bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Revolution and a New National Politics
Authors: Zagarri Rosemarie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
When the American Revolution was over, citizens of the new nation could not agree about the event's true meaning and the best way to preserve its authentic legacy. After the new federal government was established in the 1790s, these tensions invaded the national political arena and contributed to the formation of the first political parties that became known as Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. Those who supported George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Federalist Party saw the war simply as a battle for home rule. On the other hand, those who gravitated toward Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans interpreted the Revolution as a conflict not only about home rule but also about who should rule at home. For these American women and men, the principles of equality and natural rights were the Revolution's most important legacies. This chapter discusses the national politics of the new nation following the American Revolution, and examines the origins of the first political parties, the French Revolution and mass politicization, and inclusions and exclusions in the first political parties.
Republican Art and Architecture
Authors: McNamara Martha J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In the two decades following the American Revolution, the art and architecture of the United States were hounded by questions about the role of art in a republican society. The problem facing aspiring artists and architects during those years was how to establish committed patronage for the arts. Not surprisingly, eighteenth-century art and architecture in Britain's North American colonies largely reflected English aesthetic trends. The consumer revolution not only encouraged the demand for portraiture, but also fueled a market in the British colonies for printed books, periodicals, and engravings. Architectural publications occupied a central place in this surge in the distribution of print. Aside from securing patronage, American designers struggled with provincialism in the early republic. Artists such as Charles Willson Peale and John Trumbull hoped to encourage the republic by educating its citizenry.
Discipline, Sex, and the Republican Self
Authors: Lyons Clare A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The American Revolution took place at a time of a revolutionary loosening of the patriarchal control and marital organization of sexuality that had characterized much of colonial society, as well as a counterrevolution against it. The Revolution and the birth of a new nation coincided with a longer period of changes in intimate behavior initiated by men and women on both sides of the Atlantic. Throughout much of western Europe, sexual behavior escalated outside of marriage, and new meanings associated with sexual practices flourished. In the new United States, sexual expression presented challenges to traditional social hierarchy. Like monarchy, patriarchy came under attack in the second half of the eighteenth century as a manifestation of illegitimate and absolute power. The second sexual revolution, launched to counter the democratic initiatives of the subalterns of early American society, was marked by attempts to define legitimate sexuality and the sexual self.
The Republic in the World, 1783–1803
Authors: Opal J. M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In February 1778, France and the United States formed a military alliance and signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Five years later, Britain sued for peace and surrendered its claims to North America south of Canada. These two diplomatic coups led to the formation of the American republic. Even before the 1783 treaty, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and other statesmen were already hatching plans on how to secure the republic's vast territorial gains. Jefferson and many of his political supporters turned away from traditional European statecraft and embraced a “naturalist” approach that would become the prevailing language of American foreign relations and an important element of American national identity. However, Jefferson's natural rights statecraft was consistently challenged by the realities of international politics, which explains why American statesmen continued to invoke Vattel's Law of Nations doctrine and to urge, into the 1820s, the United States to respect and abide by international law.
America’s Cultural Revolution in Transnational Perspective
Authors: Auslander Leora 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Through their successfully waged war and also by their novel political strategies, eighteenth-century North Americans seeking home rule made history. By systematically organizing around a refusal of British goods and developing a new national taste, they politicized the everyday. Twenty years later, this politicization was reprised in the French Revolution. Whereas the new American aesthetic was defined by sobriety and domestic production, the forms generated in the French Revolutionary decade combined the symbols of Republicanism with styles connoting non-aristocratic values. The likeness and difference of the role of culture, domesticity, and gender in the American and French revolutions are represented in their iconic forms—homespun for the United States and the dress of the sans-culottes for France. Both revolutions were characterized by a consistent investment in material culture and everyday life, and gave rise to new political cultures. This reformulation is best conceptualized using the term “cultural revolution.”
Biology and Crime
Authors: Peskin Melissa , Gao Yu , Glenn Andrea L. , Rudo-Hutt Anna , Yang Yaling , Raine Adrian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNumerous studies carried out over the past two decades suggest that several biological risk factors significantly increase the likelihood for people to commit crime and violence across the lifespan. Researchers trying to understand the relationship between biology and crime have focused on criminal offenders, individuals who display high rates of violent or aggressive behaviors, and those with psychiatric disorders with a strong correlation to criminal behavior, such as psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. This article summarizes research findings linking neurobiological risk factors with a predisposition to crime, focusing on six domains: genetics, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, psychophysiology, endocrinology and neurotransmitters, and early health risks.
Parenting and Crime
Authors: Wright John Paul , Beaver Kevin M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWestern culture has a very high regard for parenting. The belief that parents have the power to shape, mold, and develop their children is based on tradition born out of experience, the influence of Christian beliefs about the sanctity of family and parents, and political forces on the left and right. In criminology, the “cause and cure” for crime has also been linked to the complex dynamics of the family. Parenting works two ways: it is a cause of, and a cure for, crime. This article examines the evidence that links parental socialization efforts to child and adolescent problem behavior. It also offers an alternative view on the limits of parenting and proposes a series of theoretical and empirical reasons that should temper some of the more overarching claims about the role of parents in the delinquency of their children.
Risk Factors and Crime
Authors: Tanner-Smith Emily E. , Wilson Sandra Jo , Lipsey Mark W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the past twenty years, developmental criminology has emerged as an increasingly important lens for viewing delinquency and subsequent criminal behavior. The focus of developmental criminology on age-related trajectories of criminal behavior has seen researchers train their sights on the explanatory and causal risk factors that affect a person's likelihood to commit a crime over the life course. Prospective longitudinal studies have provided most of the evidence that links certain risk factors with later delinquent or criminal offending and have actually identified numerous predictors of that behavior. This article examines the developmental criminology perspective and the risk research paradigm, along with the developmental risk factors for crime and delinquency across five key risk domains (individuals, family, peers, schools, and community). Drawing on a meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal panel research studies, the article presents results that summarize the predictive strength of different risk factors for crime and delinquency during adolescence and early adulthood. Some of the risk factors are very promising as targets for delinquency and crime prevention interventions.
Social Learning and Crime
Authors: Salisbury Emily J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores the link between social learning and crime by focusing on social learning theories developed by clinical psychologists based on correctional rehabilitation and developmental behavioral psychology. After providing an overview of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory and its sociological extension to social learning theory by Ronald Akers, the article examines the contributions of Don Andrews and James Bonta—Canadian psychologists who use a social psychological framework to explain criminal behavior and provide a treatment model of correctional intervention on the basis of psychological principles. It also considers a second psychological perspective on the development and maintenance of childhood aggression, focusing on the work of Gerald Patterson and his colleagues at the Oregon Social Learning Center. Finally, the article argues that given the wide empirical support for psychologically-focused social learning perspectives, social learning theory offers a more plausible explanation for criminal behavior than currently assumed.
Hirschi’s Criminology
Authors: Costello Barbara J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTravis Hirschi is an influential scholar in the field of criminology, largely because of his “social control theory” (also known as “social bond theory”), presented in Causes of Delinquency , and “self-control theory,” presented in A General Theory of Crime. Both theories have been supported by empirical evidence, but also sparked controversies. This article examines three of Hirschi's major contributions to the methods of analysis in criminology: his emphasis on the importance of making underlying assumptions of theories explicit, and concomitantly, his argument that “separate and unequal is better” than theoretical integration; his call for theories to be subject to rigorous empirical testing, and how new empirical knowledge enabled him to turn away from social control theory and to the development of self-control theory with Michael Gottfredson; his belief in the development of parsimonious theory that avoids unnecessarily complicating the explanation of what is actually a very simple phenomenon.
Social Support and Crime
Authors: Makarios Matthew D. , Livelsberger Tara 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccording to social support theory, people who live in environments that provide more support are less likely to commit a crime. In other words, criminal behavior is discouraged when societies, cities, neighborhoods, friendship networks, and families provide individuals with the necessary tools to live a prosocial lifestyle. The social structure of societies can thus create positive conditions that improve individuals and their lives in ways that reduce the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities. This article discusses social support theory, including its conceptual foundation. It examines Francis T. Cullen's initial statement of the theory, explains how social support is related to crime across the life course, and reviews the current empirical status of social support theory. The article concludes by emphasizing how criminologists and policymakers can use the concept of social support in their efforts to understand criminal behavior.
Change in Offending across the Life Course
Authors: Sullivan Christopher J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the past twenty years, the developmental, life-course framework has emerged as an important means of understanding crime and delinquency. A number of studies tend to focus more on factors that contribute to onset and continuance of criminal careers than their stoppage. Some argue that criminology has fixated too much on trying to elucidate longitudinal offending patterns as series of preordained events playing out over time based on exogenous individual differences. Research has identified a good deal of stability in antisocial behavior and its underlying causes across portions of offenders' lives, along with a fair degree of within-individual change. In 2001, John H. Laub and Robert J. Sampson suggested that desistance, the primary indicator of change in criminal behavior, is the modal pattern in individual offending careers. That observation has become the basis for an empirical benchmark used to evaluate theoretical explanations for offending over the life course. This article highlights ways that developmental, life-course criminologists might enhance their understanding of change.
Peer Networks and Crime
Authors: Haynie Dana L. , Kreager Derek A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCrime and delinquency have long been linked to peer and friendship relationships. Compared to children and adults, adolescents spend more time with friends, give them greater importance, and are more strongly influenced by their friends' behaviors and attitudes. This article investigates the role of friendship networks in adolescence. After discussing the theories that have been put forward to explain the role of peer networks for understanding crime, the article describes methodological considerations that must be addressed when studying the link between peers and delinquency. It then examines a number of research applications that have adopted a social network approach to better understand crime/delinquency. It also discusses how social networks are used to understand criminal behavior beyond adolescent delinquency.
Girls, Friends, and Delinquency
Authors: McGloin Jean Marie , DiPietro Stephanie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOne of the controversial issues in criminology is the notion that females are less likely than males to commit a crime. Although scholars have hotly debated the changing magnitude of the gender gap in recent years, they have not devoted so much attention to whether females exhibit disproportionately lower rates of crime—particularly violent crime—than males. Given the persistence of the gender gap in offending, it is not surprising then that research on criminal behavior has relegated females to an ancillary role. This article explores the relationship between gender and offending as it pertains to the peer group, specifically friends. It argues that deviant peer influence is a strong and important predictor of both male and female offending. It examines this risk for female offenders and explains why certain peers—namely those of the opposite sex—may exert a particularly powerful influence over females.
Street Culture and Crime
Authors: Berg Mark T. , Stewart Eric A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMany studies on criminology emphasize the role of cultural mechanisms—the symbolic, relational aspect of social organization—in the uneven representation of crime in society. While dimensions of social structure are also important in this literature, it differs from other criminological research because of the explanatory power granted to culture to account for the origin and scope of socially disapproved behaviors. Cultural explanations still permeate research on criminal behavior in the urban metropolis, but recent questions about the etiology of violence within this environment appear to have revived the cultural perspective, raising the possibility that behavior is shaped by culture. This article reviews criminological research that ascribes criminal behavior to the interaction between individuals and street culture. It examines the propositions derived from urban sociology and recent cognitive-based accounts, focusing on the theoretical and empirical research involving serious crime, particularly violent behavior among individuals living in urban areas.
Immigration and Crime
Authors: Kubrin Charis E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMany of society's problems have historically been blamed on immigrants. Immigrants, for example, have been accused of stealing jobs from hard working native-born Americans or draining America's health care and educational resources. Perhaps most problematically, they have also been accused of being responsible for the increase in crime rates. These accusations are often based on false assumptions and stereotypes and have been challenged by a substantial body of evidence which consistently suggests that immigrants are less likely to engage in criminality compared with the native-born. This article examines some questions and unresolved issues in existing macro-level research on the link between immigration and crime. It considers the importance of testing theories on the immigration-crime nexus, emphasizes the need for more longitudinal research, and highlights data impediments that must be overcome before immigration and crime can be understood more fully.
Choosing Street Crime
Authors: Wright Richard , Topalli Volkan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPeople who commit burglary, robbery, carjacking, and other serious predatory street crimes are disproportionately young, poor, and male. Notwithstanding the strong link between these demographic characteristics and street crime, not all young, poor, males commit street crimes and not all street criminals are young, poor, or male. No one can tell based on demographic information on criminals why an individual who has no intention of committing a crime one minute suddenly is determined to do so the next. This article describes the socio-emotional context underlying street criminals' decision to move from an unmotivated state to a motivated one. It also examines why someone chooses to commit a particular type of street crime over other possible licit or illicit courses of action. The article concludes by assessing the implications of its findings for criminological theory and criminal justice policy.
Choosing White-Collar Crime
Authors: Shover Neal , Hochstetler Andy , Alalehto Tage 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Western countries such as the United States, crime is viewed as chosen behavior. This assumption emerged as the dominant theoretical underpinning of crime control policy-making in the decades encompassing the dawn of the twenty-first century. Routine activity theory is a good example of how contemporary criminological scholars have been drawn to choice models of criminal behavior. The notion of crime as choice also underlies many, if not most, contemporary interpretations of white-collar crime. For instance, theoretical explanations in which the causal importance of variation in criminal opportunities is stressed are based on choice models. Crime-as-choice theory overlaps but is not coextensive with rational choice theory; it differs mainly from the latter by not incorporating an assumption a priori that criminal choices are rational. This article applies the concepts and logic of crime-as-choice theory to explain variation in white-collar crime.
Emotions, Choice, and Crime
Authors: Benson Michael L. , Livelsberger Tara 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccording to the rational choice theory, criminals, like all people, are rational actors and their criminal behavior is the result of rational choices that they make in light of situational contingencies. These ideas are of interest to criminological theory for a number of reasons. For example, the rational choice perspective suggests a very simple but very general principle to explain criminal behavior: that individuals always attempt to behave so as to maximize the expected benefits in relation to the costs of their actions. This article advances the rational choice perspective by looking at recent developments in the biology and sociology of emotions. Rationality is an important, but not the only or most important, aspect of human behavior. The article first examines how emotions have been conceptualized and used in standard criminological theories. It then describes the biological bases of emotions and the implications of how the brain works for rational choice theory. Finally, it argues that advances in neuroscience should be incorporated into criminology.
Routine Activity Theory
Authors: Madero-Hernandez Arelys , Fisher Bonnie S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“Opportunity makes the thief” is a saying that emphasizes one thing: crime requires not only the presence of a willing offender but also an opportunity. Based on this notion, even the most motivated offender cannot commit a crime unless he sees an opportunity to do so. The concept of opportunity is therefore important in explaining why crime incidents occur across persons and their property. Routine activity theory, proposed by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson, offers an account of how opportunities for crime arise through the day-to-day activities carried out by individuals to meet their needs. Individuals have different routines of life—traveling to and from work, going to school or attending religious functions, shopping, recreating, communicating via various electronic technologies, etc.—and these variations determine the likelihood of when and where a crime will be committed and who or what is the victim. This article examines theoretical and methodological issues relevant to testing routine activity theory and reviews major empirical findings from the extant literature.
The Theory of Target Search
Authors: Brantingham Paul J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFrom the perspective of criminology, crime can be viewed in two ways. The first focuses on understanding an individual's propensity to commit crimes, or what is known as criminality. The second focuses on the criminal event—the convergence in space and time of law, offender, target, and situation—and assumes that this convergence is critical and in fact, creates the criminal event. This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding how offenders find criminal targets. The process of locating a target for criminal action is termed “target search.” This article examines the theory of target search and considers the fundamental assumptions of crime pattern theory. It then discusses the components of target search theory, revealing four forms of criminal events involving different forms of target search: proximity events, opportunistic events, intelligence-led target searches, and purposive target searches.
Multilevel Criminal Opportunity
Authors: Wilcox Pamela , Gialopsos Brooke Miller , Land Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSome people are more likely to break the law than others. This likelihood or propensity to break the law is commonly known as criminality. A place with stronger criminality is predicted to have higher crime levels. However, more and more scholars are questioning this way of explaining crime. They argue that for a criminal event to take place, offenders must not only have criminality or the willingness to break the law, but also the opportunity to act on their desires. Thus, the distribution of crime across individuals and environmental spaces depends on both criminality and criminal opportunity. A number of theories have addressed the importance of criminal opportunity, including lifestyle-routine activities, environmental design, rational choice, offender search, and social control theories. These theories, collectively known as “opportunity theories,” have one thing in common: their overarching premise that offenders make decisions about crime events based on perceived opportunity. This article integrates opportunity theories into a general multilevel opportunity perspective.