bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedagogical Agent Signaling of Multiple Visual Engineering Representations: The Case of the Young Female Agent
Authors: Johnson Amy M. , Ozogul Gamze , Moreno Roxana , Reisslein Martin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundPrior studies have shown that visual signaling improves learning from text or narration in conjunction with one depictive visual representation; however, engineering instruction typically employs multiple descriptive and depictive visual representations. Animated pedagogical agents (APAs) positively influence student attitudes about engineering. Whether APA signaling improves engineering learning and which APA characteristics are most conducive to learning is largely unknown.PurposeWe examined the effects of visual signaling in engineering learning materials with multiple descriptive and depictive visual representations. We compared visual signaling by a young female APA with arrow signaling.Design/MethodIn the APA signaling condition, at appropriate points within a narration about electric circuits, the relevant areas in a circuit diagram, a sequence of equation calculations, and a Cartesian graph were signaled using APA gestures. In the arrow signaling condition, the same relevant areas were signaled using a dynamic arrow; the no‐signaling (control) condition had no visual signaling. Student learning and perceptions were measured with a problem‐solving posttest and a survey.ResultsResults indicated an aptitude‐treatment interaction. Low prior knowledge learners had higher learning gains in the APA signaling condition, compared with the no signaling condition; high prior knowledge learners did not benefit from visual signaling.ConclusionsPrecollege students with low prior knowledge benefit from the signaling by a young female APA in instruction with multiple visual representations; high prior knowledge learners do not benefit from such support.
Volcanic signature of Basin and Range extension on the shrinking Cascade arc, Klamath Falls‐Keno area, Oregon
Authors: Priest George R. , Hladky Frank R. , Mertzman Stanley A. , Murray Robert B. , Wiley Thomas J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDetailed geologic mapping of the Klamath Falls‐Keno area revealed the complex relationship between subduction, crustal extension, and magmatic composition of the southern Oregon Cascade volcanic arc. Volcanism in the study area at ~7–4 Ma consisted of calc‐alkaline basaltic andesite and andesite lava flowing over a relatively flat landscape. Local angular unconformities are evidence that Basin and Range extension began at by at least ~4 Ma and continues today with fault blocks tilting at a long‐term rate of ~2°/Ma to 3°/Ma. Minimum NW‐SE extension is ~1.5 km over ~28 km (~5%). High‐alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) or low‐K, low‐Ti transitional high‐alumina olivine tholeiite (LKLT) erupted within and adjacent to the back edge of the calc‐alkaline arc as the edge receded westward at a rate of ~10 km/Ma at 2.7–0.45 Ma. The volcanic front migrated east much slower than the back arc migrated west: ~0 km/Ma for 6–0.4 Ma calc‐alkaline rocks; ~0.7 km/Ma, if ~6 Ma HAOT‐LKLT is included; and ~1 km/Ma, if highly differentiated 17–30 Ma volcanic rocks of the early Western Cascades are included. Declining convergence probably decreased asthenospheric corner flow, decreasing width of calc‐alkaline and HAOT‐LKLT volcanism and the associated heat flow anomaly, the margins of which focused on Basin and Range extension and leakage of HAOT‐LKLT magma to the surface. This declining corner flow combined with steepening slab dip shifted the back arc west. Compensation of extension by volcanic intrusion and extrusion allowed growth of imposing range‐front fault scarps only behind the trailing edge of the shrinking arc.
Origin of two Verwey transitions in different generations of magnetite from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA
Authors: Mang Christoph , Kontny Agnes 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe observed two different Verwey transition temperatures in fragments of crystalline basement rocks and impact sediments from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA. Our study aims to the question if this feature can be used as shock indicator in impact craters. We distinguished three generations of magnetite. (1) Primary magnetite in crystalline basement rocks has average grain sizes up to several hundreds of micrometers and shows a regular TV at ≈ 121 K. (2) Shocked magnetite occurs in fragments of crystalline basement rocks and also in the suevite and impact breccia. These magnetites show two Verwey transitions—a regular one and a “low‐temperature transition” (LTV) at around 89 K. LTV is related to a small grain size fraction, whereas a larger grain size fraction (some hundreds of micrometers) causes the regular TV. The small grain size fraction contains a distinctly higher amount of superficially oxidized material due to the high surface/volume ratio, which causes a decrease of the Verwey transition temperature (LTV). (3) A secondary magnetite generation shows also two Verwey transition temperatures, one at 121 K and a LTV range between 91 and 105 K. The LTV in this generation is also linked to thin oxidized surface layers. This study shows that especially the Verwey transition temperature of small magnetite grains reacts very sensitively to surface oxidation and can therefore not be used as a reliable pressure indicator for impact structures on Earth.
Geophysical imaging and thermal modeling of subsurface morphology and thaw evolution of discontinuous permafrost
Authors: McClymont Alastair F. , Hayashi Masaki , Bentley Laurence R. , Christensen Brendan S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDespite our current understanding of permafrost thaw in subarctic regions in response to rising air temperatures, little is known about the subsurface geometry and distribution of discontinuous permafrost bodies in peat‐covered, wetland‐dominated terrains and their responses to rising temperature. Using electrical resistivity tomography, ground‐penetrating radar profiling, and thermal‐conduction modeling, we show how the land cover distributions influence thawing of discontinuous permafrost at a study site in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Permafrost bodies in this region occur under forested peat plateaus and have thicknesses of 5–13 m. Our geophysical data reveal different stages of thaw resulting from disturbances within the active layer: from widening and deepening of differential thaw features under small frost‐table depressions to complete thaw of permafrost under an isolated bog. By using two‐dimensional geometric constraints derived from our geophysics profiles and meteorological data, we model seasonal and interannual changes to permafrost distribution in response to contemporary climatic conditions and changes in land cover. Modeling results show that in this environment (1) differences in land cover have a strong influence on subsurface thermal gradients such that lateral thaw dominates over vertical thaw and (2) in accordance with field observations, thaw‐induced subsidence and flooding at the lateral margins of peat plateaus represents a positive feedback that leads to enhanced warming along the margins of peat plateaus and subsequent lateral heat conduction. Based on our analysis, we suggest that subsurface energy transfer processes (and feedbacks) at scales of 1–100 m have a strong influence on overall permafrost degradation rates at much larger scales.
Morphodynamic modeling of the basal boundary of ice cover on brackish lakes
Authors: Solari Luca , Parker Gary 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe analysis considers a cold‐region brackish lake that develops an ice cover on its surface in winter. As the ice cover thickens due to freezing, black ice grows on the bottom side. The freezing process excludes the salt from the ice, resulting in an increase in dissolved salt concentration in the lake water just below the bottom of the ice. The density profile in this type of lake is then governed by two opposing factors: the water temperature distribution generally produces a stable stratification, whereas the excess salinity produced by exclusion tends to increase the density of the upper layers of the lake, resulting in an unstable contribution to stratification. Competition between these two factors can lead to unstable density gradients, so an initially motionless lake with a slowly thickening plane ice cover develops a convective flow field. This flow field can then feed back into the evolution of the morphology of the ice cover itself, resulting in a morphodynamic interaction between water and ice. This paper aims at investigating this morphodynamic instability. A mathematical model for the stability of a lake covered with an initially plane ice cover growing in time is proposed here. The results reveal threshold values of the main dimensionless parameters, expressed in the form of Rayleigh numbers, and in particular define a ratio between buoyancy effects and diffusivity that governs neutral stability conditions. When the system is unstable, i.e., for Rayleigh numbers above ~103 depending on the values of the input parameters, the analysis predicts the growth of convective flow circulation cells responsible for the morphodynamic evolution of the ice‐water interface.
Reconstruction of interannual variability of NEP using a process‐based model (InTEC) with climate and atmospheric records at Fluxnet‐Canada forest sites
Authors: Wu Chaoyang , Chen Jing M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTReconstruction of interannual variability of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests provides an important approach to analyse impacts of future climate change on global carbon (C) cycling. However, lacking climate data at sufficient temporal scales constrains NEP simulation and the potential of monthly climate data in modelling annual NEP remains largely poorly understood. In this study, annual NEP at 12 Fluxnet‐Canada forest sites (93 site‐year) was simulated using a process‐based Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C‐budget (InTEC) model driven by forest inventory data, site‐level meteorological measurements, site‐specific indicators, and remote sensing observations. Our results indicate that the InTEC model can capture the first order of interannual NEP variability with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.84 (p < 0.001) between simulated and measured NEP, providing a significant opportunity to reconstruct long‐term climate change on forest C dynamics using only available monthly historical climate records. The usefulness of model simulation was further evaluated at three post‐clearcut chronosequences Douglas‐fir stands of British Columbia, suggesting that the Douglas‐fir ecosystem would remain a C source for 15–20 years after clearcut and the maximum annual NEP may occur at the age around 50.
Phenolics profile of a naturally debittering olive in comparison to regular olive varieties
Authors: Aktas A Burcu , Ozen Banu , Tokatli Figen , Sen Ilknur 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDHurma, an olive variety that grows in a specific area in Turkey, loses its bitterness before harvesting, and therefore does not need further processing steps for the production of table olives. The total phenol content and phenolic profiles of (1) this naturally debittered olive type, Hurma; (2) the same olive variety, but not a naturally debittered type, Erkence; and (3) another variety, Gemlik, which is commonly consumed as table olive, were determined during their maturation period for two harvest years.RESULTSThe total phenol content of Hurma is the lowest compared to the other types regardless of harvest year, which has a significant effect on the phenolic content and composition of individual components for all olive types. All three olive types can be differentiated from each other especially during the late phase of maturation using the phenolics profile in combination with principal component analysis.CONCLUSIONThe natural debittering phenomenon of Hurma olive on the tree involves a decrease in phenol content and a change in phenol composition. The differentiation in phenol composition especially becomes very significant in the late of period of maturation. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Design and experiment of optical transparent microstrip antenna on glass and polycarbonate substrates
Authors: Yang Shih‐Ming , Hung Chien‐Chun , Jung J. C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMicrostrip antennas have the advantages of light weight, low profile, and conformal to the attached surface with antenna feed line. This work presents the design of transparent microstrip antennas by In2O3:Sn thin film on glass and polycarbonate substrates. The transparent conducting thin films of 21–300 nm thickness deposited by magnetron sputtering are measured by X‐ray diffraction for microstructure, 4‐point probe for electrical resistance, and spectrometer for optical transmittance. Analyses show that the 2.4 GHz antenna can achieve 5.1 and 4.7 dB antenna gain on glass (1.2 mm) and polycarbonate (0.7 mm) substrate, respectively. Experimental verification on glass substrate shows that the antenna achieves 3.1 dB gain and 86% optical transmittance on 550 nm wave length.
Comparison of fecal continence and quality of life between intersphincteric resection and abdominoperineal resection plus perineal colostomy for ultra‐low rectal cancer
Authors: Dumont F. , Ayadi M. , Goéré D. , Honoré C. , Elias D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimsThe only two procedures for surgical treatment of ultra‐low rectal cancer without a permanent abdominal stoma are the intersphincteric resection (ISR) and the abdominoperineal resection (APR) plus a perineal pseudocontinent colostomy (PCC). This study compared functional results and quality of life following these two techniques.MethodsBetween January 1995 and December 2011, 36 patients had undergone an ISR (n = 14) or a PPC (n = 22) for very low rectal cancer. The Cleveland Clinica Florida (Wexner) fecal incontinence questionnaire and the EORTC Quality of Life questionnaire QLQ‐C30 and CR38 had been administered.ResultsThere were no differences in gender, age, the interval between surgery and questionnaire responses, preoperative TNM staging, perioperative treatment, the laparoscopic approach and circumferential margin involvement rate between the groups. The ISR and PPC led to no difference in quality of life (Qol) and continence with a median Wexner score of respectively 11 and 10 (P = 0.403) and a fecal incontinence rate of 58.2% and 41% (P = 0.221). The incontinent patients had experienced worse social functioning and tended to have worse overall health. The patients who had undergone ISR had more defecation problems and evacuation difficulties.ConclusionQol and continence are similar between ISR and PPC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013 108:225–229. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
4H‐SiC: a new nonlinear material for midinfrared lasers
Authors: Wang Shunchong , Zhan Minjie , Wang Gang , Xuan Hongwen , Zhang Wei , Liu Chunjun , Xu Chunhua , Liu Yu , Wei Zhiyi , Chen Xiaolong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNonlinear optical (NLO) frequency conversion is commonly used for generating midinfrared (MIR) lasers that offer light sources for a variety of applications. However, the low laser damage thresholds of NLO crystals used so far seriously limit the output power of MIR lasers. Here, a new nonlinear material 4H‐SiC is demonstrated for producing MIR laser. Broadband MIR radiation ranging from 3.90 to 5.60 μm is generated in 4H‐SiC by phase‐matched difference‐frequency generation for the first time. The results may open a door to practically utilize wide‐bandgap semiconductors with high laser damage thresholds as NLO materials for high power output of MIR lasers.
A Methyl Methacrylate–HEMA‐CLn Copolymerization Investigation: From Kinetics to Bioapplications
Authors: Ferrari Raffaele , Rooney Thomas R. , Lupi Monica , Ubezio Paolo , Hutchinson Robin A. , Moscatelli Davide 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe radical copolymerization kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone macromonomer functionalized with a vinyl end group (HEMA‐CLn) is studied using a pulsed‐laser technique. The reactivity ratios for this system are near unity, while a linear relationship between kp,cop, the copolymer‐averaged propagation rate coefficient, and the composition of macromonomer in the feed (0–80 wt% range) is determined. At 50 wt% macromonomer in the feed, a 1.67 ± 0.02 and 1.64 ± 0.06 increase in kp,cop/kp,MMA is determined for HEMA‐CL3 and HEMA‐CL2, respectively. These macromonomers are adopted to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) in the range of 100–150 nm through batch emulsion free radical polymerization (BEP) to produce partially degradable drug delivery carriers. The produced NPs are tested in 4T1 cell line and show excellent characteristics as carriers: they do not affect cell proliferation, and a relevant number of NPs, thousands per cell, are internalized.
Inhibition of FAK and VEGFR‐3 binding decreases tumorigenicity in neuroblastoma
Authors: Stewart Jerry E. , Ma Xiaojie , Megison Michael , Nabers Hugh , Cance William G. , Kurenova Elena V. , Beierle Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and is responsible for over 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is important in many facets of tumor development and progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3), another tyrosine kinase, has also been found to be important in the development of many human tumors including neuroblastoma. Recent reports have found that FAK and VEGFR‐3 interact, and we have previously shown that both of these kinases interact in neuroblastoma. We have hypothesized that interruption of the FAK–VEGFR‐3 interaction would lead to decreased neuroblastoma cell survival. In the current study, we examined the effects of a small molecule, chloropyramine hydrochloride (C4), designed to disrupt the FAK–VEGFR‐3 interaction, upon cellular attachment, migration, and survival in two human neuroblastoma cell lines. We also utilized a murine xenograft model to study the impact of C4 upon tumor growth. In these studies, we showed that disruption of the FAK–VEGFR‐3 interaction led to decreased cellular attachment, migration, and survival in vitro. In addition, treatment of murine xenografts with chloropyramine hydrochloride decreased neuroblastoma xenograft growth. Further, this molecule acted synergistically with standard chemotherapy to further decrease neuroblastoma xenograft growth. The findings from this current study help to further our understanding of the regulation of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, and may provide novel therapeutic strategies and targets for neuroblastoma and other solid tumors of childhood. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parkinson's disease‐cognitive rating scale: Psychometrics for mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Fernández de Bobadilla Ramón , Pagonabarraga Javier , Martínez‐Horta Saül , Pascual‐Sedano Berta , Campolongo Antonia , Kulisevsky Jaime 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTLack of validated data on cutoff scores for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sensitivity to change in predementia stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) limit the utility of instruments measuring global cognition as screening and outcome measures in therapeutic trials. Investigators who were blinded to PD‐Cognitive Rating Scale (PD‐CRS) scores classified a cohort of prospectively recruited, nondemented patients into a PD with normal cognition (PD‐NC) group and a PD with MCI (PD‐MCI) group using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale‐2 (MDRS‐2). The discriminative power of the PD‐CRS for PD‐MCI was examined in a representative sample of 234 patients (145 in the PD‐NC group; 89 in the PD‐MCI group) and in a control group of 98 healthy individuals. Sensitivity to change in the PD‐CRS score (the minimal clinically important difference was examined with the Clinical Global Impression of Change scale and was calculated with a combination of distribution‐based and anchor‐based approaches) was explored in a 6‐month observational multicenter trial involving a subset of 120 patients (PD‐NC, 63; PD‐MCI, 57). Regression analysis demonstrated that PD‐CRS total scores (P < 0.001) and age (P = 0.01) independently differentiated PD‐NC from PD‐MCI. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis (AUC, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.90) indicated that a score ≤81 of 134 was the optimal cutoff point on the total score for the PD‐CRS (sensitivity, 79%; specificity, 80%; positive predictive value, 59%; negative predictive value, 91%). A range of change from 10 to 13 points on the PD‐CRS total score was indicative of clinically significant change. These findings suggest that the PD‐CRS is a useful tool to identify PD‐MCI and to track cognitive changes in nondemented patients with PD. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Diffusion, spread, and migration of botulinum toxin
Authors: Ramirez‐Castaneda Juan , Jankovic Joseph , Comella Cynthia , Dashtipour Khashayar , Fernandez Hubert H. , Mari Zoltan 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBotulinum toxin (BoNT) is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic and medical conditions. The efficacy and safety of BoNT depends on accurate selection and identification of intended targets but also may be determined by other factors, including physical spread of the molecule from the injection site, passive diffusion, and migration to distal sites via axonal or hematogenous transport. The passive kinetic dispersion of the toxin away from the injection site in a gradient‐dependent manner may also play a role in toxin spread. In addition to unique properties of the various BoNT products, volume and dilution may also influence local and systemic distribution of BoNT. Most of the local and remote complications of BoNT injections are thought to be due to unwanted spread or diffusion of the toxin's biologic activity into adjacent and distal muscles. Despite widespread therapeutic and cosmetic use of BoNT over more than three decades, there is a remarkable paucity of published data on the mechanisms of distribution and its effects on clinical outcomes. The primary aim of this article is to critically review the available experimental and clinical literature and place it in the practical context. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An inter‐comparison of Kalpana‐1 and Meteosat‐7 atmospheric motion vectors against radiosonde winds and NWP forecasts during monsoon 2011
Authors: Rani S. Indra , Das Gupta M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractGeostationary satellites, Kalpana‐1 (74 ° E) and Meteosat‐7 (57.7 ° E) have overlapping spatial coverage over the Indian region. In this study, the atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) derived from the above two satellites were compared separately with respect to in situ radiosonde (RS) winds and short‐range numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts from the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting's (NCMRWF) T574L64 Global modelling system in terms of statistical parameters vis., speed bias and root mean square vector difference (RMSVD) during the 2011 monsoon. Kalpana‐1 AMVs showed high RMSVD with respect to the in situ RS winds and short range NWP forecasts. However, the monsoon features, the low level jet (LLJ) and the tropical easterly jet (TEJ) were clearly depicted in the mean observed AMVs from both the satellites. The high error associated with Kalpana‐1 winds compared to that of Meteosat‐7 winds could be due to the difference in the spatial resolution of different channels and the algorithm used for deriving the winds.