bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased spontaneous neuronal activity in structurally damaged cortex is correlated with early motor recovery in patients with subcortical infarction
Authors: Liu G. , Dang C. , Peng K. , Xie C. , Chen H. , Xing S. , Chen X. , Zeng J. 
Published: October 2015

Background and purposeSecondary cortical thinning and volumetric atrophy in the motor‐related cortex can inhibit early functional recovery after subcortical infarction. However, the relationship between the spontaneous neuronal activity in these cortices and motor recovery in patients with focal cerebral infarct remains unknown.MethodsStructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting‐state functional MRI were conducted 1, 4 and 12 weeks after onset in 22 patients with an acute subcortical infarct and in 22 normal subjects. Group differences in cortical thickness and in the amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in motor‐related areas were evaluated, and the relationships between ALFF, cortical thickness changes and changes in the Fugl−Meyer scores of physical performance were further analyzed.ResultsIn patients with subcortical infarction, progressively decreasing cortical thickness was found over the observation period ipsilesionally in the primary motor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor cortex (SMC) and precuneus (all P < 0.05). Contralesionally, progressive increases in cortical thickness were detected in SMC and insula (all P < 0.05). Increases in ALFF were observed only in PMC (bilaterally) and only at 12 weeks after stroke (all P < 0.05). The cortical thickness changes in the contralesional SMC (rs = 0.483, P = 0.023) and the ALFF changes in bilateral PMC (ipsilesional, rs = 0.51, P = 0.015; contralesional, rs = 0.463, P = 0.03) were positively correlated with changes in the Fugl−Meyer scores.ConclusionsThese results suggest that increased spontaneous neuronal activity of the PMC, a region structurally damaged secondarily to ischaemic lesion, may contribute to early motor recovery in patients with subcortical infarction.
Immune response induced by Epstein–Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides in current and past infectious mononucleosis: a risk for multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Mameli G. , Madeddu G. , Cossu D. , Galleri G. , Manetti R. , Babudieri S. , Mura M. Stella , Sechi L. A. 
Published: October 2015

Background and purposeInfectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism linking these pathologies is unclear. Different reports indicate the association of EBV, and recently Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), with MS. For a better understanding of the role of these pathogens, the host response induced by selected antigenic peptides in subjects with a history of IM that significantly increases the risk of MS was investigated.MethodsBoth humoral and cell‐mediated response against peptides able to induce a specific immune activation in MS patients deriving from lytic and latent EBV antigens BOLF1305−320, EBNA1400−413, from MAP MAP_402718−32, MAP_0106c121−132 and from human proteins IRF5424−434 and MBP85−98 in subjects with current and past IM were examined.ResultsEBNA1 and MAP_0106c peptides were able to induce a humoral immune response in subjects with a history of clinical IM in an independent manner. Moreover, these peptides were capable of inducing pro‐inflammatory cytokine interferon γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α by CD14+ monocyte cells.ConclusionOur results highlight that EBV and MAP may be involved independently in the same causal process leading to MS in subjects with a history of IM.
Why evolution matters for species conservation: perspectives from three case studies of plant metapopulations
Authors: Olivieri Isabelle , Tonnabel Jeanne , Ronce Ophélie , Mignot Agnès 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe advocate the advantage of an evolutionary approach to conservation biology that considers evolutionary history at various levels of biological organization. We review work on three separate plant taxa, spanning from one to multiple decades, illustrating extremes in metapopulation functioning. We show how the rare endemics Centaurea corymbosa (Clape Massif, France) and Brassica insularis in Corsica (France) may be caught in an evolutionary trap: disruption of metapopulation functioning due to lack of colonization of new sites may have counterselected traits such as dispersal ability or self‐compatibility, making these species particularly vulnerable to any disturbance. The third case study concerns the evolution of life history strategies in the highly diverse genus Leucadendron of the South African fynbos. There, fire disturbance and the recolonization phase after fires are so integral to the functioning of populations that recruitment of new individuals is conditioned by fire. We show how past adaptation to different fire regimes and climatic constraints make species with different life history syndromes more or less vulnerable to global changes. These different case studies suggest that management strategies should promote evolutionary potential and evolutionary processes to better protect extant biodiversity and biodiversification.
Perioperative management and outcome of fracture treatment in patients with haemophilia without inhibitors
Authors: Strauss A. C. , Pennekamp P. H. , Placzek R. , Schmolders J. , Friedrich M. J. , Oldenburg J. , Burger C. , Müller M. C. 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionFractures in persons with haemophilia (PWH) are not uncommon and require an interdisciplinary approach to maintain haemostasis during surgical treatment.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative management and outcome in PWH following fracture fixation compared to a matched non‐haemophilic control group.MethodsA cohort of 44 PWH who underwent 46 surgical fracture fixations was retrospectively compared to 46 non‐haemophilic patients (matched‐pair controls). Patients were classified according to the fracture localization: (i) proximal upper extremity (PrUEx; n = 7), (ii) distal upper extremity (DiUEx; n = 12), (iii) proximal lower extremity (PrLEx; n = 13) and (iv) distal lower extremity (DiLEx; n = 14). Both groups were assessed for length of hospital stay, duration of surgery, drainage use and complication rates.ResultsThere was no significant difference regarding the duration of the preoperative hospital stay between PWH and controls. Only PWH who were operated at the DiUEx stayed significantly longer in hospital (4.8 ± 3.7 days) than controls (2.2 ± 2.3 days; P = 0.039). Operation time was significantly longer in PWH with fractures treated at the DiLEx (64.9 ± 26.6 min) compared to the controls (49.8 ± 37.9 min; P = 0.035). Neither frequency nor duration of surgical drainage placement differed significantly between the two groups. The overall complication rate in both groups was low without a statistically significant difference.ConclusionAn optimal interdisciplinary perioperative management provided the surgical treatment of fractures in PWH can be performed safely with a low complication rate.
Capturing northern biodiversity: diversity of arctic, subarctic and north boreal beetles and spiders are affected by trap type and habitat
Authors: Ernst Crystal M. , Loboda Sarah , Buddle Christopher M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRapid environmental changes in arctic, subarctic and boreal biomes are fuelling the need for effective biodiversity monitoring programs in these regions. Terrestrial arthropods are ideal focal taxa for monitoring, but quantitative comparisons of the efficacy and outcomes of different sampling protocols are limited.Here, the influence of trap type (yellow pan trap or traditional pitfall) and habitat (wet or mesic) on the abundance and diversity of ground‐dwelling arthropods is determined for samples collected in the three northernmost ecoclimatic zones of Canada, using over 32 000 specimens of beetles and spiders.Trap and habitat both influence the abundance, richness, and assemblage composition of arthropods collected, but these effects differ between ecoclimatic zones and depend on taxonomic resolution.Sampling in different habitats yields greater diversity than sampling with different traps in the high arctic, while the inverse is true in the north boreal zone, and neither factor appears to have a significant effect on the diversity of arthropods collected in the subarctic.In all zones, the addition of recessed yellow pan traps to a traditional pitfall trap‐based sampling regime results in the capture of many additional unique species, suggesting that colour is an attractant for at least some ground‐dwelling taxa.These findings have significant implications for large‐scale terrestrial diversity monitoring programs being established or implemented in northern systems. It is recommended that sampling regimes be designed to maximize the diversity of arthropods collected, by including a minimum of two distinct habitats and by using yellow pitfall traps.
A new approach to the management of caliber‐persistent artery: A case report and analysis of previously reported cases
Authors: Agha‐Hosseini Farzaneh , Sheykhbahaei Nafiseh 
Published: October 2015

SummaryA caliber‐persistent labial artery (CPLA) is an incipient arterial branch that penetrates near the submucosal tissue of the lip without dividing or reducing in diameter and often appears as a palpable lesion on the lip. It occurs at an incidence of approximately 3%. This study investigated the causes of swelling of the lips, focusing on CPLA, and reviewed the literature for past cases in order to inform the treatment of a 32‐year‐old man presenting with an asymptomatic, solitary, elevated lesion on the vermilion of the upper lip of seven months duration. Biopsy resulted in abundant bleeding. Histopathology showed fragments of connective tissue composed of spindle‐shaped cells, fibroblasts, collagen fibers and sections of small blood vessels with lymphocytic infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells around the small vessels. A thick‐walled section reminiscent of a major artery was apparent. In view of the size of the lesion and concern over the functional and esthetic impairment that might result from surgery, the patient was treated with triamcinolone (40 mg/ml) injected at low pressure into the lesion, which caused the formation of deposits of colloidal particles within the lesion. The procedure was repeated twice at 2‐week intervals. Subsequently, the lesion was found to have completely regressed. The favorable therapeutic results achieved, and the findings of the present review, support the intralesional injection of triamcinolone as a first‐line conservative treatment in CPLA rather than a surgical approach that can result in inordinate hemorrhaging.
Palmitate differentially regulates the polarization of differentiating and differentiated macrophages
Authors: Xiu Fangming , Diao Li , Qi Peter , Catapano Michael , Jeschke Marc G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe tissue accumulation of M1 macrophages in patients with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been well‐documented. Interestingly, it is an accumulation of M2 macrophages that is observed in the adipose, liver and lung tissues, as well as in the circulation, of patients who have had major traumas such as a burn injury or sepsis; however, the trigger for the M2 polarization observed in these patients has not yet been identified. In the current study, we explored the effects of chronic palmitate and high glucose treatment on macrophage differentiation and function in murine bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages. We found that chronic treatment with palmitate decreased phagocytosis and HLA‐DR expression in addition to inhibiting the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Chronic palmitate treatment of bone marrows also led to M2 polarization, which correlated with the activation of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ signalling pathway. Furthermore, we found that chronic palmitate treatment increased the expression of multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, including binding immunoglobulin protein. Preconditioning with the universal ER stress inhibitor 4‐phenylbutyrate attenuated ER stress signalling and neutralized the effect of palmitate, inducing a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. We confirmed these results in differentiating human macrophages, showing an anti‐inflammatory response to chronic palmitate exposure. Though alone it did not promote M2 polarization, hyperglycaemia exacerbated the effects of palmitate. These findings suggest that the dominant accumulation of M2 in adipose tissue and liver in patients with critical illness may be a result of hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia, both components of the hypermetabolism observed in critically ill patients.
Entamoeba marina n. sp.; a New Species of Entamoeba Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediment of Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Shiratori Takashi , Ishida Ken‐ichiro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe genus Entamoeba includes anaerobic lobose amoebae, most of which are parasites of various vertebrates and invertebrates. We report a new Entamoeba species, E. marina n. sp. that was isolated from a sample of tidal flat sediment collected at Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan. Trophozoites of E. marina were 12.8–32.1 μm in length and 6.8–15.9 μm in width, whereas the cysts were 8.9–15.8 μm in diam. and contained four nuclei. The E. marina cells contained a rounded nucleus with a small centric karyosome and uniformly arranged peripheral chromatin. Although E. marina is morphologically indistinguishable from other tetranucleated cyst‐forming Entamoeba species, E. marina can be distinguished from them based on the combination of molecular phylogenetic analyses using SSU rDNA gene and the difference of collection sites. Therefore, we propose E. marina as a new species of the genus Entamoeba.
Morphology and Phylogeny of Three Pleuronema Species (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) from Hangzhou Bay, China, with Description of Two New Species, P. binucleatum n. sp. and P. parawiackowskii n. sp.
Authors: Pan Hongbo , Hu Juxiang , Jiang Jiamei , Wang Liqing , Hu Xiaozhong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe morphology and phylogeny of Pleuronema binucleatum n. sp., P. parawiackowskii n. sp., and P. marinum Dujardin 1841, collected from Hangzhou Bay estuary, China, were investigated using standard methods. Pleuronema binucleatum n. sp. can be identified by possessing about 90–120 × 35–50 μm cell size in vivo, reniform body outline, two macronuclei, six to eight preoral kineties, 32–41 somatic kineties, and posterior end of the anterior fragment of membranelle 2 (M2a) hook‐like. Pleuronema parawiackowskii n. sp. is characterized by the combination of the following characters: body size about 60–90 × 20–40 μm in vivo, elliptical in outline, four to eight preoral kineties, 20–29 somatic kineties, posterior portion of the M2a slightly curved but nonhooked, and single macronucleus sausage‐like. After comparison with other populations of P. marinum, it is suggested that many misidentifications exist in previous studies. And an improved diagnosis of P. marinum was supplied: cell about 95–180 μm long, elliptical in outline; 2–4 preoral kineties and 53–70 somatic kineties; both membranelle 1 and membranelle 3 three‐rowed; posterior end of the M2a straight; single contractile vacuole characteristically positioned near mid‐body. The small subunit rRNA genes of three forms were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the monophyly of the genus Pleuronema is still not supported.
Biological confounders for the values of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Parkinson's disease and related disorders
Authors: Mollenhauer Brit , Parnetti Lucilla , Rektorova Irena , Kramberger Milica G. , Pikkarainen Maria , Schulz‐Schaeffer Walter J. , Aarsland Dag , Svenningsson Per , Farotti Lucia , Verbeek Marcel M. , Schlossmacher Michael G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been extensively studied to explore biochemical alterations in subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer's disease, levels of increased CSF tau protein and decreased levels of β‐amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42) have been shown to correlate with brain plaque formation and tangle pathology. Intracellular Lewy inclusions containing aggregated α‐synuclein (α‐syn) represent a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). In most – but not all – studies published to date total CSF α‐syn concentrations have been found to be decreased in disorders related to α‐syn pathology, that is, PD, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. However, these reports show extensive signal overlap among tested individuals, thereby diminishing its potential for routine use in clinical practice.To investigate potential biological (i.e., non‐technical) confounders of reported CSF levels for α‐syn, Aβ42, and tau in PD and related disorders, we carried out a methodical review of known factors that underlie signal variability and speculate on those that have not yet been tested. We discuss several biological factors, such as neuropathology, demographics, clinical phenotype, progression and duration of disease, concomitant illnesses and, last but not least, pharmacotherapy, which in isolation or combination can substantially alter values for CSF proteins of interest. Enhanced implementation of standardized clinical protocols, streamlined operating procedures, and further progress in the development of validated assays for CSF proteins have the potential to (i) inform us as to the pathogenesis of disease, (ii) support the laboratory‐based diagnosis for symptomatic subjects in the future, and (iii) facilitate breakthrough therapies to alter the course of neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD and Alzheimer's disease.image
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been extensively studied to explore biochemical alterations in subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate potential biological confounders of reported CSF levels for α‐synuclein (α‐Syn), amyloid‐β 1‐42(Aβ42) and tau protein in Parkinson's disease and related disorders, we reviewed the current literature for known factors that underlie signal variability and speculate on those that have not yet been tested.This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Neonatal Nicotine Exposure Leads to Hypothalamic Gliosis in Adult Overweight Rats
Authors: Younes‐Rapozo V. , Moura E. G. , Manhães A. C. , Pinheiro C. R. , Carvalho J. C. , Barradas P. C. , de Oliveira E. , Lisboa P. C. 
Published: October 2015

Astrocytes and microglia, the immune competent cells of central nercous system, can be activated in response to metabolic signals such as obesity and hyperleptinaemia. In rats, maternal exposure to nicotine during lactation leads to central obesity, hyperleptinaemia, leptin resistance and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptides in the offspring during adulthood. In the present study, we studied the activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as the pattern of inflammatory mediators, in adult offspring of this experimental model. On postnatal day 2 (P2), osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC) (–6 mg/kg/day) or saline for 14 days were s.c. implanted in dams. Male offspring were killed on P180 and hypothalamic immunohistochemistry, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) polymerase chain reaction analysis and multiplex analysis for plasma inflammatory mediators were carried out. At P180, NIC astrocyte cell number was higher in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (medial: +82%; lateral: +110%), in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (+144%) and in the lateral hypothalamus (+121%). NIC glial fibrillary acidic protein fibre density was higher in the lateral ARC (+178%) and in the PVN (+183%). Interleukin‐6 was not affected in the hypothalamus. NIC monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was only higher in the periventricular nucleus (+287%). NIC microglia (iba‐1‐positive) cell number was higher (+68%) only in the PVN, as was the chemokine (C‐X3‐C motif) receptor 1 density (+93%). NIC interleukin‐10 was lower in the WAT (−58%) and plasma (−50%). Thus, offspring of mothers exposed to nicotine during lactation present hypothalamic astrogliosis at adulthood and microgliosis in the PVN.
The Higher Your Implicit Affiliation‐Intimacy Motive, the More Loneliness Can Turn You Into a Social Cynic: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Authors: Hofer Jan , Busch Holger , Raihala Carolin , Poláčková Šolcová Iva , Tavel Peter 
Published: October 2015

AbstractResearch has shown that the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive moderates the effects of satisfaction and frustration of the need for affiliation‐intimacy: Low relatedness was more closely related to envy for people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive. The present study tests a moderating effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive on the association between low relatedness and social cynicism in samples of elderly people from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Cameroon. A total of 616 participants provided information on their implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive, relatedness, and social cynicism. As hypothesized, a moderation effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive was found that held true regardless of participants’ culture of origin: For people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive, a lack of relatedness was associated with higher levels of social cynicism. Our findings complement other theories stating that positive relationships with others are a significant part of successful aging.
Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir
Authors: Miller Dave A , Keen Justin M , Brough Chris , Ellenberger Daniel J , Cisneros Marshall , Williams Robert O , McGinity James W 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the effect of ritonavir (RTV) co-administration on the bioavailability of an amorphous dispersion of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) and to develop a pharmaceutically acceptable AKBA–RTV combination tablet.

Methods
A pharmacokinetic (PK) study in rats was conducted to evaluate the influence of RTV co-administration on the oral bioavailability of an AKBA amorphous dispersion. KinetiSol was utilized to enable production of an improved RTV formulation that facilitated the development of an AKBA–RTV combination tablet. Following in-vitro characterization, the PK performance of the tablets was evaluated in male beagles.

Key findings
Co-administration of RTV increased oral absorption of AKBA by about fourfold over the AKBA dispersion alone and approximately 24-fold over the pure compound. The improved RTV amorphous dispersion exhibited similar purity and neutral-phase dissolution to Norvir. The AKBA–RTV combination tablets yielded a substantial increase in AKBA's bioavailability in dogs.

Conclusions
Oral absorption of AKBA is substantially limited by intestinal CYP3A activity and poor aqueous solubility. Consequently, AKBA's oral bioavailability is maximized by administration from a supersaturating formulation in conjunction with a CYP3A inhibitor. The AKBA–RTV combination tablet presented herein represents a breakthrough in the oral delivery of the compound facilitating future use as a drug therapy for broad spectrum cancer treatment.