bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pale Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) Response to Cutting and Herbicides
Authors: DiTommaso Antonio , Milbrath Lindsey R. , Bittner Todd , Wesley F. Robert 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEffective control techniques for pale swallowwort (PSW), an invasive herbaceous vine of old fields and forest understories, are limited. We conducted a 3-yr cutting and herbicide study on an adjacent old-field and forest understory site near Ithaca, NY, for control of PSW. Plants in experimental plots were cut in early July and cut again or sprayed in late August for two seasons with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, or one of two rates (low or high) of either triclopyr triethylamine salt (i.e., SL, SH) or triclopyr butoxyethyl ester (EL, EH). The herbicide treatments were effective in reducing PSW cover, plant (stem) density, and aboveground biomass in the old-field site, but in several cases, only after 2 yr of cutting plus herbicide application. Only the cutting plus SH treatment did not reduce PSW cover relative to the unmanaged control in the forest understory and no treatment reduced biomass. In general, the cutting plus EH treatment was most effective in reducing PSW stem densities in the forest site. The most effective herbicide treatments differed between sites. Cutting plus EH reduced PSW cover by 84% and stem density (> 5 cm) by 86% in the old-field site. Cutting plus SH effectively decreased long and short (≤ 5 cm) stem densities by 86 and 96%, respectively. Cutting plants twice during each of two seasons increased PSW cover by 301% and density of stems > 5 cm by 73% at this site. In the forest site, cutting plus glyphosate, or cutting plus EH or cutting plus SL and EL resulted in the greatest reductions in PSW cover (80, 76, 66, and 56%, respectively). Cover in plots cut twice per year decreased by 19%. The EH or SL treatments decreased long-stem densities by 78 and 71%, respectively. The EH treatment decreased short-stem density by 37%. These findings suggest that integrated techniques may control PSW but that effective management strategies may be habitat constrained.
Use of Wheat SSRs to Assess Genetic Diversity in Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)
Authors: Rector Brian G. , Ashley Michael C. , Gaskin John F. , Longland William S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMedusahead is a close relative of bread wheat that is native to Eurasia but has become a noxious, invasive weed in North America. Intergeneric use of primers for bread wheat simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers was tested in medusahead in order to expand the pool of available genetic resources for study of this plant. Forty-two primer pairs were screened in medusahead, of which 29 produced visible bands in agarose gels. Amplicons from eight of these markers were sequenced and analyzed for the presence of SSRs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among medusahead individuals from six populations in the western Great Basin. Of the eight sequenced amplicons, two contained SSRs, both of which were polymorphic and shared by the original bread wheat marker. Six of the eight markers combined to detect 33 SNP loci. BLAST comparisons of the eight amplicons revealed variable numbers of matching sequences from wheat and other grass species ranging from 0 to > 200 matches. Using data from the polymorphic loci, population genetic analysis of the six invasive medusahead populations indicated that they arose from two separate introductions with two additional subclusters possible within the two principal clusters. Extrapolating from these results, it is reasonable to expect that between 170 and 830 of the approximately 1,200 publicly available bread wheat SSRs would produce useful marker loci in medusahead.
A Simple Method for Assessment of MDR Bacteria for Over-Expressed Efflux Pumps
Authors: Martins Marta , McCusker Matthew P , Viveiros Miguel , Couto Isabel , Fanning Séamus , Pagès Jean-Marie , Amaral Leonard 
Published: March 2013

It is known that bacteria showing a multi-drug resistance phenotype use several mechanisms to overcome the action of antibiotics. As a result, this phenotype can be a result of several mechanisms or a combination of thereof. The main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are: mutations in target genes (such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV); over-expression of efflux pumps; changes in the cell envelope; down regulation of membrane porins, and modified lipopolysaccharide component of the outer cell membrane (in the case of Gram-negative bacteria). In addition, adaptation to the environment, such as quorum sensing and biofilm formation can also contribute to bacterial persistence. Due to the rapid emergence and spread of bacterial isolates showing resistance to several classes of antibiotics, methods that can rapidly and efficiently identify isolates whose resistance is due to active efflux have been developed. However, there is still a need for faster and more accurate methodologies. Conventional methods that evaluate bacterial efflux pump activity in liquid systems are available. However, these methods usually use common efflux pump substrates, such as ethidium bromide or radioactive antibiotics and therefore, require specialized instrumentation, which is not available in all laboratories.
In this review, we will report the results obtained with the Ethidium Bromide-agar Cartwheel method. This is an easy, instrument-free, agar based method that has been modified to afford the simultaneous evaluation of as many as twelve bacterial strains. Due to its simplicity it can be applied to large collections of bacteria to rapidly screen for multi-drug resistant isolates that show an over-expression of their efflux systems. The principle of the method is simple and relies on the ability of the bacteria to expel a fluorescent molecule that is substrate for most efflux pumps, ethidium bromide. In this approach, the higher the concentration of ethidium bromide required to produce fluorescence of the bacterial mass, the greater the efflux capacity of the bacterial cells. We have tested and applied this method to a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to detect efflux activity among these multi-drug resistant isolates. The presumptive efflux activity detected by the Ethidium Bromide-agar Cartwheel method was subsequently confirmed by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration for several antibiotics in the presence and absence of known efflux pump inhibitors.
Teenagers' Use of Tobacco and Their Perceptions of Tobacco Control Initiatives
Authors: Brewer Hannah J. , Kulik Keri S. , Klingaman Linda , Deutschlander Sharon , Black Christine 
Published: March 2013

Background: Tobacco use leads to more deaths each year than any other single factor. This research examined teenagers' perceptions of anti-tobacco messages to determine which campaigns and educational approaches were most effective in preventing tobacco use among youth. Methods: Students from five rural high schools in western Pennsylvania were included in this survey-based study ( N = 204). Results: A total of 30% of the study population reported current tobacco use. Tobacco users held more negative perceptions of anti-tobacco messages than non-users. A majority of students held supportive views about anti-tobacco education programs that were facilitated by peer leaders. Conclusions: Existing anti-tobacco campaigns and education are essential components of tobacco control initiatives. Students' perspectives provide novel insights that educators and campaign designers should consider as they develop anti-tobacco programs.
Inactivation of cholinesterases by silver and gold ions in vitro
Authors: Vrček Ivana , Šinko Goran 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of silver and gold ions on cholinesterases (ChEs) activity due to increasing application of these metals in a wide variety of nanomaterials. A chromogenic assay using the substrate o-nitrophenyl acetate/butyrate made it possible to conclude unmistakably that both metals inhibit ChEs. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) indicates that binding of metal ions to albumin could serve to scavenge metals and consequently reduce their amount for reaction with ChEs. The effects of metal ions on ChE should be taken into consideration when using this enzyme as an environmental biomarker.
Preparation of low initial expansion temperature expandable graphite and its flame retardancy for LLDPE
Authors: Pang Xiuyan , Tian Yu , Duan Mingwei , Zhai Meng 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
To get expandable graphite (EG) flame retardant for Liner Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) with low initial expansion temperature and high dilatability, the effects of various factors on dilatability were investigated including the dosages of oxidant KMnO4, intercalating reagent H2SO4, assistant intercalating reagent acetic acid (HAc) and reaction temperature. Feasible conditions were obtained according to the results of L9 (34) experiments and single factor experiments. EG with an initial expansion temperature of 160°C and expansion volume of 460 mL g−1 could be prepared according to the mass ratio of material graphite C: KMnO4: 100% H2SO4: HAc = 1.0: 0.4: 5.0: 1.0 (H2SO4 should be diluted to the mass concentration of 75% before the intercalation reaction); the reaction time was 1.0 hour at 25°C. It was found that reaction temperature and H2SO4 dosage were the most important influence factors for dilatability. The limiting oxygen index could be improved to 28.1% by adding 30% of the prepared EG to LLDPE, and the synergistic anti-flame capability of 20% EG with 10% Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (I) can reach to 33.9%. According to thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis results, 70% LLDPE /10% APP (I) /20% EG synergistic anti-flame system shows higher residual carbon and thermal stability.
Synthesis and gas-sensing properties of phenylhydrazine-functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix
Authors: Paabo Kertriin , Avarmaa Tea , Jaaniso Raivo , Kodu Margus , Mäeorg Uno , Saar Agu 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Gas sensor material was prepared by encapsulation of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) into a gas-permeable polymer poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP). A phenylhydrazino group was used for the functionalization of SWCNTs to improve their solubility and compatibility with polymers. Syntheses were carried out in aqueous surfactant solutions and in pure phenylhydrazine without surfactant. Two different temperatures (24 and 50°C) and two surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate and tricaprylmethylammonium chloride — Aliquat®336) were compared. Functionalized SWCNTs were characterized by X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Analyses showed that the synthesis at higher temperature in pure phenylhydrazine resulted in the highest functionalization yield. Phenylhydrazine itself proved to be a good solvent for SWCNTs. The functionalized nanotubes were soluble in organic solvents that under the same conditions were appropriate solvents for polymers. The sensitivity of functionalized SWCNT-PTMSP thin film composite to NO2 gas at room temperature was significantly higher than that of the similar sensor material containing the pristine SWCNTs.
Reaction of barbituric acid with organic azides and phosphonium ylides
Authors: Lebedyeva Iryna , Sileno Sean , Patel Kunal , Ghiviriga Ion , Steel Peter , Katritzky Alan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Amination by organic azides has been carried out to provide aminobarbiturates by fusion of a triazole ring to the 5,6-positions of barbituric acid followed by cleavage and thermal elimination of nitrogen, whereas aza-Wittig reaction gave phosphoranylidene barbituric acid salts.
Classification of p-adic 6-dimensional filiform Leibniz algebras by solutions of x
q = a
Authors: Ladra Manuel , Omirov Bakhrom , Rozikov Utkir 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We study the p-adic equation x
q = a over the field of p-adic numbers. We construct an algorithm which gives a solvability criteria in the case of q = p
m and present a computer program to compute the criteria for any fixed value of m ≤ p − 1. Moreover, using this solvability criteria for q = 2; 3; 4; 5; 6, we classify p-adic 6-dimensional filiform Leibniz algebras.
Deforming metrics of foliations
Authors: Rovenski Vladimir , Wolak Robert 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Let M be a Riemannian manifold equipped with two complementary orthogonal distributions D and D
⊥. We introduce the conformal flow of the metric restricted to D with the speed proportional to the divergence of the mean curvature vector H, and study the question: When the metrics converge to one for which D enjoys a given geometric property, e.g., is harmonic, or totally geodesic? Our main observation is that this flow is equivalent to the heat flow of the 1-form dual to H, provided the initial 1-form is D
⊥-closed. Assuming that D
⊥ is integrable with compact and orientable leaves, we use known long-time existence results for the heat flow to show that our flow has a solution converging to a metric for which H = 0; actually, under some topological assumptions we can prescribe the mean curvature H.
Stability of the S-essential spectra on a Banach space
Authors: Abdmouleh Faiçal , Ammar Aymen , Jeribi Aref 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In this paper, we give the characterization of S-essential spectra, we define the S-Riesz projection and we investigate the S-Browder resolvent. Finally, we study the S-essential spectra of sum of two bounded linear operators acting on a Banach space.
Current state of research on Slavic literatures in Slovakia
Authors: Hučková Dana 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In Slovakia Slavic literary studies can be found at the institutes of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS) and at university departments. The only SAS institute to truly focus on Slavic studies is the Ján Stanislav Institute of Slavistics. Other SAS institutes that deal with Slavic studies to a lesser extent are the Institute of Slovak Literature and the Institute of World Literature. There are also Slavic-oriented academic initiatives involving short-term projects. Considering this situation, there is a need to prepare a programme for Slavic literary studies in Slovakia so that a framework can be created outlining a new, systematic approach.
Buttoning up the gold collar — The child in neoliberal visions of early education and care
Authors: Kaščák Ondrej , Pupala Branislav 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This study refers to the discursive transformation in perceptions of preschool age children generated by central European Union policy on early childhood education and care. This policy is representative of the pervasion of contemporary entrepreneurial culture and curricula within preschool education. At the same time, the field is also starting to become subordinated to the neoliberal trend of economising the social. This study highlights the fact that, within discourses on the child, these trends are encouraging a particular conception of childhood and of developmental theories. This conception is also enabling entrepreneurial logic to be applied to the preschool education sector via the use of theoretical tools. Consequently, children are being shaped into so-called knowledge-workers, or gold-collar workers, as they are referred to in current employment discourse. Even authorised preschool education documents (e.g. NAEYS’s Developmentally Appropriate Practice etc.) are responding to this transformation by introducing a new type of normality into this sphere, as can be seen in the Slovak state education programme for preschool education.
Croissance économique et automobile : une analogie
Authors: Marcé Marielle 
Published: March 2013

Lorsque l’ancien programme de terminale était encore en vigueur, même si cette exigence n’y figurait pas explicitement, je m’attachais, comme probablement de nombreux professeurs de SES, à faire le distinguo entre sources de court terme et sources de long terme de la croissance. La comparaison de l’économie nationale avec une automobile m’était alors venue à l’esprit, peut-être aiguillée par l’expression consacrée « moteurs de la croissance ». L’introduction de la notion de croissance potentielle et du thème de l’instabilité de la croissance dans le nouveau programme m’ont conduite à approfondir cette analogie pédagogique, qui a l’avantage, me semble-t-il, de se référer à un objet « civilisationnel » avec lequel l’ensemble des professeurs et des lycéens sont en contact quotidien en tant que conducteurs, passagers ou piétons. Il s’agit donc de rendre plus accessible aux élèves les éléments théoriques suivants : les tenants et les aboutissants de la dichotomie court terme/long terme dans l’analyse de la croissance ; la différence entre croissance effective, croissance potentielle et croissance maximale.
Les Entretiens enseignants-entreprises 2012 : marchés et concurrence
Authors: Fleutôt Daniel 
Published: March 2013

Créés en 2003, les Entretiens Louis-le-Grand, rebaptisés en 2011 Entretiens enseignants-entreprises (EEE), sont un volet du programme enseignants-entreprises de l’Institut de l’entreprise. Organisée en partenariat avec l’inspection générale de SES et la direction générale de l’enseignement scolaire (Dgesco), cette manifestation rapproche le monde économique et l’enseignement et crée des liens pérennes. Pendant deux jours se tiennent des conférences visant à dégager les enjeux du thème choisi ; deux demi-journées sont consacrées à des échanges au sein d’ateliers animés par des économistes réputés et des cadres de grandes entreprises en direction des professeurs de SES et d’économie-gestion. La 9 e édition s’est déroulée les 30 et 31 août 2012, sur le campus de Veolia Environnement à Jouy-le-Moutier dans la région parisienne 1 , et a pris pour thème « Marchés et concurrence ». Nous présentons ici quelques moments forts de cette manifestation.
Bien face à ses homologues en d'autres langues romanes : divergences, influences, convergences
Authors: Aslanov Cyril 
Published: March 2013

La comparaison entre les diverses langues romanes fait apparaître qu’à partir d’une même origine latine vulgaire, l’adverbe bene a connu de nombreuses variations. La mise en contraste de ces divers emplois peut même toucher à des questions de pragmatique : il n’est que de comparer la différence entre le français je veux bien , expression affaiblie de la volonté ou du consentement mou, avec l’italien ti voglio bene , variante à peine atténuée de ti amo . Dans d’autres langues romanes, les locutions comportant les aboutissements de l’adverbe latin bene se sont figées au point de devenir de simples procédés visant à exprimer l’action ou l’état de ‘plaire’ : on pense notamment au roumain pare bine ou à l’espagnol caer bien ‘plaire’, à parecer bien , quasi-équivalent d’un verbe d’approbation, ou mieux encore, à l’italien va bene ‘d’accord’. Le spectre différentiel des diverses acceptions des continuateurs de bene selon les langues romanes amène à se poser la question de savoir si les développements sémantiques de cet adverbe ressortissent à une logique de monogenèse qui s’est ramifiée dans diverses directions ou bien à une polygenèse présentant quelques points communs inhérents à la valeur initiale de bene en latin tardif.
Genetics, Reductionism and Autopoiesis
Authors: Rose Steven PR 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThere are many ways to describe and explain living processes; of these reductionism is one of the most powerful. Reductionism as a method of experimentation yields valuable insights but fails as a universalising philosophy. Genetic reductionism begins with the idea of ‘hidden determinants’ of phenotypes, but there is no direct gene–phenotype link and the very concept of ‘a gene’ is problematic. Molecular epigentics has revealed the complexities of gene expression during development. However, for evoutionary biologists genes are often no more than formal accounting units, rather thandeoxyribonucleic acidsequences. Autopoiesis, the process by which an organism constructs itself out of the raw material of genes and environment, is a preferred concept to arbitrary nature/nurture partitioning. Yet there are strong ideological pressures toward adopting naïve genetic determinist metaphors.Key Concepts:Biologists ask many different questions of living phenomena, and the types of answer they seek depends on the purposes for which the question is asked.Reductionist methods are very productive but reductionism as philosophy can be misleading.The historical development of science has given primacy to reductionist explanations.The concept of ‘a gene’ has changed over time and is now dissolved into variously edited DNA sequences.There is no one‐to‐one correlation between gene and phenotype.Epigenetics studies the ways in which cells regulate gene expression during development.Living organisms are not passive expressions of gene activity but construct themselves using the raw materials of their DNA and the environment during development – this is autopoiesis.Genetic determinism has become a fashionable ideology in response to the growth in genetic knowledge and the multiple crises of our present society.
Time‐Resolved Evolution of Short‐ and Long‐Range Order During the Transformation of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate to Calcite in the Sea Urchin Embryo
Authors: Tester Chantel C. , Wu Ching‐Hsuan , Krejci Minna R. , Mueller Laura , Park Alex , Lai Barry , Chen Si , Sun Chengjun , Balasubramanian Mahaling , Joester Derk 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUse of amorphous precursors is a widespread strategy in biomineralization. In sea urchin embryos, controlled transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) to calcite results in smoothly curving and branching single crystals. However, the mechanism of the disorder‐to‐order transformation remains poorly understood. Here, the use of strontium as a probe in X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) greatly facilitates investigation of the evolution of order. In pulse‐chase experiments, embryos incorporate Sr2+ from Sr‐enriched seawater into small volumes of the growing endoskeleton. During the chase, the Sr‐labeled mineral matures under physiological conditions. Based on Sr K‐edge spectra of cryo‐frozen whole embryos, it is proposed that the transformation occurs in three stages. The initially deposited calcium carbonate has short‐range order resembling synthetic hydrated ACC. Within 3 h, the short‐range order of calcite is established. Between 3 h and 24 h, the short‐range order does not change, while long‐range order increases. These results refute the notion that organisms imprint the local order of the final crystal on ACC. Furthermore, it is proposed that the intermediate is more similar to disordered calcite than to anhydrous ACC. Pulse‐chase experiments in conjunction with heavy element labeling have great potential to improve understanding of phase transformations during biomineralization.
Surface‐Confined Heterometallic Molecular Dyads: Merging the Optical and Electronic Properties of Fe, Ru, and Os Terpyridyl Complexes
Authors: Gupta Tarkeshwar , Mondal Prakash Chandra , Kumar Anup , Jeyachandran Yekkoni Lakshmanan , Zharnikov Michael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMolecular assemblies of surface‐confined heterometallic molecular dyads (SURHMDs) composed of optically rich and redox‐active Fe(pytpy)2·2PF6 (Fe‐PT), Ru(pytpy)2·2PF6 (Ru‐PT) and Os(pytpy)2·2PF6 (Os‐PT) pytpy = 4′‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridyl] complexes are fabricated via bottom‐up approach on SiOx based solid supports. Pairing of the two different metal‐organic complexes at a single platform results in significant enlargement of the optical window (λ = 400–800 nm), which can be of interest for potential applications. The use of the Cu‐based linker ensures intramolecular electronic communication between these complexes. In addition, SURHMDs are electrochemically stable under large numbers of read‐write cycles (103) and exhibit multiple redox states at relatively low potentials (<1.2 V). Moreover, an electrochemical input at controlled potentials creates a mixed‐valence multicomponent system.