bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Academy
Authors: Tarrant Harold 
Published: July 2014

The term “Academy,” even in the context of the ancient world, could mean a number of different things. The most general meaning applies to the gymnasium of Hecademus at Athens (originally Hekademeia) and its immediate vicinity, in which the school was founded. From this is derived the usual meaning, given to the place of education, including a garden, established there by Plato approximately halfway through his life. Teaching there continued until 88 bce, when the politics surrounding the Second Mithridatic War, plus subsequent Roman retaliation against Athens, brought it to an end. Although we often hear of Platonist circles and schools in Athens thereafter, they are not correctly referred to as “Academies,” let alone as “the Academy.” The leaders of the institution may also be referred to collectively as the Academy, just as those of the Stoics could be referred to as the “Stoa” (or “Porch”). A narrower meaning is applied to leaders and prominent pupils of the “skeptical” phase of the Academy, from Arcesilaus to Philo of Larissa, some of whom survived well beyond 88 bce, and that might occasionally be further extended to include later figures such as Favorinus of Arles, who described themselves as “Academics” at a time when teachers of Platonic doctrine preferred the title “Platonic.” This article is intended to concentrate on the period from late in Plato’s life until 88 bce, with some attention also to the aftermath of the breakup of the school, and the focus will be on the principal people involved in the promotion of the school and on their doctrines or strategies. Hence, it is intended to cover (1) the period from the death of Plato until the accession of Arcesilaus, usually known as the “Old Academy” following terminology originally applied by Antiochus of Ascalon; (2) the period from c. 265 bce to c. 95 ce dominated by the “skeptical” innovations of Arcesilaus first and then Carneades; (3) the period immediately preceding and immediately following the breakup of the institution in 88 bce. The target period is thus 347–c. 68 bce, but some of the earliest figures to be considered here were active for many years while Plato was alive and established their reputation during that period, Therefore, the evidence for them will often apply to works written before the death of Plato, although some account should be taken of developments potentially involving the pupils of “Academics” until the time of Augustus. Although some later philosophers were “Academic” in allegiance and show signs of commitment to the Academy’s Socratic-Platonic and dialectical heritage, their links with the original institution are unclear, and Plutarch, the most important, has been allocated a separate article for his Moralia (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Plutarch’s Moralia).
Marcus Terentius Varro
Authors: Butterfield David 
Published: July 2014

Marcus Terentius Varro (b. 116–d. 27 bce) was the most notable polymath of the Roman world. Over the course of his long life, which spanned several of the major events of the late Republic and the birth of the empire, his career brought him to the fore of politics, military service, and (most significantly) scholarship. Educated in Rome by the grammarian L. Aelius Stilo and in Athens by the Platonist Antiochus of Ascalon, Varro produced a remarkably broad spectrum of works that covered almost all areas of intellectual inquiry: history, religion, theology, philosophy, language, literature, metre, music, medicine, geography, agriculture, rhetoric, law, and architecture, all of which were complemented by his own colourful poetic compositions. Not only was Varro’s range of publications enormous, but his scale of output was extraordinary: having declared that he had written 490 books by the age of 78, his subsequent years proved to be among his most productive. Yet, of his vast output, only one work (the three-book De re rustica) survives complete, and the only books that exist intact from any other work (i.e., six of twenty-five books of his monumental De lingua Latina) represent about a fifth of the original treatise. All other works are either represented by small fragments quoted or paraphrased by subsequent ancient authors or entirely lost beyond their title. To piece together the complete picture of Varro’s literary output is therefore inevitably painstaking and tentative and has demanded the formidable labours of generations of scholars ever since Giovanni Boccaccio stumbled across a codex of Varro at Montecassino in 1355; notwithstanding the difficulty of the material, Varronian studies have continued keenly into the 21st century, and significant progress in our understanding of the man and his works proceeds apace. It is now clearer than ever that there are few figures of the ancient world whose study leaves a more vivid and rewarding impression than Varro of Reate.
The Linkage Outcomes of a Large-scale, Rapid Transfer of HIV-infected Patients From Hospital-based to Community-based Clinics in South Africa
Authors: Cloete Christie , Regan Susan , Giddy Janet , Govender Tessa , Erlwanger Alison , Gaynes Melanie R. , Freedberg Kenneth A. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Walensky Rochelle P. , Losina Elena , Bassett Ingrid V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground.  President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) funding changes have resulted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic closures. We evaluated linkage to care following a large-scale patient transfer from a PEPFAR-funded, hospital-based HIV clinic to government-funded, community-based clinics in Durban.Methods.  All adults were transferred between March and June 2012. Subjects were surveyed 5–10 months post-transfer to assess self-reported linkage to the target clinic. We validated self-reports by auditing records at 8 clinics. Overall success of transfer was estimated using linkage to care data for both reached and unreached subjects, adjusted for validation results.Results.  Of the 3913 transferred patients, 756 (19%) were assigned to validation clinics; 659 (87%) of those patients were reached. Among those reached, 468 (71%) had a validated clinic record visit. Of the 46 who self-reported attending a different validation clinic than originally assigned, 39 (85%) had a validated visit. Of the 97 patients not reached, 59 (61%) had a validated visit at their assigned clinic. Based on the validation rates for reached and unreached patients, the estimated success of transfer for the cohort overall was 82%.Conclusions.  Most patients reported successful transfer to a community-based clinic, though a quarter attended a different clinic than assigned. Validation of attendance highlights that nearly 20% of patients may not have linked to care and may have experienced a treatment interruption. Optimizing transfers of HIV care to community sites requires collaboration with receiving clinics to ensure successful linkage to care.
Fatal Cleistanthus collinus Toxicity: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Hamide Abdoul , Mohanty Manoj K. , Muthusamy Ravichandran 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCleistanthus collinus is an extremely toxic plant poison. We report a case of suicidal ingestion of boiled water decoction of C. collinus where the patient presented with abdominal pain and giddiness. There was persistent metabolic acidosis and fluctuation in the level of serum potassium. The ECG changes indicated a probable myocardial injury with conduction abnormality. At autopsy, the viscera were found to be congested. The toxins were detected in the viscera and blood by TLC and HPLC. Cleistanthin A and B, collinusin, and diphyllin are the principal toxic constituents of the plant. Consumption of a boiled decoction of leaves is highly toxic and, medical management of patients is mainly supportive because the molecular mechanisms of toxin action are unknown. In the recent years, C. collinus has created a considerable amount of interest because of its complex metabolites and their cytotoxic activities. Through this study, the authors have tried to highlight different properties pertaining to C. collinus.
Significance chasing in research practice: causes, consequences and possible solutions
Authors: Ware Jennifer J. , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsThe low reproducibility of findings within the scientific literature is a growing concern. This may be due to many findings being false positives which, in turn, can misdirect research effort and waste money.MethodsWe review factors that may contribute to poor study reproducibility and an excess of ‘significant’ findings within the published literature. Specifically, we consider the influence of current incentive structures and the impact of these on research practices.ResultsThe prevalence of false positives within the literature may be attributable to a number of questionable research practices, ranging from the relatively innocent and minor (e.g. unplanned post‐hoc tests) to the calculated and serious (e.g. fabrication of data). These practices may be driven by current incentive structures (e.g. pressure to publish), alongside the preferential emphasis placed by journals on novelty over veracity. There are a number of potential solutions to poor reproducibility, such as new publishing formats that emphasize the research question and study design, rather than the results obtained. This has the potential to minimize significance chasing and non‐publication of null findings.ConclusionsSignificance chasing, questionable research practices and poor study reproducibility are the unfortunate consequence of a ‘publish or perish’ culture and a preference among journals for novel findings. It is likely that top–down change implemented by those with the ability to modify current incentive structure (e.g. funders and journals) will be required to address problems of poor reproducibility.
Can willingness‐to‐pay values be manipulated? Evidence from an organic food experiment in China
Authors: Yu Xiaohua , Yan Binjian , Gao Zhifeng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHuman behaviors are driven by implicit and explicit motives. Psychologists have developed two main tools, namely time pressure and cognitive load, to disentangle the two motives. This implies values of willingness to pay (WTP) may be sensitive to time pressure and cognitive load levels in practice. An experiment with 233 students was conducted in China to study the willingness to pay for organic food with consideration of different time pressures and cognitive load levels. Results show that (1) increasing cognitive load could significantly reduce consumers’ WTP for organic food; and (2) time pressure does not have a significant impact on WTP values. Such results suggest researchers should be particularly cautious about the cognitive load situations of respondents during a WTP survey.
Impulsivity predicts time to reach euthymia in adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Dawson Erica L , Shear Paula K , Howe Steven R , Adler Caleb M , DelBello Melissa P , Fleck David E , Strakowski Stephen M 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesSpecific demographic and illness characteristics have been identified as predictors of overall morbidity and treatment course among individuals with bipolar disorder. However, the role of specific cognitive limitations on disease severity and treatment response is unclear. The present study evaluated whether impulsiveness during acute mania was a significant predictor of achieving euthymia within one year following psychiatric hospitalization.MethodsParticipants were 94 adult inpatients (60 manic) with bipolar I disorder. Baseline symptom severity was assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Impulsivity was measured with the Stop Signal Task, Degraded Stimulus Continuous Performance Task, Delayed Response Task, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale‐11.ResultsIndividual predictors of time to reach euthymia included fewer depressive symptoms and better impulse control at baseline, later age at illness onset, shorter illness duration, and the absence of comorbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Self‐reported impulsivity was a significant independent predictor of time to euthymia, even after accounting for relevant clinical variables.ConclusionsBetter trait impulse control may be associated with better treatment responsiveness among adults with bipolar disorder.
Co‐administration of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and TRPV1 antagonists potentiate the effect of each drug in a rat model of cystitis
Authors: Charrua Ana , Cruz Célia D. , Jansen Dick , Rozenberg Boy , Heesakkers John , Cruz Francisco 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) expression in bladder afferents and study the effect of TRPV4 and TRPV1 antagonists, alone and in combination, in bladder hyperactivity and pain induced by cystitis.Material and MethodsTRPV4 expression in bladder afferents was analysed by immunohistochemistry in L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG), labelled by fluorogold injected in the urinary bladder. TRPV4 and TRPV1 co‐expression was also investigated in L6 DRG neurones of control rats and in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cystitis. The effect of TRPV4 antagonist RN1734 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791 on bladder hyperactivity and pain induced by cystitis was assessed by cystometry and visceral pain behaviour tests, respectively.ResultsTRPV4 is expressed in sensory neurones that innervate the urinary bladder. TRPV4‐positive bladder afferents represent a different population than the TRPV1‐expressing bladder afferents, as their co‐localisation was minimal in control and inflamed rats. While low doses of RN1734 and SB366791 (176.7 ng/kg and 143.9 ng/kg, respectively) had no effect on bladder activity, the co‐administration of the two totally reversed bladder hyperactivity induced by LPS. In these same doses, the antagonists partially reversed bladder pain behaviour induced by cystitis.ConclusionsTRPV4 and TRPV1 are present in different bladder afferent populations. The synergistic activity of antagonists for these receptors in very low doses may offer the opportunity to treat lower urinary tract symptoms while minimising the potential side‐effects of each drug.
Regulatory T cell microRNA expression changes in children with acute Kawasaki disease
Authors: Ni F-F , Li C-R , Li Q , Xia Y , Wang G-B , Yang J 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of systemic vasculitis syndrome related to immune dysfunction. Previous studies have implicated that dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Treg) may be associated with the immune dysfunction in KD. In the absence of microRNAs (miRNAs), forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg develop but fail to maintain immune homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of miR-155, miR-21 and miR-31 on Treg in children with KD. The proportions of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)-5 and pSTAT-3 protein in CD4+CD25+Treg were analysed by flow cytometry. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in plasma was measured by cytometric bead array. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of microRNAs and associated factors in CD4+CD25+Treg. The proportion of Treg and the mRNA levels of the associated factors [FoxP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor-receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4)] were significantly lower in KD patients (P &lt; 0·05). MiR-155 and miR-21 levels were significantly down-regulated and miR-31 expression was higher in KD patients (P &lt; 0·05). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations, pSTAT-3 protein levels and suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-1 mRNA expression were remarkably elevated in acute KD (P &lt; 0·05), while pSTAT-5 protein levels were remarkably decreased in acute KD (P &lt; 0·05). These findings were reversed after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (P &lt; 0·05). Our results demonstrate that FoxP3 mRNA levels were primarily affected by the miR-155/SOCS1 and the miR-31 signalling pathways. These results suggest that the decrease in FoxP3+Treg might be associated with decreased expression of miR-155, leading to aberrant SOCS1/STAT-5 signalling and overexpression of miR-31 in patients with acute KD.
Levels of somatic hypermutations in B cell receptors increase during childhood
Authors: Schatorjé E J H , Driessen G J , van Hout R W N M , van der Burg M , de Vries E 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is an important step in antigen-driven B cell development creating B lymphocytes expressing high-affinity antibody receptors. It is known that the peripheral B lymphocyte compartments of healthy children and adults differ considerably. However, the development of SHM with age has not been studied in detail previously. Therefore, we used the immunoglobulin (Ig)κ-restriction enzyme hot-spot mutation assay (Igκ-REHMA) to gain an estimation of SHM levels in different age groups in order to relate this to the size of the memory B lymphocyte subpopulations. We show that the level of SHM increases rapidly during the first 2 years of life. This reflects the changes of the memory B cell subpopulations, but also changes in the SHM within memory B cell subsets, probably reflecting an increase of secondary memory B cell responses.
Vectorising Bitmaps into Semi‐Transparent Gradient Layers
Authors: Richardt C. , Lopez‐Moreno J. , Bousseau A. , Agrawala M. , Drettakis G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present an interactive approach for decompositing bitmap drawings and studio photographs into opaque and semi‐transparent vector layers. Semi‐transparent layers are especially challenging to extract, since they require the inversion of the non‐linear compositing equation. We make this problem tractable by exploiting the parametric nature of vector gradients, jointly separating and vectorising semi‐transparent regions. Specifically, we constrain the foreground colours to vary according to linear or radial parametric gradients, restricting the number of unknowns and allowing our system to efficiently solve for an editable semi‐transparent foreground. We propose a progressive workflow, where the user successively selects a semi‐transparent or opaque region in the bitmap, which our algorithm separates as a foreground vector gradient and a background bitmap layer. The user can choose to decompose the background further or vectorise it as an opaque layer. The resulting layered vector representation allows a variety of edits, such as modifying the shape of highlights, adding texture to an object or changing its diffuse colour.
Bilinear Accelerated Filter Approximation
Authors: Manson Josiah , Schaefer Scott 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOur method approximates exact texture filtering for arbitrary scales and translations of an image while taking into account the performance characteristics of modern GPUs. Our algorithm is fast because it accesses textures with a high degree of spatial locality. Using bilinear samples guarantees that the texels we read are in a regular pattern and that we use a hardware accelerated path. We control the texel weights by manipulating the u, v parameters of each sample and the blend factor between the samples. Our method is similar in quality to Cardinality‐Constrained Texture Filtering [MS13] but runs two times faster.
Semi‐Automated Video Morphing
Authors: Liao Jing , Lima Rodolfo S. , Nehab Diego , Hoppe Hugues , Sander Pedro V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe explore creating smooth transitions between videos of different scenes. As in traditional image morphing, good spatial correspondence is crucial to prevent ghosting, especially at silhouettes. Video morphing presents added challenges. Because motions are often unsynchronized, temporal alignment is also necessary. Applying morphing to individual frames leads to discontinuities, so temporal coherence must be considered. Our approach is to optimize a full spatiotemporal mapping between the two videos. We reduce tedious interactions by letting the optimization derive the fine‐scale map given only sparse user‐specified constraints. For robustness, the optimization objective examines structural similarity of the video content. We demonstrate the approach on a variety of videos, obtaining results using few explicit correspondences.
Interactive Parameter Retrieval for Two‐Tone Procedural Textures
Authors: Gieseke L. , Koch S. , Hahn J.-U. , Fuchs M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe choice of parameters for procedural textures to achieve a desired appearance poses a challenging problem even for experienced artists. We propose a method to automatically determine such parameters to reproduce the appearance of input images. Addressing two‐tone textures, we separate the estimation of color and structure information and interpret the problem as image retrieval task from the space of procedural outputs. Applying a perceptually motivated image metric based on a texture descriptor enables us to precompute a comprehensive collection of possible parameter sets and yet achieve interactive retrieval performance. Our method supports a large variety of procedural texture models with a unified approach.
Layered Reconstruction for Defocus and Motion Blur
Authors: Munkberg Jacob , Vaidyanathan Karthik , Hasselgren Jon , Clarberg Petrik , Akenine‐Möller Tomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLight field reconstruction algorithms can substantially decrease the noise in stochastically rendered images. Recent algorithms for defocus blur alone are both fast and accurate. However, motion blur is a considerably more complex type of camera effect, and as a consequence, current algorithms are either slow or too imprecise to use in high quality rendering. We extend previous work on real‐time light field reconstruction for defocus blur to handle the case of simultaneous defocus and motion blur. By carefully introducing a few approximations, we derive a very efficient sheared reconstruction filter, which produces high quality images even for a low number of input samples. Our algorithm is temporally robust, and is about two orders of magnitude faster than previous work, making it suitable for both real‐time rendering and as a post‐processing pass for offline rendering.
Error analysis of estimators that use combinations of stochastic sampling strategies for direct illumination
Authors: Subr Kartic , Nowrouzezahrai Derek , Jarosz Wojciech , Kautz Jan , Mitchell Kenny 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a theoretical analysis of error of combinations of Monte Carlo estimators used in image synthesis. Importance sampling and multiple importance sampling are popular variance‐reduction strategies. Unfortunately, neither strategy improves the rate of convergence of Monte Carlo integration. Jittered sampling (a type of stratified sampling), on the other hand is known to improve the convergence rate. Most rendering software optimistically combine importance sampling with jittered sampling, hoping to achieve both. We derive the exact error of the combination of multiple importance sampling with jittered sampling. In addition, we demonstrate a further benefit of introducing negative correlations (antithetic sampling) between estimates to the convergence rate. As with importance sampling, antithetic sampling is known to reduce error for certain classes of integrands without affecting the convergence rate. In this paper, our analysis and experiments reveal that importance and antithetic sampling, if used judiciously and in conjunction with jittered sampling, may improve convergence rates. We show the impact of such combinations of strategies on the convergence rate of estimators for direct illumination.