bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroluminescence of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells and modules
Authors: Rau U. , Müller T. C. M. , Tran T. M. H. , Pieters B. E. , Gerber A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTFundamental aspects of (electro-)luminescence of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells and modules are investigated by means of spectrally and spatially resolved measurements. The validity of the reciprocity relation between spectrally resolved electroluminescence emission and photovoltaic quantum efficiency is verified for the case of industrially produced ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunction solar cells. Further we find that photo- and electroluminescent emission in these devices obey a superposition principle only in a limited range of the applied electrical or illumination bias. This range depends on the light soaking history of the sample and extends up to an injected current density of approximately 15 mAcm-2 after 3 h of light soaking at a temperature of 400 K. In the state prior to light soaking this range is limited to 4 mAcm-2. At higher bias, a characteristic discrepancy between electroluminescence and electro-modulated photoluminescence appears. We attribute this anomaly to a potential barrier behavior close to the CdS/ Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface. Metastable defect reactions induced by holes injected into the space charge region partly reduce this barrier. We further find that the luminescence efficiency is enhanced by a factor of 3 by light soaking at 400 K. Spatially resolved electroluminescence measurements conducted during application of voltage or current bias at ambient temperature in the dark are qualitatively compatible with the conclusions drawn from the spectrally resolved measurements.
Analysis of NaF precursor layers during the different stages of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 coevaporation process
Authors: Edoff M. , Salomé P.M.P. , Hultqvist A. , Fjällström V. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTNaF precursor layers used for providing Na to Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) grown on Na-free substrates have been studied. The NaF layers were deposited on top of the Mo back contact prior to the CIGS co-evaporation process. The co-evaporation process was interrupted after the preheating steps, and after part of the CIGS layer was grown. Completed samples were also studied. After the preheating, the NaF layers were analyzed with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and after growing part and all of the CIGS film, the Mo/NaF/CIGS stack was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The NaF layers were found to be stable in thickness and composition during the pre-heating in selenium containing atmosphere before the CIGS process. The TEM analyses on the partly grown samples show a layer at the CIGS/Mo interface, which we interpret as a partly consumed NaF layer. This is corroborated by the SIMS analysis. In finalized samples the results are less clear, but TEM images show an increased porosity at the position of the NaF layer.
Rethinking the Vulnerability of Minority Populations in Research
Authors: Rogers Wendy , Lange Margaret Meek 
Published: October 2013

The Belmont Report, produced in 1979 by a United States government commission, includes minority populations among its list of vulnerable research participants. In this article, we consider some previous attempts to understand the vulnerability of minorities in research, and then provide our own account.First we examine the question of the representation of minorities in research. Then we argue that the best understanding of minorities, vulnerability, and research will begin with a broad understanding of the risk of individual members of minority groups to poor health outcomes. We offer a typology of vulnerability to help with this task.Finally, we show how researchers should be guided by this broad analysis in the design and execution of their research.
Suicide Mortality Following Nursing Home Discharge in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health System
Authors: McCarthy John F. , Szymanski Benjamin R. , Karlin Bradley E. , Katz Ira R. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We assessed suicide rates up to 6 months following discharge from US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes. Methods. In VA Minimum Data Set (MDS) records, we identified 281 066 live discharges from the 137 VA nursing homes during fiscal years 2002 to 2008. We used MDS and administrative data to assess resident age, gender, behaviors, pain, and indications of psychoses, bipolar disorder, dementia, and depression. We identified vital status and suicide mortality within 6 months of discharge through National Death Index searches. Results. Suicide rates within 6 months of discharge were 88.0 per 100 000 person-years for men and 89.4 overall. Standardized mortality ratios relative to age- and gender-matched individuals in the VA patient population were 2.3 for men (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9, 2.8) and 2.4 overall (95% CI = 2.0, 2.9). In multivariable proportional hazards regression analyses, resident characteristics, diagnoses, behaviors, and pain were not significantly associated with suicide risk. Conclusions. Suicide risk was elevated following nursing home discharge. This underscores the importance of ongoing VA efforts to enhance discharge planning and timely postdischarge follow-up.
Social Cohesion and Mortality: A Survival Analysis of Older Adults in Japan
Authors: Inoue Sachiko , Yorifuji Takashi , Takao Soshi , Doi Hiroyuki , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We examined the association between social cohesion and mortality in a sample of older adults in Japan. Methods. Data were derived from a cohort study of elderly individuals (65–84 years) in Shizuoka Prefecture; 14 001 participants were enrolled at baseline (1999) and followed up in 2002, 2006, and 2009. Among the 11 092 participants for whom we had complete data, 1427 had died during follow-up. We examined the association between social cohesion (assessed at both the community and individual levels) and subsequent mortality after control for baseline and time-varying covariates. We used clustered proportional hazard regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Results. After control for individual characteristics, individual perceptions of community cohesion were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.84) as well as mortality from cardiovascular disease (HR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.67, 0.84), pulmonary disease (HR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.58, 0.75), and all other causes (HR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.66, 0.89). However, no statistically significant relationship was found between community cohesion and mortality risk. Conclusions. Among the elderly in Japan, more positive individual perceptions of community cohesion are associated with reduced risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Biomarker Evidence of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children Participating in Lead Screening
Authors: Joseph Anne , Spector Logan , Wickham Katherine , Janis Gregory , Winickoff Jonathan , Lindgren Bruce , Murphy Sharon 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We assessed tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), defined according to detection of cotinine, in dried blood spots collected from children for lead screening. Methods. Dried blood spots collected from a national sample of 1541 Black and White children and submitted to a commercial laboratory for lead analysis were analyzed for cotinine. We used an anonymous administrative data set including information on children's characteristics to conduct univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. Cotinine was detected in 61% of dried blood spots; 17% of samples had cotinine levels above 3 nanograms per gram. Median cotinine levels were significantly higher among Black than White children (0.66 ng/g vs 0.30 ng/g) and among Medicaid recipients (0.94 ng/g vs < 0.3 ng/g). In multivariate analyses, significant increases in cotinine levels were associated with Black (vs White) race, older age, Medicaid coverage, higher state smoking rate, and higher average winter temperature. Detectable cotinine levels were significantly associated with higher lead levels. Conclusions. TSE is highly prevalent among children undergoing lead screening, and exposure levels are greater among Black children and children on Medicaid. TSE may contribute to lead exposure. Concurrent lead screening and biological screening for TSE may be a feasible approach to increasing childhood TSE detection.
Ethical Issues in Conducting Research With Deaf Populations
Authors: McKee Michael , Schlehofer Deirdre , Thew Denise 
Published: October 2013

Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users represent a small population at risk for marginalization from research and surveillance activities resulting from cultural, language, and ethical challenges. The Deaf community’s view of deafness as a cultural identity, rather than a disability, contradicts the medical community’s perception of deafness as a disease or deficiency in need of correction or elimination. These differences continue to have significant cultural and social implications within the Deaf community, resulting in mistrust of research opportunities. Two particularly contentious ethical topics for the Deaf community are the absence of community representation in genetic research and the lack of accessible informed consents and research materials. This article outlines a series of innovative strategies and solutions to these issues, including the importance of community representation and collaboration with researchers studying deaf populations.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the Range of 20 to 100 ng/mL and Incidence of Kidney Stones
Authors: Nguyen Stacie , Baggerly Leo , French Christine , Heaney Robert P. , Gorham Edward D. , Garland Cedric F. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. Increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels can prevent a wide range of diseases. There is a concern about increasing kidney stone risk with vitamin D supplementation. We used GrassrootsHealth data to examine the relationship between vitamin D status and kidney stone incidence. Methods. The study included 2012 participants followed prospectively for a median of 19 months. Thirteen individuals self-reported kidney stones during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the association between vitamin D status and kidney stones. Results. We found no statistically significant association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and kidney stones (P = .42). Body mass index was significantly associated with kidney stone risk (odds ratio = 3.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 11.3). Conclusions. We concluded that a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 20 to 100 nanograms per milliliter has no significant association with kidney stone incidence.
Evaluation of routine hematology profile results and fructosamine, thyroxine, insulin, and proinsulin concentrations in lean, overweight, obese, and diabetic cats
Authors: Hoenig Margarethe , Traas Anne M. , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare results of hematologic testing in nondiabetic and diabetic cats to identify possible indicators of alterations in long-term glucose control.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—117 client-owned cats (76 nondiabetic cats [25 with normal body condition, 27 overweight, and 24 obese] and 41 naïve [n = 21] and treated [20] diabetic cats).
Procedures—Signalment and medical history, including data on feeding practices, were collected. A body condition score was assigned, and feline body mass index was calculated. Complete blood counts and serum biochemical analyses, including determination of fructosamine, thyroxine, insulin, and proinsulin concentrations, were performed. Urine samples were obtained and analyzed.
Results—Glucose and fructosamine concentrations were significantly higher in the naïve and treated diabetic cats than in the nondiabetic cats. Insulin and proinsulin concentrations were highest in the obese cats but had great individual variation. Few other variables were significantly different among cat groups. Most cats, even when obese or diabetic, had unlimited access to food.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that cats at risk of developing diabetes (ie, overweight and obese cats) could not be distinguished from cats with a normal body condition on the basis of results of isolated hematologic testing. A longitudinal study is indicated to follow nondiabetic cats over a period of several years to identify those that eventually develop diabetes. Findings also suggested that dietary education of cat owners might be inadequate.
Association between β-hydroxybutyrate concentration at surgery for correction of left-displaced abomasum in dairy cows and removal from the herd after surgery
Authors: Croushore William S. , Ospina Paula A. , Welch David C. , Zawisza Daniel J. , Nydam Daryl V. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and predictive values of blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in dairy cows immediately prior to surgical correction of left-displaced abomasum (LDA) for determining associations between BHB concentration and removal from the herd ≤ 30 days after surgery and to evaluate postsurgical risk of removal for cows with the BHB concentration that had highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting this outcome.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—136 dairy cows with LDA diagnosed between 5 and 30 days in lactation (ie, days in milk).
Procedures—Blood BHB concentration was measured immediately prior to surgery. All cows underwent surgical correction of LDA while standing. Follow-up information was obtained ≥ 30 days after surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to estimate a critical threshold value for BHB concentration that was associated with removal from the herd, and this value was used in Poisson regression to estimate risk ratio for the same outcome.
Results—While controlling for parity in the model, cows with a BHB concentration < 1.2 mmol/L at the time of LDA surgery were 2.5 times as likely (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.0) to be removed from the herd ≤ 30 days after surgery, compared with cows that had a BHB concentration ≥ 1.2 mmol/L.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that blood BHB concentration in dairy cows undergoing surgical correction of LDA may potentially be a useful prognostic indicator for the likelihood of removal from the herd ≤ 30 days after surgery. Further research is needed to evaluate other risk factors that may be associated with this outcome.
Factors affecting use of veterinarians by small-scale food animal operations
Authors: Beam Andrea L. , Thilmany Dawn D. , Garber Lindsey P. , Van Metre David C. , Pritchard Randy W. , Kopral Christine A. , Olea-Popelka Francisco J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective—To identify factors associated with use of a veterinarian by small-scale food animal operations.
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive survey.
Sample—16,000 small-scale farm or ranch operations in all 50 states.
Procedures—Surveys were conducted via mail or telephone during 2011 for small-scale operations (gross annual agricultural sales between $10,000 and $499,999) in which an animal or animal product comprised the highest percentage of annual sales.
Results—8,186 (51.2%) operations responded to the survey; 7,849 surveys met the inclusion criteria. For 6,511 (83.0%) operations, beef cattle were the primary animal species. An estimated 82.1% of operations (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.1% to 83.0%) had a veterinarian available ≤ 29 miles away; 1.4% (95% CI, 1.2% to 1.7%) did not have a veterinarian available within 100 miles of the operation. Operations for which the nearest veterinarian was ≥ 100 miles away or for which a veterinarian was not available were located in 40 US states. Overall, 61.7% of operations (95% CI, 60.6% to 62.9%) had used a veterinarian during the 12 months prior to the survey. Producers with college degrees were significantly more likely to use a veterinarian (675%) versus those who did not complete high school (52.9%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated most small-scale operations had adequate access to veterinarians during 2011, but there seemed to be localized shortages of veterinarians in many states.
Celecoxib confinement within mesoporous silicon for enhanced oral bioavailability
Authors: Wang Feng , Barnes Timothy J. , Prestidge Clive A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We investigate the physicochemical characteristics of celecoxib (CEL) entrapped within particles of an oxidized porous silicon matrix (pSiox); determine the oral dose response of CEL compared to pure drug and innovator formulation; develop in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC). CEL was loaded into a pSiox matrix by solvent partitioning, with the physical state of the CEL characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA and XRD, and correlated with in vitro dissolution behavior. Single dose pharmacokinetic parameters of orally dosed CEL were determined in fasted rats for aqueous suspensions of pure CEL, Celebrexr and CEL-pSiox microparticles. Physicochemical testing of CEL-pSiox formulation confirmed the entrapment of CEL within porous nanostructure in an amorphous or non-crystalline form. CEL-pSiox demonstrated superior pharmacokinetics compared with CEL particles or Celebrexr, i.e. increased absolute bioavailability (96.2% vs. 65.2% vs. 88.1%), increased Cmax (0.91 ± 0.09 μg/mL vs. 0.50 ± 0.16 μg/mL vs. 0.73 ± 0.23 μg/mL) and reduced Tmax (1.0 ± 0.0 h vs. 2.8 ± 0.8 h vs. 3.4 ± 1.0 h). Single point correlation was established between in vitro dissolution efficiency (% DE) and in vivo absolute bioavailability or Cmax . Porous silicon microparticles can be formulated as an effective orally dosed solid dispersion preparation for celecoxib
Lessons Learned from Swinburne: A Critique of Richard Swinburne's Revelation: From Metaphor to Analogy
Authors: McLean B.H. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract: At the outset of his book Revelation: From Metaphor to Analogy (1992), Richard Swinburne differentiates between “sentences” and “statements,” a distinction that disengages his quest for rational revelation from biblical studies and the latter's historical treatment of biblical texts. Not only does this strategy reinstate the obsolete traditional form/content binarism, and presumes a correspondence account of truth, it also ignores the specific socio-cultural contexts and strategic aims behind all biblical texts. Swinburne's assertion that any God, being “God,” would reveal “himself” through prophets, perform miracles, and become incarnate as an atoning saviour, arises out of the culturally specific, Western, Christian tradition. His understanding of biblical miracles as violations of the laws of nature is based on a seventeenth-century understanding of miracles, as propounded by the British empiricist John Locke. His “four tests of [true] revelation” simultaneously grant preferential treatment to the Christian revelation, while facilitating the dismissal of [what he terms] “non-Christian” religions. His newly added section (2007) entitled “Moral Teaching” demonstrates how Swinburne's “revelation” (as a discursive practice) participates in non-discursive apparatuses of power and domination over women and lgbtq communities. Thus, in the end, this neo-conservative philosophical discourse on “revelation” employs the illusion of truth to extend itself as power over those who have been customarily marginalized by traditional forms of Christianity.
Expérimentation d’une offre de garde face aux horaires de travail atypiques et flexibles
Authors: Campéon Arnaud , Le Bihan Blanche , Martin Claude , Gardin Guillaume 
Published: October 2013

Definition of a care offering for unusual and flexible working hours.
Unusual working hours are increasingly prevalent in most European Union countries. However, the variable and irregular nature of such working hours, compared to traditional lifestyles, amplifies the difficulties of structuring family and professional life, as conventional care offerings cannot meet the needs of parents who work early in the morning, late at night or weekends. This article reports on research conducted by the CNAF on the issue of unusual working hours and focuses on the study of four innovative approaches (in their experimental stage) which develop a home care offer before and after conventional custody services operate. The authors offer some considerations on the concept of «unusual or flexible working hours » , the ensuing care requirements and «care arrangements » , as a combination of formal and informal resources applied by families.
Aux origines de la notion rhétorique d'èthos
Authors: Woerther Frédérique 
Published: October 2013

Used today by researchers in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, ethos is a notion whose content and definition are far from being clearly fixed. In spite of their differences, the reflections devoted to ethos by the specialists invariably present the same common trait : as witnessed by the borrowing of the greek term ήθος (transliterated ethos) used in the Rhetoric, and as indicated by the numerous explicit citations to that treatise, these modern works proclaim the heritage of Aristotle.
The result of work devoted to the concept of ethos in Aristotle's Rhetoric, this article aims to reinstate this notion into the linguistic, philosophic, political, and cultural context of its elaboration. In thus revealing the proper values attached to the use of this term in greek literature and language in general, and in the work of Aristotle in particular, this study looks to show that the genesis of rhetorical ethos is inseparable from a specific context that the Moderns too often tend to ignore. This article indicates as well that ambiguities in certain passages of the Rhetoric do not allow an unequivocal interpretation of the manner in which ethos, as a means of persuasion, manifests concretely in a discourse.
Comment monter en gamme pour une PMI ou un territoire ?
Authors: Puzo Joseph 
Published: October 2013

Joseph Puzo a transformé Habia, obscur producteur de fils et câbles de Montmirail, en un groupe international de solutions avancées d’interconnectique. Il a opté pour une stratégie de montée en gamme permanente. Quelle est sa méthode et est-elle transposable ?
De la sphère primitive à l'espace triangulaire
Authors: Bonelli Frank 
Published: October 2013

L’auteur illustre, à partir des extraits de deux traitements psychanalytiques avec des enfants autistes, comment l’émergence des premières représentations d’une conscience de séparation, assimilée à la rencontre avec un tiers persécuteur, provoque des angoisses existentielles et menace la constitution même de la « contenance-peau ». L’auteur suggère par ailleurs l’existence d’un mécanisme de clivage dans l’autisme qui coupe le registre des “mises en formes corporelles” de celui de la “pensée émotionnelle”. Ce clivage, qui vise à évacuer toute représentation d’affects de la position dépressive, est associé chez l’enfant à la représentation d’un couple parental combiné qui prive l’enfant de tout sentiment d’identité propre. Sa réduction repose sur un travail d’unification sensorielle et émotionnelle qui s’appuie dans le transfert sur la qualité binoculaire de l’attention psychique de l’analyste, fonction tierce permettant la formation d’un espace triangulaire nécessaire pour consolider l’introjection de la « contenance-peau ».