bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ventilatory ratio as a novel method to monitor ventilatory adequacy at the bedside
Authors: Sinha Pratik , Fauvel Nicholas J , Singh Pradeep , Soni Neil 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Due to complexities in its measurement, adequacy of ventilation is seldom used to categorize disease severity and guide ventilatory strategies. Ventilatory ratio (VR) is a novel index to monitor ventilatory adequacy at the bedside.

VR

=

(

V

˙

E
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

×
P

a

C

O

2

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

)

/

(

V

˙

E
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

×
P

a

C

O

2

i
d
e
a
l

)

.

V

˙

E
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

is 100 mL.Kg-1.min-1 and
P

a

C

O

2

i
d
e
a
l

is 5 kPa. Physiological analysis shows that VR is influenced by dead space (VD/VT) and CO2 production

(

V

˙

C

O

2

)

. Two studies were conducted to explore the physiological properties of VR and assess its use in clinical practice.

Methods
Both studies were conducted in adult mechanically ventilated ICU patients. In Study 1, volumetric capnography was used to estimate daily VD/VT and measure

V

˙

C

O

2

in 48 patients. Simultaneously, ventilatory ratio was calculated using arterial blood gas measurements alongside respiratory and ventilatory variables. This data was used to explore the physiological properties of VR. In Study 2, 224 ventilated patients had daily VR and other respiratory variables, baseline characteristics, and outcome recorded. The database was used to examine the prognostic value of VR.

Results
Study 1 showed that there was significant positive correlation between VR and VD/VT (modified r = 0.71) and

V

˙

C

O

2

(r = 0.14). The correlation between VR and VD/VT was stronger in mandatory ventilation compared to spontaneous ventilation. Linear regression analysis showed that VD/VT had a greater influence on VR than

V

˙

C

O

2

(standardized regression coefficient 1/1-VD/VT: 0.78,

V

˙

C

O

2

: 0.44). Study 2 showed that VR was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors (1.55 vs. 1.32; P < 0.01). Univariate logistic regression showed that higher VR was associated with mortality (OR 2.3, P < 0.01), this remained the case after adjusting for confounding variables (OR 2.34, P = 0.04).

Conclusions
VR is an easy to calculate bedside index of ventilatory adequacy and appears to yield clinically useful information.
Haplotype-assisted accurate non-invasive fetal whole genome recovery through maternal plasma sequencing
Authors: Chen Shengpei , Ge Huijuan , Wang Xuebin , Pan Xiaoyu , Yao Xiaotian , Li Xuchao , Zhang Chunlei , Chen Fang , Jiang Fuman , Li Peipei , Jiang Hui , Zheng Hancheng , Zhang Lei , Zhao Lijian , Wang Wei , Li Songgang , Wang Jun , Wang Jian , Yang Huanming , Li Yingrui , Zhang Xiuqing 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Background
The applications of massively parallel sequencing technology to fetal cell-free DNA (cff-DNA) have brought new insight to non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. However, most previous research based on maternal plasma sequencing has been restricted to fetal aneuploidies. To detect specific parentally inherited mutations, invasive approaches to obtain fetal DNA are the current standard in the clinic because of the experimental complexity and resource consumption of previously reported non-invasive approaches.

Methods
Here, we present a simple and effective non-invasive method for accurate fetal genome recovery-assisted with parental haplotypes. The parental haplotype were firstly inferred using a combination strategy of trio and unrelated individuals. Assisted with the parental haplotype, we then employed a hidden Markov model to non-invasively recover the fetal genome through maternal plasma sequencing.

Results
Using a sequence depth of approximately 44X against a an approximate 5.69% cff-DNA concentration, we non-invasively inferred fetal genotype and haplotype under different situations of parental heterozygosity. Our data show that 98.57%, 95.37%, and 98.45% of paternal autosome alleles, maternal autosome alleles, and maternal chromosome X in the fetal haplotypes, respectively, were recovered accurately. Additionally, we obtained efficient coverage or strong linkage of 96.65% of reported Mendelian-disorder genes and 98.90% of complex disease-associated markers.

Conclusions
Our method provides a useful strategy for non-invasive whole fetal genome recovery.
Ectopic eyes outside the head inXenopustadpoles provide sensory data for light-mediated learning
Authors: Blackiston Douglas J. , Levin Michael 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYA major roadblock in the biomedical treatment of human sensory disorders, including blindness, has been an incomplete understanding of the nervous system and its ability to adapt to changes in sensory modality. Likewise, fundamental insight into the evolvability of complex functional anatomies requires understanding brain plasticity and the interaction between the nervous system and body architecture. While advances have been made in the generation of artificial and biological replacement components, the brain's ability to interpret sensory information arising from ectopic locations is not well understood. We report the use of eye primordia grafts to create ectopic eyes along the body axis of Xenopus tadpoles. These eyes are morphologically identical to native eyes and can be induced at caudal locations. Cell labeling studies reveal that eyes created in the tail send projections to the stomach and trunk. To assess function we performed light-mediated learning assays using an automated machine vision and environmental control system. The results demonstrate that ectopic eyes in the tail of Xenopus tadpoles could confer vision to the host. Thus ectopic visual organs were functional even when present at posterior locations. These data and protocols demonstrate the ability of vertebrate brains to interpret sensory input from ectopic structures and incorporate them into adaptive behavioral programs. This tractable new model for understanding the robust plasticity of the central nervous system has significant implications for regenerative medicine and sensory augmentation technology.
Neglected losses and key costs: tracking the energetics of walking and running
Authors: Bertram John E. A. , Hasaneini S. Javad 
Published: February 2013

Summary
As one of the most energetically demanding daily activities, locomotion has attracted substantial investigative attention. Although legged locomotion has been well described, it is currently not well understood. Looking at energy accounting might be a good pathway with which to solve this problem. One relatively simple way of analyzing energy management is to look directly at the flow of mechanical energy into and out of the system, in terms of costs and losses (with some attention to the mechanisms responsible for this flow). In this commentary we argue that a key source of energetic loss has largely been neglected: the redirection of body motion from downward to upward at each step. We discuss the role of this loss and the compensating energetic costs, identifying some of the general features of the trade-offs that determine gait optimization strategies. We find that even at a conceptual level, a focus on the main mechanism of loss and the strategies available to the organism to effectively compensate for losses can yield substantial insight into observations as diverse as the functional limits of a playground swing through to the strikingly different effect of reduced gravity on human walking and running. Such insight changes the interpretation of fundamental features of leg function, such as push-off timing and the role of elastic deflection during stance.
Second addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera
Authors: Schneider Craig W. , Wynne Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A second addendum to Schneider and Wynne’s (Schneider, C.W. and M.J. Wynne. 2007. A synoptic review of the classification of red algal genera a half a century after Kylin’s “Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen”. Bot. Mar. 50: 197–249.) “Synoptic review” of red algal genera and their classification is presented, with an updating of names of new taxa at the generic level and higher. In the past few years, the hierarchy of some genera has changed due to new subfamilies, which are cited and referenced below. There have also been the descriptions of some higher taxa in the past few years.
Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture
Authors: Anttila Anna-Kaisa , Pirttilä Anna Maria , Häggman Hely , Harju Anni , Venäläinen Martti , Haapala Antti , Holmbom Bjarne , Julkunen-Tiitto Riitta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.
Bats at the end of the world: new distributional data and fossil records from Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Sauthier Daniel E. Udrizar , Teta Pablo , Formoso Anahí E. , Bernardis Adela , Wallace Patricio , Pardiñas Ulyses F.J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
We report new recent and fossil records in Patagonia for six and three bat species, respectively. These findings significantly increase the previously known number of localities for these mammals in this entire region, filling gaps between previous references for some species (e.g., Histiotus macrotus) and/or extending by 140–350 km the range of others (e.g., Myotis chiloensis, M. levis, Lasiurus varius). In addition, we report for the second time the vespertilionid bat Lasiurus blossevillii in Patagonia. Fossils are mostly restricted to the Late Holocene epoch, and the recorded assemblages are similar to the recent ones. A preliminary analysis of richness indicates that bat diversity south of the Colorado River (around 39°S) decreases from five to six species in the northwestern to one species in the southeastern, changing abruptly around 43°S–46°S. Compared with similar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, bat diversity in the Neotropics follows a similar pattern, with <20 taxa occurring south of 35°S.
Predicted distributions and conservation status of two threatened Southeast Asian small carnivores: the banded civet and Hose’s civet
Authors: Jennings Andrew P. , Mathai John , Brodie Jedediah , Giordano Anthony J. , Veron Geraldine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Knowledge of the distribution and habitat preferences of a species is of paramount importance when assessing its conservation status. We used accurately recorded occurrence records and ecological niche modelling to predict the distribution of two threatened and poorly known small carnivore species that occur in Southeast Asia, the banded civet (Hemigalus derbyanus) and Hose’s civet (Diplogale hosei), and analysed their spatial niche differentiation for habitat and elevation. We then identified possible anthropogenic threats, and used our modelling predictions to recommend surveying priorities. The predicted distribution of the banded civet was principally in lowland evergreen forest in southern Myanmar/Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and three Mentawai Islands (Siberut, Sipora and South Pagai), and for Hose’s civet in evergreen forest across the higher elevation regions of Borneo. Our niche analyses suggested that there is a tendency for these two species to separate spatially along an elevation gradient: the banded civet is mainly found in lowland areas, whereas Hose’s civet primarily occurs at higher elevations. Our study strongly indicated that these two viverrids are forest-dependent species that may be threatened by forest loss, degradation and fragmentation. Field surveys should be prioritised in areas where each species is predicted to occur and no records currently exist.
Diffusion of Fluorine-Silicon Interstitial Complex in Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Harrison Scott A. , Edgar Thomas F. , Hwang Gyeong S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBased on first principles density functional theory calculations, we identify the structure and diffusion pathway for a fluorine-silicon interstitial complex (F-Sii). We find the F-Sii complex to be most stable in the singly positive charge state at all Fermi leVels. At mid-gap, the complex is found to have a binding energy of 1.08 eV relative to bond-centered F+ and (110)-split Sii. We find the F-Sii complex has an overall migration barrier of 0.76 eV, which suggests that this complex may play an important role in fluorine diffusion. Our results should lead to more accurate models that describe the behavior of fluorine co-implants crystalline silicon.
Theoretical Investigation of Formation of (n-n+)-Junction in Ion-Implanted Crystalline Matrix
Authors: Peleshchak R. , Kuzyk O. , Khlyap H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe paper reports results of theoretical calculations of the redistribution of electrons and electrostatic potential in the implanted crystalline matrix (100)-GaAs+Si(Ar) due to electrondeformation effects. The model requires a self-consistent solution of the set of following equations: 1)the time-independent Schroedinger equation; 2) the equation of mechanical equilibrium: 3) the Poisson equation for determining electrostatic potential distribution; 4) the equation for calculation of the electron concentration, and 5) the equation for the chemical potential calculation in the implanted system. The most important result is: it is shown that in the elastic region of the implanted matrix n-n+-junction is formed. Current-voltage characteristics of the junction are numerically simulated.
The Financial Toxicity of Cancer Treatment: A Pilot Study Assessing Out-of-Pocket Expenses and the Insured Cancer Patient's Experience
Authors: Zafar S. Yousuf , Peppercorn Jeffrey M. , Schrag Deborah , Taylor Donald H. , Goetzinger Amy M. , Zhong Xiaoyin , Abernethy Amy P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Learning Objectives
Describe the experiences of insured cancer patients requesting copayment assistance in order to better understand the challenges of underinsurance. Describe the impact of costs on the well being of insured cancer patients. Evaluate the impact of costs on the treatment received by insured cancer patients.

Purpose.
Cancer patients carry rising burdens of health care-related out-of-pocket expenses, and a growing number of patients are considered “underinsured.” Our objective was to describe experiences of insured cancer patients requesting copayment assistance and to describe the impact of health care expenses on well-being and treatment.

Methods.
We conducted baseline and follow-up surveys regarding the impact of health care costs on well-being and treatment among cancer patients who contacted a national copayment assistance foundation along with a comparison sample of patients treated at an academic medical center.

Results.
Among 254 participants, 75% applied for drug copayment assistance. Forty-two percent of participants reported a significant or catastrophic subjective financial burden; 68% cut back on leisure activities, 46% reduced spending on food and clothing, and 46% used savings to defray out-of-pocket expenses. To save money, 20% took less than the prescribed amount of medication, 19% partially filled prescriptions, and 24% avoided filling prescriptions altogether. Copayment assistance applicants were more likely than nonapplicants to employ at least one of these strategies to defray costs (98% vs. 78%). In an adjusted analysis, younger age, larger household size, applying for copayment assistance, and communicating with physicians about costs were associated with greater subjective financial burden.

Conclusion.
Insured patients undergoing cancer treatment and seeking copayment assistance experience considerable subjective financial burden, and they may alter their care to defray out-of-pocket expenses. Health insurance does not eliminate financial distress or health disparities among cancer patients. Future research should investigate coverage thresholds that minimize adverse financial outcomes and identify cancer patients at greatest risk for financial toxicity.
Induction Chemotherapy for Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Past, Present, Future?
Authors: Hanna Glenn J. , Haddad Robert I. , Lorch Jochen H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck is still evolving. Induction chemotherapy (IC) is widely used in this patient population and it is unclear how to best incorporate IC into multimodality treatment. Recently, the results of two randomized clinical trials were presented (the PARADIGM and Docetaxel Based Chemotherapy Plus or Minus Induction Chemotherapy to Decrease Events in Head and Neck Cancer trials), which showed no demonstrable benefit of IC followed by concurrent chemoradiation over concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone. However, a lower rate of distant metastatic disease was noted, suggesting that patients who are at high risk for metastatic disease may benefit from IC. This review summarizes how IC has evolved over the years, provides an update of recent developments, and discusses how IC may develop in the future.
A Phase II Study of Amrubicin as a Third-Line or Fourth-Line Chemotherapy for Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group Trial (HOT) 0901
Authors: Harada Toshiyuki , Oizumi Satoshi , Ito Kenichiro , Takamura Kei , Kikuchi Eiki , Kuda Tomoya , Sugawara Shunichi , Suzuki Aya , Maemondo Makoto , Fujita Yuka , Kinoshita Ichiro , Inoue Akira , Hommura Fumihiro , Katsuura Yutaka , Dosaka-Akita Hirotoshi , Isobe Hiroshi , Nishimura Masaharu ,   Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group.
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Amrubicin, a third-generation synthetic anthracycline agent, has favorable clinical activity and acceptable toxicity for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amrubicin for advanced NSCLC patients as a third- or fourth-line therapy. Eligible patients had recurrent or refractory advanced NSCLC after second- or third-line therapy. Patients received amrubicin, 35 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1–3 every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was the disease control rate (DCR). Secondary endpoints were the overall survival (OS) time, progression-free survival (PFS) time, response rate, and toxicity profile. Of the 41 patients enrolled, 26 received amrubicin as a third-line and 15 received it as a fourth-line therapy. The median number of treatment cycles was two (range, 1–9). Objective responses were complete response (n = 0), partial response (n = 4), stable disease (n = 21), progressive disease (n = 15), and not evaluable (n = 1), resulting in a DCR of 61.0% (95% confidence interval, 46.0%–75.9%). The overall response rate was 9.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.6%–18.8%). The median PFS interval was 3.0 months, median OS time was 12.6 months, and 1-year survival rate was 53.7%. Grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicities were neutropenia (68%), anemia (12%), thrombocytopenia (12%), and febrile neutropenia (17%). Nonhematological toxicities were mild and reversible. No treatment-related deaths were observed. Amrubicin showed significant clinical activity with manageable toxicities as a third- or fourth-line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC. This study provides relevant data for routine practice and future prospective trials evaluating third- or fourth-line treatment strategies for patients with advanced NSCLC.
The effect of bone morphometric changes on orthodontic tooth movement in an osteoporotic animal model
Authors: Hashimoto Megumi , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Sirisoontorn Irin , Nakano Takako , Arita Kotaro , Tanaka Motohiro , Yoshida Noriaki 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To elucidate the effect of bone morphometric changes on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in zoledronic acid–treated ovariectomized rats.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-one 10-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with zoledronic acid administration (OVX + ZOL), and sham operation (control) groups. Two weeks after OVX, ZOL administration was initiated. Twelve weeks after OVX, a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring of 25-g force was applied mesially to the maxillary left first molar. In vivo micro–computed tomography (CT) of the left proximal tibia was performed for bone morphometric analysis every 2 weeks after OVX. In addition, OTM was investigated using micro-CT at 0, 12, and 14 weeks after OVX.

Results:
There were significant differences in the bone mineral content (BMC), bone volume (BV), BMC to tissue volume ratio (BMC/TV), and BV to TV ratio of trabecular bone between the control and OVX groups and also between the OVX + ZOL and OVX groups. In the OVX + ZOL group, increased BMC and BV in the cortical bone and increased bone mineral density (BMD) in the trabecular bone were observed. Interestingly, OTM in the OVX group was almost two times more than that in the control and OVX + ZOL groups. Moreover, OTM was correlated with BMD, BMC, BV, and BMC/TV in the trabecular bone.

Conclusions:
OVX accelerated OTM, while ZOL suppressed it. OTM demonstrated a significant negative relationship with trabecular bone mass.