bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of tropospheric ozone variability over an urban site in Southeast Asia: A study based on MOZAIC and MOZART vertical profiles
Authors: Sahu L. K. , Sheel Varun , Kajino M. , Gunthe Sachin S. , Thouret Valérie , Nedelec P. , Smit Herman G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In‐Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) profiles of O3 and CO were analyzed to study their variation in the troposphere over Bangkok. Mixing ratios of O3 and CO were enhanced in planetary boundary layer (PBL) being highest in winter followed by summer and wet seasons. The daytime profiles of O3 show higher values compared to nighttime observations in PBL region, but little differences were observed in the free troposphere. The decreasing mixing ratios of O3 in the lower and upper troposphere were associated with shallow and deep convections, respectively. Back trajectory and fire count data indicate that the seasonal variations in trace gases were caused mainly by the regional shift in long‐range transport and biomass‐burning patterns. In wet season, flow of oceanic air and negligible presence of local biomass burning resulted in lowest O3 and CO, while their high levels in dry season were due to extensive biomass burning and transport of continental air masses. The Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) underestimated both O3 and CO in the PBL region but overestimated these in the free troposphere. Simulations of O3 and CO also show the daytime/nighttime differences but do not capture several key features observed in the vertical distributions. The observed and simulated values of O3 and CO during September–November 2006 were significantly higher than the same period of 2005. The year‐to‐year differences were mainly due to El Niño‐led extensive fires in Indonesia during 2006 but normal condition during 2005.
The psychological structure of aggression across cultures
Authors: Severance Laura , Bui‐Wrzosinska Lan , Gelfand Michele J. , Lyons Sarah , Nowak Andrzej , Borkowski Wojciech , Soomro Nazar , Soomro Naureen , Rafaeli Anat , Efrat Treister Dorit , Lin Chun‐Chi , Yamaguchi Susumu 
Published: July 2013

SummaryTo date, the vast majority of the research on aggression has been conducted on Western samples. This research expands the culture‐bound understanding of aggression by examining universal and culture‐specific dimensions that underlie the psychological structure of aggression. Drawing on cultural logics of honor, dignity, and face, we examine the construal of aggression across Pakistan, Israel, Japan, and the United States. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed potentially universal dimensions of aggression. In all four nations, dimensions of damage to self‐worth and direct versus indirect aggression emerged, and a physical versus verbal aggression emerged in Pakistan, Israel, and Japan. In addition, an infringement to personal resources dimension emerged in the United States and Israel, and a degree of threat dimension emerged in Pakistan. Further, results demonstrated cultural specificity in terms of (i) where aggressive behaviors fell along each dimension and (ii) meanings that defined each dimension across cultures. These findings have implications for the prevention and attenuation of intercultural conflicts as well as the advancement of the cross‐cultural psychology and the aggression literatures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive effects of levels of individualism–collectivism on cooperation: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Marcus Justin , Le Huy 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWe examined the interactive effects of levels of individualism–collectivism (I–C) on cooperation at work by meta‐analytically combining results obtained from 201 studies, representing 225 independent samples. I–C was operationalized at the individual, organizational, and societal levels of analyses. Cooperation was conceptualized at both individual and group levels of analysis. Both cooperative behavior and performance were included as outcomes. The correlation between individual‐level I–C and cooperation/performance was stronger in collectivistic as opposed to individualistic societies. Similarly, the correlation between organizational‐level I–C and cooperation was stronger in collectivistic societies. Results also indicated that individual‐level and organizational‐level I–C, but not societal‐level I–C, were moderately related to study outcomes. Examination of other potential moderators indicated that neither study setting, I–C dimensionality, nor performance measurement type (objective vs subjective measures) altered these relations. However, a conceptual match between I–C and cooperation was a moderator such that effect sizes were generally larger when I–C and outcomes were both measured at the same level of analysis. Overall, our results indicate that I–C is both theoretically and empirically distinct across the various levels of analyses and that it may be a better predictor of outcomes in collectivistic as opposed to individualistic societies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal presence in hair after metal‐on‐metal resurfacing arthroplasty
Authors: Rodríguez de la Flor María , Hernández‐Vaquero Daniel , Fernández‐Carreira José Manuel 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe elevation of metal levels in serum and urine during post‐operative follow‐up is a frequent find following the implantation of certain models of metal‐on‐metal hip prostheses. Among 45 patients with the same resurfacing prostheses, chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) levels in serum and urine were determined at 3, 4, 5, and 6 years after surgery. In the same period, levels of Cr, Co and molibdene (Mo) in scalp hair were also measured. Mean Cr and Co levels in serum were 8.29 µg/L (SD 17.97) and 8.38 µg/L (SD 21.97), respectively, whereas in urine levels were 16.20 µg/L (SD SD 32.55) and 75.40 µg/L (SD 190.86), respectively. In hair, mean Cr level were 163.27 µg/g (SD 300.62), mean Co level 61.98 µg/g (SD 126.48), and Mo 31.36 µg/g (SD 37.86). A high concordance was observed between chromium‐urine and chromium‐serum and between cobalt‐urine and cobalt‐hair. A moderate concordance was present between cobalt‐urine and cobalt‐serum, and between cobalt‐hair and cobalt‐serum. Eleven patients required revision surgery, five of them due to metallosis and periarticular cyst. At 1 year after reintervention, analytics were performed again and the following decrease rates were found: 42.8% in Cr levels, 51.1% in Mo levels, and 90.3% in Co levels. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:2025–2031, 2013
Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients and fermentability of dietary fiber in eight cereal grains fed to pigs
Authors: Cervantes‐Pahm Sarah K , Liu Yanhong , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDCereal grains provide a large portion of caloric intake in diets for humans, but not all cereal grains provide the same amount of energy. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine and compare the metabolizable energy (ME), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients in eight cereal grains when fed to pigs.RESULTSRice had greater (P < 0.05) AID of GE than other cereal grains, greater (P < 0.05) AID of starch than yellow dent corn, dehulled barley, rye, and wheat, and greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE than yellow dent corn, rye, sorghum, and wheat. Dehulled barley, rye, and sorghum had less (P < 0.05) AID of starch than other cereal grains. Dehulled barley had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE than rye. Dehulled oats had the greatest (P < 0.05) ME compared with other cereal grains, whereas rye had the least (P < 0.05) ME.CONCLUSIONDehulled oats provide more energy to diets and should be used if the goal is to increase caloric intake. In contrast, sorghum and rye may be more suitable to control diabetes and manage body weight of humans. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzyme‐assisted extraction of cactus bioactive molecules under high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Kim Jae Hwan , Park Yooheon , Yu Kwang Won , Imm Jee‐Young , Suh Hyung Joo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo improve the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from cactus, the present study investigated the effect of polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes [Rapidase–Viscozyme mixture, 1/3 (v/v)] treatment under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP).RESULTSThe dry weight of the extract increased with the use of increasing pressure regardless of enzyme treatment. However, the polyphenol content showed a tendency to decrease with the increase in pressure in the cactus extract with or without enzyme treatment. The enzyme‐assisted extraction resulted in an increase of dry weight and polyphenol content in the cactus extract. The total sugar and reducing sugar contents of the cactus extract increased with increasing pressure in enzyme‐assisted extraction. The uronic acid content of the cactus extract showed a pattern similar to that of the reducing sugars. The enzyme‐assisted extraction also increased the contents of taxifolin, quercetin and isorhametin. The cactus extract obtained through enzyme‐assisted extraction showed intense scavenging activity of both DPPH and ABTS radicals. The crude polysaccharides isolated from the extract (51.2% at 1000 µg mL−1 for HHP extraction at 300 MPa) had higher anti‐complementary activity than the others except for lipopolysaccharide (60.00% at 1000 µg mL−1). HHP extraction and enzyme‐assisted extraction using HHP showed an increase of anti‐complementary activity compared with the heat and enzyme controls, respectively.CONCLUSIONOverall, the use of HHP in enzyme‐assisted extraction resulted in more efficient extraction than the use of enzyme treatment alone. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Bridge‐Splitting Reactions of Platinum(II) Complexes with Parametalated Pyridine Spacer Groups: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Ongoma Peter O. , Jaganyi Deogratius 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSubstitution reactions of three dinuclear Pt(II) complexes connected by a pyridine‐bridging ligand of variable length, namely [ cis‐{PtOH2(NH3)2}2–μ–L]4+, where L = 4,4′‐bis(pyridine)sulfide (Pt1), 4,4′‐bis(pyridine)disulfide (Pt2), and 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane (Pt3) with S‐donor nucleophiles (thiourea, 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐thiourea, and 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐2‐thiourea) and anionic nucleophiles (SCN−, I−, and Br−) were investigated. The substitutions were followed under pseudo–first‐order conditions as a function of the nucleophile concentration and temperature, using stopped‐flow and UV–visible spectrophotometric methods. The observed pKavalues were, respectively,Pt1(pKa1: 4.86; pKa2: 5.53),Pt2(pKa1: 5.19; pKa2: 6.42), andPt3(pKa1: 5.04; pKa2: 5.45). The second‐order rate constants for the lability of aqua ligands in the first step decreased in the orderPt2>Pt3>Pt1, whereas for the second step it isPt1>Pt2>Pt3. The obtained results indicate that introduction of a spacer atom(s) on the structure of the bridging ligand influences the substitution reactivity as well as acidity of the investigated dinuclear Pt(II) complexes. Also nonplanarity of the bridging ligand ofPt1complex significantly slows down the rate of substitution due to steric hindrance, whereas release of the strain enhances the dissociation of the bridging ligand. The release of the bridging ligand in the second step was confirmed by the1H NMR ofPt1‐Clwith thiourea in DMF‐d7. The temperature dependence of the second–order rate constants and the negative values of entropies of activation (ΔS#) support an associative mode of the substitution mechanism.
In Situ Monitoring of the Reaction‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Phenolic Resin Templated by Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Li Jheng‐Guang , Chu Wei‐Cheng , Jeng U.‐Ser , Kuo Shiao‐Wei 
Published: July 2013

In this study, in situ small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to monitor the formation of ordered mesophases in cured mixtures of phenolic resin and the diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐ε‐caprolactone) (PEO‐b‐PCL). SAXS and TEM analyses reveal that the mesophase of the phenolic/PEO‐b‐PCL mixture transforms sequentially from disordered to short‐range‐ordered to hexagonal‐cylindrical to gyroidal during the curing process when using hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a cross‐linking agent, indicating that a mechanism involving reaction‐induced microphase separation controls the self‐assembly of the phenolic resin. In situ SAXS is also used to observe the fabrication of mesoporous phenolic resins during subsequent calcination processes.
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Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorinated Cyclic and Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates
Authors: Baszczyňski Ondřej , Janeba Zlatko 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe fluorine atom plays an important role in medicinal chemistry because fluorine substitution has a strong impact on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of bioactive compounds. Such fluorine modifications have also been extensively studied among the pharmaceutically important class of nucleoside phosphonates, nucleotide analogues in which the phosphate group is replaced by the enzymatically and chemically stable phosphonate moiety. The fluorinated nucleoside phosphonates abound with antiviral, antiparasitic, and anticancer properties because they are able to act as inhibitors of important enzymes of nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism. In this paper, we review the biological properties of cyclic and acyclic nucleoside phosphonates modified by the attachment of one or more fluorine atoms to various parts of the molecule, namely to nucleobases, alkylphosphonate groups, cyclic or acyclic linkers, or to prodrug moieties.
Self‐organizing femtocell offloading at the flow level
Authors: Akbarzadeh Sara , Combes Richard , Altman Zwi 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYFemtocell technology is expected to be fully self‐managed, empowered by self‐organizing network functionalities. This paper proposes a solution for self‐optimized offloading of macrocell traffic towards open/hybrid‐access femtocells. A heterogeneous network comprising macro‐ and femtocells is modeled as parallel queues. The coverage area of the femtocells is self‐optimized by dynamically adapting their pilot powers. A simple update equation for the pilot power is given and its convergence is studied using stochastic approximation techniques. The algorithm balances the load among the cells to improve network capacity. Simulation results illustrate the important performance gains brought about by the proposed scheme, using a dynamic network simulator. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proper orthogonal decomposition‐based model order reduction via radial basis functions for molecular dynamics systems
Authors: Lee Chung‐Hao , Chen Jiun‐Shyan 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYModel order reduction for molecular dynamics (MD) systems exhibits intrinsic complexities because of the highly nonlinear and nonlocal multi‐atomic interactions in high dimensions. In the present work, we introduce a proper orthogonal decomposition‐based method in conjunction with the radial basis function (RBF) approximation of the nonlinear and nonlocal potential energies and inter‐atomic forces for MD systems. This approach avoids coordinate transformation between the physical and reduced‐order coordinates, and allows the potentials and inter‐atomic forces to be calculated directly in the reduced‐order space. The RBF‐approximated potential energies and inter‐atomic forces in the reduced‐order space are discretized on the basis of the Smolyak sparse grid algorithm to further enhance the effectiveness of the proposed method. The good approximation properties of RBFs in interpolating scattered data make them ideal candidates for the reduced‐order approximation of MD inter‐atomic force calculations. The proposed approach is validated by performing the reduced‐order simulations of DNA molecules under various external loadings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the relevance of local conformational stability and dynamics to the aggregation propensity of an IgG1 and IgG2 monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Thakkar Santosh V. , Sahni Neha , Joshi Sangeeta B. , Kerwin Bruce A. , He Feng , Volkin David B. , Middaugh C. Russell 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAggregation of monoclonal antibodies is often a multi‐step process involving structural alterations in monomeric proteins and subsequent formation of soluble or insoluble oligomers. The role of local conformational stability and dynamics of native and/or partially altered structures in determining the aggregation propensity of monoclonal antibodies, however, is not well understood. Here, we investigate the role of conformational stability and dynamics of regions with distinct solvent exposure in determining the aggregation propensity of an IgG1 and IgG2 monoclonal antibody. The temperatures employed span the pre‐unfolding range (10–40°C) and the onset temperatures (Tonset) for exposure of apolar residues (∼50°C), alterations in secondary structures (∼60°C) and initiation of visible aggregate formation (∼60°C). Solvent‐exposed regions were found to precede solvent‐shielded regions in an initiation of aggregation for both proteins. Such a process was observed upon alterations in overall tertiary structure while retaining the secondary structures in both the proteins. In addition, a greater dynamic nature of solvent‐shielded regions in potential intermediates of IgG1 and the improved conformational stability increased its resistance to aggregation when compared to IgG2. These results suggest that local conformational stability and fluctuations of partially altered structures can influence the aggregation propensity of immunoglobulins.
Electrical Biomolecule Detection Using Nanopatterned Silicon via Block Copolymer Lithography
Authors: Jeong Chang Kyu , Jin Hyeong Min , Ahn Jae‐Hyuk , Park Tae Jung , Yoo Hyeon Gyun , Koo Min , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Kim Sang Ouk , Lee Keon Jae 
Published: July 2013

An electrical biosensor exploiting a nanostructured semiconductor is a promising technology for the highly sensitive, label‐free detection of biomolecules via a straightforward electronic signal. The facile and scalable production of a nanopatterned electrical silicon biosensor by block copolymer (BCP) nano­lithography is reported. A cost‐effective and large‐area nanofabrication, based on BCP self‐assembly and single‐step dry etching, is developed for the hexagonal nanohole patterning of thin silicon films. The resultant nanopatterned electrical channel modified with biotin molecules successfully detects the two proteins, streptavidin and avidin, down to nanoscale molarities (≈1 nm). The nanoscale pattern comparable to the Debye screening length and the large surface area of the three‐dimensional silicon nanochannel enable excellent sensitivity and stability. A device simulation confirms that the nanopatterned structure used in this work is effective for biomolecule detection. This approach relying on the scalable self‐assembly principle offers a high‐throughput manufacturing process for clinical lab‐on‐a‐chip diagnoses and relevant biomolecular studies.
Composite Pellets – A Potential Raw Material for Iron‐Making
Authors: Ahmed Hesham M. , Viswanathan Nurni , Bjorkman Bo 
Published: July 2013

Coke constitutes the major portion of iron‐making cost and its production causes severe environmental concerns. In addition, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emission and waste recycling are driving the Iron and steel making industry to develop “coke free, zero waste or green processes”. In the present article, an overview of possible ways to recognize a reasonable improvement in iron and steel making industry is summarized. The present discussion is focusing on the following approaches:

Replacing expensive coke with relatively less expensive alternate fuels having carbon as well as significant amount of hydrogen such as coal, waste plastic and biomass materials.
Producing agglomerates from cheaper raw materials (secondary resources) as well as improving their performance in BF.
Making the process towards higher carbon utilization by shifting the wustite equilibrium towards lower CO/CO2 ratio by using high reactive coke or catalytic activated one.
Recycling the unused CO in the top gas by removing CO2 from the gas stream.
Much attention has been paid to carbon composite agglomerates (CCA) as a promising raw material for future iron making. Production, mechanical and chemical suitability, reduction behavior, etc. are being elaborated. In addition, other possible ways to utilize CCA in alternate iron‐making process has been explored.
Numerical, Physical, and Industrial Experiments of Liquid Steel Mixture in One Strand Slab Tundish with Flow Control Devices
Authors: Cwudziński Adam 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe paper presents investigation results related to a tundish furnished with a flow control devices (FCD). The facility under investigation is a one‐strand tundish used for casting concast slabs. To evaluate the influence of FCDs on the pattern of liquid steel flow, an industrial and a laboratory experiments (physical and numerical simulation) were carried out. In collaboration with Vesuvius, a refractory materials manufacturer, and the ISD Czestochowa Steelworks Ltd., pilot industrial tests were carried out. Based on data acquired from the industry, a glass tundish model on a scale of 1:2.5 was made. A tundish in the form of virtual models was prepared for numerical simulations using the Gambit 2.4 software program. Commercial software Ansys‐Fluent® was used for solving the mathematical model of the liquid steel flow. From the industrial and laboratory experiments, results were obtained, which provided a basis for plotting curves describing the steel mixing process in the tundish. In addition, the computer simulations provided also a valuable source of information about the flow directions, flow intensity and temperature of the liquid steel, represented in the form of maps.
Effectiveness and efficiency of support schemes for electricity from renewable energy sources
Authors: Ragwitz Mario , Steinhilber Simone 
Published: July 2013

A variety of support schemes for renewable energy sources in the electricity sector (RES‐E) are currently being implemented in EU member states. The main tools used for this purpose are either price‐based policy instruments such as feed‐in tariffs or premiums, or quantity‐based instruments such as quota systems using tradable green certificates. Much work has been devoted to the motivation for and evaluation of these instruments, mostly in the form of country/local case studies, model simulations, or econometric modeling. The main drivers behind these policies are addressing the externalities of the environmentally harmful emissions of electricity generation and stimulating technological innovation. Two frequently used evaluation criteria for support schemes and instruments are their effectiveness and economic efficiency. We find that those support schemes, which are most effective in stimulating the growth of RES‐E generation, are typically economically efficient as well. Generally, it can be concluded that support schemes, which are technology specific, and those that avoid unnecessary risks in project revenues, are more effective and efficient than technology‐neutral support schemes, or schemes with higher revenue risk. The most recent quantitative assessment shows that some convergence can now be observed between schemes applying price‐ and quantity‐based instruments. With respect to policy effectiveness, quota schemes show improvements. Regarding efficiency, the situation is still very heterogeneous, and remuneration levels in many EU member states are still substantially higher than generation costs.This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment
Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy