bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition in stereotyped domains: Competition, social comparison, and stereotype threat
Authors: Van Loo Katie J. , Boucher Kathryn L. , Rydell Robert J. , Rydell Michael T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe current work examines a novel and specific way in which competition can hurt the performance of negatively stereotyped individuals: by evoking stereotype threat. In four experiments, we demonstrate that women's underperformance in math when primed with competition was due to feeling worried about confirming negative stereotypes about women's math ability (i.e., stereotype threat), that the activation of negative performance stereotypes for women primed with competition was due to increased group‐level social comparisons (i.e., comparing the self with men and women), and that priming competition led men to perform more poorly than women in a domain where they are negatively stereotyped (i.e., verbal ability). This research suggests that priming people with competition in contexts where they are negatively stereotyped leads to greater social comparison, activation of negative stereotypes, and concern about confirming these stereotypes, thereby decreasing stereotyped individuals' performance in the stereotyped domain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFCl3 (CFC‐11): UV absorption spectrum temperature dependence measurements and the impact on its atmospheric lifetime and uncertainty
Authors: McGillen Max R. , Fleming Eric L. , Jackman Charles H. , Burkholder James B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCFCl3 (CFC‐11) is both an atmospheric ozone‐depleting and potent greenhouse gas that is removed primarily via stratospheric UV photolysis. Uncertainty in the temperature dependence of its UV absorption spectrum is a significant contributing factor to the overall uncertainty in its global lifetime and, thus, model calculations of stratospheric ozone recovery and climate change. In this work, the CFC‐11 UV absorption spectrum was measured over a range of wavelength (184.95–230 nm) and temperature (216–296 K). We report a spectrum temperature dependence that is less than that currently recommended for use in atmospheric models. The impact on its atmospheric lifetime was quantified using a 2‐D model and the spectrum parameterization developed in this work. The calculated global annually averaged lifetime was 58.1 ± 0.7 years (2σ uncertainty due solely to the spectrum uncertainty). The lifetime is slightly reduced and the uncertainty significantly reduced from that obtained using current UV spectrum recommendations.
Electron bulk heating in magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause: Dependence on the inflow Alfvén speed and magnetic shear
Authors: Phan T. D. , Shay M. A. , Gosling J. T. , Fujimoto M. , Drake J. F. , Paschmann G. , Oieroset M. , Eastwood J. P. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe surveyed 79 magnetopause reconnection exhausts detected by the THEMIS spacecraft to investigate how the amount and anisotropy of electron bulk heating produced by reconnection depend on the inflow boundary conditions. We find that the amount of heating, ΔTe, is correlated with the asymmetric Alfvén speed, VAL,asym, based on the reconnecting magnetic field and the plasma density measured in both the high‐density magnetosheath and low‐density magnetospheric inflow regions. Best fit to the data produces the empirical relation ΔTe = 0.017 miVAL,asym2, indicating that the amount of heating is proportional to the inflowing magnetic energy per proton‐electron pair, with ~1.7% of the energy being converted into electron heating. This finding, generalized to symmetric reconnection, could account for the lack of electron heating in typical solar wind exhausts at 1 AU, as well as strong heating to keV energies common in magnetotail exhausts. We also find that the guide field suppresses perpendicular heating.
Statistics of vertical vorticity, divergence, and strain in a developed submesoscale turbulence field
Authors: Shcherbina Andrey Y. , D'Asaro Eric A. , Lee Craig M. , Klymak Jody M. , Molemaker M. Jeroen , McWilliams James C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA detailed view of upper ocean vorticity, divergence, and strain statistics was obtained by a two‐vessel survey in the North Atlantic Mode Water region in winter 2012. Synchronous Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler sampling provided the first in situ estimates of the full velocity gradient tensor at O(1 km) scale without the usual mix of spatial and temporal aliasing. The observed vorticity distribution in the mixed layer was markedly asymmetric (skewness 2.5), with sparse strands of strong cyclonic vorticity embedded in a weak, predominantly anticyclonic background. Skewness of the vorticity distribution decreased linearly with depth, disappearing completely in the pycnocline. Statistics of divergence and strain rate generally followed the normal and χ distributions, respectively. These observations confirm a high‐resolution numerical model prediction for the structure of the active submesoscale turbulence field in this area.
Use it and boost it with physical and mental activity
Authors: Korol Donna L. , Gold Paul E. , Scavuzzo Claire J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTOne of the now classic tenets of neuroscience is that the brain retains a substantial amount of structural and functional plasticity throughout adulthood and old age. Enriching experiences that stimulate physical and mental activity produce robust changes in subsequent behaviors, including learning and memory, that tap a wide range of neural systems. In this article, we review evidence for cognitive priming with physical and mental exercise through a memory systems lens and present brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling as one candidate neural mechanism for experience‐dependent modulation of learning and memory. We highlight our recent findings showing that priming with voluntary exercise or with spontaneous alternation, a working memory task, enhances new learning of hippocampus‐sensitive place, or striatum‐sensitive response tasks. Blocking BDNF signaling with infusions of a BDNF receptor inhibitor into hippocampus or striatum just before training on place or response tasks, respectively, abrogated the benefits of priming regardless of the type of priming experience. These results suggest that enhanced BDNF signaling during learning may itself produce the cognitive benefits afforded by prior physical or mental activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wnt Signaling Regulates Pulp Volume and Dentin Thickness
Authors: Lim Won Hee , Liu Bo , Cheng Du , Hunter Daniel J , Zhong Zhendong , Ramos Daniel M , Williams Bart O , Sharpe Paul T , Bardet Claire , Mah Su-jung , Helms Jill A 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Odontoblasts, cementoblasts, ameloblasts, and osteoblasts all form mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex, and all these cell types exhibit active Wnt signaling during postnatal life. We set out to understand the functions of this Wnt signaling, by evaluating the phenotypes of mice in which the essential Wnt chaperone protein, Wntless was eliminated. The deletion of Wls was restricted to cells expressing Osteocalcin (OCN), which in addition to osteoblasts includes odontoblasts, cementoblasts, and ameloblasts. Dentin, cementum, enamel, and bone all formed in OCN-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice but their homeostasis was dramatically affected. The most notable feature was a significant increase in dentin volume and density. We attribute this gain in dentin volume to a Wnt-mediated misregulation of Runx2. Normally, Wnt signaling stimulates Runx2, which in turn inhibits dentin sialoprotein (DSP); this inhibition must be relieved for odontoblasts to differentiate. In OCN-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice, Wnt pathway activation is reduced and Runx2 levels decline. The Runx2-mediated repression of DSP is relieved and odontoblast differentiation is accordingly enhanced. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt signaling in the homeostasis of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Single- and Multiple-Dose Randomized Studies of Blosozumab, a Monoclonal Antibody Against Sclerostin, in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: McColm Juliet , Hu Leijun , Womack Theresa , Tang Cheng Cai , Chiang Alan Y 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Two clinical studies were conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple doses (intravenous [iv] and subcutaneous [sc]) of blosozumab in postmenopausal women, including prior/current bisphosphonate (BP) users. In these phase 1, randomized, subject- and investigator-blind, placebo-controlled studies, subjects received escalating doses of blosozumab: single iv doses up to 750 mg, single sc doses of 150 mg, multiple iv doses up to 750 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) for 8 weeks, multiple sc doses up to 270 mg Q2W for 8 weeks, or placebo. Six subjects were randomized to each dose in the single-dose study (12 to placebo) and up to 12 subjects to each arm in the multiple-dose study. Blosozumab was well tolerated with no safety concerns identified after single or multiple administrations up to 750 mg. Dose-dependent responses were observed in sclerostin, N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C-terminal fragment of type 1 collagen, and bone mineral density (BMD) after single and multiple (up to 5) administrations of blosozumab. There was up to a 3.41% (p = 0.002) and up to a 7.71% (p &lt; 0.001) change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD at day 85 after single or multiple administrations of blosozumab, respectively. Prior BP use did not appear to have a clear impact on the effects of single doses of blosozumab when considering bone biomarker and BMD responses. Antibodies to blosozumab were detected by a screening assay, but no patterns with regard to dose or route of administration and no clear impact on blosozumab exposure or PD responses were identified. In summary, blosozumab was well tolerated and exhibited anabolic effects on bone. These findings support further investigation of blosozumab as a potential anabolic therapy for osteoporosis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Morphological Effects on Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), a Marker of Metastasis
Authors: Aw Yong Koh Meng , Zeng Yu , Vindivich Donald , Phillip Jude M. , Wu Pei‐Hsun , Wirtz Denis , Getzenberg Robert H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCancer cells typically demonstrate altered morphology during the various stages of disease progression as well as metastasis. While much is known about how altered cell morphology in cancer is a result of genetic regulation, less is known about how changes in cell morphology affect cell function by influencing gene expression. In this study, we altered cell morphology in different types of cancer cells by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton or by modulating attachment and observed a rapid up‐regulation of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) super‐family. Strikingly, this up‐regulation was sustained as long as the cell morphology remained altered but was reversed upon allowing cell morphology to return to its typical configuration. The potential significance of these findings was examined in vivo using a mouse model: a small number of cancer cells grown in diffusion chambers that altered morphology increased mouse serum GDF15. Taken together, we propose that during the process of metastasis, cancer cells experience changes in cell morphology, resulting in the increased production and secretion of GDF15 into the surrounding environment. This indicates a possible relationship between serum GDF15 levels and circulating tumor cells may exist. Further investigation into the exact nature of this relationship is warranted. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 362–373, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equatorial ionosphere semiannual oscillation investigated from Schumann resonance measurements on board the C/NOFS satellite
Authors: Simões Fernando , Pfaff Robert , Freudenreich Henry , Klenzing Jeffrey , Rowland Douglas , Bromund Kenneth , Kepko Larry , Le Guan , Liebrecht Maria Carmen , Martin Steven , Uribe Paulo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDetection of Schumann resonance signatures in the equatorial ionosphere offers remote sensing capabilities for the investigation of tropospheric and space weather effects in the ionosphere. Schumann resonances are electromagnetic oscillations in the earth‐ionosphere cavity produced by lightning activity. Analysis of AC electric field measurements gathered by the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite reveals a semiannual pattern in Schumann resonance data recorded during nighttime in the equatorial ionosphere. This pattern observed in the Schumann resonance amplitude is expected to help validate—or at least constrain—potential mechanisms proposed to explain the semiannual oscillation observed in different geophysical records, such as those reported in a variety of tropospheric, ionospheric/thermospheric, and magnetospheric observations.
The implications of minimum stomatal conductance on modeling water flux in forest canopies
Authors: Barnard D. M. , Bauerle W. L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractStomatal conductance (gs) models are widely used at a variety of scales to predict fluxes of mass and energy between vegetation and the atmosphere. Several gs models contain a parameter that specifies the minimum gs estimate (g0). Sensitivity analyses with a canopy flux model (MAESTRA) identified g0 to have the greatest influence on transpiration estimates (seasonal mean of 40%). A spatial analysis revealed the influence of g0 to vary (30–80%) with the amount of light absorbed by the foliage and to increase in importance as absorbed light decreased. The parameter g0 is typically estimated by extrapolating the linear regression fit between observed gs and net photosynthesis (An). However, our measurements demonstrate that the gs‐An relationship may become nonlinear at low light levels and thus, extrapolating values from data collected over a range of light conditions resulted in an underestimation of g0 in Malus domestica when compared to measured values (20.4 vs 49.7 mmol m−2 s−1 respectively). In addition, extrapolation resulted in negative g0 values for three other woody species. We assert that g0 can be measured directly with diffusion porometers (as gs when An ≤ 0), reducing both the time required to characterize g0 and the potential error from statistical approximation. Incorporating measured g0 into MAESTRA significantly improved transpiration predictions versus extrapolated values (6% overestimation versus 45% underestimation respectively), demonstrating the benefit in gs models. Diffusion porometer measurements offer a viable means to quantify the g0 parameter, circumventing errors associated with linear extrapolation of the gs‐An relationship.
Harmonic distortion in laterally asymmetric channel metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors operating in the linear regime
Authors: Rengel Raúl , Martín María J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTA Monte Carlo investigation of the linear regime harmonic distortion in laterally asymmetric channel (LAC) and conventional metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) for radio frequency applications is presented. Simulations of nonlinearities are carried out both considering the Fourier analysis in AC conditions (at 5 and 20 GHz) and the integral function method. The results show a general good agreement between both modeling techniques, with the exception of the third harmonic distortion at the higher frequency, which is underestimated by the integral function method at low gate bias. A general improvement in the total harmonic distortion and second harmonic distortion is evidenced in LAC MOSFETs as compared to conventional devices. While the third harmonic distortion at low gate bias is slightly degraded in LAC transistors, at high VGS, the LAC MOSFET also improves this figure of merit as compared to conventional transistors, which confirms the suitability of LACs also for large‐signal radio frequency applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic stray field based position detection in BLDC outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous machines
Authors: Sergeant Peter , Hofman Isabelle , den Bossche Alex Van 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThe stray field outside outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motors can be used for rotor position detection. The focus of the research is on the optimal position of the sensors in order to provide accurate rotor position information. By using 2D and 3D models, the effect of the radial, circumferential and axial position of the sensors on the output signal is shown. Furthermore, the effects of the rotor yoke thickness and the stator current are studied: a thick rotor yoke obviously reduces the stray field amplitude, and high stator currents slightly shift the switching points of the Hall sensors, making the position information less accurate. Also, the rotor temperature and the orientation of the sensors towards the direction normal to the rotor surface are important: modifying the orientation causes a phase shift and is a way to tune the sensors without changing the position. Experiments show that an accurate brushless DC control is possible based on Hall sensors in the stray field. The motor and brushless DC control are used for a wheel drive of an ultra‐light electric vehicle. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear Taft Polar Free Energy Relationship: Reactions of N‐Substituted Benzyl Amines with Benzyl Bromide in Methanol
Authors: Ravi R. , Sanjeev R. , Jagannadham V. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe rates of reactions of N‐substituted benzyl amines with benzyl bromide were measured using a conductivity technique in methanol medium. The reaction followed a total second‐order path. The end product of the reaction is identified as dibenzyl alkyl amine (C6H5CH2N(R)CH2C6H5). The rates increased with a decrease in the electron‐donating capacity or with an increase in the Taft σ* value of electron‐donating alkyl substituents (R) such as t‐butyl (σ* = −0.3), i‐propyl (σ* = −0.19), n‐butyl (σ* = −0.13), and ethyl (σ* = −0.1) on nitrogen of the amine until the Taft σ* value becomes zero for the methyl group ( = 0.00), and then the rates decreased with an increase in the electron‐withdrawing capacity or with an increase in the Taft σ* value of electron‐withdrawing substituents (R) such H and C6H5 ( = 0.49 and = 0.6). The locus of the Taft polar free energy relationship has a maximum near the point for N‐methyl benzyl amine, showing that there is a sharp change in the rate‐determining step. A mechanism involving formation of an SN2‐type transition state between the amine nucleophiles and the benzyl bromide and its subsequent decomposition is proposed. Activation parameters were calculated and are discussed.
Characterization of microthermal zones induced by fractional radiofrequency using reflectance confocal microscopy: A preliminary study
Authors: Shin Min Kyung , Park Jong Min , Lim Hee Kyeong , Choi Jeong Hwee , Baek Ji Hwoon , Kim Han Jo , Koh Jae Sook , Lee Mu‐Hyoung 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe microthermal zone (MTZ) produced by fractional device have been mostly evaluated through histopathologic analysis. Study of ablative type MTZ created by fractional device and skin thermal interaction using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has been rarely reported.ObjectivesWe evaluated the in vivo human RCM skin images of ablated fractional radiofrequency (RF) treatment to demonstrate the thermal interaction between RF and skin tissue.Subjects and MethodThree healthy male subjects underwent a single irradiation of fractional RF on the upper back area. The diameter, area, and depth of the MTZ was measured using RCM. Three female domestic swine were used for comparative histopathological study.ResultsAfter RF treatment, crusted holes surrounding pale edematous rings were visible in RCM images. The empty spaces correlated to the location of ablative channels, and the presence of thermal modification zones corresponded to areas with a whitish ring showing high reflectance. Ablation depth increased in proportion to the energy of fractional RF. However, the diameter of the thermal modified zone was relatively constant regardless of RF energy.ConclusionsRCM successfully identified in vivo acute thermal changes after fractional RF. The results obtained in this study provide a clearer picture of tissue–thermal interactions in the skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:503–508, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Slug expression inhibits calcitriol‐mediated sensitivity to radiation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Findlay Victoria J. , Moretz R. Eric , Wang Cindy , Vaena Silvia G. , Bandurraga Savannah G. , Ashenafi Michael , Marshall David T. , Watson Dennis K. , Camp E. Ramsay 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRecently, a reciprocal relationship between calcitriol and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition has been described. Therefore, we hypothesized that calcitriol (1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3) would enhance radiation sensitivity in colorectal cancer regulated by epithelial mesenchymal transition. Vitamin‐D receptor, E‐cadherin and vimentin protein as well as E‐cadherin, Snail and Slug mRNA levels were assessed in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines at baseline and in response calcitriol. We defined cell lines as calcitriol sensitive based on demonstrating an enhanced epithelial phenotype with increased E‐cadherin, reduced vimentin and decreased expression of Snail and Slug as well as decreased cellular migration in response to calcitriol. In calcitriol sensitive cells, including DLD‐1 and HCT116, 24 h calcitriol pre‐treatment enhanced the radiation sensitivity by 2.3‐ and 2.6‐fold, respectively, at 4 Gy (P < 0.05). In contrast, SW620 cells with high baseline mesenchymal features including high Slug and vimentin expression with low E‐cadherin expression demonstrated no significant radiation sensitizing response to calcitriol treatment. Similarly, transfection of Slug in the calcitriol sensitive colon cancer cell lines, DLD‐1 and HCT 116, completely inhibited the radiation sensitizing effect of calcitriol. Collectively, we demonstrate that calcitriol can enhance the therapeutic effects of radiation in colon cancer cells and Slug expression mitigates this observed effect potentially representing an effective biomarker for calcitriol therapy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Live imaging of nervous system development and function using light‐sheet microscopy
Authors: Lemon William C. , Keller Philipp J. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn vivo imaging applications typically require carefully balancing conflicting parameters. Often it is necessary to achieve high imaging speed, low photo‐bleaching, and photo‐toxicity, good three‐dimensional resolution, high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and excellent physical coverage at the same time. Light‐sheet microscopy provides good performance in all of these categories, and is thus emerging as a particularly powerful live imaging method for the life sciences. We see an outstanding potential for applying light‐sheet microscopy to the study of development and function of the early nervous system in vertebrates and higher invertebrates. Here, we review state‐of‐the‐art approaches to live imaging of early development, and show how the unique capabilities of light‐sheet microscopy can further advance our understanding of the development and function of the nervous system. We discuss key considerations in the design of light‐sheet microscopy experiments, including sample preparation and fluorescent marker strategies, and provide an outlook for future directions in the field. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 605–618, 2015. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.