bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inner magnetospheric electron temperature and spacecraft potential estimated from concurrent Polar upper hybrid frequency and relative potential measurements
Authors: Boardsen S. A. , Adrian M. L. , Pfaff R. , Menietti J. D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDirect measurement of low < 1 eV electron temperature is difficult to make in the Earth's inner magnetosphere for electron densities (Ne) < 3 × 102 cm−3. We compute these quantities by solving current balance equations in low‐density regions. Concurrent measurements from the Polar spacecraft of the relative potential (VS − VP), between the spacecraft body and the electric field probe, and the electron density (Ne), derived from upper hybrid frequency (fUHR), were used in the current balance equations to solve for the electron temperature (Te), Vs, and Vp. Where VP is the probe potential and VS is the spacecraft potential relative to the nearby plasma. The assumption that the bulk plasma electrons are Maxwellian is used in the computations. Our data set covered 1.5 years of measurements when fUHR was detectable (L < 10). The following “averaged” Te versus L relation for 3 < L < 5 was obtained: Te = 0.58 + 0.49 (L − 3) eV. This expression is in reasonable agreement with extrapolations of ionospheric Te measurements by Akebono at lower altitudes. However, the solution is sensitive to the photoemission coefficients, substituting those of Scudder et al. (2000) with those of Escoubet et al. (1997), the Te curve shifted upward by ~1 eV. Also, the solution is sensitive to measurement error of VS − VP, applying a voltage shift of ±0.1 and ±0.2 V to VS − VP, the relative median error for our data set was computed to be 0.27 and 1.04, respectively. We believe that our Te values computed outside the plasmasphere are unrealistically low. We conclude that this method shows promise inside the plasmasphere but should be used with caution. We also quantified the Ne versus VS − VP relationship. The running median Ne versus VS − VP curve shows no significant variation over the 1.5 year period of the data set, suggesting that the photoemission coefficients did not change significantly over this time span. The Scudder et al. (2000) Ne model, based on only one Polar orbit, is in reasonable agreement (within a factor of 2) with our results.
High‐resolution near‐bottom vector magnetic anomalies over Raven Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Tivey Maurice A. , Johnson H. Paul , Salmi Marie S. , Hutnak Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHigh‐resolution, near‐bottom vector magnetic data were collected by remotely operated vehicle Jason over the Raven hydrothermal vent field (47°57.3′N 129°5.75′W) located north of Main Endeavour vent field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The survey was part of a comprehensive heat flow study of the Raven site using innovative thermal blanket technology to map the heat flux and crustal fluid pathways around a solitary hydrothermal vent field. Raven hydrothermal activity is presently located along the western axial valley wall, while additional inactive hydrothermal deposits are found to the NW on the upper rift valley wall. Magnetic inversion results show discrete areas of reduced magnetization associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vent deposits that also show high conductive heat flow. Higher spatial variability in the heat flow patterns compared to the magnetization is consistent with the heat flow reflecting the currently active but ephemeral thermal environment of fluid flow, while crustal magnetization is representative of the static time‐averaged effect of hydrothermal alteration. A general NW to SE trend in reduced magnetization across the Raven area correlates closely with the distribution of hydrothermal deposits and heat flux patterns and suggests that the fluid circulation system at depth is likely controlled by local crustal structure and magma chamber geometry. Magnetic gradient tensor components computed from vector magnetic data improve the resolution of the magnetic anomaly source and indicate that the hydrothermally altered zone directly beneath the Raven site is approximately 15 × 106 m3 in volume.
Differences in deep convective transport characteristics between quasi‐isolated strong convection and mesoscale convective systems using seasonal WRF simulations
Authors: Bigelbach B. C. , Mullendore G. L. , Starzec M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe utilize the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with chemistry to simulate mass transport during the 2007 convective season in the U.S. Southern Great Plains at convection‐allowing scale. Resolved storms are classified using an object‐based classification scheme. This scheme uses model‐derived radar reflectivity to classify storm type as quasi‐isolated strong convection (QISC) or mesoscale convective system (MCS). Differences between QISCs and MCSs are investigated by analysis of two transport parameters for each convective object: the level of maximum detrainment (LMD) and the detrainment mass flux. Analysis of the mean LMD showed differences between the two regimes is statistically significantly different in May, as the mean QISC LMD is 440 m higher than the mean MCS LMD in May, and statistically insignificant in July where the mean QISC LMD is only 350 m higher. The detrainment flux per deeply convective object showed statistically significant differences between the two regimes in both May (MCS 4.8 times greater than QISC) and July (MCS 6.8 times greater than QISC). Over the entire study period, MCS storms accounted for 72% of the total mass detrainment, even though QISCs were twice as common as MCSs. However, differences in the detrainment flux per unit area of deep convection showed that QISCs exhibited stronger flux (1.1 times greater) than MCSs in both months. Analysis of tropopause‐relative LMDs showed that QISCs detrained the maximum amount of mass closer to the tropopause altitude than MCSs for both months. However, only in May is the difference statistically significant (430 m closer).
Interactions between barrier islands and backbarrier marshes affect island system response to sea level rise: Insights from a coupled model
Authors: Walters David , Moore Laura J. , Duran Vinent Orencio , Fagherazzi Sergio , Mariotti Giulio 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInteractions between backbarrier marshes and barrier islands will likely play an important role in determining how low‐lying coastal systems respond to sea level rise and changes in storminess in the future. To assess the role of couplings between marshes and barrier islands under changing conditions, we develop and apply a coupled barrier island‐marsh model (GEOMBEST+) to assess the impact of overwash deposition on backbarrier marsh morphology and of marsh morphology on rates of island migration. Our model results suggest that backbarrier marsh width is in a constant state of change until either the backbarrier basin becomes completely filled or backbarrier marsh deposits have completely eroded away. Results also suggest that overwash deposition is an important source of sediment, which allows existing narrow marshes to be maintained in a long‐lasting alternate state (~500 m wide in the Virginia Barrier Islands) within a range of conditions under which they would otherwise disappear. The existence of a narrow marsh state is supported by observations of backbarrier marshes along the eastern shore of Virginia. Additional results suggest that marshes reduce accommodation in the backbarrier bay, which, in turn, decreases island migration rate. As climate change results in sea level rise, and the increased potential for intense hurricanes resulting in overwash, it is likely that these couplings will become increasingly important in determining future system behavior.
An optical data transmission system for blind persons by means of a mobile phone with the Android operating system
Authors: Łutkowski A. , Skulimowski P. , Poryzała P. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe paper describes an optical data transmission system supporting blind and partially sighted persons in an indoor navigation, mainly in identification of offices in public buildings. Two‐dimensional data matrix barcodes (ISO/IEC 16022) are sequentially displayed on a small LED matrix mounted on a wall in a close proximity to all potential points of interest. The user must be equipped with an Android mobile device with a pre‐installed software, which locates and processes barcode sequences recorded by a camera. Sequences are decoded as plain text English messages and read by an additional text‐to‐speech software installed on the mobile device. To evaluate its performance, the system was implemented and tested at the Lodz University of Technology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Optical Properties of Plasma‐Polymerized Vinylene Carbonate Thin Films
Authors: MAJUMDER SUNIRMAL , BHUIYAN A. H. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the effect of heat treatment on the optical properties of plasma‐polymerized vinylene carbonate (PPVC) thin films deposited on to glass substrates by low‐pressure glow discharge plasma. Surface morphology and chemical structure of heat‐treated PPVC were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The surfaces of the PPVC thin films are observed to be smooth and pinhole free, and no significant change is observed due to heat treatment up to 573 K. The structural analyses of PPVC indicate that structural rearrangements may be due to the breaking of bonds, and this process enhances due to heat treatment. Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopic studies have been carried out on the as‐grown and heat‐treated PPVC thin films of different thicknesses. It is seen that the absorbance increases with the increase in the thickness and heat treatment temperature. The direct band gap energies were found to be in the range of 3.96–4.15 eV for as deposited, and those were in the range of 3.15–4.00 eV for the PPVC thin films heat treated at 473 and 573 K. The band gap of the PPVC thin film decreases gradually with increasing heat treatment temperature.
The case for case reports
Authors: Bhattacharrya Shamik , Miller Julie , Ropper Allan H. 
Published: September 2014

Editor's NoteIt may seem cynical for the Editors of Annals of Neurology to publish a NeuroGenesis article on the value of writing case reports, while systematically turning down the vast majority of such contributions that are submitted to us for publication. Nevertheless, we are partial to case reports (and this article) as a way to encourage scholarship among neurology residents. The advice in this article rings true to me as the Editor‐in‐Chief; a case report was my first publication in the literature as a newly minted neurologist, based on a patient I had seen as a resident. I vividly remember going through each of the steps that the authors of this NeuroGenesis article describe. In particular, the red pencil editing of my typed manuscript personally by Bud Rowland, who was then the Editor‐in‐Chief of Neurology, was a priceless component of my education as an author and an editor, as well as a human being. (Bud pointed out, among other things, that I was writing about a 29‐year‐old woman rather than a 29‐year‐old female, and he deleted the patient's race, which was commonly if superfluously used in most clinical descriptions in those days, as irrelevant.) To this day I still encourage residents to “write up” an interesting patient whose story I think has value to other neurologists. The exercise itself has educational value beyond the content of the actual manuscript.On the other hand, I urge prospective authors of case reports to read my recent NeuroGenesis article advising junior neurologists on where to publish their work. As the text above advises, “High‐impact journals rarely accept case reports based solely on clinical descriptions, but might find a truly new scientific correlation appealing.” Annals, for example, generally does not publish case reports unless they definitively identify a new mechanism of disease or treatment. However, there are many journals that do publish particularly illustrative cases for their heuristic clinical value, and even if, in the end, the case report goes unpublished (I have a few of those as well…), the effort is always educational and an important part of the training of an academic neurologist.— Clifford B. Saper, MD, PhD, Editor‐in‐ChiefCase reports have seemingly fallen upon hard times. Once esteemed by William Osler and C. Miller Fisher, these reports are now considered anachronistic. Nonetheless, case reports remain valuable and formed the largest proportion of publications written last year by residents in our training program (the Partners Neurology Residency). Although they are easy to produce, it is reasonable to ask if these modern exercises are of equal significance to the narratives of migraine by John Graham in the 1950s or descriptions of Parkinson disease by James Parkinson in 1817. Even a brief reading of currently published case reports raises doubts about the value of many of them but also emphasizes their utility. We argue here that the case report format remains of considerable merit, especially to the aspiring academic clinician. Ann Neurol 2014;76:484–486
Residual Metal Impurity Aids Facile In Situ Electrochemical Surface Derivatization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Boopathi Sidhureddy , Sudha Rajagopal , Senthil Kumar Shanmugam , Lakshminarasimha Phani Kanala 
Published: September 2014

AbstractResidual metal impurities were exploited as reactants in the functionalization of the surface of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) by simple electrochemical cycling in ferricyanide solutions. This facile in situ electrochemical modification process provides intimate contact between NiHCF and SWCNTs that improves the stability of the redox property and reactivity of NiHCF. The characteristic redox behavior of NiHCF on SWCNT surfaces can be used as an electrochemical probe to access qualitative and quantitative information on unknown electroactive metal impurities in SWCNTs. Significantly, the NiHCF‐modified SWCNTs exhibit pseudocapacitive behavior, and the calculated specific capacitances are 710 and 36 F g−1 for NiHCF‐SWCNTs and SWCNTs respectively. Furthermore, NiHCF‐SWCNTs were transformed into Ni(OH)2/SWCNTs and used for enzymeless glucose oxidation.
Robust H∞ Control for Non‐Minimum Phase Switched Cascade Systems with Time Delay
Authors: Zhao Shengzhi , Dimirovski Georgi M. , Ma Ruicheng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe H∞ control of a class of the uncertain switched nonlinear cascaded systems with time delay is explored in this paper via the multiple Lyapunov functions. The considered systems are assumed to comprise an inherently nonlinear and a linearizable nonlinear dynamic system that may be non‐minimum phase. A group of partial differential inequalities containing adjustable functions are used in the control design task. The state feedback controllers and a suitable switching law are designed simultaneously so as to achieve the desired disturbance attenuation while preserving asymptotic stability for all admissible uncertainties. The partial differential inequalities are of lower dimension than general Hamilton–Jacobi inequalities, and therefore the solving process is feasible. This particular technique is applicable even if no subsystem is asymptotically stable. The non‐minimum phase property is compensated for by means of an appropriate switching mechanism. A robust H∞ control for non‐switched cascade system with time delay is obtained in addition. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design method.
Review of hemicellulose hydrolysis in softwoods and bamboo
Authors: Sella Kapu Nuwan , Trajano Heather L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHydrolysis to remove hemicellulose and/or generate saccharides is an integral unit operation for the production of chemicals, fuels, and materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Softwoods and bamboo are both widely available but comparatively understudied feedstocks. This paper first reviews the unique hemicellulose chemistry of these feedstocks and the fundamental mechanism of polysaccharide hydrolysis. The influence of temperature, time, acid concentration, particle size, and reactor configuration on water‐only hydrolysis, or autohydrolysis, and dilute acid hydrolysis are summarized. The composition, molecular weight, and yields of saccharides and degradation products generated during hydrolysis are presented. Finally, the types, strengths, and weaknesses of current hemicellulose hydrolysis kinetic models are reviewed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Birth prevalence and survival of exomphalos in england and wales: 2005 to 2011
Authors: Springett Anna , Draper Elizabeth S. , Rankin Judith , Rounding Catherine , Tucker David , Stoianova Sylvia , Wellesley Diana , Morris Joan K. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundExomphalos occurs in 2.2 per 10,000 births with 76% of these babies surviving to discharge. The aim of this study was to determine the birth prevalence and survival of babies with this anomaly in England and Wales.MethodsSix BINOCAR regional congenital anomaly registers in England and Wales (covering 36% of births) between 2005 and 2011 provided cases for this study. Cases included live births, stillbirths (24+ weeks' gestation), late miscarriages (20–23 weeks' gestation), and terminations of pregnancy with fetal anomaly.ResultsThe overall birth prevalence was 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6–4.0) per 10,000 births; 1.4 (1.2–1.6) for isolated cases, 1.2 (1.1–1.4) for cases with multiple anomalies, and 1.2 (1.1–1.4) for cases with chromosomal anomalies. The live birth prevalence was 0.8 (0.7–0.9), 0.5 (0.4–0.6), and 0.1 (0.0–0.1) per 10,000 live births, respectively. Edwards syndrome, congenital heart defects, and nervous system anomalies were the most common anomalies associated with exomphalos. A prenatal diagnosis was made in 83% of isolated, 95% of multiple, and 99% of chromosomal cases. Fifty‐five percent of isolated and multiple cases were live born, whereas 85% of cases with chromosomal anomalies resulted in a termination of pregnancy with fetal anomaly. The 1‐year survival of live born babies with an isolated exomphalos was 92% compared with 81% in cases with multiple anomalies and 27% in cases with chromosomal anomalies (p < 0.001).ConclusionWe report a higher birth prevalence than has previously been reported. The proportion of infants surviving with exomphalos remained unchanged over the time period. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:721–725, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zur Verankerung von Querkraftbewehrung in Decken unter Brandbedingungen
Authors: Thiele Catherina , Schilly Tobias , Fingerloos Frank 
Published: September 2014

AbstractZur Verankerung von Querkraftzulagen und offenen Bügeln im Brandfall mit 90°‐Winkelhaken gibt es bisher nur wenige, teilweise widersprüchliche Informationen. Während beispielsweise gemäß Heft 525 des DAfStB (2010) 90°‐Winkelhaken bei Querkraftzulagen und Anforderungen an die Feuerwiderstandsdauer ≥ R90 nicht auf einer brandbeanspruchten Plattenseite angeordnet sein sollen, wird im Heft 600 des DAfStB (2012) die Verankerung von Querkraftzulagen allgemein und von Schenkeln offener Hutbügel in der Druckzone mit 90°‐Winkelhaken auch bei einer Feuerwiderstandsdauer ≥ R90 als ausreichend bezeichnet. Um zu dieser Frage weitere Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen, wurden an der TU Kaiserslautern Tastversuche zum Tragverhalten von 90°‐Winkelhaken und 135°‐Haken unter Brandbeanspruchung durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde sowohl das Tragverhalten im gerissenen als auch im ungerissenen Querschnitt untersucht. Kam es während des Brandversuchs innerhalb von 120 Minuten nicht zum Versagen der Haken, wurde die Resttragfähigkeit in einem Auszugversuch ermittelt. Es konnten signifikante Unterschiede im Tragverhalten der untersuchten Hakenformen gezeigt und Empfehlungen für die Praxis abgeleitet werden.Anchorage of links in slabs under fire conditionsThere are only a few contradictory statements concerning anchorage of links with 90°‐standard bends in case of fire. Booklet 525 of the DAfStB (2010) recommends not to use these bends for a fire resistance class ≥ R90 on the fire stressed site of a plate. In booklet 600 of the DAStB (2012) anchorage of links and hat‐shaped shear reinforcement in the compressive zone with 90°‐bends is described also as sufficient. In order to gain further experience tests with 90°‐bends and 135°‐hooks under fire stress were carried out at TU Kaiserslautern. Load behavior of the bends in cracked and noncracked section was investigated. If failure did not occur during the 120 min test period the remaining load capacity was determined in a pull‐out test. Significant differences between the load behaviors of the analyzed bending molds were found and recommendations for practice have been worked out.
Zuviel Stahl im Beton?
Authors: Polónyi Stefan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDie Stahlbeton‐Forschung und ‐Normung basiert auf der Stabwerksstatik. Damit werden die besonderen Eigenschaften des Baustoffs Beton nicht adäquat berücksichtigt und genutzt. Durch falsch geführte Hauptbewehrung werden Zugspannungen hervorgerufen, die durch zusätzliche Bewehrung (Bügel) aufgenommen werden müssen. An diversen Tragelementen wird gezeigt, wie durch die an den Zugtrajektorien orientierte Armierungsführung wesentlich kostengünstigere und umweltfreundlichere Bauwerke erstellt werden können.Too much steel in concrete structures? – Reinforced concrete – 120 years worldwide success on the basis of an incorrect approachThe reinforced concrete research and standardization are based on the structural analysis of truss models. Thus, the special properties of the building material concrete are not taken into account and no adequate approach is found. Improperly performed main reinforcement causes tensile stresses, whereby additional reinforcement (stirrups) has to be included. At various structural elements is shown how much more cost effective and environmentally friendly buildings can be created by means of the reinforcement oriented to the tension trajectories.