bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Entropy Materials in Electrocatalysis: Understanding, Design, and Development
Authors: Wu Jiwen , Wang Huichao , Liu Naiyan , Jia Binbin , Zheng Jinlong 
Published: June 2024

AbstractElectrocatalysis is a crucial method for achieving global carbon neutrality, serving as an essential means of energy conversion, and electrocatalyst is crucial in the process of electrocatalysis. Because of the abundant active sites, the multi‐component synergistic effect of high‐entropy materials has a wide application prospect in the field of electrocatalysis. Moreover, due to the special structure of high‐entropy materials, it is possible to obtain almost continuous adsorption energy distribution by regulating the composition, which has attracted extensive attention of researchers. This paper reviews the properties and types of high‐entropy materials, including alloys and compounds. The synthesis strategies of high‐entropy materials are systematically introduced, and the solid phase synthesis, liquid‐phase synthesis, and gas‐phase synthesis are classified and summarized. The application of high‐entropy materials in electrocatalysis is summarized, and the promotion effect of high‐entropy strategy in various catalytic reaction processes is summarized. Finally, the current progress of high‐entropy materials, the problems encountered, and the future development direction are reviewed. It is emphasized that the strategy of high flux density functional theory calculation guiding high‐entropy catalyst design will be of great significance to electrocatalysis.
Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Urea: An In‐depth Investigation from Material Modification to Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Cao Jianghui , Zhao Fang , Li Chengjie , Zhao Qidong , Gao Liguo , Ma Tingli , Xu Hao , Ren Xuefeng , Liu Anmin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIndustrial urea synthesis production uses NH3 from the Haber‐Bosch method, followed by the reaction of NH3 with CO2, which is an energy‐consuming technique. More thorough evaluations of the electrocatalytic C−N coupling reaction are needed for the urea synthesis development process, catalyst design, and the underlying reaction mechanisms. However, challenges of adsorption and activation of reactant and suppression of side reactions still hinder its development, making the systematic review necessary. This review meticulously outlines the progress in electrochemical urea synthesis by utilizing different nitrogen (NO3−, N2, NO2−, and N2O) and carbon (CO2 and CO) sources. Additionally, it delves into advanced methods in materials design, such as doping, facet engineering, alloying, and vacancy introduction. Furthermore, the existing classes of urea synthesis catalysts are clearly defined, which include 2D nanomaterials, materials with Mott–Schottky structure, materials with artificially frustrated Lewis pairs, single−atom catalysts (SACs), and heteronuclear dual−atom catalysts (HDACs). A comprehensive analysis of the benefits, drawbacks, and latest developments in modern urea detection techniques is discussed. It is aspired that this review will serve as a valuable reference for subsequent designs of highly efficient electrocatalysts and the development of strategies to enhance the performance of electrochemical urea synthesis.
Abschließende Gedanken und Ausblick
Authors: Kiefer Anna 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel werden abschließende Gedanken zu dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und unter Berücksichtigung der dargestellten Ergebnisse (Kapitel 13) weiterer Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt und formuliert.
Zwischenfazit
Authors: Kiefer Anna 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungIn den vorangegangenen Ausführungen zur Beschreibung der (Er-)Lebenssituation pflegender Angehöriger wird ersichtlich, dass das Phänomen „Pflegende Angehörige“ von besonderer Relevanz für die gerontologische Forschung ist.
Tagebuchstudie zu berührenden Momenten in der Begleitung von Menschen mit Demenz
Authors: Kiefer Anna 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungDie im theoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit identifizierte Forschungslücke wirft die Frage nach dem subjektiven Erleben und Wahrnehmen schöner Momente in der Pflege und Begleitung auf. Zudem wird das Tagebuch als Instrument der (Selbst-)Reflexion und Möglichkeit zur Verarbeitung von Krisensituationen in den Kontext dieser Arbeit gesetzt.
Der qualitative Forschungsansatz
Authors: Kiefer Anna 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungWie im theoretischen Teil dargestellt, gibt es wenig bis kaum empirische Befunde zur Wahrnehmung schöner Momente in der Pflege und Begleitung eines Menschen mit Demenz. Daraus ergibt sich nicht nur die Frage nach wahrgenommenen schönen Momenten in der Pflege und Begleitung, vielmehr wird eine Lücke in der Versorgung pflegender Angehöriger von Menschen mit Demenz sichtbar. Aus diesen Gründen erweist sich ein qualitativ-exploratives Vorgehen in diesem Forschungsprojekt als besonders geeignet, denn qualitative Forschung fokussiert dabei die Theoriebildung, welche im Verlauf der Untersuchung eines unbekannten Falls konstruiert wird und dabei.
Entanglement and pseudo entanglement dynamics versus fusion in CFT
Authors: He Song , Zhang Yu-Xuan , Zhao Long , Zhao Zi-Xuan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The fusion rules and operator product expansion (OPE) serve as crucial tools in the study of operator algebras within conformal field theory (CFT). Building upon the vision of using entanglement to explore the connections between fusion coefficients and OPE coefficients, we employ the replica method and Schmidt decomposition method to investigate the time evolution of entanglement entropy (EE) and pseudo entropy (PE) for linear combinations of operators in rational conformal field theory (RCFT). We obtain a formula that links fusion coefficients, quantum dimensions, and OPE coefficients. We also identify two definition schemes for linear combination operators. Under one scheme, the EE captures information solely for the heaviest operators, while the PE retains information for all operators, reflecting the phenomenon of pseudo entropy amplification. Irrespective of the scheme employed, the EE demonstrates a step-like evolution, illustrating the effectiveness of the quasiparticle propagation picture for the general superposition of locally excited states in RCFT. From the perspective of quasiparticle propagation, we observe spontaneous block-diagonalization of the reduced density matrix of a subsystem when quasiparticles enter the subsystem.
Flavoured Majorana Dark Matter then and now: from freeze-out scenarios to LHC signatures
Authors: Acaroğlu Harun , Blanke Monika , Heisig Jan , Krämer Michael , Rathmann Lena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We study a simplified Dark Matter model in the Dark Minimal Flavour Violation framework. Our model complements the Standard Model with a flavoured Dark Matter Majorana triplet and a coloured scalar mediator that share a Yukawa coupling with the right-handed up-type quarks with the coupling matrix λ. We extend previous work on this topic by exploring a large range of cosmologically viable parameter space, including the coannihilation region and, in particular, the region of conversion-driven freeze-out, while considering constraints from $$ {D}^0\hbox{--} {\overline{D}}^0 $$

D
0

–

D
¯

0

mixing as well as constraints from direct and indirect Dark Matter searches. We find various realisations of conversion-driven freeze-out within the model, that open up allowed windows of parameter space towards small mass splittings and very weak Dark Matter couplings. Finally, we probe the model by reinterpreting current LHC searches for missing energy and long-lived particles. We point out gaps in the coverage of current constraints as well as new opportunities to search for the model at the LHC, in particular, the charge asymmetry in single-top production associated with jets and missing energy.
TMD factorisation for diffractive jets in photon-nucleus interactions
Authors: Hauksson S. , Iancu E. , Mueller A. H. , Triantafyllopoulos D. N. , Wei S. Y. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Using the colour dipole picture and the colour glass condensate effective theory, we study the diffractive production of two or three jets via coherent photon-nucleus interactions at high energy. We consider the hard regime where the photon virtuality and/or the transverse momenta of the produced jets are much larger than the saturation momentum Qs of the nuclear target. We show that, despite this hardness, the leading-twist contributions are controlled by relatively large parton configurations, with transverse sizes R ~ 1/Qs, which undergo strong scattering and probe gluon saturation. We demonstrate that these leading-twist contributions admit transverse-momentum dependent (TMD) factorisation, in terms of quark and gluon diffractive TMD distribution functions, for which we obtain explicit expressions from first principles. We go beyond our previous work by evaluating the contributions involving the quark diffractive distributions and by establishing that their DGLAP evolution emerges via controlled calculations within the colour dipole picture. We find the same expression for the quark diffractive TMD in two different processes (semi-inclusive diffraction and the diffractive production of quark-gluon dijets), thus demonstrating its universality.
The uncertainty principle and classical amplitudes
Authors: Cristofoli Andrea , Gonzo Riccardo , Moynihan Nathan , O’Connell Donal , Ross Alasdair , Sergola Matteo , White Chris D. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We study the variance in the measurement of observables during scattering events, as computed using amplitudes. The classical regime, characterised by negligible uncertainty, emerges as a consequence of an infinite set of relationships among multileg, multiloop amplitudes in a momentum-transfer expansion. We discuss two non-trivial examples in detail: the six-point tree and the five-point one-loop amplitudes in scalar QED. We interpret these relationships in terms of a coherent exponentiation of radiative effects in the classical limit which generalises the eikonal formula, and show how to recover the impulse, including radiation reaction, from this generalised eikonal. Finally, we incorporate the physics of spin into our framework.
Causality and energy conditions in nonlinear electrodynamics
Authors: Russo Jorge G. , Townsend Paul K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
For the general theory of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) we prove that causality implies both the Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) and, surprisingly, the Strong Energy Condition (SEC). This has implications for gravitational applications, such as regular black holes supported by NLED matter. For self-dual NLED theories, weak-field causality alone implies both the DEC and SEC, as we illustrate with Born-Infeld and ModMax electrodynamics.
Isolation of Regular Graphs and k-Chromatic Graphs
Authors: Borg Peter 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGiven a set $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
of graphs, we call a copy of a graph in $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
an $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
-graph. The $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
-isolation number of a graph G, denoted by $$\iota (G,{\mathcal {F}})$$

ι
(
G
,
F
)

, is the size of a smallest set D of vertices of G such that the closed neighborhood of D intersects the vertex sets of the $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
-graphs contained by G (equivalently, $$G - N[D]$$

G
-
N
[
D
]

contains no $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
-graph). Thus, $$\iota (G,\{K_1\})$$

ι
(
G
,

{

K
1

}

)

is the domination number of G. For any integer $$k \ge 1$$

k
≥
1

, let $${\mathcal {F}}_{1,k}$$

F

1
,
k

be the set of regular graphs of degree at least $$k-1$$

k
-
1

, let $${\mathcal {F}}_{2,k}$$

F

2
,
k

be the set of graphs whose chromatic number is at least k, and let $${\mathcal {F}}_{3,k}$$

F

3
,
k

be the union of $${\mathcal {F}}_{1,k}$$

F

1
,
k

and $${\mathcal {F}}_{2,k}$$

F

2
,
k

. Thus, k-cliques are members of both $${\mathcal {F}}_{1,k}$$

F

1
,
k

and $${\mathcal {F}}_{2,k}$$

F

2
,
k

. We prove that for each $$i \in \{1, 2, 3\}$$

i
∈
{
1
,
2
,
3
}

, $$\frac{m+1}{{k \atopwithdelims ()2} + 2}$$

m
+
1

k
2

+
2

is a best possible upper bound on $$\iota (G, {\mathcal {F}}_{i,k})$$

ι
(
G
,

F

i
,
k

)

for connected m-edge graphs G that are not k-cliques. The bound is attained by infinitely many (non-isomorphic) graphs. The proof of the bound depends on determining the graphs attaining the bound. This appears to be a new feature in the literature on isolation. Among the result’s consequences are a sharp bound of Fenech, Kaemawichanurat, and the present author on the k-clique isolation number and a sharp bound on the cycle isolation number.
On surface of Apollonius of two ellipsoids
Authors: Végh Attila 
Published: June 2024

AbstractApollonius defined the circle as the set of points that have a given ratio $$\mu $$
μ
of distances from two given points, where the ratio is not equal to one. In a more general sense, consider two 0-symmetric, bounded, convex bodies K and $$K'$$

K
′

, which define two norms. Their unit balls are K and $$K'$$

K
′

. The surface of Apollonius is defined as the set of points equidistant from the centres of bodies K and $$K'$$

K
′

with respect to the aforementioned norms. In this paper we demonstrate that the surface of Apollonius of two ellipsoids is a quadratic surface. We also examine the circumstances under which this surface becomes a sphere.
Fusion and Positivity in Chiral Conformal Field Theory
Authors: Tener James E. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this article we show that the conformal nets corresponding to WZW models are rational, resolving a long-standing open problem. Specifically, we show that the Jones-Wassermann subfactors associated with these models have finite index. This result was first conjectured in the early 90s but had previously only been proven in special cases, beginning with Wassermann’s landmark results in type A. The proof relies on a new framework for the systematic comparison of tensor products (a.k.a. ‘fusion’) of conformal net representations with the corresponding tensor product of vertex operator algebra modules. This framework is based on the geometric technique of ‘bounded localized vertex operators,’ which realizes algebras of observables via insertion operators localized in partially thin Riemann surfaces. We obtain a general method for showing that Jones-Wassermann subfactors have finite index, and apply it to additional families of important examples beyond WZW models. We also consider applications to a class of positivity phenomena for VOAs, and use this to outline a program for identifying unitary tensor product theories of VOAs and conformal nets even for badly-behaved models.
Parosmia in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction in the era of
COVID-19-associated olfactory impairment
Authors: Gunder Nadine , Hummel Thomas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objectives
A large number of patients with olfactory impairment are affected by parosmia or phantosmia. This study aimed to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of parosmia.

Methods
We performed a retrospective data analysis of patients consulting at our Smell and Taste Outpatient Clinic. A total of 297 patients were included (203 women, mean age 44.4 ± 13.7 years). Olfactory function was quantified using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” composite TDI (odor threshold, determination, and identification) score. The presence of qualitative olfactory impairment was assessed trough medical history and a parosmia questionnaire.

Results
Most of the patients showed olfactory impairment after an infection with SARS-CoV‑2 (84%) and were diagnosed with parosmia (49%). Patients with parosmia (PAR) (n = 201) were significantly younger compared to the group without parosmia (noPAR; n = 92) (PAR 43.2 ± 13 years vs. noPAR 47 ± 15.1 years, p = 0.03) and had a slightly shorter duration of disease, without reaching statistical significance (PAR 10.3 ± 4.9 months, noPAR 13.6 ± 37.6 months, p = 0.23). They also had higher TDI scores (PAR 24.3 ± 7 points, noPAR 21.4 ± 8.2 points, p = 0.003).

Conclusions
Patients affected by parosmia were younger and had a better olfactory function compared to patients without parosmia.
Gastrisches versus supragastrisches „belching“, Singultus, Aerophagie und Differenzialdiagnosen
Authors: Runggaldier Daniel , Adam Roman , Ermanni Chiara , Colotto-Vith Ursula , van Beek Miriam E. F. , Posovszky Carsten , Righini Grunder Franziska , Pohl Daniel , Bohlender Jörg E. 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungDas als „belching“ bezeichnete Aufstoßen von Luft aus dem Ösophagus oder Magen in den Mund- und Rachenbereich gilt als physiologischer Prozess. Es kann jedoch in einem vermehrten Maße auftreten und im Sinne einer „belching disorder“ für die betroffenen Patienten mit einem erheblichen Leidensdruck verbunden sein. Die Diagnosestellung gestaltet sich zum Teil schwierig, insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Abgrenzung zu verwandten Krankheitsbildern wie der Aerophagie, dem Ruminationssyndrom oder dem Singultus. Neben der Diagnosestellung stellt auch die Therapie dieser Störungsbilder für den Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Arzt eine Herausforderung dar. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine interdisziplinäre Übersicht zu diesen Krankheitsbildern zu schaffen und klinisch-praktische Gesichtspunkte zur Diagnosestellung und Therapie aufzuarbeiten.
Rapid improvement of grain appearance in three-line hybrid rice via CRISPR/Cas9 editing of grain size genes
Authors: Huang Juan , Chen Weiwei , Gao Lijun , Qing Dongjin , Pan Yinghua , Zhou Weiyong , Wu Hao , Li Jingcheng , Ma Chonglie , Zhu Changlan , Dai Gaoxing , Deng Guofu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Key message
Genetic editing of grain size genes quickly improves three-line hybrid rice parents to increase the appearance quality and yield of hybrid rice.

Abstract
Grain size affects rice yield and quality. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to edit the grain size gene GW8 in the maintainer line WaitaiB (WTB) and restorer line Guanghui998 (GH998). The new slender sterile line WTEA (gw8) was obtained in the BC2F1 generation by transferring the grain mutation of the maintainer plant to the corresponding sterile line WantaiA (WTA, GW8) in the T1 generation. Two slender restorer lines, GH998E1 (gw8(II)) and GH998E2 (gw8(I)), were obtained in T1 generation. In the early stage, new sterile and restorer lines in grain mutations were created by targeted editing of GS3, TGW3, and GW8 genes. These parental lines were mated to detect the impact of grain-type mutations on hybrid rice yield and quality. Mutations in gs3, gw8, and tgw3 had a minimal impact on agronomic traits except the grain size and thousand-grain weight. The decrease in grain width in the combination mainly came from gw8/gw8, gs3/gs3 increased the grain length, gs3/gs3-gw8/gw8 had a more significant effect on the grain length, and gs3/gs3-gw8/gw8(I) contributed more to grain length than gs3/gs3-gw8/gw8(II). The heterozygous TGW3/tgw3 may not significantly increase grain length. Electron microscopy revealed that the low-chalky slender-grain variety had a cylindrical grain shape, a uniform distribution of endosperm cells, and tightly arranged starch grains. Quantitative fluorescence analysis of endospermdevelopment-related genes showed that the combination of slender grain hybrid rice caused by gs3 and gw8 mutations promoted endosperm development and improved appearance quality. An appropriate grain size mutation resulted in hybrid rice varieties with high yield and quality.
Doubt or punish: on algorithmic pre-emption in acute psychiatry
Authors: Carboni Chiara , Wehrens Rik , van der Veen Romke , de Bont Antoinette 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMachine learning algorithms have begun to enter clinical settings traditionally resistant to digitalisation, such as psychiatry. This raises questions around how algorithms will be incorporated in professionals’ practices, and with what implications for care provision. This paper addresses such questions by examining the pilot of an algorithm for the prediction of inpatient violence in two acute psychiatric clinics in the Netherlands. Violence is a prominent risk in acute psychiatry, and professional sensemaking, corrective measures (such as patient isolation and sedation), and quantification instruments (such as the Brøset Violence Checklist, henceforth BVC) have previously been developed to deal with it. We juxtapose the different ways in which psychiatric nurses, the BVC, and algorithmic scores navigate assessments of the potential of future inpatient violence. We find that nurses approach violence assessment with an attitude of doubt and precaution: they aim to understand warning signs and probe alternative explanations to them, so as not to punish patients when not necessary. Being in charge of quantitative capture, they incorporate this attitude of doubt in the BVC scores. Conversely, the algorithmic risk scores import a logic of pre-emption into the clinic: they attempt to flag targets before warning signs manifests and are noticed by nurses. Pre-emption translates into punitive attitudes towards patients, to which nurses refuse to subscribe. During the pilots, nurses solely engage with algorithmic scores by attempting to reinstate doubt in them. We argue that pre-emption can hardly be incorporated into professional decision-making without importing punitive attitudes. As such, algorithmic outputs targeting ethically laden instances of decision-making are a cause for academic and political concern.
Prediction of forming accuracy in incremental sheet forming using artificial neural networks on local surface representations
Authors: Möllensiep Dennis , Detering Lukas , Kulessa Philipp , Steinhof Matthias , Kuhlenkötter Bernd 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWhile incremental sheet metal forming offers the potential for producing sheet metal parts in small lot sizes, the relatively low forming accuracy prevents widespread industrial use. For improving the forming accuracy, research institutes are using machine learning techniques to predict the geometric accuracy and modify the toolpath based on the prediction. A critical challenge is it to ensure the generalizability of the prediction model as only a small amount of process data is available to train the model due to the lack of industrial collaborations. This publication presents a highly transferable feature engineering approach where surface representations of the part’s geometry around each toolpath point are transferred into a standardized coordinate system. Several artificial neural networks were trained and used for predicting the forming accuracy and modifying the toolpath. During the validation experiments, the forming errors of parts which were independent of the training process were reduced by up to 68.5 %. The framework for computing the surface representations alongside with several pre-trained artificial neural networks is publicity available for download.