bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Continuous Azimuth and Inclination Measurement by Use of a Rotary-Steerable System Enhances Downhole-Steering Automation and Kickoff Capabilities Near Vertical
Authors: Sugiura Junichi , Bowler Adam , Lowdon Ross 
Published: June 2014

Summary
When kicking off at low inclination, static measurement-while-drilling (MWD) surveys are used to confirm the kickoff direction, when free of magnetic interference from offset wells. However, because MWD continuous azimuth and inclination measurements have limited accuracy when near vertical, the directional driller does not have confidence in the kickoff direction with continuous (dynamic) survey while drilling. This requires additional static surveys to be made, taking up rig time.
In a novel continuous survey method used in a particular rotary-steerable system (RSS), a six-axis survey was taken continuously, both while drilling and when static, with the survey sensors being housed in a rotation-speed-controlled platform in the RSS. This algorithm was first verified in a software simulator, and it was subsequently implemented in hardware and tested in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)-simulator environment. The effectiveness of the new measurement method was field tested and compared with MWD static survey points. The field-test result shows that the new near-bit continuous azimuth and inclination measurement from the RSS is considerably more accurate than the MWD continuous measurements at very low inclinations less than 5°. The new survey method not only provided more-accurate kickoff from a near-vertical position but also enhanced the automated-vertical-drilling feature. In addition, improved continuous measurements around magnetic north and south allowed the closed-loop attitude-hold algorithm of the RSS to drill lateral sections more precisely in these directions.
This unique measurement method has valuable applications, such as low-angle kickoff without the use of multiple static surveys because the directional driller can use the continuous azimuth and/or tool face to accurately steer the well. Equally important is that if gyro surveys are required, their number will reduce when the survey-measurement point is so close to the bit, reducing the amount of time of exposure to magnetic interference from an offset casing. When drilling out of the shoe, this survey method will allow an accurate kickoff approximately 50 ft earlier than would normally be expected when magnetic interference is cleared. In addition, the use of a continuous gravity tool face (GTF) is possible without the need for static surveys, allowing accurate low-side sidetracks to be performed even in areas of high magnetic interference. This surveying method reduces the rig time needed to kick off and provides a more reliable real-time measurement for the directional driller to ensure that the desired well trajectory is drilled through crowded platform environments.
Clinical Risk Factors for Poor Anatomic Response to Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration§
Authors: Guber Josef , Josifova Tatjana , Henrich Paul Bernhard , Guber Ivo 
Published: June 2014

Purpose:
To identify OCT-based anatomical features and clinical characteristics for poor central retinal thickness (CRT) response to ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Patients and Methods:
Investigating our electronic patient records (Eyeswide), patients with neovascular AMD treated with intravitreal injections of 0.5mg/0.05ml ranibizumab were identified and their notes reviewed. Data collected included gender, age, initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), prior photodynamic therapy, lesion type (classic versus occult), type of macular edema (intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, pigment epithelium detachment) and the total number of previous ranibizumab injections.

Results:
A total of 210 eyes of 182 patients with neovascular AMD were identified. Mean follow-up time was 1.34 years (SD ± 0.77). Central retinal thickness reduction in women was significantly inferior to that in men (p=0.05). Patients with cystoid type macular edema had significantly greater reduction in CRT compared to patients with subretinal fluid (p<0.001) or pigment epithelium detachment (p<0.001). The percentage drop of CRT was no longer statistically significant after the sixth injection. Age, initial BCVA, prior photodynamic therapy and lesion type had no statistically effect on CRT response.

Conclusion:
Risk factors for poor central retinal thickness response to ranibizumab include female gender and patients with predominant subretinal fluid or pigment epithelium detachment. Furthermore, the anatomical response decreased after the sixth injection of ranibizumab.
Effects of selected essential oils on the growth and production of ochratoxin A by Penicillium verrucosum
Authors: Jeršek Barbara , Poklar Ulrih Nataša , Skrt Mihaela , Gavarić Neda , Božin Biljana , Smole Možina Sonja 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), and pine (Abies alba Mill.) needles and cones, and their active substances thymol, carvacrol, menthol, and anisaldehyde were tested for antifungal activity against Penicillium verrucosum. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were achieved for essential oil of oregano, followed by carvacrol, thymol, and menthol. These antifungal components were further investigated, as the main aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of natural antifungals on ochratoxin A production. During 21 days of exposure, the growth of P. verrucosum, and subsequently the production of ochratoxin A, was fully inhibited by thymol at ½ MIC (0.0625 mg mL-1), but menthol at ¼ and ½ MIC (0.1875 and 3750 mg mL-1) showed no growth inhibition. After 21 days of incubation, the greatest inhibitory effect on ochratoxin production (inhibition was 96.9 %) was also achieved with thymol at ¼ MIC (0.0313 mg mL-1). Essential oil of oregano (¼ MIC, 0.2930 μL mL-1) and carvacrol (½ MIC, 0.1953 μL mL-1) stimulate production of ochratoxin A at 13.9 % to 28.8 %, respectively. The observed antifungal effects depended on the agent, the concentration used, and the time of interaction between the agent and P. verrucosum. Our results indicate the possibility of using oregano essential oil as a substitute for artificial preservatives in certain foods, but further research is needed.
Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work
Authors: Brčić Karačonji Irena , Brajenović Nataša 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Hair analysis is a reliable tool for detecting long-term exposure to illegal drugs, including amphetaminetype stimulants, over periods from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the length of the hair used for analysis. Between 2000 and 2012, over 600 hair samples were analysed at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia (IMROH) for the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants. IMROH has used the same procedure for testing hair samples for amphetamine-type stimulants for over twelve years. It was found to be reliable for confirming repeated abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-Ecstasy), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in hair. Hair samples were either taken at the Institute, delivered by mail or a third person brought them to the laboratory. In most cases, the hair samples were tested anonymously. A total of 23 % of the tested samples were positive for one or more amphetamine-type stimulant. MDMA was the most frequently detected substance, whereas the most frequent combination was amphetamine with MDMA. Our results could indicate a trend in amphetamine-type stimulant abuse among young people in the Republic of Croatia.
Alkaptonuria and Ochronosis – Experience From Slovakia
Authors: Rovenský J. , Urbánek T. , Imrich R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disorder of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused due to a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which participates in the degradation of tyrosine. As a result, homogentisic acid and its oxide accumulate in the blood and are excreted in urine in large amounts. The polymer of homogentisic acid called alkapton impregnates bradotrophic tissues.
First Results From Expanded Newborn Screening in slovak Republic
Authors: Dluholucký S. , Knapková M. , Záhorcová M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A one-and-a-half year experience with expanded newborn screening (ENBS) in Slovakia provided by means of tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is presented.

Method ENBS was realised from dry blood samples of the regular NBS in National Screening Centre SK. The LC-MS/MS software used allowed evaluating even 73 analytes in MRM mode after cut-of limits in 99 percentile of daily values. The regular ENBS was oriented to 10 inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), organic acids and carnitine defects (PKU/HPA, MSUD, GAI, IVA, MCAD, LCHAD, SCAD, CPT I, CPT II, CACT). Except these, many other variations of results were registered in perimeter of the method. They were individually evaluated until the confrmation or exclusion of the suspected diagnosis.

Results During the one-and-a-half years, 82 892 newborns were evaluated by ENBS and 34 positive cases of IMDs were detected and confrmed, which represents a screening prevalence of 1:2438 newborns. Out of these, 24 cases were from regular ENBS (PKU/HPA, MSUD, MCAD) with an incidence of 1:3 454, and 10 additional cases at the periphery of LC-MS/MS evaluation with a prevalence of 1:8 286.

Conclusion Preliminary experience and results with ENBS confrmed its high efectiveness not only in 10 IMDs included in regular ENBS, but also at perimeter of LC-MS/MS method, in which it is possible to detect additional IMDs not included in regular spectrum of ENBS. This group comprised 29% of all cases. In general, the prevalence is comparable with PKU and/or CAH.
The Evaluation of Soil Water Storage in A Small Catchment in 2009 And 2010
Authors: Jurík Ľuboš , Kaletová Tatiana 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The soil water storage in a soil profile was calculated from the measured values of volumetric soil water content by the Profile Probe PR2/6 (Delta-T Device Ltd.) in the Bocegaj catchment in the depth up to 1m. The monitored season in the year 2009 followed after a dry season, and in the year 2010, rainfalls were above the average values. The soil water storage was higher than the mean value of field capacity during the season with high precipitation events. With a decreased amount of rainfalls, rising air temperature and crops growing, the soil water storage was in recession. In the vertical direction, the volumetric soil moisture as well as soil water storage in every soil profile have their characteristic progresses.
Callus and Root-System Formation in Cherry Rootstock Gisela 5
Authors: Mezey Ján , Leško Ivan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In our trial we concentrated on propagation possibilities for the currently most used cherry-tree rootstock GiSelA 5 in intensive fruit orchards. We compared four sampling dates in which we evaluated the callus and the root system formation with and without the use of a growth stimulator. As a growth stimulator, the Stimulax I (0.06% indolyl-acetic acid, 0.06% alpha-naphtyl acid, 0.05% naphtyl-butyric acid) in powder form was used. We reached non-significant results in the variants with the use of the growth stimulator and in the variant without the growth stimulator in each sampling date. The best results in callus and root system formation were achieved on the last sampling date, which was October 23rd, 2012. Zero callus and root system formation was achieved on July 23rd and August 23rd, 2012. The minimum basal width of the cutting must be at least 3 mm.
Routing of Vegetable Production in the Nitra Region in 2002–2010
Authors: Valšíková Magdaléna , Ryban Rudolf , Srničková Katarína 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The paper deals with the evaluation of the development of cultivation area and production of vegetables in different districts of the Nitra region in the period of the years 2002-2010. The region of Nitra has excellent climatic conditions for the cultivation of agricultural crops, including vegetables. Among the most widely grown vegetables belong cabbage, carrots, parsley, onions, tomatoes, peppers, red watermelons, and sweet corn.
Schmallenberg Virus – A New Risk in Cattle Breeding in Europe
Authors: Cioch Barbara , Czerniawska-Piątkowska Ewa 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Since august 2011 europe has been facing a new virus which attacks the domestic and wild ruminants. The virus was named after the town where the first isolation had been made. The virus in question is transmitted by the biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and it can survive the winter in the bodies of those insects. it is also known that the virus does not endanger human health and it cannot be transferred directly from one animal to another because it is only carried by the vectors.
The Effect òf Inulin Extraction Method or Powder From Inulin-Producing Plants in Fattener Diets on Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
Authors: Sobolewska Sandra , Grela Eugeniusz R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Inulin or plant materials containing this polysaccharide are deemed interesting additives to feed mixtures for pigs. The experiment was conducted with 120 weaners, hybrids of (PLW × PL) × Duroc breeds with the initial body weight of 30.0±0.5 kg, which were divided into 5 feeding groups. Inulin was added to feed mixtures in the following forms: 2% inulin obtained from chicory roots with two extraction methods: water (group II) and water-alcohol (group III), and 4% powder from Jerusalem artichoke tubers (group IV) or from chicory roots (group V). Body weight of the animals and feed intake were controlled at two-week intervals, and carcasses were analysed postslaughter. Determinations were carried out for physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi muscle of fatteners. Additional measurements were made for pH value, electrical conductivity and colour (CIE L*a*b* system) of fresh and thermally-treated meat samples. The highest body weight gains were recorded in group IV (powder from Jerusalem artichoke tubers) and group II (water additive of inulin). Dietary inclusion of both types of powders contributed to decreased thickness of backfat. The study showed also the effect of adding inulin or inulin-producing materials on the quality of raw and cooked pork. Significant differences between the control and experimental groups were demonstrated for hardness, chewiness and gumminess of cooked meat. The highest colour saturation (L* and b*) and hue value were noted in raw loin of the fatteners administered feed mixtures with inulin from water-alcohol extraction. Inclusion of 2% inulin preparation with differing degrees of polymerization (water or water-alcohol extraction) or inulin-producing materials (topinambur or chicory powder) in fattener diets is likely to improve animal performance, but the application of Jerusalem artichoke appears to be more justified.
Growth Performance and Intestinal Microflora Population of Broilers Fed Aged Brown Rice
Authors: Shih Chia-Hung , Lee Tzu-Tai , Kuo Warren Hwa-Jen , Yu Bi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and intestinal microflora population of broilers fed diets with aged brown rice (ABR) that had been stored for 3 years. The ABR was the material chosen to analyse the grain quality, which included the physical properties as well as nutrient analysis to evaluate its applicability in broiler diet. The germination rate, pH value, whiteness value of grains and fatty acid content of aged rice are significantly reduced during storage (P<0.05), while the nutritional value and content of essential amino acids do not differ from those of fresh brown rice (P>0.05). A total of five hundred 1-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were evenly divided by gender and randomly allocated into 5 groups (with 4 replicates of 25 birds), including: 1) control (corn-soybean meal), 2) 25% of corn replaced with 25% of ABR (ABR 25), 3) 50% of corn replaced with 50% of ABR (ABR 50), 4) 75% of corn replaced with 75% of ABR (ABR 75), 5) 100% of ABR replaced with yellow corn (ABR 100), respectively, in order to evaluate growth performance as well as intestinal microflora population of broilers fed ABR. The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of the main nutrient requirements of broilers. The results indicated that the replacement of ABR for corn in feed had no significant impact on the growth traits of broilers (P>0.05). The pH value of ileal digesta decreased as the replacement of ABR increased at the age of 21 days (P<0.05). The volatile fatty acids of ileal digesta of the ABR 75 and ABR 100 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group at the age of 21 days (P<0.05), but not caecum. There was no difference with lactic acid bacteria and coliform counts in ileum and caecum, respectively, of broilers among the groups during the entire feeding period (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study found that ABR may replace 100% of yellow corn and did not influence growth performance of broilers, thus providing an alternative for the use of stored rice in broiler diets.
Water Management in the Klodnica Catchment in 2000-2010
Authors: Drąg Magdalena 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The article takes up an attempt to present the changes that has occurred in the water management at the beginning of the 21st century in the area of Silesian Voivoideship. Communes situated within the boundaries of Klodnica catchment, closed by the section of Gliwice, were analysed as an example of water management in the area which undergoes a strong anthropopression. Klodnica catchment is an area where all the elements of the geographical environment were transformed, but it was the water environment that was changed most visibly. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were a lot of changes conducted in Poland, not only political, but also in the economic and legal sectors. Owing to these factors, the following changes appeared: water consumption, the structure of distribution of water among different branches of economy and the water and sewage system infrastructure. The effect of these changes is the decrease in water consumption and sewage discharge as well as upgrading the technologies of its treatment (Absalon 2007).
Land Surface Temperature in Łódź Obtained from Landsat 5TM
Authors: Jędruszkiewicz Joanna , Zieliński Mariusz 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to present the spatial differentiation of Land Surface Temperature LST in Łódź based on Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (L5TM) images. Analysis was performed for all L5TM images from 2011, with clear sky over Łódź. Land surface temperature (LST) play an important role in determination of weather conditions in boundary layer of atmosphere, especially connected with convection. Environmental satellites from Landsat series delivers the high resolution images of Earth’s surface and according to the estimations made on the ground of it are precise. LST depends widely on surface emissivity. In this paper the emissivity was estimated from MODIS sensor as well as NDVI index, then both method were compared. The processed images allowed to determine the warmest and the coldest areas in the administrative boundaries of Łódź. The highest LST values has been found in industrial areas and the in the heart of the city. However, there are some places lying in city outskirts, where the LST values are as high, for instance Lodz Airport. On the contrary the lowest LST values occur mostly in terrains covered with vegetation i.e. forests or city parks.
Bulk Geochemical Data of Fossil Wood from the Middle Jurassic Clays of Poland
Authors: Smolarek Justyna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Macroscopic observations, microscopic studies and literature data revealed that Middle Jurassic wood from Częstochowa area has a different state of preservation, and various types and degrees of mineralization and oxidation. Obtained results of organic matter fractionation illustrate a clear domination of polar fraction in the obtained extracts revealing low thermal maturity stage. Total organic carbon (TOC) values for analysed samples are in a wide range from 1.06% to 68.50%. The highest amount of TOC were measured in not or poorly mineralized wood samples but most of them are mineralized wood fragments, showing the TOC values in the range of 2% - 10%. Percentage content of carbonate in fossil wood constitute in a wide range from less than 1% CaCO3 to above 85% CaCO3. The resulting percentage of the total sulfur content is very varied and do not show convergence with other data such as TOC, carbonate content, etc and is most probable connected with pyritisation range. Unlike the Middle Jurassic clay samples, where long-chain and short-chain n-alkanes occur in similar concentrations, in wood samples always short-chain n-alkanes dominated, in the range from 15 to 23 carbon atoms in molecule. The values of the CPI are generally higher than 1 which indicates the contribution of organic matter derived from higher plant waxes, which are characteristic of e.g. needles from gymnosperm plants. Under the influence of post - diagenetic oxidation in mineralized wood samples distribution of n-alkanes is changing. Diaster-13(17)-enes with 28 and 29 carbon atoms in molecule are present in the wood samples, while those with 29 atoms strongly prevail.
Genetic relationships between skarn ore deposits and magmatic activity in the Ahar region, Western Alborz, NW Iran
Authors: Mollai Habib , Pe-Piper Georgia , Dabiri Rahim 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Paleocene to Oligocene tectonic processes in northwest Iran resulted in extensive I-type calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatic activity in the Ahar region. Numerous skarn deposits formed in the contact between Upper Cretaceous impure carbonate rocks and Oligocene-Miocene plutonic rocks. This study presents new field observations of skarns in the western Alborz range and is based on geochemistry of igneous rocks, mineralogy of the important skarn deposits, and electron microprobe analyses of skarn minerals. These data are used to interpret the metasomatism during sequential skarn formation and the geotectonic setting of the skarn ore deposit related igneous rocks. The skarns were classified into exoskarn, endoskarn and ore skarn. Andraditic garnet is the main skarn mineral; the pyroxene belongs to the diopside-hedenbergite series. The skarnification started with pluton emplacement and metamorphism of carbonate rocks followed by prograde metasomatism and the formation of anhydrous minerals like garnet and pyroxene. The next stage resulted in retro gradation of anhydrous minerals along with the formation of oxide minerals (magnetite and hematite) followed by the formation of hydrosilicate minerals like epidote, actinolite, chlorite, quartz, sericite and sulfide mineralization. In addition to Fe, Si and Mg, substantial amounts of Cu, along with volatile components such as H2S and CO2 were added to the skarn system. Skarn mineralogy and geochemistry of the igneous rocks indicate an island arc or subduction-related origin of the Fe-Cu skarn deposit.