bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Caffeine Added to the Activating Solution on Sperm Motility of Fresh and Thawed Semen of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Curimba,Prochilodus lineatus
Authors: F. S. Carvalho Aline , R. Ferreira Machado Monica , S. Andrade Estefânia , D. S. Murgas Luis , G. Zangeronimo Márcio , C. Barros Thiago , G. Paula Fernanda 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe aim was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of caffeine added in activating solution over sperm motility in fresh and thawed semen of pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, and curimba,Prochilodus lineatus. The activating solutions were prepared with sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.76% (NaHCO3) and caffeine was added at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0mM. As control, a solution ofNaHCO30.76 without caffeine was used. Eight males of pacu and 20 males of curimba were used. Aliquots of 200 μL of semen were diluted in 800μLextender solution (DMSO10% andBTS5%), placed in 0.5mLstraws and cryopreserved for 7 d in a liquid nitrogen tank. There was a linear increase in sperm motility for fresh semen of pacu, and for curimba fresh and thawed semen (P< 0.05), due to the increase in the concentration of caffeine. There was a quadratic response for duration of motility for thawed semen of pacu and for fresh semen of curimba (P< 0.05), respectively. These results indicate that addition of caffeine in the activator solution can improve sperm motility parameters, however, is dependent on the species and concentration used.
The Reuse of Water on the Culture of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in BFT System
Authors: Krummenauer Dariano , Samocha Tzachi , Poersch Luis , Lara Gabriele , Wasielesky Wilson 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe use of the same water over multiple culture cycles in a biofloc technology system can be highly beneficial. This study evaluated the effect of different levels of biofloc‐rich water on selected water quality indicators and on the productive performance of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, juveniles (3.5 g) stocked at 312 juveniles/m3 and cultured under conditions of no water exchange. The study was performed over a 30‐d period in an 800‐L tank system. A total of four biofloc enrichment levels (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and control (0%) were tested with three replicates each. Significant differences in nitrogen compounds were found between the biofloc‐enriched water and the zero‐enrichment treatment. No statistically significant differences among the biofloc‐enriched treatments were found in survival, final weight (8.25 g), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.08). The shrimp raised in clear seawater (i.e., a 0% biofloc enrichment) were significantly smaller (7.37 g vs. 8.25 g) and showed a higher FCR (1.52 vs. 1.08) than the shrimp cultured in the biofloc‐rich water. Nevertheless, no differences in yields were found between treatments. The results of this study suggest that culture in biofloc‐enriched water produces higher levels of water quality and shrimp performance than culture in natural seawater.
Evaluation of the Effects of Different Stunning Methods on the Stress Responses and Meat Quality of the Amazon hybrid surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum female × Leiarius marmoratus male
Authors: da Silva Maciel Elayna Cristina , de Almeida Filho Edivaldo Sampaio , Bertoloni William , Sampaio de Abreu Janessa 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDifferent stunning methods (carbon dioxide [CO2] and hypothermia) used in industrial fish processing were compared with asphyxia in air, which is used in traditional fishing, to evaluate the effects of these methods on the stress responses and the meat quality of the Amazon hybrid surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum female × Leiarius marmoratus male. After the application, blood and behavioral indicators were evaluated. Following death by gill cutting, the fish were gutted, and analyses of muscle pH, rigor mortis, the exudation of the meat, and coloration were performed. Significantly higher levels of cortisol and glucose were exhibited by the fish subjected to asphyxia than by the fish stunned by either CO2 or hypothermia. The fish subjected to asphyxia displayed decreasing muscle pH during the first 2 h after death and showed higher rates of rigor mortis after 3 h than the fish that were stunned by the other two methods. The asphyxia is a practice that exposes fish to suffering by causing an increase in stress responses, which affects meat quality. The immersion of fish in water and ice (hypothermia) for 5 min was more effective stunning method than the use of CO2, resulting in higher loss of sensibility and greater welfare.
“asking with tears forgiveness”: Weeping as ‘Gentling’ in Blake's Milton
Authors: Lafford Erin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this article I wish to counter a critical perception of Blake as a ‘hard’ and unforgiving poet through a reading of his epic Milton as a conscious study in the nature of forgiveness. Specifically, I frame Blake's model of forgiveness as integral to his belief that every human has an inherent right and potential to participate in a divine body of imagination, in order to conduct a study of how Blake sees this as being achieved. Our divinity, and therefore our humanity in Blake's terms, is made manifest, not through hardness, supremacy and strength that allows us to overcome difficulties, but through softness and gentleness. Specifically, I draw on the theologian Stanley Hauerwas' notion of ‘gentling’ (“Christ's Gentle Man,” 2010) to define this softness, a term he develops from a reading of the beatitudes of Matthew's gospel to forward an understanding of the divine, not as strong, but as broken and mourning, to argue that Blake attempts to gentle and forgive fragmented individuals by presenting them with moments of weeping in his poetry, an action that calls the weeping figure into divinity through a forgiving process of meeting, of both the self and others. Alongside Hauerwas' notion of gentling, Martin Buber's I and Thou (1937) also offers a way of situating forgiveness in the difference between hard and soft relations, as this article illustrates. The absence of connection or ‘meeting’ in Buber's ‘I–It’ relationship, I argue, is founded on ‘hardness’, the ‘I’ seeing the other only as an object from which he or she is removed. The ‘I–Thou’ relationship, however, is gentling and mutual, expressive of Blake's vision of forgiveness and its importance within the divine human.
Browning's “A Forgiveness”: A Grammatical Reading
Authors: Gibson Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis reading situates Robert Browning's “A Forgiveness” in the context of popular Victorian lyrics in order to draw attention to features of the popular texts that are tellingly absent from or ironized within Browning's poem. I trace the “grammar of forgiveness” in the popular texts, outlining the often explicitly theological framework that guides how the language of forgiveness is used and to what intended effect. This linguistic exploration also demonstrates that Browning's title – now a curious phrase – was not unusual at the time; it was often employed in the period to make distinctions between human and divine forgiveness. The study juxtaposes the “grammar of forgiveness” found in the popular texts with that of Browning's poem, revealing that the speaker is, in his own macabre fashion, grammatically inventive, fusing forgiveness and retribution in his deadly response to his wife's feigned infidelity and the murderous visit to confession in which he reports how his wife died. Yet the speaker's bleak presentation of forgiveness, I argue, should not be read uncritically as expressing Browning's ethical perspective. Instead, I observe that the poem's form – the dramatic monologue – presents the reader with the opportunity for critique of the speaker's project, inviting reflection on the speaker's form of forgiveness rather than demanding its practice in the manner characteristic of the popular lyrics.
Forgiving Wordsworth: Revision, Religion, and Cockney Reconciliation in Leigh Hunt'sThe Feast of the Poets
Authors: Tomko Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the role of Romantic forgiveness in the poetics of Leigh Hunt amid the often turbulent interaction between the first and second generations of British Romantics over politics, culture, and religion. While recent studies of the “Hunt Circle” or “Cockney Circle” by Jeffrey Cox, Charles Mahoney, and others have recovered the combative edge of Hunt's literary and political relationship with “apostate” poets such as William Wordsworth, this essay examines how the multifaceted poet and journalist sought to reintegrate Wordsworth into a broader reformed community in his revisions ofThe Feast of the Poets. Contrary to the exclusion of Romantic forgiveness in the secular critical models ofRene Wellek, M.H. Abrams, and Harold Bloom, the essay turns to Hunt'sAutobiographyto uncover, in an otherwise secular narrative, a model of Romantic forgiveness and reconciliation that derives from Hunt's religious thought. The reconciliatory revisions of Hunt's treatment of Wordsworth in the poetical‐critical pieceThe Feast of the Poetsexemplify this model of Romantic forgiveness. In moving from vitriolic attack in 1811 to redemptive praise in 1815, Hunt crafts a poetic space that retrieves the literary contributions of his political rival and grafts them into a re‐envisioned British culture focused on Cockney conviviality and cultural reconciliation.
The Dynamics of Poetics and Forgiveness in Adelaide Procter's ‘Homeless’
Authors: Larsen Hoeckley Cheri Lin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAdelaide Procter's “Homeless” can be read as a case study in the dynamics of poetics and forgiveness, taking into account the poem's various Victorian contexts and formal practices. Procter seems to see forgiveness as a dynamic process, shifting for different readers. While Procter writes in a theological framework, using the sentimental Catholic figure of the rosary, she also engages with arguments that some might consider “secular”, such as female employment and sexual double standards. With sentimental and religious poetics, then, Procter enters Victorian discussions as controversial as those of female sexuality and economic practice to challenge accepted Victorian notions of sin, forgiveness, and social equity.
Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala 1963: A new species of beaked whale in the tropical Indo‐Pacific
Authors: Dalebout Merel L. , Scott Baker C. , Steel Debbie , Thompson Kirsten , Robertson Kelly M. , Chivers Susan J. , Perrin William F. , Goonatilake Manori , Charles Anderson R. , Mead James G. , Potter Charles W. , Thompson Lisa , Jupiter Danielle , Yamada Tadasu K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present genetic and morphological evidence supporting the recognition of a previously synonymized species of Mesoplodon beaked whale in the tropical Indo‐Pacific, Mesoplodon hotaula. Although the new species is closely‐related to the rare ginkgo‐toothed beaked whale M. ginkgodens, we show that these two lineages can be differentiated by maternally (mitochondrial DNA), biparentally (autosomal), and paternally (Y chromosome) inherited DNA sequences, as well as by morphological features. The reciprocal monophyly of the mtDNA genealogies and the largely parapatric distribution of these lineages is consistent with reproductive isolation. The new lineage is currently known from at least seven specimens: Sri Lanka (1), Gilbert Islands, Republic of Kiribati (1+), Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, U.S.A. (3), Maldives (1), and Seychelles (1). The type specimen (Sri Lanka) was described as a new species, M. hotaula, in 1963, but later synonymized with M. ginkgodens. This discovery brings the total number of Mesoplodon species to 15, making it, by far, the most speciose yet least known genus of cetaceans.
Echinococcus cysts affecting oromaxillofacial structures – a systematic review
Authors: Just BA , Kern P , Luthardt RG , Rudolph H , Grüner B , Wahlers K 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesCystic echinococcosis is a worldwide spread zoonosis and humans become accidental intermediate hosts. Any tissue can be affected. However, oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis is very uncommon and has never been studied systematically and no evidence‐based treatment recommendations are available. Aim of this paper is to summarize the current knowledge and clinical experience with oromaxillofacial manifestations of cystic echinococcosis.Materials and MethodsPubMed database was accessed with a comprehensive, complex search strategy. Medical Subject Headings terms, wildcard search, truncated search terms and Boolean operators were used. No filters to restrict the results were set. Two evaluators jointly assessed the results in terms of defined criteria.ResultsThe search strategy retrieved 538 results in total. After evaluation 83 publications presenting 108 cases on oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis were included. Parotid gland, mandibular region and maxillary region were most commonly affected. Median patient age was 22 years (range 2.5 months to 81 years). Surgical treatment was performed in 97 cases.ConclusionsIn cases of oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis a thorough evaluation of the patients for further cysts is essential. Therapeutic treatment options are surgical or minimally invasive intervention and drug treatment with benzimidazoles. The diagnosis can be difficult and often require a multidisciplinary approach.
Transient improvements in fixational stability in strabismic amblyopes following bifoveal fixation and reduced interocular suppression
Authors: Raveendran Rajkumar Nallour , Babu Raiju J. , Hess Robert F. , Bobier William R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPurposeTo test the hypothesis that fixational stability of the amblyopic eye in strabismics will improve when viewing provides both bifoveal fixation and reduced inter‐ocular suppression by reducing the contrast to the fellow eye.MethodsSeven strabismic amblyopes (Age: 29.2 ± 9 years; five esotropes and two exotropes) showing clinical characteristics of central suppression were recruited. Interocular suppression was measured by a global motion task. For each participant, a balance point was determined which defined contrast levels for each eye where binocular combination was optimal (interocular suppression minimal). When the balance point could not be determined, this participant was excluded. Bifoveal fixation was established by ocular alignment using a haploscope. Participants dichoptically viewed similar targets (a cross of 2.3° surrounded by a square of 11.3°) at 40 cm. Target contrasts presented to each eye were either high contrast (100% to both eyes) or balanced contrast (attenuated contrast in the fellow fixing eye). Fixation stability was measured over a 5 min period and quantified using bivariate contour ellipse areas in four different binocular conditions; unaligned/high contrast, unaligned/balance point, aligned/high contrast and aligned/balance point. Fixation stability was also measured in six control subjects (Age: 25.3 ± 4 years).ResultsBifoveal fixation in the strabismics was transient (58.15 ± 15.7 s). Accordingly, fixational stability was analysed over the first 30 s using repeated measures anova. Post hoc analysis revealed that for the amblyopic subjects, the fixational stability of the amblyopic eye was significantly improved in aligned/high contrast (p = 0.01) and aligned/balance point (p < 0.01) conditions. Fixational stability of the fellow fixing eye was not different statistically across conditions. Bivariate contour ellipse areas of the amblyopic and fellow fixing eyes were therefore averaged for each amblyope in the four conditions and compared with normals. This averaged bivariate contour ellipse area was significantly greater (reduced fixational stability, p = 0.04) in amblyopes compared to controls except in the case of aligned and balanced contrast (aligned/balance point, p = 0.19).ConclusionFixation stability in the amblyopic eye appears to improve with bifoveal fixation and reduced interocular suppression. However, once initiated, bifoveal fixation is transient with the strabismic eye drifting away from foveal alignment, thereby increasing the angle of strabismus.
Instability of KCNE1‐D85N that Causes Long QT Syndrome: Stabilization by Verapamil
Authors: SAKATA SHINJI , KURATA YASUTAKA , LI PEILI , NOTSU TOMOMI , MORIKAWA KUMI , MIAKE JUNICHIRO , HIGAKI KATSUMI , YAMAMOTO YASUTAKA , YOSHIDA AKIO , SHIRAYOSHI YASUAKI , YAMAMOTO KAZUHIRO , HORIE MINORU , NINOMIYA HARUAKI , KANZAKI SUSUMU , HISATOME ICHIRO 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundA KCNE1 polymorphism, D85N, causes long QT syndrome (LQTS) with a decrease in the slowly activating delayed‐rectifier K+ channel current (IKs). We examined impacts of D85N polymorphism on KCNE1 protein stability and functions, and tested the ability of various drugs to modify them.MethodsKCNE1‐D85N or the wild‐type protein was coexpressed in COS7 cells with KCNQ1 to form K+ channels. Expression, degradation, and intracellular localization of KCNE1 proteins, as well as the currents conferred by KCNQ1/KCNE1 complexes, were determined using immunoblots, immunofluorescence, and patch‐clamp techniques.ResultsThe protein level of KCNE1‐D85N was lower than that of the wild‐type, in spite of the comparable levels of their mRNA. KCNE1‐D85N was highly ubiquitinated and rapidly degraded as compared to the wild‐type; a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, inhibited its degradation and increased its steady‐state level. Both KCNE1‐D85N and the wild‐type proteins were co‐immunoprecipitated with KCNQ1. Immunofluorescent signals of KCNE1‐D85N accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, with reduced levels on the cell membrane. Patch‐clamp experiments demonstrated that the membrane current corresponding to IKs was much smaller in cells expressing KCNE1‐D85N than in those expressing the wild‐type. Verapamil (0.5–10 μM) increased the protein level of KCNE1‐D85N, decreased its ubiquitination, slowed its degradation, and enhanced KCNQ1/KCNE1‐D85N channel currents. Pretreatment with amiodarone abolished these effects of verapamil.ConclusionKCNE1‐D85N is less stable than the wild‐type protein, and is rapidly degraded through the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. Verapamil may be of a therapeutic value in LQTS patients via preventing degradation of KCNE1‐D85N.
Experience of and in Time
Authors: Phillips Ian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHow must experience of time be structured in time? In particular, does the following principle, which I will call inheritance, hold: for any temporal property apparently presented in perceptual experience, experience itself has that same temporal property. For instance, if I hear Paul McCartney singing ‘Hey Jude’, must my auditory experience of the ‘Hey’ itself precede my auditory experience of the ‘Jude’, or can the temporal order of these experiences come apart from the order the words are experienced as having? A number of recent authors (Phillips Experience and Time, ‘The Temporal Structure of Experience’, Soteriou ‘Perceiving Events’, Hoerl ‘“A Succession of Feelings, in and of Itself, is Not a Feeling of Succession”’, Rashbrook) claim, to paraphrase Martin (399), that inheritance best characterises how our temporal experience seems to initial reflective intuition. For this reason, Phillips takes the principle to form part of our naïve view of temporal experience. An opposing group of theorists object that inheritance is subject to empirical counter‐example. This article surveys such challenges. Section 2 considers Grush's case against inheritance based on postdiction. Section 3 examines Watzl's anti‐inheritance argument based on silencing effects. Finally, Section 4 explores a number of alleged counter‐examples proposed by Lee (‘Temporal Experience and the Temporal Structure of Experience’). Section 1 provides essential background to the debate.
Bolzano and the Analytical Tradition
Authors: Lapointe Sandra 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the course of the last few decades, Bolzano has emerged as an important player in accounts of the history of philosophy. This should be no surprise. Few authors stand at a more central junction in the development of modern thought. Bolzano's contributions to logic and the theory of knowledge alone straddle three of the most important philosophical traditions of the 19th and 20th centuries: the Kantian school, the early phenomenological movement and what has come to be known as analytical philosophy. This paper identifies three Bolzanian theoretical innovations that warrant his inclusion in the analytical tradition: the commitment to ‘logical realism’, the adoption of a substitutional procedure for the purpose of defining logical properties and a new theory of a priori cognition that presents itself as an alternative to Kant's. All three innovations concur to deliver what counts as the most important development of logic and its philosophy between Aristotle and Frege. In the final part of the paper, I defend Bolzano against a common objection and explain that these theoretical innovations are also supported by views on syntax, which though marginal are both workable and philosophically interesting. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Occupational UV Exposure of Environmental Agents in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Serrano María‐Antonia , Cañada Javier , Moreno Juan Carlos , Gurrea Gonzalo ,   Members of the Valencia Solar Radiation Research Group
Published: February 2014

AbstractExcessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is considered the most important environmental risk factor in the development of melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among those with the highest risk from exposure to solar UVR, as their daily activities constantly expose them to this radiation source. A study was carried out in Valencia, Spain, in summer 2012 and involved a group of 11 workers for a period of six 2‐day recordings. Sensitive spore‐film filter‐type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure erythemal UVR received by environmental agents in the course of their daily work. Median 2‐day UV exposure was 6.2 standard erythema dose (SED), with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J m−2 when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L′Eclairage's (CIE) erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 8.3% total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation. Comparison with the occupational UV exposure limit showed that the subjects had received an erythemal UV dose in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.
Christian–Buddhist Polemics in Late Medieval/Early Modern Japan
Authors: Baskind James 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUntil recently, there have been predominantly two ways of approaching Christian–Buddhist polemics during Japan's late medieval and early modern periods. One way is to look at the writings of European Jesuits. The other way is to look at the Buddhist response, largely seen in works produced by Zen monks. Until recently, we had yet to see an informed Japanese understanding of Christianity, nor an insider's critical treatment of Japanese Buddhism. In the person of Fukansai Habian, however, we see both of these things. Not only was he a convert to Christianity, but he was also a former Zen monk. We will examine his catechistic text, Myōtei Mondō (1605), and its recently discovered first fascicle on Buddhism as a nexus for considering Christianity's polemical challenge to Buddhism. We will see how the meeting of radically different worldviews regarding such fundamental issues as salvation, the afterlife, ethics, the ‘soul’, and the nature of Ultimate Reality/God came to a climax in the person of Habian and found its most thorough and informed exposition in Myōtei Mondō. Within this discussion, we will also address the Buddhist response to the charge that it is based on emptiness, nothingness, and void.