bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool
Authors: Meloy JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dr. Ronald Holmes, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Louisville ol of Justice Administration, has written a diminutive book which expands the iling chapters in his coauthored previous work Serial Murder (Sage, 1988). This newest is intended to be read by law enforcement personnel and is written in a simple, ging style.
A Review of The Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques
Authors: Owens MC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This well-written text provides a clear and concise overview of document examination problems and the methods utilized in attempting to resolve them. At times, the author seems to cover all variables that might be encountered in a given problem, which reflects his considerable experience in this field. The book is directed primarily to the user of document examination services, although the practitioner will find it extremely useful and informative as a quick reference source.
Further Evaluation of Probabilities in Human Scalp Hair Comparisons
Authors: Wickenheiser RA , Hepworth DG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Placing value on associative hair evidence is an integral part of court presentation. A modified repeat of the hair probability study by Gaudette and Keeping has been undertaken, with steps taken to remedy shortcomings of the original work. The results of this study demonstrate that, with the application of rigid selection criteria, the frequency of coincidental matches in forensic science hair comparisons is low. It also demonstrates that routine hair classification is not feasible, because of inconsistency in examiner discrimination. The macroscopic selection of 5 to 13 mutually dissimilar hairs has been shown to be frequently unrepresentative of the microscopic range of features present in a known hair sample.
Delayed Ethanol Analysis of Breath Specimens: Long-Term Field Experience with Commercial Silica Gel Tubes and Breathalyzer Collection
Authors: Parker KM , Green JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Delayed ethanol analysis was performed on breath specimens collected with commercial silica gel tubes using multiple Breathalyzer® instruments. Eleven hundred and nine results were obtained from an ethanol testing program over a five-year period. Only 2.5% of the specimens had apparent collection errors. For the valid specimens, the most frequent result was 0.11 g/210 L and the mean result was 0.14 g/210 L. For 642 specimens, delayed results were compared with direct results. Direct results were greater than delayed results for 55%, less than for 27%, and equal to for 18% of the pairs. When fixed tolerance limits of ±0.03 were used, 81% of the direct results were confirmed. The confirmation percentage was best in the critical range of direct results, 0.05 to 0.15 g/210 L. The collection tubes showed no substantial variability in retaining ethanol during storage and releasing ethanol for analysis.
Brain Markers and Suicide: Can a Relationship Be Found?
Authors: Little KY , Sparks DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent work suggests that some persons who commit suicide have altered neurochemistry in their brains. It remains unclear which of the many reported abnormalities are most reliably present and whether they reflect a specific psychiatric disorder or a disposition to violent impulsivity. A number of technical and interpretive problems must be clarified, but a postmortem test indicating that a subject was at high risk for suicide may eventually emerge. This approach would not be useful for ruling out suicide, since altered neurochemistry is not likely to be involved in every case.
Euthanasia: A Challenge for the Forensic Toxicologist
Authors: Uges DRA , Greijdanus B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
People die daily in the hospital. Mostly, they die because their illnesses were no longer treatable (natural death). Unfortunately, some people die an unnatural death, in particular, as the result of euthanasia. In contrast to the situation in most countries, in the Netherlands euthanasia is accepted by the courts under strict conditions. It can be very difficult for the legal authorities to establish whether a person has died from natural causes or from suicide, euthanasia, or murder. In addition to the pathologist and the lawyer, the toxicologist also has a number of problems in showing whether euthanasia has been carried out. These can consist of the following analytical problems:
(a) interactions—the patients involved have frequently been receiving a large number of toxic and nontoxic drugs simultaneously;
(b) identification—not all drugs administered are included in general screening procedures;
(c) metabolites—a large number of metabolites may have accumulated toward the end of a long therapeutic regimen; and
(d) determination—determination of quaternary muscle relaxants and their various metabolites, as well as other drugs, can be problematic.
There are also toxicokinetic problems: because of poor kidney and liver function, low serum albumen, general malaise, and interactions between these factors and other drugs, the kinetics of a given drug can differ from normal. This makes it all the more difficult to determine whether the patient died from an accumulation of medication or from a so-called “euthanetic” drug mixture.
The case report of a 79-year-old man who died as a result of either pneumonia or a high pentazocine blood concentration (2200 µg/L) is discussed as an example of these problems. Using a pharmacokinetic calculation, it can be shown that the patient died as the result of an overdose of pentazocine rather than as a result of normal medication.
The Detection of Group Specific Component (Gc) in the General Population of West Virginia
Authors: Smith TA , Myers HB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An isoelectric focusing method is described for the detection of group specific component (Gc) in forensic casework. Gc can be subtyped in one day using this reliable and reproducible method. The gene frequency data collected indicate that the occurrence of Gc phenotypes in the population of West Virginia is consistent with established frequencies for the system.
Attempted Murder with Pancuronium
Authors: Briglia EJ , Davis PL , Katz M , Dal Cortivo LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A nurse was accused of attempting to murder her anesthesiologist husband on two occasions by administering to him a neuromuscular blocking agent. In both episodes, urine specimens were obtained from the victim shortly after the suspected assaults. The samples were initially tested fluorometrically using Rose Bengal dye as a pairing agent. Both were presumptively positive for pancuronium. Confirmation of these results was achieved by pairing the drug with potassium iodide, extracting the complex, and submitting the extract to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) cleanup, elution at the appropriate retardation factor (Rf), and, finally, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis in the selectedion monitoring mode. The two quaternary amines of pancuronium appear to undergo pyrolytic N-demethylation in the injection port to yield an entity amenable to capillary column gas chromatography. The mass spectrum of the compound consists of a base peak of m/z 322, with additional fragments of 292, 323, 338, 396, and 397 m/z, each of which was monitored. The confirmed positive findings were instrumental in adjudicating the case.
The Use of Human Skin in the Fabrication of a Bite Mark Template: Two Case Reports
Authors: West MH , Barsley RE , Frair J , Seal MD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Comparison of a suspected biter's dental arches with the patterned injury of a bite mark is especially difficult when the bite occurs in an anatomic location with a small radius of curvature or with complex or compound curves. The authors present two case reports in which human skin was used as a template for the reproduction of a bite. In one case the victim's skin was used; in the other, the skin of a anatomically similar person was used. The use of inked dental casts, photography, and transparent overlays significantly reduced the errors common to analysis of bite marks in these highly curved areas.
The Legacy of Nixon—and Quincy
Authors: Petty CS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Perhaps it began with Watergate: the precipitating of confidence into the abyss of disbelief. Tolerance of citizens for the small errors of their government was shattered by their realization of major deceit on the part of their highest elected official. The mood of the people affected even the medicolegal officials, both elected and appointed. Citizens and the media alike now deemed it necessary and appropriate to question the determination and decisions, the rulings and resolutions of the many questions relating to death investigation.
Aminoninhydrins: Fingerprint Reagents with Direct Fluorogenic Activity—Preliminary Studies
Authors: Almog J , Hirshfeld A , Frank A , Sterling J , Leonov D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four hitherto unknown amino derivatives of ninhydrin have been prepared and examined as potential fingerprint reagents. All gave intensive colors upon reaction with amino acids in solution and developed latent fingerprints on paper in a manner similar to ninhydrin. The 5-substituted derivatives, 5-aminoninhydrin and 5-dimethylaminoninhydrin, also exhibited direct fluorogenic activity with amino acids and with latent fingerprints. Addition of Group IIb metal salts had no marked effect on the fluorogenic process.
Improved Charcoal Packaging for Accelerant Recovery by Passive Diffusion
Authors: Dietz WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two simple procedures for trapping volatile accelerant vapors are presented as alternatives to other techniques which utilize passive diffusion. These procedures take advantage of the simple diffusion of volatiles into the headspace of a closed container and trap the vapors onto charcoal which is either encased in a porous pouch or impregnated into a flexible membrane. Data demonstrating the abilities of these procedures to collect accelerant vapors with respect to changes in adsorption time, temperature, and sample concentration are presented.
Gunshot Entrance Wound Abrasion Ring Width as a Function of Projectile Diameter and Velocity
Authors: Randall B , Jaqua R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The relationships between gunshot entrance wound abrasion ring widths versus projectile diameter and velocity, using foam-backed deer hides as targets, were investigated. At a fixed velocity, abrasion ring width increased with increasing projectile diameter but decreased in proportion to the central defect diameter. For fixed-diameter projectiles, very slow and high velocities produced minimal abrasion width. Maximal abrasion width occurred at intermediate velocities.
The authors postulate that abrasion width is a function of the ratio of projectile velocity and the maximum deformation velocity of the target skin. The largest abrasion width occurs when the ratio is one. Using a projectile velocity known to produce maximum abrasion width at an initial warm temperature, then decreasing the target deformation velocity by cooling, produced the expected results of decreasing abrasion width.
Recognition of Cemetery Remains in the Forensic Setting
Authors: Berryman HE , Bass WM , Symes SA , Smith O'BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cemetery remains exposed through vandalism or natural phenomena are frequently brought to the attention of law enforcement agents or medical examiners. Although it is often difficult to distinguish cemetery remains from those of medicolegal significance, clues to their origin may exist. Characteristics consistent with cemetery remains include physical characteristics associated with the embalming process. Characteristics indicative of cemetery remains include functional or ornamental artifacts associated with the coffin, devices used in embalming the body, and elevated levels of embalming chemicals in the soft tissue.
Empirical Criteria for the Determination of Suicide Manner of Death
Authors: Jobes DA , Casey JO , Berman AL , Wright DG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 16-item instrument was constructed as a tool to assist medicolegal officials in their investigations and certifications of suicidal deaths. The Empirical Criteria for the Determination of Suicide (ECDS)—derived from a combined set of the 22 criterion items of the Operational Criteria for the Determination of Suicide (OCDS) and 33 other items obtained from experts and the professional literature—was constructed and validated by using 126 suicide and accident cases obtained from 70 medical examiner participants. Analysis of the cases confirmed that suicide is a manner of death in which there is evidence of both self-infliction and intention to die. The 16 items retained in the ECDS discriminated suicides from accidents best in relation to self-infliction and intention. In analysis of its concurrent validity, the ECDS instrument predicted 100% of the suicides and 83% of the accidents, thus correctly identifying 92% of all cases.
Genetic Markers in Human Bone: I. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analysis
Authors: Lee HC , Pagliaro EM , Berka KM , Folk NL , Anderson DT , Ruano G , Keith TP , Phipps P , Herrin GL , Garner DD , Gaensslen RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from a number of spongy and compact human bone tissue specimens, and the yield was estimated on a “per milligram of starting tissue” basis. DNA was, in addition, isolated from a number of corresponding blood and bone tissue specimens. Spectrophotofluorometry and ethidium bromide visualization on minigels were used to estimate the quantity and degree of degradation of DNA. The DNA from several blood-bone pairs is shown to give concordant restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing results by two different typing protocols with five different singlelocus probes. DNA from several additional blood-bone pairs is shown to give concordant results for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQα phenotypes following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization to specific allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, and for the variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) length polymorphisms 3′ to the human apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene following PCR amplification with specific primers and analysis of the products by electrophoresis and ethidium bromide visualization.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Residue on Hands
Authors: Fetterolf DD , Mudd JL , Teten K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed for the detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in munitions wastewater has been adapted to the detection of TNT residue on hands following contact. Using the procedure developed, as little as 50 pg of TNT could be detected. Accounting for sample size and dilution, the 50 pg equates to 15 ng of TNT recovered from the hands. Following contact with TNT, amounts ranging from 53 ng to more than 1500 ng were recovered from hands. The monoclonal anti-TNT antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with several other explosives or common contaminants. These preliminary results indicate promise for the development of a simple-to-use, immunoassay-based field test kit for TNT and, ultimately, other explosives.
Toxicological Investigation of Liquid Petroleum Gas Explosion: Human Model for Propane/Ethyl Mercaptan Exposures
Authors: Lowry WT , Gamse B , Armstrong AT , Corn JM , Juarez L , McDowell JL , Owens R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four individuals died as the result of a propane explosion. As with many propane explosions, the question was raised as to the adequacy of the product's odorization after the autopsy studies had been conducted. In most cases, this question leads to litigation. Ethyl mercaptan is a widely used odorant for propane and was used in this instance. Three of the four victims had blood available at autopsy for study. Quantitative analyses of the victims' blood, obtained during autopsy, were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, without subjecting the samples to hydrolysis. These analyses determined the relative amounts of porpane and ethyl mercaptan in the blood to be 90, 63, and 175 mL/m3 headspace, and 0.36, 0.34, and 0.77 µg/L blood, respectively.
Since mercaptans have been reported in human blood as products of metabolism, modeling studies were conducted to establish the validity of the autopsy data and to develop an autopsy toxicology protocol for investigating explosion deaths. When subjects were not exposed to an atmosphere containing ethyl mercaptan, dimethylsulfide was the only mercaptan detectable in their blood without severe hydrolysis prior to analysis. Metabolic ethyl mercaptan is sufficiently bound to be undetectable by the methods used without hydrolysis. Human subjects were exposed to a flammable mixture of air and propane odorized with ethyl mercaptan. The analyses of the blood from these subjects produced results which were comparable with those for the explosion victims, establishing that the question of odorant adequacy can be addressed at the autopsy of propane explosion victims. It is extremely important that the pathologist and toxicologist investigating gas explosion deaths recognize the valuable evidence existing in the victim's blood.
Azygos Vein Laceration Due to Blunt Trauma
Authors: Shkrum MJ , Green RN , Shum DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The azygos vein ascends along the thoracic spine through the mediastinum and drains into the superior vena cava at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. Fracture-dislocation of the mid-thoracic spine, as a result of blunt thoracic trauma, can tear the azygos vein. Four such fatal cases (three motor vehicle accidents and one fall) were studied, only one of which was recognized prior to death. The vein can also be torn, in the absence of skeletal injuries, by horizontal acceleration/deceleration forces.
The pathologist must consider azygos vein laceration as a possible cause of either hemothorax or hemomediastinum or both in a victim of a blunt chest trauma, if that individual had persistent hypotension during the few hours before death and no identifiable source of hemorrhage can be found postmortem in sites such as the heart, great vessels, lung, and chest wall. A fracture-dislocation of the thoracic spine may not necessarily be present.
Azygos vein laceration seems to be an uncommon cause of hemothorax and hemomediastinum; however, this injury is probably more frequent than is implied by the few cases described in the medical literature.
Effects of the Taser in Fatalities Involving Police Confrontation
Authors: Kornblum RN , Reddy SK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sixteen deaths associated with the use of the Taser were examined. All involved young males who had a history of abuse of controlled substances; all but three were under the influence of cocaine, phencyclidine [phenylcyclohexylpiperidine (PCP)], or amphetamine. All were behaving in a bizarre or unusual fashion which necessitated calling the police. The cause of death was an overdose of drugs in eleven, gunshot wounds in three, heart disease and Taser shock in one, and an undetermined cause in one. All were considered to be under the influence of PCP by the police at the time of the incident. All were unarmed, which was the reason a Taser was used instead of a more lethal weapon. The conclusion reached after evaluation of these cases is that the Taser in and of itself does not cause death, although it may have contributed to death in one case.
Detection of Nonvisible Writings by Infrared Luminescence and Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Authors: Riordan WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The presence of nonvisible written material was detected on documents during an examination for infrared luminescence. An experiment was conducted to examine absorption by paper of noncolor ink components from documents bearing written material. Various inks were used to prepare sample writings. Each sample writing was prepared on an original sheet of paper with a corresponding undershcet. These sheets were then placed between upper and lower protective sheets. Each four-sheet sample was left intact for a 72-h period. The presence of nonvisible writing resulting from the absorption by paper of noncolor ink components was detected on particular sample sheets when examined for ultraviolet fluorescence and infrared luminescence. The methods used and the results are discussed.
A Simple Histochemical Technique for the Identification of Gunshot Residue
Authors: Tschirhart DL , Noguchi TT , Klatt EC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Alizarin red S (ARS) is a commonly used organic dye useful in the histologic identification of calcium deposits. ARS also forms colored reaction products with other metal ions, including barium and lead, which are present in primer residue. In histochemical studies. ARS is shown to identify primer residues from several manufacturers as well as primer residue deposited in tissue, either experimentally or in close-range gunshot wounds. This can be easily accomplished with routine histologic techniques. ARS does not stain gunpowder residue, tattoo pigment, melanin, graphite, india ink, or anthracotic pigment.
Simultaneous Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Assay of Methadone and 2-Ethyl-1, 5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in Urine
Authors: Baugh LD , Liu RH , Walia AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An efficient extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of methadone and 2-ethyl-1, 5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine in urine samples. The merits of this procedure include (1) effective high-volume sample processing; (2) excellent gas chromatography characteristics; (3) high precision for quantitative methadone determination—1.0% coefficient of variation (CV) for GC/MS injection replicates and 1.2% for extraction replicates; (4) excellent linearity within the range (0 to 1200 ng/mL) studied; and (5) adequate detection limits (50 ng/mL) for most practical purposes. The detection limit for methadone may be improved 40-fold by using a different internal standard.
Use of a Silicon Carbide Sampling Accessory for the Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Analysis of Samples of Interest to Forensic Science
Authors: Mazzella WD , Lennard CJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An infrared spectroscopy method is described which requires little sample preparation and may be used for analysis of a wide range of samples of interest to forensic science. A small quantity of a sample is rubbed onto an abrasive silicon carbide disk, which is then measured by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The technique has been successfully applied to the infrared analysis of paint, synthetic rubber, cosmetics, corrector fluid, and adhesives.
A Practical Technique for the Fabrication of Transparent Bite Mark Overlays
Authors: Dailey JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A quick, inexpensive, and accurate technique for generating transparent overlays, using office photocopy machines, for use in bite mark case analysis is presented. The critical step in the fabrication process involves determination of the accuracy of the product produced by the photocopy machine. A reliable method for making such a determination is discussed.
A Unique Case of Congenital Bilateral Absence of Parietal Bones in a Neonate
Authors: Dunn R , Stout SD , Dix J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The remains of an unidentified female neonate were discovered in a field in central Missouri. Examination revealed bilateral absence of the parietal bones. A search of the literature describing similar defects suggests that the present case represents a unique condition, described here for the first time.