bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis type VII secretion system chaperone EspG5 in complex with PE25–PPE41 dimer
Authors: Korotkova Natalia , Freire Diana , Phan Trang H. , Ummels Roy , Creekmore Christopher C. , Evans Timothy J. , Wilmanns Matthias , Bitter Wilbert , Parret Annabel H. A. , Houben Edith N. G. , Korotkov Konstantin V. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe growth or virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli depends on homologous type VII secretion systems, ESX‐1, ESX‐3 and ESX‐5, which export a number of protein effectors across membranes to the bacterial surface and environment. PE and PPE proteins represent two large families of highly polymorphic proteins that are secreted by these ESX systems. Recently, it was shown that these proteins require system‐specific cytoplasmic chaperones for secretion. Here, we report the crystal structure of M. tuberculosis ESX‐5‐secreted PE25–PPE41 heterodimer in complex with the cytoplasmic chaperone EspG5. EspG5 represents a novel fold that is unrelated to previously characterized secretion chaperones. Functional analysis of the EspG5‐binding region uncovered a hydrophobic patch on PPE41 that promotes dimer aggregation, and the chaperone effectively abolishes this process. We show that PPE41 contains a characteristic chaperone‐binding sequence, the hh motif, which is highly conserved among ESX‐1‐, ESX‐3‐ and ESX‐5‐specific PPE proteins. Disrupting the interaction between EspG5 and three different PPE target proteins by introducing different point mutations generally affected protein secretion. We further demonstrate that the EspG5 chaperone plays an important role in the ESX secretion mechanism by keeping aggregation‐prone PE–PPE proteins in their soluble state.
Are pollinators the agents of selection for the extreme large size and dark color inOncocyclusirises?
Authors: Lavi Renana , Sapir Yuval 
Published: August 2014

SummaryPollinator‐mediated selection is a major evolutionary driver of floral traits; yet, such selection has rarely been tested for floral extreme traits. TheOncocyclusirises have exceptionally large, dark‐colored flowers, associated with night‐sheltering pollination and heat reward by the dark flowers.We quantified phenotypic selection on stem length, floral size and color in two species of iris (Iris atropurpureaandI. haynei), using an experimental approach. We estimated selection gradients for both flowers open to natural pollination and for flowers receiving supplementary hand pollination, assuming that open‐pollinated flowers are affected by all factors that could influence fitness, whereas supplementary pollination removes the possible influence of pollinators.We found evidence for pollinator‐mediated selection to increase floral size and stem length inI. atropurpurea, but floral color in this species was not under pollinator‐mediated selection. InI. haynei, no pollinator‐mediated selection on any of the traits was detected.We conclude that the extreme floral size ofI. atropurpureahas probably evolved as a result of pollinator behavior. Lack of such evidence forI. hayneiand for the dark floral color in both species suggests that other non‐pollinator agents are selecting for these prominent traits, or that phenotypic color variation in these irises is neutral.
Increase in de novo food allergies after pediatric liver transplantation: Tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine immunosuppression
Authors: Lebel Marie‐Jeanne , Chapdelaine Hugo , Paradis Louis , Des Roches Anne , Alvarez Fernando 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPost‐TAFA is an uncommon but serious complication of organ transplantation. This study aimed to compare the incidence of FA in CsA and tacrolimus‐treated children following OLT and identify risk factors. The medical charts of all patients who underwent OLT at our institution were reviewed. Between 1985 and 2010, 218 OLTs were performed on 188 pediatric recipients, of which 154 were included in the study. Three patients (3%) of the 102 receiving CsA developed FA, compared with nine (17%) in the 52 tacrolimus‐treated patients, the latter exceeding general population reported FA prevalence (RR 5.88; 95% CI: 1.66–20.81). All TAFA cases underwent transplantation before the age of three with an incidence of 29% (9/31) in the tacrolimus‐treated children in comparison with 7% (3/41) in the CsA group (RR 3.97; 95% CI: 1.17–13.45). Eosinophilia was present in 81% of children receiving tacrolimus compared with 54% in the CsA group (p = 0.002). We observed a statistically significant increase incidence of FA in tacrolimus‐treated children following an OLT and those under the age of three are particularly vulnerable. The underlying process is still unknown and probably multifactorial.
Implementation of a Training Program for Low‐Literacy Promotoras in Oral Rehydration Therapy
Authors: Amerson Roxanne , Hall‐Clifford Rachel , Thompson Beti , Comninellas Nicholas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of a culturally appropriate promotora training program related to oral rehydration therapy and diarrheal management. Factors that influenced the development, implementation, and evaluation of the program provided to low‐literacy women in Guatemala are explored.Design and SamplePromotora training was conducted with 15 Mayan women from a rural community in the highlands of Guatemala. Women were selected by leaders of the community to participate in the program.MeasuresQuantitative data were collected and analyzed to determine descriptive statistics and reliability coefficients for the pretests and posttests. A nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired‐samples was conducted. The qualitative data from the program evaluations were analyzed for themes.ResultsMean scores increased from 41.73 (SD = 9.65) to 70.33 (SD = 21.29) on the pretest and posttest. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.54 on the pretest with 0.65 on the posttest. The Wilcoxon test demonstrated a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (Z = 3.040, p < .05).ConclusionsExtremely low‐literacy levels played a major role in the ability of the women to successfully complete the requirements of the training program. The curriculum demonstrated effectiveness, but will benefit from replication with a larger sample.
Nonsuicidal Self‐injury in Asian Versus Caucasian University Students: Who, How, and Why?
Authors: Turner Brianna J. , Arya Shalini , Chapman Alexander L. 
Published: August 2014

The correlates of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among Asian and Caucasian university students; differences in the rates, frequency, forms, severity, and emotional contexts of NSSI among self‐injuring students; and whether Asian students who are highly oriented toward Asian culture differed from those less oriented toward Asian culture in NSSI characteristics were investigated. University students (N = 931), including 360 Caucasian students (n = 95, 26.4%, with a history of ≥ 1 episode of NSSI) and 571 Asian students (n = 107, 18.7%, with a history of NSSI), completed questionnaires assessing NSSI, acculturation, and putative risk factors for NSSI. Caucasian students were more likely to report NSSI, particularly cutting behavior, self‐injured with greater frequency and versatility, and reported greater increases in positively valenced, high arousal emotions following NSSI, compared to Asian students. Among Asian students, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, experiential avoidance, and anger suppression increased the likelihood of reporting a history of NSSI. Among Caucasian students, lack of emotional clarity and anger suppression increased likelihood of NSSI. Finally, some tentative findings suggested potentially important differences in rates and frequency of NSSI among Asian students who were highly oriented toward Asian culture compared with those less oriented toward Asian culture.
CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Behçet's disease in Koreans
Authors: Park S. R. , Park K. S. , Park Y. J. , Bang D. , Lee E.‐S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLesions of Behçet's disease (BD) show vascular infiltrates of immune cells expressing integrins. β2 integrins (CD11/CD18) play a major role in cell migration to the inflammatory lesion and also induce cytokine production. Thus, genetic polymorphisms of CD11/CD18 may be associated with the pathogenesis of BD. In this study, nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) and haplotype analysis in 305 BD patients and 266 healthy controls. The frequencies of genotype rs11574944 CC and haplotype rs11574944C–rs2230433G–rs8058823A in CD11a were significantly lower in BD patients. The frequencies of genotype rs2230429 CC, rs2929 GG, and haplotype rs2230429C–rs2929G in CD11c were higher in BD patients. The frequencies of genotype rs235326CC and haplotype rs2070946A–rs235326C–rs760456G–rs684G in CD18 were significantly higher in the BD patients than in the controls. Other SNPs in CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 gene were not significantly different. Therefore, the major genotype and haplotype of CD11a/CD18 may play a role in decreasing the susceptibility of BD, whereas the major genotype and haplotype of CD11c/CD18 may play a role in increasing the susceptibility of BD.
Integrating GIS‐Based Geo‐Atom Theory and Voxel Automata to Simulate the Dispersal of Airborne Pollutants
Authors: Jjumba Anthony , Dragicevic Suzana 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEnvironmental processes are usually conceptualized as complex systems whose dynamics are best understood by examining the relationships and interactions of their constituent parts. The cellular automata paradigm, as a bottom‐up modeling approach, has been widely used to study the macroscopic behavior of these complex natural processes. However, the cellular automata models are largely restricted to the two‐dimensional spatial perspective even though the process dynamics they represent evolve in the three spatial dimensions. The objective of this study is to develop a voxel‐based automata approach for modeling the propagation of airborne pollutants in three‐dimensional space over time. The GIS‐based geo‐atom theory was used to manage the data within the automaton. The simulation results indicate the model has the capability to generate effective four‐dimensional (4D) simulations from simple transition rules that describe the processes of particle advection and diffusion. The application of voxel‐based automata and the geo‐atom concepts allows for a detailed 4D analysis and tracking of the changes in the voxel space at every time‐step. The proposed modeling approach provides new means to examine the relationships between pattern and process in 4D.
Reduction of Leishmania donovani infectivity in whole blood using riboflavin and ultraviolet light
Authors: Tonnetti Laura , Thorp Aaron M. , Reddy Heather L. , Keil Shawn D. , Doane Suzann K. , Goodrich Raymond P. , Leiby David A. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundLeishmaniasis is a vector‐borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania sp. that is transmitted by sandflies. Travelers to endemic areas, and US military personnel stationed in the Middle East, are at risk for contracting the disease.Study Design and MethodsWhole blood (WB) units were spiked with human monocytes infected with L. donovani amastigotes to a final concentration of approximately 105 infected cells/mL. After riboflavin (RB) addition, units were exposed to 80 J/mLRBCs ultraviolet (UV) light. One pretreatment (collected after RB addition) and one posttreatment sample were collected, serially diluted in culture medium, and incubated at 22°C for up to 5 weeks. Parasite viability was determined by microscopic observation for replicating promastigote forms.ResultsMirasol treatment of 3 units of L. donovani–infected WB with RB and UV light resulted in a parasite reduction of 2.3 ± 0.12 log.ConclusionsPartial reduction of L. donovani can be achieved in WB using RB and UV light. This technology may be useful when potential donors are exposed to Leishmania sp. during residence, travel, or military deployment to an endemic area.
Novel alleles at the Kell blood group locus that lead to Kell variant phenotype in the Dutch population
Authors: Ji Yanli , Veldhuisen Barbera , Ligthart Peter , Haer‐Wigman Lonneke , Jongerius John , Boujnan Mohamed , Ait Soussan Aicha , Luo Guangping , Fu Yongshui , van der Schoot C. Ellen , de Haas Masja 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundAlloantibodies directed against antigens of the Kell blood group system are clinically significant. In the Netherlands, the KEL1 antigen is determined in all blood donors. In this study, after phenotyping of KEL:1‐positive donors, genotyping analysis was conducted in KEL:1,–2 donors to identify possible KEL*02 variant alleles.Study Design and MethodsA total of 407 donors with the KEL:1,–2 phenotype were genotyped for the KEL*01/02 polymorphism, followed by direct sequencing of the KEL gene if the KEL*02 allele was detected. Two K0 patients were also included. Transcript analysis was conducted in two probands with the KEL*02. M05 allele defined by a synonymous mutation (G573G). Flow cytometry analysis to determine the expression of Kell antigen was performed.ResultsThirty KEL:1,–2 individuals (30/407, 7.4%) with discrepant KEL*01/02 genotype were identified. Seven novel alleles were identified: KEL*02(R86Q, R281W)mod, KEL*02(L133P)null, KEL*02(436delG)null, KEL*02(F418S)null, KEL*02(R492X)null, KEL*02(L611R)null, and KEL*02(R700X)null. Nine variant alleles described before were detected: KEL*02N.06, KEL*02N.15, KEL*02N.17, KEL*02N.19, KEL*02N.21, KEL*02M.02, KEL*02M.04, KEL*02M.05, and KEL*02(Q362K)mod. A transcript lacking Exon 16 was identified in two probands with the KEL*02M.05 allele as described before. Finally, flow cytometry analysis showed a decreased total Kell expression and a relatively increased KEL1 expression in individuals with the KEL:1,2null or KEL:1,2mod phenotype, compared to KEL:1,2 controls.ConclusionIn 7.4% of a group of tested KEL:1,–2 Dutch donors, a KEL*02null or KEL*02mod allele was found. A relatively increased KEL1 antigen expression in KEL:1,2null and KEL:1,2mod individuals suggest that the expression of Kell‐XK complexes depends on the availability of the XK protein.
An age‐dependent ABO discrepancy between mother and baby reveals a novel Aweak allele
Authors: Storry Jill R. , Condon Jennifer , Hult Annika K. , Harrison Andrew , Jørgensen René , Olsson Martin L. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundDiscrepancies in ABO grouping arise due to different reasons, posing a threat to patient safety. Underlying causes include mixed‐field agglutination after transfusion, chimerism, fetomaternal exchange, or inheritance of unusual alleles resulting in weak A/B antigen expression. Cord blood from the infant of a group A2B mother typed as group O, H+. Samples were investigated to elucidate this conundrum.Study Design and MethodsGenomic DNA was analyzed by ABO genotyping and sequencing. Red blood cells (RBCs) were characterized by routine serology and flow cytometry. Glycosyltransferase structure was predicted with 3D‐modeling software.ResultsThe mother genotyped as ABO*A1.01/B.01, and the baby, ABO*A1.01/O.01.01. Sequencing revealed a substitution, 311T>A, in the ABO*A1‐like allele, which predicts Ile104Asn. Flow cytometry demonstrated A antigen on the mother's RBCs equivalent to the A2 phenotype while no A was detectable on cord RBCs. However, blood from the 11‐month‐old child demonstrated markedly increased A expression, likely reflecting initiation of carbohydrate chain branching.ConclusionWe unraveled a novel Aweak allele (ABO*AW.29) in a case of apparent nonmaternity. Residue 104 is far from the catalytic site and may be involved in stabilizing the glycosyltransferase by dimerization. Our data support that the group AB mother's B‐transferase stabilizes the altered A‐transferase by heterodimerization, exemplifying the allelic enhancement phenomenon.
THE SOCIOLOGY AND THEOLOGY OF CREATIONIST OBJECTIONS TO EVOLUTION: HOW BLOOD MARKS THE BOUNDS OF THE CHRISTIAN BODY
Authors: Rogers Eugene F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe staying power of creationist objections to evolution needs explanation. It depends on the use of “blood” language. Both William Jennings Bryan and, a century later, Ken Ham connect evolution with the blood of predation and the blood of apes, and both also connect evolution with the blood of atonement. Drawing on Mary Douglas and Bettina Bildhauer, I suggest that blood becomes important to societies that image the social body on the human body. Blood reveals the body as porous and vulnerable and therefore needing social work to be constructed as whole and bounded. Blood is the place where society conducts this work. I conclude that blood language is ineliminable from Christian discourse and indeed from discourses that model the social on the individual body. The solution, I suggest, is not to avoid the language of blood, but to continue to use it in ways that broaden its focus from human sin to human and animal suffering.
A PEIRCEAN RESPONSE TO THE EVOLUTIONARY DEBUNKING OF MORAL KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Slater Gary 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe evolutionary debunking argument advanced by Sharon Street, Michael Ruse, and Richard Joyce employs the logic of Paul Griffiths and John Wilkins to contend that humans cannot have knowledge of moral truths, since the evolutionary process that has produced our basic moral intuitions lacks causal connections to those (putative) truths. Yet this argument is self‐defeating, because its aim is the categorical, normative claim that we should suspend our moral beliefs in light of the discoveries about their non‐truth‐tracking origins, when it is precisely this claim that relies upon the normativity under attack. This article cites Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914) to argue that such self‐defeat can be avoided by expanding upon the basic structure of the argument put forth by Griffiths and Wilkins, provided that one embraces a version of realism that corresponds with Peirce's doctrine of final causation. So construed, final causation reconciles real generals (including real moral values) with natural selection and undergirds further speculation of moral facts within values per se.
ENTHEOGENS, MYSTICISM, AND NEUROSCIENCE
Authors: Cole‐Turner Ron 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEntheogens or psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are associated with mystical states of experience. Drug laws currently limit research, but important new work is under way at major biomedical research facilities showing that entheogens reliably occasion mystical experiences and thereby allow research into brain states during these experiences. Are drug‐occasioned mystical experiences neurologically the same as more traditional mystical states? Are there phenomenological and theological differences? As this research goes forward and the public becomes more widely aware of its achievements, religious scholars and experts in science and religion will be called upon to interpret the philosophical and theological presuppositions that underpin this research and the significance of the findings that flow from it.
DEFINING “RELIGION” AS NATURAL: A CRITICAL INVITATION TO ROBERT McCAULEY
Authors: Aghapour Andrew Ali 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrevious critics have argued that Robert McCauley defines religion and science selectively and arbitrarily, cutting them to fit his model in Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not. McCauley has responded that final definitions are “overrated” and that artificial distinctions can serve an important role in naturalistic investigation. I agree with this position but argue that a genealogy of the category of religion is crucial to the methodology that McCauley describes. Since the inherent ambiguity of religion will undermine any essential claims about its cognitive naturalness, I invite McCauley to consider how his research might investigate scientific and religious cognition in new terms.
EXPLANATORY MODESTY
Authors: McCauley Robert N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough I certainly have differences with some of my commentators, I am grateful for the time, effort, and attention that each has devoted to my book, Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not. They have helpfully pointed out features of my positions that need clarification and elaboration. I am also grateful to the editor of Zygon, Willem Drees, for this opportunity to undertake that task here.
ON THINKING THEOLOGICALLY ABOUT ANIMALS: A RESPONSE
Authors: Clough David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn response to evaluations of On Animals: Volume 1, Systematic Theology by Margaret Adams, Christopher Carter, David Fergusson, and Stephen Webb, this article argues that the theological reappraisals of key doctrines argued for in the book are important for an adequate theological discussion of animals. The article addresses critical points raised by these authors in relation to the creation of human beings in the image of God, the doctrine of the incarnation, the theological ordering of creatures, anthropocentrism, and the doctrine of God. It concludes that, given previous neglect, much more discussion by theologians is required in order to think better concerning the place of animals in Christian theology, but acting better toward fellow animal creatures is an important next step toward this goal.
Development of a PET/Cerenkov‐light hybrid imaging system
Authors: Yamamoto Seiichi , Hamamura Fuka , Watabe Tadashi , Ikeda Hayato , Kanai Yasukazu , Watabe Hiroshi , Kato Katsuhiko , Ogata Yoshimune , Hatazawa Jun 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:Cerenkov‐light imaging is a new molecular imaging technology that detects visible photons from high‐speed electrons using a high sensitivity optical camera. However, the merit of Cerenkov‐light imaging remains unclear. If a PET/Cerenkov‐light hybrid imaging system were developed, the merit of Cerenkov‐light imaging would be clarified by directly comparing these two imaging modalities.Methods:The authors developed and tested a PET/Cerenkov‐light hybrid imaging system that consists of a dual‐head PET system, a reflection mirror located above the subject, and a high sensitivity charge coupled device (CCD) camera. The authors installed these systems inside a black box for imaging the Cerenkov‐light. The dual‐head PET system employed a 1.2 × 1.2 × 10 mm3 GSO arranged in a 33 × 33 matrix that was optically coupled to a position sensitive photomultiplier tube to form a GSO block detector. The authors arranged two GSO block detectors 10 cm apart and positioned the subject between them. The Cerenkov‐light above the subject is reflected by the mirror and changes its direction to the side of the PET system and is imaged by the high sensitivity CCD camera.Results:The dual‐head PET system had a spatial resolution of ∼1.2 mm FWHM and sensitivity of ∼0.31% at the center of the FOV. The Cerenkov‐light imaging systemˈs spatial resolution was ∼275μm for a 22Na point source. Using the combined PET/Cerenkov‐light hybrid imaging system, the authors successfully obtained fused images from simultaneously acquired images. The image distributions are sometimes different due to the light transmission and absorption in the body of the subject in the Cerenkov‐light images. In simultaneous imaging of rat, the authors found that 18F‐FDG accumulation was observed mainly in the Harderian gland on the PET image, while the distribution of Cerenkov‐light was observed in the eyes.Conclusions:The authors conclude that their developed PET/Cerenkov‐light hybrid imaging system is useful to evaluate the merits and the limitations of Cerenkov‐light imaging in molecular imaging research.