bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coulomb stresses imparted by the 25 March 2007 Mw=6.6 Noto-Hanto, Japan, earthquake explain its ‘butterfly’ distribution of aftershocks and suggest a heightened seismic hazard
Authors: Toda Shinji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe well-recorded aftershocks and well-determined source model of the Noto Hanto earthquake provide an excellent opportunity to examine earthquake triggering associated with a blind thrust event. The aftershock zone rapidly expanded into a ‘butterfly pattern’ predicted by static Coulomb stress transfer associated with thrust faulting. We found that abundant aftershocks occurred where the static Coulomb stress increased by more than 0.5 bars, while few shocks occurred in the stress shadow calculated to extend northwest and southeast of the Noto Hanto rupture. To explore the three-dimensional distribution of the observed aftershocks and the calculated stress imparted by the mainshock, we further resolved Coulomb stress changes on the nodal planes of all aftershocks for which focal mechanisms are available. About 75% of the possible faults associated with the moderate-sized aftershocks were calculated to have been brought closer to failure by the mainshock, with the correlation best for low apparent fault friction. Our interpretation is that most of the aftershocks struck on the steeply dipping source fault and on a conjugate northwest-dipping reverse fault contiguous with the source fault. Since we found that the Coulomb hypothesis works well for the Noto Hanto sequence, we subsequently computed stress changes on the nearby active faults. Although the calculated stress changes were found to be negligible on the major faults south of the Noto Peninsula, several short active faults near the epicentral area were calculated to have been brought several bars closer to failure. Thus, the probability of strong shaking in and around the epicentral area may still be high due to the transfer of stress to the adjacent faults by a short blind thrust fault.
First optical observation of the Moon’s sodium exosphere from the lunar orbiter SELENE (Kaguya)
Authors: Kagitani M. , Taguchi M. , Yamazaki A. , Yoshikawa I. , Murakami G. , Yoshioka K. , Kameda S. , Ezawa F. , Toyota T. , Okano S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The first successful observations of resonant scattering emission from the lunar sodium exosphere were made from the lunar orbiter SELENE (Kaguya) using TVIS instruments during the period 17–19 December, 2008. The emission intensity of the NaD-line decreased by 12±6%, with an average value of 5.4 kR (kilorayleighs) in this period, which was preceded, by 1 day, by enhancement of the solar proton flux associated with a corotating interaction region. The results suggest that solar wind particles foster the diffusion of sodium atoms or ions in the lunar regolith up to the surface and that the time scale of the diffusion is a few tens of hours. The declining activity of the Geminid meteor shower is also one possible explanation for the decreasing sodium exosphere.
Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor variation from GPS measurements during a severe weather event
Authors: Song Dong-Seob , Grejner-Brzezinska Dorota A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a relatively inexpensive method to remotely sense atmospheric water vapor in all weather conditions. In this study, we applied the GPS meteorology technique to monitor the precipitable water vapor (PWV) variation during a severe weather event (typhoon EWINIAR). The Korean weighted mean temperature equation (KWMTE), customized for the Korean Peninsula, was used to improve the accuracy of the GPS PWV estimation. The time series and the comparison with the images of MTSAT/CMAX and the GPS PWV contour maps indicated that the temporal change of GPS PWV was closely related to the progress of the typhoon. The correlation between the maximum GPS PWV and the maximum rainfall caused by the typhoon was also higher than that for the quiet weather period. Furthermore, the peak in the time series of GPS PWV was generally in good agreement with the time when the maximum rainfall was recorded. Our results therefore confirm that GPS meteorology is an efficient PWV sensing technique, capable of capturing the complex characteristics of water vapor distribution and its temporal variation during a period of severe weather events.
Simulation of mode conversion from UHR-mode wave to LO-mode wave in an inhomogeneous plasma with different wave normal angles
Authors: Kalaee Mohammad Javad , Ono Takayuki , Katoh Yuto , Iizima Masahide , Nishimura Yukitoshi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We have investigated a linear mode conversion process among UHR-mode, Z-mode, and LO-mode waves by a computer simulation solving Maxwell’s equations and the motion of a cold electron fluid. The characteristics of the wave coupling process occurring in the cold magnetized plasma were examined in detail for the case of an inhomogeneity of plasma density lying perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. The dependence of the conversion efficiency on the incident wave normal angle, wave frequency, background plasma frequency, and steepness of density gradient was studied. The results show that an efficient mode conversion occurred in the conversion process from Z-mode to LO-mode waves rather than from the coupling between UHR-mode to LO-mode waves. They also show that the highest conversion efficiency was obtained under the specific condition of the wave normal angle for the incident waves. In the specific case of such critical wave normal angles, we found that perpendicular components of refractive indexes became zero at the site of mode conversion, which is consistent with previously published results. We also show that the range of the critical normal angle varied depending on both the plasma frequency and the wave frequency. The simulation results also reveal that, when the steepness of the density gradient was taken into consideration, efficient mode conversion could be expected even in the case of the mismatch of the refractive indexes preventing the close coupling of plasma waves.
In-orbit calibration of the lunar magnetometer onboard SELENE (KAGUYA)
Authors: Takahashi Futoshi , Shimizu Hisayoshi , Matsushima Masaki , Shibuya Hidetoshi , Matsuoka Ayako , Nakazawa Satoru , Iijima Yuichi , Otake Hisashi , Tsunakawa Hideo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The high-sensitivity fluxgate Lunar MAGnetometer (LMAG) is mounted on SELENE (KAGUYA) to investigate the near-surface electromagnetic environment and the evolution of the Moon through magnetic field observation. To avoid possible electromagnetic interferences, a triaxial fluxgate sensor (MGF-S) is installed at the far end of a 12-m-long mast. It is critical for the accurate observation to monitor MGF-S alignment in orbit, and thus we have calibrated the sensor alignment by measuring the known magnetic fields generated by the sensor alignment monitor coil (SAM-C) wound onto the mast canister. In-orbit calibration of the MGF-S alignment was performed twice each revolution during the initial check-out phase of the satellite. It is concluded that there is no systematic difference in the sensor alignment between the day-side and night-side. Applying a new technique based on the Davis-Smith method to the observed magnetic field data when KAGUYA was exposed to the solar wind, a zero offset of each axis was quickly and stably determined every month. As a result, LMAG has been calibrated with an accuracy that is sufficient for detection of the lunar magnetic anomaly at an altitude of 100 km and for high-resolution electron reflectometry.
Spectral matrix analysis for detection of polarized wave arrivals and its application to seismic reflection studies using local earthquake data
Authors: Moriya Hirokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Local earthquakes observed at Sendai, Japan, were analyzed to confirm the validity of a method of polarization analysis using the spectral matrix of seismic wave and its application to seismic reflection studies of the crust using local earthquake data. Reflectors (Bright spots) are known below the Nagamachi-Rifu fault, which caused an M 5.0 class event in 1998. Polarization analysis was applied to earthquake data in and around the fault. Use of the Z-parameter, which is defined using the eigenvalues of the spectral matrix and a statistical value representing the confidence level for the detection of the arrival of polarized waves, allowed detection of linearly and elliptically polarized waves in coda waves. The Z-parameter was also used to image the reflectors by using a migration technique that assumes the P×P and S×S reflection waves travel through a multi-layered velocity structure. Distinct reflectors were detected at depths of around 10 km, 14 km, 17 km, 21–26 km, 35 km and 40 km, that is, from deeper than the fault and the Moho. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using the spectral matrix of three-component seismic signal to detect polarized waves and to image reflectors in the earth’s crust and upper mantle.
Imaging heterogeneous velocity structures and complex aftershock distributions in the source region of the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake by a dense seismic observation
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Sakai Shinichi , Kurashimo Eiji , Igarashi Toshihiro , Iidaka Takashi , Hirata Naoshi , Iwasaki Takaya , Kanazawa Toshihiko ,   Group for the aftershock observations of the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The velocity structure and accurate aftershock distributions in the source region of the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake (thrust type) are obtained by inverting the arrival times from 848 aftershocks observed by a dense seismic network deployed immediately after the mainshock (8 h later). Both the detailed velocity structure and the accurate aftershock distribution show lateral heterogeneity along the fault strike. In the northeast area, aftershocks are aligned along both the NW- and SE-dipping planes. These planes are conjugate to each other. The mainshock hypocenter is located close to the bottom of an approximately 50° NW-dipping plane, which indicates that the mainshock rupture could have initiated on the NW-dipping plane. The high-V

p
body beneath this aftershock alignment shows a convex upward shape. In contrast, from the center to the southwest area, most of the aftershocks are aligned along SE-dipping planes. The high-V

p
body beneath this aftershock alignment shows a convex downward shape. Based on these results, we suggest that the crustal structure in the source region is divided into two segments by a boundary zone situated between the northeast and southwest areas. It should be noted that this segment boundary zone is coincident with the complex aftershock zone where numerous conjugate fault planes exist. We propose that the mainshock rupture initiated near the bottom of the NW-dipping fault plane and ran to the southwest, then transferred at the segment boundary zone which has numerous conjugate fault planes to the SE-dipping plane.
Source process of the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake derived from near-fault strong motion data
Authors: Aoi Shin , Sekiguchi Haruko , Morikawa Nobuyuki , Kunugi Takashi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake generated strong ground motions in Kashiwazaki and Kariwa, where the world largest nuclear power plant was in operation. Due to the complexity of the aftershock distribution, activation of the northwest-dipping fault and/or the southeast-dipping fault is proposed. To explore the fault geometry and source process of the earthquake, we performed multi-time window linear waveform inversions for both the fault planes from near-fault strong motion data. A fault plane model of 30 km in length by 24 km in width was set to cover the region of aftershock distribution within 24 h of the mainshock. Both inverted slip models provided moment magnitudes of 6.7 with a small asperity near the rupture starting point, and a large asperity approximately 10 km southwest of the rupture initiation, which is located in the region of relatively sparse aftershock distribution. Both the small and large asperities are located near the intersection between the two conjugate fault plane models, and the asperities of both models have similar radiation patterns. Therefore, the difference of the residuals between the observed and synthetic waveforms for both models was not significant, indicating that it is difficult to conclude which fault is the rupture.
The effect of non-migrating tides on the morphology of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly: seasonal variability
Authors: England Scott L. , Zhang Xiaoli , Immel Thomas J. , Forbes Jeffrey M. , DeMajistre Robert 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Recent observations of the low-latitude F-region ionosphere at times near equinox have shown that it varies with a predominant zonal wavenumber-four pattern in a fixed local-time frame. It has been shown that this pattern corresponds well to the non-migrating diurnal eastward wavenumber-three atmospheric tide (DE3) at E-region altitudes simulated by the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM). Here we present details of the morphology of the F-region ionosphere from TIMED GUVI with simultaneous observations of the non-migrating diurnal tides at E-region altitudes from TIMED SABER. For the case of equinox (March 2002), the correspondence of the SABER and GUVI observations confirms the relationship previously established using the GSWM simulations. There is also a wavenumber-one signature that is present which may be related to the semi-diurnal westward wavenumber-three, possibly in conjunction with changes in the magnetic field with longitude. During July 2002, when the amplitude of the DE3 maximizes, the amplitude of the wavenumber-four pattern in the F-region ionosphere intensifies. There is also evidence of a strong wavenumber-three pattern in the F-region ionosphere, which can be attributed to the strong diurnal eastward wavenumber-two tide during this period. During January 2003, the amplitude of all non-migrating components observed by SABER are either small or asymmetric and the ionosphere does not display either a wavenumber-three or -four pattern. During both solstice periods, a strong wavenumber-one is seen that is attributed to the offset of the subsolar point and the geomagnetic equator that maximizes at solstice, possibly in conjunction with other geomagnetic effects. During all seasons, significant hemispheric asymmetries in the airglow wavenumber spectra are seen. The combined GUVI and SABER observations presented here demonstrate that the large-scale periodic longitudinal structure of the F-region ionosphere responds significantly to changes in the forcing by non-migrating diurnal tides at E-region altitudes.
Asperity along the North Anatolian Fault imaged by magnetotellurics at Düzce, Turkey
Authors: Kaya Tulay , Tank S. Bülent , Tunçer M. Kemal , Rokoityansky I. Igor , Tolak Elif , Savchenko Timur 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The magnetotelluric (MT) method has been applied to show resistivity variations in the vicinity of the epicenter of the 1999 Düzce earthquake (M
w = 7.2) where a large rupture velocity difference was seen between the western and eastern parts of the epicenter. MT data for frequencies ranging between 320 and 0.0005 Hz were acquired along two parallel profiles to the west and the east of Düzce earthquake’s epicenter. Both profiles crossed the Düzce basin and the Düzce fault in the north and the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the south. MT data analysis shows almost two-dimensionality in the region, at the depth starting from 2–3 km beneath the surface. According to two-dimensional MT modeling, a higher resistive layer extends beneath the eastern side of Düzce earthquake epicenter, compared with the western side. This resistivity structure correlates well with the aftershock distribution of the Düzce earthquake.
Application of Mwp to the Great December 26, 2004 Sumatra Earthquake
Authors: Kanjo Kenji , Furudate Tomomichi , Tsuboi Seiji 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A great earthquake of Mw9.0 (Harvard) occurred off of northwestern Sumatra on December 26, 2004 (UTC), causing an unprecedented tsunami disaster. An earthquake of Mw8.6 (Harvard) then occurred on March 28, 2005 (UTC), about 160 km to the southeast of the December event’s epicenter. The Matsushiro Seismological Observatory of Japan Meteorological Agency determined magnitudes of M8.8 and M8.7 respectively for these events using the Global Seismic Network’s (GSN) Live Internet Seismic Server (LISS) data. The West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC), and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) both use Mwp to rapidly evaluate moment magnitude. The WC/ATWC calculated a mean Mwp of 8.0 for the multiple event on Decmber 26, 2004. Using data from the IRIS station MAJO, we determined an Mwp of 8.5 by using a distance-dependent apparent P-wave velocity (α = 0.16Δ + 7.9 km/sec.) instead of a constant apparent P wave velocity (α = 7.9 km/sec), for α in the original equation for Mwp. The corrected Mwp value of 8.5 is much closer to the total moment magnitude of the multiple ruptures of the complex December 26 main-shock, and is useful as a first magnitude estimation to evaluate possible tsunami generation.
On exact solution of unsteady MHD flow of a viscous fluid in an orthogonal rheometer
Authors: Rana Muhammad Afzal , Siddiqa Sadia , Noor Saima 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper studies the unsteady MHD flow of a viscous fluid in which each point of the parallel planes are subject to the non-torsional oscillations in their own planes. The streamlines at any given time are concentric circles. Exact solutions are obtained and the loci Γ of the centres of these concentric circles are discussed. It is shown that the motion so obtained gives three infinite sets of exact solutions in the geometry of an orthogonal rheometer in which the above non-torsional oscillations are superposed on the disks. These solutions reduce to a single unique solution when symmetric solutions are looked for. Some interesting special cases are also obtained from these solutions.
Aromatase (Cyp19a1b) in the Pituitary Is Dynamically Involved in the Upregulation of lhb But Not fshb in the Vitellogenic Female Ricefield Eel Monopterus albus
Authors: Zhang Shen , Zhang Yang , Chen Wanping , Wu Yangsheng , Ge Wei , Zhang Lihong , Zhang Weimin 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Aromatase, encoded by Cyp19a1, is expressed in the pituitary of vertebrates; however, its physiological relevance remains poorly defined. In teleosts, the duplicated cyp19a1b is preferentially expressed in the pituitary where LH and FSH are synthesized in distinct gonadotropes. Our present study demonstrated that Cyp19a1b is colocalized with Lhb, but not Fshb, during vitellogenesis in female ricefield eels. The immunoreactive levels of Cyp19a1b and Lhb, as well as their colocalization frequency, increased during vitellogenesis toward maturation. The expression of lhb but not fshb in the pituitary fragments of female ricefield eels was induced by both estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). In agreement, the promoter of lhb but not fshb was activated by both E2 and T. T is more potent than E2 in inducing lhb expression, whereas E2 is much more effective in activating the lhb promoter. T-induced lhb expression in the pituitary fragments was abolished by the estrogen receptor (Esr) antagonist fulvestrant and suppressed by the aromatase inhibitor letrozole, suggesting that the effect of T on lhb expression at the pituitary is largely mediated by E2. Furthermore, Lhb was shown to colocalize with Esr1 but not Esr2a. Taken together, results of the present study suggest that Cyp19a1b in LH cells may greatly upregulate lhb expression during vitellogenesis, possibly via E2 and Esr1 in an intracrine manner. The absence of Cyp19a1b in FSH cells and the insensitivity of fshb to sex steroids may contribute to the differential expression of lhb and fshb in ricefield eels and possibly other vertebrates as well.
Aromatase Inhibition Exacerbates Pain and Reactive Gliosis in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord of Female Rats Caused by Spinothalamic Tract Injury
Authors: Ghorbanpoor Samar , Garcia-Segura Luis Miguel , Haeri-Rohani Ali , Khodagholi Fariba , Jorjani Masoumeh 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Central pain syndrome is characterized by severe and excruciating pain resulting from a lesion in the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that estradiol decreases pain and that inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase, which synthesizes estradiol from aromatizable androgens, increases pain sensitivity. In this study we have assessed whether aromatase expression in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord is altered in a rat model of central pain syndrome, induced by the unilateral electrolytic lesion of the spinothalamic tract. Protein and mRNA levels of aromatase, as well as the protein and mRNA levels of estrogen receptors α and β, were increased in the dorsal horn of female rats after spinothalamic tract injury, suggesting that the injury increased estradiol synthesis and signaling in the dorsal horn. To determine whether the increased aromatase expression in this pain model may participate in the control of pain, mechanical allodynia thresholds were determined in both hind paws after the intrathecal administration of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor. Aromatase inhibition enhanced mechanical allodynia in both hind paws. Because estradiol is known to regulate gliosis we assessed whether the spinothalamic tract injury and aromatase inhibition regulated gliosis in the dorsal horn. The proportion of microglia with a reactive phenotype and the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein–immunoreactive astrocytes were increased by the injury in the dorsal horn. Aromatase inhibition enhanced the effect of the injury on gliosis. Furthermore, a significant a positive correlation of mechanical allodynia and gliosis in the dorsal horn was detected. These findings suggest that aromatase is up-regulated in the dorsal horn in a model of central pain syndrome and that aromatase activity in the spinal cord reduces mechanical allodynia by controlling reactive gliosis in the dorsal horn.
Everyday Hygiene in Rural Henan
Authors: Lai Lili 
Published: August 2014

The phenomenon of “modernization indoors, dirt and chaos outdoors” (shinei xiandaihua, shiwai zangluancha) is now prevalent all over rural China. This article attends to the political and economic roots and social determinants of “dirty villages,” aiming to show how people's understanding of hygiene is intimately connected with environmental degradation, a perceived “dirtiness” that is not really of their own making. Grounded in anthropological field research in rural Henan, it argues that the lack of any infrastructure to dispose of trash is core to rural environmental problems.
On the other hand, people have an acute understanding of health in relation to the environment. Taking anthropology of embodiment as research methodology, this article formulates questions concerning “environmental health” in rural China as follows: how does the discourse of “rural hygiene and environment” shape people's understanding, perceptions, and living of their body and life, and what escapes this shaping process? This article argues that the recent problem of the excessive production of trash and the nondisposal of garbage exposes a fundamental question of so-called modernization, one that is repressed in only some urban settings. The “dirtiness” of the countryside is directly (and literally) constituted by the dirt of modernization and urbanization that uncannily resists any attempts to disconnect from it. To put it directly, if villagers are “dirty,” so are urbanites.