bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Expression of High-Mobility Group Protein B1 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Hong Sung-Moon , Cho Jung-Sun , Um Ji-Young , Shin Jae-Min , Park Il-Ho , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Sang Hag , Lee Heung-Man 
Published: July 2013

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa and many inflammatory cells and cytokines are involved in its pathogenesis. High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that has a proinflammatory function when secreted into extracellular space. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of HMGB1 in paranasal sinus mucosa and to determine the difference of HMGB1 expression between CRS patients and normal controls. Methods Paranasal sinus mucosa was obtained from 10 patients with CRS and 10 patients without CRS. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect mRNA and protein. Sections of the mucosa were immunostained for localization of HMGB1 and image analysis was performed. Results RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed that the expression level of HMGB1 mRNA was significantly increased in the tissues of patients with CRS compared with controls. Western blot analysis showed that the expression level of HMGB1 protein was significantly increased in the tissues of CRS. In immunohistochemical staining, the HMGB1 protein was expressed in epithelial cells and inflammatory cells and the expression intensity of HMGB1 protein was stronger in CRS. Conclusion HMGB1 is increased in the paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with CRS. These results suggest a possible contribution of HMGB1 in the pathophysiology of CRS.
The Emerging Role of the Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 in Upper Respiratory Infection and Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: July 2013

Background Maintaining a clean upper respiratory tract requires efficient detection of pathogenic bacteria so that the airway mucosa can mount proper defenses to neutralize and clear the offending microbes. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) may play a critical role in this process. T2Rs were originally identified in taste cells of the tongue, where they protect against the ingestion of toxic plant and/or bacterial products. However, T2Rs are also expressed in extragustatory tissue including the airways. One specific T2R isoform, T2R38, was recently shown to be expressed in cilia of sinonasal epithelial cells, suggesting that respiratory cilia may function as a chemosensory organelle, possibly to detect bacterial presence in the airway. T2R38 is encoded by the TAS2R38 gene, which has several common genetic polymorphisms that result in altered receptor functionality. Genetic variation in T2R38 may thus contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to upper airway infection. This study provides an overview of our current knowledge of T2R38 function in sinonasal defense and the implications for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods A literature review was performed of the current knowledge of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in sinonasal physiology and CRS patient outcomes. Results Basic science research has indicated that the T2R38 receptor is activated by acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules secreted by gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In sinonasal epithelial cells T2R38 stimulates an increase in nitric oxide production that increases mucociliary clearance and directly kills bacteria. Recent clinical studies have also found clinical correlations of TAS2R38 genotype with susceptibility to gram-negative upper respiratory infection as well as necessity for surgical intervention in CRS management. Conclusion T2R38 appears to be an important mediator of sinonasal epithelial defense, but further study is needed to more clearly determine how TAS2R38 genotype affects patient outcomes in CRS and other upper airway diseases.
Comparison of the Nasal Release of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, CCL13/MCP-4, and CCL26/eotaxin-3 in Allergic Rhinitis during Season and after Allergen Challenge
Authors: Baumann Ralf , Rabaszowski Matthaeus , Stenin Igor , Tilgner Lisa , Scheckenbach Kathrin , Wiltfang Jens , Schipper Joerg , Chaker Adam , Wagenmann Martin 
Published: July 2013

Background Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by local overproduction of type 2 cytokines and tissue eosinophilia. Recent research suggests the involvement of additional cytokines such as IL-17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 26/eotaxin-3, and CCL13/monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) in its pathophysiology. Furthermore, bronchial epithelial cells treated with IL-17 and type 2 cytokines distinctively up-regulated eotaxin-3 gene expression. In this study we investigated the kinetics of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, eotaxin-3, and MCP-4 in seasonal allergic rhinitis volunteers after nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and their release during natural pollen exposure. Methods The nasal lavages of 15 symptomatic allergic and 14 nonallergic subjects were collected during the pollination season. Additionally, six allergic subjects underwent a single unilateral nasal allergen and control challenge out of season, and nasal secretions were collected. Levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, eotaxin-3, and MCP-4 in nasal lavages and secretions were measured using an electrochemiluminescent assay. Results After NAC, allergic subjects had a significant immediate response of nasal symptoms as well as a significant increase at 5 hours of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 and at 2, 5, and 24 hours significantly raising levels of eotaxin-3. IL-17 and eotaxin-3 concentrations at 5 hours were correlated (r = 0.94; p = 0.005). During natural pollen exposure, barely detectable levels of IL-17 in allergic subjects were also correlated with eotaxin-3 (r = 0.62; p = 0.01). Eotaxin-3 and MCP-4 levels were significantly elevated 9- or 3.7-fold, respectively, and IL-10 and, unexpectedly, IL-4 were significantly lower in allergic subjects compared with nonallergic subjects. Conclusion Nasal IL-17, MCP-4, and, possibly, eotaxin-3 may aggravate and IL-10 may alleviate nasal mucosal allergy.
Technical Feasibility of Endoscopic Eustachian Tube Catheter Placement: A Cadaveric Analysis
Authors: Manes R. Peter , Kutz J. Walter , Isaacson Brandon , Batra Pete S. 
Published: July 2013

Background Patulous eustachian tube (pET) can result in transmission of sound from the pharynx to the middle ear (ME) via an abnormally patent ET. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of a reversible transnasal procedure for pET using an occluded silastic catheter to close the ET. Methods Ten sides were evaluated in five cadaver heads. Size 14, 16, and 18G catheters were occluded with bone wax to create a semirigid solid tube. They were placed transnasally, under endoscopic guidance through the ET orifice to span the entire ET length. Proper placement in the ME was confirmed by tympanotomy. Each attempt was graded on a four-point scale based on ease of placement: 3+, 2+, 1+, and 0. Results The 16G was the easiest to place with the best fit and was confirmed in the ME in eight cases. The 14G catheter was next easiest to place and was observed in the ME in seven cases. It generally had an extremely tight fit and propensity to impart mucosal trauma. The 18G was the most difficult to place and was observed in the ME in six cases. The catheter was noted to displace easily because of a loose fit. Tympanic membrane or ossicular injury was not noted in any trial. Conclusion These cadaveric data suggest that a semirigid catheter provides the technical capability to reversibly occlude the ET via the transnasal endoscopic route. Further confirmation is necessary in human studies to determine its effectiveness for management of pET.
Relationship of Eosinophils and Plasma Cells to Biofilm in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Arjomandi Hamid , Gilde Jason , Zhu Sutao , Delaney Sean , Hochstim Christian , Mazhar Kashif , Wrobel Bozena , Markarian Alexander , Masood Rizwan , Rice Dale 
Published: July 2013

Background This study investigates the relationship of eosinophils and plasma cells to biofilm in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). A prospective observational study was performed at the Keck Hospital, University of Southern California, Department of Otolaryngology, Los Angeles, CA. Methods A total of 29 patients, 20 undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS and 9 control patients undergoing septoplasty for nasal obstruction without history or evidence of CRS, were included in this study. Contiguous sinonasal mucosa sample sections were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for biofilm, microbes, eosinophil major basic protein (EMBP), and cluster designation 27 (CD27). EMBP and CD27 were used as eosinophil and plasma cell markers, respectively. Results Biofilm was visualized in 15 of 20 patients with CRS on H&E sections, confirmed by microbial presence using FISH. Biofilm was not identified in tissue samples of the nine control patients. On IHC analysis, CD27 and EMBP expression were significantly higher in patients with CRS compared with control (p < 0.05) and had greater expression in biofilm-positive patients compared with biofilm-negative patients. Nasal polyps correlated with higher expression of CD27 and EMBP, but in CRS patients without polyps CD27 and EMBP was also significantly greater in biofilm-positive specimens compared with biofilm-negative specimens. Conclusion Biofilm presence in CRS appears to correlate to host inflammatory response involving plasma cell and eosinophil recruitment.
Unilateral Inferior Turbinate Bone Hypertrophy: Is it Compensatory or Congenital?
Authors: Aslan Gaffar , Uzun Lokman , Ugur Mehmet Birol , Uckurt Yesim Selim , Sagun Omer Faik , Yazicilar Osman 
Published: July 2013

Background This study evaluates the degree of the unilateral hypertrophied inferior turbinate (HIT) by computed tomography (CT) and determines and compares the enlargement of the turbinate bone and soft tissue in different parts of the HIT in pediatric and adult groups. Methods Both pediatric and adult patients were studied in two groups: those with a straight or nearly straight septum (n = 25 and 124, respectively) and those with deviation (n = 64 and 129, respectively). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the IT bone and soft tissue were measured at anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the IT in coronal CT sections. The ratio of CSA of the IT bone and soft tissue on two sides of the septum (interturbinate ratio [IR]) were calculated. IRs were then compared among straight septum and deviation groups for both the pediatric and the adult groups. Results IR of the bony concha CSA for the deviation group was significantly higher compared with the straight septum group in anterior, middle, and posterior segments in adults (p = 0.028, 0.018, and <0.001, respectively; independent samples t-test). The soft tissue component hypertrophy was prominent only in the middle segment (p = 0.15); however, there was no significant difference for pediatric patients. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the adult group with septum deviation and the pediatric group with septum deviation for both soft tissue and bone components (p < 0.001 for all segments; independent samples t-test). Conclusion We claim that these results indicate that skeletal and soft tissue IT hypertrophy seem to be compensatory and evolves with age rather than being congenital. Therefore, skeletal enlargement is prominent in anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of HIT in patients with septal deviation in adults but not in the pediatric group.
The Effects of Mometasone Furoate and Desloratadine in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Acar Mustafa , Cingi Cemal , Sakallioglu Oner , San Turhan , Yimenicioglu Mehmet Fatih , Bal Cengiz 
Published: July 2013

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are worldwide prevalent diseases. These diseases impair patient quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of treatment of AR on OSAS by objective and subjective methods. Methods The study group was composed of 80 OSAS patients with AR between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The patients were admitted with the complaint of snoring, and they were asked about AR-related symptoms (nasal discharge, nasal itching, sneeze, and nasal obstruction). Daytime somnolence was measured by the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Sleep parameters on polysomnography tests before and after treatment were compared, and the effects of different AR treatment protocols on sleep quality were evaluated. Results When pretreatment and posttreatment apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) values of the groups were compared, the most significant difference was observed in the nasal steroid (Ns) + antihistamine (Ah) group (p < 0.05). The ESS results were significantly decreased in the Ns and Ns + Ah groups after treatment (p < 0.05). AHI oxygen saturation <90% were significantly decreased in the Ns and Ns + Ah groups after treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion Nasal obstruction due to nasal congestion causes increases in airway resistance and can lead to development of OSAS. We concluded that treating AR with Ns has both positive effects on OSAS and daily activity. However, adding Ah to this treatment did not show improved effects compared with placebo treatment.
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study of Efficacy of Pollen Blocker Cream for Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Li Yanqing , Wang Dehui , Liu Quan , Liu Juan 
Published: July 2013

Background This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a pollen blocker cream in treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) in a Chinese population. Methods A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in the Outpatient Department of the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Patients diagnosed with PAR were randomly assigned to receive pollen blocker cream or placebo, which was applied and evenly distributed to the lower internal nose region three times daily for a total of 30 days. The primary outcome measures for efficacy were nasal symptom scores (NSSs) and quality of life scores (QoLSs). Medication scores and adverse events were also monitored. Results After application of pollen blocker, the mean NSS fell from 23.1 to 12.4 points, and the QoLSs fell from 83.9 to 53.2 points (p < 0.001). The decrease in NSSs of pollen blocker (10.7) was highly significant compared with the placebo (3.6; p < 0.001). The decrease in QoLSs of pollen blocker was 30.7 compared with 7.1 in the placebo group, and the difference was also significant (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the mean NSS of the placebo group also decreased from 23.7 to 20.1 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the efficacy of pollen blocker was superior to the placebo both in adults and in children. However, there was no significant difference for individual symptoms of rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, and nasal congestion between the pollen blocker group and placebo group (p > 0.05). Only one mild epistaxis was reported. Conclusion The pollen blocker was significantly more effective than the placebo in relieving allergy symptoms and improving life quality of PAR in 30 Chinese people.
Sinonasal Complications Resulting from Dental Treatment: Outcome-Oriented Proposal of Classification and Surgical Protocol
Authors: Felisati Giovanni , Chiapasco Matteo , Lozza Paolo , Saibene Alberto Maria , Pipolo Carlotta , Zaniboni Marco , Biglioli Federico , Borloni Roberto 
Published: July 2013

Background Odontogenic sinusitis is a relevant infectious condition of the paranasal sinuses. The widespread use of dental implants and reconstructive procedures for dental implant placement has led to new types of complication. To the authors’ knowledge, no publication has extensively examined sinonasal complications resulting from dental treatment, and no classification system allowing standardization and comparison of results is currently available. This study was designed to (a) analyze the results obtained from surgical treatment of complications resulting from dental procedures combining functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and an intraoral approach and (b) propose a new classification system and standardized treatment protocols for sinonasal complications resulting from dental procedures. Methods A total of 257 patients consecutively treated with FESS (136 in conjunction with oral surgery) were included in the study. Different clinical situations were integrated into a new classification system based on the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of each case, with the aim of identifying homogenous treatment groups. Results were evaluated for each class. Results Of the 257 patients, 254 were successfully treated with surgery performed according to the proposed protocols. Three of 257 patients required a second surgery, after which they completely recovered. Complications of implant and preimplant surgery (maxillary sinus floor elevation) showed longer recovery times. Conclusion The results obtained are very encouraging. The majority of patients (254/257; 98.8%) were successfully treated with the proposed protocols. These results seem to indicate that the rationalization of surgical treatment protocols according to the initial clinical situation may significantly improve the clinical outcome.
Bacterial Biofilm Formation after Nasal Packing in Nasal Mucosa–wounded Mice
Authors: Wang Yanjun , Chen Shan , Chen Jianjun , Zhang Wenjuan , Gong Guoqing , Zhou Tao , Kong Weijia 
Published: July 2013

Background Bacterial biofilm plays an important role in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis. Staphylococcus aureus is a crucial pathogen in chronic rhinosinusitis and S. aureus biofilm is related to unfavorable postoperative outcomes. Although S. aureus is known to be the most common bacteria leading to postoperative infection, whether biofilm forms on the wound surface after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and the relationship between biofilm formation and surgery are still not clear. This study was designed to observe whether S. aureus biofilm forms in mice with wounded nasal mucosa mice after bacteria inoculation. Methods Three hundred twenty-four wild-type male C57BL/6 mice were recruited for the experiment. Except for the four used in the preliminary experiment, the mice were randomly divided into four groups: a wound plus packing group (group A), a wound group (group B), a packing group (group C), and a control group (group D). After treatment, groups A, B, and C were inoculated with S. aureus suspension at 1 × 109 CFU/mL in the right nasal cavity; sterile physiological saline was used instead of bacteria suspension for group D. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to detect the biofilm. A nasal lavage culture was also completed. Results Biofilm formation was found in group A on the 3rd, 7th, and 15th days after inoculation with growth rates of 10, 25, and 40%, respectively. Three cases of biofilm were also detected in group B on the 15th day postinoculation. There was no biofilm observed on the nasal mucosa in group C or D. The nasal lavage culture showed that the inoculated bacteria stayed on the nasal mucosa temporarily after inoculation. Conclusion Our results indicate that a nasal wound, nasal packing, and the existence of pathogenic bacteria are all essential elements for biofilm formation in healthy mice. This result indicated that biofilm formation may be avoided by shortening the duration of nasal packing and reducing the nasal wound.
Objective Olfactory Outcomes after Revision Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Hsu Chao-Yuan , Wang Ying-Piao , Shen Ping-Hung , Weitzel Erik Kent , Lai Jen-Tsung , Wormald Peter-John 
Published: July 2013

Background Patients who suffer from hyposmia and anosmia report a negative effect on their overall quality of life. Smell disturbance of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can improve after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Although several studies have shown that 50–83% of patients may notice an improvement in olfactory function after ESS, the olfactory improvement after revision ESS (RESS), especially by objective measurements, is still lacking. Methods Olfactory function was assessed by the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-TC) preoperatively and postoperatively, recorded as smell identification test (SIT) score. Olfactory outcomes from anosmia to hyposmia/normosmia, or from hyposmia to normosmia, were considered as “improvement.” Postoperative assessments were divided into two periods: period 1 (P1) is defined as >6 but <12 months postoperatively; period 2 (P2) is defined as >12 but <24 months postoperatively. Results Thirty-two patients with smell disturbance preoperatively (period 0 [P0]) and confirmed by UPSIT-TC were enrolled into this study. Mean SIT score at P0 was 13.3; mean SIT score at P1 was 18.6; mean SIT score at P2 was 20.4. The presence of nasal polyps blocking the olfactory cleft were associated with better olfaction improvements (p < 0.05) as was the degree of mucosal swelling. The overall improvement rates were 44.8 and 47.8% at P1 and P2, respectively. Conclusion RESS resulted in objective evidence of olfactory improvement in approximately one-half of our cohort over 16 months of follow-up and offers a treatment option for an otherwise poor prognosis condition.
Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Allergic Diseases in Indian Children
Authors: Singh Meenu , Das Rashmi Ranjan , Kumar Lata , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: July 2013

Background Immunization with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to augment T helper (Th) 1 biased response and hence gives protection against developing allergies. However, results across the studies have been inconclusive and there is no Indian study verifying this association. We explored the link between BCG vaccination and prevalence of allergic diseases among school children of Chandigarh, North India. Methods In a large cross-sectional study, children aged 7–14 years, with and without documentation and/or scar consistent with BCG vaccination, were examined over a period of 2 years and 5 months with the help of a questionnaire-based survey followed by skin-prick test (SPT). Results A total of 10,028 children were included. The mean age was 11.04 ± 2.8 years and M/F ratio was 1.1:1. Among them, 77.7% had documentation of BCG vaccination, 17% had a BCG-like scar but no documentation and 5.3% had no scar/documentation. SPT was performed on 1614 (16%) children. In the BCG group (vaccination and/or scar) 16.7% were atopic (positive SPT) compared with 21.3% in no BCG (no vaccination/scar). T prevalence of allergic diseases among BCG+ subjects was 10.1%. Among these, asthma was the commonest one (6.1%), followed by rhinitis (3.5%) and eczema (0.5%). There was significant negative correlation between BCG positivity, atopy (p = 0.037), and allergic diseases as a whole (p = 0.028), but on independent analysis the negative correlation was strongest with allergic rhinitis (p = 0.011). Conclusion BCG vaccination is associated with lower prevalence of allergic disorders in Indian children.