bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise orbit determination and point positioning using GPS, Glonass, Galileo and BeiDou
Authors: Tegedor J. , Øvstedal O. , Vigen E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
State of the art Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is currently based on dual-frequency processing of GPS and Glonass navigation systems. The International GNSS Service (IGS) is routinely providing the most accurate orbit and clock products for these constellations, allowing point positioning at centimeter-level accuracy. At the same time, the GNSS landscape is evolving rapidly, with the deployment of new constellations, such as Galileo and BeiDou. The BeiDou constellation currently consists of 14 operational satellites, and the 4 Galileo In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites are transmitting initial Galileo signals. This paper focuses on the integration of Galileo and BeiDou in PPP, together with GPS and Glonass. Satellite orbits and clocks for all constellations are generated using a network adjustment with observation data collected by the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX), as well as from Fugro proprietary reference station network. The orbit processing strategy is described, and orbit accuracy for Galileo and BeiDou is assessed via orbit overlaps, for different arc lengths. Kinematic post-processed multi-GNSS positioning results are presented. The benefits of multiconstellation PPP are discussed in terms of enhanced availability and positioning accuracy.
Parameter Estimation Algorithm for the Exponential Signal by the Enhanced DFT Approach
Authors: Wang Qian , Yan Xiao , Qin Kaiyu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Based on enhanced interpolation DFT, a novel parameter estimation algorithm for the exponential signal is presented. The proposed two-step solution consists of a preprocessing unit which constructs a new signal sequence by continuously cycle shifting sample points and summing up N buffered exponential signal sample sequences, then an interpolation DFT engine to obtain accurate parameter estimation of the exponential signal based on the signal sequence generated by the preprocessing unit. Compared to previous works, owing to the combination of the pretreatment and the interpolation DFT analysis, the tedious iteration for spectral leakage elimination can be removed, and remarkable improvements are achieved in terms of estimation accuracy and speed. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Simplified 2D Bidomain Model of Whole Heart Electrical Activity and ECG Generation
Authors: Sovilj Siniša , Magjarević Ratko , Abed Amr Al , Lovell Nigel H. , Dokos Socrates 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a geometrically simple and highly computationally-efficient two dimensional (2D) biophysical model of whole heart electrical activity, incorporating spontaneous activation of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the specialized conduction system, and realistic surface ECG morphology computed on the torso. The FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) equations were incorporated into a bidomain finite element model of cardiac electrical activity, which was comprised of a simplified geometry of the whole heart with the blood cavities, the lungs and the torso as an extracellular volume conductor. To model the ECG, we placed four electrodes on the surface of the torso to simulate three Einthoven leads VI, VII and VIII from the standard 12-lead system. The 2D model was able to reconstruct ECG morphology on the torso from action potentials generated at various regions of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles. Our 2D cardiac model offers a good compromise between computational load and model complexity, and can be used as a first step towards three dimensional (3D) ECG models with more complex, precise and accurate geometry of anatomical structures, to investigate the effect of various cardiac electrophysiological parameters on ECG morphology.
Resonance Micro-Weighing of Sub-Picogram Mass with the Use of Adaptive Interferometer
Authors: Romashko Roman , Efimov Timofey , Kulchin Yuri 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mass of macroscopic object is easily measured by a suitable balance. However, this approach becomes inapplicable if mass of microscopic object is to be determined. Alternative approach for mass measurement is based on using the micromechanical resonator as an inertial balance where oscillation frequency is shifted by small quantities of adsorbed mass. In this work we present experimental results of applying an adaptive interferometry technique based on dynamic hologram recorded in photorefractive CdTe crystal for measuring picogram mass adsorbed on micromechanical resonators with dimensions 215×40×15 μm3. It is also shown that the resonance micro-weighing system based on adaptive interferometer has potential for reducing the threshold of mass detection down to 10-17 g in the case of using a resonator with sub-micron dimensions
Dielectric Resonators for the Measurements of the Surface Impedance of Superconducting Films
Authors: Pompeo N. , Torokhtii K. , Silva E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We present the development, realization and setup of dielectric resonators, for the purpose of measuring the surface impedance at microwave frequencies of superconducting thin films. We focus on resonators designed to operate in dc magnetic fields, optimized for the measurements of the variation of the surface impedance with the applied field. Two resonators, operating at 8 and 48 GHz, are presented. We discuss different approaches to the measurement of the resonator parameters, with particular attention to the nonidealities of real setups in a cryogenic environment. Finally, we present some sample measurement of high-Tc and low-Tc superconducting films.
Genetic variation and relationship of alfalfa populations and their progenies based on RAPD markers
Authors: Taški-Ajduković Ksenija , Nagl Nevena , Milić Dragan , Katić Slobodan , Zorić Miroslav 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The aim of investigation was to evaluate genetic variation and relationship among alfalfa populations and their offspring, with minimal cost, by using DNA marker analysis. RAPD analysis was performed on bulked DNA samples of five alfalfa parental populations and their progenies: 20 F1 populations from reciprocal diallel crosses and five S1 populations from self-pollination. Twenty primers generated 217 bands, ranging in size from 300 to 6000 bp, with the average number of bands per primer of 10.85 and polymorphism information content of 0.246. Percentage of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s information index were used to estimate genetic variation. Higher diversity was observed in F1 progeny populations, while genetic variation in parental populations and S1 progenies remained similar. The genetic relatedness of alfalfa populations was analysed by UPGMA and Bayesian model-based clustering approach. In both types of analysis selfpollinated progenies were grouped. Furthermore, the hybrid offspring where Zuzana, and RSI 20 were maternal parents were placed in separate groups. The results indicate that use of RAPD markers on bulked DNA samples can be fast and cost-effective way for differentiation of alfalfa parental populations and their offspring, as well as for evaluation of their genetic relationships.
Caffeine induces cytoskeletal changes and cell death in H1299 cells
Authors: Hałas Marta , Izdebska Magdalena , Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska Anna , Gagat Maciej , Radciniewska Dorota , Glińska Agnieszka , Gizler Karolina , Bielińska Ewelina , Grzanka Alina 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Caffeine is the most common natural neuroactive substance around the world. The exact mechanism of the anticancer effects of caffeine is not clear, especially in the contexts of the cytoskeletal changes. It is known that caffeine exerts an effect on cell cycle, cell proliferation, radiosensivity of cells, and also induces cell death. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 10 and 20 mM L−1 caffeine on the major cytoskeletal proteins in non-small lung cancer cell line H1299. Caffeine treatment induced abnormalities in morphology and ultrastructure of cells. Moreover, the fluorescence studies showed changes in organization of vimentin, β-tubulin, lamin A/C and F-actin, which were attributed to the induction of cell death. The results also demonstrated that caffeine induced formation of two cell populations: giant, mono- or multinucleated cells, with the phenotype of mitotic catastrophe and shrunken cells with condensation of chromatin, typical of apoptosis. This study for the first time shows the effect of caffeine on the cytoskeleton of H1299 cell line. In conclusion, a high-dose caffeine treatment induces apoptotic cell death and makes it a powerful anticancer agent that should be considered for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Landslide Geohazard Monitoring, Early Warning and Stabilization Control Methods
Authors: Bednarczyk Zbigniew 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper is a presentation of landslide monitoring, early warning and remediation methods recommended for the Polish Carpathians. Instrumentation included standard and automatic on-line measurements with the real-time transfer of data to an Internet web server. The research was funded through EU Innovative Economy Programme and also by the SOPO Landslide Counteraction Project. The landslides investigated were characterized by relatively low rates of the displacements. These ranged from a few millimetres to several centimetres per year. Colluviums of clayey flysch deposits were of a soil-rock type with a very high plasticity and moisture content. The instrumentation consisted of 23 standard inclinometers set to depths of 5-21 m. The starting point of monitoring measurements was in January 2006. These were performed every 1-2 months over the period of 8 years. The measurements taken detected displacements from several millimetres to 40 cm set at a depth of 1-17 m. The modern, on-line monitoring and early warning system was installed in May 2010. The system is the first of its kind in Poland and only one of several such real-time systems in the world. The installation was working with the Local Road Authority in Gorlice. It contained three automatic field stations for investigation of landslide parameters to depths of 12-16 m and weather station. In-place tilt transducers and innovative 3D continuous inclinometer systems with sensors located every 0.5 m were used. It has the possibility of measuring a much greater range of movements compared to standard systems. The conventional and real-time data obtained provided a better recognition of the triggering parameters and the control of geohazard stabilizations. The monitoring methods chosen supplemented by numerical modelling could lead to more reliable forecasting of such landslides and could thus provide better control and landslide remediation possibilities also to stabilization works which prevent landslides.
Assessment of Susceptibility to Liquefaction of Saturated Road Embankment Subjected to Dynamic Loads
Authors: Borowiec Anna , Maciejewski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Liquefaction has always been intensely studied in parts of the world where earthquakes occur. However, the seismic activity is not the only possible cause of this phenomenon. It may in fact be triggered by some human activities, such as constructing and mining or by rail and road transport.
In the paper a road embankment built across a shallow water reservoir is analyzed in terms of susceptibility to liquefaction. Two types of dynamic loadings are considered: first corresponding to an operation of a vibratory roller and second to an earthquake.
In order to evaluate a susceptibility of soil to liquefaction, a factor of safety against triggering of liquefaction is used (FSTriggering). It is defined as a ratio of vertical effective stresses to the shear stresses both varying with time. For the structure considered both stresses are obtained using finite element method program, here Plaxis 2D. The plastic behavior of the cohesionless soils is modeled by means of Hardening Soil (HS) constitutive relationship, implemented in Plaxis software.
As the stress tensor varies with time during dynamic excitation, the FSTriggering has to be calculated for some particular moment of time when liquefaction is most likely to occur. For the purposes of this paper it is named a critical time and established for reference point at which the pore pressures were traced in time. As a result a factor of safety distribution throughout embankment is generated.
For the modeled structure, cyclic point loads (i.e., vibrating roller) present higher risk than earthquake of magnitude 5.4. Explanation why considered structure is less susceptible to earthquake than typical dam could lay in stabilizing and damping influence of water, acting here on both sides of the slope.
Analogical procedure is applied to assess liquefaction susceptibility of the road embankment considered but under earthquake excitation. Only the higher water table is considered as it is the most unfavorable.
Additionally the modified factor of safety is introduced, where the dynamic shear stress component is obtained at a time step when its magnitude is the highest - not necessarily at the same time step when the pore pressure reaches its peak (i.e., critical time). This procedure provides a greater margin of safety as the computed factors of safety are smaller.
Method introduced in the paper presents a clear and easy way to locate liquefied zones and estimate liquefaction susceptibility of the subsoil - not only in the road embankment.
Identification of the Carbonation Zone in Concrete using X-Ray Microtomography
Authors: Łydżba Dariusz , Rajczakowska Magdalena , Stefaniuk Damian , Kmita Andrzej 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The article presents an application of X-ray microtomography for identification of the carbonation zone in concrete material. A concrete specimen subjected earlier to harsh environmental conditions is investigated. The material is firstly checked with the use of chemical corrosion indicators and then is subjected to microstructural analysis performed with the use of X-ray microtomography. Two different settings of scanning parameters are applied implying the image resolutions of approximately 14 μm per 1 pixel and about 7 μm per 1 pixel, respectively. The results obtained are then compared and analyzed. The depth of the carbonation zone is evaluated based on the attenuation curve. The paper highlights also the significance of the corrosion phenomenon in concrete structures. Details of the deterioration mechanisms in concrete are shortly presented.
On the Possibility of Testing Miocene Clay from Cracow Area using Weight Sounding Test (WST)
Authors: Olesiak Sebastian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Polish standards concerning field investigation with the use of a Weight Sounding Test (WST) probe give interpretation of results for non-cohesive soils only. The lack of such interpretation for cohesive soils excludes this testing equipment from use. This paper presents the results of geotechnical site investigation and laboratory tests performed for Miocene clays in Carpathian Foredeep in the Cracow area. Based on the analysis of the results a correlation was determined between the characteristic values for the WST probe (number of half-turns NWST) and the selected properties of Miocene clays. The article is an attempt to create a complete interpretation of test results obtained for cohesive soil with WST equipment.
Methodology of Estimation of Methane Emissions from Coal Mines in Poland
Authors: Patyńska Renata 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Based on a literature review concerning methane emissions in Poland, it was stated in 2009 that the National Greenhouse Inventory 2007 [13] was published. It was prepared firstly to meet Poland’s obligations resulting from point 3.1 Decision no. 280/2004/WE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004, concerning a mechanism for monitoring community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol and secondly, for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol.
The National Greenhouse Inventory states that there are no detailed data concerning methane emissions in collieries in the Polish mining industry. That is why the methane emission in the methane coal mines of Górnośląskie Zagłębie Węglowe - GZW (Upper Silesian Coal Basin - USCB) in Poland was meticulously studied and evaluated. The applied methodology for estimating methane emission from the GZW coal mining system was used for the four basic sources of its emission. Methane emission during the mining and post-mining process. Such an approach resulted from the IPCC guidelines of 2006 [10].
Updating the proposed methods (IPCC2006) of estimating the methane emissions of hard coal mines (active and abandoned ones) in Poland, assumes that the methane emission factor (EF) is calculated based on methane coal mine output and actual values of absolute methane content. The result of verifying the method of estimating methane emission during the mining process for Polish coal mines is the equation of methane emission factor EF.
Early Old English Nominal System: Synchronic Declensions in the Vespasian Psalter
Authors: Kolasińska Paulina 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
The study analyzes the Early Old English nominal system from a synchronic perspective, since a diachronic approach is unable to provide an accurate description of the language. The analysis is based on the full text of the Vespasian Psalter interlinear gloss. The nouns were grouped according to their inflectional endings, thus representing the synchronically functioning nominal system of Early Old English, contrary to the traditional, diachronic classification, which uses reconstructed stems to classify nouns. The Vespasian Psalter model is compared and contrasted with the latest ‘classical’ work on Old English, Hogg and Fulk’s A Grammar of Old English. Volume 2: Morphology (2011), which also aims at presenting Old English from a synchronic perspective.
Fauna and habitat of aquatic arthropods of Kashan in 2010
Authors: Dehghani Rouhullah , Zarghi Iran , Aboutalebi Mahbobeh , Barzegari Zohreh , Ghanbari Maryam 
Published: June 2014

Background: Given the importance of arthropods in medical and life sciences and information on the composition of such arthropods in this study was conducted during 2010 in the Kashan. Methods: Descriptive study and sampling at 13 locations and over 39 times in 2303 on the number of larvae, nymphs, Pupa and adults were collected from Lentic and Lotic waters. Samples collected after the transfer to the laboratory using a Stereo microscope and identified using morphological keys used were identified. Results: Total 2303 samples over 39 times the sampling of the Order Diptera, with 1,287 cases (55.8%), crustaceans, with 579 samples (25.2%), Order Trichoptera with 158 samples (6.9%), Order Ephemeroptera 153 samples (6.7%), Order Odonata with 61 samples (2.6%), Order Heteroptera with 26 samples (1.1%), Order Coleoptera with 26 samples (1.1%), Order Plecoptera with 13 sample (0.6) were identified. From Crustacea Class, three orders of the, Amphipoda to 405 numbers (70%) of Lotic water, Ostracoda to 144 (24.9%), Copepoda to 30 (5.1%) from the Lentic waters was collect-ed. Conclusion: In This study, for the first time, from Crustacea subphyllum, order of Ostracoda and Diptera order, Ceratopogonidae, Eryphidae, Dixidae families are reported .Therefore can be concluded that the aquatic arthropods Fauna Kashan is very rich. Considering that some of these insects have a role in the transmission or harassment of human and environmental balance are important, and with molecular methods is recommended that more specific studies done in this field. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.15448 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.306-310
Persistent vegetative state after traumatic brain injury - a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Rathor Mohammad Yousuf , Abdul Rani Mohammad Fauzi , Shahrin TCA , Hashim HZ 
Published: June 2014

Persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a chronic neurological disorder of consciousness, in which patients appear to be awake, but show no behavioural evidence of awareness. It cannot be diagnosed with certainty and misdiagnosis is very frequent. Its management has become one of the most controversial and emotive issues in medical ethics and medical law over the past few decades. The results of recent neuroimaging studies along with well-documented reports of significant late recovery of some PVS patients have challenged the long-held view that restoration of function in the severely traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is not possible. Some clinicians believe that PVS is a misused term with the potential consequences of withdrawal and withholding of care, and tendency towards less aggressive management. Further naming these patients as vegetative has been misinterpreted by many groups that the patient is no more a human but vegetable like. Recently there has been an attempt to replace PVS by new, more appropriate name "Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome" (UWS). As opposed to brain death, PVS is not recognized by statute as death in any legal system. The context within which end of life decisions are being made for these patients has led to outrage especially if decisions were made to terminate hydration and nutrition. We present a case of young boy who is in a PVS following TBI with the aim to review some of the contemporary issues regarding their management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19159 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.358-365
Regulatory T Cells Restrain CD4+ T Cells from Causing Unregulated Immune Activation and Hypersensitivity to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
Authors: Okeke Emeka B. , Okwor Ifeoma , Uzonna Jude E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and defects in Treg function have been linked to several autoimmune diseases. We previously reported that depletion of Tregs resulted in mortality to an otherwise nonlethal dose of LPS or Escherichia coli challenge. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Treg depletion leads to enhanced susceptibility to LPS. Using different murine lymphocyte gene knockout models, we show that the enhanced sensitivity to LPS following Treg depletion is mediated by T cells. SCID or RAG1-deficient mice, which lack T and B cells, do not show enhanced susceptibility to LPS. However, reconstitution of SCID mice with wild-type CD4+ T cells restored Treg depletion-induced sensitivity to LPS. This CD4+ T cell–mediated hypersensitivity to LPS challenge in the absence of Tregs was also observed upon reconstitution of SCID mice with CD4+ T cells from CD25 knockout mice (which lack functional Tregs). Additionally, depletion of Tregs leads to increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS challenge. Some CD4+ T cells express TLR4, and pretreatment of CD4+ T cells with LPS dramatically enhanced their ability to induce inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Collectively, our results indicate that in the absence of functional Tregs, CD4+ T cells are pathologic and contribute to exaggerated immune activation that is detrimental for survival in LPS-induced acute inflammation. Our data also provide evidence for direct activation of CD4+ T cells by LPS through TLR4.