bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Stimulus Novelty on Children's Inflexible Dimensional Switching
Authors: Jowkar‐Baniani Gelareh , Schmuckler Mark A. 
Published: January 2014

Children's ability to flexibly shift attention between different representational schemes was investigated using the dimensional change card sorting task. Across three experiments (N = 56 three‐year‐olds and N = 40 four‐year‐olds in ; N = 14 three‐year‐olds in ; and N = 14 three‐year‐olds in ) the role of perceptual information on children's cognitive flexibility was investigated by manipulating different aspects of the task materials between pre‐ and postswitch phases. Better performance was observed when either task‐relevant (the color or shape of the images on the cards) or task‐irrelevant information (the background color or shape of the actual cards) was changed, with this improvement occurring when the changes were salient enough to induce a stimulus novelty effect.
From Population Viability Analysis to Coviability of Farmland Biodiversity and Agriculture
Authors: MOUYSSET L. , DOYEN L. , JIGUET F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSubstantial declines in farmland biodiversity have been reported in Europe for several decades. Agricultural changes have been identified as a main driver of these declines. Although different agrienvironmental schemes have been implemented, their positive effect on biodiversity is relatively unknown. This raises the question as to how to reconcile farming production and biodiversity conservation to operationalize a sustainable and multifunctional agriculture. We devised a bioeconomic model and conducted an analysis based on coviability of farmland biodiversity and agriculture. The coviability approach extended population viability analyses by including bioeconomic risk. Our model coupled stochastic dynamics of both biodiversity and farming land‐uses selected at the microlevel with public policies at the macrolevel on the basis of financial incentives (taxes or subsidies) for land uses. The coviability approach made it possible for us to evaluate bioeconomic risks of these public incentives through the probability of satisfying a mix of biodiversity and economic constraints over time. We calibrated the model and applied it to a community of 34 common birds in metropolitan France at the small agricultural regions scale. We identified different public policies and scenarios with tolerable (0–0%) agroecological risk and modeled their outcomes up to 2050. Budgetary, economic, and ecological (based on Farmland Bird Index) constraints were essential to understanding the set of viable public policies. Our results suggest that some combinations of taxes on cereals and subsidies on grasslands could be relevant to develop a multifunctional agriculture. Moreover, the flexibility and multicriteria viewpoint underlying the coviability approach may help in the implementation of adaptive management.Del Análisis de Viabilidad Poblacional a la Co‐Viabilidad de la Agricultura y la Biodiversidad de las Tierras de Cultivo
The rising incidence of anal cancer in England 1990–2010: a population‐based study
Authors: Wilkinson J. R. , Morris E. J. A. , Downing A. , Finan P. J. , Aravani A. , Thomas J. D. , Sebag‐Montefiore D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimAlthough anal cancer is rare, its incidence has been reported to be rising in several countries. This study aimed to determine whether there have been any changes in incidence over time in England.MethodIn the cancer registry component of the English National Cancer Data Repository, 13 940 patients were identified with a primary diagnosis of anal cancer made between 1990 and 2010. Tumours were grouped according to the ICD‐O morphology codes into squamous cell carcinoma, basaloid and cloacogenic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and other cancer types. The incidence over this period was investigated in relation to type of tumour, age and sex.ResultsIn men there was a 69% increase in squamous cell anal carcinoma from 0.43 per 100 000 population in 1990–94 to 0.73 in 2006–10. For women these rates were 0.50 in 1990–94 and 1.13 in 2006–10, a rise of 126%.ConclusionThe study showed that between 1990 and 2010 there was a substantial rise in the incidence of anal cancer in England. This effect was more marked in women than men.
The relationship between carotid intima–media thickness and global atherosclerosis
Authors: Lundberg C. , Hansen T. , Ahlström H. , Lind L. , Wikström J. , Johansson L. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between (i) carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) at baseline as well as (ii) change in CIMT over 5 years (ΔCIMT) and atherosclerotically induced luminal narrowing in non‐coronary arterial territories assessed by whole‐body magnetic resonance angiography (WBMRA).Methods and resultsIn subgroups of the Prospective Investigation of Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study, US measurements of CIMT in the common carotid arteries were analysed at 70 and 75 years and ΔCIMT was calculated (n = 272). WBMRA, assessing arterial stenosis in five different territories by which also a total atherosclerotic score (TAS) was calculated, was performed at 70 years (n = 306).ResultsCarotid intima–media thickness in the carotid artery at baseline was correlated with TAS (P = 0·0001) when adjusted to a set of traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, as well as to stenosis in two of the different investigated territories (aorta and lower leg, P = 0·013 and P = 0·004), but there was no significant correlation between ΔCIMT and TAS (P = 0·41).ConclusionsIn the present study, CIMT, but not ΔCIMT over 5 years, in the carotid artery was related to overall stenoses in the body, as assessed by WBMRA. These findings support CIMT as a general marker for atherosclerosis.
Prognostic value of red cell distribution width in patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Ozsu Savas , Ozcelik Neslihan , Oztuna Funda , Ozlu Tevfik 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundSarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. There are no data on the indications for specific tests or optimal frequency for monitoring of the disease activity in sarcoidosis.MethodsComplete blood counts, demographics and pulmonary function data from sarcoidosis patients evaluated between 2006 and 2012 were collated retrospectively. During follow‐up, the latest red cell distribution width (RDW) values of the patients were recorded. The prognosis and diagnosis of sarcoidosis was based on according to the guideline. Sarcoidosis progression was classified as follows: remission, stable disease and progreesive disease.ResultsThe diagnosis was based on histopathological findings in 93 out of 138 (67.4%) patients. In our cohort, the baseline mean RDW levels were 14.1% ± 1.2. The RDW distribution by stage was as follows: stage I: 14.0% (± 1.6), II: 14.2% (± 1.5), III: 13.8% (± 0.9) and IV: 15.8% (± 2.0). In patients with stage IV, baseline and follow‐up values of RDW were found to be significantly higher than the other stages. While the mean baseline RDW was 14.8 (± 1.4) in the progressive disease, upon follow‐up, the mean RDW had increased to 16.5% (± 1.4) (P = 0.021), No difference was found between the baseline and follow‐up levels of RDW in the regressive and stable groups.ConclusionsSerial RDW levels may be beneficial marker to predict progression of sarcoidosis.
Cardiopulmonary morbidity of streptococcal infections in a PICU
Authors: Hon Kam‐Lun E. , Fu Antony , Leung Ting Fan , Poon Terence C. W. , Cheung Wai Hung , Fong Chor Yiu , Ho Yee Ting Christina , Lee Tsui Yin Jamie , Ng Tam Man , Yu Wai Ling , Cheung Kam Lau , Lee Vivian , Ip Margaret 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimThe streptococci are important bacteria that cause serious childhood infections. We investigated cardiopulmonary morbidity associated with streptococcal infection and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission.MethodsA retrospective study between 2002 and 2013 of all children with a laboratory isolation of streptococcus.ResultsThere were 40 (2.3%) PICU patients with streptococcal isolations including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus, GAS, n = 7), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS, n = 5), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP, n = 20), alpha‐hemolytic (n = 4), beta‐hemolytic (n = 2) and gama‐hemolytic (n = 2) streptococci. Comparing among GAS, GBS and SP, respiratory isolates were more likely positive for GAS or SP (P = 0.033), whereas cerebrospinal fluid was more likely positive for GBS (P = 0.002). All GAS and GBS, and the majority of SP (90%) were sensitive to penicillin. All SP specimens were sensitive to cefotaxime and vancomycin. These infections were associated with high PICU mortality of 43%, 20% and 25%, respectively. Isolation of streptococci was associated with a 30% mortality and high rates of need for mechanical ventilatory and inotropic supports. Patients with GAS, SP or any streptococcal isolation had relative risks [95% confidence interval (CI), P value] of PICU deaths of 7.5 (CI 3.1–18.1, P < 0.0001), 4.5 (CI 2.0–9.8, P < 0.0002) and 5.7 (CI 3.4–9.5, P < 0.0001), respectively. In SP, older children had significantly higher prevalence of premorbid conditions such as malignancy, mental retardation/cerebral palsy ± seizure disorders, chromosomal or genetic disorders (P = 0.003) than children <5 years of age. Serotypes were available for some of these specimens that included 19A, 6B, 3 and 6C. There were four SP deaths with multiorgan system failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome (two 19A and two serotype 3).ConclusionsSevere streptococcal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite treatment with systemic antibiotics and intensive care unit support. GAS and SP affect the lungs of children, whereas GBS more likely causes meningitis in infants. The expanded coverage of newer polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines can probably prevent infections by serotypes 19A, 19F, 6B and 3.
Fibrosing mediastinitis mimicking sarcoidosis
Authors: Galván Marta Ferrer , Portal José Antonio Rodríguez , Gorarredona María Pilar Serrano , Izquierdo Lourdes Gómez 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFibrosing mediastinitis (FM), also called sclerosing mediastinitis or mediastinal fibrosis, is a rare disease characterized by excessive fibrotic reaction in the mediastinum and may compromise the airway, the great vessels and other mediastinal structures, with a morbidity directly related to the location and extent of fibrosis. The cause is not always known but is often the result of a granulomatous disease, most often the histoplasmosis. We report a 43‐year‐old woman with a history of tuberculosis infection 23 years ago. She attended the pulmonology clinic for cough and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed jugular venous distention at 90°. In computed tomography scan of the chest with constrast (c/c), we observed a mediastinal nodal cast provoking cava compression and obliteration of main and intermediary right lobar bronchus. The pathological examination was FM.
Species–accumulation curves and taxonomic surrogates: an integrated approach for estimation of regional species richness
Authors: Terlizzi Antonio , Anderson Marti J. , Bevilacqua Stanislao , Ugland Karl I. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimA species–accumulation curve may represent a direct expression of β‐diversity, the rate at which diversity increases from local to regional scale. Patterns of variation in β‐diversity tend to be consistent when measured across lower levels of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (i.e. using species, genera or families). Our aim was to assess the relationships between species–accumulation curves and β‐diversity at different taxonomic levels and to combine the logic of species–accumulation curves with taxonomic surrogacy to provide a new approach for cost‐effective and reliable estimates of large‐scale species richness (γ‐diversity).LocationMediterranean, N Atlantic and SW Pacific.MethodsWe provide here a novel framework to extrapolate quantitative measures of species richness in large areas from accumulation curves based on extensive sampling at the family level coupled with estimation of species‐to‐family ratios from a subset of sampling units where organisms are identified to the species level. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach by analysing six datasets of diverse marine molluscan assemblages from different biogeographical regions and habitat types.ResultsThe approach proposed here can be used successfully to gain substantial efficiencies in sampling, potentially reducing the number of sampling units in which organisms have to be identified at species level between 50 and 75%, while still allowing reliable estimates of regional species richness.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the potential of this approach to improve the general exploration of biodiversity, especially for large‐scale monitoring programs. The method we propose differs from previously described approaches by taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of species distributions within the sampled area and also by relying on estimates of species‐to‐family ratios obtained directly from the specific area of interest.
Periglacial fires and trees in a continental setting of Central Canada, Upper Pleistocene
Authors: Bélanger N. , Carcaillet C. , Padbury G. A. , Harvey‐Schafer A. N. , Van Rees K. J. C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFire is a key factor controlling global vegetation patterns and carbon cycling. It mostly occurs under warm periods during which fuel builds up with sufficient moisture, whereas such conditions stimulate fire ignition and spread. Biomass burning increased globally with warming periods since the last glacial era. Data confirming periglacial fires during glacial periods are very sparse because such climates are likely too cold to favour fires. Here, tree occurrence and fires during the Upper Pleistocene glacial periods in Central Canada are inferred from botanical identification and calibrated radiocarbon dates of charcoal fragments. Charcoal fragments were archived in sandy dunes of central Saskatchewan and were dated >50 000–26 600 cal BP. Fragments were mostly gymnosperms. Parallels between radiocarbon dates and GISP2‐δ18O records deciphered relationships between fire and climate. Fires occurred either hundreds to thousands of years after Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) interstadial warming events (i.e., the time needed to build enough fuel for fire ignition and spread) or at the onset of the DO event. The chronological uncertainties result from the dated material not precisely matching the fires and from the low residual 14C associated with old sample material. Dominance of high‐pressure systems and low effective moisture during post‐DO coolings likely triggered flammable periglacial ecosystems, while lower moisture and the relative abundance of fuel overshadowed lower temperatures for fire spread. Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) limits during DO events are difficult to assess in Central Canada due to sparse radiocarbon dates. Our radiocarbon data set constrains the extent of LIS. Central Saskatchewan was not covered by LIS throughout the Upper Pleistocene and was not a continental desert. Instead, our results suggest long‐lasting periods where fluctuations of the northern tree limits and fires after interstadials occurred persistently.
No‐Notice Urban Evacuations: Using Crowdsourced Mobile Data to Minimize Risk
Authors: Oxendine Christopher Edward , Waters Nigel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEmergency evacuations during the past decade have transitioned from landline analog to mobile digital communication devices. Over 88% of US citizens own a mobile phone, providing a tool to enable better communication between first responders and citizens in order to minimize risk to evacuees during no‐notice evacuations. During an emergency, evacuees rely on social media to communicate with family, friends, and coworkers, often finding accessibility to social media more reliable than trying to make a phone call. Federal, state, and local emergency operations centers have made limited use of social media or Internet‐based communications to provide an alternative means for citizens to request assistance or provide information. Mobile devices provide an alternative method of incident reporting and analysis through volunteered geographic information (VGI), which first responders can use to minimize risk to evacuees.
Class Monopoly Rent and the Contemporary Neoliberal City
Authors: Anderson Matthew B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe objective of this essay is to rejuvenate interest in Marxian rent theory in urban political economy by identifying and deepening discussion of an important aspect of the contemporary neoliberal city: class monopoly rent. First introduced by David Harvey, the concept of class monopoly rent has curiously evaded in‐depth scholarly inquiry and has never been substantively elaborated or examined. But the conditions through which class monopoly rents are extracted from property have since evolved. Yet, we know little about the relation between this standard institutional practice and contemporary urban landscapes, modes of governance, and processes of urban restructuring. The essay first reviews and identifies the concept of class monopoly rent as an important aspect of the urban process and discusses its limited scholarly engagement over the past four decades. It then discusses the implications of class monopoly rent in the context of current urban redevelopment policies and practices in Chicago, Illinois. It is suggested that a deeper examination of this concept could build a more robust and intricate understanding of the contemporary neoliberal city, particularly in the context of the post‐2007 economic recession.
Transnational networks and transcultural belonging: a study of the Spanish second generation in Switzerland
Authors: RICHTER MARINA , NOLLERT MICHAEL 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMigration scholars often assume a close association between transnational social practices and transcultural forms of belonging. Nonetheless, we argue that the distinction of both concepts is analytically important and helpful in understanding the transnational lives of second‐generation migrants. To analyse the biographical accounts and network maps of second‐generation Spaniards living in Switzerland, we draw a theoretical distinction between social practice (transnational networks) and forms of belonging (transcultural belonging). Our analysis shows second‐generation migrants maintaining social networks over time, interrupting them, or reconnecting with them. Their sense of belonging may either endure or fade. Although the interconnection between social networks and the sense of belonging is neither straightforward nor causal, we can nevertheless identify five types of network/belonging combinations. These types describe the various ways in which second‐generation migrants are likely to articulate transnational networks and transcultural belonging in their lives.
Privileged Japanese transnational families in Hawaii as lifestyle migrants
Authors: IGARASHI HIROKI 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study of privileged Japanese families in Hawaii revisits the claim that East Asian transnational families relocate overseas either to improve their well‐being or to enhance their status through their children's international education. Existing scholarship has focused mainly on the second pattern of status‐seeking migration, conceptualized as ‘education migration’. By employing Benson and O'Reilly's concept of ‘lifestyle migration’, I consider the less widely studied case of migration strategies designed to increase well‐being. The central difference between the two types of migrants lies in the way that migrant women construct their gendered identity through their transnational split‐household arrangement – a freer self (lifestyle migrants) or a sacrificial self (education migrants). In conclusion, I call for further research on this neglected topic and propose an important dimension to facilitate lifestyle migration, gender.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia due to heparin lock in a hemodialysis patient: A case report
Authors: Chan Koon Ming , Cheung Chi Yuen , Chau Ka Foon 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHeparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially fatal clinical condition which can develop after exposure to unfractionated or low‐molecular‐weight heparins. Even small doses of heparin such as heparin flushes in hemodialysis catheter can induce the development of HIT. However, the true incidence of heparin lock‐related HIT is unknown. We report a 58‐year‐old woman with acute kidney injury because of obstructive uropathy who developed HIT after heparin‐free hemodialysis. She was found to have severe thrombocytopenia with deep vein thrombosis of left lower limb and arterial thrombosis of the right anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The heparin‐platelet factor 4 antibody was positive and she was put on plasmapharesis. However, her condition further deteriorated and succumbed shortly. Heparin lock solution in the hemodialysis catheter was believed to be the cause of HIT in our patient.
Back to the Peasants: New Insights into the Economic, Social, and Demographic History of Northern Italian Rural Populations During the Early Modern Period
Authors: Alfani Guido 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe peasants and rural societies in general are not among the preferred research topics of historians currently working on Early Modern Italy. This has not always been the case, as after World War II, important research traditions developed, involving many prominent Italian social and economic historians, some of them influenced by Marxism or by the ‘democratic’ conviction that peasants had to be studied extensively simply because the vast majority of the population of Early Modern Italy was rural. This article provides a brief overview of the studies produced in the second half of the 20th century on the northern Italian peasantry and of the reasons why the interest for Early Modern rural communities progressively waned. It then focuses on works published in the 21st millennium, outlining the different paths of enquiry followed by historians currently interested in the social, economic, demographic, and cultural characteristics of the peasantry. The article suggests that there is space for formulating a new ‘democratic’ argument in favor of research on the rural dwellers, as the imbalance between their importance in Early Modern Italian societies, and how small a proportion of the overall historical research is dedicated to them, has again become very pronounced.
Novel constant‐pressure irrigation technique for the treatment of renal pelvic tumors after ipsilateral ureterectomy
Authors: Nakamura Kenji , Terada Naoki , Sugino Yoshio , Yamasaki Toshinori , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Imamura Masaaki , Okubo Kazutoshi , Kamba Tomomi , Yoshimura Koji , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe herein report a case of a renal pelvic tumor that developed in the residual left renal pelvis after right nephroureterectomy, left ureterectomy and total cystectomy in a patient with multiple urothelial tumors. The tumor was endoscopically ablated through a nephrostomy tract, and mitomycin C irrigation was carried out. We designed a novel constant‐pressure irrigation system for effective and safe irrigation into the closed space of the renal pelvis. We created a hole in the urine bag tube, inserted a 5‐Fr open‐end ureteral catheter through the hole and kept the tip of the catheter at the end of the nephrostomy tube. The urine bag tube was placed 20 cm above the kidney level, and mitomycin C was continuously irrigated into the renal pelvis for 1 h. Six‐weekly treatments were carried out, and tumor recurrence was not identified for 1 year.