bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The Aristocracy in Seventeenth‐Century Ireland: Wider Contexts and Comparisons’
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring the early decades of the early 17th century, the Stuart crown trebled the number of Irish peers. With this inflation of honours, itself an exercise in social engineering, the monarch created a peerage – a service élite – that comprised, in roughly equal numbers, catholic and protestant lords. Land, inherited through the practice of primogeniture, provided the income that sustained these lineages. As landlords, developers, entrepreneurs, politicians and military commanders, these lords operated as regional and national powerbrokers, exercising influence in Ireland and beyond. From the crown's perspective, the peers served as effective instruments in its efforts to ‘civilise’ and anglicize a particularly troublesome colony. This article provides a brief introduction to the role that Irish aristocrats played in shaping 17th century Ireland. It also situates the study of these Irish lords in the wider context of noble studies and reflects on why Irish historians have not examined the aristocracy as a collective. Finally, this article seeks to draw out some comparisons between the aristocracy in Ireland and their counterparts in the composite monarchies of Britain, Spain and Austria. The fact that during these years Ireland, like other states across early modern Europe, was responding to similar sets of pressures – state formation, confessionalisation, the professionalisation of warfare and so on – facilitate meaningful comparisons around the contributions that their aristocracies made to these transformative processes.
Translucent Cerium Fluoride Ceramics Fabricated by Hot‐Pressing for Scintillation Application
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Min , Kou Huamin , Liu Jun , Shi Yun , Feng Xiqi , Pan Yubai , Guo Jingkun 
Published: January 2014

In this study, translucent CeF3 ceramics was firstly fabricated by hot‐pressing, aiming to develop an economical, radiation hard scintillation material. After sintering at 950°C and pressure exertion of 300MPa for 2 h, a transmittance of 10–25% was achieved in the visible region, through a thickness of 0.75 mm. Microstructure investigations indicated the average grain size was around 42.7 μm, with no obvious pores observed on the fracture surface. The X‐ray luminescence spectra, decay time, and thermoluminescence spectra were measured, and the results of the ceramics were similar to its corresponding single crystals, which proved it to be a promising scintillation material.
RENAL nephrometry score is a predictive factor for the annual growth rate of renal mass
Authors: Matsumoto Ryuji , Abe Takashige , Shinohara Nobuo , Murai Sachiyo , Maruyama Satoru , Tsuchiya Kunihiko , Nonomura Katsuya 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the RENAL nephrometry score and annual growth rates of renal masses presumed to be renal cell carcinoma.MethodsThe current study included 47 renal tumors followed up for at least 12 months, of which 26 tumors were found to be pathologically proven renal cell carcinomas. Annual tumor growth rates were calculated from changes in the maximal diameter on computed tomography, and RENAL nephrometry scores were recorded on initial imaging by two senior urologists. The associations between clinical characteristics including the RENAL nephrometry score and annual growth rates were analyzed using a linear regression model.ResultsThe median tumor size at diagnosis was 1.7 cm (range 0.6–5.8). The median nephrometry score at diagnosis was 7 (range 4–10). Overall, the median tumor growth rate was 0.34 cm per year (range −0.19–2.0). Linear regression analysis showed that the annual tumor growth rate was associated with the RENAL nephrometry score (P < 0.0001), but it was independent of the age at diagnosis, sex and initial tumor size. In addition, the correlation between the RENAL nephrometry score and annual growth rate remained significant in the 26 pathologically proven renal cell carcinomas.ConclusionsThe RENAL nephrometry score is associated with the annual growth rate of renal masses. Our findings further support the association between the RENAL nephrometry score and tumor biology.
Lower urinary tract symptoms in diabetic women with and without urinary incontinence
Authors: Yılmaz Sema D. , Bal Meltem D. , Celık Selda , Beji Nezihe K. , Dınccag Nevin , Yalcin Onay 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTDetermination of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in diabetic women with and without urinary incontinence (UI) and its related factors is significant to define essential measures associated with prevention. The aim of this study is to compare the features of diabetes mellitus (DM) in diabetic women with and without UI, and to investigate LUTS and its related factors. Applying to the Diabetes Department of Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University (IMFIU) between May and December 2011, 77 diabetic women with the complaint of UI and 88 diabetic continent women were enrolled into the descriptive study. Data were collected via a questionnaire defining socio‐demographic and clinical features, and The Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS‐SF) after obtaining an approval from the ethical board of the institution. It was found that diabetic continent women and those with UI showed no statistically significant difference regarding age, BMI and duration of DM (p > 0·05). Among women with UI, levels of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were significantly higher (p < 0·05). The total BFLUTS‐SF and subscale scores of women with UI were significantly higher than continent women (p < 0·05). A significant correlation was determined between total BFLUTS‐SF score, and fasting blood glucose (r = 0·185), BMI (r = 0·192), HbA1c (r = 0·245), complaint of vaginal itching (r = 0·629) and exposure to frequent vaginal infections (r = 0·701; p < 0·05). It was found that increased HbA1c was effective on total BFLUTS‐SF. Consequently, diabetic women with UI show high rates of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, compared to diabetic women without UI. Therefore, diabetic women should meticulously be followed and evaluated in terms of LUTS by health care professionals.
Differential gene expression in laboratory strains of human head and body lice when challenged with Bartonella quintana, a pathogenic bacterium
Authors: Previte D. , Olds B. P. , Yoon K. , Sun W. , Muir W. , Paige K. N. , Lee S. H. , Clark J. , Koehler J. E. , Pittendrigh B. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHuman head and body lice are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites that belong to a single species, Pediculus humanus. Only body lice, however, are vectors of the infectious Gram‐negative bacterium Bartonella quintana. Because of their near identical genomes, yet differential vector competence, head and body lice provide a unique model system to study the gain or loss of vector competence. Using our in vitro louse‐rearing system, we infected head and body lice with blood containing B. quintana in order to detect both differences in the proliferation of B. quintana and transcriptional differences of immune‐related genes in the lice. B. quintana proliferated rapidly in body lice at 6 days post‐infection, but plateaued in head lice at 4 days post‐infection. RNAseq and quantitative real‐time PCR validation analyses determined gene expression differences. Eight immunoresponse genes were observed to be significantly different with many associated with the Toll pathway: Fibrinogen‐like protein, Spaetzle, Defensin 1, Serpin, Scavenger receptor A and Apolipoporhrin 2. Our findings support the hypothesis that body lice, unlike head lice, fight infection from B. quintana only at the later stages of its proliferation.
Socio‐cultural Adaptation of Second‐generation Afghans in Iran
Authors: Abbasi‐Shavazi Mohammad Jalal , Sadeghi Rasoul 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe long‐term settlement of Afghan immigrants in Iran, along with their high fertility, has produced an important shift in the composition of their population with the emergence of a “second generation”. This article aims to examine how second‐generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors. The data is drawn from the 2010 Afghans Adaptation Survey which covered 520 second‐generation Afghans.Results revealed that second‐generation Afghans have a variety of adaptation patterns. Integration is the most prevalent pattern of adaptation and acculturation (which is observed among 35.8 per cent of respondents) followed by separation (33.3%), assimilation (17.1%) and marginalization (13.8%). Our multivariate analysis showed that such socio‐demographic factors as gender, education, ethnicity, perceived discrimination, family context, neighbourhood characteristics, length and city of residence are associated with their adaptation patterns.Policy Implications

Successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Afghans in Iran rests on the diversity of the adaptation patterns of their second‐generation.

Restriction on employment opportunities has led to downward assimilation and marginalization of some of the Afghans in Iran. Improvement in labour laws would promote the integration of Afghans in the society.

Afghan females have relatively better access to a gender‐equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan, and are less willing to return to their homeland. The Government of Afghanistan should improve service and security provisions for women to ensure their voluntary repatriation.
Learning Confounds Algometric Assessment of Mechanical Thresholds in Normal Dogs
Authors: Coleman Kevin D. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Kirkby Kristin A. , Coleman Amanda E. , Robertson Sheilah A. , Hash Jon , Lascelles B. Duncan X. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo perform algometric readings in normal dogs in a design that would assess possible confounding factors.Study DesignProspective study.AnimalsSkeletally mature spayed female, intact male and castrated male retriever or retriever mix dogs without orthopedic or neurologic disease (n = 19).MethodsTwelve common surgical sites were selected for algometric pressure testing. Threshold response was defined as a conscious recognition of the stimulus, and recorded in Newtons. Sites were tested in the same order, and the testing sequence repeated 3 times on each side of the dog. Dogs were tested in the morning and evening of the same day and was repeated 10–14 days later, allowing 4 separate data collections for each dog.ResultsData were analyzed using ANOVA or ANCOVA. When all the data were included in the analysis, dog (P < .0001), order (P < .0001), site (P < .0001), site order (P = .0217), time (P < .0001), day (P < .0001) and repetition (P < .0001) all significantly affected the algometer readings. When only the first reading for each site was included in the analysis, dog (P < .0001), site (P < .0001) and sex (P < .0001) all significantly affected algometer readings.ConclusionThese results suggest that learning occurred over repeated collection time points, with dogs anticipating the stimulus and reacting at lower thresholds.
Intra‐Articular Pharmacokinetics of a Gentamicin Impregnated Collagen Sponge in the Canine Stifle: An Experimental Study
Authors: Hayes Galina M. , Gibson Thomas W.G. , Moens Noel. M.M. , Monteiro Beatriz , Johnson Ron J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate local and systemic pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intra‐articular implantation of a gentamicin impregnated collagen sponge (GICS) in the inflamed canine joint.Study DesignDescriptive repeated measures experimental study.AnimalsDogs (n = 9).MethodsStifle joint inflammation was caused by urate injection. Twenty‐four hours later a GICS (gentamicin dose, 6 mg/kg) was arthroscopically implanted. Synovial fluid and plasma gentamicin concentrations were measured for 14 days after implantation, and pharmacokinetic parameters modeled using statistical moment analyses.ResultsIntra‐articular gentamicin concentrations fell to sub‐MIC forStaphylococcussp. (4 µg/mL) by 22.4 hours (95% CI: 18.6–26.2) after sponge implantation. Cmax synovialwas 2397 µg/mL (95%CI: 1161–3634 µg/mL) at 1.2 hours (95%CI: 0.5–1.8 hours). Plasma gentamicin concentrations achieved levels of Cmax plasma = 8.0 µg/mL (95%CI: 6.1–10.0 µg/mL) at 1.5 hours (95%CI: 0.8–2.1) after GICS placement and fell below target trough of 2.0 µg/mL by 5.6 hours (95%CI: 4.7–6.5 hours) after GICS placement.ConclusionsIntra‐articular gentamicin concentration after GICS placement at an IV‐equivalent dose reached high levels and declined rapidly. The maximum plasma levels attained were ∼1/3 of the recommended sub‐toxic target for people after parenteral gentamicin administration.
Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP‐2: Part 1—Immediate Reconstruction of Segmental Mandibulectomies
Authors: Arzi Boaz , Verstraete Frank J.M. , Huey Daniel J. , Cissell Derek D. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo describe a surgical technique using a regenerative approach and internal fixation for immediate reconstruction of critical size bone defects after segmental mandibulectomy in dogs.Study DesignProspective case series.AnimalsDogs (n = 4) that had reconstruction after segmental mandibulectomy for treatment of malignant or benign tumors.MethodsUsing a combination of extraoral and intraoral approaches, a locking titanium plate was contoured to match the native mandible. After segmental mandibulectomy, the plate was secured and a compression resistant matrix (CRM) infused with rhBMP‐2, implanted in the defect. The implant was then covered with a soft tissue envelope followed by intraoral and extraoral closure.ResultsAll dogs that had mandibular reconstruction healed with intact gingival covering over the mandibular defect and had immediate return to normal function and occlusion. Mineralized tissue formation was observed clinically within 2 weeks and solid cortical bone formation within 3 months. CT findings at 3 months showed that the newly regenerated mandibular bone had ∼50% of the bone density and porosity compared to the contralateral side. No significant complications occurred.ConclusionMandibular reconstruction using internal fixation and CRM infused with rhBMP‐2 is an excellent solution for immediate reconstruction of segmental mandibulectomy defects in dogs.
Social problem‐solving, perceived stress, negative life events, depression and life satisfaction in psoriasis
Authors: Eskin M. , Şavk E. , Uslu M. , Küçükaydoğan N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic dermatosis which may cause significant impairment of the patient's quality of life.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the social problem‐solving skills, perceived stress, negative life events, depression and life satisfaction in psoriasis patients.MethodsData were gathered by means of questionnaires and clinical evaluations from 51 psoriatic patients and 51 matched healthy controls.ResultsAverage disease duration was 16.47 years and average Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was 3.67. Compared with the controls, the patients displayed lower social problem‐solving skills. They displayed higher negative problem orientation and impulsive‐careless problem‐solving style scores than the controls. Patients tended also to show more avoidant problem‐solving style and lower life satisfaction than controls. There was no difference between psoriatic patients and controls in terms of depression, perceived stress and negative life events. Higher social problem‐solving skills were associated with lower depression, perceived stress and fewer numbers of negative life events but higher level of life satisfaction.LimitationsThe patient group largely included mild and moderate psoriatic cases.ConclusionThe findings of the study suggest that problem‐solving training or therapy may be a suitable option for alleviating levels of psychological distress in patients suffering from psoriasis.
Cognitive behavioural anger management intervention for people with intellectual disabilities: costs of intervention and impact on health and social care resource use
Authors: Felce D. , Cohen D. , Willner P. , Rose J. , Kroese B. , Rose N. , Shead J. , Jahoda A. , MacMahon P. , Lammie C. , Stimpson A. , Woodgate C. , Gillespie D. , Townson J. , Nuttall J. , Hood K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundAnger and aggression among adults with intellectual disability (ID) are associated with a range of adverse consequences for their well‐being and that of their family or staff carers. The aims were to evaluate the effectiveness of an anger management intervention for adults with mild to moderate ID and to evaluate the costs of the intervention and its impact on health and social care resource use. This paper is concerned with the latter aim.MethodsA cluster‐randomised controlled trial was conducted involving day services for adults with ID in Scotland, England and Wales. Incremental costs of delivering the intervention and its impact on subsequent total health and social care package costs were calculated. Full data comparing costs between baseline and follow‐up 10 months later were collected for 67 participants in the intervention arm and 62 participants in the control arm. Cost differences between the groups at follow‐up, adjusted for baseline levels, were calculated using non‐parametric bootstrapping controlling for clustering.ResultsThe mean hourly excess cost of intervention over treatment as usual was £12.34. A mean adjusted cost difference of £22.46 per person per week in favour of the intervention group was found but this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe baseline‐adjusted cost difference at follow‐up would result in a fairly immediate compensation for the excess costs of intervention, provided the difference is not a statistical artefact. Further research is needed to clarify the extent to which it might represent a real saving in service support costs.
Drinking preferences in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger), degus (Octodon degu) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Hagen K. , Clauss M. , Hatt J.‐M. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryChinchilla (Chinchilla laniger), degus (Octodon degus) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are South American rodents living in a semi‐arid habitat with varying, species‐specific adaptations to water deprivation. Nonetheless, several diseases have been linked to insufficient water intake when these species are kept as pets, such as urolithiasis or obstipation. This study evaluated preferences for drinking systems. Six animals of each species were given a choice between an open dish and a nipple drinker. Food intake and water intake were measured daily for 13 days. Chinchillas in this study had significantly lower water intakes than the other two species, indicating particular species‐specific adaptations to aridity. All chinchillas favoured open dishes, whereas the degus and guinea pigs had variable individual preferences. Water intake of chinchillas was similar or higher in this study than in previous studies where nipple drinkers were used. The results indicate that degus and guinea pigs can meet their drinking water needs with nipple drinkers; for chinchillas, other drinking systems may be more adequate.
Cyclin‐dependent kinases as therapeutic targets in melanoma
Authors: Miller David M. , Flaherty Keith T. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryDecades of scientific insights have led to a recent expansion of the therapeutic menu for melanoma. Despite these advances, the current targeted therapies and immune checkpoint agents continue to yield suboptimal response and cure rates. Hitherto, the most effective targeted therapy strategies have centered on effectors in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This review focuses on the emerging evidence of combinatorial approaches targeting both MAPK signaling and dysregulations in cell‐cycle checkpoints. We discuss the prospects and limitations of utilizing strategies that promote cellular senescence, such as inhibition of the interphase cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) and highlight the current state of CDK drug discovery in melanoma.
Genomewide RNAi screen identifies protein kinase Cβ and new members of mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway as regulators of melanoma cell growth and metastasis
Authors: Schönherr Madeleine , Bhattacharya Animesh , Kottek Tina , Szymczak Silke , Köberle Margarethe , Wickenhauser Claudia , Siebolts Udo , Saalbach Anja , Koczan Dirk , Magin Thomas M. , Simon Jan C. , Kunz Manfred 
Published: January 2014

SummaryA large‐scale RNAi screen was performed for eight different melanoma cell lines using a pooled whole‐genome lentiviral shRNA library. shRNAs affecting proliferation of transduced melanoma cells were negatively selected during 10 days of culture. Overall, 617 shRNAs were identified by microarray hybridization. Pathway analyses identified mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway members such as ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and MAP3K7 and protein kinase C β (PKCβ) as candidate genes. Knockdown of PKCβ most consistently reduced cellular proliferation, colony formation and migratory capacity of melanoma cells and was selected for further validation. PKCβ showed enhanced expression in human primary melanomas and distant metastases as compared with benign melanocytic nevi. Moreover, treatment of melanoma cells with PKCβ‐specific inhibitor enzastaurin reduced melanoma cell growth but had only small effects on benign fibroblasts. Finally, PKCβ‐shRNA significantly reduced lung colonization capacity of stably transduced melanoma cells in mice. Taken together, this study identified new candidate genes for melanoma cell growth and proliferation. PKCβ seems to play an important role in these processes and might serve as a new target for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
Network analysis for motives in suicide cases: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shiratori Yuki , Tachikawa Hirokazu , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Endo Go , Aiba Miyuki , Matsui Yutaka , Asada Takashi 
Published: January 2014

AimSuicide victims have various distresses or motives. There are few studies on how these motives toward suicide relate with each other. We used network analyses to extract the structures of correlations among the motives for suicide.MethodsWe obtained datasets of suicide victims from 2007–2009 in Japan in cooperation with Ibaraki Prefectural Police Headquarters. The data were analyzed by network centrality measures and a structural analysis by block modeling.ResultsAmong the motives, depression and physical illness showed relatively high scores of ‘degree centrality’, whereas depression and unemployment showed relatively high scores of ‘betweenness centrality’. Structural analysis by block modeling resulted in eight blocks. The most important block comprised eight motives, including conflict between parent and child, marital conflict, economic hardship, and overloaded with debt.ConclusionDepression and physical illness were important and priority areas for completed suicides, although these two motives had different influences on suicide behaviors. Furthermore, structural analysis revealed the important role of a block, including some familial and financial motives, which induced hopelessness. Our results suggest that it might be useful to consider the common ways in which motivations for suicide are tied together when suicide intervention is launched from a social model point of view.