bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective serotonin 2A receptor antagonism attenuates the effects of amphetamine on arousal and dopamine overflow in non‐human primates
Authors: Murnane Kevin S. , Andersen Monica L. , Rice Kenner C. , Howell Leonard L. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in the wake‐promoting effects of psychomotor‐stimulants. Many previous studies have tightly linked the effects of stimulants to dopamine neurotransmission, and some studies indicate that serotonin 2A receptors modulate these effects. However, the role of dopamine in arousal is controversial, most notably because dopamine neurons do not change firing rates across arousal states. In the present study, we examined the wake‐promoting effects of the dopamine‐releaser amphetamine using non‐invasive telemetric monitoring. These effects were evaluated in rhesus monkeys as a laboratory animal model with high translational relevance for human disorders of sleep and arousal. To evaluate the role of dopamine in the wake‐promoting effects of amphetamine, we used in vivo microdialysis targeting the caudate nucleus, as this approach provides clearly interpretable measures of presynaptic dopamine release. This is beneficial in the present context because some of the inconsistencies between previous studies examining the role of dopamine in arousal may be related to differences between postsynaptic dopamine receptors. We found that amphetamine significantly and dose‐dependently increased arousal at doses that engendered higher extracellular dopamine levels. Moreover, antagonism of serotonin 2A receptors attenuated the effects of amphetamine on both wakefulness and dopamine overflow. These findings further elucidate the role of dopamine and serotonin 2A receptors in arousal, and they suggest that increased dopamine neurotransmission may be necessary for the wake‐promoting effects of amphetamine, and possibly other stimulants.
Reasons to be different: do conspicuous polymorphisms in invertebrates persist because rare forms are fitter?
Authors: Ajuria Ibarra H. , Reader T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMany invertebrate species show conspicuous colour polymorphisms, the study of which has provided us with important insights in evolutionary biology. The potential importance of frequency‐dependent selection in the maintenance of polymorphisms was identified by theoretical studies more than 50 years ago, and since then, the topic has received considerable attention from those seeking to explain observed diversity in natural populations. Here, we consider the different ecological interactions that have been shown to lead to negative frequency‐dependent selection in invertebrate populations in the wild, and assess the likely relative importance of this mechanism in comparison with alternatives that may promote genetic and phenotypic diversity. The literature shows that frequency dependence can result from a wide array of ecological interactions, in particular, those involving mate choice, sexual conflict and predation. However, even though negative frequency‐dependent selection is the most common explanation for the occurrence of conspicuous polymorphisms in invertebrates, conclusive evidence of its importance in natural populations is largely absent. A particular problem is that in most studies, it is the only explanation considered. In the most comprehensively studied systems, it has been shown that multiple mechanisms (both selective and neutral) operate to maintain observed phenotypic variation, and that negative frequency‐dependent selection is not the most important of these. Thus, as yet at least, we do not have strong grounds for believing that negative frequency‐dependent selection is a major diversifying force in invertebrate morphology. However, without more comprehensive studies in a wider range of ecological contexts, we are equally unable to dismiss it as weak and/or irrelevant.
Noradrenaline vs terlipressin in the treatment of type 2 hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized pilot study
Authors: Ghosh Saubhik , Choudhary Narendra S. , Sharma Arun K. , Singh Baljinder , Kumar Pradeep , Agarwal Ritesh , Sharma Navneet , Bhalla Ashish , Chawla Yogesh K. , Singh Virendra 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundVarious vasoconstrictors have shown promising results in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). However, there are very few studies on vasopressors in the management of type 2 HRS. Terlipressin has been used commonly; however, it is costly and not available in some countries. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of terlipressin and noradrenaline in the treatment of type 2 HRS.MethodsForty‐six patients with type 2 HRS were managed with terlipressin (group A, N = 23) or noradrenaline (Group B, N = 23) with albumin in a randomized controlled trial at a tertiary centre.ResultsHRS reversal could be achieved in 17(73.9%) patients in group A as well as in group B (P = 1.0). Univariate analysis showed that the baseline model of end‐stage liver disease score, urine output, urinary sodium, serum creatinine and mean arterial pressure were associated with response. However, in multivariate analysis only baseline serum creatinine, urine output and urinary sodium were associated with the response. Eight patients in group A and 9 in group B died within 90 days of follow‐up (P > 0.05). Noradrenaline was less expensive than terlipressin (P < 0.05). No major adverse effects were seen.ConclusionsThe results of this randomized study suggest that terlipressin and noradrenaline are safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 HRS and baseline serum creatinine, urine output and urinary sodium are predictive of response. Noradrenaline is less expensive than terlipressin in the treatment of type 2 HRS (ClinicalTrials.gov, Number NCT01637454).
Glasses in howardites: Impact melts or pyroclasts?
Authors: Singerling Sheryl A. , McSween Harry Y. , Taylor Larry A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe have analyzed glasses in eight howardites with the aim of distinguishing their origins as impact melts or pyroclasts. Although theoretical calculations predict that pyroclastic eruptions could have taken place on Vesta, the occurrence of pyroclastic glasses in HED meteorites has not been documented. This study involved petrographic examination of textures, electron microprobe analysis of major and minor elements, and LA‐ICP‐MS analysis for selected trace elements. Previously documented textural and compositional differences between lunar impact‐melt and pyroclastic glasses partly guided this study. This work yielded no positive identification of pyroclastic glasses. The most likely explanation is that pyroclastic glasses never formed, either because Vesta contains insufficient volatiles to have powered explosive eruptions, or because eruptive conditions produced optically dense fire‐fountains that allowed melt drops to collect as lava ponds. The impact‐melt glasses were grouped (low‐alkali, Ca‐rich, and K‐rich) based on compositions. We suggest that these glasses are the result of impacts onto known HED lithologies. The low‐alkali glasses are impact melts of bulk HED lithologies. We hypothesize that the Ca‐rich and K‐rich glasses result from oversampling of plagioclase and of mesostasis that experienced liquid immiscibility, respectively, during micrometeorite impacts into eucrite targets.
The Effect of Government Spending on the Debt‐to‐GDPRatio: SomeKeynesian Arithmetic
Authors: Leão Pedro 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAccording to the standard approach to the issue of public debt sustainability, fiscal austerity is the route that many countries must currently follow to reduce their debt‐to‐GDPratios back to sustainable paths. We challenge this conventional wisdom and argue that, below full employment, an increase in government spending may paradoxicallyreducethe debt‐to‐GDPratio. This claim is particularly relevant today because withCentralBank interest rates near zero there is no alternative to fiscal policy, and theonlyargument against increasing government expenditure as a way to fight unemployment is its supposed negative effect on the state of public finances.
Fat‐resident Tregs: an emerging guard protecting from obesity‐associated metabolic disorders
Authors: Chen X. , Wu Y. , Wang L. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryObesity, a chronic, low‐grade inflammatory disease, is associated with alterations of multiple immune‐cell components in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), in which CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been suggested to be a critical regulator. This review focuses on the current understanding of VAT‐resident Tregs (VAT Tregs) and their intriguing roles in modulating fat tissue inflammation and obesity‐associated metabolic disorders. The potential mechanisms for the regulation of VAT Tregs in lean vs. obese individuals are also discussed. Accumulating evidence reveals that the modulation of VAT Tregs may offer a potential novel strategy for treating obesity‐related metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
RNAseq‐based transcriptome analysis of Lactuca sativa infected by the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea
Authors: DE CREMER KAAT , MATHYS JANICK , VOS CHRISTINE , FROENICKE LUTZ , MICHELMORE RICHARD W. , CAMMUE BRUNO P A. , DE CONINCK BARBARA 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea establishes a necrotrophic interaction with its host plants, including lettuce (Lactuca sativa), causing it to wilt, collapse and eventually dry up and die, which results in serious economic losses. Global expression profiling using RNAseq and the newly sequenced lettuce genome identified a complex network of genes involved in the lettuce–B. cinerea interaction. The observed high number of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are implicated, generating a holistic picture. Most pronounced were the induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway and terpenoid biosynthesis, whereas photosynthesis was globally down‐regulated at 48 h post‐inoculation. Large‐scale comparison with data available on the interaction of B. cinerea with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed both general and species‐specific responses to infection with this pathogen. Surprisingly, expression analysis of selected genes could not detect significant systemic transcriptional alterations in lettuce leaves distant from the inoculation site. Additionally, we assessed the response of these lettuce genes to a biotrophic pathogen, Bremia lactucae, revealing that similar pathways are induced during compatible interactions of lettuce with necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.
Deconstructing crop processes and models via identities
Authors: PORTER JOHN R. , CHRISTENSEN SVEND 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper is part review and part opinion piece; it has three parts of increasing novelty and speculation in approach. The first presents an overview of how some of the major crop simulation models approach the issue of simulating the responses of crops to changing climatic and weather variables, mainly atmospheric CO2 concentration and increased and/or varying temperatures. It illustrates an important principle in models of a single cause having alternative effects and vice versa. The second part suggests some features, mostly missing in current crop models, that need to be included in the future, focussing on extreme events such as high temperature or extreme drought. The final opinion part is speculative but novel. It describes an approach to deconstruct resource use efficiencies into their constituent identities or elements based on the Kaya‐Porter identity, each of which can be examined for responses to climate and climatic change. We give no promise that the final part is ‘correct’, but we hope it can be a stimulation to thought, hypothesis and experiment, and perhaps a new modelling approach.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum Associated with an Aseptic Splenic Abscess in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Johnson Jamie L. , West Daniel A. , Haggstrom Anita N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a painful, ulcerating neutrophilic dermatosis commonly associated with a variety of underlying systemic conditions. We report a child with neurofibromatosis‐1 (NF‐1) and an aseptic splenic abscess who developed multifocal PG in areas of iatrogenic skin trauma. There is no clinical evidence or theoretical basis to suggest a causal relationship between NF‐1 and PG. Systemic corticosteroid and cyclosporine therapy led to complete resolution of the lesions.
Blood Pressure Recordings During Hemodialysis Access Interventions: Implications for Acute Management
Authors: Asif Arif , Castro Hector , Waheed Ahmed Ameen , Kumar Vishesh , Haqqie Syed S , Siskin Gary , Mathew Roy O , Mason Darius , Vachharajani Tushar , Nayer Ali , Merrill Donna , Akmal Muhammad UT , Salman Loay 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA retrospective study evaluating the pattern of blood pressure and its related complications before, during, and after percutaneous hemodialysis interventions was performed in patients presenting with asymptomatic hypertension. Hemodialysis patients undergoing percutaneous interventions including tunneled hemodialysis catheter insertion, percutaneous balloon angioplasty and thrombectomy procedure, and stage II hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg) were included in this analysis. Blood pressure medications were not used while midazolam and fentanyl were routinely administered. Patients were followed for up to 4 weeks to monitor any complications. The mean blood pressure before, during, and after the procedures were 185 ± 18/96 ± 14, 172 ± 22/92 ± 15, and 153 ± 25/87 ± 14, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the blood pressure readings before and after the procedure (before = 185 ± 18/96 ± 14, after = 153 ± 25/87 ± 14; p = 0.001). None of the patients had a stroke, myocardial infarction, or acute pulmonary edema before, during, or after the procedure or during the 4‐week follow‐up period. A significant reduction in blood pressure was observed after the procedure without the administration of any antihypertensive medication. These results suggest that the reduction in blood pressure observed after percutaneous dialysis access interventions (particularly in the presence of midazolam and fentanyl) may make it unnecessary to treat asymptomatic hypertension prior to these procedures.
Large pore dermal microdialysis and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectroscopy shotgun proteomic analysis: a feasibility study
Authors: Petersen Lars J. , Sørensen Mette A. , Codrea Marius C. , Zacho Helle D. , Bendixen Emøke 
Published: March 2013

Background/AimsThe purpose of the present pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of combining large pore dermal microdialysis with shotgun proteomic analysis in human skin.MethodsDialysate was recovered from human skin by 2000 kDa microdialysis membranes from one subject at three different phases of the study; trauma due to implantation of the dialysis device, a post implantation steady‐state period, and after induction of vasodilatation and plasma extravasation. For shotgun proteomics, the proteins were extracted and digested with trypsin. Peptides were separated by capillary and nanoflow HPLC systems, followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a Quadrupole‐TOF hybrid instrument. The MS/MS spectra were merged and mapped to a human target protein database to achieve peptide identification and protein inference.ResultsResults showed variation in protein amounts and profiles for each of the different sampling phases. The total protein concentration was 1.7, 0.6, and 1.3 mg/mL during the three phases, respectively. A total of 158 different proteins were identified. Immunoglobulins and the major classes of plasma proteins, including proteases, coagulation factors, apolipoproteins, albumins, and complement factors, make up the major load of proteins in all three test conditions.ConclusionShotgun proteomics allowed the identification of more than 150 proteins in microdialysis samples from human skin. This highlights the opportunities of LC‐MS/MS to study the complex molecular interactions in the skin.
Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Trivalent Split Influenza Virus Vaccine in Young Children with Recurrent Wheezing
Authors: Bae E. Young , Choi Ui Yoon , Kwon Hyo Jin , Jeong Dae Chul , Rhim Jung Woo , Ma Sang Hyuk , Lee Kyung Il , Kang Jin Han 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTInfluenza virus vaccination is recommended for children, but so far, active vaccination has not been achieved because most parents lack knowledge of vaccine safety and many doctors are reluctant to administer vaccine due to concerns that steroids might alter immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated trivalent split influenza virus vaccine between children with recurrent wheezing and healthy children of the same age group. Sixty-eight healthy children and 62 children with recurrent wheezing took part in this study. Seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, geometric mean titers (GMTs), and geometric mean titer ratios (GMTRs) were measured by a hemagglutination inhibition assay for the assessment of immunogenicity. Solicited and unsolicited local and systemic adverse events were measured for the assessment of safety. Regarding immunogenicity, the seroconversion and seroprotection rates showed no difference overall between healthy children and children with recurrent wheezing. Also, no difference was observed between steroid-treated and nontreated groups with recurrent wheezing. Generally, the GMTs after vaccination were higher in the one-dose vaccination groups for healthy children and children with recurrent wheezing, but the GMTRs revealed different results according to strain in the two groups. Regarding safety, solicited local and systemic adverse events showed no differences between healthy children and children with recurrent wheezing. This study demonstrates that inactivated split influenza virus vaccine is able to induce protective immune responses in healthy children, as observed in previous studies, as well as in children with recurrent wheezing who require frequent steroid treatment.
Combined Administration of MF59-Adjuvanted A/H5N1 Prepandemic and Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: Long-Term Antibody Persistence and Robust Booster Responses 1 Year after a One-Dose Priming Schedule
Authors: Lopez Pio , Caicedo Yolanda , Sierra Alexandra , Tilman Sandrine , Clemens Ralf , Banzhoff Angelika 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
Having previously demonstrated the feasibility of administering A/H5N1 and seasonal influenza vaccine antigens in an MF59-adjuvanted tetravalent formulation, we now report on long-term antibody persistence and responses to a booster dose of a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent influenza vaccine in adults. The primary objective was the evaluation of responses to a booster dose of tetravalent influenza vaccine containing seasonal (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) and avian (A/H5N1, clade 2) influenza virus strains administered to 265 healthy 18- to 40-year-old volunteers 1 year after priming with one or two clade 1 A/H5N1 doses. Secondary objectives were assessment of reactogenicity, safety, and antibody persistence 1 year after priming with a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent vaccine. Responses to seasonal strains met all European licensure criteria; seroprotection rates were 94 to 100%, 100%, and 61 to 90% for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains, respectively. Anamnestic responses were observed against homologous and heterologous A/H5N1 strains whether priming with one or two A/H5N1 doses, with a monovalent A/H5N1 vaccine, or with a tetravalent vaccine. A single dose of MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccine given alone or as part of a fixed combination with a seasonal influenza vaccine was sufficient to prime adult subjects, resulting in robust antigen-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses to heterologous booster immunization 1 year later. These data support the feasibility of incorporating prepandemic priming into seasonal influenza vaccination programs. (This study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov under registration no. NCT00481065.)
Mycoplasma fermentans MALP-2 Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Nrf2 Pathways To Modulate Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Human Monocytes
Authors: Ma Xiaohua , You Xiaoxing , Zeng Yanhua , He Jun , Liu Liangzhuan , Deng Zhongliang , Jiang Chuanhao , Wu Haiying , Zhu Cuiming , Yu Minjun , Wu Yimou 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation that confers cytoprotection against oxidative injury and performs a vital function in the maintenance of cell hemostasis. Increasing numbers of reports have indicated that mycoplasma-derived membrane lipoproteins/lipopeptides, such as macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2), function as agents that stimulate the immune system by producing various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which play roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory responses during mycoplasma infection. Here, we report that MALP-2 induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression and upregulated HO-1 enzyme activity in THP-1 cells. Specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125, significantly abolished HO-1 expression. In addition, MALP-2 also induced NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation, and the silencing of Nrf2 expression in THP-1 cells decreased the levels of MALP-2-mediated HO-1 expression. Furthermore, COX-2 protein expression levels were upregulated in THP-1 cells in response to MALP-2, and transfection with small interfering RNAs of HO-1 significantly increased COX-2 accumulation. These results demonstrate that MALP-2 induces HO-1 expression via MAPKs and Nrf2 pathways and, furthermore, that MALP-2-induced COX-2 expression was modulated by HO-1 in THP-1 cells.