bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stability criterion for elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive relationships
Authors: Pisanò F. , Prisco C. di 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIn this paper, the onset of mechanical instability in time‐sensitive elasto‐viscoplastic solids is theoretically analyzed at the constitutive level and associated with the occurrence of ‘spontaneous accelerations’ under stationary external perturbations. For this purpose, a second‐order form of Perzyna's constitutive equations is first derived by time differentiation, and a sufficient stability condition is identified for general mixed loading programs. These loading conditions are in fact the most general in both laboratory tests and real boundary value problems, where a combination of certain stress and strain components is known/prescribed.The theoretical analysis leads to find precise stability limits in terms of material hardening modulus. In the case of constitutive relationships with isotropic strain‐hardening, no instabilities are possible while the hardening modulus is larger than the so‐called ‘controllability modulus’ defined for (inviscid) elasto‐plastic materials. It is also shown that the current stress/strain rate may also directly influence the occurrence of elasto‐viscoplastic instability, which is at variance with elasto‐plastic inviscid media. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D finite element modeling of sand particle fracture based on in situ X‐Ray synchrotron imaging
Authors: Druckrey Andrew M. , Alshibli Khalid A. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryCompressive loading of granular materials causes inter‐particle forces to develop and evolve into force chains that propagate through the granular body. At high‐applied compressive stresses, inter‐particle forces will be large enough to cause particle fracture, affecting the constitutive behavior of granular materials. The first step to modeling particle fracture within force chains in granular mass is to understand and model the fracture of a single particle using actual three‐dimensional (3D) particle shape. In this paper, the fracture mode of individual silica sand particles was captured using 3D x‐ray radiography and Synchrotron Micro‐computed Tomography (SMT) during in situ compression experiments. The SMT images were used to reconstruct particle surfaces through image processing techniques. Particle surface was then imported into Abaqus finite element (FE) software where the experimental loading setup was modeled using the extended finite element method (XFEM) where particle fracture was compared to experimental fracture mode viewed in radiograph images that were acquired during experimental loading. Load‐displacement relationships of the FE analysis were also compared with experimental measurements. 3D FE modeling of particle fracture offers an excellent tool to map stress distribution and monitors crack initiation and propagation within individual sand particles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational Deprivation or Occupational Adaptation of Mexican Americans on Renal Dialysis
Authors: Wells Shirley A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the occupational changes and perceptions experienced by Mexican Americans with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and their families living with dialysis. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 17 Mexican Americans with ESRD and 17 family members. The participants with ESRD described altered or lost activity patterns, capacities and freedoms. With a heightened awareness of death, the family members made altered occupational choices, which were consistent with their cultural values. Changes in the physical body, adhering to the dialysis regimen and environmental restrictions created barriers to occupational participation. These findings suggest that living with dialysis facilitate occupational deprivation among individuals with ESRD and adaption among the family members within cultural alignments. This phenomenon could affect the design of occupational therapy intervention and call for research on the role of occupation therapy services with this population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient performance‐based design using parallel and cloud computing
Authors: Ventura Carlos E. , Bebamzadeh Armin , Fairhurst Michael 
Published: June 2015

SummaryPerformance‐based design offers a more direct, non‐prescriptive and rational approach over more traditional approaches used for the design of buildings and other structures. However, performance‐based design requires the use of extensive nonlinear analyses on three‐dimensional building models and typically requires significant computational capabilities and/or time to conduct such analyses. A practical way to overcome these limitations is to utilize recent advantages in parallel computing using cloud‐based servers to conduct the necessary analyses. This approach can be used as a cost‐effective way to conduct structural analyses in a fraction of the time compared with traditional computational methods. This paper explores the use of parallel and cloud computing in the performance‐based design and analysis of tall buildings. Two case studies are presented that highlight the application of high‐performance computing for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of a detailed 52‐story building model. These case studies highlight both the cost and time benefits provided by high‐performance computing for performance‐based earthquake engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitating Meaningful Discussion Groups in the Primary Grades
Authors: Moses Lindsey , Ogden Meridith , Beth Kelly Laura 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis Teaching Tips describes a yearlong process of facilitating meaningful discussion groups about literature with first‐grade students in an urban Title I school. At the beginning of the year, the teacher provided explicit instruction in speaking and listening skills to support students with the social skills needed for thoughtful discussion. She established whole‐group discussions as a forum for sharing thinking and new knowledge, engaging in dialog about books, and recommending books to friends. Building on this foundation, the class moved to small‐group discussions. The article details three different types of discussion groups: informational texts and sharing learning; Mo Willems author study and sharing responses to humor; and Jon Klassen author study and sharing inferences supported by textual evidence. This article shares how first grade students took up discussion opportunities to engage in critical thinking and dialog about books.
An energy‐efficient asynchronous wake‐up scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks
Authors: Su Ruoyu , Venkatesan Ramachandran , Li Cheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn addition to the requirements of the terrestrial sensor network where performance metrics such as throughput and packet delivery delay are often emphasized, energy efficiency becomes an even more significant and challenging issue in underwater acoustic sensor networks, especially when long‐term deployment is required. In this paper, we tackle the problem of energy conservation in underwater acoustic sensor networks for long‐term marine monitoring applications. We propose an asynchronous wake‐up scheme based on combinatorial designs to minimize the working duty cycle of sensor nodes. We prove that network connectivity can be properly maintained using such a design even with a reduced duty cycle. We study the utilization ratio of the sink node and the scalability of the network using multiple sink nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed asynchronous wake‐up scheme can effectively reduce the energy consumption for idle listening and can outperform other cyclic difference set‐based wake‐up schemes. More significantly, high performance is achieved without sacrificing network connectivity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first description of population density and habitat use of the mainland clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa within a logged‐primary forest in South East Asia
Authors: Mohamad Shariff Wan , Rayan D. Mark , Christopher Wong Chai Thiam , Hamirul Muhamad , Mohamed Azlan , Lau Ching Fong , Siwan Elangkumaran Sagtia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe mainland clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is classified as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List, meaning that it faces a high risk of extinction in the wild. However, hardly any ecological research has been published on this species apart from several radiotelemetry studies in Thailand and Nepal, and one camera‐trapping study in India. Here we present findings on the clouded leopard from a camera‐trapping study conducted in Temengor forest reserve (a logged‐over forest) and Royal Belum State Park (a primary forest) within Peninsular Malaysia. Using the spatially‐explicit capture‐recapture method, the density from Temengor forest reserve and Royal Belum State Park was estimated at 3.46 ± SE 1.00 and 1.83 ± SE 0.61, respectively. Clouded leopard habitat use was found to be highly influenced by the availability of small and medium prey species and therefore intrinsically highlights the potential conservation importance of species such as pig‐tailed macaques, porcupine, mouse deer and small carnivores. These findings provide the first estimates of density and habitat use of this species in a logged‐primary forest from both Peninsular Malaysia and South East Asia. Our study provides important baseline information on clouded leopards and contributes to filling up the knowledge gap that exists in understanding the population ecology of this species, not only within Peninsular Malaysia, but also on a regional level.
Computed Tomography's Influence on the Classifications and Treatment of the Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Nascimento Valdênia das Graças , da Costa Antonio Carlos , Falcochio Diego Figueira , Lanzarin Leonardo Depiere , Checchia Sérgio Luiz , Chakkour Ivan 
Published: June 2015

Introduction Distal radius fractures are common in emergency centers. The radiographic routine includes at least two radiographic projections used for diagnosing most of these fractures. Computed tomography (CT) is indicated for evaluating complex fractures that affect the articular surface, as well as the fragments' size and position. There are not enough comparative studies on choosing classification and treatment by means of the four radiographic projections and computed tomography (CT) and the association of these with the levels of expertise. Methods We conducted a randomized cross-sectional study by observing images from 61 patients with distal radius fractures organized in two phases: the first phase comprising radiographic images alone and the second one with those same images associated with tomograms. Seventeen evaluators with different levels of training and expertise classified the fractures according to the AO and Universal classification systems and proposed treatment guidelines. Results The agreement between the AO and Universal classification ratings was poor (worse for the former), with smaller Fleiss' kappa resulting from data obtained by orthopedics residents and non-specialist orthopedists. CT influenced the classification choice, with a higher change frequency for more complex patterns in the AO classification system and intra-articular and irreducible fractures in the Universal classification system, especially in the group comprised of orthopedic residents and orthopedic physicians. CT did not influence the treatment choice made by the group comprised of hand surgery residents and hand surgeons. Conclusion The less experienced in hand surgery the observer was, the more important computed tomography was for determining the fracture pattern.
Salt‐Induced Modulation of the Krafft Temperature and Critical Micelle Concentration of Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium Chloride
Authors: nazrul Islam Md. , Sharker Komol Kanta , Sarker Khokan Chandra 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this work, the effect of some sodium salts on the Krafft temperature (TK) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (C16Cl) in aqueous solution has been studied. It was observed that the TK can be modulated to lower and higher values and the CMC can be depressed significantly upon the addition of the electrolytes. More chaotropic Br− and I− raise the TK with an increase of the concentration of the ions. On the other hand, less chaotropic NO3− initially lowers and then raises the TK. Kosmotropic F−, SO42− and CO32− gradually lower the TK with increasing concentration of the electrolytes. The more chaotropic ions form contact ion pairs with the surfactant and decrease the solubility with a consequent increase in the TK. On the other hand, kosmotropic ions, being extensively hydrated in the bulk, remain separated from the surfactant by hydrated layers of water molecules. As a result, a significant electrostatic repulsion exists between the charged headgroups of the surfactant, resulting in a decrease in the TK. The CMC of the surfactant decreases significantly in the presence of these ions. The surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) also decreases in the presence of all the salts except for F−. The electrostatic repulsion between the charged headgroups is significantly reduced because of screening of the surface charge of both micelles and adsorbed monolayers by the associated counterions, resulting in a decrease in both the CMC and γCMC.
Giant intracardiac blood cyst: assessing the relationship between its formation and previous cardiac surgery
Authors: Halim J. , van Schaagen F.R.N. , Riezebos R.K. , Lalezari S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This case report discusses a 23-year-old male patient who presented with shortness of breath during exercise. Echocardiography revealed an intracardiac mass located on the mitral valve. His medical history included surgical closure of an atrial septal defect type 2 at the age of 2 years. After being discussed within a multidisciplinary heart team, the intracardiac mass was surgically removed. Histopathological examination revealed a blood cyst. This case report emphasises that the presence of an acquired intracardiac cyst is a rare entity and that a pathophysiological association between the formation of a blood cyst and previous cardiac surgery has not been proven yet.
GEOMETRISATION OF FIRST-ORDER LOGIC
Authors: DYCKHOFF ROY , NEGRI SARA 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThat every first-order theory has a coherent conservative extension is regarded by some as obvious, even trivial, and by others as not at all obvious, but instead remarkable and valuable; the result is in any case neither sufficiently well-known nor easily found in the literature. Various approaches to the result are presented and discussed in detail, including one inspired by a problem in the proof theory of intermediate logics that led us to the proof of the present paper. It can be seen as a modification of Skolem’s argument from 1920 for his “Normal Form” theorem. “Geometric” being the infinitary version of “coherent”, it is further shown that every infinitary first-order theory, suitably restricted, has a geometric conservative extension, hence the title. The results are applied to simplify methods used in reasoning in and about modal and intermediate logics. We include also a new algorithm to generate special coherent implications from an axiom, designed to preserve the structure of formulae with relatively little use of normal forms.
Neuroprotection of Early Locomotor Exercise Poststroke: Evidence From Animal Studies
Authors: Zhang Pengyue , Xianglei Jia , Hongbo Yang , Zhang Jichuan , Xu Ce 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEarly locomotor exercise after stroke has attracted a great deal of attention in clinical and animal research in recent years. A series of animal studies showed that early locomotor exercise poststroke could protect against ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcomes through the promotion of angiogenesis, inhibition of acute inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis, and protection of the blood-brain barrier. However, to date, the clinical application of early locomotor exercise poststroke was limited because some clinicians have little confidence in its effectiveness. Here we review the current progress of early locomotor exercise poststroke in animal models. We hope that a comprehensive awareness of the early locomotor exercise poststroke may help to implement early locomotor exercise more appropriately in treatment for ischemic stroke.
Deficiencies in the reporting quality of RCTs in neurosurgery: How can we do better?
Authors: Mansouri A , Cooper B , Shin S , Kondziolka D 
Published: June 2015

Background: Deficiencies in design and reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) limit their validity. The quality of recent RCTs in neurosurgery was analyzed to assess adequacy of design and reporting. Methods: A high-yield search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (2000-present) was conducted. The CONSORT and Jadad scales were used to assess the quality of design/reporting. A PRECIS-based scale was used to designate studies on the pragmatic-explanatory continuum. Spearman’s test was used to assess correlations. Regression analysis was used to assess associations. Results: Sixty-one articles were identified. Vascular was the most common sub-specialty (37%). The median CONSORT and Jadad scores were 36 (IQR 27.5-39) and 3 (IQR 2-3). Blinding, sample size calculation and allocation concealment were most deficiently reported. The quality of reporting did not correlate with the study impact. The majority of studies (83%) had pragmatic objectives; while pragmatic studies had compatible design factors, trials with explanatory objectives were less successful. Conclusions: The prevalence and quality of neurosurgical RCTs is low. Many study designs are not compatible with stated objectives. Given the role of RCTs as one of the highest levels of evidence, it is critical to improve on their methodology and reporting. Alternative methodologies merit discussion.
A generalised-Lagrangian-mean model of the interactions between near-inertial waves and mean flow
Authors: Xie J.-H. , Vanneste J. 
Published: June 2015

Wind forcing of the ocean generates a spectrum of inertia–gravity waves that is sharply peaked near the local inertial (or Coriolis) frequency. The corresponding near-inertial waves (NIWs) are highly energetic and play a significant role in the slow, large-scale dynamics of the ocean. To analyse this role, we develop a new model of the non-dissipative interactions between NIWs and balanced motion. The model is derived using the generalised-Lagrangian-mean (GLM) framework (specifically, the ‘glm’ variant of Soward & Roberts,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 45–72), taking advantage of the time-scale separation between the two types of motion to average over the short NIW period. We combine Salmon’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 719, 2013, pp. 165–182) variational formulation of GLM with Whitham averaging to obtain a system of equations governing the joint evolution of NIWs and mean flow. Assuming that the mean flow is geostrophically balanced reduces this system to a simple model coupling Young & Ben Jelloul’s (J. Mar. Res., vol. 55, 1997, pp. 735–766) equation for NIWs with a modified quasi-geostrophic (QG) equation. In this coupled model, the mean flow affects the NIWs through advection and refraction; conversely, the NIWs affect the mean flow by modifying the potential-vorticity (PV) inversion – the relation between advected PV and advecting mean velocity – through a quadratic wave term, consistent with the GLM results of Bühler & McIntyre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 354, 1998, pp. 301–343). The coupled model is Hamiltonian and its conservation laws, for wave action and energy in particular, prove illuminating: on their basis, we identify a new interaction mechanism whereby NIWs forced at large scales extract energy from the balanced flow as their horizontal scale is reduced by differential advection and refraction so that their potential energy increases. A rough estimate suggests that this mechanism could provide a significant sink of energy for mesoscale motion and play a part in the global energetics of the ocean. Idealised two-dimensional models are derived and simulated numerically to gain insight into NIW–mean-flow interaction processes. A simulation of a one-dimensional barotropic jet demonstrates how NIWs forced by wind slow down the jet as they propagate into the ocean interior. A simulation assuming plane travelling NIWs in the vertical shows how a vortex dipole is deflected by NIWs, illustrating the irreversible nature of the interactions. In both simulations energy is transferred from the mean flow to the NIWs.
Body-size trends of the extinct giant sharkCarcharocles megalodon: a deep-time perspective on marine apex predators
Authors: Pimiento Catalina , Balk Meghan A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe extinct sharkCarcharocles megalodonis one of the largest marine apex predators ever to exist. Nonetheless, little is known about its body-size variations through time and space. Here, we studied the body-size trends ofC. megalodonthrough its temporal and geographic range to better understand its ecology and evolution. Given that this species was the last of the megatooth lineage, a group of species that shows a purported size increase through time, we hypothesized thatC. megalodonalso displayed this trend, increasing in size over time and reaching its largest size prior to extinction. We found thatC. megalodonbody-size distribution was left-skewed (suggesting a long-term selective pressure favoring larger individuals), and presented significant geographic variation (possibly as a result of the heterogeneous ecological constraints of this cosmopolitan species) over geologic time. Finally, we found that stasis was the general mode of size evolution ofC. megalodon(i.e., no net changes over time), contrasting with the trends of the megatooth lineage and our hypothesis. Given thatC. megalodonis a relatively long-lived species with a widely distributed fossil record, we further used this study system to provide a deep-time perspective to the understanding of the body-size trends of marine apex predators. For instance, our results suggest that (1) a selective pressure in predatory sharks for consuming a broader range of prey may favor larger individuals and produce left-skewed distributions on a geologic time scale; (2) body-size variations in cosmopolitan apex marine predators may depend on their interactions with geographically discrete communities; and (3) the inherent characteristics of shark species can produce stable sizes over geologic time, regardless of the size trends of their lineages.
Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I
Authors: Steer Martina 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGerman-Jewish women are elusive figures in the current literature on World War I. Looking at the complexity of their wartime experience and its consequences for the Weimar years, this article deals with Jewish middle-class women's tripartite motivation as Germans, Jews, and females to make sacrifices for the war. To that end, it traces their efforts to help Germany to victory, to gain suffrage, and to become integrated into German society. At the same time, the article shows how these women not only transformed the war into an opportunity for greater female self-determination but also responded to wartime and postwar antisemitism. The experience of the war and the need for reorientation after 1918 motivated them to become more involved in the affairs of the German-Jewish community itself and to contribute significantly to shaping public Jewish life in Weimar Germany—but without giving up their German identity.