bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strands and Embedding: Henry IV and Godfrey of Bouillon
Authors: Matthews Alastair 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the episode about Henry IV in the Kaiserchronik, which contains a substantial embedded narrative about Godfrey of Bouillon. Drawing on Eberhard Lämmert's concept of narrative strands, the chapter describes how the stories of the two figures are defined and combined with each other. A letter preserved in the Codex Udalrici and (apparently) sent to Pope Paschal II by Daimbert of Pisa, Godfrey, and Raymond of Saint-Gilles in 1099 provides the starting point for the analysis. The chapter describes how the content of the letter reappears, worked into the story of Godfrey, in the chronicles of Frutolf of Michelsberg and Ekkehard of Aura. A comparison of these Latin chronicles with the Kaiserchronik then shows that the latter develops more clearly than its predecessors the story of Godfrey as a self-contained narrative strand in its own right, one that is defined primarily by his presence as a character in it
Pluralism, Dhimmī Rules, and the Regulation of Difference
Authors: Emon Anver M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes juristic debate on a range of issues related to the regulation of dhimmīs in the Muslim empire. The chapter starts with an analysis of the jizya or poll tax that non-Muslims would pay, and then addresses issues of property and liability for theft, the protection of chattel property, charitable endowments, the development of churches and synagogues, home construction regulations, attire and transport, and the capacity of dhimmīs to be witnesses in court.
The Role International Actors Other Than States can Play in the New World Order
Authors: Bhuta Nehal 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
States remain the primary actors on the international scene. This remains true although at present numerous state functions appear to be disaggregated and delegated to, or calibrated by reference to, a variety of non-state entities, such as transnational networks of officials, public-private administrative bodies operating at the transnational plane, or treaty-based arbitral bodies with specific functional competences. In recent years three sets of actors have appeared on the world scene: nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); (violent) non-state armed groups; and multinational corporations. Can they be legitimately associated to sovereign states? Every argument about who is and ought to be recognized as a subject of international law is striated with a normative vision of what makes international law legitimate and what purposes should be served by it (peace, justice, order, etc.). Sweeping institutional prescriptions for expanding and consecrating the role of non-state actors such as NGOs in international lawmaking and international institutions are neither realistic nor normatively desirable. Yet the value of democratic legitimacy in international politics remains uncertain where no clear demos can be identified, and where the actors claiming to represent democratic values are themselves rarely created and maintained in a democratic manner.
The Role That Equal Rights and Self-Determination of Peoples can Play in the Current World Community
Authors: Yusuf Abdulqawi A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
There are two strands of self-determination, one based on Lenin's anti-colonialist principles, the other on Wilson's insistence on the right of a people freely to select its own government. These two strands have been referred to as external and internal self-determination. However, there is also a third normative strand of the principle that was not foreseen in the earlier conceptions of self-determination — the right of peoples freely to pursue their economic, social, and cultural development, and to participate, contribute to, and enjoy such development. Together with internal self-determination, this third strand, which may be called socio-economic self-determination, is likely to contribute in the future to a better realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Two aspects of this third strand are likely to assume growing legal importance in the twenty-first century: one based on the evolution of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the other related to the realization of the equal rights of peoples through the mitigation or elimination of the inequalities inherent in the international economic system.
The WTO: Already the Promised Land?
Authors: Weiler J.H.H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
There are deep inequities in the current system — the most notable and notorious being the one rooted in an inequitable distribution of tariff reductions and other barriers (including subsidies) which continue to exclude agriculture to the detriment of many poorer economies (and consumers in the richer countries). There was a distinct political deception in the Uruguay process whereby important systemic reform was pushed and accepted as the multilateral ‘Single Undertaking’, whereas the actual negotiations of terms of trade was left to the usual multi-lateralized bilateralism where each state is on its own and which favours the rich consuming economies with plenty of trade leverage, at the expense of the poorer ones with less leverage or none at all. Two major issues must be addressed: whether the World Trade Organization has a ‘constitutional’ future; and whether a global approach will prevail over a regional one.
Building involuntary states in Slavic
Authors: Rivero María Luisa , Arregui Ana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSlavic constructions known as Involuntary States share a similar syntax with parallel dative subjects and reflexive markers, but belong to two semantic classes with different truth conditions. Involuntary States allude to an uncontrollable mental state of their dative subject, but West Slavic and Russian varieties report eventualities in the actual world, and are thus Factual, while South Slavic varieties report dispositions/urges of the dative, and are thus Desiderative. The chapter derives such a semantic contrast from microvariation in Viewpoint Aspect within the Slavic family. South Slavic displays intentional Imperfectives for plans, and they form the compositional basis of Desiderative Involuntary States. West Slavic and Russian lack similar intentional Imperfectives, and their Involuntary States are consistently factual, whether imperfective or perfective.
Trees, Fish, and Other Fictions
Authors: Coley John D. , Muratore Tara M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this chapter it is argued that the difficulty in understanding evolution by natural selection does not stem solely from the complexity of the theory. Rather, the difficulty in teaching, learning, and understanding evolutionary biology can be traced to a clash between the basic tenets of evolutionary theory and the basic architecture of the cognitive systems used to understand the world in general, and the biological world in particular. Evidence from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and cognitive anthropology is presented that shows that people naturally develop a sophisticated conceptual system, or folk biology, that allows us to intuitively categorize, reason about, and understand the biological world. These same intuitive ways of understanding the biological world may be largely responsible for the difficulty in teaching, learning and understanding evolution
Heuristics and the Counterintuitive in Science and Religion
Authors: Tweney Ryan D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractReligious beliefs can have a complex effect on the ease or difficulty of learning about evolution, echoing the complex historical tension between religion and science. Recent research on the counterintuitive nature of religious concepts and on the complex epistemologies of science is reviewed, and the considerations applied to the understanding of the ‘evolution challenge’.
Commentary on Section II
Authors: Brem Sarah K. , Sinatra Gale M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the content of the chapters from the second half of the book. It is suggested that it is important to consider how multiple levels of analysis might lead to more effective approaches to teaching and learning about evolution. The chapter suggests that an isolated focus on cognitive misconceptions and educational approaches to overcome them rooted in cognitive psychology have led to an incomplete and incorrect analysis of the challenges that individuals face when learning about evolution and accepting evolution. It is argued that a multi-layered approach that integrates theories and explanations at multiple levels of analysis is needed. The chapter also summarizes curriculum models presented in the last six chapters, exploring how they utilize multi-faceted approaches.
Representing Red and Blue
Authors: Barker David C. , Carman Christopher Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis book argues that to understand how representation works in the United States, we need understand the demand side of the representational relationship. Citizens, the book proposes, have a sense for the degree to which they instinctively like “leaders who lead” (trustees), on the one hand, or “public servants who listen” (delegates), on the other. Picking up cues about a potential representative's representation style during election campaigns, citizens “reward” politicians with electoral support when they recognize a similar representational perspective. This pattern continues after the election: job approval may be shaped, in part, by whether the representative's governing style is consistent with the one constituents prefer. The central claim is that cultural traditionalists-especially, but not exclusively, evangelical Christians-tend to embrace trustee-style representation more readily than do seculars, religious progressives, or civil libertarians. By extension, the book contends that as long as religious and other cultural differences continue to color ideological identification, partisanship, and vote choices in the United States-with cultural traditionalists trending Republican, and seculars, religious progressives, and civil libertarians migrating Democratic-then preferences regarding styles of representation may also come in distinct partisan shades of “Red” and “Blue”. This book presents an in-depth analysis of several years (conducted between 2004 and 2009) of national surveys designed specifically to assess public preferences for, and evaluations of, political representation. In addition, unique aggregate data are used to examine how public preferences for representation influence how elected officials represent their constituents.
Representation Styles, Candidate Cues, and the Voting Booth
Authors: Barker David C. , Carman Christopher Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter attempts to begin connecting the dots between the results discussed in Chapter 4 and the ultimate argument that representation itself comes in culturally “Red” or “Blue” shades. The first step is the ballot box, and that is the focus of this chapter. First, the chapter shows that in both 2006 and 2008, those who prefer trustee-style representation tended to vote overwhelmingly for Republican candidates at all levels of government. Next, the chapter reports evidence from a controlled survey experiment that asked respondents to evaluate hypothetical candidates based on representation style that is evidenced rhetorically. This experiment reveals that traditionalistic Christians (and Republicans) are more likely to think that candidates sending “trustee”-style messages will be better representatives if elected.
Weeping
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe pleasure and the pain of the listener are intensely negotiated in the Odyssey, until reconciled in the figure of Odysseus. For a modern reader such issues bring up an instrumental concept discussed by Edward Bullough in the early twentieth century, that of psychical distance. This chapter suggests that contrary to current assumptions, in the Odyssey aesthetic pleasure is steadily sought out in spite of a listener’s lack of psychical distance. Two further points are emphasized. First is the importance of underexamined aspects of Plato’s Philebus for understanding mixed pleasure as an aesthetic type of pleasure. Further comparisons between Platonic and Homeric approaches to a listener’s weeping illuminate the subtleties of the latter. Second are Kant’s sparse and insufficient references to weeping as a mode of response. A modern reader of the Odyssey might trace in Odysseus’s aesthetic response a judgment of taste, despite Kant’s own exclusion of this type of judgment from the realm of emotion.
Eros (II)
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter continues the discussion about the relationship between aesthetics and desire, focusing exclusively on Plato’s Republic. Starting with the tenth book of the Republic, the chapter moves gradually backward, its final destination being a section of the third book that so far remains underexplored. Socrates’s explicit and implicit references to the encounter with poetry as being analogous to an affair with a hetaira are explored within a broader context, both Platonic and cultural. More light is shed on Plato’s views on desire in relation to the way mousikê affects the three parts of the soul throughout the Republic. The final section examines in detail the last part of Plato’s discussion about mousikê in the third book. The chapter concludes with a suggestion regarding the great importance of this discussion for understanding Plato’s meditation upon the tension between desire and aesthetic contemplation.
Introduction
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central question of the book: What does justice consist of in the wake of its massive despoliation? It then outlines reconciliation as the book's central answer to this question. It sets forth the six practices of reconciliation that will be explored later in the book. It contrasts reconciliation with the liberal peace, the globally dominant approach to justice in the wake of massive human rights violations. It then makes a case for the role of religion in an ethic of political reconciliation. It closes with a discussion of the major settings for an ethic of political reconciliation—the aftermath of civil war, genocide, dictatorship, international war, and international intervention.
Reconciliation as a Concept of Justice
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter explicates the meaning and content of reconciliation as a concept of justice. It explains what is distinctive about political reconciliation. It then describes how the same concept of justice is also a concept of peace and of mercy. It distinguishes reconciliation from other leading notions of justice, most importantly, the liberal peace. Finally, it offers a defense of this concept of justice from the perspective of the first tradition: restorative justice.
Maimonides’ Counting of the Commandments
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter treats the generally meagre discussion among medieval Jews about holy war. While little is added to the discussion outside of Maimonides, that great medieval polymath develops a universal Jewish theory of war patterned after the universal Muslim theories of war that were issues of discussion in his environment under the Caliphate. He portrays biblical wars against the Canaanites and Amalekites as a reflection of the divine will to bring all humanity to right religion rather than for Israel to take possession of the Land. In fact, in Maimonides Book of Commandments, he fails to include conquest of the Land of Israel despite what appears to be repeated divine directives to do so. The commandment to conquer and settle the Land of Israel is not operative in the time of Exile after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple.
SHEDDING LIGHT ON OUTCOMES IN CLASS ACTIONS
Authors: Pace Nicholas M. , Rubenstein William 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Class actions are among the most public forms of civil litigation. However, a veil of secrecy can fall over class action litigation the moment the judge signs off on the agreement. This chapter describes a study that aims to examine the extent to which claiming data are available and—as necessary—to recommend ways to increase transparency in this area. Specifically, it seeks to find out what types of information are already available about concluded class action settlement distributions; to identify the best sources for such information; and to identify policy options for improving the transparency of class action settlements. It begins with a brief background on the typical class action settlement approval process and how monetary benefits are distributed. It next discusses the results of previous selected empirical studies that have attempted to gather information on distribution outcomes. It examines some of the sources available to judges, class members, and outsiders to help guide and inform their evaluations of proposed class settlements. It then describes the findings from the data collection. The chapter concludes by describing why it is so difficult to gather settlement information, why it is so important to achieve more transparency in this area, and what can be done to make settlement information available to judges, government officials, watchdog organizations, class members, and the public.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN OPTIC NERVE PIT MACULOPATHY AFTER VITRECTOMY
Authors: Iwase Takeshi , Oveson Brian C. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to present a case of optic nerve pit maculopathy and reappraise the previous concepts regarding the pathways of the fluid and the development.

Methods:
A 24-year-old man had an optic nerve pit maculopathy. The visual acuity was 20/50 in the affected eye. Optical coherence tomography showed a multilayered separation of the neurosensory retina, serous retinal detachment, and the optic nerve pit with no membrane on the optic nerve. After 2 months of observations, surgery was performed.

Results:
Surgery included vitrectomy, the separation of the posterior hyaloid, the internal limiting membrane peeling, and gas tamponade. No laser was performed. The vision improved to 20/20, and optical coherence tomography demonstrated that the inner retinal layer separation was resolved except for the ganglion cell layer connected to the optic nerve pit, and subretinal fluid was increased 1 month after surgery. Eventually, the retinal layer separation and the subretinal fluid were resolved completely.

Conclusions:
Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade without any additional laser photocoagulation seems to be sufficient for the treatment. Our observations suggest that the fluid can move directly from the optic pit into multiple layers, and fluid emanating from the optic nerve pit still extended even after surgery.
Promoting African indigenous knowledge in the knowledge economy
Authors: Moahi Kgomotso H. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore why Africa's indigenous knowledge is not playing a more active and visible role in the knowledge economy and to the roles that academia and librarians must play for it to be so.Design/methodology/approachThe paper's approach is to combine a literature review and discussion of the issues.FindingsThe importance of indigenous knowledge to development has been established over the years. Calls have been made for African universities to take indigenous knowledge into account in their teaching and research, and to view indigenous knowledge as valuable and as a way of addressing the view of Africa as a consumer of knowledge rather than a generator and contributor of knowledge. However, whilst there have been some initiatives in academia and in libraries to integrate indigenous knowledge into their activities, it has not been enough. The reasons are many and varied and stem largely from the globalizing and unifying nature of the world education system. However, this system does also offer an opportunity for African universities to distinguish themselves as African universities that have something different to offer the world.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper focuses on universities and libraries in Africa in general although Africa is a vast continent and there are differences in context.Practical implicationsUniversities and libraries should look inward and find creative ways of integrating Western and indigenous knowledge systems in their teaching, research, engagement and information management.Originality/valueThe paper explores concrete ways that academia and libraries can address the matter of integrating indigenous knowledge into their activities to ensure recognition as being distinctively African.
Embracing uncertainty to fuel innovation
Authors: by Gareth Bell Interview 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to document an interview with Soren Kaplan.Design/methodology/approachThe article is an interview with Soren Kaplan, author of Leapfrogging, which offers a divergent contribution to the current discussions about innovation.FindingsBusinesses avoid uncertainty and especially surprises, but the interview discloses that these can often be used to create competitive advantage.Originality/valueThe interview shows how embracing unexpected situations can bring about business change and innovation.
Pursuing “flexible commitment” as strategic ambidexterity
Authors: Kouropalatis Yiannis , Hughes Paul , Morgan Robert E. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeFirms face high velocity conditions today that render product market strategies increasingly temporal. Strategic flexibility is critical for enabling rapid adaptation to a changing environment. At the same time, managerial commitment to product‐market strategy signifies the extent to which a manager comprehends and supports the strategy and reflects a necessary sense of ownership for any chosen product‐market strategy. The purpose of this paper, then, is to examine strategically ambidextrous firms through the twin lenses of flexibility and commitment to determine whether performance benefits accrue from such characteristics.Design/methodology/approachWhile traditional research streams examine strategic flexibility and commitment to product‐market strategy as opposing ends of a continuum, this paper adopts a broader perspective and examines strategic flexibility and commitment to product‐market strategy as elements of strategically ambidextrous firms. Cluster analysis is used to identify groups of high and low strategically ambidextrous firms.FindingsStrategically ambidextrous firms exhibit commitment to product‐market strategy, which enables the effective realisation of selected strategies through focusing managerial attention and firm resources, and strategic flexibility, which enables adaptation of the planned product‐market strategy based on feedback received, or abandonment followed by new strategic choices and impetus. The paper reveals that firms with high strategic ambidexterity exhibit significantly greater levels of strategic resources, decentralisation, product‐market strategy process effectiveness, and implementation effectiveness compared with low ambidexterity firms. Thus, strategic ambidexterity is revealed to endow significant performance benefits.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the need to examine ambidexterity as “flexible commitment”.