bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Concentration of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Soil in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Ghazi Abdullah Muhammad , Marhoon Khitam Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Many studies have focused their attention on the origin of heavy metals, their accumulation, and dispersion in soil samples in order to monitor soil pollution in agricultural settings. The purpose of this research is to use atomic absorption spectrometry technology to analyse soil samples taken from various agricultural regions in the districts and districts of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate in order to assess the content of heavy metals (cu, zn, Hg, cd, and pb). The findings indicated that lead and copper contamination predominated at all research locations, with lower concentrations of the other elements than the World Health Organization’s natural limit.
Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery Using Heavy Naphtha During Steam-Based Injection: Environmental-Economic Method
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Al-Muntaser Ameen A. , Varfolomeev Mikhail A. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Suwaid Muneer A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the enhancement of in-situ heavy crude in the presence of heavy naphtha as a multicomponent hydrogen-donor solvent oil during steam stimulation as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. The focus was on the influence of temperature and a hydrogen-donor on the upgrading performance of heavy crude oil. Experiments were conducted at 250 and 300 °C in a 300 ml high temperature/pressure reactor, under a nitrogen environment over a 24-hour period. The experimental factors’ efficacy has been evaluated by comparing the enhanced oils’ before- and after-upgrading conditions with respect to important characteristics like viscosity, elemental composition, and SARA fractions. Results indicated that employing heavy naphtha as a hydrogen-donor under steam injection conditions led to a viscosity reduction, attributed to an increase in saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics, and a decrease in resins and asphalts. The study concluded that a hydrogen-donor, specifically heavy naphtha, is a promising additive for enhancing in-situ heavy oil upgrading, effectively converting heavy oil to lighter forms. Furthermore, the advancement of enhanced oil recovery techniques and the environmental-economic sustainability of heavy oil reservoirs can be achieved through further exploration and field-scale deployment of this strategy.
Evaluation of Malathion and Glyphosate Residues in Phragmites Communis Plants in Saqlawiyah, Iraq
Authors: Khalaf Safa Jassam , Sharqi Mohammed Musleh , Almehemdi Ali Fadaam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study investigated the time it takes for the Exterminator “malathion” and “glyphosate” to decompose phragmites. Farmers in the city of Saqlawiya in central Anbar, Iraq, use pesticides indiscriminately to control dangerous insects and maintain forests. However, there are indirect effects of the accumulation of pesticides. The results showed that the pesticide malathion takes three Jungles to decompose and its concentration gradually decreases, as it is the highest level of flea mites was reached one hour after using the pesticide. (221.4), followed by a steady decline, reaching a minimum concentration of 0.05 after three weeks, where it was practically non-existent. In contrast, the herbicide glyphosate degraded more slowly, reaching (0.05) after three weeks and (30145.88) after one hour of application.
A study of Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals and in the Euphrates River, Between the cities of Hit and Ramadi in Anbar Governorate
Authors: Abdulmajeed Bashar Amer , Abdul Jabar Reidh A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research included a study of potential environmental pollution in the water of the Euphrates River between the cities of Hit and Ramadi as a result of various human activities. Samples of the river’s water were taken in different areas, namely Hit, Al-Muhammadi, Al-Zawiya, Tal Aswad, and then Ramadi, from November 2022 to November 2023 from In order to study the extent to which the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in the Euphrates River vary depending on place and time in the research areas. The Euphrates River, which serves as a source of water for agriculture, domestic and industrial uses, suffers from massive pollution as a result of industrial activities and other human sources of pollution. For many individuals, the persistence and toxicity of heavy metals is a serious problem. Most of these heavy metals collect in wastewater from effluents discharged by various industries. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied, such as air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen requirement, TDS, pH, turbidity, and electrical conductivity. The study showed that the concentrations of Ca, Cl and Mg ions do not contradict Iraqi and international standards, and that the physical properties studied were within permissible limits, in some areas, and these levels are considered a deterioration. It threatens the quality of water and the balance of the aquatic ecosystem, which poses an unknown threat to biological species, human and animal use, and even for irrigation and production purposes. The concentrations of heavy elements in the study were less than the permissible limits, including (Cd- Zn - Cu - pb- Cr). This means that the degree of pollution in the water of the studied stations is not contaminated with these elements.
Effect of Accumulated Rainfall on Aerosols’ Physical Properties Over Iraq
Authors: Hussien Moutaz Mohammed , Al-Salihi Ali Mohammed , Mohammed Ali Jassem 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Aerosols and rainfall have a significant role in atmospheric physical processes since they affect both the absorption and scattering of solar radiation and the composition of precipitation. Ultimately, this impacts the balance of radiation and water in the atmosphere. This study aims to clarify or understand the relationship between aerosols and rainfall accumulation in northern, central, and southern Iraq, where the annual and monthly mean values of aerosols index, Aerosol Optical Depth, Aerosol Angstrom Exponent, and the total rainfall. For the period from 2014 to 2023. The results showed considerable variation in aerosol index, and aerosol Optical Depth across different time and spatial scales, with higher amounts observed in southern Iraq, while northern of Iraq had lower values. the monthly mean value of the aerosol index was highest from March to June and found that the average monthly aerosol index value above Iraq from 1.19 ± 0.18 to 1.73 ± 0.18. The minimum values of aerosols index for the period from July to October. the average monthly Aerosol Angstrom Exponent values in Iraq increased from January to April then in November, and December, and decreased from May to August the monthly average values of Aerosol Angstrom Exponent varied from 0.29 ± 0.28 to 1.17 ± 0.28. During the study period, the aerosol index and aerosol Optical Depth had Reverse behavior with Aerosol Angstrom Exponent and accumulative rainfall. The results obtained in this study help us to understand the nature of the climate in Iraq and assist in future weather forecasts.
Microbial and Physicochemical Assessment of Water Quality Reserving in Silver Utensils
Authors: Ali Alradiny Issam Mohammed , Al-Shatty Sabah Malik , Nafea Jumaah Abdulzahra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Raw water samples were collected without treatment from the Shatt Al – Arab River in the Al-Baradeiah area. Through the study, it is estimated the biological and physicochemical variables after retaining samples in silver utensils, which are Total bacterial count, total coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bacteria, count of fungi (yeasts and moulds), as well as Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and pH, at limited time intervals where the detention time of water samples in the silver utensils was (0, 10, 15, 30, 60) minutes. The results showed the highest removal ratio for the Total Bacterial Count, the Total Coliform Bacteria and (E. coli) Bacteria was in the first 10 minutes, with 95.14%, 56% and 96.28%, respectively. Also, the ratio of yeast removal was 100% in the first 10 minutes, whereas the ratio of mould removal was 100% after the first 15 minutes. The results demonstrate that all the microbial pathogenic pollutants were eliminated in 60 minutes. The study results showed that the water kept in the silver utensil was safe and within the specifications of the WHO and the EPA in terms of the microbial parameters of the study after a 60-minute detention period. It was also within the specifications adopted in the study for the pH parameter but outside the specifications for the TDS and E.C. parameters. The results demonstrate that silver utensils treated water only from biological pollution without treating the physicochemical pollution for the study parameters. The study showed an inverse relationship between the detention time and the study’s microbes’ parameters, where it was between (- 0.575 and - 0.753). In contrast, the relationship between the studied microbes and themselves was a strong direct relationship ranging from (0.878 to 0.999).
Effect of Some Chemical Characteristics of Olive Leaves on the Biological Activity of Dasineura oleae Angelini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Dhannoon Alobidy Alaa Y. , Mohammed Alebady Emad Q. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a clear significant difference in the amount of phenols between the Bakwal variety and the rest of the varieties, while the Syrian, Nepalese, and Khastawi varieties did not differ. Significantly, the percentage of phenols was 8.08, 4.98, 3.98, and 2.58 for the studied varieties. The results showed the effect of the amount of silica in the Nepalese, Khastawi, and Syrian varieties of Bakwal on the average olive flies. The Syrian variety contains the highest amount of silica compared to the rest of the varieties, reaching 0.100, 0.102, 0.106, and 0.188%, respectively, of dry weight. The results showed that the highest percentage of potassium in The Syrian variety amounted to 0.440%, followed by Al-Khastawi and amounted to 0.410%, then the Nepalese variety 0.330%, and finally the Bakwal variety 0.240%. It was found that the amount of chlorophyll in the Bakwal, Nepali and Khastawi variety was higher than the amount of chlorophyll in the four non-varieties, respectively, 9.65, 8.25, 8.12, and 3.44 mg. /g fresh weight, respectively. These results for some chemical characteristics showed a gradual increase in the general average of infection, reaching 8.08, 4.98, 3.98, and 2.58 swelling/10 leaves, respectively.
Efficacy of the Coragen Insecticide and Coragen Nanocapsules in Controlling the Corn Stem Borer Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Zea mays
Authors: Shweet Alaa Rabhan , Al-Khazraji Hind Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad to assess the efficacy of the pesticide Coragen and in the form of nanocapsules, comparing it with the pesticide Radiant to control the corn stem borer Sesamia cretica on maize. The results after two weeks of treatment showed that the nanocapsules of Coragen achieved the lowest percentage of corn stem borer infestation, reaching 5.50%, while in the Coragen form treatment was 10%. The highest percentage of infestation was in the Radiant treatment 21.10%, and in the Control treatment 24.403%. At harvest, the percentage of infestation in the nanoscapsules treatment of Coragen was the lowest at 8.87%, while it was 14.40% in the Coragen in treatment, and 24.400% in the Radiant treatment, compared to the Control treatment 29.970%. The nanocapsules treatment of Coragen also caused the least percentage of heart death, which was 3.30%, while Radiant gave the highest percentage at 7.70%, and the heart death percentage in the Control treatment was 12.20%. The results showed that the nanocapsules gave the lowest percentage of loss in plant height 5%, the number of tunnels 0.47 tunnel, tunnel length 3.50 cm, the percentage of excavated area 2.02%, and the yield weight 843 g. In comparison, Radiant recorded the highest percentage (10%, 1.53 tunnel, 9.99 cm, 5.84%, 674 g) respectively, compared to the Control treatment, which recorded (25%, 4.130 tunnels, 18.40 cm, 12.54%, 508 g) respectively.
The Efficacy of Local Streptomyces Diastatochromogenes Isolate as a Biological Control Agent of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Disease Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum in Iraq
Authors: Nawar Haider H. , Al-Juboory H. H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate the biological control agent Streptomyces sp. and evaluate their antagonist activity against bacterial potato soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Four Streptomyces sp. were isolated from several potato-grown fields of Baghdad province (Al-Radwaniyah, Al-Yusufiyah, Abu Ghraib, and Al-Taji), and the antibacterial abilities of these isolates were tested against two purified P. carotovorum isolates at the Petrie dish level. Which showed different inhibiting ratios. One S. diastatochromogenes subsp. luteus isolate exhibited a high impact in reducing P. carotovorum on in vitro and store levels. The partial 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence of this biological control agent was recorded for the first time in the GenBank under accession number OQ253505. Moreover, the molecular analysis and the phylogenetic tree of the two purified rotting bacterial isolates were closely related to isolates from China and Germany, implying that they are derived from a different ancestor.
Productivity of Some Bread Wheat Cultivars Under the Influence of Irrigation Methods
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Shtewy Neam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to optimize the wheat productivity and quality, various aspects of production chains should be considered in an integrated way, including crucial steps to improve and conserve the wheat crop. This study is aimed to identify the effect of irrigation methods on wheat cultivars, under two irrigation methods (SI and FI) and three wheat (T. aestivuum L) cultivars, i.e., Rashid (RA), Abu Ghraib(ABG) and Baghdad 1 (B-1). The irrigation methods (SI and FI) significantly impacted the growth and productivity traits of the wheat crop. The SI was significantly better than FI while the wheat cultivar ABG was significantly superior to other cultivars of RA and B-1 in all studied parameters. For SI the Root length (RL), Root Dry and Fresh Weight (RDFW), Plant Dry and Fresh Weight (PDFW), Spike length (SL), Number of spikes (NS), Number of spikes (NS), Grains number in the spike (GNS), 1000 grains weight (1000-Gw)and Grain yield (Gy) were 12.869 cm, 1.306g, 3.340g, 12.04cm, 4.18spike.plant-1,63.66grain.spike-1,43.21 g and 4.602t.ha-1 respectively. The interaction among irrigation method of SI and wheat cultivar ABG gave the best result in all studied parameters.
Efficiency of Alkaloid and Phenolic Extracts of Seeds and Leaves Sesbania Plant on Adults Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Taha Al-Abdalli Areej F. , Alebady Emad Q. M. , Hamdoon Ahmed M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The results of a study on the efficiency of the alkaloid and phenolic extract of the seeds and leaves of the sesban plant on the adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum showed a variation in the average mortality of the insect adults, as it reached 66.25% and 68.33% for the alkaloid and phenolic extracts, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the average mortality of both extracts. The results of the study indicated that the leaf extract showed a significant superiority in the average killing of adults of the red rusty flour beetle compared to the seed extract, reaching 70.00% and 64.58%, respectively. In addition, the effect of concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% showed a direct relationship in increasing the average mortality of adults with increasing concentrations, reaching 50.33%, 63.33%, 73.33%, and 81.67%, respectively.. The results were confirmed by LC50 values and relative toxicity, indicating that the alkaloid extract from sesban leaves showed the highest toxicity compared to the other extracts, with a lower LC50 value of 0.210% and a relative toxicity of 180.95.
The Lethal Effect of Some Natural Plants Extracts on Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their Relative Toxicity
Authors: Ezzulddine Al-Anssari Batool Hani , Muhammad Al-Jalal Haitham Mohieddin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In view of the environmental and health problems caused by industrial pesticides and their negative impact on various aspects of life, the attention of researchers and specialists has turned to natural alternatives that contain effective compounds in control insects. The present study tested the effect of four natural plant extracts (Nerium
oleander, Melia azedarach, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha arvensis) in mortality the third-age larvae of the tobacco leaf-cutworm (Spodoptera litura). The results showed a variation in mortality rates depending on the type of extract, concentration, and date of taking the reading. The extracts of the M. azedarach fruits were significantly superior to the leaves of the M. azedarach and the leaves of N. oleander, where the averages reached 47.22, 37.20, and 33.83%, respectively, while the extracts of M. arvensis and O. basilicum showed relatively low mortality rates. The mortality rates also increased over time, reaching 53.31% at 96 hours after treatment, while it was 24.39% at 48 hours, which indicates the Antifeeding behavior of these natural substances, which is similar to the action of compounds such as azdrachtin. It can be said that these natural pesticides can be good tools in pest management programs.
Using Syzygium Aromaticum Extracts as a Bio-Control on Nymphs and Adults of Arboridia Hussaini Ghauri (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) (In Vitro)
Authors: Assaf Alaa Ahmed , Jaleel Naas Hadi Abdul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating whether Syzygium Aromaticum extract, based on plant materials immersed in cold or alcohol, was effective at any life stage of Arboridia Hussaini Ghauri. The outcome of the study collected the date that showed the effect of cold water extract with three concentrations (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) mg/ml on the life stages of the insect which differs in degree, as concentrations with of 1.00 mg / ml yielded the highest rate of mortality at 74.1% in the nymphs and The alcoholic extract severs mortality of nymphs and adults at were (81.5% and 70.4%) after 5 days with the corresponding mortality rates being the same for the particular concentration of this toxicant. The outcomes of the analysis indicated that a high concentration of the extract had a promise of a high mortality rate.
The Effect of Five Wheat Varieties on Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) During Four Storage Months
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Qader Fadel Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the labs of the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University’s Plant Protection Department, we tested five different wheat types against the Khapra beetle, specifically Trogoderma granarium. This study examines the effects of four months of storage on the following variables: the rate of insect population growth, grain weight loss, and grain germination percentage. The wheat varieties included in the study are Rashid, Tammuz 2, Abu Ghraib, Iraq, and Ibaa9. The findings revealed that the five wheat varieties were distinct from one another in terms of their susceptibility to and resistance to the different stages of the Khapra beetle life cycle, as well as the total number of insects, the amount of weight lost from the grains, and the percentage of grains that germinated after four months of storage. The findings revealed that the five wheat types were diverse and distinct in terms of how susceptible or resistant they were to the Khapra beetle. Granarius trogoderma At Everts. In terms of recorded larval numbers, the Rasheed variety had the fewest at 89.00 and the Abu Ghraib variety the most at 248.83. Based on the study’s findings, the Abu-Graib variety had the maximum number of pupae at 34.08, while the Rasheed variety had the lowest number at 5.67. According to the study’s findings, the variety Abu-Graib had the highest average number of adults at 190.60, while the variety Tamooz 2 had the lowest at 106.67. Grain weight loss rates varied across varieties in the study; the greatest was 8.62 gm for the Ab-Graib variety, while the lowest was 4.02 gm for the Rasheed variety. The study also found that after four months of storage, the Tammoz 2 variety had the highest percentage of germination Seeds at 80.20 percent, while the Abu-Graib variety had the lowest percentage at 55.90 percent. The study also measured the total number of insects, grain weight loss, and grain germination percentage among the tested wheat varieties. The findings revealed that the five wheat types were diverse and distinct in terms of how susceptible or resistant they were to the Khapra beetle. Foreverts, Trogoderma granarium. With a maximum of 248.83 larvae and a minimum of 89.00 larvae, the Rasheed variety had the greatest documented number of larvae. Based on the study’s findings, the Abu-Graib variety had the maximum number of pupae at 34.08, while the Rasheed variety had the lowest number at 5.67. According to the study’s findings, the variety Abu-Graib had the highest average number of adults at 190.60, while the variety Tamooz 2 had the lowest at 106.67. Grain weight loss rates varied across varieties in the study; the greatest was 8.62 gm for the Ab-Graib variety, while the lowest was 4.02 gm for the Rasheed variety. Additionally, the study found that the Abu-Graib variety had the lowest germination percentage at 55.90% and the Tammoz 2 variety had the highest at 80.20%.
Studying of Pesticide Residual of the Insecticides Closer and Sivanto Used on Fig Trees
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Hayder K. K. , Allobawi Salwan A. Z. J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to determine the residues of the insecticides Closer and Sivanto to confirm the safety period of the pesticide on fig fruits. The experiment site was chosen in Najaf Governorate/Haidariya District, in an orchard of figs aged 10 years or more, with three replicates (trees). On 6/1/2023, treatments were carried out by spraying the insecticide Closer (sulfoxaflor), 50 ml/100 L of water, and the pesticide Sevanto (Flupyradifurone), 60/100 L of water, and the combination of the two pesticides was applied at half the dose. Fruit samples were carefully taken with three fruits per tree (replicate), starting from the first day after treatment until the ninth day, to estimate pesticide residues after each day using a GC-MS device in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The results of the GC analysis showed that Closer decreased from the highest concentration (8.5 PPM) on the first day to 2.7 ppm on the seventh day, then 1.3 ppm on the eighth day, and was below the estimated level on the ninth day. The concentration of Sivanto decreased in almost the same way and was at a concentration of (2.7 PPM). On the seventh day, it decreased on the eighth day to (PPM 0.6) and was not recorded on the ninth day. It included a biological test for pesticide residues for the seventh day on mice. The results of dosing mice with the remaining concentration of pesticides on the seventh day showed that blood indicators were affected by the pesticide concentration 30 days after dosing. The WBC count rates and the WBC/lymphocyte ratio increased while WBC/Granulocyte ratio and platelets clearly decreased in the pesticide treatments compared to the control. Similarly, all the liver immune enzymes GPT, ALP and GOT were higher in mice blood dosed with the insecticides under study compared to that recorded in the control.