bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Représentations de l’identité irlandaise dans An Irish Journey de Sean O’Faolain
Authors: Sablayrolles François 
Published: September 2015

En 1940, année où il fonde The
Bell, Sean O’Faolain publie également An Irish
Journey. Par sa fonction de reportage, ce premier récit de voyage
est représentatif du tournant que prend la carrière de l’auteur à
cette époque et des préoccupations qui seront au cœur du périodique.
Cependant An Irish Journey s’inscrit aussi dans
la continuité de l’œuvre de O’Faolain. L’objet de cet article est donc
de montrer comment, en répondant aux enjeux identitaires qui
occupaient déjà la fiction réaliste irlandaise qui se constituait dans
les années 1920 et 1930, et en faisant usage de procédés exploités
tant dans ses nouvelles que dans ses biographies, An
Irish Journey met en évidence à la fois la cohérence de l’œuvre
particulièrement riche et diverse de O’Faolain, et la spécificité de
son esthétique.
L’État, représentant naturel de l’intérêt environnemental ?
Authors: Billet Philippe 
Published: September 2015

L’État n’a pas formellement de compétence exclusive pour défendre les intérêts environnementaux devant le juge, mais c’est lui qui a l’approche la plus globale de l’intérêt général que sous-tend leur protection : les personnes physiques sont limitées dans leur intérêt à agir par leur intérêt personnel et immédiat, comme le sont les associations contraintes par leurs statuts tandis que les collectivités territoriales sont enfermées par les frontières de leur territoire de compétence. La possible carence de l’État dans son action impose de s’interroger sur des solutions de substitution, parallèles, complémentaires ou supplétives, impliquant une compétence partagée de défense de l’environnement.
Sharpin Controls Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Jeschke Anke , Catala-Lehnen Philip , Sieber Sabrina , Bickert Thomas , Schweizer Michaela , Koehne Till , Wintges Kristofer , Marshall Robert P. , Mautner Andrea , Duchstein Lara , Otto Benjamin , Horst Andrea K. , Amling Michael , Kreienkamp Hans-Juergen , Schinke Thorsten 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The cytosolic protein Sharpin is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, which regulates NF-κB signaling in response to specific ligands, such as TNF-α. Its inactivating mutation in chronic proliferative dermatitis mutation (Cpdm) mice causes multiorgan inflammation, yet this phenotype is not transferable into wild-type mice by hematopoietic stem cell transfer. Recent evidence demonstrated that Cpdm mice additionally display low bone mass, and that this osteopenia is corrected by Tnf deletion. Because the cellular mechanism underlying this pathology, however, was still undefined, we performed a thorough skeletal phenotyping of Cpdm mice on the basis of nondecalcified histology and cellular and dynamic histomorphometry. We show that the trabecular and cortical osteopenia in Cpdm mice is solely explained by impaired bone formation, whereas osteoclastogenesis is unaffected. Consistently, Cpdm primary calvarial cells display reduced osteogenic capacity ex vivo, and the same was observed with CD11b− bone marrow cells. Unexpectedly, short-term treatment of these cultures with TNF-α did not reveal an impaired molecular response in the absence of Sharpin. Instead, genome-wide and gene-specific expression analyses revealed that Cpdm mesenchymal cells display increased responsiveness toward TNF-α–induced expression of specific cytokines, such as CXCL5, IL-1β, and IL-6. Therefore, our data not only demonstrate that the skeletal defects of Cpdm mice are specifically caused by impaired differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, they also suggest that increased cytokine expression in mesenchymal bone marrow cells contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of Cpdm mice.
NK Cells Preferentially Target Tumor Cells with a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype
Authors: Ames Erik , Canter Robert J. , Grossenbacher Steven K. , Mac Stephanie , Chen Mingyi , Smith Rachel C. , Hagino Takeshi , Perez-Cunningham Jessica , Sckisel Gail D. , Urayama Shiro , Monjazeb Arta M. , Fragoso Ruben C. , Sayers Thomas J. , Murphy William J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to antiproliferative therapies, able to repopulate tumor bulk, and seed metastasis. NK cells are able to target stem cells as shown by their ability to reject allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells but not solid tissue grafts. Using multiple preclinical models, including NK coculture (autologous and allogeneic) with multiple human cancer cell lines and dissociated primary cancer specimens and NK transfer in NSG mice harboring orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts, we assessed CSC viability, CSC frequency, expression of death receptor ligands, and tumor burden. We demonstrate that activated NK cells are capable of preferentially killing CSCs identified by multiple CSC markers (CD24+/CD44+, CD133+, and aldehyde dehydrogenasebright) from a wide variety of human cancer cell lines in vitro and dissociated primary cancer specimens ex vivo. We observed comparable effector function of allogeneic and autologous NK cells. We also observed preferential upregulation of NK activation ligands MICA/B, Fas, and DR5 on CSCs. Blocking studies further implicated an NKG2D-dependent mechanism for NK killing of CSCs. Treatment of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer tumor-bearing NSG mice with activated NK cells led to significant reductions in both intratumoral CSCs and tumor burden. Taken together, these data from multiple preclinical models, including a strong reliance on primary human cancer specimens, provide compelling preclinical evidence that activated NK cells preferentially target cancer cells with a CSC phenotype, highlighting the translational potential of NK immunotherapy as part of a combined modality approach for refractory solid malignancies.
Prenatal Allogeneic Tolerance in Mice Remains Stable Despite Potent Viral Immune Activation
Authors: Strong Beverly S. I. , Ryken Katherine O. , Lee Amanda E. , Turner Lucas E. , Wadhwani Ram K. , Newkold Tess J. , Alhajjat Amir M. , Heusel Jonathan W. , Shaaban Aimen F. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Transplanting stem cells before birth offers an unparalleled opportunity to initiate corrective treatment for numerous childhood diseases with minimal or no host conditioning. Although long-term engraftment has been demonstrated following in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation during immune quiescence, it is unclear if prenatal tolerance becomes unstable with immune activation such as during a viral syndrome. Using a murine model of in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation, the impact of an infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus on prenatal allospecific tolerance was examined. The findings in this report illustrate that established mechanisms of donor-specific tolerance are strained during potent immune activation. Specifically, a transient reversal in the anergy of alloreactive lymphocytes is seen in parallel with the global immune response toward the virus. However, these changes return to baseline following resolution of the infection. Importantly, prenatal engraftment remains stable during and after immune activation. Collectively, these findings illustrate the robust nature of allospecific tolerance in prenatal mixed chimerism compared with models of postnatal chimerism and provides additional support for the prenatal approach to the treatment of congenital benign cellular disease.
Spreading of Greenland meltwaters in the ocean revealed by noble gases
Authors: Beaird Nicholas , Straneo Fiammetta , Jenkins William 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present the first noble gas observations in a proglacial fjord in Greenland, providing an unprecedented view of surface and submarine melt pathways into the ocean. Using Optimum Multiparameter Analysis, noble gas concentrations remove large uncertainties inherent in previous studies of meltwater in Greenland fjords. We find glacially modified waters with submarine melt concentrations up to 0.66 ± 0.09% and runoff 3.9 ± 0.29%. Radiogenic enrichment of Helium enables identification of ice sheet near‐bed melt (0.48 ± 0.08%). We identify distinct regions of meltwater export reflecting heterogeneous melt processes: a surface layer of both runoff and submarine melt and an intermediate layer composed primarily of submarine melt. Intermediate ocean waters carry the majority of heat to the fjords' glaciers, and warmer deep waters are isolated from the ice edge. The average entrainment ratio implies that ocean water masses are upwelled at a rate 30 times the combined glacial meltwater volume flux.
Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) indistinguishable from white noise
Authors: Stuecker Malte F. , Timmermann Axel , Yoon Jinhee , Jin Fei‐Fei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPrevious studies proposed that the year‐to‐year variability of seasonal monsoon indices is partly determined by a Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Invoking coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐land processes and the presence of an annual memory, the TBO mechanism describes how a relatively strong monsoon is followed by a year with weaker monsoon and vice versa. Here we revisit the issue of preferred biennial timescales in tropical monsoon systems, by testing the biennial tendencies in observed and simulated monsoon indices against the white noise null hypothesis. According to an analytical expression for the null hypothesis, we expect the probability for this biennial tendency to be 2/3, which is in close agreement with observations, reanalysis products, and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project/Coupled Model Intercomparison Project general circulation model simulations. Thus, it is concluded that biennial tendencies in these monsoon indices and the associated TBO are fully consistent with a white noise process and do not require the presence of a preferred biennial timescale.
Convective transport of trace species observed during the Stratosphere‐Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 experiment
Authors: Siu Leong Wai , Bowman Kenneth P. , Epifanio Craig C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the Stratosphere‐Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 experiment (START08) the NCAR/NSF Gulfstream V aircraft observed high concentrations of NO and NOy in the upper troposphere downwind of a weakening squall line in northern Texas, suggesting either convective transport of polluted boundary layer air to the upper troposphere or lightning production of nitrogen oxides in the convection. These hypotheses are tested by computing three‐dimensional back trajectories using winds from a high‐resolution simulation of the event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF model simulation reproduces the storm structure and evolution with good fidelity. The back trajectories reveal two distinct layers of outflow air from different mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Most air in the upper layer is transported northward from an MCS in southern Texas, while the lower layer is from both the northern squall line and the southern MCS. In both layers inconsistencies between observed concentrations of CO, NO, and O3 and predictions from a simple mixing model suggest that there is significant production of NO by lightning in the convective systems. This is consistent with lightning observations from the National Lightning Detection Network. Additionally, the model simulation appears to slightly underestimate the depth of vertical transport by the MCS.
Bioaccumulation of decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5): A review
Authors: Gobas Frank A.P.C. , Powell David E. , Woodburn Kent B. , Springer Tim , Huggett Duane B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5) is a widely used, high–production volume personal care product with an octanol–water partition coefficient (log KOW) of 8.09. Because of D5's high KOW and widespread use, it is subject to bioaccumulation assessments in many countries. The present study provides a compilation and an in-depth, independent review of bioaccumulation studies involving D5. The findings indicate that D5 exhibits depuration rates in fish and mammals that exceed those of extremely hydrophobic, nonbiotransformable substances; that D5 is subject to biotransformation in mammals and fish; that observed bioconcentration factors in fish range between 1040 L/kg and 4920 L/kg wet weight in laboratory studies using non-radiolabeled D5 and between 5900 L/kg and 13 700 L/kg wet weight in an experiment using C14 radiolabeled D5; and that D5 was not observed to biomagnify in most laboratory experiments and field studies. Review of the available studies shows a high degree of internal consistency among findings from different studies and supports a broad comprehensive approach in bioaccumulation assessments that includes information from studies with a variety of designs and incorporates multiple bioaccumulation measures in addition to the KOW and bioconcentration factor. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2703–2714. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
A four-country ring test of nontarget effects of ivermectin residues on the function of coprophilous communities of arthropods in breaking down livestock dung
Authors: Tixier Thomas , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Lahr Joost , Floate Kevin , Scheffczyk Adam , Düring Rolf-Alexander , Wohde Manuel , Römbke Jörg , Lumaret Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

By degrading the dung of livestock that graze on pastures, coprophilous arthropods accelerate the cycling of nutrients to maintain pasture quality. Many veterinary medicinal products, such as ivermectin, are excreted unchanged in the dung of treated livestock. These residues can be insecticidal and may reduce the function (i.e., dung-degradation) of the coprophilous community. In the present study, we used a standard method to monitor the degradation of dung from cattle treated with ivermectin. The present study was performed during a 1-yr period on pastures in Canada, France, The Netherlands, and Switzerland. Large effects of residue were detected on the coprophilous community, but degradation of dung was not significantly hampered. The results emphasize that failure to detect an effect of veterinary medicinal product residues on dung-degradation does not mean that the residues do not affect the coprophilous community. Rather, insect activity is only one of many factors that affect degradation, and these other factors may mask the nontarget effect of residues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1953–1958. © 2015 SETAC
Water uptake by saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in a desert riparian forest: responses to intra‐annual water table fluctuation
Authors: Sun Ziyong , Long Xiang , Ma Rui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is considerable interest in naturalizing flow regime on managed rivers to slow the spread of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) invasion in southwestern USA or to preserve riparian forests dominated by saltcedar and other species in northwestern China. However, little is known about the responses of established saltcedar in water sources to frequent intra‐annual fluctuation of water table resulting from this new, more dynamic flow regime. This study investigates how saltcedar at a riparian site in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China, responds in water sources use to intra‐annual water table fluctuations. Stable oxygen isotope was employed to determine accurate depth at which saltcedar obtains its water supply, and soil moisture monitoring was used to determine sources of plant‐available soil water. We found that the primary zone of water uptake by saltcedar were stable at 25–60 cm depth, but the water sources used by saltcedar switched between groundwater and soil moisture with the water table fluctuations. Saltcedar derived its water from groundwater when water table was at depth less than 60 cm but switched to soil moisture at 25–60 cm depth when water table declined. It is supposed that the well‐developed clay layer at 60–80 cm depth constrained lateral roots of saltcedar to the soil layers above 60 cm, while the fine‐textured soils at this site, which were periodically resaturated by rising groundwater before the stored soil moisture had become depleted, provided an important water reservoir for saltcedar when groundwater dropped below the primary zone of fine roots. The root distribution of saltcedar may also be related to local groundwater history. The quick decline in water table in the early 1980s when the riparian saltcedar had established may strand its roots in the shallow unsaturated zone. We suggested that raising the water table periodically instead of maintaining it invariably above the rooting depth could sustain desired facultative phreatophytes while maximizing water deliveries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrogenic potential of physically treated bovine cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds on human dermal fibroblast cells
Authors: Moradi Ali , Ataollahi Forough , Sayar Katayoun , Pramanik Sumit , Chong Pan‐Pan , Khalil Alizan Abdul , Kamarul Tunku , Pingguan‐Murphy Belinda 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExtracellular matrices have drawn attention in tissue engineering as potential biomaterials for scaffold fabrication because of their bioactive components. Noninvasive techniques of scaffold fabrication and cross‐linking treatments are believed to maintain the integrity of bioactive molecules while providing proper architectural and mechanical properties. Cartilage matrix derived scaffolds are designed to support the maintenance of chondrocytes and provide proper signals for differentiation of chondroinducible cells. Chondroinductive potential of bovine articular cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds on human dermal fibroblasts and the effect of scaffold shrinkage on chondrogenesis were investigated. An increase in sulfated glycosaminoglycans production along with upregulation of chondrogenic genes confirmed that physically treated cartilage matrix derived scaffolds have chondrogenic potential on human dermal fibroblasts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 245–256, 2016.
Alexidine Dihydrochloride Attenuates Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption and Protects Against LPS-Induced Osteolysis
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Gao Junjie , Ng Pei Y , Qin An , Steer James H , Pavlos Nathan J , Zheng Ming H , Dong Yang , Cheng Tak S 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic infection leading to inflammatory osteolysis is a major complication associated with total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The liberation of bacterial products and/or implant-derived wear particles activates immune cells that produce pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines that enhance osteoclast recruitment and activity, leading to bone destruction and osteolysis. Therefore, agents that prevent the inflammatory response and/or attenuate excessive osteoclast (OC) formation and bone resorption offer therapeutic potential by prolonging the life of TJA implants. Alexidine dihydrochloride (AD) is a bisbiguanide compound commonly used as an oral disinfectant and in contact lens solutions. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties; however, its effects on OC biology are poorly described. Here, we demonstrate that AD inhibits OC formation and bone resorption in vitro and exert prophylatic protection against LPS-induced osteolysis in vivo. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that AD suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, p38, and JNK), leading to the downregulation of NFATc1. Furthermore, AD disrupted F-actin ring formation and attenuated the ability of mature OC to resorb bone. Collectively, our findings suggest that AD may be a promising prophylactic anti-osteoclastic/resorptive agent for the treatment of osteolytic diseases caused by excessive OC formation and function. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Characterizing brain tissue by assessment of the distribution of anisotropic microstructural environments in diffusion‐compartment imaging (DIAMOND)
Authors: Scherrer Benoit , Schwartzman Armin , Taquet Maxime , Sahin Mustafa , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Warfield Simon K. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo develop a statistical model for the tridimensional diffusion MRI signal at each voxel that describes the signal arising from each tissue compartment in each voxel.Theory and MethodsIn prior work, a statistical model of the apparent diffusion coefficient was shown to well‐characterize the diffusivity and heterogeneity of the mono‐directional diffusion MRI signal. However, this model was unable to characterize the three‐dimensional anisotropic diffusion observed in the brain. We introduce a new model that extends the statistical distribution representation to be fully tridimensional, in which apparent diffusion coefficients are extended to be diffusion tensors. The set of compartments present at a voxel is modeled by a finite sum of unimodal continuous distributions of diffusion tensors. Each distribution provides measures of each compartment microstructural diffusivity and heterogeneity.ResultsThe ability to estimate the tridimensional diffusivity and heterogeneity of multiple fascicles and of free diffusion is demonstrated.ConclusionOur novel tissue model allows for the characterization of the intra‐voxel orientational heterogeneity, a prerequisite for accurate tractography while also characterizing the overall tridimensional diffusivity and heterogeneity of each tissue compartment. The model parameters can be estimated from short duration acquisitions. The diffusivity and heterogeneity microstructural parameters may provide novel indicator of the presence of disease or injury. Magn Reson Med 76:963–977, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image reconstruction
Authors: Ianni Julianna D. , Grissom William A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo estimate k‐space trajectory errors in non‐Cartesian acquisitions and reconstruct distortion‐free images, without trajectory measurements or gradient calibrations.Theory and MethodsThe Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction method jointly estimates k‐space trajectory errors and images, based on SENSE and SPIRiT parallel imaging reconstruction. The underlying idea is that parallel imaging and oversampling in the center of k‐space provides data redundancy that can be exploited to simultaneously reconstruct images and correct trajectory errors. Trajectory errors are represented as weighted sums of trajectory‐dependent error basis functions, the coefficients of which are estimated using gradient‐based optimization.ResultsTrajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction was applied to reconstruct images and errors in golden angle radial, center‐out radial, and spiral in vivo 7 Tesla brain acquisitions in five subjects. Compared to reconstructions using nominal trajectories, Trajectory auto‐corrected image reconstructions contained considerably less blurring and streaking and were of similar quality to images reconstructed using measured k‐space trajectories in the center‐out radial and spiral cases. Reconstruction cost function reductions and improvements in normalized image gradient squared were also similar to those for images reconstructed using measured trajectories.ConclusionTrajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction enables non‐Cartesian image reconstructions free from trajectory errors without the need for separate gradient calibrations or trajectory measurements. Magn Reson Med 76:757–768, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.