bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of infective endocarditis with [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a case series
Authors: Hadji-Turdeghal Katra , Fosbøl Marie Øbro , Hasbak Philip , Kjaer Andreas , Køber Lars , Ripa Rasmus Sejersten , Fosbøl Emil Loldrup 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and fatal condition, with prosthetic valve endocarditis representing the worst prognosis. The recommended nuclear imaging modality 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) has limitations. In this case series, we present two patients with IE scanned with a novel PET tracer [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE ([64Cu]Cu-[1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetra acetic acid]-d-Phe1, Tyr3-octreotate).

Case summary
An 84-year-old female patient (Patient 1) with a biological mitral valve prosthesis (MVP) was admitted acutely from the outpatient clinic. Transoesophageal echocardiography showed vegetations on the MVP. The patient underwent [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE PET/CT, which showed uptake at the site of infection. The patient underwent surgical valve replacement. The post-operative period was without significant complications, and the patient was discharged home. In another case, a 72-year-old male patient (Patient 2) with a medical history of mild mitral valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, and gastrointestinal stromal tumour was admitted to the hospital for back and abdominal pain and subfebrile episodes. Transoesophageal echocardiography showed large vegetations in the native aortic valve. The patient underwent [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE PET/CT, which showed no uptake at the site of the suspected infection. The patient underwent surgical valve replacement. The post-operative period was characterized by Candida albicans sternitis, and after prolonged hospitalization, the patient died of respiratory failure as a complication of sepsis.

Discussion
In conclusion, this is the first case series presenting two patients with definite IE (modified Duke criteria), who were scanned with the novel [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE PET/CT. Patient 1, with endocarditis in the MVP, showed an uptake of the tracer, while Patient 2, with native aortic valve endocarditis, did not show any uptake.
A study of patients' choice of medical treatment based on rational choice theory: a cross-sectional survey from China
Authors: Li Jin , Zhao Ning , Gu Mei , Li Danhui , Yang Jia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe how patients choose between primary care institutions (PCIs) and non-PCIs using rational choice theory from the perspective of survival rationality, economic rationality, and social rationality.

Methods
Multi-stage stratified sampling and convenience sampling were applied to select 1723 patients to conduct the questionnaire survey. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were performed to analyze the factors associated with patients’ choice of PCIs.

Results
In total 55.83% of 1723 patients would attend a PCIs for healthcare. The results of the univariate analysis revealed that patients who are female (58.46%, P = .015), suffering from chronic diseases (56.26%, P = .047), inpatients (67.58%, P &lt; .001), Beijing (59.62%, P = .002), partial understanding of the family doctor contracting system (62.30%, P &lt; .001), and not understanding of the medical alliance policy (58.04%, P = .031) had significantly higher probability of choosing PCIs. Logistic regression analysis showed that females were more unwilling to attend PCIs (odds ratio (OR) = 0.822, 95%CI: 0.676–0.999). Following survival rationality, patients without chronic diseases were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.834, 95%CI: 1.029–3.268), and inpatients were more unlikely to attend PCIs (OR = 0.581, 95%CI: 0.437–0.774). From an economic rationality perspective, patients from the Fujian province were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.424, 95%CI: 1.081–1.876). From a social rationality perspective, patients who partial understanding of the family doctor contracting system were more unlikely to attend PCIs (OR = 0.701, 95%CI: 0.551–0.892), and patients who partial and complete understanding of the medical alliance policy were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.340, 95%CI: 1.064–1.687; OR = 1.485, 95%CI: 1.086–2.030).

Conclusions
Survival, economic, and social rationality are involved in patients’ choice to attend PCIs. Compared to survival rationality and social rationality, economic rationality showed a lower association with patients’ choice to attend PCIs. Medical institutions are recommended to adopt a “patient health-centered” approach when providing medical services and further optimize the family doctor contracting system and construction of medical alliances.
A Detailed Examination of China’s Amended Patent Act Implementing Regulations and Patent Examination Guidelines
Authors: Ganea Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In December 2023, the State Council and the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) amended two important pieces of secondary patent law. One is the Patent Act Implementing Regulations, which provide detailed guidance on the Patent Act’s provisions on patent prosecution, the China-specific peculiar administrative enforcement and other issues. The second is the Patent Examination Guidelines, which instruct patent examiners on examination, reexamination, invalidation, and other matters to be dealt with by the CNIPA. The amendments, which entered into force on 1 January 2024, made the two provisions compliant with the current version of the Patent Act after its fourth amendment of 2020. This article will outline the most important aspects of the amendments.
Forecasting the changes between endemic and epidemic phases of a contagious disease, with the example of COVID-19
Authors: Demongeot Jacques , Magal Pierre , Oshinubi Kayode 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Predicting the endemic/epidemic transition during the temporal evolution of a contagious disease.
Methods: Indicators for detecting the transition endemic/epidemic, with four scalars to be compared, are calculated from the daily reported news cases: coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis and entropy. The indicators selected are related to the shape of the empirical distribution of the new cases observed over 14 days. This duration has been chosen to smooth out the effect of weekends when fewer new cases are registered. For finding a forecasting variable, we have used the principal component analysis (PCA), whose first principal component (a linear combination of the selected indicators) explains a large part of the observed variance and can then be used as a predictor of the phenomenon studied (here the occurrence of an epidemic wave).
Results: A score has been built from the four proposed indicators using the PCA, which allows an acceptable level of forecasting performance by giving a realistic retro-predicted date for the rupture of the stationary endemic model corresponding to the entrance in the epidemic exponential growth phase. This score is applied to the retro-prediction of the limits of the different phases of the COVID-19 outbreak in successive endemic/epidemic transitions for three countries, France, India and Japan.
Conclusion: We provided a new forecasting method for predicting an epidemic wave occurring after an endemic phase for a contagious disease.
On Uniqueness of an Optimal Solution to the Kantorovich Problem With Density Constraints
Authors: Popova Svetlana N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We study optimal transportation problems with constraints on densities of transport plans. We obtain a sharp condition for the uniqueness of an optimal solution to the Kantorovich problem with density constraints, namely that the Borel measurable cost function $h(x, y)$ satisfies the following non-degeneracy condition: $h(x, y)$ cannot be expressed as a sum of functions $u(x) + v(y)$ on a set of positive measure.
Methanogenic symbionts of anaerobic ciliates are host and habitat specific
Authors: Méndez-Sánchez Daniel , Schrecengost Anna , Rotterová Johana , Koštířová Kateřina , Beinart Roxanne A , Čepička Ivan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The association between anaerobic ciliates and methanogenic archaea has been recognized for over a century. Nevertheless, knowledge of these associations is limited to a few ciliate species, and so the identification of patterns of host–symbiont specificity has been largely speculative. In this study, we integrated microscopy and genetic identification to survey the methanogenic symbionts of 32 free-living anaerobic ciliate species, mainly from the order Metopida. Based on Sanger and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, our results show that a single methanogenic symbiont population, belonging to Methanobacterium, Methanoregula, or Methanocorpusculum, is dominant in each host strain. Moreover, the host’s taxonomy (genus and above) and environment (i.e. endobiotic, marine/brackish, or freshwater) are linked with the methanogen identity at the genus level, demonstrating a strong specificity and fidelity in the association. We also established cultures containing artificially co-occurring anaerobic ciliate species harboring different methanogenic symbionts. This revealed that the host–methanogen relationship is stable over short timescales in cultures without evidence of methanogenic symbiont exchanges, although our intraspecific survey indicated that metopids also tend to replace their methanogens over longer evolutionary timescales. Therefore, anaerobic ciliates have adapted a mixed transmission mode to maintain and replace their methanogenic symbionts, allowing them to thrive in oxygen-depleted environments.
Bacterial chemolithoautotrophy in ultramafic plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Dede Bledina , Reeves Eoghan P , Walter Maren , Bach Wolfgang , Amann Rudolf , Meyerdierks Anke 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hydrothermal vent systems release reduced chemical compounds that act as an important energy source in the deep sea. Chemolithoautotrophic microbes inhabiting hydrothermal plumes oxidize these compounds, in particular, hydrogen and reduced sulfur, to obtain the energy required for CO2 fixation. Here, we analysed the planktonic communities of four hydrothermal systems located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Irinovskoe, Semenov-2, Logatchev-1, and Ashadze-2, by combining long-read 16S rRNA gene analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, meta-omics, and thermodynamic calculations. Sulfurimonas and SUP05 dominated the microbial communities in these hydrothermal plumes. Investigation of Sulfurimonas and SUP05 MAGs, and their gene transcription in plumes indicated a niche partitioning driven by hydrogen and sulfur. In addition to sulfur and hydrogen oxidation, a novel SAR202 clade inhabiting the plume, here referred to as genus Carboxydicoccus, harbours the capability for CO oxidation and CO2 fixation via reverse TCA cycle. Both pathways were also highly transcribed in other hydrogen-rich plumes, including the Von Damm vent field. Carboxydicoccus profundi reached up to 4% relative abundance (1.0 x 103 cell ml- 1) in Irinovskoe non-buoyant plume and was also abundant in non-hydrothermally influenced deep-sea metagenomes (up to 5 RPKM). Therefore, CO, which is probably not sourced from the hydrothermal fluids (1.9–5.8 μM), but rather from biological activities within the rising fluid, may serve as a significant energy source in hydrothermal plumes. Taken together, this study sheds light on the chemolithoautotrophic potential of the bacterial community in Mid-Atlantic Ridge plumes.
Modal semantics for reasoning with probability and uncertainty
Authors: Guallart Nino 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper belongs to the field of probabilistic modal logic, focusing on a comparative analysis of two distinct semantics: one rooted in Kripke semantics and the other in neighbourhood semantics. The primary distinction lies in the following: The latter allows us to adequately express belief functions (lower probabilities) over propositions, whereas the former does not. Thus, neighbourhood semantics is more expressive. The main part of the work is a section in which we study the modal equivalence between probabilistic Kripke models and a subclass of belief neighbourhood models, namely additive ones. We study how to obtain modally equivalent structures.
The sufficiency of disclosure of AI inventions
Authors: Aboy Mateo , Lath Aparajita , Minssen Timo , Liddell Kathleen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The complex and data-driven nature of artificial intelligence (AI) raises questions for the sufficient disclosure of patent applications in this field. What are the European patent disclosure requirements for AI inventions? One challenge is that, prior to training, AI systems can be considered generic models. But after training, they transform into specialized AI systems to solve a particular problem. This transformation requires training data, making it an integral part of the AI system’s definition. But to what extent is the disclosure of the training data or training process necessary for patent disclosure? The Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) first dealt with this challenge in case T 0161/18, which involved a medical AI invention to calculate cardiac output. It held that the specialized artificial neural network (ANN) in the patent could not be carried out by a person skilled in the art due to insufficient disclosure of input data suitable for the training of the ANN or at least one data set suitable for solving the technical problem. Furthermore, without specialization, the invention lacked an inventive step. But, is it always necessary to disclose the input data or at least one data set suitable for solving the technical problem? Are there alternative ways for applicants to satisfy the disclosure requirements for AI inventions? And what evidence is there that patent applicants are disclosing specific details of the AI/machine learning (ML) training or specific AI/ML model architecture? In this article, we analyse case T 0161/18 and subsequent sufficiency of disclosure decisions (T 1539/20; T 0606/21; T 1526/20; T 1191/19) and consider these foundational questions for applicants drafting patent applications with claims directed to AI inventions. We also analyse the EPO’s examination guidelines on sufficiency of disclosure for AI inventions, which were updated in early March 2024.
Description of Trichophoromyia jariensis, a new species of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the eastern Amazon
Authors: Cavalcante Keison S , Rodrigues Bruno L , Posada-López Laura , Peniche Taires , Saraiva José F , Galardo Allan Kardec R , Galati Eunice A B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A new sand fly species, Trichophoromyia jariensis n. sp. Cavalcante, Rodrigues, & Galati, from the state of Amapá, Brazil, is described based on both male and female morphology and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcodes. The DNA barcoding analysis clearly associated males and females of this new species.
Mesoscopic damage study of red sandstone considering initial defects under drying-wetting cycles
Authors: Zhao Li , Cui Yongchang , Xu Shuo , Chang Ruiqing , Yan Zhanyou 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In order to study the mechanical properties and microscopic damage of red sandstone by dry and wet cycling, this paper establishes a 3-dimensional uniaxial compression model of red sandstone by using PFC3D software. On this basis, microscopic cracks were introduced to analyze the influence of different cracks on the mesoscopic cracking of the model. The results show that the error between the simulation results and the test results is less than 10% for the model established by PFC3D software. Based on the discrete element model, displacement and velocity maps were obtained, and the values are larger at the contact with the load and smaller at the distance from the load. With the increase of the initial crack angle, the peak stress gradually increases, and with the decrease of the crack size, the peak stress gradually decreases, and the contact force also decreases.
Urbanization and distance shape population structure in Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Markert Jeffrey A , Rock Matthew T , Clark Bryan W , Nacci Diane E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The federal Superfund site at New Bedford Harbor (Massachusetts, USA) is an example of an environment where pollution levels rose quickly and dramatically. Industrial waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals, and other organic pollutants was dumped into the harbor in the mid-20th century. The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is a widely distributed fish typically susceptible to polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity. However, the population in New Bedford Harbor is one of several that have evolved the ability to tolerate this category of toxicants. Constituents of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor system are linked to this adaptive pollution tolerance. Our population genetic analysis of 444 mummichogs from Massachusetts and Rhode Island estuaries using 55 SNP loci suggests that F. heteroclitus near New Bedford Harbor have large populations and restricted but meaningful levels of gene exchange among adjacent habitats. When comparing polluted to cleaner sites, we find strong evidence of genetic differentiation at a small geographic scale. Populations at the two most polluted sites form a genetically distinct cluster. Much of this differentiation is driven by allele frequency differences at loci associated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor system. While allele frequencies at loci associated with pollution tolerance vary between clean and polluted habitats, putatively adaptive alleles are present at low frequency elsewhere in our study area.
Joint Venture Operations by Fewer Than All the Parties
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses disputes arising from joint venture operations where not all of the parties have elected to participate in a particular joint operation (where the joint venture agreement allows for such a non-participation right). In the particular context of a joint operating agreements the right of a party to elect not participate in a particular joint operation will be represented by the presence of either a sole risk provision or a non-consent provision or both. It might seem inconsistent with the very title of the agreement, but in some joint venture agreements there could be provision whereby a particular activity is not carried out by all of the parties and yet that activity, which is not jointly undertaken by all of the parties, is still governed by the terms of the agreement. This chapter considers how the resultant misalignment between the parties to the joint venture could be dealt with.
Allocation of Costs
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how disputes can arise where the joint venture agreement does not address how costs should be approved or allocated, or fails to identify in advance some types of costs, or where issues subsequently arise that were not anticipated when the agreement was put in place. The cases reviewed show that the sharing of costs is at the heart of joint ventures and addressing this issue has led courts and tribunals to consider the fundamental principles on which joint ventures are built. The key message that emerges from the cases is the benefit of trying to anticipate the types of costs that will be incurred in drafting the joint venture agreement and expressly addressing whether they will be shared and, if so, how.
Default
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how disputes arise in connection with a default by a party to pay its share of the costs as required by the terms of the joint venture agreement. The obligation of each party to pay its share of costs on time is considered fundamental in any joint venture. Failure of any party to pay its share of costs in a timely manner will put the entire joint venture and the underlying concession at risk. As a result, the JV agreement must ensure that there are strong, effective, and immediate remedies if one of the parties defaults in paying its share of JV costs. This chapter discusses those remedies and whether courts and tribunals have found them valid and effective, especially when some of them can be considered harsh on the defaulting party.
Termination of the Joint Venture
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A joint venture agreement will typically make some provision for when that agreement is intended to come to an end between the parties to the joint venture, although that provision is often incomplete, that provision will differ in its content between the agreements which are used in respect of incorporated and unincorporated joint ventures, and that provision could be expressed to apply to the agreement as a whole or in respect of individual parties to the agreement. Principally, the joint venture agreement could come to an end when the underlying business purpose of the joint venture has come to an end (and so, in the context of an unincorporated joint venture, the JOA will have a duration that principally tracks the duration of the concession). This chapter examines the disputes which arise in respect of a purported termination of the joint venture.
The Concept of Investment in ICSID Arbitration
Authors: Petsche Markus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book examines the meaning of the concept of investment in International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) arbitration. It provides a comprehensive and detailed examination of the various legal issues arising in connection with the jurisdictional requirement of the existence of an investment. It explores, first of all, the fundamental question of whether the term ‘investment’ in Art 25 ICSID Convention — despite not being defined — nevertheless has some ‘objective’ or ‘independent’ meaning. Second, it discusses the substance of that ‘objective’ meaning, showing that three primary approaches (the prevailing Salini test, the permissibility test, and the commercial-transaction test) co-exist in arbitral practice. Third, this book analyses investment treaty definitions of ‘investment’. It discusses the traditional definitional model, typical requirements (ownership or control by the investor, territoriality, legality, and the controversial requirement of an ‘active’ investment), as well as recent developments in treaty and related arbitral practice. Fourth, it provides an overview of definitions contained in domestic investment laws, highlighting commonalities with, and differences from, definitions found in investment treaties. Finally, it examines the investment status of several specific categories of assets and operations. This book offers not only a detailed analysis of the relevant case law, legislation, and scholarship, but also a critical assessment of existing practices and trends, as well as normative recommendations. Despite its formal focus on ICSID arbitration, significant portions of this book are also relevant in the context of other forms of investor-state arbitration proceedings.