bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of HIV‐related stigma on the lives of HIV‐positive women: an integrated literature review
Authors: Ho Szu‐Szu , Holloway Aisha 
Published: August 2015

Aims and objectivesTo critically explore how Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐related stigma impacts on the lives of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐positive women through an integrative review of the literature.BackgroundThroughout history Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection has been associated with sex trade, injecting drug use and other deviant behaviours within society. These historical associations can lead to the generation of negative perceptions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐positive women. As such, women who contract Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection can be susceptible to societal stigma.DesignAn integrative literature review.MethodsTo identify the publications on the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐related stigma among women, a search was performed using the following databases: CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstract covering the period from 2000–2014. The following key words were included in the search: ‘women’, ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’, and ‘stigma’.ResultsTwenty‐six articles were retrieved and reviewed. From the results, four key themes merged in relation to the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐related stigma on Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐positive women's lives: the individual, relationships, work and the community.ConclusionsDespite great advances in the management and treatment of those who are Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive, it appears the lives of many women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus remain greatly affected by their Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection with gender‐specific stigma and stereotypes. Having a holistic understanding of this impact offers the potential for those responsible for the funding and draws the attention of researchers and policy makers on promoting medical services specifically for Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐positive women, minimising social stigmatisation towards this client group, and optimising their health outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceIn an attempt to amplify Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐positive women's ability to resist social injustice, obtain support and optimise their health outcomes, nurses should expand their roles and work with professionals from different sectors to ensure the provision of comprehensive care to women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection.
Nerve Ultrasound and Electrophysiology for Therapy Monitoring in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Authors: Kerasnoudis Antonios , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Gold Ralf , Yoon Min‐Suk 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWe evaluated prospectively nerve ultrasound and electrophysiology as monitoring methods of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).METHODSOverall 15 healthy subjects and 11 CIDP patients undergoing IVIG therapy were recruited in the study. All patients underwent clinical, ultrasound, and electrophysiological evaluation at the time point of first onset of symptoms (<6 weeks of symptoms) and 4, 8, and 12 months after onset.RESULTSThe intranerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) variability of each nerve, but not the CSA alone, correlated with the MRC Scale score during 12‐month follow‐up. On the other hand, none of the electrophysiological parameters correlated with the MRC Scale Score in each of the peripheral nerves. Interestingly, in ¾ of the CIDP patients, the resolution of the conduction block correlated with the improvement in the MRC Sum score.CONCLUSIONSNerve ultrasound and in particular the intranerve CSA variability seems to be a useful method in monitoring CIDP patients. Although the sample size is small, the intranerve CSA variability seems to be more promising than neurophysiology.
Images of flight nursing in Australia: A study using institutional ethnography
Authors: Brideson Genevieve , Willis Eileen , Mayner Lidia , Chamberlain Diane J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPictures speak a thousand words. The traditional romantic image of an Australian aeromedical service is a male doctor and male pilot, out to rescue the male stockman from the red dust of the Australian outback. However, the reality is considerably different, particularly in the current context of the Australian healthcare system.This paper examines the images of flight nursing using a critical lens. The images are derived from popular literature sources from the early 1940s through to the present. A textual analysis of the images of flight nursing using the methodology of institutional ethnography reveals a number of themes including the glamorous, the romantic, and the heroic nurse. This study illustrates that the way these nurses are portrayed within popular literature mirrors the Australian cultural ethic of heroic bush pioneer, yet at the same time the work these nurses do is undervalued by various omissions and misrepresentations. The results from this study have the potential to significantly improve recognition of the work performed by flight nurses and to challenge incorrect cultural myths.
The Effects of Remittances on Output per Worker in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Production Function Approach
Authors: Ssozi John , Asongu Simplice A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper uses a production function to examine the channels through which remittances affect output per worker in 31 Sub‐Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2010. Lagged remittances increase physical capital per worker, average years of schooling and total factor productivity, but the effectiveness of remittances varies with the income level of the recipient nation. Although remittances have increased both physical capital and total factor productivity among the upper middle income nations, among the lower middle income, they have increased only the physical capital. Meanwhile a reduction in institutional risk has encouraged investment and efficiency, but its relationship to the effectiveness of remittances has been inconclusive.
Clinical Outcomes in Dialysis Patients: Prospects for Improvement with Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Suthar Samantha Dias , Middleton John P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPatients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those who have end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and require therapy with dialysis, suffer disproportionately from cardiovascular illnesses. Therapy with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) effectively reduces cardiac risk in discrete populations. Blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor carries the potential to reduce blood pressure and to promote favorable remodeling of cardiac structure. Preliminary observations suggest that MRAs can improve survival in patients with ESRD though their widespread adoption is tempered by concerns about effectiveness in patients who have reduced kidney function and the risks of hyperkalemia. This generates a particular conundrum, as sudden cardiac arrest is the predominant cause of death in patients with advanced CKD. In this review, we highlight the potential cardiovascular benefits and review the evident risks of MRAs in patients with ESRD.
Racial Salience and the Consequences of Making White People Uncomfortable: Intra‐Racial Discrimination, Racial Screening, and the Maintenance of White Supremacy
Authors: Thornhill Ted 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMost sociological research on racial discrimination has had an “inter‐racial” focus. That is, researchers have been principally concerned with the disparate treatment that people of color receive relative to Whites in different social contexts. However, recent theoretical work emerging from legal studies suggests that an alternative conception of “intra‐racial” discrimination exists that extends beyond colorism. This theory of intra‐racial discrimination stipulates that many organizations in the “post‐racial” era desire some measure of racial diversity. Yet, in their efforts to achieve this racial diversity they screen people of color based on their degree of racial salience. Whether a given person of color is hired, promoted, or in the case of college admissions, accepted, is a function of whether or not Whites within the organization consider them racially palatable, or not overly concerned with race. This creates an incentive for people of color to work their identity to allay any concerns among Whites that they may be too racially salient. In this paper I critically review this work and attempt to further buttress its claims by highlighting how this process has clear historical precedent. I conclude by showing how the audit method can be used to empirically examine this practice contemporarily.
Achieving Speaker Gender Equity at the American Society for Microbiology General Meeting
Authors: Casadevall Arturo 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
In 2015, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) General Meeting essentially achieved gender equity, with 48.5% of the oral presentations being given by women. The mechanisms associated with increased female participation were (i) making the Program Committee aware of gender statistics, (ii) increasing female representation among session convener teams, and (iii) direct instruction to try to avoid all-male sessions. The experience with the ASM General Meeting shows that it is possible to increase the participation of female speakers in a relatively short time and suggests concrete steps that may be taken to achieve this at other meetings.

IMPORTANCE
Public speaking is very important for academic advancement in science. Historically women have been underrepresented as speakers in many scientific meetings. This article describes concrete steps that were associated with achieving gender equity at a major meeting.
A Simple Flow-Cytometric Method Measuring B Cell Surface Immunoglobulin Avidity Enables Characterization of Affinity Maturation to Influenza A Virus
Authors: Frank Gregory M. , Angeletti Davide , Ince William L. , Gibbs James S. , Khurana Surender , Wheatley Adam K. , Max Edward E. , McDermott Adrian B. , Golding Hana , Stevens James , Bennink Jack R. , Yewdell Jonathan W. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAntibody (Ab) affinity maturation enables an individual to maintain immunity to an increasing number of pathogens within the limits of a total Ig production threshold. A better understanding of this process is critical for designing vaccines that generate optimal Ab responses to pathogens. Our study describes a simple flow-cytometric method that enumerates virus-specific germinal center (GC) B cells as well as their AC50, a measure of Ab avidity, defined as the antigen concentration required to detect 50% of specific B cells. Using a model of mouse Ab responses to the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (IAV HA), we obtained data indicating that AC50decreases with time postinfection in an affinity maturation-dependent process. As proof of principle of the utility of the method, our data clearly show that relative to intranasal IAV infection, intramuscular immunization against inactivated IAV in adjuvant results in a diminished GC HA B cell response, with increased AC50correlating with an increased serum Ab off-rate. Enabling simultaneous interrogation of both GC HA B cell quantity and quality, this technique should facilitate study of affinity maturation and rational vaccine design.IMPORTANCEThough it was first described 50 years ago, little is known about how antibody affinity maturation contributes to immunity. This question is particularly relevant to developing more effective vaccines for influenza A virus (IAV) and other viruses that are difficult vaccine targets. Limitations in methods for characterizing antigen-specific B cells have impeded progress in characterizing the quality of immune responses to vaccine and natural immunogens. In this work, we describe a simple flow cytometry-based approach that measures both the number and affinity of IAV-binding germinal center B cells specific for the IAV HA, the major target of IAV-neutralizing antibodies. Using this method, we showed that the route and form of immunization significantly impacts the quality and quantity of B cell antibody responses. This method provides a relatively simple yet powerful tool for better understanding the contribution of affinity maturation to viral immunity.
Associations between individual socioeconomic position, neighbourhood disadvantage and transport mode: baseline results from the HABITAT multilevel study
Authors: Rachele Jerome N , Kavanagh Anne M , Badland Hannah , Giles-Corti Billie , Washington Simon , Turrell Gavin 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundUnderstanding how different socioeconomic indicators are associated with transport modes provide insight into which interventions might contribute to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in health. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between neighbourhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage, individual-level socioeconomic position (SEP), and usual transport mode.MethodsThis investigation included 11 036 residents from 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Respondents self-reported their usual transport mode (car or motorbike, public transport, walking or cycling). Indicators for individual-level SEP were education, occupation and household income; and neighbourhood disadvantage was measured using a census-derived index. Data were analysed using multilevel multinomial logistic regression. High SEP respondents and residents of the most advantaged neighbourhoods who used a private motor vehicle as their usual form of transport was the reference category.ResultsCompared with driving a motor vehicle, the odds of using public transport were higher for white collar employees (OR 1.68, 95% CrI 1.41–2.01), members of lower income households (OR 1.71 95% CrI 1.25–2.30) and residents of more disadvantaged neighbourhoods (OR 1.93, 95% CrI 1.46–2.54); and lower for respondents with a certificate-level education (OR 0.60, 95% CrI 0.49–0.74) and blue collar workers (OR 0.63, 95% CrI 0.50–0.81). The odds of walking for transport were higher for the least educated (OR 1.58, 95% CrI 1.18–2.11), those not in the labour force (OR 1.94, 95% CrI 1.38–2.72), members of lower income households (OR 2.10, 95% CrI 1.23–3.64) and residents of more disadvantaged neighbourhoods (OR 2.73, 95% CrI 1.46–5.24). The odds of cycling were lower among less educated groups (OR 0.31, 95% CrI 0.19–0.48).ConclusionsThe relationships between socioeconomic characteristics and transport modes are complex, and provide challenges for those attempting to encourage active forms of transportation. Further work is required exploring the individual-level and neighbourhood-level mechanisms behind choice of transport mode, and what factors might influence individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds to change to more active transport modes.
Abstract 1006: Celastrol modulated Taz and induced cell apoptosis in vitro
Authors: Wang Shuren 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Celastrol is derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, which has attracted great attention for its potent anticancer effects. Celastrol has been found to inhibit the proliferation, induce apoptosis, and suppress invasion/migration and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In our current study, we treated the HEK293 cells with the Celastrol(0.75μM) for 24h and found that Celastrol could reduce the expression of TAZ in HEK293 cells.
To better evaluate the effect of TAZ on HEK293 cells, cell growth curve and colony formation assay were performed. HEK293/TAZ and HEK293/control cells were plated at a density of 50 cells/mm2 in triplicate for 5 days and HEK293/TAZ and HEK293/control cells were seeded into six-well plates of 500 cells/well for two weeks. The result showed that HEK293/TAZ grew obviously faster and could form more colonies than HEK293/control cells. To further address the effect of TAZ in vivo, equal numbers(1.5×106) of HEK293/TAZ and HEK293/control cells were injected bilateral subcutaneously into nude mice. The mice were sacrificed 40 days after injection. We found that the latency of tumor formation in nude mice injected with HEK293/TAZ cells was shorter than the tumor injected with HEK293/control cells. Furthermore, HEK293/TAZ cells could lead to a larger tumor size compared to the HEK293/control cells. Our data indicated that the overexpression of TAZ could significantly promote cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.
Furthermore, after HEK293/TAZ and HEK293/control cells were treated with Celastrol(0.75μM) for 24h, the data showed that the less PARP cleavage was definitely observed in HEK293/TAZ cells than HEK293/control cells by Western blotting. Moreover, 18.9% of HEK293/TAZ cells were TUNEL-positive, compared with 83.2% of HEK293/control cells after Celastrol treatment(0.75μM, 24h). Our data indicated that overexpression of TAZ could overcome partially the cell apoptosis induced by Celastrol in vitro.
In summary, our finding prompts that Celastrol could suppress growth of tumor cells through the modulation of TAZ, and the mechanism how TAZ plays its function needs to be further explored.
Citation Format: Shuren Wang. Celastrol modulated Taz and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1006. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1006
Abstract 1008: Cytoplasmic p53 protects against MG132-induced apoptosis in a cell state-dependent manner
Authors: Cheng Ho Wa (Jacky) , Legesse-Miller Aster 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Since the approval of proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib, for use in multiple myeloma in 2003, pharmacological proteasome inhibitors has been shown to be an important strategy for treating many types of cancer. While proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in certain rapidly proliferating cancer cells, some cells enters quiescence and survives. The mechanism by which quiescent cells become resistant to proteasome inhibitors is largely unknown. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays an essential role in establishing and maintain quiescence in human cells. It also regulates several cell survival mechanisms, including cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and activation of reactive oxygen detoxifying enzymes. Here, we investigated the role of p53 in establishing resistance against proteasome inhibitors in quiescent cells. We found that MG132 (a know proteasome inhibitor) treatment induces the accumulation of p53 and its downstream target p21 more in quiescent cells than in proliferating primary human fibroblasts. shRNA mediated down-regulation of p53 sensitizes both proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts to MG132-mediated apoptosis and cell death, suggesting that p53 plays a protective role in all cell states. Additional experiments demonstrated that proliferating fibroblasts are susceptible to inhibition of cytoplasmic p53 activity, whereas quiescent fibroblasts are sensitive to inhibition of nuclear p53 activity. These findings suggest that p53 induces different protective mechanisms against MG132-mediated cell death, depending of the proliferative state of the cells. Autophagy, an alternative degradation pathway regulated by p53, is also induced in both cell states upon MG132 treatment. Identification of p53-mediated regulatory mechanisms that are activated in quiescent cells in response to proteasome inhibition may help to suggest strategies for improving the effectiveness of proteasome inhibitors in treating cancer. This work was supported by NCI K01 CA128887 to Aster Legesse-Miller.
Citation Format: Ho Wa (Jacky) Cheng, Aster Legesse-Miller. Cytoplasmic p53 protects against MG132-induced apoptosis in a cell state-dependent manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1008. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1008
Abstract 1013: Understanding the molecular pathways underlying radio-sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by vitamin D (EB1089)
Authors: Sharma Khushboo , Thekkudan Theresa , Gewirtz David , Harada Hisashi , Torti Frank , Torti Suzy 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ionization radiation (IR) is an integral component of lung cancer treatment. However, disease recurrence represents a significant barrier to effective therapy. One explanation for the difficulties associated with treatment of NSCLC could be the promotion of autophagy, a cytoprotective signaling pathway that controls the degradation and recycling of cellular components. Cytoprotective autophagy may be one of the primary causes for the development of resistance to standard therapies.
In recently published studies (Sharma et al, Autophagy), we showed that the vitamin D analog, EB 1089, leads to conversion of the cytoprotective autophagy induced by radiation alone to a novel ‘cytostatic’ form of autophagy. While pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy increased sensitivity to radiation, interference with autophagy reversed the radio-sensitization by EB 1089 (or Vitamin D3) in H460 and A549 NSCLC cells. These studies demonstrated a switch between the cytoprotective and cytostatic roles of autophagy in response to radiation alone and the combination of EB 1089 (or Vitamin D3) and radiation.
AMPK, an energy sensor, has been shown to be involved in regulating autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway. We observed an increase in phosphorylated AMPK (and ULK-1, which is downstream of AMPK) with the combination treatment of IR and EB 1089. Both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AMPK, reverted the radio-sensitization effects of EB 1089, implicating AMPK in radio-sensitization. Studies conducted with NSCLC cell lines both wt and mutant or null in p53 indicated that functional p53 was required to radio-sensitize tumor cells with the combination treatment. p53 appears to promote AMPK upregulation via sestrin. Finally, studies to determine the potential involvement of NF-kB in radiation sensitization showed degradation of IKB-α in response to IR alone that was suppressed by EB 1089, indicating NF-kB's involvement in the initiation of cytoprotective autophagy by radiation Overall, these studies suggest that the use of vitamin D or a vitamin D analogue could increase sensitization to radiation treatment for lung cancer.
Citation Format: Khushboo Sharma, Theresa Thekkudan, David Gewirtz, Hisashi Harada, Frank Torti, Suzy Torti. Understanding the molecular pathways underlying radio-sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by vitamin D (EB1089). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1013. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1013