bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Crystal Orientations in Plastically Deformed Steels: Role of Constitutive Models Used in Finite Element Simulations
Authors: El Shawish Samir , Cizelj Leon , Simonovski Igor 
Published: February 2014

Stainless steel is a commonly used material in safety-important components of nuclear power plants. In order to study degradation mechanisms in stainless steels, like crack initiation and propagation, it is important to characterize the degree of plastic strain on microstructural level. One way to estimate local plastic strain is by measuring local crystal orientations of the scanned surfaces: the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements on stainless steel revealed a strong correlation between the spread of crystal orientations within the individual grains and the imposed macroscopic plastic strain. Similar behavior was also reproduced by finite element simulations where stainless steel was modeled by an anisotropic elasto-plastic constitutive model. In that model the anisotropic Hill’s plasticity function for yield criteria was used and calibrated against the EBSD measurements and macroscopic tensile curve.
In this work the Hill’s phenomenological model is upgraded to a more sophisticated crystal plasticity model where plastic deformation is assumed to be a sum of crystalline slips in all activated slip systems. The hardening laws of Peirce, Asaro and Needleman and of Bassani and Wu are applied in crystal plasticity theory and implemented numerically within the user subroutine in ABAQUS. The corresponding material parameters are taken from literature for 316L stainless steel. Finite element simulations are conducted on the analytical Voronoi tessellation with 100 grains and initial random crystallographic orientations. From the simulations, crystal and modified crystal deformation parameters are calculated, which quantify mean and median spread of crystal orientations within individual grains with respect to central grain orientation. The results are compared to EBSD measurements and previous simulations performed with Hill’s plasticity model.
Towards the Development of Shutdown Emergency Operating Procedures for Power Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Malgas Isaac 
Published: February 2014

Virtually all operating nuclear plants have a well-developed suite of accident procedures which can be used in the event of an accident while the unit is at power. The procedures guide the operators through optimal recovery strategies to place the plant in a safe stable shutdown state. These procedures cater for design basis accidents as well as certain accidents which are not considered design basis accidents, but may be included in the plant’s licensing basis.
Generally procedures used for accidents during power operation can also be used for initiating accidents which occur while the unit is shutdown while the core is cooled with steam generators. When the unit is in lower shutdown states and the residual heat removal system is in service, however, the procedure scope becomes somewhat constrained. With the reactor coolant system in an open or closed configuration, the state/configuration specific procedure guidance provided by Emergency Operating Procedures for power operation is often deficient.
There is ample literature on developing emergency operating procedures for plant states where the energy (as a function of pressure and temperature) in reactor coolant system is high. However, much fewer sources of literature exist for shutdown plant states when the energy in the reactor coolant system is lower. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by proposing a framework for the development of shutdown emergency operating procedures using the plant specific Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) model.
The paper provides an initial framework for the development of Shutdown Emergency Operating Procedures (SD-EOPs) using the PSA. It describes the process of identifying event sequences for which restoration strategies are required from the PSA and briefly explains the analysis that should be performed to demonstrate that restoration strategies are successful in mitigating event consequences.
Off-Gas Nuclide Analysis System
Authors: Sakakibara Yoshinobu , Kuwabara Hitoshi , Tadokoro Takahiro , Koyama Mikio 
Published: February 2014

In the nuclear power plant, the off gas linear monitor had been installed for the purpose of a detection of fuel leakage. However, its sensitivity to detect the early stage of fuel leakage was not enough, because it measured only the gross gamma-ray. So a high sensitive off gas monitor has been desired. HITACHI, Ltd., is commercialized the Off-Gas Nuclide Analysis System which can be accurately detected radioactive noble gases as a index to fuel leakage, and delivered it in 19 plants since 2002. It has been continuously working well and able to detect the early stage of fuel leakage 7 times. It can be detected the minute fuel leakage, so it is possible to operate the plant till next periodic check of the plant by executing PST*. And even if it is the case in which the plant must be stopped, the extent of pollution by fuel failure can be minimized.
Main features of the Off-Gas Nuclide Analysis System are followings: (1) Maintenance-free continuous measurement is enabled by adopting electricity cooling system for a Ge detector. By attempting the miniaturization of the system, a compact field implementation plan is realized and also a periodic check can be simplified. (2) Thickness of a Ge detector is optimized to detect Xe-133 (80keV) as a main index nuclide to fuel leakage, so detection sensitivity is improved. (3) By adopting the mass flow control system wcich can control the flow stably in low, it is possible to reduce a volume and length of a decay tube for 13N which is the main interference nuclide, then a installation of the system is able to be simplified. (4) Moving average method which is effective to reduce noise is applied to a trend display of nuclides measured value, and it can be set at optimum time for the PST execution by flexibly setting a moving average time.
*PST: Power Supression Test
Fire PRA Insights
Authors: Chapman James R. 
Published: February 2014

Scientech has recently developed Fire PRAs (FPRAs) for about 20% of the units in the US transitioning to an NFPA-805 licensing basis. This paper provides a summary of insights gained in conducting these studies. A summary of the methods, results and insights is provided. These evaluations are identifying cost beneficial enhancements and identifying the need for improvements in methods and data. The identification of plant enhancements should not be surprising, as the mitigation portion of the fire protection design basis provides for a single safe shutdown path. Most design basis events, e.g., loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs) require at least 2 safe shutdown paths. There are credible fire scenarios which can either fail both trains or result in the need for local manual actions to bypass fire induced failures to align a safe shutdown path. In addition, the safe shutdown path may have lower than expected reliability, if several actions are needed, actions have limited time margin, or the resulting safe shutdown path is subject to single failures, such as failure of an emergency diesel generator.
The paper will discuss insights, plant modifications, and defense in depth. Further, key uncertainties which point to the desirability of methods and data enhancement will be discussed. The paper concludes that fire risk is not low and defense in depth can be compromised.
Overview on the Design Approach for the CVCS I & C of the EPR™ Nuclear Power Plant in Taishan
Authors: Ciriello Antonio , Kohler Daniela , Morton Terry , Lang Thomas 
Published: February 2014

The I & C (Instrumentation and Control) design of the CVCS (Chemical and Volume Control System) for the EPR™ nuclear power plant in Taishan (TSN NPP) is shortly introduced and the corresponding I & C module assignment procedure, according to the functional safety class principle, is described.
An example of the I & C module assignment procedure is given for a control loop of the CVCS. In addition, the corresponding advantages and drawbacks are described and discussed.
The approach described introduces a new method for the concerned I & C design by improving the interface between the system, process, and I & C engineering design.
In fact, a fruitful collaboration was reached between the system and I & C design for the EPR™ project in Taishan, for the concerned interface.
Reliability of a Novel Testing Protocol to Assess Upper-Body Strength Qualities in Elite Athletes
Authors: Young Kieran P. , Haff G. Gregory , Newton Robert U. , Sheppard Jeremy M. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an isometric-bench-press (IBP) test performed across 4 elbow angles and a ballistic bench throw (BBT) using a relative load, as well as evaluating the reliability of the dynamic strength index (DSI: BBT peak force/IBP peak force).Methods:Twenty-four elite male athletes performed the IBP and a 45% 1-repetition-maximum BBT on 2 separate days with 48 h between testing occasions. Peak force, peak power, peak velocity, peak displacement, and peak rate of force development (PRFD) were assessed using a force plate and linear position transducer. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation (ICC), coefficient of variation (%CV) and typical error.Results:Performance measures in the BBT, such as peak force, peak velocity, peak power, and peak displacement, were considered reliable (ICC = .85–.92, %CV = 1.7–3.3), while PRFD was not (ICC = .43, %CV = 4.1). Similarly, for the IBP, peak force across all angles was considered reliable (ICC = .89–.97, %CV = 1.2–1.6), while PRFD was not (ICC = .56–.65, %CV = 0.5–7.6). The DSI was also reliable (ICC = .93, %CV = 3.5).Conclusions:Performance measures such as peak force in the IBP and BBT are reliable when assessing upper-body pressing-strength qualities in elite male athletes. Furthermore, the DSI is reliable and could potentially be used to detect qualities of relative deficiency and guide specific training interventions.
Measuring Acceleration and Deceleration in Soccer-Specific Movements Using a Local Position Measurement (LPM) System
Authors: Stevens Tom G.A. , de Ruiter Cornelis J. , van Niel Cas , van de Rhee Roxanne , Beek Peter J. , Savelsbergh Geert J.P. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:A local position measurement (LPM) system can accurately track the distance covered and the average speed of whole-body movements. However, for the quantification of a soccer player’s workload, accelerations rather than positions or speeds are essential. The main purpose of the current study was therefore to determine the accuracy of LPM in measuring average and peak accelerations for a broad range of (maximal) soccerspecific movements.Methods:Twelve male amateur soccer players performed 8 movements (categorized in straight runs and runs involving a sudden change in direction of 90° or 180°) at 3 intensities (jog, submaximal, maximal). Position-related parameters recorded with LPM were compared with Vicon motion-analysis data sampled at 100 Hz. The differences between LPM and Vicon data were expressed as percentage of the Vicon data.Results:LPM provided reasonably accurate measurements for distance, average speed, and peak speed (differences within 2% across all movements and intensities). For average acceleration and deceleration, absolute bias and 95% limits of agreement were 0.01 ± 0.36 m/s2 and 0.02 ± 0.38 m/s2, respectively. On average, peak acceleration was overestimated (0.48 ± 1.27 m/s2) by LPM, while peak deceleration was underestimated (0.32 ± 1.17 m/s2).Conclusion:LPM accuracy appears acceptable for most measurements of average acceleration and deceleration, but for peak acceleration and deceleration accuracy is limited. However, when these error margins are kept in mind, the system may be used in practice for quantifying average accelerations and parameters such as summed accelerations or time spent in acceleration zones.
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain UASWS BA1, a Bacterium Antagonistic to Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Lefort F. , Calmin G. , Pelleteret P. , Farinelli L. , Osteras M. , Crovadore J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

We report here the whole-genome shotgun sequence of
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
strain UASWS BA1, isolated from inner wood tissues of a decaying
Platanus
×
acerifolia
tree. This strain proved to be antagonistic to several plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes and can be developed as a biological control agent in agriculture.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Polyextremophilic
Halorubrum
sp. Strain AJ67, Isolated from Hyperarsenic Lakes in the Argentinian Puna
Authors: Burguener Germán F. , Maldonado Marcos J. , Revale Santiago , Fernández Do Porto Darío , Rascován Nicolás , Vázquez Martín , Farías María Eugenia , Marti Marcelo A. , Turjanski Adrián Gustavo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Halorubrum
sp. strain AJ67, an extreme halophilic UV-resistant archaeon, was isolated from Laguna Antofalla in the Argentinian Puna. The draft genome sequence suggests the presence of potent enzyme candidates that are essential for survival under multiple environmental extreme conditions, such as high UV radiation, elevated salinity, and the presence of critical arsenic concentrations.
Bevacizumab in vitreous haemorrhage secondary to radiation retinopathy
Authors: Montero Javier Antonio , Yanez-Castro Giovanni , Sanchis-Merino Maria Eugenia , Ruiz-Moreno Jose Maria 
Published: February 2014

Radiation retinopathy is a delayed-onset side effect of radiation exposure caused by retinal ischaemia that may induce proliferative retinopathy with neovascularisation, vitreous haemorrhage and macular oedema. An otherwise healthy, 51-year-old male patient who had been diagnosed with olfactory neuroblastoma and undergone complete surgical removal of the lesion followed by cranial irradiation developed bilateral cataracts and radiation retinopathy. The patient was treated by panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), followed by three-port pars-plana vitrectomy. Recurrent episodes of vitreous haemorrhages occurred following surgery and the patient was successfully treated by one intravitreal injection of bevacizumab with resolution of vitreous blood. Vitreous haemorrhage recurred 6 months later and a scheduled treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab every 4 months was established, preventing further haemorrhagic episodes. Six months after the last injection, a new episode of vitreous haemorrhage occurred.Scheduled intravitreal bevacizumab injections may help prevent recurrent vitreous haemorrhages in vitrectomised patients with radiation retinopathy.
The experiences of professionals with using information from patient-reported outcome measures to improve the quality of healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative research
Authors: Boyce Maria B , Browne John P , Greenhalgh Joanne 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo synthesise qualitative studies that investigated the experiences of healthcare professionals with using information from patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to improve the quality of care.DesignA qualitative systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL with no time restrictions. Hand searching was also performed. Eligible studies were evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme toolkit for qualitative studies. A thematic synthesis identified common themes across studies. Study characteristics were examined to explain differences in findings.SettingAll healthcare settings.ParticipantsHealthcare professionals.OutcomesProfessionals’ views of PROMs after receiving PROMs feedback about individual patients or groups of patients.ResultsSixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Barriers and facilitators to the use of PROMs emerged within four main themes: collecting and incorporating the data (practical), valuing the data (attitudinal), making sense of the data (methodological) and using the data to make changes to patient care (impact).ConclusionsProfessionals value PROMs when they are useful for the clinical decision-making process. Practical barriers to the routine use of PROMs are prominent when the correct infrastructure is not in place before commencing data collection and when their use is disruptive to normal work routines. Technology can play a greater role in processing the information in the most efficient manner. Improvements to the interpretability of PROMs should increase their use. Attitudes to the use of PROMs may be improved by engaging professionals in the planning stage of the intervention and by ensuring a high level of transparency around the rationale for data collection.
Consent in the endoscopy department
Authors: Mohanaruban Aruchuna , Flanders Lucy , Dor Riaz 
Published: February 2014

The demand for endoscopic procedures continues to increase and is likely to continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Alongside elective diagnostic procedures, the number of complex and therapeutic procedures is increasing. It is therefore vital that the consent process is comprehensive, and high standards in consenting patients are maintained.Consent is defined as a patient's agreement to treatment or an intervention proposed by a health professional. Careful patient selection is required when proposing endoscopic procedures with an appreciation of the risks and complications that are involved. This paper addresses the various components of gaining informed consent and the legal issues surrounding this process. Additionally, this article reviews legislation and focuses upon specific instances where further considerations have to be made; in a patient who lacks capacity, in children, in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and in the patient who is a Jehovah's Witness.
North Atlantic marine radiocarbon reservoir ages through Heinrich event H4: a new method for marine age model construction
Authors: Olsen Jesper , Rasmussen Tine L. , Reimer Paula J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Cooling and sinking of dense saline water in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea is essential for the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water. The convection in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea allows for a northward flow of warm surface water and southward transport of cold saline water. This circulation system is highly sensitive to climate change and has been shown to operate in different modes. In ice cores the last glacial period is characterized by millennial-scale Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events of warm interstadials and cold stadials. Similar millennial-scale variability (linked to D–O events) is evident from oceanic cores, suggesting a strong coupling of the atmospheric and oceanic circulations system. Particularly long-lasting cold stadials correlate with North Atlantic Heinrich events, where icebergs released from the continents caused a spread of meltwater over the northern North Atlantic and Nordic seas. The meltwater layer is believed to have caused a stop or near-stop in the deep convection, leading to cold climate. The spreading of meltwater and changes in oceanic circulation have a large influence on the carbon exchange between atmosphere and the deep ocean and lead to profound changes in the
14
C activity of the surface ocean. Here we demonstrate marine
14
C reservoir ages (
R
) of up to
c.
2000 years for Heinrich event H4. Our
R
estimates are based on a new method for age model construction using identified tephra layers and tie-points based on abrupt interstadial warmings.
The development of the Deception Island volcano caldera under control of the Bransfield Basin sinistral strike-slip tectonic regime (NW Antarctica)
Authors: Lopes F. C. , Caselli A. T. , Machado A. , Barata M. T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Deception Island is a small and volcanically active caldera volcano of Quaternary age, located in the marginal basin of Bransfield Strait, NW Antarctica. The distribution and orientation of fracture and fault systems that have affected the Deception volcanic edifice, and the elongated geometry of its volcanic caldera, are consistent with a model of Riedel deformation induced by a regional left-lateral simple shear zone. It is suggested that this caldera was formed above a magma chamber stretched under the influence of the regional transtensional regime with left-lateral simple shear. The collapse may have occurred in at least two phases: first, a small volume event occurred along the compressed flanks of the volcano edifice; and second, a large collapse event affected the stretched flanks of the volcano edifice.
The Perspective of a Small Member State to the Democratic Deficiency of the ESM
Authors: Ginter Carri , Narits Raul 
Published: February 2014

The adoption and ratification process of the Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM Treaty) has produced deep debates about this process and the European Union; about the (lack of a) link between the two; about democratic processes which allegedly have been short-circuited in the rush to a political/financial mechanism; about the rule of law and the rule of finance and expediency.Three decades ago, Estonia was part of a different constellation. Now, a part of the EU for the better part of the last decade, the debate about small versus large, about rules for all and procedures for some raise issues which touch not only Estonia; they are ones which can cross the borders into other economic associations and unions, such as the CIS or the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC or EurAsEC).The authors of this article seek to address some issues regarding the democratic legitimacy of the ESM Treaty. Several of the legislative choices made in the ESM Treaty have passed without sufficient public debate or transparency. A thesis is presented here that some solutions adopted by the ESM Treaty have a dubious value in the context of EU law as well as in the progress of democratization of the EU. The article pinpoints a shift in the voting powers to the detriment of smaller Member States. Above all, the legal foundations of judicial review by the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) are questioned. The article reaches a generalized conclusion that deviation from the current decision processes and standards of democracy can be justifiable only if such a change is supported by the general public.
Is al-Andalus Different?
Authors: Hendrickson Jocelyn 
Published: February 2014

Based on a close analysis of three interrelated Mālikī fatwās on trading with the enemy issued by Granadan jurist Abū Isḥāq al-Shāṭibī (d. 790/1388), Tunisian jurist Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Māzarī (d. 536/1141), and Maghribī jurist ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tasūlī (d. 1258/1842), this study shows that muftīs strategically manipulate their predecessors’ opinions in order to construct precedents more supportive of their desired rulings; the “mere” application of school doctrine to a recurring case may involve considerable juristic flexibility and adaptation of legal practice to changing legal and political circumstances. Further, these opinions demonstrate that the issuance of a fatwā is not just an intellectual task or a rhetorical exercise, but a performance. A fatwā’s value as a precedent for later jurists may be based as much on the earlier muftī’s model performance in issuing the ruling as it is on the legal message conveyed by that ruling.
The Fractious Eye: On the Evil Eye of Menstruants in Zoroastrian Tradition
Authors: Secunda Shai 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLike all religions, Zoroastrianism evolved, and its rich textual record provides us with the material to trace some of its developments across the centuries. This article attempts to reconstruct an ancient Iranian myth preserved in Zoroastrian tradition about the dangerous powers of the gaze of menstruating women, and traces its development as it grows out of theAvestaand interacts with Western philosophical traditions in the Middle Persian writings of late antiquity and the early middle ages.