bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic in Vivo Subtalar Joint Kinematics Measured Using a Skin Marker–Based Protocol
Authors: Birch Ivan , Deschamps Kevin 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe subtalar joint allows complex motion of the foot relative to the leg, the analysis of which has presented a major challenge for researchers. The considerable interpatient variation in structure and function of the subtalar joint highlights the importance of developing a protocol to assess the kinematics in individuals rather than developing an overarching description of function. The use of skin-mounted markers is, therefore, preferable, allowing the noninvasive collection of data. We sought to assess the face validity of a skin-mounted marker–based protocol to measure the in vivo kinematics of the subtalar joint.MethodsThirty participants were recruited using minimal exclusion criteria. A previously tested skin-mounted marker placement protocol was used in conjunction with two CODA MPX 30 sensors to capture data during walking. The data produced were compared with those from previous studies that used bone-mounted markers.ResultsThe results in all three planes represented feasible outcomes compared with those of previous studies, the data falling within the ranges published. Patterns of movement demonstrated are similar to, although not the same as, those shown by previous investigations.ConclusionsThis study did not produce patterns of movement that exactly matched those of previous investigations. The results were, however, within the ranges previously published, and the patterns of movement shown were feasible. The results suggest the face validity of the method as a means of assessing the in vivo kinematics of the subtalar joint during the stance phase of gait.
Attribution of snowmelt onset in Northern Canada
Authors: Mioduszewski J. R. , Rennermalm A. K. , Robinson D. A. , Mote T. L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the region of Earth most sensitive to climate change, spring snowmelt serves as a measurable indicator of climate change and plays a strong role in the feedbacks that amplify Arctic warming. We characterize the melt season and attribute melt onset in a region of northern Canada during the spring snowmelt season from 2003 to 2011. Melt onset dates are obtained from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System retrievals. Energy balance and meteorological fields are obtained from NASA's Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications product. Analysis of three distinct subregions demonstrates that typical values of energy balance terms vary across the region and have different roles in melt attribution. Melt is controlled more by advective energy farther southwest where melt onset begins sooner, compared to higher levels of radiative energy over the tundra. This study demonstrates that a relatively small region can exhibit large differences in controls on spring snowmelt both within the region and interannually, and these differences can be understood in the context of factors ranging from the large‐scale synoptic pattern to land cover and the local energy balance. Being able to attribute melt onset to those drivers that are changing as the high latitudes warm as opposed to those that do not (i.e., insolation) allows better long‐term prediction of melt season dynamics and the climatological processes influenced by snow cover and its feedbacks.
Improved regional water management utilizing climate forecasts: An interbasin transfer model with a risk management framework
Authors: Li Weihua , Sankarasubramanian A. , Ranjithan R. S. , Brill E. D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRegional water supply systems undergo surplus and deficit conditions due to differences in inflow characteristics as well as due to their seasonal demand patterns. This study proposes a framework for regional water management by proposing an interbasin transfer (IBT) model that uses climate‐information‐based inflow forecast for minimizing the deviations from the end‐of‐season target storage across the participating pools. Using the ensemble streamflow forecast, the IBT water allocation model was applied for two reservoir systems in the North Carolina Triangle Area. Results show that interbasin transfers initiated by the ensemble streamflow forecast could potentially improve the overall water supply reliability as the demand continues to grow in the Triangle Area. To further understand the utility of climate forecasts in facilitating IBT under different spatial correlation structures between inflows and between the initial storages of the two systems, a synthetic experiment was designed to evaluate the framework under inflow forecast having different skills. Findings from the synthetic study can be summarized as follows: (a) inflow forecasts combined with the proposed IBT optimization model provide improved allocation in comparison to the allocations obtained under the no‐transfer scenario as well as under transfers obtained with climatology; (b) spatial correlations between inflows and between initial storages among participating reservoirs could also influence the potential benefits that could be achieved through IBT; (c) IBT is particularly beneficial for systems that experience low correlations between inflows or between initial storages or on both attributes of the regional water supply system. Thus, if both infrastructure and permitting structures exist for promoting interbasin transfers, season‐ahead inflow forecasts could provide added benefits in forecasting surplus/deficit conditions among the participating pools in the regional water supply system.
The pattern of anthropogenic signal emergence in Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance
Authors: Fyke Jeremy G. , Vizcaíno Miren , Lipscomb William H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSurface mass balance (SMB) trends influence observed Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass loss, but the component of these trends related to anthropogenic forcing is unclear. Here we study the simulated spatial pattern of emergence of an anthropogenically derived GrIS SMB signal between 1850 and 2100 using the Community Earth System Model. We find emergence timing heterogeneity, with a bimodal structure reflecting interior snowfall increases against a background of low SMB variability, and peripheral surface melting increases against a backdrop of high SMB variability. We also find a nonemerging intermediate region. We conclude that (1) a bimodal pattern of GrIS SMB change will unambiguously reflect the impact of anthropogenic forcing; (2) present‐day peripheral and interior SMB trends likely have an underlying anthropogenically forced component; (3) local emergence occurs well before emergence of a spatially integrated signal; and (4) the GrIS summit region may be an ideal location for monitoring regional/global climate change.
Precursors to the shear failure of rock discontinuities
Authors: Hedayat Ahmadreza , Pyrak‐Nolte Laura J. , Bobet Antonio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractActive geophysical monitoring of potential failure along mechanical discontinuities in rock requires identification of precursory signatures to failure in geophysical signals. Active ultrasonic monitoring of shear failure along frictional discontinuities was performed to determine the signatures of potential failure. An instrumented direct shear apparatus was used to apply a constant shearing rate to a discontinuity that was held under a constant normal stress. Transmitted and reflected compressional and shear waves were recorded during the shearing process. Ultrasonic precursors were identified as distinct maxima in the amplitude of transmitted shear waves as well as minima in the amplitude of reflected shear waves that occurred well before the peak shear strength of a frictional discontinuity. The precursors are linked to changes in the local shear specific stiffness along the discontinuity, while the discontinuity's macroscopic shear strength continues to increase prior to failure.
Frictional melting of clayey gouge during seismic fault slip: Experimental observation and implications
Authors: Han Raehee , Hirose Takehiro , Jeong Gi Young , Ando Jun‐ichi , Mukoyoshi Hideki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClayey gouges are common in fault slip zones at shallow depths. Thus, the fault zone processes and frictional behaviors of the gouges are critical to understanding seismic slip at these depths. We conducted rotary shear tests on clayey gouge (~41 wt % clay minerals) at a seismic slip rate of 1.3 m/s. Here we report that the gouge was melted at 5 MPa of normal stress and room humidity conditions. The initial local melting was followed by melt layer formation. Clay minerals (e.g., smectite and illite) and plagioclase were melted and quenched to glass with numerous vesicles. Both flash heating and bulk temperature increases appear to be responsible for the melting. This observation of clayey gouge melting is comparable to that of natural faults (e.g., Chelungpu fault, Taiwan). Due to heterogeneous fault zone properties (e.g., permeability), frictional melting may be one of the important processes in clayey slip zones at shallow depths.
Internal tide radiation from the Luzon Strait
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe M2, K1, and O1 internal tides originating in the Luzon Strait are investigated using the sea surface height measurements by multiple satellites ERS‐2, Envisat, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason‐1/2, and Geosat Follow‐On. A plane wave fit method is used to resolve multiple internal tides in arbitrary horizontal directions. The Luzon Strait is an energetic internal tide generation site, and radiates internal tides both westward into the South China Sea (SCS) and eastward into the western Pacific (WP). In the SCS, the K1 and O1 internal tides propagate over 1600 km, reaching the Vietnam coast; in the WP, they propagate over 2500 km and arrive to the Mariana Ridge and Guam. The K1 and O1 internal tides refract toward the Equator during propagation. The M2 internal tides in the SCS bifurcate into two beams. The northwestward beam is coincident with the frequent occurrence of internal solitary waves in this region, implying their causative relation. The phase speeds inferred from the altimetric along‐beam propagation agree with the theoretical values. Due to the influence of the Earth's rotation, the K1 and O1 phase speeds decrease remarkably from high to low latitudes. For the diurnal internal tides, the eastward radiation is about 50% greater than the westward radiation. For M2, the westward radiation is about two times the eastward radiation. The altimetric energy fluxes are about 50% of those in numerical model simulations.
A multidecadal simulation of Atlantic tropical cyclones using a variable‐resolution global atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M. , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUsing a variable‐resolution option within the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Spectral Element (SE) global model, a refined nest at 0.25° (∼28 km) horizontal resolution located over the North Atlantic is embedded within a global 1° (∼111 km) grid. The grid is designed such that fine grid cells are located where tropical cyclones (TCs) are observed to occur during the Atlantic TC season (June–November). Two simulations are compared, one with refinement and one control case with no refinement (globally uniform 1° grid). Both simulations are integrated for 23 years using Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Protocols. TCs are tracked using an objective detection algorithm. The variable‐resolution simulation produces significantly more TCs than the unrefined simulation. Storms that do form in the refined nest are much more intense, with multiple storms strengthening to Saffir‐Simpson category 3 intensity or higher. Both count and spatial distribution of TC genesis and tracks in the variable‐resolution simulation are well matched to observations and represent significant improvements over the unrefined simulation. Some degree of interannual skill is noted, with the variable‐resolution grid able to reproduce the observed connection between Atlantic TCs and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is shown that Genesis Potential Index (GPI) is well matched between the refined and unrefined simulations, implying that the introduction of variable‐resolution does not affect the synoptic environment. Potential “upscale” effects are noted in the variable‐resolution simulation, suggesting stronger TCs in refined nests may play a role in meridional transport of momentum, heat, and moisture.
Impact of ambient conditions on evaporation from porous media
Authors: Ben Neriah Asaf , Assouline Shmuel , Shavit Uri , Weisbrod Noam 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe complexity of soil evaporation, depending on the atmospheric conditions, emphasizes the importance of its quantification under potential changes in ambient air temperature, Ta, and relative humidity, RH. Mass loss, soil matric tension, and meteorological measurements, carried out in a climate‐controlled laboratory, were used to study the effect of ambient conditions on the drying rates of a porous medium. A set of evaporation experiments from initially saturated sand columns were carried out under constant Ta of 6, 15, 25, and 35°C and related RH (0.66, 0.83, 1.08, and 1.41 kPa, respectively). The results show that the expected increase of the stage 1 (S1) evaporation rate with Ta but also revealed an exponential‐like reduction in the duration of S1, which decreased from 29 to 2.3 days (at Ta of 6 and 35°C, respectively). The evaporation rate, e(t), was equal to the potential evaporation, ep(t), under Ta = 6°C, while it was always smaller than ep(t) under higher Ta. The cumulative evaporation during S1 was higher under Ta = 6°C than under the higher temperatures. Evaporation rates during S2 were practically unaffected by ambient conditions. The results were analyzed using a mass transfer formulation linking e(t) with the vapor pressure deficit through a resistance coefficient r. It was shown that rS1 (the resistance during S1) is constant, indicating that the application of such an approach is straightforward during S1. However, for evaporation from a free water surface and S2, the resistances, rBL and rS2, were temperature‐dependent, introducing some complexity for these cases.
Design of impulsive adaptive observers for improvement of persistency of excitation
Authors: Efimov Denis , Fradkov Alexander 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe development of adaptive observer techniques for nonlinear systems in the output canonical form is proposed applying additional impulsive feedback in the observer equations. The stability of new impulsive adaptive observer is investigated. It is shown that under some conditions, the proposed impulsive feedback can improve the rate of the observer convergence or relax the requirement on persistency of excitation, which is usually introduced to ensure convergence of the parameter estimates. The proposed feasibility conditions include positivity of dwell time (boundedness of impulse frequency) and solvability of some Lyapunov‐like matrix inequalities. The results are illustrated by simulation for three examples (including a single link flexible joint robot example). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Phenols with a Terminal Alkyne via an Intramolecular ipso‐Friedel–Crafts Alkenylation
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Matsuo Nobuaki , Hamada Yasumasa 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe have developed a novel synthetic method to furnish spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienones using an gold‐catalyzed carbocyclization of phenols with a terminal alkyne via an intramolecular ipso‐Friedel–Crafts alkenylation. Using 2–5 mol% of gold catalyst, 1 equiv. of methanesulfonic acid, and 1 equiv. of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine, a variety of spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienone derivatives with an exo‐cyclic olefin unit was obtained in good to excellent yields. The divergent synthesis of dihydronaphthalene derivatives was also examined based on the newly developed gold catalysis.magnified image
The physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow: A literature review
Authors: Sozansky Jeanie , Houser Steven M. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundNasal obstruction is a common otolaryngologic complaint, yet the mechanism of sensing airflow is not commonly understood. The objective of this work was to review current knowledge on the physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow.MethodsCurrent literature pertaining to nasal sensation to airflow was retrieved using PubMed and Google Scholar searches.ResultsThe primary physiological mechanism that produces the sensation of ample nasal airflow is activation of trigeminal cool thermoreceptors, specifically transient receptor potential melastatin family member 8 (TRPM8), by nasal mucosal cooling. The dynamic change in temperature is ultimately sensed. Nasal mucosal cooling is a result of conductive heat loss, driven by temperature gradient, and evaporative heat loss, driven by humidity gradient. The perception of ample nasal airflow is dependent on the overall nasal surface area stimulated by mucosal cooling, which is mainly governed by air flow patterns. Cool thermoreceptors in the nasal mucosa are connected to the respiratory centers and consequently can alter respiration patterns. Mechanoreceptors do not seem to play a role in sensing nasal airflow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling could be a valuable objective tool in evaluating patients with nasal congestion.ConclusionUnderstanding the physiological mechanism of how the nose senses airflow can aid in diagnosing the cause behind patient symptoms, which allows physicians to provide better treatment options for patients. ©2014 ARSAAOA, LLC.
The visual system in eyelid myoclonia with absences
Authors: Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Ruggieri Andrea , Tondelli Manuela , Avanzini Pietro , Benuzzi Francesca , Gessaroli Giuliana , Cantalupo Gaetano , Mastrangelo Massimo , Vignoli Aglaia , Bonaventura Carlo Di , Canevini Maria Paola , Bernardina Bernardo Dalla , Nichelli Paolo Frigio , Meletti Stefano 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the functional and structural brain correlates of eyelid myoclonus and absence seizures triggered by eye closure (eye closure sensitivity [ECS]).MethodsFifteen patients with eyelid myoclonus with absences (EMA, Jeavons syndrome), 14 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) without ECS, and 16 healthy controls (HC) underwent an electroencephalography (EEG)‐correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and voxel brain morphometry (VBM) protocol. The functional study consisted of 30‐second epochs of eyes‐open and eyes‐closed conditions. The following EEG events were marked and the relative fMRI maps obtained: (1) eye closure times, (2) spontaneous blinking, and (3) spontaneous and eye closure–triggered spike and wave discharges (SWD; for EMA and IGE). Within‐group and between‐groups comparisons were performed for fMRI and VBM data as appropriate.ResultsIn EMA compared to HC and IGE we found: (1) higher blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal related to the eye closure over the visual cortex, the posterior thalamus, and the network implicated in the motor control of eye closure, saccades, and eye pursuit movements; and (2) increments in the gray matter concentration at the visual cortex and thalamic pulvinar, whereas decrements were observed at the bilateral frontal eye field area. No BOLD differences were detected when comparing SWD in EMA and IGE.InterpretationResults demonstrated altered anatomo‐functional properties of the visual system in EMA. These abnormalities involve a circuit encompassing the occipital cortex and the cortical/subcortical systems physiologically involved in the motor control of eye closure and eye movements. Our work supports EMA as an epileptic condition with distinctive features and provides a contribution to its classification among epileptic syndromes. Ann Neurol 2014;76:412–427
Die katalytische asymmetrische Torgov‐Cyclisierung: eine kurze Totalsynthese von (+)‐Estron
Authors: Prévost Sébastien , Dupré Nathalie , Leutzsch Markus , Wang Qinggang , Wakchaure Vijay , List Benjamin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEine asymmetrische Torgov‐Cyclisierung wurde entwickelt, die durch ein neuartiges, stark Brønsted‐acides Dinitrodisulfonimid katalysiert wird. Die Reaktion liefert das Torgov‐Dien und diverse Analoga in ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten und mit exzellenten Enantioselektivitäten und wurde in einer sehr kurzen Synthese von (+)‐Estron angewendet.
The Chemistry and Biology of Theta Defensins
Authors: Conibear Anne C. , Craik David J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCyclic peptides are found in a diverse range of organisms and are characterized by their stability and role in defense. Why is only one class of cyclic peptides found in mammals? Possibly we have not looked hard enough for them, or the technologies needed to identify them are not fully developed. We also do not yet understand their intriguing biosynthesis from two separate gene products. Addressing these challenges will require the application of chemical tools and insights from other classes of cyclic peptides. Herein, we highlight recent developments in the characterization of theta defensins and describe the important role that chemistry has played in delineating their modes of action. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential of theta defensins as antimicrobial agents and scaffolds for peptide drug design.
A design of composite hollow fiber membranes with tunable performance and reinforced mechanical strength
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Xin , Liu Tianyin , Braeken Leen , Liu Zaihao , Wang Xiao‐Lin , Van der Bruggen Bart 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA new design of hollow fiber membranes with high mechanical strength, great surface area per volume ratio and tunable filtration performance is presented. This newly developed hollow fiber membrane was produced by an intensified production process, in which the processes of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), and interfacial polymerization (IP) were combined. PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) hollow fiber membranes (produced by TIPS) were used as support substrates. Afterwards, PES (polyethersulfone) (made by NIPS) and PA (polyamide) layers (manufactured by IP) were coated one by one. The pure water permeability, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), salt rejection, tensile stress together with surface and cross‐sectional morphology indicate that the properties of the hollow fiber membranes can be easily adjusted from microfiltration‐like to nanofiltration‐like membranes only by varying the presence of the IP step and the concentration in the PES layer in the production system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41247.