bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operative and non-operative management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-associated duodenal injuries
Authors: Rabie M Ezzedien , Mir NH , Skaini MS Al , Hakeem I El , Hadad A , Ageely H , Shaban AN , Obaid M , Hummadi AM 
Published: May 2013

Introduction Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is indispensable in everyday surgical practice. Despite this, as an invasive procedure, it has its own mortality and morbidity, the most feared of which is periduodenal perforations. Our experience with ERCP related periduodenal perforations and its treatment strategies are presented. Additionally, a rarely encountered subtype is highlighted. Methods Patients who underwent ERCP and sustained a periduodenal perforation between August 2008 and October 2011 were reviewed. Results During the period from August 2008 to October 2011, 597 ERCP procedures were performed in our hospital. Ten of these patients (3 male, 7 female) had a perforation. The mean patient age was 56.6 years. During the procedure, injury was suspected in four patients; it passed unnoticed in the remaining six. The decision to operate or follow a conservative policy was based on a combination of clinical and radiological findings. Operative intervention was required in three patients, with one mortality, while conservative treatment was followed in the remaining seven. A laparotomy was performed early in two patients whereas it was performed after an initial period of conservative treatment in one. The presence of periduodenal fluid collection, contrast extravasation or free intraperitoneal air were decisive factors for performing laparotomy. Conclusions ERCP-related periduodenal perforations include different categories. Certain types require operative repair while others should be treated conservatively. The choice of the management approach should be individualised, depending on the clinical picture and radiological findings. Although rare, these are potentially serious complications that may end fatally. Early recognition and appropriate intervention is the only way to avert a fatal outcome.
Reducing Sequence Artifacts in Amplicon-Based Massively Parallel Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded DNA by Enzymatic Depletion of Uracil-Containing Templates
Authors: Do Hongdo , Wong Stephen Q , Li Jason , Dobrovic Alexander 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are routinely used for detecting mutational biomarkers in patients with cancer. A previous intractable challenge with FFPE DNA in genetic testing has been the high number of artifactual single-nucleotide changes (SNCs), particularly for the detection of low-level mutations. Pretreatment of FFPE DNA with uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) can markedly reduce these C:G&gt;T:A SNCs with a small panel of amplicons. This procedure has implications for massively parallel sequencing approaches to mutation detection from DNA. We investigated whether sequence artifacts were problematic in amplicon-based massively parallel sequencing and what effect UDG pretreatment had on reducing these artifacts.

METHODS
We amplified selected amplicons from lung cancer FFPE DNAs using the TruSeq Cancer Panel. SNCs occurring at a frequency &lt;10% were considered most likely to represent sequence artifacts and were enumerated for both UDG-treated and -untreated DNAs.

RESULTS
Massively parallel sequencing of FFPE DNA samples showed multiple SNCs, predominantly C:G&gt;T:A changes, with a significant proportion occurring above the BACKGROUND sequencing error (defined as 1%). UDG pretreatment markedly reduced C:G&gt;T:A SNCs without affecting the detection of true somatic mutations. However, C:G&gt;T:A changes within CpG dinucleotides were often resistant to the UDG treatment as a consequence of 5-methyl cytosine being deaminated to thymine rather than uracil.

CONCLUSIONS
UDG pretreatment greatly facilitates the accurate discrimination of mutations in FFPE samples by use of amplicon-based approaches. This is particularly important when working with samples with low tumor purity or for the assessment of mutational heterogeneity in tumors.
A convenient one-pot synthesis and bioactivity of N
-dichloroacetyl-5-aryl-1,3-oxazolidines
Authors: Ye Fei , Liu Cheng-Guo , Wang Xin-Ming , Fu Ying , Gao Shuang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
New N-dichloroacetyl-5-aryl-1,3-oxazolidines 4 were synthesized by cycloaddition reaction of an aryl substituted hydroxyalkylamine 1 with aldehyde or ketone 2, followed by acylation, without isolation of the intermediate product 3. The structures of compounds 4 were determined by spectral and elemental analyses. The structure of 4b was determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The bioassay results demonstrate that these compounds could alleviate chlorsulfuron injury to maize.
Steroids in semen, their role in spermatogenesis, and the possible impact of endocrine disruptors
Authors: Hampl Richard , Kubátová Jana , Sobotka Vladimír , Heráček Jiří 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The data on hormonal steroids in the human seminal plasma and their role in spermatogenesis are summarized. The seminal steroid levels need not correlate with the blood plasma levels. The recent reports showed that androgen, especially dihydrotestosterone, and the estrogen levels in the seminal fluid may be used as the markers of spermatogenesis impairment. The estradiol concentration in the seminal plasma was higher than in the blood plasma, and its levels were significantly increased in men with impaired spermatogenesis. A good indicator for predicting the normal spermatogenesis, therefore, seems to be the testosterone/estradiol ratio. The seminal plasma also contains significant amounts of cortisol, which influences the androgen biosynthesis through its receptors in the Leydig cells. The local balance between cortisol and inactive cortisone is regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the activity of which may be affected by the environmental chemicals acting as the endocrine disruptors (EDCs). These compounds are believed to participate in worsening the semen quality – the sperm count, motility, and morphology, as witnessed in the recent last decades. As to the steroids’ role in the testis, the EDCs may act as antiandrogens by inhibiting the enzymes of testosterone biosynthesis, as the agonists or antagonists through their interaction with the steroid hormone receptors, or at the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Surprisingly, though the EDCs affect the steroid action in the testis, there is no report of a direct association between the concentrations of steroids and the EDCs in the seminal fluid. Therefore, measuring the steroids in the semen, along with the various EDCs, could help us better understand the role of the EDCs in the male reproduction.
A Fan-out Splitting Scheduling Algorithm with QoS Difference for Optical Multicast Packet Switching Node
Authors: Liu Huan-lin , Sui Meng , Wu Shuai-yong , Shi Song-lei 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
To improve the optical multicast packet switching node throughput performance, the new multicast scheduling algorithms are need urgently to overcome the entire optical multicast packet discard under the model of “one-shot”. A novel QoS difference optical multicast scheduling algorithm, which supporting the fan-out splitting for optical multicast packet switching node with limited range wavelength converter shared per node and without optical random access memory, is presented in the paper. By dropping partly not all the optical multicast packets which are replicated in the blocking multicast source, the proposed algorithm can improve output port utilization. Moreover, the algorithm is improved to provide service QoS difference for priority different traffic application. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms remarkably improve the throughput of optical multicast packet switch node in comparison with the existing algorithms and support high priority service with high throughput QoS.
Three classes of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes
Authors: Werner Ernst R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Current knowledge distinguishes three classes of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes as based on protein sequence similarity. These three protein sequence clusters hydroxylate three types of substrate atoms and use three different forms of iron for catalysis. The first class to be discovered was the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, which, in mammals, include phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and two isoforms of tryptophan hydroxylases. The protein sequences of these tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases are significantly similar, and all mammalian aromatic amino acid hydroxylases require a non-heme-bound iron atom in the active site of the enzyme for catalysis. The second classes of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes to be characterized were the nitric oxide synthases, which in mammals occur as three isoforms. Nitric oxide synthase protein sequences form a separate cluster of homologous sequences with no similarity to aromatic amino acid hydroxylase protein sequences. In contrast to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, nitric oxide synthases require a heme-bound iron for catalysis. The alkylglycerol monooxygenase protein sequence was the most recent to be characterized. This sequence shares no similarity with aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. Motifs contained in the alkylglycerol monooxygenase protein sequence suggest that this enzyme may use a di-iron center for catalysis.
Folates and antifolates in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jansen Gerrit , Weijers Karin , Blits Marjolein , van der Heijden Joost , Gent Yoony , Al Marjon , van der Laken Conny , Molthoff Carla , Verweij Cor , Voskuijl Alexandre , Lems Willem , Scheper Rik , Peters Godefridus , Ratnam Manohar , Aassaraf Yehuda , Dijkmans Ben 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Almost all current standard treatment of care for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes the folate antagonist methotrexate (MTX). Despite the proven efficacy of MTX in RA treatment, it is anticipated that further improvement of antifolate-based therapies can be achieved by integrating the continuously extending knowledge of parameters underlying drug efficacy. Herein, an overview will be presented of strategies that may assist in the future design of rationalized and personalized targeted therapies with a folate antagonist. Issues that will be discussed include (i) early detection of arthritis, (ii) genomic studies of folate/MTX pathway genes for MTX response predictions, (iii) identification of MTX resistance modalities, (iv) exploration of second/third generation of antifolates which may substitute for MTX, and (v) folate (food) supplementation.
Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Drug Trials for Neuropsychiatric Conditions
Authors: Murthy Srinivas , Mandl Kenneth D. , Bourgeois Florence 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Neuropsychiatric conditions represent a large and increasing disease burden in children. A number of drugs are available for the treatment of these conditions, but most drugs have not been adequately tested in children, and off-label drug use remains widespread. We sought to define and quantify recent and ongoing clinical research on the use of neuropsychiatric drugs in children.

METHODS:
Drug trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov between 2006 and 2011 and studying neuropsychiatric conditions were selected and classified based on the drug’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval status in children. We measured the proportion of trials seeking to expand the use of a drug to pediatric patients and the proportion of available drugs studied in children.

RESULTS:
Only 10% of neuropsychiatric trials focused on children. Of 303 drugs studied in both pediatric and adult populations, 90% lacked FDA approval in children and 97% were not approved in children for the indication studied. However, only 19% of all neuropsychiatric drugs were under study in pediatric populations, with as few as 8% of either antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs. Overall, 76% of pediatric drug trials examined a drug previously unapproved in children and 26% explored the use of a drug for a new indication.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite the rising prevalence of neuropsychiatric disease and the paucity of FDA-approved pediatric drugs, only a small proportion of trials focus on pediatric populations and these trials cover only a fraction of available drugs. This deficiency is most pronounced for depression and schizophrenia.
Effectiveness of Decision Support for Families, Clinicians, or Both on HPV Vaccine Receipt
Authors: Fiks Alexander G. , Grundmeier Robert W. , Mayne Stephanie , Song Lihai , Feemster Kristen , Karavite Dean , Hughes Cayce C. , Massey James , Keren Ron , Bell Louis M. , Wasserman Richard , Localio A. Russell 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates, we studied the effectiveness of targeting automated decision support to families, clinicians, or both.

METHODS:
Twenty-two primary care practices were cluster-randomized to receive a 3-part clinician-focused intervention (education, electronic health record-based alerts, and audit and feedback) or none. Overall, 22 486 girls aged 11 to 17 years due for HPV vaccine dose 1, 2, or 3 were randomly assigned within each practice to receive family-focused decision support with educational telephone calls. Randomization established 4 groups: family-focused, clinician-focused, combined, and no intervention. We measured decision support effectiveness by final vaccination rates and time to vaccine receipt, standardized for covariates and limited to those having received the previous dose for HPV #2 and 3. The 1-year study began in May 2010.

RESULTS:
Final vaccination rates for HPV #1, 2, and 3 were 16%, 65%, and 63% among controls. The combined intervention increased vaccination rates by 9, 8, and 13 percentage points, respectively. The control group achieved 15% vaccination for HPV #1 and 50% vaccination for HPV #2 and 3 after 318, 178, and 215 days. The combined intervention significantly accelerated vaccination by 151, 68, and 93 days. The clinician-focused intervention was more effective than the family-focused intervention for HPV #1, but less effective for HPV #2 and 3.

CONCLUSIONS:
A clinician-focused intervention was most effective for initiating the HPV vaccination series, whereas a family-focused intervention promoted completion. Decision support directed at both clinicians and families most effectively promotes HPV vaccine series receipt.
RCT of Timolol Maleate Gel for Superficial Infantile Hemangiomas in 5- to 24-Week-Olds
Authors: Chan Hsien , McKay Catherine , Adams Susan , Wargon Orli 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Timolol maleate 0.5% gel is a safe and effective medication for treating superficial infantile hemangiomas (IHs) in infants with a median age of 9 weeks.

METHODS:
Forty-one infants who had superficial IHs without ulceration and not near mucosal surfaces were recruited and randomly assigned to placebo and treatment (timolol maleate 0.5% gel) groups. Efficacy was assessed by performing blinded volume measurements at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 and blinded investigator photograph scoring at weeks 0, 12, and 24. Safety was assessed by measuring heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24.

RESULTS:
Fifteen of the 19 infants receiving treatment and 17 of the 22 infants receiving placebo completed the study. Significant color change on the blinded photographic scores was noted at week 24 of the study (P = .003). There was a significantly higher proportion of treated IHs that reduced in size by &gt;5% at weeks 20 and 24 (P &lt; .02). The predicted proportion of IH volume change was also significantly less for treated IHs from week 16 onward when compared with placebo (P &lt; .05). There was no significant variation in blood pressure and heart rate between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Topical timolol maleate 0.5% gel with a maximum dose of 0.5 mg per day is a safe and effective option for small superficial IHs that have not ulcerated and are not on mucosal surfaces.
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy for Pediatric Asthma and Rhinoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kim Julia M. , Lin Sandra Y. , Suarez-Cuervo Catalina , Chelladurai Yohalakshmi , Ramanathan Murugappan , Segal Jodi B. , Erekosima Nkiruka 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is approved in the United States for the treatment of pediatric asthma and rhinitis; sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) does not have regulatory approval but is used in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of SCIT and SLIT for the treatment of pediatric asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

METHODS:
Two independent reviewers selected articles for inclusion, extracted data, and graded the strength of evidence for each clinical outcome. All studies were randomized controlled trials of children with allergic asthma or rhinoconjunctivitis treated with SCIT or an aqueous formulation of SLIT. Data sources were Medline, Embase, LILACS, CENTRAL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through May 2012.

RESULTS:
In 13 trials, 920 children received SCIT or usual care; in 18 studies, 1583 children received SLIT or usual care. Three studies compared SCIT with SLIT head-to-head in 135 children. The strength of evidence is moderate that SCIT improves asthma and rhinitis symptoms and low that SCIT improves conjunctivitis symptoms and asthma medication scores. Strength of evidence is high that SLIT improves asthma symptoms and moderate that SLIT improves rhinitis and conjunctivitis symptoms and decreases medication usage. The evidence is low to support SCIT over SLIT for improving asthma or rhinitis symptoms or medication usage. Local reactions were frequent with SCIT and SLIT. There was 1 report of anaphylaxis with SCIT.

CONCLUSIONS:
Evidence supports the efficacy of both SCIT and SLIT for the treatment of asthma and rhinitis in children.
Early Effect of Vomerine Flap Closure of the Hard Palate at the Time of Lip Repair on the Alveolar Gap and Other Maxillary Dimensions
Authors: Maggiulli Federica , Hay Norman , Mars Michael , Worrell Emma , Green James , Sommerlad Brian 
Published: May 2013

Objective Comparison of the effects of vomerine flap (VF) closure of the hard palate at the time of lip repair with non-closure of the hard palate in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Design Retrospective, single-blinded, cohort study. Setting Study model sets of 40 consecutive, non-syndromic, infants with complete UCLP operated on between 1988 and 1998. Patients All subjects were operated on by a single consultant plastic surgeon immediately before and after the unit's change of protocol (1993), when VF closure of the hard palate was incorporated at the time of lip repair. Subjects were divided into two groups: VF (n = 18) and non-VF (n = 22), which acted as a control group. Each subject had maxillary impressions taken before lip repair at 3 months (VF mean age = 11.7 weeks; non-VF mean age = 13.4 weeks) and before palate repair at 6 months (VF mean age = 22.8 weeks; non-VF mean age = 24.0 weeks). Main Outcome Measures Seven predetermined landmarks and four maxillary dimensions were computed following single-blinded analysis using a reflex microscope. Results Repeatability tests showed good measurement precision. The operator measurement errors were 0.00018 mm in a horizontal plane (X and Y) and 0.00028 in the vertical plane (Z). The VF group showed significant changes in the alveolar cleft width. There were no statistically significant changes in any arch-form variable between the VF and non-VF groups. Conclusion The decrease of alveolar arch gap width at palate repair (6 months) in the VF group was significantly more than the decrease observed in the non-VF group, and there was no significant decrease in the, anterior and posterior arch width or anteroposterior length of the hard palate in the VF group compared with the non-VF group.
Use of Platelet‐Rich Fibrin Membrane as a Palatal Bandage
Authors: Aravindaksha Shyam Prasad , Batra Puneet , Sood Vishal , Kumar Ashish , Gupta Geeti 
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Free gingival grafting is one of the most common techniques used to increase the dimensions of keratinized tissue (KT). The palatal donor sites heal with secondary intention, require a longer time, and cause discomfort to patients. This case series describes the use of platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) membrane as a palatal bandage to cover donor sites. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report that describes the use of PRF membrane as a palatal bandage.Case Series: Five patients requiring augmentation of KT are described in this case series. The palatal donor sites of four of these patients were covered with PRF membranes as a palatal bandage. The donor site of the fifth patient was allowed to heal in a conventional way without PRF membrane to evaluate the difference in healing. The healing was evaluated visually by hydrogen peroxide test at days 12, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 30, and 31. Palatal donor sites covered with PRF membranes demonstrated considerably faster healing compared with the site not covered by PRF membrane.Conclusions: The superior healing observed at the PRF membrane sites supports its use in accelerating soft‐tissue healing. PRF membrane as a palatal bandage is an efficacious approach to protect the raw wound area of a palatal donor site to reduce healing time and patient discomfort.
Characterization of Periodontal Structures of Enamelin‐Null Mice
Authors: Chan Hsun‐Liang , Giannobile William V. , Eber Robert M. , Simmer James P. , Hu Jan C. 
Published: May 2013

Background: Enamelin‐null (ENAM−/−) mice have no enamel. When characterizing ENAM−/− mice, alveolar bone height reduction was observed, and it was hypothesized that enamel defects combined with diet are associated with the periodontal changes of ENAM−/−mice. The aim of the present study is to compare the dimension of interradicular bone of ENAM−/− (knock‐out [KO]) with wild‐type (WT) mice, maintained on hard (HC) or soft (SC) chow.Methods: A total of 100 animals divided into four groups were studied at 3, 8, and 24 weeks of age: 1) KO/HC; 2) KO/SC; 3) WT/HC; and 4) WT/SC. Microcomputed tomography was performed, and the following measurements were made between mandibular first (M1) and second (M2) molars: relative alveolar bone height (RBH), crestal bone width (CBW), bone volume (BV), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD). The position of M1 and M2 in relation to the inferior border of the mandible was also determined at 24 weeks. All variables were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and Dunnett test for pairwise comparisons. Morphologic analyses were conducted on hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections.Results: Radiographically, the enamel layer was absent in ENAM−/− mice. Interproximal open contacts were observed exclusively in ENAM−/− mice, and the prevalence decreased over time, suggesting that a shifting of tooth position had occurred. Additionally, in the two ENAM−/− groups, RBH was significantly lower at 8 and 24 weeks (P <0.02); CBW, BV, and BMC were significantly less (P <0.05) at 24 weeks. No differences in BMD were found among the four groups. The molars migrated to a more coronal position in ENAM−/− mice and mice on HC. Histologic findings were consistent with radiographic observations. After eruption, the junctional epithelium was less organized in ENAM−/− mice.Conclusion: The interdental bone density was not affected in the absence of enamelin, but its volume was, which is likely a consequence of alternations in tooth position.