bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Van-DETR: Enhanced Real-Time Object Detection with VanillaNet and Advanced Feature Fusion
Authors: Lu Xinbiao , Zhan Gaofan , Wu Wen , Zhang Wentao , Wu Xiaolong , Han Changjiang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Recently, end-to-end detectors based on transformer (DETRs) have made remarkable progress. However, their high computational cost still limits the performance of the DETRs series as real-time object detectors. In order to solve this problem, we introduce the Van-DETR model, which enhances the first real-time end-to-end object detector, RT-DETR. Specifically, we innovatively introduce a new, more lightweight backbone—VanillaNet, replacing the former backbone—ResNet. To address its weak nonlinearity and poor local analysis, we combine large kernel convolutions with small kernel convolutions to integrate global and local information, significantly enhancing feature extraction capabilities. Secondly, in the hybrid encoder, we cascade group process the features extracted by the backbone and design a gated linear unit with a star-shaped connection for intra-scale feature interaction. During the cross-scale feature fusion stage, we propose a high-low frequency feature fusion module with strong feature representation capabilities. To verify the effectiveness of the model, we conduct experiments on two public object detection datasets—visdrone dataset and a people dataset from roboflow. Experimental results show that the proposed Van-DETR model achieves MAP50 of 0.471 and 0.730 on two object detection datasets, respectively, representing improvements of 4.5% and 2.8% over the original RT-DETR model. Source code is available at https://github.com/vangoghzz/Van-DETR.
Flow Chemistry-Enabled Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyproterone Acetate: A Chemo-biocatalytic Approach
Authors: Chen Fen-Er , Zhang Yajiao , Liu Minjie , Zheng Xianjing , Gao Liang , Wan Li , Cheng Dang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Flow chemistry has many advantages over batch synthesis of organic small-molecules in terms of environmental compatibility, safety and synthetic efficiency especially when scale-up is considered. However, its application in manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is still rare due to the complexity involved with operating a multistep continuous reaction sequence. As the demonstration of an alternative approach in steroid chemistry, herein, we report the first 10-step chemo-biocatalytic continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of cyproterone acetate (4) in which 10 transformations are combined into a telescoped flow linear sequence from commercially available 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (11). This integrated one-flow synthesis features an engineered 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase (ReM2)-catalyzed Δ1-dehydrogenation to form the C1, C2-double bond of the A ring, a substrate-controlled Co-catalyzed Mukaiyama hydration of Δ1, 4, 16-triene-3, 20-dione 9 to forge the crucial chiral C17α-OH group of the D ring with excellent stereoselectivity, and a rapid flow Corey-Chaykovsky cyclopropanation of 17α-hydroxy-Δ1, 4, 6-triene-3-one-20-ketal 7 to build the cyclopropyl core of the A ring. By strategic use of these three key reactions and fully continuous-flow operations, cyproterone acetate (4) was produced in an overall yield of 9.65% in 3 h of total reaction time, this is the shortest route to this steroid, and the highest total number of chemical transformation performance in any other continuous-flow synthesis reported to date. Also included is the Ni-catalyzed batch-mode nucleophilic cyclopropanation using DCM as methylene source for the formation of disubstituted three-membered ring on A ring in steroids with excellent chemo-regio-diastereoselectivity.
Fault Tolerance in Service Function Chains: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions
Authors: Shahab Muhammad Hamza , Sharma Yogesh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The rise of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has revolutionized the network services, by enabling the delivery of flexible and scalable solutions through Service Function Chains (SFCs). However, the virtualized deployment of SFCs increases their susceptibility to various types of failures in comparison to their physical deployment. Hence, a thorough understanding of the failure types, their reasons of occurrence and management methods is important. This will help us to achieve high fault tolerance in virtualized SFCs equivalent or perhaps higher to their physical counter parts while reaping the benefits of virtualization. This article attempts to present a systematic review of fault tolerance practices for SFCs. As an outcome, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy that categorizes the state-of-the-art in fault tolerance in SFCs based on failure types, and their pattern of occurrence, failure management approaches, and their evaluation metrics. A critical analysis of the state-of-the-art is performed to identify the key trends and research gaps. A conceptual framework to achieve high fault tolerance in SFCs is presented along with a discussion on future research directions.
Metallacage-Crosslinked Free-Standing Supramolecular Networks via Photo-induced Copolymerization for Photocatalytic Water Decontamination
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Li Rongrong , Zhang Haixin , Hou Yali , Gao Lingyan , Chu Dake 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The development of polymer materials for water decontamination makes a significant contribution to environmental protection and public health. Herein, we report the preparation of metallacage-crosslinked free-standing supramolecular networks by photo-induced copolymerization of acrylate metallacages and butyl methacrylate for water decontamination. The integration of metallacages into polymer networks endows the networks good capability for generating singlet oxygen via photosensitization, making them serve as a type of decontamination materials that can effectively eliminate diverse organic pollutants and bacterial contaminants. This study not only provides a mild and effective strategy for the preparation of metallacage-cored supramolecular networks via photo-induced copolymerization but also explores their applications for photocatalytic dye degradation and bacterial killing, which will promote the future development of metallacage-based supramolecular materials for photocatalytic applications.
Botulinum Toxin Injections in Infantile Esotropia: Tailored Management Strategies in a Case series
Authors: Ciftci Suleyman 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the impact of a single dose of botulinum toxin on infantile esotropia.
Methods: This retrospective observational case series reviewed data from infants with esotropia who received 5 IU/0.05 mL botulinum toxin in both medial rectus muscles without EMG control. The study included five patients and any complications related to the injection or the toxin itself were documented.
Throughout their regular follow-up, parents were instructed to patch the dominant eye whenever fixation preference was observed, whether in the exotropia or esotropia phase. The patients underwent examinations between their 78th and 96th months to evaluate their current visual acuity and identify any late-term accompanying squints, nystagmus, or signs of amblyopia. Best-corrected visual acuity was assessed using Snellen optotypes or pictures.
Results: Five patients were included in the study. Inferior oblique muscle hyperfunction developed postinjection in all patients, occurring as early as the 7th month and as late as the 88th month. During the final examination, visual acuity was assessed. Among those with orthophoria, one patient exhibited 1.0/1.0 visual acuity, another had 0.4/0.6 visual acuity, and one had 0.2/0.2 visual acuity. In patients with monocular esotropia, the strabismic eye had a visual acuity of 0.1, while the dominant eye had a visual acuity of 1.0. Notably, none of the patients developed dissociated vertical deviations (DVD) or latent nystagmus.
Conclusions: Intervention with botulinum toxin can prevent latent nystagmus and the consequent DVD by suppressing monofixation syndrome.
“ Virtual Counseling was a Lifeline”- Lived experiences of Adolescent Cyberbullying Victims on Counselling Intervention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Mahmood Sabrina , Kalo Zsuzsa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
With the proliferation of digital communication platforms and increased screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic, the issue of cyberbullying become a global public health concern among adolescents. The Bangladeshi education system lacks effective cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs in school. Moreover, there is a limited understanding of the impact and meaning of counselling intervention for adolescent cyberbullying victims, even during the pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a novel study to explore the impact of counselling intervention on cyberbullying victims during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.
Method
This study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the subjective experiences of adolescent cyberbullying victims regarding counselling intervention. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of ten high school students (seven females and three males, agemean+SD =15.12± 0.81) who had undergone at least five counselling intervention sessions as victims of cyberbullying during the pandemic. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes concerning cyberbullying experiences and perceived outcomes of counselling intervention.
Results
Five main themes have emerged as a result of the analysis; 1) Sense of intensified emotional and psychological impact. 2) Perceived barriers to seeking counseling in the pandemic, 3) Counselling as a crucial support system, 4) Perceived positive changes of self, and, 5) Long-term impact and sustainability. The study explored the unique challenges posed by the pandemic, which intensified the effects of cyberbullying and required adaptations in counseling approaches. Virtual counseling, despite its limitations, emerged as a vital resource for the participants, highlighting the need for flexible and accessible mental health interventions in the digital age.
Conclusions
This novel study will likely facilitate further longitudinal studies, emphasizing the urgent need to develop effective cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs in schools across Bangladesh and other developing countries.
Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Gene Signatures, Epigenetic Roles, and Regulatory Networks in Endometriosis
Authors: Amanda Clara Riski , Fadilah  , Hestiantoro Andon , Suryandari Dwi Anita , Muharam Raden , Tulandi Togas , Asmarinah  
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease with a significant economic burden. Growing evidence has suggested the role of aberrant gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This study aims to identify potential key genes, epigenetic features, and regulatory networks in endometriosis using an integrated bioinformatic approach.
Methods: Six microarray and RNA-sequencing datasets (GSE23339, GSE7305, GSE25628, GSE51981, GSE120103, GSE87809) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each dataset were analyzed using the GEO2R tool, and their mRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA components were identified subsequently. The common DEGs between datasets were combined, and the Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment were analyzed using the ShinyGo. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of differentially expressed genes, miRNA, and lncRNA was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, then the top 15 hub genes in the PPI network were identified using the CytoHubba.
Results: A total of 551 common DEGs were identified among four or more studies, including 292 upregulated and 259 downregulated genes. Besides alterations in protein-coding genes (mRNA), 16 miRNA were identified from all studies, along with 12 lncRNA that were common in at least three studies. Enriched DEGs were mainly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction, P53 signaling pathway, and focal adhesion, which are suggested to play vital roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Through PPI network construction of common DEGs, 178 nodes and 683 edges were obtained, from which 15 hub genes were identified, including CDK1, CCNB1, KIF11, CCNA2, BUB1B, DLGAP5, BUB1, TOP2A, ASPM, CEP55, CENPF, TPX2, CCNB2, KIFC, NCAPG.
Conclusions: Our in-depth bioinformatics analysis reveals the critical molecular basis underlying endometriosis. The identified hub genes, miRNA, and lncRNA may also serve as potential biomarkers to predict the occurrence and prognosis of endometriosis.
Stochastic versus deterministic assembly of oceanic island biota: leaf-dwelling lichens on the Galápagos and on Cocos Island
Authors: Lücking Robert , Moncada Bibiana , Bungartz Frank 
Published: August 2024

We used a simulation approach to test whether species compo­sition on oceanic islands follows deterministic assembly rules based on probabilities of successful dispersal and establishment. The study was performed with two island biota in the eastern Pacific: the Galápagos, dominated by dry vegetation and montane humid forest, and Cocos Island, covered by wet tropical forest. We used leaf-dwelling (foliicolous) lichens as the study group and compiled occurrence data from previous studies on both island biota and new collections from the Galápagos. Species composition was simulated using randomization from a continental species pool, without and with filtering through ecogeographic parameters. Parameters for filtering were continental distribution range, commonness, and microsite exposure for successful dispersal, and preferences regarding vegetation type, seasonality, elevation, and microhabitat for successful establishment. Whereas neutral random selection predicted insular species composition imprecisely, ecogeographic parameter filtering resulted in rather accurate prediction. Commonness was the parameter that most contributed to the determination of species assembly. Empirical comparison with sites in continental Ecuador and Costa Rica suggests a closer affinity of the Galápagos with Ecuador, indicating that distance plays some role in species assembly as well. Based on our results we conclude that insular species assembly in this group of organisms is largely deterministic, rejecting a purely neutral approach.
Composition of randomized assemblies from a known species pool occurring on the American continent supports the hypothesis that island colonization largely follows deterministic assembly rules.
Stochastic components included a small number of unpredictable species and missing species as a result of disharmonic assembly.
Commonness was the most important parameter in shaping assembly.
Empirical comparison with sites in continental Ecuador and Costa Rica suggests a closer affinity of the Galápagos with Ecuador.
This study appears to be the first to test species assembly in island biota through simulation based on predictions from continental source metacommunities.
Structural detection study of mine blanket area based on dynamic 3D deformation prediction
Authors: Chen Quanqiu , Jia Nan 
Published: August 2024

Aiming at addressing the issues of structural parameter inversion and dynamic three-dimensional deformation prediction in mining areas, a method of structural parameter inversion in mining areas based on synthetic aperture radar interferometry is designed by optimising parameter settings and simplifying the calculation process. Meanwhile, a method is proposed to transform the 3D deformation prediction of the mining area into line-of-sight direction deformation prediction, based on the constraint relationship between horizontal movement and vertical deformation gradient, and using spatio-temporal Kalman filtering for spatio-temporal data processing. The outcomes showcase that the absolute errors of 3D deformation parameter prediction are within the interval of 0-63.8 m and the absolute errors are within the range of 0-8 %. The structural parameter inversion method for mining airspace zone proposed by the study has high accuracy and precision in both shape and parameter prediction of the airspace zone, and the prediction errors are all less than 10 %. Compared with the Weibull model, the prediction error of the Kalman filter model is reduced by 8 %, which helps to better understand and predict the deformation of the mine openings. The study offers powerful technical support for the prevention and control of ground deformation and mobile geological disasters caused by mining, which is meaningful for the safe production in mining areas.
Assessing the supraglacier extent of Karakoram glaciers located in Hunza River Basin, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Nazakat , Rehman Habib Ur , Iqbal Mudassar , Zafar Muhammad Awais , Sarwar Muhammad Kaleem , Tariq Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Measuring the extent of supraglacial debris cover (SDC) in the Karakoram region has proven to be a difficult task. Semi-automatic methodologies are often used for mapping the SDC area. However, these have limitations which lead to the overestimation or underestimation of glaciated areas. Considering these facts, this study aimed to assess the glacier's extent using a combination of satellite data and ground verification of SDC in the Hunza River Basin, Pakistan. The normalized difference snow index (NDSI) of various satellite images coupled with extensive ground survey was applied to estimate the glacier extent. Results of the glacier extents were in the range of 18–32 km2 for Gulkin, 6–18 km2 for Gulmit, and 6–17 km2 for Pissan glaciers. The ground survey indicated that satellite products are underestimating the extent of glaciers by an average of 18.018%. The comparison of on-site SDC data with Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) and Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) databases also indicates a slight variation. Overall results validate that combining satellite imagery with ground verification significantly enhances the accuracy of supraglacial extent assessment.
Exploration of Developmental Variants of Predatory Ladybird, Coccinella septumpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on an Artificial Diet
Authors: Siddiqui Arshi , Shaizee  , Khan Danish 
Published: August 2024

Introduction:
This study aimed to focus on the identification, rearing,
and exploration of developmental variants of the predatory ladybird,
Coccinella septempunctata L., renowned for its efficacy as a biological control
agent and its predation on agricultural pests. However, comprehensive knowledge
concerning the occurrence and characteristics of developmental variants in
this species remains limited.

Methods:
In this study, through meticulous monitoring and exploration, we identified
developmental variants exhibiting distinct sexual attributes, as well as survival
rates.

Results:
The research outcomes enhance our understanding of the developmental
variations within an egg batch of C. septempunctata.

Conclusion:
Moreover, the findings hold practical implications for the implementation
of biological control strategies in agriculture, as specific variants may
possess unique characteristics that enhance their effectiveness as natural enemies
against pests. Furthermore, the increasing competitiveness in the artificial
diet space for scientific models raises questions about intellectual property
rights (IPR), patents, and strategies. This overview looks at recent developments
and advanced protection strategies in this field to help understand the present
state of IPR and patents in an artificial food for insects.
Long-term Hypoxia Inhibits Sphere Formation on PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Line Models
Authors: Akhunzianov Almaz A. , Filina Julia V. , Zolotykh Mariya A. , Rizvanov Albert A. , Miftakhova Regina R. 
Published: August 2024

Background
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a relatively small subset of cells within tumors, capable of self-renewal and associated with metastasis and cancer recurrence. While conventional chemotherapy targets actively dividing bulk tumor cells, dormant CSCs remain unaffected and survive. Hypoxia or deprivation of oxygen supply is a common feature of solid tumors, which plays a critical role in metastatic progression and CSC maintenance. However, the cellular responses to hypoxia might be influenced by many factors, including the severity, duration, and other specific characteristics of this stress.

Objective
In our study, we assessed the impact of long-term hypoxia on the CSCs population in 5 cell lines representing 5 different tumor types.

Methods
We assessed and characterized the effect of oxygen concentration on CSC population using the sphere formation assay. The protein levels in tumor spheres were examined by western blot analysis.

Results
Long-term hypoxia inhibited sphere formation by PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 CSCs. Moreover, chronic hypoxic stress suppressed cell proliferation in tumor spheres in all 5 tested cell lines: SNB-19, HCT116, MDA-MB-231, NCI-H460 and PC-3. This effect was accompanied by PCNA downregulation in tumorspheres derived from NCI-H460 and PC-3 cells.

Conclusion
The prolonged hypoxic conditions impede tumor sphere formation by PC-3 prostate CSCs, primarily through the downregulation of PCNA levels. The specific cellular response to hypoxia depends on the duration and, supposedly, other specific features of this stress.
Corrosion of Mild Steel and Galvanized Steel in SO2 Enclosures: The Incidence of Negative Gravimetric Corrosion Rates
Authors: Oshin Temitope A. , Fakinle Bamidele S. , Oyewole Olamide 
Published: August 2024

Background
Corrosion rates are frequently calculated from the weight loss of material samples, and they provide a measure of the degree of material degradation that has occurred when exposed to corrosive environments. However, some metal samples that have been exposed to corrosive environments experience negative weight loss, or more accurately, positive weight gain, which results in a negative corrosion rate. In the corpus of research on corrosion studies, there is little evidence for the occurrence of negative gravimetric corrosion rate in metals.

Methods
In this work, we employed gravimetric analysis to study the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and galvanized steel in Sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2) enclosures or chambers for a period of 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The results indicated weight gain of the metals after exposure to the SO2-polluted atmospheric environment in the enclosures, thereby leading to negative corrosion rates. In seeking more insight to explain the observed phenomenon, XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analyses were conducted on the metal coupons.

Results
While the XRF results show a consistent reduction in the iron (Fe) content of the samples with a lesser percent iron composition observed with increasing exposure time, the SEM results reveal the formation of crystalline corrosion products on the metal surfaces. The FTIR results also indicated the pronounced presence of hydroxyl functional groups.

Conclusion
Both the XRF and SEM results indicate that the active components of the metal samples are being used up in the surface electrochemical reactions and are converted to visible corrosion products which are responsible for the weight gain. Concluding from the FTIR results, the presence of corrosion products Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 is confirmed among others.