bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of breastfeeding indicators among children less than 24 months of age in Tanzania: a secondary analysis of the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Victor Rose , Baines Surinder K , Agho Kingsley E , Dibley Michael J 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of key WHO breastfeeding indicators and identify determinants of suboptimal breastfeeding practices among children aged less than 24 months in Tanzania.Design, setting and participantsSecondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. The survey used a stratified two-stage cluster sample of 10 312 households from eight geographical zones of Tanzania. The sample consisted of 3112 children aged 0–23 months.Main outcome measuresOutcome measures were factors significantly associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding, non-exclusive breastfeeding and predominant breastfeeding in the first 6 months.ResultsBreastfeeding was initiated within the first hour of birth in 46.1% of mothers. In infants aged less than 6 months, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 49.9% but only 22.9% were exclusively breastfed at 4–5 months. Seventeen per cent of infants, less than 6 months of age, were ‘predominantly breastfed’. At 12–15 months, 94.0% of infants were still breastfed but the proportion decreased to 51.1% at 20–23 months of age. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of delayed initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h after birth was significantly higher among young mothers aged <24 years, uneducated and employed mothers from rural areas who delivered by caesarean section and those who delivered at home and were assisted by traditional birth attendants or relatives. The risk factors associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding, during the first 6 months, were lack of professional assistance at birth and residence in urban areas. The risk of predominant breastfeeding was significantly higher among infants from the Zanzibar geographical zone.ConclusionsEarly initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding indicators were unsatisfactory and are below the national targets for Tanzania. To improve breastfeeding practices, national level programmes will be required, but with a focus on the target groups with suboptimal breastfeeding practices.
Expression of transforming growth factor β receptor II in mesenchymal stem cells from systemic sclerosis patients
Authors: Vanneaux Valérie , Farge-Bancel Dominique , Lecourt Séverine , Baraut Julie , Cras Audrey , Jean-Louis Francette , Brun Cécilia , Verrecchia Franck , Larghero Jérôme , Michel Laurence 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesThe present work aimed to evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors on bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the consequences of TGF-β activation in these cells, since MSC have potential therapeutic interest for SSc patients and knowing that TGF-β plays a critical role during the development of fibrosis in SSc.DesignThis is a prospective research study using MSC samples obtained from SSc patients and compared with MSC from healthy donors.SettingOne medical hospital involving collaboration between an internal medicine department for initial patient recruitment, a clinical biotherapeutic unit for MSC preparation and an academic laboratory for research.Participants9 patients with diffuse SSc for which bone marrow (BM) aspiration was prescribed by sternum aspiration before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, versus nine healthy donors for normal BM.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTGF-β, TGF-β receptor types I (TBRI) and II (TBRII) mRNA and protein expression were assessed by quantitative PCR and flow cytometry, respectively, in MSC from both SSc patients and healthy donors. MSC were exposed to TGF-β and assessed for collagen 1α2 synthesis and Smad expression. As positive controls, primary cultures of dermal fibroblasts were also analysed.ResultsCompared with nine controls, MSC from nine SSc patients showed significant increase in mRNA levels (p<0.002) and in membrane expression (p<0.0001) of TBRII. In response to TGF-β activation, a significant increase in collagen 1α synthesis (p<0.05) and Smad-3 phosphorylation was upregulated in SSc MSC. Similar results were obtained on eight SSc-derived dermal fibroblasts compared to six healthy controls.ConclusionsTBRII gene and protein expression defect in MSC derived from SSc patients may have pathological significance. These findings should be taken into account when considering the use of MSC-based therapies in an autologous setting.
Trends in the prevalence of antipsychotic drug use among patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias including those treated with antidementia drugs in the community in the UK: a cohort study
Authors: Martinez Carlos , Jones Roy W , Rietbrock Stephan 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the pattern and trends of use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics and anxiolytics in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and in patients treated with antidementia medications.DesignCohort study with dementia patients formed in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Participants Patients with incident dementia, between 1995 and 2011 and a reference non-dementia cohort matched on age, gender and date of dementia diagnosis. Two subcohorts included new users of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and memantine. The study endpoint was use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics and anxiolytics up to 10 years before and 4 years after dementia diagnosis, and for up to 5 years before and 1 year after first use of AChEI or memantine.Results50 349 patients with incident dementia diagnosis and 50 349 matched controls, 10 794 first-time users of AChEI and 669 of memantine. The mean prevalence of antipsychotic use from 1995 to 2011 on diagnosis of dementia was 12.5%, decreasing from 19.9% in 1995 to 7.4% in 2011. There was an increase in antidepressant use (10.7–26.3%) and a small increase in anxiolytic use. The matched cohort showed a lower use of antipsychotics and anxiolytics but a rise in antidepressants (5.9–13.4%). Both groups showed a decrease in hypnotic use. 10.6% of AChEI and 26.3% of memantine users were prescribed antipsychotics, 34.1% and 26.3% antidepressants, 13.2% and 4.1% anxiolytics and 18.4% and 8.3% hypnotics. The slopes for monthly use of antipsychotics were positive in the year leading up to AChEI and memantine use; after treatment initiation the slope for AChEI users continued to increase but at a reduced rate whereas antipsychotic use declined for memantine users.ConclusionsThe marked reduction in antipsychotic use in dementia is to be welcomed while there was a steady increase in antidepressant use. There was a decline in antipsychotic use after the initiation of memantine.
Impact of UK Medical Eligibility Criteria implementation on prescribing of combined hormonal contraceptives
Authors: Briggs Paula Elizabeth , Praet Cecile Aude , Humphreys Samantha Charlotte , Zhao Changgeng 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesCombined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) are the most widely prescribed contraceptive methods in the UK; however, their use is associated with significant cardiovascular risk for women with some medical conditions and risk factors. The objective of this study was to assess the potential change in CHC prescribing among higher-risk women following publication of theUK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use(UKMEC) in 2006.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using the General Practice Research Database to analyse UK women aged 15–49 years who were prescribed CHCs during the period 2004–2010. Of women prescribed CHCs, those at higher risk of cardiovascular events (with UKMEC Category 3 or 4 risk factors) were identified. The percentage of higher-risk CHC users, among all CHC users, in 2005 (pre-UKMEC) was compared to that in 2010 (post-UKMEC).ResultsThe percentage of higher-risk CHC users significantly decreased by 0.8% (95% CI 0.68% to 1.02%) following publication of UKMEC [8.1% (95% CI 7.98% to 8.22%) in 2005 vs 7.3% (95% CI 7.14% to 7.38%) in 2010;p<0.001]. However, an estimated 1 74 472 women in the UK were prescribed CHCs in 2010 despite having Category 3 or 4 risk factors. The most common Category 3 or 4 risk factors were body mass index ≥35 kg/m2, hypertension and smoking in women aged ≥35 years.ConclusionsDespite the observed reduction in prescribing of CHCs to higher-risk women after publication of UKMEC, a large number of women with Category 3 or 4 risk factors are still prescribed CHCs. The increased risk of cardiovascular events is unnecessary for many of these women given the availability of alternative contraceptive methods.
Condoms for prisoners: no evidence that they increase sex in prison, but they increase safe sex
Authors: Butler Tony , Richters Juliet , Yap Lorraine , Donovan Basil 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo determine if the provision of condoms to prisoners in two Australian state prison systems with different policies affects sexual behaviour. In New South Wales’ (NSW) prisons, condoms are freely distributed, while in Queensland prisons none are distributed.MethodsWe used a computer-assisted telephone interview to survey randomly selected prisoners in both states about their sexual behaviour in prison.ResultsTwo thousand and eighteen male prisoners participated. The proportion of prisoners reporting anal sex in prison was equally low in NSW (3.3%) and Queensland (3.6%; p=0.8). A much higher proportion of prisoners who engaged in anal sex in NSW (56.8%) than Queensland (3.1%; p<0.0001) reported they had used a condom if they had had anal sex in prison. Sexual coercion was equally rare in both prison systems.ConclusionsWe found no evidence that condom provision to prisoners increased consensual or non-consensual sexual activity in prison. If available, condoms were much more likely to be used during anal sex. Condoms should be made available to prisoners as a basic human right.
Vitamin D Receptor Genotype rs731236 (Taq1) and Breast Cancer Prognosis
Authors: Perna Laura , Butterbach Katja , Haug Ulrike , Schöttker Ben , Müller Heiko , Arndt Volker , Holleczek Bernd , Burwinkel Barbara , Brenner Hermann 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the anticancerogenous effects of vitamin D might be modulated by genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. The association of VDR polymorphisms with breast cancer–specific and all-cause mortality after a breast cancer diagnosis remains, however, largely unexplored. We assessed the association of genetic variants in VDR (rs731236, rs1989969, rs2228570, and 11568820) with breast cancer survival in a sample of 498 patients with breast cancer with a mean age at diagnosis of 61 years from Saarland, Germany, who were followed for up to 5 years with respect to total and breast cancer–specific mortality (56 and 48 events, respectively). Adjusted HRs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox regression models. We found that patients with breast cancer homozygous for the rare allele of rs731236 (15% of the women in our cohort) had a tendency toward an increased risk for breast cancer–specific mortality. The HR (95% CI) adjusted for age and breast cancer stage was 2.8 (1.1–7.2) for breast cancer–specific mortality and 2.1 (0.9–4.9) for total mortality. Additional adjustment for family history of breast cancer, radical mastectomy, and body mass index only marginally changed the estimates. No association was found for rs1989969, rs2228570, and rs11568820. Our analysis suggests that VDR polymorphism rs731236 might be associated with breast cancer–specific mortality, and if our findings are confirmed in future bigger studies rs731236 might deserve consideration as a prognostic factor in clinical care of patients with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(3); 437–42. ©2012 AACR.
Enzalutamide: A Novel Antiandrogen for Patients with Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hoffman-Censits Jean , Kelly Wm. Kevin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Enzalutamide (MDV3100, Xtandi, Medivation\Astellas) is an oral inhibitor of androgen receptor signaling that blocks androgen receptor interaction, inhibits translocation of the androgen receptor to the nucleus, impairs androgen receptor binding to DNA, and inhibits coactivator recruitment and receptor-mediated DNA transcription. In a phase III randomized study comparing enzalutamide with placebo in men with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who were previously treated with docetaxel, enzalutamide showed an improvement in overall survival (18.4 vs. 13.6 months, HR, 0.63; P &lt; 0.001). In addition, all secondary endpoints including proportion of patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline, soft-tissue response, quality-of-life response, time to PSA progression, radiographic progression-free survival, and the time to the first radiographic skeletal event all significantly favored patients treated with enzalutamide. Fatigue, diarrhea, and hot flashes were common in patients treated with enzalutamide, with seizures reported in 5 (0.6%) of the patients. Enzalutamide is a novel therapy that very potently blocks the androgen signaling pathway, which is unregulated during the development of CRPC. The preclinical studies along with the pivotal trials that led to its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2012 will be reviewed. Clin Cancer Res; 19(6); 1335–9. ©2012 AACR.
Ex vivo effects of low-dose rivaroxaban on specific coagulation assays and coagulation factor activities in patients under real life conditions
Authors: Hesse Christian , Stratmann Gertrud , Lindhoff-Last Edelgard , Mani Helen 
Published: January 2013

SummaryGlobal coagulation assays display variable effects at different concentrations of rivaroxaban. The aim of this study is to quantify the ex vivo effects of low-dose rivaroxaban on thrombophilia screening assays and coagulation factor activities based on the administration time, and to show how to mask possible interferences. Plasma samples from 40 patients receiving rivaroxaban 10 mg daily were investigated to measure activities of clotting factor II, V, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII and XIII; protein C- and protein S-levels; lupus anticoagulants; anticardiolipin IgG and IgM; D-dimer, heparin-platelet factor 4 (HPF4) antibodies and screening tests for von Willebrand disease (VWD). Two hours after rivaroxaban administration, the activities of clotting factors were significantly decreased to different extents, except for factor XIII. Dilution of plasma samples resulted in neutralisation of these interferences. The chromogenic protein C activity assay was not affected by rivaroxaban. Depending on the timing of tablet intake in relation to blood sampling protein S activity was measured falsely high when a clotting assay was used. False-positive results for lupus anticoagulants were observed depending on the assay system used and the administration time of rivaroxaban. ELISA-based assays such as anticardiolipin IgG and IgM, D-dimer, HPF4-antibodies and the turbidimetric assays for VWD were not affected by rivaroxaban. Specific haemostasis clotting tests should be performed directly prior to rivaroxaban intake. Assay optimisation in the presence of rivaroxaban can be achieved by plasma dilution. Immunologic assays are not influenced by rivaroxaban, while chromogenic assays can be used, when they do not depend on factor Xa.
Evidence on the Accuracy of Merger Simulations
Authors: Weinberg Matthew C. , Hosken Daniel 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This paper evaluates the efficacy of a structural model of oligopoly used for merger review. Using premerger data, we estimate several demand systems and use a static Bertrand model to simulate the price effects of two mergers. Using pre- and postmerger data, we directly estimate the price effects. The direct estimates imply that one merger resulted in moderate price increases, while the second left prices essentially unchanged. While some simulations are similar to the directly estimated price effects, overall simulations overstate the price effects in one case and understate them in the other. Explanations for the discrepancies are explored.
Signification, Essence, and Meno’s Paradox: A Reply to David Charles’s ‘Types of Definition in the Meno’
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAccording to David Charles, in the Meno Socrates fleetingly distinguishes the signification from the essence question, but, in the end, he conflates them. Doing so, Charles thinks, both leads to Meno’s paradox and prevents Socrates from answering it satisfactorily. I argue that Socrates doesn’t conflate the two questions, and that his reply to Meno’s paradox is more satisfactory than Charles allows.
Overseas Chinese and Merchant Philanthropy in China: From Culturalism to Nationalism
Authors: Peterson Glen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article discusses how and why the cultural and political significance of China as ancestral home was transformed during the half century between 1850, which marked the start of mass migration from China, and the turn of the twentieth century when modern nationalist ideologies first appeared in China and then spread rapidly to Chinese emigrant communities in Southeast Asia and beyond. This phenomenon is examined by looking at the role of merchant philanthropy, which is a crucial site for the construction and articulation of emigrant discourses of native place attachment. The article first examines the rise of philanthropy as a merchant strategy for claiming elite status and community leadership and for negotiating with political power in late Imperial China. It then looks at how and why homeland philanthropy was embraced by merchants in overseas Chinese communities in Singapore and Malaya beginning in the late nineteenth century. The final section studies the shift in the ideological underpinning of merchant philanthropy from Confucian culturalism to modern nationalism, and considers the implications of this shift for merchants' role in native place society and politics.
Activists on the Fringe: Chinese Intelligentsia in Penang in the Early 20th Century
Authors: Tan Soon Cheng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom the early days when the Chinese immigrants started to arrive in Penang, until as recently as the first part of the 20th century, the Chinese had participated actively in the economic, social and political development of Penang. Among these pioneer immigrants, there was a group which was small and little noticed, compared to the commercially active traders, planters and laborers. Although not much written about, this group of individuals who contributed significantly to the educational and cultural development of the Chinese community in Penang was remarkably well captured in the book, Nanyang yingshu haixia zhimindi zhilüe (Gazetteer of the Nanyang British Straits Settlements), compiled by Song Yunpu, a Minguo (Republican period) merchant, and published around 1930. This article aims to study this particular group of Chinese in Penang by examining their aspirations and actions, to bring about an awareness of their influence and contribution.
Taxonomy of Papuasian Onthophagus: twenty new species and their relatives (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Krikken J. , Huijbregts J. 
Published: January 2013

The species composition of the genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 in Papuasia (New Guinea and adjacent islands) is discussed. Twenty new species from Papuasia are described and illustrated, several being accommodated in multi-species operational groups; a synoptic guide and keys to the species are given. The following new species are proposed: Onthophagus (eliptaminus group): O. kokoiorus, O. solomonensis; Onthophagus (pedisequus group): O. mokwamensis; Onthophagus (quadripustulatus group): O. tarasovi; Onthophagus (tauroides group): O. opacotaurus, O. pseudocostifer; Onthophagus (coprimorphus group): O. ioranus, O. ubaidillahi; Onthophagus (declivis group): O. francoisgenieri; Onthophagus (labdacus group): O. alaindrumonti, O. andrewsmithi; Onthophagus (platalea group): O. yifer; Onthophagus (asper group): O. papurugosus. The following new species have no obvious close Papuasian relatives: Onthophagus hagenmontis, O. ioramaculatus, O. papuater, O. papuplicatus, O. peotoxus, O. sylvipapuanus, O. toxopeus. A lectotype is designated for Onthophagus costifer Gillet, 1930, in the tauroides group. A list of all named Papuasian species of Onthophagus is given.
Kyphosus gladius, a new species of sea chub from Western Australia (Teleostei: Kyphosidae), with comments on Segutilum klunzingeri Whitley
Authors: KNUDSEN STEEN WILHELM , CLEMENTS KENDALL D. 
Published: January 2013

Two morphologically distinct forms of the nominal species Kyphosus sydneyanus (Günther, 1886) (Kyphosidae) were discerned while collecting off Western Australia near Perth in 2009. A morphological comparison with recognized species of Kyphosus and an analysis of mtDNA (Cytochrome b, control region, 12S and 16S) and three nDNA markers (RAG1, RAG2 and Tmo-4C4) demonstrated that the more elongate of these forms was an undescribed species of Kyphosus. It differs from congeners in the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the combination of the following characters: green bar on the operculum, 11–12 dorsal soft fin rays, depth of caudal peduncle 9.9–11.8 % SL, body depth 33.3–41.6 % SL, 55–63 scales in lateral line, 12–16 interorbital scales, 44–55 pored scales in the lateral line, 3–5 gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch internally, 11–15 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch internally, 15–19 total gill rakers on first gill arch, and by having 10 precaudal vertebrae and 16 caudal vertebrae. Examination of museum specimens and available underwater photographs suggests that the new species is restricted to Western Australia, and to date it has been recorded between the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and Albany. Discrepancies between the type specimen and original description of Segutilum klunzingeri Whitley made it impossible to determine the relationship between this taxon and the new species from Western Australia, and thus we consider S. klunzingeri a nomen dubium.
A new species of the highland frog genus Holoaden (Amphibia, Strabomantidae) from cloud forests of southeastern Brazil
Authors: MARTINS ITAMAR A. , ZAHER HUSSAM 
Published: January 2013

A new species of the genus Holoaden is described from the Atlantic forest of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, being restricted to primary or slightly disturbed high altitude cloud forests along the northeastern portion of the Serra do Mar. The typelocality is determined as Estação Ecológica de Bananal, in the Municipality of Bananal, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The new species is characterized by its moderate body size (female 42.6–44.2 mm SVL; male 37.2–38.5 mm SVL) with long and slender limbs, a head wider than long, a highly glandular dorsum, covered by well developed macroglands that extend to the internasal region, thigh and tibia, and an intense dark brown dorsal coloration and dark grey ventral surface.
Redescription of Cis taurus (Reitter, 1878) (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
Authors: OLIVEIRA ESTER H. , LOPES-ANDRADE CRISTIANO 
Published: January 2013

Cis taurus (Reitter) is the type-species of Macrocis Reitter, a genus subsequently synonymized with Cis Latreille. It names a diversified but barely studied species-group of Cis, the taurus group. The objective of the present work is to redescribe C. taurus, designate a lectotype and provide the first description of male abdominal terminalia of the species. We also provide new data on its geographic distribution, restricted to three major Mexico mountain ranges: the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (Sierra Nevada). This is a first and important step in the ongoing revision of the taurus species-group.