bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service providers' views of community participation at six Australian primary healthcare services: scope for empowerment and challenges to implementation
Authors: Freeman Toby , Baum Frances E. , Jolley Gwyneth M. , Lawless Angela , Edwards Tahnia , Javanparast Sara , Ziersch Anna 
Published: May 2014

SummaryCommunity participation is a key principle of comprehensive primary health care (PHC). There is little literature on how community participation is implemented at Australian PHC services. As part of a wider study conducted in partnership with five South Australian PHC services, and one Aboriginal community controlled health service in the Northern Territory, 68 staff, manager, regional health executives, and departmental funders were interviewed about community participation, perceived benefits, and factors that influenced implementation. Additional data were collected through analysis of policy documents, service reports on activity, and a web‐based survey completed by 130 staff. A variety of community participation strategies was reported, ranging from consultation and participation as a means to improve service quality and acceptability, to substantive and structural participation strategies with an emphasis on empowerment. The Aboriginal community controlled health service in our study reported the most comprehensive community participation. Respondents from all services were positive about the benefits of participation but reported that efforts to involve service users had to compete with a centrally directed model of care emphasising individual treatment services, particularly at state‐managed services. More empowering substantive and structural participation strategies were less common than consultation or participation used to achieve prescribed goals. The most commonly reported barriers to community participation were budget and lack of flexibility in service delivery. The current central control of the state‐managed services needs to be replaced with more local management decision making if empowering community participation is to be strengthened and embedded more effectively in the culture of services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the distribution of water resources in western Canada using synoptic climatology and selected teleconnections. Part 2: summer season
Authors: Newton Brandi W. , Prowse Terry D. , Bonsal Barrie R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMinor changes to seasonal air temperature and precipitation can have a substantial impact on the availability of water resources within large watersheds. Two such watersheds, the north‐flowing Mackenzie and east‐flowing Saskatchewan Basins, have been identified as highly vulnerable to such changes and, therefore, selected for study as part of the Climatic Redistribution of western Canadian Water Resources project. This project aims to evaluate spatial and temporal changes to water resource distribution through the analysis of a suite of hydroclimatic and streamflow variables. As part of this analysis, dominant summer (May–October) circulation patterns at 500 hPa for 1950–2011 are identified using the method of self‐organizing maps. Surface climate variables associated with these patterns are then identified, including both daily air temperature and precipitation and seasonal Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index values. Statistical methods are applied to assess the relationships between dominant circulation patterns and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results indicate that mid‐summer (July–August) is dominated by a split‐flow blocking pattern, resulting in cool (warm), wet (dry) conditions in the southern (northern) portion of the study area. By contrast, the shoulder season (May and October) is dominated by a trough of low pressure over the North Pacific Ocean. The frequency of weak split‐flow blocking is higher during positive SOI and negative PDO, whereas ridging over the western continent is more frequent during negative SOI and positive PDO. Results from this analysis increase our knowledge of processes, controlling the distribution of summer water resources in western Canada. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient seepage analysis in zoned anisotropic soils based on the scaled boundary finite‐element method
Authors: Bazyar Mohammad Hossein , Talebi Abbas 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYThe scaled boundary finite‐element method, a semi‐analytical computational scheme primarily developed for dynamic stiffness of unbounded domains, is applied to the analysis of unsteady seepage flow problems. This method is based on the finite‐element technology and gains the advantages of the boundary element method as well. Only boundary of the domain is discretized, no fundamental solution is required and singularity problems can be modeled rigorously. Anisotropic and non‐homogeneous materials satisfying similarity are modeled with no additional efforts. In this study, firstly, formulation of the method for the transient seepage flow problems is derived followed by its solution procedures. The accuracy, simplicity and applicability of the method are demonstrated via four numerical examples of transient seepage flow – three of them are available in the literature. Homogenous, non‐homogenous, isotropic and anisotropic material properties are considered to show the versatility of the technique. Excellent agreement with the finite‐element method is observed. The method out‐performs the finite‐element method in modeling singularity points. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors Influencing Disability due to Low Back Pain Using the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale
Authors: Kim Gyoung‐mo , Yi Chung‐hwi , Cynn Heon‐seock 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this research was to compare the difference in disability caused by back pain using scores from the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QUE) according to gender, acute and chronic low back pain (LBP) groups, specific and nonspecific LBP groups and to identify the factors influencing the degree of LBP disability.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐three patients with LBP participated in this study. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of ODQ and QUE were used to compare the differences between men and women, acute and chronic and specific and nonspecific LBP groups. We identified the factors influencing the disability of LBP using a stepwise multiple regression.ResultsIn comparison with the nonspecific LBP group, the VAS, ODQ and QUE scores were significantly higher and the pain duration was significantly longer in the specific LBP group (P < 0.05). A multiple regression equation with VAS and LBP classification explained the 45.4% variance in ODQ and an equation with VAS, LBP classification, pain duration and gender explained 31.1% of the variance in QUE.ConclusionsThe degree of disability from back pain assessed using the ODQ score was influenced by a pain severity and LBP type. Also, QUE score was influenced by a pain severity, LBP type, pain duration and gender. To assess the disability caused by back pain accurately using the ODQ and QUE, various factors affecting the scores of the questionnaire must be considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multilevel mixed effects parametric survival models using adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature with application to recurrent events and individual participant data meta‐analysis
Authors: Crowther Michael J. , Look Maxime P. , Riley Richard D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMultilevel mixed effects survival models are used in the analysis of clustered survival data, such as repeated events, multicenter clinical trials, and individual participant data (IPD) meta‐analyses, to investigate heterogeneity in baseline risk and covariate effects. In this paper, we extend parametric frailty models including the exponential, Weibull and Gompertz proportional hazards (PH) models and the log logistic, log normal, and generalized gamma accelerated failure time models to allow any number of normally distributed random effects. Furthermore, we extend the flexible parametric survival model of Royston and Parmar, modeled on the log‐cumulative hazard scale using restricted cubic splines, to include random effects while also allowing for non‐PH (time‐dependent effects). Maximum likelihood is used to estimate the models utilizing adaptive or nonadaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature. The methods are evaluated through simulation studies representing clinically plausible scenarios of a multicenter trial and IPD meta‐analysis, showing good performance of the estimation method. The flexible parametric mixed effects model is illustrated using a dataset of patients with kidney disease and repeated times to infection and an IPD meta‐analysis of prognostic factor studies in patients with breast cancer. User‐friendly Stata software is provided to implement the methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytic modelling and optimization of slip synchronous permanent magnet wind turbine generator topologies
Authors: Stander Johan N. , Kamper Maarten J. , Venter Gerhard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe modular slip‐synchronous permanent magnet generator (SSPMG) is viewed as an induction‐synchronous machine pair that is electromagnetically decoupled by a free‐rotating rotor that in turn houses two different sets of permanent magnets. This machine pair combines the advantages of both conventional induction and permanent magnet synchronous machines. It therefore has the potential to realize a new path in reliable, robust and cost‐effective wind turbine drivetrains. However, which electromagnetic SSPMG topology is best and how does it compare with conventional drivetrain designs for various capacities? To date, the most published SSPMG advances are specific to winding design, torque quality and performance optimization in the small capacity range. This paper presents optimized analytic electrical designs of modular, radially and axially separable, radial flux SSPMG topologies of capacities ranging from 100 kW to 5 MW. Designs are based on lumped analytic models and are optimized for minimum specific active mass (mass/torque). A rated efficiency of 95 % and an inductive power factor of 0.95 are applied to all designs. The analytic models are validated with transient two‐dimensional finite element analysis results. The best SSPMG topologies are determined and compared with conventional drivetrain designs. The axially separable topology seems to be the best SSPMG design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free-surface jet flow of a shear-thinning power-law fluid near the channel exit
Authors: Khayat Roger E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe jet flow of a shear-thinning power-law fluid is examined theoretically as it emerges from a channel at moderate Reynolds number. Poiseuille flow conditions are assumed to prevail far upstream from the exit. The problem is solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. A similarity solution is obtained in the inner layer near the free surface, with the outer layer extending to the jet centreline. An inner thin viscous sublayer is introduced to smooth out the singularity in viscosity at the free surface, allowing the inner algebraically decaying solutions to be matched smoothly with the solution near the free surface. A Newtonian jet is found to contract more than a shear-thinning jet. While both the inner-layer thickness and the free-surface height are $O(\mathit{Re}^{-1/3})$, and grow with downstream distance, the sublayer thickness is smaller, $O(\mathit{Re}^{-(1+n)/3})$, growing with distance for $n < 0.5$, and decaying for $n > 0.5$. The relaxation downstream distance for the jet is found to grow logarithmically with $\mathit{Re}$.
Aerobic exercise and not a diet supplemented with jussara açaí (Euterpe edulisMartius) alters hepatic oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in ApoE-deficient mice
Authors: de Castro Cynthia Aparecida , Natali Antonio José , Cardoso Luciana Marques , Ferreira-Machado Alessandra Barbosa , Novello Alexandre Azevedo , da Silva Karina Ana , Tafuri Natalia Filard , da Matta Sergio Luis Pinto , Pedrosa Maria Lucia , Peluzio Maria do Carmo Gouveia 
Published: May 2014

The pulp of jussara açaí (Euterpe edulisMartius) fruit is rich in anthocyanins that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects similar to those exerted by aerobic exercise. In the present study, we investigated the effects of jussara açaí fruit pulp consumption, either alone or in combination with aerobic exercise, on the hepatic oxidative and inflammatory status of ApoE-deficient (ApoE− / −) mice. Male mice were divided into four groups (control (C), control plus açaí, exercise plus açaí (EXA) and exercise (EX)) and fed the AIN-93M diet or the AIN-93M diet formulated to contain 2 % freeze-dried açaí pulp. Mice in the EX and EXA groups were subjected to a progressive running programme (5 d/week, 60 min/d, 16 m/min) for 12 weeks. Mice that were made to exercise exhibited reduced (40·85 %;P< 0·05) hepatic superoxide dismutase activity when compared with the C mice, independent of the açaí diet. Mice in the EX group exhibited a lower (42 %;P< 0·05) mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the liver compared with the C mice. Mice in the EXA and EX groups had lower percentages of hepatic lipid droplets (70 % and 56 %, respectively;P< 0·05) when compared with the C mice. Mice in the EX group had smaller (58 %;P< 0·05) area of lesions in the aorta when compared with the C mice. Serum lipid profile was not affected (P>0·05). In conclusion, aerobic exercise training rather than açaí fruit pulp consumption or a combination of both enhances the hepatic oxidative and inflammatory status ofApoE− / −mice.
Democracy, Despots and Wolves: On the Dangers of Zoopolis's Animal Citizen
Authors: Planinc Emma 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka have recently argued in Zoopolis (2011) that domesticated animals ought to become our democratic co-citizens. In this paper I claim that the acceptance of animals into our democratic negotiations—championed in Zoopolis as a broadening of justice and inclusion—also has the potential to render our political institutions dangerously unjust. Through an engagement with the work of Plato and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, I argue that we must be wary of a democracy's susceptibility to the emergence of unbridled or tyrannical liberty when expanding the criteria of freedom and agency to accommodate animals, or the animalistic, in the political sphere.
Viewpoint: effective stakeholder communication in agriculture: together we stand, divided we fall!
Authors: AARTS H. F. M. , HUMPHREYS J. , LE GALL A. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYSubstantial improvements of agricultural systems are necessary to meet the future requirements of humanity. However, current agricultural knowledge and information systems are generally not well suited to meet the necessary improvements in productivity and sustainability. For more effective application of research output, research producers and research consumers should not be considered as separate individuals in the knowledge chain but as collaborating partners creating synergy. The current paper investigates the relationships between scientists and stakeholders and identifies approaches to increase the effectiveness of their communication. On-farm research has proven to be an effective means of improving exploitation of research output at farm level because it connects all relevant partners in the process. Furthermore, pilot farms can act as an effective platform for communication and dissemination. Regional networks of pilot farms should be established and connected across regions.
Use of tomato and cucumber waste fruits in goat diets: effects on rumen fermentation and microbial communities in batch and continuous cultures
Authors: SOTO E. C. , KHELIL H. , CARRO M. D. , YAÑEZ-RUIZ D. R. , MOLINA-ALCAIDE E. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYTwoin vitroexperiments were conducted to analyse the effects of replacing dietary barley grain with wastes of tomato and cucumber fruits and a 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial abundance. The control (CON) substrate contained 250 g/kg of barley grain on a dry matter (DM) basis, and another 15 substrates were formulated by replacing 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 g of barley grain/kg with the same amount (DM basis) of tomato or cucumber fruits or 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture. In Expt 1, all substrates were incubated in batch cultures with rumen micro-organisms from goats for 24 h. Increasing amounts of tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits in the substrate increased final pH and gas production, without changes in final ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, substrate degradability and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, indicating that there were no detrimental effects of any waste fruits on rumen fermentation. Therefore, in Expt 2 the substrates including 250 g of waste fruits (T250, C250 and M250 for tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits, respectively) and the CON substrate were incubated in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters for 8 days. Total VFA production did not differ among substrates, but there were differences in VFA profile. Molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were lower and acetate : propionate ratio was greater for T250 compared with CON substrate. Fermentation of substrates containing cucumber (C250 and M250) resulted in lower proportions of acetate, isobutyrate and isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio, but greater butyrate proportions than the CON substrate. Carbohydrate degradability and microbial N synthesis tended to be lower for substrates containing cucumber than for the CON substrate, but there were no differences between CON and T250 substrates. Abundance of total bacteria,Fibrobacter succinogenesandRuminococcus flavefaciens, fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa were similar in fermenters fed T250 and CON substrates, but fermenters fed C250 and M250 substrates had lower abundances ofR. flavefaciens, fungi and protozoa than those fed the CON substrate. Results indicated that tomato fruits could replace dietary barley grain up to 250 g/kg of substrate DM without noticeable effects on rumen fermentation and microbial populations, but the inclusion of cucumber fruits at 250 g/kg of substrate DM negatively affected some microbial populations as it tended to reduce microbial N synthesis and changed the VFA profile. More studies are needed to identify the dietary inclusion level of cucumber which produces no detrimental effects on rumen fermentation and microbial growth.
FREQUENT RESIDENTIAL RELOCATIONS CUMULATIVELY ACCELERATE MENARCHEAL TIMING IN A SAMPLE OF ENGLISH ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Authors: CLUTTERBUCK STEPHANIE , ADAMS JEAN , NETTLE DANIEL 
Published: May 2014

SummaryChildhood adversity has been associated with accelerated menarcheal and reproductive timing in females. The relationship between family- and neighbourhood-level measures of childhood adversity, menarcheal timing and intended reproductive timing was investigated in a sample of 354 English adolescent girls. The data were collected from March to June 2012. In total 90 of the participants had reached menarche. Frequent residential relocations increased the likelihood of reaching menarche (HR 1.11; 95%CI 1.02–1.22). Girls who had moved house one to four times or five or more times, were respectively, more than twice (HR 2.14; 95%CI 1.23–3.73) and more than three times (HR 3.20; 95%CI 1.44–7.10) as likely to have reached menarche than girls who had never moved house. Frequent residential relocations were associated with stepfather co-residence, increased number of half/stepsiblings and reduced feelings of family support. Menarche was also accelerated by the presence of half/stepsisters. There was no relationship between menarcheal timing and intended reproductive timing. Frequent residential relocations may indicate instability in a young person's life, which is often outside of their control. Extending childhood adversity measures to include residential relocations could be important in better understanding the role early life events play in accelerating menarche.
The effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by a Global System for Mobile Communications source on cochlear development in a rat model
Authors: Seckin E , Suren Basar F , Atmaca S , Kaymaz F F , Suzer A , Akar A , Sunan E , Koyuncu M 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to determine the effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by 900 and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications sources on cochlear development in the rat model.Methods:Eight pregnant albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. The latter two groups of pregnant rats were exposed to radiofrequency radiation for 1 hour per day starting on the 12th day of pregnancy until delivery. The rats in the control, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz groups gave birth to 24, 31 and 26 newborn rats respectively. Newborn rats in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz groups were exposed to radiofrequency radiation for 1 hour per day for 21 days after delivery. Hearing evaluations of newborn rats were carried out using distortion product otoacoustic emissions testing. Eight newborn rats were randomly selected from each group for electron microscopic evaluation.Results:Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests revealed no significant difference among the groups, but electron microscopic evaluation revealed significant differences among the groups with regard to the number of normal, apoptotic and necrotic cells.Conclusion:The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development in the rat model.
The effects of a tidal-mixing front on the distribution of larval fish habitats in a semi-enclosed sea during winter
Authors: Inda-Díaz Emilio A. , Sánchez-Velasco Laura , Lavín Miguel F. 
Published: May 2014

We examined the effect of a tidal-mixing front on the three-dimensional distribution of larval fish habitats (LFHs) in the Midriff Archipelago Region in the Gulf of California during winter. Zooplankton and environmental variables were sampled from 0 to 200 m in 50 m strata. Four LFHs were defined in association with the front, two on the northern side and two on the southern side. The northern LFHs were: (1) the Mainland Shelf Habitat, located from the surface to 100 m depth on the north-east mainland shelf, characterized mainly by the presence of Citharichtys fragilis; and (2) the Wide Distribution Habitat, extending from north-west to south across the front from the surface to 200 m depth, dominated by the ubiquitous Engraulis mordax. The southern LFHs were: (3) the Eddy Zone Habitat, defined nearly on an anticyclonic eddy, with the highest larval abundance and richness from the surface to 100 m depth, dominated by Leuroglossus stilbius; and (4) the Southern Gulf Habitat, associated with low temperature waters from the southern Gulf of California, dominated by southern-gulf species (e.g. Scomber japonicus and Sardinops sagax). Despite the weak stratification and low thermal contrast (~1.5°C) across the south front compared to summer (~3°C), our results demonstrate that the frontal zone may influence the formation of planktonic habitats even during generally homogeneous periods, which may also be relevant in other regions of the world.