bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended vs standard lymph node dissection in robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy for intermediate‐ or high‐risk prostate cancer: a propensity‐score‐matching analysis
Authors: Kim Kwang Hyun , Lim Sey Kiat , Kim Ha Yan , Shin Tae‐Young , Lee Joo Yong , Choi Young Deuk , Chung Byung Ha , Hong Sung Joon , Rha Koon Ho 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Although lymph node dissection (LND) is known as the most accurate method of nodal staging, the therapeutic role of LND remains undetermined. This is mainly because of the lack of randomized prospective studies and the fact that retrospective analyses often result in bias and misinterpretation.
To overcome the limitation of retrospective analysis, we matched preoperative variables using propensity scores and compared the outcomes between patients treated with robot‐assisted eLND and sLND. In the matched cohort, robot‐asssited eLND achieved an increased detection rate of lymph node metastases; however, the therapeutic benefit was not statistically significant between the two groups on short‐term follow‐up.
Objective
To compare the pathological and biochemical outcomes between extended lymph node dissection (eLND) and standard lymph node dissection (sLND) in patients undergoing robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy for intermediate‐ or high‐risk prostate cancer.
Patients and Methods
A total of 905 patients underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection (LND) by a single surgeon between June 2006 and January 2011. Of these, 170 patients who underwent robot‐assisted eLND and 294 patients who underwent robot‐assisted sLND for intermediate‐ or high‐risk prostate cancer were included in the study.
Propensity‐score matching was performed using the preoperative variables which included age, body mass index, prostate‐specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score 1 and 2, total number of biopsied cores, number of positive cores and prostate volumes.
Pathological and biochemical outcomes were assessed according to the extent of LND.
Results
The median (range) follow‐up period was 36 (12–77) months and the median number of lymph nodes removed was 21 and 12 in the eLND and sLND groups, respectively.
Propensity‐score matching resulted in 141 patients in each group. Although patients who underwent eLND had a higher clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score and number of positive cores than those treated with sLND in the entire cohort, there were no preoperative between‐group differences in the matched cohort.
In the matched cohort, lymph node metastases were detected at a significantly higher rate in the eLND than in the sLND group (12.1 vs. 5.0%, P = 0.033).
In the matched cohort, the 3‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates were 77.8 and 73.5% in the eLND and sLND groups, respectively, which was not significant (hazard ratio 0.85, P = 0.497).
Conclusion
Robot‐assisted eLND achieved an increased lymph node yield and higher detection rate of lymph node metastases; however, robotic eLND did not alter biochemical outcomes in a short‐term follow‐up.
Mechanochemical and Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Fluorohydroxyapatite/Fluorapatite
Authors: Jokanović Vukoman , Čolović Božana , Jović Nataša , Babić‐Stojić Branka , Jokanović Bojan 
Published: January 2013

Low‐temperature synthesis of fluorapatite/fluorohydroxyapatite with precursor mixture previously mechanochemically treated is described in this article. Ethylene vinylacetate/versatate copolymer as a surface active substance was mechanically treated to obtain a core‐shell system with strongly controlled grain size. Despite usual behavior of mechanically activated systems, only an amorphous phase formed from precursor ions present in the mixture composed of β‐Ca2P2O7, CaCO3, CaF2, and unreacted Ca(OH)2 was obtained during milling for 5 min to 8 h. The mixture contained depots of labile F− ions conserved in micelles cages, which are useful for teeth protection from carries. For transformation of these amorphous phases into fluorapatite, an additional low thermal treatment was necessary. The mechanism of the precursor mixture transformation into fluorapatite during milling and thermal treatment was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The morphology and size distribution of the obtained powders was studied using SEM and TEM.
Optic disc progression and rates of visual field change in treated glaucoma
Authors: De Moraes Carlos G. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Park Sung C. , Teng Christopher C. , Nemiroff Julia , Tello Celso , Ritch Robert 
Published: January 2013

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the relationship between optic disc progression and rates of visual field (VF) change in patients with treated glaucoma.Methods:  Glaucoma patients with repeatable VF loss, ≥8 SITA‐Standard 24‐2 VF tests and good quality optic disc stereophotographs evaluated over a 10‐year period were included. Optic disc photographs were reviewed for signs of glaucoma progression (neuroretinal rim change, widening of retinal nerve fibre layer defect, disc haemorrhage and enlargement of beta‐zone parapapillary atrophy) by two glaucoma specialists masked to their temporal sequence. Disagreements were adjudicated by a third grader. VF progression was evaluated using automated pointwise linear regression (PLR) and defined as at least two adjacent test points progressing >1.0 dB/year at p < 0.01. VF progression outcomes were compared with photograph review results.Results:  Three‐hundred and eighty nine eyes (389 patients; mean age 64.9 ± 13.0 years; mean baseline MD, −7.1 ± 5.1 dB) were included. Most patients had primary open angle glaucoma (54%). Eighty‐two eyes (21%) had confirmed optic disc progression and 115 eyes (29%) met the VF PLR criteria. Eyes with documented optic disc progression had more rapid rates of VF change (−0.66 ± 0.7 versus −0.36 ± 0.7 dB/year, p < 0.01) and met the VF PLR endpoint more often (univariate OR = 1.85, p = 0.02; multivariate OR = 1.78, p = 0.03) than eyes without optic disc progression. There was moderate spatial consistency between the location of the optic disc progression and the hemifield with more rapid progression (81%, kappa = 0.40).Conclusions:  Treated glaucomatous eyes with documented optic disc progression are at increased risk of diminished visual function over time and may require more aggressive therapy to prevent future vision loss. Among the indicators of structural progression, disc haemorrhage was the single most significant predictor for VF deterioration.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Needle‐like α‐FeOOH and Their Conversion into α‐Fe2O3 Nanorods for Humidity Sensing Application
Authors: Adhyapak Parag V. , Mulik Uttam P. , Amalnerkar Dinesh P. , Mulla Imtiaz S. 
Published: January 2013

In this study, we report template and surfactant‐free, low temperature (70°C) synthesis of needle‐like α‐FeOOH and its conversion at 400°C into α‐Fe2O3 nanorods using Fe(+2) and Fe(+3) chlorides and urea as a hydrolysis‐controlling agent. The isolated needle‐like α‐FeOOH indicates asparagus‐type growth pattern having length ca. 600 nm with 80 nm diameter at base and apex diameter of around 10 nm. The sample on heating (α‐Fe2O3) shows nanorod‐like morphology. The samples were characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, particle size distribution analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM), and humidity sensing performance. The humidity sensing behavior of both α‐FeOOH and α‐Fe2O3 was studied. The α‐FeOOH shows quicker (10 s) and higher response toward change in humidity from 20%RH to 90%RH as compared with α‐Fe2O3 (60 s). Their typical morphology and crystalline structure plays an important role in humidity sensing behavior.
The complex effects of the slow‐releasing hydrogen sulfide donor GYY4137 in a model of acute joint inflammation and in human cartilage cells
Authors: Li Ling , Fox Bridget , Keeble Julie , Salto‐Tellez Manuel , Winyard Paul G. , Wood Mark E. , Moore Philip K. , Whiteman Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in inflammation remains unclear with both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory actions of this gas described. We have now assessed the effect of GYY4137 (a slow‐releasing H2S donor) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐evoked release of inflammatory mediators from human synoviocytes (HFLS) and articular chondrocytes (HAC) in vitro. We have also examined the effect of GYY4137 in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of acute joint inflammation in the mouse. GYY4137 (0.1–0.5 mM) decreased LPS‐induced production of nitrite (NO2−), PGE2, TNF‐α and IL‐6 from HFLS and HAC, reduced the levels and catalytic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and reduced LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation in vitro. Using recombinant human enzymes, GYY4137 inhibited the activity of COX‐2, iNOS and TNF‐α converting enzyme (TACE). In the CFA‐treated mouse, GYY4137 (50 mg/kg, i.p.) injected 1 hr prior to CFA increased knee joint swelling while an anti‐inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by reduced synovial fluid myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and decreased TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8 concentration, was apparent when GYY4137 was injected 6 hrs after CFA. GYY4137 was also anti‐inflammatory when given 18 hrs after CFA. Thus, although GYY4137 consistently reduced the generation of pro‐inflammatory mediators from human joint cells in vitro, its effect on acute joint inflammation in vivo depended on the timing of administration.
The Mitochondrial Genome and a 60‐kb Nuclear DNA Segment from Naegleria fowleri, the Causative Agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
Authors: Herman Emily K. , Greninger Alexander L. , Visvesvara Govinda S. , Marciano‐Cabral Francine , Dacks Joel B. , Chiu Charles Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNaegleria fowleri is a unicellular eukaryote causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a neuropathic disease killing 99% of those infected, usually within 7–14 days. Naegleria fowleri is found globally in regions including the US and Australia. The genome of the related nonpathogenic species Naegleria gruberi has been sequenced, but the genetic basis for N. fowleri pathogenicity is unclear. To generate such insight, we sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genome and a 60‐kb segment of nuclear genome from N. fowleri. The mitochondrial genome is highly similar to its counterpart in N. gruberi in gene complement and organization, while distinct lack of synteny is observed for the nuclear segments. Even in this short (60‐kb) segment, we identified examples of potential factors for pathogenesis, including ten novel N. fowleri‐specific genes. We also identified a homolog of cathepsin B; proteases proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diverse eukaryotic pathogens, including N. fowleri. Finally, we demonstrate a likely case of horizontal gene transfer between N. fowleri and two unrelated amoebae, one of which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. This initial look into the N. fowleri nuclear genome has revealed several examples of potential pathogenesis factors, improving our understanding of a neglected pathogen of increasing global importance.
A comparison of the signalling properties of two tyramine receptors from Drosophila
Authors: Bayliss Asha , Roselli Giuliana , Evans Peter D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn invertebrates, the phenolamines, tyramine and octopamine, mediate many functional roles usually associated with the catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, in vertebrates. The α‐ and β‐adrenergic classes of insect octopamine receptor are better activated by octopamine than tyramine. Similarly, the Tyramine 1 subgroup of receptors (or Octopamine/Tyramine receptors) are better activated by tyramine than octopamine. However, recently, a new Tyramine 2 subgroup of receptors was identified, which appears to be activated highly preferentially by tyramine. We examined immunocytochemically the ability of CG7431, the founding member of this subgroup from Drosophila melanogaster, to be internalized in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by different agonists. It was only internalized after activation by tyramine. Conversely, the structurally related receptor, CG16766, was internalized by a number of biogenic amines, including octopamine, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, which also were able to elevate cyclic AMP levels. Studies with synthetic agonists and antagonists confirm that CG16766 has a different pharmacological profile to that of CG7431. Species orthologues of CG16766 were only found in Drosophila species, whereas orthologues of CG7431 could be identified in the genomes of a number of insect species. We propose that CG16766 represents a new group of tyramine receptors, which we have designated the Tyramine 3 receptors.
The difficult relationship between occlusal interferences and temporomandibular disorder – insights from animal and human experimental studies
Authors: Xie Q. , Li X. , Xu X. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe aetiology of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is multifactorial, and numerous studies have addressed that occlusion may be of great importance. However, whether occlusion plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of TMD remains controversial. Study designs utilising animal models have been used to study the effects of artificial occlusal alterations. Experimental traumatic occlusion affects blood flow in the temporomandibular joint and results in changes in the condylar cartilage, and artificial occlusal interference induces masticatory muscle nociceptive responses that are associated with peripheral sensitisation and lead to central sensitisation, which maintains masticatory muscle hyperalgesia. The possibility that occlusal interference results in TMD has been investigated in humans using a double‐blind randomised design. Subjects without a history of TMD show fairly good adaptation to interferences. In contrast, subjects with a history of TMD develop a significant increase in clinical signs and self‐report stronger symptoms (occlusal discomfort and chewing difficulties) in response to interferences. Meanwhile, psychological factors appear meaningful for symptomatic responses to artificial interferences in subjects with a history of TMD. Thus, individual differences in vulnerability to occlusal interferences do exist. Although there are advantages and disadvantages to using human and animal occlusal interference models, these approaches are indispensable for discovering the role of occlusion in TMD pathogenesis.
The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application
Authors: Morales Alvaro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The testis importance in homeostasis was recognized for millennia, but a consistent interest in exploring their endocrine function only goes back to about a century.

Aim
The aim of this study is to provide a succinct perspective of the events leading to the discovery of testosterone, the mind-boggling early attempts at therapy and today's situation.

Method
The literature was reviewed with searches in OvidSP Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar under the headings of testosterone/androgens history. Due to the explosion of reports between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a manual review of the collection of the period's journals at the university's library was performed. Pertinent books were consulted for specific biographical details.

Results
There is a robust body of literature dealing with testicular function for the period starting in the late 1800s. It is illustrative to learn the painful efforts of many well-intentioned and honest scientists with more conviction and determination than knowledge. Among them, unfortunately, a number of charlatans and profiteers tainted the concept of hypogonadism and its treatment with repercussions lasting until this day. The discovery and synthesis of testosterone represent the effort of brilliant minds (two Nobel Prizes) in various countries and frequently working for the pharmaceutical industry. Shortly after testosterone became available, controversy arose about its application, use, abuse, and potential detrimental effects. Over the decades, the hullabaloo about hypogonadism and its treatment has focused on a variety of issues ranging from absurd efficacy claims to solid studies and from doubts of its existence to convincing proof of a detrimental age-associated deficit in testosterone production.

Conclusions
The history of testosterone discovery, synthesis, and introduction into the therapeutic armamentarium is an outstanding example of human curiosity, ingenuity, greed, and skepticism. Despite the vast progress in the field, many issues remain unresolved, but thoughtful science augurs well for its future.
Micro‐situational Foundations of Social Structure: An Interactionist Exploration of Affective Sanctioning
Authors: Rafanell Irene 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicro‐interaction dynamics of affective sanctioning have been widely acknowledged but rarely related to the emergence of social phenomena. This paper aims to highlight the constitutive force of interaction activity by critically analysing two sociological models, Bourdieu's theory of practice and Barnes's Performative Theory of Social Institutions (PTSI). Such a comparison allows me to reveal two differing models of social phenomena currently operating in sociological debates: an extrinsic structuralist model which tacitly conveys macro‐structural phenomena as prior and determinant of individuals and their micro‐interactions, and an intrinsic structuralism model which prioritizes individuals’ interactions and conceives them as constituting both the individual and the structural. I argue that the latter's emphasis on the dynamics of mutual susceptibility to affective sanctioning as underpinning consensus among inherently heterogeneous individuals provides a platform to further support the tenets of Interactionism and helps to expose Bourdieu's over‐deterministic methodological individualism prevalent in most sociological theory. I conclude that by conceiving emotions as causal, rather than the effect of social forces, sociological theory can provide an explanation of both individual practices and systemic phenomena which resolves macro‐structural tensions. In doing so, I suggest an ontological understanding of the “social” which supports the Interactionist central tenet that the local takes priority over wider structural phenomena.
Evidence for silicate dissolution on Mars from the Nakhla meteorite
Authors: Lee M. R. , Tomkinson T. , Mark D. F. , Stuart F. M. , Smith C. L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVeins containing carbonates, hydrous silicates, and sulfates that occur within and between grains of augite and olivine in the Nakhla meteorite are good evidence for the former presence of liquid water in the Martian crust. Aqueous solutions gained access to grain interiors via narrow fractures, and those fractures within olivine whose walls were oriented close to (001) were preferentially widened by etching along [001]. This orientation selective dissolution may have been due to the presence within olivine of shock‐formed [001](100) and [001]{110} screw dislocations. The duration of etching is likely to have been brief, possibly less than a year, and the solutions responsible were sufficiently cool and reducing that laihunite did not form and Fe liberated from the olivine was not immediately oxidized. The pores within olivine were mineralized in sequence by siderite, nanocrystalline smectite, a Fe‐Mg phyllosilicate, and then gypsum, whereas only the smectite occurs within augite. The nanocrystalline smectite was deposited as submicrometer thick layers on etched vein walls, and solution compositions varied substantially between and sometimes during precipitation of each layer. Together with microcrystalline gypsum the Fe‐Mg phyllosilicate crystallized as water briefly returned to some of the veins following desiccation fracturing of the smectite. These results show that etching of olivine enhanced the porosity and permeability of the nakhlite parent rock and that dissolution and secondary mineralization took place within the same near‐static aqueous system.
UDP‐glucosyltransferase UGT84A2/BRT1 is required for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance to the Asian soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Authors: Langenbach Caspar , Campe Ruth , Schaffrath Ulrich , Goellner Katharina , Conrath Uwe 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Nonhost resistance (NHR) of plants to fungal pathogens comprises different defense layers. Epidermal penetration resistance of Arabidopsis to Phakopsora pachyrhizi requires functional PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 genes, whereas post‐invasion resistance in the mesophyll depends on the combined functionality of PEN2, PAD4 and SAG101. Other genetic components of Arabidopsis post‐invasion mesophyll resistance remain elusive.

We performed comparative transcriptional profiling of wild‐type, pen2 and pen2 pad4 sag101 mutants after inoculation with P. pachyrhizi to identify a novel trait for mesophyll NHR. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analysis and microscopic analysis confirmed the essential role of the candidate gene in mesophyll NHR.

UDP‐glucosyltransferase UGT84A2/bright trichomes 1 (BRT1) is a novel component of Arabidopsis mesophyll NHR to P. pachyrhizi. BRT1 is a putative cytoplasmic enzyme in phenylpropanoid metabolism. BRT1 is specifically induced in pen2 with post‐invasion resistance to P. pachyrhizi. Silencing or mutation of BRT1 increased haustoria formation in pen2 mesophyll. Yet, the brt1 mutation did not affect NHR to P. pachyrhizi in wild‐type plants.

We assign a novel function to BRT1, which is important for post‐invasion NHR of Arabidopsis to P. pachyrhizi. BRT1 might serve to confer durable resistance against P. pachyrhizi to soybean.
Abnormal Heart Rate Recovery in Stable Heart Failure Patients
Authors: YILMAZ AHMET , ERDEM ALIM , KUCUKDURMAZ ZEKERIYA , KARAPINAR HEKIM , GUL IBRAHIM , SARIKAYA SAVAS , DIZMAN RAFET 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundHeart rate decrease after exercise, that is associated with reactivation of parasympathetic system, is important, as it is also associated with mortality. Previous studies have shown that this is an independent mortality predictor in patients having no coronary artery disease and having normal left ventricular function. In our study, we aimed to study heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise in patients having impaired left ventricular function.MethodsOne hundred and two consecutive patients (68 males, 34 females) requested to perform an exercise stress test were included in our study. Patients were divided into two groups as those having a normal heart rate reserve (Group1, n = 72) and those having an abnormal heart rate reserve (Group2, n = 30).ResultsIn Group1 and Group2, resting heart rate averages were found to be 83.61 ± 18.01/min and 85.10 ± 13.40/min, respectively (P > 0.05), and maximum heart rates during exercise were 141.42 ± 19.70/min and 121.17 ± 19.01/min while those in Group1 had statistically significantly higher heart rates (P < 0.001). A statistically significant positive association was found in the correlation test carried out between the maximum heart rate during the treadmill exercise test and ejection fraction (EF) value (r = 0.201; P < 0.05). Metabolic equivalents of task values obtained during the treadmill exercise test in Group1 and Group2 were 9.48 ± 2.28 and 8.36 ± 2.50, respectively, and the difference between the said values was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWe believe that the association between low EF and abnormal HRR is worth studying and randomized large‐scale studies are needed to determine mortality risk.