bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pattern of Venous Drainage of Surgically Created Side-to-Side Arteriovenous Fistulae in the Human Forearm
Authors: Jamison J. P. , Wallace W. F. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The forearm and hand circulation in nine patients with a surgically created side-to-side fistula between the radial artery and a nearby superficial vein in the lower forearm has been investigated.
2. Dilated veins on the dorsum of the hand communicated with the fistula without intervening valvular obstruction. Skin temperature of both forearm and hand was greater on the side with the fistula in all cases.
3. Inflation of an occlusion cuff distal to the fistula markedly reduced apparent fistular flow.
4. It is concluded that the fistulae result in increased blood flow to the hand by retrograde flow from the fistula into the hand veins. Hand as well as forearm must be included in the plethysmographic measurement of blood flow in such cases.
The Role of the Colon in Urea Metabolism in Man
Authors: Gibson J. A. , Park N. J. , Sladen G. E. , Dawson A. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The urea content of ileostomy effluent has been measured by the urease method as an indirect estimate of the urea concentration in the lumen of the normal ileum.
2. The plasma disappearance of intravenously administered [14C]urea was used to study intestinal urea breakdown. Normal subjects on high and low protein diets and patients with either excised (i.e. with ileostomies) or excluded colons were studied.
3. The 24 h intestinal urea breakdown was considerably greater than the quantity of urea estimated to be entering the colon from the ileum and across the colonic mucosa.
4. Intestinal urea breakdown increased with increase in dietary protein and decreased with, but was not abolished by, exclusion or excision of the colon.
5. Our results suggest that the colonic lumen is not the only site of intestinal ureolysis and that significant quantities of urea must be broken down either at a juxtamucosal site or in the ileum.
The Effect of Chelating Agents on Cellular Iron Metabolism
Authors: White G. P. , Bailey-Wood R. , Jacobs A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of iron chelators on iron uptake, ferritin and total protein synthesis was studied in cultured Chang cells. Desferrioxamine depressed ferritin synthesis and completely inhibited iron uptake by ferritin protein. Rhodotorulic acid reduced iron uptake by the cells but had little effect on ferritin synthesis. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid produced complete inhibition of iron uptake and all protein synthesis. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) had no effect in this system.
2. When 2,3-DHB was incubated with a liver homogenate, its subsequent addition to a Chang cell culture resulted in depression of ferritin synthesis, iron uptake into the protein and some depression of total protein synthesis. Pretreatment of rhodotorulic acid did not affect its properties.
3. Non-ferritin iron in the Chang cell cytosol was dialysable, available for binding to transferrin and formed chelates which appeared, on gel chromatography, to be of low molecular weight. Gel chromatography of cytosol after incubation of the cells with chelating agents showed non-ferritin iron to be in a similar form.
4. Loss of non-ferritin iron from the cells occurred only when the transferrin in the medium was unsaturated. In the presence of chelating agents non-ferritin iron was lost from the cells even when transferrin was 100% saturated.
5. The results confirm the presence of an intracellular labile iron pool which is available for chelation, and demonstrate that different iron chelators have different metabolic effects.
The Haemodynamic Effects of Metabolic Acidosis in the Rat
Authors: Yudkin J. , Cohen R. D. , Slack Barbara 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of metabolic acidosis of 4–6 h duration on cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, and hepatic and renal blood flow has been studied in the rat.
2. In anaesthetized rats, blood pressure and heart rate fell linearly with blood pH in both sham-operated and nephrectomized rats. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the effect of acidosis on either variable.
3. Cardiac output showed a significant fall with increasing acidosis in the conscious rat.
4. Estimated hepatic blood flow in conscious rats showed a significant positive correlation with blood pH in both sham-operated and nephrectomized animals. There was no significant difference in estimated hepatic blood flow between the two groups of animals at any blood pH.
5. In conscious rats, increasing acidosis caused a progressive decrease in estimated renal blood flow.
6. It is concluded that the increase in the previously described apparent renal contribution to lactate removal in the acidotic rat cannot be explained by any circulatory effect mediated by the kidney. The possible relevance of the findings to lactate homeostasis is discussed.
The Effect of Repeated Phlebotomy on Bilirubin Turnover, Bilirubin Clearance and Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia in the Crigler—Najjar Syndrome and the Jaundiced Gunn Rat: Application of Computers to Experimental Design
Authors: Berk P. D. , Scharschmidt B. F. , Waggoner Jeanne G. , White S. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. A multicompartmental model of erythrokinetics and bilirubin production has been developed to predict the consequences of chronic phlebotomy on daily bilirubin turnover.
2. Control values for four physiological variables including bilirubin turnover were determined in a 20-year-old woman with type I congenital non-haemolytic jaundice (Crigler—Najjar syndrome). With these base-line data, the model predicted the following changes during phlebotomy: a 34% fall in bilirubin turnover; a 240% increase in the haemoglobin content of bone-marrow erythroid precursors; a 25% fall in the half-life of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes; a characteristic alteration of the erythrocyte survival curve after labelling with [2-14C]glycine.
3. On the assumption, previously validated in normal volunteer subjects and patients with Gilbert's syndrome, that hepatic bilirubin clearance was independent of turnover and would therefore remain unchanged, a fall in plasma unconjugated bilirubin concentration during phlebotomy from 436 to 282 μmol/l was expected.
4. Accordingly, the patient underwent phlebotomy 350 ml/week for 2 months, and 500 ml/week during an additional 3 months. Appropriate studies during phlebotomy confirmed each of the predictions in paragraph 2 above. In particular, turnover fell by 31%. Unexpectedly, plasma unconjugated bilirubin remained essentially unchanged. Analogous results were observed in phlebotomized jaundiced Gunn rats.
5. Kinetic studies in both the patient and the rats demonstrated that the failure of plasma unconjugated bilirubin to fall in parallel with bilirubin turnover resulted from a prolongation of the terminal half-life of radioactively labelled bilirubin and a fall in bilirubin clearance in every instance.
6. These studies indicate that (a) in congenital non-haemolytic jaundice, bilirubin clearance is uniquely influenced by bilirubin turnover and (b) compartmental modelling and kinetic studies are useful for predicting and interpreting the results of both physiological experiments and experimental therapeutic regimens.
The Relation between Functioning Parietal Cell and Gastrin Cell Masses in Two Groups of Duodenal Ulcer Patients
Authors: Byrnes D. J. , Lam Shiu Kum , Sircus W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum gastrin concentrations before and after a standardized meal were determined in twenty-eight patients with duodenal ulcer and in ten normal control subjects.
2. In response to pentagastrin, thirteen of the duodenal ulcer subjects secreted acid within the limits of normal and fifteen secreted in excess.
3. The differences in the basal serum gastrin concentrations between the three groups, normal subjects, acid ‘normosecretors’ and hypersecretors were not statistically significant but that of the hypersecretors was suggestively low.
4. The integrated gastrin response and peak gastrin responses to meals were higher in duodenal ulcer patients with normal acid secretion than in the hypersecretors but the values for the latter were not different from normal subjects.
5. Stabilization of intragastric pH by infusion into the antrum of sodium bicarbonate during the test meal response period did not alter these differences between the two ulcer patient groups.
6. A significant inverse correlation exists between the maximal acid output and the integrated gastrin response in both normal subjects and hypersecreting duodenal ulcer patients.
7. The evidence (a) supports the existence of an inverse relationship between the functioning parietal cell and gastrin cell masses, (b) shows the gastrin response in normosecreting ulcer subjects to be inappropriately high, and (c) suggests that excessive vagotonia exerts trophic effects upon both parietal cell mass and gastrin cell mass.
Effect of Vasopressin on Plasma Volume and Renin Release in Man
Authors: Khokhär A. M. , Slater J. D. H. , Forsling Mary L. , Payne N. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arginine vasopressin was infused into seven healthy young male volunteers at 12·5 and 25 units/min for 1 h at each dose. Plasma renin activity fell sharply and progressively in each subject. The mean fall was 47% and 66% of the initial value at the end of the lower and higher rates of arginine vasopressin infusion respectively; over 70% of the observed fall in plasma renin activity occurred at the end of the first infusion period.
2. The majority of the plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations achieved were within the physiological range observed after fluid deprivation and orthostatic stress in man, particularly at the lower rate of infusion.
3. There was no change of arterial pressure, despite a slight bradycardia at the lower rate of infusion; at the higher rate of infusion, there was only a very slight pressor response.
4. There was a concomitant and significant fall of plasma protein concentration and peripheral venous packed cell volume without any significant change of plasma sodium concentration or plasma osmolality, implying an expansion of plasma volume.
5. The results indicate that, in man, physiologically relevant amounts of arginine vasopressin suppress the rate of renin secretion indirectly by increasing the plasma volume at the expense of the extravascular fluid volume.
The Renal Handling of Insulin and Thyroid Hormones in Normal Man
Authors: Fine A. , Thomson R. M. , Jones J. V. , Murray R. G. , Tweddle A. , Gray C. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal extraction of insulin and thyroid hormones T3 and T4 was studied in man by right renal vein catheterization.
2. The mean renal extraction of insulin was 0·46, suggesting that the right renal vein should be utilized in comparable studies.
3. No renal extraction of thyroid hormones was detected.
The Encephalopathic Action of Five-carbon-atom Fatty Acids in the Rabbit
Authors: Teychenne P. F. , Walters I. , Claveria L. E. , Calne D. B. , Price Jane , Macgillivary B. B. , Gompertz D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Five-carbon-atom organic acids (C-5 acids) have been administered intravenously to rabbits with ventriculocisternal perfusion and continuous electroencephalographic recording (EEG). The concentration of the acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusate have been compared with changes in integrated low-frequency activity in the EEG.
2. The C-5 acids investigated were those accumulating in inborn errors of metabolism, i.e. isovaleric acid, β-methylcrotonic acid, tiglic acid and α-keto- and α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid. Their activity was compared with that of valeric acid.
3. Valeric acid and isovaleric acid produced coma and pronounced increase in slow-wave electrical activity and these changes paralleled the increase in concentration of the acids in the CSF perfusate.
4. The concentration of β-methylcrotonic acid and tiglic acid in the CSF perfusate reached values comparable with valeric acid and isovaleric acid but showed less encephalopathic activity. An interaction between β-methylcrotonic acid and isovaleric acid was observed.
5. Although the concentrations of α-ketoisovaleric acid and α-hydroxyisovaleric acid rose to the lesser extent in the CSF perfusate, changes in reusability of the animal and in the EEG recording were demonstrated.
6. It is concluded that all the C-5 acids tested have encephalopathic activity although this is lessened by the presence of either a double bond or an oxygenated functional group.
The Effect of Insulin on Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate and Guanosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate Concentrations in Human Plasma
Authors: Siddle K. , Davies C. J. , Shetty K. J. , Elkeles R. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The action of insulin on plasma cyclic nucleotide concentrations in normal human subjects has been studied after intravenous injection, alone and in combination with glucagon.
2. After injection of insulin alone there was an initial small, though not significant, decrease in plasma cyclic AMP at 15 min followed by an increase to more than twice the initial concentration at 30 min. The increase was absent when hypoglycaemia was lessened by infusion of glucose after insulin injection.
3. Injection of insulin caused no significant change in plasma cyclic GMP concentration, whether or not glucose was infused after the hormone.
4. Glucagon (3–300 nmol, 10–1000 μg), caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma cyclic AMP concentration. The rise in plasma cyclic AMP produced by 3 or 30 nmol of glucagon was not significantly modified by simultaneous injection of insulin (44 nmol; 6 units).
Effect of Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis on Ammonia Production in the Perfused Rat Kidney
Authors: Ross B. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Gluconeogenesis from lactate or from glutamine is inhibited by 90–100% by sodium quinolinate (1 mmol/l) or 3-mercaptopicolinate (150 nmol/l) in the perfused rat kidney. l-Tryptophan is not metabolized and is without effect.
2. Lactate uptake and glucose production are inhibited to the same degree by 3-mercaptopicolinate in the kidneys of well-fed or starved rats.
3. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis from glutamine (1 mmol/l) by 3-mercaptopicolinate is accompanied by 50% inhibition of ammonia production, and 34% inhibition of glutamine uptake, in the kidneys of acidotic rats. Ammonia production from glutamine was not inhibited in kidneys from non-acidotic rats.
4. It is concluded that the increased rate of gluconeogenesis from glutamine which occurs in acidotic rats is an essential and primary event regulating all of the increase in ammonia formation.
Haemodynamic Studies in Dogs with Chronic Bile-Duct Ligation
Authors: Shasha S. M. , Better O. S. , Chaimovitz C. , Doman J. , Kishon Y. 
Published: August 2015

1. Dogs with bile-duct ligation retain salt and water and form ascites. The present study was undertaken to examine the role of haemodynamic factors in the aetiology of this sodium retention.
2. Haemodynamic studies were performed in five dogs before and 5 weeks after bile-duct ligation.
3. After the operation there was an insignificant fall in mean arterial pressure, a significant rise in mean cardiac index and a significant fall in mean total peripheral resistance.
4. It is concluded that heart failure is not a factor in renal sodium retention of the dog with bile-duct ligation, since the central venous pressure was not elevated.
5. The haemodynamic pattern and the tendency to salt retention in the dog with chronic bile-duct ligation closely resemble findings reported in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and it is suggested that oedema formation in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and dogs with chronic bile-duct ligation shares a common aetiology.
Release of Colony-Stimulating Activity from the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Howell A. , Cooksley W. G. E. , Danpure C. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Colony-stimulating activity appeared in the perfusate of the isolated rat liver during perfusions with either whole rat blood, rat plasma or an artificial perfusate of Eagle's medium and albumin.
2. Dialysable inhibitors of colony formation were also released during perfusions.
3. Colony-stimulating activity in artificial perfusate could be enhanced by the addition of rat plasma in vitro. Concentrations of cycloheximide that inhibited albumin synthesis by the liver did not inhibit the release of colony-stimulating activity.
The Disappearance of Enzyme—Inhibitor Complexes from the Circulation of Man
Authors: Ohlsson K. , Laurell C.-B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Complexes of human trypsin and human granulocyte elastase with α1-anti-trypsin and α2-macroglobulin were isolated and injected intravenously into human volunteers.
2. The elimination of α2-macroglobulin complexes with trypsin and elastase followed single-exponential functions with half-lives of 9 and 12 min respectively. The complexes showed no tendency to dissociate.
3. Complexes of α1-anti-trypsin with trypsin persisted in the circulation much longer, with a half-life of 3·5 h; complexes of α1-anti-trypsin with elastase had an intermediate half-life of 1 h.
4. Dissociation was observed of α1-anti-trypsin complexes with transfer of trypsin and elastase to α2-macroglobulin.
5. Dialysable radioactivity appeared in the urine soon after the injection of α2-macroglobulin complexes, which suggested a breakdown of complexes by cells in the reticuloendothelial system. Radioactivity over the liver achieved maximum values within 30–40 min after the injection of α2-macroglobulin complexes but not until 50–70 min after the injection of α1-anti-trypsin complexes.
6. These results support the concept of a key position for α2-macroglobulin in the protective mechanisms against endogenous proteases.
Casual, Basal and Supplemental Blood Pressures in 519 First-Degree Relatives of Substantial Hypertensive Patients and in 350 Population Controls
Authors: Smirk F. Horace 
Published: August 2015

1. The casual blood pressure is the sum of the relatively stable basal pressure taken under defined conditions of rest and the labile supplemental pressure (casual minus basal), which represents the response to the current degree of physical, mental and probably metabolic stimulation.
2. The basal and supplemental blood pressures behave differently and it seems likely that different factors are involved in their pathogenesis.
3. The 5 and 8 years follow-up mortality is closely related to the basal pressure but not to the supplemental pressure.
4. The rise with age in the basal blood pressure is greater in the relatives of substantial hypertensive patients than in population control subjects.
5. Above the age group 30–39 years there is an increase in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age among the first-degree relatives of hypertensive patients. In a population control group an acceleration in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age also occurs but a decade or more later than in the relatives of hypertensive patients.
6. In males the mean supplemental pressures (systolic and diastolic) do not rise appreciably with age and the mean supplemental pressures of first-degree relatives and control subjects do not differ appreciably.
7. In females the mean supplemental pressures rise with age but, except after age 60 years, the pressure rise in first-degree relatives is only a little greater than in control subjects.
8. When hypertensive patients with similar casual blood pressures are compared the basal blood pressures are higher in patients with glomerulonephritis than in essential hypertensive patients.
9. In the first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients high-ranking basal blood pressures occur much more frequently than in general population control subjects.
10. The close resemblance of the blood pressures in like twins indicates that genetic or familial factors have an important influence on blood pressure, and on the occurrence of frank hypertension.
Intracellular Acid-Base Heterogeneity in Nucleated Avian Erythrocytes
Authors: Bone J. M. , Verth A. , Lambie Anne T. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intracellular hydrogen ion activity, [H+]i, was estimated in human erythrocytes and in nucleated avian erythrocytes from measurements of the distribution of ammonia and 5,5′-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4′-dione (DMO) between intracellular and extracellular fluid.
2. In human erythrocytes there was no difference between values for [H+]i derived from measurements of either DMO or ammonia.
3. In avian erythrocytes, [H+]i(ammonia) was consistently greater than [H+]i(DMO), indicating significant acid—base heterogeneity of the intracellular water. The degree of heterogeneity was assessed by reference to a theoretical model of two compartments of equal size.
4. Experiments with nuclei isolated from avian erythrocytes suggested that DMO is not bound to nucleoproteins, and that the nucleus may be more acidic than the cytoplasm.
The Response of Arginine Vasopressin and Plasma Renin to Postural Change in Normal Man, with Observations on Syncope
Authors: Davies Roy , Slater J. D. H. , Forsling Mary L. , Payne Nadia 
Published: August 2015

1. Fourteen mildly hydropenic normal volunteers were slowly tilted at a constant rate from the horizontal to the 85° head-up position in order to study the interrelationship between plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, plasma renin activity and the change of plasma volume.
2. Nine subjects did not develop vaso-vagal symptoms and were studied for 45–60 min. Arginine vasopressin rose biphasically in all subjects: a small initial rise, which was seen at 3 min and persisted for 30 min, was followed by a striking rise between 30 and 45 min, when the fall of plasma volume had reached its maximum (17%).
3. Plasma renin activity reached a maximum at 30 min but fell by 45 min, as plasma concentration of arginine vasopressin rose.
4. Five subjects developed vaso-vagal symptoms 4–24 min after reaching 85° when the study was terminated. A striking increase of arginine vasopressin concentration was seen within 4 min of syncope, but there was no change of plasma osmolality, cortisol concentration or renin activity.
Influence of Sodium Restriction upon Two Models of Renal Hypertension
Authors: Thurston H. , Swales J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Restriction of dietary salt intake does not affect the development or maintenance of hypertension in rats with unilateral renal ischaemia whether the contralateral kidney is present (Goldblatt 2 model) or not (Goldblatt 1 model).
2. Acute dietary salt depletion induces a similar loss of sodium and fall in body weight with little change in blood pressure in both normal and hypertensive rats.
3. Excision of the ischaemic kidney in rats with short-term (< 50 days) Goldblatt 2 hypertension restores the mean blood pressure to normal, whereas Goldblatt 1 hypertensive rats show only a partial response. Previous salt depletion of this model enhances the blood pressure response to nephrectomy.
4. Sodium retention plays no part in the development or maintenance of Goldblatt 2 kidney hypertension. However, although sodium retention is normally involved in the Goldblatt 1 model, hypertension can develop in the absence of dietary sodium.
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Sodium and Calcium Transport in the Dog Nephron
Authors: Sutton R. A. L. , Wong N. L. M. , Dirks J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of purified bovine parathyroid hormone on renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and calcium has been studied by micropuncture in intact and recently thyroparathyroidectomized dogs.
2. Parathyroid hormone increased the rejection of sodium and calcium proportionately at the late proximal tubule in both intact and operated dogs.
3. In both groups of dogs, there was increased delivery of sodium and calcium to the distal tubule after the hormone. However, the Ca/Na ratio decreased, suggesting some selective enhancement of calcium reabsorption before the superficial distal puncture site.
4. In the final urine, the Ca/Na ratio decreased highly significantly in both groups of dogs, indicating a further selective effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium reabsorption in or beyond the distal convoluted tubule.