bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Textile Softeners on Cotton Dyed with Direct Dyes: Reflectance and Fastness Assessments
Authors: Parvinzadeh M. , Najafi H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this research, cotton fabrics scoured with nonionic detergent were dyed with four different direct dyes (Thiazole, Disazo, Trisazo and Polyazo). The dyed fabrics were then treated with anionic, cationic, nonionic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. CIELAB color coordinates (L∗, a∗, b∗, C∗ and h) were measured with reflectance spectrophotometer. The lightness (L∗ value) for samples dyed with disazo and polyazo direct dyes (orange and red dyes) showed an increase after treatment with all the mentioned softeners, while it was decreased for thiazole and trisazo dyed fabrics treated with anionic, cationic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. The wash and light fastness properties of samples were measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. The washing fastness properties of some direct dyed samples were decreased after treatment with softeners. In the case of light fastness properties, it was decreased for most of the samples.
Impact of Heat Treatment on the Performance of Polymers as Ferric Ions Stabilization Agents for Aqueous Systems
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe impact of heat treatment on the performance of various polymers as ferric ions stabilization agents in an aqueous system at pH 7.00, 23 °C has been investigated. The polymers evaluated include: (a) homo-polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene; (b) co-polymers of acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and maleic acid: sulfonated styrene, and (c) ter-polymers of acrylic acid: 2-acryalamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid: sulfonated styrene, acrylic acid: methacrylic acid: t-butylacrylamide, and acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid: t-butylacrylamide. It has been found that all polymers lose performance to a varying degree when exposed to thermal treatment (150 °C, 200 °C, 240 °C, 20 hr). The performance data collected before and after thermal treatment suggest that sulfonated styrene containing co- and ter-polymers are better ferric ions stabilization agents than the co- and ter-polymers containing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and t-butylacrylamide. In addition, it has been found that heat treatment exhibits positive influence on the performance of homo-polymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methypropane sulfonic acid. The results have been explained in terms of loss of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and t-butylacrylamide in the co- and ter-polymers during thermal treatment.
Synthesis and Properties Evaluation of Nonionic-Anionic Surfactants Suitable for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Sea Water
Authors: Sha O. , Zhang W. , Lu R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In view of imperfections of conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants used for enhanced oil recovery, especially the characteristics of high salinity and high Calcium/Magnesium for sea water flooding, a new novel displacement agent suitable for sea water flooding was synthesized through alkoxylation, epoxidation, sulfonation reaction with fatty alcohol as core. The structure of the product was characterized by IR. The properties of the product, including salt tolerance, temperature resistance etc. were evaluated. At 70 °C, when the concentration of this surfactant is 0.3 %, the interfacial tension between simulated water solution and Bohai1A-4 well crude reaches 10−3 mN/m order, the salt tolerance reaches 50 000 mg/L, the resistance to calcium and magnesium reaches 2000 mg/L. The laboratory physical simulation test shows that the binary complex system (polymer + surfactant) can enhance the recovery ratio by 17.9 %, while better synergistic effect of the system is obtained.
Quantitative Determination of Tetraacetylethylenediamine in Laundry Powder by FTIR Spectrometry Using Partial Least Squares Algorithm
Authors: Khanmohammadi M. , Shanehsaz M. , Garmarudi A. Bagheri , Kargosha K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was applied for determination of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in commercial laundry powder samples. Investigating different spectral regions, 1724–1670 cm−1 was selected as the best region. Spectroscopic data were compared with gas chromatography results, demonstrating reliability of the proposed method, higher accuracy and precision. Standard error of estimation (SEE), standard error of prediction (SEP), correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.022, 0.031, 0.998 and 0.138 in the selected spectral region, respectively.
Identification of the Products from the Sulfonation of an Oleic Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Pratesi C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sulfonation with SO3 of an oleic methyl ester has led to a mixture of sulfonates with potential properties as a surfactant, an emulsifier or even a wetting agent that can be used in detergent formulations. For the first time, the products from the sulfonation reaction with SO3 are identified.
Effect of Nano and Micro Emulsion Silicone Softeners on Properties of Polyester Fibers
Authors: Parvinzadeh M. , Hajiraissi R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The processing of textiles to achieve a particular handle is one of the most important aspects of finishing technology. Softeners improve soft handle, smoothness, elasticity, hydrophilic, antistatic and soil release properties on textiles. Macro and micro sized silicone softeners are commonly used for these purposes but nano silicone is a new class of softener. In this research, polyester fabrics were first scoured with nonionic detergent and then treated with three concentrations of nano and micro silicone softeners in water including 10, 20 and 30 g/L at 30°C for 60 seconds by padding method. The treated fabrics were then dried/cured at 130°C for 40 seconds. The pH was maintained at 5 using acetic acid. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated fabric samples were discussed. The drapeability of nano emulsion treated samples was decreased compared with micro emulsion treated ones. Colorimetric properties of softener treated fabrics were evaluated with reflectance spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscope photographs showed nano silicone particles aggregated on fiber surface. Moisture regain of nano emulsion treated samples was decreased compared with micro emulsion treated due to coating of nano silicone particles.
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Active Properties of Imidazolinium Surfactant Derived from Oleic Acid and Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Bajpai D. , Tyagi V. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper describes an efficient method for the synthesis of long chain alkylamido imidazolines by the reaction of diethylenetriamine and oleic acid under non-solvent microwave irradiation using calcium oxide as support and their comparison with conventional thermal condensation process. Synthesized imidazolines were then quaternized by using dimethylsulfate as a quaternizing agent and isopropanol as a solvent, to produce cationic imidazolinium salts which were evaluated for yield and cationic content. The instrumental techniques, viz. FT-IR and 1H-NMR verified the formation of imidazolines and its subsequent quaternization. The surface active and performance properties of cationic imidazolines in terms of c.m.c., surface tension, dispersability, emulsion stability, softening, rewettability and detergency were also reported.
Micellization of Cetyltributylphosphonium Bromide in some Binary Aqueous Solvents Mixtures
Authors: Tiwari S. , Ghosh K. K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe micellization behavior of cetyltributylphosphonium bromide (CTBPB) has been studied in aqueous ethylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, methanol, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran mixtures (10–20% v/v) over the temperature range (300–320 K) by conductometry. The critical micelle concentration (cmc), extent of counterion binding (α) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔGom, ΔHom, ΔSom) for micellization process have been reported and discussed. The cmc values were found to increase with an increase in temperature and % of organic solvent.
Study on the Synthesis and Surface Activities of Disodium Alkyl Polyglucoside Citrate
Authors: Zhou Z.-C. , Yang X.-Q. , Yang Q.-L. , Zhang Y.-J. , Cheng Y.-M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new method of synthesizing disodium alkyl polyglucoside citrate surfactant has been reported in the paper, in which citric acid anhydride was firstly prepared, and then reacted with alkyl polyglucoside to obtain ester. The structures of products were indicated by infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the surface activities of raw materials and their corresponding products were investigated. The results show that products exhibit low surface tension in 28 mN/m. Comparing with raw materials, the disodium alkyl polyglucoside citrate surfactants possess better emulsification stabilities to oil acid, good foam abilities and excellent hard water-resistant properties.
Krafft Points and Cloud Points of Polyoxyethylated Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Schott H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The effect of various organic electrolytes on the Krafft point (KP) of two and the cloud point (CP) of three polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants is described. Additives that lower the KP or raise the CP salt the surfactants in. The short-chain organic electrolytes acetic acid and propionic acid lower the KP of polyoxyl 10 cetyl ether (C16E10) while sodium acetate, propionate and butyrate leave the KP largely unaffected. Sodium acetate and sodium propionate lower the CP of C16E10 substantially. Sodium butyrate raises the CP, presumably by rendering the C16E10 micelles partly ionic via mixed micelle formation. Hydrotropes (sodium benzoate, salicylate and xylene sulfonate, and the nonelectrolyte nicotinamide) lower the KP of polyoxyl 10 stearyl ether (C18E10) substantially at 3.0 m concentrations and raise the CP substantially even at 0.10 m concentrations. The KPs of mixtures of C18E10 (KP = 48°) and hexadecylamine hydrochloride (HDCl, KP = 44°) were measured at a constant total surfactant concentration of 2.0% based on the weight of water. The plot of KP versus the relative weight-percent HDCl is V-shaped with a eutectic minimum of 32° at 33% HDCl. The left branch is entirely linear. It shows how increasing weight-percentages of HDCl lower the KP of C18E10. The right branch is linear up to ca. 80% HDCl but becomes less steep at higher HDCl concentrations. It shows how decreasing weight-percentages of C18E10 raise the KP of HDCl.
Synthesis and Properties of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Phosphate Inhibitor
Authors: Du K. , Zhou Y.-M. , Wang L.-Q. , Wang Y.-Y. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to provide a non-phosphorus and nitrogen free calcium phosphate inhibitor maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate. The approach is that synthesized monomer allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate from allyloxy polyethoxy ether and chloracetic acid, and then prepared maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate by free radical polymerization. Structures of allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate and maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate were characterized through FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Influence of monomer mole ratio in maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate and viscosity-average molecular weight of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate on its calcium phosphate inhibition performance was discussed. Calcium tolerance and calcium phosphate inhibition capability of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate was compared with the latest generation of calcium phosphate inhibitor maleic anhydride-ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate, and other two kinds of known inhibitor acrylic acid/2-hydroxypropyl acrylate and acrylic acid/acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid. As a result, monomer mole ratio and viscosity-average molecular weight has great impact on property of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate. Calcium tolerance and calcium phosphate inhibition of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate is similar to maleic anhydride-ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate. The results reveal that maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate is an excellent green calcium phosphate inhibitor.
O-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cellulose–derived Surfactants Prepared by Microwave–assisted Transesterification
Authors: Miníková S. , Sroková I. , Sasinková V. , Malovíková A. , Ebringerová A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA series of polymeric surfactants were prepared from O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose (HEC, DS = 1) by transesterification of methyl laurate and the complex of methyl esters of rape seed oil fatty acids in the H2O/DMF system using microwave irradiation as heating source. The obtained derivatives were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and viscometry, and their surfaceactive, foaming, emulsification and performance properties evaluated. The results indicate that under microwave heating water-soluble HEC-fatty acid esters with very low degree of esterification can be obtained in a few minutes and at temperatures not exceeding 100°C. The derivatives exhibited foaming ability and significant emulsifying efficiency for ‘oil in water’-type emulsions comparable to that of commercial surfactants as well as a good washing power and very high antiredeposition efficiency.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Trisiloxane-modified Oligo(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Wang G.-Y. , Du Z.-P. , Zhang W. , Cao Q.-Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn a solvent free system, hydrolytically stable nonionic surfactants, trisiloxane grafted Oligo(ethylene oxide), were synthesized by hydrosilylation of heptamethyltrisiloxane with allyl-oligo(EO) series. The structures of intermediate and products were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surface activity, foaming property and wetting ability of the surfactants were also investigated. The results show that the prepared surfactants exhibited excellent surface activity and wetting ability.
Reversible Performance of Dodecyl Tetramethyl Guanidine Solution Induced by CO2Trigger
Authors: Qin Y. , Yang H. , Ji J. , Yao S. , Kong Y. , Wang Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDodecyl tetramethyl guanidine (DTMG) were synthesized and characterized, and its reversible performance was studied. The results showed that DTMG could form bicarbonate ionic adduct after exposed to CO2, so it could be used as CO2switchable surfactants. By bubbling CO2through DTMG solution or heating CO2saturated DTMG solution, the alkali and surface active properties of solution was changed reversibly. Emulsion and foam stabilized by DTMG could be controlled between stable and unstable state by CO2. In addition, the state of DTMG solution was easy to be distinguished by naked eye through a simple indicator, phenolphthalein. Pink indicated it was inactive, and colorless indicated it was active.
Effect of Oleate/Bacteria Interactions on Dolomite Separation from Phosphate Ore
Authors: Elmahdy A. M. , El-Midany A. A. , Abdel-Khalek N. A. , El-Mofty S. E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In conventional flotation, the sodium oleate is used as a collector for phosphate separation from silica. However, most of the phosphate deposits contain carbonate impurities, which deteriorate the flotation selectivity using sodium oleate. In this paper, the amenability of the carbonate separation from a sedimentary phosphate ore through bio-flotation process, as a one of various efforts to solve the carbonate problem, was tested. The interaction of two types of bacteria (Corynebacterium-diphtheriae-intermedius, CDI, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA) with sodium oleate was investigated. The interaction between collector and bacteria was determined by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements, zeta potential before and after adsorption of bacteria, as well as frothing power. The results showed that bio-flotation could produce a phosphate concentrate of 0.85% MgO and 30.2% P2O5 with a recovery of 92% at pH 5.5, 1.25 kg/t sodium oleate, ≥ 1 × 108 cells of CDI bacteria. The specification of such concentrate could not be obtained by the conventional flotation experiments, in absence of bacteria, under similar conditions. This means that bacteria could play a significant role as a surface modifier due to its selective adsorption onto the mineral surface as well as its interaction with collector.
Effect of Calcium Ions Concentration on the Foaming Power of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Sanchez E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWater solutions based on the novel surfactant sulfoxylated methyl ester (Φ-MES C16) have been studied and compared to two leading types of surfactants used today: linear alkylbezene sulfonate (LAS) and secondary alkane sulfonate(SAS) with regard to foaming power. This work describes the foam height related experimental results carried out according to the Ross Miles test where either the anionic concentration and water hardness have been varied alternatively. The experimental results obtained indicate that [Anionic]/[Ca2+] ratio strongly influences foam height and that Φ-MES C16 is superior to LAS and SAS.
Extraction of Copper(II) from Sulphate Aqueous Medium with N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalideneaminoethyl)amine Polydentate Schiff Base in Aqueous Two-phase Micellar of Non-Ionic Surfactant
Authors: Reffas H. , Benabdallah T. , Youcef M. Hadj , Ilikti H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The present paper outlines the use of the novel polydentate Schiff's base extractant, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalideneaminoethyl)amine (H2L), for copper(II) extraction in aqueous two-phase micellar of non-ionic surfactant from sulphate media. The extraction process is based on the formation of the hydrophobic complex of copper(II)-H2L, which is subsequently extracted into the non-ionic surfactant-rich phase of p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenylether (Triton X-100) at a temperature above the cloud point temperature (CPT). The phase diagrams of the binary system, water-surfactant (Triton X-100), and of the ternary systems, water-surfactant-salt (Na2SO4), were examined. The effects of the main experimental parameters such as pH, extractant concentration and non-ionic surfactant concentration on the extraction process of copper(II) were studied. The extraction yield was found to be significantly depending on the aqueous solution pH. Copper(II) was extracted with H2L and Triton X-100 in the pH range of (3–12). From the equilibrium slope analysis method, it was suggested that the stoichiometry of the extracted complexes have a composition of 1:1 (Cu:H2L). The optimum conditions of the extraction of copper(II) have been established as the following: (1) 2 × 10−3 M extractant; (2) 5% (m/v) surfactant; (3) pH of 7.2; (4) 7% (m/v) Na2SO4 and (5) temperature of 65°C.
A Process for the Production of Φ-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonates (Φ-MES)
Authors: Cohen L. , Roberts D. W. , Pratesi C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractΦ-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Esters sulfonates (Φ-MES) were obtained via sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with SO2, O2, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength. Expectedly, these products may be used as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alkyl ether sulfate (AES) partners, either in heavy-duty or in hand dishwashing liquids. Φ-MES are new anionic surfactants that can be regarded as potential components for detergent formulations and body care products as well. In this work we summarize the most relevant results of our research started fifteen years ago, on the synthesis, separation and analysis of Φ-sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonates known as Φ-MES, and we update our last findings. We have to point out that we are for the time being, the only research group in the world to have published our research on Φ-MES. This paper describes the optimum batch conditions for the sulfoxidation of FAME and a reaction mechanism is proposed. The paper depicts an improved workup for the separation of reaction products from non reacted methyl ester and the GC-MS analysis of Φ-sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonate is shown. Finally, an interpretation of conversion and selectivity of sulfoxydation reaction is given.
Cleaning Agents: The Divide – Human Friendly vs Environmentally Friendly
Authors: Yeomans T. C. , McKeon N. , McKeon J. , Mitchell E. B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe choice of purchasing an environmentally friendly or “green” cleaning product appears to be one that consumers are increasingly happy to make, however the reality is that environmentally friendly cleaners may contain ingredients that can adversely affect those people suffering from asthma and allergies. Confirming that a product will not adversely affect a user is not straightforward, there is little point to a cleaning product that is harmless to the consumer but is ineffective in its cleaning performance. However, adhering to strict guidelines regarding allowable concentrations of chemicals and other constituents may allow consumers to purchase a product that is both human (and environment) friendly as well as being effective. We discuss the basis by which cleaners may be assessed for suitability for those with asthma and allergies.
Effect of Micellar Aggregates on the Kinetics of Dextrose Oxidation by N-Bromosuccinimide
Authors: Katre Y. , Singh M. , Singh A. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The kinetics of oxidation of dextrose by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been investigated in the presence of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium. Similarly in absence of CTAB solution, the reaction followed fractional-, first-, and negative fractional-order kinetics with respect to [dextrose], [NBS] and [H2SO4], respectively. Although the reaction mechanism remained unaltered by micelles, a typical kψ-[CTAB] profile was observed, that is, with a progressive increase in [CTAB], the reaction rate increased, reached a maximum value, and then decreased. The results are treated quantitatively in terms of Berezin's model. Activation parameters were also evaluated and a negative value of ΔS# shows the formation of well-structured activated complex. The influence of salts on the reaction rates has also been seen. On the basis of product analysis, a pertinent mechanism is proposed.
Branched Alkyl Alcohol Propoxylated Sulfate Surfactants for Improved Oil Recovery
Authors: Wu Y. , Iglauer S. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This investigation considers branched alkyl alcohol propoxylated sulfate surfactants as candidates for chemcial enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Results show that these anionic surfactants may be preferred candidates for EOR as they can be effective at creating low interfacial tension (IFT) at dilute concentrations, without requiring an alkaline agent or cosurfactant. In addition, some of the formulations exhibit a low IFT at high salinity, and hence may be suitable for use in more saline reservoirs. Adsorption tests onto kaolinite clay indicate that the loss of these surfactants can be comparable to or greater than other types of anionic surfactants. Surfactant performance was evaluated in oil recovery core flood tests. Selected formulations recovered 35–50% waterflood residual oil even with dilute 0.2 wt% surfactant concentrations from Berea sandstone cores.