bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Context
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Part I (chapters 1–3) examines three contexts that significantly shape the modern discussion on Islam and human rights. First, it discusses the contemporary context in which Muslims articulate their views on human rights. Second, it considers the historical context of the current debate and traces it back to the late nineteenth century. Third, it discusses the theological context of the debate and analyzes the different conceptions of Islamic law that emerge within it.
Conclusion
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The conclusion serves as a reflective platform, delving into the theoretical underpinnings and policy ramifications elucidated throughout the study. It contemplates potential pathways for further research, exploring uncharted territories ripe for scholarly inquiry. Additionally, it casts a discerning eye towards the future, envisioning emerging trends in authoritarian foreign policy propaganda. By synthesizing key findings and extrapolating their broader significance, this chapter encapsulates the essence of the study, offering valuable insights for both academic discourse and practical policymaking endeavors. Through its comprehensive analysis and forward-thinking perspective, it contributes to the ongoing dialogue surrounding authoritarian regimes' strategies in the realm of international relations.
Adolf Hitler
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Adolf Hitler became the supreme leader of Germany and used his power to start World War II, the most destructive war in European history, one that Germany eventually lost. He led the Nazi Party that came to power legally in 1933, with Hitler named German chancellor following a national election. He proceeded to crush all opposition and assumed complete control upon President von Hindenburg’s death shortly thereafter. This paved the way for him to conduct an aggressive foreign policy that led, in 1939, to the outbreak of World War II. His policy of anti-Semitism led to the murder of 6 million of Europe’s Jews during the war. While Germany was at first militarily successful, its fortunes changed when Hitler decided to invade the Soviet Union in June 1941 and declared war against the United States in December of the same year. In bitter, destructive fighting, the alliance of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain ultimately defeated and occupied Germany in 1945. Just before the war’s end, Hitler committed suicide.
Before the Next Flood
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes lessons from the response to the floods in Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months. Lessons are drawn from three broad areas: (1) conflicts over the flood modeling and other forms of expert knowledge brought to bear on the case, which failed to stabilize knowledge and create public authority for contentious decisions; (2) the challenges of conducting a participatory dialogue that engaged the full range of stakeholders, allowed for deliberative dialogue, and managed conflicts; and (3) the difficulty of reconciling the different meanings that residents attached to the town’s history, and the tendency of actors beyond the watershed to instrumentalize the flood response for other purposes.
Multinomial data
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses multinomial data where, in contrast to binomial data, observations can take more than two possible values. A single sample, but also two or more samples are considered. The observed data can be summarized in contingency tables. Different contingency tables are discussed depending on whether levels are ordered or unordered. The classical chi2 test, its exact version, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, and tests for trend and goodness of fit are introduced. To be precise, trend tests according to Chacko and Jonckheere-Terpstra are discussed. Confidence intervals and power calculations are also included. Example data and R code are given.
Fluency
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 delves into fluency and its related components and distinguishes between signed and spoken fluency in the context of reading. Fluency definitions are addressed, including sentence parsing, memory processing, prosody, and fluency development. Evidence-based strategies for teaching fluency are presented, such as explicit instruction, reading by meaningful units, repeated readings, etc. Five case vignettes demonstrate how to address the following during literacy instruction: translanguaging, word calling, visualizing and verbalizing, and negation and directionality in signed languages. The Signed Reading Fluency Rubric is included for educator use when assessing reading fluency in a signed language.
A Lesson in Cross-Cultural Pastoral
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that Dante mirrored the selection of reading used in medieval language instruction by modeling some of Purgatorio’s central cantos (9–12, 28) on the Ecloga Theoduli. After reading, parsing, and memorizing the Disticha Catonis and Aesop, medieval pupils who advanced in the study of Latin grammar, often did so by reading the Ecloga Theoduli. My analysis shows that the Ecloga supplied a fitting precedent and model for Dante’s distinctive habit of placing episodes from Scripture side by side with ancient pagan myths, and for his representation of a river as the ultimate boundary that Virgil is not allowed to cross. The chapter goes on to argue that first in Paradiso 19 and then in his last work, the second Egloga to Giovanni del Virgilio, Dante obliquely criticizes the Ecloga Theoduli’s condemnation of ancient poetic wisdom.
Introduction
Authors: Poguntke Thomas , Hofmeister Wilhelm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter identifies a remarkable gap in the growing literature on the crisis of democracy and democratic backsliding, namely the discussion of the role of political parties in this process. While there is little doubt that parties play an essential role for modern democracy, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to possible failures of political parties or, likewise, to examples where parties have helped to augment democratic governance. Is it really true that parties are increasingly ‘ruling the void’, as the late Peter Mair famously wrote? Are they in danger of being sidelined by strong leaders? Or is technocracy waiting in the wings? The chapter formulates a number of research questions that guide the case studies dealing with countries around the globe.
Italian Parties and Party System(s)
Authors: Calossi Enrico , Pizzimenti Eugenio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Italian party system has traditionally been considered as an outlier in the specialized literature. In fact, one can speak of different party systems depending on the observation point in time. However, a number of recurring features can be pinpointed when focusing on the so-called Second Republic: the instability of the format and mechanics of the political competition; the over-production of political reforms concerning the electoral rules and the public funding regimes; and the weakness and fluidity of party organizations. The aim of this chapter is to identify the main trajectories followed by the evolution of Italian politics from 1994 to 2018: in particular, we focus on the volatile ‘rules of the game’ as well as on the organizational features and the interaction between the main actors of the party system. As the data show, both institutional and agent-related inadequacies have undermined the legitimization and reliability of Italian democracy, paving the way to technocratic solutions and to the rise of anti-establishment parties.
The Portuguese Party System
Authors: Lobo Marina Costa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses changes to the Portuguese party system, with a special focus on the last three post-eurozone crisis bailout elections, held in 2015, 2019, and 2022. It begins with a brief characterization of the party system as well as the main features that may have contributed to its relative stability, including the comparatively high levels of abstention and institutional features. The parties’ main organizational features are presented, namely a formal mass organization, a large financial dependence on the state, and leader-centric logics. While the number of effective parties has barely changed in the period, in part due to an unexpected absolute majority win for the Socialists in 2022, some change did occur. For the first time since democratization, the Socialist Party formed a coalition of parliamentary incidence with parties to its left, the Communists and the Left Block, which lasted from 2015 to 2022. In addition, from 2019 onwards the fragmentation of the right has taken hold, which includes the entry to parliament of an extreme-right party, Chega. The latter has quickly become the third-largest party in parliament. Thus, in the post-eurozone crisis period, the Portuguese party system is witnessing a slow transformation which approximates it to other EU party systems.
Taiwan
Authors: Tan Alexander C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Taiwan’s party system has significantly changed since 1949. It was a one-party state until liberalization began in 1987. By 1996, the Kuomintang (KMT) was the dominant party, with the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) serving as a competitive opposition party. In 2000, the DPP captured the presidency, but the KMT maintained legislative control until 2008 through the support of allied parties. Although smaller parties emerged, they struggled to gain significant voter support. From 2008, Taiwan remained a two-party system dominated by the KMT and the DPP. Since 2016, external events and the national identity cleavage further consolidated the dominance of the KMT and DPP. Smaller parties faced challenges in differentiating themselves and mobilizing voter support because of the restricted issue space. Taiwan’s electoral rules and executive design contribute to a two-party system, and while the national identity cleavage has shown some signs of shifting, the imbalance in party finance remains an internal threat to democracy.
Political Parties and Democracy in South Africa
Authors: Mattes Robert , Krönke Matthias , Lockwood Sarah 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nearly thirty years after the fall of apartheid, South African voters confront a party system that is still marked by the continued dominance of the governing African National Congress (ANC) and a field of small opposition parties, most of which still have their roots in the old regime or the struggle against it. Neither the ANC nor the opposition succeed in engaging large proportions of voters in election campaigns, and opposition parties generally fail to offer effective alternatives on the issues people care about most. Unsurprisingly, dissatisfied voters tend to exit the electorate rather than switch their vote, and voter turnout has declined by more than thirty percentage points over this period. Thus, South Africa’s parties have, collectively, weakened the country’s democratic experiment by failing to offer the country’s citizens a competitive electoral arena with effective choice.
Can the Parties be Helped?
Authors: Hofmeister Wilhelm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Political party assistance is part of the international cooperation to promote democracy. However, international party assistance has been repeatedly criticized as inefficient because it has not helped to strengthen parties in such a way that they really make an effective contribution to the consolidation of democracy. Even the problematic aspects of party development, such as internal conflicts and party splits, the lack of intra-party democracy, lack of programmatic sharpness, and mismanagement and corruption of party leaders, could not be prevented by party assistance. This chapter discusses fundamental and practical aspects of international cooperation with political parties, presents its instruments and the main sponsors, and describes the possibilities and limitations of party assistance. Based on his own experience, the author concludes by formulating recommendations on how international party cooperation can be made more coherent and efficient.
Labour Law and the Utopia of the Commons
Authors: Tomassetti Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the commons as a real utopia, contrasting their characteristics with the main justifications of labour law. Despite affinities being rooted in the common critique of the public-private divide, collaborative commons question the material premises and the main normative assumptions of labour law in both its individual and collective dimensions. Nonetheless, labour law scholars and the labour movement can learn a lot from the idea of justice in collaborative commons. Collaborative commons, and their grassroots normativity, are leading a renewed, more effective, and far more convincing twenty-first-century response to problems of labour and environmental justice; a response that retraces, under modern conditions, the early forms of solidarity that unions promoted at the onset of industrial capitalism.
The Codex Argenteus
Authors: Lock Charles , Snædal Magnus Hreinn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses aspects of the history of the Codex Argenteus. The manuscript is described and the main events of its history are traced, with emphasis on uncertainties concerning its whereabouts before 1669. The essay addresses a news report, from 1968, suggesting a possible link between this manuscript and England. The second part of the chapter centres on Franciscus Junius’s editio princeps of the Codex Argenteus, printed in Dordrecht in 1665, and on a copy of the 1684 reprint owned by an English scholar, F. D. Wackerbarth. Junius’s edition was based not only on the original but on two copies, one attributed to a scribe named ‘Derrer’, who is identified here as the English antiquarian Simonds D’Ewes. The chapter concludes that Junius’s edition of the Codex Argenteus, long recognized as a founding work of philological scholarship, should also be assessed as a significant contribution to the emerging discipline of palaeography.
Linearization of adnominal possessives in Gothic
Authors: Ratkus Artūras 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates Gothic evidence for the adnominal placement of possessive pronouns and genitive forms of personal pronouns. It takes as its basis the Majority (Byzantine) Text of the Greek New Testament, while comparing deviations from this with Alexandrian Greek, pre-Vulgate Latin, and Latin Vulgate readings. An analysis of all Gothic possessives in both the Bible and minor Gothic fragments shows that 98% match the linearization in the source texts. Among the 2% that do not are seventeen instances where the Gothic possessive is unattested in the source texts. Of these, as many as thirteen appear to the right of the noun, suggesting that this represented the neutral order of attributive possessives in Gothic. This evidence agrees with that of the Deed of Naples and the Bologna fragments. As a whole, however, the surface evidence of Gothic word order indicates that both prenominal and postnominal positioning of possessives were acceptable.
Open doors for “brothers and sisters” in faith
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Turkey hosts the largest number of Syrian refugees in the world. Chapter 4 argues that at the heart of President Erdoğan’s and his governing Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) open-door policy lies an identity construction of Turkey, drawing on its Ottoman past and Islamic heritage. This framing blurs the current borders of the Turkish nation-state and includes Syrians as “brothers and sisters” in faith and former subjects of the Ottomans in defining the “we.” The government’s framing is contested by the opposition parties represented in the Grand National Assembly. For example, the Kemalist Republican People’s Party (CHP) rejects Erdoğan’s neo-Ottoman identity politics. It defines Turkish identity in terms of the modern Turkish nation-state of 1923 and believes the state should primarily provide for the welfare of its own citizens. Against this background, Syrian refugees are interpreted as an economic and cultural burden, as well as a security risk.
Recognition of States in International Law
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although the recognition of States is a common occurrence in international relations and still retains a central position in discussions of international law, its nature and legal effects remain controversial well into the twenty-first century. Regardless of whether recognition is said to play a fundamental role in the creation of statehood or is denied any legal value at all, debates surrounding any case where statehood is disputed will sooner or later turn to the matter of recognition, or lack thereof, by other States. This book challenges the widespread view of statehood as an absolute or empirical fact and of recognition as merely declaratory in the creation of States as the primary and original persons of international law. Drawing upon a comparative analysis of contested States ranging from Palestine and Kosovo to Somaliland and Eastern Ukraine, it builds a normative theory of recognition that sets out the legal value and effects of this act in various situations, distinguishing between cases where statehood may be inferred from applicable rules of international law, those where it could only be explained by recognition, and those where the establishment of a State is prevented by international legal norms. In addition to discussing a range of issues related to recognition, this work provides an up-to-date overview of the most important international and domestic case-law and practice and includes reflections on various cases of contested statehood around the world.
Introduction
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 reflects on the persistent importance of the recognition of States in international law and international relations. It recalls the Great Debate between adherents of the constitutive and declaratory schools of thought on recognition and introduces the concept of opposability to ascertain the existence of statehood as a legal fact. The chapter explains the underlying logic of the book, which rejects the notion of statehood as an absolute category and recasts it in light of bilateral legal relations between States. It also provides an overview of the structure of the book and its methodology, describing the reasoning behind analysing recognition as an act–object–effects triptych.
Advancing Human Rights, Capabilities, and Non-Domination at Work
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When considering the justification of labour law, it is typically said that there is inequality of bargaining power at work, as it is the employer who owns the means of production and this creates dependency of the workers making them vulnerable. As a result, there is a relation of submission and subordination, which can lead to injustice. This chapter focuses on three justifications for labour intervention, which have been influential in academic literature, that involve dignity and freedom, rather than distributive justice, and have been employed to justify the law of work: the capabilities approach, the idea of non-domination, and the concept of human rights. It argues that each of these frameworks provide insights which can support legal regulation and promote justice at work. However, to be fit for purpose they must have the structural inequality of power that characterizes free market employment relationships at the forefront of their considerations.
Protection Against Bullying
Authors: Yamada David C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Workplace bullying, a term used to capture severe, generalized workplace harassment and abuse, entered the vocabulary of employment relations in the late 1980s. In 1993, Swedish enacted a workplace safety and health ordinance. Since then, there has been an expanding body of legislative enactments and proposals, administrative rules and regulations, and internal policies concerning workplace bullying. Growing understanding of the harm wrought by workplace bullying, different law and policy responses, and lack of consensus on preferred legal interventions assure us that this will be a developing area of workplace law for the foreseeable future. This chapter begins by defining workplace bullying and related behaviours, their frequency, and their impact on workers and workplaces. Next, it reviews a representative, global cross-section of workplace bullying protections, both enacted and proposed. On this foundation, it discusses underlying policy issues relevant to weighing legal interventions in this realm.
Posted Workers
Authors: Bogoeski Vladimir 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the developments of European Union (EU) integration and the legal structures that have co-produced and maintained posted labour as exploitable labour in Europe. It discerns three transformations of the European posted worker—from the early construction of posted workers as ‘cheap’ labour, through the failed attempt to socially embed posted labour through the Posted Workers Directive to the most recent attempt to come closer to equality at the workplace through the Revision of the Posted Workers Directive. The chapter outlines the consequences of the different legal and political choices around the framework regulating posted work not only for posted workers, but for the role of collectively organized labour in democratic governance overall.
Online Work
Authors: De Stefano Valerio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the challenges and implications of online work, focusing specifically on online platform work and remote work within an employment relationship. The primary features of online platform work and the challenges they pose for labour and employment regulation are outlined, with an observation that research and legislation have primarily concentrated on offline platform work. The limitations of current regulations and legislative proposals are explored, and how they risk exacerbating the challenges affecting online platform work beyond its boundaries is discussed. The chapter concludes with some ideas for the way forward, emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in legal thinking and policymaking towards future-proof labour protection regimes, which are more inclusive and universal, recognizing the prominence of remote work in our societies following the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Sustainable Law of Work?
Authors: Novitz Tonia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The emerging discourse of sustainable development is now shaping the future of law at work. This chapter begins by outlining the core normative values encompassed in the principle of sustainability. It then explores how ‘decent work’ has been incorporated into the 2030 Agenda which sets out ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs), including SDG 8. The chapter further examines the emphasis placed in the 2030 Agenda on procedural participatory entitlements and considers the implications of a vision of labour law in which no one is to be left behind. It is argued that it is vital to examine the connections and tensions between the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in contemporary labour markets, which requires more transparent debates regarding ‘just transitions’. In this context, wider ranging representation of those at work and protection of their collective action will be crucial for sustainability to be achieved.