bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drinking to Thirst Versus Drinking Ad Libitum During Road Cycling
Authors: Armstrong Lawrence E. , Johnson Evan C. , Kunces Laura J. , Ganio Matthew S. , Judelson Daniel A. , Kupchak Brian R. , Vingren Jakob L. , Munoz Colleen X. , Huggins Robert A. , Hydren Jay R. , Moyen Nicole E. , Williamson Keith H. 
Published: August 2014

Context:The sensation of thirst is different from the complex behavior of drinking ad libitum. Rehydration recommendations to athletes differ, depending on the source, yet no previous researchers have systematically compared drinking to thirst (DTT) versus ad libitum drinking behavior (DAL).Objective:To compare 2 groups of trained cyclists (DTT and DAL) who had similar physical characteristics and training programs (P &gt; .05). The DTT group (n = 12, age = 47 ± 7 years) drank only when thirsty, whereas the DAL group (n = 12, age = 44 ± 7 years) consumed fluid ad libitum (ie, whenever and in whatever volume desired).Design:Cohort study.Setting:Road cycling (164 km) in the heat (36.1°C ± 6.5°C).Patients or Other Participants:Ultraendurance cyclists (4 women, 20 men).Intervention(s):We recorded measurements 1 day before the event, on event day before the start, at 3 roadside aid stations, at the finish line, and 1 day after the event.Main Outcome Measure(s):Body mass, urinary hydration indices, and food and fluids consumed.Results:No between-groups differences were seen on event day for total exercise time (DTT = 6.69 ± 0.89 hours, DAL = 6.66 ± 0.77 hours), urinary indices (specific gravity, color), body mass change (DTT = −2.22% ± 1.73%, DAL = −2.29% ± 1.62%), fluid intake (DTT = 5.63 ± 2.59 L/6.7 h, DAL = 6.04 ± 2.37 L/6.7 h), dietary energy intake, macronutrient intake, ratings of thirst (DTT start = 2 ± 1, DTT finish = 6 ± 1, DAL start = 2 ± 1, DAL finish = 6 ± 1), pain, perceived exertion, or thermal sensation. Total fluid intake on recovery day +1 was the primary significant difference (DAL = 5.13 ± 1.87 L/24 h, DTT = 3.13 ± 1.53 L/24 h, t18 = 2.59, P = .02).Conclusions:Observations on event day indicated that drinking to thirst and drinking ad libitum resulted in similar physiologic and perceptual outcomes. This suggests that specific instructions to “drink to thirst” were unnecessary. Indeed, if athletes drink ad libitum, they can focus on training and competition rather than being distracted by ongoing evaluation of thirst sensations.
Evaluation of a User Guidance Reminder to Improve the Quality of Electronic Prescription Messages
Authors: Corley S.T. , Rupp M.T. , Ruiz J. , Smith J. , Gill R. , Sow M. , Dhavle A.A. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Background: Prescribers’ inappropriate use of the free-text Notes field in new electronic prescriptions can create confusion and workflow disruptions at receiving pharmacies that often necessitates contact with prescribers for clarification. The inclusion of inappropriate patient direction (Sig) information in the Notes field is particularly problematic.
Objective: We evaluated the effect of a targeted watermark, an embedded overlay, reminder statement in the Notes field of an EHR-based e-prescribing application on the incidence of inappropriate patient directions (Sig) in the Notes field.
Methods: E-prescriptions issued by the same exact cohort of 97 prescribers were collected over three time periods: baseline, three months after implementation of the reminder, and 15 months post implementation. Three certified and experienced pharmacy technicians independently reviewed all e-prescriptions for inappropriate Sig-related information in the Notes field. A physician reviewer served as the final adjudicator for e-prescriptions where the three reviewers could not reach a consensus. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD tests were performed on group comparisons where statistical significance was evaluated at p<0.05
Results: The incidence of inappropriate Sig-related information in the Notes field decreased from a baseline of 2.8% to 1.8% three months post-implementation and remained stable after 15 months. In addition, prescribers’ use of the Notes decreased by 22% after 3 months and had stabilized at 18.7% below baseline after 15 months.
Conclusion: Insertion of a targeted watermark reminder statement in the Notes field of an e-prescribing application significantly reduced the incidence of inappropriate Sig-related information in Notes and decreased prescribers’ use of this field.
Citation: Dhavle AA, Corley ST, Rupp MT, Ruiz J, Smith J, Gill R, Sow M. Evaluation of a user guidance reminder to improve the quality of electronic prescription messages. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 699–707http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-03-CR-0022
Intermediate Appellate Review of Commercial Law Decisions in Turkey
Authors: Tepe Berna 
Published: August 2014

The judiciary in Turkey is still preparing for the expected intermediate appellate review (istinaf) mechanism in Turkey although the official date for its functioning is yet to be specified. Under Turkish law, a first instance court decision can be appealed not because an assertion or a claim is rejected, but due to a substantive or procedural norm of law which should have been applied during the proceedings in an accurate manner. The scope of such review also covers the suitability of the first instance court’s decision. There are nonfunctional aspects to the judicial review as specified in the 2011 Code of Civil Procedure of which a major column of novelties consist of the suspended mechanism of dual appellate review. However, the 2011 Code of Civil Procedure regulates the intermediate appellate review as a series of procedural acts and steps. The reasons to appeal a first instance court’s decision can rather be deduced from the provisions of 2011 Code of Civil Procedure. In order to structure the reasons and stages of the intermediate appellate review in Turkey, a distinction is made in the present article between (i) review over the appeal’s conditions of admissibility, (ii) review of the decision’s legality, (iii) review of the decision’s legitimacy. Rationally, the reasons for intermediate appellate review should be construed as to accomodate at least the grounds for higher appellate review as well as the extraordinary judiciary review. As different areas of private law are based on different principles, it is noteworthy that cases referred to herein pertain to commercial law. Finally, due to the parallelism between the Turkish and the French legal systems, references to decisions given by the French jurisdiction on commercial matters are made throughout the present article.
The Effects of EU Customs Union Integration on Turkish Intra-industry Trade
Authors: Yucel Gulcin Elif 
Published: August 2014

EU is the major trade partner of Turkey with a significant share in total trade flows. Since Turkey switched from import substitution strategy to export-led growth strategy in 1980, import restrictions were eliminated. In January 1996, Customs Union (CU) with EU countries was put into force, which is a turning point in Turkey's foreign trade and is a considerable attempt towards trade liberalization. It is generally expected that intra-industry trade (IIT) is greater in the countries that experienced an economic integration. In this paper, the relation between the integration process and the intensity of IIT between Turkey and EU countries will be examined by comparing before-and-after periods of Turkey's CU membership. All calculations are made for the manufacturing sector by using Turkish bilateral trade data for 1990-2009 period and 2-digit ISIC Rev. 3 data.
Accounting Education Approach in the Context of New Turkish Commercial Code and Turkish Accounting Standards
Authors: Kızıl Cevdet , Çetin Ayşe Tansel , Bulunmaz Ahmed 
Published: August 2014

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards on accounting education. This study takes advantage of the survey method for gathering information and running the research analysis. For this purpose, questionnaire forms are distributed to university students personally and via the internet.This paper includes significant research questions such as “Are accounting academicians informed and knowledgeable on new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?”, “Do accounting academicians integrate new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards to their lectures?”, “How does modern accounting education methodology and technology coincides with the teaching of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?”, “Do universities offer mandatory and elective courses which cover the new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?” and “If such courses are offered, what are their names, percentage in the curriculum and degree of coverage?”Research contributes to the literature in several ways. Firstly, new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards are current significant topics for the accounting profession. Furthermore, the accounting education provides a basis for the implementations in public and private sector. Besides, one of the intentions of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards is to foster transparency. That is definitely a critical concept also in terms of mergers, acquisitions and investments. Stakeholders of today’s business world such as investors, shareholders, entrepreneurs, auditors and government are in need of more standardized global accounting principles Thus, revision and redesigning of accounting educations plays an important role. Emphasized points also clearly prove the necessity and functionality of this research.
Histologic Evaluation of in vivo Femtosecond Laser–Generated Capsulotomies Reveals a Potential Cause for Radial Capsular Tears
Authors: Schultz Tim , Joachim Stephanie C. , Tischoff Iris , Dick H. Burkhard 
Published: August 2014

Purpose To compare histologically the size and appearance of capsule disks after femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery and conventional cataract surgery. Methods In 100 eyes of 100 patients with visually significant cataracts, a femtosecond laser capsulotomy or a capsulorhexis with an aimed diameter of 5.0 mm was performed by one experienced surgeon. The diameter, area, circularity, and cut quality was histologically examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results The mean diameter of the manual and the femtosecond laser capsule disk group were not statistically significantly different (manual 4.91 ± 0.34; femtosecond: 4.93 ± 0.03; p = 0.58). The mean area of the capsule disks was 18.85 ± 2.69 mm2 in the manual and 19.03 ± 0.26 mm2 in the femtosecond group (p = 0.64). The capsules of the femtosecond group (0.95 ± 0.02) were significantly more circular than the ones of the manual group (0.81 ± 0.07; p<0.0001). The femtosecond laser capsule disks displayed a more saw blade–like structure created through the single laser spots. The histologic examination combined with prospective video analysis revealed respiratory movement of the eye during the capsulotomy as a potential risk factor for redial tears. Conclusions Femtosecond laser can perform a capsulotomy with high reliability. In comparison to a highly experienced cataract surgeon, the achieved results in size are similar. In terms of circularity, the femtosecond laser was superior the manual procedure. Better refractive outcomes based on a 360°-degree optic overlap seem to be possible, especially for less experienced surgeons.
Pilot Study of Glaucoma Drainage Implant Surgery Supplemented with Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Gel in Severe Glaucoma
Authors: Välimäki Juha O. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose This pilot study, the first of its type, was conducted to determine the clinical outcome of glaucoma drainage implant (GDI) surgery supplemented with injectable crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with severe glaucoma. Methods This was a retrospective chart study involving 10 eyes of 10 patients with severe glaucoma (glaucomatous visual field loss worse than −20 dB) who had previously undergone GDI surgery supplemented with crosslinked HA with a 2-year follow-up. Surgical success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) <21 mm Hg with a reduction of ≥40% (definition A) or ≥50% (definition B) from baseline IOP on 2 consecutive follow-up visits, IOP >5 mm Hg on 2 consecutive follow-up visits, and neither reoperation of glaucoma nor loss of light perception vision. Results The mean ± SD baseline IOP before GDI was 38.5 ± 10.7 mm Hg, and the mean IOP at the last follow-up visit was 13.0 ± 5.0 mm Hg, with a mean pressure drop of 24.4 ± 10.9 mm Hg (62%; p = 0.005). According to definition A, life-table analysis showed an overall success rate of 80%, while according to definition B, the success rate was 50% after 24 months of follow-up. Complications were infrequent and not serious. No complications resulting from the reticulated HA therapy itself were observed. Conclusions In eyes with severe glaucoma, the intraoperative application of crosslinked sodium HA gel may improve the efficacy of GDI surgery.
Arthroscopic hip surgery with a microfracture procedure of the hip: clinical outcomes with two-year follow-up
Authors: Domb Benjamin G. , El Bitar Youssef F. , Lindner Dror , Jackson Timothy J. , Stake Christine E. 
Published: August 2014

Background Outcome studies assessing a cohort of patients receiving microfracture in the hip have focused on second look arthroscopy and return to sport, which have shown favourable results in the absence of osteoarthritis. Few studies exist focusing on clinical outcomes after microfracture in the hip using patient reported outcome (PRO) scores. The purpose of this study is to evaluate two-year clinical outcomes of a series of patients treated with microfracture during arthroscopic hip surgery using PRO scores. Methods During the study period, all workers’ compensation (WC) and non-WC patients treated with microfracture during arthroscopic hip surgery were included. Four PRO scores, pain scores and satisfaction were used to assess clinical outcomes. Any revision surgeries or conversions to total hip arthroplasty (THA) were noted. Location of microfracture procedure, lesion size and additional variables assessed survivorship. Results Thirty-seven cases met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, of which 30 patients (30/37, 81%) were available for minimum two-year follow-up. Twenty-six patients were classified as survivors. Preoperative scores for patients with WC status were lower than non-WC patients and statistically significant (p<0.5) for three of the PROs. However, changes in all four PRO measurements demonstrated statistically significant improvements from preoperative to two-year follow-up for both compensation groups (p<0.05). The amount of change in PRO scores for both compensation groups was similar and not statistically significant. Two patients required THA and two patients required revision arthroscopy. Conclusion Our study demonstrates statistically significant clinical improvement in PRO's after receiving microfracture during arthroscopic hip surgery at minimum two-year follow-up.
A Case Series of 35 Hip Revisions for Adverse Reactions to Metal Debris following Cormet Hip Resurfacing
Authors: Norris Rory J. , McArthur John , Parsons Helen , Smith Nicholas A. , Sprowson Andrew P. , Foguet Pedro 
Published: August 2014

The primary aim of this study was to analyse our painful metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing revisions with evidence of ‘adverse reactions to metal debris’ (ARMD). In our series of 35 revisions the median whole blood Cobalt levels were 58 nmols/l (range 12-1407 nmols/l), and whole blood Chromium levels were 73 nmols/l (range 2-353 nmols/l). Thirty-four of our 35 patients had abnormal imaging on Ultrasound scanning (USS). The mean histological Campbell grading of ARMD was 4, and ranged from 0-9. The mean Oxford Hip Score (OHS) increased from 19 pre-revision (range 4-46) to 33 post-revision surgery (range 23-47). We found no correlation between the preoperative metal ion levels, and the severity of the disease or the outcome. Pain following hip resurfacing may arise from a number of causes and when groin pain arises in conjunction with abnormal cross sectional imaging we have offered our patients revision surgery regardless of raised metal ions or grossly abnormal imaging, with good results.
Politics and the Necessity of Narrative
Authors: Kahn Paul W. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
After a brief inquiry into aesthetic theory, this article considers what role, if any, the beautiful has in political theory. It concludes that to think beauty has a political role is to confuse the beautiful with the charismatic. Beauty is contrasted with charisma through a reflection on how each distinguishes itself from ordinary temporal experience. Charisma and beauty both point to the transcendent, but they take different attitudes toward historical narrative. The beautiful resists narrative, showing itself as a sort of timelessness. The charismatic points to the entry of the transcendent into time as a founding moment. Political meaning is dependent upon a narrative of the sacred quality of foundations. That narrative gives the state its particularity and accounts for the plurality of politics. The atemporality of the beautiful founds a universal claim that is incommensurable with the particularity of narrative and the plural character of states.
American Race and Charismatic License: Finding Martín de Porres in Obama
Authors: Garces Chris 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Problematizing the saintly reputation of seventeenth-century Dominican servant Martín de Porres, this article explores a little-known, late medieval Spanish form of agency, or licencia, with which a mulato colonial monastic could influence his Spanish Creole superiors, perform miracles, and gain a widespread reputation for superhuman piety. I ask: under what specific conditions could licencia have been wielded by nonwhite Christian subjects to manipulate the shifting moral orders of early modern Spanish Creole hegemony? I also explore how the politicization of racialized charisma continues to depend on a logic of licencia. Tracking resonances between the Spanish Creole veneration of a mulato figure in seventeenth-century Peru with the recent election of a “mixed race” president in the United States, this article reads together theology and politics to demonstrate the fraught beauty, or legal “beatification,” of racialized charisma.
HIV prevalence, incidence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men in Yangzhou and Guangzhou, China: a cohort study
Authors: Wang Qian‐Qiu , Chen Xiang‐Sheng , Yin Yue‐Ping , Liang Guo‐Jun , Zhang Rui‐Li , Jiang Ning , Huan Xi‐Ping , Yang Bin , Liu Qiao , Zhou Yu‐Jiao , Wang Bao‐Xi 
Published: August 2014

IntroductionIn China, the prevalence and incidence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in large‐sized cities have drawn much attention. In contrast, there has been a paucity of research focussing on the sexual health of MSM of medium‐sized cities. This study fills this important gap in the knowledge by investigating the sexual health of MSM in a medium‐sized city (Yangzhou) and a large‐sized city (Guangzhou).MethodsA baseline survey and a prospective cohort study were conducted among MSM in Yangzhou and Guangzhou from July 2009 to September 2010. A total of 622 MSM (317 from Yangzhou and 305 from Guangzhou) were screened for eligibility. Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection, as well as its risk factors, were investigated.ResultsBaseline HIV prevalence was 14.5%, and overall HIV incidence density was 6.78 per 100 person‐years (PY) among Yangzhou MSM. Risk factors for HIV prevalence that were significant in multivariate models were older age, married status, unprotected sex with female partners, sexually transmitted disease (STD)‐associated symptoms and syphilis positivity. Risk factors for HIV incidence that were significant in multivariate models were STD‐associated symptom and syphilis positivity. Compared to Yangzhou MSM, Guangzhou MSM had a lower HIV prevalence (6.2%; p<0.05) and lower overall HIV incidence density (5.77 per 100 PY). Risk factors for HIV prevalence that were significant in multivariate models were married status, unprotected anal sex with men and syphilis positivity. The single risk factor for HIV incidence that was significant in multivariate models was unprotected anal sex with men.ConclusionsThis study showed a high prevalence and incidence of HIV among Yangzhou MSM, which suggest a more serious HIV epidemic than that in large‐sized cities. Further investigation targeting MSM in medium‐sized cites is urgently needed to prevent the spread of the HIV epidemic in China.
An Investigation Of Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir Welded al 6013-t6 Alloy Used On Aeronautics And Aerospace Structures
Authors: Kafali Haşim , AY Nuran 
Published: August 2014

ÖzetAlüminyum alaşımları uçak yapılarında geniş bir kullanım alanı bulmaktadır, özellikle kanat ve gövde kaplamalarında kullanılırlar. Bu yapıların birleştirilmelerinde geleneksel bir teknik olan perçinle birleştirme kullanılır. Fakat perçinleme uçağın yapısal ağırlığını arttırmaktadır ve perçin delikleri yorulma çatlakları için gerilme konsantrasyonu oluşturmaktadır. Geleneksel kaynak tekniklerinde metal ergime noktasına kadar ısıtılmaktadır, bu nedenle de malzemenin mekanik davranışı kötüleşmektedir. Ayrıca yüksek dayanımlı malzemelerin kaynaklanabilirlikleri düşüktür. Son yıllarda Sürtünme Karıştırma Kaynağı (FSW) alternatif bir birleştirme tekniği olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada havacılık ve uzay sanayinde önemli bir yere sahip olan alüminyum alaşımlarından 6013-T6’nın FSW ile kaynaklanabilme kabiliyetleri, kaynak yapıldıktan sonraki malzemenin mekanik özellikleri ve içyapıdaki değişiklikler incelenmektedir. Çalışmada ana malzeme ve kaynaklı malzemelere sertlik testi, çekme testi ve yorulma testi uygulanmış, optik ve elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak mikroyapı incelemesi yapılmıştır. Kaynaklı malzemede metaller arası partiküller ve tane yapısı optik ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak incelenmiştir.
Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis and Characteristics of Patients: Data‐Driven Analysis of Comorbidities
Authors: Petri Hans , Nevitt Alan , Sarsour Khaled , Napalkov Pavel , Collinson Neil 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo establish the incidence of giant cell arteritis (GCA), cumulative use of prednisolone, and comorbidities most associated with GCA.MethodsThe data source was the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Selection criteria included ≥1 record of a diagnostic term for GCA between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011, age ≥50 years, and ≥1 prescription of oral or systemic corticosteroid. Controls were selected randomly (2:1), with year of birth, practice, and followup duration (<2 or ≥2 years) as matching variables. Analysis was data driven; all comorbidities were identified in a 2‐year window, with relative risk (RR) calculated and rank ordered.ResultsA total of 4,671 patients fulfilled the definition of GCA (incidence, 1.0 per 10,000 person‐years), with highest incidence (7.4 per 10,000 person‐years) in women ages 70–79 years. Of the 4,671 patients, 4,655 (99.7%) were prescribed prednisolone. In the group with ≥2 years' followup (n = 3,074), the mean number of prednisolone prescriptions was 32.1, and the mean cumulative dose was 8,640 mg; 1,034 patients (33.4%) received a cumulative dose of ≥10,000 mg. Comorbidities strongly associated with GCA were polymyalgia rheumatica (RR 14.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 11.9–18.7), visual disturbances (RR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7–7.8), facial pain (RR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1–5.3), osteoporosis (RR 2.9, 95% 2.3–3.7), hypokalemia (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6–3.9), and various infections such as oral/esophageal thrush (RR 3.7, 95% CI 2.2–6.0) and herpes zoster (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.1).ConclusionGCA is relatively uncommon; its incidence peaks at age 70–79 years in women. Overall, GCA patients in the UK are treated with high cumulative prednisolone doses. Many conditions are associated with GCA, including several related to corticosteroid use.