bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal obesity and the developmental programming of hypertension: a role for leptin
Authors: Taylor P. D. , Samuelsson A.‐M. , Poston L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMother–child cohort studies have established that both pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain are independently associated with cardio‐metabolic risk factors in young adult offspring, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Animal models in sheep and non‐human primates provide further evidence for the influence of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular function, whilst recent studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to the metabolic milieu of maternal obesity may permanently change the central regulatory pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Leptin plays an important role in the central control of appetite, is also involved in activation of efferent sympathetic pathways to both thermogenic and non‐thermogenic tissues, such as the kidney, and is therefore implicated in obesity‐related hypertension. Leptin is also thought to have a neurotrophic role in the development of the hypothalamus, and altered neonatal leptin profiles secondary to maternal obesity are associated with permanently altered hypothalamic structure and function. In rodent studies, maternal obesity confers persistent sympathoexcitatory hyper‐responsiveness and hypertension acquired in the early stages of development. Experimental neonatal hyperleptinaemia in naive rat pups provides further evidence of heightened sympathetic tone and proof of principle that hyperleptinaemia during a critical window of hypothalamic development may directly lead to adulthood hypertension. Insight from these animal models raises the possibility that early‐life exposure to leptin in humans may lead to early onset essential hypertension. Ongoing mother–child cohort and intervention studies in obese pregnant women provide a unique opportunity to address associations between maternal obesity and offspring cardiovascular function. The goal of the review is to highlight the potential importance of leptin in the developmental programming of hypertension in obese pregnancy.
Influence of covariate distribution on the predictive performance of pharmacokinetic models in paediatric research
Authors: Piana Chiara , Danhof Meindert , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: January 2014

AimsThe accuracy of model‐based predictions often reported in paediatric research has not been thoroughly characterized. The aim of this exercise is therefore to evaluate the role of covariate distributions when a pharmacokinetic model is used for simulation purposes.MethodsPlasma concentrations of a hypothetical drug were simulated in a paediatric population using a pharmacokinetic model in which body weight was correlated with clearance and volume of distribution. Two subgroups of children were then selected from the overall population according to a typical study design, in which pre‐specified body weight ranges (10–15 kg and 30–40 kg) were used as inclusion criteria. The simulated data sets were then analyzed using non‐linear mixed effects modelling. Model performance was assessed by comparing the accuracy of AUC predictions obtained for each subgroup, based on the model derived from the overall population and by extrapolation of the model parameters across subgroups.ResultsOur findings show that systemic exposure as well as pharmacokinetic parameters cannot be accurately predicted from the pharmacokinetic model obtained from a population with a different covariate range from the one explored during model building. Predictions were accurate only when a model was used for prediction in a subgroup of the initial population.ConclusionsIn contrast to current practice, the use of pharmacokinetic modelling in children should be limited to interpolations within the range of values observed during model building. Furthermore, the covariate point estimate must be kept in the model even when predictions refer to a subset different from the original population.
An assessment of the cause of the ‘extension discrepancy’ with reference to the west Galicia margin
Authors: Reston T. , McDermott K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA common observation at rifted margins is that the amount of extension measurable from faulting is too little to explain the observed crustal thinning and subsidence. This is the ‘extension discrepancy’. Several causes have been proposed, including depth‐dependent stretching (DDS) or thinning (DDT), sequential faulting, subseismic faulting and polyphase faulting. In this contribution, we explore the different possibilities, with specific reference to the west Galicia margin. If we take the observations at face value, then it seems unavoidable that the upper crust must be stretched and thinned less than the middle and lower crust, i.e. that DDS or DDT has occurred. However it is unclear where the displaced lower crust has gone as there is no inverse discrepancy. Furthermore, independent evidence against large‐scale DDT is provided by seismic velocities and by the occurrence of upper crustal, lower crustal and mantle rocks in close proximity at the deep margin. We thus reject DDT as a sole cause of the extension discrepancy, although recognize that small‐scale local DDT associated with asymmetric faulting is expected. Such small‐scale DDT is an integral part of models of sequential faulting, but these do not predict an overall extension discrepancy, so alone cannot explain one. Subseismic faulting also alone seems inadequate as it cannot explain the magnitude of the extension discrepancy observed at the deep margin. However, as subseismic faulting is a requirement of the fractal distribution of fault sizes and the limited resolution of the seismic method, it must contribute to the extension discrepancy, something that is commonly ignored. Polyphase faulting, in which the thinnest crust has been affected by more than one phase of faulting, resulting in complex and poorly imaged structural architecture, is both predicted at deep margins, and in combination with subseismic faulting, capable of explaining the extension discrepancy. We demonstrate that the west Galicia margin has undergone more than one phase of faulting, with later faults offsetting earlier ones to create complex geometries and, in combination with the expected amount of subseismic faulting, a substantial underestimate of the amount of extension.
Non‐uniform hyper‐extension in advance of seafloor spreading on the vietnam continental margin and the SW South China Sea
Authors: Li L. , Clift P. D. , Stephenson R. , Nguyen H. T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe SW South China Sea preserves a propagating oceanic spreading centre and associated continent–ocean transition (COT) that characterizes the continental margin offshore SE Vietnam. We investigated the nature of strain accommodation in the region immediately in front of the propagating rift using a combination of 1‐ and 2‐D backstripping subsidence reconstructions, coupled with forward modelling based on the measured upper crustal extensional faulting applied to a flexural cantilever model. Major normal faulting ceases after an inversion event at ca. 16 Ma, although moderate extension was also noted at 22–23 Ma, representing the end of an extensional phase that initiated around 28 Ma. 1‐D subsidence models indicate rapid ‘syn‐rift’ subsidence, possibly lasting until 10 Ma, despite the lack of observed extensional faulting. We show that depth‐dependent extension is required to explain the great depth of the basins despite the modest observed upper crustal faulting. Brittle faulting could not have extended much deeper than 10 km, suggestive of weak crust in the presence of high heatflow. The regional topographic slope on the basement suggests very low mid‐crustal viscosities of 1019–1020 Pa.s., consistent with the idea that flow in the ductile mid and lower crust was responsible for much of the subsidence prior to, and possibly after, seafloor spreading, which extended ca. 300 km from the tip of the mid ocean ridge. Flow is inferred to be dominant towards the spreading centre prior to 16 Ma. Extension in the COT postdates seafloor spreading and further supports the idea of this crust being very weak, albeit with more coherent, less extended crustal fragments, now forming banks offshore the Sunda continental shelf and surrounded by hyperextended crust of the COT.
Constraining Cenozoic exhumation in the Faroe‐Shetland region using sonic transit time data
Authors: Tassone D. R. , Holford S. P. , Stoker M. S. , Green P. , Johnson H. , Underhill J. R. , Hillis R. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Mesozoic‐Cenozoic basins located between the Faroe, Orkney and Shetland Islands along the NE Atlantic Margin are actively explored oil and gas provinces whose subsidence histories are complicated by multiple tectonic factors, including magmatism, inversion and regional‐scale uplift and tilting, that have resulted in spatially variable exhumation. These basins also exhibit nonburial related, transient Cenozoic heating anomalies that make thermal history interpretation and burial history reconstructions problematic. In this study, we have applied a compaction‐based approach, which is less susceptible to distortions from transient heating, to provide new constraints on Cenozoic burial and exhumation magnitudes in the UK sector of the Faroe‐Shetland region using sonic transit time data from Upper Cretaceous marine shales of the Shetland Group in 37 wells. As estimates of exhumation magnitude depend critically on the form of the normal sonic transit time‐depth trend, a new marine shale baseline trend was firstly constructed from shales presently at maximum burial, consistent with other marine shale baseline trends of different ages from nearby basins. Our results indicate that Upper Cretaceous marine shales are presently at or near (i.e. within ≤100 m net exhumation) maximum burial depths in the Møre and Magnus basins in the northeast of the study area as well as in the deeper water Faroe‐Shetland Basin (i.e. Flett and Foula sub‐basins). However, Upper Cretaceous strata penetrated by wells in the southwest have been more deeply buried, with the difference between maximum burial depth and present‐day values (net exhumation) increasing from ca. 200 to 350 m along the central and northeastern parts of the Rona High to ca. 400–1000 m for wells located in the West Shetland Basin, North Rona Basin and southwestern parts of the Rona High. Although the precise timing of exhumation is difficult to constrain due to the complex syn‐ to post‐rift tectonostratigraphic history of vertical movements within the Faroe–Shetland region, our estimates of missing section, together with available thermal history constraints and seismic‐stratigraphic evidence, implies that maximum burial and subsequent exhumation most likely occurred during an Oligocene to Mid‐Miocene tectonic phase. This was probably in response to major post‐breakup tectonic reshaping of this segment of the NE Atlantic Margin linked to a coeval and significant reorganization of the northern North Atlantic spreading system, suggesting that fluctuations in intraplate stress magnitude and orientation governed by the dynamics of plate‐boundary forces exert a major control on the spatial and temporal variations in differential movements along complexly structured continental margin.
Agency Theory in Practice: a Qualitative Study of Hedge Fund Activism in Japan
Authors: Buchanan John , Chai Dominic Heesang , Deakin Simon 
Published: January 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWe look at the reaction to hedge fund activism of managers and shareholders in Japanese firms and explore the implications of our findings for agency theory.Research Findings/InsightsConfrontational shareholder activism of the kind practiced by American and British hedge funds in Japan during the 2000s failed to gain acceptance from Japanese investors and managers or to alter the internal focus of corporate governance practices in Japanese firms.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe use a qualitative research design which treats the standard agency‐theoretical model of the firm as only one possible approach to understanding corporate governance, to be tested through empirical research, rather than as an assumption built into the analysis. We find that Japanese managers do not generally regard themselves as the shareholders' agents and that, conversely, shareholders in Japanese firms do not generally behave as principals. Our findings suggest that the standard principal‐agent model may be a weak fit for firms in certain national contexts.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFor policymakers, our work demonstrates the importance of understanding the distinctive features of national‐level corporate governance arrangements. For practitioners, it cautions against the view that national corporate governance systems are converging around the model of shareholder primacy and directs attention to the need for investors to be informed of the diversity of practices across different countries.
Covariance and specificity in adolescent schizotypal and borderline trait expression
Authors: Badoud Deborah , Billieux Joël , Eliez Stephan , Imhof Anouk , Heller Patrick , Eytan Ariel , Debbané Martin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimsThe first aim of the present study is to assess the overlap between borderline and schizotypal traits during adolescence. The second objective is to examine whether some psychological factors (i.e. cognitive coping mechanisms, impulsivity and encoding style) are differentially related to borderline and schizotypal traits and may therefore improve the efficiency of clinical assessments.MethodsOne hundred nineteen community adolescents (57 male) aged from 12 to 19 years completed a set of questionnaires evaluating the expression of borderline and schizotypal traits as well as cognitive emotion regulation (CER), impulsivity and encoding style.ResultsOur data first yielded a strong correlation between borderline and schizotypal scores (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Secondly, linear regression models indicated that the ‘catastrophizing’ CER strategy and the ‘lack of premeditation’ impulsivity facet accounted for the level of borderline traits, whereas an internal encoding style predominantly explained schizotypal traits.ConclusionsOur results support the abundant literature showing that borderline and schizotypal traits frequently co‐occur. Moreover, we provide original data indicating that borderline and schizotypal traits during adolescence are linked to different specific psychological mechanisms. Thus, we underline the importance of considering these mechanisms in clinical assessments, in particular to help disentangle personality disorder traits in youths.
Selective acquiescence, creative commitment and strategic conformity: situated national policy responses to Bologna
Authors: Sin Cristina , Saunders Murray 
Published: January 2014

The non‐binding nature of the Bologna Declaration and loose policy‐making and implementation through the open method of coordination (OMC) have led to varied national responses to the Bologna Process. The OMC has allowed countries room for manoeuvre to interpret Bologna policy and attach different degrees of importance to it. Looking at the interplay between agency and structure in policy implementation, this article aims to illustrate the localised character of Bologna policy implementation driven by national priorities and political agendas, a reflection of the ‘policy as text’ metaphor (Ball, 1994).The analysis is driven by an agentic understanding of the policy process, highlighting ‘actors’ perceptions, perspectives, preferences, actions and interactions' (Trowler, 2002). Three different country reactions are examined — England, Portugal and Denmark, described as selective acquiescence, creative commitment and strategic conformity to capture the essence of the cases in question. In analysing the countries' responses, the article considers national readings of Bologna, motivations behind responses to the Process, as well as its reception and implementation at national level.
Behavioural Thermoregulation in a Small Neotropical Primate
Authors: Gestich Carla C. , Caselli Christini B. , Setz Eleonore Z. F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe maintenance of body temperature in endothermic animals imposes considerable metabolic costs that vary with air temperature fluctuations. To minimise these costs, endotherms can adopt certain behaviours to adjust the pattern of heat transfer between their bodies and the environment. In this study, we evaluated whether a small Neotropical primate, the black‐fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), living in a seasonal environment can use behavioural mechanisms to cope with fluctuations in the air temperature. We monitored the air temperature and the titi monkeys’ behaviour over 1 yr. When the animals were inactive, we recorded the microhabitat used, the huddling between individuals and the body postures adopted. The monkeys primarily responded to air temperature fluctuations through microhabitat selection: they spent more time in sunny places and used higher strata of forest under lower temperatures. Moreover, they used sunny microhabitats during the first hour of their active period after colder nights. The monkeys did not huddle or change body postures in response to air temperature fluctuations. Huddling behaviour seemed to be primarily influenced by social interactions, and body postures were more energy conserving, regardless of temperature. Titi monkeys, however, used more energy‐conserving postures and huddling behaviour under cloudy conditions than sunny conditions, suggesting that these behaviours may be important when they are unable to thermoregulate by microhabitat selection. We concluded that fluctuations in air temperature can promote significant changes in the behaviour of titi monkeys and can impose important restrictions on mammals’ activities, even in tropical regions.
Analytical and computational investigation into the influence of the compressive stress cycles on crack growth under variable amplitude loading using CTOD
Authors: Iranpour M. , Taheri F. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTFatigue crack growth rate of 6061 T651 aluminum alloy centre‐cracked plates, subject to a variable amplitude loading (VAL), is established using a coupled analytical/computational approach. The method utilises the generalised Willenborg retardation model in conjunction with the Walker model, with several of the models parameters obtained through nonlinear finite element analyses. A two‐parameter approach is also used in this study to explore the influence of compressive stress cycles in a VAL scenario on the crack tip opening displacement, and in turn, on the resulting fatigue crack growth rate of the material. The work includes the evaluation of the crack tip opening displacement and residual stresses in the vicinity of a crack by nonlinear finite element analysis, and application of the Generalised Willenborg model to evaluate the fatigue crack growth; particularly, under the influence of the compressive stress cycles, tensile overloads and underloads have been investigated. The finite element analysis results are compared with the experimental results reported in earlier studies by the authors.The results further demonstrate two important phenomena, that is, (i) the influence of FCG retardation effects due to the tensile overloads and (ii) the acceleration effect due to the applied compressive underloads of a VAL stress–time history.
When Is a Treasury Security On‐the‐Run?
Authors: Moore Mark E. , Winters Drew B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe literature contains two conflicting definitions of the on‐the‐run period for Treasury securities. We address the conflict by empirically examining the implications of the two definitions. We conclude that it is important that researchers clearly understand the implications of each definition. Our results suggest that on‐the‐run activity spans different auction calendar time in T‐notes and T‐bills.
Modelling the Holocene migrational dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst
Authors: Lehsten Doerte , Dullinger Stefan , Hülber Karl , Schurgers Guy , Cheddadi Rachid , Laborde Henri , Lehsten Veiko , François Louis , Dury Marie , Sykes Martin T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimVegetation dynamics and the competitive interactions involved are assumed to restrict the ability of species to migrate. But in most migration modelling approaches disturbance‐driven succession and competition processes are reduced to simple assumptions or are even missing. The aim of this study was to test a combination of a migration model and a dynamic vegetation model to estimate the migration of tree species controlled by climate, environment and local species dynamics such as succession and competition.LocationEurope.MethodsTo estimate the effect of vegetation dynamics on the migration of European beech and Norway spruce, we developed a post‐process migration tool (LPJ‐CATS). This tool integrates outputs of the migration model CATS and the dynamic vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. The model LPJ‐CATS relies on a linear dependency between the dispersal kernel and migration rate and is based on the assumption that competition reduces fecundity.ResultsSimulating potential migration rates with the CATS model, which does not account for competition and disturbance, resulted in mean Holocene migration rates of 435 ± 55 and 330 ± 95 m year−1 for the two species Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, respectively. With LPJ‐CATS, these mean migration rates were reduced to 250 ± 75 and 170 ± 60 m year−1 for spruce and beech, respectively. Moreover, LPJ‐CATS simulated migration pathways of these two species that generally comply well with those documented in the palaeo‐records.Main conclusionsOur ‘hybrid’ modelling approach allowed for the simulation of generally realistic Holocene migration rates and pathways of the two study species on a continental scale. It suggests that competition can considerably modify spread rates, but also the magnitude of its effect depends on how close climate conditions are to the niche requirements of a particular species.
GEORGE GORDON LORD BYRON UND AUGUST WILHELM SCHLEGEL – ZWEI LEHRER HEINRICH HEINES: HEINES BYRON‐ÜBERSETZUNGEN UND SEINE ENTWICKLUNG ALS DICHTER
Authors: Al‐Taie Yvonne 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTHeinrich Heine's translations from George Gordon Lord Byron were his only translations and date from the early years of his career. Most of the translations were carried out in 1820 while he was studying with August Wilhelm Schlegel at the University of Bonn. The following contribution argues that Heine's translations were influenced by his teacher Schlegel, who was well known for his Shakespeare translations. On the basis of a detailed stylistic analysis and comparison with other contemporary translations of Byron's works this contribution shows how major principles of translation adhered to by Schlegel are reflected in Heine's translating. August Wilhelm Schlegel and Lord Byron can be seen as two teachers who played a crucial role in Heine's development as a poet in his own right.Heinrich Heines Übertragungen aus Werken George Gordon Lord Byrons sind seine einzigen Übersetzungen geblieben und fallen in die Frühphase seines Werkes. Die meisten der Übertragungen sind 1820 in Bonn entstanden, während er bei August Wilhelm Schlegel studierte. Der folgende Aufsatz diskutiert die These, dass Heine wichtige Anregungen zu seinen Übertragungen von dem Shakespeare‐Übersetzer Schlegel erhalten hat. Mithilfe einer detaillierten stilistischen Analyse und im Vergleich mit anderen zeitgenössischen Byron‐Übertragungen wird nachgezeichnet, wie sich zentrale Übersetzungsgrundsätze August Wilhelm Schlegels in Heines Byron‐Übertragungen widerspiegeln. Es wird die These entfaltet, dass August Wilhelm Schlegel und Lord Byron als zwei Lehrerfiguren verstanden werden können, die Heinrich Heines Entwicklung zum eigenständigen Dichter auf inhaltlicher wie stilistischer Ebene maßgeblich beeinflussten.