bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-uteroinfection with HIV-1 associated with suppressed lymphoproliferative responses at birth
Authors: Lohman-Payne B , Sandifer T , OhAinle M , Crudder C , Lynch J , Omenda M M , Maroa J , Fowke K , John-Stewart G C , Farquhar C 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIn-utero exposure to HIV-1 may affect the immune system of the developing child and may induce HIV-1-specific immune responses, even in the absence of HIV-1 infection. We evaluated lymphoproliferative capacity at birth among 40 HIV-1-uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers and 10 infants who had acquired HIV-1 in utero. Cord blood mononuclear cells were assayed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation for proliferation in response to HIV-1 p55-gag and the control stimuli phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) and allogeneic cells. In response to HIV-1 p55-gag, eight (20%) HIV-1-exposed, uninfected (EU) infants had a stimulation index (SI) ≥ 2 and three (30%) in-utero HIV-1 infected infants had SI ≥2. The frequency and magnitude of responses to HIV-1 p55-gag were low overall, and did not differ statistically between groups. However, proliferative responses to control stimuli were significantly higher in EU infants than in infants infected in utero, with a median SI in response to PHA of 123 [interquartile range (IQR) 77–231] versus 18 (IQR 4–86) between EU and infected infants, respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Among infected infants, gestational maturity was associated with the strength of HIV-1 p55-gag response (P &lt; 0·001); neither maternal nor infant HIV-1 viral load was associated. In summary, EU and HIV-1-infected infants mounted HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses at similar rates (20–30%), and although global immune function was preserved among EU infants, neonatal immune responses were significantly compromised by HIV-1 infection. Such early lymphoproliferative compromise may, in part, explain rapid progression to AIDS and death among HIV-1-infected infants.
Early inhibition of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 in muscle tissue as a therapy for dystrophinopathy in mdx mice
Authors: Arahata Hajime , Ohyagi Yasumasa , Iinuma Kyoko M. , Tanaka Masahito , Tateishi Takahisa , Yamasaki Ryo , Matsushita Takuya , Kira Jun‐ichi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivePro‐inflammatory cytokines can exacerbate muscle fiber damage in dystrophinopathy. The aim of the present study was to identify cytokine/chemokine alterations in the muscle tissues of mdx mice, a model of dystrophinopathy, and the beneficial effects of anti‐proinflammatory cytokine therapy.MethodsA total of 23 cytokines and chemokines were quantitatively measured in muscle tissues from mdx mice by fluorescent bead‐based immunoassay. The mdx mice were treated with anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and anti‐interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) drugs, and their physical condition was evaluated by Rotarod and muscle damage by histopathological analysis.ResultsLevels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 were elevated at 14 days (P14), before a transient increase of macrophage and neutrophil‐activating pro‐inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as C‐C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL4 and KC (mouse C‐X‐C motif ligand 8 homolog), at P20. Administration of an anti‐TNF‐α drug (etanercept) and an anti‐IL‐6 receptor antibody (MR16‐1) from P7 improved physical performance, and reduced both the area of basophilic fibers that indicated degenerating/regenerating fibers and CD68‐positive macrophage infiltration. Initiating therapy at P7 inhibited the elevation of CCL2, CCL4 and KC more effectively than at P13.ConclusionsThe early administration of anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐IL‐6 drugs attenuated muscle fiber degeneration in a mouse model of dystrophinopathy.
Hybrid procedure for Poland syndrome associated with a Gerbode‐type defect
Authors: Gan Changping , Hu Jia , Luo Shuhua , An Qi , Lin Ke 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPoland syndrome and Gerbode‐type defect are both very rare congenital malformations. A combination of them is extremely uncommon and no literature has reported this before. We herein present a case of this combination in a 9‐year‐old boy. Besides the reconstruction of the chest wall, a device closure of the Gerbode‐type defect was also planned due to the risk of infective endocarditis. In order to minimize the injury, an innovative hybrid therapeutic strategy was chosen to treat two anomalies simultaneously in one incision.
Utility of finger maze test for learning and memory abilities in infants of cynomolgus monkeys exposed to thiamazole
Authors: Inoue Ayumi , Arima Akihiro , Kato Hirohito , Ebihara Shizufumi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new type of learning and memory test using a finger maze was conducted in infant cynomolgus monkeys that were exposed to thiamazole (2 and 3.5 mg/kg per day to pregnant animals orally) during the fetal period (gestational days 120 to 150). We modified Tsuchida's original finger maze test method by reducing the number of trials per day and simplifying the criteria for achievement of training, and we added a long‐term memory test. In the memory test, thiamazole‐exposed infants required greater time to complete the finger maze test than the control infants although no effect was noted in the training or learning test. The results suggest that an impaired long‐term memory could be detected by our modified finger maze test.
The Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Versus Delayed Restoration Procedures on Immediate Implants: A Comparative Cohort Study for Single‐Tooth Replacement
Authors: Barone Antonio , Toti Paolo , Quaranta Alessandro , Derchi Giacomo , Covani Ugo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundImmediate implant placement into fresh extraction sockets is generally considered a reliable procedure that offers several clinical advantages.PurposeThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the overall clinical outcomes of immediate and delayed restoration procedures for implants placed in fresh extraction sockets by means of a flapless technique and resorbable membrane stabilizing a xenograft. Total costs and operating times were also compared.Materials and MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, changes of marginal bone level, facial soft tissue (ΔFST), and width of keratinized gingiva (ΔWKG), in addition to the papilla index, underwent a pairwise comparison; correlations with pristine buccal bone thickness were also investigated.ResultsAlthough similar results were recorded for the two procedures, with a bone loss of −1.0 ± 0.5 mm and −0.9 ± 0.7 mm, respectively, for immediate and delayed restoration, negative remodeling in the delayed restoration procedure was seen to occur from 4 to 12 months after implant placement. No significant differences were recorded between the two procedures in terms of ΔFST and ΔWKG. A loss of the papillary soft tissues before restoration, followed by a reestablishment after restoration, seemed to be verified for the delayed group, for which the papilla index went from the minimum of 0 at 4 months to a value of 2 at 24 months. Moreover, the immediate restoration procedure seemed to be more promising in terms of healing times and costs.ConclusionImmediate restoration of implants installed in fresh extraction sockets was at least as effective and safe as delayed restoration.
Implant‐Supported Single Crowns Replacing Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Branzén Marie , Eliasson Alf , Arnrup Kristina , Bazargani Farhan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of the long‐term survival of single implants in cases of congenitally missing lateral incisors in the maxilla is limited.PurposeThis retrospective study aimed to evaluate the 5‐year survival of implants and implant‐supported crowns (ISCs) and to assess the functional and aesthetic outcomes from the professional and patient perspectives.Materials and MethodsFrom a total of 46 patients with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors, 36 patients treated with 54 Brånemark® (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) implants and ISCs participated in the study. A clinical examination, California Dental Association (CDA) evaluation, and patient questionnaire were used to rate and compare the objective and subjective evaluations of the ISCs.ResultsThe survival of implants and ISCs was 100%. The CDA ratings were satisfactory for all ISCs, with 70% being rated excellent. The patient rating was also high for the overall satisfaction item, with 21 being completely satisfied and 14 fairly satisfied. However, 12 patients wished for the replacement of their ISCs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that a less optimal embrasure fill was the most discriminating factor though not statistically significant (p = .082).ConclusionsOne‐third of the patients wished for the replacement of their ISCs. Soft tissue adaptation seems to be an important factor for overall satisfaction.
Positive relationship – intensity of response to p‐phenylenediamine on patch testing and cross‐reactions with related allergens
Authors: Thomas Bjorn R. , White Ian R. , McFadden John P. , Banerjee Piu 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundHair dye exposure is the most common cause of sensitization to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD). Cross‐reactions with structurally related allergens occur.ObjectivesIt is suggested that a stronger patch test reaction (3+ rather than 1+) to PPD (usually tested as 1% petrolatum) is associated with an increased propensity for cross‐reactions. In this article we will demonstrate this association.MethodsOf 230 patients with allergic reactions to PPD on patch testing identified during 2007–2012 from clinical records, notes for 221 were available for review. Data were collected regarding age, sex, and grade of reaction [International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) criteria] to PPD. Cross‐reactions with the following allergens, found in our baseline series, were recorded: Disperse Yellow 3, N‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD), and caine mix. Having excluded 23 doubtful reactions, the reactions from 198 patients were further considered.ResultsOf the patients, 75.3% (n = 149) were female, and the mean age was 48.6 years (12–82 years). Of the patients allergic to PPD, 16.6% (n = 33) showed cross‐reactions with one or more related allergens. Cross‐reactions were seen in 16% with a grade of 1+, 14.5% with a grade of 2+, 28.6% with a grade of 3+ when PPD was tested 1% pet., and 50.0% when PPD was tested at 0.1–0.001%, arbitrarily considered to be 4+ (p = 0.02; Cramér's V = 0.23).ConclusionAn increasing likelihood of reactions to Disperse Yellow 3, IPPD or caine mix was seen with increasing strength of patch test reaction to PPD. The clinical relevance of these cross‐reactions is unclear.
Topoclimate versus macroclimate: how does climate mapping methodology affect species distribution models and climate change projections?
Authors: Slavich Eve , Warton David I. , Ashcroft Michael B. , Gollan John R. , Ramp Daniel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimWe analyse how and why ‘topoclimate’ mapping methodologies improve on macroclimatic variables in modelling the distribution of biodiversity. Further, we consider the implications for climate change projections.LocationGreater Hunter Valley region (c. 60,000 km2), New South Wales, Australia.MethodsWe fitted generalised linear models to 295 species of grasses and ferns at fine resolutions (< 50 m2) using (a) macroclimatic variables, interpolated from weather station data using altitude and location only, (b) topoclimatic variables, interpolated from field measurements using additional climate‐forcing factors such as topography and canopy cover, and (c) both topoclimatic and macroclimatic variables. We conducted community‐level analyses and examined the reasons for differences through single‐species analyses. We projected species distributions under 0–3° warming, comparing biodiversity loss predicted by topoclimate and macroclimate variables.ResultsAt the community level, the topoclimatic variables explained significant variation (p < 0.002) in the distribution of both ferns and grasses not explained by macroclimatic variables, resulting in increases of 0.036–0.061 in the pseudo R‐squared. Topoclimate performed better (as determined by AIC) than macroclimate for grass species living in cold extremes under topoclimate and most fern species. Models using topoclimatic temperature variables projected different locations of biodiversity loss/retention and in general projected substantially fewer species becoming critically endangered in the study region than models using macroclimatic temperature variables – in one scenario, topoclimate projected 10% of species becoming critically endangered where macroclimate projected 28%.Main ConclusionsHow climate variables are constructed has a significant effect on species distribution models and any subsequent climate change predictions. Misleading conclusions may result from models based on fine‐resolution climate data if climate‐forcing factors such as cold air drainage, topography and habitat have not been addressed in the climate mapping methodology.
A pilot phase I dose finding safety study of the thrombopoietin‐receptor agonist, eltrombopag, in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome treated with azacitidine
Authors: Svensson Tobias , Chowdhury Onima , Garelius Hege , Lorenz Fryderyk , Saft Leonie , Jacobsen Sten‐Eirik , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva , Cherif Honar 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivesThrombocytopenia is an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Azacitidine, first‐line treatment for the majority of patients with higher‐risk MDS, is associated with aggravated thrombocytopenia during the first cycles. Eltrombopag is a novel thrombopoietin receptor agonist, which also has been shown to inhibit proliferation of leukaemia cell lines in vitro. This phase I clinical trial was designed to explore the safety and tolerability of combining eltrombopag with azacitidine in patients with MDS. In addition, we assessed the potential effects of eltrombopag on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from included patients.Patients and methodsPreviously untreated patients with MDS eligible for treatment with azacitidine and with a platelet count <75 × 109/L were included. Patients received eltrombopag in dose escalation cohorts during three cycles of azacitidine.ResultsTwelve patients, with a median age of 74 yr, were included. Severe adverse events included infectious complications, deep vein thrombosis and transient ischaemic attack. The maximal tolerated eltrombopag dose was 200 mg qd. Complete remission or bone marrow remission was achieved in 4 of 12 patients. Platelet counts improved or remained stable in 9 of 12 patients despite azacitidine treatment. No increase in blast count, disease progression, or bone marrow fibrosis related to study medication was reported. Eltrombopag did not induce cycling of HSPCs.ConclusionThe combination of eltrombopag with azacitidine in high‐risk MDS patients is feasible and well tolerated. Improvements in platelet counts and the potential antileukaemic effect of eltrombopag should be explored in a randomised study.
Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab as first‐line treatment in patients with newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma
Authors: De la Cruz Vicente Fátima , Carrillo‐Cruz Estrella , Rodriguez Maria Sole , Marín Niebla Ana , Galiana Maria Luz Martino , Gonzalez Jose Falantes , Cuadrado Isabel Montero , Campos Jose Gonzalez , Tocino Ildefonso Espigado , Rios‐Herranz Eduardo , Perez‐Simón Jose Antonio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFludarabine‐based regimens are highly effective as first‐line therapy in patients with follicular lymphoma. Nevertheless, noticeable haematological toxicity has been reported using fludarabine‐based regimens.AimTo analyse the combination of low‐dose oral fludarabine and cyclophosphamide plus rituximab (FCR) as induction therapy, followed by rituximab as maintenance therapy.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 73 patients diagnosed with low‐grade follicular lymphoma treated with two different schemes: attenuated oral (AO) and standard intravenous (SIV) FCR.ResultsOverall response rate (ORR) was 95% (complete response rate, CRR 79.5%, partial response, PR 15.4%). CRR was 84.6% in AO vs. 61.9% in SIV (P = 0.058). 44.4% of patients underwent maintenance therapy. Grade 3–4 toxicities included neutropenia: 65.4%; anaemia: 39.7%; thrombocytopenia: five patients; infectious complications: six patients. There were no treatment‐related deaths. 6.8% had a secondary malignancy. Progression‐free survival (PFS) was 84.6% at 12 yr. The following variables influenced PFS in multivariate analysis: Hb < 12 g/dL [HR 4.7 (95% CI 1.18–18.6)], response after induction [HR 4.9 (95% CI 1.01–24)] for PR vs. CR and [HR 21.27 (95% CI 4.33–104)] for SD/DP vs. CR. OS was 83.1% at 12 yr. The following variables significantly influenced OS in multivariate analysis: not receiving rituximab as maintenance therapy (HR 10.7 (95% CI 1.4–82.5), increased levels of β2‐microglobulin [HR 5.2 (95% CI 1.16–23.7)].ConclusionsFCR allowed us to obtain a high response rate, which translated into promising progression free and overall survival with an acceptable and manageable toxicity profile, especially with the attenuated oral scheme.
Lesion locations influencing baseline severity and early recovery in ischaemic stroke
Authors: Bentley P. , Kumar G. , Rinne P. , Buddha S. , Kallingal J. , Hookway C. , Sharma P. , Mehta A. , Beckmann C. 
Published: May 2014

Background and purposeStrokes caused by lesions to certain brain areas are associated with poor outcome, which is important both prognostically and to understand the neural basis for recovery. However, lesion anatomy associations with outcome may occur because of effects on baseline severity rather than because of effects on recovery per se. Here, all common stroke locations were surveyed to determine the strongest lesion anatomy associations separately for baseline functional severity and proportional recovery. Since most recovery occurs early, the focus here is on functional changes over the first week.MethodGlobal functional scores (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) at baseline and proportional recovery over 1 week were derived from the records of 550 ischaemic stroke patients and related to magnetic resonance imaging lesion location using voxel‐lesion mapping. The effects of lesions extending over more than one location were also considered. Cross‐validation estimated the percentage of recovery rate variance (r2) accountable by lesion location information.ResultsHigh baseline severity was associated with lesions to the left capsule, striatum and thalamocortical white matter, whereas high recovery rate was associated with lesions to more superficial left fronto‐temporal areas. Low recovery rates were associated with lesions to bilateral parietal, right insula, medial frontal, capsule and brainstem. Inclusion of these regions into a multivariate model of proportional recovery rate increased r2 from 8% to 45%.ConclusionThe strongest stroke lesion location associations with 1‐week recovery were identified, and it was shown that anatomical information accounts for a sizeable proportion of early recovery variability.
Pulmonary artery compression in a Thoroughbred colt due to a mediastinal abscess
Authors: Sleeper M. M. , Barton‐Lamb A. , Doyle P. S. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIn the case presented, a young horse was referred for further evaluation based on a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonic valve endocarditis, bronchopneumonia and a cranial mediastinal abscess based on thoracic ultrasound, echocardiography and clinical signs. However, further echocardiographic evaluation revealed that the abscess was compressing the right ventricular outflow track causing outflow obstruction, a murmur associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (acquired pulmonic stenosis) and right ventricular hypertrophy. Vegetative endocarditis was not present. Medical management was unsuccessful, but surgical drainage and long‐term antimicrobial therapy were effective and the horse returned to a successful racing career.
Life cycle analysis of biochemical cellulosic ethanol under multiple scenarios
Authors: Murphy Colin W. , Kendall Alissa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCellulosic ethanol is widely believed to offer substantial environmental advantages over petroleum fuels and grain‐based ethanol, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. The environmental impacts of biofuels are largely caused by precombustion activities, feedstock production and conversion facility operations. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is required to understand these impacts. This article describes a field‐to‐blending terminal LCA of cellulosic ethanol produced by biochemical conversion (hydrolysis and fermentation) using corn stover or switchgrass as feedstock. This LCA develops unique models for most elements of the biofuel production process and assigns environmental impact to different phases of production. More than 30 scenarios are evaluated, reflecting a range of feedstock, technology and scale options for near‐term and future facilities. Cellulosic ethanol, as modeled here, has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to petroleum‐based liquid transportation fuels, though substantial uncertainty exists. Most of the conservative scenarios estimate GHG emissions of approximately 45–60 g carbon dioxide equivalent per MJ of delivered fuel (g CO2e MJ−1) without credit for coproducts, and 20–30 g CO2e MJ−1 when coproducts are considered. Under most scenarios, feedstock production, grinding and transport dominate the total GHG footprint. The most optimistic scenarios include sequestration of carbon in soil and have GHG emissions below zero g CO2e MJ−1, while the most pessimistic have life‐cycle GHG emissions higher than petroleum gasoline. Soil carbon changes are the greatest source of uncertainty, dominating all other sources of GHG emissions at the upper bound of their uncertainty. Many LCAs of biofuels are narrowly constrained to GHG emissions and energy; however, these narrow assessments may miss important environmental impacts. To ensure a more holistic assessment of environmental performance, a complete life cycle inventory, with over 1100 tracked material and energy flows for each scenario is provided in the online supplementary material for this article.