bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Cradle to Grave: Extended Producer Responsibility for Household Hazardous Wastes in British Columbia
Authors: Driedger Ronald J. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryHousehold hazardous wastes (HHWs), the discarded pesticides, solvents, paints, lubricating oil, and similar products common to residences throughout the industrial world, create problems for governments charged with managing solid waste. When disposed of improperly in landfills or incinerators or if dumped illegally, HHW may contribute to soil and water contamination. A most common management tool for HHW is a special collection effort that segregates HHW from normal trash and disposes of it in an approved manner, all at a higher cost to the governmental jurisdiction. The Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) has undertaken a different approach, based on the use of extended producer responsibility (EPR).BC's efforts began in 1992 with adoption of a regulation on used lubricating oil (lube oil). More than 40 million liters (L) of used lube oil have been collected annually through the EPR system established under this regulation. A regulation establishing producer responsibility for postconsumer paints followed in 1994. BC enacted an additional regulation establishing EPR in 1997 for solvents/flammable liquids, domestic pesticides, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals.As a result of the application of EPR to HHW, local government costs for managing HHW and the amount of HHW identified in municipal waste have declined. Although the regulations appear to have mixed success in prompting consumers to avoid products that result in HHW, there are indications that they may be more effective than conventional management efforts.Based on BC's experience with EPR, key factors for successful implementation include maintaining flexibility in program design, creating viable funding alternatives, aggressive enforcement to provide a level playing field, and adopting policies that maximize diversion of HHW from landfills, while minimizing waste generation, setting targets for reuse and recycling, promoting consumer awareness and convenience, involving local government jurisdictions, and monitoring outcomes.
THE CANONICAL FUNCTION OF 2 PETER
Authors: Wall Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring the modern period, the authority of 2 Peter for Christian theological formation has been challenged by the reconstructions of historical criticism. The verdict of biblical scholarship has been largely negative: the theological conception of 2 Peter comes from a person and for a setting that does not easily cohere with the rest of the New Testament writings. The present essay seeks to rehabilitate the status of 2 Peter for use in biblical theology, independent of the historical problem it poses for the interpreter, by approaching its theological subject matter within the setting of the New Testament canon, where its theological perspective functions as complementary to and integral with 1 Peter in forming Scripture's Petrine witness to the faith.
FROM THE LION THRONE: POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
Authors: Sinopoli Carla 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe fourteenth- through seventeenth-century A.D. Vijayanagara empire of south India spanned a vast area and incorporated diverse ethnic, linguistic, socioeconomic and political groups. Beyond the imperial bounds, Vijayanagara was also part of complex subcontinental political and cultural nexus, with cooperative and antagonistic relations with neighboring states and empires. In this paper, I examine both scales of these relations: the local responses to empire and the nature and creation of an imperial identity within the broader framework of subcontinental politics. As inhabitants of incorporated regions within the empire maintained aspects of their regional identities, they were also drawn into the broader polity through both economic and symbolic practices. And even as it incorporated local traditions of conquered states, Vijayanagara's court also forged a distinctive imperial identity by adopting and adapting cultural, political, and military elements from a larger subcontinental framework.
The Development of Children's Beliefs about Prayer
Authors: Woolley Jacqueline , Phelps Katrina 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this study we explored the development of children's beliefs about the concept of prayer. Three- to 8-year-old children were given a combination of tasks and structured interview questions designed to assess a number of basic aspects of their concepts of prayer. We also considered potential relations between children's concepts of prayer and two other explanatory systems — naïve psychology and magic — by probing understanding of the roles of knowledge and thinking in prayer and by comparing beliefs in prayer to beliefs in wishing. Results revealed significantly more sophisticated concepts of prayer than found in previous studies, including an earlier understanding of its mentalistic nature. We propose a new developmental trajectory for children's understanding of prayer and discuss interrelations between children's religious beliefs and their developing ontologies.
Age structure and growth pattern in two populations of the golden-striped salamander Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata, Salamandridae)
Authors: Ferrand  , Lima  , Arntzen  
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied age structure and growth in two populations of the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, in northern Portugal by cohort analysis and skeletochronology. Lines of Arrested Growth (LAG) deposited during the larval phase could be distinguished from LAG deposited after metamorphosis. One or two LAG were found in larvae, with counts corresponding to age in years as predicted from larval size distributions. Post-metamorphic modal age was 5 to 6 years and longevity was 8 years. Von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females from both populations were different from one another. Sexual maturity was reached 4 to 5 years after metamorphosis and corresponded with a snout-vent length of 43-44 mm in both sexes. A tendency was observed for females to be older than males. Mature females were on average larger than mature males. Larval growth was higher in spring than in winter and differed between populations and years. The population in which larvae grew relatively slowly was characterized by large young adults and vice versa, perhaps reflecting contrasting aquatic and terrestrial feeding conditions. The knowledge here presented is important for the better understanding of the population dynamics and ecological and conservation requirements of the golden-striped salamander.
ACOUSTICAL INTERFERENCE IN THE ADVERTISEMENT CALLS OF THE MIDWIFE TOADS (ALYTES OBSTETRICANS AND ALYTES CISTERNASII)
Authors: Bosch Jaime , Marquez Rafael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe address the issue of whether call alternation is a mechanism for diminishing call overlap between male midwife toads who are competing acoustically. Additionally, we study the effect of call overlap on the calling behavior of males and on female preferences. In both species, naturally interacting males emitted calls that did not overlap less than expected when males called randomly. Interactive playback calls showed that males increase their calling rate when responded to by a non-overlapping call, and that they do not increase their calling rate when responded to by calls that overlap with their own calls. In phonotaxis tests, females discriminated against duets of males that overlapped their calls. Furthermore, when calling males overlapped the males' calls, females did not discriminate between the male who was leading a calling duet and the follower. We conclude, therefore, that call overlap plays an important role in communication, since overlapping calls are less attractive to females. However, timing of male calling interactions does not diminish the overlap between calls.
VARIATION IN LEKKING COSTS IN BLACKBUCK (ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA): RELATIONSHIP TO LEK-TERRITORY LOCATION AND FEMALE MATING PATTERNS
Authors: Isvaran Kavita , Jhala Yadavendradev 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied variation in lekking costs in an Indian antelope, the blackbuck Antilope cervicapra, in relation to female mating patterns. We tested the hypothesis that central males had a higher mating success and faced higher costs than peripheral males. We used continuous focal animal sampling to estimate time-activity budgets of individually identified central and peripheral lekking males and bachelor males. Scan sampling was used to estimate the time spent on the lek by central and peripheral males and to monitor female visits to the lek. We mapped lek-territories and monitored territory additions, territory turnover, and the location of matings. We found that central males faced higher costs than peripheral males. Central males foraged less, spent more time on the lek and tended to have higher fighting rates than peripheral males. Corresponding to this difference in costs, mating benefits were also greater for central males. Our results suggest that lek-territory location may be an important cue in female choice. Male mating success was skewed and 90% of matings observed occurred in the lek-centre. Furthermore, three of the five most successful males previously held territories in the lek-periphery where they were not observed to mate. Territory turnover was higher in the centre than in the periphery and males tended to move towards the centre while shifting territories. Based on these findings, we suggest that central and peripheral males follow two different strategies in response to a female preference for central territories: while central males may try to maximise encounters with oestrous females by investing heavily in lekking, peripheral males seem to attempt to maximise their chances of gaining central territories by not compromising on foraging time and investing less in lekking. Since we did not directly measure male phenotype, its role in explaining the patterns we found remains to be studied.
SOCIAL BONDS AND THE COHERENCE OF MOUNTAIN BABOON TROOPS
Authors: Henzi  , Lycett  , Weingrill  , Piper  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Female chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Drakensberg mountains, experiencing neither predation nor within-group competition, structure their social relationships with other females in order to sustain reciprocated grooming (Henzi et al., 1997b). To do so, they cap, where time constraints demand, the size of their grooming cliques. From this we have assumed that the social orientation of mountain baboon females is primarily towards other females and that fission is a consequence of the increasing differentiation of cliques, leading to one or a few females following a male 'friend' when he departs. An alternative argument (Barton et al., 1996) is that, where predation or within-group competition do not occur, neither should female-bonded groups. In this view, females under such conditions should be 'cross-bonded' to males, each group male associating with a few females in the manner of hamadryas baboons (P. c. hamadryas). We test this prediction of 'cross-bonding' at both troop and individual level and find no evidence to support it. We then present data on fission events which argue for fission in the Drakensberg being due to the departure of small one-male units. However, the data do not support, unequivocally, the proposal that females leave with male 'friends'. They do, however, always leave with a male who has fathered at least one of their non-adult offspring.
MATING SUCCESS AND MALE COURTSHIP BEHAVIORS IN THREE POPULATIONS OF THE THREESPINE STICKLEBACK
Authors: Ishikawa Masaki , Mori Seiichi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Genetic and morphological studies indicated the existence of two phylogenetically distinct groups in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, around Japan. These two morphotypes were named as the Pacific Ocean group and the Japan Sea group, respectively. In the Pacific Ocean group, there are anadromous populations and populations that reside permanently in freshwater. This study presented the results of mate choice tests among three allopatric populations of Japanese threespine sticklebacks and we found significant evidence of assortative mating. A total of 226 mate choice test was carried out in 1995 and 1996. Ten courtship behaviors were collected and comparisons were made among three intrapopulational pairings. It was concluded that the Pacific Ocean group and the Japan Sea group have distinct behavioral characteristics. We also found effects of male size and female size on the probability of mating success between populations.
MICROGEOGRAPHIC SONG DIALECTS IN THE ORANGE-TUFTED SUNBIRD (NECTARINIA OSEA)
Authors: Leader Noam , Wright Jonathan , Yom-Tov Yoram 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In a study of male song in the orange-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia osea) in an urban neighborhood in Ramat-Aviv, Israel, we discovered the occurrence of song variation on a microgeographic scale in the form of two distinct dialects with a sharp boundary between them. The main distinction between the two song dialects is the frequency of the trill, which comprises the terminal part of the song. A large difference of 2-3 kHz in the peak frequency of the trill was discovered between the two dialects, which could be easily distinguished by ear. Thirtyseven males were recorded singing the 'low' dialect and 21 birds sang the 'high' dialect. Four other birds sang both dialects or 'hybrid' songs. Along the boundary that separated the two dialect populations, neighboring birds sang different dialect songs, although they were only 20-30 meters apart. All four 'bilingual' birds occupied territories near the dialect boundary. The historical processes leading to the formation of this dialect system may result from the pattern of human settlement at the time of the establishment of this neighborhood in the early 1950's. The spatial distribution of the two sunbird dialect populations, and the apparent low dispersal rates of birds from their natal dialect area, suggest the existence of a mechanism, which currently maintains these dialects at the current boundaries.
NO EVIDENCE OF FEMALE CHOICE FOR A CONDITION-DEPENDENT TRAIT IN THE AGAMID LIZARD, CTENOPHORUS ORNATUS
Authors: Lebas Natasha , Marshall N. Justin 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Female choice has rarely been documented in reptiles. In this study we examined the variation, condition-dependence and female preference for a range of male morphological and colour traits in the agamid lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus. Colour traits were measured with reflectance spectrophotometry which allows the accurate quantification of colour traits independent of the human visual system. All the colour traits varied greatly in brightness but only the throat showed high variation in the spectral shape. For the morphological traits, chest patch size showed the highest amount of variation and was also condition-dependent. Males with a larger chest patch also had a patch which was a darker black. Female mate choice trials were conducted on male chest patch size and body size, which is the trait females have preferred in other lizard species. Females showed no preference, measured as spatial association, for larger males or males with bigger chest patches. In post-hoc tests females did not prefer males with brighter throats or darker chests. Our findings suggest that females show no spatial discrimination between males on the basis of a range of traits most expected to influence female choice.
Sperm Competition in a Nuptial Feeding Spider, Pisaura Mirabilis
Authors: Drengsgaard Inger , Toft Soren 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The paper tests two hypotheses about sperm priority in the spider Pisaura mirabilis. A 'phylogenetic constraints hypothesis' states that since the females have conduit spermathecae, first male priority should prevail. On the other hand, males offer nuptial prey to the females and females mate with multiple males. The evolution of these traits is most easily understood if late mating males also have a substantial fertilization success. The results indicate a compromise solution. Sterile-male technique with double-mated females indicated a first male priority pattern (P1 = ca 70%, after adjusting for sterilization damage and experimental mortality). However, the success of the fourth male of quadroublemated females was unexpectedly high (adjusted P4 = ca 24%, not different from P of 2 two-male matings). This lends support to a supplementary hypothesis of constant last male success, which may turn an initial first-male advantage into a last-male advantage, when the number of males mating with a female raises above a certain number. Independent of mating order, males may increase their share of fertilizations by long copulation times. It was tested whether female choice for symmetric males might account for differential male success. However, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in male leg length showed no relationships with fertilization success or copulation duration.
EXTRA-HAREM PATERNITY IN THE WHITE-LINED BAT SACCOPTERYX BILINEATA (EMBALLONURIDAE)
Authors: Heckel Gerald , Voigt Christian , Mayer Frieder , Von Helversen Otto 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied the paternity in a colony of the harem-polygynous white-lined bat Saccopteryx bilineata by microsatellite typing and compared the data with group composition and stability. Although we recorded a high stability for harem groups, neither spatial proximity of males to harem females nor harem ownership allowed us to predict the paternity of the next year's harem offspring. Eight out of 28 juveniles were fathered by holders of the harem in which they were born, while the other 20 represent Extra-Harem-Young (EHY). 50% of EHY were fathered by males from outside the colony and 50% by other harem holders or peripheral males of the colony. On average, reproductive success of harem holders (1.2 offspring/year) was higher compared with peripheral males (0.4 offspring/year). Harem size seemed not to influence reproductive success of harem holders. Although maintaining of a territory seems to be costly for a harem male, his ability to control the females of his harem may be restricted; instead female Saccopteryx bilineata appear to have a high potential for female choice.
A uniform representation for the plan of organisation of nematodes of the order Tylenchida
Authors: Milton Jack , Diederich Jim , Fortuner Renaud 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe need for a uniform method of describing structures (organs and sub-organs) of taxa prior to building a database for nematode identification and other computer applications is discussed. The classical representation of characters (entity - attribute - value) does not assure uniformity and guidelines are needed for a truly uniform representation of morphological-anatomical entities, i.e., the organs and sub-organs of nematodes or other biological groups. Views and other relationships are proposed to manage specific aspects of representation such as perspectives (e.g., front vs lateral view), junction between two organs, structural overlaps, grouping of organs, sub-organs contained in several organs, and organs that could be arranged in more than one system. The value of the proposed character representation is discussed for identification, taxonomy (homologies), and other uses. Une représentation uniformisée du plan d'organisation des nématodes de l'ordre Tylenchida - L'article considère la nécessité d'une méthode uniformisée pour la description des structures des taxons dans le cadre de la construction d'une base de données pour l'identification assistée par ordinateur et d'autres applications informatiques. La représentation classique des caractères (entité - attribut - valeur) ne suffit pas à elle seule à assurer l'uniformité et des directives sont nécessaires pour aboutir à une décomposition réellement uniforme. La représentation uniforme des "entités" morpho-anatomiques est discutée, les entités en question étant les organes et sous-organes des nématodes et d'autres groupes biologiques. Des vues (au sens informatique) et d'autres relations sont proposées pour gérer des aspects spécifiques de la représentation tels que les différentes perspectives (vue de face et vue latérale par exemple), les jonctions entre deux organes, les recouvrements structurels, l'association de plusieurs organes, la présence d'un même sous-organe dans plusieurs organes et les organes qui appartiennent à plusieurs systèmes. La valeur de la représentation des caractères proposée dans cet article est discutée pour l'identification, la taxinomie (homologies) et d'autres utilisations informatiques en biologie.
Potato cyst nematode hatching activity and hatching factors in inter-specific Solanum hybrids
Authors: Devine Ken , Jones Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn studies using three sibling F1 clones from each of five crosses between Solanum tuberosum and different wild tuberbearing Solanum species, root leachate hatching activity towards each of the two potato cyst nematode (PCN) species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, segregated independently. Sephadex G-10 fractionation of the leachates of S. sucrense-hybrid clones revealed differences between clones in the hatching factor elution profiles for the two PCN species. Analysis of individual hatching factors indicated examples both of selectivity (both PCN species hatched in response to a particular hatching factor, but at different levels of hatching response) and of specificity (only one PCN species hatched in response to a particular hatching factor) of hatching factors. The hatching factor profiles of the S. sucrense-hybrids indicated segregation of hatching factors from the parents, but also detected novel factors unique to specific hybrid clones. Total hatching activity of the root leachate of the S. sucrense clones was positively correlated with the proportion of S. tuberosum-derived hatching factors.
The association of two Diplogasteroides species (Secernentea: Diplogastrina) and cockchafers (Melolontha spp., Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Kiontke Karin , Manegold Albrecht 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe life cycle of two morphologically very similar Diplogasteroides species and their association with cockchafers in southern Germany was investigated. 70-100% of cockchafer grubs and 95% of the imagines carried Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles. The nematodes were almost exclusively found on the external cuticle of the insects and usually not in the body cavity or the intestine. Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles embark on the grub and accumulate during its development. There was some indication that dauer juveniles are transmitted from male to female beetle during copulation. The dauer juveniles resume development only after the death of the beetle, feeding on the cadaver (necromeny). Former hypotheses, assuming the nematode species to be parasitic and to cause the death of cockchafer grubs, can be refuted.