bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quantitative genetics of sexually selected traits, preferred traits and preference: a review and analysis of the data
Authors: Prokuda A. Y. , Roff D. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe maintenance of variation in sexually selected traits is a puzzle that has received increasing attention in the past several decades. Traits that are related to fitness, such as life‐history or sexually selected traits, are expected to have low additive genetic variance (and hence, heritability) due to the rapid fixation of advantageous alleles. However, previous analyses have suggested that the heritabilities of sexually selected traits are on average higher than nonsexually selected traits. We show that the heritabilities of sexually selected traits are not significantly different from those of nonsexually selected traits overall or when separated into the three trait categories: behavioural, morphological and physiological. In contrast with previous findings, the heritability of preference is quite low (h2 = 0.25 ± 0.06) and is in the same range as life‐history traits. We distinguish preferred traits as a category of sexually selected traits and find that the heritability of the former is not significantly different than sexually selected traits overall (0.48 ± 0.04 vs. 0.46 ± 0.03). We test the hypothesis that the heritability of sexually selected traits is negatively correlated with the strength of sexual selection. As predicted, there is a significant negative correlation between the heritabilities of sexually selected traits and the strength of selection. This suggests that heritabilities do indeed decrease as sexual selection increases but sexual selection is not strong enough to cause heritabilities of sexually selected traits to deviate from the same type of nonsexually selected traits.
Individual genetic diversity and probability of infection by avian malaria parasites in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)
Authors: Ferrer E. S. , García‐Navas V. , Sanz J. J. , Ortego J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the importance of host genetic diversity for coping with parasites and infectious diseases is a long‐standing goal in evolutionary biology. Here, we study the association between probability of infection by avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and individual genetic diversity in three blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) populations that strongly differ in prevalence of this parasite. For this purpose, we screened avian malaria infections and genotyped 789 blue tits across 26 microsatellite markers. We used two different arrays of markers: 14 loci classified as neutral and 12 loci classified as putatively functional. We found a significant relationship between probability of infection and host genetic diversity estimated at the subset of neutral markers that was not explained by strong local effects and did not differ among the studied populations. This relationship was not linear, and probability of infection increased up to values of homozygosity by locus (HL) around 0.15, reached a plateau at values of HL from 0.15 to 0.40 and finally declined among a small proportion of highly homozygous individuals (HL > 0.4). We did not find evidence for significant identity disequilibrium, which may have resulted from a low variance of inbreeding in the study populations and/or the small power of our set of markers to detect it. A combination of subtle positive and negative local effects and/or a saturation threshold in the association between probability of infection and host genetic diversity in combination with increased resistance to parasites in highly homozygous individuals may explain the observed negative quadratic relationship. Overall, our study highlights that parasites play an important role in shaping host genetic variation and suggests that the use of large sets of neutral markers may be more appropriate for the study of heterozygosity–fitness correlations.
The effect of hybrid transgression on environmental tolerance in experimental yeast crosses
Authors: Stelkens R. B. , Brockhurst M. A. , Hurst G. D. D. , Miller E. L. , Greig D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEvidence is rapidly accumulating that hybridization generates adaptive variation. Transgressive segregation in hybrids could promote the colonization of new environments. Here, we use an assay to select hybrid genotypes that can proliferate in environmental conditions beyond the conditions tolerated by their parents, and we directly compete them against parental genotypes in habitats across environmental clines. We made 45 different hybrid swarms by crossing yeast strains (both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus) with different genetic and phenotypic divergence. We compared the ability of hybrids and parents to colonize seven types of increasingly extreme environmental clines, representing both natural and novel challenges (mimicking pollution events). We found that a significant majority of hybrids had greater environmental ranges compared to the average of both their parents’ ranges (mid‐parent transgression), but only a minority of hybrids had ranges exceeding their best parent (best‐parent transgression). Transgression was affected by the specific strains involved in the cross and by the test environment. Genetic and phenotypic crossing distance predicted the extent of transgression in only two of the seven environments. We isolated a set of potentially transgressive hybrids selected at the extreme ends of the clines and found that many could directly outcompete their parents across whole clines and were between 1.5‐ and 3‐fold fitter on average. Saccharomyces yeast is a good model for quantitative and replicable experimental speciation studies, which may be useful in a world where hybridization is becoming increasingly common due to the relocation of plants and animals by humans.
Genetic groups and endosymbiotic microbiota of the Bemisia tabaci species complex in Japanese agricultural sites
Authors: Fujiwara A. , Maekawa K. , Tsuchida T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex of at least 24 genetically distinct species. Thus far, one obligate and seven facultative symbiotic bacteria have been reported from the B. tabaci species complex. Both genetic groups and infected symbionts are extremely important to estimate the pest status of B. tabaci. In this study, we collected 340 whiteflies from 39 agricultural sites, covering an entire region of the B. tabaci habitat in Japan, and examined the genotypes and symbiont community composition at subspecies level. Use of the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence technique and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequencing detected five genetic groups: indigenous species JpL and Asia II 6, invasive species Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean Subclade Q1 (MED Q1), and a genetic group previously undetected in Asia, Mediterranean Subclade Q2 (MED Q2). The genetic groups exhibited characteristic infection statuses with regard to their facultative symbionts, as observed in other countries. The endosymbiotic microbiota of the Japanese MED Q1 was different from that in neighbouring countries, but similar to that in the French or Uruguayan MED Q1. These results may indicate that Japanese MED Q1 species have not invaded from neighbouring countries, but from distant countries by international transportation. All Japanese MED Q2 species were infected with Rickettsia, some of which are regarded as conferring a female‐biased sex ratio and fitness benefit on B. tabaci. The results suggest that MED Q2 may be prevalent in Japan and neighbouring countries.
Recovery‐Oriented Care in Older‐Adult Acute Inpatient Mental Health Settings in Australia: An Exploratory Study
Authors: McKenna Brian , Furness Trentham , Dhital Deepa , Ireland Susan 
Published: September 2014

Recovery‐oriented care acknowledges the unique journey that consumers lead with the aim of regaining control of their lives in order to live a good life. Recovery has become a dominant policy‐directed model of many mental health care organizations, but in older‐adult acute mental health inpatient settings, nurses do not have a clear description of how to be recovery‐oriented. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which elements of existing nursing practice resemble the domains of recovery‐oriented care and provide a baseline understanding of practice in preparation for transformation to recovery‐oriented mental health care provision. An exploratory, qualitative research design was used to meet the research aims. A purposive sample of mental health nurses (N = 12) participated in focus groups in three older‐adult inpatient settings in Australia. A general inductive approach was used to analyze the qualitative data. The mental health nurses in this study readily discussed aspects of their current practice within the recovery domains. They described pragmatic ways to promote a culture of hope, collaborative partnerships, meaningful engagement, autonomy and self‐determination, and community participation and citizenship. Nurses also discussed challenges and barriers to recovery‐oriented care in older‐adult acute mental health settings. This study identified a reasonable baseline understanding of practice in preparation for transformation to recovery‐oriented older‐adult mental healthcare provision. A concerted drive focused on recovery education is required to effectively embed a recovery‐orientated paradigm into older‐adult mental health settings.
Multilocus nuclear DNA markers reveal population structure and demography of Anopheles minimus
Authors: Dixit Jyotsana , Arunyawat Uraiwan , Huong Ngo Thi , Das Aparup 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUtilization of multiple putatively neutral DNA markers for inferring evolutionary history of species population is considered to be the most robust approach. Molecular population genetic studies have been conducted in many species of Anopheles genus, but studies based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data are still very scarce. Anopheles minimus is one of the principal malaria vectors of Southeast (SE) Asia including the Northeastern (NE) India. Although population genetic studies with mitochondrial genetic variation data have been utilized to infer phylogeography of the SE Asian populations of this species, limited information on the population structure and demography of Indian An. minimus is available. We herewith have developed multilocus nuclear genetic approach with SNP markers located in X chromosome of An. minimus in eight Indian and two SE Asian population samples (121 individual mosquitoes in total) to infer population history and test several hypotheses on the phylogeography of this species. While the Thai population sample of An. minimus presented the highest nucleotide diversity, majority of the Indian samples were also fairly diverse. In general, An. minimus populations were moderately substructured in the distribution range covering SE Asia and NE India, largely falling under three distinct genetic clusters. Moreover, demographic expansion events could be detected in the majority of the presently studied populations of An. minimus. Additional DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial COII region in a subset of the samples (40 individual mosquitoes) corroborated the existing hypothesis of Indian An. minimus falling under the earlier reported mitochondrial lineage B.
Water‐use advantage for lianas over trees in tropical seasonal forests
Authors: Chen Ya‐Jun , Cao Kun‐Fang , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Fan Ze‐Xin , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Bongers Frans 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Lianas exhibit peak abundance in tropical forests with strong seasonal droughts, the eco‐physiological mechanisms associated with lianas coping with water deficits are poorly understood.

We examined soil water partitioning, sap flow, and canopy eco‐physiological properties for 99 individuals of 15 liana and 34 co‐occurring tree species in three tropical forests that differed in soil water availability.

In the dry season, lianas used a higher proportion of deep soil water in the karst forest (KF; an area with severe seasonal soil water deficit (SSWD)) and in the tropical seasonal forest (TSF, moderate SSWD), permitting them to maintain a comparable leaf water status than trees in the TSF or a better status than trees in the KF. Lianas exhibited strong stomatal control to maximize carbon fixation while minimizing dry season water loss. During the dry period, lianas significantly decreased water consumption in the TSF and the KF. Additionally, lianas had a much higher maximum photosynthetic rates and sap flux density in the wet season and a lower proportional decline in photosynthesis in the dry season compared with those of trees.

Our results indicated that access to deep soil water and strong physiological adjustments in the dry season together with active wet‐season photosynthesis may explain the high abundance of lianas in seasonally dry forests.
Photoreceptor‐mediated kin recognition in plants
Authors: Crepy María A. , Casal Jorge J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAlthough cooperative interactions among kin have been established in a variety of biological systems, their occurrence in plants remains controversial.Plants ofArabidopsis thalianawere grown in rows of either a single or multiple accessions.Plants recognized kin neighbours and horizontally reoriented leaf growth, a response not observed when plants were grown with nonkin. Plant kin recognition involved the perception of the vertical red/far‐red light and blue light profiles. Disruption of the light profiles, mutations at thePHYTOCHROME B,CRYPTOCHROME1 or 2,orPHOTOTROPIN1or 2 photoreceptor genes or mutations at theTRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1gene required for auxin (growth hormone) synthesis impaired the response. The leaf‐position response increases plant self‐shading, decreases mutual shading between neighbours and increases fitness.Light signals from neighbours are known to shape a more competitive plant body. Here we show that photosensory receptors mediate cooperative rather than competitive interactions among kin neighbours by reducing the competition for local pools of resources.
Evolution of selenium hyperaccumulation in Stanleya (Brassicaceae) as inferred from phylogeny, physiology and X‐ray microprobe analysis
Authors: Cappa Jennifer J. , Yetter Crystal , Fakra Sirine , Cappa Patrick J. , DeTar Rachael , Landes Corbett , Pilon‐Smits Elizabeth A. H. , Simmons Mark P. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Past studies have identified herbivory as a likely selection pressure for the evolution of hyperaccumulation, but few have tested the origin(s) of hyperaccumulation in a phylogenetic context. We focused on the evolutionary history of selenium (Se) hyperaccumulation in Stanleya (Brassicaceae).

Multiple accessions were collected for all Stanleya taxa and two outgroup species. We sequenced four nuclear gene regions and performed a phylogenetic analysis. Ancestral reconstruction was used to predict the states for Se‐related traits in a parsimony framework. Furthermore, we tested the taxa for Se localization and speciation using X‐ray microprobe analyses.

True hyperaccumulation was found in three taxa within the S. pinnata/bipinnata clade. Tolerance to hyperaccumulator Se concentrations was found in several taxa across the phylogeny, including the hyperaccumulators. X‐ray analysis revealed two distinct patterns of leaf Se localization across the genus: marginal and vascular. All taxa accumulated predominantly (65–96%) organic Se with the C–Se–C configuration.

These results give insight into the evolution of Se hyperaccumulation in Stanleya and suggest that Se tolerance and the capacity to produce organic Se are likely prerequisites for Se hyperaccumulation in Stanleya.
An in vitro study into the efficacy of complex tooth alignment with conventional and self‐ligating brackets
Authors: Montasser M. A. , Keilig L. , Bourauel C. 
Published: September 2014

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of tooth alignment achieved by various small cross‐section archwire/bracket combinations using the orthodontic measurement and simulation system.Materials and MethodsThe study comprised three types of orthodontic brackets 1) conventional ligating (Victory Series and Mini‐Taurus), 2) self‐ligating (SmartClip a passive self‐ligating bracket and Time3 an active self‐ligating bracket), and 3) a conventional low‐friction bracket (Synergy). All brackets had a nominal 0.022″ slot size. Brackets were combined with 1) 0.012″ stainless steel, 2) 0.012″ Orthonol, 3) 0.012″ Thermalloy, and 4) 0.0155″ coaxial archwires. Archwires were tied to the conventional brackets with stainless steel ligatures and elastomeric rings. The malocclusion simulated represented a central upper incisor displaced 2 mm gingivally (x‐axis) and 2 mm labially (z‐axis).ResultsThe inciso‐gingival correction achieved by the different archwire/bracket combinations ranged from 15 to 95%, while the labio‐lingual correction ranged from 10 to 95%. The smallest correction was achieved by coaxial, Orthonol, and thermally archwires when ligated with the elastomeric rings to conventional brackets. Stainless steel archwires achieved from 65 to 90% of inciso‐gingival correction and from 60 to 90% of labio‐lingual correction.ConclusionThe resultant tooth alignment was the product of interaction between the archwire type, bracket type, and bracket design including ligature type. Small cross‐sectional archwires might produce up to 95% correction if combined properly with the bracket system. Elastomeric rings when used with conventional brackets limit the efficacy of malalignment correction.
Energy Expenditure during Functional Daily Life Performances in Patients with Fibromyalgia
Authors: Huijnen Ivan P. J. , Verbunt Jeanine A. , Meeus Mira , Smeets Rob J. E. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate whether patients with fibromyalgia FM need more oxygen and more time to complete a walking and stair‐climbing task than healthy volunteers and perceive the performance of these tasks as more strenuous. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether a less efficient performance is more pronounced in patients reporting a higher level of fear of movement.MethodsThirty patients with FM and 30 matched healthy volunteers completed a 500‐meter walking and a stair‐climbing task (60 steps) while wearing a mobile gas analyzing unit. Mean and total oxygen consumption and time needed to complete each task were recorded. After both tasks, a Borg score was used to measure perceived exertion. Fear of movement was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.ResultsPatients with FM needed more time to complete the walking and stair‐climbing task and reported higher levels of exertion compared to healthy volunteers. However, the total oxygen consumption for performing both tasks was not different. In patients with FM, a higher level of fear of movement was associated with a higher perceived exertion after the walking task. Interestingly, a higher somatic focus is related to a lower mean oxygen consumption needed to perform the stair‐climbing task.ConclusionIn conclusion, patients with FM perceive a walking and stair‐climbing task as more strenuous than healthy controls, even though they walked slower and no differences in total O2 consumption during completion of both tasks were found.
Replenishment Policies for Multi‐Product Stochastic Inventory Systems with Correlated Demand and Joint‐Replenishment Costs
Authors: Feng Haolin , Wu Qi , Muthuraman Kumar , Deshpande Vinayak 
Published: September 2014

This study analyzes optimal replenishment policies that minimize expected discounted cost of multi‐product stochastic inventory systems. The distinguishing feature of the multi‐product inventory system that we analyze is the existence of correlated demand and joint‐replenishment costs across multiple products. Our objective is to understand the structure of the optimal policy and use this structure to construct a heuristic method that can solve problems set in real‐world sizes/dimensions. Using an MDP formulation we first compute the optimal policy. The optimal policy can only be computed for problems with a small number of product types due to the curse of dimensionality. Hence, using the insight gained from the optimal policy, we propose a class of policies that captures the impact of demand correlation on the structure of the optimal policy. We call this class ( s, c, d, S)‐policies, and also develop an algorithm to compute good policies in this class, for large multi‐product problems. Finally using an exhaustive set of computational examples we show that policies in this class very closely approximate the optimal policy and can outperform policies analyzed in prior literature which assume independent demand. We have also included examples that illustrate performance under the average cost objective.
Efficiency or Competition? A Structural Econometric Analysis of Canada's AWS Auction and the Set‐Aside Provision
Authors: Hyndman Kyle , Parmeter Christopher F. 
Published: September 2014

In 2008, Industry Canada auctioned 105 MHz of spectrum to a group of bidders that included incumbents and potential new entrants into the Canadian mobile phone market, raising $4.25 billion. In an effort to promote new entry, 40 MHz of spectrum was set‐aside for new entrants. In order to estimate the implicit cost of the set‐aside provision, we estimate the parameters of the bidders' profit function via a maximum match estimator based on the notion of pairwise stability in matches. We find that all telecommunications firms valued both geographic complementarities across auction licenses as well as absolute spectrum. Under a reasonable alternative scenario, our results indicate that the set‐aside led to a total profit loss of approximately 10%.
A Prospective Examination of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Among Psychiatric Adolescent Inpatients
Authors: Czyz Ewa K. , Berona Johnny , King Cheryl A. 
Published: September 2014

The challenge of identifying suicide risk in adolescents, and particularly among high‐risk subgroups such as adolescent inpatients, calls for further study of models of suicidal behavior that could meaningfully aid in the prediction of risk. This study examined how well the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior (IPTS)—with its constructs of thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), and an acquired capability (AC) for lethal self‐injury—predicts suicide attempts among adolescents (N = 376) 3 and 12 months after hospitalization. The three‐way interaction between PB, TB, and AC, defined as a history of multiple suicide attempts, was not significant. However, there were significant 2‐way interaction effects, which varied by sex: girls with low AC and increasing TB, and boys with high AC and increasing PB, were more likely to attempt suicide at 3 months. Only high AC predicted 12‐month attempts. Results suggest gender‐specific associations between theory components and attempts. The time‐limited effects of these associations point to TB and PB being dynamic and modifiable in high‐risk populations, whereas the effects of AC are more lasting. The study also fills an important gap in existing research by examining IPTS prospectively.