bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice Gouge Interaction with Buried Pipelines Assessment Using Advanced Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian
Authors: El-Gebaly Sherif , Paulin Mike , Lanan Glenn , Cooper Philip 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ice gouging of the seabed is an issue in cold regions where ice or icebergscan contact the seabed. This creates a design challenge as pipelines must beburied to a sufficient depth to resist loads transferred through the soil tothe pipeline. However, as trenching and backfilling is expensive andtechnically challenging, a goal needs to be to optimize the depth ofburial.
Conventional methods to evaluate the ice gouge loading on a buried pipelinerely on decoupled analysis of the ice-soil and soil-pipe responses, whichisbelieved to be a conservative approach and not adequatelyrepresentative. Inthis paper, ice gouging is investigated usingadvanced numerical modelling techniques to reduce this conservatism and betterquantify the loads experienced by the pipeline due to ice gouges.
The Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) finite element method is utilized in aseries of comparative studies based upon available centrifuge and full scaletest data. The CEL analysis results in relatively smaller sub-gougedeformation depth than the current guidance suggests, based on centrifugetests. The shallow sub-gouge deformation zone indicated appears to correlatewell with the limited amount of full scale test data available. If the lessconservative CEL result can be validated, significant burial depth reductionscan be achieved.
CEL technology originally developed in the early 1960s however it has notbeen widely used until the late 1990s. The soil behaviour in this matter iscritical, thus the paper investigates the CEL capabilities to implementgeotechnical soil models i.e. Mohr- coulomb and Drucker-Prager yieldcriterion.
Furthermore, the paper assesses the benefits and limitations of usingadvanced finite element methods to investigate ice-soil-pipe interaction, highlighting the constraints and the required further developments for thecurrent technology to enable the industry to better evaluate the risk of icegouging.
Hull Structural Performance Monitoring System for Ships Operating
Authors: Yu Han , Iyerusalimskiy Aleksandr , Kim Yong-Sung , St. John James 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Research on measuring the ice impact pressure on icebreaker hulls began inthe late 1970's, and its focus was to determine the magnitude of the impactpressures and to obtain long-term statistics of the impacts. Increasedcomputing power in the 1980's allowed the recording of time-histories onmultiple sensors that led to the development of the pressure-contact arearelationship. The aim of these systems, however, was to understand theice impact process and to provide guidance to design engineers. Thispaper presents a new hull structure monitoring system that can benefit both theship designers and operators for ships operating in ice-covered waters. With this system, the ice load monitoring system can measure and process theice impact loads immediately after each impact in near real-time. Theimpact measurements are used to estimate the resulting stresses on the hullstructures which are then compared to the allowable stresses. This systemcan provide meaningful near real-time feedback to the ship's crew of thestresses due to ice impact compared to the allowable stress. Thisinformation can assist the ship's crew in making informed decisions for safeand efficient operations in ice. The main focus of this paper is on themethodology for assessing the hull structural responses under ice impact andthe presentation of this information to the ship's crew.

Introduction
The state-of-the-art ice load monitoring and alarm system (ILMS) has beeninstalled on the Arctic shuttle tanker Timofey Guzhenko. The workassociated with the development, design, installation of the system, datacollection and analysis is a joint venture between ABS, ConocoPhillips, andSamsung Heavy Industries (SHI) with vessel owner cooperation [1]. This systemis designed to measure and record ice pressures and loads as well as computeice-induced responses of the hull structure at highly loaded locations on thehull. Stresses resulting from the ice loads are compared with allowablestresses in near real-time and the margin of safety in the structure isdisplayed on a bridge monitor. The system was commissioned in April 2009with the intent of long-term unmanned operation.
Numerical Simulations of ice forces on the Kulluk: the role of ice confinement, ice pressure and ice management
Authors: Sayed Mohamed , Kubat Ivana Kubat , Wright Brian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The interaction of managed ice coverswith a wide structure is examined. Numerical simulations are used to simulatethe modes of ice cover deformation and forces on the structure. Theobjective of the present work is to validate the performance of the numericalmodel using historical data recorded during operations of the Kulluk in theBeaufort Sea during the 1980s and early 1990s. This paper is the last part ofan investigation aimed at developing an approach for modeling managed iceinteraction with wide moored structures. Previous papers examined the role ofthe mooring system (Sayed and Barker, 2011) and the effects of ice coverconfinement and managed floes sizes (Sayed et al., 2012). The focus of thepresent paper is on providing quantitative comparison between predicted iceforce statistics and observations.
The numerical model is based on solving equations describing theconservation of mass and linear momentum together with a plastic yieldcriterion that describes ice properties. The managed ice cover consistsof a heterogeneous ensemble of relatively small floes. The floes are assignedvaried thickness values in order to reflect field conditions. The simulationsaddress a class of interaction scenarios corresponding to confined managed ice. As the ice cover is driven within confined boundaries, pressure conditionsarise. These conditions are of interest to designers since forces areconsiderably higher than those corresponding to unconfined ice covers. Thesolution of the governing equations simulate the evolution of the distributionsof ice thickness, concentration (or coverage) and stresses. The resulting iceforces, including peak values, averages and rise-time of forces, are comparedto field measurements. The influence of ice thickness and velocity on expectedice forces is also examined.

Introduction
Future offshore developments in ice covered zones will likely require icemanagement support. This has generated an interest in providing reliablepredictions of the modes of interaction of managed ice covers with widestructures and the resulting forces. This paper concerns validation of anumerical approach for modeling managed ice covers interaction with structures. To date, the historical data collected during operations of the Kulluk in theBeaufort Sea during the 1980s and early 1990s provide the best availableinformation on the interaction of managed ice covers with a wide mooredstructure. The observations and measurements were analyzed by Wright (1999) and(2000). The reports of Wright provide comprehensive information on measuredforces and the corresponding modes of ice interaction with the Kulluk, icecover characteristics and ice management operations.
Potential Floating and Fixed Concepts for Shallow Water Arctic Drilling
Authors: Srinivasan Nagan , Sridhar Meena 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce various offshore platform conceptsthat can be employed in ice infested waters, particularly shallow waters, depths varying from 65 ft to 500 ft. The paper illustrates five innovativeplatform concepts that for arctic drilling. The proposed platform conceptswould have ability to withstand extreme ice, wind, wave and temperatureconditions to extend the drilling seasons either near to winter sever storm orfor round the year operation. The platforms are designed to operate indifferent water depths in different part of the arctic by accommodating thedrilling structures and equipment on the deck. The emphasis is on theefficient of breaking, moving ice sheets around the structure and withholdingthe topside loads. Some of the platform concepts are fixed and others aredeveloped from the floating solution and the technical details are presented inthis paper.

Introduction
Arctic is one of the frontier regions with rich oil and gas resources thatcould be unlocked with innovative and reliable technology. The developedtechnology should ensure minimum and or no damages to the environmental andsocial impacts. The developed technology should solve complex projects withmuch simplified solutions that are feasible, economically viable and safe. Forthis purpose a few innovative concepts are proposed in this paper with state ofthe art technologies to overcome the physical challenges. These concepts aredeveloped for drilling in arctic shallow waters from 65 ft to 500 ft. Howeverthe use of these concepts for other applications in arctic is open to theindustry. These drilling units are designed to drill wells in ice infestedwaters with ice thickness say up to 14 feet or even more in shallow waters, potentially to meet year round operational challenges in arctic. Precisely, a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) concept is used so thatdrilling operations could move to a new location once completed in one site. The drilling rig, equipment and the supporting structure are facilitated tohave normal drilling procedures to withstand severe arctic conditions. Specialtechnologies are required for the isolation of the drifting of the platform bythe sea-ice that can damage the fixed drill strings. In order to increase theself-reliability while challenging the severe arctic conditions, the platformshould be designed with inbuilt inherent and sufficient ice breaking capacitysuch that dependency of external icebreakers could be minimized. Oil spills inarctic are cost sensitive and environmental hazards.
Preliminary results from a two-dimensional model of wave-ice interactions in the Fram Strait
Authors: Williams T.D. , Bennetts L.G. , Squire V.A. , Dumont D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We present numerical results arising from a parameterization of wave-iceinteractions in a two-dimensional ice-ocean model of the Fram Strait (HYCOM:HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model). The model takes wave predictions/hindcasts fromthe WAM wave model and these waves are advected into the ice, breaking it asthey go. They in turn are attenuated by the ice using the model of Bennetts andSquire (2012). We use a truncated power law for the floe size distribution, following the observations of Toyota et al. (2011). The maximum floe size isdetermined by the dominant wavelength in the ice field. The maximum valueincreases with distance from the ice edge as shorter waves are attenuated morestrongly than long ones. At some distance from the ice edge, breaking is nolonger able to occur, and this marks the end of the Marginal Ice Zone(MIZ).
Consequently, we now have a model that predicts the expected floe size andwave intensity at any point in the ice, something that current wave models areunable to do at present, and which is a notable weakness. Recognizing that acombination of large waves and ice can be extremely hazardous, Arctic operatorswho need to know both wave and ice conditions in ice-infested areas will usethe model as a forecasting tool when it is fully operational.
Where are we short and who are we short of? A review of the human resources for health in South Africa
Authors: George Gavin , Quinlan Timothy , Reardon Candice , Aguilera Jean-François 
Published: December 2012

This review showed that thinking about the shortage of health care personnel merely in terms of insufficient numbers prevents sound strategic interventions to solve the country’s human resources for health (HRH) problem. It revealed that the numbers shortage was one facet of a broader problem that included the mal distribution of HRH, production of the wrong skills in the nursing care, the attrition of staff from the public health services and, contextually, the ever-changing demands on the health services. The challenge in South Africa was furthermore to train and retain health care personnel with skills and expertise that are commensurate with the changing demands on the public health services.Uit hierdie oorsig het dit duidelik geblyk dat die tekort van gesondheidsorgpersoneel slegs in terme van ontoereikende getalle val en ’n omvattende strategiese ingryping om die land se menslike gesondheidshulpbron krisis op te los, belemmer. Dit het aangedui dat die getalletekort maar slegs een fasset van ’n groter probleem uitmaak, wat onder andere die volgende insluit: die oneweredige verspeiding van menslike gesondheidshulpbronne, ’n fokus op ontoepaslike vaardighede in die opleiding van verpleegpersoneel, die behoud van personeel in die openbare gesondheidsektor, asook die konstant-veranderlike eise van die gesondheidsdienste. Verder was die uitdaging in Suid Afrika die opleiding en behoud van gesondheidsorgpersoneel met kennis en vaardighede wat tred hou met die veranderlike eise van die openbare gesondheidsdienste.
Stochastic Multi-Symplectic Integrator for Stochastic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , Wang Lijin , Hong Jialin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this paper we propose stochastic multi-symplectic conservation law for stochastic Hamiltonian partial differential equations, and develop a stochastic multi-symplectic method for numerically solving a kind of stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equations. It is shown that the stochastic multi-symplectic method preserves the multi-symplectic structure, the discrete charge conservation law, and deduces the recurrence relation of the discrete energy. Numerical experiments are performed to verify the good behaviors of the stochastic multi-symplectic method in cases of both solitary wave and collision.
Scleral Fixation of a Single-Piece Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Can Ertuğrul , Başaran M. Reşat , Gül Adem 
Published: December 2012

Purpose. We describe an ab interno technique for injector implantation of a one-piece multifocal intraocular lens (IOL). Methods. Transscleral fixation of multifocal posterior chamber IOL implantation using an injector with ab interno technique was performed in an eye of a 9-year-old girl who had undergone pars plana lensectomy 2 years before for bilateral lens subluxation with unknown etiology. Results. No major complications were encountered during a 3-month follow-up of the patient and excellent centration was observed during the follow-up period. Her preoperative best spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity of 20/32 improved to uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/25. Conclusions. Closed-loop design of IOL served the function of eyelets and position of the IOL was provided using only a 2-point fixation. Intraoperative position adjustment of the IOL provided an excellent centralization of multifocal IOL.
Quantitative Descriptors for the Effect of Nature/Mechanical Properties of Solid Substrates on Fibroblast Morphology
Authors: Siani Alessandro , Robert-Nicoud Ghislaine , Cellesi Francesco , Tirelli Nicola 
Published: December 2012

Purpose Cell shape is a powerful indicator of cell activity. This study aimed to validate the use of numeric descriptors for the assessment of the effect of substrate mechanical properties on the morphology of 2d cultured fibroblasts. Methods Two fibroblast cell types, the 3t3 murine cell line and primary Human dermal Fibroblasts (HDF) were cultured on substrates (fibrin, silicone, tissue culture PolyStyrene (TCPS)) with modulus values spanning more than six orders of magnitude (<1kPa - > 1 GPa), using cell area, circularity, aspect ratio and solidity (ratio between actual and convex area) as morphologic descriptors of cell shape. In order to reduce differences in chemical composition, silicones and TCPS were pre-treated with fibrinogen. Results Cell area and solidity appeared to be the most sensitive indicators of the differential dependency of the cell morphology on the nature of the substrate. They highlighted complex behavior, where the increase in modulus did not correspond to clear trends in cell shape over the complete range of moduli investigated. Conclusions The analysis of cell shape descriptors appears to indicate that chemical differences may overwhelm mechanical effects in 2d culture. These indications are partial and purely phenomenologic, but suggest that specific care should be paid to also consider the role of substrate chemistry in the analysis of the dependency of cell behavior on substrate mechanical properties.
Sustained by First Nations: European newcomers' use of Indigenous plant foods in temperate North America
Authors: Turner Nancy J. , Von Aderkas Patrick 
Published: December 2012

Indigenous Peoples of North America have collectively used approximately 1800 different native species of plants, algae, lichens and fungi as food. When European explorers, traders and settlers arrived on the continent, these native foods, often identified and offered by Indigenous hosts, gave them sustenance and in some cases saved them from starvation. Over the years, some of these species – particularly various types of berries, such as blueberries and cranberries (<em>Vaccinium </em>spp.), wild raspberries and blackberries (<em>Rubus </em>spp.), and wild strawberries (<em>Fragaria </em>spp.), and various types of nuts (<em>Corylus </em>spp., <em>Carya </em>spp., <em>Juglans </em>spp., <em>Pinus </em>spp.), along with wild-rice (<em>Zizania </em>spp.) and maple syrup (from <em>Acer saccharum</em>) – became more widely adopted and remain in use to the present day. Some of these and some other species were used in plant breeding programs, as germplasm for hybridization programs, or to strengthen a crop's resistance to disease. At the same time, many nutritious Indigenous foods fell out of use among Indigenous Peoples themselves, and along with their lessened use came a loss of associated knowledge and cultural identity. Today, for a variety of reasons, from improving people's health and regaining their cultural heritage, to enhancing dietary diversity and enjoyment of diverse foods, some of the species that have dwindled in their use have been “rediscovered” by Indigenous and non-Indigenous Peoples, and indications are that their benefits to humanity will continue into the future.
Lexical decomposition of English prepositions and their fusion with verb lexical classes in motion constructions
Authors: Navarro i Ferrando Ignasi 
Published: December 2012

Author/s
Ignasi Navarro i FerrandoUniversitat Jaume I, Spain

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we firstly present a tentative formalization of a Lexical Template (LT) and a meta-language for spatial particle semantics within the framework of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM). The semantic module consists of a set of Lexical Functions, which operate on a semantic primitive in order to produce a hyponym by elaborating topological, dynamic and functional information. The syntactic module expresses situations (positions or states) plus the argument structure. Secondly, we illustrate and discuss several LTs with the purpose of exploring spatial particle subsumption constraints with constructions such as caused motion and intransitive motion, as well as the types of verbal Aktionsart that might fuse with them. The COCA is used as a data source. We conclude that spatial particles contribute meaning to the extent that they partially determine the type of Aktionsart of the verb licensed by the motion construction.
Les préalables à un débat sensé sur l’euthanasie, et la pertinence du document de la Commission de Réforme du droit sur l’euthanasie, considérant le projet de loi C-384
Authors: Giroux Michel T. 
Published: December 2012

La Commission de réforme du droit du Canada (CRD) a publié, en 1982, un document de travail intitulé Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement. En 2009, la députée Francine Lalonde a déposé à la Chambre des communes le projet de loi C-384 intitulé Loi modifiant le Code criminel (droit de mourir dignement). Ce projet de loi a été défait. Une période de près de trente ans sépare ces deux documents. Quelles sont les préoccupations que partagent ces documents ? Le projet de loi envisage-t-il l’aide au suicide d’une manière qui diffère de celle du document de la CRD ? L’examen du document de la CRD, du projet de loi C-384 et des travaux de la Chambre des communes fait ressortir des difficultés persistantes dans nos discussions publiques. Certaines suggestions s’imposent à propos du débat souhaitable dans une matière aussi contentieuse que l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide.
L’aide médicale à la mort : réflexions et débats en cours au Québec
Authors: Marchand Michèle 
Published: December 2012

La réflexion menée au Collège des médecins du Québec concernant la question de l’intensité des soins a sûrement contribué à raviver le débat sur l’euthanasie au Québec. Cet article porte un regard rétrospectif sur cette contribution. L’éthique médicale ayant toujours été un argument majeur pour s’opposer à toute libéralisation de l’euthanasie, on comprend facilement que tout questionnement à cet égard puisse changer la donne. Si le débat s’en est trouvé vraiment modifié cette fois, c’est probablement parce qu’il été relancé dans une autre direction, celle des soins, et que la réflexion était on ne peut plus claire : les soins sont plus appropriés lorsqu’ils sont le fruit d’un processus décisionnel bien mené. L’euthanasie pose de nouveaux défis, lorsque les patients ne sont plus capables de décider pour eux–mêmes notamment. Il reste que du seul fait de s’être déplacé du côté des soins et du processus décisionnel, le débat aura progressé.
Les déterminants de l’utilisation des recherches en éducation : le cas des conseillers pédagogiques au Québec
Authors: Mehiriz Kaddour , Marceau Richard 
Published: December 2012

Dans cet article, nous utilisons le modèle des choix rationnels pour analyser les facteurs expliquant l’utilisation de la recherche en éducation. Basée sur les résultats d’un sondage auprès de 263 conseillers pédagogiques au Québec, l’étude suggère que ces acteurs essentiels du système de l’éducation ont tendance à avoir un comportement rationnel à l’égard de la recherche dans le sens que l’utilisation de celle-ci dépend de son utilité ainsi que du coût d’accès et dans une moindre mesure, d’appropriation de ses résultats. En plus de la rationalité des acteurs, l’étude indique que les facteurs organisationnels ont une influence sur l’utilisation des résultats de la recherche.
Understanding the importance of life mission when advising soldiers
Authors: Wilson Kristen , Smith Natesha 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMost military students take college courses in order to be promotable, learn a new skill, and/or transition into civilian life. This chapter describes the difference between viewing advising through a transient lens (addressing only the immediate needs of enrollment and program completion) and a permanent lens (planning long‐term career and personal aspirations).
Investigating Amorphous Metal Composite Architectures as Spacecraft Shielding
Authors: Davidson Marc , Roberts Scott , Castro Gerhard , Dillon Robert Peter , Kunz Allison , Kozachkov Henry , Demetriou Marios D. , Johnson William L. , Nutt Steve , Hofmann Douglas C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe threat of micro‐meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) collisions with spacecraft and satellites has been increasing with the increasing worldwide use of low earth orbit. Providing low‐areal‐density shielding for the mitigation of these high velocity impacts is essential for ensuring successful and cost effective missions. Here, we report results obtained from hypervelocity impact testing on bulk metallic glass (BMG) matrix composites. Their carbide‐like hardness, low melting temperatures, ultra‐high strength‐to‐weight ratio and the ability to be processed like polymers are material attributes ideally suited for spacecraft shielding, particularly as an outer wall bumper shield.