bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragile X AGG analysis provides new risk predictions for 45–69 repeat alleles
Authors: Nolin Sarah L. , Sah Sachin , Glicksman Anne , Sherman Stephanie L. , Allen Emily , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Tassone Flora , Yrigollen Carolyn , Cronister Amy , Jodah Marcia , Ersalesi Nicole , Dobkin Carl , Brown W. Ted , Shroff Raghav , Latham Gary J. , Hadd Andrew G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe investigated the effect of AGG interruptions on fragile X repeat instability upon transmission of fragile X intermediate and small premutation alleles with 45–69 CGG repeats. The FMR1 repeat structure was determined for 375 mothers, 48 fathers, and 538 offspring (457 maternal and 81 paternal transmissions) using a novel PCR assay to determine repeat length and AGG interruptions. The number of AGG interruptions and the length of uninterrupted CGG repeats at the 3′ end were correlated with repeat instability on transmission. Maternal alleles with no AGGs conferred the greatest risk for unstable transmissions. All nine full mutation expansions were inherited from maternal alleles with no AGGs. Furthermore, the magnitude of repeat expansion was larger for alleles lacking AGG interruptions. Transmissions from paternal alleles with no AGGs also exhibited greater instability than those with one or more AGGs. Our results demonstrate that characterization of the AGG structure within the FMR1 repeat allows more accurate risk estimates of repeat instability and expansion to full mutations for intermediate and small premutation alleles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The inclusion of fetal bovine serum in gelatin/PCL electrospun scaffolds reduces short‐term osmotic stress in HEK 293 cells caused by scaffold components
Authors: Kim Young Hun , Kim Do‐Hyung , Hwang Junmo , Kim Hyeng‐Soo , Lim Ga Young , Ryoo Zae Young , Choi Sang‐Un , Lee Sanggyu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractComponents of gelatin/polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds are released to surrounding media and cause osmotic changes that adversely affect cell viability and proliferation. In this study, the physiological properties of gelatin/PCL scaffolds were investigated by qRT‐PCR and by performing cellular studies on HEK 293 cells. Components released from gelatin/PCL scaffolds were found to induce osmotic stress response in these cells. However, osmotic stress was inhibited by adding fetal bovine serum (FBS) to scaffolds. In addition, focal adhesion related genes were found to be up‐regulated in HEK 293 cells on gelatin/PCL/20% FBS scaffolds, and this induced the down‐regulations of cell‐death related genes. Furthermore, the inclusion of 20% FBS improved the viabilities of HEK 293 cells on gelatin/PCL scaffolds. This study indicates that adding FBS to gelatin/PCL scaffolds improves scaffold bio‐affinity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Facile Phosphine‐Free Method for Synthesizing PbSe Nanocrystals with Strong Optical Limiting Effects
Authors: Wang Tian‐Ming , Gao Bao , Wang Qiang , Zhao Min , Kang Kai‐Bin , Xu Zhu‐Guo , Zhang Hao‐Li 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPbSe semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted ever‐growing interest owing to both their fundamental physics and potential applications in a diverse range of fields such as optoelectronic devices and nonlinear optics. The current fabrication strategy for colloidal PbSe NCs, however, frequently involves acutely toxic reagents and tedious reaction procedures, and is plagued by products with poorly controlled size and morphology. Herein, we report a facile, low‐cost, and phosphine‐free method for synthesizing PbSe NCs, which provides highly uniform NCs with tunable mid‐IR absorption, and they are promising for bio‐related applications. These high quality NCs were obtained by the reaction of elemental Se and PbCl2 in oleylamine as both the ligand and reaction medium. The high flexibility and reproducibility of the method reported in this study allows us to synthesize monodispersed PbSe NCs with well‐controlled size and morphology. In addition, these products show strong optical limiting effects, and thus hold potential for developing nonlinear optical devices.
Raw material demand and sourcing options for the development of a bio‐based chemical industry in Europe.
Authors: Bos Harriëtte L. , Sanders Johan P.M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis perspective presents an estimation of the future demand for biomass of the chemical industry in Europe, provided that naphtha, the present feedstock of the petrochemical industry, is fully replaced by biomass. Data are based on the Eurostat data on manufactured goods for EU27 in 2007. Two different strategies of biomass application are studied: (i) biomass is used to produce the six platform chemicals that presently form the basis of the petrochemical industry, which would allow the subsequent production of all chemicals that are presently produced in the existing infrastructure, and (ii) the chemical functionality present in the various constituents of biomass is used to produce directly the functionalized molecules that are presently produced via the platform chemicals. Not only is the use of carbohydrates and lignin taken into account, also the use of biomass components, such as proteins and natural oils, is considered. It is shown that the second approach will require less biomass (and thus land) than the first approach and that the application of biorefinery technologies, in order to separate the biomass in its different constituents, which can subsequently be used to produce the functionalized molecules, can even further diminish the demand for land. Furthermore it is concluded that production of chemicals from biomass is more beneficial that production of transportation fuels or electricity. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
How Consistently Do We Measure Bruises? A Comparison of Manual and Electronic Methods
Authors: Lawson Zoë , Dunstan Frank , Nuttall Diane , Maguire Sabine , Kemp Alison , Young Stephen , Barker Michael , David Laura 
Published: February 2013

Bruises in suspected abuse are routinely measured for clinical and forensic purposes. We aimed to determine the consistency of electronic and manual bruise measurements. Over two sessions, 45 observers recorded the greatest lengths of eight bruises in cross‐polarised images. Observers were presented with six images in each session; four were common to both sessions. Manual measurements were achieved using a paper tape‐measure on hard‐copy images; electronic measurements used ImageJ software for digital on‐screen images. Differences in mean measurements between methods were tested using paired t‐tests; within‐ and between‐observer variations were computed. On average, manual measurements were smaller than electronic measurements. Observers were prone to rounding bias in manual measurements. Overall standard deviations of measurements (0.39–0.63 cm) did not differ greatly between methods. Measuring electronically, observers showed more consistency between sessions than measuring manually. Electronic measurements had greater variation between observers than manual measurements. Overall, 95 per cent of measurements for a given bruise lay within a range of 2 cm. We conclude that measurement of a bruise by either method varied. In clinical practice, we recommend that a right‐angled linear scale is included in any photographic image of a bruise, such that clinicians can standardise the estimate of bruise size. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘45 observers recorded the greatest lengths of eight bruises in cross‐polarised images’‘We recommend that a right‐angled linear scale is included in any photographic image of a bruise’Key Practitioner Message:

Measurements produced by different observers varied widely when assessing the same bruise
Less variation was found when observers repeated the measurement electronically, than when done manually
In contrast, electronic measurements varied more than manual measurements between different observers
Defining the boundary of a bruise allows a more detailed assessment of size, shape, location, pattern, and colour
Including a right‐angled linear scale is recommended in any photographic image of a bruise
Case, Service and Family Characteristics of Households that Experience a Child Maltreatment Fatality in the United States
Authors: Douglas Emily M. 
Published: February 2013

Child maltreatment fatalities have increasingly received attention over the past three decades and yet there is a dearth of information concerning case, service and family/household factors associated with maltreatment fatalities. This is a US multi‐state study of 135 child welfare workers who experienced the death of a child on their caseload. They reported on the case, service and family/household characteristics of a child who died on their caseload. Results indicate that workers had seen victims one week prior to their death and were closely monitoring families. The most frequently mentioned family characteristics included: parental unemployment, parental mental health, experiencing a major life event and parents' inappropriate age expectations of the child. Parental alcohol and substance use were more common among infant victims; and parental perceptions of the child being ‘difficult’ were more common among older victims. The results are discussed with regard to future research and prevention for the field. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘A US multi‐state study of 135 child welfare workers who experienced the death of a child on their caseload’Key Practitioner Messages:The primary findings of this study indicate that:

Workers have regular contact with children leading up to the time of their death.
Children die even when they are being closely monitored and have had a full‐risk assessment.
Families where children died were not using very many services.‘Families where children died were not using very many services’
Individual, Family and Abuse Characteristics of 700 British Child and Adolescent Sexual Abusers
Authors: Hackett Simon , Phillips Josie , Masson Helen , Balfe Myles 
Published: February 2013

The individual, family and abuse characteristics of 700 children and young people referred to nine UK services over a nine‐year period between 1992 and 2000 as a result of their sexually abusive behaviours were examined. The most common age at referral was 15 years, though a third of all referrals related to children aged 13 or under. Thirty‐eight per cent of the sample were identified as learning disabled. Surprisingly high rates of sexual and non‐sexual victimisation were present in the backgrounds of the children and young people referred. A wide range of abusive behaviours was perpetrated with just over half of the sample having penetrated or having attempted to penetrate another individual. Victims were usually known to the abuser but in 75 per cent of cases were not related. Fifty‐one per cent of the sample abused females only, though 49 per cent had at least one male victim. The implications for policy and practice with children and young people with harmful sexual behaviours are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Thirty‐eight per cent of the sample were identified as learning disabled’Key Practitioner Messages
Children and young people who sexually abuse others are a diverse group with a complex set of motivations, background experiences and varying types of abusive behaviour.
Children and young people with learning disabilities who sexually abuse comprise a particularly vulnerable group with specific intervention needs.
A one‐size‐fits‐all intervention approach is not appropriate, but child‐centred services that focus on both care and control aspects are warranted.‘A one‐size‐fits‐all intervention approach is not appropriate’
Selective Inhibition of an Apicoplastic Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase from Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Hoen Rob , Novoa Eva Maria , López Alba , Camacho Noelia , Cubells Laia , Vieira Pedro , Santos Manuel , Marin‐Garcia Patricia , Bautista Jose Maria , Cortés Alfred , Ribas de Pouplana Lluís , Royo Miriam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe resistance of malaria parasites to available drugs continues to grow, and this makes the need for new antimalarial therapies pressing. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes and well‐established antibacterial targets and so constitute a promising set of targets for the development of new antimalarials. Despite their potential as drug targets, apicoplastic ARSs remain unexplored. We have characterized the lysylation system of Plasmodium falciparum, and designed, synthesized, and tested a set of inhibitors based on the structure of the natural substrate intermediate: lysyl‐adenylate. Here we demonstrate that selective inhibition of apicoplastic ARSs is feasible and describe new compounds that that specifically inhibit Plasmodium apicoplastic lysyl‐tRNA synthetase and show antimalarial activities in the micromolar range.
Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Imines with Alkylidene Malonates
Authors: Li Jiangting , Lian Xiangjin , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe demonstrated an asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine betaines with alkylidene malonates by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide–NiII complex as a catalyst. Both aromatic‐ and aliphatic‐substituted alkylidene malonates were found to be suitable for the reaction. A range of trans‐pyrazolone derivatives was exclusively obtained with excellent yields (up to 99 % yield) and good enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee) under mild reaction conditions. The reaction could be carried out on a gram scale with the good results being maintained. Control experiments were performed to elucidate the specific diastereoselectivity of the reaction. The formation of single trans isomers was dominated by secondary orbital interactions between the ester groups of the dipolarophile and the azomethine imine. On the basis of the experimental results and previous reports, a possible catalytic model was assumed.
The Formation of CuCl2‐Specific Metallogels of Pyridyloxalamide Derivatives in Alcohols
Authors: Džolić Zoran , Cametti Massimo , Milić Dalibor , Žinić Mladen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIsomeric pyridyloxalamide derivatives 1–3, which differed in the position of the nitrogen atom on the pyridyl ring, showed remarkably different gel‐forming aptitudes in the presence of CuCl2 salt in alcohols. Whilst derivatives 1 and 3 formed a soluble complex and a solid precipitate, respectively, ligand 2 generated a remarkably metal‐ and anion‐specific metallogel.
Sodium Hydrazinidoborane: A Chemical Hydrogen‐Storage Material
Authors: Moury Romain , Demirci Umit B. , Ichikawa Takayuki , Filinchuk Yaroslav , Chiriac Rodica , van der Lee Arie , Miele Philippe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHerein, we present the successful synthesis and full characterization (by 11B magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction) of sodium hydrazinidoborane (NaN2H3BH3, with a hydrogen content of 8.85 wt %), a new material for chemical hydrogen storage. Using lab‐prepared pure hydrazine borane (N2H4BH3) and commercial sodium hydride as precursors, sodium hydrazinidoborane was synthesized by ball‐milling at low temperature (−30 °C) under an argon atmosphere. Its thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that under heating sodium hydrazinidoborane starts to liberate hydrogen below 60 °C. Within the range of 60–150 °C, the overall mass loss is as high as 7.6 wt %. Relative to the parent N2H4BH3, sodium hydrazinidoborane shows improved dehydrogenation properties, further confirmed by dehydrogenation experiments under prolonged heating at constant temperatures of 80, 90, 95, 100, and 110 °C. Hence, sodium hydrazinidoborane appears to be more suitable for chemical hydrogen storage than N2H4BH3.
The green beards of language
Authors: Lindenfors Patrik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLanguage transfers information on at least three levels; (1) what is said, (2) how it is said (what language is used), and, (3) that it is said (that speaker and listener both possess the ability to use language). The use of language is a form of honest cooperation on two of these levels; not necessarily on what is said, which can be deceitful, but always on how it is said and that it is said. This means that the language encoding and decoding systems had to evolve simultaneously, through mutual fitness benefits. Theoretical problems surrounding the evolution of cooperation disappear if a recognition system is present enabling cooperating individuals to identify each other – if they are equipped with “green beards”. Here, I outline how both the biological and cultural aspects of language are bestowed with such recognition systems. The biological capacities required for language signal their presence through speech and understanding. This signaling cannot be invaded by “false green beards” because the traits and the signal of their presence are one and the same. However, the real usefulness of language comes from its potential to convey an infinite number of meanings through the dynamic handling of symbols – through language itself. But any specific language also signals its presence to others through usage and understanding. Thus, languages themselves cannot be invaded by “false green beards” because, again, the trait and the signal of its presence are one and the same. These twin green beards, in both the biological and cultural realms, are unique to language.
Attributes of Large‐Amplitude Fourier Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry at Array and Single Carbon Fiber Microdisk Electrodes
Authors: Lee Chong‐Yong , Elton Darrell , Brajter‐Toth Anna , Bond Alan M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe attributes of large‐amplitude Fourier transformed AC voltammetry have been assessed at electrodes constructed from either a single carbon fiber microdisk or a random assembly of carbon fiber microdisks (RAM). Factors that govern the limits of detection for the FcMeOH and uric acid analytes have been established. For the reversible FcMeOH oxidation process, the RAM electrode provides the lower limit of detection through substantial amplification of the peak current magnitude, and hence superior faradaic current‐to‐noise ratio. In contrast for the overall two‐electron oxidation of uric acid, the much faster electron transfer rate achieved at the electrochemically treated single carbon fiber microelectrode provides the lower detection limit, which is again optimal in the sixth harmonic.
A Novel and Selective Methylene Blue Imprinted Polymer Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Soysal Mert , Muti Mihrican , Esen Cem , Gençdağ Kübra , Aslan Alican , Erdem Arzum , Karagözler A. Ersin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this study, methylene blue (MB) imprinted microbeads were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Differential pulse voltammetric responses of carbon paste electrodes modified with MB imprinted polymer were used to evaluate the adsorption and selectivity features of the polymer. For selectivity studies two basic dyestuffs (thionine blue and toluidine blue) which have similar structure to MB were chosen. Comparison of the voltammetric responses obtained with pure carbon paste and carbon paste modified with either imprinted or nonimprinted polymer electrodes revealed that MB imprinted polymer presented a higher selectivity to the template molecule MB in contrast to structurally similar molecules, thionine blue and toluidine blue.
Visualization of stem cell features in human hepatocellular carcinoma reveals in vivo significance of tumor-host interaction and clinical course
Authors: Muramatsu Shunsuke , Tanaka Shinji , Mogushi Kaoru , Adikrisna Rama , Aihara Arihiro , Ban Daisuke , Ochiai Takanori , Irie Takumi , Kudo Atsushi , Nakamura Noriaki , Nakayama Koh , Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamaoka Shoji , Arii Shigeki 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies because of recurrence and/or metastasis even after curative resection. Emerging evidence suggests that tumor metastasis and recurrence might be driven by a small subpopulation of stemness cells, so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Previous investigations have revealed that glioma and breast CSCs exhibit intrinsically low proteasome activity and that breast CSCs also reportedly contain a lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level than corresponding nontumorigenic cells. Here we visualized two stem cell features, low proteasome activity and low intracellular ROS, in HCC cells using two-color fluorescence activated cell sorting to isolate cells with stem cell features. These cells were then analyzed for their division behavior in normoxia and hypoxia, expression of stem cell markers, tumorigenicity, metastatic potential, specific gene expression signatures, and their clinical implications. A visualized small subpopulation of HCC cells demonstrated asymmetric divisions. Their remarkable tumorigenicity in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice suggested the cancer initiation potential of these HCC CSCs. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed that chemokine-related genes were up-regulated in the CSCs subpopulation. Our identified HCC CSCs facilitated the migration of macrophages in vitro and demonstrated metastatic potential by way of recruitment of macrophages in vivo. In patients who undergo curative operation for HCC, the CSC-specific gene signature in the liver microenvironment significantly correlates with recurrence. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the stem cell feature monitoring system proposed here is a promising tool to analyze the in vivo significance of CSC microenvironments in human HCCs. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;)
Population Pharmacokinetics of Unbound and Total Drug Concentrations Following Intravenously Administered Carbamazepine in Elderly and Younger Adult Patients With Epilepsy
Authors: Ahmed Ghada F. , Brundage Richard C. , Marino Susan E. , Cloyd James C. , Leppik Ilo E. , Pennell Page B. , Ramsay R. Eugene , Birnbaum Angela K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of unbound and total plasma carbamazepine (CBZ) concentrations following simultaneous administration of intravenous and oral formulations. We tested the hypothesis that age‐related alterations in physiology and patient characteristics influence CBZ disposition and protein binding. Patients (n = 113) on maintenance therapy received a 100 mg dose of a novel, intravenous, stable‐labeled (SL) CBZ formulation as partial replacement of their morning CBZ dose. A two‐compartment model described unbound and total SL‐CBZ data. The stable‐labeled intravenous dosing methodology enabled the estimation of the CBZ clearance (CL) and volumes of distribution. The CL of CBZ was dependent on race through the model equation unbound CL (L/hour) = 11.2 × (1.30)Race; where Race = 1 for Caucasian, 0 for African American. Total body weight explained 57% and 70% of the interindividual variability in the central and peripheral volumes of distribution, respectively. Age, sex, smoking, plasma albumin, and alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein concentrations had no effect on CL, binding or volumes of distribution. The model was evaluated via bootstrap and predictive check. Results may support race specific dosing for CBZ where an average African‐American individual would receive 70% of the standard dose prescribed for the Caucasian person.