bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How quickly do interviewers reach decisions? An examination of interviewers' decision‐making time across applicants
Authors: Frieder Rachel E. , Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Raymark Patrick H. 
Published: April 2015

We develop and test a model of factors that may account for how quickly interviewers make decisions about job applicants. Data were collected from 166 interviewers who interviewed applicants (N = 691) at a university career centre. Results revealed that interviewers who possessed more experience and higher interviewing efficacy tended to make quicker decisions, as did interviewers who engaged in more rapport building. In contrast, use of question consistency (a key element of structured interviews) tended to increase the time interviewers took to make their decisions. Consistent with cognitive load theory, interview decision time had a curvilinear relationship with applicant order. Specifically, decision time increased as interviewers progressed through the first few applicants, but after about four applicants, decision time reached an asymptote and then began to decrease as interviewers evaluated additional applicants. These findings have implications for the design of future interview research (e.g., accounting for intra‐interviewer changes in decision‐making time across applicants), as well as for the use of interviews in organizations (e.g., designing interviews and interview schedules that discourage quick decisions).Practitioner points

The belief that most interviewers make very quick decisions about job applicants may be overstated.

Interviewers with more experience and higher interviewing efficacy tend to make quicker decisions than interviewers with less experience and lower efficacy. Organizations may want to conduct refresher training for interviewers that emphasizes the value of gathering information throughout the entire interview.

The way interviews are designed can promote or inhibit quick decisions. For example, less structured interviews that encourage interviewers to build rapport with applicants at the outset of the interview appear to lead to quicker decisions. In contrast, structured interviews that require interviewers to ask every applicant the same questions appear to discourage quick decisions.

Interviewers tend to take longer to evaluate applicants near the beginning of their interview schedule and take less time to evaluate applicants near the end of their schedule. This may prevent applicants who appear later in the schedule from having a full opportunity to perform. Organizations may benefit from limiting the number of interviews an interviewer conducts in immediate succession to around four, which may decrease reliance on more automatic information processing strategies.
A Comparison of Actual and Preferred Classroom Environments as Perceived by Middle School Students
Authors: Lai Hsiang‐Ru , Chou Wei‐Lun , Miao Nae‐Fang , Wu Yu‐Ping , Lee Pi‐Hsia , Jwo Jiunn‐Chern 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDA good classroom environment can promote students' learning motivation and affect their academic efficacy and adaptation. This study compares the perceptions of Taiwanese middle school students regarding actual and preferred classroom environments and explores the association with sex and grade level.METHODSData were collected using cross‐sectional research design from a national sample of 1932 middle school students. Data of 1897 valid questionnaires from the Chinese Elementary and Middle School Inventory of Classroom Environment were analyzed.RESULTSThe actual and preferred classroom environments perceived by students differed significantly (p < .001). The overall mean score of actual classroom environment was lower than that of preferred classroom environment. Differences between the actual and preferred environments were greater for girls than for boys (p < .001). Moreover, girls had higher scores than those of boys for both actual (p = .036) and preferred (p < .001) environments. After adjusted for region, seventh‐ and eighth‐grade students had a higher score than that of ninth‐grade students on preferred classroom environment (p = .002).CONCLUSIONSThis study identified a gap between the ideal and actual classroom environments. We suggest that the government, schools, and health education teachers improve classroom environments during school health programs to satisfy students' expectations and thus increase their learning efficacy and overall well‐being.
Is the Balanced School Day Truly Balanced? A Review of the Impacts on Children, Families, and School Food Environments
Authors: Wu Theresa F. , Macaskill Lesley A. , Salvadori Marina I. , Dworatzek Paula D. N. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe Balanced School Day (BSD) is a scheduling policy that has the potential to impact children's food behaviors because students are provided with two 20‐minute eating opportunities versus the traditional 20‐minute lunch.METHODSWe aim to raise awareness of this grassroots academic policy and its potential consequences to inform future decision making and minimize potential unintended negative health consequences.RESULTSWhile there is limited research on this schedule, it has been shown that there is less time lost in transition from classroom to recess. Perception surveys have shown that principals and custodians are the most satisfied, followed by parents, teachers, and secretaries, with students being the least satisfied. The BSD is also perceived to improve organization of instructional time, playground cleanliness, and student concentration. Despite these purported benefits, there is limited data on the impact of the BSD on children's eating habits, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI). While 1 study reported fewer pedometer‐measured step counts during breaks in the BSD, more research is needed on the impact of this alternative schedule on children's food intake and BMI.CONCLUSIONSSchool and public health professionals must advocate for “health impact assessments” to assess the health effects of this policy.
Low solubility in drug development: de-convoluting the relative importance of solvation and crystal packing
Authors: Docherty Robert , Pencheva Klimentina , Abramov Yuriy A 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives
An increasing trend towards low solubility is a major issue for drug development as formulation of low solubility compounds can be problematic. This paper presents a model which de-convolutes the solubility of pharmaceutical compounds into solvation and packing properties with the intention to understand the solubility limiting features.

Methods
The Cambridge Crystallographic Database was the source of structural information. Lattice energies were calculated via force-field based approaches using Materials Studio. The solvation energies were calculated applying quantum chemistry models using Cosmotherm software.

Key findings
The solubilities of 54 drug-like compounds were mapped onto a solvation energy/crystal packing grid. Four quadrants were identified were different balances of solvation and packing were defining the solubility. A version of the model was developed which allows for the calculation of the two features even in absence of crystal structure.

Conclusion
Although there are significant number of in-silico models, it has been proven very difficult to predict aqueous solubility accurately. Therefore, we have taken a different approach where the solubility is not predicted directly but is de-convoluted into two constituent features.
Preliminary study: fibre content in pet rabbit diets, crude fibre versus total dietary fibre
Authors: Molina J. , Martorell J. , Hervera M. , Pérez‐Accino J. , Fragua V. , Villaverde C. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryFibre is an important nutrient for rabbit health, and, on commercial pet rabbit packaging, it is labelled as crude fibre (CF). In several species, it is considered that CF is not an accurate representation of the fibre content in feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to compare the CF stated on the label (CFL) with laboratory analysis of CF (CFA) and the analysed content of total dietary fibre (TDF) in different commercial pet rabbit feeds. We selected 15 commercial diets and analysed CF and TDF. A mixed model was used to evaluate differences between CFL, CFA and TDF, and linear regression was performed to study the correlation between CFL and CFA with TDF. CFA and CFL were not significantly different (p = 0.836) in the feeds studied, and both were lower than TDF (p < 0.001). The correlations between TDF and both CFA and CFL were significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively), but the correlation was better with CFA (R = 0.86) than with CFL (R = 0.53). As expected, TDF content was higher than CF content, an average of two times. These results suggest that the CF content in rabbit diets reported on the label is not an appropriate indicator of their total fibre content, although further work with a larger sample size is required to confirm these results.
Evaluation of an extended‐release formulation of ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid in koi (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Grosset C. , Weber E. S. , Gehring R. , Sanchez‐Migallon Guzman D. , Campbell L. A. , Enz C. , Groff J. M. , Tell L. A. 
Published: April 2015

The use of an extended release ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid formulation (CCFA, Excede For Swine®, Pfizer Animal Health) in koi was evaluated after administration of single intramuscular (i.m.) or intracoelomic (i.c.) doses. Twenty koi were divided randomly into a control group and four treatment groups (20 mg/kg i.m., 60 mg/kg i.m., 30 mg/kg i.c., and 60 mg/kg i.c.). Serum ceftiofur‐free acid equivalents (CFAE) concentrations were quantified. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects approach. Following a CCFA injection of 60 mg/kg i.m., time durations that serum CFAE concentrations were above the target concentration of 4 μg/mL ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 weeks in 3 of 4 fish, while serum CFAE concentrations remained below 4 μg/mL for lower doses evaluated. Substantial inter‐individual variations and intra‐individual fluctuations of CFAE concentrations were observed for all treatment groups. Histological findings following euthanasia included aseptic granulomatous reactions, but no systemic adverse effects were detected. Given the unpredictable time vs. CFAE concentration profiles for treated koi, the authors would not recommend this product for therapeutic use in koi at this time. Further research would be necessary to correlate serum and tissue concentrations and to better establish MIC data for Aeromonas spp. isolated from naturally infected koi.
Mechanism of cell death in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: a clinico‐pathologic‐biomarker study
Authors: Adebayo Danielle , Morabito Vincenzo , Andreola Fausto , Pieri Giulia , Luong Tu‐Vin , Dhillon Amar , Mookerjee Rajeshwar , Jalan Rajiv 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsMortality of patients who develop acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is unacceptably high but the predominant mode of cell death is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether plasma levels of caspase‐cleaved cytokeratin M30 (marker of apoptosis) and uncleaved cytokeratin M65 (marker of total cell death) are altered in ACLF patients and relate this to liver histology.MethodsTwenty‐seven patients with acute decompensation of liver disease were divided into two groups: no‐ACLF (n = 11) or ACLF (n−16). Healthy controls (n = 8) and acute liver failure (ALF) patients (n = 10) were also enrolled. Cell death was assessed in plasma using an ELISA kit (M30 and M65). Simultaneous biopsy samples were analysed for M30 and caspase‐3 staining.ResultsPlasma M30 value was significantly elevated in ACLF patients compared with healthy volunteers (P = 0.0001), it was also significantly higher in ACLF patients compared with no‐ACLF patients (P = 0.002). M65 levels were higher in ALF compared with ACLF patients (P = 0.002) but the apoptotic index defined by M30/M65 ratio was significantly higher in ACLF patients. Patients with extra‐hepatic failure had higher M30 levels compared with patients without organ failure (P = 0.03). M30 staining in liver was more marked in the patients with ACLF and was observed in all the patients that died.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that hepatocyte apoptosis is the predominant mode of cell death in ACLF, which can be identified in the peripheral blood. Further studies are required to validate our findings and to determine whether M30 can be used as a biomarker of apoptosis or as a target for therapy.
Integrating phylogeography and paleoecology to investigate the origin and dynamics of hybrid zones: insights from two widespreadNorthAmerican firs
Authors: Cinget Benjamin , de Lafontaine Guillaume , Gérardi Sébastien , Bousquet Jean 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSecondary contact between closely related taxa routinely occurs during postglacial migrations. After initial contact, the location of hybrid zones may shift geographically or remain spatially stable over time in response to various selective pressures or neutral processes. Studying the extent and direction of introgression using markers having contrasted levels of gene flow can help unravel the historical dynamics of hybrid zones. Thanks to their contrasted maternal and paternal inheritance, resulting in different levels of gene flow for mitochondrial and chloroplastDNA(mtDNAand cpDNA), the Pinaceae stand out as a relevant biological model for this purpose. The objective of the study was to assess whether the hybrid zone betweenAbies balsameaandAbies lasiocarpa(two largely distributed Pinaceae) has moved or remained stable over time by analysing the distribution of cytoplasmicDNAvariation as well as published palaeobotanical data. Interspecific gene flow was higher for cpDNAthan mtDNAmarkers; hence, the geographic distribution of mitotypes was more congruent with species distributions than chlorotypes. This genetic signature was contrary to expectations under a moving hybrid zone scenario, as well as empirical observations in other conifers. Genetic evidence for this rare instance of stable hybrid zone was corroborated by the colonization chronology derived from published fossil data, indicating that the two fir species initially came into contact in the area corresponding to the current sympatric zone 11 kyr ago. While an explanatory analysis suggested the putative influence of various environmental factors on the relative abundance of cytoplasmic genome combinations, further research appears necessary to assess the role of both demographic history and selective factors in driving the dynamics of hybrid zones.
The evolution of novel host use is unlikely to be constrained by trade‐offs or a lack of genetic variation
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Jahner Joshua P. , Scholl Cynthia F. , Wilson Joseph S. , Lucas Lauren K. , Soria‐Carrasco Victor , Fordyce James A. , Nice Chris C. , Buerkle C. Alex , Forister Matthew L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe genetic and ecological factors that shape the evolution of animal diets remain poorly understood. For herbivorous insects, the expectation has been that trade‐offs exist, such that adaptation to one host plant reduces performance on other potential hosts. We investigated the genetic architecture of alternative host use by rearing individual Lycaeides melissa butterflies from two wild populations in a crossed design on two hosts (one native and one introduced) and analysing the genetic basis of differences in performance using genomic approaches. Survival during the experiment was highest when butterfly larvae were reared on their natal host plant, consistent with local adaptation. However, cross‐host correlations in performance among families (within populations) were not different from zero. We found that L. melissa populations possess genetic variation for larval performance and variation in performance had a polygenic basis. We documented very few genetic variants with trade‐offs that would inherently constrain diet breadth by preventing the optimization of performance across hosts. Instead, most genetic variants that affected performance on one host had little to no effect on the other host. In total, these results suggest that genetic trade‐offs are not the primary cause of dietary specialization in L. melissa butterflies.
Model Updating Technique Based on Modal Participation Factors for Beam Structures
Authors: Oh Byung Kwan , Kim Min Sun , Kim Yousok , Cho Tongjun , Park Hyo Seon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article proposes a model updating technique based on modal participation factors for a beam structure. In this model updating technique, the error functions of the dynamic characteristic differences between measurement and model are generated as the number of modes under consideration and minimized using the multiobjective optimization techniques. A modal influence factor defined by modal participation factors for each mode is presented for the selection of the best solution from among Pareto solutions. The selection rule represented in this article makes it possible to reflect the contributions of each mode on the behavior of a structure. The model is updated using natural frequencies measured in an impact hammer test of a beam structure and the validity of the updated model is confirmed by the strain responses measured from the test. It is found that the bending stiffness of the beam structure as the parameter for model updating can be identified by the proposed techniques. Furthermore, through comparing the models updated by the simple sum model updating and the technique in this research, it is verified that the proposed technique is more appropriate for the model updating.
Mineral status of premature infants in early life and linear growth at age 3
Authors: Isojima Tsuyoshi , Kushima Reiko , Goishi Keiji , Tsuchida Shinya , Watanabe Toyoko , Takahashi Naoto , Kitanaka Sachiko 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundPreterm infants are at significant risk of reduced bone mineral content and subsequent bone disease (metabolic bone disease of prematurity, MBDP). MBDP is frequently found in very low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants, but long‐term height prognosis is not well known.MethodsVLBW infants from two major neonatal intensive care units were studied. Medical records were reviewed. A total of 143 subjects were analyzed after excluding subjects who died, or who had severe complications that could affect linear growth, Silver–Russell syndrome, severe cholestasis, and/or chromosomal abnormality. The relationship between MBDP and height at age 3 was investigated.ResultsHeight standard deviation score (SDS) at age 3 negatively correlated with peak serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in early life (r = −0.30, P = 0.0003) and positively correlated with serum phosphorus (P) at peak ALP (r = 0.33, P = 0.0002). In addition, serum P independently affected height SDS at 3 years of age (β = 0.19, P = 0.018), and was significantly different between infants with and without catch‐up growth in height (difference: 0.23 mmol/L, 95%CI: 0.09–0.36, P = 0.0010).ConclusionsMBDP, particularly hypophosphatemia in the early period of life, is associated with linear growth until 3 years of age in VLBW infants.
A comprehensive analysis of peptides presented by HLA‐A1
Authors: Giam K. , Ayala‐Perez R. , Illing P. T. , Schittenhelm R. B. , Croft N. P. , Purcell A. W. , Dudek N. L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A1 is one of the most common Caucasian HLA‐A alleles. Here, we describe the comprehensive analysis of the HLA‐A*01:01 ligand repertoire with the identification of 4735 naturally processed and presented peptides derived from 2477 source proteins. We found HLA‐A*01:01 bound an equivalent number of ligands of 9 or 10 amino acids in length as well as being remarkably tolerant of even longer peptides. Indeed close to half of the HLA‐A1 bound peptides identified ranged between 11 and 13 amino acids in length. These longer peptides contained the strong canonical motif of and acidic E/D residue at position 3 (P3) and Y at the C‐terminus (CΩ), a motif that was still apparent in peptides of up to 18 amino acids in length. The identification of this large database of natural ligands will facilitate the refinement of predictive algorithms particularly with respect to longer peptide ligands.
Chronic bilateral renal denervation reduces cardiac hypertrophic remodelling but not β‐adrenergic responsiveness in hypertensive type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Thaung H. P. Aye , Yao Yimin , Bussey Carol T. , Hughes Gillian , Jones Peter P. , Bahn Andrew , Sammut Ivan A. , Lamberts Regis R. 
Published: April 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Can bilateral renal denervation, an effective antihypertensive treatment in clinical and experimental studies, improve cardiac β‐adrenoceptor responsiveness in a diabetic model with underlying hypertension?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Bilateral renal denervation did not affect β‐adrenergic responsiveness in the diabetic hypertensive rat heart, but denervation reduced the hypertension‐induced concentric hypertrophic remodelling. This suggests that the positive haemodynamic changes induced by renal denervation are most likely to reflect an attenuation of sympathetic effects on the systemic vasculature and/or the renal function rather than direct sympathetic modulation of the heart.

Bilateral renal denervation (BRD) has been shown to normalise blood pressure in clinical and experimental studies of hypertension by reducing systemic sympathetic output. This study determined the effect of BRD on cardiac β‐adrenoceptor (AR) responsiveness in a diabetic model with underlying hypertension using the transgenic (mRen‐2)27 rats. Bilateral renal denervation or sham surgeries were conducted repeatedly at 3, 6 and 9 weeks in Ren‐2 rats with or without streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes (4 × n = 7); Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6) served as control animals. Cardiac function was determined in isolated hearts at 18 weeks of age. Normalised left ventricular developed pressure and relaxation was recorded in response to incremental concentrations of the β‐AR agonist isoprenaline (from 10−10 to 10−7 m) or the β3‐AR agonist BRL37344 (from 10−13 to 10−6 m). Expression levels of β1‐AR were determined by Western blot. Both inotropic and lusitropic β‐AR responsiveness was reduced in the hypertensive diabetic hearts, but these responses were unaltered after BRD. Expression levels of β1‐AR were increased after BRD (Sham, 0.85 ± 0.11 versus 1.01 ± 0.05 a.u.; BRD, 1.45 ± 0.11 versus 1.46 ± 0.07 a.u.; Ren‐2 versus Ren‐2 STZ, P < 0.05 versus Sham). No effect of β3‐AR agonist stimulation with BRL37344 was observed. Interestingly, BRD increased left ventricular diastolic volume in both the Ren‐2 and the Ren‐2 STZ groups. Bilateral renal denervation did not restore the attenuated cardiac β‐AR responsiveness in the diabetic hypertensive rats, but it reduced the extent of hypertension‐induced concentric hypertrophic remodelling. Thus, the haemodynamic protection offered by renal denervation appears to reflect an attenuated sympathetic innervation of the systemic vasculature and/or kidney rather than a direct cardiac effect.