bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connectivity and neurochemistry of the commissura anterior of the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Letzner Sara , Simon Annika , Güntürkün Onur 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe anterior commissure (AC) and the much smaller hippocampal commissure constitute the only interhemispheric pathways at the telencephalic level in birds. Since the degeneration study from Zeier and Karten (), no detailed description of the topographic organization of the AC has been performed. This information is not only necessary for a better understanding of interhemispheric transfer in birds, but also for a comparative analysis of the evolution of commissural systems in the vertebrate classes. We therefore examined the fiber connections of the AC by using choleratoxin subunit B (CTB) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). Injections into subareas of the arcopallium and posterior amygdala (PoA) demonstrated contralateral projection fields within the anterior arcopallium (AA), intermediate arcopallium (AI), PoA, lateral, caudolateral and central nidopallium, dorsal and ventral mesopallium, and medial striatum (MSt). Interestingly, only arcopallial and amygdaloid projections were reciprocally organized, and all AC projections originated within a rather small area of the arcopallium and the PoA. The commissural neurons were not GABA‐positive, and thus possibly not of an inhibitory nature. In sum, our neuroanatomical study demonstrates that a small group of arcopallial and amygdaloid neurons constitute a wide range of contralateral projections to sensorimotor and limbic structures. Different from mammals, in birds the neurons that project via the AC constitute mostly heterotopically organized and unidirectional connections. In addition, the great majority of pallial areas do not participate by themselves in interhemispheric exchange in birds. Instead, commissural exchange rests on a rather small arcopallial and amygdaloid cluster of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:343–361, 2016. © 2015 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Compensation for Difference between Small‐Particle Aggregates and Substitute Large Particles in Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: ARIMA MASAHIRO , SATO TAKAYUKI , WATANABE YASUAKI 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYThe measurement of blood viscosity in the human body is very important for preventing diabetes mellitus. The blood viscosity is strongly correlated with aggregation of red blood cells. Some noninvasive methods for estimating the blood viscosity based on ultrasonic spectroscopy have been proposed. In these studies, substitution experiments using particles with a large diameter have been performed in general because control of the aggregation size is very difficult. This study is aimed at assessing the validity of the substitution experiments and proposing a compensation technique for use in the substitution experiments.
Extraction of Character Sequences from Signboards by Using Background Color Information
Authors: NOMURA MATSUNOBU , SUZUKI TAKUMA , KAGEYAMA YOICHI , ISHIZAWA CHIKAKO , NISHIDA MAKOTO 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYSmart phones, tablets, and mobile phones with built‐in cameras are very popular today because they are easy to use. It is important for image processors to be able to identify a signboard in an image and extract the character sequence. Techniques for extracting a character sequence from a signboard can be combined with various other systems to realize a diverse range of services. When utilization of such a system is assumed, it is necessary to take into consideration improvements in the accuracy of extraction of character sequence regions and improvements in processing speed. Therefore, this paper proposes an algorithm for extracting a character sequence from a signboard on the basis of scene image features. In order to improve the processing speed and accuracy, information about the background color of the signboard obtained in cooperation with a car navigation system or any other source was also utilized. In an experiment conducted on 319 color signboards, the proposed method detected 313 signboards (98.12%). Among 569 black and white signboards, the proposed method detected 513 signboards (90.16%). The average processing time in the proposed method was about 0.47 s for a color signboard and about 0.95 s for a black and white signboard. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method could accurately extract various types of character strings from signboards.
A risk-based approach to managing active pharmaceutical ingredients in manufacturing effluent
Authors: Caldwell Daniel J. , Mertens Birgit , Kappler Kelly , Senac Thomas , Journel Romain , Wilson Peter , Meyerhoff Roger D. , Parke Neil J. , Mastrocco Frank , Mattson Bengt , Murray-Smith Richard , Dolan David G. , Straub Jürg Oliver , Wiedemann Michael , Hartmann Andreas , Finan Douglas S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

The present study describes guidance intended to assist pharmaceutical manufacturers in assessing, mitigating, and managing the potential environmental impacts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in wastewater from manufacturing operations, including those from external suppliers. The tools are not a substitute for compliance with local regulatory requirements but rather are intended to help manufacturers achieve the general standard of “no discharge of APIs in toxic amounts.” The approaches detailed in the present study identify practices for assessing potential environmental risks from APIs in manufacturing effluent and outline measures that can be used to reduce the risk, including selective application of available treatment technologies. These measures either are commonly employed within the industry or have been implemented to a more limited extent based on local circumstances. Much of the material is based on company experience and case studies discussed at an industry workshop held on this topic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:813–822. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
A Halophila baillonis Ascherson bed on the semiarid coast of Brazil
Authors: Barros Kcrishna , Costa Francimeire , Rocha‐Barreira Cristina 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe present study records Halophila baillonis and describes the specimens of the Environmental Protection Area of the Parnaíba River Delta, Piauí, semiarid coast of Brazil. In August 2014, we mapped and characterized the seagrass meadow, and georeferenced the extent of H. baillonis patches within the area. Ten ramets were collected manually for biometric measurements, and five samples were collected using a PVC corer of 10 cm in diameter, inserted at 15 cm depth, to obtain averages of shoot density and belowground/aboveground biomass ratios. Apart from H. baillonis, we recorded Halodule wrightii, Halodule sp. and Halophila decipiens, characterizing the seagrass meadow of Cajueiro da Praia as the most diverse on the Brazilian coast. Average density was between 96 and 1401 shoots m–2; total biomass ranged from 14.3 g dw m–2 to 27.1 g dw m–2; and leaf size 7.8 to 23.8 mm. In general, density, biometric and biomass values of the plants were greater than or at the upper range described in other areas, co‐occurring with other seagrass species and on a variety of sediments, indicating a well‐established bed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Co‐option of developmentally regulated plant SWEET transporters for pathogen nutrition and abiotic stress tolerance
Authors: Chandran Divya 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPlant sugar will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) sugar transporters have been implicated in various developmental processes where sugar efflux is essential, including sucrose loading of phloem for long‐distance sugar transport, nectar secretion, embryo and pollen nutrition, and maintenance of sugar homeostasis in plant organs. Notably, these transporters are selectively targeted by pathogens to gain access to host sugars. In most cases, when SWEET function is blocked, the growth and virulence of the pathogen is also reduced. There is growing evidence to suggest that the lifestyle of the pathogen may dictate which SWEET or set of SWEET genes are recruited for pathogen growth and proliferation. Furthermore, SWEET transporters may also play a role in abiotic stress tolerance by enabling plant growth under unfavorable environmental conditions. This review provides an overview of the diverse functions of SWEET proteins in plant development, pathogen nutrition, and abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, utility of the model legume Medicago truncatula as a tool to elucidate SWEET function in diverse host–microbe interactions is discussed. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(7):461–471, 2015
Defensive and adverse energy‐related molecular responses precede tris (1, 3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate cytotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Jinkang , Williams Timothy D. , Chipman James K. , Viant Mark R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo understand the potentially adverse effects of human exposure to tris (1, 3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches were employed to investigate the molecular responses of two human cell lines exposed to different concentrations of TDCIPP. Comparative analyses of transcriptional and metabolic profiles of HepG2/C3A and A549 cells were performed after exposure to 1, 10 and 100 μM TDCIPP for 24 and 72 h. Stress responses (e.g. xenobiotic metabolism and ABC transporter pathways) were observed at the transcriptional level after 24‐h exposure to a sub‐cytotoxic concentration (10 μM). Transcription of an energy metabolism‐related pathway (oxidative phosphorylation) was down‐regulated more severely at 100 μM TDCIPP exposure, accompanied by the suppression of pathways relevant to cell proliferation (e.g. cell cycle and DNA replication), while no significant cytotoxic effects were observed. Functional metabolic changes were observed after 72 h in HepG2/C3A cells exposed to 100 μM TDCIPP that corresponded to changes detected at the transcriptional level after 24 h. Taken together, defensive responses to chemical exposure and energy‐related changes both precede the cytotoxic effects of TDCIPP in HepG2/C3A cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of high‐dose intravenous melatonin in humans
Authors: Andersen Lars P. H. , Werner Mads U. , Rosenkilde Mette M. , Fenger Andreas Q. , Petersen Marian C. , Rosenberg Jacob , Gögenur Ismail 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis crossover study investigated the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of high‐dose intravenous melatonin. Volunteers participated in 3 identical study sessions, receiving an intravenous bolus of 10 mg melatonin, 100 mg melatonin, and placebo. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 minutes after the bolus. Quantitative determination of plasma melatonin concentrations was performed using a radioimmunoassay technique. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Adverse effects included assessments of sedation and registration of other symptoms. Sedation, evaluated as simple reaction times, was measured at baseline and 120, 180, 300, and 420 minutes after the bolus. Twelve male volunteers completed the study. Median (IQR) Cmax after the bolus injections of 10 mg and 100 mg of melatonin were 221,500.0 (185,637.5–326,175.0) pg/mL and 1,251,500.0 (864,375.0–1,770,500.0) pg/mL, respectively; mean (SD) t1/2 was 42.3 (5.6) minutes and 46.2 (6.2) minutes; mean (SD) Vd was 1.6 (0.9) L/kg and 2.0 (0.8) L/kg; mean (SD) CL was 0.0253 (0.0096) L/min · kg and 0.0300 (0.0120) L/min · kg; and median (IQR) AUC0‐∞, 8,997,633.0 (6,071,696.2–11,602,811.9) pg · min/mL and 54,685,979.4 (36,028,638.6–105,779,612.0) pg · min/mL. High‐dose intravenous melatonin did not induce sedation, evaluated as simple reaction times. No adverse effects were reported in the study.
The Political Economy of Africa's Emergent Middle Class: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis special issue introduction provides a historical perspective in order to contextualize the political economy of Africa's emergent middle class. In doing so, three overarching research questions are discussed to better understand the middle class' transformative potential. First, who constitute Africa's middle class and how has this concept changed over time? Second, what dynamics explain the growth of this group? Third, what are the implications of the middle class for good governance and pro‐poor policies? The contributions of each of the articles in the special issue to answering these specific questions for Africa's contemporary middle class are then briefly discussed. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of a reduced field‐of‐view diffusion‐weighted (rFOV) sequence in assessment of myometrial invasion in patients with clinical FIGO stage I endometrial cancer
Authors: Bhosale Priya , Ma Jingfei , Iyer Revathy , Ramalingam Preetha , Wei Wei , Soliman Pamela , Frumovitz Michael , Kundra Vikas 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo compare the clinical usefulness of reduced field‐of‐view diffusion‐weighted imaging (rFOV) with other imaging techniques in determining the depth of myometrial invasion (DMI) in endometrial cancer.Materials and MethodsIn this prospective study we reviewed 3T magnetic resonance images of 51 patients with clinical Stage I endometrial cancer who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingoopherectomy within 3 days after imaging. rFOV with apparent diffusion coefficient reconstruction was obtained in three standard planes followed by sagittal T2‐weighted (T2WI) images and 3D dynamic T1‐weighted and contrast‐enhanced imaging (DCE MRI). Two radiologists with expertise in imaging gynecologic cancers evaluated images independently. The DMI was recorded on imaging and correlated with surgical pathology results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for DMI were calculated (<50% vs. >50%).ResultsCompared with sagittal T2WI + DCE MRI, rFOV imaging yielded greater specificity (82.2% vs. 90.0%, positive predictive value (42.8% vs. 60.0%), and accuracy (84.0% vs. 92%) for DMI determined by reader 1 and greater the sensitivity (83.3% vs. 100%) for DMI determined by reader 2. The error of measurement of DMI as a continuous variable in millimeters did not differ significantly between the rFOV and pathology results (P < 0.21). However, there was a statistically significant difference for the DMI measured on the dynamic sequence. The DMI on DCE was greater than that seen on pathology at P = 0.02.ConclusionrFOV can be used to assess DMI in clinical Stage I endometrial cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:316–324.
Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A preliminary study of the effect of region of interest on ADC values and interobserver variability
Authors: Ma Chao , Liu Li , Li Jing , Wang Li , Chen Lu‐guang , Zhang Yong , Chen Shi‐yue , Lu Jian‐ping 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo assess the influence of region of interest (ROI) on tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements and interobserver variability in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two patients recruited with pathology‐proven PDAC underwent diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI, 3.0T) prior to the surgical resection. Two independent readers measured tumor ADCs according to three ROI methods: whole‐volume, single‐slice, and small solid sample of tumor. Minimum and mean ADCs were obtained. The interobserver variability for each of the three methods was analyzed using interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman analysis. The minimum and mean ADCs among the ROI methods were compared using nonparametric tests.ResultsThe single‐slice ROI method showed the best reproducibility in the minimum ADC measurements (mean difference ± limits of agreement between two readers were 0.025 ± 0.25 × 10−3 mm2/s; ICC, 0.92) among the three ROI methods. For the solid tumor sample ROI, both minimum ADC and mean ADC measurements reproducibility were the worst, with limits of agreement up to ±0.50 × 10−3 mm2/s and ±0.32 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively (ICCs, 0.41/0.58). Both the minimum and mean ADCs demonstrated significant differences among the three ROI methods (both P < 0.001). The post‐hoc analyses results showed no significant difference with regard to the mean ADCs between whole‐volume and single‐slice ROI methods (P = 0.14).ConclusionThe ROI method had a considerable influence on both the minimum and mean ADC values and the interobserver variability in PDAC. The worst interobserver variability was observed for both the minimum and mean ADCs derived from small solid‐sample ROI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:407–413.
Potential for Southern Hemisphere climate surprises
Authors: MAYEWSKI P. A. , BRACEGIRDLE T. , GOODWIN I. , SCHNEIDER D. , BERTLER N. A. N. , BIRKEL S. , CARLETON A. , ENGLAND M. H. , KANG J‐H. , KHAN A. , RUSSELL J. , TURNER J. , VELICOGNA I. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTClimate model results suggest that future climate change in Antarctica will be accompanied by continued strengthening and poleward contraction of the Southern Ocean westerly wind belt. Paleoclimate records suggest past changes in the westerly winds can be abrupt and that healing of the Antarctic ozone hole could lead to poleward contraction of the westerlies and increased meridional atmospheric transport of warm air regionally into Antarctica. An abrupt shift to more meridional circulation could lead to notable changes in moisture availability for extra‐Antarctic regions, increased Antarctic ice sheet disintegration and more rapid sea‐level rise.
Conidia survival of Aspergillus section Nigri, Flavi and Circumdati under UV‐A and UV‐B radiation with cycling temperature/light regime
Authors: García‐Cela Maria Esther , Marín Sonia , Reyes Monica , Sanchis Vicent , Ramos Antonio J 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBio‐geographical differences in fungal infection distribution have been observed around the world, confirming that climatic conditions are decisive in colonization. This research is focused on the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on Aspergillus species, based on the consideration that an increase in UV‐B radiation may have large ecological effects.RESULTSConidia of six mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species isolated from vineyards located in the northeast and south of Spain were incubated for 15 days under light/dark cycles and temperatures between 20 and 30 °C per day. Additionally, 6 h of exposure to UV‐A or UV‐B radiation per day were included in the light exposure. UV irradiance used were 1.7 ± 0.2 mW cm−2 of UV‐A (peak 365 nm) and 0.10 ± 0.2 mW cm−2 of UV‐B (peak 312 nm). The intrinsic decrease in viability of conidia over time was accentuated when they were UV irradiated. UV‐B radiation was more harmful.CONCLUSIONConidial sensitivity to UV light was marked in Aspergillus section Circumdati. Conidia pigmentation could be related to UV sensitivity. Different resistance was observed within species belonging to sections Flavi and Nigri. An increase in UV radiation could lead to a reduction in the Aspergillus spp. inoculum present in the field (vineyards, nuts, cereal crops). In addition, it could unbalance the spore species present in the field, leading to a higher predominance of dark‐pigmented conidia. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Music‐based magnetic resonance fingerprinting to improve patient comfort during MRI examinations
Authors: Ma Dan , Pierre Eric Y. , Jiang Yun , Schluchter Mark D. , Setsompop Kawin , Gulani Vikas , Griswold Mark A. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeUnpleasant acoustic noise is a drawback of almost every MRI scan. Instead of reducing acoustic noise to improve patient comfort, we propose a technique for mitigating the noise problem by producing musical sounds directly from the switching magnetic fields while simultaneously quantifying multiple important tissue properties.Theory and MethodsMP3 music files were converted to arbitrary encoding gradients, which were then used with varying flip angles and repetition times in a two‐ and three‐dimensional magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) examination. This new acquisition method, named MRF‐Music, was used to quantify T1, T2, and proton density maps simultaneously while providing pleasing sounds to the patients.ResultsMRF‐Music scans improved patient comfort significantly during MRI examinations. The T1 and T2 values measured from phantom are in good agreement with those from the standard spin echo measurements. T1 and T2 values from the brain scan are also close to previously reported values.ConclusionsMRF‐Music sequence provides significant improvement in patient comfort compared with the MRF scan and other fast imaging techniques such as echo planar imaging and turbo spin echo scans. It is also a fast and accurate quantitative method that quantifies multiple relaxation parameters simultaneously. Magn Reson Med 75:2303–2314, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of neuromyotonia and axonal motor neuropathy: A report of a HINT1 mutation in the United States
Authors: Jerath Nivedita U. , Shy Michael E. , Grider Tiffany , Gutmann Ludwig 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: HINT1 mutations cause an autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor axonal neuropathy with neuromyotonia. This is a case report of a HINT1 mutation in the United States. Methods: A 30‐year‐old man of Slovenian heritage and no significant family history presented with scoliosis as a child and later developed neuromyotonia and distal weakness. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed an axonal motor neuropathy and neuromyotonic discharges. Previous diagnostic work‐up, including testing for Cx32, MPZ, PMP‐22, NF‐L, EGR2, CLCN1, DM1, DM2, SMN exon 7/8, emerin, LMNA, MPK, SCNA4, acid maltase gene, paraneoplastic disorder, and a sural nerve biopsy, was negative. Results: Genetic testing for a HINT1 mutation was performed and revealed a homozygous mutation at p.Arg37Pro. Conclusion: This entity should be distinguished clinically and genetically from myotonic dystrophy and channelopathies with the clinical features of neuromyotonia and an axonal neuropathy. This case illustrates the importance of identifying the correct phenotype to avoid unnecessary and costly evaluations. Muscle Nerve 52: 1110–1113, 2015