bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
الغضب مفرداته ومثيراته في ضوء النصوص المصرية القديمة (Anger: Its Lexical Meanings and its Motives in the Light of Ancient Egyptian Texts)
Authors: محمد مجاهد عبد المنعم 
Published: May 2014

The researcher collected about twenty-one words in Ancient Egyptian language, each of them meaning anger; as well as many derivations of these words through sign commutation, sign germination, and sign additions (such as causatives; of the infinitive). Specific words may also be added some of these lexical meanings to form expressions denoting to anger and its responses simultaneously. The researcher noted that some of these words expressed the meaning of anger contextually, not lexically, due to the connection between its lexical meanings and emotional responses of anger. The emotion stimuli of anger, or stressful events that led to it, combined in Ancient Egypt, stimuli related to the abuse and harm to the angry, materially and morally (such as honor violation, assault and battery, losing wishes, difference of opinion; and may be also as a result of the other‘s misconduct, the misconduct toward the ruler and the country‘s security). Obviously, this latter type of stimuli associated with the king personality (such as his anger concerning triumph delay, contumacy toward him and his country, as well as threaten its security). The ancient Egyptian noted, through experience, that anger of the Warrior King had an impact in achieving victory; it is an effect that was proven by modern psychology; this led the ancient Egyptian to connect permanently between the anger emotion of the king and his military activities. So the desire to winning represented permanent stimuli, tempted the royal anger through wars. This is known in modern psychology “Behavioral Reactions”, that is if anger achieved a positive result for an individual, it would be an encouragement for an individual to use it in similar situations afterward. Finally, we have another type of anger stimuli associated with the deceased; it is his expectations to be exposed in the afterlife by forms of abuse and harm that would prevent him from obtaining what he wishes. The researcher divided his study into two parts, tracked in the first the lexical meanings denoting anger in ancient Egyptian language, according to its order in the ancient Egyptian dictionaries. The second part discussed the anger stimuli in light of the ancient Egyptian texts. The last part has three topics, guided by modern psychology, the first is entitled “The Conditions and External Factors”; the second is “The Reactions Behavioral”; and the last topic is “The Expectations”.
(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone
Authors: Thompson Gregory , Eidhammer Trude 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation development in complex ways due to myriad feedbacks at a variety of scales from individual clouds through entire storm systems. This paper describes the implementation, testing, and results of a newly modified bulk microphysical parameterization with explicit cloud droplet nucleation and ice activation by aerosols. Idealized tests and a high-resolution, convection-permitting, continental-scale, 72-h simulation with five sensitivity experiments showed that increased aerosol number concentration results in more numerous cloud droplets of overall smaller size and delays precipitation development. Furthermore, the smaller droplet sizes cause the expected increased cloud albedo effect and more subtle longwave radiation effects. Although increased aerosols generally hindered the warm-rain processes, regions of mixed-phase clouds were impacted in slightly unexpected ways with more precipitation falling north of a synoptic-scale warm front. Aerosol impacts to regions of light precipitation, less than approximately 2.5 mm h−1, were far greater than impacts to regions with higher precipitation rates. Comparisons of model forecasts with five different aerosol states versus surface precipitation measurements revealed that even a large-scale storm system with nearly a thousand observing locations did not indicate which experiment produced a more correct final forecast, indicating a need for far longer-duration simulations due to the magnitude of both model forecast error and observational uncertainty. Last, since aerosols affect cloud and precipitation phase and amount, there are resulting implications to a variety of end-user applications such as surface sensible weather and aircraft icing.
Dynamical Forcing of Subseasonal Variability in the Tropical Brewer–Dobson Circulation
Authors: Abalos Marta , Randel William J. , Serrano Encarna 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Upwelling across the tropical tropopause exhibits strong subseasonal variability superimposed on the well-known annual cycle, and these variations directly affect temperature and tracers in the tropical lower stratosphere. In this work, the dynamical forcing of tropical upwelling on subseasonal time scales is investigated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) for 1979–2011. Momentum balance diagnostics reveal that transience in lower-stratospheric upwelling is linked to the effects of extratropical wave forcing, with centers of action in the extratropical winter stratosphere and in the subtropical upper troposphere of both hemispheres. The time-dependent forcing in these regions induces a remote coupled response in the zonal mean wind and the meridional circulation (with associated temperature changes), which drives upwelling variability in the tropical stratosphere. This behavior is observed in the reanalysis, consistent with theory. Dynamical patterns reflect distinctive forcing of the shallow versus deep branches of the Brewer–Dobson circulation; the shallow branch is most strongly correlated with wave forcing in the subtropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, while the deep branch is mainly influenced by high-latitude planetary waves.
Rapid Eddy-Induced Modification of Subtropical Mode Water during the Kuroshio Extension System Study
Authors: Bishop Stuart P. , Watts D. Randolph 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
From 2004 to 2006 an observational array of current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) were deployed as part of the Kuroshio Extension (KEx) System Study (KESS). KESS observed a transition from a weakly meandering (“stable”) to strongly meandering (“unstable”) state (Qiu and Chen). As the KEx made this transition, potential vorticity (PV) observed within the southern recirculation gyre (SRG) rapidly increased from January to July 2005. In this study, the authors diagnose eddy PV fluxes (EPVFs) in isentropic coordinates within the subtropical mode water (STMW) layer from the CPIES data to determine the role of mesoscale eddies in this rapid increase of PV.
The rapid increase in PV within the SRG coincided with enhanced cross-front EPVFs and eddy PV flux convergence upstream of a mean trough in the KEx path and adjacent to the SRG. The enhanced cross-front EPVFs were the result of the formation of a cold-core ring (CCR) and the interaction of the jet with a preexisting CCR. Eddy diffusivities are diagnosed for the unstable regime with values that range from 100 to 2000 m2 s−1. The high eddy diffusivities during the unstable regime reflect the nature of mesoscale CCR formation and CCR–jet interaction as efficient mechanisms for stirring and mixing high PV waters from the north side of the KEx into the low PV waters of the SRG where STMW resides. This mechanism for cross-frontal exchange can explain observed increases in the STMW PV in the SRG over the 16 months of KESS observations.
Topographic Enhancement of Eddy Efficiency in Baroclinic Equilibration
Authors: Abernathey Ryan , Cessi Paola 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The processes that determine the depth of the Southern Ocean thermocline are considered. In existing conceptual frameworks, the thermocline depth is determined by competition between the mean and eddy heat transport, with a contribution from the interaction with the stratification in the enclosed portion of the ocean. Using numerical simulations, this study examines the equilibration of an idealized circumpolar current with and without topography. The authors find that eddies are much more efficient when topography is present, leading to a shallower thermocline than in the flat case. A simple quasigeostrophic analytical model shows that the topographically induced standing wave increases the effective eddy diffusivity by increasing the local buoyancy gradients and lengthening the buoyancy contours across which the eddies transport heat. In addition to this local heat flux intensification, transient eddy heat fluxes are suppressed away from the topography, especially upstream, indicating that localized topography leads to local (absolute) baroclinic instability and its subsequent finite-amplitude equilibration, which extracts available potential energy very efficiently from the time-mean flow.
A Nonsymmetric Logit Model and Grouped Predictand Category Development
Authors: Glahn Bob 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLogistic regression is an alternative to regression estimation of event probabilities (REEP) and other techniques for estimating weather event probabilities based on NWP output or other predictors. Logistic regression has the advantage over REEP in that the probability estimates are constrained between zero and unity, whereas REEP can “overshoot” these values. It may be a detriment in some applications that the curves developed, one for each of several predictand categories (events), are symmetric. This paper shows how the logit curve can easily be made nonsymmetric as a function of a predictor, and thereby possibly achieve a better fit to the data. As with REEP, the probabilities estimated by logistic regression for each of several categories of a variable may not be consistent. For instance, the probability of snow &gt; 2 in. may exceed the probability of snow &gt; 1 in. Such inconsistencies can be avoided by developing a single equation involving all predictand categories and including another predictor that is a function of the predictand. This effectively, for a single predictor, produces parallel curves separated along the predictor axis but imposes restrictions on the equations and probabilities produced from them. The relationship between the predictor(s) and the predictand must be considered in determining the functional form. With only one predictor, defining the function is relatively straightforward. However, with multiple predictors, the process is more problematic. This paper demonstrates an alternative to imposing a functional form by using binary predictors. This formulation also achieves the goal of producing consistent forecasts and generalizes more readily to multiple predictors.
Surface Microphysical Observations within East Coast Winter Storms on Long Island, New York
Authors: Colle Brian A. , Stark David , Yuter Sandra E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSurface observations of ice habit and degree of riming were measured for 12 cyclone events over 3 winter seasons at Stony Brook, New York, on the northeast coast of the United States. A total of 205.6 cm of snow accumulated during these storms, with an average degree of riming of 1.25 (out of 5) and snow-to-liquid ratio ranging from 3:1 to 17:1. There were consistent spatial patterns of habit and riming intensity relative to the cyclone structure. Cold-type habits (side planes and bullets) commonly occurred within the outer comma head to the north and northeast of the cyclone center. In the middle of the comma head, moderately rimed dendrites, plates, and needles were observed. Close to the cyclone center, heavy riming was observed with needles and graupel. The western quadrant of the comma head had primarily plates and dendrites with little to no riming. Periods of light riming and high snow–liquid ratios (≥13:1) are dominated by cold-type habits, dendrites, and plates and have similar vertical motion and synoptic characteristics inferred from 13-km Rapid Update Cycle analyses. Maximum vertical motion occurred in a region of favored ice growth and less supercooled water (from −15° to −25°C). During heavy riming periods, needles and graupel are dominant and the vertical motion maximum occurs at temperatures from 0° to −5°C. Vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar indicates stronger vertical motions and turbulence for heavy riming as opposed to light rimming periods. Periods with low snow-to-liquid ratio (≤7:1) were observed to occur either as heavy rimed particles or as light riming of compact habits such as sideplanes, bullets, and needles.
On the Dynamics, Thermodynamics, and Forecast Model Evaluation of Two Snow-Burst Events in Southern Alberta
Authors: Milrad Shawn M. , Gyakum John R. , Lombardo Kelly , Atallah Eyad H. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Two high-impact convective snowband events (“snow bursts”) that affected Calgary, Alberta, Canada, are examined to better understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of heavy snowbands not associated with lake effects or the cold conveyor belt of synoptic-scale cyclones. Such events are typically characterized by brief, but heavy, periods of snow; low visibilities; and substantial hazards to automobile and aviation interests. Previous literature on these events has been limited to a few case studies across North America, including near the leeside foothills of the U.S. Rockies. The large-scale dynamics and thermodynamics are investigated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Previously, high-resolution convection-explicit Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations have shown some ability to successfully reproduce the dynamics, thermodynamics, and appearance of convective snowbands, with small errors in location and timing. Therefore, WRF simulations are performed for both events, and are evaluated along with the NCEP North American Mesoscale (NAM) model forecasts. Both the NARR and WRF simulations show that while the two snow bursts are similar in appearance, they form as a result of different dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms. The first event occurs downstream of an upper-tropospheric jet streak in a region of little synoptic-scale ascent, where ageostrophic frontogenesis helps to release conditional, dry symmetric, and inertial instability in an unsaturated environment. The inertial instability is determined to be related to fast flow over upstream high terrain. The second event occurs in a saturated environment in a region of Q-vector convergence (primarily geostrophic frontogenesis), which acts to release conditional, convective, and conditional symmetric instability (CSI).
Simulation of the Summer Monsoon Rainfall over East Asia Using the NCEP GFS Cumulus Parameterization at Different Horizontal Resolutions
Authors: Sunny Lim Kyo-Sun , Hong Song-You , Yoon Jin-Ho , Han Jongil 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The most recent version of the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) cumulus scheme in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) (GFS SAS) is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a modification of the triggering condition and the convective mass flux in order to make it dependent on the model’s horizontal grid spacing. The East Asian summer monsoon season of 2006 is selected in order to evaluate the performance of the modified GFS SAS scheme. In comparison to the original GFS SAS scheme, the modified GFS SAS scheme shows overall better agreement with the observations in terms of the simulated monsoon rainfall. The simulated precipitation from the original GFS SAS scheme is insensitive to the model’s horizontal grid spacing, which is counterintuitive because the portion of the resolved clouds in a grid box should increase as the model grid spacing decreases. This behavior of the original GFS SAS scheme is alleviated by the modified GFS SAS scheme. In addition, three different cumulus schemes (Grell and Freitas, Kain and Fritsch, and Betts–Miller–Janjić) are chosen to investigate the role of a horizontal resolution on the simulated monsoon rainfall. Although the forecast skill of the surface rainfall does not always improve as the spatial resolution increases, the improvement of the probability density function of the rain rate with the smaller grid spacing is robust regardless of the cumulus parameterization scheme.
Applying theoretical components to the implementation of health-promoting schools
Authors: McIsaac Jessie-Lee , Storey Kate , Veugelers Paul J , Kirk Sara FL 
Published: May 2014

Objective: Health-promoting schools (HPS) constitute an internationally recognised approach that connects health and education in a planned, integrated and holistic way. There is considerable variability, however, in how HPS is implemented and recent research has attempted to clarify the key functions of implementation. A provincial HPS strategy in Nova Scotia (NS) (Canada) provided a unique research opportunity to examine implementation related to emerging theory. The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe a provincial case study of HPS implementation using theoretical components identified in the literature. Design: Collective case study approach using qualitative research methods. Setting: The study was situated within a larger province-wide school-based research project examining the relationships between health, nutrition, physical activity, mental health and school performance of children in NS. As a follow-up to the provincial study, nine schools ( n = 9) that varied in their HPS implementation strategies and characteristics (i.e. size and region) were invited to take part as case study schools. Method: Data collection included observations, interviews and documents from nine schools ( n = 9). Data were analysed for emerging themes and using the a priori theoretical components. Results: The results revealed that schools assembled into three sequential categories based on the functioning of theoretical components. Higher level visioning and school-level leadership were critical in sustaining the adoption and implementation of HPS across schools and appeared to enable and integrate organisational processes, such as distributed leadership and a collaborative school culture, to enhance HPS implementation at school level. Conclusion: This study confirmed other reports that it is imperative to integrate HPS work with educational values so as to enable partnerships in both the health and education sectors, thereby promoting both health and prosperity among students.
Coaches’ perceptions of French sports clubs: Health-promotion activities, aims and coach motivation
Authors: Van Hoye Aurélie , Sarrazin Philippe , Heuzé Jean-Philippe , Kokko Sami 
Published: May 2014

Background: Given the benefits of participating in sport, sports clubs have been recognised as health-promoting organizations. To examine health-promotion activities in Finnish sports clubs, Kokko et al. developed a set of standards for health-promoting sports clubs (HPSC). Objective: The present study extends this line of research, by (1) measuring coaches’ perceptions of health- promotion activities in French sports clubs and comparing them to earlier Finnish results, (2) measuring coaches’ perceptions of the health-promotion aims of sports clubs and (3) examining the links between HPSC and coaches’ self-determined motivation. Methods: Coaches ( N = 125) completed a modified version of the HPSC questionnaire and a scale assessing their motivation to coach. Results: Coaches perceived French and Finnish sports clubs as fairly health promoting, but with wide variability between clubs. In both countries, sports clubs scores showed the same patterns: high scores for ideology and environment activities, and low scores for policies, practices and partnership. Coaches’ perceptions of clubs’ aims also followed the same pattern, but with higher scores for each dimension, meaning that coaches considered health promotion as a relevant aim for sports clubs. Finally, controlling for demographic variables, the HPSC index and sub-indices were related to coaches’ self-determined motivation. Conclusion: This study strengthens the previous findings for health promotion in the setting of sports clubs and the positive role of these activities on coaches’ motivation to coach.
A Multilevel Approach to Relating Subjective Workload to Performance After Shifts in Task Demand
Authors: Mracek Derek L. , Arsenault Matthew L. , Day Eric Anthony , Hardy Jay H. , Terry Robert A. 
Published: May 2014

Objective: The aim of this laboratory experiment was to demonstrate how taking a longitudinal, multilevel approach can be used to examine the dynamic relationship between subjective workload and performance over a given period of activity involving shifts in task demand. Background: Subjective workload and conditions of the performance environment are oftentimes examined via cross-sectional designs without distinguishing within- from between-person effects. Given the dynamic nature of performance phenomena, multilevel designs coupled with manipulations of task demand shifts are needed to better model the dynamic relationships between state and trait components of subjective workload and performance. Method: With a sample of 75 college students and a computer game representing a complex decision-making environment, increases and decreases in task demand were counterbalanced and subjective workload and performance were measured concurrently in regular intervals within performance episodes. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Results: Both between- and especially within-person effects were dynamic. Nevertheless, at both levels of analysis, higher subjective workload reflected performance problems, especially more downstream from increases in task demand. Conclusion: As a function of cognitive-energetic processes, shifts in task demand are associated with changes in how subjective workload is related to performance over a given period of activity. Multilevel, longitudinal approaches are useful for distinguishing and examining the dynamic relationships between state and trait components of subjective workload and performance. Application: The findings of this research help to improve the understanding of how a sequence of demands can exceed a performer’s capability to respond to further demands.
Does task matter? The effect of task on the establishment, autonomy and control of semi-autonomous agencies
Authors: van Thiel Sandra , Yesilkagit Kutsal 
Published: May 2014

The task of agencies is often considered to be an important determinant of agency design, autonomy, governance and control. The evidence for these expectations has, however, been limited so far. Moreover, there are several problems with the ‘task-variable’. There is no clear definition, agencies often perform multiple tasks, and as task is a nominal variable there are restrictions on the use of statistical techniques. Two questions arise: does task matter and does it matter how task is measured? Using survey data on Dutch agencies ( N = 206), several expectations are tested with different techniques. Overall, some tasks have some effect on agency autonomy and control, however, often only indirectly and not sustained in multivariate analyses. Formal autonomy and budget are more decisive than task in explaining agency autonomy and control. Analysis with dummy variables offers better opportunities to test task effects than non-parametrical tests. Researchers should use multiple task categories in future analyses instead of simple dichotomies, not only because agencies perform multiple tasks but also because specific tasks have specific effects. Points for practitioners Agencies have multiple tasks in different combinations. This should be taken into account when designing agencies' degrees of autonomy and control. There are no straightforward relations between task and autonomy or control. The type of agency and the size of its budget are most decisive to agency autonomy and control.