bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orconstructions: Monosemy vs. polysemy
Authors: Ariel Mira 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCodes and inferences compete in language, and the competition manifests itself at the level of the language system and in real‐time interactions. Grammars sometimes offer a monosemous code for some messages, but sometimes a form not coded for the intended message can (or must) be mobilized to serve the speaker's message. This is polysemy, where the speaker relies on a rich context which helps the addressee derive the interpretation via inference. This chapter examines various disjunctive interpretations and finds a number of competitions for expressing them. First, the disjunctive idea may be expressed by a dedicated construction, e.g. [X or Y], but it may be left to inference, when derived on a series of questions, for example. Second, specialized disjunctive interpretations may be conveyed by the general, polysemous construction, with the help of context‐driven inferences, or by dedicated, monosemous sub‐constructions, which encode the specialized meaning (e.g. [X or something]).
Conclusions: Competition across time
Authors: MacWhinney Brian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLike other biological systems, language emerges as a product of competing motivations that interact at the moment of speaking. These many different motivations are each linked to different timeframes for neural processing, social usage, and consolidation. Functionalist accounts of language usage need to pay increased attention to the ways in which motivations are distributed across timeframes in order to understand how the meshing of motivations at the moment of speaking produces long‐term impacts on speakers and language communities. Adoption of this perspective provides us with ways of integrating the many insights presented in the chapters in the current volume.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Ethiopia
Authors: Admassie Assefa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Food prices increased significantly in 2007–8 in Ethiopia due to several supply- and demand-side factors. The Ethiopian government released emergency food grain reserves, imported and distributed wheat at subsidized price, banned the export of staple cereals, and removed value added and turnover taxes on food items. It also increased the reserve requirement of commercial banks and reduced domestic borrowing by public enterprises. These measures were mostly initiated by the government and the role of interest groups as well as local and international actors has been limited. These measures were taken to prevent potential social unrest and maintain macro-economic stability. A combination of factors including export bans, structural and cyclical factors, and developments in international markets have been cited as the main causes of the price increase.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Mozambique
Authors: Nhate Virgulino , Massingarela Claudio , Salvucci Vincenzo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The 2007–9 food price shocks affected in particular the prices of food commodities and fuel. As a consequence, Mozambique experienced reduced exports, more expensive imports and increased food and oil prices, contributing to the stagnant poverty rates registered in 2008/9. Our analysis finds, first, that domestic prices for imported food crops followed the international trends only partially and remained high even after international prices declined. And second, the policy responses adopted by the Mozambican government to stabilize the impact of price shocks in the domestic market seem to have been effective, even though they turned out to be costly in terms of lost revenue and increased debt.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Senegal
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Since independence, Senegal has been highly reliant on international markets to meet its food needs, this tendency has only increased with rapid levels of urbanization in recent decades. Poor domestic cereal harvests prior to 2007 exacerbated this import-dependence during a time of high global food prices, resulting in the cost of rice sky-rocketing. Government response was to suspend customs duties and value added taxes, providing consumer subsidies and other modes of social protection, and launching a high-profile agricultural initiative. This chapter argues that the policies which emerged reflected the confluence of a strong, diverse civil society placing disparate pressures on a government increasingly centralized around the personality and populist impulses of its former president. Senegal remains vulnerable to future food price crises, learning from these policy mistakes should be a key priority for government.
The Politics—and Process—of Rule of Law Systems in Developmental States
Authors: Desai Deval , Woolcock Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the rule of law in securing inclusive development outcomes in the context of an evolving political settlement. It offers a critique of the analytical deployment of political settlements, suggesting that the rule of law must be understood not only instrumentally but also in terms of the legitimacy it derives from the processes in and through which it has emerged and, in turn, the value with which it imbues those processes. Drawing on an extensive literature it explores how contests among and between elites and end users shape institutions through a contested, iterative, and dynamic process that, in any given setting, is likely to yield an idiosyncratic outcome borne of a unique hybrid mix of local and external inputs. It concludes with suggestions for how to enhance the rigour and relevance of rule-of-law research and interventions from both an analytical and practical standpoint.
Vanishing act
Authors: Kelly Saul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
With few exceptions, Britain’s abandonment of Aden and retreat from the Gulf has been presented by contemporary commentators and later historians, in an almost Whiggish or Marxist manner, as a seemingly inevitable result of the retreat of the British Empire in the face of the inexorable march of Arab nationalism. It is designed to still any qualms about the manner of Britain leaving South Arabia and the Gulf. For, far from being an orderly ‘transfer’ of ‘power’, or’ transition’ from Britain to the successor states, the British fled Arabia in a mood of panic and confusion. It is not an edifying story, but it needs to be told.
Stopping the cycles of violence
Authors: Evans Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter offers a brief history of the roots political and terrorist violence in Algeria from the 1960s and situates the Algerian violence of the 1990s in a broader context that compares post-independence Algeria with decolonization processes as well as post-violence transitions in Latin America, Morocco, Spain, and South Africa. As well as documenting six strands of the violence—terrorism and counter-terrorism; violence against the ordinary population; the targeting of foreigners; infighting between Islamist groups; violence within the regime; and extortion by guerrillas and pro-government militias—the chapter identifies six models of transition: amnesia; trial and justice; lustrative; negotiated restitution; political re-education; and truth commissions, to which Evans adds a seventh: political expediency. The chapter argues that Algeria was the product of a particular symmetry which was driven by internal rather than external factors.
News media, communications, and the limits of perception management and propaganda during military operations
Authors: Robinson Piers 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores debates over public opinion, media, and war, addressing the extent to which public perceptions can be shaped via propaganda and perception management. The historical backdrop to contemporary media management operations is outlined through an examination of the so-called Vietnam syndrome. Contemporary research into wartime media–state–public opinion dynamics is then discussed. Concerning domestic audiences, it is argued that early in a conflict government has considerable scope to influence opinions via propaganda activities. However, as a conflict becomes extended, and certainly by the point of ‘tactical transition’, the combination of rising casualties and elite debate reduce the potency of propaganda activities. Within a conflict zone, the utility of propaganda and perception management is significantly less, at all stages of a conflict. It is concluded that greater focus should be placed on substantive policy, as opposed to propaganda and perception-management activities, when seeking to ‘win hearts and minds’.
Negotiated agreements in tactical transitions
Authors: Beautement Mark 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In 2011, Sangin District, in Helmand Province was considered the most dangerous place not only in Afghanistan but the whole world. Nevertheless, Afghan Government officials received a written offer of peace from the principal local grouping aligned to the Taliban on 29 May 2010, before NATO’s surge, or Sangin’s handover from UK to US forces. This offer evolved into the local negotiated agreement known as the Sangin Accord, announced in January 2011. This chapter considers relationships between motivations for negotiation and international policy and actions, notably military power, stabilization activities, and the co-option and legitimation of enemies. It compares explanations for negotiated agreements from academic theory and military doctrine, notably I. William Zartman’s ripeness theory and its evolutions, and offers suggestions for other local reintegration or reconciliation scenarios.
The development and diversification of West Germanic
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter sketches the development from Proto-Northwest Germanic to Proto-West Germanic and discusses some subsequent changes that were widely shared among West Germanic dialects. It resembles the preceding chapter in organization but is much more detailed because of the much greater number of West Germanic changes. Topics covered include: Proto-West Germanic sound changes; Proto-West Germanic morphological innovations; parallel developments in West Germanic, divided into post-PWGmc sound changes and post-PWGmc morphological changes. A chart of the relative chronology of sound changes from Proto-Germanic to and beyond Proto-West Germanic closes the chapter.
The interaction of adjectival passive and Voice
Authors: Doron Edit 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAdjectival passive participles typically denote states resulting from the events described by the corresponding active verbs. For a particular subclass of passive participles in Hebrew (the causative-template participles), the characterization of these states always implicitly includes the verb's external argument, even for verbs where the external argument is optional in the active voice. Such passive participles are thus parallel to passive verbs, which also obligatorily include implicit external arguments. Adjectival passive participles in other templates are parallel to middle-voice verbs, which do not include external arguments. This indicates that the structure of adjectival passives is specified for voice. Moreover, the voice specification of adjectival passives is determined by the non-active voice values available to the corresponding verbs.
Basic considerations in experimental design
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree main topics are covered in this chapter: design considerations (experiments and observations), where and how studies should be conducted (choosing sites, plots, and plants), and statistical issues in conducting experiments. The advantages and limitations of field, greenhouse, and laboratory experiments are discussed. How to choose the most appropriate plants to address particular questions is described along with listings of popular or ‘model’ plants, and plant phytometers. The increasing emphasis on phylogenetics is described along with an introduction to accounting for phylogenetic relatedness in comparative studies through the use of phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs). Important statistical issues in conducting experiments are described including the use of controls, adequate replication, precision versus accuracy, sample adequacy, type I and type II errors, power, and experimental designs to avoid pseudoreplication. Darwin’s ‘Vitality of seeds’ experiment is described as the first plant population ecology experiment.
Experimental treatments
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe first section of this chapter provides advice on issues related to appropriate establishment of experimental treatments including identification of the experimental unit and avoiding hidden treatment effects. Experimental treatments also need to consider various aspects of the plants that are being tested including age, ontogeny, gender, density, and genetic identity. The main focus of this chapter is on establishing biotic and abiotic experimental treatments. Biotic treatments include population sources (including ecotypes and reaction norms), neighbour effects, manipulating reproduction (fecundity and pollinators), herbivory, pathogens, and allelopathy. Abiotic treatments discussed include the soil environment, temperature, light, atmospheric change, and disturbance (including mowing, fire, and burial). Designs for establishing experimental treatments to study plant interactions both above- and belowground are presented.
Rural Bound: Determinants of Metro to Non‐Metro Migration in the United States
Authors: Rupasingha Anil , Liu Yongzheng , Partridge Mark 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA general global precept is that agglomeration forces lead to migration from rural to urban areas. Yet for much of the time since the early 1970s, more people have moved from metro to nonmetro U.S. counties. The underlying causes of this pattern have changed over time with economic shocks and changing household preferences. For instance, the post 2000 period has seen a significant decline in domestic migration rates, a significant increase in commodity prices that favor rural areas, and potential changes in the valuation of natural amenities that would affect migration. This article investigates the determinants of U.S. gross migration from metro to nonmetro counties and nonmetro to metro counties for the 1995–2000 and 2005–2009 periods in order to compare the differences in rural to urban and urban to rural migration, as well as compare the 1990s to the 2005–2009 periods. More specifically, the present study extends the literature by more broadly examining the underlying factors associated with deconcentration and economic restructuring arguments of metro to nonmetro migration. The article uses (1) extensive county‐to‐county migration flows and (2) the utility maximization theory that extends the framework of a discrete choice model. The results show that population density, distance to urban areas, industry mix employment growth, natural amenities, and percentage of older people are key factors underlying these migration patterns. We also find a slight fading of effects of natural amenities and population density, and a slight increase in the effects of wage and employment growth from 2005–2009.
Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients
Authors: Roberts Jason A. , Udy Andrew A. , Jarrett Paul , Wallis Steven C. , Hope William W. , Sharma Raman , Kirkpatrick Carl M. J. , Kruger Peter S. , Roberts Michael S. , Lipman Jeffrey 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in plasma and the interstitial fluid of subcutaneous tissue of post-trauma critically ill patients and provide clinically relevant dosing recommendations that result in optimal concentrations at the target site.

Patients and methods
This was a pharmacokinetic study in a tertiary referral ICU. We recruited 30 post-trauma critically ill adult patients and collected serial total and unbound plasma cefazolin concentrations. Interstitial fluid concentrations were determined using in vivo microdialysis. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken with Pmetrics®. Fractional target attainment against an MIC distribution for Staphylococcus aureus isolates was calculated.

Results
The mean (SD) age, weight, APACHE II score and CLCR were 37.0 (14.1) years, 86.8 (22.7) kg, 16.9 (5.3) and 163 (44) mL/min, respectively. A three-compartment linear population pharmacokinetic model was most appropriate. Covariates included in the model were CLCR on drug clearance and serum albumin concentration and body weight on the volume of the central compartment. The fractional target attainment for a 1 g intravenous 8-hourly dose for a CLCR of 50 mL/min was 88%, whereas for a patient with a CLCR of 215 mL/min, a dose of 2 g 6-hourly achieved 84% fractional target attainment.

Conclusions
Clinicians should be mindful of the effects of elevated CLCR and serum albumin concentrations on dosing requirements for post-trauma critically ill patients.
RPI-Pred: predicting ncRNA-protein interaction using sequence and structural information
Authors: Suresh V. , Liu Liang , Adjeroh Donald , Zhou Xiaobo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
RNA-protein complexes are essential in mediating important fundamental cellular processes, such as transport and localization. In particular, ncRNA-protein interactions play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation like mRNA localization, mRNA stabilization, poly-adenylation, splicing and translation. The experimental methods to solve RNA-protein interaction prediction problem remain expensive and time-consuming. Here, we present the RPI-Pred (RNA-protein interaction predictor), a new support-vector machine-based method, to predict protein-RNA interaction pairs, based on both the sequences and structures. The results show that RPI-Pred can correctly predict RNA-protein interaction pairs with ∼94% prediction accuracy when using sequence and experimentally determined protein and RNA structures, and with ∼83% when using sequences and predicted protein and RNA structures. Further, our proposed method RPI-Pred was superior to other existing ones by predicting more experimentally validated ncRNA-protein interaction pairs from different organisms. Motivated by the improved performance of RPI-Pred, we further applied our method for reliable construction of ncRNA-protein interaction networks. The RPI-Pred is publicly available at: http://ctsb.is.wfubmc.edu/projects/rpi-pred.
A Less-Invasive Retroperitoneal Lumbar Approach
Authors: Qian Yu , Lin Zhen , Jin Cong , Zhao Xing , Zheng Minghao 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
Surgical approach development in an animal model, and a prospective study comparing clinical outcomes between novel and conventional approaches in thoracolumbar burst fracture fixation.

Objective:
To investigate the feasibility of a less-invasive retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine in a sheep model and to compare the clinical outcomes of anterior reconstruction in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures using novel and conventional approaches.

Summary of Background Data:
The anterior retroperitoneal lumbar approach is well established for anterior lumbar surgical procedures in both humans and animal models. However, potential concerns include the increased risk of complications such as soft-tissue trauma, and extended periods of rehabilitation postoperatively.

Materials and Methods:
A less-invasive retroperitoneal approach was designed in a sheep model with minimal soft-tissue dissection to keep the abdominal and paravertebral muscles intact. Eight sheep underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion using this approach. In the clinical study, 48 patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures underwent anterior decompression and reconstruction. The less-invasive approach and conventional approach were applied in 12 and 36 cases, respectively. The clinical outcomes during the minimum 12-month follow-up of the 2 groups were compared.

Results:
With the less-invasive approach, anterior lumbar interbody fusion was accomplished in all sheep, and no surgical complications were observed. In the clinical study, operation time, blood loss, and duration of hospitalization were comparable between 2 groups. Using the less-invasive approach decreased the length of incision, 3-day postoperative visual analogue scale score, postoperative independent standing, and narcotic-dependent duration. No surgical complications were observed in either group.

Conclusions:
Our results and early experience suggests that the less-invasive retroperitoneal approach is safe and effective for anterior lumbar surgery. Compared with the conventional approach, significantly better postoperative rehabilitation and abdominal muscle preservation were seen with this novel approach.
Nutrient Adequacy and Associated Factors in a Nationwide Sample of German Toddlers
Authors: Hilbig Annett , Drossard Claudia , Kersting Mathilde , Alexy Ute 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Nutrition in toddlerhood may have short‐ and long‐term impacts on health and nutrition behavior. The objectives of the present article are to describe intake of energy and nutrients from the end of infancy to toddlerhood, and to examine dietary and socioeconomic factors (socioeconomic status [SES]) associated with total nutrient adequacy measured by a nutrient‐based index (Nutrient Quality Index [NQI]).Methods:In the German Representative Study of Toddler Alimentation from 2008, 7‐day estimated dietary records were collected cross‐sectionally from toddlers ages 10 to 36 months (n = 525). The study population was recruited in the TNS access panel. The intakes of energy and 18 nutrients were evaluated and the NQI was determined. Age trends in nutrient intake were tested with analysis of variance. Analysis of the association between SES and the NQI was performed by multiple linear regression analysis.Results:In all of the age groups, energy intake was close to the reference value representing moderate physical activity. The mean intake of most vitamins and minerals reached the respective reference values, but nutrient density decreased with age. Dietary intakes of iron, iodine, and vitamin D are low in our study. The NQI reached approximately 80 points and was lower in older children than in younger children. NQI was not affected by SES but by formula use.Conclusions:Nutritional quality measured by total nutrient intake is altogether high in German toddlers, although NQI decreased with increasing age. The NQI is independent of social class. The positive association with formula intake can be explained by the general enrichment of vitamins and minerals of these products.