bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
She Said, He Said: Situated Oralities in Judicial Records from Early Modern Rome
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In practice, early modern culture was for most Europeans more oral than written. Yet spoken words, especially those of ordinary people, are, for scholars, tantalizingly elusive. Testimonies, recorded verbatim, in judicial proceedings for the city of Rome and other Italian jurisdictions offer rich repositories of oral expression uttered by women and men of diverse ages and social positions. Yet to explore these documents as terrains of speech and oral culture, we must attend closely to the processes by which these words were assembled and transcribed. Everyday talk that we hear in the trials was deeply situated: in the intricate hybridity of oral/written cultures that characterized much of the early modern world; in the layered oral and written formats of judicial process; and in the social and gendered circumstances of the speakers. These frames shaped the orality that we see in the trials, but did not obliterate individual agency in speech.
The Absence of Sin in Sexual Dreams in the Writings of Augustine and Cassian
Authors: Wei Simon Lienyueh 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Despite being an embarrassing and rarely-addressed issue in the early Church, sexual dreams were ardently discoursed by Augustine and Cassian. In their discussions, not only sexual dreams became an indicator of the dreamer’s moral disposition but a moral hierarchy of dreamers was created for the first time in Christianity. Moreover, while many early and modern Christians consider dreaming of concupiscent images or having a nocturnal emission as sinful, surprisingly these two church fathers doctrinally justified oneiric sexual sinners as innocent. Their doctrine of sin converted the dominion of dreams into the only place where people were inculpable for their ‘sinful deeds’. This article examines their conception of sexual dreams and their articulation of the doctrine of sin by them.
Irenaeus as Logos Theologian
Authors: Lashier Jackson 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Despite the prevalence of “Logos” as a christological title in his works, Irenaeus of Lyons has not been considered a Logos theologian due to an untenable presupposition that the Greek doctrine of the Logos has no place in the biblical thought of Irenaeus. The purpose of this article is to study Irenaeus’ use of “Logos” in explaining the nature and work of the Second Person, particularly in his pre-incarnational state. Furthermore, I read Irenaeus in conjunction with Justin’s Logos theology to demonstrate that Irenaeus alters the dominant understanding of Logos theology in the second century. In Irenaeus’ works, the title “Logos” functions to unite the Father and Son in one, equal divine nature, allowing the Son to work on behalf of the Father in creation as an agent of creation and revelation.
To Act or Not to Act, That Is the Question: Informed Consent in a Criminal Perspective
Authors: Raposo Vera Lúcia 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Some years ago the doctor was seen as the one who “knows better”, and it was absolutely unconceivable that the patient could refuse the suggested treatment or even ask any questions about it. Differently, nowadays doctors face demands to keep their patients informed and can even be sued when they act without patient knowledge and consent. On the patient’s side this new paradigm does not necessarily legitimate euthanasia — still criminally forbidden in most parts of the world — but allows some kind of personal power over body, health and life, materialized in advance directives. On the doctor’s side, it entails a change in the list of good medical practices, imposing the doctrine of informed consent and the prohibition of dysthanasia.
Fighting Statelessness and Discriminatory Nationality Laws in Europe
Authors: van Waas Laura 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The European Convention on Nationality opens with an articulation of the general principles upon which the instrument rests. These can be summarised as follows: (i) states are free to determine who are their nationals, within the limits set by international law; (ii) statelessness shall be avoided; and (iii) rules relating to nationality may not be discriminatory. Here, the second and third statements give content to the first. Thus, the most significant limits imposed by international law with regard to the regulation of nationality are standards relating to the avoidance of statelessness and to the principle of non-discrimination. This article explores the development of these two sets of standards in the European context through an analysis of the further provisions of the European Convention on Nationality as well as an investigation of emerging regional jurisprudence. In particular, the article considers the significance of the recent Rottmann (ECJ 2010) and Genovese (ECtHR 2011) rulings.
UNHCR’s Mandate and Activities to Address Statelessness in Europe
Authors: Manly Mark 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
2011 marked the 50th anniversary of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. The year was marked by stepped-up, unprecedented activity, culminating in a ministerial-level conference organised by UNHCR, which proved to be a watershed for international efforts on statelessness. The anniversary was also a sobering reminder, however. Fifty years after the adoption of the Convention, statelessness remains a significant problem in Europe and around the world. This article takes stock of statelessness in Europe, understood here as the countries which belong to the Council of Europe, by looking at the four key components of UNHCR’s mandate: identification, prevention and reduction of statelessness and the protection of stateless persons. It does so by looking at some of the key activities undertaken with regard to each of these areas in turn, and ends with a brief analysis of where things stand following the anniversary of 1961 Convention.
Nationality, Statelessness and ECHR’s Article 8: Comments on Genovese v. Malta
Authors: de Groot Rene , Vonk Olivier 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article analyses the landmark European Court of Human Rights case of Genovese v. Malta, which made an invaluable contribution to the field of nationality law. For the first time the European Court clearly ruled that (access to) nationality falls under the scope of protection of the ECHR as part of a person’s social identity, which in turn is part of that person’s private life. In this article, the authors analyse the case itself as well as its consequences for the nationality laws of several European countries.
Misleading Advertising Practices in Consumer Transactions: Can Arab Lawmakers Gain an Advantage from European Insight?
Authors: Fayyad Mahmoud 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Only a few years after their enactment in several Arab states, consumer protection regulations were already demonstrating their inability to attain their objectives, with regard to the use of misleading commercial advertising in market transactions. Because the regulations are not equivalent to specific rules and prohibitions to address the use of misleading advertisements, many local parties have demanded that the regulations be amended. Although Islamic law also prohibits the use of misleading advertising, its guidelines do not provide specific prohibitions with which to control deceptive practices. In 2005, European legislators regulated Directive 2005/29/EC in an attempt to combat the use of unfair commercial practices, including the use of misleading advertising in market transactions. This Directive provides clear and specific measures enabling control to be carried out. This article will address how Arab lawmakers can benefit from this European experience.
Islamic Capitalism—An Imminent Reality or a Hopeful Possibility for Islamic Finance?
Authors: Elshurafa Dina 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper explores the future of Islamic finance and the sustainability of its development alongside conventional finance within the same capitalistic framework and posits an alternative capitalist structure as a principled foundation for Islamic finance based on Islamic ideals. The success of this medium will ultimately depend on the extent to which traditionalists, who resist departing from ‘purist’ Islamic principles, will challenge the ijtihād of modernists and their support for innovation. The combined knowledge and cooperation of the fiqh scholars and secular experts can facilitate the development and standardisation of Islamic financial instruments. Points of tension between scholars and secular financial experts should not hinder the process of innovation. Instead, their interaction should be seen as an opportunity for creating a platform for an intellectual discourse, especially in the wake of Western economic crises and the demise of the West’s monopoly over global finance.
Governance, Peace and Human Rights Violations in Africa: Addressing the Application of the Right to Self-Determination in Post-Independence Africa
Authors: Mhango Mtendeweka 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Recent claims of self-determination in post-independence Africa have put pressure on African regional judicial bodies to define the scope of this right. This article examines governance, peace and human rights violation issues in the context of the application of the right to self-determination in post-independence Africa. It scrutinizes the ruling by the African Commission in Katangese Peoples Congress v. Zaire, and argues that this ruling exhibits the African Commission’s encouraging view of self-determination under the African Charter, and the likely recognition of a right to an autonomy regime in post-independence Africa. The article maintains that many of the legal issues in Katanga will likely be raised again, either before the African Commission or the African Court, due to recent and increased claims of self-determination by groups within African states. It examines whether the recognition of a right to autonomy regime could have positive impact on good governance, peace and development in Africa.
Do Human Rights Have Religious Foundations?
Authors: Kiper Jordan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Do human rights have religious foundations? Among philosophers and theologians, the question tends to invite two standard replies. Some accept the boundary between the secular and the religious, and say that the universal protection of freedoms, possessions, and duties associated with human rights extend beyond any religious system. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the moral standards within human rights are inherently religious. In this paper I propose a third position. By taking the perspective of relative universalism, I draw a distinction between the conceptualization and implementation of human rights. The former is a historical process that is arguably bereft of religion, while the latter is a dynamic process that often embraces it. This distinction motivates my central thesis: although religion is absent from the normative and historical foundations of human rights, the realization of human rights in some regions of the world today often requires it.
Religious Symbols in Educational Institutions: Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Radačić Ivana 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The issue of religious symbols in educational institutions has been a source of vigorous legal and political controversy. Two types of cases have been litigated before the European Court of Human Rights: those concerning the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in schools and universities, and those concerning the presence of the crucifix in school classrooms. In this article, I shall analyse these cases, assessing how the Court balances different rights and State interests, focusing in particular on the Court’s interpretation of the principles of neutrality/secularism and of gender equality. I shall criticise the Court’s deference to the State, arguing that it should more strictly supervise how States respect human rights. Respect for human rights requires that the States respect individual’s religious freedoms, be autonomous from the religion and safeguard the principle of plurality. While the Court has proclaimed these principles, it has failed to apply them in these cases.
What Has Aristotelian Dialectic to Offer a Neoplatonist? A Possible Sample of Iamblichus at Simplicius on the Categories 12,10-13,12
Authors: Griffin* Michael J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Simplicius in Cat. 12,10-13,12 presents an interesting justification for the study of Aristotle’s Categories, based in Neoplatonic psychology and metaphysics. I suggest that this passage could be regarded as a testimonium to Iamblichus’ reasons for endorsing Porphyry’s selection of the Categories as an introductory text of Platonic philosophy. These Iamblichean arguments, richly grounded in Neoplatonic metaphysics and psychology, may have exercised an influence comparable to Porphyry’s.
Persian Historical Documents of Georgia (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries): Aspects of Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Giunashvili Helen , Abuladze Tamar 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIranian-Georgian interrelation in the 16th to 18th centuries is reflected in the rich collections of Persian historical documents preserved in Georgian depositories. Their language, lexis, semantics, style, and phraseology clearly reveal the literary language’s development in the common cultural area. This article examines a document issued by Shah ʿAbbās II in 1658 concerning atoyulfor Papuna Tsitsishvili, a representative of the famous Kartli princely house.
Gleb of Minsk’s Widow: Neglected Evidence on the Rule of a Woman in Rus’ian History?
Authors: Garcia de la Puente Ines 
Published: November 2012

The widow of Gleb Vseslavich of Minsk outlived her husband by 40 years. Upon her death in 1158 AD, the Kievan Chronicle inserted a long eulogy where manifold details of her death and burial are given, and where her generous sponsorship of the Caves Monastery is repeatedly highlighted. This unusually (for a woman) long and thorough eulogy is the catalyst for this piece of research.
In order to cast light on why her death attracted so much attention, we study what the circumstances of the last forty years of Gleb's widow's life might have been. We do so by merging the partial conclusions that the research in different disciplines have made available. Syntactical and semantical analysis lead to the proposition of a new interpretation of the eulogy: that the Kievan Chronicle is, in fact, telling us that she ruled Minsk for the forty years of her widowhood. In support of this theory, a study of chronicle entries on Minsk and Polotsk during those decades reveals an apparent vacuum of power in Minsk. Finally, sphragistical data provide indirect evidence of some kind of princely female rule in the north-west of Rus’ in approximately the same time period.
Although no part of the research provides undeniable evidence, all parts point towards the same plausible answer: the combination of the results of linguistic analysis, of chronicle data, and of sphragistics favors the hypothesis that the widow of Gleb Vseslavich acted as the ruler of Minsk between the death of her husband and her own death.
Institutional Constraints and Expanding Spaces: A Case Study on Heifer International’s Localized Development in China
Authors: Taiyong Chen 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
One of the first international NGOs to enter China after the country’s Reform and Opening, Heifer International uses the donation of livestock and technical training as its entry point for poverty alleviation and community development. After entering China, like a number of other international NGOs, Heifer encountered a number of limitations on its existence and development, however, through clear analysis and definition of environmental differences and institutional constraints, as well as proactive adjustment of its strategies and methods of work, Heifer was able to respond to differences and break through limitations, fight for survival and a space in which to develop, establish positive interactions with local communities and governments, and expand the scope and influence of its operations.
An Analysis of Soft Law Applicable to Humanitarian Assistance: Relative Normativity in Action?
Authors: Cubie Dug 
Published: November 2012

There is limited binding international law specifically covering the provision of humanitarian assistance in response to natural and human-made disasters. Yet a variety of authoritative soft law texts have been developed in the past 20 years, including the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Red Cross Red Crescent Code of Conduct and the Sphere Project’s Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. While such ‘non-binding normative standards’ do not carry the weight of international law, they play an essential role in the provision of humanitarian assistance albeit subject to their limited enforceability vis-à-vis intended beneficiaries and to their voluntary application by humanitarian actors. Notwithstanding a lack of legal compulsion, certain non-binding normative standards may directly influence the actions of States and non-State actors, and so obtain a strongly persuasive character. Analysis of texts that influence the practice of humanitarian assistance advances our understanding of humanitarian principles and performance standards for disaster response. As the International Law Commission debates draft articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters, such non-binding normative standards are crucial to the development of an internationally accepted legal framework to protect victims of disasters.
Taking Armed Conflict Out of the Classroom: International and Domestic Legal Protections for Students When Combatants Use Schools
Authors: Sheppard Bede , Kizuka Kennji 
Published: November 2012

Schools around the world are being used for military purposes by State security forces and non-state armed groups. A review of conflicts in 23 countries since 2006 reveals that military use of schools often disrupts, or altogether halts, children’s education and places students and schools at increased risk of abuse and attack. While international humanitarian law does not prohibit the military use of schools, failing to evacuate students from partially occupied schools, which have become military objectives subject to attack, may violate humanitarian law. Moreover, where military use impedes education, States may also violate international human rights obligations to ensure the right to education. Despite these negative consequences and the international legal framework restricting this practice, few States have enacted national prohibitions or restrictions to regulate the military use of schools explicitly. However, the experiences of countries heavily affected by conflict – Colombia, India, and the Philippines – indicate that States can counter opposition armed groups while completely prohibiting the military use of schools. This article argues that States should adopt and implement national legislation and military laws that restrict the military use of schools to better comply with their existing international obligations to protect schoolchildren and ensure the right to education.
The Influence of Painting Composition on Human Perception
Authors: Park Woon Ju , Chong Sang Chul 
Published: November 2012

Artists have long explored the way in which we see the world, and they have developed their own tools to portray their vision. The present study investigated whether the compositional information in paintings, an artistic device invented by artists, is utilized when people view paintings. In Experiment 1, we categorized paintings depending on their compositions through experts’ ratings. Using the stimuli from Experiment 1, Experiment 2 tested if the compositional information interferes with a target detection task. We found that the false alarms increased when the targets and distracters had the same composition compared to when they were different. Finally, Experiments 3A and 3B examined whether composition information influences the perceptual similarity of paintings. Through a multi-dimensional scaling analysis, we first showed that paintings with the same composition were proximately located in the mental space (Experiment 3A). Using this distance from the MDS analysis, we found that performance on the target detection task decreased as this distance became close (Experiment 3B). These results suggest that people make use of compositions in paintings, thus providing a possible link between artworks and the human visual system.
Treatment of refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: the state of the art and new trends in the therapeutic management
Authors: Alijotas-Reig J 
Published: November 2012

Objective To date, there are no reliable data regarding the actual treatment received by women with refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS). The aim of this study was to assess current clinical evidence and new trends in the treatment of refractory OAPS. Methods A non-systematic but comprehensive literature search using relevant keywords was made to identify relevant articles published in English from different computerized databases: PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar electronic database search and The Cochrane Library, from January 2000 to March 2012. Studies on the treatment of poor obstetric outcomes in women with OAPS were included. Prospective randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analysis were retrieved. Results A total of 130 articles were finally selected for this review, including 17 randomized clinical trials and four meta-analyses. The majority of articles were non-randomized original papers and basic and clinical reviews. Conclusion Up to 20% of women with OAPS do not receive the currently recommended therapeutic regimen. Unfortunately, well-designed studies regarding the usefulness of new drugs in refractory OAPS are scarce. Hydroxychloroquine and low-dose prednisolone appear to be useful when added to standard therapy. Current data do not support the use of intravenous immunoglobulins in this field. The role played by double anti-aggregant therapy, fondaparinux, vitamin D, pentoxifylline and TNF-targeted therapies should be tested in well-designed studies.
SOX4 enables oncogenic survival signals in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ramezani-Rad Parham , Geng Huimin , Hurtz Christian , Chan Lai N. , Chen Zhengshan , Jumaa Hassan , Melnick Ari , Paietta Elisabeth , Carroll William L. , Willman Cheryl L. , Lefebvre Véronique , Müschen Markus 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The Sox4 transcription factor mediates early B-cell differentiation. Compared with normal pre-B cells, SOX4 promoter regions in Ph+ ALL cells are significantly hypomethylated. Loss and gain-of-function experiments identified Sox4 as a critical activator of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling in ALL cells. ChIP experiments confirmed that SOX4 binds to and transcriptionally activates promoters of multiple components within the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Cre-mediated deletion of Sox4 had little effect on normal pre-B cells but compromised proliferation and viability of leukemia cells, which was rescued by BCL2L1 and constitutively active AKT and p110 PI3K. Consistent with these findings, high levels of SOX4 expression in ALL cells at the time of diagnosis predicted poor outcome in a pediatric clinical trial (COG P9906). Collectively, these studies identify SOX4 as a central mediator of oncogenic PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling in ALL.