bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Health: Public Health and Legal Strategies to Reduce Reliance on Fossil Fuels, Increase Air Quality, and Improve Human Health
Authors: Krueger Jill , Long Jamie , Bikomeye Jean C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReliance upon fossil fuels and limited greenspace contribute to poor indoor and outdoor air quality and adverse health outcomes, particularly in communities of color. This article describes justice-informed public health and legal interventions to increase access to greenspace and accelerate the transitions to renewable energy and away from gas appliances.
Challenging Pennsylvania’s Firearm Preemption Law as a Public Health Danger: The Case of Philadelphia
Authors: Jarrah Sami , Geffen Benjamin , Babiarz Giselle , Hartung Benjamin , Cook Amy , Todd Megan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFirearm violence has soared in American cities, but most states statutorily preempt municipal firearm regulation. This article describes a unique collaboration in Philadelphia among elected officials, public health researchers, and attorneys that has led to litigation based on original quantitative analyses and grounded in innovative constitutional theories and statutory interpretation.
The Association Between State-Level Prenatal Substance Use Policies and Rates of Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Legal Epidemiology Study
Authors: Thomas Kathryn A. , Struble Cara A. , Stenersen Madeline R. , Moore Kelly 
Published: July 2024

AbstractLittle research has explored relationships between prenatal substance use policies and rates of maternal mortality across all 50 states, despite evidence that prenatal substance use elevates risk of maternal death. This study, utilizing publicly available data, revealed that state-level mandated testing laws predicted maternal mortality after controlling for population characteristics.
Recent State Legislative Attempts to Restructure Public Health Authority: The Good, The Bad, and The Way Forward
Authors: Briggs Darlene Huang , Platt Elizabeth , Zellers Leslie 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic spurred legal and policy attacks against foundational public health authorities. Act for Public Health — a partnership of public health law organizations — has tracked legislative activity since January 2021. This article describes that activity, highlighting 2023 bills primarily related to vaccine requirements and policy innovations undertaken in the wake of the pandemic. Finally, we preview a legal framework for more equitable and effective public health authority.
Differential forms on universal K3 surfaces
Authors: MA SHOUHEI 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe give a vanishing and classification result for holomorphic differential forms on smooth projective models of the moduli spaces of pointed K3 surfaces. We prove that there is no nonzero holomorphic k-form for
$0<k<10$
and for even
$k>19$
. In the remaining cases, we give an isomorphism between the space of holomorphic k-forms with that of vector-valued modular forms (
$10\leq k \leq 18$
) or scalar-valued cusp forms (odd
$k\geq 19$
) for the modular group. These results are in fact proved in the generality of lattice-polarisation.
Detonation Soot: A New Class of Ice Nucleating Particle
Authors: Thompson S. A. , Aiken A. C. , Huber R. C. , Dubey M. K. , Brooks S. D. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTemperatures and pressures from high explosive detonations far exceed atmospheric conditions in typical combustion reactions, and consequently, detonation soot forms with physiochemical properties distinct from soot formed by combustion. In this study, samples of detonation soot from two high explosives, PBX 9502 and Composition B‐3, were analyzed. Ice nucleation experiments on soot collected after controlled detonations were conducted in the laboratory to probe immersion and contact mode freezing. Samples nucleated ice at temperatures warmer than commercially available nanodiamonds, which has a mean nucleation temperature of −20.7°C. Ice nucleation rate coefficients increase rapidly by two to three orders of magnitude below −20°C for every sample. Size‐selected 137 μm diameter particles produced during detonation in an ambient air atmosphere yield bimodal distributions of freezing temperature with primary and secondary nucleation modes centered at −20°C and −13°C, respectively. The presence of a secondary mode allows for enhanced ice nucleation rate coefficients (one to two orders of magnitude greater than samples without a secondary mode) at temperatures outside the influence of the primary mode (>−17°C). Given the observed onset nucleation temperatures of −9.2°C, our results imply that detonation soot of the type studied here would only need to reach an altitude of approximately 4 km to facilitate ice formation.
Enhanced Sporadic E Layer and Its Perturbations During the 2022 Hunga Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Qiu Lihui , Liu Huixin , Qi Yifan , Poblet Facundo L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSporadic E (Es) layers are plasma irregularities significantly affecting radio communication and navigation systems. And, their dominant formation mechanism at mid‐latitudes, known as the wind shear theory, suggests that they serve as indicators of the atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'api submarine volcanic eruption provided a unique opportunity to investigate the Es layer responses to lower atmospheric perturbations. Using the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 radio occultation and ground‐based ionosonde observations, this study reveals the spatial‐temporal behaviors of the Es layers after the Hunga volcanic eruption. The results show that significant Es layer perturbations occurred over the northwest of the epicenter ∼4 hr after the eruption and lasted for approximately ∼22 hr. We also calculated the geographical distribution of the vertical ion convergence (VIC) using neutral winds obtained from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging on the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite. A comparison of the geographical distribution of positive VIC and Es layer perturbations shows a good agreement, which indicates that the enhanced Es layers are caused by strong VIC associated with the atmospheric perturbations due to the eruption. This study presents observational evidence for coupling between the Es layer and lower atmospheric perturbations, which can be helpful for understanding the occasionality and variability of Es layer occurrence.
The Fragility of Bedform‐Induced Hyporheic Zones: Exploring Impacts of Dynamic Groundwater Table Fluctuations
Authors: Wu L. , Gomez‐Velez J. D. , Li L. , Carroll K. C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHyporheic zones are commonly regarded as resilient and enduring interfaces between groundwater and surface water in river corridors. In particular, bedform‐induced advective pumping hyporheic exchange (bedform‐induced exchange) is often perceived as a relatively persistent mechanism in natural river systems driving water, solutes, and energy exchanges between the channel and its surrounding streambed sediments. Numerous studies have been based on this presumption. To evaluate the persistence of hyporheic zones under varying hydrologic conditions, we use a multi‐physics framework to model advective pumping bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange in response to a series of seasonal‐ and event‐scale groundwater table fluctuation scenarios, which lead to episodic river‐aquifer disconnections and reconnections. Our results suggest that hyporheic exchange is not as ubiquitous as generally assumed. Instead, the bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange is restricted to a narrow range of conditions characterized by minor river‐groundwater head differences, is intermittent, and can be easily obliterated by minor losing groundwater conditions. These findings shed light on the fragility of bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange and have important implications for biogeochemical transformations along river corridors.
Cloud Height Distributions and the Role of Vertical Mixing in the Tropical Cyclone Eye Derived From Compact Raman Lidar Observations
Authors: Murray Ethan J. , Dunion Jason , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Wang Zhien , Zhang Jun A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe distribution of tropical cyclone (TC) eye cloud heights is documented for the first time using compact Raman lidar (CRL) measurements with high spatial resolution. These cloud heights act as tracers for low‐level vertical mixing in the eye region. Cloud height distributions using all available data from nine Atlantic TCs in 2021 and 2022 show significant vertical variance, dispelling the notion of a flat stratiform eye cloud deck. Eye cloud widths are multiscale, with shallow convective clouds dominating CRL returns. Data from Hurricane Sam (2021) highlight the evolution of shallow convective clouds in the TC eye and their associated temperature inversions. The frequent appearance of convective eye clouds, along with observed vertical wind fluctuations, suggests that vertical mixing from the boundary layer frequently occurs in the TC eye, even beneath strong inversions. This strong vertical mixing should be accurately portrayed by TC simulations and forecasts.
Nutrient Replenishment by Turbulent Mixing in Suspended Macroalgal Farms
Authors: Bo Tong , McWilliams James C. , Frieder Christina A. , Davis Kristen A. , Chamecki Marcelo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study uses large eddy simulations to investigate nutrient transport and uptake in suspended macroalgal farms. Various farm configurations and oceanic forcing conditions are examined, with the farm base located near the nutricline depth. We introduce the Damkohler number Da to quantify the balance between nutrient consumption by macroalgae uptake and supply by farm‐enhanced nutrient transport. Most cases exhibit low Da, indicating that farm‐generated turbulence drives sufficient upward nutrient fluxes, supporting macroalgae growth. High Da and starvation may occur in fully grown farm blocks, a configuration that generates the weakest turbulence, particularly when combined with densely planted macroalgae or weak flow conditions. Flow stagnation within the farm due to macroalgae drag may constrain the uptake efficiency and further increase the starvation risk. Mitigation strategies involve timely harvesting, avoiding dense macroalgae canopies, and selecting farm locations with robust ocean currents and waves. This study provides insights for sustainable macroalgal farm planning.
Measurements of Total Aerosol Concentration in the Stratosphere: A New Balloon‐Borne Instrument and a Report on the Existing Measurement Record
Authors: Norgren M. , Kalnajs L. E. , Deshler T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Stratospheric Total Aerosol Counter (STAC) is a lightweight balloon‐borne instrument that utilizes condensational growth techniques to measure the total aerosol concentration. STAC is a miniaturized version of the legacy Wyoming condensation particle counter that operated from 1974 through 2020 in the middle latitudes and polar regions, with a few measurements in the tropics. Here we provide a description of the STAC instrument and the total aerosol measurement record, demonstrating that typical total aerosol profiles exhibit a peak in number mixing ratio, with values between 800 and 2,000 particles per mg of air (mg−1), just below the lapse rate tropopause (LRT). In the tropics and middle latitudes, mixing ratios decrease above the LRT likely due to coagulation and scavenging that results in a transfer of mass to the fewer but larger aerosol particles of the Junge layer. Exceptions to this occur in the spring time in the middle latitudes where a new particle layer between 20 and 25 km is frequently observed. In the poles, total aerosol profiles exhibit two distinct features: new particle formation in austral spring, and an increasing mixing ratio above 17 km likely due to the presence of meteoric smoke that has been concentrated within the polar vortex. High observed stratospheric particle mixing ratios, in excess of 2,000 mg−1, are observed in the polar new particle layer and at the top of polar profiles.
Sleep profiles of different psychiatric traits
Authors: Axelsson John , van Someren Eus J. W. , Balter Leonie J. T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDisturbed sleep comes in many forms. While the key role of sleep in mental health is undisputed, our understanding of the type of sleeping problems that manifest in the early stages of psychiatric disorders is limited. A sample without psychiatric diagnoses (N = 440, 341 women, 97 men, 2 non-binaries; Mage = 32.1, SD = 9.4, range 18–77) underwent a comprehensive assessment, evaluating eight sleep features and 13 questionnaires on common psychiatric complaints. Results revealed that traits of affect disorders, generalized anxiety, and ADHD had the worst sleep profiles, while autism disorder, eating disorder, and impulsivity traits showed milder sleep issues. Mania was the only trait associated with an overall better sleep profile. Across traits, insomnia and fatigue dominated and sleep variability was least prominent. These findings provide support for both transdiagnostic and disorder-specific targets for prevention and treatment.
Emerging trends and clinical recommendations for zirconia ceramic crowns: a concise review
Authors: Vijan Karishma 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntroduction A little over ten years ago, zirconia crowns made their debut in the field of dentistry. Despite early problems with the chipping of veneering porcelain, clinical studies have demonstrated excellent performance. It is essential for a ceramic crown to have good aesthetic qualities, in addition to having good mechanical characteristics. The exceptional mechanical qualities of zirconia crowns and the simplicity with which they may be machined, employing computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing schemes, are primarily responsible for the widespread use of these materials in clinical settings. New ceramic-based materials, including monolithic zirconia, zirconia-containing lithium disilicate ceramics, and graded glass/zirconia/glass, have recently been launched in the field of dentistry. These newly discovered zirconia crown materials stem from varied technological approaches, each likely to lead to additional clinical advancements. At this point, it seems imperative to offer a concentrated report on the newer developments, along with essential clinical recommendations for best clinical outcomes with zirconia crowns.Types of studies This review article is a consolidation of several case studies, cohort studies and systematic reviews, as well as experimental and observational randomised control trials and other peer-reviewed articles.Results On reviewing, a concise list of clinical recommendations is generated, demonstrating that monolithic zirconia offers some clinical advantages over veneered zirconia crowns.Conclusion This review article discloses various clinical revelations and in-office recommendations for favourable usage of zirconia ceramic crowns that can lead to better patient outcomes and long-term clinical success rates.
Introduction and impact of routine whole genome sequencing in the diagnosis and management of sarcoma
Authors: Watkins James A. , Trotman Jamie , Tadross John A. , Harrington Jennifer , Hatcher Helen , Horan Gail , Prewett Sarah , Wong Han H. , McDonald Sarah , Tarpey Patrick , Roberts Thomas , Su Jing , Tischkowitz Marc , Armstrong Ruth , Amary Fernanda , Sosinsky Alona 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background
Sarcomas are diverse neoplasms with highly variable histological appearances in which diagnosis is often challenging and management options for metastatic/unresectable disease limited. Many sarcomas have distinctive molecular alterations, but the range of alterations is large, variable in type and rapidly increasing, meaning that testing by limited panels is unable to capture the broad spectrum of clinically pertinent genomic drivers required. Paired whole genome sequencing (WGS) in contrast allows comprehensive assessment of small variants, copy number and structural variants along with mutational signature analysis and germline testing.

Methods
Introduction of WGS as a diagnostic standard for all eligible patients with known or suspected soft tissue sarcoma over a 2-year period at a soft tissue sarcoma treatment centre.

Results
WGS resulted in a refinement in the diagnosis in 37% of cases, identification of a target for personalised therapy in 33% of cases, and a germline alteration in 4% of cases.

Conclusion
Introduction of WGS poses logistical and training challenges, but offers significant benefits to this group of patients.
Genomic predictions of genetic variances and correlations among traits for breeding crosses in soybean
Authors: Wartha Cleiton A. , Lorenz Aaron J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractParental selection is perhaps the most critical decision a breeder makes, establishing the foundation of the entire program for years to come. Cross selection based on predicted mean and genetic variance can be further expanded to multiple-trait improvement by predicting the genetic correlation ($${r}_{G}$$

r

G

) between pairs of traits. Our objective was to empirically assess the ability to predict the family mean, genetic variance, superior progeny mean and genetic correlation through genomic prediction in a soybean population. Data made available through the Soybean Nested Association Mapping project included phenotypic data on seven traits (days to maturity, lodging, oil, plant height, protein, seed size, and seed yield) for 39 families. Training population composition followed a leave-one-family-out cross-validation scheme, with the validation family genetic parameters predicted using the remaining families as the training set. The predictive abilities for family mean and superior progeny mean were significant for all traits while predictive ability of genetic variance was significant for four traits. We were able to validate significant predictive abilities of $${r}_{G}$$

r

G

for 18 out of 21 (86%) pairwise trait combinations (P < 0.05). The findings from this study support the use of genome-wide marker effects for predicting $${r}_{G}$$

r

G

in soybean biparental crosses. If successfully implemented in breeding programs, this methodology could help to increase the rate of genetic gain for multiple correlated traits.
Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics
Authors: Jaddi Sahar , Malik M. Wasil , Wang Bin , Pugno Nicola M. , Zeng Yun , Coulombier Michael , Raskin Jean-Pierre , Pardoen Thomas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFail-safe design of devices requires robust integrity assessment procedures which are still absent for 2D materials, hence affecting transfer to applications. Here, a combined on-chip tension and cracking method, and associated data reduction scheme have been developed to determine the fracture toughness and strength of monolayer-monodomain-freestanding graphene. Myriads of specimens are generated providing statistical data. The crack arrest tests provide a definitive fracture toughness of 4.4 MPa$$\sqrt{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}$$

m

. Tension on-chip provides Young’s modulus of 950 GPa, fracture strain of 11%, and tensile strength up to 110 GPa, reaching a record of stored elastic energy ~6 GJ m−3 as confirmed by thermodynamics and quantized fracture mechanics. A ~ 1.4 nm crack size is often found responsible for graphene failure, connected to 5-7 pair defects. Micron-sized graphene membranes and smaller can be produced defect-free, and design rules can be based on 110 GPa strength. For larger areas, a fail-safe design should be based on a maximum 57 GPa strength.
Intraspecific diploidization of a halophyte root fungus drives heterosis
Authors: Li Zhongfeng , Zhu Zhiyong , Qian Kun , Tang Boping , Han Baocai , Zhong Zhenhui , Fu Tao , Zhou Peng , Stukenbrock Eva H. , Martin Francis M. , Yuan Zhilin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHow organisms respond to environmental stress is a key topic in evolutionary biology. This study focused on the genomic evolution of Laburnicola rhizohalophila, a dark-septate endophytic fungus from roots of a halophyte. Chromosome-level assemblies were generated from five representative isolates from structured subpopulations. The data revealed significant genomic plasticity resulting from chromosomal polymorphisms created by fusion and fission events, known as dysploidy. Analyses of genomic features, phylogenomics, and macrosynteny have provided clear evidence for the origin of intraspecific diploid-like hybrids. Notably, one diploid phenotype stood out as an outlier and exhibited a conditional fitness advantage when exposed to a range of abiotic stresses compared with its parents. By comparing the gene expression patterns in each hybrid parent triad under the four growth conditions, the mechanisms underlying growth vigor were corroborated through an analysis of transgressively upregulated genes enriched in membrane glycerolipid biosynthesis and transmembrane transporter activity. In vitro assays suggested increased membrane integrity and lipid accumulation, as well as decreased malondialdehyde production under optimal salt conditions (0.3 M NaCl) in the hybrid. These attributes have been implicated in salinity tolerance. This study supports the notion that hybridization-induced genome doubling leads to the emergence of phenotypic innovations in an extremophilic endophyte.
Exploring the impact of primer length on efficient gene detection via high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Micheel Julia , Safrastyan Aram , Aron Franziska , Wollny Damian 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReverse transcription (RT) is a crucial step in most RNA analysis methods. Optimizing protocols for this initial stage is critical for effective target detection, particularly when working with limited input RNA. Several factors, such as the input material quality and reaction conditions, influence RT efficiency. However, the effect of RT primer length on gene detection efficiency remains largely unknown. Thus, we investigate its impact by generating RNA-seq libraries with random RT primers of 6, 12, 18, or 24 nucleotides. To our surprise, the 18mer primer shows superior efficiency in overall transcript detection compared to the commonly used 6mer primer, especially in detecting longer RNA transcripts in complex human tissue samples. This study highlights the critical role of primer length in RT efficiency, which has significant potential to benefit various transcriptomic assays, from basic research to clinical diagnostics, given the central role of RT in RNA-related analyses.
Pulsatile electrical stimulation creates predictable, correctable disruptions in neural firing
Authors: Steinhardt Cynthia R. , Mitchell Diana E. , Cullen Kathleen E. , Fridman Gene Y. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractElectrical stimulation is a key tool in neuroscience, both in brain mapping studies and in many therapeutic applications such as cochlear, vestibular, and retinal neural implants. Due to safety considerations, stimulation is restricted to short biphasic pulses. Despite decades of research and development, neural implants lead to varying restoration of function in patients. In this study, we use computational modeling to provide an explanation for how pulsatile stimulation affects axonal channels and therefore leads to variability in restoration of neural responses. The phenomenological explanation is transformed into equations that predict induced firing rate as a function of pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and spontaneous firing rate. We show that these equations predict simulated responses to pulsatile stimulation with a variety of parameters as well as several features of experimentally recorded primate vestibular afferent responses to pulsatile stimulation. We then discuss the implications of these effects for improving clinical stimulation paradigms and electrical stimulation-based experiments.