bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Italy: internal migration 1800–present
Authors: Gallo Stefano 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs the crossroads of the Mediterranean and a stepping‐stone between Africa and Europe, the Italian peninsula has always whetted the appetite of foreign powers. Its identity is rooted in centuries of invasion, and many different groups have inhabited its coasts and cities. The migration of Goths, Lombards, Arabs, and Turks, and, later, domination by the French, Spanish, and Austrian monarchies have left a deep mark on the cultural and genetic heritage of the Italian people. The country's political unification as an independent state (1861) meant coming to terms with a composite, variegated population that spoke different dialects from one valley to the next, and in which only roughly 2.5 percent spoke the standard Italian language. Moreover, there was a clear economic divide between regions, with intensive agriculture in the north and areas with grain‐based extensive agriculture on latifundia in the south; some scholars have even seen the Italian unification as the annexation of a foreign territory by the north (Schneider 1997).
1 Prehistoric migration and the rise of humanity
Authors: Bellwood Peter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The focus in this first volume of the
Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
is on the founding, through migration, of the human world as we can reconstruct it at the dawn of written history. Using information from human biology, archaeology, and comparative linguistics (the latter discipline only available for societies within the past 10,000 years), the authors travel in time and space from the initial migrations of the incipient genus
Homo
, around two million years ago, to the relatively recent but still prehistoric migrations of populations such as the Eastern Polynesians and Thule Inuit. They introduce to us an enormous array of past human groups, both hunter‐gatherer and agriculturalist. The prehistoric migrations of many of these populations were essential foundations for the ethnic and linguistic patterning that spanned the globe before 1500
CE
, and indeed still does in many regions today.
2 The earliest stages of hominin dispersal in Africa and Eurasia
Authors: Hertler Christine , Bruch Angela , Märker Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the earliest potential movements of hominins (proto‐humans) within Africa, starting from almost 7 mya, and focusing on the genesis ofAustralopithecusandHomoand the dispersal of the latter into Eurasia soon after 2 mya. The emphasis here is on the fossil record.
6 Pleistocene migrations in the Southeast Asian archipelagos
Authors: Sémah François , Sémah Anne‐Marie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This chapter describes further the migrations of early hominins within Southeast Asia, especially to the sometime‐island and sometime‐peninsula formed by Java. The island of Flores was also reached at least one million years ago by crossing ocean passages between islands. Early modern human migrations beyond the Sunda Shelf are also discussed.
5 Early Old World migrations of
Homo sapiens
: archaeology
Authors: Hiscock Peter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This chapter complements chapter 4 by focusing on the cultural evidence for the origins and dispersal of early
Homo sapiens.
It points out that the dispersal of modern humans across the Old World was not so clearly marked in the archaeological record as some earlier models suggested, especially those focused only on Africa, the Near East, and Europe.
19 Europe and western Asia: Indo‐European linguistic history
Authors: Heggarty Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIndo‐European is, by speaker population, by far the world's greatest language family. This chapter looks especially at the “Steppe” and “Anatolian” hypotheses for Indo‐European origins and dispersals, and adds to the discussion begun in chapter 11 about how language families spread in prehistoric times. It also discusses the vexed question of linguistic chronology.
41 Polynesia, East and South, including transpacific migration
Authors: Anderson Atholl 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Polynesia forms the largest archipelago in Oceania in terms of total extent, and its colonization occurred in two separate phases separated by 2,000 years: c.1000
BCE
in Tonga and Samoa, but only after 1000
CE
in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island, some of the most isolated habitable landmasses on earth.
Non‐certainty equivalent adaptive control for lower triangular systems based on dynamic scaling and filter
Authors: Li Shengtao , Jing Yuanwei , Liu Xiaomei 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYA new adaptive controller is designed on the basis of dynamic scaling and filter for lower triangular systems. Compared with the available adaptive results in the literature, the proposed adaptive approach does not necessarily need to satisfy the certainty equivalence principle and allows for prescribed dynamics to be assigned to the parameter estimation error. The proposed adaptive state feedback controller that ensures all signals of closed‐loop systems are globally bounded while keeping the output tracking error to the origin simultaneously. It is interesting to note that, viewed from a Lyapunov perspective, the proposed method provides a procedure to add cross terms between the parameter estimates and the system states in every design step. Finally, two comparatively simulation examples are given, highlighting the advantages of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioinspired Multifunctional Foam with Self‐Cleaning and Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Zhang Xiyao , Li Zhou , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOil/water separation is a worldwide challenge. Learning from nature provides a promising approach for the construction of functional materials with oil/water separation. In this contribution, inspired by superhydrophobic self‐cleaning lotus leaves and porous biomaterials, a facile method is proposed to fabricate polyurethane foam with simultaneous superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Due to its low density, light weight, and superhydrophobicity, the as‐prepared foam can float easily on water. Furthermore, the foam demonstrates super‐repellency towards corrosive liquids, self‐cleaning, and oil/water separation properties, possessing multifunction integration. We expect that this low‐cost process can be readily and widely adopted for the design of multifunctional foams for large‐area oil‐spill cleanup.
Large Electrocaloric Effect in a Dielectric Liquid Possessing a Large Dielectric Anisotropy Near the Isotropic–Nematic Transition
Authors: Qian Xiao‐Shi , Lu Sheng‐Guo , Li Xinyu , Gu Haiming , Chien Liang‐Chy , Zhang Qiming 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe recent findings of large electrocaloric effects (ECEs) in ferroelectric polymers and in ferroelectric ceramic thin films have attracted great interest for developing new cooling cycles that are environmental friendly and have the potential to reach better efficiency than the existing vapor‐compression approach. Compared with these solid state ECE materials, a dielectric fluid with a large ECE can be more interesting because it may lead to new cooling cycles with simpler structures than these based on solid state ECE materials. Here it is shown that a large ECE can be realized in the liquid crystal (LC) 5CB near its nematic–isotropic (N‐I) phase transition. 5CB has a large dielectric anisotropy, which facilitates the electric‐field‐induced large polarization change. As a result, a large ECE, i.e., an isothermal entropy change of more than 23.6 J kg−1 K−1 is observed just above the N‐I transition.
Tunable Hierarchical Metallic‐Glass Nanostructures
Authors: Mukherjee Sundeep , Sekol Ryan C. , Carmo Marcelo , Altman Eric I. , Taylor André D. , Schroers Jan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSynthesizing metallic nanostructures with control over morphology, surface chemistry, and length‐scale is important for a wide range of applications. Nanostructures having large surface area paired with suitable chemistry are particularly desirable in catalytic applications to facilitate the reaction kinetics. However, the techniques used for nanostructure synthesis are often lengthy, difficult, require expensive precursors/stabilizers, and limit the control over nanostructure morphology/chemistry. Here tuning metallic‐glass nanostructures to a wide range of morphologies, where the surface is enriched with catalytic noble metal, is reported. By combining thermoplastic nanofabrication together with electrochemical processing, hierarchical metallic nanostructures with large electrochemical surface area and high catalytic activity are synthesized. Due to the versatility in processing and independent control over multiple length‐scales, the approach may serve as a tool‐box for fabricating complex hierarchical nanostructures for wide ranging applications.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and Derivatives and their Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Lumbroso Alexandre , Cooke Michael L. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAllylic alcohols represent an important and highly versatile class of chiral building blocks for organic synthesis. This Review summarizes the plethora of methods developed for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of enantioenriched allylic alcohols. These include: dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR/DKAT), nucleophilic 1,2‐addition to carbonyl groups, allylic substitution, oxidation of CH bonds, the addition of O nucleophiles to π systems, reduction of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and an alternative route from enantioenriched propargylic alcohols. Furthermore, these catalytic asymmetric processes are exemplified by their applications in the syntheses of complex molecules such as natural products and potential therapeutic agents.
Fault Detection for Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Input
Authors: Luo Zhen , Fang Huajing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper extends the problem of fault detection for linear discrete‐time systems with unknown input to the nonlinear system. A nonlinear recursive filter is developed where the estimation of the state and the input are interconnected. Unknown input which can be any type of signal was obtained by least‐squares unbiased estimation and the state estimation problem is transformed into a standard unscented Kalman filter (UKF) problem. By testing the mean of the innovation process, a real‐time fault detection approach is proposed. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
HIRREM™: a noninvasive, allostatic methodology for relaxation and auto‐calibration of neural oscillations
Authors: Gerdes Lee , Gerdes Peter , Lee Sung W. , H. Tegeler Charles 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDisturbances of neural oscillation patterns have been reported with many disease states. We introduce methodology forHIRREM™ (high‐resolution, relational, resonance‐based electroencephalic mirroring), also known as Brainwave Optimization™, a noninvasive technology to facilitate relaxation and auto‐calibration of neural oscillations.HIRREMis a precision‐guided technology for allostatic therapeutics, intended to help the brain calibrate its own functional set points to optimize fitness.HIRREMtechnology collects electroencephalic data through two‐channel recordings and delivers a series of audible musical tones in near real time. Choices of tone pitch and timing are made by mathematical algorithms, principally informed by the dominant frequency in successive instants of time, to permit resonance between neural oscillatory frequencies and the musical tones. Relaxation of neural oscillations throughHIRREMappears to permit auto‐calibration toward greater hemispheric symmetry and more optimized proportionation of regional spectral power. To illustrate an application ofHIRREM, we present data from a randomized clinical trial ofHIRREMas an intervention for insomnia (n = 19). On average, there was reduction of right‐dominant temporal lobe high‐frequency (23–36 Hz)EEGasymmetry over the course of eight successiveHIRREMsessions. There was a trend for correlation between reduction of right temporal lobe dominance and magnitude of insomnia symptom reduction. Disturbances of neural oscillation have implications for both neuropsychiatric health and downstream peripheral (somatic) physiology. The possibility of noninvasive optimization for neural oscillatory set points throughHIRREMsuggests potentially multitudinous roles for this technology. Research is currently ongoing to further explore its potential applications and mechanisms of action.
Integration of the 1,2,3‐Triazole “Click” Motif as a Potent Signalling Element in Metal Ion Responsive Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Ast Sandra , Fischer Tobias , Müller Holger , Mickler Wulfhard , Schwichtenberg Mathias , Rurack Knut , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn a systematic approach we synthesized a new series of fluorescent probes incorporating donor–acceptor (D‐A) substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles as conjugative π‐linkers between the alkali metal ion receptor N‐phenylaza‐[18]crown‐6 and different fluorophoric groups with different electron‐acceptor properties (4‐naphthalimide, meso‐phenyl‐BODIPY and 9‐anthracene) and investigated their performance in organic and aqueous environments (physiological conditions). In the charge‐transfer (CT) type probes 1, 2 and 7, the fluorescence is almost completely quenched by intramolecular CT (ICT) processes involving charge‐separated states. In the presence of Na+ and K+ ICT is interrupted, which resulted in a lighting‐up of the fluorescence in acetonitrile. Among the investigated fluoroionophores, compound 7, which contains a 9‐anthracenyl moiety as the electron‐accepting fluorophore, is the only probe which retains light‐up features in water and works as a highly K+/Na+‐selective probe under simulated physiological conditions. Virtually decoupled BODIPY‐based 6 and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) type probes 3–5, where the 10‐substituted anthracen‐9‐yl fluorophores are connected to the 1,2,3‐triazole through a methylene spacer, show strong ion‐induced fluorescence enhancement in acetonitrile, but not under physiological conditions. Electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations were used to assess and support the underlying mechanisms for the new ICT and PET 1,2,3‐triazole fluoroionophores.
Combining multi‐observer information in partially rank‐ordered judgment post‐stratified and ranked set samples
Authors: Ozturk Omer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper develops two sampling designs to create artificially stratified samples. These designs use a small set of experimental units to determine their relative ranks without measurement. In each set, the units are ranked by all available observers (rankers), with ties whenever the units cannot be ranked with high confidence. The rankings from all the observers are then combined in a meaningful way to create a single weight measure. This weight measure is used to create judgment strata in both designs. The first design constructs the strata through judgment post‐stratification after the data has been collected. The second design creates the strata before any measurements are made on the experimental units. The paper constructs estimators and confidence intervals, and develops testing procedures for the mean and median of the underlying distribution based on these sampling designs. We show that the proposed sampling designs provide a substantial improvement over their competitor designs in the literature. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 304–324; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Using a Simple Soil Column Method to Evaluate Soil Phosphorus Leaching Risk
Authors: Li Yuyuan , Gao Ru , Yang Rui , Wei Hongan , Li Yong , Xiao Heai , Wu Jinshui 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe impacts of soil P leaching on water eutrophication have widely been concerned. However, there is no dependable method to quantitatively estimate the P leaching risk of soils. In this study, a simple soil column method was developed using two calcareous Fluvisols, silt loam and loam. The soil column was 20 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter, and distilled water was continuously supplied from the top. The volume and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations of leachate were measured. Results showed that DRP concentrations in leachate increased slowly for the low soil Olsen‐P levels but rapidly for the high Olsen‐P levels. According to these two‐phase changes in the DRP versus soil Olsen‐P contents, the thresholds of P leaching risk were estimated to be 41.1 and 62.3 mg P kg−1 (Olsen‐P) for silt loam and loam, respectively. The P leaching intensity of soils increased by 3‐ to 540‐fold if the soil Olsen‐P contents accumulated from 6.6 to 155.5 mg P kg−1. The outcomes derived from this study regarding the determination of P leaching threshold and intensity by the soil column method also need a further verification on more soils with a wide range of physical and chemical properties.
Removal of Bromate from Water Using De‐Acidite FF‐IP Resin and Determination by Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Naushad Mu. , ALOthman Zeid A. , Khan Mohammad R. , Wabaidur Saikh M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractContamination of water due to bromate is a severe health hazard. The aim of the present study was to remove bromate from water using a crosslinked polystyrene based strongly basic anion exchange resin De‐Acidite FF‐IP. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and effect of competing anions on bromate removal by De‐Acidite FF‐IP resin. At optimum parameters, the removal rate of bromate was very fast and 90% removal took place in 5 min and equilibrium was established within 10 min. The presence of competitive anions reduced the bromate adsorption in the order of Cl− > F− > CO > SO > NO > PO. The practical utility of this resin has been demonstrated by removing bromate in some of the commercial bottled water from Saudi Arabia. The level of bromate was determined using a very sensitive, precise and rapid method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tendem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS).
Combination of molecular alterations and smoking intensity predicts bladder cancer outcome
Authors: Mitra Anirban P. , Castelao Jose E. , Hawes Debra , Tsao‐Wei Denice D. , Jiang Xuejuan , Shi Shan‐Rong , Datar Ram H. , Skinner Eila C. , Stein John P. , Groshen Susan , Yu Mimi C. , Ross Ronald K. , Skinner Donald G. , Cortessis Victoria K. , Cote Richard J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:Traditional single‐marker and multimarker molecular profiling approaches in bladder cancer do not account for major risk factors and their influence on clinical outcome. This study examined the prognostic value of molecular alterations across all disease stages after accounting for clinicopathological factors and smoking, the most common risk factor for bladder cancer in the developed world, in a population‐based cohort.METHODS:Primary bladder tumors from 212 cancer registry patients (median follow‐up, 13.2 years) were immunohistochemically profiled for Bax, caspase‐3, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1 (Apaf‐1), Bcl‐2, p53, p21, cyclooxygenase‐2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and E‐cadherin alterations. “Smoking intensity” quantified the impact of duration and daily frequency of smoking.RESULTS:Age, pathological stage, surgical modality, and adjuvant therapy administration were significantly associated with survival. Increasing smoking intensity was independently associated with worse outcome (P < .001). Apaf‐1, E‐cadherin, and p53 were prognostic for outcome (P = .005, .014, and .032, respectively); E‐cadherin remained prognostic following multivariable analysis (P = .040). Combined alterations in all 9 biomarkers were prognostic by univariable (P < .001) and multivariable (P = .006) analysis. A multivariable model that included all 9 biomarkers and smoking intensity had greater accuracy in predicting prognosis than models composed of standard clinicopathological covariates without or with smoking intensity (P < .001 and P = .018, respectively).CONCLUSIONS:Apaf‐1, E‐cadherin, and p53 alterations individually predicted survival in bladder cancer patients. Increasing number of biomarker alterations was significantly associated with worsening survival, although markers comprising the panel were not necessarily prognostic individually. Predictive value of the 9‐biomarker panel with smoking intensity was significantly higher than that of routine clinicopathological parameters alone. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Mechanism of Framework Oxygen Exchange in Fe‐Zeolites: A Combined DFT and Mass Spectrometry Study
Authors: Andrikopoulos Prokopis C. , Sobalik Zdenek , Novakova Jana , Sazama Petr , Sklenak Stepan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe role of framework oxygen atoms in N2O decomposition [N2O(g)→N2(g) and 1/2O2(g)] over Fe‐ferrierite is investigated employing a combined experimental (N218O decomposition in batch experiments followed by mass spectroscopy measurements) and theoretical (density functional theory calculations) approach. The occurrence of the isotope exchange indicates that framework oxygen atoms are involved in the N2O decomposition catalyzed by Fe‐ferrierite. Our study, using an Fe‐ferrierite sample with iron exclusively present as FeII cations accommodated in the cationic sites, shows that the mobility of framework oxygen atoms in the temperature range: 553 to 593 K is limited to the four framework oxygen atoms of the two AlO4− tetrahedra forming cationic sites that accomodate FeII. They exchange with the Fe extra‐framework 18O atom originating from the decomposed N218O. We found, using DFT calculations, that O2 molecules facilitate the oxygen exchange. However, the corresponding calculated energy barrier of 87 kcal mol−1 is still very high and it is higher than the assumed experimental value based on the occurrence of the sluggish oxygen exchange at 553 K.
Amorphous tin–iron oxide thin films with 3D reticular porous morphology for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhu Jian , Yang Ting , Mei Lin , Zhang Hao Nan , Yu Xin Zhi , Li Qiu Hong , Wang Tai Hong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPorous reticular tin–iron oxide composite have been prepared by electrostatic spray deposition method for lithium‐ion batteries. The structure of depsitied electrodes are investigated by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), which shows that the film is amorphous. Electrochemical characterization by galvanostatic charge‐discharge tests demonstrate that the conversion reactions in these electrodes enable initial discharge capacities of about 1551 mAh/g for tin–iron oxide thin film electrode, and the reversible capacity stayed in the range of 769–601 mAh/g during the successive 30 cycles. The high porosity of the 3D reticular structure can provide more reaction sites on the electrode surface and accommodate volume variation of Sn particles during Li alloying–dealloying. Such a composite film are expected to be applied as attractive anodes for lithium‐ion batteries.
Unpacking the Peacekeeping–Peacebuilding Nexus: A Human Security Proposal
Authors: Imboden Bahar Akman 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPeacekeepers are no longer only keeping peace; operating within a human security framework, they are asked to focus on early peacebuilding as well. However, they currently lack the tools to build peace effectively. This article reiterates the necessity to unpack the peacekeeping–peacebuilding nexus so that an integrated approach can be designed. A two‐step human security approach is proposed: (1) conducting a human security threat assessment and (2) conducting an impact assessment of externalities associated with the intervention. The aim is to help policy makers design integrated interventions able to coordinate peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities in a complementary manner.