bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Business of Migration Control: Delegating Migration Control Functions to Private Actors
Authors: Bloom Tendayi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPrivate companies are explicitly and implicitly, directly and indirectly, involved at all stages of the migration process. This delegation of migration control functions to private actors is largely unregulated and the multi‐layered policy implications are not well understood. The lines of responsibility and accountability, but also liability, for decisions being made and for force used are not always clear and this most seriously affects vulnerable migrants and potential migrants. This delegation is occurring in some form in all global regions. International agreements relating to migration do not take this privatisation into account and international discussions about the obligations of private companies do not consider the Migration Business directly. This survey article presents the situation and argues that informed international policy debate is needed in this area.
Detection of nickel and palladium contact hypersensitivity by a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test
Authors: Spoerri I. , Scherer K. , Michel S. , Link S. , Bircher A. J. , Heijnen I. A. F. M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe established a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) for the detection of nickel (Ni) and palladium (Pd) sensitization. Eighty‐one consecutive patients with an indication for patch test (PT) were tested by LPT with Ni (NiSO4) and Pd (Na2PdCl4 and PdCl2) salts. The imprecision of the LPT was low (coefficient of variation 7.2%). Using PT as a diagnostic reference, the sensitivity and specificity of LPT were 74.4% and 80% for NiSO4, 74.4% and 78.3% for Na2PdCl4, and 57.2% and 85.4% for PdCl2, respectively. For both Ni and Pd, the likelihood ratio for a positive PT markedly increased with increasing LPT value. With medical history as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity were 40.6% and 82.1% for LPT and 59.4% and 89.7% for PT, respectively. Combination of LPT and PT resulted in a higher specificity of 95%, albeit lower sensitivity of 34.4%. In conclusion, flow cytometric LPT represents a reliable and useful method for the detection of Ni and Pd sensitization. LPT values correlate with PT results and, when used in combination with PT, increase test specificity.
“One of the Guys”: Military Women, Paradoxical Individuality, and the Transformations of the Argentine Army
Authors: Badaró Máximo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine institutional life in the Argentine Army today from the perspective of female soldiers, with particular emphasis on the opportunities for agency available to these women in the army and the possibilities of institutional change they unintentionally produce. I show how female soldiers have made possible the concept of a military subject open to values from different dimensions of their identities. The agency of these female soldiers does not contain any explicit intentionality to resist or subvert institutional norms and values associated with military masculinity; rather, this agency is to be found in the different kinds of individuality that female soldiers bring into view inside and outside the army. Through their practices, ideas, and conceptions of military activity, female soldiers pave the way for discussing a key dimension in the redefining of the relations among the armed forces, the state, and society at large in present‐day Argentina: soldiers as citizens. In this way, the experiences of women in the Argentine Army mirror internal changes within the military institution, where they also chart the scope, ambiguity, and contradictions present in the ongoing democratization of Argentine society. [military women, Argentine Army, female agency]
V‐Effekt: Death, Mortality, and the Melbourne International Arts Festival
Authors: Hay Chris 
Published: December 2014

SummaryOn 16 October 2009, a friend died. He was the first person I knew of my generation to die. That night, I saw a play in the Melbourne International Arts Festival (MIAF), one which dealt with the messy realities of sudden death. Almost a year to the day later, I saw another MIAF production about the dangers of holding onto ghosts. They were chaotic, transcendent, heart‐stopping experiences. In this paper, I use them to explore my personal engagements with death, grief, and release. Part criticism, part exorcism, it is my attempt to understand what happened to me in the same theater across two very different Octobers. This paper further engages with the limits of semiosis, presenting a recount and analysis of Pornography and Opening Night drawing on both the semiotics of the productions and my own very particular embodied experience of them. How do we make sense of what it is to die? Even with that knowledge, how do we comprehend someone's actual death? And what might theater have to do with it?
The Crumbling Fortress: Territory, Access, and Subjectivity Production in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon
Authors: Kelly Alice B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the rise of a new era in biodiversity conservation, whereby older protected areas lose management and funding to the point that they become open access spaces. Using Waza National Park as a case study, the paper shows that while the enclosure of this protected area had serious detrimental effects for local natural resource users, it offered limited advantages to those who were able to negotiate “insider” status. I argue that the dissolution of this enclosure and the loss of the ability to exclude “outsiders” or negotiate differential use of the protected area's resources created a situation that was even more harmful to local people's physical and food security than the initial enclosure. Taking a historical view of territory, subjectivity, and access in and around Waza, this paper shows who is able to benefit from various legal and practical territorial components of landscapes, when, and how.
Pleiotropic effects of statins on the treatment of chronic periodontitis – a systematic review
Authors: Estanislau Ilanna Mara Gomes , Terceiro Icrólio Ribeiro Colares , Lisboa Mario Roberto Pontes , Teles Patrícia de Barros , Carvalho Rosimary de Sousa , Martins Ricardo Souza , Moreira Maria Mônica Studart Mendes 
Published: December 2014

AimStatins are inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and are an important group of hypolipidaemic drugs, widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and cardiovascular disease. Some studies have shown that statins are able to modulate inflammation and alveolar bone loss.MethodsIn order to evaluate whether statins could influence periodontal treatment, improving the clinical and radiographic parameters in chronic periodontitis, a systematic review was conducted in the databases PUBMED and BIREME, searching for articles in English and Portuguese, published between the years 2004 and 2014, using the combined keywords statin, periodontal disease, periodontitis and alveolar bone. Studies regarding the treatment of chronic periodontitis in humans, blind or double‐blind, retrospective cohort or randomized controlled trials that used statins topically or systemically were selected.ResultsStatins have important anti‐inflammatory and immune effects, reducing levels of C‐reactive protein and matrix metalloproteinases and their intermediate products, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α, and are also able to inhibit the adhesion and extravasation of leukocytes, which block the co‐stimulation of T cells. Statins reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast formation and lead to increased apoptosis of these cells. The effect of statins on bone formation is related to the increased gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein in osteoblasts.ConclusionAlthough we found biological mechanisms and clinical results that show lower alveolar bone loss and reduction of clinical signs of inflammation, further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical applicability of statins in the routine treatment of chronic periodontitis.
Twenty years of lesson learning: how does the RET genetic screening test impact the clinical management of medullary thyroid cancer?
Authors: Romei Cristina , Tacito Alessia , Molinaro Eleonora , Agate Laura , Bottici Valeria , Viola David , Matrone Antonio , Biagini Agnese , Casella Francesca , Ciampi Raffaele , Materazzi Gabriele , Miccoli Paolo , Torregrossa Liborio , Ugolini Clara , Basolo Fulvio , Vitti Paolo , Elisei Rossella 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectiveMedullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare disease that can be inherited or sporadic; its pathogenesis is related to activating mutations in the RET gene.DesignThis study describes our 20‐year experience regarding RET genetic screening in MTC.Patients and methodsWe performed RET genetic screening in 1556 subjects, 1007 with an apparently sporadic MTC, 95 with a familial form and 454 relatives of RET‐positive patients with MTC.ResultsA germline RET mutation was found in 68 of 1007 (6·7%) patients with sporadic MTC, while 939 patients with MTC were negative for germline RET mutations. We then identified a total of 137 gene carriers (GC). These subjects initiated a clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of MEN 2. A total of 139 MEN 2 families have been followed: 94 FMTC, 33 MEN 2A and 12 MEN 2B. Thirty‐three different germline RET mutations were identified. Codon 804 was the most frequently altered codon particularly in FMTC (32/94, 34%), while codon 634 was the most frequently altered codon in MEN 2A (31/33, 94%); MEN 2B cases were exclusively associated with an M918T mutation at exon 16.ConclusionsOur 20‐year study demonstrated that RET genetic screening is highly specific and sensitive, and it allows the reclassification as hereditary of apparently sporadic cases and the identification of GC who require an adequate follow‐up. We confirmed that FMTC is the most prevalent MEN 2 syndrome and that it is strongly correlated with noncysteine RET mutations. According to these findings, a new paradigm of follow‐up of hereditary MTC cases might be considered in the next future.
Towards Building a Bridge between Community Engagement in Research (CEnR) and Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER)
Authors: Ahmed Syed M. , Nelson David , Kissack Anne , Franco Zeno , Whittle Jeff , Kotchen Theodore , Meurer John R. , Morzinski Jeffrey , Brandenburg Terry 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA major national priority is establishing an effective infrastructure for translation of scientific discoveries into the community. Knowledge and practice continue to accelerate in health research yet healthcare recommendation adoption remains slow for practitioners, patients, and communities. Two areas of research placed in the later stages of the translational research spectrum, Community Engagement in Research and Comparative Effectiveness Research, are ideal for approaching this challenge collaboratively. The Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin convened academics and community‐based organizations familiar with these fields of research in a 1‐day workshop to establish an initial dialogue on similarities and differences with a goal of exploring ways to operationalize a collective effort. Participants represented four academic institutions and twelve other healthcare and community‐based service organizations. Primary fields of study included community engaged research, comparative effectiveness research, psychology, clinical research, administration, nursing, public health, education, and other professionals. This initial report outlines the results of this diverse discussion and provides insights into the priorities, diverging issues, and areas for future examination and practice. Key discoveries reveal clear crosscutting issues, value in philosophical and provocative discussions among investigators, a need for practice and lessons learned, and bidirectional exchange with community representation.
Combining EMI and GPR for non‐invasive soil sensing at the Stonehenge World Heritage Site: the reconstruction of a WW1 practice trench
Authors: Saey T. , Van Meirvenne M. , De Smedt P. , Stichelbaut B. , Delefortrie S. , Baldwin E. , Gaffney V. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIncreasingly, conventional soil sampling procedures face restrictions because of their destructive character. Hence there is a growing interest in non‐invasive techniques, on which proximal soil sensors are based. There is great interest in applying proximal soil sensing to improve the characterization of the buried heritage embedded in the soil landscape at sites such as the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, UK. Because calibration and validation procedures based on invasive practices are unconventional, we turned to the investigation of a well‐documented practice trench dug during the First World War (WW1) close to the prehistoric Stonehenge monument. A methodology was tested that would simultaneously invert frequency‐domain ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and multi‐receiver electromagnetic induction (EMI) data, with the aim of reconstructing the trench network. This trench network could not be distinguished on the EMI apparent electrical conductivity (σa) measurements, but appeared on the apparent magnetic susceptibility (κa) data. The GPR measurements showed the trench infilling as strong reflections contrasting with the surrounding soil. However, converting the two‐way travel times to absolute depths requires knowledge of the relative permittivity (εr). Because of the preference for non‐invasive observation in this protected landscape, we developed a procedure integrating the GPR measurements with κa measurements obtained with EMI. A fitting procedure, assuming a constant susceptibility and permittivity of the sub‐surface layers, allowed us to estimate both the susceptibility of the trench fill and the surrounding soil material, and the εr value of the material above and within the trench. This provided absolute depth values for the GPR reflection data, improving the lateral and vertical reconstruction of the trench system. Moreover, these results allowed depth slices to be determined from EMI κa data. So, integrating both GPR and EMI measurements enabled the detailed reconstruction of the buried trench network at Stonehenge, offering new perspectives on the investigation of features buried within the soil of protected sites.
Asserting Existence: Agentive Narratives Arising From the Restraints of Seeking Asylum in East Anglia, Britain
Authors: Rainbird Sophia 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article is based on fieldwork (2002–2003) in Great Yarmouth and Norwich in Britain with asylum seekers from Iraq, Iran, Kenya, Kosovo, Congo, and Montenegro as they await the outcome to their application for refugee status. During this period of liminality, their narratives were both urgent and repetitive expressions of their current immigration status and, to a lesser extent, their past experiences. In this article, I consider how such narratives are elicited by asylum seekers to craft an agentive capacity during this liminal period to overcome an existential crisis and assert their existence within society. Stories that recount traumatic experiences work as a way of reconciling a past that can no longer exist and a current state of liminality with a new sense of being in the world.
White Matter Hyperintensities of Presumed Vascular Origin: A Population-Based Study in Rural Ecuador (The Atahualpa Project)
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. , Del Brutto Victor J. , Zambrano Mauricio , Lama Julio 
Published: December 2014

Background Cerebral small vessel disease is probably one of the most common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying stroke in Latin America. However, the importance of silent markers of small vessel disease, including white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin, has not been assessed so far. Aim The study aims to evaluate prevalence and correlates of white matter hyperintensities in community-dwelling elders living in Atahualpa (rural Ecuador). Methods Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years were identified during a door-to-door survey and invited to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging for identification and grading white matter hyperintensities and other markers of small vessel disease. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we evaluated whether white matter hyperintensities is associated with demographics, cardiovascular health status, stroke, cerebral microbleeds, and cortical atrophy, after adjusting for the other variables. Results Out of 258 enrolled persons (mean age, 70 ± 8 years; 59% women), 172 (67%) had white matter hyperintensities, which were moderate to severe in 63. Analyses showed significant associations of white matter hyperintensities presence and severity with age and cardiovascular health status, as well as with overt and silent strokes, and a trend for association with cerebral microbleeds and cortical atrophy. Conclusions Prevalence and correlates of white matter hyperintensities in elders living in rural Ecuador is almost comparable with that reported from industrialized nations, reinforcing the concept that the burden of small vessel disease is on the rise in underserved Latin American populations.
Nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture in Jordanian hospitals
Authors: Khater W.A. , Akhu‐Zaheya L.M. , AL‐Mahasneh S.I. , Khater R. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundPatients' safety culture is a key aspect in determining healthcare organizations' ability to address and reduce risks of patients. Nurses play a major role in patients' safety because they are accountable for direct and continuous patient care. There is little known information about patients' safety culture in Jordanian hospitals, particularly from the perspective of healthcare providers.AimThe study aimed to assess patient safety culture in Jordanian hospitals from nurses' perspective.MethodsA cross‐sectional, descriptive design was utilized. A total number of 658 nurses participated in the current study. Data were collected using an Arabic version of the hospital survey of patients' safety culture.FindingsTeamwork within unit dimensions had a high positive response, and was perceived by nurses to be the only strong suit in Jordanian hospitals. Areas that required improvement, as perceived by nurses, are as follows: communication openness, staffing, handoff and transition, non‐punitive responses to errors, and teamwork across units. Regression analysis revealed factors, from nurses' perspectives, that influenced patients' safety culture in Jordanian hospital. Factors included age, total years of experience, working in university hospitals, utilizing evidence‐based practice and working in hospitals that consider patient safety to be a priority.LimitationsParticipants in this study were limited to nurses. Therefore, there is a need to assess patient safety culture from other healthcare providers' perspectives. Moreover, the use of a self‐reported questionnaire introduced the social desirability biases.ConclusionThe current study provides insight into how nurses perceive patient safety culture. Results of this study have revealed that there is a need to replace the traditional culture of shame/blame with a non‐punitive culture.Implications for nursing and health policyStudy results implied that improving patient safety culture requires a fundamental transformation of nurses' work environment. New policies to improve collaboration between units of hospitals would improve patients' safety.
Regulatory fit theory at work: prevention focus' primacy in safe food production
Authors: Park Ernest S. , Hinsz Verlin B , Nickell Gary S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe food‐processing industry emphasizes employee compliance to food‐safety standards to prevent distribution of contaminated foods. Regulatory fit theory was tested to examine the applicability of self‐regulation constructs as potential components of person‐job fit. In contexts emphasizing safety, workers higher in prevention should experience greater person‐job fit, thus prevention focus should relate to desirable outcomes. Poultry‐processing workers (n = 180) completed a work‐related regulatory focus scale as part of a survey including a set of outcome measures. Consistent with theory, prevention focus scores related to self‐reported positive work outcomes (job effectiveness, satisfaction, efficacy, enjoyment, involvement), and relationships were statistically mediated by perceived regulatory fit. Results have implications for selection practices and suggest ways work can be structured to enhance job performance.
A continent‐wide study reveals clear relationships between regional abiotic conditions and post‐dispersal seed predation
Authors: Orrock John L. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Brudvig Lars A. , Firn Jennifer , MacDougall Andrew S. , Melbourne Brett A. , Yang Louie H. , Baker Dirk V. , Bar‐Massada Avi , Crawley Michael J. , Damschen Ellen I. , Davies Kendi F. , Gruner Daniel S. , Kay Adam D. , Lind Eric , McCulley Rebecca L. , Seabloom Eric W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimLarge‐scale patterns linking energy availability, biological productivity and diversity form a central focus of ecology. Despite evidence that the activity and abundance of animals may be limited by climatic variables associated with regional biological productivity (e.g. mean annual precipitation and annual actual evapotranspiration), it is unclear whether plant–granivore interactions are themselves influenced by these climatic factors across broad spatial extents. We evaluated whether climatic conditions that are known to alter the abundance and activity of granivorous animals also affect rates of seed removal.LocationEleven sites across temperate North America.MethodsWe used a common protocol to assess the removal of the same seed species (Avena sativa) over a 2‐day period. Model selection via the Akaike information criterion was used to determine a set of candidate binomial generalized linear mixed models that evaluated the relationship between local climatic data and post‐dispersal seed predation.ResultsAnnual actual evapotranspiration was the single best predictor of the proportion of seeds removed. Annual actual evapotranspiration and mean annual precipitation were both positively related to mean seed removal and were included in four and three of the top five models, respectively. Annual temperature range was also positively related to seed removal and was an explanatory variable in three of the top four models.Main conclusionsOur work provides the first evidence that energy and precipitation, which are known to affect consumer abundance and activity, also translate to strong, predictable patterns of seed predation across a continent. More generally, these findings suggest that future changes in temperature and precipitation could have widespread consequences for plant species composition in grasslands, through impacts on plant recruitment.