bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical Thiol‐yne Chemistry on Diphenylacetylene: Selective and Quantitative Addition Enabling the Synthesis of Hyperbranched Poly(vinyl sulfide)s
Authors: Pötzsch Robert , Komber Hartmut , Stahl Brian C. , Hawker Craig J. , Voit Brigitte I. 
Published: October 2013

A powerful variation of traditional radical thiol‐yne reaction with diphenylacetylene (DPA)‐based starting materials leading to the quantitative and selective formation of the corresponding vinyl sulfides is reported. A variety of different thiols are shown to undergo reaction with DPA and the influence of their structure on reactivity is studied. The results obtained from the model reactions are then used to guide the efficient synthesis of hyperbranched poly(vinyl sulfide) (hb‐PVS) systems by employing a dithiol and a trialkyne in an A2 + B3 approach. The polymers obtained show excellent solubility in common organic solvents and exhibit high refractive indices (e.g., 1.70 at 589 nm). The combined ease of processability and potential for cross‐linking make these materials very interesting for applications, such as coatings for optical devices. The selective mono‐addition thiol‐yne reaction on DPA serves not only as a synthetic method for the preparation of PVS but could also be applied to the general modification of acetylene‐containing materials.
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Reproducibility of phase rotation STEAM at 3T: Focus on glutathione
Authors: Wijtenburg S. Andrea , Gaston Frank E. , Spieker Elena A. , Korenic Stephanie A. , Kochunov Peter , Hong L. Elliot , Rowland Laura M. 
Published: October 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of a very short echo time (TE) phase rotation stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at 3T with a focus on the detection of glutathione.MethodsTen healthy subjects were scanned on two separate visits. Spectra were acquired from voxels placed in the anterior and posterior cingulates. Reproducibility was assessed using mean coefficients of variation (CVs) and mean absolute differences (ADs), and reliability was assessed using standard error of measurement (SEM) and intraclass correlations (ICCs). Phantoms containing glutathione and metabolites with overlapping resonances were scanned to test the validity of glutathione quantification.ResultsExcellent reproducibility as illustrated by CVs ≤8.3% and ADs ≤11.6% for both regions was obtained for glutathione and other commonly reported metabolites. Reproducibility measures for γ‐aminobutyric acid and glutamine were good overall with CVs ranging from 6.4%–10.5% and ADs ranging from 8.6%–15.5% for both regions. Glutathione absolute and relative reliability were very good (SEMs ≤9.9%) and fair (ICCs = 0.42–0.51), respectively. Phantom studies demonstrated the ability to accurately detect glutathione from other metabolites with overlapping resonances with great precision (R2 = 0.99).ConclusionA very short TE phase rotation STEAM sequence proved reproducible for metabolites difficult to quantify but important for the study of psychiatric and neurological illness. Magn Reson Med 72:603–609, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Navigator artifact reduction in three‐dimensional late gadolinium enhancement imaging of the atria
Authors: Keegan Jennifer , Drivas Peter , Firmin David N. 
Published: October 2013

PurposeNavigator‐gated three‐dimensional (3D) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging demonstrates scarring following ablation of atrial fibrillation. An artifact originating from the slice‐selective navigator‐restore pulse is frequently present in the right pulmonary veins (PVs), obscuring the walls and making quantification of enhancement difficult. We describe a simple sequence modification to greatly reduce or remove this artifact.MethodsA navigator‐gated inversion‐prepared gradient echo sequence was modified so that the slice‐selective navigator‐restore pulse was delayed in time from the nonselective preparation (NAV‐restore‐delayed). Both NAV‐restore‐delayed and conventional 3D LGE acquisitions were performed in 11 patients and the results compared.ResultsOne patient was excluded due to severe respiratory motion artifact in both NAV‐restore‐delayed and conventional acquisitions. Moderate to severe artifact was present in 9 of the remaining 10 patients using the conventional sequence and was considerably reduced when using the NAV‐restore‐delayed sequence (ostial PV to blood pool ratio, 1.7 ± 0.5 versus 1.1 ± 0.2, respectively [P < 0.0001]; qualitative artifact scores, 2.8 ± 1.1 versus 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively [P < 0.001]). While navigator signal‐to‐noise ratio was reduced with the NAV‐restore‐delayed sequence, respiratory motion compensation was unaffected.ConclusionsShifting the navigator‐restore pulse significantly reduces or eliminates navigator artifact. This simple modification improves the quality of 3D LGE imaging and potentially aids late enhancement quantification in the atria. Magn Reson Med 72:779–785, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole exome sequencing identifies variation in CYB5A and RNF10 associated with adiposity and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Huang Ke , Nair Anup K. , Muller Yunhua Li , Piaggi Paolo , Bian Li , del Rosario Melissa , Knowler William C. , Kobes Sayuko , Hanson Robert L. , Bogardus Clifton , Baier Leslie J. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveFew coding variants in genes associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been identified, and the underlying physiologic mechanisms whereby susceptibility genes influence T2D risk are often unknown. The objective of this study was to identify coding variation that increases risk for T2D via an effect on a pre‐diabetic trait.MethodsWhole exome sequencing was done in 177 Pima Indians. Selected variants (N = 345) were genotyped in 555 subjects characterized for body fatness, glucose disposal rates during a clamp, acute insulin response to glucose, and 2‐h plasma glucose concentrations during an OGTT, and were also genotyped in up to 5,880 subjects with longitudinal measures of BMI. Variants associated with quantitative traits were assessed for association with T2D in 7,667 subjects.Resultsrs7238987 in CYB5A associated with body fatness (P = 7.0 × 10−6). This SNP and a novel SNP in RNF10 also associated with maximum recorded BMI (P = 6.2 × 10−7 and P = 7.2 × 10−4) and maximum childhood BMI z‐score (P = 5.9 × 10−4 and P = 8.5 × 10−7). The BMI increasing alleles increased the risk for T2D (P = 0.01; OR = 1.13 [1.03‐1.24] and 9.5 × 10−3; OR = 1.49 [1.10‐2.02]).ConclusionsCYB5A, which has a role in stearyl‐CoA‐desaturase activity, and RNF10, with an unknown role in weight regulating pathways, associated with adiposity and nominally increased the risk for T2D in American Indians.
Piperlongumine inhibits NF‐κB activity and attenuates aggressive growth characteristics of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Ginzburg Serge , Golovine Konstantin V. , Makhov Petr B. , Uzzo Robert G. , Kutikov Alexander , Kolenko Vladimir M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDElevated NF‐κB activity has been previously demonstrated in prostate cancer cell lines as hormone‐independent or metastatic characteristics develop. We look at the effects of piperlongumine (PL), a biologically active alkaloid/amide present in piper longum plant, on the NF‐κB pathway in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells.METHODSNF‐κB activity was evaluated using Luciferase reporter assays and Western blot analysis of p50 and p65 nuclear translocation. IL‐6, IL‐8, and MMP‐9 levels were assessed using ELISA. Cellular adhesion and invasiveness properties of prostate cancer cells treated with PL were also assessed.RESULTSNF‐κB DNA‐binding activity was directly down‐regulated with increasing concentrations of PL, along with decreased nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 subunits. Expression of IL‐6, IL‐8, MMP‐9, and ICAM‐1 was attenuated, and a decrease of cell‐to‐matrix adhesion and invasiveness properties of prostate cancer cells were observed.CONCLUSIONSPL‐mediated inhibition of NF‐κB activity decreases aggressive growth characteristics of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Prostate 74:177–186, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early over‐expression of GRP receptors in prostatic carcinogenesis
Authors: Körner Meike , Waser Beatrice , Rehmann Ruth , Reubi Jean Claude 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe GRP receptor shows high over‐expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN, but low expression in normal prostate glands. This represents the molecular basis for GRP receptor imaging of prostate cancer with radioactive compounds. However, a focal, high density GRP receptor expression can be observed in hitherto uncharacterized prostate glands.METHODSGRP receptors were quantitatively measured with in vitro receptor autoradiography using 125I‐Tyr4‐bombesin in samples from 115 prostates. On successive tissue sections, 125I‐Tyr4‐bombesin autoradiography was compared with H&E staining and MIB‐1 and 34βE12 immunohistochemistry.RESULTSOn one hand, it was confirmed that GRP receptors were expressed in adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN in high density and high incidence (77% and 73%, respectively), but in normal prostate glands in low density and low frequency (18%). On the other hand, a novel and intriguing observation was the existence of focal non‐invasive prostate glands with high GRP receptor density, characterized by low grade nuclear atypia and increased proliferation, compatible with lower grade PIN. There was a significant GRP receptor density gradient (P ≤ 0.005), increasing from normal prostate glands (mean relative optical density, ROD, of 125I‐Tyr4‐bombesin binding: 0.17) over atypical glands without increased MIB‐1 labeling (0.28) and atypical glands with increased MIB‐1 expression (0.44) to high grade PIN and adenocarcinoma (0.64 and 0.58, respectively).CONCLUSIONSGRP receptor over‐expression may be a novel, specific marker of early prostatic neoplastic transformation, arising in low grade PIN, and progressively increasing during malignant progression. This should be considered when interpreting in vivo GRP receptor imaging in males. Prostate 74:217–224, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiglobal stabilization of saturated linear systems via multiple parametric Lyapunov equations
Authors: Wang Qingling , Yu Changbin , Gao Huijun 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the problem of semiglobal stabilization with guaranteed flexible pole placement for saturated linear systems. To retain the advantages of the parametric Lyapunov equation, matrix‐partitioning idea is used to derive a new pole shift lemma. Starting from system matrix transformations, a recursive algorithm is proposed to shift every eigenvalue of a linear system separately without mode decomposition in each step. A new method introducing various parameters to every Lyapunov equation in each step is presented. As an application, the semiglobal stabilization with guaranteed flexible pole placement for saturated linear systems can be achieved by this method. Finally, its effectiveness and advantages are demonstrated via a simulation example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twice‐weighted multiple interval estimation of a marginal structural model to analyze cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Goldfeld K.S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCost‐effectiveness analysis is an important tool that can be applied to the evaluation of a health treatment or policy. When the observed costs and outcomes result from a nonrandomized treatment, making causal inference about the effects of the treatment requires special care. The challenges are compounded when the observation period is truncated for some of the study subjects. This paper presents a method of unbiased estimation of cost‐effectiveness using observational study data that is not fully observed. The method—twice‐weighted multiple interval estimation of a marginal structural model—was developed in order to analyze the cost‐effectiveness of treatment protocols for advanced dementia residents living nursing homes when they become acutely ill. A key feature of this estimation approach is that it facilitates a sensitivity analysis that identifies the potential effects of unmeasured confounding on the conclusions concerning cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive enhancement
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Smith M. Elizabeth , Ilieva Irena , Hamilton Roy H. 
Published: October 2013

Cognitive enhancement refers to the improvement of cognitive ability in normal healthy individuals. In this article, we focus on the use of pharmaceutical agents and brain stimulation for cognitive enhancement, reviewing the most common methods of pharmacologic and electronic cognitive enhancement, and the mechanisms by which they are believed to work, the effectiveness of these methods and their prevalence. We note the many gaps in our knowledge of these matters, including open questions about the size, reliability and nature of the enhancing effects, and we conclude with recommendations for further research. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:95–103. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1250This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Neuroscience > Cognition
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Two Silver(I) trans‐Cinnamate Complexes as Urease Inhibitors
Authors: Li Xia , Wang Yan , Li Yuguang , Gou Yi , Wang Qiang 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo new silver(I) trans‐cinnamates, namely [Ag(2‐cca)(H2O)]2 (1) and [Ag(4‐cca)]n (2) (2‐ccaH = 2‐chlorocinnamic acid and 4‐ccaH = 4‐chlorocinnamic acid), were synthesized and structurally characterized. Single crystal X‐ray studies reveal that each silver(I) atom in 1 is two‐coordinate by a 2‐chlorocinnamate ligand and one water molecule to afford a discrete centrosymmetric dimer with the ligand‐unsupported Ag···Ag interactions (3.218(4) Å), while a pair of symmetry‐related silver(I) atoms in 2 are clamped by two μ2‐η1:η1 4‐chlorocinnamate ligands to yield a binuclear silver(I) moiety incorporating a ligand‐supported Ag···Ag interaction (2.819(5) Å). Both complexes 1 and 2 show potent urease inhibitory activities with the respective IC50 values of 0.66 and 1.10 μM.
Patientenregistrierung im Massenanfall
Authors: Donner A. , Adler C. 
Published: October 2013

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Die effiziente Bewältigung eines Massenanfalls von Verletzten und Erkrankten erfordert sowohl gut abgestimmte und geübte Vorgehensweisen der Einsatzkräfte als auch reibungslosen Informationsaustausch zwischen allen Beteiligten und durch alle Führungsebenen. Bestehende Systeme für die Patientensichtung, -registrierung und Rettungsmitteldisposition basieren auf händisch gepflegten Listen, die sprachlich per Funk und Telefon abgeglichen werden müssen. Elektronische Hilfsmittel können Informationsflüsse deutlich beschleunigen. Aus dem komplexen, nicht planbaren Einsatzgeschehen ergeben sich vielfältige Anforderungen an die Technik und an ein zukünftiges elektronisches Dokumentationssystem, die zu berücksichtigen sind und die sich aus der Arbeit von mehreren Forschungsprojekten in den letzten Jahren entwickelt haben.

Schlussfolgerung
Eine bundesweite Harmonisierung von Vorgehensweisen und Schnittstellen ist notwendig, sodass reibungslose überregionale Zusammenarbeit möglich ist.
Coming of age on the streets: Survival sex among homeless young women in Hollywood
Authors: Warf Curren W. , Clark Leslie F. , Desai Mona , Rabinovitz Susan J. , Agahi Golnaz , Calvo Richard , Hoffmann Jenny 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study examined childhood physical or sexual abuse, involvement in dependency or delinquency systems, psychiatric hospitalization, and suicide as possible risk factors for survival sex among homeless young women. Homeless young women were found to have similarly high rates of childhood sexual abuse, dependency and delinquency systems involvement, and psychiatric hospitalization. Homeless young women involved in survival sex disclosed higher rates of attempted suicide and reported marginally higher rates of childhood physical abuse. Analysis of qualitative data showed that those engaged in survival sex were motivated primarily by desperation to meet basic needs including a place to stay, food and money, and one third mentioned that peers commonly were influential in decisions to engage in survival sex. Others were influenced by coercion (10%) or pursuit of drugs (10%). Young women engaged in survival sex generally experienced regret and shame about their experience.
Body-rock or lift-off in flow
Authors: Smith Frank T. , Wilson Phillip L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractConditions are investigated under which a body lying at rest or rocking on a solid horizontal surface can be removed from the surface by hydrodynamic forces or instead continues rocking. The investigation is motivated by recent observations on Martian dust movement as well as other small- and large-scale applications. The nonlinear theory of fluid–body interaction here has unsteady motion of an inviscid fluid interacting with a moving thin body. Various shapes of body are addressed together with a range of initial conditions. The relevant parameter space is found to be subtle as evolution and shape play substantial roles coupled with scaled mass and gravity effects. Lift-off of the body from the surface generally cannot occur without fluid flow but it can occur either immediately or within a finite time once the fluid flow starts up: parameters for this are found and comparisons are made with Martian observations.
Multi-clone infections and the impact of intraspecific competition on trematode colonies with a division of labour
Authors: LLOYD MELANIE M. , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYA division of labour occurs in colonies of the trematodePhilophthalmussp. within their first intermediate hosts. Two castes exist: one which reproduces and one which does not reproduce. It has been hypothesized that the benefit of the non-reproductive caste is in competitive interactions. Evidence for this from past experiments withPhilophthalmussp. colonies has been contradictory: the non-reproductive caste appears to benefit the colony in some way but not necessarily by combating interspecific competitors. The aims of this study were to consider intraspecific competition as a possible cause of the division of labour inPhilophthalmussp. colonies. Results show that mixed genotype infections occur inPhilophthalmussp. infected hosts and thus intraspecific competition is likely. Furthermore, the total number of individuals per colony is reduced in mixed genotype infections, indicating that intraspecific competition reduces colony fitness. However, the results do not indicate that the division of labour inPhilophthalmussp. plays a role in competitive interactions as the ratio of small, non-reproductive to large, reproductive individuals is unaffected by the presence of intraspecific competition. This is the first study to identify and quantify intraspecific competition inPhilophthalmussp., and to assess its selective role in this species’ division of labour.
Association of regional body fat with metabolic risks in Chinese women
Authors: Fu Xiaohua , Song Aihua , Zhou Yunjie , Ma Xiaoguang , Jiao Jingjing , Yang Min , Zhu Shankuan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of regional fat depots with metabolic risk factors in Chinese women.DesignTotal and regional fat depots including android fat and gynoid fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Central fat distribution was defined as android:gynoid fat ratio. Metabolic risk factors were defined as elevated TAG, reduced HDL-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of regional fat depots with metabolic risk factors. The odds ratios of metabolic risks were further calculated according to tertiles of android fat and gynoid fat.SettingParticipants were recruited from a community-based cross-sectional study. Face-to-face questionnaires, anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures were conducted.SubjectsChinese women (n 609) aged 18–79 years.ResultsAndroid fat and android:gynoid fat ratio were associated with significantly increased odds (OR = 1·4–3·7; P < 0·01) for almost all risk factors, whereas gynoid fat was independently associated with significantly decreased odds (OR = 0·3–0·6; P < 0·01). The inverse associations of gynoid fat with metabolic risk factors remained after adjusting for android fat. Even if their android fat level was in high, women in the highest tertile of gynoid fat had lower odds of having at least two metabolic risk factors compared with women in the lowest gynoid fat tertile (P for trend < 0·01).ConclusionsThere were opposite associations of android and gynoid fat with metabolic risks in Chinese women. Gynoid fat rather than android fat might be a more important inclusion in metabolic disease risk evaluation in female Asians.
Interfacial Properties of Three Different Bioactive Dentine Substitutes
Authors: Gjorgievska Elizabeta S. , Nicholson John W. , Apostolska Sonja M. , Coleman Nichola J. , Booth Samantha E. , Slipper Ian J. , Mladenov Mitko I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThree different bioactive materials suitable as dentine substitutes in tooth repair have been studied: glass-ionomer cement, particulate bioglass, and calcium-silicate cement. On 15 permanent human molars, Class V cavities were prepared and the bottom of each cavity was de-mineralized by an artificial caries gel. After the de-mineralization, the teeth were restored with: (1) Bioglass®45S5 and ChemFil® Superior; (2) Biodentine™ and ChemFil® Superior; and (3) ChemFil® Superior for a complete repair. The teeth were stored for 6 weeks in artificial saliva, then cut in half along the longitudinal axis: the first half was imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the other half was embedded in resin and analyzed by SEM using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The glass-ionomer and the bioglass underwent ion exchange with the surrounding tooth tissue, confirming their bioactivity. However, the particle size of the bioglass meant that cavity adaptation was poor. It is concluded that smaller particle size bioglasses may give more acceptable results. In contrast, both the glass-ionomer and the calcium-silicate cements performed well as dentine substitutes. The glass-ionomer showed ion exchange properties, whereas the calcium silicate gave an excellent seal resulting from its micromechanical attachment.
A Simple and Efficient Method to Observe Internal Structures of Helminths by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Adnet Fernando Antônio de O. , Gonçalves Júlia P. , de Souza Wanderley , Attias Márcia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMorphological studies of helminths by scanning electron microscopy are generally limited to the external topography of the organisms. In this work, we present a simple technique using ethanol as a cryoprotectant without postfixation in osmium tetroxide that allows for observation of the inner organization of helminths and preserves cellular structures. We tested the technique in three helminths: Echinostoma paraensei, Cruzia tentaculata, and Hassalstrongylus epsilon. The results show that this technique could potentially be applied to study the morphology, ultrastructure, and taxonomy of helminths.