bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic suppression during protracted exposure to hypoxia in the jumbo squid,Dosidicus gigas, living in an oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Seibel Brad A. , Häfker N. Sören , Trübenbach Katja , Zhang J. , Tessier S. N. , Pörtner Hans-Otto , Rosa Rui , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, can survive extended forays into the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced oxygen consumption and a limited anaerobic contribution to ATP production, suggesting the capacity for substantial metabolic suppression during hypoxic exposure. Here we provide a more complete description of energy metabolism and explore the expression of proteins indicative of transcriptional and translational arrest that may contribute to metabolic suppression. We demonstrate a suppression of total ATP demand under hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen, PO2 = 0.8 kPa) in both juveniles (52%) and adults (35%) of the jumbo squid. Oxygen consumption rates are reduced to 20% under hypoxia relative to air-saturated controls. Concentrations of Arg-P and ATP declined initially, reaching a new steady state (~30% of controls) after the first hour of hypoxic exposure. Octopine began accumulating after the first hour of hypoxic exposure, once Arg-P breakdown resulted in sufficient free arginine for substrate. Octopine reached levels near 30 mmoles g-1 after 3.4 h of hypoxic exposure. Succinate did increase through hypoxia but contributed minimally to total ATP production. Glycogenolysis in mantle muscle presumably serves to maintain muscle functionality and balance energetics during hypoxia. We provide evidence that post-translational modifications on histone proteins and translation factors serve as a primary means of energy conservation and that select components of the stress response are altered in hypoxic squids. Reduced ATP consumption under hypoxia serves to maintain ATP levels, prolong fuel store use and minimize the accumulation of acidic intermediates of anaerobic ATP generating pathways during prolonged diel forays into the OMZ. Metabolic suppression likely limits active, daytime foraging at depth in the core of the OMZ, but confers an energetic advantage over competitors that must remain in warm, oxygenated surface waters. Moreover, capacity for metabolic suppression provides habitat flexibility as oxygen minimum zones expand due to climate change.
Role of oleoylethanolamide as a feeding regulator in goldfish
Authors: Tinoco Ana B. , Armirotti Andrea , Isorna Esther , Delgado María J. , Piomelli Daniele , de Pedro Nuria 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a bioactive lipid mediator, produced in the intestine and other tissues, which is involved in energy balance regulation in mammals, modulating feeding and lipid metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and possible role of OEA on feeding regulation in goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus 1758). We assessed whether goldfish peripheral tissues and brain contain OEA and their regulation by nutritional status. OEA was detected in all studied tissues (liver, intestinal bulb, proximal intestine, muscle, hypothalamus, telencephalon and brainstem). Food deprivation (48-h) reduced intestinal OEA levels and increased upon re-feeding, suggesting that this compound may be involved in the short-term regulation of food intake in goldfish, as a satiety factor. Next, the effects of acute intraperitoneal administration of OEA on feeding, swimming and plasma levels of glucose and triglycerides were analyzed. Food intake, swimming activity and circulating triglyceride levels were reduced by OEA 2 h post-injection. Finally, the possible interplay among OEA and other feeding regulators (leptin, cholecystokinin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, orexin and monoamines) was investigated. OEA actions on energy homeostasis in goldfish could be mediated, at least in part, through interactions with ghrelin and serotonergic system, since OEA treatment reduced ghrelin expression in the intestinal bulb, and increased serotonergic activity in the telencephalon. In summary, our results indicate for the first time in fish that OEA could be involved in the regulation of feeding, swimming and lipid metabolism, suggesting a high conservation of OEA actions in energy balance throughout vertebrate evolution.
The Impact of Advice on Women's and Men's Selection into Competition
Authors: Brandts Jordi , Groenert Valeska , Rott Christina 
Published: May 2014

We conduct a laboratory experiment to study how advice by a more experienced and better-informed person affects an individual's entry into a real-effort tournament and the gender gap. Our experiment is motivated by the concerns raised by approaching the gender gap through affirmative action policies. Overall, advice improves the entry decision of subjects, in that forgone earnings due to wrong entry decisions go significantly down. The improvements are mainly driven by increased entry of strong-performing women, who also become more confident, and reduced entry of weak-performing men. We find that the overall gender gap persists even though it disappears among low and strong performers. The persistence is due to an emerging gender gap among intermediate performers driven by women (men) following more the advice to stay out of (enter) the tournament in this performance group. This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Aircraft Rescheduling with Cruise Speed Control
Authors: Aktürk M. Selim , Atamtürk Alper , Gürel Sinan 
Published: May 2014

Airline operations are subject to frequent disruptions typically due to unexpected aircraft maintenance requirements and undesirable weather conditions. Recovery from a disruption often involves propagating delays in downstream flights and increasing cruise stage speed when possible in an effort to contain the delays. However, there is a critical trade-off between fuel consumption (and its adverse impact on air quality and greenhouse gas emissions) and cruise speed. Here we consider delays caused by such disruptions and propose a flight rescheduling model that includes adjusting cruise stage speed on a set of affected and unaffected flights as well as swapping aircraft optimally. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which the cruise speed is explicitly included as a decision variable into an airline recovery optimization model along with the environmental constraints and costs. The proposed model allows one to investigate the trade-off between flight delays and the cost of recovery. We show that the optimization approach leads to significant cost savings compared to the popular recovery method delay propagation. Flight time controllability, nonlinear delay, fuel burn and CO2 emission cost functions, and binary aircraft swapping decisions complicate the aircraft recovery problem significantly. In order to mitigate the computational difficulty we utilize the recent advances in conic mixed integer programming and propose a strengthened formulation so that the nonlinear mixed integer recovery optimization model can be solved efficiently. Our computational tests on realistic cases indicate that the proposed model may be used by operations controllers to manage disruptions in real time in an optimal manner instead of relying on ad-hoc heuristic approaches.
ERYTHROCYTE BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND ALTERATIONS OF THE HORMONAL STATUS AMONG THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN WITH BREAST TUMORS
Authors: Nakashidze Irina , Kotrikadze Nanuli , Diasamidze Anzor , Nagervadze Marina , Alibegashvili Manana , Ramishvili Liana , Gordeziani Manana 
Published: May 2014

The significance of ABO blood system groups antigens in development of some malignant tumors is already established. The alteration of hormonal homeostasis must also be taken into account. Hence the aim of the investigation was to study ABO and Rh blood system antigens and hormonal status among reproductive age women with benign and malignant breast tumors. Methods: The determination of hormones was made by the enzymatic analysis method (ELAIZA), provided by proper ELAIZA kits. For the study of ABO and Rh-Hr system antigens, internationally recognized immunoserology methods were used.Results: High index of the breast gland tumors were revealed in patients with A(II) phenotypic group, according to the ABO system. The frequency distribution of O(I) phenotypic group was low among women with breast tumors. Among D, C, E, c and e antigens of the Rh system, the frequency of D and E antigens were increased in benign and malignant breast tumors patients. The study of hormonal balance revealed thyroid gland hypofunction and increased level of estradiol on the background of increased testosterone and decreased progesterone levels. Such hormonal imbalance and excess production of estradiol creates conditions for malignant tumor formation in reproductive age women.Conclusion: The highest frequency of breast cancer in reproductive age was revealed in A(II) group patients. The wide spectrum of hormonal disorders were revealed in breast tumor patients of the reproductive age, which was especially clear in cases of malignant tumor.
Transmitting infection: testing disinfectants used in maternity units
Authors: Muchina Waithaka Peter , Muchina Emily Njeri 
Published: May 2014

The practice of infection control is important in every health care institution since it ensures safety of the patient, health care providers and visitors to the facility and community at large. Instruments and equipment that are re-used from one patient to another should be thoroughly disinfected to minimize, if not eliminate, the possibility of transmitting infections. It is sad that health care providers who are entrusted by an unsuspecting patient should spread infections including such blood-born diseases as HIV, hepatitis and haemorrhagic fevers. The objective of this study was to establish how effective are the solutions used for disinfecting instruments in health facilities. A ‘disinfectant-in-use’ test was applied to samples collected from five public institutions. In addition the hospital acquired sepsis was analysed from the same institutions to establish a correlation. Forty per cent failed the test by supporting growth of micro-organisms. The duration of disinfectant in use significantly contributed to the failure rate: the higher the duration above that recommended the higher the growth of micro-organism in the sample. Failure to clean the disinfectant container also contributed to failure rate. The facilities that had high disinfectant failure rate also had high prevalence of sepsis. It is recommended that adherence to manufacturer instructions and professional ethics is paramount. Close supervision and regular surveillance on use of disinfectants should be done in all institutions to minimize likelihood of contamination.
Polypharmacy and the QT interval
Authors: Khan Ehsan 
Published: May 2014

A mini-systematic review was carried out to examine the evidence base of the effect of multiple drug administration (polypharmacy) on the QT interval in healthy humans. Prolongation of the electrocardiograph QT interval may lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmias and this may be induced by multiple drug administration. Many medications prolong the QT interval and when one of these medications is co-administered with another drug that shares the same pharmacokinetic mechanisms, there is potential for a drug interaction to occur that may prolong the QT interval past normal limits. Four clinical trials were obtained that examined different drug combinations. The drug combinations used were clinically relevant and are frequently found both in community and hospital-based care. All the studies found increases in circulating drug levels when medications were administered concomitantly. This increase in drug plasma level resulted in QT prolongation in two studies. Thus, depending on the drug combinations used, concomitant dual medication therapies in healthy adults may increase the risk of QT prolongation. This highlights the potential risk of polypharmacy, particularly when patients are pharmacokinetically impaired, as may be the case in many chronic diseases and older age.
The first 13 months of nurseled ward rounds for patients post PCI in a tertiary centre
Authors: Pottle Alison 
Published: May 2014

In the past couple of decades nursing has undergone significant change. This has partly been driven by changes in medical practice such as the European Working Time Directive and also the desire of nurses to extend and expand their skills and scope of practice. Nurses are now frequently carrying out roles which were previously felt to be in the domain of medical staff. The cardiac field has seen a rapid expansion in specialist nursing posts and therefore the development of a variety of exciting changes in the way nurses contribute to patient care. This article describes the establishment of a nurse-led ward round for patients following percutaneous coronary intervention and discuss the use of non-medical prescribing in this setting. It also shows how collaborative working with other members of the multidisciplinary team can be used to benefit both patients and the organization.
Schizophrenia: A major risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ohlsen Ruth , Gaughran Fiona 
Published: May 2014

People with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other severe mental illnesses (SMIs) die earlier than mentally healthy people, largely because of the range of physical health problems they experience. This article reviews the factors behind the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in people with SMIs. These include lifestyle factors compounding a pre-existing vulnerability to metabolic disorders and also side-effects of antipsychotic drugs used in treatment of their condition.Examples from the literature of physical and behavioural strategies that have been trialled to prevent or manage this problem are discussed.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, pre-excited AF and Ebstein’s anomaly: A case study
Authors: Eftekhari Helen , Osman Faizel 
Published: May 2014

This article reviews the definition and treatment of Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome (WPWS), the risk of pre-excited atrial fibrillation (AF) in WPWS, the importance of recognizing pre-excited AF in WPWS and emergency treatment. It discusses the importance of cardiac imagining in WPWS to assess cardiac structure, as mild Ebstein’s anomaly, a rare congenital abnormality, can first present with arrhythmias and is a major risk for sudden cardiac death. This article addresses these issues in the context of a case study.
Developing a heart failure unit and ambulatory care pathway
Authors: Crouchley Jane 
Published: May 2014

Heart failure affects as many as 875 000 in the UK and is responsible for 1 million inpatient bed-days per year. These admissions are expected to rise due to the aging population and to survival rates following myocardial infarction. There is well-documented evidence that there is a lack of resources and coordinated health care services in chronic heart failure and available therapeutic strategies are underutilized. Barriers to optimal treatments are numerous, stemming from patients, physicians and health-care systems, and result in considerable human and financial consequences. One remedy for this is to streamline the patient pathway and to consider allocation of hospital space, so that more facilities are dedicated to the proper care of chronic heart failure patients where adequate therapies and interventions can be administered along with adequate discharge planning to reduce length of stay and reduce hospital readmission. This article discusses the process of developing a new pathway for heart failure patients in a tertiary care centre.
Nurse prescribing for the management of hypertension
Authors: Beverley Bostock-Cox 
Published: May 2014

This article focuses on the importance of making a correct diagnosis of hypertension in line with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. The evidence-based approach to managing hypertension is discussed with reference to pharmacological treatments and lifestyle interventions. It is important that nurses know how to correctly measure blood pressure, particularly as ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring should provide the basis for the diagnosis and decisions relating to patient management of hypertension. The different types of hypertension (stage 1, stage 2, severe and white coat hypertension) are described. The evidence-based approach to managing hypertension is then discussed with reference to pharmacological treatments and lifestyle interventions. This discussion is accompanied by the ACD algorithm highlighting the first four steps in hypertension treatment.
Supporting the development of research skills by community nurses and midwives
Authors: Bryar Rosamund 
Published: May 2014

Between 1990-1993 Teamcare Valleys (TCV), a multi-disciplinary primary health care development unit, undertook a wide range of activities aimed at facilitating the application of research to practice. One of the purposes was to meet the need to develop a critical mass of nurses and midwives in the community who have research skills. In particular the project utilised the post of clinical fellow as a means of developing such skills. A multi-disciplinary group of clinical fellows was appointed, but this paper concentrates on the nurses who were appointed as long or short term clinical fellows. These practitioners developed skills in all stages of the research process, through undertaking projects and participating in other TCV activities. TCV provided the research advice, supervision and support vital for the development of these skills. Such posts, in particular short term appointments for practitioners, have the potential to develop a group of research-aware nurses and to influence practice in the wider primary health care team.
Apomorphine nodules in Parkinson’s disease: best practice considerations
Authors: Todd Amy , James Cherry-Ann 
Published: May 2014

Apomorphine hydrochloride infusion therapy is used by approximately 1000 people with advanced Parkinson’s disease in the UK (Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2008). Subcutaneous nodules that develop as a result of these infusions can cause discomfort and may impact on the effectiveness of the drug therapy. Community nursing teams have a key role in supporting patients on apomorphine; they may be responsible for administering the drug, or supporting and empowering the patient or their carer to administer the infusion. A recent randomized controlled pilot study by a research group at the University of Hertfordshire investigated the use of therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of apomorphine nodules. A number of observations about apomorphine nodules and the technique used to site infusions were made which may help to promote safe and effective management of apomorphine therapy. This article is a collaboration between one of the researchers and a Parkinson’s disease nurse specialist from the University College of London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It draws on best practice observations from both research and clinical experience and puts them in context of published research. It summarizes best practice considerations for administering infusions, identifies the current treatment and management options that participants from the trial reported using on their nodules, emphasizes the need for standardized documentation and suggests a rating system that may be useful to document nodule severity.
Nurse prescribing, policy, practice and evidence base
Authors: Courtenay Molly 
Published: May 2014

There are now over 30000 nurses across the UK who are qualified to prescribe from the Nurse Prescribing Formulary (NPF) for community practitioners. Training to prescribe from this formulary is now available to community staff nurses. Increasing numbers of community nurses are extending their prescribing skills by adopting independent and supplementary prescribing. Over 14000 nurses across the UK are qualified to prescribe using these modes of prescribing. The benefits of nurse prescribing exceed those anticipated by the Government. However, there is some misunderstanding by doctors about the prescribing role. Doctors have concerns about nurses encroaching on medical territory, nurses’ clinical skill base, and the possibility that nurses will prescribe outside of their area of competence. If doctors have an established relationship with a nurse prior to the adoption of prescribing, and have experienced some of the tangible benefits of this role, this helps to readdress these concerns. The increasing numbers of community nurses adopting and extending their role in the prescription of medicines is an indication that healthcare reforms, shifting care into the community, means that nurses are frequently the first point of contact from whom patients access their medicines. If the benefits of nurse prescribing are to be maximized and nurses are to feel supported in this role, there is a need to educate doctors about the professional limitations of nurse prescribing.
Exploring the role of the community matron
Authors: Dossa Nadia 
Published: May 2014

The introduction of the community matron (CM) is important for the management of long-term conditions (Department of Health (DH), 2005b). However, the role is relatively new in the UK and evidence is limited as to how CMs perceive their role. This study has therefore examined CMs’ perceptions of their role. The objectives of the study are to understand how CMs perceive and practice their roles. Furthermore, to analyse the affect of influencing factors on the CMs role and understand the perception of the role in light of Governmental policy. Two focus groups were held to which twelve CMs from a range of PCTs attended. Data were manually transcribed and an analytical approach was used to index the data. Six main themes emerged which are explored in the article. CMs perceived their role to be highly valued by their patients. The perception of their role by other professionals varied and anxieties about role recognition, support and dual roles were raised. Similarly, support from managers and PCTs varied. Training and developmental needs were highlighted to be paramount for their role. CMs were generally optimistic about their role, especially the positive effects it has had on their patients. However, the concerns raised
Rekha interviews Baroness Sally Greengross
Authors: Elaswarapu Rekha 
Published: May 2014

Baroness Sally Greengross Baroness Sally Greengross is an influential figure in nutritional and ageing policy through her involvement in parliamentary and advisory groups. She has been a crossbench (independent) member of the House of Lords since 2000 and chairs four All-Party Parliamentary Groups: Dementia, Corporate Social Responsibility, Intergenerational Futures and Continence Care. She is the Vice Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Ageing and Older People, and is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Equalities. Sally is Chief Executive of the International Longevity Centre—UK, Co-President of the ILC Global Alliance and in December 2006, and she was announced as a Commissioner for the Equality and Human Rights Commission. Baroness Greengross is Chair of the Advisory Groups for the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing (ELSA) and the New Dynamics of Ageing (NDA). She is President of the Pensions Policy Institute and Honorary Vice President of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health and a Global Ambassador to Help Age International. She holds honorary doctorates from seven UK universities and is an Honorary Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. In this interview, Baroness Sally Greengross describes how current research is shaping public policy and identifies the areas that we need to think about in practice.