bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional visualization of perlecan‐rich neoplastic stroma induced concurrently with the invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Maruyama Satoshi , Shimazu Yoshihito , Kudo Tomoo , Sato Kaori , Yamazaki Manabu , Abé Tatsuya , Babkair Hamzah , Cheng Jun , Aoba Takaaki , Saku Takashi 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundWe have demonstrated the induction of perlecan‐rich stroma of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on and after its start of invasion. However, it remains unknown how such a neoplastic stroma is actually arranged in tumor tissues.MethodsTo this end, tissue microarray samples, in which keratin and perlecan were contrastively labeled by immunohistochemistry, were three‐dimensionally analyzed using digital images and image analysis software to demonstrate the relationship between SCC foci and the perlecan‐positive stromal space or that between carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive SCC foci.ResultsThe three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction demonstrated three kinds of perlecan profiles for inside (I) and outside (O) areas of the carcinoma cell focus: mode 1, I+/O−; mode 2, I+/O+; and mode 3, I−/O+. Mode 1 was seen in CIS as well as SCC tumor massifs in the surface part. Mode 2 was seen in small SCC foci, which seemed isolated in 2D sections but were mostly continuous with the tumor massif in 3D reconstructions. Mode 3 was limited to small SCC foci, which were truly segregated from the tumor massif.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the 2D SCC focus isolation could not be regarded as invasion but that the SCC foci surrounded by perlecan‐positive stroma (modes 2 and 3) could be regarded as a more objective measure for invasion of SCC. This is the first 3D tissue‐level demonstration of the neoplastic stroma space induced with oral SCC invasion, the presence of which we have predicted based on our previous 2D and tissue culture evidence.
Maternal Monitoring, Adolescent Disclosure, and Adolescent Adjustment Among Palestinian Refugee Youth in Jordan
Authors: Ahmad Ikhlas , Smetana Judith G. , Klimstra Theo 
Published: April 2014

The role of parenting (adolescent‐perceived maternal solicitation of information and control), and child‐driven processes (adolescent disclosure and secrecy) in parental knowledge of adolescents' activities, norm‐breaking, and anxiety were examined among 498 poor Palestinian youth (M = 15 years) living in refugee camps in Jordan. With family relationships and demographic background controlled, greater adolescent disclosure and less secrecy about activities, but also more maternal control and solicitation, were associated with greater maternal knowledge. Greater dispositional secrecy was associated with greater norm‐breaking and generalized anxiety, but parental control and parental solicitation were not. In addition, both gender and maternal control moderated the effects of disclosure on norm‐breaking. Differences between these findings and research with Western samples are discussed.
Birth Cohort and Age Changes in the Self‐Esteem of Chinese Adolescents: A Cross‐Temporal Meta‐Analysis, 1996–2009
Authors: Liu Dong , Xin Ziqiang 
Published: April 2014

The present cross‐temporal meta‐analysis involving 68 studies (n = 35,499) found that Chinese adolescents' scores on the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale decreased substantially from 1996 to 2009. The decline of self‐esteem across birth cohorts was associated with the slide of social connection level of Chinese adolescents. Correlations between self‐esteem and corresponding social indicators like the floating population and divorce rate were significant. Analysis on self‐esteem age differences showed that self‐esteem development in China was different from Western results: self‐esteem scores followed a roughly increasing trend from Grade 7 through Grade 12 with double dip points at Grades 7 and 11.
NEW SPORTS FACILITIES AND RESIDENTIAL HOUSING MARKETS
Authors: Huang Haifang , Humphreys Brad R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTUsing data from 56 professional sports facilities opened between 1995 and 2008, we find what at first appears to be a substantial effect of new sports facilities on housing markets. The opening of a new facility is associated with an increase in residential mortgage applications in nearby areas of about 20 percent. However, much of the differential is due to facility location. The new facilities locate in areas which grew faster even if they were not near a new facility. Based on regressions using census‐tract level data, we find that conditioning on local income and poverty rates reduces the effect by more than a half, suggesting that characteristics of locations drive much the increase on mortgage applications associated with new sports facilities.
Relationship between xerostomia and gingival condition in young adults
Authors: Mizutani S. , Ekuni D. , Tomofuji T. , Azuma T. , Kataoka K. , Yamane M. , Iwasaki Y. , Morita M. 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectiveXerostomia is a subjective symptom of dryness in the mouth. Although a correlation between xerostomia and oral conditions in the elderly has been reported, there are few such studies in the young adults. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of xerostomia with the gingival condition in university students.Material and MethodsA total of 2077 students (1202 male subjects and 875 female subjects), 18–24 years of age, were examined. The disease activity and severity of the gingival condition were assessed as the percentage of teeth with bleeding on probing (%BOP) and the presence of teeth with probing pocket depth of ≥ 4 mm, respectively. Additional information on xerostomia, oral health behaviors, coffee/tea intake and nasal congestion was collected via a questionnaire. Path analysis was used to test pathways from xerostomia to the gingival condition.ResultsOne‐hundred and eighty‐three (8.8%) students responded that their mouths frequently or always felt dry. Xerostomia was related to %BOP and dental plaque formation, but was not related to the presence of probing pocket depth ≥ 4 mm. In the structural model, xerostomia was related to dental plaque formation (p < 0.01), and a lower level of dental plaque formation was associated with a lower %BOP. Xerostomia was associated with coffee/tea intake (p < 0.01) and nasal congestion (p < 0.001).ConclusionXerostomia was indirectly related to gingival disease activity through the accumulation of dental plaque. Nasal congestion and coffee/tea intake also affected xerostomia. These findings suggest that xerostomia should be considered in screening for gingivitis risk in young adults.
History of the Triticeae Symposia
Authors: BARKWORTH Mary E. , von BOTHMER Roland 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe International Triticeae Symposia were initiated to encourage scientists working on different aspects of the Triticeae to share information and examine the distant relatives of its cereal species. There have now been seven symposia, each in a different country. The scope of these symposia is briefly reviewed. The merits of the symposium series are identified as their interdisciplinary nature and small size.
Testosterone Supplementation and Sexual Function: A Meta-Analysis Study
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Isidori Andrea M. , Buvat Jaques , Aversa Antonio , Rastrelli Giulia , Hackett Geoff , Rochira Vincenzo , Sforza Alessandra , Lenzi Andrea , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The role of testosterone supplementation (TS) as a treatment for male sexual dysfunction remains questionable.

Aim
The aim of this study was to attempt a meta-analysis on the effect of TS on male sexual function and its synergism with the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i).

Methods
An extensive Medline, Embase, and Cochrane search was performed.

Main Outcome Measures
All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of TS vs. placebo or the effect of TS as add on to PDE5is on sexual function were included. Data extraction was performed independently by two of the authors (A. M. Isidori and G. Corona), and conflicts resolved by the third investigator (M. Maggi).

Results
Out of 1,702 retrieved articles, 41 were included in the study. In particular, 29 compared TS vs. placebo, whereas 12 trials evaluated the effect of TS as add on to PDE5is. TS is able to significantly ameliorate erectile function and to improve other aspects of male sexual response in hypogonadal patients. However, the presence of possible publication bias was detected. After applying “trim and fill” method, the positive effect of TS on erectile function and libido components retained significance only in RCTs partially or completely supported by pharmaceutical companies (confidence interval [0.04–0.53] and [0.12; 0.52], respectively). In addition, we also report that TS could be associated with an improvement in PDE5i outcome. These results were not confirmed in placebo-controlled studies. The majority of studies, however, included mixed eugonadal/hypogonadal subjects, thus imparting uncertainty to the statistical analyses.

Conclusions
TS plays positive effects on male sexual function in hypogonadal subjects. The role of TS is uncertain in men who are not clearly hypogonadal. The apparent difference between industry-supported and independent studies could depend on trial design more than on publication bias. New RCTs exploring the effect of TS in selected cases of PDE5i failure that persistently retain low testosterone levels are advisable.
Shakespeare, Time, Theory
Authors: Lewis Sarah 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article charts the range of ways in which literary scholars from the 1960s to the present day have approached Shakespeare's dramatic works through considerations of time. Time in the plays, as both subject matter (narrative theme) and as a key element of dramatic form (time scheme) has, with varying intensity, been a popular consideration in the field of Shakespeare criticism since the middle of the twentieth century. Time or temporality are also, however, important ordering principles for the majority of the theoretical approaches to early modern literary culture that have dominated modes of enquiry into Shakespeare's works in this period. This article considers the ways in which scholars' conceptualisations of time and the temporal in the plays have both shaped and been shaped by the increased popularity of critical temporal studies across the humanities, and more specifically by the range of theoretical frameworks – historicism, cultural materialism, new historicism, new materialism, presentism, new formalism, cognitivism – which have, to differing degrees, transformed the field of Shakespeare criticism over the last 50 years.
Literary Brains: Neuroscience, Criticism, and Theory
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe “neurohumanities” are largely traditional fields of humanistic study – prominently including literature and related arts, such as film – that have taken up findings or methods of neuroscience to advance their research. Despite some (perhaps premature) media attention (see, for example, Quart), the body of work in neurohumanities is limited. It is therefore probably too early to undertake a survey of research in neuroscientific literary criticism and theory. However, there is considerable interest among literary scholars in the possibilities for such criticism and theory, and there are many areas of neuroscientific research that have begun to be incorporated into literary study or are likely to do so in the near future. The following essay first overviews some basic principles of neuroscience, selecting aspects of neuroscientific research that are particularly germane to literary study. It then considers the main tasks of literary criticism and theory and some of the ways in which neuroscience bears on those tasks. The essay ends with a brief comment on the relation between literary study that draws on neuroscience and neuroscience that takes literature as its object.
Involvement of H1 and H2 Receptors and Soluble Guanylate Cyclase in Histamine‐Induced Relaxation of Rat Mesenteric Collecting Lymphatics
Authors: Kurtz Kristine H. , Moor Andrea N. , Souza‐Smith Flavia M. , Breslin Jerome W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the roles of the H1 and H2 histamine receptors, NO synthase, and sGC cyclase in histamine‐induced modulation of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic pumping.MethodsIsolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics were treated with 1‐ to 100‐μM histamine. Histamine receptors were blocked with either the H1 antagonist mepyramine or the H2 antagonist cimetidine. The role of NO/sGC signaling was tested using the arginine analog l‐NAME, the sGC inhibitor ODQ, and SNP as a positive control.ResultsHistamine applied at 100 μM decreased tone and CF of isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics. Pharmacologic blockade of either H1 or H2 histamine receptors significantly inhibited the response to histamine. Pretreatment with ODQ, but not l‐NAME, completely inhibited the histamine‐induced decrease in tone. ODQ pretreatment also significantly inhibited SNP‐induced lymphatic relaxation.ConclusionsH1 and H2 histamine receptors are both involved in histamine‐induced relaxation of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics. NO synthesis does not appear to contribute to the histamine‐induced response. However, sGC is critical for the histamine‐induced decrease in tone and contributes to the drop in CF.
Role of NADPH Oxidase in Total Salvianolic Acid Injection Attenuating Ischemia‐Reperfusion Impaired Cerebral Microcirculation and Neurons: Implication of AMPK/Akt/PKC
Authors: Tang Hao , Pan Chun‐Shui , Mao Xiao‐Wei , Liu Yu‐Ying , Yan Li , Zhou Chang‐Man , Fan Jing‐Yu , Zhang Shuang‐Yan , Han Jing‐Yan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTSI is a new drug derived from Chinese medicine for treatment of ischemic stroke in China. The aim of this study was to verify the therapeutic effect of TSI in a rat model of MCAO, and further explore the mechanism for its effect.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to right MCAO for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion. TSI (1.67 mg/kg) was administrated before reperfusion via femoral vein injection. Twenty‐four hours after reperfusion, the fluorescence intensity of DHR 123 in, leukocyte adhesion to and albumin leakage from the cerebral venules were observed. Neurological scores, TTC staining, brain water content, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and MDA content were assessed. Bcl‐2/Bax, cleaved caspase‐3, NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox/p67phox/gp91phox, and AMPK/Akt/PKC were analyzed by Western blot.ResultsTSI attenuated I/R‐induced microcirculatory disturbance and neuron damage, activated AMPK, inhibited NADPH oxidase subunits membrane translocation, suppressed Akt phosphorylation, and PKC translocation.ConclusionsTSI attenuates I/R‐induced brain injury in rats, supporting its clinic use for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The role of TSI may benefit from its antioxidant activity, which is most likely implemented via inactivation of NADPH oxidase through a signaling pathway implicating AMPK/Akt/PKC.
A Field Guide to Mechanisms: Part II
Authors: Andersen Holly 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this field guide, I distinguish five separate senses with which the term ‘mechanism’ is used in contemporary philosophy of science. Many of these senses have overlapping areas of application but involve distinct philosophical claims and characterize the target mechanisms in relevantly different ways. This field guide will clarify the key features of each sense and introduce some main debates, distinguishing those that transpire within a given sense from those that are best understood as concerning two distinct senses. The ‘new mechanisms’ sense is the primary sense from which other senses will be distinguished. In part II of this field guide, I consider three further senses of the term that are ontologically ‘flat’ or at least not explicitly hierarchical in character: equations in structural equation models of causation, causal‐physical processes, and information‐theoretic constraints on states available to systems. After characterizing each sense, I clarify its ontological commitments, its methodological implications, how it figures in explanations, its implications for reduction, and the key manners in which it differs from other senses of mechanism. I conclude that there is no substantive core meaning shared by all senses, and that debates in contemporary philosophy of science can benefit from clarification regarding precisely which sense of mechanism is at stake.
A Field Guide to Mechanisms: Part I
Authors: Andersen Holly 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this field guide, I distinguish five separate senses with which the term ‘mechanism’ is used in contemporary philosophy of science. Many of these senses have overlapping areas of application but involve distinct philosophical claims and characterize the target mechanisms in relevantly different ways. This field guide will clarify the key features of each sense and introduce some main debates, distinguishing those that transpire within a given sense from those that are best understood as concerning distinct senses. The ‘new mechanisms’ sense is at the center of most of these contemporary debates and will be treated at greater length; subsequent senses of mechanism will be primarily distinguished from this one. In part I of this paper, I distinguish two senses of the term ‘mechanism’, both of which are explicitly hierarchical and nested in character, such that any given mechanism is comprised of smaller sub‐mechanisms, in turn comprised of yet smaller sub‐sub‐mechanisms and so on. While both of the senses discussed here are anti‐reductive, they differ in their focus on scientific practice versus metaphysics, in the degree of regularity they attribute to mechanisms, and in terms of their relationships to the discussions of mechanisms in the history of philosophy and science.
Painting and Philosophy
Authors: Newall Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article is primarily concerned with the philosophical problems that arise out of a consideration of painting. By painting I mean of course not any kind of application of paint to a surface – house painting for instance – but painting as an art, to use Richard Wollheim's phrase. Since Plato, philosophy has intermittently been concerned with these problems, and over the past 30 years, painting has come under a new focus as philosophy of art has increasingly turned its attention to the issues that arise from particular art forms. I will also draw on some ideas developed in art history and theory, which have a suitably philosophical, that is, general or foundational, character. There are many philosophical issues that arise equally from painting and other art forms, but for just this reason, they are best addressed in a broader cross‐art‐form context, and I will mostly avoid dealing with them here. Instead, I will focus on issues that arise solely or with a special force from a consideration of painting. It will be helpful to roughly arrange these in two categories. The first is representation; the second is form. We shall see that these categories are difficult to keep separate with regard to painting and overlap at various points.
Gross Pathology and Endocrinology of Ovarian Cysts in Bitches
Authors: Knauf Y , Bostedt H , Failing K , Knauf S , Wehrend A 
Published: April 2014

ContentsA total of 73 bitches with ovarian cysts were ovariohysterectomized. Cysts were characterized by gross pathology and endocrine parameters. Therefore, oestradiol‐17ß and progesterone concentrations were assessed in cyst‐fluid and corresponding blood plasma in each bitch. Our data demonstrated that multiple cysts were often present in a single individual (82%) and that cysts were commonly found on both ovaries (77%). The number of cysts per individual varied from 1 to 35. Most cysts were small in size (range 0.2–4.0 cm in diameter). No cyst was found to produce solely oestradiol‐17ß or progesterone. Plasma levels of oestradiol‐17ß and progesterone for a given individual were positively correlated with levels of these same hormones in their cyst‐fluid (r = 0.334 and p = 0.001 for oestradiol‐17ß;r = 0.419 and p < 0.001 for progesterone). Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the gross pathology and endocrinology of ovarian cysts in a larger number of bitches.
Is Globalization Weakening the Inflation–Output Relationship?
Authors: López‐Villavicencio Antonia , Saglio Sophie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates whether trade and financial openness has weakened the inflation–output trade‐off and caused a shift in the preferences of monetary authorities. Based on the backward‐looking Phillips curve and a Taylor‐type interest rate rule, our results for France, the UK and the USA for the 1970–2012 period do not provide support for the relevance of globalization in making inflation less responsive to output expansions. Moreover, the change of preferences of Central Banks towards growth‐oriented objectives is neither due to higher trade nor to financial globalization.
Sample Path Asymmetries in Non‐Gaussian Random Processes
Authors: Baxevani Anastassia , Podgórski Krzysztof , Wegener Jörg 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe tackle an important although rarely addressed question of accounting for a variety of asymmetries frequently observed in stochastic temporal/spatial records. First, we review some measures intending to capture such asymmetries that have been introduced on various occasions in the past and then propose a family of measures that is motivated by Rice's formula for crossing level distributions of the slope. We utilize those asymmetry measures to demonstrate how a class of second‐order models built on the skewed Laplace distributions can account for sample path asymmetries. It is shown that these models are capable of mimicking not only distributional skewness but also more complex geometrical asymmetries in the sample path such as tilting, front‐back slope asymmetry and time irreversibility. Simple moment‐based estimation techniques are briefly discussed to allow direct application to modelling and fitting actual records.
A New Model for Multivariate Markov Chains
Authors: Nicolau João 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe propose a new model for multivariate Markov chains of order one or higher on the basis of the mixture transition distribution (MTD) model. We call it the MTD‐Probit. The proposed model presents two attractive features: it is completely free of constraints, thereby facilitating the estimation procedure, and it is more precise at estimating the transition probabilities of a multivariate or higher‐order Markov chain than the standard MTD model.