bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between occupational self efficacy, human resource development climate, and work engagement
Authors: Chaudhary Richa , Rangnekar Santosh , Barua Mukesh Kumar 
Published: October 2012

PurposeImproving work engagement can have significant implications for performance at individual, team and organisational level. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of occupational self efficacy and human resource development (HRD) climate on work engagement among business executives of select business organisations in India. In addition, it aims to attempt to examine the mediating effect of HRD climate on self efficacy and work engagement relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 150 business executives from both public and private sector manufacturing and service organisations in India. Data were collected through both personal visits and online questionnaires. Correlation and regression analyses were used to test the research hypotheses. Specifically, Baron and Kenny's method was used for testing the hypotheses of mediation.FindingsA significant relationship was found between all variables in the study. All the study hypotheses were supported. HRD climate was found to partially mediate the relationship between occupational self‐efficacy and work engagement. Interestingly, both HRD climate and self‐efficacy affect work engagement both directly and indirectly through influencing the other.Practical implicationsWork engagement requires the workforce that is endorsed with self‐efficacy as dispositional trait. In addition, improving the HRD climate can have significant implications for enhancing the work engagement among Indian business executives.Originality/valueBy investigating the relationship between self‐efficacy, HRD climate and work engagement the present study made an effort to fulfil the gap in academic literature where there is a significant dearth of academic literature on work engagement from developing economies.
Towards the explanation of goal‐oriented and opportunity‐based networks of organizations
Authors: Eschenbächer Jens , Zarvić Novica 
Published: October 2012

PurposeCollaborative networks (CN) are organizational forms that are especially enabled by innovations in the area of information and communication technologies. For an in‐depth understanding of CN a theoretical foundation is required. The purpose of this paper is to explain goal‐oriented and opportunity‐based CN with the help of existing and well‐known organization theories. A detailed overview about frequently mentioned concepts and theories in network studies is given and then a structured selection of theoretical approaches that are aiming to explain CN is discussed in detail. Finally, ten aspects for the existence and efficiency of CN are derived.Design/methodology/approachThe approach taken in this work is based on a literature review and an impact analysis of the investigated organization theories along the life cycle of CN.FindingsThe result of the analysis shows that none of the investigated theories is able to describe the complex phenomenon of CN entirely and to clear all knowledge deficits. Therefore, multiple theories need to be considered as foundation.Originality/valueThis research represents a contribution to the theoretical body of knowledge in the field of CN. More specifically, it represents a first initial step towards the explanation of certain aspects of CN by means of existing organization theories.
Serious juvenile offenders with and without intellectual disabilities
Authors: Kaal H.L. , Brand E.F.J.M. , van Nieuwenhuijzen M. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine what differences there are in personal characteristics and functioning between juvenile offenders under a mandatory treatment order with IQ<70, IQ 70‐85, and IQ>85, in order to be able to better fit supervision and treatment to their needs.Design/methodology/approachIn order to answer this question 1,363 case files of serious juvenile offenders under a mandatory treatment order were scored using the juvenile forensic profile list (FPJ), an instrument that encompasses over 70 characteristics relevant in risk‐assessment and for measuring problem behaviour.FindingsThe analyses showed that the behavioural and mental health problems and background characteristics of juvenile offenders of various IQ‐levels (IQ<70, IQ 70‐85, and IQ>85) are in many respects very similar. However, differences were found in, for example, social skills and relationships, and the needs inherent with having an intellectual disability (ID) have important implications for the way treatment is offered.Originality/valueAs a large proportion of serious juvenile offenders have an ID, these findings are important to consider. Furthermore, as intelligence has a dynamic aspect, the authors advise to occasionally reassess these juveniles.
Accused of murder: supporting the communication needs of a vulnerable defendant at court and at the police station
Authors: O'Mahony Brendan M. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper's aim is to examine the interaction between an intermediary, a vulnerable defendant and barristers and the judge in a courtroom. The paper seeks to consider how the communication needs of vulnerable defendants, such as those with learning disabilities, should be addressed in the criminal justice system.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers the legal landscape for dealing with vulnerable defendants. A case example and court and police interview transcripts are then used to illustrate some of the communication needs of vulnerable people in the criminal justice system.FindingsThe paper highlights the complexities of the language that is used by lawyers in the courtroom and the difficulties that this can cause for a vulnerable defendant. Additionally, this paper reveals the difficulties that the police caution can present to a vulnerable suspect in custody.Social implicationsVulnerable witnesses or defendants may be disadvantaged in understanding questions and the implications of answers that they provide in a courtroom or in attendance at a police station. The criminal justice system should support these individuals and provide guidance and training to professionals. The author identifies a need for more research in this area.Originality/valueThis is one of the first published papers to examine the interaction between an intermediary, a vulnerable defendant and barristers and the judge in the courtroom. The paper considers how the communication needs of vulnerable defendants should be addressed in the criminal justice system.
“Journey's end”: statistical pathways into offending for adults with specific learning difficulties
Authors: Macdonald Stephen J. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe aim of this study is to understand how social barriers might result in people with specific learning difficulties coming in contact with the criminal justice system in the UK. The study seeks to apply the social model of disability to conceptualise a statistical relationship between socio‐economic status and key life events for people with specific learning difficulties (i.e. diagnosis, educational achievements, and employment).Design/methodology/approachA cluster sample was used to obtain statistical data from a questionnaire based survey. The study collected quantitative and qualitative data on the life experiences of people with specific learning difficulties (n=77). The paper analyses the quantitative data and discovers statistically significant relationships (p≤0.05) concerning socio‐economic status, specific learning difficulties and crime.FindingsWithin the data findings age of diagnosis is significantly (p≤0.00) affected when comparing socio‐economic status with the offender and non‐offender group in the study. Furthermore, the educational achievements (p≤0.00) and employment/unemployment levels (p≤0.00) are dramatically altered by socio‐economic status specifically for offenders with specific learning difficulties. These relationships have been conceptualised using the social model of SpLD in terms of barriers to exclusion.Originality/valueTo date very few studies have used the social model of disability to understand pathways into offending for people with learning difficulties. To the author's knowledge this is the first study to apply a quantitative analysis to the concept of disabling barriers and criminality.
Learning from the file‐sharers
Authors: Andersson Jonas 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to better understand the world‐view of cultural consumers who download and share copyrighted content for free.Design/methodology/approachBy utilizing a critical discourse analysis of the arguments given by file‐sharers in online forums and in interviews, focusing on the arguments which arise for justifying certain everyday uses, and contrasting these with their material and structural conditions, a critical approach is sought, inquiring on the validity of certain tropes. Particularity was achieved by making a geographically delimited case study.FindingsThe case study helps to conceptualize online sociality, with wider application than this geographical setting only. As BitTorrent technology makes every downloader share his/her files while downloading, file‐sharing is found to accommodate individual opportunism, and a world‐view that puts the consumer at the centre of agency, in turn reinforcing the civic idea ofcultural access and diversity as a human right.Research limitations/implicationsPrevious findings have correlated heavy file‐sharing with heavy consumption of culture. However, given the greater ability of previewing material and of acquiring more obscure content, how have the habits and consumption patterns changed among media consumers who routinely file‐share? More detailed studies are needed, on how individual users come to question their own role, and the impact of their own actions – and what the level of awareness actually is (in different geographical/demographic settings) of the conditions for cultural production, distribution and consumption. A range of potential new research areas and scenarios is listed.Practical implicationsGiven the common constituents seen in the world‐views of file‐sharers, this civic approach to intellectual property could prompt professional producers, distributors, rights holders and regulators to consider the actual visibility of potential impacts of file‐sharing. The civic approach suggests that file‐sharers can reconcile with individual authors or artists, as long as these are found to have precarious economic conditions, and not be affiliated with an industrial mode of reasoning. Cultural producers that are seen to adhere to a civic (amateur‐ or fan‐like) mode of reasoning – rather than an industrial (professional) one – are met with more sympathy among consumers.Originality/valueThe paper is of interest for media sociology, cultural studies, and policymaking within the cultural industries.
Thermal stress responses in the bacterial biosphere of the Great Barrier Reef sponge, Rhopaloeides odorabile
Authors: Simister Rachel , Taylor Michael W. , Tsai Peter , Fan Lu , Bruxner Timothy J , Crowe Mark L , Webster Nicole 
Published: October 2012

SummaryMarine sponges are diverse, abundant and provide a crucial coupling point between benthic and pelagic habitats due to their high filtration rates. They also harbour extensive microbial communities, with many microbial phylotypes found exclusively in sponge hosts and not in the seawater or surrounding environment, i.e. so‐called sponge‐specific clusters (SCs) or sponge‐ and coral‐specific clusters (SCCs). We employed DNA (16S rRNA gene) and RNA (16S rRNA)‐based amplicon pyrosequencing to investigate the effects of sublethal thermal stress on the bacterial biosphere of the Great Barrier Reef sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile. A total of 8381 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (97% sequence similarity) were identified, affiliated with 32 bacterial phyla from seawater samples, 23 bacterial phyla from sponge DNA extracts and 18 bacterial phyla from sponge RNA extracts. Sublethal thermal stress (31°C) had no effect on the present and/or active portions of the R. odorabile bacterial community but a shift in the bacterial assemblage was observed in necrotic sponges. Over two‐thirds of DNA and RNA sequences could be assigned to previously defined SCs/SCCs in healthy sponges whereas only 12% of reads from necrotic sponges could be assigned to SCs/SCCs. A rapid decline in host health over a 1°C temperature increment suggests that sponges such as R. odorabile may be highly vulnerable to the effects of global climate change.
The role of planktonic Flavobacteria in processing algal organic matter in coastal East Antarctica revealed using metagenomics and metaproteomics
Authors: Williams Timothy J. , Wilkins David , Long Emilie , Evans Flavia , DeMaere Mathew Z. , Raftery Mark J. , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: October 2012

SummaryHeterotrophic marine bacteria play key roles in remineralizing organic matter generated from primary production. However, far more is known about which groups are dominant than about the cellular processes they perform in order to become dominant. In the Southern Ocean, eukaryotic phytoplankton are the dominant primary producers. In this study we used metagenomics and metaproteomics to determine how the dominant bacterial and archaeal plankton processed bloom material. We examined the microbial community composition in 14 metagenomes and found that the relative abundance of Flavobacteria (dominated by Polaribacter) was positively correlated with chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the relative abundance of SAR11 was inversely correlated with both fluorescence and Flavobacteria abundance. By performing metaproteomics on the sample with the highest relative abundance of Flavobacteria (Newcomb Bay, East Antarctica) we defined how Flavobacteria attach to and degrade diverse complex organic material, how they make labile compounds available to Alphaproteobacteria (especially SAR11) and Gammaproteobacteria, and how these heterotrophic Proteobacteria target and utilize these nutrients. The presence of methylotrophic proteins for archaea and bacteria also indicated the importance of metabolic specialists. Overall, the study provides functional data for the microbial mechanisms of nutrient cycling at the surface of the coastal Southern Ocean.
Evaluating Survey Quality in Health Services Research: A Decision Framework for Assessing Nonresponse Bias
Authors: Halbesleben Jonathon R. B. , Whitman Marilyn V. 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo address the issue of nonresponse as problematic and offer appropriate strategies for assessing nonresponse bias.Study DesignA review of current strategies used to assess the quality of survey data and the challenges associated with these strategies is provided along with appropriate post‐data collection techniques that researchers should consider.Principal FindingsResponse rates are an incomplete assessment of survey data quality, and quick reactions to response rate should be avoided. Based on a five‐question decision making framework, we offer potential ways to assess nonresponse bias, along with a description of the advantages and disadvantages to each.ConclusionsIt is important that the quality of survey data be considered to assess the relative contribution to the literature of a given study. Authors and funding agencies should consider the potential effects of nonresponse bias both before and after survey administration and report the results of assessments of nonresponse bias in addition to response rates.
Collaboration in Maternity Care is achievable and practical
Authors: Beasley Sarah , Ford Naomi , Tracy Sally K. , Welsh Alec W. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEnhancing collaboration has been highlighted as a marker for future success in maternity care, although this suggestion comes with little methodological guidance. This study assessed the efficacy of a collaborative partnership between obstetric doctors and midwives providing Midwifery Group Practice (MGP) care.MethodsA retrospective analysis was undertaken with notes from weekly case review meetings held between the obstetricians and midwives over a 12‐month period; audio recordings and a prospective analysis of 16 meetings with verbal contributions of the different professions; the number and types of cases discussed and referred, medical records kept at these meetings and a professional satisfaction questionnaire. Consistency of care was measured against the Australian National Midwifery Guidelines for Consultation and Referral.ResultsOf the 337 women booked with MGP, 50% were discussed at least once. Of these, 35% were referred for consultation with an obstetrician. Women as ‘Patients’ were most commonly discussed, followed by educational discussions and anecdotes with equal verbal contributions from midwives and doctors. Plans for each case were recorded 97% of the time, and adhered to 90% of the time. A high level of consistency of care between similar cases (75% of the time) and with the consultation and referral guidelines (85% of the time) were achieved. Professional satisfaction with this model of care rated highly for both groups.ConclusionInter‐professional collaboration between midwifery and obstetric staff is highly attainable within this model of care. This study reinforces the effectiveness of collaboration in the MGP model of care for women of all risk levels and should encourage other maternity care providers to consider adopting this collaborative model.
Causal inference of the effect of adiposity on bone mineral density in adults
Authors: Warodomwichit Daruneewan , Sritara Chanika , Thakkinstian Ammarin , Chailurkit La‐or , Yamwong Sukit , Ratanachaiwong Wipa , Ongphiphadhanakul Boonsong , Sritara Piyamitr 
Published: October 2012

SummaryObjectiveThe causal effect of adipose tissue on bone mass and the direction of its net influence have not been directly assessed in adult humans. Using the Mendelian randomization analysis, we assessed the causality of adiposity in measurements of bone mass in adult males and females.Design and MethodsSubjects consisted of 2154 adults aged 25–54 years from a cross‐sectional cohort of the employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand. Body composition was determined after at least 3 h of fasting using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. A polymorphism in the fat mass and obesity‐associated gene (FTO rs9939609) was used as an instrument in the Mendelian randomization analysis.ResultsThe genotype distribution of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was 61·1% TT, 33·9% AT and 5·0% AA. The average body mass index (BMI), body fat mass and percentage body fat were 23·9 kg/m2 (SD = 3·6), 17·9 kg (SD = 6·6) and 26·8% (SD = 7·2), respectively. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was significantly correlated with BMI (coefficient = 0·673 kg/m2, P < 0·001), body fat mass (coefficient = 0·948 kg, P < 0·001) and percentage body fat (coefficient = 0·759%, P < 0·01). An instrumental variable (IV) regression model, using BMI as the intermediate phenotype, suggested that FTO was a strong IV. Also, the FTO‐BMI polymorphism was significantly associated with total hip and femoral neck BMD but was not correlated with total spine BMD, with estimated correlation coefficients of 0·0189 (95% CI: 0·0046, 0·0332), 0·0149 (95% CI: 0·0030, 0·0268) and 0·0025 (95% CI: −0·0131, 0·0136) g/cm2, respectively. The variances of BMDs explained by the FTO‐BMI were 19·0%, 21·3% and 1·1%, respectively. Similar trends were also observed for the FTO‐body fat mass and FTO‐percentage body fat correlations.ConclusionsMendelian randomization analysis suggests that adiposity might be causally related to BMD at the femur but not at the spine.
Selenium and the thyroid gland: more good news for clinicians
Authors: Drutel Anne , Archambeaud Françoise , Caron Philippe 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe thyroid is the organ with the highest selenium content per gram of tissue because it expresses specific selenoproteins. Since the discovery of myxoedematous cretinism and thyroid destruction following selenium repletion in iodine‐ and selenium‐deficient children, data on links between thyroid metabolism and selenium have multiplied. Although very minor amounts of selenium appear sufficient for adequate activity of deiodinases, thus limiting the impact of its potential deficiency on synthesis of thyroid hormones, selenium status appears to have an impact on the development of thyroid pathologies. The value of selenium supplementation in autoimmune thyroid disorders has been emphasized. Most authors attribute the effect of supplementation on the immune system to the regulation of the production of reactive oxygen species and their metabolites. In patients with Hashimoto's disease and in pregnant women with anti‐TPO antibodies, selenium supplementation decreases anti‐thyroid antibody levels and improves the ultrasound structure of the thyroid gland. Although clinical applications still need to be defined for Hashimoto's disease, they are very interesting for pregnant women given that supplementation significantly decreases the percentage of postpartum thyroiditis and definitive hypothyroidism. In Graves' disease, selenium supplementation results in euthyroidism being achieved more rapidly and appears to have a beneficial effect on mild inflammatory orbitopathy. A risk of diabetes has been reported following long‐term selenium supplementation, but few data are available on the side effects associated with such supplementation and further studies are required.
Diabetes and cardiovascular events in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a 20‐year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mani Hamidreza , Levy Miles J. , Davies Melanie J. , Morris Danielle H. , Gray Laura J. , Bankart John , Blackledge Hannah , Khunti Kamlesh , Howlett Trevor A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryObjectiveWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are potentially at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) diseases due to well‐established risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, data showing excessCVevents in this population are still lacking. We investigated the incidence and prevalence ofCVevents in a cohort of women withPCOS.DesignRetrospective cohort study (total follow‐up >12 000 person‐years).SettingLeicester,Leicestershire andRutland (Total Female population of 434 859),UK.ParticipantsTwo thousand three hundred and one women withPCOS(mean age = 29·6 years) attending a speciality clinic inLeicestershire,UK.Main outcomes measuresT2DM, myocardial infarction (MI), angina, heart failure (HF), stroke andCV‐related death.ResultsIncidence ofT2DM,MI, angina,HF, stroke andCVdeath was respectively 3·6, 0·8, 1·0, 0·3, 0·0 and 0·4 per 1000 person‐years. At the end of follow‐up, the prevalence ofMIin the age groups 45–54, 55–64 and >65 years was 1·9%, 6·0% and 27·3% and of angina was 2·6%, 6·0% and 27·3%, respectively. Age‐group‐specific odds ratios for the prevalence ofMIand angina compared to the local female population ranged between 2·6 (95%CI: 1·0–6·3) and 12·9 (CI: 3·4–48·6) with the highest ratio being forMIin the group >65 years old. Age, history of hypertension and smoking had significant correlations withCVoutcomes in thePCOSpatients.ConclusionWe have shown a high incidence and age‐group‐specific prevalence ofT2DM,MIand angina in the women withPCOS, with over a quarter having hadMIor angina in those >65 years. These findings should be considered in the treatment strategies and long‐term planning for women withPCOS.