn|Pn) → (S|P) and (ii) convergence under suitably chosen equivalent martingale measures (EMM) relevant for pricing derivatives, (Sn|Qn) → (S|Q). A simple example is the convergence of a sequence of discrete-time binomial models to the Black–Scholes model (geometric Brownian motion), where the model markets are complete and hence the choice of Qn resp. Q is unique. This example and the general case of complete limit markets (S|P) have been studied in [1]. In contrast we have several choices for Qn resp. Q when all the model markets are incomplete. A natural choice is the minimum entropy EMM [2, 3], defined as the (unique) EMM R minimizing the relative entropy H(R|P) to the physical measure P, among all EMMs. We prove the following: given that the approximating models converge under the physical measures, (Sn|Pn) → (S|P) — with some mild assumptions on P and on the minimum entropy EMMs Rn for Sn resp. R for S — entropy number convergence implies weak convergence of the minimum entropy option price processes: H(Rn|Pn) → H(R|P) implies (Sn|Rn) → (S|R). Several rigorous examples illustrate the result; cf. also [4].
Physical integrity in a large segmented database
Authors: Lorie Raymond A. 
Published: July 2002

A database system can generally be divided into three major components. One component supports the logical database as seen by the user. Another component maps the information into physical records. The third component, called the storage component, is responsible for mapping these records onto auxiliary storage (generally disks) and controlling their transfer to and from main storage.
This paper is primarily concerned with the implementation of a storage component. It considers a simple and classical interface to the storage component: Seen at this level the database is a collection of segments. Each segment is a linear address space.
A recovery scheme is first proposed for system failure (hardware or software error which causes the contents of main storage to be lost). It is based on maintaining a dual mapping between pages and their location on disk. One mapping represents the current state of a segment being modified; the other represents a previous backup state. At any time the backup state can be replaced by the current state without any data merging. Procedures for segment modification, save, and restore are analyzed. Another section proposes a facility for protection against damage to the auxiliary storage itself. It is shown how such protection can be obtained by copying on a tape (checkpoint) only those pages that have been modified since the last checkpoint.
The allocation of computer resources—is pricing the answer?
Authors: Nielsen Norman R. 
Published: July 2002

The widespread use of complex third generation computing systems has led to a much broader concern about the means by which the resources of these systems are allocated among the user community. One means that is suggested more and more frequently is a pricing procedure. In this paper the manner in which one would like to allocate computing resources is considered, and then the extent to which a pricing mechanism fits this mold is discussed. Inasmuch as pricing must serve as a rationing mechanism at times, consideration is given to the means by which prices can be adjusted flexibly in order to make a dynamic allocation of resources. Consideration is also given to the means by which users can be insulated from the harmful effects of frequent price fluctuations.
Although the subject of pricing has been given a lot of attention recently, a number of misconceptions persist about its purpose and its operation. An attempt is made to clarify some of these misunderstandings and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of pricing. Two illustrative pricing systems are also discussed in order to demonstrate the applicability of pricing in quite different environments.
Object lens: a “spreadsheet” for cooperative work
Authors: Lai Kum-Yew , Malone Thomas W. , Yu Keh-Chiang 
Published: July 2002

Object Lens allows unsophisticated computer users to create their own cooperative work applications using a set of simple, but powerful, building blocks. By defining and modifying templates for various semistructured objects, users can represent information about people, tasks, products, messages, and many other kinds of information in a form that can be processed intelligently by both people and their computers. By collecting these objects in customizable folders, users can create their own displays which summarize selected information from the objects in table or tree formats. Finally, by creating semiautonomous agents, users can specify rules for automatically processing this information in different ways at different times.
The combination of these primitives provides a single consistent interface that integrates facilities for object-oriented databases, hypertext, electronic messaging, and rule-based intelligent agents. To illustrate the power of this combined approach, we describe several simple examples of applications (such as task tracking, intelligent message routing, and database retrieval) that we have developed in this framework.