bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The octagonal gemstones from Gordion: observations and interpretations
Authors: Goldman Andrew L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOf the increasing number of Roman gemstones from Turkey published from museum and private collections, nearly all lack a secure archaeological context. Consequentially, it has been difficult to discuss the origin, production or dissemi¬nation of gemstones in Anatolia during the imperial period. Excavations in the cemeteries at Gordion have yielded over a dozen carved intaglios typical of the first to the fourth century AD. Three of the gems are cut in a relatively rare octagonal form, an eight-sided shape which achieved limited popularity during the late imperial period but has yet to receive scholarly treatment. The recent recovery of similar late Roman octagonals from other central Anatolian sites has indicated strongly that this particular gemstone type was popular and possibly produced locally in central Turkey. Examination of octagonals as a distinct group, via analyses of gem type, dimension, provenance, date and iconographic representation as evident in a newly-constructed corpus of 185 examples, appears to provide additional support for this theory. It is suggested here that the octagonal shape held numeric and symbolic significance among the military and early Christian communities of central Turkey, where a permanent workshop catering to that mixed clientele possibly existed in at least one of the principal urban centres, at Ancyra and/or Caesarea.
Dynamic planning navigation strategy for mobile terrestrial robots
Authors: de Oliveira Átila V. F. M. , Fernandes Marcelo A. C. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new dynamic planning navigation strategy for use with mobile terrestrial robots. The strategy was applied to situations in which the environment and obstacles were unknown. After each displacement event, the robot replanned its route using a control algorithm that minimized the distance to the target and maximized the distance between the obstacles. Using a spatial localization sensor and a set of distance sensors, the proposed navigation strategy was able to dynamically plan optimum routes that were free of collisions. Simulations performed using different types of environment demonstrated that the technique offers a high degree of flexibility and robustness, and validated its potential use in real applications involving mobile terrestrial robots.
Self-adaption grasping force analysis for an apple sorting hand-claw with robustness
Authors: Zhang Jun , Liu Guangyuan 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYA flexible apple sorting hand-claw with three fingers evenly on the spiral chuck is designed. Each finger with series double hinges is driven by one air-cylinder. Sizes of hand-claw and parameters of two torsion springs round axes of series double hinges are obtained via global optimization based on the grid method so that the two torsion springs exhibit a coordinative function to enhance compliance for grasping apples of different sizes under the same system pressure. Besides, the critical pressures and bending deflection between different working processes are studied. Results show that hinge 2 begins to rotate at 0.0270 MPa pressure, and when the pressure increases to 0.0634 MPa and 0.0746 MPa, hand-claw begins to touch the biggest and the smallest apples respectively. The curve of torsional angle versus pressure presents that angular velocity droops with homogeneous extension. Therefore, it is able to reduce impact and time in vain during the grasping process. Crucially, the grasping forces for grasping the smallest and the biggest apple are 4 N and 4.38 N respectively under the same 0.5 MPa pressure, indicating the excellent adaption performance and robust result for size variation of apples without any force sensors.
The future of evolutionary economics: can we break out of the beachhead?
Authors: WINTER SIDNEY G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay contemplates the possible futures of evolutionary economics in terms of two contrasting images. In the first, the primary research emphasis of the future will continue to be on the topics that have interested evolutionary economists in the past, such as technological change, business behavior, and the role of institutions. Research contributions in these focal areas and in some related areas are briefly characterized. In the second image, there is a breakout from this ‘beachhead’ and a broader conflict with the reigning paradigm, neoclassical economics. Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions provides a framework and stimulus for thinking about the latter case, and the 20th century paradigm conflict in physics provides a baseline for thinking about it. The core strengths of evolutionary economics in the paradigm conflict are noted, and the evolutionary role of intentionality is examined No definitive prediction about the future is offered.
Chondrenchelys problematica(Traquair, 1888) redescribed: a Lower Carboniferous, eel-like holocephalan from Scotland
Authors: Finarelli John A. , Coates Michael I. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTChondrenchelys problematica, from the Viséan (Holkerian) of Scotland, is the earliest holocephalan known from extensive cranial and postcranial material. Here, we provide a comprehensive new description of this taxon using three new specimens, in which we observe many morphological features for the first time. Much of the cranial morphology is closer to that of living chimaeroid holocephalans than was previously appreciated. For this reason, we provide original figures illustrating the chondrocranium of a hatchlingCallorhinchus miliidemonstrating these similarities. InChondrenchelys, although the jaw articulation is positioned at the posterior margin of the orbit, the high-walled lamina orbitonasalis and densely-mineralised antorbital crest provide evidence for forward rotation of the jaw adductor musculature. Preserved foramina for the efferent superficial ophthalmic nerves show that the sensory organs on the rostrum were enervated in a manner similar to modern sharks, with the ophthalmic nerves not enclosed in an ethmoid canal, as in modern holocephalans. The conjunction of numerous distinctly holocephalan features with those that are otherwise general to Chondrichthyes demonstrates a decoupling of several of the structural conditions that characterise the distinctive morphological complex of the extant holocephalan skull. The anguiliform postcranium is more elongate than previously reconstructed, and it is now clear that the axial skeleton extended beyond the posterior extremity of the elongate dorsal fin. Morphological characters are reviewed with a view to further phylogenetic analyses. We recommend using the appearance ofChondrenchelysat 336.5 Ma as a hard minimum age for the last common ancestor of elasmobranchs and chimaeroids, because of its secure association with other holocephalans, and current uncertainties concerning elasmobranch stem lineage membership.
Synoptic revision of the Ordovician brachiopods of the Barr and Lower Ardmillan groups of the Girvan area, Scotland
Authors: Candela Y. , Harper D. A. T. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe generic assignments of some 200 Ordovician brachiopod species in the Barr and Lower Ardmillan (upper Darriwilian–lower Katian) succession, Girvan are reviewed and, where necessary, modified. This key database on the distribution and occurrence of a Laurentian-marginal brachiopod assemblage has featured in many analyses of global biogeography for the period and has confirmed the position of Girvan at relatively low latitudes. Revision of these taxonomic assignments within a modified stratigraphical framework permits closer comparisons with coeval faunas elsewhere around the palaeocontinent of Laurentia and beyond and allows the definition of a variety of brachiopod biofacies on a fault-controlled basin founded on a dismembered ophiolite.
An early origin for detailed perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder: biased sensitivity for high-spatial frequency information.
Authors: Kéïta Luc , Guy Jacalyn , Berthiaume Claude , Mottron Laurent , Bertone Armando 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAutistics demonstrate superior performances on several visuo-spatial tasks where local or detailed information processing is advantageous. Altered spatial filtering properties at an early level of visuo-spatial analysis may be a plausible perceptual origin for such detailed perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder. In this study, contrast sensitivity for both luminance and texture-defined vertically-oriented sine-wave gratings were measured across a range of spatial frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4 & 8 cpd) for autistics and non-autistic participants. Contrast sensitivity functions and peak frequency ratios were plotted and compared across groups. Results demonstrated that autistic participants were more sensitivity to luminance-defined, high spatial frequency gratings (8 cpd). A group difference in peak distribution was also observed as 35% of autistic participants manifested peak sensitivity for luminance-defined gratings of 4 cpd, compared to only 7% for the comparison group. These findings support that locally-biased perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder originates, at least in part, from differences in response properties of early spatial mechanisms favouring detailed spatial information processing.
In situ integrated tuner approach for load‐pull measurement of Si/SiGe:C HBT at 200 GHz
Authors: Hasnaoui I. , Pottrain A. , Lacave T. , Chevalier P. , Gloria D. , Gaquiere C. 
Published: July 2014

Load impedance variations were obtained using an innovative integrated tuner at G‐band. The 200 GHz load‐pull measurements on a silicon–germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) are presented. First, the linearity of the integrated tuner is checked. Then, the main load‐pull characteristics are extracted from a 0.13 × 3 µm2 emitter area SiGe HBT. The aim of this study is to provide a solution to avoid losses related to probes and commercial tuners. Thereby, from design to measurements, power setup architecture, calibration and performances at 200 GHz are performed in a non‐50 Ω environment. Finally, comparisons between measurements and simulation from a high current model (HICUM) show good agreement, demonstrating the capability of the measurement approach.
25-Hydroxycholesterol acts as an amplifier of inflammatory signaling
Authors: Gold Elizabeth S. , Diercks Alan H. , Podolsky Irina , Podyminogin Rebecca L. , Askovich Peter S. , Treuting Piper M. , Aderem Alan 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The lipid 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is produced by immune cells in response to infection. We demonstrate that in addition to interfering with viral entry and replication, 25HC also amplifies the activation of immune cells and increases the production of immune mediators. Furthermore, we show that the presence of 25HC is actually harmful in the setting of infection with influenza because the production of these immune mediators leads to damage to the host. These observations might have particular relevance for understanding the mechanisms behind the high pathogenicity of several recently emerged influenza strains, including the H5N1 “bird flu,” and might have implications for the protection of the host from these virulent strains.
Alteration of the lipid profile in lymphomas induced by MYC overexpression
Authors: Eberlin Livia S. , Gabay Meital , Fan Alice C. , Gouw Arvin M. , Tibshirani Robert J. , Felsher Dean W. , Zare Richard N. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometric imaging (DESI-MSI) has been shown to be particularly powerful for identifying lipids and metabolites directly from tissue sections and providing a chemical map of their distribution. We applied DESI-MSI to investigate changes in lipid profiles that occur in animal and human lymphomas associated with the overexpression of the v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC). Using statistical analysis, we found 86 lipids that were either increased or decreased in MYC-induced transgenic mouse models of lymphoma. Most of the increased lipids were glycerophosphoglycerols and cardiolipins with a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids when compared with control tissue. The lipid profiles of MYC associated human lymphomas with overexpression of MYC resemble closely those observed in MYC-induced transgenic mouse models.
Structure of a new DNA-binding domain which regulates pathogenesis in a wide variety of fungi
Authors: Lohse Matthew B. , Rosenberg Oren S. , Cox Jeffery S. , Stroud Robert M. , Finer-Moore Janet S. , Johnson Alexander D. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The WOPR-domain family of transcriptional regulators is deeply conserved in the fungal kingdom where the members function as master transcriptional regulators of cell morphology and pathogenesis. Despite the critical biological roles of WOPR-domain proteins, previous bioinformatic and structural prediction did not provide any significant matches between these proteins and any other type of protein. We describe a 2.6-Å–resolution structure of a WOPR domain in complex with its preferred DNA sequence. We also describe a set of biochemical experiments that confirms and rationalizes the importance of the protein–DNA contacts observed in the structure. Based on the structure, we conclude that the WOPR domain represents a new family of DNA-binding proteins, one with key roles for fungal morphogenesis and pathogenesis.
Excited States of the Double sine-Gordon Model1
Authors: Lu Wen-Fa , Xu Bo-Wei , Zhang Yu-Mei 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Using the Gaussian wave functional as variational ground state, we study the excited states of the double sine-Gordon model in

dimensions. We find, i) for

there exist two particle bound states, their energy decreases with increasing coupling; ii) also for

, the phase shift of the two-particle scattering state is always positive; iii) for

the investigation on the interaction between the particles shows that the theory is trivial.
Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to hepatocytes using triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine improves potency 10-fold in mice
Authors: Prakash Thazha P. , Graham Mark J. , Yu Jinghua , Carty Rick , Low Audrey , Chappell Alfred , Schmidt Karsten , Zhao Chenguang , Aghajan Mariam , Murray Heather F. , Riney Stan , Booten Sheri L. , Murray Susan F. , Gaus Hans , Crosby Jeff , Lima Walt F. , Guo Shuling , Monia Brett P. , Swayze Eric E. , Seth Punit P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc, GN3), a high-affinity ligand for the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), enhances the potency of second-generation gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) 6–10-fold in mouse liver. When combined with next-generation ASO designs comprised of short S-cEt (S-2′-O-Et-2′,4′-bridged nucleic acid) gapmer ASOs, ∼60-fold enhancement in potency relative to the parent MOE (2′-O-methoxyethyl RNA) ASO was observed. GN3-conjugated ASOs showed high affinity for mouse ASGPR, which results in enhanced ASO delivery to hepatocytes versus non-parenchymal cells. After internalization into cells, the GN3-ASO conjugate is metabolized to liberate the parent ASO in the liver. No metabolism of the GN3-ASO conjugate was detected in plasma suggesting that GN3 acts as a hepatocyte targeting prodrug that is detached from the ASO by metabolism after internalization into the liver. GalNAc conjugation also enhanced potency and duration of the effect of two ASOs targeting human apolipoprotein C-III and human transthyretin (TTR) in transgenic mice. The unconjugated ASOs are currently in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of familial chylomicronemia and TTR-mediated polyneuropathy. The ability to translate these observations in humans offers the potential to improve therapeutic index, reduce cost of therapy and support a monthly dosing schedule for therapeutic suppression of gene expression in the liver using ASOs.
Iron-based high transition temperature superconductors
Authors: Chen Xianhui , Dai Pengcheng , Feng Donglai , Xiang Tao , Zhang Fu-Chun 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In a superconductor electrons form pairs and electric transport becomes dissipation-less at low temperatures. Recently discovered iron-based superconductors have the highest superconducting transition temperature next to copper oxides. In this article, we review material aspects and physical properties of iron-based superconductors. We discuss the dependence of transition temperature on the crystal structure, the interplay between antiferromagnetism and superconductivity by examining neutron scattering experiments, and the electronic properties of these compounds obtained by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in link with some results from scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy measurements. Possible microscopic model for this class of compounds is discussed from a strong coupling point of view.
Experimental manipulation of female reproduction demonstrates its fitness costs in kangaroos
Authors: Gélin Uriel , Wilson Michelle E. , Coulson Graeme , Festa‐Bianchet Marco 
Published: July 2014

Summary

When resources are scarce, female mammals should face a trade‐off between lactation and other life‐history traits such as growth, survival and subsequent reproduction. Kangaroos are ideal to test predictions about reproductive costs because they may simultaneously lactate and carry a young, and have indeterminate growth and a long breeding season.

An earlier study in three of our five study populations prevented female eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from reproducing during one reproductive season by either inserting contraceptive implants or removing very small pouch young. We explored how individual and environmental variables affect the costs of reproduction over time, combining this experimental reduction of reproductive effort with multi‐year monitoring of 270 marked females. Experimental manipulation should control for individual heterogeneity, revealing the costs of reproduction and their likely sources. We also examined the fitness consequences of reproductive effort and offspring sex among unmanipulated individuals to test whether sex allocation strategies affected trade‐offs.

Costs of reproduction included longer inter‐birth intervals and lower probability of producing a young that survived to 7 months in the subsequent reproductive event. Weaning success, however, did not differ significantly between manipulated and control females. By reducing reproductive effort, manipulation appeared to increase individual condition and subsequent reproductive success.

Effects of offspring sex upon subsequent reproductive success varied according to year and study population. Mothers of sons were generally more likely to have a young that survived to 7 months, compared to mothers of daughters.

The fitness costs of reproduction arise from constraints in both acquisition and allocation of resources. To meet these costs, females delay subsequent parturition and may manipulate offspring sex. Reproductive tactics thus vary according to the amount of resource available to each individual, promoting a wide range in reproductive performance within and among individuals and populations.
Prioritizing barrier removal to improve functional connectivity of rivers
Authors: Branco Paulo , Segurado Pedro , Santos José M. , Ferreira Maria T. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Freshwater systems are severely impacted by connectivity reduction due to the construction of dams and weirs. The breach of this longitudinal connectivity imperils freshwater fish species world‐wide. There is thus an increasing need for numerical tools that help decision‐makers correctly allocate resources to prioritize restoration actions.

This study provides a methodology for prioritizing the removal of barriers. It is based on spatial graphs, which represent structural units as nodes and relationships between nodes as links, and uses habitat suitability modelling (Boosted Regression Trees) to weight nodes. To exemplify the application of this procedure, we used the Tagus River network and evaluated the impact of the dams (29 built between 1928 and 2004) on the occurrence of each of two fish species (Iberian barbel Luciobarbus bocagei – representing large potamodromous fish; and southern Iberian chub Squalius pyrenaicus – representing small water‐column residents) and on the combination of both.

Results show that dam construction on the Tagus was responsible for a 48·4–54·4% reduction in river connectivity for different fish species. Actions to promote connectivity in just seven of the dams would increase connectivity by 35·0–37·2%.

The removal of a single barrier chosen through prioritization had a greater overall connectivity increase than the random removal of seven barriers.

Synthesis and applications. The proposed prioritization method, using spatial graphs and habitat suitability modelling, makes it possible to model the impact of the removal or placement of an insurmountable barrier on the overall functional connectivity of a river network, facilitating resource allocation and minimizing the impact of new barrier implementation.
Postoperative chemo‐radiotherapy versus chemotherapy for resected gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Soon Yu Yang , Leong Cheng Nang , Tey Jeremy Chee Seong , Tham Ivan Weng Keong , Lu Jiade Jay 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionThis study conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis (direct and indirect) of published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the effects of postoperative chemo‐radiotherapy (ChRT) with chemotherapy (Ch) on overall and disease‐free survival (DFS) for patients with resectable gastric cancer.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE and CENTRAL from the date of inception and annual meeting proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society for Radiation Oncology from 1999 to November 2012 for RCTs comparing postoperative ChRT with Ch, postoperative ChRT with surgery alone and postoperative Ch with surgery alone. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS); secondary outcomes included DFS and toxicity. Hazard ratios (HRs), confidence intervals (CIs) and P values (P) were estimated with fixed effects models using Revman 5.1.ResultsWe found six trials comparing postoperative ChRT with Ch (n = 1171). Meta‐analysis of direct comparison trials showed that postoperative ChRT significantly improved both OS (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65–0.98, P = 0.03) and DFS (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.91, P = 0.003) when compared with Ch. There were no significant differences in toxicity between the two groups.ConclusionsThis study suggests a survival benefit of postoperative ChRT over Ch in patients with resected gastric cancer.
Value of MRI sequences for prediction of invasive breast carcinoma size
Authors: Durur‐Subasi Irmak , Durur‐Karakaya Afak , Karaman Adem , Demirci Elif , Alper Fatih , Yılmazel‐Ucar Elif , Acemoglu Hamit , Akcay Mufide Nuran 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionIn this retrospective study, we compared transverse short tau inversion recovery (STIR), transverse diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map and first post‐contrast fat‐saturated fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) 3D T1 with pathology results in terms of their accuracy in estimating breast carcinoma size.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging data for 47 patients with invasive breast carcinoma, who were treated surgically, were reviewed. The longest dimension (LD) of the index lesion was measured using STIR, DWI, ADC map and first post‐contrast FLASH 3D T1, and this was compared with the LD measured on the pathology specimen.ResultsAll four MRI sequences overestimated the LD by an average of about 1 mm with 95% limits of agreement approximately 0 to 2 mm. This is not considered to be clinically significant in tumours of 10 mm or larger.ConclusionMagnetic resonance imaging serves as an accurate tool in sizing breast carcinomas. ADC may be a useful evaluation tool for sizing carcinomas without requiring contrast material.