bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of headache relief with cosmetic onabotulinumtoxinA injections
Authors: Goldman Neal D , Dorton Leighanne H , Marcum Kristin K , Gilbert Ryan M , Sandoval Laura F 
Published: September 2014

SummaryChronic headaches are common and can have a significant effect on quality of life. Approved treatment options are vast and include the use botulinum toxin injections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of purely cosmetic onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) injections on the frequency and severity of chronic headaches. Patients seeking treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines were enrolled to complete pre‐ and posttreatment questionnaires assessing headache symptoms. Quantitative data was compared using paired two‐tailed student t‐tests between groups of patients who received onabotulinumtoxinA injections, both onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid (Restylane®) injections, and hyaluronic acid injections. One hundred and ten patients were enrolled; 73 completed the study. Of the 45 patients with pretreatment headaches, 76% (22/29) that received cosmetic onabotulinumtoxinA injections alone and 69% (27/39) that received onabotulinumtoxinA with or without hyaluronic acid injections reported overall improvement in headaches. Patients who received only onabotulinumtoxinA reported a significant decrease in the frequency (P = 0.0016) and severity (P = 0.0002) of headaches, and the number of days over‐the‐counter medications were taken (P = 0.0238). It took an average 9.5 days for headache improvement vs. 4.4 days for an appearance change. In patients who received only hyaluronic acid injections (n = 6), no significant improvement in headaches was reported. Overall satisfaction was high and unaffected by whether patients experienced headache relief. The majority of patients (93%) reported that they would “definitely” or “likely” receive onabotulinumtoxinA injections again in the future. Purely cosmetic onabotulinumtoxinA injections of doses between 15–50 units can significantly decrease the severity and frequency of headaches.
Onychomycosis: 1064‐nm Nd:YAG q‐switch laser treatment
Authors: Galvan Garcia Hector Ricardo 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundLaser Treatment of onychomycosis is a quick and easy method without complications.AimLaser therapy is efficient for the Treatment of onychomycosis.Material & MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients with a KOH (+) confirmed clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis were included in this study, all of the patients were treated in a single sesión with a 1064‐nm neodymium‐doped yttrium‐aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) q‐switch laser.ResultsThere was a 100% clinical response rate within the 9 month follow‐up period with no side effects.ConclusiónThis method is proposed as a novel and safe method for the treatment of this ungual pathology.
Increase in cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in photoaged skin
Authors: Surowiak Pawel , Gansukh Tserenchunt , Donizy Piotr , Halon Agnieszka , Rybak Zbigniew 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundInterleukins and NFκ‐B are involved in the development of inflammatory reactions. It has been suggested that these proteins are important contributing factors in the process of photoaging of skin. Moreover, interleukins and NFκ‐B are known to be capable of inducing expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2). Expression of COX‐2 in various populations of skin cells has not been examined in the specific processes of aging.ObjectivesThe study aimed at evaluating COX‐2 expression in skin samples originating from patients with chronologically aged and photoaged skin at various stages of skin aging.MethodsImmunohistochemical analysis of COX‐2 reactivity was conducted on samples originating from 52 women undergoing surgery for reasons other than skin pathology.ResultsOur study demonstrated that COX‐2 expression in keratinocytes and fibroblasts was significantly higher in skin samples affected by photoaging than in samples affected by endogenous aging or obtained from younger individuals.ConclusionsThe results indicate that COX‐2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of the photoaging process. Inhibition of expression or activity of the enzyme may find application in photoaging treatment and/or prophylaxis.
Patient selection for skin‐tightening procedures
Authors: Northington Marian 
Published: September 2014

SummaryNoninvasive skin‐tightening devices have become increasingly popular over the last decade to improve skin laxity with minimal risk and recovery time. Proper patient selection improves patient outcomes and satisfaction. There are many devices available for tightening including monopolar radiofrequency, bipolar radiofrequency, fractional radiofrequency devices, infrared devices, combined light and bipolar radiofrequency devices, and intense focused ultrasound devices. There have been shortcomings with tightening devices including inconsistent clinical outcomes. The question arises, why are there inconsistent results and variability among patient outcomes? Variability could be related to different devices, treatment protocols, body area treated, and patient selection. Patient age, degree of laxity, history of smoking, ethnicity, body mass index, and individual patient pain threshold could all possibly contribute to patient response to tightening devices. The literature does not elucidate consistently, which variables are the most important in predicting best patient response. Included is a review of the literature discussing skin tightening and patient selection.
Range‐wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories
Authors: Statham Mark J. , Murdoch James , Janecka Jan , Aubry Keith B. , Edwards Ceiridwen J. , Soulsbury Carl D. , Berry Oliver , Wang Zhenghuan , Harrison David , Pearch Malcolm , Tomsett Louise , Chupasko Judith , Sacks Benjamin N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWidely distributed taxa provide an opportunity to compare biogeographic responses to climatic fluctuations on multiple continents and to investigate speciation. We conducted the most geographically and genomically comprehensive study to date of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the world's most widely distributed wild terrestrial carnivore. Analyses of 697 bp of mitochondrial sequence in ~1000 individuals suggested an ancient Middle Eastern origin for all extant red foxes and a 400 kya (SD = 139 kya) origin of the primary North American (Nearctic) clade. Demographic analyses indicated a major expansion in Eurasia during the last glaciation (~50 kya), coinciding with a previously described secondary transfer of a single matriline (Holarctic) to North America. In contrast, North American matrilines (including the transferred portion of Holarctic clade) exhibited no signatures of expansion until the end of the Pleistocene (~12 kya). Analyses of 11 autosomal loci from a subset of foxes supported the colonization time frame suggested by mtDNA (and the fossil record) but, in contrast, reflected no detectable secondary transfer, resulting in the most fundamental genomic division of red foxes at the Bering Strait. Endemic continental Y‐chromosome clades further supported this pattern. Thus, intercontinental genomic exchange was overall very limited, consistent with long‐term reproductive isolation since the initial colonization of North America. Based on continental divergence times in other carnivoran species pairs, our findings support a model of peripatric speciation and are consistent with the previous classification of the North American red fox as a distinct species, V. fulva.
Manifestation of respect in the care of older patients in long‐term care settings
Authors: Koskenniemi Jaana , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Suhonen Riitta 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundRespect is fundamental to ethical nursing practice. However, respect in the care of older people is seldom investigated from the perspective of patients and their next of kin.AimTo describe the manifestation of respect in the care of older patients in long‐term care settings from the perspective of older patients with memory disorders and their next of kin.Design and methodsA narrative inquiry on research methodology using open interviews was employed. Transcribed interviews were analysed using inductive content analysis, and from this analysis a typology was produced.SettingsThe study settings were patients' own homes supported by professional home care, and nursing homes in three cities in southern Finland.ParticipantsA purposeful sample (N = 40) of participants (older patient, n = 20 and their next of kin, n = 20) was recruited. Half of the older patient lived at home where they received professional care and the other half lived in nursing homes.ResultsRespect in long‐term care settings is manifested in patient care through the being and doing of the nurse. A typology of nurses' being and doing described three ways nurses manifested respect: ‘I'm here for you’, ‘I'm here for work’ and ‘I'm not here for you’. Patient's responses to the typology were as follows: sharing, exploring and withdrawing, respectively.ConclusionsThe analysis and typology of nurses' being and doing increases the understanding of respect in patient care in long‐term care settings. Furthermore, this knowledge of respect will make it possible to develop measureable respect indices for use in the evaluation of care.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser third eyelid excision: surgical description and report of 7 cases
Authors: Dees Dustin D. , Knollinger Amy M. , MacLaren Nicole E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPurposeTo describe a novel technique for third eyelid (TEL) excision using a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser.Study designProspective.Animals studiedThe procedure was performed on six canine patients and one feline patient.MethodsThe laser was set to 6 Watts (W) of power and a linear continuous setting. Forceps were used to elevate the TEL and, with a protective shield covering the cornea, the base was cut and cauterized simultaneously. Minimal to no hemorrhage was observed, and the conjunctiva was left to heal by second intention.ResultsSeven patients underwent unilateral surgical TEL excision. All patients had suspected neoplasms affecting either the glandular tissues or conjunctival surfaces of the TEL. Clean surgical margins were achieved in all but one patient. All surgical sites were considered healed by 14 days showing mild‐to‐moderate conjunctival hyperemia and accumulation of mucoid discharge at the ventronasal fornix. One patient experienced postoperative keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Prolapse of orbital fat was not observed in any patient.ConclusionUse of CO2 laser appears to be an efficient and effective means for surgical third eyelid removal with excellent postoperative comfort and minimal complications.
Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise
Authors: Hong Yet Hoi , Betik Andrew C. , McConell Glenn K. 
Published: September 2014

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
Is nitric oxide (NO) important in mediating skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise?
What advances does it highlight?
Nitric oxide appears essential for skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise.
Nitric oxide is produced within skeletal muscle fibres and has various functions in skeletal muscle. There is evidence that NO may be essential for normal increases in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise. Although there have been some discrepant results, it has been consistently demonstrated that inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) attenuates the increase in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction in mouse and rat muscle ex vivo, during in situ contraction in rats and during exercise in humans. The NO‐mediated increase in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise is probably due to the modulation of intramuscular signalling that ultimately increases glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and is, surprisingly, independent of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the evidence for and against a role of NO in regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise and outline the possible mechanism(s) involved. Emerging findings regarding the role of neuronal NOS mu (nNOSμ) in this process are also discussed.
Maximal acceleration of Ca2+ release refractoriness by β‐adrenergic stimulation requires dual activation of kinases PKA and CaMKII in mouse ventricular myocytes
Authors: Poláková Eva , Illaste Ardo , Niggli Ernst , Sobie Eric A. 
Published: September 2014

Key points
Refractoriness of calcium release in heart cells is altered in several disease states, but the physiological mechanisms that regulate this process are incompletely understood.
We examined refractoriness of calcium release in mouse ventricular myocytes and investigated how activation of different intracellular signalling pathways influenced this process.
We found that refractoriness of calcium release is abbreviated by stimulation of the ‘fight‐or‐flight’ response, and that simultaneous activation of multiple intracellular signalling pathways contributes to this response.
Data obtained under several conditions at the subcellular, microscopic level were consistent with results obtained at the cellular level.
The results provide insight into regulation of cardiac calcium release and how alterations to this process may increase arrhythmia risk under different conditions.
AbstractTime‐dependent refractoriness of calcium (Ca2+) release in cardiac myocytes is an important factor in determining whether pro‐arrhythmic release patterns develop. At the subcellular level of the Ca2+ spark, recent studies have suggested that recovery of spark amplitude is controlled by local sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) refilling whereas refractoriness of spark triggering depends on both refilling and the sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) release channels that produce sparks. Here we studied regulation of Ca2+ spark refractoriness in mouse ventricular myocytes by examining how β‐adrenergic stimulation influenced sequences of Ca2+ sparks originating from individual RyR clusters. Our protocol allowed us to separately measure recovery of spark amplitude and delays between successive sparks, and data were interpreted quantitatively through simulations with a stochastic mathematical model. We found that, compared with spark sequences measured under control conditions: (1) β‐adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol (isoprenaline) accelerated spark amplitude recovery and decreased spark‐to‐spark delays; (2) activating protein kinase A (PKA) with forskolin accelerated amplitude recovery but did not affect spark‐to‐spark delays; (3) inhibiting PKA with H89 retarded amplitude recovery and increased spark‐to‐spark delays; (4) preventing phosphorylation of the RyR at serine 2808 with a knock‐in mouse prevented the decrease in spark‐to‐spark delays seen with β‐adrenergic stimulation; (5) inhibiting either PKA or Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) during β‐adrenergic stimulation prevented the decrease in spark‐to‐spark delays seen without inhibition. The results suggest that activation of either PKA or CaMKII is sufficient to speed SR refilling, but activation of both kinases appears necessary to observe increased RyR sensitivity. The data provide novel insight into β‐adrenergic regulation of Ca2+ release refractoriness in mouse myocytes.
Exercise training augments neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of rats
Authors: Jendzjowsky Nicholas G. , Just Timothy P. , DeLorey Darren S. 
Published: September 2014

Key points
Sympathetic nervous system activity causes tonic vasoconstriction in resting and contracting skeletal muscle. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to inhibit sympathetic vasoconstriction.
NO derived from both the neuronal and endothelial isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) has been shown to contribute to the inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction.
Our laboratory recently demonstrated that exercise training augmented NO‐dependent inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction. However, the NOS isoform responsible for the increase in NO‐mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction following exercise training has not been established.
The present findings demonstrate that exercise training improves neuronal NOS‐mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle.
AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that exercise training would increase neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)‐mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in resting and contracting skeletal muscle. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 18) were randomized to sedentary or exercise‐trained (40 m min−1, 5° grade; 5 days week−1 for 4 weeks) groups. Following completion of sedentary behaviour or exercise training, rats were anaesthetized and instrumented with a brachial artery catheter, femoral artery flow probe and stimulating electrodes on the lumbar sympathetic chain. The percentage change of femoral vascular conductance (%FVC) in response to sympathetic chain stimulations delivered at 2 and 5 Hz was determined at rest and during triceps surae muscle contraction before (control) and after selective nNOS blockade with S‐methyl‐l‐thiocitrulline (SMTC, 0.6 mg kg−1, i.v.) and subsequent non‐selective NOS blockade with l‐NAME (5 mg kg−1, i.v.; SMTC + l‐NAME). At rest, sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness was greater (P < 0.05) in exercise‐trained compared to sedentary rats in control, SMTC and SMTC + l‐NAME conditions. During contraction, the constrictor response was not different (P > 0.05) between exercise trained (2 Hz: −11 ± 4%FVC; 5 Hz: −21 ± 5%FVC) and sedentary rats (2 Hz: −7 ± 6%FVC; 5 Hz: −18 ± 10%FVC) in control conditions. SMTC augmented (P < 0.05) sympathetic vasoconstriction in sedentary and exercise‐trained rats; however, sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness was greater (P < 0.05) in exercise‐trained (2 Hz: −27 ± 5%FVC; 5 Hz: −39 ± 5%FVC) compared to sedentary (2 Hz: −17 ± 6%FVC; 5 Hz: −27 ± 8%FVC) rats during selective nNOS inhibition. SMTC + l‐NAME further augmented (P < 0.05) sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness by a similar magnitude (P > 0.05) in exercise‐trained and sedentary rats. These data demonstrate that exercise training augmented nNOS‐mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting muscle.
Metabolic Engineering of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for Improved Growth on Gluconate and Glucose
Authors: Kannisto Matti , Aho Tommi , Karp Matti , Santala Ville 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

A high growth rate in bacterial cultures is usually achieved by optimizing growth conditions, but metabolism of the bacterium limits the maximal growth rate attainable on the carbon source used. This limitation can be circumvented by engineering the metabolism of the bacterium.
Acinetobacter baylyi
has become a model organism for studies of bacterial metabolism and metabolic engineering due to its wide substrate spectrum and easy-to-engineer genome. It produces naturally storage lipids, such as wax esters, and has a unique gluconate catabolism as it lacks a gene for pyruvate kinase. We engineered the central metabolism of
A. baylyi
ADP1 more favorable for gluconate catabolism by expressing the pyruvate kinase gene (
pykF
) of
Escherichia coli
. This modification increased growth rate when cultivated on gluconate or glucose as a sole carbon source in a batch cultivation. The engineered cells reached stationary phase on these carbon sources approximately twice as fast as control cells carrying an empty plasmid and produced similar amount of biomass. Furthermore, when grown on either gluconate or glucose,
pykF
expression did not lead to significant accumulation of overflow metabolites and consumption of the substrate remained unaltered. Increased growth rate on glucose was not accompanied with decreased wax ester production, and the
pykF
-expressing cells accumulated significantly more of these storage lipids with respect to cultivation time.
Stratified Microbial Structure and Activity in Sulfide- and Methane-Producing Anaerobic Sewer Biofilms
Authors: Sun Jing , Hu Shihu , Sharma Keshab Raj , Ni Bing-Jie , Yuan Zhiguo 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Simultaneous production of sulfide and methane by anaerobic sewer biofilms has recently been observed, suggesting that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA), microorganisms known to compete for the same substrates, can coexist in this environment. This study investigated the community structures and activities of SRB and MA in anaerobic sewer biofilms (average thickness of 800 μm) using a combination of microelectrode measurements, molecular techniques, and mathematical modeling. It was seen that sulfide was mainly produced in the outer layer of the biofilm, between the depths of 0 and 300 μm, which is in good agreement with the distribution of SRB population as revealed by cryosection-fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH). SRB had a higher relative abundance of 20% on the surface layer, which decreased gradually to below 3% at a depth of 400 μm. In contrast, MA mainly inhabited the inner layer of the biofilm. Their relative abundances increased from 10% to 75% at depths of 200 μm and 700 μm, respectively, from the biofilm surface layer. High-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons showed that SRB in the biofilm were mainly affiliated with five genera,
Desulfobulbus
,
Desulfomicrobium
,
Desulfovibrio
,
Desulfatiferula
, and
Desulforegula
, while about 90% of the MA population belonged to the genus
Methanosaeta
. The spatial organizations of SRB and MA revealed by pyrosequencing were consistent with the FISH results. A biofilm model was constructed to simulate the SRB and MA distributions in the anaerobic sewer biofilm. The good fit between model predictions and the experimental data indicate that the coexistence and spatial structure of SRB and MA in the biofilm resulted from the microbial types and their metabolic transformations and interactions with substrates.
Large-Scale Selection and Breeding To Generate Industrial Yeasts with Superior Aroma Production
Authors: Steensels Jan , Meersman Esther , Snoek Tim , Saels Veerle , Verstrepen Kevin J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

The concentrations and relative ratios of various aroma compounds produced by fermenting yeast cells are essential for the sensory quality of many fermented foods, including beer, bread, wine, and sake. Since the production of these aroma-active compounds varies highly among different yeast strains, careful selection of variants with optimal aromatic profiles is of crucial importance for a high-quality end product. This study evaluates the production of different aroma-active compounds in 301 different
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
,
Saccharomyces paradoxus
, and
Saccharomyces pastorianus
yeast strains. Our results show that the production of key aroma compounds like isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate varies by an order of magnitude between natural yeasts, with the concentrations of some compounds showing significant positive correlation, whereas others vary independently. Targeted hybridization of some of the best aroma-producing strains yielded 46 intraspecific hybrids, of which some show a distinct heterosis (hybrid vigor) effect and produce up to 45% more isoamyl acetate than the best parental strains while retaining their overall fermentation performance. Together, our results demonstrate the potential of large-scale outbreeding to obtain superior industrial yeasts that are directly applicable for commercial use.