bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La viabilité des modèles sociaux européens après la crise de 2008
Authors: Warin Thierry 
Published: December 2014

L’article se propose de faire une analyse de la viabilité des modèles sociaux européens. À l’aube de la sortie de la crise de 2008, les pays membres de l’Union européenne ont fait face à une hausse des déficits publics et en conséquence des dettes publiques. Les dépenses sociales – par définition les stabilisateurs automatiques – ont contribué à ces augmentations. Dans un contexte post-crise où il est question de revenir à des niveaux de déficits et de dettes respectant le cadre institutionnel européen, est-ce que les dépenses sociales peuvent être réduites sans remettre en cause les modèles sociaux européens ? La croissance économique est la clé de la viabilité du système social. Cependant, cela veut dire que l’Europe reste concurrentielle en termes de coûts et productivité et qu’elle retrouve des marges de manœuvre budgétaires. Cela est d’autant plus important que lorsqu’une crise survient, elle augmente les tensions et révèle les fragilités.
Un siècle après. Quelques remarques sur les principaux thèmes philosophiques du congrès de 1911
Authors: Iofrida Manlio 
Published: December 2014

Le projet d'un congrès international de philosophie et la fondation de la Revue de métaphysique et de morale sont liés à la construction de l'édifice institutionnel de la III e République, et notamment à la conception laïque d'une république fondée sur l'éducation publique, sur la raison et sur la science, telle qu'elle se développe après 1870. D'un côté, on rappelle le rôle du kantisme ; de l'autre, on examine les positions de Durkheim et de Bergson, qui représentent, au congrès de Bologne, des positions limites par rapport à celles rationalistes dominantes. On met en évidence chez Bergson une contraposition explicite à l'élitisme qui caractérise l'idée allemande de Kultur .
Strengthening New Graduate Nurse Residency Programs in Critical Care: Recommendations From Nurse Residents and Organizational Stakeholders
Authors: Adams Jeffrey M. , Alexander Gail A. , Chisari R. Gino , Banister Gaurdia , McAuley Mary Elizabeth , Whitney Kevin B. , Erickson Jeanette Ives 
Published: December 2014

Background:
Thirty-four new graduate nurses participated in a critical care nurse residency program in preparation for opening a new intensive care unit. At the end of the program, multi-constituent focus groups were held to assess program effectiveness.

Method:
Participants included 34 new graduate nurses, 18 preceptors and staff nurse partners, five clinical nurse specialists, and five nurse directors. Twelve focus groups were held; groups included four to eight nurses from the same role group. Two independent reviewers analyzed recordings and transcripts of focus group content to identify themes.

Results:
Five themes were identified: program design, developing nursing expertise, program impact on the unit, future expectations, and communication. Comments were used to guide program improvements and offer new insights for residency programs in acute and critical care.

Conclusion:

Obtaining structured input from multiple program stakeholders is beneficial in evaluating a program's impact and identifying areas for improvement.
J Contin Educ Nurs.
2015;46(1):41–48.
Immune Complexes Suppress IFN-γ–Induced Responses in Monocytes by Activating Discrete Members of the SRC Kinase Family
Authors: Boekhoudt Gunther H. , McGrath Anna G. , Swisher Jennifer F. A. , Feldman Gerald M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The regulation of the innate and the adaptive immune responses are extensively intertwined and tightly regulated. Ag-driven immune responses that are modulated by immune complexes (ICs) are known to inhibit IFN-γ–dependent MHC class II expression. We have previously demonstrated that ICs dramatically inhibit IFN-γ–induced activation of human monocytes through the activation of the FcγRI signaling pathway. In the present study we further explore the mechanisms by which ICs regulate IFN-γ activation of human monocytes. We demonstrate that members of the SRC kinase family (SKF) are key mediators of IFN-γ pathway suppression: inhibitors of the SKF reverse the ability of ICs to suppress IFN-γ signaling. Small interfering RNA was used to target specific members of the SKF. The data indicate that SRC and LYN are both required for ICs to elicit their immunosuppressive activity, whereas FYN does not appear to contribute to this function. Similarly, the kinase SYK, though not a member of the SKF, is also demonstrated to be involved in this IC-mediated immunosuppression. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby ICs directly inhibit inflammatory signals by crosslinking FcγRI, resulting in the activation of the specific phosphotyrosine kinases SRC, LYN, and SYK and the concomitant suppression of the IFN-γ signaling pathway.
The α-Tocopherol Form of Vitamin E Reverses Age-Associated Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection by Modulating Pulmonary Neutrophil Recruitment
Authors: Bou Ghanem Elsa N. , Clark Stacie , Du Xiaogang , Wu Dayong , Camilli Andrew , Leong John M. , Meydani Simin N. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in older patients. Uncontrolled neutrophil-driven pulmonary inflammation exacerbates this disease. To test whether the α-tocopherol (α-Toc) form of vitamin E, a regulator of immunity, can modulate neutrophil responses as a preventive strategy to mitigate the age-associated decline in resistance to S. pneumoniae, young (4 mo) and old (22–24 mo) C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 30-PPM (control) or 500-PPM (supplemented) α-Toc for 4 wk and intratracheally infected with S. pneumoniae. Aged mice fed a control diet were exquisitely more susceptible to S. pneumoniae than young mice. At 2 d postinfection, aged mice suffered 1000-fold higher pulmonary bacterial burden, 2.2-fold higher levels of neutrophil recruitment to the lung, and a 2.25-fold higher rate of lethal septicemia. Strikingly, α-Toc supplementation of aged mice resulted in a 1000-fold lower bacterial lung burden and full control of infection. This α-Toc–induced resistance to pneumococcal challenge was associated with a 2-fold fewer pulmonary neutrophils, a level comparable to S. pneumoniae–challenged, conventionally fed young mice. α-Toc directly inhibited neutrophil egress across epithelial cell monolayers in vitro in response to pneumococci or hepoxilin-A3, an eicosanoid required for pneumococcus-elicited neutrophil trans-epithelial migration. α-Toc altered expression of multiple epithelial and neutrophil adhesion molecules involved in migration, including CD55, CD47, CD18/CD11b, and ICAM-1. These findings suggest that α-Toc enhances resistance of aged mice to bacterial pneumonia by modulating the innate immune response, a finding that has potential clinical significance in combating infection in aged individuals through nutritional intervention.
The Next Broadband Challenge: Wireless
Authors: Middleton Catherine A. , Given Jock 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Is fiber optics to virtually all homes a sensible policy goal? Perhaps not. At least, so argue Professors Middleton and Given, who suggest that, although wireless broadband may not be as fast as fiber, its adoption will be more rapid because it offers other attractive characteristics. Mobile broadband may have a disruptive effect on the overall broadband market, making fiber to the home less attractive. If this is so, should universal service obligations be extended to mobile broadband? And should governments rethink their plans for a ubiquitous fiber optic infrastructure? Middleton and Given argue that they should.
Regulation, Resources, and Innovation: The Argentinean Telecommunications Case
Authors: Garcia-Murillo Martha A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Regulatory processes can directly impair or enhance telecommunications innovation, according to Dr. Garcia-Murillo. Using the telecommunications sector in Argentina as a case study, and based on extensive interviews and analysis, her paper demonstrates the relationship between regulation, resources, and innovation. Regulatory independence, transparency, and accountability enhance innovation, but investment in telecommunications innovation also requires timely and predictable policy decisions, and Dr. Garcia-Murillo concludes that these must be fairly enforced.
Looking For the User in Media Pluralism Regulation: Unraveling the Traditional Diversity Chain and Recent Trends of User Empowerment in European Media Regulation
Authors: Valcke Peggy 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Are increases in diverse media content meaningless if this additional content is ignored by the audience? If, in the end, consumption of diverse media is what matters, how should states shape policies to address the “empowered” user? Professor Valcke's article reviews the traditional approaches of the European Union and its Member States toward media diversity, which focused on sources and content with limited attention to media use. She argues that, without abandoning traditional measures, regulators must broaden their scope and consider how to promote use diversity. She sees the proposed European Pluralism Monitor as helpful in this regard and makes some suggestions for further regulatory improvements.
Giving the Audience a Voice: The Role of Research in Making Media Regulation More Responsive to the Needs of the Audience
Authors: Hasebrink Uwe 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Accountability for media quality and diversity would be significantly improved by expanded public participation in media governance processes, argues Professor Hasebrink. European regulators, he suggests, have been too slow to recognize the value of including the audience's interests as citizen-participants and not just as consumers. To realize the value of the audience's interests, innovative research is needed both on the nature of the dual role of audiences, and on the multiple forms of their potential involvement in the policy discourse.
A Proposed Device Attachment Statute for Converged Networks
Authors: Jordan Scott , Shaffer Gwen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Interconnection of user-side devices and applications to networks has long been a contentious issue, compounded by the emergence of converged broadband networks. Doctors Jordan and Shaffer offer a “unified” draft statute to ensure users the right to connect devices and applications of their choice while ensuring providers the right to reasonable network management. Analyzing current attachment rules for telephony, cable, MVPDs, mobile services, and the Internet, they propose a single set of rules for operating in a converged broadband network environment. They acknowledge that there are difficult issues involved and try to apply a balancing of interests to resolve them.
Race- and Gender-Conscious Policies: Toward a More Egalitarian Communications
Future
Authors: Byerly Carolyn M. , Park Yong Jin , Miles Reginald D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this essay the authors, all faculty at Howard University, advocate more egalitarian ownership of broadcast media, especially with respect to minorities and women. They designate five areas for attention: objective standards for judging public interest performance; strengthening public oversight; strengthening localism; identifying metrics for diversity and localism; and mechanisms to promote minority and female ownership. They offer recommendations for the implementation of each area. In a larger sense, they argue that media ownership policies remain blocked by corporate-oriented neoliberalism, and the current media oligopoly needs to be dismantled under an antitrust model to insure robust discussion of issues of common interest into the future.
E-Governance Policy for Modernizing Government through Digital Democracy in India
Authors: Prasad Kiran 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Access to ICTs alone does not make for successful national e-governance projects in developing countries, argues Dr. Prasad. India's National e-Governance Plan, key to its administrative reform agenda, proposes to extend the Internet to the remotest of villages. Making this relevant at the local level requires participatory efforts to promote democratic practices. The foundation of this initiative is a program of e-literacy, capacity building, and installation of ubiquitous broadband-enabled computer kiosks based on entrepreneurial public-private partnerships. The best example of this is the Akshaya Centres project in Kerala, a potential model for the rest of India and other developing nations.
From Switches to Packets: The New World of Interconnection
Authors: Cunningham Brendan M. , Alexander Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
As the telecommunications market transitions from POTS to VoIP, interconnection plays a key role. How will migration from a termination regime to a peering regime impact carriers and subscribers? Cunningham and Alexander model the potential results under conditions of both traffic symmetry and asymmetry. Competition for subscribers, they find, is the key factor in holding interconnection costs down, although possibly increasing prices for subscribers. Under symmetry, this may ultimately increase firms' profits. Under asymmetry, some firms will lose profits. The consequences of this may be somewhat offset by public policies. This has implications for universal service, antitrust law, and network neutrality.
The Case for Reforming Regulation of PSTN Voice Services
Authors: Clarke Richard N. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Have competitive conditions in the voice services market changed sufficiently to justify lifting most current economic and social regulation on the public switched telephone network (PSTN)? Yes, argues Richard Clarke, describing in detail the ongoing changes in the supply and demand structures of the voice market and their impact on reducing the economic power of the traditional incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Based on this argument, and on evolving technology, Clarke notes that both the PSTN and the voice services it supports are “inexorably going away,” to be replaced by new services and technologies, making current regulatory requirements superfluous.
The Baidu Music Settlement: A Turning Point for Copyright Reform In China?
Authors: Dong Xue “Snow” , Jayakar Krishna 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Why did Baidu, China's largest Internet search service, settle a 2011 music copyright infringement case with three large western music publishers when it had prevailed on previous such claims against it? Dong and Jayakar explore four possible reasons for the Baidu settlement, and conclude that while one may not have been enough, all of them taken together likely led to the result, representing a major shift in Baidu's position on music copyrights. The authors then ask if this case may be exemplary of a major shift of China's overall attitude towards copyright and intellectual property.
Broadband Availability and Employment: An Analysis of County-Level Data from the National Broadband Map
Authors: Jayakar Krishna , Park Eun-A 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Does investment in broadband infrastructure reduce unemployment? Yes, answer Jayakar and Park, reviewing broadband availability data from the National Broadband Map and unemployment statistics. Their study covers eight states selected according to a variety of demographic and economic criteria to represent a range of comparable states. The level of analysis was the county, and the sample was all 415 counties in the selected states. Jayakar and Park conclude that counties with better broadband availability had lower unemployment rates in 2011 even after controlling for other factors.
Creating, Clarifying, and Enforcing an Effective Non-Work Related Computing Policy: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Fichtner J. Royce , Strader Troy J. , Scullen Steven E. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
What should the consequences be for an employee who uses the employer's computer for non-work related computing (NWRC)? Can the employer prevent the employee from receiving the unemployment benefits for which he/she is eligible if the grounds for dismissal are engaging in NWRC during working hours? Professors Fichtner, Strader, and Scullen discuss common scenarios in which organizations lost their bid to disqualify a terminated employee from receiving benefits, and recommend specific changes to organizations' NWRC policies to limit unemployment compensation claims. They conclude that existing unemployment compensation policies regarding NWRC suffer from vague statutory definitions and that policymakers should consider rewriting rules and regulations to more clearly address whether certain behaviors indeed constitute misconduct.
Measuring Performance when Broadband is the New PSTN
Authors: Lehr William , Bauer Steven , Clark David D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The transition of telecommunications services from the old Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to the broadband Internet does not alleviate the needs of consumers for basic services. The Internet universe, however, is mostly unregulated. As broadband becomes the new PSTN, how do we ensure that services are delivered appropriately, and how can this be measured? Doctors Lehr, Bauer, and Clark propose an updated set of measurements and address the policy considerations they raise, in order to ensure that broadband services indeed serve the public interest.
An Empirical Analysis of Internet Top-Level Domain Policy
Authors: Nicholls Tom 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The process of introducing new top-level domain names (TLDs) for use on the Internet, which is managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, is fraught with rhetoric about an increase in costs and abuses, or an increase in choice and reduction in scarcity. Mr. Nicholls argues that there has been very little empirical research on the potential impact of new TLDs, and analyzes issues of cost and scarcity in domain name registration practices. Mr. Nicholls concludes that some of the perceived threats of new TLDs have not manifested though others have, and that data-driven research is necessary.
Spectrum Policy Reforms: Supporting Democracy and Economic Development in Jordan
Authors: Sweis Rana F. , Lennett Benjamin , Glaisyer Tom 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The true role of new communications technologies in the dramatic events of the “Arab Spring” in 2011 is still under discussion, but wireless communications were certainly used widely by activists and protesters. This article uses events in Jordan as a case study, and the authors argue that reform of that country's spectrum licensing policies and speech laws is essential for future democratic progress and economic development. The authors combine research into Jordan's emergent high-tech industry, and successful and equitable spectrum policies in the United States, to form a series of policy recommendations for the Jordanian government.
The Impact of Intra-Platform Competition on Broadband Prices and Speeds
Authors: Smith Ron , Northall Peter , Ovington Tom , Santamaría Juana 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
What type of broadband competition has produced the best results for European consumers? To answer this question, the authors compare different types of competition for their impacts on both price and speed, using data from the EU27 countries for 2008–2011. They examine both inter-platform (DSL, cable, fiber, satellite, and wireless local loop) and intra-platform (unbundled local loop [ULL], bitstream, and resale) competition. The authors find that inter-platform competition and ULL access-based entry are both associated with lower prices and higher speeds, with inter-platform competition having the greater impact, and ULL being the most effective form of intra-platform competition.
ANÁLISE DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS HIDROLÓGICAS DE TRÊS SUB-BACIAS DO RIO CARAPÁ (CANINDEYÚ, PARAGUAI) EM FUNÇÃO DAS MUDANÇAS DA COBERTURA VEGETAL
Authors: Reys César Daniel Riveros , Rizzi Nivaldo Eduardo , Araki Hideo 
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento hidrológico em três sub-bacias da bacia hidrográfica do rio Carapá, localizadas no Departamento de Canindeyú, Paraguai em 1985, 1999 e 2007, através de análise multitemporal do uso do solo e análise da resposta hidrológica pelo método de Curva Número com ênfase no parâmetro de Coeficiente de escoamento superficial (CE). A metodologia de estudo foi dividida em duas etapas: classificação dos usos do solo e análise das mudanças da vegetação nativa e análise das classes geradas com adição de tipologias de solos para gerar os parâmetros hidrológicos nas três condições de umidade antecedente: normal (NII), seco (NI) e próximo da saturação (NIII). Os resultados indicaram diminuição da cobertura florestal nas três sub-bacias. Das três, o coeficiente de escoamento superficial nas três situações de umidade antecedente da sub-bacia 49 no período de 1985 e 1999 foi a mais alta (NI=6,42; NII=30,88; NIII=57,86) e a que indica maior possibilidade de degradação. No período de 2007, o coeficiente de escoamento superficial nas três situações de umidade antecedente da sub-bacia 01 foi a mais alta (NI=17,03; NII=45,18; NIII=69,32), indicando maior possibilidade de degradação na sub-bacia por conta da ação da erosão hídrica.Palavras-chave: Bacia hidrográfica; análise multitemporal; curva número; escoamento superficial. AbstractAnalysis of hydrologic characteristics of three sub-basins of Carapa River basin (Canindeyú, Paraguay) in relation to changes of plant cover. The objective of this study was to analyze the hydrological behavior in three sub-basins of the river basin, Carapa, located in the Department of Canindeyú, Paraguay in 1985, 1999 and 2007 through multitemporal analysis of land use and hydrologic response analysis method Curve Number with emphasis on parameter runoff coefficient (EC). The methodology was divided into two steps: classification of land use and analysis of changes in vegetation and analysis of the generated classes with the addition of soil types to generate the hydrological parameters in the three antecedent moisture conditions: normal (NII) cleaning (NI) and close to saturation (NIII). The results showed decrease in forest cover in the three sub-basins. From the three parameters, the runoff coefficient in three different moisture history of the sub-basin 49 between 1985 and 1999 was the highest (NI = 6.42, NII = 30.88, NIII = 57.86) and indicates a higher possibility of degradation. During 2007, the runoff coefficient in three different moisture history of the sub-basin 01 was the highest (NI = 17.03, NII = 45.18, NIII = 69.32), indicating a greater possibility of degradation the sub-basin due to the action of water erosion.Keywords: Hydrographic basin; multitemporal analysis; curve number; runoff.