bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen‐Rich Salts of 1H,1′H‐5,5′‐Bitetrazole‐1,1′‐diol: Energetic Materials with High Thermal Stability
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Reymann Marius , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: February 2013

Abstract1H,1′H‐5,5′‐Bitetrazole‐1,1′‐diol was synthesized starting from glyoxal, which is converted to glyoxime after treatment with hydroxylamine. Chlorination of glyoxime with Cl2 gas in ethanol and following chloro/azido exchange yields diazidoglyoxime, which is cyclized under acidic conditions (HCl gas in diethyl ether) to give 1H,1′H‐5,5′‐bitetrazole‐1,1′‐diol dihydrate (1). A large variety of nitrogen‐rich salts of 1 such as the diammonium (2), the dihydrazinium (3), the bis‐guanidinium (4), the bis(aminoguanidinium) (5), the diaminoguanidinium salt monohydrate (6), the triaminoguanidinium salt monohydrate (7), the 1‐amino‐3‐nitroguanidinium salt dihydrate (8), the diaminouronium salt monohydrate (9), the bis(oxalyldihydrazidinium) (10), the oxalyldihydrazidinium salt dihydrate (11), the 3,6‐dihydrazino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazinium (12), the 5‐aminotetrazolium (13), the bis(5‐amino‐1‐methyl‐1H‐tetrazolium) salt (14), the bis(5‐amino‐2‐methyl‐2H‐tetrazole) adduct (15), and the 1,5‐diaminotetrazolium salt (16) were synthesized by means of Brønsted acid–base or metathesis reactions. All compounds were fully characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The crystal structures of 1–16 could be determined by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The heats of formation of 1–16 were calculated by using the atomization method on the basis of CBS‐4M enthalpies. With regard to their potential use as cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) or hexanitrostilbene (HNS) replacements, several detonation parameters such as the detonation pressure, detonation velocity, explosion energy, and explosion temperature were computed using the EXPLO5 code on the basis of the experimental (X‐ray) densities and calculated heats of formation. In addition, the sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrical discharge were tested using the BAM drop hammer, a friction tester, as well as a small‐scale electrical discharge device.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Pd Complexes with Mixed P,S‐Bis(ylide), Ylide–Sulfide, and Ylide–Methanide Ligands
Authors: Serrano Elena , Soler Tatiana , Urriolabeitia Esteban P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe coordination properties of the ylide–sulfonium salts [Ph3P=C(H)COCH2S(R1)R2]X [R1 = R2 = Et, X = Br (2); R1 = Me, R2 = Ph, X = ClO4 (5)], the phosphonium–sulfide salt [Ph3PCH2COCH2SEt]Br (3) and the neutral ylide–sulfide [Ph3P=C(H)COCH2SPh] (4) towards PdII have been studied. Four different bonding modes have been characterized. The reactions of the ylide–sulfonium salts 2 and 5 with PdCl2(NCMe)2 and NEt3 afford the chelating bis(ylide) complexes cis‐[PdCl2{Ph3PC(H)COC(H)S(R1)R2‐κC,C}] [R1 = R2 = Et (6); R1 = Me, R2 = Ph (7)], which are obtained selectively in the meso form (RS/SR). This bonding mode is characterized, including by X‐ray crystallography, in the acetylacetonate (acac) complexes [Pd(acac‐O,O′){Ph3PC(H)COC(H)S(R1)R2‐κC,C}]ClO4 [R1 = R2 = Et (8); R1 = Me, R2 = Ph (9)], which were obtained by reaction of the respective precursor 6 or 7 with AgClO4 and Tl(acac). On the other hand, the C,S‐chelating bonding mode has been characterized in [PdCl2{Ph3PC(H)COCH2SR‐κC,S}] [R = Et (10); R = Ph (11)], obtained by reaction of the phosphonium–sulfide salt 3 with PdCl2(NCMe)2 and NEt3 or by reaction of the ylide–sulfide 4 with PdCl2(NCMe)2, respectively. Furthermore, the tridentate bonding mode μ‐S:κC,C,S has been determined in the dinuclear derivative [PdCl{Ph3PC(H)COC(H)SPh‐μ‐S:κC,C,S}]2 (13), synthesized by reaction of the ylide–sulfide 4 with PdCl2(NCMe)2 and NEt3. Compound 13 reacts with PPh3 to afford the κC,C‐chelate [PdCl{Ph3PC(H)COC(H)SPh‐κC,C}PPh3] (14) after cleavage of the sulfide bridge. Compound 14 was obtained as a single diastereoisomer, which was characterized as the D,L form (RR/SS).
Increased immunoreactive 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in sheep feces after acth challenge
Authors: Sid-Ahmed Omer , Arias Nino , Palme Rupert , Möstl Erich 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

11-Oxoetiocholanolone and related substances are important metabolites of cortisol and are excreted via feces in ruminants. To investigate whether 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) or its immunoreactive metabolites are formed and excreted in ruminant feces, an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed and validated. The antibody was raised in rabbits against 11-KT-3-CMO:bovine serum albumin with biotinylated 11-KT as a label. The assay showed a sensitivity of 0.3 pg/well. To validate the assay biologically, 6 rams were injected with a synthetic analogue of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (Synacthen, 2 µg/kg body wt). An aliquot was collected of each fecal portion spontaneously defecated 8 h before Synacthen injection to 24 h after injection and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Samples (0.5 g) were extracted using 80% methanol and immunoreactive metabolites measured using the 11-KT EIA and an already established 11,17-dioxoandrostane (11,17-DOA) EIA. High-performance liquid chromatography separation revealed no peak in the same elution position as authentic 11-KT; therefore, reacting substances were referred to as 11-KT equivalents. In the case of 11-KT immunoreactive substances, the values increased from baseline (median, 136 ng/g feces) to a peak concentration (median, 424 ng/g) 10 to 14 h after Synacthen injection and declined afterwards. Concentrations of 11,17-DOA showed the same pattern, but the values were 2 to 4 times higher. From this data, the authors conclude that 11-KT-like substances, specifically C19O3-androgens with a 17ß-hydroxy group, were present in the feces. These substances originate from the adrenals and are most likely cortisol metabolites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1332–1336. © 2013 SETAC
Segmentation of the Vp/Vs ratio and low‐frequency earthquake distribution around the fault boundary of the Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes
Authors: Akuhara Takeshi , Mochizuki Kimihiro , Nakahigashi Kazuo , Yamada Tomoaki , Shinohara Masanao , Sakai Shin'ichi , Kanazawa Toshihiko , Uehira Kenji , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBeneath the Kii Peninsula, the distribution of low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) forms three clusters. A previous study shows that one of the clusters has anomalously less amount of cumulative slip than the others. To understand the cause of this variation, we applied a tomographic analysis using arrival times of earthquakes recorded by both ocean bottom seismometers and onshore stations. As a result, we identified segmentation about the Vp/Vs ratio around the subducting plate interface corresponding to the distribution of LFEs. One of the segments has low a Vp/Vs ratio that coincides with the small‐slip LFE cluster. Another segment has a high Vp/Vs ratio in which almost no LFEs occur. We conclude that the relatively low pore fluid pressure within the low Vp/Vs segment contributes to the small‐slip LFE cluster and that the gap of LFEs within the high Vp/Vs segment corresponds to stable slip area due to high pore fluid pressure.
Twentieth century agricultural drainage creates more erosive rivers
Authors: Schottler Shawn P. , Ulrich Jason , Belmont Patrick , Moore Richard , Lauer J. Wesley , Engstrom Daniel R. , Almendinger James E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRivers in watersheds dominated by agriculture throughout the US are impaired by excess sediment, a significant portion of which comes from non‐field, near‐channel sources. Both land‐use and climate have been implicated in altering river flows and thereby increasing stream‐channel erosion and sediment loading. In the wetland‐rich landscapes of the upper Mississippi basin, 20th century crop conversions have led to an intensification of artificial drainage, which is now a critical component of modern agriculture. At the same time, much of the region has experienced increased annual rainfall. Uncertainty in separating these drivers of streamflow fuels debate between agricultural and environmental interests on responsibility and solutions for excess riverine sediment. To disentangle the effects of climate and land‐use, we compared changes in precipitation, crop conversions, and extent of drained depressional area in 21 Minnesota watersheds over the past 70 years. Watersheds with large land‐use changes had increases in seasonal and annual water yields of >50% since 1940. On average, changes in precipitation and crop evapotranspiration explained less than one‐half of the increase, with the remainder highly correlated with artificial drainage and loss of depressional areas. Rivers with increased flow have experienced channel widening of 10–40% highlighting a source of sediment seldom addressed by agricultural best management practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction and transfer of resistance to poisoning by Amorimia (Mascagnia) septentrionalis in goats
Authors: Duarte Amélia L. L. , Medeiros Rosane M. T. , Carvalho Fabrício K. L. , Lee Stephen T. , Cook Daniel , Pfister James A. , Costa Valéria M. M. , Riet‐Correa Franklin 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAmorimia septentrionalis contains sodium monofluoroactetate (MFA) and can cause acute heart failure in ruminants when ingested in toxic doses. In this study, we demonstrate that resistance to poisoning by A. septentrionalis can be improved in goats by the repeated administration of non‐toxic doses of A. septentrionalis. We also show that increased resistance to poisoning by A. septentrionalis can also be achieved by the transfaunation of ruminal content from goats previously conditioned to be resistant to naïve goats. These methods of improving resistance require further study, but appear to provide potential management solutions to mitigate toxicity problems from A. septentrionalis, and perhaps other plant species containing MFA. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Menopause, exercise, and knee. What happens?
Authors: Fontinele Renata Gabriel , Mariotti Valquiria Barboza , Vazzoleré Amanda Messias , Ferrão Juliana Shimara Pires , Junior José Roberto Kfoury , De Souza Romeu Rodrigues 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo check if ovariectomy produces alterations in the articular cartilage structure of the tibial proximal epiphysis and if aerobic physical exercise has any influence on these alterations.MethodsSix‐month‐old female Wistar rats were distributed in three groups: Control group (CG), without ovariectomy and physical activity; Oophorectomy and sedentary group (OSG), with bilateral ovariectomy and without physical activity, and Oophorectomy and trained group (OTG), with bilateral ovariectomy and physical activity during 3 months. All rats were euthanised at 9 months of age. The results were obtained by using histological sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Picrosirius stain.ResultsIn relation to the thickness of the articular cartilage an increase was observed in the superficial layer in OSG in relation to OTG. The number of chondrocytes did not show any significant difference. The nuclear volume of chondrocytes in the superficial layer was higher in CG than in OSG . In the medium layer, the volume of chondrocytes was higher in CG than in OSG and the OTG. The same occurred when the values of the epiphysial cartilage was considered as a whole. For the collagen, the values of volume density of the collagen fibers were higher in the OSG and in the OTG than the CG. The same occurred with the OTG in relation to OSG.ConclusionsThe depression of estrogen levels produced important changes in the tibial cartilage of Wistar rats mainly on the superficial layer and physical activity seemed to relieve these effects. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:381–387, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the cephalic sensilla of Chrysolina aeruginosa Fald. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Zhang Lu , Ren Li-li , Luo You-qing , Zong Shi-xiang 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTChrysolina aeruginosa Fald. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. In recent years, this phytophagous beetle has spread rapidly throughout northwest China, which has led to mass mortalities of the A. ordosica. This pest has caused great damage to the local ecology. To address this problem, this study compared the sensilla types and their densities on the antennae, maxillary palps, and labial palps of C. aeruginosa. Six different types of sensilla were observed on the antennae using scanning electron microscopy, i.e., sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, and Böhm bristles. Sensilla chaetica were the main sensilla on the antennae. There was a significant difference in the distribution and density of sensilla trichodea between males and females. Sensilla basiconica were distributed from the fifth to the ninth flagellomeres. Sensilla coeloconica and sensilla styloconica were usually found from the fifth to the eighth flagellomeres. Böhm bristles were found only on the terminal region of the scape and pedicel. Sensilla chaetica and sensilla twig basiconica were observed on the maxillary and labial palps. Sensilla chaetica were distributed all over the maxillary and labial palps. Sensilla twig basiconica were located in the distal areas of these two types of palps. In this study, we also discussed the responses of C. aeruginosa to the volatile semiochemicals produced by their host plants and the behaviours exhibited during host and habitat selection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:423–431, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of chitosan solution on the inhibition of Acidovorax citrulli causing bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon
Authors: Li Bin , Shi Yu , Shan Changlin , Zhou Qing , Ibrahim Muhammad , Wang Yanli , Wu Guoxing , Li Hongye , Xie Guanlin , Sun Guochang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND: The production of watermelon in China has been seriously hampered by fruit blotch disease and limited control measures are now applied. Chitosan has been employed to control a variety of plant diseases and is considered to be the most promising biochemical to control this disease.RESULTS: The in vitro antibacterial effect of chitosan and its ability in protection of watermelon seedlings from bacterial fruit blotch were evaluated. Results showed that three types of chitosan, in particular, chitosan A at 0.40 mg mL−1 significantly inhibited the growth of Acidovorax citrulli. The antibacterial activity of chitosan A was affected by chitosan concentration and incubation time. The direct antibacterial activity of chitosan may be attributed to membrane lysis evidenced by transmission electron microscopic observation. The disease index of watermelon seedlings planted in soil and the death rate of seedlings planted in perlite were significantly reduced by chitosan A at 0.40 mg mL−1 compared to the pathogen control. Fresh and dry weight of watermelon seedlings planted in soil was increased by chitosan seed treatment, but not by chitosan leaf spraying.CONCLUSION: The results indicated that chitosan solution may have a potential in controlling bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
The addition of a contralateral routing of signals microphone to a unilateral cochlear implant system—A prospective study in speech outcomes
Authors: Arora Roochi , Amoodi Hosam , Stewart Suzanne , Friesen Lendra , Lin Vincent , Nedzelski Julian , Chen Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential clinical advantages of incorporating a contralateral routing of signals (CROS) microphone in unilateral cochlear implant (CI) users.Study Design:A prospective study was undertaken on a group of 21 postlingually deafened adults who were all implanted with the same multichannel CI system.Methods:Performance with a unilateral CI was compared with performance using both a unilateral implant and a CROS microphone system worn on the opposite site (CI‐CROS). Speech understanding using the AzBio sentence was evaluated in quiet, with speech presented at 0° and 270° azimuth in the horizontal plane. Speech understanding in noise was performed with speech at 0°, and noise at 0°, 90°, and 270°.Results:A significant gain in speech understanding using CI‐CROS compared to the unilateral CI alone was found in quiet when speech was presented at 270° (average improvement of 8.8%, P < .01). Participants also demonstrated statistically significant improvement using CI‐CROS compared with the unilateral CI alone when noise was presented at 90° and speech at 0° (average improvement of 6.7%, P < .01).Conclusions:Adding a contralateral microphone to a unilateral CI resulted in a significant improvement in speech understanding in different conditions. This method could provide a greater cost/benefit ratio than bilateral CIs and be a potential improvement for those who are not candidates for bilateral CIs. Laryngoscope, 2013
Oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Huang Ming‐Wei , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Zhang Jie , Liu Shu‐Ming , Zheng Lei , Shi Yan , Shi Dian‐Yin , Yu Guang‐Yan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The incidence of oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland is low, so a systematic evaluation of treatment strategies is lacking. We aimed to describe our experiences in treating this malignancy.Study Design:Retrospective study.Methods:We reviewed the files for 18 patients (14 males) of oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland in our institution from 1991 to 2011. Four patients underwent surgery alone, four surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, nine surgery and postoperative brachytherapy, and one radiotherapy alone. Median follow‐up was 36 months (range 2–108 months).Results:The 5‐year local control rate was 66.9%, overall survival 68.6%, disease progression‐free survival 46.2%, and 5‐year freedom from distant metastasis 61.0%. Clinical N category, local recurrence, and distant metastasis significantly influenced overall survival.Conclusions:Conservative parotidectomy is not radical enough to treat oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland. Elective neck dissection is recommended for patients with cancer stage T2 to 4. Surgery with postoperative 125I brachytherapy leads to good local control for patients with advanced disease or with positive or close resection margins.
The impact of treatment modality and radiation technique on outcomes and toxicity of patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Al‐Mamgani Abrahim , van Rooij Peter , Verduijn Gerda M. , Mehilal Robert , Kerrebijn Jeroen D. , Levendag Peter C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To investigate the impact of treatment modality and radiation technique on oncologic outcomes and toxicity of patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).Study Design:Retrospective analysis of outcomes and toxicity.Methods:Between 2000 and 2011, 204 consecutive patients with locally advanced OPC were treated with definitive (chemo)radiotherapy using 3‐dimensional conformal (3DCRT) or intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Endpoints were local control (LC), regional control (RC), disease‐free survival (DFS), cause‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS), and toxicity.Results:After a median follow‐up of 44 months (range 4–134), the 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimates of LC, RC, DFS, CSS, and OS were 78%, 92%, 60%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. Grade 3 mucositis and dysphagia (feeding‐tube dependency) were reported in 75% and 65%, respectively. The overall incidence of grade ≥2 and grade 3 late toxicities were 44% and 16%, respectively. Dysphagia and xerostomia were the most frequently reported late toxicity. Chemotherapy was significantly predictive for improved outcomes and increased toxicity. IMRT was significantly correlated with reduced toxicity.Conclusions:Compared to radiation alone, chemoradiotherapy significantly improved oncologic outcomes, but with significantly increased toxicity. Compared to 3DCRT, the introduction of IMRT resulted in a significant reduction of acute and late toxicity with slightly better, or at least comparable, outcomes. Despite the improvements achieved by the implementation of chemo‐IMRT, different new strategies to further improve outcome and reduce toxicity need to be thoroughly investigated in prospective, preferably, randomized trials.
Diagnosis and management of differentiated thyroid cancer using molecular biology
Authors: Witt Robert L. , Ferris Robert L. , Pribitkin Edmund A. , Sherman Steven I. , Steward David L. , Nikiforov Yuri E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To define molecular biology in clinical practice for diagnosis, surgical management, and prognostication of differentiated thyroid cancer.Data Sources:Ovid Medline 2006‐2012Review Methods:Manuscripts with clinical correlates.Results:Papillary thyroid carcinomas harbor point mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes or RET/PTC rearrangements, all of which activate the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. These mutually exclusive mutations are found in 70% of PTC. BRAF mutation is found in 45% of papillary thyroid cancer and is highly specific. Follicular carcinomas are known to harbor RAS mutation or PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement. These mutations are also mutually exclusive and identified in 70% of follicular carcinomas. Molecular classifiers measure the expression of a large number of genes on a microarray chip providing a substantial negative predictive value pending further validation.Conclusions:1) 20% to 30% of cytologically classified Follicular Neoplasms and Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance collectively are malignant on final pathology. Approximately 70% to 80% of thyroid lobectomies performed solely for diagnostic purposes are benign. Molecular alteration testing may reduce the number of unnecessary thyroid procedures, 2) may reduce the number of completion thyroidectomies, and 3) may lead to more individualized operative and postoperative management. Molecular testing for BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ for follicular lesion of undetermined significance and follicular neoplasm improve specificity, whereas molecular classifiers may add negative predictive value to fine needle aspiration diagnosis.