bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Charcot neuro‐osteoarthropathy
Authors: Petrova NL , Edmonds ME 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCharcot neuro‐osteoarthropathy (CN) is one of the most challenging foot complications in diabetes. Common predisposing and precipitating factors include neuropathy and increased mechanical forces, fracture and bone resorption, trauma and inflammation.In the last 15 years, considerable progress has been made in the early recognition of the acute Charcot foot when the X ray is still negative (stage 0 or incipient Charcot foot). Recent advances in imaging modalities have enabled the detection of initial signs of inflammation and underlying bone damage before overt bone and joint destruction has occurred. Casting therapy remains the mainstay of medical therapy of acute CN. If timely instituted, offloading can arrest disease activity and prevent foot deformity. In cases with severe deformity, modern surgical techniques can correct the unstable deformity for improved functional outcome and limb survival.Emerging new studies into the cellular mechanisms of severe bone destruction have furthered our understanding of the mechanisms of pathological bone and joint destruction in CN. It is hoped that these studies may provide a scientific basis for new interventions with biological agents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A shift in priority in diabetic foot care and research: 75% of foot ulcers are preventable
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , van Netten Jaap J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDiabetic foot ulceration poses a heavy burden on the patient and the healthcare system, but prevention thereof receives little attention. For every euro spent on ulcer prevention, ten are spent on ulcer healing, and for every randomized controlled trial conducted on prevention, ten are conducted on healing. In this article, we argue that a shift in priorities is needed. For the prevention of a first foot ulcer, we need more insight into the effect of interventions and practices already applied globally in many settings. This requires systematic recording of interventions and outcomes, and well‐designed randomized controlled trials that include analysis of cost‐effectiveness. After healing of a foot ulcer, the risk of recurrence is high. For the prevention of a recurrent foot ulcer, home monitoring of foot temperature, pressure‐relieving therapeutic footwear, and certain surgical interventions prove to be effective. The median effect size found in a total of 23 studies on these interventions is large, over 60%, and further increases when patients are adherent to treatment. These interventions should be investigated for efficacy as a state‐of‐the‐art integrated foot care approach, where attempts are made to assure treatment adherence. Effect sizes of 75–80% may be expected. If such state‐of‐the‐art integrated foot care is implemented, the majority of problems with foot ulcer recurrence in diabetes can be resolved. It is therefore time to act and to set a new target in diabetic foot care. This target is to reduce foot ulcer incidence with at least 75%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The diabetic foot in 2015: an overview
Authors: Markakis K. , Bowling F. L. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn 2015, it can be said that the diabetic foot is no longer the Cinderella of diabetic complications. Thirty years ago there was little evidence‐based research taking place on the diabetic foot, and there were no international meetings addressing this topic. Since then, the biennial Malvern Diabetic Foot meetings started in 1986, the American Diabetes Association founded their Foot Council in 1987, and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes established a Foot Study Group in 1998. The first International Symposium on the Diabetic Foot in The Netherlands was convened in 1991, and this was soon followed by the establishment of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot that has produced useful guidelines in several areas of investigation and the management of diabetic foot problems. There has been an exponential rise in publications on diabetic foot problems in high impact factor journals, and a comprehensive evidence‐base now exists for many areas of treatment. Despite the extensive evidence available, it, unfortunately, remains difficult to demonstrate that most types of education are efficient in reducing the incidence of foot ulcers. However, there is evidence that education as part of a multi‐disciplinary approach to diabetic foot ulceration plays a pivotal role in incidence reduction. With respect to treatment, strong evidence exists that offloading is the best modality for healing plantar neuropathic foot ulcers, and there is also evidence from two randomized controlled trials to support the use of negative‐pressure wound therapy in complex post‐surgical diabetic foot wounds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exhibits the same evidence level and strength of recommendation. International guidelines exist on the management of infection in the diabetic foot. Many randomized trials have been performed, and these have shown that the agents studied generally produced comparable results, with the exception of one study in which tigecycline was shown to be clinically inferior to ertapenem ± vancomycin. Similarly, there are numerous types of wound dressings that might be used in treatment and which have shown efficacy, but no single type (or brand) has shown superiority over others. Peripheral artery disease is another major contributory factor in the development of ulceration, and its presence is a strong predictor of non‐healing and amputation. Despite the proliferation of endovascular procedures in addition to open revascularization, many patients continue to suffer from severely impaired perfusion and exhaust all treatment options. Finally, the question of the true aetiopathogenesis of Charcot neuroarthropathy remains enigmatic, although much work is currently being undertaken in this area. In this area, it is most important to remember that a clinically uninfected, warm, insensate foot in a diabetic patient should be considered as a Charcot foot until proven otherwise, and, as such, treated with offloading, preferably in a cast. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainbow trout in seasonal environments: phenotypic trade‐offs across a gradient in winter duration
Authors: Lea Ellen V. , Mee Jonathan A. , Post John R. , Rogers Sean M. , Mogensen Stephanie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSurvival through periods of resource scarcity depends on the balance between metabolic demands and energy storage. The opposing effects of predation and starvation mortality are predicted to result in trade‐offs between traits that optimize fitness during periods of resource plenty (e.g., during the growing season) and those that optimize fitness during periods of resource scarcity (e.g., during the winter). We conducted a common environment experiment with two genetically distinct strains of rainbow trout to investigate trade‐offs due to (1) the balance of growth and predation risk related to foraging rate during the growing season and (2) the allocation of energy to body size prior to the winter. Fry (age 0) from both strains were stocked into replicate natural lakes at low and high elevation that differed in winter duration (i.e., ice cover) by 59 days. Overwinter survival was lowest in the high‐elevation lakes for both strains. Activity rate and growth rate were highest at high elevation, but growing season survival did not differ between strains or between environments. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and predation risk related to foraging rate. Growth rate also differed significantly between the strains across both environments, which suggests that growth rate is involved in local adaptation. There was not, however, a difference between strains or between environments in energy storage. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and storage. Our findings suggest that intrinsic metabolic rate, which affects a trade‐off between growth rate and overwinter survival, may influence local adaptation in organisms that experience particularly harsh winter conditions (e.g., extended periods trapped beneath the ice in high‐elevation lakes) in some parts of their range.
An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricular Size and Cardiac Function in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Escudero Carolina A. , Potts James E. , Lam Pei‐Yoong , De Souza Astrid M. , Mugford Gerald J. , Sandor George G. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis retrospective case–control study investigated cardiac dimensions and ventricular function in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) compared with controls.MethodsEchocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) dimensions, LV mass index, left atrial size and cardiac index were made. Detailed measures of systolic and diastolic ventricular function were made including tissue Doppler imaging. Patients were stratified by body mass index ≤10th percentile (AN ≤ 10th) and >10th percentile (AN > 10th).ResultsNinety‐five AN patients and 58 controls were included. AN and AN ≤ 10th groups had reduced LV dimensions, LV mass index, left atrial size and cardiac index compared with controls. There were no differences between groups in measures of systolic function. Measures of diastolic tissue Doppler imaging were decreased in AN and AN ≤ 10th. No differences in echocardiographic measurements existed between controls and AN > 10th.DiscussionFemale adolescents with AN have preserved systolic function and abnormalities of diastolic ventricular function. AN ≤ 10th may be a higher risk group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Is qualitative and quantitative metabarcoding of dung fauna biodiversity feasible?
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Rohner Patrick T. , Bernasconi Marco V. , Haugstetter Johannes , Buser Andres 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

In biodiversity assessments, especially of small-bodied organisms for which taxonomic expertise is lacking, identification by genetic barcoding may be a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional identification of species by morphology, ecology, and behavior. The authors tested the feasibility and accuracy of such an approach using dung insects of practical relevance in ecotoxicological assessments of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in the environment. They produced 8 known mixtures that varied in absolute and relative composition of small-bodied and large-bodied species to see whether mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 barcoding picks up all species qualitatively and quantitatively. As demonstrated before in other contexts, such metabarcoding of large numbers of dung insect specimens is principally possible using next-generation sequencing. The authors recovered most species in a sample (low type I error), at minimum permitting analysis of species richness. They obtained even quantitative responses reflecting the body size of the species, although the number of specimens was not well detected. The latter is problematic when calculating diversity indices. Nevertheless, the method yielded too many closely related false positives (type II error), thus generally overestimating species diversity and richness. These errors can be reduced by refining methods and data filtering, although this requires bioinformatics expertise often unavailable where such research is carried out. Identification by barcoding foremost hinges on a good reference database, which does not yet exist for dung organisms but would be worth developing for practical applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1970–1977. © 2015 SETAC
Toxicity assessment of diesel- and metal-contaminated soils through elutriate and solid phase assays with the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Rodríguez-Ruiz Amaia , Dondero Francesco , Viarengo Aldo , Marigómez Ionan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

A suite of organisms from different taxonomical and ecological positions is needed to assess environmentally relevant soil toxicity. A new bioassay based on Dictyostelium is presented that is aimed at integrating slime molds into such a testing framework. Toxicity tests on elutriates and the solid phase developmental cycle assay were successfully applied to a soil spiked with a mixture of Zn, Cd, and diesel fuel freshly prepared (recently contaminated) and after 2 yr of aging. The elutriates of both soils provoked toxic effects, but toxicity was markedly lower in the aged soil. In the D. discoideum developmental cycle assay, both soils affected amoeba viability and aggregation, with fewer multicellular units, smaller fruiting bodies and, overall, inhibition of fruiting body formation. This assay is quick and requires small amounts of test soil, which might facilitate its incorporation into a multispecies multiple-endpoint toxicity bioassay battery suitable for environmental risk assessment in soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1413–1421. © 2015 SETAC
Lipid oxidation, sensory characteristics, and color of fresh pork sausage from immunologically castrated pigs stored frozen for up to 12 weeks
Authors: Jones‐Hamlow Katelyn A. , Tavárez Marcos A. , Schroeder Aubrey L. , Dilger Anna C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of fresh sausage manufactured from immunologically castrated (IC) pigs, an emerging technology in the pork industry. Study 1: Fresh sausage patties from ground Boston butts fabricated from PC (physically castrated) pigs fed 0.55% SID (standard illeal digestible) lysine, IC pigs fed 0.55% SID lysine, and IC pigs fed 0.65% SID lysine were made and not standardized to a similar content of fat content. Study 2: fat and lean trim obtained from IC and PC pigs was made into fresh sausage patties, targeting 25% lipid. Patties (1.25 cm) were placed on trays and assigned to 0, 4, or 12 weeks frozen storage and then, after frozen storage, placed in simulated retail display conditions for 5 days. Patties were evaluated for color stability, sensory and textural properties, and lipid oxidation. Data were analyzed as a one way ANOVA with repeated measures where appropriate. In both studies, sausage discolored with both increased time in frozen storage and with increased time in retail display (P < 0.01). However, within each week of frozen storage, all treatments were equally discolored in both studies. Treatment did not affect the sensory characteristics or textural properties of fresh sausage in either study. Lipid oxidation did not differ by treatment in study 1. In study 2, lipid oxidation was reduced (P < 0.05) in IC compared to PC by approximately 0.1 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat, but there were no differences within each storage week. Increasing frozen storage time increased lipid oxidation an off‐flavor scores in both studies (P < 0.05). Overall, immunological castration had no detrimental effects on color stability, sensory characteristics, or textural properties of fresh pork sausage.
Geochemical responses of a saline aquifer to CO2 injection: experimental study on Guantao formation of Bohai Bay Basin, East China
Authors: Li Yiman , Pang Zhonghe , Yang Fengtian , Jin Chao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGeochemical responses of saline aquifers toward large quantities of CO2 injection are important to the monitoring and safety assessment of CO2 storage. Detailed studies on water‐rock‐CO2 interactions of non‐marine saline aquifers through three batch‐reaction experiments were carried out under simulated reservoir conditions (T = 100°C, P = 10 MPa). pH decreased by 1∼2 and TDS increased by 268 mg/L ∼561 mg/L. Water type evolved from original Cl·SO4‐Na to HCO3Cl·SO4‐Na with a water/rock ratio of 3:1. Chemical components of HCO3, Ca, Mg and K and trace elements of Al, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn showed a significant increase post CO2 injection. Heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the post‐reaction water exceeded drinking water standards, indicating potential pollution to shallow fresh aquifers by brine/CO2 leakage. K‐feldspar and albite were variably dissolved and kaolinite, chlorite, and Fe‐bearing minerals of pyrite and hematite were newly formed, confirmed by suspended materials in the post‐reaction water, red sediments on the bottom of the reactor, and mineral saturation indexes. δ2HH2O shift was observed and discussed, which was not reported in previous water‐rock‐CO2 interactions studies. One possible reason is geochemical processes of new clay minerals formation under low temperature causing water consumption and δ2HH2O enriched in the residual water. The CO2 saturation and fraction of DIC from CO2 dissolution were calculated to be 23%–36% and 33%–49% under experimental conditions and it is suggested that they can be used for CO2 storage capacity assessment.
Stress across the life course and depression in a rapidly developing population: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study
Authors: Ni Michael Y. , Jiang Chaoqiang , Cheng Kar Keung , Zhang Weisen , Gilman Stephen E. , Lam Tai Hing , Leung Gabriel M. , Schooling C. Mary 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the role of stress across the life course in the development of depression among older adults in a non‐Western developing setting.MethodsMultivariable linear and multinomial logistic regression were used in cross‐sectional analyses of 9729 Chinese participants (mean age 60.2 years) from phase 3 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2006–2008) to investigate the association of childhood adversities and adulthood stressors with depression.ResultsChildhood adversities were associated with mild depression (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.68, 3.15), adjusted for age, sex, education and childhood socio‐economic status. Past‐year adulthood stressors were also associated with mild depression (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.54, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 3.55, 95% CI 2.21, 5.68), adjusting additionally for occupation and income. Adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depressive symptoms among individuals with a history of childhood adversities.ConclusionsChildhood adversities and adulthood stressors were independently associated with an increased risk of depression among older ambulatory adults, although adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depression following exposure to childhood adversities. This is consistent with evidence from Western settings in which the social context of risk and protective factors for depression may differ and implies that the role of stress in the aetiology of depression is not context specific. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond pulsed laser ablation to enhance drug delivery across the skin
Authors: Garvie‐Cook Hazel , Stone James M. , Yu Fei , Guy Richard H. , Gordeev Sergey N. 
Published: October 2015

Laser poration of the skin locally removes its outermost, barrier layer, and thereby provides a route for the diffusion of topically applied drugs. Ideally, no thermal damage would surround the pores created in the skin, as tissue coagulation would be expected to limit drug diffusion. Here, a femtosecond pulsed fiber laser is used to porate mammalian skin ex vivo. This first application of a hollow core negative curvature fiber (HC‐NCF) to convey a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam results in reproducible skin poration. The effect of applying ink to the skin surface, prior to ultra‐short pulsed ablation, has been examined and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the least, collateral thermal damage occurs in inked skin. Pre‐application of ink reduces the laser power threshold for poration, an effect attributed to the initiation of plasma formation by thermionic electron emission from the dye in the ink. Poration under these conditions significantly increases the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro. Dye‐enhanced, plasma‐mediated ablation of the skin is therefore a potentially advantageous approach to enhance topical/transdermal drug absorption. The combination of a fiber laser and a HC‐NCF, capable of emitting and delivering femtosecond pulsed, visible light, may permit a compact poration device to be developed.
Using a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam to create an array of micropores in dyed mammalian skin, with little collateral, thermal damage, leads to an enhancement in the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro.magnified imageUsing a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam to create an array of micropores in dyed mammalian skin, with little collateral, thermal damage, leads to an enhancement in the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro.
Synthesis of Pyrimidinone and 5‐unsubstituted 4, 6‐diarylpyrimidine‐2(1H)‐ones by Using Nano Magnetic Catalyst under Solvent Free Condition
Authors: Amoozadeh Ali , Azhari Saeede , Kolvari Eskandar , Otokesh Somayeh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNano magnetic‐supported sulfonic acid is found to be a powerful and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient synthesis of pyrimidinones. In this study we use various ketones such as acetophenone and cyclopentanone instead of β‐keto ester in one‐pot synthesis of pyrimidinone at biginelli like reaction. Our objective is to improve conditions for the synthesis of multicomponent reactions using nano magnetic catalyst under solvent free condition. A number of excellent and significant results have been developed that lead our perspective understanding the effect of the magnetic nanoparticles when they are used as catalysts.
Burnout and Depression: Two Entities or One?
Authors: Schonfeld Irvin Sam , Bianchi Renzo 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the overlap in burnout and depression.MethodThe sample comprised 1,386 schoolteachers (mean [M]age= 43;Myears taught= 15; 77% women) from 18 different U.S. states. We assessed burnout, using the Shirom‐Melamed Burnout Measure, and depression, using the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire.ResultsTreated dimensionally, burnout and depressive symptoms were strongly correlated (.77; disattenuated correlation, .84). Burnout and depressive symptoms were similarly correlated with each of 3 stress‐related factors, stressful life events, job adversity, and workplace support. In categorical analyses, 86% of the teachers identified as burned out met criteria for a provisional diagnosis of depression. Exploratory analyses revealed a link between burnout and anxiety.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that past research has underestimated burnout–depression overlap. The state of burnout is likely to be a form of depression. Given the magnitude of burnout–depression overlap, treatments for depression may help workers identified as “burned out.”