bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life on the edge: survival and behavioural responses of freshwater gill‐breathing snails to declining water level and substratum drying
Authors: Poznańska Małgorzata , Kakareko Tomasz , Gulanicz Tomasz , Jermacz Łukasz , Kobak Jarosław 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Reductions in water level and temporary exposure of substratum to air are two of the most important factors structuring communities in temperate near‐shore zones. Snails are suitable model organisms to study responses of aquatic communities to water‐level fluctuations, as they often inhabit near‐shore zones and are relatively mobile.

In a laboratory study, we investigated survival and behavioural responses (horizontal migration and burrowing) of three freshwater gill‐breathing snails: Viviparus viviparus (L.) (large and small individuals), Bithynia tentaculata (L.) and Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) to substratum drying. We studied the effect of distance to a suitable habitat (24 and 48 cm) and rate of dewatering (gradual: eight days or sudden) on horizontal migrations of snails as well as their burrowing depth.

Large V. viviparus individuals were best adapted to dewatering: they were resistant to drying (surviving more than 3 weeks of air exposure) and migrated in response to decreasing water level and/or burrowed into the substratum. Their horizontal movement was negatively related to the rate of dewatering and distance needed to get to a submerged area. However, they were able to migrate to some extent even after a sudden dewatering and to reach a distant submerged refuge. Small V. viviparus exhibited similar behavioural responses as large individuals, but were less resistant to drying, surviving approximately one week of air exposure. Neither B. tentaculata nor P. antipodarum exhibited behavioural adaptations to desiccation, although resistance to drying differed markedly from approximately 3 weeks for B. tentaculata to 3–4 days for P. antipodarum.

Resistance to drying and behavioural adaptations are two factors enabling benthic organisms to survive in harsh near‐shore environments. Our study revealed marked intra‐ and interspecific differences in response to dewatering, depending on body size, distance to a refuge and rate of dewatering. Appropriate physiological and behavioural responses may increase fitness of organisms under changing environmental conditions and contribute to their survival.
Chromium‐isotope signatures in scleractinian corals from the Rocas Atoll, Tropical South Atlantic
Authors: Pereira N. S. , Voegelin A. R. , Paulukat C. , Sial A. N. , Ferreira V. P. , Frei R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChromium‐isotope compositions (expressed as δ53Cr) of recent and ancient skeletal and non‐skeletal carbonates are currently explored as a (paleo‐) redox‐proxy for shallow seawater. The idea behind this approach is that biogenic and non‐biogenic carbonates could potentially be used as archives recording the Cr‐isotope composition of seawater in which they formed, and with this contribute to the reconstruction of past paleo‐environmental changes in the marine realm, and potentially to climate changes on land. However, investigations addressing the behavior and uptake mechanism of Cr, and the potential isotope fractionations between seawater and biogenic carbonates are scarce. Here, we present a study of Cr‐isotope variations in three species of corals and contemporary seawater from the Rocas Atoll, NE, Brazil. Cr‐isotope values of the studied coral species (Siderastrea stellata, Porites sp., and Montastrea cavernosa) vary from −0.5 to +0.33‰ and point to significant isotopic disequilibrium with coexisting seawater characterized by a Cr‐isotope value of +0.92 ± 0.2‰. This isotopic offset requires reduction of hexavalent Cr(VI) in the sequestration process of all the studied coral species. Cr‐isotope values in a profile across an S. stellata colony returned homogeneous, slightly positively fractioned δ53Cr values of +0.07 ± 0.08‰ (n = 8, 2σ), which we interpret to reflect a constant reductive uptake during the 20‐year growth period recorded in this coral. In contrast, samples across a 12‐year growth profile from Porites sp. display rather heterogeneous Cr‐isotope values with δ53Cr varying from −0.50 to +0.10‰, indicating Cr incorporation under changing redox processes during its growth intervals. We propose a mechanism whereby initial photoreduction of isotopically heavy Cr(VI) to isotopically lighter Cr(III) in the endodermal layer of corals must be followed by efficient and effective re‐oxidation of reduced Cr species to favor subsequent chromate () substitution during the calcifying processes ultimately leading to the formation of the coral skeleton.
Soil fungal and bacterial responses to conversion of open land to short‐rotation woody biomass crops
Authors: Xue Chao , Penton Christopher Ryan , Zhang Bangzhou , Zhao Mengxin , Rothstein David E. , Mladenoff David J. , Forrester Jodi A. , Shen Qirong , Tiedje James M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractShort‐rotation woody biomass crops (SRWCs) have been proposed as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production in the northeastern US that leads to the conversion of current open land to woody plantations, potentially altering the soil microbial community structures and hence functions. We used pyrosequencing of 16S and 28S rRNA genes in soil to assess bacterial and fungal populations when ‘marginal’ grasslands were converted into willow (Salix spp.) and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) plantations at two sites with similar soils and climate history in northern Michigan (Escanaba; ES) and Wisconsin (Rhinelander; RH). In only three growing seasons, the conversion significantly altered both the bacterial and fungal communities, which were most influenced by site and then vegetation. The fungal community showed greater change than the bacterial community in response to land conversion at both sites with substantial enrichment of putative pathogenic, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic fungi associated with poplar and willow. Conversely, the bacterial community structures shifted, but to a lesser degree, with the new communities dissimilar at the two sites and most correlated with soil nutrient status. The bacterial phylum Nitrospirae increased after conversion and was negatively correlated to total soil nitrogen, but positively correlated to soil nitrate, and may be responsible for nitrate accumulation and the increased N2O emissions previously reported following conversion at these sites. The legacy effect of a much longer grassland history and a second dry summer at the ES site may have influenced the grassland (control) microbial community to remain stable while it varied at the RH site.
Expanded roles of two‐component response regulator OmpR in Escherichia coli: genomic SELEX search for novel regulation targets
Authors: Shimada Tomohiro , Takada Hiraku , Yamamoto Kaneyoshi , Ishihama Akira 
Published: September 2015

The two‐component system (TCS) is a sophisticated bacterial signal transduction system for regulation of genome transcription in response to environmental conditions. The EnvZ‐OmpR system is one of the well‐characterized TCS of Escherichia coli, responding to changes in environmental osmolality. Regulation has largely focused on the differential expression of two porins, OmpF and OmpC, which transport small molecules across the outer membrane. Recently, it has become apparent that OmpR serves a more global regulatory role and regulates additional targets. To identify the entire set of regulatory targets of OmpR, we performed the genomic SELEX screening of OmpR‐binding sites along the E. coli genome. As a result, more than 30 novel genes have been identified to be under the direct control of OmpR. One abundant group includes the genes encoding a variety of membrane‐associated transporters that mediate uptake or efflux of small molecules, while another group encodes a set of transcription regulators, raising a concept that OmpR is poised to control a diverse set of responses by altering downstream transcriptional regulators.
An Evaluation of Sharp Interface Models for CO2‐Brine Displacement in Aquifers
Authors: Swickrath Michael J. , Mishra Srikanta , Ravi Ganesh Priya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding multiphase transport within saline aquifers is necessary for safe and efficient CO2 sequestration. To that end, numerous full‐physics codes exist for rigorously modeling multiphase flow within porous and permeable rock formations. High‐fidelity simulation with such codes is data‐ and computation‐intensive, and may not be suitable for screening‐level calculations. Alternatively, under conditions of vertical equilibrium, a class of sharp‐interface models result in simplified relationships that can be solved with limited computing resources and geologic/fluidic data. In this study, the sharp‐interface model of Nordbotten and Celia (2006a,2006b) is evaluated against results from a commercial full‐physics simulator for a semi‐confined system with vertical permeability heterogeneity. In general, significant differences were observed between the simulator and the sharp‐interface model results. A variety of adjustments were made to the sharp‐interface model including modifications to the fluid saturation and effective viscosity in the two‐phase region behind the CO2‐brine interface. These adaptations significantly improved the predictive ability of the sharp interface model while maintaining overall tractability.
Antibody Production and Th1‐biased Response Induced by an Epitope Vaccine Composed of Cholera Toxin B Unit and Helicobacter pylori Lpp20 Epitopes
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Zhongbiao , Ye Jianbin , Ning Lijun , Luo Jun , Zhang Lili , Jiang Yin , Xi Yue , Ning Yunshan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe epitope vaccine is an attractive potential for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Lpp20 is one of major protective antigens which trigger immune response after H. pylori invades host and has been considered as an excellent vaccine candidate for the control of H. pylori infection. In our previous study, one B‐cell epitope and two CD4+ T‐cell epitopes of Lpp20 were identified.ObjectiveIn this study, an epitope vaccine composed of mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and these three identified Lpp20 epitopes were constructed to investigate the efficacy of this epitope vaccine in mice.MethodsThe epitope vaccine including CTB, one B‐cell, and two CD4+ T‐cell epitopes of Lpp20 was constructed and named CTB‐Lpp20, which was then expressed in Escherichia coli and used for intraperitoneal immunization in BALB/c mice. The immunogenicity, specificity, and ability to induce antibodies against Lpp20 and cytokine secretion were evaluated. After that, CTB‐Lpp20 was intragastrically immunized to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in infected mice.ResultsThe results indicated that the epitope vaccine CTB‐Lpp20 possessed good immunogenicity and immunoreactivity and could elicit specific high level of antibodies against Lpp20 and the cytokine of IFN‐γ and IL‐17. Additionally, CTB‐Lpp20 significantly decreased H. pylori colonization in H. pylori challenging mice, and the protection was correlated with IgG, IgA, and sIgA antibody and Th1‐type cytokines.ConclusionThis study will be better for understanding the protective immunity of epitope vaccine, and CTB‐Lpp20 may be an alternative strategy for combating H. pylori invasion.
Immunocytochemical p63 expression discriminates between primary cutaneous follicle centre cell and diffuse large B cell lymphoma‐leg type, and is of the TAp63 isoform
Authors: Robson Alistair , Shukur Zena , Ally Mina , Kluk Justine , Liu Kun , Pincus Laura , Sahni Debjani , Sundram Uma , Subtil Antonio , Karai Laszlo , Kempf Werner , Schieke Stefan , Coates Philip 
Published: September 2015

AimsThe p63 gene shares structural and functional homologies with the p53 family of transcriptional activators, but differs in exhibiting a consistent expression pattern in normal tissues. Although p63 is rarely mutated in malignancy studies of primary human tumours and cell lines suggest that p63 may promote tumour development. In non‐Hodgkin's nodal lymphoma, TAp63 expression in follicular lymphoma (54%) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (34%) has been described and correlated with the proliferative index. In this study, we analysed a series of primary cutaneous B cell lymphomas for immunohistochemical expression of p63.Methods and resultsThirty cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma leg type (pcDLBCLL) and 34 cases of follicle centre cell lymphoma (pcFCCL) were stained using a generic antibody to p63, and a subset of these with an antibody specific for delta‐Np63 isoform. The results indicate a significant difference between pcDLBCLL (21 of 30) and pcFCCL (four of 34) in p63 expression (P = 0.000); expression correlated strongly with the proliferation rate as assessed by Ki‐67 (P = 0.015). None of the p63(+) cases tested expressed the delta‐Np63 isoform, suggesting that expression is of the TAp63 isoform.ConclusionsFunctional studies are required to clarify the significance of p63 overexpression in primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma.
Rethinking Holocaust Representation: Reflections on Rex Bloomstein'sKZ
Authors: HODGKINSON SARAH 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn 2005, film‐maker Rex Bloomstein releasedKZ, which aimed to find a new way to represent the Holocaust for future generations who face a world with no living survivors, yet a mediated world oversaturated with images of global atrocity. Despite much critical acclaim,KZreceived little academic attention. Ten years later, this article provides a reflective analysis of the film, exploring the emergent themes, and their criminological significance. Focus is given to bystanders of atrocity who bear witness to the past. The moral dilemmas of Holocaust representation, such as its commodification for both entertainment and tourism, are additionally discussed.
Oral cancer screening: knowledge is not enough
Authors: Tax CL , Haslam S Kim , Brillant MGS , Doucette HJ , Cameron JE , Wade SE 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate whether dental hygienists are transferring their knowledge of oral cancer screening into practice. This study also wanted to gain insight into the barriers that might prevent dental hygienists from performing these screenings.MethodsA 27‐item survey instrument was constructed to study the oral cancer screening practices of licensed dental hygienists in Nova Scotia. A total of 623 practicing dental hygienists received the survey. The response rate was 34% (n = 212) yielding a maximum margin of error of 5.47 at a 95% confidence level. Descriptive statistics were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics v21 software (Armonk, NY:IBM Corp). Qualitative thematic analysis was performed on any open‐ended responses.ResultsThis study revealed that while dental hygienists perceived themselves as being knowledgeable about oral cancer screening, they were not transferring this knowledge to actual practice. Only a small percentage (13%) of respondents were performing a comprehensive extra‐oral examination, and 7% were performing a comprehensive intra‐oral examination. The respondents identified several barriers that prevented them from completing a comprehensive oral cancer screening.ConclusionsEarly detection of oral cancer reduces mortality rates so there is a professional responsibility to ensure that comprehensive oral cancer screenings are being performed on patients. Dental hygienists may not have the authority in a dental practice to overcome all of the barriers that are preventing them from performing these screenings. Public awareness about oral cancer screenings could increase the demand for screenings and thereby play a role in changing practice norms.
Mechanical Properties of Photomultiplier Tube Glasses for Neutrino Detection
Authors: Dongol Ruhil , Chambliss Kameron , Sundaram Shanmugavelayutham K. , Diwan Milind V. 
Published: September 2015

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are one of the primary components of water Cherenkov neutrino detection for the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE). Thousands of 10‐ to 12‐inch diameter PMT bulbs are placed in the inner wall of a detection tank or a reservoir (e.g., deep mine) filled with 10,000 gallons of high purity water with a resistivity of 11–18.24 MΩ‐cm. Long‐term service of PMTs is vital to the success of neutrino detection projects. We report our results of our investigation on mechanical properties of PMT glasses from two vendors and the effect of ion exchange on their mechanical strength. Vickers indentation, four‐point bend test, and ring‐on‐ring biaxial flexural strength test were used for evaluation of the mechanical strength. Chemical (potassium–sodium ion exchange) strengthening results show increased strength of 46% in one vendor glass and a 57% increase in the other, with no significant reduction in optical transmission in the ultraviolet‐visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is critical to neutrino detection. Our results also show narrowing of the distribution of strength calculated using Weibull statistics with chemical strengthening for comparable exchange depths of 22–28 μm.
Glass and Rare‐Earth Elements: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Tanabe Setsuhisa 
Published: September 2015

Light‐based technologies are strongly supported by various glass materials in general. This article focuses on glasses containing rare‐earth elements, doped fibers, as well as their photonic functions such as optical amplifications in fiber telecommunication. Scientific progress and applications of rare‐earth spectroscopy and technologies of doped glasses and fibers in recent 60 years have been more than dramatic. Development of various laser diodes has been strongly linked with realization of novel devices of rare‐earth‐doped glasses. In addition to many milestones listed in the resolution of International Year of Light, we should notice that 2015 is also the 50th anniversary of the erbium‐doped glass laser, which is later transformed into the optical fiber amplifier, the enabler of today's information society.
Socio‐demographic basic factors of German customers as predictors for sustainable consumerism regarding foodstuffs and meat products
Authors: Mohr Manuel , Schlich Michaela 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn important step in promoting sustainable purchase behaviour is to explore the understanding of responsible consumerism from the consumers’ point of view. For this purpose, a study among 1040 German consumers was carried out using a two‐pronged approach. First, open‐ended questions were used to explore the characteristics of sustainable food consumption in general as well as the willingness and meaningfulness of a low‐meat diet from the consumers’ point of view. After that the interactive structure behind the term was studied using a quantitative empirical method. As standard of evaluation the four underlying socio‐demographic factors gender, age, wealth and education are used. Apart from the consumers’ financial situation, the applied statistics show significant correlations of the propensity for sustainable consumerism to each of the above factors. Women, middle‐aged and well‐educated consumers show a greater tendency to purchase environmentally and socially sustainable products. Accordingly, the suitability of socio‐demographic factors is confirmed in this study. The open‐ended questions fathom what attributes consumers connect with sustainable food consumption, in particularly with regard to the consumption of meat. It is clear that attributes that affect consumers directly and attributes which can be directly influenced by their actions are better perceived by the consumer. Altruistic factors or abstract aspects of food consumption (e.g. climate protection) are generally of less significance. Conversely, factors which concern the value added chain, like for example, origin and processing, have priority. To conclude, the findings enable the identification of the variables determining the sustainability construct. This allows policy makers to develop customized incentive systems. Similarly, private sector stakeholders are enabled to adapt marketing activities and their product mix to consumer demands.
Fermented beverage emulsion based on donkey milk with sunflower oil
Authors: Tidona Flavio , Charfi Ichrak , Povolo Milena , Pelizzola Valeria , Carminati Domenico , Contarini Giovanna , Giraffa Giorgio 
Published: September 2015

SummarySunflower oil was added to donkey milk to increase the low energetic intake and improve both texture and healthy characteristics. This milk‐based emulsion was fermented using a binary association of two strains of Streptococcus thermophilus showing distinctive abilities. One strain (St 907) produced ropy exopolysaccharide (EPS), whereas the other strain (St 563) produced folic acid. Fermentation was stopped at pH 5.0 to prevent whey separation. The refrigerated product was stable at least for 20 days and showed improved viscoelastic properties due to the EPS combined with the oil droplets. The volatile profile was constituted of ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and fatty acids, mainly originated from microbial fermentation, whereas few other compounds suggested the presence of oxidative processes. The folic acid content in the fermented beverage was increased by more than 10 times (2.03 ± 0.17 μg/100 mL) with respect to that found in donkey milk (0.16 ± 0.03 μg/100 mL).
Effects of cofermentation and sequential inoculation of Saccharomyces bayanus and Torulaspora delbruckii on durian wine composition
Authors: Lu Yuyun , Huang Dejian , Lee Pin‐Rou , Liu Shao‐Quan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis work investigated the effects of cofermentation and sequential inoculation of Torulaspora delbrueckiiBiodiva and Saccharomyces bayanusEC‐1118 on chemical and volatile components of durian wines. Cofermentation and sequential inoculation resulted in higher production of ethanol (6.2% and 7.7% v/v, respectively) relative to the control (5.3% for S. bayanus and 5.8% for T. delbrueckii). Further, cofermentation and sequential inoculation produced higher amounts of acetyl esters and higher alcohols especially isoamyl alcohol and 2‐phenylethyl alcohol than monoculture fermentation. Most endogenous sulphur volatiles, especially disulphides that impart a character‐impact durian odour, declined to trace levels, but new ones such as thioesters were formed. Sulphur volatiles in the durian wines fermented by cofermentation and sequential inoculation accounted for 0.03% and 0.05% of total peak area. The study suggests that the use of S. bayanus in conjunction with non‐Saccharomyces such as T. delbrueckii may improve the aromatic intensity and complexity of durian wine.