bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E&P Technology Transfer: The Key to Success
Authors: Reinart Michael R. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Petroleum industry technology has historically been transferred in very conventional ways. The technology-transfer methods used most often were reading printed materials, attending schools or conferences, and transferring personnel. These methods are effective but time consuming and costly. Transferring technology through activities that are embedded in the person's job is becoming common. The benefits of simultaneous learning and applying that knowledge are significant. Many people and organizations have struggled with their ability to disseminate new technology and apply new techniques. Improving the cost effectiveness of technology transfer will help many E&P companies be successful in the future. Companies that continuously improve their technology-transfer process will capture more growth opportunities.

Background
For a significant part of the petroleum industry's early history, technical information was shared through print media, formal training, and personnel movement. These techniques required a strong commitment of personnel time and were adequate until now. Slim product margins and competition have forced technology-transfer methods to become more efficient.
The assortment of printed information available to the technical professional is enormous. Libraries and offices are full of textbooks, technical papers, monographs, and technical manuals. Many of the latest technology advancements are well documented in the literature. In today's environment, even dedicated professionals simply do not have the time to keep up with the large number of books, journals, and papers that are being published.
Many engineers and geoscientists will attribute much of their technical learning to attending schools and conferences. University and industry courses are well-established sources for technical training. Likewise, individuals use industry conferences, symposiums, seminars, and forums as an excellent source for ongoing technology enhancement. Most of these offerings are focused on topics that are critical to the experienced professional. However, these activities are considered by many as expensive and time consuming. For years, the primary focus was on the associated expenses to attend these sessions. However, concern for the time commitment involved has become increasingly important.
Frequent personnel relocations have been common throughout much of this industry's history. Most transfers are motivated by the desire to place the person with the right skills in the proper assignment to meet changing conditions. However, the ongoing reduction of operating expenses has impacted the frequency of personnel relocations. Companies in the E&P industry are now challenged with finding ways to accomplish these same benefits at a reduced cost.
Underground Storage Operations
Authors: Knepper G.A. 
Published: June 2014

Technology Today Series articles provide useful summary information on both classic and emerging concepts in petroleum engineering. Purpose: To provide the general reader with a basic understanding of a significant concept, technique, or development within a specific area of technology.

HISTORY AND GROWTH
The underground storage of natural gas, which began on an ongoing basis in the Zoar field, south of Buffalo, New York, in 1916, has grown to become a large and essential part of the natural gas delivery system. Early growth was slow because the industry itself grew at a slow pace. By 1925, only four pools with a total capacity of 7 Bcf were in use. This number increased to 15 pools by 1935, with 39 Bcf of capacity. The late 1930's saw the beginning of significant growth in both the number and capacity of these pools, and 75 pool sand 251 Bcf of storage capacity had developed by 1945. Another 10 years saw these figures more than double to 178 pools and 1,849 Bcf. This post-war expansion continued as natural gas became more widely used and pipeline expansion brought more and more gas into the northeast and other sections of the U.S. where it had not been previously available or where local supplies were declining.
This rapid expansion of storage continued through 1965, with 293 pools and3,942 Bcf of capacity; by 1975, 376 pools were in use storing a total of 6,644Bcf of gas. Expansion has slowed somewhat since then, with approximately 400pools holding 7,800 Bcf by 1990 (Fig. 1). The location of these pools has also spread rapidly, with 27 states now having gas-storage pools. Much of this storage capacity is concentrated near large market areas in the middle Atlantic and north-central parts of the U.S. Storage has also become very important in the Canadian gas industry, which now has more than 30 pools holding 579 Bcf of gas. The facilities required for the gas-storage segment of the natural gas industry are also very significant, with approximately 18,500 gas-storage well sand 350 compressor stations with 1.75 million hp.
Advantages, Costs, and Pitfalls of International Drills and Exercises
Authors: Neilson David E. 
Published: June 2014

This paper (SPE 50156) is an edited version of SPE 46743, first presented at the 1998 SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production held in Caracas, 7 10 June. Original manuscript received 24 March 1998. This paper has not been peer reviewed.

Summary
This paper analyzes the benefits, financial implications, and potential drawbacks of the oil industry's holding response exercises and drills. The paper gives guidelines on how to maximize the investment in both financial terms and personal effort. In addition, drivers, objectives, and who should do what are discussed. We provide personal experience to show the reader how to avoid problems and overcome issues in development and management of drills internationally.
The paper looks at what is expected in different parts of the world and what really is required for best industry and government preparedness. Changing trends of expectations, requirements, and what really works worldwide are also explored. The scope of industry operations covered in the paper is upstream E&P activities and transportation. Also covered are the effectiveness of the numbers of people involved; innovative use of exercise input; and some low-cost, but effective, options.
Pitfalls that could devalue the drill are also discussed, including such problems as industry and governments not being equally skilled in such issues as response management and the ability to draw on appropriate resources. In certain cases, these problems can defeat the initial objectives of holding the drill. Guidance is also given on how to decide which organizations should be involved in the development and planning phases of the exercise and when they should be involved. Finally, opinions are given on why industry carries out drills, what the benefits should be, whether it is worthwhile, and how well it should be done.
P. 54
Real-Time Geosteering in the Tern Field for Optimum Multilateral Well Placement
Authors: Roberts M.J. , Kirkwood A. , Bedford J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Tern oil field is located in the North Sea and has been producing from Brent Group sands since 1989. Initially, conventional development techniques were used to exploit the Etive Formation which exhibited excellent reservoir characteristics. Since 1995, development focused on the exploitation of poorer quality formations such as the Rannoch and Upper Ness, through an asset based approach to field management. This has realized significant improvements in profitability thanks to deployment of advanced techniques in reservoir definition and exploitation methodologies.
The ability to efficiently exploit sands as thin as 10 ft through multilateral horizontal drilling has led to fundamentally different and improved development opportunities to enhance profitability. This paper describes the Geosteering technology and methodology used for its effective deployment in multilateral well TA16.
At all stages of the operation, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted with close cooperation between operator and integrated service company personnel. Prior to drilling the lateral, detailed computer based geological models were used to define the target in 3D space and to indicate the relative value of logging while drilling (LWD) measurements to the operation. This was achieved by assigning petrophysical properties to each geological layer and convolving the model with appropriate tool response functions along the planned well trajectory. The results of this exercise confirmed the need for a real time porosity measurement for confident geosteering decision making. Consequently a while drilling density neutron tool was included together with resistivity, gamma ray and directional tools to maximize potential net pay rewards in the well.
During drilling, real time LWD data were evaluated by the shore-based asset team and corrective geosteering action taken for observed changes in reservoir quality, dip and sub seismic faults. As a result, the well was successfully drilled in a 10 ft thick oil sweet spot in the Rannoch formation and completed over an 800 ft interval flowing dry oil at rates significantly above plan.
P. 281
Integrated Risk Management: The Millennium Key to Sustainable Development
Authors: Smith A.L. 
Published: June 2014

This paper (SPE 51006) was revised for publication from paper SPE 46868, first presented at the 1998 SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production held in Caracas, 7 10 June. Original manuscript received 24 March 1998. This paper has not been peer reviewed.

Introduction
Health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks and their management concern the international oil and gas E&P industry. The main objective of integrated risk management is to contribute significantly to achieving business objectives and thereby provide the key to sustainable development in the next millennium. Risk management is defined as "the process whereby decisions are made to accept a known or assessed risk and/or the implementation of actions to reduce the consequences or probability of occurrence." It is not simply reduction of risk. A more realistic objective would be to strike an appropriate balance at the conceptual stage between benefits from reduced risk, expense of that reduction, and gains from the enterprise. An objective judgment can then be made on how to operate to optimize the level of risk on a day-to-day basis. Some risks, however, are simply unacceptable and therefore not a matter of compromise or optimization. As with all management, risk management is concerned with setting and achieving goals that support overall company or societal goals.
P. 73
Well Examination Self Regulation in a Goal-Setting Environment
Authors: King G.W. , Dobson J.D. 
Published: June 2014

This paper (SPE 51318) was revised for publication from paper SPE 39381, first presented at the 1998 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference held in Dallas, 3 6 March. Original manuscript received 19 December 1997. This paper has not been peer reviewed.

Summary
Safety in the offshore oil and gas industry in the U.K. is now enforced through a system of goal-setting regulations that require companies to set standards, then demonstrate how these are achieved. Within this system, the safety of wells and well work is controlled by a requirement that operators develop and apply well-examination schemes where work programs are reviewed by independent, competent examiners. This paper describes the previously used scheme based on explicit government approval; the relevant elements of the goal-setting environment; and how well-examination schemes have been developed, how they operate, and the impact of well examination for companies working in the U.K.
P. 54
To Determine Herschel-Bulkley Coefficients
Authors: Klotz James A. , Brigham William E. 
Published: June 2014

E&P Exchange
This article presents a straightforward, accurate method for determining the three coefficients of the Herschel-Bulkley equation from six-speed Fannviscometer data. Within the past several years, the Herschel-Bulkley, oryield-power-law, equation has gained acceptance as a better descriptor of drilling-fluid viscosity than either the Bingham plastic or power-law equations. The Herschel-Bulkley equation has three coefficients. The drilling-fluid literature, however, does not seem to contain a good method for calculating these coefficients from the data points obtained from a Fannsix-speed VG meter.
We present the following equations for making that calculation.
Obviously, such a search can be automated by means of a computer search program. Table 1 and Fig. 1 illustrate results of such a calculation with some of the Ref. 1 Fann viscometer data.
The Herschel-Bulkley coefficients in Table 1 were calculated with Eqs. 1 and2. The curves of Fig. 1 were then calculated with these coefficients. As can be seen, the curves go through data points very well. Where the data are notsmooth enough to be fit exactly with a three-coefficient curve, this calculation method results in a curve that has as many data points above as below the curve.
The Environmental Impact Factor - a proposed tool for produced water impact reduction, management and regulation
Authors: Johnsen S. , Frost T. K. , Hjelsvold Mona , Utvik Toril Røe , Hydro Norsk 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Norwegian government issued in 1998 White Paper No. 58 followed by the "Zero discharge report" requiring the oil industry operating in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea to develop a strategy for reaching "zero environmental harmful discharges" of produced water (PW) within 2005. As a result Miljøsok proposed to develop a management tool based on environmental risk and hazard assessment to identify the most potential environmentally harmful discharges of PW, and to quantify the environmental benefit of different actions to reduce these. The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) working group for PW was asked to develop the Environmental Impact Factor (EIF), and the tool has so far been applied for PW management on a single platform level. The plan is to elevate this work to a regional scale in order to compare the potential benefit of measures to reduce PW discharges in the whole area, and to form a basis for a cost-effective total approach to PW management.
The EIF is based on a combined environmental risk and hazard assessment of PW discharges, accounting for both composition and amount of the discharge. The EIF is also linked to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies in the area and the environmental monitoring programme for the water column, initiated in 1999.
Determination of the EIF for a single platform allows the operator to rank the available technologies for PW discharge reduction on a cost-benefit basis. The EIF identifies the source of potential environmental damage and quantifies the benefit of any action taken to reduce this. Technologies like PW re-injection, treatment and removal or replacement of process chemicals can thus be ranked based on cost and environmental benefit.
The Power of Being Public Lessons Learned From a Reversed Merger
Authors: Darden Glenn 
Published: June 2014

Summary
The late 1990's marked an increase in corporate consolidation, especially in the oil and gas industry. As E&P companies emerged as mega-majors and super-independents were born, the mid-size and smaller independents faced finding creative ways to compete.
In 1998, when the window of opportunity was narrowing for companies to go public, Fort Worth-based Quicksilver Resources Inc. began negotiations with MSR Exploration Ltd. on a reverse merger as a way to become a publicly traded company. In this case, Quicksilver purchased a public company (MSR) for common shares and the stockholders of Quicksilver controlled a majority of the newly formed company's common stock.

Due Diligence
Ironically, Quicksilver's strategy did not start with the intention of acquiring a public company. In fact, the management of this private, closely held family business was simply seeking avenues for growth with all options open for consideration. Quicksilver considered initiating a traditional initial public offering (IPO), but the financial climate for oil and gas companies was stormy. Access to capital was critical and the company was pursuing alliances with larger financing companies. In 1997, discussion over property asset acquisitions eventually led to the boards of Quicksilver and MSR determining that a merger of the two companies would be mutually beneficial. Both companies had contiguous producing properties in northern Montana. Negotiations began in late 1998, at a time when only two oil and gas companies were pursuing traditional IPO's, suggesting that timing wasn't right for Quicksilver to do the same. Quicksilver recognized that the reverse-merger option appeared to be the reasonable, near-term solution for Quicksilver's aspiration for growth, unless the company waited for the cycle to change.
Technology Innovation for Determining Surface Roughness in Pipes
Authors: Farshad Fred F. , Rieke H.H. 
Published: June 2014

Technology Today Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.

Abstract
Since 1995, several petroleum companies have actively sponsored research on how internal-surface wall-roughness texture affects the flow of fluids in oil-country tubular goods (OCTGs). The research goal focuses on the development and application of new technologies in combating the effects of pipe corrosion, establishing new piping materials and coatings, increasing the ease of fluid flow in pipes, and validating such improvements. A result of the research is a newly developed surface-roughness correlation for modern pipes.

Introduction
Currently, one area of focus is on achieving infrastructure-cost reductions in the transport of gas and oil through pipelines. Profilometer technology is a good example of one such application that is being adapted from the metal fabrication/manufacturing industry to measure the internal-surface roughness of piping. Internal-surface roughness impedes the dynamic transfer of fluids and is a major factor in the optimization of production tubing and pipeline utilization. Corrosion creates scale and pits along the walls of the piping, which in turn impedes flow and creates a loss of pipewall integrity. Other irregularities result from cutting tools, chatter, abrasive cleaning and preening operations, plating, anodizing, and chemical milling during manufacturing. The roughness of a solid surface is defined as any departure of the actual surface from an ideal datum level known as the nominal level. Surface profiling gauges the ups and downs of a surface, which the human eye cannot discern. The method results in a quick and easy way of calculating the pipe's friction factor. This method is a major step forward in production-tubing and pipeline design. The elimination of expensive and time-consuming flow-loop testing is the most obvious advantage of this technology.
Recent Developments in Application of Artificial Intelligence in Petroleum Engineering
Authors: Mohaghegh Shahab D. 
Published: June 2014

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized to be experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.

Abstract
With the recent interest and enthusiasm in the industry toward smart wells, intelligent fields, and real-time analysis and interpretation of large amounts of data for process optimization, our industry's need for powerful, robust, and intelligent tools has significantly increased. Operations such as asset evaluation; 3D- and 4D-seismic-data interpretation; complex multilateral-drilling design and implementation; log interpretation; building of geologic models; well-test design, implementation, and interpretation; reservoir modeling; and simulation are being integrated to result in comprehensive reservoir management. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), in its many integrated flavors from neural networks to genetic optimization to fuzzy logic, has made solid steps toward becoming more accepted in the mainstream of the oil and gas industry. In a recent set of JPT articles, fundamentals of these technologies were discussed. This article covers some of the most recent and advanced uses of intelligent systems in our industry and discusses their potential role in our industry's future.

Introduction
On the basis of recent developments, it is becoming clear that our industry has realized the immense potential offered by intelligent systems. Our daily life as petroleum professionals is full of battling highly complex and dynamic problems and making high-stakes decisions. Moreover, with the advent of new sensors that are permanently placed in the wellbore, very large amounts of data that carry important and vital information are now available. To make the most of these exotic hardware tools, one must have access to proper software to process the data in real time. Intelligent systems in their many flavors are the only viable techniques capable of bringing real-time analysis and decision-making power to the new hardware.
Ornamental plants as climatic indicators of arthropod vectors
Authors: Bede-Fazekas Àkos , Tràjer Attila Jànos 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The importance and risk of vector-borne diseases (e.g., leishmaniasis, West Nile Virus, Lyme borreliosis) is going to increase in the European temperate areas due to climate change. Our previous studies have shown that the potential distribution of Leishmania infantum and some Phlebotomus (sand fly) species - a parasite of leishmaniasis, and its vectors - may be expanded even to the southern coastline of the Baltic Sea by the end of the 21st century. The lowland areas of the Carpathian Basin and the main part of Hungary are projected to be suitable for the studied sand fly vectors in the near future. It is important to find some indicator plants to examine whether the sand flies are able to live in a certain climate at a certain time. We studied several Mediterranean and Sub-Mediterranean plant species, and we found that the aggregated distribution of three ligneous species (Juniperus oxycedrus L., Quercus ilex L. and Pinus brutia Ten.) shows high correlation with the union distribution of five sand flies (Phlebotomus ariasi Tonn., Ph. neglectus Tonn., Ph. perfiliewi Parrot, Ph. perniciosus Newst. and Ph. tobbi Adler, Theodor et Lourie). Since these Mediterranean species are highly tolerant of the edaphic characteristics of the planting site, they may prove to be good indicators. The present and upcoming climate of Hungary is seen to be suitable for the selected indicator plant species, and it draws attention to and verifies the potential of the expansion of sand flies, which has been proved by some recent observations of the vectors in Southern Hungary.