bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical deterioration in older adults with delirium during early hospitalisation: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hsieh S Jean , Madahar Purnema , Hope Aluko A , Zapata Jennifer , Gong Michelle N 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo measure the prevalence and incidence of delirium in older adults as they transition from the emergency department (ED) to the inpatient ward, and to determine the association between delirium during early hospitalisation and subsequent clinical deterioration.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingUrban tertiary care hospital in Bronx, New York.ParticipantsAdults aged 65 years or older admitted to the inpatient ward from the ED (n=260).MeasurementsBeginning in the ED, delirium was assessed daily for 3 days, using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit.Outcomes(1) Clinical deterioration, defined as unanticipated intensive care unit (ICU) admission or in-hospital death (primary outcome); (2) decline in discharge status, defined as discharge to higher level of care, hospice or in-hospital death.Results38 of 260 participants (15%) were delirious at least once during the first 3 days of hospitalisation. Of the 29 (11%) patients with delirium in the ED (ie, hospital day 1), delirium persisted into hospital day 2 in 72% (n=21), and persisted for all 3 days in 52% (n=15). In multivariate analyses, as little as 1 episode of delirium during the first 3 days was associated with increased odds of unanticipated ICU admission or in-hospital death (adjusted OR 8.07 (95% CI 1.91 to 34.14); p=0.005). Delirium that persisted for all 3 days was associated with a decline in discharge status, even after adjusting for factors such as severity of illness and baseline cognitive impairment (adjusted OR 4.70 (95% CI 1.41 to 15.63); p=0.012).ConclusionsDelirium during the first few days of hospitalisation was associated with poor outcomes in older adults admitted from the ED to the inpatient ward. These findings suggest the need for serial delirium monitoring that begins in the ED to identify a high-risk population that may benefit from closer follow-up and intervention.
Corneal infections in the 21st century
Authors: Ong Hon Shing , Corbett Melanie C 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Ninety years ago, the first issue of the Postgraduate Medical Journal published a review of an article written by Mr Robert Lindsay-Rea, a consultant ophthalmic surgeon in the Western Ophthalmic Hospital and an oculist in the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases, entitled “A preliminary report on the treatment of keratitis”. Today, microbial keratitis remains an important cause of avoidable visual impairment in the world. The aetiology of microbial keratitis has changed greatly over the past century due to the discovery of antibiotics, improvement in sanitation and education, the rising trend of contact lens wear and increased air travel. Significant advances have also been made in our understanding and management of this important disorder. This article highlights some of these changes and discusses the current management and research.
Protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant Middle East IS/885/00‐like and IS/1494/06‐like isolates in commercial broiler chicks
Authors: Awad Faez , Forrester Anne , Baylis Matthew , Lemiere Stephane , Ganapathy Kannan , Hussien Hussein Aly , Capua Ilaria 
Published: September 2015

The ability of the infectious bronchitis H120 (a Massachusetts strain) and CR88 (a 793B strain) live attenuated vaccine viruses to protect from two Middle East infectious bronchitis virus isolates, IS/885/00‐like (IS/885) and IS/1494/06‐like (IS/1494) in broiler chicks was investigated. Day‐old chicks were separated into three groups, (I) vaccinated with H120 at day‐old followed by CR88 at 14 days‐old, (II) vaccinated with H120 and CR88 simultaneously at day‐old and again with CR88 at 14 days‐old, (III) control unvaccinated. At 30 days‐old, each of the groups was challenged with virulent IS/885 or IS/1494. Protection was evaluated based on the clinical signs, tracheal and kidney gross lesions and tracheal ciliostasis. Results showed that administering combined live H120 and CR88 vaccines simultaneously at day‐old followed by CR88 vaccine at 14 days‐old gave more than 80 per cent tracheal ciliary protection from both of the Middle East isolates. In addition, this programme conferred 100 per cent protection from clinical signs and tracheal or kidney lesions. The other vaccination programme, H120 at day‐old followed by CR88 at 14 days‐old, the tracheal ciliary protection conferred were 60 per cent and 80 per cent from IS/885/00‐like and IS/1494/06‐like, respectively.
Mechanisms of Cancer Cell Dormancy—Another Hallmark of Cancer?
Authors: Yeh Albert C. , Ramaswamy Sridhar 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDisease relapse in cancer patients many years after clinical remission, often referred to as cancer dormancy, is well documented but remains an incompletely understood phenomenon on the biologic level. Recent reviews have summarized potential models that can explain this phenomenon, including angiogenic, immunologic, and cellular dormancy. We focus on mechanisms of cellular dormancy as newer biologic insights have enabled better understanding of this process. We provide a historical context, synthesize current advances in the field, and propose a mechanistic framework that treats cancer cell dormancy as a dynamic cell state conferring a fitness advantage to an evolving malignancy under stress. Cellular dormancy appears to be an active process that can be toggled through a variety of signaling mechanisms that ultimately downregulate the RAS/MAPK and PI(3)K/AKT pathways, an ability that is preserved even in cancers that constitutively depend on these pathways for their growth and survival. Just as unbridled proliferation is a key hallmark of cancer, the ability of cancer cells to become quiescent may be critical to evolving malignancies, with implications for understanding cancer initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. Cancer Res; 75(23); 5014–22. ©2015 AACR.
Hypoxia Promotes Synergy between Mitomycin C and Bortezomib through a Coordinated Process of Bcl-xL Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Translocation of p53
Authors: Song Xinxin , Dilly Ashok-Kumar , Choudry Haroon Asif , Bartlett David L. , Kwon Yong Tae , Lee Yong J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CPC) exhibits severe tumor hypoxia, leading to drug resistance and disease aggressiveness. This study demonstrates that the combination of the chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib induced synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which was even more effective under hypoxia in colorectal cancer cells. The combination of mitomycin C and bortezomib at sublethal doses induced activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and resulted in Bcl-xL phosphorylation at Serine 62, leading to dissociation of Bcl-xL from proapoptotic Bak. Interestingly, the intracellular level of p53 became elevated and p53 translocated to the mitochondria during the combinatorial treatment, in particular under hypoxia. The coordinated action of Bcl-xL phosphorylation and p53 translocation to the mitochondria resulted in conformational activation of Bak oligomerization, facilitating cytochrome c release and apoptosis induction. In addition, the combinatorial treatment with mitomycin C and bortezomib significantly inhibited intraperitoneal tumor growth in LS174T cells and increased apoptosis, especially under hypoxic conditions in vivo. This study provides a preclinical rationale for the use of combination therapies for CPC patients.
Implications: The combination of a chemotherapy agent and proteasome inhibitor at sublethal doses induced synergistic apoptosis, in particular under hypoxia, in vitro and in vivo through coordinated action of Bcl-xL and p53 on Bak activation. Mol Cancer Res; 13(12); 1533–43. ©2015 AACR.
Metformin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the REDUCE Study
Authors: Feng Tom , Sun Xizi , Howard Lauren E. , Vidal Adriana C. , Gaines Alexis R. , Moreira Daniel M. , Castro-Santamaria Ramiro , Andriole Gerald L. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The role of metformin in prostate cancer chemoprevention remains unclear. REDUCE, which followed biopsy-negative men with protocol-dictated PSA-independent biopsies at 2- and 4-years, provides an opportunity to evaluate the link between metformin use and prostate cancer diagnosis with minimal confounding from screening biases. In diabetic men from REDUCE, we tested the association between metformin use, use of other antidiabetic medications, versus no antidiabetic medication use, and prostate cancer diagnosis as well as prostate cancer grade (low-grade Gleason 4–6 and high-grade Gleason 7–10) using logistic regression. Of the 540 diabetic men with complete data, 205 (38%) did not report use of any antidiabetic medications, 141 (26%) reported use of at least one antidiabetic medication other than metformin, and 194 (36%) reported use of metformin. During the 4-year study, 122 men (23%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. After adjusting for various clinical and demographic characteristics, we found that metformin use was not significantly associated with total (OR, 1.19; P = 0.50), low- (OR, 1.01; P = 0.96), or high-grade (OR, 1.83; P = 0.19) prostate cancer diagnosis. Likewise, there was no significant association between the use of non-metformin antidiabetic medications and prostate cancer risk in both crude (OR, 1.02; P = 0.95) and multivariable analysis (OR, 0.85; P = 0.56). Furthermore, the interactions between antidiabetic medication use and BMI, geographic location, coronary artery disease, smoking, and treatment group were not significant (all P &gt; 0.05). Among diabetic men with a negative prestudy biopsy who all underwent biopsies largely independent of PSA, metformin use was not associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer diagnosis. Cancer Prev Res; 8(11); 1055–60. ©2015 AACR.
The FDA Guidance on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: The Need for Revision to Include Preventive Cancer Vaccines or for a New Guidance Dedicated to Them
Authors: Finn Olivera J. , Khleif Samir N. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on antigens derived from self molecules rather than pathogens have been under basic and clinical investigations for many years. Up until very recently, they had been tested primarily in the setting of metastatic disease with the goal to engage the immune system in slowing down disease progression. Many therapeutic vaccine trials, either investigator initiated or led by pharmaceutical companies, have been completed and many are currently ongoing, following the FDA Guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines published in 2011. In recent years, the target of cancer vaccines is being shifted to early cancer and even premalignant disease with the goal of preventing cancer. Although some issues addressed in the FDA Guidance on therapeutic vaccines apply to preventive vaccines, many do not. Here, we discuss a set of recommendations for revising the current Guidance to also cover preventive vaccines, or to include in a new Guidance dedicated specifically to vaccines for cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 8(11); 1011–6. ©2015 AACR.
Size Distributions of Hydrometeors: Analysis with the Maximum Entropy Principle
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Phillips Vaughan T. J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper proposes that the maximum entropy principle can be used for determining the drop size distribution of hydrometeors. The maximum entropy principle can be applied to any physical systems with many degrees of freedom in order to determine a distribution of a variable when the following are known: 1) the restriction variable that leads to a homogeneous distribution without constraint and 2) a set of integrals weighted by the distribution, such as mean and variance, that constrain the system. The principle simply seeks a distribution that gives the maximum possible number of partitions among all the possible states. A continuous limit can be taken by assuming a constant bin size for the restriction variable.
This paper suggests that the drop mass is the most likely restriction variable, and the laws of conservation of total bulk mass and of total vertical drop mass flux are two of the most likely physical constraints to a hydrometeor drop size distribution. Under this consideration, the distribution is most likely constrained by the total bulk mass when an ensemble of drops under the coalescence–breakup process is confined inside a closed box. Alternatively, for an artificial rain produced from the top of a high ceiling under a constant mass flux of water fall, the total drop mass flux is the most likely constraint to the drop size distribution. Preliminary analysis of already-published data is not inconsistent with the above hypotheses, although the results are rather inconclusive. Data in the large drop size limit are required in order to reach a more definite conclusion.
Intraseasonal Sea Surface Temperature Variability across the Indonesian Seas*
Authors: Napitu Asmi M. , Gordon Arnold L. , Pujiana Kandaga 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) variability at intraseasonal time scales across the Indonesian Seas during January 1998–mid-2012 is examined. The intraseasonal variability is most energetic in the Banda and Timor Seas, with a standard deviation of 0.4°–0.5°C, representing 55%–60% of total nonseasonal SST variance. A slab ocean model demonstrates that intraseasonal air–sea heat flux variability, largely attributed to the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), accounts for 69%–78% intraseasonal SST variability in the Banda and Timor Seas. While the slab ocean model accurately reproduces the observed intraseasonal SST variations during the northern winter months, it underestimates the summer variability. The authors posit that this is a consequence of a more vigorous cooling effect induced by ocean processes during the summer. Two strong MJO cycles occurred in late 2007–early 2008, and their imprints were clearly evident in the SST of the Banda and Timor Seas. The passive phase of the MJO [enhanced outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and weak zonal wind stress) projects on SST as a warming period, while the active phase (suppressed OLR and westerly wind bursts) projects on SST as a cooling phase. SST also displays significant intraseasonal variations in the Sulawesi Sea, but these differ in characteristics from those of the Banda and Timor Seas and are attributed to ocean eddies and atmospheric processes independent from the MJO.
What Controls Seasonal Variations of the Diurnal Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean?*
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Tim , Li Kuiping , Yu Weidong 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Recent in situ buoy observations revealed interesting seasonal features of the diurnal sea surface temperature cycle (DSST) in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Composite analysis shows that areas away from the equator exhibit stronger seasonal variations of DSST, while weaker seasonal variations appear near the equator. The most interesting characteristic is the distinctive contrast of the seasonal variations of DSST between the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and the region south of the equator (particularly around 12°S). While the range of DSST is weakest in the BOB during boreal summer, it has its largest range around 12°S in austral summer. Furthermore, BOB DSST exhibits two peaks that occur during the monsoon transitions (March–April and October), whereas DSST south of the equator shows only a single peak in its annual cycle.
Using a one-dimensional, oceanic, mixed layer model, the authors examined the cause of the distinctive annual cycles of DSST north and south of the equator. Two parallel experiments were conducted at buoy sites 12°N, 90°E and 12°S, 80.5°E driven by surface forcing from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) product. The results demonstrated that, in the BOB, both surface shortwave radiation and wind stress contribute to the March maximum, whereas the wind stress alone drives the October maximum. In contrast, the seasonal variation of DSST south of the equator is primarily caused by the annual cycle of the wind stress, which is extremely weak in austral summer near the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). How the monsoon and ITCZ modulate the distinctive annual cycles of DSST is discussed.
The Interaction of an Eastward-Flowing Current and an Island: Sub- and Supercritical Flow
Authors: Pedlosky Joseph , Spall Michael A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn eastward-flowing current of a homogeneous fluid with velocity U, contained in a channel of width L, impinges on an island of width of O(L), and the resulting interaction and dynamics are studied for values of the supercriticality parameter, b = βL2/U, both larger and smaller than π2. The former case is subcritical with respect to Rossby waves, and the latter is supercritical. The nature of the flow field depends strongly on b, and in particular, the nature of the flow around the island and the proportion of the flow passing to the north or south of the island are sensitive to b and to the position of the island in the channel. The problem is studied analytically in a relatively simple, nonlinear quasigeostrophic and adiabatic framework and numerically with a shallow-water model that allows a qualitative extension of the results to the equator. Although the issues involved are motivated by the interaction of the Equatorial Undercurrent and the Galapagos Islands, the analysis presented here focuses on the fundamental issue of the distinctive nature of the flow as a function of Rossby wave criticality.
“Beaned”
Authors: Carniol Eric T. , Shaigany Kevin , Svider Peter F. , Folbe Adam J. , Zuliani Giancarlo F. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesBaseball remains one of the most popular and safest games played by children and adults in America and worldwide. Rules and equipment changes have continued to make the game safer. For youth leagues, pitching restrictions, safety balls, helmets, and face mask equipment continue to make the game safer. With increased utilization of safety equipment, the objective was to analyze recent trends in baseball‐related facial injuries.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of a national database.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was searched for baseball‐related facial injuries with analysis of incidence, age, and sex and specific injury diagnoses, mechanisms, and facial locations.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2013, there were 5270 cases entries, or 187,533 estimated emergency department (ED) visits, due to baseball‐related facial injuries. During this time, there was a significant decline in the incidence of ED visits (P =. 014). Inclusion criteria were met by 3208 visits. The majority of injuries occurred in patients ≤18 years old (81.5%). The most common injury was laceration (33.2%), followed by contusion (29.7%) and fracture (26.9%), while the most common injury site on the face was the nose (24.9%). The injuries were most commonly due to impact from a baseball (70%) or a bat (12.5%).ConclusionThe overall incidence of ED visits due to baseball‐related facial injuries has decreased over the past 5 years, concurrent with increased societal use of protective equipment. Nonetheless, these injuries remain a common source for ED visits, and a continued effort to utilize safety measures should be made, particularly in youth leagues.
Disclosing the potential impact of placebo controls in antidepressant trials
Authors: Chen Stephanie C. , McCullumsmith Cheryl , Kim Scott Y. H. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAlthough placebo-control clinical trials that withhold effective treatments can be permissible, how best to inform participants of the placebo design has received little attention.AimsTo determine the effect of disclosing quantitative outcome estimates of individual treatment v. entering placebo-control randomised control trial (RCT) on willingness to enrol in such an RCT.MethodWe randomised 278 adult patients at a depression clinic to receive standard disclosure (n = 129) or enhanced (n = 149) quantitative outcome estimates (based on decision analysis) of individual treatment v. RCT, and assessed their willingness to enrol in the RCT.ResultsA greater proportion of those in the standard arm preferred enrolling in RCT (41.3% v. 23.8%, P = 0.002). Those in the standard arm preferred RCT more for direct benefit than altruism reasons, whereas the opposite was true in the enhanced arm.ConclusionsDisclosing the quantitative outcome implications of placebos may select for fewer but more altruistic participants.
Prevalence and correlates of explosive anger among pregnant and post-partum women in post-conflict Timor-Leste
Authors: Silove Derrick , Rees Susan , Tam Natalino , Mohsin Mohammed , Tay Alvin Kuowei , Tol Wietse 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundLittle is known about explosive anger as a response pattern among pregnant and post-partum women in conflict-affected societies.AimsTo investigate the prevalence and correlates of explosive anger among this population in Timor-Leste.MethodWe assessed traumatic events, intimate partner violence, an index of adversity, explosive anger, psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among 427 women (257 in the second trimester of pregnancy, 170 who were 3–6 months postpartum) residing in two districts of Timor-Leste (response >99%).ResultsTwo-fifths (43.6%) had explosive anger. Levels of functional impairment were related to frequency of explosive anger episodes. Explosive anger was associated with age (>35 years), being married, low levels of education, being employed, traumatic event count, ongoing adversity and intimate partner violence.ConclusionsA combination of social programmes and novel psychological therapies may assist in reducing severe anger among pregnant and post-partum women in conflict-affected countries such as Timor-Leste.
Psychological distress among tsunami refugees from the Great East Japan earthquake
Authors: Goodwin Robin , Takahashi Masahito , Sun Shaojing , Ben-Ezra Menachem 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe 2011 Great Japan tsunami and nuclear leaks displaced 300 000 people, but there are no large studies of psychological distress suffered by these refugees.AimsTo provide a first assessment of major factors associated with distress and dysfunctional behaviour following the disasters.MethodAll refugee families living in Miyagi were sent a questionnaire 10–12 months after the disasters. 21 981 participants (73%) returned questionnaires. Questions assessed psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K6), dysfunctional behaviours, demographics, event exposure, change in physical activity, household visitors and emotional support.ResultsNine percent scored 13+ on the K6 indicating risk of severe mental illness. Psychological distress was greater among Fukushima refugees. Demographic variables, family loss, illness history and change in physical activity were associated with psychological distress and dysfunctional behaviours. Associations between psychological distress and dysfunction and visitors/supporters depended on relation to supporter.ConclusionsPractitioners need to recognise existing disease burden, community histories and family roles when intervening following disasters.