bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural location, composition, and geodynamic nature of diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Kokchetav subduction–collision zone of the Central Asian Fold Belt (northern Kazakhstan)
Authors: Buslov M.M. , Dobretsov N.L. , Vovna G.M. , Kiselev V.I. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We present data on different aspects of geology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Kumdy-Kol terrane, which show the similarity of their protolith to the sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav microcontinent. The structural location of the studied objects in the accretion–collision zone evidences that the subduction of the Kokchetav microcontinent beneath the Vendian–Cambrian Ishim–Selety island arc is the main mechanism of transport of graphite-bearing terrigenous-carbonate rocks to zones of their transformation into diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks. The sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav microcontinent, which are enriched in graphite and iron sulfides and carbonates, contain all components necessary for diamond crystallization in deep-seated subduction zone. This is in agreement with the experimental data and the compositions of fluid-melt inclusions in the minerals of diamond-bearing rocks.
Carbonate, silicate, and sulfide melts: heterogeneity of the UHP mineral-forming media in calc-silicate rocks from the Kokchetav massif
Authors: Mikhno A.O. , Korsakov A.V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We present data on carbonatite, silicate, and sulfide melts and their immiscibility at different stages of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of rocks of the Kokchetav Massif (northern Kazakhstan). The identified silicate, silicate–carbonate, and sulfide inclusions are regarded as crystallization products of high-pressure melts. The detected reactionary garnet-K-feldspar-allanite-calcite symplectite structures as inclusions in garnet and as identical structures around it evidence that they resulted from carbonatite melt crystallization. Carbonate melting was probably triggered by the present free fluid phase (mostly H2O) and/or a high content of alkalies in the system. The coexistence of carbonate and silicate inclusions testifies to the immiscibility of carbonatite and silicate melts. The presence of K-cymrite in the polyphase inclusions indicates that the minimum pressure of silicate melt intake is ~ 4.5 GPa. The maximum pressure of this intake is 6–7 GPa at 1000–1100 °C and corresponds to the peak of metamorphism of the Kokchetav Massif rocks. Most likely, the field of immiscibility of carbonatite and silicate melts lies within 4.5–7 GPa and 950–1100 °C. The carbonatite melt can dissolve up to 18 wt.% SiO2, and the silicate melt, up to 4.5 vol.% CaCO3.
The crystal structure of girvasite, NaCa2Mg3(PO4)3(CO3)(H2O)6, a complex phosphate-carbonate hydrate based upon electroneutral heteropolyhedral layers
Authors: Krivovichev S.V. , Chernyatieva A.P. , Britvin S.N. , Yakovenchuk V.N. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The crystal structure of girvasite, NaCa2Mg3(PO4)3(CO3)(H2O)6, has been refined using X-ray diffraction data collected at 173 K, which allowed us to revise its crystal chemical formula. The mineral is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 6.4784(2), b = 12.2313(3), c = 21.3494(6) Å, β = 89.624(2)°, V = 1691.67(8) Å3 (at 173 K), Z = 4, R1 = 0.037 for 6471 unique observed reflections. The crystal structure of girvasite contains three Mg, two Ca, and one Na sites. The Mg atoms are octahedrally coordinated by O atoms and H2O molecules. The Ca sites are coordinated by eight anions each, whereas the Na site has a coordination number equal to seven. The crystal structure is based upon heteropolyhedral sheets formed by polymerization of Mg octahedra, PO4 tetrahedra, and CO3 groups. The sheets consist of fundamental building units (FBUs) formed by two Mg octahedra that share edges to form dimers decorated by three PO4 tetrahedra and linked to a unit consisting of a MgO6 octahedron sharing an edge with a carbonate triangle. The FBUs polymerize to form chains running parallel to the a axis. The chains are further polymerized to compose heteropolyhedral sheets stuffed by Ca2+ and Na+ cations and H2O groups to form electroneutral layers parallel to (001). The adjacent layers are connected to each other via a complex system of hydrogen bonds. An interesting feature of the structure is a bidentate coordination of Mg2 atom by a CO3 group. The O14-Mg2-O16 angle is shortened from 90° (expected for a regular octahedron) to 60.46°, whereas the O14-C-O16 angle is shortened from 120° to 115.92°. Girvasite is the most structurally complex mineral among natural phosphate carbonates known to date. Its high structural complexity reflects its chemical complexity and high hydration state, which are the result of the specific geochemical and thermodynamic conditions of its formation (low-temperature and low-pressure interactions of phosphate-bearing solutions with primary dolomite carbonatites).
Alternatives to Traditional EMS Dispatch and Transport: A Scoping Review of Reported Outcomes
Authors: Jensen Jan L. , Carter Alix J.E. , Rose Jennifer , Visintini Sarah , Bourdon Emmanuelle , Brown Ryan , McVey Jennifer , Travers Andrew H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesEmergency medical services (EMS) programs, which provide an alternative to traditional EMS dispatch or transport to the emergency department (ED), are becoming widely implemented. This scoping review identified and catalogued all outcomes used to measure such alternative EMS programs.Data SourceBroad systematized bibliographic and grey literature searches were conducted.Study SelectionInclusion criteria were 911 callers/EMS patients, reported on alternatives to traditional EMS dispatch OR traditional EMS transport to the ED, and reported an outcome measure.Data ExtractionThe reports were categorized as either alternative to dispatch or to EMS transport, and outcome measures were categorized and described.Data SynthesisThe bibliographic search retrieved 13,215 records, of which 34 articles met the inclusion criteria, with an additional 10 added from reference list hand-searching (n=44 included). In the grey literature search, 31 websites were identified, from which four met criteria and were retrieved (n=4 included). Fifteen reports (16 studies) described alternatives to EMS dispatch, and 33 reports described alternatives to EMS transport. The most common outcomes reported in the alternatives to EMS dispatch reports were service utilization and decision accuracy. Twenty-four different specific outcomes were reported. The most common outcomes reported in the alternatives to EMS transport reports were service utilization and safety, and 50 different specific outcomes were reported.ConclusionsNumerous outcome measures were identified in reports of alternative EMS programs, which were catalogued and described. Researchers and program leaders should achieve consensus on uniform outcome measures, to allow benchmarking and improve comparison across programs.
Isolated transient aphasia at emergency presentation is associated with a high rate of cardioembolic embolism
Authors: Wasserman Jason K. , Perry Jeffrey J. , Dowlatshahi Dar , Stotts Grant , Sivilotti Marco L. A. , Worster Andrew , Emond Marcel , Sutherland Jane , Stiell Ian G. , Sharma Mukul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveA cardiac source is often implicated in strokes where the deficit includes aphasia. However, less is known about the etiology of isolated aphasia during transient ischemic attack (TIA). Our objective was to determine whether patients with isolated aphasia are likely to have a cardioembolic etiology for their TIA.MethodsWe prospectively studied a cohort of TIA patients in eight tertiary-care emergency departments. Patients with isolated aphasia were identified by the treating physician at the time of emergency department presentation. Patients with dysarthria (i.e., a phonation disturbance) were not included. Potential cardiac sources for embolism were defined as atrial fibrillation on history, electrocardiogram, Holter monitor, atrial fibrillation on echocardiography, or thrombus on echocardiography.ResultsOf the 2,360 TIA patients identified, 1,155 had neurological deficits at the time of the emergency physician assessment and were included in this analysis, and 41 had isolated aphasia as their only neurological deficit. Patients with isolated aphasia were older (73.9±10.0 v. 67.2±14.5 years; p=0.003), more likely to have a history of heart failure (9.8% v. 2.6%; p=0.027), and were twice as likely to have any cardiac source of embolism (22.0% v. 10.6%; p=0.037).ConclusionsIsolated aphasia is associated with a high rate of cardioembolic sources of embolism after TIA. Emergency patients with isolated aphasia diagnosed with a TIA warrant a rapid and thorough assessment for a cardioembolic source.
A REFINED WARING PROBLEM FOR FINITE SIMPLE GROUPS
Authors: LARSEN MICHAEL , TIEP PHAM HUU 
Published: March 2015

Let$w_{1}$and$w_{2}$be nontrivial words in free groups$F_{n_{1}}$and$F_{n_{2}}$, respectively. We prove that, for all sufficiently large finite nonabelian simple groups$G$, there exist subsets$C_{1}\subseteq w_{1}(G)$and$C_{2}\subseteq w_{2}(G)$such that$|C_{i}|=O(|G|^{1/2}\log ^{1/2}|G|)$and$C_{1}C_{2}=G$. In particular, if$w$is any nontrivial word and$G$is a sufficiently large finite nonabelian simple group, then$w(G)$contains a thin base of order$2$. This is a nonabelian analog of a result of Van Vu [‘On a refinement of Waring’s problem’, Duke Math. J. 105(1) (2000), 107–134.] for the classical Waring problem. Further results concerning thin bases of$G$of order$2$are established for any finite group and for any compact Lie group$G$.
Denominator Doesn’t Matter: Standardizing Healthcare-Associated Infection Rates by Bed Days or Device Days
Authors: Horstman Molly J. , Li Yu-Fang , Almenoff Peter L. , Freyberg Ron W. , Trautner Barbara W. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVETo examine the impact on infection rates and hospital rank for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using device days and bed days as the denominatorDESIGNRetrospective survey from October 2010 to July 2013SETTINGVeterans Health Administration medical centers providing acute medical and surgical carePATIENTSPatients admitted to 120 Veterans Health Administration medical centers reporting healthcare-associated infectionsMETHODSWe examined the importance of using device days and bed days as the denominator between infection rates and hospital rank for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP for each medical center. The relationship between device days and bed days as the denominator was assessed using a Pearson correlation, and changes in infection rates and device utilization were evaluated by an analysis of variance.RESULTSA total of 7.9 million bed days were included. From 2011 to 2013, CAUTI decreased whether measured by device days (2.32 to 1.64, P=.001) or bed days (4.21 to 3.02, P=.006). CLABSI decreased when measured by bed days (1.67 to 1.19, P=.04). VAP rates and device utilization ratios for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP were not statistically different across time. Infection rates calculated with device days were strongly correlated with infection rates calculated with bed days (r=0.79–0.94, P<.001). Hospital relative performance measured by ordered rank was also strongly correlated for both denominators (r=0.82–0.96, P<.001).CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that device days and bed days are equally effective adjustment metrics for comparing healthcare-associated infection rates between hospitals in the setting of stable device utilization.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Attenuated acute salivary α-amylase responses to gustatory stimulation with citric acid in thin children
Authors: Chen Long Hui , Yang Ze Min , Chen Wei Wen , Lin Jing , Zhang Min , Yang Xiao Rong , Zhao Ling Bo 
Published: March 2015

Salivary α-amylase (sAA) is responsible for the ‘pre-digestion’ of starch in the oral cavity and accounts for up to 50 % of salivary protein in human saliva. An accumulating body of literature suggests that sAA is of nutritional importance; however, it is still not clear how sAA is related to individual's nutritional status. Although copy number variations (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) are associated with variation in sAA levels, a significant amount of sAA variation is not explained by AMY1 CNV. To measure sAA responses to gustatory stimulation with citric acid, we used sAA ratio (the ratio of stimulated sAA levels to those of resting sAA) and investigated acute sAA responses to citric acid in children with normal (Normal-BMI, n 22) and low (Low-BMI, n 21) BMI. The AMY1 gene copy number was determined by quantitative PCR. We, for the first time, demonstrated attenuated acute sAA responses (decreased sAA ratio) to gustatory stimulation in Low-BMI (thinness grade 3) children compared with the Normal-BMI children, which suggest that sAA responses to gustatory stimulation may be of nutritional importance. However, child's nutritional status was not directly related to their resting or stimulated sAA levels, and it was not associated with AMY1 gene copy number. Finally, AMY1 CNV might influence, but did not eventually determine, sAA levels in children.
Miracle Cures for a Suffering Nation: Sai Baba of Shirdi
Authors: Hardiman David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSai Baba of Shirdi, who died in 1918, was raised as a Muslim but is today revered as a Hindu saint. One of his most important perceived qualities was his ability to provide miraculous cures for his devotees, and this has continued after his death. I argue here that the emphasis in the Hindu tradition on saintly figures healing the sick is a relatively modern phenomenon. Earlier, though such figures were renowned for their miracles, healing played a very minor part in this. Their miracles were generally designed to worst religious rivals and to enable them to speak truth to power. In the modern era, however, such saintly figures can gain a reputation through healing in a way that is presented as beyond the comprehension of modern medical science. Such people are seen to provide living evidence of the superiority of Indian civilization and its religious beliefs. This move became entangled with nationalist sentiments, so that getting the better of the “English” doctor became a means to reveal the limited scope of Western science and culture. Although this appears to suggest that many Indians have rejected the biopolitics associated with Western modernity (as defined by Foucault), I argue that certain elements of such biopolitics are central to this process, and illustrate this through a study of Sai Baba, a village holy man taken up by the Indian middle classes and made into a pan-Indian figure, with a now global presence.
Viral gene therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Hughes J P , Alusi G , Wang Y 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground:Viral gene therapy is a promising new treatment modality for head and neck cancer. This paper provides the reader with a review of the relevant literature in this field.Results:There are government licensed viral gene therapy products currently in use for head and neck cancer, utilised in conjunction with established treatment modalities. The viruses target tumour-associated genes, with the first licensed virus replacing p53 gene function, which is frequently lost in tumourigenesis. Oncolytic viruses selectively destroy cancer cells through viral replication and can be armed with therapeutic transgenes.Conclusion:Despite considerable advances in this field over the last 40 years, further research is needed to improve the overall efficacy of the viruses and allow their widespread utilisation in the management of head and neck cancer.
The God of the groups
Authors: MCINTOSH CHAD A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractI argue that Social Trinitarians can and should conceive of God as agroup person. Theycanby drawing on recent theories of group agency realism that show how groups can be not just agents but persons distinct from their members – albeit, I argue, persons of a different kind. Theyshouldbecause the resultant novel view of the Trinity – that God is three ‘intrinsicist’ persons in one ‘functional’ person – is theologically sound, effectively counters the most trenchant criticisms of Social Trinitarianism, and enjoys independent theological support from the biblical notion of ‘corporate personality’.
Declaration of a State of Emergency in Trinidad and Tobago: Effect on the Trauma Admissions at the National Referral Trauma Centre
Authors: Ramdass Michael J. , Cawich Shamir O. , Pooran Suresh , Milne David , Ali Earnest , Naraynsingh Vijay 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of a State of Emergency (SOE) on penetrating injuries at the main trauma center in Trinidad and Tobago.MethodsEmergency room registers were accessed in order to identify all patients treated for penetrating injuries from July 1, 2010 through December 30, 2012. This study period was chosen to include injuries one year before and one year after the SOE that spanned from August 21, 2011 to December 5, 2011. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and a P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThere were 1,067 patients treated for penetrating injuries. There were significantly more injuries from gunshots compared to stab wounds (64.7% vs 35.3%; P<.001), and this pattern was maintained during the SOE (54.7% vs 45.3%; P=.37). There was a significant fall in mean monthly admissions for penetrating trauma during the SOE when compared to the 12-month period before its imposition (17.7, SD=4.0 vs 38.9, SD=12.3; CI, 5.6-36.8; P=.0108). One year later, mean monthly admissions for penetrating trauma were similar to those during the SOE (22.7, SD=2.1 vs 17.6, SD=4.0; CI, -2.3-12.3; P=.1295). The incidence of gunshot wounds remained low and stab wounds increased.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that there was a reduction in the incidence of penetrating trauma at the national trauma center after the SOE, with a shift from gunshot to stab wounds.RamdassMJ, CawichSO, PooranS, MilneD, AliE, NaraynsinghV.Declaration of a state of emergency in Trinidad and Tobago: effect on the trauma admissions at the National Referral Trauma Centre. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):14.
CUT FOR CLASSICAL CORE LOGIC
Authors: TENNANT NEIL 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn an earlier paper in this journal I provided detailed motivation for the constructive and relevant system of Core Logic; explained its main features; and established that, even though Cut is not a rule of the system, nevertheless Cut is admissible for it, and indeed with potential epistemic gain. If Π is a proof of the sequent Δ : A, and Σ is a proof of the sequent Г, A : θ, then there is a computable reduct [Π, Σ] of some subsequent of the ‘overall target sequent’ Δ, Г : θ. In the constructive case the potential epistemic gain consists in the possibility that the subsequent in question be a proper subsequent of Δ, Г : θ, and indeed even logically stronger than Δ, Г : θ.In this paper it is established that Cut is likewise admissible for Classical Core Logic, which is obtained from Core Logic by adding a suitably relevantized form of the rule of Classical Dilemma. In the classical case there is an additional feature of potential epistemic gain: the proof [Π, Σ] might have a lower degree of non-constructivity than do Π and Σ.
Designed angiopoietin-1 variant, COMP-angiopoietin-1, rescues erectile function through healthy cavernous angiogenesis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse
Authors: Ryu Ji-Kan , Kim Woo Jean , Koh Young Jun , Piao Shuguang , Jin Hai-Rong , Lee Sae-Won , Choi Min Ji , Shin Hwa-Yean , Kwon Mi-Hye , Jung Keehoon , Koh Gou Young , Suh Jun-Kyu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDespite the advent of oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, curative treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) remains unavailable. Recently, the link between ED and cardiovascular disease was unveiled and the main etiology of ED was found to be vasculogenic. Therefore, neovascularization is a promising strategy for curing ED. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an angiogenic growth factor that promotes the generation of stable and functional vasculature. Here, we demonstrate that local delivery of the soluble, stable and potent Ang1 variant, COMP-Ang1 gene or protein, into the penises of hypercholesterolemic mice increases cavernous angiogenesis, eNOS phosphorylation and cGMP expression, resulting in full recovery of erectile function and cavernous blood flow up to 8 weeks after treatment. COMP-Ang1-induced promotion of cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function was abolished inNos3-/-mice and in the presence of the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME. COMP-Ang1 also restored the integrity of endothelial cell-cell junction by down-regulating the expression of histone deacetylase 2 in the penis of hypercholesterolemic mice and in primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells. These findings constitute a new paradigm toward curative treatment of both cavernous angiopathy and ED.
Anatomy of vertical heteroepitaxial interfaces reveals the memristive mechanism in Nb2O5-NaNbO3 thin films
Authors: Li Linglong , Lu Lu , Wang Zhiguang , Li Yanxi , Yao Yonggang , Zhang Dawei , Yang Guang , Yao Jianjun , Viehland Dwight , Yang Yaodong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDynamic oxygen vacancies play a significant role in memristive switching materials and memristors can be realized via well controlled doping. Based on this idea we deposite Nb2O5-NaNbO3 nanocomposite thin films on SrRuO3-buffered LaAlO3 substrates. Through the spontaneous phase separation and self-assembly growth, two phases form clear vertical heteroepitaxial nanostructures. The interfaces between niobium oxide and sodium niobate full of ion vacancies form the conductive channels. Alternative I-V behavior attributed to dynamic ion migration reveals the memristive switching mechanism under the external bias. We believe that this phenomenon has a great potential in future device applications.
Security of quantum digital signatures for classical messages
Authors: Wang Tian-Yin , Cai Xiao-Qiu , Ren Yan-Li , Zhang Rui-Ling 
Published: March 2015

AbstractQuantum digital signatures can be used to authenticate classical messages in an information-theoretically secure way. Previously, a novel quantum digital signature for classical messages has been proposed and gave an experimental demonstration of distributing quantum digital signatures from one sender to two receivers. Some improvement versions were subsequently presented, which made it more feasible with present technology. These proposals for quantum digital signatures are basic building blocks which only deal with the problem of sending single bit messages while no-forging and non-repudiation are guaranteed. For a multi-bit message, it is only mentioned that the basic building blocks must be iterated, but the iteration of the basic building block still does not suffice to define the entire protocol. In this paper, we show that it is necessary to define the entire protocol because some attacks will arise if these building blocks are used in a naive way of iteration. Therefore, we give a way of defining an entire protocol to deal with the problem of sending multi-bit messages based on the basic building blocks and analyse its security.