bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medium Voltage Electric Heating Technology for Downhole Heating Applications and Offshore Platforms
Authors: Molnar C. , Riley M. , Trussler R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Offshore production facilities utilize a variety of process heating equipment to help start-up production and operate efficiently. Applications include glycol reboiling, oil and gas conditioning, knock-out drum heating, molecular sieve regeneration, sea or potable water, and fuel/lube oil maintenance. In addition, oil producers have long investigated downhole and subsea heating solutions capable of decreasing viscosity, preventing wax and hydrate buildup, and providing localized heating for improved productivity. The types of heating solutions are problematic due to the large capacity and extreme environmental and process conditions involved, especially with the downhole and subsea applications. Until recently, low voltage (below 1000V) heating elements and low power heating cables have been the typical solutions for downhole and subsea electric heating applications. These traditional solutions have limitations that prevent them from significant adoption and utilization.
This paper discusses the benefits of using medium voltage technology. The focus will be on the reduction of installation, maintenance, and operational costs, as well as the reduction of electrical power consumption and line loss associated with using medium voltage technology. Also, for large heating loads, the physical size and footprint of medium voltage electric heating systems are more compact than traditional low voltage systems. This is especially relevant on newly designed platforms which provide medium voltage power distribution.
Finally, medium voltage electric heating technology opens the door for completely new solutions in downhole, subsea and offshore heating, as well as other process heating, in the oil and gas industry that were not possible before. It is important to present such innovation to the marketplace so that producers and operators are aware of new solutions to existing problems.
Formation Damage: A Novel Approach to Evaluate Zonal Productivity Loss in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Maalouf C. B. , Espinoza I. Baca , Al-jaberi S. M. , Marrauld J. Y. , Amer M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The development of a complex oil wet carbonate green field requires an integrated data approach to characterize the reservoir and build a robust dynamic model, which will allow evaluating different development scenarios. Nevertheless, the predicted productivity of highly deviated wells is usually different from the actual values. This problem can lead to poor well completion choices and to suboptimal reservoir development plan.
To overcome the issue, the detailed analysis of downhole wellbore damages and their impact on production per zone should be evaluated. In this study, a well productivity simulation model was built to model the flow behaviour in a horizontal well and was tested against the actual production logging data. The proposed formation damage estimation is based on the integration of conventional core analysis from nearby wells with logs aquired while drilling and wireline and with data from well testing pressure transient analysis before and after acidizing. The model was used to evaluate the impact of formation damage on zonal productivity.
The proposed formation damage evaluation methodology allows reconciling between actual and expected productivities of reservoir zones across horizontal wells. A synthetic production profile with distributed drilling and acid damage skin is generated by the well model and is matched with actual production profile of a recently drilled and logged well. The results show the progression of damages through various stages of the well cycle: for permeable zones, the invasion is progressing heterogeneously while drilling and acidizing; for less permeable zones, the invasion caused by drilling might not be completely overtaken by acid stimulation. The study demonstrates the importance of drilling and well completion duration in invasion progress across the wellbore length.
The paper describes a novel methodology to construct distributed formation damages across open hole wells in carbonate reservoirs and to evaluate the effects of damages on zonal productivity. This methodology improves the prediction of well productivity by identifying the contribution of various damages to zonal productivity. This is critical for efficient decision making concerning well completions and field development options, particularly at the early stages of green field development.
Continuous Improvement Strategy to Stimulate Sustainability and Enhance Environmental Management
Authors: Vargas Cheryll Manlapaz , Scott Hannah 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
An oilfield services company that recognizes the value of embedding sustainability into internal business processes has elevated environmental performance by expanding its existing continuous improvement program. This paper describes the program that has been successfully implemented globally over a five-year period. It is illustrated with actual case studies that exhibit both substantial savings in energy, water and waste, alongside business cost savings.
The program covers major facilities of the company's engineering and manufacturing division. Each year, participating sites have an objective to complete a minimum of one improvement project that actively targets elimination or reduction of environmental wastes. Each project executes the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) process. The steps in DMAIC are incremental and data-driven, and use applicable statistical and analytical tools to enable solutions that deliver step change impact. The Control phase specifically facilitates sustainability as it requires implementing models for preserving short- and long-term improvements. These projects are tracked in a centralized repository and undergo a standard validation process.
The program entered its fifth year in 2014, with 28 participating locations worldwide. Project initiatives have generated significant financial benefits, exclusive of environmental savings. Annually, the program has saved an average of 2 378 000 kW-hr electricity, 19 704 000 L water, and 521 t of waste eliminated, reused or recycled.
The successes of the program are communicated both internally and externally, including contributions to the Carbon Disclosure Project. Internally, the program has provided a vehicle to positively engage employees across disciplines, to share innovations, technologies and best practices for the environment. Projects resulting in facilities-related enhancements have demanded initial capital expenditure, but the return on investment is projected to continue beyond the annual timescale captured by the program. The program has stimulated forward thinking management decisions on the future and sustainability within the organization.
DMAIC is a recognized continuous improvement process that use Lean and Six Sigma techniques. By leveraging on this approach to focus on the environment, the probability of overlooking environmental opportunities is substantially reduced. Lean's systematic elimination of waste is implemented in the very literal sense. Checkpoints in each DMAIC step reduce the risk of project failure, and Six Sigma's data analysis methods enable measurable, visible results that allow the organization to track continuous improvement actions towards sustainability.
Career Development:Empowering the Business with Talent Management Tools in Effective Career Discussions
Authors: Veettil Santhosh Koyadan , Al Mehairbi Ashwaq M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Managing one's own career has become a challenge for any employee working in organisations where the emphasis is more on anything other than individual development. The lack of right tools and awareness of those – how to place it at the right level, how to interpret and use it - among managers add to this challenge as well. Only very few organisations have a well-established and robust systems and process in place which helps an employee to manage their own career within the organisation creating a win-win situation. "Individuals working for organisations have a pressing need to manage their own careers effectively. They need to do this to progress within their current employing organisation towards more interesting, more responsible and more highly rewarded work. This is the conventional, and still often relevant, meaning of 'career'. But individuals also need to manage their own careers to make sideway moves as well. Organisations who manages these expectations effectively and create an engaging workforce will stands out from the rest". [Dr Santhosh Koyadan Veettil, Why Career Development Discussions?, Drsanmantra:Exploring Synergies. 19 April 2015 https://drsanmantra.wordpress.com/]
This paper highlights the importance of Career Conversations in organisations and how to make it effective by using the various tools of Talent Management by managers in engaging his/ her employees. Although Career Conversations happen between a manager and the employee, but rarely one may find this as a well-structured process. It rather ends up in a very casual conversation, most of the time without managing any expectations. These short conversations may help but it may fire back due to the unclear nature of the discussions and expectations. In this paper, an attempt is made to give a structure to the Career Discussion process explaining the critical components of the process.
The Combined Application Of Innovative Rotary Steerable Systems And High Performance Water-Based Fluids Enabled The Execution Of A Complex 3D Well Trajectory And Extended Horizontal Section Through A Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Puliti A. , Maliardi A. , De Grandis G. , Molaschi C. , Arpini F. , Bussaglia L. , Paoli F. , Zauli F. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the successful drilling of a complex 3D High Dog Leg Severity (DLS) well trajectory with extended horizontal section, achieved thanks to the combined use of an innovative Rotary Steerable System (RSS) and a new type of High Performance Water-Based Mud (HPWBM).
The well under discussion is a 6 in. side-track of an existing wellbore, drilled to optimize production in a field characterized by a carbonate reservoir. The challenge has been to reach the target and land the well in the shallowest part of the reservoir, far away from the Oil Water Contact (OWC). Furthermore, high Rate Of Penetration (ROP), smooth borehole, real time logs and good hole cleaning had to be provided to ensure optimum drilling performance while reducing the risk of wellbore stability issues.
In the past, in this field, development wells have been generally drilled with a 2D trajectory design. In addition, standard drilling fluid practices have been using low weight calcium carbonate polymer muds to drill through the reservoir. Although generally successful, this resulted in high torque and low ROP in wells with extended horizontal sections.
In the case history described in this paper, the side-track well trajectory has been planned with a DLS developed in three dimensional planes. An innovative hybrid RSS, specifically developed for high DLS applications, has been selected to drill the curve section. Moreover, a novel HPWBM has been introduced to drill the curve and the horizontal section. The use of the New Generation HPWBM has further optimized drilling performance, showing excellent results in reducing torque and increasing ROP, allowing to extend the horizontal section and maintain wellbore stability.
The combined application of the innovative RSS and New Generation HPWBM has led to an improved control of the trajectory, reducing the well path tortuosity, and has greatly enhanced drilling performance compared to offset wells in the field. The curve section has been drilled with a DLS up to 10°/30 m and landed with a 90° inclination. Then, the side-track has reached the target with an extended lateral drain of 2010 m. In previous similar experiences, high torque values determined the maximum length of lateral drains.
An average ROP of 3.8 m/h has been achieved while drilling the curve while an average 7.5 m/h ROP has been registered in the horizontal section.
The outstanding results have opened up the way to further applications with similar challenging targets and high DLS requirements.
Pore-Scale Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Oil-Water Flow in Carbonate Rock with Variable Wettability
Authors: Li Hongxia , Yang Weilin , Huang Haibo , Chevalier Sylvie , Sassi Mohamed , Zhang TieJun , Zahaf Kamel , Al-Farisi Omar 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Rock surface wettability is one of the most important factors impacting the oil recovery efficiency. Carbonate reservoir rocks show highly heterogeneous wettability, which is imposing big challenges in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Because of the complicated porous morphology and interaction between oil/water phases, the mechanism of how surface wettability affects the relative permeability is still unclear. In this work, we develop a Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to study the oil-water-rock interaction through systematic water-flooding simulations. Our LBM model is validated by the analytical solution of co-current oil-water flow and lab-scale microchannel oil displacement experiment. To further investigate the effect of rock surface wettability and reveal the pore-scale oil trapping mechanism, a series of water-flooding oil displacement simulations are conducted under different initial oil saturation and surface wettability conditions. For realistic pore-scale flow visualization, a 2D micro-CT image of carbonate rock in Abu Dhabi is used. Our simulation results indicate that the surface wettability has significant influence on the volume of trapped oil at the end of the recovery process; the trapped oil residue in an oil-wet pore could be 2.5 times more than that in a water-wet pore. This study is an important step toward understanding the complicated oil trapping mechanism in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs with variable wettability conditions.
A Method to Compute Water Saturation in Tight Rocks Accounting for Conductivity of Clay Minerals
Authors: Sarihi A. , Vargas-Murillo B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to determine the water saturation applying the Waxman-Smits equation and using mineralogy analysis obtained from XRD/CT scanning and resistivity data for a tight sandstone formation. Contrarious to using Archie's equation, the suggested approach takes conductivity into account and provides more accurate water saturation calculations, in order to correctly predict oil and gas in place. Accurate computing of the correlations between rock resistivity and fluid saturations is vital to constructing 2D and 3D models of water saturation to understand the effect of microstructure on petrophysical properties of tight formations. The negative charges on the surface of monoclinic and triclinic clay minerals, with layered silica tetrahedra in shale rocks, hold electric interactions with bipolar molecules of water and free cations. The presence of clays in tight gas sandstone reservoirs may lead to the overestimation of water saturation, if the mineralogy is not properly included into the computations. This implies that proper water saturation characterization of tight gas reservoirs could lead to an increase of evaluated hydrocarbon resources. Such an increase may be significant in large newly discovered tight rock gas bearing basins with multiple shaley-sand sweet spots.
The case study in this paper shows a computational analysis made by comparing Archie versus Waxman-Smits equations. Results from tight rock samples illustrate a proportional relationship between the clay content and the quantity of exchangeable clay. A new term, named the clay factor, Cf, has been obtained from this linear relationship, and was found that it could possibly replace the BQv term in the Waxman-Smits equation. These results show a promising workflow method to calculate water saturation considering the conductivity and fraction volume of clay minerals. As the mineralogy of a rock can be accurately identified by high resolution imaging techniques, an approach based on mineralogy, as the proposed method can be utilized as a better way to compute saturation using modification of the Waxman-Smits model. Good assessment of saturation can have a large impact in the computation of transition zones and gas resources in tight rocks, revisiting volumes that were counted as water in past models.
Deep Water Nigerian Field Challenge: Increasing ROP with Centrally Located Conical Diamond Element Saves Operator 26Hours Rig-Time, Agbami Field
Authors: Jopling Jacquelynn , Dikko Mustapha , Obot Etido Rufus , Okoro Frank , Onyia Jennifer Chioma , Gjertsen Ole Jacob , Benny Praveen Joseph 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Drilling a 12¼-in hole section in the Agbami field offshore Nigeria presents a number of challenges.The section contains abrasive sandstone and shale that are interbedded with sandstone and siltstone, and all have unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) that vary across the field. The abrasive sandstone/shale section has UCS of 12,000 psi, and the interbedded sandstone/siltstone section has UCS of 15,000 psi or higher. The variation in lithology, formation strength, and abrasion/impact index make ensuring shoe to total depth (TD) runs with consistent ROP difficult because the conditions dull the polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit's cutting structure, leading to a significant reduction in ROP before reaching section TD.
An operator wanted to drill the 12¼-in section from shoe to TD in a single run with a 45% improvement in average ROP compared with the four-well offset median of 38.26 ft/h.
To accomplish the objectives, the operator required a PDC bit with a differentiating drilling action designed to increase penetration rates and extend bit life in heterogeneous formations. A finite element analysis (FEA)-based modeling system was used to experiment with cutter types and their placement to improve drilling performance.
Based on the modeling work, design engineers recommended a conical diamond element (CDE) with a thick synthetic diamond layer.
The diamond layer on the CDE is approximately twice as thick as a conventional PDC cutter and exhibits 25% more wear resistance with almost double the impact strength. The element's unique geometry delivers high point loading for effective formation fracture. To fully exploit the CDE's advantages, the PDC bit body was redesigned by selectively abbreviating the blades at bit center and positioning a single CDE in the void space. The modeling system was also used to generate an operating parameter roadmap to maximize performance.
The new 12¼-in central CDE bit drilled the 2,320-ft section from shoe to TD at 92.06 ft/h, a 102% increase in ROP compared with the best offset rate of 45.64 ft/h over a 2,419-ft interval. The performance improvement, which was achieved on the first deployment of the bit in this application, reduced drilling time by approximately 26 hours, saving the operator USD 1.2 million in offshore rig time. The bit design was deployed in another well where a comparatively heavier mud weight was used, but the run still recorded an outstanding increase in ROP over the best offset.
Process Safety - A Journey Towards Excellence
Authors: Khan Shamsuddin Ahmad 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Process Safety has now become one of the key topics in industry. Process safety differs from personal safety and has to be dealt differently. ADGAS has taken initiative to lead in Process Safety Management by taking different multi-directional approach. The main objective is to enhance awareness towards Process Safety and develop Process Safety Culture within ADGAS & ADNOC Group of Companies whereby mitigation & elimination of potential hazards is embedded in the attitude of every individual.
Measuring Reservoir Fluid Composition Using a Novel Continuous Contact Flash Method Based on a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Shah Mohammad Khalid , Fisher Robert , Hassan Ibraheem , Makarov Evgeny , Medvedev Oleg , Memon Afzal 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Live reservoir fluid samples are flashed to liquid and gas phases at atmospheric conditions to determine the live reservoir fluid compositions. This paper describes a new flash method based on microfluidic coil for reservoir fluid compositional analysis and named the Continuous Contact Flash (CCF) method. In contrast to traditional flash methodologies, the CCF involves flashing a reservoir fluid sample through a microfluidic coil. As it passes through the coil, the fluid gradually depressurizes from reservoir pressure to below saturation pressure creating segmented gas-liquid flow. This process provides continuous contact between the gas and liquid phases during the flash resulting in equilibrated gas and liquid phases at the exit of the coil. The technique is independent of the user as the depressurization process is governed by the properties of the coil. The CCF has been tested with a range of reservoir fluids including a black oil, volatile oil and gas condensate fluid. This paper summarizes a validation study of the CCF method by comparing the reservoir fluid composition and GOR values obtained by CCF with existing flash techniques. The validation study demonstrates that the CCF is a viable technique for reservoir fluid compositional analysis and produces repeatable results. Good agreement between reservoir compositions is obtained by this technique when compared with existing flash techniques. The small footprint of the CCF apparatus is suitable for wellsite use as well as laboratory reservoir fluids analysis applications.