bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of stress intensity factors in 2‐D linear fracture mechanics by Petrov–Galerkin natural element method
Authors: Cho J. R. , Lee H. W. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis paper is concerned with the numerical calculation of stress intensity factors in two‐dimensional linear fracture problems by Petrov–Galerkin natural element method, for which the Voronoi polygon‐based Laplace interpolation functions and constant strain finite element basis functions are taken for the trial and test functions, respectively. A local element patch recovery technique is employed to obtain more accurate smoothed strain and stress fields, and the stress intensity factors of edge and angled center cracks are calculated by both the J‐integral and interaction integral methods. The influence of the grid density, integral domain size, and weighting function type on the numerical accuracy is investigated through the numerical experiments. In addition, the present method is compared with the hybrid crack elements in combination with extended FEM and the scaled boundary FEM. It is confirmed that Petrov–Galerkin natural element method provides the numerical accuracy similar to these recent direct methods. Also, it is found that the accuracy of the J‐integral is affected by the grid density but not by the integral domain size. In the case of the interaction integral, the numerical accuracy is influenced by both the type of weighting function and the integral domain size. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Celebrity altruism: the good, the bad and the ugly in relationships with fundraising charities
Authors: Kelly Sean P. , Morgan Gareth G. , Coule Tracey M. 
Published: April 2014

Enlisting or retaining the support of celebrity volunteers is a crucial element in the fundraising and communications strategies for many third sector organisations. But whilst there is a plethora of literature on volunteer motivations, there has been little exploration of the relationships between celebrity volunteers and the charities that they support. Furthermore, the limited theory that exists appears to be based on the experiences of fundraisers and other media specialists with little primary research on attitudes of celebrities themselves. This paper therefore considers celebrity/charity relationships on the basis of existing volunteer motivation theory and attitudinal data from a sample of 208 celebrity volunteers associated with a major fundraising charity in the UK. The findings indicate that the motivation of celebrity volunteers may be much closer to those of other charity volunteers than might be expected from other literature on celebrities. In addition, the study found that amongst other factors, celebrity volunteers typically prefer their engagements to be simplistic and expedient in nature, but that where possible, the engagement activity should be fun and rewarding. It also reveals that individual motives for supporting charities are varied in nature and range from purely altruistic tendencies at one end of the continuum to egoistic motives at the other. In addition, the study indicates that factors such as security and trust in the endorsed organisation are a key motivating factor for many.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of donor‐specified donation splitting: a technique to understand the impact of financial management on donor trust
Authors: Burt Chris , Williams Skye 
Published: April 2014

Two experiments investigated donors' willingness to split their donation into a proportion that the charity could use for administration costs and a portion that could be used to deliver the charity's services. Experiment 1 found that participants in the condition given the opportunity to split their donation into an amount for administration costs and an amount for service delivery gave a significantly smaller proportion of their overall donation to administration costs, when compared with participants in another condition who were simply asked what proportion of their donation they would be happy for the organization to use for administration costs. Experiment 2 manipulated the amount of information participants (donors) received about the breakdown of a charity's administration costs but found no significant change in the amount donated to administration. Both experiments show that donors were willing to donate approximately 15% of their donation directly to charity administration costs. Results are discussed in terms of understanding how a charity's financial management might be influencing donor's trust in the charity and providing charities with a degree of certainty in the proportion of donations they can spend on administration costs.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monodimensional (GC–FID and GC–MS) and Comprehensive Two‐dimensional Gas Chromatography for the Assessment of Volatiles and Fatty Acids from Ruta chalepensis Aerial Parts
Authors: Tedone Laura , Costa Rosaria , De Grazia Selenia , Ragusa Salvatore , Mondello Luigi 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionRuta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) is widespread in the Mediterranean area. This plant has a solid tradition in ethnomedicine because of its various biological activities. Based on previous reports, the main volatile constituents of R. chalepensis are 2‐undecanone and 2‐nonanone, but most are still unknown, particularly fatty acid composition.ObjectiveTo exhaustively characterise the chemical composition of the aerial parts from R. chalepensis plants collected from the wild in Sicily, within a project aiming at the evaluation and characterisation of medicinal plants from the Mediterranean flora. The study was directed toward the determination of volatiles and fatty acids in samples of R. chalepensis obtained from different aerial plant parts and from plants harvested at different times.MethodsGC with flame ionisation detection, GC–MS and two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) advanced techniques, with support of dedicated mass spectral databases provided with retention index (RI) information, were applied to determine both volatiles and fatty acids. Samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and underwent methylic transesterification in order to be transformed into the correspondent fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).ResultsThe monodimensional analysis by GC–MS with RI confirmed that 2‐nonanone and 2‐undecanone are the predominant components in all the plant parts, followed by esters and monoterpenes. A different distribution was observed of the main compounds in the various plant parts depending on the life cycle of the plant (vegetative or reproductive stage). The multidimensional GC × GC analysis allowed for a complete screening of the fatty acids. About 65% of the total were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), followed by 30% of saturated fatty acids (SFA).ConclusionA detailed GC volatile fingerprint of R. chalepensis flowers, leaves, fruits and stems was established, highlighting the compositional differences depending on plant organs and life cycle. The results indicated R. chalepensis as a good source of fatty acids from the w3 and w6 series. In both essential oil and lipidic extract, many compounds were determined for the first time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated brush growth on nanoparticle surfaces by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Jiao Yang , Akcora Pinar 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIt is now well established that controlling the grafted chain lengths and densities on nanoparticle surfaces determines the effective interactions between particles, and their assembly. Here, we present unusual kinetic results for achieving grafted chain lengths longer than the free chains using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and discuss the limitations to obtaining polymer grafting density higher than ∼0.06 chains/nm2. We observe that surface initiated polymerization grows faster than the free chains in solution with high RAFT agent coverage (1.95 agents/nm2) on nanoparticles. The time‐dependence of graft density suggests that activation of the anchored chain transfer agent (CTA) is limited by the diffusion of macro‐radicals within growing grafts. Thus, radical transfer and exchange reactions become inefficient between grafts and free polymer, and convert the surface‐initiated RAFT mechanism to a free radical polymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1700–1705
Synthesis of methallylic monomers bearing ammonium side‐groups and their radical copolymerization with chlorotrifluoroethylene
Authors: Alaaeddine Ali , Boschet Frédéric , Ameduri Bruno 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMethallylic monomers bearing triethyl or 4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) ammonium side‐groups are prepared and copolymerized with chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). First, three different monomers are synthesized from chloro‐2‐methylprop‐1‐ene or 3‐chloro‐2‐chloromethylprop‐1‐ene in fair to good yields (57–95%). Then, several parameters (initiators, aqueous or solution processes, temperature) of the radical copolymerization of these monomers with chlorotrifluoroethylene are investigated. Various initiators are tested in the presence of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) as water‐soluble surfactant, and tert‐butyl peroxypivalate/APFO leads to the best results in a mixed solvent (H2O/CH3CN/C4F5H5). In all experiments, the radical copolymerization shows that CTFE is more reactive than the methallylic monomer as evidenced by the characterization of poly(CTFE‐co‐M) copolymer by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermal degradation of these copolymers by thermogravimetric analyses indicates that the copolymers are stable up to 180 °C without any degradation and have a Td,10% above 300 °C. Finally, their ionic exchange capacities range between 0.94 and 1.69 meq g−1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1721–1729
Risk factors for the development of pleural empyema in children
Authors: Elemraid Mohamed A. , Thomas Matthew F. , Blain Alasdair P. , Rushton Stephen P. , Spencer David A. , Gennery Andrew R. , Clark Julia E. ,   On behalf of the North East of England Pediatric Respiratory Infection Study Group Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Published: April 2014

SummaryPediatric pleural empyema has increased substantially over the past 20 years and reasons for this rise remain not fully explained. We investigated potential risk factors for the development of empyema in children by examining a cohort of patients with community‐acquired pneumonia. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics, use of Ibuprofen prior to presentation and selected potential epidemiological risk factors were analyzed. Data were collected from a prospective etiological study of radiologically confirmed pneumonia in hospitalized children aged ≤16 years. One hundred sixty children were enrolled; 56% were male and 69% aged <5 years. Empyema complication developed in 40 (25%) children. Children with empyema were more frequently prescribed Ibuprofen prior to admission to hospital than those without (82% vs. 46.2%; OR 1.94, 97.5% credible interval 0.80–3.18). Bacterial infection was strongly associated with the development of empyema (OR 3.34, 97.5% credible interval 1.70–5.14). In contrast age, sex, maternal age, parental smoking, level of socioeconomic status, nursery attendance, asthma, household characteristics (bedrooms and number of occupants) were not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, children with pneumonia who developed empyema had more often received Ibuprofen prior to hospitalization and confirmed bacterial infection. We suggest a population‐based study involving both primary and secondary care settings would help to investigate the role of Ibuprofen use in modulating the course of disease in children with pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:721–726. © 2014 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleukin‐17 promotes development of castration‐resistant prostate cancer potentially through creating an immunotolerant and pro‐angiogenic tumor microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Qiuyang , Liu Sen , Zhang Qingsong , Xiong Zhenggang , Wang Alun R. , Myers Leann , Melamed Jonathan , Tang Wendell W. , You Zongbing 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDInterleukin‐17 (IL‐17) has been demonstrated to promote formation and growth of hormone‐naïve prostate adenocarcinoma in mice. IL‐17's role in development of castration‐resistant prostate cancer is unknown. In the present study, we investigated IL‐17's role in castration‐resistant prostate cancer in a mouse model.METHODSIL‐17 receptor C (IL‐17RC) deficient mice were interbred with Pten conditional mutant mice to produce RC+ mice that maintained IL‐17RC expression and RC− mice that were IL‐17RC deficient. Male RC+ and RC− mice were Pten‐null and were castrated at 16 weeks of age when invasive prostate cancer had already formed. At 30 weeks of age, all male mice were analyzed for the prostate phenotypes.RESULTSRC− mice displayed prostates that were smaller than RC+ mice. Approximately 23% of prostatic glands in RC− mice, in contrast to 65% of prostatic glands in RC+ mice, developed invasive adenocarcinomas. Compared to castrate RC+ mice, castrate RC− mouse prostate had lower rates of cellular proliferation and higher rates of apoptosis as well as lower levels of MMP7, YBX1, MTA1, and UBE2C proteins. In addition, castrate RC− mouse prostate had less angiogenesis, which was associated with decreased levels of COX‐2 and VEGF. Moreover, castrate RC− mouse prostate had fewer inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, and macrophages.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, our findings suggest that IL‐17 promotes development of invasive prostate adenocarcinomas under castrate conditions, potentially through creating an immunotolerant and pro‐angiogenic tumor microenvironment. Prostate 74:869–879, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IMPACTS OF DROUGHT AND CRAYFISH INVASION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Authors: Magoulick D. D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDrought and seasonal drying can be important disturbance events in many small streams, leading to intermittent or isolated habitats. Many small streams contain crayfish populations that are often keystone or dominant species in these systems. I conducted an experiment in stream mesocosms to examine the effects of drought and potential ecological redundancy of a native and invasive crayfish species. I examined the effects of drought (drought or control) and crayfish presence (none, native crayfish Orconectes eupunctus or invasive crayfish Orconectes neglectus) on stream mesocosm structure and function (leaf breakdown, community metabolism, periphyton, sediment and chironomid densities) in a fully factorial design. Each mesocosm contained a deep and shallow section, and drought treatments had surface water present (5‐cm depth) in deep sections where tiles and leaf packs were placed. Drought and crayfish presence did not interact for any response variable. Drought significantly reduced leaf breakdown, and crayfish presence significantly increased leaf breakdown. However, the native and invasive crayfish species did not differ significantly in their effects on leaf breakdown. Drought significantly reduced primary production and community respiration overall, whereas crayfish presence did not significantly affect primary production and community respiration. Neither drought nor crayfish presence significantly affected periphyton overall. However, drought significantly reduced autotrophic index (AI), and crayfish presence increased AI. Inorganic sediment and chironomid density were not affected by drought, but both were significantly reduced by crayfish presence. O. eupunctus reduced AI and sediment more than O. neglectus did. Neither drought nor crayfish species significantly affected crayfish growth or survival. Drought can have strong effects on ecosystem function, but weaker effects on benthic structure. Crayfish can have strong effects on ecosystem structure and function regardless of drought. In stream mesocosms, native and invasive crayfish species appeared largely ecologically redundant, although subtle differences in crayfish effects could cascade throughout the food web, and further research is needed to address this question. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Plasma im Beutel
Authors: Thomas Michael , Lachmann Kristina 
Published: April 2014

Abstract„Plasma im Beutel”︁ beschreibt ein neues kostengünstiges Verfahren zur Innenbeschichtung von geschlossenen Kunststoffbeuteln mittels Atmosphärendruckplasma. Mit dem Verfahren können homogene, langzeitstabile funktionelle Schichten auf der Innenseite von Zellkulturbeuteln aufgebracht werden. Die Flächendichte der funktionellen Aminogruppen wurde durch chemische Derivatisierung in Kombination mit ATR‐FTIR‐Spektroskopie nachgewiesen. Durch den Aufbau eines ersten Anlagenprototypen konnten unter normalen Laborbedingungen automatisiert und reproduzierbar Schichten abgeschieden werden, ohne die Sterilität der Beutel negativ zu beeinflussen. In den beschichteten Beuteln konnten auch nach längeren Lagerzeiten humane mesenchymale Stammzellen mit hohen Ausbeuten adhärent gezüchtet werden. Durch die Wahl des Schichtbildners bei der Plasmabehandlung können Schichten mit verschiedenen chemischen Funktionalitäten abgeschieden werden. Zukünftige Ziele sind die Abscheidung von Migrationsbarrieren sowie die Beschichtung von Flaschen mit hydrophoben Oberflächen.
Cognitive ecology: ecological factors, life‐styles, and cognition
Authors: Mettke‐Hofmann Claudia 
Published: April 2014

Cognitive ecology integrates cognition, ecology, and neurobiology in one topic and has recently broadened into an exciting diversity of themes covering the entire range of cognition and ecological conditions. The review identifies three major environmental factors interacting with cognition: environmental variation (predictable and unpredictable), environmental complexity and predation. Generally, variable environments favor cognitive abilities such as exploration, learning, innovation, memory and also result in larger brains as compared to stable environments. Likewise, cognition is enhanced in complex versus simple environments, whereas the relationship between predation and cognitive abilities can be positive or negative. However, organisms have often evolved entire life‐styles (e.g., residency versus migration, food‐caching versus noncaching, generalism versus specialism) to deal with these environmental factors. Considering cognition within this framework provides a much more diverse picture of how cognitive abilities evolved in conjunction with other adaptations to environmental challenges. This integrated approach identifies gaps of knowledge and allows the formulation of hypotheses for future testing. Several recently emerged approaches study cognitive abilities at a new and in part highly integrated level. For example, the effect that environment has on the development of cognitive abilities during ontogeny will improve our understanding about cause and effect and gene–environment interactions. Together with two recently emerged highly integrative approaches that link personality and pace‐of‐life syndromes with cognitive ecology these new directions will improve insight how cognition is interlinked with other major organizational processes.This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Psychology > Learning
Neuroscience > Cognition
Degradation of oligouridylated histone mRNAs: see UUUUU and goodbye
Authors: Hoefig Kai P. , Heissmeyer Vigo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring the cell cycle the expression of replication‐dependent histones is tightly coupled to DNA synthesis. Histone messenger RNA (mRNA) levels strongly increase during early S‐phase and rapidly decrease at the end of it. Here, we review the degradation of replication‐dependent histone mRNAs, a paradigm of post‐transcriptional gene regulation, in the context of processing, translation, and oligouridylation. Replication‐dependent histone transcripts are characterized by the absence of introns and by the presence of a stem‐loop structure at the 3′ end of a very short 3′ untranslated region (UTR). These features, together with a need for active translation, are a prerequisite for their rapid decay. The degradation is induced by 3′ end additions of untemplated uridines, performed by terminal uridyl transferases. Such 3′ oligouridylated transcripts are preferentially bound by the heteroheptameric LSM1‐7 complex, which also interacts with the 3′→5′ exonuclease ERI1 (also called 3′hExo). Presumably in cooperation with LSM1‐7 and aided by the helicase UPF1, ERI1 degrades through the stem‐loop of oligouridylated histone mRNAs in repeated rounds of partial degradation and reoligouridylation. Although histone mRNA decay is now known in some detail, important questions remain open: How is ceasing nuclear DNA replication relayed to the cytoplasmic histone mRNA degradation? Why is translation important for this process? Recent research on factors such as SLIP1, DBP5, eIF3, CTIF, CBP80/20, and ERI1 has provided new insights into the 3′ end formation, the nuclear export, and the translation of histone mRNAs. We discuss how these results fit with the preparation of histone mRNAs for degradation, which starts as early as these transcripts are generated. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:577–589. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1232This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Reflecting Resiliency: Openness About Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity and Its Relationship to Well‐Being and Educational Outcomes for LGBT Students
Authors: Kosciw Joseph G. , Palmer Neal A. , Kull Ryan M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFor lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth, coming out (i.e., disclosure of LGBT identity to others) can be a key developmental milestone, one that is associated with better psychological well‐being. However, this greater visibility may come with increased risk of peer victimization. Being out, therefore, may reflect resilience and may unfold differently depending on ecological context as some spaces may be more or less supportive of LGBT youth than others. This article explores a model of risk and resilience for outness among LGBT youth, including whether it varies by community context. We tested our hypothesized model with a national dataset of 7,816 LGBT secondary school students using multi‐group structural equation modeling. Consistent with our hypotheses, outness was related to higher victimization but also to higher self‐esteem and lower depression. Greater victimization was related to negative academic outcomes directly and indirectly via diminished well‐being. The increases in victimization associated with outness were larger for rural youth, and benefits to well‐being partly compensated for their lower well‐being overall. This article suggests that being out reflects resilience in the face of higher risk of victimization, in addition to promoting well‐being in other ways. Nonetheless, contextual factors influence how this model operates among LGBT youth.