bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fibrel Mechanism of Action Study
Authors: GOLD MICHAEL H. 
Published: June 2013

background. Fibrel is a medical implant device that has demonstrated use in the correction of cutaneous depressions from acne scars and wrinkles, OBJECTIVE. Mechanisms of actions have been proposed that have theorized the production of new collagen over time as a result of the Fibrel implant. The present study utilized human volunteers to study the histologic response of Fibrel over time.methods. Fibrel was injected into tattoo sites behind the ears of human volunteers; skin biopsies were taken at various time intervals and studied histologically by a clinical pathologist.results. An overall increase over time was noted with regard to production of collagen and inflammatory response. No change in elastic tissue was found.conclusions. Fibrel does promote new collagen synthesis and inflammatory response and thus is useful to correct cutaneous depressions via soft tissue augmentation.
Immunohistochemical Margin Control Applied to Mohs Micrographic Surgical Excision of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Authors: JIMENEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER , GRICHNIK JAMES MICHAEL , BUCHANAN MARK DEWAINE , CLARK ROBERT EARL 
Published: June 2013

background. Surgical treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a high rate of recurrence presumably secondary to persistent residual tumor. Recently an antigenic marker, CD34, has demonstrated specificity for this tumor.objective. To improve the microscopic detection of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tumor elements in Mohs micrographic surgical sections by incorporating immunohistologic staining.methods. Standard Mohs micrographic surgical technique was used, coupled with standard immunohistochemical procedures using an antibody to the CD34 antigen.results. Immunohistochemical staining with anti‐CD34 of Mohs micrographic sections clearly delineated the extent of the tumor elements.conclusions. We anticipate that the application of this immunohistochemical‐modified Mohs surgical technique will further enhance the detection of insidious portions of tumor thereby enhancing removal and reducing recurrence.
Gingival Metastasis as First Sign of an Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: PERIS KETTY , CERRONI LORENZO , PAOLONI MAURO , MARGIOTTA VALERIO , CHIMENTI SERGIO 
Published: June 2013

background
. Metastases of internal tumors to the oral cavity are unusual and involve in most cases maxilla and mandible. Metastases to the gingival soft tissue are extremely rare.
objective
. To report a case of gingival metastasis from undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung.
methods
. The lesion was removed and hematoxylin and eosin sections were performed. Immunohistochemical investigations were performed with a standard three‐step immunoperoxidase technique on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections using anti‐CEA, anti‐S‐100, HMB45, and anti‐LCA antibodies.
results
. Based on clincopathologic findings, a diagnosis of metastasis from undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung was established. Further investigations revealed a primary undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung.
conclusions
. Metastasis from internal neoplasms should be considered among other differential diagnoses in the evaluation of gingival tumors. In the present case, onset of oral lesion preceded detection of the primary lung tumor. Complete screening of the patient should therefore follow a diagnosis of gingival neoplasm of unknown origin.
Allergic Reactions to Polidocanol for Vein Sclerosis
Authors: FEIED CRAIG F. , JACKSON JOYCE J. , BREN TERESA S. , BOND OLIVER B. , FERNANDO C. ERNEST , YOUNG VINCENT C.Y. , HASHEMIYOON ROBERT B. 
Published: June 2013

background. Polidocanol is a sclerosing solution that is highly valued by clinicians and patients for its painlessness, high efficacy, excellent safety profile, low incidence of side effects, and for the rarity of its allergic reactions. Previous estimates of the incidence of allergic reactions have ranged from 0 to 0.06%.objective. Improved recognition of systemic allergy to polidocanol is desirable for both clinicians and for patients. We have attempted to describe two cases recently observed in our population and to provide an improved upper‐bounds estimate for the true population incidence of allergy to polidocanol.results. We report two recent cases of mild systemic allergic reaction to polidocanol in a population of 689 exposed patients, for an observed incidence of 0.3% in our patient population. We have calculated a 95% confidence upper‐bound estimate of 0.91% for the incidence of polidocanol allergy in the general population.conclusion. Allergy to polidocanol may be more common than previously recognized. Careful questioning of previously treated patients and more prolonged observation of patients after treatment may yield a larger number of recognized cases.
Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate Premedication in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Dermatologie Procedures
Authors: GERWELS JOHN W. , BEZZANT JOHN L. , LE MAIRE LEON , PAULEY LYNNE F. , STREISAND JAMES B. 
Published: June 2013

background. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a novel lozenge dosage form of fentanyl used for premedication. Many dermatology patients undergoing surgical procedures could benefit from such a medication.objective. The study compared the safety and efficacy of 400‐ vs 800‐ μg dosage forms for their sedative and anxiolytic effects in adults undergoing a variety of dermatologic outpatient surgical procedures.methods. Patients received OTFC 30 minutes before the procedura. Vital signs, oxygen Saturation, sedation, and anxiety scores were measured before OTFC administration and every 15 minutes thereafter.results. Significant sedation and anxiolysis developed in both dosage groups. No clinically significant changes in respiratory rate, heart rate, or blood pressure occurred during the study period. Common drug‐induced side effects included dizziness, nausea, pruritus, and vomiting.conclusion. OTFC is safe and effective for outpatient dermatologic procedures; however, the risk of opioid‐related side effects must be carefully weighed against the benefits when deciding to use OTFC in an outpatient setting.
Repair of the Soft Triangle of the Nose
Authors: ZITELLI JOHN ALBERT 
Published: June 2013

background. Notching of the soft triangle is a complication of excisional and some reconstructive surgery that is difficult to repair.objective. This article provides a simple single‐stage procedure to correct the complication of notching of the soft triangle.methods. A detailed description of a turnover flap from the inferior tip covered with a full‐thickness skin graft is provided.results. The method described has provided uniformly satisfactorily results based on the author's experience.conclusion. This simple method is the treatment of choice for a one‐stage repair of a soft triangle notch.
Cryosurgery of Varicose Veins
Authors: GARDE CLAUDE 
Published: June 2013

background. It is impossible to treat all varicose veins employing the same method. Cryosurgery offers a new modality for the destraction of the long and short saphenous vein deletion.objective. To describe the technique, its indications, potential complications, and cosmetic results.methods. We followed 800 patients over 6 years. The study allows evaluation of the results of and the best indications for this method. With a follow up of five years, we have analyzed: 1) the immediate complications, and 2) middle‐term results.results. The results of cryosurgery of varicose veins were generally comparable to those obtained using classical surgery (stripping).conclusion. Cryosurgery of varicose veins is a fast and safe method for selected varicose disorders, exhibiting good cosmetic results.
The Glycolic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid Peel
Authors: III WILLIAM P. COLEMAN , FUTRELL JOSEPHINE M. 
Published: June 2013

background. Chemical peeling has become increasingly popular. Technique is more critical in medium depth peeling than with deeper peels because of variable penetration of the trichloroacetic acid,objective. This article describes a novel use of two caustic agents, glycolic acid and trichloroacetic acid, to effect a predictable approach to medium depth peeling,methods. Without other skin preparation, 70% glycolic acid was applied to the entire face and diluted with water after 2 minutes. Then, 35% trichloroacetic acid was applied over the same areas. Biopsies were done on selected patients after 24 hours and 30, 60, and 90 days,results. Both clinically and histologically the glycolic trichloroacetic acid peel resulted in medium depth injury. Improvement in pigmentary dyschromias and actinic damage was impressive,conclusion. The GA‐TCA peel provides a consistent approach to medium depth peeling to add to the armamentarium of the dermatologic surgeon,
Transcranial Laser Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pooled Analysis of NEST-1 and NEST-2
Authors: Huisa Branko N. , Stemer Andrew B. , Walker Michael G. , Rapp Karen , Meyer Brett C. , Zivin Justin A. ,   for the NEST-1 and −2 investigators
Published: June 2013

Background NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trials (NEST) 1 and 2 have demonstrated safety of transcranial laser therapy (TLT) for human treatment in acute ischemic stroke. NEST 1 study suggested efficacy of TLT but the following NEST 2, despite strong signals, missed reaching significance on its primary efficacy endpoint. In order to assess efficacy in a larger cohort, a pooled analysis was therefore performed. Methods The two studies were first compared for heterogeneity, and then a pooled analysis was performed to assess overall safety and efficacy, and examined particular subgroups. The primary endpoint for the pooled analysis was dichotomized modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0–2 at 90 days. Results Efficacy analysis for the intention-to-treat population was based on a total of 778 patients. Baseline characteristics and prognostic factors were balanced between the two groups. The TLT group ( n = 410) success rate measured by the dichotomized 90-day mRS was significantly higher compared with the sham group ( n = 368) ( P = 0·003, OR: 1·67, 95% CI: 1·19–2·35). The distribution of scores on the 90-day mRS was significantly different in TLT compared with sham ( P = 0·0005 Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel). Subgroup analysis identified moderate strokes as a predictor of better treatment response. Conclusions This pooled analysis support the likelihood that transcranial laser therapy is effective for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke when initiated within 24 h of stroke onset. If ultimately confirmed, transcranial laser therapy will change management and improve outcomes of far more patients with acute ischemic stroke.
The In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents Against the Pathogenic Free‐Living Amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris
Authors: Ahmad Arine F. , Heaselgrave Wayne , Andrew Peter W. , Kilvington Simon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe free‐living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris causes usually fatal encephalitis in humans and animals. Only limited studies have investigated the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against the organism. Assay methods were developed to assess antimicrobial efficacy against both the trophozoite and cyst stage of B. mandrillaris (ATCC 50209). Amphotericin B, ciclopirox olamine, miltefosine, natamycin, paromomycin, pentamidine isethionate, protriptyline, spiramycin, sulconazole and telithromycin had limited activity with amoebacidal levels of > 135–500 μM. However, diminazene aceturate (Berenil®) was amoebacidal at 7.8 μM and 31.3–61.5 μM for trophozoites and cysts, respectively. Assays for antimicrobial testing may improve the prognosis for infection and aid in the development of primary selective culture isolation media.
Dietary patterns, anthropometric status, prevalence and risk factors for anaemia among school children aged 5–11 years in Central Uganda
Authors: Turyashemererwa F. M. , Kikafunda J. , Annan R. , Tumuhimbise G. A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo determine the dietary patterns, anthropometric status, prevalence and risk factors for anaemia among school children aged 5–11 years in a peri‐urban area of Central Uganda.MethodsA cross‐sectional study involving both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Anthropometric data were taken using standardised equipment, whereas haemoglobin was assessed using a haemoglobin meter. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. One hundred and twenty‐two primary school children, aged 5–11 years, and their carers were recruited in the study.ResultsThe proportion of anaemic children (haemoglobin <12 g/dl) was 37.7%; 36.9% of these had mild and 0.8% had moderate anaemia. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) showed that children who never consumed fish had a nine‐fold increased odds of being anaemic [OR = 9.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6–50.7; P = 0.018], whereas those who had fewer meals (1–2 per day) had a 27.0% increased risk (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.1–12.6; P = 0.021). The adjusted OR showed number of meals per day as the only independent predictor of anaemia (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1–11.8; P = 0.031). The proportion of malnutrition (<−2 SD) for wasting (body mass index for age) was 3.3%, being underweight was 5.8% and stunting was 6.6%. Children aged >8 years were associated with wasting (P = 0.041) and stunting (P = 0.034). One main dietary pattern was identified explaining approximately 20.4% of the variability of intake in the population. However, scores of this pattern were not significantly associated with child haemoglobin levels.ConclusionsAnaemia but not macronutrient malnutrition in this cohort of school children is high. Patterns of the dietary intake observed did not explain nutritional status in this population.
Classroom vs. Extramural English: Teachers Dealing with Demotivation
Authors: Sundqvist Pia , Olin‐Scheller Christina 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe present article explores challenges facing EFL classrooms in Sweden due to new informal out‐of‐school language learning settings created by the current media landscape. A recent Swedish national evaluation identifies that a problematic situation in secondary school EFL classrooms has emerged. EFL teachers find it difficult to bridge the gap (cf. Olsson 2011) between the English used in school and the English used outside of school, extramural English (Sundqvist 2009). As a consequence, the pupils (aged 13–16) become discouraged and demotivated. Based on experiences from language teaching methodology in‐service training programs and a small‐scale survey, the article discusses the problem with demotivation, the empowerment of EFL teachers, and the development of teaching practices in order to meet the new challenges. The article argues that the challenges that Swedish EFL teachers currently meet can be viewed as an early indication that similar challenges are likely to emerge also in EFL classrooms elsewhere.
GSA‐1/ARG1 protects root gravitropism in Arabidopsis under ammonium stress
Authors: Zou Na , Li Baohai , Chen Hao , Su Yanhua , Kronzucker Herbert J. , Xiong Liming , Baluška František , Shi Weiming 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Gravitropism plays a critical role in plant growth and development, plant stability and acclimation to changes in water and nutrient availability. Ammonium (NH4+) is well known to have profound effects on root growth, but its impacts on gravitropism are poorly understood.

To determine which genes are essential for the maintenance of root gravitropism under NH4+ stress, we isolated and identified an NH4+‐sensitive mutant, gsa‐1 (gravitropism sensitive to ammonium‐1), in Arabidopsis thaliana, using an agar plate root reorientation assay.

We found that, under NH4+ stress, gsa‐1 displayed increased loss of root gravitropism. Gene cloning and sequencing revealed that gsa‐1 contains a G to C transversion mutation at the highly conserved 5′‐GT splice position of intron 10 of ARG1 (ALTERED RESPONSE TO GRAVITY1), known to participate in the transduction of the root gravity signal. Genetic complement tests established the locus of GSA‐1/ARG1 and its role in resistance to NH4+ inhibition on root gravitropism. GSA‐1/ARG1 is required for normal AUX1 expression and basipetal auxin transport in root apices. In addition, PIN‐FORMED2 (PIN2) is proposed as a target in the reduction of root gravitropism under NH4+ stress, a response which can be antagonized by the GSA‐1/ARG1‐dependent pathway.

These results suggest that GSA‐1/ARG1 protects root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana under ammonium stress.
Trends in overweight by educational level in 33 low‐ and middle‐income countries: the role of parity, age at first birth and breastfeeding
Authors: Lopez‐Arana S. , Burdorf A. , Avendano M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThis study examined trends in overweight among women of reproductive age by educational level in 33 low‐ and middle‐income countries, and estimated the contribution of parity, age at first birth and breastfeeding to these trends. We used repeated cross‐sectional Demographic Health Surveys of 255,828 women aged 25–49 years interviewed between 1992 and 2009. We applied logistic regression to model overweight (>25 kg m−2) as a function of education, reproductive variables and time period by country and region. The prevalence of overweight ranged from 3.4% in South and Southeast Asia to 73.7% in North Africa West/Central Asia during the study period. The association between education and overweight differed across regions. In North Africa West/Central Asia and Latin American, lower education was associated with higher overweight prevalence, while the inverse was true in South/Southeast Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa. In all regions, there was a consistent pattern of increasing overweight trends across all educational groups. Older age at first birth, longer breastfeeding and lower parity were associated with less overweight, for differences by educational level in overweight prevalence and trends.
Optimal R&D Policy and Managerial Delegation Under Vertically Differentiated Duopoly
Authors: Wang Ya‐Chin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe paper investigates the optimal research and development (R&D) policy in a vertically differentiated market with managerial delegation. We consider not only discriminatory R&D policy but uniform R&D policy as well. It shows that R&D policy can vary depending on the regulator's objective: social welfare, consumer surplus or producer surplus; however, the outcomes are invariant to the nature of market competition. Undoubtedly, the relative‐performance contract plays a crucial role for elaborating policy effects. The government prefers discriminatory R&D policy to uniform policy under a consumer‐oriented objective. On the contrary, under a producer‐oriented objective, the government would prefer to choose uniform R&D policy rather than discriminatory policy.
Measuring Exchange Market Pressure and Its Contagion in the East African Community
Authors: Hegerty Scott W. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAs the members of the East African Community seek to further integrate their economies, issues of compatibility arise. How interlinked are these countries' exchange markets, and which currencies are most likely to influence their neighbours? This study constructs monthly indices of exchange market pressure (EMP) for Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda over the past decade. Two methods of constructing these indices are shown to exhibit large differences. Vector autoregressive approaches are then applied to the main EMP series and a set of global stock price proxies. Kenya, the dominant economy, is shown to have the largest effect on the region but is not itself affected by other regional currencies. Foreign stock price declines increase EMP for all countries except Tanzania, which is also the least integrated in terms of trade. This suggests that financial integration in the region is uneven – with implications for a successful common currency.
Profile of cognitive deficits and associations with depressive symptoms and intelligence in chronic early‐onset schizophrenia patients
Authors: Jepsen Jens Richardt Møllegaard , Fagerlund Birgitte , Pagsberg Anne Katrine , Christensen Anne Marie Raaberg , Nordentoft Merete , Mortensen Erik Lykke 
Published: June 2013

Cognitive deficits in several domains have been demonstrated in early‐onset schizophrenia patients but their profile and relation to depressive symptoms and intelligence need further characterization. The purpose was to characterize the profile of cognitive deficits in chronic, early‐onset schizophrenia patients, assess the potential associations with depressive symptom severity, and examine whether cognitive deficits within several domains reflect intelligence impairments. This study compared attention, visual‐construction, aspects of visual and verbal memory, and executive functions in chronic, early‐onset schizophrenia patients (mean age = 20.7 years) (N = 18) and healthy controls (N = 38). Schizophrenia diagnoses were established at the time of the patients' first clinical presentation during childhood or adolescence and were confirmed five years later. In the chronic phase of early‐onset schizophrenia, significant deficits were observed in all specific cognitive functions. The profile of cognitive deficits was jagged, and visual‐construction, attention, and one aspect of verbal memory (verbal stories recall) were differentially impaired. Deficits of visual recall, visual recognition, and executive functions were accounted for by deficits in intelligence, while this was not the case for deficits of verbal recall of stories or attention. No significant associations were observed between the severity of cognitive deficits and that of depressive symptoms. Chronic, early‐onset schizophrenia is characterized by a broad and jagged profile of cognitive deficits. Deficits of attention and verbal recall of stories appear not to be accounted for by deficits in intelligence, and the severity of cognitive deficits seems independent from that of depressive symptoms
Interleukin‐28B genetic variations and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C antibody–positive blood donors in China
Authors: Liu Yu , Ma Hongli , Chen Shanhua , Wang Jingxing , Liu Gui , Xu Min , Ke Ling , He Miao 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the interleukin (IL)28B gene have been shown to be associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in western populations. Anti‐HCV–reactive and HCV RNA–negative samples were often found in Chinese blood donors. This study was to determine whether the IL28B gene variant is also associated with the natural outcome of HCV infection in Chinese blood donors.Study Design and MethodsA total of 111 anti‐HCV–negative blood donors and 100 anti‐HCV–reactive subjects were enrolled in this study. HCV‐infected blood donors were classified into spontaneous clearance group and chronic infection group through HCV RNA detection. IL28B genetic variations (rs8099917 and rs12979860) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.ResultsA total of 24 (24.0%) donors spontaneously cleared HCV. The rs12979860 C allele frequency was 90.3% and the rs8099917 T allele frequency was 96.7% in our study. The rs12979860 CC genotype was strongly associated with spontaneous HCV clearance. Female blood donors had a higher rate of spontaneous HCV clearance than male donors (15/42 [35.7%] vs. 9/58 [15.5%], p = 0.02).ConclusionsThe rs12979860 CC variant upstream of IL28B gene is associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in Chinese blood donors and female donors are more likely to clear HCV infection than male donors.