bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of rhizomatousness and its relationship with vegetative branching of recombinant inbred lines of Sorghum bicolor × S. propinquum
Authors: Kong Wenqian , Kim Changsoo , Goff Valorie H. , Zhang Dong , Paterson Andrew H. 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: Rhizomes, subterranean stems that grow horizontally, are a storage organ that is highly associated with overwintering and regrowth. This quantitative study aimed to discover genetic determinants of rhizomatousness, an important trait related to perenniality and invasiveness.• Methods: A population of 161 individuals of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from morphologically distinct parents, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum propinquum, which segregates for rhizomatousness, was phenotyped and genetically mapped.• Key results: Seven genomic regions influenced rhizomatousness in this population; four were “consensus” regions that correspond with previously detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in an F2 population of the same pedigree and with different levels of vegetative branching. Because rhizomatousness is a plastic trait that is greatly influenced by environment, overlap between regions discovered in the RIL and F2 populations validates the position and effect of QTLs. Correspondence with regions influencing vegetative branching indicates that some genes and biochemical pathways may influence both vegetative branching and rhizomatousness, while genes influencing only one trait may confer divergent aspects of development of these organs.• Conclusions: Identifying genes conferring rhizomatousness and understanding their functions may provide opportunities to regulate plant growth for diverse applications. Increasing rhizomatousness may promote the productivity and perenniality of many grasses, especially biomass‐dedicated crops, while decreasing rhizomatousness may improve monocarpic grain production and offer means to control many noxious weeds.
Eosinophils Contribute to Early Clearance of Pneumocystis murina Infection
Authors: Eddens Taylor , Elsegeiny Waleed , Nelson Michael P. , Horne William , Campfield Brian T. , Steele Chad , Kolls Jay K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia remains a common opportunistic infection in the diverse immunosuppressed population. One clear risk factor for susceptibility to Pneumocystis is a declining CD4+ T cell count in the setting of HIV/AIDS or primary immunodeficiency. Non–HIV-infected individuals taking immunosuppressive drug regimens targeting T cell activation are also susceptible. Given the crucial role of CD4+ T cells in host defense against Pneumocystis, we used RNA sequencing of whole lung early in infection in wild-type and CD4-depleted animals as an unbiased approach to examine mechanisms of fungal clearance. In wild-type mice, a strong eosinophil signature was observed at day 14 post Pneumocystis challenge, and eosinophils were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of wild-type mice. Furthermore, eosinophilopoiesis-deficient Gata1tm6Sho/J mice were more susceptible to Pneumocystis infection when compared with BALB/c controls, and bone marrow–derived eosinophils had in vitro Pneumocystis killing activity. To drive eosinophilia in vivo, Rag1−/− mice were treated with a plasmid expressing IL-5 (pIL5) or an empty plasmid control via hydrodynamic injection. The pIL5-treated mice had increased serum IL-5 and eosinophilia in the lung, as well as reduced Pneumocystis burden, compared with mice treated with control plasmid. In addition, pIL5 treatment could induce eosinophilia and reduce Pneumocystis burden in CD4-depleted C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, but not eosinophilopoiesis-deficient Gata1tm6Sho/J mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that an early role of CD4+ T cells is to recruit eosinophils to the lung and that eosinophils are a novel candidate for future therapeutic development in the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in the immunosuppressed population.
Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal Controls Nuclear Import and DNA-Binding Activity of IFN Regulatory Factor 3
Authors: Zhu Mingzhu , Fang Ting , Li Shun , Meng Kun , Guo Deyin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Accurate cellular localization plays a crucial role in the effective function of most signaling proteins, and nuclear trafficking is central to the function of transcription factors. IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 is a master transcription factor responsible for the induction of type I IFN, which plays a crucial role in host antiviral innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms for control and regulation of IRF3 nuclear import largely remain to be elucidated. In our study, we identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) in IRF3, with two interdependent basic clusters separated by a 7-aa linker. Our study further demonstrated that the bipartite NLS of IRF3 is also critical for IRF3 DNA-binding activity, indicating that the two functions of this region are integrated, which is in contrast to other IRFs. Furthermore, the IFN bioassay and infection studies suggest that IRF3 NLS is essential to the IRF3-mediated IFN responses and antiviral immunity. Overall, our results reveal a previously unrecognized bipartite NLS for IRF3 that contains both DNA-binding activity and nuclear import function, and they shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of IRF3 activation and IRF3-mediated antiviral responses.
Written Notice of Cooling-Off Periods: A Forty-Year Natural Experiment in Illusory Consumer Protection and the Relative Effectiveness of Oral and Written Disclosures
Authors: Sovern Jeff 
Published: May 2015

For more than forty years, a standard tool in the consumer protection toolbox has been the cooling- off period. Federal statutes, state statutes, and federal regulations all oblige merchants to give consumers three days to rescind certain contracts. This paper reports on a survey of businesses subject to such cooling-off periods. The study has two principal findings. First, the respondents indicated that few consumers rescind their purchases. Thus, the study raises doubts about whether cooling-off periods benefit consumers or whether they provide only illusory consumer protection. The article also offers speculations about why cooling-off periods have been of such little value to consumers.Second, the study found that consumers who receive both oral and written notice of their rights are more likely to avail themselves of those rights than those who receive only written notices, and that the differences are statistically significant. Fifty-three percent of the sellers who gave only a written notice and did not speak of the buyer’s right to cancel said buyers never cancelled, nearly double the percentage for sellers who did tell buyers (27%). Businesses that provided both oral in-person and written notices of the right to rescind were more than twice as likely to report that more than 1% of their customers cancelled contracts as those that provided only written notices. The article also explores why oral and written notices combined were more effective than written notice alone.Finally, the survey asked respondents about the cost of cooling-off periods. More than four-fifths of the respondents who answered the question reported that the right to cancel had cost them either nothing or very little. This contrasts with the vehement opposition of opponents of such rules when they were first adopted in the 1960s and 1970s.
Field Trip #1 The Neves Corvo Mine and the Paleozoic Geology of Southwest Portugal
Authors: Oliveira José T. , Pacheco Nelson , Carvalho Pedro , Ferreira Alfredo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Pre and Post Meeting trips (Figures 1.1 and 1.2)
The aim of this visit is to observe and discuss stratigraphic, petrologic and structural features of selected outcrops of the Volcano Sedimentary Complex in the Neves Corvo mine vicinity. Emphasis is put on the felsic and mafic volcanic sequences exposed at the Neves Corvo-Rosario and Castro Verde Anticlines (Figure 1.3). The trip departs from the Neves Corvo mine.
This stop is behind the main ventilation raise (CPV2) of the Neves Corvo mine. The exposed shales and thinly bedded siltstones belong to the Brancanes Formation, the uppermost unit of the allochthonous suite of the Volcano Sedimentary Complex. Although weathered to yellow or gray colors (the fresh rocks are dark) it is possible to observe the bedding planes and the shale/siltstone alternations. The siltstones display graded bedding, suggesting deposition by weak turbidity currents. The shales are rich in organic matter. Fossils of Posidonia becheri and goniatites are common, indicating a Late Visean age. The cleavage trends N135, 70 NE and its attitude relative to bedding shows that the outcrop is the normal limb of a large anticline. Intersection lineation L1 plunges 101 to SE. It is worth noting that the overlying Mértola Formation turbidites of the Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group provided the same faunal association and Late Visean spores. This suggests a gradual lithological transition between the Brancanes and the Mértola Formation.
The cut to the north of the road between the mine main transformer station and the main entrance exhibits the siliceous
Conexiones y enlaces: 270 Park Avenue por Gordon Bunshaft
Authors: Parga Vázquez Andrea 
Published: May 2015

Las vías de los trenes de New York transcurren bajo Park Avenue, que resulta una calle-puente en peine con un subsuelo inesperado a la vista de los gigantescos edificios que se levantan sobre la rasante de la avenida. El Union Carbide Building, situado en el 270 Park Avenue, es una de las intervenciones que circunda la Grand Central Terminal, su incorporación al conjunto se aborda a través de la condición subterránea de la infraestructura sobre la que está fundado, de los elementos que median el encuentro al suelo y de las oficinas que lo componen. El objeto es verificar cómo Gordon Bunshaft, desde la firma Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, adecua un modelo de formas simples a la particularidad del contexto en el que se inserta, mejorando las condiciones de su inmediación. El cuidado por el vínculo entre edificio y lugar trasciende como aporte de un ejercicio en continua experimentación; que hace trasmisibles prácticas y útiles las vías abiertas por los grandes maestros.
The railways of New York pass under Park Avenue, which is a comb-shaped street-bridge with unexpected subsoil open to view of the gigantic buildings that rise above the Avenue’s ground level. The Union Carbide Building, located at 270 Park Avenue, is one of the interventions surrounding Grand Central Terminal; its joining to the whole is addressed through the underground condition of the infrastructure on which it is founded, through elements that mediate its meeting with floor, and through offices that comprise it. The goal is to verify how Gordon Bunshaft from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, adapts a simple forms model to the particular context in which it is inserted, improving the conditions of its vicinity. The caring for the link between the building and its place transcends as input of an exercise in continuous experimentation; as it makes communicable, practical and useful the lines open by the great masters.
Diálogos entrecruzados con Carlos Ferrater
Authors: Peñín Llobell Alberto 
Published: May 2015

El texto que presentamos a continuación no existe. Ante el reto de realizar una entrevista inédita, la seguridad de encontrarnos ante preguntas ya formuladas y la certeza de fundirse con las respuestas, el necesario ejercicio de distancia obliga a buscar otros mecanismos. Diez entrevistas a Carlos Ferrater sobre una misma mesa para diseccionarlas, ordenarlas y recomponerlas, como todo procedimiento científico y como la operación que un arquitecto realiza proyectando. Operar desde el montaje del texto con el objetivo de reconstruir un discurso, hecho de retales sí, pero que persigue establecer relaciones entre preguntas y respuestas aflorando tal vez ideas inesperadas, lugares de encuentro y reagrupando enfoques distintos. Una manera de hacer no exenta de riesgo, necesaria por la propia condición de director de la revista del entrevistado, y que busca la continua reformulación de los modelos y la puesta en crisis de los apriorismos, como la arquitectura que Carlos Ferrater nos propone.
Near‐ and mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of hydrated oxychlorine salts with implications for Mars
Authors: Hanley Jennifer , Chevrier Vincent F. , Barrows R. Scott , Swaffer Chase , Altheide Travis S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe presence and distribution of oxychlorine salts (e.g., chlorates and perchlorates) on Mars have implications for the stability of water, most notably, that they lower the freezing temperature. To date, elemental chlorine has been measured by all lander missions, with the perchlorate ion identified at both the Phoenix and Curiosity landing sites, but detection by near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) remote sensing has been limited to deposits of anhydrous chlorides. Given that oxychlorine salts can form numerous hydrated phases, we have measured their NIR and MIR reflectance spectra from 1 to 25 µm for comparison to data collected from orbiting spectrometers. Anhydrous oxychlorine salts show almost no features in the NIR, except for small bands of residual adsorbed water. However, hydrated oxychlorine salts show numerous features due to water in the NIR, specifically at ~1.4 and ~1.9 µm. Increasing the hydration state increases the depth and width of the water bands. All oxychlorine salts exhibit an additional feature at ~2.2 µm due to a Cl‐O combination or overtone feature, although it is less prominent in the hydrated perchlorate salts, likely overwhelmed by the ClO4‐H2O feature at 2.14 µm. All oxychlorine salts show features in the MIR due to the fundamental vibrations of Cl‐O longward of ~8 µm. The NIR spectral features of hydrated oxychlorine salts are similar to other hydrated salts, especially hydrated sulfates; thus, identification from orbit may be ambiguous. However by utilizing the NIR and MIR laboratory data presented here for comparison, oxychlorine salts may be detectable by orbiting spectrometers.
Estimating the fill thickness and bedrock topography in intermontane valleys using artificial neural networks
Authors: Mey Jürgen , Scherler Dirk , Zeilinger Gerold , Strecker Manfred R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThick sedimentary fills in intermontane valleys are common in formerly glaciated mountain ranges but difficult to quantify. Yet knowledge of the fill thickness distribution could help to estimate sediment budgets of mountain belts and to decipher the role of stored material in modulating sediment flux from the orogen to the foreland. Here we present a new approach to estimate valley fill thickness and bedrock topography based on the geometric properties of a landscape using artificial neural networks. We test the potential of this approach following a four‐tiered procedure. First, experiments with synthetic, idealized landscapes show that increasing variability in surface slopes requires successively more complex network configurations. Second, in experiments with artificially filled natural landscapes, we find that fill volumes can be estimated with an error below 20%. Third, in natural examples with valley fill surfaces that have steeply inclined slopes, such as the Unteraar and the Rhône Glaciers in the Swiss Alps, for example, the average deviation of cross‐sectional area between the measured and the modeled valley fill is 26% and 27%, respectively. Finally, application of the method to the Rhône Valley, an overdeepened glacial valley in the Swiss Alps, yields a total estimated sediment volume of 97 ± 11 km3and an average deviation of cross‐sectional area between measurements and model estimates of 21.5%. Our new method allows for rapid assessment of sediment volumes in intermontane valleys while eliminating most of the subjectivity that is typically inherent in other methods where bedrock reconstructions are based on digital elevation models.
Moisture sources and synoptic to seasonal variability of North Atlantic water vapor isotopic composition
Authors: Steen‐Larsen H. C. , Sveinbjörnsdottir A. E. , Jonsson Th. , Ritter F. , Bonne J.‐L. , Masson‐Delmotte V. , Sodemann H. , Blunier T. , Dahl‐Jensen D. , Vinther B. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe isotopic composition of near surface (or planetary boundary layer) water vapor on the south coast of Iceland (63.83°N, 21.47°W) has been monitored in situ between November 2011 and April 2013. The calibrated data set documents seasonal variations in the relationship between δ18O and local humidity (ppmv) and between deuterium excess and δ18O. These seasonal variations are attributed to seasonal changes in atmospheric transport. A strong linear relationship is observed between deuterium excess and atmospheric relative humidity calculated at regional sea surface temperature. Surprisingly, we find a similar relationship between deuterium excess and relative humidity as observed in the Bermuda Islands. During days with low amount of isotopic depletion (more enriched values), our data significantly deviate from the global meteoric water line. This feature can be explained by a supply of an evaporative flux into the planetary boundary layer above the ocean, which we show using a 1‐d box model. Based on the close relationship identified between moisture origin and deuterium excess, we combine deuterium excess measurements performed in Iceland and south Greenland with moisture source diagnostics based on back trajectory calculations to establish the distribution of d‐excess moisture uptake values across the North Atlantic. We map high deuterium excess in the Arctic and low deuterium excess for vapor in the subtropics and midlatitudes. This confirms the role of North Atlantic water vapor isotopes as moisture origin tracers.
The Physics of Nuclear Power from Fission and Fusion
Authors: Stacey Weston M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe physics involved in the controlled production of nuclear power (i) by fission of heavy‐mass nuclides in neutron chain fission reactors and (ii) by fusion of light‐mass nuclides in magnetically confined plasmas are described. The state of development and remaining physics challenges are discussed for the production of nuclear power by both fission and fusion.
Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus‐like particle yield from a new baculovirus design
Authors: Lin Shih‐Yeh , Yeh Chia‐Tsui , Li Wan‐Hua , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Lin Wen‐Chin , Yang Jyh‐Yuan , Wu Hsueh‐Ling , Hu Yu‐Chen 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTEnterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Asia‐Pacific region. To produce the virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co‐express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac‐to‐Bac® vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v‐cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF‐P1‐C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLDTM system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High FiveTM cells with BacF‐P1‐C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross‐protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High FiveTM culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2005–2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
miR‐2861 as novel HDAC5 inhibitor in CHO cells enhances productivity while maintaining product quality
Authors: Fischer Simon , Paul Albert Jesuran , Wagner Andreas , Mathias Sven , Geiss Melanie , Schandock Franziska , Domnowski Martin , Zimmermann Jörg , Handrick René , Hesse Friedemann , Otte Kerstin 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTHistone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been exploited for years to improve recombinant protein expression in mammalian production cells. However, global HDAC inhibition is associated with negative effects on various cellular processes. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate gene expression in almost all eukaryotic cell types by controlling entire cellular pathways. Since miRNAs recently have gained much attention as next‐generation cell engineering tool to improve Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell factories, we were interested if miRNAs are able to specifically repress HDAC expression in CHO cells to circumvent limitations of unspecific HDAC inhibition. We discovered a novel miRNA in CHO cells, miR‐2861, which was shown to enhance productivity in various recombinant CHO cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR‐2861 might post‐transcriptionally regulate HDAC5 in CHO cells. Intriguingly, siRNA‐mediated HDAC5 suppression could be demonstrated to phenocopy pro‐productive effects of miR‐2861 in CHO cells. This supports the notion that miRNA‐induced inhibition of HDAC5 may contribute to productivity enhancing effects of miR‐2861. Furthermore, since product quality is fundamental to safety and functionality of biologics, we examined the effect of HDAC inhibition on critical product quality attributes. In contrast to unspecific HDAC inhibition using VPA, enforced expression of miR‐2861 did not negatively influence antibody aggregation or N‐glycosylation. Our findings highlight the superiority of miRNA‐mediated inhibition of specific HDACs and present miR‐2861 as novel cell engineering tool for improving CHO manufacturing cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2142–2153. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive Abilities Underlying Reading Accuracy, Fluency and Spelling Acquisition in Korean Hangul Learners from Grades 1 to 4: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Park Hyun‐Rin , Uno Akira 
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the cognitive abilities that predict reading and spelling performance in Korean children in Grades 1 to 4, depending on expertise and reading experience. As a result, visual cognition, phonological awareness, naming speed and receptive vocabulary significantly predicted reading accuracy in children in Grades 1 and 2, whereas visual cognition, phonological awareness and rapid naming speed did not predict reading accuracy in children in higher grades. For reading, fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming speed and receptive vocabulary were crucial abilities in children in Grades 1 to 3, whereas phonological awareness was not a significant predictor in children in Grade 4. In spelling, reading ability and receptive vocabulary were the most important abilities for accurate Hangul spelling. The results suggested that the degree of cognitive abilities required for reading and spelling changed depending on expertise and reading experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Messages

Phonological awareness and visual cognition were important for Hangul reading.
Receptive vocabulary was important in both Hangul reading and spelling.
Cognitive abilities are required for literacy changed during reading development.