bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the Decadal Permafrost Distribution on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (China) over the Past 50 Years
Authors: Weiming Cheng , Shangmin Zhao , Chenghu Zhou , Xi Chen 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTDecadal changes in permafrost distribution on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) over the past 50 years (1960–2009) were simulated with a response model that uses data from a digital elevation model, mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and the vertical lapse rate of temperature. Compared with published maps of permafrost distribution, the accuracy of the simulated results is about 85 per cent. The simulation results show: (1) with the continuously rising MAAT over the past 50 years, the simulated areas of permafrost on the QTP have continuously decreased; (2) through areal statistics, the simulated areas of permafrost were 1.60 × 106 km2, 1.49 × 106 km2, 1.45 × 106 km2, 1.36 × 106 km2 and 1.27 × 106 km2, respectively, in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s; and (3) the rate of permafrost loss has accelerated since the 1980s, and the total area of degraded permafrost is about 3.3 × 105 km2, which accounts for about one‐fifth of the total area of permafrost in the 1960s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory impedance and bronchodilator responsiveness in healthy children aged 2–13 years
Authors: Calogero Claudia , Simpson Shannon J. , Lombardi Enrico , Parri Niccolò , Cuomo Barbara , Palumbo Massimo , de Martino Maurizio , Shackleton Claire , Verheggen Maureen , Gavidia Tania , Franklin Peter J. , Kusel Merci M.H. , Park Judy , Sly Peter D. , Hall Graham L 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe forced oscillation technique (FOT) can be used in children as young as 2 years of age and in those unable to perform routine spirometry. There is limited information on changes in FOT outcomes in healthy children beyond the preschool years and the level of bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in healthy children. We aimed to create reference ranges for respiratory impedance outcomes collated from multiple centers. Outcomes included respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs), resonant frequency (Fres), frequency dependence of Rrs (Fdep), and the area under the reactance curve (AX). We also aimed to define the physiological effects of bronchodilators in a large population of healthy children using the FOT.MethodsRespiratory impedance was measured in 760 healthy children, aged 2–13 years, from Australia and Italy. Stepwise linear regression identified anthropometric predictors of transformed Rrs and Xrs at 6, 8, and 10 Hz, Fres, Fdep, and AX. Bronchodilator response (BDR) was assessed in 508 children after 200 µg of inhaled salbutamol.ResultsRegression analysis showed that Rrs, Xrs, and AX outcomes were dependent on height and sex. The BDR cut‐offs by absolute change in Rrs8, Xrs8, and AX were −2.74 hPa s L−1, 1.93 hPa s L−1, and −33 hPa s L−1, respectively. These corresponded to relative and Z‐score changes of −32%; −1.85 for Rrs8, 65%; 1.95 for Xrs8, and −82%; −2.04 for AX.ConclusionsWe have established generalizable reference ranges for respiratory impedance and defined cut‐offs for a positive bronchodilator response using the FOT in healthy children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:707–715. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New Computer Code for Assessment of Energetic Materials with Crystal density, Condensed Phase Enthalpy of Formation, and Activation Energy of Thermolysis
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad H. , Motamedoshariati Hadi , Moghayadnia Reza , Ghanbarzadeh Majid , Azarniamehraban Jamshid 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCrystal density and enthalpy of formation of the condensed phase of energetic compounds are two important input parameters for the performance prediction in several computer codes for rapid hazard assessment of energetic materials. A novel easy‐to‐handle user‐friendly computer code in Visual Basic is introduced to predict these parameters for various energetic compounds including nitroaliphatics, nitrate esters, nitramines, polynitroarenes, and polynitroheteroarenes. The calculated values can be used as inputs for other thermochemical/hydrodynamic computer codes. This computer code is also able to calculate the activation energies of thermal decomposition of polynitroarenes and nitramines in condensed state. The number of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms and specification of some molecular fragments are input parameters for this code without using any experimental data. The new algorithms on the base of easy‐to‐get input parameters are tested for some new energetic compounds, which provide more reliable results as compared to the best available methods.
Babesia divergens and Neospora caninum apical membrane antigen 1 structures reveal selectivity and plasticity in apicomplexan parasite host cell invasion
Authors: Tonkin Michelle L. , Crawford Joanna , Lebrun Maryse L. , Boulanger Martin J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHost cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium (malaria) and Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), requires a step‐wise mechanism unique among known host–pathogen interactions. A key step is the formation of the moving junction (MJ) complex, a circumferential constriction between the apical tip of the parasite and the host cell membrane that traverses in a posterior direction to enclose the parasite in a protective vacuole essential for intracellular survival. The leading model of MJ assembly proposes that Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) is secreted into the host cell and integrated into the membrane where it serves as the receptor for apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) on the parasite surface. We have previously demonstrated that the AMA1‐RON2 interaction is an effective target for inhibiting apicomplexan invasion. To better understand the AMA1‐dependant molecular recognition events that promote invasion, including the significant AMA1‐RON2 interaction, we present the structural characterization of AMA1 from the apicomplexan parasites Babesia divergens (BdAMA1) and Neospora caninum (NcAMA1) by X‐ray crystallography. These studies offer intriguing structural insight into the RON2‐binding surface groove in the AMA1 apical domain, which shows clear evidence for receptor–ligand co‐evolution, and the hyper variability of the membrane proximal domain, which in Plasmodium is responsible for direct binding to erythrocytes. By incorporating the structural analysis of BdAMA1 and NcAMA1 with existing AMA1 structures and complexes we were able to define conserved pockets in the AMA1 apical groove that could be targeted for the design of broadly reactive therapeutics.
The Transnational Ties that Bind: Relationship Considerations for Graduating International Science and Engineering Research Students
Authors: Geddie Kate 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe last decade has witnessed a significant rise in scholarly and policy attention paid to the migration and career decisions of international (post)graduate research students, particularly those in science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines. Considered by many governments as important contributors to national science and innovation agendas, as well as potential members of an educated labour force, several states have implemented strategic regulatory changes to encourage foreign (post)graduate students in these fields to remain after their studies. However, these policies tend to frame such students as free agents able to respond to easing work permit or residency conditions in line with their individual career or lifestyle preferences. This paper advances theorisations of post‐graduation decision making among international students by illustrating the extent to which diverse transnational social ties and personal concerns are highly influential in shaping migration and career strategies. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with foreign students completing science and engineering (post)graduate degrees in London, UK and Toronto, Canada, the paper demonstrates that relationship considerations, such as care for ageing parents, managing dual careers, and future childcare and work‐life balance concerns, are tightly intermingled with graduates' different employment and settlement considerations at this transitional life‐stage. These findings carry wider implications for our understanding of the multiple geographic directions in which students feel pulled upon graduation – challenging traditional push‐pull or stay‐or‐return portrayals. They also underscore the importance of accommodating social reproduction concerns for the production and circulation of a scientific labour force. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms
Authors: Brennan Daniel C. , Aguado José M. , Potena Luciano , Jardine Alan G. , Legendre Christophe , Säemann Marcus D. , Mueller Nicolas J. , Merville Pierre , Emery Vincent , Nashan Björn 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYRecent evidence suggesting a potential anti‐CMV effect of mTORis is of great interest to the transplant community. However, the concept of an immunosuppressant with antiviral properties is not new, with many accounts of the antiviral properties of several agents over the years. Despite these reports, to date, there has been little effort to collate the evidence into a fuller picture. This manuscript was developed to gather the evidence of antiviral activity of the agents that comprise a typical immunosuppressive regimen against viruses that commonly reactivate following transplant (HHV1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV6, 7, and 8, HCV, HBV, BKV, HIV, HPV, and parvovirus). Appropriate immunosuppressive regimens posttransplant that avoid acute rejection while reducing risk of viral reactivation are also reviewed. The existing literature was disparate in nature, although indicating a possible stimulatory effect of tacrolimus on BKV, potentiation of viral reactivation by steroids, and a potential advantage of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in several viral infections, including BKV, HPV, and several herpesviruses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Label‐free imaging characteristics of colonic mucinous adenocarcinoma using multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Liu Nenrong , Chen Jianxin , Xu Renan , Jiang Shanghai , Xu Jian , Chen Rong 
Published: November 2012

SummaryColorectal carcinoma (CRC) has high mortality and increased incidence rates. An early detection of CRC is very important. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with high resolution and high sensitivity is used to effectively distinguish the microstructure changes of normal and mucinous adenocarcinoma slices of ex vivo human colonic tissues. In mucinous adenocarcinoma mucosa, the glands are distorted and elongated, the gland cavity is indistinct, and the mesh collagen fibers are diminished. In the submucosa, the collagens are seriously disordered, elongated, pushed aside, and sparsely visible, the content of elastic fibers is also broken and almost disappearing. Many cancer cells, some in cavity‐like shape full of mucus surrounded by some collagen fibers, occupied the submucosa, which are comparable to hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) stained images. Second harmonic generation and two‐photon excitation fluorescence (SHG/TPEF) intensity ratio can be used further to quantitatively evaluate normality and abnormality. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) images show that the normal collagen fibrils are dense and in random order, and the cancerous collagen is certainly organized. The exploratory results show that it has potential for the development of multiphoton mini‐endoscopy in real‐time early diagnosis of CRC. SCANNING 35: 277‐282, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Selective Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes by Using Poly(phenyleneethynylene)‐Guided Supermolecular Assembly
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Xu Yongqian , Wang Qiuming , Gunasinghe Rosi N. , Wang Xiao‐Qian , Pang Yi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIsolation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with specific chirality and diameters is critical for achieving optimum performance of SWNTs in various applications. A water‐soluble π‐conjugated polymer, poly[(m‐phenyleneethynylene)‐alt‐(p‐phenyleneethynylene)], 3, is found to exhibit high selectivity in dispersing SWNT (6,5). The polymer's ability to sort out SWNT (6,5) appears to be related to the carbon–carbon triple bond, whose free rotation allows a unique assembly of chromophores in a helical conformation. The observation is consistently supported by fluorescence, Raman, and UV‐vis‐NIR absorption spectra. The intriguing selectivity of 3 to SWNT (6,5), however, is not observed for the vinylene analogue polymer 1, showing that the carbon–carbon triple bond could play a unique role in sorting out a specific SWNT. The observed selectivity from 3 could be attributed to a combination of the helical cavity size restrain and electronic interaction associated with the local chromophore arrangement. This strategy could be expanded for efficient SWNT sorting when the helical conformation is further finely tuned.
Broken Windows and Low Adolescent Prosociality: Not Cause and Consequence, but Co‐symptoms of Low Collective Efficacy
Authors: O'Brien Daniel Tumminelli , Kauffman Richard A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe current study presents a case in which adolescent prosociality is lower in neighborhoods with greater physical disorder. Current theory provides two interpretations for such a pattern: (1) that disorder signals a threatening environment and discourages prosociality (“broken windows theory”); (2) that disorder and low prosociality are both symptoms of a weak community (i.e., low collective efficacy). A survey of 642 students from a small American city was combined with an assessment of the built environment to evaluate these two interpretations. Students were nested in 59 Census block groups. Multilevel models demonstrated that collective efficacy best explained variation in prosociality between neighborhoods, and that perceived collective efficacy best explained variation within neighborhoods. Objective and perceived disorder had no significant relationship with prosociality in these models, suggesting that disorder is not directly responsible for cross‐neighborhood variation in prosociality. The paper discusses the implications for place‐based interventions promoting prosociality. The results also emphasize the need for measures of social processes (e.g., collective efficacy) when evaluating “broken windows” hypotheses.
Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscle‐Resistance Training After Stroke
Authors: Brogårdh Christina , Lexell Jan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractStroke is a leading cause of long‐term disability. The physical and cognitive impairments after an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke often lead to activity limitations and participation restrictions. Many persons after stroke have a sedentary lifestyle, are physically inactive, and have a low fitness level. Physical fitness training is known to be beneficial for persons with a number of comorbid conditions or risk factors for stroke. Although exercise and physical activity are considered valuable, the evidence of their benefits after stroke is still insufficient. In this review, we summarize published randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle‐resistance training after stroke on physical function, activity, participation, life satisfaction, and mood. We discuss various barriers that can impede the ability to perform exercise, and the importance of reducing these barriers to increase physical fitness levels after the completion of usual stroke rehabilitation, thereby enhancing leisure, well‐being, and participation in society.
The Exercise Prescription: A Tool to Improve Physical Activity
Authors: Phillips Edward M. , Kennedy Mary A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe current epidemic of sedentary behavior is a serious public health issue that requires the attention of the medical community. Although the benefits of physical activity are well established, research indicates that Americans are not heeding the message, and new strategies are warranted to bring about change in this arena. The health care community can and should play a key role in this movement. Patients respect their physicians as credible sources of information and look to them for health‐related guidance. Unfortunately, many physicians are not talking to their patients about physical activity and are missing a unique opportunity to raise awareness about its benefits. Exercise needs to be discussed as a serious form of treatment, similar to medication, and should be thoughtfully prescribed to every patient. Physicians need to be familiar with the level of exercise necessary to achieve health benefits as defined by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Furthermore, they should be competent in their ability to identify a patient's level of risk for starting or increasing exercise and provide guidance on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity necessary to safely elicit maximal health benefits. These basic competencies can be easily understood by physicians and incorporated into their practices. Resources have been established to help support physicians in this process. Physiatrists are uniquely positioned to lead the effort for change in this area because they are well‐established proponents of exercise and are trained to prescribe therapeutic exercise to address the complex medical issues of their patients. This skill‐set should be used for every patient in an effort to reduce the widespread prevalence of the “chronic disease” physical inactivity.
Basic Principles Regarding Strength, Flexibility, and Stability Exercises
Authors: Micheo William , Baerga Luis , Miranda Gerardo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractStrength, flexibility, and stability are physiologic parameters associated with health‐related physical fitness. Each of these domains affects health in general, the risk of injury, how an injury is treated, and performance in activities of daily living and sports. These domains are affected by individual phenotype, age, deconditioning, occupational activity, and formal exercise. Deficits or loss of strength, flexibility, and stability can be prevented or reduced with exercise programs. Normal muscle strength has been associated with general health benefits, increased life expectancy, psychological benefits, prevention of illness, and reduction of disability in older adults. Static flexibility programs have been shown to improve joint range of motion and tolerance to stretch but do not appear to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury and may impair muscle performance immediately after a static stretch. Dynamic flexibility, on the other hand, may enhance power and improve sports‐specific performance. Stability training leads to improved balance and neuromuscular control, may prevent injury to the knee and ankle joints, and can be used for treatment of patients with low back pain.
Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Landry Bradford W. , Driscoll Sherilyn Whateley 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAfter obesity rates in youth reached alarming rates, public health officials recognized the need for specific physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents. Numerous health care groups and sports and fitness organizations collaborated on the development of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans in 2008, which have been widely endorsed and include recommendations for the pediatric population. Children and adolescents should participate in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity 1 or more hours per day and muscle and bone‐strengthening activities 3 or more times per week. Physical activities should be age appropriate, enjoyable, and varied and occur beyond what is required for typical activities of daily living. Adequate exercise in youth improves strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition and therefore decreases cardiovascular risk factors. An improved cardiovascular profile provides a continued benefit in adulthood. Exercise also improves bone health, psychological well‐being, cognition, and school performance and may decrease the risk of sports injury. Exercise habits established in childhood often continue into adulthood.
Exercise in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Perez‐Terzic Carmen M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAnalysis of extensive data has shown that exercise training provides significant impact on prevention and modification of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. In general, exercise recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases are based on individual aerobic capacity and comorbidities. Patients with acute syndromes benefit from participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program, whereas patients with chronic syndromes benefit from a life‐long home‐based program. In general, exercise prescription should involve aerobic activities in combination with resistance, flexibility, and balance exercises. This review will discuss an exercise prescription for patients with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and after heart transplantation. Detailed precautions for particular groups of patients will be discussed.
Predisposing factors for involuntary culling in Holstein–Friesian dairy cows
Authors: Chiumia Daniel , Chagunda Mizeck G.G. , Macrae Alastair I. , Roberts David J. 
Published: November 2012

The objective was to identify predisposing factors for increased risk of involuntary culling in adult Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. Data were sourced from Scotland's Rural College (SRUC) Dairy Research Centre. Between September 2003 and August 2010 175 cows were culled, a herd culling rate of 33·7%. The major reasons for involuntary culling were fertility (27·4%) and udder problems (26·9%). In the analysis, the culled cows were matched with their cohorts that survived to a later lactation. To identify predisposing factors, a binary logistic model was applied. Cows with higher than average body condition score (BCS) at last service were five times [Odds Ratio (OR) = 4·8] more likely to be culled due to infertility. Cows with low protein yield on day 60 ± 5 in lactation were ten times less likely (OR = 0·1) to be culled. In first lactation heifers, only BCS at last service increased the risk of involuntary culling due to infertility (OR = 13·0). A high milk yield acceleration was a significant (P = 0·04) factor in increasing the risk, five times (OR = 5·2) more, of culling cows due to udder problems. In conclusion, a high BCS at last service, high milk protein yield at around day 60 in lactation and acceleration of milk yield after calving exposed cows to a risk of being culled involuntarily. In practice, monitoring of traits that indicate metabolic imbalance could assist identifying cows at high risk of being culled and contribute to reducing the associated risk through a more effective timely decision.
Insights from studying prejudice in the context of American atheists
Authors: Charles Eric P. , Rowland Nicholas J. , Long Brooke , Yarrison Fritz 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOur research on non-religion supports the proposed shift toward more interactive models of prejudice. Being nonreligious is easily hideable and, increasingly, of low salience, leading to experiences not easily understood via traditional or contemporary frameworks for studying prejudice and prejudice reduction. This context affords new opportunity to observe reverse forms of interactive prejudice, which can interfere with prejudice reduction.
Understanding the psychological processes involved in the demobilizing effects of positive cross-group contact
Authors: Tausch Nicole , Becker Julia C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA theoretical framework is required that explainswhyandhowcross-group contact reduces collective action and how the demobilizing effects can be counteracted. We propose that at least two mechanisms are involved: an affective process whereby the positive affect created offsets negative emotions and action tendencies, and a more strategic process whereby individual advancement comes to seem like a possibility.