bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How an online questionnaire can explore leadership teaching in an undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Powell Sian , Verma Anju , Booton Paul , Bicknell Colin 
Published: September 2012

Objectives To design a tool to explore current leadership teaching in an undergraduate curriculum, using the medical leadership competency framework (MLCF) Design An online questionnaire was designed based on the MLCF competences and sent to all course leads at Imperial College, London in Autumn 2011 Setting Imperial College, London Participants Sixty-nine course leads were invited to participate in the questionnaire study Main outcome measures Course leads were asked whether they teach each MLCF competence, which teaching methods they use, and how long they spend teaching each competency Results Overall there was a 78% questionnaire response rate (54/69). From the questionnaires received it was possible to extrapolate results across the remaining courses to achieve a 100% response rate. We were then able to produce a map of current leadership teaching showing that all MLCF competences are taught to varying degrees across the curriculum. The tool does not however provide information on the quality of teaching provided, or what students learn Conclusions There is a strong emphasis on the development of teaching leadership skills to undergraduates in Tomorrow's Doctors 2009 (TD09). It is difficult to know what teaching occurs across the curriculum of a large medical school. The design of a simple, electronic questionnaire will enable medical schools to map their current leadership teaching to the TD09 outcomes. This will help to inform further curriculum development and integration as well as signposting of learning opportunities
Politics and Firm Boundaries: How Organizational Structure, Group Interests, and Resources Affect Outsourcing
Authors: Bidwell Matthew J. 
Published: September 2012

How does managers' pursuit of their own intraorganizational interests affect decisions about what work to outsource and how to contract with vendors? I study this question using a qualitative study of outsourcing in the information technology department of a large financial services firm.Traditional transaction cost-based theories argue that decisions about which transactions to outsource should reflect the characteristics of those transactions, yet I find only a weak link between transaction characteristics and outsourcing decisions. Qualitative evidence suggests that managers' pursuit of their own intraorganizational interests helps to explain why outsourcing decisions were often divorced from transaction characteristics. I found that the consequences of outsourcing projects were consistent with the assumptions of transaction cost and capabilities-based theories: managers had less authority over outsourced projects than internal ones, those projects were subject to weaker administrative controls, and outsourced vendors provided different capabilities than internal suppliers. However, the way that those consequences were evaluated often reflected managers' own interests rather than those of the organization.I highlight three aspects of organizational structure that affected how managers evaluated outsourcing: the nature of differentiated goals and responsibilities, the administrative controls that managers faced, and the pressures caused by interdependent workflows within the organization. I also show how the distribution of authority and other resources shaped which projects were outsourced. The analysis highlights the value of understanding make-or-buy decisions as an endogenous consequence of the structure in which those decisions take place, rather than as isolated decisions that are maximized regardless of their context.
Feasibility of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Plus Thermal Swing Adsorption (TSA) Technology For Odorant Separation - A Process Design Approach
Authors: Ker Yaw-Bee , Chyau Charng-Cherng , Wang Hui-Er , Chen Kuan-Chou , Peng Robert Y. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
PSA (pressure swing adsorption) has been a well known commercialized process in the petroleum refining engineering. With the consideration that the volatiles, odorants or essential oils in a variety of plants and herbs may be separated taking the advantage of PSA, we present in this article a newly designed process: PSA plus TSA (thermal swing adsorption). As the odorants or essential oils are unlike the volatile components in the petroleum, being characteristic with higher boiling points and able to become liquefied during the PSA treatment, thereby a TSA technique is necessarily incorporated, so that the whole process can be operated in an entirely gaseous phase to facilitate the separation.
A New Method for Static Voltage Stability Assessment based on The Local Loadability Boundary
Authors: Nguyen Thang Van , Nguyen Y. Minh , Yoon Yong Tae 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper proposes a new method for assessing static voltage stability based on the local loadability boundary or P- Q curve in two dimensional power parameter space. The proposed method includes three main steps. The first step is to determine the critical buses and the second step is building the local loadability boundary or the saddle node bifurcation set for those critical buses. The final step is assessing the static voltage stability through the distance from current operating point to the boundary. The critical buses are defined through the right eigenvector by direct method. The boundary obtained by the proposed method that is combining a variation of standard direct method and Thevenin equivalent model of electric power system is a quadratic curve. And finally the distance is computed through the Euclid norm of normal vector of the boundary at the closest saddle node bifurcation point. The advantage of the proposed method is that it keeps the advantages of both efficient methods, the accuracy of the direct method and simple of Thevenin Equivalent based method. Thus, the proposed method holds some promise in terms of performing the real time voltage stability assessment of power system. Test results of New England 39 bus system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hot water extracted wood fiber for production of wood plastic composites (WPCs)
Authors: Pelaez-Samaniego Manuel Raul , Yadama Vikram , Lowell Eini , Amidon Thomas E. , Chaffee Timothy L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Undebarked ponderosa pine chips were treated by hot water extraction to modify the chemical composition. In the treated pine (TP), the mass was reduced by approximately 20%, and the extract was composed mainly of degradation products of hemicelluloses. Wood flour produced from TP and unextracted chips (untreated pine, UP) was blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) and was extruded into wood plastic composites (WPCs). Formulations for WPCs consisted of 58% pine, 32% plastic, and 10% other additives. WPC based on HDPE+TP and PP+TP absorbed 46–45% less water than did WPC based on HDPE+UP and PP+UP, respectively. Thickness swelling was reduced by 45–59%, respectively, after 2520 h of immersion. The diffusion constant decreased by approximately 36%. Evaluation of mechanical properties in flexure and tension mode indicated improvements in TP-WPC properties, although the data were not statistically significant in all cases. Results showed that debarking of ponderosa pine is not required for WPC production.
Ancient Admixture in Human History
Authors: Patterson Nick , Moorjani Priya , Luo Yontao , Mallick Swapan , Rohland Nadin , Zhan Yiping , Genschoreck Teri , Webster Teresa , Reich David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPopulation mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean “Iceman.”
Beliefs and Expectations of Canadian Parents Who Bring Febrile Children for Medical Care
Authors: Enarson Mark C. , Ali Samina , Vandermeer Ben , Wright Robert B. , Klassen Terry P. , Spiers Judith A. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this survey was to study the beliefs, expectations, and satisfaction of Canadian parents regarding fever and the treatment of their febrile children.METHODS:A survey was developed exploring caregiver beliefs and treatment strategies, as well as expectations and satisfaction with medical care. Some items were modeled after previous studies to allow comparison. Caregivers with febrile children were recruited from 2005 to 2007 at 3 urgent care centers and emergency departments in Edmonton, Canada: a pediatric emergency department (n = 376), an urban urgent care center (n = 227), and a suburban urgent care clinic (n = 173).RESULTS:High and rapidly rising temperature, as well as physical symptoms associated with fever, caused concern in most parents surveyed. Seventy-four percent of parents felt that the elevated temperature from fever was dangerous and 90.3% always try to treat it. Forty degrees Celsius was the most commonly sited threshold for danger. Identifying the cause (80.6%) and seriousness (87.4%) of fever were the most com-mon stressors identified. Caregivers expected to receive information about the child’s illness and appropriate treatment. The parents most often wanted information about febrile seizures and the potential dangers of febrile illness. Only 16.7% of caregivers expected anti-biotics. Nearly 92% of subjects were usually satisfied with medical care.CONCLUSIONS:Fever phobia continues to be a significant issue for Canadian parents. As a result, they treat fever aggressively and often seek medical attention. Good communication is important for medical staff caring for febrile children and typically leads to satisfied parents.
Acute Bacterial Osteoarticular Infections: Eight-Year Analysis of C-Reactive Protein for Oral Step-Down Therapy
Authors: Arnold John C. , Cannavino Christopher R. , Ross Mindy K. , Westley Ben , Miller Thomas C. , Riffenburgh Robert H. , Bradley John 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:One of the most important decisions in the treatment of osteoarticular infections is the time at which parenteral therapy can be changed to oral therapy. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute inflammatory indicator with a half-life of 19 hours and thus can be helpful in assessing the adequacy of therapy for bacterial infections. At our institution, a combination of CRP and clinical findings is used to determine the transition to oral therapy.METHODS:A search of 8 years of electronic records identified children with osteoarticular infections. Only children with culture-positive acute bacterial arthritis (ABA) or acute bacterial osteomyelitis (ABO) were studied further. A primary chart review of demographic and clinical data was conducted, and a secondary chart review of complicated outcomes was performed.RESULTS:Of 194 total patients, complicated outcomes occurred in 40, of which 35 were prolonged therapy. Only 1 microbiologic failure occurred, presumably due to a retained intra-articular fragment of infected bone. CRP was highest initially among patients with simultaneous ABO + ABA and among those with complicated outcomes, and was lower at the transition to oral therapy in the complicated outcome group (1.5 vs 2.1 mg/dL; P = .012).CONCLUSIONS:The combination of clinical findings and CRP is a useful tool to transition children with osteoarticular infections to oral therapy. Complicated outcomes were associated with higher early CRP at diagnosis and lower CRP at the end of parenteral therapy, suggesting that clinicians were more conservative with prolonged initial parenteral therapy in this group.
Comparison of Mortality and Morbidity of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Between Canada and Japan
Authors: Isayama Tetsuya , Lee Shoo K. , Mori Rintaro , Kusuda Satoshi , Fujimura Masanori , Ye Xiang Y. , Shah Prakesh S. ,   the Canadian Neonatal Network and the Neonatal Research Network of Japan
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:To compare neonatal outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants admitted to NICUs participating in the Canadian Neonatal Network and the Neonatal Research Network of Japan.METHODS:Secondary analyses of VLBW infants in both national databases between 2006 and 2008 were conducted. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality or any major morbidity defined as severe neurologic injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, or severe retinopathy of prematurity at discharge. Secondary outcomes included individual components of primary outcome and late-onset sepsis. Logistic regression adjusting for confounders was performed.RESULTS:A total of 5341 infants from the Canadian Neonatal Network and 9812 infants from the Neonatal Research Network of Japan were compared. There were higher rates of maternal hypertension, diabetes mellitus, outborn, prenatal steroid use, and multiples in Canada, whereas cesarean deliveries were higher in Japan. Composite primary outcome was better in Japan in comparison with Canada (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–0.96). The odds of mortality (AOR 0.40, 95% CI 0.34–0.47), severe neurologic injury (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.66), necrotizing enterocolitis (AOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.19–0.29), and late-onset sepsis (AOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.19–0.25) were lower in Japan; however, the odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10–1.42) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (AOR 1.98, 95%CI 1.69–2.33) were higher in Japan.CONCLUSIONS:Composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity was significantly lower in Japan than Canada for VLBW infants. However, there were significant differences in various individual outcomes identifying areas for improvement for both networks.
Self-Reported Energy Intake by Age in Overweight and Healthy-Weight Children in NHANES, 2001–2008
Authors: Skinner Asheley Cockrell , Steiner Michael J. , Perrin Eliana M. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Variation in energy intake by weight status at different ages may explain inconsistencies in previous research on energy intake and obesity. Therefore, our objective was to determine the relationship between reported daily energy intake and categorized weight status across childhood.

METHODS:
We examined dietary reports of children ages 1 to 17 years by using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2008 (N = 12 648). Using measured height and weight, we categorized weight status based on weight-for-length percentile (age &lt;2 years) or BMI percentile (ages 2–17 years) using current recommendations. Dietary intake was reported by using the repeatedly validated automated multiple pass method, a detailed 2-day 24-hour recall. We used ordinary least squares regression to examine the interactions of age and weight category on total energy intake, controlling for gender, race, ethnicity, and income.

RESULTS:
Weight status and age both have positive associations with self-reported energy intake. However, the interaction between weight and age demonstrates a negative effect throughout childhood, such that young obese/overweight children reported consuming significantly more calories and obese/overweight adolescents reported consuming fewer calories than their same-age healthy-weight peers.

CONCLUSIONS:
In a nationally representative cross-sectional sample, overweight and obese girls older than 7 years and boys older than 10 years reported consuming fewer daily calories than their healthy-weight peers. One explanation for this would be that increased energy intake in early childhood is related to the onset of obesity, but other mechanisms, such as differences in energy expenditure, may contribute more to maintaining obese/overweight status through adolescence.
Trends of Transcutaneous Bilirubin in Neonates Who Develop Significant Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Mantagou Lito , Fouzas Sotirios , Skylogianni Eleni , Giannakopoulos Ioannis , Karatza Ageliki , Varvarigou Anastasia 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To provide data on the natural course of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels in neonates before the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia, and to assess the effect of different demographic and perinatal factors on the rate of TcB increase.

METHODS:
We analyzed 2454 TcB measurements from 419 neonates before the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia. Mean TcB values and TcB percentiles for designated times were calculated, and the effect of different risk factors on the rate of TcB increase was assessed. TcB percentile curves were plotted for comparison on a population-based TcB nomogram.

RESULTS:
Blood incompatibilities and glucose-6-phosphate dehy-drogenase deficiency were associated with higher rates of TcB in-crease during the first 36 to 48 postnatal hours, whereas smaller gestational age, increased weight loss, and exclusive breastfeeding had a similar but later effect. Compared with general population norms, a different pattern of TcB increase was noted in neonates who developed significant hyperbilirubinemia, but with a sub-stantial overlap of TcB values during the first 24 to 48 postnatal hours.

CONCLUSIONS:
We provide data on the natural course of TcB levels before the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia in a white population of term and near-term neonates. Smaller gestational age, blood incompatibilities, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, increased weight loss, and exclusive breastfeeding significantly affected the rate of TcB increase in a time-dependent manner. These findings may assist in assessing the risk for significant hyperbilirubinemia and planning appropriate follow-up strategies for neonates with borderline bilirubin levels.
Subcontractor Management: A Key Safety Issue In Geophysical Operations
Authors: Threadgold Ian M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Subcontractors are frequently brought into a geophysical operation by the prime contractor to support the contractor's capabilities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that subcontracted personnel often have higher incident rates than contractor personnel. This is understandable given that subcontractor personnel are often contracted to undertake higher risk activities and sometimes work on the periphery of an operation, with less supervision, or at times even operate as a lone worker.
A workshop was held to attempt to develop industry guidelines for improving subcontractor management performance across the geophysical industry. This guidance may also prove useful for other sectors of the oil and gas industry, as other activities also utilize significant numbers of subcontractors.
The workshop focused on three main topic areas: defining exactly what is meant by "subcontractor management", agreeing what the barriers are to good subcontractor management, and lastly identifying over 30 recommended practices for improving subcontractor management across the industry. The work also gave clarity to six categories of people potentially found at geophysical worksites, besides the prime contractor's staff.
A subcontractor management industry guidance document will be published based on the workshop findings. No other industry guidance document exists (to the author's knowledge) specifically addressing the issue of subcontractor safety management. It is hoped that this will improve safety performance within the subcontractor workforce, as well as drive the industry to break out separately subcontractor safety statistics from the contractor workforce, in much the same manner that oil and gas company employee statistics were separated from the contracted work force in the past.
Integrating the Emerging Concepts of Ecosystem Services into Oil and Gas Industry Environmental Management Practices
Authors: Pedroni Paola Maria , Springer Nina , Spurgeon James , Romer Ruth 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Oil and Gas industry has long recognised the importance in assessing interactions of its activities with the natural environment and the need to integrate biodiversity issues into environmental management practices. This is key to ensuring business continuity, access to new resources and the sustainable shared use of nature. The joint work of the oil and gas trade associations, IPIECA and OGP, addresses biodiversity risk management and the increasingly-adopted concept of ecosystem services. This concept considers humans as an integral part of an ecosystem economy that both depends on, and potentially affects, natural capital through a supply and demand process. To achieve sustainable, shared use of natural resources, we must ensure that combined demand does not exceed nature's ability to supply. Governments, organisations and the financial sector are embracing the concept, which enables more rigorous determination of environmental and business risk, but also highlights new revenue generation and cost saving opportunities. Oil and gas activities both depend upon and impact biodiversity and the services ecosystems provide (such as by using water and relying on natural waste assimilation). Therefore, there is a clear business case for companies to identify and manage dependencies and impacts effectively, as well as to consider the maintenance or enhancement of ecosystems providing valuable services. This paper overviews the recent IPIECA-OGP publication, Ecosystem Services Guidance, drawing on a hypothetical arctic case study. This guide was produced to help member companies apply the concept of ecosystem services as part of existing environmental assessment and management practices. The guide explains the relationships among biodiversity, ecosystem services and oil and gas activities; provides a set of checklists for identifying important ecosystem service dependencies and potential impacts through the asset life-cycle stages and key habitat types, onshore and offshore; and finally highlights some associated risks and opportunities, providing guidance on management measures.