bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTAINMENT AND REMOVAL OF FUEL OIL FROM GROUNDWATER BENEATH A DENSELY POPULATED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: McNally Joseph T. , Robertson Craig G. , Wehler Ned E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A leak from a buried pipeline resulted in the loss of approximately 30,000 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil beneath a housing development in suburban New Castle County, Delaware. After seeping to the water table, the resultant hydrocarbon plume threatened the homes as well as a downgradient stream and an irrigation pond.
Site geology consisted of a highly-weathered metamorphic rock overlain by varying thicknesses of fill material. A steep water table gradient existed; the depth to the water table ranged between 6 and 17 feet below grade.
Two-inch monitoring wells were installed in public easements and the back yards of private residences. The extent of the oil plume was determined by measuring product thicknesses, which ranged from a few inches to over 5 feet, in monitoring wells.
To establish hydrodynamic control and prevent further migration of the plume, two eight-inch recovery wells were drilled and configured with water-table depression pumps. For product recovery, Auto-Skimmers were selected because of the variable water levels and need to leave no measurable product thickness in the wells. The potential for product recovery in other parts of the site was determined by performing unattended one-week recovery tests in the two-inch monitoring wells under non-pumping conditions using an Auto-Skimmer. Based on these results, three additional six-inch recovery wells were drilled.
The recovery operation successfully halted the advancement of the contaminant plume and protected the downgradient stream and irrigation pond. In addition, more than 3,000 gallons of fuel oil were recovered from the subsurface. After 18 months, the recovery equipment was removed and only periodic monitoring of the monitoring wells was required.
CASE HISTORY: THE GROUNDING OF THE M/T TIFOSO, 1983—A TEST OF BERMUDA'S CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Knap Anthony H. , Sleeter Thomas D. , Hughes Idwal Wyn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 20, 1983, the Liberian-registered 138,823 dwt vessel M/T Tifoso stranded on the northeast reef line of the Island of Bermuda at 32°28′25″ N, 64°46′08″ W. The ship was in ballast and contained approximately 450 tons of No. 6 fuel oil and 300 tons of No. 2 fuel oil and lubricating oil. Bermuda had developed an oil spill contingency plan in 1980, but this incident was the first major threat to the island's marine environment and the first test of the plan.
This paper outlines the events leading to the spill, the state of readiness of a small island with a tourist-based economy, the contingency plan, and the response.
Due to a previous arrangement with the U. S. government, the U. S. Coast Guard Atlantic Strike Team responded with equipment and personnel. Using additional equipment and personnel based on Bermuda and also U.S. Coast Guard pumps, most of the bunkered oil was removed (approximately 470 tons) and contained within 48 hours of grounding. Because of the existence of the contingency plan, previous training of Bermudians by the U.S. Coast Guard, and the rapid action of the Coast Guard strike team, an effective response was achieved. Approximately 20 tons of oil were spilled from the flooded engine room when the vessel was refloated. However, due to fortuitous weather conditions, no oil reached Bermuda's shores.
NEW CONCEPTS IN SPRAYING DISPERSANTS FROM BOATS
Authors: Allen Tom E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new approach to applying chemical dispersants from boats has been developed. The equipment has a greater swath width and, thus, greater coverage rates than existing technology. Coverage rates of 2½ square miles per day per boat are likely and four or more square miles per day is possible.
The method utilizes high speed fans which create a focused air stream with maximum velocities of 90 miles per hour. Dispersant is injected into and propelled by the air stream. With the air stream acting as a carrier for the dispersant, the spraying of smaller volumes of concentrate dispersant or dilute dispersant over a wide swath width is made possible. The focused air stream and dispersant impacts the water surface in approximately a straight line. The water surface is gently agitated by the air stream and liquid impact.
A dispersant fan sprayer has been built and tested statically on land and demonstrated offshore on a supply vessel while spraying water. Design parameters include fan size, air stream velocity, expected swath width, and concentrate (low volume) versus dilute (large volume) spraying.
OHMSETT TESTS OF A ROPE-MOP SKIMMER IN ICE-INFESTED WATERS1
Authors: Shum J. S. , Hanger-Silas M. Borst Mason & 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increase in petroleum development activities in the arctic region has raised concerns over potential oil spills during the broken ice season. Currently, exploratory drilling for oil and gas is restricted during this season due to the lack of proven oil spill cleanup methods for broken ice fields. Test programs have been conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) to determine the feasibility of cold weather testing and to evaluate various oil spill cleanup methods considered for use in the arctic. This paper describes a test program to determine the practicality of using a catamaran-mounted rope-mop skimmer for spill cleanup in broken ice fields.
An Oil Map Pollution Control, Ltd., prototype arctic skimmer was tested in the test tank under controlled conditions during January 30 to February 7, 1984. Freshwater ice cubes of 250 to 280 millimeters (mm) were used in the tests to approximate a broken ice field. During tests, a predetermined ice condition was established across the encounter width of the rope mops and oil was distributed over the ice. The oil and ice were channeled into the skimmer by two booms, which were joined to the skimmer at the bow.
Nine tests were conducted at a tow speed of 1 knot using Circo 4X light oil. During the tests, ice concentrations were varied from 0 to 75 percent of the surface area, and oil slick thickness varied from 3 to 8 mm. The test results demonstrated the spill cleanup capability of the skimmer in ice-infested waters having up to 50 percent ice coverage. At higher ice concentrations, the skimmer was ineffective due to ice jamming at the skimmer inlet.
THE EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF OIL POLLUTION IN MANGROVE FORESTS
Authors: Evans Clayton W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The mangrove forest is important in shoreline stabilization and as a nursery for many open ocean species. Complex adaptations of the plants for existence in anaerobic conditions and salt water make the mangrove forest highly vulnerable to oil pollution. Clearly, advance protection of mangrove forests is the optimal solution to minimize oil pollution damage. The more difficult question remains: What can be done to minimize the impact of oil that has entered fringe mangrove forests? Active flushing of mangroves and passive oil collection by absorbents are moderately successful in minimizing oil contact with mangroves.
MODELING SPILLED OIL PARTITIONING IN NEARSHORE AND SURF ZONE AREAS
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Kana Timothy W. , Boehm Paul D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The shoreline of a potential spill impact area can be divided into units, each with a specific geomorphology. As oil enters each unit, it will (to varying extents) evaporate, dissolve, interact with suspended particles and sink, biodegrade, photo-oxidize, be transported to the next unit, or strand on the shoreline. In the last case, oil will reenter the aquatic system after a given time and again be exposed to these same processes.
For modeling purposes, the world's shorelines can be divided into sedimentary beaches and tectonic rocky coasts, varying in wave energy and tidal range. The size of beach sediments can range from very coarse grained (gravels) to very fine grained (silts and clays). Coarse-grained shorelines have higher incoming wave energy than fine-grained areas. Along all coasts, several partitioning components remain relatively constant for medium to light crude oils, e.g., evaporation (30 to 50 percent) and biodegradation/photo-oxidation (0 to 5 percent). Others may vary substantially. For instance, sedimentation may reach 10 to 20 percent in fine-grained estuaries, but only 0 to 2 percent along high energy coasts having very coarse-grained bottom sediments. Similarly, along sandy beaches the stranding of oil along the shoreline may reach 25 to 35 percent, as compared to only 1 to 2 percent along steep, rocky coasts. Dissolution, in general, does not vary so radically, being approximately 10 to 15 percent along high-energy rocky coasts, as compared to 5 to 10 percent in sheltered estuaries that do not have the mixing energy to drive additional oil into the water column.
FRESHWATER OIL SPILL CONSIDERATIONS: PROTECTION AND CLEANUP
Authors: Baca Bart J. , Getter Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills occurring in freshwater (and upper estuarine) environments produce different effects than similar spills in marine environments, and thus require different considerations in protection and cleanup. Freshwater spills are primarily land- or river-based, and retention time of the oil in the environment takes one of two extremes, either very brief or very long. As in the marine environment, spills in marshes (predominantly grasses and sedges) are generally most destructive, especially when marshes have little or no flushing. The return of the marsh to a natural state is dependent upon the amount and type of oil, the amount of flushing, the type of vegetation, the type of cleanup, and the potential for natural revegetation (recovery). Spills in swamps (predominantly shrubs and trees) are influenced by similar factors and by the amount and type of understory vegetation. Spills occurring in marsh and swamp habitats in rivers are much less destructive and frequently result in oiling of the outer fringing vegetation rather than pooling or oiling of interior vegetation. Case studies of spills on the Cape Fear (North Carolina), Columbia (Washington), and St. Lawrence (New York) Rivers and in southern swamps (Louisiana and Texas) are given as examples of some points concerning freshwater spills. International examples are given by considering Nigeria and other countries. Suggestions for protection and cleanup are developed from these case studies.
FEDERAL REGION II REGIONAL CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR A DISPERSANT DECISION PROCESS1
Authors: Corbin Robert F. , Ott Gary L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the fall of 1983, the Third Coast Guard District began to coordinate contingency planning and develop a dispersant use decision process that would establish guidelines for considering and authorizing the use of chemical dispersants by Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinators (OSC) as an oil spill response alternative.
Contingency planning covered three areas: Background and education, the what, why, and where of dispersants Water basin tasking, who does what Communications, how to share information
This paper examines each of the three corresponding study phases and shows how a final dispersant use decision process was achieved through incorporating each phase into the Regional Contingency Plan (RCP).
DISPERSANTS: COMPARISON OF LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD TRIALS WITH PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE AT SPILLS
Authors: Nichols J. A. , Parker H. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory tests can demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersants relatively easily but it is far more difficult to assess effectiveness in field conditions. In many oil spills, timely application of dispersants is the best approach. It is therefore necessary to study their use in field trials and actual incidents to see what lessons can be learned about the amounts used relative to the amount of oil spilled, types of oil on which dispersants are relatively effective, methods of application, the period after release into the sea during which dispersants remain effective, and the influence of sea conditions and temperatures.
This paper discusses these questions, reviewing published data on the performance of dispersants infield trials and in actual oil spills in which staff of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. have been involved in recent years. Recommendations are made regarding further work in the laboratory and field that appears necessary to determine the conditions under which dispersants are likely to be most effective.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF DISPERSANTS—COMPARISON OF SLICK BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALLY TREATED VERSUS NON-TREATED SLICKS
Authors: Lichtenthaler Rainer G. , Daling Per S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
From June 18 to 22, 1984 two series of dispersant tests were carried out off the Norwegian coast. The first series comprised 2 parallel slicks: one control and one treated with dispersant 2 hours after discharge. The second series comprised 4 parallel slicks: (1) control; (2) dispersant application after 1 hour; (3) oil and dispersant mixed prior to discharge; and (4) dispersant application 4 hours after discharge. Each slick contained approximately 10 m3 of fuel oil. The dispersant applied by aircraft was Corexit 9527. The development of the different slicks was continuously monitored by aerial surveillance using side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), infrared and ultraviolet remote sensing, and vertical color photography as well as video recording for at least 6 hours (first series) and up to 12 hours (second series) after discharge. Dispersion of oil into the water column was investigated by turbidity measurements in the water column and by analyses of oil content in water samples from different depths. Furthermore, emulsion formation and viscosity changes of the surface oil were studied in each slick.
Aerial registrations as well as water column measurements show that both the horizontal and vertical spreading of oil was significantly enhanced in dispersant-treated versus non-treated slicks. In the first series, the dispersant-treated slick covered an area 2 to 3 times larger than the control slick a few hours after treatment. Hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column were found to be up to 40 ppm in treated slicks. Viscosity of the surface oil in untreated slicks increased due to emulsion formation, while the viscosity of surface oil in treated slicks decreased, likely due to an emulsion breaking effect of the dispersant.
HALIFAX '83 SEA TRIAL OF OIL SPILL DISPERSANT CONCENTRATES
Authors: Gill S. D. , Goodman R. H. , Swiss J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In September 1983, the Canadian Offshore Aerial Applications Task Force conducted a 3-day oil spill dispersant field trial using the commercial products Corexit 9527, Corexit 9550, and BPMA 70. A different dispersant concentrate was applied each day to one of two 15 barrel spills of 13 percent weathered Alberta crude oil using a Bell 212 transported Rotortech TC-3 spraying bucket. Both treated and control slicks were surveyed using remote sensing aircraft to determine surface area, spreading rates, and major differences in slick thickness. A water sampling program was undertaken to determine the extent of dispersant effectiveness. Sea conditions during the first two days' work (9527 then 9550) were comparable with a moderate increase in mixing energy on the third day (BPMA 700). Against these conditions, and with corresponding dispersant to oil ratios of 1:27, 1:8, and 1:9, the percentage of weathered oil dispersed into the water column was calculated to be 3.75, 20.5, and 41 respectively.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL VERSUS OIL PLUS DISPERSANT ON THE LITTORAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE BALTIC SEA
Authors: Linden O. , Rosemarin A. , Lindskog A. , Hoglund C. , Johansson S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of a North Sea oil with or without the addition of dispersant were studied in a model of the littoral ecosystem of the Baltic Sea.
Experiments were carried out in six pools with a volume of 8 m3 each, with flowthrough seawater and an ecosystem of the shallow rocky Baltic archipelago. All major fauna and flora were transferred into the pools in normal numbers and proportions. Two of the pools were exposed to oil alone. The amount of oil was equivalent to 20 ppm assuming total mixture. Two other pools were exposed to the same amount of oil and an oil dispersant (Corexit 9550, Exxon), and two pools served as controls. The effects studied were those on abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, periphyton photosynthesis, growth of bladder wrack, phytoplankton growth, zooplankton abundance and diversity, benthic fauna, physiological responses of certain crustaceans and molluscs, and the growth of blue mussels. In addition, the total photosynthesis and respiration of the ecosystem was studied. Concentrations of oil in water and in blue mussels were monitored.
The experiments showed that almost all the measured parameters were affected. When comparing the effects between the pools, several of the results indicated a stronger response for oil alone compared to oil and dispersant. This was particularly obvious when monitoring the total production and respiration of the ecosystems. The explanation may be that the ecosystems in the pools exposed to oil and dispersant were exposed less time compared to those in the pools where oil alone was added. The oil and dispersant mixture obviously left the system much faster due to the water exchange compared to the oil without dispersant. In the latter case the oil adhered to surfaces and detritus and thus tended to stay longer in the environment.
These results may provide valuable information for decision makers faced with an oil spill in shallow waters and who have an option to use oil spill dispersant.
EFFECTS OF DISPERSANT AND OIL ON SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL SEAGRASSES
Authors: Thorhaug Anitra , Marcus Jeffry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Preliminary experiments, using the subtropical/tropical coastal and estuarine seagrasses Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Syringodium filiforme, were carried out to examine the effects of dispersants. Experiments exposed seagrasses in vitro to concentrations of Louisiana crude oil ranging from 7.5 to 500 milliliters (mL) in 105 mL seawater at exposure times of 5 to 100 hours (seagrass not in contact with oil slick). In other experiments, the seagrasses were exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9527, which was combined with the oil in a ratio of 1 part dispersant to 10 parts oil with dispersant concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 50 mL in 105 mL seawater (dispersant plus oil forming a cloud of the substance in contact with seagrasses).
The oil or oil with dispersant treatment was removed from the seagrasses after the designated exposure periods. Thereafter, the seagrasses were monitored for 14 days. Blade length was measured as a factor of growth. Thalassia showed the greatest tolerance to dispersant plus oil of the three species tested. It was not substantially affected by any oil concentration alone; however, when exposed to oil and dispersant, growth significantly decreased with concentrations of 125 mL oil and 12.5 mL dispersant in 105 mL seawater at longer periods of exposure (100 hours), and also at much decreased exposure times (5 hours) for 500 mL oil and 50 mL dispersant in 105 mL sea water. Syringodium and Halodule were generally less tolerant than Thalassia, particularly to oil. For example, at 75 mL oil/105 mL sea water and an exposure of 100 hours, growth decreased significantly and mortality increased to 53 percent. Growth and mortality of Syringodium and Halodule were further affected by the addition of dispersant.
A SIMPLE REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION OF OIL
Authors: Goodman R. H. , Morrison J. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The surveillance and tracking of oil is an essential component of any oil spill response. There are many techniques available that are applicable under a wide variety of environmental conditions. Many of these techniques, such as Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) or line-scan based infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) sensing systems, require the use of a dedicated aircraft and a skilled operator to operate effectively and to interpret the output of the sensor packages.
As a result of new and improved technologies, simpler imaging systems have been developed and this paper will describe the use of an image-producing IR camera, together with a charge-coupled device UV sensor, to provide a simple interpreted image of thick and thin components of an oil spill under a wide variety of conditions. The system is designed so that aircraft of opportunity and unskilled operators can operate it and provide the essential information required for oil spill response.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH DISPERSED OIL AND A DISPERSANT IN AN INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEM: FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Authors: Farke Hubert , Blome Dietrich , Theobald Norbert , Wonneberger Klaus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experiments with chemically and ultrasonically dispersed Arabian light crude oil and a dispersant (Finasol OSR 5) were carried out on an intertidal sand flat in the Wadden Sea (German Bight). “Bremerhaven Caissons,” flow through mesocosms for intertidal field experiments, allowed pollutant addition to the enclosed water during submersion time. Reiterated contaminations over a period of 12 successive tides of low concentrations of oil (10 ppm) and dispersant made it possible to study penetration and alteration processes of the dispersed oil in the sediment. Sublethal and lethal effects upon micro-phytobenthos, meiofauna, and macrofauna were observed.
Oil reduced the activity of microbenthic algae and the food uptake of filter feeding bivalves and a polychaete. Nematodes showed a lower diversity and decreasing abundances in some groups. No major differences between the effects of chemically and ultrasonically dispersed oil on the benthos were observed. Application of dispersant alone had no clear effects when compared with controls.
ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF OIL
Authors: Halmö Gerd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In a study of biodegradation of a weathered crude oil emulsion, direct addition of fertilizers to oil on shore enhanced the natural biodegradation. An oil-soluble urea fertilizer was at least as efficient as a water-soluble one containing ammonia and nitrate. In one year, the paraffins were totally degraded. Composting was studied both in aerated full-scale windrows and in model columns. Oily seaweed was mixed and composted with different oil sorbents and fertilizers to find the optimal conditions for oil degradation. The best alternative was obtained by mixing the oily seaweed with pine bark and a nutrient of urea in a microemulsion of oleic acid. Windrow composting of this mixture, with forced aeration from the bottom, resulted in approximately 65 percent degradation of the paraffins within a summer season, 70 percent over the entire year. The oil-soluble fertilizer was better retained in the windrows than the water-soluble one tried earlier, thus improving the leachate quality. Revegetation on this compost was successful.