bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure–Activity Relationships of Nickel–Hexaaluminates in Reforming Reactions Part II: Activity and Stability of Nanostructured Nickel–Hexaaluminate‐Based Catalysts in the Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Roussière Thomas , Schulz Linus , Schelkle Korwin M. , Wasserschaff Guido , Milanov Andrian , Schwab Ekkehard , Deutschmann Olaf , Jentys Andreas , Lercher Johannes , Schunk Stephan A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNi–hexaaluminates exhibiting a high magnetoplumbite or β“‐alumina phase content (>80 wt %) and high specific surface areas (10–30 m2 g−1) were investigated under dry reforming conditions. Ni content and choice of mirror plane cation are the key factors controlling the structure–property relationship in the dry reforming reaction of CH4. The Ni content is favorably kept below a threshold ofy=0.25 in ANiyAl12‐yO19−δ, (A=Ba, La, Sr) to ensure controlled nanoparticle formation and to avoid uncontrolled Ni0nanoparticle growth apart from the support. Sr,Ni and Ba,Ni–hexaaluminates promote high activity of the catalyst in the dry reforming reaction of CH4, but show fast deactivation if the Ni content is maladjusted in the hexaaluminate framework (y≥0.5). La,Ni–magnetoplumbites display much lower activity accompanied by fast deactivation. The use of very high calcination temperatures (1600 °C) resulting in low specific surface area is detrimental to the activity in the dry reforming of CH4, simultaneously higher hexaaluminate phase content obtained undoes catalytic stability, reasoned by Ni0nanoparticles produced after reduction cannot be stabilized over surface defects typically found on hexaaluminate platelets calcined at moderated temperatures (<1300 °C). As a result, larger metallic Ni ensembles are built up, selectivity to coke is increased and catalytic stability is compromised.
Spontaneous H2Loss through the Interaction of Squaric Acid Derivatives and BeH2
Authors: Montero‐Campillo M. Merced , Yáñez Manuel , Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar , Mó Otilia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe most stable complexes between squaric acid and its sulfur‐ and selenium‐containing analogues (C4X4H2; X=O, S, Se) with BeY2(Y=H, F) were studied by means of the Gaussian 04 (G4) composite ab initio theory. Squaric acid derivatives are predicted to be very strong acids in the gas phase; their acidity increases with the size of the chalcogen, with C4Se4H2being the strongest acid of the series and stronger than sulfuric acid. The relative stability of the C4X4H2⋅BeY2(X=O, S, Se; Y=H, F) complexes changes with the nature of the chalcogen atom; but more importantly, the formation of the C4X4H2⋅BeF2complexes results in a substantial acidity enhancement of the squaric moiety owing to the dramatic electron‐density redistribution undergone by the system when the beryllium bond is formed. The most significant consequence of this acidity enhancement is that when BeF2is replaced by BeH2, a spontaneous exergonic loss of H2is observed regardless of the nature of the chalcogen atom. This is another clear piece of evidence of the important role that closed‐shell interactions play in the modulation of physicochemical properties of the Lewis acid and/or the Lewis base.
Facile Identification of Dual FLT3–Aurora A Inhibitors: A Computer‐Guided Drug Design Approach
Authors: Chang Hsu Yung , Ke Yi‐Yu , Shiao Hui‐Yi , Lee Chieh‐Chien , Lin Wen‐Hsing , Chen Chun‐Hwa , Yen Kuei‐Jung , Hsu John T.‐A. , Chang Chungming , Hsieh Hsing‐Pang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractComputer‐guided drug design is a powerful tool for drug discovery. Herein we disclose the use of this approach for the discovery of dual FMS‐like receptor tyrosine kinase‐3 (FLT3)–Aurora A inhibitors against cancer. An Aurora hit compound was selected as a starting point, from which 288 virtual molecules were screened. Subsequently, some of these were synthesized and evaluated for their capacity to inhibit FLT3 and Aurora kinase A. To further enhance FLT3 inhibition, structure–activity relationship studies of the lead compound were conducted through a simplification strategy and bioisosteric replacement, followed by the use of computer‐guided drug design to prioritize molecules bearing a variety of different terminal groups in terms of favorable binding energy. Selected compounds were then synthesized, and their bioactivity was evaluated. Of these, one novel inhibitor was found to exhibit excellent inhibition of FLT3 and Aurora kinase A and exert a dramatic antiproliferative effect on MOLM‐13 and MV4‐11 cells, with an IC50 value of 7 nM. Accordingly, it is considered a highly promising candidate for further development.
Developmental remodeling of corticocortical feedback circuits in ferret visual cortex
Authors: Khalil Reem , Levitt Jonathan B. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTVisual cortical areas in the mammalian brain are linked through a system of interareal feedforward and feedback connections, which presumably underlie different visual functions. We characterized the refinement of feedback projections to primary visual cortex (V1) from multiple sources in juvenile ferrets ranging in age from 4–10 weeks postnatal. We studied whether the refinement of different aspects of feedback circuitry from multiple visual cortical areas proceeds at a similar rate in all areas. We injected the neuronal tracer cholera toxin B (CTb) into V1 and mapped the areal and laminar distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in extrastriate cortex. Around the time of eye opening at 4 weeks postnatal, the retinotopic arrangement of feedback appears essentially adult‐like; however, suprasylvian cortex supplies the greatest proportion of feedback, whereas area 18 supplies the greatest proportion in the adult. The density of feedback cells and the ratio of supragranular/infragranular feedback contribution declined in this period at a similar rate in all cortical areas. We also found significant feedback to V1 from layer IV of all extrastriate areas. The regularity of cell spacing, the proportion of feedback arising from layer IV, and the tangential extent of feedback in each area all remained essentially unchanged during this period, except for the infragranular feedback source in area 18, which expanded. Thus, while much of the basic pattern of cortical feedback to V1 is present before eye opening, there is major synchronous reorganization after eye opening, suggesting a crucial role for visual experience in this remodeling process. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3208–3228, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linker Rectifiers for Covalent Attachment of Transition‐Metal Catalysts to Metal‐Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Ding Wendu , Negre Christian F. A. , Palma Julio L. , Durrell Alec C. , Allen Laura J. , Young Karin J. , Milot Rebecca L. , Schmuttenmaer Charles A. , Brudvig Gary W. , Crabtree Robert H. , Batista Victor S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLinkers that favor rectification of interfacial electron transfer are likely to be required for efficient photo‐driven catalysis of multi‐electron reactions at electrode surfaces. Design principles are discussed, together with the synthesis and characterization of a specific pair of molecular linkers, related by inversion of the direction of an amide bond in the heart of the molecule. The linkers have a terpyridyl group that can covalently bind Mn as in a well‐known water oxidation catalyst and an acetylacetonate group that allows attachment to TiO2 surfaces. The appropriate choice of the sense of the amide linkage yields directionality of interfacial electron transfer, essential to enhance electron injection and slow back‐electron transfer. Support comes from electron paramagnetic resonance and terahertz spectroscopic measurements, as well as computational modeling characterizing the asymmetry of electron transfer properties.
Diagnostic of Plasma Produced by a Spark Plug at Atmospheric Pressure: Reduced Electric Field and Vibrational Temperature
Authors: Hnatiuc B. , Astanei D. , Pellerin S. , Cerqueira N. , Hnatiuc M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe electric discharge generated between the electrodes of a classic spark plug could not assure a fast and total combustion of the air – hydrocarbon mixture. To be able to improve the quality of the combustion process through the ignition system improvement it is necessary to have a complete diagnostic of the discharge produced by a spark plug, from physical and chemical point of view. This work presents a comparative study of the reduced electric field and the vibrational temperature for a classic spark produced in air at atmospheric pressure, as functions of pulses widths applied by the power supply. The reduced electric field was calculated by using the rotational temperature values established by a previous study, considering them as temperature plasma gas temperatures. The vibrational temperature was determined by using the N2second positive molecular emission spectra. The spark plug was supplied with trains of pulses containing one or two pulses having variable widths provided by a special power supply.The results obtained for the vibrational temperature of nitrogen molecules are close to these obtained for the rotational temperature calculated by using a spectroscopic diagnostic method based on the OH UV molecular band spectra (between 2000 and 3500 K). The electron temperature values, imposed by the reduced electric field (up to 2000 Td), are superior to 10000 K. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Predictors of Reading in Urdu: Does Deep Orthography Have an Impact?
Authors: Farukh Ammara , Vulchanova Mila 
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to establish the extent to which rapid automatized naming (RAN) and non‐word repetition (NWR) tasks predict reading fluency and reading accuracy in Urdu. One hundred sixty (8–9 years) children attending two types of schools (Urdu and English medium schools) were distributed into two groups, a control and a reading disability group on the basis of teacher's report. The results confirmed the role of RAN in predicting reading fluency in both groups. The role of NWR as a predictor of accuracy was also confirmed, although the strength of the relationship was modulated by RAN in the reading disability group. There are no tests available to identify children with reading problems in Urdu. Our study supports the validity of NWR and RAN tasks for the purposes of screening for reading deficits. The performance results also confirm the original grouping based on teacher reports. The study further highlights the importance of medium of instruction and increased oral language input in learning to read. © 2014 The Authors. Dyslexia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Reliability of teacher reports in screening for reading difficulties in the classroom.
Appropriateness of non‐word repetition and rapid automatized naming tasks for establishing reading problems in Urdu.
School type and exposure to instruction influences reading skills.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Proline‐Derived Dipeptide Scaffolds (ProM‐3 and ProM‐7) Rigidified in a PPII Helix Conformation
Authors: Reuter Cédric , Kleczka Margarethe , de Mazancourt Sarah , Neudörfl Jörg‐Martin , Kühne Ronald , Schmalz Hans‐Günther 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFollowing a peptide coupling/metathesis‐based strategy, the two diastereomeric scaffolds ProM‐3 and ProM‐7 were stereoselectively synthesized (as 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl derivatives), and their configuration was unambiguously proven by means of X‐ray crystallography. The required dehydroisoleucine building blocks were prepared by applying the enantioselective Kazmaier–Claisen rearrangement. The target compounds represent dipeptide analogs rigidified in a PPII helix conformation, which are of interest for the development of new proteomimetics that selectively bind to protein domains specialized in the recognition of ligands adopting a PPII helix secondary structure.
Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction Involving C–C Bond Cleavage To Construct 2‐Aryl Quinazolinones
Authors: Wang Li‐Xia , Xiang Jun‐Feng , Tang Ya‐Lin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed approach for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐quinazolinones through a domino reaction involving C–C bond cleavage is described. This protocol involves intramolecular C–C bond cleavage to construct 2‐aryl‐quinazolinones, which may offer an alternative method to prepare medically important quinazolinone derivatives and a new strategy for C–C bond cleavage. Besides C–C bond cleavage, this domino reaction includes N‐arylation and benzylic C–H amidation.
Role of Fiber Length and Pore Former on the Porous Network of Carbon Paper Electrode and its Performance in PEMFC
Authors: Maheshwari P. H. , Gupta C. , Mathur R. B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPorous conducting carbon paper has been recognized as one of the ideal materials to be used as an electrode backing in a fuel cell assembly. Carbon paper is prepared by the combined process of papermaking followed by composite formation. Two different studies, i.e. (i) using chopped carbon fiber of different lengths in the papermaking process, and (ii) introducing pore formers (blowing agents) in the sample during the resin impregnation/composite formation step, were adopted separately to control the porosity of the paper. The effect of the above processes on the various properties of the carbon paper electrode affecting its performance in a unit polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell has been discussed. A maximum power density of 766 mW cm–2 has been achieved for carbon paper with 0.6 cm fiber length, an increase of nearly 12% as compared to 684 mW cm–2 for sample with 1.0 cm fiber length and tested under similar conditions. The introduction of pore former demonstrates increased performance of the fuel cell at high current densities.
High resolution ammonite–benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy across the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal)
Authors: Silva S. C. , Henriques M. H. , Canales M. L. 
Published: March 2014

This work describes the ammonite and benthic foraminiferal assemblages recorded across the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary of the Serra da Boa Viagem II section, located about 6 km to the east of the Bajocian GSSP (Murtinheira, Portugal), and calibrated to the standard ammonite zonation previously established for the Lusitanian Basin. A total of 220 ammonite specimens referred to 30 fossiliferous levels were collected and identified throughout the section, enabling the recognition of the Concavum Zone (Concavum and Limitatum subzones) of the upper Aalenian, and the Discites Zone of the lower Bajocian. A total of 2356 foraminifers were obtained from the 16 samples collected along the section, corresponding to 4 suborders, 8 families, 16 genera and 44 species.The occurrence of Lenticulina quenstedti (Gümbel) has enabled the recognition of the Lenticulina quenstedti Zone, ranging from the Bradfordensis Zone (middle Aalenian) to the lower Discites Zone (lower Bajocian). The first record of Ramulina spandeli Paalzow, whose occurrence, up to now, was limited in the Lusitanian Basin to the Murtinheira section (the Bajocian GSSP), highlights the usefulness of the Ramulina spandeli Zone, with its lower boundary referred to the lower Discites Zone (lower Bajocian). Other bioevents displaying local, basinal or regional biostratigraphic interest have also been identified.The benthic foraminiferal record here presented, accurately calibrated with the ammonite record, aims at contributing to support the recognition of the Lenticulina quenstedti Zone and the Ramulina spandeli Zone as formal biostratigraphic units integrating the biostratigraphic scale based on benthic foraminifers for the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders
Authors: Pillai Roshan , Uyehara‐Lock Jane H. , Bellinger Frederick P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSelenoproteins are important for normal brain function, and decreased function of selenoproteins can lead to impaired cognitive function and neurological disorders. This review examines the possible roles of selenoproteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and epilepsy. Selenium deficiency is associated with cognitive decline, and selenoproteins may be helpful in preventing neurodegeneration in AD. PD is associated with impaired function of glutathione peroxidase selenoenzymes. In HD, selenium deters lipid peroxidation by increasing specific glutathione peroxidases. Selenium deficiency increases risk of seizures in epilepsy, whereas supplementation may help to alleviate seizures. Further studies on the mechanisms of selenoprotein function will increase our understanding of how selenium and selenoproteins can be used in treatment and prevention of brain disorders. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):229–239, 2014
A Vertical Application Platform for Knowledge‐Based Financial Systems
Authors: Damens Jeffrey , Sitruk Paul , Martin Nancy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractImplementations of knowledge‐based systems can be divided into two distinct parts: the knowledge base and the underlying control software. The underlying control software implements reasoning mechanisms and manages data required by the knowledge base. We call this underlying control software a ‘vertical application platform‘. The vertical application platform may be re‐used by other knowledge‐based applications which have similar reasoning requirements. This paper studies a knowledge‐based system called Risk Advisorsm which aids in the identification and assessment of audit risks. The knowledge roles and reasoning requirements of the knowledge base, and the architecture and implementation of the vertical application platform which implement the necessary reasoning mechanisms are described. The Risk Advisorsm application platform has in fact been applied with a different knowledge model to other problems in a similar domain.
The ‘SKADE LITorSET’ Expert System for Corporate ‘Litigate or Settle’ Decisions
Authors: Raghupathi Wullianallur ‘RP‘ , Schkade Lawrence L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe ‘SKADE LITotSET’ system is a blackboard‐based expert system that makes ‘litigate or settle’ decisions in the product liability area. It has three knowledge sources: Legal, Manager and Insurance Adjuster. The combined expertise from each of these is required to solve the ‘litigate or settle’ problem. The control component co‐ordinates the interaction between the various knowledge sources on the blackboard. Based on the latest changes to the data on the blackboard, it selects and executes the next knowledge source. The model reproduces the decision makers' opportunistic reasoning processes by the interaction between the various knowledge sources through the blackboard. The results of analyses of a hypothetical case through a series of experiments with the ‘SKADE LITorSET’ system indicate that the blackboard is an appropriate model for development of expert systems in the ‘litigate or settle’ decision domain. The initial success with the blackboard approach suggests that further work needs to be done to see whether more complex models can be built to incorporate a broader range of determinants of settlement decisions.
Expert Systems at the Customer Interface
Authors: Houghton Tony , Gardner Michael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractESCFE (Expert System for Customer Facing Environments) is an integrated expert systems architecture which supports a three‐way dialogue between British Telecommunications (BT) customers, staff and its technical and commercial support systems. ESCFE is customer facing—this means that the user interface dialogue is directed explicitly at the customer, as opposed to other expert systems/help desks which have a user interface directed at staff, who then deal with the customer in whatever manner they have been trained. In dealing with the customer, BT staff require a wide range of knowledge concerning the products and services portfolio, internal BT procedures, selling opportunities, customer‐care policy and contractual liabilities. This knowledge can be contained within ESCFE. The knowledge is used to support a dialogue which allows for both customer‐ and staff‐driven interaction, and for different levels of expertise in both customers and staff.
Automated Induction of Rule‐based Neural Networks from Databases
Authors: Goodman Rodney M. , Smyth Padhraic 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper describes our approach to the problem of automated knowledge acquisition from large databases of examples using an information‐theoretic approach. Our previous research has resulted in practical algorithms (ITRULE) for the automatic induction of rules from large example databases. Utilizing these algorithms, the raw data can be transformed into a set of human readable IF THEN rules, thus giving insight into the knowledge hidden within the data. These rules can then be automatically loaded into an expert system shell. Alternatively, they can be used to build a new type of parallel inference system—a rule‐based neural network. This process enables a prototype expert system to be automatically generated and up and running in a matter of minutes, compared with months using a manual knowledge‐acquisition approach. The resulting expert system can then be used as a sophisticated search and analysis tool to query the original database capable of reasoning with uncertain and incomplete data.
Performance of Neural Networks in Managerial Forecasting
Authors: Jhee Won Chul , Lee Jae Kyu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the effectiveness of a multi‐layered neural network as a tool for forecasting in a managerial time‐series setting. To handle noisy data of limited length we adopted two different neural network approaches. First, the neural network is used as a pattern classifier to automate the ARMA model‐identification process. We tested the performance of multi‐layered neural networks with two statistical feature extractors: ACF/PACF and ESACF. We found that ESACF provides better performance, although the noise in ESACF patterns still caused the classification performance to deteriorate. Therefore we adopted the noise‐filtering network as a preprocessor to the pattern‐classification network, and were able to achieve an average of about 89% classification accuracy. Second, the neural network is used as a tool for function approximation and prediction. To alleviate the overfitting problem we adopted the structure of minimal networks and recurrent networks. The experiment with three real‐world time series showed that the prediction by Elman's recurrent network outperformed those by the ARMA model and other structures of multi‐layered neural networks, especially when the time series contained significant noise.
Expert Systems in Insurance: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Rowe Gene , Wright George 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe financial services industry and, in particular, the insurance industry has emerged as an important user of expert systems. In the following review we examine evidence of the spread of such systems in insurance, and focus more particularly upon life insurance, where the greatest amount of progress has been made. We attempt to identify the major trends in this area and examine one of the favoured tasks for the implementation of expert systems, namely underwriting. After assessing the current state of work and level of satisfaction in this area, we finally consider the likely direction of future initiatives.