bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New records of two endemic troglobitic and threatened arachnids (Amblypygi and Opiliones) from limestone caves of Minas Gerais state, southeast Brazil
Authors: do Monte Bruno Gabriel , Gallão Jonas Eduardo , von Schimonsky Diego , Bichuette Maria Elina 
Published: November 2015

The endemic and threatened troglobites (organisms restricted to caves) Charinus eleonorae (Amblypygi) and Iandumoema uai (Opiliones), both from Olhos d’Água cave, located at Peruaçu Caves National Park (southeast Brazil), have their distribution expanded for a new locality inside of the National Park (Lapa do Cipó cave), extending their distribution at least in 9.5km2.
This new data suggest that these arachnids can be in a differentiation process and/or there are several possibilities of dispersion in the karst of Peruaçu. Indeed, a revision of their categorical status at IUCN Red List is necessary. We herein report a new distribution range (Lapa do Cipó cave) of the troglobitic species I. uai and C. eleonorae, which are, to date, known to occur in the Olhos d’Água cave, located at the Peruaçu Caves National Park (PCNP).
Enhanced Detection of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Using Altered Peptide Flanking Residue Peptide–MHC Class II Multimers
Authors: Holland Christopher J. , Dolton Garry , Scurr Martin , Ladell Kristin , Schauenburg Andrea J. , Miners Kelly , Madura Florian , Sewell Andrew K. , Price David A. , Cole David K. , Godkin Andrew J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Fluorochrome-conjugated peptide–MHC (pMHC) class I multimers are staple components of the immunologist’s toolbox, enabling reliable quantification and analysis of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells irrespective of functional outputs. In contrast, widespread use of the equivalent pMHC class II (pMHC-II) reagents has been hindered by intrinsically weaker TCR affinities for pMHC-II, a lack of cooperative binding between the TCR and CD4 coreceptor, and a low frequency of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood. In this study, we show that peptide flanking regions, extending beyond the central nonamer core of MHC-II–bound peptides, can enhance TCR–pMHC-II binding and T cell activation without loss of specificity. Consistent with these findings, pMHC-II multimers incorporating peptide flanking residue modifications proved superior for the ex vivo detection, characterization, and manipulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, highlighting an unappreciated feature of TCR–pMHC-II interactions.
IRAK1 Drives Intestinal Inflammation by Promoting the Generation of Effector Th Cells with Optimal Gut-Homing Capacity
Authors: Heiseke Alexander F. , Jeuk Benjamin H. , Markota Anamarija , Straub Tobias , Lehr Hans-Anton , Reindl Wolfgang , Krug Anne B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
IL-1R–associated kinase (IRAK) 1 is an important component of the IL-1R and TLR signaling pathways, which influence Th cell differentiation. In this study, we show that IRAK1 promotes Th17 development by mediating IL-1β–induced upregulation of IL-23R and subsequent STAT3 phosphorylation, thus enabling sustained IL-17 production. Moreover, we show that IRAK1 signaling fosters Th1 differentiation by mediating T-bet induction and counteracts regulatory T cell generation. Cotransfer experiments revealed that Irak1-deficient CD4+ T cells have a cell-intrinsic defect in generating Th1 and Th17 cells under inflammatory conditions in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and colon tissue. Furthermore, IRAK1 expression in T cells was shown to be essential for T cell accumulation in the inflamed intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. Transcriptome analysis ex vivo revealed that IRAK1 promotes T cell activation and induction of gut-homing molecules in a cell-intrinsic manner. Accordingly, Irak1-deficient T cells failed to upregulate surface expression of α4β7 integrin after transfer into Rag1−/− mice, and their ability to induce colitis was greatly impaired. Lack of IRAK1 in recipient mice provided additional protection from colitis. Therefore, IRAK1 plays an important role in intestinal inflammation by mediating T cell activation, differentiation, and accumulation in the gut. Thus, IRAK1 is a promising novel target for therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
The Bacterial Enzyme IdeS Cleaves the IgG-Type of B Cell Receptor (BCR), Abolishes BCR-Mediated Cell Signaling, and Inhibits Memory B Cell Activation
Authors: Järnum Sofia , Bockermann Robert , Runström Anna , Winstedt Lena , Kjellman Christian 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Ag binding to the BCR is a critical step in B cell development and activation, initiating a cascade of signaling events ultimately leading to proliferation, differentiation, or cell death. A bacterial enzyme, IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS), was shown to specifically cleave IgG molecules below the hinge region of soluble IgG and when IgG is bound to Ag, resulting in one F(ab′)2 molecule and one homodimeric Fc fragment. Whether IdeS could also cleave the IgG molecule when it is present in the BCR attached to the B cell membrane in a complex with CD79a and CD79b is unknown. In this article, we present human in vitro and ex vivo data showing that IdeS cleaves the IgG present in the BCR complex and very efficiently blocks Ag binding to the BCR. As a consequence of IdeS cleaving the BCR, signaling cascades downstream of the BCR are blocked, and memory B cells are temporarily silenced, preventing them from responding to antigenic stimulation and their transition into Ab-producing cells.
A Cognitive-Neuropsychological Account of Treatment Action in Anxiety: Can We Augment Clinical Efficacy?
Authors: Reinecke Andrea , Harmer Catherine J. 
Published: November 2015

Background Anxiety disorders are common and disabling conditions. First-line pharmacological treatment with selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and psychological treatment with cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective intervention approaches, but not all patients respond, and relapse rates remain relatively high. Aims To identify cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of action of pharmacological and psychological standard-of-care treatments for anxiety disorders, to then logically derive potential add-on treatment ingredients that might serve to augment such effects. Method We summarise key published work that examined cognitive and neurobiological markers of anxiety disorders and the effects of SSRI and CBT on such parameters. We also discuss potential neuropsychological mechanisms of action of both treatments, and we suggest candidate add-on ingredients likely to improve such actions, based on their key effects. Results Anxiety disorders have been associated with hypervigilance for threat followed by an avoidance of deeper processing. Such effects appear to be underpinned by increased activation in brain areas involved in attention and monitoring, such as amygdala, insula, occipital cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, as well as alterations in areas implicated in emotion regulation, including lateral and ventral prefrontal cortex. Converging evidence suggests that both SSRI and CBT modulate cognitive bias and underlying functional abnormalities early during treatment, and that such changes moderate recovery from anxiety. Conclusions Pharmacological and psychological standard-of-care treatments for anxiety disorders seem to act by targeting cognitive bias early during treatment. A range of pharmacological and neurostimulation strategies known to impair fear memory reconsolidation or to improve fear extinction may have potential to improve the effects of psychological intervention. Such approaches might ultimately help to develop more effective, more economic treatment formats.
Conceptual model analysis of the influence of temperature feedbacks on polar amplification
Authors: Payne Ashley E. , Jansen Malte F. , Cronin Timothy W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe role of temperature feedbacks in polar amplification of climate change is examined by comparing the response of idealized high‐ and low‐latitude atmospheric columns to greenhouse gas forcing. An analytic expression for the surface polar amplification factor is derived with a one‐layer atmospheric model and compared to a more detailed column model with two radiative transfer schemes. The modeled temperature profiles result from competition between the stabilizing influences of atmospheric heat flux convergence and atmospheric solar heating (dominant at high latitudes), and the destabilizing influence of surface solar heating (dominant at low latitudes). For a stable high‐latitude radiative‐advective atmosphere, the lapse rate increases with greenhouse gas forcing, leading to a positive feedback, and is dependent on the nature of the forcing—pointing to limitations of the traditional forcing‐feedback framework. For a low‐latitude radiative‐convective atmosphere, the lapse rate decreases, leading to a negative feedback.
Robust statistical properties of the size of large burst events in AE
Authors: Hush P. , Chapman S. C. , Dunlop M. W. , Watkins N. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGeomagnetic indices provide a comprehensive data set with which to quantify space climate, that is, how the statistical likelihood of activity varies with the solar cycle. We characterize space climate by the AE index burst distribution. Burst sizes are constructed by thresholding the AE time series; a burst is the sum of the excess in the time series for each time interval over which the threshold is exceeded. The distribution of burst sizes is two component with a crossover in behavior at thresholds ≈1000 nT. Above this threshold, we find a range over which the mean burst size varies weakly with threshold for both solar maxima and minima. The burst size distribution of the largest events is exponential. The relative likelihood of these large events varies from one solar maximum and minimum to the next. Given the relative overall activity of a solar maximum/minimum, these results constrain the likelihood of extreme events of a given size.
MERIS full‐resolution total column water vapor: Observing horizontal convective rolls
Authors: Carbajal Henken C. K. , Diedrich H. , Preusker R. , Fischer J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study presents the first analysis of small‐scale convective structures observed in a total column water vapor (TCWV) field obtained from full‐resolution Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) near‐infrared measurements. The high‐resolution MERIS TCWV field for a high‐pressure event occurring in May over central Europe allows the detection of horizontal convective rolls, due to the observation of parallel bands of alternating low‐ and high‐TCWV values. The bands are aligned parallel to the boundary layer winds obtained from a numerical weather prediction model and radiosonde data. Closer examination further reveals that cloud streets observed in the east extend along bands of maximum TCWV. From a quantitative analysis of the TCWV data, combined with auxiliary data, it is shown that the roll wavelength and aspect ratio can be determined, which are found to be 6.5 km and 4.2, respectively, for this case study.
First simultaneous measurements of Na and K thermospheric layers along with TILs from Arecibo
Authors: Raizada Shikha , Brum C. M. , Tepley C. A. , Lautenbach Jens , Friedman J. S. , Mathews John D. , Djuth F. T. , Kerr Caitlin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis work presents the first simultaneous observations of Na and K between 120 and 150 km altitudes along with ionospheric tidal ion layers (TILs) obtained on 30 January 2006 data from Arecibo. The latter displays an average downward phase velocity of ~14.7 ms−1. However, the neutral layers descend together at a much slower velocity of about ~0.69 ms−1. This indicates that thermospheric atomic metal layers are not necessarily associated with TILs. The ratio of the average Na/K abundances in thermosphere is ~35.5 as compared to 150 in the main layer (80–105 km). The long lifetimes of ions at ~140 km implies that neutral layers cannot result from direct neutralization of metal ions in the TILs. We investigate different mechanisms that can deposit neutral atoms at thermospheric altitudes.
Are there new findings in the search for ULF magnetic precursors to earthquakes?
Authors: Masci F. , Thomas J. N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMoore (1964) in a letter published inNaturereported disturbances in geomagnetic field data prior to the 27 March 1964 Alaska earthquake. After the publication of this report, many papers have shown magnetic changes preceding earthquakes. However, a causal relationship between preearthquake magnetic changes and impending earthquakes has never been demonstrated. As a consequence, after 50 years, magnetic disturbances in the geomagnetic field are still candidate precursory phenomena. Some researchers consider the investigation of ultra low frequency (ULF: 0.001–10 Hz) magnetic data the correct approach for identifying precursory signatures of earthquakes. Other researchers, instead, have recently reviewed many published ULF magnetic changes that preceded earthquakes and have shown that these are not actual precursors. The recent studies by Currie and Waters (2014) and Han et al. (2014) aim to provide relevant new findings in the search for ULF magnetic precursory signals. However, in order to contribute to science, alleged precursors must be shown to be valid and reproducible by objective testing. Here we will briefly discuss the state of the art in the search for ULF magnetic precursors, paying special attention to the recent findings of Currie and Waters (2014) and Han et al. (2014). We do not see in these two reports significant evidence that may support the observation of precursory signatures of earthquakes in ULF magnetic records.
Characteristics of lightning leader propagation and ground attachment
Authors: Jiang Rubin , Qie Xiushu , Wang Zhichao , Zhang Hongbo , Lu Gaopeng , Sun Zhuling , Liu Mingyuan , Li Xun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe grounding process and the associated leader behavior were analyzed by using high‐speed video record and time‐correlated electric field change for 37 natural negative cloud‐to‐ground flashes. Weak luminous grounded channel was recognized below the downward leader tip in the frame preceding the return stroke, which is inferred as upward connecting leader considering the physical process of lightning attachment, though not directly confirmed by sequential frames. For stepped leader‐first return strokes, the upward connecting leaders tend to be induced by those downward leader branches with brighter luminosity and lower channel tip above ground, and they may accomplish the attachment with great possibility. The upward connecting leaders for 2 out of 61 leader‐subsequent stroke sequences were captured in the frame prior to the return stroke, exhibiting relatively long channel lengths of 340 m and 105 m, respectively. The inducing downward subsequent leaders were of the chaotic type characterized by irregular electric field pulse train with duration of 0.2–0.3 ms. The transient drop of the high potential difference between stepped leader system and ground when the attachment occurred would macroscopically terminate the propagation of those ungrounded branches while would not effectively prevent the development of the existing space stem systems in the low‐conductivity streamer zone apart from the leader tip. When the ungrounded branches are of poor connection with the main stroke channel, their further propagation toward ground would be feasible. These two factors may contribute to the occurrence of multiple grounding within the same leader‐return stroke sequence.
Race‐ and Sex‐Specific Incidence Rates and Predictors of Total Knee Arthroplasty: Seven‐Year Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Collins Jamie E. , Deshpande Bhushan R. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Losina Elena 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo determine race‐ and sex‐specific rates of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to document independent effects of demographic factors on TKA incidence in a population with radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsWe used data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, a US‐based, multicenter longitudinal study of knee OA. We selected subjects with radiographic symptomatic OA at baseline and determined TKA incidence rates (ratio of TKAs to time at risk for TKA) over 84 months of followup. We used multivariable Poisson regression to identify independent associations between demographic factors and TKA utilization.ResultsDuring the study period there were 223 TKAs among 1,915 subjects for an incidence of 1.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.7–2.2%). The overall rate was 1.9% (95% CI 1.5–2.3%) in men versus 2.0% (95% CI 1.7–2.3%) in women, and 2.2% (95% CI 1.9–2.6%) in whites versus 1.0% (95% CI 0.7–1.5%) in nonwhites. We observed a statistically significant interaction between sex and age (stratified at <65 and ≥65 years at end of followup), wherein male sex was associated with decreased risk of TKA for younger participants (relative risk [RR] 0.32) but not for older participants. Nonwhite race was associated with a decreased risk of TKA for both younger (RR 0.32) and older (RR 0.43) participants.ConclusionOur finding that nonwhites were less likely to undergo TKA than whites in adjusted analyses confirms racial differences observed in population‐based studies and underscores the need for interventions to address lower use of TKA among nonwhites with OA.
Analysis of Complete Remission in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Over a 32‐Year Period
Authors: Medina‐Quiñones Carmen V. , Ramos‐Merino Lucía , Ruiz‐Sada Pablo , Isenberg David 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by an unpredictable and fluctuating course. Although various methods have been developed to measure disease activity, there is still a lack of consensus about the optimal criteria for SLE remission. The principal aim of our study was to identify the number of lupus patients achieving a complete remission (implying that for 3 years there were no clinical or serologic features and no treatment with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs) in a single cohort of patients followed for a period of up to 32 years. In addition, we have identified patients in clinical but not serologic remission (known as serologically active, clinically quiescent disease [SACQ]) and vice versa. We were particularly interested to determine the factors associated with complete remission.MethodsEligible patients were followed up in the University College Hospital Lupus cohort from January 1978 until December 2010 for a period of at least 3 years. Complete remission was defined as a period of at least 3 years with clinical inactivity (British Isles Lupus Assessment Group scores of C, D, or E only) and laboratory remission (no antibodies to double‐stranded DNA and normal complement C3 levels), and being off‐treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Antimalarial and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were allowed.ResultsOf 624 lupus patients at our hospital, a total of 532 patients met the strict inclusion criteria for the study. Of these 532 patients, 77 patients (14.5%) achieved complete remission for at least 3 years, and 23 (4.3%) achieved complete remission for a minimum period of 10 years. Ten of these 77 patients were subsequently lost to followup, and, interestingly, flares occurred subsequently in 15 of the 67 remaining patients (22.4%). Three patients relapsed after the tenth year of remission. Forty‐five patients (8.5%) fulfilled the requirement for SACQ, and 66 patients (12.4%) achieved only serologic remission.ConclusionOur study indicated that 14.5% of lupus patients achieved a complete remission for 3 years. However, flares may continue to occur beyond 10 years of remission. Long‐term followup of SLE is therefore mandatory.
Cost‐Effectiveness Model for Evaluating New Diagnostic Tests in the Evaluation of Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis at Risk of Having Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Luime Jolanda J. , Buisman Leander R. , Oppe Mark , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Rutten‐van Mölken Maureen P. M. H. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveNew opportunities have emerged for early diagnosis with the arrival of new technologies that assess the impact of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and cytomics on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. This early health technology assessment study assesses the short‐term cost effectiveness of 4 add‐on diagnostic tests in early inflammatory arthritis patients at risk of RA.MethodsWe modeled 4 diagnostic add‐on tests to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 RA classification criteria, covering the first year after diagnosis, using Rotterdam Early Arthritis Cohort data. Sensitivity, specificity, and costs were assigned to the magnetic resonance imaging of hands and feet (sensitivity 0.90, specificity 0.60, cost €756), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) serum level test (sensitivity 0.70, specificity 0.53, cost €50), B cell–related gene expression (sensitivity 0.60, specificity 0.90, cost €150), and gene assay for RA (sensitivity 0.40, specificity 0.85, cost €750), based on literature and expert opinion. Outcomes were evaluated using the unweighted diagnostic net benefit (UDNB) and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) in all patients (n = 552), intermediate‐risk patients (n = 263), and seronegative patients (n = 329).ResultsThe highest UDNB was found when using the B cell assay in intermediate‐risk patients (43%, ICER €5,314), while the IL‐6 test in seronegative patients resulted in the lowest UDNB (−11.4%, ICER €7,650). If a threshold of €20,000 is applied, the B cell assay would be preferred over the other alternatives, with a 78% probability of being cost effective for intermediate‐risk patients, 57% for all patients, and 73% for seronegative patients.ConclusionDiagnostic add‐on tests favoring specificity over sensitivity with a headroom less than €370 per test are cost effective, with the largest diagnostic benefit occurring in intermediate‐risk patients.