bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supervisory needs of research doctoral students in a university teaching hospital setting
Authors: Caldwell Patrina HY , Oldmeadow Wendy , Jones Cheryl A 
Published: August 2012

Background/Hypothesis:  Teaching hospitals affiliated with universities are now common sites for research higher degree supervision. We hypothesised that the hospital environment poses unique challenges to supervision compared with the traditional university research institute setting.Aims:  This study aimed to identify and rank important supervision issues in a clinical setting from the students' perspective.Methods:  Using the Delphi method to explore issues and facilitate consensus, small group discussions were conducted with 10 research doctoral students from a tertiary teaching hospital.Results:  We identified supervision issues that are unique to the hospital‐based context. These include the demands placed on supervisors combining clinical and supervisory roles, the challenges of academic medical/scientific writing and career issues for students who are already established in their professions. Other issues identified, common to all doctoral students, include differing expectations between students and supervisors (with students wanting support for their career plans, training in research skills and increasing autonomy and responsibility), supervisor access, quality and frequency of meetings, lack of training in writing and dealing with conflicts.Conclusion:  Our research identified that postgraduate students of supervisors who combine clinical and supervisory roles report significant issues with supervision, some of which are unique to the clinical setting. Clinician researchers who supervise postgraduate students need to balance clinical and supervisory responsibilities, identify and negotiate student expectations early in candidature and provide career counselling to students who are already highly experienced. Furthermore, clinician supervisors should undertake postgraduate supervisor training programme tailored to the hospital setting to better support their students.
Reduction in late‐onset sepsis on relocating a neonatal intensive care nursery
Authors: Jones Alicia Rose , Kuschel Carl , Jacobs Susan , Doyle Lex W 
Published: August 2012

Aims:  The aims of this study were to compare rates of late‐onset sepsis (LOS) in very preterm or very low birthweight infants before and after relocation to a new nursery and to determine risk factors for LOS.Methods:  The study was undertaken at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, which relocated to a new site in June 2008. Infants with birthweight <1500 g or <32 weeks' gestation, born between July and December 2007 (n= 149) and July and December 2008 (n= 152) were included. Each septic episode was identified from blood cultures taken from patients >48 h after birth and was categorised as definite, probable, uncertain or no sepsis.Results:  Overall, 117 infants had 218 septic episodes. The proportion of infants with clinical LOS decreased from 29.5% in 2007 to 22.4% in 2008 after the relocation, although this was not statistically significant. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the severity (definite LOS = most severe) of sepsis in 2008 compared with 2007, and in rates of coagulase‐negative staphylococcal LOS. Significant risk factors for LOS were: lower birthweight (g; mean −351, 95% confidence interval (CI) −446, −256); lower gestational age (weeks; mean −2.3, 95% CI −2.8, −1.7) and presence of a percutaneous inserted central catheter (odds ratio (OR) 2.56, 95% CI 1.03, 6.67).Conclusions:  There was a significant reduction in the severity of LOS in very preterm and/or very low birthweight infants that correlated with the relocation from the old to new nursery. Smaller and more immature infants with percutaneous central catheters were more at risk.
Nonlinear model for estimating respiratory volume based on thoracoabdominal breathing movements
Authors: RAOUFY MOHAMMAD REZA , HAJIZADEH SOHRAB , GHARIBZADEH SHAHRIAR , MANI ALI R. , EFTEKHARI PARIVASH , MASJEDI MOHAMMAD REZA 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Respiratory inductive plethysmography is a non‐invasive technique for measuring respiratory function. However, there are challenges associated with using linear methods for calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmography. In this study, we developed two nonlinear models, artificial neural network and adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system, to estimate respiratory volume based on thoracoabdominal movements, and compared these models with routine linear approaches, including qualitative diagnostic calibration and multiple linear regression.Methods:  Recordings of spirometry volume and respiratory inductive plethysmography were obtained for 10 normal subjects and 10 asthmatic patients, during asynchronous breathing for 7 min. The first 5 min of recording were used to develop the models; the remaining data were used for subsequent validation of the results.Results:  The results from the nonlinear models fitted the spirometry volume curve significantly better than those obtained by linear methods, particularly during asynchrony (P < 0.05). On a breath‐by‐breath analysis, estimates of tidal volume, total cycle time and sigh values using the artificial neural network model were accurate by comparison with qualitative diagnostic calibration. In contrast to the artificial neural network model, there was a significant correlation between values for thoracoabdominal asynchrony and increased error of qualitative diagnostic calibration (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  These results indicate that the nonlinear methods can be adapted to closely simulate variable conditions and used to study the patterns of volume changes during normal and asynchronous breathing.
Haemodynamic effects of non‐invasive ventilation in patients with obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: CASTRO‐AÑÓN OLALLA , GOLPE RAFAEL , PÉREZ‐DE‐LLANO LUIS A. , LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ MARÍA JESÚS , ESCALONA VELASQUEZ EDGAR J. , PÉREZ FERNÁNDEZ RUTH , TESTA FERNÁNDEZ ANA , GONZÁLEZ QUINTELA ARTURO 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Although it has been reported that pulmonary hypertension is more frequent in patients with obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome than in patients with ‘pure’ obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, little is known about the haemodynamic repercussions of this entity. The aim was to describe the haemodynamic status, as assessed by echocardiography and 6‐min walk test (6MWT), of patients with a newly diagnosed, most severe form of obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome, and to evaluate the impact of non‐invasive ventilation in these patients.Methods:  A prospective, descriptive, and single‐centre follow‐up study was conducted. At baseline, patients underwent echocardiography, spirometry, static lung volume measurement, 6MWT, overnight pulse‐oximetry and polygraphic recording. Changes in echocardiography and 6MWT were assessed after 6 months of non‐invasive ventilation. Right ventricular overload was defined on the basis of right ventricular dilatation, hypokinesis, paradoxical septal motion and/or pulmonary hypertension.Results:  Thirty patients (20 women; mean age 69 ± 11) were tested. The percentage of patients with right ventricular overload did not change significantly after non‐invasive ventilation (43.3–41.6%; P = 0.24). In patients with right ventricular overload at diagnosis, pulmonary artery systolic pressure decreased significantly at six months (58 ± 11 to 44 ± 12 mm Hg; P = 0.014), and mean distance on 6MWT increased from 350 ± 110 to 426 ± 78 m (P = 0.006), without significant changes in body mass index.Conclusions:  Right ventricular overload is a frequent finding in patients with the most severe form of obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome. Treatment with non‐invasive ventilation is associated with a decrease in pulmonary artery systolic pressure at six months and an increase in the distance covered during the 6MWT.
Adjusting membrane lipids under salt stress: the case of the moderate halophilic organism Halobacillus halophilus
Authors: Lopalco Patrizia , Angelini Roberto , Lobasso Simona , Köcher Saskia , Thompson Melanie , Müller Volker , Corcelli Angela 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe lipid composition of Halobacillus halophilus was investigated by combined thin‐layer chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analyses of the total lipid extract. Main polar lipids were found to be sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, while cardiolipin was a minor lipid together with phosphatidic acid, alanyl‐phosphatidylglycerol and two not yet fully identified lipid components. In addition the analyses of residual lipids, associated with denatured proteins after the lipid extraction, revealed the presence of significant amounts of cardiolipin, indicating that it is a not readily extractable phospholipid. Post decay source mass spectrometry analyses allowed the determination of acyl chains of main lipid components. On increasing the culture medium salinity, an increase in the shorter chains and the presence of chain unsaturations were observed. These changes in the lipid core structures might compensate for the increase in packing and rigidity of phospholipid and sulfoglycolipid polar heads in high‐salt medium, therefore contributing to the homeostasis of membrane fluidity and permeability in salt stress conditions.
Strategies for health education in North American immigrant populations
Authors: Zou P. , Parry M. 
Published: August 2012

ZOU P. & PARRY M. (2012) Strategies for health education in North American immigrant populations. International Nursing ReviewAim:  This article is intended to stimulate critical thinking about barriers and strategies related to health education for immigrant populations. Its rationale is to promote an understanding and appreciation for the individuality and diversity of immigrant beliefs, values and culture, and how these contribute to health education through nursing practice, research and theory.Background:  Since 2005, over 1 250 000 immigrants annually have obtained legal permanent residence in North America [over 1 million annually in the United States of America (USA) and over 250 000 annually in Canada].The Problem:  While a broad immigration policy leads to population growth, cultural change and ethnic diversity, migration impacts immigrants' health status. In North America, the ‘healthy immigrant effect’, whereby immigrants generally tend to be healthier than individuals born in host countries, steadily declines after immigration.Methods:  Immigration statistics and reports on literacy and learning were sourced from official websites in Canada and the USA. These were reviewed and discussed in the context of scholarly published literature on health literacy, health education and health promotion.Opportunities:  Promoting health in immigrant populations is difficult due to cultural, linguistic, health literacy and socio‐economic barriers. Cultural sensitivity, careful inquiry and comprehensive knowledge of immigrants' social circumstances are essential to every health education programme.Conclusion:  Strategies for immigrant health education must be technologically diverse, involve partnerships with multidisciplinary professionals, elicit active community participation, and facilitate language transfer and interpretation. Future research must continue to explore these barriers and strategies, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.
Landscape planning for the future: using fossil records to independently validate bioclimatic envelope models for economically valuable tree species in Europe
Authors: Macias‐Fauria Marc , Willis Katherine J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimBioclimatic envelope models (BEMs) for seven economically important tree species in Europe were independently validated using a hindcasting approach and fossil pollen records spanning the last 1000 years, including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the 20th century (PRES). The aim was to determine the accuracy of combining BEMs and palaeoecological data to predict continental‐scale changes in distribution, and the availability of fossil data to hindcast economically important species.LocationEurope, 11 °W–33 °E, 33–72 °N.MethodsEight types of BEMs were implemented in this study, covering most state‐of‐the‐art modelling techniques. Present and palaeoclimatic data were obtained from the atmosphere–ocean global circulation model ECHO‐G. The last millennium was divided into three climatically distinct periods: the MWP (ad 900–1300), the LIA (ad 1600–1850) and PRES (ad 1900–2000). Models were calibrated for each period and validated with climatic and pollen data from the remaining periods. Successfully validated models were projected onto a 1° European grid.ResultsBEMs were successfully validated with independent data. The average area under the curve statistic showed strong model performance, indicating: (1) the strength of BEMs for modelling current and future distributions and, (2) the potential of fossil pollen records to undertake these approaches. European‐scale 1°‐ gridded maps of probability of occurrence largely agreed with observed 20th‐century distributions for most taxa, allowing the construction of past modelled species distributions.Main conclusionsResults suggest a high potential for BEMs to be used to model future species distributions, and highlight the importance of palaeoecological data to independently validate these models, taking into account the scales at which these data operate. Although valid, BEMs showed poorer performance with heavily managed species and/or those growing in heterogeneous terrain or with discontinuous distributions. The last millennium in Europe was characterized by an increase in woody crop species and a decline of forest species, suggesting increasing land use by humans.
Study for now, but judge for later: Delayed judgments of learning promote long‐term retention
Authors: SUNDQVIST MAX LARSSON , TODOROV IVO , KUBIK VEIT , JÖNSSON FREDRIK U. 
Published: August 2012

Larsson Sundqvist, M., Todorov, I., Kubik, V. & Jönsson, F.U. (2012) Study for now, but judge for later: Delayed judgments of learning promote long‐term retention. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 450–454.Delayed judgments of learning (JOL) are assumed to be based on covert retrieval attempts. A common finding is that testing memory during learning improves later retention (i.e., the testing effect), and even more so than an equivalent amount of study, but only after a longer retention interval. To test the assertion that also delayed JOLs improve memory, the participants either studied Swahili‐Swedish word pairs four times, or they both studied (two times) and performed delayed JOLs (two times) alternately. Final cued recall test were given after either five minutes or one week. Results showed a reliable learning‐group by retention‐interval interaction, with less forgetting in the group that alternated between studying and making JOLs. The results are discussed in relation to the self‐fulfilling prophecy account of Spellman and Bjork (1992), and in terms of study advice, the results further underscore the importance of delaying JOLs when studying and evaluating one’s ongoing learning.
Pre‐ICH warfarin use, not antiplatelets, increased case fatality in spontaneous ICH patients
Authors: Chen Y.‐W. , Tang S.‐C. , Tsai L.‐K. , Yeh S.‐J. , Chiou H.‐Y. , Yip P.‐K. , Jeng J.‐S. 
Published: August 2012

Background and purposeAnticoagulant and antiplatelets for prevention of ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular diseases may increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the influence of pre‐ICH use of anticoagulant and antiplatelets on ICH patients.MethodsConsecutive patients with acute spontaneous ICH registered in a single‐center stroke registry during 2001 to 2010 were analyzed and categorized according to their pre‐ICH use of warfarin (Group I), antiplatelets (Group II), or neither (Group III). Survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to compare between the three groups and the predictors.ResultsOf 2021 ICH patients (male, 63.3%; mean age, 62.6 ± 14.4 years) included, there were 94 (4.7%) in Group I, 232 (11.4%) in Group II, and 1695 (83.9%) in Group III. Warfarin users had larger hematoma volume, more intraventricular extension, higher frequencies of lobar ICH, and higher case fatality than non‐warfarin users (Groups II and III). The Cox proportional hazard model showed increased 6‐month case fatality in pre‐ICH warfarin users (adjusted hazard ratio 2.75, 95% confidence interval 2.04–3.72, P < 0.001), but not in pre‐ICH antiplatelet users (adjusted hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.72–1.26).ConclusionsIntracerebral hemorrhage patients with prior warfarin use, but not antiplatelet use, had significantly higher case fatality at 6 months.
Links between infant temperament and neurophysiological measures of attention to happy and fearful faces
Authors: Martinos Marina , Matheson Anna , de Haan Michelle 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Developing control of attention helps infants to regulate their emotions, and individual differences in attention skills may shape how infants perceive and respond to their socio‐emotional environments. This study examined whether the temperamental dimensions of self‐regulation and negative emotionality relate to infants’ attention skills and whether the emotional content of the attended stimulus affects this relation.Methods:  Event‐related potentials provided a neurophysiological index of attention (Nc) while 3 to 13‐month‐old infants viewed images of happy and fearful facial expressions. Temperament was measured via parent report using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire‐Revised.Results:  The peak latency of the Nc was slower for infants with lower regulatory capacity, independent of facial expression. The amplitude of the Nc over right fronto‐central electrodes was related to both self‐regulation and negative emotionality, but the effects differed by emotion: infants with better self‐regulation had larger Nc responses to fearful faces, and infants scoring higher on negative emotionality had larger Nc responses to happy faces. These results are discussed in relation to the development of executive attention networks and their modulation by the amygdala.
Protestantism, nation and diaspora inImperialGermany
Authors: Manz Stefan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article examines the close connection betweenProtestantism and nationalism inImperialGermany within a transnational context. In the years before 1914, thePrussianStateChurch in particular strengthened the legal and organisational framework for an increasing number of diaspora congregations to become attached. These acted as an important vehicle to embed the nationalist rhetoric produced within theReichinto emigrants' notions of belonging. Whilst previous scholarship has noted this connection in general, the article sheds more detailed light on the mechanics and structure, but also on the limits, of this process. Feedback processes from periphery to centre, in turn, had an impact onGerman national identity construction as that of a nation that was not confined to state borders. Applying a constructionist theoretical framework, the contested question of whether the heterogeneity ofGermans abroad allows for the application of the diaspora concept is answered affirmatively.
Evaluating the statistical power of detecting changes in the abundance of seabirds at sea
Authors: Maclean Ilya M. D. , Rehfisch Mark M. , Skov Henrik , Thaxter Chris B. 
Published: August 2012

There has been considerable recent concern about the plight of seabirds globally, as many species have declined substantially. In theUKthere are statutory needs to monitor seabirds at sea, particularly in light of new offshore areas being designated for conservation and plans for major offshore wind farm developments. However, the extent to which at‐sea surveys are capable of detecting changes in abundance and options for improving survey protocols have received little attention. We investigate the power of detecting changes in numbers using at‐sea surveys. Using data collected as part of a visual aerial seabird survey programme that covered areas of ‘Round 2’ offshore wind farm developments inUKwaters, we quantify the variability and characterize the statistical properties of count data. By generating random datasets with the same properties as real data, we estimated the power of being able to detect various declines (50, 33, 25, 15 and 10%) and assessed the effects of survey duration and frequency and of spatial scale and variability in bird numbers. The results indicate that the survey design protocols used for theUK‘Round 2’ offshore wind farm visual aerial seabird survey programme do not provide adequate means of detecting changes in numbers, even when declines are in excess of 50% and assumptions regarding certainty are relaxed to < 80%. Extending the duration, frequency and spatial extent of surveys would increase the probability of detecting changes, but not to a desirable level (e.g. > 0.8). The primary reason why there is a low probability of being able to detect consistent directional changes is that seabird numbers fluctuate greatly at any given location. Means of explaining this fine‐scale variability are required, especially if small changes in populations are to be detected. Incorporating hydrodynamic variables into trend analysis might increase the power of detecting changes. Failure to detect changes in seabird numbers should not be taken to mean that no changes are occurring.
Role and interactions of annexin A1 and oestrogens in the manifestation of sexual dimorphisms in cerebral and systemic inflammation
Authors: Hughes Ellen L , Cover Patricia O , Buckingham Julia C , Gavins Felicity NE 
Published: August 2012

Background and PurposeGender differences in inflammation are well described, with females often showing more robust, oestrogen‐associated responses. Here, we investigated the influence of gender, oestrogen and the anti‐inflammatory protein annexin A1 (AnxA1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions in murine cerebral and mesenteric microvascular beds.Experimental ApproachIntravital microscopy was used to visualize and quantify the effects of LPS (10 μg·per mouse i.p.) on leukocyte–endothelial interactions in male and female wild‐type (WT) mice. The effects of ovariectomy ± oestrogen replacement were examined in WT and AnxA1‐null (AnxA1−/−) female mice.Key ResultsLPS increased leukocyte adherence in the cerebral and mesenteric beds of both male and female WT mice; females showed exacerbated responses in the brain versus males, but not the mesentery. Ovariectomy further enhanced LPS‐induced adhesion in the brain but not the mesentery; its effects were reversed by oestrogen treatment. OVX AnxA1−/− mice also showed exaggerated adhesive responses to LPS in the brain. However, these were unresponsive to ovariectomy and, paradoxically, responded to oestrogen with a pronounced increase in basal and LPS‐induced leukocyte adhesion in the cerebrovasculature.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data confirm the fundamental role of AnxA1 in limiting the inflammatory response in the central and peripheral microvasculature. They also (i) show that oestrogen acts via an AnxA1‐dependent mechanism to protect the cerebral, but not the mesenteric, vasculature from the damaging effects of LPS and (ii) reveal a paradoxical and potentially toxic effect of the steroid in potentiating the central response to LPS in the absence of AnxA1.