bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small studies may overestimate the effect sizes in critical care meta-analyses: a meta-epidemiological study
Authors: Zhang Zhongheng , Xu Xiao , Ni Hongying 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Small-study effects refer to the fact that trials with limited sample sizes are more likely to report larger beneficial effects than large trials. However, this has never been investigated in critical care medicine. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the presence and extent of small-study effects in critical care medicine.

Methods
Critical care meta-analyses involving randomized controlled trials and reported mortality as an outcome measure were considered eligible for the study. Component trials were classified as large (≥100 patients per arm) and small (<100 patients per arm) according to their sample sizes. Ratio of odds ratio (ROR) was calculated for each meta-analysis and then RORs were combined using a meta-analytic approach. ROR<1 indicated larger beneficial effect in small trials. Small and large trials were compared in methodological qualities including sequence generating, blinding, allocation concealment, intention to treat and sample size calculation.

Results
A total of 27 critical care meta-analyses involving 317 trials were included. Of them, five meta-analyses showed statistically significant RORs <1, and other meta-analyses did not reach a statistical significance. Overall, the pooled ROR was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.68); the heterogeneity was moderate with an I2 of 50.3% (chi-squared = 52.30; P = 0.002). Large trials showed significantly better reporting quality than small trials in terms of sequence generating, allocation concealment, blinding, intention to treat, sample size calculation and incomplete follow-up data.

Conclusions
Small trials are more likely to report larger beneficial effects than large trials in critical care medicine, which could be partly explained by the lower methodological quality in small trials. Caution should be practiced in the interpretation of meta-analyses involving small trials.
Erythematous Rash Following Romiplostim Administration in a Patient with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Authors: Biondo Lisa , Bodge Megan , Paul Stephan R 
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE To report a case of erythematous rash induced by romiplostim administration in a patient with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). CASE SUMMARY A 19-year-old female with ALPS-related thrombocytopenia (platelet count 4 × 10 3 /μL) successfully treated with romiplostim 500 μg weekly for 9 months presented with a grade 3 maculopapular rash. Symptoms on presentation included purpuric, erythematous pustules confined to the trunk following romiplostim administration the previous day. A punch biopsy of skin from the patient's right lower abdomen revealed perivascular chronic inflammation with numerous eosinophils consistent with drug reaction. The patient had received romiplostim 500 μg weekly with no other reports of rash until this time. Romiplostim was discontinued, the patient was monitored, and the rash resolved within 1 week. Romiplostim was then restarted at 200 μg weekly. The patient has achieved platelet normalization at a current romiplostim dose of 250 μg weekly with no further adverse reactions. DISCUSSION ALPS is a rare autoimmune disorder with approximately 500 known cases worldwide. Pharmacotherapy for ALPS patients generally targets autoimmune cytopenias associated with the disorder. When standard therapies for ALPS-related cytopenias fail, clinicians are often forced to consider novel treatment options. Our patient had ALPS-related thrombocytopenia that was treated with romiplostim, which resulted in grade 3 maculopapular rash after almost 1 year of treatment. The likelihood that this patient's erythematous rash was due to romiplostim administration was determined to be possible based on the Naranjo probability scale. The reaction was reported to the drug manufacturer and to the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch program. CONCLUSIONS This is the first documented case, to our knowledge, of severe maculopapular rash occurring less than 24 hours after romiplostim administration for treatment of ALPS-related chronic thrombocytopenia. Rash has been reported as an adverse event of romiplostim therapy at higher doses (750 μg), but not at a dose of 500 μg. This report also describes successful rechallenge of romiplostim after resolution of the rash.
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Wrought Magnesium Alloy for High Strength and Ductility
Authors: Radhakrishnan B. , Gorti S.B. , Patton R.M. , Simunovic S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAn optimization technique is coupled with crystal plasticity based finite element (CPFE) computations to aid the microstructural design of a wrought magnesium alloy for improved strength and ductility. The initial microstructure consists of a collection of sub-micron sized grains containing deformation twins. The variables used in the simulations are crystallographic texture, and twin spacing within the grains. It is assumed that plastic deformation occurs mainly by dislocation slip on two sets of slip systems classified as hard and soft modes. The hard modes are those slip systems that are inclined to the twin planes and the soft mode consists of dislocation glide along the twin plane. The CPFE code calculates the stress-strain response of the microstructure as a function of the microstructural parameters and the length-scale of the features. A failure criterion based on a critical shear strain and a critical hydrostatic stress is used to define ductility. The optimization is based on the sequential generation of an initial population defined by the texture and twin spacing variables. The CPFE code and the optimizer are coupled in parallel so that new generations are created and analyzed dynamically. In each successive generation, microstructures that satisfy at least 90% of the mean strength and mean ductility in the current generation are retained. Multiple generation runs based on the above procedure are carried out in order to obtain maximum strength-ductility combinations. The implications of the computations for the design of a wrought magnesium alloy are discussed. Research sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U. S. Department of Energy.
Chromium Diffusion Doping of Commercial ZnSe and CdTe Windows for Mid-infrared Solid-state Laser Applications
Authors: Hömmerich U. , Jones I. K. , Nyein EiEi , Trivedi S.B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe report on the preparation and optical spectroscopy of diffusion doped Cr: ZnSe and Cr: CdTe windows for applications in mid-infrared (MIR) solid-state lasers. Cr doping was achieved in both materials through a thermal diffusion process controlled by temperature (750°-850 °C) and time (∼0.25-6 days). Commercial CrSe powder (99.5% purity) was used as the dopant source. All samples exhibited the characteristic spectroscopic features of tetrahedrally coordinated Cr2+ ions with absorption bands centered between 1700-1900 nm and MIR emission bands extending from 2000-3200 nm. Various samples of Cr: ZnSe and Cr: CdTe were prepared with Cr2+ peak absorption coefficients from ∼0.1 cm-1 to ∼29 cm-1. The calculated Cr2+ concentration ranged from ∼1×1017cm-3 to 3×1019cm-3 using absorption-cross sections of 1.1×10-18 cm2 for Cr: ZnSe and 2.2×10-18 cm2 for Cr: CdTe. The room temperature decay times for Cr: ZnSe and Cr: CdTe were measured to be between 5-6 μs and 3-4 μs, respectively. Quenching of the Cr emission was observed for Cr concentrations above ∼1×1019 cm-3 for Cr: ZnSe and ∼0.5×1019 cm-3 for Cr: CdTe. The absorption and MIR emission properties of diffusion doped Cr: ZnSe and Cr: CdTe windows as a function of Cr concentration will be discussed.
Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease and Erdheim-Chester Disease: Coexistence and Discrepancy
Authors: Yin Jun , Zhang Feng , Zhang Huizhen , Shen Li , Li Qing , Hu Shundong , Tian Qinghua , Bao Yuqian , Jia Weiping 
Published: January 2013

abstractCME Learning ObjectivesDistinguish Erdheim-Chester disease from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Cite the keys to diagnosis of Hand-Schüller-Christian disease in a patient with only central diabetes insipidus. List the signs linking a Hand-Schüller-Christian disease patient to coexisting ECD.Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) share similar clinical features and mechanisms. In very rare circumstances, the two diseases coexist in the same patient. Here we report such a patient, who was first diagnosed with Hand-Schüller-Christian disease (HSC), a type of LCH. Several years later, the patient presented with severe exophthalmos and osteosclerosis on radiograph. New biopsy revealed ECD. We also analyze 54 cases of LCH and 6 cases of ECD diagnosed in our hospital, as well as their progression during a follow-up period of 8 years. In five cases of HSC (9.3% of LCH), a triad of central diabetes insipidus, hyperprolactinemia, and pituitary stalk thickening on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preceded the typical bone lesions by 4–9 years. In addition, LCH was featured as elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which was normal in ECD. Combined with a literature review, several features are summarized to differentiate ECD from HSC. In patients with diabetes insipidus, concomitant hyperprolactinemia and pituitary stalk thickening on MRI indicate a possible HSC. Additionally, if osteosclerosis is observed in a patient with LCH, the coexistence of ECD should be considered.
An early azhdarchid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of the eastern Paris basin
Authors: Buffetaut Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A pterosaur vertebra from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) Sables verts of Grandpré (Ardennes, northeastern France) is characterised by its elongation, its very low neural arch confluent with the centrum, and the presence of a tuba vertebralis. It is referred to the family Azhdarchidae and is one of the earliest well-attested records of this group. The pterosaur diversity of the Sables verts is higher than previously recognised.
Revision of Piceoerpeton Meszoely (Caudata: Scapherpetontidae) and description of a new species from the late Maastrichtian and ?early Paleocene of western North America
Authors: Gardner James D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe scapherpetontid salamander Piceoerpeton is known from the latest Cretaceous to middle Paleogene of North America and was the last surviving member of that paedomorphic family. A suite of vertebral features differentiates Piceoerpeton from other scapherpetontids, including three atlantal features that are autapomorphic within the family: odontoid process reduced to an anteriorly short, nipple-like structure; ventral surface of odontoid process lacks an articular surface for contact with skull; and articular surfaces of anterior cotyles are deeply concave. Differences in inferred body size and vertebral structure permit the recognition of two congeners: P. willwoodense, a large-bodied species (estimated snout-vent length = 100 cm) from the late Paleocene of the Western Interior and early Eocene of the Canadian Arctic and the much smaller P. naylori new species from the late Maastrichtian and ?early Paleocene of Wyoming and Montana, USA. In terms of its older age, smaller size, and less derived vertebral features, P. naylori is potentially ancestral to P. willwoodense.
Genetic Variability for Biofuel Traits in a Circumglobal Reed Canarygrass Collection
Authors: Olmstead Julia , Casler Michael D. , Brummer E. Charles 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTReed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a cool‐season perennial forage crop that grows well in cool, wet climates, has potential value as an energy crop. Nevertheless, little breeding effort has gone into its development as an energy crop. We evaluated 94 reed canarygrass accessions for agronomic and quality traits at Ames, IA, and Arlington, WI, in 1999 and 2000. Variation among accessions was observed for all variables. Biomass yield was not correlated with acid detergent fiber (cellulose plus lignin) or with acid detergent lignin, indicating good potential for developing favorable feedstocks for co‐firing or for fermentation. Analysis of regional geographic variation as well as principal component analysis showed that phenotypes varied considerably among geographic regions, with much of the variation attributable to differences between Europe and Asia. Except for North American germplasm, European germplasm tended to have higher biomass yield than other germplasm, suggesting that it may be better suited for use in direct breeding programs in the north central United States. Overall, sufficient variation exists among wild and cultivated germplasm to warrant further breeding of reed canarygrass as a biofuel feedstock.
Excreta Deposition on Grassland Patches. I. Forage Harvested, Nutritive Value, and Nitrogen Recovery
Authors: White‐Leech Renee , Liu Kesi , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Woodard Kenneth R. , Interrante Sindy M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTLivestock excreta deposition in grazed grassland is nonuniform and concentrated around shade, water, and supplement feeding locations. The consequences of repeated dung or urine deposition to grassland patches have not been well quantified in terms of effects on forage dry matter harvested (DMH), forage nutritive value, and nutrient recovery. These responses were measured on ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) swards treated with two excreta types (dung and urine) from two excreta source pastures (the Average and High management intensities based on N fertilizer and stocking rates) applied at four frequencies (0, 1, 2, 3 yr−1) during 2 yr. Responses were measured within a circular quadrat of radius 45 cm whose center was the midpoint of the excreta deposit. Forage DMH decreased linearly from 3040 to 2800 kg ha−1 with increasing dung application frequency and increased from 3040 to 4820 kg ha−1 as urine application frequency increased. Forage nutritive value did not differ among dung application frequencies but generally increased with urine application frequency. Nitrogen recovery relative to an untreated control was negative for dung, positive for urine, and decreased with increasing urine application frequency. Forage DMH was suppressed by dung, but urine increased forage DMH, nutritive value, and nutrient removal. Decreasing nutrient recovery with increasing excreta application frequency supports use of grazing strategies that increase uniformity of deposition.
Excreta Deposition on Grassland Patches. II. Spatial Pattern and Duration of Forage Responses
Authors: White‐Leech R. , Liu Kesi , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Woodard Kenneth R. , Interrante Sindy M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTForage dry matter harvested (DMH) and nutritive value (NV) are affected by livestock excreta. Efforts to model nutrient cycling in grazed grasslands would benefit from increased understanding of the duration and spatial pattern of excreta effects on grassland patches. These responses were measured on ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) swards treated with two excreta types (dung and urine) from two excreta source pastures (Average and High management intensities based on N fertilizer and stocking rates) applied at four frequencies (0, 1, 2, 3 per year) during 2 yr. Forage DMH under dung pats decreased, but DMH surrounding the pat was not affected by application frequency. Suppression of DMH by dung was ≥112 d and extent of suppression increased as application frequency increased. In contrast, DMH under urine increased linearly (2950 to 6250 kg ha−1 for the Average management intensity and 3480 to 6450 kg ha−1 for the High management intensity) as application frequency increased and effects were observed 15 cm beyond the deposit's edge. Forage NV was not affected by dung, but it increased with increasing urine application frequency and for distances up to 30 cm from the edge of the urine deposit. Urine increased DMH for ≥84 d and increased crude protein for ≥28 d following a single urine application and ≥84 d after multiple applications. Data show that duration and spatial patterns of forage response to dung and urine differ, but effects of both can be long lived and are increased by multiple deposits to a patch.
The Role of Psychobiological and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Appetite Regulation and Obesity
Authors: Paspala Ioanna , Katsiki Niki , Kapoukranidou Dorothea , Mikhailidis Dimitri P , Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou Anna 
Published: January 2013

Obesity is a multifactorial disease. Among its causes are physical inactivity and overeating. In addition, other factors may play an important role in the development of overweight/obesity. For example, certain hormones including leptin, insulin and ghrelin, may influence appetite and consequently body weight. Obesity frequently co-exists with metabolic disorders including dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, thus constituting the metabolic syndrome which is characterized by increased cardiovascular risk.
Lack of comprehensive knowledge on obesity-related issues makes both prevention and treatment difficult. This review considers the psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms of appetite and food intake. Whether these factors, in terms of obesity prevention and treatment, will prove to be relevant in clinical practice (including reducing the cardiovas-cular risk associated with obesity) remains to be established.
A Measurement Theory Perspective on Business Measurement
Authors: Romero Silvia , Gal Graham , Mock Theodore J. , Vasarhelyi Miklos A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the last five centuries, the traditional accounting model has evolved into a wide set of business practices and measurement conventions. In general, these models have served business well, but are now gradually losing relevance. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (2011) consideration of a more informative audit report and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (2011) reconsideration of a more precise concept of income clearly illustrate a growing disconnect with the traditional model. This paper explores the possibility of enhancing financial reporting with a wider frame of business representations and measures. It begins by discussing business measurement from the perspective of measurement theory, and then considers the potential that contemporary information technology and data processing offers by providing more relevant, timely, and reliable financial information. For example, some of the possible changes could be implemented through modified XBRL tagging.
In this paper, we discuss the limitations of the current reporting system and propose a generic business measurement model that includes three layers: the disclosure value chain, the point measurement of each datum, and the level of desired contingency measurement. The disclosure value chain includes environmental conditions, business plans, lead actions that augment current business activities measurement and, where feasible, information on consequent events. In examining the point measurement of each datum, we argue that measures often are not deterministic, but are contingent on time factors, the nature of the decision being supported, the level of desired precision, related future events, and inherent uncertainty. We present two structures combining these parameters. Finally, our explorations suggest that the level of the desired contingency measurement determines the appropriate information structure and that this measurement is needed in each specific decision context.
The Use of Contract Adjustments to Lengthen the CEO Horizon in the Presence of Internal and External Monitoring
Authors: Dikolli Shane S. , Kulp Susan L. , Sedatole Karen L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We investigate whether boards of directors adjust compensation contracts to lengthen a CEO's decision horizon, and if the use of such contract adjustments depends on the levels of external (i.e., shareholder-based) and internal (i.e., board-based) CEO monitoring. Based on insights from the career-concerns literature, we identify short-horizon CEOs as those nearing retirement, at a firm with a current earnings decline or loss, and/or with an impending job change. We find that firms with a CEO identified as having a short-horizon place greater contract weight on forward-looking information. This horizon-lengthening contract adjustment is less pronounced when there is greater external monitoring (i.e., as proxied by a high level of shareholder rights), consistent with the intuition that increased shareholder rights mitigate CEO entrenchment, leading to less myopic decision making, independent of a contract adjustment. However, we also find that the horizon-lengthening contract adjustment is more pronounced when there is greater internal monitoring (i.e., as proxied by characteristics of the board), consistent with the intuition that increased employment risk from more intense internal monitoring itself creates a demand for increased incentive weights as a means of compensating the CEO for the increased risk.
Data Availability: Data used for this study are derived from publicly available databases and proxy statements.
JEL Classifications: M52; M41; J33.
Prevalence of Diagnosed Cancer According to Duration of Diagnosed Diabetes and Current Insulin Use Among U.S. Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Zhao Guixiang , Okoro Catherine A. , Wen Xiao-Jun , Ford Earl S. , Balluz Lina S. 
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed cancer according to duration of diagnosed diabetes and current insulin use among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data from 25,964 adults aged ≥18 years with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

RESULTS
After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that the greater the duration of diagnosed diabetes, the higher the prevalence of diagnosed cancers (P &lt; 0.0001 for linear trend). Among adults with diagnosed type 2 diabetes, the prevalence estimate for cancers of all sites was significantly higher among men (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.6 [95% CI 1.3–1.9]) and women (1.8 [1.5–2.1]) who reported being diagnosed with diabetes ≥15 years ago than among those reporting diabetes diagnosis &lt;15 years ago. The prevalence estimate for cancers of all sites was ~1.3 times higher among type 2 diabetic adults who currently used insulin than among those who did not use insulin among both men (1.3 [1.1–1.6]) and women (1.3 [1.1–1.5]).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that there is an increased burden of diagnosed cancer among adults with a longer duration of diagnosed diabetes and among type 2 diabetic adults who currently use insulin.