bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing large‐scale pyroclastic flows: Experimental design, scaling, and first results from PELE
Authors: Lube G. , Breard E. C. P. , Cronin S. J. , Jones J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPyroclastic flow eruption large‐scale experiment (PELE) is a large‐scale facility for experimental studies of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). It is used to generate high‐energy currents involving 500–6500 m3 natural volcanic material and air that achieve velocities of 7–30 m s−1, flow thicknesses of 2–4.5 m, and runouts of >35 m. The experimental PDCs are synthesized by a controlled “eruption column collapse” of ash‐lapilli suspensions onto an instrumented channel. The first set of experiments are documented here and used to elucidate the main flow regimes that influence PDC dynamic structure. Four phases are identified: (1) mixture acceleration during eruption column collapse, (2) column‐slope impact, (3) PDC generation, and (4) ash cloud diffusion. The currents produced are fully turbulent flows and scale well to natural PDCs including small to large scales of turbulent transport. PELE is capable of generating short, pulsed, and sustained currents over periods of several tens of seconds, and dilute surge‐like PDCs through to highly concentrated pyroclastic flow‐like currents. The surge‐like variants develop a basal <0.05 m thick regime of saltating/rolling particles and shifting sand waves, capped by a 2.5–4.5 m thick, turbulent suspension that grades upward to lower particle concentrations. Resulting deposits include stratified dunes, wavy and planar laminated beds, and thin ash cloud fall layers. Concentrated currents segregate into a dense basal underflow of <0.6 m thickness that remains aerated. This is capped by an upper ash cloud surge (1.5–3 m thick) with 100 to 10−4 vol % particles. Their deposits include stratified, massive, normally and reversely graded beds, lobate fronts, and laterally extensive veneer facies beyond channel margins.
In situ observations of black carbon in snow and the corresponding spectral surface albedo reduction
Authors: Pedersen C. A. , Gallet J.‐C. , Ström J. , Gerland S. , Hudson S. R. , Forsström S. , Isaksson E. , Berntsen T. K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) particles emitted from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass and deposited on snow and ice darken the surface and reduce the surface albedo. Even small initial surface albedo reductions may have larger adjusted effects due to snow morphology changes and changes in the sublimation and snow melt rate. Most of the literature on the effect of BC on snow surface albedo is based on numerical models, and few in situ field measurements exist to confirm this reduction. Here we present an extensive set of concurrent in situ measurements of spectral surface albedo, BC concentrations in the upper 5 cm of the snowpack, snow physical parameters (grain size and depth), and incident solar flux characteristics from the Arctic. From this data set (with median BC concentrations ranging from 5 to 137 ng BC per gram of snow) we are able to separate the BC signature on the snow albedo from the natural snow variability. Our measurements show a significant correlation between BC in snow and spectral surface albedo. Based on these measurements, parameterizations are provided, relating the snow albedo, as a function of wavelength, to the equivalent BC content in the snowpack. The term equivalent BC used here is the elemental carbon concentration inferred from the thermo‐optical method adjusted for the fraction of non‐BC constituents absorbing sunlight in the snow. The first parameterization is a simple equation which efficiently describes the snow albedo reduction due to the equivalent BC without including details on the snow or BC microphysics. This can be used in models when a simplified description is needed. A second parameterization, including snow grain size information, shows enhanced correspondence with the measurements. The extracted parameterizations are valid for wavelength bands 400–900 nm, constrained for BC concentrations between 1 and 400 ng g−1, and for an optically thick snowpack. The parameterizations are purely empirical, and particular focus was on the uncertainties associated with the measurements, and how these uncertainties propagate in the parameterizations. Integrated, the first parameterization (based only on the equivalent BC) gives a broadband (400–900 nm) snow albedo reduction of 0.004 due to 10 ng equivalent BC per gram of snow, while the effect is almost 5 times larger for BC concentrations 1 order of magnitude higher. The study shows that the reconstructed albedo from the second parameterization (including information on the snow grain size) corresponds better to the radiative transfer model Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation albedo than the reconstructed albedo from the first parameterization (excluding grain size information).
Long‐term and seasonal variability of the aerosol optical depth at Mount Kasprowy Wierch (Poland)
Authors: Markowicz Krzysztof M. , Uscka‐Kowalkowska Joanna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the results of long‐term observations (1964–2003) of direct solar radiation, to determine aerosol optical depth (AOD), made with a Linke‐Feussner actinometer at the Tatra Mountain Meteorological Observatory on Mount Kasprowy Wierch (1991 m above sea level, 49.233°N, 19.982°E). To this end, broadband direct solar flux (0.29–2.9 µm) and wideband solar radiation measured with OG530 and RG630 filters are used to estimate the broadband and wideband (0.53–0.63 µm) AOD. The inversion algorithm used is based on the MODTRAN (MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission) radiative transfer model applied to estimate direct flux for aerosol‐free atmosphere. Total water vapor content, which accounts for the largest extinction of clear‐sky direct flux, was obtained by radio sounding from the Poprad‐Ganovce station (33 km from Mount Kasprowy Wierch) and from water vapor pressure measurements at the Observatory. The almost 900 clear‐sky observations, performed close to noon time, found a significant long‐term reduction of AOD. AOD decadal trends were −0.006 (−8 ± 4% [2σ]) with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.003 and −0.014 (−13 ± 4% [2σ]) with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.004 for broadband and wideband, respectively. Similar trends, but for years with negligible contamination of volcanic aerosol, are −0.012 (−16 ± 6% [2σ]) and −0.018 (−17 ± 6% [2σ]) with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.003 and ± 0.004. However, positive AOD trends (from 0 to 0.04 per decade) were found between 1964 and 1983 and negative AOD trends (from −0.016 to −0.035 per decade) were found between 1984 and 2003. Changes of the AOD trends between both periods are associated with global dimming and brightening phenomenon, which took place in the second half of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the 21st century. The long‐term mean broadband and wideband AOD were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.11 ± 0.02, respectively. Both quantities show a significant annual cycle, with maximum AOD during spring and summer. Very low values during the autumn and winter (about 0.03 for broadband and 0.05–0.06 for wideband) are the result of planetary boundary layer height (defined for the lower elevations), which during this period lies below Mount Kasprowy Wierch itself. The other explanation of low AOD values can be the high frequency (more than 50%) of inversion occurrence below the top of the mountain.
Aerosol impacts on cloud thermodynamic phase change over East Asia observed with CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements
Authors: Zhang Damao , Liu Dong , Luo Tao , Wang Zhien , Yin Yan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractImpacts of aerosols on subfreezing cloud thermodynamic phase change over East Asia are studied by using 4 year combined CloudSat radar and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar measurements. The mean occurrence frequencies of supercooled‐liquid, mixed‐phase, and glaciated clouds over East Asia are 10.4%, 10.3%, and 16.9%, respectively. Over northwest of East Asia (32–44°N, 75–100°E), subfreezing clouds are dominated by glaciated clouds with a mean relative cloud fraction (RCF) of ~60% and over southeast (16–32°N, 95–120°E) are dominated by supercooled‐liquid clouds with a mean RCF of ~50%. Although cloud top temperature (CTT) differences contribute largely to the thermodynamic phase differences, northwest of East Asia has ~20% larger glaciated (smaller mixed‐phase) RCFs than those of southeast at the same CTT. Seasonal anomalies of glaciated and mixed‐phase RCFs correlate well with the seasonal variations of dust occurrence frequency. In addition, subfreezing clouds associated with mineral dust contain approximately 5%, 10%, and 20% larger glaciated (smaller mixed‐phase) RCFs than those associated with polluted dust, smoke, and background aerosols at any given CTT. It is suggested that dust impacts on subfreezing clouds over East Asia by providing abundant effective ice nuclei to glaciate mixed‐phase clouds, although the impacts of large‐scale dynamics and water supply mechanisms cannot be ruled out.
VailConference (1973)
Authors: Routh Donald K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe 1973 conference sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health in Vail, Colorado had the effect of legitimizing the “scholar‐practitioner” model of professional training in psychology. This model, originally suggested as far back as 1918 by clinical psychologist Leta Hollingworth (1886–1939), endorsed thePsyDdegree rather than thePhDand fostered training that did not require students to carry out empirical research. The “Vail model” of training eventually produced far more graduates per year than the traditional “Boulder” (scientist–practitioner) model.
Binet, Alfred (1857–1911)
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic , Nicolas Serge 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Alfred Binet (1857–1911) is arguably France's best known psychologist. The bulk of Binet's work can be divided into three periods. During the first period (1880–90) Binet focused on the study of psychopathology. Interested in unconscious phenomena, he worked on hypnosis and hysteria with Charcot at Salpêtrière hospital. During the second period (1891–1900) he conducted experimental psychological research at the Sorbonne laboratory. There he became a pioneer in various areas of cognitive psychology, including memory, expertise, movements, suggestibility, and visual illusions. The focal point of the third period of Binet's work (1901–11) was pedagogical psychology. In 1905, in cooperation with his colleague Theodore Simon (1873–1961), he created the first valid test of intelligence. In sum, Binet was a pioneer in many domains of psychology: clinical psychology, experimental psychology, differential psychology, social psychology, and pedagogical psychology.
Evidence‐Based Assessment
Authors: Therrien Zoé , Hunsley John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As part of the evidence‐based practice movement, a noticeable shift has occurred in the psychological assessment literature, with greater attention focused on the ways in which assessments are conducted and used to guide practice. This advance has also led to the development of evidence‐based assessment, an approach to clinical evaluation that emphasizes the use of research and theory to guide the selection of constructs, the methods and measures used in the assessment, and the interpretation of the resulting assessment data. This entry reviews the current state of evidence‐based assessment efforts and the scientific and logistic challenges that will need to be addressed in order to facilitate the identification and dissemination of evidence‐based assessment practices.
Risk Assessment/Dangerousness/Violence Prediction, General
Authors: Singh Jay P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRisk assessment is the attempt to predict the likelihood of future antisocial behavior in order to identify those at greatest need of intervention. Assessments of risk are conducted using either unstructured clinical judgment or a structured risk‐assessment tool. Risk‐assessment tools are composed of risk and protective factors that can be either static or dynamic in nature. These instruments routinely follow one of two structured approaches: actuarialism, which focuses on statistical prediction, or structured professional judgment, which focuses on assessment as a means of developing individualized risk management plans. The investigation of the validity and reliability of risk assessments in different populations and settings has produced a sizeable psychometric literature.
Beneficence/Nonmaleficence
Authors: Singh Jay P. , Ivory Mary 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Beneficence and nonmaleficence are fundamental ethical principles that guide the clinical practice and research of mental health professionals. The principles obligate professionals to promote the well‐being of their patients and participants while refraining from causing or exposing them to harm. The principlist approach recognizes that conflicts can occur between a psychologist's obligation to provide care and the need to prevent negative psychosocial consequences. Thus, a common ethical dilemma is the need to maintain a balance between beneficence and nonmaleficence. Such balance is achieved by weighing the costs and benefits of different interventions and management strategies, ideally selecting those with the highest net benefit.
Cronbach,LeeJ. (1916–2001)
Authors: Shavelson Richard J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLee J. Cronbach (1916–2001) had a long and distinguished career as an educational psychologist. He made major contributions to psychological testing, including coefficient alpha, generalizability theory, and construct validity theory; to evaluation, including a focus on program improvement, an emphasis on the role played by context and politics, and the strengths and limitations of randomized trials; and to instruction, most notably in the search for aptitude‐treatment interactions and designing particular learning environments to match learners' characteristics.
Bleuler, Eugen (1857–1939)
Authors: Dalzell Thomas G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEugen Bleuler (1857–1939) is best known for coining the term “schizophrenia,” which supplanted the term dementia praecox. Following the publication of Bleuler's 1911 book, dementia praecox was no longer conceived as necessarily entailing dementia or praecox. The shift in the focus of Bleuler's work, from illness entities to the speech of the individual patient, vis à vis Bleuler's biography is described. The way in which Bleuler found the symptoms of schizophrenia intelligible in terms of psychoanalytic theory, despite his own ambivalence about the work of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), is demonstrated.
Freedom‐of‐Choice Legislation
Authors: Cummings Nicholas A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Freedom‐of‐choice legislation pertains to the laws in 23 U.S. states that resulted in a national mandate that if an insurer reimburses for the services of a psychiatrist, that insurer must also reimburse for the services of a psychologist. This provision, now taken for granted, was not always so, as the enactment was the culmination of a difficult battle spanning several decades. Once legislation was enacted in 23 states, the insurance industry capitulated, stating that it was too difficult to sustain two different reimbursement procedures.
Derner, Gordon F. (1915–83)
Authors: Cummings Nicholas A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Gordon F. Derner (1915–83) founded the first professional program approved by the American Psychological Association (
APA
) at Adelphi University in 1950. In 1975, taking a cue from one of his early students who had founded the California School of Professional Psychology, he transformed it into a professional school, again the first on any university campus. After his death in 1983, the university named the school after him. He served as president of the
APA
's counseling and psychotherapy divisions, as well as the Nassau County Psychological Association and the New York State Psychological Association. He was a candidate for the
APA
presidency four times.
Case Studies
Authors: McKay Dean 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCase studies are a common part of clinical science and practice, although a careful consideration of their advantages and limitations is essential. Case studies, and by association the case presentation, are defined. The advantages and limitations of case studies are detailed. It is emphasized that whereas case studies may be useful in the discovery and development of interventions, considerable caution should be exercised in relying on findings from them in clinical practice. A basic structure for case studies is provided. The key elements of a case study are described.
Parental Alienation
Authors: Bernet William 
Published: January 2015

AbstractParental alienation is a mental condition in which a child—usually one whose parents are engaged in a high‐conflict separation or divorce—allies himself or herself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification. Parental alienation usually comes about when the preferred parent indoctrinates the child to fear and hate the rejected or alienated parent. Typically, the alienating parent interferes with or limits the child's contact with the rejected parent. Alienating parents have been described as being angry and vindictive and having maladaptive personality traits. Parental alienation frequently causes short‐term and long‐term psychological problems in the affected children. Many writers have concluded that causing parental alienation is a form of psychological child abuse.
W
idiger,
T
homas
A
. (
b
. 1952)
Authors: Samuel Douglas B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Thomas A. Widiger (b. 1952) is an influential figure in the diagnosis and classification of psychopathology, having served as the Research Coordinator for DSM‐IV. His specific expertise in the diagnosis of personality disorders led to his inclusion as a member of the DSM‐III‐R Advisory Committee and DSM‐IV Personality Disorders Work Group, and co‐chair of the DSM‐5 Personality Disorder Research Planning Work Group. Dr. Widiger has long been a leading advocate for the adoption of a dimensional trait system for diagnosis of personality disorders.
Latah
Authors: Simons Ronald C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLatah is the name of a culture‐bound syndrome from Malaysia and Indonesia. A person with latah has an extremely strong and easily elicited startle, and others often intentionally startle such affected individuals for amusement. When startled, many latahs not only jump, but also match sounds they have just heard or movements they have just seen. They may also obey sharply given commands. Though latah has often been described as merely a Malay and Indonesian custom, similar startle‐matching and command obedience has been described in individuals from places as remote from southeast Asia as Siberia and the United States. To understand and explain latah, it is necessary to consider the nature of the practices, the content and associations of the beliefs, and the factors, including neurophysiologic ones, that characterize easily startled people in specific social and cultural settings.
Self‐Injury
Authors: Victor Sarah E. , David Klonsky E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Nonsuicidal self‐injury is the deliberate self‐inflicted destruction of one's own body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned. Common examples include self‐cutting, burning, and hitting. Self‐injury is especially common among adolescents and is associated with varied types of psychopathology, including mood and anxiety disorders and suicide attempts. Most people who frequently self‐injure begin in adolescence and stop in young adulthood, although the majority of those who try self‐injury engage in the behavior just once or a few times. People engage in self‐injury for a variety of reasons; the most commonly reported are reduction of negative emotional experiences and self‐punishment. Some people also engage in self‐injury to communicate with or influence others. Psychotherapies emphasizing emotional regulation, problem solving, and functional assessment appear to be most effective for treating self‐injury.
Projective Measures of Personality/Psychopathology
Authors: Tuber Steven , Meehan Kevin B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA review of projective measures of personality is engendered through a highlighting of the role visual ambiguity plays in drawing upon a testee's signature pattern of meaning‐making. The nature of the Rorschach Inkblot Method, Thematic Apperception Test, sentence completion and figure drawing tasks are explained, with an emphasis placed on their use in a battery of testing methods. Each of the measures presents a different sort of ambiguity, challenging a testee's capacity to maintain coherence under stress in different ways. Heuristic linkages are then provided between the nature of these different types of tasks and behaviors outside the testing situation.
H
alstead,
W
ard (1908–68)
Authors: Prigatano George P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ward Halstead (1908–68) pioneered an approach to the psychological evaluation of persons with brain disorders that influenced and advanced the profession of clinical neuropsychology as practiced in the United States. Within a historical context, Halstead's contributions and those of his student, Ralph Reitan, are briefly outlined.
Measurement of Chronic Stress
Authors: Hammen Constance , Dalton Elizabeth D. , Thompson Sarah M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Chronic stress refers to the perceived and actual negative life conditions that affect a person on a daily or continuing basis, and is found to predict a wide array of debilitating emotional and behavioral states; physiological and medical changes;and neurobiological changes in development, cognition, memory, and information processing. Measures of chronic stress have been developed to cover both perceived and actual experiences, primarily focused on specific domains (e.g., financial concerns, marital or caregiving relationships, discrimination), or on general experiences across multiple roles affecting daily life (e.g., work, marriage, parenting, health).Thisentry describes more commonly used specific or general measures of chronic stress, and discusses psychometric properties of diverse questionnaire and interview assessments.Further study is needed on improving assessment methods, the nature of the content and aspects of chronic stress that are particularly harmful, and biological mechanisms associated with exposure to chronic stress.
Construct Validity
Authors: Smith Gregory T. , Pearson Carolyn M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Construct validity involves the evaluation of evidence for the validity of psychological theories and the measures used to test them. It is therefore a central concept in the field of clinical psychology. This entry describes how the process of construct validation works and includes a brief history of validation efforts in clinical psychology as well as current conceptualizations and issues pertaining to this topic.
Free Will versus Determinism
Authors: Waller Bruce N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDeterminism is the philosophical doctrine that all events are the product of causal laws together with the prior state of the universe. There are two main views of free will: Incompatibilist accounts require open alternatives that are incompatible with determinism, whereas compatibilist theories emphasize the control humans exercise over their own behavior and insist that such control is compatible with determinism. Many psychologists regard determinism as a useful methodological research principle. While the nature and limits of free will remain disputed questions, the therapeutic importance of a sense of personal control is well established.