bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects
Authors: Henderson GL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Historically, drugs of abuse have come from two sources: plant products and diverted pharmaceuticals. Today, new, totally synthetic drugs produced by clandestine laboratories have become an increasingly important source of abused substances. Of particular concern are the fentanyls, a family of very potent narcotic analgesics, which first appeared on the streets in California in 1979 under the name “China White.” At least 10 different analogs have been identified to date and are thought to be responsible for over 100 overdose deaths. The fentanyls are not used by any particular ethic or age group, but rather by the general heroin using population. Their use, however, does seem to be restricted to suburban, rather than urban areas, and almost exclusively to the state of California. The most potent analogs, the 3-methy- and beta-hydroxy-fentanyls, may be up to 1000 times as potent as heroin, but are not chemically related to the opiates and therefore not detected by conventional narcotic screening tests. However, using a sensitive radioimmunoassay highly specific for the fentanyls they can be measured at the very low concentrations observed in body fluids, generally less than 10 ng/mL. It is likely that, as efforts to restrict the importation of natural products and prevent diversion of pharmaceuticals become more effective, the fentanyls and other synthetics will become increasingly important drugs of abuse.
Evaluation of Cast Methods for Estimating Age from the Os Pubis
Authors: Klepinger LL , Katz D , Micozzi MS , Carroll L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Age-related changes of the public symphysis have gained wide acceptance among physical anthropologists as one basis for estimating adult skeletal age. However, these methods have not been tested by independent observers on large samples with known ages at death that represent contemporary populations. In this study 202 female and 116 male pairs of pubes collected at autopsy were blindly evaluated for age using the McKern-Stewart or Gilbert-McKern and Suchey-Brooks methods. Performance of the methods was measured by mean absolute deviation of true age from scored interval means and frequencies of true age falling within ±1 and ±2 standard deviations from the mean. The results suggest that the Suchey-Brooks methods are superior in forensic applications and that the racially specific refinement for males should be used. Age estimates should include ±2 standard deviations, and chances of error should be considered, especially when advanced age or debilitation is suspected.
Scanning Electron Microscopy: Application in the Identification of Diatoms in Cases of Drowning
Authors: Pachar JV , Cameron JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple and rapid method is described for processing organ and water samples for the identification of diatoms so that they can be studied and recorded for taxonomic and diagnostic purposes. Samples are treated with concentrated nitric acid; the fluid obtained is centrifuged, and its sediment is dried, coated, and examined under the scanning electron microscope. The method does not alter the morphology of diatoms and allows the study of freshwater and seawater species present in the organs of bodies found in the water, making possible the diagnosis of drowning under specific conditions.
New Perspectives in the Legal Psychiatry of Cocaine-Related Crimes
Authors: Bunt GC 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe legal criteria for the insanity defense as it applies to cocaine-related crimes remains elusive because of cocaine's unique spectrum of effects on human thought and action. This paper discusses the literature relevant to cocaine and forensic psychiatry/psychology, and summarizes the results of a survey of forensic psychiatrists on the topic of drug-induced psychosis. A conceptual framework is posited for the expert witness to distinguish the separable effects of cocaine on human behavior and to clarify their relationship to criminal responsibility.
Cocaine and Sudden “Natural” Death
Authors: Mittleman RE , Wetli CV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of cocaine may culminate in clinical episodes of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and intracranial hemorrhage. To clarify whether or not cocaine causes fatalities by these mechanisms, we studied 24 cases of sudden, apparently natural deaths as a result of coronary arteriosclerosis (15 cases). hypertensive cardiovascular disease (4 cases), and intracranial hemorrhage (5 cases) associated with cocaine use. In 11 cases, cocaine was found in the blood (average concentration: 0.57 mg/L, range: 0.05 to 1.45 mg/L), whereas in the remainder, cocaine or its major metabolite was found in the urine or other tissues. In the majority of decedents, autopsy disclosed the existence of severe natural disease which could have been exacerbated by the administration of stimulant drugs, including cocaine. These data, and a review of the current medical literature, indicate that cocaine may precipitate the sudden death of an individual with undiagnosed cardiovascular disease. A contributory role of cocaine should be considered in any apparently natural death occurring in a population where cocaine abuse is prevalent.
Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDXA) in Identification of Foreign Material on Bullets
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Dana SE , Taylor WE , Ondrusek J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors report two cases in which examination of foreign material embedded in or adherent to bullets provided critical information in the reconstruction of a crime scene. Analysis of small particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) can be accomplished without destruction or injury of the particles. In one case, the detection and identification of mineral fragments embedded near the nose of a bullet provided conclusive evidence that the bullet had ricocheted from a fireplace before striking the victim. In the second case, analysis of particles from two bullets identified them as bone fragments, thus proving which shots fired from a police officer's gun had killed a suspected burglar. SEMEDXA has not been widely used to identify such material on bullets, but should be considered a potentially powerful tool in forensic science.
Line Quality—Historic and Contemporary Views
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The various elements of the writing movement that are recorded in a person's handwriting are important parts of all identifications, in some problems absolutely controlling. A. S. Osborn introduced the term, line quality, to embrace all factors relating to writing movement. A portion of the factors relates to the writing instrument used. Have modern writing instruments hidden most of these factors? The analysis of this problem finds that there is some need to modify Osborn's conception slightly to a contemporary definition. With such modification the term line quality is still valid.
The Individuality of Toolmarks Produced by a Label Maker Used to Write Extortion Notes
Authors: Mason JJ , Grose WP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To determine if toolmarks produced by label makers can be useful in identifying taped messages produced from them, examinations were conducted on seven tapes received as evidence and three reference label makers. It was determined that Dymo® Model 1885 Handimark label makers can be linked to the labeling tapes they produce on the basis of the individual characteristics of the drive wheel impressions and cutting toolmarks, along with the class characteristics which include flaws in the character wheel. An unusual case involving an abduction, where extortion notes had been written on Dymo labeling tape, was received in the Questioned Documents Section of the Virginia Bureau of Forensic Science. The laboratory was asked to determine whether the seven tapes had been produced by one label marker. When it was observed that there were scratches running the length of the tapes which might be suitable for comparison, the case was referred to the Firearms and Toolmarks Section. The scratches did not appear to be of any value for comparison, since they were apparently artifacts of the manufacturing process and not repetitive. However, further investigation revealed more useful information.
Maxillary Suture Obliteration: Aging the Human Skeleton Based on Intact or Fragmentary Maxilla
Authors: Mann RW , Symes SA , Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Obliteration of the four sutures of the bony palate is examined to determine its value as an age indicator. Thirty-six maxillae from a predominately white series representing both sexes and a wide variety of ages are studied. It is concluded that the amount of obliteration of these sutures is useful in estimating general biological age.
Identification of Skulls by Video Superimposition
Authors: Iten PX 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method of matching skulls with photographic portraits or impressions of the face in clay by video superimposition is described. Two different practical cases are presented. The first one deals with the identification of a skull of a six-year-old girl, the second with the identification of the skull of the famous Swiss Pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who died about 160 years ago. The advantages and versatility of this method are shown; also the setup of the equipment and the working technique.
The Relationship of Court Clinics to Correctional Mental Health Services: Opportunities for Cooperation and Potential Sources of Conflict
Authors: Rosner R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When the ends of law and the ends of medicine coincide, cooperation between clinical and forensic psychiatry is likely. When the ends of law and the ends of medicine diverge, cooperation may not be feasible. This is demonstrated by the relationship between the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic fbr the New York Criminal and Supreme Courts (First Department) and the Prison Mental Health Service of the City of New York. It is suggested that the experience of these two agencies is generalizable to all who attempt to provide mental health services to defendant populations.
Mental Health and Corrections: Towards a Working Partnership
Authors: Harmon RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the development of mental health services to the courts and correction facilities in the City of New York. The origins, structure, and functions of the interagency New York City Task Force on Prison Mental Health Services are explained. The Task Force's role in the development, promulgation, and implementation of the Minimum Standards for Mental Health Services in New York City Correctional Facilities are outlined. These standards, enacted by the New York City Board of Correction, are described and discussed.
A Review of Plant Drug Analysis
Authors: Spiehler VR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The 170 color plates in this book are of art book quality and the graphic organization deserves a design award. The book is a pleasure to own and peruse. However, the effort and expense to produce these features were, I expect, for more practical than aesthetic purposes. The extraordinary color photography and reproduction have the goal of matching the true colors of the striking fluorescence and color reactions seen in thin-layer chromatography. This book achieves this better than any other this reviewer has seen before. The book will function as a useful handbook for identification and interpretation of composition of plant products, especially for those laboratories who have the duty of assaying medicinal plant products for meeting pharmacopeia standards. All laboratories that have occasion to assay plant material for the presence of pharmacologically active compounds will find this a useful addition to their reference shelf.
A Review of Reasonable Doubt
Authors: Wecht CH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In every national poll that has been taken in the United States since the assassination of John F. Kennedy on 22 Nov. 1963, a large majority of Americans have expressed their unwillingness to accept the principal conclusion of the Warren Commission Report (WCR), namely, that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the planning and execution of the President's murder in Dallas 23 years ago. While it is obviously true that guilt or innocence and the question of conspiracy are not matters to be ultimately determined by popular vote, the continuing and overwhelming rejection of the findings of a Presidential blue ribbon panel is not a matter that should be casually ignored. When one considers the intensive, well-orchestrated efforts by various governmental agencies and powerful segments of the news media during the past two decades (frequently associated with ad hominem attacks against one or more of the WCR critics) to convince the American public of the thoroughness and validity of the original investigation, then the repudiation of the WCR by a substantial majority of people in this country (and throughout the world) assumes a much greater significance.
Photoluminescent Enhancement of Ninhydrin Developed Fingerprints by Metal Complexation: Structural Studies of Complexes Formed Between Ruhemann's Purple and Group IIb Metal Salts
Authors: Lennard CJ , Margot PA , Sterns M , Warrener RN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ruhemann's purple (RP), formed in the ninhydrin development of latent fingerprints, readily coordinates to a number of metal cations. The luminescent behavior of the Group IIb complexes has been used in the enhancement of fingerprints developed with ninhydrin. Spectroscopic evidence is presented which indicates that all three complexes have similar structures. The structure of the cadmium complex has been determined by X-ray diffraction and found to contain a 1:1 ratio of metal to chelating agent (RP). The properties of this complex suggest that it is the active agent in the cadmium(II) promoted photoluminescence of ninhydrin developed fingerprints. Coordinated water in the complex explains the need for moisture in the enhancement procedure.
Persistence of Vaginal Spermatozoa as Assessed by Routine Cervicovaginal (Pap) Smears
Authors: Randall B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Retrospective review of cervicovaginal (Pap) smears of women with known sexual histories affords an opportunity to assess the potential for postcoital sperm recovery for large numbers of individuals. This study reviewed 542 individuals' Pap smears with accompanying sexual histories. Three hundred forty-nine respondents reported at least one act of sexual intercourse during the five days preceding the Pap smear. Unlike a previous report, the current study showed very poor sperm recovery (maximum of 25% during the first postcoital day). The observed results roughly correlate with the incidence of sperm noted on screening of large numbers of routine clinical Pap smears in a private reference laboratory. Routine Pap smears can detect sperm but do not appear to be an ideal method to substantiate recent sexual intercourse.
The Mariel Refugee and the New York Criminal Court
Authors: Harmon RB , Rosner R , Wiederlight M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the spring of 1980, the Mariel Boat Lift brought refugees from Communist Cuba to the shores of Florida. Most refugees came seeking political freedom, but many were sent by the Cuban Government directly from its prisons and mental institutions. Literal rejects of their own society, they arrived in this country and spent many months interned in refugee camps. As they moved out into local communities, their behavioral problems began to come to the attention of local authorities. This paper describes the “Marielitos” seen in the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the Criminal and Supreme Courts of New York between mid-1980 and mid-1985. It explores how their reactions to their new environment may be affected by their past psychiatric and criminal histories, their language barrier, and the stress of the emigration experience.
Maternal Death Associated with Intravenous Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) and Pentazocine (Talwin®) Abuse
Authors: Lundquest DE , Young WK , Edland JF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of maternal death from pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary granulomatosis is presented. The granulomas are associated with a history of intravenous injection of medications (Ritalin® and Talwin®) intended for oral use.
Missouri's Lakes and the Disposal of Homicide Victims
Authors: Dix JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the circumstances surrounding the retrieval and subsequent autopsies of four bodies accidentally discovered weighted down in Missouri's lakes. The bodies, representing four separate cases of homicide, were sunken for a period of three weeks to ten months. The relationship of adipocere formation to the postmortem interval and the problems of injury interpretation are discussed.
The Man in the Mask
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT , Breithaupt MK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A skeletonized body, wearing a black leather bondage mask, was found in a Revolutionary War smokehouse cave with two bullet holes in the back of the head. The body was skeletonized up to the maxillary area but the head region under the mask was well preserved and permitted a positive visual identification. There was evidence that the body had been eaten by small animals and subsequently burned. Investigations into this brutal murder revealed a tale of a bizarre sadomasochistic ritual that attained national prominence.
Estimation of a Bullet's Diameter Using the Bullet Hole Identification Kit (BTK)
Authors: Bergman P , Even H , Agron N , Klein A , Springer E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Evaluation of the diameter of a bullet which caused an entrance hole by measuring the diameter of the color rings developed through use of the bullet hole identification kit (BTK) is presented. A direct estimation of the diameter of the bullet can be made, or a range of diameters can be determined. This range depends on the material of the target, and to an extent, on the kind of support behind the target. In the case of woven cotton textiles, this range was found to be small, and larger in other textile materials. Even in these latter cases, one can discriminate between the large and small diameters (for example, those of the 0.22 and 0.38 calibers). These results can be very useful when targets are dark colored or soiled to a degree where the black ring (“ring of dirt”) around the entrance hole is unrecognizable.
The Specificity of Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy for the Identification of N-Ethyl-1-Phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE)
Authors: Clark CC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The electron impact mass spectrum of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE) was studied using both deuterium-labeled compounds and structurally related analogs. The deuterium-labeled compounds used were d2 · PCE with two deuterium atoms on the methylene carbon of the N-ethyl group, d3 · PCE with three deuterium atoms on the methyl carbon of the N-ethyl group, d4 · PCE with four deuterium atoms on the β carbons of the cyclohexyl rings, and d5 · PCE with five deuterium atoms on the phenyl ring. Structurally related compounds used included the N,N-dimethyl, N-propyl, and cyclopentyl analogs. The identities of some major fragments and possible pathways leading to their formation are shown. Electron impact mass spectroscopy is shown to be a definitive test for the identification of PCE.
Image Processing and Statistical Analysis as an Aid in the Comparison of Typewritten Impressions
Authors: Noblett MG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A device is being evaluated which images and statistically evaluates typewritten impressions on paper. The device can differentiate between typeface designed and manufactured by one company and typeface copied from the same design but manufactured by a different company. The device can make precise and detailed measurements of typewritten impressions while reducing the effects of the ribbon and paper to provide a valid and reliable image of the individual typewritten characters.
Scene Investigation, Identification, and Victim Examination Following the Accident of Galaxy 203: Disaster Preplanning Does Work
Authors: McCarty VO , Sohn AP , Ritzlin RS , Gauthier JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 crashed following takeoff from Reno-Cannon International Airport on 21 Jan. 1985. Sixty-eight persons on board the aircraft perished in the initial crash and resultant fire which followed. Two victims expired as a result of crash injuries within subsequent days and one passenger survived. A community disaster response plan was in place and had been practiced by local government agencies before this incident. The successes of this preplanned response, as well as methods of actual recovery, identification, and examination of the victims is presented.
Nitrogen Narcosis and Alcohol Consumption—A Scuba Diving Fatality
Authors: Michalodimitrakis E , Patsalis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nitrogen narcosis can cause death among experienced scuba divers. Nitrogen under pressure affects the brain by acting as an anesthetic agent. Furthermore, the consumption of ethanol along with diving will cause the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis to occur at depths less than 30 m. Our case deals with an experienced diver who drank alcoholic beverages before diving and developed symptoms of nitrogen narcosis at a shallow depth. These two conditions contributed to his death by drowning.
Multiple Deaths from Argon Contamination of Hospital Oxygen Supply
Authors: Smith FP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the course of routine hospital surgical procedures, three patients lapsed into hypoxic cyanosis. Two expired immediately, another after four days of coma. Investigation of the hospital's central liquid oxygen tank revealed that it had been refilled recently and was labelled both “oxygen” and “argon.” Mass spectrometric analysis of gas sampled from the questioned tank revealed a predominance of argon. A discussion of the sampling technique, method of analysis, role of the criminalist, and causes of this accident is presented.
Death Caused by Ingestion of Endosulfan
Authors: Bernardelli BC , Gennari MC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reports the autopsy and toxicological findings of a death caused by ingestion of endosulfan dispersed in a colorless liquid containing about 55% of xylene (w/v). For isolation of endosulfan, the biological material was homogenized and the drug was isolated by extraction with ether. Quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography. The following concentrations of endosulfan were found:
Blood 30 mg/L
Gastric contents 0.5 g in the total 50 mL
Liver 20 mg/kg
Kidney 2.0 mg/kg
Brain 0.3 mg/kg
Xylene (solvent) was detected only in stomach contents (0.4 g in the total 50 mL).
Determination of Barium in Gunshot Residue Collection Swabs Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Koons RD , Havekost DG , Peters CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was compared with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for barium determination in gunshot residue (GSR) collection swabs. Lack of interferences by common swab extract constituents, a wide linear dynamic range, and good precision and accuracy of ICP-AES make it superior to AAS for barium determination in GSR swab extracts.