bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More Women Into The Workforce: Using Law As Leverage
Authors: Williams K. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We are all aware that the percentage of females working in the industry in the UK falls short. We know that this is a resource which is under-utilised. So what can be done to increase and retain the numbers, and how can the legal framework help?
This paper firstly discusses some of the reasoning behind the low levels of representation of women in the UK oil and gas workforce. It goes on to discuss how under-representation can be tackled, from a legal perspective.
The paper outlines the current legislative framework: in plain terms what is required by the law and what is prohibited. It goes on to focus in particular examples of recent legislative developments which are intended to act as a catalyst for more rapid social change, by contrast to established equality law which has achieved only a slow improvement in workplace diversity. The paper also considers some of the practical impact of these new laws, such as the challenges involved in enabling flexible working patterns whilst meeting operational and logistical demands.
The paper identifies what could be gained by embracing the legal requirements which aim for a working environment where employees are better enabled to combine their careers with their personal and family lives, and where both parents can play an equal role in the early stages of their children's lives. These future workplaces are significantly more attractive to women. The paper concludes that oil and gas employers should take a proactive view on legal developments such as flexible working and shared parental leave. Employers need to be forward-thinking about how they facilitate these changes and position themselves to attract recruits from the female population and ensure that they retain talented female employees throughout the organisation. The industry should aspire towards creating a seismic shift in the level of female participation in its workforce.
Knowledge Sharing and Employee Development in Oil and Gas Companies in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Alhanshi Moosa , Albraiki Hussain 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNowadays, it becomes a fact that knowledge is the number one resource of organizations, and having that knowledge managed and shared effectively gives the organization the competitive advantages among other organizations. Many oil and gas organization believes that having a good systems and environment for knowledge sharing will have positive effect on the learning curve of both individual and organization.In this study the researchers are testing the relationship between the knowledge sharing and employee development and address the key knowledge sharing factors that might have positive relationship with employee effectiveness and so development.An empirical study used to investigate this relationship in two oil and gas companies in United Arab Emirates, a 150 questionnaires were distributed in both companies, it consist of 46 items addressing four factors of knowledge sharing named Organizational culture, Individual Communications skills, Procedural justice, Supervision and feedback. The dependent variable is employee development. 124 responses were valid to use. The analysis were done using the statistical package of social science software (SPSS) and the results showed positive relationship between the global variables (knowledge sharing and employee development) but surprisingly there is one knowledge sharing factor showed no relationship with employee development, it is the one called “Individual Communications skills”.At the end of the study the researchers address the limitations of the study and suggest some recommendations for organizations to use in order to improve knowledge sharing which should lead to employee development and accordingly that can give the organization better competitive advantage. Finally the researchers give some suggestions for future research.
Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out: How I Do It
Authors: Knisely Anna , Barham Henry P. , Harvey Richard J. , Sacks Raymond 
Published: September 2015

Background The Draf 3 frontal sinusotomy, or modified Lothrop procedure has been used to treat recalcitrant rhinosinusitis, frontal sinus mucocoeles or to provide access for cerebrospinal fluid leaks, frontoethmoid fractures, frontal sinus tumors and skull base tumors. Objective To describe authors approach to the “Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out”. Methods Descriptive. Results The “Outside-In” frontal drill-out is an approach that emphasizes the early identification of the first olfactory neuron, maximization of bone removal, and preservation of the posterior table mucosa. Conclusion The advantages of this approach are it provides unobstructed view and identifies anatomic limits early, bone removal is fast and efficient; it is safe, and it is a robust technique based upon fixed anatomic landmarks.
Quantification of Maxillary Sinus Accessibility via a Middle Meatal Antrostomy
Authors: Beswick Daniel M. , Rodriguez Kenneth D. , Olds Cristen E. , Kass Jason I. , Schaitkin Barry M. 
Published: September 2015

Objective To quantify maxillary sinus volume and mucosal surface area (SA) that is accessible endoscopically via a middle meatal antrostomy and to explore the financial implications of using multiple disposable instruments for this procedure. Methods Eight cadaver maxillary sinuses configured with image guidance software were evaluated. In each sinus, a standard middle meatal antrostomy was created, through which curved microdebriders of 15, 40, 70, and 120° were placed. The SA and volume of the region accessible by each microdebrider tip was calculated. Results Mean maxillary sinus volume was 16.5 ± 2.5 cm3 and mean SA was 31.0 ± 2.3 cm2. The 15, 40, 70 and 120° microdebriders accessed an average of 10, 25, 41, and 66%, respectively, of the SA, and of 2, 9, 17, and 36%, respectively, of the volume. There was a trend toward improved accessibility of the superior half versus the inferior half of the maxillary sinus. When instruments of different degrees were combined to maximize accessibility, 81% of the SA of the sinus could be accessed. Conclusions Microdebriders with increasing curvatures allowed for greater access of the maxillary sinus mucosa through an middle meatal antrostomy. No single microdebrider curvature or combination of curvatures reached the entirety of the maxillary sinus wall. Knowledge about the area of reach for these blades can lead to lower per procedure costs.
Is Sex an Independent Prognostic Factor in Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Authors: Stokes William A. , Camilon P. Ryan , Banglawala Sarfaraz M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Harvey Richard , Vandergrift W. Alexander , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: September 2015

Objective To determine if sex independently affects presentation and disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). Study Design A case-control study from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data base. Methods The assessment identified 611 patients in the SEER data base who were diagnosed with ENB from 1988 to 2010. Data on race, ethnicity, age at diagnosis, sex, histologic grade, radiation treatment status, and surgical treatment status of patients with ENB from 1988 to 2010 were extracted. By using tumor extension data, the modified Kadish stage of each case was determined. The modified Kadish system was able to successfully classify 547 of 611 tumors from 1988 to 2010. Histologic grade, modified Kadish stage and DSS of male patients was compared with the DSS of female patients. Results Demographic data showed that male patients presented with a significantly higher grade (p < 0.05) and a trend toward a higher stage (p = 0.08). With unmatched data, male patients had significantly worse DSS than female patients (p < 0.05). After case-matching, the difference between the DSS for male versus female patients was no longer significant. Conclusions Male patients with ENB seemed to have significantly worse DSS at 10 years than female patients. This disparity seems to be due to higher grade and stage in male patients at presentation. After accounting for these two factors, the prognosis of male patients was not found to be significantly different from that of female patients.
The Effect of Vibrissae on Subjective and Objective Measures of Nasal Obstruction
Authors: Stoddard David G. , Pallanch John F. , Hamilton Grant S. 
Published: September 2015

Background Nasal congestion and/or obstruction represents a prevalent and extensively studied problem. No published research exists that describes the impact of nasal hair (vibrissae) on nasal obstruction. Objective To assess the impact of nasal vibrissae on subjective and objective measurements of nasal obstruction. Methods In this prospective study, 30 healthy participants without nasal symptoms were assessed for baseline vibrissae density and were treated with a topical decongestant. The subjects were then asked to subjectively assess nasal breathing by using four questions from the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation instrument before undergoing rhinomanometry. Nasal vibrissae were then trimmed, and the participants repeated the subjective and objective assessments. Pre- and postintervention outcomes, including symptom scores, nasal airflow, and resistance, were compared by using statistical analysis. Results Statistically significant improvement was noted in subjects’ nasal airway specific symptom scores and in objective measurements of their nasal airway. Patients with moderate or many vibrissae at baseline were noted to have greater likelihood of improvement in subjective and objective obstruction assessments than patients rated with few. Conclusion In these 30 subjects, statistically significant improvement occurred in both subjective and objective assessments of nasal obstruction, particularly in patients with greater density of vibrissae. These findings support further study of the potential benefit of the reduction of vibrissae density in some patients with nasal obstruction.
Serum Indolamine 2,3 Dioxygenase as a Marker in the Evaluation of Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Refaat Maged Mohamed , Abdel Rehim Asmaa Saber Mostafa , El-Sayed Hoda Mohammed , Mohamed Nesrine Aly , Khafagy Ahmed Gamal 
Published: September 2015

Background Allergic rhinitis occurs on exposure to a known allergen and is correlated with a positive skin test and physical examination results. Tryptophan is a substrate of many important proteins, e.g., indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). IDO, an immunomodulator, is a metabolic enzyme induced by immune activation. It has a significant role in allergic reactions. T-helper 2 cell is proposed to affect the expression of IDO. Aim To evaluate IDO levels in patients with allergic rhinitis compared with controls and its relationship to the severity of allergic rhinitis. Methods This case-control study included 20 patients who were atopic and with allergic rhinitis who attended the allergy clinic of Ain Shams University Hospitals. Twenty age- and sex-matched patients who were not atopic were included as controls. An allergic rhinitis diagnosis was made according to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma document. Complete history taking, physical examination, skin-prick test, complete blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), IDO concentration, and nasal smear for eosinophils were done for the patients. Results There was a significant increase in IDO levels in allergic rhinitis in comparison with subjects without allergy (p < 0.001). IDO was positively correlated with total IgE levels (p < 0.037). There was an insignificant relationship among IDO levels and age, sex, duration of the disease, severity score, nasal and blood eosinophilia, and number of positive allergens. Conclusion IDO plays an important role in patients with atopic symptomatic allergic rhinitis, especially with increased levels of IgE. There is no relationship between IDO levels and severity of disease.
Case Definitions for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Administrative Data: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lui Justin T. , Rudmik Luke 
Published: September 2015

Background The use of administrative data for pharmacoepidemiology research on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has become increasingly popular. Although large sample sizes and ease of accessibility have made electronic health data an attractive data option, the risk of inaccurate cohort identification can lead to biased outcomes. Objectives The objectives of this systematic review were to (1) report current case definitions for CRS used in administrative data base research, and (2) define the various administrative data bases used for CRS research. Methods Medical literature data bases were searched from the date of their inception to February 1, 2015. Included studies were publications that obtained CRS-specific data from a health records data base. Studies were excluded if they evaluated a non-CRS cohort, failed to use or report an international classification of disease (ICD) code in the case definition, or published in a non-peer-reviewed journal. Results Of the 27 studies that met inclusion criteria, 8 different CRS case definitions were identified and 13 administrative data bases were evaluated. Of the 8 different CRS case definitions identified, only one was validated. The most commonly used CRS case definition was the ICD-9 473.x code alone. Conclusion To optimize the accuracy of pharmacoepidemiologic research for CRS that used administrative data, it is important to apply appropriate case definitions for CRS. Various nonvalidated CRS case definitions are currently being used in administrative data base research. There is a need to develop a generalizable and validated ICD-based CRS case definition to increase the accuracy of future pharmacoepidemiologic research.
Marktverhalten öffentlicher Forstbetriebe in Graubünden und im Aargau
Authors: Olschewski Roland , Schaller Markus , Dittgen Alexandra , Lemm Renato , Kimmich Christian , Markovic Jelena , Thees Oliver 
Published: September 2015

Market behaviour of public forest enterprises in the Cantons Graubünden and Aargau
We present production-, industrial-, and institutional economic approaches to analyse the market behaviour of public forest enterprises in the Cantons Aargau and Graubünden. The goal is to improve the understanding of the market behaviour of wood market participants, and to assess the availability of wood under different conditions. The analyses are based on surveys as well as choice and trust experiments. Besides structural forest characteristics, forest economic aspects as well market structures and institutional particularities are presented. Comparing the study cantons reveals that not only the intensity of utilization varies, but also the preferred marketing channel structures. While in Graubünden about 80% of the stem wood is sold via bundling organisations and forest contractors, in Aargau direct selling prevails with about 70%. Long-term business relations dominate in both cantons. The presented results feed into a computer-based analysis of various wood market situations.
Naturnaher und multifunktionaler Waldbau in Zeiten des Klimawandels – eine Fallstudie
Authors: Schmid Ueli , Bircher Nicolas , Bugmann Harald 
Published: September 2015

“Close-to-nature” and multifunctional silviculture in times of climate change – a case study
The available assessments of the impacts of the expected climate change on the dynamics of Swiss forests are prone to considerable uncertainties and are mostly of qualitative nature; recommendations on silvicultural measures are therefore typically quite generic. Using a quantitative method, we analyzed whether today's best-practice silviculture remains valid under changing climatic conditions. Based on a stratification of the data from the National Forest Inventory NFI3, 71 typical Swiss forest stands were identified. Thereof, we chose six illustrative examples and examined how timber production, protective function and tree diversity evolve under climate change, using the ForClim forest model. In cooperation with silviculture experts, we elaborated specific management schemes for the upcoming 100 to 150 years considering different silvicultural objectives. In order to reproduce these in detail, ForClim was extended, and thereby an important basis for plausible, practice-oriented modelling was laid. The results show a satisfying behaviour of the newly introduced management techniques “mountain plentering” and “Z-tree management”. In the latter, the modelling of the selection of Z-trees can potentially be improved. In the six stand types investigated here, no abrupt changes in forest dynamics became apparent under the considered climate change scenarios. The results indicate that today's silviculture may remain suitable in the coming decades.
Genetic Structure is Inconsistent with Subspecies Designations in the Western Massasauga Sistrurus tergeminus
Authors: Ryberg Wade A. , Harvey Johanna A. , Blick Anna , Hibbitts Toby J. , Voelker Gary 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The massasauga Sistrurus catenatus was historically divided into three subspecies, but this long-standing taxonomy has recently been called into question. Genetic research now recognizes a split of the species into the eastern massasauga S. catenatus and western massasauga S. tergeminus, with the latter split into two subspecies, the desert massasauga S. t. edwardsii and the prairie massasauga S. t. tergeminus. Although the distinction between geographically isolated populations of S. catenatus and S. tergeminus is well-supported genetically, the geographic relationships among populations of S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii remain unresolved because of incomplete sampling throughout the species’ range. This poses a difficult challenge for conservation and management of this species. Sistrurus t. tergeminus does not have state or federal conservation status, but S. t. edwardsii has been petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In this study, we used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from 52 individuals from 7 states to explore the taxonomic and geographic relationships between S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii populations. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference frameworks for both nuclear and mtDNA genes indicated that S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii populations were genetically indistinguishable. However, at the species level, we did find eight well-supported mtDNA clades within S. tergeminus, including individuals from five peripheral populations in 1) Arizona and western New Mexico, 2) Colorado and Kansas, 3) Missouri, 4) Oklahoma, and 5) southern Texas. These peripherally isolated populations surrounded a larger population of individuals from north-central Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma that was contiguous with three additional genetically distinct populations. We conclude that the putative subspecies S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii, as currently defined, most likely represent polytypic phenotypes of S. tergeminus rather than discrete taxonomic entities. Instead, we suggest that S. tergeminus existed historically as a large, contiguous collection of populations that only recently became fragmented into several, as opposed to two, potentially discrete taxonomic entities.
Effector T Cell Egress via Afferent Lymph Modulates Local Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Gómez Daniela , Diehl Malissa C. , Crosby Erika J. , Weinkopff Tiffany , Debes Gudrun F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMemory/effector T cells recirculate through extralymphoid tissues by entering from blood and egressing via afferent lymph. Although T cell entry into effector sites is key to inflammation, the relevance of T cell egress to this process is unknown. In this study, we found that Ag recognition at the effector site reduced the tissue egress of proinflammatory Th1 cells in a mouse model of delayed hypersensitivity. Transgenic expression of “tissue exit receptor” CCR7 enhanced lymphatic egress of Ag-sequestered Th1 cells from the inflamed site and alleviated inflammation. In contrast, lack of CCR7 on Th1 cells diminished their tissue egress while enhancing inflammation. Lymph-borne Th1 and Th17 cells draining the inflamed skin of sheep migrated toward the CCR7 ligand CCL21, suggesting the CCR7-CCL21 axis as a physiological target in regulating inflammation. In conclusion, exit receptors can be targeted to modulate T cell dwell time and inflammation at effector sites, revealing T cell tissue egress as a novel control point of inflammation.
Neurocognitive function monitoring
Authors: Kulkarni Dilip , Moningi Srilata 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNeuro-cognitive dysfunction quite frequently occurs after major surgery particularly in elderly patients. Cognitive function monitoring becomes an important tool in the perioperative period, especially for patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures as these patients are at a greater risk because of the nature of surgery. Many cognitive assessment tools were described, but selecting a tool or combination of tools to assess depends on preoperative patient condition, availability of informant and post-operative course. The cognitive functioning monitoring is crucial for risk stratification to allow for subsequent prophylaxis, surveillance, and treatment of post-operative cognition dysfunction.
Technical Note:
Electrochemical and Chemical Complications Resulting from Yeast Extract Addition to Stimulate Microbial Growth
Authors: Lee Jason S. , Little Brenda J. 
Published: September 2015

Addition of 1 g/L yeast extract (YE) to sterile, aerobic (approximately 21% dissolved oxygen) and deoxygenated (&lt;0.0001% dissolved oxygen) natural seawater fixed the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel. YE contains riboflavin and other B vitamins that can act as redox mediators, sorb to surfaces, and chelate metal ions. As demonstrated, YE alters the pH of buffered media, including natural seawater. These same activities are typically attributed to microorganisms and are related to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) mechanisms. Despite the prevalent use of YE to stimulate microbial growth in MIC experiments, the potential impact of YE on the outcome of those experiments has not been examined.