bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kaystros River
Authors: Daubner Frank 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Kaystros River, today Küçük Menderes, flows westward between the ranges of Mount Tmolos and Mount Messogis through “wide, thickly settled and productive” plains (Strabo 13.4.13), which were inhabited by the tribes of the Kilbianoi in the east and the Kaystrianoi in the west. Both had their own coinage in Hellenistic times. After passing the site of Ionian Metropolis, where there was possibly a river harbor, at the western end of the prosperous plain, a great part of which belonged to the possessions of the Ephesian Artemis, the river breaks through coastal hills into the silty marshland of the bay of Ephesos. A personification as a reclining man holding a reed and resting on an overturned amphora from which water flows is depicted on the coins of Ephesos, Dioshieron, and Hypaipa.
Kenchreai
Authors: Freitag Klaus 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKenchreai is one of the two most important harbors in the east of Corinthia, situated in a shallow bay of the Saronic Gulf. The other port, Lechaion, is situated at the Corinthian Gulf. According to Pausanias, the name can be attributed to a child of Poseidon and Peirene called Kenchrias. During the Hellenistic period, the importance of Kenchreai is reflected in thePeriplousof Skymnos (508) where the Saronic Gulf is even named the Gulf of Kenchreai. This harbor is about 7 km away from the city center of Corinth. Kenchreai was located on important land routes along the shoreline. There are indications of harbor installations and fortifications (now in many places under water); some of them can be dated to the fourth centuryBCE(Ps.‐Skylax 55; Thuc. 4.42.4; 44.4; 8.10.1; 20.4; 23.1; see, in particular, Apul. Met. 10.35).
Keos
Authors: Michaleas Spyridon 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Keos, in the western utmost of the Cyclades Islands (Strabo 10.5.3), is located near Attica, Euboea, and Aigina. According to mythology, the first residents of the island were the Nymphs who lived near the springs, from which it received the name Hydrousa (Heraclid. Pont.
Keos pol
. 1). The island was named Keos after the first settler, who was head of the Lokris residents from Naupaktos (ca. twelfth century
BCE
). During the historical period, the island was inhabited by the Ionians (Hdt. 8.46; Thuc. 7.57.4).
Laodikeia ad Libanum
Authors: Iossif Panagiotis P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe settlement, often referred to as Skabiosa (Ptol. 5.14.16), is located on Tell Nebi Mend, the site of ancient Kadesh. The site occupies the northern entrance of the Beqa‛ valley, the ancient valley of Massyas or Marsyas (Ptol. 5.45.8), and lies between the Orontes and a stream called Muqadiyyah.
Seleukeia ad Calycadnum/Tracheia
Authors: Iossif Panagiotis P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSeleukeia ad Calycadnum (modern Silifke) or Tracheia (Ptol. 5.7.5) was a foundation of Seleukos I (Alexander PolyhistorFGH273 F132; Amm. Marc. 14.8.2; Steph. s.v. “Seleukeia”) near the River Calycadnos. The foundation must be dated after 295BCE, when the king conquered Cilicia on his way to Macedonia. The new foundation was populated by different synoecisms, such as Antioch on the Orontes, especially with the population of the city of Holmoi (Strabo 14.5.4) or of Hermia (Plin.HN5.93). According to one source, the city was a re‐foundation of the earlier settlements of Olbia and Hyria (Steph. s.v. “Seleukeia”).
Sogdia
Authors: Lerner Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSogdia, corresponding to Tadjikistan and Uzbekistan, was bounded in the north by the river Jaxartes (modern Syr‐Daria), along which ran a series of forts established by Cyrus, as well as Alexander the Great's foundation of Alexandria Eschate, and by the River Oxus (modern Amu‐Daria) to the south.
Tanais
Authors: Rapin Claude 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In the Greco‐Roman sources, the name Tanais is related to various geographic entities. Originally, it represented the Don River in Russia, which flows into the Sea of Azov (Palus Maeotis), connected to the northern shore of the black sea (Pontus Euxinus) through the straits of Kertch (Kimmerian Bosphorus) (Strabo 11.1.5).
Prayer, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Meyrat Pierre 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In ancient Egypt, a prayer was an oral invocation, addressed to one or several gods or goddesses, by a man or woman of any social status, usually requesting divine assistance to solve problems related to their current personal situation. Intercessions on behalf of a third party were also common. It is not known how loudly a prayer was whispered, spoken, or even sung. Many of them were probably kept in the oral tradition, but modern scholars can only rely on those preserved in writing. Although most prayers are related to danger, captivity, illness, pregnancy, professional achievement, or a peaceful afterlife, wide‐ranging topics such as the well‐being of the country or the victory of the king in battle could also be the object of such calls. When the aim is to praise the god, without mentioning any specific query, it is referred to as a
hymn
, but the boundary between prayer and hymn is often blurred.
Abu Simbel
Authors: Gohary Jocelyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
One of the finest temples of New Kingdom Egypt lies only a few kilometers from the Sudanese border and in ancient times was located in Lower Nubia, which was a province of Egypt during that period. The Great Temple at Abu Simbel was built by Rameses II during the first half of his reign and was dedicated to the king and the gods Amun‐Re and Re‐Harakhti. Rameses II also built a smaller temple at the same site dedicated jointly to his first chief wife, Nefertari, and the goddess Hathor. Both of these rock‐cut temples were salvaged during the UNESCO‐sponsored Nubian Rescue Campaign in the 1960s and now stand 65 m above their former positions, each covered with an artificial mountain to replicate their original locations.
Afterlife, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Haikal Fayza 
Published: December 2012

Introduction
Resurrection and afterlife for the Egyptian were a fact, evidenced by the movement of the stars, the daily cycle of the sun, and the yearly cycle of the flood and vegetation. Ever since Egyptian burials were found, funerary equipment, indicating the belief in an afterlife where the deceased might need such objects, accompanied the body. Thus the question was not whether afterlife existed, but rather what it was like, how to prepare for it, communicate with it, reach it, and survive in it eternally.
Hor‐Aha
Authors: Dodson Aidan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGenerally regarded as the second king of the 1st Egyptian Dynasty, Hor‐Aha has sometimes been argued as the being the prototype for Menes, the traditional unifier of Egypt at the beginning of the third millenniumBCE; on the other hand, others have equated Menes with Narmer, apparently Hor‐Aha's predecessor.
Amenhotep, son of Hapu
Authors: Haikal Fayza 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Amenhotep, son of Hapu (also known as Huy, ca. 1430
BCE
– 1350
BCE
) was born at Athribis in the Delta near modern Benha in the time of Thutmose III (or Amenhotep II) to a father called Hapu and a mother called Itu.
Athribis, Tell Atrib
Authors: Mynářová Jana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The site of Tell Atrib (Greek Athribis, ancient Egyptian
Ḥwt‐hry‐jb(t)
) is located in the southern part of the Delta, approximately 50 km north of Cairo, in the suburbs of the modern‐day city of Benha (Vernus 1975). Athribis was an important political, religious, and administrative center of the Nile Delta and the capital city of the Tenth nome of Lower Egypt. According to written sources, the earliest history of the site can be dated to the early Old Kingdom, but the city only reached its peak during the second half of the first millennium
bce
(Ptolemaic and Roman periods). A small brick pyramid first documented by Napoleon's expedition and still visible at the site during the nineteenth century is now completely lost (Ćwiek 1998: 41). The city's development during the New Kingdom (18th Dynasty), documented by an amount of archaeological material, can be associated with the reign of Amenhotep III (ca. 1388–1351) and more concretely with a figure of his notable court: the official and subsequently deified architect
amenhotep, son of hapu
. Amenhotep contributed significantly to the growth of his hometown. There are references to a temple constructed by Amenhotep III at the site. During the 25th and 26th Dynasties, two temples were erected at the site, as attested by two foundation deposits (dated to the reigns of Taharka and Ahmose II, respectively). A large Greco‐Roman settlement, with extensive complexes of workshops, public and private baths, as well as a cemetery (including the tomb of Queen Takhut, a wife of Psamtek II), have been identified. During the fourth century
bce
and in the Hellenistic period, Athribis was known as an important multinational and multicultural center in theMediterranean world, with inhabitants of Egyptian and Greek as well as Near Eastern origin, first living in the neighborhood of the temple of Horus‐Khenty‐khety. Based on texts, it is possible to postulate the presence of a Jewish colony in Athribis. The prominent position of Athribis as an important metropolis in the Mediterranean continued into the Roman period.
Beni Hasan
Authors: Kamrin Janice 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The necropolis of Beni Hasan lies on the east bank of the Nile in Middle Egypt, about 23 km south of the modern town of Minya. Actively used from the Old Kingdom through the late periods, with a hiatus in the New Kingdom, it was associated with the 16th Upper Egyptian, or Oryx, Nome. The principal monuments here are a series of thirty‐nine Middle Kingdom tombs cut into the cliffs of the eastern high desert. The slopes below these are honeycombed with chamber, pit, and shaft tombs dating primarily from the late Old Kingdom and the early Middle Kingdom.
Building materials and techniques, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Rossi Corinna 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncient Egyptian architecture was mainly built of mud brick and stone. Mud bricks were used from the earliest period to construct houses, palaces, granaries, magazines, workshops, forts, and enclosure walls, as well as temples and tombs; stone was the main building material of the most important temples and tombs from the Old Kingdom onwards.
Cenotaphs
Authors: Nelson‐Hurst M. G. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The term“cenotaph” is borrowed from classical archaeology, where it refers to an empty tomb erected for a person whose body was missing or who died away from home. However, in Egyptology the term is used rather loosely for structures of a funerary nature that did not contain an actual burial, including Ka‐chapels, secondary tombs, and symbolic tombs of deities. These different types of structure embodied different concepts and no single word in Egyptian is used for them. Use of the term “cenotaph” is a modern convention with no basis in the ancient Egyptian record.
Deir el‐Medina
Authors: Shazly Yasmin El 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Deir el‐Medina is the modern Arabic name of a settlement site located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor. It is situated in a bay in the cliffs between the Ramesseum and Medinet Habu. The ancient name of the site, when it was first established in the 18th Dynasty, was
Set Aa
or “The Great Place.”
Den
Authors: Dodson Aidan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Horus Den was a king of the 1st Egyptian Dynasty, around the thirtieth/twenty‐ninth centuryBCE. He was presumably a son of his predecessor Djet; that his mother was Merneith is confirmed by the king's necropolis sealing. It seems that she ruled as regent during Den's earlier years. To judge from the later Abydos temple offering lists, his personal name seems to have been Semti.
Djoser
Authors: Dodson Aidan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Horus Netjerkhet Djoser was the first king of the 3rd Egyptian Dynasty, apparently a son of Khasekhemwy, last king of the 2nd Dynasty, and his wife Nimaathap. The discovery of a sealing naming Djoser in Khasekhemwy's tomb has now proved that he did indeed found the dynasty, rather than being preceded by another king as was long believed. That Djoser's reign was felt to be an important point in Egyptian history by New Kingdom scribes is indicated by the fact that his title is exceptionally inscribed in red ink in the Turin King List, which gives him a reign of nineteen years. Two daughters, Hetephirnebty and Intkaes, are known from a number of sources.
Festivals, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: L. Kimpton Jennifer 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFestivals played a vital role in the cultic life of ancient Egypt from its earliest history. The rituals, offerings, and processions characteristic of most festivals created moments of interaction between the human world and the divine. Their function was to maintain the essential order of the universe, whereby the gods would grant the conditions necessary for human prosperity in exchange for the requirements of their own existence. Even festivals of a seemingly secular nature, such as the king's annually observed coronation festival, should be understood in a cosmological context: as a human steward of divine kingship, the king embodied a conduit between mankind and the gods (seekingship, pharaonic egypt).
Funerary cult, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: M. Hays Harold 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Upon death, an Egyptian was the beneficiary of a set of rituals performed by priests. The steps of the process corresponded to the practical steps after death: taking the corpse to a place of embalming, the embalming itself, taking the corpse to the tomb, and interment. The words and actions ofthe rituals superimposed a clear metaphysical purpose upon these practical activities: the rituals of the funerary cult were thought to raise the mortal to the superhuman. Where best preserved and represented, the rituals make him out to be a god (specifically the god of resurrection, Osiris), and also to be an
akh
(an exalted spirit), as well as one who was “true of voice” (i.e., found worthy at post‐mortem judgment).
Harmachis
Authors: Shaw Garry J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Harmachis was a manifestation of the god Horus, specific to the Giza pyramids zone, with his cult focused on the Great Sphinx – this royal statue, originally carved to represent King Khafre of the Old Kingdom, having become regarded as an image of Harmachis by the early New Kingdom (Zivie‐Coche 1976: 307–8).
Ibis
Authors: Wyatt John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Three species of large, long‐legged Ibis, all with long decurved bills – the African Sacred Ibis (
Threskiornis aethiopicus
), the Northern Bald Ibis (
Geronticus eremite
), and the Glossy Ibis (
Plegadis falcinellus
), can be shown, from mummies, bone remains, hieroglyphs, art, and artifacts, to have existed in ancient Egypt.
Khaemwaset
Authors: Kawai Nozomu 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Khaemwaset was the son of Rameses II by his second great wife Isisnofret, who was also the mother of king Merenptah. He was born during the reign of Sety I, when his father was prince regent. A study of a series of princes in procession reliefs in Rameses II's temples proposed that he was the fourth son of Rameses II.
Kom Abu Billo/Terenuthis
Authors: Hawass Zahi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Kom Abu Billo is a small village on the western edge of the Delta in the governorate of Beheira, about 70 km northwest of Cairo. This site is best known for its Greco‐Roman and early Coptic Period monuments. The first exploration of this site was in 1935, when the University of Michigan carried out a one‐month project focused on the Greco‐Roman tombs at the western edge of the site.
Maps, Egypt
Authors: Rossi Corinna 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Representations of landscape are not uncommon in Egyptian art, but the only topographical map that survives from ancient Egypt dates to the New Kingdom and represents an itinerary across the Eastern Desert (Shore 1987). It was originally drawn on a sheet of papyrus, 41 cm wide and more than 2 m long, and has belonged to the collection of the Turin Museum since this institution was first established (Gardiner 1914). The papyrus, broken in several fragments, was found in the early nineteenth century in a private tomb at Deir el‐Medina, on the west bank of Luxor.
Medamud
Authors: Larcher Cédric 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Medamud is located on the Nile's east bank, 5 km north of the karnak temple. Early excavations revealed the remains of an irregular enclosed space dating from the First Intermediate Period and erected around two oval structures considered to be the primeval mounds (Kemp 2006: 134). During the Middle Kingdom, the site became increasingly important when Senwosret III built a new temple dedicated to the falcon‐god Montu, protected by a large enclosure. Several inscribed and decorated doorways from this period have been discovered. They show the king, either officiating in front of the god or celebrating his Heb‐Sed. Thutmose III was the first king from the New Kingdom to transform the temple, although only partially. Other pharaohs followed his example later by enlarging the main building. During the Ramesside Period, interest in the place started to decline. Interest was rekindled in the Ptolemaic era, with a new building program instituted at the site. A small temple was first built close to the main one, then, spurred on by ptolemy v epiphanes, a more impressive one was erected on the axis of the old sanctuary. A portico, a monumental gate, and three kiosks were added later. In the Roman era, the emperor Augustus finally initiated the construction of a large wall to protect the sacred area. This construction was completed by his successor, Tiberius, who added a large gate to mark the entrance, the last monumental edifice erected in pharaonic style at Medamud.
Metallurgy, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Eccleston Mark A. J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

There was a strong tradition of metalworking from the earliest periods of Pre‐Dynastic Egyptian history. From the Badarian period, copper objects such as beads and pins made from “native copper” are known. Objects made from smelted copper, with alloying elements such as antimony and tin, are known from ca. 4000
BCE
and represent some of the earliest copper alloy objects in the world.
Mummies and mummification
Authors: Ikram Salima 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ancient Egyptians preserved the body through mummification so that the soul (baandka) could have a “house” for the eternal Afterlife (seeFunerary Cult, Pharaonic Egypt). Anyone who could afford it was mummified; even the poorest people attempted basic mummification. Ultimately the mummified body showed the individual in a semi‐divine state, as a result of the metamorphosis occasioned by death. Ideally, as the individual would become divine, the flesh would be transformed to gold and the hair to lapis lazuli. This is reflected in the colors chosen for coffins and funerary masks.
Paint and painting, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Hartwig Melinda 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPainting decorated most surfaces in ancient Pharaonic Egypt, from reliefs on tomb and temple stone walls; mud brick structures such as palaces, domestic shrines and houses; stone and wooden sculpture; coffins, sarcophagi, and cartonnage; to cosmetic objects, furniture, leather, linen, ostraca, papyri, pottery, faience, and tomb models. Painting added detail to carved, sculpted, and molded images, and created the form and design itself on flat surfaces. The color of pigment had symbolic value and gave information about the nature of the image. Specific styles, representational types, and scenes in painting were created in response to political, social, and religious demands.
Rameses I–XI
Authors: Dodson Aidan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRameses (“the one born of Re”) was a name incorporated into thenominaof a number of kings of Egypt, either on its own or alongside a further name. In addition to the eleven given ordinal numbers in modern times, king Siptah was at one stage in his reign known as Rameses‐Siptah, while Psusennes I was on occasion Rameses‐Pasebkhanut. The prevalence of the name during the 19th and 20th Dynasties has led to this period being referred to as the Ramesside period.
Sex and sexuality, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Jacobson Courtney 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSexuality was interwoven with almost every aspect of life in ancient Egypt. The gods engaged in various forms of sex in mythology. Sexual innuendo decorated the walls of tombs. Sexual potency was the unseen force necessary to create all life; it was considered just as essential to food production on the Nile flood‐plains and navigating the afterlife as it was to human procreation.
Speos Artemidos
Authors: Liszka Kate 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSpeos Artemidos (Greek for “Grotto of Artemis”) is modern Istabl ‘Antar, 3 km south ofBENI HASANin the Wadi Batn al‐Baqara, Egypt. The ancient Egyptian name for the site is unknown. It was in the sixteenth Upper EgyptianNOME.
Tiy
Authors: Dodson Aidan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Tiy (also spelled Tye or Ti; early to mid‐fourteenth century
BCE
; 18th Egyptian Dynasty) bore the titles King's Great Wife, Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt, Mistress of the Two Lands, Lady of the Two Lands, and King's Mother, and was principal spouse of Amenhotep III and mother of Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV).
Tod
Authors: Gillam Robyn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTod village occupies the settlement mound and temple area of the ancient city ofDjerty, Greek Tuphium, at the desert edge, on the east bank of the Nile, 25 km south of Luxor (Thebes, East), facing Armant (Iunmontu, Greek Hermonthis) on the other side of the river (Bisson de la Roque 1937a).
Viceroy of Kush
Authors: Shirley J. J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe position of Viceroy of Kush, a modern term for the ancient Egyptian title “king's son (of Kush) and overseer of southern countries,” was created at the very beginning of the 18th Dynasty, or perhaps slightly earlier (Spalinger 2006–53; Habachi 1980: 630).
Wepwawet
Authors: Duquesne Terence 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Wepwawet (Upwawet) is one of several deities in the ancient Egyptian pantheon who are represented as a jackal or a jackal‐headed human. The most important of these deities are Wepwawet and Anubis, to whom Wepwawet is a kind of divine twin. His name, meaning “He who cleaves open the paths,” was probably pronounced something like
Up‐oi
, as we can tell from its Hellenized form Ophois.
Tell Ibrahim Awad
Authors: van Haarlem Willem 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
From 1988 to 2004, regular excavations have been going on at Tell Ibrahim Awad, Sharqiya province, in the eastern Nile Delta, by the Netherlands Foundation for Archaeological Research in Egypt. The site of Tell Ibrahim Awad was selected for further excavation in 1986, after soundings had struck upon a rich 1st Dynasty tomb (in the zone later designated as Area B) and a large mud‐brick wall (in Area A). This later appeared to belong to a large early Middle Kingdom temple. These soundings were made during an extensive survey between 1984 and 1988 around the town of Faqus.
Apulia
Authors: Herring Edward 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Apulia (roughly modern Puglia) in southeast Italy takes its name from a tribe from the north of the region, mentioned in sources of the Roman period. Under the Augustan reorganization of Italy, Apulia and Calabria formed Regio II, which also incorporated parts of modern Basilicata, Campania, and Molise.