bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya
Authors: Westoby Matthew J. , Glasser Neil F. , Hambrey Michael J. , Brasington James , Reynolds John M. , Hassan Mohamed A. A. M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTRecession of high‐mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km2) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an ice‐contact moraine‐dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 105 m3 and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 105 m3 of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam‐breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine‐dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146–2200 m3 s‐1. Results from two‐dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s‐1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine‐dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine‐dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review
Authors: Ahrens Lutz , Bundschuh Mirco 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8-based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1921–1929. © 2014 SETAC
Analysis of phenolic compounds in commercial dried grape pomace by high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Ramirez‐Lopez Lina M. , DeWitt Christina A. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBy‐products obtained from winemaking processes still contain large amounts of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes, and flavonoids. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used for determination and characterization of phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, and stilbenes. Characterization of the flavonoids was achieved using acid hydrolysis with 0.1% hydrochloric acid. In addition, organic solvents as 50% methanol, 70% methanol, 50% acetone, 0.01% pectinase, and 100% petroleum ether were also evaluated. Reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) with diode array detector was used to identify phenolic compounds. Internal standard quantification was implemented using a five points of the UV‐visible absorption data collected at the wavelength of maximum absorbance. A total of 16 phenolic compounds were determined. The content differed from 1.19 to 1124 mg kg−1. Outcomes from HPLC study showed that gallic acid, (+) catechin hydrate, and (−) epicatechin gallate were the major phenolic compounds presented in the sample. Malvidin and pelargonidin 3‐O‐glucoside were the major anthocyanins monoglucosides.
Diffusive equilibrium in thin films provides evidence of suppression of hyporheic exchange and large‐scale nitrate transformation in a groundwater‐fed river
Authors: Byrne P. , Zhang H. , Ullah S. , Binley A. , Heathwaite A.L. , Heppell C.M. , Lansdown K. , Trimmer M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe hyporheic zone of riverbed sediments has the potential to attenuate nitrate from upwelling, polluted groundwater. However, the coarse‐scale (5–10 cm) measurement of nitrogen biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone can often mask fine‐scale (<1 cm) biogeochemical patterns, especially in near‐surface sediments, leading to incomplete or inaccurate representation of the capacity of the hyporheic zone to transform upwelling NO3−. In this study, we utilised diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers to capture high resolution (cm‐scale) vertical concentration profiles of NO3−, SO42−, Fe and Mn in the upper 15 cm of armoured and permeable riverbed sediments. The goal was to test whether nitrate attenuation was occurring in a sub‐reach characterised by strong vertical (upwelling) water fluxes. The vertical concentration profiles obtained from diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers indicate considerable cm‐scale variability in NO3− (4.4 ± 2.9 mg N/L), SO42− (9.9 ± 3.1 mg/l) and dissolved Fe (1.6 ± 2.1 mg/l) and Mn (0.2 ± 0.2 mg/l). However, the overall trend suggests the absence of substantial net chemical transformations and surface‐subsurface water mixing in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach under baseflow conditions. The significance of this is that upwelling NO3−‐rich groundwater does not appear to be attenuated in the riverbed sediments at <15 cm depth as might occur where hyporheic exchange flows deliver organic matter to the sediments for metabolic processes. It would appear that the chemical patterns observed in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach are not controlled exclusively by redox processes and/or hyporheic exchange flows. Deeper‐seated groundwater fluxes and hydro‐stratigraphy may be additional important drivers of chemical patterns in the shallow sediments of our study sub‐reach. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Drug development for pediatric neurogenic bladder dysfunction: Dosing, endpoints, and study design
Authors: Momper Jeremiah D. , Karesh Alyson , Green Dionna J. , Hirsch Mark , Khurana Mona , Lee Jinoo , Kim Myong‐Jin , Mulugeta Yeruk , Sachs Hari C. , Yao Lynne , Burckart Gilbert J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPediatric drug development is challenging when a product is studied for a pediatric disease that has a different underlying etiology and pathophysiology compared to the adult disease. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) is such a therapeutic area with multiple unsuccessful development programs. The objective of this study was to critically evaluate clinical trial design elements that may have contributed to unsuccessful drug development programs for pediatric NBD. Trial design elements of drugs tested for pediatric NBD were identified from trials submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Data were extracted from publically available FDA reviews and labeling and included trial design, primary endpoints, enrollment eligibilities, and pharmacokinetic data. A total of four products were identified. Although all four programs potentially provided clinically useful information, only one drug (oxybutynin) demonstrated efficacy in children with NBD. The lack of demonstrable efficacy for the remainder of the products illustrates that future trials should give careful attention to testing a range of doses, using objectively measured, clinically meaningful endpoints, and selecting clinical trial designs that are both interpretable and feasible. Compiling the drug development experience with pediatric NBD will facilitate an improved approach for future drug development for this, and perhaps other, therapeutic areas.
Comparative study of the extraction methods for recovery of carotenoids from algae: extraction kinetics and effect of different extraction parameters
Authors: Mäki‐Arvela Päivi , Hachemi Imane , Murzin Dmitry Yu. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCarotenoid extraction from algae is currently under intensive research due to the increased demand for naturally occurring compounds, which are especially rich in biologically active isomers. Furthermore, natural carotenoids exhibit greater stability than synthetic ones. Conventional liquid extraction suffers from several drawbacks, such as use of high amounts of solvent, and several extraction steps. In this work carotenoid extraction from algae using different methods, such as microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction as well as pressurized liquid extraction and extraction with supercritical CO2 and ethane, is summarized together with modelling of extraction kinetics. In addition carotenoid availability, algae pretreatment, stability of extracts, their antioxidative and antimicrobial activities as well as downstream processing and storage of algae extracts have been reviewed. As a conclusion it can be stated that carotenoid extraction is complex, demanding optimization of the carotenoid yield and antioxidative stability, which are often inversely proportional. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Online prediction of product titer and solubility of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli fed‐batch cultivations
Authors: Luchner Markus , Striedner Gerald , Cserjan‐Puschmann Monika , Strobl Florian , Bayer Karl 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDA goal in the production of biopharmaceuticals is to replace the cost‐intensive, empirical ‘quality by testing’ approach with rational, knowledge‐based ‘quality by design’ concepts. The major challenges in this context are the complexity of bioprocesses and the limited online access to process variables related to product quality. The implementation of advanced monitoring strategies combined with chemometric‐based approaches represents a strategy to overcome this bottleneck.RESULTSA series of recombinant E. coli fed‐batch production processes was conducted to provide an accurate data set for development of predictive statistical models. The applicability of partial least squares regression and radial basis function artificial neural network‐based models to predict gene dosage, product titer, and solubility of the target protein was evaluated. In addition to signals from standard online measurements, multi‐wavelength fluorescence signals turned out to provide essential information for prediction of product titer and quality.CONCLUSIONSThe application of advanced process monitoring concepts comprising recently established analytical targets and statistical modeling allows for real‐time prediction of product related not directly accessible process variables. Availability of such process information facilitates design of advanced process‐control strategies and will strongly support the implementation of quality by design in biopharmaceutical production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Chambered cuticle, pellicles, strange sensilla, and extraordinary muscle arrangements: A study of the micropterigid larval trunk (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae)
Authors: Dupont Steen T.K. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCover illustration. The cover image shows the dorsal habitus of the elusive larvae of Sabatinca chalcophanes, Micropterigidae which has long been considered the sister group to the Lepidoptera. The head morphology of the larvae shows rather plesiomorphic characters, but the postcephalic trunk of these animals whose slug‐like creeping gait is so unlike that of typical caterpillars must be considered a suite of autapomorphic characters. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Steen Dupont (pp. 797–82110.1002/jmor.20264) presents a detailed morphological analysis of the unusual morphology of these larvae and analyzes it in the context of phylogeny.
Extraction of functional ingredients from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) using liquid solvent and supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Jaime Laura , Vázquez Erika , Fornari Tiziana , López‐Hazas María del Carmen , García‐Risco Mónica R , Santoyo Susana , Reglero Guillermo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this work three different techniques were applied to extract dry leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea): solid–liquid extraction (SLE), pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to investigate the influence of extraction solvent and technique on extracts composition and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the influence of carotenoids and phenolic compounds on the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of spinach extracts was also studied.RESULTSThe higher concentrations of carotenoids and the lower content of phenolic compounds were observed in the supercritical CO2 extracts; whereas water and/or ethanol PLE extracts presented low amounts of carotenoids and the higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. PLE extract with the highest content of phenolic compounds showed the highest antioxidant activity, although SFE carotenoid rich extract also showed a high antioxidant activity. Moreover, both extracts presented an important anti‐inflammatory activity.CONCLUSIONPLE seems to be a good technique for the extraction of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory compounds from spinach leaves. Moreover, spinach phenolic compounds and carotenoids present a high antioxidant activity, whereas spinach carotenoids seem to show a higher anti‐inflammatory activity than phenolic compounds. It is worth noting that of our knowledge this is the first time the anti‐inflammatory activity of lipophilic extracts from spinach leaves is reported. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Farmers' Perceptions about the Influence of Land Quality, Land Fragmentation and Tenure Systems on Sustainable Land Management in the North Western Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Teshome Akalu , de Graaff Jan , Ritsema Coen , Kassie Menale 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLand is a scarce resource in the highlands of Ethiopia. Its sustainable use is highly affected by bio‐physical and institutional factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate farmers' perceptions about land quality, land fragmentation and tenure systems and their influences on sustainable land management (SLM) investments in the North Western Ethiopian Highlands. The study is based on a detailed farm survey among 300 households and 1,700 parcels in three watersheds. Simple descriptive statistics were applied to analyse the perception of farmers about land‐related factors. A multivariate probit (MVP) model was used to analyse the effect of land‐related factors on the interdependent investment decisions of SLM practices (Bunds, Compost/Manure and Fertilizer) using a multiple parcel‐level survey. The study shows that on average, sample households managed 4·54 parcels in different locations with an average parcel size of 0·26 ha. The MVP model analysis indicates that farmers invest a combination of practices at parcel level by considering substitution and complementarity effects of the practices. The results also reveal how land quality (e.g. slope and soil fertility status), land fragmentation (parcel size and distance of parcel from homestead) and tenure arrangements influence farmers' investments in SLM practices. The overall results indicate that farm land attributes promote or hinder investments, and tenure systems regulate the decisions about investments. Policy makers should take into consideration these various land‐related factors in designing and implementing SLM policies and programmes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Fabrication of Rattle‐Like Capsules with Multicores by Pickering‐Based Polymerization with Nanoparticle Nucleation
Authors: Zou Shengwen , Hu Yang , Wang Chaoyang 
Published: June 2014

Rattle‐like polymer capsules with multicores in one shell are facilely fabricated by oil‐in‐water Pickering emulsion polymerization for the first time. The oil phase contains hydrophobic silica nanoparticles dispersed in polymerizable monomer, styrene, and unpolymerizable solvent, hexadecane. The multicore rattle‐like capsules are facilely produced after the polymerization of monomers in the oil droplets. The key point of this one‐pot method lies in the nucleation of hydrophobic silica and the phase separation between the resulting polystyrene and hexadecane. The influences of the contents of silica, hexadecane, cross‐linker, and stabilizer on the structure and morphology of rattle‐like capsules are systematically investigated. Moreover, functionalization of the rattle‐like capsules can be developed easily by varying hydrophobic nucleation nanoparticles in the oil phase. This work opens up a new route to fabricate multilevel capsules or spheres.
image
Agenesis of ductus venosus in sequential first and second trimester screening
Authors: Iliescu D. G. , Cara M. L. , Tudorache S. , Antsaklis P. , Novac L. V. , Antsaklis A. , Cernea N. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of first trimester (FT) screening in the diagnosis of agenesis of the ductus venosus (ADV) and to study its prevalence in a low‐risk population, the associated conditions, and pregnancy outcome.MethodProspective, sequential screening study at two tertiary units with morpho‐functional evaluation of the ductus venosus during the first and second trimester screening. We quantified the FT detection rate, prevalence, and associated conditions: umbilical shunting type, concomitant anomalies, and outcome.ResultsIn 6114 consecutive pregnancies, we identified 11 cases of ADV. Ten (91%) were identified during the FT examination. The prevalence was 1 in 556, similar for both centers (1/478 vs. 1/691). Major structural defects and fetal effusions were detected in 8 (73%). twenty two percent had a major chromosomal abnormality. In 3 cases, the anomaly was isolated and had normal outcome, independent of liver by‐pass, caliber of the shunt, and NT thickness.ConclusionsAgenesis of the ductus venosus can be detected during FT. The early detection of ADV is important given its high association with major abnormalities. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Nonparametric Phase I Control Chart for Individual Observations Based on Empirical Likelihood Ratio
Authors: Ning Wei , Yeh Arthur B. , Wu Xinqi , Wang Boxiang 
Published: June 2014

One common challenge in nonmanufacturing control chart applications is that many of the nonmanufacturing quality characteristics are not normally distributed. In these applications, normal transformation of the observations is certainly feasible; however, it will be done at the expense of the interpretability of the analysis that is particularly important to control chart users in nonmanufacturing industries.Most of the existing nonparametric control charts are designed for Phase II monitoring. Little has been done in developing nonparametric Phase I control charts especially for individual observations that are prevalent in nonmanufacturing applications. In this work, we propose a new nonparametric Phase I control chart for monitoring the location parameter whose construction is essentially based on the empirical likelihood ratio test. The performance of the proposed chart, in terms of the signal probability, compares favorably with the recently developed charts for individual observations. A nonmanufacturing example is included in which the proposed chart and the other competing charts are applied and compared. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downstream Ecological Impacts of Controlled Sediment Flushing in an Alpine Valley River: A Case Study
Authors: Espa P. , Crosa G. , Gentili G. , Quadroni S. , Petts G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSediment flushing may be effective to tackle the loss of reservoir storage as a result of siltation. When operationally possible, the impact of this practice on the downstream aquatic environment can be mitigated by limiting the sediment concentration of the discharged waters (controlled sediment flushing). However, this topic is poorly documented, and concerns arise when limits are discussed. We present the results of a 3‐year field investigation concerning the controlled sediment flushing of a small reservoir on the Adda River, the main tributary of Lake Como—Italy. Two limits for suspended solid concentration (SSC) were adopted: 1.5 g L−1, as average value throughout the whole working day, and 3.0 g L−1, as alert threshold to adjust the ongoing activity. These constraints were essentially fulfilled in the course of the documented operations. The first year sediment flushing was more significant than the following year: 25 000 tons of fines below 2 mm in diameter were flushed in six non‐consecutive days in summer 2010, while, one year earlier, 75 000 tons were flushed in 16 non‐consecutive days. In the third year of investigation (2011), no sediment evacuation took place. The benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities were surveyed a short distance below the reservoir, that is, in the potentially more affected river reach. Clear pieces of evidence of environmental quality degradation were not detected; the adopted strategies can therefore be considered to be appropriate when planning sediment flushing management in comparable contexts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.