bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The carbon footprint of UK sheep production: current knowledge and opportunities for reduction in temperate zones
Authors: JONES A. K. , JONES D. L. , CROSS P. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYLivestock production is a significant source of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions globally. In any sheep-producing nation, an effective agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy must include sheep-targeted interventions. The most prominent interventions suited to sheep systems are reviewed in the current paper, with a focus on farm-level enteric CH4and soil N2O emissions. A small number of currently available interventions emerge which have broad consensus on their mitigation potential. These include breeding to increase lambing percentages and diet formulation to minimize nitrogen excretion. The majority of interventions still require significant research and development before deployment. Research into the efficacy of interventions such as incorporation of biochar is in its infancy, while for others such as dietary supplements, successes in isolated studies now need to be replicated in long-term field trials under a range of conditions. Enhancing understanding of underlying biological processes will allow capitalization of interventions such as vaccination against rumen methanogenesis and pasture drainage. Many interventions cannot be recommended at a regional or national scale because, either, their mitigation potential is inextricably linked to soil and weather conditions in the locality of use, or their use is restricted to more intensive, closely managed systems. Distilling the long list of interventions to produce an effective farm-level mitigation strategy must involve: accounting for all GHG fluxes and interactions, identifying complimentary sets of additive interventions, and accounting for baseline emissions and current practice. Tools such as whole farm GHG models and marginal abatement cost curves are crucial in the development of tailored, practical sheep farm GHG mitigation strategies.
COGNITIVE ABILITIES OF EMIRATI AND GERMAN ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: RINDERMANN HEINER , BAUMEISTER ANTONIA E. E. , GRÖPER ANNE 
Published: May 2013

SummaryAccording to human capital theory, individual competences and personality attributes are relevant for individual productivity and income. Within human capital, intelligence is crucial. To study engineering and work successfully as an engineer, high cognitive abilities are necessary, especially for work in research and development. In a study of 30 German and 30 Emirati engineering students (mean age: 22 years), both groups were tested with mathematical and figural intelligence scales (CogAT). German engineering students achieved a mean IQ of 116, and Emirati students 104 (in converted UK norms). In both groups male students achieved better results than females (2 to 4 IQ point difference). The results are compared with those from PISA and TIMSS. The possible causes of these results, their consequences and strategies for improvement are discussed.
A passive dynamic walking model with Coulomb friction at the hip joint
Authors: Guo Wenhao , Wang Tianshu , Wang Qi 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a modified passive dynamic walking model with hip friction. We add Coulomb friction to the hip joint of a two-dimensional straight-legged passive dynamic walker. The walking map is divided into two parts – the swing phase and the impact phase. Coulomb friction and impact make the model's dynamic equations nonlinear and non-smooth, and a numerical algorithm is given to deal with this model. We study the effects of hip friction on gait and obtain basins of attraction of different coefficients of friction.
A Poor Association Between Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Location and Public Automated External Defibrillator Placement
Authors: Levy Matthew J. , Seaman Kevin G. , Millin Michael G. , Bissell Richard A. , Jenkins J. Lee 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionMuch attention has been given to the strategic placement of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of strategically placed AEDs and the actual location of cardiac arrests.MethodsA retrospective review of data maintained by the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS), specifically, the Maryland Cardiac Arrest Database and the Maryland AED Registry, was conducted. Location types for AEDs were compared with the locations of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Howard County, Maryland. The respective locations were compared using scatter diagrams and r2 statistics.ResultsThe r2 statistics for AED location compared with witnessed cardiac arrest and total cardiac arrests were 0.054 and 0.051 respectively, indicating a weak relationship between the two variables in each case. No AEDs were registered in the three most frequently occurring locations for cardiac arrests (private homes, skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities) and no cardiac arrests occurred at the locations where AEDs were most commonly placed (community pools, nongovernment public buildings, schools/educational facilities).ConclusionA poor association exists between the location of cardiac arrests and the location of AEDs.LevyMJ, SeamanKG, MillinMG, BissellRA, JenkinsJL. A poor association between out-of-hospital cardiac arrest location and public automated external defibrillator placement. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-6.
Age-Related Changes in Error Monitoring of an Everyday Task
Authors: Balouch Sara , Rusted Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe process of checking in an everyday task to ensure error prevention/error correction, has not been systematically documented in relation to everyday action errors. This is surprising, given that studies of everyday task performance in people with dementia suggest poor error monitoring (error detection/correction). The present study documented age-related changes in errors and error monitoring behaviors, including the novel variable of checking (verbal/non-verbal gestures indicating active task monitoring), in an everyday task. In a 2 × 2 mixed-subjects design (n = 57), young and older adults performed a tea-making task under standard and dual-task conditions. Error rates were similar across age-groups and conditions. The dual-task condition reduced verbal checking and increased microslips (initiation and termination of an error before the error is completed) for both age-groups, when compared to the standard condition. In the standard condition, older adults engaged in more verbal checks than young adults, but this was not associated with improved task accuracy. Thus, both age-groups do engage in checking during an everyday task, but this checking had little impact on task accuracy. Consequently, checking may not be a necessary part of performance accuracy. Future studies should investigate whether enhanced awareness would make monitoring more effective. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
Epigenetic regulation of placental endocrine lineages and complications of pregnancy
Authors: John Rosalind M. 
Published: May 2013

A defining feature of mammals is the development in utero of the fetus supported by the constant flow of nutrients from the mother obtained via a specialized organ: the placenta. The placenta is also a major endocrine organ that synthesizes vast quantities of hormones and cytokines to instruct both maternal and fetal physiology. Nearly 20 years ago, David Haig and colleagues proposed that placental hormones were likely targets of the epigenetic process of genomic imprinting in response to the genetic conflicts imposed by in utero development [Haig (1993) Q. Rev. Biol. 68, 495–532]. There are two simple mechanisms through which genomic imprinting could regulate placental hormones. First, imprints could directly switch on or off alleles of specific genes. Secondly, imprinted genes could alter the expression of placental hormones by regulating the development of placental endocrine lineages. In mice, the placental hormones are synthesized in the trophoblast giant cells and spongiotrophoblast cells of the mature placenta. In the present article, I review the functional role of imprinted genes in regulating these endocrine lineages, which lends support to Haig's original hypothesis. I also discuss how imprinting defects in the placenta may adversely affect the health of the fetus and its mother during pregnancy and beyond.
The impact of culture on epigenetic properties of pluripotent stem cells and pre-implantation embryos
Authors: McEwen Kirsten R. , Leitch Harry G. , Amouroux Rachel , Hajkova Petra 
Published: May 2013

Cultured pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine. Considerable efforts have been invested into the refinement and definition of improved culture systems that sustain self-renewal and avoid differentiation of pluripotent cells in vitro. Recent studies have, however, found that the choice of culture condition has a significant impact on epigenetic profiles of cultured pluripotent cells. Mouse and human ESCs (embryonic stem cells) show substantial epigenetic differences that are dependent on the culture condition, including global changes to DNA methylation and histone modifications and, in female human ESCs, to the epigenetic process of X chromosome inactivation. Epigenetic perturbations have also been detected during culture of pre-implantation embryos; limited research undertaken in mouse suggests a direct effect of the in vitro environment on epigenetic processes in this system. Widespread epigenetic changes induced by the culture condition in stem cells thus emphasize the necessity for extensive research into both immediate and long-term epigenetic effects of embryo culture during assisted reproductive technologies.
Communicating endometriosis with young women to decrease diagnosis time
Authors: Shadbolt Naomi A. , Parker Melissa A. , Orthia Lindy A. 
Published: May 2013

Issues addressedEndometriosis is estimated to affect approximately 10% of women. Although early detection may enhance health outcomes and fertility, there is a recognised diagnostic delay of 6.7 years. There are limited data on ways to discuss endometriosis with young women. The aims of the present study were to determine what young women know about endometriosis, what young women want to know about endometriosis and how this is best communicated to promote early detection.MethodsWomen aged 16–25 years were invited to complete an online survey that was advertised via Facebook, email, Twitter and flyers at high schools and a university.ResultsIn all, 131 women responded to the survey. Fifty‐two percent of participants had heard of endometriosis, 89% thought teenagers should be educated about endometriosis and 78% thought that young men should also be educated about the condition. Favoured sources for obtaining information were schools (40%), the Internet (22%) and magazines (13%). Participants were most comfortable talking to a doctor (75%), parent (59%) or friend (51%). Participants primarily wanted to know about the disease, its symptoms, risk factors and treatment. Many participants' descriptions of endometriosis were vague or inaccurate.ConclusionsThe results of the present study indicate that young women are keen to learn about endometriosis, particularly its symptoms. Preferential sources of information appear to be schools or the Internet, and young women appear more comfortable talking to doctors.So what?To promote early detection of endometriosis, health promotion activities should direct their information towards sources that young women prefer.
Medicolegal Issues in Neuroimaging
Authors: Tovino Stacey 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
During the past ten years, legal theorists have focused on the impact of advances in neuroimaging for issues in criminal law, especially criminal responsibility, criminal procedure, capital punishment, and national security. This chapter identifies and examines the multiplicity of ways in which clinical neuroimaging might intersect with civil and administrative law and highlights those areas of the law that are most relevant for clinicians. In particular, advances in clinical neuroimaging can implicate tort law (including allegations of negligent neuroimaging, negligent diagnosis, and negligent misdiagnosis), contract law (including laws relating to health insurance contracts and employee benefits), federal and state mental health parity law, disability discrimination law, disability benefit law, constitutional law, and civil competency determinations.
Acoustically mediated emotional contagion as an across-species homology underlying music processing
Authors: Fritz Thomas , Koelsch Stefan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAn understanding about the biological roots of music may be vital to the study of human evolution. Here we first review ideas on drumming and song as homologous traits of the human capacity for music, and then point out another possible homology of this capacity: A neurological physiology supporting acoustically mediated emotional contagion. A key aspect of this argument is that acoustically mediated emotionally contagious behaviours in our closest phylogenetic relatives (play panting and pant hoots in African great apes) are structurally and functionally related to laughter and music in humans. We conclude that the musical capacity in humans may have evolved as a response to selective pressures for increased group size for its effect of synchronizing group motivation and emotional experience through acoustically mediated emotional contagion, and as such would have promoted group gatherings, social functions and the establishment of rituals.
The Legal Effects of EU Agreements
Authors: Mendez Mario 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Examining the legal effects of EU concluded treaties, this book provides an analysis of this increasingly important and rapidly growing area of EU law. The EU has concluded more than 1,000 treaties including recently its first human rights treaty (the UN Rights of Persons with Disability Convention). These agreements are regularly invoked in litigation in the Courts of the member states and before the EU courts in Luxembourg but their ramifications for the EU legal order and that of the member states remains underexplored. Through analysis of over 300 cases, the book finds evidence of a twin-track approach whereby the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) adopts a maximalist approach to Treaty enforcement, where EU agreements are invoked in challenges to member state level action whilst largely insulating EU action from meaningful review vis-à-vis agreements. The book also reveals novel findings regarding the use of EU agreements in EU level litigation including: the types and which specific EU agreements (including the types of provisions) have arisen in litigation; the nature of the proceedings (preliminary rulings or direct actions) and the number of occasions in which they have been addressed in challenges to member state or EU action and the outcomes; who has been litigating (individuals, institutions, or member states) and which domestic courts have been referring questions to the CJEU. The significance of the judicial developments in this area are situated within the context of the domestic constitutional ramifications for member state legal orders thus revealing a neglected dimension in the constitutionalization debates, which traditionally emphasized the ramifications of internal EU law for the domestic constitutional order without expressly accommodating the constitutional significance of this external category of EU law nor the different challenges that this poses domestically.
5 Differential equations in physics
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOrdinary and partial differential equations appear in physics as equations of motion or of state. They are often linear differential equations for which a sum of solutions remains a solution. The solution of first- and second-order linear differential equations are obtained. The specification of linearly independent solutions using suitable boundary/initial conditions is discussed. Special methods of solution using Green's functions, separation of variables and eigenfunction expansions are described.
5 Three common objections to Bayesian frameworks
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter shows how the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) and its interpretation developed in the previous two chapters offers new responses to traditional objections to Subjective Bayesianism. First, it explains exactly when a case counts as a counterexample to a formal modeling framework. Second, it applies CLF to Bas van Fraassen’s Judy Benjamin Problem and the more general problem of new theories, in which an agent comes to consider hypotheses she hadn’t entertained before. Third, the chapter takes up objections to the Ratio Formula relating conditional and unconditional degrees of belief (along the way explaining exactly what it is to assign a conditional degree of belief). Finally, the chapter assesses Bayesianism’s commitment to logical omniscience, the implausible rational requirement that agents be certain of all logical truths. The chapter explains how much logical omniscience CLF is committed to, and whether a little such commitment is necessarily a bad thing.
6 Generalized Conditionalization
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter explains how memory loss creates problems for Conditionalization, the traditional Bayesian norm for updating degrees of belief. It first presents stories in which agents suffer from memory loss (or the threat thereof) and shows how these stories are counterexamples to Conditionalization. It then argues that memory loss does indicate a failure of rationality on the part of the agent. The chapter then presents a new updating norm, Generalized Conditionalization (GC), which properly handles memory loss stories. GC is applied to a somewhat more complex story in which memory loss occurs multiple times, then the norm is used to derive a generalized version of Bas van Fraassen’s Reflection Principle applying to cases in which agents both gain and lose information.
8 The Proper Expansion Principle
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the difficulties self-locating degrees of belief cause for traditional Bayesian modeling frameworks. It argues that these problems are caused not by Bayesianism’s view of the contents to which degrees of belief are assigned, but instead by the way Conditionalization (the traditional Bayesian updating norm) interacts with context-sensitive claims. Solving these problems requires us first to understand the interactions between formal models of the same story based on different modeling languages. A Proper Expansion Principle (PEP) is proposed that governs such interactions. Combining PEP with Generalized Conditionalization (an updating rule defended in previous chapters) yields the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), a formal framework that correctly models rational requirements in stories involving context-sensitivity. The version of PEP presented in this chapter improves on earlier versions proposed by the author, which were susceptible to a counterexample invented by Sarah Moss.
Embarrassment, Positive Moods, and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter turns to two enhancers for helping – embarrassment and positive moods – and sees whether similar implications can be drawn as in the case of guilt. The first section distinguishes between embarrassment and shame, while the next two sections discuss what, for the moment, are the leading psychological models of the relationship between embarrassment and positive moods on the one hand, and helping on the other. Section four then turns to some of the consequences that these models seem to have.
Elevation, Activated Moral Norms, and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces two more enhancers, and follows a similar course as the previous two chapters. The one significant twist, though, is the kind of motivation to which these enhancers seem to give rise, which is moralistic and not egoistic. The first section of the chapter focuses on elevation, the second on activated moral norms, and the third on the implications for character.
Generalizing the Account
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins by addressing a challenge to the proposal that comes from a rival psychological model of character and helping. Then section two sketches some of the aspects of the account of Mixed Helping Traits which can be carried over to thinking about our character traits in general. Section three examines a few important studies of non-moral traits which, if they had arrived at similar results for moral traits, would have supported the general framework that is being advanced here. Section four briefly reviews an important set of studies on specifically moral behavior which found results very much in line with the framework. Finally, section five develops some general principles for the experimental study of moral character which should seem plausible in light of the previous chapters.
Aggression and Harming Others
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSections one and two focus on psychological research that examines aggressive behavior more on the reactive end of the continuum, whereas section three shifts to the proactive side. Section four continues the discussion of proactive aggression with a look at certain versions of the Milgram experiments as well as some other closely related experiments on obedience. No book on moral character, especially one that draws so heavily on psychological work as this one does, can avoid discussing Milgram’s research. Finally, the chapter ends by relating the previous sections to the view of Mixed Traits (section five), and by evaluating how virtuous and vicious most of us appear to be in this area (section six).
Strategies of Quantification in Hausa (Chadic)
Authors: Zimmermann Malte 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses some interesting properties of the adnominal quantificational system in the Chadic language Hausa. Its main objective is to introduce new empirical data into the discussion of quantification from a cross‐linguistic semantic perspective. Special attention is paid to (i) differences in the structural realization of weak (= modifying) and strong (= inherent) quantifying expressions; and (ii) the formation of (universal) quantifiers from a wh‐element and a disjunction marker (wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers), and the semantic interpretation of these quantifiers. In this chapter, I show that weak and strong quantifying expressions differ in their syntactic distribution, pointing at a fundamental semantic difference between both kinds of expressions. Wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers in Hausa are interesting in two respects: First, they appear to receive different interpretations (universal, free choice, existential) in different syntactic contexts. These different interpretations are argued to follow from a basic universal reading. Second, the interpretation of wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers varies across languages. They are interpreted with universal force in Hausa, but with existential force in Japanese and Malayalam. A cross‐linguistically unified analysis of wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers is shown to be possible in principle. At the same time, the possibility that wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers are interpreted by different interpretative mechanisms in different languages is not altogether excluded.