bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human immune system development and survival of non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice engrafted with human thymus and autologous haematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Covassin L , Jangalwe S , Jouvet N , Laning J , Burzenski L , Shultz L D , Brehm M A 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Immunodeficient mice bearing targeted mutations in the IL2rg gene and engrafted with human immune systems are effective tools for the study of human haematopoiesis, immunity, infectious disease and transplantation biology. The most robust human immune model is generated by implantation of human fetal thymic and liver tissues in irradiated recipients followed by intravenous injection of autologous fetal liver haematopoietic stem cells [often referred to as the BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) model]. To evaluate the non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2rγnull (NSG)–BLT model, we have assessed various engraftment parameters and how these parameters influence the longevity of NSG–BLT mice. We observed that irradiation and subrenal capsule implantation of thymus/liver fragments was optimal for generating human immune systems. However, after 4 months, a high number of NSG–BLT mice develop a fatal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-like syndrome, which correlates with the activation of human T cells and increased levels of human immunoglobulin (Ig). Onset of GVHD was not delayed in NSG mice lacking murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I or II and was not associated with a loss of human regulatory T cells or absence of intrathymic cells of mouse origin (mouse CD45+). Our findings demonstrate that NSG–BLT mice develop robust human immune systems, but that the experimental window for these mice may be limited by the development of GVHD-like pathological changes.
Mutations in PDGFRB and NOTCH3 are the first genetic causes identified for autosomal dominant infantile myofibromatosis
Authors: Lee JW 
Published: July 2013

A recurrent PDGFRB mutation causes familial infantile myofibromatosisCheung et al. (2013)The American Journal of Human Genetics 92: 996–1000.Mutations in PDGFRB cause autosomal‐dominant infantile myofibromatosisMartignetti et al. (2013)The American Journal of Human Genetics 92: 1001–1007.
Use of Historical Logging Patterns to Identify Disproportionately Logged Ecosystems within Temperate Rainforests of Southeastern Alaska
Authors: ALBERT DAVID M. , SCHOEN JOHN W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe forests of southeastern Alaska remain largely intact and contain a substantial proportion of Earth's remaining old‐growth temperate rainforest. Nonetheless, industrial‐scale logging has occurred since the 1950s within a relatively narrow range of forest types that has never been quantified at a regional scale. We analyzed historical patterns of logging from 1954 through 2004 and compared the relative rates of change among forest types, landform associations, and biogeographic provinces. We found a consistent pattern of disproportionate logging at multiple scales, including large‐tree stands and landscapes with contiguous productive old‐growth forests. The highest rates of change were among landform associations and biogeographic provinces that originally contained the largest concentrations of productive old growth (i.e., timber volume >46.6 m3/ha). Although only 11.9% of productive old‐growth forests have been logged region wide, large‐tree stands have been reduced by at least 28.1%, karst forests by 37%, and landscapes with the highest volume of contiguous old growth by 66.5%. Within some island biogeographic provinces, loss of rare forest types may place local viability of species dependent on old growth at risk of extirpation. Examination of historical patterns of change among ecological forest types can facilitate planning for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of forest resources.El Uso de Patrones Históricos de Tala para Identificar Ecosistemas Talados Desproporcionadamente en Bosques Lluviosos Templados del Sureste de Alaska Albert & Schoen 11‐839
A Political Perspective on Business Elites and Institutional Embeddedness in theUKCode‐Issuing Process
Authors: Haxhi Ilir , van Ees Hans , Sorge Arndt 
Published: July 2013

AbstractManuscript TypePerspectiveResearch Question/IssueWhat is the role of institutional actors and business elites in the development ofUKcorporate governance codes? In the current paper, we explore theUKcode‐issuing process by focusing on theUKactors, their power and interplay.Research Findings/InsightsOur findings indicate, first, that the comply‐or‐explain principle, intertwined with the rich issuance of codes, reflects the diversity and permissiveness ofBritish society and its ability to absorb contested corporate practices in a way that manages to preserve the status quo. Second, theUKbusiness elites preserve their position in the corporate arena by using the principle of good governance, including the possibility to deviate from best practices, as an instrument of neutralizing institutional change. Third, theUKinstitutional and societal embeddedness givescarte blancheto elites to use corporate governance practices to serve their own interest.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsBy emphasizing the strategic behavior of business elites embedded in theUKinstitutional configuration, we offer a political perspective on the national contextuality of the code‐issuing process. The worldwide diffusion of codes should not dissimulate their cross‐national contested nature. Codes reflect potential redistribution of power among institutional actors and business elites as well as the struggle over corporate resources between corporate actors (i.e., shareholders and managers) in maintaining their status quo.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsPractitioners should perceive codes as having different meanings depending on national contexts and national political constituencies. Codes reflect constellations of actors such as managers, shareholders, regulators and others, whose approach to codes and strategic interests are at least as important to know and understand as the verbatim content of codes.
WhyChina Shall Not Completely Transit from a Relation Based to a Rule Based Governance Regime: AChinese Perspective
Authors: Lau Kun Luen Alex , Young Angus 
Published: July 2013

AbstractManuscript TypePerspectiveResearch Question/IssueThis paper argues thatChina shall not completely transit from a relation‐based into a rule‐based governance regime because theChinese system of governance is the product of its rich heritage and entrenched value system.Research Findings/InsightsRelation‐based governance has two dimensions. This first is apparent from the emphasis on reciprocity and mutual obligations fostered between individuals and groups. The second is evident from inside an organization, where governance is hierarchical and paternalistic. This system of governance was influenced by Confucian doctrines that are moral centered precepts used to regulate human behavior and relationships. Given that this governance regime is interlinked to theChinese culture, it is doubtful thatChina would completely abandon it in favor of a rule‐based system from theWest.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThere are two key implications drawn from this article. First, in the absence of the moral underpinnings of relation‐based governance, this system is susceptible to exploitation. Individuals could take advantage of relationships and relational networks to commit mischief or achieve personal gains through tunneling or expropriation of company assets. Therefore, it is imperative to reinforce the ethical ideals of relation‐based governance inChina. Second, since relationalism fromChina's past and the laws transplanted from theWest are key features ofChina's governance regime, it is important to explore hybrid solutions to lessen the possibility of bottlenecks and incongruities emerging.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsAny proposed hybrid governance solution ought to be able to deal with potential differences between theChinese and theWestern value systems as well as combine both regimes into an integrated framework.
Putting the Good Back in Good Corporate Governance: The Presence and Problems of Double‐Layered Agency Theory
Authors: Raelin Jonathan D. , Bondy Krista 
Published: July 2013

AbstractManuscript TypeConceptualResearch Question/IssueGiven its position as a dominant logic in corporate governance, this paper evaluates the theoretical and practical implications of agency theory on good governance. Agency theory is presented as consisting of two layers, one resting on the assumption of oppositional shareholder–manager interests and the other resting on the assumption of supportive shareholder–society interests. Given the dominance of the simple economic depiction of agency theory, its first layer is heavily researched and supported, while the second layer is largely unsubstantiated and often exploited to obscure inefficiencies in the first layer.Research Findings/InsightsAgency theory is shown to fill a highly institutionalized position in governance, despite often violating the second layer's assumption of aligned shareholder–society interests. We assert that the relationship between societal benefits and value maximization must be reconceptualized from interdependent to correlated but independent. Otherwise, when the second layer of agency theory is undercut, shareholders can eschew their role as societal guardians to partner with managers and engage in mutual managerialism at the expense of society. We detail how inefficiencies in first layer mechanisms (market regulation, monitoring, and contracts) impact agency theory's second layer and present the new mechanisms of oversight boards and expanded founding firm documents to reintegrate a societal orientation.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsAligned shareholder–society interests are shown to be frequently undermined, artificially substantiating the second layer assumption that societal betterment can be sufficiently promoted via financial rewards and sanctions. We discuss agency theory's underlying logic and present the possibility that a violated second layer can be exploited to obscure first layer inefficiencies. Ineffectiveness in the first layer's key mechanisms is shown to potentially undercut agency theory's promotion of good corporate governance on an organizational and societal level.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOversight boards and expanded founding firm documents are presented to make agency theory's second layer explicit, ensuring the assumed supportive nature of the shareholder–society relationship is substantiated. Specifically, oversight boards formalize how members of boards of directors are vetted, oversee societal claims to ensure that appropriate ones are sufficiently presented and addressed, supervise reporting, and sanction firms who fail to enact these duties. Revised founding documents ensure that both economic and social goals are enshrined in the mission of incorporated firms. Together the two help establish the foundation of a measurable approach to socially responsible actions.
Assessing adolescent preference in the treatment of first‐episode psychosis and psychosis risk
Authors: Welsh Patrick , Tiffin Paul A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimThe objective of this study was to investigate the treatment preferences of adolescents with a first‐episode psychosis (FEP) or at‐risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis.MethodsA questionnaire was distributed to all adolescents (12–18 years) within an early intervention in psychosis service based in North‐East England, during a 3‐month period.ResultsForty eligible young people responded (53% response rate). The majority of FEP and ARMS participants endorsed psychoeducational material as the most popular treatment choice (36/40; 90%) from the interventions described. Participants with FEP indicated a significant preference for using antipsychotic medications over their ARMS counterparts (75% vs. 25%).ConclusionsThese findings support the use of psychoeducational interventions (both groups) and antipsychotic medication in adolescent FEP (as opposed to ARMS) patient groups, albeit in a small sample requiring replication. This study indicates that the generation of future treatment guidelines and the allocation of clinical resources should be informed by patient preference where possible.
Outcomes from engaging urban community groups in publicly funded vegetation restoration
Authors: Ewing Christopher P. , Catterall Carla P. , Tomerini Deanna M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryCommunity‐based ecological restoration (CBR) has been encouraged by government funding schemes worldwide to help reverse ecosystem degradation, although many observers have questioned their longer‐term outcomes. We investigated the ecological and social outcomes of community‐based revegetation projects in an urban context, using the case study of all CBR groups located within 25 km of the Brisbane CBD which had been funded during 1997–2008 by the Australian Government's Natural Heritage Trust program to undertake revegetation works and which were also available for interview (N = 9 groups). First we reviewed the funding allocation within the region. Second, we conducted rapid on‐ground assessments of vegetation outcomes at 10 project sites several years after works were completed, which showed that the detectable area of established revegetation averaged 75% of the area planned, and the achieved revegetation areas varied greatly, both in total and in relation to cost. Third, we undertook thematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with key group members, revealing that groups viewed the NHT scheme's short‐term funding and lack of administrative flexibility as being largely incompatible with both quantitative monitoring (which groups did not prioritise) and longer‐term maintenance of sites for successful vegetation establishment. Interactions with local governments were considered important to success, but internally‐conflicting policies of local and state governments, together with unforeseen site disturbances, acted to limit the achievement of projects' revegetation goals. Volunteer involvement and motivation were an important part of groups' activities. Overall, these CBR projects achieved modest short term environmental benefits together with a range of social benefits. There is a need for new CBR models aimed at maximising both environmental and social outcomes.
Influence of vascular risk factors and neuropsychological profile on functional performances in CADASIL: results from the MIcrovascular LEukoencephalopathy Study (MILES)
Authors: Ciolli L. , Pescini F. , Salvadori E. , Del Bene A. , Pracucci G. , Poggesi A. , Nannucci S. , Valenti R. , Basile A. M. , Squarzanti F. , Bianchi S. , Dotti M. T. , Adriano E. , Balestrino M. , Federico A. , Gandolfo C. , Inzitari D. , Pantoni L. 
Published: July 2013

Background and purposeCerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited cerebral small vessel disease that may lead to disability and whose phenotype modulators are still unknown.MethodsIn the MIcrovascular LEukoencephalopathy Study (MILES), we assessed the influence of vascular risk factors and the effect of different cognitive domains (memory, psychomotor speed and executive functions) performances on functional abilities in CADASIL in comparison with age‐related leukoencephalopathy (ARL).ResultsWe evaluated 51 CADASIL patients (mean age 50.3 ± 13.8 years, 47.1% males) and 68 ARL patients (70.6 ± 7.4 years, 58.8% males). Considering vascular risk factors, after adjustment for age, CADASIL patients had higher mean BMI values than ARL patients. Stroke history frequency was similar in the two groups. After adjustment for age, more CADASIL patients were disabled (impaired on ≥2 items of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale) in comparison with ARL patients, and CADASIL patients had worse functional performances evaluated with the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) scale. In CADASIL patients, hypertension was related to both DAD score and disability. The cognitive profile of CADASIL and ARL patients was similar, but on a stepwise linear regression analysis functional performances were mainly associated with the memory index (β = −0.418, P < 0.003) in CADASIL patients and the executive function index (β = −0.321, P = 0.028) in ARL.ConclusionsThis study suggests that hypertension may contribute to functional impairment in CADASIL and that memory impairment has a large influence on functional decline in contrast with that observed in a sample of subjects with ARL.
Total fluoride intake and excretion in children up to 4 years of age living in fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas
Authors: Zohoori F. V. , Buzalaf M. A. R. , Cardoso C. A. B. , Olympio K. P. K. , Levy F. M. , Grizzo L. T. , Mangueira D. F. B. , Sampaio F. C. , Maguire A. 
Published: July 2013

Fractional fluoride retention is important during the early years of life when considering the risk of development of dental fluorosis. This study aimed to measure fractional fluoride retention in young children. The objectives were to investigate the relationships between fractional fluoride retention and total daily fluoride intake, age, and body mass index (BMI). Twenty‐nine healthy children, up to 4 yr of age, participated; 14 lived in a fluoridated area (0.64 μg ml−1 of fluoride in drinking water) and 15 lived in a non‐fluoridated area (0.04 μg ml−1 of fluoride in drinking water). The total daily fluoride intake of each child was calculated from the daily dietary fluoride intake and toothpaste ingestion (if fluoride toothpaste was used). Total daily fluoride excretion was measured by collecting voided urine and faeces over a 24‐h period, and fractional fluoride retention was calculated by dividing the amount of fluoride retained in the body (total daily fluoride intake minus total daily fluoride excretion) by the total daily fluoride intake. Nine children were excluded from data analysis because of suspected invalid samples. Mean (range) fractional fluoride retention for the remaining 20 children was 0.61 (0.06–0.98). There were no statistically significant correlations between fractional fluoride retention and either age or BMI. However, fractional fluoride retention was correlated with total daily fluoride intake: fractional fluoride retention = 1 − exp (−C × total daily fluoride intake), where C = 28.75 (95% CI = 19.75–37.75). The wide variation in fluoride retention in young children could have important implications when recommendations for fluoride use are being considered.
Progressive heuristic search for probabilistic planning based on interaction estimates
Authors: E‐Martín Yolanda , R‐Moreno María D. , Smith David E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDevelopment of real planning and scheduling applications often requires the ability to handle uncertainty. Often this uncertainty is represented using probability information on the initial conditions and on the outcomes of actions. In this paper, we describe a novel probabilistic plan graph heuristic that computes information about the interaction between actions and between propositions. This information is used to find better relaxed plans and to compute their probability of success. This information guides a forward state space search for high probability, non‐branching seed plans. These plans are then used in a planning and scheduling system that handles unexpected outcomes by runtime replanning. We briefly describe the heuristic, the search process, and the results on different domains from recent international planning competitions. We discuss the results of this study and some of the issues involved in advancing this work further.
Intermediate instability at high temperature leads to low pathway efficiency for an in vitro reconstituted system of gluconeogenesis in Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Kouril Theresa , Esser Dominik , Kort Julia , Westerhoff Hans V. , Siebers Bettina , Snoep Jacky L. 
Published: July 2013

Four enzymes of the gluconeogenic pathway in Sulfolobus solfataricus were purified and kinetically characterized. The enzymes were reconstituted in vitro to quantify the contribution of temperature instability of the pathway intermediates to carbon loss from the system. The reconstituted system, consisting of phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase and the fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase, maintained a constant consumption rate of 3‐phosphoglycerate and production of fructose 6‐phosphate over a 1‐h period. Cofactors ATP and NADPH were regenerated via pyruvate kinase and glucose dehydrogenase. A mathematical model was constructed on the basis of the kinetics of the purified enzymes and the measured half‐life times of the pathway intermediates. The model quantitatively predicted the system fluxes and metabolite concentrations. Relative enzyme concentrations were chosen such that half the carbon in the system was lost due to degradation of the thermolabile intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate and 1,3‐bisphosphoglycerate, indicating that intermediate instability at high temperature can significantly affect pathway efficiency.DatabaseThe mathematical models described here have been submitted to the JWS Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database and can be accessed at http://jjj.mib.ac.uk/database/kouril/index.html. The investigation and complete experimental data set is available on the SEEK at https://seek.sysmo-db.org/investigations/51.
Defect size dependence on threshold stress intensity for high‐strength steel with internal hydrogen
Authors: Murakami Y. , Matsunaga H. , Abyazi A. , Fukushima Y. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA series of tensile tests were carried out using hydrogen‐precharged specimens of SAE52100. Two types of tensile specimens were used: (i) smooth specimens and (ii) specimens having various shapes of artificial defects with sizes of about 35–500 µm. In the smooth specimens, fracture origins were non‐metallic inclusions with the size of 10–30 µm (e.g. Al2O3∙(CaO)x, TiN and TiC). In both types of specimens, hydrogen charging drastically decreased the tensile strength. The fracture toughness determined for the small defects at the fracture origin, that is, the threshold stress intensity KTH calculated from the defect size and the applied tensile stress at the failure of the specimen σf, showed a defect size dependence, where area denotes the area of the domain defined by projecting the defect on a plane normal to the cylindrical axis of the specimen. Namely, the threshold value was reduced with a decrease in the defect size, which is similar to the crack size dependence in the ΔKth for small fatigue crack. The values of KTH for both the non‐metallic inclusions and artificial defects were much smaller than those for large cracks measured by the standard WOL (Wedge Opening Load) and CT (Compact Tension) specimens.