bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Assimilation of InSAR Measurements for Large Scale Reservoirs
Authors: Katterbauer Klemens , Hoteit Ibrahim , Sun Shuyu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Optimizing and enhancing oil recovery is a key focus for the oil and gas industry. For economic success, good reservoir formation knowledge is important to optimize oil & gas extraction over the course of production time. Reservoir history matching plays a crucial role in the incorporation of production and logging data for efficiently forecasting the development of reservoirs and its depletion. While production and logging data have been readily incorporated, sparse spatial sampling of these data may yield insufficient information about the formation structure to accurately history match for large reservoirs such as Ghawar. InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) has revolutionized the way to measure the Earth's surface deformation and has been successfully and economically utilized for studying large surface deformation caused by hydrocarbon extraction (such as commercialized by Halliburton). Surface displacement is primarily caused by changes in the pressure level within the subsurface reservoirs that lead to an up-or downlift of the subsurface. With fluids travelling from high into low pressure environments, InSAR measurements can be used to forecast fluid displacements. We have developed an InSAR based history matching framework for oil & gas reservoirs that efficiently incorporates InSAR data for improved reservoir management and forecasts. Our numerical results suggest that InSAR data provide important information about the reservoir state which can be exploited to enhance the forecasting for large scale reservoirs.
Shale Gas Field: Exploration, Exploitation and Development Strategies Globally
Authors: Saleem Waleed Anwar , Baber Shahzaib , Jafri Muhammad Osama 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. In 2000 shale gas provided only 1% of U.S. natural gas production; by 2010 it was over 20% and the U.S. government's Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035, 46% of the United States' natural gas supply will come from shale gas. Some analysts expect that shale gas will greatly expand worldwide energy supply. China is estimated to have the world's largest shale gas reserves.. This paper covers a detailed study on the following topics: Shale Exploration Strategies and Techniques○3D Seismic SurveyShale Gas Monitoring Techniques○Micro-Seismic and 4D Seismic SurveyShale Gas Exploitation Techniques○Multi-Stage Hydraulic FracturingShale Gas Field Development Strategies
This paper also discusses different shale gas case studies which include seismic techniques, well log analysis, reserve estimations techniques, hydraulic fracturing techniques, production optimization and simulation. The objective of this paper is to give an understanding and insight of shale gas reservoirs.
A Streamlined Process to Track Field Operations through Management Operations Dashboard
Authors: Al-Buraik M. , Al-Naim H. , Alakeely A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The rig operations and drilling activities around the Kingdom have drastically increased over the past few years. Tracking such operations tends to be an extremely complicated process. Furthermore, providing executive management with manual status update reports of the different jobs proves to be a time consuming and laborious task. Such executive summary reports involve collecting information from different sources, which becomes a full time daily job for the engineers, taking into account the size of the operation. With all these challenges, a solution was proposed to develop a streamlined approach to automate such a process. This solution was designed and implemented to be a one stop shop for all logging and well testing operation activities. The solution integrates data from different sources and provides the engineers with all the required information to kick-start the analysis.
This Management Operations Dashboard (MOD) enriches the decision making process by providing Upstream management with a high level, multilateral status overview of the operations, in a timely manner through a GIS enabled interface. It also automates the process of generating and distributing executive summary reports to higher management, allowing engineers to focus on analysis and setting strategies.
The paper discusses and shares major insights from the completed project and highlights the main incorporated features. It also outlines the MOD's workflow to prepare and send summarized operation reports.
Successful Inorganic Scaling Prediction in Early Conceptual Design Phase: Gas Field Development Experience
Authors: Nengkoda Ardian , Birkle Peter , Harbi Bader , Mufleh Jamal , Awwami Mofeed , Duailej Yasser , Khaldi Mohammed , Cai Xiaolong , Haas Michael , Alharith Ibrahim 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The early stage in conceptual engineering design of a gas field development comprises an assessment study to evaluate the potential occurrence of inorganic scale within the upstream and downstream production system. Strategies for water treatment and water disposal are developed to avoid injectivity loss by scale generation. The contribution of drilling fluids or brine contaminants difficult the recovery of representative condensed water and formation water samples from HP/HT gas production wells and water disposal wells. The present study integrates bottom hole water sampling, well testing and geochemistry to predict future potential inorganic scaling during gas field development. A bottom hole water sample shows TDS concentration of 63,199 mg/l, a Cl-Na-Ca water type with slightly enriched trace elemental concentrations (Sr=40 mg/L, Ba=7 mg/L, Fe=2.8 mg/L) and neutral pH conditions (6.8). In contrast, K (1,340 mg/L) and Mg (1,126 mg/L) are relatively abundant in comparison to standard formation water concentrations across the formation, suggesting a mixing contribution with contaminant fluid. Representative formation water is characterized by a hypersaline brine composition with extremely high TDS abundance (231,000-297,000 mg/L). Various predicting scenarios for the scaling of self inorganic and water mixing scale were modeled and laboratory static testing were conducted. As a conclusion, all waters were compatible at pH range of 6.5-9.5 with different mixing ratios. No self-scaling was observed up to 140°F. A benchmarking to a nearby gas field and wells, being under production for about 2 years, also concur similar result. The study has successfully confirmed an optimum approach for scaling management during the initial phase of field design.
Simulation of Single Well Tracer Tests for Surfactant-Polymer Flooding
Authors: Bu Peter X. , AlSofi Abdulkareem M. , Liu Jim , Benedek Lajos , Han Ming 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A single well tracer test (SWTT) is a method to investigate the residual oil saturation near the wellbore. It presents an important tool to evaluate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. For EOR evaluation, two SWTTs (one before and another after EOR application) can be used to estimate the reduction in Sor due to the application of an EOR process. The change in Sor is a measure of the incremental oil recovery of the applied EOR technology.
In this work, we use University of Texas Chemical Flooding Simulator (UTCHEM) to guide the design of SWTTs that will be later run to evaluate chemical flooding potential. Firstly, we perform thorough sensitivity simulations using an idealistic homogeneous model. Secondly, we perform simulations using a realistic model, which was generated based on the selected evaluation well (Well-X).
In the sensitivity runs, we investigate the effects of various parameters such as partitioning coefficients, reaction rates, injection rates, injection volumes, and shut-in times. Based on the results, we provide recommendations for designing the SWTTs. Furthermore, simulations using the Well-X model suggest an incremental oil recovery factor of 14.7% OOIP due to surfactant-polymer flooding. This is consistent with lab data and provides assurance to multi-well field applications. More importantly, those simulation results support the utility of SWTTs in evaluating chemical flooding potential. Based on the results, we expect to observe distinct back-production peaks, clear separation between the reactive and product tracers, and measurable variation in separation due to chemical EOR application that can be categorically analyzed.
Unconventional Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS)
Authors: Salu Samusideen A. , Soliman Mohamed , Ansari Nisar Ahmad 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents unconventional flare gas recovery schemes that do not include gas compressors to collect the routine daily flared gas, to send it back to the process plant. The innovative recovery systems will provide significant capital and operating cost savings by eliminating the installation and operation of gas compressor(s) as part of conventional FGRS. Two different FGRS schemes without gas compressors were established, using only static equipment for the flared gas recovery. The first scheme involves providing carefully sized pipe to flow-back the collected flare gas to the plant at the required pressure. This scheme requires careful hydraulic simulation for the entire flare system network, to ensure that the recovery system will not have any negative impact on the relief and flare systems — thereby jeopardizing the safety of the entire plant — and at the same time ensure flow from the location of the flare line to the recovered gas destination. The second scheme includes the use of a gas ejector with high pressure motive gas to boost low pressure flare gas to the intermediate pressure required to deliver the gas back to the process. The case study — of applying the established unconventional flare gas recovery system at Saudi Aramco's Qatif North Plant, to continuously recover about 5MMscfd of valuable fuel gas, which is equivalent to 5,051 MMBtu/day in fuel energy savings — was presented. The proposed FGRS schemes will minimize greenhouse gas emissions and provide positive environmental benefits.
The Effects of Firm-Provided Measure Weightings on Evaluators' Incorporation of Non-Contractible Information
Authors: Long James H. , Mertins Lasse , Vansant Brian 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Subjective performance evaluation systems often prescribe for evaluators to use multiple measures to assess overall subordinate performance. Firms can choose to explicitly provide suggested weights to “balance” the relative weight evaluators place on each measure. However, we theorize that doing so may also affect evaluators' perceptions regarding the extent to which the firm intends for them to exercise subjectivity in their evaluations. We conducted an experiment in which evaluators use four measures to subjectively evaluate a subordinate's overall performance. Evaluators were also provided with relevant non-contractible information, although evaluators were not explicitly required to consider this information. We find that the provision of weights reduces the extent to which evaluators employ subjectivity to incorporate non-contractible information, which is manifested in larger outcome effects. Our results suggest firms should carefully consider what the structure and characteristics of their performance evaluation systems communicate to evaluators regarding the role of subjectivity.
A model-based comparison of organic matter dynamics between riparian-forested and open-canopy streams
Authors: Stenroth Karolina , Hoover Trent M. , Herrmann Jan , Bohman Irene , Richardson John S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe food webs of forest streams are primarily based upon inputs of organic matter from adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. However, streams that run through open landscapes generally lack closed riparian canopies, and an increasing number of studies indicate that terrestrial organic matter may be an important resource in these systems as well. Combining key abiotically-controlled factors (stream discharge, water temperature, and litter input rate) with relevant biotic processes (e.g. macroinvertebrate CPOM consumption, microbial processing), we constructed a model to predict and contrast organic matter dynamics (including temporal variation in CPOM standing crop, CPOM processing rate, FPOM production, and detritivore biomass) in small riparian-forested and open-canopy streams. Our modeled results showed that the standing crop of CPOM was similar between riparian-forested and open-canopy streams, despite considerable differences in litter input rate. This unexpected result was partly due to linkages between CPOM supply and consumer abundance that produced higher detritivore biomass in the forest stream than the open-canopy stream. CPOM standing crop in the forest stream was mainly regulated by top-down consumer control, depressing it to a level similar to that of the open-canopy stream. In contrast, CPOM standing crop in the open-canopy stream was primarily controlled by physical factors (litter input rates and discharge), not consumption. This suggests that abiotic processes (e.g. discharge) may play a greater role in limiting detrital resource availability and consumer biomass in open-canopy streams than in forest streams. These model results give insight on functional differences that exists among streams and they can be used to predict effects of anthropogenic influences such as forestry, agriculture, urbanization, and climate change on streams and how riparian management and conservation tools can be employed to mitigate undesirable effects.
Direct and indirect drivers of instream wood in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA: decoupling climate, vegetation, disturbance, and geomorphic setting
Authors: Hough-Snee Nate , Kasprak Alan , Roper Brett B. , Meredith Christy S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInstream wood is a driver of geomorphic change in low-order streams, frequently altering morphodynamic processes. Instream wood is a frequently measured component of streams, yet it is a complex metric, responding to ecological and geomorphic forcings at a variety of scales. Here we seek to disentangle the relative importance of physical and biological processes that drive wood growth and delivery to streams across broad spatial extents. In so doing, we ask two primary questions: (1) is riparian vegetation a composite variable that captures the indirect effects of climate and disturbance on instream wood dynamics? (2) What are the direct and indirect relationships between geomorphic setting, vegetation, climate, disturbance, and instream wood dynamics? We measured riparian vegetation composition and wood frequency and volume at 720 headwater reaches within the American interior Pacific Northwest. We used ordination to identify relationships between vegetation and environmental attributes, and subsequently built a structural equation model to identify how climate and disturbance directly affect vegetation composition and how vegetation and geomorphic setting directly affect instream wood volume and frequency. We found that large wood volume and frequency are directly driven by vegetation composition and positively correlated to wildfire, elevation, stream gradient, and channel bankfull width. Indicator species at reaches with high volumes of wood were generally long-lived, conifer trees that persist for extended durations once delivered to stream habitats. Wood dynamics were also indirectly mediated by factors that shape vegetation: wildfire, precipitation, elevation, and temperature. We conclude that wood volume and frequency are driven by multiple interrelated climatic, geomorphic, and ecological variables. Vegetation composition and geomorphic setting directly mediate indirect relationships between landscape environmental processes and instream large wood. Where climate or geomorphic setting preclude tree establishment, reaches may remain naturally depauperate of instream wood unless wood is transported from elsewhere in the stream network.
Book Review: Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat by Mohan Bansal
Authors: Kafle P 
Published: June 2014

Not available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i1.10557Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 2, No. 1, Issue 3, Jan.-Mar., 2013 Page: 41
The Impact of the Webcam on an Online L2 Interaction
Authors: Guichon Nicolas , Cohen Cathy 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:It is intuitively felt that visual cues should enhance online communication, and this experimental study aims to test this prediction by exploring the value provided by a webcam in an online L2 pedagogical teacher-to-learner interaction. A total of 40 French undergraduate students with a B2 level in English were asked to describe in English four previously unseen photographs to a native English-speaking teacher of EFL via Skype, a free web-based videoconferencing tool, during a 10-minute interaction. Twenty students were assigned to the videoconferencing condition and 20 to the audioconferencing condition. All 40 interactions were recorded using dynamic screen capture software and were analyzed with ELAN, a multimodal data annotation tool. Participants’ perceptions of the online interaction are first compared with regard to the issues of social presence and their understanding and appreciation of the online interaction, using data gathered from a post-task questionnaire. The study then explores whether seeing the interlocutor’s image impacts on the patterns of these synchronous exchanges and on the word search episodes. Results indicated that the impact of the webcam on the online pedagogical interaction was not as critical as had been predicted.
Trends in the Distribution and Abundance of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Nonnative Trout in Idaho
Authors: Meyer Kevin A. , Larson Erin I. , Sullivan Christopher L. , High Brett 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The distribution and abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri across their native range is relatively well-known, but evaluations of trends in distribution and abundance over time are lacking. In 2010–2011, we resurveyed 74 stream reaches in the upper Snake River basin of Idaho that were sampled in the 1980s and again in 1999–2000 to evaluate changes in the distribution and abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and nonnative trout over time. Yellowstone cutthroat trout occupied all 74 reaches in the 1980s, 70 reaches in 1999–2000, and 69 reaches in 2010–2011. In comparison, rainbow trout O. mykiss and rainbow × cutthroat hybrid occupancy increased from 23 reaches in the 1980s to 36 reaches in 1999–2000, and then declined back to 23 reaches in 2010–2011. The proportion of reaches occupied by brown trout Salmo trutta and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was largely unchanged across time periods. Yellowstone cutthroat trout abundance declined from a mean of 40.0 fish/100 linear meters of stream in the 1980s to 32.8 fish/100 m in 2010–2011. In contrast, estimates of abundance increased over time for all species of nonnative trout. Population growth rate (λ) was therefore below replacement for Yellowstone cutthroat trout (mean  =  0.98) and above replacement for rainbow trout (1.07), brown trout (1.08), and brook trout (1.04), but 90% confidence intervals overlapped unity for all species. However, λ differed statistically from 1.00 within some individual drainages for each species. More pronounced drought conditions in any given year resulted in lower Yellowstone cutthroat trout abundance 1 y later. Our results suggest that over a span of up to 32 y, the distribution and abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the upper Snake River basin of Idaho appears to be relatively stable, and nonnative trout do not currently appear to be expanding across the basin.
Songbird-transported tickIxodes minor(Ixodida: Ixodidae) discovered in Canada
Authors: Scott John D. , Durden Lance A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTicks are carried into Canada by millions of birds during spring migration, and some of these blood-sucking ectoparasites harbour tick-associated pathogens. During a pan-Canadian study of ticks on avian hosts, we identified an extralimital tick,Ixodes minorNeumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae) collected from a Common Yellowthroat,Geothlypis trichas(Linnaeus) (Passeriformes: Parulidae) at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Although theI. minorlarva was not tested for any tick-borne pathogens, this tick species is considered a competent enzootic vector of the Lyme disease spirochete,Borrelia burgdorferiJohnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brennersensu lato(s.l.). Epidemiologically, diverseB. burgdorferi s.l.genospecies have been detected in, or isolated fromI. minor, and this tick species potentially represents a public health risk not only in the southeastern United States of America, whereI. minoris indigenous, but also in Canada. This tick collection is the northernmost report ofI. minorin North America, and constitutes the first documentation of this tick species in Canada.
Le risque zéro lors de l’accouchement : genèse et conséquences dans la société québécoise d’un fantasme contemporain1
Authors: Rivard Andrée 
Published: June 2014

Dans nos sociétés contemporaines, l’omniprésence de la peur et l’accroissement des sensibilités individuelles à l’égard des divers risques malgré l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de sécurité ont de quoi laisser perplexe. Si les scientifiques s’entendent sur le fait que ce paradoxe touche l’ensemble de la vie en société, il appert que le domaine sanitaire a été un terrain particulièrement sensible à l’expression de ces angoisses. Ce phénomène est loin d’être sans conséquence. Cet article examine en particulier l’accouchement au Québec depuis les années 1950, à partir du fil conducteur suivant : pourquoi le sentiment de peur des femmes à l’égard de l’accouchement paraît-il n’avoir pas tellement diminué malgré les promesses d’une médecine qui se veut rassurante ? Quelles sont les conséquences de l’adoption d’une pratique obstétricale orientée vers la gestion active des risques ? Je soutiens que la montée d’une idéologie préventive axée sur l’enfant a joué un rôle déterminant dans cette médicalisation qui impose l’hôpital comme espace exclusif ainsi qu’une approche particulière de la mise au monde, celle de l’accouchement dirigé, destinée à anticiper les risques. Tout un discours a servi à socialiser les individus au nouveau rituel que les autorités médicales et étatiques, en particulier, présentent comme un gage de sécurité. Malgré tout, les résultats sont mitigés puisque la peur liée à l’accouchement régresse peu en définitive. Les maux iatrogènes liés à l’accouchement dirigé n’y sont certes pas étrangers. De nos jours, des médecins reconnaissent l’effet d’une variété de facteurs dans la propagation de la peur, dont l’anxiété des femmes elles-mêmes, une peur qui les porte à intervenir davantage, engendrant des cascades d’interventions peu favorables à la santé.