bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Gothic translations of Greek relative pronouns
Authors: Harbert Wayne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In Gothic translations of Greek relative clauses, the Greek relative pronoun is rendered in a variety of ways. With third person heads, Gothic relative clauses are introduced by a form of the demonstrative pronoun sa/þa- followed by the particle ei, which elsewhere functions as a clausal complementizer (e.g. sa-ei). In a restricted set of instances, the relative clause begins with a bare complementizer (ei, þei). When the head is a first or second person pronoun, Gothic deploys personal pronouns followed by ei: ik-ei, in þuz-ei. In the case of third person heads, Gothic sometimes employs one of the relative particles izei, sei, which are gender sensitive and may only relativize on subjects. The choice among these relative markers is a matter of Gothic grammar. The chapter concludes with a theoretical analysis which accounts for the properties and distributional restrictions of all these markers.
Discourse articulation in the Gothic Gospels, with notes on the treatment of the same phenomenon in the Classical Armenian and Old Church Slavic versions
Authors: Klein Jared S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the entire range of discourse articulators in the Gothic Gospels, including aþþan, iþ, þan, nu, -(u)h, þaruh, þanuh, -(u)h þan, auk, and jah, comparing them to their equivalents in the Greek text and providing notes on similar phenomena in the Classical Armenian and Old Church Slavic versions. Our results show that aþþan is the strongest of the discourse-level adversatives in Gothic. Iþ functions as an oppositive, signalling relationships that are neither clearly adversative nor ‘and’-like. Non-temporal þan possesses a discourse continuative function, while non-temporal nu signals primarily inference (‘now then’). The enclitic -(u)h signals sequence. þaruh and þanuh are foregrounding markers signalling discourse movement along the timeline of the narrative; and -(u)h Þan occurs about equally in discourse-foregrounding and backgrounding value. Auk ‘for’ is employed in an expatiatory sense, providing further expository or affirmational information. Finally, jah is a static conjunction whose meaning is simply ‘and’.
Lithic Encrustations and Embodied “Quarries of Stones”
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“Lithic Encrustations and Embodied “Quarries of Stones” considers how the growth of bodily calculi—the kidney stone in humans and the bezoar stone in animals—expands anatomical geography into the mineral realm. Lithic and fleshly conversions enact an “exterranean” (Phillip Usher) process that visibly demonstrates a stone–human continuum. Various theories for performing a lithotomy conjoined occult, medical, and popular homiletic wisdom to exterranean extraction, and kidney stones joined other rare curiosities such as unicorn horns and bezoar stones in collections. Bezoar stones, like kidney stones, grow from organic bodies, and both were believed to be a nostrum for a variety of diseases, physical and spiritual. The bezoar stone’s alleged transformative powers of conversion made it comparable to a Philosopher’s Stone or even to Christ, who might cure a sick body and save a hard-hearted human. These lithic bodily byproducts offer an accessible form of proof that biological life has a mineral capacity.
The design of the study
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
To analyze political discourse on admitting refugees, we conducted a qualitative discourse analysis of parliamentary debates and other political statements in six countries. In Chapter 3, we detail our methodological approach to case selection, sampling, and data analysis. The countries were selected by exploratory logic, varying along several dimensions. We included three countries confronted with the Syrian refugee crisis (Turkey, Germany, and Poland) and three countries in other regions (Uganda, Chile, and Singapore). We focused on parliamentary debates as the most representative forum of political discourse, including important statements outside of parliament. We selected critical discourse moments on refugee admission and interpreted each text with a system of categories developed inductively and deductively. The interpretation of the “we” and the “refugees” form the key categories of analysis. To validate our discourse analysis, we also conducted expert interviews with country experts, academics, and policymakers involved in migration and refugee policy.
An economic perspective on immigration
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Singapore rejects admitting any refugees, a policy that is consensual between the government and the opposition. This stance is, in a way, surprising, given that Singapore is a highly developed country with one of the largest shares of migrants in the world. Chapter 9 argues that Singapore’s anti-refugee policy is firstly based on emphasizing the principle of national self-determination; as a former colony, Singapore does not want interference in its affairs by international law or any international institution. Secondly, Singapore sees itself in economic terms. Foreigners are seen from the standpoint of how much human capital and wealth they bring; refugees are seen as people who are likely to bring no gain to Singapore. Finally, the economic interpretation of migrants and refugees is complemented by a cultural framing. More migrants, especially those interpreted as economically “useless” like refugees, would threaten Singapore’s cultural identity by upsetting the society’s multiethnic balance.
States in International Law
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
States are the primary and original subjects of international law, and the matter of statehood has occupied a central place in both theoretical and practical discussions since before the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the existence of a clear-cut and useful notion of statehood in law has never been properly demonstrated. Scholarship has therefore attempted to either describe States as an empirical phenomenon vested with legal value or simply by explaining the normative meaning of statehood within the framework of international law. Chapter 5 reflects on the notion of material statehood—usually identified by possessing a defined territory, permanent population, and effective government—and explains why there is no necessary link between material and legal statehood.
Withdrawal of Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 provides a detailed overview of theory and practice on the withdrawal of recognition or ‘derecognition’. Thus far, scholarship has for the most part only marginally addressed this matter, and generally only to reject it as legally impossible. However, this chapter takes note of an increased tendency by States to engage in derecognition in recent years and challenges the mainstream view that the act will always be deprived of legal value. It therefore introduces the concept of ‘quasi-derecognition’ as a type of act admitting that recognition was initially unlawful, but furthermore argues that actual derecognition may sometimes be possible in situations of contested statehood. These findings are based on an analysis of almost twenty notes verbales claiming to withdraw recognition of Kosovo since 2016.
Ideal systems, chemical and mass equilibrium
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we will consider the application of statistical mechanics to the simplest of systems, those consisting of components that do not interact. Such ideal systems, like gases, dilute solutions, or collections of quasiparticles, provided an initial concrete testing grounds for many of the earliest ideas in statistical mechanics. Many concepts born from ideal systems are widely useful, like the laws of mass action and chemical equilibrium. Moreover, ideal systems often serve as a useful reference state from which to develop more sophisticated descriptions. The strategy for the evaluation of partition functions of ideal systems is based on factorization, the idea that for systems that can be approximated as not interacting, the enumeration of the states is equivalent to summing the states of a single particle up to factors that account for particle indistinguishability. We will explore this extensively in the following. Throughout we will consider systems described by both quantum and classical mechanics.
Linear response and Gaussian field theories
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Here we will consider in particular cases where a system can be thought of as behaving close to specific reference, and develop the theory of linear response around those references. Linear response theory, a perturbation theory, relies of the evaluation of measures of correlations between particles to employ. Such correlation functions can be evaluated using Gaussian field theories, which can be thought of simple effective models of complex systems. So the combination of linear response theory and Gaussian models can be used synergistically to deduce the behaviors of complex systems. Here we will largely focus on examples drawn from theories of solvation and liquid state structure, but the techniques are general. We will mostly consider classical systems as these techniques are most useful in cases where both energetic and entropic effects are important, though an extension to quantum mechanical phenomena is worked out at the end of the chapter.
Molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are a computational tool used to study the behav- ior of complex systems at the atomic and molecular level. For an autonomously evolving system complex enough for the ergodic hypothesis to be valid, simulating the dynamics over time can simultaneously provide insights into the structure and thermodynamics of a wide range of systems. The basic idea of molecular dynamics is to approximate an equation of motion by discretizing it. When the discretization is chosen appropriately, the emergent behavior of many interacting particles can be viewed within a statistical mechanics framework. Here the standard algorithms employed in the study of molecular dynamics are reviewed and their limitations explored. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of specific approximations to the equations of motion. Practical aspects associated with efficient simulation as well as a few more advanced sampling algorithms that can be employed with molecular dynamics simulations are discussed.
Informality at Work—Towards a Law on Livelihoods?
Authors: Sankaran Kamala 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the manner in which informality and related concepts are defined in the law and labour statistics, and how these concepts can be better aligned to capture the reality of changes in the world of work. The chapter examines the many ways in which formal and informal forms of work are distinct, and yet may overlap. It further examines different explanations for the presence of formal and informal forms of work and how labour statistics define and measure informal forms of work. The chapter focuses on certain key challenges confronting the world of work as we move ahead to create decent work and livelihoods for all and argues for a law on livelihoods to capture the myriad forms of informal employment and work.
Accommodations
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In many jurisdictions, the law of work increasingly contains measures that place employers under a duty to make adjustments to the way in which work is organized and/or performed in response to the personal situation of workers. Internationally, this is best illustrated by the obligation on employers to provide reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities in order to remove barriers to their participation in employment on an equal basis with others. Certain jurisdictions have adopted further instruments that, in various ways, require employers to provide accommodation for other reasons, such as in response to the religious practices of workers, or flexibilities for workers who are parents or carers. This chapter explores the rationale for placing employers under such obligations and it examines how these instruments typically function in practice. It reflects on this trajectory in the law and its potential for further evolution.
Debates About the Role of Labour Law in Development
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Proponents and detractors of labour law often draw battle lines around the relationship between labour market regulation and social and economic development. This chapter examines three such debates. It starts by surveying contests about labour market regulation’s role in fostering decommodification and freedoms of various types. It then scrutinizes the turn towards ‘big data sets’ to resolve debates around economic growth. Finally, it studies the recent flourishing of the business and human rights movement as the forum for addressing the global disparity of power between workers and capital, and labour standards in global supply chains. Mapping these debates reveals the unsettling fact that the biggest battles over labour market regulation’s purpose in the past thirty years have occurred outside of the institutions of labour standard-setting in which organized labour has ‘insider’ status. Sidelining organized labour to the periphery of these debates has shaped its winners and losers.
Trends in Social Cognition and Its Principles
Authors: Carlston Donal E. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the first edition of this handbook, Carlston and Schneid analyzed the PsycInfo database to assess trends in publications on social cognition. This chapter reports a similar effort, analyzing publications up to and including the first two years of the 2020s. Among other things, these analyses indicate that social cognition is mentioned in a smaller percentage of peer-reviewed social psychology articles in recent years than in the 2000s, breaking a multidecade trend upward. Several explanations are proposed, including the possibility that social cognition, like other areas of social psychology, has followed a natural pattern of rising to, and then falling from, prominence. Other possibilities are that social cognition and its principles have become so ubiquitous that they often aren’t explicitly labeled as such and that the field has morphed into something that is barely recognizable as “your grandfather’s social cognition.”
Social Learning and Culture in Birds (class Aves)
Authors: Aplin Lucy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Birds have emerged as important experimental systems for the study of culture and cultural evolution. There is also increasing evidence from wild birds of social learning, cultural inheritance, and culture across diverse taxa and behavioural domains. In this chapter the author reviews these dual literatures, focusing on three behavioural domains where most work has been concentrated: vocalizations, migration, and foraging. The author then discusses how studies in birds have shown that the spread of innovations and establishment of new cultures can be a source of behavioural flexibility in novel environments. The author ends with recommendations for future research directions and by highlighting how research in birds has the exciting potential to elucidate the evolutionary ecology of social learning and culture.
Abstract 8: Facilitating Hematopoietic Cell Transplant for Patients with Infantile Krabbe Disease Identified by Newborn Screening
Authors: Vaco Alejandra Escobar , Kurtzberg Joanne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Krabbe disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease characterize by the deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (GALC), essential for the turnover of myelin in the nervous system. In its most severe form, infantile Krabbe disease (IKD), symptoms appear before 12 months of age and patients die before 2 years of age. Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) using cord blood performed &lt;30 days of age has been shown to improve survival and neurological function of affected babies. The timeline for diagnosis to transplant creates unique challenges to be addressed.

Objectives
Describe steps from a positive newborn screen (NBS) to timely transplantation for IKD.

Methods
Data review and discussion with experts treating IKD

Results
Currently 12 US states perform NBS for IKD. Enzymatic activity of GALC is measured using dried blood samples. Samples with low GALC activity undergo second tier testing of Psychosine (PSY). A PSY &gt;10 confirms the diagnosis of IKD. Over the past 17 years, &gt;6M babies have been screened and ~25 newborns diagnosed with IKD

Discussion
In 2024, IKD was added to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) which means that additional states will be adding IKD to their NBS panels in the next few years. Given the short timeline from diagnosis to transplant, each state should develop a KD NBS Preparedness algorithm to ensure affected babies have access to treatment. The roadmap for preparedness includes (1) rapid PSY testing, (2) Communication of results to a physician familiar with IKD who can talk with the parents, (3) An established partnership with a pediatric transplant center willing to take urgent referrals, (4) Repeat disease testing, mutational analysis, and HLA typing (*do not wait for mutation results to proceed to transplant), (5) transfer of baby from Mom’s to their own insurance; (6) Counselling of parents and referral to TC, (7) inpatient workup, (8) placement of CVL and G-Tube prior to chemo, (9) testing of candidate cord blood units for CT and GALC level, (10) initiation of chemotherapy regardless of bilirubin and also before final cord blood unit is identified. Additional details about the roadmap to transplant and transplant preparedness will be discussed.
Xpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children in tertiary care setting in South India
Authors: Velayutham Banurekha , Hissar Syed , Thiruvengadam Kannan , Narayan Sivaramakrishnan Gomathi , Subramanyam Balaji , Navaneethapandian Pooranagangadevi , Reddy Devarajulu , Nair Dina , Kannabiran Bhavani , Balaji Sarath , Selladurai Elilarasi , Ganesh Jayachandran , Aravind Malayappan Ayyavu , Rathinam Prabhakaran , Chellaiah Luke Ravi , Rose Winsley , Luke Elizabeth Hannah , Sakaya Annie , Joseph Bency , Sundaralingam Vennila , Karthikeyan Sananthya , Dhanaraj Baskaran , Natrajan Mohan , Swaminathan Soumya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Xpert MTB/RIF is recommended for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children. We determined the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children. The characteristics of children influencing Xpert MTB/RIF positivity were explored. Children aged &lt;15 years with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB were prospectively enrolled from 2013 to 2019. Two sputum/early morning gastric aspirate specimens were collected for examination by smear (fluorescence microscopy), Xpert MTB/RIF, and culture [Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT)/Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) medium]. Diagnostic performance of Xpert MTB/RIF was evaluated using LJ and or MGIT culture positivity as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Stratified analysis was done; P &lt; .05 was considered statistically significant. Of the total 1727 enrolled children, 1674 (97%) with complete results for at least one sputum/gastric aspirate sample were analyzed. The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF was 68.5% in sputum and 53.6% in gastric aspirate while the specificity was 99% for both. The sensitivity compared to smear was 68.5% vs. 33.7% (P &lt; .001) and 53.6% vs. 14.5%; (P &lt; .001) in sputum and gastric aspirate, respectively. The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF was 23.9% with decision to treat as reference standard. Xpert MTB/RIF positivity was significantly influenced by sex, age, nutritional status, chest X-ray abnormality, TB infection status, and symptoms suggestive of TB. Xpert MTB/RIF as an upfront test compared to smear improves diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children yet the sensitivity is suboptimal. Newer TB diagnostic tools with improved sensitivity is warranted in children.
Prospects for a sequence-based taxonomy of influenza A virus subtypes
Authors: Poon Art F. Y 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins are the primary antigenic targets of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. IAV infections are generally classified into subtypes of HA and NA proteins, e.g. H3N2. Most of the known subtypes were originally defined by a lack of antibody cross-reactivity. However, genetic sequencing has played an increasingly important role in characterizing the evolving diversity of IAV. Novel subtypes have recently been described solely by their genetic sequences, and IAV infections are routinely subtyped by molecular assays, or the comparison of sequences to references. In this study, I carry out a comparative analysis of all available IAV protein sequences in the Genbank database (over 1.1 million, reduced to 272,292 unique sequences prior to phylogenetic reconstruction) to determine whether the serologically defined subtypes can be reproduced with sequence-based criteria. I show that a robust genetic taxonomy of HA and NA subtypes can be obtained using a simple clustering method, namely, by progressively partitioning the phylogeny on its longest internal branches. However, this taxonomy also requires some amendments to the current nomenclature. For example, two IAV isolates from bats previously characterized as a divergent lineage of H9N2 should be separated into their own subtype. With the exception of these small and highly divergent lineages, the phylogenies relating each of the other six genomic segments do not support partitions into major subtypes.