bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of sewage sludge on the rheological properties of petroleum coke–water slurry
Authors: Ma Xiuyuan , Duan Yufeng , Liu Meng , Li Huafeng 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTEnvironmental concerns have stimulated proper treatment in utilizing sewage sludge derived from different industries. The main objective of the present study is to prepare high‐quality petroleum coke–sludge slurry (PCSS) with low viscosity and good stability by adding sewage sludge into petroleum coke–water slurry (PCWS), and a systematic investigation of the rheological properties of PCSS and PCWS, along with the sewage sludge, is conducted. The experimental results show that the PCWS is a dilatant fluid and has inferior stability; sewage sludge is a pseudoplastic fluid. As a certain amount of sewage sludge is added into PCWS to obtain PCSS, rheological properties are changed from a shear‐thickening property to a shear‐thinning property. Raw sewage sludge has higher bound water content and larger viscosity. Alkaline chemical additives are selected as sewage sludge modifiers to turn bound water into free‐flowing water and reduce the viscosity. The static stability of PCSS was analyzed by the water separation ratio. Results indicate that sewage sludge has a significant impact on the static stability of PCSS. Water separation ratio decreases and the static stability is improved after addition of the sewage sludge. The higher the sewage sludge amount, the better the static stability of the PCSS. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement by Glycyrrhizae Radix of hepatic metabolism of hypaconitine, a major bioactive and toxic component of Aconiti Laterlis Radix, evaluated by HPLC‐TQ‐MS/MS analysis
Authors: Shen Hong , Wu Jie , Di Liu‐Qing , Zhu Ling‐Ying , Xu Jun , Yan Ru , Li Song‐Lin 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTGlycyrrhizae Radix (GR) is often prescribed together with Aconiti Laterlis Radix (ALR) (a so‐called compatible drug pair) in traditional Chinese medicinal practice to reduce toxicity of ALR. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be addressed. In this study, the metabolic interactions between GR–ALR drug pair were investigated for the first time. First, an HPLC‐TQ‐MS/MS method was developed to analyze hypaconitine, a major bioactive and toxic component of ALR, in rat liver S9. Then the in vitro metabolic rates of hypaconitine by different rat liver S9 were compared using the established method. The experiments were designed in four groups: pure hypaconitine (group I) and ALR extract (group II) incubated with liver S9 of normal rats, and pure hypaconitine (group III) and ALR extract (group IV) incubated with liver S9 of GR‐pretreated rats. When incubated for more than 4 h, the metabolic rates of hypaconitine in group III were significantly higher than those in group I, and when incubated for more than 2 h, the metabolic rates of hypaconitine in group IV were significantly higher than those in group II, suggesting that GR can enhance metabolic rate of hypaconitine, the mechanism of which might be related to hepatic metabolizing enzyme induction by GR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel Catalysts Supported Over TiO2, SiO2 and ZrO2 for the Steam Reforming of Glycerol
Authors: Rossetti Ilenia , Gallo Alessandro , Dal Santo Vladimiro , Bianchi Claudia L. , Nichele Valentina , Signoretto Michela , Finocchio Elisabetta , Ramis Gianguido , Di Michele Alessandro 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNi‐based catalysts supported on TiO2, ZrO2 and SiO2 (in the form of mesoporous Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA‐15) and amorphous dense nanoparticles), were employed in the steam reforming of glycerol. Each sample was prepared by liquid phase synthesis of the support followed by impregnation with the active phase and calcination at 800 °C or by direct synthesis through flame pyrolysis. Many techniques have been used to assess the physical chemical properties of both the fresh and spent catalysts, such as atomic absorption, N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Micro‐Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The samples showed different textural, structural and morphological properties, as well as different reducibility and thermal resistance depending on the preparation method and support. Some of these properties were tightly bound to catalyst performance, in terms of H2 productivity and stability towards coking and sintering. A key parameter was the metal–support interaction, which strongly depended on the preparation procedure. In particular, the stronger the interaction, the more stable the metallic Ni clusters, which in turn lead to a higher catalytic activity and stability. Surface acidity was also taken into account, in which the nature of the acid sites was differentiated (silanols, titanols or Lewis acid sites). The characterisation of the spent catalysts also allowed us to interpret the deactivation process. The formation of multi‐walled nanotubes was observed for every sample, though it was only in some cases that this led to severe deactivation.
Dynamically Controllable Emission of Polymer Nanofibers: Electrofluorescence Chromism and Polarized Emission of Polycarbazole Derivatives
Authors: Kawabata Kohsuke , Goto Hiromasa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractElectrochemical polymerization of a series of N‐alkyl‐2,7‐di(2‐thienyl)carbazoles in acetonitrile was performed to obtain conjugated polymers with fluorescence. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopies revealed that the surface morphology of the polymer films significantly depends on the alkyl chain lengths of the polymers. Particularly, a homopolymer bearing hexyl groups and copolymers with an average alkyl chain length of six carbon atoms show nanofiber morphology. The polymer nanofibers were stacked on a substrate electrode. The fluorescence of the polymer nanofiber film was tunable with application of voltage, with good repeatability. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the fibers showed the structural order. The polymer nanofibers thus prepared showed an electrochemically driven change in polarized photoluminescence.
Monodispersed Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as an Enhanced Sensing Platform for Nanomolar Detection of Tramadol
Authors: Atta Nada F. , Ahmed Rasha A. , Amin Hatem M. A. , Galal Ahmed 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA promising composite‐modified glassy carbon electrode is fabricated by electrodeposition of mono‐dispersed gold nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes (AuNPs/CNTs/GCE). The electroanalysis of Tramadol (TRA) was achieved by different electrochemical techniques. The effect of different parameters including pH, concentration and potential scan on the oxidation current signal of TRA was investigated. Large excess of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) with a maximum molar ratio of 1/1000 and 1/100, respectively, did not interfere with the response of TRA. The detection limit with high sensitivity is 68 nM. TRA was successfully determined in pharmaceutical dosage forms, without any pretreatment of the samples.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Tolterodine
Authors: Macíková Pavla , Skopalová Jana , Cankař Petr , Papoušková Barbora , Straková Radka , Jirovský David , Maier Vítězslav 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of tolterodine, an antimuscarinic drug used to treat urge incontinence and overactive bladder, was investigated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry at glassy carbon electrode. Electrooxidation of tolterodine proceeds as a complex two‐step pH‐dependent process. Controlled potential electrolysis of tolterodine solutions was performed at platinum gauze electrode in methanolic, aqueous‐methanolic and acetonitrile media. Electrolyzed solutions were analyzed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. 5‐Hydroxymethyl tolterodine, the main biologically active metabolite of tolterodine, was identified among monomeric oxidation products. Dimeric products, formed by oxidative coupling of phenoxy radicals, were found in all electrolyzed solutions. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of tolterodine has been proposed.
Sediment contact tests as a tool for the assessment of sediment quality in German waters
Authors: Feiler Ute , Höss Sebastian , Ahlf Wolfgang , Gilberg Daniel , Hammers-Wirtz Monika , Hollert Henner , Meller Michael , Neumann-Hensel Helga , Ottermanns Richard , Seiler Thomas-Benjamin , Spira Denise , Heininger Peter 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A sediment contact test (SCT) battery consisting of five ecotoxicological test systems was applied to 21 native freshwater sediments characterized by a broad variety of geochemical properties and anthropogenic contamination. Higher plants (Myriophyllum aquaticum), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio), and bacteria (Arthrobacter globiformis), representing various trophic levels and exposure pathways, were used as test organisms. The test battery detected sediment toxicity caused by anthropogenic pollution, whereas the various tests provided site-specific, nonredundant information to the overall toxicity assessment. Based on the toxicity pattern derived from the test battery, the sediments were classified according to a newly proposed classification system for sediment toxicity assessment. The SCT-derived classification generally agreed well with the application of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), especially with regard to sediments with high toxic potential. For sediments with low to medium toxic potential, the SQGs often underestimated the toxicity that was detected by the SCTs, underpinning the need for toxicity tests in sediment quality assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:144–155. © 2012 SETAC
Slaking of solid clays and claystones under hydraulic and mechanical action / Zerfall von festen Tonen und Tonsteinen bei hydraulischer und mechanischer Beanspruchung
Authors: Baumgärtel Tobias , Fillibeck Jochen , Vogt Norbert 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn tunnel drives with slurry‐supported face in semi‐solid to solid clay and claystone, hydraulic and mechanical actions can lead to the slaking of the excavated soil aggregates. Heavy slaking can lead to laborious separation associated with high cost. For investigations as preparation for a project, two test rigs were developed at the Zentrum Geotechnik of the TU München. These can be used to investigate slaking both phenomenologically in series tests and also on a large scale. Investigations on solid clays and claystones showed that varied soil properties influence the slaking. High plasticity indices and high lime contents tend to reduce slaking. Bentonite suspensions can approximately halve slaking compared to water and suitable polymer suspensions can largely prevent slaking.Beim Tunnelvortrieb mit flüssigkeitsgestützter Ortsbrust in halbfesten bis festen Tonen und Tonsteinen führt die hydraulische und mechanische Beanspruchung zum Zerfall der gelösten Bodenaggregate. Starker Zerfall kann zu einem sehr hohen Aufwand und hohen Kosten bei der Separierung führen. Für Untersuchungen im Vorfeld eines Projekts wurden am Zentrum Geotechnik der TU München zwei Versuchstechniken konzipiert. Mit ihnen kann der Zerfall sowohl phänomenologisch in Reihenuntersuchungen als auch großmaßstäblich untersucht werden. Untersuchungen an festen Tonen und Tonsteinen zeigten, dass variierende Bodeneigenschaften den Zerfall beeinflussen. Tendenziell vermindern hohe Plastizitätszahlen und hohe Kalkanteile den Zerfall. Bentonitsuspensionen können den Zerfall im Vergleich zu Wasser etwa halbieren und geeignete Polymersuspensionen einen Zerfall auch weitgehend verhindern.
The great significance of dam safety in Austria / Der hohe Stellenwert der Talsperrensicherheit in Österreich
Authors: Zenz Gerald , Obernhuber Pius , Czerny Helmut 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEach dam and each reservoir is an individual facility, since their foundation conditions are rarely similar. Due to their location, their height and their storage capacity, dams and reservoirs can hold a considerable hazard potential, which is why they are designed conservatively; projects are examined meticulously (e.g. by the Austrian Commission on Dams) and monitored comprehensively during the construction phase and during operation. To guarantee their continuous safety, dams and reservoirs are monitored with great care by the operating company with the help of trained staff and the latest measuring equipment. The most important measurement data are acquired continuously so as to gain an up‐to‐date impression of the load‐bearing behaviour of the dam and its foundation and to be able to react swiftly and efficiently should any changes occur.On an international level, the state of the technology concerning dam safety is updated in the bulletins published by ICOLD. Austria takes part in the work of the various committees and has built up a renowned high standing worldwide for guaranteeing dam safety. In training courses and seminars for junior engineers, it is mainly the basics of dam monitoring and safety checks that are imparted, later reinforced by practical work. This approach should also keep the facilities safe in the future.Talsperren und Speicher sind vor allem aufgrund der jeweiligen Untergrundverhältnisse – jedes Bauwerk hat einen anderen, nur selten ähnlichen Untergrund – individuelle Anlagen. Sie können aufgrund ihrer Lage, ihrer Bauwerkshöhe bzw. ihres Staurauminhalts ein erhebliches Gefährdungspotenzial aufweisen. Sie werden daher konservativ geplant, die Projekte sorgfältig geprüft (u. a. Staubeckenkommission des Bundes) und im Zuge der Bauausführung sowie des späteren Betriebs umfassend kontrolliert. Um die Sicherheit fortlaufend zu gewährleisten, werden diese Bauwerke seitens der Betreiber durch geschultes Personal und modernste Messausstattung sorgfältig überwacht. Die wesentlichsten Messwerte werden permanent erfasst, um so ständig ein aktuelles Bild über das Tragwerksverhalten von Sperre und Untergrund verfügbar zu haben und bei Veränderungen rasch und effizient reagieren zu können.International wird auf dem Gebiet der Talsperrensicherheit der Stand der Technik mit den Bulletins der ICOLD fortgeschrieben. Österreich arbeitet in den Gremien mit und hat einen weltweit anerkannt hohen Stand für die Gewährleistung der Talsperrensicherheit aufgebaut. In Kursen und Seminaren für die Ausbildung junger Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure werden insbesondere die Grundalgen für die Talsperrenüberwachung und Sicherheitsüberprüfung vermittelt und in praktischen Übungen vertieft, um so auch in Zukunft Anlagen sicher zu betreiben.
Rapid drinking is associated with increases in driving‐related risk‐taking
Authors: Bernosky‐Smith Kimberly A. , Aston Elizabeth R. , Liguori Anthony 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveThe rate of alcohol drinking has been shown to predict impairment on cognitive and behavioral tasks. The current study assessed the influence of speed of alcohol consumption within a laboratory‐administered binge on self‐reported attitudes toward driving and simulated driving ability.MethodForty moderate drinkers (20 female, 20 male) were recruited from the local community via advertisements for individuals who drank alcohol at least once per month. The equivalent of four standard alcohol drinks was consumed at the participant's desired pace within 2‐h session.ResultsCorrelation analyses revealed that, after alcohol drinking, mean simulated driving speed, time in excess of speed limit, collisions, and reported confidence in driving were all associated with rapid alcohol drinking.ConclusionFast drinking may coincide with increased driving confidence because of the extended latency between the conclusion of drinking and the commencement of driving. However, this latency did not reduce alcohol‐related driving impairment, as fast drinking was also associated with risky driving. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Shafeeq Hira , Lat Ishaq 
Published: October 2012

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a continuum of a clinical syndrome of respiratory failure due to refractory hypoxia. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is differentiated from ALI by a greater degree of hypoxemia and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. The mortality for ARDS ranges from 22–41%, with survivors usually requiring long‐term rehabilitation to regain normal physiologic function. Numerous pharmacologic therapies have been studied for prevention and treatment of ARDS; however, studies demonstrating clear clinical benefit for ARDS‐related mortality and morbidity are limited. In this focused review, controversial pharmacologic therapies that have demonstrated, at minimum, a modest clinical benefit are discussed. Three pharmacologic treatment strategies are reviewed in detail: corticosteroids, fluid management, and neuromuscular blocking agents. Use of corticosteroids to attenuate inflammation remains controversial. Available evidence does not support early administration of corticosteroids. Additionally, administration after 14 days of disease onset is strongly discouraged. A liberal fluid strategy during the early phase of comorbid septic shock, balanced with a conservative fluid strategy in patients with ALI or ARDS during the postresuscitation phase, is the optimum approach for fluid management. Available evidence supports an early, short course of continuous‐infusion cisatracurium in patients presenting with severe ARDS. Evidence of safe and effective pharmacologic therapies for ARDS is limited, and clinicians must be knowledgeable about the areas of controversies to determine application to patient care.
Thrombotic Events Associated with C1 Esterase Inhibitor Products in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema: Investigation from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database
Authors: Gandhi Pranav K. , Gentry William M. , Bottorff Michael B. 
Published: October 2012

Study ObjectiveTo investigate reports of thrombotic events associated with the use of C1 esterase inhibitor products in patients with hereditary angioedema in the United States.DesignRetrospective data mining analysis.SourceThe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (AERS) database.Measurements and Main ResultsCase reports of C1 esterase inhibitor products, thrombotic events, and C1 esterase inhibitor product–associated thrombotic events (i.e., combination cases) were extracted from the AERS database, using the time frames of each respective product's FDA approval date through the second quarter of 2011. Bayesian statistical methodology within the neural network architecture was implemented to identify potential signals of a drug‐associated adverse event. A potential signal is generated when the lower limit of the 95% 2‐sided confidence interval of the information component, denoted by IC025, is greater than zero. This suggests that the particular drug‐associated adverse event was reported to the database more often than statistically expected from reports available in the database. Ten combination cases of thrombotic events associated with the use of one C1 esterase inhibitor product (Cinryze) were identified in patients with hereditary angioedema. A potential signal demonstrated by an IC025 value greater than zero (IC025 = 2.91) was generated for these combination cases.ConclusionThe extracted cases from the AERS indicate continuing reports of thrombotic events associated with the use of one C1 esterase inhibitor product among patients with hereditary angioedema. The AERS is incapable of establishing a causal link and detecting the true frequency of an adverse event associated with a drug; however, potential signals of C1 esterase inhibitor product–associated thrombotic events among patients with hereditary angioedema were identified in the extracted combination cases.
Corrigenda: Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Paracetamol on Ni and NiCu Alloy Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Feizbakhsh Alireza 
Published: October 2012

AbstractElectrocatalytic Oxidation of Paracetamol on Ni and NiCu Alloy Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode1. Section Results and Discussion, p. 1089, left column, line 7, the “Figs. 4a and 5a” should be removed and replaced by “Figs. 5a and 6a”2. Section Results and Discussion, p. 1089, left column, line 11, “Figs. 4b, c and 5b” should be removed and replaced by “Figs. 5b, c and 6b”3. Section Results and Discussion, p. 1089, left column, line 21, “Figs. 4d and 4e” should be removed and replaced by “Figs. 5d and 5e”
Impregnation of activated carbon by iron oxyhydroxide and its effect on arsenate removal
Authors: Deliyanni Eleni , Bandosz Teresa J. , Matis Kostas A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundImpregnation of activated carbon or oxidized activated carbon was carried out using iron(III) nitrate as starting solution and ammonia as the precipitating agent, intending the removal from aqueous solution of arsenates – a priority pollutant. The high affinity of iron oxyhydroxide nanocrystals toward inorganic arsenic species is known. Activated carbon, on the other hand, can provide a high surface area for adsorption. The initial materials and those after adsorption of arsenate were characterized, in order to explain the adsorption enhancing effect found, when using this precipitating agent.ResultsThe role of carbon surface chemistry and structural heterogeneity on iron oxyhydroxide and thus, on the adsorption of arsenate were investigated. The study of the materials was carried out by adsorption of nitrogen, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal analysis. In this paper, it is suggested that a meso/microporous carbon surface possibly contributed to changes of arsenic, via reduction of As(V) to As (III). This might be visible in the increased degree of carbon oxidation. The adsorption capacity found was 32.86 mg of arsenic per gram of carbon, which is higher than the capacities of the other adsorbents reported in the literature.ConclusionOxidation of the carbon support increased the dispersion of iron oxyhydroxide species on the surface and thus, enhanced the efficiency of arsenate immobilization in the carbon pore system. These species react with arsenate‐forming salts. Moreover, iron impregnation (or doping) of activated carbon combined by ammonia precipitation, especially on oxidized carbon support, led to ammonium moieties capable of attracting by electrostatic forces arsenate anionic species, resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity.
The effects of auditory startle and nonstartle stimuli on step initiation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fernández‐Del‐Olmo Miguel , Bello Olalla , Lopez‐Alonso Virginia , Andrés Sanchez Jose , Santos‐García Diego , Valls‐Solé Josep 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground:Auditory external cues enhance step initiation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We wanted to explore whether a startle reaction has a comparable effect on step initiation in PD.Methods:Thirteen PD patients and 13 aged‐matched controls participated in this study. Electromyography pattern and onset toe‐off time during a step initiation task were recorded in response to three different stimuli: a visual imperative stimulus; visual stimulus simultaneous with a nonstartle auditory stimulus and with a startle auditory stimulus.Results:In all subjects, onset of tibialis anterior was faster in the startle auditory condition, compared with the nonstartle auditory condition. However, in the patient group, there was no difference in onset of soleus and toe‐off between the startle and nonstartle conditions.Conclusions:Startle reaction in PD patients demonstrates a disordered coupling between the anticipatory postural adjustments that initiate the weight shift and the movement to initiate toe‐off during step initiation. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society