bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Yorkshire Partisans and the Literature of Popular Discontent
Authors: Prescott Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the literature of popular discontent in medieval England. Among the most evocative and intriguing of the surviving texts connected with the life of everyday people of the Middle Ages are the various Middle English poems and verses commenting on contemporary events, scattered through a variety of manuscript collections, administrative records, and other texts. Example of these poetry can be found in the The Yorkshire Partisans section of the book Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries published in 1959 by the American-based scholar and critic Rossell Hope Robbins. This article discusses Robbins' analysis of the literary qualities of historical poems.
The Gothic Turn and Twelfth‐Century English Chronicles
Authors: Bredehoft Thomas A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines gothic literature writing in England during the twelfth century. It discusses the gothicism of the chronicle form and gothic reproduction of the history of Britain. It suggests that an understanding of gothic concerns allows us to see more clearly the divergent trajectories of historical writing by authors such as William of Malmesbury and John of Worcester on the one hand, and works like Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia and Layamon's Brut on the other hand.
Anti‐Social Reform
Authors: Kelly Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines writing about rebellion and anti-social reform in medieval England. It discusses examples where carnivalesque inversion of social hierarchy reveals political dissatisfaction on the part of the rebels and suggests that what is constructed as definitively anti-social action on the part of the rebels should be seen as reformism rooted in a plebeian culture which monastic historiography sought to erase. It argues that if the quest for a rebel voice has often been undertaken at the expense of rebel textualities, then it can be concluded that the excavation of rebel ideology must begin by recognizing the desire for reform across all levels and institutions of fourteenth-century English society.
Secular Medieval Drama
Authors: Dutton Elisabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the nature of secular medieval drama in England. It explains that the medieval Mystery Cycles, with their vibrant presentation of scriptural narrative, dominate discussion of medieval drama. The presentation of ecclesiastical power in the cycles is strategically anachronistic and aligned with the oppressive power of biblical tyrants such as Herod. This article also comments on Henry Medwall's Fulgens and Lucres.
Complex Identities
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the complexities of medieval identity formation by surveying the depiction of Jews and Saracens in English texts produced throughout the medieval period from the time of Bede to the second half of the fifteenth century. It shows that there are many ways to approach productively the question of identity and medieval literature, and it is futile to posit any claims about a primary other during the period and suggests that the relationships between the selves and others imagined by medieval texts are far too multiple, fraught, and unstable. It explains how indispensable constructions of others are to notions of selfhood in the medieval West.
Regions and Communities
Authors: Fulton Helen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines writings about regions and communities in England during the medieval period. It suggests that though a growing sense of nationalism relating to England can undoubtedly be traced from at least the thirteenth century, it is just as true that a sense of regionalism in England, Wales, and Scotland remained a powerful source of political and cultural identity throughout the Middle Ages and well into the period of the nation-state in Europe. It explains that while region defines a geographical area, community refers to a sense of common social and cultural identity which resists the territorialism of either nation or region.
‘Britain’
Authors: Bernau Anke 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines writings about originary myths and the stories of the people in England during the medieval period. It explains that these myths and stories they proclaimed a people's glorious ancestry and they provided a means of understanding or creating a paradigm for communal and national self-understanding and cohesion. Stories of beginnings also allowed writers and audiences to conceptualize and imagine Britishness in multiple ways, for multiple purposes.
Monsters and the Exotic in Medieval England
Authors: Mittman Asa Simon , Kim Susan M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses some of the textual sources relied upon by medieval English authors and artists in writing about monsters and the exotic. It suggests that the literature of the monstrous and exotic developed because foundational cultures of medieval England relied on such figures; because the conditions of literacy made such figures intensely relevant and because political and social conditions of the period warranted the representation both of a hybrid body of the state and of an externalized embodiment of what that state excluded. It argues that medieval depictions of monstrous creatures explored not only the ways in which these creatures were not men, but also the ways in which the strangeness of the monstrous was inextricably part of the English, the Christian, the human experience.
When did ‘the Medieval’ End?
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the end of the medieval period and offers retrospection of the English Middle Ages. It argues that if we are looking for a single date on which it might be said that the Middle Ages were brought to an end, then 1547 has probably a stronger claim to that distinction than any other single year in the long sixteenth century. It explains that it was during this year that a spiritual dispensation that had underwritten social and cultural life in England for generations was officially erased from the nation's cultural memory, and beliefs that had been central to official and popular culture for centuries were declared definitively to be false.
Multilateral Investment Rules Revisited
Authors: Amarasinha Stefan D. , Kokott Juliane 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of whether it is possible to retain a multifaceted and multi-layered system of bilateral and regional agreements, which leads to what some have termed a ‘spaghetti-bowl’ of legal instruments, or whether it is necessary to reform that system by way of multilateral disciplines on foreign investment. Section 1 sets the scene by examining the current international regulation of foreign investment and discussing previous attempts in the WTO and under the auspices of the OECD to negotiate multilateral rules. Section 2 identifies the main lessons to be learned from deliberations of the WTO Working Group on Trade and Investment, when it was tasked with considering which issues should be included in any possible WTO-based initiative on foreign investment rules. Section 3 discusses and offers recommendations for possible future multilateral investment rules which would encompass not merely rights of investors and obligations on the part of host countries, but rather a more comprehensive ‘compact’ comprising pre- and post-establishment aspects of investment, as well as a number of supporting elements regarding the environment, good governance, labour standards and human rights, and the overall conduct of foreign investors. Section 4 offers suggestions for substantive elements and aspects of dispute settlement in addition to the Model International Investment Agreement for Sustainable Development (IIASD Agreement) draft. Finally, Section 5 suggests and concludes that given the existing regulation of foreign investment, future multilateral investment rules would not altogether replace existing investment regulation, but would rather clarify it in some areas and add value in others, including through substantive provisions relating to environmental and labour standards.
Standards of Treatment
Authors: Grierson-Weiler Todd J. , Laird Ian A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter argues that as a matter of doctrine, it is becoming increasingly difficult to discern any difference between the ways in which non-discrimination and minimum standard provisions are actually being interpreted and applied. It cites the emergence of a so-called single standard of regulatory treatment, based upon the legitimate expectation of investors to enjoy access to rights of transparency, due process, and non-discrimination in a host country or in a free trade area, as the case may be. Comparative and absolute standards, treaty standards versus customary international law standards, minimum standard of treatment and the principle of good faith, and national treatment and MFN treatment are discussed.
Coverage of Taxation Under Modern Investment Treaties
Authors: Wälde Thomas W. , Kolo Abba 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the regulation of taxation in modern investment treaties and the underlying policies and tensions reflected in the variations of treaty regulation of tax disputes. Section 1 sets the scene for the discussion, placing tax-related investment disputes in the political and economic context. It argues that under the current regulatory state, in which the function of the state has retreated from that of controlling the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy to regulation, the tendency for the state to use tax instruments to ‘squeeze’ foreign investors or for protectionist purposes is very attractive. Section 2 provides an overview of the history of taxation. Section 3 discusses the general scope of coverage of tax under investment treaties, examining how tax is defined in some of the treaties and the shortcomings of those definitions, the type of taxes covered under the treaties and the underlying issues and tensions surrounding such coverage. Section 4 discusses the applicability of core substantive investment protection provisions to tax and the underlying issues and tensions surrounding them. Section 5 examines the treaty formulations on expropriatory taxation and transparency and the policy reasons for the new trend in those areas. Section 6 goes on to consider arbitral jurisprudence on expropriatory taxation. Section 7 discusses joint tax consultation as a means of limiting expropriatory tax measures. Finally, Section 8 deals with taxation and transparency.
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment
Authors: Acconci Pia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines how the most-favoured-nation treatment standard has come to be regularly included in international instruments and treaties concerning foreign investment. After outlining the special features of this standard in international investment law, it considers the relevant cases that have dealt with claims for applying such a standard differently from what many states and scholars were expecting. The chapter then evaluates whether or not this case-law is actually altering the present international scenario for foreign investment, as one could think in light of the debate which arose from the ICSID Awards in the Maffezini and other subsequent cases.
Corruption
Authors: Raeschke-Kessler Hilmar , Gottwald Dorothee 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal effects of corruption on international investment contracts. It proposes solutions for contracts and dispute resolution and aims at a balance between anti-corruption values and the economic rationality of contracts, in particular the mutual responsibilities of the parties and the specifics of complex long-term projects. The introduction to the chapter gives an overview of the definitions of key terms, the legal scope of the chapter, and the legal instruments regulating corruption in foreign investment. Section 2 provides some general characteristics of corruption cases and some systematic remarks on the types of problems and cases. Problems related to the main contract, which is the contractual relationship between the investor and the host state or other investors, are examined. Problems of dispute settlement relating to the main contract are then considered. The chapter then deals with problems of agency agreements, which are contracts between investors and intermediaries, mostly consultancy firms, and the dispute settlement problems related to these agency agreements.
Jurisdiction and Admissibility
Authors: Williams David A. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the jurisdictional requirements of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It then discusses ICSID and subject-matter jurisdiction, ICSID and personal jurisdiction, jurisdictional requirements under ICSID's Additional Facility, jurisdictional requirements under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT); jurisdictional requirements under the UNCITRAL Rules, the ICC and LCIA Rules; denial of benefits clauses, and the concept of admissibility.
The Preacher and Patristics
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the different versions of the patristic debate between 1517 and 1720. It focuses on the century between John Jewel's Challenge sermon that occurred in 1559, and the Restoration of the monarchy. It chronologically reviews several important and controversial debates from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and emphasises their primary doctrinal flashpoints using a patrological perspective. The article also considers the Fathers as a field of discourse.
Sermons into Print
Authors: Rigney James 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article tries to locate the sermon within the interplay of the production and consumption of printed books during the seventeenth century. The article outlines the progress of sermons into print, and examines the transformation of these printed volumes into products. It also follows the progress of these products not only into the hands of the ‘godly reader’, but also into the hands of the disputatious and debatable reader.
The Sermon in Early Modern Wales: Context and Content
Authors: Roberts Stephen K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the context and content of the sermon in early modern Wales. It begins with a discussion of Reformation preaching in Wales from 1530 to 1640. It then turns to the apogee of Welsh preaching. The article concludes by discussing the situation of Wales preaching from 1660 to 1720.
Official Tudor Homilies
Authors: Null Ashley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses official homilies during the Tudor dynasty. It first describes the direct state use of the pulpit, and pinpoints the origin of the homilies. It studies the Edwardian homilies, the Elizabethan homilies, the structure of the homilies, and the contribution of Thomas Cranmer. The article also looks at the greatest tribute to the effectiveness of Cranmer's Book of Homilies, namely Reginald Pole's opinion in the Legatine Synod.
Preaching the Elizabethan Settlement
Authors: Hunt Arnold 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines some of the sermons that were preached in the first ten years of Elizabeth's reign. It provides a survey of the arguments that were used in defence of the Elizabethan settlement and studies what these sermons have to say on the activity of preaching. It also studies the construction of the Elizabethan settlement after Elizabeth's accession in November 1558 and the success of the preaching campaign in support of the settlement.
The Political Sermon in an Age of Party Strife, 1700–1720: Contributions to the Conflict
Authors: Ihalainen Pasi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the ways the English party-political conflict was conducted in the pulpit. It examines English political preaching using the perspective of the broader West European tradition of delivering political sermons in political forums and on relevant national occasions. It then outlines the state of research on party-political conflict and its reflection in Anglican preaching. Finally, the article studies the political content of two distinctive and controversial sermons.
Participatory Action Research and Archaeology
Authors: McGhee Fred L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Participatory Action Research (PAR) refers to a research methodology that aims to transform communities for the better, and in which positive social change is an explicit goal. This article explains the concept of PAR and situates its use within the archaeology practice, which is located primarily within the private sector, sometimes referred to as ‘Cultural Resource Management’ (CRM). It also illustrates a short case study to highlight how PAR operated (with mixed success) in one particular CRM project. Finally, the article states that efforts to integrate PAR into CRM practice can at last introduce some degree of reflexivity into private sector archaeology discourse, similar to long-standing ruminations about the role of the researcher and the politics of fieldwork that have been occurring in cultural anthropology and other disciplines for some time.
Crm Archaeology
Authors: Praetzellis Adrian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on community resource management (CRM) archaeology in California. It explores the question of what CRM archaeology is and how it emerged. While the academic archaeologist is generally concerned only with not violating the law – such as getting the right permits to do their research – the CRM archaeologist helps others comply. CRM archaeology is the process by which these legal requirements are met. It involves using traditional archaeological methods to identify and evaluate sites as well as understanding what a project proponent has to do in order to satisfy the law. Managing archaeological resources more often involves helping to preserve them in place than digging them up, and sometimes requires standing by and seeing them destroyed. Following this, the study describes how the field's antecedents have affected its structure and highlights the benefits it has brought.
Archive Archaeology
Authors: Swain Hedley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Archaeological archives are the cumulative finds, records, and associated data that result from a piece of archaeological fieldwork. This article deals almost entirely with the very specific circumstances of archives in the UK and primarily English museums. Archives should represent a prime research and heritage asset; and yet historically they have been under-resourced and underused. Efficient transfer of archives from fieldworker to repository and subsequent curation relies on close and clear working relationships between the museum or repository and the archaeologists working in their collecting areas. Debates about archaeological archives, which should be focusing on their value and use, are instead dominated by discussion of their sheer quantity and the storage and curation challenge this poses. The collecting areas for archives have particular importance. A more strategic approach by museum authorities to provide LAARC-type resource centres for material of real value would appear to remain the only logical way forward.
Archaeological Communities and Languages
Authors: Kristiansen Kristian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The recent expansion of the heritage sector is linked to developments of infrastructure, leading to developer-funded rescue archaeology, and cultural tourism, which shifted the public presentation of the past from museums to monuments in the landscape. This article sets out to critically analyse effects this has had on archaeological communities and research, which have become predominantly local and monolingual. These changes are linked to wider changes in society under postmodernism, known in archaeology as post-processualism. The heritage sector is bound to reflect these changes due to its ideological role as protector and manager of national heritage throughout the world. While this development has undoubtedly opened new doors to interpretation and public presentation, this article focuses on some of its unintended consequences. These changes are traced through time in an analysis of heritage terminology, followed by an analysis of the language of citations in international journals in some large and smaller countries in Europe.
Public Education in Archaeology in North America
Authors: Kehoe Alice Beck 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Education is a Good Thing in bourgeois culture, the instrument of state hegemony. The contrast between ‘historical archaeology’, intended for a viewing public, and ‘prehistoric archaeology’ lies in the goal of answering questions about cultural evolution and aboriginal culture sequences. Discussions about ‘public education in archaeology’ easily overlook its beginning and continuing role in presentations of historical sites. Public education in archaeology is multifarious. Its formal beginning in America was the 1879 founding of the Archaeological Institute of America. The Society for American Archaeology and its sister, the Canadian Archaeological Association, remain the principal organizations for professional archaeologists in North America. Their primary responsibility is to their members' professional standing and employment, entailing encouraging the expansion of work opportunities for archaeologists.
Inclusive, Accessible, Archaeology
Authors: Phillips Tim , Gilchrist Roberta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Archaeology, especially fieldwork, has long been seen as the preserve of young, fit, and healthy people. It has experienced a rise in interest amongst the general public that has led to an increased interest in visiting historical sites and people wishing to study and work in archaeology and other areas of the heritage industry. This creates areas of potential tension between the demands of the discipline and the demands of the legislation. This article describes how archaeology as a discipline has engaged with these wider social developments and the tensions that are involved. It considers the changes that are taking place in the agencies involved in public archaeology, the commercial firms which employ archaeologists, and the educational institutions that teach archaeology in the UK. An extended case study of archaeological fieldwork training in higher education is presented as one approach to enabling disabled persons in archaeology.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The idea of the Ancien Régime can be traced back to the French Revolution. As soon as it became clear, during the summer of 1788, that the structure and apparatus of authority in France was collapsing, people began to look forward to an era of change. Suddenly, it seemed, all their dreams of a better, juster, fairer, kinder, freer order of things might be made to come true. Nothing was exempt from these expectations, and they were only fanned in the spring of 1789 when all the King's subjects, prior to electing the Estates-General, which was expected to solve all the kingdom's problems, were invited to draw up lists of their grievances. Much of the Ancien Régime as the revolutionaries defined it is still accepted by historians as a meaningful framework for study. Revolutionary destruction sliced like a guillotine through its fabric, and exposed for posterity a vivid cross-section or snapshot of how things were before the cataclysm struck. But in condemning the Ancien Régime to death so comprehensively, the revolutionaries tended to erase the memory of its previous life, bequeathing a static version of the world before their own emergence which denied it vitality.