bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Ablation Studies of 4D C/SiC Composite Nozzle Under Liquid Propulsion
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Kumar Anil , Mala Ramesh Babu , Mokhasunavisu Raghvendra Rao 
Published: February 2015

4D C/SiC composite nozzle was fabricated using LSI and characterized for mechanical, thermal, and ablation properties. Average flexural and compressive strengths in the Z‐direction were found to be 119 and 110 MPa, while in the U‐, V‐ and W‐directions, they were 99 and 55MPa, respectively. Coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be varied in the range 0–1.5 × 10−6/°C (25–1050°C), while thermal diffusivity was 40–5 mm2/s (25–1200°C). Ablation behavior of the nozzle was evaluated under UH25/N2O4 propulsion system for 30 s. The overall mass erosion rate and the linear ablation rate were found to be 0.119 kg/m2s and 0.05 mm/s, respectively.
Commentary: ‘Diseases of the world’: from epidemiology to etiology of child and adolescent psychopathology – a commentary on Polanczyk et al. (2015)
Authors: Jane Costello E. 
Published: February 2015

If you are an epidemiologist, professionally interested in patterns of the distribution of disease in time and space, the first question you will be asked is ‘how many?’ What is the ‘prevalence rate’ of ADHD? How many children have autism? The second question will be ‘are there more nowadays?’ Is there an epidemic of childhood depression? Is the rate of conduct disorder increasing? This seems to be the main use that clinicians and clinical researchers make of epidemiology. So epidemiology is seen as important for some purposes but, somehow, not scientifically relevant to the real job of treatment. According to this view, epidemiology's value lies in telling us how bad a problem is (the ‘burden of disease’), how many affected people are getting treatment, and what the likely costs are. All useful stuff, but not getting us any nearer to the holy grail of understanding causes and cures of the ‘diseases of the world’. In their ‘meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents’, Polanczyk and colleagues (Polanczyk et al., 2015, this issue) demonstrate just how partial and mistaken this view of epidemiology is. Polanczyk et al. have indeed provided a most valuable and thorough review of the descriptive issues that bureaucrats obsess about. But in the process they have illuminated several areas that are of real importance for the etiologic questions that scientists need to have answered if we are to make breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of child and adolescent psychopathology.
Xerosis is associated with asthma in men independent of atopic dermatitis and filaggrin gene mutations
Authors: Engebretsen K.A. , Linneberg A. , Thuesen B.H. , Szecsi P.B. , Stender S. , Menné T. , Johansen J.D. , Thyssen J.P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundEpidermal filaggrin deficiency due to common filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations causes xerosis and strongly increases the risk of atopic dermatitis and even asthma. However, it is unknown whether xerosis independent of FLG mutations could also increase the risk of asthma.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether generalized xerosis was associated with asthma, independent of atopic dermatitis and common FLG mutations in a cross‐sectional study on adult Danes.MethodsA total of 3396 adults from the general population participated in a health examination. Lung function and serum‐specific IgE levels to inhalant allergens were measured and information on xerosis and atopic diseases was obtained by means of a questionnaire. Participants were genotypes for the three most common FLG mutations in Northern Europeans: R501X, 2282del4 and R2447X.ResultsFully adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that asthma (either current or at some point in life) was significantly associated with reporting generalized xerosis (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.02–1.72). The association was stronger in men (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.13–2.84) when compared to women (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.86–1.62). Furthermore, a significant association was observed between xerosis and ‘allergic asthma’ in men (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.08–4.19).ConclusionOur findings indicate an association between xerosis and asthma in men independent of atopic dermatitis and FLG mutations. Both facilitated allergen sensitization and secondary degradation of filaggrin following T‐helper cell 2 inflammation might be key elements to understanding this relationship.
Property loss compensation mechanism of flood risk in China
Authors: Ge Y. , Li X. , Li B. , Xing H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNatural disasters cause disastrous losses of life and property in China. The most serious losses come from floods which represent more than 1% of the notional gross domestic product. Currently, there is no effective compensation mechanism to counteract the impact of floods. The existing mechanism mainly relies on guidance from the national government with cooperation from local governments. The value of compensation from government is less than 10% of the value of lost property. Worldwide, the two main mechanisms to compensate for losses caused by flood are government allocations and commercial markets, and insurance is the most popular commercial instrument to deal with flood losses. In this paper, we explore whether China could adopt a commercial approach to compensation. Three provinces are used as an example to demonstrate that China could rely on commercial mechanisms to compensate for flood losses.
Melatonin‐mediated Bim up‐regulation and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) down‐regulation enhances tunicamycin‐induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells
Authors: Woo Seon Min , Min Kyoung‐jin , Kwon Taeg Kyu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMelatonin is involved in many physiological functions, and it has differential effects on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. However, the mechanism of its antitumor roles is not well understood. In this study, we show that melatonin enhances tunicamycin‐induced apoptosis in human breast carcinoma MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Melatonin up‐regulates pro‐apoptotic protein Bim expression at the transcriptional levels in the presence of tunicamycin. Melatonin inhibits tunicamycin‐induced COX‐2 expression in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of COX‐2 activity using the COX‐2 inhibitor, NS398, increases tunicamycin‐induced apoptosis. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with melatonin receptor signal pathways. Pertussis toxin (a general Gi protein inhibitor) or luzindole (a nonspecific melatonin receptor antagonist) did not reverse the effect of melatonin. In addition, melatonin blocked tunicamycin‐induced NF‐κB transcriptional activity, p65 nuclear translocation, and p38 MAPK activation. Melatonin‐mediated p38 MAPK inhibition contributed to decreased COX‐2 mRNA stability. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin enhances antitumor function through up‐regulation of Bim expression and down‐regulation of COX‐2 expression in tunicamycin‐treated MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
The effect of orally administered probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri‐containing tablets in peri‐implant mucositis: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Flichy‐Fernández A. J. , Ata‐Ali J. , Alegre‐Domingo T. , Candel‐Martí E. , Ata‐Ali F. , Palacio J. R. , Peñarrocha‐Diago M. 
Published: February 2015

Background and ObjectivesProbiotics create a biofilm and protect the oral tissues against the action of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the oral probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis upon the peri‐implant health of edentulous patients with dental implants and peri‐implant mucositis, establishing comparisons vs implants without peri‐implant disease.Material and MethodsA double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, prospective cross‐over study was made. The patients were all edentulous and were divided into two groups, (A) no peri‐implant disease, and (B) peri‐implant mucositis affecting one or more implants. Patients with peri‐implantitis were excluded. The dosage was one tablet every 24 h over 30 d. All patients in both groups initially received the oral probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis, followed by placebo. Patients started with probiotic treatment during 30 d, followed by a 6 mo washout period and the administration of placebo for the same period. The following parameters were studied: crevicular fluid volume, modified plaque index, probing depth, modified gingival index, and concentrations of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8.ResultsA total of 77 implants were evaluated in 34 patients. Group A involved 22 patients with 54 implants without peri‐implant alterations, and group B, 12 patients with mucositis affecting one or more implants (23 implants). After treatment with the probiotic, both the patients with mucositis and the patients without peri‐implant disease showed improvements in the clinical parameters, with reductions in cytokine levels. In contrast, no such changes were observed with placebo.ConclusionsAfter treatment with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri in patients with implants presenting mucositis, the clinical parameters improved, and the cytokine levels decreased – in contraposition to the observations in the placebo group. Probiotic administration may be regarded as a good alternative for both the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis and its prevention, as it also improved clinical parameters in the healthy individuals. Further studies involving larger patient series are needed regarding the effects of probiotics upon peri‐implant health.
Warfarin Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Rural and Urban Settings
Authors: Avgil Tsadok Meytal , Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Essebag Vidal , Eisenberg Mark J. , Rahme Elham , Pilote Louise 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundWarfarin is an effective agent in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it requires close monitoring with regular visits to health care facilities. To date, it is unknown whether there is a difference in warfarin utilization and outcomes between urban and rural settings.MethodsWe used administrative databases to compare warfarin utilization patterns and stroke and major bleeding outcomes in rural and urban settings in a population‐based cohort study of patients ≥ 65 years admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of AF in the province of Quebec, Canada, from 1999 to 2007. Patients’ postal codes were used to differentiate between rural and urban settings.ResultsThe cohort comprised 18,198 rural (21.8%) and 65,315 urban (78.2%) patients, with similar mean age of 79 years and a similar burden of comorbidities. Overall, there was marked underutilization of warfarin in both rural and urban settings. Warfarin‐filled prescription rates were slightly higher in the rural setting (adjusted OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12‐1.20). In multivariable Cox regression analyses, the risk for stroke and major bleeding in rural settings was similar to that in urban settings (stroke: adjusted HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.95‐1.09; major bleeding: adjusted HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.95‐1.12).ConclusionsPatients in rural settings were slightly more likely to fill a prescription for warfarin, but they experienced similar stroke and major bleeding rates to their urban counterparts.
Shell‐shape and morphometric variability in Mytilus galloprovincialis from micro‐tidal environments: responses to different hydrodynamic drivers
Authors: Moschino Vanessa , Bressan Monica , Cavaleri Luigi , Da Ros Luisa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTidal conditions differently influence inter‐tidal organisms in terms of general physiological and metabolic responses. In this study we investigated the morphological response in shells of Mytilus galloprovincialis native to different micro‐tidal coastal environments in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Our purpose was to highlight the ecophenotypic variability across tidal levels and to elucidate how tidal currents and waves produced by anthropogenic activities may play a part in modulating shell morphology. Three sampling sites were selected: an open‐sea area 15 km off‐shore and two sites within the lagoon of Venice, the first near one of its three inlets, and the other one in the proximity of Venice city centre. At each sampling site, organisms were seasonally collected at different depths within their vertical zonation, either in the inter‐tidal zone – i.e. at both the highest and lowest tide zonation limits, and subtidally. The mussel shells were analysed by investigation of their morphometric relationships (height/length and width/length ratios) and by elliptic Fourier analysis of the shell contours. Shell thickness and condition index were also evaluated for a better comprehension of energy allocation/partitioning. Estimates based on long‐term measurements, visual observation, wind statistics and wave growth laws allowed an evaluation of the forces acting on shells. At the open‐sea site, the observed phenotypic variability of both shell shape and thickness was clearly related to the tidal vertical zonation. At the two lagoon sites, the currents generated by tidal flow through the inlet and the waves caused by the frequent passage of boats influenced both shell shape and thickness. A trade‐off between protection and growth was apparent along the tide gradient, as emphasized by the differences in the partitioning and allocation of energy between shell and flesh production.
Estimating the temporal and spatial extent of gene flow among sympatric lizard populations (genusSceloporus) in the southern Mexican highlands
Authors: Grummer Jared A. , Calderón‐Espinosa Martha L. , Nieto‐Montes de Oca Adrián , Smith Eric N. , Méndez‐de la Cruz Fausto R. , Leaché Adam D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInterspecific gene flow is pervasive throughout the tree of life. Although detecting gene flow between populations has been facilitated by new analytical approaches, determining the timing and geography of hybridization has remained difficult, particularly for historical gene flow. A geographically explicit phylogenetic approach is needed to determine the overlap of ancestral populations. In this study, we performed population genetic analyses, species delimitation, simulations and a recently developed approach of species tree diffusion to infer the phylogeographic history, timing and geographic extent of gene flow in lizards of theSceloporus spinosusgroup. The two species in this group,S. spinosusandS. horridus, are distributed in eastern and western portions of Mexico, respectively, but populations of these species are sympatric in the southern Mexican highlands. We generated data consisting of three mitochondrial genes and eight nuclear loci for 148 and 68 individuals, respectively. We delimited six lineages in this group, but found strong evidence of mito‐nuclear discordance in sympatric populations ofS. spinosusandS. horridusowing to mitochondrial introgression. We used coalescent simulations to differentiate ancestral gene flow from secondary contact, but found mixed support for these two models. Bayesian phylogeography indicated more than 60% range overlap between ancestralS. spinosusandS. horriduspopulations since the time of their divergence. Isolation–migration analyses, however, revealed near‐zero levels of gene flow between these ancestral populations. Interpreting results from both simulations and empirical data indicate that despite a long history of sympatry among these two species, gene flow in this group has only recently occurred.
Fusarium falciforme infection in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: Unique long‐term course of epidural abscess
Authors: Okura Yuka , Kawamura Nobuaki , Okano Motohiko , Toita Nariaki , Takezaki Shunichiro , Yamada Masafumi , Kobayashi Ichiro , Ariga Tadashi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent life‐threatening bacterial and fungal infections with granuloma formation. Species of the genus Fusarium are opportunistic environmental microorganisms that are rarely pathogenic in humans. We report here the first case of X‐linked CGD complicated with epidural abscess caused by Fusarium falciforme infection. The abscesses extended along the dura mater for >7 years and finally resulted in fatal meningitis and cervical myelitis. Early intervention with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be considered, especially in patients with severe CGD, before the development of serious infectious complication.
Intestinal neuronal dysplasia‐like histopathology in infancy
Authors: Hirayama Yutaka , Iinuma Yasushi , Numano Fujito , Masui Daisuke , Iida Hisataka , Komatsuzaki Naoko , Nagayama Yosihisa , Naito Shinichi , Nitta Koju 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe present patient was delivered at a gestational age of 27 weeks. She had abdominal bloating with symptoms of respiratory distress. We suspected Hirschsprung disease (HD) or small intestinal stricture, but examinations were not definitive. Exploratory laparotomy was performed at 97 days of age. Intraoperative findings showed no evidence of small intestinal stricture or changes in intestinal caliber. A transanal drainage tube was inserted, and decompression therapy and intestinal lavage were started. Rectal mucosal biopsy was performed at 184 days of age, and HE and acetylcholinesterase staining showed intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND)‐like pathological findings. At 15 months, giant ganglia were no longer present on follow‐up rectal mucosal biopsy, and the pathological diagnosis was normoganglionosis. It should be recognized that while the enteric nervous system is developing, IND‐like pathological findings may be seen as a pathological condition during the maturation process.
Rotavirus‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for familial HLH
Authors: Park Meerim , Yun Yeong Ju , Woo Sung Il , Lee Jae Wook , Chung Nack‐Gyun , Cho Bin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life‐threatening disorder of immune regulation. HLH consists of two forms: familial and acquired, the latter which occurs in association with infection, malignancy, rheumatic disease and acquired immune deficiency. Herein, we report a case of acquired HLH in a child who had received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for familial HLH with UNC13D mutation. Based on microbiology, only rotavirus was identified as a possible organism triggering HLH. The patient's fulminant clinical course included acute respiratory failure, a sepsis‐like pattern, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and rhabdomyolysis, leading to multiorgan failure and death from septic shock.
Disagreements: Anscombe, Geach, Wittgenstein
Authors: Diamond Cora 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMy essay explains and examines Anscombe's disagreement with Wittgenstein about what the Tractatus supposedly excludes. I also discuss her apparent disagreement with Geach about propositions that lack an intelligible negation. My discussion of these disagreements leads to the topic of Anscombe on the relation between the “business of thinking” and truth. I suggest that she takes the business of thinking to include thinking that helps to keep thinking on track. Since there is a tie between thinking truly and the business of thinking being done well and since helping to keep thinking on track belongs to the business of thinking, helpings‐of‐thinking can (if done well) be described as true.
Task complexity modulates pilot electroencephalographic activity during real flights
Authors: Di Stasi Leandro L. , Diaz‐Piedra Carolina , Suárez Juan , McCamy Michael B. , Martinez‐Conde Susana , Roca‐Dorda Joaquín , Catena Andrés 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMost research connecting task performance and neural activity to date has been conducted in laboratory conditions. Thus, field studies remain scarce, especially in extreme conditions such as during real flights. Here, we investigated the effects of flight procedures of varied complexity on the in‐flight EEG activity of military helicopter pilots. Flight procedural complexity modulated the EEG power spectrum: highly demanding procedures (i.e., takeoff and landing) were associated with higher EEG power in the higher frequency bands, whereas less demanding procedures (i.e., flight exercises) were associated with lower EEG power over the same frequency bands. These results suggest that EEG recordings may help to evaluate an operator's cognitive performance in challenging real‐life scenarios, and thus could aid in the prevention of catastrophic events.
Comparison of Veterinary Student Ability to Learn 1‐Handed and 2‐Handed Techniques for Surgical Knot Tying
Authors: Thomas Angharad C.J. , Hayes Graham M. , Demetriou Jackie L. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo determine which type of surgical hand‐tie trainee surgeons learn most readily in a laboratory setting, using a combination of audiovisual demonstration and one‐on‐one teaching.Study DesignRandomized controlled learning trial.Sample PopulationYear 4 veterinary students in their 1st year of clinical training (n = 58).MethodsVeterinary students entering clinical rotations were randomly allocated to 2 learning groups: 1‐handed (28 students) or 2‐handed (30 students) surgical ties. Knot tying technique was taught followed by three 15‐minute practice sessions with student progress recorded by filming each student tying a square knot (2 throws). All 3 knot tying attempts were scored for technique and knot formation. Data on potential confounding factors between groups, including age and gender, were recorded.ResultsThere were no significant differences between group scores for each attempt (1st attempt P = .5; 2nd P = .2; 3rd P = .19). Initially, scores indicated more rapid learning in the 1‐handed group but fewer individuals achieved a perfect technique and knot after 60 minutes of learning (29/30 for 2‐handed; 24/28 for 1‐handed group). The 1‐handed group was the most error‐prone (after 45 minutes P < .01; after 60 min P < .01).ConclusionsOver 95% of students in the 2‐handed group performed the technique and knot perfectly after 60 minutes learning time; were significantly less error‐prone and fewer students continued to make corrected errors after 60 minutes. This evidence indicates that the 2‐handed technique allows students to achieve success in a manageable teaching time.
Three-Dimensional Flow in a Highly Loaded Single-Stage Transonic Fan
Authors: Bryce J. D. , Cherrett M. A. , Lyes P. A. 
Published: February 2015

Tests have been conducted at DRA Pyestock on a single-stage transonic fan which has a very high level of aerodynamic loading at the hub. The objective of the tests was to survey the flow field in detail, with emphasis on studying the 3D viscous aspects of the flow. The test module was highly instrumented. Detailed flow traversing was provided at rotor and stator exit, and replaceable stator cassettes allowed various types of on-blade instrumentation to be fitted.
The test rig and instrumentation are described and detailed flow measurements, taken at peak efficiency operation on the design speed characteristic, are presented. These measurements, which are supplemented by flow visualisation results, indicate the presence of a severe endwall corner stall in the stator hub flow field. The fan was modelled using the DRA S1-S2 method and these results are also discussed.