bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aboveground-belowground biodiversity linkages differ in early and late successional temperate forests
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Xugao , Liang Chao , Hao Zhanqing , Zhou Lisha , Ma Sam , Li Xiaobin , Yang Shan , Yao Fei , Jiang Yong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUnderstanding ecological linkages between above- and below-ground biota is critical for deepening our knowledge on the maintenance and stability of ecosystem processes. Nevertheless, direct comparisons of plant-microbe diversity at the community level remain scarce due to the knowledge gap between microbial ecology and plant ecology. We compared the α- and β- diversities of plant and soil bacterial communities in two temperate forests that represented early and late successional stages. We documented different patterns of aboveground-belowground diversity relationships in these forests. We observed no linkage between plant and bacterial α-diversity in the early successional forest and even a negative correlation in the late successional forest, indicating that high bacterial α-diversity is not always linked to high plant α-diversity. Beta-diversity coupling was only found at the late successional stage, while in the early successional forest, the bacterial β-diversity was closely correlated with soil property distances. Additionally, we showed that the dominant competitive tree species in the late successional forest may play key roles in driving forest succession by shaping the soil bacterial community in the early successional stage. This study sheds new light on the potential aboveground-belowground linkage in natural ecosystems, which may help us understand the mechanisms that drive ecosystem succession.
Change in Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness, Corneal Thickness, Volume and Topography after Superficial Cauterization for Conjunctivochalasis
Authors: Chan Tommy C. Y. , Ye Cong , Ng Paul KF , Li Emmy Y. M. , Yuen Hunter K. L. , Jhanji Vishal 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe evaluated the change in tear film lipid layer thickness, corneal thickness, volume and topography after superficial cauterization of symptomatic conjunctivochalasis. Bilateral superficial conjunctival cauterization was performed in 36 eyes of 18 patients with symptomatic conjunctivochalasis. The mean age of patients (12 males, 6 females) was 68.6 ± 10.9 years (range: 44–83 years). Preoperatively, 28 eyes (77.8%) had grade 1 conjunctivochalasis and 8 eyes (22.2%) had grade 2 conjunctivochalasis. At 1 month postoperatively, the severity of conjunctivochalasis decreased significantly (p < 0.001) and 29 eyes (80.6%) had grade 0 conjunctivochalasis whereas 7 eyes (19.4%) had grade 1 conjunctivochalasis. The mean Ocular Surface Disease Index score decreased from 31.5 ± 15.2 preoperatively to 21.5 ± 14.2 at the end of 1 month postoperatively (p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in mean tear film lipid layer thickness 1 month after the surgery (49.6 ± 16.1 nm vs 62.6 ± 21.6 nm; p < 0.001). The central corneal thickness, thinnest corneal thickness and corneal volume decreased significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001). Our study showed that superficial conjunctival cauterization is an effective technique for management of conjunctivochalasis in the short term. An increase in tear film lipid layer thickness along with a decrease in corneal thickness and volume were observed after surgical correction of conjunctivochalasis.
Pu isotopes in soils collected downwind from Lop Nor: regional fallout vs. global fallout
Authors: Bu Wenting , Ni Youyi , Guo Qiuju , Zheng Jian , Uchida Shigeo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFor the first time, soil core samples from the Jiuquan region have been analyzed for Pu isotopes for radioactive source identification and radiological assessment. The Jiuquan region is in downwind from the Lop Nor Chinese nuclear test (CNT) site. The high Pu inventories (13 to 546 Bq/m2) in most of the sampling locations revealed that this region was heterogeneously contaminated by the regional fallout Pu from the CNTs. The contributions of the CNTs to the total Pu in soils were estimated to be more than 40% in most cases. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in the soils ranged from 0.059 to 0.186 with an inventory-weighted average of 0.158, slightly lower than that of global fallout. This atom ratio could be considered as a mixed fingerprint of Pu from the CNTs. In addition, Pu in soils of Jiuquan region had a faster downward migration rate compared with other investigated places in China.
Polarization-tuned Dynamic Color Filters Incorporating a Dielectric-loaded Aluminum Nanowire Array
Authors: Raj Shrestha Vivek , Lee Sang-Shin , Kim Eun-Soo , Choi Duk-Yong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNanostructured spectral filters enabling dynamic color-tuning are saliently attractive for implementing ultra-compact color displays and imaging devices. Realization of polarization-induced dynamic color-tuning via one-dimensional periodic nanostructures is highly challenging due to the absence of plasmonic resonances for transverse-electric polarization. Here we demonstrate highly efficient dynamic subtractive color filters incorporating a dielectric-loaded aluminum nanowire array, providing a continuum of customized color according to the incident polarization. Dynamic color filtering was realized relying on selective suppression in transmission spectra via plasmonic resonance at a metal-dielectric interface and guided-mode resonance for a metal-clad dielectric waveguide, each occurring at their characteristic wavelengths for transverse-magnetic and electric polarizations, respectively. A broad palette of colors, including cyan, magenta and yellow, has been attained with high transmission beyond 80%, by tailoring the period of the nanowire array and the incident polarization. Thanks to low cost, high durability and mass producibility of the aluminum adopted for the proposed devices, they are anticipated to be diversely applied to color displays, holographic imaging, information encoding and anti-counterfeiting.
A Questionnaire for Parents of Children Who Stutter Attending a Self-Help Convention
Authors: Klein Joseph F. , Jackson Eric S. , Caggiano Lee 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
To examine the attitudes and feelings of parents of children who stutter attending an annual convention for children who stutter.

Method
A survey consisting of demographic information, 30 questions regarding parents' feelings and attitudes using a 5-point Likert scale, and 3 open-ended questions was created by the authors and completed by 45 parents of children who stutter attending a convention for children who stutter.

Results
Parents attending the support group convention were comfortable with and knowledgeable about stuttering. Parents reported that they attended the convention to support their children and themselves and to gain information regarding stuttering. Parents were most concerned that stuttering would impact their children's future and hoped that their children would become happy, confident, and effective communicators. New attendees were less comfortable answering a question regarding the cause of stuttering than were returning parents, and fathers were less likely than mothers to work on therapy homework with their child.

Conclusions
This is the first study of parents who attend stuttering support groups. The results indicated these parents were comfortable and knowledgeable about stuttering. More research regarding feelings and attitudes of parents of children who stutter, and the impact of support groups on parents, is needed.
Size distribution of particles in Saturn’s rings from aggregation and fragmentation
Authors: Brilliantov Nikolai , Krapivsky P. L. , Bodrova Anna , Spahn Frank , Hayakawa Hisao , Stadnichuk Vladimir , Schmidt Jürgen 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Although it is well accepted that the particle size distribution in Saturn’s rings is not primordial, it remains unclear whether the observed distribution is unique or universal, that is, whether it is determined by the history of the rings and details of the particle interaction or whether the distribution is generic for all planetary rings. We show that a power-law size distribution with large-size cutoff, as observed in Saturn’s rings, is universal for systems where a balance between aggregation and disruptive collisions is steadily sustained. Hence, the same size distribution is expected for any ring system where collisions play a role, like the Uranian rings, the recently discovered rings of Chariklo and Chiron, and possibly rings around extrasolar objects.
Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread
Authors: Finney Mark A. , Cohen Jack D. , Forthofer Jason M. , McAllister Sara S. , Gollner Michael J. , Gorham Daniel J. , Saito Kozo , Akafuah Nelson K. , Adam Brittany A. , English Justin D. 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Wildfires burn millions of hectares per year on every inhabited continent, but the physical mechanism governing spread is not known. Models of wildfire spread are widely used for prediction, firefighter training, and ecological research but have assumed various formulations of known heat transfer processes (radiation and convection) absent a definitive theory of their organization. New experimental evidence reported here reveals how buoyancy generated by the fire induces vorticity and instabilities in the flame zone that control the convective heating needed to ignite fuel particles and produce spread.
Innovation in agri-food clusters - mini review.
Authors: Phillips P. W. B. , Karwandy J. , Webb G. , Ryan C. D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
How fast and widespread the global agriculture and food sectors can develop, adapt and adopt new technologies, products, production systems and institutional arrangements will probably have the single largest impact on global prosperity and security in the next generation. This review concludes that the theory and evidence to support this policy goal is incomplete. Innovation is the buzz concept of the twenty-first century. It is generally agreed that innovation must accelerate and spread more widely in the global agri-food system. Nevertheless, action and impacts will most often be felt at the local food system level. A challenge is that both the theory and evidence in support of good public policy is mixed.
Behavioral Hazard in Health Insurance
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Authors: Baicker Katherine , Mullainathan Sendhil , Schwartzstein Joshua 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A fundamental implication of standard moral hazard models is overuse of low-value medical care because copays are lower than costs. In these models, the demand curve alone can be used to make welfare statements, a fact relied on by much empirical work. There is ample evidence, though, that people misuse care for a different reason: mistakes, or “behavioral hazard.” Much high-value care is underused even when patient costs are low, and some useless care is bought even when patients face the full cost. In the presence of behavioral hazard, welfare calculations using only the demand curve can be off by orders of magnitude or even be the wrong sign. We derive optimal copay formulas that incorporate both moral and behavioral hazard, providing a theoretical foundation for value-based insurance design and a way to interpret behavioral “nudges.” Once behavioral hazard is taken into account, health insurance can do more than just provide financial protection—it can also improve health care efficiency.
Radio and the Rise of The Nazis in Prewar Germany
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Authors: Adena Maja , Enikolopov Ruben , Petrova Maria , Santarosa Veronica , Zhuravskaya Ekaterina 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
How do the media affect public support for democratic institutions in a fragile democracy? What role do they play in a dictatorial regime? We study these questions in the context of Germany of the 1920s and 1930s. During the democratic period, when the Weimar government introduced progovernment political news, the growth of Nazi popularity slowed down in areas with access to radio. This effect was reversed during the campaign for the last competitive election as a result of the pro-Nazi radio broadcast following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. During the consolidation of dictatorship, radio propaganda helped the Nazis enroll new party members. After the Nazis established their rule, radio propaganda incited anti-Semitic acts and denunciations of Jews to authorities by ordinary citizens. The effect of anti-Semitic propaganda varied depending on the listeners’ predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect in places with historically low anti-Semitism.
Floral resource-landscapes and pollinator-mediated interactions in plant communities
Authors: Nottebrock Henning , Schmid Baptiste , Mayer Katharina , Devaux Céline , Esler Karen J. , Katrin Böhning-Gaese , Schleuning Matthias , Pagel Jörn , Schurr Frank M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPlant communities provide floral resource-landscapes for pollinators. Yet, it is insufficiently understood how these landscapes shape pollinator-mediated interactions among multiple plant species. Here, we study how pollinators and the seed set of plants respond to the distribution of a floral resource (nectar sugar) in space and across plant species, inflorescences and flowering phenologies. In a global biodiversity hotspot, we quantified floral resource-landscapes on 27 sites of 4 ha comprising 127,993 shrubs of 19 species. Visitation rates of key bird pollinators strongly depended on the phenology of site-scale resource amounts. Seed set of focal plants increased with resources of conspecific neighbours and with site-scale resources, notably with heterospecific resources of lower quality (less sugar per inflorescence). Floral resources are thus a common currency determining how multiple plant species interact via pollinators. These interactions may alter conditions for species coexistence in plant communities and cause community-level Allee effects that promote extinction cascades.
Adaptive variation in human toll-like receptors is contributed by introgression from both Neandertals and Denisovans
Authors: Dannemann Michael , Andres Aida M. , Kelso Janet 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPathogens and the diseases they cause have been among the most important selective forces experienced by humans during their evolutionary history. Although adaptive alleles generally arise by mutation, introgression can also be a valuable source of beneficial alleles. Archaic humans, who lived in Europe and Western Asia for over 200,000 years, were likely well-adapted to the environment and its local pathogens, and it is therefore conceivable that modern humans entering Europe and Western Asia who admixed with them obtained a substantial immune advantage from the introgression of archaic alleles.Here we document a cluster of three toll-like receptors (TLR6-TLR1-TLR10)in modern humans that carries three distinct archaic haplotypes, indicating repeated introgression from archaic humans. Two of these haplotypes are most similar to Neandertal genome, while the third haplotype is most similar to the Denisovan genome. The toll-like receptors are key components of innate immunity and provide an important first line of immune defense against bacteria, fungi and parasites. The unusually high allele frequencies and unexpected levels of population differentiation indicate that there has been local positive selection on multiple haplotypes at this locus. We show that the introgressed alleles have clear functional effects in modern humans; archaic-like alleles underlie differences in the expression of the TLR genes and are associated with reduced microbial resistance and increased allergic disease in large cohorts. This provides strong evidence for recurrent adaptive introgression at theTLR6-TLR1-TLR10locus, resulting in differences in disease phenotypes in modern humans.
Employers hire for attitude and train for skill
Authors: Rao M.S 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– Lays emphasis on the importance of presenting a positive attitude to grab an offer of employment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Stresses the significance of transferable skills to ensure a successful career shift from one industry to another.

Findings
– Argues that the judicious identification and effective deployment of inborn talents and acquired skills can help in the achievement of career success.

Practical implications
– Shows that these findings can be applied in any organization and sector of the economy.

Social implications
– Seeks support from educational institutions to make students more employable in the corporate world.

Originality/value
– Highlights the importance of taking an inventory of strengths and weaknesses – building on the former and seeking to rectify the latter.
Individuals, teams and organizations score with gamification
Authors: Sarangi Swatee , Shah Shreya 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– Explains how gamification can help to motivate employees and boost individual and organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach
– Defines gamification and provides some examples of how it can work in practice.

Findings
– Charts how gamification helps to engage employees by infusing vigor, making them dedicated and enabling them to be absorbed in their work.

Practical implications
– Explains that gamification can help in infusing a feel of ownership of performance and results.

Social implications
– Outlines some of the social forces that can help to make gamification a success.

Originality/value
– Reveals that through gamification – designed sensitively, crafted creatively and implemented positively – organizations can target burn-out and help to foster an engaging work environment.
Linkage of plant trait space to successional age and species richness in boreal forest understorey vegetation
Authors: Kumordzi Bright B. , de Bello Francesco , Freschet Grégoire T. , Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yoann , Lepš Jan , Wardle David A. 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Determining the changes in within‐ and between‐species functional diversity in plant communities, and their contribution to overall species trait overlap, can enhance efforts at understanding mechanisms of species coexistence. However, little is known about how variation in species functional diversity influences variation in species trait overlap among contrasting environments.

Here, we studied the understorey vegetation in a well‐characterized 5000‐year‐old chronosequence involving 30 forested islands that differ greatly in size, soil fertility and species diversity. Across this chronosequence, we expected consistent changes in both within‐ and between‐species functional diversity that would lead to decreasing overall species trait overlap with increasing successional age, species richness, understorey vegetation density and spatial heterogeneity of soil resources.

For each island, we measured specific leaf area (SLA) of each of ten individuals of each plant species present. Using a variance decomposition method, we partitioned the total community functional diversity of SLA on each island into within‐ and between‐species functional diversity. Further, we estimated overall species trait overlap as the ratio of within‐species functional diversity to total functional diversity. Using regression analyses, we then explored relationships of within‐ and between‐species functional diversity, and of overall species trait overlap, with several environmental variables across the 30 islands.

Consistent with our hypotheses, overall species trait overlap decreased with successional age due to a statistically significant decrease in within‐species functional diversity, and decreased with species richness due to a simultaneous decrease in within‐species functional diversity and increase in between‐species functional diversity. Against our predictions, overall species trait overlap increased in more competitive environments and did not change with increasing spatial heterogeneity of soil N or P.

Synthesis. Our study suggests niche packing as a key mechanism for species coexistence in plant communities. Using SLA as an integrator of plant ecological strategy, we show that community successional age and species richness are significantly linked to trait space distribution of plant individuals of boreal forest understorey vegetation and therefore to local species coexistence. Our results also suggest that the trait space of dominant and subordinate species may respond differently to local environmental variables.
Determinants of bacterial communities in Canadian agroforestry systems
Authors: Banerjee Samiran , Baah‐Acheamfour Mark , Carlyle Cameron N. , Bissett Andrew , Richardson Alan E. , Siddique Tariq , Bork Edward W. , Chang Scott X. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryLand‐use change is one of the most important factors influencing soil microbial communities, which play a pivotal role in most biogeochemical and ecological processes. Using agroforestry systems as a model, this study examined the effects of land uses and edaphic properties on bacterial communities in three agroforestry types covering a 270 km soil‐climate gradient in Alberta, Canada. Our results demonstrate that land‐use patterns exert stronger effects on soil bacterial communities than soil zones in these agroforestry systems. Plots with trees in agroforestry systems promoted greater bacterial abundance and to some extent species richness, which was associated with more nutrient‐rich soil resources. While Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla and subphyla across land uses, Arthrobacter, Acidobacteria_Gp16, Burkholderia, Rhodanobacter and Rhizobium were the keystone taxa in these agroforestry systems. Soil pH and carbon contents emerged as the major determinants of bacterial community characteristics. We found non‐random co‐occurrence and modular patterns of soil bacterial communities, and these patterns were controlled by edaphic factors and not their taxonomy. Overall, this study highlights the drivers and co‐occurrence patterns of soil microbial communities in agroforestry systems.
Intersectionality in family therapy training: inviting students to embrace the complexities of lived experience
Authors: Butler Catherine 
Published: July 2015

While intersectionality has become an established and much used theory in feminist and critical race studies, the concept remains relatively underused by systemic family therapists and on family therapy training courses. And yet systemic therapy embraces the multiplicity of human existence and examines the interplay of power relations. This article attempts to fill this gap by emphasizing the usefulness of intersectionality in representing the complexities of lived experience and by presenting an exercise to introduce students to intersectionality in family therapy training.Practitioner points
Therapists and trainers should be aware of the privileges and oppressions that the intersections of their social locations create.
Therapists and trainers should be ready to initiate conversations with clients and students about intersecting identities and their influence.
Help students to apply intersectionality theory through structured, well‐paced exercises with plenty of in‐built reflexive discussion.