bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated interpretation of 3D seismic data to enhance the detection of the gold‐bearing reef: Mponeng Gold mine, Witwatersrand Basin (South Africa)
Authors: Manzi Musa , Cooper Gordon , Malehmir Alireza , Durrheim Raymond , Nkosi Zamaswazi 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe present an integrated approach to the seismic interpretation of one of the world's deepest gold ore body (Carbon Leader Reef) using three‐dimensional seismic data, ultrasonic velocity measurements at elevated stresses, and modified instantaneous attribute analysis. Seismic wave velocities of the drill‐core samples (quartzite, shale, and conglomeratic reef) from the mine are sensitive to uniaxial stress changes, i.e., they slowly increase with increasing pressure until they reach maximum value at ∼25 MPa. For all the samples, seismic velocities are constant above 25 MPa, indicating a possible closure of microcracks at stress corresponding to 1.0 km–1.5 km. A reflection coefficient of 0.02 computed between hanging wall and footwall quartzites of the Carbon Leader Reef ore body suggests that it may be difficult to obtain a strong seismic reflection at their interface. Our modified seismic attribute algorithm, on the other hand, shows that the detection of the lateral continuity of the Carbon Leader Reef reflector can significantly be improved by sharpening the seismic traces. Three‐dimensional seismic data reveal that faults with throws greater than 25 m that offset the Carbon Leader Reef can clearly be seen. Faults with throws less than 25 m but greater than 2‐m throw were identified through horizon‐based attribute analysis, while most dykes and sills with thickness less than 25 m were invisible. The detection of the lateral continuity of the Carbon Leader Reef reflector and its depth position is greatly improved by integrating the modified instantaneous attributes with controls from borehole observations. The three‐dimensional visualization and effective interpretation of the Carbon Leader Reef horizon shows a host of structurally complex ore body blocks that may impact future shaft positioning and reduce its associated risks.
Reconciling expert judgement and habitat suitability models as tools for guiding sampling of threatened species
Authors: Aizpurua Olatz , Cantú‐Salazar Lisette , San Martin Gilles , Biver Gilles , Brotons Lluís , Titeux Nicolas 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Up‐to‐date knowledge on species distribution is needed for efficient biodiversity conservation and management decision‐making. Implementing efficient sampling strategies to identify previously unknown locations of species of conservation‐concern is therefore a key challenge. Both structured expert judgement and habitat suitability models may help target sampling towards areas where chances to find the species are highest. However, practitioners often object to the use of models and believe they do not result in better decisions than the subjective opinion of experts, thus potentially constraining an optimal use of available methods and information.

To illustrate the potential of habitat suitability models for guiding sampling strategies, we evaluated and compared the ability of experts and models to identify important areas for the conservation of a bird species (Lanius collurio) in Luxembourg. We conducted extensive fieldwork to find as many unknown bird territories as possible according to three independent sampling strategies: (i) a sampling strategy based on structured expert judgement, (ii) a sampling strategy based on the predictions of a habitat suitability model and (iii) a general‐purpose stratified random sampling strategy used as a baseline reference.

Both the expert‐based and the model‐based sampling strategies substantially outperformed the general‐purpose sampling strategy in identifying new species records. In addition, the model‐based sampling strategy performed significantly better than the expert‐based sampling strategy.

Synthesis and applications. This study explicitly shows that habitat suitability models can efficiently guide field data collection towards suitable areas for species of conservation‐concern. Results may facilitate the involvement of practitioners in the development of habitat suitability models with the objective of maximizing the robustness of modelling applications in conservation practice and management decision‐making.
Freshwater ice as habitat: partitioning of phytoplankton and bacteria between ice and water in central European reservoirs
Authors: McKay Robert M.L. , Prášil Ondrej , Pechar Libor , Lawrenz Evelyn , Rozmarynowycz Mark J. , Bullerjahn George S. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAbundant phytoplankton and bacteria were identified by high‐throughput 16S rRNA tag Illumina sequencing of samples from water and ice phases collected during winter at commercial fish ponds and a sand pit lake within the UNESCO Třeboň Basin Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic. Bacterial reads were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Despite dominance by members of just two phyla, UniFrac principal coordinates analysis of the bacterial community separated the water community of Klec fish pond, as well as the ice‐associated community of Klec‐Sand Pit from other samples. Both phytoplankton and cyanobacteria were represented with hundreds of sequence reads per sample, a finding corroborated by microscopy. In particular, ice from Klec‐Sand Pit contained high contributions from photoautotrophs accounting for 25% of total reads with reads dominated by single operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. and two filamentous diatoms. Dominant OTUs recovered from ice were largely absent (< 0.01%) from underlying water suggestive of low floristic similarity of phytoplankton partitioned between these phases. Photosynthetic characterization of phototrophs resident in water and ice analysed by variable chlorophyll a fluorescence showed that communities from both phases were photosynthetically active, thus supporting ice as viable habitat for phytoplankton in freshwater lakes and reservoirs.
Understanding Americans’ views on opioid pain reliever abuse
Authors: Barry Colleen L. , Kennedy‐Hendricks Alene , Gollust Sarah E. , Niederdeppe Jeff , Bachhuber Marcus A. , Webster Daniel W. , McGinty Emma E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsOpioid pain reliever abuse rates have increased sharply in the United States. This study examines Americans’ personal experience with opioid pain reliever use and abuse, and views about the seriousness of the problem, factors causing it, responsibility for addressing it and support for policies to resolve it.DesignPublic opinion survey.Setting and ParticipantsA nationally representative US adult sample (n = 1111).MeasuresExperiences with opioid pain relievers and views about the seriousness, causes of and responsibility for addressing the problem, and support for policies to reduce opioid pain reliever abuse.Findings28.2 per cent of Americans reported using opioid pain relievers in the last 12 months, 69.5% have used them in their life‐time and 17.3% reported using these medications when not prescribed to them. Fifty‐eight per cent ranked the problem as serious, on a par with other major health concerns. Individual‐orientated factors, including a lack of understanding about how easy it is to become addicted (80.0%) and improper storage (65.1%) and disposal (64.1%), ranked highest as causes, and those abusing opioid pain relievers (83.8%) and their physicians (78.0%) were viewed as most responsible for solving the problem. Of the policies recommended to curb the epidemic, 14 of 16 were supported by a majority of Americans.ConclusionsAmericans view the problem of opioid pain reliever abuse as serious, and support nearly all the policies recommended by medical, law enforcement, disease control and public health experts to curb the epidemic.
Discovery of Novel Peptidomimetics as Irreversible CHIKV NsP2 Protease Inhibitors Using Quantum Mechanical‐Based Ligand Descriptors
Authors: El‐labbad Eman M. , Ismail Mohammed A. H. , Abou Ei Ella Dalal A. , Ahmed Marawan , Wang Feng , Barakat Khaled H. , Abouzid Khaled A. M. 
Published: July 2015

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito‐borne alphavirus. Recent outbreaks of CHIKV infections have been reported in Asia, Africa, and Europe. The symptoms of CHIKV infection include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, rash, and chronic persistent arthralgia. To date, no vaccines or selective antiviral drugs against this important emerging virus have been reported. In this study, the design, synthesis, and antiviral activity screening of new topographical peptidomimetics revealed three potential prototype agents 3a, 4b, and 5d showing 93–100% maximum inhibition of CHIKV replication in cell‐based assay having EC90 of 8.76–9.57 μg/mL. Intensive molecular modeling studies including covalent docking, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies, and the atomic condensed Fukui functions calculations strongly suggested the covalent binding of peptidomimetics 3a, 4b, and 5d to CHIKV nsP2 protease leading to permanent enzyme inactivation via Michael adduct formation between α/β‐unsaturated ketone functionality in our designed peptidomimetics and active site catalytic cysteine1013. Furthermore, small molecular weight peptidomimetics 3a and 4b satisfied the Lipinski rule of five for drug‐likeness and showed promising intestinal absorption and aqueous solubility via computational admet studies making them promising hits for further optimization.
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma with plasma cell‐rich inflammatory stroma: a clear cell carcinoma subgroup with distinct clinicopathological features
Authors: Kato Noriko , Kurotaki Hidekachi , Uchigasaki Shinya , Fukase Masayuki , Kurose Akira 
Published: July 2015

AimsOvarian clear cell carcinoma has a unique stroma. Although a hyalinized or mucoid stroma is more common, the stroma sometimes shows a dense inflammatory infiltrate, simulating a dysgerminoma. The aim of this study was to analyse the character and significance of the inflammatory stroma.Methods and resultsTwelve of 60 (20%) clear cell carcinomas showed an inflammatory stroma. The inflammatory stroma and hyalinized/mucoid stroma were mutually exclusive. Inflammatory cells were predominantly composed of CD138‐positive plasma cells. As compared with the non‐inflammatory cases, the epithelial component frequently showed a solid growth pattern and immunoreactivity for cyclooxygenase‐2, one of the critical proinflammatory enzymes (P < 0.005). These findings were repeated after heterotransplantation of three clear cell carcinoma cell lines into athymic nude mice. In particular, xenografts of one cell line (JHOC‐5) were infiltrated by mature plasma cells, indicating that plasma cell differentiation was stimulated by JHOC‐5 cells, independently of T lymphocytes. Clinicopathologically, the frequency of International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage III was higher in the cases with an inflammatory stroma than in those without it (P < 0.01).ConclusionsClear cell carcinomas with an inflammatory stroma constitute a distinct clinicopathological subgroup. It is strongly suggested that tumour cells themselves are responsible for inducing inflammation and stimulating plasma cell differentiation in a paracrine manner.
Ovarian hilar proliferations resembling Sertoli cell tumours: microscopic neoplasms or non‐neoplastic remnants?
Authors: Taylor Jennifer , Clarke Blaise A , Hasan Noori U , Gasljevic Gorana , Cesari Matthew , McCluggage W Glenn 
Published: July 2015

AimsTo describe four cases of incidentally detected microscopic ovarian hilar Sertoli cell proliferation, a phenomenon that, as far as we are aware, has not been previously reported, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of these lesions.Methods and resultsThe proliferations occurred in women aged 35–62 years, and were composed of solid and hollow tubules that were morphologically and immunohistochemically in keeping with Sertoli cells. Two cases were bilateral.ConclusionsWe feel that these uncommon proliferations are likely to represent non‐neoplastic embryological remnants rather than hilar Sertoli cell tumours.
Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an extreme form of tumour de‐differentiation
Authors: Samaratunga Hemamali , Delahunt Brett , Egevad Lars , Adamson Michael , Hussey David , Malone Greg , Hoyle Kirsten , Nathan Tim , Kerle David , Ferguson Peter , Nacey John N 
Published: July 2015

AimsVesical pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma (PGCC) is a variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) characterized by highly pleomorphic tumour with giant cells. Fewer than 10 cases have been reported, and our aim was to determine the clinical and pathological features of a series of tumours from a specialized uropathology laboratory.Methods and resultsThirteen cases of PGCC of the bladder were identified. There were nine males and four females, ranging in age from 53 to 92 years (mean 72 years). Associated conventional high‐grade UC was seen in eight cases, while three cases also had micropapillary UC and one plasmacytoid UC. UC in situ (CIS) was present in five cases and occasional bizarre cells were seen in both UC and CIS. The proportion of PGCC present varied from 40% to 100% of tumour. Immunostaining performed on 10 cases showed uniform positivity for CK 8/18 and AE1/AE3, while most tumours were positive for CK7, CK20, uroplakin III and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) was negative. Of 10 patients with follow‐up, five died within 1 year and four are alive with tumour.ConclusionsThe association of PGCC with UC and an overlap in immunoexpression suggests that PGCC represents an extreme form of UC de‐differentiation.
Trichoscopic changes in hair during treatment of hirsutism with 1064‐nm neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser
Authors: Mohamed Essam‐elden Mohamed , Ahmed Amer Mohamed , Tawfik Khaled Mohamed , Ibrahim Shady Mahmoud 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackgroundLaser hair removal has become an accepted form of long‐term hair reduction and is now one of the most common dermatologic procedures. Trichoscan is a validated method of assessing hair length, thickness, and density and growth rate using dermoscopy.ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the trichoscopic changes during treatment of hirsutism with 1064‐nm neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser.MethodsSeventy patients with idiopathic facial hirsutism referring to the laser centers of Al‐Azhar University hospital (Asyut and Cairo) between December 2012 and October 2014 were enrolled in this open‐label, multicentric study. All participants received six sessions of 1064‐nm Nd:YAG laser at 4‐week intervals. Mean hair density/cm2, percentage of terminal/vellus hair ratio, and hair thickness (mm) were assessed at baseline and 1 month after each session for six sessions using trichoscan.ResultsSeventy female patients completed the study protocol. At the final visit, mean hair density, terminal/vellus hair ratio, and hair thickness were significantly decreased from baseline (73.7 + 20.6, 72.5 + 14.7, 0.095 + 0.02, respectively) to (19.4 + 5.6, 21.3 + 5.2, 0.02 ± 0.007, respectively) (P < 0.05 for each).ConclusionOne thousand and sixty‐four‐nm Nd:YAG laser is an effective and safe method in the reduction of unwanted facial hair. Trichoscan is an easy and more accurate method in monitoring the treatment of hair disorders.
Is the relative increase in income inequality related to tooth loss in middle‐aged adults?
Authors: Goulart Mariél de Aquino , Vettore Mario Vianna 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether Brazilian middle‐aged adults living in cities that experienced a relative increase on income inequality were more likely to have severe tooth loss and lack a functional dentition.MethodsData on Brazilian adults aged 35‐44 years from state capitals and Federal District from the 2010 Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) were analyzed. Clinically assessed tooth loss outcomes were severe tooth loss (<9 remaining natural teeth) and lack of functional dentition (<21 natural teeth). Income inequality was assessed by Gini Index in 1991, 2000, and 2003 using tertiles of distribution. Variation in Gini Index was assessed by changes in the tertiles distribution between years. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) between variation in income inequality and tooth loss outcomes adjusting for individual socio‐demographic characteristics.ResultsPrevalence of severe tooth loss and lack of functional dentition was 4.8 percent and 21.2 percent, respectively. Individuals living in cities with moderate and high increase in income inequality between 1991 and 2003 were more likely to have severe tooth loss and lack a functional dentition in 2010 compared with those living in cities with stable income inequality in the same period. Relationships between low family income and both tooth loss outcomes were significantly attenuated by relative increases in income inequality.ConclusionsRelative increases in income inequality were significantly associated with severe tooth loss and lack of a functional dentition in Brazilian middle‐aged adults.
The need for histological subclassification of cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Gaeun , Lee Samuel S. , Baik Soon Koo , Cho Youn Zoo , Kim Moon Young , Kwon Sang Ok , Cha Seung Hwan , Cho Mee Yon 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsThe need for further histological subclassification of cirrhosis has been increasingly recognized because of the heterogeneity of severity within cirrhosis. We sought to identify evidence in the literature regarding the histological subclassification of cirrhosis using the Laennec stage.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis by searching databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the COCHRANE library, for relevant studies.ResultsOf 208 studies identified, 16 were eligible according to the inclusion criteria. With higher grades of the Laennec stage, clinical stages of cirrhosis and Child–Pugh scores/Model for end‐stage liver disease scores increased (P < 0.05). Higher Laennec stages were statistically associated with the development of liver‐related events, such as liver‐related death, liver cancer progression and variceal haemorrhage, as well as higher hepatic venous pressure gradients and higher liver stiffness values (P < 0.05). Two open‐labelled studies showed the usefulness of the Laennec system with regard to the evaluation of whether antifibrotic treatments were effective. The mean kappa value was 0.81 (range 0.61–0.87) for inter‐observer agreement.ConclusionsBased on this systematic review and meta‐analysis, histological subclassification of cirrhosis using the Laennec system is useful to better predict prognosis and complications of portal hypertension.
A combined inverse method and multivariate approach for exploring population trends of Florida manatees
Authors: Littles Chanda J. , Pilyugin Sergei S. , Frazer Thomas K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGiven the expense and time required to monitor marine mammal populations effectively, approaches that fully exploit the resulting data certainly are warranted. We employed a two‐step modeling approach to estimate key demographic parameters, including immigration, from aerial surveys of manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in the Northwest management unit of Florida. Abundances of adults and calves were predicted by multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) models, after accounting for heterogeneous detection rates caused by variable environmental conditions. The resulting predictions were incorporated into a stage‐structured, deterministic model that used an inverse method to estimate parameters with and without immigration. The model without immigration estimated mean survival probabilities of 0.966, 0.923, and 0.794 for adults, subadults and calves, respectively, with a per capita reproductive rate of 0.135. These parameter estimates yielded an overall mean population growth rate of approximately 1.037, which is comparable to rates from mark‐recapture studies. When we added an immigration term that accounted for the greater slope in adult counts since 1999, as identified by the MARS model, the estimated per capita reproductive rate was 0.122, with survival probabilities for adults, subadults and calves of 0.926, 0.920, and 0.833, respectively. These rates were coupled with an estimated mean winter immigration rate corresponding to roughly 5.2% of the adult and subadult population. In this latter scenario, the number of manatees in the core population of the Northwest management unit was predicted to remain constant, with a population growth rate near one, and additional manatees counted during aerial surveys were deemed to be immigrants. While further studies could certainly expound on the potential effects of migrants on population indices, we present this first published immigration estimate for wintering manatees in northwest Florida.
Transport efficiency through uniformity: organization of veins and stomata in angiosperm leaves
Authors: Fiorin Lucia , Brodribb Timothy J. , Anfodillo Tommaso 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Leaves of vascular plants use specific tissues to irrigate the lamina (veins) and to regulate water loss (stomata), to approach homeostasis in leaf hydration during photosynthesis. As both tissues come with attendant costs, it would be expected that the synthesis and spacing of leaf veins and stomata should be coordinated in a way that maximizes benefit to the plant.

We propose an innovative geoprocessing method based on image editing and a geographic information system to study the quantitative relationships between vein and stomatal spatial patterns on leaves collected from 31 angiosperm species from different biomes.

The number of stomata within each areole was linearly related to the length of the looping vein contour. As a consequence of the presence of free‐ending veinlets, the minimum mean distance of stomata from the nearest veins was invariant with areole size in most of the species, and species with smaller distances carried a higher density of stomata.

Uniformity of spatial patterning was consistent within leaves and species. Our results demonstrate the existence of an optimal spatial organization of veins and stomata, and suggest their interplay as a key feature for achieving a constant mesophyll hydraulic resistance throughout the leaf.
Immune system changes after sexual abuse in adolescents
Authors: Ayaydin Hamza , Abali Osman , Akdeniz Nilgun Okumus , Kok Burcu Ece , Gunes Adem , Yildirim Abdurrahman , Deniz Gunnur 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe immunological changes in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis have been found to be similar to the immunological changes in adults with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The biological consequences of and immunological disruptions associated with psychological trauma in sexually abused adolescents were investigated in this study.MethodsNumber of peripheral blood cells, intracellular cytokine level and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells were measured on routine blood examination samples in adolescents aged 13–18 referred to the outpatient unit for forensic evaluation. Forty‐three adolescents (patients with present/lifetime PTSD [PTSD‐P/PTSD‐L] associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse, n = 33; and 10 controls) were evaluated.ResultsEosinophil percentage was high (P < 0.05), whereas stimulated intracellular interferon‐γ was low (P < 0.05) in adolescents with PTSD‐L compared with the control group. In PTSD‐P patients exposed to repeated sexual abuse, CD3+ HLA‐DR+ T‐lymphocyte count was low (P < 0.05) compared with those with one‐time sexual abuse.ConclusionThe increase in some immune system parameters and the decrease in several others, suggests a dysregulation of the immune system related to trauma in adolescents. Dysregulation of the immune system is known to cause autoimmune and chronic disease.