bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A focused investigation of expedited, stack of three shocks versus chest compressions first followed by single shocks for monitored ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia cardiopulmonary arrest in an in‐hospital setting
Authors: Davis Daniel , Aguilar Steve A. , Sell Rebecca , Minokadeh Anush , Husa Ruchika 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDIn cases of in‐hospital–witnessed ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) arrest, it is unclear whether cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation attempt or expedited stacked defibrillation attempt is superior.METHODSRetrospective, observational study of all admitted patients with continuous cardiac monitoring who suffered VF/VT arrest between July 2005 and June 2013. In the stacked shock period (2005–2008), institutional protocols advocated early defibrillation with administration of 3 stacked shocks with brief pauses between each single defibrillation attempt to confirm sustained VF/VT. During the initial chest compression period (2008–2011), the protocol was modified to perform a 2‐minute period of chest compressions prior to each defibrillation, including the initial. In the modified stack shock period (2011–2013), for a monitored arrest, defibrillation attempts were expedited with up to 3 successive shocks administered for persistent VF/VT. In unmonitored arrest, chest compressions and ventilations were initiated prior to defibrillation. The primary outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge.RESULTSSix hundred sixty‐one cardiopulmonary arrests were recorded during the study period, with 106 patients (16%) representing primary VF/VT. The incidence of VF/VT arrest did not vary significantly between the study periods (P= 0.16) Survival to hospital discharge for all primary VF/VT arrest victims decreased, then increased significantly from the stacked shock period to initial chest compression period to modified stacked shock period (58%, 18%, 71%, respectively, P < 0.01). Specific group differences were significant between the initial chest compression versus the stacked and modified stacked shock groups (all P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONData suggest that monitored VF/VT should undergo expeditious defibrillation with use of stacked shocks. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:264–268. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Association of extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin with global air–sea heat fluxes and moisture transport
Authors: Gao Tao , Xie Lian , Liu Bin 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough the effect of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans on precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is well known, the impact of air–sea sensible and latent heat fluxes (SHF and LHF) has not been well studied. Based on the statistical and diagnostic analyses of historical precipitation data over the YRB, SHF and LHF over the global ocean, as well as global atmospheric reanalysis data, the impacts of SHF and LHF in the selected ocean regions on YRB extreme precipitation were investigated. The spatial distributions of the correlation coefficients between the YRB extreme precipitation indices (YRB‐EPI) and SHF and LHF over the global ocean were analysed to identify critical air–sea interaction regions affecting YRB extreme precipitation. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between YRB‐EPI and air–sea heat fluxes over the Northwest Indian Ocean, Southeast Indian Ocean, Southwest Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions. Negative correlations were found over Central Equatorial Pacific, while positive lagged correlations exist over East Pacific. Composite analyses of global wind, geo‐potential height and water vapour transport were also conducted for ten heaviest and ten lightest YRB precipitation years, respectively. In heavy YRB precipitation years, the atmospheric circulation pattern is generally characterized by a strengthened Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) extending northwestward, a strengthened lower tropospheric convergence zone over the YRB, three distinct moisture transport paths from adjacent oceans to the YRB and low‐level mid‐latitude northerly wind anomalies. Whereas, in light YRB precipitation years, it is dominated by the southwesterly summer monsoon over the YRB, with a convergence zone displaced to the north of the YRB, a weak WPSH, and only two main paths of moisture transport. These distinctions between the heavy and light YRB precipitation years provide a physical basis for establishing a statistical prediction model for YRB extreme precipitation.
Homogeneous temperature series for thermal characterization and detection of trends in the Province of Santa Elena, Ecuador
Authors: García‐Garizábal Iker , Romero Paola 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe generation of quality climatic series is the first step in the analysis of climate characteristics and behaviour in any region of the world. This article approaches the construction of homogeneous average temperature series for the period 1982–2011, for the study of spatial distribution and temporal evolution in the Province of Santa Elena, in the most western point of continental Ecuador in South America. Despite the low variability registered in the temperatures of the Province, these were higher and more homogeneous in the inland region than on the coast and almost 3 °C higher in the trimesters of the rainy season December–January–February (DJF) and March–April–May (MAM) than in the trimesters of the dry season June–July–August (JJA) and September–October–November (SON). Trend analysis detected positive increasing rates for the temperature of the province, with values three times higher duringDJFandMAMin comparison withSONand annual average trend of 0.33 °C decade−1in the region. The construction of homogeneous average temperature series in the Province of Santa Elena has been an important step towards the spatial‐temporal characterization of this peculiar climatic zone. These series can also be employed as base scenarios for the development of climate change studies in the region.
Electric and magnetic fields in photoalignment of liquid crystals
Authors: Semina Olga , Dubtsov Alexander , Shmeliova Dina , Pasechnik Sergey , Chigrinov Vladimir 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe results of investigation of slow surface dynamics (easy axis gliding), induced by secondary illumination of photoaligned substrates with linearly polarized UV or blue light in the presence of electric (magnetic) fields, are presented for the first time. The initial surface orientation of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) was provided, in accordance with the standard photoalignment technique, via preliminary UV treatment of the glass substrates coated by sulfonic azo‐dye SD1 film. The experiments fulfilled for the two geometries, A and B, corresponding to the normal (A) and parallel (B) orientation of fields relatively to liquid crystal (LC) layer, revealed different effects induced by electric (magnetic) fields. For geometry A, strong electric field applied, in combination with a linearly polarized blue light, to the planar layer in a sandwich‐like LC cell with two photoaligned substrates results in simultaneous reorientation of easy axis on both substrates. It demonstrates the possibility of an azimuthal rotation of monodomain planar samples of LCs. For geometry B, usage of “in‐plane” electric (magnetic) fields in the cell, composed of photoaligned and rubbed substrates, speeds up reorientation process of NLC easy axis respectively to pure light‐induced reorientation. It provides electric control of operating times in previously proposed optical rewritable technology.
Innervation of the cricothyroid muscle by extralaryngeal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Authors: Miyauchi Akira , Masuoka Hiroo , Nakayama Ayako , Higashiyama Takuya 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisA major concern in thyroid surgery is possible changes in the patient's voice due to dysfunction of the laryngeal muscles. The classical understanding of the anatomy is that the cricothyroid muscle (CTM) is innervated solely by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), and the endolaryngeal muscles are covered only by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Meticulous anatomical studies found communication between these nerves. Recent neurophysiological studies revealed cross‐innervations among these nerve–muscle sets. Here, we report innervation of the CTM by extralaryngeal branches of the RLN.Study DesignClinical observation during thyroid surgery at a hospital center for thyroid diseases.MethodsDuring thyroid cancer surgeries, we encountered four adult Japanese patients who had an extralaryngeal branch of the RLN, the electrical stimulation of which showed contraction of the CTM. The EBSLN and RLN were electrically stimulated. Responses were evaluated by visual observation of contraction of the CTM and palpable laryngeal twitch of the endolaryngeal muscles. Electromyographic studies were also performed in two patients.ResultsFive of the seven RLNs examined showed contraction of the CTM on stimulation. Four of these five RLNs had an extralaryngeal branch that showed contraction of the CTM on stimulation. Stimulation of the RLN proximal to the branch yielded contraction of the CTM and laryngeal twitch, whereas stimulation of the RLN distal to the branch yielded only laryngeal twitch.ConclusionsExtralaryngeal branches of the RLN innervated the CTM in four patients. This phenomenon might influence voice changes following thyroid surgery.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:1157–1162, 2016
Coil compression in simultaneous multislice functional MRI with concentric ring slice‐GRAPPA and SENSE
Authors: Chu Alan , Noll Douglas C. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeSimultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging is a useful way to accelerate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As acceleration becomes more aggressive, an increasingly larger number of receive coils are required to separate the slices, which significantly increases the computational burden. We propose a coil compression method that works with concentric ring non‐Cartesian SMS imaging and should work with Cartesian SMS as well. We evaluate the method on fMRI scans of several subjects and compare it to standard coil compression methods.MethodsThe proposed method uses a slice‐separation k‐space kernel to simultaneously compress coil data into a set of virtual coils. Five subjects were scanned using both non‐SMS fMRI and SMS fMRI with three simultaneous slices. The SMS fMRI scans were processed using the proposed method, along with other conventional methods. Code is available at https://github.com/alcu/sms.ResultsThe proposed method maintained functional activation with a fewer number of virtual coils than standard SMS coil compression methods. Compression of non‐SMS fMRI maintained activation with a slightly lower number of virtual coils than the proposed method, but does not have the acceleration advantages of SMS fMRI.ConclusionThe proposed method is a practical way to compress and reconstruct concentric ring SMS data and improves the preservation of functional activation over standard coil compression methods in fMRI. Magn Reson Med 76:1196–1209, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased prevalence of airway reactivity in children with eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Krupp Nadia L. , Sehra Sarita , Slaven James E. , Kaplan Mark H. , Gupta Sandeep , Tepper Robert S. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryRationaleAsthma is prevalent in children with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) estimated at 24–42% in prior studies versus 9% for the general population. However, pulmonary function and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in children with EoE have not been previously defined.MethodsA cross‐sectional prospective study was conducted of children ages 7–18 years with EoE and healthy controls. Methacholine bronchial challenge and exhaled nitric oxide were assessed. As measures of atopy and immune activation, peripheral blood was analyzed for total IgE, specific IgE to selected aeroallergens, eosinophil count, and serum cytokines including eotaxin.ResultsEoE subjects (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 37) demonstrated similar, normal baseline spirometry. AHR occurred in 33% of children with EoE and 11% of healthy controls (P = 0.04; 95% confidence intervals [19%, 52%] and [4%, 26%], respectively). The majority of EoE subjects with AHR had no prior diagnosis of asthma. Overall, 69.7% of EoE subjects had either asthma or AHR. For EoE subjects, total serum IgE was the only biomarker associated with a greater risk of AHR (OR = 9.643, 95%CI 1.633, 56.925). EoE subjects with and without asthma were similar to healthy controls in mean levels of serum cytokines (IL‐5, IL‐9, EGF, FGF‐2, eotaxin). In exploratory analyses, the subgroup with EoE and asthma without asthma controller therapy had higher mean FGF‐2 than EoE subjects without asthma (110 pg/ml vs. 65 pg/ml, P = 0.0426).ConclusionsAsthma and AHR may be more prevalent than previous estimates in children with EoE. For subjects with EoE, elevation in serum IgE was associated with a greater risk of AHR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:478–483. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of CD28/CD86 co‐stimulatory molecules and surface properties of T and dendritic cells: An AFM study
Authors: Huang Xun , Guo He , Wang Chuang , Mu Jingjing , Zhang Hongxin , Liang Zhihong , Cai Jiye , Zhou Changren 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAlthough the importance of B7/CD28 co‐stimulation has been widely studied, little is known about their nano‐spatial localization and their corresponding cells' biophysical and biomechanical properties. Here, we investigated the morphological, biophysical, and biomechanical properties of T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and force curves. The nano‐spatial distribution of CD28 and CD86 antigen on T cells and DCs was detected by CD86 or CD28 antibody‐functionalized AFM tip. Single‐molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS)‐based force volumes and quantum dots (QDs)‐based fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the co‐stimulatory molecules were not randomly distributed over the cells' surface, but more than 80% of CD28 and CD86 molecules appeared to be expressed as 100–200 nm nanoclusters and polarize dominantly in the peak of the cell membrane fluctuations. AFM imaging and quantitative analysis showed that the roughness of mature DCs (mDCs) was higher than that of immature DCs (iDCs). The adhesion force distribution of iDCs and mDCs was heterogeneous while the elasticity distribution was homogeneous locally. In addition, mDCs had a fourfold increase of Young's modulus of iDCs, indicating the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton to the elastic properties of the cells. Taken together, the nano‐cluster distribution of CD28 and CD86, the rough mDCs surface, the higher adhesion force and elasticity of mDCs may facilitate to the occurrence of B7/CD28 co‐stimulation signals and the formation of immune synapse. These nanoscale findings provide new insights into the antigen‐presenting function of DCs, the T cell activation and ultimate immune response. SCANNING 38:365–375, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of Sexual Concerns and Sexual Dysfunction among Sexually Active and Inactive Men and Women with Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bjerggaard Mette , Charles Morten , Kristensen Ellids , Lauritzen Torsten , Sandbæk Annelli , Giraldi Annamaria 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Type 2 diabetes negatively impacts sexual health. Only limited information is available regarding sexual health among sexually inactive patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aim
The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of sexual concerns among sexually active and sexually inactive men and women with type 2 diabetes and of sexual dysfunction (SD) among sexually active.

Methods
Data from the Anglo–Danish–Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care-Denmark study was used. A total of 1,170 Danish patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes attended a health examination, including assessment of sexual concerns using self-report questionnaires and of SD using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-R) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) instruments.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures used regarding sexual concerns are the following: prevalence of failure to fill sexual needs, of experiencing sexual distress, finding it important to have a good sexual life, and additionally, prevalence of SD.

Results
Data regarding sexual activity status during the last 12 months were available among 583 men and 377 women. Seventeen percent of men and 47% of women reported to be sexually inactive, among whom 57% of men and 42% of women reported failure to fill sexual needs; 31% of men and 10% of women that it was important to have a good sexual life, and 32% of men and 11% of women that they were experiencing sexual distress. Around half of men and women were excluded from the SD analysis, mainly because of reporting lack of sexual intercourse during the last 4 weeks. Among those included, 54% of men and 12% of women were found to have SD.

Conclusions
Sexual inactivity is highly prevalent among middle-aged and older men and women with early type 2 diabetes and these patients often have sexual concerns. The high exclusion rates when assessing SD using the FSFI-R and IIEF-5 instruments makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the prevalence. Sexual health should be broadly assessed in both sexually active and sexually inactive people with type 2 diabetes.
The maternal cervix: Why, when and how?
Authors: O'Hara Sandra , Zelesco Marilyn , Sun Zhonghua , Lee Emmeline 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe incidence of preterm birth has continued to rise in most countries in the world during the last decade. There are many clinical risk factors that increase the risk of preterm birth. It has been shown that a sonographically shortened cervical length is a strong indicator of subsequent preterm birth in pregnancy.BackgroundIt has been established that women at an increased risk of preterm birth should have the cervical length recorded using a transvaginal approach. The sensitivity of a shortened cervical length to predict preterm birth is higher in women with a previous preterm birth, with reduced sensitivity in low risk women. The maternal cervix may be assessed using transabdominal, transperineal and transvaginal ultrasound approaches. This article discusses the available research into the use of these differing techniques and current guidelines for measuring maternal cervical length.SummaryMeasuring the maternal cervical length has become an important part of the mid trimester morphology examination. The appropriate technique to screen the cervical length in women at low risk of preterm birth is still debatable throughout the wider obstetric and ultrasound communities.
Does Lymphadenectomy Improve Survival in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma? A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Nilubol Naris , Patel Dhaval , Kebebew Electron 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundA recent study suggested a survival benefit in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) who had undergone lymphadenectomy. The objective of this study was to study the effect of lymphadenectomy on the survival rates of patients with ACC.MethodsData from adult patients with histology‐proven ACC from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 Registries (1973–2011) were analyzed to assess the impact of lymphadenectomy (≥4 lymph nodes removed) on disease‐specific survival (DSS).ResultsOf 1525 patients with ACC, 45 % were male. 36, 20, and 44 % of patients presented with localized, regional, and distant metastatic diseases, respectively. 8 % of patients (n= 67/802) underwent lymphadenectomy. We observed a higher rate of lymphadenectomy performed in patients with regional disease [locally advanced tumors (stage T3 and T4) and/or lymph node metastasis] and distant metastasis than in those with localized tumors (12.4 % and 12.0 vs. 5.1, respectively,p< 0.01) and in patients with primary tumor sizes >10 cm (12.4 vs. 4.2 %,p< 0.01). Lymph node metastasis was present in 12.8 % (19.2 % in locally advanced ACC). A lymphadenectomy was not associated with improved DSS on univariate analysis (p= 0.30), regardless of tumor size or staging. Independent prognostic factors included: ages ≥60 years (p< 0.01, HR 1.70), lymph node metastasis (p< 0.01, HR 1.7), distant metastasis (p< 0.01, HR 5.6), complete resection of tumor (p< 0.01, HR 0.47), and debulking surgery (p< 0.01, HR 0.49).ConclusionA lymphadenectomy is not commonly performed in patients with ACC in the U.S. Although we found no survival benefit in this cohort with a low rate of lymphadenectomy, a lymphadenectomy may be considered in patients with locally advanced tumors (T3 and T4) due to a higher rate of lymph node metastasis.
Do We Need to Distance Ourselves from the Distance Concept? Why Home and Host Country Context Might Matter More Than (Cultural) Distance
Authors: Harzing Anne-Wil , Pudelko Markus 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe scrutinize the explanatory power of one of the key concepts in International Business: the concept of (cultural) distance. Here we focus on its effect on entry mode choice, one of the most researched fields in international business strategy. Our findings might, however, be equally be relevant for the field of International Business as a whole. Our analysis is based on a review of 92 prior studies on entry mode choice, as well as an empirical investigation in over 800 subsidiaries of MNCs, covering nine host and fifteen home countries across the world. We conclude that the explanatory power of distance is highly limited once home and host country context are accounted for, and that any significant effects of cultural distance on entry mode choice might simply be caused by inadequate sampling. Entry mode studies in particular, and International Business research in general, would do well to reconsider its fascination with distance measures, and instead, focus first and foremost on differences in home and host country context. We argue that serious engagement with deep contextualization is necessary in International Business research to pose new and relevant questions and develop new and innovative theories that explain empirical phenomena.
The Updated Bottom Up Solution Applied to Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Byrdwell William Craig 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Updated Bottom Up Solution (UBUS) was recently applied to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) of triacylglycerols (TAG). This report demonstrates that the UBUS applies equally well to atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) MS and to electrospray ionization (ESI) MS. Critical Ratio 1 (CR1), the [MH]+/Σ[DAG]+ or [MNH4]+/Σ[DAG]+ ratio, does not exhibit the same strongly sigmoidal shape as it does by APCI‐MS. CR1 varies more widely for APPI‐MS than by APCI‐MS, having a maximum value of 11.8, indicating a much greater effect of unsaturation on ion ratios in APPI‐MS than APCI‐MS. Critical Ratio 2, the [AA]+/[AB]+ ratio for Type II TAG or [AC]+/([AB]++[BC]+) ratio for Type III TAG, allows quantification of regioisomers of TAG, and shows good agreement for APPI‐MS to regioisomer quantification determined by APCI‐MS. Critical Ratio 3, the [BC]+/[AB]+ ratio for Type III TAG, reveals new trends relating the degree of unsaturation by APPI‐MS, and shows that structural assignments made by ESI‐MS are in good agreement to APCI‐MS data. In addition to providing valuable structural information, the Critical Ratios also constitute a reduced data set that allows APPI‐MS or ESI‐MS mass spectra to be reconstructed when processed through the UBUS. Quantification by APPI‐MS of vitamin D in the gelcaps gave values of 42.90 ± 0.83 μg, or 1716 ± 33 international units, in good agreement with APCI‐MS.