bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lower pH Value Benefits Regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii by Somatic Embryogenesis, Involving Rhizoid Tubers (RTBs), a Novel Structure
Authors: Xu Ke-dong , Chang Yun-xia , Zhang Ju , Wang Pei-long , Wu Jian-xin , Li Yan-yan , Wang Xiao-wen , Wang Wei , Liu Kun , Zhang Yi , Yu De-shui , Liao Li-bing , Li Yi , Ma Shu-ya , Tan Guang-xuan , Li Cheng-wei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new approach was established for the regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii from root, stem and leaf explants by somatic embryogenesis (SE), involving a previously unreported SE structure, rhizoid tubers (RTBs). During SE, special rhizoids were first induced from root, stem and leaf explants with average rhizoid numbers of 62.33, 40.17 and 11.53 per explant, respectively, on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under dark conditions. Further, one RTB was formed from each of the rhizoids on MS medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 20 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) under light conditions. In the suitable range (pH 4.0–9.0), a lower pH value increased the induction of rhizoids and RTBs. Approximately 37.77, 33.47 and 31.07% of in vivo RTBs from root, stem and leaf explants, respectively, spontaneously developed into multiple plantlets on the same MS medium (supplemented with 20 mg/L TDZ) for induction of RTBs, whereas >95.00% of in vitro RTBs from each kind of explant developed into multiple plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological and histological analyses revealed that RTB is a novel type of SE structure that develops from the cortex cells of rhizoids.
Temporal frequency of events rather than speed dilates perceived duration of moving objects
Authors: Linares Daniel , Gorea Andrei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn everyday life moving objects often follow irregular or repetitive trajectories for which distinctive events are potentially noticeable. It is known that the perceived duration of moving objects is distorted, but whether the distortion is due to the temporal frequency of the events or to the speed of the objects remains unclear. Disentangling the contribution of these factors to perceived duration distortions is ecologically relevant: if perceived duration were dependent on speed, it should contract with the distance from the observer to the moving objects. Here, we asked observers to estimate the perceived duration of an object rotating at different speeds and radii and found that perceived duration dilated with temporal frequency of rotations, rather than speed (or perceived speed, which we also measured). We also found that the dilation was larger for two than for one object, but the increase was not large enough to make perceived duration independent of the number of objects when expressed as a function of the local frequency (the number of times an object crossed a given location per time unit). These results suggest that perceived duration of natural stimuli containing distinctive events doesn't depend on the distance of the events to the observer.
Finding communities in sparse networks
Authors: Singh Abhinav , Humphries Mark D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSpectral algorithms based on matrix representations of networks are often used to detect communities, but classic spectral methods based on the adjacency matrix and its variants fail in sparse networks. New spectral methods based on non-backtracking random walks have recently been introduced that successfully detect communities in many sparse networks. However, the spectrum of non-backtracking random walks ignores hanging trees in networks that can contain information about their community structure. We introduce the reluctant backtracking operators that explicitly account for hanging trees as they admit a small probability of returning to the immediately previous node, unlike the non-backtracking operators that forbid an immediate return. We show that the reluctant backtracking operators can detect communities in certain sparse networks where the non-backtracking operators cannot, while performing comparably on benchmark stochastic block model networks and real world networks. We also show that the spectrum of the reluctant backtracking operator approximately optimises the standard modularity function. Interestingly, for this family of non- and reluctant-backtracking operators the main determinant of performance on real-world networks is whether or not they are normalised to conserve probability at each node.
Substitution-induced spin-splitted surface states in topological insulator (Bi1−xSbx)2Te3
Authors: He Xiaoyue , Li Hui , Chen Lan , Wu Kehui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present a study on surface states of topological insulator (Bi1−xSbx)2Te3 by imaging quasiparticle interference patterns (QPI) using low temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Besides the topological Dirac state, we observed another surface state with chiral spin texture within the conduction band range. The quasiparticle scattering in this state is selectively suppressed. Combined with first-principles calculations, we attribute this state to a spin-splitted band induced by the substitution of Bi with Sb atoms. Our results demonstrate that the coexistence of topological order and alloying may open wider tunability in quantum materials.
Microrheology with Optical Tweezers: Measuring the relative viscosity of solutions ‘at a glance’
Authors: Tassieri Manlio , Giudice Francesco Del , Robertson Emma J. , Jain Neena , Fries Bettina , Wilson Rab , Glidle Andrew , Greco Francesco , Netti Paolo Antonio , Maffettone Pier Luca , Bicanic Tihana , Cooper Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present a straightforward method for measuring the relative viscosity of fluidsviaa simple graphical analysis of the normalised position autocorrelation function of an optically trapped bead, without the need of embarking on laborious calculations. The advantages of the proposed microrheology method are evident when it is adopted for measurements of materials whose availability is limited, such as those involved in biological studies. The method has been validated by direct comparison with conventional bulk rheology methods and has been applied both to characterise synthetic linear polyelectrolytes solutions and to study biomedical samples.
Outlier-resilient complexity analysis of heartbeat dynamics
Authors: Lo Men-Tzung , Chang Yi-Chung , Lin Chen , Young Hsu-Wen Vincent , Lin Yen-Hung , Ho Yi-Lwun , Peng Chung-Kang , Hu Kun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractComplexity in physiological outputs is believed to be a hallmark of healthy physiological control. How to accurately quantify the degree of complexity in physiological signals with outliers remains a major barrier for translating this novel concept of nonlinear dynamic theory to clinical practice. Here we propose a new approach to estimate the complexity in a signal by analyzing the irregularity of the sign time series of its coarse-grained time series at different time scales. Using surrogate data, we show that the method can reliably assess the complexity in noisy data while being highly resilient to outliers. We further apply this method to the analysis of human heartbeat recordings. Without removing any outliers due to ectopic beats, the method is able to detect a degradation of cardiac control in patients with congestive heart failure and a more degradation in critically ill patients whose life continuation relies on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO). Moreover, the derived complexity measures can predict the mortality of ECMO patients. These results indicate that the proposed method may serve as a promising tool for monitoring cardiac function of patients in clinical settings.
Peripheral Substitution: An Easy Way to Tuning the Magnetic Behavior of Tetrakis(phthalocyaninato) Dysprosium(III) SMMs
Authors: Shang Hong , Zeng Suyuan , Wang Hailong , Dou Jianmin , Jiang Jianzhuang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTwo tetrakis(phthalocyaninato) dysprosium(III)-cadmium(II) single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with different extent of phthalocyanine peripheral substitution and therefore different coordination geometry for the Dy ions were revealed to exhibit different SMM behavior, providing an easy way to tuning and controlling the molecular structure and in turn the magnetic properties of tetrakis(tetrapyrrole) lanthanide SMMs through simple tetrapyrrole peripheral substitution.
Transforming growth factor beta 3 involved in the pathogenesis of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint
Authors: Li Yingjie , El.Mozen Loaye Abdelaziz , Cai Hengxing , Fang Wei , Meng Qinggong , Li Jian , Deng Mohong , Long Xing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSynovial chondromatosis (SC) of temporomandibular joint is rare proliferative disorder featured by the formation of cartilaginous nodules in synovium and joint space. Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) is closely related to chondrogenic differentiation and might participate in pathogenesis of SC. We discovered that increased quantity of synoviocytes and blood vessels were observed in SC synovium. The vessel wall and sublining fibroblasts were stained positively by the antibodies against TGF-β3, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and CD34. In loose bodies (LBs), TGF-β3 was mainly expressed in chondrocytes and FGF-2 was expressed in chondrocytes, fibroblasts and vessel walls. Expressions of TGF-β1, TGF-β3, FGF-2, Sox9, Wnt-4, Foxc2 and VEGF-A mRNA were significantly higher in SC synovium. Stimulation of TGF-β3 on synoviocytes increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expressions of chondrogenic genes (Sox9, Col2α1, Aggrecan, Wnt-4 and Wnt-11), osteogenic genes (Runx2, Foxc2, osteocalcin and Col1α1) and VEGF-A, but failed to influence FGF-2 expression. However, the addition of FGF-2 increased TGF-β3 expression. In conclusion, TGF-β3 existed in synovium and LBs of SC and was responsible for the pathogenesis of SC.
Emergence of infectious malignant thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by SRV-4 after transmission to a novel host
Authors: Okamoto Munehiro , Miyazawa Takayuki , Morikawa Shigeru , Ono Fumiko , Nakamura Shota , Sato Eiji , Yoshida Tomoyuki , Yoshikawa Rokusuke , Sakai Kouji , Mizutani Tetsuya , Nagata Noriyo , Takano Jun-ichiro , Okabayashi Sachi , Hamano Masataka , Fujimoto Koji , Nakaya Takaaki , Iida Tetsuya , Horii Toshihiro , Miyabe-Nishiwaki Takako , Watanabe Akino , Kaneko Akihisa , Saito Akatsuki , Matsui Atsushi , Hayakawa Toshiyuki , Suzuki Juri , Akari Hirofumi , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Hirai Hirohisa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe discovered a lethal hemorrhagic syndrome arising from severe thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques kept at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Extensive investigation identified that simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4) was the causative agent of the disease. SRV-4 had previously been isolated only from cynomolgus macaques in which it is usually asymptomatic. We consider that the SRV-4 crossed the so-called species barrier between cynomolgus and Japanese macaques, leading to extremely severe acute symptoms in the latter. Infectious agents that cross the species barrier occasionally amplify in virulence, which is not observed in the original hosts. In such cases, the new hosts are usually distantly related to the original hosts. However, Japanese macaques are closely related to cynomolgus macaques and can even hybridize when given the opportunity. This lethal outbreak of a novel pathogen in Japanese macaques highlights the need to modify our expectations about virulence with regards crossing species barriers.
An evolutionary inspection game with labour unions on small-world networks
Authors: Kamal Salahuddin M. , Al-Hadeethi Yas , Abolaban Fouad A. , Al-Marzouki Fahad M. , Perc Matjaž 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe study an evolutionary inspection game where agents can chose between working and shirking. The evolutionary process is staged on a small-world network, through which agents compare their incomes and, based on the outcome, decide which strategy to adopt. Moreover, we introduce union members that have certain privileges, of which the extent depends on the bargaining power of the union. We determine how the union affects the overall performance of the firm that employs the agents and what are its influences on the employees. We find that, depending on its bargaining power, the union has significant leverage to deteriorate the productivity of a firm and consequently also to lower the long-run benefits of the employees.
Angiotensin-converting enzymes modulate aphid–plant interactions
Authors: Wang Wei , Luo Lan , Lu Hong , Chen Shaoliang , Kang Le , Cui Feng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAngiotensin-converting enzymes (ACEs) are key components of the renin–angiotensin system in mammals. However, the function of ACE homologs in insect saliva is unclear. Aphids presumably deliver effector proteins via saliva into plant cells to maintain a compatible insect–plant interaction. In this study, we showed that ACE modulates aphid–plant interactions by affecting feeding behavior and survival of aphids on host plants. Three ACE genes were identified from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum genome. ACE1 and ACE2 were highly expressed in the salivary glands and are predicted to function as secretory proteins. The ACE2 transcript level decreased in aphids fed on artificial diet compared with aphids fed on Vicia faba. The knockdown of the expression of each ACE by RNAi failed to affect aphid survival. When ACE1 and ACE2 were simultaneously knocked down, aphid feeding was enhanced. Aphids required less time to find the phloem sap and showed longer passive ingestion. However, the simultaneous knockdown of ACE1 and ACE2 resulted in a higher mortality rate than the control group when aphids were fed on plants. These results indicated that ACE1 and ACE2 function together to modulate A. pisum feeding and survival on plants.
Dietary Methionine Restriction in Mice Elicits an Adaptive Cardiovascular Response to Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Ables Gene P. , Ouattara Amadou , Hampton Thomas G. , Cooke Diana , Perodin Frantz , Augie Ines , Orentreich David S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDietary methionine restriction (MR) in rodents increased lifespan despite higher heart-to-body weight ratio (w/w) and hyperhomocysteinemia, which are symptoms associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We investigated this paradoxical effect of MR on cardiac function using young, old and apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-KO) mice. Indeed, MR animals exhibited higher heart-to-body weight ratio (w/w) and hyperhomocysteinemia with a molecular pattern consistent with cardiac stress while maintaining the integrity of cardiac structure. Baseline cardiac function, which was measured by non-invasive electrocardiography (ECG), showed that young MR mice had prolonged QRS intervals compared with control-fed (CF) mice, whereas old and ApoE-KO mice showed similar results for both groups. Following β-adrenergic challenge, responses of MR mice were either similar or attenuated compared with CF mice. Cardiac contractility, which was measured by isolated heart retrograde perfusion, was similar in both groups of old mice. Finally, the MR diet induced secretion of cardioprotective hormones, adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), in MR mice with concomitant alterations in cardiac metabolic molecular signatures. Our findings demonstrate that MR diet does not alter cardiac function in mice despite the presence of hyperhomocysteinemia because of the adaptive responses of increased adiponectin and FGF21 levels.
Box‐folded four‐element MIMO antenna system for LTE handsets
Authors: Yang Lingsheng , Li Tao 
Published: March 2015

A multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system for mobile handsets is presented. The proposed MIMO system consists of four identical box‐folded planar inverted‐F antenna. A broad operating band (1.84–2.69 GHz) with overall MIMO system dimensions of 136 × 68.8 × 6 mm3 and an element size of only 10 × 10 × 5 mm3 can be achieved. Lower than −14.2 dB isolation between any two of the elements has been obtained at the whole operating band. The correlation coefficient, radiation pattern and antenna gain are also studied.
Potential of compost tea for suppressing plant diseases.
Authors: St. Martin C. C. G. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that water-based compost preparations, referred to as compost tea and compost-water extract, can suppress phytopathogens and plant diseases. Despite its potential, compost tea has generally been considered as inadequate for use as a biocontrol agent in conventional cropping systems but important to organic producers who have limited disease control options. The major impediments to the use of compost tea have been the less-than-desirable and inconsistent levels of plant disease suppression as influenced by compost tea production and application factors including compost source and maturity, brewing time and aeration, dilution and application rate and application frequency. Although the mechanisms involved in disease suppression are not fully understood, sterilization of compost tea has generally resulted in a loss in disease suppressiveness. This indicates that the mechanisms of suppression are often, or predominantly, biological, although physico-chemical factors have also been implicated. Increasing the use of molecular approaches, such as metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteogenomics should prove useful in better understanding the relationships between microbial abundance, diversity, functions and disease suppressive efficacy of compost tea. Such investigations are crucial in developing protocols for optimizing the compost tea production process so as to maximize disease suppressive effect without exposing the manufacturer or user to the risk of human pathogens. To this end, it is recommended that compost tea be used as part of an integrated disease management system.
Immune-modulating activities of polysaccharides extracted from brown algae Hizikia fusiforme
Authors: Jeong Sang Chul , Jeong Yong Tae , Lee Sang Myung , Kim Jin Hee 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The immuno-modulating activities of seaweed (Hizikia fusiforme) extracts on murine macrophage and splenocyte were studied in vitro. Polysaccharide (HFP) exhibited the potential macrophage stimulating effects than water extract (HFW) such as NO production and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines on the Raw 264.7 cells and splenocytes. From the mono-sugar composition, HFP-associated fucose based on HFP of H. fusiforme acts as immune modulator.
Performance of and methanogenic communities involved in an innovative anaerobic process for the treatment of food wastewater in a pilot plant
Authors: Lee Seungyong , Lee Bowon , Han Gyuseong , Yoon Heechul , Kim Woong 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In this study, dual-cylindrical anaerobic digesters were designed and built on the pilot plant scale for the improvement of anaerobic digestion efficiency. The removal efficiency of organics, biogas productivity, yield, and microbial communities was evaluated as performance parameters of the digester. During the stable operational period in the continuous mode, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand and total solids were 74.1 and 65.1%, respectively. Biogas productivities of 63.9 m3/m3-FWW and 1.3 m3/kg-VSremoved were measured. The hydrogenotrophic methanogen orders, Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales, were predominant over the aceticlastic methanogen order, Methanosarcinaceae, probably due to the tolerance of the hydrogenotrophs to environmental perturbation in the field and their faster growth rate compared with that of the aceticlastics.
The fluid and electrolyte balance of New Zealand European and Māori/Pacific Island athletes: An observational study
Authors: McLean Andrew , Brown Rachel Clare , Black Katherine Elizabeth 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObservational research on professional athletes from the USA suggests differences may exist in sweat sodium loss based on ethnic differences. The New Zealand (NZ) sporting population is mainly of European or Māori/Pacific Island origin. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the fluid‐electrolyte balance of athletes by ethnicity. A total of 20 Māori/Pacific Islanders (MP; body mass 100.97 ± 13.05 kg) and 29 NZ European (NZE; body mass 89.11 ± 11.56 kg) elite male athletes were recruited. Sweat rates were determined by body mass change during a 1‐h spin cycle exercise session, during which fluid intakes and heart rate were recorded. Sweat samples were analysed for sodium concentration. Mean ± SD sweat sodium concentrations were 73.4 ± 27.2 mmol·L−1 and 55.5 ± 26.8 mmol·L−1 for the MP and NZE groups, respectively (p = 0.070). Sweat rate was 0.93 ± 0.26 L·h−1 for the MP group and 0.89 ± 0.33 L·h−1 for the NZE group (p = 0.357). Fluid intake was 1.05 ± 0.48 L and 0.93 ± 0.49 L for MP and NZE, respectively (p = 0.395). Half of the MP group gained weight during the exercise session compared to 37% of the NZE group. Pre‐exercise urine specific gravity was significantly lower amongst the NZE group (1.016 ± 0.009 g mL−1) than the MP group (1.024 ± 0.008 g mL−1) p = 0.001. There was no significant difference in heart rate between the groups, p = 0.082. Hydration practices of athletes in NZ may differ by ethnicity, and this may highlight the need for more targeted education by ethnicity.
Coaches' attitudes towards placebo interventions in sport
Authors: Szabo Attila , Müller Anna 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPlacebo‐induced performance enhancement is a new controversial issue in competitive sports. Coaches have control over the use of placebos, but their practices and attitudes were barely studied to date. In this survey 96 coaches from regional, national and international levels were asked about their practices and attitudes concerning placebo use in sports. Results revealed that 90% of the respondents were aware of placebo effects. Many (44%) coaches admitted to administering a placebo to their athletes. Those working at international level have administered placebos more often than the others (P =. 02). Two thirds of the coaches agreed to the wider use of placebos in sport. Respondents who have used placebos in the past reported improved athletic performance. They also agreed more to the wider use of placebos than the coaches who previously did not use a placebo (P =. 001). Team sport coaches use more often placebos than coaches working with individual athletes (P =. 05). Only 10% of the sample thought that their athletes would refuse a hypothetical performance enhancer supplied by them. After a successful placebo intervention, only 15% of the coaches would administer it again without consulting the athlete. Overall, the coaches are optimistic about placebo use in sports. Close to half of them, especially those coaching at higher levels of competition, may use it regularly while achieving positive results.