bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GROUP RISK TAKING UNDER COMPETITIVE AND NONCOMPETITIVE CONDITIONS IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN1
Authors: Kogan Nathan , Carlson Julia 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe present investigation had three major purposes: (1) to compare the magnitude of risky shifts obtained under conditions of noncompetition and competition; (2) to determine whether the consistent risky‐shift effects observed in adults would also be found in young children; and (3) to examine the rationality or irrationality of enhanced risk taking in groups. With risks and payoffs based on monetary gain and loss for problem‐solving performance, groups of college students and elementary school children were assigned to competitive, noncompetitive, and control conditions. The major results were as follows: (1) for adults, noncompetitive group decision yielded risky shifts three to five times greater than were obtained in the conditions of competition; (2) the evidence for the risky‐shift phenomenon in children was quite weak for both the noncompetitive and competitive conditions; and (3) decision outcomes (problem‐solving performance) suggested that the risky‐shift effect may be more rational than irrational. On the whole, the results were more consistent with a “responsibility‐diffusion” than with a “social value” interpretation of group risk‐taking behavior.
ARE RISK TAKERS MORE PERSUASIVE THAN CONSERVATIVES IN GROUP DISCUSSION?12
Authors: Wallach Michael A. , Kogan Nathan , Burt Roger B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigated whether the phenomenon of shifts toward greater risk taking following discussion of risk‐related materials can be attributed to greater general persuasiveness exerted by risk takers than by conservatives. Its procedure was to discover whether risk takers would be judged more persuasive than conservatives following discussion of risk‐neutral materials. Risk takers were judged slightly more persuasive than conservatives in the case of female discussion groups, but not at all in the case of male groups. Our conclusion was that the risky‐shift phenomenon cannot be attributed to greater persuasiveness as a general characteristic of high risk takers in male groups, while this factor can play no more than a small role in female groups.
CREATIVE ABILITY AND RISK TAKING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN1
Authors: Pankove Ethel , Kogan Nathan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study explored the interrelationships among selected measures of creativity, intelligence, and risk taking in a sample of fifth‐grade children. Significant relationships were obtained for boys between number of associates generated to creativity tasks administered under gamelike conditions and preferred level of risk taking on a shuffleboard task. An IQ index, unrelated to creative ability, showed a marginal association with risk taking. Interpretation of the creativity‐risk taking relationship stressed the importance of self‐confidence as a mediating link. Consistent with that interpretation, the foregoing relationship was not found in high defensive boys but was significant and quite substantial in low defensive boys.
A COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGE OF PUPILLARY DILATION WITH OTHER MEASURES OF DIFFICULTY OF MENTAL MULTIPLICATION ITEMS1
Authors: Payne Donald T. , Parry Mary Ellen , Harasymiw Stefan J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare four measures of difficulty of mental multiplication items: percentage of pupillary dilation, latency of solution, number of correct responses, and judgment of item difficulty. Sixteen multiplication problems, classified into four levels of difficulty, were presented visually to 13 Ss. The Ss verbalized their solutions to the problems.Analyses of variance and correlation coefficients were computed. It was concluded that all four measures of difficulty were useful but that judgment of difficulty and latency of solution were better measures of item difficulty than were the other two.A discussion is presented on various aspects of the pupillary response curve, as well as suggestions for more appropriate measuring techniques.
A NOTE ON INVARIANCE IN THREE‐MODE FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Bloxom Bruce 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPrevious results of the application of Lawley's selection theorem to the common factor analysis model are extended to a revision of Tucker's three‐mode principal components model. If the regression of the three‐mode manifest variates on variates used to select subpopulations is both linear and homoscedastic, the two factor pattern matrices, the core matrix, and the residual variance‐covariance matrix in the three‐mode model can all be assumed to be invariant across subpopulations. The implication of this finding for simple structure is discussed.
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AS A PREDICTOR OF BEHAVIOR ON NEUTRAL SOCIAL DESIRABILITY ITEMS1
Authors: Bloxom Bruce 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPrevious research indicates that the two positively correlated types of social desirability responding may be correlated in opposite directions with retest response variability on neutral social desirability items. The present study found response variability positively related to the Edwards type of social desirability and negatively related to the “lie” type of social desirability. These results are discussed in terms of some previous interpretations of the two types of social desirability responding.
A PREDICTOR‐VARIABLE SELECTION PROGRAM
Authors: Thayer Dorothy T. , Novick Melvin R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis package contains programs to perform the following standard types of regression analyses: (a) full regression, (b) forward selection, and (c) backward elimination. The special feature of the package is a program for determining the optimum relative test lengths so as to maximize the multiple correlation for a fixed total testing time using the algorithm developed by Woodbury and Novick (1967).
ESTIMATING TRUE‐SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR MENTAL TESTS (METHOD 16)
Authors: Lord Frederic M. , Lees Diana M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis report covers part of a continuing project to devise and try out methods for estimating examinees' true scores from their observed scores on a mental test. Although a method for doing this has significant practical applications, these are not discussed here.The basic mathematical model used is a quite unrestrictive one, representing the frequency distribution of true scores for a population of examinees as the unknown function in an integral equation. By solving this equation, the unknown true‐score distribution can be determined from the frequency distribution of observed test scores in the population of examinees, but not uniquely. A suitable unique solution can be obtained by requiring that the true‐score distribution be “smooth” in some sense. The calculus of variations yields a formula for finding a unique “smooth” true‐score distribution from a population distribution of observed test scores.Attempts to substitute a sample distribution of observed test scores for the population distribution in the formula so obtained yield absurd results. An alternative method of using the sample observed‐score distribution to estimate the population true‐score distribution is developed, leading to a different type of integral equation. Practical procedures for solving this integral equation are presented.The method has been tried out on 60 empirical distributions of observed test scores to determine how well the model fits the data. An extension of the model has been used to predict certain bivariate distributions of observed scores from the corresponding marginal distributions. The effectiveness of the model in making such predictions is reported for 26 different sets of data. The model is judged to be satisfactory for practical applications to many sets of data. It seems likely, however, that the estimation method can be improved on.
FACTOR INTERACTION IN NONLINEAR FACTOR ANALYSIS*
Authors: McDonald Roderick P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFactor interaction models are defined as those cases in nonlinear factor analysis in which the specification equation contains products of two or more latent variables or functions of latent variables. A complete algebraic treatment is given for the case of a product of two latent variables, and certain more general cases are briefly outlined.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA IN GRADUATE BUSINESS STUDY: PARTS I AND II–DEVELOPMENT OF RATING SCALES, BACKGROUND DATA FORM AND THE PILOT STUDY1
Authors: Hilton Thomas L. , Kendall Lorne M. , Sprecher Thomas B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIs grade average alone a sufficient criterion of student attainment or should other student attributes be measured to supplement grades as criteria, especially in selecting biographical predictors?A five‐year study was undertaken in which criterion rating scales were developed embodying dimensions, other than grades, judged by faculty to be relevant to performance in graduate study in business and to later career progress. After extensive consultation with a nationwide panel of faculty members, the scales were defined and anchored by specific examples of behavioral incidents. In addition, a comprehensive biographical questionnaire was prepared.A pilot study in two graduate business schools showed the technique to be promising, although very demanding of the faculty judges. The research staff's experience in developing the scales is discussed, as well as the implications of the procedure.
BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND THE CLASSICAL TEST THEORY MODEL I. RELIABILITY AND TRUE SCORES1
Authors: Novick Melvin R. , Jackson Paul H. , Thayer Dorothy T. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA general one‐way analysis of variance components with unequal replication numbers is used to provide unbiased estimates of the true and error score variance of classical test theory. The inadequacy of the ANOVA theory is noted and the foundations for a Bayesian approach are detailed. The choice of prior distribution is discussed and a justification for the Tiao‐Tan prior is found in the particular context of the “n‐split” technique. The posterior distributions of reliability, error score variance, observed score variance and true score variance are presented with some extensions of the original work of Tiao and Tan. Special attention is given to simple approximations that are available in important cases and also to the problems that arise when the ANOVA estimate of true score variance is negative. Bayesian methods derived by Box and Tiao and by Lindley are studied numerically in relation to the problem of estimating true score. Each is found to be useful and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed and related to the classical test‐theoretic methods, Finally, some general relationships between Bayesian inference and classical test theory are discussed.
A FOUR VALUE PERSONNEL DECISION MODEL: REMEDIAL PLACEMENT1
Authors: Boldt Robert F. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe personnel decision principally treated in this paper is that of remedial placement. The decision made with respect to candidates is to accept or reject, and performances by candidates are evaluated as pass or fail. A criterion and a selection variable were assumed, and the problem is to choose a cutting score on the selection variable such that the value of acceptance decision‐outcome combinations is at an optimum. Optimization conditions are given in general functional notation and for normal surfaces. Numerical examples are given for three philosophies of evaluating pass and fail outcomes and for three levels of college course difficulties.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF RATINGS OF SOME DEVIANT ENGLISH SENTENCES
Authors: Danks Joseph H. , Lewis Charles 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe comprehension of deviant sentences, a not infrequent demand in natural situations, is dependent on several linguistic variables. Grammaticalness (G), meaningfulness (M), and familiarity (F) are three variables which are potentially such. In order to study the effect of violating these variables upon Ss' responses to deviant sentences, 85 deviant and 15 correct sentences were assigned to eight groups representing all combinations of two values (“correct” or “deviant”) on these three variables. The 100 sentences were given to four equal groups of Ss (total N = 112), who rated each sentence from 0 to 10 on the basis of either grammaticalness (G*), meaningfulness (M*), familiarity (F*), or ordinariness (O*). The data of the first three groups were then combined into an 84 by 100 matrix. A principal components analysis was performed on the cross‐product matrix with a varimax rotation. Four interpretable factors emerged, accounting for 89% of the variability. Factor I was a general comprehensibility factor in the factor loadings, related to changes in all three variables. However, the familiarity Ss scored highest on Factor I. Factors II and III represented G‐G* and M‐M*, respectively, in both factor loadings and factor scores. Factor IV corresponded to the F variable in the factor loadings, but was uninterpretable for the factor scores.
SOCIAL CLASS AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ATTACHMENT AND PLAY BEHAVIOR OF THE YEAR‐OLD INFANT1
Authors: Messer Stanley B. , Lewis Michael 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the present study approximately 15 boy and 15 girl infants, Caucasian and from a lower socioeconomic background, were seen in a free play situation exactly replicating the Goldberg and Lewis (1969) study. Social class and sex differences were explored in attachment behavior to mother and play behavior. Social class differences in vocalization were observed which suggested that the linguistic deficiency usually reported for the lower class is visible by one year of age. Sex differences in attachment behavior were again observed and indicated that across different social classes one‐year‐old girls show more attachment behavior than boys.
THE ESTIMATION OF MANY PARAMETERS
Authors: Lindley D. V. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with estimation problems where there are several parameters all of the same type–for example, a set of means. It often happens that the knowledge of the parameters is exchangeable in the sense of de Finetti. This prior knowledge can be used to obtain estimates alternative to the usual ones. The particular problem studied here is the familiar analysis between and within groups. New estimates of the group means are obtained, and when the assumption of equality of variances within groups is omitted, new estimates of the individual variances are also derived.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR JUNIOR COLLEGES IN TERMS OF ROTATED FACTORS
Authors: Modu Christopher C. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis report describes the dimensions of a Satisfaction Questionnaire administered to junior college students during the experimental phases of the Comparative Guidance and Placement Program of the College Entrance Examination Board. Apart from investigating the stability of their factor structure, the scales were correlated with college grades to determine whether they measure something other than grades. The results produced relatively homogeneous scales indicative of the extent of a student's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his English courses, Mathematics courses and Major Field and whether he had switched to a lower or more advanced section in English or Mathematics. The scales were also found to bear no relationship with college grades.
BLACK STUDENTS AT PREDOMINANTLY WHITE COLLEGES: A RESEARCH DESCRIPTION1
Authors: Centra John A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTHow do the background characteristics> activities, goals, and perceptions of black students at predominantly white colleges differ from their white counterparts? In an attempt to answer these questions, research results from several sources were combined in this report. Emphasized in particular were findings from the “Questionnaire on Student and College Characteristics” (QSCC). A sample of 249 black students at 83 traditionally‐white institutions had responded to the QSCC in 1968. The similarities and differences between this group of black students and a matched group of white students are discussed and related to other research evidence.
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SOME REDUCED‐RANK REGRESSION PROCEDURES1
Authors: Browne Michael W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTProperties of some currently used reduced‐rank regression procedures are investigated. Difficulties associated with the selection of a predictor subset on the basis of the calibration sample are discussed. It is shown that the largest principal components regression procedure of Horst [1941] and Burket [1964] may be regarded as a means for obtaining estimates of regression weights under the assumption of the formal factor analysis model. The use of alternative weighting procedures in principal components regression is discussed. It is pointed out that a factor analysis regression procedure suggested by Horst [1941] may be used in conjunction with the maximum likelihood factor analytic solution to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the regression weights under the assumption of the formal factor analysis model. A superficially different procedure proposed by Scott [1966] is shown to be equivalent to this factor analysis regression procedure. Some properties of factor analysis regression using a maximum likelihood solution are given. A description is given of a series of artificial experiments which was carried out to throw light on some properties of the reduced‐rank regression procedures. Implications of the results are discussed.
BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND THE CLASSICAL TEST THEORY MODEL II. VALIDITY AND PREDICTION1
Authors: Jackson Paul H. , Novick Melvin R. , Thayer Dorothy T. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe feasibility and efficacy of a Bayesian method, due to Lindley, for estimating regressions in m groups is studied by application to data from the Law School Admissions Test program and the Comparative Guidance program. Easily computable asymptotic solutions to the Lindley equations are provided and shown to approximate well the full Bayesian solution in some situations. Numerical investigations are described that lead to the adoption of efficient starting values and an efficient sequencing for the iterative solution of the Lindley equations. The advantages of the Bayesian method over more conventional procedures are discussed. Difficulties encountered by Lindley in the statement of one of his assumptions of independence are investigated and a resolution is found. The validities of other assumptions are checked. Problems arising in the extension of Lindley's method to the multiple correlation case are discussed and some insight is gained through the use of principal component methods.
ESTIMATION AND HYPOTHESIS‐TESTING FOR A GENERALIZED FACTOR ANALYSIS BASED ON RESIDUAL COVARIANCE MATRICES OF PRESCRIBED STRUCTURE1
Authors: McDonald R. P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn a generalized factor model based on residual covariance matrices of prescribed structure, maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters, and a likelihood‐ratio test of the number of major factors postulated, are obtained as the obvious generalized counterparts of the corresponding quantities in the classical common factor model, with the exception that there does not seem to be a suitable counterpart to Jöreskog's treatment of the problem of improper solutions in the classical case.
NOTE ON THE SCORING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE SPEAKING AND WRITING FLUENCY TESTS1
Authors: Carroll John B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTData from French speaking and writing fluency tests are analyzed to support the suggestion that scoring formulas should reflect two components of performance: (1) quantity of correct response, and (2) relative quality of response. This may require nonlinear combinations of raw scores, usually, formulas involving ratios or products.
EFFECT OF LABELS ON MEMORY IN THE ABSENCE OF REHEARSAL1
Authors: Ward William C. , Legant Patricia 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNursery school children were shown two pictures and then asked to pick those they had seen from an array of 10 possibilities. Half the subjects labeled the pictures as they were shown; the remaining half observed without labeling. For all subjects there was a 20‐second delay between presentation and recall, during which the tester conversed with the child to prevent rehearsal. Subjects who labeled showed recall superior to that of subjects who did not, indicating that the facilitating effect of labels in short‐term memory is not solely attributable either to an increased tendency to rehearse or to the strengthening of a “primary” memory trace.
ON STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION
Authors: Wolff Hans 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a stochastic process for the approximation of the root of a regression equation. This process was first suggested by Robbins and Monro [1].The main result here is a necessary and sufficient condition on the iteration coefficients for convergence of the process (convergence with probability one and convergence in the quadratic mean).
ATTENTION AND VERBAL LABELING BEHAVIOR: A STUDY IN THE MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL REPRESENTATIONS1
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was interested in determining whether (1) novelty produces greater or less attention than familiarity and incongruity, and (2) if children's labeling behavior was related to their attentive behavior. Using 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children, the results indicate that attention, at least for the stimuli presented, is an increasing function from familiar to incongruous to novel. Moreover, Ss' speed and accuracy of labeling was related to their attentive behavior with familiar stimuli producing mostly correct labels with short latencies while incongruous or novel stimuli produced mostly incorrect or no labels with long latencies. These results were discussed in relationship to the concept of novelty.
CULTURAL VALUES AND THE RISKY SHIFT: A CROSS‐CULTURAL TEST IN UGANDA AND THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Carlson Julia A. , Davis Clive M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTo investigate the hypothesis that the “risky shift” is a function of a cultural value favoring risk, group and individual decisions of Ugandan and U. S. students were compared on two tasks: the choice dilemmas devised by Kogan and Wallach and the actual‐consequence situation of Wallach, Kogan, and Bern. On both tasks the individual decisions of the Ugandans were more conservative, supporting the premise that Ugandan students are less favorably disposed to risk taking than are the U. S. students. For the Ugandan sample, group discussions produced no evidence of a risky shift. For the U. S. sample, there was evidence of a risky shift, but not to the extent reported by other investigators. The results were interpreted as consistent with the cultural‐value hypothesis; some reservations were discussed.
FACTORIAL INVARIANCE OF A BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORY FOR ADOLESCENTS: A COMPARISON OF LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS‐SECTIONAL RESULTS
Authors: Freeberg Norman E. , Rock Donald A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral indices of factorial consistency were applied to a biographical inventory administered to a longitudinal sample of 2070 students in the 7th, 9th and 11th grades. Results were compared with those of a prior cross‐sectional study at the same grade levels. Comparisons of dimensional change over the three grades, for the cross‐sectional and longitudinal sample, showed general similarities in the number of major factors extracted, their designations and the variance accounted for. However, there were marked differences between the samples in their factor intercorrelations and the developmental changes shown in factor “presence.” A transition effect associated with the factor pattern of the 9th grade was found only in the longitudinal sample. The importance of identifying the extent of factorial invariance for measures used in studying patterns of behavioral development is discussed.