bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control and restructuring in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe functional restructuring approach to exhaustive control is extended in this chapter to Mandarin Chinese. The chapter argues that in Mandarin, exhaustive control predicates instantiate monoclausal configurations whereas partial control predicates instantiate biclausal configurations. In so doing, the chapter also weighs in on ongoing debate over whether Mandarin has a covert finite/nonfinite distinction. It argues for the negative view: syntactic contrasts which in previous literature have been taken as evidence for a finite/nonfinite split are shown to be more parsimoniously explained by instead appealing to a monoclausal/biclausal split. Phenomena discussed in motivating these proposals include the distribution of overt embedded subjects, the distribution of overt embedded modals and aspectual morphemes, polarity licensing, and focus movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe concluding chapter distills the book’s content into five central themes. The first is empirical: complement control splits into two classes, as evidenced by how a number of properties cluster. The second is syntactic: the aforementioned split follows from the proposal that some control configurations are monoclausal raising structures whereas others are biclausal PRO-control structures. The third is semantic: in the monoclausal class, a raising syntax can be reconciled with a control semantics via the proposal that control predicates in this class incorporate an obligatorily bound variable. The fourth theme lies at the syntax–semantics interface: the split in control structures is keyed to how the meanings of the embedding predicates interact with general principles of clausal architecture. Finally, the fifth theme is cross-linguistic: English, Mandarin Chinese, and modern Greek behave similarly despite superficial differences in how their grammars treat complement clauses, thereby supporting the cross-linguistic robustness of the book’s proposals.
The History of International Legal Scholarship in Russia
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses Russia’s encounter with Europe in the history of international law and demonstrates, by discussing ideas of leading Russian international law scholars such as Martens, Taube, Kozhevnikov and Hrabar and other thinkers such as Danilevsky, the tension between pro-European Westernizers and the nativist (Slavophile, Eurasianist) school of thought. Russia’s relatively late arrival in ius publicum europaeum is discussed as well as how this arrival was part of the country’s Europeanizing project. The Soviet period is interpreted as reaction to this forced Europeanization, also with its strong claims to regionalism in the context of international law. Issues in contemporary history writing are touched upon such as the question whether modern international law began in 1648, and whether Muscovy had any role in the Peace of Westphalia. The constraints that international law scholars historically faced in Russia are also discussed.
Theory of International Law in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The chapter discusses and ‘translates’ main debates in the post-Soviet Russian theory of international law, such as the question whether individuals and transnational companies can be subjects of international law, what is the relationship between international and Russia’s domestic law, and what is the relationship between public and private international law. Further it is discussed how the predominance of the statist (etatist) school of thought is reflected in the discussion of concrete issues of international law such as sovereignty, right of peoples to self-determination, use of military force, human rights, and international economic law. The conclusion is that Russian theory of international law tends to have different accents and positions than what have become mainstream in the post-World War II ‘liberal’ West.
I Clowns
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the difficulty of approaching comedy. It opens with a reading of Fellini’s I Clowns as a theoretical and practical model for making such an approach. One needs to get past functionalists’ descriptions of comedy: ‘X was said because X is funny.’ Reading comedy is difficult, because scholars are reluctant to consider their own complicity with the mechanism humour. An outline of Lacan’s ‘four discourses’ helps to explicate the intersection between subjective orientations and hermeneutic commitments.
Introduction
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to demonstrate that it has always been, and continues to be, extremely difficult for migrants to get violations of their human rights recognised and denounced by the European Court of Human Rights. The book also shows that another regional human rights court, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, seems far more inclined to push for the recognition of migrants’ rights. The chapter then explains the contrast between the two courts and discusses the bias of the European Court towards the State. This is followed by a description of the book’s organization and structure.
Rejecting the Legacy of Empire: Postcolonial Dereliction
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the first migrant case which achieved notoriety in European human rights law. The case dealt with the legislation hastily passed by the British Government in 1968 in order to deprive Asian holders of British passports, then being expelled from East Africa, of their right of abode. The Commission concluded that the UK had acted out of racism, in a manner which contravened Article 3 ECHR which prohibits inhuman and degrading treatment. The chapter notes the difficulty which the drafters of the Convention met in seeking to proclaim human rights in a context which remained colonial, and discusses the links between (post)colonialism, immigration patterns, and the limits of human rights.
Not-so-Threatening Foreigners: Nationality as a Core Human Rights Issue
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the first ruling of the Inter-American Court on a migrant issue. This ruling, adopted under the advisory jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court in 1984, concerned conditions of access to nationality through naturalisation in Costa Rica. The Costa Rican case is used to determine how the Strasbourg Court has approached cases which bring out nationality issues. It also sketches important differences in the composition of the European and Inter-American Courts.
Social Protection? All are Equal, But Some More So than Others
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter first revisits Gaygusuz v. Austria, a 1996 Chamber judgment, which became celebrated for having entrenched the principle of equality between legally settled migrants and nationals in the field of social security. It then offers a critical analysis of a series of individual cases which, each in their own way, raised questions about how the Strasbourg Court either approached or ignored discrimination complaints made by migrants. These include Timishev v. Russia, Moser v. Austria, Anakomba Yula v. Belgium, Ponomaryovi v. Bulgaria, and Bah v. the United Kingdom. The chapter concludes by expressing regret in the way in which the Court tends to downplay the difficulties migrants encounter.
Reparations are a Big Issue: Taking Human Rights One Step Further
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews the judgment of 2005 in the contentious case of Yean and Bosico v. the Dominican Republic, which turned around the refusal by the authorities of the defendant State to register the birth of victims, thus denying them automatic access to nationality and other rights. It demonstrates the comparatively more restrictive approach of the European Court towards migrants’ rights through a discussion of procedural mechanisms, including the conclusion of friendly settlements, the ordering of reparation measures, and the supervision of the execution of judgments.
On the Road to Substantive Equality: Due Process and Non-discrimination at San José
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent Inter-American migration case law. It discusses the judgments of Nadege Dorzema et al. v. Dominican Republic and Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia in order to examine where the Inter-American Court is heading in its migration case law. In particular, it focuses on the roads that the Court is navigating in order to ensure that migrants are treated equally and that they benefit from due process guarantees.
Conclusion: The Way Forward
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents some final thoughts. It considers whether a convergence between the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights is likely to take place in the near future. On the one hand, in a general political context in Europe which continues to be hostile to migrants, it is difficult to believe that the emergence of M.S.S. and other judgments resolutely favourable to migrants’ rights can be taken to signal a determined shift in the Strasbourg mainstream. On the other hand, one would hope that the principles of the pro-homine approach are sufficiently well established in the Inter-American case law to prevent the Inter-American Court from suddenly veering towards a position which would be strikingly less protective of migrants’ rights. The chapter also provides concrete suggestions that Strasbourg should harness the potential which lies dormant within Articles 3, 6, and 14 ECHR. The chapter concludes with the thought that the right to act humanely should top any human rights list.
Semiconductor Materials and Nanostructures
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the physics of semiconductor heterostructures and nanostructures. The electronic and optical properties of the most common III–V and II–VI binary semiconductor compounds and their alloys are presented and discussed. The concept of pseudomorphic heterostructures comprising strained layers of these materials is introduced and the basic effects of spatial confinement are considered, focusing on two-dimensional structures (quantum wells) and zero-dimensional structures (quantum dots). In both cases the electron spectra and optical transitions are defined in the framework of a multiband envelope function approximation. Excitonic fine structure is represented both in quantum wells and quantum dots in terms of the symmetry reduction induced by the carrier confining potential. The relationships presented in the chapter allow one to predict the energy and strength of optical transitions, depending on sizes and shapes of semiconductor nanostructures; they can be used to justify the choice of particular nanostructures for the purposes of plasmonics.
Light–Matter Interaction in Metal–Semiconductor Structures
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with a description of the main electromagnetic effects causing enhancement of optical absorption and optical emission in metal–semiconductor nanostructures. To this end, the chapter considers a pure electromagnetic mechanism, which relies on plasmon-induced enhancement of both local optical field intensity and density of photonic modes in the vicinity of a metal object. Relevant concepts are introduced and practical calculations of the electromagnetic enhancement in simplified model structures are presented. In particular, the classical electromagnetic problems are treated analytically for a plane metal–semiconductor interface and a metal sphere embedded into a semiconductor medium. The quasi-static approximation is employed to highlight the effects of the shape of the metallic object. The presented plots and diagrams, calculated within the analytical models, can be used to estimate the enhancement in real metal–semiconductor structures.
Dominant Strategy Mechanisms
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Some of the most important applications of the theory of mechanism design are considered. The focus is on constructing dominant strategy mechanisms. The results are carefully compared to the results that are obtained in the same examples if a Bayesian perspective is adopted. The chapter illustrates when the requirement of dominant strategies restricts the set of available mechanisms dramatically, as well as when this is not the case
Incentive Compatibility
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In a single agent context a characterization of all mechanisms that induce agents to truthfully reveal their private information are characterized. The results obtained are surprisingly strong and general. The crucial concept is Rochet’s cyclical monotonicity. The chapter then develops a theory of single-dimensional private information using economically meaningful concepts rather than the mathematical notion of dimension.
Nontransferrable Utility
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The theory of mechanism design when agents are not assumed to have quasi-linear preferences is considered. The most famous result in this area, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, is proved. The chapter then moves on to explain avenues that lead to more positive results than Gibbard and Satterthwaite’s impossibility theorem.
Informational Interdependence
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
When different agents’ private information enters other agents’ preferences, incentive problems become much more severe than when each agent’s private information only concerns that agent. In this chapter, this is illustrated using a result of Jehiel and Moldovanu on the impossibility to combine incentive compatibility and efficiency when there is informational interdependence.
Computer vision-based automated peak picking applied to protein NMR spectra
Authors: Klukowski Piotr , Walczak Michal J. , Gonczarek Adam , Boudet Julien , Wider Gerhard 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Motivation: A detailed analysis of multidimensional NMR spectra of macromolecules requires the identification of individual resonances (peaks). This task can be tedious and time-consuming and often requires support by experienced users. Automated peak picking algorithms were introduced more than 25 years ago, but there are still major deficiencies/flaws that often prevent complete and error free peak picking of biological macromolecule spectra. The major challenges of automated peak picking algorithms is both the distinction of artifacts from real peaks particularly from those with irregular shapes and also picking peaks in spectral regions with overlapping resonances which are very hard to resolve by existing computer algorithms. In both of these cases a visual inspection approach could be more effective than a ‘blind’ algorithm.
Results: We present a novel approach using computer vision (CV) methodology which could be better adapted to the problem of peak recognition. After suitable ‘training’ we successfully applied the CV algorithm to spectra of medium-sized soluble proteins up to molecular weights of 26 kDa and to a 130 kDa complex of a tetrameric membrane protein in detergent micelles. Our CV approach outperforms commonly used programs. With suitable training datasets the application of the presented method can be extended to automated peak picking in multidimensional spectra of nucleic acids or carbohydrates and adapted to solid-state NMR spectra.
Availability and implementation: CV-Peak Picker is available upon request from the authors.
Contact: gsw@mol.biol.ethz.ch; michal.walczak@mol.biol.ethz.ch; adam.gonczarek@pwr.edu.pl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ALMA imaging of SDP.81 – I. A pixelated reconstruction of the far-infrared continuum emission
Authors: Rybak M. , McKean J. P. , Vegetti S. , Andreani P. , White S. D. M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We present a sub-50 parsec scale analysis of the gravitational lens system SDP.81 at redshift 3.042 using Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array science verification data. We model both the mass distribution of the gravitational lensing galaxy and the pixelated surface brightness distribution of the background source using a novel Bayesian technique that fits the data directly in visibility space. We find the 1 and 1.3 mm dust emission to be magnified by a factor of μtot = 17.6 ± 0.4, giving an intrinsic total star formation rate of 315 ± 60 M⊙ yr−1 and a dust mass of 6.4 ± 1.5 × 108 M⊙. The reconstructed dust emission is found to be non-uniform, but composed of multiple regions that are heated by both diffuse and strongly clumped star formation. The highest surface brightness region is a ∼1.9 × 0.7 kpc disc-like structure, whose small extent is consistent with a potential size-bias in gravitationally lensed starbursts. Although surrounded by extended star formation, with a density of 20–30 ± 10 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2, the disc contains three compact regions with densities that peak between 120 and 190 ± 20 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2. Such star formation rate densities are below what is expected for Eddington-limited star formation by a radiation pressure supported starburst. There is also a tentative variation in the spectral slope of the different star-forming regions, which is likely due to a change in the dust temperature and/or opacity across the source.
Apnea after Awake Regional and General Anesthesia in Infants
Authors: Davidson Andrew J. , Morton Neil S. , Arnup Sarah J. , de Graaff Jurgen C. , Disma Nicola , Withington Davinia E. , Frawley Geoff , Hunt Rodney W. , Hardy Pollyanna , Khotcholava Magda , von Ungern Sternberg Britta S. , Wilton Niall , Tuo Pietro , Salvo Ida , Ormond Gillian , Stargatt Robyn , Locatelli Bruno Guido , McCann Mary Ellen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a secondary analysis of more than 700 infants more than 60 weeks postmenstrual age randomized to regional or general anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy, there was no difference in the incidence apnea in the first 12 postoperative hours (primary outcome measure), although early apnea in the first 30 min was less with regional.

Background:
Postoperative apnea is a complication in young infants. Awake regional anesthesia (RA) may reduce the risk; however, the evidence is weak. The General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia study is a randomized, controlled trial designed to assess the influence of general anesthesia (GA) on neurodevelopment. A secondary aim is to compare rates of apnea after anesthesia.

Methods:
Infants aged 60 weeks or younger, postmenstrual age scheduled for inguinal herniorrhaphy, were randomized to RA or GA. Exclusion criteria included risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome and infants born less than 26 weeks gestation. The primary outcome of this analysis was any observed apnea up to 12 h postoperatively. Apnea assessment was unblinded.

Results:
Three hundred sixty-three patients were assigned to RA and 359 to GA. Overall, the incidence of apnea (0 to 12 h) was similar between arms (3% in RA and 4% in GA arms; odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.30, P = 0.2133); however, the incidence of early apnea (0 to 30 min) was lower in the RA arm (1 vs. 3%; OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.91; P = 0.0367). The incidence of late apnea (30 min to 12 h) was 2% in both RA and GA arms (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.41 to 3.33; P = 0.7688). The strongest predictor of apnea was prematurity (OR, 21.87; 95% CI, 4.38 to 109.24), and 96% of infants with apnea were premature.

Conclusions:
RA in infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy reduces apnea in the early postoperative period. Cardiorespiratory monitoring should be used for all ex-premature infants.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the major acid phosphatase fromLegionella pneumophila
Authors: Zhou Dan , Pan Yang , Chen Xiaofang , Zhang Nannan , Ge Honghua 
Published: May 2015

The major acid phosphatase fromLegionella pneumophila(LpMAP) belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase superfamily. It contains the characteristic histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) sequence motif RHGXRXP responsible for the hydrolysis of a phosphoryl group from phosphate monoesters under acidic conditions. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of crystals ofLpMAP in the apo form and in complex with L-(+)-tartrate are described. By using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method, apoLpMAP andLpMAP–tartrate were crystallized in space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa= 91.50,b= 56.48,c= 146.35 Å, β = 110.01°, and in space groupP1, with unit-cell parametersa= 55.51,b= 73.51 ,c= 98.78 Å, α = 78.82, β = 77.65, γ = 67.73°, respectively. Diffraction data were collected at 100 K and the phases were determined using the molecular-replacement method.
Estimating technical efficiency of Chinese table grape wholesalers
Authors: Jiao Weihua , Fu Zetian , Mu Weisong , Zhang Xiaoshuan , Lu Jianjun , Xu Mark 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to estimate the technical efficiency of Chinese table grape wholesalers and subsequently to examine the degree to which the calculated efficiency correlates with a set of explanatory variables.

Design/methodology/approach
– A two-stage procedure is applied in this paper. First, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique is applied to investigate the degree of technical efficiency for Chinese table grape wholesalers. Second, Tobit regression is used to analyze the factors influencing technical efficiency.

Findings
– Research results reveal that the mean technical efficiency of the sample is 0.544 and 0.860 under constant returns scale (CRS) and VRS assumptions, respectively, and the scale efficiency (SE) is 0.620. The variables of experiences, number of grape varieties on sale, daily selling volumes and fixed sale ratio have a significant effect on technical efficiency, while the other exogenous variables do not affect the efficiency in any significant way.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings of this research are specific to table grape wholesalers in China, however, the method used in this study is transferrable and applicable to the study of similar problems in others countries.

Originality/value
– This research has yielded some interesting and original insights into the efficiency level of Chinese grape wholesalers and the factors that influence the level of efficiency. The findings have practical implications for Chinese agriculture policy makers, and are able to stimulate further research of a similar type in the international agricultural research community.