bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental robustness in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo
Authors: Maduro Morris F. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYDevelopmental robustness is the ability of an embryo to develop normally despite many sources of variation, from differences in the environment to stochastic cell‐to‐cell differences in gene expression. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits an additional level of robustness: Unlike most other animals, the embryonic pattern of cell divisions is nearly identical from animal to animal. The endoderm (gut) lineage is an ideal model for studying such robustness as the juvenile gut has a simple anatomy, consisting of 20 cells that are derived from a single cell, E, and the gene regulatory network that controls E specification shares features with developmental regulatory networks in many other systems, including genetic redundancy, parallel pathways, and feed‐forward loops. Early studies were initially concerned with identifying the genes in the network, whereas recent work has focused on understanding how the endoderm produces a robust developmental output in the face of many sources of variation. Genetic control exists at three levels of endoderm development: Progenitor specification, cell divisions within the developing gut, and maintenance of gut differentiation. Recent findings show that specification genes regulate all three of these aspects of gut development, and that mutant embryos can experience a “partial” specification state in which some, but not all, E descendants adopt a gut fate. Ongoing studies using newer quantitative and genome‐wide methods promise further insights into how developmental gene‐regulatory networks buffer variation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 918–931, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Knowledge Translation Programme to Increase the Utilization of Thoracic Spine Mobilization and Manipulation for Patients with Neck Pain
Authors: Karas Steve , Westerheide Angela , Daniel Laura 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere is extensive evidence that mobilization and manipulation of the thoracic spine is associated with improved outcomes in patients with neck pain. However, these evidence‐based techniques are not always utilized. Successful knowledge translation programmes are needed to move the best available evidence to clinical practice. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the effects of a structured knowledge translation programme on the frequency of manual therapy techniques performed by physical therapists on patients with neck pain.MethodsPrior to our intervention, we assessed physical therapists’ use of thoracic spine intervention for the treatment of neck pain and their knowledge of the evidence. We delivered a multimodal knowledge translation programme and then reassessed their use and knowledge of the interventions.ResultsThe majority of our physical therapists increased the use of thoracic spine techniques for their patients with neck pain. The increase was greater in those who used the techniques infrequently. Overall knowledge of the evidence appeared unchanged.DiscussionKnowledge translation programmes are essential in ensuring clinical use of evidence‐based practice. Our programme results, although on a small scale and not statistically significant, showed a positive trend toward increased thoracic spine manual therapy use for neck pain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Investigation into the Scale and Impact of Self‐Reported Foot Problems Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Study Protocol and Survey Questionnaire Development
Authors: Williams Anita Ellen , Cherry Lindsey , Blake Alison , Alcacer‐Pitarch Begonya , Edwards Christopher , Hopkinson Neil , Vital Edward , Teh Lee‐Suan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can manifest with arthralgia and myalgia, and, in severe cases, disorganization of the joints and tendon rupture. Further, Raynaud's phenomenon and other circulatory problems such as vasculitis have been reported, and may be associated with loss of sensation and ulcers. Associated with impaired peripheral neurovascular function there is the potential for changes in tissue viability leading to thinning of the skin or callus formation. In addition, resistance to infections may be reduced, such as fungal infection of the skin and nails, bacterial infection associated with wounds and viral infections such as verruca. There is a dearth of evidence for the effects of SLE in the foot, the prevalence of foot problems in SLE and the impact of these on the individual. In addition, it is not known if people with SLE and foot problems have access to specialist care through foot health services. Hence, there is a need to investigate the scale of foot problems associated with SLE. In order to achieve this, a questionnaire needs to be developed in order to carry out a national survey in England.MethodsThe items required for the questionnaire were generated using a focus group, which comprised patient advisers with SLE, consultants who specialized in SLE, specialist rheumatology podiatrists and specialist rheumatology nurses. From this consensus approach to the item generation, the draft questionnaire was developed with agreement on themes, question format and overall structure. Additionally, the Manchester Pain and Disability Questionnaire was included in order to capture levels of pain and associated disability. An iterative process followed, with feedback from the focus group reducing the number of other items from 53, until the penultimate version of questionnaire was produced with 50 items. Following on from this, a process of cognitive debriefing was used with two people with SLE who were naïve to the questionnaire. Minor changes to two questions and the layout was required before a final version of the questionnaire was produced.DiscussionThe questionnaire will be used for a study which aims to identify the frequency of patients’ self‐reported foot problems, the impact of foot problems on their lives and the status of foot care provision. This will be achieved through a survey of people with SLE across six clinical sites and interviews with some people in order to explore their experience of foot problems. The results from the present study will provide the information required to inform further research. In addition, it could potentially inform the design and delivery of foot health information and services to this patient group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auf den chemischen Spuren des Histon‐Codes
Authors: Flis Julia , Giessmann Robert , Schnettler Fernández David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractModifikationen an den DNA‐verpackenden Histonproteinen können festlegen, wie die DNA abgelesen wird. Neue chemische und biochemische Synthesekonzepte helfen dabei, diesen Histon‐Code zu ergründen und so die Phänomene der Epigenetik zu verstehen.
Wie Chemie vor Hautkrebs schützt
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn weiten Teilen der Welt wächst das Bewusstsein, dass zu viel Sonnenstrahlung töten kann. Umso gefragter sind gute Sonnencremes. Bei deren Weiterentwicklung geht es auch um bessere UV‐Filter — aber etwas anderes ist inzwischen fast noch wichtiger: die Formulierung.
Naturstoffsynthese: Sequenzielle C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen
Authors: Hempel Christian , Nachtsheim Boris J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractÜbergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen machen komplexe Naturstoffe aus kommerziell erhältlichen Startmaterialien zugänglich. Kürzlich gezeigte Beispiele umfassen Strukturen mit heterocyclischem Grundgerüst.
Applications of Microscopy in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Weissmayer Lisa , Schubert Tim , Bernthaler Timo , Schneider Gerhard 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (also known as 3D‐printing) is a new and promising method for the production of components in tool engineering. Its layer‐by‐layer build‐up process offers a number of new production possibilities. Of special interest is the high geometric and constructive freedom. It is possible to build up near net shape components with complex geometries and integrated functional properties, such as curved cooling channels in drills. Besides microstructural defects that significantly degrade the usage properties of components, the challenges faced in additive manufacturing are: the high level of dimensional accuracy required; surface quality; and the construction of complex tools with inner structures like cooling channels. Taking the example of additively manufactured indexable insert drills with curved cooling channels, we will show the suitability of microscopic methods for evaluating the quality of components produced in this way.
Layer Thickness Determination
Authors: Houta Faiza , Quinten Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFor determination of film thickness with a reflectometer, the incident light is usually perpendicular to the film. Often, however, measuring heads are used that keep the aperture of the optical fiber constant or even microscopes are used to increase the lateral resolution in film thickness determination. Analogous to a fixed angle of incidence α the thickness determination is influenced in both cases. In contrast to a fixed angle now all angles between 0° and the aperture angle αapt are present for a measuring head or a microscope objective. We demonstrate here, how the aperture of the measuring head affects the thickness determination and give a quantitative estimation of the influence by assigning an effective angle of incidence αeff to a measuring head with aperture angle αapt.
Thermal Imaging Ensures Aircraft Turbine Quality
Authors: Sarfels Joachim , Liebelt Frank , Brockmann Matthias , Gierlings Sascha 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHighest quality standards during the manufacturing process of engine components are indispensable for secure aviation. The research conducted at the RWTH Aachen University's machine tool laboratory focuses on temperature as the primary variable in the machining process. This is a complex process due to the high speeds and relatively thin chips. These chips have a minimum thickness of 15 micrometers, and required a fast, high‐resolution thermal imaging camera equipped with a macro lens.The thermographic studies confirm some of the common theories but have also resulted in corrections to the theoretically expected distribution of temperatures, which has in turn lead important insights, which help imtoprove quality and workmanship. The machine tool lab researchers have been able to define process conditions that ensure the highest quality and productivity at the same time.
Micro‐Optics for Photolithography
Authors: Voelkel Reinhard 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhotolithography is the engine that empowered semiconductor industry to reduce the minimum feature size of the components of a microchip from some 50 microns in the 1960s to below 14 nanometers today. Diffractive and refractive micro‐optical components play a decisive role in modern photolithography systems, e. g. for laser line width narrowing, laser beam shaping (customized illumination), as phase‐shift masks (PSM), for optical proximity correction (OPC), and for diffraction‐based overlay (DBO). Wafer‐based manufacturing of high‐quality micro‐optics and their importance for photolithography will be explained.
Enhancement of photo‐conversion efficiency in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin‐film solar cells by control of ZnS precursor‐layer thickness
Authors: Kim Gee Yeong , Son Dae‐Ho , Thi Thu Nguyen Trang , Yoon Seokhyun , Kwon Minsu , Jeon Chan‐Wook , Kim Dae‐Hwan , Kang Jin‐Kyu , Jo William 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCZTSSe thin‐film absorbers were grown by stacked ZnS/SnS/Cu sputtering with compound targets, and the precursors were annealed in a furnace with a Se atmosphere. We controlled the thickness of the ZnS precursor layer for the CZTSSe thin films in order to reduce the secondary phases and to improve the performance of the devices. The optimal value of the ZnS precursor thickness was determined for the CZTSSe absorbers, and this configuration showed an efficiency of up to 9.1%. In this study, we investigated the depth profiles of the samples in order to determine the presence of secondary phases in the CZTSSe thin films by Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Cu2SnSe3, ZnSe, and MoSe2 secondary phases appeared near the back contact, and the work function distribution of the CZTSSe thin‐film surface and the secondary phase distribution were different depending on the depths of the absorber layer. This phase characterization allows us to describe the effects that changes in the thickness of the ZnS precursor can have on the performance of the CZTSSe thin‐film solar cells. Although it is important to identify the phases, the effects of secondary phases and point defects are not yet fully understood, even in optimal devices. Therefore, phase identification that is based on the work function and the results obtained from the Raman spectra in terms of the depth profile are instrumental to improve the surface and interface of CZTSSe thin‐film solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triage for Patients with Spinal Complaints: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: McEvoy Claire , Wiles Louise , Bernhardsson Susanne , Grimmer Karen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe aim of this study is to provide a systematic overview of the past decade of literature on processes of triage for patients with spinal pain, outcomes measured and markers of effectiveness.MethodsA systematic search of the literature with narrative synthesis of findings was conducted. Studies in English language of any design concerning spinal triage programmes for adults with acute or chronic spinal complaints were considered for inclusion. Electronic database searches were conducted in OVID, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Health Source Nursing, Scopus and Web of Science. Additional references were sourced through pearling reference lists, and expert input. Findings were synthesized descriptively.ResultsOf 216 potentially relevant records, 21 papers (20 studies) were included. There was little commonality in triage activities/programmes and outcomes, although physiotherapists were common members of triage programmes. Positive outcomes were reported most commonly for wait times, with several studies also reporting high levels of patient and physician satisfaction. Outcomes such as surgical conversion rates and selection accuracy were less clear.DiscussionSpinal triage programmes have the potential to improve efficiency of care for outpatients with spinal complaints. The evidence gaps in health outcomes, service models and cost effectiveness should be addressed by more robust prospective research designs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template‐based protein structure prediction in CASP11 and retrospect of I‐TASSER in the last decade
Authors: Yang Jianyi , Zhang Wenxuan , He Baoji , Walker Sara Elizabeth , Zhang Hongjiu , Govindarajoo Brandon , Virtanen Jouko , Xue Zhidong , Shen Hong‐Bin , Zhang Yang 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe report the structure prediction results of a new composite pipeline for template‐based modeling (TBM) in the 11th CASP experiment. Starting from multiple structure templates identified by LOMETS based meta‐threading programs, the QUARK ab initio folding program is extended to generate initial full‐length models under strong constraints from template alignments. The final atomic models are then constructed by I‐TASSER based fragment reassembly simulations, followed by the fragment‐guided molecular dynamic simulation and the MQAP‐based model selection. It was found that the inclusion of QUARK‐TBM simulations as an intermediate modeling step could help improve the quality of the I‐TASSER models for both Easy and Hard TBM targets. Overall, the average TM‐score of the first I‐TASSER model is 12% higher than that of the best LOMETS templates, with the RMSD in the same threading‐aligned regions reduced from 5.8 to 4.7 Å. Nevertheless, there are nearly 18% of TBM domains with the templates deteriorated by the structure assembly pipeline, which may be attributed to the errors of secondary structure and domain orientation predictions that propagate through and degrade the procedures of template identification and final model selections. To examine the record of progress, we made a retrospective report of the I‐TASSER pipeline in the last five CASP experiments (CASP7‐11). The data show no clear progress of the LOMETS threading programs over PSI‐BLAST; but obvious progress on structural improvement relative to threading templates was witnessed in recent CASP experiments, which is probably attributed to the integration of the extended ab initio folding simulation with the threading assembly pipeline and the introduction of atomic‐level structure refinements following the reduced modeling simulations. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):233–246. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein structure prediction using residue‐ and fragment‐environment potentials in CASP11
Authors: Kim Hyungrae , Kihara Daisuke 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTAn accurate scoring function that can select near‐native structure models from a pool of alternative models is key for successful protein structure prediction. For the critical assessment of techniques for protein structure prediction (CASP) 11, we have built a protocol of protein structure prediction that has novel coarse‐grained scoring functions for selecting decoys as the heart of its pipeline. The score named PRESCO (Protein Residue Environment SCOre) developed recently by our group evaluates the native‐likeness of local structural environment of residues in a structure decoy considering positions and the depth of side‐chains of spatially neighboring residues. We also introduced a helix interaction potential as an additional scoring function for selecting decoys. The best models selected by PRESCO and the helix interaction potential underwent structure refinement, which includes side‐chain modeling and relaxation with a short molecular dynamics simulation. Our protocol was successful, achieving the top rank in the free modeling category with a significant margin of the accumulated Z‐score to the subsequent groups when the top 1 models were considered. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):105–117. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sucrose prevents protein fibrillation through compaction of the tertiary structure but hardly affects the secondary structure
Authors: Estrela Nídia , Franquelim Henri G. , Lopes Carlos , Tavares Evandro , Macedo Joana A. , Christiansen Gunna , Otzen Daniel E. , Melo Eduardo P. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTAmyloid fibers, implicated in a wide range of diseases, are formed when proteins misfold and stick together in long rope‐like structures. As a natural mechanism, osmolytes can be used to modulate protein aggregation pathways with no interference with other cellular functions. The osmolyte sucrose delays fibrillation of the ribosomal protein S6 leading to softer and less shaped‐defined fibrils. The molecular mechanism used by sucrose to delay S6 fibrillation was studied based on the two‐state unfolding kinetics of the secondary and tertiary structures. It was concluded that the delay in S6 fibrillation results from stabilization and compaction of the slightly expanded tertiary native structure formed under fibrillation conditions. Interestingly, this compaction extends to almost all S6 tertiary structure but hardly affects its secondary structure. The part of the S6 tertiary structure that suffered more compaction by sucrose is known to be the first part to unfold, indicating that the native S6 has entered the unfolding pathway under fibrillation conditions. Proteins 2015; 83:2039–2051. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applicability of second‐generation upcyte® human hepatocytes for use in CYP inhibition and induction studies
Authors: Ramachandran Sarada D. , Vivarès Aurélie , Klieber Sylvie , Hewitt Nicola J. , Muenst Bernhard , Heinz Stefan , Walles Heike , Braspenning Joris 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHuman upcyte® hepatocytes are proliferating hepatocytes that retain many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the application of second‐generation upcyte® hepatocytes from four donors for inhibition and induction assays using a selection of reference inhibitors and inducers. CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were reproducibly inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner and the calculated IC50 values for each compound correctly classified them as potent inhibitors. Upcyte® hepatocytes were responsive to prototypical CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inducers, confirming that they have functional AhR‐, CAR‐, and PXR‐mediated CYP regulation. A panel of 11 inducers classified as potent, moderate or noninducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were tested. There was a good fit of data from upcyte® hepatocytes to three different predictive models for CYP3A4 induction, namely the Relative Induction Score (RIS), AUCu/F2, and Cmax,u/Ind50. In addition, PXR (rifampicin) and CAR‐selective (carbamazepine and phenytoin) inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction, respectively, were demonstrated. In conclusion, these data support the use of second‐generation upcyte® hepatocytes for CYP inhibition and induction assays. Under the culture conditions used, these cells expressed CYP activities that were equivalent to or higher than those measured in primary human hepatocyte cultures, which could be inhibited or induced by prototypical CYP inhibitors and inducers, respectively. Moreover, they can be used to predict in vivo CYP3A4 induction potential using three prediction models. Bulk availability of cells from multiple donors makes upcyte® hepatocytes suitable for DDI screening, as well as more in‐depth mechanistic investigations.
Maackiain is a novel antiallergic compound that suppresses transcriptional upregulation of the histamine H1 receptor and interleukin‐4 genes
Authors: Mizuguchi Hiroyuki , Nariai Yuki , Kato Shuhei , Nakano Tomohiro , Kanayama Tomoyo , Kashiwada Yoshiki , Nemoto Hisao , Kawazoe Kazuyoshi , Takaishi Yoshihisa , Kitamura Yoshiaki , Takeda Noriaki , Fukui Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKujin contains antiallergic compounds that inhibit upregulation of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and interleukin (IL)‐4 gene expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We sought to identify a Kujin‐derived antiallergic compound and investigate its mechanism of action. The H1R and IL‐4 mRNA levels were determined by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. To investigate the effects of maackiain in vivo, toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI)‐sensitized rats were used as a nasal hypersensitivity animal model. We identified (−)‐maackiain as the responsible component. Synthetic maackiain showed stereoselectivity for the suppression of IL‐4 gene expression but not for H1R gene expression, suggesting distinct target proteins for transcriptional signaling. (−)‐Maackiain inhibited of PKCδ translocation to the Golgi and phosphorylation of Tyr311 on PKCδ, which led to the suppression of H1R gene transcription. However, (−)‐maackiain did not show any antioxidant activity or inhibition of PKCδ enzymatic activity per se. Pretreatment with maackiain alleviated nasal symptoms and suppressed TDI‐induced upregulations of H1R and IL‐4 gene expressions in TDI‐sensitized rats. These data suggest that (−)‐maackiain is a novel antiallergic compound that alleviates nasal symptoms in TDI‐sensitized allergy model rats through the inhibition of H1R and IL‐4 gene expression. The molecular mechanism underlying its suppressive effect for H1R gene expression is mediated by the inhibition of PKCδ activation.