bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Westward tilt of low‐latitude plasma blobs as observed by the Swarm constellation
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Lühr Hermann , Michaelis Ingo , Stolle Claudia , Rauberg Jan , Buchert Stephan , Gill Reine , Merayo Jose M. G. , Brauer Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study we investigate the three‐dimensional structure of low‐latitude plasma blobs using multi‐instrument and multisatellite observations of the Swarm constellation. During the early commissioning phase the Swarm satellites were flying at the same altitude with zonal separation of about 0.5∘ in geographic longitude. Electron density data from the three satellites constrain the blob morphology projected onto the horizontal plane. Magnetic field deflections around blobs, which originate from field‐aligned currents near the irregularity boundaries, constrain the blob structure projected onto the plane perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. As the two constraints are given for two noncoplanar surfaces, we can get information on the three‐dimensional structure of blobs. Combined observation results suggest that blobs are contained within tilted shells of geomagnetic flux tubes, which are similar to the shell structure of equatorial plasma bubbles suggested by previous studies.
Anisotropic response of surface circulation to wind forcing, as inferred from high‐frequency radar currents in the southeastern Bay of Biscay
Authors: Fontán Almudena , Cornuelle Bruce 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe short‐term (less than 20 days) response of surface circulation to wind has been determined in waters of the southeastern Bay of Biscay, using wind impulse response (time domain) and transfer (frequency domain) functions relating high‐frequency radar currents and reanalysis winds. The response of surface currents is amplified at the near‐inertial frequency and the low‐frequency and it varies spatially. The analysis indicates that the response of the ocean to the wind is slightly anisotropic, likely due to pressure gradients and friction induced by the bottom and coastline boundaries in this region. Thus, the transfer function at the near‐inertial frequency decreases onshore due to the coastline inhibition of circularly polarized near‐inertial motion. In contrast, the low‐frequency transfer function is enhanced toward the coast as a result of the geostrophic balance between the cross‐shore pressure gradient and the Coriolis forces. The transfer functions also vary with season. In summer, the current response to wind is expected to be stronger but shallower due to stratification; in winter, the larger mixed layer depth results in a weaker but deeper response. The results obtained are consistent with the theoretical description of wind‐driven circulation and can be used to develop a statistical model with a broad range of applications including accurate oceanic forecasting and understanding of the coupled atmosphere‐ocean influence on marine ecosystems.
Location of high‐frequency P wave microseismic noise in the Pacific Ocean using multiple small aperture arrays
Authors: Pyle Moira L. , Koper Keith D. , Euler Garrett G. , Burlacu Relu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe investigate source locations of P wave microseisms within a narrow frequency band (0.67–1.33 Hz) that is significantly higher than the classic microseism band (~0.05–0.3 Hz). Employing a backprojection method, we analyze data recorded during January 2010 from five International Monitoring System arrays that border the Pacific Ocean. We develop a ranking scheme that allows us to combine beam power from multiple arrays to obtain robust locations of the microseisms. Some individual arrays exhibit a strong regional component, but results from the combination of all arrays show high‐frequency P wave energy emanating from the North Pacific basin, in general agreement with previous observations in the double‐frequency (DF) microseism band (~0.1–0.3 Hz). This suggests that the North Pacific source of ambient P noise covers a broad range of frequencies and that the wave‐wave interaction model is likely valid at shorter periods.
Effects of Concomitant Methotrexate on Large Joint Replacement in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study in Japan
Authors: Asai Shuji , Kojima Toshihisa , Oguchi Takeshi , Kaneko Atsushi , Hirano Yuji , Yabe Yuichiro , Kanayama Yasuhide , Takahashi Nobunori , Funahashi Koji , Hanabayashi Masahiro , Hirabara Shinya , Yoshioka Yutaka , Takemoto Toki , Terabe Kenya , Asai Nobuyuki , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of concomitant methotrexate (MTX) on the incidence of large joint replacement resulting from the progression of large joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed using a multicenter registry. In total, 803 patients with RA who received etanercept or adalimumab were included. The first large joint replacement during treatment with etanercept or adalimumab was used as the outcome variable in predictive analyses. The cumulative incidence of large joint replacement was estimated using Kaplan‐Meier curves, and the impact of concomitant MTX on the incidence of large joint replacement was assessed with Cox proportional hazards models. Propensity score matching was used to reduce selection bias.ResultsOf all patients, 601 (75%) received concomitant MTX at a median dosage of 8 mg/week (interquartile range 6–8). A total of 49 patients (62 joints) underwent large joint replacement during treatment with etanercept or adalimumab. The incidence of large joint replacement for patients with concomitant MTX was significantly lower than that for patients without MTX (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that concomitant MTX independently predicted large joint replacement (hazard ratio 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.20–0.65). Additionally, propensity score–matched analysis demonstrated that patients with concomitant MTX had a significantly lower incidence of large joint replacement than those without concomitant MTX (P = 0.032).ConclusionConcomitant MTX reduces the incidence of large joint replacement in patients with RA treated with TNF inhibitors.
Breast size and asymmetry during pregnancy in dependence of a fetus's sex
Authors: Żelaźniewicz Agnieszka , Pawłowski Bogusław 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesBreast size and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) are related to women's biological condition, as size correlates positively with fecundity, whereas FA correlates negatively with biological quality. We tested if breast volume, FA, and their changes during pregnancy are related to a fetus's sex. Women with bigger, symmetrical breasts, with a greater increase in size during pregnancy, should be more likely to carry a more ecologically sensitive and energetically demanding male fetus.MethodsNinety‐three women participated in a 3‐stage longitudinal study. 3D breast scans were performed in the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy. As there was a small variation in pregnancy week at each research stage between the participants, the expected breast volume and FA values for the 12th, 22nd, and 32nd pregnancy week were calculated, basing on the obtained measurements. Those values were compared between mothers who carried a boy and mothers who carried a girl.ResultsAlthough women who carried a boy had somewhat larger breasts at each trimester than women who carried a girl, the difference was not significant. ANOVA for repeated measurements revealed a greater breast size increase in women carrying a boy (P = 0.039). FA decreased during pregnancy, but was not related to a fetus's sex.ConclusionPregnancy‐induced breast volume increase is a better cue of a fetus's sex than breast asymmetry or breast size per se, i.e., the traits that are supposed to indicate a woman's biological condition. Women with a larger increase in breast size during pregnancy are more likely to carry to term a more ecologically vulnerable male fetus. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:690–696, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the C1‐C10 Fragments of Monensin B and Laidlomycin
Authors: Kang Sungkyoung , Lee Wonchul , Jung Byunghyuck , Lee Hee‐Seung , Kang Sung Ho 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn efficient synthetic route to the C1‐C10 fragments of laidlomycin and monensin B has been developed toward their total synthesis. The asymmetric carbons have been elaborated by a syn‐aldol reaction using the oxazolidinone chiral auxiliary for C6 and C7, an anti‐aldol reaction for C3 and C4, the Tishchenko–Evans reaction for C5, and a chiral building block for C2.
Morphology development and size control of PA6 nanofibers from PA6/CAB polymer blends
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Xu Dandan , Xiao Ru 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPolyamide 6 (PA6) nanofibers were prepared by the melt blending extrusion process of PA6/cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) immiscible polymer blends. The average diameter of obtained PA6 nanofibers was 95–190 nm which could be controlled by varying the process conditions, such as blend ratio was 10/90‐40/60, shear rate was 10 and 80 s−1and two different blending equipments, and the effect of adding graphene for the diameters was also discussed. In addition, and the formation mechanism of nanofibers was studied by viscoelastic analysis and collecting samples at four different sites along the extruder. The morphology of PA6 dispersed phase in CAB matrix included three stages: PA6 pellets changed into sheets or ribbons, the formation of microfibers and size reduction, the size of microfibers continued refinement to nanofibers. The morphology development of dispersed phase may be postponed by blend ratio. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42184.
Effects of Differently Activated Rodent Macrophages on Sensory Neurons: Implications for Arthritis Pain
Authors: Massier Julia , Eitner Annett , Segond von Banchet Gisela , Schaible Hans‐Georg 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveIn arthritis, macrophages invade the affected joint. Experimental arthritis models have shown that macrophages also invade the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of the inflamed segments in which the perikarya of sensory neurons are located. It is unclear whether this macrophage invasion contributes to arthritis pain and/or furthers neuronal damage. The present study was undertaken to investigate how differently activated macrophages affect DRG neurons.MethodsWe determined the phenotype of macrophages in the DRGs of rats with antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA). In a DRG neuron–macrophage coculture system, we investigated whether differently activated macrophages (stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide [LPS]/interferon‐γ [IFNγ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], or interleukin‐4) damage DRG neurons and/or stimulate them to release the mediator calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which promotes pain and neurogenic inflammation.ResultsMacrophages in the DRGs of rats with AIA showed the phenotype of TNF‐stimulated macrophages but did not express inducible nitric oxide synthase, which was found in cultured macrophages only after LPS/IFNγ activation. In neuron–macrophage cocultures, activation of macrophages stimulated DRG neurons to release CGRP within 1 hour, indicating neuronal activation by macrophages. Only 48‐hour activation of macrophages with LPS/IFNγ increased the neuronal cell death rate in culture, provided that the macrophages were in direct contact with DRG neurons. This effect was dependent on nitric oxide.ConclusionMacrophages have the potential to stimulate sensory neurons in the DRGs, and this may contribute to arthritis pain. If they are classically activated, such as after LPS/IFNγ stimulation, this may also further neuronal cell death. This is not the case in AIA but may occur in models involving damage of sensory neurons.
Disease‐Associated Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms From Noncoding Regions in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Are Located Within or Adjacent to Functional Genomic Elements of Human Neutrophils and CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Jiang Kaiyu , Zhu Lisha , Buck Michael J. , Chen Yanmin , Carrier Bradley , Liu Tao , Jarvis James N. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is considered a complex disease in which the environment interacts with inherited genes to produce a phenotype that shows broad interindividual variability. Twenty‐four regions of genetic risk for JIA were identified in a recent genome‐wide association study (GWAS); however, as is typical of the results of GWAS, most of the regions of genetic risk (22 of 24) were in noncoding regions of the genome. This study was undertaken to identify functional elements (other than genes) that might be located within the regions of genetic risk.MethodsWe used paired‐end RNA sequencing to identify noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) located within 5 kb of disease‐associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In addition, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by sequencing to identify epigenetic marks associated with enhancer function (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) in human neutrophils to determine whether enhancer‐associated histone marks were enriched in the linkage disequilibrium blocks that encompassed the 22 SNPs identified in the GWAS.ResultsIn human neutrophils, we identified H3K4me1 and/or H3K27ac marks in 15 of the 22 regions previously identified as risk loci for JIA. In CD4+ T cells, 18 regions had H3K4me1 and/or H3K27ac marks. In addition, we identified ncRNA transcripts at the rs4705862 and rs6894249 loci in human neutrophils.ConclusionMuch of the genetic risk for JIA lies within or adjacent to regions of neutrophil and CD4+ T cell genomes that carry epigenetic marks associated with enhancer function and/or ncRNA transcripts. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that JIA is fundamentally a disorder of gene regulation that includes both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Elucidating the specific roles of these noncoding elements within leukocyte genomes will be critical to our understanding of JIA pathogenesis.
A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 for the production of bacteriochlorophyllide a
Authors: Chou Yi‐Li , Lee Ya‐Lin , Yen Chih‐Chung , Chen Long‐Fang O. , Lee Li‐Chiun , Shaw Jei‐Fu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBacteriopheophorbide a (BPheid a) is used as a precursor for bacteriochlorin a (BCA), which can be used for photodynamic therapy in both in vitro and in vivo biochemical applications. This study successfully isolated and expressed a photosynthetic bacterium (Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142) chlorophyllase called CyanoCLH, which can be used as a biocatalyst for the production of a BCA precursor by degrading bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a). Substrate specificity and enzyme kinetic analyses were performed and the results verified that the recombinant CyanoCLH preferred hydrolyzing BChl a to produce bacteriochlorophyllide a (BChlide a), which can be converted to BPheid a by removing magnesium ion. The recombinant CyanoCLH was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL‐21 (DE3), and its molecular weight was 54.7 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the recombinant CyanoCLH comprised a unique lipase‐motif GHSLG, which differs from the GHSRG sequence of other plants and lacks a histidine of the typical and conserved catalytic triad Ser‐Asp‐His. The recombinant CyanoCLH was subjected to biochemical analyses, and the results indicated that its optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively.
HPLC with fluorescence detection assay of perampanel, a novel AMPA receptor antagonist, in human plasma for clinical pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Mano Yuji , Takenaka Osamu , Kusano Kazutomi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPerampanel (Fycompa®), a novel α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, is registered for the adjunctive treatment of patients (aged ≥12 years) with refractory partial‐onset seizures. To support therapeutic drug monitoring, a simple high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with fluorescence detection was developed to determine perampanel concentrations in human plasma and validated to support clinical trials. Human plasma samples (1.0 mL) were processed by liquid extraction using diethyl ether, followed by chromatographic separation on a YMC Pack Pro C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile–water–acetic acid–sodium acetate (840:560:3:1.8, v/v/v/w) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Column eluent was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 290 and 430 nm, respectively. The assay was linear (range 1.0–500 ng/mL) and this could be extended to 25 µg/mL by 50‐fold dilution integrity. No endogenous peaks were detected in the elution of analytes in drug‐free blank human plasma from six individuals and no interference was observed with co‐medications tested. Intra‐ and inter‐batch reproducibility studies demonstrated accuracy and precision within the acceptance criteria of bioanalytical guidelines. Validation data demonstrated that our assay is simple, selective, reproducible and suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of perampanel. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bringing real processors to labs
Authors: Gómez C. , Gómez M. E. , Sahuquillo J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe architecture of current processors has experienced great changes in the last years, leading to sophisticated multithreaded multicore processors. The inherent complexity of such processors makes difficult to update processor teaching to include current commercial products, especially at lab sessions where simplistic simulators are usually used. However, instructors are forced to reduce this gap if they want to properly prepare students in this topic. Dealing with these complex concepts at labs does not only help reinforce theoretical concepts but also has a positive effect in the students' motivation. This article presents a methodology designed for the study of current microprocessor mechanisms in a gradual way without overwhelming students. The methodology is based on the use of a detailed simulation framework, used both in the academia and in the industry, which accurately models features from current processors. Due to the huge simulator complexity, it is introduced through several learning phases. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that students are able to develop skills in a detailed simulator in a reasonable time period and, at the same time they learn the details of complex architectural mechanisms of commercial microprocessors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:724–732, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21645
meso‐Pyrrole‐Substituted 22‐Oxacorroles: Building Blocks for the Synthesis of BODIPY‐Bridged 22‐Oxacorrole Dyads
Authors: Kalita Hemanta , Ravikanth Mangalampalli 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNovel boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐bridged 22‐oxacorrole dyads, using meso‐pyrrolyl 22‐oxacorrole as a key synthon, have been synthesized. The reactivity of the meso‐pyrrolyl group of 22‐oxacorrole was exploited to synthesize the first examples of BODIPY‐bridged 22‐oxacorrole dyads in ≈40 % yield. The dyads are stable and exhibited interesting spectral and electrochemical properties.
Sulfoxide‐Directed Metal‐Free ortho‐Propargylation of Aromatics and Heteroaromatics
Authors: Eberhart Andrew J. , Shrives Harry J. , Álvarez Estela , Carrër Amandine , Zhang Yuntong , Procter David J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of David J. Procter at the University of Manchester (UK). The image illustrates a new, metal‐free direction for cross‐coupling technology by taking signage from the University of Manchester campus. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201406424.
A unified method for estimating pressure losses at vascular junctions
Authors: Mynard Jonathan P. , Valen‐Sendstad Kristian 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn reduced‐order (0D/1D) blood or respiratory flow models, pressure losses at junctions are usually neglected. However, these may become important where velocities are high and significant flow redirection occurs. Current methods for estimating losses rely on relatively complex empirical equations that are only valid for specific junction geometries and flow regimes. In pulsatile multi‐directional flows, switching between empirical equations upon reversing flow may introduce unrealistic discontinuities in simulated haemodynamic waveforms. Drawing from work by Bassettet al. (SAE Trans 112:565‐583, 2003), we therefore developed a unified method (Unified0D) for estimating loss coefficients that can be applied to any junction (i.e. any number of branches at any angle) and any flow regime. Discontinuities in simulated waveforms were avoided by extending Bassettet al.'s control volume‐based method to incorporate a ‘pseudodatum’ supplier branch, an imaginary effective vessel containing all inflow to the junction. Energy exchange between diverging flow streams was also accounted for empirically. The formulation was validated using high resolution computational fluid dynamics in a wide range flow conditions and junction configurations. In a pulsatile 1D simulation exhibiting transitions between four different flow regimes, the new formulation produced smooth transitions in calculated pressure losses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ExPregel: a new computational model for large‐scale graph processing
Authors: Sagharichian M. , Naderi H. , Haghjoo M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThese days, large‐scale graph processing becomes more and more important. Pregel, inspired by Bulk Synchronous Parallel, is one of the highly used systems to process large‐scale graph problems. In Pregel, each vertex executes a function and waits for a superstep to communicate its data to other vertices. Superstep is a very time‐consuming operation, used by Pregel, to synchronize distributed computations in a cluster of computers. However, it may become a bottleneck when the number of communications increases in a graph with million vertices. Superstep works like a barrier in Pregel that increases the side effect of skew problem in distributed computing environment. ExPregel is a Pregel‐like model that is designed to reduce the number of communication messages between two vertices resided on two different computational nodes. We have proven that ExPregel reduces the number of exchanged messages as well as the number of supersteps for all graph topologies. Enhancing parallelism in our new computational model is another important feature that manifolds the speed of graph analysis programs. More interestingly, ExPregel uses the same model of programming as Pregel. Our experiments on large‐scale real‐world graphs show that ExPregel can reduce network traffic as well as number of supersteps from 45% to 96%. Runtime speed up in the proposed model varies from 1.2× to 30×. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.