bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outbreak column 18: The undervalued work of outbreak: prevention, preparedness, detection and management
Authors: Curran Evonne T , Dalziel Catherine E 
Published: August 2015

There are oft-quoted studies which advise that between 1% and 10% of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) present as healthcare-associated outbreaks (HAOs). Examination of these studies showed they lacked validity due to a low sensitivity to detect HAO, and because they pre-date both advanced healthcare systems and the emergence of recent nosocomial pathogen challenges. The accepted inference: that as there are so few HAOs the focus of surveillance programmes should be on endemic and not epidemic infections (outbreaks), is therefore called into question. Current estimates of HAI burden are derived from Point Prevalence Surveys (PPS) which are neither designed to nor are capable of detecting HAOs. We considered the extensive Infection Prevention and Control Team (IPCT) work to prevent and prepare for perennial and novel HAOs and suggest that at present this endeavour is largely unseen, underestimated and undervalued. Any HAI burden estimate needs to comprise a more complete HAI summary than PPS data. This can only be done with a more inclusive surveillance system that has a wider focus than just prevalent infections. There is a real risk of redirection of the IPCT resource from outbreak prevention and preparedness work towards HAI that are counted: such a change could only further increase HAO risks.
DC-SIGN–expressing macrophages trigger activation of mannosylated IgM B-cell receptor in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Amin Rada , Mourcin Frédéric , Uhel Fabrice , Pangault Céline , Ruminy Philippe , Dupré Loic , Guirriec Marion , Marchand Tony , Fest Thierry , Lamy Thierry , Tarte Karin 
Published: August 2015

Key Points
IgM+ FL B cells display a stronger BCR response than their GC B-cell counterpart despite significant BCR-related phosphatase activity. M2 macrophages trigger DC-SIGN–dependent cell adhesion and BCR activation in IgM+ FL B cells with a highly mannosylated BCR.
Short-Term Anesthesia Inhibits Formalin-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Activation in the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex but Not in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Tochiki Keri K , Maiarù Maria , Miller James R C , Hunt Stephen P , Géranton Sandrine M 
Published: August 2015

Background The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) has been implicated in the negative affective response to injury, and importantly, it has been shown that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in the rACC contributes to the full expression of the affective component of pain in rodents. In this study, we investigated whether administration of anesthesia at the time of injury could reduce phosphorylated-ERK (PERK) expression in the rACC, which might eliminate the negative affective component of noxious stimulation. Intraplantar hindpaw formalin stimulation, an aversive event in the awake animal, was given with or without general isoflurane anesthesia, and PERK expression was subsequently quantified in the rACC using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, as numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of spinal ERK signaling in the regulation of nociceptive behaviour, we also examined PERK in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Findings Formalin injection with and without short-term (<10 min) general isoflurane anesthesia induced the same level of PERK expression in spinal cord laminae I–II. However, PERK expression was significantly inhibited across all laminae of the rACC in animals anesthetized during formalin injection. The effect of anesthesia was such that levels of PERK were the same in formalin and sham treated anesthesized animals. Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate that isoflurane anesthesia can inhibit formalin-induced PERK in the rACC and therefore might eliminate the unpleasantness of restraint associated with awake hindpaw injection.
Early severe impairment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow caused by CLP sepsis and endotoxemia in a humanized mice model
Authors: Skirecki Tomasz , Kawiak Jerzy , Machaj Eugeniusz , Pojda Zygmunt , Wasilewska Danuta , Czubak Jarosław , Hoser Grażyna 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Introduction
An effective immune response to severe bacterial infections requires a robust production of the innate immunity cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a process called emergency myelopoiesis. In sepsis, an altered immune response that leads to a failure of bacterial clearance is often observed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of sepsis on human HSPCs in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment of humanized mice subjected to acute endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis.

Methods
Humanized mice (hu-NSG) were generated by transplanting NOD.Cg-Prkdc/scidIL2rγ (NSG) mice with the human cord blood CD34+ cells. Eight weeks after the transplantation, hu-NSG mice were subjected to sepsis induced by endotoxemia—Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—or by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty-four hours later, HSPCs from BM were analyzed by flow cytometry and colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. CLP after inhibition of Notch signaling was also performed. The effects of LPS on the in vitro proliferation of CD34+ cells from human BM were tested by CellTrace Violet dye staining.

Results
The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 receptor was present among engrafted human HSPCs. Both CLP and endotoxemia decreased (by 43 % and 37 %) cellularity of the BM. In addition, in both models, accumulation of early CD34+ CD38− HSCs was observed, but the number of CD34+ CD38+ progenitors decreased. After CLP, there was a 1.5-fold increase of proliferating CD34+ CD38−Ki-67+ cells. Moreover, CFU assay revealed a depressed (by 75 % after LPS and by 50 % after CLP) production of human hematopoietic colonies from the BM of septic mice. In contrast, in vitro LPS stimulated differentiation of CD34+ CD38− HSCs but did not induce proliferation of these cells in contrast to the CD34+ CD38+ progenitors. CLP sepsis modulated the BM microenvironment by upregulation of Jagged-1 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, and the proliferation of HSCs was Notch-dependent.

Conclusions
CLP sepsis and endotoxemia induced a similar expansion and proliferation of early HSCs in the BM, while committed progenitors decreased. It is suggestive that the Notch pathway contributed to this effect. Targeting early hematopoiesis may be considered as a viable alternative in the existing arsenal of supportive therapies in sepsis.
A semi-supervised learning algorithm for relevance feedback and collaborative image retrieval
Authors: Guimarães Pedronette Daniel Carlos , Calumby Rodrigo T. , S. Torres Ricardo da 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The interaction of users with search services has been recognized as an important mechanism for expressing and handling user information needs. One traditional approach for supporting such interactive search relies on exploiting relevance feedbacks (RF) in the searching process. For large-scale multimedia collections, however, the user efforts required in RF search sessions is considerable. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a novel semi-supervised approach for implementing RF-based search services. In our approach, supervised learning is performed taking advantage of relevance labels provided by users. Later, an unsupervised learning step is performed with the objective of extracting useful information from the intrinsic dataset structure. Furthermore, our hybrid learning approach considers feedbacks of different users, in collaborative image retrieval (CIR) scenarios. In these scenarios, the relationships among the feedbacks provided by different users are exploited, further reducing the collective efforts. Conducted experiments involving shape, color, and texture datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Similar results are also observed in experiments considering multimodal image retrieval tasks.
Semi‐automated biobank sample processing with a 384 high density sample tube robot used in cancer and cardiovascular studies
Authors: Malm Johan , Lindberg Henrik , Erlinge David , Appelqvist Roger , Yakovleva Maria , Welinder Charlotte , Steinfelder Erik , Fehniger Thomas E , Marko‐Varga György 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn the postgenomic era, it has become evident that analysis of genetic and protein expression changes alone is not sufficient to understand most disease processes in e.g. cardiovascular and cancer disease. Biobanking has been identified as an important area for development and discovery of better diagnostic tools and new treatment modalities. Biobanks are developed in order to integrate the collection of clinical samples from both healthy individuals and patients and provide valuable information that will make possible improved patient care. Modern healthcare developments are intimately linked to information based on studies of patient samples from biobank archives in large scale studies. Today biobanks form important national, as well as international, networks that share and combine global resources.MethodsWe have developed and validated a novel biobanking workflow process that utilizes 384‐tube systems with a high speed sample array robot with unique processing principles.ResultsThe 384‐tube format and robotic processing is incorporated into a cancer and cardiovascular diagnostic/prognostic research program with therapeutic interventions. Our biobank practice has gained acceptance within many hospitals and research units and is based on high‐density sample storage with small aliquot sample volumes. The previous standard of 5–10 mL sample volume tubes is being replaced by smaller volumes of 50–70 μL blood fractions that typically result in hundreds of thousands of aliquot fractions in 384‐tube systems.ConclusionsOur novel biobanking workflow process is robust and well suited for clinical studies.
High-Quality draft genome sequence of the Lotus spp. microsymbiont Mesorhizobium loti strain CJ3Sym
Authors: Reeve Wayne , Sullivan John , Ronson Clive , Tian Rui , Munk Christine , Han Cliff , Reddy T.B.K. , Seshadri Rekha , Woyke Tanja , Pati Amrita , Markowitz Victor , Ivanova Natalia , Kyrpides Nikos 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMesorhizobium loti strain CJ3Sym was isolated in 1998 following transfer of the integrative and conjugative element ICEMlSymR7A, also known as the R7A symbiosis island, in a laboratory mating from the donor M. loti strain R7A to a nonsymbiotic recipient Mesorhizobium strain CJ3. Strain CJ3 was originally isolated from a field site in the Rocklands range in New Zealand in 1994. CJ3Sym is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod. This report reveals the genome of M. loti strain CJ3Sym currently comprises 70 scaffolds totaling 7,563,725 bp. The high-quality draft genome is arranged in 70 scaffolds of 71 contigs, contains 7,331 protein-coding genes and 70 RNA-only encoding genes, and is part of the GEBA-RNB project proposal.
Ship Hull Diagnostics with the Use of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Третьяков  , Tretyakov Evgeniy , Бритвин  , Britvin Vladimir , Вельтищев  , Veltischev Vadim , Григорьев  , Grigoriev Mikhail , Алёшин  , Aleshin Nikolay , Кульга  , Kulga Aleksandr 
Published: August 2015

Introduction. Nowadays ship hull diagnostics is carried out in dry-dock or using divers in the road. The both technologies are time consuming, labour and material resource demanding.
Specialists from Bauman Moscow State Technical University have developed a diagnostics system that allows the ship hull underwater part inspection to be performed without calling at dry-dock and without divers.
The system includes the following main elements: remotely operated vehicle that contains diagnostics tools; hydro acoustic navigation system; software; and diagnostics technology.
Method. The technology is based on an acoustic method of non-destructive testing (NDT). SH-waves with elastic vibrations excitation by non-contact method are used without necessity of thorough surface preparation before testing. SH-waves are also used for flaw detection within damaged areas (areas of different thicknesses). As the research has shown, the mirror-shadow technique with bottom signal attenuation as a criterion for corrosion crack detection is most effective. The minimum detectable deep of the corrosion cracks is 1.5–2 mm. The proposed diagnostics technology uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT) with a 5 MHz frequency.
Results. The diagnostics system was successfully tested in the pool. The test results confirmed the system’s ability to perform automatic metal diagnostics with wall thickness measurements and defect detection within areas of corrosion.
Discussions. Nowadays the system is under the process of Russian Maritime Register of Shipping approval. It is planned to develop a system with arc welding tools for underwater objects repair. Prospects of diagnostics system usage for the various underwater steel structures including ones located on the Russian Federation Arctic shelf are under consideration.
Effective Method of Correction of Acoustic Losses in a Contact Layer at Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
Authors: Щербинский  , Shcherbinskii Viktor 
Published: August 2015

At ultrasonic flaw detection it is necessary to take into account an acoustic loss in a contact layer, especially for products with a statistically rough surface (roughness, waviness). Using samples with the surface identical to the product’s one is the most desirable variant, it is regulated in many techniques, but in practice in vast majority of cases this is not so. Measurements with profilographs or profilometers are taken on a very small area (less than the piezoelectric transducer size) and cannot give an estimation of a real contact layer condition under the whole transducer area. For integral roughness estimation in “CNIITMASH” the capacitance-type sensor DShV has been developed. The sensor is compatible with flaw detectors of any type; it forms a service signal with amplitude that is inversely proportional to a roughness height.
Within a frequency rate of 1.8–5 MHz and an incident angle rate of 35–70° the correlation between sensor readings and acoustic losses in a contact layer has been ascertained; a general dependence for them has been obtained, a heuristic equation has been derived and nomograms for piezoelectric transducers of different manufacturers on the sample basis of 123 measurements have been plotted.
As a result the new technique of ultrasonic flaw detection has been developed that includes: estimation of tested object real surface roughness with the DShV sensor, flaw detector sensitivity adjustment using a sample with a smooth surface, a gain factor correction by the value taken from a nomogram or calculated on the formula basis. Equivalent defect area should also be measured according to the algorithm described. This technique on principle increases repeatability and reliability of flaw detection results.
High-Energy Computed Tomography for Additive Manufacturing of Critical Metal Products
Authors: Цыганов  , Tsyganov Sergey , Вайнберг  , Vainberg Eduard , Вайнберг  , Vainberg Irina , Сидорин  , Sidorin Vadim 
Published: August 2015

The current state of digital additive technologies and areas of their application is analyzed in the paper.
The main sources and sizes of geometry errors as well as porosity of additive metal products are estimated. It is shown that post-processing of matching surfaces is necessary at assembling critical mechanical units containing additive parts.
Non-destructive testing of critical additive metal articles with complex internal structure does not conform to capabilities of traditional NDT methods; new NDT problems of additive parts are formulated.
A unique role of high-energy computed tomography is substantiated and experimentally confirmed; CT can become an important factor in further development of additive technologies by providing a feedback between a technology, an internal structure and performance abilities of the products.
Ultrasonic Testing of Railway Transport Units with Phased Array Flaw Detectors
Authors: Макарова  , Makarova Taisiya , Мелешко  , Meleshko Nataliya , Жаринов  , Zharinov Sergey 
Published: August 2015

The article describes possibilities of phased array flaw detectors application for testing of railway transport units, such as wheel set axles, all-rolled wheels, solebars of freight cars. The task was to reproduce the standard testing procedures using phased array flaw detectors and demonstrate their advantages in visibility, efficiency, repeatability, results validity. Unfortunately, one of the main advantages of phased array flaw detectors, namely – a possibility to control the focusing depth – are lost while testing of large scale objects.
Sector scanning technique with the phased array flaw detectors OmniScan and Isonic 2010 in the minimum configuration was used for the research. In the all cases acoustical images of the following reflectors were obtained within the range of selected angles: saw-cuts in axles, spot-drillings and saw-cuts in wheels, side drilled holes and natural defects in solebars.
The Multi Group software (Isonic 2000) at testing of wheel set axles has enabled the testing schemes to be realized with one prism and one phased array instead of several classical piezoelectric transducers.
Circumferential testing of all-rolled wheels from internal lateral surface under the roll surface level has allowed transverse cracks and flange embedded defects to be detected.
Solebar testing has been more complicated because of a form and irregularity of scanning surface, necessity of its cleaning and a complex profile of back surface. Nevertheless the usage of phased array flaw detectors has made it possible to identify the back surface profile.
Application of phased arrays substantially increases testing efficiency and improves visibility of obtained results.
INTERVAL UNCERTAINTY OF ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS OF SUBJECT IN DECISION MAKING IN MULTI-CRITERIA PROBLEMS
Authors: Madera Alexander 
Published: August 2015

<p>In this article, we propose a method of decision making in multi-criteria problems given an interval uncertainty of the estimates given by the subject in reference to the importance of one criterion over another and various alternatives for each criterion. The method is the development of the deterministic process of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, which uses deterministic point estimates of the importance of criteria and alternatives for each criterion for decision making in multi-criteria problems. While in the standard Analytic Hierarchy Process the values of global priorities corresponding to different alternatives are deterministic and unambiguous, in the interval process developed in this article the global priorities and alternatives are interval and uncertain. If in the standard deterministic Analytic Hierarchy Process the best alternative is selected by the maximum value of the global priority, then, to select the best interval alternative, here we introduce a criterion corresponding to the maximum values of the lower and upper boundaries of the intervals of global priorities of the alternatives. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated by a specific example. </p>
The cultural politics of adaptation: Fools and the politics of gender
Authors: Mngadi Sikhumbuzo 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The shifts in the priorities of literary and cultural theory and criticism were already underway in the South African academy by the end of the 1980s, with the gathering momentum of the mass political movement reaching its apotheosis with the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990. Whereas creative literary and cultural expression has often lagged behind advances in theory, there was nevertheless a steady acknowledgement of the necessity for a corresponding shift in the discursive character of the creative arts, even if the material conditions on the ground remained largely unchanged. Ramadan Suleman’s film Fools, which appeared in 1997 as an adaptation of Njabulo Ndebele’s 1983 novella by the same title, entered the fray with its argument for a new or, as it were, broader consciousness of the deeper, more complex legacy of ‘sexual violence’. This legacy included the weak ‘place of women in the everyday life of the township’ (Suleman 1995: 1), and indeed in the very idea of ‘the everyday’ that some in literary and cultural circles sought to inscribe.1 This article provides an assessment of the nature and extent of the film’s intervention in the context of the systematic breakdown of the old certainties of race, identity and nation post-apartheid, together with the literary-critical cultures and apparatuses that presided over their coherences and raptures. I take as my starting point Robert Stam and Louise Spence’s (1983: 3) assertion that ‘[a]though […] those questions bearing on the cinematic industry, its processes of production, distribution and exhibition’ – in short, questions bearing on ‘the contextual’ – are of ‘crucial importance’, they need to be tempered with those bearing on the ‘textual and intertextual’ (emphasis in the original). Fools is a film that enters the textual and contextual terrain of Ndebele’s novella, but in doing so contests its textuality by shifting its narrative ground and voice.
Violence as intentionality for survival and power in two Yoruba films
Authors: Wale Ojoniyi Olabode 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article explores how violence is motivated by different levels of apprehension in man’s consciousness to provoke him/her to certain vicious actions. It builds on the hypothetical suggestion of Nietzsche that men interpret the world through their fears and project their fears into the nature of things (cited in Schacht 1983: 199–225) when analysing violence in its existential terms/forms. This article assumes that it is normal for men to have fears and relate to others through their fears. Consequently, it interrogates the roles played by fear as an existential sub-theme in man’s consciousness in relation to violent actions as projected in two Yoruba films, Eku Meji/Two Rats (Ayinde, 2011) and Aje Nimope/I Call to Wealth (Ramon, 2012), with the possibility of seeing violence as a conscious intentional act of survival and sociocultural interaction/production. It also looks at grounds upon which characters are predisposed to violence, concluding that whoever wishes to survive at all cost may be predisposed to violence.
Art’s subtle, liberating ways: Violence, trauma and agency in Fanta Regina Nacro’s The Night of Truth (2004)
Authors: Dipio Dominica , Cherif Diop Oumar 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fanta Regina Nacro’s The Night of Truth (2004) is a graphic post-war political film that mediates the conflict between ethnicities within a nation state that has failed to appreciate its diversity as a gift. We analyse how the artists use cinematic means to challenge individuals and communities to cross the borders of sectarianism and intolerance in order to discover their shared need for freedom as a human race. We argue that although individuals and communities are often caught up in the prison of intolerance and divisionism, the ultimate desire of the human person is to be free to associate and make choices. Our central argument is that art has the power to foster agency, and to liberate individuals and communities in subtle and effective ways.