bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traits of selected Clostridium strains for syngas fermentation to ethanol
Authors: Martin Michael E. , Richter Hanno , Saha Surya , Angenent Largus T. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTSyngas fermentation is an anaerobic bioprocess that could become industrially relevant as a biorefinery platform for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. An important prerequisite for commercialization is adequate performance of the biocatalyst (i.e., sufficiently high production rate, titer, selectivity, yield, and stability of the fermentation). Here, we compared the performance of three potential candidate Clostridium strains in syngas‐to‐ethanol conversion: Clostridium ljungdahlii PETC, C. ljungdahlii ERI‐2, and Clostridium autoethanogenum JA1‐1. Experiments were conducted in a two‐stage, continuously fed syngas‐fermentation system that had been optimized for stable ethanol production. The two C. ljungdahlii strains performed similar to each other but different from C. autoethanogenum. When the pH value was lowered from 5.5 to 4.5 to induce solventogenesis, the cell‐specific carbon monoxide and hydrogen consumption (similar rate for all strains at pH 5.5), severely decreased in JA1‐1, but hardly in PETC and ERI‐2. Ethanol production in strains PETC and ERI‐2 remained relatively stable while the rate of acetate production decreased, resulting in a high ethanol/acetate ratio, but lower overall productivities. With JA1‐1, lowering the pH severely lowered rates of both ethanol and acetate production; and as a consequence, no pronounced shift to solventogenesis was observed. The highest overall ethanol production rate of 0.301 g · L−1 · h−1 was achieved with PETC at pH 4.5 with a corresponding 19 g/L (1.9% w/v) ethanol concentration and a 5.5:1 ethanol/acetate molar ratio. A comparison of the genes relevant for ethanol metabolism revealed differences between C. ljungdahlii and C. autoethanogenum that, however, did not conclusively explain the different phenotypes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 531–539. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative vocal fold palsy in patients undergoing thyroid surgery with continuous or intermittent nerve monitoring
Authors: Schneider R , Sekulla C , Machens A , Lorenz K , Nguyen Thanh P , Dralle H 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
Continuous monitoring of electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes of the vocal muscles detects impending injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid operations earlier than intermittent EMG monitoring. This may alert the surgeon to stop a manoeuvre causing stretching or pressure on the RLN, with better recovery of nerve function.

Methods
Patients with intact preoperative RLN function who underwent thyroid surgery for benign disease between January 2011 and September 2014 under continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring (CIONM) or intermittent intraoperative nerve monitoring (IIONM) were included in this observational study conducted at a tertiary surgical centre. For CIONM, combined EMG events indicative of imminent nerve injury were defined as an EMG amplitude decrease of 50 per cent or more and a latency increase of 10 per cent relative to baseline values. The rates of early and permanent palsy for the two groups of patients were compared.

Results
There were 1526 patients, 788 of whom (1314 nerves at risk) underwent thyroid surgery using CIONM and 738 (965 nerves at risk) had IIONM. With the use of CIONM, 63 (82 per cent) of 77 combined events were reversible during the operation. No permanent vocal fold palsy occurred with CIONM, whereas four unilateral permanent vocal fold palsies (0·4 per cent) were diagnosed after IIONM (P = 0·019).

Conclusion
Operation with CIONM resulted in fewer permanent vocal fold palsies compared with IIONM after thyroid surgery in patients with benign disease.
Enhanced recovery protocol after liver resection
Authors: Savikko J , Ilmakunnas M , Mäkisalo H , Nordin A , Isoniemi H 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) accelerate patient recovery and shorten hospital stay by optimization of perioperative care. However, experience with ERPs is still limited in liver surgery.

Methods
The implementation of a multimodal ERP was studied in patients who underwent open and laparoscopic liver surgery. An opioid-sparing pain treatment was chosen together with early mobilization and oral feeding, as well as restricted use of abdominal drains and catheters. Date to discharge, postoperative complications and patient satisfaction were assessed. A historical cohort of patients who underwent liver resection served as a control group.

Results
Some 134 liver resections (126 open, 8 laparoscopic) were performed between April 2013 and March 2014. Operations were carried out mostly for malignant liver tumours. One hundred and six (79·1 per cent) of the 134 patients were discharged by the fifth postoperative day. The median (range) postoperative hospital stay was 4 (2–11) days, compared with 6 (4–16) days for the control group (P &lt; 0·001). Only four patients in the ERP group were readmitted and the 30-day mortality rate was zero.

Conclusion
An ERP for perioperative care after liver surgery was introduced safely and effectively. Discharge within 4 days is achievable with no increase in adverse events and good patient satisfaction.
Mushroom tyrosinase: A model system to combine experimental investigation of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, data handling using R, and enzyme‐inhibitor structural studies
Authors: Nairn Robert , Cresswell Will , Nairn Jacqueline 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe activity of mushroom tyrosinase can be measured by monitoring the conversion of phenolic compounds into quinone derivatives using spectrophotometry. This article describes a series of experiments which characterize the functional properties of tyrosinase, the analysis of the resulting data using R to determine the kinetic parameters, and the exploration of the structural properties of tyrosinase–inhibitor complexes. Tyrosinase assay development and subsequent activity measurements, in the presence of varying pH, substrate concentration and inhibitors, offers the opportunity to learn the enzyme characterization skills relevant to a research laboratory setting. Combining the activity studies with an exploration of the nature of the tyrosinase–inhibitor interactions enables a structural understanding of the experimental observations. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(5):370–376, 2015.
A novel drug‐coated scoring balloon for the treatment of coronary in‐stent restenosis: Results from the multi‐center randomized controlled PATENT‐C first in human trial
Authors: Scheller Bruno , Fontaine Tobias , Mangner Norman , Hoffmann Stefan , Bonaventura Klaus , Clever Yvonne P. , Chamie Daniel , Costa Ribamar , Gershony Gary , Kelsch Bettina , Kutschera Maren , Généreux Philippe , Cremers Bodo , Böhm Michael , Speck Ulrich , Abizaid Alexandre 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundScoring balloons produce excellent acute results in the treatment of in‐stent restenosis (ISR), fibro‐calcific and bifurcation lesions but have not been shown to affect the restenosis rate. A novel paclitaxel‐coated scoring balloon (SB) was developed and tested to overcome this limitation.Methods and ResultsSB were coated with paclitaxel admixed with a specific excipient. Patients at four clinical sites in Germany and one in Brazil with ISR of coronary bare metal stent (BMS) were randomized 1:1 to treatment with either a drug‐coated or uncoated SB. Baseline and 6‐month follow‐up quantitative coronary angiography was performed by an independent blinded core lab and all patients will be evaluated clinically for up to one year. The primary endpoint was angiographic in‐segment late lumen loss (LLL). Secondary endpoints included the rate of clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR), composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), stent thrombosis and other variables. Sixty‐one patients were randomized (28 uncoated and 33 drug‐coated SB); mean age 65 years, males 72%, and presence of diabetes 39%. At 6‐month angiography, in‐segment LLL was 0.48 ± 0.51 mm in the uncoated SB group versus 0.17 ± 0.40 mm in the drug‐coated SB group (P = 0.01; ITT analysis). The rate of binary restenosis was 41% in the uncoated SB group versus 7% in the drug‐coated SB group (P = 0.004). The MACE rate was 32% with the uncoated SB vs. 6% in the drug‐coated SB group (P = 0.016). This difference was primarily due to the reduced need for clinically driven TLR in the coated SB group (3% vs. 32% P = 0.004).ConclusionsA novel paclitaxel‐coated coronary SB has been developed and successfully used in a first‐in‐human randomized controlled trial [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01495533]. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts Decorated with Transition Metals for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhou Ruifeng , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe high cost of catalysts is the main disadvantage of aqueous fuel cells. In a conventional fuel cell, both the anode and cathode reactions need Pt‐based catalysts to catalyze the respective electrochemical reactions, for example, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode. As the ORR is very sluggish, more Pt catalyst is needed to balance the anode and cathode currents. In recent years, many alternative catalysts have been explored for the ORR that are mostly based on carbon, which include nonmetal‐decorated carbons and metal‐decorated carbons. Carbons codoped with a transition metal and nitrogen have shown the best ORR performance among all nonprecious metal catalysts, which is comparable to Pt under analogous conditions. We review nitrogen‐doped carbon nanomaterials decorated with transition metals as ORR catalysts, their synthesis, characterization, and performance, with special emphasis on the mechanism and theoretical aspects of the ORR.
Efficient Epoxide Hydrolase Catalyzed Resolutions of (+)‐ and (−)‐cis/trans‐Limonene Oxides
Authors: Ferrandi Erica Elisa , Marchesi Carlotta , Annovazzi Celeste , Riva Sergio , Monti Daniela , Wohlgemuth Roland 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiomerically pure cis‐ and trans‐limonene oxides and their corresponding diols from easily accessible raw materials has been of much interest for a long time. A straightforward one‐step biocatalytic resolution of the (+)‐cis/trans limonene oxide and the (−)‐cis/trans‐limonene oxide has been investigated. Epoxide hydrolases showing complementary stereoselectivity were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, which allowed easy purification. The conditions for the selective epoxide hydrolase catalyzed ring‐opening reactions have been optimized and enabled the preparation of all limonene oxide enantiomers. The described utilization of recombinant epoxide hydrolases for the synthesis of all limonene oxide enantiomers was superior to chemical routes and represents a highly resource‐efficient one‐step preparation.
X‐ray Fluorescence Tomography of Aged Fluid‐Catalytic‐Cracking Catalyst Particles Reveals Insight into Metal Deposition Processes
Authors: Kalirai Sam , Boesenberg Ulrike , Falkenberg Gerald , Meirer Florian , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMicroprobe X‐ray fluorescence tomography was used to investigate metal poison deposition in individual, intact and industrially deactivated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles at two differing catalytic life‐stages. 3 D multi‐element imaging, at submicron resolution was achieved by using a large‐array Maia fluorescence detector. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Ca have significant concentration at the exterior of the FCC catalyst particle and are highly co‐localized. As concentrations increase as a function of catalytic life‐stage, the deposition profiles of Fe, Ni, and Ca do not change significantly. V has been shown to penetrate deeper into the particle with increasing catalytic age. Although it has been previously suggested that V is responsible for damaging the zeolite components of FCC particles, no spatial correlation was found for V and La, which was used as a marker for the embedded zeolite domains. This suggests that although V is known to be detrimental to zeolites in FCC particles, a preferential interaction does not exist between the two.
Imine Reductase‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Scheller Philipp N. , Lenz Maike , Hammer Stephan C. , Hauer Bernhard , Nestl Bettina M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractImine reductases (IREDs) have emerged as promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral amines. In this study, the asymmetric imine reductase‐catalyzed intermolecular reductive amination with NADPH as the hydrogen source was investigated. A highly chemo‐ and stereoselective imine reductase was applied for the reductive amination by using a panel of carbonyls with different amine nucleophiles. Primary and secondary amine products were generated in moderate to high yields with high enantiomeric excess values. The formation of the imine intermediate was studied between carbonyl substrates and methylamine in aqueous solution in the pH range of 4.0 to 9.0 by 1H NMR spectroscopy. We further measured the kinetics of the reductive amination of benzaldehyde with methylamine. This imine reductase‐catalyzed approach constitutes a powerful and direct method for the synthesis of valuable amines under mild reaction conditions.
Probing Operating Electrochemical Interfaces by Photons and Neutrons
Authors: Itkis Daniil M. , Velasco‐Velez Juan Jesus , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Vyalikh Anastasia , Avdeev Mikhail V. , Yashina Lada V. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe operation of all electrochemical energy‐related systems, such as supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, etc. depends largely on the processes occurring at electrochemical interfaces at which charge separation and chemical reactions occur. Evolution of structure and composition at the interface between electrodes and electrolytes affects all the device′s functional parameters including power and long‐term performance stability. The analytical techniques capable of exploring the interfaces are still very limited, and more often only ex situ studies are performed. This sometimes leads to a loss of important pieces of the puzzle, hindering the development of novel technologies, as in many cases intermediates and electrochemical reaction products cannot be “quenched” for post‐process analyses. Techniques capable of operando probing of electrochemical interfaces by photons and neutrons have become an extensively growing field of research. This review aims at highlighting approaches and developing ideas on the adaptation of photoelectron, X‐ray absorption, vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray and neutron reflectometry in electrochemical studies.
Enhanced Photoelectrocatalytic Activity of BiOI Nanoplate–Zinc Oxide Nanorod p–n Heterojunction
Authors: Kuang Pan‐Yong , Ran Jing‐Run , Liu Zhao‐Qing , Wang Hong‐Juan , Li Nan , Su Yu‐Zhi , Jin Yong‐Gang , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe development of highly efficient and robust photocatalysts has attracted great attention for solving the global energy crisis and environmental problems. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a p–n heterostructured photocatalyst, consisting of ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) decorated with BiOI nanoplates (NPs), by a facile solvothermal method. The product thus obtained shows high photoelectrochemical water splitting performance and enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity for pollutant degradation under visible light irradiation. The p‐type BiOI NPs, with a narrow band gap, not only act as a sensitizer to absorb visible light and promote electron transfer to the n‐type ZnO NRAs, but also increase the contact area with organic pollutants. Meanwhile, ZnO NRAs provide a fast electron‐transfer channel, thus resulting in efficient separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Such a p–n heterojunction nanocomposite could serve as a novel and promising catalyst in energy and environmental applications.
Strongly Emissive and Photostable Four‐Coordinate Organoboron N,C Chelates and Their Use in Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Pais Vânia F. , Alcaide María M. , López‐Rodríguez Rocío , Collado Daniel , Nájera Francisco , Pérez‐Inestrosa Ezequiel , Álvarez Eleuterio , Lassaletta José M. , Fernández Rosario , Ros Abel , Pischel Uwe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSix strongly fluorescent four‐coordinate organoboron N,C chelates containing an aryl isoquinoline skeleton were prepared. Remarkably, the fluorescence quantum yields reach values of up to 0.74 in oxygen‐free toluene. The strong BN interaction was corroborated by the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of two dyes. The intramolecular charge‐transfer character of the fluorophores was evidenced by solvatochromism studies and time‐dependent DFT calculations at the PCM(toluene)/CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,p)//PCM(toluene)/B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,p) level of theory. The compounds combine high chemical stability with high photostability, especially when equipped with electron‐donating substituents. The strong fluorescence and the large Stokes shifts predestine these compounds for use in confocal fluorescence microscopy. This was demonstrated for the imaging of the N13 mouse microglial cell line. Moreover, significant two‐photon absorption cross sections (up to 61 GM) allow the use of excitation wavelengths in the near‐infrared region (>800 nm).
Fragmentation–Rearrangement of Peptide Backbones Mediated by the Air Pollutant NO2.
Authors: Gamon Luke F. , Nathanael Joses G. , Taggert Bethany I. , Henry Fraser A. , Bogena Jana , Wille Uta 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe fragmentation–rearrangement of peptide backbones mediated by nitrogen dioxide, NO2., was explored using di‐, tri‐, and tetrapeptides 8–18 as model systems. The reaction, which is initiated through nonradical N‐nitrosation of the peptide bond, shortens the peptide chain by the expulsion of one amino acid moiety with simultaneous fusion of the remaining molecular termini through formation of a new peptide bond. The relative rate of the fragmentation–rearrangement depends on the nature of the amino acids and decreases with increasing steric bulk at the α carbon in the order Gly>Ala>Val. Peptides that possessed consecutive aromatic side chains only gave products that resulted from nitrosation of the sterically less congested N‐terminal amide. Such backbone fragmentation–rearrangement occurs under physiologically relevant conditions and could be an important reaction pathway for peptides, in which sections without readily oxidizable side chains are exposed to the air pollutant NO2.. In addition to NO2.‐induced radical oxidation processes, this outcome shows that ionic reaction pathways, in particular nitrosation, should be factored in when assessing NO2. reactivity in biological systems.
Developing Lithium Chemistry of 1,2‐Dihydropyridines: From Kinetic Intermediates to Isolable Characterized Compounds
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Harris Catriona M. M. , Kennedy Alan R. , Liggat John J. , McLellan Ross , Mulvey Robert E. , Urquhart Matthew D. T. , Robertson Stuart D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGenerally considered kinetic intermediates in addition reactions of alkyllithiums to pyridine, 1‐lithio‐2‐alkyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines have been rarely isolated or characterized. This study develops their “isolated” chemistry. By a unique stoichiometric (that is, 1:1, alkyllithium/pyridine ratios) synthetic approach using tridentate donors we show it is possible to stabilize and hence crystallize monomeric complexes where alkyl is tert‐butyl. Theoretical calculations probing the donor‐free parent tert‐butyl species reveal 12 energetically similar stereoisomers in two distinct cyclotrimeric (LiN)3 conformations. NMR spectroscopy studies (including DOSY spectra) and thermal volatility analysis compare new sec‐butyl and iso‐butyl isomers showing the former is a hexane soluble efficient hydrolithiation agent converting benzophenone to lithium diphenylmethoxide. Emphasizing the criticalness of stoichiometry, reaction of nBuLi/Me6TREN with two equivalents of pyridine results in non‐alkylated 1‐lithio‐1,4‐dihydropyridine⋅Me6TREN and 2‐n‐butylpyridine, implying mechanistically the kinetic 1,2‐n‐butyl intermediate hydrolithiates the second pyridine.
Contractile and Extensible Molecular Figures‐of‐Eight
Authors: Niess Frédéric , Duplan Vincent , Diercks Christian S. , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo large rings, 66‐ (m‐66) and 78‐membered (m‐78) rings, each one incorporating two pairs of transition‐metal‐complexing units, have been prepared. The coordinating fragments are alternating bi‐ and tridentate chelating groups, namely, 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dpp) and 2,2′,2′,6′′‐terpyridine (terpy) respectively. Both macrocycles form molecular figures‐of‐eight in the presence of FeII, affording a classical bis‐terpy complex as the central core. The larger m‐78 ring can accommodate a four‐coordinate CuI center with the formation of a {Cu(dpp)2}+ central complex and a highly twisted figure‐of‐eight backbone, whereas m‐66 is too small to coordinate CuI. Macrocycle m‐78 thus affords stable complexes with both FeII and CuI; the ligand around the metal changes from (terpy)2 to (dpp)2. This bimodal coordination situation allows for a large amplitude rearrangement of the organic backbone. When coordinated to preferentially octahedrally coordinated FeII or CuII, the height of the molecule along the coordinating axis of the tridentate terpy ligands is only about 11 Å, whereas the height of the molecule along the same vertical axis is several times as large for the tetrahedral CuI complex. Chemically or electrochemically driven contraction and extension motions along a defined axis make this figure‐of‐eight particularly promising as a new class of molecular machine prototype for use as a constitutive element in muscle‐like dynamic systems.
Ruthenium‐Immobilized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Application for Selective Oxidation of Alkanes
Authors: Ishito Nobuhiro , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Maegawa Yoshifumi , Inagaki Shinji , Hara Kenji , Fukuoka Atsushi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPeriodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) is a unique material that has a crystal‐like wall structure with coordination sites for metal complexes. A Ru complex, [RuCl2(CO)3]2, is successfully immobilized onto 2,2’‐bipyridine (BPy) units of PMO to form a single‐site catalyst, which has been confirmed by various physicochemical analyses. Using NaClO as an oxidant, the Ru‐immobilized PMO oxidizes the tertiary CH bonds of adamantane to the corresponding alcohols at 57 times faster than the secondary CH bonds, thereby exhibiting remarkably high regioselectivity. Moreover, the catalyst converts cis‐decalin to cis‐9‐decalol in a 63 % yield with complete retention of the substrate stereochemistry. The Ru catalyst can be separated by simple filtration and reused without loss of the original activity and selectivity for the oxidation reactions.