bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the state of the knowledge of rainfall extremes in the western and northern Pacific basin
Authors: Kruk Michael C. , Lorrey Andrew M. , Griffiths Georgina M. , Lander Mark , Gibney Ethan J. , Diamond Howard J. , Marra John J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe relevant literature on extreme rainfall events in the Pacific remains relatively sparse compared to other regions (e.g. the coterminous United States, Europe, etc.). Moreover, several recent reports on climate in the Pacific mention the paucity of extremes information and often list ‘trends in historical climate’ as a necessary next step. This scientific assessment meets this need by examining historical trends in and drivers of extreme rainfall events across the entire Pacific Basin, inclusive from Alaska southward to Australia, and longitudinally from the Philippines eastward to North America, with an emphasis on island and coastal locations (within 200 km of the coastline). There is evidence of a general decrease in the frequency of annual extreme rainfall events, yet the amount of extreme precipitation contributing to annual and seasonal totals appears to be on the rise. Region‐wide, the number of consecutive dry days is increasing for those locations that are already dry, while the number of consecutive wet days is increasing for the already wet locales. The data for extreme rainfall statistics are considered to be relatively high quality for trend detection, while the level of understanding of the physical causes behind extreme rainfall is positively high. Since the ability to analyze the changes in historical rainfall extremes with some confidence is relatively recent, understanding is expected to improve in the future with the advancement of new datasets and ‘climate reanalysis’ projects.
Influence of H‐Bonding on Self‐Assembly and Tunable Dual‐Emission of Carbazole‐Based Zn(II)‐Terpyridine Metallocycles
Authors: Gao Yang , He Tingchao , Hu Peng , Koh Teck Ming , Sun Handong , Grimsdale Andrew C. 
Published: March 2014

Two carbazole derivatives with terpyridine units attached to the 3,6‐positions are synthesized, 1 with a hydrogen at the 9‐position and 2 bearing a dodecyl chain there, to evaluate the influence of H‐bonds on their self‐assembly behavior with metal ions. The unalkylated derivative 1 assembles with zinc ions to form a single product identified by NMR, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a pentametric metallocycle (Zn‐1), whereas 2 forms a mixture of two assemblies (Zn‐2). The pentamer Zn‐1 shows tunable dual emission in the blue and green regions by varying the solvent and excitation wavelength, and molecular packing studies by powder X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), polarising optical microscopy (POM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals a high propensity to form ordered layers. A fluorescence quenching experiment of electron‐rich Zn‐1 with C60 shows a high association constant of Ksv = 3.2 × 105m−1, suggesting effective charge transfer between Zn‐1 and C60 molecules.
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Two‐dimensional imaging in a lightweight portable MRI scanner without gradient coils
Authors: Cooley Clarissa Zimmerman , Stockmann Jason P. , Armstrong Brandon D. , Sarracanie Mathieu , Lev Michael H. , Rosen Matthew S. , Wald Lawrence L. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeAs the premiere modality for brain imaging, MRI could find wider applicability if lightweight, portable systems were available for siting in unconventional locations such as intensive care units, physician offices, surgical suites, ambulances, emergency rooms, sports facilities, or rural healthcare sites.MethodsWe construct and validate a truly portable (<100 kg) and silent proof‐of‐concept MRI scanner which replaces conventional gradient encoding with a rotating lightweight cryogen‐free, low‐field magnet. When rotated about the object, the inhomogeneous field pattern is used as a rotating spatial encoding magnetic field (rSEM) to create generalized projections which encode the iteratively reconstructed two‐dimensional (2D) image. Multiple receive channels are used to disambiguate the nonbijective encoding field.ResultsThe system is validated with experimental images of 2D test phantoms. Similar to other nonlinear field encoding schemes, the spatial resolution is position dependent with blurring in the center, but is shown to be likely sufficient for many medical applications.ConclusionThe presented MRI scanner demonstrates the potential for portability by simultaneously relaxing the magnet homogeneity criteria and eliminating the gradient coil. This new architecture and encoding scheme shows convincing proof of concept images that are expected to be further improved with refinement of the calibration and methodology. Magn Reson Med 73:872–883, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase I trial of MK‐2206 in children with refractory malignancies: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Fouladi Maryam , Perentesis John P. , Phillips Christine L. , Leary Sarah , Reid Joel M. , McGovern Renee M. , Ingle Ashish M. , Ahern Charlotte H. , Ames Matthew M. , Houghton Peter , Doyle L. Austin , Weigel Brenda , Blaney Susan M. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundWe report results of a phase I trial designed to estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), describe dose‐limiting toxicities (DLT), and characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of MK‐2206, an AKT inhibitor, in children with refractory or recurrent malignancies.ProcedureMK‐2206 was administered either every other day (Schedule 1), or once a week (Schedule 2) in a 28‐day cycle. Dose escalations in increments of ∼30% were independently made in each part using the rolling‐six design. Serial pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were obtained. Biological studies include analysis of PI3K/PTEN/AKT‐cell signaling pathway in pre and post‐therapy in PBMC and in tumors at diagnosis or recurrence.ResultsFifty patients (26 males, median age 12.6 years [range, 3.1–21.9]) with malignant glioma (16), ependymoma (4), hepatocellular carcinoma (3), gliomatosis cereberi (2), or other tumors (22) were enrolled; 40 were fully evaluable for toxicity (Schedule 1, n = 23; Schedule 2, n = 17). Schedule 1 DLTs included: grade 3 dehydration in 1/6 patients at 28 mg/m2; grade 4 hyperglycemia and neutropenia in 1/6 patients at 45 mg/m2; and grade 3 rash in 3/6 patients at dose level 4 (58 mg/m2). Schedule 2 DLTs included: grade 3 alkaline phosphatase in 1/6 patients at 90 mg/m2; grade 3 rash in 1/6 patients at 120 mg/m2; and grade 3 rash in 2/6 patients at 155 mg/m2.ConclusionsThe recommended pediatric phase 2 dose of MK‐2206 is 45 mg/m2/dose every other day or 120 mg/m2/dose weekly. PK appeared linear over the dose range studied. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1246–1251. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Living with the physical and mental consequences of an ostomy: a study among 1–10‐year rectal cancer survivors from the population‐based PROFILES registry
Authors: Mols Floortje , Lemmens Valery , Bosscha Koop , van den Broek Wim , Thong Melissa S.Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the physical and mental consequences of an ostomy among 1–10‐year rectal cancer survivors.MethodsPatients with rectal cancer diagnosed from 2000 to 2009, as registered in the population‐based Eindhoven Cancer Registry, received a questionnaire on quality of life (QOL; EORTC QLQ‐C30), disease‐specific health status (EORTC QLQ‐CR38), depression and anxiety (HADS), illness perceptions (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire), and health care utilization; 76% (n = 1019) responded.ResultsA total of 408 (43%) rectal cancer survivors had an ostomy at survey and they reported a statistically significant and clinically relevant lower physical, role, and social functioning, and global health status/QOL but fewer problems with constipation and diarrhea compared with those without an ostomy. Also, they had a significantly worse body image, more male sexual problems, and fewer gastrointestinal problems although these differences were not clinically relevant. No differences regarding the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression were found. Survivors with an ostomy believed that their illness have significantly more serious consequences, will last longer (clinically relevant), and were more concerned about their illness compared with those without an ostomy. Survivors with an ostomy visited their medical specialist, but not their general practitioner, significantly more often. Also, they more often received additional support after cancer treatment.ConclusionsRectal cancer survivors with an ostomy have a lower QOL, worse illness perceptions, and a higher health care consumption compared with those without an ostomy 1–10 years after diagnosis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress and unsatisfied need for psychosocial support in adolescent and young adult cancer patients during the first year following diagnosis
Authors: Zebrack Brad J. , Corbett Virginia , Embry Leanne , Aguilar Christine , Meeske Kathleen A. , Hayes‐Lattin Brandon , Block Rebecca , Zeman David T. , Cole Steven 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeIdentifying at‐risk adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients and referring them to age‐appropriate psychosocial support services may be instrumental in reducing psychological distress and promoting psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study is to identify trajectories of clinically significant levels of distress throughout the first year following diagnosis and to distinguish factors, including supportive care service use, that predict the extent to which AYAs report distress.MethodsIn this prospective multisite study, 215 AYAs aged 15–39 years were assessed for psychological distress and psychosocial support service use within the first 4 months of diagnosis and again 6 and 12 months later. On the basis of distress scores, respondents were assigned to one of four distress trajectory groups (Resilient, Recovery, Delayed, and Chronic). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined whether demographics, clinical variables, and reports of unsatisfied need for psychosocial support were associated with distress trajectories over 1 year.ResultsTwelve percent of AYAs reported clinically significant chronic distress throughout the first 12 months following diagnosis. An additional 15% reported delayed distress. Substantial proportions of AYAs reported that needs for information (57%), counseling (41%), and practical support (39%) remained unsatisfied at 12 months following diagnosis. Not getting counseling needs met, particularly with regard to professional mental health services, was observed to be significantly associated with distress over time.ConclusionsSubstantial proportions of AYAs are not utilizing psychosocial support services. Findings suggest the importance of identifying psychologically distressed AYAs and addressing their needs for mental health counseling throughout a continuum of care. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intestinal absorption of the antiepileptic drug substance vigabatrin is altered by infant formula in vitro and in vivo.
Authors: Nøhr Martha Kampp , Thale Zia I. , Brodin Birger , Hansen Steen H. , Holm René , Nielsen Carsten Uhd 
Published: March 2014

AbstractVigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug substance mainly used in pediatric treatment of infantile spasms. The main source of nutrition for infants is breast milk and/or infant formula. Our hypothesis was that infant formula may affect the intestinal absorption of vigabatrin. The aim was therefore to investigate the potential effect of coadministration of infant formula with vigabatrin on the oral absorption in vitro and in vivo. The effect of vigabatrin given with an infant formula on the oral uptake and transepithelial transport was investigated in vitro in Caco‐2 cells. In vivo effects of infant formula and selected amino acids on the pharmacokinetic profile of vigabatrin was investigated after oral coadministration to male Sprague–Dawley rats using acetaminophen as a marker for gastric emptying. The presence of infant formula significantly reduced the uptake rate and permeability of vigabatrin in Caco‐2 cells. Oral coadministration of vigabatrin and infant formula significantly reduced Cmax and prolonged tmax of vigabatrin absorption. Ligands for the proton‐coupled amino acid transporter PAT1, sarcosine, and proline/l‐tryptophan had similar effects on the pharmacokinetic profile of vigabatrin. The infant formula decreased the rate of gastric emptying. Here we provide experimental evidence for an in vivo role of PAT1 in the intestinal absorption of vigabatrin. The effect of infant formula on the oral absorption of vigabatrin was found to be due to delayed gastric emptying, however, it seems reasonable that infant formula may also directly affect the intestinal absorption rate of vigabatrin possibly via PAT1.
Vapor transport deposition of large‐area polycrystalline CdTe for radiation image sensor application
Authors: Yang Keedong , Cha Bokyung , Heo Duchang , Jeon Sungchae 
Published: March 2014

AbstractVapor transport deposition (VTD) process delivers saturated vapor to substrate, resulting in high‐throughput and scalable process. In addition, VTD can maintain lower substrate temperature than close‐spaced sublimation (CSS). The motivation of this work is to adopt several advantages of VTD for radiation image sensor application. Polycrystalline CdTe films were obtained on 300 mm×300 mm indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass. The polycrystalline CdTe film has columnar structure with average grain size of 3 µm ∼ 9 µm, which can be controlled by changing the substrate temperature. In order to analyze electrical and X‐ray characteristics, ITO‐CdTe‐Al sandwich structured device was fabricated. Effective resistivity of the polycrystalline CdTe film was ∼1.4×109Ωcm. The device was operated under hole‐collection mode. The responsivity and the µτ product estimated to be 6.8 µC/cm2R and 5.5×10–7 cm2/V. The VTD can be a process of choice for monolithic integration of CdTe thick film for radiation image sensor and CMOS/TFT circuitry. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and electro‐optical characterization of ZnMgTe/ZnTe waveguide by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Sun W. , Nakasu T. , Taguri K. , Aiba T. , Yamashita S. , Kobayashi M. , Togo H. , Asahi T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractZnMgTe/ZnTe/ZnMgTe thin film waveguide with high crystal quality were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The in‐plane mismatch between the ZnMgTe cladding layers and ZnTe core layer was about 0.02% which was measured by X‐ray reciprocal space mapping (RSM). It indicated that films were grown coherently with high crystal quality. The Electro‐Optical characterization of waveguide was evaluated using 1.55µm polarized lights and bias applied on the waveguide device from –15 V to +15 V. The de‐pendence of light phase shift passed though the waveguide on the applied voltage bias was studied. The electro‐optical characterization of the waveguide device was about 7% of the theoretical calculation. It could be improved by increasing the resistance ratio between the ZnMgTe/ZnTe/ZnMgTe waveguide structure and substrate so that the electric field applied on the waveguide structure could be improved. It was indicated that the ZnMgTe/ZnTe/ZnMgTe thin film waveguide has the potential to become a high efficiency electro‐optical device. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sputtering‐assisted metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition of Yb‐doped ZnO for photonic conversion in Si solar cells
Authors: Okada Ryutaro , Miao Wei , Terai Yoshikazu , Tsuji Takahiro , Fujiwara Yasufumi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe have grown Yb‐doped ZnO (ZnO:Yb) on c‐plane sapphire substrates by sputtering‐assisted metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (SA‐MOCVD). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that these ZnO:Yb films exhibit a c‐axis orientation and that the lattice constant increases with Yb concentration. After annealing the samples at 600 °C for 0.5 h in O2, they showed a clear 980 nm emission due to the intra‐4f shell transitions of 2F5/2–2F7/2in Yb3+ ions. It turns out that Yb lu‐minescent centers with different local structures coexist, which exhibit different energy transfer processes from the ZnO host. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seismic behavior of T‐shaped steel reinforced concrete shear walls in tall buildings under cyclic loading
Authors: Lu Xilin , Yang Juhua 
Published: March 2014

SummaryShear walls are often used as the primary lateral load resisting elements in high‐rise buildings because of their large in‐plane stiffness and strength. It is a common practice to combine rectangular walls to form T‐shaped, I‐shaped and L‐shaped walls for functionality and esthetic reasons. Three relatively slender steel reinforced concrete (SRC) shear walls with T‐shaped cross‐sections were constructed and tested to failure under cyclic lateral loading. This research was conducted to assess the failure mechanism, hysteretic behavior, ductility and energy dissipating capacity of SRC T‐shaped walls under various axial load ratios. All the specimens exhibited a flexural mode characterized by crushing of the concrete and buckling of the steel at the free web boundary. The experimental results showed good hysteretic characteristics without pinching phenomena. The ductility coefficient varied from 2.3 to 4.1, and the deformation capability decreased with the increasing of axial load ratios. The stiffness, strength and ductility of T‐shaped walls are dependent upon the direction of the applied lateral loads. Higher stiffness and strength and lower ductility are achieved when the flange is in tension. The failure mechanism suggested that special attention should be paid to the design of the free web boundary to prevent premature failure under compression. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The challenge of determining the role of Rh glycoproteins in transport of NH3 and NH4+
Authors: Nakhoul Nazih L. , Lee Hamm L. 
Published: March 2014

The mammalian Rh glycoproteins belong to the solute transporter family SLC42 and include the erythroid Rh‐associated glycoprotein (RhAG) and two epithelial membrane molecules Rhbg (human RhBG) and Rhcg (RhCG). Mammalian Rh glycoproteins are closely related to the ammonium transporters of the yeast (MEP proteins) and bacteria (Amt). Rhbg and Rhcg are expressed in several mammalian tissues including liver, kidney, skin, lung, and GI tract. In the kidney they are expressed in α‐intercalated cells and principal cells of the collecting duct. Whereas Rhbg is strictly present in the basolateral membrane; Rhcg is reported to be at both apical membrane and basolateral membranes. Recent functional studies strongly support a role of Rh glycoproteins in NH4+ transport. Other studies indicate that they mediate transport of CO2 and NH3. This review highlights the progress in determining the properties of Rh glycoproteins and the challenging questions that continue to hinder understanding their function and their physiological role. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014,3:53–61. doi: 10.1002/wmts.105For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Rapid Microwave Synthesis of CeO2 Quantum Dots
Authors: Lehnen Thomas , Schläfer Johannes , Mathur Sanjay 
Published: March 2014

Abstract The synthesis and structural characterization of two new homo‐ and heteroleptic tetravalent cerium complexes with tert‐butoxo and heteroarylalkenolate ligands of the general formula [Ce(OtBu)2–xLx+2] [x = 2 (1), x = 0 (2)] [L = Dmox‐CHC(CF3)O] is described. Their thermal decomposition behavior as well as their potential as single‐source precursor for the fabrication of nanostructured ceria was evaluated. By using the heteroleptic alkoxide complex 2 as metal organic precursor, an efficient synthesis of highly crystalline CeO2 QDs with a narrow size distribution was achieved by microwave assisted solvothermal synthesis in NMP. It was found that an expedient choice of precursor enabled the replacement of additives like bases or other mineralizer and opens an efficient pathway for controlled nucleation of metal oxide nanoparticles.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of a ­Congruent Melting Compound Magnesium Strontium Diborate MgSrB2O5
Authors: Guo Xinfeng , Wu Hongping , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Yu Hongwei , Zhang Bingbing , Han Jian , Zhang Fangyuan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract A congruent melting compound MgSrB2O5 was synthesized by high temperature solution method from the MgO‐SrO‐B2O3 system, and the structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, with space group P21/c. The crystal structure is composed of isolated B2O5 units and MgO6 octahedra that are connected to form two‐dimensional [Mg2B4O10] layers stacking along the c axis. The layers are bridged by the Sr2+ cations to form a three‐dimensional framework. The IR spectrum and the thermal properties of MgSrB2O5 were also reported. Additionally, detailed structure comparisons between MgSrB2O5 and other borates, such as Mg2B2O5, Sr2B2O5 and SrCdB2O5 are carried out and the first‐principle theoretical studies are performed to aid the understanding of electronic structures and linear optical properties.
Primary Explosives
Authors: Mehta Neha , Oyler Karl , Cheng Gartung , Shah Akash , Marin John , Yee Kin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPrimary explosives, unlike secondary explosives, show a very rapid transition from combustion (or deflagration) to detonation and are considerably sensitive to small stimuli, such as impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and heat. Primary explosives generate either a large amount of heat or a shockwave, which makes the transfer of the detonation to a less sensitive propellant or secondary explosive possible.1 Primary explosives are key components in detonators and primers, which are the initiating elements to many military items such as small, medium, and large caliber munitions, mortars, artillery, warheads, etc. The two most common military primary explosives are lead azide and lead styphnate. Lead based compounds such as these have well‐established hazards to health and the environment. To overcome these concerns, in common U.S. Army detonators and primers lead azide was replaced with DBX‐1 [copper(I) nitrotetrazolate], recently developed by Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company and the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center at Indian Head. Further, in order to minimize the dangers to personnel and equipment associated with synthesizing and handling primary explosives, a dedicated, remote‐operated facility for the synthesis and testing of primary explosives has been developed.
Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Chemical Bonding of the Niobium(IV) Complex Nb2(Se2)2(AlCl4)4
Authors: Müller Ulrike , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe reaction of selenium and NbCl5with arsenic in the Lewis‐acidic ionic liquid BMImCl·4.8AlCl3at 100 °C yielded dark‐red block‐shaped crystals of Nb2Se4(AlCl4)4, which immediately decompose when exposed to humid air. Arsenic takes the part of the reducing agent for niobium as well as selenium. The crystal structure was described in the monoclinic space groupP21/n(no. 14) witha= 898.0(1) pm,b= 991.3(1) pm,c= 1629.1(2) pm, andβ= 92.43(1)° at 296(1) K. The unit cell contains twoC2hsymmetric Nb2(Se2)2(AlCl4)4molecules. The latter consist of a central rectangular bipyramid [Nb2(Se2)2]4+and four η2‐coordinating AlCl4–tetrahedra. Diamagentism of the compound and DFT‐based real‐space bonding analysis imply a chemical bond between the niobium(IV) cations, which are 292.2(2) pm apart. Nb2Se4(AlCl4)4can be interpreted as the AlCl3adduct of NbSe2Cl2.