bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized clinical trial comparing survival after D1 or D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors:   the Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group, Degiuli M , Sasako M , Ponti A , Vendrame A , Tomatis M , Mazza C , Borasi A , Capussotti L , Fronda G , Morino M , Ferri V , Rebecchi F , Garino M , Viganò L , Scaglione D , Locatelli L , Teggia P Mello 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
It is still unclear whether D2 lymphadenectomy improves the survival of patients with gastric cancer and should therefore be performed routinely or selectively. The aim of this multicentre randomized trial was to compare D2 and D1 lymphadenectomy in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Methods
Between June 1998 and December 2006, patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were assigned randomly to either D1 or D2 gastrectomy. Intraoperative randomization was implemented centrally by telephone. Primary outcome was overall survival; secondary endpoints were disease-specific survival, morbidity and postoperative mortality.

Results
A total of 267 eligible patients were allocated to either D1 (133 patients) or D2 (134) resection. Morbidity (12·0 versus 17·9 per cent respectively; P = 0·183) and operative mortality (3·0 versus 2·2 per cent; P = 0·725) rates did not differ significantly between the groups. Median follow-up was 8·8 (range 4·5–13·1) years for surviving patients and 2·4 (0·2–11·9) years for those who died, and was not different in the two treatment arms. There was no difference in the overall 5-year survival rate (66·5 versus 64·2 per cent for D1 and D2 lymphadenectomy respectively; P = 0·695). Subgroup analyses showed a 5-year disease-specific survival benefit for patients with pathological tumour (pT) 1 disease in the D1 group (98 per cent versus 83 per cent for the D2 group; P = 0·015), and for patients with pT2–4 status and positive lymph nodes in the D2 group (59 per cent versus 38 per cent for the D1 group; P = 0·055).

Conclusion
No difference was found in overall 5-year survival between D1 and D2 resection. Subgroup analyses suggest that D2 lymphadenectomy may be a better choice in patients with advanced disease and lymph node metastases. Registration number: ISRCTN11154654 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Lentiviral‐mediated overexpression of Akt1 reduces anoxia–reoxygenation injury in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Du Yanyan , Zhu Hong , Li Dongye , Wang Lele , Zhang Lin , Luo Yuanyuan , Pan Defeng , Huang Manman 
Published: December 2013

AbstractActivated PI3K/Akt signalling exerts a protective effect after myocardial ischemia by phosphorylating various substrates; however, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains to be elucidated. We have constructed the recombinant lentiviral vector pLVX‐Akt1‐EGFP‐ 3FLAG (LV‐Akt1) to determine the efficiency of LV‐Akt1 infection, explore the protective role of Akt1, and investigate the possible mechanism by which Akt1 signalling acts during anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) of cardiomyocytes in primary culture. Akt1 gene transfection increased cardiomyocyte pulsation, reduced cell mortality, and decreased the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in myocardial cells supernatants. Akt1 transfection increased the levels of intracellular p‐Akt, enhanced the expression of the anti‐apoptosis protein Bcl‐2, and reduced that of the apoptosis protein Bax (thereby increasing the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio), and caused some increase in hypoxia‐inducible factor1α (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression after A/R. The protective role of Akt1 was partly suppressed by adding a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt inhibitor (LY294002). In conclusion, LV‐Akt1 was successfully constructed and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were transfected efficiently. Akt1 overexpression significantly reduced A/R injury in cardiomyocytes, and this could be related to its effects on various targets of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, such as Bcl‐2, Bax, HIF‐1α and VEGF.
Concomitant activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signalling is involved in cyclic compressive force‐induced IL‐6 secretion in MLO‐Y4 cells
Authors: Yin Jian , Hao Zhichao , Ma Yuanyuan , Liao Shuang , Li Xianxian , Fu Jing , Wu Yeke , Shen Jiefei , Zhang Ping , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Hang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIL‐6 has a dual role in bone remodelling. The ERK1/2 pathway partially upregulated IL‐6 secretion in osteocyte‐like MLO‐Y4 cells exposed to CCF. We have now investigated the possible role of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway in the CCF‐induced IL‐6 expression. MLO‐Y4 cells were treated with CCF 2,000 µstrain, 2 Hz, or 10, 30 min, 1, 3 and 6 h. IL‐6 expression, Akt and ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt phosphorylation were determined by RT‐PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002 or ERK1/2 with PD98059 significantly attenuated IL‐6 upregulation, and IL‐6 expression was abolished by inhibiting both pathways. Inhibition of one pathway downregulated the other's phosphorylation level. In conclusion, concomitant activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways mediated IL‐6 expression in MLO‐Y4 cells under CCF.
Simvastatin promotes cardiac microvascular endothelial cells proliferation, migration and survival by phosphorylation of p70 S6K and FoxO3a
Authors: Pan Qiao , Xie Xiaobo , Guo Yan , Wang Haichang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRestenosis severely limits the overall efficacy of interventions. One of the reasons is the lack of reendothelialization related to inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and migration since drug is delivered to the luminal surface. Statins can promote angiogenic processes by improving endothelial function, proliferation and migration in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). This study clarified the effect of simvastatin on Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K and FoxO3a signalling pathways in rat CMECs following pretreated with rapamycin. Rapamycin treatment for 24 h inhibited CMECs' proliferation, migration and NO (nitric oxide) secretion, but with increased cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, simvastatin pretreatment significantly improved proliferation, migration and NO secretion, and inhibited CMECs' apoptosis and ROS production in rapamycin‐induced CMECs. Western blot assay showed that, after treatment with simvastatin, the phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K and FoxO3a were up‐regulated in rapamycin‐induced CMECs, which was significantly reversed by pretreatment with LY294002. The data suggest that simvastatin inhibits rapamycin‐induced CMECs dysfunction and apoptosis, probably through activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K and mTOR/FoxO3a signalling pathway in a sequential manner and this pathway may be important in some of the pleiotropic effects of statins.
Alteration of human umbilical vein endothelial cell gene expression in different biomechanical environments
Authors: Shoajei Shahrokh , Tafazzoli‐Shahdpour Mohammad , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Haghighipour Nooshin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiomechanical environments affect the function of cells. In this study we analysed the effects of five mechanical stimuli on the gene expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in mRNA level using real‐time PCR. The following loading regimes were applied on HUVECs for 48 h: intermittent (0–5 dyn/cm2, 1 Hz) and uniform (5 dyn/cm2) shear stresses concomitant by 10% intermittent equiaxial stretch (1 Hz), uniform shear stress alone (5 dyn/cm2), and intermittent uniaxial and equiaxial stretches (10%, 1 Hz). A new bioreactor was made to apply uniform/cyclic shear and tensile loadings. Three endothelial suggestive specific genes (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2, also known as FLK‐1), von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial‐cadherin (VE‐cadherin)), and two smooth muscle genes (α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC)) were chosen for assessment of alteration in gene expression of endothelial cells and transdifferentiation toward smooth cells following load applications.Shear stress alone enhanced the endothelial gene expression significantly, while stretching alone was identified as a transdifferentiating factor. Cyclic equiaxial stretch contributed less to elevation of smooth muscle genes compared to uniaxial stretch. Cyclic shear stress in comparison to uniform shear stress concurrent with cyclic stretch was more influential on promotion of endothelial genes expression. Influence of different mechanical stimuli on gene expression may open a wider horizon to regulate functions of cell for tissue engineering purposes.
Non‐aqueous, surfactant‐free antifoam emulsions: Properties and triggered release
Authors: Dimitrova Tatiana D. , Cauvin Severine , Lecomte Jean‐Paul , Colson Annick 
Published: December 2013

AbstractProcessing convenience and formulation flexibility frequently require the delivery of the silicone oils as emulsions. The shelf life of the latter is achieved kinetically, in the most cases via the addition of surfactants. On the other hand, surfactants are the subject of increasing scrutiny with regard to their environmental impact. The goal of this study is to formulate silicone oils in surfactant‐free emulsions and to demonstrate the controlled release of the active silicone material.A non‐aqueous silicone emulsion comprising of a continuous phase of a polar organic liquid, having droplets of silicone antifoam compound dispersed therein, have been developed. These systems are stabilised by (fractal) waxy particles which play a dual role. They act as Pickering stabilisers and in the same time they form an elastic network in the continuous phase, providing a creaming stability of more than a year. A triggered release of the (antifoam) silicone active can be achieved via heating above the melting temperature of the waxy particles. This is demonstrated by the fact that no antifoam activity has been observed at temperatures below ca. 60°C, while at temperature of above 65–70°C a strong antifoam effect has been obtained.
Hartley Transform for Reduction to the Pole
Authors: Yao LUO 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAs an integral transform similar to the Fourier transform, the Hartley transform is more efficient and economical than its progenitor. This work attempts to use it to process magnetic data based on the general properties of the Hartley transform. A practical method for reduction to the pole (RTP) in the Hartley domain is presented. The problems of reduction to the pole (RTP) processing at low magnetic latitudes are also discussed, and a filtering operator is introduced in the algorithm, modified by slightly increasing the inclination of the normal magnetic field at low latitudes to suppress north‐south trending features. Calculations on theoretical models indicate that RTP in the Hartley domain is accurate and reliable. Real data processing demonstrates that this RTP algorithm is applicable.
Establishment of the Medial‐Hotspot Reference Datum and Study of the Westward Drift of Lithosphere
Authors: Xin‐Hui ZHU , Fu‐Ping SUN , Ren WANG 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNow as to geodetic application, the constrain condition of no‐net‐rotation (NNR) has been recommended and adopted by IERS organization in defining the Earth reference system. While to geophysical application, the absolute plate motion model and data relative to NNR reference datum may bring misguide to mantle convection and other research. Considering hotspot relative motion, a medial hotspot (MHS) reference datum is proposed, of which the constraint rule is presented. Two absolute plate motion models designated as MHS‐NUVEL1A and MHS‐ITRF2005 are constructed using a set of hotspot data globally distributed in conjunction with the plate motion models NNR‐NUVEL1A and ITRF2005VEL, respectively, which are compared and analyzed with other absolute plate motion models based on the hotspots reference frame. The lithosphere's westward drift is discussed. The results show that the lithosphere has a net rotation relative to the hotspots with a rate 0.26°/Ma, about a pole of 50°S, 62°E with respect to the deep mantle, which is closer to that from the plate forced model in the direction, faster in the rate by 10%.
Mineral Magnetic Properties and Late Quaternary Transgressions Recorded by the Borehole WJ in the Taihu Plain, China
Authors: Ting CHEN , Zhang‐Hua WANG , Xiao‐Ke QIANG , Chun‐Yan MA , Qing ZHAN 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWith paleomagnetism and AMS14C dating results, we reconstructed the depositional environmental evolution and marine transgression events during the Late Quaternary by examining the lithology, grain size, magnetic properties, and foraminifera of sediments from a borehole WJ in the Taihu plain of southern Yangtze Delta, China. We also investigated the application of magnetic proxies to distinguishing depositional environments in the estuarine‐deltaic area. The results show that the sediment sequence of borehole WJ could be divided into four periods including Mid‐Pleistocene stage I, Mid‐Pleistocene stage II, Late Pleistocene, and Holocene. Their depositional geomorphological conditions were fluvial‐lacustrine plain, coast‐terrace, mouth bar‐estuary‐tidal flat‐terrace, and lacustrine plain, respectively. Three transgression events were revealed by the borehole WJ, which happened during the late stage of Mid‐Pleistocene, marine isotope stage (MIS) 5 and MIS3 of Late‐Pleistocene. The MIS5e transgression was the strongest one and the transgression in the late stage of MIS3 intensified significantly. Magnetic properties were strongest in the tidal flat and mouth bar sediments, with notably high values of χlf, SIRM and HIRM.
Multiple paternity in wild house mice (Mus musculus musculus): effects on offspring genetic diversity and body mass
Authors: Thonhauser Kerstin E. , Thoß Michaela , Musolf Kerstin , Klaus Teresa , Penn Dustin J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMultiple mating is common in many species, but it is unclear whether multiple paternity enhances offspring genetic diversity or fitness. We conducted a survey on wild house mice (Mus musculus musculus), and we found that in 73 pregnant females, 29% of litters had multiple sires, which is remarkably similar to the 23–26% found in feral populations of Mus musculus domesticus in the USA and Australia, respectively. The question is: How has selection maintained multiple mating in these subspecies since the evolutionary divergence, ca. 2800–6000 years ago? We found no evidence that multiple paternity enhanced females’ litter size, contrary to the fertility assurance or genetic benefits hypotheses. Multiple paternity was associated with reduced mean and variance in offspring body mass, which suggests that females allocate fewer resources or that there is increased intrauterine conflict in multiple‐ versus single‐sired litters. We found increased allelic diversity (though not heterozygosity) in multiple‐sired litters, as predicted by the genetic diversity hypothesis. Finally, we found that the dams’ heterozygosity was correlated with the mean heterozygosity of their offspring in single‐ and multiple‐sired litters, suggesting that outbred, heterozygous females were more likely to avoid inbreeding than inbred, homozygous females. Future studies are needed to examine how increased genetic diversity of litters and smaller mean (and variance) offspring body mass associated with multiple paternity affect offspring fitness.
Evaluation of thermal fire hazard of 10 polymeric building materials and proposing a classification method based on cone calorimeter results
Authors: Bakhtiyari Saeed , Taghi‐Akbari Leila , Ashtiani Masoud Jamali 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe use of polymeric building materials has been grown in many countries of Middle East in recent years. However, there are only a few fire testing laboratories in this region. Therefore, development of a method for controlling the reaction to fire of materials with bench scale tests is necessary. Providing a framework for classification of thermal fire hazard of materials based on bench scale heat release rate results was attempted. The fire behavior of 10 polymeric building materials was tested with cone calorimeter. The relationship between reaction to fire variables and physical properties of tested samples was examined. The thermal fire hazards of materials were assessed using methods presented by different researchers and with Conetools software. The results revealed that time to ignition, peak rate of heat release, and total heat release are essential variables for determining the fire hazard of materials. A classification method is proposed, which can be used in building codes in countries where the full‐scale test facilities are not available. The method also can be used for quality control purpose and evaluation of fire behavior of materials in bench scale by manufacturers. An example of potential requirements for interior finishes for some occupancy types is also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erodibility of low‐compaction steep‐sloped reclaimed surface mine lands in the southern Appalachian region, USA
Authors: Hoomehr Siavash , Schwartz John S. , Yoder Daniel , Drumm Eric C. , Wright Wesley 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe use of loose spoils on steep slopes for surface coal mining reclamation sites has been promoted by the US Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining for the establishment of native forest, as prescribed by the Forest Reclamation Approach (FRA). Although low‐compaction spoils improve tree survival and growth, erodibility on steep slopes was suspected to increase. This study quantified a combined KC factor (combining the effects of the soil erodibility K factor and cover management C) for low compaction, steep‐sloped (>20°) reclaimed mine lands in the Appalachian region, USA. The combined KC factor was used because standard Unit Plot conditions required to separate these factors, per Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) experimental protocols, were not followed explicitly. Three active coal mining sites in the Appalachian region of East Tennessee, each containing four replicate field plots, were monitored for rainfall and sediment yields during a 14‐month period beginning June 2009. Average cumulative erosivity for the study sites during the monitoring period was measured as 5248.9 MJ·mm·ha−1·h−1. The KC ranged between 0.001 and 0.05 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1, with the highest values occurring immediately following reclamation site construction as rills developed (June – August 2009). The KC for two study sites with about an 18–20 mm spoil D84 were above 0.01 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 during rill development, and below 0.003 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 after August 2009 for the post‐rill development period. The KC values for one site with a 40 mm spoil D84 were never above 0.008 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 and also on average were lower, being more similar to the other two sites after the rill development period. Based on an initial KC factor (Ke) measured during the first few storm events, the average C factor (Ce) was estimated as 0.58 for the rill development period and 0.13 for the post‐rill development period. It appears that larger size fractions of spoils influence KC and Ce factors on low‐compaction steep slopes reclamation sites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photonic crystal enhancement of a homogeneous fluorescent assay using submicron fluid channels fabricated by E‐jet patterning
Authors: Tan Yafang , Sutanto Erick , Alleyne Andrew G. , Cunningham Brian T. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate the enhancement of a liquid‐based homogenous fluorescence assay using the resonant electric fields from a photonic crystal (PC) surface. Because evanescent fields are confined to the liquid volume nearest to the photonic crystal, we developed a simple approach for integrating a PC fabricated on a silicon substrate within a fluid channel with submicron height, using electrohydrodynamic jet (e‐jet) printing of a light‐curable epoxy adhesive to define the fluid channel pattern. The PC is excited by a custom‐designed compact instrument that illuminates the PC with collimated light that precisely matches the resonant coupling condition when the PC is covered with aqueous media. Using a molecular beacon nucleic acid fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) probe for a specific miRNA sequence, we demonstrate an 8× enhancement of the fluorescence emission signal, compared to performing the same assay without exciting resonance in the PC detecting a miRNA sequence at a concentration of 62 nM from a liquid volume of only ∼20 nL. The approach may be utilized for any liquid‐based fluorescence assay for applications in point‐of‐care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, or pathogen detection. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence of Five MOLS of Orders 18 and 60
Authors: Abel R. Julian R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this article, we provide direct constructions for five mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) of orders and 60. For , these come from a new (60, 6, 1) difference matrix. For , the required construction is obtained by combining two different methods that were used in the constructions of four MOLS(14) and eight MOLS(36).
Creative Imagination is Stable Across Technological Media: The Spore Creature Creator Versus Pencil and Paper
Authors: Cockbain Jessica , Vertolli Michael O. , Davies Jim 
Published: December 2013

AbstractT. B. Ward (1994) investigated creativity by asking participants to draw alien creatures that they imagined to be from a planet very different from Earth. He found that participant drawings reliably contained features typical of common Earth animals. As a consequence, Ward concluded that creativity is structured. The present investigation predicts that this limitation on creativity is not restricted to drawings: the use of different technology will not change creative output. To investigate this question, participants performed Ward's task twice: once using pencil and paper and once using software made to design creatures (the Spore Creature Creator). Only minor significant differences were found. This preliminarily suggests that changing tools does not affect the overall rigidity of the creative process. This lends further support to Ward's thesis on the structural rigidity of creativity. We conclude by suggesting an elaboration to Ward's thesis that will be explored in future work. We suggest that aesthetics might be one of the factors that contribute to creative constraint, in that creatures that are too unusual would be less interesting.