bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravity structure of Akan composite caldera, eastern Hokkaido, Japan: Application of lake water corrections
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi , Yamamoto Akihiko , Kamiyama Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Akan volcano, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, is characterized by a rectangular-shaped caldera (Akan caldera: 24 km by 13 km) with a complex history of caldera-forming eruptions during the Quaternary. A new Bouguer anomaly map of the caldera is presented on the basis of a gravity survey around Akan volcano. As part of and in addition to this survey, we applied gravimetry over the frozen caldera lake including lake water corrections. The Bouguer map shows the distribution of at least three sub-circular minima indicative of multiple depressions inside the caldera. Lake water corrections, performed by a numerical integration method using rectangular prisms, sharpen edges of the sub-circular minima. This gravity feature is consistent with geological investigations suggesting that caldera-forming eruptions of Akan volcano occurred from at least three different sources. It is concluded that Akan caldera can be described as a composite caldera with three major depressed segments.
Global co-seismic displacements caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (Mw 9.1)
Authors: Fu Guangyu , Sun Wenke 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses the global co-seismic displacements caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, using quasi-static dislocation theory for a spherically symmetric earth model (Sun et al., 1996). Theoretical calculations are performed with a heterogeneous slip distribution fault model based on Ammon et al. (2005). Results show that the co-seismic horizontal displacements are large to the north-east and southwest of the fault plane. Even as far as 6000 km from the epicenter, more than 1 millimeter co-seismic horizontal displacements raised from the earthquake. This paper has three contributions: to validate the fault model (Ammon et al., 2005) by geodetic data; to interpret the displacements observed by GPS; and to provide a reference for other researchers or for other geodetic applications. Overall, the modelled and observed displacements basically agree with each other in both the near field and far field. The calculated displacements are a generally smaller than the observed ones, since considerable moment is released by slow-slips and/or aftershocks which has not been included in the fault model.
Sedimentary deposits of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on the northwest coast of Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Moore Andrew , Nishimura Yuichi , Gelfenbaum Guy , Kamataki Takanobu , Triyono Rahmat 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami flooded coastal northern Sumatra to a depth of over 20 m, deposited a discontinuous sheet of sand up to 80 cm thick, and left mud up to 5 km inland. In most places the sand sheet is normally graded, and in some it contains complex internal stratigraphy. Structures within the sand sheet may record the passage of up to 3 individual waves. We studied the 2004 tsunami deposits in detail along a flow-parallel transect about 400 m long, 16 km southwest of Banda Aceh. Near the shore along this transect, the deposit is thin or absent. Between 50 and 400 m inland it ranges in thickness from 5 to 20 cm. The main trend in thickness is a tendency to thicken by filling low spots, most dramatically at pre-existing stream channels. Deposition generally attended inundation—along the transect, the tsunami deposited sand to within about 40 m of the inundation limit. Although the tsunami deposit contains primarily material indistinguishable from material found on the beach one month after the event, it also contains grain sizes and compositions unavailable on the current beach. Along the transect we studied, these grains become increasingly dominant both landward and upward in the deposit; possibly some landward source of sediment was exposed and exploited by the passage of the waves. The deposit also contains the unabraded shells of subtidal marine organisms, suggesting that at least part of the deposit came from offshore. Grain sizes within the deposit tend to fine upward and landward, although individual units within the deposit appear massive, or show reverse grading. Sorting becomes better landward, although the most landward sites generally become poorly sorted from the inclusion of soil clasts. These sites commonly show interlayering of sandy units and soil clast units. Deposits from the 2004 tsunami in Sumatra demonstrate the complex nature of the deposits of large tsunamis. Unlike the deposits of smaller tsunamis, internal stratigraphy is complex, and will require some effort to understand. The Sumatra deposits also show the contribution of multiple sediment sources, each of which has its own composition and grain size. Such complexity may allow more accurate modeling of flow depth and flow velocity for paleotsunamis, if an understanding of how tsunami hydraulics affect sedimentation can be established.
Variation of choroidal thickness and vessel diameter in patients with posterior non-infectious uveitis
Authors: Bittencourt Millena G , Kherani Saleema , Ferraz Daniel A , Ansari Mehreen , Nasir Humzah , Sepah Yasir J , Hanout Mostafa , Do Diana V , Nguyen Quan Dong 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background
Choroidal thickness (CTh) and choroidal vessel diameter (VD) in the Haler’s layer were evaluated as markers of inflammatory insult in non-infectious uveitis (NIU). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis®, Heidelberg Engineering Inc.) scans were acquired from 23 normal subjects (39 eyes – group 1), 7 subjects with high myopia (14 eyes – group 2), and 19 patients with NIU (23 eyes – group 3). In groups 1 and 2, CTh and VD were measured at 3 different points of the same horizontal OCT scan passing through the fovea and a mean calculated. Mean CTh and VD were calculated in 2 other locations, 2 mm superior and inferior from the chosen foveal horizontal scan. In group 3, three measurements of CTh and VD were obtained within 1 mm of a horizontal scan passing through a retinal lesion; mean CTh and VD were then computed. A ratio (R) between the VD and the corresponding CTh was calculated.

Results
Group 1, 2 and 3 mean age was 29.6, 29.1 and 45.9 years, respectively. Sixteen normal subjects, three myopic subjects and six NIU patients were male.. Group 1 mean CTh did not differ from group 2 (261.6±45.6 vs. 260.2±50.6 µm µm; p>0.05); mean VD was marginally higher in Group 2 (159.8±32.2 vs. 163.2±33.2 µm; p>0.05). Group 3 demonstrated thinner CTh (193.6±54.6 µm) than Groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.02 and <0.001). Group 3 mean VD (123.6±37.4 µm) was also less than that in Groups 1 and 2; the difference was statistically significant only when compared to group 2, p = 0.01. R did not differ across groups (p-values >0.05), indicating that variations in CTh and VD followed the same trend.

Conclusions
The study reports potential quantitative OCT-derived parameters that may be explored in future trials of non-infectious uveitis. Thinning of choroid and decrease of vessel diameter are observed in patients with chronic NIU compared to controls.
A Model of BMD Changes After Alendronate Discontinuation to Guide Postalendronate BMD Monitoring
Authors: McNabb Brian , Vittinghoff Eric , Eastell Richard , Schwartz Ann V. , Bauer Douglas C. , Ensrud Kristine , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Black Dennis M. 
Published: August 2014

Context:
Women stopping alendronate are commonly monitored with serial bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, yet no information exists on how frequently or for whom these measurements should be performed.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to develop a tool to guide post-alendronate BMD monitoring.

Design:
A predictive model was constructed to estimate the time until a given percentage of women's BMD T-scores drop below a given threshold that indicates a management change (such as retreatment) would be considered. This model was then used to estimate the time it would take for groups of women defined by their baseline BMDs to drop below the given threshold.

Setting:
Data were derived from the Fracture Intervention Trial Long Term Extension (FLEX), the largest multicenter clinical trial of its type to date.

Participants:
Four hundred four women who had received an average of 5.1 years of alendronate during the Fracture Intervention Trial and were subsequently observed for 5 treatment-free years (on placebo) during the FLEX trial were used to estimate the change in BMD over time.

Results:
If a management change such as alendronate reinitiation would be considered when BMD T-score drops below −2.5, the model shows that women with total hip BMD greater than −1.9 T-scores at the time of alendronate discontinuation have less than a 20% probability that at follow-up, monitoring BMD will be below the threshold within 5 years. The model performed similarly, and results are provided over a range of management change thresholds from −1.75 to −3 T-scores.

Conclusions:
Using the tool developed in this analysis, it is possible to estimate when BMD repeat measurement after alendronate discontinuation could potentially be useful. Measuring BMD within 5 years after alendronate discontinuation is unlikely to change management for women with total hip BMD 0.6 T-scores above a prespecified retreatment threshold within the range of −1.75 to −3 T-scores.
Serum Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein Levels Are Positively Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Chinese Pre- and Postmenopausal Women With Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Hao Yaping , Ma Xiaojing , Luo Yuqi , Shen Yun , Dou Jianxin , Pan Xiaoping , Bao Yuqian , Jia Weiping 
Published: August 2014

Context:Recent studies highlight a critical interaction between adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and cardiovascular disorders. However, associations of A-FABP with subclinical atherosclerosis in a population with normal glucose tolerance remain unknown.Objective:The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between A-FABP and carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in a Chinese population with normal glucose tolerance.Design and Setting:A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 2253 cardiovascular disease-free normal glucose tolerance subjects (835 men, 1418 women; 20–78 years old) from the Shanghai Obesity Study.Main Outcome and Measures:C-IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasound and used to assess subclinical atherosclerosis. Serum A-FABP levels were quantified by a sandwich ELISA.Results:The median serum level for A-FABP was 4.0 ng/mL (interquartile range: 2.6–6.0 ng/mL), and significantly higher in women than men (P &lt; .001). After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), a partial correlation analysis showed that A-FABP levels correlated with C-IMT in men, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women (P = .024, .006, and .016, respectively). Furthermore, C-IMT increased along with quartile A-FABP values (all P for trend &lt;.001). Regression analyses demonstrated that A-FABP was associated with C-IMT only in women (P = .044 and .001 for pre- and postmenopausal, respectively). Moreover, A-FABP was identified as a risk factor for C-IMT in pre- and postmenopausal women with a normal BMI (P &lt; .001 and P = .012, respectively).Conclusions:Serum A-FABP levels independently and positively correlate with subclinical atherosclerosis in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women with normal glucose tolerance after adjustments for the traditional risk factors.
Was ist, was muss, was soll? – Die Universitätsbibliothek Gießen ließ fragen und bekam Antworten
Authors: Martin-Konle Claudia 
Published: August 2014

Zusammenfassung:
Erfahrungen und Erwartungen zu eruieren, um Mittel bedarfsorientiert einzusetzen bzw. einzuwerben – so war die Motivation der Universitätsbibliothek Gießen, eine repräsentative Umfrage unter ihrer Kundschaft durchzuführen. Neutralität, neben Professionalität des Erhebungsinstruments und der Auswertung, garantierte die Professur für Empirische Bildungsforschung der Justus-Liebig-Universität, die die Studie im November 2013 durchführte. 5.911 Fragebögen wurden ausgewertet und umgehend für die inneruniversitäre Diskussion um Sondermittel herangezogen, mittelfristig werden sie für bauliche Planungen von Bedeutung sein: Print-Lehrbücher und Gruppenarbeitsräume stehen auf der studentischen Wunschliste ganz oben.
Improvement of catalytic activity and comonomer response in ethylene/norbornene copolymerization initiated with ansa-metallocene
Authors: Lee Dong-ho , Choi Yi Yeong , Lee Jo Hoon , Park Yoon Seok , Woo Sang Sun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe copolymerization of ethylene (E) and norbornene (N) was carried out with ansa-metallocenes such as rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (1) and iPr(CpFlu)2ZrCl2 (2) cocatalyzed by modified methylaluminoxane in the presence of a 3rd monomer. As 3rd monomers, not only ɑ-olefins but also vinyl monomers were used. With the addition of a small amount of 3rd monomer, the catalyst activity of 1 and 2 could increase depending on the structure and amount of 3rd monomer added. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer obtained in the presence of a 3rd monomer was higher than that of E/N copolymer. By using an appropriate mixed medium, the catalyst activity and Tg of the polymer could be adjusted. With 13C NMR analysis, it was found that the incorporation of N in the polymer was enhanced by the addition of 3rd monomer. The 3rd monomer effect was also observed for the copolymerization system of E and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
Long period analysis in blends of high-density and lowdensity polyethylene
Authors: Cheikh Larbi Fadhel Ben , Halary Jean Louis 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLong period calculations from small angle X-ray scattering experiments (SAXS) is a well-known way to describe biphasic polymeric systems. In the case of semi-crystalline homopolymers, more and more sophisticated models have been proposed to account for the SAXS intensity profiles. However, they use too many parameters to be applied to systems including two crystalline phases and an amorphous phase. Therefore, we propose a crude alternative, based on a generalization of the old paracrystalline Hoseman model, in order to consider the case of blends of high-density (HDPE) and low-density (LDPE) polyethylene. The crystalline lamella thickness distribution function is taken as the sum of two Gaussians (bimodal function 2G). As far as the amorphous domain thickness distribution function is concerned, either an exponential distribution (E) or a Gaussian distribution (G) is used. The model 2G/G proves to be much more realistic than the model 2G/E, with respect to the long period evolution as a function of HDPE/LDPE blend composition.
Syntheses and solution properties of water-soluble poly(p-phenylene)s bearing oligo(ethylene oxide) and trialkylamino side groups
Authors: Traser Steffen , Wittmeyer Patrick , Rehahn Matthias 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling is used to prepare poly(p-phenylene)s (PPPs) bearing oligo(ethylene oxide)s (OEOs) and trialkylamino groups as lateral substituents. The OEO substituents require very specific reaction conditions during monomer synthesis - presumably due to their coordinating oxygen atoms - but do not affect the subsequent Pd-catalyzed polycondensation process. In contrast to this, the lateral amino groups lower the degree of polycondensation of the PPPs considerably when their nitrogen atom is placed in the β-position of the side chains. When there is a longer spacer group between the amino nitrogen and the aromatic ring to be coupled, however, high-molecular-weight PPPs can be obtained. Provided an appropriate substitution pattern and long OEO side chains are used, the resulting PPPs are readily soluble not only in organic solvents but even in aqueous media. For one of these PPPs, the degree of protonation has been determined as a function of pH, using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as potentiometry. It is shown that the polymer is completely deprotonated at pH > 10.5 and quantitatively protonated at pH < 4.0.
Enzymatic polymerization of m-substituted phenols in the presence of 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin in water
Authors: Tonami Hiroyuki , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro , Reihmann Matthias , Ritter Helmut 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEnzymatic polymerization of m-substituted phenols has been achieved in the presence of 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) in a buffer. A watersoluble complex of the monomer and DM-β-CD was formed and polymerization was performed by peroxidase catalyst to give the polymer in high yields. Formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by NOESY NMR. The association constant was determined by NMR and found to depend on the monomer structure.
‘Living’ cationic copolymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether with methyl vinyl ether: copolymerization parameters and properties of the copolymers
Authors: Confortini Ondine , Verdonck Beatrice , Goethals Eric J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe copolymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) with methyl vinyl ether (MVE), initiated by the system 1,1-diethoxyethane/trimethylsilyl iodide/zinc iodide and conducted at 0°C in toluene, was found to be ‘living’ just as the homopolymerizations of these monomers. Monomer reactivity ratios are rIBVE = 1.08 and rMVE = 0.43. The lower critical solution temperature of polyMVE in water, situated around 37°C, was lowered to 10°C (for a 0.25 wt.-% solution) when 6 mol-% of IBVE units were introduced in copolymers of molar mass 3000 - 7000 g/mol. At higher IBVE contents, the polymers are insoluble in water at all temperatures.
Comparison of structure formation upon drawing of gel-cast and melt-crystallised UHMWPE films
Authors: Ivan’kova Elena , Vasilieva Valeria , Myasnikova Liuba , Marikhin Vyacheslav , Henning Sven , Michler Goerg H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStructure and mechanical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) films of different draw ratios produced from gel-cast and meltcrystallised samples by multi-stage zone drawing have been studied in order to investigate the structural development and to clarify the role of interfaces between morphological units in the mechanical behaviour. The complex hierarchy of fibrillar structures generating upon neck formation is revealed. It is shown that the rearrangement of initial chain-folded crystallites into a microfibrillar structure occurs inside the volumes of supermolecular structures of larger sizes (spherulites in the melt-crystallised films and stacks of lamellae in the gel-crystallised films), the boundaries between the latter not having disappeared. Both the initial spherulites and stacks of lamellae with internally rearranged microfibrillar structure elongate upon drawing and comprise spindle-like units - macrofibrils - which are well resolved in scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, superfibrils have been revealed in the melt-crystallised films for the first time. They are, as suggested, the remnants of deformed and rearranged nascent polymer particles. Thus, the volume of the drawn films is considered to be full of interfaces. It is suggested that the majority of conformational defects, like chain ends, loops, tie molecules, entanglements, etc., are expelled from fibrillar crystallites in both intra- and interfibrillar regions. In addition to that, the interfibrillar spaces are crossed by tie molecules and micro- and macrofibrils. All of them hinder interfibrillar slip. The differences in creep and recovery of the investigated films are discussed in terms of density of packing and degree of connectivity of various scale fibrillar structural units. The lateral boundaries and the tips of fibrils are considered to be the weakest structural sites from which kink band formation and subsequent fracture of the loaded material begin.
Effect of long chain branching on linear-viscoelastic melt properties of polyolefins
Authors: Vega Juanfran , Aguilar Marina , Peón Jon , Pastor David , Martínez-Salazar Javier 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide evidence that rheological testing is a potent tool for characterising polymers in the melt. An effort has been made in order to gather results in conventional and model polyolefins, and correlating them with phenomena occurring at the molecular level. We have focused our interest on long chain branching (LCB). In the case of materials containing long side-chain branches, strong effects on viscosity, elastic character and activation energy of flow are general features. Literature results mostly indicate that the effect of polydispersity on these parameters could be very similar to that expected due to the presence of LCB - notwithstanding that the effects of LCB seem to be stronger than those due to polydispersity for a given molecular weight. Different relaxation processes appear as a consequence of the presence of LCB: slower terminal relaxation behaviour than of linear counterparts, and faster additional branch relaxation at higher frequencies, clearly distinguishable from polydispersity effects. To measure the amount of LCB from limited viscoelastic data and molecular properties seems to be a suitable instrument to explain the rheological features of the different polymers, but it fails when the results are compared with measured values of LCB density in model polymers. The actual framework leads us to say that the number of branches is less important than the topology itself. Therefore, the position and architecture of the branches along the polymer main chain are the main factors that control the rheology of the material.
Poly(phenylene sulfide) – some news on an old polymerization
Authors: Haubs Michael , Wagener Reinhard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHigh performance thermoplastic poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is commercially produced from sodium sulfide and p-dichlorobenzene:Na-S-Na + Cl-(C6H4)-Cl → -[C6H4S]- + 2 NaClAt a first glance, this looks like a classical step growth polymerization of the A-A + B-B type. There has been considerable discussion and scientific investigation about the reaction mechanism. Today, it is accepted that PPS polymerization is a step growth polymerization with chain length dependent end group reactivities. This paper suggests to add a polymer chain cleavage reaction to the known kinetic model in order to improve the fit of experimental observation and modeling results. Implications of this reaction kinetic model for the design and engineering of an optimized PPS polymerization process are discussed.
Poly-L-lactide nanofibers by electrospinning – Influence of solution viscosity and electrical conductivity on fiber diameter and fiber morphology
Authors: Zeng Jun , Haoqing Hou , Schaper Andreas , Wendorff Joachim H. , Greiner Andreas 
Published: August 2014

Abstract Poly-L-lactide (PLA) fibers were obtained by electrospinning of PLA / dichloromethane solutions. Formation of beaded fibers combined with decreased fiber diameters were observed for low PLA concentrations in solution. Increase of the electrical conductivity by addition of pyridinium formiate (PF) caused a significant reduction of bead formation. The electrospinning of dilute PLA / PF / dichloromethane solutions resulted in PLA nanofibers. Systematic variations clearly identified the solution viscosity and the electrical conductivity at otherwise fixed parameters (surface tension, molecular weight, electrode geometry, electrical field, etc.) as crucial parameters for the formation of beads upon electrospinning of PLA / dichloromethane solutions.