bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cis- and Trans-Activation of Hormone Receptors: the LH Receptor
Authors: Ji Inhae , Lee ChangWoo , Song YongSang , Conn P. Michael , Ji Tae H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) accommodate a wide spectrum of activators from ions to glycoprotein hormones. The mechanism of activation for this large and clinically important family of receptors is poorly understood. Although initially thought to function as monomers, there is a growing body of evidence that GPCR dimers form, and in some cases that these dimers are essential for signal transduction. Here we describe a novel mechanism of intermolecular GPCR activation, which we refer to as trans-activation, in the LH receptor, a GPCR that does not form stable dimers. The LH receptor consists of a 350-amino acid amino-terminal domain, which is responsible for high-affinity binding to human CG, followed by seven-transmembrane domains and connecting loops. This seven-transmembrane domain bundle transmits the signal from the extracellular amino terminus to intracellular G proteins and adenylyl cyclase. Here, we show that binding of hormone to one receptor can activate adenylyl cyclase through its transmembrane bundle, intramolecular activation (cis-activation), as well as trans-activation through the transmembrane bundle of an adjacent receptor, without forming a stable receptor dimer. Coexpression of a mutant receptor defective in hormone binding and another mutant defective in signal generation rescues hormone-activated cAMP production. Our observations provide new insights into the mechanism of receptor activation mechanisms and have implications for the treatment of inherited disorders of glycoprotein hormone receptors.
Activation and Induction of NUR77/NURR1 in Corticotrophs by CRH/cAMP: Involvement of Calcium, Protein Kinase A, and MAPK Pathways
Authors: Kovalovsky Damián , Refojo Damián , Liberman Ana Clara , Hochbaum Daniel , Pereda Marcelo Paez , Coso Omar A. , Stalla Günter K. , Holsboer Florian , Arzt Eduardo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNur factors are critical for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) induction by CRH in corticotrophs, but the pathways linking CRH to Nur are unknown. In this study we show that in AtT-20 corticotrophs CRH and cAMP induce Nur77 and Nurr1 expression and transcription at the NurRE site by protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Calcium pathways depend on calmodulin kinase II (CAMKII) activity, and calcium-independent pathways are accounted for in part by MAPK activation (Rap1/B-Raf/MAPK-ERK kinase/ERK1/2), demonstrated by the use of molecular and pharmacological tools. AtT-20 corticotrophs express B-Raf, as do other cells in which cAMP stimulates MAPK. CRH/cAMP stimulated ERK2 activity and increased transcriptional activity of a Gal4-Elk1 protein, which was blocked by overexpression of dominant negative mutants and kinase inhibitors and stimulated by expression of B-Raf. The MAPK kinase inhibitors did not affect Nur77 and Nurr1 mRNA induction but blocked CRH or cAMP-stimulated Nur transcriptional activity. Moreover, MAPK stimulated phosphorylation and transactivation of Nur77. The functional impact of these pathways was confirmed at the POMC promoter. In conclusion, in AtT-20 corticotrophs the CRH/cAMP signaling that leads to Nur77/Nurr1 mRNA induction and transcriptional activation, and thus POMC expression, is dependent on protein kinase A and involves calcium/calmodulin kinase II (Nur induction/activation) and MAPK calcium-dependent and -independent (Nur phosphorylation-activation) pathways.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor β (THRB) Is a Major Target Gene for Micro-RNAs Deregulated in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC)
Authors: Jazdzewski Krystian , Boguslawska Joanna , Jendrzejewski Jaroslaw , Liyanarachchi Sandya , Pachucki Janusz , Wardyn Kazimierz A. , Nauman Alicja , de la Chapelle Albert 
Published: January 2014

Context:
Loss of the thyroid hormone receptor is common in tumors. In mouse models, a truncated THRB gene leads to thyroid cancer. Previously, we observed up-regulation of the expression of eight micro-RNAs (miR) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors.

Objective:
Our objective was to determine whether THRB might be inhibited by miR up-regulated in PTC.

Design:
The potential binding of miR to the 3′-untranslated region of THRB was analyzed in silico. Direct inhibition by miR binding to the cloned 3′-untranslated region of THRB was evaluated using luciferase assays. Inhibition of endogenous THRB and its target genes (DIO1 and APP) was examined in cell lines transfected by pre-miR. The impact on thyroid hormone response elements (TRE) was evaluated in promoter assays. Correlations between the expression of THRB and miR was evaluated in 13 PTC tumor/normal tissue pairs.

Results:
THRB contains binding sites for the top seven miR up-regulated in PTC (P = 0.0000002). Direct interaction with THRB was shown for miR-21 and miR-146a. We observed lower levels of THRB transcripts in cell lines transfected with miR-21, −146a, and −221 (down-regulation of 37–48%; P &lt; 0.0001), but not with miR-181a. THRB protein was suppressed down to 10–28% by each of four miR. Concomitant expression of DIO1 and APP was affected (down-regulation of 32–66%, P &lt; 0.0034 and up-regulation of 48–57%, P &lt; 0.0002, respectively). All four miR affected TRE activity in promoter assays. Down-regulation of luciferase occurred after transfection with pTRE-TK-Luc construct and each of four miR. The analysis of tumor/normal tissue pairs revealed down-regulation of THRB in 11 of 13 pairs (1.3- to 9.1-fold), and up-regulation of miR-21, −146a, −181a, and −221 in almost all pairs.

Conclusions:
MiR up-regulated in PTC tumors directly inhibit the expression of THRB, an important tumor suppressor gene.
Action of Metformin on the Insulin-Signaling Pathway and on Glucose Transport in Human Granulosa Cells
Authors: Rice Suman , Pellatt Laura , Bryan Stacey , Whitehead Saffron Ann , Mason Helen Diane 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Context:
Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome is widely treated with the insulin sensitizer metformin, which, in addition to its systemic effects, directly affects the ovarian insulin-stimulated steroidogenesis pathway.

Objective:
Our aim was to investigate the interaction of metformin with the other insulin-stimulated ovarian pathway, namely that leading to glucose uptake.

Design:
Human granulosa-luteal cells were cultured with metformin (10−7m), insulin (10 ng/ml) or metformin and insulin (Met + Ins) combined. Insulin receptor (IR) involvement was assessed by culture with an (anti)-insulin receptor (IR) antibody.

Main Outcome Measures:
The effect of metformin on insulin-receptor substrate proteins 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and -2) mRNA and protein expression was determined. The KGN granulosa-cell line was used to investigate the effect of insulin and metformin on Akt activation and glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) expression. Glut-4 translocation from the cytosol to the membrane was determined in cytoplasmic and membrane-enriched fractions of protein lysates.

Results:
IRS-1 mRNA and protein increased with all treatments. In contrast, basal IRS-2 mRNA levels were barely detectable, but transcription was up-regulated by metformin. The anti-IR antibody reduced treatment-stimulated IRS-1 to basal levels and IRS-2 expression to an even greater extent than IRS-1, showing greater dependence on the IR than IRS-1. Metformin in the presence of insulin activated Akt and this was dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase, as was translocation of Glut-4 to the membrane. Metformin was able to substantially enhance the insulin-stimulated translocation of Glut-4 transporters from the cytosol to the membrane.

Conclusion:
This net increase in Glut-4 transporters in the plasma membrane has the potential to increase glucose uptake and metabolism by granulosa cells of the insulin-resistant polycystic ovary, thereby facilitating follicle growth.
Outcome of Surgical Decompression in Simple Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis
Authors: Paudel Byapak , Chhabra Harvinder Singh , Pradhan Rabindra Lal , Arora Mohit 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: A sensory or motor deficit occurs in about half of patients with symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis. There is no study evaluating neurologically deficient patients with simple degenerative lumbar canal stenosis using validated measures and there are no consensus about outcome predictor of surgical decompression is available in literature. Only one study assessed outcome of patients with neurological deficit but it had not excluded either patients with comorbid conditions that affect outcome or those with lumbar canal stenosis secondary to spondylolisthesis and scoliosis. The aim of this study was to assess overall result and to compare the surgically treated patients of simple degenerative lumbar canal stenosis using validated outcome measures like Oswestry Disability Scale (ODS), Neurogenic Claudication Score (NCS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Satisfaction, this study also aimed to find outcome predictor of surgical decompression. Methods: This was a retrospective comparative study with homogenous cohorts with control of comorbid conditions that affect outcome. Each cohort ( Those with neurological deficit and without neurological deficit) had 11 patients who had adequate decompression with laminectomy and foraminotomies. Outcome was evaluated using validated ODS, NCS, VAS and Satisfaction in overall and also evaluated by each section of ODS, NCS with appropriate statistical analysis of both cohorts. Results: Neurologically deficient patients had more back pain, tingling, numbness, weakness and heaviness preoperatively. In neurologically deficient patients there was a trend to have poorer outcome, but overall recovery rate was higher than neurologically normal patients. Sensory deficit did not recover. The index surgery may not have effect on sitting and sleeping in both cohorts and may not have effect on lifting in neurologically normal patients and may not have effect on social life in neurological deficient patients. Additionally the index surgery may not have effect in relieving symptoms of numbness, tingling and heaviness and weakness in neurologically normal patients and may not have effect on standing in both cohorts. Recovery according to VAS was higher in neurologically normal patients. Preoperative NCS and preoperative heaviness and weakness severity contributed up to 43 % in ODS recovery rate. Conclusion: Overall there is a trend to have poorer outcome in neurologically deficient patients though recovery rate is better than neurologically normal patients. Recovery in term of VAS is better in neurologically normal patients. Preoperative NCS and preoperative heaviness and weakness severity score predict or contribute up to 43 % in ODS recovery rate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/noaj.v3i2.9512 NOAJ July-December 2013, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2-9
Traumatic Spondyloptosis Causing Complete Transaction of Spinal Cord
Authors: Yadav Abhay , Sharma Sashmit 
Published: January 2014

Traumatic spondyloptosis is a rare presentation and is usually due to very high energy trauma. It is accompanied with cord injury, mostly complete transaction of the cord. In managing such cases special consideration should be given to soft tissues, surrounding structures and organs in the traumatized area. We present a case of traumatic spondyloptosis of D12/L1 in a middle aged gentleman with complete cord transaction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/noaj.v3i2.9527 NOAJ July-December 2013, Vol 3, Issue 2, 38-40
Oxygen Embolism During Surgical Lavage of Chronic Osteomyelitis of Femur with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Rai Rem Kumar , Joshi Amit , Thapa Bishnu Babu , Magar Sushil Rana , Sah Dev Narayan 
Published: January 2014

Hydrogen peroxide, an over the counter irrigation solution used in infected and dirty wounds, has been reported mainly in the anesthesia literature to have life threatening complications. We report a case of near fatal gas embolism during an orthopedic procedure of irrigating the wound of a 30 year old female with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur using hydrogen peroxide solution. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/noaj.v3i2.9528 NOAJ July-December 2013, Vol 3, Issue 2, 41-43
In vitro Root Culture : An Alternative Source of Bioactives in the Rare Aphrodisiac Herb Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant et Fern
Authors: Basu Sautrik , Jha Timir Baran 
Published: January 2014

Chlorophytum borivilianum is a rare, near-endemic high value root crop. The fasciculated roots of the plant have the potential to synthesize valuable bioactives having aphrodisiac, anti stress and immuno modulatory properties. The present investigation describes an alternative protocol for the development of a stable, fast growing, non-transformed root culture system in C. borivilianum and the simultaneous quantitative analysis of total steroidal saponins, amino acids and sugars. Liquid MS fortified with various concentrations and combinations of BA (0.44 - 8.8 µM), Kn (0.23 µM) and NAA (0.27 - 5.4 µM) was effectively used for the development of root culture system. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used for quantification and comparative analysis of bioactives from in vitro and in vivo grown tuberous roots. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17505 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 133-146, 2013 (December)
Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Vulnerable Medicinal Plant Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham ex Smith
Authors: Giri Dinesh , Tamta Sushma 
Published: January 2014

This protocol has been developed for somatic embryogenesis in Hedychium spicatum. Simultaneously, a method has also been developed for the production of synthetic seeds by using somatic embryos. Direct somatic embryos were developed on cotyledon explants of zygotic embryos on MS supplemented with high concentration of NAA (20.0 µM). Induction of secondary embryogenesis was best in 2,4-D supplemented medium fortified with activated charcoal. Germination of somatic embryos was enhanced by using GA3. Besides this, round and semi-hard beads of somatic embryos (synthetic seeds) could be produced by using 2% Na-alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride and more than 30% germination of synthetic seeds was achieved in MS. Well acclimated plants produced via somatic embryogenesis and/or synthetic seeds were transferred to field where more than 60% survived. This simple study enabled us to obtain a number of plantlets throughout the year each cycle requiring a short period of time. Besides propagation, this study provided an ex situ method for conservation of this vulnerable Himalayan species.D. O. I.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17506Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 147-155, 2013 (December)
Factors Affecting the Selection of Callus Cell Lines and the Preparation of the Cell Suspension Culture of Artemisia annua L.
Authors: Jin Chng Song , Keng Chan Lai 
Published: January 2014

Artemisinin, an important antimalarial drug against multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium, can be produced in Artemisia annua L. Field production of artemisinin is affected by environmental condition and geographical location. In vitro production via cell suspension culture is an alternative mode and cell line selection is important to ensure sustainable production of biomass and artemisinin. Callus cell lines were derived from the leaf explants of five A. annua clones grown in two different locations in Vietnam. Thirty-four callus cell lines with consistent growth index (GI) were selected from these five clones and were categorized into fast (GI > 20), intermediate (GI 15 - 20) and slow (GI < 15) growing groups. The selected lines were found to have different morphology in term of colour and texture. The callus texture did affect the cell growth of A. annua in which the friable callus type showed faster, consistent and sustainable cell biomass production.D. O. I.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17507Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 157-163, 2013 (December)
In vitro Mass Propagation of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) cv: Anamed
Authors: Hailu Tilahun , Abera Balcha , Mariam Gabra 
Published: January 2014

An efficient in vitro propagation protocol was developed for anamed (A-3) cultivar of Artemisia annua. Two and 1.5% concentration of NaOCl treatment for 10 and 20 min were found to be optimum for sterilization of shoot tip and nodal explants, respectively. Maximum percentage (98.75 ± 2.50) shoot induction was observed from nodal explants cultured on MS supplemented with 0.8 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IBA followed by 82.50 ± 2.88% from shoot tip explants on the same medium with 0.8 mg/l TDZ for shoot tip explants. The highest number of shoots (8.05 ± 0.66/explant) was regenerated on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IBA. Best rooting with mean values of 18.25 ± 0.95/explant root number and root length (6.35 ± 0.10 cm) was recorded on 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Up on acclimation and transplanting, 80% survival efficiency was observed on the soil mix ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 (decomposed coffee husk, forest soil and sand, respectively). The developed regeneration protocol enables a large scale commercial production and a possible system towards the genetic improvement of this crop. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17518 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 165-176, 2013 (December)
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Eighteen Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Clones of Bangladesh Through RAPD
Authors: Boonerjee Shefali , Islam M. Nurul , Hoque M. I. , Sarker R. H. 
Published: January 2014

Using 20 decamer random primers molecular characterization of 18 tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones of Bangladesh was made. All the primers showed significant amplification in PCR analysis. A total of 755 bands was produced in all the 18 tea clones with an average of 37.75 RAPD bands per primer. Among all the bands 97.41% were polymorphic in nature. The molecular size of the amplified DNA fragments ranged from 250 to 5000 bp. Ten unique bands were amplified from the genome of the 18 tea clones. The values of pairwise genetic distance ranged from 24.0 to 59.0 indicating the presence of a wide range of genetic diversity. The highest genetic distance 59 was found between the clone BT16 and BT2, whereas the lowest (24.0) between BT18 and BT5. The dendrogram based on Neis genetic distance was constructed using un-weighted Pair Group of Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) segregating the 18 tea clones into two major clusters: BT9 and BT13 in cluster 1 and the remainder of 16 clones in cluster 2. Cluster 2 is further sub-divided into many sub-clusters. Cluster analysis revealed that while the genotype BT5 is closely related to BT18, BT1 and BT2 showed similarity with BT8. Genotypes BT1 and BT13 were widely diverse genetically. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.175010 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 189-199, 2013 (December)
In vitro Morphogenesis of Arabian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
Authors: Azad Md. Abul Kalam , Arefin Hasnatul , Hossain Md. Amzad 
Published: January 2014

After inoculation of young leaves of date palm offshoot required about six months to complete the morphogenesis process. Fourteen weeks were required for embryogenic callus formation under continuous dark condition and nine weeks for shoot initiation (under 16/8 h light/dark). The highest number of explants (80%) produced callus in modified MS containing 5 mg/l 2,4-D + 2 mg/l 2ip. Sixty per cent of explants produced callus in the modified medium containing 5 mg/l 2,4-D + 5 mg/l NAA. while only 50 per cent of the explants formed callus in the same medium when supplemented with only 5 mg/l 2,4-D. The induced calli were transferred to modified MS for shoot proliferation. A combination of two cytokines showed better performance than single ones in shoot induction. The highest percentage (70) of shoot developed in modified MS containing 2 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l Kn. Forty per cent shoot induction was found in the same medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of BAP. Thirty per cent shoot formed in MS containing 1 mg/l of Kn. The shoots were subcultured at three- four week intervals throughout culture duration. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17522 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 211-219, 2013 (December)
In vitro Axillary Shoot Regeneration and Direct Protocorm-like Body Induction from Axenic Shoot Tips of Doritis pulcherrima Lindl.
Authors: Mondal Tustu , Aditya Sumana , Banerjee Nirmalya 
Published: January 2014

An efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of an important ornamental terrestrial orchid, Doritis pulcherima Lindl. through axillary shoot and direct protocorm-like body (PLB) formation from shoot tip explants derived from six- month-old axenic seedlings has been described. Shoot tips were cultured on modified nutrient medium of Knudsons C supplemented with 0.1% peptone and combination of various concentrations of NAA and BAP. The effect of NAA and BAP on axillary shoot formation, protocorm-like body induction and root regeneration from the explants was significant. The highest frequency of axillary shoot formation was recorded in the medium containing 2 mg/l BAP and the PLB production was higher in the medium containing 2 mg/l NAA. A higher concentration of BAP showed inhibitory effects on the axillary shoot formation and PLB induction. Efficient root regeneration was observed in low concentration of NAA. However, the profuse root formation was common in the PGR free medium. Rooted plantlets were hardened successfully through the stepwise acclimation protocol and platelets were finally established in the potting mixture containing small pieces of dead tree bark of mango, charcoal pieces and broken bricks in 1 : 2 : 1 ratio. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17526 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 251-261, 2013 (December)
Le corps de ville à Brest : composition, fonctionnement et rôles (1750-1790)
Authors: Baron Bruno 
Published: January 2014

Dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle, la ville de Brest est administrée par un corps de ville qui comprend deux entités : le corps en exercice (maire, échevins, procureur syndic, conseillers) et l’ancien corps (membres ayant quitté le corps en exercice).L’histoire de cette institution est assez récente car la première véritable organisation municipale n’apparaît qu’à la fin du xvie siècle et connaît jusqu’en 1750 quelques modifications et ajustements.L’élément essentiel de cette administration est le maire, sur qui repose la majeure partie du travail. De la nature et de la motivation de cet individu dépend le dynamisme influé à la cité du Ponant. Il est aidé ponctuellement dans sa tâche par neuf autres officiers municipaux, qui sont cooptés à la différence du maire qui lui, est élu par une assemblée générale.Ces édiles forment un groupe d’élites municipales. Cependant, si les carrières et les promotions semblent importantes au sein du corps de ville, ces personnages demeurent en retrait des nombreuses autorités nobiliaires présentes à Brest et ne peuvent rivaliser dans leurs actions avec le pouvoir des militaires qui constituent la véritable élite sociale.