bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic mechanisms contributing to the synchronous improvement of strength and plasticity (SISP) for TWIP copper alloys
Authors: Liu R. , Zhang Z. J. , Li L. L. , An X. H. , Zhang Z. F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study, the concept of “twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) alloys” is broadened and the underlying intrinsic microscopic mechanisms of the general TWIP effect are intensively explored. For the first aspect, “TWIP copper alloys” was proposed following the concept of “TWIP steels”, as they share essentially the same strengthening and toughening mechanisms. For the second aspect, three intrinsic features of twinning: i.e. “dynamic development”, “planarity”, as well as “orientation selectivity” were derived from the detailed exploration of the deformation behavior in TWIP copper alloys. These features can be considered the microscopic essences of the general “TWIP effect”. Moreover, the effective cooperation between deformation twinning and dislocation slipping in TWIP copper alloys leads to a desirable tendency: the synchronous improvement of strength and plasticity (SISP). This breakthrough against the traditional trade-off relationship, achieved by the general “TWIP effect”, may provide useful strategies for designing high-performance engineering materials.
Looking to the horizon: the role of bilirubin in the development and prevention of age-related chronic diseases
Authors: Wagner Karl-Heinz , Wallner Marlies , Mölzer Christine , Gazzin Silvia , Bulmer Andrew Cameron , Tiribelli Claudio , Vitek Libor 
Published: April 2015

Bilirubin, the principal tetrapyrrole, bile pigment and catabolite of haem, is an emerging biomarker of disease resistance, which may be related to several recently documented biological functions. Initially believed to be toxic in infants, the perception of bilirubin has undergone a transformation: it is now considered to be a molecule that may promote health in adults. Data from the last decade demonstrate that mildly elevated serum bilirubin levels are strongly associated with reduced prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as CVD-related mortality and risk factors. Recent data also link bilirubin to other chronic diseases, including cancer and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to all-cause mortality. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that bilirubin is a biomarker for reduced chronic disease prevalence and a predictor of all-cause mortality, which is of important clinical significance. In the present review, detailed information on the association between bilirubin and all-cause mortality, as well as the pathological conditions of CVD, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, is provided. The mechanistic background concerning how bilirubin and its metabolism may influence disease prevention and its clinical relevance is also discussed. Given that the search for novel biomarkers of these diseases, as well as for novel therapeutic modalities, is a key research objective for the near future, bilirubin represents a promising candidate, meeting the criteria of a biomarker, and should be considered more carefully in clinical practice as a molecule that might provide insights into disease resistance. Clearly, however, greater molecular insight is warranted to support and strengthen the conclusion that bilirubin can prevent disease, with future research directions also proposed.
Effects of normoxic and hypoxic exercise regimens on monocyte-mediated thrombin generation in sedentary men
Authors: Wang Jong-Shyan , Chang Ya-Lun , Chen Yi-Ching , Tsai Hsing-Hua , Fu Tieh-Cheng 
Published: April 2015

Exercise and hypoxia paradoxically modulate vascular thrombotic risks. The shedding of procoagulant-rich microparticles from monocytes may accelerate the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. The present study explores the manner in which normoxic and hypoxic exercise regimens affect procoagulant monocyte-derived microparticle (MDMP) formation and monocyte-promoted thrombin generation (TG). Forty sedentary healthy males were randomized to perform either normoxic (NET; 21% O2, n=20) or hypoxic (HET; 15% O2, n=20) exercise training (60% VO2max) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks. At rest and immediately after HET (100 W under 12% O2 for 30 min), the MDMP characteristics and dynamic TG were measured by flow cytometry and thrombinography respectively. The results demonstrated that acute 12% O2 exercise (i) increased the release of coagulant factor V (FV)/FVIII-rich, phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposed and tissue factor (TF)-expressed microparticles from monocytes, (ii) enhanced the peak height and rate of TG in monocyte-rich plasma (MRP) and (iii) elevated concentrations of norepinephrine/epinephrine, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma. Following the 5-week intervention, HET exhibited higher enhancements of peak work-rate and cardiopulmonary fitness than NET did. Moreover, both NET and HET decreased the FV/FVIII-rich, PS-exposed and TF-expressed MDMP counts and the peak height and rate of TG in MRP following the HET. However, HET elicited more suppression for the HE (hypoxic exercise)-enhanced procoagulant MDMP formation and dynamic TG in MPR and catecholamine/peroxide/pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma than NET. Hence, we conclude that HET is superior to NET for enhancing aerobic capacity. Furthermore, HET effectively suppresses procoagulant MDMP formation and monocyte-mediated TG under severe hypoxic stress, compared with NET.
Current‐tripler‐rectifier pulse width modulation ZVS three‐phase full‐bridge DC/DC converter with Y–Δ connected transformer
Authors: Gu Ling , Jin Ke , Liu Chang 
Published: April 2015

To decrease the current stress of the switches in high power applications, a current‐tripler‐rectifier zero voltage switching (ZVS) three‐phase full‐bridge DC/DC converter with pulse width modulation (PWM) control strategy is proposed in this study. The converter utilises a three‐phase full‐bridge structure at the primary side and a current‐tripler rectifier at the secondary side. The converter applies to situations involving high power, high input voltage and large output current. The three‐phase interleaved structure not only decreases the current stress of the switches, but also increases the frequency of input and output current ripple to three times as large as the switching frequency, which reduces the filter inductance. All switches achieve ZVS with the proper PWM control strategy. It is quite easy to achieve ZVS for lower switches of the bridge leg since the energy coming from the output filter inductor discharges the junction capacitors. Since the energy of upper switches achieving ZVS comes from the leakage inductors of two phase transformers, it is easier to achieve ZVS for upper switches of this converter than lagging‐leg switches of the phase‐shifted full‐bridge converter. A prototype with 360 V input and 48/42 A output was built in the lab and experimental results verified the theoretical analysis.
Phosphorylation of PCNA by EGFR inhibits mismatch repair and promotes misincorporation during DNA synthesis
Authors: Ortega Janice , Li Jessie Y. , Lee Sanghee , Tong Dan , Gu Liya , Li Guo-Min 
Published: April 2015

Significance
DNA replication accuracy is critical for genetic stability and is ensured by high-fidelity replicative DNA polymerases and the mismatch repair (MMR) system, both of which are regulated by the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Dysfunction of either system leads to genome instability and cancer development. Interestingly, many types of cancers have no obvious defects in either system, but they display increased mutation frequency during development. The underlying mechanism is unknown. We demonstrate here that PCNA tyrosine phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibits MMR and promotes misincorporation during DNA synthesis. This study therefore discovers a novel mechanism promoting genome instability and explains why progression of many cancer types is associated with EGFR overexpression and/or activation.
Revealing the hidden networks of interaction in mobile animal groups allows prediction of complex behavioral contagion
Authors: Rosenthal Sara Brin , Twomey Colin R. , Hartnett Andrew T. , Wu Hai Shan , Couzin Iain D. 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceWe know little about the nature of the evolved interaction networks that give rise to the rapid coordinated collective response exhibited by many group-living organisms. Here, we study collective evasion in schooling fish using computational techniques to reconstruct the scene from the perspective of the organisms themselves. This method allows us to establish how the complex social scene is translated into behavioral response at the level of individuals and to visualize, and analyze, the resulting complex communication network as behavioral change spreads rapidly through groups. Thus, we can map, for any moment in time, the extent to which each individual is socially influential during collective evasion and predict the magnitude of such behavioral epidemics before they actually occur.
Targeting diverse protein–protein interaction interfaces with α/β-peptides derived from the Z-domain scaffold
Authors: Checco James W. , Kreitler Dale F. , Thomas Nicole C. , Belair David G. , Rettko Nicholas J. , Murphy William L. , Forest Katrina T. , Gellman Samuel H. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Medium-sized peptides that bind tightly to a specific partner protein can be biomedically useful. However, conventional peptides, comprised exclusively of the 20 proteinogenic α-amino acid residues, are rapidly degraded in vivo by protease enzymes. We have developed a strategy that delivers protein-binding peptides that contain β-amino acid residues in addition to α-residues. The unnatural “α/β-peptide” backbone substantially diminishes susceptibility to proteolytic degradation relative to conventional peptides. Starting from a well-known family of conventional peptides that bind to diverse protein targets, we designed three sets of α/β-peptides that bind to three specific protein partners with high affinity and selectivity. These results suggest a general strategy for creating protease-resistant protein-targeting agents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Plant nanobionic materials with a giant temperature response mediated by pectin-Ca
2+
Authors: Di Giacomo Raffaele , Daraio Chiara , Maresca Bruno 
Published: April 2015

Significance
We present a bionic material made of plant cells and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that exhibits record high temperature sensitivity. This material outperforms by ∼2 orders of magnitude the best man-made materials. The basic mechanism governing this response is the ionic conductivity in the egg-box structure of the pectin backbone, which interconnects cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall. The use of CNTs allows the bioelectrical property found in living plants to persist after cell death and stabilizes the response of the dried cells at high temperatures.
Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia
Authors: Denniston Rhawn F. , Villarini Gabriele , Gonzales Angelique N. , Wyrwoll Karl-Heinz , Polyak Victor J. , Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Lachniet Matthew S. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Humphreys William F. , Woods David , Cugley John 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Variations in tropical cyclone (TC) activity are poorly known prior to the twentieth century, complicating our ability to understand how cyclogenesis responds to different climate states. We used stalagmites to develop a near-annual record of cave flooding from the central Australian tropics, where TCs are responsible for the majority of extreme rainfall events. Our 2,200-year time series reveals shifts in the mean number of storms through time, similar to TC variability from the North Atlantic. This finding is consistent with modern relationships between El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and cyclogenesis, as well as with the reconstructed state of ENSO over the past two millennia, suggesting that changes between La Niña- and El Niño-dominated periods drove multicentennial shifts in TC activity in both basins.
Mechanisms for low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent
Authors: Zhang Rong 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The observed decline in summer Arctic sea ice has often been attributed, in large part, to the increase in greenhouse gases. However, the contributions from internal low-frequency variability in the climate system are not well understood. Here a multiple regression model is developed for the first time, to the author’s knowledge, to quantify the contributions of three key predictors on the internal low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent. If the ocean heat transport into the Arctic were to weaken in the near future due to internal variability, there might be a hiatus in the decline of September Arctic sea ice, and a delay in attaining a summer ice-free Arctic. This plausible scenario with broad ecological and economic impacts should not be ignored.
Colon cancer-associated mutator DNA polymerase δ variant causes expansion of dNTP pools increasing its own infidelity
Authors: Mertz Tony M. , Sharma Sushma , Chabes Andrei , Shcherbakova Polina V. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Mutations affecting replicative DNA polymerases δ (Polδ) and ε (Polε) are linked to sporadic and hereditary colorectal cancer and sporadic endometrial cancer in humans. How these mutations promote the genome instability and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here, we deciphered the mechanism of mutagenesis caused by the colon cancer-associated variant Polδ-R696W in a yeast model. It is a previously unappreciated pathway in which erroneous DNA synthesis by Polδ-R696W induces checkpoint-dependent expansion of dNTP pools. The increase in dNTP levels, in turn, causes further dramatic reduction in the fidelity of Polδ-R696W, resulting in more errors and continuous activation of the signaling cascade that keeps the dNTP pools expanded, thus forming a “vicious circle.” This phenomenon may provide insight into the processes shaping the genomes of hypermutated human cancers.
ATP binding to the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 is critical for pathogenic activation
Authors: Hammarén Henrik M. , Ungureanu Daniela , Grisouard Jean , Skoda Radek C. , Hubbard Stevan R. , Silvennoinen Olli 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceMutations in the JAK pseudokinase domain are bona fide oncogenic drivers that underlie many myeloproliferative and autoimmune diseases in humans. TheJAK2V617F mutation is responsible for ∼95% of polycythemia vera and ∼60% of primary myelofibrosis and essential thrombocytosis cases. Currently, developed JAK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors have not been able to eradicate disease caused by mutated JAK2. The data presented here show that alteration of the ATP binding site of the pseudokinase domain has the potential to suppress JAK hyperactivation caused by pathogenic mutations, with minimal effects on wild-type JAK, thus establishing the ATP binding site of the pseudokinase domain as a potential pharmacological target.
Juvenile hormone-activated phospholipase C pathway enhances transcriptional activation by the methoprene-tolerant protein
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Peng Hong-Juan , Zhu Jinsong 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceJuvenile hormone (JH) controls many key processes during insect life cycles. Some of the effects of JH are mediated by a membrane-associated mechanism. In other circumstances, an intracellular JH receptor, methoprene-tolerant protein (MET), is activated upon binding of JH and directly regulates the expression of JH target genes. Here we use adult female mosquitoes as an example to demonstrate that both mechanisms are interconnected to coordinate hormonal responses. Our results indicate that the phospholipase C pathway is activated shortly after hormone exposure. Activation of this pathway induces phosphorylation of MET and profoundly increases the ability of MET to bind to JH target. This study establishes the link between the membrane-initiated JH signaling and the MET-mediated genomic action of JH.
Molecular cartography of the human skin surface in 3D
Authors: Bouslimani Amina , Porto Carla , Rath Christopher M. , Wang Mingxun , Guo Yurong , Gonzalez Antonio , Berg-Lyon Donna , Ackermann Gail , Moeller Christensen Gitte Julie , Nakatsuji Teruaki , Zhang Lingjuan , Borkowski Andrew W. , Meehan Michael J. , Dorrestein Kathleen , Gallo Richard L. , Bandeira Nuno , Knight Rob , Alexandrov Theodore , Dorrestein Pieter C. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The paper describes the implementation of an approach to study the chemical makeup of human skin surface and correlate it to the microbes that live in the skin. We provide the translation of molecular information in high-spatial resolution 3D to understand the body distribution of skin molecules and bacteria. In addition, we use integrative analysis to interpret, at a molecular level, the large scale of data obtained from human skin samples. Correlations between molecules and microbes can be obtained to further gain insights into the chemical milieu in which these different microbial communities live.
Ideal probe single-molecule experiments reveal the intrinsic dynamic heterogeneity of a supercooled liquid
Authors: Paeng Keewook , Park Heungman , Hoang Dat Tien , Kaufman Laura J. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Supercooled liquids are believed to exhibit spatially heterogeneous dynamics, where molecular mobility within a given spatial region may differ from that of a neighboring region, potentially by orders of magnitude. If supercooled liquids are ergodic, such that the spatial average of all regions with distinct dynamics equals the time average of a given region, these regions of distinct dynamics must interchange over time. With an appropriate probe, similar in size and mobility to the host, single-molecule measurements can provide direct access to these spatial and temporal variations. Here, such a probe is used, revealing how relaxation dynamics are distributed in time and space and directly demonstrating ergodicity of a prototypical glass former down to the glass transition temperature.
Diversity partitioning during the Cambrian radiation
Authors: Na Lin , Kiessling Wolfgang 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Many mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion have been proposed, but rigorous quantitative analyses of biodiversity dynamics are scarce, although they may shed light on important factors. Using a comprehensive database and sampling standardization, we dissect global diversity patterns. The trajectories of within-community, between-community, and global diversity during the main phase of the Cambrian radiation revealed a low-competition model, which was probably governed by niche contraction and the increase of predation at local scales. At continental scales, the increase of beta diversity was controlled by the high rate of community turnover among adjacent continents. This finding supports the general importance of plate tectonics in large-scale diversifications.
Molecular recognition of human ephrinB2 cell surface receptor by an emergent African henipavirus
Authors: Lee Benhur , Pernet Olivier , Ahmed Asim A. , Zeltina Antra , Beaty Shannon M. , Bowden Thomas A. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
African henipaviruses (HNVs) may be responsible for the misdiagnosis of encephalitis-associated outbreaks of malaria. Host-cell infection by an African HNV relies on the initial interaction between a virally encoded surface glycoprotein and a host-cell receptor. Here, we provide a structural description of how a bat-borne Ghanaian HNV hijacks human ephrinB2 to facilitate cross-species transmission. We demonstrate that, although the Ghanian HNV is sequence dissimilar (<30% sequence identity) and displays a receptor-binding scaffold that differs significantly in structure to pathogenic HNV relatives from Asia, it adopts a nearly identical primary ephrinB2 binding mode. These data provide a molecular-level explanation for previously observed spillover of African HNVs into human populations.
Decoding stimulus features in primate somatosensory cortex during perceptual categorization
Authors: Alvarez Manuel , Zainos Antonio , Romo Ranulfo 
Published: April 2015

Significance
A key step in studying perceptual categorization mechanisms is to understand how neurons from early sensory cortices encode the relevant features categorized of a sensory stimulus and how they relate to it. We studied the encoding capacities of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) neurons while trained monkeys categorized only one sensory feature of a vibrotactile stimulus: frequency, amplitude, or duration. The results suggest a hierarchical encoding scheme in S1: from neurons that encode all sensory features of the vibrotactile stimulus to neurons that encode only one sensory feature. Sensory feature encoding in S1 could serve downstream networks for constructing perceptual categorization.
Tectal microcircuit generating visual selection commands on gaze-controlling neurons
Authors: Kardamakis Andreas A. , Saitoh Kazuya , Grillner Sten 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Neurons in the optic tectum are involved in stimulus selection and also control gaze reorientation. This study relies on an in vitro preparation that allows visual activation of the retina while providing accessibility for whole-cell recordings from specific cells that control gaze action. We show the tectal (collicular in mammals) GABAergic interneurons generate rivalry between visual areas and that tectal gaze-controlling cells integrate this inhibition along with local retinal excitation to form stimulus selection commands that will move the eyes and head, and may also contribute to edge detection. We propose that this subcortical visuomotor circuit is phylogenetically conserved throughout vertebrate evolution.
Sub-MeV band observation of a hard burst from AXP 1E 1547.0−5408 with the Suzaku Wide-band All-sky Monitor
Authors: Yasuda Tetsuya , Iwakiri Wataru B. , Tashiro Makoto S. , Terada Yukikatsu , Kouzu Tomomi , Enoto Teruaki , Nakagawa Yujin E. , Bamba Aya , Urata Yuji , Yamaoka Kazutaka , Ohno Masanori , Shibata Shinpei , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The 2.1-s anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 1547.0−5408 exhibited an X-ray outburst on 2009 January 22, emitting a large number of short bursts. The wide-band all-sky monitor (WAM) on-board Suzaku detected at least 254 bursts in the 160 keV–6.2 MeV band over the period of January 22 00:57–17:02 UT from the direction of 1E 1547.0−5408. One of these bursts, which occurred at 06:45:13, produced the brightest fluence in the 0.5–6.2 MeV range, with an averaged 0.16–6.2 MeV flux and extrapolated 25 keV–2 MeV fluence of about 1 × 10−5 erg cm−2 s−1 and about 3 × 10−4 erg cm−2, respectively. After pile-up corrections, the time-resolved WAM spectra of this burst were well-fitted in the 0.16–6.2 MeV range by two-component models; specifically, a blackbody plus an optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung or a combination of a blackbody and a power-law component with an exponential cut-off. These results are compared with previous works reporting the persistent emission and weaker short bursts followed by the same outburst.