bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among Young Women of a University in Central Gujarat – A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shringarpure Kalpita , Baxi Rajendra , Sheth Margi , Patel Purvi , Parmar Vidhi , Baxi Sushma 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrinological disorders affecting 6%–8% of women in reproductive years. An early liberal PCOS screening appears to be a cost-effective strategy, benefiting earlier diagnosis and intervention.

Objectives:
The objectives are to measure the prevalence of PCOS and factors associated with PCOS among young girl students of a University in Central Gujarat.

Materials and Methods:
All consenting girl medical students enrolled in MBBS curriculum during 2013–2017 were given a self-administered questionnaire (for signs and symptoms of PCOS), taking due prior permissions; during January 2018–June 2019. Using Rotterdam (2006) criteria, those who were screened for PCOS were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography (USG) and if required, laboratory investigations (random blood sugar, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free testosterone). The proportion of young women having PCOS as per the Rotterdam and European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (EHSRE) Criteria are reported.

Results:
The study enrolled 308 girl medical students. More than one-tenth of the study participants (11.7%, 36/308) had confirmed PCOS (Rotterdam Criteria). As per the EHSRE criteria, 24/36 had classic PCOS, 11/36 had ovulatory phenotype, and 01/36 had the non-hyperandrogenic phenotype PCOS. USG was required in 123/308 (39%); of which 91 consented and 16/91 (18%) had conclusive PCOS. Twenty-three girls required laboratory investigations, of which two had abnormal values suggestive of PCOS. Irregular menses and hirsutism were significantly associated with the PCOS (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The proportion of young medical students with PCOS was 12%. Irregular menses and hirsutism were significantly associated with PCOS.
Application of Health Belief Model to Comprehend Adherence to COVID-19-appropriate Behavior among COVID-19 Vaccinees in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Gupta Prajakti , Mahajan Anjali , Chander Vishav , Barwal Vijay Kumar 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The augmentation of precautionary behaviors through the application of health belief model (HBM) constructs could help in curbing the current pandemic.

Objectives:
The objectives are to assess adherence to CAB and to evaluate its predictors using the constructs of HBM among COVID-19 vaccinees in Himachal Pradesh.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study using a telephone survey, with two-step stratified random sampling, was employed to acquire a sample of 441 respondents from Himachal Pradesh. Formal interviews were conducted using pretested, structured, self-administered questionnaires.

Results:
The mean age of respondents was 32.16 years (standard deviation = 12.77; range = 18–78 years). Maximum adherence was seen for wearing masks at 83% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.3%–86.3%), followed by maintenance of respiratory hygiene at 72.3% (95% CI 68%–78.4%). Nearly 42.2% (95% CI 37.6%–47.8%) conformed to social distancing norms. We observed minimum adherence for handwashing practices of 12.9% (95% CI 10%–16.3.0%). On bivariate analyses, except for perceived severity, all HBM constructs were significantly associated with CAB. However, after adjusting for gender, age, education, area of residence, and reduced income in multivariate analysis, perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, and exposure to cues to action remained significant predictors of CAB.

Conclusions:
The study highlights the empirical evidence of the application of HBM constructs to enhance behavioral adherence to COVID-19 precautionary measures.
Exploration of Barriers and Possible Solutions for Nonutilization of Facility-based Integrated Counseling and Testing Center Using the Delphi Technique
Authors: Mohan Reenaa , Surendran Pravin , Rajalakshmi M. , Ganapathy Kalaiselvan 
Published: July 2024

Background:
A major group of the population, especially antenatal checkup (ANC) mothers and their spouses, people admitted for surgery, and people attending STI clinics, are reluctant to pretest counseling.

Objectives:
This study has been taken up to explore the barriers and possible solutions to improve the utilization of Facility based integrated counseling and testing center (F-ICTC) counseling services.

Materials and Methods:
Phase 1: In-depth interview and ranking with stakeholders from the F-ICTC center (n = 13) were conducted to identify the barriers to utilization of F-ICTC and solution for the same. Phase 2:

A
Delphi panel with experts (n = 17) was invited through mail to find out the potential solution to improve the utilization of F-ICTC counseling services.

Results:
Possible barriers from the stakeholders’ perspectives were fear of the disease, violate the privacy, unacceptance, gender bias, fear of social stigma and discrimination, and neglect attached to the disease. At third round of Delphi experts had arrived at a consensus regarding of following possible potential solutions: 1. Those who refuse pretest counseling they should be asked to answer a set of questions(which are usually told during counseling), only those questions not answered correctly by them can be corrected, 2.conducive hospital environment, 3.zero discrimination policy, 4. group counseling for ANC mothers and patients in waiting area of the hospital,5. phone counseling for unwilling patients and relocation of testing center and health education camping.

Conclusion:
Context-specific proactive evidence-based intervention will help in improving the proper utilization of the F-ICTC center.
Cancer Burden in India: A Statistical Analysis on Incidence Rates
Authors: Shafi Lubna , Iqbal Pervaiz , Khaliq Rubeena 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Cancer incidence rates are rising at an alarming rate in India and are expected to rise by 12% in the next 5 years. Hence, a thorough knowledge of the existing scope of the cancer problem is required to provide an approach for analyzing and regulating the impact of cancer across the country.

Objectives:
This study aimed to determine whether the cancer incidence rates of all the states and union territories across the six geographical regions of India are statistically different from each other or not and also to identify the highly cancer-affected states.

Materials and Methods:
The data have been obtained from the website www.indiastat.com from 2009 to 2020. The one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s test and t-test, is used for the statistical evaluation.

Results:
The multiple comparison tests revealed that the difference between the cancer incidence rates is significant in all the states and union territories in every region of India. The highly affected states in the six geographical regions of India are Uttar Pradesh (UP), Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. The most highly affected state among them is UP. These states contributed to nearly half of India’s cancer burden in 2020.

Conclusion:
This study offers significant information on the current status of cancer incidence rates in India for 12 years. As India is observing an increase in cancer incidence, therefore, additional efforts are required to strengthen cancer prevention and control strategies, particularly in India’s most cancer-affected states.
Electrophoresis of Amplicons is a Better Method to Understand the Performance of Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Screening the Presence of Escherichia coli in Water
Authors: Kaur Sumanpreet , Kumar Deepak , Chowdhary Sheemona , Bhattacharyya Rajasri , Banerjee Dibyajyoti 
Published: July 2024

Summary
LAMP assay is widely used for detecting pathogens. We observed that the conventional and gradient polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could not detect the extracted Escherichia coli DNA; real-time PCR was able to detect up to a certain limit (10−8 bacterial dilution). At the same time, the LAMP assay could detect the bacteria at a much lower concentration (10−14 dilution). The results of the LAMP assay were evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA binding dye (PicoGreen), but only gel electrophoresis gave reliable results. Therefore, we propose using electrophoresis-based amplicon detection to overcome the limitations of dye-based detection. We believe that this amplicon detection will go a long way in the screening of potable drinking water.
Growth and Puberty Attainment of Girls with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Devi Ningthoujam AnilBala , Kaur Harvinder , Suri Deepti , Bhalla Anil K. 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Pattern of physical growth and pubertal changes among 59 girls, aged 8–15 years, diagnosed as cases of HIV on anti-retroviral therapy was cross-sectionally studied. Besides, measurement of body weight, height, and body mass index, breast development stage, presence or absence of pubic and axillary hair, and age of attainment of menarche were also noted in these subjects in the growth clinic of the department. With the advancement of age, the weight and height of HIV girls increased; however, they were lighter and shorter compared to their normal peers. 15.3% of HIV girls were short-statured and underweight. None of the study participants were found to be overweight or obese. 40.7% of HIV girls had attained menarche (mean age: 12.58 ± 1.349 years). The appearance of pubic (13.45 ± 1.64 years) and axillary hair (13.73 ± 1.41 years) occurred around 1 year later. The delayed physical growth and puberty attainment of HIV girls than their normal counterparts may be due to the influence of the disease.
Determinants of Good Glycemic Control among Individuals of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Seeking Treatment at a Rural Health-care Facility in Goa – A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kankonkar N. Prajoth , Dsouza B. Delia , Kankonker N. Manisha , Vadivel Dineshrajan 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Good glycemic control is the aim of managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which is crucial for the prevention of long-term complications in individuals with T2DM. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with good glycemic control in individuals with T2DM following up at a rural health-care facility (HCF) in Goa. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 individuals with T2DM who regularly followed up at a rural HCF in Goa. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. It was found that the participants belonging to the 60–89 years of age group and those on mono/dual oral therapy were more likely to have good glycemic control. Participants’ glycated hemoglobin A1c decreased by 0.083% for every year of increase in age and increased by 0.044% for every centimeter increase in abdominal girth.
Essential Public Health Functions of Public Health Personnel in Subdistrict Health-promoting Hospitals, Thailand
Authors: Yodkong Wonpen , Wongsawat Pramote 
Published: July 2024

Background:
In Thailand, public health service roles have been defined by the Ministry of Public Health, while essential public health functions (EPHFs) were not assigned as necessity health-care service activities responding to the missions of primary care units.

Objectives:
The aims were to determine the EPHFs and compare the necessity of performance and the actual performance according to the EPHFs of public health personnel in the subdistrict health-promoting hospitals (SHPHs).

Materials and Methods:
The exploratory sequential design of mixed methods was employed. The first phase consisted of three methods: a focus group discussion, a nominal group technique, and a cross-sectional survey used to determine the EPHFs. The second phase was to compare the necessity of performance and the actual performance according to the EPHFs of the personnel using a cross-sectional survey. The 285 SHPH directors in the second health region as samples were selected by random clusters.

Results:
The findings revealed that 14 EPHFs and the necessity of performance average were higher than the actual performance average in the 14 EPHFs and 212 indicators with significance at a level of 0.05. The means of health assessment and primary medical care (EPHF3) presented the smallest difference, whereas Thai traditional and alternative medicines (EPHF11) indicated the largest average difference.

Conclusions:
EPHFs would be applied for setting a framework of working scope as policies and EPHFs could be recommended for use as individual guidelines or organizational assessment manuals to develop organizations efficiently.
Comparison of Prevalence of Metabolic Disorders of Urban and Rural Adults of Punjab, India
Authors: Bakhetia Poonam , Bains Kiran , Cheema Sukhinder 
Published: July 2024

Summary
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana district, Punjab. A total of 1000 subjects aged 25–65 years were selected for screening. The study found that both urban and rural areas had an average body mass index above 23.0 kg/m2, with rural populations having higher waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist–hip ratios. Abdominal obesity was more prevalent in women in both areas. Rural men and women had higher fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure levels. MetS prevalence in urban areas is lower among men (7%) and women (10%) compared to rural areas (34% and 26%). The timely detection of metabolic disorder risk factors and intervention can effectively address MetS in the Indian population, thereby improving the country’s health statistics.
Assessment of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy and Incidence of Tuberculosis among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seeking Care in an Anti-retroviral Therapy Center, Puducherry
Authors: Kannusamy Sivaranjini , Sahu Swaroop Kumar , Udayashankar C. , Sarveswaran Gokul , Roy Gautam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
One in three deaths among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is due to Tuberculosis. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) was implemented in antiretroviral therapy (ART) center Puducherry in July 2017.

Objectives:
We have determined the proportion of PLHIV who were eligible, initiated, completed IPT and also the incidence of tuberculosis before and after implementation of IPT.

Materials and Methods:
It was a facility based longitudinal descriptive study. All PLHIV, aged 10 years and above, seeking care in ART Centers was included. The number of PLHIV eligible, initiated and completed IPT was summarized as proportion with 95% CI.

Results:
Among the registered PLHIV (999), the proportion of PLHIV those were found eligible for IPT was 93% [95% CI (91.24%-94.67%)] and initiated on IPT was 92% [95% CI (90.20%-93.95%)]. Completion rate of IPT was 96.3% [95% CI (94.59%-97.63%)].

Conclusion:
Initiation of IPT was relatively less among newly registered PLHIV as compared to older cohort of PLHIV.
Overview of Child Violence in the Family in Padang Indonesia
Authors: Neherta Meri , Fajria Lili , Mansur Arif Rohman 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
Violence against children within the family context is a global issue that has serious implications for children’s well-being. In Indonesia, like the tip of an iceberg, this violence is often underreported. However, this issue is prevalent in many countries worldwide. It is estimated that up to 1 billion children aged 2–17 years experienced physical, sexual, and emotional violence in the past year. Most of this violence occurs within the family, and this trend is also apparent in Indonesia.

Objectives:
This research aims to describe the types, forms, and perpetrators of violence against children in Padang, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods:
This study utilizes a descriptive design with a population of elementary school-age children in Padang City. The population consists of 16,747 individuals, with a margin of error of 3%. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in a sample of approximately 1000 individuals. Data were collected from October to December 2022 through two types of questionnaires, one describing respondent demographics and the other containing questions about the forms of violence perpetrated by parents. Data collection was facilitated by enumerators from elementary school teachers who had undergone training.

Results:
The study involved 1200 participants, with 1000 providing complete data. The results showed that 95.1% of children had experienced violence within the family, including physical violence (94.60%), psychological violence (95.10%), sexual violence (22.10%), and social violence (31.60%). Mothers were the most common perpetrators (80%), followed by fathers (61.3%), grandfathers (14.8%), brothers (35.4%), and uncles (13.1%).

Conclusion:
This research underscores the alarming prevalence of violence against children within the family context in Padang. Addressing and preventing violence against children should be a priority to protect their rights and create a safe environment for their development.
Behavioral Interventions in Hypertension: A Lifestyle Medicine Approach
Authors: Wani Rabbanie Tariq , Khader Khalid , Udawat Priyanka 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is a major global health concern. Lifestyle interventions have emerged as effective nonpharmacological approaches for managing hypertension. The role of lifestyle interventions in hypertension, including dietary modifications, physical activity, weight management, stress reduction, and alcohol and tobacco cessation, is enormous and is pivotal in the reduction of the burden of noncommunicable diseases including hypertension.
Discourse on Diabetes Mellitus in the Indian Parliament: A Thematic Analysis of Questions Posed in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha between 1999 and 2019
Authors: Devani Jainil , Chavda Paragkumar , Mohapatra Archisman 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
Analysis of discourse on diabetes mellitus in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha could give insight on the priority attention of policy-makers.

Objective:
Our aim was to elicit trends in discourse on diabetes mellitus in the Indian Parliament that could have shaped and/or resulted from policy and programmatic action over the past two decades, by thematically analyzing the content of Indian parliamentary questions posed to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India on diabetes mellitus during 1999–2019.

Methods:
This descriptive study sourced the records of Parliamentary questions from the websites of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha during the period of 13th to 16th Lok Sabha (November 1999 to February 2019). Using the keyword, “Diabet,” we sampled relevant questions posed to/by MOHFW in this study including their text and other relevant information and used a combination of content as well as thematic analyses approaches to synthesize and interpret the results.

Results:
We derived a total of 232 question bundles featuring 930 questions. The frequency of questions on diabetes saw an increasing trend over the two decades. Four themes emerged: epidemiology and surveillance, population health programs, policy initiatives, and Research and Development (R and D). Questions posed in the latter years were more specific and solution-oriented unlike the initial years when these were rather broad-based and problem enumerative in nature. Within these themes, parliamentarians focused on the diabetes burden in the community, need for raising awareness, expanding testing facilities, strengthening drug regulation, and improving treatment affordability. There were fewer questions in R and D, rehabilitation, and integration of services themes.

Conclusion:
Trends in the questions posed in both the Houses of the Indian Parliament indicate India’s increasing attention to diabetes mellitus in its legislative discourse. However, the number of questions on diabetes taken up in the Parliament is too low to infer on consistent trends in their impact on programmatic and policy action.
Review of Primary Care Treatment Protocols for Hypertension in Various States of India
Authors: Subramanian Muthathal , Kamble Bhushan Dattatray , Panda Meely , Kundapur Rashmi , Kona Chandralekha 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Over the past few decades, hypertension (HTN) has affected both young and old people. The public health problem has an enormous economic impact on societies as well. The present review aimed to understand and compare the differences from the available literature on HTN treatment at the primary care level in various states and at the national level in India. We reviewed the latest international, national, and state guidelines/protocols available for the treatment of HTN. In addition, we also searched the PubMed database with relevant Medical Subject Headings terms and included the articles published in the last 5 years. A total of 204 articles were screened and finally, eligible 5 articles were included in the review. International guidelines preferred thiazide diuretics as a drug of choice. While the state protocols and national guidelines preferred calcium channel blockers, followed by angiotensin receptor blockers as the drug of choice. All these guidelines focused on low-dose monotherapy. These guidelines also summarized additional drugs required in case of comorbid conditions. However, the new Essential Medicine List published by the World Health Organization prefers low-dose fixed-drug combination (two-drug regimen) at the primary care level for treatment of HTN. There was not much cost difference between monotherapy and fixed-drug regimens based on the published studies. With due rise in HTN cases, the standardized protocol is ubiquitously needed for better application, comparison, and streamline of the program. Fixed-drug combination therapy can be considered for better control rates among hypertensives by improving adherence and efficacy.
Developing and Validating Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Dietary Vitamin D Intake among Adults in Indian Population
Authors: Priyadharshini M. Annie Monica , Gayathri G. , Mahadevan Shriraam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to create and validate a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the assessment of Vitamin D intake among adults in Indian population. A quantitative FFQ was developed consisting of Vitamin D dietary-rich sources selected from IFCT, 2017. Further, the FFQ was validated against 24-h dietary recall from randomly selected 385 adults, both men and women above 25 years of age. The mean dietary Vitamin D intake estimated using quantitative FFQ was 402.61 ± 101.21 IU/day and that from 24-h dietary recall was 392.83 ± 120.86 IU/day. The coefficient of correlation between these two methods was 0.86 (P < 0.001) suggestive of high correlation between the two dietary assessment tools. This indicates that Vitamin D intake from FFQ and 24-h recall was similar. This efficient FFQ can assess adult Vitamin D intake in epidemiological studies, offering convenience, and ease of evaluation.