bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The energy efficiency of organic agriculture: A review
Authors: Smith Laurence G. , Williams Adrian G. , Pearce Bruce. D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGrowing populations and a constrained fossil-manufactured energy supply present a major challenge for society and there is a real need to develop forms of agriculture that are less dependent on finite energy sources. It has been suggested that organic agriculture can provide a more energy efficient approach due to its focus on sustainable production methods. This review has investigated the extent to which this is true for a range of farming systems. Data from about 50 studies were reviewed with results suggesting that organic farming performs better than conventional for nearly all crop types when energy use is expressed on a unit of area basis. Results are more variable per unit of product due to the lower yield for most organic crops. For livestock, ruminant production systems tend to be more energy efficient under organic management due to the production of forage in grass–clover leys. Conversely, organic poultry tend to perform worse in terms of energy use as a result of higher feed conversion ratios and mortality rates compared to conventional fully housed or free-range systems. With regard to energy sources, there is some evidence that organic farms use more renewable energy and have less of an impact on natural ecosystems. Human energy requirements on organic farms are also higher as a result of greater system diversity and manual weed control. Overall this review has found that most organic farming systems are more energy efficient than their conventional counterparts, although there are some notable exceptions.
X‐band differential bandpass filter with high common‐mode suppression using substrate integrated waveguide cavity
Authors: Jin C. , Chen Jian‐Xin , Chu H. , Bao Z.‐H. 
Published: January 2014

A novel X‐band differential bandpass filter based on substrate integrated waveguide is proposed. By making an aperture etched in the middle common ground of the vertically stacked cavities, the common‐mode (CM) signals can be highly suppressed. Compared with conventional structures, the proposed design possesses a relatively simple and effective measure for the rejection of the CM signals. Based on simulated and measured results, good differential‐mode responses can be observed along with a CM rejection of more than 45 dB in a wide frequency range.
Babinet's principle applied to ultra‐wideband antennas for high isolation
Authors: Chami A. , Brachat P. , Fortino N. , Kossiavas G. 
Published: January 2014

The application of Babinet's principle to the ultra‐wideband (UWB) differential planar printed antenna is presented. This electromagnetic technique is applied to a classical monopole UWB antenna, and can also be applied to most types of printed antennas. It permits grouping on the same substrate of two antennas close to each other, operating in the same frequency band and with high isolation. In the final prototype, the antenna is co‐designed with a transmitter/receiver pulse chip and optimised to operate in the Federal Communications Commission frequency band with a return loss <−6 dB. The overall dimensions of the differential antenna are 56 × 30 mm2.
Compact CPW fed electrically small antenna for WLAN application
Authors: Deepak U. , Roshna T.K. , Nijas C.M. , Mohanan P. 
Published: January 2014

A compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed electrically small antenna suitable for 2.4 GHz WLAN applications is presented. The resonance of the structure is achieved by implanting a chip inductor in between the centre conductor of an open‐ended CPW transmission line and a short metal strip. The total electrical size of the fabricated antenna is 0.08λ0 × 0.0479λ0. The reflection and radiation characteristics of the antenna and a method to enhance the gain are discussed.
Treating small fiber neuropathy by topical application of a small molecule modulator of ligand-induced GFRα/RET receptor signaling
Authors: Hedstrom Kristian L. , Murtie Joshua C. , Albers Kathryn , Calcutt Nigel A. , Corfas Gabriel 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of peripheral nerves that affects millions of people around the world. Currently, there are no treatments for SFN, but target-derived neurotrophic factors have been considered potential therapeutics. Here, we show that topical application of XIB4035, a small molecule that enhances signaling by the glial-derived neurotrophic factor family of molecules, ameliorates SFN pathologies and symptoms in two mouse models. These findings imply that XIB4035 or related molecules could provide a new strategy for SFN treatment with potentially lower risk for side effects because of the topical delivery route and their limited signaling effects.
Role of clusters in nonclassical nucleation and growth of protein crystals
Authors: Sleutel Mike , Van Driessche Alexander E. S. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Intermediate metastable states are believed to be vital in the process of nucleation of crystalline material from solution. Our experimental evidence shows such intermediates can be liquid-like clusters that are stable with respect to the parent liquid and metastable compared with the emerging crystalline phase. Under given conditions, these clusters can contribute actively to the nucleation process, and hence, at least in the case for the proteins tested, partake in a two-step nucleation process. Moreover, upon merging with the crystal lattice, these clusters lead to a nonclassical mechanism of crystal growth that triggers a self-purifying cascade of impurity poisoned crystal surfaces.
Novel antiviral host factor, TNK1, regulates IFN signaling through serine phosphorylation of STAT1
Authors: Ooi Ee Lyn , Chan Stephanie T. , Cho Noell E. , Wilkins Courtney , Woodward Jessica , Li Meng , Kikkawa Ushio , Tellinghuisen Timothy , Gale Michael , Saito Takeshi 
Published: January 2014

Significance
IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are the antiviral effectors and a key component of intracellular antiviral innate immunity. Inefficient induction of ISGs is linked to poor disease outcome and allows viruses to establish persistent infection. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects over 200 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of advanced liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. In this work, our high-throughput cDNA screening identified a novel antiviral host factor, tyrosine kinase nonreceptor 1, that suppresses the HCV life cycle through STAT1 activation to the induction of ISGs. Our findings add an important unique player in JAK-STAT signaling and advance our understanding of IFN biology. This will contribute to the improvement of our antiviral strategy against human pathogenic infectious disease.
Mistimed sleep disrupts circadian regulation of the human transcriptome
Authors: Archer Simon N. , Laing Emma E. , Möller-Levet Carla S. , van der Veen Daan R. , Bucca Giselda , Lazar Alpar S. , Santhi Nayantara , Slak Ana , Kabiljo Renata , von Schantz Malcolm , Smith Colin P. , Dijk Derk-Jan 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceDisruption of the timing of the sleep–wake cycle and circadian rhythms, such as occurs during jet lag and shift work, leads to disordered physiological rhythms, but to what extent the molecular elements of circadian rhythm generation are affected is not known. Here, we show that delaying sleep by 4 h for 3 consecutive days leads to a sixfold reduction of circadian transcripts in the human blood transcriptome to just 1%, whereas, at the same time, the centrally driven circadian rhythm of melatonin is not affected. Genes and processes affected included those at the core of circadian rhythm generation and gene expression. The data have implications for understanding the negative health outcomes of disruption of the sleep–wake cycle.
Complementary molecular information changes our perception of food web structure
Authors: Wirta Helena K. , Hebert Paul D. N. , Kaartinen Riikka , Prosser Sean W. , Várkonyi Gergely , Roslin Tomas 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Understanding the interaction structure of ecological assemblages is the basis for understanding how they vary in space and time. To reconstruct interactions in the High Arctic, we draw on three sources of information: two based on DNA sequence data and one on the rearing of parasitoids from their hosts. Overall, we show that a combination of all three techniques will not only provide high resolution for describing feeding associations among individual species, but also revamp our view of the overall structure of the target network. Thus, our findings suggest that combining several types of information will fundamentally change our impression of both how local interaction webs are structured, and how biotic interactions are patterned across the globe.
Direct cloning and refactoring of a silent lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster yields the antibiotic taromycin A
Authors: Yamanaka Kazuya , Reynolds Kirk A. , Kersten Roland D. , Ryan Katherine S. , Gonzalez David J. , Nizet Victor , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Moore Bradley S. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Microbes have the genetic capacity to produce large numbers of specialized compounds, yet produce only a small fraction of these in the laboratory. Here we introduce a genetic platform that allows the efficient production of natural product molecules from uncharacterized gene collections. We used transformation-associated recombination in yeast to directly clone and express an orphan biosynthetic gene cluster for the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic taromycin A. With this direct cloning approach, a single genomic capture and expression vector was designed directly from next-generation sequencing data, which precisely captures genetic loci of interest and readily facilitates genetic manipulations. This study highlights a “plug-and-play” approach to cryptic biosynthetic pathways for the discovery and development of natural product drug candidates.
Doxorubicin-induced carbonylation and degradation of cardiac myosin binding protein C promote cardiotoxicity
Authors: Aryal Baikuntha , Jeong Jinsook , Rao V. Ashutosh 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Doxorubicin is one of the most successful anticancer agents. However, 10–30% of all treated patients experience a dose-limiting cardiac adverse event. Oxidative stress is partly responsible for the cardiotoxicity because the heart does not possess required antioxidant mechanisms. Protein oxidation by carbonylation is irreversible and marks proteins for loss of function and degradation. Using proteomics and MS, we identified and investigated cardiac myosin binding protein (MyBPC) as being selectively carbonylated during toxicity. Carbonylated MyBPC represents a unique breakthrough in the understanding of how cancer agents damage the heart and for development of targeted cardioprotectants. We used animals, cells, and recombinant protein to discover the mechanistic significance of specific protein oxidation in the context of an established but unmet medical problem.
HSV-1 degrades, stabilizes, requires, or is stung by STING depending on ICP0, the US3 protein kinase, and cell derivation
Authors: Kalamvoki Maria , Roizman Bernard 
Published: January 2014

Significance
STING (stimulator of IFN genes) and IFI16 are sensors of DNA in cytoplasm and the nucleus, respectively. Both signal activation of innate immune responses. Both proteins are stable in wild-type virus-infected cells. The key finding with broad implications is that in HSV-1–infected cells STING and IFI16 are actively stabilized inasmuch as they are degraded in cells lacking functional ICP0 or protein kinase US3. Moreover, STING was required for optimal replication in HEp-2 or HeLa cells derived from cancers but was inimical in HEL or HEK293 cells derived initially from normal tissues and in the case of HEK293 cells transformed with viral oncogenes. The requirements for stabilization of STING and IFI16 were not covariant.
Guest–host interactions of a rigid organic molecule in porous silica frameworks
Authors: Wu Di , Hwang Son-Jong , Zones Stacey I. , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Confinement of molecules in nanoscale pores is important in both science and technology. This paper reports a systematic analysis of the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic behavior on confinement of a rigid organic molecule in a series of silica frameworks with different pore sizes (0.8 to 20.0 nm). The comprehensive data set enables the strength of guest–host interactions to be calculated; structure, phase, and dynamics of confined guests in pores of various diameters to be analyzed; and different types of inclusion to be described. The evolution from single-molecule confinement to multimolecule adsorption/confinement to nanocrystal confinement is documented. This provides a conceptual model linking confinement on various length scales.
Digital microfluidic assay for protein detection
Authors: Mok Janine , Mindrinos Michael N. , Davis Ronald W. , Javanmard Mehdi 
Published: January 2014

Significance
We developed a novel proteomic platform that can easily be translated into a protein biomarker diagnostic. This platform integrates microfluidic technology with electrical impedance sensing and embodies a unique two-chamber architecture in which the capture/reaction and detection steps are physically separated from one another. This two-chamber design is a deviation from traditional proteomic biosensors and offers the potential for greater sensitivity as the capture/reaction and detection steps can be independently optimized. We demonstrate the implementation and feasibility of this platform in assaying both protein abundance, using the human cytokine interleukin 6, and activity, using Abelson tyrosine kinase.
Modelling the impacts of fish aggregating devices (FADs) and fish enhancing devices (FEDs) and their implications for managing small-scale fishery
Authors: Cabral Reniel B. , Aliño Porfirio M. , Lim May T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Fish aggregating devices (FADs) are deployed to aggregate fish over a limited area to improve fish catch. Fish enhancing devices (FEDs), which are FADs deployed in no-fishing areas, are fast gaining popularity as a fisheries management tool in the western Pacific. Yet, the impacts of utilizing FADs and FEDs are not yet well understood. In this work, we used a mean-field model to assess the effects of utilizing FADs and FEDs on stock biomass and catch. Our results indicate that using FADs enhances catch per boat when total fishing pressure is low, but can exacerbate fishery collapse when fishing effort is high. On the other hand, a FED-based system can increase the resistance of the fishery to collapse. A FED-based fishery may thus serve as pelagic marine protected areas and/or refugia. In a quota-based system, where fishing time is tied to catch quota, a phase transition occurs: both catch and biomass abruptly shift to low levels without warning. Deploying FADs to act as FEDs in a high quota fishery can prevent this phase transition resulting to a stabilizing effect.
REVIEW: Wild Rice: Both an Ancient Grain and a Whole Grain
Authors: Timm Derek A. , Slavin Joanne L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWild rice (Zizania spp.) grows in shallow waters of North America and is distinct from brown and white rice (Oryza spp.). The recent trends toward gluten‐free foods and ancient grains present an opportunity for increased interest in the health benefits of wild rice. Wild rice is classified as a whole grain and typically contains 75% carbohydrate, 6.2% dietary fiber, 14.7% protein, and 1.1% lipids. Wild rice is a good source of dietary fiber and has nearly double the amount of protein of white rice. The lipid content is low; however, most of the lipids are essential omega‐6 (35.0–37.8%) and omega‐3 (20.0–31.5%) fatty acids. In addition to macronutrient content, wild rice contains phytosterol levels several times higher than white rice. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of wild rice is 10–15 times higher than white rice. A series of rat studies in which wild rice was added to a high fat, high cholesterol diet found significant attenuation of serum free fatty acids, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while maintaining higher high‐density lipoprotein levels compared with a control diet. The exact explanation of the protective mechanism of wild rice is uncertain, but the dietary fiber, phytosterol, or antioxidant capacity of wild rice may be the reason for it. Current interest in whole grains and gluten‐free diets, as well as antioxidants and phytochemicals, makes wild rice an attractive grain addition to the diet.
Modelling and analysis of bacterial tracks suggest an active reorientation mechanism inRhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Rosser Gabriel , Baker Ruth E. , Armitage Judith P. , Fletcher Alexander G. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryMost free-swimming bacteria move in approximately straight lines, interspersed with random reorientation phases. A key open question concerns varying mechanisms by which reorientation occurs. We combine mathematical modelling with analysis of a large tracking dataset to study the poorly-understood reorientation mechanism in the monoflagellate speciesRhodobacter sphaeroides.The flagellum on this species rotates counterclockwise to propel the bacterium, periodically ceasing rotation to enable reorientation. When rotation restarts the cell body usually points in a new direction. It has been assumed that the new direction is simply the result of Brownian rotation. We consider three variants of a self-propelled particle model of bacterial motility. The first considers rotational diffusion only, corresponding to a non-chemotactic mutant strain. A further two models also include stochastic reorientations, describing ‘run-and-tumble’ motility. We derive expressions for key summary statistics and simulate each model using a stochastic computational algorithm. We also discuss the effect of cell geometry on rotational diffusion. Working with a previously published tracking dataset, we compare predictions of the models with data on individual stopping events inR. sphaeroides. This provides strong evidence that this species undergoes some form of active reorientation rather than simple reorientation by Brownian rotation.
Understanding the elements of a digital library project plan: part 1
Authors: Cervone H. Frank 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThis, the first of a two‐part article, aims to provide an overview of the elements necessary to develop an effective project plan for digital library projects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a review and summarization of the literature and thinking in project management applied to the digital library context.FindingsIt is found that there are many different approaches to creating a digital library project plan, but five basic elements are essential for developing an effective digital library project plan.Originality/valueThis article provides a succinct synopsis and checklist for creating a digital library project plan.
Are drug arrests a valid measure of drug use? A time series analysis
Authors: Moffatt Steve , Wan Wai‐Yin , Weatherburn Don 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine whether trends in arrests for heroin, amphetamine‐type substances (ATS) and cocaine can be used as indicators of trends in the use of these drugs.Design/methodology/approachThe question was addressed using ARIMA models to analyse the relationship between arrests and emergency department (ED) admissions for narcotics, amphetamine type substances (ATS) and cocaine.FindingsStrong positive correlations were found for the narcotics and cocaine series between arrests and EDs in the same month (contemporaneous correlation) and between arrests in the current month and overdoses in earlier months (lagged correlation). The contemporaneous correlation between ATS arrests and EDs was slightly less strong than the lagged correlations at two and four months. A jump in ATS EDs, was followed by a jump in arrests in the same month and then two and four months later.Practical implicationsArrests for narcotics use/possession, ATS use/possession and cocaine use/possession may in some circumstances provide useful intelligence about drug trends and/or a basis for evaluating the impact of police drug law enforcement activity on the use of narcotics, ATS and cocaine when other stronger measures of drug use are not available.Originality/valueEfforts to evaluate local drug law enforcement activity on illicit drug use have been hampered by poor measures of trends in illicit drug use at small area levels. This is the only study the authors are aware of that has examined the long‐term relationship between illicit drug arrests and emergency department admissions for illicit drug use.
Transparency in pricing and its effect on perceived price fairness
Authors: L. Ferguson Jodie , Scholder Ellen Pam 
Published: January 2014

Purpose– This research aims to examine the effects of transparency in pricing (i.e. disclosure of a price increase and extent of explanation) on perceived price fairness when a firm increases price.Design/methodology/approach– US adult consumer panelists participated in two online experiments.Findings– Consumers perceive a firm's price increase as more fair when the firm discloses the increase itself as compared to an outside source disclosing it. For a small price increase, a limited explanation was perceived as more fair; for a larger price increase, a more detailed aligned cost explanation was perceived as more fair.Research limitations/implications– Firms who must raise prices may increase consumer perceptions of price fairness by disclosing the price increase and providing an appropriate explanation matched to the size of the increase.Originality/value– This research focuses on the effects of being more transparent about pricing in the case of a price increase. Perceived price fairness is affected by who discloses the price increase, the amount of the price increase and the extent to which reasons are revealed and aligned with the firm's costs.
Sales training: comparing multinational and domestic companies
Authors: M. Attia Ashraf , Asri Jantan M. , Atteya Nermine , Fakhr Rana 
Published: January 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine similarities and differences of current state of initial sales training practices of both domestic and multinational corporations (MNCs) in Egypt. This paper begins by reviewing the cross-cultural sales training research and developing hypotheses.

Design/methodology/approach
– A methodology section follows, including measurement instruments, sample and data collection, and validity and reliability measures. The data were collected from sales managers, marketing managers, and sales supervisors.

Findings
– Results reveal that MNCs differ significantly from their domestic counterparts in the following sales training phases: needs determination, objective setting, program methods, program contents, and training evaluation.

Research limitations/implications
– In-depth discussion, managerial implications, and suggestions for future research are provided.

Originality/value
– There has been very limited research published on sales training practices in the Middle East (Yaseen and Khanfar, 2009) and Egypt in particular (e.g. Attia and Honeycutt, 2012; Honeycutt et al., 2001). This research sheds further highlights on sales training practices in Egypt and adds in filling in the gap in sales training literature by addressing sales training in Egypt.