bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transparent conductive graphene textile fibers
Authors: Neves A. I. S. , Bointon T. H. , Melo L. V. , Russo S. , de Schrijver I. , Craciun M. F. , Alves H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTransparent and flexible electrodes are widely used on a variety of substrates such as plastics and glass. Yet, to date, transparent electrodes on a textile substrate have not been explored. The exceptional electrical, mechanical and optical properties of monolayer graphene make it highly attractive as a transparent electrode for applications in wearable electronics. Here, we report the transfer of monolayer graphene, grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper foil, to fibers commonly used by the textile industry. The graphene-coated fibers have a sheet resistance as low as ~1 kΩ per square, an equivalent value to the one obtained by the same transfer process onto a Si substrate, with a reduction of only 2.3 per cent in optical transparency while keeping high stability under mechanical stress. With this approach, we successfully achieved the first example of a textile electrode, flexible and truly embedded in a yarn.
Has upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts over 1982-2010?
Authors: Varela R. , Álvarez I. , Santos F. , deCastro M. , Gómez-Gesteira M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChanges in coastal upwelling strength have been widely studied since 1990 when Bakunproposed that global warming can induce the intensification of upwelling in coastalareas. Whether present wind trends support this hypothesis remains controversial, asresults of previous studies seem to depend on the study area, the length of the timeseries, the season and even the database used. In this study, temporal and spatialtrends in the coastal upwelling regime worldwide were investigated during upwellingseasons from 1982 to 2010 using a single wind database (Climate Forecast SystemReanalysis) with high spatial resolution (0.3°). Of the major upwellingsystems, increasing trends were only observed in the coastal areas of Benguela,Peru, Canary and northern California. A tendency for an increase inupwelling-favourable winds was also identified along several less studied regions,such as the western Australian and southern Caribbean coasts.
Testosterone concentrations in female athletes and ballet dancers with menstrual disorders
Authors: Łagowska Karolina , Kapczuk Karina 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMenstrual disorders are common among female athletes and ballet dancers. Endocrine changes, such as high testosterone (HT) levels and high luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios, may suggest functional ovarian hyperandrogenism which may induce such dysfunction. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate endocrine status in female athletes and ballet dancers with menstrual disorders. Their nutritional status and dietary habits were analysed in relation to the testosterone levels. In a cross‐sectional approach, 31 female athletes (18.1 ± 2.6 years) and 21 ballerinas (17.1 ± 0.9) with menstrual disorders participated in the study. The levels of serum LH, FSH, progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), thyroid‐stimulating hormone, testosterone (T) and sex hormone‐binding globulinwere measured to assess hormonal status. In addition, the free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. Nutritional status, total daily energy expenditure and nutritional habits were evaluated. Girls were assigned to one of the following groups: low testosterone (LT) level, normal testosterone level or HT level. There were significant differences between ballerinas and other female athletes in terms of testosterone levels, FAI, age at the beginning of training, length of training period and age at menarche. The PRL level was lowest in the LT group while the FAI index was highest in the HT group. Daily energy and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower in the HT group. T levels in the study subjects were found to be associated with nutritional factors, energy availability, age at the beginning of training and frequency of training. This is the first report of HT levels being associated with the status of a female ballet dancer, the age of menarche and the length of the training history. Further research is necessary to confirm the results in a larger study group.
Impacts of ocean acidification on survival, growth, and swimming behaviours differ between larval urchins and brittlestars
Authors: Chan Kit Yu Karen , Grünbaum Daniel , Arnberg Maj , Dupont Sam 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOcean acidification (OA) is widely recognized as an increasing threat to marine ecosystems. Many marine invertebrates have dual-phase life cycles in which planktonic larvae connect and sustain otherwise disconnected benthic adult populations. Many planktonic larvae are particularly sensitive to environmental stresses including OA. Here, we compared the developmental dynamics, survivorship, and swimming behaviours of plutei of two ecologically important echinoderm species that naturally experience variability in ambient pH: the purple urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the infaunal brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Sensitivity to decreased pH differed between these two species and between maternal lineages. Larvae of both species experienced increased mortality and reduced growth rate under low pH conditions. However, larval brittlestars appeared more sensitive and experienced over 80% mortality after 7-d exposure to pH 7.7. Larval urchins from one maternal lineage underwent highly synchronized budding (release of blastula-like particles) at low pH. Observed budding temporarily increased numerical density and reduced individual size, leading to differences in growth and mortality rates between the two half-sibling groups and another population. Swimming speeds of larval brittlestars were reduced in decreased pH. In contrast, acidification had either no effect or positive effect on swimming speeds of larval urchins. The observed differences between species may be a reflection of pre-exposure in their natural habitats: larval brittlestars experience a relatively stable in situ pH environment, whereas larval urchins are occasionally exposed to low pH in upwelling regions. Urchins may therefore exhibit short-term compensatory responses such as budding and increased swimming speed. Natural selection could act upon the significant variations we observed between maternal lineages, resulting in more resilient populations confronting chronic exposure to OA.
Foraging behaviour of the epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum is not affected by elevated CO2
Authors: Heinrich Dennis D. U. , Watson Sue-Ann , Rummer Jodie L. , Brandl Simon J. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Heupel Michelle R. , Munday Philip L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Increased oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is a threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Among the most dramatic consequences predicted to date are behavioural impairments in marine fish which appear to be caused by the interference of elevated CO2 with a key neurotransmitter receptor in the brain. In this study, we tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the foraging and shelter-seeking behaviours of the reef-dwelling epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum. Juvenile sharks were exposed for 30 d to control CO2 (400 µatm) and two elevated CO2 treatments (615 and 910 µatm), consistent with medium- and high-end projections for ocean pCO2 by 2100. Contrary to the effects observed in teleosts and in some other sharks, behaviour of the epaulette shark was unaffected by elevated CO2. A potential explanation is the remarkable adaptation of H. ocellatum to low environmental oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and diel fluctuations in CO2 encountered in their shallow reef habitat. This ability translates into behavioural tolerance of near-future ocean acidification, suggesting that behavioural tolerance and subsequent adaptation to projected future CO2 levels might be possible in some other fish, if adaptation can keep pace with the rate of rising CO2 levels.
The indirect microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay demonstrated high concordance with the indirect MGIT method for pyrazinamide susceptibility testing
Authors: Wu Xiaoyuan , Lu Wei , Shao Yan , Liu Qiao , Shi Xudong , Wang Xiangdong , Li Chunmei , Zhu Limei , Chen Cheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay has been used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection and anti-TB drug susceptibility tests for several years, and our study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MODS in detecting pyrazinamide resistance in MDR TB suspects.MethodsOne hundred and forty-eight clinical isolates were collected from 148 MDR TB suspects in the Nanjing Chest Hospital, and the MODS and the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 methods for pyrazinamide susceptibility testing were conducted for each isolate independently. pncA gene sequencing was applied to confirm results showing discrepancy between the MODS and MGIT 960 methods. The McNemar χ2 test was employed to evaluate the paired 2 × 2 table.ResultsCompared with the MGIT 960 method, the sensitivity and specificity of the MODS assay were 95.5% and 93.3%, respectively, with a high accuracy of 94.5%. The κ value of 0.89 showed near-perfect agreement for the two methods in determining pyrazinamide susceptibility. Eight clinical isolates showed inconsistent results by MODS and MGIT 960. After sequencing the pncA gene of the eight isolates, MODS and MGIT 960 showed no significant difference in detecting pyrazinamide resistance when compared with pncA gene sequencing (P = 0.655 for MODS and P = 0.564 for MGIT 960).ConclusionsThe high accuracy of MODS in detecting pyrazinamide resistance showed that the MODS method would be an alternative for pyrazinamide susceptibility testing; other mutations affecting resistance to pyrazinamide need to be identified in order to elucidate the discrepant results between phenotype- and genotype-based methods.
The discovery of new AGN candidates within the field of Fermi unassociated γ-ray sources
Authors: Fujinaga Yoshitaka , Niinuma Kotaro , Kimura Atsushi , Fujisawa Kenta , Oyama Tomoaki , Mizuno Syota , Kono Yusuke , Takemura Shinji , Sawada-Satoh Satoko , Akutagawa Kengo , Sugiyama Koichiro , Motogi Kazuhito , Fukuzaki Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this paper, we report on the discovery of 26 new radio sources located within positional error range of unassociated γ-ray sources listed in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog (2FGL catalog) by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. To search for new γ-ray AGN candidates, we conducted e-VLBI observations for 845 radio sources located in the field of 149 Fermi unassociated γ-ray sources at high galactic latitude, using the Japanese VLBI Network (JVN) at 8.4 GHz with a noise level of approximately 2 mJy. As a result of our JVN observations, we detected 29 VLBI sources having a brightness temperature of TB &gt; 106 K within positional error of 28 γ-ray sources in the 2FGL catalog. These high brightness temperatures imply that the newly detected sources are possibly GeV γ-ray AGNs, such as most of 2FGL sources, which have already been classified as AGNs. Also, precise radio coordinates make it possible to identify the multiwavelength counterparts to the newly detected VLBI sources. Their color–color diagrams derived from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer photometric data of these sources imply that eight out of all sources we detected would be classified as γ-ray blazars.
Removing unwanted variation in a differential methylation analysis of Illumina HumanMethylation450 array data
Authors: Maksimovic Jovana , Gagnon-Bartsch Johann A. , Speed Terence P. , Oshlack Alicia 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTDue to their relatively low-cost per sample and broad, gene-centric coverage of CpGs across the human genome, Illumina’s 450k arrays are widely used in large scale differential methylation studies. However, by their very nature, large studies are particularly susceptible to the effects of unwanted variation. The effects of unwanted variation have been extensively documented in gene expression array studies and numerous methods have been developed to mitigate these effects. However, there has been much less research focused on the appropriate methodology to use for accounting for unwanted variation in methylation array studies. Here we present a novel 2-stage approach using RUV-inverse in a differential methylation analysis of 450k data and show that it outperforms existing methods.
An isothermal analysis of curved-vane and flat-vane swirlers for burners
Authors: Parra-Santos Teresa , Pérez-Domínguez J.R. , Szasz R.Z. , Castro-Ruiz F. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– One current trend in burner technology is to obtain high efficiency while keeping low levels of NOx emissions. A swirling flow in combustion ensures a fixed position of a compact flame. Therefore, it is necessary to design efficient swirlers. Flow patterns are simulated for the different swirl devices proposed in this work. Two axial-swirlers are studied: one based on curve-vanes consisting of a straight line with an arc of a circle as the trailing edge and the other is the common flat-vanes. The purpose of this paper is to assess the accuracy of different swirl generators using a well-known benchmark test case.

Design/methodology/approach
– This work deals with modelling the swirler using two approaches: the general purpose Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver Ansys-Fluent® and the suite of libraries OpenFOAM® to solve the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations, showing there is a slight deviation between both approaches. Their performance involves analyzing not only the Swirl number but also the size of the recirculation zones in the test chamber. A subsequent process on the flow patterns was carried out to establish the intensity of segregation which provides insight into the quality of mixing.

Findings
– CFD models are feasible tools to predict flow features. It was found that numerical results tend to reduce the inner recirculation zone (IRZ) radial size. Further, an increase of the swirl number involves larger IRZ and a smaller outer recirculation zone (ORZ). The curved swirler displays a better axi-symmetric behaviour than flat vanes. There is weak influence of the chord vanes on the swirl number. The number of vanes is a compromise of head loses and guidance of the flow.

Originality/value
– The paper offers two different approaches to solve turbulent swirling flows. One based in a general contrasted commercial tool and other using open source code. Both models show similar performance. An innovative set up for an axial swirler different from the conventional flat vanes was proposed.
Flow characteristics of dusts dispersed by high-pressure air blast in 20 L chamber
Authors: Chen Jiachen , Zhang Qi 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– A dust cloud is formed by a high-pressure air blast in dust explosion experiments in the spherical 20 L chamber. The state of the dust cloud has a significant impact on the dust explosion. However, it is difficult to observe the dust distribution in the chamber during the dust dispersion. Numerical simulation was used to examine the dust distribution in the chamber with the rebound nozzle in this work. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Through a series numerical simulations, the influences of the dust particle size and the pressure for dust dispersion on the have been analyzed, and the results are discussed.

Findings
– Dust in the spherical 20 L chamber is in the state of very intensifying motion within 30 ms from dispersion starting. Dust in the chamber reaches a uniform state beyond 200 ms. The pressure for dust dispersion should be higher than 0.5 MPa for the aluminum dusts of larger than 50. The higher blast pressure is not always applicable to achieve a uniform dispersion. There is a best blast pressure value for a given dust to achieve a uniform dispersion in the spherical 20 L chamber.

Research limitations/implications
– Dust cloud generation is essential for understanding dust explosions. Dust cloud deflagration parameters depend on the uniformity and concentration of dusts dispersed by a high-pressure air blast. Numerical simulation was used to examine the multiphase flow of the dust air mixture in this work. Through a series numerical simulations, the influences of the dust particle size and the pressure for dust dispersion on the have been analyzed, and the results are discussed. The data are useful for understanding the basics of dust cloud formation.

Practical implications
– The data are useful for evaluating dust explosion experimental parameters.

Originality/value
– Dispersible uniformity has a strong impact on measured parameters of dust explosion in a chamber. However, it is difficult to observe the dust particles distribution during the dispersion. Numerical simulation was used to examine the dust particles distribution and its influencing factors during the dispersion in this work. New finding is: the approach to examine the distribution of dust particles dispersed by a high-pressure blast in a chamber; the variation of dispersible uniformity and its influencing factors when dust is injected into the spherical 20 L chamber by high-pressure air blast.
Subsidence above depleted gas fields
Authors: Santagiuliana Raffaella , Fabris Massimo , Schrefler Bernhard Aribo 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to give an explanation of the new data available about surface subsidence above the depleted gas reservoir Ravenna Terra. These data confirm the existence after end of exploitation of a reversed subsidence bowl with minimum subsidence above the reservoir, as opposed to conventional subsidence bowls during exploitation which show maximum subsidence in the same location.Design/methodology/approach– The paper analyses these new data about the existence after end of exploitation of a reversed subsidence bowl. The observed behaviour is reproduced successfully with a fully coupled two phase flow code in deforming reservoir rocks which incorporates a constitutive model for partially saturated porous media.Findings– The paper provides successful simulations. These allow affirming with confidence that the explanation for the peculiar behaviour is reservoir flooding and partially saturated rock behaviour.Research limitations/implications– Further research: other case studies where similar behaviour is expected, e.g. Ekofisk.Practical implications– The paper includes implications for better management of reservoir exploitation schedules to minimize the observed phenomenon.Originality/value– This paper explains the peculiar behaviour of subsidence above the depleted gas reservoir Ravenna Terra and confirms the conjecture that constitutive behaviour of partially saturated rocks is the origin of the observed phenomenon.
Synthetic jet cross-flow interaction with orifice obstruction
Authors: Laouedj Samir , Solano Juan P. , Benazza Abdelylah 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe the flow structure and the time-resolved and time-mean heat transfer characteristics in the interaction between a synthetic jet and a cross flow, when an obstruction reduces the cross-section of the orifice where the jet is formed.

Design/methodology/approach
– The microchannel flow interacted by the pulsed jet is modeled using a two-dimensional finite volume simulation with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations while using the Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model to account for fluid turbulence.

Findings
– The computational results show a good and rapid increase of the synthetic jet influence on heat transfer enhancement when the obstruction of the orifice is superior to 30 per cent and the synthetic jet oscillating amplitudes are below 50 µm. It is found that when the obstruction is close to the exit orifice, the heat transfer enhancement is significant. The obstruction has proved to accelerate the jet and change the formation of large vortical structures. Additional windward vortices appear, which influence the flow field and enhance the heat transfer.

Research limitations/implications
– The work proposes the use of a compound enhancement technique for electronics cooling. A limited range of operating conditions and geometrical configurations is presented. A further analysis of the performance evaluation, based on the increased energy consumption of the device, would complement the study.

Originality/value
– The authors provide a compound technique to enhance heat transfer in synthetic-jet electronic cooling devices.
Bribery and corruption in telecommunications: the case of Kenya
Authors: Sutherland Ewan 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to examine how telecommunications in Kenya was affected by the absence of good governance and the presence of rent-seeking by ministers.

Design/methodology/approach
– A single-country case study combining approaches of anti-corruption and telecommunications methodologies using secondary and legal sources.

Findings
– Corruption has been a significant factor, but has also led to distortions in the market which may have been more significant.

Research limitations/implications
– Given the sensitivity of corrupt dealing, it is impracticable to interview the principals, some of whose identities are concealed behind front companies.

Practical implications
– It is necessary to modify telecommunications practice to eliminate the use of front companies and those registered in opaque registries to identify conflicts of interests.

Originality/value
– This is one of only four countries examined in terms of bribery and corruption in telecommunications.
The licensing of mobile operators in European markets and the consequences of new entry for competition
Authors: Curwen Peter , Whalley Jason 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate whether new entry via mobile licensing in Europe has had any longer-term consequences for competition.

Design/methodology/approach
– A database is presented covering certain recent periods and the issue of licences for the provision of 2G, 3G and 4G mobile services.

Findings
– It would appear that new entry has had very little overall effect on competition, although Hutchison Whampoa has, almost uniquely, forced a response from incumbents via a strategy of low prices, albeit without gaining significant market share at their expense.

Research limitations/implications
– Interpretation of databases cannot by its very nature be entirely free from ambiguity.

Practical implications
– In practice, given that very few 4G (long-term evolution) licence regulations have reserved spectrum for new entrants, it may be presumed that most regulators in European countries have already observed that such new entry as is likely to be attracted will take the form of poorly funded companies from outside the mobile sector rather than incumbents from other countries.

Social implications
– Choice of incumbent network is being reduced, although mobile virtual network operators remain active. The implications for prices and service quality are for now a matter of debate.

Originality/value
– The databases underpinning this analysis are not available from other sources in the private or public domain in the form presented in this paper.