bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modular Access to Tetrasubstituted Imidazolium Salts through Acid‐Catalyzed Addition of Isocyanides to Propargylamines
Authors: Ghashghaei Ouldouz , Revés Marc , Kielland Nicola , Lavilla Rodolfo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPropargylamines, prepared through A3‐coupling of primary amines, aldehydes and terminal alkynes, react with isocyanides in an HCl‐catalyzed process to yield tetrasubstituted imidazolium salts. The key step of the mechanism involves the generation of an amidine intermediate, from the isocyanide insertion into the N–H bond of the propargylamine, which in situ evolves by cyclization upon the alkyne moiety. The scope of the process is analyzed and only shows restrictions for aliphatic amines, whereas it is quite general regarding the aldehyde, alkyne and isocyanide inputs. The protocol allows the preparation of a wide array of adducts, tandem one‐pot processes being also feasible. Mechanistic studies using selected substrates have been used to determine the profile of the reaction and some substitution and functional group limitations. Some post‐synthetic transformations of the imidazolium salts have been performed as well.
Experimental Study on Waste Heat Energy Harvesting using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT‐5H) Pyroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Vaish Manish , Sharma Manish , Vaish Rahul , Chauhan Vishal Singh 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThermal energy harvesting using the pyroelectric effect is becoming a prominent area of research. In the present study, an experimental investigation was performed using PbZrxTi1‐xO3 (PZT‐5H) ceramics, and hot/cold oil baths were used to create a continuous temporal temperature profile. The hot and cold bath temperatures were 120 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The maximum generated voltage was 11.56 V across load capacitance of 10 μF (without load resistance) in 180 s time. The maximum power obtained was 5.81 μW for a 4.7 μF load capacitance and 5 MΩ load resistance.
The extramacrochaetae gene is required for blastokinesis in silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Chai Dezhi , Wang Cailian , Li Qing , Lei Jinfeng , Yang Min , Dai Fangyin , Lu Cheng 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), blastokinesis results in embryo reversal from ventrally to dorsally convex flexion. In this study, we showed that the extramacrochaetae (emc) gene is required for blastokinesis in silkworm. Depletion of Bmemc expression via RNA interference led to severe phenotypic defects in blastokinesis. The defective embryos failed to invert their body sides during blastokinesis. This caused the posterior half of the abdomen to abnormally fold back toward the dorsal side, forming a U‐shaped morphology. Dorsal closure was also disrupted. Our results suggest that Bmemc is involved in blastokinesis of silkworm embryos. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 405–409, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in written sign‐out composition across hospitalization
Authors: Miller Donna M. , Schapira Marilyn M. , Visotcky Alexis M. , Laud Purushottam , Arora Vineet M. , Kordus Andrew , Whittle Jeff , Singh Siddhartha , Fletcher Kathlyn E. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDInaccurate or incomplete information in the written portion of the patient handoff, or sign‐out, may be associated with adverse events in hospitalized patients. Little is known about what information providers actually include in written sign‐out documents and how sign‐outs change over time.OBJECTIVES(1) Provide a descriptive analysis of initial and subsequent hospital day‐written sign‐out content, and (2) evaluate the relationship between team workload and sign‐out composition.DESIGNRetrospective review of sign‐out documents from a larger observational study of general medicine patients admitted to housestaff and hospitalist teams at 3 hospitals.MAIN MEASURESThe presence of 13 components of a high‐quality sign‐out. We performed descriptive analyses and compared initial and subsequent day sign‐outs for content.KEY RESULTSWe reviewed 200 patient hospitalizations (200 initial handoffs, 580 subsequent day handoffs). Initial sign‐out entries contained a mean of 7.54 (standard deviation: 2.27) key sign‐out components. Subsequent day sign‐outs contained a higher percentage of certain key elements but had more vague language. The number of elements present in the sign‐out was reduced as patient census increased (r = −0.295, P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSSign‐out composition changes over time, and is associated with workload. Future interventions to improve quality should take these factors into consideration. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:534–536. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The challenges of type 1 diabetes in older people
Authors: Kilvert Anne , Fox Charles 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOver 200 000 people in England and Wales have type 1 diabetes. After the discovery of insulin, it became clear that people with diabetes had a reduced life expectancy and in the 1950s someone with type 1 diabetes might only expect to live until their sixth decade before they died from diabetic complications. Since then, longevity has increased and significant numbers are living into their eighth decade.In 1985, Diabetes UK introduced the Nabarro medal for those who had lived with the condition for more than 50 years and, as evidence of increased life expectancy, the Macleod medal has been awarded since 2004 to survivors who have taken insulin for more than 70 years. In 2003, the Golden Years Study used data from 400 Nabarro medalists to provide important insights into the factors influencing longevity.Age impacts on people's ability to manage diabetes, particularly if accompanied by geriatric complications, such as dementia and frailty. There is a lack of research evidence on which to base guidelines for care in frail type 1 patients, but international diabetes organisations recognise the importance of this vulnerable group and have developed guidance for glycaemic targets and cardiovascular risk modification.We put forward recommendations which recognise the need to individualise treatment. These emphasise the importance of providing education and training for professionals responsible for older people with type 1 diabetes to ensure that they can manage this condition with safety and understanding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons.
Scaffolding learning by modelling: The effects of partially worked‐out models
Authors: Mulder Yvonne G. , Bollen Lars , de Jong Ton , Lazonder Ard W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCreating executable computer models is a potentially powerful approach to science learning. Learning by modelling is also challenging because students can easily get overwhelmed by the inherent complexities of the task. This study investigated whether offering partially worked‐out models can facilitate students’ modelling practices and promote learning. Partially worked‐out models were expected to aid model construction by revealing the overall structure of the model, and thus enabling student to create better models and learn from the experience. This assumption was tested in high school biology classes where students modelled the human glucose‐insulin regulatory system. Students either received support in the form of a partial model that outlined the basic structure of the glucose‐insulin system (PM condition; n = 26), an extended partial model that also contained a set of variables students could use to complete the model (PM+ condition; n = 21), or no support (control condition; n = 23). Results showed a significant knowledge increase from pretest to posttest in all conditions. Consistent with expectations, knowledge gains were higher in the two partial model conditions than in the control condition. Students in both partial model conditions also ran their model more often to check its accuracy, and eventually built better models than students from the control condition. Comparison between the PM and PM+ conditions showed that more extensive support further increased knowledge acquisition, model quality, and model testing activities. Based on these findings, it was concluded that partial solutions can support learning by modelling, and that offering both a structure of a model and a list of variables yields the best results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53:502–523, 2016
Clinical characteristics of megaconial congenital muscular dystrophy due to choline kinase beta gene defects in a series of 15 patients
Authors: Haliloglu Goknur , Talim Beril , Sel Cigdem Genc , Topaloglu Haluk 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA new form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) with multisystem involvement and characteristic mitochondrial structural changes, due to choline kinase beta (CHKB) gene defects has been characterized by intellectual disability, autistic features, ichthyosis‐like skin changes, and dilated cardiomyopathy. We define the clinical characteristics in 15 patients, from 14 unrelated families with so‐called ‘megaconial CMD’, all having mutations in CHKB. Core clinical phenotype included global developmental delay prominent in gross‐motor and language domains, severe intellectual disability (ID), and/or muscle weakness in all cases. Muscle biopsies were equivocally ‘megaconial’ in all. Other peculiarities were: ichthyosis‐like skin changes (n = 11), increased serum CK levels (n = 12), microcephaly (n = 6), dysmorphic facial features (n = 7), neonatal hypotonia (n = 3), seizures (n = 3), epileptiform activity without clinically overt seizures (n = 2), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 2), decreased left ventricular systolic function (n = 2), congenital heart defects (n = 3), sensorineural (n = 1), and conductive hearing loss (n = 1). Ten patients had cranial neuroimaging (MRI‐MRS) study, which was notably normal in all, other than one patient having a decreased choline: creatine peak. Intra‐familial variability in clinical expression of the disease is noted in four families. Two siblings from the same family, one presenting with global developmental delay and dilated cardiomyopathy, and the other with ichthyosis, ID and proximal weakness without cardiomyopathy died at the ages of 2 years 1 month, and 7 years 4 months respectively. Evolution was progressive (n = 13) and static (n = 2).
Combined social cognitive and neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies in schizophrenia: neuropsychological and psychopathological influences on Theory of Mind improvement
Authors: Bechi M. , Bosia M. , Spangaro M. , Buonocore M. , Cocchi F. , Pigoni A. , Piantanida M. , Guglielmino C. , Bianchi L. , Smeraldi E. , Cavallaro R. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundNeurocognitive and social cognitive impairments represent important treatment targets in schizophrenia, as they are significant predictors of functional outcome. Different rehabilitative interventions have recently been developed, addressing both cognitive and psychosocial domains. Although promising, results are still heterogeneous and predictors of treatment outcome are not yet identified. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of two newly developed social cognitive interventions, respectively based on the use of videotaped material and comic strips, combined with domain-specific Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). We also analysed possible predictors of training outcome, including basal neurocognitive performance, the degree of cognitive improvement after CRT and psychopathological variables.MethodSeventy-five patients with schizophrenia treated with CRT, were randomly assigned to: social cognitive training (SCT) group, Theory of Mind Intervention (ToMI) group, and active control group (ACG).ResultsANOVAs showed that SCT and ToMI groups improved significantly in ToM measures, whereas the ACG did not. We reported no influences of neuropsychological measures and improvement after CRT on changes in ToM. Both paranoid and non-paranoid subjects improved significantly after ToMI and SCT, without differences between groups, despite the better performance in basal ToM found among paranoid patients. In the ACG only non-paranoid patients showed an improvement in non-verbal ToM.ConclusionResults showed that both ToMI and SCT are effective in improving ToM in schizophrenia with no influence of neuropsychological domains. Our data also suggest that paranoid symptoms may discriminate between different types of ToM difficulties in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychological Profiles Differ among the Three Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Butts Alissa M. , Machulda Mary M. , Duffy Joseph R. , Strand Edythe A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Josephs Keith A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe the neuropsychological profiles of the three variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Based on a comprehensive speech and language evaluation, 91 subjects were classified as logopenic (lvPPA=51), semantic (svPPA=13), or agrammatic (agPPA=27). All subjects completed a separate neuropsychological evaluation assessing verbal and visual memory, processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial function. The groups did not differ on demographic variables or on measures of disease duration or aphasia severity. There were group differences on aspects of learning and memory, as well as aspects of executive and visuospatial functions, primarily with the lvPPA group performing lower than the agPPA and svPPA groups. The agPPA group showed subtle deficits consistent with frontal lobe impairment, whereas neurocognitive weaknesses in the svPPA group were restricted to temporal lobe functions. The pattern of neurocognitive dysfunction in lvPPA suggests disease involvement of frontal lobe functions in addition to temporoparietal functions. These neurocognitive findings emphasize the value of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of individuals who present with primary language disturbance, given the pattern of cognitive deficits may provide additive information for differentiating these clinical syndromes. (JINS, 2015, 21, 429–435)
Spin-stripe phase in a frustrated zigzag spin-1/2 chain
Authors: Pregelj M. , Zorko A. , Zaharko O. , Nojiri H. , Berger H. , Chapon L. C. , Arčon D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMotifs of periodic modulations are encountered in a variety of natural systems, where at least two rival states are present. In strongly correlated electron systems, such behaviour has typically been associated with competition between short- and long-range interactions, for example, between exchange and dipole–dipole interactions in the case of ferromagnetic thin films. Here we show that spin-stripe textures may develop also in antiferromagnets, where long-range dipole–dipole magnetic interactions are absent. A comprehensive analysis of magnetic susceptibility, high-field magnetization, specific heat and neutron diffraction measurements unveils β-TeVO4 as a nearly perfect realization of a frustrated (zigzag) ferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain. Notably, a narrow spin-stripe phase develops at elevated magnetic fields due to weak frustrated short-range interchain exchange interactions, possibly assisted by the symmetry-allowed electric polarization. This concept provides an alternative route for the stripe formation in strongly correlated electron systems and may help understanding of other widespread, yet still elusive, stripe-related phenomena.
Microrobotic tentacles with spiral bending capability based on shape-engineered elastomeric microtubes
Authors: Paek Jungwook , Cho Inho , Kim Jaeyoun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicroscale soft-robots hold great promise as safe handlers of delicate micro-objects but their wider adoption requires micro-actuators with greater efficiency and ease-of-fabrication. Here we present an elastomeric microtube-based pneumatic actuator that can be extended into a microrobotic tentacle. We establish a new, direct peeling-based technique for building long and thin, highly deformable microtubes and a semi-analytical model for their shape-engineering. Using them in combination, we amplify the microtube’s pneumatically-driven bending into multi-turn inward spiraling. The resulting micro-tentacle exhibit spiraling with the final radius as small as ~185 μm and grabbing force of ~0.78 mN, rendering itself ideal for non-damaging manipulation of soft, fragile micro-objects. This spiraling tentacle-based grabbing modality, the direct peeling-enabled elastomeric microtube fabrication technique and the concept of microtube shape-engineering are all unprecedented and will enrich the field of soft-robotics.
microRNA regulation of the embryonic hypoxic response in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kagias Konstantinos , Pocock Roger 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLayered strategies to combat hypoxia provide flexibility in dynamic oxygen environments. Here we show that multiple miRNAs are required for hypoxic survival responses during C. elegans embryogenesis. Certain miRNAs promote while others antagonize the hypoxic survival response. We found that expression of the mir-35 family is regulated by hypoxia in a HIF-1-independent manner and loss of mir-35–41 weakens hypoxic survival mechanisms in embryos. In addition, correct regulation of the RNA binding protein, SUP-26, a mir-35 family target, is needed for survival in chronic hypoxia. The identification of the full mRNA target repertoire of these miRNAs will reveal the miRNA-regulated network of hypoxic survival mechanisms in C. elegans.
ePathOptimize: A Combinatorial Approach for Transcriptional Balancing of Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Jones J. Andrew , Vernacchio Victoria R. , Lachance Daniel M. , Lebovich Matthew , Fu Li , Shirke Abhijit N. , Schultz Victor L. , Cress Brady , Linhardt Robert J. , Koffas Mattheos A. G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe ability to fine tune gene expression has created the field of metabolic pathway optimization and balancing where a variety of factors affecting flux balance are carefully modulated to improve product titers, yields and productivity. Using a library of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible mutant T7 promoters of varied strength a combinatorial method was developed for transcriptional balancing of the violacein pathway. Violacein biosynthesis involves a complex five-gene pathway that is an excellent model for exploratory metabolic engineering efforts into pathway regulation and control due to many colorful intermediates and side products allowing for easy analysis and strain comparison. Upon screening approximately 4% of the total initial library, several high-titer mutants were discovered that resulted in up to a 63-fold improvement over the control strain. With further fermentation optimization, titers were improved to 1829 ± 46 mg/L; a 2.6-fold improvement in titer and a 30-fold improvement in productivity from previous literature reports.
Electroporation enables the efficient mRNA delivery into the mouse zygotes and facilitates CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing
Authors: Hashimoto Masakazu , Takemoto Tatsuya 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRecent use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has dramatically reduced the time required to produce mutant mice, but the involvement of a time-consuming microinjection step still hampers its application for high-throughput genetic analysis. Here we developed a simple, highly efficient and large-scale genome editing method, in which the RNAs for the CRISPR/Cas9 system are electroporated into zygotes rather than microinjected. We used this method to perform single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN)-mediated knock-in in mouse embryos. This method facilitates large-scale genetic analysis in the mouse.
A cost-effective and efficient reprogramming platform for large-scale production of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells in chemically defined culture
Authors: Beers Jeanette , Linask Kaari L. , Chen Jane A. , Siniscalchi Lauren I. , Lin Yongshun , Zheng Wei , Rao Mahendra , Chen Guokai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFactors limiting the adoption of iPSC technology include the cost of developing lines and the time period that it takes to characterize and bank them, particularly when integration free, feeder free and Xeno-free components are used. In this manuscript we describe our optimization procedure that enables a single technician to make 20–40 lines at a time in a 24–96 well format in a reliable and reproducible fashion. Improvements spanned the entire workflow and included using RNA virus, reducing cytotoxicity of reagents, developing improved transfection and freezing efficiencies, modifying the manual colony picking steps, enhancing passaging efficiency and developing early criteria of success. These modifications allowed us to make more than two hundred well-characterized lines per year.
Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Fish Sound Production in the May River, South Carolina
Authors: Montie Eric W. , Vega Steven , Powell Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMany fish species produce sounds that are associated with reproductive behavior, and hydrophone recordings can be used to document this behavior in soniferous fishes. We recorded the sounds produced by a fish community and determined general seasonal and spatial patterns of fish sound production in the May River, South Carolina, as a means to assess general temporal and spatial patterns of reproduction. Two‐minute sound files, temperature, salinity, and depth were recorded at 27 stations at monthly intervals along the May River in Bluffton, South Carolina, from January 2012 to December 2012. We identified species‐specific calls from Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, Oyster Toadfish Opsanus tau, Silver Perch Bairdiella chrysoura, Black Drum Pogonias cromis, and Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus. General species‐specific seasonal patterns were noted; some species produced sounds within a specific time period and temperature range. Seasonally, Silver Perch, Oyster Toadfish, and Black Drum began calling in early spring and ended in May. Sound production of Spotted Seatrout began in early spring (i.e., February) and ended in early fall (i.e., end of September). The majority of Red Drum sound production occurred in August and September. Individual species had temperature‐specific ranges in which they produced sound: Silver Perch, Oyster Toadfish, and Black Drum between 21°C and 26°C; Spotted Seatrout between 22°C and 30°C; and Red Drum between 28°C and 26°C. Species‐specific spatial patterns of sound production were also observed. Fish calling rarely occurred near the source of the May River. Spotted Seatrout calls were predominately recorded at stations that displayed deep‐hole characteristics with fallen trees. Red Drum preferred deeper habitat (i.e., water depths greater than 2.7 m) at the mouth of the May River. Seasonal and spatial patterns of courtship sounds suggest that each species has specific environmental criteria that are preferred for reproduction.