bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical features, management and prognosis of multifocal primary bone lymphoma: a retrospective study of the international extranodal lymphoma study group (the IELSG 14 study)
Authors: Messina Carlo , Ferreri Andrés J. M. , Govi Silvia , Bruno‐Ventre Marta , Gracia Medina Elías A. , Porter David , Radford John , Heo Dae S. , Park Hee Y. , Pro Barbara , Jayamohan Jayasingham , Visco Carlo , Scarfò Lydia , Zucca Emanuele , Gospodarowicz Mary , Christie David ,   the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (I.E.L.S.G.)
Published: January 2014

Summary‘Multifocal bone lymphoma’ or ‘polyostotic lymphoma’ is a neoplasm with exclusive multifocal involvement of the skeleton, without affecting lymph nodes or other soft tissues. Knowledge on this uncommon condition is limited because the related literature is sparse and fragmentary. We reviewed cases of multifocal bone diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (MB‐DLBCL) registered in a clinico‐pathological database of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group that includes 499 cases of bone lymphoma. Clinical features, management and prognosis of 37 MB‐DLBCL patients and 63 ‘controls’ (stage‐IV DLBCL and skeletal involvement) were analysed. Presentation and treatment of MB‐DLBCL and controls were identical. At a median follow‐up of 52 months (10–189), MB‐DLBCL patients exhibited a significantly better response rate (92% vs. 65%; P = 0·002), progression‐free survival (5‐year: 56 ± 9% vs. 34 ± 6%; P = 0·003) and overall survival (5‐year: 74 ± 8% vs. 36 ± 7%; P = 0·002). Among MB‐DLBCL patients, the use of post‐chemo radiotherapy was associated with better overall survival (5‐year: 83 ± 12% vs. 55 ± 16%; P = 0·003). Two MB‐DLBCL patients (5·4%) with spine and skull involvement experienced central nervous system (CNS) relapse. Thus, MB‐DLBCL patients exhibit a significantly better prognosis compared to patients with advanced‐stage DLBCL, and should be treated with conventional anthracycline‐based chemotherapy, keeping intensified treatment for relapsing cases, considering involved‐field radiotherapy, and CNS prophylaxis in high‐risk patients.
Roving females and patient males: a new perspective on the mating strategies of chimpanzees
Authors: Newton‐Fisher Nicholas E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMating strategies are sets of decisions aimed at maximizing reproductive success. For male animals, the fundamental problem that these strategies address is attaining mating access to females in a manner that maximizes their chances of achieving paternity. For chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), despite substantial interest in mating strategies, very little attention has been paid to the most fundamental problem that mating strategies need to solve: finding mates. Only a single model,Dunbar's general model of male mating strategies, exists to explain mate‐searching behaviour in chimpanzees. Under this model, males in most populations are regarded as pursuing a ‘roving’ strategy: searching for and sequestering fertile females who are essentially passive with respect to mate searching. The roving mating strategy is an assumption deeply embedded in the way chimpanzee behaviour is considered; it is implicit in the conventional model for chimpanzee social structure, which posits that male ranging functions both to monitor female reproductive state and to ward these females from other groups of males through collective territoriality: essentially, ranging as mating effort. This perspective is, however, increasingly at odds with observations of chimpanzee behaviour. Herein, I review the logic and evidence for the roving‐male mating strategy and propose a novel alternative, a theoretical framework in which roving is a strategy pursued by female chimpanzees in order to engage successfully in promiscuous mating. Males, unable to thwart this female strategy, instead maximise the number of reproductive opportunities encountered by focusing their behaviour on countering threats to health, fertility and reproductive career. Their prolonged grooming bouts are seen, in consequence, as functioning to mitigate the negative impacts of socially induced physiological stress. In this new framework, the roving‐male strategy becomes, at best, a ‘best of a bad job’ alternative for low‐ranking males when faced with high levels of competition for mating access. Male chimpanzees do not search for mates, but for one another, for food, and, at times, for rivals in other communities. To the extent that female promiscuity functions to counter infanticide risk, mate searching by female chimpanzees—and any associated costs—can be seen as an unavoidable consequence of male sexual coercion. This novel framework is a better fit to the available data than is the conventional account. This review highlights the desperate need for additional work in an area of chimpanzee biology that has been somewhat neglected, perhaps in part because assumptions of roving males have remained unquestioned for too long. It also highlights the need, across taxa, to revisit and revise theory, and to test old assumptions, when faced with contrary data.
Clinic accessibility and clinic‐level predictors of the geographic variation in 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine coverage in Montreal, Canada
Authors: Charland Katia M. , de Montigny Luc , Brownstein John S. , Buckeridge David L. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundNineteen mass vaccination clinics were established in Montreal, Canada, as part of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1p vaccination campaign. Although approximately 50% of the population was vaccinated, there was a considerable variation in clinic performance and community vaccine coverage.ObjectiveTo identify community‐ and clinic‐level predictors of vaccine uptake, while accounting for the accessibility of clinics from the community of residence.MethodsAll records of influenza A/H1N1p vaccinations administered in Montreal were obtained from a vaccine registry. Multivariable regression models, specifically Bayesian gravity models, were used to assess the relationship between vaccination rates and clinic accessibility, clinic‐level factors, and community‐level factors.ResultsRelative risks compare the vaccination rates at the variable's upper quartile to the lower quartile. All else being equal, clinics in areas with high violent crime rates, high residential density, and high levels of material deprivation tended to perform poorly (adjusted relative risk [ARR]: 0·917, 95% CI [credible interval]: 0·915, 0·918; ARR: 0·663, 95% CI: 0·660, 0·666, ARR: 0·649, 95% CI: 0·645, 0·654, respectively). Even after controlling for accessibility and clinic‐level predictors, communities with a greater proportion of new immigrants and families living below the poverty level tended to have lower rates (ARR: 0·936, 95% CI: 0·913, 0·959; ARR: 0·918, 95% CI: 0·893, 0·946, respectively), while communities with a higher proportion speaking English or French tended to have higher rates (ARR: 1·034, 95% CI: 1·012, 1·059).ConclusionIn planning future mass vaccination campaigns, the gravity model could be used to compare expected vaccine uptake for different clinic location strategies.
Associations Between Bone Mineral Density, Grip Strength, and Lead Body Burden in Older Men
Authors: Khalil Naila , Faulkner Kimberly A. , Greenspan Susan L. , Cauley Jane A. ,   The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo study the association between blood lead concentration (BPb) and bone mineral density (BMD), physical function, and cognitive function in noninstitutionalized community‐dwelling older men.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingUniversity of Pittsburgh clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.ParticipantsNon‐Hispanic Caucasian men aged 65 and older (N = 445) recruited as a subset of a prospective cohort for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study.MeasurementsBPb was measured in 2007/08. From 2007 to 2009, BMD (g/cm2) was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. At the same time, physical performance was measured using five tests: grip strength, leg extension power, walking speed, narrow‐walk pace, and chair stands. Cognitive performance was assessed using the modified Mini‐Mental State Examination and the Trail‐Making Test Part B. Participants were categorized into quartiles of BPb. Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent relationship between BPb, BMD, and cognitive and physical function.ResultsMean BPb ± standard deviation was 2.25 ± 1.20 μg/dL (median 2 μg/dL, range 1–10 μg/dL). In multivariate‐adjusted models, men in higher BPb quartiles had lower BMD at femoral neck and total hip (P‐trend < .001 for both). Men with higher BPb had lower age‐adjusted score for grip strength (P‐trend < .001), although this association was not significant in multivariate‐adjusted models (P‐trend < .15). BPb was not associated with lumbar spine BMD, cognition, leg extension power, walking speed, narrow‐walk pace, or chair stands.ConclusionEnvironmental lead exposure may adversely affect bone health in older men. These findings support consideration of environmental exposure in age‐associated bone fragility.
Standardized Patient and Standardized Interdisciplinary Team Meeting: Validation of a New Performance‐Based Assessment Tool
Authors: Yuasa Misuzu , Nagoshi Michael , Oshiro‐Wong Celeste , Tin Maung , Wen Aida , Masaki Kamal 
Published: January 2014

The interdisciplinary team (IDT) approach is critical in the care of elderly adults. Performance‐based tools to assess IDT skills have not been well validated. A novel assessment tool, the standardized patient (SP) and standardized interdisciplinary team meeting (SIDTM), consisting of two stations, was developed. First, trainees evaluate a SP hospitalized after a fall. Second, trainees play the role of the physician in a standardized IDT meeting with a standardized registered nurse (SRN) and standardized medical social worker (SMSW) for discharge planning. The SP‐SIDTM was administered to 52 fourth‐year medical students (MS4s) and six geriatric medicine fellows (GMFs) in 2011/12. The SP, SRN, and SMSW scored trainee performance on dichotomous checklists of clinical tasks and Likert scales of communication skills, which were compared according to level of training using t‐tests. Trainees rated the SP‐SIDTM experience as moderately difficult, length of time about right, and believability moderate to high. Reliability was high for both cases (Cronbach α = 0.73–0.87). Interobserver correlation between SRN and SMSW checklist scores (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.82, P < .001) and total scores (r = 0.69, P < .001) were high. The overall score on the SP‐SIDTM case was significantly higher for GMF (75) than for MS4 (65, P = .002). These observations support the validity of this novel assessment tool.
The Migrant Wage Premium in Professional Football: A Superstar Effect?
Authors: Bryson Alex , Rossi Giambattista , Simmons Rob 
Published: January 2014

SummaryUsing panel data on professional footballers and their teams over a seven year period we find a substantial wage premium for migrants which persists within teams and is only partially accounted for by players' on‐field labour productivity. We show that the differential partly reflects the superstar status of migrant workers. This superstar effect is apparent in migrant effects on team performance and crowd attendance.
Kinetics of Memory B Cell and Plasma Cell Responses in the Mice Immunized with Plague Vaccines
Authors: Zhang X. , Wang Q. , Bi Y. , Kou Z. , Zhou J. , Cui Y. , Yan Y. , Zhou L. , Tan Y. , Yang H. , Du Z. , Han Y. , Song Y. , Zhang P. , Zhou D. , Yang R. , Wang X. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn our previous studies, we found that plague vaccines can induce long‐term antibody response, but no significant antibody boost was observed when the immunized mice were challenged with virulent Yersinia pestis. However, a booster vaccination of subunit vaccine on week 3 after primary immunization elicited a significantly higher antibody titre than a single dose, whereas no significant antibody titre difference was observed between a single dose and two doses of EV76 vaccination. To address these issues, in this study, we first investigated the kinetics of memory B cells and plasma cells in the mice immunized with EV76 or F1 protein by flow cytometry and then determined antibody titre in five groups of mice immunized with various vaccination strategy. The results showed that memory B cells dropped to a low level at day 56 after primary immunization. In contrast, plasma cells were maintained for more than 98 days. The group with primary immunization of EV76 and booster of F1 antigen developed a higher antibody titre than the group with immunization of F1 antigen and booster of EV76. This result supports a hypothesis that an excess of antigens can neutralize pre‐existing antibodies, and then the redundant antigen induces antibody boost. Taken together, a boost of antibody titre after revaccination may be dependent on the existence of memory B cells and an excess of antigen vaccination. In addition, this study showed an ideal immunization strategy that involves first immunization with a live attenuated vaccine, such as EV76, and then with a subunit vaccine.
Avidity of IgG Antibodies Against Meningococcal Serogroup A Polysaccharide and Correlations with Bactericidal Activity in Sera From Meningitis Patients and Controls From Ethiopia
Authors: Medhane M. , Tunheim G. , Næss L. M. , Mihret W. , Bedru A. , Norheim G. , Petros B. , Aseffa A. , Rosenqvist E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMeningococcal meningitis is a significant global health challenge, especially for sub‐Saharan area: the African meningitis belt. Neisseria meningitidis of serogroup A (MenA) is responsible for the large number of epidemics that have been recorded in these countries. To determine the level of antibodies against meningococcal A polysaccharide (APS) that correlates with protection against MenA disease in the African meningitis belt, it may be important to consider antibody avidity along with quantity. In this study, two ELISA methods using the chaotropic agent ammonium thiocyanate were compared and employed to measure avidity indexes (AI) of IgG antibodies against APS in controls and in acute and convalescent sera from Ethiopian meningococcal patients. High statistical correlations between the AIs determined by the two methods were observed. The geometric mean AI (GMAI) increased with time from acute to convalescent sera indicating affinity maturation. GMAI was significantly higher in convalescent sera from the MenA patients and in sera from the controls than in acute sera from patients with meningococcal disease. A significant correlation between serum bactericidal activity titres (SBA) and concentration of IgG antibodies against APS was observed; however, our results did not indicate that determination of antibody avidities by the thiocyanate elution method gave a better correlation with SBA than anti‐APS IgG concentrations determined by the standard ELISA method.
Cross‐Reactive Immune Response Induced by the Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine Against Salmonella Paratyphi Strains
Authors: Pakkanen S. H. , Kantele J. M. , Kantele A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere are no vaccines in clinical use against paratyphoid fever, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A and B or, rarely, C. Oral Salmonella Typhi Ty21a typhoid vaccine elicits a significant cross‐reactive immune response against S. Paratyphi A and B, and some reports suggest cross‐protective efficacy against the disease. These findings are ascribed to the O‐12 antigen shared between the strains. The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine has been shown to elicit antibodies reactive with O‐9,12. Twenty‐five volunteers immunized with the parenteral Vi vaccine (Typherix®) were explored for plasmablasts cross‐reactive with paratyphoid strains; the responses were compared to those in 25 age‐ and gender‐matched volunteers immunized with Ty21a (Vivotif®). Before vaccination, 48/50 vaccinees had no plasmablasts reactive with the antigens. Seven days after vaccination, 15/25 and 22/25 Vi‐ and Ty21a‐vaccinated volunteers had circulating plasmablasts producing antibodies cross‐reactive with S. Paratyphi A, 18/25 and 23/25 with S. Paratyphi B and 16/25 and 9/25 with Paratyphi C, respectively. Compared to the Ty21a group, the Vi group showed significantly lower responses to S. Paratyphi A and B and higher to S. Paratyphi C. To conclude, the Vi vaccine elicited a cross‐reactive plasmablast response to S. Paratyphi C (Vi antigen in common) and less marked responses to S. Paratyphi A and B than the Ty21a preparation. S. Paratyphi A and B both being Vi‐negative, the result can be explained by trace amounts of bacterial cell wall O‐12 antigen in the Vi preparation, despite purification. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined.
Getting Out of the Left Lane: The Possibility of White Antiracist Pedagogy
Authors: Teel Karen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article maintains that knowledge of the literature on multicultural education and social justice pedagogy is indispensable for white college professors who desire to teach effectively about racial justice concerns. In exploring this literature, I have noticed that many publications either articulate theory or reflect on concrete classroom strategies, while relatively few deploy theory to evaluate specific attempts at teaching for justice. This seems to me a gap worth filling. Speaking as a white, conventionally trained, Catholic theologian, I begin by explaining why I deem it appropriate to employ antiracist pedagogy. I then demonstrate that the literature on multicultural education and social justice pedagogy is essential to this effort by utilizing both types of literature, theoretical and practical, to analyze my own strategies and goals to date. Throughout, I discuss white antiracist theological pedagogy not as an accomplished fact, but as an emerging endeavor. See a companion essay in this issue of the journal (Anna Floerke Scheid and Elisabeth T. Vasko, “Teaching Race: Pedagogical Challenges in Predominantly White Undergraduate Theology Classrooms”), and responses by the authors of both essays, also published in this issue of the journal (“Responses: Toward an Antiracist Pedagogy”).
Multiple herbicide‐resistant Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) now dominates across the Western Australian grain belt
Authors: Owen M J , Martinez N J , Powles S B 
Published: January 2014

SummaryLolium rigidum (annual or rigid ryegrass) is a widespread annual weed in cropping systems of southern Australia, and herbicide resistance in L. rigidum is a common problem in this region. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across the grain belt of Western Australia to determine the frequency of herbicide‐resistant L. rigidum populations and to compare this with the results of previous surveys in 1998 and 2003. During the survey, 466 cropping fields were visited, with a total of 362 L. rigidum populations collected. Screening of these populations with the herbicides commonly used for control of L. rigidum revealed that resistance to the ACCase‐ and ALS‐inhibiting herbicides was common, with 96% of populations having plants resistant to the ACCase herbicide diclofop‐methyl and 98% having plants resistant to the ALS herbicide sulfometuron. Resistance to another ACCase herbicide, clethodim, is increasing, with 65% of populations now containing resistant plants. Resistance to other herbicide modes of action was significantly lower, with 27% of populations containing plants with resistance to the pre‐emergent herbicide trifluralin, and glyphosate, atrazine and paraquat providing good control of most of the populations screened in this survey. Ninety five per cent of L. rigidum populations contained plants with resistance to at least two herbicide modes of action. These results demonstrate that resistance levels have increased dramatically for the ACCase‐ and ALS‐inhibiting herbicides since the last survey in 2003 (>95% vs. 70–90%); therefore, the use of a wide range of integrated weed management options are required to sustain these cropping systems in the future.
Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC—a medical review
Authors: Schep Leo J , Slaughter R J , McBride D I 
Published: January 2014

Introduction2-Chloroacetophenone (CN),o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and oleoresin capsicum (OC) are common riot control agents. While serious systemic effects are uncommon, exposure to high concentrations may lead to severe complications and even death. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise all main aspects of the riot control agents CN, CS and OC toxicology, including mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features and management.MethodsOVID MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched for terms associated with CN, CS and OC toxicity in humans and those describing the mechanism of action, clinical features and treatment protocols.ResultsCN, CS and OC are effective lacrimating agents; evidence for toxicity, as measured by the threshold for irritation, is greatest for CN, followed by CS and OC. Typically, ocular and respiratory tract irritation occurs within 20–60 s of exposure. Ocular effects involve blepharospasm, photophobia, conjunctivitis and periorbital oedema. Following inhalation, effects may include a stinging or burning sensation in the nose, tight chest, sore throat, coughing, dyspnoea and difficulty breathing. Dermal outcomes are variable, more severe for CN and include dermal irritation, bulla formation and subcutaneous oedema. Removal from the contaminated area and fresh air is a priority. There is no antidote; treatment consists of thorough decontamination and symptom-directed supportive care. Ocular exposure requires thorough eye decontamination, an eye exam and appropriate pain management. Monitoring and support of respiratory function is important in patients with significant respiratory symptoms. Standard treatment protocols may be required with patients with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Dermal exposures may require systemic steroids for patients who develop delayed contact dermatitis.ConclusionsCN, CS and OC are effective riot control agents. In the majority of exposures, significant clinical effects are not anticipated. The irritant effects can be minimised both by rapid evacuation from sites of exposure, decontamination and appropriate supportive care.
The design and implementation of heterogeneous multicore systems for energy-efficient speculative thread execution
Authors: Luo Yangchun , Hsu Wei-Chung , Zhai Antonia 
Published: January 2014

With the emergence of multicore processors, various aggressive execution models have been proposed to exploit fine-grained thread-level parallelism, taking advantage of the fast on-chip interconnection communication. However, the aggressive nature of these execution models often leads to excessive energy consumption incommensurate to execution time reduction. In the context of Thread-Level Speculation, we demonstrated that on a same-ISA heterogeneous multicore system, by dynamically deciding how on-chip resources are utilized, speculative threads can achieve performance gain in an energy-efficient way.
Through a systematic design space exploration, we built a multicore architecture that integrates heterogeneous components of processing cores and first-level caches. To cope with processor reconfiguration overheads, we introduced runtime mechanisms to mitigate their impacts. To match program execution with the most energy-efficient processor configuration, the system was equipped with a dynamic resource allocation scheme that characterizes program behaviors using novel processor counters.
We evaluated the proposed heterogeneous system with a diverse set of benchmark programs from SPEC CPU2000 and CPU20006 suites. Compared to the most efficient homogeneous TLS implementation, we achieved similar performance but consumed 18% less energy. Compared to the most efficient homogeneous uniprocessor running sequential programs, we improved performance by 29% and reduced energy consumption by 3.6%, which is a 42% improvement in energy-delay-squared product.