bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of tibial nerve stimulation to treat faecal incontinence
Authors: Horrocks E J , Thin N , Thaha M A , Taylor S J C , Norton C , Knowles C H 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Two forms of tibial nerve stimulation are used to treat faecal incontinence (FI): percutaneous (PTNS) and transcutaneous (TTNS) tibial nerve stimulation. This article critically appraises the literature on both procedures.

Methods
A systematic review was performed adhering to the PRISMA framework. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, with systematic methodological quality assessment and data extraction. Summary measures for individual outcome variables are reported.

Results
Twelve articles met eligibility criteria; six related to PTNS, five to TTNS, and one to both procedures. These included ten case series and two randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Case series were evaluated using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence quality assessment for case series, scoring 3–6 of 8. RCTs were evaluated using the Jadad score, scoring 4 of a possible 5 marks, and the Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool. From one RCT and case series reports, the success rate of PTNS, based on the proportion of patients who achieved a reduction in weekly FI episodes of at least 50 per cent, was 63–82 per cent, and that of TTNS was 0–45 per cent. In an RCT of TTNSversus sham, no patient had a reduction in weekly FI episodes of 50 per cent or more, whereas in an RCT of PTNSversus TTNSversus sham, 82 per cent of patients undergoing PTNS, 45 per cent of those having TTNS, and 13 per cent of patients in the sham group had treatment success.

Conclusion
PTNS and TTNS result in significant improvements in some outcome measures; however, TTNS was not superior to sham stimulation in a large, adequately powered, RCT. As no adequate RCT of PTNSversus sham has been conducted, conclusions cannot be drawn regarding this treatment.
A Neuregulin‐1 schizophrenia susceptibility variant causes perihippocampal fiber tract anomalies in healthy young subjects
Authors: Nickl‐Jockschat Thomas , Stöcker Tony , Krug Axel , Markov Valentin , Huang Ruiwang , Schneider Frank , Habel Ute , Eickhoff Simon B. , Zerres Klaus , Nöthen Markus M. , Treutlein Jens , Rietschel Marcella , Shah Nadim Jon , Kircher Tilo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundChanges in fiber tract architecture have gained attention as a potentially important aspect of schizophrenia neuropathology. Although the exact pathogenesis of these abnormalities yet remains to be elucidated, a genetic component is highly likely. Neuregulin‐1 (NRG1) is one of the best‐validated schizophrenia susceptibility genes. We here report the impact of the Neuregulin‐1 rs35753505 variant on white matter structure in healthy young individuals with no family history of psychosis.MethodsWe compared fractional anisotropy in 54 subjects that were either homozygous for the risk C allele carriers (n = 31) for rs35753505 or homozygous for the T allele (n = 23) using diffusion tensor imaging with 3T. Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS), a method especially developed for diffusion data analysis, was used to improve white matter registration and to focus the statistical analysis to major fiber tracts.ResultsStatistical analysis showed that homozygous risk C allele carriers featured elevated fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right perihippocampal region and the white matter proximate to the left area 4p as well as the right hemisphere of the cerebellum. We found three clusters of reduced FA values in homozygous C allele carriers: in the left superior parietal region, the right prefrontal white matter and in the deep white matter of the left frontal lobe.ConclusionOur results highlight the importance of Neuregulin‐1 for structural connectivity of the right medial temporal lobe. This finding is in line with well known neuropathological findings in this region in patients with schizophrenia.
New Lignans and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Zhang Jia , Chen Jiejun , Liang Zizhen , Zhao Changqi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLignans, which are widely distributed in higher plants, represent a vast and rather diverse group of phenylpropane derivatives. They have attracted considerable attention due to their pharmacological activities. Some of the lignans have been developed approved therapeutics, and others are considered as lead structures for new drugs. This article is based on our previous review of lignans discovered in the period 2000–2004, and it provides a comprehensive compilation of the 354 new naturally occurring lignans obtained from 61 plant families between 2005 and 2011. We classified five main types according to their structural features, and provided the details of their sources, some typical structures, and diverse biological activities. A tabular compilation of the novel lignans by species is presented at the end. A total of 144 references were considered for this review.
Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Hypericum maculatumCrantz Essential Oil
Authors: Ðorđević Aleksandra S. , Lazarević Jelena S. , Petrović Goran M. , Zlatković Bojan K. , Solujić Slavica R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum maculatum Crantz were determined. In total, 109 compounds were identified, with germacrene D (21.5%), nonane (6.5%), (E)‐β‐farnesene (5.3%), δ‐cadinene (4.5%), and ledol (4.4%) as the main constituents. The chemical compositions of this oil and of four previously studied H. maculatum oils were compared using multivariate statistical analyses, viz., agglomerative hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses. Based on the results, the interrelationship among the hitherto studied H. maculatum oil samples, including the oil characterized here, was discussed. The study of the antimicrobial potential of the oil against five bacterial and two fungal strains showed that the oil had mainly moderate antimicrobial effects.
Limonoids and Flavonoids from the Flowers of Azadirachta indica var. siamensis, and Their Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Kitdamrongtham Worapong , Ishii Kenta , Ebina Kodai , Zhang Jie , Ukiya Motohiko , Koike Kazuo , Akazawa Hiroyuki , Manosroi Aranya , Manosroi Jiradej , Akihisa Toshihiro 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new limonoid, 7‐O‐acetyl‐7‐O‐debenzoyl‐22‐hydroxy‐21‐methoxylimocinin (2), and two new flavonoids, 3′‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyl)naringenin (7) and 4′‐O‐methyllespedezaflavanone C (9), along with nine known compounds, including two limonoids, 1 and 3, and seven flavonoids, 4–6, 8, and 10–12, were isolated from a MeOH extract of the flowers of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. var. siamensis Valeton (Siamese neem tree; Meliaceae). The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. All of these compounds were evaluated for their melanogenesis‐inhibitory activities in B16 melanoma cells induced with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH). Compound 2 (16.9% melanin content at 30 μM), 6‐deacetylnimbin (3; 49.6% melanin content at 100 μM), and kaempferide (10; 41.7% melanin content at 10 μM) exhibited inhibitory effects with no, or almost no, toxicity to the cells (81.0–111.7% cell viability). In addition, evaluation of their cytotoxic activities against HL60, A549, AZ521, and SK‐BR‐3 human cancer cell lines, isoazadironolide (1), 4′‐O‐methyl‐8‐prenylnaringenin (5), euchrestaflavanone A (8), 9, and 3‐methoxy‐3′‐prenylnaringenin (12) revealed potent cytotoxicities against one or more cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 4.5–9.9 μM.
Fourier‐Transformed Large‐Amplitude AC Voltammetric Study of Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF): Electrode Kinetics of the TTF0/TTF.+ and TTF.+/TTF2+ Processes
Authors: Bond Alan M. , Bano Kiran , Adeel Shaimaa , Martin Lisandra L. , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe front cover artwork for the inaugural issue is provided by the Monash Electrochemistry Group. The image shows the application of Fourier‐transformed large‐amplitude AC voltammetry (FTACV) for the determination of electrode kinetics of tetrathiafulvalene. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/celc.201300129.
New Slime
Authors: Brink Andreas , Hubricht Sandra 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInfolge der Richtlinie 2008/58/EG der europäischen Kommission wurden Dinatriumtetraborate, welche für das beliebte „Slime‐Experiment“ verwendet werden, hinsichtlich ihres Gefahrenpotenzials neu eingestuft. Als Folge der Neueinstufung entstand eine Unsicherheit bei den Lehrkräften gegenüber dem Einsatz dieses Versuchs. Teilweise wurden zudem offiziell Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, das „Slime‐Experiment“ mit Dinatriumtetraboraten nicht mehr durchzuführen. In „New Slime“ gelingt die Vernetzung der Galactomannan‐Polysaccharidketten mithilfe eines unbedenklichen Aluminiumsalzes. Im geeigneten pH‐Wertbereich entsteht durch die Zugabe von Aluminium‐Ionen aus einer weißen viskosen Flüssigkeit ein hellgelber „Slime“, der sich ähnlich wie der bekannte Borax‐Schleim verhält. Die Fachliteraturrecherche liefert Indizien dafür, dass in Abhängigkeit von dem pH‐Wert Aluminium‐Ionen von sterisch geeigneten, deprotonierten Hydroxylgruppen des Galactomannan‐Polysaccharids komplexiert werden können. Experimentell untermauert wird diese Hypothese in unseren Untersuchungen durch die Reaktion von „New Slime“ mit Citrat‐Ionen.
Plastiksolarzellen – ein Experiment für die Schule?
Authors: Scherr Dietmar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractExperimentelle Arbeiten von Schülern und Schülerinnen werden in diesem Beitrag zum Thema „regenerative Energieerzeugung“ vorgestellt. Organische Leuchtdioden und Plastiksolarzellen werden in naher Zukunft ein wichtiges Instrument zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie ohne Umwege aus Sonnenlicht sein und den Schülerinnen und Schülern im Alltag begegnen. Diese neuen „elektronisch funktionalen“ Polymere bereichern das Thema Polymerchemie in der Schule mit modernen Aspekten, die sich auch mit den Basiskonzepten der Chemie gut erklären lassen.
Cytotoxic Triosmium Carbonyl Clusters: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study
Authors: Lee Hui Zhi Shirley , Leong Weng Kee , Top Siden , Vessières Anne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA structure–activity relationship (SAR) study of the triosmium carbonyl cluster Os3(CO)10(NCCH3)2 was carried out with a series of clusters of the general formula Os3(CO)12−nLn, cationic osmium clusters and a hemi‐labile maltolato‐Os cluster. The SAR results showed that good solubility in DMSO and at least one vacant site are required for cytotoxicity. In vitro evaluation of these new compounds showed that some are selectively active against estrogen receptor (ER)‐independent MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell lines relative to ER‐dependent MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, suggesting that the compounds have a different biological target specific to MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In particular, the maltolato cluster exhibits strong antiproliferative activity, with an IC50 value of 3 μM after only 24 h incubation. Additionally, biochemical assays conducted with the cationic cluster show that it induces apoptosis, although a biological target has not yet been identified. Further research to establish the molecular targets of these compounds and to develop improved organometallic clusters as potential breast cancer therapeutics is underway.
Exchange of Methyl‐ and Azobenzene‐Terminated Alkanethiols on Polycrystalline Gold Studied by Tip‐Enhanced Raman Mapping
Authors: Picardi Gennaro , Królikowska Agata , Yasukuni Ryohei , Chaigneau Marc , Escude Marie , Mourier Véronique , Licitra Christophe , Ossikovski Razvigor 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMixed thiol self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting methyl and azobenzene head groups were prepared by chemical substitution from the original single‐component n‐decanethiol or [4‐(phenylazo)phenoxy]hexane‐1‐thiol SAMs on polycrystalline gold substrates. Static contact‐angle measurements were carried out to confirm a change in the hydrophobicity of the functionalized surfaces following the exchange reaction. The mixed SAMs presented contact‐angle values between those of the more hydrophobic n‐decanethiol and the more hydrophilic [4‐(phenylazo)phenoxy]hexane‐1‐thiol single‐component SAMs. By means of tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) mapping experiments, it was possible to highlight that molecular replacement takes place easily and first at grain boundaries: for two different mixed SAM compositions, TERS point‐by‐point maps with <50 nm step sizes showed different spectral signatures in correspondence to the grain boundaries. An example of the substitution extending beyond grain boundaries and affecting flat areas of the gold surface is also shown.
Normal fertility in male mice with deletion of β‐catenin gene in germ cells
Authors: Rivas Bryan , Huang Zaohua , Agoulnik Alexander I. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryAs a dual function protein, β‐catenin affects both cell adhesion and mediates canonical Wnt/β‐catenin cell signaling. β‐Catenin is prominently expressed in somatic Sertoli cells in the testis and postmeiotic germ cells, suggesting an additional role in spermatogenesis. It was reported previously that Cre/loxP‐mediated conditional inactivation of the β‐catenin gene (Ctnnb1) in male gonads using a protamine promoter‐driven Cre transgene (Prm‐cre) resulted in partial infertility, reduced sperm count, and abnormal spermatogenesis. In this report, we demonstrated that the conditional deletion of Ctnnb1 using a germ cell specific Cre transgene (Stra8‐icre) had no effect on male fertility. We have shown that the Stra8‐icre transgene was highly efficient in generating deletion in early pre‐meiotic and post‐meiotic cells. No differences in anatomical or histological presentation were found in the mutant testis, the production of viable sperm was similar, and no abnormalities in DNA sperm content were detected. We concluded that β‐catenin is fully dispensable in germ cells for spermatogenesis. The conflicting results from the earlier study may have been due to off‐target expression of Prm‐cre in testicular somatic cells. In future studies, the analysis of conditional mutants using several Cre‐transgenes should be encouraged to reduce potential errors. genesis 52:328–332, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches
Authors: Zipkin Elise F. , Sillett T. Scott , Grant Evan H. Campbell , Chandler Richard B. , Royle J. Andrew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWildlife populations consist of individuals that contribute disproportionately to growth and viability. Understanding a population's spatial and temporal dynamics requires estimates of abundance and demographic rates that account for this heterogeneity. Estimating these quantities can be difficult, requiring years of intensive data collection. Often, this is accomplished through the capture and recapture of individual animals, which is generally only feasible at a limited number of locations. In contrast,N‐mixture models allow for the estimation of abundance, and spatial variation in abundance, from count data alone. We extend recently developed multistate, open populationN‐mixture models, which can additionally estimate demographic rates based on an organism's life history characteristics. In our extension, we develop an approach to account for the case where not all individuals can be assigned to a state during sampling. Using only state‐specific count data, we show how our model can be used to estimate local population abundance, as well as density‐dependent recruitment rates and state‐specific survival. We apply our model to a population of black‐throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) that have been surveyed for 25 years on their breeding grounds at theHubbardBrookExperimentalForest inNewHampshire,USA. The intensive data collection efforts allow us to compare our estimates to estimates derived from capture–recapture data. Our model performed well in estimating population abundance and density‐dependent rates of annual recruitment/immigration. Estimates of local carrying capacity and per capita recruitment of yearlings were consistent with those published in other studies. However, our model moderately underestimated annual survival probability of yearling and adult females and severely underestimates survival probabilities for both of these male stages. The most accurate and precise estimates will necessarily require some amount of intensive data collection efforts (such as capture–recapture). Integrated population models that combine data from both intensive and extensive sources are likely to be the most efficient approach for estimating demographic rates at large spatial and temporal scales.
Evaluation of signalling load in control channels for the cognitive management of opportunistic networks
Authors: Karvounas Dimitrios , Georgakopoulos Andreas , Stavroulaki Vera , Tsagkaris Kostas , Demestichas Panagiotis 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes the data structures needed for the cognitive management of operator‐governed opportunistic networks (ONs), which are coordinated extensions of the infrastructure and are created dynamically and temporarily through operator policies when they are needed. The data structures are divided in five categories: profiles, context, decision, knowledge and policy. Profile information provides information on the capabilities of devices and infrastructure elements, the characteristics of applications and the requirements and preferences of users. Contextual information comprises information regarding the current status of the terminal and the infrastructure devices as well as their environment, whereas decisions include information about the creation and (re‐)configuration of ONs, as well as information for the (re‐)configuration of infrastructure and terminals. Knowledge information focuses on the storage of the decisions made for each occurred context, whereas the policies provide rules for context handling, in terms of objectives to be achieved, strategies to be used for the optimization and constraints to be respected. The data structures are evaluated through the capacity extension scenario, where network elements exchange messages based on the IEEE 802.21 standard in order to relieve a congested base station through the ON creation that will offload a proportion of terminals to alternative base stations. For a small network, the evaluation proves that the signalling load is around 60 KB, whereas for a large network, the load is around 260 KB. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A karyological study of some Dianthus L. species (Caryophyllaceae) in Northeast of Iran
Authors: Behroozian Maryam , Vaezi Jamil , Reza Joharchi Mohammad 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study focuses on karyological investigation of four taxa of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) including D. crossopetalus, D. orientalis subsp. stenocalyx, D. orientalis subsp. gorganicus, and Dianthus sp. distributed in Northeast of Iran. The karyotype asymmetry/symmetry was evaluated using two methods: 1) CVCL (coefficient of variation of chromosome length) and CVCI (heterogeneity of the centromeric index); and 2) MCA (mean centromeric asymmetry). The karyotype asymmetry was also used to investigate the relationships among the taxa. Results obtained from the current study revealed that there are two different ploidy levels (2n = 2x = 30 and 2n = 4x = 60) among the investigated taxa. The indices CVCL and MCA described karyotype asymmetry correctly based on variation in chromosome length. Diagram of CVCL vs. MCA seems to be appropriate for karyological delimitation and taxonomic relationships among the Dianthus taxa under study. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Power of the Alpha Mothers
Authors: Höner Oliver 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSpotted hyenas live in social groups of up to 100 members. In these complex societies, a strikingly simple behavioural pattern has evolved that efficiently prevents inbreeding: females are very picky when it comes to choosing a father for their young and as a result, most sexually mature males disperse from the group. The results of pioneering studies in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater.
Taxonomy for Methods of Resource Use Measurement
Authors: Ridyard Colin H. , Hughes Dyfrig A. ,   DIRUM Team
Published: January 2014

AbstractResource use measures, including forms, diaries and questionnaires, are ubiquitous in trial‐based economic evaluations in the UK. However, there are concerns about the accuracy of how they are described, which limits the transparency of reporting. We developed a simple and structured taxonomy for methods of resource use measurement by examining 94 resource use measures (RUMs) employed within clinical trials, conducting a descriptive synthesis of the extracted data and soliciting wider opinion during a period of consultation. The reporting of RUMs was found to be varied and inconsistent. Our new taxonomy, which considered the views of 20 consultees, requires that RUMs are reported with a description of the following: (i) the source of data (patient; patient proxy, e.g. carer, parent or guardian; observation of contemporary events; medical records; or other databases); (ii) who completes the RUM (patient or their proxy, and researcher or health care professional); (iii) how it is administered (to self [the patient], face to face or telephone); (iv) how it is recorded (form, questionnaire, log or diary); and (v) medium of recording (e.g. paper or electronically). Based on the present analysis, we have developed a taxonomy for RUMs that should result in data collection methods being described more accurately. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivational cues: The role of perceived senders' self‐control ability in raters' deception judgements
Authors: Wu Song , Zou Hong , Cai Wei , Wang Xue , Jin Shenghua 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have found that senders' personal traits may be used by others to make judgements about the senders' truthfulness. Two studies were conducted to examine whether perceived self‐control ability has an effect on deception judgement. Perceived self‐control was hypothesized to act as a motivational cue that participants would use to assess the sender's motivation to lie, which in turn would influence their deception judgement. Results revealed that when participants assessed the sender as having higher self‐control ability, they would consider the sender to be less motivated to lie in daily life (Study 1), and judge the sender more truthful in a text‐based deception judgement task (Study 2). However, the effect of perceived self‐control ability disappeared in a video‐based task (Study 2), likely due to the multitude of various cues available in audio‐visual stimuli. The theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.