bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Episodic predation of mammals by stream fishes in a boreal river basin
Authors: Lisi Peter J. , Bentley Kale T. , Armstrong Jonathan B. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractStream‐dwelling fish typically feed on small prey items, such as benthic invertebrates, but maintain the capacity to opportunistically feed on rare, large‐bodied prey when available. However, consumption of particularly large prey is typically viewed as isolated events that are not organised spatially or temporally across watersheds. We assessed the occurrence of small mammals in the stomach contents of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) andArctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) over 13 years in theWoodRiver basin,Alaska (59°34′N, 158°48′W). Shrews (Sorexspp.) were the dominant mammals observed episodically every 2–3 years in the stomach contents of fish. Notably, shrew consumption was correlated in bothArctic grayling and rainbow trout within individual streams, and across the river basin in several subwatersheds. Predators of shrews were usually the largest individuals within each population, suggesting that smaller fish are gape‐limited and that dominant fish monopolised mammal prey. On average, 24% (11–38%) ofArctic grayling >298 mm (fork length) and rainbow trout >290 mm contained mammal prey during peak years. Small mammal populations often cycle every 2–5 years with well‐known functional and numerical effects for terrestrial predators, a dynamic that may be reflected in our 13 years data set of diet contents for aquatic predators. Although numerically infrequent when averaged over time, small mammal subsidies to streams may be episodically important to the energy budgets of long‐lived consumers in freshwater environments.
Heidegger, Sociality, and Human Agency
Authors: Rousse B. Scot 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAccording to Heidegger's Being and Time, social relations are constitutive of the core features of human agency. On this view, which I call a ‘strong conception’ of sociality, the core features of human agency cannot obtain in an individual subject independently of social relations to others. I explain the strong conception of sociality captured by Heidegger's underdeveloped notion of ‘being‐with’ by reconstructing Heidegger's critique of the ‘weak conception’ of sociality characteristic of Kant's theory of agency. According to a weak conception, sociality is a mere aggregation of individual subjects and the core features of human agency are built into each individual mind. The weak conception of sociality remains today widely taken for granted. I show that Christine Korsgaard, one of the most creative contemporary appropriators of Kant, operates with a weak conception of sociality and that this produces a problematic explanatory deficiency in her view: she is unable to explain the peculiar motivational efficacy of shared social norms. Heidegger's view is tailor made to explain this phenomenon. I end by sketching how Heidegger provides a social explanation of a major systematic concern animating Korsgaard, the concern with the importance of individual autonomy and answerability in human life.
Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses
Authors: Pfau T. , Spicer‐Jenkins C. , Smith R. K. , Bolt D. M. , Fiske‐Jackson A. , Witte T. H. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studySubjective evaluation of the response to diagnostic analgesia of hindlimb lameness is influenced by expectation bias. Quantification of pelvic movement with inertial measurement units is possible, but it is unclear which measure of movement symmetry best reflects the changes seen after diagnostic analgesia.ObjectivesTo test our hypothesis that objective measures closely relating to those used for subjective visual lameness scoring (quantifying the difference between sacral upward or downward movement or between movement amplitudes of the left and righttubera coxae) would show the largest and most consistent response.Study designRetrospective analysis of subjective and objective clinical lameness data.MethodsThirteen horses with hindlimb lameness underwent visual lameness scoring and independent gait assessment with inertial measurement units. Established objective measures were calculated and changes before/after diagnostic analgesia regressed against the change in lameness grade. Slopes of regression lines were calculated and confidence intervals assessed.ResultsAll objective parameters showed variation between horses and across lameness grades. The following 3 measures documented a consistent increase in symmetry for each grade of change in lameness score: difference between sacral displacement minima; upward movement difference; and range of motion difference between thetubera coxae.ConclusionsSeveral pelvic parameters are suitable for objective quantification of changes after diagnostic analgesia in hindlimb‐lame horses. A change of 9–13% per lameness grade can be expected. Upward movement of thetubera coxaeis the most sensitive objective measure for quantifying a response to diagnostic analgesia. However, when assessed visually, this measure requires simultaneous focusing on pelvic and limb movements. Other parameters that show a similar response might be more easily perceived, requiring only assessment oftubera coxaerange of motion or downward displacement of the sacrum without simultaneous focus on limb movement.
Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with standing cervical radiographs for evaluation of vertebral canal stenosis in equine cervical stenotic myelopathy
Authors: Janes J. G. , Garrett K. S. , McQuerry K. J. , Pease A. P. , Williams N. M. , Reed S. M. , MacLeod J. N. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe sensitivity and specificity of lateral cervical radiographs to evaluate horses suspected of cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) are limited by the assessment being restricted to the sagittal plane.ObjectiveTo determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for a more accurate identification of stenosis than lateral cervical radiographs in horses withCSM.Study designCase control study.MethodsNineteen Thoroughbred horses withCSM(17 males, 2 females, age 6–50 months) were compared to 9 control Thoroughbreds (6 males, 3 females, age 9–67 months).Ante mortem, the subjects had neurological examinations and standing cervical radiographs with sagittal ratios calculated fromC3 toC7. Intact cervical columnMRIscans and histological examinations of the spinal cord were performedpost mortem. Morphometric parameters were measured on the vertebral canal, spinal cord and intervertebral foramen.ResultsRadiographic cervical canal height measurements categorised by standard minimal sagittal diameter intravertebral and intervertebral ratios produced several false positive and false negative determinations of canal stenosis as defined by spinal cord histopathology.Post mortem MRImeasurements of canal area and cord canal area ratio more accurately predicted sites of cord compression inCSMcases. No differences in spinal cord measurements were observed when comparingCSMto control horses, but each of the vertebral canal parameters achieved significance at multiple sites.ConclusionsVertebral canal area and cord canal area ratio are better parameters to predict the location of cervical canal stenosis compared to only the sagittal plane of canal height. Additional visual planes and measurements obtained byMRI, specifically vertebral canal area and the cord canal area ratio, will provide a more accurate method to identify regions of canal stenosis than lateral cervical radiographs. The development ofMRIor computed tomography equipment capable of evaluating the cervical column of mature horses may substantially enhance evaluation ofCSMpatients.The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
The effect of triple glutamic mutations E9Q/E194Q/E204Q on the structural stability of bacteriorhodopsin
Authors: Lazarova Tzvetana , Mlynarczyk Krzysztof , Filipek Slawomir , Kolinski Michal , Wassenaar Tsjerk A. , Querol Enric , Renugopalakrishnan Venkatesan , Viswanathan Sowmya , Padrós Esteve 
Published: December 2013

In the present study, we report on the structural features of the bacteriorhodopsin triple mutant E9Q/E194Q/E204Q (3Glu) of bacteriorhodopsin by combining experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches. In 3Glu mutant, Glu9, Glu194 and Glu204 residues located at the extracellular side of the protein were mutated altogether to glutamines. UV‐visible and differential scanning calorimetry experiments served as diagnostic tools for monitoring the resistance against thermal stress of the active site and the tertiary structures of the 3Glu. The analyses of the UV‐visible thermal difference spectra demonstrate that the spectral forms at room temperature and the thermal unfolding path differ in the wild‐type bacteriorhodopsin and the 3Glu. Even with these spectral differences, the thermal unfolding of the active site occurs at rather similar melting temperatures in both proteins. A noteworthy consequence of the mutations is the altered two‐dimensional packing revealed by the lack of the pre‐transition peak in differential scanning calorimetry traces of 3Glu mutant, as previously detected in wild‐type and the corresponding single mutants. The infrared spectroscopy data agree with the loss of paracrystalinity, illustrating a substantial conversion of αII to αI helical conformation in the 3Glu mutant. Molecular dynamics simulations show higher dynamics flexibility of most of the extracellular regions of 3Glu, which may account for the somewhat lower tertiary structural stability of the mutated protein. Finally, hydrogen bond analysis reveals that the mutated Glu194 and Glu204 residues create ~ 50% less hydrogen bonds with water molecules compared to wild‐type bacteriorhodopsin. These results exemplify the role of the water hydrogen‐bonding network for structural integrity and conformational flexibility of bacteriorhodopsin.
Invasion trajectory of alien trees: the role of introduction pathway and planting history
Authors: Donaldson Jason E. , Hui Cang , Richardson David M. , Robertson Mark P. , Webber Bruce L. , Wilson John R.U. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGlobal change is driving a massive rearrangement of the world's biota. Trajectories of distributional shifts are shaped by species traits, the recipient environment and driving forces with many of the driving forces directly due to human activities. The relative importance of each in determining the distributions of introduced species is poorly understood. We consider 11 Australian Acacia species introduced to South Africa for different reasons (commercial forestry, dune stabilization and ornamentation) to determine how features of the introduction pathway have shaped their invasion history. Projections from species distribution models (SDMs) were developed to assess how the reason for introduction influences the similarity between climatic envelopes in native and alien ranges. A lattice model for an idealized invasion was developed to assess the relative contribution of intrinsic traits and introduction dynamics on the abundance and extent over the course of simulated invasions. SDMs show that alien populations of ornamental species in South Africa occupy substantially different climate space from their native ranges, whereas species introduced for forestry occupy a similar climate space in native and introduced ranges. This may partly explain the slow spread rates observed for some alien ornamental plants. Such mismatches are likely to become less pronounced with the current drive towards ‘eco gardens’ resulting in more introductions of ornamental species with a close climate match between native and newly introduced regions. The results from the lattice model showed that the conditions associated with the introduction pathway (especially introduction pressure) dominate early invasion dynamics. The placement of introduction foci in urban areas limited the extent and abundance of invasive populations. Features of introduction events appear to initially mask the influence of intrinsic species traits on invasions and help to explain the relative success of species introduced for different purposes. Introduction dynamics therefore can have long‐lasting influences on the outcomes of species redistributions, and must be explicitly considered in management plans.
Impact of Heterogeneity on Oxygen Transfer in a Fluctuating Capillary Fringe
Authors: Haberer Christina M. , Rolle Massimo , Cirpka Olaf A. , Grathwohl Peter 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe performed quasi‐two‐dimensional flow through laboratory experiments to study the effect of a coarse‐material inclusion, located in the proximity of the water table, on flow and oxygen transfer in the capillary fringe. The experiments investigate different phases of mass transfer from the unsaturated zone to anoxic groundwater under both steady‐state and transient flow conditions, the latter obtained by fluctuating the water table. Monitoring of flow and transport in the different experimental phases was performed by visual inspection of the complex flow field using a dye tracer solution, measurement of oxygen profiles across the capillary fringe, and determination of oxygen fluxes in the effluent of the flow‐through chamber. Our results show significant effects of the coarse‐material inclusion on oxygen transfer during the different phases of the experiments. At steady state, the oxygen flux across the unsaturated/saturated interface was considerably enhanced due to flow focusing in the fully water‐saturated coarse‐material inclusion. During drainage, a zone of higher water saturation formed in the fine material overlying the coarse lens. The entrapped oxygen‐rich aqueous phase contributed to the total amount of oxygen supplied to the system when the water table was raised back to its initial level. In case of imbibition, pronounced air entrapment occurred in the coarse lens, causing oxygen to partition between the aqueous and gaseous phases. The oxygen mass supplied to the anoxic groundwater following the imbibition event was found to be remarkably higher (approximately seven times) in the heterogeneous system compared with a similar experiment performed in a homogeneous porous medium.
Characterization of Focused Seepage Through an Earthfill Dam Using Geoelectrical Methods
Authors: Ikard S. J. , Revil A. , Schmutz M. , Karaoulis M. , Jardani A. , Mooney M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractResistivity and self‐potential tomography can be used to investigate anomalous seepage inside heterogeneous earthen dams. The self‐potential (SP) signals provide a unique signature to groundwater flow because the source current density responsible for the SP signals is proportional to the Darcy velocity. The distribution of the SP signals is also influenced by the distribution of the resistivity; therefore, resistivity and SP need to be used in concert to elucidate groundwater flow pathways. In this study, a survey is conducted at a small earthen dam in Colorado where anomalous seepage is observed on the downstream face at the dam toe. The data reveal SP and direct current resistivity anomalies that are used to delineate three anomalous seepage zones within the dam and to estimate the source of the localized seepage discharge. The SP data are inverted in two dimensions using the resistivity distribution to determine the distribution of the Darcy velocity responsible for the observed seepage. The inverted Darcy velocity agrees with an estimation of the Darcy velocity from the hydraulic conductivity obtained from a slug test and the observed head gradient.
Changes in factor XIII level during pregnancy
Authors: Sharief L. T. , Lawrie A. S. , Mackie I. J. , Smith C. , Peyvandi F. , Kadir R. A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryPregnancy is associated with significant haemostatic changes, with a progressive rise in most clotting factors. There is limited data on the changes of factor XIII (FXIII) level during pregnancy. This study assesses changes in FXIII activity during normal pregnancy and establish FXIII reference range during each trimester of pregnancy and immediate postnatal period. This is a cross sectional study of 376 women with normal uneventful pregnancies. Plasma FXIII activity was measured during first (weeks 0–12, n = 116), second (weeks13–28, n = 132), third trimester (weeks 29–42, n = 128) and postnatal (day 0–3; n = 30). Samples were also collected from non‐pregnant women (n = 25) as a control group. FXIII was assayed on CS‐5100 analyser using chromogenic reagent. The mean ± SD FXIII activity was 112 ± 29 IU dL−1 during first trimester, 96 ± 26 IU dL−1 during second trimester, 83 ± 21 IU dL−1 during third trimester, 90 ± 19 IU dL−1 during postnatal period, and 113 ± 26 IU dL−1 in the control. The reference range was calculated during the first (55–169 IU dL−1), second (45–147 IU dL−1), third trimester (42–125 IU dL−1) and postnatal period (61–137 IU dL−1). There was a significant reduction in the mean FXIII activity during the second and third trimester compared to the first trimester and control group (P < 0.0001). During the immediate postnatal period, the mean FXIII activity was not statistically different compared to the third and second trimester levels but was significantly lower compared to the first trimester (P < 0.0001) level and the control group (P = 0.0002). This study establishes the reference range for FXIII activity during the three trimesters of normal pregnancy and immediate postnatal period. Women have a significantly decreased level of FXIII activity during a normal uneventful pregnancy.
Pulsed electric field treatment prior to freezing carrot discs significantly maintains their initial quality parameters after thawing
Authors: Shayanfar Shima , Chauhan OP , Toepfl Stefan , Heinz Volker 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe interaction of pulsed electric fields (PEF) with different cryoprotectant and texturizing agents in quality retention of carrot discs was analysed. Increasing the permeability properties by PEF may lead to better accessibility of intracellular materials to freezing and thus reducing the freezing time, leading to better maintaining the texture after thawing. Carrot discs of 5 mm thickness were immersed in different solutions of CaCl2, glycerol, trehalose and tap water, and subsequently were treated with PEF (1 kV/cm, 100 pulses, 4 Hz). Then, the samples were drained and packed along with a control group in separate prepared polypropylene pouches. All the samples were frozen at −18 °C for 24 h and thawed during 3 h at ambient temperature (20 °C) the following day. The quality of the thawed carrot discs was certified by measuring weight loss, firmness, microscopic studies and CIE colorimetric attributes. All the PEF‐treated samples, no matter what solution they were soaked in, could significantly (P < 0.05) maintain the firmness as well as colour attributes. However, it was deducted that application of CaCl2 in conjunction with PEF can result in a firmer texture. Firmness analyses determined that application of PEF alone results in 5.84 N, while its combination with CaCl2 leads to higher value of 6.63 N. Firmness in control samples was found to be 3.46 N. The SEM studies supported the results of firmness analysis and depicted more integrity in the cell walls of the samples treated with CaCl2 and glycerol. The weight loss values varied among different samples, and the highest amount and lowest amount were reported in CaCl2 and solely PEF‐treated samples, respectively. There was no significant difference between the colour attributes measured in different groups including control sample (P > 0.05).
Simultaneous separation and preconcentration of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions by coprecipitation without any carrier element in some food and water samples
Authors: Duran Celal , Tumay Sureyya O. , Ozdes Duygu , Serencam Huseyin , Bektas Hakan 
Published: December 2013

SummaryA simple and highly sensitive separation and preconcentration procedure, which has minimal impact on the environment, has been developed. The procedure is based on the carrier element‐free coprecipitation of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions by using 2‐{4‐[2‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)ethyl]‐3‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl}‐N′‐(pyrrol‐2‐ylmethyliden)acetohydrazide (ICOTPA), as an organic coprecipitant. The levels of analyte ions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limits for Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were found to be 0.27 and 0.58 μg L−1, respectively, and the relative standard deviations for the analyte ions were lower than 4.0%. Spike tests and certified reference material analyses were performed to validate the method. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions levels in sea and stream water as liquid samples and red lentil and rice as solid samples.
A High‐Temperature Neutron Diffraction and First‐Principles Study of Ti3AlC2 and Ti3(Al0.8Sn0.2)C2
Authors: Lane Nina J. , Vogel Sven C. , Caspi El'ad N. , Dubois Sylvain , Gauthier‐Brunet Véronique , Bei Guo Ping , Barsoum Michel W. 
Published: December 2013

Herein, we report on the temperature‐dependent crystal structures of
Ti

3

AlC

2 and
Ti

3

Al

0.8

Sn

0.2

C

2 in the 373–1273 K temperature range, as determined by Rietveld analysis of high‐temperature neutron diffraction time‐of‐flight data. The compositions are 86(1) wt%
Ti

3

AlC

2 and 14(1) wt%
TiC

0.92(2) for the sample with no
Sn
, and 95(1) wt%
Ti

3(
Al

0.8

Sn

0.2)
C

2 and 5(1) wt%
Ti

2

AlC
for the solid solution with
Sn
. The average linear volumetric thermal expansion is 8.0(2) × 10−6 K
−1 for
Ti

3

AlC

2 and 8.2(5) × 10−6 K−1 for
Ti

3(
Al

0.8

Sn

0.2)
C

2. The average linear thermal expansion in the a and c directions, respectively, are 7.6(2) × 10−6 K−1 and 8.9(2) × 10−6 K−1 for
Ti

3

AlC

2. For
Ti

3(
Al

0.8

Sn

0.2)
C

2, the respective values are 8.0(5) × 10−6 K−1 and 8.6(6) × 10−6 K−1. In the case of the solid solution, the quadratic thermal expansion coefficients are also given. Detailed bond lengths analysis shows that the thermal expansions along the a and c directions are controlled by the thermal expansions of the
Ti
–
C
, and
Ti
–
Al
bond lengths, respectively. The atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) show that the
Al
and
Sn
atoms vibrate with a higher amplitude than the Ti and C atoms. Consistent with first‐principles calculations, the ADPs of the Al/Sn site(s) in
Ti

3(
Al

0.8

Sn

0.2)
C2

are lower than the ADPs of Al in
Ti

3

AlC

2.
Polarization‐Induced Photoluminescence Quenching in (Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3)–(BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3):Pr Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Qiwei , Sun Haiqin , Zhang Yin 
Published: December 2013

Pr3+‐doped (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)TiO3 ceramics were prepared by a solid‐state reaction method. The effects of doping concentration, sintering temperature, and ferroelectric remanent polarization on photoluminescence (PL) properties of samples were systematically investigated. The PL spectra of samples exhibit strong green and red emissions with a broad blue excitation band ranging from 430 to 500 nm, in a good agreement with all commercial blue LEDs emission wavelength. Except for the concentration and temperature PL quenching, the polarization‐induced PL quenching was obviously observed, and the degree of PL quenching changes with Pr3+ concentrations, the origin of the change is well interpreted by field‐induced structural phase transitions between rhombohedral (R3m) and tetragonal (P4mm) for BCZT: xPr ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary.