bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Electronic and Rovibrational Studies for Anions of Interest to the DIBs
Authors: Fortenberry R. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe dipole-bound excited state of the methylene nitrile anion (CH2CN−) has been suggested as a candidate carrier for a diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 803.8 nm. Its corresponding radical has been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM), making the existence for the anion possible. This work applies state-of-the-art ab initio methods such as coupled cluster theory to reproduce accurately the electronic excitations for CH2CN− and the similar methylene enolate anion, CH2CHO−. This same approach has been employed to indicate that 19 other anions may possess electronically excited states, five of which are valence in nature. Concurrently, in order to assist in the detection of these anions in the ISM, work has also been directed towards predicting vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants for these anions through the use of quartic force fields (QFFs). Theoretical rovibrational work on anions has thus far included studies of CH2CN−, C3H−, and is currently ongoing for similar systems.
Solid State DIBs
Authors: Linnartz H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe diffuse interstellar bands are not due to solid state species. However, under the explicit assumption that DIB carriers survive the transfer from translucent to dark clouds, it is expected that for the low temperatures in the dense interstellar medium also DIB carriers accrete onto dust grains. Like all other molecules, apart from molecular hydrogen, they will get embedded in an ice matrix that largely consists of amorphous solid water. This offers - in principle - a tool to search for DIBs in complete different environments, both in space (i.e., towards embedded young stellar objects) and in the laboratory, namely in the solid state simulating interstellar ice analogues. Currently experiments are ongoing in the Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory to record optical ice spectra of potential DIB carriers. For this a new experimental approach has been developed. Its performance and potential are discussed.
A Road Map for the Identification of the Diffuse Interstellar Band Carriers
Authors: Cox N. L. J. , Cami J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present a road map of several research avenues leading to the identification of the diffuse interstellar band carriers. The proposed programs represent some consensus among the DIB community, and will certainly take many years to complete. However, the scientific payoff will be huge, and will ultimately lead to the solution of the DIB problem.
Using Ecopath Modeling to Describe Historical Conditions for a Large, Boreal Lake Ecosystem prior to European Settlement
Authors: McGregor Andrea M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
To help guide restoration efforts at a large-lake ecosystem (Lac la Biche) in Alberta, Canada, I used Ecopath modeling software to create an energetically plausible model representing the system prior to European settlement. Over the last 200 years, Lac la Biche has shifted from a system dominated by predatory fish (e.g., Walleyes Sander vitreus and Northern Pike Esox lucius) to one dominated by forage fish and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus. In 2005, the Fisheries Management Branch of Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development initiated a fisheries restoration program focused on increasing the abundance of Walleyes and average fish size in Lac la Biche; restoration would target a nondescript “historical” ecosystem configuration based on contemporary assumptions of what the system might have looked like. I used Ecopath to organize the main assumptions and information on the historical Lac la Biche ecosystem into an energetically plausible representation for the year 1800. From the modeling process, I learned that most of the assumptions regarding the trends in species biomass between contemporary and historical systems were appropriate guides for model balancing; however, the magnitude of the expected differences between 1800 and the present day were often larger than predicted, especially for infrequently sampled species (e.g., Yellow Perch Perca flavescens, White Suckers Catostomus commersonii, Spottail Shiners Notropis hudsonius, and Burbot Lota lota). Testing the validity of single-species assumptions in an ecosystem context is important for improving our understanding of ecosystem structure and function. In a historical context, model creation based on assumptions and available information is important for developing ecosystem baselines that can provide context to and guide future fisheries management. Historical baselines are also important for highlighting ecosystem potential and productive capacity and for counteracting the effects of the shifting baseline syndrome.
Received February 13, 2012; accepted August 2, 2013
Published online December 23, 2013
Evaluation of Calcein and Photonic Marking for Cultured Delta Smelt
Authors: Castillo Gonzalo , Morinaka Jerry , Fujimura Robert , DuBois Jason , Baskerville-Bridges Bradd , Lindberg Joan , Tigan Galen , Ellison Luke , Hobbs James 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus is a protected osmerid endemic to the San Francisco estuary of California. We conducted laboratory tests on marked versus unmarked juvenile adult smelt to evaluate (1) calcein mark intensity and postmarking survival for juveniles and adults, (2) photonic mark retention and survival of adults, and (3) predation by juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis. Calcein mark intensity was graded in six body sections and adults were photonically marked using four fin-color combinations. Across all immersion times (1–7 min) all fish showed 100% mark retention 7 d after exposure to calcein concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 g/L of water. Average survival 7 d after calcein marking was 93.9% in juveniles and 98.6% in adults. After 97 d of calcein and photonic marking, adults had weaker double marking, but each type of mark still showed 100% retention. Average survival of adult fish 70 d after marking was 98.7%. Unmarked and calcein + photonically marked adult Delta Smelt exposed to juvenile Striped Bass did not experience significantly different predation rates. Calcein is both effective and practical to batch-mark juvenile and adult Delta Smelt. Combined calcein and photonic marking for adult Delta Smelt further enables identification of multiple groups while potentially improving mark detection in short-term studies.
Received October 1, 2012; accepted August 22, 2013
Published online January 14, 2014
Planning Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Reintroductions Aimed at Long-Term Viability and Recovery
Authors: Anderson Joseph H. , Pess George R. , Carmichael Richard W. , Ford Michael J. , Cooney Thomas D. , Baldwin Casey M. , McClure Michelle M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Local extirpations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss, often due to dams and other stream barriers, are common throughout the western United States. Reestablishing salmonid populations in areas they historically occupied has substantial potential to assist conservation efforts, but best practices for reintroduction are not well established. In this paper, we present a framework for planning reintroductions designed to promote the recovery of salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. Before implementing a plan, managers should first describe the benefits, risks, and constraints of a proposed reintroduction. We define benefits as specific biological improvements towards recovery objectives. Risks are the potential negative outcomes of reintroductions that could worsen conservation status rather than improve it. Constraints are biological factors that will determine whether the reintroduction successfully establishes a self-sustaining population. We provide guidance for selecting a recolonization strategy (natural colonization, transplanting, or hatchery releases), a source population, and a method for providing passage that will maximize the probability of conservation benefit while minimizing risks. Monitoring is necessary to determine whether the reintroduction successfully achieved the benefits and to evaluate the impacts on nontarget species or populations. Many of the benefits, especially diversity and the evolution of locally adapted population segments, are likely to accrue over decadal time scales. Thus, we view reintroduction as a long-term approach to enhancing viability. Finally, our review of published salmonid reintroduction case studies suggests that large uncertainties remain in the success of reintroduction in establishing self-sustaining populations, particularly for programs employing active methods.
Received September 10, 2012; accepted August 30, 2013
Published online January 30, 2014
Bull Trout Trends in Abundance and Probabilities of Persistence in Idaho
Authors: Meyer Kevin A. , Garton Edward O. , Schill Daniel J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We estimated the population growth rates of Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus and used population growth models to evaluate observation error and estimate Bull Trout persistence probabilities by using 25 data sets (averaging 19 years of record) that indexed abundance across Idaho. These data sets were derived from a variety of fish sampling techniques, including weirs, screw traps, redd counts, daytime snorkeling, electrofishing, and angler creel. Bull Trout populations in Idaho were relatively stable prior to 1994, but after 1994, substantially more population growth rates trended statistically upward (n = 14) than downward (n = 3). Average intrinsic rates of population change were 0.01 (SE = 0.03) prior to 1994 and 0.07 (SE = 0.02) after 1994; across all years of data, the rate of change averaged 0.07 (SE = 0.02). Fifty-nine percent of the data sets had zero to minimal observation error according to Gompertz state-space model estimates; observation error was least common in data from screw traps and redd counts and most common in snorkel data. Gompertz-type density-dependent models were most often the best-fitting models for Bull Trout population growth. Moreover, few of the most reliable modeling results (i.e., those from data sets estimated to have zero to minimal observation error) contained a period effect or time (i.e., year) effect, suggesting that carrying capacity generally did not differ between the pre-1994 and post-1994 periods and generally was not trending positively or negatively through time. Parametric bootstraps predicted that the mean probability of falling below the quasi-extinction level of 20 adults in the next 30 years was 9.8% (median = 4.7%) for data sets estimated to have zero to minimal observation error. The weight of evidence from our modeling results suggests that for most Bull Trout populations in Idaho, abundance is stable or increasing and the risk of extirpation in the foreseeable future is low.
Received March 12, 2013; accepted November 18, 2013
Published online February 10, 2014
Succeeding a strong long-standing leader: is there a right approach?
Authors: Kalman Danny 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to cover a subject which the author believes is very topical and of interest to both those in leadership roles and those in the HR profession.

Design/methodology/approach
– The author shares his experiences on this topic and speaks to others who have found themselves in a situation of succeeding a strong well established leader.

Findings
– The author's findings clearly show that there is no right or wrong answer to this question. As mentioned in the article there are a number of options to consider and the new leader will have to assess their strategy based on the circumstances in which they find themselves.

Originality/value
– The article is on a topic which should be of great interest to both those in leadership roles and HR practionners. The theme of succession planning is one which all organisations are highly aware of and if done correctly can be of supreme importance to the on-going performance of any organisation.
Life Skills Group: increasing foundation knowledge and motivation in offenders with a learning disability
Authors: Patterson Christy , Thomas Cathy 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– Offenders with a learning disability present with greater clinical need than those without a learning disability. However, for this client group, access to and engagement with psychological and criminogenic interventions are often limited. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a potentially useful approach to this issue.Design/methodology/approach– A single case study design was used to evaluate an introductory group programme, delivered over 12 weekly sessions, in a forensic learning disability service. Semi-structured interviews were used alongside psychometric measures, which were completed prior to, and following completion of, the group, in order to assess the individual's experience of the group, their emotional understanding and difficulties, and readiness to change.Findings– Readiness to change and emotional understanding improved following completion of the programme. Self-reported emotional difficulties showed improvement, although not all staff reports corroborated this. Notably, the service user reported a positive experience, with increased confidence and motivation to attend further groups.Research limitations/implications– Generalisation from the results of single case studies is limited. Although results suggest that motivation to engage further has increased, more research is required to assess whether this impacts on actual ability to engage.Practical implications– Offering an introductory programme prior to further, more criminogenically focused intervention may be more effective than offering these interventions as the first stage of treatment.Originality/value– An introductory group programme may be potentially helpful in providing the foundation knowledge, confidence and motivation necessary to attend further intervention focusing on criminogenic need for offenders with a learning disability.
Moisture-curing polyurethane resins modified by multi-hydroxymethylated phenol
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Wei Shuangying , Gao Zhenhua 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of multi-hydroxymethylated phenol (MHMP) on the properties of moisture-curing polyurethane (PU) resin, especially on the heat resistance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The MHMPs with various active sites from 2.52 to 3.91 were synthesised and used as a modifier. The bond test (according to the JIS K6806-2003 standard) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used, respectively, to characterise the bond durability and heat resistance of MHMP-modified PU resin.

Findings
– The MHMP with various F/P mole ratios had great effects on the properties of resultant PU resins. The increase of active sites of MHMP can improve the water resistance of resin due to the more cross-linking densities, while the decrease of active sites of MHMP can improve heat resistance of resin because more stable benzene ring introduced into the PU backbone.

Research limitations/implications
– In cases where heat resistance of the PU resin is of primary concern, the use of MHMP with fewer active sites or a lower F/P ratio is recommended. In other cases where bond durability is focussed, the modifier MHMP shall be synthesised with higher F/P ratio.

Practical implications
– MHMP as a modifier can be used to improve the heat resistance of PU resin.

Originality/value
– The MHMPs with various hydroxymethyl groups were synthesised and used as modifier of moisture-curing PU resins to improve their heat resistance.
Effect of antecolic versus retrocolic reconstruction for gastro/duodenojejunostomy on delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Cao Shuang‐Shuang , Lin Qi‐Yuan , He Man‐Xi , Zhang Guang‐Quan 
Published: February 2014

AimThe aim of this meta‐analysis was to assess whether antecolic reconstruction is superior to retrocolic reconstruction for gastro/duodenojejunostomy with respect to delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Patients and MethodsA literature search of Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, OVID, EBSCO and the Cochrane database was done to identify randomized, controlled trials (RCT) comparing antecolic and retrocolic gastro/duodenojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy from January 1991 to April 2012. Four RCT involving 189 patients, and comparing antecolic reconstruction with retrocolic reconstruction, were identified for inclusion.ResultsThe meta‐analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of operation time [mean difference (MD): 4.39, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI): −19.51 to 28.28, P = 0.72], intraoperative blood loss (MD: 22.51, 95 per cent CI: −160.56 to 205.58, P = 0.81), blood replacement (MD: −0.19; 95 per cent CI: −0.62 to 0.23, P = 0.38), mortality [odds ratio (OR): 0.32, 95 per cent CI: 0.01–8.26, P = 0.49], morbidity (OR: 2.25, 95 per cent CI: 0.57–8.82, P = 0.24), delayed gastric emptying (OR: 0.31, 95 per cent CI: 0.08–1.26, P = 0.10) and length of postoperative hospital stay (MD: −2.35, 95 per cent CI: −7.56 to 2.86, P = 0.38).ConclusionCompared to retrocolic reconstruction, antecolic reconstruction for gastro/duodenojejunostomy does not seem to offer an advantage with respect to delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Application of narrow‐band imaging in upper urinary urothelial carcinoma: A preliminary report
Authors: Chan Eddie Shu‐Yin , Ng Chi‐Fai , Chan Chi‐Kwok , Hou See‐Ming , Yip Sidney Kam‐Hung 
Published: February 2014

AimIn the present study, the performance of narrow‐band imaging (NBI) ureteroscopy in the detection of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was evaluated.Patients and MethodsUreteroscopies were carried out using both white‐light imaging (WLI) and NBI in patients with known upper urinary tract TCC before definitive treatment. Biopsies were performed when abnormal lesions were detected. The number of lesions found in WLI and NBI ureteroscopies, and histological findings, were compared with final pathological reports on nephroureterectomy or segmental resection specimens.ResultsSeven patients with eight upper urinary tract TCC were examined using WLI/NBI ureteroscopy between 2010 and 2011. Complete examinations failed in two patients, due to ureteric strictures. After ureteroscopy, five nephroureterectomies and two segmental resections were performed in this series. Endoscopic laser resection of the ureteric tumour was performed successfully under WLI/NBI in one patient. NBI ureteroscopy detected two more lesions than WLI, both of which were found to be benign in the final histological analysis. No other lesions in the nephroureterectomy specimens escaped detection during the ureteroscopic examination.ConclusionNBI ureteroscopy is technically feasible for upper urinary tract examination. It did not improve TCC detection rate compared with conventional WLI. Further studies might be necessary for the evaluation of its use and efficacy.
Management of anorectal malformations in the era of laparoscopy
Authors: Chung Patrick H.Y. , Wong Kenneth K.Y. , Tam Paul K.H. 
Published: February 2014

AimDespite the advances of laparoscopic surgery in paediatric surgery, its role in anorectoplasty remains controversial. This review article aims at discussing current evidences regarding this new operative approach.MethodsLiterature review for laparoscopic anorectoplasty was performed in combination with experience from our centre. Details on operative techniques, surgical complications and postoperative outcomes were highlighted.ResultsLaparoscopic anorectoplasty (LAR) can be performed safely and effectively in early infantile period with modern small‐sized laparoscopic instruments. Postoperative complications have been reported to range from 0.8 to 7.2 per cent. Apart from general surgical complications, fistula and cyst formations at the posterior urethra are two specific complications. Functional outcomes are not inferior to traditional posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) with less surgical trauma and better cosmetic result especially in high‐type malformations. Similarly, outcomes of LAR are comparable with PSARP under manometric and radiological assessments.ConclusionsBased on current evidences, LAR appears to be at least as good as PSARP. In high‐type malformations, we recommend that LAR be considered as the operation of choice. However, good laparoscopic skills and proper laparoscopic instruments are essential when performing this operation.
Cluster and meta‐analyses on factors influencing stress‐induced alcohol drinking and relapse in rodents
Authors: Noori Hamid R. , Helinski Sandra , Spanagel Rainer 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNumerous preclinical studies have focused on the identification of biological and environmental factors that modulate stress and alcohol interactions. Although there is a good qualitative description of the determinants of alcohol consumption in rodents, the magnitude of the variables influencing stress‐induced ethanol intake and its dynamics are still poorly understood. We therefore carried out a clustered meta‐analysis on stress‐induced alcohol consumption in 1520 rats. Two‐step clustering of the literature‐derived dataset suggests a strong dependency of the experimental outcome on the method used to measure alcohol intake. Free‐choice home cage drinking versus operant self‐administration is the most critical determinant of stress‐induced increases in alcohol consumption in rats. Stress does not typically result in enhanced alcohol consumption in operant self‐administration paradigms, whereas it leads to increased home cage drinking. Stress‐induced alcohol consumption is age dependent, with adults being more sensitive than adolescents. In addition, foot shock and forced swim stress enhance alcohol intake, while restraint stress does not. In contrast, a meta‐analysis of 327 rats on stress‐induced reinstatement of alcohol‐seeking behavior shows less influence of those modulating factors, and usually foot shock or yohimbine leads to a reinstatement of approximately 300 percent of extinction level responding. Via accurate characterization of the significant factors in the interplay of alcohol consumption, relapse and stress, our quantitative description not only improves the understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also provides an appropriate framework for the optimal experimental design of preclinical studies that more accurately translates to the human condition.
Probiotics reduce psychological stress in patients before laryngeal cancer surgery
Authors: Yang Hui , Zhao Xiaoyun , Tang Shan , Huang Hua , Zhao Xiulan , Ning Zhuohui , Fu Xiurong , Zhang Caihong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimLaryngeal cancer is a common malignancy; surgery is the preferred treatment. Psychosocial stress is one of the negative impacts on patient recovery. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of probiotics on ameliorating anxiety, and on serum corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) in laryngeal cancer patients before surgery.MethodsA total 30 patients with laryngeal cancer and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. During the 2 weeks before surgery, 20 patients were randomly allocated to receive probiotics or placebo twice a day. Heart rate was recorded daily. The degree of anxiety was assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA).ResultsSerum CRF levels in laryngeal cancer patients increased significantly in approaching surgery. After ingestion of probiotics, serum levels of CRF and heart rate did not increase before surgery. In addition, taking probiotics relieved the degree of anxiety of the patients from HAMA 19.8 to 10.2.ConclusionProbiotics can ameliorate the clinical anxiety and biochemical features of stress in patients scheduled for laryngectomy.