bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Control of Melanogenesis in Malignant Melanoma: Functional Assessment of Tyrosinase and Lamp Gene Families by UV Exposure and Gene Co‐Transfection, and Cloning of a cDNA Encoding Calnexin, A Possible Melanogenesis “Chaperone”
Authors: Jimbow Kowichi , Hara Hiroyuki , Vinayagamoorthy Thuraiayah , Luo Dong , Dakour Jamal , Yamada Koji , Dixon Walter , Chen Hua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMelanogenesis is a cascade of events significantly controlled by regulatory genes which are associated with the melanosomal membrane. This report introduces our current research efforts dealing with (a) the gene and protein expressions of tyrosinase and Lamp (lysosome‐associated membrane protein) families by human melanoma cells after repeated exposures to UV light, (b) the coordinated alterations in the expression of the Lamp family gene and its encoding product after transfection of two genes of the tyrosinase family in human melanoma cells and (c) cloning and sequencing of a Ca2+‐binding phosphoprotein, calnexin, which could be a candidate as a chaperone for sorting and maturation of tyrosinase and Lamp family glycoproteins in melanogenesis cascade. Our UV exposure study, as well as gene transfection and antisense hybridization experiments, has clearly indicated a marked and coordinated interaction of the Lamp‐1 gene with the tyrosinase and TRP‐1 genes in this process. We propose that melanogenesis is controlled at least by two major gene family products, i.e., (a) the tyrosinase family of tyrosinase, TRP‐1 and TRP‐2, and the Lamp family of Lamp‐1, Lamp‐2 and Lamp‐3. These two gene families probably derived from primordial melanogenesis‐associated genes which are common or closely related to each other.
Tres hipótesis sobre el futuro de las relaciones laborales en Europa
Authors: HYMAN Richard 
Published: April 2015

ResumenSe esbozan tres hipótesis sobre el futuro de las relaciones laborales en Europa. La primera, quizás la más realista, contempla el deterioro persistente de los sistemas nacionales y de las condiciones de trabajo, siguiendo la tendencia actual. La segunda imagina una reforma de élite que reinventaría las relaciones laborales y protegería a los trabajadores siguiendo una política social ideal (improbable dada la prioridad otorgada a las consideraciones financieras y a la competencia mundial). La tercera apuesta por una oposición desde las bases que confrontaría a los sindicatos con el gran desafío de movilizar a los descontentos fuera de sus filas.
Negociación colectiva en declive y desigualdad en aumento. Análisis comparado de cinco países de la UE
Authors: BOSCH Gerhard 
Published: April 2015

ResumenLas instituciones de fijación salarial pueden ser cruciales frente a la desigualdad de ingresos y sus efectos socioeconómicos desestabilizadores. Distinguiendo entre normas protectoras y de participación, el autor examina sus efectos respectivos en la incidencia del empleo de baja remuneración y en la desigualdad de ingresos en Alemania, Bélgica, Francia, Reino Unido y Suecia. Su análisis comparado de los efectos combinados del salario mínimo y la negociación colectiva muestra que esta es más eficaz que el primero para reducir la desigualdad, pero ambos requieren intervención estatal, sobre todo mediante normas de participación que frenen el desgaste de las instituciones de relaciones laborales.
Just a hypothesis: a reply to Hanski
Authors: Fahrig Lenore 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHanski's critique of the habitat amount hypothesis (Hanski, 2015, Journal of Biogeography, 42, 989–993) does not actually constitute a test of the hypothesis, but rather a series of arguments for why he suspects that it is not correct. But the habitat amount hypothesis is exactly that – a hypothesis. It will remain ‘just’ a hypothesis until it has been rigorously tested against empirical data. To facilitate such testing, in Fahrig (2013, Journal of Biogeography, 40, 1649–1663) I presented specific, testable predictions of the hypothesis. Here, I reiterate the main tests needed, in the hope that some readers will be encouraged to carry them out. I appreciate this opportunity to emphasize that the habitat amount hypothesis needs to be tested against empirical data, and I look forward to seeing the results of such tests.
Distinct effects of climate warming on populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across Europe
Authors: Gazol Antonio , Camarero J. Julio , Gutiérrez Emilia , Popa Ionel , Andreu‐Hayles Laia , Motta Renzo , Nola Paola , Ribas Montserrat , Sangüesa‐Barreda Gabriel , Urbinati Carlo , Carrer Marco 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimClimate change is expected to modify growth trends of forests around the world. However, this modification may vary in strength and intensity across a species' biogeographical range. Here, we study European populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across its southern distribution limits in Spain, Italy and Romania. We hypothesized that growth trends of silver fir will differ across its distribution range, with a marked decline in growth in drought‐prone regions near the species' southernmost biogeographical limits.LocationEurope (Spain, Italy, Romania).MethodsWe collected tree‐ring data from at least 1300 silver fir trees located in 111 sites. The dataset was used to assess and model growth trends, quantified as changes in basal area increment, and to determine how growth responds to climate.ResultsWe found contrasting patterns of basal area increments among countries and sites. Populations of silver fir located outside the Mediterranean area (e.g. northern Italy, Romania) have shown a clear increase in growth over the last two decades, whereas most populations in Spain and southern Italy have displayed a marked decline in growth since the 1980s. The growth of silver fir forests at the south‐western distribution limit is severely constrained by low spring–summer water availability, whereas growth of silver fir forests in non‐Mediterranean areas is limited by cold conditions in late winter to early spring.Main conclusionsClimate warming is distinctly modifying growth patterns and responses to climate in silver fir across most of the species' European distribution area. In south‐western Europe the reduction in growth of many populations is related to an observed increase in aridity, whereas in more temperate areas warming is enhancing growth. Our results confirm a decline in the growth of silver fir at its south‐western distribution limits as a consequence of climate warming.
Persistence of external signs in Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Valenciennes with ichthyophoniasis
Authors: Hart L M , Conway C M , Elliott D G , Hershberger P K 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe progression of external signs of Ichthyophonus infection in Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Valenciennes was highly variable and asynchronous after intraperitoneal injection with pure parasite preparations; however, external signs generally persisted through the end of the study (429 days post‐exposure). Observed signs included papules, erosions and ulcers. The prevalence of external signs plateaued 35 days post‐exposure and persisted in 73–79% of exposed individuals through the end of the first experiment (147 days post‐exposure). Among a second group of infected herring, external signs completely resolved in only 10% of the fish after 429 days. The onset of mortality preceded the appearance of external signs. Histological examination of infected skin and skeletal muscle tissues indicated an apparent affinity of the parasite for host red muscle. Host responses consisted primarily of granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis in the skeletal muscle and other tissues. The persistence and asynchrony of external signs and host response indicated that they were neither a precursor to host mortality nor did they provide reliable metrics for hindcasting on the date of exposure. However, the long‐term persistence of clinical signs in Pacific herring may be useful in ascertaining the population‐level impacts of ichthyophoniasis in regularly observed populations.
Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors
Authors: Dalvi Siddhartha , Nguyen Hieu H. , On Ngoc , Mitchell Ryan W. , Aukema Harold M. , Miller Donald W. , Hatch Grant M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier, formed by microvessel endothelial cells, is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. Arachidonic acid (ARA; 5,8,11,14‐cis‐eicosatetraenoic acid) is a conditionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acid [20:4(n − 6)] and is a major constituent of brain lipids. The current study examined the transport processes for ARA in confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Addition of radioactive ARA to the apical compartment of HBMEC cultured on Transwell® inserts resulted in rapid incorporation of radioactivity into the basolateral medium. Knock down of fatty acid transport proteins did not alter ARA passage into the basolateral medium as a result of the rapid generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid known to facilitate opening of the blood–brain barrier. Permeability following ARA or PGE2 exposure was confirmed by an increased movement of fluorescein‐labeled dextran from apical to basolateral medium. ARA‐mediated permeability was attenuated by specific cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors. EP3 and EP4 receptor antagonists attenuated the ARA‐mediated permeability of HBMEC. The results indicate that ARA increases permeability of HBMEC monolayers likely via increased production of PGE2 which acts upon EP3 and EP4 receptors to mediate permeability. These observations may explain the rapid influx of ARA into the brain previously observed upon plasma infusion with ARA.
image
The blood–brain barrier, formed by microvessel endothelial cells, is a restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. Radiolabeled arachidonic acid (ARA) movement across, and monolayer permeability in the presence of ARA, was examined in confluent monolayers of primary human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured on Transwell® plates. Incubation of HBMECs with ARA resulted in a rapid increase in HBMEC monolayer permeability. The mechanism was mediated, in part, through increased prostaglandin E2 production from ARA which acted upon EP3 and EP4 receptors to increase HBMEC monolayer permeability.
Effect of high dietary zinc oxide on the caecal and faecal short‐chain fatty acids and tissue zinc and copper concentration in pigs is reversible after withdrawal of the high zinc oxide from the diet
Authors: Janczyk P. , Büsing K. , Dobenecker B. , Nöckler K. , Zeyner A. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryZinc oxide (ZnO) used in high (‘pharmacological’) levels to prevent diarrhoea in pigs is assumed to reduce copper (Cu) in tissues and inhibits large intestinal microbial fermentation. To test it, German Landrace pigs were weaned on d28 of age and fed diets containing either 100 (LowZinc, LZn, n = 10) or 3100 mg ZnO/kg (HighZinc, HZn, n = 10). The mixed feed (13.0 MJ ME, 18.5% crude protein) was based on wheat, barley, soya bean meal and maize. After 4 weeks, the HZn group was further fed 100 mg ZnO/kg for another 2 weeks. Caecal contents, faeces and tissues were collected after 4 weeks (n = 5 and n = 10 respectively) and 6 weeks (n = 5 and n = 5 respectively). Faeces and caecal content were analysed for dry matter (DM), pH, ammonia, lactic acid (LA) and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) on native water basis. anova was performed to elucidate significant differences at p < 0.05. No diarrhoea occurred. After 4 weeks, the caecal contents’ pH increased (p < 0.001) and butyric (p < 0.05) and valeric acid (p < 0.01) decreased in the HZn group in comparison with LZn. In faeces, a decrease of acetic (p = 0.009), butyric (p = 0.007) and valeric acid (p = 0.046), as well as reduced acetic:propionic acid (A:P) ratio (p = 0.025) was observed in the HZn group in comparison with LZn. Faecal ammonia decreased in HZn (p = 0.018). No differences (p > 0.05) were recorded in caecal contents after 6 weeks. In faeces, acetic acid remained lower in the HZn group in comparison with LZn (p = 0.006), as did the A:P ratio (p = 0.004). Zn concentration in liver, kidneys and ribs, and Cu concentrations in kidneys increased in HZn. Withdrawal of ZnO resulted in reversibility of the changes. The effect on butyric acid should be discussed critically regarding the energetic support for the enterocytes. High Zn and Cu tissue concentrations should be considered by pet food producers.
Evaluation of the use of esterified fatty acid oils enriched in medium‐chain fatty acids in weight loss diets for dogs
Authors: Fragua V. , Barroeta A. C. , Manzanilla E. G. , Codony R. , Villaverde C. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEsterified fatty acid oils (EAOs) are obtained from esterification of vegetable acid oils with glycerol. These fat sources have the same fatty acid (FA) composition as their respective native oils but new chemical properties. Several studies have confirmed the potential of medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) to reduce fat mass (FM) in humans and rodents. This study investigates the use ofEAOs with differentMCFAproportions on food preferences, digestibility and weight loss management in dogs. A basal diet was supplemented with 8% of three different fat sources: C0: soya bean–canolaEAO, C20: soya bean–canola (80%) coconut (20%)EAOand C40: soya bean–canola (60%) coconut (40%)EAO. Food preference of theseEAOs was tested using a two‐pan preference test. Dogs presented a higher daily food intake of C20 and C40 compared to C0 (C20: 155 ± 18.6 g vs. C0: 17 ± 7.0 g, p < 0.001; C40: 117 ± 13.9 g vs. C0: 28 ± 10.5 g, p < 0.05 respectively). Also, the digestibility of the three experimental diets was tested. C20 and C40 showed higher ether extract, totalFAand saturatedFAdigestibilities (p < 0.05) than C0 diet. Lastly, the three diets were investigated in a 14‐week weight loss study, following 16 weeks ofad libitumfeeding to induce overweight condition. Body weight (BW) reduction was lower (C0: 20.1 ± 2.32%, C20: 14.6 ± 1.43% and C40: 15.7 ± 1.23%, p < 0.05) andFMwas higher (FM, 18.7 ± 3.42%, 27.9 ± 3.90% and 28.2 ± 2.88% for C0, C20 and C40, respectively, p < 0.05) for diets C20 and C40 than for C0. Feeding diets withMCFAat these inclusion levels to experimentally overweight dogs during 14 weeks do not result in faster weight loss compared to unsaturated long‐chainFA.
Epiphyte community development throughout tree ontogeny: an island ontogeny framework
Authors: Taylor Amanda , Burns Kevin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimEpiphytes are a conspicuous feature of numerous forests, yet they are poorly understood compared with terrestrial plants. Theoretical frameworks have helped bridge this gap; however, important questions relating to epiphyte community development have yet to be answered. For example, at what point in tree ontogeny do epiphytes first establish? Do epiphyte communities develop uniformly, or is there variation among host trees?MethodsIn this study, we build upon Darwin's geological theory of island ontogeny to explore changes in epiphyte species richness throughout the life span of their respective host trees. Based on the general features of island ontogeny, we predict that there are three stages of epiphyte community development: (i) an initial stage where host trees are devoid of epiphytes because they lack sufficient architectural and physiological characteristics suitable for epiphyte establishment, (ii) a second stage where trees acquire epiphytes as adults and continue to do so into maturity, and (iii) a final stage where epiphyte communities progress through a period of species decline following host tree mortality. To test our model predictions, we censused epiphyte communities on 371 host trees from six New Zealand tree species. We first assessed the relationship between epiphyte species richness and host tree diameter. We then tested whether relationships between epiphyte species richness and host tree diameter varied between host species.Results and conclusionResults were consistent with model predictions. Our investigation found variation in the ontogenetic stage at which host trees become favourable for epiphyte establishment. Moreover, the rate at which epiphyte species richness increased with host tree diameter varied among host species. Our findings indicate that an island ontogeny framework is useful for guiding investigations on epiphyte community development.
Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities
Authors: Gallo L. M. , Iwasaki L. R. , Gonzalez Y. M. , Liu H. , Marx D. B. , Nickel J. C. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesCartilage fatigue, due to mechanical work, may account for precocious development of degenerative joint disease in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This study compared energy densities (mJ/mm³) in TMJs of three diagnostic groups.Setting and Sample PopulationSixty‐eight subjects (44 women, 24 men) gave informed consent. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) and imaging were used to group subjects according to presence of jaw muscle or joint pain (+P) and bilateral disk displacement (+DD).Material and MethodsSubjects (+P+DD, n = 16; –P+DD, n = 16; and –P–DD, n = 36) provided cone‐beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance images, and jaw‐tracking data. Numerical modeling was used to determine TMJ loads (Fnormal). Dynamic stereometry was used to characterize individual‐specific data of stress‐field dynamics during 10 symmetrical jaw‐closing cycles. These data were used to estimate tractional forces (Ftraction). Energy densities were then calculated as W/Q (W = work done or mechanical energy input=tractional force × distance of stress‐field translation, Q = volume of cartilage). anova and Tukey–Kramer post hoc analyses tested for intergroup differences.ResultsMean ± standard error energy density for the +P+DD group was 12.7 ± 1.5 mJ/mm³ and significantly greater (all adjusted p < 0.04) when compared to –P+DD (7.4 ± 1.4 mJ/mm³) and –P–DD (5.8 ± 0.9 mJ/mm³) groups. Energy densities in –P+DD and –P–DD groups were not significantly different.ConclusionDiagnostic group differences in energy densities suggest that mechanical work may be a unique mechanism, which contributes to cartilage fatigue in subjects with pain and disk displacement.
Bone anchors – can you hitch up your wagon?
Authors: Huja S. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this review was to address and understand the current status of mini‐screw implants (MSI) that are used in orthodontics. Understanding the biologic adaptation of MSI to its adjacent bone is one of the critical factors to their success. The review explores factors that are associated with failure of MSI, with special focus on an understanding of osseointegration as it relates to MSI. The rationale and importance of measuring bone contact and dynamic bone remodeling in animal studies are outlined. The utility of microcomputed tomography (μCT) as a substitute for conventional histomorphometry is debated. Finally, alveolar physiology and rigidity of implants are explored to understand potential reasons for the high failure rate of MSI when compared to endosseous implants.
An Approach to Pain Management in End Stage Renal Disease: Considerations for General Management and Intradialytic Symptoms
Authors: Koncicki Holly M. , Brennan Frank , Vinen Katie , Davison Sara N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe prevalence and severity of symptoms in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease is higher than those of the general population and comparable to those with other chronic and serious medical conditions. Despite the prevalence and severity in this population, symptoms continue to be under‐recognized and inadequately managed. The recognition of specific intradialytic pain syndromes such as pain related to arteriovenous access, headaches, muscle cramps or generalized pain by providers may aid in improving patient compliance and quality of life. The approach to pain management in end stage renal disease patients follows that of the general population with specific considerations regarding clearance and potential side effects guiding selection of agents. Overall, evidence is limited regarding the pharmacology of many medications in this population.
A Tale of “Two Souths”: White Voting Behavior in Contemporary Southern Elections*
Authors: McKee Seth C. , Springer Melanie J. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveWe empirically demonstrate that the long‐held political distinction between the Deep South and the Peripheral South persists to this day.MethodsData from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) are employed in logistic regression models to assess differences in the likelihood of voting Republican among Deep and Peripheral South whites in gubernatorial, senatorial, and presidential contests. Additionally, recent data on the partisan and racial composition of various elective offices document the sharp decline in Democratic officeholders.ResultsIn contemporary Southern elections, Deep South whites, after controlling for several factors such as partisanship, ideology, religion, and income, are consistently and significantly more likely to vote Republican than their Peripheral South peers.ConclusionsRace remains the most salient issue in Southern politics and it structures the alignment of whites and blacks into opposing parties. Because of this, whites are more Republican in their voting behavior in the more culturally conservative subregion where the proportion of African Americans is higher: the Deep South. Dixie is now dominated by the GOP, and especially in the Deep South, with grim representational implications for African Americans because they are no longer part of coalitional majorities at virtually every level of governance.