bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributive Quantification by Reduplication in Dravidian
Authors: Balusu Rahul , Jayaseelan K. A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn the Dravidian languages reduplication of numerals and pronouns gives rise to distributive meanings. For example, in Telugu, as in Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, the other major Dravidian languages, reduplication of numerals gives rise to distributive readings. We find that the reduplicated numeral construction always gives rise to distributive readings. There are no collective readings of a reduplicated numeral construction. Additionally we observe that it gives rise to two further distributive interpretations that are not present in the non‐reduplicated construction. The main focus of this chapter is to explain the cause of the obligatory distributivity that is associated with the reduplicated numeral construction and to account for the various additional distributive readings that are possible in such constructions. This work is embedded in a larger project which examines the cross‐linguistic morpho‐syntax and semantics of reduplication, not restricted to numerals only, and its relation to plurality.
At Least,Wenigstens, and Company
Authors: Gast Volker 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter pursues two main goals: first, it intends to establish a framework of classification for the language‐particular and cross‐linguistic analysis of elements like Engl. only, also, even, etc., i.e. a typology of elements expressing ‘quantification over domains of alternatives’, here called ‘focus quantifiers’. Second, it aims at extending the range of parameters of variation used for the classification of the elements under investigation in most comparative work so far (e.g. König 1991), in particular with respect to the type of quantification expressed. The focus is on English and German, but the typology is intended to have broad cross‐linguistic applicability. Given the restricted range of data considered, the programmatic nature of the study should be obvious, however. I propose a framework for the semantic classification of focus quantifiers based on three parameters: (i) the type of quantification expressed, (ii) the discourse pragmatics status of the material contained in the scope of a given operator, and (iii) the presence or absence of an ordering relation structuring the sets of alternatives. The theory is applied to Mandarin, English, and German.
Features, Concord, Quantification
Authors: Gil Kook‐Hee , Tsoulas George 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe use of wh or indeterminate pronouns in the formation of quantificational expressions in a wide variety of the world's languages is well documented. The compositional derivation is a question that has been at the centre of much research in semantics and the syntax–semantics interface in the past decade. In this chapter we approach these elements from a different angle, namely the fact that consistently across languages certain combinations of indeterminate pronouns with operators result in polarity sensitive items. We focus on the derivation of this sensitivity and the licensing mechanisms involved.
The Promise and Politics of Electoral Reform
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter surveys the politics of electoral reform, introduces the central arguments of the book, and describes the structure of the book. It emphasizes that any understanding of reform efforts must account for the role of the voter. In established democracies, elites require popular support for proposals to change rules governing elections. The chapter demonstrates just how frequently attempts are made to change electoral rules—and how frequently some actual changes are adopted. Changes to electoral institutions are made more regularly than might be expected if one were to focus only on changes in electoral systems. The chapter provides a discussion of how the effects of changes in electoral rules should be studied.
Responsibility and Mental Capacity
Authors: Morse Stephen J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The thesis of this chapter is that criminal law is a thoroughly folk-psychological enterprise that is completely consistent with the truth of determinism or universal causation. It argues that if determinism or something quite like it is true, as I assume it is, then compatibilism, which is a defensible, plausible view in the metaphysical debate about determinism, free will and responsibility, provides the only secure basis for criminal responsibility. The chapter demonstrates that free will is neither a criminal law criterion nor foundational for responsibility because the distinctions the law draws are consistent with the truth of determinism and moral and political positions we have good reason to endorse. The chapter also addresses external challenges to responsibility and finds them wanting. It concludes that common law compatibilism is normatively desirable because it takes people seriously as moral agents worthy of respect.
Moral Responsibility and ConsciousnessTwo Challenges, One Solution
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUntil recently, most philosophers seem implicitly to have assumed that consciousness is necessary for moral responsibility; this is, moreover, an assumption that seems built into the law. Under the pressure of scientific evidence and independent philosophical argument, some philosophers now reject that assumption. Against these philosophers, I argue that we need to be conscious of the facts that make our actions morally significant in order to be morally responsible for them. I present two separate defences of this claim. First, I argue that actions caused by unconscious attitudes do not express good or ill will toward others. Second, I argue that such actions do not express our evaluative agency. Finally, I turn to some alleged empirical evidence against the claim that we can be conscious of our volitions, and show how the defence offered is immune to this challenge.
Translating Scientific Evidence into the Language of the “Folk”
Authors: Sifferd Katrina L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere are legitimate worries about gaps between scientific evidence of brain function and legal criteria for determining criminal culpability. Behavioral evidence (such as arranging a getaway car) appears easier for judges and juries to use for purposes of determining criminal liability because it triggers the application of commonsense psychological (CSP) concepts that guide responsibility assessments. In contrast, scientific evidence of neurological processes will not generally lead a judge or jury to make direct inferences regarding criminal culpability. In these cases, an expert witness will be required to indicate to the fact-finder what scientific evidence means with regard to mental capacity; and then another inference must be made from this possible lack of capacity to the legal criteria for guilt. In this chapter I argue that formulating the relevant mental capacities as executive functions within the brain can provide a reliable link between neuroscience and assessments of criminal culpability.
A re‐evaluation of a case–control model with contaminated controls for resource selection studies
Authors: Rota Christopher T. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Kesler Dylan C. , Lehman Chad P. , Rumble Mark A. , Jachowski Catherine M. B. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
A common sampling design in resource selection studies involves measuring resource attributes at sample units used by an animal and at sample units considered available for use. Few models can estimate the absolute probability of using a sample unit from such data, but such approaches are generally preferred over statistical methods that estimate a relative probability of use.
The case–control model that allows for contaminated controls, proposed by Lancaster & Imbens (1996) and Lele (2009), can estimate the absolute probability of using a sample unit from use‐availability data. However, numerous misconceptions have likely prevented the widespread application of this model to resource selection studies. We address common misconceptions regarding the case–control model with contaminated controls and demonstrate its ability to estimate the absolute probability of use, prevalence and parameters associated with categorical covariates from use‐availability data.
We fit the case–control model with contaminated controls to simulated data with varying prevalence (defined as the average probability of use across all sample units) and sample sizes (n1 = 500 used and na = 500 available samples; n1 = 1000 used and na = 1000 available samples). We then applied this model to estimate the probability Ozark hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) would use a location within a stream as a function of covariates.
The case–control model with contaminated controls provided unbiased estimates of all parameters at N = 2000 sample size simulation scenarios, particularly at low prevalence. However, this model produced increasingly variable maximum likelihood estimates of parameters as prevalence increased, particularly at N = 1000 sample size scenarios. We thus recommend at least 500–1000 used samples when fitting the case–control model with contaminated controls to use‐availability data. Our application to hellbender data revealed selection for locations with coarse substrate that are close to potential sources of cover.
This study unites a disparate literature, addresses and clarifies many commonly held misconceptions and demonstrates that the case–control model with contaminated controls is a viable alternative for estimating the absolute probability of use from use‐availability data.
Multi‐trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey
Authors: Courbin Nicolas , Fortin Daniel , Dussault Christian , Fargeot Viviane , Courtois Réhaume 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHabitat selection strategies translate into movement tactics, which reckon with the predator–prey spatial game. Strategic habitat selection analysis can therefore illuminate behavioural games. Cover types at potential encounter sites (i.e. intersections between movement paths of predator and prey) can be compared with cover types available (i) within the area of home‐range‐overlap (HRO) between predator and prey; and (ii) along the path (MP) of each species. Unlike theHROscale, cover‐type availability atMPscale differs between interacting species due to species‐specific movement decisions. Scale differences in selection could therefore inform on divergences in fitness rewarding actions between predators and prey.We used this framework to evaluate the spatial game betweenGPS‐collared wolves (Canis lupus) versus caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and wolf versus moose (Alces alces).Changes in cover‐type availability betweenHROandMPrevealed differences in how each species fine‐tuned its movements to habitat features. In contrast to caribou, wolves increased their encounter rate with regenerating cuts along their paths (MP) relative to theHROlevel. As a consequence, wolves were less likely to cross caribou paths in areas with higher percentage of regenerating cuts than expected based on the availability along their paths, whereas caribou had a higher risk of intersecting wolf paths by crossing these areas, relative to random expectation along their paths. Unlike for caribou, availability of mixed and deciduous areas decreased fromHROtoMPlevel for wolves and moose. Overall, wolves displayed stronger similarities in movement decisions with moose than with caribou, thereby revealing the focus of wolves on moose.Our study reveals how differences in fine‐scale movement tactics between species create asymmetric relative encounter probabilities between predators and prey, given their paths. Increase in relative risk of encounter for prey and decrease for predators associated with specific cover types emerging fromHROtoMPscale analysis can disclose potential weaknesses in current movement tactics involved the predator–prey game, such as caribou use of cutovers in summer–autumn. In turn, these weaknesses can inform on subsequent changes in habitat selection tactics that might arise due to evolutionary forces.
Anti‐carbonic anhydrase III autoantibodies in vasculitis syndrome
Authors: Saito Rie , Watanabe Hiroshi , Asano Tomoyuki , Suzuki Eiji , Iwadate Haruyo , Kobayashi Hiroko , Ohira Hiromasa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimTo identify autoantibodies useful in the diagnosis of primary vasculitides.MethodsThe presence of antibodies against proteins in the lysate of mouse blood vessels was examined by two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by Western blotting for the pooled serum sample from patients with various forms of vasculitis: polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Autoantigenicity in patients with vasculitides was examined by Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinicopathological correlations between the positivity of the autoantibodies and clinical status of patients with the vasculitis were examined.ResultsThe autoantigen detected in the lysate of pooled sera from patients with vasculitides was identified by mass spectrometry as carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII). ELISA showed significantly higher prevalence of anti‐CAIII antibodies in MPA patients (MPA, 11/23 [47.8%]; healthy controls, 2/32 [6.3%]; P < 0.001). Further, anti‐CAIII antibody‐positive MPA patients had higher vasculitis activity scores compared to anti‐CAIII antibody‐negative patients, and a weak and not significant negative correlation was observed between anti‐CAIII antibody levels and myeloperoxidase – anti‐nuclear cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA) levels. No significant differences were found in anti‐CAIII autoantibody levels between MPA and the other primary vasculitides.ConclusionWe found significantly high prevalence of anti‐CAIII antibody levels in sera from MPA patients. Although the number of samples available in this study is small and anti‐CAIII autoantibodies display weak specificity for MPA, anti‐CAIII antibodies may be useful for diagnosing MPA in patients who have no ANCA, as well as for assessing disease activity.
Esophagogastric reconstruction using remnant stomach with a single vessel pedicel: Technique and outcomes
Authors: You Bin , Hou Sheng‐cai , Li Hui , Hu Bin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEsophageal cancer with a history of distal gastrectomy is a clinical problem. To our knowledge there have been no reports of remnant stomach fed from the left gastroepiploic artery being used in esophageal reconstruction. We, herein, report four cases of esophagogastric reconstruction using remnant stomach with a single left gastroepiploic vascular pedicel. It is more functional to use the remnant stomach than other replacements. Meanwhile, the gastric conduit fed from the left gastroepiploic artery showed sufficient vascularity and stable gastroesophageal anastomosis. The technique and outcomes in follow‐up have proven feasible and save time.
Irrigation dynamics associated with positive pressure, apical negative pressure and passive ultrasonic irrigations: A computational fluid dynamics analysis
Authors: Chen José Enrique , Nurbakhsh Babak , Layton Gillian , Bussmann Markus , Kishen Anil 
Published: May 2013

AbstractComplexities in root canal anatomy and surface adherent biofilm structures remain as challenges in endodontic disinfection. The ability of an irrigant to penetrate into the apical region of a canal, along with its interaction with the root canal walls, will aid in endodontic disinfection. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the irrigation dynamics of syringe irrigation with different needle tip designs (open‐ended and closed‐ended), apical negative pressure irrigation with the EndoVac® system, and passive ultrasonic‐assisted irrigation, using a computational fluid dynamics model. Syringe‐based irrigation with a side‐vented needle showed a higher wall shear stress than the open‐ended but was localised to a small region of the canal wall. The apical negative pressure mode of irrigation generated the lowest wall shear stress, while the passive‐ultrasonic irrigation group showed the highest wall shear stress along with the greatest magnitude of velocity.
Pharmacokinetic interactions and safety evaluations of coadministered tafenoquine and chloroquine in healthy subjects
Authors: Miller Ann K. , Harrell Emma , Ye Li , Baptiste‐Brown Sharon , Kleim Jőrg‐Peter , Ohrt Colin , Duparc Stephan , Möhrle Jörg J. , Webster Alison , Stinnett Sandra , Hughes Arlene , Griffith Sandy , Beelen Andrew P. 
Published: May 2013

AimsThe long‐acting 8‐aminoquinoline tafenoquine (TQ) coadministered with chloroquine (CQ) may radically cure Plasmodium vivax malaria. Coadministration therapy was evaluated for a pharmacokinetic interaction and for pharmacodynamic, safety and tolerability characteristics.MethodsHealthy subjects, 18–55 years old, without documented glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, received CQ alone (days 1–2, 600 mg; and day 3, 300 mg), TQ alone (days 2 and 3, 450 mg) or coadministration therapy (day 1, CQ 600 mg; day 2, CQ 600 mg + TQ 450 mg; and day 3, CQ 300 mg + TQ 450 mg) in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses and safety data, including electrocardiograms, were collected for 56 days.ResultsThe coadministration of CQ + TQ had no effect on TQ AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Tmax or t1/2. The 90% confidence intervals of CQ + TQ vs. TQ for AUC0–t, AUC0–∞ and t1/2 indicated no drug interaction. On day 2 of CQ + TQ coadministration, TQ Cmax and AUC0–24 increased by 38% (90% confidence interval 1.27, 1.64) and 24% (90% confidence interval 1.04, 1.46), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of CQ and its primary metabolite desethylchloroquine were not affected by TQ. Coadministration had no clinically significant effect on QT intervals and was well tolerated.ConclusionsNo clinically significant safety or pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions were observed with coadministered CQ and TQ in healthy subjects.
Time to recurrence is a significant predictor of cancer‐specific survival after recurrence in patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma – results from a comprehensive multi‐centre database (CORONA/SATURN‐Project)
Authors: Brookman‐May Sabine D. , May Matthias , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Novara Giacomo , Zigeuner Richard , Cindolo Luca , De Cobelli Ottavio , De Nunzio Cosimo , Pahernik Sascha , Wirth Manfred P. , Longo Nicola , Simonato Alchiede , Serni Sergio , Siracusano Salvatore , Volpe Alessandro , Morgia Giuseppe , Bertini Roberto , Dalpiaz Orietta , Stief Christian , Ficarra Vincenzo ,   Members of the CORONA‐Project, the SATURN‐Project, and the Young Academic Urologists Renal Cancer Group
Published: May 2013

Objectives
To assess the prognostic impact of time to recurrence (TTR) on cancer‐specific survival (CSS) after recurrence in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) undergoing radical nephrectomy or nephron‐sparing surgery.
To analyse differences in clinical and histopathological criteria between patients with early and late recurrence.
Patients and Methods
Of 13 107 patients with RCC from an international multicentre database, 1712 patients developed recurrence in the follow‐up (FU), at a median (interquartile range) of 50.1 (25–106) months.
In all, 1402 patients had recurrence at ≤5 years (Group A) and 310 patients beyond this time (Group B).
Differences in clinical and histopathological variables between patients with early and late recurrence were analysed.
The influence of TTR and further variables on CSS after recurrence was assessed by Cox regression analysis.
Results
Male gender, advanced age, tumour diameter and stage, Fuhrman grade 3–4, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and pN + stage were significantly more frequent in patients with early recurrence, who had a significantly reduced 3‐year CSS of 30% compared with patients in Group B (41%; P = 0.001).
Age, gender, tumour histology, pT stage, and continuous TTR (hazard ratio 0.99, P = 0.006; monthly interval) independently predicted CSS.
By inclusion of dichotomised TTR in the multivariable model, a significant influence of this variable on CSS was present until 48 months after surgery, but not beyond this time.
Conclusions
Advanced age, male gender, larger tumour diameters, LVI, Fuhrman grade 3–4, pN + stage, and advanced tumour stages are associated with early recurrence.
Up to 4 years from surgery, a shorter TTR independently predicts a reduced CSS after recurrence.
Outcomes after recto‐anastomosis fistula repair in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer
Authors: Pfalzgraf Daniel , Isbarn Hendrik , Reiss Philip , Meyer‐Moldenhauer Wolf‐Hartmut , Fisch Margit , Dahlem Roland 
Published: May 2013

Objectives
To assess fistula recurrence rate and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) after repair, as well as the impact on continence and erection in patients with recto‐anastomotic fistula after radical prostatectomy (RP).
In recent publications, the numbers of cases of recto‐urinary fistulae after RP are relatively small. Success rates at fistula closure are good; however, data about functional outcomes and HRQL are more restricted.
Patients and Methods
A retrospective study of patients treated for recto‐urethral fistulae after RP between 1993 and 2008.
All 17 patients were assessed for fistula recurrence in 2007 and received a standardised non‐validated questionnaire to assess HRQL in 2011; furthermore, a patient's chart review was performed.
Surgical technique: fistula closure was abdominal in 10 patients, perineal in five and combined abdominal and perineal in two, some with tissue interposition.
Results
In 2007, follow‐up was available for 14 patients, one was deceased and two were lost to follow‐up. The mean follow‐up was 73.3 months and the mean patient age was 63 years.
In two of the 17 patients, rectal injury during the initial surgery was reported; another three had undergone adjuvant radiation therapy (18%).
In 2011, another two patients were deceased; the mean (range) follow‐up was 99.5 (44–184) months.
There was a great improvement in HRQL as compared with before surgery in seven of the 12 evaluable patients, a slight improvement in one and no change in three. In all, eight of the 12 patients were very satisfied with the surgery and four were satisfied.
Conclusion
Perineal or abdominal fistula repair yields excellent success rates and high patient satisfaction. However, urinary incontinence can be found in some patients postoperatively, requiring further treatment.