bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similarity method for the study of strong shock waves in magnetogasdynamics
Authors: Arora Rajan , Yadav Sanjay , Siddiqui Mohd Junaid 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper, a non-dimensional unsteady adiabatic flow of a plane or cylindrical strong shock wave propagating in plasma is studied. The plasma is assumed to be an ideal gas with infinite electrical conductivity permeated by a transverse magnetic field. A self-similar solution of the problem is obtained in terms of density, velocity and pressure in the presence of magnetic field. We use the method of Lie group invariance to determine the class of self-similar solutions. The arbitrary constants, occurring in the expressions of the generators of the local Lie group of transformations, give rise to different cases of possible solutions with a power law, exponential or logarithmic shock paths. A particular case of the collapse of an imploding shock is worked out in detail. Numerical calculations have been performed to obtain the similarity exponents and the profiles of flow variables. Our results are found in good agreement with the known results. All computational work is performed by using software package MATHEMATICA.
Agents that increase AAM differentiation blunt RSV-mediated lung pathology
Authors: Shirey Kari Ann , Lai Wendy , Pletneva Lioubov M , Finkelman Fred D , Feola David J , Blanco Jorge C G , Vogel Stefanie N 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRSV is the most significant cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children worldwide. There is currently no vaccine for the virus, and antiviral therapy (e.g., ribavirin) has shown no efficacy against the disease. We reported that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) mediate resolution of RSV-induced pathology. AAM differentiation requires macrophage-derived IL-4 and -13, autocrine/paracrine signaling through the type I IL-4 receptor, and STAT6 activation. Based on these findings, we reasoned that it would be possible to intervene therapeutically in RSV disease by increasing AAM differentiation, thereby decreasing lung pathology. Mice treated with the IL-4/anti-IL-4 immune complexes, shown previously to sustain levels of circulating IL-4, increased the RSV-induced AAM markers arginase-1 and mannose receptor and decreased the lung pathology. Induction of PPARγ, shown to play a role in AAM development, by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone or treatment of mice with the macrolide antibiotic AZM, also reported to skew macrophage differentiation to an AAM phenotype, increased the AAM markers and mitigated RSV-induced lung pathology. Collectively, our data suggest that therapeutic manipulation of macrophage differentiation to enhance the AAM phenotype is a viable approach for ameliorating RSV-induced disease.
Strong Amphiphobic Porous Films with Oily-self-cleaning Property beyond Nature
Authors: Zeng Jiawen , Wang Ben , Zhang Yabin , Zhu Huan , Guo Zhiguang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The lotus leaf is known as one of the natural self-cleaning plants, which can easily roll off water but not oil droplets. Herein, a simple chemical bath deposition method to fabricate superhydrophobic and strong oleophobic surfaces was presented on porous substrates such as fabrics and nickel foams. The resultant substrates exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity and good oil repellency. More significantly, such surfaces possessed self-cleaning property for water, as well as to oils such as glycerol and rapeseed oil.
Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review
Authors: Cooper O. R. , Parrish D. D. , Ziemke J. , Balashov N. V. , Cupeiro M. , Galbally I. E. , Gilge S. , Horowitz L. , Jensen N. R. , Lamarque J.-F. , Naik V. , Oltmans S. J. , Schwab J. , Shindell D. T. , Thompson A. M. , Thouret V. , Wang Y. , Zbinden R. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTropospheric ozone plays a major role in Earth’s atmospheric chemistry processes and also acts as an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Due to its short lifetime, and dependence on sunlight and precursor emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources, tropospheric ozone’s abundance is highly variable in space and time on seasonal, interannual and decadal time-scales. Recent, and sometimes rapid, changes in observed ozone mixing ratios and ozone precursor emissions inspired us to produce this up-to-date overview of tropospheric ozone’s global distribution and trends. Much of the text is a synthesis of in situ and remotely sensed ozone observations reported in the peer-reviewed literature, but we also include some new and extended analyses using well-known and referenced datasets to draw connections between ozone trends and distributions in different regions of the world. In addition, we provide a brief evaluation of the accuracy of rural or remote surface ozone trends calculated by three state-of-the-science chemistry-climate models, the tools used by scientists to fill the gaps in our knowledge of global tropospheric ozone distribution and trends.
Targeting macrophage Histone deacetylase 3 stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions
Authors: Hoeksema Marten A , Gijbels Marion JJ , Van den Bossche Jan , van der Velden Saskia , Sijm Ayestha , Neele Annette E , Seijkens Tom , Stöger J Lauran , Meiler Svenja , Boshuizen Marieke CS , Dallinga‐Thie Geesje M , Levels Johannes HM , Boon Louis , Mullican Shannon E , Spann Nathanael J , Cleutjens Jack P , Glass Chris K , Lazar Mitchell A , de Vries Carlie JM , Biessen Erik AL , Daemen Mat JAP , Lutgens Esther , de Winther Menno PJ 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMacrophages are key immune cells found in atherosclerotic plaques and critically shape atherosclerotic disease development. Targeting the functional repertoire of macrophages may hold novel approaches for future atherosclerosis management. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized role of the epigenomic enzyme Histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in regulating the atherosclerotic phenotype of macrophages. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that myeloid Hdac3 deficiency promotes collagen deposition in atherosclerotic lesions and thus induces a stable plaque phenotype. Also, macrophages presented a switch to anti‐inflammatory wound healing characteristics and showed improved lipid handling. The pro‐fibrotic phenotype was directly linked to epigenetic regulation of the Tgfb1 locus upon Hdac3 deletion, driving smooth muscle cells to increased collagen production. Moreover, in humans, HDAC3 was the sole Hdac upregulated in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions, Hdac3 associated with inflammatory macrophages, and HDAC3 expression inversely correlated with pro‐fibrotic TGFB1 expression. Collectively, we show that targeting the macrophage epigenome can improve atherosclerosis outcome and we identify Hdac3 as a potential novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.
A Defined Zebrafish Line for High-Throughput Genetics and Genomics: NHGRI-1
Authors: LaFave Matthew C , Varshney Gaurav K , Vemulapalli Meghana , Mullikin James C , Burgess Shawn M 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSubstantial intrastrain variation at the nucleotide level complicates molecular and genetic studies in zebrafish, such as the use of CRISPRs or morpholinos to inactivate genes. In the absence of robust inbred zebrafish lines, we generated NHGRI-1, a healthy and fecund strain derived from founder parents we sequenced to a depth of ∼50×. Within this strain, we have identified the majority of the genome that matches the reference sequence and documented most of the variants. This strain has utility for many reasons, but in particular it will be useful for any researcher who needs to know the exact sequence (with all variants) of a particular genomic region or who wants to be able to robustly map sequences back to a genome with all possible variants defined.
Genetic Diversity in Introduced Populations with an Allee Effect
Authors: Wittmann Meike J , Gabriel Wilfried , Metzler Dirk 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA phenomenon that strongly influences the demography of small introduced populations and thereby potentially their genetic diversity is the demographic Allee effect, a reduction in population growth rates at small population sizes. We take a stochastic modeling approach to investigate levels of genetic diversity in populations that successfully overcame either a strong Allee effect, in which populations smaller than a certain critical size are expected to decline, or a weak Allee effect, in which the population growth rate is reduced at small sizes but not negative. Our results indicate that compared to successful populations without an Allee effect, successful populations with a strong Allee effect tend to (1) derive from larger founder population sizes and thus have a higher initial amount of genetic variation, (2) spend fewer generations at small population sizes where genetic drift is particularly strong, and (3) spend more time around the critical population size and thus experience more genetic drift there. In the case of multiple introduction events, there is an additional increase in diversity because Allee-effect populations tend to derive from a larger number of introduction events than other populations. Altogether, a strong Allee effect can either increase or decrease genetic diversity, depending on the average founder population size. By contrast, a weak Allee effect tends to decrease genetic diversity across the entire range of founder population sizes. Finally, we show that it is possible in principle to infer critical population sizes from genetic data, although this would require information from many independently introduced populations.
Population Genetic Consequences of the Allee Effect and the Role of Offspring-Number Variation
Authors: Wittmann Meike J , Gabriel Wilfried , Metzler Dirk 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A strong demographic Allee effect in which the expected population growth rate is negative below a certain critical population size can cause high extinction probabilities in small introduced populations. But many species are repeatedly introduced to the same location and eventually one population may overcome the Allee effect by chance. With the help of stochastic models, we investigate how much genetic diversity such successful populations harbor on average and how this depends on offspring-number variation, an important source of stochastic variability in population size. We find that with increasing variability, the Allee effect increasingly promotes genetic diversity in successful populations. Successful Allee-effect populations with highly variable population dynamics escape rapidly from the region of small population sizes and do not linger around the critical population size. Therefore, they are exposed to relatively little genetic drift. It is also conceivable, however, that an Allee effect itself leads to an increase in offspring-number variation. In this case, successful populations with an Allee effect can exhibit less genetic diversity despite growing faster at small population sizes. Unlike in many classical population genetics models, the role of offspring-number variation for the population genetic consequences of the Allee effect cannot be accounted for by an effective-population-size correction. Thus, our results highlight the importance of detailed biological knowledge, in this case on the probability distribution of family sizes, when predicting the evolutionary potential of newly founded populations or when using genetic data to reconstruct their demographic history.
Graphene Grown on Ion-Implanted 4H-SiC and an Effect of Pre-Plasma Treatment
Authors: Sugimachi Toru , Shiina Yusuke , Aoyagi Daiki , Nishimura Tomoaki , Nakamura Tohru 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT4H-SiC substrates were annealed at 1500 °C for 30 min in 0.01 MPa Ar gas flow to make a graphene film. To clarify the effect of Al ion implantation and pre-plasma treatment, the graphene was fabricated on four different kinds of SiC substrates: without plasma treatment, with plasma treatment, Al ion-implanted without plasma treatment and Al ion-implanted with plasma treatment. The graphene films were analyzed by AFM and Raman spectroscopy. The Al ion implanted sample, which was then processed by CF4 plasma, showed small surface roughness of 3.49 nm (RMS), while the sample without CF4 plasma treatment showed large surface roughness of 8.41nm. Similar results were also observed for SiC samples without Al ion implantation. In Raman spectra, strong D-band, G-band and 2D-band signals were detected on both ion-implanted samples after annealing at 1500 °C, but weak D-band were observed on both samples without Al ion implantation. Raman mapping (2D-FWHM) showed that the graphene on ion-implanted SiC treated with CF4 plasma was more homogeneous than the one without CF4 plasma treatment. Hall measurements for SiC without Al ion implantation showed that graphene on SiC treated with CF4 plasma has higher mobility (389 cm2/Vs) than that without plasma treatment (136 cm2/Vs). Additionally, p-type graphene can be fabricated on Al ion-implanted SiC by CF4 plasma treatment.
Quality of Diabetes Care in Primary Health Centres in North Al-Batinah of Oman
Authors: Al-Shafaee Mohammed , Al-Farsi Yousuf , Al-Kaabi Yousuf , Banerjee Yajnavalka , Al-Zadjali Najat , Al-Zakwani Ibrahim 
Published: July 2014

Objective:
To assess the quality of diabetic care provided in primary health care settings in Oman.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of randomly selected 500 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending 6 primary care diabetic clinics in the north Al-Batinah region of Oman from January to December 2010. Nine standards on the quality of diabetes care were audited.

Results:
The mean age of the sample was 51±13 years, ranging from 15 to 87 years; the majority (61%) were females. The mean duration of DM was 4±3 years, ranging from 1 to 18 years. Seventy-seven percent of the patients attended diabetic clinics at least 4 times per year. Of the 9 assessed diabetic standards, HbA1c was documented in 33% of the patients, body mass index in 12%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in 40%, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio in 28%, creatinine in 63% and blood pressure (BP) in 96%. Optimal control among the documented indicators was noted in 32, 21, 25, 85, 95 and 19%, respectively. Twenty percent of the patients had their ECGs done while only 39% of the patients had foot examination. No patient had attained control in all of HbA1c., BP and LDL-C.

Conclusion:
There is a gap between the recommended DM care guidelines and current practice with consequent poor quality of care in these patients.
Can We augment the US Trauma Fellow's Operative Training? The PTS Fellowship: A US Surgical Critical Care Fellow's Experience in Colombia
Authors: Aboutanos Michael , Peck Gregory Lance , Paula Ferrada , Joseph Hanna , Ferrada Ricardo , Christopher Dente 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
To send an American fellow surgeon to a Panamerican country and quantify operative skills acquisition.

Materials and methods
A second year surgical critical care fellow from a Level One Urban Trauma Center was sent to Cali, Colombia from April 1 to 21, 2013. The operative experience was evaluated. Total cases, first time cases, and first time procedures, defined as technical portions within trauma cases, were recorded.

Results
In 20 operative days, 172 total cases were performed in the following categories: burn 112, trauma 19, emergent general 16, elective general 14, plastics 8, and laparoscopic bariatric 3. First exposure operations included 46/112 burn cases, 8/8 trauma/burn reconstructive cases, 1/16 emergent general cases, 11/14 elective general cases, and 3/3 laparoscopic bariatric cases. Of the 19 total trauma operations (not including 2 amputations), 3 left anterolateral thoracotomies, 2 clamshell thoracotomies, 1 diagnostic laparoscopy, 1 open pericardial window, 10 exploratory laparotomies and 2 relaparotomies were performed. The 19 trauma operations consisted of 26 (not including the 2 amputations) procedures. Twenty-three percent were first time performed trauma procedures (6/26, not including amputations).
Nearly 9 (8.6) operations were performed per day. In five 12-hour shifts of trauma call, 19 operations were performed within 60 hours. One trauma operative case was performed for every 3.15 hours worked.

Conclusion
In the current era of American trauma training in which penetrating trauma and total number of operative cases is concentrated to specific centers in the United States, additional methods in education and experience should be sought for the American trauma fellow. This is the first reported international trauma fellow rotation in Cali, Colombia, with an operative experience very different than standard and current opportunities. Our experience serves as a potential template for future endeavors in surgical education.

How to cite this article
Peck GL, Paula F, Joseph H, Ferrada R, Christopher D, Ordonez C, Aboutanos M, Gracias V. Can We augment the US Trauma Fellow's Operative Training? The PTS Fellowship: A US Surgical Critical Care Fellow's Experience in Colombia. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):1-7.
Nutcracker Cuboid Fractures are never Isolated Injuries
Authors: Sharma Siddhartha 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Background
Cuboid fractures are rare injuries, and treatment methods are ill-defined. The term ‘nutcracker’ fracture denotes a comminuted fracture of the cuboid which can lead to significant lateral column shortening and pain if treated improperly. The published literature discusses these injures with implications of such fractures being isolated injuries, and little mention is made of the complex forefoot injuries associated. We believe that such fractures cannot occur in isolation and due attention is often not paid to associated foot instabilities/injuries which may be subtle at times. To validate our hypothesis, we present our evaluation of 12 such cases, all of which were part of a complex foot injury pattern and emphasize on appropriate treatment of associated foot injuries in such cases.

Materials and methods
From the trauma database of a level 1 trauma center, all cases of cuboid fracture were retrospectively identified, investigated for mechanism of injury, radiographs were reviewed, associated injuries in the foot were documented, and treatment methods applied were recorded.

Results
We identified 12 cases of cuboid fracture. There were 10 males and 2 females, mean age being 20.2 years (14-32 years). No cuboid fracture was found to be an isolated injury, and associated foot injuries included calcaneus fracture in 3 cases, Lisfranc injury in 3 cases and complex midfoot-forefoot injury in 6 cases. Eight cases (66.7%) were open and 4 (33.3%) were closed. Complications included superficial wound infection in 2 cases, deep infection in 1 case and reflex sympathetic dystrophy along with nonunion of the 1st and 2nd metatarsals in one case.

Conclusion
Our results substantiate the hypothesis that nutcracker cuboid fractures cannot occur in isolation and represent one part of a complex, high energy foot injury. In addition to maintaining length of the lateral column and fixing the cuboid, due attention must also be paid to the associated foot injuries, especially the medial column, so as to have a properly aligned, functional and painless foot.

How to cite this article
Sharma S, Dhillon MS, Sharma G, John R. Nutcracker Cuboid Fractures are never Isolated Injuries. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(1):9-11.
Nontraumatic Osteochondral Lesion of the Talar Head: A Case Report and Description of Operative Technique for Arthroscopic Debridement
Authors: Patel A , Mangwani J , Al-Jundi W , Askari A , Moore D 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome are well described. To our knowledge, there are no published reports of osteochondral lesion of the talar head. We report the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with a nontraumatic osteochondral lesion of talar head, which was treated with arthroscopic debridement and bone marrow stimulation. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was symptom free and the radiograph showed signs of healing of the lesion.

How to cite this article
Mangwani J, Patel A, Al-Jundi W, Askari A, Moore D. Nontraumatic Osteochondral Lesion of the Talar Head: A Case Report and Description of Operative Technique for Arthroscopic Debridement. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(1):34-37.
Voyage à Chernivtsi ou retour à Czernowitz ?
Authors: Heymann Florence 
Published: July 2014

Le tourisme des racines, qui s’est tout particulièrement développé cette dernière décennie, possède une fonction de quête identitaire liée à la nostalgie des lieux de l’enfance. Cet article évoque des expériences de retour à Czernowitz, capitale de la Bucovine du Nord, aujourd’hui Chernivtsi en Ukraine, et tente de montrer de quel espace et de quel temps les originaires parlent lorsqu’ils évoquent la ville des racines. Ces questions sont abordées à partir de deux types de pratiques : la première, « désincarnée », celle du cyberespace, est appréhendée à travers une listserv, la Czernowitz-L, qui regroupe des originaires de Czernowitz et leurs descendants; la seconde, « incarnée », concerne certaines expériences de retour à Chernivtsi, cette fois. Dans les deux cas, sont mis en lumière les multiples paradoxes qui accompagnent ces échanges et ces pèlerinages. Enfin, est esquissée la question de l’évolution de la nostalgie selon la place des acteurs dans la succession des générations.
Touristes, autochtones et fakapale à Tonga
Authors: Condevaux Aurélie 
Published: July 2014

Depuis les travaux de MacCannell (1973), un grand nombre de recherches ont souligné que certains touristes sont motivés par une quête d’« authenticité ». Cette dernière, pensent-ils, peut être atteinte en se mêlant aux populations autochtones des lieux visités. Cet article montre, à travers un cas d’étude tongien, que la participation commune d’autochtones et de touristes à une même activité ne suscite pas nécessairement un sentiment d’authenticité chez ces derniers. Les matériaux appuyant cette réflexion ont été recueillis lors d’enquêtes de terrain menées à Tonga, en Polynésie occidentale. Cet archipel, maintenu relativement à l’écart des grandes routes touristiques, est une destination prisée par les touristes désireux de rencontrer les populations locales. Les performances de danses proposées dans divers hôtels sont l’une des occasions, pour les touristes, de participer à une activité commune avec les Tongiens, ces derniers étant également spectateurs de ces représentations. La présence d’autochtones, pourtant recherchée par les touristes dans leur quête d’authenticité, est susceptible d’engendrer plus de malaise et de confusion que de satisfaction.
De la difficulté de développer le tourisme solidaire en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Principaud Jean-Philippe 
Published: July 2014

Comme dans beaucoup de pays du sud, des formes de tourismes dits alternatifs se mettent en place où la « rencontre » avec les autochtones a plus ou moins lieu, mais où la lutte contre la pauvreté est une réelle préoccupation. Nous revenons dans le cas en présence, sur l’expérience déjà ancienne, à un moment interrompu pour cause de sévère rébellion, du « tourisme rural intégré » en pays Diola, en Basse-Casamance.
Pour bien comprendre la situation actuelle des campements villageois de cette région naturelle du sud du Sénégal, nous nous plongeons dans les origines de ce concept de « tourisme rural intégré » et nous revenons sur les difficultés du développement de ce tourisme solidaire avant l’heure.
Malgré les efforts du gouvernement sénégalais depuis le début de cette expérience et lors de l’alternance politique pour mettre fin au conflit casamançais, la relance de ces campements semble plutôt difficile.
Le manque d’organisation et de professionnalisme des différents acteurs se ressent, en dépit d’un diagnostic et de propositions établis par des acteurs avisés. Le potentiel de la région, notamment en produits écotouristiques, apparaît comme suffisant pour assurer des revenus à ces populations déjà habituées à recevoir des touristes. Aussi faudrait-il que tous les acteurs concernés travaillent dans la même direction.