bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial Toxicity Performance of Different Base Oils in two Different Aging Conditions and Soil Types
Authors: Hughes S. A. , Anderson T. , Dorn P. B. , Martin V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
There is increasing attention on minimizing the risk of land-based drilling activities to the terrestrial environment. As a result, the selection of base oils used in drilling fluids can be based upon optimal environmental properties. However, information into what role different site conditions such as temperature and soil type have on terrestrial risks is lacking. In the present study, different base fluids were tested for terrestrial toxicity using aging conditions and soil types to determine how toxicity could be impacted by site conditions. Four base oils were tested including Diesel; a low toxicity mineral oil (LTMO), and two synthetic, gas-to-liquids (GTL) based paraffins, GTL C10-C22 (GTL 1) and GTL C11-C24 (GTL 2). These base oils were tested in two different soil types (sandy loam and silt loam), with three different ageing treatments of fresh spike, aged 90 days at 10°C and aged 90 days at 30°C, to determine the influence of climate and soil aging on terrestrial toxicity. Terrestrial toxicity bioassays conducted included: earthworm, spring tail and cricket bioassays, germination bioassays with three plant types (alfalfa, wheatgrass, and saltbrush), soil respiration, and microbial community analysis. In both soil types, the synthetic base oils had lower toxicity scores in freshly spiked soil compared to LTMO and Diesel. Aged base oil soil treatments had lower toxicity scores than freshly spiked soil with differences in profiles observed between soils aged at different temperatures. Soil type had the greatest impact on the results of earthworm and microbial diversity tests. Earthworm survival was greater in silt loam soil likely due to the increased organic carbon content of this soil over the sandy loam soil tested. Overall this research found that assessment of base oil performance against a variety of toxicity endpoints yields a greater understanding of the environmental risk of the base oil drilling fluid. This research also demonstrated the importance of testing materials in field soils. Many toxicity studies on base fluids are conducted using synthetic soil which has a higher organic carbon content than many natural soil types and thus may under predict overall terrestrial risk.
Lessons Learned From the Global Implementation and Evolution of a System to Track Environmental Performance Indicators
Authors: Kuykendall D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Measuring environmental performance is a critical step in reducing the environmental footprint of a company’s operations. By tracking and analyzing key environmental metrics, we can begin to understand how our particular activities impact the environment, enhancing our ability to set appropriate improvement goals and develop specific action plans to achieve those goals. This paper describes the design, implementation and evolution of the company’s tracking system for environmental performance indicators.
A pilot project was first conducted to evaluate the burden of additional reporting and the feasibility of tracking this data in various regions around the world. An extensive evaluation process then commenced to select the best "fit for purpose" web-based software system.
A global team developed a phased implementation plan and provided input for various communication and user tools. These included a training manual, a Quick Start Guide and list of frequently asked questions, supplemented by multiple webinar training sessions, and a dedicated support person to provide assistance to users. Webpages were developed for the tracking system "user tools" and a second "toolkit" dedicated to resources, awareness materials and success stories to promote conservation and improvement projects.
Once the tracking system was implemented, emphasis was placed on developing specific reports to compile and analyze data for facilities, regions and business units. Data is normalized to account for changes in activity using a variety of factors. A dashboard is now under development to promote an instant view of key environmental metrics and support the company’s environmental goals to reduce energy, water and greenhouse gas emissions. Efficiencies have also been realized by importing data from other systems, and using data for internal and external sustainability reporting. These and other lessons learned are presented, along with best practices.
Associated Risk in Utilizing Controlled Implosion to Securely Seal an Offshore Oil-Leaking Pipeline
Authors: Alkazimi Mohammad , Grantham Katie 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper examines the potential risk of using controlled implosions as a new technique to securely seal an offshore leaking oil pipe. Massive amount of toxins and radioactive waste are produced by offshore oil leaks. These leaks can have negative impact on marine life and can threaten the stability of the ocean’s ecosystem. In the past few years, there were several oil leak accidents that had left an overwhelming impact. Identifying potential impact and consequences to the proposed risk mitigation technique, to both the environment and the surrounding infra structure, is crucial to emergency response and crisis management teams. In order to equally quantify and communicate the probable impact of the proposed controlled implosion technique, a one-to-five risk / consequence assessment scale was created. The optimal explosive configuration is being investigated by the Mining Engineering Department at Missouri S&T. Their research outcome, as well as this one, can potentially mitigate the damage of an offshore oil leak disaster in the future.
The Problem with People: The Complex Nature of Human Behavior
Authors: Bowen Mathew 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Traditional Behavioral Based safety systems have been implemented in organizations and industries across the globe, with some success. Yet across organizations safety performance has reached a plateau and in many cases incidents and injuries are again on the rise. A key part of the reason is that a purely behavioral approach to safety is based on an incomplete understanding of human psychology. To truly influence people and impact on the way people behave and engage with safety processes requires a deeper understanding of the motivations that drive our behaviour and more than that, an understanding of how to influence individuals and groups toward safety.
This paper explores how current literature and research in the areas of cognitive psychology, social psychology, the psychology of change and neuroscience can add greatly to refining how we apply psychology to our safety systems, and go beyond the simple reward and punishment paradigm of behavioural based approaches. The presentation will shed light on what these theories mean for behavioral safety systems and provide safety leaders with insights to build an intrinsically motivated workforce who value safety.
The use of psychological theories and concepts can provide a wealth of opportunity for improving safety performance and culture, if we move past a purely behavioral approach to one that embraces a more broad understanding of individual and group psychology.
Analysis of the SEMS II Safety Management Rule
Authors: Sutton Ian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
SEMS II (DOI 2011) is the informal name given to the proposed new safety management rule from the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). It applies to deepwater operations on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) of the United States. The rule "proposes to amend … regulations to require operators to develop and implement additional provisions in their … SEMS programs".
This paper discusses the following bottomics:Provide an overview of the contents of the proposed SEMS II rule;Show that it is largely non-prescriptive, but not risk-based; andDiscuss the effect that the rule may have on the bottomic of company culture.
Global Compliance and Sustainability Reporting Demands Place Growing Burden on Asset-Intensive Industries
Authors: Cain David 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Overview and Background
Sustainability has become an operational, fiscal, and strategic imperative for business, resulting in greater senior executive visibility and focus. For many companies, sustainability is more than an environmental concern. Mature sustainability programs can support bottom-line growth by identifying opportunities to reduce operational costs, increase efficiency and reduce risks.
As environmental reporting protocols become more complex and require more robust information, the ability to track and manage emissions is essential. Broad-based environmental tracking requires complete and accurate data to advance effective business decisions. Today’s HSE reporting requirements also highlight the need for enterprise-level information management that can streamline data management and drive best practices.
Top corporate sustainability drivers revolve around cost reduction, managing compliance risk, securing revenues, and meeting stakeholder expectations. Potentially, the most impactful initiatives are aligned with heavy industrial production processes. In addition, emerging unconventional E&P processes require the ability to track and benchmark environmental effects to maintain a license to operate. Increasing scrutiny by governments, stakeholders and the public means higher risks related to accurate and timely disclosure.
Generating meaningful outcomes from a sustainability strategy is dependent on the ability to efficiently track and aggregate environmental data from numerous sources across operations and deliver up-to-the minute information to advance proactive decisions. Effective collection and calculation of environmental information is the first step toward development of a formal strategy for HSE management, with an eye toward establishing a path to sustainability.
This paper presents a new approach to compliance and sustainability reporting that progressively includes other stakeholders as it bridges the gap between operations and enterprise reporting needs.1
Lubricants and Drag Reducers for Oilfield Applications - Chemistry, Performance, and Environmental Impact
Authors: Patel Arvind , Zhang Joyce Hui , Ke Mingjie , Panamarathupalayam Balakrishnan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Lubricants are often added to drilling, completion and workover fluids to reduce the coefficient of friction between tubular equipments or tubular and wellbore wall. For coiled tubing (CT) operations, however, drag reducers are added to the fluids to reduce or minimize the pressure loss caused by high pumping rates. From the perspective of molecular structure and chemical properties, this paper illustrates the differences between lubricants and hydraulic drag/friction reducers. The subject matter will be illustrated using a newly developed phospho-lipid derived and modified ethoxylated castor oil-based chemistry as very effective and environmentally acceptable lubricants for clear brines and drilling fluid applications. Also included are drag reducers derived from high-molecular-weight sulphonated polyacrylamide polymer that effectively reduce the hydraulic friction of completion fluids including both low and high density monovalent and divalent brines. The paper will also include the chemistry and performance of several other newly developed environmentally safe lubricants and synthetic drag reducers for applications in various wellbore fluids.
Interactions of Sandstone Acid Systems with Aluminosilicates
Authors: Zhou L. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mud acid, which is composed of HCl and HF, has been extensively used to remove the formation damage in sandstone reservoirs; however, many problems may occur during stimulation treatments with this acid. To overcome many of these drawbacks, sandstone acid systems (HF and a phosphonic acid) have been used as an alternative to mud acid. However, very limited research has been performed to investigate the interactions of sandstone acid systems with clay minerals in sandstone reservoirs.
In this study, sandstone acid with different HF concentrations was used to evaluate the solubility of clay minerals (kaolinite, chlorite, and illite) and feldspar as a function of time, reaction ratio and temperature. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to identify the reaction products. The concentrations of key cations in the supernatant were analyzed using ICP. 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to determine the chemical species and reaction products that involved in the reaction of sandstone acid systems with aluminosilicates.
Sandstone acid system used in this study is not effective in leaching aluminum from chlorite. No AlF3 precipitate was identified by SEM analysis of the precipitates. Secondary reaction between clays and HF occurred at high temperatures and, as a result, affect the solubility negatively. 19F NMR results showed that all HF acid in the sandstone acid solution reacted with clays at a weight ratio of 10:1, while HF was detected in the spent acid after regular strength sandstone acid reaction with chlorite and illite at a weight ratio of 20:1. At 150°C, increasing the soaking time caused precipitation in the sandstone acid systems. Therefore, sandstone acid systems should not be soaked for more than 0.5 hour at high temperatures. This work examined the chemical interactions between sandstone acid systems and aluminosilicates that have not been discussed previously.
Application of a New Class of Chemical Tracers to Measure Oil Saturation in Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests
Authors: Viig S. O. , Juilla H. , Renouf P. , Kleven R. , Krognes B. , Dugstad Ø. , Huseby O. K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper introduces six new oil-water partitioning tracers suitable for use in oil reservoirs to estimate remaining oil saturation in inter-well regions. The tracers were tested in a field pilot in the Total-operated Lagrave field located in the South- West of France in 2011. The tests were successful for all six tracers.
Measurement of remaining oil saturation in a near well region, using a single-well chemical tracer test (SWCTT) is commonly used in the oil industry. This method exploits the time lag of back-produced ester vs. hydrolysed alcohol. Partitioning inter-well tracer tests (PITTs), which can be used to assess inter-well oil saturation, are frequently used to investigate the presence and remediation of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in aquifers. However PITTs are rare in the oil industry, with a few notable exceptions dating back to the 1990's. Consequently, few tracers are available for such tests in oil reservoirs. In addition, several of the tracers previously used were radio-labelled, which may restrict their application in many fields. Our main objective is therefore to expand the portfolio of environmentally acceptable partitioning tracers for PITT operations, and we present results from a field pilot where we successfully tested six new PITT tracers with oil-water partitioning coefficients ranging from 1.5 to 2.9.
Lagrave is a relatively small carbonate field with fast injector-producer communications, which allows for relatively low- cost field qualification of partitioning tracers. Six partitioning tracers were injected in February 2011, together with a well-known non-partitioning tracer (2-FBA). The pilot area encloses one injector and three producers. Frequent sampling (2-3 times per week) yielded concise tracer response curves well-suited for estimation of remaining oil saturation. The response curves from the partitioning tracers were compared to the non-partitioning tracer to estimate saturations. The results are also compared with other reservoir data.
The class of new partitioning water tracers enables testing of oil saturation in inter-well regions and may become a vital tool to investigate the potential for enhanced oil recovery and assess the effect of EOR measures. Outside the oil industry, the new tracers should also be useful for NAPL identification and evaluation of NAPL remediation processes.
On the Partitioning of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oilfield Systems
Authors: Burger E. D. , Jenneman G. E. , Carroll J. J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic, corrosive gas found in many oilfield production systems. While it can be indigenous to both gas and oil fields, it is also generated in real time within the reservoir by sulfate-reducing bacteria as a result of injecting sulfate-containing water during waterflood. Production of this biogenerated H2S is many times unanticipated and consequently causes operational problems associated with corrosion, safety and satisfying pipeline specifications. While measurement of the H2S concentration in gas is relatively straight forward, the quantitative determination of total H2S mass rate actually being produced in multi-phase systems involves knowing the concentrations in the oil and water also. Partitioning of H2S between the oil, water and gas is a thermodynamic process that is a function of the temperature, pressure, fluids composition, and water pH and ionic strength. The effect of pH is especially important, especially when the pH is neutral or basic for high water cut systems. At these conditions the amount of H2S dissociating into HS− and S= ions, which will remain dissolved in the water phase and will not partition to the oil and gas, becomes significant and will not be reflected in measuring only the concentration in the gas. This paper presents the relationships describing the partitioning of H2S and will provide examples of oilfield systems demonstrating the effects of the operational parameters on determining total H2S mass production rates. The H2S partitioning algorithm described in this paper has been incorporated into a reservoir souring forecasting model, which has been used to evaluate the impacts of operational alternatives on H2S production.
Improvements in Environmental Profile and Cost Effectiveness of Scale Squeeze Inhibitors – A Case Study From the North Sea
Authors: Johnston Clare , Elrick Morag 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A field in the Central North Sea produces oil from a Forties type reservoir with seawater pressure support. The high salinity formation water contains up to 450mg/l barium, creating a significant scaling risk to the wells, all of which now show seawater breakthrough.
The operator was required to replace a scale squeeze inhibitor carrying a substitution warning, and the need for a more cost effective squeeze lifetime was also a driver for change in a field containing complex wells with highly variable permeability, and a challenging placement environment.
Evolving environmental legislation in the North Sea has forced changes in the type of scale inhibitor which may be deployed in the UK and Norwegian continental shelf. Phosphonate scale inhibitors have been on the substitution list or phased out for some years, leading to a technology gap for scale squeeze applications, where polymer inhibitors often show relatively poor squeeze lifetimes or can be difficult to detect readily at residual concentrations compared to phosphonates.
This paper presents the laboratory evaluation and field application to several wells of the new scale inhibitor, describes the application of the scale inhibitor in complex wells using a combination of placement techniques such as crossflow balancing during shut in and diversion using wax, illustrates that the new inhibitor has demonstrated improved retention and desorption characteristics leading to longer squeeze lifetimes while highlighting the disadvantages of relying on wellhead scale inhibitor analysis alone for scale management of heterogeneous wells.
This paper will illustrate the possibility to replace traditional phosphonate scale inhibitors which carry a substitution warning with a chemical which shows much improved squeeze lifetimes over traditional polymer alternatives, leading to a reduction in campaign frequency and resultant cost savings. The lesson learned from these applications can be shared with other subsea producing basins such as those found in offshore Gulf of Mexico, Brazil and West Africa.
Environmentally Friendly Emulsion Breakers: Vision or Reality?
Authors: Kaiser Anton 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With the ever-growing demand for more environmentally friendly oilfield chemicals, classic oilfield chemistries are no longer acceptable and new chemical systems are required. Future oil production will still require efficient dehydration and desalting of crude oil. In addition, the protection of the affected environment will be of increased significance.
The industrial availability of ethylene oxide in the 1940s firstly allowed the design of nonionic surfactants for emulsion breaking. With the development of ethylene oxide / propylene oxide block copolymers, the first highly efficient crude oil demulsifers were available. The addition of ethylene oxide / propylene oxide to alkylphenol formaldehyde resins and to oligoamines yielded emulsion breakers that performed sufficiently at low concentrations.
To achieve the future requirements of environmentally acceptable oilfield chemicals, emulsion breakers with low toxicity and high biodegradability are needed. Due to the fact that nonionic alkoxylate based polymeric surfactants have in general a low toxicity, biodegradation was identified as the major bottle neck. Above described polyether type chemistries usually show low biodegradation due to their high molecular weights, especially in marine biodegradation tests (OECD 306) which are often required. Alkylphenol resins have an improved biodegradation profile in comparison to the polyether types, but some serious toxicity issues.
Polyesters are well known as highly biodegradable polymers with low toxicity and a lot of effort was made to design polyester based demulsifers. This paper describes the development of biodegradable alkoxylated polyester dendrimers for breaking oil/water emulsions.
Determination of Multiple Scale Inhibitor Residuals in Single Produced Waters: A Case History From the North Sea Differentiating Four Chemistries
Authors: Wylde Jonathan J. , Savin Adam , Kerr Jamie , McLean Audrey , Duncan Marion 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With wet tree developments now outweighing dry tree developments in the North Sea, the challenge of accurate surveillance of scaling in wells is increasing. Often, multiple wells feed into manifolds which themselves feed into comingled systems.
The need to differentiate multiple scale inhibitor molecules in the same sample of produced water is now essential in order to monitor the scale health of any given well in that system. Accurate surveillance can save potentially millions of dollars of deferred oil production, intervention vessel hire and chemical and operational costs.
This paper details a case history from the North Sea where the subsea field was located 21 km from the host platform. The field comprised three wet tree wells that each required scale inhibitor squeezing, and the flowline itself also had a scale inhibitor injected at the manifold. Commingling occurred at a manifold and with no test line all fluids were produced to the same dedicated separator on the host platform, which was the further point upstream where sampling could occur.
Details are given on the selection methodologies employed to determine the most appropriate chemistry for each squeeze application, as well as for subsea injection to the manifold. The primary aim was differentiation of all the chemistries from one another. The paper shows how squeeze treatment volume and frequency were optimized, leading to increased production up-time and deferment of chemical costs. It also shows the accurate detection of scale inhibitor to very low levels, providing confidence that the wells remained protected with no scaling or loss of production. All chemistries selected were also done so with the environmental classification in mind, which led to a significant improvement in environmental profile and impact footprint.