bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Young Manakin Knows His Place: Evidence for an Age‐Graded Dominance Hierarchy Among Long‐Tailed Manakins
Authors: Lukianchuk Katrina C. , Doucet Stéphanie M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn lek‐breeding systems where many males gather at display sites, males benefit from the establishment of dominance hierarchies to reduce intrasexual aggression and the associated risk of injuries. Long‐tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis) exhibit an exploded lek‐breeding system wherein the two top‐ranking males at each display site team up to perform elaborate coordinated courtship displays for females. Young males undergo delayed plumage maturation whereby they acquire distinct pre‐definitive plumage patterns each year until they attain definitive plumage in their fifth year. This unique characteristic is thought to have evolved as a status‐signalling mechanism to aid in the establishment of an age‐graded dominance hierarchy in which older males are dominant to younger males. Previous research has shown evidence for such a dominance hierarchy among alpha and beta males; however, the presence of this hierarchy among males of other age classes has never been quantified. In this study, we investigated the presence of an age‐graded dominance hierarchy by determining whether older males direct more aggressive behaviours towards younger males. We also investigated whether status signalling is less clear within age classes than between age classes, by determining whether males within the same age class exhibit more aggression towards each other. We found that older males performed aggressive behaviours towards younger males much more frequently than younger males performed aggressive behaviours towards older males. We also found that some aggressive interactions occurred between males within the same age class more frequently than between males from different age classes. Our study provides some evidence for an age‐graded dominance hierarchy among male long‐tailed manakins of all age classes and also provides some support for the status‐signalling hypothesis. However, further research is needed to conclusively establish the presence of a linear dominance hierarchy among younger male manakins. This research may help us better understand the evolution of complex hierarchical systems in animals.
High TMEM45A expression is correlated to epidermal keratinization
Authors: Hayez Aurélie , Malaisse Jérémy , Roegiers Edith , Reynier Marie , Renard Chantal , Haftek Marek , Geenen Vincent , Serre Guy , Simon Michel , de Rouvroit Catherine Lambert , Michiels Carine , Poumay Yves 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTMEM45A (DERP7, DNAPTP4 or FLJ10134) gene, belonging to the TMEM family encoding predicted transmembrane proteins, is highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. To investigate the potential involvement of TMEM45A during the differentiation and keratinization processes, its expression has been characterized in normal human keratinocytes and the protein subcellular localization has been studied in this cell type, both in vitro and in vivo. TMEM45A expression is upregulated with differentiation, either induced by cultured keratinocyte confluence or enhanced Ca2+ concentration in medium. In vivo, TMEM45A mRNA and protein are mostly found in the granular layer of the epidermis. TMEM45A expression is linked to keratinization, as accumulation of the protein is detected in native and reconstructed epidermis as well as in thymic Hassal bodies, but not in non‐keratinized stratified epithelia. At the subcellular level, co‐detection with ER and Golgi markers reveals that TM protein 45A is associated with the Golgi apparatus and more specifically with the trans‐Golgi/trans‐Golgi network in vitro and in granular layer in vivo. The protein is neither related to lysosomes nor transported within corneodesmosin‐containing lamellar bodies. These data demonstrate a strong correlation between TMEM45A expression and epidermal keratinization, indicating the relevance of this gene in this process.
Consistent nutrient storage and supply mediated by diverse fish communities in coral reef ecosystems
Authors: Allgeier Jacob E. , Layman Craig A. , Mumby Peter J. , Rosemond Amy D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCorals thrive in low nutrient environments and the conservation of these globally imperiled ecosystems is largely dependent on mitigating the effects of anthropogenic nutrient enrichment. However, to better understand the implications of anthropogenic nutrients requires a heightened understanding of baseline nutrient dynamics within these ecosystems. Here, we provide a novel perspective on coral reef nutrient dynamics by examining the role of fish communities in the supply and storage of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We quantified fish‐mediated nutrient storage and supply for 144 species and modeled these data onto 172 fish communities (71 729 individual fish), in four types of coral reefs, as well as seagrass and mangrove ecosystems, throughout the Northern Antilles. Fish communities supplied and stored large quantities of nutrients, with rates varying among ecosystem types. The size structure and diversity of the fish communities best predicted N and P supply and storage and N : P supply, suggesting that alterations to fish communities (e.g., overfishing) will have important implications for nutrient dynamics in these systems. The stoichiometric ratio (N : P) for storage in fish mass (~8 : 1) and supply (~20 : 1) was notably consistent across the four coral reef types (but not seagrass or mangrove ecosystems). Published nutrient enrichment studies on corals show that deviations from this N : P supply ratio may be associated with poor coral fitness, providing qualitative support for the hypothesis that corals and their symbionts may be adapted to specific ratios of nutrient supply. Consumer nutrient stoichiometry provides a baseline from which to better understand nutrient dynamics in coral reef and other coastal ecosystems, information that is greatly needed if we are to implement more effective measures to ensure the future health of the world's oceans.
A reconceptualization of state transnationalism: South Korea as an illustrative case
Authors: CHIN KU SUP , SMITH DAVID 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOur reconceptualization of state transnationalism underlines the active role that states can play in generating and sustaining cross‐border flows between a nation's homeland and its diasporic communities. This represents a sort of ‘middle ground’ between formerly hegemonic state centric’ approaches to global processes (focusing heavily on the ‘international’) and more recent ones emphasizing ‘transnational’ dynamics (which primarily arise through the agency of cross‐border migrants). We discuss a typology of approaches and avoid the tendency to set nation‐states against global and transnational processes. In fact, we highlight the various ways in which states often initiate key transnational flows, such as migration and the integration of diasporic communities into the sending nation, as well as maintain and regulate various processes instigated by immigrants. As an iconic case, we present an illustrative study of the South Korean government and Korean diasporic communities in the USA. Finally, in a brief conclusion, we outline some challenges for future research.
Risks for larvae mediated by plasticity in hatching
Authors: Branscomb E. Sanford , Vedder Karen , Strathmann Richard R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRisks associated with benthic and planktonic development can be mediated by plasticity in hatching. The ability to delay hatching while awaiting favorable planktonic conditions, combined with the ability to accelerate hatching when encapsulated offspring are at risk, should be advantageous. We tested this predicted association of hatching plasticities with a barnacle. In the winter, broods of barnacles (Balanus glandula) reached hatching‐capable stages at widely varying times, but these broods hatched in the spring within about 2 weeks, consistent with a synchronizing environmental stimulus for hatching. In contrast, the same adults held subsequent broods (during later spring and summer) briefly. Either an environmental stimulus for hatching was not needed later in the season, or it was more frequently present. Dissections of brood lamellae that scattered smaller clumps of the encapsulated nauplii induced hatching. Crabs eating brooding adults had a similar effect: crabs broke the barnacles' tests, and many nauplii hatched. In contrast, when whelks ate barnacles, they left the barnacles' wall plates and opercula in place, and few nauplii were released. In some cases, numerous hatched nauplii were trapped within the test of the killed mother. At a field site with abundant whelks, many dead barnacles had opercular plates in place. Plasticity in hatching of broods adjusted risks for planktonic larvae against risks of death of the parent before release of embryos, but escape or death of brooded offspring depended on the kind of damage to the brooding mother and thus on the kind of predator. Although both predators killed brooding parents, subtle snails imposed a greater risk than crushing crabs.
Oral l‐glutamine administration attenuated cutaneous wound healing in Wistar rats
Authors: Goswami Saurabh , Kandhare Amit , Zanwar Anand A , Hegde Mahabaleshwar V , Bodhankar Subhash L , Shinde Sudhir , Deshmukh Shahaji , Kharat Ravindran 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the wound healing potential of l‐glutamine in laboratory rats using excision and incision wound models. Excision wounds of size 500 mm2 and depth 2 mm were made on the dorsal portion of male Wistar rats (230–250 g) and were used for the study of oral l‐glutamine (1 g/kg) treatment on the rate of contraction of wound and epithelisation. Histological evaluation of wound tissue was also performed. Six‐centimetre‐long two linear‐paravertebral incisions in male Wistar rats (230–250 g) were used to study the effect of l‐glutamine (1 g/kg, p.o.) treatment on tensile strength, total protein and hydroxyproline content in the incision model. Oral administration of l‐glutamine (1 g/kg) significantly decreased wound area, epithelisation period and wound index, whereas the rate of wound contraction significantly increased (P < 0·001) when compared with vehicle control rats in the excision wound model. Tensile strength, hydroxyproline content and protein level were significantly increased (P < 0·001) in l‐glutamine (1 g/kg, p.o.)‐treated rats when compared with vehicle control rats in the incision wound model. Histological evaluation of wound tissue from l‐glutamine (1 g/kg, p.o.)‐treated rats showed complete epithelialisation with new blood vessel formation and high fibrous tissues in the excision wound model. In conclusion, oral administration of l‐glutamine (1 g/kg) promotes wound healing by acting on various stages of wound healing such as collagen synthesis, wound contraction and epithelialisation.
Nanocrystalline Rare Earth Phosphates from Glass Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions
Authors: George Jaime , Ryan Colin , Brow Richard K. 
Published: April 2014

A novel method is employed for the formation of rare earth phosphate solid solution compounds with unique mesoscopic structures. Europium‐ and lanthanum‐doped sodium borate glass microspheres and particles, ranging in sizes from 50 to 300 μm, were reacted in 0.25 M K2HPO4 solution to form hollow spheres of nanocrystalline rare earth phosphate compounds by dissolution–precipitation reactions. The initially X‐ray amorphous precipitated rare earth phosphate materials were heat‐treated at 700°C for 2 h to form nanocrystalline compounds. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments yield an average activation energy for crystallization of 394 ± 26 kJ/mol. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data indicate that samples crystallized to the monazite structure (monoclinic P21/n) with unit cell volumes ranging from 306.5 Å3 for LaPO4 to 282.5 Å3 for EuPO4 and with crystallite grain sizes of 56 ± 14 nm. Compositions containing both rare earth elements formed solid solutions with the composition La(1−x)EuxPO4. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the P–O symmetric stretching vibrations (ν1) change systematically from 963 cm−1 for LaPO4 to 986 cm−1 for EuPO4, consistent with a systematic decrease in average P–O bond length. Photoluminescence measurements show maximum emission intensity for the La0.65Eu0.35PO4 composition.
Near‐Infrared and Upconversion Luminescence in Er:Y2O3 Ceramics under 1.5 μm Excitation
Authors: Brown Ei E. , Hömmerich Uwe , Bluiett Althea , Kucera Courtney , Ballato John , Trivedi Sudhir 
Published: April 2014

Results of the spectroscopic characteristics and upconversion luminescence in Er3+ doped yttria (Y2O3) transparent ceramics prepared by a modified two‐step sintering method are presented. The near‐infrared (1.5 μm) luminescence properties were evaluated as a function of Er3+ concentration. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters, radiative rates, branching ratios, and emission lifetimes were determined and compared with results reported for Er3+‐doped Y2O3 single crystal and nanocrystals. Following pumping at 1.532 μm, weak blue (~0.41 μm, 2H9/2 → 4I15/2), strong green (~0.56 μm, 2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2), and red (~0.67 μm, 4F9/2 → 4I15/2) emission bands were observed as well as weak near‐infrared emissions at 0.8 μm (4I9/2 → 4I15/2) and 0.85 μm (4S3/2 → 4I13/2) at room temperature. The upconversion luminescence properties under ~1.5 μm pumping were further investigated through pump power dependence and decay time studies. Sequential two‐photon absorption leads to the 4I9/2 upconversion emission, whereas energy‐transfer upconversion is responsible for the emission from the higher excited states 2H9/2, 2H11/2, 4S3/2, and 4F9/2. The enhanced red emission with increasing Er3+ concentration most likely occurred via the cross‐relaxation process between (4F7/2 → 4F9/2) and (4I11/2 → 4F9/2) transitions, which increased the population of the 4F9/2 level.
A protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial evaluating outcomes of emergency nurse practitioner service
Authors: Jennings Natasha , Gardner Glenn , O'Reilly Gerard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate emergency nurse practitioner service effectiveness on outcomes related to quality of care and service responsiveness.BackgroundIncreasing service pressures in the emergency setting have resulted in the adoption of service innovation models; the most common and rapidly expanding of these is the emergency nurse practitioner. The delivery of high quality patient care in the emergency department is one of the most important service indicators to be measured in health services today. The rapid uptake of emergency nurse practitioner service in Australia has outpaced the capacity to evaluate this model in outcomes related to safety and quality of patient care.DesignPragmatic randomized controlled trial at one site with 260 participants.MethodsThis protocol describes a definitive prospective randomized controlled trial, which will examine the impact of emergency nurse practitioner service on key patient care and service indicators. The study control will be standard emergency department care. The intervention will be emergency nurse practitioner service. The primary outcome measure is pain score reduction and time to analgesia. Secondary outcome measures are waiting time, number of patients who did not wait, length of stay in the emergency department and representations within 48 hours.DiscussionScant research enquiry evaluating emergency nurse practitioner service on patient effectiveness and service responsiveness exists currently. This study is a unique trial that will test the effectiveness of the emergency nurse practitioner service on patients who present to the emergency department with pain. The research will provide an opportunity to further evaluate emergency nurse practitioner models of care and build research capacity into the workforce.
Combining experimental evolution and field population assays to study the evolution of host range breadth
Authors: Fellous S. , Angot G. , Orsucci M. , Migeon A. , Auger P. , Olivieri I. , Navajas M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAdapting to specific hosts often involves trade‐offs that limit performance on other hosts. These constraints may either lead to narrow host ranges (i.e. specialists, able to exploit only one host type) or wide host ranges often leading to lower performance on each host (i.e. generalists). Here, we combined laboratory experiments on field populations with experimental evolution to investigate the impact of adaptation to the host on host range evolution and associated performance over this range. We used the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, a model organism for studies on the evolution of specialization. Field mite populations were sampled on three host plant species: tomato, citrus tree and rosebay (Nerium oleander). Testing these populations in the laboratory revealed that tomato populations of mites could exploit tomato only, citrus populations could exploit citrus and tomato whereas Nerium populations could exploit all three hosts. Besides, the wider niche ranges of citrus and Nerium populations came at the cost of low performance on their non‐native hosts. Experimental lines selected to live on the same three host species exhibited similar patterns of host range and relative performance. This result suggests that adaptation to a new host species may lead to wider host ranges but at the expense of decreased performance on other hosts. We conclude that experimental evolution may reliably inform on evolution in the field.
Why patients have a moral obligation to give care to clinicians
Authors: Buetow Stephen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractProgress is being made in transitioning from clinicians who are torn between caring for patients and populations, to clinicians who are partnering with patients to care for patients as people. However, the focus is still on what patients and others can do for patients, however defined. For clinicians whose interests must be similarly respected for their own sake and because they are integrally related to those of patients, what can and should patients do? Patients can be exempted from some normal social roles but are generally recognized to have moral obligations in health care. One of these obligations is caregiving to clinicians within the limits of each patient's capability. My paper moves this obligation beyond the ceremonial order of etiquette characterizing public statements on how patients should relate to others. It goes beyond a patient‐centred ethic that is consumerist in nature, to a person‐centred one that recognizes patients typically as moral agents who are dignified by recognizing the obligation to give as well as receive care as sincere benevolence. This obligation derives objective justification from divine command. It is also consistent, however, both with what people, if ignorant of their social role, would objectively produce for a hypothetical social contract, and with virtues constitutive of human nature and a relational and communitarian understanding of what it is to be a person. Including sentiment (intuition) and personal conscience, this relational identity makes caregiving intrinsically meaningful, yet caregiving also has an instrumental value to patients and clinicians. Its self‐enforcement by patients will depend on their moral code and on society making caregiving achievable for them. A moral obligation for patient caregiving may then be specified to require patients to reflect on and invest in relationships in which they can feel and show care for others sincerely and respectfully.
Quantitative evaluation of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) drugs for boron delivery and retention at subcellular‐scale resolution in human glioblastoma cells with imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
Authors: CHANDRA S. , AHMAD T. , BARTH R. F. , KABALKA G. W. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBoron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer depends on the selective delivery of a sufficient number of boron‐10 (10B) atoms to individual tumour cells. Cell killing results from the 10B (n, α)7Li neutron capture and fission reactions that occur if a sufficient number of 10B atoms are localized in the tumour cells. Intranuclear 10B localization enhances the efficiency of cell killing via damage to the DNA. The net cellular content of 10B atoms reflects both bound and free pools of boron in individual tumour cells. The assessment of these pools, delivered by a boron delivery agent, currently cannot be made at subcellular‐scale resolution by clinically applicable techniques such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, a secondary ion mass spectrometry based imaging instrument, a CAMECA IMS 3f ion microscope, capable of 500 nm spatial resolution was employed. Cryogenically prepared cultured human T98G glioblastoma cells were evaluated for boron uptake and retention of two delivery agents. The first, L‐p‐boronophenylalanine (BPA), has been used clinically for BNCT of high‐grade gliomas, recurrent tumours of the head and neck region and melanomas. The second, a boron analogue of an unnatural amino acid, 1‐amino‐3‐borono‐cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (cis‐ABCPC), has been studied in rodent glioma and melanoma models by quantification of boron in the nucleus and cytoplasm of individual tumour cells. The bound and free pools of boron were assessed by exposure of cells to boron‐free nutrient medium. Both BPA and cis‐ABCPC delivered almost 70% of the pool of boron in the free or loosely bound form to the nucleus and cytoplasm of human glioblastoma cells. This free pool of boron could be easily mobilized out of the cell and was in some sort of equilibrium with extracellular boron. In the case of BPA, the intracellular free pool of boron also was affected by the presence of phenylalanine in the nutrient medium. This suggests that it might be advantageous if patients were placed on a low phenylalanine diet prior to the initiation of BNCT. Since BPA currently is used clinically for BNCT, our observations may have direct relevance to future clinical studies utilizing this agent and provides support for individualized treatment planning regimens rather than the use of fixed BPA infusion protocols.
Flexible feeding kinematics of a tropical carnivorous anuran tadpole
Authors: de Sousa V. T. T. , Nomura F. , Venesky M. D. , Rossa‐Feres D. C. , Pezzuti T. L. , Andrade G. V. , Wassersug R. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLeptodactylus labyrinthicus tadpoles are known predators of anuran eggs and hatchlings, but they are also able to filter‐feed in the water column and scrape food off of firm substrates. We evaluated and compared these alternative feeding behaviors in relation to feeding kinematics and the shape of the mouth with high‐speed digital imaging. We tested the hypotheses that (1) L. labyrinthicus tadpoles use functionally different feeding kinematics when feeding on alternative food sources and (2) that the jaw sheaths of L. labyrinthicus tadpoles deform less during filter‐feeding and substrate grazing compared with more common tadpoles not so specialized for macrophagous carnivory. Our results show that filtering and scraping feeding behaviors differ significantly in both kinematics and shape of the mouth. During filter‐feeding, tadpoles display longer gape cycles and attain a narrower maximum gape earlier in the cycle compared with substrate grazing. Jaw deformation during opening and closing phases of the gape cycle is more pronounced during grazing on firm substrates. This deformation contributes to the achievement of a wider maximum gape during feeding. These differences appear to reflect behavioral adjustments by the tadpoles to maximize food intake. Feeding in tadpoles of L. labyrinthicus is not restrained by their typical carnivorous morphology. On the contrary, L. labyrinthicus tadpoles seem to be opportunistic feeders able to obtain nutrients from a variety of food sources by using different feeding strategies.