bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR imaging of model drug distribution in simulated vitreous
Authors: Stein Sandra , Simroth-Loch Christian , Langner Sönke , Hadlich Stefan , Stachs Oliver , Grabow Niels , Guthoff Rudolf , Weitschies Werner , Seidlitz Anne 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo characterization of intravitreal injections plays an important role in developing innovative therapy approaches. Using the established vitreous model (VM) and eye movement system (EyeMoS) the distribution of contrast agents with different molecular weight was studied in vitro. The impact of the simulated age-related vitreal liquefaction (VL) on drug distribution in VM was examined either with injection through the gel phase or through the liquid phase. For comparison the distribution was studied ex vivo in the porcine vitreous. The studies were performed in a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. As expected, with increasing molecular weight the diffusion velocity and the visual distribution of the injected substances decreased. Similar drug distribution was observed in VM and in porcine eye. VL causes enhanced convective flow and faster distribution in VM. Confirming the importance of the injection technique in progress of VL, injection through gelatinous phase caused faster distribution into peripheral regions of the VM than following injection through liquefied phase. VM and MR scanner in combination present a new approach for the in vitro characterization of drug release and distribution of intravitreal dosage forms.
Studying the extracellular contribution to the double wave vector diffusion-weighted signal
Authors: Ulloa Patricia , Wottschel Viktor , Koch Martin A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The use of two independent diffusion periods between excitation and acquisition, known as double wave vector (DWV) diffusion-weighting or double diffusion encoding, was proven to yield structural information that it is otherwise not easily available in vivo. Comparing the signal difference between relative diffusion gradient orientations, the antiparallel-parallel and the parallel-perpendicular differences yield information on pore size and shape, respectively. However, results in vivo provided larger pore sizes than expected for axons in the corticospinal tract. This study exploits DWV sensitivity to pore shape and aims to obtain information on the extracellular contributions to the DWV pore size results presented here. The in vivo DWV experiments resulted in a positive parallel-perpendicular difference which is consistent with an irregularly shaped pore dominating the origin of the signal.
Improving image quality in EIT imaging by measurement of thorax excursion
Authors: Schullcke Benjamin , Gong Bo , Krueger-Ziolek Sabine , Moeller Knut 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is used to visualize the regional ventilation of the lungs using voltage measurements on the surface of the thorax. Unfortunately the image reconstruction process is sensitive to shape deformation. During breathing the inevitable expansion of the thorax influences measured boundary voltages which leads to artifacts in the reconstructed images. A camera based motion-tracking-system was used to measure thorax excursion during breathing and systematically modify measured voltages. Results indicate that image artefacts can be reduced if the measured voltages are modified based on the measured thorax excursion.
A clustering based dual model framework for EIT imaging: first experimental results
Authors: Gong Bo , Schullcke Benjamin , Krueger-Ziolek Sabine , Moeller Knut 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Electrical Impedance tomography (EIT) imaging suffers greatly from the illposedness of the corresponding inverse problem. This is mainly caused by the high degree of freedom and the relatively large noise. One attempt to circumvent these difficulties is to use dual models. This article introduces a clustering based non-uniform dual model construction. With this framework, finite elements are grouped to reduce the complexity in inverse computations. The simulation and experiment results indicated that the k-means clustering method did not only preserve the sharp variations over conductivity mediums but also greatly filtered out artefacts found in the standard approach.
Interactive visualization of cardiac anatomy and atrial excitation for medical diagnosis and research
Authors: Bauer Silvio , Oesterlein Tobias , Schmidt Jochen , Dössel Olaf 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
State of the art biomedical engineering allows for acquiring enormous amounts of intracardiac data to aid diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Modern catheters, which are used to acquire electrical information from within the heart, are capable of recording up to 64 channels simultaneously. The software available for data analysis, however, does not provide adequate performance to neither analyze nor visualize the acquired information in an appropriate manner. We present a software package that fascilitates interdisciplinary collaborations between engineers and physicians to adress open questions about pathophysiological mechanisms using data from everyday electrophysiogical studies. Therefore, a package has been compiled that enables algorithm development using MATLAB and subsequent visualization using the VTK C++ class libraries. The resulting application KaPAVIE, which is presented in this paper, is designed to meet the requirements from the clinical side and has been successfully applied in the clinical environment.
Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics
Authors: Kretschmer Jörn , Riedlinger Axel , Möller Knut 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Model based decision support helps in optimizing therapy settings for individual patients while providing additional insight into a patient’s disease state through the identified model parameters. Using multiple models with different simulation focus and complexity allows adapting decision support to the current clinical situation and the available data. A previously presented set of numerical criteria allows selecting the best model based on fit quality, model complexity, and how well the parameter values are defined by the presented data. To systematically evaluate those criteria in an algorithm we have created insilico data sets using four different respiratory mechanics models with three different parameter settings each. Each of those artificial patients was ventilated with three different manoeuvres and the resulting data was used to identify the same models used to create the data. The selection algorithm was then presented with the results to select the best model. Not considering determinateness of the identified model parameters, the algorithm chose the same model that was used to create the data in 78%, a more complex model in 5% and a less complex model in 18% of all cases. When including the determinateness of model parameters in the decision process, the algorithm chose the same model in 42% of the cases and a less complex model in 56% of all cases. In 2% of the presented cases, no model complied with the required criteria.
Numerical and experimental flow analysis in centifluidic systems for rapid allergy screening tests
Authors: Dethloff Manuel , Dangers Marc , Wilmes Boris , Seitz Hermann 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
For the development of the automated processing of a membrane-based rapid allergy test, the flow characteristics in one part of the test, the reagents module, are analysed. This module consists of a multichannel system with several inputs and one output. A return flow from one input channel into another should be avoided. A valveless module with pointed channels at an angle of 12° is analysed with numerical and experimental methods with regard to the flow characteristics.
Der neue Spinozismus und das Verhältnis von deskriptiver und revisionärer Metaphysik
Authors: Renz Ursula 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Relying on the assumption that Spinoza makes a double use of the principle of sufficient reason, Michael Della Rocca has defended a reconstruction of Spinoza’s approach as a metaphysical outlook according to which all particulars vanish in the only and one divine substance. This implies nothing less than a radical attempt to suggest a new and completely revisionary form of metaphysics. After a short discussion of Strawson’s distinction between revisionary and descriptive metaphysics and an exposition of the basic principles of Della Rocca’s interpretation, I critically assess his attack of the use of intuitions in analytic philosophy. After discussing the extent to which the first book of Spinoza’s Ethics is appropriately described as a revisionary project, I conclude with an argument for the necessity of both descriptive and revisionary elements in metaphysics.
Macht und Menge
Authors: Saar Martin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The current enthusiasm for the original and radical democratic nature of Spinoza’s political philosophy is not easy to justify, given the elusive character of his few systematic remarks on democracy. But the Ethics as well as the political writings contain a substantial political theory centered on the figure of the multitudo (or people) that proves useful for current theorizing. It can help to conceive of democracy not only as form-of-state but as form-of-life; it might serve as the starting point for a conception of non-identitarian, “heterogeneous democracy”; and it can provide a model for understanding political philosophy as political ontology.
Optimal Design of Nozzle for Supersonic Atmosphere Plasma Spraying
Authors: Wei Pei , Wei Zhengying , Zhao Guangxi , Bai Y. , Tan Chao 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThrough numerical simulation, key issues concerning the plasma jet features as well as the sizes of nozzle for supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying (SAPS) were analyzed in this paper. Numerical results were compared with the experimental measurements and a good agreement has been achieved. Due to the effect of mechanical compression, the increasing sizes ofr1,r2,r3andr4(r1,r2,r3andr4are the sizes of nozzle) lead to a decrease in temperature and velocity of plasma jet. But large size ofr5can increase the external temperature and velocity of plasma jet, which benefit particles accelerating at the far downstream region. A new nozzle was designed based on the simulation results. Compared to the temperature and velocity of plasma jet in the original nozzle, the maximum temperature and velocity of plasma jet in new structure are increased by about 9.8% and 44.5%, which is a benefit to the particles to reach a higher speed and surface temperature.
Character strengths in Chinese philosophies: relevance to service leadership
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Sun Rachel C.F. , Liu Ting Ting 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAccording to the Hong Kong Institute of Service Leadership and Management, moral character or character strength is an important attribute of an effective service leader. In connection to this, “Character Strengths in Chinese Philosophies” is one of the lecture topics taught in a course titled “Service Leadership” in a university in Hong Kong. Several topics are covered in that lecture. First, the relevance of Chinese philosophies to service leadership is discussed. Second, the core virtues in Confucian thoughts are presented. Third, the relevance of Confucian virtues to service leadership is examined. Finally, conclusions and reflections on the relevance of Confucian virtues to service leadership are outlined. In addition to one warm-up activity at the beginning of the lecture, three major activities are designed for related parts of the content. During the lecture, students are encouraged to reflect on their qualities in terms of Confucian virtues and explore effective ways to promote the development of such virtues.
Nonlinear Damage and Failure Behavior of Brittle Rock Subjected to Impact Loading
Authors: Wang Yi-Xian , Cao Ping , Huang Yong-Heng , Chen Rui , Li Jiang-Teng 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The damage and fragmentation of rock induced by impact loading is one of typical nonlinear problems in underground engineering. Rock specimen such as rock plate was found to become invalid under impact loading. This paper presents brittle fragmentation for dynamic damage of rock plate based on the edge-on impact (EOI) test with varying impact velocities (10 m s
-1
to 40 m s
-1) and impact angles. High-speed camera was used to study the relation among crack initiation and propagation, impact velocity and impact angle. The patterns of fracture of the crack under impact are observed and the influence of impact angle on the growth of the crack is analyzed. The results demonstrate that only when the impact velocity is less than a critical value does a damaged zone, whose size increases with the impact velocity, appear on the edge of the sample. When the velocity exceeds the critical value, some radial cracks occur around the damaged zone and extend outward from the boundaries of damaged zone. The radial crack length and damaged zone increase with impact velocity and are influenced by the impact angle. However, at a certain velocity, the damage zone decreases and the crack length increase. It shows that there was an obvious incubation period of crack forming. According to test results, the study found that the impact velocity of this jump is about 25 m s
-1
–3 m s
-1
and scope of the impact resistance optimized angle is about 15
°
–30
°
.
Orientation-dependent Constitutive Model with Nonlinear Elasticity for Shocked β-HMX Single Crystal
Authors: Wu Yan-Qing , Huang Feng-Lei 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
As orientation-dependence of shock-induced thermal responses and chemical reactions in energetic single crystals are related to anisotropic mechanical behavior, a crystal plasticity model for low-symmetric β-HMX single crystal with only limited operative slip systems has been developed. The model accounts for nonlinear elasticity, volumetric coupled with deviatoric behavior, and thermo-dynamical consistency. Simulations of planar impact on β-HMX single crystal show good agreement with existing particle velocity experimental data. An important feature of the model is its capability to capture the evolution of elastic-plastic wave profiles. The model provides new perspective to a range of complex, orientation-dependent mechanical and thermal behaviors than isotropic elastic-plastic constitutive descriptions. Pressure wave profiles show multiple fluctuations for single crystals with different orientations compared to that of isotropic medium. Simulated bulk temperature distribution and evolution with various characteristic features for different orientation single crystals are compared and discussed. Simulations for bicrystal samples show that the evolution and pattern of temperatures in different crystal pairs have great variations. Given that explosive grains are crystalline, the anisotropy of a crystal may be one of the sources of nonuniform temperature distribution.
CD4+ T Cell Counting by Impedance Measurement on a Chip with Fluidic Electrodes
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Wei Qiong , Zhu Tao , Huang Jianyong , Yu Min , Sha Yinlin , Xiong Chunyang , Fang Jing 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
A practical label-free method for counting CD4+ T cells is proposed on the basis of a microfluidic chip with fluidic electrodes. With the help of hydrodynamic focusing, two sheath flows of KCl solution, serving as electric conductors to replace solid metal electrodes, are used to squeeze the cell suspension. By measuring the electrical impedances between the fluidic electrodes, a linear relationship is found between the logarithmic value of cell concentration and the impedance value (R2 = 0.97). The detection limit of CD4+ T lymphocytes reaches as low as ∼10 cells·µL−1, Both the CD4+ T cell concentration of the nude mice group and that of the normal group were counted to further test the function of the chip system, which indicated that there existed significant differences between these groups, showing the approach is valid for identifying immunodeficiency.
Biosensing using hairpin DNA probes
Authors: Huang Jiahao , Wu Jueqi , Li Zhigang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Hairpin DNA probes (HDPs) are specially designed single-stranded DNA and have excellent sensing specificity. The past decade has witnessed the fast development of HDP-based biosensors due to the tremendous applications in biology, medicine, environmental science, and engineering. Their detectable targets include nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, and metal ions. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in HDP-based biosensors by categorizing them into molecular beacon (MB)-based sensing in homogeneous systems and other HDP-based solid-state sensors. The basic design of MBs with diverse signaling pairs is introduced first. Then, various detectable targets and the detection principles of all HDP-based biosensors are extensively discussed. Furthermore, the methods for amplifying the response signal and improving the detection performance are covered. Finally, the limitations and possible solutions about the sensors are discussed.
DAMPAK LNG ACADEMY TERHADAP KESIAPAN TENAGA KERJA BARU DI BADAK LNG
Authors: Sunaryo Busori , Nugroho Feri Sulistyo , Irkham Agus M 
Published: September 2015

<p>LNG Academy diharapkan mampu menghasilkan individu yang memiliki kemampuan tinggi dan bisa memadukan antara pendidikan dan dunia industri. Hal ini juga mendukung program pemerintah dalam mengurangi tingkat pengangguran, terutama lulusan perguruan tinggi. Program management trainee di Badak LNG, lulusan dari LNG academy menbutuhkan waktu 6 bulan untuk melalui tahap pelatihan kerja serta pelatihan kerja khusus. Sedangkan lulusan program MT di luar LNG academy biasanya membutuhkan waktu 18 bulan untuk melalui masa training. Artinya ini akan menghemat 12 bulan. Sejak kelar perdana di kampus, siswa sudah diperkenalkan dengan lingkungan kerja pada perusahaan gas alam. Oleh karena itu, lulusan LNG academy yang bekerja di Badak LNG tidak menemukan kesulitan berarti saat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerja. Dalam jangka pendek mereka dapat langsung siap bekerja dan mengetahui betapa strategis dampak dari bisnis gas alam cair dalam peta pembangunan nasional.</p><p>LNG Academy is able to produce individuals (output) who have a considerably high link and match between education and industrial world. It also supports the governmental programs in reducing unemployment rates, especially the individuals graduated from university. It can also overcome the issue related to duration. Badak LNG Management Trainees, graduated from LNG Academy class, need only 6 months to pass the On Job Training as well as Job Specific Training. Whereas the MT graduated from outside the LNG Academy usually need 18 months in order to pass the trainings. It means that there are 12 months which can be saved (outcome). Since the early classes in the academy, the students have been introduced to the working ecosystem of the liquid natural gas company. Therefore, LNG Academy graduates who work for Badak LNG have no significant difficulty adapting with the working ecosystem, whether it is related to the working mechanism or other working cultures. In a short duration, they can be directly working-ready and understand how strategic it is the liquid natural gas business field in national and development issues (impact).</p>
FAKTOR DETERMINAN TOKSOPLASMOSIS PADA IBU HAMIL
Authors: Triana Ani 
Published: September 2015

<p>Toksoplasmosis merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Toxoplasma gondii yang merupakan golongan protozoa yang sifatnya parasite obligat intraseluler. Salah satu Provinsi terbesar di Indonesia yaitu Provinsi Riau terdapat kasus Toksoplasmosis yang menurut data dari rekam medis RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau toksoplasmosis merupakan penyakit peringkat 9 tertinggi dari 15 penyakit terbesar dalam kehamilan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi faktor determinan terjadinya toksoplasmosis pada ibu hamil di RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian case control. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil yang tercatat di rekam medik RSUD Arifin Achmad pada tahun 2012 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 orang terbagi menjadi 30 orang sebagai kasus dan 30 orang sebagai kontrol (dengan teknik systematic random sampling). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner data analisis multivariat dengan uji multiple logistic regresion. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya dua variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan yaitu variabel pekerjaan dengan p value (0,008) OR: 7,97 ; CI 95% (1,70-37,34) dan status paritas dengan p value (0,029) OR: 5,33 ; CI 95% (1,18-24,18).</p><p> </p><p><em>Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan group obligate intracellular parasite nature. Riau province there are cases of toxoplasmosis which according to data from medical records General Hospital of Arifin Achmad in Riau Province toxoplasmosis is a disease of the 15 highest ranked 9th largest disease in pregnancy. The purpose of this study to identify the determinants of the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women at General Hospital of Arifin Achmad in Riau Province. This research uses quantitative research with case-control study design. The population were all pregnant women recorded in the medical record Arifin Achmad Hospital in 2012 with sample of 60 people divided 30 people as cases and 30 persons as control (with a systematic random sampling technique). Data collection was performed using multivariate analysis of data questionnaire with multiple logistic regresion test. The results presence of two variabels significantly associated job with p value (0.008) OR: 7.97; 95% CI (1.70 to 37.34) and parity status with p value (0.029) OR: 5.33; 95% CI (1.18 to 24.18). Results of the study are expected to health workers to inform about toxoplasmosis complete and CHL counseling and regular prenatal care in the prevention of toxoplasmosis.</em></p>