bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxyfuel Combustion forCO2Capture
Authors: Hu Yukun , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOxyfuel combustion is one of the technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) in fossil‐fuel‐based power systems to mitigate global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. When introducing oxyfuel combustion into the power systems, physical and chemical processes of the combustion differ from conventional combustion, and the energy penalty forCCShas significant impacts on the system operation and performance, similar to combustion process, heat transfer, flue gas properties, and emission control. Around these topics, dozens of oxyfuel‐related projects were launched within this decade in the worldwide, and many techno‐economic assessments for oxyfuel technology including competitive technologies (pre‐/post‐combustion and emerging technologies) are continuously being published. Although the technologies for oxyfuel combustion are relatively well understood today, it is only investigated experimentally in lab and pilot‐scale combustion equipment. The estimated costs of electricity andCO2avoidance costs are varied by uncertainties from economical assessments from different referenced databases and from restricted regulation of different countries and regions. Therefore, all addressed issues must be clarified and proved to be feasible deployment for the commercial scaleCCSplants to cope with emission targets according to Copenhagen Accord to reduceGHGemission and mitigate world temperature rising.
Biorefinery: Production of Biofuel, Heat, and Power Utilizing Biomass
Authors: Naqvi Muhammad , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe world's energy consumption is projected to increase rapidly that will cause depletion of known fossil fuel resources, global warming, and threat to future energy security. Biomass is likely to play a significant role in the future energy systems replacing conventional fuels because of strict regulations for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contributing as additional resource in the global energy mix. Biomass is processed in a biorefinery facility for polygeneration of bioenergy products such as biofuels, heat, and power. Polygeneration system can be categorized based on various process routes producing electricity or biofuels or even providing only heat, for example, biomass gasification system, integrated biogas production with combined heat and power by treating organic waste, and tri‐generation systems. The successful commercialization of biorefinery systems for polygeneration requires pilot plants to demonstrate improvements in energy efficiency, substantial biofuel, heat, and power production potential from biomass together with reduced cost. From the sustainability perspective, biorefinery systems show numerous economic, social, and environmental benefits including diversification in biomass resources and bioenergy products.
Clean and Sustainable Biodiesel Production
Authors: Christopher Lew P. , Kumar Hemanathan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo date, the majority of world's primary energy is derived from fossil fuels. However, the fossil fuel recourses are in an inevitable decline as energy demand continues to grow exponentially with population growth, urbanization, and improved standards of living. Crude oil prices have recently risen several times and their current annual volatility exceeds 30%. The potential scarcity of fossil fuels has prompted a global search for alternative energy resources. Biodiesel fulfills the major requirements for production of alternative fuels such as feedstock availability, technical feasibility, and economic competitiveness. Together with other renewable biofuels, the use of biodiesel as a substitute of fossil‐based fuels is expected to reduce the dependence on imported petroleum and associated political and economic vulnerability, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and revitalize the economy. The objective of this article was to provide an update of the most recent technological advancements toward clean and sustainable biodiesel production through a thorough overview of biodiesel feedstocks, most promising transesterification processes, and opportunities for glycerol utilization for value‐added products. A critical analysis of the techno‐economical barriers and environmental challenges that need to be addressed in future R&D efforts toward commercialization and establishment of a sustainable and cost‐efficient biodiesel production is provided.
Seasonal Thermal Storage
Authors: Griffiths Philip , Colclough Shane 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo improve the use of nondispatchable renewable energy, technical interventions are required to store the obtained energy for use when demanded. Electrical energy can be stored in a variety of ways such as mechanically, chemically, and using potential energy. However, energy demand in buildings, especially those in northern Europe, is dominated by thermal energy. The sun is a good source of thermal energy but it is at most available during the season with the least demand. Seasonal thermal energy storage methods seek to store the thermal energy in the summer for use in the winter.
New Energy Crops for Biofuel Production
Authors: Jin Yunkai , Su Jun , Liu Chunlin , Sun Chuanxin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

The Sun is sending an enormous amount of light energy to the Earth that is converted and stored as bioenergy in biomass via photosynthesis. Energy in biomass is enough for human energy consumption including ingested food energy, and the question is how to efficiently extract the energy from biomass for different applications. This article describes the development of the first‐, second‐, and third‐generations of biofuels from different biomass materials. Definition and category of energy crops are given. Authors have provided in detail how to generate new energy crops and described their
status quo
. The article analyzes the potentials of different new energy crops with an emphasis on economic benefits, energy efficiency (
EE
), bottlenecks, and impact on agriculture and environment. A deep discussion on the future barriers in the development of the third‐generation biofuels has been carried out. Good and promising candidate crops in the second‐ and third‐generation biofuels have been pointed out. Even the drawbacks of new energy crops have been realistically analyzed. The future directions in the development of new energy crops to meet human consumptions have been suggested. Finally, potential applications of new energy crops for the first‐, second‐, and third‐generations of biofuels have been discussed.
The Simple Logistics of Biofuels, Sustainability, and Indirect Energy Needs
Authors: Bonilla David , Whittaker Carly 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Delivering energy to a biorefinery plant, or to a conversion plant, requires effective decision making and efficient logistics planning for the transport of biomass feedstock. Our goals are two: to review the latest policy research on biomass deployment and to provide information on estimates of indirect energy needs for biomass feedstocks. For the
UK
context, implementation barriers are identified by examining the indirect energy inputs and associated

CO
2

emissions per ton of biomass moved through specific logistics pathways of six types of biomass (renewable energy) systems to supply power, heat, and biofuels. These impacts arise from moving biomass feedstock. Extensive utilization of biomass will increase freight transport services and acceptable distances travelled will vary from long distances for rail to short distances for trucks. Trucks will require more energy per kilometer travelled against railways. Railways, as well as ships, are capable of magnifying the market and technology potential of biomass deployment and its utilization as railways require less energy per ton moved in the country. Successful biomass delivery to plants will need railway capacity expansion requiring new infrastructure investment. The demand for bioenergy feedstock expands freight transport services by increasing (i)

CO
2

emissions, (ii) non‐

CO
2

emissions, (iii) accidents, (iv) environmental costs, and (v) social costs of
UK
‐generated biomass schemes. Some policy recommendations include the need to carefully select rail freight or truck freight or maritime mode, and the need to select siting and spatial factors when designing large‐scale deployment of bioenergy and of biofuels. Designing an energy policy based on biomass requires infrastructure planning of ports, trucks, and railways and ships bringing new challenges as biomass may itself be freight transport intensive. This article contributes to improved decision making for optimizing the biomass fuel supply chain.
The Potential for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Subsurface Geological Formations
Authors: Nomeli Mohammad A. , Riaz Amir 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFossil fuels are projected to serve as the major source of energy worldwide in the decades to come. Emissions to the atmosphere of green house gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels are now comparable to the natural carbon cycle. Such emissions are already beginning to exert an observable influence on climate change, perturbing natural climate stability. Carbon sequestration has been proposed to gradually reduce and eventually eliminate anthropogenic emissions of CO2into the atmosphere. The success of sequestration depends on the identification and manipulation of appropriate storage sites where CO2can be sequestrated over long periods of time. Deep saline aquifers are the preferred storage sites because of their potential for secure sequestration over long periods of time as well as their abundance and large capacity. The primary mechanism for long‐term sequestration in saline aquifers is solubility trapping associated with the dissolution of CO2into brine. The solution of saline water and dissolved CO2is negatively buoyant within the subsurface environment. The positively buoyant‐free CO2is thus trapped and loses its ability to escape from the aquifer. The key aspect of solubility trapping is gravitational convection associated with the unstable density stratification of dissolved CO2. The rate of mixing of free CO2with brine is enhanced significantly as a result of gravitational convection compared with the extremely slow process of diffusion limited mixing. The strength of convection depends on solubility, which is a function of temperature and pressure and brine salinity. Dissolution of CO2into brine leads further to the formation of carbonic acid that provides carbonate ions needed for the formation of mineral precipitates. This process of mineral trapping of CO2is considered to be the most permanent form of sequestration. The objective of this study is to provide a perspective on the progress made thus far toward the modeling of the solubility of CO2in brine and the dependence of pH on the saturated mole fraction as a function of pressure, temperature, and salinity. This study is an attempt to facilitate the development of an integrated model for the prediction of the amount of CO2that can be safely sequestered in saline aquifers.
Modeling and Simulation of Smart Energy Systems
Authors: Connolly David , Lund Henrik , Mathiesen Brian Vad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAt a global level, it is essential that the world transfers from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources to minimize the implications of climate change, which has been clearly demonstrated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007a). At a national level, for most countries, the transition to renewable energy will improve energy security of supply, create new jobs, enhance trade, and consequently grow the national economy. However, even with such promising consequences, renewable energy only provided approximately 13% of the world's energy in 2007 (International Energy Agency, 2009a). Therefore, identifying how to utilize more renewable energy is one of the most pressing challenges facing many countries at present.Owing to the ever‐growing complexity of modern energy systems, energy‐system‐analysis tools are often used to analyze the potential of renewable energy in future energy systems. As renewable energy becomes more prominent, more energy‐system‐analysis tools are being created. The key element in this transfer is often to show coherent technical analyses of how renewable energy can be implemented, and what effects renewable energy has on other parts of the energy system. However, when beginning an investigation into the potential of renewable energy, it is difficult to identify which energy‐system‐analysis tool is the most suitable one for the investigation. As a result, a selection of energy tools will be presented here to illustrate the type modeling that is possible for renewable energy systems and also to illustrate the variety of energy tools that exist. For example, some tools focus on local community energy projects, whereas others consider national energy systems; some tools consider the annual amount of energy being consumed, whereas others focus on the hourly operation of the system. The variety of tools available has led to the conclusion that the optimum tool for a study is very dependent on the initial objectives that have been set.This article (i) gives an overview/review of a number of different energy tools and models and (ii) provides a deeper description of one of these tools (EnergyPLAN) along with the methodology followed with it.EnergyPLANhas been used to establish how intermittent renewable energy, primarily in the form of wind power, can be accommodated in Denmark while reliably operating the electric grid. In addition, various case studies are presented on individual technologies and complete energy system strategies, which outline how it is possible to reach a 100% renewable energy system in the coming decades.
Energy Economy Modeling of the Electricity Sector
Authors: Nian Victor 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Energy economy modeling of the electricity sector typically involves large amount of data at high granularity. This is especially true for the
TIMES
/
MARKAL
family of models. Owing to the level of sensitivity of data, agencies are generally reluctant to provide detailed information to modelers, thereby creating a barrier to building a comprehensive and reliable energy economy model. In most cases, based on limited data available in the public domain, it is still possible to build a meaningful model with an acceptable level of accuracy for the base year. This article describes a methodology that can systematically tackle the challenges associated with data paucity using Singapore as an example. Firstly, the total electricity demand is disaggregated by sectors. For each type of end‐use electricity demand, a set of key electricity consuming technologies relevant to the country is analyzed to examine their efficiency improvement potentials. The potentials are derived from the best available technologies relevant to the country and existing and planned energy policies. On the basis of these potentials, a set of end‐use demand scenarios is obtained. Corresponding to the end‐use demand scenarios, running the
TIMES
/
MARKAL
models generates the supply side scenarios. The key differentiating point of this modeling effort is the development of a “naturally evolving scenario” as the reference scenario on the demand side. This is to allow the use of quantitative analysis to mitigate the dependence on data. However, in the model run, the reference demand side scenario is changed to the “business‐as‐usual” scenario, which is developed from the “Naturally Evolving Scenario.” Using the quantitative method so developed, the base year data have been accurately obtained by verifying against the agencies' published information. Besides the discussion on the methodology of obtaining reliable model input data, there is also a case study at the end of this article to demonstrate some of the modeling results for the electricity sector of Singapore.
Investment in Conventional and Renewable Generating Units
Authors: Jalal Kazempour S. , Baringo Luis 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

An electricity producer competing with rival producers within an electricity market needs a mathematical tool to make informed decisions on generation‐capacity investment. A pool‐based network‐constrained electricity market is considered in which each producer/consumer is paid/charged at the locational marginal price (
LMP
) of the bus at which it is located. As it is customary in the generation investment studies, a static investment approach is used. Thus, a single future target year is considered. As generation investment candidates, two different types of generating units are considered: (i) conventional units and (ii) stochastic renewable units. The demand and renewable production levels at different buses of the network throughout the target year are represented using the K‐means clustering technique, whereas the stochastic nature of demand growth and rival producers' actions is represented via scenarios. The generation investment decision‐making problem is then formulated as a stochastic bilevel model, which can be recast as a mixed‐integer linear programming (
MILP
) problem. The resulting model allows the electricity producer to determine the most profitable investment actions, that is, the optimal type, sizing, and siting of the candidate units to be built. Results pertaining to an illustrative example are reported and discussed.
Analysis of the Core Problems in China's Carbon Emission Trading Market
Authors: Liu Lan‐Cui , Liang Qiao‐Mei 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Chinese pilot carbon trading programs have been established by the central and local governments. Beijing, Tianjin, Shenzhen, Guangdong, and Shanghai began trading last year. However, the trading volumes and prices of every pilot region were very different. However, owing to the lack of relative capacity, there are several important problems that limit the further development of carbon trading in China, especially the historical emission data quality, the regional
GDP
or industrial value added, the grandfathering permit allocation methods, and the
MRV
system. Therefore, the following important ideas should be considered in China: (i) establishing a national reporting and monitoring system for greenhouse gas (
GHG)
emissions at the enterprise level; (ii) integrating the carbon trading schemes with a carbon tax scheme to include enterprises with fewer emissions; and (iii) considering the linkage between carbon trading and pollution trading.
Economic, Market Design, and Regulatory Issues that Pertain to Energy Storage in the United States
Authors: Walawalkar Rahul , Judson Judith , Kulkarni Pramod , Chintapalli Raj 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy storage is considered to be the missing link for smarter grid. The need for energy storage technologies is driven by a number of factors including growth of variable renewable resources in the grid as well as need for efficient ancillary services. Recent decade has seen huge investments being made in developing and commercializing range of storage technologies both through publicly funded and private investments. There are a number of technologies currently available commercially that are getting deployed around the globe. The adoption of these technologies has been aided by the changes in the regulatory environment where regulators have addressed traditional barriers for emerging technologies such as energy storage through series of amendments to regulations. In addition, various trade groups at regional and national levels are helping to advance education, collaboration, and proven frameworks about the benefits of energy storage.
Thermal Energy Storage: Selection and Sizing Criteria
Authors: Norton Brian 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The underlying reasons why energy may be stored are outlined. The full range of both thermal and electrical energy storage systems are considered in a strategic overview of technology choices. The key characteristic of each technology is outlined. Particular attention is given to the system context within which particular energy storage technologies may be beneficial. The main technical, economic, and application‐specific criteria that determine the selection and subsequent sizing are specified. It is demonstrated that a clear appreciation of the life cycle costs of energy storage is a prerequisite for overseeing the viability and competencies of stored energy.
TES
Materials: Embodied Energy and

CO
2

Footprint
Authors: Fernández Ana Inés , Barreneche Camila , Martínez Mònica , Miró Laia , Cabeza Luisa F. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Increasing the efficiency in many energy conversion processes is crucial for sustainability perspective, and thermal energy storage (
TES
) is proposed as a promising solution to complement technologies and to reduce the energy consumption. In this article, the embodied energy of materials, which is the energy required to produce a unit mass, and the reduction of operational energy and

CO
2

mitigation using
TES
are analyzed in several examples and case studies.
Energy Efficiency Improvement in Office Buildings by Benchmarking Models
Authors: Chung William , Yeung M. H. Iris 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Benchmarking energy efficiency is an important tool to promote the efficient use of energy in buildings that can be considered energy consumers of municipal energy systems. Benchmarking models are mostly constructed in a simple benchmark table (percentile table) of energy‐use intensities, which can be developed by means of simple normalization (simple) with floor area, regression analysis (
RA
) to normalize not only floor area but also some explanatory factors (e.g., operating hours), stochastic frontier analysis (
SFA
), and data envelopment analysis (
DEA
). Because of the properties of these four mathematical methods, we can have two kinds of benchmarking systems, public and internal benchmarking systems. Simple,
RA
, and
SFA
can be used to develop the public benchmarking systems by a set of reference buildings, which can function as a public yardstick of energy‐use performance in buildings. That is, other nonreference building owners (including reference one) can use the resulting yardstick to benchmark their performance. On the other hand,
DEA
can be applied to develop the internal benchmarking system that cannot be used by public users, and only the reference buildings can be benchmarked. Depending on the benchmarking purposes, we can find that both types of benchmarking models can provide the benchmarking results to encourage poor reference performers to improve their performance. For example, energy use of public service area of office buildings can be improved by applying the internal benchmarking system to the chiller system coefficient of performance, while tenants' energy‐use performance by the public benchmarking systems.
Clean Energy‐Based Production of Hydrogen: An Energy Carrier
Authors: Olateju Babatunde , Kumar Amit 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the context of a global energy market with rising demand along with an increasing aversion to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the demand for clean energy production and, in particular, environmentally benign energy carriers and storage media are considerable. In this article, the production of hydrogen as a clean energy storage medium is addressed from a techno‐economic perspective. Furthermore, emphasis is placed upon hydrogen production channels that can facilitate large‐scale production and significantGHGmitigation at a relatively moderate cost. A number of hydrogen pathways are considered, which include wind‐powered electrolytic hydrogen production, biohydrogen production via gasification and pyrolysis, steam methane reforming (SMR) with and without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and underground coal gasification (UCG) with and withoutCCS. This article presents a holistic discussion of the salient techno‐economic trade‐offs and implications, challenges, and competitive advantages, as well as the environmental footprint pertaining to each hydrogen pathway.