bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative structural characterization and thermal properties of birch lignins after auto‐catalyzed organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Wen Jia‐Long , Xue Bai‐Liang , Sun Shao‐Long , Sun Run‐Cang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo achieve the goals of economically feasible auto‐catalyzed organosolv pretreatments in bioethanol production, chemical conversion of the isolated lignin is needed. However, the structures and properties of lignin molecules produced after pretreatment have not been thoroughly investigated before its effective utilization.RESULTSThe study focused on the auto‐catalyzed ethanol–water pretreatment of southwest birch, with the aim to clarify the structural transformations of birch lignin after pretreatment. Chemical structural elucidation of the isolated lignins was performed using multiple NMR methodologies (31P‐, 13C‐ and 2D‐HSQC NMR techniques). Results showed that the amount of β‐O‐4 linkages decreased in the order of AEOL (auto‐catalyzed ethanol organosolv lignin) < EHLP (enzymatic hydrolysis lignin, pretreated) < EHLU (unpretreated). The homolytic cleavage of β‐O‐4 linkages resulted in an increase of free phenolic hydroxyl groups and carboxylic acids in AEOL and EHLP compared with that of EHLU. In addition, α‐ethoxylation was the only modification in the auto‐catalyzed ethanol organosolv pretreatment (AEOP). Moreover, the thermal stability of the lignin samples is related to its inherent and condensed structures.CONCLUSIONSThese findings would facilitate the further utilization of lignin as starting material for developing value‐added products in chemical and catalytic process. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnostic criterion to distinguish between incomplete and complete discoid lateral meniscus on MRI
Authors: Choi Sang‐Hee , Shin Kyung Eun , Chang Moon Jong , Woo Sook Young , Lee Sang Hak 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo determine a new cutoff value that can further distinguish between the incomplete and complete discoid lateral meniscus (DLM).Materials and MethodsTwenty‐one cases of incomplete DLM and 42 cases of complete DLM without tear were included. In all, 105 patients with normal lateral menisci were included as a control group. We measured the ratio of the shortest width of the lateral meniscus to the longest width of the tibia (ratio 1) and the ratio of the shortest width of the medial meniscus to the shortest width of the lateral meniscus (ratio 2).ResultsBy applying a cutoff value of ratio 1 as 0.32 between two incomplete and complete DLM groups, the proportion of the complete and incomplete DLM diagnosed cases among the true cases were 84% and 94%, respectively. By applying a cutoff value of ratio 2 as 0.40 between two incomplete and complete DLM groups, the proportion of the complete and incomplete DLM diagnosed cases among the true cases were 84% and 75%, respectively.ConclusionA cutoff value of 0.32 using the ratio of the shortest width of the lateral meniscus and the longest width of the tibia are probably useful to help distinguish between complete DLM and incomplete DLM. Additionally, the new ratio using the width of the medial meniscus is also useful to improve distinguishing between the types of DLM. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:417–421. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined parallel and partial fourier MR reconstruction for accelerated 8‐channel hyperpolarized carbon‐13 in vivo magnetic resonance Spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)
Authors: Ohliger Michael A. , Larson Peder E.Z. , Bok Robert A. , Shin Peter , Hu Simon , Tropp James , Robb Fraser , Carvajal Lucas , Nelson Sarah J. , Kurhanewicz John , Vigneron Daniel B. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose:To implement and evaluate combined parallel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and partial Fourier acquisition and reconstruction for rapid hyperpolarized carbon‐13 (13C) spectroscopic imaging. Short acquisition times mitigate hyperpolarized signal losses that occur due to T1 decay, metabolism, and radiofrequency (RF) saturation. Human applications additionally require rapid imaging to permit breath‐holding and to minimize the effects of physiologic motion.Materials and Methods:Numerical simulations were employed to validate and characterize the reconstruction. In vivo MR spectroscopic images were obtained from a rat following injection of hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate using an 8‐channel array of carbon‐tuned receive elements.Results:For small spectroscopic matrix sizes, combined parallel imaging and partial Fourier undersampling resulted primarily in decreased spatial resolution, with relatively less visible spatial aliasing. Parallel reconstruction qualitatively restored lost image detail, although some pixel spectra had persistent numerical error. With this technique, a 30 × 10 × 16 matrix of 4800 3D MR spectroscopy imaging voxels from a whole rat with isotropic 8 mm3 resolution was acquired within 11 seconds.Conclusion:Parallel MRI and partial Fourier acquisitions can provide the shorter imaging times and wider spatial coverage that will be necessary as hyperpolarized 13C techniques move toward human clinical applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:701–713. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive visualization of endoleaks after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair through unenhanced MRI with motion‐sensitized driven equilibrium preparation: Phantom experiments
Authors: Saida Tsukasa , Mori Kensaku , Yabe Hitoshi , Shindo Masashi , Nasu Katsuhiro , Shiigai Masanari , Takahashi Hideto , Minami Manabu 
Published: January 2013

Purpose:To optimize imaging parameters for balanced turbo field echo (BTFE) sequence combined with motion‐sensitized driven equilibrium (MSDE) preparation for endoleak detection and type classification in phantom experiments.Materials and Methods:We prepared four phantoms: a pulsatile flow generator with an aortic aneurysm model simulating no endoleak, and a type‐1, type‐2, and type‐3 endoleak. Throughout the experiments, MSDE‐BTFE images with and without flow suppression were obtained at 1.5 T and subtraction images were used for image evaluation. The no‐endoleak phantom was imaged using different MSDE‐BTFE sequences to optimize the k‐space trajectory and evaluate the use of electrocardiogram gating. The relative contrast between flowing saline and background was calculated. Then all phantoms were imaged to determine the optimal velocity encoding (VENC) for endoleak detection and type classification. Three independent observers performed the image evaluation. Consistencies between the interpreted and true results were analyzed using kappa statistics.Results:The 3D low‐high k‐space trajectory with electrocardiogram gating provided the highest relative contrast. Low VENCs of 2–10 cm/s and high VENCs of 20 cm/s showed perfect consistency in endoleaks detection and type classification, respectively.Conclusion:MSDE‐BTFE sequences of appropriate VENCs has potential for endoleak detection and type classification, without contrast material. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:714–721. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fast protocol for infarct quantification in mice
Authors: Buonincontri Guido , Methner Carmen , Krieg Thomas , Carpenter T. Adrian , Sawiak Stephen J. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo demonstrate and validate a late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging protocol, optimized for tissue viability assessment in interventional mouse models of myocardial infarction.Materials and MethodsThe method uses an efficient sampling scheme using multiple slices in a single heartbeat interleaving slice packages between alternate TRs. Sampling multiple slices instead of multiple echoes or multiple k‐lines achieves higher SNR efficiency, and images covering the whole heart can be obtained in 3 min. Saturation effects are exploited for an optimum compromise between contrast and speed.ResultsThe images obtained show high hyperenhancement with good contrast‐to‐noise. It is shown that inversion time optimization can be reliably omitted with this scheme, and that measured infarct sizes correlate well with histological measures.ConclusionOur protocol offers a new efficient tool for the measurement of infarct size in mouse models of heart disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:468–473. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extraction of recoverable and permanent trapped charge resulting from negative bias temperature instability
Authors: Nguyen D. D. , Kouhestani C. , Kambour K. E. , Hjalmarson H. P. , Devine R. A. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe have studied defect charging and discharging resulting from negative bias temperature instability in nitrided SiO2 gate insulator field effect transistors. Using pseudo‐DC and pulsed stressing methods, we are able to extract at least three individual components associated with a) interface states at the semiconductor/insulator boundary, b) dynamically recoverable positive charging in the “bulk” of the insulator, and c) positive charge in the insulator which can be “eliminated” by application of a positive electric field across the insulator. It is argued that the charge variation in c) in fact arises via a charge neutralization process involving electron capture at switching traps and that this process can be simply reversed using a small negative field. The important role played by neutral oxygen vacancies (O3≡Si‐Si≡O3) and/or their variants involving partial N substitutions is emphasized. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling rare‐earth doped BaMgF4: a potential laser material
Authors: Littleford Thomas E. , Jackson Robert A. , Read Mark S. D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSolid‐state optical materials are a continuing field of study that has many important applications including lasers. BaMgF4 is one material has been studied in detail however, no studies into the surface properties or crystal morphology have been carried out. This paper summarizes the key findings of a bulk study into the material and extends it to consider the morphology of BaMgF4 before looking at the segregation of rare earth dopants defect clusters to the low index surfaces. It is shown that there is strong segregation to all of the three morphology‐dominating surfaces. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conjugate gradients versus multigrid solvers for diffusion‐based correlation models in data assimilation
Authors: Gratton S. , Toint P. L. , Tshimanga J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical and experimental comparison between conjugate gradients and multigrid, two iterative schemes for solving linear systems, in the context of applying diffusion‐based correlation models in data assimilation. In this context, a large number of such systems has to be (approximately) solved if the implicit mode is chosen for integrating the involved diffusion equation over pseudo‐time, thereby making their efficient handling crucial for practical performance. It is shown that the multigrid approach has a significant advantage, especially for larger correlation lengths and/or large problem sizes.
The European Union: the polycentric climate policy leader?
Authors: Rayner Tim , Jordan Andrew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe European Union's (EU) claims to be a leader in international climate policy are well known. Since the early 1990s, a rich and vibrant academic literature has analyzed the internal sources and international consequences of its leadership aspirations, especially in relation to the challenges of mitigation. More recently, attention has turned to adaptation policy. The literature highlights how policy actors have successfully exploited many of the opportunities afforded by the EU's ‘polycentric’ form, while minimizing its downsides, but that acute challenges lie ahead, particularly if a strong global‐level framework remains elusive. It has continually underlined the fact that the EU's climate policy activities have enormous relevance well beyond European borders. Both in terms of its role as a driver of international policy and a source of transferable policy lessons on how to govern in ‘polycentric’ settings, appreciating the EU's experience is vital for those seeking to understand the governance of climate change, both within and between states. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:75–90. doi: 10.1002/wcc.205This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Temperature Dependent Jahn‐Teller Distortion in the Prussian Blue Analogue Cu0.47Ni0.48Mn0.55[Fe(CN)6]·7.8H2O
Authors: Liu Min , Zhou Jian , Xu Ming‐Xiang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Jahn‐Teller distortion properties of Cu0.47Ni0.48Mn0.55[Fe(CN)6]·7.8H2O were studied by powder X‐ray diffraction measurements in the temperature region from 80 to 298 K. In the cooling process, a new peak labeled “a” near the (220) peak appears at 110 K. Conversely, as the sample is warmed to 200 K, this peak disappears. The new peak “a” is attributed to a slight elongation by Jahn‐Teller distorted Cu2+ ions. The structural distortion is relatively little, and thus, the compound undergoes no formal phase change occurs with the temperature varied. Temperature dependent Jahn‐Teller distortion was directly observed in the multi‐metal prussian blue analogue Cu0.47Ni0.48Mn0.55[Fe(CN)6]·7.8H2O.
Suspensions of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Wang Ziheng , Lam Albert , Acosta Edgar 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo common anionic surfactants, sodium oleate (SO) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were used to re‐suspend iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. At certain SO concentrations, the SO formulations produced highly stable suspensions. In contrast, SDBS‐stabilized nanoparticles exhibited poor stability at all concentrations. The adsorption isotherm of SO on iron oxide nanoparticles revealed that stable suspensions were obtained when the equilibrium SO concentration (after adsorption) reached its critical micelle concentration (CMC). At this “optimal” condition, the maximum SO adsorption was reached, and the zeta‐potential of the particles was highly negative (∼ −50 mV). According to the SO isotherm, this optimal formulation coincided with the formation of a highly compact SO bilayer. The SDBS isotherm, on the other hand, revealed that SDBS is not strongly adsorbed on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles and that is likely that a patchy, loosely packed bilayer, is formed on the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticles when the equilibrium SDBS concentration reaches its CMC. The DLVO theory confirmed the connection between formulation conditions and the corresponding stability. This works confirmed that the formation of a surfactant bilayer is an important element in producing stable nanoparticle suspensions with anionic surfactants. It was also confirmed that for anionic surfactants, electrostatic repulsions are an important factor in establishing an energy barrier against flocculation. This work also introduced two more elements into the design of nanoparticle suspensions. The first element is that, in order to ensure the best possible dispersion, the surfactant concentration in solution at equilibrium with the adsorbed surfactant should be close or slightly above its CMC. The second element is that the molecular structure of the surfactant should facilitate the formation of closely packed bilayers.
Alcohols Effect on Critic Micelle Concentration of Polysorbate 20 and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromine Mixed Solutions
Authors: Sidim Taliha , Acar Gökhan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this research, the micellar behavior of a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and an nonionic surfactant, polysorbate 20 (Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate) in different alcohol solutions media was investigated over the temperature range 293.15–313.15 K. The interaction between two surfactants in binary systems can be determined by calculating the values of their β parameters. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the micelles were determined from the surface tension, the conductivity at different temperatures. The CMC behavior of CTAB and polysorbate 20 was analyzed in terms of the effect of temperature and the increase in the alcohol carbon chain. Changes in the critical micelle concentration of mixed surfactant systems of different alcohol solutions were measured. The CMC decreased sharply as the hydrocarbon chain length of the alcohols becomes larger. This shows that the more hydrophobic alcohols are, the more marked a decrease in CMC is observed.
Homeopathic treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a case series
Authors: Colas Aurélie , Terzan Laurence , Bordet Marie-France , Danno Karine 
Published: January 2013

Objective: Observational, prospective study to describe the homeopathic management of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by a group of French physicians.Method: Women with PMS for >3 months were prescribed individualized homeopathic treatment. The intensity of 10 clinical symptoms of PMS was scored individually at inclusion and at a 3–6 month follow-up visit: absent = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, severe = 3. Total symptom score (range: 0–30) was calculated and compared for each patient at inclusion and at follow-up. PMS impact on daily activities (quality of life, QoL) was compared at inclusion and follow-up as: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe.Results: Twenty-three women were prescribed homeopathic treatment only (mean age: 39.7 years). Folliculinum (87%) was the most frequently prescribed homeopathic medicine followed by Lachesis mutus (52.2%). The most common PMS symptoms (moderate or severe) at inclusion were: irritability, aggression and tension (87%), mastodynia (78.2%) and weight gain and abdominal bloating (73.9%); and the most common symptoms at follow-up were: irritability, aggression and tension (39.1%), weight gain and abdominal bloating (26.1%) and mastodynia (17.4%). Mean global score for symptom intensity was 13.7 at inclusion and 6.3 at follow-up. The mean decrease in score (7.4) was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Twenty-one women reported that their QoL also improved significantly (91.3%; p < 0.0001).Conclusions: Homeopathic treatment was well tolerated and seemed to have a positive impact on PMS symptoms. Folliculinum was the most frequent homeopathic medicine prescribed. There appears to be scope for a properly designed, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of individual homeopathic medicines in PMS.
Development of a food compositional database for the estimation of dietary intake of phyto-oestrogens in a group of postmenopausal women previously treated for breast cancer and validation with urinary excretion
Authors: Clarke Don B. , Lloyd Antony S. , Lawrence Judy M. , Brown Jonathan E. , Storey Lesley , Raats Monique , Rainsbury Richard M. , Culliford D. J. , Bailey-Horne Victoria A. , Parry Barbara M. 
Published: January 2013

The scientific literature contains evidence suggesting that women who have been treated for breast cancer may, as a result of their diagnosis, increase their phyto-oestrogen (PE) intake. In the present paper, we describe the creation of a dietary analysis database (based on Dietplan6) for the determination of dietary intakes of specific PE (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, coumestrol, matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol), in a group of women previously diagnosed and treated for postmenopausal breast cancer. The design of the database, data evaluation criteria, literature data entry for 551 foods and primary analysis by LC–MS/MS of an additional thirty-four foods for which there were no published data are described. The dietary intake of 316 women previously treated for postmenopausal breast cancer informed the identification of potential food and beverage sources of PE and the bespoke dietary analysis database was created to, ultimately, quantify their PE intake. In order that PE exposure could be comprehensively described, fifty-four of the 316 subjects completed a 24 h urine collection, and their urinary excretion results allowed for the description of exposure to include those identified as ‘equol producers’.
Acting with One Voice: Producing Unanimism in Algerian Reformist Theater
Authors: Goodman Jane E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractScholars of democracy from Tocqueville to Habermas have long considered the proliferation of so-called voluntary associations as a sign of a flourishing civil society and as central to the rise of democratic modernity. I contend that the Algerian theatrical and musical associations of the reformist period anticipate another kind of civic history: a history of displays of unanimism in public life. I am interested in how and why Algerians learned to produce public displays of agreement for particular audiences (including themselves) at particular historical moments. I emphasize three factors that contributed to the production of unanimity: the achievement oftawḥīdor unity in the Islamic reform movement, vernacular practices of consensus-based argumentation, and French colonial legal and surveillance mechanisms. The essay engages theories of civil society, colonialism, and performance. It draws primarily on material from the French colonial archives for the city of Constantine, Algeria.
“History is stubborn”: Talk about Truth, Justice, and National Reconciliation in the Republic of Guinea
Authors: Arieff Alexis , McGovern Mike 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article uses an analysis of discussions of the November 1970 Portuguese attack on Guinea as a window into issues that continue to be raised concerning the country's first post-independence regime (1958–1984). We analyze ongoing debates among Guineans regarding the legacy of the former president, Sékou Touré, and whether or not there is a need for truth-telling and/or justice for abuses committed under his rule. One strand of this discussion focuses on legitimate political tactics and another on the politics of ethnicity in contemporary Guinea. The frequent assertion by Guinean interlocutors that “history is stubborn” points to both the perceived power of truth-telling and the ethno-political stakes with which these debates have become imbued. Debates among Guineans often focus on the uses and abuses of “truth and reconciliation” testimony, which for some Guineans is essential to breaking past cycles of violent state repression and for others is a kind of Pandora's box that could fuel not reconciliation but retribution. We show that Guineans are also engaged in a third order of analysis, of the status of “imported” notions of justice, agency, and culpability in an African setting.
An Irenic Idea about Metaphor
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDonald Davidson notoriously rejected ‘metaphorical meaning’ and denied the existence of linguistic mechanisms by which metaphorical significance is conveyed. He contended that the meanings metaphorical sentences have are just their literal meanings, though metaphorical utterances may brute-causally have important cognitive effects. Contrastingly, John Searle offers a Gricean account of metaphor as an elaborated kind of implicature, and defends metaphorical meaning as speaker-meaning. Each of those positions is subject to very telling objections from the other's point of view. This paper proposes a synthesis that combines the respective virtues of Davidson's and Searle's accounts and avoids all the objections to each.
Communicating in 140 Characters or Less: Congressional Adoption of Twitter in the 111th Congress
Authors: Straus Jacob R. , Glassman Matthew Eric , Shogan Colleen J. , Smelcer Susan Navarro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecently, new electronic technologies have supplemented older mechanisms of communication between members of Congress and their constituents. These technologies have enhanced members' options for communication, both with constituents and other interested parties. This research examines member use of one specific electronic communication medium: Twitter. Using original data to examine patterns of use, two models predict the probability of a member adopting Twitter based on political, personal, and district-level variables.