bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideas and Leaders in Contentious Politics: One Parish Priest in El Salvador's Popular Movement
Authors: SANCHEZ PETER M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the actions of one Salvadorean priest – Padre David Rodríguez – in one parish – Tecoluca – to underscore the importance of religious leadership in the rise of El Salvador's contentious political movement that began in the early 1970s, when the guerrilla organisations were only just beginning to develop. Catholic leaders became engaged in promoting contentious politics, however, only after the Church had experienced an ideological conversion, commonly referred to as liberation theology. A focus on one priest, in one parish, allows for generalisation, since scores of priests, nuns and lay workers in El Salvador followed the same injustice frame and tactics that generated extensive political mobilisation throughout the country. While structural conditions, collective action and resource mobilisation are undoubtedly necessary, the case of religious leaders in El Salvador suggests that ideas and leadership are of vital importance for the rise of contentious politics at a particular historical moment.
Refining and expanding the proposal of an inherence heuristic in human understanding
Authors: Cimpian Andrei , Salomon Erika 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe inherence heuristic is a cognitive process that supplies quick and effortless explanations for a wide variety of observations. Due in part to biases in memory retrieval, this heuristic tends to overproduce explanations that appeal to the inherent features of the entities in the observations being explained (hence the heuristic's name). In this response, we use the commentators' input to clarify, refine, and expand the inherence heuristic model. The end result is a piece that complements the target article, amplifying its theoretical contribution.
Intra-individual Variability in Prodromal Huntington Disease and Its Relationship to Genetic Burden
Authors: Musso Mandi , Westervelt Holly James , Long Jeffrey D. , Morgan Erin , Woods Steven Paul , Smith Megan M. , Lu Wenjing , Paulsen Jane S. ,   the PREDICT-HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe current study sought to examine the utility of intra-individual variability (IIV) in distinguishing participants with prodromal Huntington disease (HD) from nongene-expanded controls. IIV across 15 neuropsychological tasks and within-task IIV using a self-paced timing task were compared as a single measure of processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT]) in 693 gene-expanded and 191 nongene-expanded participants from the PREDICT-HD study. After adjusting for depressive symptoms and motor functioning, individuals estimated to be closest to HD diagnosis displayed higher levels of across- and within-task variability when compared to controls and those prodromal HD participants far from disease onset (FICV(3,877)=11.25;p<.0001;FPacedTiming(3,877)=22.89;p<.0001). When prodromal HD participants closest to HD diagnosis were compared to controls, Cohen’sdeffect sizes were larger in magnitude for the within-task variability measure, paced timing (−1.01), and the SDMT (−0.79) and paced tapping coefficient of variation (CV) (−0.79) compared to the measures of across-task variability [CV (0.55); intra-individual standard deviation (0.26)]. Across-task variability may be a sensitive marker of cognitive decline in individuals with prodromal HD approaching disease onset. However, individual neuropsychological tasks, including a measure of within-task variability, produced larger effect sizes than an index of across-task IIV in this sample. (JINS, 2015,21, 8–21)
White Matter Integrity Dissociates Verbal Memory and Auditory Attention Span in Emerging Adults with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Brewster Ryan C. , King Tricia Z. , Burns Thomas G. , Drossner David M. , Mahle William T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhite matter disruptions have been identified in individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, no specific theory-driven relationships between microstructural white matter disruptions and cognition have been established in CHD. We conducted a two-part study. First, we identified significant differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) of emerging adults with CHD using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). TBSS analyses between 22 participants with CHD and 18 demographically similar controls identified five regions of normal appearing white matter with significantly lower FA in CHD, and two higher. Next, two regions of lower FA in CHD were selected to examine theory-driven differential relationships with cognition: voxels along the left uncinate fasciculus (UF; a tract theorized to contribute to verbal memory) and voxels along the right middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP; a tract previously linked to attention). In CHD, a significant positive correlation between UF FA and memory was found,r(20)=.42,p=.049 (uncorrected). There was no correlation between UF and auditory attention span. A positive correlation between MCP FA and auditory attention span was found,r(20)=.47,p=.027 (uncorrected). There was no correlation between MCP and memory. In controls, no significant relationships were identified. These results are consistent with previous literature demonstrating lower FA in younger CHD samples, and provide novel evidence for disrupted white matter integrity in emerging adults with CHD. Furthermore, a correlational double dissociation established distinct white matter circuitry (UF and MCP) and differential cognitive correlates (memory and attention span, respectively) in young adults with CHD. (JINS, 2015,21, 22–33)
Effects of preventive home visits by district nurses on self-reported health of 75-year-olds
Authors: Sherman Helena , Söderhielm- Blid Susanne , Forsberg Christina , Karp Anita , Törnkvist Lena 
Published: January 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to analyse the effects of preventive home visits (PHVs) by district nurses (DNs) on the self-reported health of 75-year-olds, including changes in self-reported health after the visits. The study also investigated whether or not the participants believed the visit was useful.BackgroundThere is a need for methods that promote health among older persons so that they can remain healthy as long as possible. One such method is PHVs. In Sweden, the Stockholm County Council decided to implement such visits to 75-year-olds.MethodsThe study was a cluster-controlled trial carried out in Stockholm. Sixteen healthcare centres (HCCs) were randomly selected from five geographic medical areas in the county. Eight were assigned to the study group (SG) and eight to the control group (CG). The 75-year-olds registered at these centres (SGn=176, CGn=262) filled in a questionnaire before and after the intervention. Each SG member received a PHV from a DN, and the CG was treated as usual.FindingsAt follow-up, both the groups reported decreased health and well-being. However, the SG reported a significant reduction in pain as an effect of the PHV. Participants in the SG reported increased knowledge of local community and county council services, more contacts with their HCCs and increased use of medication. The PHV had no effect on health behaviour. The CG reported significantly more problems in the categories of activities of daily living (ADL) and breathing/circulation. Eighty-four per cent of the participants reported that the PHV was somewhat useful, useful or very useful.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD AND THE DISBANDING OF NONPROFIT HUMAN SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Garrow Eve E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper draws insights from the sociological study of residential segregation and the institutional perspective on organizations to examine the influence of the racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhood on organizational disbanding. The analysis, which combines panel data on a probability sample of nonprofit human service organizations with census data, reveals systematic differences: The percentage of Blacks and Latinos in the census tract is positively associated with the odds that organizations surveyed in 2002 had disbanded by 2011 after controlling for a variety of organizational and environmental factors. By contrast, an increase in the percentage of Whites in the census tract decreased the odds of organizational disbanding. Results highlight the effects of the racial and spatial landscape on organizational life chances, with implications for the capacity of the nonprofit human services sector to reach the most isolated and disadvantaged populations.
CONTESTED TERRAIN
Authors: Bates Timothy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSince 1969, the procurement powers of government have been used proactively to assist minority-owned businesses. Originating in the U.S. Small Business Administration, the practice of targeting procurement contracts to minority-owned business enterprises (MBEs) has expanded throughout government and corporate America. Compared to other minorities, Black-owned firms have been the most active participants. Preferential procurement has been controversial for decades, and its effectiveness for assisting bona fide MBEs has been repeatedly questioned. “Front-company” abuses have received abundant media attention; allegations of reverse discrimination have inspired legal challenges; the judiciary has often thrown out procurement preferences targeted to minorities. Less attention has focused on understanding whether racially targeted procurement preferences have assisted minority-owned businesses.As the multi-billion dollar government and corporate procurement market opened up, employment in Black-owned firms operating in the impacted industries soared. Growing access to procurement opportunities encouraged firm creation and expansion. Government entities operating successful programs actively screened out front firms, eased bonding requirements, downsized and unbundled contracts, and paid MBE vendor invoices promptly. In the process, they effectively lowered key barriers limiting MBE participation in mainstream procurement markets. Well-designed and administered programs succeeded because they created a less discriminatory environment, thus allowing talented entrepreneurs to build large firms. Problems notwithstanding, preferential procurement programs have been highly successful, and this success is a reflection of declining barriers unleashing the creativity of new generations of Black entrepreneurs.
NAIVE SET THEORY AND NONTRANSITIVE LOGIC
Authors: RIPLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn a recent series of papers, I and others have advanced new logical approaches to familiar paradoxes. The key to these approaches is to accept full classical logic, and to accept the principles that cause paradox, while preventing trouble by allowing a certain sort ofnontransitivity. Earlier papers have treated paradoxes of truth and vagueness. The present paper will begin to extend the approach to deal with the familiar paradoxes arising in naive set theory, pointing out some of the promises and pitfalls of such an approach.
The Importance of Setting a Target: The EU Ambition of a High Level of Protection
Authors: Misonne Delphine 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe European Union (EU) aims to ensure a high level of environmental protection. This is a key message of primary EU law. This article explores the purpose and meaning of this explicit ambition. It deciphers its influence on case law and on judicial review of legislative and administrative discretion. It argues that the requirement goes beyond window dressing and that its added value lies both in supporting the legitimacy of bold decisions and in preventing a manifest dismissal of the requisites of environmental protection.Although primarily focused on EU law and on its technicalities, the article may offer helpful insights to other transnational or federal systems. It may help to build a better understanding of some of the challenges facing any environmental law regime confronted with the sensitive issue of ‘ambition’.
An internal ribosome entry site in the 5′ untranslated region of epidermal growth factor receptor allows hypoxic expression
Authors: Webb T E , Hughes A , Smalley D S , Spriggs K A 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1/HER1) is implicated in the progress of numerous cancers, a feature that has been exploited in the development of EGFR antibodies and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. However, EGFR also has important normal cellular functions, leading to serious side effects when EGFR is inhibited. One damaging characteristic of many oncogenes is the ability to be expressed in the hypoxic conditions associated with the tumour interior. It has previously been demonstrated that expression of EGFR is maintained in hypoxic conditions via an unknown mechanism of translational control, despite global translation rates generally being attenuated under hypoxic conditions. In this report, we demonstrate that the human EGFR 5′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence can initiate the expression of a downstream open reading frame via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). We show that this effect is not due to either cryptic promoter activity or splicing events. We have investigated the requirement of the EGFR IRES for eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), which is an RNA helicase responsible for processing RNA secondary structure as part of translation initiation. Treatment with hippuristanol (a potent inhibitor of eIF4A) caused a decrease in EGFR 5′ UTR-driven reporter activity and also a reduction in EGFR protein level. Importantly, we show that expression of a reporter gene under the control of the EGFR IRES is maintained under hypoxic conditions despite a fall in global translation rates.
Embryonic stem cell differentiation requires full length Chd1
Authors: Piatti Paolo , Lim Chin Yan , Nat Roxana , Villunger Andreas , Geley Stephan , Shue Yan Ting , Soratroi Claudia , Moser Markus , Lusser Alexandra 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe modulation of chromatin dynamics by ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors has been recognized as an important mechanism to regulate the balancing of self-renewal and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here we have studied the effects of a partial deletion of the gene encoding the chromatin remodeling factor Chd1 that generates an N-terminally truncated version of Chd1 in mouse ESCs in vitro as well as in vivo. We found that a previously uncharacterized serine-rich region (SRR) at the N-terminus is not required for chromatin assembly activity of Chd1 but that it is subject to phosphorylation. Expression of Chd1 lacking this region in ESCs resulted in aberrant differentiation properties of these cells. The self-renewal capacity and ESC chromatin structure, however, were not affected. Notably, we found that newly established ESCs derived from Chd1Δ2/Δ2 mutant mice exhibited similar differentiation defects as in vitro generated mutant ESCs, even though the N-terminal truncation of Chd1 was fully compatible with embryogenesis and post-natal life in the mouse. These results underscore the importance of Chd1 for the regulation of pluripotency in ESCs and provide evidence for a hitherto unrecognized critical role of the phosphorylated N-terminal SRR for full functionality of Chd1.
Nonuniform gene expression pattern detected along the longitudinal axis in the matured rice leaf
Authors: Li Ning , Chen Yun-Ru , Ding Zehong , Li Pinghua , Wu Ying , Zhang Ai , Yu Sheng , Giovannoni James J. , Fei Zhangjun , Zhang Wei , Xiang Jenny Z. , Xu Chunming , Liu Bao , Zhong Silin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa) is a staple crop that supports half the world's population and an important monocot model system. Monocot leaf matures in a basipetal manner and has a well-defined developmental gradient along the longitudinal axis. However, little is known about its transcriptional dynamics after leaf maturation. In this study, we have reconstructed a high spatial resolution transcriptome for the matured rice leaf by sectioning the leaf into seven 3-cm fragments. We have performed strand-specific Illumina sequencing to generate gene expression profiles for each fragment. We found that the matured leaf contains a longitudinal gene expression gradient, with 6.97% (2,603) of the expressed genes showing differentially expression along the seven sections. The leaf transcriptome showed a gradual transition from accumulating transcripts related to primary cell wall and basic cellular metabolism at the base to those involved in photosynthesis and energy production in the middle and catabolic metabolism process toward the tip.
Regulation of processive motion and microtubule localization of cytoplasmic dynein
Authors: Jha Rupam , Surrey Thomas 
Published: January 2015

The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor. Although its directionality is evolutionary well conserved, differences exist among cytoplasmic dyneins from different species in their stepping behaviour, maximum velocity and force production. Recent experiments also suggest differences in processivity regulation. In the present article, we give an overview of dynein's motile properties, with a special emphasis on processivity and its regulation. Furthermore, we summarize recent findings of different pathways for microtubule plus-end loading of dynein. The present review highlights how distinct functions in different cell types or organisms appear to require different mechanochemical dynein properties and localization pathways.
Centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles: a recent liaison?
Authors: Chavali Pavithra L. , Peset Isabel , Gergely Fanni 
Published: January 2015

Centrosomes comprise two cylindrical centrioles embedded in the pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM is an ordered assembly of large scaffolding molecules, providing an interaction platform for proteins involved in signalling, trafficking and most importantly microtubule nucleation and organization. In mitotic cells, centrosomes are located at the spindle poles, sites where spindle microtubules converge. However, certain cell types and organisms lack centrosomes, yet contain focused spindle poles, highlighting that despite their juxtaposition in cells, centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles are distinct physical entities. In the present paper, we discuss the origin of centrosomes and summarize their contribution to mitotic spindle assembly and cell division. We then describe the key molecular players that mediate centrosome attachment to mitotic spindle poles and explore why co-segregation of centrosomes and spindle poles into daughter cells is of potential benefit to organisms.
Synthesis of Ni‐riched NiO‐Co3O4 sheet‐like nanocomposites and their application in supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Xian‐Wen , Wu Kong‐Lin , Zhang Zai‐Xian , Yue Yao‐Xiang , Zhao Meng‐Li , Cheng Juan , Wei Xian‐Wen 
Published: January 2015

In this reported work Ni‐riched NiO‐Co3O4 sheet‐like nanocomposites (SNCs) were obtained through a facile solvothermal method in a mixed solvent and subsequently calcinated in air. Galvanostatic charge‐discharge measurement revealed that the Ni‐riched NiO‐Co3O4SNCs electrode has an impressive specific capacitance as high as 836 F g−1 at 4 A g−1 in 3 M KOH solution. The as‐obtained Ni‐riched NiO‐Co3O4SNCs product showed a weak cycling stability, but the higher capacitance (424 F g−1) was retained after 1000 cycles at 4 A g−1.
What’s in a mimetic?
Authors: Usuki Takeshi , Akita Kimi 
Published: January 2015

This paper explores the fundamental semantic and syntactic properties of Japanese mimetic lexemes as iconic signs that depict various eventualities by means of linguistic sound. We argue how the two central features of mimetics – stem-based morphology and dynamicity – restrict their morphosyntactic and semantic realizations. The discussion on the impossible uses of mimetics, such as intrinsically static adjectival expressions and object-oriented depictives, particularly clarifies the limits of the traditional root-based analysis of mimetic morphology and sets the basis for its theoretical treatment.
Visual, auditory, and cognitive iconicity in written literature
Authors: Elleström Lars 
Published: January 2015

This article demonstrates an analytical approach that might be used as a method for disentangling the manifold iconic layers and aspects of written literature. The goal is to make a clear and practice-oriented presentation of some of the most overarching types of iconicity, based on the assumption that iconicity – as representation in general – must be understood in terms of both sensory activity and cognition. One specific literary text, Emily Dickinson’s poem “Because I could not stop for Death” (1862), is analyzed as an example via a broad field of iconic traits, structured as visual, auditory, and cognitive iconicity. Although applied to a visual, literary text, the delineated method may be extended to any other kind of medium, taking into account relevant sensory properties and cognitive aspects.
Iconicity in question
Authors: De Penanros Hélène 
Published: January 2015

This article analyzes three cases of competition between a preposition and its corresponding case or the use of the case by itself. It shows that the difference between the two types of constructions is always the same: the case alone is used to express an unmarked relationship, whereas the prepositional phrase + the corresponding case is used to focus on one of its aspects. This could be analyzed in terms of ‘iconicity of motivation’, as the instance marked semantically (with focalization) is also marked syntactically insofar as two markers co-occur. However, the author shows that this analysis which directly links form and meaning without taking into account the linguistic operations implemented by the linguistic forms, is unsatisfactory. She proposes an alternative analysis based on the hypothesis that a case and a preposition are ‘relators’ and explains that the focalization observed in the constructions with two relators (case+preposition) is not so much due to the fact that more markers are used, but to the fact that two semantically close relationships involving the same terms are fully implemented.
Readability for foreign language learning
Authors: Beinborn Lisa , Zesch Torsten , Gurevych Iryna 
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we analyse the differences between L1 acquisition and L2 learning and identify four main aspects: input quality and quantity, mapping processes, cross-lingual influence, and reading experience. As a consequence of these differences, we conclude that L1 readability measures cannot be directly mapped to L2 readability. We propose to calculate L2 readability for various dimensions and for smaller units. It is particularly important to account for the cross-lingual influence from the learner’s L1 and other previously acquired languages and for the learner’s higher experience in reading.
In our analysis, we focus on lexical readability as it has been found to be the most influential dimension for L2 reading comprehension. We discuss the features frequency, lexical variation, concreteness, polysemy, and context specificity and analyse their impact on L2 readability. As a new feature specific to L2 readability, we propose the cognateness of words with words in languages the learner already knows. A pilot study confirms our assumption that learners can deduce the meaning of new words by their cognateness to other languages.