bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precambrian of the Conterminous United States
Authors: Reed John C. , Sims Paul K. , Houston Robert S. , Silver Leon T. , Rankin Douglas W. , Reynolds Mitchell W. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Precambrian rocks are at or near the surface in only about 10 percent of the conterminous United States, but it can reasonably be inferred that they comprise the continetal crust beneath about 90 percent. They are missing or unrecognized in the exotic terranes along the Pacific margin of North America, but they probably form significant parts of the crust in exotic terranes or continental fragments accreted to the eastern part of the continent during Paleozoic time. Thus, the total area of Precambrian rocks to be considered in this volume is comparable to that of the exposed Precambrian of the Canadian Shield. It is important to remember that in spite of the enormous lateral extent of the craton the volume of the continental crust is almost insignificant. The width of the North American craton is more than half the radius of the planet, but the thickness of the continental crust is less than one hundredth of the planetary radius (fig. 1). The volume of the crust is less than 2 percent of the volume of the mantle beneath the U.S. part of North America.
Precambrian rocks contain the only available record of the assembly and evolution of the fragile continental raft that we know as North America during more than four fifths of geologic time. Of the areas of exposed Precambrian rocks in the conterminous United States, about half have been covered by modern reconnaissance geologic mapping (scale 1:250,000 or larger); less than a quarter have been covered by detailed modern mapping (scale 1:62,500 or larger).
Geology and tectonic evolution of Alaska
Authors: Plafker George , Jones D. L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The last major synthesis of the geology of Alaska was Areal Geology of Alaska (P. S. Smith, 1939, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 192). Up to that time, less than half of what was then the Territory of Alaska had been surveyed by geologists, even by the crudest exploratory standards. As a consequence, Professional Paper 192 was concerned primarily with the general spatial distribution, lithology, and relative ages of rock units and Quaternary deposits in Alaska with incidental mention of structure, metallic mineral deposits, and coal resources.
Since 1939 there has been a vast increase in the amount and diversity of earth science research in Alaska. The initial impetus was during World War II when expanded studies of mineral resources, surficial deposits, and Aleutian Arc volcanoes were undertaken throughout Alaska. In the post-war years there has been an explosive expansion of geologic and geophysical mapping and research both onshore and offshore. This accelerated effort was spurred on by the emergence of Alaska as a major petroleum producer, by the discovery of major metallic mineral deposits at various localities in the state, and by the extensive systematic helicopter-supported mapping and resource appraisals that have been carried out mainly by government agencies as part of the requirements for Alaska land classifications. In addition, the great 1964 earthquake stimulated intense interest in neotectonic activity and geologic hazards state-wide. As a result of work since 1939, modern geophysical and geologic data are now available for much of Alaska, and few areas remain unexplored.
The Cordilleran Orogen
Authors: Gabrielse H. , Yorath C. J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Canadian Cordilleran Orogen comprises the mountainous region of western Canada and includes the adjacent Pacific offshore area to the foot of the continental slope. Because the evolution of the orogen is linked directly to the dynamics of the nearby interacting lithospheric plates of the eastern Pacific Ocean, the Cordilleran volume deals with the oceanic region as far west as the spreading centres bounding the Juan de Fuca plate and the Queen Charlotte transform fault. (In this text, “Cordillera” implies “Canadian Cordillera” unless otherwise specified.)
In general terms the geology of this region can be related to rifting that formed the western margin of ancestral North America, subsidence and sedimentation along the resultant passive continental margin and, finally, its interaction with allochthonous terranes that produced the varied tectonic styles, regional metamorphism, the various plutonic and volcanic suites, and controlled the physiographic evolution leading to the present landscape. Current concepts on plate-tectonics play an important role in interpretations of the evolution of the Cordillera and, therefore, the integration of geophysical, structural, stratigraphic, and sedimentological data from studies underway in the Pacific offshore region is particularly cogent to an understanding of the ancient history of the orogen. These concepts are stressed by organizing the volume into chapters dealing with assemblages of rocks deposited or emplaced in environments that for the most part have modern-day plate-tectonics analogues.
This is an ideal time for an updated synthesis of Canadian Cordilleran geology. Since the last synthesis in 1970, a great deal of data have been collected and analyzed in the light of the revolutionary plate-tectonics concepts.
Geology of the Grand Canyon
Authors: Spamer Earle E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The first annotated bibliography on Grand Canyon geology, this splendidly organized and detailed bibliography is designed as a research guide to existing literature. It is an annotated compilation of Grand Canyon research projects as developed and accumulated to date. It is a synthesis of many hundreds of observations and conclusions drawn from them and is intended to expedite the use of data in future research. Because of the many different fields of specialization represented, this remarkably detailed and pain stakingly thorough accumulation of literature, titles, and annotations should prove a tremendous boon to future progress in the accumulation of the geological literature of Grand Canyon.
Mineral Resources of China
Authors: Ikonnikov A. B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Published in 1975 on microform, this 555-page volume provides an overview of the mineral resources of China. It contains chapters devoted to the structural geology of China; coal; oil and gas; iron ore; heavy metals; light, noble, and rare metals; and numerous maps. An introductory chapter provides a brief history of the geological exploration of China, beginning with von Richtofen’s 1870 survey.
Geology of the Grand Canyon
Authors: Spamer Earle E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Volume 1 of this guide was published in 1990 as Geological Society of America Microform Publication 21, complemented by the four volume series, Geology of the Grand Canyon: an Annotated Bibliography (GSA Microform Publications 13, 14, 17, and 20, published in 1983, 1984, 1988, and 1990, respectively). The present volume is complemented by volume 5 of the annotated bibliography, also a GSA Microform publication. All of these volumes cover the entire history of Grand Canyon geological literature, from the first geological note of the canyon in 1857. They will soon be complemented by a companion publication (The Grand Canyon Fossil Record, presently in preparation for publication) that will provide a complete guide to the paleontological literature for the Grand Canyon. At that time, the basic research guides to all of the Grand Canyon geological literature will be complete.
Questions on Geologic Principles
Authors: Reyer Eduard 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The appearance of this translation of Eduard Reyer's Geologische Prinzipienfragen (1907) is as timely as John Biram's English translation of Alfred Wegener's Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (1912, 4th rev. ed., 1928, Dover, 1966). Both translations mark a general revival of interest in the historical growth of two major geodynamic concepts: gravity tectonics and continental drift. In a way, these two aspects of geodynamics are complementary. Reyer, who lived from 1849 to 1914, drew attention to the potential energy created by vertical crustal movements; Wegener, who lived from 1880 to 1930, stressed the importance of great horizontal displacements. Wegener's book appeared to achieve a real breakthrough for continental drift, an idea that had been ripening since the seventeenth century, but most geoscientists rejected his proposals because of the preconceived opinion that crustal rocks were too strong and that the proposed driving forces too weak for such a process. An entirely new branch of geonomy paleomagnetism had to be developed before enough diagnostic facts were gathered to prove that continental drift did, nevertheless, occur in the Phanerozoic. Similarly, Eduard Reyer developed a clear concept of glide tectonics (Gleitfaltung) through observation and experimentation, but his ideas conflicted with the prevailing contraction theory which was then strongly supported by his teacher and later colleague Eduard Suess (1831-1914). Custom, inertia of thinking, and authority caused a rejection of Reyer's ideas by most of his contemporaries. Disappointed, Reyer devoted his later years to social reform, to the founding of public libraries, and to various philosophical problems. Only once, because he was deeply convinced of the correctness of his ideas, did he turn his efforts and his genius to the fundamental problems of geology. Geologische Prinzipienfragen, his last book on geology, has now been translated into English: it represents a matured concept of geology at the beginning of the twentieth century. Reyer's book is of great value for two major reasons: first, it contains many examples of unbiased observation, clear inductive thinking, and verification by means of experimental tests. Secondly, by stressing the role of gravity as a driving force, it marks a milestone in the development of structural geology.
Return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review
Authors: Casartelli Nicola C , Leunig Michael , Maffiuletti Nicola A , Bizzini Mario 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundWe aimed to appraise (1) the rate of return to sport of athletes after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and (2) some aspects that may influence the return to sport.MethodsFour databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) were searched until 21 October 2014. Studies evaluated return to sport of athletes who underwent hip surgery for the treatment of symptomatic FAI. A validated tool was used for quality evaluation of the studies.ResultsA total of 18 case series (level of evidence IV) with moderate-to-high methodological quality were included. On average, 87% of athletes returned to sport after hip surgery for FAI and 82% returned to the same sport level as before the occurrence of the symptoms. Professional athletes seem to return to sport at a higher rate compared with recreational and collegiate athletes. Sport participation after hip arthroscopy tends to decrease for professional athletes at short-term and mid-term follow-ups. Diffuse hip osteoarthritis at the time of surgery may not allow athletes to return to sport.ConclusionsMost athletes return to sport after hip surgery for the treatment of symptomatic FAI. The level of competition, time of evaluation after hip surgery and presence of articular cartilage lesions at the time of surgery may influence return to sport. Future studies with higher levels of evidence should describe and evaluate return to sport protocols after hip surgery for FAI.
Tracking surgical day care patients using RFID technology
Authors: Wauben L S G L , Guédon A C P , de Korne D F , van den Dobbelsteen J J 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveMeasure wait times, characterise current information flow and define requirements for a technological information system that supports the patient's journey.DesignFirst, patients were observed during eight random weekdays and the durations of actions performed at each phase of the surgical trajectory were measured. Patients were grouped into patients receiving general anaesthesia or local (or topical) anaesthesia. Second (active) Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology was installed and patients were tracked during 52 weekdays. Length of hospital stay, length of stay and wait times per phase, and differences in wait times between the two types of administered anaesthesia were analysed. Third, interviews were conducted to characterise the current information flow between staff, and between staff and escorts (patients’ family/friends escorting them throughout their journey).ResultsObservations (198 patients) showed that the average duration of actions for general anaesthesia patients took longer than for local anaesthesia patients, especially at the recovery phase (general anaesthesia: 0h16, local anaesthesia: 0h01).RFID tracking (622 patients): Significant differences were seen for wait times between general and local anaesthesia patients at: preoperative ward (p=0.014), recovery (p<0.001) and postoperative ward (p<0.001). The average percentage of wait time during the entire hospital stay ranged from 64% to 68% (with variation in groups being substantial).Interviews (30 escorts, 9 ward nurses and 8 holding/recovery nurses): Escorts did not use the current information system and ward nurses indicated problems with exchanging information concerning bringing/picking up patients to/from the holding/recovery that resulted in unnecessary wait times for some patients (mainly local anaesthesia patients).ConclusionsMost time spent in hospital is wait time. A Patient Tracking System was designed to automatically display the phase in which a patient is in. It provides transparency for patients and staff in the surgical trajectory and is expected to reduce intermittent communication, improve patient flow, reduce wait times and improve patient and staff satisfaction.
HFE gene mutation and oxidative damage biomarkers in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and its relation to transfusional iron overload: an observational cross-sectional study
Authors: De Souza Geane Felix , Ribeiro Howard Lopes , De Sousa Juliana Cordeiro , Heredia Fabíola Fernandes , De Freitas Rivelilson Mendes , Martins Manoel Ricardo Alves , Gonçalves Romélia Pinheiro , Pinheiro Ronald Feitosa , Magalhães Silvia Maria Meira 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveA relation between transfusional IOL (iron overload), HFE status and oxidative damage was evaluated.Design, setting and participantsAn observational cross-sectional study involving 87 healthy individuals and 78 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with and without IOL, seen at University Hospital of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, between May 2010 and September 2011.MethodsIOL was defined using repeated measures of serum ferritin ≥1000 ng/mL. Variations in the HFE gene were investigated using PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The biomarkers of oxidative stress (plasmatic malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were determined by spectrophotometry.ResultsThe HFE gene variations were identified in 24 patients (30.77%) and 5 volunteers (5.74%). The H63D variant was observed in 35% and the C282Y variant as heterozygous in 5% of patients with MDS with IOL. One patient showed double heterozygous variant (C282Y/H63D) and serum ferritin of 11 649 ng/mL. In patients without IOL, the H63D variant was detected in 29.34%. Serum MDA levels were highest in patients with MDS with IOL, with a significant difference when compared with patients without IOL and healthy volunteers, pointing to the relationship between IOL and oxidative stress. The GPx and SOD were also significantly higher in these patients, indicating that lipid peroxidation increase was followed by an increase in antioxidant capacity. Higher ferritin levels were observed in patients with HFE gene variation. 95.7% of patients with MDS with the presence of HFE gene variations had received more of 20 transfusions.ConclusionsWe observed a significant increase in MDA levels in patients with MDS and IOL, suggesting an increased lipid peroxidation in these patients. The accumulation of MDA alters the organisation of membrane phospholipids, contributing to the process of cellular degeneration. Results show that excess iron intensifies the process of cell damage through oxidative stress.Trial registration numberLocal Ethics Committee (licence 150/2009).
The Australian public's preferences for emergency care alternatives and the influence of the presenting context: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Harris Paul , Whitty Jennifer A , Kendall Elizabeth , Ratcliffe Julie , Wilson Andrew , Littlejohns Peter , Scuffham Paul A 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThe current study seeks to quantify the Australian public's preferences for emergency care alternatives and determine if preferences differ depending on presenting circumstances.SettingIncreasing presentations to emergency departments have led to overcrowding, long waiting times and suboptimal health system performance. Accordingly, new service models involving the provision of care in alternative settings and delivered by other practitioners continue to be developed.ParticipantsA stratified sample of Australian adults (n=1838), 1382 from Queensland and 456 from South Australia, completed the survey. This included 951 females and 887 males from the 2045 people who met the screening criteria out of the 4354 people who accepted the survey invitation.InterventionsA discrete choice experiment was used to elicit preferences in the context of one of four hypothetical scenarios: a possible concussion, a rash/asthma-related problem involving oneself or one's child and an anxiety-related presentation. Mixed logit regression was used to analyse the dependent variable choice and identify the relative importance of care attributes and the propensity to access care in each context.ResultsResults indicated a preference for treatment by an emergency physician in hospital for possible concussion and treatment by a doctor in ambulatory settings for rash/asthma-related and anxiety-related problems. Participants were consistently willing to wait longer before making trade-offs in the context of the rash/asthma-related scenario compared with when the same problem affected their child. Results suggest a clear preference for lower costs, shorter wait times and strong emphasis on quality care; however, significant preference heterogeneity was observed.ConclusionsThis study has increased awareness that the public's emergency care choices will differ depending on the presenting context. It has further demonstrated the importance of service quality as a determinant of healthcare choices. The findings have also provided insights into the Australian public's reactions to emergency care reforms.
Non-urgent accident and emergency department use as a socially shared custom: a qualitative study
Authors: Keizer Beache Simone , Guell Cornelia 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveWe explored attitudes of non-urgent accident and emergency department (AED) patients in the middle-income healthcare setting Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) in the Caribbean to understand how and why they decide to seek emergency care and resist using primary care facilities.MethodsIn 2013, we conducted 12 semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of non-urgent AED users from a variety of social backgrounds. Verbatim transcripts were analysed with a grounded theory approach.ResultsIn this study, we found, first, that participants automatically chose to visit the AED and described this as a locally shared custom. Second, the healthcare system in SVG reinforced this habitual use of the AED, for example, by health professionals routinely referring non-urgent cases to the AED. Third, there was also some deliberate use; patients took convenience and the systemic encouragement into account to determine that the AED was the most appropriate choice for healthcare.ConclusionsWe conclude that the attitudes and habits of the Vincentian non-urgent patient are major determinants of their AED use and are intricately linked to local, socially shared practices of AED use. Findings show that health services research should reconsider rational choice behaviour models and further explore customs of health-seeking.
Brief interventions to prevent recurrence and alcohol-related problems in young adults admitted to the emergency ward following an alcohol-related event: a systematic review
Authors: Merz Victoire , Baptista Juliette , Haller Dagmar M 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundBrief interventions addressing harmful alcohol use in adults admitted to emergency wards have been shown to be effective. The evidence in relation to interventions aimed at adolescents is less conclusive. Young adults share developmental characteristics with adolescents, while receiving care in adult services. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the recurrence of alcohol-related events and their consequences in young adults (18–24 years) admitted to an emergency ward following alcohol intoxication.MethodsWe followed PRISMA guidelines to conduct this review. We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane and PsychINFO, until March 2014. We included randomised trials of brief interventions aimed at young adults admitted to an emergency ward following an alcohol-related event. Two investigators independently selected, analysed, rated and summarised the evidence from relevant studies.ResultsFour trials (n=618) were included, comparing a brief motivational interview with usual care (2 trials), personalised feedback or an educational brochure. In two studies, motivational interview was significantly associated with a reduction in alcohol-use while two studies showed no effect attributable to the intervention. Successful interventions were either delivered at a distance from the event or included booster sessions. Motivational interview favoured a reduction in alcohol-related problems in all but one study. Benefits were sustained over 12 months.ConclusionsThe evidence is inconclusive, but the most effective interventions include at least one therapeutic contact several days after the event. Further research should provide more guidance about effective interventions in this age-group as well as about ways to favour delayed attendance for treatment. The potential role of parents or peers in supporting treatment also warrants further attention.