bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prognostic Significance of c-MET and EGFR Overexpression in Resected Gastric Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Paliga Aleksandra , Marginean Horia , Tessier-Cloutier Basile , Purgina Bibianna , Jonker Derek , Marginean Esmeralda C. 
Published: June 2015

Objectives:
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-MET are tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors implicated in gastric cancer (GC), and their pathways appear to be interdependent. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of EGFR and c-MET protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry in Canadian patients with resected GC and correlate it with clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival (OS).

Materials and Methods:
Tissue microarray blocks were constructed from 120 resected GCs stained with EGFR and c-MET and scored semiquantitatively (0 to 3+). Each receptor’s expression was compared with clinicopathologic characteristics and survival. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan–Meyer, and Cox regression were used for statistical analyses.

Results:
Of the 113 interpretable cases, overexpression of EGFR and c-MET was noted in 17 (15%) and 65 (57%), respectively; coexpression of EGFR and c-MET was observed in 12 (10%) of GC. EGFR and c-MET overexpression correlated with poor OS: median 13 versus 30 months in EGFR positive versus negative GC (hazard ratio [HR]=1.67, P=0.11); 27 versus 49 months in c-MET positive versus negative GC (HR=1.17, P=0.49), respectively. GC coexpressing EGFR and c-MET was significantly correlated with poor survival: 12 versus 29 months in double-positive versus rest of tumors both in univariate (HR=2.62, P=0.003) and multivariate analyses (HR=2.58, P=0.01).

Conclusions:
This study describes the prevalence and prognostic value of EGFR and c-MET in a Canadian population of patients undergoing curative intent resection for GC. Both c-MET and EGFR overexpression trended toward poor OS, but only the group with EGFR+/c-MET+ GC reached statistical significance on multivariate analysis.
External Compression Versus Intravascular Injection: A Mechanistic Animal Model of Filler-Induced Tissue Ischemia
Authors: Chang Shu-Hong , Yousefi Sivash , Qin Jia , Tarbet Kristin , Dziennis Suzan , Wang Ruikang , Chappell Michael C. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
Soft tissue ischemia is a devastating and unpredictable complication following dermal filler injection. Multiple mechanisms to explain this complication have been proposed, including vascular compression, vessel damage, and intraarterial filler emboli. To elucidate the mechanism of injury, the authors introduce a mouse model, imaged with optical microangiography and laser speckle contrast imaging technologies, to demonstrate in vivo microvascular response to soft tissue and intravascular filler injection.

Methods:
To determine the effect of external vascular compression on distal perfusion, the authors attempted to occlude vessels with subcutaneous hyaluronic acid gel (HAG) bolus injections into the pinna of hairless mice. The authors also performed suture ligation of a major vascular bundle. Following these interventions, laser speckle and optical microangiography were performed serially over 1 week follow up. To determine the effect of intravascular HAG injection, the authors devised and validated a novel method of cannulating the mouse external carotid artery for intraarterial access to the pinna vasculature. Using this model, the authors performed intraarterial HAG injections and completed optical microangiography and laser speckle contrast imaging.

Results:
Despite large HAG bolus injections directly adjacent to vascular bundles, the authors were unable to induce compressive occlusion of the mouse pinna vessels. Vascular occlusion was successfully performed with suture ligation, but optical microangiography and laser speckle contrast imaging confirmed undisturbed distal capillary bed perfusion. With intravascular HAG injection, large segments of pinna showed distinct perfusion reduction along a vascular distribution when compared with preinjection images, most noticeably at the capillary level.

Conclusions:
The novel mouse pinna model combining intravascular access and in vivo microvascular perfusion imaging has furthered the understanding of the mechanism of filler-induced tissue ischemia. Distal capillary perfusion was maintained despite external vascular compression. Intraarterial HAG filler injection, however, resulted in large areas of capillary nonperfusion and is the most likely etiology for filler-induced tissue necrosis that is observed clinically.
Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a 50,000-generation experiment withEscherichia coli
Authors: Turner Caroline B. , Wade Brian D. , Meyer Justin R. , Lenski Richard E. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTOrganismal stoichiometry refers to the relative proportion of chemical elements in the biomass of organisms, and it can have important effects on ecological interactions from population to ecosystem scales. Although stoichiometry has been studied extensively from an ecological perspective, little is known about rates and directions of evolutionary changes in elemental composition in response to nutrient limitation. We measured carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content ofEscherichia colievolved under controlled carbon-limited conditions for 50,000 generations. The bacteria evolved higher relative nitrogen and phosphorus content, consistent with selection for increased use of the more abundant elements. Total carbon assimilated also increased, indicating more efficient use of the limiting element. Altogether, our study shows that stoichiometry evolved over a relatively short time-period, and that it did so in a predictable direction given the carbon-limiting environment.
Mitotic chromosome compaction via active loop extrusion
Authors: Goloborodko Anton , Marko John F. , Mirny Leonid A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDuring cell division chromosomes are compacted in length by more than a hundred-fold. A wide range of experiments demonstrated that in their compacted state, mammalian chromosomes form arrays of closely stacked consecutive ∼100Kb loops. The mechanism underlying the active process of chromosome compaction into a stack of loops is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that chromosomes are compacted by enzymatic machines that actively extrude chromatin loops. When such loop-extruding factors (LEF) bind to chromosomes, they progressively bridge sites that are further away along the chromosome, thus extruding a loop. We demonstrate that collective action of LEFs leads to formation of a dynamic array of consecutive loops. Simulations and an analytically solved model identify two distinct steady states: a sparse state where loops are highly dynamic but provide little compaction, and a dense state with more stable loops and dramatic chromosome compaction. We find that human chromosomes operate at the border of the dense steady state. Our analysis also shows how the macroscopic characteristics of the loop array are determined by the microscopic properties of LEFs and their abundance. When number of LEFs are used that match experimentally based estimates, the model can quantitatively reproduce the average loop length, the degree of compaction, and the general loop-array morphology of compact human chromosomes. Our study demonstrates that efficient chromosome compaction can be achieved solely by an active loop-extrusion process.Significance StatementDuring cell division chromosomes are compacted in length more than a hundred-fold and are folded in arrays of loops. The mechanism underlying this essential biological process is unknown. Here we test whether chromosome compaction can be performed by molecular machines that actively extrude chromatin loops. These machines bind to DNA and progressively bridge sites that are further and further away along the chromosome. We demonstrate that the collective action of loop-extruding machines can fold a chromosome into a dynamic array of loops. Simulated chromosome agrees with compact human chromosomes in its degree of compaction, loop size and the general loop-array morphology. Our study demonstrates that efficient chromosome compaction can be achieved solely by such active loop-extrusion process.
Life history evolution in response to changes in metapopulation structure in an arthropod herbivore
Authors: De Roissart A , Wybouw N , Renault D , Van Leeuwen T , Bonte D 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe persistence and dynamics of populations largely depends on the way they are configured and integrated into space and the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics.We manipulated spatial and temporal variation in patch size in replicated experimental metapopulations of the herbivore mite Tetranychus urticae and followed evolutionary dynamics over approximately 30 generations.A significant divergence in life history traits, physiological endpoints and gene expression was recorded in the spatially and spatiotemporally variable metapopulation, but also a remarkable convergence relative to the stable reference metapopulation in traits related to size and fecundity and in its transcriptional regulation.The observed evolutionary dynamics are tightly linked to demographic changes, more specifically frequent episodes of resource shortage that increased the reproductive performance of mites on tomato, a challenging host plant. This points towards a general, adaptive stress response in stable spatial variable and spatiotemporal variable metapopulations that pre-adapts a herbivore arthropod to novel environmental stressors.
How can teachers’ entrepreneurial competences be developed? A collaborative learning perspective
Authors: Peltonen Katariina 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of collaborative learning in the development of teachers’ entrepreneurial competences in the school context at primary, secondary and vocational levels of education.Design/methodology/approach– The research is based on an interpretative and collaborative learning approach to teachers’ entrepreneurial competence development. The empirical work relies on teachers’ written learning reflections collected during the chosen training programme and applies an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method to analyze the data.Findings– The findings demonstrate that collaborative learning can help teachers to adopt a more entrepreneurial teaching approach. The findings highlight that social interaction and collegial support are important “drivers” for building self-confidence, further showing that conceptual and pedagogical renewal leads to an in-depth understanding of the work role and its meaning in society.Research limitations/implications– The study is of an explorative nature and bound to a specific contextual setting in Finland. Therefore further empirical research is needed to affirm the study’s suggestions on the effects of other collaborative learning interactions.Practical implications– The research findings provide new insights for teacher trainers and policy makers on how to enhance entrepreneurial teaching competences. The study concludes with new directions for designing and managing teacher training programmes.Originality/value– The paper enhances the understanding of teachers’ entrepreneurial competences, the role of collaborative peer learning in this process and thus bridges the gap between teacher research and entrepreneurial competence literature.
Entrepreneurial learning environments: supporting or hindering diverse learners?
Authors: Hietanen Lenita 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This study focuses on the implementation of entrepreneurship education in non-business education at the basic education level and in class-teacher education in Finland. The subject to learn was music, which did not include any entrepreneurial content. Accordingly, this study looks closely at the way learners behave when studying music. The purpose of this paper is to see whether entrepreneurial behaviour is appropriate in non-business education.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study used the action research approach; in particular, it used the special teacher-as-researcher method. The analysis was based on content analysis.

Findings
– In this study, the teacher-researcher looked at entrepreneurial learning as experimenting with alternative learning methods and different learning contents. To ensure that every learner received the support they needed in their self-chosen tasks, peer learning was encouraged. Learners got the support they needed both from each other and from the teacher-researcher.

Practical implications
– Although this study was only carried once during some music lessons in one particular comprehensive school and once in one class-teacher education in Finland, the findings may prompt teachers in other subjects and other countries to add entrepreneurial activities to their learning environments.

Originality/value
– There is a lack of research into entrepreneurship education practices at lower educational levels and where education is not business-oriented. Using the entrepreneurial approach in general education raises another question: is the approach suitable for every learner? Neither of these facets has been studied in depth.
Gen Y recruitment
Authors: Warmerdam Amanda , Lewis Ioni , Banks Tamara 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework, the purpose of this paper is to explore whether the standard TPB constructs explained variance in Generation Y (Gen Y) individuals’ intentions to join their ideal organisation.

Design/methodology/approach
– A mixed methods approach was used featuring qualitative and quantitative methods.

Findings
– The overall TPB model accounted for a significant 51.6 per cent of the variance in intention to join one’s ideal organisation in the next six months with the significant predictors in the model being subjective norm and perceived behaviour control but not attitude.

Research limitations/implications
– Using graduating students from a single Australian university sample may mean that the current findings may not extend to all Gen Y individuals. The current study has demonstrated the explanatory utility of the TPB in relation to graduate Gen Y’s intention to join their ideal organisation, providing further evidence of the robustness of the TPB framework in an organisational setting.

Practical implications
– These findings have implications for enhancing understanding of the most effective recruitment processes for Gen Y students entering the workforce. The findings could inform recruitment policies and strategies to attract Gen Y applicants.

Originality/value
– To the authors’ knowledge this study is the first application of the TPB to this topic. The current research extends the recruitment literature with a theoretically based investigation. Identification of factors which inform organisational recruitment strategies, allow organisations to stand out from their competitors and potentially achieve a larger application pool from which to select the best human capital and sustain competitive advantage.
Becoming digital – passages to service in the digitized bureaucracy
Authors: Pors Anja Svejgaard 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of e-government reforms on street-level bureaucrats’ professionalism and relation to citizens, thus demonstrating how the bureaucratic encounter unfolds in the digital era.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is based on an ethnographic study of frontline work at a citizen service centre in a Danish municipality, and draws on empirical material generated through observations, field notes, interviews and policy documents.Findings– The paper shows that e-government changes the mode of professionalism in citizen service from service to support. An ethnographic account of how digital reforms are implemented in practice shows how street-level bureaucrat’s classic tasks such as specialized casework are being reconfigured into educational tasks that promote the idea of “becoming digital”. In the paper, the author argues that the work of “becoming digital” in client processing entails two interconnected changes in frontline agents’ practice: de-specialization of the task and intensified informality in relation to citizens. As a result, the frontline agent works as an explorative generalist whose professional skills and personal competencies are blurred.Originality/value– The study contributes to ethnographic research in public administration by combining two separate subfields, e-government and street-level bureaucracy, to discern recent transformations in public service delivery. In the digital era, tasks, control and equality are distributed in ways that call for symmetrical and relational approaches to studying street-level bureaucracy. The argument goes beyond technological or social determinism to find a fruitful intermediary position pointing at technological change as having both constraining and enabling effects.
SEC “claws back” bonuses and stock sale profits from CFOs of public company charged with accounting fraud
Authors: Hansen Mary P , Trego Garrett 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– To explain an increasingly common practice of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) by which it seeks to “claw back” bonus and incentive compensation paid to CFOs of companies charged with accounting fraud, regardless of the personal involvement, knowledge, or culpability of the CFOs.

Design/methodology/approach
– This article details the facts underlying a recent SEC accounting fraud settlement through which two former CFOs of a company charged with fraud agreed to repay their bonuses and incentive compensation, despite not having been accused of any wrongdoing. The article goes on to outline the historic use of Section 304(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), the provision that endows the SEC with this enforcement authority, in search of guidance for when and why the SEC may choose to exercise its authority under this provision.

Findings
– The SEC’s inconsistent use of its enforcement authority under Section 304(a) leaves chief financial officers potentially subject to individual liability and ill-equipped to modify their behaviour in order to prevent it.

Originality/value
– This article intends to raise industry awareness about the potential exercise of the broad enforcement power available to the SEC under Section 304(a) and call attention to the lack of guidance provided to corporate officers to avoid liability under this provision.
SEC’s authority to interpret the securities laws comes under fire in criminal enforcement
Authors: Boryshansky Joseph , Asaro Michael A. , Benjamin James , Connolly Charles F. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– To examine a statement issued by Justice Antonin Scalia on November 10, 2014, concurrently with the Supreme Court
'
s denial of certiorari in a criminal insider trading case, which raises profound questions about how the courts interpret the federal securities laws and the degree of deference they give to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the context of criminal enforcement.

Design/methodology/approach
– The article discusses the points raised in the justice
'
s statement and their potential implications for future securities enforcement cases.

Findings
– The statement suggests that the traditional deference courts accord the SEC under the landmark decision in Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 US 837 (1984) may be inappropriate and potentially inconsistent with the rule of lenity, which requires that ambiguous criminal laws be interpreted in a defendant
'
s favor.

Originality/value
– Expert guidance from experienced securities lawyers.
Heightened supervision of branch offices
Authors: Nathan Daniel A. , Navarro Lauren , Matta Kevin 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– To explain expectations of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) as to what constitutes successful branch inspection programs for broker-dealers.

Design/methodology/approach
– Summarizes FINRA’s rules requiring firms to implement branch inspection programs; examines the SEC’s and FINRA’s joint 2011 National Examination Risk Alert, which expanded upon FINRA’s rules, requiring firms to conduct risk-based analyses on each branch office to determine the appropriate frequency, intensity, and focus of inspections; discusses FINRA’s expectation that firms examine their registered representatives’ financial circumstances to reduce the risk of fraud; explains how FINRA’s Comprehensive Automated Risk Data System may impact branch inspections; and recommends several sources that firms should review when implementing a successful branch inspection program.

Findings
– Regulators have heightened their expectations as to what constitutes successful branch inspection programs for broker-dealers.

Practical implications
– To avoid regulatory intervention and discipline, firms should continue to review their policies and procedures to ensure that their programs are sufficiently comprehensive.

Originality/value
– This article will encourage firms with branch offices to review their branch inspection programs, and assist those firms in implementing sufficiently comprehensive policies and procedures.
Looking through the fraud triangle: a review and call for new directions
Authors: Free Clinton 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– This article aims to review popular frameworks used to examine fraud and earmarks three areas where there is considerable scope for academic research to guide and inform important debates within organisations and regulatory bodies.Design/methodology/approach– The article reviews published fraud research in the fields of auditing and forensic accounting, focusing on the development of the dominant framework in accounting and fraud examination, the fraud triangle. From this review, specific avenues for future research are identified.Findings– Three under-researched issues are identified: rationalisation of fraudulent behaviours by offenders; the nature of collusion in fraud; and regulatory attempts to promote whistle-blowing. These topics highlight the perspective of those directly involved in fraud and draw together issues that have interested researchers in other disciplines for decades with matters that are at the heart of contemporary financial management across the globe.Originality/value– In spite of the profound economic and reputational impact of fraud, the research in accounting remains fragmented and emergent. This review identifies avenues offering scope to bridge the divide between academia and practice.