bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interview Etiquette
Authors: Forstein David A. , Wardle Mark 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Interviewing for a job in the medical profession is similar to looking for a job in any professional field. The employer, whether a private practice, hospital–physician group, or academic setting, will assume the applicant is capable of providing competent care based on postgraduate training and history of practice. Thus, employers typically assess professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills, fit with their organizational culture, and enthusiasm for the position. The applicant, in return, will also be assessing fit, growth potential, and organizational characteristics. This chapter provides information on interview structures, questions, and responses that will help the interview process be successful for both parties as well as assist in bringing out the desired information necessary to make decisions.
Reducing the Environmental Impact of Your Practice
Authors: Waberski Andrew T. , Pestieau Sophie R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The concepts of climate change, ozone layer depletion, and the need for sustainability in equipment production are not novel, but what does this mean in the daily practice of anesthesiologists? Many healthcare professions are equipment-intensive and waste producing. At the forefront, operating rooms generate 20–30% of total hospital waste. To mitigate their environmental impact, healthcare systems and providers must implement change in practice by understanding resource life cycles, reducing equipment waste, and limiting release of greenhouse gases. As perioperative physician leaders, anesthesiologists are in a unique position to make environmentally sustainable choices for their patients, educate healthcare professionals, and establish green standards for perioperative care.
Lethal Injection
Authors: Baskerville Mark J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
For centuries, the medical profession has struggled with its role in executions for those condemned to death. Competing interests have failed to align a unified opinion among medicine, law, and ethics. Opponents argue that providers are using their medical knowledge and skills to end life, rather than preserve it. Several professional organizations, including the American Medical Association, have statements prohibiting practitioner involvement in execution. Proponents argue that medical providers are uniquely positioned to ensure a humane execution and that the medical profession has a duty to fix a broken process as long as capital punishment is accepted by society. The Supreme Court of the United States has opined that lethal injection is constitutionally acceptable as long as performed competently, potentially implicating the mandatory involvement of medical providers. Ultimately, the solution to this dilemma will require a multidisciplinary approach or the abolition of the death penalty.
Physician Employment Agreements
Authors: Hennessey Ian P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It is very important for physicians to understand the key provisions of their employment agreements to minimize future unanticipated outcomes. Physicians should consider ways in which the agreement could go wrong and still be comfortable enough to execute the agreement rather than simply assume or hope for the best. It is important that a physician consider hiring an attorney whose practice is focused on healthcare matters, including employment agreements, to review the contract and its implications. An attorney may be in a better position to advise the physician on what are considered common or “market” conditions and what may or may not be applicable under the law. An attorney can also help negotiate changes in the employment agreement prior to signing.
The Contribution of Mitochondrial Evolution and Dysfunction to Neurodegeneration
Authors: Wasner Kobi , Pereira Sandro L. , Grünewald Anne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mitochondria carry their own circular DNA but heavily depend on the import of nucleus-encoded proteins. During human brain evolution, a rapid increase in size and neuronal complexity was accompanied by elevated energy requirements, possibly explaining why neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease as well as mental disorders like schizophrenia—for which mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark—are specific to humans. This chapter summarizes the current understanding of the multifaceted involvement of mitochondrial signaling in normal aging and in neurological conditions with a focus on PD. Specifically, it concentrates on possible phylogenetic components in mitochondrial quality control, calcium dyshomeostasis, bioenergetics, and DNA maintenance as well as mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and inflammation. Finally, it discusses the challenges of mitochondria-targeted therapy approaches that aim at preventing the demise of dopaminergic neurons in PD patients.
Intrinsic Templates for Neurodegenerations Featuring Disease-Specific Axonal or Dendritic Vulnerability
Authors: Uchihara Toshiki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Human brain enlargement is associated with an increase of dendritic spines as well as axonal elongation and branching. These evolutionarily driven adaptations are hotspots for initiation of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They predict selective vulnerability for various protein deposits and propagation routes and are coined here disease-specific “intrinsic templates.” For instance, a human nigrostriatal axon is highly branched to yield 1,000,000 axon terminals. In PD, this highly branched non-myelinated axon templates distal-dominant initiation of degeneration, with local deposition of alpha-synuclein (αS). In ALS, these neurons accumulate TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa but not αS deposits. Tau deposits in AD, as both three-repeat (3R) and four-repeat (4R) isomers, are seen in dendritic spines. 4R tau deposits in the early degenerative stage are replaced by 3R tau deposits to form ghost tangles in the later stage. This shift remains unexplained.
Contrast of muscle magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings of muscle tissue in patients with anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase antibodies
Authors: Takei Hiroshi , Kondo Yasushi , Takanashi Satoshi , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Matsubara Shiro , Kaneko Yuko 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings reflect the pathological features of inflammatory myopathies.

Methods
Patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) diagnosed using the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria in our university between 2005 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. IIMs were subclassified into the anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase syndrome [anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD)], immune-mediated necrotizing myositis, dermatomyositis (DM), and others. Fat-suppressed T2-weighted MRI and muscle biopsy specimens were assessed in IIMs followed by the comparison among the four subgroups.

Results
MRI findings were available for 62 patients and histopathological findings were available for 27 patients. Perifascicular atrophy or necrosis in the muscle tissues from the patients with IIM was more frequently observed in patients with subcutaneous and fascial high signal intensity (HSI) on MRI than those without. Four-group comparison among ASSD, immune-mediated necrotizing myositis, DM, and others revealed that HSI in fasciae on MRI was more frequently observed in patients with ASSD and DM than in others. Perifascicular atrophy or necrosis in muscle tissues was more frequently observed in patients with ASSD than in others.

Conclusion
Patients with ASSD had distinct MRI features compared with anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase negative patients. The fascial HSI on MRI may reflect distinctive pathological features of muscles.
Context-adjusted proportion of singletons (CAPS): a novel metric for assessing negative selection in the human genome
Authors: Gudkov Mikhail , Thibaut Loïc , Giannoulatou Eleni 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Interpretation of genetic variants remains challenging, partly due to the lack of well-established ways of determining the potential pathogenicity of genetic variation, especially for understudied classes of variants. Addressing this, population genetics methods offer a practical solution by evaluating variant effects through human population distributions. Negative selection influences the ratio of singleton variants and can serve as a proxy for deleteriousness, as exemplified by the Mutability-Adjusted Proportion of Singletons (MAPS) metric. However, MAPS is sensitive to the calibration of the singletons-by-mutability linear model, which results in biased estimates for certain variant classes. Building up on the methodology used in MAPS, we introduce the Context-Adjusted Proportion of Singletons (CAPS) metric for assessing negative selection in the human genome. CAPS produces corrected estimates with more accurate confidence intervals by eliminating the mutability layer in the model. Retaining the advantageous features of MAPS, CAPS emerges as a robust and reliable tool. We believe that CAPS has the potential to enhance the identification of new disease-variant associations in clinical and research settings, offering improved accuracy in assessing negative selection for diverse SNV classes.
NANO-LM: An updated scorecard for the clinical assessment of patients with leptomeningeal metastases
Authors: Le Rhun Emilie , Nayak Lakshmi , Lim-Fat Mary Jane , Rudà Roberta , Pentsova Elena , Forsyth Peter , O’Brien Barbara J , Preusser Matthias , Kumthekar Priya , Brandsma Dieta , Weller Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
There are no validated tools for the clinical neurological assessment of patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM). However, clinical examination during the course of the disease guides medical management and is part of response assessment in clinical trials. Because neuroimaging may not always be obtained owing to rapid clinical deterioration, clinical neurological assessment of LM is essential, and standardization is important to minimize rater disagreement.

Methods
The Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology-LM group launched a 2-step process, aiming at improving and standardizing the clinical assessment of patients with LM. We report here on the first step the establishment of a consensus scorecard. The task force had 9 virtual meetings to define general recommendations on neurological assessment and selected domains of interest that should be tested.

Results
Fourteen domains of neurological symptoms and signs were selected: level of consciousness, cognition, nausea and vomiting, vision, eye movement, facial strength, hearing, swallowing, speech, limb strength, limb ataxia, walking, and bladder bowel functions. For each item, a clear instruction on how to perform the assessment is provided with scoring criteria between 0 and 2. The general clinical status of the patient and use of steroids, pain medications, and antiemetics should be documented. Neurological sequelae from previous brain metastases or cancer treatment should be rated at the baseline evaluation; it should be specified when symptoms or signs may be related to a condition other than LM.

Discussion
A revised Neurological Assessment in Neuro-Oncology-LM consensus scorecard for clinical assessment has been established. An international prospective validation study of the proposal is currently ongoing (NCT06417710).
Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth aggregation in the human host population after several years of intensive mass drug administration
Authors: Mayer Julia , Collyer Benjamin S , Maddren Rosie , Abtew Birhan , Liyew Ewnetu Firdawek , Chernet Melkie , Tollera Getachew , Tasew Geremew , Anderson Roy M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Community-wide mass drug administration (cMDA) is known as an effective, albeit costly, control strategy for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) parasites. A better understanding of STH aggregation after many rounds of cMDA could help shape more cost-effective policies.

Methods
This analysis uses data from the Geshiyaro project, aiming to break STH transmission by cMDA and water, sanitation and hygiene interventions. Ascaris lumbricoides infection prevalence is derived from egg count data and parasite aggregation is obtained by fitting a negative binomial distribution to the frequency distribution of faecal egg counts.

Results
The relationship between parasite dispersion and infection prevalence is approximately linear. Parasite aggregation increases as infection prevalence decreases.

Conclusions
A minority of individuals carry most parasites as prevalence decreases in the community. These individuals could be selectively targeted for repeated treatment.
Enhancing the Graduate Medical Education Clinical Learning Environment Through Community of Practice Forums
Authors: Woodruff James N. , Vela Monica B. , Lee Wei Wei , McConville John F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
An optimal clinical learning environment (CLE) is associated with improved learning and patient care outcomes. Significant concerns exist about the state of the CLE in graduate medical education (GME). Research suggests that GME programming falls short in interpersonal aspects of training that promote trainee engagement and psychological safety. Furthermore, published educational interventions in the CLE lack adequate theoretical backing to inform a rational approach to interventions in the CLE that could address these important problems.
The authors apply the 2002 work of Etienne Wenger on communities of practice (COP) to address these GME CLE concerns. To distinguish this COP intervention from earlier theoretical work on COPs, the authors refer to this management concept as “COP forums.” COP forums favorably influence the GME CLE through effects that complement experiential learning in patient care. COP forums support trainee psychological safety, mentorship from near peers, and opportunities to innovate—effects that can serve as a counterbalance to the time pressures, hierarchy, and compliance culture often experienced in the clinical environment. Deliverables of COP forums, including practice innovation and trainee self-efficacy, can favorably impact organization-wide performance and engagement.
This article describes the historical position of COP forums in the evolution of COP theory and outlines the basic structure and function of COP forums. It contrasts COP forums to other COP-related concepts to explain their relevance to the GME CLE. Examples of innovative GME COP forums illustrate the structure and function of these interventions. Finally, the authors call for more research on the impact of COP forums on the GME CLE. To avoid confusion, such scholarship must account for the ongoing evolution of the larger COP framework and target specific dimensions of the theory most pertinent to the medical education research question at hand.
Genetic Variants can Predict the Outcome of Brace Treatment in Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Dai Zhicheng , Min Kaixing , Wu Zhichong , Xu Leilei , Feng Zhenhua , Qiu Yong , Zhu Zezhang 
Published: August 2024

Study design:
A genetic case-control study.

Objectives:
To investigate the association between AIS progression-associated SNPs reported by GWAS studies and the effectiveness of brace treatment.

Summary of background data:
Bracing is the most effective conservative method to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Several factors have been reported to be associated with bracing failure in AIS patients. Genetic markers associated with AIS have potential prognostic value.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort of AIS patients undergoing brace treatment was enrolled in this study and divided into success and failure groups based on treatment outcome. Clinical characteristics of AIS patients were documented. Candidate SNPs were selected from previous GWAS studies of AIS, which were known to be associated with curve progression and validated across diverse populations. Genotype and allele frequencies between the success and failure groups were compared using chi-square analysis.

Results:
A total of 259 female AIS patients were included in this study, 30.5% of the well-braced patients had curve progression exceeding 5° and 69.5% of the patients undergo an improvement or progression of less than 5°. Allele C of rs10738445 (BNC2) could significantly add to the risk of bracing failure, with odds ratio of 1.59. No significant association with bracing outcomes was found for rs12946942 (SOX9/KCNJ2), rs1978060 (TBX1), rs1017861 (CHD7), and rs35333564 (MIR4300HG).

Conclusions:
SNP rs10738445 were significantly associated with brace treatment effectiveness. The other four SNPs were not significantly associated with the outcome of bracing. More SNPs and predictors should be included in future study to develop a more accurate predictive model for clinical application.
Lack of Efficacy of JNJ-18038683 on Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Stable Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Arshadi Mahdi , Elmaadawi Ahmed Z. , Nasr Suhayl , Jayathilake Karu , Rassnick Stefanie , Ford Lisa , Drevets Wayne C. , Meltzer Herbert Y. 
Published: August 2024

Background
The serotonin type 7 (5-HT7) receptor is one of 14 5-HT receptors. It has received attention for its possible role in mood disorders and cognition. The 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, JNJ-18038683, has been reported to be effective in rodent models of depression and REM sleep. Also, 5-HT7 receptor blockade has been postulated to be a key component of cognitive enhancement in a number of drugs. Bipolar disorder (BD) usually endures cognitive impairment (CI); however, no treatment for CI in BD has been approved. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of JNJ-18038683 to improve the CI of BD compared to a placebo.

Methods
We conducted a placebo-controlled, 8-week trial of JNJ-18038683 in BD patients. Each patient's data were analyzed and reassessed blindly with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, depression and hypomania ratings, and overall social and work function measures.

Results
Of 60 patients, 38 (63%) were female, 43 (72%) had BD type 1, and most patients were Caucasian and married. The overall time effect for the combined group shows statistically significant improvement from baseline to week 8 for most of the neurocognitive battery measures. This indicates a significant improvement in psychopathology and cognition during the study time in both JNJ-18038683 and placebo groups, but no difference between groups.

Conclusions
This study showed no efficacy for the improvement of CIBD or mood symptoms with JNJ-18038683 compared to the placebo.
Efficacy and safety of antireflux surgery in gastroesophageal-related cough: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Yuheng , Huang Junfeng , Zhong Shuxin , Zheng Ziwen , Xu Zhixing , Zhou Dongda , Xie Shuojia , Lin Zikai , Li Shiyue , Chen Ruchong 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent condition that manifests a spectrum of symptoms, including gastroesophageal-related cough (GERC). Antireflux procedures have been employed to alleviate these symptoms, yet their efficacy varies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the improvement in gastroesophageal-related cough and other reflux symptoms following antireflux procedures.

Methods:
A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. All observational studies reporting the improvement of GERC and other reflux symptoms after the antireflux procedures. Data were extracted and pooled using a random effects model to assess the overall effect size and heterogeneity between studies. The authors found that antireflux surgery has some clear benefits for common reflux-related symptoms.

Results:
Fifty-nine eligible studies with 7431 patients with GERD were included in this study. The pooled cough remission rate was 80.0% (95% CI: 75.4–84.2) and the mean time of follow-up was 35.8 months. Antireflux surgery significantly improved overall reflux-related symptom scores (all P<0.001). The authors also assessed the rate of remission of other reflux symptoms. The pooled heartburn remission rate was 87.7% (95% CI: 82.3–92.2) and the pooled regurgitation remission rate was 91.2% (95% CI: 87.8–94.1).

Conclusion:
Antireflux procedures significantly improve gastroesophageal-related cough and other reflux symptoms. These findings support the use of antireflux procedures as a viable treatment option for patients with GERD symptoms. Further research is needed to identify predictors of success and to optimize patient selection for antireflux procedures.
Hearing Loss in the Unoperated Ear After High-Speed Drilling in Otologic and Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Perez Philip , Tsai Tsung-Heng , Hawks John , Barbone Heather Malyuk , Pinkl Joey , Thirumala Partha , Bao Jianxin 
Published: August 2024

Objective
To evaluate if permanent hearing loss occurred in the unoperated ear of patients undergoing otologic and skull base surgery with high-speed otologic drilling.

Study Design
We retrospectively studied 250 patients (mean age 57.8 yr; 120 males, and 130 females) undergoing otologic or skull base surgery with high-speed drilling between 2013 and 2019.

Setting
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Patients
We evaluated preoperative and postoperative audiograms for patients undergoing surgery for cochlear implantation (95 patients, 38.0%), cholesteatoma or chronic ear disease (88 patients, 35.2%), repair of lateral skull base encephalocele (26 patients, 10.4%), resection of vestibular schwannoma or meningioma of the cerebellopontine angle (23 patients, 9.2%), lateral temporal bone resection (8 patients, 3.2%), microvascular decompression (7 patients, 2.8%), or other operations involving a high-speed otologic drill (3 patients, 1.2%).

Main Outcome Measures
Hearing threshold shift, measured as the difference between postoperative threshold and preoperative threshold for each frequency. The association of age, gender, tested frequency, and surgery type with hearing threshold shift was investigated with analysis of covariance.

Results
A total of 102 patients (40.8%) had a 10-dB or greater worsening of their hearing in at least one frequency on their postoperative audiogram in the contralateral, unoperated ear. One hundred six subjects (42.4%) had no change in hearing of 10 dB or greater at any frequency. Among patients with longitudinal postoperative audiograms, accelerated age-related hearing loss was observed in low frequencies.

Conclusions
A significant number of patients demonstrated poorer hearing thresholds in the contralateral, unoperated ear after otologic and skull base surgery.
Beyond the Bedside
Authors: Obisesan Olawunmi , Tymkew Heidi , Gilmore Radhika , Brougham Nicole , Dodd Emily 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Emerging evidence suggests that virtual patient observation (VPO) may help promote patient safety.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who incurred VPO.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was conducted. Differences in total VPO hours between groups were examined, followed by a hierarchical regression to investigate the effect of predictor variables on VPO utilization variance.

Results:
A total of 286 patient charts were reviewed. Mean VPO hours were higher in patients with an intensive care unit admission history. Adjusted for gender and history of dementia/Alzheimer’s/memory impairment, the prediction of total VPO hours increased with the patient’s intensive care unit admission history and overall hospital length of stay.

Conclusions:
Examining the prevalence and variability in the pattern of VPO utilization by specific patient characteristics is essential for identifying what patients could best benefit from this technology.