bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic Ischemic Stroke Phenotypes in the NINDS-Stroke Genetics Network
Authors: Ay Hakan , Arsava Ethem Murat , Andsberg Gunnar , Benner Thomas , Brown Robert D. , Chapman Sherita N. , Cole John W. , Delavaran Hossein , Dichgans Martin , Engström Gunnar , Giralt-Steinhauer Eva , Grewal Raji P. , Gwinn Katrina , Jern Christina , Jimenez-Conde Jordi , Jood Katarina , Katsnelson Michael , Kissela Brett , Kittner Steven J. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Labovitz Daniel L. , Lanfranconi Silvia , Lee Jin-Moo , Lehm Manuel , Lemmens Robin , Levi Chris , Li Linxin , Lindgren Arne , Markus Hugh S. , McArdle Patrick F. , Melander Olle , Norrving Bo , Peddareddygari Leema Reddy , Pedersén Annie , Pera Joanna , Rannikmäe Kristiina , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Rhodes David , Rich Stephen S. , Roquer Jaume , Rosand Jonathan , Rothwell Peter M. , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. , Schmidt Reinhold , Schürks Markus , Seiler Stephan , Sharma Pankaj , Slowik Agnieszka , Sudlow Cathie , Thijs Vincent , Woodfield Rebecca , Worrall Bradford B. , Meschia James F. 
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—
NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)-SiGN (Stroke Genetics Network) is an international consortium of ischemic stroke studies that aims to generate high-quality phenotype data to identify the genetic basis of pathogenic stroke subtypes. This analysis characterizes the etiopathogenetic basis of ischemic stroke and reliability of stroke classification in the consortium.

Methods—
Fifty-two trained and certified adjudicators determined both phenotypic (abnormal test findings categorized in major pathogenic groups without weighting toward the most likely cause) and causative ischemic stroke subtypes in 16 954 subjects with imaging-confirmed ischemic stroke from 12 US studies and 11 studies from 8 European countries using the web-based Causative Classification of Stroke System. Classification reliability was assessed with blinded readjudication of 1509 randomly selected cases.

Results—

The distribution of pathogenic categories varied by study, age, sex, and race (
P
<0.001 for each). Overall, only 40% to 54% of cases with a given major ischemic stroke pathogenesis (phenotypic subtype) were classified into the same final causative category with high confidence. There was good agreement for both causative (κ 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.75) and phenotypic classifications (κ 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.75).

Conclusions—
This study demonstrates that pathogenic subtypes can be determined with good reliability in studies that include investigators with different expertise and background, institutions with different stroke evaluation protocols and geographic location, and patient populations with different epidemiological characteristics. The discordance between phenotypic and causative stroke subtypes highlights the fact that the presence of an abnormality in a patient with stroke does not necessarily mean that it is the cause of stroke.
Hospitalization Within the First Year After Stroke
Authors: Lainay Claire , Benzenine Eric , Durier Jérôme , Daubail Benoit , Giroud Maurice , Quantin Catherine , Béjot Yannick 
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—
This population-based study aimed to identify unplanned hospitalization within the first year after stroke to determine factors associated with it and consequences on survival.

Methods—
All first-ever acute strokes occurring in Dijon, France, from 2009 to 2011, were prospectively collected from a population-based registry. Demographics and clinical data, including stroke severity measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and disability after stroke, were recorded. For each patient, the first unplanned hospitalization that occurred within 1 year after stroke was retrieved by linking data with the national French Hospital Discharge Database. Predictors of hospitalization and survival at 1 year were identified using logistic regression models.

Results—

Among the 613 patients recorded, 94 (15.3%) were excluded because of early death. Of the 519 remaining patients, 167 (32.2%) were hospitalized at 1 year. Subsequent hospitalization led to in-hospital death for 16 (9.6%) patients. In multivariable analyses, only a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation were associated with hospitalization. In stratified analyses, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.22;
P
=0.006), whereas only a trend was noted for disability (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–6.22;
P
=0.113) in patients who returned home after the index stroke. Hospitalization was negatively associated with being alive at 1 year (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.66;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—
Stroke survivors are at high risk of hospitalization after the episode, and subsequent admission is associated with poor survival, thus highlighting the need for follow-up interventions after discharge to prevent readmission.
Efficient Training of Convolutional Deep Belief Networks in the Frequency Domain for Application to High-Resolution 2D and 3D Images
Authors: Brosch Tom , Tam Roger 
Published: November 2014

Deep learning has traditionally been computationally expensive, and advances in training methods have been the prerequisite for improving its efficiency in order to expand its application to a variety of image classification problems. In this letter, we address the problem of efficient training of convolutional deep belief networks by learning the weights in the frequency domain, which eliminates the time-consuming calculation of convolutions. An essential consideration in the design of the algorithm is to minimize the number of transformations to and from frequency space. We have evaluated the running time improvements using two standard benchmark data sets, showing a speed-up of up to 8 times on 2D images and up to 200 times on 3D volumes. Our training algorithm makes training of convolutional deep belief networks on 3D medical images with a resolution of up to 128 × 128 × 128 voxels practical, which opens new directions for using deep learning for medical image analysis.
Aspect in Greek Future Forms
Authors: Lucas Sandra 
Published: November 2014

Medieval Greek had three future periphrases making use of a finite verb and an infinitive: μέλλω + INF, ἔχω + INF, θέλω + INF. Given the parallel nature of the periphrases as well as the fact that the infinitive existed in both a perfective and an imperfective version, it might be expected that these future-referring forms developed aspectual distinctions in similar ways. However based on papyrological evidence from AD I and AD VI this article shows that this was not the case. Rather, each future periphrasis seems to follow its own path towards the aspectual distinction which is a hallmark of the Modern Greek verbal system: μέλλω + INF has a much higher ratio of imperfective infinitives than the two other periphrases especially in AD I, ἔχω + INF starts out using only the perfective infinitive when referring to the future, and θέλω + INF distinguishes for aspect before it gains future meaning. The difference in aspectual usage is explained both by the semantics of the respective auxiliaries and by different oppositional relations (modal and temporal) that the periphrases enter into.
Extreme Precipitation in an Atmosphere General Circulation Model: Impact of Horizontal and Vertical Model Resolutions
Authors: Volosciuk Claudia , Maraun Douglas , Semenov Vladimir A. , Park Wonsun 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
To investigate the influence of atmospheric model resolution on the representation of daily precipitation extremes, ensemble simulations with the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5 at different horizontal (from T213 to T31 spectral truncation) and vertical (from L31 to L19) resolutions and forced with observed sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations have been carried out for January 1982–September 2010. All results have been compared with the highest resolution, which has been validated against observations.
Resolution affects both the representation of physical processes and the averaging of precipitation across grid boxes. The latter, in particular, smooths out localized extreme events. These effects have been disentangled by averaging precipitation simulated at the highest resolution to the corresponding coarser grid. Extremes are represented by seasonal maxima, modeled by the generalized extreme value distribution.
Effects of averaging and representation of physical processes vary with region and season. In the tropical summer hemisphere, extreme precipitation is reduced by up to 30% due to the averaging effect, and a further 65% owing to a coarser representation of physical processes. Toward middle to high latitudes, the latter effect reduces to 20%; in the winter hemisphere it vanishes toward the poles. A strong drop is found between T106 and T63 in the convection-dominated tropics. At the lowest resolution, Northern Hemisphere winter precipitation extremes, mainly caused by large-scale weather systems, are in general represented reasonably well. Coarser vertical resolution causes an equatorward shift of maximum extreme precipitation in the tropics. The impact of vertical resolution on mean precipitation is less pronounced; for horizontal resolution it is negligible.
A Year-Long Large-Eddy Simulation of the Weather over Cabauw: An Overview
Authors: Schalkwijk Jerôme , Jonker Harmen J. J. , Siebesma A. Pier , Bosveld Fred C. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Results are presented of two large-eddy simulation (LES) runs of the entire year 2012 centered at the Cabauw observational supersite in the Netherlands. The LES is coupled to a regional weather model that provides the large-scale information. The simulations provide three-dimensional continuous time series of LES-generated turbulence and clouds, which can be compared in detail to the extensive observational dataset of Cabauw. The LES dataset is available from the authors on request.
This type of LES setup has a number of advantages. First, it can provide a more statistical approach to the study of turbulent atmospheric flow than the more common case studies, since a diverse but representative set of conditions is covered, including numerous transitions. This has advantages in the design and evaluation of parameterizations. Second, the setup can provide valuable information on the quality of the LES model when applied to such a wide range of conditions. Last, it also provides the possibility to emulate observation techniques. This might help detect limitations and potential problems of a variety of measurement techniques.
The LES runs are validated through a comparison with observations from the observational supersite and with results from the “parent” large-scale model. The long time series that are generated, in combination with information on the spatial structure, provide a novel opportunity to study time scales ranging from seconds to seasons. This facilitates a study of the power spectrum of horizontal and vertical wind speed variance to identify the dominant variance-containing time scales.
Extractivism, Transnational Capital, and Subaltern Struggles in Latin America
Authors: López Emiliano , Vértiz Francisco 
Published: November 2014

Development projects at the national level in Latin American countries are linked with the needs of global transnational extractive-rentier capital accumulation. The concept of unequal geographic development is useful for understanding the articulation between the strategies of transnational capital in the extraction of minerals, hydrocarbons, and agri-foods and the national-scale development projects expressed in the political and economic configurations of the states of the region. This articulation must be approached in terms of the conflictive relations between dominant and subaltern actors and the way in which they are expressed in the structure of the state. Analysis of three concrete cases of subaltern struggles against the strategies of extractive-rentier transnational capital (Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina) reveal the limits and possibilities of transcending local-level disputes to produce a development project that is an alternative to extractivism on the national and continental levels. Los proyectos de desarrollo a escala nacional de los países de América Latina están vinculados con las necesidades de la acumulación global del capital transnacional extractivo-rentista. El concepto de desarrollos geográficos desiguales ayuda a comprender la articulación existente entre las estrategias del capital transnacional que se ubica en la extracción de minerales, hidrocarburos y agro-alimentos y los proyectos de desarrollo a escala nacional que se expresan en las configuraciones políticas y económicas de los estados de la región. Dicha articulación entre escalas debe abordarse a partir de las relaciones conflictivas entre actores dominantes y subalternos y la forma concreta en que estas relaciones se expresan en la estructura estatal. Un análisis de tres casos concretos de luchas subalternas de oposición a las estrategias del capital transnacional extractivo-rentista (Perú, Ecuador y Argentina) revela los límites y las posibilidades de traspasar las disputas en el plano local para posicionar un proyecto de desarrollo alternativo al extractivismo en escala nacional y continental.
Clinical value of repeat blood cultures in neonatal patients receiving antibiotic treatment
Authors: Al-lawama Manar , Badran Eman 
Published: November 2014

Objective Retrospective database study to determine the clinical usefulness of repeat blood cultures in antibiotic-treated neonates. Methods Data regarding blood culture indication and findings for patients admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over a 2-year period were obtained from the hospital database. Repeat blood culture was defined as culture performed <7 days from initial testing in a patient receiving antibiotic treatment. Results Repeat cultures made up 21.3% of all blood cultures originating in the NICU (500/2352 cultures; 338 initial positive cultures; 210 patients). The most common indications for repeat culture were follow-up of clinically well babies with previous positive culture findings and the development of new symptoms. The majority of culture findings were negative (60.2%), with 7.2% indicating the presence of a new pathogen. Cultures repeated on day 5 were significantly more likely to reveal a new pathogen than those repeated on days 1–4. Conclusions Repeat blood cultures in neonatal patients who have developed new symptoms >4 days after initial testing may be beneficial. The use of repeat blood culture is not recommended for any other indication.
Stimulating Psychological Attachments in Narrative Games
Authors: Mallon Bride , Lynch Ronan 
Published: November 2014

Aim. This article aims to help game creators discover ways to make players feel involved, and engage with game characters. It outlines how players can have rich playing experiences with multi-faceted, dynamic, and interactive characters. Background. We consider two kinds of relationships: the first between the player and their avatar and the second between the player (as represented by their avatar) and non-player characters. More broadly, the article will provide information on the reasons why players engage with game characters and factors that enhance such engagement. Method. We synthesize findings as assessment criteria, for formative evaluation of an emerging game design. The research focuses on players’ experiences and opinions about the factors that make games an enjoyable experience for them, or, conversely, do not. We asked two groups of first-year Irish undergraduate games students to select and play two games and record in diary style their reactions, impressions, feelings, and reflections. We then analyzed what seemed to be generating positive and negative reactions. We used content analysis to analyze the players’ diaries of their experiences and self-analysis. Conclusion. This article thus examines the issues significant to players in relation to factors that engage them in narrative games, focusing on what makes dynamic, engaging, and interactive characterization. We envisage that this study will assist game creators in developing more responsive characters and overall engaging games.
Measuring Video Game Engagement Through the Cognitive and Affective Dimensions
Authors: Sharek David , Wiebe Eric 
Published: November 2014

Aim. This study investigates a novel technique for measuring video game engagement by capturing behavioral data with little task interference. Background. Flow Theory and Cognitive Load Theory provide insight into understanding engagement by analyzing the interactions between skill and task challenge. The development of this real-time measurement of engagement provides a more precise diagnostic method for designing challenging, yet cognitively engaging, tasks. Method. Flow Theory guided the design of three conditions (Boredom, Flow, and Frustration) for a video game played by 156 participants. The authors tested a potential measure of engagement based on the number of times a participant clicked a game-clock during gameplay and during intermissions, along with performance and workload data. We differentiated the three conditions by synthesizing game-clock clicks during gameplay, during intermission, and overall cognitive load. Results. Boredom showed lower cognitive load than Flow and Frustration. Frustration had significantly lower game-clock clicks during gameplay and significantly higher clicks during intermission than Flow or Boredom. Conclusion. This study’s measurement approach could potentially be used to measure cognitive and affective elements of engagement, helping to identify where in a task a person may reach a point of disengagement, and where they may choose to reengage.
Radiological Prevalence of Degenerative Arthritis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Howard Nicholas , Cowen Christopher , Caplan Mark , Platt Simon 
Published: November 2014

Background: The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) has not been completely determined in a population-based study. The aim of the study was to determine the age- and gender-related prevalence of radiological first MTPJ arthritis. Methods: We analyzed 517 consecutive radiographs of adult patients who presented with acute foot injuries to the accident and emergency department over a 6-month period. Radiographs were assessed independently by 2 authors using the Hattrup and Johnson grading system for osteoarthritic changes in the first MTPJ. Results: The radiographic prevalence of MTPJ arthritis in our population was 25% (127/517). Overall incidence was higher in females, with 32% (85/269) of females affected in comparison to 18% (44/248) of males. Variance between the sexes was insignificant until the age of 60, at which point the prevalence rose to 66% (53/80) in females compared with 47% (18/38) in males of the same age. Conclusions: The development of first MTPJ arthritis follows a typical pattern of degenerative arthritis, as shown in other joints, with increasing age being an important factor. The results of this study suggest that first MTPJ arthritis begins to appear in most cases in middle age and is significantly more apparent in females. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative case series.
Salvage of Failed Total Ankle Replacement Using Tantalum Trabecular Metal: Case Series
Authors: Sagherian Bernard H. , Claridge Richard J. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Although newer generations of total ankle arthroplasty designs have better clinical outcomes, failure due to aseptic loosening remains a frequent major complication. Arthrodesis is the most common salvage procedure for a failed total ankle replacement. There are several arthrodesis techniques each with its advantages and disadvantages. We present a technique of ankle arthrodesis for failed total ankle replacements using tantalum Trabecular Metal™ (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) with internal fixation, thus sparing the subtalar joint. Methods: Three patients who had undergone arthrodesis for a failed total ankle replacement using tantalum Trabecular Metal were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 57 (range, 31-86) months. The mean age at ankle arthroplasty was 57 (range, 33-72) years and at ankle arthrodesis was 63 (range, 44-74) years. The mean time from arthroplasty to arthrodesis was 7 (range, 2-11) years. Results: The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score improved from 30.7 (range, 20-39) preoperatively to 72.7 (range, 65-77) postoperatively at the time of last follow-up. Arthrodesis was achieved at a mean of 3 months, and there were no complications. Conclusion: The technique described has several advantages when compared to other methods of salvage ankle arthrodesis. The subtalar joint is not included in the fusion unless it is degenerative and symptomatic. Height of the ankle is maintained throughout the fusion process. Furthermore, Trabecular Metal is abundantly available; it avoids donor site morbidity and eliminates the risk of transmissible diseases. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Aplysin induces apoptosis in glioma cells through HSP90/AKT pathway
Authors: Gong An-jing , Gong Li-li , Yao Wei-cheng , Ge Na , Lu Lu-xiang , Liang Hui 
Published: November 2014

Glioma is one of the most common malignancies in the world. However, an effective regiment is lacking. Increasing evidence indicated that PI3K/AKT signaling is critical for the survival of glioma. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of aplysin on the survival and proliferation of GL26 glioma cells and the involved mechanisms. The data showed that aplysin suppressed the viability of glioma cells in both dose- and time-dependent manners. It also induced G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in glioma cells. Western blot assays revealed that aplysin treatment changed p-AKT expression by impairing the formation of Heat shock protein 90/AKT complex. Aplysin significantly increased the survival time of mice-bearing glioma and reduced the weights of the established gliomas. Collectively, aplysin can inhibit the proliferation of GL26 glioma cells and induce apoptosis in vitro, perhaps through suppressing PI3K/AKT pathway. It can also inhibit glioma growth in vivo and prolong the survival of mice. Thus, aplysin may be a novel therapeutic drug for glioma.