bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Hydrogen-Related Accidents: Root Causes, Mitigation Strategies, and Recommendations for secure utilization.
Authors: Khanal A , Chaudhary N , Pandey B , Thapa B S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen, acknowledged as a versatile and sustainable energy carrier, is gaining significant attention across industries, becoming a focal point in the pursuit of cleaner energy solutions. However, Ensuring the safe utilization of hydrogen presents inherent challenges, giving rise to a spectrum of related accidents. This study delves into the intricate landscape of hydrogen utilization, acknowledging both its significance and inherent challenges associated with its safety. This comprehensive review examines hydrogen-related accidents from the Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database (HIAD) within a defined timeframe, analyzing causes and evaluating the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies through categorization and assessment of the root causes of hydrogen-related incidents, this review aspired to provide an in-depth understanding of safety issues and also reviewed the effectiveness of current mitigating strategies, employing risk assessment models. A thorough analysis of these incidents uncovered crucial insights, The findings of the review paper illustrate that human factor and management factors were possibly greater causes of hydrogen accidents than other factors, and management factors to be more hazardous than other factors. Through comprehensive literature review, the study aims to offer practical recommendations for refining safety protocols in hydrogen utilization like the implementation of Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) for human factor induced incidents and process safety management (PSM) program for management factor induced incidents. Additionally, specific recommendation for reoccurring incidents based on severity are made to enhance safety protocols, thereby fostering its secure application across diverse industries.
Integrated analysis of on-road energy consumption and range optimization in the conversion of an IC engine vehicle to a battery-electric vehicle: a comprehensive research study
Authors: Kharel B , Mishra N , Baral B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A major goal of this research project was to analyze how energy consumption and range of electric vehicles are affected by a variety of factors. The study includes an analysis of data based on factors such as state of charge, wheel traction power, power due to drag and aerodynamics, potential and kinetic energy changes, elevation, current, voltage, speed, and total loss due to traffic, and their effect on the consumption of energy and range of the electric vehicles. The data was analyzed using statistical methods such as MATLAB, Excel, and Python to find correlations between the various factors mentioned above. This research paper thoroughly explores the intricate relationships governing consumption of energy and range of the electric vehicles. Notably, this paper discovered connections between altitude and state of charge, current and state of charge, and even speed and voltage drop, highlighting the interplay of these elements. This paper also explored how factors like vehicle speed, slope, current, wheel traction power, and power due to gravity collectively shape EV propulsion dynamics. In simpler terms, this paper quantified energy losses due to traffic and emphasized how efficient motors and regenerative systems can significantly reduce these losses. Notably, regenerative efficiency stands out, cutting total energy losses by nearly half compared to scenarios where it is not used. These findings contribute to academic discussions and offer practical insights that undergraduate students can grasp, informing future EV designs and operations and promoting an energy-conscious transportation landscape.
Ultra Physical
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the metamorphosis of ultramarathon running from the fringes into an acknowledged sport. For those participating in it, their passion is rooted in the physical domain as evidenced by transformations in the gray matter of a runner’s brain, the strengthening of their neural networks, and the rush of pain-reducing endorphins and mind-altering endocannabinoids. These fanatics take pleasure from pushing their bodies to the breaking point and feel a great sense of accomplishment when overcoming near unsurmantle physical feats. They are largely driven by the intense focus and routine required for extreme running, but also take pleasure in the natural environment where their runs take place. There to witness their achievements is a strong community of fellow runners, close friends, and family that complement the inwardly focused athlete. When taken too far, a runner’s preferred form of recreation becomes addiction, where the benefits of exercise are overpowered by an insatiable need to run.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In conjunction with an analysis of relevant archival findings, the Introduction offers an overview of recent work on both the politics of language and social relations in early modern England. It examines the nature of the available historical sources; the difficulties involved in accessing and reconstructing quotidian aspects of social relations, especially with reference to the experiences and sentiments of the labouring population; and the ways that historians have addressed these issues. It suggests that—for various reasons—recent scholarship has been inclined to approach social relations in particular ways and considers the implications that this might have for understanding the structures and experiences of authority and subordination in the period. The final section outlines the book’s arguments and suggests the benefits of an approach that combines historical analysis with insights from other disciplines, such as sociolinguistics.
The Ideal Subordinate–Superior Interaction
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Contemporaries recognized that interactions between subordinates and superiors were moments in which structures of authority were not only reflected and reproduced but also liable to disruption and contestation. This chapter uses conduct books and other sources to reconstruct a general theory of how such interactions were meant to proceed and the respective scripts that superiors and subordinates were meant to follow. While this model was resistant to change over time, some contemporaries used it to respond to significant sociocultural changes—notably those involved in the expansion of the gentry. Rather than framing conduct books and similar sources as expressions of normative prescriptions, this chapter adopts a different approach. It considers the assumptions and anxieties that animated authorities, including their concerns about the dangers of ‘familiarity’ and the ambiguous meanings of subordinates’ silence. It also examines the range of potentially contradictory demands that could be involved in ‘successful’ displays of deference.
Dielectric materials
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Describes the mechanisms that give rise to electric field-driven effects in insulating materials, including electronic, molecular and orientational polarization. Discusses the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric constant, the refractive index (which determines optical effects), and the dispersion of electromagnetic waves in each case, and introduces the possibility of anomalous dispersion. Compares polar and non-polar materials, and introduces the Debye equation, the effective field in a dielectric, and the propagation of acoustic waves in monoatomic and diatomic materials. Considers other important effects in dielectrics, including different mechanisms for dielectric breakdown, and the useful phenomena of piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity in crystalline dielectrics. Describes key applications of dielectrics, including optical fibres, the Xerox process, liquid crystal displays and the motion of polarizable particles in nonuniform electric fields known as dielectrophoresis.
Optoelectronics
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Reviews the materials and components that are complementary to lasers in optoelectronic systems, starting with the photodiodes needed for light detection and the light emitting diodes used for broadband emission (and especially for energy-efficient lighting). Continues to non-linear optical materials and their applications in volume holography and optical phase conjugation, and the related phenomenon of acousto-optic diffraction. Explains the operation of integrated optic components such as waveguides, modulators and switches used in optical fibre telecommunications, and bulk optical components such as spatial light modulators, non-linear Fabry-Perot cavities, MEMS-based optical scross-connect switches and electro-absorption modulators used in free-space optical systems.
The Impact of Royal Policy on the Nobility Patronage, Appeasement, and Privatization
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the impact of Henry III’s policies upon the landowners, especially the higher nobility. It begins with the issue of patronage, of which favoured foreigners were for the most part the chief beneficiaries. Especially prominent were the royal relatives: the Savoyards and the Lusignans. Patronage also benefitted a variety of royal servants, both lay and clerical. Among the benefits conferred, in addition to grants of land, were money fees, wardships and marriages, and a variety of royal licenses. Patronage caused tensions and resentments, and became especially problematic as resources dwindled. A system of preference exacerbated matters. The chapter moves on to consider the king’s policy of leniency, or appeasement, towards the aristocracy, which involved unfair advantage and denial of justice. Finally, the chapter looks at the privatization of franchises and the withdrawal of suit from local, public courts, a strong feature of the reign.
Power and Profit in the Provinces
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with magnate power in the provinces in terms of their economic and material resources, their social pre-eminence, and the institutional framework of their control. It looks at demesne agriculture and the administrative system supporting it and at fiscal feudalism. The presentation to churches (advowson) is also highlighted. Turning to manpower issues, the chapter puts affinities under the spotlight and examines the continuing viability of honours and honour courts. The issue of reward for officials is discussed, leading into the links between central and provincial power. The interests of great lords and their men as they appear in the Petition of the Barons are examined, and the chapter ends by introducing the contrast between the seizure of the government and the reform of law and administration as distinct processes.
Faction, Party, and Affinity
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with the meaning of faction and then deals with its various manifestations in mid-thirteenth-century England. It examines the Lusignan and Savoyard factions (or the king’s men and the queen’s men), the ‘marchers’, the split between conservative and radical reformers, and between the royalists and the Montfortians. It then moves to the issue of party and its meaning in the context of the time, looking at the Montfortian affinity and the ‘friendship group’ of the earl of Gloucester. It ends with some comparisons with the affinities of later medieval England in an attempt to get closer to the reality of thirteenth-century aristocratic relations.
Civil War
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This begins with the genesis of the civil war. Although it moves on to consider aristocratic martial values, it concentrates on the struggle on the ground, engaging with a broad cross-section of the population. This reveals a desperate struggle for control and highlights pragmatism and opportunities for advancement rather than the exercise of principle and the prevalence of idealism. The Monfortians are revealed as short of money and manpower. Close attention is given to the special eyre of 1267–72 in the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. It reveals the scale of spoliation, much of which was targeted, and the role played by sub-retinues, agents or procurers, and castle garrisons. It reveals appropriation and intimidation on some scale. The chapter then turns to the Montfortian regime and the loss of its hold on the country. Finally, it deals with the ‘territorial revolution’ and the war of the ‘Disinherited’.
Resolution and Equilibrium, 1267–90
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns the aftermath of the crisis and the first two decades of the reign of Edward I. The aim is to examine the nature of the polity that ensued. Initially it follows the traditional line in examining these years in terms of resolution, of which the three traditional dimensions are reconciliation, restoration of harmony, and reform. The first of these deals with the ‘Disinherited’ and their redemption, leading to the social reabsorption of the Montfortians. The second deals with Edward I’s crusade, the Welsh wars, and Edwardian patronage, while the third emphasizes the restoration of royal rights while looking also at impartial justice, plaints, and petitions. The chapter moves on, however, to suggest another approach: the creation of a new equilibrium. It looks at political bargaining, involving legislation, as well as examining aspects of noble power. Finally, the chapter examines the Edwardian polity in 1290, concentrating on royal finances, parliamentary theatre, the expulsion of the Jews, the trial of justices, and the accessibility of the new king.
A simple bootstrap for Chatterjee’s rank correlation
Authors: Dette H , Kroll M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We prove that an m-out-of-n bootstrap procedure for Chatterjee’s rank correlation is consistent whenever asymptotic normality of Chatterjee’s rank correlation can be established. In particular, we prove that m-out-of-n bootstrap works for continuous as well as discrete data with independent coordinates; furthermore, simulations indicate that it also performs well for discrete data with dependent coordinates, and that it outperforms alternative estimation methods. Consistency of the bootstrap is proved in the Kolmogorov distance as well as in the Wasserstein distance.
Dynamic balance and gait impairments in Parkinson’s disease: novel cholinergic patterns
Authors: Bohnen Nicolaas I , Marusic Uros , Roytman Stiven , Paalanen Rebecca , Michalakis Fotini , Brown Taylor , Scott Peter J H , Carli Giulia , Albin Roger L , Kanel Prabesh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The cholinergic system has been implicated in postural deficits, in particular falls, in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Falls and freezing of gait typically occur during dynamic and challenging balance and gait conditions, such as when initiating gait, experiencing postural perturbations, or making turns. However, the precise cholinergic neural substrate underlying dynamic postural and gait changes remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether brain vesicular acetylcholine transporter binding, as measured with [18F]-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol binding PET, correlates with dynamic gait and balance impairments in 125 patients with PD (mean age 66.89 ± 7.71 years) using the abbreviated balance evaluation systems test total and its four functional domain sub-scores (anticipatory postural control, reactive postural control, dynamic gait, and sensory integration). Whole brain false discovery-corrected (P &lt; 0.05) correlations for total abbreviated balance evaluation systems test scores included the following bilateral or asymmetric hemispheric regions: gyrus rectus, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulum, frontotemporal opercula, insula, fimbria, right temporal pole, mesiotemporal, parietal and visual cortices, caudate nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate bodies, thalamus, lingual gyrus, cerebellar hemisphere lobule VI, left cerebellar crus I, superior cerebellar peduncles, flocculus, and nodulus. No significant correlations were found for the putamen or anteroventral putamen. The four domain-specific sub-scores demonstrated overlapping cholinergic topography in the metathalamus, fimbria, thalamus proper, and prefrontal cortices but also showed distinct topographic variations. For example, reactive postural control functions involved the right flocculus but not the upper brainstem regions. The anterior cingulum associated with reactive postural control whereas the posterior cingulum correlated with anticipatory control. The spatial extent of associated cholinergic system changes were least for dynamic gait and sensory orientation functional domains compared to the anticipatory and reactive postural control functions. We conclude that specific aspects of dynamic balance and gait deficits in PD associate with overlapping but also distinct patterns of cerebral cholinergic system changes in numerous brain regions. Our study also presents novel evidence of cholinergic topography involved in dynamic balance and gait in PD that have not been typically associated with mobility disturbances, such as the right anterior temporal pole, right anterior part of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, gyrus rectus, fimbria, lingual gyrus, flocculus, nodulus, and right cerebellar hemisphere lobules VI and left crus I.
Design of ionic liquids as a desiccant for the liquid desiccant type air conditioning system
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Kim Hyung J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Recently, liquid desiccant air conditioners (LDACs) have gained rapidly growing interest as an important candidate for an energy-efficient air conditioner. By enabling moisture absorption from the air, ionic liquids (ILs) can serve as a novel desiccant source for LDACs. For insights into the design and optimization of ILs to this end, we herein present a survey of studies on dehumidification and other relevant properties of ILs and offer some molecular perspective on their feasibility as a desiccant.
Reference Intervals Revisited: A Novel Model for Population-Based Reference Intervals, Using a Small Sample Size and Biological Variation Data
Authors: Coşkun Abdurrahman , Sandberg Sverre , Unsal Ibrahim , Topcu Deniz I , Aarsand Aasne K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Conventional population-based reference intervals (popRIs) are established on the ranking of single measurement results from at least 120 reference individuals. In this study, we aimed to explore a new model for popRIs, utilizing biological variation (BV) data to define the reference interval (RI) limits and compared BV-based popRI from different sample sizes with previously published conventional popRIs from the same population.

Methods
The model is based on defining the population set point (PSP) from single-measurement results of a group of reference individuals and using the total variation around the PSP, derived from the combination of BV and analytical variation, to define the RI limits. Using data from 143 reference individuals for 48 clinical chemistry and hematology measurands, BV-based popRIs were calculated for different sample sizes (n = 16, n = 30, and n = 120) and considered acceptable if they covered 90% of the population. In addition, simulation studies were performed to estimate the minimum number of required reference individuals.

Results
The median ratio of the BV-based to conventional RI ranges was 0.98. The BV-based popRIs calculated from the different samples were similar, and most met the coverage criterion. For 25 measurands ≤16 reference individuals and for 23 measurands &gt;16 reference individuals were required to estimate the PSP.

Conclusions
The BV-based popRI model delivered robust RIs for most of the included measurands. This new model requires a smaller group of reference individuals than the conventional popRI model and can be implemented if reliable BV data are available.
Evaluation and follow-up of patients diagnosed with hypophysitis: a cohort study
Authors: Hacioglu Aysa , Karaca Zuleyha , Uysal Serhat , Ozkaya Hande Mefkure , Kadioglu Pınar , Selcukbiricik Ozlem Soyluk , Gul Nurdan , Yarman Sema , Koksalan Damla , Selek Alev , Canturk Zeynep , Cetinarslan Berrin , Corapcioglu Demet , Sahin Mustafa , Sah Unal Fatma Tugce , Babayeva Afruz , Akturk Mujde , Ciftci Sema , Piskinpasa Hamide , Dokmetas Hatice Sebile , Dokmetas Meric , Sahin Onur , Eraydın Ayten , Fenkci Semin , Ozturk Sadettin , Akarsu Ersin , Omma Tulay , Erkan Buruc , Burhan Sebnem , Pehlivan Koroglu Esma , Saygili Fusun , Kilic Kan Elif , Atmaca Aysegul , Elbuken Gulsah , Alphan Uc Ziynet , Gorar Suheyla , Hekimsoy Zeliha , Pekkolay Zafer , Bostan Hayri , Bayram Fahri , Yorulmaz Goknur , Sener Selcuk Yusuf , Turan Kubra , Celik Ozlem , Dogruel Hakan , Ertorer Eda , Turhan Iyidir Ozlem , Topaloglu Omercan , Cansu Guven Baris , Unluhizarci Kursad , Kelestimur Fahrettin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
Primary hypophysitis might be challenging to diagnose, and there is a lack of evidence regarding optimal treatment strategies due to rarity of the disease. We aim to investigate the clinical features and compare the outcomes of different management strategies of primary hypophysitis in a large group of patients recruited on a nationwide basis.

Design
A retrospective observational study.

Methods
The demographic, clinical, and radiologic features and follow-up data were collected in study protocol templates and analyzed.

Results
One hundred and thirteen patients (78.8% female, median age: 36 years) were included. Lymphocytic (46.7%) and granulomatous hypophysitis (35.6%) were the prevailing subtypes out of 45 patients diagnosed after pathologic investigations. Headache (75.8%) was the most common symptom, and central hypogonadism (49.5%) was the most common hormone insufficiency. Of the patients, 52.2% were clinically observed without interventions, 18.6% were started on glucocorticoid therapy, and 29.2% underwent surgery at presentation. Headache, suprasellar extension, and chiasmal compression were more common among glucocorticoid-treated patients than who were observed. Cox regression analysis revealed higher hormonal and radiologic improvement rates in the glucocorticoid-treated group than observation group (hazard ratio, 4.60; 95% CI, 1.62-12.84 and HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.40-6.68, respectively). The main indication for surgery was the inability to exclude a pituitary adenoma in the presence of compression symptoms, with a recurrence rate of 9%.

Conclusion
The rate of spontaneous improvement might justify observation in mild cases. Glucocorticoids proved superior to observation in terms of hormonal and radiologic improvements. Surgery may not be curative and might be considered in indeterminate, treatment-resistant, or severe cases.