bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Cognitive Effort Prior to Velocity‐Based Training Sessions Reduces Rate of Force Development but Not Maximum Strength Gains in Untrained Male Adults
Authors: Fortes Leonardo de Sousa , de Lima‐Júnior Dalton , Boullosa Daniel , Roelands Bart , Ferreira Maria Elisa Caputo 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to analyze the chronic effect of high cognitive effort immediately before resistance exercise sessions on neuromuscular performance in untrained male adults. We used a mixed experimental design, with the group as between‐participants factor and time as within‐participants factor. Thirty‐four participants were randomly assigned to two parallel groups: high cognitive effort (n = 17) and control (n = 17). Subjects in the control group were seated for 30 min before the resistance exercise sessions, while the high cognitive effort group completed incongruent trials of the Stroop task until subjective mental fatigue was present immediately before resistance exercise sessions. Participants attended 45 sessions over 15 weeks, consisting of three familiarizations, three baseline evaluations, 36 velocity‐based training sessions, and three postexperiment evaluation sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) during the isometric mid‐thigh pull, half back‐squat 1‐RM, and countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured before and after the 12‐week intervention. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for the average RFD at 0–250 ms (p < 0.05), with greater improvements for the control group than for the high cognitive effort group. There was no group × time interaction for half back‐squat 1‐RM (p > 0.05). Also, there was no group × time interaction for CMJ (p > 0.05). In conclusion, repeated high cognitive effort immediately prior to resistance exercise sessions is a phenomenon that can induce greater early velocity loss and, consequently, impairs the improvements in RFD. However, this did not inhibit the increased performance for explosive strength and CMJ in male untrained adults. High cognitive effort before resistance exercise sessions should be avoided.
Profiles Among Women Without a Paid Job and Social Benefits: An Intersectional Perspective Using Dutch Population Register Data
Authors: Kröner Lea , Mazrekaj Deni , van der Lippe Tanja , Poortman Anne‐Rigt 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTDespite their potential vulnerability and untapped work potential, research on the group of women without a paid job and social benefits is limited. This study is the first to identify profiles among women in this group based on their intersecting economic, sociodemographic and contextual characteristics. A cluster analysis conducted on Dutch population register data from 2019 challenges previous research that lumped women without a paid job and social benefits into a single group. Rather, we reveal three distinct profiles: ‘Dutch empty nesters (i.e., mothers with adult children) in affluent households’, ‘Migrant women in urban living areas’ and ‘Dutch, educated mothers with affluent partners’. The identification of these three profiles can mark a significant step in developing tailored active labour market policies for women without a paid job and social benefits.
Prevalence of hepatitis and HIV infection among 18‐months old children in Guinea‐Bissau before vaccination
Authors: Dutschke Alexander , Agergaard Jane , Medina Candida , Hønge Bo Langhoff 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectivesThis study reports on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in children in Guinea‐Bissau before the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced.MethodsCross‐sectional study. From 2005 to 2008, 187 children aged 18 months were enrolled in a vaccine trial and had blood samples taken to test for HBV (HbsAg, anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV.ResultsHBsAg prevalence was 11.2% and prevalence of any HBV serological marker was 16.0%. No children were positive for HCV. One was positive for HIV‐1.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HBsAg was high compared to other sub‐Saharan African countries pre‐immunisation, underscoring the importance of broad and sustained HBV vaccination. This study indicates that the majority of HBV transmission is horizontal during childhood in Guinea‐Bissau.
The chloroplast‐localized casein kinase II α subunit, CPCK2, negatively regulates plant innate immunity through promoting S‐nitrosylation of SABP3
Authors: Rui Lu , Kang Ping , Shao Jing , Lu Minfeng , Cui Beimi , Zhao Yaofei , Wang Wei , Cai Huiren , Tang Dingzhong , Loake Gary J. , Wang Mo , Shi Hua 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYThe casein kinase II (CK2) complex consists of catalytic (α) and regulatory (β) subunits and is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. Plant CK2 plays critical roles in multiple physiological processes; however, its function in plant immunity remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that the unique chloroplast‐localized CK2 α subunit (CPCK2) is a negative regulator of Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity. cpck2 mutants displayed enhanced resistance against the fungal pathogen powdery mildew, Golovinomyces cichoracearum and the virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Moreover, the cpck2‐1 mutant accumulated higher salicylic acid (SA) levels and mutations that disabled SA biosynthesis or signaling inhibited cpck2‐1‐mediated disease resistance. CPCK2 interacted with the chloroplast‐localized carbonic anhydrase (CA), SA‐binding protein 3 (SABP3), which was required for cpck2‐mediated immunity. Significantly, CPCK2 phosphorylated SABP3, which promoted S‐nitrosylation of this enzyme. It has previously been established that S‐nitrosylation of SABP3 reduces both its SA binding function and its CA activity, which compromises the immune‐related function of SABP3. Taken together, our results establish CPCK2 as a negative regulator of SA accumulation and associated immunity. Importantly, our findings unveil a mechanism by which CPCK2 negatively regulates plant immunity by promoting S‐nitrosylation of SABP3 through phosphorylation, which provides the first example in plants of S‐nitrosylation being promoted by cognate phosphorylation.
Exploring exudate viscosity: A rheological analysis of wound exudates
Authors: Melotto Gianluca , Sinha Avick , Forss Jaqueline Rachel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractExudate and its viscosity are critical in wound healing. Changes in viscosity can interfere with dressings properties as well as affect the diffusion of immune cells, nutrients, oxygen and bacteria. Current international standards for laboratory testing of wound dressings use a single low‐viscosity solution, named as ‘Test Solution A’, which fails to simulate the diverse range of exudates encountered clinically. This study employs rheological analysis to characterise exudates viscosity, comparing cattle‐derived samples to the test solution A. Results reveal non‐Newtonian, shear‐thinning behaviour in exudates, contrasting with the Newtonian behaviour of the test solution A. Although clinically classified as ‘seropurulent’, three exudate samples analysed at 37°C present with different viscosity at various shear rates, ranging from 30.8 (±14.7) to 6.5 (±1.9) mPas. Findings show that the current tests on dressings employing Test Solution A are missing the complexity of real exudates.
Ketone monoester attenuates oxygen desaturation during weighted ruck exercise under acute hypoxic exposure but does not impact cognitive performance
Authors: McClure Tyler S. , Phillips Jeffrey , Kernagis Dawn , Coleman Kody , Chappe Ed , Cutter Gary R. , Egan Brendan , Norell Todd , Stubbs Brianna J. , Bamman Marcas M. , Koutnik Andrew P. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAcute ingestion of exogenous ketone supplements in the form of a (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyl (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (R‐BD R‐βHB) ketone monoester (KME) can attenuate declines in oxygen availability during hypoxic exposure and might impact cognitive performance at rest and in response to moderate‐intensity exercise. In a single‐blind randomized crossover design, 16 males performed assessments of cognitive performance before and during hypoxic exposure with moderate exercise [2 × 20 min weighted ruck (∼22 kg) at 3.2 km/h at 10% incline] in a normobaric altitude chamber (4572 m, 11.8% O2). The R‐BD R‐βHB KME (573 mg/kg) or a calorie‐ and taste‐matched placebo (∼50 g maltodextrin) were co‐ingested with 40 g of dextrose before exposure to hypoxia. The R‐βHB concentrations were rapidly elevated and sustained (>3 mM; P < 0.001) by KME. The decline in oxygen saturation during hypoxic exposure was attenuated in KME conditions by 2.4%–4.2% (P < 0.05) compared with placebo. Outcomes of cognitive performance tasks, in the form of the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) code substitution task, the Stroop color and word task, and a shooting simulation, did not differ between trials before and during hypoxic exposure. These data suggest that the acute exogenous ketosis induced by KME ingestion can attenuate declining blood oxygen saturation during acute hypoxic exposure both at rest and during moderate‐intensity exercise, but this did not translate into differences in cognitive performance before or after exercise in the conditions investigated.
Short‐latency afferent inhibition is reduced with cold‐water immersion of a limb and remains reduced after removal from the cold stimulus
Authors: Delahunty Eden T. , Bisset Leanne M. , Kavanagh Justin J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe experience of pain that is induced by extremely cold temperatures can exert a modulatory effect on motor cortex circuitry. Although it is known that immersion of a single limb in very cold water can increase corticomotor excitability it is unknown how afferent input to the cortex shapes excitatory and inhibitory processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine motor‐evoked potentials (MEP), short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long‐latency afferent inhibition (LAI) in response to immersion of a single hand in cold water. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess MEPs, and peripheral nerve stimulation of the median nerve paired with TMS was used to measure SAI and LAI in motor circuits of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Measurements were obtained from electromyography (EMG) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) at baseline, during cold‐water immersion, and during recovery from cold‐water immersion. The intervention caused unconditioned MEPs to increase during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.008) which then returned to baseline levels once the hand was removed from the cold water. MEP responses were decoupled from SAI responses, where SAI was reduced during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.005) and remained reduced compared to baseline when the hand was removed from the cold water (P = 0.002). The intervention had no effect on LAI. The uncoupling of SAI from MEPs during the recovery period suggests that the mechanisms underlying the modulation of corticospinal excitability by sensory input may be distinct from those affecting intracortical inhibitory circuits.Highlights
What is the central question of this study?Does immersion of a limb in very cold water influence corticospinal excitability and the level of afferent inhibition exerted on motor cortical circuits?
What is the main finding and its importance?In additional to perception of temperature, immersion in 6°C water also induced perceptions of pain. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude increased during immersion, and short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) of the motor cortex was reduced during immersion; however, these responses differed after the limb was removed from the cold stimulus, as MEPs returned to normal levels while SAI remained suppressed.
Transient Shutdown Cooling Simulation of a Gas Turbine Test Rig Configuration Under Ventilated Natural Convection
Authors: Sun Zixiang , Amirante Dario , Barnes Christopher J. , Hills Nicholas J. , Fahy Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A transient simulation of shutdown cooling for a gas turbine test rig configuration under ventilated natural convection has been successfully demonstrated using a coupled aerothermal approach. Large eddy simulation (LES) and finite element analysis (FEA) were employed for fluid domain computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and solid component thermal conduction simulation, respectively. Coupling between LES and FEA was achieved through a plugin communicator. The buoyancy-induced chimney effect under the axially ventilated natural convection is correctly reproduced. The hotter turbulent flow in the upper part of the annular path and the colder laminar-type air movement in the lower part of the annulus are appropriately captured. The heat transfer features in the annular passage are also faithfully replicated, with heat flux of the inner cylinder reaching its maximum and minimum at the bottom dead center (BDC) and the top dead center (TDC), respectively. Agreement with experimental measurements is good in terms of both temperature and heat flux, and the result of the transient simulation for the shutdown cooling is encouraging too. In addition, radiation is simulated in the FEA model based on the usual gray body assumptions and Lambert's law for the coupled computation. It has been shown that at the high power (HP) condition, the radiation for the inner cylinder is approximately 11% of its convective heat flux counterpart. The importance of radiation is thus clearly revealed even for the present rig test case with a scaled-down temperature setup.
African Cultural Case: Reexamining Apologia in Communication Theory
Authors: Onwumechili Chuka , Akpan Unwana 
Published: August 2024

The image repair theory, alluded to by the situational crisis communication theory, assumes two conditions that require a public oral rhetorical defense. The conditions are that (a) an act is reprehensible and (b) the person or organization is responsible for the act. However, those theories have been largely tested in the Western world, where individualism has primacy over the community. In this work, we argue that rhetorical defenses during image crisis and repair cannot escape the cultural dictates of its social environment. We advance situations in Africa and the United States that demonstrate the differences in the concept of collectivism and individualism and their impact on image and crisis situations. In the African example, we use Blessing Okagbare’s drug-testing case to demonstrate involvement of her community or collective, and in the Western cultural example we use Sha’Carri Richardson’s drug-test case to compare. The key point, overall, is to demonstrate that image-repair incidences in Africa and the West are not encountered similarly, and thus, a universal process of the image repair theory and situational crisis communication theory is not recommended. Instead, we recommend modification of both theories to account for the cultural differences.
Time–Motion and Technical–Tactical Aspects of Glory World Series Matches in the Male Middle-Heavy-Weight Category
Authors: Calabrese Jean C. , Silva Renata G. , Bertuzzi Romulo , Lima-Silva Adriano E. 
Published: August 2024

Purpose: To characterize the time structure of K1 kickboxing matches of Glory World Series (Glory) and to determine potential differences between winners and losers. Methods: Seventeen matches of Glory 2019 (17 first rounds, 13 second rounds, and 8 third rounds) were video-analyzed to quantify (1) the time expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses, (2) the number and pattern of attacks, and (3) the number of effective attacks. Fighters were professional male athletes (age 27.9 [2.7] y) of the middle-weight category (85 kg). The number and the pattern of attacks and the number of effective attacks were compared between winners and losers. Results: The mean times expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses were 234.6 (133.9) seconds, 97.4 (60.1) seconds, and 36.0 (19.9) seconds, respectively, resulting in an effort-to-pause ratio of ∼1.8:1. Compared with losers, winners presented (1) a greater number of attacks in the second round (P = .004) and entire match (P = .009), (2) a greater number of attacks containing 3 attacks in sequence in the second round (P = .001) and attacks containing >3 attacks in the third round (P = .049), and (3) a greater number of effective attacks in the second round (P = .011) and entire match (P = .008). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that K1 kickboxing in Glory matches presents a ∼1.8:1 effort-to-pause ratio and that winners perform more attacks, effective attacks, and attacks in sequence. These data provide useful insights to improve the training specificity of kickboxing athletes.
HSV-1 infection induces phosphorylated tau propagation among neurons via extracellular vesicles
Authors: Protto V. , Miteva M. T. , Iannuzzi F. , Marcocci M. E. , Li Puma D. D. , Piacentini R. , Belli M. , Sansone L. , Pietrantoni A. , Grassi C. , Palamara A. T. , De Chiara G. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Extracellular vesicles (EV), key players in cell-to-cell communication, may contribute to disease propagation in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), by favoring the dissemination of neurotoxic proteins within the brain. Interestingly, growing evidence supports the role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we investigated whether HSV-1 infection could promote the spread of phosphorylated tau (ptau) among neurons via EV. We analyzed the ptau species that were secreted via EV following HSV-1 infection in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, focusing particularly on T205, T181, and T217, the phosphorylation sites mainly associated with AD. Moreover, by overexpressing human tau tagged with GFP (htau
GFP
), we found that recipient tau knockout (KO) neurons uptook EV that are loaded with HSV-1-induced phtau
GFP
. Finally, we exploited an
in vivo
model of acute infection and assessed that cerebral HSV-1 infection promotes the release of ptau via EV in the brain of infected mice. Overall, our data suggest that, following HSV-1 infection, EV play a role in tau spreading within the brain, thus contributing to neurodegeneration.

IMPORTANCE
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection that reaches the brain has been repeatedly linked with the appearance of the pathognomonic markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and cognitive deficits. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease representing the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and no cure is currently available, thus prompting additional investigation on potential risk factors and pathological mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the virus exploits the extracellular vesicles (EV) to disseminate phosphorylated tau (ptau) among brain cells. Importantly, we provide evidence that the HSV-1-induced EV-bearing ptau can be undertaken by recipient neurons, thus likely contributing to misfolding and aggregation of native tau, as reported for other AD models. Hence, our data highlight a novel mechanism exploited by HSV-1 to propagate tau-related damage in the brain.
Integration of genomic and pharmacokinetic data to predict clinical outcomes in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis
Authors: Stott Katharine E. , Mohabir Jason T. , Bowers Katharine , Tenor Jennifer L. , Toffaletti Dena L. , Unsworth Jennifer , Jimenez-Valverde Ana , Ahmadu Ajisa , Moyo Melanie , Gondwe Ebbie , Chimang’anga Wezi , Chasweka Madalitso , Lawrence David S. , Jarvis Joseph N. , Harrison Tom , Hope William , Lalloo David G. , Mwandumba Henry C. , Perfect John R. , Cuomo Christina A. ,   The AMBITION Study Group
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcal meningitis causes an estimated 112,000 global deaths per annum. Genomic and phenotypic features of the infecting strain of
Cryptococcus
spp. have been associated with outcomes from cryptococcal meningitis. Additionally, population-level pharmacokinetic variability is well documented in these patient cohorts. The relative contribution of these factors to clinical outcomes is unknown. Based in Malawi, we conducted a sub-study of the phase 3 Ambition-CM trial (ISRCTN72509687), collecting plasma and cerebrospinal fluid at serial time points during the first 14 days of antifungal therapy. We explored the relative contribution of pathogen genotype, drug resistance phenotype, and pharmacokinetics on clinical outcomes including lumbar opening pressure, pharmacodynamic effect, and mortality. We report remarkable genomic homogeneity among infecting strains of
Cryptococcus
spp., within and between patients. There was no evidence of acquisition of antifungal resistance in our isolates. Genotypic features of the infecting strain were not consistently associated with adverse or favorable clinical outcomes. However, baseline fungal burden and early fungicidal activity (EFA) were associated with mortality. The strongest predictor of EFA was the level of exposure to amphotericin B. Our analysis suggests the most effective means of improving clinical outcomes from HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is to optimize exposure to potent antifungal therapy.

IMPORTANCE
HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is associated with a high burden of mortality. Research into the different strain types causing this disease has yielded inconsistent findings in terms of which strains are associated with worse clinical outcomes. Our study suggests that the exposure of patients to potent anti-cryptococcal drugs has a more significant impact on clinical outcomes than the strain type of the infecting organism. Future research should focus on optimizing drug exposure, particularly in the context of novel anticryptococcal drugs coming into clinical use.
Rational design of a flavoenzyme for aerobic nicotine catabolism
Authors: Hu Haiyang , Xu Zhaoyong , Zhang Zhiyao , Song Peizhi , Stull Frederick , Xu Ping , Tang Hongzhi 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Enzymatic therapy with nicotine-degrading enzyme is a new strategy in treating nicotine addiction, which can reduce nicotine concentrations and weaken withdrawal in the rat model. However, when O
2
is used as the electron acceptor, no satisfactory performance has been achieved with one of the most commonly studied and efficient nicotine-catabolizing enzymes, NicA2. To obtain more efficient nicotine-degrading enzyme, we rationally designed and engineered a flavoenzyme Pnao, which shares high structural similarity with NicA2 (RMSD = 1.143 Å) and efficiently catalyze pseudooxynicotine into 3-succinoyl-semialdehyde pyridine using O
2
. Through amino acid alterations with NicA2, five Pnao mutants were generated, which can degrade nicotine in Tris-HCl buffer and retain catabolic activity on its natural substrate. Nicotine-1′-
N
-oxide was identified as one of the reaction products. Four of the derivative mutants showed activity in rat serum and Trp220 and Asn224 were found critical for enzyme specificity. Our findings offer a novel avenue for research into aerobic nicotine catabolism and provide a promising method of generating additional nicotine-catalytic enzymes.

IMPORTANCE
Nicotine, the main active substance in tobacco, results in cigarette addiction and various diseases. There have been some attempts at using nicotine oxidoreductase, NicA2, as a therapeutic for nicotine cessation. However, it uses cytochrome c as it is electron acceptor, which is impractical for therapeutic use compared with using O2 as an oxidant. Thus, amino acid alteration was performed on Pnao using NicA2 as model. Five of the mutants generated degraded nicotine at a rate similar to NicA2, and one of the catabolic compounds was identified as nicotine-1′-N-oxide. Our research highlights a new direction in developing enzymes that efficiently catabolize nicotine without co-enzymes and suggests that structure-similar human original MAOA (or B) may assist with nicotine cessation after being engineered.