bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Consumers Control Health-Care Costs?
Authors: Hall Mark A. , Schneider Carl E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe ultimate aim of health care policy is good care at good prices. Managed care failed to achieve this goal through influencing providers, so health policy has turned to the only market-based option left: treating patients like consumers. Health insurance and tax policy now pressure patients to spend their own money when they select health plans, providers, and treatments. Expecting patients to choose what they need at the price they want, consumerists believe that market competition will constrain costs while optimizing quality. This classic form of consumerism is today’s health policy watchword. This article evaluates consumerism and the regulatory mechanism of which it is essentially an example – legally mandated disclosure of information. We do so by assessing the crucial assumptions about human nature on which consumerism and mandated disclosure depend. Consumerism operates in a variety of contexts in a variety of ways with a variety of aims. To assess so protean a thing, we ask what a patient’s life would really be like in a consumerist world. The literature abounds in theories about how medical consumers should behave. We look for empirical evidence about how real people actually buy health plans, choose providers, and select treatments. We conclude that consumerism is unlikely to accomplish its goals. Consumerism’s prerequisites are too many and too demanding. First, consumers must have choices that include the coverage, care-takers, and care they want. Second, reliable information about those choices must be available. Third, information must be put before consumers in helpful ways, especially by doctors. Fourth, the information must be complete and comprehensible enough for consumers to use it. Fifth, consumers must understand what they are told. Sixth, consumers must actually analyze the information and do so well enough to make good choices. Our review of the empirical evidence concludes that these pre­requisites cannot be met reliably most of the time. At every stage people encounter daunting hurdles. Like so many other dreams of controlling costs and giving patients control, consumerism is doomed to disappoint. This does not mean that consumerist tools should never be used. If all that consumerism accomplished is to raise general cost-consciousness among patients, still, it could make a substantial contribution to the larger cost-control efforts by insurers and the government. Once patients bear responsibility for much day-to-day spending on their health needs, they should be increasingly sensitized to the difficult trade-offs that abound in medical care and might even begin to understand that public and private health insurers have a legitimate interest in controlling medical spending.
Faithful representations of infinite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras
Authors: Beltiţă Ingrid , Beltiţă Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
For locally convex, nilpotent Lie algebras we construct
faithful representations by nilpotent operators on a suitable locally convex space.
In the special case of nilpotent Banach–Lie algebras we get norm continuous representations by bounded operators on Banach spaces.
Keto furanylidene building blocks from silyl ethers of monoalkynylated β-keto carbonyls with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate-iodine
Authors: Garner Brittany , Deveaux Kristina , Gessner Laura , Trossarello Julia , Dai Shuting , Morgan Whitney J. , Aiken Karelle S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Keto furanylidene building blocks are synthesized from the unique silyl ethers of monoalkynylated β-keto carbonyls. The procedure consists of a desilylation, cyclization, and alkyne hydration facilitated by either a one-pot reaction with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate-iodine or a two-step procedure with tosylic acid and gold(I) chloride. Notably, the hydration of the terminal alkyne with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate-iodine reagent is a safer and new alternative to the use of mercury(II) salts.
Dual-specificity phosphatases are targets of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and candidate mediators of β-catenin/Ras signaling interactions
Authors: Zeller Eva , Mock Katharina , Horn Moritz , Colnot Sabine , Schwarz Michael , Braeuning Albert 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin and the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play important roles in cancer development. Both pathways have been studied discretely, but the mechanisms of possible crosstalk are still not fully understood. We have previously shown that β-catenin and MAPK signaling interfere with each other in murine liver in vivo and in vitro. Here, we show that dual specificity phosphatases (Dusps) 6 and 14, known to play an essential role in regulating MAPK pathway activity via feedback mechanisms, are up-regulated by activation of β-catenin in murine liver cells, whereas the epidermal growth factor receptor, an upstream effector in the Ras/MAPK cascade, is down-regulated by β-catenin. In addition, we identified a β-catenin-binding site within the Dusp6 promoter, which is responsible for the activation of the promoter by β-catenin signaling, and demonstrated reduced inducibility of MAPK signaling in cultured mouse hepatoma cells following β-catenin activation. Thus, β-catenin is able to inhibit activation of the Egfr/Ras/MAPK signaling cascade, both at the receptor level and by interfering with MAPK activity via Dusps.
Structural basis of the TAL effector–DNA interaction
Authors: Bochtler Matthias 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Phytopathogen transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) bind DNA in a sequence specific manner in order to manipulate host transcription. TALE specificity correlates with repeat variable diresidues in otherwise highly stereotypical 34–35mer repeats. Recently, the crystal structures of two TALE DNA-binding domains have illustrated the molecular basis of the TALE cipher. The structures show that the TALE repeats form a right-handed superhelix that is wound around largely undistorted B-DNA to match its helical parameters. Surprisingly, repeat variable residue 1 is not in contact with the bases. Instead, it is involved in hydrogen bonding interactions that stabilize the overall structure of the protein. Repeat variable residue 2 contacts the top strand base and forms sequence-specific hydrogen bonds and/or van der Waals contacts. Very unexpectedly, bottom strand bases are exposed to solvent and do not make any direct contacts with the protein. This review contains a summary of TALE biology and applications and a detailed description of the recent breakthroughs that have provided insights into the molecular basis of the TALE code.
Nature’s way of handling a greenhouse gas: the copper-sulfur cluster of purple nitrous oxide reductase
Authors: Wüst Anja , Schneider Lisa , Pomowski Anja , Zumft Walter G. , Kroneck Peter M.H. , Einsle Oliver 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The tetranuclear CuZ cluster is the unique active site of nitrous oxide reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitrous oxide to dinitrogen as the final reaction in bacterial denitrification. Three-dimensional structures of orthologs of the enzyme from a variety of different bacterial species were essential steps in the elucidation of the properties of this center. However, while structural data first revealed and later confirmed the presence of four copper ions in spectroscopically distinct forms of CuZ, the exact structure and stoichiometry of the cluster showed significant variations. A ligand bridging ions CuZ1 and CuZ2 was initially assigned as a water or hydroxo species in the structures from Pseudomonas nautica (now Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus) and Paracoccus denitrificans. This ligand was absent in a structure from ‘Achromobacter cycloclastes’, and could be reconstituted by iodide that acted as an inhibitor of catalysis. A recent structure of anoxically isolated nitrous oxide reductase from Pseudomonas stutzeri revealed the bridging ligand to be sulfide, S2-, and showed an unprecedented side-on mode of nitrous oxide binding to this form of CuZ.
Rustless translation
Authors: Hopfner Karl-Peter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
ATP binding cassette proteins are a large and diverse family of molecular machines and include transmembrane transporter, chromosome maintenance and DNA repair proteins, and translation factors. However, the function of the ABCE1, the only member of subfamily E of ABC proteins, remained mysterious for over a decade, even though it is perhaps the most conserved ABC protein in eukaryotes and archaea. Recent results have now identified ABCE1 as the ribosome-recycling factor of eukaryotes and archaea. Thus, two iron-sulfur clusters – the hallmark feature of ABCE1 – help catalyze an integral step of the translational cycle at the core of the protein synthesis machinery.
Oligomerization of polytopic α-helical membrane proteins: causes and consequences
Authors: Cymer Florian , Schneider Dirk 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Several polytopic α-helical membrane-integrated proteins appear to be organized in higher-ordered oligomeric complexes. While many aspects are still enigmatic, in recent years, the physiological impact of membrane protein oligomerization has been analyzed to some extent. In the present article, oligomerization of structurally well-defined membrane proteins is discussed. The available experimental information indicates the causes and physiological consequences of membrane protein oligomerization, including stabilization, cooperative functions, and control of specific activities. Based on the currently available observations, we aim to derive some general principles and discuss open questions.
From experienced to novice: a reflective account on the changing role of front-line implementer to program trainer in Project P.A.T.H.S.
Authors: Wu Florence K.Y. , Shek Daniel T.L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Although training plays an important role in the successful implementation of positive youth development programs, research on training and trainers in this field is grossly neglected. In this paper, a trainer of a positive youth development program in Hong Kong (Project P.A.T.H.S.; Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) reflected about her transition from the role of a teacher (and program implementer) to the role of a trainer. Based on the reflection, the transformations involved, including self-perception, teaching role and teaching strategies, were highlighted. The issue of how previous experience influenced training in the context of positive youth development was also discussed. It is suggested that involvement of front-line practitioners in the training of positive youth development programs is workable, although systematic training for the novice trainers may be needed.
Quantitative evaluation of the revised training program Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Wu Florence K.Y. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In the extension phase of Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) in Hong Kong, potential implementers received 20 h of training (7 h of e-learning and 13 h of interactive training). Subjective outcome evaluation was conducted to evaluate the training workshops conducted in the first year of the extension phase based on the responses of 812 participants. The subjective outcome evaluation form was found to be internally consistent. Percentage findings showed that the respondents had favorable perceptions of the training program including its content, trainers, participants themselves and arrangements. The participants also felt that they had acquired knowledge, positive attitudes and skills related to the implementation of the program. The findings showed that the revised training program was effective in helping the participants to acquire the necessary knowledge, attitudes, and skills in the implementation of the program.
Implementation of a positive youth development program by class teachers in a Chinese context
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Lung Daniel W.M. , Chak Yammy L.Y. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper reports the findings of a case study in which a curriculum-based positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) was implemented by the class teachers in a school. School-related factors which contributed to the success of program implementation were identified in the study. Results showed that factors facilitating the program implementation were closely related to the “5Ps” model (i.e., program, people, process, policy and place). While all the above factors contributed to the success of program implementation, the “people” factor was identified as the most crucial factor. Overall, both the students and program implementers perceived the program to be effective in promoting holistic development in the program participants.
Messung der QoS-Parameter für RTSP-Videostreaming über TCP
unter verschiedenen Hintergrundlasten
Authors: Kolesnikov Andrey , Gaffron Andreas , Heidtmann Klaus 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Obwohl TCP bekanntlich nicht für die übertragung von Videoströmen
konzipiert wurde und somit diesbezüglich Schwächen besitzt, wird es
dennoch häufig zu diesem Zwecke benutzt, weil UDP-Pakete oft zwischen
verschiedenen Netzen eingesetzte Adressumsetzer (NAT) oder Firewalls nicht
passieren dürfen. Somit wird in dieser Arbeit die Dienstgüte der
TCP-übertragung eines Videostroms bei verschiedenen TCP-Hintergrundlasten
untersucht. Unter anderem wurde gemessen, wann es zu Fehlersituationen bei der
Videowiedergabe kommt, z.B. aufgrund von zu vielen parallelen
Streaming-Sitzungen von verschiedenen Benutzern im WLAN oder nicht ausreichend
dimensionierten Puffern im VoD-Client. Die Messumgebung entspricht einem
Szenario wie es heutzutage in kleineren Betrieben und vielen privaten Haushalten
typischerweise anzutreffen ist.
Werkzeuge zur Leistungsbewertung von dynamischen Anwendungen in
Wireless Mesh-Netzwerken
Authors: Schleinzer Benjamin , Samsel Christian , Inden Nicolas 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Bei der Evaluierung von verteilten Anwendungen lassen sich vorhandene
Messwerkzeuge zur Leistungsbewertung nicht ohne Einschränkungen in heutigen
heterogenen Netzwerken nutzen. In Verbindung mit Anwendungen, die ihr Verhalten
den Netzwerkstrukturen und verfügbaren Kommunikationspartnern anpassen,
erzeugen sie Metriken, die keine Aussage über das individuelle Verhalten
einzelner Komponenten ermöglichen. Zum Beispiel sind einfache
Durchsatzmessungen zwischen zwei Knoten eines Netzwerkes nicht geeignet, das
Verhalten eines dynamischen Peer-to-Peer-Systems (P2P) in einem Wireless
Mesh-Netzwerk zu beschreiben. Netgrind ist ein Messwerkzeug, mit dem
Vergleichsmessungen und Leistungsbewertungen von verteilten, dynamischen
Anwendungen durchgeführt werden können. Netgrind steuert die Anwendung
und misst die realen Datenflüsse zwischen den kommunizierenden Knoten.
Zusätzlich kann Netgrind verschiedene Datenflüsse aktiv emulieren, um
die Interaktion mit anderen Anwendungen zu ermöglichen und die
Leistungsfähigkeit des Gesamtsystems zu verbessern. Durch diese Messungen
ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten, dynamische Anwendungen in heterogenen
Netzwerken zu analysieren und zu bewerten.
Ist SOA obsolet? -- Eine kritische Betrachtung
Authors: Mandl Peter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Die Diskussion um SOA dauert zwar nun schon viele Jahre an, ist aber in der
letzten Zeit deutlich abgeflacht. Dies führt zu der Frage, ob das Konzept nun in
die ewigen Jagdgründe der IT-Hypes eingeht oder ob es einen Stand erreicht hat,
der sich bei richtiger Anwendung in der Praxis auch umsetzen lässt. Dieser
Artikel widmet sich dieser Frage. Nach einer kurzen Auffrischung der
SOA-Geschichte sowie der SOA-Ideen werden ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit
einige durchaus kontrovers zu sehende Hypothesen zur Diskussion gestellt.
Synthesis and properties of new polyamide-organoclay nanocomposites containing pyrazine moiety in the main chain
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Naderi-Ghomi Mohammad , Hajibeygi Mohsen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA series of polyamide (PA)/montmorillonite nanocomposites containing pyrazine moiety in the main chain were synthesized by a convenient solution intercalation technique. PA 3 as a source of polymer matrix was synthesized by the direct polycondensation reaction of pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 1 with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2 in the presence of triphenyl phosphite, CaCl2, pyridine, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resulting nanocomposite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that organo-modified clay was dispersed homogeneously in the PA matrix. TGA indicated an enhancement of thermal stability of new nanocomposites compared with the pure polymer.
Study on in situ Al-Si functionally graded materials produced by traveling magnetic field
Authors: Xu Yanjin , Su Yanqing , Luo Liangshun , Liu Jiangping , Guo Jingjie , Fu Hengzhi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of this contribution was to investigate the microstructure of in situ Al-Si functionally graded materials produced by traveling magnetic field. The research shows that the composition and associated microstructural feature of Al-Si alloys processed by this method changes from the outer of samples to the inner, respectively, from Al-Si hypereutectic with particles of primary Si to Al-Si eutectic to hypoeutectic composition with a great number of primary Al dendrites. Moreover, the hardness, the wear resistance of samples and the volume fraction of primary Si particles all have obviously gradient characteristics in the samples.
Thermal buckling load optimization of laminated folded composite plates
Authors: Topal Umut 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this study, thermal buckling load optimization of symmetrically laminated composite folded plates subjected to uniformly distributed temperature load is investigated. The objective function is to maximize the critical temperature capacity of laminates and the fiber orientation is considered as a design variable. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to study thermal buckling response of the laminates. The modified feasible direction method is used as the optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on Fortran is used for the optimization. Finally, the significant effects of crank angles, plate lengths and boundary conditions on the optimum results are demonstrated and the results are compared.
Frequency optimization of laminated composite plates with different intermediate line supports
Authors: Topal Umut 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with frequency optimization of symmetrically laminated 4-layered angle-ply plates with one or two different intermediate line supports. The design objective is the maximization of the fundamental frequency and the design variable is the fiber orientation in the layers. The first order shear deformation theory and nine-node isoparametric finite element model are used for finding the natural frequencies of laminates. The modified feasible direction method is used for the optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on FORTRAN is used. Finally, the numerical analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of location of the internal line supports, plate aspect ratios and boundary conditions on the optimal designs and the results are compared.
Historical Institutionalism and Comparative Federalism
Authors: Broschek Jörg 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith some exceptions, efforts to systematically apply a historical-institutionalist framework to the study of federalism have been few and far between. This paper argues, however, that historical institutionalism lends itself particularly well for addressing two important research questions in the field of comparative federalism: the origins of federal systems and their dynamics. It is suggested that a historical-institutionalist framework can significantly contri­bute to encourage theoretical cross-fertilization within the field of comparative federalism.
Cyclic Voltammetric Study of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants of Various Organic Compounds in Ionic liquids: Measurements at Room Temperature
Authors: Siraj Noureen , Grampp Günter , Landgraf Stephan , Punyain Kraiwan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are of growing interest due to their outstanding solvent properties. The high conductivity and large electrochemical window of RTILs have enabled their use in electrochemistry without adding supporting electrolyte. Heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k
het
) and diffusion coefficients (D) of ferrocene, 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, bromanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetrathiofulvalene, methylviologen, and ethylviologen were determined in several RTILs such as [emim][BF4], [bmim][OTf], [bmim][BF4] and [bmim][PF6] using cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained for k
het and D, range from 0.25–29.6 × 104 cm s-1 and 1.27–25.5 × 108 cm2 s-1 respectively. Both were significantly lower than those found in organic solvents like acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethylformamide (DMF), etc. It was found that k
het and D were two to three orders of magnitude lower in more viscous RTILs. Diffusion coefficients were inversely proportional to the viscosity of the RTILs for all substances under investigation. Marcus theory was applied to compare the k
het. The main problem arising is to understand the role of solvent reorganization energy (λ
o). Whereas Marcus theory describes λ
o in two parts of polarization, a fast electronic and a slower orientational contribution both expressed by the Pekar factor γ = (1/n
2 - 1/ɛ
s), the solvent is treated as a continuum having a dielectric constant (ɛ
s) and a refractive index (n). Such a concept seems to be not applicable to ionic liquids.
La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ
(LSC) Thin Film Electrodes with Very Fast Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Prepared by a Sol-Gel Route
Authors: Januschewsky Judith , Stöger-Pollach Michael , Kubel Frank , Friedbacher Gernot , Fleig Jürgen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ
(LSC) thin film electrodes of about 80 nm thickness were prepared via a sol-gel route on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) solid electrolytes. Impedance measurements on microelectrodes fabricated from these films revealed very low polarization resistances for electrochemical oxygen exchange at intermediate temperatures (500–600 ºC). Prerequisite for the very fast oxygen reduction kinetics was a limitation of the preparation (annealing) temperature to 600 ºC. Already after ca. 15 minutes annealing of the sol-gel prepared layer at this temperature, electrodes were electrochemically highly active despite low crystallinity (almost XRD amorphous). LSC electrodes on GDC showed much higher polarization resistances. However, this originated from an additional interfacial resistance rather than from kinetically slow LSC surfaces.