bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rate and Molecular Spectrum of Spontaneous Mutations in the GC-Rich Multichromosome Genome of Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Dillon Marcus M , Sung Way , Lynch Michael , Cooper Vaughn S 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Spontaneous mutations are ultimately essential for evolutionary change and are also the root cause of many diseases. However, until recently, both biological and technical barriers have prevented detailed analyses of mutation profiles, constraining our understanding of the mutation process to a few model organisms and leaving major gaps in our understanding of the role of genome content and structure on mutation. Here, we present a genome-wide view of the molecular mutation spectrum in Burkholderia cenocepacia, a clinically relevant pathogen with high %GC content and multiple chromosomes. We find that B. cenocepacia has low genome-wide mutation rates with insertion–deletion mutations biased toward deletions, consistent with the idea that deletion pressure reduces prokaryotic genome sizes. Unlike prior studies of other organisms, mutations in B. cenocepacia are not AT biased, which suggests that at least some genomes with high %GC content experience unusual base-substitution mutation pressure. Importantly, we also observe variation in both the rates and spectra of mutations among chromosomes and elevated G:C &gt; T:A transversions in late-replicating regions. Thus, although some patterns of mutation appear to be highly conserved across cellular life, others vary between species and even between chromosomes of the same species, potentially influencing the evolution of nucleotide composition and genome architecture.
The Transient Inactivation of the Master Cell Cycle Phosphatase Cdc14 Causes Genomic Instability in Diploid Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Quevedo Oliver , Ramos-Pérez Cristina , Petes Thomas D , Machín Félix 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Genomic instability is a common feature found in cancer cells . Accordingly, many tumor suppressor genes identified in familiar cancer syndromes are involved in the maintenance of the stability of the genome during every cell division and are commonly referred to as caretakers. Inactivating mutations and epigenetic silencing of caretakers are thought to be the most important mechanisms that explain cancer-related genome instability. However, little is known of whether transient inactivation of caretaker proteins could trigger genome instability and, if so, what types of instability would occur. In this work, we show that a brief and reversible inactivation, during just one cell cycle, of the key phosphatase Cdc14 in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enough to result in diploid cells with multiple gross chromosomal rearrangements and changes in ploidy. Interestingly, we observed that such transient loss yields a characteristic fingerprint whereby trisomies are often found in small-sized chromosomes, and gross chromosome rearrangements, often associated with concomitant loss of heterozygosity, are detected mainly on the ribosomal DNA-bearing chromosome XII. Taking into account the key role of Cdc14 in preventing anaphase bridges, resetting replication origins, and controlling spindle dynamics in a well-defined window within anaphase, we speculate that the transient loss of Cdc14 activity causes cells to go through a single mitotic catastrophe with irreversible consequences for the genome stability of the progeny.
Chromosome-Specific Painting in Cucumis Species Using Bulked Oligonucleotides
Authors: Han Yonghua , Zhang Tao , Thammapichai Paradee , Weng Yiqun , Jiang Jiming 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Chromosome-specific painting is a powerful technique in molecular cytogenetic and genome research. We developed an oligonucleotide (oligo)-based chromosome painting technique in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) that will be applicable in any plant species with a sequenced genome. Oligos specific to a single chromosome of cucumber were identified using a newly developed bioinformatic pipeline and then massively synthesized de novo in parallel. The synthesized oligos were amplified and labeled with biotin or digoxigenin for use in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We developed three different probes with each containing 23,000–27,000 oligos. These probes spanned 8.3–17 Mb of DNA on targeted cucumber chromosomes and had the densities of 1.5–3.2 oligos per kilobases. These probes produced FISH signals on a single cucumber chromosome and were used to paint homeologous chromosomes in other Cucumis species diverged from cucumber for up to 12 million years. The bulked oligo probes allowed us to track a single chromosome in early stages during meiosis. We were able to precisely map the pairing between cucumber chromosome 7 and chromosome 1 of Cucumis hystrix in a F1 hybrid. These two homeologous chromosomes paired in 71% of prophase I cells but only 25% of metaphase I cells, which may provide an explanation of the higher recombination rates compared to the chiasma frequencies between homeologous chromosomes reported in plant hybrids.
Work Safety Climate, Safety Behaviors, and Occupational Injuries of Youth Farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Kearney Gregory D. , Rodriguez Guadalupe , Quandt Sara A. , Arcury Justin T. , Arcury Thomas A. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives. The aims of this project were to describe the work safety climate and the association between occupational safety behaviors and injuries among hired youth farmworkers in North Carolina (n = 87).Methods. We conducted personal interviews among a cross-sectional sample of youth farmworkers aged 10 to 17 years.Results. The majority of youths reported that work safety practices were very important to management, yet 38% stated that supervisors were only interested in “doing the job quickly and cheaply.” Few youths reported appropriate work safety behavior, and 14% experienced an injury within the past 12 months. In bivariate analysis, perceptions of work safety climate were significantly associated with pesticide exposure risk factors for rewearing wet shoes (P = .01), wet clothes (P = .01), and shorts (P = .03).Conclusions. Youth farmworkers perceived their work safety climate as being poor. Although additional research is needed to support these findings, these results strengthen the need to increase employer awareness to improve the safety climate for protecting youth farmworkers from harmful exposures and injuries.
Suicide Risk in Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities: 2003–2011
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Lohman Matthew , Leslie Marc , Powell Virginia 
Published: May 2015

Objectives. We investigated the epidemiology of suicide among adults aged 50 years and older in nursing homes and assisted living facilities and whether anticipating transitioning into long-term care (LTC) is a risk factor for suicide.Methods. Data come from the Virginia Violent Death Reporting System (2003–2011). We matched locations of suicides (n = 3453) against publicly available resource registries of nursing homes (n = 285) and assisted living facilities (n = 548). We examined individual and organizational correlates of suicide by logistic regression. We identified decedents anticipating entry into LTC through qualitative text analysis.Results. Incidence of suicide was 14.16 per 100 000 in nursing homes and 15.66 in the community. Better performance on Nursing Home Compare quality metrics was associated with higher odds of suicide in nursing homes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 3.14). Larger facility size was associated with higher suicide risk in assisted living facilities (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.01). Text narratives identified 38 decedents anticipating transitioning into LTC and 16 whose loved one recently transitioned or resided in LTC.Conclusions. LTC may be an important point of engagement in suicide prevention.
Progression and Treatment of Bilateral Knee Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome
Authors: Miranian Daniel , Lanham Nathan , Stensby J. Derek , Diduch David 
Published: May 2015

Case:
We report the case of a patient with bilateral multicompartmental bone marrow edema syndrome of the knee, which responded favorably to subchondral core decompression after failing to respond to nonoperative treatment.

Conclusion:
This case demonstrates that subchondral core decompression can be effective for the treatment of bone marrow edema syndrome.
Posterior Tibial Artery Perforator-Based Fascial Flap for Skin Necrosis and Exposed Extensor Tendon After Revision Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Toyoshima Yoichi , Maeda Toshio , Oh Koei , Namiki Osamu , Kumamoto Hisao , Inagaki Katsunori 
Published: May 2015

Case:
Delayed wound-healing of anterior ankle incisions can be problematic for patients who have undergone total ankle replacement. We describe the case of a patient in whom a posterior tibial artery perforator-based fascial flap was effectively used to cover skin necrosis and to repair the extensor retinaculum in a wound following revision total ankle replacement.

Conclusion:
When a tendon is exposed in the ankle, a skin flap is generally required. The creation of a perforator-based fascial flap is a useful technique for covering a wound with an exposed tendon and is an alternative to a musculocutaneous flap.
Length-Preserving Intramedullary Femoral Fixation for Traumatic Leg Amputation
Authors: Bauer Jennifer M. , Callan Alexandra K. , Jahangir A. Alex 
Published: May 2015

Case:
We present the case of a twenty-one-year-old woman with a traumatic left leg amputation, substantial proximal skin degloving, and an ipsilateral femoral fracture treated with revision amputation distal to the fracture site and retrograde femoral nailing through the amputation site.

Conclusion:
A short retrograde femoral nail is a surgical option to fix a femoral shaft fracture proximal to a traumatic amputation in order to preserve limb length for effective prosthetic fit and ambulation.
Role of Silicate and Aluminate Ions in the Reaction of Sodium Hydroxide with Reservoir Minerals
Authors: Thornton S. D. , Lorenz P. B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A chemical model 1s presented for extrapolating laboratory data on mineral-alkali reactions to reservoir time scales. Minerals 1n sandstone and ions in caustic solution were identified which control consumption of sodium hydroxide during alkaline flooding. This work may help operators to predict when significant dissolution of the formation will occur and where precipitates will deposit.
The dissolution of eight silicate minerals in caustic solution at 24° and 70° C was determined. The minerals studied were quartz, two feldspars (microcline and albite), two micas (muscovite and blotite), and three clays (kaolinite, montmorillonite, and chlorite). The concentrations of the ions: sodium, silicate, aluminate, and hydroxide were measured periodically during bottle tests.
Balanced chemical reactions are written for quartz, kaolinite, and phillipsite, and the corresponding equilibrium quotients are defined. A kinetic model is presented which includes rate constants, solid-liquid ratios, and equilibrium quotients to account for the effect of solution composition. The model was tested 1n detail for kaolinite at 24° and 70° C. The equilibrium quotient for kaolinite was found to be three times higher at 70° C than at 24° C. Dissolution rate data were fitted successfully with the kinetic model.
Kaolinite was observed to cause a supersaturated condition with respect to sodium aluminosilicate minerals when the hydroxide-ion concentration was above 0.07 mol/dm3 at 70° C.
The resulting onset of precipitation was characterized by a short induction time predicted by the model. Sodium and hydroxide 1ons were consumed at equal rates from solutions containing silicate and aluminate 1ons. In the presence of excess sodium hydroxide, within 2 months, each kilogram of kaolinite removed 5 equivalents of sodium hydroxide.
The reaction of Kern River reservoir sand with sodium hydroxide was studied to test the model. Consumption of sodium hydroxide occurred as predicted. However, caustic consumption was delayed in a slim tube packed with 99% quartz and 1% kaolinite, probably because of reduced nucleation of new minerals.
Designing and Selecting Demulsifiers for Optimum Field Performance Based on Production Fluid Characteristics
Authors: Berger P. D. , Hsu C. , Arendell J. P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A method for characterizing and predicting the performance of emulsion breakers has been developed which involves the relationship between the preferred alkane carbon number (PACN) of the demulsifier to the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of the crude oil and the salinity of the emulsified aqueous phase. This procedure can be used both to chose the proper emulsifier for field use and to develop effective new compounds by determining the effect of changes in molecular architecture and interfacial properties on performance. Parameters which have been studied include chemical type, molecular weight, degree of branching, partition coefficient between the water and oil phases, interfacial tension reduction and interfacial viscosity changes. The importance of each of these properties to performance will be discussed.
Spatial Competition at the Intersection of the Large and Small Audit Firm Markets
Authors: Bills Kenneth L. , Stephens Nathaniel M. 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY
In this paper, we study spatial competition in the U.S. audit market while accounting for its two-tiered nature. We provide evidence on the differential impact that market share distances within and between the players in the large and small audit markets have on competition. We find that the market share distance from small audit firm competitors has a greater effect on the Big 4's audit fees than distances from other Big 4 competitors. This finding suggests that small audit firms play a significant part in the competitive landscape in local markets. Further, we find that audit fees are increasing with the distance between a small audit firm and its closest competing small audit firm while audit fees are decreasing with the distance between a small audit firm and its closest competing large audit firm. This suggests that while obtaining separation in market space from competing small audit firms reduces competitive pressure from other small audit firms, as a small audit firm gets closer to the market space of a large audit firm it is perceived as being more like the larger audit firm and is able to obtain a fee premium like that attained by the larger audit firms.
JEL Classifications: M4; M40; M41; M42; M49.
Mandatory Preliminary Performance Reports: Evidence from China
Authors: Song Yunling , Zhou Ling 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Companies listed on China's Shenzhen Stock Exchange Small and Medium Enterprise Board are required to release preliminary performance reports before the end of February if they cannot file annual reports by that time. Although this mandate might improve the timeliness of information, we find that such preliminary releases are inaccurate and optimistic, potentially misleading investors. Sixteen percent of preliminary reports contain significant inaccuracies (i.e., when actual numbers deviate from preliminary ones by at least 10 percent). Firms in earlier stages of the auditing process, as well as those with low-quality preliminary reports in prior years, poorer performance, greater accounting complexity, and fewer resources, are more likely to issue low-quality preliminary performance reports. Market reaction tests indicate that investors consider preliminary releases to be informative and generally cannot differentiate between high-quality and low-quality preliminary releases. Moreover, when annual reports are filed, investors are surprised by the differences between the annual reports and the preliminary reports. Thus, our paper demonstrates that mandatory disclosure requirements may have unintended negative consequences.
Kinderbibeln
Authors: Naas Marcel 
Published: May 2015

Children’s Bibles: The History and Potential of a Forgotten Type of TextbookObwohl Kinderbibeln in Familie und Schule über Jahrhunderte eine wichtige Rolle spielten, fanden sie von Seiten der Historischen Bildungsforschung bisher wenig Beachtung. Ein Blick auf die Geschichte der Kinderbibeln im deutschsprachigen Raum und eine exemplarische Analyse von Schweizer Kinderbibeln, die zwischen 1800 und 1850 als Schulbücher verwendet wurden, zeigt allerdings, dass Kinderbibeln nicht nur theologisch oder religionspädagogisch, sondern auch bildungshistorisch gewinnbringend untersucht werden können, indem sich beispielsweise schulgeschichtliche Entwicklungen, konfessionelle Unterschiede oder auch Veränderungen des Kindbildes nachzeichnen lassen.
Mode de N et type de N , de la synonymie à la polysémie
Authors: Gréa Philippe , Haas Pauline 
Published: May 2015

L’objectif de cette étude est de décrire le fonctionnement sémantique des deux noms taxinomiques type et mode dans la structure [N 0 être Det ( type / mode ) de N 1 ] en observant leurs distributions nominales. Dans cette structure, type permet de marquer une relation de catégorisation de telle sorte que N 0 est inclus dans la catégorie N 1 . Mode exprime, quant à lui, l’idée de manière. Notre approche est empirique et statistique. Notre corpus a permis de réunir 5 843 unités lexicales pouvant entrer dans la distribution de mode , de type ou les deux. Les données sont présentées en fonction des rapports d’attirance et de répulsion existant entre les deux classificateurs et les noms sur lesquels ils portent. Nous montrons que les emplois de type et mode peuvent être quasi-synonymiques ( un mode de raisonnement / un type de raisonnement ) ou, au contraire, mettre en évidence la polysémie ACTION / OBJET du nom ( ce mode de chauffage est économique [ACTION] / ce type de chauffage est toujours en fonte [OBJET]).
CD155 (PVR/Necl5) Mediates a Costimulatory Signal in CD4+ T Cells and Regulates Allergic Inflammation
Authors: Yamashita-Kanemaru Yumi , Takahashi Yuichi , Wang Yinan , Tahara-Hanaoka Satoko , Honda Shin-ichiro , Bernhardt Günter , Shibuya Akira , Shibuya Kazuko 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Although Th1 and Th2 cells are known to be involved in allergic inflammatory diseases, the molecular mechanisms underlying their differentiation are incompletely understood. In this study, we identified CD155 as a costimulatory molecule on CD4+ T cells. Importantly, CD155-mediated signaling induced Th1 development in both humans and mice, as evidenced by production of IFN-γ and upregulation of Tbx21 transcription; these effects were independent of IL-12 but dependent on NF-κB–induced autocrine IFN-γ that triggered positive feedback via STAT1 activation. Mice genetically deficient in CD155 or treated with anti-CD155 Ab exhibited attenuated Th1-type contact hypersensitivity. Thus, CD155 plays an important regulatory role in helper T cell differentiation and allergic diseases.
Programmed Death-1 Controls T Cell Survival by Regulating Oxidative Metabolism
Authors: Tkachev Victor , Goodell Stefanie , Opipari Anthony W. , Hao Ling-Yang , Franchi Luigi , Glick Gary D. , Ferrara James L. M. , Byersdorfer Craig A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) maintains immune homeostasis by negatively regulating T cell function and survival. Blockade of PD-1 increases the severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the interplay between PD-1 inhibition and T cell metabolism is not well studied. We found that both murine and human alloreactive T cells concomitantly upregulated PD-1 expression and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This PD-1HiROSHi phenotype was specific to alloreactive T cells and was not observed in syngeneic T cells during homeostatic proliferation. Blockade of PD-1 signaling decreased both mitochondrial H2O2 and total cellular ROS levels, and PD-1–driven increases in ROS were dependent upon the oxidation of fatty acids, because treatment with etomoxir nullified changes in ROS levels following PD-1 blockade. Downstream of PD-1, elevated ROS levels impaired T cell survival in a process reversed by antioxidants. Furthermore, PD-1–driven changes in ROS were fundamental to establishing a cell’s susceptibility to subsequent metabolic inhibition, because blockade of PD-1 decreased the efficacy of later F1F0-ATP synthase modulation. These data indicate that PD-1 facilitates apoptosis in alloreactive T cells by increasing ROS in a process dependent upon the oxidation of fat. In addition, blockade of PD-1 undermines the potential for subsequent metabolic inhibition, an important consideration given the increasing use of anti–PD-1 therapies in the clinic.
Cryptococcal Heat Shock Protein 70 Homolog Ssa1 Contributes to Pulmonary Expansion of Cryptococcus neoformans during the Afferent Phase of the Immune Response by Promoting Macrophage M2 Polarization
Authors: Eastman Alison J. , He Xiumiao , Qiu Yafeng , Davis Michael J. , Vedula Priya , Lyons Daniel M. , Park Yoon-Dong , Hardison Sarah E. , Malachowski Antoni N. , Osterholzer John J. , Wormley Floyd L. , Williamson Peter R. , Olszewski Michal A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Numerous virulence factors expressed by Cryptococcus neoformans modulate host defenses by promoting nonprotective Th2-biased adaptive immune responses. Prior studies demonstrate that the heat shock protein 70 homolog, Ssa1, significantly contributes to serotype D C. neoformans virulence through the induction of laccase, a Th2-skewing and CNS tropic factor. In the present study, we sought to determine whether Ssa1 modulates host defenses in mice infected with a highly virulent serotype A strain of C. neoformans (H99). To investigate this, we assessed pulmonary fungal growth, CNS dissemination, and survival in mice infected with either H99, an SSA1-deleted H99 strain (Δssa1), and a complement strain with restored SSA1 expression (Δssa1::SSA1). Mice infected with the Δssa1 strain displayed substantial reductions in lung fungal burden during the innate phase (days 3 and 7) of the host response, whereas less pronounced reductions were observed during the adaptive phase (day 14) and mouse survival increased only by 5 d. Surprisingly, laccase activity assays revealed that Δssa1 was not laccase deficient, demonstrating that H99 does not require Ssa1 for laccase expression, which explains the CNS tropism we still observed in the Ssa1-deficient strain. Lastly, our immunophenotyping studies showed that Ssa1 directly promotes early M2 skewing of lung mononuclear phagocytes during the innate phase, but not the adaptive phase, of the immune response. We conclude that Ssa1’s virulence mechanism in H99 is distinct and laccase-independent. Ssa1 directly interferes with early macrophage polarization, limiting innate control of C. neoformans, but ultimately has no effect on cryptococcal control by adaptive immunity.
The Notch Signaling Pathway Controls Short-Lived Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation but Is Dispensable for Memory Generation
Authors: Mathieu Mélissa , Duval Frédéric , Daudelin Jean-François , Labrecque Nathalie 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Following an infection, naive CD8+ T cells expand and differentiate into two main populations of effectors: short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and memory precursor effector cells (MPECs). There is limited understanding of the molecular mechanism and cellular processes governing this cell fate. Notch is a key regulator of cell fate decision relevant in many immunological pathways. In this study, we add to the role of Notch in cell fate decision and demonstrate that the Notch signaling pathway controls the MPEC/SLEC differentiation choice following both Listeria infection and dendritic cell immunization of mice. Although fewer SLECs were generated, Notch deficiency did not alter the rate of memory CD8+ T cell generation. Moreover, we reveal that the Notch signaling pathway plays a context-dependent role for optimal cytokine production by effector CD8+ T cells. Together, our results unravel critical functions for the Notch signaling pathway during effector CD8+ T cell differentiation.