bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Clutch
Authors: Tirović Marko 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Dry clutch is the most commonly used type of a clutch, often combined with a manual gearbox. The torque transfer is based on a principle of dry friction, hence the name. For friction generation, normal force is typically provided by a spring, with the friction force generated at the interfaces of the friction disc with the flywheel and pressure plate.
Various types of clutches are shown, with more detailed presentation of the diaphragm spring clutch, which is widely used on road vehicles. Components of this clutch type were analyzed and some variants, such as pull and push type, also explained. Twin and multiple clutches with single and two output shafts were also studied.
Clutch control systems are presented; including the most often used types—mechanical and hydraulic. Servo assistance and air actuation are also explained.
Basic clutch calculations and dimensioning principles are complemented with thermal aspects and critical design load cases. The changes of engine and clutch angular velocities, as well as clutch torque during the engagement period, are graphically presented for the two most common cases: vehicle start on a horizontal road and vehicle hold on a gradient.
Specialist clutch manufacturers are cited, together with a brief discussion on clutch specification, maintenance, and most common modes of failure. Two numerical examples on clutch dimensioning in regard to torque capacity and thermal loading are presented.
Vehicle Seat Design, Development, and Manufacturing
Authors: Spormann Andreas 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Seats are acting as an interface between the driver or passenger and the vehicle, which leads to high demands regarding safety, quality, comfort, and durability. Seat development is representing one of the most cost‐intensive engineering activities in the whole vehicle and is, therefore, focused on intensely by the car manufacturers. Increasing safety requirements, the demand for individual customization, brand identity diversification, the concurrent progression of global vehicle platforms, and product standardization lead to continuously increasing complexity of the seat system. The product portfolio includes a wide range from simple low budget seats up to high end luxury seats with a large variety of adjustment and comfort features. For rear seats in the second or third row, variability is becoming more and more important. Rear seats for the luxury segment are expected to have at minimum the same functionalities as front seats or even some additional features such as lounge position and foot rest. As seats are also contributing to the carbon footprint of the vehicle, weight saving plays an important role in the development of new seat generations.
Adjuvant therapies for HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: McGuire Jennifer L. , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Vezina Heather E. , Spitsin Sergei , Douglas Steven D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveHIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a frequent and heterogeneous complication of HIV, affecting nearly 50% of infected individuals in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. This is a particularly devastating statistic because the diagnosis of HAND confers an increased risk of HIV‐associated morbidity and mortality in affected patients. While cART is helpful in the treatment of the more severe forms of HAND, there is a therapeutic gap in the milder forms of HAND, where cART is less effective. Multiple adjuvant therapies with various mechanisms of action have been studied (N‐methyl D‐aspartate [NMDA]‐receptor antagonists, MAO‐B inhibitors, tetracycline‐class antibiotics, and others), but none have shown a clear positive effect in HAND. While this lack of efficacy may be because the appropriate therapeutic targets have not yet been determined, we aimed to discuss that study results may also influenced by clinical trial design.MethodsThis report is a systematic review of clinical trials of adjuvant therapies for HAND performed from January 1996 through June 2014.ResultsPossible drawbacks in study design, including lack of standardized case definitions, poorly defined target populations, inappropriate dose selection and measurable outcomes, and brief study durations may have masked true underlying mechanistic effects of previously investigated adjuvant therapies for HAND in specific patient populations.ConclusionsA proposal for streamlining and maximizing the likelihood of success in future clinical studies using a ‘learning and confirming’ investigational paradigm, incorporating stronger adaptive Phase I/II study designs, computerized modeling, and population/goal of treatment‐specific Phase III clinical trials is presented.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in older Mexican adults and its association with physical activity and related factors: An analysis of the study on global ageing and adult health
Authors: Rivas‐Marino Gabriela , Negin Joel , Salinas‐Rodríguez Aarón , Manrique‐Espinoza Betty , Sterner Kirstin N. , Snodgrass Josh , Kowal Paul 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesThe obesity epidemic in Mexico is increasing and represents a considerable public health challenge. The population aged 50 years and older is also increasing and is not exempt from the obesity rise. We aimed to determine the current prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) categories in a sample of Mexicans aged 50 years and older and to test the associations of BMI with physical activity categories and related factors.MethodsData from 2,032 individuals aged 50 years and older who participated in SAGE Wave 1 (2009–2010) were analyzed. Representativeness of the sample was obtained by using weighted data. Descriptive statistics, chi square tests, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed in relation to BMI, self‐reported physical activity categories, and several variables, including demographic characteristics and selected risk factors for non‐communicable diseases.ResultsAmong older adults, 0.6% was found to be underweight, 21.4% normal weight, 49.4% overweight, and 28.7% obese. It was also found that practicing vigorous intensity physical activity (−1.32) and being 80 years or older (−2.73) were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with a lower mean BMI (28.3). In contrast, being in the lowest income quintile (1.35), and living in urban areas (0.86) were significantly associated with a higher mean BMI.ConclusionsThe study results contribute to the current understanding of obesity etiology in Mexico, and moreover confirm that overweight and obesity are current public health problems that must be addressed in specific subgroups of older adults. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:326–333, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interstitial lung disorders in the indium workers of Korea: An update study for the relationship with biological exposure indices
Authors: Choi Sungyeul , Won Yong Lim , Kim Dohyung , Lee Mi‐Young , Choi Yoon jung , Park Jai‐Soung , Kim Hyoung‐Ryoul , Jung Jung Im , Lee Sang‐Gil , Kim Eun‐A 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundKorea is one of the highest indium‐consuming countries worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between interstitial lung disorders and indium exposure in Korea.MethodsIn 50 indium workers from seven plants, the effect of serum indium on the lungs was determined using laboratory tests, spirometry, and high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT).ResultsHigher serum indium and Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6) levels were associated with HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes. Workers with high serum indium levels (≥3 µg/L) had longer exposure durations and a higher prevalence of HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes. KL‐6 and surfactant protein‐D (SP‐D) levels were significantly higher in the highest serum indium quartile than the lowest quartile. Significant dose–effect relationships existed between serum indium levels and KL‐6, SP‐D levels and the prevalence of HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes.ConclusionsWorkforce medical surveillance should be established to prevent indium‐induced interstitial lung disease in Korea. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:61–68, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphometry, Geometry, Function, and the Future
Authors: Mcnulty Kieran P. , Vinyard Christopher J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe proliferation of geometric morphometrics (GM) in biological anthropology and more broadly throughout the biological sciences has resulted in a multitude of studies that adopt landmark‐based approaches for addressing a variety of questions in evolutionary morphology. In some cases, particularly in the realm of systematics, the fit between research question and analytical design is quite good. Functional‐adaptive studies, however, do not readily conform to the methods available in the GM toolkit. The symposium organized by Terhune and Cooke entitled “Assessing function via shape: What is the place of GM in functional morphology?” held at the 2013 meetings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists was designed specifically to explore this relationship between landmark‐based methods and analyses of functional morphology, and the articles in this special issue, which stem in large part from this symposium, provide numerous examples of how the two approaches can complement and contrast each other. Here, we underscore some of the major difficulties in interpreting GM results within a functional regime. In combination with other contributions in this issue, we identify emerging areas of research that will help bridge the gap between multivariate morphometry and functional‐adaptive analysis. Ultimately, neither geometric nor functional morphometric approaches is sufficient to elaborate the adaptive pathways that explain morphological evolution through natural selection. These perspectives must be further integrated with research from physiology, developmental biology, genomics, and ecology. Anat Rec, 298:328–333, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Masticatory System Ontogeny in Papionin Primates
Authors: Singleton Michelle 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe three‐dimensional configuration of the primate masticatory system is constrained by the need to maximize bite forces while avoiding distraction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Within these bounds, shape variation has predictable effects on functional capacities such as mechanical advantage and gape. In this study, geometric morphometric analysis is used to investigate the ontogeny of masticatory function in papionin monkeys and test the hypothesis that biomechanical constraints determine the location of molar eruption. This “constrained eruption hypothesis” predicts that the distalmost molar (DMX) will occupy a consistent location anterior to the TMJ and that jaw adductor muscles will maintain consistent positions relative to both DMX and TMJ. Craniometric landmarks were digitized on cross‐sectional ontogenetic series of nine papionin species. Form‐space PCA of Procrustes residuals, visualization of Bookstein shape coordinates, and nonparametric ANOVA were used to identify ontogenetic shape trends and test for significant ontogenetic changes in relative landmark positions. In most taxa, DMX maintains a consistent position relative to the TMJ while the anterior dentition migrates anteriorly. Where significant intraspecific ontogenetic differences occur, they involve anterior migration of DMX in later dental stages, likely due to late adolescent growth of the posterior palate. Attachments of the anterior temporalis and deep masseter also maintain consistent positions relative to the TMJ; however, the superficial masseter migrates anteriorly throughout ontogeny. All muscle attachments migrate laterally relative to the TMJ, reflecting positive scaling of adductor PCSA. Overall, results support the constrained eruption hypothesis and suggest mechanisms by which functional capacity is maintained during ontogeny. Anat Rec, 298:48–63, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Output Feedback based Output Tracking Control for a Time‐Delay System with a PFC
Authors: Mizumoto I. , Takagi T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis output tracking control system for time‐delay systems with a parallel feedforward compensator (PFC). It has been clarified that one can design an adaptive output tracking control system for systems with almost strictly positive real (ASPR) properties. However, the robust stability for non‐ASPR time‐delay systems with a PFC introduced for making the resulting augmented system ASPR has not been analyzed. In this paper, it will be clarified that one can design a stable adaptive output tracking control system for time‐delay systems with a PFC, even if the resulting augmented system is not exactly ASPR.
Robust Nonlinear Observer And Observer‐Backstepping Control Design For Surface Ships
Authors: Xia Guoqing , Shao Xingchao , Zhao Ang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA robust passive non‐linear observer, utilizing the sliding mode concept and acceleration feedback (AFB) technique, is developed for ships. The main advantage of the proposed observer is that it is robust and that it takes the Coriolis‐centripetal matrix (C‐matrix) into account. The observer reconstructs velocities of ships and bias from slowly varying environmental disturbances. It also filters out the noise and wave frequency data from measurements to protect the actuators from wear and excessive fuel consumption. The sliding mode technique is introduced to improve robust performance against neglected disturbances, uncertainties, and unmodeled dynamics. The acceleration feedback technique and coordinate transformation are used for reshaping the inertia matrix and removing the C‐matrix from the mathematical model. Then, the observer design and stability analysis become simpler. An output feedback controller using observer backstepping and the Lyapunov redesign technique is derived, and the global stability of the observer and observer‐controller system is shown by Lyapunov stability theory. A set of simulations was carried out to verify the performance of the proposed observer and controller.
Adaptive Non‐Backstepping Fuzzy Control for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Dead‐Zone Input
Authors: Wang Rui , Yu Fusheng , Wang Jiayin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBased on the approximation property of fuzzy logic systems, we propose a novel non‐backstepping adaptive tracking control algorithm for a class of single input single output (SISO) strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown dead‐zone input. In this algorithm, we introduce some novel state variables and coordinate transforms to convert the strict‐feedback form into a normal one, and it is not necessary to consider the traditional approximation‐based the backstepping scheme. Due to new states variables being unavailable, the tracking control is changed from a state‐feedback one to an output‐feedback one. So, observers need to be designed to estimate the indirect nonmeasurable states. According to Lyapunov stability analysis method, the developed controller can guarantee that all of the signals in the closed‐loop system will be ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB), and the output can track the reference signal very well. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Three‐year clinical outcome after treatment of chronic total occlusions with second‐generation drug‐eluting stents in the TWENTE trial
Authors: van Houwelingen K. Gert , Sen Hanim , Lam Ming Kai , Tandjung Kenneth , Löwik Marije M. , de Man Frits H.A.F. , Louwerenburg J. (Hans) W. , Stoel Martin G. , Hartmann Marc , Linssen Gerard C.M. , Doggen Carine J. , von Birgelen Clemens 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo compare long‐term outcome of patients treated for chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions versus patients treated for non‐CTO lesions only.BackgroundPercutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for CTO lesions generally have a higher adverse event risk than PCI for non‐CTO lesions. However, long‐term outcome data from prospective studies with second‐generation drug‐eluting stent (DES) use in CTO lesions is scarce.MethodsWe analyzed in this substudy of the TWENTE trial the data of 674 patients, who had stable angina and were electively treated with second‐generation DES (Resolute zotarolimus‐eluting or Xience V everolimus‐eluting stents). Main outcome parameter was target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target vessel‐related myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR).ResultsPatients with CTO lesions (n = 59, 8.8%) were more often treated for lesions in small vessels (94.9% vs. 63.1%, P < 0.001), long lesions (52.5% vs. 17.7%, P < 0.001) and multiple vessels (42.4% vs. 22.4%, P < 0.001), and were less often males (62.7% vs. 74.6%, P < 0.05) than patients with non‐CTO lesions (n = 615, 91.2%). J‐CTO scores ≥2 were present in 56% of CTO lesions. Despite significant differences in characteristics of patients, lesions, and interventional procedures, the TLF rate at 3‐year follow‐up was similar for both groups (13.6% vs. 12.9%, P = 0.89). In addition, a patient‐oriented composite endpoint (any death, MI or revascularization) did not differ between groups (18.6% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.97).ConclusionPatients treated with second‐generation DES for CTO lesions showed at 3‐year follow‐up an incidence of adverse clinical events that was low and similar to patients with non‐CTO lesions only. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron Diffraction Study of Li4Ti5O12 at Low Temperatures.
Authors: Dolotko Oleksandr , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Muehlbauer Martin J. , Boysen Hans , Monchak Mykhailo , Ehrenberg Helmut 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe crystal structure of the title electrode material is determined by neutron powder diffraction in the temperature range 3.4—300 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Telluromolybdate CoTeMoO6 Single Crystals.
Authors: Maczka Miroslaw , Hermanowicz Krzysztof , Majchrowski Andrzej , Kroenke Lukasz , Pietraszko Adam , Ptak Maciej 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoTeMoO6 single crystals are obtained from high temperature solutions (526 °C) of CoTeMoO6 by spontaneous crystallization on a Pt wire using a eutectic mixture of TeO2 and MoO3 as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: First Single Crystal Growth and Structural Analysis of Superconducting Layered Bismuth Oxyselenide; La(O,F)BiSe2.
Authors: Tanaka Masashi , Nagao Masanori , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Fujioka Masaya , Denholme Saleem J. , Yamaguchi Takahide , Takeya Hiroyuki , Takano Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of La(O,F)BiSe2 are grown by a CsCl flux method involving powders of La, Bi2O3, BiF3, Bi, Bi2Se3, and Se in the molar ratio of 6:1:1:1:1:9 corresponding to LaO0.5F0.5BiSe2 (evacuated quartz ampoule, 900 °C, 2 h; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Electronic Properties for the Over‐Lithiated and Li‐Ag Substituted Phases of Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 Insertion Electrode System.
Authors: Onoda Masashige , Inagaki Makoto , Saito Hiroaki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor the Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 insertion electrode system with a multiple‐electron reaction, the over‐lithiated phase LixV3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 (I) with 9 < x ≤ 10 and the Li‐Ag substituted phase Li9‐yAgyV3 (P2O7)3(PO4)2 (II) with 0 < y ≤ 1 are prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li3PO4, Ag3PO4, LiPO3, and V2O3 (evacuated silica tubes, 1023 K, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Addressing the Chemical Sorcery of “GaI”: Benefits of Solid‐State Analysis Aiding in the Synthesis of P→Ga Coordination Compounds
Authors: Malbrecht Brian J. , Dube Jonathan W. , Willans Mathew J. , Ragogna Paul J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe products of the reactions of Ga metal with iodine in toluene (yield given in g) for different reaction times are characterized by FT‐Raman spectroscopy, powder XRD, 71Ga solid state NMR spectroscopy, and 127I nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis and Application of Homologous Pyrroline‐2‐alkylboronic Acids: Identification of the B—N Distance for Eliciting Bifunctional Catalysis of an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Batsanov Andrei S. , Georgiou Irene , Girling P. Ricardo , Pommier Laure , Shen Hong C. , Whiting Andrew 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe influence of the chain length in homoboroproline homologues on their catalytic activity in aldol reactions is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Spiro‐Cyclization Using Dioxygen in Air as the Hydrogen Acceptor.
Authors: Oguma Takuya , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn efficient approach for the enantioselective formation of spirocyclic dihydrobenzofurans (III) from 1‐methyl‐2‐naphthols (I) and phenol derivatives (II) via a new Fe‐salan complex catalyzed [aerobic oxidative ortho‐quinone methide formation followed by Michael addition and asymmetric dearomatization] is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,2‐Dihydropyridines with α‐Acyloxyacroleins Catalyzed by a Chiral Primary Ammonium Salt.
Authors: Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamada Hiroki , Akakura Matsujiro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe first example of a catalytic and highly enantioselective Diels—Alder reaction of 1,2‐dihydropyridines (I) with α‐acyloxyacrolein (II) catalyzed by a chiral ammonium salt is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbons via the Dianionic Ireland—Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: Crimmins Michael T. , Knight John D. , Williams Philip S. , Zhang Yan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDianionic Ireland—Claisen rearrangement of optically active allylic esters proceeds with high diastereoselectivity to give products containing three contiguous asymmetric carbon centers.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Bromide: A Simple but Efficient Organocatalyst for Alcohol Oxidation under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Ma Xinyi , Li Zhongfeng , Liu Feijie , Cao Shengli , Rao Honghua 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reaction proceeds with excellent selectivity for secondary benzylic alcohols over aliphatic alcohols or primary benzylic alcohols, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes at Room Temperature over Magnetically Separable Fe—Ni Bimetallic Nanoparticles.
Authors: Petkar Dhananjay R. , Kadu Brijesh S. , Chikate Rajeev C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFe‐Ni nanoparticles are used as catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes (I) to anilines (II) as well as cinnamic ester (III) to 3‐phenylpropanoate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Intermolecular β‐C—H Alkenylation of α‐Enamino‐ketones with Simple Alkynes.
Authors: Wang Zhiqian , Reinus Brandon J. , Dong Guangbin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel strategy to synthesize β‐alkenylated α‐enamino‐ketones such as (III)/(IV) and (VIII)/(IX) via catalytic C—H/alkyne coupling is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Recyclable Polystyrene‐Supported Threonine‐Derived Organocatalyst for Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Henseler Andrea H. , Ayats Carles , Pericas Miquel A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe polystyrene‐supported catalyst can be recycled and reused for more than 5 times without a significant loss in activity and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Promoted Reductive Coupling of Aryl Iodides with 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐iodoethane.
Authors: Xu Song , Chen Huan‐Huan , Dai Jian‐Jun , Xu Hua‐Jian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNormal non‐nanosized copper powder is described to promote the reductive coupling of a variety of aryl iodides with 2,2,2‐trifluoromethyl iodide to yield 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Exclusive Chemoselective Reduction of Imines in the Coexistence of Aldehydes Using AuNPore Catalyst.
Authors: Takale Balaram S. , Tao Shan Mou , Yu Xiao Qiang , Feng Xiu Juan , Jin Tienan , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAldimines and enimines are chemoselectively reduced by methyl diphenyl silane even in the presence of aldehydes and ketones.