bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railways Restructuring and Ukrainian Economic Reform
Authors: Pittman Russell 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
If the Ukrainian economy is to be successfully restructured going forward, a restructured railway system will have to be part of the picture. This paper begins with a discussion of the crucial role that the Ukrainian railway plays in the Ukrainian economy. We follow with a survey of the world experience with railways restructuring: a large number of countries have already undertaken the task of converting sagging government-owned monopoly railways into more dynamic and competitive transport enterprises, and their experience in very diverse settings may have important lessons to offer. We then examine the current state of rail reform plans in Ukraine. We conclude with discussions of alternative paths forward that seem most likely to be successful in Ukraine, based on both the experience elsewhere and the country’s current situation.
Comparison of natural NQO2 inhibitors as a new target for cancer treatment in different cell lines
Authors: Yerer Mükerrem Betül , Demirpolat Eren , Cumaoğlu Ahmet , Torçuk Canan , İmamoğlu Nefise Nalan , Koşar Müberra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Objective: Quinones are highly reactive compounds undergoing either one- or two-electron reductions. Enzymatic one-electron reduction generates unstable semiquinone radicals which readily undergo redox cycling over NQO1 and NQO2 enzymes, in the presence of molecular oxygen, leading to the production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). NQO1 is responsible form detoxification where NQO2 inhibitors are found to show potent anticancerogenic effects. The aim of this study is to investigate some natural inhibitors of the NQO2 enzyme and to identify their action mechanisms over this enzyme on different cancer cell lines.
Methods: First of all the NQO2 inihibitry effects of flavonoids were investigated over enzyme kinetix and Ki values were calculated. Then the cytotoxic effects of flavonoids on different cancer cell lines such as Jurkat Clone E-6, MCF7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines were investigated via MTT test and their effects on NQO2 protein expressions via western blotting.
Results: Ki values for NQO2 inhibitory effects of the studied flavonoids are respectively, Apigenin (0.25 nM) <Kaempferol (0.55 nM) <Quercetin (1.06 nM) <Luteolin (1.54 nM). The IC50 values for flavonoids in three different cell lines were as follows: for Apigenin; 140 μM, 50 μM and 50 μM, for Kaempferol; 40 μM, 100 μM and 400 μM, for Quercetin; 10 μM, 60 μM and 50 μM, and for Luteolin; 50 μM, 60 μM and 75 μM in Jurkat Clone E-6, MCF7 and HepG2 cell lines, respectively. According to the western blotting results in Jurkat cell line, Apigenin; in MCF7, Kaempferol; significantly (p<0.05) reduced the NQO2 expression whereas in HepG2 cell lines any of them did not reveal any inhibitory effects.
Conclusion: As a result, the tested flavonoids were all inhibitors of NQO2 enzyme in nM levels and in Jurkat and MCF7 cell lines the cytotoxic effects of Apigenin and Kaempferol have been associated with NQO2 inhibition.
Synthese, Organ-Verteilung und cytostatische Wirkung der N-Methyl-N-β-chloräthyl-hydrazone von Metallocen-aldehyden / Synthesis, Biochemistry and Cytostatic Effects of N-Methyl-N-β-chlorethyl-hydrazones of Metallocene Aldehydes
Authors: Wenzel M. , S chneider M. , Liss E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Since the N-Methyl-N-β-chlorethylhydrazone of benzaldehyde has cytostatic effects, the corre­sponding hydrazones of ferrocene-and ruthenocenaldehyde were synthesized. The ruthenocenal-dehyde hydrazone was labelled with 103Ru and its excretion, metabolism and organ-distribution in mice and rats were measured. The hydrazone was metabolized to one main metabolite, which was rapidly excreted in the bile. No evidence for the liberation of ruthenium ions was found. The hydrazone had a very high affinity to lung tissue, a 103Ru-concentration ratio lung/muscle of 600 : 1 was found, but only moderate affinities to liver, kidney and gut. The affinity for thymus, spleen and tumor was low. Both metallocenaldehyde hydrazones showed cytostatic effects, similar to that of benzaldehyde hydrazone.
A Model Mechanism for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Lupin Alkaloids
Authors: Wink Michael , Hartmann Thomas , Schiebel Hans-M artin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A crude enzyme preparation obtained from cell suspension cultures of Lupinus polyphyllus catalyzes the pyruvate dependent conversion of cadaverine into the tetracyclic lupin alkaloids. As the first reaction product 17-oxosparteine could be identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In some experiments sparteine was found additionally. A participation of di­amine oxidase could be ruled out. The cadaverine-pyruvate transaminating enzyme system (17-oxosparteine synthase) catalyzes the formation of 17-oxosparteine from three cadaverine units without releasing free intermediates. These results are inconsistent with the hypothetical mechanism thus far formulated for the lupin alkaloid biosynthesis. A new enzymatic model mechanism is proposed regarding both the results of the enzymatic experiments and those of the in vivo tracer studies.
Purification and Properties of a Catechol Methyltransferase of the Yeast Candida tropicalis
Authors: Veser Joseph , Geywitz Peter , Thomas Helmut 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In an effort to investigate catechol methyltransferase activity in sources other than mammalian tissues and cells, a high level of enzyme activity was found in the yeast fungus Candida tropicalis CBS 94. Partial purification of the enzyme (approx. 550 fold with a recovery of 7%) could be achieved by using ion-exchange and gel filtration techniques. The molecular weight was estimated at 32,000 ± 2,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. In isoelectric focusing experiments on Sephadex G-75 the enzyme exhibited a pl-value o f 5.0 ± 0.1. In contrast to catechol methyltransferase from various mammalian tissues the enzyme activity was prepared from the pH 5-sediment. The substrate specifity is comparable to other catechol methyltransferases.
Acetylcholinesterase aus Rindererythrozyten. Reinigung und Eigenschaften des mit und ohne Triton X-100 solubilisierten Enzyms / Acetylcholinesterase from Bovine Erythrocytes. Purification and Properties of the En­zyme Solubilized in the Presence and the Absence of Triton X-100
Authors: Großmann Heinz , Liefländer Manfred 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase was released from bovine erythrocytes by Triton X-100 treatment and pu­rified by twofold affinity chromatography. The detergentfree enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 4130 U /mg (303 000-fold purification) and a 25% yield. Alternatively, the commercial available crude enzyme was purified. The latter preparation has an uniform molecular weight (Mr 175 000). The Triton-solubilized enzyme, however, can be resolved after removal of the detergent in eight multiple forms (Mr 175 000 and multiple values), in the presence of Triton there exists only one form (Mr 338 000). The amino acid composition of the two enzyme preparations differs significantly. No differences were observed with respect to other properties: SDS gel electrophore­sis revealed two protein bands (Mr 166 000 and 86 000) with both preparations. The enzyme is a glycoprotein with a pI value of 4.3 and contains strongly bound phosphatidylethanolamine. The N-terminal amino acid has been found to be Glu (or Gin).
UDP-Glucose: Glucosyltransferase Activity Involved in the Biosynthesis of Flavonol Triglucosides in Pisum sativum L. Seedlings
Authors: Shute Josie L. , Jourdan Pablo S. , Mansell Richard L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
From young, light-grown seedlings of Pisum sativum L. an enzyme activity catalyzing the glucosylation of kaempferol and quercetin in the 3-position to form the 3-O-triglucoside derivative has been demonstrated. The reaction proceeds from the aglycone via the mono-and diglucoside intermediates. The triglucoside can be produced from any of the less substituted derivatives with uridine diphosphate-D-glucose (UDPG) as the glucosyl donor. Young leaf tissues had much high­er levels of glucosyltransferase activity than the petioles and internodes. This is the first report of the synthesis of flavonol-3-0-triglucosides in vitro.
Der Einfluß zweiwertiger Fremdkationen auf die Aufnahme von Zink durch Chlorella / Influence of Twovalent Foreign Cations on the Uptake of Zinc by Chlorella
Authors: Klünger G. , Broda E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The influence of 10-4 divalent cations on the uptake of labelled Zn in the concentration range 10-5 to 5 × 10-5 ᴍ into the interior of Chlorella fusca at 30 °C was measured during 75 min. The Zn adsorbed on the surface or contained in the free space was removed by washing with EDTA. Corrections were applied for the loss in concentration due to surface adsorption, etc. The results were consistent with competitive inhibition of Zn uptake by the foreign ions. No allosteric inhibition was found. From the Lineweaver-Burk diagram, for uninhibited Zn, Kᴍ was found as 7 × 10-6 ᴍ and νmax as 8.3 × 10-9 mol · min-1 · g-1 algae. The inhibitor constants were: Mg 1.3 × 10-5, Ca 4.3 × 10-5, Co 4.3 × 10-5, Ni 4.3 × 10-5, Cd 1.3 × 10-5 and Pb 9.4 × 10-7 ᴍ. The values given for Kᴍ and the inhibitor constant refer to the velocities of uptake after 45 min.
Chemical Modification of Biliprotein Chromophores
Authors: Kufer W. , Scheer H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The reaction of biliproteins with sodium dithionite has been studied. The reagent is selective towards the chromophores. In denatured phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis, all three chromophores react to form yellow “phycorubin”, whereas only 1/3 of the chromophores react in native phycocyanin in a non-statistical manner. From reversion experiments, it can be shown, that the thermodynamic stability of the chromophores towards reaction with dithionite is increased in the native pigment. Similarly, native phytochrome in its Pr form reacts only partially to a pigment absorbing at both 420 and 660 nm. The same product is formed from native Pfr, indicating both a reversion to Pr and a partial reduction.
Size Distribution in the Higher Stages of Polymerization of the A-Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (vulgare)
Authors: Vogel Dieter , Marcillac Guy D. de , Hirth Léon , Gregori Eva , Jaenicke Rainer 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The composition of the A-protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been investigated by se­dimentation velocity, light-scattering, spectroscopic methods, and thermodynamic calculations, at concentrations from 5 to 20 mg/ml, at temperatures from 7 to 26 °C , at various pH and buffer conditions. Above distinct critical concentrations and temperatures aggregates are formed which sediment near 8S, while the concentration of the smaller aggregates that sediment in the trailing boundary, near 4S, remains approximately constant. We identify the 4S protein with two-layer aggregates (Durham and Klug, J. Mol. Biol., 1972), with weight average molecular weight (Mw) near 5 subunits, at the lower limit of polymerization. The 8S aggregates are best described by a series of three-layer aggregates, starting with a heptamer (Caspar, Adv. Protein Chem., 1963), but attaining M̅w corresponding to at least 12 subunits, at the upper limit. The 4S/8S equilibrium is not significantly changed by a change in pH, nor by the coexistence of higher aggregates (20 - 30S) with residual “A-protein”. Three-layer aggregates are more stable than two-layer aggregates, but significantly less stable than would be expected with strictly equivalent bonding; the third lay­er in the 8S protein disturbs the pairing between the two layers in the 4S protein, and the intersub­unit interaction near tryptophan 52 seems to be involved. From the structure, 8S protein should tend to polymerize easier to helices than to disks, in accordance with earlier suggestions (Vogel et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1977), and corroborated by studies on TMV-mutants.
Quantitativer Vergleich der Initiator-Regionen (Ribosome Binding Sites) von 12 aus Escherichia coli stammenden Nukleotidsequenzen (RNA-und DNA-Phagen), die aus Triplets zusammengesetzt sind / Quantitative Comparison of Ribosome Binding Sites of Twelve Nucleotide Sequences from Escherichia coli (RNA-and DNA Phages) Based on Triplet Patterns
Authors: Köhler Erich 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The molecular structure of ribosome binding sites of ten phage genes and two messengers of Escherichia coli were compared concerning the signation parts which are presumably used by ribosomes for recognition and binding. With a simple calculation based on triplet patterns sofar unknown agreements between all of these sequences were found. In several cases it was shown that agreements between old sequences are easier reognizable if the purine-and pyrimidine bases are put into the triplets instead of the four A, G, C, and U (T) bases. In such cases “homologous” parts of sequences were recognized with more distinctness. This is true in our case for the double triplet (hexaplet) py-pu-pu-pu-pu-(pu) and the binding site triplet py-pu-pu, which are preceding the ini­tiator. These triplets are in specific positions in all twelve sequences which were compared. The different course of the quaternary and the binary conformity curves (diagram 1) may show for the investigated area that the RNA phage gene-part is organized according to the well known quater­nary triplet code. On the contrary the phage φ-gene-part seems to be organized according to a more simple, binary triplet sequence of purine and pyrimidine bases. The binary sequence seems to be the more original, the quaternary the derived one.
Radioactive Labelling of Lipids in Rat Neuro­sarcom a by Intravenous Injection of [1-14C]- Octadecenol
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Volm Manfred , Wayss Klaus , Richter Ingolf , Mangold Helmut K. , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Radioactivity from cis-9-[1-14C]octadecenol, injected in­ travenously into rats bearing neurosarcoma, is incorporated to a significantly greater extent into tumor than into mus­cle. In the lipids of both tissues, radioactivity is incorporated predominantly into the acyl moieties, rather than into the alkyl or alk-1-enyl moieties, of diradylglycerophosphocholines, diradylglycerophosphoethanolamines, and triradyl-glycerols.
Radiation Induced Loss of Anti-Ig Binding Ability of Lymphocytes
Authors: Ojeda F. , Flores M. , Folch H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The effect of irradiation on the anti Ig binding ability of lymphocytes after irradiation was studied. Normal control and irradiated lymphoid cells were treated with rabbit anti mouse IgG fluorescein conjugated serum and the fluores­cein positive cells compared. A reduction in the proportion of stained cells in the irradiated lymphocytes was found. It depends on the dose and on the incubation time at 37 °C after irradiation. The maximum effect was detected after 10 minutes of incubation, longer incubation is associated with a partial recovery of the stainability of the IgG receptors.
Acylated flavonol diglucosides from Ammania auriculata
Authors: Nawwar Mahmoud , Ayoub Nahla , El-Raey Mohamed , Zaghloul Soumaya , Hashem Amani , Mostafa Eman , Eldahshan Omayma , Lindequist Ulrike , Linscheid Michael W. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Chemical investigation of the extract of the whole Ammania auriculata plant resulted in the identification of 13 polyphenols, including the hitherto unknown flavonoids, kaempferol 3-O-β-(6″-galloylglucopyranoside)-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, and its quercetin analogue. The structures of all isolates were elucidated by conventional methods, spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, and by HRESI-MS as well.
Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of N-substituted derivatives of (E)-2′,3″-thiazachalcones
Authors: Usta Asu , Taşkıran Hacer 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
N-alkyl substituted 2′,3″-thiazachalcones {3-[(1E)-3-(4-methylthiophene-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-1-alkyl (C5–12,14) pyridinium bromides} were synthesized by a two-step reaction. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial activities and found to be more active against Gram-positive as compared to Gram-negative bacteria.
TheWukongTerminal-Repeat Retrotransposon in Miniature (TRIM) Elements in Diverse Maize Germplasm
Authors: Liu Zhen , Li Xinxin , Wang Tingzhang , Messing Joachim , Xu Jian-Hong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTRIMs (terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature), which are characterized by their small size, have been discovered in all investigated vascular plants and even in animals. Here, we identified a highly conservative TRIM family referred to as Wukong elements in the maize genome. The Wukong family shows a distinct pattern of tandem arrangement in the maize genome suggesting a high rate of unequal crossing over. Estimation of insertion times implies a burst of retrotransposition activity of the Wukong family after the allotetraploidization of maize. Using next-generation sequencing data, we detected 87 new Wukong insertions in parents of the maize NAM population relative to the B73 reference genome and found abundant insertion polymorphism of Wukong elements in 75 re-sequenced maize lines, including teosinte, landraces, and improved lines. These results suggest that Wukong elements possessed a persistent retrotransposition activity throughout maize evolution. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships among 76 maize inbreds and their relatives based on insertion polymorphisms of Wukong elements should provide us with reliable molecular markers for biodiversity and genetics studies.
Investigating thiol-epoxy composites for semiconductor die attach adhesives
Authors: Wei Andrew , Reit Radu , Voit Walter 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, thiol-epoxy polymer composites are explored as candidates for high-temperature die attach applications. We present a polymer composite processing technique for die attach adhesives with low cure-stress. Lap shear samples of both a polymer adhesive and current industry adhesives were subjected to tensile testing and die shear strength was compared. At 260 °C, the candidate polymer adhesive exhibited a die shear strength of 0.500 MPa in comparison with 1.35 MPa and 0.258 MPa for two control adhesives. While samples showed less variation in properties in die shear strength between room temperature and 260 °C, the absolute die shear strength values were inferior to commercial adhesives at both room and elevated temperatures. We hypothesize that low cure stress networks, such as the thiol-epoxies presented, provide a compelling choice to engineer new die attach adhesives, but realize that further network refining is needed including the addition of adhesion promoters and other additives, a task better suited to industrial research with a focus in properties optimization.
Organic photovoltaic module development with inverted device structure
Authors: Mori Shigehiko , Oh-oka Haruhi , Nakao Hideyuki , Gotanda Takeshi , Nakano Yoshihiko , Jung Hyangmi , Iida Atsuko , Hayase Rumiko , Shida Naomi , Saito Mitsunaga , Todori Kenji , Asakura Taro , Matsui Akihiro , Hosoya Masahiro 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) modules with 9.5% (25 cm2) and 8.7% (802 cm2) have been demonstrated. This PCE of the module exceeded our previous world records of 8.5% (25 cm2) and 6.8% (396 cm2) that were listed in the latest Solar Cell Efficiency Tables ver.43 [1]. Both module design and coating/patterning technique were consistently studied for module development. In order to achieve highly efficient modules, we increased the ratio of photo-active area to designated illumination area to 94% without any scribing process and placed insulating layers in order to decrease the leakage current. The meniscus coating method was used for the fabrication of both buffer and photoactive layers. This technique ensures the fabrication of uniform and nanometer order thickness layers with thickness variation less than 3%. Furthermore, the PCE of the OPV under indoor illumination was found to be higher than that of the conventional Si type solar cells. This indicates that OPVs are promising as electrical power supplies for indoor applications. Therefore, we have also developed several prototypes for electronics integrated photovoltaics (EIPV) such as electrical shelf labels and wireless sensors embedded with our OPV modules, which can be operated by indoor lights.
Présentation du dossier-artiste dominic gagnon
Authors: Parenteau-Rodriguez Dolorès 
Published: May 2015

PORTFOLIODu moteur à explosion (2000) | The Matrix (2004) | Haute vitesse (2007) | RIP in Pieces America (2009) | Data (2010) | Big Kiss Goodnight (2012) | Pieces and Love All to Hell (2011) | Hoax_Canular (2013)
La costituzione dell’INA e il monopolio statale delle assicurazioni (1912-1922) = The constitution of INA and the state monopoly of insurance (1912-1922)
Authors: Potito Serena 
Published: May 2015

<p>Il saggio –basato principalmente su documenti attualmente conservati presso l’Archivio Storico dell’INA, a Roma– esamina le vicende legate alla nascita dell’Istituto, costituito in un regime transitorio di monopolio relativo nel settore delle assicurazioni sulla vita.<br />A causa del suo significato economico e politico, questa speciale forma di monopolio statale diede luogo a molte reazioni nell’ambito finanziario e politico nazionale, pertanto l’INA iniziò i primi anni di attività in una situazione conflittuale ed incerta.<br />Il saggio inoltre approfondisce le ripercussioni sul mercato assicurativo internazionale in seguito alla nascita dell’INA.<br />Durante il decennio di monopolio parziale dell’Istituto nel settore delle assicurazioni sulla vita (1912-1922), le compagnie di assicurazione straniere ritennero compromessi i loro interessi finanziari nel mercato italiano, e lo osteggiarono fino al 1923, quando una nuova legge riformò il mercato assicurativo sulla vita, abolendo il regime di monopolio.</p><p>The essay –mainly based on documents actually preserved in the Historical Archives of INA, in Rome– examines the events connected with the foundation of the Institute, established in a transient condition of partial monopoly system in life insurance sector. Because of its economic and political meaning, this special form of state monopoly gave rise to many reactions in the financial and political national context, and so INA started its first years of activity in a troubled and unstable situation. The essay also discusses about the repercussions on international insurance market in consequence of the foundation of INA.<br />During the ten-year perior of partial monopoly of the Institute in life insurance sector (1912-1922), foreign insurance companies deemed their financial interest in Italian market jeopardized, and contrasted with it until 1923, when a new act reformed life insurance market, abrogating monopoly system.</p><p> </p>