bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediating Romanticism
Authors: Brooke‐Smith James 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this essay is two‐fold: first, to survey exemplary recent work on Romanticism and media studies; and second, to elucidate the key theoretical and methodological issues that arise from this work and hence might serve as coordinates for the future development of the field. The essay addresses the following issues central to both Romantic Literature and Media Studies: how to assign agency within complex techno‐human assemblages; how media studies affects questions of literary historical periodization, especially with regard to the transition between the Enlightenment and Romantic eras; how to account for the constitutive reflexivity of media studies as a discipline; and how the adoption of a media historical research program might help to re‐model the disciplinary boundaries of contemporary humanities scholarship.
Cryptic diversity and gene flow among threeAfrican agricultural pests:Ceratitis rosa,Ceratitis fasciventrisandCeratitis anonae(Diptera,Tephritidae)
Authors: Virgilio M. , Delatte H. , Quilici S. , Backeljau T. , De Meyer M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe ‘CeratitisFARcomplex’ is a species complex of African fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) including the major agricultural pestCeratitis rosaand the morphologically similarCeratitis fasciventrisandCeratitis anonae. To resolve their intra‐ and interspecific genetic relationships and to estimate gene flow within this complex, we surveyed allelic variation at 16 microsatellite loci in 27 African populations of the three morphospecies. Interpopulation genetic distances and individual Bayesian assignments distinguished five genotypic clusters: two involvingC. rosa(R1,R2; that may occur in sympatry), two involvingC. fasciventris(F1,F2; with parapatric distributions) and one involvingC. anonae(A). Intra‐ and interspecific patterns of genetic differentiation were not hierarchically structured and genetic differentiation between conspecific clusters (F1–F2 andR1–R2) was higher or comparable with differentiation between heterospecific clusters (e.g.F1‐A orR2‐A). In some cases, gene flow estimates among morphospecies or among heterospecific genotypic clusters were significantly different from zero, showing the lack of reproductive isolation. Genetic differentiation between genotypic clusters was partly supported by morphological differences observeda posterioriin male secondary sexual characters. These results suggest important revisions to current models of ecological niche requirements and invasion risk of the major agricultural pestC. rosaand provide a basis for a taxonomic re‐interpretation of theFARcomplex.
Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation
Authors: Stankowski Sean 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSpeciation is the process by which reproductive isolation evolves between populations. Two general models of speciation have been proposed: ecological speciation, where reproductive barriers evolve due to ecologically based divergent selection, and mutation‐order speciation, where populations fix different mutations as they adapt to similar selection pressures. I evaluate these alternative models and determine the progress of speciation in a diverse group of land snails, genusRhagada, inhabitingRosemaryIsland. A recently derived keeled‐flat morphotype occupies two isolated rocky hills, while globose‐shelled snails inhabit the surrounding plains. The study of one hill reveals that they are separated by a narrow hybrid zone. As predicted by ecological speciation theory, there are local and landscape level associations between shell shape and habitat, and the morphological transition coincides with a narrow ecotone between the two distinct environments. MicrosatelliteDNArevealed a cline of hybrid index scores much wider than the morphological cline, further supporting the ecological maintenance of the morphotypes. The hybrid zone does not run through an area of low population density, as is expected for mutation‐order hybrid zones, and there is a unimodal distribution of phenotypes at the centre, suggesting that there is little or no prezygotic isolation. Instead, these data suggest that the ecotypes are maintained by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation (i.e. ecological selection against hybrids). Mitochondrial and MicrosatelliteDNAindicate that the keeled‐flat form evolved recently, and without major historical disruptions to gene flow. The data also suggest that the two keeled‐flat populations, inhabiting similar rocky hills, have evolved in parallel. These snails provide a complex example of ecological speciation in its early stages.
Polymorphism in the neurofibromin gene, Nf1, is associated with antagonistic selection on wing size and development time in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lee Siu F. , Eyre‐Walker Ying Chen , Rane Rahul V. , Reuter Caroline , Vinti Giovanna , Rako Lea , Partridge Linda , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn many invertebrates, body size shows genetically based clines, with size increasing in colder climates. Large body size is typically associated with prolonged development times. We consider variation in the CNS‐specific gene neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) and its association with body size and development time. We identified two major Nf1 haplotypes in natural populations, Nf1‐insertion‐A and Nf1‐deletion‐G. These haplotypes are characterized by a 45‐base insertion/deletion (INDEL) in Nf1 intron 2 and an A/G synonymous substitution (locus L17277). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the INDEL and adjacent sites is high but appears to be restricted within the Nf1 gene interval. In Australia, the frequency of the Nf1‐insertion‐A haplotype increases with latitude where wing size is larger, independent of the chromosomal inversion In(3R)Payne. Unexpectedly, the Nf1‐insertion‐A haplotype is negatively associated with wing size. We found that the Nf1‐insertion‐A haplotype is enriched in females with shorter development time. This suggests that the Nf1 haplotype cline may be driven by selection for development time rather than size; females from southern (higher latitude) D. melanogaster populations maintain a rapid development time despite being relatively larger, and the higher incidence of Nf1‐insertion‐A in Southern Australia may contribute to this pattern, whereas the effects of the Nf1 haplotypes on size may be countered by other loci with antagonistic effects on size and development time. Our results point to the potential complexity involved in identifying selection on genetic variants exhibiting pleiotropic effects when studies are based on spatial patterns or association studies.
Itraconazole in chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis: a randomised controlled trial and systematic review of literature
Authors: Agarwal Ritesh , Vishwanath Gella , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Garg Mandeep , Gupta Dheeraj , Chakrabarti Arunaloke 
Published: March 2013

SummaryPatients with aspergilloma can be safely managed with supportive therapy in absence of massive haemoptysis. We hypothesised that chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) could also be managed on similar grounds. The aim of this prospective, randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of itraconazole in CCPA. Consecutive patients of CCPA with presence of chronic pulmonary/systemic symptoms; and pulmonary cavities; and presence of Aspergillus (immunological or microbiological) were randomised to receive either supportive treatment alone or itraconazole 400 mg daily for 6 months plus supportive therapy. Response was assessed clinically, radiologically and overall after 6 months therapy. A total of 31 patients (mean age, 37 years) were randomised to itraconazole (n = 17) or the control (n = 14) group. The number of patients showing overall response was significantly higher in the itraconazole group (76.5%) vs. the control (35.7%) group (P = 0.02). The numbers of patients demonstrating clinical or radiological response were also significantly higher in the itraconazole group (P = 0.016 and 0.01 respectively). Adverse events were noted in eight patients in the itraconazole group, however, none was serious or led to discontinuation of the study drug. Itraconazole was found to be superior to standard supportive treatment alone in stabilising cases of CCPA. (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01259336).
An oropharyngeal pH monitoring device to evaluate patients with chronic laryngitis
Authors: Yuksel E. S. , Slaughter J. C. , Mukhtar N. , Ochieng M. , Sun G. , Goutte M. , Muddana S. , Gaelyn Garrett C. , Vaezi M. F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundDiagnostics for gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) are suboptimal because of limited sensitivity. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to systematically assess the performance characteristics of an oropharyngeal pH probe.MethodsIn vitro studies compared the oropharyngeal probe with a standard pH catheter in liquid and aerosolized solutions, pH 1–7. The accuracy of measurements, deviation from target pH, and time to equilibrium pH were determined. Simultaneous distal esophageal pH measurements were obtained in 11 patients with GERD. Oropharyngeal and distal esophageal reflux parameters were measured for controls (n = 20), patients with GERD (n = 17), and patients with chronic laryngitis (n = 10).Key ResultsIn the liquid phase, at pH 4–5, the oropharyngeal probe had less deviation from the target value than the standard catheter; deviation in the vapor phase was similar (0.4 pH units). Median (interquartile) time to reach equilibrium pH was significantly (P < 0.001) faster with the oropharyngeal than the standard probe. In comparing simultaneous distal esophageal pH characteristics, 96% of recordings with the new and standard probes were in agreement to within ±1.0 pH unit; 71% of recordings were in agreement within ±0.5 pH units. Patients with chronic laryngitis had significantly higher levels of oropharyngeal acid exposure at pH <4, <5, and <6, in the upright position than patients with GERD or controls (P < .001).Conclusions & InferencesOropharyngeal pH monitoring appears to be more sensitive than traditional pH monitoring in evaluation of patients with extraesophageal reflux. It is a promising tool in evaluation of this difficult group of patients.
The effects of ketamine on dexmedetomidine‐induced electrophysiologic changes in children
Authors: Char Danton , Drover David R. , Motonaga Kara S. , Gupta Sanjiv , Miyake Christina Y. , Dubin Anne M. , Hammer Gregory B. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundDexmedetomidine is an alpha2‐adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in children. We previously showed that dexmedetomidine depresses sinus and AV nodal function resulting in adverse hemodynamic effects such as bradycardia and increased blood pressure. We hypothesized that these effects of dexmedetomidine might be antagonized by co‐administration of ketamine, which has sympathomimetic properties.MethodsTwenty‐two children (ages 5–17 years) undergoing electrophysiologic (EP) study and ablation for supraventricular tachycardia were enrolled. Patients were kept sedated with continuous infusion of propofol at a fixed rate. Hemodynamic and EP parameters were measured before and after a loading dose of dexmedetomidine (1 μg·kg−1). A continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.7 μg·kg−1·h−1) was initiated and a ketamine loading dose (1 mg·kg−1), followed by continuous infusion (1 mg·kg−1·h−1), was given. A repeat set of hemodynamic and EP parameters were then measured at the time of projected peak tissue concentration for both drugs.ResultsA significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was seen compared with baseline after loading of dexmedetomidine. This returned to baseline after co‐administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine 1.8 mmHg; 95%CI, −7.8 to 4.3; P = <0.001). A decrease in heart rate was seen after dexmedetomidine followed by a return to baseline after co‐administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine −6.5 bpm; 95%CI, −11.2 to −1.8; P = 0.005). Sinus node recovery time was lengthened after dexmedetomidine but returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine −16.2 ms; 95%CI, −63 to 30; P = 0.014). QT was prolonged after dexmedetomidine and returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine −34.2 ms; 95%CI, −48.4 to −20.2; P = 0.004). AV nodal effective refractory period was also impaired after dexmedetomidine and showed weak evidence for return to baseline function after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine −22.8 ms; 95%CI, −40.2 to −5.2; P = 0.069).ConclusionThe concurrent use of ketamine may mitigate the negative chronotropic effects of dexmedetomidine.
Involvement of phytochrome A in suppression of photomorphogenesis in rice seedling grown in red light
Authors: ROY ANSUMAN , SAHOO DINABANDHU , TRIPATHY BAISHNAB C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPlants have evolved a remarkable capacity to track and respond to fluctuations of light quality and intensity that influence photomorphogenesis facilitated through several photoreceptors, which include a small family of phytochromes. Rice seedlings grown on germination paper in red light for 48 h having their shoot bottom exposed had suppressed photomorphogenesis and were deficient in chlorophyll. Seedlings grown under identical light regime having their shoot bottom covered were green and accumulated chlorophyll. Further, etiolated seedlings with their shoot bottom exposed, when grown in 4 min red/far‐red cycles for 48 h, accumulated chlorophyll demonstrating the reversal of suppression of photomorphogenesis by far‐red light. It implicates the involvement of phytochrome. Immunoblot analysis showed the persistence of photolabile phytochrome A protein for 48 h in seedlings grown in red light with their shoot bottom exposed, suggesting its involvement in suppression of photomorphogenesis. This was further corroborated in phyA seedlings that turned green when grown in red light having their shoot bottom exposed. Calmodulin (CaM) antagonist N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐5‐chloro‐1‐napthalene sulphonamide or trifluoperazine substantially restored photomorphogenesis both in the wild type (WT) and phyA demonstrating the involvement of CaM‐dependent kinases in the down‐regulation of the greening process. Results demonstrate that red light‐induced suppression of photomorphogenesis, perceived in the shoot bottom, is a red high irradiance response of PhyA.
The Revolutionary Global Islamism – Politicized or Political Religion? Applying Eric Voegelin’s Theory to the Dynamics of Political Islam
Authors: Miliopoulos Lazaros 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn recourse to the theory of fundamentalism Islamism can be defined as a form of “other” or “halved modernity.” Therefore Islamism politicizes the understanding of Islam and has been described often as a ‘politicized religion’. But it is further be necessary to differentiate clearer between Islamist tendencies of traditionalism and totalitarianism: On the one hand there is the aim to restore the ‘naturalness’ and purity of a pre‐modern, monistic world. On the other the ideology of a specific revolutionary type of Islamism can be described partially as totalitarian, gnostic and messianic or defined as a ‘modern political pseudo‐religion’, diametrically opposite to the spirit of the traditional religions such as Christianity, Judaism or Islam itself and rather comparable with ideologies such as Marxism‐Leninism, Fascism and National Socialism. To answer the question whether the revolutionary Islamism is a politicized or political (pseudo‐)religion, this essay applies Eric Voegelin’s Theory of ‘political religion’ to the revolutionary global Islamism expressed by the al‐Qaeda terrorist movement.
Staphylococcus aureus Elaborates Leukocidin AB To Mediate Escape from within Human Neutrophils
Authors: DuMont Ashley L. , Yoong Pauline , Surewaard Bas G. J. , Benson Meredith A. , Nijland Reindert , van Strijp Jos A. G. , Torres Victor J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strains of the pulsed-field type USA300 are primarily responsible for the current community-associated epidemic of MRSA infections in the United States. The success of USA300 is partly attributed to the ability of the pathogen to avoid destruction by human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]), which are crucial to the host immune response to
S. aureus
infection. In this work, we investigated the contribution of bicomponent pore-forming toxins to the ability of USA300 to withstand attack from primary human PMNs. We demonstrate that
in vitro
growth conditions influence the expression, production, and availability of leukotoxins by USA300, which in turn impact the cytotoxic potential of this clone toward PMNs. Interestingly, we also found that upon exposure to PMNs, USA300 preferentially activates the promoter of the
lukAB
operon, which encodes the recently identified leukocidin AB (LukAB). LukAB elaborated by extracellular
S. aureus
forms pores in the plasma membrane of PMNs, leading to PMN lysis, highlighting a contribution of LukAB to USA300 virulence. We now show that LukAB also facilitates the escape of bacteria engulfed within PMNs, in turn enabling the replication and outgrowth of
S. aureus
. Together, these results suggest that upon encountering PMNs
S. aureus
induces the production of LukAB, which serves as an extra- and intracellular weapon to protect the bacterium from destruction by human PMNs.
Absence of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1, PECAM-1/CD31,In VivoIncreases Resistance to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Mice
Authors: Lovelace Michael D. , Yap May Lin , Yip Jana , Muller William , Wijburg Odilia , Jackson Denise E. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPECAM-1/CD31 is known to regulate inflammatory responses and exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. This study was designed to determine the functional role of PECAM-1 in susceptibility to murine primaryin vivoinfection withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium and inin vitroinflammatory responses of peritoneal macrophages. Lectin profiling showed that cellular PECAM-1 and recombinant human PECAM-1-Ig chimera contain high levels of mannose sugars andN-acetylglucosamine. Consistent with this carbohydrate pattern, both recombinant human and murine PECAM-1-Ig chimeras were shown to bindS. Typhimurium in a dose-dependent mannerin vitro. Using oral and fecal-oral transmission models ofS. Typhimurium SL1344 infection, PECAM-1−/−mice were found to be more resistant toS. Typhimurium infection than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. While fecal shedding ofS. Typhimurium was comparable in wild-type and PECAM-1−/−mice, the PECAM-1-deficient mice had lower bacterial loads in systemic organs such as liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes than WT mice, suggesting that extraintestinal dissemination was reduced in the absence of PECAM-1. This reduced bacterial load correlated with reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) levels in sera of PECAM-1−/−mice. Followingin vitrostimulation of macrophages with either wholeS. Typhimurium, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4] ligand), or poly(I·C) (TLR3 ligand), production of TNF and IL-6 by PECAM-1−/−macrophages was reduced. Together, these results suggest that PECAM-1 may have multiple functions in resistance to infection withS. Typhimurium, including binding to host cells, extraintestinal spread to deeper tissues, and regulation of inflammatory cytokine production by infected macrophages.
Brucella abortus Invasion of Synoviocytes Inhibits Apoptosis and Induces Bone Resorption through RANKL Expression
Authors: Scian Romina , Barrionuevo Paula , Rodriguez Ana María , Arriola Benitez Paula Constanza , García Samartino Clara , Fossati Carlos Alberto , Giambartolomei Guillermo Hernán , Delpino María Victoria 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTArthritis is one of the most common complications of human active brucellosis, but its pathogenic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In this paper, we describe the role of synoviocytes in the pathogenesis of brucellar arthritis. Our results indicate thatBrucella abortusinfection inhibited synoviocyte apoptosis through the upregulation of antiapoptotic factors (cIAP-2, clusterin, livin, and P21/CIP/CDNK1A). In contrast, infection did not change the expression of proteins that have been involved in apoptosis induction such as Bad, Bax, cleaved procaspase 3, CytC, and TRAIL, among others; or their expression was reduced, as occurs in the case of P-p53(S15). In addition,B. abortusinfection induced upregulation of adhesion molecules (CD54 and CD106), and the adhesion of monocytes and neutrophils to infected synoviocytes was significantly higher than to uninfected cells. Despite this increased adhesion,B. abortus-infected synoviocytes were able to inhibit apoptosis induced by supernatants fromB. abortus-infected monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover,B. abortusinfection increased soluble and membrane RANKL expression in synoviocytes that further induced monocytes to undergo osteoclastogenesis. The results presented here shed light on how the interactions ofB. abortuswith synovial fibroblasts may have an important role in the pathogenesis of brucellar arthritis.
Penetrating Wounds of the Torso
Authors: Barker P 
Published: March 2013

Penetrating trauma is on the increase as a result of interpersonal violence throughout the world. It is essential that military surgeons are familiar with such injuries and trained not only in the principles of their management, but also have first-hand operative experience before deployment in the field of conflict. More often than not, this experience is to be gained in the civilian urban setting in countries such as South Africa and the USA.The article addresses the first requirement - the principles of management - and outlines basic measures to enable those unfamiliar with penetrating wounds of the torso to make a reasonable and directed approach to dealing with these patients. It does not attempt to give definitive advice on specific injuries.It is organised according to anatomical regions, but emphasises that this is only in order to put shape to the article; penetrating injuries frequently having no respect for anatomical boundaries. Particular attention is drawn to difficult areas such as mediastinal injuries, and to modern concepts of ‘damage control’ surgery and the ‘abdominal compartment syndrome’. The emphasis throughout is on how to get out of trouble and where particular danger spots may be anticipated. Reference will be made to the differences that may be expected within the military environment as opposed to the civilian setting, where rapid and (usually) safe evacuation to a well-equipped secure facility may not be possible.The article aims to raise the awareness of those involved in the care of patients with penetrating wounds of the torso that a methodical approach with a practised team of experienced individuals can salvage injuries which at first sight may seem terrifying or hopeless.