bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victorian Philology and the Metaphors of Language
Authors: Weaver Sarah 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVictorian philology was unrivalled in the multiplicity and range of subjects it was called upon to support. From psychology to ethnography, Biblical exegesis to Darwinian natural selection, one's interpretation of language history located one along axes of other intellectual values. Furthermore, theories of language were profoundly metaphorical. The metaphors inherent in words themselves – the relation of signifier and signified – were considered to be poetic, while the explanations of philologists were rich in metaphors about language. Examining these metaphors reveals much. They give a sense of how language was understood in the nineteenth century; they reflect in miniature other influential sciences of the period; and they gesture toward anxieties that a historical understanding of language aroused. This article contextualises philology within the milieu of Victorian intellectual pursuits and investigates its relation to metaphor.
Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton productivity of a shallow Ramsar‐site floodplain in the western Himalaya
Authors: Khan Mohammad A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHokersar wetland (altitude of 1584 masl), a shallow (0.5 m) floodplain waterfowl habitat in Kashmir, India, gained international importance in 2005 with its declaration as a Ramsar site. Although isolated in the western Himalayan mountains, it is being impacted by a silt‐laden river (Doodhganga). Human activities, not the least of which is affected by the closeness of the wetland to suburban areas, have gradually altered its trophic state. Its alkaline‐ and calcium‐rich waters contain many planktonic diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. Nitrate–nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations are high (370–4750 and 101–968 μg L−1, respectively). A pronounced seasonal cycle in phytoplankton production (g C m−2 day−1) was evident in a minimum value of 0.38 (Jan–Feb, 2002) and a maximum value of 4.02 (July, 2002), closely paralleling the seasonal cycles of temperature and light. The photosynthetic efficiency of the wetland was highest (1.97%) during the summer. The annual phytoplankton production of this wetland ecosystem was 210 × 102 KJ m−2, suggestive of a meso‐eutrophic status.
Correlation between shell phenotype and local environment suggests a role for natural selection in the evolution of Placostylus snails
Authors: Dowle E. J. , Morgan‐Richards M. , Brescia F. , Trewick S. A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe giant edible Placostylus snails of New Caledonia occur across a wide range of environmental conditions, from the dry southwest to the wetter central and northeastern regions. In large, slow‐moving animals such as Placostylus, speciation could be assumed to be largely driven by allopatry and genetic drift as opposed to natural selection. We examined variation in shell morphology using geometric morphometrics and genetic structure within two species of Placostylus (P. fibratus, P. porphyrostomus), to determine the drivers of diversity in this group. Despite the current patchy distribution of snails on New Caledonia, both mtDNA and nuclear SNP data sets (>3000 loci) showed weak admixing between populations and species. Shell morphology was concordant with the genetic clusters we identified and had a strong relationship with local environment. The genetic data, in contrast to the morphological data, did not show concordance with climatic conditions, suggesting the snails are not limited in their ability to adapt to different environments. In sympatry, P. fibratus and P. porphyrostomus maintained genetic and morphological differences, suggesting a genetic basis of phenotypic variation. Convergence of shell shape was observed in two adjacent populations that are genetically isolated but experience similar habitat and climatic conditions. Conversely, some populations in contrasting environments were morphologically distinct although genetically indistinguishable. We infer that morphological divergence in the Placostylus snails of New Caledonia is mediated by adaptation to the local environment.
Combinations of the Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 genes largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential of cultivated rice
Authors: Zhang Jia , Zhou Xiangchun , Yan Wenhao , Zhang Zhanyi , Lu Li , Han Zhongmin , Zhao Hu , Liu Haiyang , Song Pan , Hu Yong , Shen Guojing , He Qin , Guo Sibin , Gao Guoqing , Wang Gongwei , Xing Yongzhong 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Rice cultivars have been adapted to favorable ecological regions and cropping seasons. Although several heading date genes have separately made contributions to this adaptation, the roles of gene combinations are still unclear.

We employed a map‐based cloning approach to isolate a heading date gene, which coordinated the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 to greatly delay rice heading. We resequenced these three genes in a germplasm collection to analyze natural variation.

Map‐based cloning demonstrated that the gene largely affecting the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 was Hd1. Natural variation analysis showed that a combination of loss‐of‐function alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 contributes to the expansion of rice cultivars to higher latitudes; by contrast, a combination of pre‐existing strong alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and functional Hd1 (referred as SSF) is exclusively found where ancestral Asian cultivars originated. Other combinations have comparatively larger favorable ecological scopes and acceptable grain yield.

Our results indicate that the combinations of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential in rice cultivars. Breeding varieties with the SSF combination are recommended for tropical regions to fully utilize available energy and light resources and thus produce greater yields.
Zygomatic‐orbital reconstruction in patient with Treacher Collins syndrome using bioceramic made of hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Corrêa A.P.S. , Shinohara E.H. , Gavina R.S. , Garcia‐Júnior I.R. , Timóteo C.A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTreacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare, serious congenital malformation that mainly affects craniofacial structures, and the incidence of this syndrome is one in every 50 000 births. Craniofacial rehabilitation in patients with TCS generally includes zygomatic‐orbital and maxillomandibular reconstruction. This article describes a case of TCS in which zygomatic‐orbital reconstruction was performed with a third‐generation, biphasic, micro–macro porous bioceramic composed of hydroxyapatite and beta‐tricalcium phosphate. This method proved to be a viable alternative to autogenous grafts and led to a satisfactory aesthetic outcome.
Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition in a patient with multiple sclerosis – a report of a patient with 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Bharadwaj G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition is a well‐known technique which utilises existing alveolar bone for implant placement in posterior mandible, thus avoiding additional procedures such as bone graft or ridge augmentation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder affecting the myelin sheath of the nerve and causes varying degrees of sensory‐motor neural dysfunction. A case of a 55‐year‐old Caucasian female with MS undergoing IAN transposition for management of atrophic mandible is discussed here. At the end of 1 year, there was minimal residual sensory deficit, not affecting function.
The yield of monitoring for HSV and VZV viremia in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Patrick Katharine , Ali Muhammad , Richardson Susan E. , Gassas Adam , Egeler Maarten , Krueger Joerg , Lowry Jane , Allen Upton , Schechter Tal 
Published: July 2015

AbstractReactivation of HSV and VZV is common following HSCT. Consensus guidelines do not support the use of routine screening for viremia following HSCT in adults, but no such clear guidelines exist in pediatrics. In our center, routine practice was to screen patients weekly for HSV and VZV viremia until engraftment in autologous transplant patients and up to day +100 in allogeneic transplant patients. We conducted a retrospective study of over 500 patients to establish whether this screening identified any patients with HSV or VZV viremia who would not have been identified by clinical signs or symptoms. Over a 4.5‐yr period, routine screening identified three cases of HSV viremia and one case of VZV viremia. Two patients had persistent, unexplained fever and two patients had skin or mucosal lesions suggestive of HSV/VZV. We conclude that routine screening for HSV and VZV viremia in pediatric HSCT patients has a very low yield and that viremia can be reliably identified by targeted testing in patients with vesicular skin lesions, oral or genital ulceration, unexplained fever, neurological symptoms, or unexplained abnormal liver transaminases.
Low metabolic rates in primitive hunters and weaver spiders
Authors: Canals Mauricio , Veloso Claudio , Moreno Lucila , Solis Rigoberto 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release of primitive hunters and weaver spiders, the Chilean Recluse spider Loxosceles laeta Nicolet (Araneae: Sicariidae) and the Chilean Tiger spider Scytodes globula Nicolet (Araneae: Scytodidae), are analyzed, and their relationship with body mass is studied. The results are compared with the metabolic data available for other spiders. A low metabolic rate is found both for these two species and other primitive hunters and weavers, such as spiders of the families Dysderidae and Plectreuridae. The metabolic rate of this group is lower than in nonprimitive spiders, such as the orb weavers (Araneae: Araneidae). The results reject the proposition of a general relationship for metabolic rate for all land arthropods (related to body mass) and agree with the hypothesis that metabolic rates are affected not only by sex, reproductive and developmental status, but also by ecology and life style, recognizing here, at least in the araneomorph spiders, a group having low metabolism, comprising the primitive hunters and weaver spiders, and another group comprising the higher metabolic rate web building spiders (e.g. orb weavers).
Buddhist Debate in Medieval Japan
Authors: Sango Asuka 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBuddhist debate was an oral exchange of questions and answers between two monks or nuns concerning issues of Buddhist doctrine. Although it has received considerable attention from scholars of Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, its vitality in medieval Japan has only recently begun receiving scholarly attention. As recent scholarship has emphasized, not only was participating in debates where issues of Buddhist doctrine were intensely deliberated indispensable to educating scholar monks, but it was also an official requirement for promotion. Yet the debates' politicized and highly technical nature has led many critics, both medieval and modern, to dismiss them as merely a device for self‐glorification or as tedious displays of pedantry. At the same time, the currently dominant historical paradigm of the ‘exoteric‐esoteric system’ presumes that doctrinal learning and debate practice declined as esoteric Buddhist schools and their thaumaturgic rites performed for private, this‐worldly purposes grew in popularity. Recent studies, however, have shown that debates in fact provided occasions for inter‐sectarian dialogue while advancing Buddhist doctrinal studies in both exoteric and esoteric schools and remained crucial to both educating and promoting monks throughout the medieval period.
The USEPA's distribution system water quality modelling program: a historical perspective
Authors: Clark Robert M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHydraulic and water quality models have become widely used to understand both the hydraulic behaviour, and the fate and transport of contaminants in drinking water distribution systems. Research conducted by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) played a major role in the development and application of hydraulic/water quality modelling in the United States and throughout the world. Eventually this research led to the development of EPANET, an integrated hydraulic/water quality model, and had a major influence on the implementation of the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The modelling research conducted by the US EPA has helped many drinking water utilities throughout the world alleviate public health threats due to the deterioration of water quality in drinking water networks. The US EPA has provided over 100 000 downloads of the EPANET software over the last 2 years.
The ownership of English in Taiwan
Authors: SEILHAMER MARK F. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough applied linguists have long asserted that individuals who have learned English as an additional language can rightly claim ownership of the language, this willingness on the part of academics to grant ownership to all users of English is ultimately of little consequence to the users themselves, who more often than not consider linguistic ownership to be determined solely by ethnicity or place of birth. This paper outlines a framework comprised of three aspects of language ownership—prevalent usage, affective belonging, and legitimate knowledge—and subsequently applies these concepts to a multi‐case ethnographic study of English ownership (and lack thereof) among a group of Taiwanese English learners/users who privileged different ownership dimensions. Prevalent usage was found to be very important for achieving any degree of ownership, and the ability to make overt ownership claims ultimately depended on confidence and agency.
English identity and Manguebeat in Brazil
Authors: DE FIGUEIREDO EDUARDO H. DINIZ 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis study is an analysis of how English is conceptualized in Brazil's Manguebeat—a cultural movement that came to prominence in the 1990s and that became one of the most influential musical styles in the country ever since. The use of English in the manifesto that first presented Manguebeat and in two of the albums that epitomize the movement is examined through text mapping in combination with the discourse analysis theory put forth by Gee (2011). The results show that English in Manguebeat is positioned as a language that does not belong exclusively to an Inner Circle country. They also demonstrate how English influences cultural expression from the periphery of Brazil, positioning it as a mobile resource that can be deployed and recontextualized in the Brazilian context.
Recombination of H and He in Yang–Mills Gravity
Authors: Katz Daniel 
Published: July 2015

We investigate some aspects of the thermal history of the early universe according to Yang–Mills Gravity (YMG); a gauge theory of gravity set in flat space–time. Specifically, equations for the ionization fractions of hydrogen and singly ionized helium during the recombination epoch are deduced analytically and then solved numerically. By considering several approximations, we find that the presence of primordial helium and its interaction with Lyman series photons has a much stronger effect on the overall free electron density in YMG than it does in the standard, General Relativity (GR)-based, model. Compared to the standard model, recombination happens over a much larger range of temperatures, although there is still a very sharp temperature of last scattering around 2000 K. The ionization history of the universe is not directly observable, but knowledge of it is necessary for CMB power spectrum calculations. Such calculations will provide another rigorous test of YMG and will be explored in detail in an upcoming paper.
Reasoning About Substructures and Games
Authors: Benerecetti Massimo , Mogavero Fabio , Murano Aniello 
Published: July 2015

Many decision problems in formal verification and design can be suitably formulated in game-theoretic terms. This is the case for the model checking of open and closed systems and both controller and reactive synthesis. Interpreted in this context, these problems require one to find a strategy (i.e., a plan) to force the system to fulfill some desired goal, no matter what the opponent (e.g., the environment) does. A strategy essentially constrains the possible behaviors of the system to those that are compatible with the decisions dictated by the plan itself. Therefore, finding a strategy to meet some goal basically reduces to identifying a portion of the model of interest (i.e., one of its substructures) that satisfies that goal. In this view, the ability to reason about substructures becomes a crucial aspect for several fundamental problems.
In this article, we present and study a new branching-time temporal logic, called Substructure Temporal Logic (STL * for short), whose distinctive feature is to allow for quantifying over the possible substructure of a given structure. The logic is obtained by adding four new temporal-like operators to CTL *, whose interpretation is given relative to the partial order induced by a suitable substructure relation. STL * turns out to be very expressive and allows one to capture in a very natural way many well-known problems, such as module checking, reactive synthesis, and reasoning about games in a wide sense. A formal account of the model-theoretic properties of the new logic and results about (un)decidability and complexity of related decision problems are also provided.
A nomenclatural revision of Quercus acutifolia, Q. conspersa and Q. grahamii (Lobatae, Fagaceae)
Authors: Avalos Susana Valencia , Franco Gabriel Flores , Ramírez Jaime Jiménez 
Published: July 2015

A nomenclatural conflict between Quercus acutifolia and Q. conspersa is solved based on the thorough revision of herbarium specimens, type specimens, original descriptions and field observations. Q. conspersa is proposed as a synonym of Q. acutifolia, as are the names Q. acutifolia ζ conspersa, Q. acutifolia β bonplandi, Q. acutifolia γ angustifolia, Q. acutifolia ε longifolia and Q. candolleana. In addition, Q. grahamii is recognized as the correct name for the taxon identified as Q. acutifolia. Q. conspersa is lectotypified and Q. conspersa f. caudata is neotypified here. Information on the distribution of Q. acutifolia and Q. grahamii and the main features used to distinguish them is also provided.
Contact controlled cryosurgery in the treatment of patients with trophic ulcers (short report)
Authors: Аралова  , Aralova M. , Глухов  , Glukhov A. 
Published: July 2015

Treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities is the complex problem of important social value. Regardless of the etiology of wounds, principles of treatment are to adequately match to topical treatment, which begins with cleansing the wound from fibrin, necrotic masses, abnormal granulation.
The research purpose is to develop, to approve a technique of contact controlled destruction of patho-logically changed tissues on a surface of a trophic ulcer and to estimate efficiency of its use.
Materials and methods of research. The authors have developed a methodology contact controlled cryodestruction of pathologically changed tissues on the surface of the ulcer with the use of cryo apparatus CRYO-01 &#34;ELAMED&#34;. The technique was used in 23 patients in the first phase of wound process to transfer wounds from chronic to acute, acceleration of rejection of necrotic masses.
Results and their discussion. During the first bandaging in 2-3 days after removal of a bandage and ma-chining the torn-away impractical tissues were removed easily and without serious consequences, the wound was almost completely cleared of a scab, fibrin and necrotic tissues by 3rd days. That is the II phase of wound process began.
Conclusions. Contact controlled cryodestruction of pathologically changed tissues on a surface of a trophic ulcer allows almost without serious consequences, in short terms to transfer a wound to the II phase of wound process and to prepare its surface for different types of skin plasticity.
Characteristics of Cotton Stalk Torrefaction Catalyzed by Magnesium Chloride
Authors: Liu Xinliang , Dong Yan , Yin Hailiang , Zhang Jian 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Multistep fast pyrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)–impregnated biomass materials offers a promising way to obtain a value-added chemical-rich liquid product. In this work, cotton stalk with MgCl2was pyrolyzed in a thermogravimetric analyzer and a fixed-bed reactor at 260°C. The feedstock characteristics, product distribution, and liquid-phase compositions were analyzed. The presence of MgCl2 changed the product distributions and liquid-phase composition. Only two targeted chemicals were successfully collected for the purpose of chemical production. The effect of catalyst loading on pyrolysis behavior for furfural and acetic acid production was studied. The furfural and acetic acid contents in the water-free liquid phase were about 28 and 51 percent, respectively, whereas the MgCl2 content was 18.54 percent.
STD and Abortion Prevalence in Adolescent Mothers With Histories of Childhood Protection Involvement
Authors: Cederbaum Julie A. , Putnam‐Hornstein Emily , Sullivan Kathrine , Winetrobe Hailey , Bird Melissa 
Published: July 2015

CONTEXTEarly sexual debut and unprotected sexual activity place adolescents at risk of adverse sexual health outcomes. Adolescents involved with child protective services (CPS) may be a particularly vulnerable population.METHODSCalifornia birth records for 86,946 adolescents who became first‐time mothers in 2008–2010 were probabilistically linked to statewide CPS records from 1998 and later. The prevalence of STDs at birth and of abortion history were explored by preconception CPS involvement. Generalized linear models, adjusted for health, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, were used to assess correlates of current STDs and history of abortion.RESULTSAt the time they gave birth, 1% of adolescents had a documented STD, and 5% reported a previous abortion. After adjustment for other characteristics, CPS involvement was associated with a significantly elevated prevalence both of STDs (relative risk, 1.2) and of previous abortion (1.4). Other characteristics also were associated with both outcomes, but not always in the same direction. For example, delaying prenatal care until after the first trimester or getting none at all was associated with an increased prevalence of STDs (1.3), but a reduced prevalence of abortion (0.8–0.9); having public insurance coverage for the birth was associated with a reduced STD prevalence (0.9) and an elevated abortion history prevalence (1.2).CONCLUSIONSTo assess whether adolescents with a history of CPS involvement need targeted sexual health interventions, further research is needed on the mechanisms that underlie associations between CPS involvement and adverse sexual health outcomes.
Burge on Perception and the Disjunction Problem
Authors: Altschul Jon 
Published: July 2015

The Disjunction Problem states that teleological theories of perception cannot explain why a subject represents an F when an F causes the perception and not the disjunction F v G, given that the subject has mistaken G’s for F’s in the past. Without a suitable answer, non-veridical representation becomes impossible to explain. Here, I defend Burge’s teleological theory of perception against the Disjunction Problem, arguing that a perceptual state’s representing a disjunctive property is incompatible with perceptual anti-individualism. Because anti-individualism is at the heart of Burge’s theory, I conclude that Burgeans need not be concerned with the Disjunction Problem.