bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Au commencement était le duel. Une méthode humboldtienne
Authors: André Camille 
Published: June 2015

Cet article propose une lecture de Sur le duel (1827). Le texte se présente comme l’examen de la forme grammaticale duelle à travers les différentes langues. Il s’agit donc de faire œuvre de linguistique comparée sous des traits propres à Humboldt, c’est-à-dire en alliant l’attention à l’empiricité singulière des langues et la réflexion générale sur le caractère fondateur du langage pour la pensée. Or, à cet égard, le duel acquiert un statut spécifique : il n’est plus seulement une catégorie grammaticale dont il faut étudier les caractéristiques et la place au sein des différentes langues mais devient un concept essentiel qui rend raison du statut transcendantal du langage pour le développement de l’esprit humain. Ainsi, Sur le duel est le lieu de la fusion entre linguistique et anthropologie se jouant dans la figure d’une humanité n’existant pleinement que par le dialogue et d’un sujet originellement pluriel.
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Synergizes with Notch2 To Govern Marginal Zone B Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Case James B. , Bonami Rachel H. , Nyhoff Lindsay E. , Steinberg Hannah E. , Sullivan Allison M. , Kendall Peggy L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Expansion of autoimmune-prone marginal zone (MZ) B cells has been implicated in type 1 diabetes. To test disease contributions of MZ B cells in NOD mice, Notch2 haploinsufficiency (Notch2+/−) was introduced but failed to eliminate the MZ, as it does in C57BL/6 mice. Notch2+/−/NOD have MZ B cell numbers similar to those of wild-type C57BL/6, yet still develop diabetes. To test whether BCR signaling supports Notch2+/−/NOD MZ B cells, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) deficiency was introduced. Surprisingly, MZ B cells failed to develop in Btk-deficient Notch2+/−/NOD mice. Expression of Notch2 and its transcriptional target, Hes5, was increased in NOD MZ B cells compared with C57BL/6 MZ B cells. Btk deficiency reduced Notch2+/− signaling exclusively in NOD B cells, suggesting that BCR signaling enhances Notch2 signaling in this autoimmune model. The role of BCR signaling was further investigated using an anti-insulin transgenic (Tg) BCR (125Tg). Anti-insulin B cells in 125Tg/Notch2+/−/NOD mice populate an enlarged MZ, suggesting that low-level BCR signaling overcomes reliance on Notch2. Tracking clonotypes of anti-insulin B cells in H chain–only VH125Tg/NOD mice showed that BTK-dependent selection into the MZ depends on strength of antigenic binding, whereas Notch2-mediated selection does not. Importantly, anti-insulin B cell numbers were reduced by Btk deficiency, but not Notch2 haploinsufficiency. These studies show that 1) Notch2 haploinsufficiency limits NOD MZ B cell expansion without preventing type 1 diabetes, 2) BTK supports the Notch2 pathway in NOD MZ B cells, and 3) autoreactive NOD B cell survival relies on BTK more than Notch2, regardless of MZ location, which may have important implications for disease-intervention strategies.
Neonatal Basophils Stifle the Function of Early-Life Dendritic Cells To Curtail Th1 Immunity in Newborn Mice
Authors: Dhakal Mermagya , Miller Mindy M. , Zaghouani Adam A. , Sherman Michael P. , Zaghouani Habib 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Neonatal immunity exhibits weak Th1 but excessive Th2 responses, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this article, we show that neonatal basophils readily produce IL-4, a cytokine that proved to be pivotal in shaping the programs of both lymphocyte subsets. Besides promoting Th2 programs, IL-4 is captured by the IL-4 heteroreceptor (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1) expressed on dendritic cells and instigates IL-12 downregulation. Under these circumstances, differentiating Th1 cells upregulate IL-13Rα1, leading to an unusual expression of the heteroreceptor, which will serve as a death marker for these Th1 cells during rechallenge with Ag. The resulting Th1/Th2 imbalance impacts childhood immunity culminating in sensitivity to allergic reactions, susceptibility to microbial infection and perhaps poor efficacy of pediatric vaccines.
CD11c-Expressing B Cells Are Located at the T Cell/B Cell Border in Spleen and Are Potent APCs
Authors: Rubtsov Anatoly V. , Rubtsova Kira , Kappler John W. , Jacobelli Jordan , Friedman Rachel S. , Marrack Philippa 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In addition to the secretion of Ag-specific Abs, B cells may play an important role in the generation of immune responses by efficiently presenting Ag to T cells. We and other investigators recently described a subpopulation of CD11c+ B cells (Age/autoimmune-associated B cells [ABCs]) that appear with age, during virus infections, and at the onset of some autoimmune diseases and participate in autoimmune responses by secreting autoantibodies. In this study, we assessed the ability of these cells to present Ag and activate Ag-specific T cells. We demonstrated that ABCs present Ag to T cells, in vitro and in vivo, better than do follicular B cells (FO cells). Our data indicate that ABCs express higher levels of the chemokine receptor CCR7, have higher responsiveness to CCL21 and CCL19 than do FO cells, and are localized at the T/B cell border in spleen. Using multiphoton microscopy, we show that, in vivo, CD11c+ B cells form significantly more stable interactions with T cells than do FO cells. Together, these data identify a previously undescribed role for ABCs as potent APCs and suggest another potential mechanism by which these cells can influence immune responses and/or the development of autoimmunity.
Coleta de informações em estudos sociais: abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas para analisar centros de referência de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência
Authors: Novellino Maria Salet Ferreira , Tavares Rosimeri Silva de Santana 
Published: June 2015

Introdução: relata experiência de pesquisa que explora três diferentes abordagens metodológicas na análise de Centros de Referência de Atendimento às Mulheres em Situação de Violência com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade dos serviços prestados e identificar as práticas existentes. Método: inicialmente definiu-se “Centros de Referência de Atendimento às Mulheres em Situação de Violência” com base em Norma específica da Secretaria Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres. Além da definição, este documento normativo descreve a estrutura e as ações desses Centros. A partir dessas definições, estabeleceram-se indicadores de análise da qualidade desses serviços. Utilizaram-se três abordagens, a saber: a abordagem quantitativa, apoiada em dados secundários retirados do Perfil dos Municípios Brasileiros (publicação do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística); uma segunda abordagem quantitativa, com dados primários coletados em questionário enviado por correio eletrônico a uma amostra de Centros apoiada no critério de porte do município; e abordagem qualitativa (etnográfica), envolvendo coordenadores e equipe técnica dos Centros. Resultados: a análise dos dados secundários possibilitou delinear uma visão geral dos Centros. A análise dos dados primários permitiu avançar na identificação das práticas exercidas nos Centros, embora não de forma aprofundada. O estudo etnográfico identificou práticas desenvolvidas nos Centros sob a percepção dos coordenadores e equipes que ali atuam. Conclusões: Os cruzamentos e complementações das abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa enriqueceram a coleta de dados, permitindo o aprofundamento das etapas de descrição e análise do tema proposto, o que reforça o uso de metodologias e técnicas mistas de recolha de informações em estudos na área de Ciências Sociais.
Erfrecht in de onderwereld (deel 2)
Authors: van der Geld L.A.G.M. 
Published: June 2015

Erfrecht in de onderwereld (deel 2)
Erfgenamen kunnen worden geconfronteerd met door erflater gepleegde fraude, zoals bijstandsfraude en belastingfraude. Wat betekent dat voor de nalatenschap? Erfgenamen kunnen ook zelf fraude plegen door bijvoorbeeld vermogen te blijven verzwijgen en daarover geen aangifte te doen. Deel 2 van een drieluik over erfrecht in de onderwereld.
Goblet Cell Carcinoid Tumor, Mixed Goblet Cell Carcinoid-Adenocarcinoma, and Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix: Comparison of Clinicopathologic Features and Prognosis
Authors: Taggart Melissa W. , Abraham Susan C. , Overman Michael J. , Mansfield Paul F. , Rashid Asif 
Published: June 2015

ContextThe prognosis of appendiceal goblet cell carcinoid tumors (GCTs) is believed to be intermediate between appendiceal adenocarcinomas and conventional carcinoid tumors. However, GCTs can have mixed morphologic patterns, with variable amount of adenocarcinoma.ObjectiveTo evaluate the behavior of GCTs and related entities with variable components of adenocarcinoma.DesignWe classified 74 cases of appendiceal tumors into 3 groups: group 1, GCTs or GCTs with less than 25% adenocarcinoma; group 2, GCTs with 25% to 50% adenocarcinoma; group 3, GCTs with more than 50% adenocarcinoma; and a comparison group of 68 adenocarcinomas without a GCT component (group 4). Well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinomas were excluded. Clinicopathologic features and follow-up were obtained from computerized medical records and the US Social Security Death Index.ResultsOf the 142 tumors studied, 23 tumors (16%) were classified as group 1; 27 (19%) as group 2; 24 (17%) as group 3; and 68 (48%) as group 4. Staging and survival differed significantly among these groups. Among 140 patients (99%) with available staging data, stages II, III, and IV were present in 87%, 4%, and 4% of patients in group 1 patients; 67%, 7%, and 22% of patients in group 2; 29%, 4%, and 67% of patients in group 3; and 19%, 6%, and 75% of patients in group 4, respectively (P = .01). Mean (SD) overall survival was 83.8 (34.6), 60.6 (30.3), 45.6 (39.7), and 33.6 (27.6) months for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = .01). By multivariate analysis, only stage and tumor category were independent predictors of overall survival.ConclusionOur data highlight the importance of subclassifying the proportion of adenocarcinoma in appendiceal tumors with GCT morphology because that finding reflects disease stage and affects survival.
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Luminal Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Grin Andrea , Streutker Catherine J. 
Published: June 2015

ContextNeuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal tract have been recognized for more than a century. Despite histologic similarities between different sites in the tract, behavior varies between areas. All of these tumors have malignant potential, but determination of exact risk is difficult.ObjectivesTo review the diagnosis of luminal gastrointestinal NETs, including a discussion of grading. Grading by mitotic index/activity, in conjunction with tumor size/stage, has been found to be the strongest predictor of behavior.Data SourcesLiterature review of luminal gastrointestinal NETs was performed and the results summarized.ConclusionsOur understanding of these lesions is incomplete and continues to evolve.
Synthesis of Site‐Specifically Phosphate‐Caged siRNAs
Authors: Wu Li , Wang Jie , Tang Xinjing 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPhotolabile small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotide duplexes are becoming a powerful tool for photoregulation of gene expression through an RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. Terminal or statistical labeling of siRNAs has been previously achieved. Recently, we have shown a new strategy for site‐specific incorporation of a photolabile group (1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)ethyl [NPE]) at any phosphate position of siRNA strands for photomodulation of their gene‐silencing activity. In this unit, we first describe in detail the syntheses of four new NPE protected nucleoside phosphoramidites (dA0
, dG0
, dC0
, dT0
) and 2‐cyanoethyl‐1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)ethyl‐N,N′‐diisopropylphosphoramidite (N0
). They are then site specifically incorporated into any position of RNA oligonucleotides according to standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Phosphate‐caged siRNA duplexes are then prepared by hybridization of single‐stranded RNAs containing the 1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)ethyl caging moiety on the phosphate group with their complementary RNA. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polarized Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Cytoskeleton Assembly and Organization in Live Cells
Authors: McQuilken Molly , Mehta Shalin B. , Verma Amitabh , Harris Grant , Oldenbourg Rudolf , Gladfelter Amy S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe measurement of not only the location but also the organization of molecules in live cells is crucial to understanding diverse biological processes. Polarized light microscopy provides a nondestructive means to evaluate order within subcellular domains. When combined with fluorescence microscopy and GFP‐tagged proteins, the approach can reveal organization within specific populations of molecules. This unit describes a protocol for measuring the architectural dynamics of cytoskeletal components using polarized fluorescence microscopy and OpenPolScope open‐access software (http://www.openpolscope.org). The protocol describes installation of linear polarizers or a liquid crystal (LC) universal compensator, calibration of the system, polarized fluorescence imaging, and analysis. The use of OpenPolScope software and hardware allows for reliable, user‐friendly image acquisition to measure and analyze polarized fluorescence. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualizing G Protein‐Coupled Receptor‐Receptor Interactions in Brain Using Proximity Ligation In Situ Assay
Authors: Taura Jaume , Fernández‐Dueñas Víctor , Ciruela Francisco 
Published: June 2015

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of plasma membrane receptors, thus representing the more investigated drug targets in the design of new therapeutic strategies. The existence of receptor‐receptor interactions has revolutionized the field, since GPCR oligomerization might confer new intervention opportunities in pharmacotherapy. However, demonstrating the existence of such receptor‐receptor interactions in native tissue has been a bottleneck in GPCR pharmacology. Here, we discuss an experimental approach, the proximity ligation in situ assay (P‐LISA), which provides enough sensitivity to evaluate a receptor's close proximity within a named GPCR oligomer. Indeed, we provide a detailed step‐by‐step protocol for P‐LISA experiments visualizing receptor‐receptor interactions in brain slices. Additionally, we provide instructions for slide observation, data acquisition and quantification. Finally, we also discuss these critical aspects determining the success of the technique, namely the fixation process and the validation of the primary antibodies used. Overall, the P‐LISA is a powerful and straightforward technique to visualize receptor‐receptor interactions when performed under optimal conditions. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Holidays in lights: Tracking cultural patterns in demand for energy services
Authors: Román Miguel O. , Stokes Eleanor C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSuccessful climate change mitigation will involve not only technological innovation, but also innovation in how we understand the societal and individual behaviors that shape the demand for energy services. Traditionally, individual energy behaviors have been described as a function of utility optimization and behavioral economics, with price restructuring as the dominant policy lever. Previous research at the macro‐level has identified economic activity, power generation and technology, and economic role as significant factors that shape energy use. However, most demand models lack basic contextual information on how dominant social phenomenon, the changing demographics of cities, and the sociocultural setting within which people operate, affect energy decisions and use patterns. Here we use high‐quality Suomi‐NPP VIIRS nighttime environmental products to: (1) observe aggregate human behavior through variations in energy service demand patterns during the Christmas and New Year's season and the Holy Month of Ramadan and (2) demonstrate that patterns in energy behaviors closely track sociocultural boundaries at the country, city, and district level. These findings indicate that energy decision making and demand is a sociocultural process as well as an economic process, often involving a combination of individual price‐based incentives and societal‐level factors. While nighttime satellite imagery has been used to map regional energy infrastructure distribution, tracking daily dynamic lighting demand at three major scales of urbanization is novel. This methodology can enrich research on the relative importance of drivers of energy demand and conservation behaviors at fine scales. Our initial results demonstrate the importance of seating energy demand frameworks in a social context.
Interpreting fluid pressure anomalies in shallow intraplate argillaceous formations
Authors: Neuzil C. E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInvestigations have revealed several instances of apparently isolated highs or lows in pore fluid potential in shallow (< ~ 1 km depth) argillaceous formations in intraplate settings. Formations with the pressure anomalies are distinguished by (1) smaller ratios of hydraulic conductivity to formation thickness and (2) smaller hydraulic (or pressure) diffusivities than those without anomalies. This is consistent with transient Darcian flow caused by strain at rates of ~ 10−17 to 10‐16 s‐1, by significant perturbing events in the past 104 to 106 annum or by some combination of the two. Plausible causes include erosional downwasting, tectonic strain, and glaciation. In this conceptualization the anomalies provide constraints on formation‐scale flow properties, flow history, and local geological forcing in the last 106 annum and in particular indicate zones of low permeability (10−19–10−22 m2) that could be useful for isolation of nuclear waste.
Pathways of F region thermospheric mass density enhancement via soft electron precipitation
Authors: Zhang B. , Varney R. H. , Lotko W. , Brambles O. J. , Wang W. , Lei J. , Wiltberger M. , Lyon J. G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe efficiencies of pathways of thermospheric heating via soft electron precipitation in the dayside cusp region are investigated using the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere model (CMIT). Event‐based data‐model comparisons show that the CMIT model is capable of reproducing the thermospheric mass density variations measured by the CHAMP satellite during both quite and active periods. During the 24 August 2005 storm event (Kp = 6−) while intense Joule heating rate occurs in the polar cusp region, including soft electron precipitation is important for accurately modeling the F region thermospheric mass density distribution near the cusp region. During the 27 July 2007 event (Kp = 2−) while little Joule heating rate occurs in the polar cusp region, the controlled CMIT simulations suggest that the direct pathway through the energy exchange between soft electrons and thermospheric neutrals is the dominant process during this event, which only has a small effect on the neutral temperature and mass density at 400 km altitude. Comparisons between the two case studies show that the indirect pathway via increasing the F region Joule heating rate is a dominant process during the 24 August 2005 storm event, which is much more efficient than the direct heating process.
Variability of the pitch angle distribution of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons during and following intense geomagnetic storms: Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Ni Binbin , Zou Zhengyang , Gu Xudong , Zhou Chen , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Shi Run , Zhao Zhengyu , Baker Daniel N. , Kanekal Shrikhanth G. , Spence Harlan E. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Li Xinlin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFifteen months of pitch angle resolved Van Allen Probes Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope (REPT) measurements of differential electron flux are analyzed to investigate the characteristic variability of the pitch angle distribution of radiation belt ultrarelativistic (>2 MeV) electrons during storm conditions and during the long‐term poststorm decay. By modeling the ultrarelativistic electron pitch angle distribution as sinnα, where α is the equatorial pitch angle, we examine the spatiotemporal variations of the n value. The results show that, in general, n values increase with the level of geomagnetic activity. In principle, ultrarelativistic electrons respond to geomagnetic storms by becoming more peaked at 90° pitch angle with n values of 2–3 as a supportive signature of chorus acceleration outside the plasmasphere. High n values also exist inside the plasmasphere, being localized adjacent to the plasmapause and exhibiting energy dependence, which suggests a significant contribution from electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave scattering. During quiet periods, n values generally evolve to become small, i.e., 0–1. The slow and long‐term decays of the ultrarelativistic electrons after geomagnetic storms, while prominent, produce energy and L‐shell‐dependent decay time scales in association with the solar and geomagnetic activity and wave‐particle interaction processes. At lower L shells inside the plasmasphere, the decay time scales τd for electrons at REPT energies are generally larger, varying from tens of days to hundreds of days, which can be mainly attributed to the combined effect of hiss‐induced pitch angle scattering and inward radial diffusion. As L shell increases to L~3.5, a narrow region exists (with a width of ~0.5 L), where the observed ultrarelativistic electrons decay fastest, possibly resulting from efficient EMIC wave scattering. As L shell continues to increase, τd generally becomes larger again, indicating an overall slower loss process by waves at high L shells. Our investigation based upon the sinnα function fitting and the estimate of decay time scale offers a convenient and useful means to evaluate the underlying physical processes that play a role in driving the acceleration and loss of ultrarelativistic electrons and to assess their relative contributions.
Generation of large‐amplitude electric field and subsequent enhancement of O+ ion flux in the inner magnetosphere during substorms
Authors: Nakayama Y. , Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnergetic O+ ions are rapidly enhanced in the inner magnetosphere because of abrupt intensification of the dawn‐to‐dusk electric field and significantly contribute to the ring current during substorms. Here we examine the generation mechanism of the dawn‐to‐dusk electric field that accelerates the O+ ions and the spatial and temporal evolution of the differential flux of the O+ ions by using a test particle simulation in the electric and magnetic fields that are provided by a global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation. In the MHD simulation, strong dawn‐to‐dusk electric field appears in the near‐Earth tail region by a joint action of the earthward tension force and pileup of magnetic flux near an onset of substorm expansion. The peak of the electric field is ~9–13 mV/m and is located ~1–2 RE earthward of the peak of the plasma bulk speed because of the pileup. O+ ions coming from the lobe are accelerated from ~eV to >100 keV in ~10 min. The reconstructed flux of the O+ ions shows that at ~7 RE near midnight, the flux has a peak near a few tens of keV and the flux below ~10 keV is small. This structure, called a “void” structure, is consistent with the Polar observation and can be regarded as a manifestation of the acceleration of unmagnetized ions perpendicular to the magnetic field. In the inner magnetosphere (at 6.0 RE), reconstructed energy‐time spectrograms show the nose dispersion structure that is also consistent with satellite observations.