bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE TO THE RIO ORINOCO INCIDENT: A SMALL-SCALE INCIDENT THAT LASTED A WHOLE YEAR
Authors: Audet André 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When the tanker Rio Orinoco ran aground on October 16, 1990, in the Gulf of St Lawrence near Anticosti Island, approximately 200 metric tons, or 200,000 liters, of fuel oil were spilled. Most of the pollution drifted onto the shores of Anticosti Island, which is considered a hunting and fishing paradise. The island is a controlled provincial reserve that is home to more than 100,000 deer and many species of sea birds. It provides ideal grazing for deer and feeding grounds for sea birds.
Within hours of the grounding, the Canadian Coast Guard set its emergency system in motion and dispatched a team of experts to the site. Since Anticosti Island is located in the middle of the Gulf of St Lawrence, the only way to reach the area quickly was to charter a plane. The first to arrive established a command post in the municipal offices of the small community of Port Meunier. During the first few days, experts hired by the insurance company devised a salvage plan. Unfortunately, it could not be carried out owing to bad weather, and all five attempts made in the weeks that followed were also futile. All this time, cleanup operations on the shoreline continued, with about a hundred men deployed over more than 60 kilometers. Getting to the shore proved to be a challenge since roads are nonexistent on most of the island. The Canadian Coast Guard turned to an air cushion vehicle to solve a tricky problem in an isolated area.
Here in Canada, the elements are a constant challenge when trying to recover oil and clean up a shoreline. On December 21, 1990, Mother Nature got the upper hand, and there was no choice but to abandon, for the winter, the idea of removing the wreck of the Rio Orinoco. All winter long, it continued to pose a serious pollution threat.
In June 1991, restoration and cleanup work on the shoreline resumed and this was completed in late July. The wreck of the Rio Orinoco was removed on August 6, 1991.
OFFSHORE OIL SPILL RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN THE PERSIAN GULF
Authors: Williams Hugh D. , Gangsaas Gunnar Kr. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On or about January 25, 1991, Iraqi forces in Kuwait discharged more than 4 million barrels of Kuwaiti crude oil into the Persian Gulf. The counterclockwise current carried the resulting slick southeastward along the coast of Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian oil company, Aramco, chartered the multiclassed tanker and response vessel Al Waasit, based in Dubai, to assist in the offshore recovery operation. The Al Waasit's response resulted in the offshore recovery of about 100,000 barrels of oil during a 42-day period, without a recovery system failure. The authors both served on board Al Waasit as operations managers during this response operation.
POLLUTION PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE COORDINATION EFFORTS BETWEEN THE U.S. COAST GUARD AND COASTAL, GREAT LAKES, AND INLAND RIVER STATES
Authors: Donohoe Michael J. , Russell Bruce A. , Clark Patricia 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and increased public demands for action in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, many states are now aggressively redefining and expanding their marine safety and marine environmental protection programs. The U. S. Coast Guard is developing a program to coordinate these efforts with the aim toward minimizing duplicative requirements, leveraging resources, and eliminating barriers to marine transportation due to widely differing federal and state regulations.
PROCESS TO IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE RESTORATION OPTIONS
Authors: Strand John , Senner Stanley , Weiner Arthur , Rabinowitch Sanford , Brodersen Mark , Rice Kenneth , Klinge Karen , MacMullin Susan , Yender Ruth , Thompson Raymond 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The restoration planning process has yielded a number of possible alternatives for restoring resources and services injured by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. They were developed by resource managers, scientists, and the public, taking into consideration the results of damage assessment and restoration studies and information from the scientific literature. The alternatives thus far identified include no action natural recovery, management of human uses, manipulation of resources, habitat protection and acquisition, acquisition of equivalent resources, and combinations of the above. Each alternative consists of a different mix of resource- or service-specific restoration options.
To decide whether it was appropriate to spend restoration funds on a particular resource or service, first criteria had to be developed that evaluated available evidence for consequential injury and the adequacy and rate of natural recovery. Then, recognizing the range of effective restoration options, a second set of criteria was applied to determine which restoration options were the most beneficial. These criteria included technical feasibility, potential to improve the rate or degree of recovery, the relationship of expected costs to benefits, cost effectiveness, and the potential to restore the ecosystem as a whole. The restoration options considered to be most beneficial will be grouped together in several or more of the above alternatives and presented in a draft restoration plan. They will be further evaluated in a companion draft environmental impact statement.
OIL EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS IN SUBTIDAL FISH FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL
Authors: Collier Tracy K. , Krahn Margaret M. , Krone Cheryl A. , Johnson Lyndal L. , Myers Mark S. , Chan Sin-Lam , Varanasi Usha 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The assessment of oil exposure and resulting biological effects in subtidal fish following marine oil spills is a rather challenging task, due to difficulty in sampling and a lack of methodologies that allow direct determination of petroleum exposure. Because fish can rapidly metabolize petroleum hydrocarbons, standard chemical analyses are of little use for assessing exposure of fish to oil. However, methods are now available for measuring the metabolites of petroleum hydrocarbons in fish, as described elsewhere by Krahn and her colleagues. There have also been advances in determining early biochemical effects—such as induction of the cytochrome P450 system—and more severe biological effects—such as histopathological alterations and reproductive dysfunction—in fish species following exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds. Accordingly, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, we have been using these approaches and methodologies to measure oil exposure in subtidal fish species, together with associated biological effects. These studies have been conducted at sites inside Prince William Sound and along the Kenai and Alaska Peninsulas. Our results show a continuing exposure of several fish species, including benthic species, which indicates petroleum contamination of subtidal areas. We have also assessed reproductive function and histopathological alterations in several of these species; and while major effects have not been documented, some suggestion of histopathological alterations of gill exists in one species of benthic fish. Still to be determined are the potential impacts on fishery resources of long-term exposure to petroleum, albeit at moderate to low levels.
HISTORICAL BUILDUP OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN JAPAN
Authors: Shirai Sakae 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the large oil spill that occurred in 1971 as an impetus, Japan's Maritime Pollution and Disaster Prevention Law was amended in 1973 and subsequently in 1976. The amendments required owners of vessels and petroleum facilities to retain designated quantities of oil boom, sorbent, dispersant, and other items to minimize impact from spills.
A large oil spill caused by a ruptured crude oil storage tank in 1974 led to the enactment of additional legislation: the Petroleum Complex Disaster Prevention Law. Under this, petroleum facilities are required to maintain designated quantities of oil boom, oil boom deploying vessels, skimming boats, and the like.
These legislative measures, together with voluntary efforts, have contributed to a sound buildup of the nation's oil spill response force. However, the response capability including stockpiled materials and equipment has been designed primarily to cope with incidents in closed waters such as inland seas, bays, and ports, and hence not for a oil spill in open seas as large as that from the Exxon Valdez.
As one of the measures under the 1990 International Convention for Oil Spill Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, the Government of Japan has entrusted the Petroleum Association of Japan with an oil spill response capability reinforcement project to cope with a large oil spill should one occur in Japanese waters or nearby seas.
Under the scheme, during the 5 year period beginning in 1991, the Petroleum Association of Japan is scheduled to build up, using subsidies from the government, stockpiles of cleanup equipment and materials and to augment the existing response capability.
LONG-TERM FATE AND EFFECTS OF UNTREATED THICK OIL DEPOSITS ON SALT MARSHES
Authors: Baker Jenifer M. , Leonardo Guzman M. , Bartlett Paul D. , Little David I. , Wilson C. Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper compares two case histories in which thick oil layers were deposited on salt marshes. The first concerns a spill in Milford Haven, Wales, in February 1969, which resulted in deposits of heavy fuel oil on parts of the Martinshaven marsh. The second concerns the Metula spill of light Arabian crude in the Strait of Magellan, Chile, in August 1974. Salt marshes near Puerto Espora, Tierra del Fuego, were affected by thick mousse.
Following both spills, vegetation was smothered and killed. For a variety of reasons, including remoteness, there was no cleanup treatment in either case. At Martinshaven, vegetation recovery started within the first year after the spill, and was complete within 15 years. The oil layer is still clearly visible in core samples, but is not visible at the marsh surface because of sediment deposition. Samples analyzed in 1990, 22 years after the spill, were still recognizable as heavy fuel oil, albeit highly degraded.
The Puerto Espora marshes were revisited in 1990 and 1991, 16 and 17 years after the spill. Mousse deposits were still visible at the surface. Samples analyzed in 1990 showed that oil beneath the surface skin of thick deposits was still quite fresh. There was no vegetation recovery in such areas. Where deposits were thinner, the mousse was well weathered and vegetation was recovering.
Factors influencing recovery include oil type and weathering, oil thickness, sedimentation processes, size of area affected, and plant morphology. It is concluded that in extreme circumstances of extensive, thick oil deposits, natural recovery will take decades, so a cleanup program is likely to be justifiable. Cleanup may not be necessary for small areas of thick deposits on some marshes.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SOURCE FINGERPRINTING OF DEPOSITIONAL OIL FROM THE KUWAIT OIL FIRES
Authors: Henry Charles B. , Overton Edward B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Depositional oil and soot derived from the 1991 Kuwait oil field fires produced huge tar mats in the desert. The concentration of oil in the upper 5 cm of the desert surface ranged from 1.16 to 8.92 percent oil by weight as determined by TPH analysis over a 10 km transect in southern Kuwait. The mean concentration of asphaltenes in the tar mat samples was estimated at 62 percent; a greater than 17-fold increase in concentration over unweathered Kuwait crude oil. The remaining oil forming these tar mats is believed to be derived from petroleum that escaped combustion within the well fires. Results from GC/MS analyses characterize the depositional oil as being significantly altered by evaporative weathering. We suspect that evaporation of the depositional oil will continue, further consolidating the weathered oil, sand, and soot into asphalt-like zones which will remain for a very long time as features of the Kuwait desert. Significant quantities of oil residue from the fires also fell into the Arabian Gulf, contributing to what may be the largest man-made oil spill.
ECODYNAMICS OF OIL-DEGRADING BACTERIA AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MARINE MIXED POPULATIONS IN THE DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Venkateswaran Kasthuri , Tanaka Hiroki , Komukai Shyoko , Toki Haruhisa , Iwabuchi Tokuro , Miyachi Shigetoh 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ecological studies, screening of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, and studies of the potentials of various single and mixed bacterial populations in the utilization of petroleum compounds were carried out to understand the microbial hydrocarbon degradation process in marine ecosystems. Populations of hydrocarbon utilizers were larger in coastal regions than in pelagic environments. Ecological observations indicated that oil-degrading bacteria were ubiquitously distributed in both temperate and tropical environments, irrespective of oil-polluted and unpolluted ecosystems. Bacteria were grown with n-tetradecane, pristane, propylbenzene, phenanthrene, and crude oil as the sole carbon source; and substrate specificities of the purified strains were characterized. Based on the assimilation characteristics of the isolated strains, an artificial mixed-culture system was constructed. Biodegradation of crude oil by the natural mixed population was found to be higher than by the artificial mixed population. However, when some of the substrate-specific degraders were artificially mixed with natural microflora, the degradation of hard-to-degrade aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of crude oil was enhanced.
TESTING THE EFFICACY OF OIL SPILL BIOREMEDIATION PRODUCTS
Authors: Venosa Albert D. , Kadkhodayan Miryam , King Dennis W. , Wrenn Brian A. , Haines John R. , Herrington Todd , Strohmeier Kevin , Suidan Makram T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ten bioremediation products were tested in laboratory respirometers for their ability to enhance the biodegradation of artificially weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil compared to natural populations supplied with mineral nutrients. The sea water used was natural sea water obtained from the Gulf of Mexico near Gulf Breeze, Florida. All products were tested in triplicate in closed laboratory flasks connected to an instrument able to track and record cumulative oxygen uptake continuously over time. Triplicate flasks were sacrificed periodically, the contents extracted with hexane, and the oil components quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Correlations were made between the decline in aliphatic and aromatic analytes and the net oxygen uptake observed in each flask. From these correlations, the median time needed to consume enough oxygen to effect a 60 percent decline in the total resolved analytes was computed for each product, and this time was compared statistically to the time needed by the natural populations in the source sea water to effect the same removal. Using this approach, five of the ten products were found to enhance biotransformation of the crude oil analytes. When the analysis was repeated for the aromatic constituents only, using a target removal of only 25 percent, only two of the ten products gave shorter response times than the nutrient-supplemented sea water.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CONTRACTOR REQUIREMENTS, AND OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990 IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Lees Joseph E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In response to widespread public concern, Congress enacted the comprehensive Oil Pollution Act of 1990. This, in addition to legislation enacted by many coastal states, will bring dramatic changes to oil spill response in the United States. This paper considers OPA 90's response planning requirements, the rule-making process for implementing these requirements, and key issues in response planning. It compares the proposed federal requirements with state response planning and contractor requirements.
The response planning system faces a long period of adjustment. Sustained efforts will be needed to harmonize the many state and federal laws and regulations into a coherent, consistent, and understandable response regime.
EVALUATION OF THREE OIL SPILL LABORATORY DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTS
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Farlow John , Sahatjian Karen A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical dispersants can be used to reduce the interfacial tension of floating oil slicks so that the oils disperse more rapidly into the water column and thus pose less of a threat to shorelines, birds, and marine mammals. The laboratory test currently specified in federal regulations to measure dispersant effectiveness is not especially easy or inexpensive, and generates a rather large quantity of oily waste water. This paper describes the results of an effort by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify a more suitable laboratory dispersant effectiveness test.
EPA evaluated three laboratory methods: the Revised Standard Dispersant Effectiveness Test currently used (and required by regulation) in the United States, the swirling flask test (developed by Environment Canada), and the IFP-dilution test (used in France and other European countries). Six test oils and three dispersants were evaluated; dispersants were applied to the oil at an average 1:10 ratio (dispersant to oil) for each of the three laboratory methods. Screening efforts were used to focus on the most appropriate oil/dispersant combination for detailed study. A screening criterion was established that required a combination that gave at least 20 percent effectiveness results. The selected combination turned out to be Prudhoe Bay crude oil (an EPA-American Petroleum Institute Standard Reference Oil) and the dispersant Corexit 9527. This combination was also most likely to be encountered in U. S. coastal waters. The EPA evaluation concluded that the three tests gave similar precision results, but that the swirling flask test was fastest, cheapest, simplest, and required least operator skill.
Further, EPA is considering conducting the dispersant effectiveness test itself, rather than having data submitted by a dispersant manufacturer, and establishing an acceptability criterion (45 percent efficiency) which would have to be met before a dispersant could be placed on the Product Schedule of the National Contingency Plan (NCP). Also under consideration by EPA is a sequential testing procedure for a dispersant being placed on the schedule, whereby successful effectiveness testing would be required before toxicity testing would begin.
LASER AND INFRARED TECHNIQUES FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Authors: Geraci Alberto L. , Landolina Francesco , Pantani Luca , Cecchi Giovanna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A remote sensing application for the control of oil pollution and water quality was developed by the National Council of Research at Florence, and the University of Catania, both in Italy. The application is based on the simultaneous use of active and passive remote sensing systems (lidar and flir systems) from a helicopter. Water pollution characteristics were determined with the lidar system, in polluted areas of water detected, on a larger scale, by the flir system. Pollution characteristics detected included type of pollutant, type of oil, and oil thickness. The experiment, named LIRA, was carried out using an Italian Navy helicopter over sea areas around Sicily having a high risk of pollution. The results proved the effectiveness and usefulness of the techniques proposed.
THE MSRC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: AN UPDATE ON PROGRESS
Authors: Engelhardt F. Rainer 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The research and development program of the Marine Spill Response Corporation is solidly under way in a variety of project areas. These include remote sensing, in-situ burning, dispersants, oil/water separation, countermeasures effectiveness, bioremediation, and evaluation of spill effects. More than thirty projects have been contracted. Among these are remote sensing studies, which started with in-depth market analyses, technical feasibility evaluations, and field studies. The remote sensing program is engaged in rapid development of a research test bed system, as well as longer-term studies on sensor development and use of satellite systems. In-situ burning studies included a detailed analysis of operational feasibility and information needs; preparations are being made for test burns at sea and improvements of fire-resistant barrier systems. Studies are underway on both aerial dispersant application system development and dispersant effects in selected environments. Studies have commenced on the development of oil/water separators for vessels of opportunity used in oil spill response, as well as the related issue of demulsification. The effectiveness of spill countermeasures is being investigated from both engineering and ecological perspectives. Bioremediation projects are under way to promote the development of test systems and on shoreline test sites. Interest continues in test spills in the marine environment, including participation in experimental spills outside the United States and a search for possible scenarios where such field experiments can be carried out in United States waters. In all of these project areas, the research and development program stresses information transfer by way of meetings and publications, and is initiating publication of a peer reviewed international journal on oil spill science and technology. Working collaboration with other organizations at federal and state levels, as well as internationally, has been established under a variety of agreements and understandings for research and development cooperation.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPA OIL SPILL RESEARCH PROGRAM
Authors: Lindsey Alfred W. , Jakobson Kurt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 authorized an expanded oil pollution research and development program and mandated that the program be coordinated among the federal agencies involved, in cooperation with industry, academia, and international organizations. EPA is participating in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research in the development of a comprehensive R&D plan, summarized here.
Research to determine the effectiveness of chemical and biological processes for cleaning beaches and shorelines affected by a spill is a major component of EPA's research. This research includes the development of protocols for evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of a variety of chemical and biological agents designed to be used under various conditions to remove oil from the water, beaches, marshes, and shorelines. Research is also planned to develop and demonstrate effective techniques for controlling the spread of oil in streams moving at rates of more than one knot. Since the cleanup of a major oil spill usually results in the generation of a large volume of oily debris, which must be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, research is planned for modifying techniques developed for the disposal of such debris.