bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refueling of field-reversed configuration core via axial plasmoids injection
Authors: Asai T. , Takahashi T. , Kobayashi D. , Seki T. , Takeuchi Y. , Mitarai O. , Morelli J. , Mizuguchi N. , Dettrick S. , Gota H. , Roche T. , Matsumoto T. , Binderbauer M. , Tajima T. , Inomoto M. , Takahashi T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study successfully developed a refueling technique for a field-reversed configuration (FRC) via axial plasmoid injection and demonstrated it on the FAT-CM device at Nihon University. The target FRC is generated using the collisional-merging formation technique combined with conical theta-pinch formation. Plasmoids with an FRC-like configuration are coaxially injected from both ends of the FAT-CM device toward the preexisting target FRC. Postinjection, the system achieves equilibrium, resulting in increases by factors of 1.8 and 2.4 in the total inventory and plasma energy, respectively, compared to cases without injection. This method effectively accomplishes FRC refueling while preserving the intrinsic characteristics of a simply connected, axisymmetric configuration and a high beta value approaching unity. Therefore, this approach offers potential for repetitive refueling in the reactor stage having a FRC plasma core. Experimental outcomes are compared with magnetohydrodynamic simulation results. In the collisional merging process, the characteristics of the pre-collision plasmoids, such as the strong toroidal rotation and coherent FRC-like magnetic field structures of the FRC, are not preserved. Experimental environments have been constructed to investigate such unique properties of the resulting FRCs.
Current benefits of wildfire smoke for yields in the US Midwest may dissipate by 2050
Authors: Behrer A Patrick , Wang Sherrie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wildfires throughout western North America produce smoke plumes that can stretch across the agricultural regions of the American Midwest. Climate change may increase the number and size of these fires and subsequent smoke plumes. These smoke plumes change solar radiation, meteorological conditions, and surface pollutant concentrations during the crop growing season and consequently influence yields of both corn and soybeans. We use a twelve-year panel of county-level yields from all counties east of the 100th meridian combined with measures of exposure to smoke plumes of low and high-density during the growing season to show that low-density plumes enhance yields while high-density plumes decrease yields. These effects appear to be driven by different changes in solar radiation induced by each type of plume but we observe changes in surface pollutants and precipitation as well. Because there are more low-density plumes today, the net effect is a slight increase in yields on average. As climate change makes wildfires larger and more frequent, the overall impact of smoke on yields would be be substantially more negative.
Little evidence of hysteresis in regional precipitation, when indexed by global temperature rise and fall in an overshoot climate simulation
Authors: Walton Jeremy , Huntingford Chris 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Society is aiming to stabilise climate at key temperature thresholds, such as global warming at or below 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C above preindustrial levels. However, greenhouse gas emissions are failing to decline, and if they continue on their current trajectory it is likely that such thresholds will be crossed in the decades ahead. Because of this risk, there is an emerging focus on overshoot, where, for a temporary period, global warming is allowed to cross critical thresholds to reach a peak value before decreasing to the desired limit. A key question about overshoots is whether there are hysteresis effects—that is, whether global or regional climate has properties that differ between the phase of global warming increase and the phase of decreasing. Here, we analyse temperature and precipitation data from five Earth System Models (ESMs) forced by the SSP5-3.4-OS CMIP6 overshoot scenario. We look at the level of precipitation during two periods of near-identical global warming: one whilst temperatures are rising, and the other when they are falling. For global means, we find a statistically significant difference between precipitation values during the two periods. This is an example of hysteresis, as the reversion to an earlier global warming state results in a level of global rainfall which is different from that observed when warming was increasing. Spatial disaggregation of rainfall differences between the two near-identical warming levels shows the largest differences in the tropical region, which are statistically significant for four of the five ESMs. When considering much smaller regions, including parts of the tropics, there remains some evidence of hysteresis. However, the differences are no longer statistically significant against a background of substantial interannual rainfall variability. We discuss the implications of our findings for climate impacts assesments.
Mitigation of laser plasma filamentation by rotating beam smoothing scheme
Authors: Nie Hongbin , Xiong Hao , Zhong Zheqiang , Zhang Bin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The propagation of intense laser beams in plasma inevitably gives rise to laser plasma instabilities, which have a significant impact on the illumination uniformity of the focused spot on the target in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facilities. Here we propose an ultrafast smoothing scheme using a rotating beam (RB) to mitigate the laser plasma filamentation. Using the propagation model of the rotating beam in plasma for the laser-plasma self-focusing (SF) and filamentation, the filamentation characteristics of laser spots were analyzed. The results indicate that the rotating beam smoothing scheme, operating at picosecond timescale, exhibits superior mitigation effect of laser plasma filamentation.
Software installation threat detection based on attention mechanism and improved convolutional neural network in IOT platform
Authors: Liu Chongwei , Pang Jinlong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With of the Internet of Things (IoT) developing and the network technique progressing, malware attacks continue to occur, seriously endangering the information and property security of Internet of Things device users. To ensure the security of the Internet of Things platform and improve the efficiency of malware and vulnerability detection, a software installation threat detection model based on attention mechanism and improved convolutional neural network is constructed. Firstly, the enhanced dynamic symbolic execution module and forward program slicing algorithm are used to extract dynamic features, and then the improved convolutional neural network is utilized to classify malware. In the existing software of IoT devices, the inlining correlation function is studied using the inlining strategy, and the weight between the target pixel and the global pixel is calculated using the attention mechanism, through which the logic and correlation between the triples are correlated. Then, deep residual network is used to detect software vulnerabilities. This enables threat detection before and after software installation. In comparison with the current popular vulnerability detection model experiments, the accuracy, recall rate, accuracy rate and running time of the constructed model in the process of vulnerability detection are 0.975, 0.970, 0.968 and 0.02 s, respectively. Compared with other models, the research design model has better performance. This shows that this built model can effectively detect software installation threats, and has high detection accuracy and operation efficiency, which can provide strong support for the Internet of Things platform’s security protection.
Introducing Environmental Research: Food Systems—cultivating multidisciplinary solutions to transform food systems in an era of global change
Authors: Mueller Nathaniel D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Environmental Research: Food Systems is a new multidisciplinary, open-access, and society-run journal from IOP Publishing dedicated to informing solutions to the considerable environmental, social, and economic challenges facing food systems. The journal’s scope covers the entirety of food systems, from production to consumption, with research on the interactions between food systems and the environment particularly encouraged. Supported by a distinguished Editorial Board with diverse disciplinary backgrounds, the inaugural issue features studies on sustainable agricultural practices, global food trade, crop modeling, climate change adaptation, and sustainable consumption for climate change mitigation. The journal is committed to rigorous peer review, the highest standards of research integrity, and open access publications. By providing a new community-supported venue for food systems researchers, Environmental Research: Food
Systems aims to drive innovation, inform policy, and foster sustainable food systems worldwide.
The Manifold Faces of Political Resistance: The Woman, Life, Freedom Movement
Authors: Orazani Nima , Teymoori Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Woman, Life, Freedom (WLF) movement in Iran embodies radical and progressive ideals (e.g., a secular constitution, autonomy for women, right to bodily integrity and a decent life) in a country with a repressive, patriarchal, and electoral authoritarian political system. We describe the WLF movement and explain how a diverse range of creative acts of resistance has provided the movement with a rich repertoire of cultural and symbolic capital. We discuss three main qualities of the WLF—its lack of centralized leadership and organizational structure, its spontaneity, and its informal cooperative nature—and highlight how oppositional lifestyle and identities preceded the WLF movement. Finally, we discuss two neglected theoretical issues in psychological literature on collective action: (a) the body as a site of resistance, and (b) the role of articulation in resistance. We discuss the implications of the focus on the body and articulation for the social psychology of resistance.
Gendering Democratic Resistance to Authoritarianism: Leni Robredo’s Presidential Campaign
Authors: Montiel Cristina Jayme , Delos Santos Junix Jerald I , Uyheng Joshua 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Women-led democratic movements in repressive contexts confront gendered discourses at the nexus of authoritarianism and patriarchy. However, the role of gender in resistance to authoritarian populism remains understudied. Additionally, less is known about how women in new democracies resist, outside Western feminist discourse. Through a discursive view of resistance, we examine how a Filipina presidential candidate draws on gendered discourses to enact democratic resistance during her electoral campaign. Cosmopolitan discourses of gender equality and traditional discourses of motherhood were employed across various junctures of the campaign. While the former asserts Robredo’s political worthiness independent of her late husband, the latter frames social reforms within a relational language of maternal care. The “radical love” discourse transcends binaries of the two, mobilizing an electoral campaign at the crossroads of patriarchy and authoritarianism. Findings hold implications for contemporary psychologies of gendered political resistance in the contexts of new and hybrid democracies.
“They Should Take Care of Themselves, We Have Our Own Problems!”
Authors: Messanga Gustave Adolphe , Ekango Nzekaih Hermann Kevin , Taffo Nemboué Willy , Npiane Ngongueu Sonia , Nzeuta Lontio Sylvestre , Fotso Magne Pamela , Yoh Fopa Donald Brice 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the literature on sympathetic resistance (also referred to as ally activism, bystander interventions, or outgroup activism), bystanders’ action against violent oppression is theorized to have substantial political impacts. However, much work in this area reveals bias, assuming a negative set of moral and psychological attributes (e.g., passivity). We argue that this bias arises partly from not sufficiently accounting for the socio-political context. Applying a situated perspective to the case of the Rwandan genocide—an example of ethnopolitical violence in a multi-ethnic, institutionally authoritarian context—we posit that two systemic strategies (instrumentalization of ethnicity and systematic terror) shape bystanders’ subjective perceptions of an outgroup’s oppression, thereby repressing sympathetic resistance and demobilizing solidarity with ethnic outgroups to facilitate bystander passivity in ethnic conflicts. We call for future research to test our theoretical ideas and to better situate the psychology of sympathetic resistance in its sociopolitical context.
The Psychology of Resistance in Violent and Repressive Contexts: A Conclusion and a Beginning
Authors: Bou Zeineddine Fouad , Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a synthesis of this volume’s contributions to understanding the psychology of resistance in violent, repressive contexts. We argue that these contributions challenge the assumptions of social psychological research on resistance conducted in Western democratic nations. Taken together, the chapters in this volume offer a richer understanding of the dynamics and relational aspects of resistance in contexts of violence and repression, and a more thorough understanding of the continuous intragroup and intergroup negotiation of resistance strategies in changing contexts. They contextualize the psychology of resistance further by considering the conditions necessary for resistance to arise or be suppressed, as well as explaining support for different resistance tactics. We also discuss the limitations of this volume and their connections to disciplinary and theoretical gaps in social psychology. We outline future directions for research on the psychology of resistance in violent and repressive contexts and beyond.
The Dhobis of Old Delhi
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the community of Sheheri dhobis who were part of the city of Old Delhi at the time of its foundation in the seventeenth century. It also gives a history of the city as seen through the eyes of the dhobis, whose association with the urban landscape, their ghats for washing clothes, their katras, and their traditional relationship with the river Yamuna form the focus of this study. The history of Delhi from various sources, along with the communities that belong to it, the river, and the people in relation to the river are described as a backdrop to the rest of the work. The expansion of Delhi and the process of urbanization and gentrification of the city, the demographic changes and major historical events that transformed and traumatized the city are also described.
Living Life as a Dhobi (Man and Woman)
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The dhobis can be taken to represent a collective identity, but each person lives a life of his or her own. In this chapter the various phases of growing up as a dhobi are described, with examples taken from actual people. The approach is gendered, and the different experiences of being a man or a woman as well as the changes taking place over time are described through thick ethnography. Family life, power equations in the family, the relative lack of patriarchy among them, the roles played by women and men, and the changes in lifestyle are all described in detail with the help of examples. The chapter also describes the migrant dhobis, their relations with native dhobis, as well as the internal stratification of the community. The dhobi’s forays into education and taking up jobs outside of the dhobi occupation, through reservation and otherwise, and the discrimination faced by them as untouchables all find a place in this chapter.
Negotiating Power in the Realm of the Sacred
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
For those at the bottom of society, the supernatural powers are sources of succour and support. Being untouchables, the dhobis have not had access to the services of the Brahmins and have been kept out of the upper-caste temples. They, like other Dalits, had found the Sufi shrines and modes of personal devotion a way of alleviating their suffering and desire for spiritual solace. With changing times and a relative increase in prosperity, they are now turning more towards mainstream Hinduism but prefer those deities to whom they can relate, especially those they feel represent the downtrodden and take care of injustice. They have begun to perform rituals for their dhobi deities with great pomp and show—not to follow the path of the upper castes, but to assert their own identity as dhobis. The political dimension of ritual performance is reflected in their choice of deities such as Bhairon and Sai Baba. There is also a movement away from overt association with Sufi shrines and the Ala that had played a significant role in their lives and to which they still adhere covertly, and these remain at the core of their beliefs in spite of ostentatious acceptance of Hinduism.
The Political Realm
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The dhobis have never engaged in any militant oppositional political activities like the Dalits of the Dalit Panther movement, nor do they subscribe to the Dalit identity. This chapter discusses in detail the reasons for the dhobis to launch their protest from within the caste system rather than trying to reject it. The tie-up of their caste and occupation and the viability of the latter even within the modern capitalist system makes them reluctant to give up their dhobi identity, which they now flaunt as a difference and a skill and not as subordinated. They have never subscribed to the upper-caste versions of caste hierarchy and now are more vocal in making their claims to equality, largely through their rituals. They have a personalized relation with their clients, and their traditional work is more of a one-to-one relation, unlike that of scavengers, who work in the public realm and have therefore developed class consciousness, which is absent among the dhobis. The conjunction of economy and politics makes the dhobis take a different path to identity than some other lower castes.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter describes the changing patterns of aspirations and seeking of a new identity by the dhobis as they wish to establish that they are respectable and equal citizens of a democracy. The major change is negotiated on the bodies of women, who are the first to be withdrawn from the public space and reinstated within the domestic realm or in jobs that take them out of the dhobi identity. This is in recognition of the exploitable status to which the bodies of lower-caste women have traditionally been assigned. The chapter also describes the way the future of the city is being shaped through corporate interests, the needs of a global market, and the distorted vision of policymakers who fail to recognize the requirements of those at the margins and bottom of society. Their visualization of a modern global city is not informed by the realities of India but by borrowed images from other cities around the world, irrespective of how poorly such images fit in with the local reality.
Physiological and structural traits contribute to thermotolerance in wild Australian cotton species
Authors: Dubey Garima , Phillips Aaron L , Kemp Darrell J , Atwell Brian J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Five species of cotton (Gossypium) were exposed to 38 °C days during early vegetative development. Commercial cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was contrasted with four wild cotton species (Gossypium australe, G. bickii, G. robinsonii and G. sturtianum) that are endemic to central and northern Australia.

Methods
Plants were grown at daytime maxima of 30 or 38 °C for 25 days, commencing at the four-leaf stage. Leaf areas and shoot biomass were used to calculate relative rates of growth and specific leaf areas. Leaf gas exchange measurements revealed assimilation and transpiration rates, in addition to electron transport rates and carboxylation efficiency in steady-state conditions. Finally, leaf morphological traits (mean leaf area and leaf shape) were quantified, along with leaf surface decorations, imaged using scanning electron microscopy.

Key Results
Shoot morphology was differentially affected by heat, with three of the four wild species growing faster at 38 than at 30 °C, whereas early growth in G. hirsutum was severely inhibited by heat. Areas of individual leaves and the number of leaves both contributed to these contrasting growth responses, with fewer, smaller leaves at 38 °C in G. hirsutum. CO2 assimilation and transpiration rates of G. hirsutum were also dramatically reduced by heat. Cultivated cotton failed to achieve evaporative cooling, contrasting with the transpiration-driven cooling in the wild species. Heat substantially reduced electron transport rates and carboxylation efficiency in G. hirsutum, with much smaller effects in the wild species. We speculate that leaf shape, as assessed by invaginations of leaf margins, and leaf size contributed to heat dispersal differentially among the five species. Likewise, reflectance of light radiation was also highly distinctive for each species.

Conclusions
These four wild Australian relatives of cotton have adapted to hot days that are inhibitory to commercial cotton, deploying a range of physiological and structural adaptations to achieve accelerated growth at 38 °C.
A marginal structural model for normal tissue complication probability
Authors: Tang Thai-Son , Liu Zhihui , Hosni Ali , Kim John , Saarela Olli 
Published: July 2024

Summary
The goal of radiation therapy for cancer is to deliver prescribed radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to the surrounding healthy tissues. To evaluate treatment plans, the dose distribution to healthy organs is commonly summarized as dose-volume histograms (DVHs). Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling has centered around making patient-level risk predictions with features extracted from the DVHs, but few have considered adapting a causal framework to evaluate the safety of alternative treatment plans. We propose causal estimands for NTCP based on deterministic and stochastic interventions, as well as propose estimators based on marginal structural models that impose bivariable monotonicity between dose, volume, and toxicity risk. The properties of these estimators are studied through simulations, and their use is illustrated in the context of radiotherapy treatment of anal canal cancer patients.