bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a new understanding of the links between poverty and illegal wildlife hunting
Authors: Duffy Rosaleen , St John Freya A. V. , Büscher Bram , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractConservation organizations have increasingly raised concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trade in wildlife. Previous studies have concluded that people hunt illegally because they are financially poor or lack alternative livelihood strategies. However, there has been little attempt to develop a richer understanding of the motivations behind contemporary illegal wildlife hunting. As a first step, we reviewed the academic and policy literatures on poaching and illegal wildlife use and considered the meanings of poverty and the relative importance of structure and individual agency. We placed motivations for illegal wildlife hunting within the context of the complex history of how wildlife laws were initially designed and enforced to indicate how hunting practices by specific communities were criminalized. We also considered the nature of poverty and the reasons for economic deprivation in particular communities to indicate how particular understandings of poverty as material deprivation ultimately shape approaches to illegal wildlife hunting. We found there is a need for a much better understanding of what poverty is and what motivates people to hunt illegally.
Impact of three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound on the outcome of anal fistula surgery: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ding J.‐H. , Bi L.‐X. , Zhao K. , Feng Y.‐Y. , Zhu J. , Zhang B. , Yin S.‐H. , Zhao Y.‐J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D‐EAUS) on postoperative outcome in patients with anal fistula.MethodThis prospective study compared clinical and functional outcomes of patients with and without preoperative 3D‐EAUS examination 1 year after anal fistula surgery. Patients were prospectively followed and evaluated by a standardized protocol including physical examination, the Wexner Incontinence Score (WIS) and anorectal manometry, at baseline and 1 year after surgery.ResultsA total of 196 patients were enrolled. There were no significant differences in demographic and operative parameters, except for operation time, between the two groups. At 1 year follow‐up, the overall recurrence rates were 8.8% (9/102) in the 3D‐EAUS group and 13.8% (13/94) in the examination under anaesthesia (EUA) group. In the subgroup of patients with complex fistulae, the recurrence rate was numerically lower in the 3D‐EAUS group (12.8% vs 22.5%; P = 0.26). The WIS in the EUA group significantly worsened (0.35 ± 0.94 vs 1.07 ± 1.59; P = 0.003) with a decreased the number of fully continent patients (82.5% vs 55%; P = 0.008) while neither the WIS nor the proportion of fully continent patients changed in the 3D‐EAUS group. Fewer patients in the 3D‐EAUS group developed incontinence postoperatively (6.7% vs 33.3%; P = 0.012) and they had better maximum resting pressure and maximum squeeze pressure than the EUA group.ConclusionsPreoperative use of 3D‐EAUS had a favourable impact on the outcome of surgical treatment for anal fistulae, especially in those with complex anal fistula. It should be routinely used in the clinical setting.
The Appeal to Expert Opinion: Quantitative Support for a Bayesian Network Approach
Authors: Harris Adam J. L. , Hahn Ulrike , Madsen Jens K. , Hsu Anne S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe appeal to expert opinion is an argument form that uses the verdict of an expert to support a position or hypothesis. A previous scheme‐based treatment of the argument form is formalized within a Bayesian network that is able to capture the critical aspects of the argument form, including the central considerations of the expert's expertise and trustworthiness. We propose this as an appropriate normative framework for the argument form, enabling the development and testing of quantitative predictions as to how people evaluate this argument, suggesting that such an approach might be beneficial to argumentation research generally. We subsequently present two experiments as an example of the potential for future research in this vein, demonstrating that participants' quantitative ratings of the convincingness of a proposition that has been supported with an appeal to expert opinion were broadly consistent with the predictions of the Bayesian model.
Assessing Competencies in a Master of Science in Clinical Research Program: The Comprehensive Competency Review
Authors: Robinson Georgeanna F.W.B. , Moore Charity G. , McTigue Kathleen M. , Rubio Doris M. , Kapoor Wishwa N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCompetencies in Master of Science Clinical Research programs are becoming increasingly common. However, students and programs can only benefit fully from competency‐based education if students’ competence is formally assessed. Prior to a summative assessment, students must have at least one formative, formal assessment to be sure they are developing competence appropriate for their stage of training. This paper describes the comprehensive competency review (CCR), a milestone for MS students in Clinical Research at the University of Pittsburgh's Institute for Clinical Research Education. The CCR involves metacognitive reflection of the student's learning as a whole, written evidence of each competency, a narrative explaining the choice of evidence for demonstrating competencies, and a meeting in which two faculty members review the evidence and solicit further oral evidence of competence. CCRs allow for individualized feedback at the midpoint in degree programs, providing students with confidence that they will have the means and strategies to develop competence in all areas by the summative assessment of competence at their thesis defense. CCRs have also provided programmatic insight on the need for curricular revisions and additions. These benefits outweigh the time cost on the part of students and faculty in the CCR process.
Mind the gap: What is the difference between alcohol treatment need and access for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians?
Authors: Brett Jonathan , Lee K. S. Kylie , Gray Dennis , Wilson Scott , Freeburn Bradley , Harrison Kristie , Conigrave Katherine 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol‐related harms cause great concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) communities in Australia as well as challenges to policy makers. Treatment of alcohol use disorders forms one component of an effective public health response. While alcohol dependence typically behaves as a chronic relapsing condition, treatment has been shown to be both effective and cost‐effective in improving outcomes. Provision of alcohol treatment services should be based on accurate assessment of treatment need.AimsIn this paper, we examine the likely extent of the gap between voluntary alcohol treatment need and accessibility. We also suggest potential approaches to improve the ability to assess unmet need.DiscussionExisting methods of assessing the treatment needs of Indigenous Australians are limited by incomplete and inaccurate survey data and an over‐reliance on existing service use data. In addition to a shortage of services, cultural and logistical barriers may hamper access to alcohol treatment for Indigenous Australians. There is also a lack of services funded to a level that allows them to cope with clients with complex medical and physical comorbidity, and a lack of services for women, families and young people. A lack of voluntary treatment services also raises serious ethical concerns, given the expansion of mandatory treatment programmes and incarceration of Indigenous Australians for continued drinking. The use of modelling approaches, linkage of administrative data sets and strategies to improve data collection are discussed as possible methods to better assess treatment need. [Brett J, Lee K, Gray D, Wilson S, Freeburn B, Harrison K, Conigrave K. Mind the gap: what is the difference between alcohol treatment need and access for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians? Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:456–460]
Assessing the place of neurobiological explanations in accounts of a family member's addiction
Authors: Meurk Carla , Fraser Doug , Weier Megan , Lucke Jayne , Carter Adrian , Hall Wayne 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe brain disease model of addiction posits that addiction is a persistent form of neural dysfunction produced by chronic drug use, which makes it difficult for addicted persons to become and remain abstinent. As part of an anticipatory policy analysis of addiction neuroscience, we engaged family members of addicted individuals to assess their views on the place and utility of brain‐based accounts of addiction.Design and MethodsFifteen in‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted and used to develop a quantitative online survey that was completed by 55 family members. This article reports responses on what addiction is and how it is caused and responses to explanations of the brain disease model of addiction.ResultsParticipants gave multiple reasons for their family members developing an addiction and there was no single dominant belief about the best way to describe addiction. Participants emphasised the importance of both scientific and non‐scientific perspectives on addiction by providing multifactorial explanations of their family members' addictions. Most family members acknowledged that repeated drug use can cause changes to the brain, but they varied in their reactions to labelling addiction a ‘brain disease’. They believed that understanding addiction, and how it is caused, could help them support their addicted relative.Discussion and ConclusionsParticipants' beliefs about neurobiological information and the brain disease model of addiction appeared to be driven by empathetic, utilitarian considerations rather than rationalist ones. We discuss the importance of providing information about the nature and causes of addiction. [Meurk C, Fraser D, Weier M, Lucke J, Carter A, Hall W. Assessing the place of neurobiological explanations in accounts of a family member's addiction. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:461–469]
‘The lesser of two evils’: A qualitative study of staff and client experiences and beliefs about addressing tobacco in addiction treatment settings
Authors: Wilson Amanda J. , Bonevski Billie , Dunlop Adrian , Shakeshaft Anthony , Tzelepis Flora , Walsberger Scott , Farrell Michael , Kelly Peter J. , Guillaumier Ashleigh 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe aim of this study was to explore beliefs about tobacco dependence treatment from the perspective of staff and clients in addiction treatment settings.Design and MethodsA qualitative study was conducted between August and November 2013 using grounded theory methodology. Participants were recruited from four government‐funded drug and alcohol services in a regional centre of New South Wales, Australia. Treatment centre staff (n = 10) were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide and two focus groups (n = 5 and n = 6) were held with clients of the same treatment centres.ResultsBoth clients and staff wish to do more about tobacco use in addiction treatment services, but a number of barriers were identified. Staff barriers included lack of time, tobacco‐permissive organisational culture, lack of enforcement of smoke‐free policies, beliefs that tobacco is not a treatment priority for clients and that clients need to smoke as a coping strategy, and perceptions that treatment was either ineffective or not used by clients. Clients reported smoking as a habit and for enjoyment or stress relief, seeing staff smoking, nicotine replacement therapy unaffordability and perceptions that nicotine replacement therapy may be addictive, and inability to relate to telephone cessation counselling as barriers to quitting smoking.Discussion and ConclusionsClient and staff perceptions and attitudes about the treatment of tobacco, particularly those relating telephone support and nicotine replacement therapy, provided information, which will inform the design of smoking cessation programs for addiction treatment populations. [Wilson AJ, Bonevski B., Dunlop A., Shakeshaft A, Tzelepis F., Walsberger S., Farrell M., Kelly PJ, Guillaumier A. ‘The lesser of two evils’: A qualitative study of staff and client experiences and beliefs about addressing tobacco in addiction treatment settings. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015]
Facilitating police recording of the alcohol‐related characteristics of assault incidents: A stepped wedge implementation trial
Authors: Wiggers John H. , Hacker Andrew , Kingsland Melanie , Lecathelinais Christophe , Tindall Jennifer , Bowman Jennifer A. , Wolfenden Luke 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsEnforcement of liquor licensing laws is limited by inadequate police information systems. This study aimed to: (i) determine the effectiveness of an intervention in facilitating police recording of the alcohol consumption characteristics of people involved in assaults; and (ii) describe such characteristics by geographic area and setting of alcohol consumption.Design and MethodsA stepped wedge trial was conducted across New South Wales, Australia. An intervention to facilitate police recording of alcohol consumption information for people involved in incidents was implemented. For people involved in an assault the proportion for which alcohol consumption information was recorded was assessed. The proportion of assaults that were alcohol related, the proportions of people that consumed alcohol prior to the assault, were intoxicated, and had consumed alcohol in various settings, are described.ResultsPost‐intervention, alcohol consumption information was recorded for 85–100% of people involved in an assault incident. The proportion of incidents recorded as alcohol‐related increased significantly (26–44.5%; P < 0.0001). The proportion of assaults classified as alcohol related was significantly greater in regional/rural areas (50–47%) than in metropolitan areas (38%). More people in metropolitan areas (54%) consumed alcohol on licensed premises prior to an assault than in regional/rural areas (39–42%), with approximately 70% of persons intoxicated regardless of setting of alcohol consumption. Twenty per cent of premises accounted for 60% of assaults linked to licensed premises.Discussion and ConclusionsThe intervention was effective in enhancing the recording of alcohol‐related information for assault incidents. Such information could enhance targeted policing of liquor licensing laws. [Wiggers JH, Hacker A, Kingsland M, Lecathelinais C, Tindall J, Bowman JA, Wolfenden L. Facilitating police recording of the alcohol‐related characteristics of assault incidents: A stepped wedge implementation trial. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;00:000–000]
Leveraging Supply Chain Integration through Planning Comprehensiveness: An Organizational Information Processing Theory Perspective
Authors: Srinivasan Ravi , Swink Morgan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis study extends prior research on supply chain planning and integration by examining the underlying capabilities by which firms exploit the information they gain from integration activities. We use organizational information processing theory (OIPT) to develop hypotheses that identify the comprehensiveness of an organization's supply chain planning capabilities as an important mediator in the relationship between its supply chain integration activities and its operational performance. Further, our interpretation of OIPT suggests that an organization's usage of technology‐enabled supply chain management systems (SCMS) moderates these effects. Using survey data from 445 global firms, we estimate the corresponding moderated‐mediation structural model. The results indicate that usage of SCMS enables organizations to better utilize the information they gain from external integration efforts (relationships with customers and suppliers), thus improving the comprehensiveness of their supply chain planning capabilities. In contrast, the use of SCMS appears to be a partial substitute for internal integration as a driver of planning comprehensiveness. Most importantly, the results suggest that planning comprehensiveness is a significant generative means by which integration and technology investments produce superior operational performance. These findings provide a richer and more theoretically grounded explanation of relationships between supply chain integration, supply chain planning, and operational performance.
Endoscopic versus surgical treatment for pancreatic pseudocyst
Authors: Zhao Xin , Feng Tao , Ji Wu 
Published: September 2015

Background and AimTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic treatment for pancreatic pseudocyst compared with surgical treatment.MethodsPubMed and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify all comparative trials investigating endoscopic versus surgical treatment for pancreatic pseudocyst. Main outcome measures included treatment success rate, adverse events, recurrence rate, length of hospital stay and hospital cost.ResultsFive comparative studies with 255 participants were included in this meta‐analysis. The surgical group exhibited a higher treatment success rate than the endoscopic group (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20–0.95; P = 0.04). However, there was no difference in the rates of adverse events (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.33–1.36; P = 0.27) or recurrence (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 0.37–6.39; P = 0.56) between the endoscopic and the surgical groups. Evidence from included studies demonstrated that the endoscopic group was associated with shorter length of hospital stay and lower hospital cost compared to the surgical group.ConclusionEndoscopic treatment may be the first‐line treatment approach for patients with pancreatic pseudocyst.
Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japanese patients with spinal kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical spinal correction
Authors: Sugimoto Mitsushige , Hasegawa Tomohiko , Nishino Masafumi , Sahara Shu , Uotani Takahiro , Ichikawa Hitomi , Kagami Takuma , Sugimoto Ken , Yamato Yu , Togawa Daisuke , Kobayashi Sho , Hoshino Hironobu , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Furuta Takahisa 
Published: September 2015

Background and AimSpinal kyphotic deformity occasionally results in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The effects of acid reflux on the esophagus in kyphotic patients are unclear, however, and it is unknown whether acid reflux, endoscopic GERD, and reflux‐related symptoms improve following surgical spinal correction in these patients. Herein, we investigated the characteristics of GERD in kyphotic patients and the improvement in GERD following surgical correction.MethodsIn 48 patients with severe kyphotic deformity scheduled for surgical spinal correction, we conducted esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24‐h pH monitoring and three questionnaire surveys, including the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG). We repeated these measurements after surgical correction and compared pre‐ and post‐surgery values.ResultsOf 48 patients, 70.8% [95% CI: 55.9–83.0%, 34/48] had endoscopically evaluated esophageal mucosal injury. Regarding pH before surgery, 64.9% (CI: 47.5–79.8%, 24/37) had abnormal acid reflux (intraesophageal pH < 4 more than 5% of the time). FSSG score was significantly associated with the severity of GERD, and the positive rate was 52.6% (CI: 35.8–69.0%, 20/38). Following surgical correction, esophageal mucosal injury improved endoscopically in 90% of patients, and median total FSSG score significantly decreased from 8 (0–30) to 5 (0–19) (P = 0.005). Regarding pH after surgery, prevalence of abnormal acid reflux decreased from 66.7% (95% CI: 41.0–86.7%) to 33.3% (95% CI: 13.3–59.0%) (P = 0.045).ConclusionSurgical spinal correction in kyphosis patients improves not only kyphotic deformity‐related disorders but also esophageal mucosal injury, abnormal acid reflux, and reflux‐related symptoms.
Factors associated with healing of artificial ulcer after endoscopic submucosal dissection with reference to Helicobacter pylori infection, CYP2C19 genotype, and tumor location: Multicenter randomized trial
Authors: Yoshizawa Yashiro , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Sato Yoshihiko , Sahara Shu , Ichikawa Hitomi , Kagami Takuma , Hosoda Yoshisuke , Kimata Masaharu , Tamura Satoshi , Kobayashi Yousuke , Osawa Satoshi , Sugimoto Ken , Miyajima Hiroaki , Furuta Takahisa 
Published: September 2015

Background and AimHealing speed of peptic ulcer is affected by a number of factors, including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and intragastric pH. Acid inhibition exerted by proton pump inhibitors differs by CYP2C19 genotype. Herein, we investigated whether healing speed of artificial ulcers formed after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was influenced by H. pylori infection, CYP2C19 genotype, or other factors.MethodsA total of 96 H. pylori‐positive patients with gastric tumors scheduled for ESD were randomly assigned to receive eradication therapy for H. pylori before ESD (pre‐ESD eradication) (n = 44) or after (post‐ESD eradication) (n = 52). Patients received eradication therapy consisting of lansoprazole 30 mg, amoxicillin 750 mg, and clarithromycin 200 mg twice daily for 1 week. After ESD, lansoprazole 30 mg was given once daily for 8 weeks. Ulcer size was endoscopically measured on the next day and at 4 and 8 weeks after ESD.ResultsMean reduction rate of artificial ulcer area in the pre‐ESD eradication group was 94.7% ± 5.5% at 4 weeks, which was similar to that in the post‐ESD eradication group (94.7% ± 6.7%, P = 0.987), irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype. In multivariate analyses, location of gastric tumor (middle and upper, odds ratio: 4.05, 95% CI: 1.620–10.230, P = 0.003) was a factor for 97% reduction of artificial ulcer area at 4 weeks post‐ESD, but CYP2C19 genotype and H. pylori infection were not.ConclusionHealing speed of ESD‐induced artificial ulcer was affected by tumor location, but not by time of H. pylori eradication, resected size, or CYP2C19 genotype.
Decreasing prevalence in cerebral palsy: a multi‐site European population‐based study, 1980 to 2003
Authors: Sellier Elodie , Platt Mary Jane , Andersen Guro L , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg , De La Cruz Javier , Cans Christine ,   Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy Network
Published: September 2015

AimTo monitor the trends in prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) by birthweight in Europe, 1980 to 2003.MethodData were collated from 20 population‐based registers contributing to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe database. Trend analyses were conducted in four birthweight groups: <1000g (extremely low birthweight [ELBW]); 1000 to 1499g (very low birthweight [VLBW]); 1500 to 2499g (moderately low birthweight [MLBW]); and >2499g (normal birthweight [NBW]).ResultsThe overall prevalence ofCPdecreased from 1.90 to 1.77 per 1000 live births,p<0.001, with a mean annual fall of 0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.3% to −1.0%). Prevalence inNBWchildren showed a non‐significant trend from 1.17 to 0.89 per 1000 live births (p=0.22). Prevalence inMLBWchildren decreased from 8.5 to 6.2 per 1000 live births (p<0.001), but not linearly. Prevalence inVLBWchildren also declined from 70.9 to 35.9 per 1000 live births (p<0.001) with a mean annual fall of 3.4% (95%CI−2.4% to −4.3%). Prevalence inELBWchildren remained stable, at a mean rate of 42.4 per 1000 live births.InterpretationThe decline in prevalence ofCPin children ofVLBWcontinues, and confirms that previously reported. For the first time, there is also a significant decline among those ofMLBW, resulting in a significant overall decrease in the prevalence ofCP.