bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of adenosine receptor subclasses in malignant and adjacent normal human prostate tissues
Authors: Mousavi Samira , Panjehpour Mojtaba , Izadpanahi Mohammad Hossein , Aghaei Mahmoud 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDAdenosine, a purine nucleoside plays important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer initiation and promotion via interaction with four adenosine receptors. In the present study we examined the differential expression pattern of adenosine receptors in the malignant and adjacent normal human prostate tissues.METHODSProstate cancer tissue samples and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from 20 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and histopathological diagnosis was confirmed for each sample. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA and the mRNA expression levels of adenosine receptors were investigated by Taq‐man real‐time RT‐PCR experiment. Quantitative protein analysis was done by Western blotting experiment. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of adenosine receptors were measured after androgen treatment.RESULTTaq‐man real‐time RT‐PCR measurements show different expression levels of adenosine receptor transcripts. A2B adenosine receptor was predominantly expressed in tumor tissues (2.4‐fold) followed by significantly expression of A3 (1.6‐fold) and A2A adenosine receptors (1.5‐fold) compared to adjacent normal tissues. The presence of adenosine receptors at protein levels in prostate cancer tissues compared with normal tissues was shown the following rank order: A2B > A3 > A2A > A1. Androgen receptor regulates adenosine receptors mRNA and protein expression in AR‐positive LNCaP cells, which was not seen in AR‐negative PC‐3 cells.CONCLUSIONThese results indicated for the first time, the differential mRNA expression profile and protein levels of adenosine receptors in the human prostate cancer. Interestingly, the A2B adenosine receptor followed by A3 is highly expressed in prostate tumor samples in comparison with the adjacent normal tissues. The findings support the possible key role of A2B adenosine receptor in promoting cancer cell growth and suggest that A2B may be a novel target for prostate cancer treatment. Prostate 75:735–747, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A secure energy‐efficient access control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Kumar Neeraj , Chen Jianhua , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWith the rapid expansion of technology, the wireless sensor network has been spawned in recent years. Recently, Chi et al. proposed an improved energy‐efficient access control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography. In this article, we analyze the scheme of Chi et al. and point out that their scheme cannot withstand the replay attack. To surmount the weaknesses of the Chi et al. scheme, we propose a secure energy‐efficient access‐control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography. In addition, we prove that our scheme is secure and efficient with respect to various types of attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human collective reactions to threat
Authors: Dezecache Guillaume 
Published: February 2015

A common assumption regarding mass emergency situations is that individuals in such contexts behave in a way that maximizes their likelihood to escape, at the expense, or with little concern for, the welfare and survival of their neighbors. Doing so, they might even compromise the effectiveness of group evacuation. This conception follows the views of early works on crowd psychology, a tradition born with Gustave Le Bon's The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind, first published in 1895, and which has had a tremendous impact on scientific representations of people's behavior in mass emergency contexts. Indeed, this work has greatly contributed to the idea that, in such situations, people revert to a primitive, impulsive, irrational, and antisocial nature, causing the breakdown of social order. However, more empirically oriented studies have consistently reported little collective panic, as well as a great deal of solidarity and pro‐social behavior during mass emergency situations. Because of institutional barriers, such views have remained largely unknown to cognitive psychologists. Yet these are important results in that they show that human individual and collective reactions to threat are primarily affiliative. Indeed, far from leading to the breakdown of the social fabrics, the presence of a common threat can strengthen social bonds. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:209–219. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1344This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Neuroscience > Behavior
Educational neuroscience: definitional, methodological, and interpretive issues
Authors: Byrnes James P. , Vu Lien T. 
Published: February 2015

In this study, we hope to accomplish three aims as follows: (1) provide greater clarity regarding the nature and scope of the field of educational neuroscience, (2) propose a framework for understanding when and how neuroscientific research could be informative for educational practice, and (3) describe some examples of neuroscientific findings from the domains of reading and mathematics that are informative according to this framework. We propose that psychological models of learning‐related processes should be the basis of instructional decisions, and that neuroscientific evidence in combination with traditional evidence from psychological experiments should be used to decide among competing psychological models. Our review of the neuroscientific evidence for both reading and mathematics suggests that while much has been learned over the past 20 years, there is still a ‘disconnect’ between contemporary psychological models that emphasize higher level skills and neuroscientific studies that focus on lower level skills. Moreover, few researchers have used neuroscientific evidence to decide among psychological models, but have focused instead on identifying the brain regions that subtend component skills of reading and math. Nevertheless, neuroscientific studies have confirmed the intrinsic relationship between reading and spoken language, revealed interesting predictive relationships between anatomical structures and reading and math disabilities, and there is the potential for fruitful collaborations between neuroscientists and psychologists in the future. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:221–234. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1345This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
The Development of Pre-Primary Services in Hong Kong: Quality Review as a Lever of Continuous School Improvement
Authors: Poon Andrew C. S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
At present, early childhood education is not part of the universal and compulsory system of education in Hong Kong. All pre-primary services are run by non-profit-making institutions or private independent bodies in Hong Kong. The operation of pre-primary services is largely market driven. According to the organic system model, the development of pre-primary services in Hong Kong had gone through a period of stable development with self-managing institutions which have placed an emphasis on internal effectiveness in the early stages. Since 1997, the services have undergone changes that have been brought forth by the education reforms which hinted upon the interface effectiveness between the pre-primary services operators and the government. Taking effect from 2007, the pre-primary institutions experienced a period of enhanced development under the Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme. This period stressed the importance of intraface effectiveness among the key stakeholders—parents, professionals and government. Upon the implementation of the education voucher scheme, a Quality Review system was poised to ensure the deliver of standards-based quality pre-primary services with a clear vision and sense of mission, performance indicators, as well as intended and expected outcomes. The Quality Review aimed to adopt a two-pronged approach based on internal quality assurances undertaken by School Self-evaluations and external school reviews. It can be argued that this represents the best way to improve standards through the collaborative efforts of pre-primary institutions and the government. All pre-primary institutions under the Scheme should be accountable to their stakeholders by optimizing the school data by perfecting their planning cycle through on-going process of self-evaluation, while the government should monitor the state of education at both the national and district levels. The Quality Review is the lever of change that has a direct bearing on the quality performance of pre-primary institutions, children’s learning and leadership issues at both the school and system levels.
United States Child Care Policy and Systems of Care: The Emerging Role of Quality Rating and Improvement Systems
Authors: Buettner Cynthia K. , Andrews David W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The developmental and educational importance of high quality early care and education is well documented. The value of access to high quality care combined with the increasing demand for care has made access to high quality child care a central focus of U.S. public policy. State level licensure and national accreditation are the most prevalent strategies for promoting and assuring higher levels of care. More recently, Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) have emerged as mechanisms for motivating child care professionals to provide higher quality care. QRIS systems are in their infancy, but are gaining popularity in several states. The future of these ratings systems will be determined by their predictive validity in improving observed levels of care, and ultimately in improved child outcomes. Strategically planned and rigorously designed research is needed to validate the use of these potentially effective rating systems.
Assessing Quality of Early Care and Education: Lessons Learned from San Francisco’s Gateway to Quality
Authors: Park Soyeon , Ferretti Charlotte , Ames Gretchen 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This 10 year overview of a citywide program implemented to improve the quality of childcare and education in San Francisco provides a description of critical issues related to implementation of an assessment process as well as factors that influence success related to initiating and sustaining quality improvement efforts in early care and education (ECE). The population of interest included all licensed childcare programs and family childcare homes in the city and county of San Francisco receiving public funding and those serving families with subsidies. The assessment tool chosen by city childcare leaders was the Environmental Rating Scales (ERS) for preschool, infant toddler and family childcare sites. Quality improvement plans were developed based on the results of the assessment of each classroom or family childcare home, followed by technical assistance targeted at improving the quality of the environment and teaching practice. Because assessment scores are currently tied to city funded subsidies, motivation for participation in the program becomes a critical factor for those programs that depend on the subsidies. Lessons learned can support other endeavors to improve the quality of childcare and education and include engaging ECE teachers in intentional dialogue that results in internal motivation to improve the quality of their teaching, along with systemic supports that include teachers, families and funding streams to sustain quality care.
Enzyme complexity in intermediary metabolism
Authors: Van Schaftingen Emile , Veiga‐da‐Cunha Maria , Linster Carole L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA good appraisal of the function of enzymes is essential for the understanding of inborn errors of metabolism. However, it is clear now that the ‘one gene, one enzyme, one catalytic function’ rule oversimplifies the actual situation. Genes often encode several related proteins, which may differ in their subcellular localisation, regulation or function. Furthermore, enzymes often show several catalytic activities. In some cases, this is because they are multifunctional, possessing two or more different active sites that catalyse different, physiologically related reactions. In enzymes with broad specificity or in multispecificity enzymes, a single type of catalytic site performs the same reaction on different physiological substrates at similar rates. Enzymes that act physiologically in only one reaction often show nonetheless substrate promiscuity: they act at low rates on compounds that resemble their physiological substrate(s), thus forming non‐classical metabolites, which are in some cases eliminated by metabolite repair. In addition to their catalytic role, enzymes may have moonlighting functions, i.e. non‐catalytic functions that are most often not related with their catalytic activity. Deficiency in such functions may participate in the phenotype of inborn errors of metabolism. Evolution has also made that some enzymes have lost their catalytic activity to become allosteric proteins.
Two Stages of N‐Deficient Cultivation Enhance the Lipid Content of Microalga Scenedesmus sp.
Authors: Li Xiaomei , Wang Mingzi , Liao Xinhui , Chen Han , Dai Youfen , Chen Bilian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractScenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was identified as a suitable candidate for producing biodiesel. The present work studied the effects of nitrogen concentration on the biomass and lipid productivity of algae, the consumption of sodium nitrate, and the two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation that could enhance dramatically the accumulation of biomass and lipids of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3. The two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation was described as follows: microalga Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was cultured under low light intensity (LL) for 10 days in an N‐deficient medium by 20 % inoculum concentration, and transferred to complete N‐depletion BG11 under high light intensity (HL) for 8 days. The highest lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was 53.05 ± 0.08 % (10 % inoculum concentration) following the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation after 8 days. For the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation, the lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was 49.85 ± 0.22 %, which was 1.8 times higher than that under low light intensity (LL) (46–48 μmol m−2 s−1 ) in 10 days. Meanwhile, the high algal biomass productivity was around 0.10 g L−1 day−1 after the first stage of N‐deficient cultivation (10 days) and the biomass productivity was around 0.037 g L−1 day−1 under the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation (8 days). The comparison under different culture conditions showed a significant effect of the two‐stage of N‐deficient cultivation on lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3. The two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation without centrifugation achieved a complete N‐depletion condition, but the two‐stage process required centrifugation which is unsuitable for commercialization and large‐scale utilization. In summary, two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation is a more suitable and effective culture method for commercial applications and dramatic accumulation of lipids than the two‐stage process.
Preparation and Characterization of Virgin Olive Oil‐Beeswax Oleogel Emulsion Products
Authors: Öğütcü Mustafa , Arifoğlu Nazan , Yılmaz Emin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVirgin olive oil and beeswax were used to prepare four oleogel emulsions (EM1–EM4) through simultaneous oleogelation emulsification, and these oleogels were compared with breakfast margarine (BM). The melting temperatures of the oleogel emulsions ranged from 52.29 to 57.52 °C, while it was 40.36 °C for the BM sample. Similarly, the solid fat content (SFC) of the oleogel emulsions was between 3.57 and 3.68 % at 20 °C, and that of BM was 7.70 %. Except the EM3 sample, all oleogel emulsions exhibited mechanical stability. The firmness and stickiness values of the oleogel emulsion samples were lower than those of the BM sample, but they remained almost constant through 90 days of storage. Furthermore, the fine water droplets and needle‐like beeswax crystals within the continuous oil phase were stable during the storage. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the samples revealed that the oleogel emulsions contain crystals similar to β′ polymorphs, characterized by a homogenous, smooth and fine texture. The presence of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds was proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) measurements. The developed oleogel emulsions were found to be stable in terms of texture, color and oxidation during 90 days of storage. In conclusion, these oleogel emulsion products can be used as margarine/spread stocks.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of supracondylar humerus fractures treated surgically by pediatric and non-pediatric orthopedic surgeons
Authors: Dodds Seth D. , Grey Monique A. , Bohl Daniel D. , Mahoney Eamonn M. , DeLuca Peter A. 
Published: February 2015

Purpose This study compares clinical and radiographic outcomes of operatively managed pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures between patients treated by pediatric orthopedists (POs) and patients treated by non-pediatric orthopedists (NPOs). Patients and methods A retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with surgically managed supracondylar humerus fractures was conducted. For clinical outcomes analyses, 3 months of clinical follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 90 patients (33 treated by NPOs, 57 by POs). For radiographic outcomes analyses, 3 months of both clinical and radiographic follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 57 patients (23 treated by NPOs, 34 by POs). Results The rate of inadequate fracture fixation was higher for patients treated by NPOs (43.5 %) than for patients treated by POs (14.7 %; p = 0.030), but rates of clinical complications, malreduction, and postoperative loss of reduction did not differ. Treatment with open reduction was more common for patients treated by NPOs (33.3 %) than for patients treated by POs (3.5 %; p < 0.001). Total operating room time was longer for patients treated by NPOs (110.9 min) than for patients treated by POs (82.9 min; p < 0.001). Conclusions While patients treated by POs differed from patients treated by NPOs with respect to several intermediate outcomes, including having a lower rate of open reduction and a lower rate of inadequate fracture fixation, there were no differences between POs and NPOs in the rates of the more meaningful and definitive outcomes, including clinical complications, malreduction, and postoperative loss of reduction.
Delivering Quality Pain Management: The Challenge for Nurses
Authors: Hayes Kim , Gordon Debra B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe delivery of high‐quality pain management in the perioperative environment can be challenging and difficult to quantify. Commonly used tools in delivering care, such as pain intensity ratings, individual pain experience reporting, assessments of individual patients’ expectations, and patient satisfaction scores, have limitations and are not always useful when addressing quality improvement measures. Despite clinical advances in pain management, patients continue to experience inadequate pain control and inconsistent pain management practices. In this article, we discuss the challenges in providing consistent quality pain management, the need for a coordinated plan of care with a goal of meeting desired pain outcomes, and the essential role that perianesthesia and perioperative nurses play throughout the transitions in perioperative care to promote optimal pain management interventions based on the patient's individual needs.
Clinical Issues‐March 2015
Authors: Denholm Bonnie , Spruce Lisa 
Published: February 2015

This Month:Cost of stocking dantrolene for malignant hyperthermiaKey words: cost‐benefit analysis, stocking dantrolene sodium, ambulatory surgical facility, ambulatory surgery center, ASC, malignant hyperthermia, MH, transferring MH patient.Preparing dantrolene for a mock malignant hyperthermia drillKey words: malignant hyperthermia, MH, mock drill, dantrolene sodium, new suspension.Covering chest hairKey words: surgical attire, hair.Laundering surgical attire in health care–accredited laundry facilitiesKey words: surgical attire, laundry facility, health care–accredited laundry.
Multimodal Pain Management and the Future of a Personalized Medicine Approach to Pain
Authors: Manworren Renee C.B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn the soon‐to‐be‐released clinical practice guidelines from the American Pain Society, multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain management after all surgical procedures. Multimodal analgesia is a surgery‐specific population‐based approach to optimize pain relief by treating pain through multiple mechanisms along multiple sites of the nociceptive pathway. The reliance on multiple medications and therapies inherent to the multimodal approach also may address individual patient differences in analgesic pharmacogenetics (ie, the influence of allelic differences in single genes and the associated variability in specific medication responses). Perioperative nurses may see a shift from surgery‐specific population‐based multimodal analgesic protocols to a personalized medicine approach as knowledge of the genetic influences of analgesic metabolism and pain sensitivity is translated into clinical practice. Personalized medicine is proposed as an individualized pain management treatment plan that eventually may be based on each patient's genetic coding for metabolism of analgesics and pain sensitivity.
Transcriptional analysis of glial cell differentiation in the postnatal murine spinal cord
Authors: Raddatz Barbara B. , Lehmbecker Annika , Kalkuhl Arno , Deschl Ulrich , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Ulrich Reiner 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPostnatal murine spinal cord represents a good model system to study mammalian central nervous system myelinationin vivoas a basis for further studies in demyelinating diseases.Transcriptional changes were analyzed in SJL/J mice on postnatal day 0, 14, 49 and 231 (P0, P14, P49, P231) employing Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Arrays. Additionally, marker gene signatures for astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineage‐stages were defined to study their gene expression in more detail. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the abundance of commonly used glial cell markers.6092 differentially regulated genes (DEGs) were identified. The up‐regulated DEGs at P14, P49 and P231 compared to P0 exhibited significantly enriched associations to gene ontology terms such as myelination and lipid metabolic transport and down‐regulated DEGs to neurogenesis and axonogenesis. Expression values of marker gene signatures for neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and developing astrocytes were constantly decreasing, whereas myelinating oligodendrocyte and mature astrocyte markers showed a steady increase. Molecular findings were substantiated by immunohistochemical observations.The transcriptional changes observed are an important reference for future analysis of degenerative and inflammatory conditions in the spinal cord.
MULTIPLICITY AND ŁOJASIEWICZ EXPONENT OF GENERIC LINEAR SECTIONS OF MONOMIAL IDEALS
Authors: BIVIÀ-AUSINA CARLES 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe obtain a characterisation of the monomial ideals $I\subseteq \mathbb{C}[x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}]$ of finite colength that satisfy the condition $e(I)={\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(1)}(I)\cdots {\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(n)}(I)$, where ${\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(1)}(I),\dots ,{\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(n)}(I)$ is the sequence of mixed Łojasiewicz exponents of $I$ and $e(I)$ is the Samuel multiplicity of $I$. These are the monomial ideals whose integral closure admits a reduction generated by homogeneous polynomials.