bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK NHS pilot study on cell‐free DNA testing in screening for fetal trisomies: factors affecting uptake
Authors: Gil M. M. , Giunta G. , Macalli E. A. , Poon L. C. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study reports on the clinical implementation of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing, contingent on the results of the combined test, in screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in two UK National Health Service hospitals. Women with a combined‐test risk of ≥ 1:100 (high risk) were offered the options of chorionic villus sampling (CVS), cfDNA testing or no further testing and those with a risk of 1:101 to 1:2500 (intermediate risk) were offered cfDNA or no further testing. The objective of the study was to examine the factors affecting patient decisions concerning their options.MethodsCombined screening was performed in 6651 singleton pregnancies in which the risk for trisomies was high in 260 (3.9%), intermediate in 2017 (30.3%) and low in 4374 (65.8%). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors among maternal characteristics, fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and risk for trisomies were significant predictors of opting for CVS in the high‐risk group and opting for cfDNA testing in the intermediate‐risk group.ResultsIn the high‐risk group, 104 (40.0%) women opted for CVS; predictors for CVS were increasing fetal NT and increasing risk for trisomies, while the predictor against CVS was being of Afro‐Caribbean racial origin (r = 0.366). In the intermediate‐risk group, 1850 (91.7%) women opted for cfDNA testing; predictors for cfDNA testing were increasing maternal age, increasing risk for trisomies and university education, while predictors against cfDNA testing were being of Afro‐Caribbean racial origin, smoking and being parous (r = 0.105).ConclusionsThis study has identified factors that can influence the decision of women undergoing combined screening in favor of or against CVS and in favor of or against cfDNA testing. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Research with disaggregated electricity end‐use data in households: review and recommendations
Authors: Rowlands Ian H. , Reid Tobi , Parker Paul 
Published: October 2014

Changes in electricity systems mean that more detailed information about demand levels for particular energy services in the home are now available to energy researchers. Accordingly, it is useful to determine how these data might be best used by energy researchers. To advance this discussion, 13 studies that use intrusive load‐monitoring techniques to generate, to present, and to make effective use of, disaggregated end‐use electricity data from households are identified. These studies are placed within a broader literature context (including studies using non‐intrusive load‐monitoring techniques), are summarized briefly, and are cross‐compared in order to delineate emerging issues. These issues are as follows: methodological challenges, including monitoring equipment performance and participant recruitment; ways to present the time‐ and space‐specific nature of the end‐use electricity data generated; advances with respect to end‐use electricity models that can be built; appliance‐specific insights; and future priorities for this kind of work, including energy conservation insights, relevant policy recommendations, and priority academic investigations. Finally, reflection upon these 13 studies, as well as the broader energy research agenda, generates a number of priority areas for work going forward: making effective use of additional data; broadening the focus to include electricity production and storage, as well as other energy, carbon, resource, and information flows; placing these data within broader social contexts and wider power system considerations; and encouraging effective use of these data to advance energy system sustainability, at both the household and community levels. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:383–396. doi: 10.1002/wene.151This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Brief report: Violent false memories and engagement in aggressive and delinquent behavior: An investigation in adolescents
Authors: Vannucci Manila , Nocentini Annalaura , Chiorri Carlo , Menesini Ersilia 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the relationship between violent false memories and delinquent and aggressive behavior in a sample of adolescents. Two hundred eleven participants completed measures of aggressive and delinquent behavior and performed a modified version of the Deese‐Roediger‐McDermott (DRM) paradigm, a false memory task for lists of associated words. Participants were presented with a list of ambiguously violent words and three lists of neutral words. For each list a free recall task was performed. Violent false memories were significantly associated with delinquent behaviors in both genders, whereas a significant correlation with aggressive behaviors was found only in males. A multilevel multiple regression showed that the prediction of delinquent behaviors was improved by entering violent false memories into the model as a further predictor, whereas no effect was found for aggressive behaviors. These findings indicate a significant association of violent false memories with delinquent behavior in adolescents.
Inertial wave rays in rotating spherical fluid domains
Authors: Rabitti Anna , Maas Leo R. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe behaviour of inertial waves in a rotating spherical container, filled with homogeneous fluid, is here investigated by means of a three-dimensional ray tracing algorithm, in a linear, inviscid framework. In particular, the classical, two-dimensional association between regular modes and periodic trajectories is addressed here for the first time in a fully three-dimensional setting. Three-dimensional, repelling periodic trajectories are found and classified on the basis of the associated frequency and spatial structure, although associated frequencies are hardly reconcilable to Bryan’s (Proc. R. Soc. Lond., vol. 45, 1889, pp. 42–45) classical solutions for inertial waves in the sphere. The normalized squared frequency $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\omega ^2 = 1/2$ appears to divide the frequency range into two different trajectory regimes, where critical latitudes play a different role. Chaotic orbits are not found, as expected, while invariant, non-domain-filling orbits (whispering gallery modes) constitute the majority of the trajectories in the sphere. From ray tracing alone, the wavefield is still far from being completely reconstructed, and a study performed in such a simplified setting is clearly far from any realistic application, however, it appears that three-dimensional ray dynamics constitutes a valid approach to infer information on the spectrum and regularity properties of a system, and is then able to bring new insight in a variety of fundamental problems of geophysical and astrophysical relevance, once its power and limitations have been recognized.
The network structure of mathematical knowledge according to the Wikipedia, MathWorld, and DLMF online libraries
Authors: GONZAGA FLAVIO B. , BARBOSA VALMIR C. , XEXÉO GERALDO B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe study the network structure of Wikipedia (restricted to its mathematical portion), MathWorld, and DLMF. We approach these three online mathematical libraries from the perspective of several global and local network-theoretic features, providing for each one the appropriate value or distribution, along with comparisons that, if possible, also include the whole of the Wikipedia or the Web. We identify some distinguishing characteristics of all three libraries, most of them supposedly traceable to the libraries' shared nature of relating to a very specialized domain. Among these characteristics are the presence of a very large strongly connected component in each of the corresponding directed graphs, the complete absence of any clear power laws describing the distribution of local features, and the rise to prominence of some local features (e.g., stress centrality) that can be used to effectively search for keywords in the libraries.
Optimal cut-off values of BMI, waist circumference and waist:height ratio for defining obesity in Chinese adults
Authors: Zeng Qiang , He Yuan , Dong Shengyong , Zhao Xiaolan , Chen Zhiheng , Song Zhenya , Chang Guang , Yang Fang , Wang Youjuan 
Published: October 2014

It has not been established which specific measures of obesity might be most appropriate for predicting CVD risk in Asians. The objectives of the present study were to determine the associations of BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist:height ratio (WHtR) with CVD risk factors and to evaluate the optimal cut-off values to define overweight or obesity in Chinese adults. Data collected from seven nationwide health examination centres during 2008 and 2009 were analysed. The BMI, WC and WHtR of 244 266 Chinese adults aged ≥ 20 years included in the study were measured. Logistic regression models were fit to evaluate the OR of each CVD risk factor according to various anthropometric indices. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the optimal cut-off values to predict the risk of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and the metabolic syndrome. WHtR had the largest areas under the ROC curve for all CVD risk factors in both sexes, followed by WC and BMI. The optimal cut-off values were approximately 24·0 and 23·0 kg/m2 for BMI, 85·0 and 75·0 cm for WC, and 0·50 and 0·48 for WHtR for men and women, respectively. According to well-established cut-off values, BMI was found to be a more sensitive indicator of hypertension in both men and women, while WC and WHtR were found to be better indicators of diabetes and dyslipidaemia. A combination of BMI and central obesity measures was found to be associated with greater OR of CVD risk factors than either of them alone in both sexes. The present study demonstrated that WHtR and WC may be better indicators of CVD risk factors for Chinese people than BMI.
FMR1 CGG allele length in Israeli BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers and the general population display distinct distribution patterns
Authors: LAITMAN YAEL , RIES-LEVAVI LIAT , BERKENSDADT MICHAL , KORACH JACOB , PERRI TAMAR , PRAS ELON , FRIEDMAN EITAN 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPremature ovarian failure and diminished ovarian reserve have been noted both in female BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers and in carriers of the Fragile X syndrome FMR1 gene CGG repeat size premutation. Based on the observation that BRCA mutation carriers do not harbour long CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene, it was hypothesized that BRCA-associated premature ovarian failure is mediated via FMR1. To test this notion, we evaluated the distribution of constitutional FMR1 genotypes in 188 BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation-positive Jewish Ashkenazi women and 15 708 female, mostly Ashkenazi controls in Israel. BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers displayed a unique distribution of FMR1 genotypes compared with controls (p = 0·018) with a prominence of the shorter CGG alleles (<26 repeats). There was no allele size distribution differences within BRCA carriers when comparing cancer free (n = 95) and breast cancer affected women (n = 93) (p = 0·43). In conclusion, BRCA mutation carriers exhibit a distinct CGG FMR1 repeat size pattern compared with the general population, but it is unlikely to account for the reported diminished ovarian reserve or act as a modifier breast cancer gene in BRCA mutation carriers.
Monitoring the effects of tourism on whale sharkRhincodon typusbehaviour in Mozambique
Authors: Haskell Peter J. , McGowan Andrew , Westling Anna , Méndez-Jiménez Adriana , Rohner Christoph A. , Collins Kym , Rosero-Caicedo Marcela , Salmond Jodi , Monadjem Ara , Marshall Andrea D. , Pierce Simon J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe whale sharkRhincodon typusis a popular focal species in the marine tourism industry. We analysed 689 encounters with at least 142 individual sharks during 2008–2010 to assess their behaviour in the presence of swimmers at Tofo Beach, Mozambique. Sharks varied in size (estimated 3.0–9.5 m total length) and the majority (74%) were males. The sharks displayed avoidance behaviours during 64.7% of encounters. Encounter duration decreased significantly, from 12 minutes 37 s with undisturbed sharks to 8 minutes 25 s when sharks expressed avoidance behaviours, indicating that interactions with tourists affected the sharks’ short-term behaviour. However, during the 2.5-year study period we found no trend in the mean encounter duration, the overall expression of avoidance behaviour or the likelihood of an individual shark exhibiting avoidance behaviours. Potential effects of tourism may be mitigated by the non-breeding status and transient behaviour of sharks at this aggregation site.
A particular Reformed piety: John Knox and the posture at communion
Authors: Torrance Iain R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract2014 is the quincentenary of the birth of John Knox and the article is part of an attempt to contextualise him and assess his impact. In the autumn of 1552 Knox preached a ferocious sermon at Windsor in the presence of the young King Edward VI. The sermon threatened to derail the careful compromise of the Second Prayer Book of Edward VI and provoked a sharp reply from Archbishop Thomas Cranmer to the Privy Council. The so-called Black Rubric (arguably produced by Cranmer) which clarified the intention of the posture of the recipient at communion was added to the Second Prayer Book. Though Cranmer's withering response might have been taken to have demolished Knox's peculiar insistence that the Reformed communion should mirror the posture of the disciples at the Last Supper, the issue reappeared a generation later when James VI and I attempted to require recipients to kneel to receive communion in the Articles of Perth of 1618. The Knox–Cranmer dispute had a rerun in the conflicting pamphlets of David Calderwood and John Forbes of Corse. In theological terms, John Forbes has the better arguments, but by that stage aspects of a style and tone of Scottish worship had become customary and prevail to this day. It is those aspects of table fellowship which form Knox's continuing legacy.
Calvin's legacy for contemporary Reformed natural law
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRecent scholarship has done much to uncover a continuous tradition of distinctively Reformed natural law reflection, according to which knowledge of the natural moral law, though not saving knowledge, is universally available to humanity in its fallen state and makes a stable secular order possible. A close look at Calvin's understanding of natural law, and in particular of conscience and natural human instincts, shows that Calvin himself did not expect the natural law to serve as a source of substantive action-guiding moral norms. First, Calvin held that conscience delivers information concerning the moral quality even of individual actions. But he also thought that we often blind ourselves to the deliverances of conscience. Second, he argued that our natural instincts predispose us to civic order and fair dealing insofar as these are necessary for the natural well-being or advantage of creatures such as ourselves. But he also carefully distinguished the good of advantage from the good of justice or virtue. The modern natural lawyers eroded Calvin's careful distinction between conscience as revealing our dutyas duty, and instinct as guiding us towards natural advantage. They also turned away from Calvin's insistence on the moral incapacity of unredeemed humanity. The modern natural lawyers saw their task as one of developing an empirical science of human nature to guide legislation and shape international law, bracketing questions of whether this nature was fallen and in need of redemption. When Scottish Presbyterian Reformed thinkers, such as Gershom Carmichael and John Witherspoon, tried in diverse ways to restore eroded Reformed commitments to the science of human nature, about which they were otherwise so enthusiastic, they were not particularly successful. A science which could derive moral norms from an examination of human instincts, and a conscience which could deliver universal moral knowledge, proved too attractive to decline simply because of the transcendence of God or the fallenness of humankind. Those who wished to preserve an account of natural law which remained faithful to a fully robust set of Reformed theological commitments could do so only by refusing to regard the natural law as a positive source of moral knowledge.
Finding words and word structure in artificial speech: the development of infants' sensitivity to morphosyntactic regularities
Authors: MARCHETTO ERIKA , BONATTI LUCA L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTTo achieve language proficiency, infants must find the building blocks of speech and master the rules governing their legal combinations. However, these problems are linked: words are also built according to rules. Here, we explored early morphosyntactic sensitivity by testing when and how infants could find either words or within-word structure in artificial speech snippets embodying properties of morphological constructions. We show that 12-month-olds use statistical relationships between syllables to extract words from continuous streams, but find word-internal regularities only if the streams are segmented. Seven-month-olds fail both tasks. Thus, 12-month-olds infants possess the resources to analyze the internal composition of words if the speech contains segmentation information. However, 7-month-old infants may not possess them, although they can track several statistical relations. This developmental difference suggests that morphosyntactic sensitivity may require computational resources extending beyond the detection of simple statistics.
Swedish Ambulance Managers’ Descriptions of Crisis Support for Ambulance Staff After Potentially Traumatic Events
Authors: Hugelius Karin , Berg Sara , Westerberg Elin , Gifford Mervyn , Adolfsson Annsofie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroductionAmbulance staff face complex and sometimes stressful or potentially traumatic situations, not only in disasters but also in their routine daily work. The aim of this study was to survey ambulance managers’ descriptions of crisis support interventions for ambulance staff after potential traumatic events (PTEs).MethodsSemistructured interviews with a qualitative descriptive design were conducted with six ambulance managers in a health care region in central Sweden. The data was analyzed using content analysis.ResultFive categories were found in the result: (1) description of a PTE; (2) description and performance of crisis support interventions; (3) impact of working in potentially traumatic situations; (4) the ambulance managers’ role in crisis support interventions; and (5) the ambulance managers’ suggestions for improvement. Ambulance managers described crisis support interventions after a PTE as a single, mandatory group meeting with a structure reminiscent of debriefing. The ambulance managers also expressed doubts about the present structures for crisis support and mentioned an alternative approach which is more in line with present evidence-based recommendations.ConclusionThe results indicated a need for increased understanding of the importance of the managers’ attitudes for ambulance staff; a need for further implementation of evidence-based recommendations for crisis support interventions was also highlighted.HugeliusK, BergS, WesterbergE, GiffordM, AdolfssonA. Swedish ambulance managers’ descriptions of crisis support for ambulance staff after potentially traumatic events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4.
‘A Character to lose’: Richard Goodlad, the Rangpurdhing, and the priorities of the East India Company's early colonial administrators
Authors: LEES JAMES 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines the conduct of Richard Goodlad, the East India Company's collector in Rangpur, north Bengal, upon the outbreak of a peasant rebellion in his district during 1783. It uses his reaction to this event to illustrate the nature of the Company's district bureaucracy and its relationship with the central colonial authorities in Calcutta during the later eighteenth century.The article considers the aims and limitations of the European officials who were sent out to administer Bengal's districts, detailing their priorities and practices within a weak and decentralised state structure. Ultimately it argues that the relationship between these local and central components of the colonial state was, prior to the Company's rise to subcontinental hegemony in the early nineteenth-century, profoundly shaped both by widespread military under-resourcing, and by the primacy of personal interest among its local officials.
Filamentous phages prevalent in Pseudoalteromonas spp. confer properties advantageous to host survival in Arctic sea ice
Authors: Yu Zi-Chao , Chen Xiu-Lan , Shen Qing-Tao , Zhao Dian-Li , Tang Bai-Lu , Su Hai-Nan , Wu Zhao-Yu , Qin Qi-Long , Xie Bin-Bin , Zhang Xi-Ying , Yu Yong , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Chen Bo , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Sea ice is one of the most frigid environments for marine microbes. In contrast to other ocean ecosystems, microbes in permanent sea ice are space confined and subject to many extreme conditions, which change on a seasonal basis. How these microbial communities are regulated to survive the extreme sea ice environment is largely unknown. Here, we show that filamentous phages regulate the host bacterial community to improve survival of the host in permanent Arctic sea ice. We isolated a filamentous phage, f327, from an Arctic sea ice Pseudoalteromonas strain, and we demonstrated that this type of phage is widely distributed in Arctic sea ice. Growth experiments and transcriptome analysis indicated that this phage decreases the host growth rate, cell density and tolerance to NaCl and H2O2, but enhances its motility and chemotaxis. Our results suggest that the presence of the filamentous phage may be beneficial for survival of the host community in sea ice in winter, which is characterized by polar night, nutrient deficiency and high salinity, and that the filamentous phage may help avoid over blooming of the host in sea ice in summer, which is characterized by polar day, rich nutrient availability, intense radiation and high concentration of H2O2. Thus, while they cannot kill the host cells by lysing them, filamentous phages confer properties advantageous to host survival in the Arctic sea ice environment. Our study provides a foremost insight into the ecological role of filamentous phages in the Arctic sea ice ecosystem.
Exponential rise of dynamical complexity in quantum computing through projections
Authors: Burgarth Daniel Klaus , Facchi Paolo , Giovannetti Vittorio , Nakazato Hiromichi , Pascazio Saverio , Yuasa Kazuya 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe ability of quantum systems to host exponentially complex dynamics has the potential to revolutionize science and technology. Therefore, much effort has been devoted to developing of protocols for computation, communication and metrology, which exploit this scaling, despite formidable technical difficulties. Here we show that the mere frequent observation of a small part of a quantum system can turn its dynamics from a very simple one into an exponentially complex one, capable of universal quantum computation. After discussing examples, we go on to show that this effect is generally to be expected: almost any quantum dynamics becomes universal once ‘observed’ as outlined above. Conversely, we show that any complex quantum dynamics can be ‘purified’ into a simpler one in larger dimensions. We conclude by demonstrating that even local noise can lead to an exponentially complex dynamics.