bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary artery catheter use and in-hospital outcomes in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rong Lisa Q , Luhmann Grant , Di Franco Antonino , Dimagli Arnaldo , Perry Luke A , Martinez Andrew P , Demetres Michelle , Mazer C David , Bellomo Rinaldo , Gaudino Mario 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To determine the association of intraoperative pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) use with in-hospital outcomes in cardiac surgical patients.

METHODS
MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases were screened for studies that compared cardiac surgical patients receiving intraoperative PAC with controls and reporting in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit length of stay, cost of hospitalization, fluid volume administered, intubation time, inotropes use, acute kidney injury (AKI), stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and infections.

RESULTS
Seven studies (25 853 patients, 88.6% undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery) were included. In-hospital mortality was significantly increased with PAC use [odds ratio (OR) 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.20, P = 0.04]; PAC use was also associated with greater intraoperative inotrope use (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.54–4.41) and costs [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.20; 95% CI 0.16–0.23], longer intensive care unit stay (SMD = 0.29; 95% CI 0.25–0.33), and longer intubation time (SMD = 0.44; 95% CI 0.12–0.76).

CONCLUSIONS
PAC use is associated with significantly increased odds of in-hospital mortality, but the amount and quality of the available evidence is limited. Prospective randomized trials testing the effect of PAC on the outcomes of cardiac surgical patients are urgently needed.
The Geopolitics of Disinformation: Worldviews, Media Consumption and the Adoption of Global Strategic Disinformation Narratives
Authors: Madrid-Morales Dani , Wasserman Herman , Ahmed Saifuddin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Concerns over the existence of a global “information disorder” marked by the contamination of the public sphere with deception campaigns have grown in recent years. This “disorder” has domestic and international dimensions, with multiple state actors standing accused of malicious influence abroad. Previous research, focused on the Global North, has neglected the potential role of anti-colonial and anti-imperialist sentiments in shaping public opinion in the Global South, where problems with foreign influence operations have persisted for decades. Using survey data (N = 4,613) collected in Angola, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Zambia in late 2022, this paper addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between individuals’ worldviews and news consumption, and their support of strategic disinformation narratives favored by Russia and China, both of which have been active in trying to use the news media to influence public opinion. At a country level, we find that support for these narratives is most pronounced in Ethiopia and South Africa, while at an individual level, we find limited evidence that news consumption is connected to the adoption of these narratives. In discussing these findings, we argue that African public opinion is simultaneously shaped by global, geopolitical shifts and domestic, and local contestations.
What Makes Fact-Checking Effective? Exploratory Research into the Role of Linguistic Politeness
Authors: Lee Hogeun , Kim Hyun Suk 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examined how the linguistic politeness of fact-checking messages affects audiences’ belief accuracy and message acceptance by shaping their perceived face threat and psychological reactance. In 2 experiments with national convenience samples of South Korean adults, we manipulated linguistic politeness by using either honorific or non-honorific sentence endings—a well-established marker of linguistic politeness in Korean—in fact-checking news articles correcting misinformation about COVID-19 (Study 1) and refugees (Study 2). Study 1 (N = 240) found that fact-checking articles using honorific sentence endings were perceived as less face-threatening than those presenting identical content with non-honorific endings, which in turn increased belief accuracy and the perceived persuasiveness of the articles. Study 2 (N = 296) replicated the findings of Study 1 and extended them by demonstrating: (1) the effect of using honorific (vs. non-honorific) sentence endings on recipients’ perceived face threat was not moderated by their conspiratorial predisposition or need for cognition; (2) the effects of perceived face threat were mediated by psychological reactance; and (3) the sequential mediation also produced attitudinal effects. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications for designing effective fact-checking messages to combat misinformation in non-Western languages.
Strategic Storytelling: Russian State-Backed Media Coverage of the Ukraine War
Authors: Bradshaw Samantha , Elswah Mona , Haque Monzima , Quelle Dorian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Strategic narratives help shape wars. In modern history, strategic narratives were used during the Cold War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War to justify military invasions and manipulate opponents. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia was accused of weaponizing its state-backed media outlets to promote a pro-Russian version of the war. Consequently, Russian state-backed media faced a series of new sanctions from Western governments and technology companies. While some studies have sought to identify disinformation about the war, less research has focused on understanding how these stories come together as narratives, particularly in non-English language contexts. Grounded in strategic narrative theory, we analyze Russian state-backed media coverage of the Ukraine war across 12 languages. Using topic modeling and narrative analysis, we find that Russian state-backed media focused primarily on promoting identity narratives, forming an image that Russia is powerful, Ukraine is evil, and the West is hypocritical. Russian strategic narratives both converged and diverged across languages and outlets in ways that met Russia’s desired image and objectives in each region. This paper allows us to better theorize the evolving and transformative role of strategic narrative in Russian state-backed news media during times of conflict.
Analyzing Misinformation Claims During the 2022 Brazilian General Election on WhatsApp, Twitter, and Kwai
Authors: Hale Scott A , Belisario Adriano , Mostafa Ahmed Nasser , Camargo Chico 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study analyzes misinformation claims sent to fact-checking organizations on WhatsApp during the 2022 Brazilian general election and compares them with content from Twitter and Kwai (a popular video-sharing application similar to TikTok). Given the democratic importance of accurate information during elections, multiple fact-checking organizations collaborated to collect and respond to misinformation via WhatsApp tiplines and power a fact-checking feature within a chatbot operated by Brazil’s election authority, the Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). We partnered with TSE and three fact-checking organizations and collected social media data to study how misinformation claims propagate across platforms. We observed little overlap between the users of different fact-checking tiplines and a high correlation between the number of users and the amount of unique content, suggesting that WhatsApp tiplines are far from reaching a saturation point. Similarly, we also found little overlap in content across platforms, indicating the need for further research with cross-platform approaches to identify misinformation dynamics.
A Comparison Theorem For The Pro-étale Fundamental Group
Authors: Yu Jiu-Kang , Zhang Lei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Let $X$ be a connected scheme locally of finite type over ${\mathbb{C}}$, and let $X^{\textrm{an}}$ be its associated analytic space. In this paper, we define a comparison map from the topological fundamental group of $X^{\textrm{an}}$ to the pro-étale fundamental group of $X$.
Combined Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reduces Molnupiravir-Induced Mutagenicity and Prevents Selection for Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Resistance Mutations
Authors: Zhou Shuntai , Long Nathan , Rosenke Kyle , Jarvis Michael A , Feldmann Heinz , Swanstrom Ronald 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We investigated the mutation profiles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in samples collected from a molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination therapy in macaques. We found that molnupiravir induced several nirmatrelvir resistance mutations at low abundance that were not further selected in combination therapy. Coadministration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir lowered the magnitude of the mutagenetic effect of molnupiravir.
Severe West Nile Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in a Patient With Thymoma and Anti–Type I Interferon Antibodies
Authors: Barzaghi Federica , Visconti Camilla , Pipitone Giovanni Battista , Bondesan Simone , Molli Giulia , Giannelli Stefania , Sartirana Claudia , Lampasona Vito , Bazzigaluppi Elena , Brigatti Cristina , Gervais Adrian , Bastard Paul , Tassan Din Chiara , Molinari Chiara , Piemonti Lorenzo , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Carrera Paola , Casari Giorgio , Aiuti Alessandro 
Published: July 2024

Main point
Patients with severe West Nile virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections deserve accurate diagnosis of underlying diseases, determining possible anti-interferon autoantibody production, since they must receive antiviral and immunological therapies to enhance antiviral response.
The current study aimed to investigate determinants of severity in a previously healthy patient who experienced 2 life-threatening infections, from West Nile Virus (WNV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). During coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization he was diagnosed with a thymoma, retrospectively identified as already present at the time of WNV infection. Heterozygosity for p.Pro554Ser in the TLR3 gene, which increases susceptibility to severe COVID-19, and homozygosity for CCR5 c.554_585del, associated with severe WNV infection, were found. Neutralizing anti-interferon (IFN)-α and anti-IFN-ω autoantibodies were detected, likely induced by the underlying thymoma and increasing susceptibility to both severe COVID-19 pneumonia and West Nile encephalitis.
Low rates of complications and β-lactam resistance in viridans group streptococci bloodstream infection among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy
Authors: Sheehy Joshua , Scott Ashleigh P , Henden Andrea S , Kennedy Glen , Redmond Andrew M , Stewart Adam G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Viridans group streptococci (VGS) bloodstream infection (BSI) frequently occurs in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and is associated with infective endocarditis (IE) in up to 20% of cases in the general population.

Objectives
In cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with VGS BSI, we aimed to: (i) determine the incidence of infective complications including IE, (ii) assess the utility of echocardiography in this patient population, (iii) determine the duration and type of antimicrobial therapy received for monomicrobial infections, and (iv) determine the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.

Methods
VGS BSIs (excluding Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae) in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were identified from a statewide public pathology database between 2013 and 2022 at our tertiary centre. Medical records were accessed for clinical, microbiological and radiological data.

Results
Of 581 patient episodes screened, 183 episodes involving 171 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 51% were bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients, 40% were non-BMT haematology patients, and 8% were solid organ malignancy patients. The median age was 55 years, and 96% were neutropenic at the time of blood culture collection. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed for 71% of episodes, and one patient met modified Duke’s criteria for definite IE, although this diagnosis was not suspected on clinical grounds. Other complications were uncommon. Benzylpenicillin resistance was rare (2.9%) and did not change over time. Most episodes (75%) were treated with piperacillin/tazobactam. For monomicrobial BSIs, the median antibiotic duration was 5 days (IQR 2–7) post-neutropenia resolution.

Conclusions
Infective complications and antimicrobial resistance are rare in cancer patients with VGS BSI. This may provide a safe opportunity to limit both investigations (e.g. echocardiogram) and prolonged exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
Real-world efficacy of second-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study
Authors: Guo Chuan-Guo , Jiang Fang , Li Yueyue , Chen Yijun , Wu Jialin , Zhang Shutian , Leung Wai K 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, real-world data on the optimal empirical second-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori are still limited.

Objectives
To evaluate the real-world efficacy of various second-line therapies for H. pylori.

Patients and methods
This was a retrospective population-based cohort study of all H. pylori-infected patients who had received the second-line treatment after the failure of primary clarithromycin triple therapy in Hong Kong between 2003 and 2018. The retreatment success rates of different second-line therapies were evaluated.

Results
A total of 7591 patients who received second-line treatment were included. Notably, the most commonly prescribed regimen was still clarithromycin triple therapy, but the frequency of use had decreased from 59.5% in 2003–06 to 28.7% in 2015–18. Concomitant non-bismuth quadruple therapy had emerged as the commonest regimen (from 3.3% to 43.9%). In a validation analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of retreatment-inferred second-line treatment failure were 88.3% and 97.1%, respectively. The overall success rate of second-line therapies was 73.6%. Bismuth quadruple therapy had the highest success rate of 85.6%, while clarithromycin triple therapy had the lowest success rate of 63.5%. Specifically, bismuth/metronidazole/tetracycline quadruple, metronidazole/tetracycline triple, levofloxacin/metronidazole/tetracycline quadruple, rifabutin/amoxicillin triple and amoxicillin/levofloxacin triple therapies had relatively higher success rates over 80%. Age, treatment duration, baseline conditions and first-line treatment used were associated with success rate.

Conclusions
Bismuth quadruple therapy was the most effective second-line regimen for H. pylori in this real-world study. Despite a very low success rate, clarithromycin-containing triple therapies were still commonly used as second-line regimens.
Clinicomicrobiological risk factors for infective endocarditis in viridans group streptococci bacteraemia
Authors: Bae Jiyeon , Park Jae Hyeon , Lee Minkyeong , Jo Hyeon Jae , Lee Chan Mi , Kang Chang Kyung , Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Park Wan Beom , Kim Nam Joong , Kim Inho , Oh Myoung-don 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
When to perform echocardiography to rule out infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with viridans group streptococci (VGS) bloodstream infections (BSIs) is unclear.

Objectives
We aimed to identify independent risk factors for IE in patients with VGS BSI.

Methods
This retrospective study conducted at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2013 to December 2022 involved patients with VGS and nutritionally variant streptococcal BSI, excluding single positive blood cultures and polymicrobial BSI cases. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analyses according to echocardiography results, VGS species or the inclusion of possible IE cases.

Results
Of 845 VGS BSI cases, 349 were analysed and 86 IE cases were identified (24.6%). In the multivariate analysis, heart valve disease [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 14.14, 95% CI, 6.14–32.58; P &lt; 0.001], persistent bacteraemia (aOR, 5.12, 95% CI, 2.03–12.94; P = 0.001), age (per year, aOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96–1.00; P = 0.015), solid cancer (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.13–0.53; P &lt; 0.001) and haematologic malignancy (aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01–0.41; P = 0.006) were independently associated with IE. Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results; also, infection by a member of the mitis group was independent risk factor for IE (aOR, 6.50; 95% CI, 2.87–14.68; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Younger age, heart valve disease, persistent bacteraemia, absence of underlying malignancy and BSI by a member of the mitis group were independent risk factors for IE in patients with VGS BSI. Echocardiographic evaluation could be prudently considered based on these clinicomicrobiological risk factors.
Machine learning classification of new firearm injury encounters in the St Louis region: 2010-2020
Authors: Ancona Rachel M , Cooper Benjamin P , Foraker Randi , Kaser Taylor , Adeoye Opeolu , Mueller Kristen L 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To improve firearm injury encounter classification (new vs follow-up) using machine learning (ML) and compare our ML model to other common approaches.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study used data from the St Louis region-wide hospital-based violence intervention program data repository (2010-2020). We randomly selected 500 patients with a firearm injury diagnosis for inclusion, with 808 total firearm injury encounters split (70/30) for training and testing. We trained a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model with the following predictors: admission type, time between firearm injury visits, number of prior firearm injury emergency department (ED) visits, encounter type (ED or other), and diagnostic codes. Our gold standard for new firearm injury encounter classification was manual chart review. We then used our test data to compare the performance of our ML model to other commonly used approaches (proxy measures of ED visits and time between firearm injury encounters, and diagnostic code encounter type designation [initial vs subsequent or sequela]). Performance metrics included area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The ML model had excellent discrimination (0.92, 0.88-0.96) with high sensitivity (0.95, 0.90-0.98) and specificity (0.89, 0.81-0.95). AUC was significantly higher than time-based outcomes, sensitivity was slightly (but not significantly) lower than other approaches, and specificity was higher than all other methods.

Discussion
ML successfully delineated new firearm injury encounters, outperforming other approaches in ruling out encounters for follow-up.

Conclusion
ML can be used to identify new firearm injury encounters and may be particularly useful in studies assessing re-injuries.
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor serves as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Li Zhoufang , Zhao Qi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR), consisting of ROR1 and ROR2, is a conserved family of receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily that plays crucial roles during embryonic development with limited expression in adult normal tissues. However, it is overexpressed in a range of hematological malignancies and solid tumors and functions in cellular processes including cell survival, polarity, and migration, serving as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the expression and structure of ROR in developmental morphogenesis and its function in cancers associated with Wnt5a signaling and highlights the cancer immunotherapy strategies targeting ROR.
Personalized starting age of gastric cancer screening based on individuals’ risk profiles: a population-based, prospective study
Authors: He Siyi , Zhang Zhiyi , Song Guohui , Wang Zhenhai , Li He , Cao Maomao , Yang Fan , Sun Dianqin , Yan Xinxin , Zhang Shaoli , Teng Yi , Li Qianru , Xia Changfa , Chen Wanqing 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
The current recommended starting age for gastric cancer screening lacks unified guideline and individualized criteria. We aimed to determine the risk-stratified starting age for gastric cancer screening in China based on individuals’ risk profiles and to develop an online calculator for clinical application.

Methods
In this multicenter, population-based, prospective study, we allocated participants enrolled between 2015 and 2017 (N = 59 771, aged 40-69 years) to screened and unscreened groups and observed them for primary endpoints: gastric cancer occurrence as well as all-cause and gastric cancer–specific death. Median follow-up was 6.07 years. To determine the reference starting age, the effectiveness of gastric cancer screening was assessed by age group after propensity score matching. Further, we categorized the calculated individual risk scores (using well-established risk factors) by quantile. Subsequently, we used age-specific, 10-year cumulative risk curves to estimate the risk-stratified starting age—that is, when the individual’s risk level matches the reference starting age risk threshold.

Results
During follow-up, 475 gastric cancer case patients, 182 gastric cancer–related deaths, and 1860 all-cause deaths occurred. All-cause and gastric cancer–specific mortality decreased among screened individuals 45 years of age and older and 50 to 59 years of age, respectively. Thus, the average population (referent) starting age was set as 50 years. The 10-year cumulative risk of gastric cancer in the average population aged 50 years was 1.147%. We stratified the starting age using 8 risk factors and categorized participants as low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk individuals whose risk-stratified starting age was 58, 50, and 46 years, respectively.

Conclusion
Although high-risk individuals warrant starting gastric cancer screening 3 to 5 years earlier than for the average population (aged 50 years), low-risk individuals can tolerate delayed screening. Our online, personalized starting age calculator will help with risk-adapted gastric cancer screening (https://web.consultech.com.cn/gastric/#/).
Serialism in regressive voicing assimilation: The case of heterorganic obstruent clusters in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Alqahtani Mufleh Salem M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper examines serialism (i.e. serial derivations) in regressive voicing assimilation (RVA) within the framework of harmonic serialism in coping with heterorganic obstruent clusters in Modern Hebrew. The study depends primarily on data gathered from literature, including books, articles, and theses. The findings show that RVA in Modern Hebrew operates through two derivational steps in a feeding order (i.e. transparent rule interaction): the first step involves delinking the [voice] feature of the target consonant feeds and spreading the [voice] feature of the trigger consonant. Heterorganic obstruent clusters are created by attaching the hitpa'el prefix /hit-/ to the root initial [z] and require RVA and metathesis. RVA occurs before metathesis in a counterbleeding order, constituting an opaque rule interaction. In other words, this opaque phonological derivation embodies RVA and metathesis where RVA counterbleeds metathesis. This research shows that harmonic serialism, in contrast to parallel optimality theory (P-OT), effectively expresses the generalization about RVA in Modern Hebrew.