bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Kato Shinya , Yoshitani Kenji , Ohnishi Yoshihiko 
Published: September 2015

Background:
It is crucial to evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, it is difficult to measure CBF in the operating room. The recent development of high-accuracy near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has enabled the measurement of regional CBF following injection of indocyanine green (ICG). We aimed to measure changes in regional CBF by clamping the carotid artery during CEA and to analyze factors affecting the blood flow index (BFI) in CEA.

Methods:
Patients undergoing elective CEA were enrolled in this study after it was approved by the institutional ethical board. All patients underwent CEA under general anesthesia. Intraoperative blood pressure was controlled about 30% higher than the precarotid cross-clamping during carotid cross-clamping. ICG (0.5 mg/kg) was injected before, during, and after carotid cross-clamping. The kinetics of an intravenous bolus of ICG were monitored by a NIRS oximeter (NIRO200NX) and the BFI was calculated using the slope of the ICG concentration. The impact of carotid cross-clamping on the BFI was evaluated, along with factors influencing changes in the BFI.

Results:
A total of 50 patients were enrolled. The BFI significantly decreased during carotid cross-clamping compared with baseline values (from 0.077±0.019 to 0.0054±0.0019 μmol/L/s) (P<0.01). After unclamping the common carotid artery, the BFI recovered to the preclamping level (0.0073±0.0023 μmol/L/s) (P<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that abnormalities of the circle of Willis correlated significantly with reduced BFI (odds ratio=12.07, P=0.036).

Conclusions:
The BFI was significantly reduced by carotid artery clamping during CEA. Abnormalities of the circle of Willis were a significant factor contributing to reduced BFI.
Is There a Deficit After Nonoperative Versus Operative Treatment of Shortened Midshaft Clavicular Fractures in Adolescents?
Authors: Parry Joshua A. , Van Straaten Meegan , Luo Tianyi D. , Simon Anne-Laure , Ashraf Ali , Kaufman Kenton , Larson A. Noelle , Shaughnessy William J. 
Published: September 2015

Background:
Recent clinical studies in adults have reported a higher incidence of symptomatic malunions and functional deficits in nonoperatively treated shortened midshaft clavicular fractures. We sought to determine whether functional or subjective deficits are found in adolescents after operative versus nonoperative treatment of clavicle fractures.

Methods:
Adolescents with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, >15 mm of shortening, and a minimum of 9 months of follow-up were recruited. Exclusion criteria included concomitant upper extremity injuries or abnormalities that would affect biomechanical strength testing. Sixteen patients, equally divided between nonoperative and operative plate fixation, met inclusion criteria and consented to testing. The average age (±SD) at the time of injury was 14±2 years (range, 10 to 16 y), time from injury was 22±10 months (range, 10 to 41 mo), and shortening was 24±6 mm (range, 16 to 35 mm). Consenting subjects completed a QuickDASH Score, Constant Shoulder Score, and questions regarding satisfaction with treatment. Quantitative isometric strength, range of motion, and abduction fatigue testing was performed on the involved and uninvolved sides for comparison.

Results:
Treatment groups did not differ in age, time from injury, or fracture shortening. QuickDASH and Constant Shoulder Scores were perfect in all but 1 patient in the operative group who actively complained of persistent symptomatic hardware. This patient and one other in the operative group underwent symptomatic hardware removal. There were no cases of symptomatic malunions in the nonoperative group. All patients expressed satisfaction with their treatment. Two in each treatment group were unsatisfied with the appearance of the clavicle. With the exception of a 3% decrease in abduction strength in the operative group (P=0.03) there were no differences in range of motion, isometric strength, or abduction fatigue of the involved shoulder in either treatment group.

Conclusions:
Shortened midshaft clavicular fractures had excellent outcomes after both operative and nonoperative treatments. No subjective or objective differences were observed between treatment groups.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—therapeutic, retrospective comparative study.
Intercondylar Roof Inclination Angle: Is It a Risk Factor for ACL Tears or Tibial Spine Fractures?
Authors: Samora Walter , Beran Matthew C. , Parikh Shital N. 
Published: September 2015

Background:
The relationship between the angle of inclination of the intercondylar roof [roof inclination angle (RIA)] and likelihood of knee injury has not been previously investigated in children.

Methods:
Twenty-five skeletally immature patients with a tibial spine fracture were age matched (±1 y) and sex matched with 25 patients with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and with 50 control knees (2 for each patient). Demographic and diagnostic information was collected, and radiographic measurements were performed on notch and lateral radiographs of the knee.

Results:
Patients with a tibial spine fracture had an increased RIA compared with controls and patients with an ACL tear. Patients with ACL tears had a steeper notch roof, as indicated by a decreased RIA when compared with controls and patients with tibial spine fractures.

Conclusions:
Our results demonstrated that a decreased RIA was associated with ACL tear and that an increased RIA was associated with tibial spine fracture.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—prognostic.
Changes in the Treatment of Pediatric Femoral Fractures: 15-Year Trends From United States Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) 1997 to 2012
Authors: Naranje Sameer M. , Stewart Matthew G. , Kelly Derek M. , Jones Tamekia L. , Spence David D. , Warner William C. , Beaty James H. , Sawyer Jeffrey R. 
Published: September 2015

Background:
The options for treating femoral fractures in children and adolescents have evolved over the last 2 decades to include a variety of nonoperative and operative methods. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the types of treatment for pediatric femoral fractures in the United States from 1997 to 2012.

Methods:
From discharge estimates for 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 in the Kids’ Inpatient Database, data were extracted using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, and Clinical Modification for pediatric femoral fracture treatments. Patients included were 0 to 17 years old and were categorized into 5 age groups: younger than 1, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 17 years.

Results:
A total of 74,483 estimated discharges were recorded for pediatric patients with femoral fractures in the database for years 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. A total of 12,986 pediatric femoral fractures were estimated for 1997 and 9813 for 2012, which was statistically different (P<0.0001). Significantly fewer fractures were treated with closed reduction alone in 2012 than in 1997 in age groups 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 17 years. Children aged 5 to 9 had more frequent open reduction and internal fixation in 2012 than in 1997, whereas adolescents aged 15 to 17 had less frequent open reduction and internal fixation in 2012 than in 1997.

Conclusions:
Although the number of femoral shaft fractures overall has decreased, the frequency of operative treatment has increased significantly in patients 5 to 9 years of age. Knowledge of these trends can guide educational efforts and resource allocation, but further study is necessary to determine procedure-specific (eg, nailing, plating, external fixation) trends and their clinical and economic impacts.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—case series.
Primary Tumor Thickness is a Prognostic Factor in Stage IV Melanoma
Authors: Luen Stephen , Wong Siew Wei , Mar Victoria , Kelly John W. , McLean Catriona , McArthur Grant A. , Haydon Andrew 
Published: September 2015

Introduction:
Stage IV melanoma exhibits a diverse range of tumor biology from indolent to aggressive disease. Many important prognostic factors have already been identified. Despite this, the behavior of metastatic melanoma remains difficult to predict. We sought to determine if any primary tumor characteristics affect survival following the diagnosis of stage IV melanoma.

Methods:
All patients diagnosed with stage IV melanoma between January 2003 and December 2012 were identified from the Victorian Melanoma Service database. Retrospective chart review was performed to collect data on primary tumor characteristics (thickness, ulceration, mitotic rate, melanoma subtype, or occult primary). Known and suspected prognostic factors were additionally collected (time to diagnosis of stage IV disease, age, sex, stage, receipt of chemotherapy, and era of recurrence). The effect of primary tumor characteristics on overall survival from the date of diagnosis of stage IV disease was assessed.

Results:
A total of 227 patients with a median follow-up of 5 years from diagnosis of stage IV disease were identified. Median overall survival of the cohort was 250 days.
Of the primary tumor characteristics assessed, only tumor thickness affected survival from diagnosis of stage IV disease, hazard ratio=1.09 (1.02 to 1.16), P=0.008. This remained significant in multivariate analysis, P=0.007. Other primary tumor characteristics did not significantly influence survival.

Conclusions:
Primary tumor thickness is a significant prognostic factor in stage IV melanoma. Our data suggest that the biology of the primary melanoma may persist to influence the behavior of metastatic disease.
Periocular Melanoma In Situ Treated With Imiquimod
Authors: Elia Maxwell D. , Lally Sara E. , Hanlon Allison M. , Choi Jennifer N. , Servat Juan J. , Shields Jerry A. , Shields Carol L. , Levin Flora 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of periocular melanoma in situ (lentigo maligna).

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Subjects:
There were 12 patients in this series, and the mean patient age was 77 years. The anatomical locations were the lower eyelid (n=5), upper and lower eyelid (n=4), lower eyelid including the eyelid margin (n=1), brow (n=1), and the medial canthus (n=1). Topical 5% imiquimod cream was used as a primary treatment (n=6) or as an adjunctive therapy following local excision (n=2), cryotherapy (n=2), or excisional biopsy with cryotherapy (n=2).

Methods:
Twelve patients with periocular melanoma in situ were treated with topical 5% imiquimod cream daily for a mean treatment period of 3.9 months. The clinical features of the patients and the responses to treatment were evaluated in a retrospective case series.

Main Outcome Measures:
Histologic clearance of atypical melanocytes.

Results:
Eleven patients achieved complete histologic clearance of atypical melanocytes on post-treatment biopsy. One patient could not tolerate local irritation from imiquimod and stopped in the first month of therapy with residual disease. The median follow-up time was 1.5 years. Side effects included redness (n=12), discomfort (n=6), swelling (n=4), ectropion (n=1), and conjunctival chemosis (n=1). The patients experienced no systemic side effects from the treatment.

Conclusions:
Topical 5% imiquimod cream is an effective option as primary or adjunct therapy in the treatment of periocular melanoma in situ.
Kamp K'aana, a 2‐Week Residential Weight Management Summer Camp, Shows Long‐Term Improvement in Body Mass Index z Scores
Authors: Farhat Alicia Elena , Sharma Shreela , Abrams Stephanie H. , Wong William W. , Barlow Sarah E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTLong‐term effects of Kamp K'aana, a 2‐week residential weight management camp, on body mass index (BMI) measures were evaluated on 71 of 108 (66%) obese youth 10 to 14 years of age. Measures were obtained at 11‐month study follow‐up (n = 38) or extracted from medical record (n = 33). Compared with baseline, BMI increased (P < 0.001), but both BMI percentile and BMI z score decreased (98.7 ± 1.0 to 97.3 ± 6.7 and 2.34 ± 0.30 to 2.23 ± 0.34, P < 0.001). A decrease in BMI z score of ≥0.2 units was seen in 27% of the participants (P < 0.001). The short program has sustained effect.
APML drives a culture of ownership and innovation
Authors: Chandwani Rajesh K. , Varkkey Biju 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– Discusses the key dimensions of organizational culture at Agarwal Packers and Movers Ltd (APML), India.

Design/methodology/approach
– Describes the role of human resource management (HRM) practices in building an organizational culture which enhances performance through innovation and a strong customer-service orientation.

Findings
– Discusses how field-level employees in APML are connected with the organization through the owners and top management. Through different HRM practices, APML has been successful in instilling a feeling of ownership among the employees and in harnessing their energy for fostering innovation, superior customer service and profitability.

Practical implications
– Highlights the positive aspects of employee involvement in the context of an Indian family business.

Social implications
– Illustrates that emphasizing family values in the organizational culture can enable the organization to develop a sense of gratitude and reciprocity.

Originality/value
– Stresses the importance of both the family orientation and related HRM practices of a large Indian organization.
Acquire the tools and techniques to build your leadership brand
Authors: Rao M.S 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– Outlines tools and techniques needed to be a winner.

Design/methodology/approach
– Differentiates between winners and whiners and outlines tips to build your leadership brand.

Findings
– Implores you to list out your talents and skills and blend them effectively to stand out and succeed in your career.

Practical implications
– Shows that the study can be applied in any industry or economic sector.

Social implications
– Seeks strong support from all stakeholders to build your leadership brand.

Originality/value
– Turns the spotlight on understanding the mind of winners. Shows how to build a leadership brand to achieve success, peace and happiness.
Don’t give up on the no-hopers
Authors: McPherson Blair 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– Presents reverse talent-spotting as a way of getting the best out of underperforming managers.

Design/methodology/approach
– Examines the usual ways in which organizations deal with no-hopers and puts forward a more effective option based on a case study of an employee of a local authority social-service department.

Findings
– Explains that organizations usually hope that the disaffected and incompetent will be forced out during organizational restructuring, but often they are simply redeployed, passing the problem on to another department or team. The ambitious high-flyers do not hang around but the square pegs in round holes do, so it makes more sense to focus on the square pegs.

Practical implications
– Describes how senior managers invested in a group of underperforming managers the sort of time and energy that they normally reserve for those they see as future high-flyers. The group responded positively. They became less cynical, more open-minded about changes in the organization and more confident in their own skills and knowledge as managers.

Social implications
– Details how every organization has people with talent and ambition who will show themselves to be capable and will succeed but what separates the best organizations from the rest is how they develop the underperforming individuals.

Originality/value
– Shows that concentrating management time and effort on underperformers, who tend to stick around in an organization, can often be more rewarding for the organization than investing in the high-flyers who will be more likely to leave.
How we missed the boat: reading scholarship and the field of LIS
Authors: Dali Keren 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for the gradual extinction of reading scholarship in Library and Information Science (LIS) departments and to identify three problematic areas accounting for its dropping prestige: paradigmatic conflicts, the influence of the corporate university and low awareness of the potential of reading research. It also proposes possible solutions to each problem.Design/methodology/approach– Close reading and analysis of an extensive selection of sources with novel conceptualization and critical perspectives.Findings– The information science paradigm, which has dominated LIS, is not sufficient to accommodate reading research. The information science model has a detrimentally restrictive effect on reading scholarship. Library science, which should be considered an autonomous discipline rather than an appendix of information science, is more conducive to the study of reading. Non-specialization-based academic hiring to increase values-based diversity in LIS through a larger influx of reading scholars is advocated.Originality/value– Reading scholarship, unduly deemed “old-fashioned”, or euphemistically “traditional”, is one of the most potent areas of academic inquiry, to which LIS scholars are perfectly positioned to make a unique contribution. Reading research in LIS has great merit irrespective of its connection to information and technology; a set of evaluative questions to determine the quality of reading scholarship is introduced. Using a case study, the paper illustrates the potential of reading research for interdisciplinary connections, community partnerships and the enrichment of LIS education and professional practices. An honest look at one of the most exciting academic fields, regrettably neglected by LIS.
Second national accessibility survey: librarians, patrons, and disabilities
Authors: Bonnici Laurie J , Maatta Stephanie L. , Brodsky Jackie , Steele Jennifer Elaine 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to determine the state of library services to people with disabilities in the USA since the last study conducted in 2008. Social capital theory provides a lens to reconceptualize equal access in a global context, and to offer insights on the effects of new information technologies for re-envisioning universal access. Strategic alliances with education and human–computer interaction researchers are proposed.

Design/methodology/approach
– Librarians serving the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS/BPH) were surveyed. Questions addressed clientele, services, technologies, career opportunities, leadership, library and information science (LIS) education and librarian demographics.

Findings
– Human resources, leadership, outreach and out-of-the-box solutions applying mainstream technologies are identified as major challenges to the future of information access for disabled persons through the NLS/BPH system.

Research limitations/implications
– The survey was limited to librarians serving the NLS/BPH. A similar survey distributed in other nations could expand the possibilities of future research and collaboration.

Practical implications
– Information from this survey can aid information professionals planning delivery of information services to disabled patrons. Suggestions for shifting from special access to universal access philosophy ensure access for all. Results can also help LIS educators prepare graduates to serve an aging population that will challenge standard methods of information access and services.

Originality/value
– This study provides the current perspective of services to persons with disabilities compared to findings by the researchers in 2008. Since the first survey in 2008, the service has been updated through a national effort of digitization. This study is the first comparative study of the NLS.
Practical aspects of implementation of institutional repositories in Africa with reference to the University of Nairobi
Authors: Makori Elisha Ondieki , Njiraine Dorothy , Talam Peninah 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to assess practical aspects of implementation of institutional repositories (IRs) in Africa with reference to the University of Nairobi and provide useful guidelines to the issues and lessons learned to the other practitioners.Design/methodology/approach– The study used cross-sectional descriptive survey design to gather and analyze data that was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. In addition, questionnaires, interview schedule and observation guide were utilized to collect data from the respondents.Findings– First, the study established that the IR has not been well integrated into mainstream information services of the library. Second, there is lack of awareness on the use of IR as an information resource on the part of students and staff. Third, there is need to integrate different forms of information into the IR including graphics, video and sound to carter for the whole population of users even those with disabilities. Finally, there is need for aggressive or serious rebranding, marketing and promotion of the IR.Research limitations/implications– IRs are vital sources of information that are increasingly being integrated and utilized in African higher education. Discussion of the University of Nairobi as a case study provides practical lessons, implications and home grown solutions for other institutions of higher learning in the African context.Practical implications– IR is not only contemporary or emerging source of knowledge, information and communication but also fundamental or basic in institutions of higher learning. Consequently, IR provides excellent opportunities for universities to expand knowledge beyond internal and external learning environments.Social implications– Being fundamental sources of knowledge, IRs provide and support teaching, learning, research activities, scholarly communications and community services in universities and the society at large. As information and communication hubs, IRs have reinvented the image and role of universities as sources of knowledge in the society.Originality/value– Universities need to embrace IRs as vital and valid sources of knowledge and learning. Developing IRs without aggressive rebranding, marketing and promotional strategies is not enough for universities, associated institutions plus the information staff, but with prove that the resources are being utilized to achieve organizational goals and objectives.
Conditions on the Edges and Vertices of Non-commuting Graph
Authors: Jahandideh M. , Darafsheh M. R. , Sarmin N. H. , Omer S. M. S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract - Let G􀡳 be a non- abelian finite group. The non-commuting graph ,􀪡is defined as a graph with a vertex set􀡳 − G-Z(G)􀢆in which two vertices x􀢞 and y􀢟 are joined if and only if xy􀢞􀢟 ≠ yx􀢟􀢞. In this paper, we invest some results on the number of edges set , the degree of avertex of non-commuting graph and the number of conjugacy classes of a finite group. In order that if 􀪡􀡳non-commuting graph of H ≅ non - commuting graph of G􀪡􀡴,H 􀡴 is afinite group, then |G􀡳| = |H􀡴| .