bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and kinetic insights into binding and incorporation of L-nucleotide analogs by a Y-family DNA polymerase
Authors: Gaur Vineet , Vyas Rajan , Fowler Jason D. , Efthimiopoulos Georgia , Feng Joy Y. , Suo Zucai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractConsidering that all natural nucleotides (D-dNTPs) and the building blocks (D-dNMPs) of DNA chains possess D-stereochemistry, DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases (RTs) likely possess strongD-stereoselectivity by preferably binding and incorporating D-dNTPs over unnatural L-dNTPs during DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, a structural basis for the discrimination against L-dNTPs by DNA polymerases or RTs has not been established although L-deoxycytidine analogs (lamivudine and emtricitabine) and L-thymidine (telbivudine) have been widely used as antiviral drugs for years. Here we report seven high-resolution ternary crystal structures of a prototype Y-family DNA polymerase, DNA, and D-dCTP, D-dCDP, L-dCDP, or the diphosphates and triphosphates of lamivudine and emtricitabine. These structures reveal that relative to D-dCTP, each of these L-nucleotides has its sugar ring rotated by 180° with an unusual O4′-endo sugar puckering and exhibits multiple triphosphate-binding conformations within the active site of the polymerase. Such rare binding modes significantly decrease the incorporation rates and efficiencies of these L-nucleotides catalyzed by the polymerase.
An Enantiomerically Pure Formulation of Esmolol Attenuates Hypotension and Preserves Heart Rate Control in Dogs
Authors: McKee Jeffrey S. , Rabinow Barrett E. , Daller Justin R. , Brooks Benjamin D. , Baumgartner Bernhard , Rohatgi Priyanka 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background:
Esmolol is marketed as a racemate (RS-esmolol) with hypotension being the most frequently reported adverse event. Previously, it has been shown that the S-enantiomer (S-esmolol) possesses all of the heart rate (HR) control. The authors studied whether S-esmolol alone mitigates hypotension at similar degrees of HR control compared with RS-esmolol.

Methods:
The effects of RS- and S-esmolol on blood pressure (BP) were compared at multiple infusion rates producing similar HR control in dogs (N = 21). Differences in BP were further interrogated by monitoring global cardiovascular function and included the R-enantiomer (R-esmolol) (N = 3).

Results:
S-esmolol at half the rate (μg kg−1 min−1) of RS-esmolol provided the same degree of HR control over all infusion rates. RS-esmolol lowered BP by 3, 6, 11, 20, and 38 mmHg at 90, 300, 600, 1,000, and 2,000 μg kg−1 min−1, compared with 2, 4, 5, 10, and 16 mmHg at 45, 150, 300, 500, and 1,000 μg kg−1 min−1 for S-esmolol. Decreased BP with RS-esmolol was attributed to decreases in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) (−34 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (−702 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (−1 l/min). R-esmolol also decreased BP (−10 mmHg), LVDP (−10 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (−241 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (to −0.2 l/min). S-esmolol reversed these trends toward pre-esmolol values by increasing BP (+13 mmHg), LVDP (+12 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (+76 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (+0.4 l/min).

Conclusions:
R-enantiomer provided no HR control, but contributed to the hypotension with RS-esmolol, which appears to be due to negative inotropy. Thus, an S-enantiomer formulation of esmolol may provide similar HR control with less hypotension.
Microvillous Atrophy
Authors: Perry Ariane , Bensallah Hayet , Martinez‐Vinson Christine , Berrebi Dominique , Arbeille Brigitte , Salomon Julie , Goulet Olivier , Marinier Evelyne , Drunat Séverine , Samson‐Bouma Marie‐Elisabeth , Gérard Bénédicte , Hugot Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Microvillous inclusion disease (MVID) is a cause of intractable diarrhea in infancy. In its classic form, the disease is characterized by a severe persistent watery diarrhea starting within the first days of life. Parenteral nutrition and small bowel transplantation are the only known treatments for the affected children. Histologically, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining shows accumulation of periodic acid‐Schiff–positive staining material along the apical pole of enterocytes, whereas transmission electron microscopy exhibits microvillus inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm of enterocytes with rarefied and shortened microvilli and secretory granules. The objective of this work was to explore clinical, morphological, and genetic findings in cases of MVID with unusual presentations.Methods:Clinical, histological, and genetic findings are reported for 8 cases of MVID with atypical presentation.Results:The diarrhea started after several months in 3 cases. It was usually less abundant and 3 patients were weaned off parenteral nutrition. None required intestinal transplantation. Three patients experienced malformations, dysmorphy, sensory disabilities, and severe mental retardation. One had a hydrocephaly. Three patients had a cholestasis with low γ‐glutamyl transferase levels. Light microscopy showed histological abnormalities consistent with MVID in all of the cases, but the lesions were sometimes focal or delayed. Transmission electron microscopy retrieved some criteria of MVID in 4 patients. Finally, 6 patients were homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for MYO5B mutations.Conclusions:This study extends the spectrum of MVID to less severe clinical presentations.
Loss of Cytosolic Phosphoglucose Isomerase Affects Carbohydrate Metabolism in Leaves and Is Essential for Fertility of Arabidopsis
Authors: Kunz Hans-Henning , Zamani-Nour Shirin , Häusler Rainer E. , Ludewig Katja , Schroeder Julian I. , Malinova Irina , Fettke Joerg , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Gierth Markus 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism in plants is tightly linked to photosynthesis and is essential for energy and carbon skeleton supply of the entire organism. Thus, the hexose phosphate pools of the cytosol and the chloroplast represent important metabolic resources that are maintained through action of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phosphoglucose mutase interconverting glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and glucose 1-phosphate. Here, we investigated the impact of disrupted cytosolic PGI (cPGI) function on plant viability and metabolism. Overexpressing an artificial microRNA targeted against cPGI (amiR-cpgi) resulted in adult plants with vegetative tissue essentially free of cPGI activity. These plants displayed diminished growth compared with the wild type and accumulated excess starch in chloroplasts but maintained low sucrose content in leaves at the end of the night. Moreover, amiR-cpgi plants exhibited increased nonphotochemical chlorophyll a quenching during photosynthesis. In contrast to amiR-cpgi plants, viable transfer DNA insertion mutants disrupted in cPGI function could only be identified as heterozygous individuals. However, homozygous transfer DNA insertion mutants could be isolated among plants ectopically expressing cPGI. Intriguingly, these plants were only fertile when expression was driven by the ubiquitin10 promoter but sterile when the seed-specific unknown seed protein promoter or the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were employed. These data show that metabolism is apparently able to compensate for missing cPGI activity in adult amiR-cpgi plants and indicate an essential function for cPGI in plant reproduction. Moreover, our data suggest a feedback regulation in amiR-cpgi plants that fine-tunes cytosolic sucrose metabolism with plastidic starch turnover.
Editorial
Authors: Ogliastri Enrique 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In this issue we present seven articles originally from Canada, Chile, Colombia and Spain. The articles are of diverse subjects: first, some herd behaviour of the institutional investors in Chile; second, the impact of growth strategies and the company's resources on the business growth method; third, the effectiveness of the norms on the directives of the remuneration committee of the board of directors on the appropriate remuneration of the directors; fourth, the incidence of the behaviour of the stakeholders in the failure of the companies; fifth, barriers and options to increase the female workforce in mining companies; sixth, the factors that impulse the exporting behaviour of companies; and seventh, the impact of the design of a product in the buying intention of the consumers. All the articles, including those written in Spanish or Portuguese, are available in English.

Resumen
En este número presentamos siete artículos provenientes de Canadá, Chile, Colombia y España. Los artículos tienen temáticas muy diversas: 1) algunos comportamientos en manada de los inversores institucionales en Chile; 2) El impacto de la estrategia de crecimiento y de los recursos de la empresa en el método de crecimiento empresarial; 3) La efectividad de las normas sobre la Comisión de Remuneraciones de los Consejos directivos sobre la remuneración apropiada de los consejeros; 4) La incidencia del comportamiento de los grupos involucrados (stakeholders) en el fracaso de las empresas; 5) Barreras y opciones para incrementar la fuerza laboral femenina en las empresas mineras; 6) Los factores que impulsan el comportamiento exportador de las empresas; y 7) El impacto del diseño de un producto en la intención de compra de los consumidores. Todos los artículos, aún los escritos en español o portugués, están disponibles en inglés.
Sexual Dimorphism of Endocranial, Facial and Limb Measurements in the Yellow Baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Kikuchi Y. , Kuraoka A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe present study focused on the sexual dimorphism of yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) to clarify its relationship with social behaviour. The degree of sexual dimorphism in the endocranial volume is the lowest among the investigated measurements. Among the facial measurements, the degree value of sexual dimorphism was the maximum (38.4%) for palate length and the minimum for palate breadth at the upper second molar (M2) (16.8%). Reduced major axis (RMA) regression analysis indicated that most positive allometry in relation to body mass was barely shown in the endocranial volume, palate length, palate breadth at M2 and mandibular ramal width. On the other hand, most negative allometry in relation to body mass was barely indicated in the bizygomatic breadth, skull length, humeral length and femoral length. The plate breadth at M2 in males was smaller than that in females in equivalent to body mass. The results of the present study suggest that more males have longer pointed muzzles than females, which is considered to create an impressive view of large canine teeth. This contributes to display among males and agonistic encounters rather than to necessity of increased facial size due to larger body size or dietary influences.
Thoracic Limb Morphology of the Ring‐tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) Evidenced by Gross Osteology and Radiography
Authors: Makungu M. , Groenewald H. B. , du Plessis W. M. , Barrows M. , Koeppel K. N. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThere is limited information available on the morphology of the thoracic limb of the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta). This study describes the morphology of the thoracic limb of captive ring‐tailed lemurs evidenced by gross osteology and radiography as a guide for clinical use. Radiographic findings of 12 captive ring‐tailed lemurs are correlated with bone specimens of three adult animals. The clavicle is well developed. The scapula has a large area for the origin of the m. teres major. The coracoid and hamate processes are well developed. The lateral supracondylar crest and medial epicondyle are prominent. The metacarpal bones are widely spread, and the radial tuberosity is prominent. These features indicate the presence of strong flexor muscles and flexibility of thoracic limb joints, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Furthermore, an ovoid ossicle is always seen at the inter‐phalangeal joint of the first digit. Areas of increased soft tissue opacity are superimposed over the proximal half of the humerus and distal half of the antebrachium in male animals as a result of the scent gland. Knowledge of the morphology of the thoracic limb of individual species is important for accurate interpretation and diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.
Interinformant agreement of the dementia questionnaire for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Walker Brigid , MacBryer Shona , Jones Alan , Law Jim 
Published: August 2014

Accessible summary

Many services use carer questionnaires to decide whether people with Down's syndrome are developing dementia.

Using one of these questionnaires (the DLD), we looked at how well carers agreed with each other.

Only 15% of carers achieved ‘good’ agreement.

Carers agreed more with each other when rating people who are less able.

This backs up recommendations not to rely only on carer interviews when assessing for dementia.

SummaryBecause of difficulties with neuropsychological assessments for dementia in people with learning disabilities, professionals in clinical practice have relied heavily on carer interviews, one of the most widely used being the Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD – Evenhuis et al. 2006 Dementia questionnaire for people with intellectual disabilities manual (second edition). Amsterdam, Netherlands, Harcourt Test Publishers). Because dementia is indicated by the magnitude of changes in scores between longitudinal assessments, interinformant agreement is paramount. We carried out the DLD interview independently with two carers for each of 26 people with Down's syndrome. Only 15% of pairs of carers achieved ‘good’ agreement. Levels of agreement varied widely across the DLD subscales and individual questions. Interinformant agreement was better for less able people with Down's syndrome than for more able individuals.
Partners of patients having a permanent colostomy should also receive attention from the healthcare team
Authors: Silva A. L. , Monteiro P. S. , Sousa J. B. , Vianna A. L. , Oliveira P. G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThis study was carried out to determine how the partners of patients with a permanent colostomy perceive everyday life, particularly its sexual aspects.MethodData were collected prospectively from October 2011 to May 2012 using a three‐part questionnaire to obtain demographic, social and sexual information. Both multiple‐choice and yes/no questions were used.ResultsOne hundred and eight questionnaires were given to 36 partners of patients with a permanent colostomy (the ostomy group) and to 72 partners of normal individuals matched for age, sex and social class. The sexual performance of the spouse was significantly better in the control group (P = 0.004), sexual performance of the partner was also better in the control group (P = 0.023) and reduced frequency of sexual activity was higher in the ostomy group (P = 0.042). There was, however, no significant difference in sexual interest between the two groups (P = 0.507).ConclusionThe study demonstrated that about half of the partners of patients with a permanent colostomy experienced dissatisfaction with their spouse's performance, with a reduction in sexual interest and frequency of intercourse compared with the control group. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to the partner of patients having a permanent colostomy.
Assessment of pubovisceral muscle defects and levator hiatal dimensions in women with faecal incontinence after vaginal delivery: is there a correlation with severity of symptoms?
Authors: Murad‐Regadas S. M. , Fernandes G. O. da S. , Regadas F. S. P. , Rodrigues L. V. , Pereira J. de J. R. , Dealcanfreitas I. D. , Regadas Filho F. S. P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimWe assessed pubovisceral muscle (PVM) defects, levator hiatal dimensions and anal sphincter defects using three‐dimensional (3D) endovaginal and anorectal ultrasonography in women with previous vaginal delivery and faecal incontinence to determine the relationship between anatomic/functional findings and severity of faecal incontinence symptoms.MethodThis was a prospective, observational study including 52 women with faecal incontinence symptoms who had undergone vaginal delivery. Asymptomatic nulliparous women (n = 17) served as controls to provide reference values for pelvic floor measurements. All participants underwent 3D endovaginal and anorectal ultrasonography. We used an ultrasound score to identify and quantify the extent of PVM defects and sphincter damage and to measure levator hiatal dimensions. Incontinence was assessed using the Cleveland Clinic Florida Incontinence Scoring System.ResultsDefects of the PVM were identified with 3D endovaginal ultrasonography in 27% of women with faecal incontinence who had undergone vaginal delivery. The incontinence score and the ultrasound score were significantly higher in women with a PVM defect. A significant, positive correlation was found between the incontinence score and the ultrasound score. The levator hiatal dimensions were significantly greater, and the positions of the anorectal junction and bladder neck were lower, in women who had undergone vaginal delivery than in nulliparous women.ConclusionAs determined by the 3D ultrasound score, severity of incontinence is related to the extent of damage of the PVM, as well as of the anal sphincters. Additionally, vaginal delivery results in enlargement of the levator hiatus and a lower position of the anorectal junction and bladder neck compared with nulliparous women.
Quasiregularity and Its Discontents: The Legacy of the Past Tense Debate
Authors: Seidenberg Mark S. , Plaut David C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRumelhart and McClelland's chapter about learning the past tense created a degree of controversy extraordinary even in the adversarial culture of modern science. It also stimulated a vast amount of research that advanced the understanding of the past tense, inflectional morphology in English and other languages, the nature of linguistic representations, relations between language and other phenomena such as reading and object recognition, the properties of artificial neural networks, and other topics. We examine the impact of the Rumelhart and McClelland model with the benefit of 25 years of hindsight. It is not clear who “won” the debate. It is clear, however, that the core ideas that the model instantiated have been assimilated into many areas in the study of language, changing the focus of research from abstract characterizations of linguistic competence to an emphasis on the role of the statistical structure of language in acquisition and processing.
Inflammatory nodule mimicking a phrenic neoplasm
Authors: Vannucci Jacopo , Scarnecchia Elisa , Del Sordo Rachele , Cagini Lucio , Puma Francesco 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsIsolated phrenic nerve nodule is usually a primitive tumour. Surgery is diagnostic and therapeutic at the same time. We report the case of a completely serum‐negative Caucasian male with a right diaphragmatic relaxation associated to an isolated small nodule of the phrenic nerve.MethodsThe patient was referred to our unit complaining shortness of breath and progressive fatigue. A standard chest X‐ray showed right diaphragmatic palsy; chest scanning revealed a nodular lesion belonging to the right phrenic nerve. Positron emission tomography was negative for glucose uptake. The preoperative diagnosis of primitive neurogenic tumour was thus supposed, and the patient treated by the lesion's surgical resection along with diaphragmatic plication.ResultHistopathological examination revealed an idiopathic inflammatory nodule of the phrenic nerve.ConclusionSuch condition has not previously been reported in the literature among the possible aetiology of a diaphragmatic relaxation.
Endogenous lipoid pneumonia preceding diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Authors: Antoon James W. , Hernandez Michelle L. , Roehrs Phillip A. , Noah Terry L. , Leigh Margaret W. , Byerley Julie S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is an under‐reported and under‐diagnosed condition, with a high percentage of cases found on autopsy or late stage disease. The etiology of PAP includes genetic, primary (anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor antibodies) and secondary (oncologic, rheumatologic, infectious, chemical and immunologic) causes. Here, we present the first reported pediatric case of endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non‐specific interstitial pneumonitis preceding the development of PAP.
Validation of a visual analogue score (LRTI‐VAS) in non‐CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Altenburg Josje , Wortel Kim , de Graaff Casper S. , van der Werf Tjip S. , Boersma Wim G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and AimQuality of life in patients with non‐cystic fibrosis (non‐CF) bronchiectasis is largely defined by respiratory symptoms. To date, no disease‐specific tool for symptom measurement in this patient group was available. We developed the lower respiratory tract infections – visual analogue scale (LRTI‐VAS) in order to quickly and conveniently quantify symptoms in non‐CF bronchiectasis. This study aimed to validate LRTI‐VAS for use in non‐CF bronchiectasis.MethodsThis study included outpatients with radiologically proven bronchiectasis and no evidence of CF. Results of LRTI‐VAS were compared with other markers of disease activity {lung function parameters, oxygen saturation and three health‐related quality of life questionnaires [Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36), St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ)]} and validity, reliability and responsiveness were assessed.ResultsThirty stable and 30 exacerbating participants completed the LRTI‐VAS questionnaire. When testing for repeatability on two separate occasions, no statistically significant difference between total scores was found {1.4 [standard deviation (SD)] 5.3}, P = 0.16). Internal consistency was high across items (Cronbach's alpha 0.86). Correlation with SGRQ, SF‐36 and LCQ total scores was high. Following antibiotic treatment, mean (SD) LRTI‐VAS total score improved from 18.1 (SD 9.9) to 26.1 (SD 6.6) (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLRTI‐VAS showed excellent validity, reliability and responsiveness to change and therefore appears a reliable tool for symptom measurement in non‐CF bronchiectasis.
Predictability in species distributions: a global analysis across organisms and ecosystems
Authors: Soininen Janne , Luoto Miska 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimWe explored the effects of multiple species traits, spatial extent and ecosystem type on predictability in species distributions.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe assembled over 4900 published AUC (area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic plot) values from the species distribution modelling literature. Our data covered broad variation in species characteristics such as body size or trophic position for taxa ranging from bacteria to mammals. Data covered ecosystems from freshwater to forests and encompassed geographical areas from the tropics to polar regions. We used generalized linear mixed models and boosted regression trees to analyse the AUC data.ResultsWe found that most AUC values originated from large‐sized terrestrial taxa while studies considering smaller taxa, especially from aquatic ecosystems, were rare. Predictability was highest in autotrophs and in active non‐flying taxa and increased with body size and study extent. There were marginal differences in predictability between ectotherms and endotherms and between taxa originating from different ecosystems.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that predictability in species distributions is related to organismal variables such as body size, dispersal mode and trophic position as well as to study extent. We also identified a gap in species distribution modelling studies for aquatic species and for small taxa.