bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermediate‐risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients who were surgically ablated do not need adjuvant radioiodine therapy: long‐term outcome study
Authors: Ballal Sanjana , Soundararajan Ramya , Garg Aayushi , Chopra Saurav , Bal Chandrasekhar 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe mute question is whether patients with DTC of intermediate risk of recurrence, second most common presentation, who were surgically ablated in the first place, ever needed adjuvant RAI therapy? This study exclusively evaluated the long‐term outcome in intermediate‐risk patients with DTC.DesignTwo‐arm retrospective cohort study conducted between years 1991 and 2012.SettingInstitutional practice.PatientsIntermediate‐risk DTC patients, with pathologically proven T1/2 N1 M0, T3 with/without N1 M0 disease, with a minimum follow‐up of 12 months, were included. Of 254 patients who fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 125 patients were surgically ablated (Gr‐I) and 129 patients had significant remnant and/nodal disease (Gr‐II). No radioiodine in Gr‐I and adjuvant RAI therapy was administered in Gr‐II patients.MeasurementsBaseline characteristics were compared and overall survival, event‐free survival, disease‐free survival/overall remission rates and recurrence rates were calculated for both the groups.ResultsAll baseline patient characteristics were comparable except 24‐h RAIU between two groups. Depending on adjuvant radioiodine therapy outcome, Gr‐II patients were subclassified as Gr‐IIa (ablated) and Gr‐IIb (not ablated). With a median follow‐up duration of 10·3 years (range: 1–21 years), 12/125 (9·6%) patients had disease recurrence and 10 (8%) showed persistent disease in Gr‐I. In Gr‐IIa, 6/102 (5·9%) patients recurred but only one of them was successfully ablated with 131I, and 5 (4·9%) had persistent disease. However, in Gr‐IIb, 27 patients who failed first‐dose adjuvant RAI therapy, 8/27 (29·6%) showed persistent disease (P = 0·000). Overall survival was 100%; however, disease‐free survival rates were 92% and 90%, in Gr‐I and Gr‐II, respectively.ConclusionIntermediate‐risk surgically ablated patients do not need adjuvant RAI therapy and patients who failed to achieve ablation with first dose of 131I may be dynamically risk stratified as high‐risk category and managed aggressively.
Accuracy Comparison of Implant Impression Techniques: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moreira António H. J. , Rodrigues Nuno F. , Pinho António C. M. , Fonseca Jaime C. , Vilaça João L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies link the seamless fit of implant‐supported prosthesis with the accuracy of the dental impression technique obtained during acquisition. In addition, factors such as implant angulation and coping shape contribute to implant misfit.PurposeThe aim of this study was to identify the most accurate impression technique and factors affecting the impression accuracy.Material and MethodsA systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature was conducted analyzing articles published between 2009 and 2013. The following search terms were used: implant impression, impression accuracy, and implant misfit. A total of 417 articles were identified; 32 were selected for review.ResultsAll 32 selected studies refer to in vitro studies. Fourteen articles compare open and closed impression technique, 8 advocate the open technique, and 6 report similar results. Other 14 articles evaluate splinted and non‐splinted techniques; all advocating the splinted technique. Polyether material usage was reported in nine; six studies tested vinyl polysiloxane and one study used irreversible hydrocolloid. Eight studies evaluated different copings designs. Intraoral optical devices were compared in four studies.ConclusionsThe most accurate results were achieved with two configurations: (1) the optical intraoral system with powder and (2) the open technique with splinted squared transfer copings, using polyether as impression material.
Microbiota at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Eick Sigrun , Ramseier Christoph A. , Rothenberger Kathrin , Brägger Urs , Buser Daniel , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the microbiota at implants and adjacent teeth 10 years after placement of implants with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface.Material and methodsPlaque samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and of 493 adjacent teeth were analyzed for certain bacterial species associated with periodontitis, for staphylococci, for aerobic gram‐negative rods, and for yeasts using nucleic acid‐based methods.ResultsSpecies known to be associated with periodontitis were detectable at 6.2–78.4% of the implants. Significantly higher counts at implants in comparison with teeth were assessed for Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum, and Campylobacter rectus. Higher counts of periodontopathogenic species were detectable at implants of current smokers than at those of non‐smokers. In addition, those species were found in higher quantities at implants of subjects with periodontitis. The prevalence of Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, C. rectus, and moreover of Staphylococcus warneri might be associated with peri‐implant inflammation. Selected staphylococcal species (not Staphylococcus aureus), aerobic gram‐negative rods, and yeasts were frequently detected, but with the exception of S. warneri, they did not show any association with periodontal or peri‐implant diseases.ConclusionsSmoking and periodontal disease are risk factors for colonization of periodontopathic bacteria at implants. Those bacterial species may play a potential role in peri‐implant inflammation. The role of S. warneri needs further validation.
A Multiple‐Channel Model of Task‐Dependent Ambiguity Resolution in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Logačev Pavel , Vasishth Shravan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTraxler, Pickering, and Clifton (1998) found that ambiguous sentences are read faster than their unambiguous counterparts. This so‐called ambiguity advantage has presented a major challenge to classical theories of human sentence comprehension (parsing) because its most prominent explanation, in the form of the unrestricted race model (URM), assumes that parsing is non‐deterministic. Recently, Swets, Desmet, Clifton, and Ferreira (2008) have challenged the URM. They argue that readers strategically underspecify the representation of ambiguous sentences to save time, unless disambiguation is required by task demands. When disambiguation is required, however, readers assign sentences full structure—and Swets et al. provide experimental evidence to this end. On the basis of their findings, they argue against the URM and in favor of a model of task‐dependent sentence comprehension. We show through simulations that the Swets et al. data do not constitute evidence for task‐dependent parsing because they can be explained by the URM. However, we provide decisive evidence from a German self‐paced reading study consistent with Swets et al.'s general claim about task‐dependent parsing. Specifically, we show that under certain conditions, ambiguous sentences can be read more slowly than their unambiguous counterparts, suggesting that the parser may create several parses, when required. Finally, we present the first quantitative model of task‐driven disambiguation that subsumes the URM, and we show that it can explain both Swets et al.'s results and our findings.
The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems: Motivations, Challenges, and Applications
Authors: Keith David A. , Rodríguez Jon Paul , Brooks Thomas M. , Burgman Mark A. , Barrow Edmund G. , Bland Lucie , Comer Patrick J. , Franklin Janet , Link Jason , McCarthy Michael A. , Miller Rebecca M. , Murray Nicholas J. , Nel Jeanne , Nicholson Emily , Oliveira‐Miranda María A. , Regan Tracey J. , Rodríguez‐Clark Kathryn M. , Rouget Mathieu , Spalding Mark D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn response to growing demand for ecosystem‐level risk assessment in biodiversity conservation, and rapid proliferation of locally tailored protocols, the IUCN recently endorsed new Red List criteria as a global standard for ecosystem risk assessment. Four qualities were sought in the design of the IUCN criteria: generality; precision; realism; and simplicity. Drawing from extensive global consultation, we explore trade‐offs among these qualities when dealing with key challenges, including ecosystem classification, measuring ecosystem dynamics, degradation and collapse, and setting decision thresholds to delimit ordinal categories of threat. Experience from countries with national lists of threatened ecosystems demonstrates well‐balanced trade‐offs in current and potential applications of Red Lists of Ecosystems in legislation, policy, environmental management and education. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems should be judged by whether it achieves conservation ends and improves natural resource management, whether its limitations are outweighed by its benefits, and whether it performs better than alternative methods. Future development of the Red List of Ecosystems will benefit from the history of the Red List of Threatened Species which was trialed and adjusted iteratively over 50 years from rudimentary beginnings. We anticipate the Red List of Ecosystems will promote policy focus on conservation outcomes in situ across whole landscapes and seascapes.
Paying for an Endangered Predator Leads to Population Recovery
Authors: Persson Jens , Rauset Geir R. , Chapron Guillaume 
Published: March 2015

AbstractKeeping viable predator populations on a human‐dominated planet will require innovative approaches that promote local coexistence with human activities. Conservation performance payments, which are linked specifically to the production of a desired environmental output, have received increasing attention but their effectiveness in predator conservation remains undocumented. Here, we show that paying Sámi reindeer herders for wolverine (Gulo gulo) reproductions has been instrumental in the recovery of wolverines in Sweden. Adult female wolverines were significantly less exposed to illegal killing and this allowed the population to more than double in a decade. We argue that this program provides protection for adult female wolverines through a combination of direct monetary value and indirect protection because of monitoring activities. The program's success, even in a system where livestock is the main prey for the predator, reveals an exceptional potential for future implementations in large carnivore conservation.
Primary localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis presenting with massive hemoptysis: a case report and literature review
Authors: Zhang Li‐qin , Zhao Yi‐chao , Wang Xiao‐wei , Yang Jian , Lu Zhi‐wei , Cheng Yu‐sheng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPrimary localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is a rare respiratory tract dysfunction, which is a heterogeneous group of diseases involving abnormal extracellular deposition of amyloid and autologous fibrillar protein material in β‐pleated sheets. A 64‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital because of hemoptysis. Physical examination showed decreased breath sounds in the right lung on auscultation. Chest computed tomography scan displayed multiple nodules with varied size in main bronchia around bilateral hilus of the lung. After admission, bronchoscopy was performed for this patient, and roughness of mucosa in trachea and multiple nodules in respiratory tract were observed. Through further tissue biopsy, the diagnosis of primary TBA was confirmed.
Role of Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling in cutaneous chronic graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Weng Jianyu , Lai Peilong , Geng Suxia , Luo Chenwei , Wu Suijing , Ling Wei , Deng Chengxin , Huang Xin , Lu Zesheng , Du Xin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCutaneous damage is one of the characterized manifestations in chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD). When local effective immunity in the skin is altered to a dysimmune reaction, cutaneous injuries occur. Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling is regarded as a central mediator of inflammation and organ injury. In this study, we found that TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood from patients with cutaneous cGVHD was markedly increased compared with that from non‐GVHD patients and healthy controls. In addition, NF‐κB expression, TLR4 downstream signaling, and TLR4‐mediated cytokines, including IL‐6 and ICAM‐1, were upregulated. Moreover, ICAM‐1 was widely distributed in skin biopsies from patients with cutaneous cGVHD. We also found that LPS induced TLR4‐mediated NF‐κB activation and IL‐6 and ICAM‐1 secretion in human fibroblasts in vitro. Thus, TLR4, NF‐κB, IL‐6, and ICAM‐1 contribute to the inflammatory response that occurs in cutaneous cGVHD, indicating the TLR4 pathway may be a novel target for cutaneous cGVHD therapy.
Rawls, Race, and Education: A Challenge to the Ideal/Nonideal Divide
Authors: Thompson Winston C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this essay, Winston C. Thompson questions the rigidity of the boundary between ideal and nonideal theory, suggesting a porosity that allows elements of both to be brought to bear upon educational issues in singularly incisive ways. In the service of this goal, Thompson challenges and extends John Rawls's theory of justice as fairness, bringing it to bear upon education in our imperfect world. By showing that this representative work of ideal theory can be meaningfully supplemented and applied to the nonideal fact of race, this essay suggests that recognition of nonideal circumstances and theorizing need not void ideal theory's value to philosophy of education. Instead, the field can engage both ideal and nonideal theory on previously unavailable questions and dimensions of educational justice toward productive ends.
Nonideal Theorizing in Education
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this essay, Harry Brighouse responds to the collection of articles in the current issue of Educational Theory, all concerned with nonideal theorizing in education. First, he argues that some form of ideal theory is indispensable for the nonideal theorizer. Brighouse then proceeds to defend Rawls against some critics of his kind of ideal theorizing by arguing that a central feature that is often misconstrued as unduly idealizing — the full compliance assumption — in fact constrains utopianism. Next, he discusses each of the contributions in turn, and he concludes by sounding a warning that lack of humility is an ever‐present danger for nonideal theorizers who seek to evaluate, and provide guidance for, policy and practice. Falling prey to this vice, Brighouse cautions, can seriously dent the value of nonideal scholarship.
Influence of gear switching on recapture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in catch‐and‐release fisheries
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Diserud Ola H. , Cooke Steven J. , Thorstad Eva B. , Whoriskey Frederick G. , Solem Øyvind , Havn Torgeir B. , Uglem Ingebrigt 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAnglers that release Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in recreational fisheries do so with the intention that the fish will survive and contribute to succeeding generations. In some instances, salmon that are released may be recaptured, but mechanisms associated with recapture are unclear. To test whether gear avoidance influences recapture rates, we analysed data from tagging programmes in major Norwegian Atlantic salmon fishing rivers to determine how frequently salmon were recaptured by different gear than that by which they were initially captured (i.e. gear switch). Among 339 salmon captured, externally tagged and released in 2012 and 2013, 46 (14%) were recaptured; 70% of these recaptured salmon exhibited gear switch. To test whether this gear switch percentage could be expected in the absence of gear avoidance, a simulation was conducted, which accounted for variation in catch probability among rivers and across time with different gear types based on comprehensive catch data. Each simulation step provided a simulated rate of gear switch under the null hypothesis of no gear avoidance. A distribution was generated, which described the probability that we would observe 70% gear switch. The simulated results indicated that this rate of gear switch was highly unlikely (P = 0.003) if recapture gear is assumed to be independent of initial capture gear, suggesting that salmon avoided familiar gear types. Changes to behaviour after release, including learned hook avoidance, may explain our observation of gear avoidance by recaptured salmon.
Differential responses of body shape to local and reach scale stream flow in two freshwater fish species
Authors: Beachum Collin E. , Michel Matt J. , Knouft Jason H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStream flow is recognised as an important influence on the physical traits, distribution and diversity of stream fishes. However, measures of ‘stream flow’ are not consistent among studies and can refer to variables characterising microhabitat (e.g. flow velocity) or reach‐level (e.g. discharge) parameters. Because of the ambiguity associated with the term ‘stream flow’, the differential effect of these two aspects of local stream hydrology on freshwater fishes is unclear. Using two frequently sympatric freshwater fish species, Etheostoma nigrum and Pimephales notatus, we tested for correlations between population‐level body shape and two measures of stream flow, microhabitat flow velocity (m/s) and reach‐level discharge (m3·s−1). Etheostoma nigrum body shape was correlated with flow velocity, while P. notatus body shape was correlated with mean annual discharge. The respective correlations are potentially manifestations of behavioural differences among the two species. Etheostoma nigrum is a benthic specialist rarely venturing far from its associated microhabitats. Pimephales notatus is a habitat generalist and uses many different microhabitats but is unable to escape the overall discharge pressures of a particular stream. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the spatial scale of variables when predicting phenotype–environment associations.
Temporal variation in airborne spore concentration of Chrysomyxa rhododendri: correlation with weather conditions and consequences for Norway spruce infection
Authors: Ganthaler A. , Mayr S. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe fungal pathogen Chrysomyxa rhododendri undergoes a host shift between Rhododendron spp. and Picea abies and has a considerable negative impact on the latter by infecting the new sprouting needles and reducing photosynthesis, growth and seedling survival. Repeated high infection rates in the Central European Alps were reported in recent years, and although the life cycle of the pathogen is well understood, knowledge on temporal patterns of host infection, spore dispersal and influence of weather conditions is limited. We analysed the period of needle infection by a staggered application of fungicide on twigs of Norway spruce. Seasonal and diurnal patterns of spore dispersal were investigated using a Burkard volumetric spore trap, and airborne spore concentrations were correlated with several weather parameters. Needle infection occurred within 3 weeks (19 June–9 July). Basidiospores (infecting Norway spruce) were trapped from May to July, and airborne spore concentration was positively correlated with air temperature, global radiation and wind speed, and negatively with air humidity and precipitation. Aeciospores (infecting rhododendrons) appeared from August to October, and high concentrations were significantly associated with rain events. Needle infection started with bud sprouting and was limited either by decreasing spore concentrations or morphological and chemical differentiation of the needles, which prevented infection. Both spore types showed distinct periods of dispersal based on the life cycle of the pathogen, and the variability in concentration within these periods was explained by local weather conditions. The correlation analysis indicated different mechanisms of spore dispersal for both spore types and, with respect to global warming, more favourable conditions for the pathogen in future. The results can explain the high year‐ and site‐specific variation in Chrysomyxa infection intensities of P. abies and may be helpful for developing successful strategies to control the pathogen and protect alpine spruce forests.
Investigating the opinions of donkey owners and veterinary surgeons towards pain and analgesia in donkeys
Authors: Grint N. J. , Murrell J. C. , Whay H. R. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe aim of this questionnaire‐based study was to identify which analgesics are currently prescribed to donkeys in clinical practice and to collect opinions from veterinary surgeons and donkey owners on the importance of different pain‐related behaviours in donkeys. Questionnaires were completed by 143 veterinary surgeons and 93 donkey owners. Phenylbutazone, flunixin, detomidine and butorphanol were reported as the most frequently used analgesics in donkeys. Most veterinary surgeons reported administering these drugs at the horse dose rate and dosing interval, which may be inappropriate in the donkey. Four pain‐related behaviours were identified as very important by veterinary surgeons and owners: dullness for colic‐associated pain, keeping the foot lifted, and lameness for foot and limb pain and inability to chew properly for head and dental pain. This is a more limited behavioural repertoire than has recently been identified to be associated with pain in the donkey and suggests that the respondents were reporting perceived wisdom as to what people think are the behavioural signs associated with pain or were not interpreting pain‐related behaviours correctly.
Treatment of maxillary cheek teeth apical infection caused by patent infundibula in six horses (2007–2013)
Authors: Pearce C. J. 
Published: April 2015

SummarySix young horses presented with clinical signs of maxillary cheek teeth apical infection (bilateral in 2 horses) that included the presence of rostral maxillary swellings with discharging sinus tracts and were unexpectedly found to have no evidence of endodontic infection in 7 affected teeth. The apical infection of these teeth was attributed to infundibular dysplasia that allowed inoculation of the periapical tissue with contaminated oral contents. Treatment was by debridement and obturation of affected infundibula from their occlusal aspect using techniques normally used for endodontic therapy. Five out of 6 cases showed resolution of clinical signs over a mean follow‐up period of 19 months (range 6–48 months). These cases demonstrate that patency of the infundibular apex is a potential cause of cheek teeth apical infection in young horses, which can be successfully treated by debridement and subsequent infundibular restoration.