bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISO 50001 for the Petroleum Industry – A Basis for Partnership Between Operating Companies and EPC Contractors for Successful Implementation
Authors: Vahgjipurwala Mustafa 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Many Operating Companies (OPCOs) in the Middle-East petroleum industry are adopting the ISO 50001 standard for Energy Management. EPC Companies (EPCs) would be the ideal partner for the OPCOs to ensure energy management system requirements are implemented right from the design and construction stage of the facilities.
Requirements for energy efficiency in design should be included from the FEED stage to ensure minimum schedule impact during the EPC stage. Provisions in contracts would ensure EPCs understand and take responsibility for achieving the target energy efficiency in the design. Other methods, such as performing energy audits, right sizing, settings for optimum energy efficient plant operations, measurement, monitoring and trending, etc., are other ways by which EPCs could further contribute towards attaining the objective of the OPCOs. All energy users considered in the energy management programme, such as compressed air usage, water consumption, waste generation, etc. could be optimized by the EPCs. It is important to get the design specifications for energy efficient systems implemented during the design and construction phase to reap maximum benefits from the energy efficient measures.
This paper could be used as a basic foundation for the OPCOs and the EPCs to work towards a comprehensive strategy to deliver projects with energy management requirements being included inherently in the design and construction phases of the project.
Purification Of Natural Gas By Using Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane
Authors: Mondal Subrata , Wang Kean 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM) is the promising candidate for natural gas purification because of its excellent stability, per-selectivity and permeability. However, morphological design of CMSM is very important for the specific application. In this project, two CMSM samples were synthesized at different pyrolytic conditions and examined for separation of N2/CH4 gas pair. Adsorption and permeation experiments were conducted to examine the separation performance of each membrane sample. At the ambient conditions, a perm-selectivity of ~ 6 was found for (N2/CH4) pair while it is ~30 for (CO2/N2) pair on the membrane pyrolyzed at the lower pyrolytic temperature of 800°C. When pyrolytic temperature is increased to 1000°C, however, these two selectivity values are changed to ~1.5 (decrease) and ~ 100 (increase), respectively. Analysis revealed that both surface diffusion and molecular sieving play important roles in the overall gas permeation mechanisms, which result in the abnormal behaviors in the selectivities of different gas molecules. It is concluded that the variation of pore size and thickness are critical for the design of surface flow selective carbon molecular sieve membranes.
Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Optimization for a Shale Oil Field Integrating Geomechanics and Production Modelling
Authors: Rahman Khalil , Gui Feng , He Wei 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
An integrated field development study was performed to develop a shale oil field onshore Australia. Preliminary reservoir characterization indicated that the primary reservoir is very tight with permeability approximately equal to or less than 0.001 mD, containing mainly oil of API gravity close to 41°. Thus, the reservoir is a good candidate for multistage hydraulic fracturing of a long horizontal well oriented along the minimum horizontal stress to achieve a commercially viable recovery level. A geomechanical model was developed for the field characterizing in-situ stresses, direction of the minimum horizontal stress and rock elastic properties for appropriate well orientation and hydraulic fracture design. The primary challenge in hydraulic fracturing optimization for this reservoir was optimizing the treatment to fracture the entire gross thickness of approximately 600 ft while achieving as long a fracture as possible to maximize the recovery. This objective required optimization of fracturing fluid viscosity, injection rate and perforation interval to overcome the stress barriers within the reservoir. The final stage of optimization involved the number of transverse fractures on the horizontal well (i.e. fracture spacing) incorporating the forecast of post-fracture production and net present value for every alternative scenario. Required fluid volume, proppant mass and pump capacity were useful in estimating the total well drilling and completion cost. When the total well cost was compared against the revenue from the predicted recovery resulting from the optimum fracture treatment, the field was found to be marginal. The overall study enabled decision-making for future drilling, completion and production operations in the field.
Making Gas CCS a Reality
Authors: Assaf R. , Claessen M. , Spence B. , Maas W. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In order to ensure that Gas CCS is commercially available from the mid 2020s, a commercial scale, full-chain demonstration is important. It will provide developers, regulators and the public with the learnings to support their confidence to pursue further deployment. Shell is developing the Peterhead CCS project as part of its broader CCS demonstration portfolio. Shell has been awarded a contract to undertake Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) studies under the UK CCS Commercialisation competition. The paper describes the project, along with some of its development and integration elements: plot plan, utilities and tie-ins, efficiency penalty, integrated operation, permitting, etc. Detailed learnings acquired during development of the pre-FEED and FEED will be made available through the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Knowledge Transfer program.
Emergency Response Planning for Subsea Hydrocarbon Release Using Advanced Engineering Analysis
Authors: White John , Berry Graham 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Before a well is drilled and constructed, it is prudent to formulate contingency plans to prepare for an accidental subsea release or blowout. These plans are often a regulatory requirement. Emergency response planning requires both experience and significant intellectual effort. The full process of emergency response planning is outwith the scope of this paper. This paper will instead focus on the use of advanced engineering analysis in understanding the magnitude and consequences of a release and the use of a containment system to cap the release.
Advanced computational analysis allows an accidental release to be modelled in 3D, giving risk assessors a deeper understanding of potential consequences and required mitigations. Contaminant spread can be tracked from the release point through the water column and assessments made on vessel operations, exclusion zones, Health & Safety considerations and proposed containment strategies.
In any containment scenario, the exclusion zone is critical to all operations including relief well and or deployment of a capping system. To ensure an appropriate assessment is made, it is critical that the analyses produce accurate outputs. The analysis must therefore be compared to experimental data, validating the methodology and establishing a best practice which can be applied to individual case conditions.
This paper reviews current analysis methods and compares the analysis results with experimental data available in the literature.
Why Promoting Safety Culture?
Authors: Al Azmi Bader , Abdullah Ahmed , Badawi Fathi 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In recent years, the challenge of reducing accident costs, the results of inquiries into large-scale disasters has highlighted the important role of a proactive approach to safety management.
This has led to many organizations assigning high priority to improve an organization's safety culture. Safety Culture of any organization has an impact on organization image, productivity and profitability.
This paper describes the importance of applying safety culture into the company business and provide a practical knowledge required to put safety culture characteristics in place. Many organizations have realized that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to streamline their operational process and optimize the associated management and control system.
It is also true to say that people do not really know what a "safety culture" is.
Busy Managers asked ‘what does an identifiable safety culture look like?’
Definition saying that it is the product of people's values and beliefs, their behavior, and their commitment to Health and Safety programs.
Different levels of efforts are concerned with developing strategic plans, converting these into action plans and implementing these so that the organization can fully integrate safety into all of its systems. Then the most important indicator of a positive safety culture is the extent to which employees are actively in safety on daily basis.
So many organizational endeavors, one of the most salient features that affects people's motivation is the total commitment of senior management and line management. This feature in particular has been shown to account for much of the variation in safety performance at many different levels in an organization. Since the development of a proactive safety culture is an empowering process that aims to win people's hearts and minds, it is absolutely vital that senior management actively demonstrate their commitment by providing the necessary leadership.
History Matching Using Streamline Trajectories
Authors: Singh Ajay , Maucec Marko , Knabe Steven 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
History matching processes for complex and large reservoirs have always posed difficulties to reservoir engineers. To help reservoir engineers during history matching, various assisted history matching (AHM) algorithms have been developed. While AHM can help automate various aspects of history matching, oftentimes, algorithms suffer from slow convergence. This work proposes an ensemble based markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based algorithm with efficient sampling from the given distribution of properties. For efficient sampling properties during AHM, streamline trajectories are used to find the connection between source(s) and producer well. Streamline tracking based on output of the full-physics simulator is used as a guideline to capture the fluid flow patterns, and only properties of grid cells along the streamline trajectories are considered prime candidates for history matching. The proposed algorithm was applied to a sector model of a reservoir as a test case study to history match water cut on a well-by-well basis.
The Use of Multi Rotor Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles ROAVs as a Method of Close Visually Inspecting CVI Live and Difficult to Access Assets on Offshore Platforms
Authors: Connolly Malcolm Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
There is a continual requirement to carry out close visual inspections of plant and equipment on offshore installations for ongoing maintenance. Accessing structures at height or live systems on a process poses a number of challenges. ‘Traditional’ methods of access to carry out inspection of high or difficult to reach parts of the installation involve using rope access techniques, scaffolding or even full-size helicopters. Rope access inspection can be time-consuming and although it has an excellent safety record is still potentially dangerous as it involves personnel working at height which is statistically the single biggest cause of work place fatalities accounting for 25% of all workplace fatalities(5). Scaffolding as an access method for inspection can be expensive, time-consuming and also involves a significant amount of working at height or manual handling operations. While full-size helicopter inspection can mean that many parts of a rig are simply uninspectable: for example the underdeck of a platform or. These inspections can also put offshore platforms at a huge commercial disadvantage as assets such as flares need to be shutoff or drilling derricks require drilling activities to stop for them to be completed.
Over the last 5 yeas a new method of access for inspecting live and difficult to access assets has been developing that allows certain inspection tasks to be performed fatser, safer and more cost effectively than conventional traditional methods. Similar to underwater Remote operated Vehicles (ROV) it involves allying engineering expertise to the use of Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles (ROAV) for topside and above the waterline inspection. These miniature flying vehicles can carry a variety of visual, thermal and sensors for inspection purposes. ROAVs are operated by highly trained pilots in combination with qualified engineers and plant inspectors to create authoritative technical reports and analysis. Offshore operators now have another method available to them to gather information and understand the condition of their assets without shutting down operations allowing informed decision making.
The use of ROAV for the visual and thermal inspection of onshore structures in refineries and chemical plants has become an established technique over the last 4 years and is starting to become adopted as best practice by some operators for visual inspection of certain assets such as flare stacks. The potential of the technique of using ROAV for certain inspection tasks is now being recognised in an offshore context with the first use of this technology in the North Sea January 2012.
This paper provides an introduction to the concept of inspection using ROAVs, overview of the technology, the technique, and benefits of the technique, limitations of its application, safety considerations, operational competence, case studies and a look to the future for the industry.
Evolution of Cementing and Stimulation Techniques for Horizontal Wells Drilled in Unconventional Shale Formations
Authors: Osisanya Samuel O. , Haroun Mohammed 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Drilling and completion of unconventional shale formation is one of the fastest growing technologies in tight shale formation. The number of wells drilled in search of gas in shale is increasing rapidly since the beginning of 2000. Cementing these wells poses several challenges. The productive zone throughout the play has been developed using a combination of vertical and horizontal wells. Production from the reservoirs has been optimized by using various completion and stimulation techniques. Currently in an effort to reduce environmental impact, increase the net present value, and maximize reservoir pressure and contact into the thin sweet spots, horizontal wells have gained popularity in these shale formations. The performance of these reservoirs depends upon the completion and stimulation methods used because the matrix permeability is too low for commercial production of gas. The wellbore area must be increased in order to reach the immobile hydrocarbons. The techniques and materials used for fracturing these wells and enhance the effective wellbore drainage radius are numerous.
Previous experience from these formations showed some enhancement for vertical wells completed with hydraulic fracturing. The early stimulation techniques were primarily nitrogen-foam fracture treatments which yielded economic rates necessary for further filed development of these formations. Better enhancement is expected from the same formations if horizontal wells are drilled coupled with multistage hydraulic fracturing. This enhancement can further be improved by stimulating with slick water and cross-linked gels. This paper will discuss the challenges during cementing and stimulation of horizontal well. Finally, materials that are most economically viable in these formations will be enumerated.
Address of the President: Presented At The Annual Banquet, June 9, 1951, Eleventh Annual Meeting, American Diabetes Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Authors: Palmer Lester J 
Published: December 2014

It is the privilege as well as the duty of the President, at the termination of his year in office, to present an accounting of the current state of the Association. At the same time he is given an opportunity to reflect upon the past and to appraise future hopesand plans.
This Association represented, in its beginnings more than ten years ago, the fulfillment of a dream of a small group of men who realized that diabetes was becoming an ever more urgent national health problem. By the end of its first decade, the Association's usefulness has become obvious to all. Everywhere one finds a growing awareness of the increasing number of known diabetics in our population and of the fact that there are still other hundreds of thousand of unknown diabetics awaiting diagnosis. This makes our Association a constantly more essential part of the nation's drive for good health and against disease.
Oral Sodium Tolbutamide in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Vecchio Thomas J , Smith David L , Oster Harold L , Brill Richard 
Published: December 2014

The oral sodium tolbutamide test (OSTT) for diabetes was significantly different in 102 normal, twenty-one borderline, and twenty-nine diabetic subjects as classified by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Mean thirty-minute values, in per cent of FBS, were 57.0, 72.3, and 86.2, and mean forty-minute values were 44.1, 60.3, and 79.4 in the three groups, respectively.
Individual agreement between the OSTT and OGTT was generally good, though with some conflicts.
Effective blood levels were attained ten minutes after oral administration of sodium tolbutamide, 2.0 gm., and at twenty minutes and beyond levels exceeded those after intravenous administration of 1.0 gram. Hypoglycemic response to the intravenous and oral tests appeared comparable except for a lag of about ten minutes and attainment of lower blood sugar levels at forty and sixty minutes after oral administration. Reproducibility was good, except in those subjects with initial conflict between the OSTT and OGTT.
Further Observations Concerning the Hyperglycemic Activity of Benzothiadiazines
Authors: Wolff Frederick W , Parmley William W 
Published: December 2014

Hyperglycemia has been produced by a series of BZD in the normal rat. Diazoxide is the most potent hyperglycemic agent examined in this series and its action is complemented by combination with several other BZD. Examination in pregnant rats showed a complementary activity between diazoxide and trichlormethiazide, which had not been obtained in the normal rat.
Hyperglycemic action is obtained in hypophysectomized, and demedullated rats, thus excluding these endocrine organs as necessary for production of hyperglycemia. The results in adrenalectomized rats are inconclusive.
Histological sections showed evidence of degranulation in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in rats treated chronically with trichlormethiazide and diazoxide, an effect which was not shown during an acute experiment.
The hyperglycemic action of these BZD could be overcome by oral tolbutamide.
The hyperglycemic action of hydrochlorothiazide, a potassium losing BZD, as well as of diazoxide, which is not known to cause potassium loss, was overcome by concomitant administration of potassium salts.
Although the etiology of BZD hyperglycemia remains obscure, its production in the normal rat by many substances of similar chemical structure, lends support to the recently made clinical observations concerning the long term diabetogenic action of BZD in man.4
Comparative Hypoglycemic Response of Diabetic Subjects to Human Insulin or Structurally Similar Insulins of Animal Source
Authors: Akre P R , Kirtley W R , Galloway J A 
Published: December 2014

Certain diabetic patients receiving insulin in amounts of 70 to 150 U. daily exhibit “insulin resistance” to a demonstrable degree. The diminished response to a specific dose of insulin, which is the criterion for such resistance, is related to the species source of the insulin used.
Eleven patients whose daily insulin requirements were in a dose range not uncommonly encountered in clinic practice were studied. Insulins which were derived from various species or which had been structurally altered (dealaninated) were utilized. Six of the patients were shown to manifest definite improvement in their diabetic state when a change was made from beef insulin to pork insulin, dealaninated insulin (pork), or human insulin. The improvement was characterized by a drop in blood glucose, a lowering in daily insulin requirement, or both. One patient of the eleven gave equivocal results and four showed no evidence of improvement.
Although the patients' sera were not examined for the presence of insulin-binding antibodies and thus no positive evidence for the presence of species-related differences in antibody titer can be offered, it appears that a diminished response to insulin, if observed, is most commonly associated with the injection of insulin derived from beef pancreas. Also, it is noted that the more closely the amino acid sequence of the insulin used approximates that of human insulin, the less the interference and the better the hypoglycemic response.
Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Diabetic Children
Authors: Safir Aran , Paulsen Elsa P , Klayman Joel 
Published: December 2014

A case of juvenile glaucoma in a sixteen-year-old diabetic girl led to a survey of intraocular pressures in thirty-eight diabetic children.
Seven (18 per cent) were classified as abnormal; one because of a positive water drinking test, and six because of tension higher than three standard deviations above the mean of a nondiabetic control group.
Four (11 per cent) were classified as suspects because of tension higher than two standard deviations above the control mean.
Diabetic children should have repeated eye examinations including accurate measurements of ocular tension.
Longevity of Diabetic Patients in Recent Years
Authors: Entmacher Paul S , Root Howard F , Marks Herbert H 
Published: December 2014

A virtually complete follow-up of diabetic patients treated at the Joslin Clinic since 1930 shows a downward trend in the mortality and corresponding improvement in the survivorship record. The mortality rates of diabetics, however, remain higher than those in the general population; the excess is relatively greatest at ages twenty-five to thirty-four and least in older patients.
The death rates among diabetic females tend to be lower than among diabetic males, but the difference is less than in the general population.
The survivorship rate among cases seen within a year of onset of the disease is better than in the aggregate experience.
The pattern of causes of death among diabetics has changed radically. There has been a marked increase in the proportion of deaths caused by vascular disease, with small vessel disease playing a more and more important role.
Reductions have been recorded for diabetic coma, diabetic gangrene and infections.
Analysis of causes of death by age at onset and duration of diabetes show the effect of these factors on mortality and, in particular, the outstanding importance of diabetic nephropathy in juvenile diabetics with long duration ofdisease.
Mortality from all types of vascular disorders is higher in diabetics than in the general population. In this experience the mortality for renal vascular disorders was seventeen times as high as in the general population.