bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the history of Behbudyan dynasty in Georgia
Authors: Melikyan Lilit 
Published: July 2024

Thus, summarizing the key issues in the history of the Behbudian dynasty in the 17th century, we can state:

The combination of Armenian and Georgian sources allows us to roughly outline the migration of the Behbudians to Georgia. Therefore, it turns out that the kin of Behbudians migrated to Georgia from Western Armenia, probably from Shirak region. Another branch of this dynasty continued its activity in Persia, where representatives of the Behbud family are mentioned as being from Georgia. Accordingly, there is a high probability that the Behbudians who settled in Persia migrated from Georgia.
In the 17th century, in Georgia the kin of Khoja Behbud, who was the manager of the mint of the Georgian court, carried out an active role. He and his sons maintained close ties with St. Etchmiadzin and stood out with their donations. The successors of Khoja Behbud held high military positions, both in the Georgian court and in Persia. Moreover, already in the 18th century, his descendants occupied the position of the mayor of Tpghis.
All published sources regarding the denominational affiliation of the Behbudyan family state that during the period under study, they were steadfast followers of the Armenian Church. In Tpghis, they started building a church, according to the 17th-century manuscript records, the representatives of this kin were the patrons of most of the Armenian churches in Tpghis.
The examination of the sources showed that the initiative to build St. Stepanos convent belongs not Khoja Behbud's son, but his grandson Melik Ashkarbek and one of the sons of Ashxarbek, Melik Agha.
THE PROBLEM OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF MANAGING A COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW PEDAGOGICAL REALITIES
Authors: Matinyan Narine 
Published: July 2024

Within the framework of the article entitled "The issue of digitization of the public school management process in the context of new pedagogical realities", we have reached a number of conclusions:

rapid penetration of information and digital technologies into all spheres of public life itself requires a digital transformation of the educational system, which should have a systemic and programmatic nature. Today, modern learning technologies, including digital ones, have become an integral part of the management process of all subsystems of the public school, ensuring their technological progress.
Modern pedagogical technologies, including digital technology, are among the means of educational process management, the use of which in an educational institution is a top requirement today.
Unprecedented use of digital technologies inevitably leads to cardinal changes in the management of the general education school, work with educational information, teacher's functions and methods of class management.
Based on the results of our study and the observations made, in the context of digitalization of education, we proposed the technologies, principles, functions and methods of general education school management.

Digital technology, which is one of the best mechanisms for the effective implementation of management functions: application, planning, organization, management, control, evaluation, reflection, is used with great efficiency in the school management process.
In general, digital technologies are used in the process of managing a comprehensive school, working with educational information, and planning lessons. Principles, functions and methods of managing a general education school, which are undergoing tangible content and functional changes in the course and as a result of digitalization.
PHONETIC CHANGE OF VOWELS ON THE 12-16TH CENTURY ARMENIAN LITHIC INSCRIPTIONS
Authors: CHOPURYAN GAYANE 
Published: July 2024

Having studied the words on the lithic inscriptions of the 12th-16th centuries that underwent phonetic changes, which are recently noticed expressions and were not investigated by the researchers of the previous period, we noticed that on the one hand they are characteristic neither to the Middle Armenian literature, nor to the lithic inscriptions. On the other hand they can be considered as limitations or omissions in their specific field of application. They have undergone phonetic changes not only in proper, but also in common names.
It becomes clear from the study that the vowels of old Armenian (ա, ո, ե, է, ի, ու) have been phonetically changed in the protocols due to the penetration of the folk language, the interaction of other languages and the peculiarities of the recorders' perception of some linguistic realities.
Thus, the vowel A (Ա) has undergone a phonetic change in the word forms Sevade/ Սևադէ (Artsakh), Rak(el)/ Ռաք(ել)ին (Arakel- personal name), Kravnuoratsn/ կրաւնուորացն (Ukraine region), Shnofor, tpans/ Շնոֆոր, տպանս (Russia), Mchrkadzoro/ Մճռկածորո (Vayots Dzor); Takrpetoc/ տակռպետոց (Lori); Vowel O (Ո) in the word-forms of Katughikes, Evasap/ կաթուղիկէս (Lori), Tsnughac/ծնուղաց (Arcakh); Evasap/ Էւասափ (Lori) the vowel E (Ե) in the word-forms Goharmliks/ Գոհարմլիքս, Baraykendanin/ Բարայկենդանին (Lori); the vowel E (Է) in the word-forms Varvarin/ Վառվառին (Ukraine), Andrias/ Անդրիաս (Goris); the vowel U (Ու) in the word-form yinvarin/ յինվարին (Ukraine) and hejips/ հեճիպս (Lori); and the vowel U (Ու) in the word-form Bardaghemosi/ Բարդաղէմոսի (Lori).
The mentioned word forms are characteristic neither to lithic inscriptions, nor to Middle Armenian, because on lithic inscriptions they have either a local or a temporal limitation. Judging by the examples preserved on the stone inscriptions, the vowels were changed in colloquial expressions or are the result of omission by the recorder (inscriber).
INTENSIFYING GRAMMAR TEACHING AS A BASIC COMPONENT OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE COMPETENCE
Authors: ASTVATSATRYAN MELANYA , AMALYAN GOHAR 
Published: July 2024

In the era of global computerization, changes are taking place in the whole educational system, including language teaching as well as English grammar.
Traditional grammar is the whole system and structure of a language in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology and sometimes also phonology and semantics. However, mastering grammar causes many difficulties, which are compounded by grammatical rules and a vast expanse of exceptions. The tendency of students' negative attitude to grammar is increasing, which negatively affects their communicative competence. In addition, the most difficult stage in the formation of grammatical skill is the stage of its application in speech activity.
Analyzing the complexity of grammar learning and its impact on communicative abilities, the authors give priority arising difficulties, the role of speech patterns in communication drawing learners’ attention to their specific functions that is grammatical accuracy, structure, meaning, functions, and realization of communicative intentions.
Experience Restore the Disturbed Ground Cover in Pine Forest Comlex
Authors: Меланхолин Н. , Полякова А. 
Published: July 2024

Заложен опыт по восстановлению нарушенного напочвенного покрова посадкой 5-ти видов лесных травянистых растений, типичных для сложных боров (копытень, живучка, зеленчук, кислица, осока волосистая). По результатам опыта в условиях сложных боров на супесчаных почвах наиболее успешными оказались посадки зеленчука желтого и живучки ползучей, которые в короткий срок занимают лишенный напочвенного покрова участок под кронами деревьев сложного бора. Создание групп травянистых растений на территориях нарушенных сложных боров может ускорить восстановление лесного напочвенного покрова.
During 5 years the natural experiment has been held using 5 species of forest herbaceous plants: Asarum europaeum L., Ajuga reptans L., Galeobdolon luteum Huds., Oxalis acetosella L., Carex pilosa Scop. They were introduced under the canopy of complex pine forests in anthropogenic disturbed areas of Moscow region. Some biotopes differing in degree of soil moisture and surface illumination have been chosen for the experiment. Soils of five test areas were identified as sod-weakly podzolic weakly differentiated, and in humid and wet areas – as lowland peat-gley. The undisturbed complex pine forest played the role of a control area. Places of experimental planting differed as follows: 1) shady area – with high crown density; 2) illuminated area – glade without understory; 3) moist area – with temporarily soil moisture; 4) wet area – with permanent soil moisture; 5) burned out place; 6) burned out place with the processing by herbicide «Roundup»; 7) burned out place with natural recovery. Each experimental area was divided in 5 lines. The ground litter was moved away by rake. Five quadrates (1 m2) were installed on each line on the distance of 0.5 m from each other. One species of herbaceous plants (collected in nearby forest) was planted on each quadrate. As a whole, 140 experimental quadrates and 25 control ones were installed. After 5 years in shady area four species of plants survived – except Oxalis. In the illuminated area all five plants have survived, but overgrowth was observed only for Galeobdolon and Oxalis. In the moist area Asarum and Oxalis took roots, and in the wet area – Asarum, Ajuga and Galeobdolon. Both variants of burned out place were characterized by intensive growth of Carex and less intensive growth of Ajuga. Other plantings would be considered not very successful, especially that of Oxalis. Galeobdolon and Ajuga have grown intensively during the second year, but then partially starved out. Carex has grown rather slowly but occupied the quadrates for a long time. Thus, forest grasses, particularly Carex and Galeobdolon, can be significantly increase rate of regeneration of ground cover of disturbed forests.
Diagnostics of mildew related clematis damage with scanning electronic and confocal laser microscopy
Authors: Рябченко С. , Дымович В. , Трубина Н. 
Published: July 2024

Приведены результаты мониторинга распространения и интенсивности развития мучнисто-росяного патогена в коллекции клематисов отдела декоративных растений Главного ботанического сада им. Н. В. Цицина РАН, выполненного методами сканирующей электронной и конфокальной лазерной микроскопии. Установлено поражение 13-ти сортов клематиса 6-ти садовых групп выявленным грибом Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi (Grev.) R.Y. Zheng& G.Q. Chen.
The article is devoted to the investigation of the powdery mildew pathogens in the collection of Clematis L. in the Department of Ornamental Plants of the Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS. In the first part of the article, the authors present general information about these ornamental plants. The taxonomy of mildew fungi parasitizing on the genus Clematis L. is discussed. A historical reference and modern assessment of the pathogen species belonging are given and the danger of the development of this disease in the collections is presented. In the next part of the work, the botanical composition of the studied collection is presented, and the methods and techniques is described, especially scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy, as well as morphometric analysis. In the section devoted to the results of the study, an assessment is made of the degree of damage to the plants of the clematis collection and a detailed morphometric characterization of the identified mildew pathogen, based on the microphotographs obtained by the cryoSEM and KLSM methods. After analyzing the morphometric data, the authors summarize their work and conclude that a collection of the genus Clematis L. has been infested with Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi (Grev.) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen. It is concluded, that plant damage as a wholew a not high, because the pathogen was found only in 13 from 60 examined Clematis species visually and by the cryo-SEM method. Severe and medium damage by the mildew fungus E. aquilegiae var. ranunculi was registered in 4 representatives of the collection. A minor damage was registered in 9 varieties of the collection.
Increase in Efficiency of Afforestation in the Southern Steppes of the Country
Authors: Манаенков С. , Костин В. 
Published: July 2024

Представлены обобщенные результаты 30-летних исследований водного режима, влагообеспеченности, роста и засухоустойчивости древостоев на песках и зональных почвах юга Восточно-Европейской равнины. Дано теоретическое обоснование принципов и приемов повышения влагообеспеченности и долговечности искусственных насаждений. Приведен опыт их реализации в рекомендациях по лесоразведению в условиях полупустыни и пустыни Калмыкии.
Studies of the water regime, growth and condition of artificial plantations of Pinus sylvestris L., P. Pallasiana L., Quercus robur L. and other species in the south of the East European Plain demonstrate that absence of forests of steppe spaces, low durability of artificial afforestations are obliged by excessive variability seasonal and the annual sum of an atmospheric precipitation, a critical reduction in the reserves of root-accessible moisture and humidity of the forest in dry years. The moisture content of forest cultures on automorphic soils changes with high (in ontogenesis) to insufficient – in the middle or the end of the vegetative period of close plantings in process of growth. The greatest deficit is found in fast-growing young plants and often leads to its death. The reliable damper for reducing water availability and drought tolerance of forest stands is the long-term starting stocks of soil moisture and available groundwater. The danger of his death decreases with age, also thanks to the deepening of the root system, slowing down the response to a temporary increase in water availability. The accompanying breeds, bushes and, especially, sodding of the soil, on the contrary, increase deficiency of water food of the main breed, the need to chop hack and agrotechnical care. The advantage of sustainability on rich soils have pure plantings demanding to the fertility of shade-tolerant trees and shrubs. Technology of cultivation of durable afforestations on rich moisture capacious sands and heavy soils of a droughty zone has to include: selection of the most forest-tolerant areas and (or), long-term basic tillage; сreation of pure cultures with respect to shade-tolerant salt-bearing and drought resistant trees and shrubs of medium density; agricultural care until the crowns are closed; frequent low-intensity thinning of young plants, the promotion of the appearance of a shading tier under the canopy of the forest is in older age. This technology is implemented in recommendations for afforestation in semi-desert and desert regions of Kalmykia.
Evaluation of Pre-Fire Forest Stands Condition on Burned Area Using Space Imagery and On-Ground Investigations
Authors: Маслов А. , Гульбе И. , Макаров А. , Сирин А. 
Published: July 2024

В статье представлен метод восстановления допожарных характеристик древостоя путем классификации космического снимка, полученного до пожара, с верификацией и описанием тематических классов. Модельный объект – гарь площадью 9 га в Шатурском районе Московской обл. Предложено при отсутствии таксационных данных устанавливать характеристики насаждений после гибели древостоев (как от пожаров, так и от других причин) на основе данных космической съемки и полевых наблюдений на прилегающей территории.
The loss of stem wood after stand destruction was evaluated on a model site - a 9-ha burned area that resulted from a forest and peat fire in 2010 in the Shatura district, Moscow Province. The study was carried out as part of the project "Restoring Peatlands in Russia - for fire prevention and climate change mitigation" financed under the International Climate Initiative (IKI) by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and facilitated by KfW Development Bank. Forest inventory data were unavailable for the model site, so it was proposed to evaluate pre-fire condition of forest stands by analyzing space imagery taken before the fire and by verification and description of thematic classes. Classification of the multispectral Spot 5 image with a spatial resolution of 10 m was carried out using the ISODATA method. Characteristics of thematic classes were obtained using forest-geobotanical releve’s and measurements at sample plots in a non-burned adjoining forest area. Mapping of preserved stumps with identification of tree species, age and diameter was made for additional verification of the defined thematic classes. The loss of stem wood for the forest thematic classes averaged 282.2 m3/ha and for the burned area as a whole (including non-forest classes) 264.7 m3/ha. It has been demonstrated that, even without forest inventory data, original stand characteristics for the area with stand destruction (both from fire and by other reasons) can be identified using space imagery coupled with on-the-ground investigation of an adjoining area.
Assessment of Wildfires Risks for the Bureya Nature Reserve on the Basis of the Geoinformation Analysis of Regional Features of the Territory and Natural Complexes
Authors: Сидоренков М. , Аваков А. , Сидоренкова М. , Жафяров В. , Степанова К. 
Published: July 2024

Представлены результаты исследований на территории государственного природного заповедника «Буреинский». Установлена связь рисков возникновения и распространения пожаров от особенностей лесорастительных формаций. Верификация разработанных моделей зонирования территории по степени риска возникновения, интенсивности распространения лесных пожаров с точками возгорания показали правильность выделенных зон. Большая часть точек возгорания попадает в зоны высоких и очень высоких рисков возникновения пожаров. Результаты исследований по оценке рисков возникновения пожаров в зависимости от природных и антропогенных факторов могут быть использованы при зонировании аналогичных территорий.
Research results for the territory of the Bureya Nature Reserve(also called «Bureinsky» have shown considerable connection between risks of fire spreading and features of the forest vegetation formation depending on altitudinal zonation and specifics of a landscape (an aspect and steepness of slopes). Verification of the developed models of zoning of the territory on the degree of fire danger, intensity of spreading of wildfires with locations of recent fires provided by «ISDM-Rosleskhoz» monitoring system have shown correctness of the allocated zones. Most of the wildfire locations are matching zones of high and very high fire danger. Research results could be used in dynamic models of zoning of the territory according to a risk of fire danger depending on natural and anthropogenic factors. The methods of analysis applied in the article have prospect for assessment of risks of fire danger in remote territories in the mountainous area.
Results of Thinning in Deciduous-and-Spruce Stands in the Kostroma Region
Authors: Чудецкий А. , Багаев С. 
Published: July 2024

В статье приведены результаты исследований и лесоводственная оценка рубок ухода различной интенсивности в лиственно-еловых молодняках и средневозрастных древостоях. Даны предложения по созданию устойчивых хозяйственно-ценных насаждений в подзоне южной тайги европейской части России.
The results of investigations of the effect of thinning of different intensities in young and medium-aged leaf-spruce stands are presented. Trial areas laid on experimental production facilities of the Central European FES ARIISMF in the blueberry and sour groups of forest types in 1960–1988. Methods and technologies of thinning in fourforestriesof Kostroma region are considered. The results of analysis of the formation of natural stands and the dynamics of changes in the basic taxation indicators over a long period of observations. As a result of intensive harvesting, the spruce was introduced into the first tier. The rarefaction creates favorable conditions for replenishing the main canopy with stunted trees. Under conditions of blueberry and sour groups of forest types, the transition from spruce to adulthood in the main canopy is more intensive with a significant decrease in the thickness of the felling cuttings. With strict observance of the technology of logging operations, the need to create expensive forest crops is no longer necessary, while the terms of growing technically mature wood are not reduced by 20–30 years, and the cost of production is reduced. Reforestation is preferable to continuous cuttings from silvicultural, ecological and economical positions.
Growth Characteristics of Spruce Population Under Canopy of Birch Forests of Southern Taiga in Russian Plain
Authors: Дерюгин А. 
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматривается рост ели под пологом южно-таёжных березняков. Анализируется возрастная динамика высоты и объема стволов деревьев ели в зависимости от периода их возобновления. Приводится сравнение основных показателей роста подпологовой ели и древостоев ели, формирующихся без участия мягколиственных пород.
Dynamics of forest resources in the center of Russian plain can be characterized by an increase of soft-leaved breed stand square. Spruce population resumes under such stand canopy. These stand often develop spontaneously. This fact shows the relevance of studying the processes of formation of soft-leaved breed stand with spruce growing under their canopy. The aim of this research was to study the growth characteristics of spruce under the canopy of birch forests of the southern taiga. Method of sample-trees was used. In total 400 sample-trees of different habitus were involved. The trees were sawn into segments and the cuts were measured according to the methodology adopted for the analysis of tree trunks. The measurement results were processed with a special program for personal computers. It was identified that tree growth is largely determined by the period of spruces regeneration – Tw (the difference between the age of the birch and spruce age). On the dynamics of growth in the height of the selected three generations for Tw: 1–25, 26–40, 41–50 years. At the age of 35 years the first generation reaches the lower height threshold (6.3 m) of the second tier of the stand. The average height of the second and third tree generations at this age does not exceed the height of the regrowth. For the first two generations the current average-for-the-period height increase reaches its maximum value at the age of 35–40 years, while the second generation significantly inferior to the first one in growth value. For the trees of the first generation the equality of the current average-for-the-period and average height increments observed at the age of 60 years. After that age the changes in the vertical structure of the emerging spruce forest are unlikely. In this generation, at the age of 15 years leading trees start to stand out, the minimum height of these leading trees is equal to 0,7 m. Spruce trees with higher tapering and low marketability of wood dominate in the canopy of birch forests. The growth characteristics of spruce growing under the canopy of birch significantly inferior to the characteristics of spruce, growing in forest stands without the participation of soft-leaved breeds. At the age of 60 years, the average growth in height is 40 % smaller, and average growth in the trunk volume is 80 % less than for trees in stands of II grade of locality spruce, which are the most common in the study region.