bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Class, Labour, and the Public
Authors: Gadsby David A. , Chidester Robert C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the approaches that historical archaeologists have taken towards class and labour, and the various ways in which this research has been shared with the public. It is within this socio-political and historiographical context that some historical archaeologists have studied working-class communities and issues of labour and capitalism over the past quarter-century. As archaeologists have realized about the topics of race and gender, the archaeology of class can have a profound impact on the public discourse. Practice and interpretation in archaeology are always political. The rise of postmodern thought in archaeology has brought about a shift in focus from ecological/adaptive approaches to those that stress social relations. It is the ethical duty of archaeologists and global citizens to ensure that the work is used to promote social justice.
Finances
Authors: Félix Joël 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe structural role of war on Ancien Régime finances can be seen in the overwhelming burden military and military-related expenses placed upon them. To be sure, this phenomenon would last well beyond the storming of the Bastille: the cost of funding revolutionary wars would leave a deep scar on European peacetime budgets well into the nineteenth century. Only in the aftermath of the revolutions of 1848 would the old expenditure structure start evolving from the typical fiscal-military state, spending between 70 and 80 percent of its expenses on the armed forces, to a modern social state where civil investment would grow steadily. The financial impact of war is also reflected in many attempts to assess the relative military capabilities of European states.
Dissent and Toleration
Authors: Linton Marisa 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Religious differences generated tension throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The spectre of the Reformation and the religious wars of the sixteenth century continued to haunt the Catholic Church. As one historian puts it, the memory of that traumatic period provided “a graphic illustration of how religious heresy led to political upheaval, of how dissent from the one true faith could unravel into the tangled web of internecine conflict and bloody civil war.” Religious identity was linked closely with political loyalty to a sovereign or state. State authorities showed little acceptance of the idea that a king's subjects might have liberty of conscience and yet still be loyal citizens of the state. Though the incidence of burning heretics at the stake became a rare occurrence even in the countries where the Inquisition operated, and outright persecution diminished during the eighteenth century, people who belonged to religious minorities continued to be heavily discriminated against in most countries, and were confronted by problems regarding both their right to worship and their legal existence.
The Old Reich
Authors: Wilson Peter H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Over the last thirty years it has become common to refer to the Holy Roman Empire as the “Old Reich” to distinguish it from Bismarck's Second Reich and Hitler's Third. The extent to which the Reich might be categorized as an Ancien Régime depends, of course, on how that term is defined. The concept of an old regime postdates the Reich, since it derives from the controversy surrounding the legacy of the French Revolution. Just as that Revolution has been central to debates on modern French history, so the problematic issues of statehood and national unity have dominated discussions about German development after the Reich was dissolved in 1806. These discussions have been shaped by the characteristics associated with an old regime.
Chinese students' motivation and achievement
Authors: Hau Kit-Tai , Ho Irene T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews recent evidences about Chinese students' outstanding academic performance and discusses the major themes and issues arising from the study of their motivational characteristics. Despite Chinese students' high academic achievement, research has shown that they actually display a generally lower sense of efficacy than their Western counterparts. As this article explains, there are at least two ways in which Chinese students differ from their Western counterparts in relation to competence beliefs. Firstly, with academic success being emphasized as a fulfilment of one's duty and achieved through effort, these success experiences may not be as significant a source of self-efficacy as in the Western context. Secondly, the importance of self-efficacy may not be as prominent in producing achievement behaviour as in the West, since there is no demonstrated relationship between their sense of efficacy and effort expenditure.
The multiple frames of ‘Chinese’ values: from tradition to modernity and beyond
Authors: Kulich Steve J. , Zhang Rui 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Fascination with noting the uniqueness of ‘the Chinese’ and their culture has been an enduring pursuit of many throughout recent history. The psychological study of Chinese values has a long history, from Chinese being included in small-set multi-nation comparative studies, to deeper considerations of ‘the Chinese’ from indigenous and emic perspectives, to seeking to integrate Chinese values into universal etic frameworks. This article aims to position the study of ‘Chinese values’ in the context of the ongoing waves of global values studies to study and assess its contribution, and to bring into print an extensive summary of the vast new developments in values research on the Chinese mainland. It briefly reviews the academic history of values studies, where the definitions, levels, and frames of values are explained. Furthermore, it analyzes the approaches of more recent values research considering the varied assumptions about ‘Chinese values’ in their international context.
The Tao (way) of Chinese coping
Authors: Cheng Cecilia , Lo Barbara C. Y. , Chio Jasmine H. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In a multiple-country survey on perceived stress among entrepreneurs, Taiwan entrepreneurs were ranked top of the list. Over 60% of the Taiwan participants reported that they have experienced an increased amount of stress over the past year. Entrepreneurs from Hong Kong came second. Although they are on top of the stress rankings, this does not necessarily mean that the Chinese are in danger of psychological problems. This article seeks to explore the unique Chinese ways of coping with stressors. It points out that an extensive review of the literature has revealed that the Chinese are characterized by a greater tendency to use avoidant or emotion-focused coping, greater flexibility in strategy deployment across stressful situations, and a propensity to seek and utilize less social support. This article discusses each of these coping characteristics in the light of traditional cultural beliefs and contemporary cultural theories of psychology.
Grammaticalization and Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Heine Bernd , Narrog Heiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGrammaticalization can be understood as a process by which grammar is created; more narrowly, it is defined as the development from lexical to grammatical forms, and from grammatical to even more grammatical forms. This chapter shows that the main goal of grammaticalization theory is to understand why grammar in general and functional categories in particular is structured the way it is. Typological generalizations on grammatical change provide a relevant tool for explaining structural properties of grammatical categories.
Linguistic Minimalism
Authors: Boeckx Cedric 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLinguistic minimalism refers to a family of approaches exploring a conjecture, first formulated by Noam Chomsky in the early 1990s, concerning the nature of the human language faculty. This chapter first states what the conjecture amounts to, what sort of research programme emerges from it, and how it could be carried out. Second, it emphasizes that the minimalist program for linguistic theory did not arise out of nowhere, but is firmly grounded in the generative enterprise and the rationalist (‘Cartesian’) tradition more generally. Third, the pursuit of specific minimalist analyses follows a certain research style, often called the ‘Galilean style’, whose core properties are discussed here. Fourth, the chapter highlights the fact that minimalism, if rigorously pursued, naturally gives rise to a specific way of approaching interdisciplinary problems such as ‘Darwin's Problem’ (the logical problem of language evolution).
Optimality Theory in Phonology
Authors: Gouskova Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of Optimality Theory (OT) as applied to phonology. OT is a theory of constraint interaction in grammar, which aims to solve a couple of problems that have confronted generative phonological theory since its earliest days. The first problem is conspiracies: in some languages, there is a constraint that seems to be satisfied in a variety of ways, as if the rules conspire to achieve a single target. The second problem is soft universals: unrelated languages show evidence of the same or similar constraints, but the constraints do not seem to hold in all languages. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 21.2 describes the architecture of OT, including its basic components and approach to typology. Section 21.3 addresses the status of the lexicon in OT. Section 21.4 and 21.5 describe some work on learnability, acquisition, and variation, and Section 21.6 concludes.
Role and Reference Grammar as a Framework for Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Van Valin Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRole and Reference Grammar (RRG) was inspired by both typological and theoretical concerns. The motivating questions for it were: What would a linguistic theory look like if it were based on the analysis of languages with diverse structures, such as Lakhota, Tagalog, Dyirbal, and Barai, rather than the analysis of English? How can the interaction of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in different grammatical systems be best captured and explained? This chapter is organized as follows. Section 28.2 discusses the organization of RRG. Section 28.3 describes the linking between syntax and semantics. Section 28.4 provides a brief summary.
Simpler Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA syntactic theory for natural language provides an account of the correspondences that hold between phonology and meaning. The core idea of Simpler Syntax is expressed by the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis: the most explanatory theory is one that imputes the minimum syntactic necessary to mediate between phenology and meaning. This chapter summarizes the architecture of SS and reviews some of the implications of the SS approach for the analysis of phenomena such as ellipsis, control and raising, argument alterations such as active/passive, and A' construction.
Single‐and Multi‐Name Credit Derivatives: Theory and Practice
Authors: Lipton Alexander , Shelton David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCredit derivatives are contracts whose payouts reference credit events. Depending upon the precise terms of the contract, credit events may include not just the default of a company, but also other events such as restructuring or conservatorship. These subtle differences of definition make little difference in the benign stages of the credit cycle, but when credit events start occurring, they assume high importance. This article begins by summarising some of the most common credit derivative contracts. It then analyses the Gaussian copula model, other copula models, base correlations, pricing bespoke collateralised debt obligations, developments since the Gaussian copula and base correlations, the portfolio loss distribution, and stochastic recovery.
Numeracy and Metrology
Authors: Chambon Grégory 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores some interactions between numeracy, metrology, material culture, and scribal activity within the social and cultural context of Mesopotamia. It analyzes the metrology in the city of Ebla in the third millennium bc in order to out the local complexity of the relationship between practical uses of metrology and written metrological systems. It highlights the complexity of the relationship between material culture, which guides the development of metrological systems that respond to specific needs, and scribal practices capable of borrowing conventional notations from other regions while adapting them to local systems of measurement.
Patron and Client: Zimri-Lim and Asqudum The Diviner
Authors: Charpin Dominique 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the patron-client relationship of Zimri-Lim, appointed king of Mari by the god Dagan, and the diviner Asqudum. It explains Zimri-Lim entrusted Asqudum with important administrative, diplomatic, and military responsibilities. In addition, Asqudum was also charged with negotiating Zimri-Lim's marriage to the princess Šibtu and then with accompanying her from Aleppo to the home of her new spouse. This article also describes Asqudum's divinatory, administrative, and commercial activities.
Letters as Correspondence, Letters as Literature
Authors: Vulliet Fabienne Huber 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the use of letters and correspondence for literary purposes in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform evidence reveals that there are many letters written between real people for everyday purposes of communication which were clearly literary. There are letters in which the vocabulary and language used are often far removed from the mundane diction of administrative and family letters. This article explores the complex relationship between archival and literary letters in cuneiform culture.
Keeping Company With Men of Learning: The King as Scholar
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on Mesopotamian rulers who were not just wise or learned, but had a demonstrable interest in the scribal culture of their age. It provides some general reflections on how the king's influence on the arts and sciences shaped the intellectual discourse of ancient Mesopotamia. It contends that the creation of this large corpus of texts with a focus on kings and kingship was an endeavour that involved, primarily, not the kings themselves, but scribes and scholars who were more or less immediately associated with them.
Playing With Space:Making A Public In Middleton'S Theatre
Authors: Yachnin Paul 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In a recent book, Making Publics in Early Modern Europe, the author and his fourteen collaborators developed an account of how works of art and intellect, and the people who made and enjoyed them, changed the shape of early modern European society by creating what they called ‘publics’, which they defined as ‘new forms of association that allowed people to connect with others in ways not rooted in family, rank, or vocation, but rather founded in voluntary groupings built on the shared interests, tastes, commitments, and desires of individuals’. They described publics as ‘dynamic social entities that are constituted in part by the making public of particular kinds of made things along with their makers and partakers’. However, they observed that describing public making in this way made ‘it sound as if the public were an already-existing space into which things and people could be inducted, but in fact public making is a process by which social and material relations are reassembled so that a public space ... is created where one did not exist before’. This article asks, just what was this public space? How was it made? To begin to answer these questions, the article focuses on how Thomas Middleton's drama fashioned a public space where one did not exist before, on what the character of that space was, and on how Middleton's spatial innovations helped to create a new form of public association among a heterogeneous group of people. It suggests that by playing with space, Middleton's drama made a theatrical public with its own space of publicity.
The Ecology Of The Passions In A Chaste Maid In Cheapside and The Changeling
Authors: Paster Gail Kern 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article analyses the plays A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and The Changeling, which introduce passions of the embodied self as physically embedded in particular environments. The two plays show that Middleton's drama provides vivid examples of the early modern understanding of emotions as material events – bodily in origin, humoural in nature, and influenced by social and environmental factors inside and outside the embodied self. They offer sharply contrasted environments where emotional demands could hardly be more different. Human beings are depicted as highly volatile, tossed around by their passions like rudderless boats tossed about by winds and waves. In such strongly contrasted environments, it is easy to see emotions as physical and social transactions between individuals rather than as a private experience within the body of the individual subject, and thus to see the production of certain emotions as characteristic of different social worlds. This is what, in another context, the author has called the ecology of the passions – using the word ecology in its contemporary scientific sense as the study of an organism's relations with its surroundings, but retaining a sense of the word's Greek roots in oikos, or home. The passions are at home in the self, but they are also transactions with a social and physical environment.
Tragicomic Men
Authors: Henley Trish Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates Middleton's use of the transgressive genre of tragicomedy to critique both dominant and emergent discourses of masculinity. What happens when ideologies of male honour, rank, and family conflict? What do these contradictions do to early modern notions of male subjectivity? What do they say about a political system predicated upon patriarchal ideology? And, lastly, how do definitions of male subjectivity shift when the patriarchal economy moves from feudalism to the proto-capitalist marketplace? The article argues that Middleton's dialogic tragicomedy makes clear the contradictions inherent in patriarchal ideology and reveals even the most traditionally ‘honourable’ of masculine subject positions to be motivated by self-interest and narcissism.
Middleton, Plautus, And The Ethics Of Comedy
Authors: Hardin Richard F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article introduces some related ideas on Middleton's appropriation of his ancestors, ideas that at least muddle the neat dichotomy of moral versus immoral comedy. It calls attention specifically to a spirit of alienation, of impartiality to moral good, that characterizes Middleton's comedies, a spirit to which Plautus and his English and Italian imitators were no strangers.
Staging Muteness in Middleton
Authors: Hackel Heidi Brayman 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The inadequacy of the term ‘audience’ for the sensory experience of playgoing has been well noted by both early moderns and contemporary scholars: ‘there is no English term’, Andrew Gurr observes, ‘which acknowledges the full experience of both hearing and seeing the complete “action” of a play’. By the early seventeenth century, Gurr argues, the variety of theatrical spaces, playgoers, and repertories made ‘the choice between hearing and seeing ... an issue’. Recent scholarship has attuned us to the soundscapes of early modern England. This article inverts that scholarship in order to direct attention to early moderns who could not hear, and to explore moments on the early modern English stage when ‘the complete “action”’ did not include speaking.
Middleton And the Culture of Courtesy
Authors: Ghose Indira 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the theme of courtesy in Middleton's plays. The Renaissance culture of courtesy is generally thought to stem from the publication of Castiglione's Book of the Courtier (1528). Its fame spread rapidly all over Europe; numerous editions appeared, both in Italian and in translation. Written for an elite readership, The Book of the Courtier aimed to forge a new role for an aristocracy whose position was increasingly under threat. To this end, Castiglione adumbrated a form of courtly behaviour that decisively distinguished the aristocracy from the rest of society. In Middleton's city comedies, whose plots circulate around social climbers in the metropolis, the culture of courtesy is a game that can be exploited for its comic potential. In his tragedies, refined behaviour represents a veneer of sophistication that hides a deeper decay. Manners, taste, and style are not a demonstration of innate virtue, nor do they have an ennobling effect. They remain a performance, games people play for a range of social stakes.
Middleton and Spain
Authors: Fuchs Barbara 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on Middleton's use of Spain and Spanish literature as settings and source material. While this penchant may surprise readers who expect from Middleton the Hispanophobia of a good Protestant, it corresponds to the larger cultural ambivalence about Spain in the early 1620s. In the early 1620s, the protracted negotiations for a possible marriage between Prince Charles and the Spanish Infanta, the sister of Philip IV, produced a spate of anti-Hispanic pamphlets. The crisis around Charles's possible marriage to a Catholic princess underscores how sustained and enduring the fascination with Spain really was, in that it could transcend the potent upwelling of popular sentiment against the union. Middleton penned the most scandalous response to Charles's marital adventures, in the wildly successful A Game at Chess.
Middleton as Poet
Authors: Campana Joseph 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses Middleton as a poet. Middleton was certainly a poet, but his poems were neither his nor his age's most distinguished creations. The early poems range from suggestive if derivative, such as The Ghost of Lucrece, to almost unreadable, such as The Wisdom of Solomon Paraphrased. The article illustrates Middleton as a poet who worked in an array of modalities, the variety of which exceeded even that of Shakespeare. The intensities of crime and castigation, urbanity and commerce, plague and imprecation are central to an understanding of Middleton's poetics. To understand those intensities through signature moments throughout his works is to understand his purest moments in his most poetic works: Women Beware Women, A Game at Chess, and Microcynicon. To understand those works is to begin to approach how Middleton lives on.
Middleton And Ecological Change
Authors: Boehrer Bruce 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the environmental themes in Middleton's plays. Middleton depicts the natural world as a resource that Londoners, both citizens and courtiers alike, exploit with cynical rapacity, consuming it to fashion an urban order that precisely inverts its values. But while Middleton's plays engage what we would now call ecological subjects, the playwright's sensibility is by no means ecological in the current sense of the term. His concern with human souls far surpasses his combined interest in plants, animals, minerals, water, the air, the earth, and its climate. Middleton does understand that the natural world is changing, and that the growth of London has something to do with that change, but he understands these developments through early modern Europe's residual master-code of religious experience. He sees them, that is, as essentially spiritual rather than scientific events.