bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 1 lepra reaction in histoid leprosy
Authors: Singh Nidhi , Kumari Rashmi , Gupta Divya , Thappa Devinder Mohan , Ganesh Rajesh Nachiappa 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesLepra reaction in histoid leprosy (HL) is rare; there are few reports of type 2 lepra reaction in HL. We report a 42‐year‐old woman with HL in type 1 lepra reaction after 10 weeks of multibacillary multi‐drug therapy (MBMDT).Case reportA 42‐year‐old woman presented with asymptomatic multiple papules, plaques, and nodules over the face, trunk, and extremities and no history of prior treatment with anti‐leprosy drugs. A biopsy of a skin nodule on the forearm revealed spindle‐shaped, non‐vacuolated histiocytes in a whorled pattern with abundant acid‐fast bacilli (AFB). The patient was diagnosed with HL and started on MBMDT. Ten weeks later, she developed pruritic, painful, erythematous, and edematous papules, plaques, and nodules over the face, trunk, and extremities, without constitutional symptoms. Histopathology revealed an atrophic epidermis, preserved grenz zone, and papillary dermal edema. Elongated AFB were visible on Fite's stain. The MBMDT was continued, along with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and antihistamines, but pruritus, pain, erythema, and edema persisted, and new skin lesions appeared. The patient was started on prednisolone at 0.75 mg/kg body weight/day. Prednisolone resulted in symptomatic relief and the healing of ulcerated papules within four weeks. Treatment was tapered and stopped after 20 weeks.ConclusionsHistoid leprosy is considered a variant of lepromatous leprosy, which rarely involves a lepra reaction. Pruritus and ulceration of skin lesions as manifestations of type 1 lepra reaction in HL have not been reported previously. These symptoms manifested after 10 weeks of MBMDT and responded well to oral prednisolone.
Inhibition by Phenoxybenzamine of the Noradrenaline Releasing Effect of Tyramine
Authors: Hedqvist P. , Oliverio A. , Stjärne L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHedqvist, P., A. Oliverio and L. Stjärne, Inhibition by phenoxybenzamine of the noradrenaline releasing effect of tyramine. Acta physiol. scand. 1968. 72. 385–391.After loading the isolated, perfused dog spleen with tritium‐labeled noradrenaline intra‐arterial injections of tyramine were found to cause an increase in the overflow of both labeled, exogenous, and of endogenous noradrenaline into the effluent from the organ. The overflow response to 2–3 consecutive injections of a standard dose of tyramine remained relatively constant. Increasing the tyramine dose up to 100‐fold resulted in a marked increase in the pressor response but did not produce a proportional increase in the overflow of noradrenaline. Phenoxybenzamine added to the perfusion fluid strongly reduced or completely abolished the overflow response to tyramine.
Extravascular Shunting of Oxygen in the Small Intestine of the Cat
Authors: Kampp Mogens , Lundgren Ove , Nilsson Nils Johan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractKampp, M., O. Lundgren and N. J. Nilsson. Extravascular shunting of oxygen in the small intestine of the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1968. 72. 396–403.At “resting” intestinal blood flow the venous appearance time of intra‐arterially injected red cells labelled with methemoglobin exceeded by 1–2 sec that of oxygen administered in an identical manner. This observation is taken to indicate an extravascular shunting (countercurrent exchange) of oxygen between the ascending and descending limbs of the mucosal vascular loops located mainly in the villi. During vasodilatation induced by isopropylnoradrenaline or vasoconstriction induced by stimulation of the regional sympathetic fibres (4 imp/sec) no difference in venous appearance time between red cells and oxygen could be demonstrated. The physiological significance of the findings of the present study is discussed.
Posthypertonic Hemolysis in Sodium Chloride Systems
Authors: Zade‐Oppen A. M. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHuman erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to hypertonic NaCl solutions and then to near isotonic media. The resulting posthypertonic hemolysis was studied as a function of hypertonic concentration and of time in the hypertonic medium. Providing that a critical concentration level (∼1.5 M NaCl) is exceeded, posthypertonic hemolysis is proportional both to the duration of exposure to hypertonicity and to the hypertonic concentration. The results have been interpreted in terms of a hypothesis put forward by Söderström (1944), who postulated that influx of salt occurred during the hypertonic phase and that a later reduction of the external concentration caused osmotic hemolysis. A rough calculation suggests that only above an external concentration of 0.65 M NaCl will an influx of salt occur. An analysis of the results in terms of this hypothesis suggested that the permeability of the cells to NaCl increases with increasing external NaCl concentration: The permeability increase was very great in the region of 3 M NaCl. The counter‐current multiplier mechanism for kidney function has been criticised on the ground that red cells may not tolerate the tonicity changes postulated to exist in the kidney. In vitro experiments using slightly worse conditions than are believed to exist in the human kidney showed no significant hemolysis.
The Metabolism of Human Spermatozoa in the Presence of Prostaglandin E1
Authors: Eliasson R. , Murdoch R. N. , White I. G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe oxygen uptake and metabolism of human spermatozoa has been measured using concentrated suspensions of cells incubated with radioactive fructose in small Warburg flasks. The oxygen uptake was about 14 μl per 10S sperm per hr and represented true respiratory activity since radioactive carbon dioxide was produced as well as lactic acid.The presence of 100 μg of prostaglandin E1 per ml had no effect on oxygen uptake, the amount of fructose metabolised or the amount of lactic acid accumulating.
Oxygen Uptake during Pinocytosis in Amoeba Proteus
Authors: Hansson S. E. , Johansson G. , Josefsson J.‐O. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe oxygen uptake of Amoeba proteus was measured by the Cartesian ampulla diver technique. The intensity of pinocytosis was determined by counting the number of channels developed during the first 20 min of the pinocytosis induced by potassium chloride. Addition of calcium ions was used to inhibit pinocytosis induced by Tris. The oxygen uptake of the amoeba in culture medium was found to be 2.5 ± 0.9 μl/hr/cell at 25° C. Transient increases in rate of oxygen uptake were observed with different salt solutions. The intensity of respiratory stimulation varied in proportion to the activity of the salt as a pinocytosis inducer. Inhibition of Tris‐induced pinocytosis by calcium and potentiation of potassium‐pinocytosis by lanthanum decreased and respectively increased the respiratory rate of the amoeba. The time course of the development of channels was similar to that of th stimulated oxygen uptake. From experiments with a calcium‐binding agent (EGTA) it was concluded that respiratory stimulation secondary to the increase of the permeability of the cell‐membrane during pinocytosis might add to the energy expenditure during the formation of channels. As with the pinocytosis phenomenon calcium exhibited a dual action on the stimulated oxygen uptake: A minimal concentration was necessary for both processes while addition of calcium inhibited respiratory stimulation as well as pinocytosis.
Position and Velocity Sensitivity of Muscle Spindles in the Cat. II. Dynamic Fusimotor Single‐Fibre Activation of Primary Endings
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Thoden Uwe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractImpulse frequency responses of cat primary muscle spindle endings to ‘triangular’ length changes were recorded during stimulation of single dynamic fusimotor γ‐fibres at a constant rate. Endings in the ankle extensor and flexor muscles were studied. The dynamic fusimotor effects consisted of an unchanged or decreased position sensitivity of the endings and an increased velocity sensitivity to length increment. The effects were quantitatively similar in primary endings of all the muscle studied. In the velocity response, which was subdivided into ‘quick’ and ‘slow’ components, the ‘slow’ velocity response was increased much more by the stimulation than the ‘quick’ velocity response. The velocity sensitivity to length decrement could usually not be exactly determined. In the few cases in which it could be assessed, it seemed to be lower than the velocity sensitivity to length increment. When relatively high rates of stimulation and high velocities of length change were applied to the endings, a velocity dependent ‘saturation’ of the response appeared. In the discussion interest is focused on spindle mechanisms responsible for generating the observed response. It is suggested that the response is derived from intrafusal components with the mechanical and electrical characteristics of amphibian slow muscle fibres.
Position and Velocity Sensitivity of Muscle Spindles in the Cat. III. Static Fusimotor Single‐Fibre Activation of Primary and Secondary Endings
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Thoden Uwe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDuring the tetanic stimulation of single static fusimotor fibres, primary and secondary endings in ankle extensor and flexor muscles of the cat have been subjected to ‘triangular’ length changes. Position and velocity sensitivities were determined and compared with those obtained in non‐activated endings. Two types of action of static fibre stimulation on the position sensitivity have been observed both in primary and secondary endings: it was either unchanged, or it decreased with increasing rate of stimulation (type I effect); it increased with increasing rate of stimulation (type II effect). The distribution of the two types was different to primary and secondary endings and to extensor and flexor endings. During stimulation of most static fibres, irrespective of their type, the velocity responses of both primary and secondary endings resembled those of non‐activated secondary endings. The ‘quick’ component of the velocity response was usually larger in primary than in secondary endings, while the ‘slow’ components were about the same. Comparisons made in secondary endings between the velocity responses during static activation and in the non‐activated state showed that the ‘quick’ component was reduced and the ‘slow’ component increased by the stimulation. ‘Exceptional’ velocity responses were observed in type I activation of some primary endings.
Afferent and Efferent Activity in the Renal Nerves of Cats
Authors: ÅStröm A. , Grafoord J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn anesthetized cats efferent as well as afferent activity has been recorded in the kidney nerves. Pulse synchronous bursts of efferent impulses could regularly be recorded which after vagotomy and baroreceptor denervation were augmented and changed into a continuous type of discharge. The efferent activity could be modified by electrical stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves. It was inhibited by elevation of systemic blood pressure by i.v. noradrenaline injection, and greatly increased by lowering of blood pressure by i.v. acethylcholine. In the same nerves afferent activity also occurred, in a few instances spontaneously, but more often after elevation of renal vein pressure, elevation of arterial perfusion pressure (by pump), mechanical pressure applied to the hilus area or local dilution of the blood by close intraarterial injection of Ringer solution. Local ischemia for one minute or less elicited intense afferent activity. The results indicate that venous distension and increased subcapsular pressure are adequate stimuli for these afferent responses and (hat more than one kind of fibers are engaged in the afferent response. The functional significance of the afferent activity remains to be determined.
The Effect of Pulmonary Artery Occlusion on the Sulfomucopolysaccharide Synthesis and Collagen Content in Rat Lungs
Authors: Boström Harry , Božović Ljubomir , Božović Milica 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn rats the left branch of the pulmonary artery was occluded. The incorporation of 35S in lungs was studied till the eleventh day after operation. The hexosamine and hydroxyproline content of the lungs was determined on the first and fourth day after occlusion. The incorporation of 35S is significantly increased on the fourth day and is maximal on the sixth day. Eleven days after operation the incorporation is significantly lower than on the sixth day. During the time studied the hexosamine and hydroxyproline content of the occluded lungs increased, but the difference was significantly changed only for hexosamine after the fourth day. The significance of the results obtained for the understanding of various pathologic changes is briefly discussed.
Effect of Noradrenaline on the Elimination of Exogenous Lipids from the Blood
Authors: Hallberg Dag 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe rate of elimination from the blood stream of a fat emulsion, used for parenteral nutrition, was studied in 12 dogs before and during noradrenaline infusion at constant rate. The volume of distribution of the injected emulsion (the lipid space) was larger than and highly correlated to the plasma volume. The noradrenaline infusion reduced both the plasma volume and the lipid space in all the dogs, excluding two in which an increase was observed. The zero order rate constant (K1 mmoles/l plasma/min) for the elimination of the emulsion‐triglycerides at high concentrations varied inversely with the change in plasma volume (r = 0.93). K1 × plasma volume was not influenced by the noradrenaline infusion. The first order rate constant (K2 per min) for the elimination of emulsion‐triglycerides at low concentrations decreased during the noradrenaline infusion in all the dogs, except two which had increased plasma volume. In these two dogs K2 increased. In 3 dogs the relation between K1 and plasma volume was studied before and after a plasma transfusion. The results indicate that the product K1 × plasma volume was constant. The nature of the rate constants K1 and K2 are discussed in terms of metabolic physiology, i.e. the relation between enzymatic activities, the rate of transportation of substrate, and the variations in volume of distribution of the substrate.
Activity of Pilomotor Muscles of Single Tactile Hairs in the Cat
Authors: Nilsson Bengt Y. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractContractions of the pilomotor muscles of individual carpal tactile sinus hairs in the cat were studied by simultaneous recording of the movement of a single hair by means of a capacitance meter, and of the electrical activity during the muscle contraction, as recorded by an external metal microelectrode. Single shock stimulation of the nerve gave rise to a twitch contraction, whereas repetitive stimulation caused summation of contractions at frequencies higher than 0.2/sec and fusion at frequencies of 1/sec or more. The electrical response consisted of a slow potential and a superimposed spike. These components were both shown to be dependent on the stimulus strength and to be facilitated on repetitive stimulation. At stimulus frequencies higher than 3/sec the spike gradually declined in amplitude and was substituted by a rhythmic oscillation at the same rate as the stimulus. Even when no spike was recorded the contraction was sustained. Comparisons are made between the electrical activity elicited in the pilomotor muscles and the junction potentials and spikes recorded in other types of smooth muscle.
The Lactate/Pyruvate Ratios of Cerebrospinal Fluid of Rats and Cats Related to the Lactate/Pyruvate, the ATP/ADP, and the Phosphocreatine/Creatine Ratios of Brain Tissue
Authors: Granholm Lars , Kaasik Ain E. , Nilsson Lorentz , Siesjö Bo K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe CSF and brain tissue concentrations of lactate and pyruvate were measured in cats and rats, and related to the corresponding tissue concentrations of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine and creatine. A comparison between superficial and deep phenobarbital anaesthesia, and nitrous oxide anaesthesia, showed that the type of anaesthesia had a marked effect on the tissue metabolites with a differential influence on the lactate/pyruvate, and on the ATP/ADP and the phosphocreatine/creatine ratios. Optimal conditions for freezing and extracting the tissue were sought and were found to include freezing of the head in such a way that the ventilation and the circulation of the animals were upheld during the freezing, as well as extraction of the tissue at −15 to −20° C. The distribution of lactate and pyruvate between extra‐ and intracellular phases was investigated in both rats and cats. In all groups studied lactate and pyruvate were found in higher concentrations in CSF than in the tissue, suggesting a pH‐dependent distribution of the weak acids. In the cat, the CSF pyruvate occurred in a relatively higher concentration than lactate, indicating a specific transport mechanism for pyruvic acid.
Potentiation by Smooth Muscle Stimulants of the Hypogastric Nerve — Vas Deferens Preparation from Normal and Castrated Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: Sjöstrand Nils O. , Swedin Göran 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt is shown that a variety of smooth muscle stimulants cause marked potentiation of the motor response of the isolated vas deferens to hypogastric nerve stimulation. The substances used were: adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, angiotensin, bradykinin, Substance P and barium chloride. The doses producing this potentiation were in most cases 10–1000 times lower than those necessary to cause a direct contraction of the vas deferens. There were no clearcut differences between castrated and normal animals. Oxytocin and vasopressin were without effect while different prostaglandins (PGE1, PGF1 and a crude PG preparation) caused inconsistent responses.Possible mechanisms for the potentiation are discussed and it is suggested that the most probable explanation is a direct effect on the smooth muscle, but an effect on the transmitter stores of the postganglionic adrenergic neuron cannot be ruled out. Possible functional implications are further discussed.
The Effects of Mouth Rinses on the Color Stability of Resin‐Based Restorative Materials
Authors: ElEmbaby Abeer El‐Sayed 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the color stability of three direct resin‐based restorative materials: IPS Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Nano‐filled composite (Filtek Z 350 XT, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and Nano‐hybrid composite (Tetric Evo Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) upon immersion into the following three mouth rinses: Antiseptol (Kahira Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries Co. Cairo‐Egypt), Flucal (Alexandria Co. Pharmaceuticals Alexandria, Egypt), and Listerine (Johnson & Johnson, UK).Materials and MethodsNinety disc‐shaped, 12 mm × 1 mm specimens were divided into three groups according to the type of direct resin‐based restorative material used. The specimens were randomly subdivided into three different subgroups (N = 10) in terms of immersion medium.Color change was evaluated prior to and after immersion into the mouth rinses for 24 hours by spectrophotometry (Shimadzu, UV‐3101 PC Shimadzu Corporation. Kyoto, Japan).ResultsData were statistically analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the color stability of the restorative materials. The post hoc Scheffe's test was applied to clarify pair‐wise statistical significance. Results with p‐values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. IPS Empress Direct (ΔE = 1.48) exhibited more favorable stability than the other tested composite resins, Filtek Z 350 X (ΔE = 3.05) and Tetric Evo Ceram (ΔE = 10.35). The immersion media elicited a significant effect on the color stability of the tested, resin‐based restorative materials, where Flucal elicited the most significant color change, followed by Listerine and Antiseptol, which elicited the least significant color change.ConclusionsWithin the limitation of this laboratory study, the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) The composite structure, namely the resin formulation, which includes the filler size and type of photo‐initiator, has a direct impact on its susceptibility to stain by external agents; (2) Mouth rinses can be considered stainable solutions; (3) The chemical formulation of individual mouth rinses can significantly control their ability to stain.Clinical SignificancePatient use of mouth rinses should be subject to dental supervision to control their adverse effects on the aesthetic quality of the restoration. Knowing the composition of the restorative material is important, as is its polymerization cycle and the promotion of adequate surface texture in order to select the appropriate material for each clinical application, and to use it in an effective way to promote its best properties.
Temporal and spatial patterns in tumour prevalence in brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur) in the tidal Potomac River watershed (USA)
Authors: Pinkney A E , Harshbarger J C , Rutter M A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor two decades, fish tumour surveys have been used to monitor habitat quality in the Chesapeake Bay (USA) watershed. Tributaries with sediments contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), known to cause liver neoplasia, were frequently targeted. Here, we compare surveys in brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus conducted in 2009–2011 in the tidal Potomac River watershed (including the Anacostia River) with previous surveys. Using logistic regression, we identified length and sex as covariates for liver and skin tumours. We reported a statistically significant decrease in liver tumour probabilities for standardized 280 mm Anacostia bullheads between the 1996 and 2001 samplings (merged collections: female–77.5%, male–43.0%) and 2009–2011 (female–42.2%, male–13.6%). However, liver tumour prevalence in bullheads from the Anacostia, Potomac River (Washington, DC) and Piscataway Creek (17 km downriver) was significantly higher than that for Chesapeake Bay watershed reference locations. The causes of skin tumours in bullheads are uncertain, requiring further research. The similar liver tumour prevalence in these three locations suggests that the problem is regional rather than restricted to the Anacostia. To monitor habitat quality and the success of pollution control actions, we recommend conducting tumour surveys on a 5‐year cycle coordinated with sediment chemistry analyses.