bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF HISTORIC SPILL SITES FOR LONG-TERM RECOVERY STUDIES
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Neff Jerry M. , Little David I. , Aurand Don V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Reports on over 300 oil spill incidents were reviewed for the potential value of conducting followup surveys to obtain new or additional information related to the long-term effects of the spill or cleanup operation. A three-stage screening process enabled focusing on marine spills where impacts to the coastal zone were well documented, where spill size was over 1,200 barrels (50,200 gallons), and had occurred prior to 1987. A total of 36 candidate sites were put on the shortlist, of which 25 were rated as low priority, 9 as moderate priority, and 2 (Amoco Cadiz and Metula) as high priority for future study. This study hopes to elicit feedback concerning additional sites that have been overlooked or have additional merits for followup investigation.
HARDSHELLED CLAM RECOVERY FROM EXXON VALDEZ OILING AND SHORELINE TREATMENT
Authors: Houghton J. P. , Gilmour R. , Lees D. C. , Driskell W. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Native littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea) from Prince William Sound were sampled to evaluate recovery from the March 1982 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Hydraulic washing flushed quantities of material from upper elevations, often burying the lower beaches in sediment with few fines and little organic carbon. Sampling at stations representing several degrees of oiling and treatment disturbance showed that hydraulically washed beaches had significantly lower clam densities in 1990. Recruitment has been very limited on washed beaches; as a result, clam densities remained very depressed through 1992 compared with those on unoiled beaches and on beaches that were oiled but not washed.
IDENTIFYING AND INCORPORATING SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR INLAND RESPONSE/CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Underwood Jeffrey L. , Pavia Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the Environmental Protection Agency to have oil storage facilities develop response and contingency plans. One of the purposes of the plans is avoidance and minimization of risk and injury to sensitive environments from a potential discharge of oil at the facility. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating with the Environmental Protection Agency to adopt and modify NOAA's coastal identification and mapping of sensitive environments protocol for inland areas. This will encourage identification and mapping consistency between the two areas and can be applied to other OPA 90 mandated plans.
PROTECTION OF COASTAL SHORELINES FROM OIL SPILLS USING NATURAL AGENTS
Authors: Basseres Anne , Tramier Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Some products have been proposed which will reduce the adhesion of oil to rocks, and thus diminish the impact of oil spills on shorelines. The products are natural, biodegradable materials (polysaccharides). Experiments conducted in a simulated tidal zone resulted in a 20% to 30% decrease in the adhesion of oil compared with control tests. The products retained their effectiveness for six days after application. In situ tests also showed significant results.
VENEZUELAN OIL SPILL NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN: DISPERSANT LABORATORY PROGRAM
Authors: Rodríguez-Grau Jorge , La Schiazza José A. , Villoria Carlos , Belisario Gustavo , Galindo Iván , Pérez Rosa , Torres Luis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Venezuelan Ministry of Environment has set strict regulatory measures forbidding the use of oil dispersants, based on the lack of information about the effects of those products on native or tropical biological species. As a result, INTEVEP has conducted research using commercial dispersant products, aimed at providing information on the feasibility of their use according to effectiveness and toxicity data necessary for the appropriate approval from the ministry authorities. Studies were carried out with five different commercial dispersants. Overall analysis indicates that Corexit 9527 gave best results: its effectiveness is among the highest and its toxicity could be regarded as moderate, an adequate combination not found in the other products tested.
TOXICOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AN OIL-IMPACTED ESTUARINE MARSHLAND
Authors: Mueller Danica C. , Bonner James S. , Autenrieth Robin L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Toxicological monitoring was conducted on an estuarine marshland in the Houston Ship Channel following a local oil spill. Acute toxicity of petroleum-contaminated sediments, as determined by the Microtox Bioassay, was used to monitor intrinsic recovery of the impacted marsh. Sediment toxicity was determined by performing the Microtox 100% test on elutriates from wet sediment samples collected over a 7-month period following the spill. Toxic responses were examined for spatial and temporal relationships and were compared to various parameters of interest, including total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total extractable materials (commonly referred to as oil and grease [O&G]), and GC/MS-quantified total saturates and aromatics. Toxicity was randomly distributed within the study site and decreased with time. Acute toxicity was correlated with TPH measurements and moderately correlated with GC/MS-quantified saturate concentrations. However, toxicity levels were not correlated with O&G or GC/MS aromatic summations.
ACUTE AQUATIC TOXICITY OF THREE COREXIT PRODUCTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: George-Ares Anita , Clark James R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, and Corexit 9580 have low (LC50 or EC50 &gt; 100 ppm) to moderate (LC50 or EC50 &gt; 1 to 100 ppm) toxicity to most aquatic organisms in laboratory tests; however, the experimental species, temperature, and exposure duration can significantly affect measurements of toxicity. Field and laboratory studies indicate that 4-hour toxicity test data are more reflective of actual dispersant use conditions.
RECOVERY OF ROCKWEED FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL
Authors: Yender Ruth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recovery following experimental removal of rockweed along rocky shorelines was monitored at five study sites in Washington and Alaska. Rockweed plants were cleared from experimental plots using methods that simulate cleanup techniques applied to rocky shorelines that have been affected by oil spills. Three treatments were evaluated: removal of rockweed only, complete removal of rockweed and all other biota, and an undisturbed control. One year after treatment, results indicate that the percent cover of rockweed remained lower at treated plots compared to control plots, and was lowest where all biota had been totally cleared.
CONJOINT ANALYSIS: A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING COMPENSATORY RESTORATION
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Mathews Kristy E. , Johnson F. Reed 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Conjoint analysis is a survey-based technique for determining the public's preferences for the attributes of goods and services in a tradeoff context. Conjoint analysis can be used in natural resource damage assessments to determine compensatory restoration (i.e., the increase in natural resource services that the public considers equivalent to the services forgone as a result of an oil spill). Our poster describes conjoint analysis and discusses its advantages and disadvantages relative to other approaches for determining compensatory restoration. We believe that this new technique, when carefully applied, offers significant promise in natural resource damage assessments.
METHODOLOGY FOR SIMULATIONS IN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES
Authors: Alves Aníbal José Constantino 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the methodology used by DTCS (Pipelines and Terminals of the West Central Region and São Paulo State), part of PETROBRÁS’ Department of Transport, in simulated emergency situation exercises as applied to its pipeline installations. This is the result of experience acquired through various simulated emergencies already carried out in both rural and densely populated urban environments.
APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES TO NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Maki Alan W. , Brannon Ernest , Neff Jerry M. , Pearson Walter D. , Stubblefield William A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ecological risk assessment principles are basic to the assessment of environmental injury during the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) process; however, what is sought is quantified injury, rather than quantified risk, to valued ecosystem components. These principles were used to develop an NRDA program for studies of injury to herring and pink salmon populations in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Overall, exposures and subsequent effects of the spill on herring and salmon were minimal and post-spill harvests of the year's classes that were at greatest risk of spill injury were at or near record levels.
EFFECTS OF A DISPERSED OIL SPILL ON BIOFOULING COMMUNITIES
Authors: La Schiazza José , Rodriguez-Grau Jorge , Losada Freddy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Biofouling communities (groups of encrusting organisms) growing on Plexiglas plates were selected as bioindicators to evaluate the effects of a simulated dispersed crude oil spill. Results showed significant changes in the number of taxa, abundance, and percentage of substrate cover between treated and control groups; however, these effects represent a relatively low biological impact produced by the dispersed oil. The overall conclusion is that biofouling has a high recovery capacity despite an actual acute disturbance, since many biofouling organisms showed a significant resistance to the effects of dispersed crude oil.
CCW'S SHORELINE OIL DISTRIBUTION SURVEYS FOLLOWING THE SEA EMPRESS SPILL
Authors: Little David I. , Rhind Peter , Jones Rod , Bennett Ian , Moore Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Visual surveys of the distribution and severity of oiling were carried out by trained observers over the entire length of shoreline affected by the Sea Empress oil spill. Results showed that in the early stages, half of the approximately 200-km spill zone was heavily impacted (mostly rocky shoreline). A second survey, using SCAT methodology, has been recently completed to document the dramatic reduction in surface oiling and to describe the residual oil in greater detail.
EARTHQUAKES AND OIL SPILLS: LESSONS FROM THE SANTA CLARA RIVER SPILL
Authors: White Jan L. , Wolfe Marti F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 17, 1994, the Northridge earthquake struck southern California and caused multiple ruptures in a pipeline; the ruptures resulted in a 4607-barrel oil spill into the Santa Clara River. The veterinary mobile response vehicle equipped by the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response (CDFG-OSPR) was called into use for immediate field stabilization. The International Bird Rescue Research Center of Berkeley, California, was hired to retrieve and provide rehabilitation care for the birds. Thirty-seven birds, mainly Virginia and Sora rails, were retrieved, and 24 birds were released; thus the survival rate was 65%. This spill effort was unique because, for the first time, blood samples were taken at the retrieval site; these samples revealed an early and very crucial “snapshot” of the affected birds. There was a noticeable difference in blood values compared with blood samples taken in wildlife care centers during previous oil spill responses. White blood cell counts were in the low to normal range (average 7800; range of 2700 to 12,700) (n = 20). Birds regained a predominant number of lymphocytes (over heterophils) in a shorter period of time than in other spills (i.e., 14.9 days versus 4 weeks). Methods for reducing stress in oiled birds were improved. Protocols for stabilization, stress reduction, housing, and handling used in this spill may serve to improve avian care and survival rates in subsequent spill response efforts.
ENHANCING THE IN-SITU BURNING OF FIVE ALASKAN OILS AND EMULSION1
Authors: Buist Ian , McCourt James , Morrison Jake 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study of the efficacy of in-situ burning (ISB) as a response tool for oils transported in Alaska has been partially completed. The first phase of the work involved laboratory burn tests to determine, with four oils, the limits to ignition imposed by evaporation and emulsification. Tests were also conducted to determine the effectiveness of chemical emulsion breakers in extending the ignition limits. The results demonstrate that the combination of evaporation and emulsification can severely curtail the ignition of slicks of the oils, but that application of an emulsion breaker can significantly extend the window of opportunity for ISB. Both the limits to ignition and the effectiveness of the emulsion breaker addition were found to be dependent on the oil type; oil-specific testing is required to ascertain the potential effectiveness of ISB and emulsion breaker addition. The second phase of the study comprised a series of burn tests with Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude in waves. For untreated slicks, burn efficiency and burn time both decreased with increasing wave energy; burn rate and the amount of residue increased with increasing wave energy. These effects were most pronounced for the thicker slicks and heavily weathered oil and emulsion. The application of a commercially available emulsion breaker permitted the successful burning of otherwise unignitable ANS emulsion slicks in waves. The results showed that mixing energy, either from mechanical agitation or from wave action, was necessary for the emulsion breaker to be effective. The most significant result was the successful burning in waves of a weathered 60% water ANS emulsion following the addition of a 1:500 dose of emulsion breaker with mixing energy imparted to the slick only by wave action.
THE HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY UNDERLYING ALERTNESS, RISK, AND PERFORMANCE IN THE OIL TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
Authors: Cantwell Vincent 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although human performance varies greatly between and even within individuals, it may nevertheless be generally predicted by a number of physiological and psychophysiological factors common to all humankind, regardless of the operational environment. These include the effects that circadian influences, disrupted sleep, sleep loss, and other factors, including caffeine, alcohol, and over-the-counter medications, have on performance, cognition, and response time and therefore the safety of any planned or emergency response operation. Given the environmental, litigious, and regulatory climate surrounding marine oil transportation and transfer operations, these factors must be incorporated into the operational environment by whatever means possible if maximal safety, awareness, and preparedness are to be assured. This may be accomplished at minimal cost, first, by training vessel and shore-side personnel in the underlying physiology and psychophysiology contributing to performance decrements and increased risk-taking behavior, and second, by enacting specific countermeasures that may be immediately implemented to mitigate the effects of fatigue and improve the quality of sleep achieved “off watch.” Given the research efforts identifying the performance-related problems in the marine environment and the reported efficacy of the solutions that are implemented, to further ignore these issues is considered irresponsible at all levels of management and operational responsibility.
PLANNING AND EXERCISING FOR SUCCESS: THE FOUR-STEP, SCENARIO-BASED PROCESS1
Authors: Ott Gary L. , Stalfort LCDR David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
“No two spills are alike” is an important maxim in oil spill response that requires planners and responders alike to remain adaptable in their thinking regarding response actions. The majority of oil spills are small and can usually be addressed adequately within the confines of a rigid response management system. However, a large spill is not simply a “scaling up” of a routine, small spill. Large spills require input from many more stakeholders, public outrage is intensified, and often difficult decisions on environmental, economic, and emotional tradeoffs are necessary. As a result, a catastrophic spill requires responders to have more than the equipment-focused organizational skills that are satisfactory during routine spills. Complex spills require responders to have advanced interpersonal skills such as team building, risk communication, and organizational problem solving. It is very difficult, however, to evaluate the responder's grasp of these skills and ability to implement them, even though these skills are so critical to the success of a large spill response. The skills that often ensure success for small, frequently occurring spills are not the only skills required for success in a large, complex spill incident.
On the federal level, the area contingency planning process was established to plan for, respond to, and evaluate the adequacy of response capability in a given area. Currently, area contingency plans consist primarily of boiler-plate language, reference materials such as lists of resources, notification procedures, and general incident command system information, all written to satisfy the format required by the guidelines (U.S. Coast Guard, 1992). What is usually missing, however, is a useful discussion by the area committee on how responders might work together to solve problems and on detailed “how to” strategies for preventing a bad situation from getting worse. As a result, the requirement that there be an “assessment of the effectiveness of the plan” (Public Law 101-380, 1990 and 1992) may not be able to take into account an evaluation of the problem-solving and communications skills of the response organization, which is necessary for both the public perception and the reality of a successful complex spill response.
Our objective is to demonstrate how a four-step, scenario-based approach to training, contingency planning, and exercises can improve the response management system's (RMS) performance and ability to succeed. If the area committee is trained with an outward focus on stakeholder needs, develops a scenario-based contingency plan with its stakeholders, and exercises its response organization using these scenario-based processes, it will improve the effectiveness of a response to a major, complex spill.
CRUDE OIL VANADIUM AND NICKEL CONTENT CAN PREDICT EMULSIFICATION TENDENCY
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. , Fiocco Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Most crude oils in contact with water form water-in-oil emulsions. The stability of these emulsions will vary. When spilled crude oil emulsifies, it becomes viscous and expands in volume, becoming more difficult to recover, chemically disperse, or ignite. The ability to better predict the emulsion-forming behavior of a specific crude oil would greatly aid oil spill response decisions.
The problem is complex because of the various stabilizing mechanisms. This study identified surface active agents, that is, porphyrins, as key compounds that contribute to the emulsification of crude oil, particularly fresh crude oil. This research not only identified these metal-porphyrin agents but also determined the mechanism for their emulsion stabilization.
These porphyrin complexes are known to be associated with the metals vanadium and nickel. Because the vanadium and nickel levels of a specific crude oil are available from its published assay, they can be used to predict the emulsification of oil early in the spill.
The study has also established that a concentration level of over 15 ppm of vanadium and nickel is required to form a stable emulsion for fresh crude oil.
It should be stressed that the vanadium-nickel index applies to fresh crude oil. A second emulsification mechanism was also observed during this research that was related to the weathering of the crude oil. Extensive data to support this mechanism are presented and may provide a valuable tool for oil spill response.
EVOLUTION OF SHORELINE CLEANUP ASSESSMENT TEAM ACTIVITIES DURING THE BUFFALO 292 OIL SPILL
Authors: Martin Robert D. , Byron Ilene , Pavia Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) effort during the Buffalo 292 oil spill is noteworthy because of its evolution during the event and because it demonstrated the importance of having a pretrained pool of field personnel. During the initial phase of the spill, when oil was impacting the Galveston Bay entrance along the upper Texas coast, two teams were assembled by the Texas General Land Office and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientific support coordinators. The state of Texas had a large pool of trained SCAT personnel from which to draw because of extensive, interagency SCAT training conducted the previous summer. Although traditional SCAT methods proved too time-consuming to provide timely input early in the spill, they did provide information critical in gaining agreement on acceptable final cleanup levels.
In the spill's second phase, as it moved southwest toward Matagorda Island and points south, the SCAT effort became more streamlined and was better able to meet the time constraints of the incident action plan. Significant time savings were realized by using cellular telephones for debriefing SCAT personnel in the field, placing mile marker stakes along the beach front to help identify shore segments, using simplified SCAT reporting forms, and marking buried oil and other areas requiring prompt attention with survey flags. These adaptations allowed the SCAT reports to meet the incident action plan time frame and to provide direct visual input to the cleanup crews without the performing the time-consuming task of sketch mapping.
FEEDING THE MEDIA FRENZY WITHOUT GETTING BIT1
Authors: Milbury Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Responsible parties and response agencies often criticize the news media during and after a major pollution incident as being too aggressive, inaccurate in their reporting, and sometimes just downright rude. Some have termed the media a “pack of hungry wolves.” The analogy illustrates that one either feeds them information or they rip you apart in the morning newspaper or evening television broadcast. But how much of the “wolf pack” analogy is accurate, and how much of it is caused by our own inability to process our company's or agency's information in an accurate and timely manner during an emergency response? How do our preconceived attitudes toward the media affect how they portray our response actions? The proper attitude toward the news media, as well as proper preparation and implementation of plans, will result in an accurate reflection of actions and events during a spill response.