bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant host jump of Xanthomonas vasicola from sugarcane to a Eucalyptus grandis clone in South Africa
Authors: Coutinho T. A. , van der Westhuizen L. , Roux J. , McFarlane S. A. , Venter S. N. 
Published: September 2014

A number of bacterial pathogens have previously been shown to cause blight and die‐back of Eucalyptus species. These include Pantoea ananatis, Pseudomonas cichorii, Xanthomonas axonopodis and Xanthomonas dyei pv. eucalypti. In 2003 a newly established compartment of a Eucalyptus grandis clone in the Mtunzini area of South Africa showed extensive leaf blight and die‐back. The plantation was located in an area where sugarcane is extensively cultivated. Bacteria were commonly found exuding from leaves and petioles. Numerous insects in the family Miridae were observed in the plantation and collected. Isolations from diseased material and mirid insects yielded two distinct bacterial species. The objectives of this study were to identify these bacterial species and determine their aetiology. Phenotypic methods as well as 16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing were performed on all isolates, confirming the presence of P. ananatis and Xanthomonas vasicola, of which the pathovar vasculorum (Xvv) is known to infect sugarcane and maize. Xanthomonas vasicola isolates from E. grandis and a strain of Xvv, previously isolated from sugarcane, were inoculated into the susceptible Eucalyptus clone and three sugarcane cultivars. All isolates were found to be pathogenic. This study thus suggests that X. vasicola has made a significant host jump from sugarcane to eucalypts in South Africa.
Nurses’ fidelity to theory‐based core components when implementing Family Health Conversations – a qualitative inquiry
Authors: Östlund Ulrika , Bäckström Britt , Lindh Viveca , Sundin Karin , Saveman Britt‐Inger 
Published: September 2014

Background and aimA family systems nursing intervention, Family Health Conversation, has been developed in Sweden by adapting the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models and the Illness Beliefs Model. The intervention has several theoretical assumptions, and one way translate the theory into practice is to identify core components. This may produce higher levels of fidelity to the intervention. Besides information about how to implement an intervention in accordance to how it was developed, evaluating whether it was actually implemented as intended is important. Accordingly, we describe the nurses’ fidelity to the identified core components of Family Health Conversation.Intervention and research methodsSix nurses, working in alternating pairs, conducted Family Health Conversations with seven families in which a family member younger than 65 had suffered a stroke. The intervention contained a series of three‐1‐hour conversations held at 2–3 week intervals. The nurses followed a conversation structure based on 12 core components identified from theoretical assumptions. The transcripts of the 21 conversations were analysed using manifest qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach.Results and conclusionThe ‘core components’ seemed to be useful even if nurses’ fidelity varied among the core components. Some components were followed relatively well, but others were not. This indicates that the process for achieving fidelity to the intervention can be improved, and that it is necessary for nurses to continually learn theory and to practise family systems nursing. We suggest this can be accomplished through reflections, role play and training on the core components. Furthermore, as in this study, joint reflections on how the core components have been implemented can lead to deeper understanding and knowledge of how Family Health Conversation can be delivered as intended.
Family‐centred care and traumatic symptoms in parents of children admitted to PICU
Authors: Mortensen Jesper , Simonsen Birgitte Olesen , Eriksen Sara Bek , Skovby Pernille , Dall Rolf , Elklit Ask 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundStudies show that traumatic stress symptoms are common in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Family‐centred care (FCC) has shown promising potential in reducing levels of traumatic stress in this group of parents.ObjectivesTo investigate the association between parents’ experience of nursing care and levels of traumatisation, to identify potential gender differences within this group, and to examine the possible relationships among the severity of a child's illness, the parents’ fear of losing their child, and the parents’ experience of support and development of acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms.Ethical issues/approvalThis study was approved by The Central Denmark Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics and by the Danish Data Agency (#1‐16‐02‐87‐11) and data were stored, protected and destroyed according to their regulations.Methodology/designThis cross‐sectional study involved 90 parents of children admitted to PICU at the University Hospital of Aarhus from August 2011 to August 2012. The parents filled out a self‐report questionnaire package at the time of their child's discharge from the hospital.ResultsThe experience of support from the nurses was high in both parents and was associated with ASD. About one‐third of the parents had ASD or subclinical ASD. No significant gender differences existed when symptoms were measured dimensionally. When measured categorically, 17% of the mothers and 7% of the fathers had ASD. Mothers with very young children had higher levels of acute stress; fathers whose children had high illness severity scores exhibited more acute stress.Study limitationsLimitations have been identified in relation to the sample size of the study, the cross‐sectional design and the short amount of time the families were in contact with PICU.ConclusionThe fathers and mothers were very pleased with the perceived care at the unit. The experienced care was positively associated with acute stress, but not with illness severity, or fear of losing the child. More research is needed to understand the dynamics of family‐centred care.
Prevalence of Type D personality and factorial and temporal stability of the DS14 after myocardial infarction in a Swedish population
Authors: Condén Emelie , Rosenblad Andreas , Ekselius Lisa , Åslund Cecilia 
Published: September 2014

This study examined the prevalence of Type D personality and the temporal stability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the DS14 at three time points after myocardial infarction. The prevalence was 14.0% during hospitalization, 25.1% at 1 month, and 19.2% at 12 months. A total of 6.1% of the patients were classified as Type D personality at all three assessments, whereas 68.4% were stable non‐Type D and 25.6% changed between personality classifications. The DS14 had stable structural validity, but low temporal stability over time, especially from hospitalization to the 1‐month and 12‐month follow‐ups (κ = 0.365 and 0.397, respectively).
The geo‐classifications of colonial statelessness: The anthropology of Kastom, land and citizenship in the decolonisation of Vanuatu
Authors: Rawlings Gregory 
Published: September 2014

Anthropological accounts of Vanuatu's independence have emphasised both the materiality of land alienation and the importance of kastom (custom) as a symbol of cultural practice, political resistance and national unity in accounts of decolonisation and postcolonial nation‐making. For 74 years indigenous ni‐Vanuatu were stateless and lacked all forms of citizenship and nationality in the Anglo‐French Condominium of the New Hebrides (1906–1980). This article situates anthropological accounts of land, kastom and the state in Vanuatu's transition to independence in relation to statelessness, citizenship and hierarchies of ethnographic authenticity within the geo‐classificatory frameworks of colonial rule established by the condominium. The embodiment of citizenship and demands to end the cumulative humiliations of statelessness that ni‐Vanuatu experienced in the condominium illuminate both tensions and continuities in idealist and materialist accounts of Melanesian nationalisms evident in kastom and land as they were mediated by the emancipatory claims and promises of postcolonial citizenship.
Teaching Very Large Classes
Authors: DeRogatis Amy , Honerkamp Kenneth , McDaniel Justin , Medine Carolyn , Nyitray Vivian‐Lee , Pearson Thomas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe editor of Teaching Theology and Religion facilitated this reflective conversation with five teachers who have extensive experience and success teaching extremely large classes (150 students or more). In the course of the conversation these professors exchange and analyze the effectiveness of several active learning strategies they have employed to overcome the passivity and anonymity of the large lecture format. A major point of debate emerges that contrasts the dynamically performative and highly informed and skilled lecturer with the “wasted time and money” that results from encouraging students to participate through various active learning strategies. Other themes include the importance of story telling in the religious studies classroom, the significance of the differences between students' learning styles, and the challenge of teaching and assessing critical thinking and communication skills.
Teaching Comparative Theology from an Institution's Mission
Authors: Bidlack Bede Benjamin , Brecht Mara , Krokus Christian S. , Scheid Daniel P. , Locklin Reid B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough comparative theology is a continuously growing method in the study of religion, it is still relatively new and not widely accepted in either confessional or secular institutions. Scholars may face difficulty when seeking their institutions' acceptance for a comparative theology course. One way of generating interest and approval for such a course is by designing it from the center of the institution's mission. Professors can look to the institution's mission as a resource for teaching comparatively. We offer four examples from Catholic institutions of how this might be done. Reid Locklin offers further insights in his response to our explorations.
Adaptive divergence with gene flow in incipient speciation of Miscanthus floridulus/sinensis complex (Poaceae)
Authors: Huang Chao‐Li , Ho Chuan‐Wen , Chiang Yu‐Chung , Shigemoto Yasumasa , Hsu Tsai‐Wen , Hwang Chi‐Chuan , Ge Xue‐Jun , Chen Charles , Wu Tai‐Han , Chou Chang‐Hung , Huang Hao‐Jen , Gojobori Takashi , Osada Naoki , Chiang Tzen‐Yuh 
Published: September 2014

SummaryYoung incipient species provide ideal materials for untangling the process of ecological speciation in the presence of gene flow. The Miscanthus floridulus/sinensis complex exhibits diverse phenotypic and ecological differences despite recent divergence (approximately 1.59 million years ago). To elucidate the process of genetic differentiation during early stages of ecological speciation, we analyzed genomic divergence in the Miscanthus complex using 72 randomly selected genes from a newly assembled transcriptome. In this study, rampant gene flow was detected between species, estimated as M = 3.36 × 10−9 to 1.20 × 10−6, resulting in contradicting phylogenies across loci. Nevertheless, beast analyses revealed the species identity and the effects of extrinsic cohesive forces that counteracted the non‐stop introgression. As expected, early in speciation with gene flow, only 3–13 loci were highly diverged; two to five outliers (approximately 2.78–6.94% of the genome) were characterized by strong linkage disequilibrium, and asymmetrically distributed among ecotypes, indicating footprints of diversifying selection. In conclusion, ecological speciation of incipient species of Miscanthus probably followed the parapatric model, whereas allopatric speciation cannot be completely ruled out, especially between the geographically isolated northern and southern M. sinensis, for which no significant gene flow across oceanic barriers was detected. Divergence between local ecotypes in early‐stage speciation began at a few genomic regions under the influence of natural selection and divergence hitchhiking that overcame gene flow.
Potential risk of blood transfusion‐transmitted brucellosis in an endemic area of China
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Liao Qingyu , Wu Xiaoxia , Hou Shuiping , Wang Yuanzhi , Wu Jingbo , Shen Chuanwei , Chen Shouyi , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Li Chengyao 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundBrucellosis is a severe zoonotic disease that is increasingly prevalent in north China. A study evaluating Brucella infection in blood donors was conducted at Kashi central blood station, Xinjiang, China.Study Design and MethodsFour serologic and two molecular methods of detection of Brucella infection were used in plasma samples from blood donations collected from Kashi in northwest China, considered a brucellosis‐endemic area. Blood donor samples collected in Shenzhen, southern China, a brucellosis‐nonendemic area, were tested as a negative control group.ResultsIn 3896 plasma samples collected from Kashi central blood station, 135 (3.5%) plasma samples were reactive by the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), and 120 (3.1%) of the 135 RBPT‐reactive sample were also reactive with the standard tube agglutination test (SAT), respectively. All samples of the control group of 399 blood samples from Shenzhen blood center tested negative with RBPT and SAT. Of 135 seroreactive plasma samples, 39 (1.0%) reacted with B. melitensis membrane protein extracts by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and 25 were reactive to either rBP26 or rOMP31 by Western blot. Thirteen plasma samples and two follow‐up blood samples were identified as carrying Brucella DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR. Overall 15 (1:300) Kashi blood donations were found positive by nucleic acid testing, confirmed specific by DNA sequencing.ConclusionsThe data indicate a probable high rate of Brucella bacteremia, suggesting a potential risk of transfusion‐transmitted brucellosis. Blood donation screening for Brucella infection may be considered in the high Brucella‐endemic areas of China.
Overnight, room temperature hold of whole blood followed by 42‐day storage of red blood cells in additive solution‐7
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , Cancelas Jose A. , Maes Lou Ann , Rugg Neeta , Whitley Pamela , Herschel Louise , Siegal Alan H. , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Hess John R. , Zia Majid 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundOvernight, room temperature hold (ONH) of whole blood before component processing offers several benefits. This study evaluated the storage and in vivo recovery characteristics of ONH red blood cells (RBCs) stored in additive solution‐7 (AS‐7).Study Design and MethodsWe conducted a three‐center, three‐arm evaluation of a new blood collection system with AS‐7 compared to leukoreduced RBCs processed within 8 hours and stored in AS‐1 (control). Whole blood (500 ± 50 mL) from healthy research subjects (n = 240) was held at room temperature 0 to 2 hours, 6 to 8 hours, or ONH (18‐24 hr) before component processing and storage at 1 to 6°C. RBCs were evaluated on Days 42 and 56 with a panel of in vitro assays. Subsets of the AS‐7–stored RBCs were evaluated for 51Cr 24‐hour in vivo recovery and long‐term survival.ResultsAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in ONH RBCs were not different than AS‐7 RBCs prepared within 8 hours. ATP was higher in the ONH group on Day 42 than control, and ATP was maintained in all AS‐7 groups through Day 56. ONH units had 0.36 ± 0.14% on Day 42 hemolysis (60/60 < 0.8%), and 0.54 ± 0.22% on Day 56 (10/60 > 0.8%, 2/60 > 1%). In vivo recoveries of stored RBCs were not different between the AS‐7 arms at 42 days (p = 0.16; 27/27 ONH units > 75%), but the Day 56 ONH was significantly less than ONH on Day 42 (p = 0.008; 7/28 < 75%).ConclusionsOvernight hold of whole blood at room temperature before component processing meets current regulatory requirements when RBCs are stored up to 42 days in AS‐7.
Genetic and mechanistic evaluation for the weak A phenotype in Ael blood type with IVS6 + 5G>A ABO gene mutation
Authors: Chen D.‐P. , Sun C.‐F. , Ning H.‐C. , Peng C.‐T. , Wang W.‐T. , Tseng C.‐P. 
Published: September 2014

Background and ObjectivesAel is a rare blood type that is characterized by weak agglutination of RBCs when reacts with anti‐A antibody in adsorption–elution test. Although IVS6 + 5G→A mutation is known to associate with the Ael blood type, genetic and mechanistic evaluation for the weak agglutination of Ael with IVS6 + 5G→A mutation has not yet been completely addressed.Materials and MethodsIn this study, five cases of confirmed Ael individuals were analysed. The cDNAs for the Ael alleles were obtained by cloning method for sequence analyses. The erythroleukemia K562 cells were used as the cell study model and were transfected with the Ael expression construct. Flow cytometry analysis was then performed to determine the levels of surface antigen expression.ResultsThe results indicated that IVS6 + 5G→A attributes to all cases of Ael. RT‐PCR analyses revealed the presence of at least 10 types of aberrant Ael splicing transcripts. Most of the transcripts caused early termination and produced non‐functional protein during translation. Nevertheless, the transcript without exons 5–6 was predicted to generate functional Ael glycosyltransferase lacking 57 amino acids at the N‐terminal segment. When the exons 5–6 deletion transcript was stably expressed in the K562 cells, weak agglutination of the cells can be induced by adding anti‐A antibody followed by adsorption–elution test.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that aberrant splicing of A transcripts contributes to weak A expression and the weak agglutination of Ael‐RBCs, adding to the complexity for the regulatory mechanisms of ABO gene expression.
Analysis of Aeropropulsion Test Facility Aerodynamic and Structual Issues Using Compression System Numerical Simulations
Authors: Davis Milt W. 
Published: September 2014

Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC) is the most advanced and largest complex of flight simulation test facilities in the world. The center operates 43 aerodynamic and propulsion wind tunnels, rocket and turbine engine test cells, space environmental chambers, arc heaters, ballistic ranges and other specialized units.
Over the years since these facilities have been operational, there have been a series of operational issues that have arisen involving compression system performance or the effect of compressor operability on facility performance or structural integrity. This paper presents three cases[1] where ground test facilities have experienced some form of compression system performance issue or a test article’s abnormal operation such as surge cycles effect on facility structural or operational capability. In each case, the analysis engineer trying to figure out what might be the cause or the effect of these abnormal operations on facility operation is hampered by the lack of proper instrumentation that would provide insight into the issue. In these types of situation, it has been shown that some form of numerical simulation can provide great insight into possible causes and even suggest solutions to the observed anomaly. This paper highlights where a specific numerical simulation based upon one-dimensional physics and its application to parallel compressor theory has been applied to the analysis of three aerospace facility compression system issues.
Model Selection Made Easy Using Information Theoretics: An Aircraft Propulsion System Modeling Problem
Authors: Kidman David , Stevens Craig , Remund Todd , Kitto William 
Published: September 2014

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) is continually looking for ways to improve test and evaluation techniques to ensure systems meet military requirements prior to acquisition. Recently, the DoD has been pursuing the use of statistical methods to improve test and evaluation. This paper highlights statistical methodologies used by the Air Force Test Center to improve aircraft propulsion system Modeling and Simulation (M&S) efforts.
The US Air Force has a long history of using M&S (more than 55 years) during aircraft test and evaluation. In the past, M&S usage was primarily in the aircraft performance and flying qualities areas. Now advancing technology and complex integration are resulting in increased M&S use across broader spectrum of technical disciplines, including propulsion. During propulsion testing, models are used to increase system knowledge in T&E areas which include: Test Planning, Execution, Data Analysis and Evaluation.
This paper highlights the 412 Test Wing at Edwards AFB first steps to improve aircraft propulsion system T&E through the implementation of statistically defensible model development techniques. Specifically, this paper will provide an example of typical engineer model development strategies based on past experience, system knowledge, relevant physics and subjective evaluations to determine variables used and structure of the model. This paper will also provide insight into a number of statistics-based approaches including stepwise regression, backwards elimination, the inadequacy of using R-squared and an examination into the effects of mulit-collinearity. However, the focus of this paper is on how Information Theory and Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) can be easily applied to compare a variety of models and determine the best model available. This paper presents an example of these model development methods applied during a development of a predictive model used for evaluating thrust response of an aircraft engine with a new digital engine control. A case will be made that statistical approaches provide a more mathematically rigorous approach for model selection as compared to traditional approaches based on engineering judgment.
GPGPU Based Aeroacoustic Optimization of a Contra-Rotating Fan
Authors: Stadler Michael , Schmitz Michael B. , Laufer Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

Contra-rotating fans have several advantages over single stage axial fans. If they are well designed, the exit flow field is almost irrotational. This helps to increase the aerodynamic efficiency by up to 16%, when compared to single stage fans. However, since the second stage interacts with the flow disturbances from the first stage, the associated noise generation is a disadvantage. This may be remedied by carefully tuning the design.
The optimization of a contra-rotating fan involves a large set of design parameters. These include the geometrical parameters of the fan blades, the winglets, the guide vane as well as the hub diameter. We demonstrate an evolutionary algorithm which helps to automate the optimization process. It is controlled by two objective functions: (1) aerodynamic efficiency and (2) the emitted tonal noise.
For the evaluation of the sound pressure, we implemented a new lattice-Boltzmann solver. Due to its algorithmic structure, this is ideally suited for massive parallelization. To leverage this potential, it is designed to run on general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). To further accelerate the optimization, it is supported by a meta-model based on a radial-basis function network.
We demonstrate the method for a small contra-rotating fan. Our numerical results are compared with physical tests. The new algorithmic arrangement has shown to drastically cut development costs and time.