bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forced migration in the United Kingdom: women's journeys to escape domestic violence
Authors: Bowstead Janet Christine 
Published: June 2015

This paper examines a process of forced migration within the United Kingdom: that of women (often with children) escaping violence within relationships. Studies of internal migration in the UK have rarely examined forced migration or emphasised gendered processes, and studies of migration and relationship breakdown have under‐recognised abuse in forcing migration decisions. This study used administrative, survey and interview data to identify and explore processes at a range of scales, from individual to national. The empirical analysis reveals that there are high rates of forced residential mobility within many local authorities as well as migration across local authority boundaries, with over 18 000 journeys a year by women to access formal services in England. The migration is distinctive from other internal migration in the UK because of its gendered and forced nature: women are relocating to escape violence and had not otherwise intended to migrate. Journeys are therefore typically focused on trying to minimise disruption either by staying as local as they can, but avoiding friends, family and known locations, or by travelling to a similar type of place to the one left. The primary concern is safety, and journeys are often complex and segmented into multiple stages over time and space. However, despite such disruption at the individual scale, the journeys do not aggregate into net migration flows at the local or national scale and the overall process is one of spatial churn. The multi‐scale analysis of this research reveals the turbulence beneath the surface, and highlights a forced migration process which had previously remained invisible to studies of internal migration in the UK.
Retrospective evaluation of prognostic indicators in dogs with head trauma: 72 cases (January–March 2011)
Authors: Sharma Diya , Holowaychuk Marie K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prognostic value of clinical and laboratory variables and scoring systems in dogs with head trauma.DesignRetrospective study (January–March, 2011).SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventy‐two client‐owned dogs with a history of head trauma occurring ≤5 days prior to hospital admission. Dogs were excluded if they had an unconfirmed history of trauma, preexisting neurologic disease, or insufficient data available in the medical record.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsData from hospital admission were collected, including vital signs; blood pressure; pulse oximetry; venous blood gases and electrolyte concentrations; plasma lactate and blood glucose concentrations; PCV; total plasma protein concentration; activated clotting time; WBC count; and serum albumin, creatinine, total bilirubin, and BUN concentrations. Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS), mentation, and animal trauma triage (ATT) scores were also calculated. Treatment with mannitol, hypertonic saline (HS), corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, or phenobarbital, and requirement for endotracheal intubation were also recorded. Outcome was classified as survival or nonsurvival to hospital discharge. Decreased pulse oximetry, pH, bicarbonate concentration, or base excess, and increased potassium concentration, lactate concentration, BUN concentration, ATT score, or mentation score were risk factors for nonsurvival. Decreased MGCS score was the strongest predictor of nonsurvival; a score ≤ 11 was 84% sensitive and 73% specific for predicting nonsurvival. Dogs were more likely to die before discharge if they required HS or endotracheal intubation.ConclusionsDogs that did not survive following head trauma were more likely to have poor perfusion, severe concurrent injuries reflected by increased ATT scores, severe traumatic brain injury as evidenced by decreased MGCS or increased mentation scores, or requirement for HS administration or endotracheal intubation.
Effects of dipyrone, meloxicam, or the combination on hemostasis in conscious dogs
Authors: Zanuzzo Felipe S. , Teixeira‐Neto Francisco J. , Thomazini Camila M. , Takahira Regina K. , Conner Bobbi , Diniz Miriely S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effects of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the combination of these drugs on hemostasis in dogs.DesignProspective, blinded, randomized crossover study.SettingResearch laboratory at a veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsSix adult dogs.InterventionsAnimals received 4 intravenous treatments with 15‐day washout intervals: control (physiological saline, 0.1 mL/kg), meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg), dipyrone (25 mg/kg), and dipyrone‐meloxicam (25 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). A jugular catheter was placed for drug injection and for collecting samples for whole blood platelet aggregation (WBPA) and thromboelastometry assays at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 hours after treatment administration. The percent change from baseline of lag time and of the area under the curve (AUC) of impedance changes in response to collagen‐induced platelet activation were recorded during WBPA. Thromboelastometry‐derived parameters included clotting time, clot formation time, alpha‐angle, and maximum clot firmness. The buccal mucosal bleeding time was evaluated by a blinded observer at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 hours after treatment injection.Measurements and Main ResultsNo significant changes in WBPA and thromboelastometry were recorded in the control treatment. Dipyrone significantly (P< 0.05) increased the lag time for 2 hours and decreased the AUC for 3 hours after injection. Meloxicam did not alter WBPA. Dipyrone‐meloxicam significantly increased lag time for 2 hours and decreased the AUC for 5 hours after treatment injection. Experimental treatments did not differ from the control treatment for thromboelastometry and buccal mucosal bleeding time.ConclusionsWhile meloxicam does not alter hemostasis by the methods evaluated, dipyrone inhibits platelet aggregation for up to 3 hours. Meloxicam‐dipyrone combination causes more prolonged inhibition of platelet function than dipyrone alone. Decreased platelet aggregation induced by dipyrone and dipyrone‐meloxicam does not appear to impact the viscoelastic properties of the blood clot nor increase the risk of bleeding in dogs without preexisting hemostatic disorders.
Prospective evaluation of the incidence of wound infection in rattlesnake envenomation in dogs
Authors: Carr Amy , Schultz Jennifer 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of wound infection following crotalidae envenomation in dogs and determine if the use of prophylactic antibiotics is warranted.DesignProspective observational study.SettingA 24‐hour private practice specialty and emergency center in Murrieta, California.AnimalsOne hundred and two dogs with acute rattlesnake envenomation.InterventionsOne hundred and forty‐three consecutive cases of suspected acute rattlesnake envenomation were evaluated between March of 2012 and May of 2013. One hundred and two cases received no antimicrobials as part of management. Eight cases were placed on prophylactic antimicrobials by the primary care veterinarian prior to referral and were excluded. Two cases were excluded because they were initiated on antimicrobials during hospitalization for reasons unrelated to snakebite. Three cases involved cats and were excluded. Three patients died acutely near the time of presentation and were excluded. Twenty‐one cases of suspected envenomation were excluded for lack of strong evidence of snakebite. Four cases were lost to follow‐up and were excluded. Follow‐up was conducted within 2 weeks either by phone or by direct inspection of the wound.ResultsOf the 102 patients included in the study only 1 infection developed. This patient developed an abscess subsequent to suspected compartment syndrome.ConclusionThe incidence of wound infection in rattlesnake envenomation is low, and the use of prophylactic antimicrobials is not recommended. The use of antimicrobials should be reserved for wounds with necrosis or abscess and the choice of antimicrobial should be based on a culture and sensitivity of the wound.
Wound healing and all‐cause mortality in 958 wound patients treated in home care
Authors: Zarchi Kian , Martinussen Torben , Jemec Gregor B.E. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTSkin wounds are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Data are, however, not readily available for benchmarking, to allow prognostic evaluation, and to suggest when involvement of wound‐healing experts is indicated. We, therefore, conducted an observational cohort study to investigate wound healing and all‐cause mortality associated with different types of skin wounds. Consecutive skin wound patients who received wound care by home‐care nurses from January 2010 to December 2011 in a district in Eastern Denmark were included in this study. Patients were followed until wound healing, death, or the end of follow‐up on December 2012. In total, 958 consecutive patients received wound care by home‐care nurses, corresponding to a 1‐year prevalence of 1.2% of the total population in the district. During the study, wound healing was achieved in 511 (53.3%), whereas 90 (9.4%) died. During the first 3 weeks of therapy, healing was most likely to occur in surgical wounds (surgical vs. other wounds: adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.50–3.23), while from 3 weeks to 3 months of therapy, cancer wounds, and pressure ulcers were least likely to heal (cancer vs. other wounds: AHR 0.12, 0.03–0.50; pressure vs. other wounds: AHR 0.44, 0.27–0.74). Cancer wounds and pressure ulcers were further associated with a three times increased probability of mortality compared with other wounds (cancer vs. other wounds: AHR 3.19, 1.35–7.50; pressure vs. other wounds: AHR 2.91, 1.56–5.42). In summary, the wound type was found to be a significant predictor of healing and mortality with cancer wounds and pressure ulcers being associated with poor prognosis.
Hypoxia, AMPK activation and uterine artery vasoreactivity
Authors: Skeffington K. L. , Higgins J. S. , Mahmoud A. D. , Evans A. M. , Sferruzzi‐Perri A. N. , Fowden A. L. , Yung H. W. , Burton G. J. , Giussani D. A. , Moore L. G. 
Published: June 2015

Key points
Uterine artery vasodilatation is a key mechanism for increasing utero‐placental blood flow and fetal nutrient supply.
Since the pioneering work of Joseph Barcroft, the natural laboratory of high altitude has been used to study the mechanisms regulating uterine artery blood supply and fetal growth.
Genes near the metabolic sensor adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been implicated in genetic protection from high altitude‐associated fetal growth restriction.
We show that AMPK is present in utero‐placental tissues and has vasodilator effects in murine uterine arteries, and that exposure to chronic hypoxia sufficient to decrease fetal growth increases the vasodilator actions of AMPK in opposing phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction.
These results point to AMPK as being a key link between maternal vascular responses to pregnancy and fetal growth. Manipulation of AMPK may be a novel mechanism for developing new therapies in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypoxia.
AbstractGenes near adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase‐α1 (PRKAA1) have been implicated in the greater uterine artery (UtA) blood flow and relative protection from fetal growth restriction seen in altitude‐adapted Andean populations. Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation vasodilates multiple vessels but whether AMPK is present in UtA or placental tissue and influences UtA vasoreactivity during normal or hypoxic pregnancy remains unknown. We studied isolated UtA and placenta from near‐term C57BL/6J mice housed in normoxia (n = 8) or hypoxia (10% oxygen, n = 7–9) from day 14 to day 19, and placentas from non‐labouring sea level (n = 3) or 3100 m (n = 3) women. Hypoxia increased AMPK immunostaining in near‐term murine UtA and placental tissue. RT‐PCR products for AMPK‐α1 and ‐α2 isoforms and liver kinase B1 (LKB1; the upstream kinase activating AMPK) were present in murine and human placenta, and hypoxia increased LKB1 and AMPK‐α1 and ‐α2 expression in the high‐ compared with low‐altitude human placentas. Pharmacological AMPK activation by A769662 caused phenylephrine pre‐constricted UtA from normoxic or hypoxic pregnant mice to dilate and this dilatation was partially reversed by the NOS inhibitor l‐NAME. Hypoxic pregnancy sufficient to restrict fetal growth markedly augmented the UtA vasodilator effect of AMPK activation in opposition to PE constriction as the result of both NO‐dependent and NO‐independent mechanisms. We conclude that AMPK is activated during hypoxic pregnancy and that AMPK activation vasodilates the UtA, especially in hypoxic pregnancy. AMPK activation may be playing an adaptive role by limiting cellular energy depletion and helping to maintain utero‐placental blood flow in hypoxic pregnancy.
Genomic determinants of coral heat tolerance across latitudes
Authors: Dixon Groves B. , Davies Sarah W. , Aglyamova Galina V. , Meyer Eli , Bay Line K. , Matz Mikhail V. 
Published: June 2015

Some like it hotCoral reefs are threatened by increasing temperatures. Acute temperature increases stress and damage corals. However, more gradual temperature changes can result in adaptation and subsequent tolerance for higher temperatures. Dixonet al.show that the heat tolerance that currently exists across coral populations from different latitudes can be inherited. Thus, natural variation in temperature tolerance may facilitate rapid adaptation among corals as our climate warms.Science, this issue p.1460
BMP gradients: A paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning
Authors: Bier Ethan , De Robertis Edward M. 
Published: June 2015

BMP mophogens direct growth and fate
As shown in classic fate-mapping studies, tissues and organs arise from specific regions of the embryo. Work over the past few decades has identified molecular players directing this choreographed development. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists establish domains in developing embryos. Bier and De Robertis review historical events for key discoveries in this area. They go on to lay out the current understanding of how diffusible morphogens form gradients to subdivide germ layers into distinct territories and organize body axes, regulate growth, and maintain stem cell niches.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.aaa5838
International Laboratory Comparison of Influenza Microneutralization Assays for A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and A(H5N1) Influenza Viruses by CONSISE
Authors: Laurie Karen L. , Engelhardt Othmar G. , Wood John , Heath Alan , Katz Jacqueline M. , Peiris Malik , Hoschler Katja , Hungnes Olav , Zhang Wenqing , Van Kerkhove Maria D. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
The microneutralization assay is commonly used to detect antibodies to influenza virus, and multiple protocols are used worldwide. These protocols differ in the incubation time of the assay as well as in the order of specific steps, and even within protocols there are often further adjustments in individual laboratories. The impact these protocol variations have on influenza serology data is unclear. Thus, a laboratory comparison of the 2-day enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 3-day hemagglutination (HA) microneutralization (MN) protocols, using A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and A(H5N1) viruses, was performed by the CONSISE Laboratory Working Group. Individual laboratories performed both assay protocols, on multiple occasions, using different serum panels. Thirteen laboratories from around the world participated. Within each laboratory, serum sample titers for the different assay protocols were compared between assays to determine the sensitivity of each assay and were compared between replicates to assess the reproducibility of each protocol for each laboratory. There was good correlation of the results obtained using the two assay protocols in most laboratories, indicating that these assays may be interchangeable for detecting antibodies to the influenza A viruses included in this study. Importantly, participating laboratories have aligned their methodologies to the CONSISE consensus 2-day ELISA and 3-day HA MN assay protocols to enable better correlation of these assays in the future.
Protective Immunity and Reduced Renal Colonization Induced by Vaccines Containing Recombinant Leptospira interrogans Outer Membrane Proteins and Flagellin Adjuvant
Authors: Monaris D. , Sbrogio-Almeida M. E. , Dib C. C. , Canhamero T. A. , Souza G. O. , Vasconcellos S. A. , Ferreira L. C. S. , Abreu P. A. E. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by different
Leptospira
species, such as
Leptospira interrogans
, that colonize the renal tubules of wild and domestic animals. Thus far, attempts to develop effective leptospirosis vaccines, both for humans and animals, have failed to induce immune responses capable of conferring protection and simultaneously preventing renal colonization. In this study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by subunit vaccines containing seven different recombinant
Leptospira interrogans
outer membrane proteins, including the carboxy-terminal portion of the immunoglobulinlike protein A (LigA
C
) and six novel antigens, combined with aluminum hydroxide (alum) or
Salmonella
flagellin (FliC) as adjuvants. Hamsters vaccinated with the different formulations elicited high antigen-specific antibody titers. Immunization with LigA
C
, either with alum or flagellin, conferred protective immunity but did not prevent renal colonization. Similarly, animals immunized with LigA
C
or LigA
C
coadministered with six leptospiral proteins with alum adjuvant conferred protection but did not reduce renal colonization. In contrast, immunizing animals with the pool of seven antigens in combination with flagellin conferred protection and significantly reduced renal colonization by the pathogen. The present study emphasizes the relevance of antigen composition and added adjuvant in the efficacy of antileptospirosis subunit vaccines and shows the complex relationship between immune responses and renal colonization by the pathogen.
Novel Molecular Assay for Simultaneous Identification of Neglected Lungworms and Heartworms Affecting Cats
Authors: Di Cesare Angela , Veronesi Fabrizia , Frangipane di Regalbono Antonio , Iorio Raffaella , Traversa Donato 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Feline lungworms and heartworms are stimulating the interest of the scientific community due to their clinical impact and apparent geographical expansion. Diagnosis of the infections caused by these nematodes is indeed challenging. This report describes a novel multiplex PCR able to identify simultaneously three species of lungworms (
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
and
Troglostrongylus brevior
) and heartworms (
Angiostrongylus chabaudi
) affecting felids. Epidemiological and clinical perspectives are discussed.
Cataloguing of Potential HIV Susceptibility Factors during the Menstrual Cycle of Pig-Tailed Macaques by Using a Systems Biology Approach
Authors: Vishwanathan S. A. , Burgener A. , Bosinger S. E. , Tharp G. K. , Guenthner P. C. , Patel N. B. , Birse K. , Hanson D. L. , Westmacott G. R. , Henning T. R. , Radzio J. , Garcia-Lerma J. G. , Ball T. B. , McNicholl J. M. , Kersh E. N. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTOur earlier studies with pig-tailed macaques demonstrated various simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) susceptibilities during the menstrual cycle, likely caused by cyclic variations in immune responses in the female genital tract. There is concern that high-dose, long-lasting, injectable progestin-based contraception could mimic the high-progesterone luteal phase and predispose women to human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition and transmission. In this study, we adopted a systems biology approach employing proteomics (tandem mass spectrometry), transcriptomics (RNA microarray hybridization), and other specific protein assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and multiplex chemokine and cytokine measurements) to characterize the effects of hormonal changes on the expression of innate factors and secreted proteins in the macaque vagina. Several antiviral factors and pathways (including acute-phase response signaling and complement system) were overexpressed in the follicular phase. Conversely, during the luteal phase there were factors overexpressed (including moesins, syndecans, and integrins, among others) that could play direct or indirect roles in enhancing HIV-1 infection. Thus, our study showed that specific pathways and proteins or genes might work in tandem to regulate innate immunity, thus fostering further investigation and future design of approaches to help counter HIV-1 acquisition in the female genital tract.IMPORTANCEHIV infection in women is poorly understood. High levels of the hormone progesterone may make women more vulnerable to infection. This could be the case during the menstrual cycle, when using hormone-based birth control, or during pregnancy. The biological basis for increased HIV vulnerability is not known. We used an animal model with high risk for infection during periods of high progesterone. Genital secretions and tissues during the menstrual cycle were studied. Our goal was to identify biological factors upregulated at high progesterone levels, and we indeed show an upregulation of genes and proteins which enhance the ability of HIV to infect when progesterone is high. In contrast, during low-progesterone periods, we found more HIV inhibitory factors. This study contributes to our understanding of mechanisms that may regulate HIV infection in females under hormonal influences. Such knowledge is needed for the development of novel prevention strategies.
Alfalfa Leaf Curl Virus: an Aphid-Transmitted Geminivirus
Authors: Roumagnac Philippe , Granier Martine , Bernardo Pauline , Deshoux Maëlle , Ferdinand Romain , Galzi Serge , Fernandez Emmanuel , Julian Charlotte , Abt Isabelle , Filloux Denis , Mesléard François , Varsani Arvind , Blanc Stéphane , Martin Darren P. , Peterschmitt Michel 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

The family
Geminiviridae
comprises seven genera differentiated by genome organization, sequence similarity, and insect vector. Capulavirus, an eighth genus, has been proposed to accommodate two newly discovered highly divergent geminiviruses that presently have no known vector. Alfalfa leaf curl virus, identified here as a third capulavirus, is shown to be transmitted by
Aphis craccivora.
This is the first report of an aphid-transmitted geminivirus.