bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Worm-Like Micelles as Drag Reducers in Completion Operations
Authors: Martins Andre L , Rodrigues Roberta , Sabadini Edvaldo , Folsta Mauricio G 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The completion of long horizontal intervals is a challenge faced by Petrobras since the discovery of heavy oil offshore fields in the 80's. The gravel-pack completion is a well know technique applied successfully in hundreds of offshore wells in the Brazilian coast. Besides, the operational limits are frequently very tight, once the water depth has been increased, as well as the desired open hole length. Due to these facts, the pressure gradient is very close to the pore pressure and the gravel-pack setting is the most critical operational step. The gravel transportation by the fluid requires a flow rate that can result in friction losses that can increase too much the bottom hole pressure resulting the formation fracture.
The use of drag reducers is an alternative to perform, the operations in deep water scenario with long wells, as they can lower the bottom hole pressure during the fluid flow. This work aims to present the selection, laboratory and large scale loop tests of nanostructures well known as worm like micelles, used as drag reducers. The main advantage of these structures when compared to conventional drag reducing agents is its capacity of self-assembling. The long nano-structures can resist to pumping displacement, pipe transport as well a contact with solids. It was also evaluated the possible damage of use of wormlike micelles into sand reservoirs, showing they are a real option to perform gravel-pack completion in critical scenarios.

Introduction

Gravel-pack
The gravel-pack operation is a well completion technique generally used in unconsolidated formations. The main objetive is to avoid the production of formation constituints and consequently increase the well completion reliability. It consists in filling the annular space between the formation and a set of screens with sand or ceramic particles that acts as a filter to retain sand from the formation during well production.
The gravel-pack operation performed in a horizontal well can be divided into three distinct stages. The first stage consists in pumping the water/gravel through the work string and gravel tool, where the flow is diverted from inside the column to the annular space. In the second stage (alpha wave), occurs the gravel grains deposition due to decrease in flow velocity, spreading a bed of gravel with relative height (ha) until the end of the well and leaving a free channel between the upper open hole and the top of the bed. After propagation of the alpha wave, starts the third phase (beta wave). In this stage the particles begin to deposit over the bed, filling the upper open channel, as shown in Figure 11.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Gas-liquid Slug Flows in Horizontal Pipes
Authors: Cozin Cristiane , Pipa Daniel R , Barbuto Fausto Arinos , Morales Rigoberto Em , da Silva Marco Jose 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Much work has been done to properly characterize the two-phase flow of liquid and gas in pipes. The importance of these flows extends over several branches of Engineering, notably nuclear and petroleum engineering. During their transportation, these two phases are subjected to several factors - gravity, viscosity and density gaps, different relative velocities between the phases and turbulence, to name a few relevant ones - that act in the spatial distribution of the liquid-gas interfaces bringing forth those that are known as flow regimes or, most commonly, flow patterns. The type of flow known as slug flow stands out as one of the most frequent, or the most frequent thereof, among these patterns. It main characteristics are intermittency and the continuous succession of two well-defined structures: an elongated bubble, which is a bulky accumulation of gas wrapped in a thin liquid film and the liquid slug, a significant amount of liquid containing mostly liquid with gas bubbles of variable size in its interior. Those two-structures, together, constitute that what is known a slug unit or, from a more computational standpoint, a unit cell. Due to their complexity, modelling slug flows has been a challenge over the last four decades. In the present day, steady-state one-dimensional models based on the unit cell concept and more accurate physical representations based on two-fluid models or slug tracking models which embed transient flow capabilities are available. Nevertheless, and notwithstanding the efforts that have been carried out, those models still require closure relationships that could bring three-dimensional flow features into the one-dimensional model, and those relationships must be backed by trustworthy experimental data. With this scenario in mind, the present work brings forward a brief review on two-phase, liquid-gas slug flows in circular pipes, be they horizontal, vertical or inclined, and a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the closure relationships aimed at predicting flow parameters such as the front bubble velocity, slug frequency and liquid slug holdup. An analysis of the performance of these correlations with experimental data for horizontal slug flows from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas' 2-Phase Flow Group (2PFG/DE/UNICAMP) was carried out and its results are presented.
Reservoir Limit Test Under Aquifer Influence
Authors: Feitosa Gilvan S 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Reservoir Limit Test (RLT) aims to obtain the volume of oil-in-place (VOIP), a valuable parameter at early stage of reservoir life. RLT is characterized by the well's production under pseudosteady state (PSS) flow regime. The basis for RLT in oil reservoirs without aquifer is well established, in theory and in practice, since long ago. But RLT in presence of aquifer still is not well understood, thus the need for further research.
This work presents the theoretical foundation of Reservoir Limit Test under aquifer influence based on material balance, new in the literature. It investigates how aquifer affects a RLT as the pseudosteady state flow takes place. Various aspects have been investigated, such as aquifer size, hydraulic connection and aquifer contribution to the total system compressibility.
Basic relations for RLT under influence of aquifer were developed and checked by significant number of simulated cases. These relations are similar to the classical ones published long ago, but now with the effect of aquifer incorporated. The differences are in the overall water and oil saturation, the total system compressibility, and the porous volume hydraulic connected to the well. The oil-aquifer system total compressibility is a function of average oil and water saturation in the entire porous volume including the aquifer. This new average total compressibility controls the pressure drop during pseudosteady state flow. Rigorous calculation of VOIP requires the ratio aquifer-water volume to oil volume, otherwise only estimates are possible. It is observed that given enough time, the pseudosteady state flow develops for oil-aquifer system for broad size range of confined aquifers. Even for a weak aquifer with reduced hydraulic connection to the oil zone, its presence is felt in the PSS and must be taken into account. Important to note, the VOIP value that results after taking the aquifer into account may be significantly smaller than the value calculated without considering the aquifer.
A Brazilian deepwater oilfield with aquifer case, with two wells equipped with permanent downhole gauge (PDG) is presented. A dozen RLTs are observed at early stage of production. Its data, analysis and results, illustrate and substantiate the observations and conclusions of this work.
Cascade/Chinook Disconnectable FPSO: Free Standing Hybrid Risers Monitoring via Acoustic Control/Communications
Authors: Edwards Roderick Y , Daniel Jeremiah , Ling Mau S , Goebel Richard , Mastrangelo Carlos F , Xia Jianjun , Machado Filho Remo Z 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the history of and lessons learned from the challenge of designing, implementing and operating the acoustically controlled monitoring system used to verify performance, validate design and track motions and tensions of five Free Standing Hybrid Risers (FSHR), their Buoyancy Can connecting chain tension and disconnectable FPSO's Turret Buoy, which are components of the Cascade & Chinook Production Facilities.
For impending threats such as named storms, the FPSO disconnects from the geostationary turret buoy, which sinks to a neutral depth below wave and winds affected zone, while the FPSO sails to safe waters. The system continues to monitor all parameters when the buoy is submerged.
While connected, buoy originated real time data and risers originated quasi real time data received via acoustic communications is collected by the monitoring system computers on the FPSO. While disconnected data is recorded at the buoy and FSHRs and is downloaded to the monitoring system computers upon reconnection and prior to resuming production. All data is transmitted to shore via satellite where behavior of the components is analyzed to validate designs for normal and severe weather conditions. The data collected provides a significant database of riser and Turret Buoy behavior in the range of experienced environmental conditions.
In this paper the performance of the monitoring system since its installation will be addressed, including how the alarm from this unique monitoring system initiated the discovery of the accidental release of the Chinook 1 FSHR Buoyancy Can.
This innovative monitoring system contributes a significant step forward for future designs of FSHRs, by facilitating comparison of actual FSHR behavior in real environmental conditions to engineering model predictions.
This monitoring system is being used and can be used for a variety of submerged production equipment without the use of umbilicals and is especially appropriate for use in severe weather locations and when verification of behavior and operability of the risers must be confirmed prior to restarting production.

Introduction
The Cascade and Chinook Fields are located in the Walter Ridge Block, 300 km south of Louisiana coast in the Gulf of Mexico with Lower Tertiary reservoirs.
The development of these fields presented a considerable challenge, due to the water depth, reservoir depth, distance from shore, furrowed seabed and exposed to threats from hurricanes, eddies and loop currents. Both fields are producing to a floating production, storage and offloading facility (FPSO) that is single point (turret) moored 5 km from the Cascade Field and about 20 km from the Chinook field, in 2500 m water depth. Produced oil is shuttled by dedicated tankers to ports in the United States.
A New Environmental Lubricant Supports Key Subsea Boosting and Compression Technology
Authors: Morris John , Brunvold Anders , Morrissey Chris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In recent years development in the offshore industry has moved key processes from surface facilities to subsea, with the major focus being on subsea boosting and gas compression. This has led equipment manufacturers to develop high performance subsea pumps and compressors, driven by increasingly powerful, efficient and compact electric motors. These motors, together with the bearings and seals in the pumps and compressors, need to be lubricated and cooled efficiently by a lubricant with unique properties suited for operation in the subsea environment. This paper will focus on the challenges that were overcome in the development of a lubricant to meet both the performance and environmental requirements.
The lubricant is normally supplied to the subsea unit via an umbilical from the host surface facility, and is one of the vital keys to the reliability of this (rotating) equipment. The performance characteristics of the lubricant must cope with industry trends such as increasing process stream temperatures, higher pressures and higher shaft rotational speeds. In combination with these demands tightening environmental legislation governing the use and discharge of chemicals into the oceans requires that the industry adopts more environmentally responsible lubricant technologies.
The development process began by understanding in detail the conditions inside the various rotating elements within the pump/compressor. Critical parameters which will be reviewed include long term thermal stability, lubricant viscosity, lubricity, load carrying properties and water contamination management. With shaft speeds up to 6000rpm, and high simulated process temperatures, the product would be thermally stressed beyond limits typically seen in these applications. The screening tests on bespoke test rigs, selection of environmentally responsible lubricant components will be discussed, together with an overview of the global offshore environmental trends.
This approach demonstrated the superior performance of the lubricant by testing it beyond the expected conditions to provide enhanced reliability assurance and reduce operational risk. The final lubricant solution will increase the operating envelope of subsea pumps and compressors, offer improved reliability, and being fully compliant with the tightest offshore environmental legislation.
Engaging with an Indigenous Arctic Population - Listening and Building Trust from the Ground Up
Authors: Ede Ella L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
As we travel to rural Alaska communities discussing possible Arctic oil and gas offshore exploration, we frequently learn more from the Native people than we have to tell them. While the communities are eager to learn about potential plans, the main lesson from our conversations has been that listening is more important than speaking. The feedback from stakeholders is varied and concerns are complex. For subsistence users who have long called Northern Alaska home, an important consideration is: Can our ancient culture co-exist with modern development?
Companies with U.S. Alaska offshore leases are required to engage with stakeholders, as outlined in the federal lease stipulations' "plan of cooperation." Effectively engaging with stakeholders in Arctic Alaska has benefits far beyond checking off a regulatory requirement. Earning mutual trust and respect are not simple or time-bound processes, but require a genuine commitment to inclusive and collaborative engagement practices, patience, and follow through.
When working with indigenous Alaskans, a primary focus is demonstrating respect for their culture and especially their subsistence way of life. Today the Inupiat work to balance their traditional subsistence livelihood and spiritual connection with the ocean with the high cost of modern living. They harvest up to 70 percent of their diet from their garden: the sea and Alaska mainland. Any development that may occur represents a potential threat to their way of life which is understandably met with concern. Being able to discuss how development and subsistence can co-exist is integral to an effective discussion. Another consideration is the economic and cultural impacts that development may have on these very rural areas which lack educational and economic opportunities. They suffer from outmigration, language loss, and external influences that are eroding their culture. Oil and gas exploration represents opportunity, but also significant change. Understanding and addressing socioeconomic impacts are as equally important as minimizing environmental impacts.
Regardless of where we are operating in the world, companies have an obligation to work with stakeholders at all levels. As we continue to explore the Arctic, the right approach to connect with indigenous people is imperative. By engaging with youth and elders, incorporating traditional knowledge into our plans, and formulating strong relationships based on shared values, meaningful corporate social performance is achievable.
Design Method for ISO 19906 Arctic Offshore Structures
Authors: Thomas Graham A.N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A view of the design process is presented in order to describe the different aspects and activities that together represent an holistic design process that includes both specific requirements for design verification, and knowledge related to other issues that can influence the design. The requirement for design verification using the Limit States Design method is widely understood. Other issues are less well understood, such as the recommendation to consider ice events with annual probability less than that specified for the abnormal-level in the context of overall reliability of the structure. This paper uses the term "beyond abnormal" for these events. Another issue is the influence of operational This paper also offers information and the author's opinions on related issues, such as the definition of design situations, the optional use of reliability targets to support design that includes operational measures, the definitions of events and actions, and a summary of what was actually calibrated for ISO 19906. It is hoped that such issues will be discussed when ISO 19906 is revised and updated.
An Ice-Structure Interaction Model for Non-simultaneous Ice Failure
Authors: Yu Bingbin , Karr Dale 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents a new analytical model to simulate time-dependent response of structures subjected to ice impact. The ice forces are limited by ice failure with the ice considered to fail in multiple zones non-simultaneously. The results of numerical simulation of structural response to the non-simultaneous ice failure loads are provided. Non-simultaneous ice failure is one important failure mode of larger scale ice moving at moderate to high speed. This model combines previous independent failure zone theory of brittle materials and a dynamic ice-structure interaction model.
Developing offshore energy has become more and more serious worldwide in recent years with considerable offshore and shipping activities in the Arctic. Ice is a dominant feature of the Arctic region and predicting interaction effects on offshore structures and ships operating in the Arctic is essential in Arctic engineering. The ability to understand the magnitude and cyclic nature of ice forces and structure response is a key aspect for offshore structural design in cold regions. The prediction of structural response when encountering interactions with ice is essential for safe operations in this region. The model presented here is an effort to better understand and predict ice forces.
This model is able to produce an ice load time history, which can be applied to dynamic ice-structure interaction analysis. The model can also generate a pressure-area curve based on the input ice characteristics. The resulting shape of the pressure-area curve is shown to depend upon input parameters. Besides the pressure area relationships, the resulting pressure dependence on various parameters is also studied such as independent zone size, shape and strength.
Sea Ice Thickness Surveying with Airborne Electromagnetics - Grounded Ridges and Ice Shear Zones near Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Hendricks S. , Hunkeler P. , Krumpen T. , Rabenstein L. , Eicken H. , Mahoney A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of airborne sea-ice thickness measurements in the Beaufort Sea near Barrow, Alaska. We discuss the applicability of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) induction for ice thickness monitoring in near coastal areas. All measurements were done within the NSF funded Seasonal Ice Zone Observation Network (SIZONet) which organizes airborne sea ice thickness surveys every spring since 2007. The key finding is, that thickness of grounded ice features in shallow water regions can be mapped with the AEM method. This is of particular interest, since other established methods, like upward looking sonar, can not be applied for potentially hazardous sea-ice features in shallow water regions.
An Overview of the Development of Ice Ridge Keel Strengths Test Program
Authors: Bailey Eleanor , Bruce Jonathon , Derradji-Aouat Ahmed , Lau Michael 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Development of Ice Ridge Keel Strengths is a four-year collaborative venture between the C—CORE Centre for Arctic Resource Development (CARD) and the National Research Council – Ocean, Coastal & River Engineering (NRC-OCRE). The main focus of the project is to investigate the failure mechanisms associated with gouging ice ridge keels and the conditions under which these keels will continue to gouge without failure. This is important for the design of subsea structures in shallow waters, where ice keels have been observed to scour the sea floor, posing a threat to pipelines and subsea infrastructure. A series of near full-scale keel-gouge tests were carried out to investigate the strength characteristics of a first-year ice keel and its subsequent failure as it was pushed into an artificial seabed. The ice keels were constructed using freshwater ice blocks with a nominal thickness of 10 cm, produced in a cold storage facility prior to the start of the test program. The ice keels were constructed with the aid of a keel former that produced idealized keel geometries of 1.7 m depth, 4 m length and 3.5 m width. Once constructed, the keels were lowered into the water and left overnight to consolidate with air temperatures held at −20°C. The keel samples were tested using a custom-built frame that was designed and used in the Pipeline Ice Risk Assessment and Mitigation (PIRAM) Joint Industry Project. The frame applied a vertical surcharge load to the top of the keel whilst a soil tray was displaced horizontally, causing the bottom of the ice keel to interact with an artificial seabed. A total of ten keel tests were conducted in this test program. The parameters varied were the initial temperature of the ice (−3° and −18°C), the initial surcharge pressure (5–60 kPa), the soil tray velocity (1–20 mm s−1) and the consolidation time (19–48 hrs). An overview of the test program and preliminary results are discussed.
A Case Study of the September 2012 Anchorage Windstorm
Authors: Artzer A. , Schmude F. , Basciani J. , Diaz D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
On 4-5 September 2012, a severe windstorm impacted the city of Anchorage and the surrounding region. Wind gusts up to 63 mph were reported at the Port of Anchorage, which is just northwest of downtown, and gusts up to 88 mph were reported at McHugh Creek, which is just southeast of Anchorage near the Turnagain Arm. This windstorm downed thousands of trees across the Anchorage Bowl, which caused hundreds of downed power lines. At least 50,000 homes and businesses lost power in the greater Anchorage area during the peak of the event, including some office buildings in the Midtown and Downtown areas of Anchorage. Some areas were without power for several days. This paper will further examine the atmospheric aspects that contributed to the significant September 2012 wind event, as a well as a comparison to the four previous significant wind events that have occurred since 1980. Previous significant high wind events, defined as the "Big Four" by the Anchorage National Weather Service office, occurred much later in the season. The four significant high wind events occurred on 01 April 1980, 26–27 November 1985, 10 October 1986, and 01 December 1992. The results of this paper will provide insight into predicting future wind events which will allow residents and businesses to better mitigate their weather risk.