bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sliding Royalties for Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 322–328.
The principle of sliding or graduation in royalties is accomplished either by the block, period, cumulative, or class method.
The block method calls for a very low royalty rate on all oil produced up to a certain amount. This amount would normally be that which is believed to suffice to repay the cost of the well. A higher rate would be charged after the well is making a profit. This method, common in many industries, is peculiarly inadaptable to any industry such as this where the productivity per day of the units gradually and inevitably decreases. This, for reasons given later, is because it forces an early abandonment of the well and so offends against conservation.
In the period method, the royalty rate is changed by some definite amount when the well produces less than a specified quantity per day or other given unit of time. While simple to explain, it operates badly be- cause a great deal is made to depend upon a small reduction in production, whereas the reduction as a matter of fact declines rather erratically owing to the exigency of lease management, connecting of tankage, and vagaries of the gaugers.
These disadvantages are obviated by the cumulative method. In this method, all the production less than a certain amount per week has one rate of royalty, or none at all, and the oil produced in excess of that amount pays an additional rate of royalty. In the long run the calculation is probably no greater than with the period method, for simple tables will be published and printed in the oil papers that can be cut out, enabling quick readings to be made. Even without the table the calculation is easy with the few royalty rates, two or three, which would be used. In this method, the amount paid in royalty declines gradually, rather than suddenly as in the period method.
T.P. 052–23
Depreciation as Applied to Oil Properties
Authors: Henry Philip W. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 560–570.
There is a difference of opinion among engineers on the subject of depreciation in general, and still more on its application to any given case The committee which was appointed by the American Society of Civil Engineers to make a report on Valuation of Public Utilities, states "There is no subject connected with valuation about which there are more diverse views than those relating to depreciation;" and in the discussion which took place upon the presentation of the preliminary report of this committee in January, 1914, that part of the report dealing with depreciation called forth more discussion than any other. From this discussion it was evident that the word "depreciation" was not always used in the same sense, so it is quite important that some definition be adopted. As this paper relates to the proper method of treating depreciation by corporations or individuals operating oil properties, both of which must make a return of annual net income to the government in connection with the income tax, it will be in order to adopt the definition of the Internal Revenue Bureau. Under date of Mar. 29, 1910, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue of the Treasury Department stated "Deduction on account of depreciation of property must be based on lifetime of property, its cost, value and use." Again, on Form 1035, "Return of Annual Net Income" for miscellaneous corporations (Section 2, Act of Congress approved Oct. 3, 1913), a deduction from gross income is allowed for "Total amount of depreciation for the year."
T.P. 051–37
The Use of Mud-Ladened Water in Drilling Wells
Authors: Knapp I.N. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 571–586.
Introduction-The special object of these notes is to describe the mixing, testing, and use of mud-ladened water for rotary drilling in such a way as to make them helpful to the driller, the operator, or the engineer in solving his own special drilling problems.
The structures, apparatus and tools used are indicated in a general way. No attempt is made to describe the art of rotary drilling; only such descriptions as are necessary to make plain the use of mud are given.
The information is the result of actual experience in drilling in Coastal Plain formations. The materials encountered in the wells drilled were unconsolidated sands, gravels, and clays, in which thin layers of sandstones, shell conglomerates, and shales began to appear at about 1,200 ft, in depth, although one well was drilled to 3,018 ft. without encountering any cemented or indurated materials.
Unusual Conditions-The general surface of the ground where the drilling was done being hardly a foot above mean tide, and the daily tidal variation being about 15 in., it was found necessary to plank over the sod surface with 3-in. plank to work from. A 30 by 30 ft. planked area was sufficient to carry the derrick with equipment and 2,500 ft. of 4-in. drill pipe stacked in it. The derrick was set up 3 ft. on cribbed blocking arranged to spread the load over the planking. The engine, bailers, and pipe yard were also carried on 3-in. planking.
Drilling Outfit- This consisted of a derrick, 20 by 20 ft. and 84 ft. high, two 35-h.p., "oil country" boilers, one double 8 by 10 in. reversible engine, two 10 by 6 by 12 in. duplex mud pumps, one 15-in. rotary, "hoisting works" with chain drive, hoisting block with line, crown block with pulleys, rotary jetting swivels, hose, complement of tools, pipes and connections, and a mud mixer, with engine.
T.P. 051–38
A Feasible Plan for Gaging Individual Wells
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. , Bernard W.E. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 1050–1053.
To know the rate of decline of oil wells is very important, yet ordinarily we are prevented from getting this rate because the oil from several wells is put into one or a few tanks as soon as the wells have been connected to the power. The object of doing this is economy of tanks, pipes, labor, and accounting. But we are making a great sacrifice for this small economy. The advantages of the individual records are that we would know better:When the well has ceased to be profitable.When a well has gotten into bad condition.The real record of the yield per acre and the rate of decline of the wells. The lease total is too mixed as to age of the wells for existing records to have much significance. To obtain such individual well records and more accurate logs are the great desiderata of satisfactory management of oil properties.Which wells show the slowest decline-information which is valuable in locating new wells or purchasing adjoining leases.
The truth of this statement is evident, when we reflect upon the large number of purchases of producing property. Intelligent appraisal is of the utmost advantage and it is impossible without individual well-production figures. Such figures are valuable not only for understanding the lease in question, but for making comparisons.
In contemplating the wide variation in the estimation of values, one is impressed with the importance of ascertaining the data that are so fundamental to appraising.
Many who would concede the general argument so far, still consider individual gaging too expensive. To reduce this expense we have devised a plan, whereby an individual gaging is taken of each well in rotation. Each well produces into the special measuring tank one day and then into the general receiving tank until its turn comes in rotation for another individual gage. Such records will be frequent enough to give the advantages listed.
T.P. 057–52
The Evidence of the Oklahoma Oil Fields on the Anticlinal Theory
Authors: Hager Dorsey 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 843–855.
The information given in the accompanying table is submitted as evidence confirming the application of the anticlinal theory and the value of geology in the Kansas and Oklahoma oil fields.
The term anticline has been used to define a particular type of arched fold. The anticlinal theory of oil accumulation should, however, be broadened to include any structural fold of an arched type even if not a distinct anticline. A terrace may very properly come under the heading of the anticlinal theory of accumulation, as the folding is closely related to that of the anticline; in fact, in many cases is an arrested anticline, though not completely closed in all directions. Stratigraphic forms due to lensing or irregular cementation of the sands certainly cannot be considered to fall within the anticlinal theory, though the laws of accumulation may be similar. A dome is similar to an anticline and belongs to the same class. A dome is broader in proportion to its length than an anti- cline. Many anticlines undulate along their axes to form domes. The anticlinal theory in this discussion will then be applied to anticlines, domes and terraces.
In the following list, the writer has tabulated the main oil fields of Oklahoma, and a few recently discovered fields in Kansas. The fields discovered within the past 4 years are listed with the date of their discovery. Under "How found," the writer puts "Wildcat" where a geologist has not been employed, "Geology" where it has been used, and "7" where there is doubt. In some places the geologists have claimed pools that may rightly belong to them, but their claims have been questioned, so that they belong in an unsettled category.
Unless one has mapped all the old pools, it is not possible to say just bow far they are dominated by structure, but from our own work, and from discussions with others, it is safe to venture that nearly all the "shallow-pool" districts, Nowata, Bartlesville, and the Eastern Osage, are controlled by structure; domes, noses, and terraces are the main structural features. The "shallow pools" of Kansas show the same relation.
T.P. 056–44
The Possibility of Deep Sand Oil and Gas in the Appalachian Geo-Syncline of West Virginia
Authors: Reger David B. 
Published: January 2015

Introduction
Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 856–875.
The exhaustion of oil and gas in the United States is proceeding at a rapid pace. This is especially true in fields where the light oils that furnish the most fuel for internal-combustion engines arc found, leading to a late estimate by Arnold that the petroleum resources are 36 per cent exhausted. The further remark by Dr. David T. Day at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February, 1916, that the operators of the country are now scarcely able to supply the ever-increasing demand for gasoline, leads the writer to believe that a determined effort will soon be made to secure deeper producing horizons in those regions that now furnish high-grade oil, and in which pump stations and pipe lines offer convenient means for the economical handling of new production. A study of Arnold's table shows further that the States that produce paraffin oil exclusively are 45 per cent exhausted, this figure being much higher than the average of paraffin and asphalt States altogether. The most extensive of all the paraffin-oil-producing areas is the Appalachian Field, extending with the Appalachian Geo-Syncline from western New York southwestward through western Pennsylvania, western West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where oil of high gravity is always secured. Of these States, Pennsylvania and West Virginia rank highest in the quality of their product. In West Virginia, the oil sands dip to a lower level than in any other locality in the Appalachian Geo-Syncline, the Pittsburgh Coal of the Pennsylvanian being only 50 ft. above sea level along the Nineveh Syncline at Wileyville, Wetzel County.
T.P. 056–45
Geologic Structure in the Cushing Oil and Gas Field, Oklahoma
Authors: Beal Carl H. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 894–905.

Introduction
During the latter part of 1915 and the first half of 1916, the writer held the position of geologist in connection with the conservation work instituted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, on oil and gas land belonging to the Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma. The duty of the geologist was to correlate formations containing oil, gas, and water, and to determine the relations of these substances in the different formations so that the conservation agents might carry on their work most intelligently. On account of the rapid development of the Cushing field, which lies in the western part of the Creek Nation, much work was done there by the inspection force.
In the course of the geologic studies a large amount of information was collected, which, on analysis, has disclosed some interesting facts worthy of publication. The report, of which the following remarks are an abstract, has been prepared and submitted to the U. S. Geological Survey for publication. This report is now (June, 1917) in the press and will doubtless be issued in a few weeks.

Methods Used
In addition to the structure maps showing the folding of the Pawhuska limestone, which crops out in several places in the Cushing field, separate structure maps of the three most important productive sands the Layton (Fig. 2) Wheeler, and Bartlesville-have been prepared.
T.P. 057–44
Live Attenuated Influenza H7N3 Vaccine is Safe, Immunogenic and Confers Protection in Animal Models
Authors: Rekstin Andrey , Desheva Yulia , Kiseleva Irina , Ross Ted , Swayne David , Rudenko Larisa 
Published: January 2015

Background:In 2003 the outbreak of highly pathogenic H7 avian influenza occurred in the Netherlands. The avian H7 virus causing the outbreak was also detected in humans; one person died of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our paper describes preclinical studies of a H7N3 live attenuated influenza A vaccine (LAIV) candidate in various animal models.Objectives:To study safety, immunogenicity and protection of H7N3 LAIV candidate in mice, ferrets and chickens.Methods:The vaccine was generated by a classical reassortment between low pathogenicity A/mallard/Netherlands/00 (H7N3) virus and A/Leningrad4/17/57 (H2N2) master donor virus (MDV).Results:Immunogenicity was found that H7N3 LAIV was similar to the MDV in terms of replication in the respiratory organs of mice and failed to replicate in mouse brains. One dose of a H7N3 LAIV elicited measurable antibody response and it was further boosted with a second vaccine dose. Immunization of mice with H7N3 LAIV provided protection against infection following a homologous challenge with wild type H7N3 virus. Attenuated phenotype of H7N3 LAIV has been confirmed in ferrets. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of H7N3 LAIV in ferrets were also demonstrated. The vaccine protected animals from subsequent infection with wild type H7N3 virus. The results of histopathology study revealed that inoculation of H7N3 LAIV in ferrets did not cause any inflammation or destructive changes in lungs.Lack of H7N3 LAIV replication in chicken demonstrated complete safety of this preparation for poultry.Conclusion:Results of our study suggest that new H7N3 LAIV candidate is safe, immunogenic and protects from homologues influenza virus infection in mice and ferrets.
A comparative study on the friction and wear properties of semi-solid cast A356 alloy
Authors: Liu Xubo , Huang Chiwei , Zhao Li , Yang Xiangjie , Wang Ming 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this study, the friction and wear properties of A356 alloy processed via semi-solid casting and conventional casting were experimentally investigated. Experimental results indicate that under the same experimental conditions the wear of the semi-solid cast A356 in mass does not exceed 85 % of that of the conventionally cast A356 alloy. The friction coefficient curve of semi-solid cast A356 is smoother than that of the conventionally cast A356. The friction coefficient of the semi-solid cast A356 is around 0.53 for stationary friction, less than the 0.59 for the conventionally cast A356. The improvement in the friction and wear properties is mainly a result of the microstructural change induced by semi-solid processing.
Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of a duplex treated 16MnCr5 steel
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Ghera Cristian , Bordeaşu Ilare , Crăciunescu Corneliu M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ultrasonic cavitation experiments using a piezoceramic-based apparatus, according to ASTM G32-2010, were performed on heat and thermochemically treated Cr – Mn low alloyed steel samples. The microstructure in annealed, carburized and tempered states as well as following a duplex treatment (carburized, surface induction hardening and tempering) was analyzed before and after the cavitation erosion tests. The results show the advantage of the duplex treatment, with a significant increase of up to 20 times of the cavitation erosion resistance compared to the annealed state and reveal that the main mechanism for surface deterioration is micro-cracking. The observations are important for the improvement of the behaviour for parts used in hydraulic equipment, for which the volume hardening following the carburization can be replaced by cost-efficient surface induction hardening treatments.
Microstructural evolution in a Ti – Ta high-temperature shape memory alloy during creep
Authors: Rynko Ramona , Marquardt Axel , Paulsen Alexander , Frenzel Jan , Somsen Christoph , Eggeler Gunther 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Alloys based on the titanium–tantalum system are considered for application as high-temperature shape memory alloys due to their martensite start temperatures, which can surpass 200 °C. In the present work we study the evolution of microstructure and the influence of creep on the phase transformation behavior of a Ti70Ta30 (at.%) high-temperature shape memory alloy. Creep tests were performed in a temperature range from 470 to 530 °C at stresses between 90 and 150 MPa. The activation energy for creep was found to be 307 kJ mol−1 and the stress exponent n was determined as 3.7. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations were carried out to characterize the microstructure before and after creep. It was found that the microstructural evolution during creep suppresses subsequent martensitic phase transformations.
Electrochemical characteristics of nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg–Y–Ni-based Mg2Ni-type alloys prepared by mechanical milling
Authors: Zhang Yanghuan , Yuan Zeming , Yang Tai , Hou Zhonghui , Qi Yan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg20–x
Y
x
Ni10 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) electrode alloys were prepared by mechanical milling. The structures of the as-cast and milled alloys were determined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of the alloys were tested by an automatic galvanostatic system. The electrochemical impedance spectra, Tafel polarization curves and potential-step curves were plotted by an electrochemical workstation. The results indicate that a nanocrystalline structure can successfully be obtained through mechanical milling. The substitution of Y for Mg facilitates glass forming and leads to an obvious change in the phase composition. The substitution of Y for Mg dramatically improves the cycle stability of the as-milled alloys, while the mechanical milling more or less impairs the cycle stability of the alloys. The discharge capacity of the alloys first augments and then declines with increasing Y content and milling time. Furthermore, the high rate discharge ability, charge transfer rate, limiting current density and diffusion coefficient of hydrogen atomic all decrease with Y content and milling time increasing.
Microstructural changes in quasicrystalline Al–Mn–Be–Cu alloy after various heat treatments
Authors: Štrekelj Neva , Naglič Iztok , Klančnik Grega , Nagode Aleš , Markoli Boštjan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this study we investigated the microstructural changes after a variety of heat treatments of the quasicrystalline Al–Mn–Be–Cu alloy. In addition, we report on Vickers microhardness measurements and tensile-test results for the same materials. The samples were produced in a conventional manner, i. e., melting in an electrical resistance furnace in air and a gravitational casting process using a round copper die, which was in the form of a tensile-test specimen with a diameter of 5 mm. After the casting, some of the samples were just solution treated (annealed) and then quenched in water, while others were additionally aged (artificially – T6, or naturally – T4) or directly aged after the casting. In comparison to the as-cast state, the Vickers microhardness values of the aluminum-based matrix and the tensile properties of the samples decreased when just the solution treatment, T4 or T6 treatment was performed. The tensile properties also decreased after the heat treatments. A microstructural inspection revealed that the microstructural changes occurred already during the solution treatment, i. e., the formation of the phases Be4Al(Mn, Cu) and τ1-Al29Mn6Cu4 on the approximant H-Al4Mn and quasicrystalline i-phase particles' edges and the occurrence of precipitates in the αAl matrix. The precipitates that would additionally contribute to the hardening of the alloy did not form. The directly aged samples showed little or no increase in microhardness values in comparison to the as-cast samples, but possibilities of θ″ precipitates being formed from the already saturated matrix after the casting could not be excluded. After all the heat treatments the quasicrystalline i-phase, as a primary and eutectic phase, was preserved.
L'évaluation dans les textes : des relations inter-propositionnelles aux séquences discursives
Authors: Legallois Dominique , Lenepveu Véronique 
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, nous développons l’idée que l’évaluation est une mise en relation d’un jugement avec une base (un argument). Cette conception est fondamentalement textuelle et, en ce sens, se différencie (tout en étant complémentaire) des perspectives qui considèrent uniquement l’évaluation dans ses manifestations lexicales ou propositionnelles. Nous situons le fonctionnement textuel de l’évaluation à un niveau « meso », c’est-à-dire entre les relations de cohérence (niveau micro), et les séquences d’enchaînement (niveau macro). Nous analysons plusieurs textes pour illustration de la conception défendue ici, en nous intéressant également au rôle énonciatif de la locution adverbiale à première vue , étroitement lié à l’articulation jugement-base.
Intensité et polarité : un modèle opératoire articulant plusieurs travaux linguistiques
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ferrari Stéphane 
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, nous présentons un modèle opératoire pour l’analyse automatique d’opinion. Il s’appuie sur différentes approches linguistiques, notamment l’ Appraisal de Martin & White (2005), les travaux de Charaudeau (1992) sur la quantification et l’intensification et ceux de Muller (1991) sur la négation. Nous proposons une synthèse de ces approches et détaillons le système de règles qui en est issu. Une expérimentation visant à valider notre modèle a été réalisée. Nous présentons le logiciel d’étude, les corpus et ressources utilisés et commentons les résultats encourageants concluant à la pertinence de cette approche fondée sur la linguistique.