bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Sports Injuries
Authors: Stracciolini Andrea , Casciano Rebecca , Levey Friedman Hilary , Stein Cynthia J. , Meehan William P. , Micheli Lyle J. 
Published: February 2014

Background: There is still much that we do not know about differences in sports injuries between young male and female athletes and the factors that may increase the risk for injuries in this regard. Purpose: To describe and compare differences between males and females in pediatric sports-related injuries. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed using a 5% random sampling (N = 2133) of medical records of children aged 5 to 17 years seen over 10 years in a sports medicine clinic at a large academic pediatric hospital. Information was collected and analyzed on age, sex, height, weight, injury type (overuse vs acute/traumatic), location of injury, and sports involvement. Results: Overall, female athletes had a higher percentage of overuse injuries (62.5%) compared with traumatic injuries (37.5%); the opposite was seen in male athletes (41.9% vs 58.2%, respectively; P < .001). Looking at specific areas of injury, female athletes sustained more injuries to the lower extremity (65.8%) and spine (11.3%) as compared with male athletes (53.7% and 8.2%, respectively). Male patients had a greater percentage of injuries to the upper extremity (29.8%) as compared with female patients (15.1%). The type of hip/pelvis injuries differed greatly by sex, with females sustaining more overuse (90.9%) and soft tissue injuries (75.3%) versus males, who suffered injuries that tended to be traumatic (58.3%) and bony (55.6%) in nature. Males were more likely than females to participate in team and contact/collision sports. The percentage of females with patellofemoral knee pain was approximately 3 times greater than that of males (14.3% vs 4.0%, respectively; P < .001). Males were twice as likely as females to be diagnosed with osteochondritis dissecans (8.6% vs 4.3%, respectively; P < .001) and fractures (19.5% vs 8.2%, respectively; P < .001). The percentage of males and females who sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury was almost equal (10.0% and 8.9%, respectively; P = .369). Conclusion: Sports injuries in young males and females differed by injury type, diagnosis, and body area. These results may be related to the referral patterns unique to the division of the hospital, including a high number of female dancers. Further investigation is required to better understand the injury risk in pediatric male and female athletes.
Hidden Lesions of the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus
Authors: Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , Conteduca Jacopo , Thaunat Mathieu , Gunepin François Xavier , Seil Romain 
Published: February 2014

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are frequently associated with meniscal lesions. Despite improvements in meniscal repair techniques, failure rates remain significant, especially for the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Purpose: To determine whether a systematic arthroscopic exploration of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus with an additional posteromedial portal is useful to identify otherwise unrecognized lesions. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: In a consecutive series of 302 ACL reconstructions, a systematic arthroscopic exploration of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus was performed. The first stage of the exploration was achieved through anterior visualization via a standard anterolateral portal. In the second stage, the posterior horn of the medial meniscus was visualized posteriorly via the anterolateral portal with the scope positioned deep in the notch. In the third stage, the posterior horn was probed through an additional posteromedial portal. A χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine if the time from injury to surgery was associated with the meniscal tear pattern. Results: A medial meniscal tear was diagnosed in 125 of the 302 patients (41.4%). Seventy-five lesions (60%) located in the meniscal body were diagnosed at the first stage of the arthroscopic exploration. Fifty lesions located in the ramp area were diagnosed: 29 (23.2%) at the second stage and 21 lesions (16.8%) at the third stage after minimal debridement of the superficial soft tissue layer. The latter type of lesion is called a “hidden lesion.” Altogether, the prevalence of ramp lesions in this population was 40%. Meniscal body lesions (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-5.18; P < .02) were found to be significantly correlated with a longer delay between injury and surgery. Conclusion: Posterior visualization and posteromedial probing of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus can help in discovering a higher rate of lesions that could be easily missed through a standard anterior exploration. In numerous cases, these lesions were “hidden” under a membrane-like tissue and were discovered after minimal debridement through a posteromedial portal.
Factors associated with persistent poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: Clues to improving management in patients with resistant poor control
Authors: Crowley Matthew J , Holleman Rob , Klamerus Mandi L , Bosworth Hayden B , Edelman David , Heisler Michele 
Published: February 2014

Objectives Patients with persistent poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (PPDM), defined as an uninterrupted hemoglobin A1c >8.0% for ≥1 year despite standard care, are at high risk for complications. Additional research to define patient factors associated with PPDM could suggest barriers to improvement in this group and inform the development of targeted strategies to address these patients’ resistant diabetes. Methods We analyzed patients with type 2 diabetes from a multi-site randomized trial. We characterized patients with PPDM relative to other patients using detailed survey data and multivariable modeling. Results Of 963 patients, 118 (12%) had PPDM, 265 (28%) were intermittently poorly controlled, and 580 (60%) were well-controlled. Patients with PPDM had younger age, earlier diabetes diagnosis, insulin use, higher antihypertensive burden, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower statin use relative to well-controlled patients. Among patients with objective adherence data (Veterans Affairs patients), a larger oral diabetes medication refill gap was associated with PPDM. Discussion Strategies are needed to target-specific barriers to improvement among patients whose diabetes is resistant to standard diabetes care. Our data suggest that strategies for targeting PPDM should accommodate younger patients’ lifestyles, include medication management for insulin titration and comorbid disease conditions, and address barriers to self-management adherence.
Intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy and safety of bimatoprost 0.03% therapy for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients in China
Authors: Wang Kaidi , Xu Li , Yuan Zhilan , Yao Ke , Zhao Junmei , Xu Liang , Fang Aiwu , Zhang Mingzhi , Wu Lingling , Ji Jian , Hou Jiamin , Liu Qing , Sun Xinghuai 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
To report the clinical outcomes in Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension treated with bimatoprost 0.03% therapy.

Methods
Two hundred sixty-three Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension who needed initial or additional intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering were recruited in this prospective, open-label, multicenter clinical study and were treated with bimatoprost 0.03%. Patients received bimatoprost 0.03% as initial, replacement or adjunctive IOP-lowering therapy, and follow-up visits were performed at week 1, and month 1 and 3 of the bimatoprost treatment. The efficacy outcome measure was the post-treatment IOP level. The safety outcome measures included the rate of medication-related symptoms, physical signs, reported adverse events, and the level of conjunctival hyperemia.

Results
Among 240 patients who could be categorized by pre-existing therapies and the bimatoprost therapy regimen in the study, IOP values observed in all medication conditions showed significant IOP reduction at all study visits compared with baseline. At 3 months, 8.0 ± 3.7 mmHg (32.0%) reduction in IOP was observed in treatment-naive patients after bimatoprost monotherapy; in the patients previously on various therapy regimens, 1.9 ± 2.8 mmHg (9.5%) to 6.4 ± 6.1 mmHg (24.8%) additional IOP lowering was achieved after switching to bimatoprost monotherapy or bimatoprost combination therapy. The most common adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, mainly of trace and mild intensity.

Conclusions
Our results show that bimatoprost 0.03% was effective in lowering IOP with favorable safety in Chinese primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients.
Optimization for peptide sample preparation for urine peptidomics
Authors: Sigdel Tara K , Nicora Carrie D , Hsieh Szu-Chuan , Dai Hong , Qian Wei-Jun , Camp David G , Sarwal Minnie M 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Analysis of native or endogenous peptides in biofluids can provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms. Furthermore, the detected peptides may also have utility as potential biomarkers for non-invasive monitoring of human diseases. The non-invasive nature of urine collection and the abundance of peptides in the urine makes analysis by high-throughput ‘peptidomics’ methods , an attractive approach for investigating the pathogenesis of renal disease. However, urine peptidomics methodologies can be problematic with regards to difficulties associated with sample preparation. The urine matrix can provide significant background interference in making the analytical measurements that it hampers both the identification of peptides and the depth of the peptidomics read when utilizing LC-MS based peptidome analysis. We report on a novel adaptation of the standard solid phase extraction (SPE) method to a modified SPE (mSPE) approach for improved peptide yield and analysis sensitivity with LC-MS based peptidomics in terms of time, cost, clogging of the LC-MS column, peptide yield, peptide quality, and number of peptides identified by each method. Expense and time requirements were comparable for both SPE and mSPE, but more interfering contaminants from the urine matrix were evident in the SPE preparations (e.g., clogging of the LC-MS columns, yellowish background coloration of prepared samples due to retained urobilin, lower peptide yields) when compared to the mSPE method. When we compared data from technical replicates of 4 runs, the mSPE method provided significantly improved efficiencies for the preparation of samples from urine (e.g., mSPE peptide identification 82% versus 18% with SPE; p = 8.92E-05). Additionally, peptide identifications, when applying the mSPE method, highlighted the biology of differential activation of urine peptidases during acute renal transplant rejection with distinct laddering of specific peptides, which was obscured for most proteins when utilizing the conventional SPE method. In conclusion, the mSPE method was found to be superior to the conventional, standard SPE method for urine peptide sample preparation when applying LC-MS peptidomics analysis due to the optimized sample clean up that provided improved experimental inference from the confidently identified peptides.
Approximate solutions to variational inequality over the fixed point set of a strongly nonexpansive mapping
Authors: Iemoto Shigeru , Hishinuma Kazuhiro , Iiduka Hideaki 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Variational inequality problems over fixed point sets of nonexpansive mappings include many practical problems in engineering and applied mathematics, and a number of iterative methods have been presented to solve them. In this paper, we discuss a variational inequality problem for a monotone, hemicontinuous operator over the fixed point set of a strongly nonexpansive mapping on a real Hilbert space. We then present an iterative algorithm, which uses the strongly nonexpansive mapping at each iteration, for solving the problem. We show that the algorithm potentially converges in the fixed point set faster than algorithms using firmly nonexpansive mappings. We also prove that, under certain assumptions, the algorithm with slowly diminishing step-size sequences converges to a solution to the problem in the sense of the weak topology of a Hilbert space. Numerical results demonstrate that the algorithm converges to a solution to a concrete variational inequality problem faster than the previous algorithm.

MSC:47H06, 47J20, 47J25.
Complex realities: community engagement for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Angwenyi Vibian , Kamuya Dorcas , Mwachiro Dorothy , Kalama Betty , Marsh Vicki , Njuguna Patricia , Molyneux Sassy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Community engagement (CE) is increasingly promoted for biomedical research conducted in resource poor settings for both intrinsic and instrumental purposes. Given the potential importance of CE, but also complexities and possibilities of unexpected negative outcomes, there is need for more documentation of CE processes in practice. We share experiences of formal CE for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial conducted in three sites within Kilifi County, Kenya.

Methods
Social scientists independent of the trial held in-depth individual interviews with trial researchers (n = 5), community leaders (n = 8) and parents (15 with enrolled children and 4 without); and group discussions with fieldworkers (n = 6) and facility staff (n = 2). We conducted a survey of participating households (n = 200) and observed over 150 CE activities.

Results
The overall CE plan was similar across the three study sites. The majority of respondents felt that CE activities helped to clear pre-existing concerns and misconceptions, and increase familiarity with and trust in trial staff. Challenges included: some community leaders attempting to exert pressure on people to enrol; local wording in information sheets and consent forms feeding into serious anxieties about the trial; and concerns about reduced CE over time. Negative effects of these challenges were mitigated through changes to on-going CE activities, and final information sharing and consent being conducted individually by trained clinical staff. One year after enrolment, 31% (n = 62) of participants’ parents reported malaria prevention as the main aim of the activities their children were involved in, and 93% wanted their children to remain involved.

Conclusion
The trial teams’ goals for CE were relatively clear from the outset. Other actors’ hopes and expectations (like higher allowances and future employment) were not openly discussed, but emerged over the course of engagements. Encouraging open discussion of all actors’ intentions and goals from the outset takes time, risks raising expectations that cannot be met, and is complex. However, doing so in future similar trials may allow successes here to be built upon, and some challenges to be minimized or avoided.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00866619 (registration 19-Mar-2009).
Systematic review of effects on biodiversity from oil palm production
Authors: Savilaakso Sini , Garcia Claude , Garcia-Ulloa John , Ghazoul Jaboury , Groom Martha , Guariguata Manuel R , Laumonier Yves , Nasi Robert , Petrokofsky Gillian , Snaddon Jake , Zrust Michal 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background
During the past decade there has been a growing interest in bioenergy, driven by concerns about global climate change, growing energy demand, and depleting fossil fuel reserves. The predicted rise in biofuel demand makes it important to understand the potential consequences of expanding biofuel cultivation.
A systematic review was conducted on the biodiversity impacts of three first-generation biofuel crops (oil palm, soybean, and jatropha) in the tropics. The study focused on the impacts on species richness, abundance (total number of individuals or occurrences), community composition, and ecosystem functions related to species richness and community composition.

Methods
Literature was searched using an a priori protocol. Owing to a lack of available studies of biodiversity impacts from soybean and jatropha that met the inclusion criteria set out in the systematic review protocol, all analyses focused on oil palm. The impacts of oil palm cultivation on species richness, abundance, and community similarity were summarized quantitatively; other results were summarized narratively.

Results
The searches returned 9143 articles after duplicate removal of which 25 met the published inclusion criteria and were therefore accepted for the final review. Twenty of them had been conducted in Malaysia and two thirds were on arthropods.
Overall, oil palm plantations had reduced species richness compared with primary and secondary forests, and the composition of species assemblages changed significantly after forest conversion to oil palm plantation. Abundance showed species-specific responses and hence, the overall abundance was not significantly different between plantations and forest areas. Only one study reported how different production systems (smallholdings vs. industrial estates) affect biodiversity. No studies that examined the effects on ecosystem functions of reduced species richness or changes in community composition met the inclusion criteria. Neither were there studies that reported how areas managed under different standards (e.g. different certification systems) affect biodiversity and ecosystem function.

Conclusions
Our review suggests that oil palm plantations have reduced species richness compared with primary and secondary forests, and the composition of species assemblage changes significantly after forest conversion to oil palm plantation. Effects of different production systems on biodiversity and ecosystem function are clear knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future research.

Trial registration
CEE10-013
Biology of platelet-rich plasma and its clinical application in cartilage repair
Authors: Xie Xuetao , Zhang Changqing , Tuan Rocky S 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentrated cocktail of growth factors and inflammatory mediators, and has been considered to be potentially effective for cartilage repair. In addition, the fibrinogen in PRP may be activated to form a fibrin matrix to fill cartilage lesions, fulfilling the initial requirements of physiological wound healing. The anabolic, anti-inflammatory and scaffolding effects of PRP based on laboratory investigations, animal studies, and clinical trials are reviewed here. In vitro, PRP is found to stimulate cell proliferation and cartilaginous matrix production by chondrocytes and adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), enhance matrix secretion by synoviocytes, mitigate IL-1β-induced inflammation, and provide a favorable substrate for MSCs. In preclinical studies, PRP has been used either as a gel to fill cartilage defects with variable results, or to slow the progression of arthritis in animal models with positive outcomes. Findings from current clinical trials suggest that PRP may have the potential to fill cartilage defects to enhance cartilage repair, attenuate symptoms of osteoarthritis and improve joint function, with an acceptable safety profile. Although current evidence appears to favor PRP over hyaluronan for the treatment of osteoarthritis, the efficacy of PRP therapy remains unpredictable owing to the highly heterogeneous nature of reported studies and the variable composition of the PRP preparations. Future studies are critical to elucidate the functional activity of individual PRP components in modulating specific pathogenic mechanisms.
Contemporary legal systems and their integrative classification
Authors: Саломатин Алексей , Salomatin Alexey 
Published: February 2014

The article considers typical structure of any legal system
as a functional composition of a few subsystems. The author claims
the thesis about uniqueness of any legal system but this nevertheless
permits organizing legal systems into legal families. Integrative classification
is suggested that takes into account interrelations between
legal systems and families, not only similarities of their legal sources.
The author agrees with classification based upon legal style as it
is interpreted by K. Zwaigert and X. Koetz, but made some corrections
to it. First of all attention is paid to branches of legal families
(for example, English, American ones and the branch of the Commonwealth).
Secondly, we must not mix Western and Non-western
families even when we acknowledge interrelations between them
and the fact of partial reception. In the end it is necessary to be very
careful depicting the status of Russian legal system, remembering
about its Byzantine and Slavic traditions and its transitional character
nowdays. Future will show whether Russian legal system with
the systems of neighboring countries will join Roman-German family
or form autonomous Euroasian family.
Quantification of Tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Immunoaffinity Enrichment and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: McAvoy Thomas , Lassman Michael E , Spellman Daniel S , Ke Zhenlian , Howell Bonnie J , Wong Oitak , Zhu Lan , Tanen Michael , Struyk Arie , Laterza Omar F 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau is a common biomarker for Alzheimer disease (AD). Measurements of tau have historically been performed using immunoassays. Given the molecular diversity of tau in CSF, the selectivity of these immunoassays has often been questioned. Therefore, we aimed to develop an analytically sensitive and selective immunoaffinity liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (IA-MS) assay.

METHODS
IA-MS sample analysis involved the addition of an internal standard, immunoaffinity purification of tau using a tau monoclonal antibody coupled to magnetic beads, trypsin digestion, and quantification of a surrogate tau peptide by LC-MS/MS using a Waters Trizaic nanoTile ultraperformance LC microfluidic device. Further characterization of tau peptides was performed by full-scan MS using a Thermo Orbitrap LC-MS. CSF samples from a cohort of age-matched controls and patients with AD were analyzed by the IA-MS method as well as a commercially available immunoassay.

RESULTS
The IA-MS assay had intra- and interassay imprecision values of 3.2% to 8.1% CV and 7.8% to 18.9% C, respectively, a mean recovery of 106%, and a limit of quantification of 0.25 pmol/L and was able to quantify tau concentrations in all human specimens tested. The IA-MS assay showed a correlation of R2 = 0.950 against a total-tau immunoassay. In patients with AD, tau was increased approximately 2-fold.

CONCLUSIONS
Combining immunoaffinity enrichment with microflow LC-MS/MS analysis is an effective approach for the development of a highly selective assay to measure total tau and, potentially, other posttranslationally modified forms of tau in CSF.
Media academics versus media practitioners: Who gets it right?
Authors: Barkho Leon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This note focuses on the deliberations from a two-day international conference at Sweden’s Jönköping University in October 2013. The theme was ‘Towards a praxis-based media and journalism research’. The conference dwelt on the epistemological and methodological underpinnings to which the Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies (AJMS) adheres, particularly its applied or praxis niche. The note starts with a short background and then considers the major concerns voiced by practitioners attending the conference about much of the research media academics carry out. It then presents a synopsis of the response of the participants to two major questions: (1) Why do media practitioners generally discard or not trust findings by media scholars? (2) Are media scholars under any obligation to relate their theories to practice? It ends with the lessons that academics can draw from the way practitioners view their world and assess their research.