bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endotracheal Intubation Versus Laryngeal Mask Airway for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Children
Authors: Acquaviva Michael A. , Horn Nicole D. , Gupta Sandeep K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The present study examined the safety and efficacy of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA), compared with an endotracheal tube (ETT), for children undergoing elective esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).Methods:A total of 84 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) patients, status I to III, were randomly assigned to receive an ETT or LMA. All participants were premedicated with midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (up to 15 mg). Airway device placement occurred after induction with 8% sevoflurane and 100% oxygen, placement of an intravenous catheter, and intravenous lidocaine 2 mg/kg up to 100 mg. The following data were collected: time from induction of anesthesia to placement of the airway device, time from end of procedure to arrival in the postoperative acute care unit (PACU), time in the PACU, time from arrival in the operating room (OR) to discharge, vomiting after the procedure, nausea requiring medicine, lowest oxygen saturation, highest concentration of sevoflurane, highest pain, amount of pain medicine, adverse events, and satisfaction of doctor performing the EGD.Results:Group ETT had higher time from room arrival to airway placement, mask to airway placement, room arrival time to discharge, mask placement to discharge, airway placement to discharge, and end of procedure to discharge. Group ETT had a higher proportion of patients with vomiting than group LMA. No statistical difference was noted in endoscopist satisfaction when comparing ETT and LMA. The ETT group had 3 adverse events, including laryngospasm (n = 2) and asthma attack (n = 1).Conclusions:The LMA appears to be an acceptable and safe alternative for otherwise healthy children undergoing routine EGD. Benefits appear to be decreased incidence of vomiting and overall decreased time spent in the hospital.
Genetic variants determining body fat distribution and sex hormone‐binding globulin among Chinese female young adults 遗传因素决定了中国青少年女性体脂分布和血清性激素结合球蛋白水平
Authors: Shi Juan , Li Lijuan , Hong Jie , Qi Lu , Cui Bin , Gu Weiqiong , Zhang Yifei , Miao Lin , Wang Rui , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundMeasures of body fat distribution (i.e. waist : hip ratio [WHR]) are major risk factors for diabetes, independent of overall adiposity. The genetic variants related to body fat distribution show sexual dimorphism and particularly affect females. Substantial literature supports a role for sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of the genetic risk score of body fat distribution with SHBG levels and insulin resistance in young (14–30 years) Chinese females.MethodsIn all, 675 young Chinese females were evaluated in the present study. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated on the basis of 12 established variants associated with body fat distribution. The main outcome variable was serum SHBG levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR).ResultsThe GRS of body fat distribution was significantly associated with decreasing serum SHBG levels (P = 0.018), independent of body mass index and WHR. In addition, the GRS and SHBG showed additive effects on HOMA‐IR (P = 0.004).ConclusionsThe GRS of body fat distribution reflects serum SHBG levels, and the GRS and SHBG jointly influence the risk of insulin resistance.
Potential distribution of Avena sterilis L. in Europe under climate change
Authors: Castellanos‐Frías E. , García de León D. , Pujadas‐Salva A. , Dorado J. , Gonzalez‐Andujar J.L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAvena sterilis (sterile oat) is one of the most extended and harmful weeds
in Mediterranean cereal crops. A process‐based niche model for this species was developed using CLIMEX. The model was validated and used to assess the potential distribution of A. sterilis in Europe under the current climate and under two climate change scenarios. Both scenarios represent contrasting temporal patterns of economic development and CO2 emissions. The projections under current climate conditions indicated that A. sterilis does not occupy the full extent of the climatically suitable habitat available to it in Europe. Under future climate scenarios, the model projection showed a gradual advance of sterile oat towards Northeastern Europe and a contraction in Southern Europe. The infested potential area increases from the current 45.2% to 51.3% in the low‐emission CO2 scenario and to 59.5% under the most extreme scenario. These results provide the necessary knowledge for identifying and highlighting the potential invasion risk areas and for establishing the grounds on which to base the planning and management measures required. The main actions should be focused on controlling the large‐scale seed scattering, preventing seed dispersal into potentially suitable areas.
Seasonal shifts in macronutrient preferences in supercolonies of the invasiveYellowCrazyAntAnoplolepis gracilipes(Smith, 1857) (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) onChristmasIsland,IndianOcean
Authors: Abbott Kirsti L , Green Peter T , O'Dowd Dennis J 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe timing and duration of sexual brood production in ants can affect their rate of spread and colony growth. Because protein is key to larval growth, queen survival and fecundity, macronutrient collection by foraging workers is expected to favour protein prior to and throughout gyne production. However, food preference driven by the production of gynes may be overridden by a preference associated with worker production, especially if investment in workers vastly outweighs that of sexual brood and workers are produced on different schedules. Food preferences alone may not indicate the availability of that food type in the environment. OnChristmasIsland,IndianOcean, sexual brood of the invasiveYellowCrazyAnt,Anoplolepis gracilipes(Smith, 1857), was produced annually during a single period associated with the onset of the wet season. However, workers were produced continuously throughout the year and colony investment to worker production measured by the standing biomass of eggs, larvae and pupae, typically exceeded 98%. High, aseasonal investment in worker production, together with aseasonal worker activity, would suggest that there should be no seasonal preference shown by workers at food stations containing both protein and carbohydrate. However, workers showed a preference for one food type over another on 46 of 61 occasions at one site and on 31 of 41 occasions at another. When a preference was shown, it was predominantly for protein‐rich food during the dry season and almost always for carbohydrate at the onset and during the wet season. We suggest that these preferences reflect seasonal shortages in key resources when invertebrates (protein‐rich) are scarce during the dry season and honeydew from scale insects (carbohydrate) is depleted by rain during the wet season. OnChristmasIsland, timing and duration of the dry season preference for protein has been exploited by the control program forA. gracilipessupercolonies, which deploys a toxin in a proteinaceous bait matrix during dry periods.
Cultural influences on children's understanding of the human body and the concept of life
Authors: Panagiotaki Georgia , Nobes Gavin 
Published: March 2014

This study aimed to identify the age by which children begin to demonstrate a biological understanding of the human body and the idea that the purpose of body functioning is to maintain life. The study also explored the influence of education, culturally specific experiences and religion on knowledge acquisition in this domain. Children aged between 4 and 7 years from three different cultural backgrounds (White British, British Muslim, and Pakistani Muslim) were interviewed about the human body and its functioning. At least half of the 4‐ to 5‐year‐olds in each cultural group, and almost all 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds, referred to the maintenance of life when explaining organs' functions and so were classified as ‘life theorizers’. Pakistani Muslim children gave fewer biological responses to questions about organs' functions and the purpose of eating and breathing, but referred to life more than their British counterparts. Irrespective of cultural group, older children understood organ location and function better than younger children. These findings support Jaakkola and Slaughter's (2002, Br. J. Dev. Psychol., 20, 325) view that children's understanding of the body as a ‘life machine’ emerges around the ages of 4–5 years. They also suggest that, despite many similarities in children's ideas cross‐culturally, different educational input and culturally specific experiences influence aspects of their biological understanding.
The CO donor CORM‐2 inhibits LPS‐induced vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression and leukocyte adhesion in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Chi Pei‐Ling , Chuang Yu‐Chen , Chen Yu‐Wen , Lin Chih‐Chung , Hsiao Li‐Der , Yang Chuen‐Mao 
Published: March 2014

Background and PurposeInfection with Gram‐negative bacteria has been recognized as an initiator of rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation and infiltration of immune cells. Carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties. Here we have investigated the detailed mechanisms of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) expression induced by LPS and if CO inhibited LPS‐induced leukocyte adhesion to synovial fibroblasts by suppressing VCAM‐1 expression.Experimental ApproachHuman rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) were incubated with LPS and/or the CO‐releasing compound CORM‐2. Effects of LPS on VCAM‐1 levels were determined by analysing mRNA expression, promoter activity, protein expression, and immunohistochemical staining. The molecular mechanisms were investigated by determining the expression, activation, and binding activity of transcriptional factors using target signal antagonists.Key ResultsCORM‐2 significantly inhibited inflammatory responses in LPS‐treated RASFs by down‐regulating the expression of adhesion molecule VCAM‐1 and leukocyte infiltration. The down‐regulation of LPS‐induced VCAM‐1 expression involved inhibition of the expression of phosphorylated‐NF‐κB p65 and AP‐1 (p‐c‐Jun, c‐Jun and c‐Fos mRNA levels). These results were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to detect NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding activity.Conclusions and ImplicationsLPS‐mediated formation of the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/c‐Src complex regulated NF‐κB and MAPKs/AP‐1 activation leading to VCAM‐1 expression and leukocyte adhesion. CORM‐2, which liberates CO to elicit direct biological activities, attenuated LPS‐induced VCAM‐1 expression by interfering with NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation, and significantly reduced LPS‐induced immune cell infiltration of the synovium.
Breaking the Vicious Circle of Illegal Logging in Indonesia
Authors: LINKIE MATTHEW , SLOAN SEAN , KASIA RAHMAD , KISWAYADI DEDY , AZMI WAHDI 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe government of Indonesia, which presides over 10% of the world's tropical forests, has set ambitious targets to cut its high deforestation rates through an REDD+ scheme (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). This will require strong law enforcement to succeed. Yet, strategies that have accomplished this are rare and, along with past failures, tend not to be documented. We evaluated a multistakeholder approach that seeks to tackle illegal logging in the carbon‐rich province of Aceh, Sumatra. From 2008 to 2009, Fauna & Flora International established and supported a community‐based informant network for the 738,000 ha Ulu Masen ecosystem. The network reported 190 forest offenses to local law enforcement agencies, which responded with 86 field operations that confiscated illicit vehicles, equipment, and timber, and arrested 138 illegal logging suspects. From 45 cases subsequently monitored, 64.4% proceeded to court, from which 90.0% of defendants received a prison sentence or a verbal warning for a first offense. Spatial analyses of illegal logging and timber storage incidents predicted that illegal activities would be more effectively deterred by law enforcement operations that targeted the storage sites. Although numerous clusters of incidents were identified, they were still widespread reflecting the ubiquity of illegal activities. The multistakeholder results were promising, but illegal logging still persisted at apparently similar levels at the project's end, indicating that efforts need to be further strengthened. Nevertheless, several actions contributed to the law enforcement achievements: strong political will; strong stakeholder support; and funding that could be promptly accessed. These factors are highlighted as prerequisites for achieving Indonesia's ambitious REDD+ goals.Rompiendo el Círculo Vicioso de la Tala Ilegal en Indonesia
Trade‐offs among Catch, Bycatch, and Landed Value in the American Samoa Longline Fishery
Authors: WATSON JORDAN T. , BIGELOW KEITH A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe interspecific preferences of fishes for different depths and habitats suggest fishers could avoid unwanted catches of some species while still effectively targeting other species. In pelagic longline fisheries, albacore (Thunnus alalunga) are often caught in relatively cooler, deeper water (>100 m) than many species of conservation concern (e.g., sea turtles, billfishes, and some sharks) that are caught in shallower water (<100 m). From 2007 to 2011, we examined the depth distributions of hooks for 1154 longline sets (3,406,946 hooks) and recorded captures by hook position on 2642 sets (7,829,498 hooks) in the American Samoa longline fishery. Twenty‐three percent of hooks had a settled depth <100 m. Individuals captured in the 3 shallowest hook positions accounted for 18.3% of all bycatch. We analyzed hypothetical impacts for 25 of the most abundant species caught in the fishery by eliminating the 3 shallowest hook positions under scenarios with and without redistribution of these hooks to deeper depths. Distributions varied by species: 45.5% (n = 10) of green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), 59.5% (n = 626) of shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris), 37.3% (n = 435) of silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), and 42.6% (n = 150) of oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus) were caught on the 3 shallowest hooks. Eleven percent (n = 20,435) of all tuna and 8.5% (n = 10,374) of albacore were caught on the 3 shallowest hooks. Hook elimination reduced landed value by 1.6–9.2%, and redistribution of hooks increased average annual landed value relative to the status quo by 5–11.7%. Based on these scenarios, redistribution of hooks to deeper depths may provide an economically feasible modification to longline gear that could substantially reduce bycatch for a suite of vulnerable species. Our results suggest that this method may be applicable to deep‐set pelagic longline fisheries worldwide.Compensaciones entre Captura, Captura Accesoria y Valores Asentados en la Pesquera de Línea Larga de Samoa Americana
Logical Metonymy Resolution in a Words‐as‐Cues Framework: Evidence From Self‐Paced Reading and Probe Recognition
Authors: Zarcone Alessandra , Padó Sebastian , Lenci Alessandro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLogical metonymy resolution (begin a book → begin reading a book or begin writing a book) has traditionally been explained either through complex lexical entries (qualia structures) or through the integration of the implicit event via post‐lexical access to world knowledge. We propose that recent work within the words‐as‐cues paradigm can provide a more dynamic model of logical metonymy, accounting for early and dynamic integration of complex event information depending on previous contextual cues (agent and patient). We first present a self‐paced reading experiment on German subordinate sentences, where metonymic sentences and their paraphrased version differ only in the presence or absence of the clause‐final target verb (Der Konditor begann die Glasur → Der Konditor begann, die Glasur aufzutragen/The baker began the icing → The baker began spreading the icing). Longer reading times at the target verb position in a high‐typicality condition (baker + icing → spread ) compared to a low‐typicality (but still plausible) condition (child + icing → spread) suggest that we make use of knowledge activated by lexical cues to build expectations about events. The early and dynamic integration of event knowledge in metonymy interpretation is bolstered by further evidence from a second experiment using the probe recognition paradigm. Presenting covert events as probes following a high‐typicality or a low‐typicality metonymic sentence (Der Konditor begann die Glasur → AUFTRAGEN/The baker began the icing → SPREAD), we obtain an analogous effect of typicality at 100 ms interstimulus interval.
Cross‐Cultural Differences in Categorical Memory Errors
Authors: Schwartz Aliza J. , Boduroglu Aysecan , Gutchess Angela H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCultural differences occur in the use of categories to aid accurate recall of information. This study investigated whether culture also contributed to false (erroneous) memories, and extended cross‐cultural memory research to Turkish culture, which is shaped by Eastern and Western influences. Americans and Turks viewed word pairs, half of which were categorically related and half unrelated. Participants then attempted to recall the second word from the pair in response to the first word cue. Responses were coded as correct, as blanks, or as different types of errors. Americans committed more categorical errors than did Turks, and Turks mistakenly recalled more non‐categorically related list words than did Americans. These results support the idea that Americans use categories either to organize information in memory or to support retrieval strategies to a greater extent than Turks and suggest that culture shapes not only accurate recall but also erroneous distortions of memory.
Politically Connected Firms and Earnings Informativeness in the Controlling versus Minority Shareholders Context:European Evidence
Authors: Bona‐Sánchez Carolina , Pérez‐Alemán Jerónimo , Santana‐Martín Domingo Javier 
Published: March 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueFocusing on an environment where ownership concentration is prevalent and where the presence of politically connected directors on the board is the natural form of political connection, we analyze the effect of political connections on earnings informativeness. We also examine a question that has not been considered in previous research, namely, the impact of the level of divergence between the dominant owner's voting and cash flow rights on earnings informativeness for politically connected firms.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that the presence of politicians on the board negatively affects earnings informativeness. We also find a positive impact of the divergence between the dominant owner's voting and cash flow rights on the informativeness of accounting earnings in politically connected firms.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe show that the relationship between political ties and earnings informativeness is explained by an information effect, whereby politicians and shareholders are interested in providing as little information to the market as possible in order to protect political ties from public scrutiny and prevent the leakage of competitive advantages to competitors. Additionally, we show that the positive effect of divergence between the dominant owner's voting and cash flow rights on earnings informativeness in firms that belong to a pyramid is explained both by an alignment effect, whereby political connections promote transparency, as well as by a stewardship effect, whereby the ultimate owner of the pyramid, acting as a steward, places politicians on the board to increase the firm's reputation and reports earnings in good faith.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe results of our study may be useful to regulators interested in increasing transparency in order to promote a more efficient allocation of resources. In particular, the results suggest that in countries where recent reforms aim to improve investor protection and market confidence, regulators should encourage the disclosure of firm political ties. The results of our study may also be useful to investors, financial analysts and auditors, as they highlight the importance of considering specific features of the corporate governance system when assessing the credibility of accounting information.
Preoperative Cylex assay predicts rejection risk in patients with kidney transplant
Authors: Myslik Frank , House Andrew A. , Yanko Daniel , Warren Jeff , Caumartin Yves , Rehman Faisal , Jevnikar Anthony M. , Stitt Larry , Luke Patrick P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and ObjectivesThe ImmuKnow assay measures cell‐mediated immunity by quantifying ATP release from CD4+ T‐cells in peripheral blood. Herein, we hypothesized that this assay could predict complications associated with over‐/under‐immunosuppression in patients with kidney transplant (KT).MethodsSixty‐seven patients undergoing KT were recruited prospectively and had ATP levels measured preoperatively, and at specified intervals over two months. Clinicians were blinded to ATP levels. Clinical events including rejection and infection/cancer were documented with a median follow‐up of 21 months. Parameters including absolute ATP levels and changes in ATP patterns (slopes, delta) were analyzed. Association between ATP parameters and clinical outcomes was compared using the likelihood‐ratio test and Kaplan–Meier curves.ResultsAbsolute ATP values postoperatively had poor predictive value with regard to rejection or infection/malignancy. As well, changes in ATP values were poorly associated with complications. Importantly, patients with pre‐transplant ATP values <300 ng/mL had significantly less rejection episodes vs. those with ATP values >300 ng/mL (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsFor the first time, we have evidence that a preoperative ImmuKnow level can stratify patients with KT into low/high risk groups for rejection. Future studies used to assess the utility of this assay to design individualized immunosuppressive regimens are required.