bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TESTING LATOUR'S APP: A USER'S GUIDE
Authors: Bigliardi Stefano 
Published: November 2014

AbstractI reconstruct Bruno Latour's ideas about science and religion and compare them to Ian G. Barbour's and Mikael Stenmark's models, as well as to the discussion of technology and religion developed by John C. Caiazza and Antje Jackelén. I show how using “Latour's App” enlightens some aspects of said models which Barbour and Stenmark themselves were seemingly struggling with, and that Caiazza's and Jackelén's views can be reconciled despite their apparent opposition. The result of such tests is an overall assessment of Latour's proposal. I argue that, under the disguise of a flamboyant and original language, Latour's method is not that distant from those of the other authors analyzed here, and that his discussion might conceal some unwelcome philosophical shortcomings.
THEISTIC EVOLUTION IN THE POSTGENOMIC ERA
Authors: Marinov Georgi K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHow to reconcile the theory of evolution with existing religious beliefs has occupied minds since Darwin's time. The majority of the discourse on the subject is still focused on the Darwinian version of evolutionary theory, or at best, the mid‐twentieth century version of the Modern Synthesis. However, evolutionary thought has moved forward since then with the insights provided by the advent of comparative genomics in recent decades having a particularly significant impact. A theology that successfully incorporates evolutionary biology needs to take such developments into account, because range of truly viable options among the many versions of theistic evolution that have been proposed in the past may narrow down when this is done. Here I present these previously underappreciated strains of contemporary evolutionary thought and discuss their potential theological impact.
TURNING STONES INTO BREAD: DEVELOPING SYNERGISTIC SCIENCE/RELIGION APPROACHES TO THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS
Authors: Bennett Pat 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Institute on Religion in an Age of Science (IRAS) has a long history of delivering conferences addressing topics of interest in the field of science and religion. The following papers from the 2013 summer conference on “The Scientific, Spiritual, and Moral Challenges in Solving the World Food Crisis” are, in keeping with the eclectic nature of these conferences, very different in content and approach. Such differences underline the challenges of synergistically combining scientific and religious insights to increase understanding of global problems and their possible solutions. This in turn reflects deeper questions about the purpose and nature of the science/religion dialogue. These papers suggest various ways in which the two perspectives can be combined in the pursuit of building better understandings of food‐related issues, as well as highlighting difficulties and limitations which need to be addressed if the fruits of such dialogue are to make a wider impact. As such they serve as useful pointers for how this type of science/religion interaction might be further developed and deployed.
THE DEMOCRATIC ROOTS OF OUR ECOLOGIC CRISIS: LYNN WHITE, BIODEMOCRACY, AND THE EARTH CHARTER
Authors: Riley Matthew T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlthough Lynn White, jr. is best known for the critical aspects of his disputed 1967 essay, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” this article combines archival research and findings from his lesser‐known publications in an attempt to reconcile his thought on democracy with the Earth Charter and its assertion that “we are one human family and one Earth Community with a common destiny” (2000, Preamble). Humanity is first and foremost, White believed, part of a “spiritual democracy of all God's creatures” in which humans and nonhumans should treat each other with mutual compassion and courtesy. It is argued that the Christian, animal‐inclusive “biodemocracy” envisioned by White is both compatible with, and potentially in conflict with, the tenets of the Earth Charter. This article also considers further implications of these findings for the larger fields of ecotheology and religion and ecology.
On the Evolution of the Definition of Entropy From Clausius to
Today
Authors: Gyftopoulos Elias P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Carnot analyzed an engine operating between two reservoirs. Through a peculiar mode of reasoning, he found the correct optimum shaft work performed during a cyclic change of state of the engine. Clausius justified Carnot's result by enunciating two laws of thermodynamics, and introducing the concept of entropy as a ratio of heat and temperature of a thermodynamic equilibrium state. By appropriate algebraic manipulations, in this paper we express Carnot's optimum shaft work in terms of available energies or exergies of the end states of the reservoirs, and Clausius' entropy in terms of energy and available energy. Next, we consider the optimum shaft work performed during a cyclic change of state of an engine operating between a reservoir, and a system with fixed-amounts of constituents, and fixed-volume but variable temperature. We express the optimum shaft work in terms of the available energies of the end states, and Clausius' entropy in terms of energy and available energy. Formally, the entropy expression is identical to that found for the Carnot engine except for the difference in end states. Finally, we consider the optimum shaft work performed during a cyclic change of state of an engine operating between system A initially in any state A1 (thermodynamic equilibrium or not) and reservoir R. We call this optimum generalized available energy with respect to R, and use it together with energy to define an entropy of any state A1. Again we observe that the expression for entropy is formally identical to the two given earlier except for the difference in end states.
Impact of Developments in HEI Correction Factors on Condenser Performance and Operation — A Case Study
Authors: Sunder Raj Komandur 
Published: November 2014

The Heat Exchange Institute (HEI) Standards for Steam Surface Condensers were promulgated to design and predict the performance of surface condensers for power plant applications by providing basic overall tube bundle heat transfer rates and correction factors to be applied to account for different tube diameters, wall thicknesses (BWG), tube materials, circulating water inlet temperatures and, average water velocities.
From 1958 to 1973, nonferrous alloys were generally the tube materials of choice for steam power plant surface condenser service. By the time the 7th edition of the HEI Standards was issued in 1978, concerns with corrosion and other issues with nonferrous tubing materials had led to increased specification of stainless steel while titanium was still in its infancy.
Since then, operational experience gained with stainless steel and titanium coupled with technological advances in these materials have resulted in revisions and incorporation of additional correction factors in subsequent editions of the HEI Standards for Steam Surface Condensers. The latest edition (11th edition) was issued in October 2012. Significant developments in the HEI heat transfer correction factors since issuance of the 7th edition pertain to stainless steel and titanium.
Using a case study, this paper analyzes the impact of developments in HEI heat transfer correction factors on steam surface condenser performance and operation with focus on admiralty, austenitic, super-austenitic and super-ferritic stainless steels as well as titanium tube materials. The paper examines how changes in the correction factors affect condenser performance and plant operation. It highlights the importance of using and validating the proper correction factors to predict and ensure optimum condenser performance and operation.
Optimized Energy Recovery in Line With Balancing of an ATES
Authors: Behi Mohammadreza , Mirmohammadi Seyed Aliakbar , Suma Alexander B. , Palm Björn E. 
Published: November 2014

The present study explores the potential imbalance problem of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) campus, Eindhoven. This ATES is one of the largest European aquifer thermal energy storage systems, and has a seasonal imbalance problem. Reasons for this issue may be the high cooling demand from laboratories, office buildings and the direct ATES cooling system. Annually, cooling towers use on average 250 MWh electricity for the removal of about 5 GWh of excess heat from the ATES to the surroundings. In addition, the TU/e uses a large amount of natural gas for heating purposes and especially for peak supplies.
Recovering the surplus heat of the ATES, a CO2 Trans-critical Heat Pump (HP) system to cover particularly peak demands and total heating demand is proposed, modeled and optimized. The model is validated using data from International Energy Agency. Based on simulation results, 708294 nm3 of natural gas are saved where two different scenarios were considered for the ATES efficiency, cost saving and green house gas reduction. In scenario I, the COP of the ATES increased up to 50% by which K€ 303.3 energy cost and 1288.5 ton CO2 are saved annually. On the other hand, it will be shown that the ATES COP in Scenario II will improve up to 20%. In addition, the proposed energy recovery system results in a 606 ton CO2 -reduction and K€152.7 energy cost saving for the university each year.
Emerging Challenges and Design Strategies for SCR Systems
Authors: Czarnecki Larry , Oliveira Paulo 
Published: November 2014

Selective Catalytic Reduction has been well demonstrated as an effective technology for reducing NOx emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. Emerging environmental regulations can have an impact on the traditional design and operation of an SCR system.
Increasing demands on SCR emission reduction performance affects the design of many of the SCR components aside from the catalyst bed. Obtaining an optimal distribution of ammonia reagent in the flue gas stream is a primary requirement for high performance levels. This requirement must be balanced with limited space availability, all while obtaining both robust operation and minimal operating costs. Addressing these issues has led to the development of a variety of ammonia injection and distribution methods. Gas mixer designs, such as the IsoSwirl™ mixer, offer a means to obtain high levels of NOx removal while addressing problematic conditions and featuring simple ammonia delivery systems. Ammonia injection methods may utilize either traditional, vapor-phase techniques or the direct injection of an aqueous ammonia supply which avoids ammonia vaporizer requirements.
Transient Analysis of a High Pressure Seal Injection System Under Startup Conditions
Authors: Washington DeVon A. , Reiss LeRoy N. 
Published: November 2014

This study examines the transient behavior of a seal injection system, for four boiler circulating water pumps, in an effort to optimize seal flush rates under startup conditions. During startup, seal injection supply water experiences a large increase in pressure, going from 1.8–26.2 MPa. This large increase in supply pressure presents a challenge in maintaining the desired differential pressure across the seals, and hence the optimum seal flush rate. Overshoot of the control valve position can result in starving the seals of seal water. Delayed responses expose the seals to excessively large differential pressures.
The seal injection system was modeled using PIPENET™ Vision. The model consists of a detailed replica of the seal injection system pipe network. Initial and boundary conditions were obtained from plant DCS data and pump OEM specifications. A baseline model was developed and validated using actual system response data. Extended models considered two types of control systems, manual and differential pressure-control; as well as, control valves with various flow characteristics: linear and equal percentage. Additionally, a diffuser breakdown assembly and startup control valve were also introduced as control components into the model.
Results show that the implantation of a diffuser breakdown assembly in series with the primary control valve (modified linear), in conjunction with automated controls produced a differential pressure of 436 kPa which was within the OEM specified range of differential pressures (345–690 kPa). A startup control valve used in series with the primary control valve also produced acceptable results (388 kPa). The proper design and operation of seal injection systems is vital to extending time between overhauls, thereby reducing maintenance costs. The use of the aforementioned control components in series with control valves is common for boiler feedwater regulation systems during startup; however, this is the first application known to the authors for pump seal injection systems in fossil plants. The results of the hydraulic simulation outlined in this study show this application is viable.
Performance Corrections for Steam Turbines With Multi-Pressure Condensers
Authors: Winterberger Thomas P. , Tzagkarakis Ioannis 
Published: November 2014

An accurate correction methodology is essential when analyzing test data and trending performance. One of the most critical parameters for steam turbines, which can result in large corrections, is condenser back-pressure or exhaust pressure.
Many large fossil and all nuclear steam turbines are configured with either two or three low pressure condensing exhaust hoods. All exhaust hoods may not operate with the same condenser pressure. Factors affecting condenser pressures between hoods could include the cooling water arrangement, uneven fouling, tube plugging, air removal effectiveness, etc. The biggest impact is likely due to the cooling water arrangement. In a parallel arrangement, the condenser cooling water splits between the shells with each shell receiving an equal amount of flow at the same inlet temperature. In a series arrangement, all cooling water enters and exits the first shell before entering the next shell. In this arrangement the cooling water temperature entering the second shell is higher than the temperature entering the first shell resulting in the condensers operating at different exhaust pressures.
One common practice is to apply a single exhaust pressure correction factor based on the average exhaust pressure of all condenser shells. In cases where the differences in condenser pressure are small, this practice can provide accurate corrected turbine performance. As the difference in condenser pressures increases, the potential for introducing error in the corrected performance results also increases.
This paper will discuss the mechanism of why multi-pressure operation can result in correction errors if not modelled correctly and will also quantify the potential impact of these errors on the corrected performance results. In addition, guidance will be given on how exhaust pressure correction curves should be created and applied to most accurately model the performance of the turbine cycle when multi-pressure operation exists.
Development of Power Generation Reliability Availability and Maintainability (RAM) Programs
Authors: August J. K. , Wodka Brian 
Published: November 2014

Ideal plant designs perform as intended. The goal of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) processes is to convert designs into operational task requirements to achieve lifecycle goals. This paper discusses developing Power Generation RAM programs. Given the performance-based nature of ASME RAM standards, different approaches can be used to achieve its goals.
Improved operations and maintenance (O&M) programs offer to manage risk at lower cost. This paper introduces a risk management process to develop, maintain and use better risk-based failure management plans with an approach that is simple and clear. It predicts that software will become a more important RAM program development tool.
Shell and Plate Feedwater Heater Prototype Test
Authors: Taylor Creed , John Rhorn , Williams Jason L. 
Published: November 2014

Westinghouse Electric Company and Tranter Inc. are collaborating to develop the modular, low-pressure horizontal shell and plate feedwater heater (SPFWH™) heat exchanger product. This design utilizes easily removable modules of welded heat transfer plates within a pressure vessel instead of traditional tubes as the pressure boundary and heat transfer interface between the steam and feedwater. Design advantages include improved long-term performance, inspection and maintenance access. Each SPFWH™ heat exchanger will be designed to meet all plant-specific requirements and is ASME Section VIII compliant.
A prototype SPFWH™ heat exchanger design (herein called the prototype or test unit) was fabricated and tested to validate the functionality of the design features and benchmark the correlations used to predict the performance. The test was performed in the Tranter Inc. laboratory facility using full temperature and pressure steam conditions over a broad operating range typical of low pressure feedwater heaters.
Heat transfer coefficient characteristics have been evaluated and the prototype test data shows good agreement with established empirical correlations and other industry research. These results indicate that the SPFWH™ heat exchanger design is a viable alternative to a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger due to the performance, compactness, modularity, and robustness of the new design.
Improving Nuclear Plant Reliability by Developing an Eddy Current Test Strategy to Identify Uncommon Condenser Tube Defects
Authors: Kocher James A. , Frazee Robert , Wolf Matthew 
Published: November 2014

Eddy Current Testing (ECT) of condenser tubes is essential to maintaining good plant reliability and availability. Early identification of defects can allow for adequate remedial action and prevent forced outages caused by condenser tube leaks. The well-known catastrophic failure in the nuclear industry in Japan has not only raised concern in Japan over aging nuclear power plants, but has also raised concern over safe operations in the United States and around the world. Ongoing reliability and instability issues due to reported leaks in condensers have also been the topic for nuclear watchdogs. This focus on the nuclear plant condenser has brought to light the various levels of sophistication and capability in ECT.
In ECT, the type of defect present in a condenser tube is determined by the characteristics it presents under test. The tubes must be adequately cleaned prior to testing and some awareness or evidence of the type of defect to be uncovered should be available to the testing team. In cases where defects are discovered that are inconsistent with prior awareness further exploratory testing is common. Exploratory testing can proceed to test areas of suspected defects in the tubing, and it may result in a complete redefinition of the test procedure, inclusive of instruments, probe types and other key ECT criteria. A comprehensive knowledge of testing options and their practical application is necessary to redefine a test that will yield meaningful results and achieve the intended objective; to identify the type and extent of defect and take remedial action therefore preventing failure.
This paper addresses such a case at the South Texas Project (STP) Nuclear Power Plant where peculiar defects were undeterminable under standard ECT procedures. The defects continued to negatively impact reliability and stability at the plant until a new ECT process and test procedure were developed, demonstrated and deployed. The result achieved was accurate defect detectability and improved nuclear plant reliability.
Challenges and Opportunities for Structural Health Monitoring in PVP Applications
Authors: Giurgiutiu Victor 
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of using structural health monitoring (SHM) concepts and technologies in pressure vessels and piping (PVP) applications. The research into monitoring of structural health has experienced a dramatic increase in the last decade due to at least two factors. On the one hand, our industrial installations, aircraft fleets, civil infrastructure, etc. are becoming increasingly aged and require more and more maintenance costly actions and repairs. This process could be greatly improved if scheduled maintenance were augmented or even replaced by continuous monitoring that would limit costly inspections and maintenance actions to being done only when needed; and (b) the advent of advanced technologies, e.g., active materials based sensors, actuators, and transducers as well as advanced data acquisition, data processing, and data mining technologies that enable the practical implementation of the SHM concepts.
To date, the SHM research has been mainly performed for the aerospace, defense, and civil infrastructure applications and some interesting proof-of-concept results have been demonstrated. Very little research, if at all, has been done on using the SHM concepts in PVP applications. The reason for this situation may be that PVP applications may be more challenging than the other applications in which SHM concepts have been tried so far. The present paper explores this topic and highlight (a) the challenges that have to be overcome in order to develop SHM for PVP applications; and (b) the opportunities that exist for using SHM in PVP applications. The paper starts with a review of the main SHM concepts and technologies. Then, the paper identifies the challenges that would exist if these SHM concepts and technologies were to be applied the PVP applications. Finally, the paper discusses the opportunities for applying SHM to PVP applications forward. The paper ends with conclusions and suggestions for further work.
The Advantage of Using a File Data Transfer Method in a Plant Design
Authors: Fung Michael , Fung Andy , Fung Richard H. , Fung P. K. 
Published: November 2014

In general, there are two methods to pass on design information in a petrochemical plant design: the manual data key-in method and the file data transfer method. The manual data key-in method is a basic method to pass on data; but this method is time consuming to assign data in one by one fashion. The file data transfer method is a mapping file data from one program to another program under certain specific function and criteria.
This paper starts with how to use a file data transfer method to create a stress analysis model, and then proposes an approach to transfer the stress analysis result to a structural analysis program by using the Pipe Loadings Transfer Program.
In a piping design using 3D plant design software for modeling, the piping design information can be directly transferred to the stress input file by using point vectors to create a stress analysis model. The concepts of a pipe support vector and a beam vector were introduced to transfer the pipe loadings from stress analysis results to a structural analysis program.
The advantages of using a file data transfer method are simple, fast, and accurate.
Possible Improvements in Multiple Areas of API RP 581
Authors: Szidarovszky Miklós A. , Thomas Samuel M. 
Published: November 2014

API RP 581 gives detailed steps and data to help perform quantitative analyses for “Risk Based Inspection” of pressurized equipment. This includes probability of failure, consequence of failure and risk assessment. Unfortunately, the use of API RP 581 in its current form can sometimes lead to incorrect estimations of both probability and consequence of failure, leading to an incorrect risk assessment of the components/equipment being analyzed.
In this paper, we will highlight some of the issues that we ran across while performing an RBI analysis following the steps and methods prescribed in API RP 581, involving a level 1 consequence analysis, and suggest possible changes for future editions to remove/minimize the consequences of these issues.