bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the management of childhood immune thrombocytopenia: how can we provide an evidence‐based approach?
Authors: Cooper Nichola 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMost children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have transiently low platelet counts and do not suffer from bleeding. Treatments with steroids, immunosuppression or splenectomy are not thought to be curative and may create more problems than the low platelet count. Consequently, many children do not receive treatment unless there is bleeding. However, although registry data looks promising, this approach outcome is not consistent between countries, or even between centres in the same country, leading to confusion for both physicians and families. Reaching a consensus for the management of paediatric ITP is further complicated by the lack of a diagnostic test and by the heterogeneity of the disease; for example, although most children remain relatively asymptomatic and go into an early remission, some patients have significant bleeding and others do not go into spontaneous remission. This review assesses the available evidence to guide physicians and families on making management decisions, showing the wide range of treatment choices, and the different approaches between countries and considers methods by which further information could be acquired to provide a more stratified approach to management.
The effects of social and health consequence framing on heavy drinking intentions among college students
Authors: Kingsbury John H. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesMany interventions targeting college student drinking have focused on negative health effects of drinking heavily; however, some research suggests that social factors may have a stronger influence on the drinking behaviour of young people. Moreover, few studies have examined message framing effects in the context of alcohol consumption. This study investigated the effects of social and health consequence framing on college students' intentions to engage in heavy drinking.DesignThis study used a 2 × 2 experimental design with an appended control condition.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐four college students (74 women; Mage = 18.9) participated in this study for course credit. Participants read vignettes that were ostensibly written by a recent graduate from the university, who described an episode of drinking in which he or she experienced either social or health consequences. These consequences were framed as either a gain (i.e., positive consequences of not drinking heavily) or a loss (i.e., negative consequences of drinking heavily). After reading the vignette, participants completed a measure of heavy drinking intentions.ResultsRegression analyses revealed that social consequences were associated with lower heavy drinking intentions when framed as a loss and that health consequences were associated with lower heavy drinking intentions when framed as a gain. These effects were stronger among those who reported higher (vs. lower) levels of previous drinking.ConclusionsResults suggest that interventions that focus on the negative health effects of heavy drinking may be improved by instead emphasizing the negative social consequences of drinking heavily and the positive health consequences of avoiding this behaviour.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?
Previous studies have shown that gain frames are more effective than loss frames when highlighting the health consequences of health risk behaviours, such as heavy drinking. The heavy drinking behaviour of young people is influenced by social factors (e.g., perceived social consequences). However, little is known about framing effects for social consequences of heavy drinking.
What does this study add?
This study builds on previous research by demonstrating that a loss frame is more effective than a gain frame when highlighting the social consequences of health risk behaviour.
Framing effects are strongest for those with more previous drinking experience.
δ‐Opioid receptors in the accumbens shell mediate the influence of both excitatory and inhibitory predictions on choice
Authors: Laurent Vincent , Wong Felix L , Balleine Bernard W 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeStimuli that predict rewarding events can control choice between future actions, and this control could be mediated by δ‐opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc‐S). Stimuli predicting the absence of important events can also guide choice, although it remains unknown whether they do so via changes in an accumbal δ‐opioid receptor‐related process.Experimental Approachδ‐opioid receptor‐eGFP mice were trained to perform two instrumental actions that delivered different food outcomes. Choice between the two actions was then tested in the presence of stimuli paired with either the delivery or the non‐delivery of each of the two outcomes. Bilateral infusions of the δ‐opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole into the NAc‐S were used to determine the role of these receptors at the time of choice and δ‐opioid receptor expression in the NAc‐S used to assess functional activity.Key ResultsA stimulus predicting a specific outcome biased choice performance towards the action previously earning that same outcome. In contrast, a stimulus signalling the absence of that outcome biased performance away from the action that delivered that outcome towards actions associated with the absence of that outcome. Both effects were associated with increased δ‐opioid receptor expression on the membrane of cholinergic interneurons within the NAc‐S. Furthermore, both effects were blocked by naltrindole infused into the NAc‐S.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings suggest that δ‐opioid receptors in the NAc‐S were involved in the effects of predictive learning on choice between actions, whether those predictions involve the presence or absence of specific rewarding events.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Activation of GPR18 by cannabinoid compounds: a tale of biased agonism
Authors: Console‐Bram Linda , Brailoiu Eugen , Brailoiu Gabriela Cristina , Sharir Haleli , Abood Mary E 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeGPR18 is a candidate cannabinoid receptor, but its classification as such is controversial. The rationale of the study presented herein was to consider the effects of N‐arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) and cannabinoids via differential G‐protein coupled pathways, in addition to β‐arrestin signalling. Cellular localization of GPR18 receptors was also examined.Experimental ApproachCalcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were quantified in a cell line stably expressing GPR18 (HEK293/GPR18 cells). In addition, using the DiscoveRx PathHunter® CHO‐K1 GPR18 β‐arrestin cell line, recruitment of β‐arrestin was quantified.Key ResultsConcentration‐dependent increases in intracellular calcium and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were observed in the presence of NAGly, abnormal cannabidiol (AbnCBD), O‐1602, O‐1918 and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) in HEK293/GPR18 cells. The initial rise in intracellular calcium in the presence of NAGly, O1918 and THC was blocked by either Gαq or Gαi/o inhibition. The ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited by Pertussis toxin and N‐arachidonoyl‐L‐serine (NARAS). Recruitment of β‐arrestin in the PathHunter CHO‐K1 GPR18 cell line revealed a differential pattern of GPR18 activation; of all the ligands tested, only Δ9‐THC produced a concentration‐dependent response. The localization of GPR18 receptors within the HEK293/GPR18 cells is both intracellular, and on the plasma membrane.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings suggest that GPR18 activation involves several signal transduction pathways indicative of biased agonism, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the apparent discrepancies in GPR18 activation found in the literature. Additionally, the results presented herein provide further evidence for GPR18 as a candidate cannabinoid receptor.
Churg–Strauss syndrome: a new endotype of severe asthma? Results of 14 Turkish patients
Authors: Yılmaz İnsu , Çelik Gülfem , Aydın Ömür , Özdemir Seçil Kepil , Soyyiğit Şadan , Sözener Zeynep , Özgüçlü Selcan , Atasoy Çetin , Düzgün Nurşen , Mungan Dilşad , Sin Betül , Demirel Yavuz Selim , Mısırlıgil Zeynep 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionChurg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare multisystem vasculitis. Considering the variation of autoimmune diseases in different races, it is of interest to determine whether any outstanding features exist for Turkish patients with CSS.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and serological features of the disease, the treatment, and long‐term follow‐up details, and to investigate possible etiological factors of Turkish CSS patients.MethodsThe study included 14 patients who were diagnosed with CSS, and followed by our department between 2004 and 2012. Possible etiological factors, initial symptoms, clinical presentations, treatment, as well as outcomes were documented. The study was approved by the local ethics.ResultsAll patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Initial symptoms were worsening asthma (n = 14; 100%) and skin lesions (n = 6; 43%). All patients had a diagnosis of asthma and nasal polyps, whereas 57.1% had aspirin hypersensitivity at the time of diagnosis. The lungs (100%) and skin (43%) were most commonly involved. Peripheral eosinophilia dominated on initial presentations of all patients. Initial treatments included oral methyl prednisolone in all cases, whereas cyclophosphamide and azathioprine were used in three cases. Relapses were detected in five cases. None of the cases were able to stop the oral corticosteroid treatment. No fatalities were observed.ConclusionWe herein describe a new severe asthma endotype in connection with CSS. We suggest that physicians who deal with uncontrolled severe asthma cases should consider CSS in the presence of nasal polyps, aspirin hypersensitivity, and especially peripheral blood eosinophilia over 10%.
Hemodynamic changes in child acute respiratory distress syndrome with airway pressure release ventilation: a case series
Authors: Kawaguchi Atsushi , Guerra Gonzalo Garcia , Duff Jonathan P. , Ueta Ikuya , Fukushima Ryosuke 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundAirway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is widely used in adult critical care settings. However, information on the use of APRV in the pediatric population is limited.MethodsAll patients admitted to the medical‐surgical pediatric intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who received APRV for at least 12 h between 2007 and 2009 were reviewed.ResultsThirteen patients with a variety of etiologies of ARDS were included, with a mean weight of 18.2 ± 15.0 kg, a mean age of 68 ± 57 months and a predicted mortality (based on Pediatric Index of Mortality version 2) of 23.9 ± 13.8%. Patients were placed on APRV for a median of 4 days (range 1–10 days). There was no change in blood gas parameters after 1 h or 12 h of APRV when compared with pre‐APRV. There was no statistical difference in hemodynamic parameters, including mean arterial blood pressure, central venous blood pressure and heart rate, while the patients were on APRV.ConclusionAPRV could be safely used in pediatric ARDS patients, without significant hemodynamic compromise or side effects.
Successful treatment with L‐asparaginase‐based regimen for primary pulmonary NK/T cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Gui Wei , Yang Bin , Shen Quanliang , Bai Min , Wang Jun , Guan Tao , Zhao Jin , Wang Jingrong , Su Liping 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the treatment of primary pulmonary NK/T cell lymphoma.MethodA case report and review of the literature. The tissue material was obtained by transbronchial biopsy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathology. He received five cycles of chemotherapy with L‐asparaginase‐based regimen.ResultHe remained complete remission for 2 years following the initial diagnosis.ConclusionPrimary pulmonary NK/T cell lymphoma is an aggressive disease. It is usually associated with poor outcome in the literature. L‐asparaginase based regimen was effective for our newly diagnosed patient.
Second‐hand drinking may increase support for alcohol policies: New results from the 2010 National Alcohol Survey
Authors: Greenfield Thomas K. , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Giesbrecht Norman , Kerr William C. , Ye Yu , Bond Jason 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe harms of second‐hand smoke motivated tobacco control legislation. Documenting the effects of harms from others' drinking might increase popular and political will for enacting alcohol policies. We investigated the individual‐level relationship between having experienced such harms and favouring alcohol policy measures, adjusting for other influences.Design and MethodsWe used the landline sample (n = 6957) of the 2010 National Alcohol Survey, a computer‐assisted telephone interview survey based on a random household sample in the USA. Multivariable regression models adjusted for personal characteristics, including drinking pattern (volume and heavy drinking), were used to investigate the ability of six harms from others' drinking to predict a three‐item measure of favour for stronger alcohol policies.ResultsAdjusting for demographics and drinking pattern, number of harms from others' drinking predicted support for alcohol policies (P < 0.001). In a similar model, family‐ and aggression‐related harms, riding with a drink driver and being concerned about another's drinking all significantly influenced favour for stronger alcohol policy.DiscussionAlthough cross‐sectional data cannot prove a causal influence or directionality, the association found is consistent with the hypothesis that experiencing harms from others' drinking (experienced by a majority) makes one more likely to favour alcohol policies. Other things equal, women, racial/ethnic minorities, lower‐income individuals and lighter drinkers tend to be more supportive of alcohol controls and policies.ConclusionsStudies that estimate the impact of harms from other drinkers on those victimised are important and now beginning. Next we need to learn how such information could affect decision makers and legislators.
Needs‐Driven Versus Market‐Driven Pharmaceutical Innovation: The Consortium for the Development of a New Medicine against Malaria in Brazil
Authors: Kameda Koichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe prevailing model for encouraging innovation based on patents and market‐oriented raises at least two economic and ethical issues: it imposes barriers on individuals and developing countries governments' access to medicines by defining prices that do not match their income, and the unavailability of new or appropriate products to address the health problems of these populations. In the last decade, this scenario has undergone some changes due to the emergence of new actors, the contribution of aid resources, the introduction to the market of new products against neglected diseases, the development of new governmental healthcare policies and research programs, etc. One example of such initiatives is the Fixed‐Dose Artesunate Combination Therapy (FACT) project consortium, which brought together institutions with different natures from both the North and the South, for the development of two antimalarial fixed‐dose combinations recommended by the WHO – artesunate‐amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artesunate‐mefloquine (ASMQ). This paper proposes to describe and analyze the ASMQ consortium, which is the result of a new pharmaceutical development approach, based on a different paradigm – needs‐driven instead of market‐driven –, collaborative, with strategic participation of institutions from the South, funded by alternative resources (public and philanthropic). Thus, it represents an interesting object of study for bioethical debates on intellectual property and innovation, and its analysis is justified in light of the current debate on ways of stimulating needs‐driven pharmaceutical innovation.
Potemkin Portals or the Real Revolution? The State of E‐Government in Egypt
Authors: Dolan Timothy E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEffective and optimized e‐government in Egypt faces daunting challenges that are less technical in nature and more over the issues of institutional resistance and of political will. A review of the state of e‐government in Egypt is presented with analysis focusing on the state of service implementation in 2012. The points of discussion on e‐government covered here include:
E‐subjugation in the guise of e‐government via information control and cyber‐snooping;
Institutional resistance to the transformation of routine functions into automated systems;
Institutional resistance to transparency of government operations;
Analysis of the state of Egyptian ministry websites on six dimensions of e‐government development;
Discussion on implementation of Egypt's e‐government master plan;
Commentary on the revolutionary potential of e‐government augmented by vision, competence, and leadership; and
Caveats that are important to note in moving the vision of e‐governance from concept to practice.
Application of the BioCondition assessment framework to mine vegetation rehabilitation
Authors: Neldner Victor John , Ngugi Michael R. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryA quantitative ‘scorecard’ is essential to provide both mine regulators and managers with a robust way of assessing what is ‘good’ vegetation rehabilitation and whether it is adequate to satisfy the regulatory and legal requirements of mine closure criteria and community expectations. The BioCondition framework (Eyre et al. 2011a, http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ecosystems/biodiversity/biocondition.html) was applied as a scorecard to evaluate vegetation rehabilitation using largely locally native species at Meandu coal mine in Southeast Queensland. Benchmarks for vegetation condition attributes were developed from an amalgam of local reference vegetation types. To allow the appropriate, rather than aspirational evaluation of restoration for sites that were < 50 years old, the scoring system was adjusted to exclude the large trees and coarse woody debris attributes. Bearing in mind that assumptions of self‐sustainability will depend on the ‘fit’ of species to the local condition and the ongoing management of the communities, the use of spider web diagrams assists mine managers and regulators to clearly see where future management intervention can increase the BioCondition score.
Owner‐reported coughing and nasal discharge are associated with clinical findings, arterial oxygen tension, mucus score and bronchoprovocation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction in a field setting
Authors: Rettmer H. , Hoffman A. M. , Lanz S. , Oertly M. , Gerber V. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyIn clinical practice, veterinarians often depend on owner‐reported signs to assess the clinical course of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).ObjectivesTo test whether owner‐reported information on frequency of coughing and observation of nasal discharge are associated with clinical, cytological and bronchoprovocation findings in RAO‐affected horses in nonstandardised field conditions.Study designCross‐sectional study comparing healthy and RAO‐affected horses.MethodsTwenty‐eight healthy and 34 RAO‐affected Swiss Warmblood horses were grouped according to owner‐reported ‘coughing frequency’ and ‘nasal discharge’. Differences between these groups were examined using clinical examination, blood gas analyses, endoscopic mucus scores, cytology of tracheobronchial secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and airway hyperresponsiveness determined by plethysmography with histamine bronchoprovocation.ResultsFrequently coughing horses differed most markedly from healthy control animals. Histamine bronchoprovocation‐derived parameters were significantly different between the healthy control group and all RAO groups. Mucus grades and tracheobronchial secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentages had particularly high variability, with overlap of findings between groups. Owner satisfaction with the clinical status of the horse was high, even in severely affected horses.ConclusionsOwner‐reported coughing and nasal discharge are associated with specific clinical and diagnostic findings in RAO‐affected horses in field settings. While airway hyperresponsiveness differentiates best between healthy horses and asymptomatic RAO‐affected horses, the absence of coughing and nasal discharge does not rule out significant neutrophilic airway inflammation. Owner satisfaction with the clinical status of the horse was uninformative.
Thermal habitat quality of aquatic organisms near power plant discharges: potential exacerbating effects of climate warming
Authors: Coulter D. P. , Sepúlveda M. S. , Troy C. D. , Höök T. O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWater temperature strongly affects aquatic ectotherms, as even slight temperature changes can have dramatic effects on physiological rates. Water bodies receiving industrial thermal discharges can undergo dramatic spatial and temporal changes in water temperature. To quantify effects on aquatic ectotherms, thermal habitat quality (bioenergetic growth rate potential; GRP) for zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus (Girard), walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill) and smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu (Lacepède) was estimated near two power plant thermal discharges on the Ohio River, USA, from 2010 to 2012 using bioenergetics models. These results were then compared with GRP under increased base temperatures representing climate warming. Growth rate potential for all species was low near the discharges during summer and highest in winter, with increasing prey consumption minimising the negative effects of increased temperatures. In their immediate vicinity, thermal discharges had a more adverse effect on GRP than plausible climate warming but primarily affected GRP over a small spatial area, particularly within 400 m downstream from the power plants. Examining thermal habitat suitability will become increasingly important as rising energy demand and climate change collectively affect aquatic organisms and their habitats.
The large‐scale stocking of young anadromous whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and corresponding catches of returning spawners in the River Tornionjoki, northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Jokikokko E. , Huhmarniemi A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStocking and fishing effort are two important potentially conflicting factors in fish stock management that require appropriate assessment to ensure a sustainable fishery. In the River Tornionjoki, which discharges into the northern Baltic Sea, a summer‐ascending whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus L., stock has long been a target by traditional dipnet fishing. Enhancement stocking of young whitefish started in the River Tornionjoki in the 1970s after a collapse in catches, with millions of age‐0 whitefish stocked annually in the river, but after about three decades, the stocking rates were considerably reduced. As a result, dipnet catches of whitefish in the Kukkolankoski Rapids rose simultaneously, peaking in the 1980s and 1990s, and then subsequently decreased. There was a significant positive correlation between stocking intensity and catch, both in weight and in numbers, revealing a strong relationship between whitefish releases and dipnet catch. Changes in gillnet fishing effort in the sea affected dipnet catches in weight as well as in mean size of captured whitefish. When the combined effect of stocking and gillnet effort was evaluated, only stocking significantly affected dipnet catches.