bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural and chemical variation in silica-rich precipitates at the Hellisheiði geothermal power plant
Authors: Meier D. B. , Gunnlaugsson E. , Gunnarsson I. , Jamtveit B. , Peacock C. L. , Benning L. G. 
Published: February 2015

Precipitation of amorphous silica (SiO2) in geothermal power plants, although a common factor limiting the efficiency of geothermal energy production, is poorly understood and no universally applicable mitigation strategy to prevent or reduce precipitation is available. This is primarily due to the lack of understanding of the precipitation mechanism of amorphous silica in geothermal systems.In the present study data are presented about microstructures and compositions of precipitates formed on scaling plates inserted at five different locations in the pipelines at the Hellisheiði power station (SW-Iceland). Precipitates on these plates formed over 6 to 8 weeks of immersion in hot (120 or 60ºC), fast-flowing and silica-supersaturated geothermal fluids (~800 ppm of SiO2). Although the composition of the precipitates is fairly homogeneous, with silica being the dominant component and Fe sulfides as a less common phase, the microstructures of the precipitates are highly variable and dependent on the location within the geothermal pipelines. The silica precipitates have grown through aggregation and precipitation of silica particles that precipitated homogeneously in the geothermal fluid. Five main factors were identified that may control the precipitation of silica: (1) temperature, (2) fluid composition, (3) fluid-flow regime, (4) distance along the flow path, and (5) immersion time.On all scaling plates, a corrosion layer was found underlying the silica precipitates indicating that, once formed, the presence of a silica layer probably protects the steel pipe surface against further corrosion. Yet silica precipitates influence the flow of the geothermal fluids and therefore can limit the efficiency of geothermal power stations.
Dynamic navicular motion measured using a stretch sensor is different between walking and running, and between over‐ground and treadmill conditions
Authors: Barton Christian J , Kappel Simon L , Ahrendt Peter , Simonsen Ole , Rathleff Michael S 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundNon‐invasive evaluation of in‐shoe foot motion has traditionally been difficult. Recently a novel ‘stretch‐sensor’ was proposed as an easy and reliable method to measure dynamic foot (navicular) motion. Further validation of this method is needed to determine how different gait analysis protocols affect dynamic navicular motion.MethodsPotential differences in magnitude and peak velocity of navicular motion using the ‘stretch sensor’ between (i) barefoot and shod conditions; (ii) overground and treadmill gait; and/or (iii) running and walking were evaluated in 26 healthy participants. Comparisons were made using paired t‐tests.ResultsMagnitude and velocity of navicular motion was not different between barefoot and shod walking on the treadmill. Compared to walking, velocity of navicular motion during running was 59% and 210% higher over‐ground (p < 0.0001) and on a treadmill (p < 0.0001) respectively, and magnitude of navicular motion was 23% higher during over‐ground running compared to over‐ground walking (p = 0.02). Compared to over‐ground, magnitude of navicular motion on a treadmill was 21% and 16% greater during walking (p = 0.0004) and running (p = 0003) respectively. Additionally, maximal velocity of navicular motion during treadmill walking was 48% less than walking over‐ground (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe presence of footwear has minimal impact on navicular motion during walking. Differences in navicular motion between walking and running, and treadmill and over‐ground gait highlight the importance of task specificity during gait analysis. Task specificity should be considered during design of future research trials and in clinical practice when measuring navicular motion.
Early mobilization and recovery in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: a bi-national, multi-centre, prospective cohort study
Authors:   The TEAM Study Investigators
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this study was to investigate current mobilization practice, strength at ICU discharge and functional recovery at 6 months among mechanically ventilated ICU patients.

Method
This was a prospective, multi-centre, cohort study conducted in twelve ICUs in Australia and New Zealand. Patients were previously functionally independent and expected to be ventilated for >48 hours. We measured mobilization during invasive ventilation, sedation depth using the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), co-interventions, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) at ICU discharge, mortality at day 90, and 6-month functional recovery including return to work.

Results
We studied 192 patients (mean age 58.1 ± 15.8 years; mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) (IQR) II score, 18.0 (14 to 24)). Mortality at day 90 was 26.6% (51/192). Over 1,351 study days, we collected information during 1,288 planned early mobilization episodes in patients on mechanical ventilation for the first 14 days or until extubation (whichever occurred first). We recorded the highest level of early mobilization. Despite the presence of dedicated physical therapy staff, no mobilization occurred in 1,079 (84%) of these episodes. Where mobilization occurred, the maximum levels of mobilization were exercises in bed (N = 94, 7%), standing at the bed side (N = 11, 0.9%) or walking (N = 26, 2%). On day three, all patients who were mobilized were mechanically ventilated via an endotracheal tube (N = 10), whereas by day five 50% of the patients mobilized were mechanically ventilated via a tracheostomy tube (N = 18).
In 94 of the 156 ICU survivors, strength was assessed at ICU discharge and 48 (52%) had ICU-acquired weakness (Medical Research Council Manual Muscle Test Sum Score (MRC-SS) score <48/60). The MRC-SS score was higher in those patients who mobilized while mechanically ventilated (50.0 ± 11.2 versus 42.0 ± 10.8, P = 0.003). Patients who survived to ICU discharge but who had died by day 90 had a mean MRC score of 28.9 ± 13.2 compared with 44.9 ± 11.4 for day-90 survivors (P <0.0001).

Conclusions
Early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation was uncommon. More than 50% of patients discharged from the ICU had developed ICU-acquired weakness, which was associated with death between ICU discharge and day-90.

Clinical trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01674608. Registered 14 August 2012.
Takayasu arteritis in childhood: retrospective experience from a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom
Authors: Eleftheriou Despina , Varnier Giulia , Dolezalova Pavla , McMahon Anne-Marie , Al-Obaidi Muthana , Brogan Paul A 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an idiopathic large-vessel vasculitis affecting the aorta and its major branches. Although the disease rarely affects children, it does occur, even in infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features, disease activity, treatment and outcome of childhood TA in a tertiary UK centre.

Methods
We analysed a retrospective case series of children fulfilling the TA classification criteria of the European League against Rheumatism, the Paediatric Rheumatology European Society and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation. Data regarding demographics, clinical features, treatments and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics are expressed as median and range. Fisher’s exact test was used for group comparisons. The Paediatric Vasculitis Activity Score (PVAS), Paediatric Vasculitis Damage Index (PVDI), Disease Extent Index-Takayasu (DEI.Tak) and Indian Takayasu Arteritis Activity Score (ITAS2010) were calculated retrospectively.

Results
A total of 11 children (64% female) with age at diagnosis of 11.8 (1.3 to 17) years were identified over a 23-year period. The median time to diagnosis was 17 (0 to 132) months. The most common clinical features at presentation were arterial hypertension (72.7%), systemic features (36%) and cardiovascular (45%), neurological (36%), pulmonary (27%), skin (9%), renal (9%) and gastrointestinal (9%) involvement. At presentation, PVAS was 5/63 (1 to 13); DEI.Tak was 7/81 (2 to 12) and ITAS2010 was 9/57 (6 to 20). Treatment included corticosteroids (81.8%), combined with methotrexate in most cases (72.7%). Cyclophosphamide (36.4%) and biologic agents (45.5%) were reserved for severe and/or refractory cases. PVDI at latest follow-up was 5.5/72 (3 to 15). Mortality was 27%. Young age at disease onset (<5 years old) and permanent PVDI scores ≥3 were significantly associated with mortality risk (P = 0.024).

Conclusion
TA is a rare and potentially life-threatening large-vessel vasculitis. Improved awareness of TA is essential to secure a timely diagnosis. Although the evidence base for the treatment of TA in children is weak, we found that it is essential to treat it aggressively because our data emphasise that the mortality and morbidity in the paediatric population remains high.
Animal model of acute gout reproduces the inflammatory and ultrasonographic joint changes of human gout
Authors: Pineda Carlos , Fuentes-Gómez Arturo J , Hernández-Díaz Cristina , Zamudio-Cuevas Yessica , Fernández-Torres Javier , López-Macay Ambar , Alba-Sánchez Ismael , Camacho-Galindo Javier , Ventura Lucio , Gómez-Quiróz Luis E , Gutiérrez-Ruíz María Concepción , García-Vázquez Francisco , Reginato Anthony M , Gutiérrez Marwin , López-Reyes Alberto 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Gout is an inflammatory condition induced by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints and soft tissues that can produce acute or chronic arthritis. Several animal models of crystal-induced inflammation have been proposed that involve direct injection of MSU-crystals into different anatomical structures; however, only a few of these models reflect a true diarthrodial joint microenvironment in which an acute gouty attack takes place. The aim of this study was to assess the inflammatory and structural joint changes in a rabbit model of acute gout attack by ultrasound (US), synovial fluid (SF) and histopathological analyses.

Methods
Under US guidance, 42 rabbit knees were randomly injected with a suspension of 50 mg/ml of either MSU or allopurinol synthetic crystals. The control group received intra-articular vehicle of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). US evaluation, SF and histopathological analyses were performed at days 1, 3, and 7.

Results
A total of 21 rabbit knees were assigned to the control group, 12 to the MSU-crystals group, and 9 to the allopurinol crystals group. By US, the MSU crystals group displayed the double contour sign and bright stippled aggregates in 67% and 75% of joints, respectively. Neither control knees nor allopurinol crystals group displayed these US signs. Power Doppler (PD) signal was moderate to intense in the MSU-crystals group and greater than both the allopurinol crystal and control groups at day 1 (P <0.001) and 3 (P <0.05), with its practical disappearance by day 7. SF leukocyte count was 40,312 ± 6,369 cells/mm3 in the MSU-crystals group, higher than in controls (P = 0.004) and allopurinol crystal group (P = 0.006). At day 7, SF leukocyte count decreased in both MSU and allopurinol crystal groups reaching the non-inflammatory range. Histologically, at day 3 intense synovial polymorphonuclear cells infiltration and MSU aggregates were identified.

Conclusion
The rabbit model of MSU crystal-induced acute arthritis efficiently reproduces the inflammatory, US, SF and histopathological changes of the human acute gouty attack.
Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from the intestine of Diatraea saccharalis larvae and evaluation of their capacity to degrade sugarcane biomass
Authors: Dantur Karina I , Enrique Ramón , Welin Björn , Castagnaro Atilio P 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs a strategy to find efficient lignocellulose degrading enzymes/microorganisms for sugarcane biomass pretreatment purposes, 118 culturable bacterial strains were isolated from intestines of sugarcane-fed larvae of the mothDiatraea saccharalis.All strains were tested for cellulolytic activity using soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) degrading assays or by growing bacteria on sugarcane biomass as sole carbon sources. Out of the 118 strains isolated thirty eight were found to possess cellulose degrading activity and phylogenetic studies of the16S rDNAsequence revealed that all cellulolytic strains belonged to the phyla γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Within the three phyla, species belonging to five different genera were identified (Klebsiella,Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium, BacillusandEnterococcus). Bacterial growth on sugarcane biomass as well as extracellular endo-glucanase activity induced on soluble cellulose was found to be highest in species belonging to generaBacillusandKlebsiella. Good cellulolytic activity correlated with high extracellular protein concentrations. In addition, scanning microscopy studies revealed attachment of cellulolytic strains to different sugarcane substrates. The results of this study indicate the possibility to find efficient cellulose degrading enzymes and microorganisms from intestines of insect larvae feeding on sugarcane and their possible application in industrial processing of sugarcane biomass such as second generation biofuel production.
Acknowledgement of manuscript reviewers 2014
Authors: Larijani Bagher , Faridbod Farnoush , Arzaghi Seyed Masoud , Bandarian Fatemeh , Ebrahim-Habibi Azadeh , Fakhrzadeh Hossein , Hasani-Ranjbar Shirin , Heshmat Ramin , Keshtkar Abbas Ali , Khashayar Patricia , Nasli-Esfahani Ensieh , Sharifi Farshad , Soltani Akbar , Zahedi Farzaneh 
Published: February 2015

Contributing reviewersThe editors of Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 13 (2014).
Gyroscopes based on surface acoustic waves
Authors: Oh Haekwan , Lee Ki Jung , Lee Keekeun , Yang Sang Sik 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis review gives an overview of the development of surface acoustic wave (SAW) based gyroscopes. Different types of SAW based gyroscope are first presented, which are categorized into standing-wave based or progressive-wave based gyroscopes according to their respective mechanisms. In addition, multi-axis detectable SAW based gyroscopes are also introduced in this review. Different principles, structures, production methods, and control technologies are analyzed.
Study of stability of brown-gray inks on paper support
Authors: Reháková Milena , Čeppan Michal , Vizárová Katarína , Peller András , Stojkovičová Danica , Hricková Monika 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Research into paper artworks and the identification of drawing techniques dating from the 15th to the 19th century from the collection of Slovak National Gallery revealed that the most frequently used means of writing was a set of brown-gray inks. This set includes bistre, sepia, and iron-gall inks (IGI). The light fastness of these organic compounds is not considered very high. Moreover, iron gall inks attack paper support by the processes commonly known as iron gall ink corrosion. In the experimental part of the research, the stability of three different brown-gray inks was studied. Model inks, i.e. bistre, sepia and IGI with two molar ratios Fe : gallic acid were prepared according to historical recipes. Whatman paper was used as a support material. Samples were submitted to accelerated aging in closed vessels at 100°C with and without the presence of NO2 in concentration of 100 ppm as well as to the light aging in a light chamber. Changes of mechanical, optical and chemical properties of the samples as well as spectra in the IR region were studied. The observed changes allowed an evaluation of the effect of particular inks on paper support and effect of various external factors of aging (temperature, light, pollutants) on the model systems. Simultaneous thermal analysis (DTA/TG) was carried out in order to study the thermo-oxidative stability of the materials. Sepia and bistre inks have been assessed as generally more stable than iron-gall inks.
Visual art curricula, art teacher goals, and instructional time: Findings from an international survey
Authors: Milbrandt Melody K. , Shin Ryan , Eça Teresa Torres de , Hsieh Kevin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This article highlights selected responses from participants in twelve nations to an international survey of art educators posted on the International Society for Education through Art (InSEA) website from January to April 2013. Several themes emerging from this study are: 1) a shift in curricular emphasis from the creation of artworks to the goal of engaging students in creative and critical thinking; 2) problem-solving and design viewed as distinct areas of focus within the art curriculum 3) educational policies shifting some responsibilities from the states to the national level as assessments that promote international comparisons gain influence 4) in curricular groupings of art disciplines, there may be greater opportunities for student growth and teacher collaboration but also questions of time and resources to address and 5) art educators in this study are influenced by standards but are also influenced by the priorities of the educational context in which they teach.
Book Reviews
Authors: Robinson Hilary , Gibson Robyn , Fleming Josephine , Wang Li Yan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Institutional Time: A Critique of Studio Art Education, Judy Chicago (2014) New York: The Monacelli Press, 256 pp., ISBN: 9781580933667, h/bk, US$40; ISBN: 9781580934114 (e-book), US$19.95
The Creative Turn: Towards a new Aesthetic Imaginary, Anne Harris (2014) Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers, 187 pp., ISBN: 9879462095496, p/bk, US$43.00; ISBN: 9789462095502, h/bk, US$99.00
Teaching Asian Art: Content, Context, And Pedagogy, Sheng Kuan Chung (ed.) (2012) Reston, VA: National Art Education Association, 246 pp., ISBN: 9781890160524, p/bk, US$46.00
Altered viewscapes: Raising awareness through creative practice in the urban cultural heritage of Istanbul
Authors: Alaca Ilgm Veryeri , Thys-Şenocak Lucienne 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Once the capital of the Byzantines and the Ottomans, and now the commercial and cultural hub of Turkey, Istanbul is a city that struggles with the legacy of its past and the demands of the present. The Altered Viewscapes of Istanbul, an art project carried out by university undergraduates, was developed to cultivate awareness of the urban cultural heritage of Istanbul. The project enabled students to evaluate their relationships to selected cultural heritage sites of the city and asked them to consider how this heritage could foster creative forms of civic participation. The students were asked to reflect on the aesthetic experience of viewing the historic peninsula of Istanbul and particularly, Eminönü, one of the city’s oldest districts. Students drew connections between the creative process and active spectatorship of the viewscape while considering how social, political and economic factors shape public space and the urban environment.
Bir zamanlar Bizans ve Osmanlilar’in başkenti, günümüzde ise Türkiye’nin ticaret ve kültür merkezi olan İstanbul, geçmişin mirasi ile günümüzün talepleri arasina sikişmiştir. İstanbul’un Değiştirilen Şehir Manzarasi, Şehrin kentsel kültürel mirasi üzerine farkindalik yaratmak adina geliştirilmiş, üniversite öğrencileri tarafindan gerçekleştirilmiş bir sanat projesidir. Proje vesilesi ile öğrenciler, Şehrin seçilmiş kültürel miras mekanlari ile olan ilişkilerini değerlendirmiş, sanatsal bir sivil katilim ile bu mirasin nasil korunabileceği irdelenmiştir. Öğrencilerden özellikle İstanbul’un tarihi yarimadasini ve Eminönü’nü, ki Şehrin en eski bölgesidir, izlemenin estetik deneyimi üzerine paylaşimda bulunmalari istenmiştir. Öğrenciler, kamusal mekanin ve kentsel çevrenin Şekillendirilmesinde, yaratici uygulamalar, manzaranin etkin biçimde gözlemlenmesi ve sivil farkindalik ile sosyal, politik ve ekonomik boyutlar arasinda bağlantilar kurmuşlardir.
Is retreat a metaphor?
Authors: Malabou Catherine 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Lecture presented during the 2012 Banff Research in Culture research residency. Malabou takes head on the significance of the concept of 'retreat' and the theoretical operations it performs, by probing what retreat and withdrawal tell us about our ontological and epistemological condition. As she interrogates the metaphysics of retreat, we are reminded repeatedly of the significant of the physical and neurobiological in the philosophical, an area of research in which the author has played a critical framing role.
Foetus-art-terrorism: Deciphering genre, intertextuality and noise in J. G. Thirlwell’s early musical corpus (1981–1988)
Authors: Kassaveti Ursula-Helen 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Postmodernism as a state of mind, as a state of art: the fall of the grand universal narratives, the conflation of high/academic and low/popular forms of art. The cultural sphere’s commodification explicitly changed the way in which we see, feel, listen or even speak after World War II. Postmodernism, which can be conceived either as a condition or a new theoretical paradigm, lacks all sense of historical continuity and memory. Initially, postmodernism challenges what is actually perceived as Modernism, signifying a process of conflicts between old and new cultural and economic ‘modes’, or the artistic neologisms of the 1950s and the 1960s, which adopted a critical attitude towards the commodities while trying to overcome them. Thus, facing the postmodern reality could be a constantly demanding interplay between the author and the reader, the composer and the listener, and finally, the nature of the production of the artistic texts and the work of art in the realm of late capitalism. Postmodernism appeared in many manifestations in art; particularly in music, it can be located in the rise of composers such as John Cage after World War II. This work underscores not only a reaction to Modernism in music, but also stands as a sign of liberation and progress against established musical forms. This tendency can be traced in the divergence of popular music and styles in the 1960s and the 1970s, as expected by the ‘effacement of some key boundaries or separations’, which instantly dissolves the former distinctions between mass culture and highly academic modes of expression. Notably, the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s marked a very interesting transgressive period: a stage for a constant battle between popular forms of artistic expression and their respective mature academic competitors. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyse in brief Australian composer J. G. Thirlwell’s early musical experiments from 1981 to 1988 within the context of postmodernism in popular music, his diversity in genres, sounds and techniques, and to present his contribution within the realm of experimental music. Furthermore, the article addresses aspects of musical innovation, examining originality in an era associated with experiments in the sonic field and intertextuality as a creative process.