bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric consequences of host plant occupation on the competition between the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci cryptic species MEAM1 and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Fen , Lövei Gábor L , Hu Man , Wan Fang‐Hao 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe two common whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), often co‐occur on their host plants. The effect of host plant occupation by one species on later‐arriving conspecific individuals or on the other competing species was examined.RESULTSResource preoccupied by T. vaporariorum had mostly negative effects on the life history parameters of later‐arriving conspecifics. Red‐eyed nymph and immature survival of T. vaporariorum decreased when resource was preoccupied by conspecifics, irrespective of the previous occupation scenario. However, resource preoccupied by T. vaporariorum had only minor detrimental effects on the performance of later‐arriving B. tabaci MEAM1. In the opposite colonisation sequence, previous occupation by B. tabaci MEAM1 had no significant effects on the life history parameters of later‐arriving conspecifics, but severe detrimental effects were observed on the performance of later‐arriving T. vaporariorum. Total immature survival of T. vaporariorum decreased in both weak and strong previous occupation situations by B. tabaci MEAM1.CONCLUSIONThe interspecific interactions between B. tabaci MEAM1 and T. vaporariorum were asymmetric, with B. tabaci MEAM1 being the superior competitor. This superiority could partially explain the rapid spread of B. tabaci MEAM1 in China. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of errors associated with the EarthCARE 3D scene construction algorithm
Authors: Barker H. W. , Cole J. N. S. , Shephard M. W. 
Published: December 2013

The EarthCARE satellite mission plans to perform a continuous closure experiment to assess the quality of retrieved cloud and aerosol properties. It will do so by comparing top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) broad‐band (BB) fluxes with simulated values produced by three‐dimensional (3D) radiative transfer models that act on the two‐dimensional (2D) retrieved cross‐section and a 3D atmosphere around it produced by a scene construction algorithm (SCA). This study proposes and tests a method for estimating errors in simulated TOA BB fluxes due to the SCA.Two methods for estimating SCA‐related errors for TOA fluxes are presented. The primary one relies on computation of errors for reconstructed narrow‐band imager nadir radiances. A‐train satellite data were used to show that for constructed domains measuring (11 km)2, approximately the size of the EarthCARE assessment domains, with total cloud fractions > 0.2, errors for reflected BB short‐wave fluxes due to the SCA are smaller than ±4.2 and ±11.5 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the domains, respectively. Corresponding values for outgoing long‐wave fluxes are ±1.2 and ±3.0 W m−2. The largest and smallest errors are associated with fields of broken convective cloud and overcast stratiform cloud, respectively.The SCA was applied to simulated measurements for a (153 km)2 field of deep convective clouds produced by a cloud‐system‐resolving model. Actual and estimated TOA BB short‐wave flux errors due to the SCA agree well and are smaller than ±22 and ±40 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the (11 km)2 sampled subdomains. Assuming that errors due to the SCA are purely bias errors, they were subtracted from fluxes estimated for the constructed domains. This resulted in TOA BB short‐wave flux errors smaller than ±7 and ±25 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the sampled subdomains. This suggests that estimated errors due to the SCA should be removed directly from simulated TOA BB fluxes before executing a closure assessment.
Parylene‐matrix chip for small molecule analysis using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Jo‐Il , Park Jong‐Min , Kang Min‐Jung , Pyun Jae‐Chul 
Published: December 2013

RATIONALEIn matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), analyte molecules are known to be ionized by mixing with organic matrix molecules. As the organic matrix molecules are ionized, they generate unreproducible mass peaks such that MALDI‐TOF MS is nearly impossible in the low mass‐to‐charge (m/z) range (<1000). In this work, we aimed to develop a parylene‐matrix chip for the detection of small molecules in the low m/z range by using MALDI‐TOF MS.METHODSThe parylene‐matrix chip was fabricated by the deposition of a partially porous parylene‐N thin film on a dried organic matrix array. The properties of the parylene thin film were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Mass spectrometry was performed by using a parylene‐matrix chip with eight amino acids as model analytes.RESULTSThe surface roughness and the electric conductivity of the parylene‐N film were analyzed by AFM and CV analysis to determine its suitability for a parylene‐matrix chip. The ionization of samples on the parylene‐matrix chip was optimized by adjusting the laser intensity. The feasibility of applying a parylene‐matrix chip for small molecule analysis was tested by using eight kinds of amino acids as model analytes and the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes from the amino acid mixture was also demonstrated.CONCLUSIONSThe parylene‐matrix chip can be applied for the detection of multiple analytes in the m/z ratio range of small molecules (<1000) using MALDI‐TOF MS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry with adjustable porous tip for a rapid analysis of protein digest in about a minute
Authors: Moini Mehdi , Martinez Ben 
Published: December 2013

RATIONALEThis paper introduces a novel ultrafast capillary electrophoresis (UFCE) mass spectrometry (MS) method comprised of a short (< 20 cm) and narrow (≤ 5 µm) capillary, with an integrated porous segment at the terminus of the capillary, for sheathless interfacing of CE to MS. The sheathless nature of the interface minimizes dead volume which is particularly important for ultrafast CE because of the small diameters of the capillaries.METHODSThe separation voltage across the capillary was set to produce an electric field of ≥1000 V/cm to provide an analysis time of approximately 1 min. For the analysis of peptides and protein digests, a background electrolyte containing 0.1% cationic polymer (polybrene or Poly‐E) in 0.1% acetic acid in water was used to prevent analyte–wall interaction.RESULTSUniquely, the porous tip of the capillary is adjustable. This allows the porous tip to be pulled inside the sheath liquid for sample stacking during injection, or sample focusing in isoelectric focusing (IEF), or, alternatively, pushed outside of the sheath liquid for electrospray ionization (ESI). The adjustable interface preserves electrical conductivity during electrokinetic injection with reverse electro‐osmotic flow. Therefore, pre‐concentration of analytes at the capillary inlet is achieved without the need to disassemble the interface, improving the throughput.CONCLUSIONSAs a proof of concept, the application of UFCE‐MS was demonstrated by the analysis of a peptide mixture and a protein digest in ~1 min. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of non‐contact sensors (IBIS‐S) and finite element methods in the assessment of bridge deck structures
Authors: Alani Amir M. , Aboutalebi Morteza , Kilic Gokhan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe main objective of this investigation is to provide an alternative method for the damage detection and assessment of bridge structures based on comparisons between finite element (FE) modelling/analysis and field data. The field data reported in this paper refers to the use of a non‐destructive structural testing method (IBIS‐S sensor system – displacement/movement‐detection sensors with interferometric capabilities) and visual inspections. The FE models developed and presented in this study demonstrate certain degrees of reliability in terms of predicting the mechanical behaviour of the bridge structure under investigation. The FE models were developed using the ANSYS software package. This investigation also provides a detailed report on the application of the field survey that was carried out on a rather heavily used bridge located in Chatham, Kent, UK. The field data concerning the IBIS‐S sensors correspond to subjecting the bridge to different static and dynamic loading conditions. The static and dynamic structural responses of the bridge were created by driving a lorry up and down the bridge. The same loading conditions were then simulated using the FE model developed to verify the sensitivity of the model. This FE model was then used to study the response of the bridge to other loading conditions. It is believed that the proposed method could potentially be used for assessing bridge structures within the context of the health monitoring of structures.
Effect of bond degradation due to corrosion – a literature survey
Authors: Mancini Giuseppe , Tondolo Francesco 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBond can play an important role in the assessment of existing structures, particularly when corrosion of reinforcement is to be expected. The results of bond tests on corroded bars embedded in concrete are not yet fully conclusive for the definition of bond degradation due to the effect of corroded reinforcement. The structural effects of bond degradation can assume a different importance following the resisting mechanism that is activated within the structure. A critical review of the data available is presented here; some aspects such as embedment length, corrosion rate and type of test are analysed.
Influence of time‐dependent effects on the crack spacing in reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Castel Arnaud , Gilbert Raymond Ian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper aims to put into perspective the influence of long‐term effects, such as concrete creep and shrinkage, on concrete cracking. Long‐term experimental results obtained at the Centre for Infrastructure Engineering & Safety (CIES) are reported and compared to design estimates made using the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. The influence of factors such as stirrup spacing and concrete cover are discussed. Results show that time‐dependent shrinkage‐induced cracking can considerably modify the cracking patterns obtained in short‐term tests. For crack control in real structures and for the development of models for inclusion in codes of practice, it is strongly recommended that account be taken of time‐dependent effects. Limiting observations to those made in short‐term tests may lead to erroneous conclusions that are simply not applicable for structures that are more than a few weeks old.
Splendid concrete architecture in National Tourist Routes in Norway
Authors: Krokstrand Ole H. , Ramstad Reiulf , Hölmebakk Carl‐Viggo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Norwegian Public Roads Administration started a programme named “National Tourist Routes in Norway” in 1994. Today it includes 18 selected routes from south to north. The uniqueness of these attractions lies in the spectacular architecture found at the viewpoints, places of interest and visitor centres located amid magnificent scenery.The aim of the tourist routes was to strengthen Norway's position in the marketing of international tourism and to help promote local business.The routes are carefully selected and allow tourists to enjoy some of the most spectacular scenery in the country. Young Norwegian sculptors and architects, and a few renowned ones from abroad too, were invited to take up the challenge of creating unique viewing platforms, service buildings, footbridges, ramps, benches and stairs to be placed along the different routes. All are so unique that tourists automatically stop as they drive along, not just to admire the scenery, but also the special objects.Several of these objects are in concrete, and four are presented below. (Map references for the individual projects are listed for easy searching on Google Earth)
PIV measurements and CFD simulation of the performance and flow physics and of a small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Edwards Jonathan M. , Danao Louis Angelo , Howell Robert J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe aerodynamics generated by a small small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine are illustrated in detail as a NACA0022 rotor blade carries out a complete rotation at three tip speed ratios. These aerodynamic details are then linked to the wind turbine performance. This is achieved by using detailed experimental measurements of performance and near‐blade particle image velocimetry (PIV) and also by using a two‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Uniquely, therefore, the CFD model is validated against both PIV visualizations and performance measurements.At low tip speed ratios (λ = 2), the flow field is dominated by large‐scale stalling behaviour as shown in both the experimental results and simulations. The onset of stall appears to be different between the experiment and simulation, with the simulation showing a gradual separation progressing forward from the trailing edge, while the experiment shows a more sudden leading‐edge roll‐up. Overall, similar scales of vortices are shed at a similar rate in both the experimental results and simulations. The most significant CFD–PIV differences are observed in predicting flow re‐attachment. At a higher tip speed ratio (λ = 3), the flow separates slightly later than in the previous condition, and as occurs in the lower tip speed ratio, the main differences between the experiment and the simulation are in the flow re‐attachment process, specifically that the simulations predicts a delay in the process. At a tip speed ratio of 4, smaller predicted flow separation in the latter stages of the upwind part of the rotation is the main difference in comparison to the experiment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Conditions Account for the Majority of Admissions to Three Primary Referral Hospitals in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Anderson Jamie E. , Erickson Anne , Funzamo Carlos , Bendix Peter , Assane Americo , Rose John , Vaz Fernando , Noormahomed Emilia Virginia , Bickler Stephen W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization has identified the primary referral hospital as its priority site for improving surgical care in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Little is known about the relative burden surgical patients place on health care facilities at this level. This research estimates the fraction of admissions due to surgical conditions at three hospitals in rural Mozambique.MethodsProspective data were collected on all inpatients at three primary referral hospitals in Mozambique during a 12‐day period. We compared the number of surgical patients and their length of stay (LOS) to the patients admitted to the medicine, pediatric, and maternity wards. These findings were validated using retrospective data collected from one hospital from January to May 2012.ResultsPatients with surgical conditions (i.e., patients admitted to the surgical or maternity ward) accounted for 57.5 % of admissions and 48.0 % of patient‐days. The majority of patients were admitted to the maternity ward (32.3 %). The other admissions were evenly distributed to the pediatric (22.5 %), medical (20.0 %), and surgical (25.2 %) wards. Compared to patients from the three other wards, surgical patients had longer average LOS (8.7 vs. 1.9–7.7 days) and a higher number of total patient‐days (891 vs. 252–703 days). The most prevalent procedures were cesarean section (33.3 %) and laceration repair/wound care (11.8 %).ConclusionsSurgical conditions are the most common reason for admissions at three primary referral hospitals in rural Mozambique. These data suggest that surgical care is a major component of health care delivered at primary referral hospitals in Mozambique and likely other sub‐Saharan African countries.
Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and branches of 12 tree species in Japan
Authors: Noda Hibiki M. , Motohka Takeshi , Murakami Kazutaka , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis data paper reports spectral reflectance and transmittance data of leaves from 21 terrestrial vascular plant species (seven herbaceous, and 14 broadleaf and long‐needle coniferous tree species) and of shoots from one short‐needle coniferous tree species. The reflectance spectra of branches of one tree species, of the trunks of 12 tree species and ground surface of one deciduous broad‐leaf forest are also reported. Optical measurements and leaf samplings were made at five sites on Honshu Island, Japan, which are typical vegetation types in East Asia, i.e., grassland, paddy field, and deciduous broad‐leaf or coniferous forests. The collection and measurements were conducted for main species in each site. To include other common vegetation types in East Asia, such as evergreen broad‐leaf or coniferous forests, the sample collection and the measurements were conducted at gardens and an experimental forest. Leaves of ten deciduous species were measured at different phenological stages from leaf expansion to senescence since those species shows significant seasonal changes in spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves. Leaves at different position in a canopy (e.g., sunlit versus shaded leaves) were also measured for eight of 21 species. The spectral reflectance and transmittance from both adaxial and abaxial sides of the all leaves or needles, expect Picea abies needles. The measurements of the leaves were conducted with a spectroradiometer attached via an optical fiber to an integrating sphere. Two types of integrating spheres were used: a model LI‐1800‐12 (Li‐Cor) and an RTS‐3ZC integrating sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). A leaf clip accessory was also used instead of an integrating sphere for measuring the leaves of two species. All data were measured within the 350–2,500‐nm spectral range with 1‐nm steps between measurements but the data obtained by LI‐1800 is unavailable in 1,650–1,740, 1,890–1,950, and 2,050–2,500 nm because of a large amount of noise. These data are used as input parameters in a radiative transfer model designed to estimate the leaf area index from radiation reflected from a canopy surface.
Räumliche Aspekte der Schulversorgung aus Nutzersicht – Ergebnisse einer Eltern-Schüler-Befragung in Schleswig-Holstein
Authors: Diller Christian , Frank Keno 
Published: December 2013

In this article the point of view of users, namely parents and pupils, regarding the spatial aspects of educational planning are taken into account. In view of increased educational competition, pressure to achieve in schools and an ever broader and more sophisticated range of educational opportunities, what role do spatial aspects actually play in pupils’ and their parents’ attitudes to education?
Is the spatial proximity of schools actually still important, when one considers the general increase in the scope of children’s activities? In an empirical study of two districts of Schleswig-Holstein the aspect of physical distance is identified as a theme in numerous respects. The objective school journey distances are examined, as well as the latent importance of the physical proximity of the place of residence to the location of the school for the educational success of the child. Also examined are the contacts between pupils and the social involvement of the parents in the school; the concrete importance of the physical proximity of the home to the school when making a decision about the choice of school location; and the home to school journey distances which are considered reasonable for the pupils. Furthermore various aspects of the choice of transport are also examined.
Finally of interest is also the research methodology question regarding what explanatory content latent attitude variables have in comparison to variables which relate to concrete decision-making situations.
Long‐term Intrathecal Baclofen: Outcomes After More than 10 Years of Treatment
Authors: Mathur Sunjay N. , Chu Samuel K. , McCormick Zack , Chang Chien George C. , Marciniak Christina M. 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveTo report outcomes of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for spasticity management in a cohort of patients who had received this treatment for at least 10 years.DesignA cross‐sectional survey and retrospective chart review.SettingAn academic rehabilitation outpatient clinic.ParticipantsAdult patients with spasticity treated with ITB for at least 10 years.Main Outcome MeasurementsSurveys included the Brief Pain Inventory, Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Diener Satisfaction with Life, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Intrathecal Baclofen Survey.ResultsTwenty‐four subjects completed the surveys. The subjects had been treated with ITB from 10.0‐28.4 years, with a mean (standard deviation) of 14.7 ± 4.2 years. The mean (standard deviation) dose of ITB was 627.9 ± 306.7 μg/d, with only 6 subjects averaging daily dose changes of more than 10% compared with 3 years earlier. The mean (standard deviation) scores on outcomes surveys were the following: 2.6 ± 2.3 for pain severity on the Brief Pain Inventory, 1.4 ± 0.7 for spasm severity on the Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, 7.9 ± 5.4 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 4.1 ± 1.6 on the Fatigue Severity Scale, 19.4 ± 8.1 on the Diener Satisfaction with Life, 3.9 ± 0.9 on the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and 8.8 ± 1.9 for overall satisfaction with ITB on the Intrathecal Baclofen Survey. On the Brief Pain Inventory, the mean scores for pain severity and interference of pain with life showed moderate inverse correlations with ITB dose (r = −0.386, P = .115; and r = −0.447, P = .062, respectively). On the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, the mean scores for life satisfaction showed statistically significant positive correlation with ITB dose (r = 0.549, P = .021).ConclusionsThe subjects reported low levels of pain, moderate levels of life satisfaction, normal levels of sleepiness, low‐to‐moderate levels of fatigue, infrequent spasms at mild‐to‐moderate severity, and high levels of satisfaction. The efficacy and favorable adverse effect profile of ITB therapy was sustained in this cohort of subjects with more than a decade of treatment.