bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the 2,790-nm Erbium:YSGG Laser System
Authors: Rhie Jong Won , Shim Jeong Su , Choi Won Seok 
Published: January 2015

Background The erbium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er:YSGG) laser differs from other laser techniques by having a faster and higher cure rate. Since the Er:YSGG laser causes an appropriate proportion of ablation and coagulation, it has advantages over the conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, including heating tendencies and explosive vaporization. This research was conducted to explore the effects and safety of the Er:YSGG laser.
Methods Twenty patients participated in the pilot study of a resurfacing system using a 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser. All patients received facial treatment by the 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser system (Cutera) twice with a 4-week interval. Wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture were measured.
Results Study subjects included 15 women and five men. Re-epithelization occurred in all subjects 3 to 4 days after treatment, and wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture within 6 months of treatment.
Conclusions The 2,790-nm YSGG laser technique had fewer complications and was effective in the improvement of scars, pores, wrinkles, and skin tone and color with one or two treatments. We expect this method to be effective for people with acne scars, pore scars, deep wrinkles, and uneven skin texture and color.
Impacts de l’expatriation en pays à risques sur les hiérarchies organisationnelles et sociales
Authors: Goxe François , Paris Marjolaine 
Published: January 2015

Cet article montre que les managers expatriés accumulent divers capitaux lors d’une expatriation dans un pays à risques. Cependant, le développement de ces capitaux dépend notamment du pays d’origine des expatriés et de leur statut social avant l’expatriation. Les expatriés issus de pays émergents et des classes moyennes de pays développés voient leurs niveaux de capitaux augmenter plus fortement que les autres proportionnellement à leur dotation de départ, mais sont confrontés à un « plafond de verre » qui limite leur mobilité ascendante au sein de l’entreprise comme de la communauté des « managers globalisés ».
Management stratégique BoP : une modélisation à l’épreuve d’une recherche-intervention chez Nestlé Cameroun
Authors: Payaud Marielle A. 
Published: January 2015

Cet article a pour objectif de tester sur le terrain la pertinence et la validité d’un framework intégré et systémique de management des stratégies BoP proposé dans des articles antérieurs.
La recherche-intervention est la méthode la plus appropriée pour valider de tels frameworks. Une recherche-intervention de deux mois a ainsi été conduite chez Nestlé-Cameroun. Après avoir explicité la définition des stratégies BoP, et synthétisé la modélisation de type dialogique (stratégie/anthropologie), l’article présente l’étude de cas via les deux usages (compréhensif et heuristique) attendus du framework, et enfin discute des apprentissages croisés obtenus: l’apport de la recherche-intervention pour Nestlé-Cameroun, l’apport de la recherche-intervention pour la modélisation.
Venus's major cloud feature as an equatorially trapped wave distorted by the wind
Authors: Peralta J. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , López‐Valverde M. A. , Luz D. , Machado P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe superrotation of the atmospheres of slowly rotating bodies is a long‐standing problem yet unsolved in atmospheric dynamics. On Venus, the most extreme case known of superrotation, this is accompanied and influenced by a recurrent planetary‐scale cloud structure, known as the Y feature. So far, no model has simultaneously reproduced its shape, temporal evolution, related wind field, nor the relation between its dynamics and the unknown UV‐absorbing aerosol that produces its dark morphology. In this paper we present an analytical model for a Kelvin‐like wave that offers an explanation of these peculiarities. Under Venus cyclostrophic conditions, this wave is equatorially and vertically trapped where zonal winds peak and extends 7 km in altitude, and its vertical wind perturbations are shown to produce upwelling of the UV absorber. The Y‐feature morphology and its 30 day evolution are reproduced as distortions of the wave structure by the Venus winds.
Inferring changes in ENSO amplitude from the variance of proxy records
Authors: Russon T. , Tudhope A. W. , Collins M. , Hegerl G. C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne common approach to investigating past changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude is through quantifying the variance of ENSO‐influenced proxy records. However, a component of the variance of all such proxies will reflect influences that are unrelated to the instrumental climatic indices from which modern ENSO amplitudes are defined. The unrelated component of proxy variance introduces a fundamental source of uncertainty to all such constraints on past ENSO amplitudes. Based on a simple parametric approach to modeling this uncertainty, we present guidelines for the magnitudes of proxy variance change required to robustly infer the following: (i) any change at all in ENSO amplitude and (ii) a change in ENSO amplitude that exceeds the plausible range of unforced variability. It is noted that more extreme changes in proxy variance are required to robustly infer decreases, as opposed to increases, in past ENSO amplitude from modern levels.
Martian surface/near‐surface water inventory: Sources, sinks, and changes with time
Authors: Carr M. H. , Head J. W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractToday, a 34 m global equivalent water layer (GEL) lies in the Martian polar‐layered deposits and shallow ground ice. During the Amazonian, 3 m was outgassed, and 31 m was lost to space and to the surface, leaving 62 m at the end of Hesperian. During the Hesperian, volcanic outgassing added 5 m, 7 m was lost, and 40 m GEL of groundwater was added to form outflow channels, leaving 24 m carryover of surface water from the Noachian into the Hesperian. The Hesperian budget is incompatible with a northern ocean during this era. These figures are for near‐surface water; substantial amounts of water may have existed as deep ground ice and groundwater. Our estimate of approximately 24 m near‐surface water in the Late Noachian is insufficient to support an ocean at that time also and favors episodic melting of an icy highlands to produce the fluvial and lacustrine features.
Intermediate‐scale plasma irregularities in the polar ionosphere inferred from GPS radio occultation
Authors: Shume E. B. , Komjathy A. , Langley R. B. , Verkhoglyadova O. , Butala M. D. , Mannucci A. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report intermediate‐scale plasma irregularities in the polar ionosphere inferred from high‐resolution radio occultation (RO) measurements using GPS (Global Positioning System) to CASSIOPE (CAScade Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer) satellite radio links. The high inclination of CASSIOPE and the high rate of signal reception by the GPS Attitude, Positioning, and Profiling RO receiver on CASSIOPE enable a high‐resolution investigation of the dynamics of the polar ionosphere with unprecedented detail. Intermediate‐scale, scintillation‐producing irregularities, which correspond to 1 to 40 km scales, were inferred by applying multiscale spectral analysis on the RO phase measurements. Using our multiscale spectral analysis approach and satellite data (Polar Operational Environmental Satellites and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program), we discovered that the irregularity scales and phase scintillations have distinct features in the auroral oval and polar cap. We found that large length scales and more intense phase scintillations are prevalent in the auroral oval compared to the polar cap implying that the irregularity scales and phase scintillation characteristics are a function of the solar wind and magnetospheric forcings.
The effect of Mediterranean exchange flow on European time mean sea level
Authors: Hughes Chris W. , Bingham Rory J. , Roussenov Vassil , Williams Joanne , Woodworth Philip L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing a suite of ocean model simulations and a set of dedicated twin experiments, we show that the exchange flow between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic leads to a drop in time mean European coastal sea level along the Atlantic coast north of Gibraltar. The drop is about 7 cm along the Portuguese coast and remains apparent (though reduced) as far north as the Norwegian coast. We also show that Mediterranean time and spatial mean sea level is about 9 cm lower than it would be without the exchange flow (but assuming a small supply from the Atlantic to balance evaporation). Each of these relationships makes possible an estimate of the magnitude of the exchange flow based on sea level measurements, and estimates of 0.8 and 0.91 sverdrups are made consistent with previous determinations based mainly on current measurements in the Strait of Gibraltar.
Bandwidths and amplitudes of chorus‐like banded emissions measured by the TC‐1 Double Star spacecraft
Authors: Macúšová E. , Santolík O. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Yearby K. H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCharacteristics of banded whistler‐mode emissions are derived from a database of chorus‐like events obtained from the complete data set of the wave measurements provided by the Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation‐Digital Wave Processing (STAFF‐DWP) wave instrument on board the TC‐1 Double Star spacecraft. Our study covers the full operational period of this spacecraft (almost 4 years). Our entire data set has been collected within 30° of geomagnetic latitude at L shells between 2 and 12 and below 4 kHz. All events have been processed automatically to accurately determine their power spectral density (PSD), bandwidth, and amplitude. We found most cases of chorus‐like banded emissions at L≤10 on the dawnside and dayside. The upper band emissions (above one half of the equatorial electron cyclotron frequency) occur almost 20 times less often than the lower band, and their average amplitude is almost 3 times smaller than for the lower band. Intense upper band emissions cover smaller L shell, magnetic local time (MLT), and magnetic latitudes regions than intense lower band emissions. The intense nightside and dawnside chorus‐like banded emissions were observed at low magnetic latitudes, while the intense dayside and duskside emissions were mostly found at higher magnetic latitudes. The amplitudes of dayside lower band waves slightly increase as they propagate away from the geomagnetic equator and are smaller than chorus amplitudes on nightside and dawnside. The PSD, the amplitude of the lower band, its frequency bandwidth, and its occurrence rate significantly increase with increasing geomagnetic activity, while all these parameters for the upper band are not so strongly dependent on the geomagnetic activity.
Floating potential perturbations due to micrometeoroid impacts: Theory and application to S/WAVES data
Authors: Zaslavsky A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn situ observation of dust grains from various origins is routinely performed by space missions equipped with radio instruments. These measurements consist in observations of voltage pulses or their spectral signature. It has for long been proposed that one of the mechanisms able to produce these pulses is the collection by the spacecraft of electric charges generated by impact ionization. Here for the first time, a complete theoretical model of how pulses are generated by charge collection is proposed. In the solar wind at 1 AU, the pulses are shown to be shaped by local plasma and photoelectron parameters. However, the situation can be different in hotter or denser plasma environments. We use the data provided by the STEREO/WAVES (S/WAVES) radio instrument onboard the twin STEREO spacecraft to validate our model. We find that the observations indeed strongly support the theory. The proposed model is an important step forward, since it makes it possible to reproduce the shape, timescales, and amplitudes of pulses generated by dust impacts in various space environments. Such a model can be used to infer the dust detection abilities of radio instruments onboard different spacecraft and can help the design of dust detection optimized radio instruments for future missions.
Tidal bore dynamics in funnel‐shaped estuaries
Authors: Bonneton P. , Bonneton N. , Parisot J.‐P. , Castelle B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe formation and dynamics of tidal bores in funnel‐shaped estuaries is investigated from both a global tidal wave scaling analysis and new quantitative field observations. We show that tidal bore occurrence in convergent estuaries can be estimated from a dimensionless scaling parameter characterizing the relative intensity of nonlinear friction versus local inertia in the momentum equation. A detailed analysis of tidal bore formation and secondary wave structure is presented from a unique long‐term database (observations of more than 200 tides) acquired during four campaigns in the two main French tidal‐bore estuaries: the Seine and Gironde/Garonne estuaries. We describe the effect of freshwater discharge on the global tidal wave transformation at the estuarine scale and on local tidal bore occurrence in the upper estuary. Our field data suggest that the tidal bore intensity is mainly governed by the dimensionless tidal range, which characterizes the local tidal wave nonlinearity. We also show that the secondary wavefield associated with tidal bore propagating in natural estuaries differs significantly from those associated to undular bores in rectangular channels. In particular, we observe an abrupt decrease of the whelp steepness when the Froude number goes below 1.1. This secondary field transition can explain why tidal bore occurrence in worldwide estuaries is certainly underestimated.
Seasonality in future tropical lower stratospheric temperature trends
Authors: Wang Lei , Waugh Darryn W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe seasonality of the 21st century trends in tropical lower stratospheric temperature (LST) is examined in simulations by a group of comprehensive chemistry‐climate models. In contrast to the past LST trends, there is robust seasonal dependence among ensembles of the same model. Furthermore, most models show strongest cooling around July–September and minimal cooling in February–March, which results in a weakening of the seasonality in tropical LST. Sensitivity simulations with isolated forcing reveal that greenhouse gas increases dominate the future tropical LST trend. This seasonally varying LST trend is linked to changes in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC). The BDC can influence the LST through direct dynamical heating/cooling and indirect radiative effects primarily from ozone changes due to vertical transport. The latter is found to be the main cause for the seasonality of the 21st century LST trend, while it is difficult to separate them in the past.
Adsorption behavior of crystal violet from aqueous solutions with chitosan–graphite oxide modified polyurethane as an adsorbent
Authors: Qin Jiao , Qiu Fengxian , Rong Xinshan , Yan Jie , Zhao Hao , Yang Dongya 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA series of chitosan (Ch)–graphite oxide (GO)‐modified polyurethane foam (PUF) materials as adsorbents were synthesized by a foaming technique. The adsorbent was characterized through IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch adsorption experiments of the cationic dye crystal violet (CV) were carried out as a function of the Ch–GO content (1.0–8.0 wt %), solution pH (2–10), dye concentration (100–300 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (10–60 mg/mL), and temperature (20–45°C). At a lower pH value, the surface of Ch–GO/PUF acquired positive charge by absorbing H+ ions; this resulted in a decreasing adsorption of the cationic CV dye because of electrostatic repulsion. As the pH of the aqueous system increased, the numbers of negatively charged sites increased by absorbing OH− ions, and a significantly high electrostatic attraction existed between the negatively charged surface of Ch–GO/PUF and the cationic dye (CV) molecules. This led to maximum dye adsorption. The kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium of CV adsorption onto Ch–GO/PUF were investigated. The equilibrium data for CV adsorption fit the Langmuir equation, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 64.935 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics process followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. Thermodynamic parameters analysis revealed that the adsorption of CV from an aqueous solution by a Ch–GO modified PUF material was a spontaneous and endothermic process. We concluded that Ch–GO/PUF is a promising adsorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solutions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41828.
Hydroxyl functionalized PVDF–TiO2 ultrafiltration membrane and its antifouling properties
Authors: Teow Yeit Haan , Latif Ahmad Abdul , Lim Jit Kang , Ngang Huey Ping , Susan Ling Ying , Ooi Boon Seng 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was hydroxylized via the Fenton reaction and was used as a polymer matrix for mixed‐matrix membrane synthesis. The chemical properties of hydroxylized PVDF (PVDF–OH) polymer and pristine PVDF polymer were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Treatment of PVDF polymer with Fenton reagent led to the emergence of the OH functionality. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis clearly indicated the improvement of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) distribution on the PVDF–OH/TiO2 mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) surface. The antifouling properties of the neat PVDF membrane, PVDF/TiO2 MMM and PVDF–OH/TiO2 MMM were investigated. The MMM with the embedded P25 TiO2 was found to show better antifouling ability, with a considerably higher irreversible flux recovery ratio after 6 h of UV irradiation. By hydroxylizing the PVDF matrix, the TiO2 NP dispersion was improved. The PVDF–OH/TiO2 MMM combined both the superior antifouling and UV‐cleaning properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41844.
Preparation and characterization of flame retardant phase change materials by microencapsulated paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate with poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethyl methacrylate) shell
Authors: Qiu Xiaolin , Lu Lixin , Chen Zhenzhen 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTMicrocapsules containing paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) flame retardant with uncrosslinked and crosslinked poly (methacrylic acid‐co‐ethyl methacrylate) (P(MAA‐co‐EMA)) shell were fabricated by suspension‐like polymerization. The surface morphologies of the microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties and thermal stabilities of the microPCMs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retarding performances of the microcapsule‐treated foams were calculated by using an oxygen index instrument. The DSC results showed that the crosslinking of the polymer shell led to an increase in the melting enthalpies of the microcapsule by more than 15%. The crosslinked P(MAA‐co‐EMA) microcapsules with DEEP and without DEEP have melting enthalpies of 67.2 and 102.9 J/g, respectively. The TGA results indicated that the thermal resistant temperature of the crosslinked microcapsules with DEEP was up to 171°C, which was higher than that of its uncrosslinked counterpart by ∼20°C. The incorporation of DEEP into the microPCM increased the limiting oxygen index value of the microcapsule‐treated foams by over 5%. Thermal images showed that both microcapsule‐treated foams with and without DEEP possessed favorably temperature‐regulated properties. As a result, the microPCMs with paraffin and DEEP as core and P(MAA‐co‐EMA) as shell have good thermal energy storage and thermal regulation potentials, such as thermal‐regulated foams heat insulation materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41880.
An investigation on recycled PET/PP and recycled PET/PP‐EP compatibilized blends: Rheological, morphological, and mechanical properties
Authors: de Souza Adriana Martinelli Catelli , Caldeira Caren Barbosa 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of P(E‐co‐MA‐co‐GMA) as a compatibilizer for recycled PET/PP and recycled PET/PP‐EP (polypropylene (ethylene‐propylene) heterophase copolymer) blends was investigated by means of morphological (scanning electron microscopy), rheological (small amplitude oscillatory shear), mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact tests), and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) properties. Compatibilizer concentration ranged from 1 to 5 wt % with respect to the whole blend. All blends were obtained in a 90/10 composition using a twin screw extruder. Compatibilization effects for PETr/PP‐EP were more pronounced due to ethylene segments present in both PP‐EP and P(E‐co‐EA‐co‐GMA). PETr/PP‐EP has shown greater dispersed phase size reduction, a more solid‐like complex viscosity behavior and larger storage modulus at low frequencies in relation to PETr/PP blend. For both investigated blends, mechanical properties indicated an improvement in both elongation at break and impact strength with increasing compatibilizer content. PETr/PP‐EP blends showed improved performance for the same level of compatibilizer content. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41892.
The identification and empirical characterization of vehicular (Lagrangian) fundamental diagrams in multilane traffic flow
Authors: Jin Peter J. , Li Jia , Ran Bin 
Published: January 2015

SummaryTraditional macroscopic traffic flow modeling framework adopts the spatial–temporal coordinate system to analyze traffic flow dynamics. With such modeling and analysis paradigm, complications arise for traffic flow data collected from mobile sensors such as probe vehicles equipped with mobile phones, Bluetooth, and Global Positioning System devices. The vehicle‐based measurement technologies call for new modeling thoughts that address the unique features of moving measurements and explore their full potential. In this paper, we look into the concept of vehicular fundamental diagram (VFD) and discuss its engineering implications. VFD corresponds to a conventional fundamental diagram (FD) in the kinematic wave (KW) theory that adopts space–time coordinates. Similar to the regular FD in the KW theory, VFD encapsulates all traffic flow dynamics. In this paper, to demonstrate the full potential of VFD in interpreting multilane traffic flow dynamics, we generalize the classical Edie's formula and propose a direct approach of reconstructing VFD from traffic measurements in the vehicular coordinates. A smoothing algorithm is proposed to effectively reduce the nonphysical fluctuation of traffic states calculated from multilane vehicle trajectories. As an example, we apply the proposed methodology to explore the next‐generation simulation datasets and identify the existence and forms of shock waves in different coordinate systems. Our findings provide empirical justifications and further insight for the Lagrangian traffic flow theory and models when applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.