bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of detergents on the physicochemical properties of skin stratum corneum: a two‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy study
Authors: Bloksgaard M. , Brewer J. R. , Pashkovski E. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P. , Sørensen J. A. , Bagatolli L. A. 
Published: August 2013

SynopsisObjectiveUnderstanding the structural and dynamical features of skin is critical for advancing innovation in personal care and drug discovery. Synthetic detergent mixtures used in commercially available body wash products are thought to be less aggressive towards the skin barrier when compared to conventional detergents. The aim of this work is to comparatively characterize the effect of a mild synthetic cleanser mixture (SCM) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the hydration state of the intercellular lipid matrix and on proton activity of excised skin stratum corneum (SC).MethodExperiments were performed using two‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent images of fluorescence reporters sensitive to proton activity and hydration of SC were obtained in excised skin and examined in the presence and absence of SCM and SDS detergents.ResultsHydration of the intercellular lipid matrix to a depth of 10 μm into the SC was increased upon treatment with SCM, whereas SDS shows this effect only at the very surface of SC. The proton activity of SC remained unaffected by treatment with either detergent.ConclusionWhile our study indicates that the SC is very resistant to external stimuli, it also shows that, in contrast to the response to SDS, SCM to some extent modulates the in‐depth hydration properties of the intercellular lipid matrix within excised skin SC.
Understanding efficacy end‐points in studies of field‐directed therapy for actinic keratosis
Authors: Wolf John E. , Rigel Darrell S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe rates of short‐term clearance of actinic keratoses appear to be comparable in clinical trials of topical treatments used in field therapy, but direct comparisons of efficacy results can be problematic. Trials use different efficacy end points, have different study designs, involve different anatomic sites, and enroll different patient populations. In addition, because adherence in real‐world clinical practice differs from that observed in clinical trials, conclusions drawn from efficacy outcomes can be misleading. The objective of this review was to examine the efficacy end points used in studies of topical therapy for actinic keratosis, address other factors influencing efficacy outcomes in these studies, and discuss the possible influence of nonadherence on effectiveness.MethodsReview of the available literature on topical therapy for actinic keratosis.ResultsThe end points used to determine efficacy of therapies for actinic keratosis include a disparate group of outcomes, which can often make comparison between studies impossible.ConclusionsEfficacy end points of clinical studies designed to assess the treatment of actinic keratosis should be standardized to facilitate between‐trial comparisons, and studies should focus on the end points that are most clinically relevant.
Piezoelectric Properties of Ink‐Jet–Printed Lead Zirconate Titanate Thick Films Confirmed by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy
Authors: Kuscer Danjela , Noshchenko Oleksandr , Uršič Hana , Malič Barbara 
Published: August 2013

An ink consisting of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) particles with a median size of 170 nm and a narrow size distribution, in a dispersion of water and glycerol, and with a low viscosity and surface tension, was used for the fabrication of thick films by piezoelectric ink‐jet printing. This study reports the printing conditions, the subsequent thermal treatment of the as‐deposited layers, and the properties of the sintered PZT thick film. The film, sintered at 1100°C, had a locally dense microstructure and consisted of grains that are a few 100 nm across, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. A local piezoelectric response of 15 pm/V was measured in the ink‐jet–printed PZT thick film by piezoresponse force microscopy.
Varieties of trust‐betrayal: emotion and relief patterns in different domains
Authors: Joskowicz–Jabloner Lisa , Leiser David 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study investigates the emotional responses to betrayal in two domains—social norms and personal acquaintances. The study relies on a newly developedBetrayal‐DomainQuestionnaire and thePortraitValueQuestionnaire. Study 1 confirmed the existence of two distinct betrayal domains differing in the pattern of emotional response evoked, in the actions that relieve negative emotions and the influence of values on the emotional response. In the social norms domain, betrayal evokes predominantly anger‐related emotions that can be alleviated effectively, whereas in the personal domain, more profound negative emotions are elicited by betrayal and fewer actions can relieve them. Study 2 replicates the findings with a modified questionnaire designed to comply with more stringent methodological restrictions.
Elevated self‐esteem 12 months following a 10‐day developmental voyage
Authors: Hunter John A. , Hayhurst Jill , Kafka Sarah , Boyes Mike , Ruffman Ted , O'Brien Kerry , Stringer Maurice 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe following article examined elevated self‐esteem as a function of a 10‐day developmental voyage. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 demonstrated that participants who completed the voyage experienced elevated self‐esteem. Study 2 replicated and extended these results insofar as it revealed that (a) elevated self‐esteem was maintained 12 months following the voyage; and (b) increasing levels of perceived self‐efficacy and belonging (as assessed on the last day of the voyage), but not social support, each made a unique contribution to these effects. Together, these findings provide converging evidence to suggest that a 10‐day developmental voyage upon the Spirit of New Zealand promotes elevated self‐esteem that is maintained over time, and that perceived self‐efficacy and belonging contribute to this outcome.
Driving toward a goal and the goal‐gradient hypothesis: the impact of goal proximity on compliance rate, donation size, and fatigue
Authors: Jensen Jakob D. , King Andy J. , Carcioppolo Nick 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDriving toward a goal (DTAG) is a compliance technique derived from observed persuasion practice (e.g., telethons) wherein the persuader utilizes a goal pitch (e.g., “Help us raise $500”) and progress toward a goal (e.g., a tote board) to encourage compliance. It was postulated that DTAG would be more effective than legitimizing a paltry contribution (LPC) at increasing compliance rate, size, and stability. In Study 1, a fundraising field experiment (N = 840 donations) found that LPC garnered significantly more donations and DTAG garnered significantly larger donations. In Study 2, a lab experiment (N = 992 participants) found that LPC garnered more donations at Time 1, DTAG garnered more donations over time (eventually matching LPC), and LPC yielded smaller donations over time.
The effect of island type on lizard reproductive traits
Authors: Novosolov Maria , Meiri Shai 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe origins of islands influence island colonization and radiation dynamics, thus exerting differential selection pressures on the species that inhabit them. The occurrence of lower numbers of predator and competitor species on islands than the mainland selects for ‘slow’ life‐history attributes (the ‘island syndrome’). Animals colonizing, and radiating on, oceanic islands probably face more novel environments than do those inhabiting continental fragment and land‐bridge islands. We hypothesized that oceanic island endemics will show the slowest life histories, whereas land‐bridge island species will resemble mainland species the most. We predicted that species on old, small and isolated islands will also have slow life histories.LocationWorld‐wide.MethodsWe assembled life‐history data for 540 mainland and 319 insular endemic lizard species. We tested whether clutch size, brood frequency, hatchling mass and productivity differed between islands of different origin and between islands and the mainland. We controlled for female size, for latitude and for phylogenetic relationship using the R package caper. In addition, we tested the influences of island age, area and isolation on species life histories.ResultsOceanic island endemics have the smallest clutches and the largest offspring, and, together with continental fragment island endemics, lay most frequently. Clutch size, brood frequency and productivity increase with increasing island age. Isolation and area have little effect on lizard life history.Main conclusionsOur findings support the proposition that selection pressure differs across island type. The predator‐poor environments on oceanic islands select for few, large offspring, while the predator‐rich environments of the mainland and land‐bridge islands select for many, small offspring. Island geological origin creates the environment within which evolution takes place, and thus plays a major role in life‐history evolution. As islands grow older, lizards adapt by increasing their yearly reproductive effort.
Comparative Outcomes of Transvenous Extraction of Sprint Fidelis and Riata Defibrillator Leads: A Single Center Experience
Authors: RICHARDSON TRAVIS D. , KOLEK MATTHEW J. , GOYAL SANDEEP K. , SHOEMAKER M. BENJAMIN , LEWIS ALANA A. , ROTTMAN JEFFREY N. , WHALEN S. PATRICK , ELLIS CHRISTOPHER R. 
Published: August 2013

Comparison of Extraction of Recalled Defibrillator LeadsIntroductionThe FDA has issued class I advisories for Medtronic Sprint Fidelis® and St. Jude Medical RiataTM ICD lead families. Transvenous RiataTM ICD lead extraction is typically considered higher risk than Fidelis® extraction, based on longer duration from implant, presence of externalized conductors and lack of silicone backfill in the SVC and RV coils. However, published data comparing procedural outcomes between these leads are limited.MethodsRecords were reviewed for all patients undergoing transvenous extraction of Sprint Fidelis® or RiataTM ICD leads at the Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute from July 2006 to April 2013 to ascertain indication for extraction, procedural details, complications, and 30‐day mortality.ResultsThere were significant differences between those undergoing extraction of a Sprint Fidelis® (n = 145) or RiataTM lead (n = 47). In the RiataTM group, device‐related endocarditis was a more common indication for extraction, the mean duration of implant was longer, and larger excimer laser sheaths were required. Lead malfunction was a more common indication in the Fidelis® group. There were no statistically significant differences in median procedure duration, procedural success (97.9% vs 95.7%, P = 0.41), median length of hospital stay (1 day vs 1 day, P = 0.23), procedural complication rate (5.5% vs 10.6%, P = 0.23) or 30‐day mortality (2.1% vs 2.1%, P = 0.98). Analyses excluding patients with device infection revealed similar results.ConclusionDespite differences in baseline characteristics, this study indicates that Medtronic Sprint Fidelis® and St. Jude RiataTM ICD leads have similar procedural outcomes with transvenous lead extraction.
Optimal dike investments under uncertainty and learning about increasing water levels
Authors: van der Pol T.D. , van Ierland E.C. , Weikard H.‐P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWater level extremes for seas and rivers are crucial to determine optimal dike heights. Future development in extremes under climate change is, however, uncertain. In this paper, we explore impacts of uncertainty and learning about increasing water levels on dike investment. We extend previous work in which a constant rate of structural water level increase is assumed. We introduce a probability distribution for this rate and study the impact of learning about this rate. We model learning as a single stochastic event where full information becomes available. Numerical solutions are obtained with dynamic programming. We find that the expected value of information can be substantial. Before information arrives, investment size is reduced as compared with the benchmark without learning, but investment frequency may be increased. The impact of learning on the initial investment strategy, however, is small as compared with the impact of uncertainty about increasing water levels by itself.
Comparison of different methods for developing a stage–discharge curve of the Kizilirmak River
Authors: Hasanpour Kashani M. , Daneshfaraz R. , Ghorbani M.A. , Najafi M.R. , Kisi O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrediction of a stage–discharge relationship is of immense importance for reliable planning, design and management of most water resources projects. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of artificial intelligence methods, namely, Artificial Neural Network, Adaptive Nero‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Gene‐Expression Programming, with those of two conventional methods, i.e., stage‐rating curve and Regression techniques in deriving a stage–discharge curve in the Kizilirmak River, Turkey. The daily minimum, mean and maximum river discharge, and stage data for period of 2005–2007 were used for training and testing the models. The comparison includes visual and parametric approaches, namely coefficient of correlation, mean absolute error and root mean square error. The results proved the high ability of the artificial intelligence methods in developing stage–discharge relationship. Furthermore, the performance of the ANFIS model was found to be superior to all the models.
Improving flood preparedness using hydrodynamic levee‐breach and inundation modelling: Middle Mississippi River, USA
Authors: Huthoff F. , Remo J.W.F. , Pinter N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThere is growing concern in the United States over the ‘residual’ flood risk behind leveed floodplains, which is commonly assessed based on one‐dimensional (1D) river flow models. These models fail to capture the complex flow dynamics that typically characterise floodplain inundation. Here, we demonstrate methodologies for mechanistically simulating a levee breach and flow into a levee district along the Middle Mississippi River using a hybrid 1D/two‐dimensional (1D2D) flow model that combines a 1D model of the river channel with a two‐dimensional (2D) overland‐flow model for the leveed floodplain. This 2D modelling documents the complexity of flow over a large and topographically diverse leveed floodplain, including distribution and timing of inundation as well as the resulting public‐safety threats. In relation to safety threats, three distinct flood phases can be recognised: (1) a flash flood phase, (2) a flow redistribution phase and (3) an equilibrium phase. The flash flood phase presents imminent threats to human life and safety, whereas subsequent phases determine inundation areas and depths, and therefore infrastructure damages. 2D modelling of levee‐breach flooding provides input data necessary for: (1) specific local evacuation and mitigation planning in the Metro East area, and (2) methodologies for analyses of residual risk facing other levee‐protected floodplain areas.
Estimation of probabilistic flood inundation maps for an extreme event: Pánuco River, México
Authors: Pedrozo‐Acuña A. , Rodríguez‐Rincón J.P. , Arganis‐Juárez M. , Domínguez‐Mora R. , González Villareal F.J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis investigation evaluates the effects of hydrological uncertainty in the results of flood extent estimates during the incidence of a tropical storm. For this, the methodology is comprised of field measurements, elevation data, a distributed hydrological model and a standard two‐dimensional numerical model. Uncertainty is considered in the distributed hydrological model through the estimation of possible hydrographs from precipitation data registered during the incidence of an extreme event. The characterisation of the run‐off by multiple possibilities opens the door to a probabilistic estimation of flood maps, enabling the consideration of hydrological uncertainties and their propagation to an estimated flood extension. It is shown that during the incidence of the tropical storm Arlene, the estimated flooded area is similar to what was registered by satellite imagery. Although the methodology does not consider all the uncertainties that may be involved in the determination of a flooded area, it is reflected that it favours the preventive action in the generation of flood management strategies. The selected approach is a first iteration in the production of a fully quantified approach to the analysis of flood risk, especially where there are doubts about how the catchment responds to a given extreme precipitation event.
Exploring the prevalence and phenomenology of repetitive behaviours and abnormal sensory processing in children with Williams Syndrome
Authors: Janes E. , Riby D. M. , Rodgers J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundA small amount of research with individuals who have Williams Syndrome (WS) suggests that children with the condition may be vulnerable to sensory processing abnormalities and present with repetitive and restricted behaviours.MethodsParents of 21 children with WS aged 6–15 years completed a semi‐structured interview designed to elicit the form, frequency, impact and developmental course of a range of sensory processing abnormalities and repetitive behaviours.ResultsFindings indicate that sensory processing difficulties are predominantly characterised by hypersensitivities, particularly in relation to vestibular, auditory, gustatory and proprioceptive functioning. Parents also reported the presence of a range of restricted and repetitive behaviours, which were often associated with their child's sensory symptoms.ConclusionsThis study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of sensory functioning and repetitive behaviours in WS. It also highlights the need for a multidisciplinary assessment of the difficulties experienced by children with the disorder.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of story listening in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome: evidence for atypical neurodevelopment
Authors: Jacola L. M. , Byars A. W. , Hickey F. , Vannest J. , Holland S. K. , Schapiro M. B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have documented differences in neural activation during language processing in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in comparison with typically developing individuals matched for chronological age. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare activation during language processing in young adults with DS to typically developing comparison groups matched for chronological age or mental age. We hypothesised that the pattern of neural activation in the DS cohort would differ when compared with both typically developing cohorts.MethodEleven persons with DS (mean chronological age = 18.3; developmental age range = 4–6 years) and two groups of typically developing individuals matched for chronological (n = 13; mean age = 18.3 years) and developmental (mental) age (n = 12; chronological age range = 4–6 years) completed fMRI scanning during a passive story listening paradigm. Random effects group comparisons were conducted on individual maps of the contrast between activation (story listening) and rest (tone presentation) conditions.ResultsRobust activation was seen in typically developing groups in regions associated with processing auditory information, including bilateral superior and middle temporal lobe gyri. In contrast, the DS cohort demonstrated atypical spatial distribution of activation in midline frontal and posterior cingulate regions when compared with both typically developing control groups. Random effects group analyses documented reduced magnitude of activation in the DS cohort when compared with both control groups.ConclusionsActivation in the DS group differed significantly in magnitude and spatial extent when compared with chronological and mental age‐matched typically developing control groups during a story listening task. Results provide additional support for an atypical pattern of functional organisation for language processing in this population.
Underutilization of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Medicaid Patients Relative to Private Insurance Patients
Authors: HANNAN EDWARD L. , ZHONG YE , WALFORD GARY , JACOBS ALICE K. , VENDITTI FERDINAND J. , STAMATO NICHOLAS J. , HOLMES DAVID R. , SHARMA SAMIN , GESTEN FOSTER , KING SPENCER B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether disparities in access to invasive cardiac procedures still exist for Medicaid patients, given how old earlier studies are and given changes in the interim in appropriateness guidelines.Patients and MethodsA total of 5,022 Medicaid and private insurance patients in New York from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2009 under age 65 with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were compared with regard to their access to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) before and after controlling for numerous patient characteristics and other important factors.ResultsMedicaid patients were significantly less likely to be admitted initially to a hospital certified to perform PCI (90.4% vs. 94.3%, P < 0.001). Also, Medicaid patients were found to be significantly less likely to undergo PCI than other patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.81, 95% CI 0.66, 0.98, P = 0.03). When the probability of each hospital performing PCI for STEMI patients was controlled for, Medicaid patients were still less likely to undergo PCI after controlling for other risk factors (AOR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99, P = 0.04).ConclusionsMedicaid STEMI patients are significantly less likely to undergo PCI within the same day of admission as private pay patients even after adjusting for patient characteristics related to receiving PCI, and the strength of this relationship is not diminished when controlling for whether the admitting hospital has approval to perform PCI or controlling for the tendency of the admitting hospital to treat STEMI with PCI. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:470‐481)
Origin and early evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes in freshwater environments: reinterpreting proterozoic paleobiology and biogeochemical processes in light of trait evolution
Authors: Blank Carrine E. 
Published: August 2013

Phylogenetic analyses were performed on concatenated data sets of 31 genes and 11,789 unambiguously alignable characters from 37 cyanobacterial and 35 chloroplast genomes. The plastid lineage emerged somewhat early in the cyanobacterial tree, at a time when Cyanobacteria were likely unicellular and restricted to freshwater ecosystems. Using relaxed molecular clocks and 22 age constraints spanning cyanobacterial and eukaryote nodes, the common ancestor to the photosynthetic eukaryotes was predicted to have also inhabited freshwater environments around the time that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere (2.0–2.3 Ga). Early diversifications within each of the three major plastid clades were also inferred to have occurred in freshwater environments, through the late Paleoproterozoic and into the middle Mesoproterozoic. The colonization of marine environments by photosynthetic eukaryotes may not have occurred until after the middle Mesoproterozoic (1.2–1.5 Ga). The evolutionary hypotheses proposed here predict that early photosynthetic eukaryotes may have never experienced the widespread anoxia or euxinia suggested to have characterized marine environments in the Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic. It also proposes that earliest acritarchs (1.5–1.7 Ga) may have been produced by freshwater taxa. This study highlights how the early evolution of habitat preference in photosynthetic eukaryotes, along with Cyanobacteria, could have contributed to changing biogeochemical conditions on the early Earth.