bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical Mannitol Reduces Capsaicin‐Induced Pain: Results of a Pilot‐Level, Double‐Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bertrand Helene , Kyriazis Marylene , Reeves K. Dean , Lyftogt John , Rabago David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundCapsaicin specifically activates, and then gradually exhausts, the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor, a key receptor in neuropathic pain. Activation of the TRPV‐1 receptor is accompanied by burning pain. A natural substance or medication that can reduce the burning pain resulting from capsaicin application may have therapeutic potential in neuropathic pain.ObjectiveTo assess the pain‐relieving effects of a mannitol‐containing cream in a capsaicin‐based pain model.DesignRandomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial.SettingOutpatient pain clinic.ParticipantsTwenty‐five adults with pain‐free lips.MethodsCapsaicin .075% cream was applied to both halves of each participant's upper lip, inducing pain via stimulation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1, capsaicin) receptor, then removed after 5 minutes or when participants reported a burning pain of 8/10, whichever came first. A cream containing mannitol and the same cream without mannitol (control) were then immediately applied, 1 on each side of the lip, in an allocation‐masked manner.Outcome MeasuresParticipants self‐recorded a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0‐10) pain score for each side of the lip per minute for 10 minutes. A t‐test was performed to evaluate the pain score change from baseline between each side of the lip at each recording. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis was used to determine the overall difference between groups.ResultsParticipants reached a capsaicin‐induced pain level of 7.8 ± 1.0 points in 3.3 ± 1.6 minutes that was equal on both sides of the lip. Both groups reported progressive diminution of pain over the 10‐minute study period. However, participants reported significantly reduced pain scores on the mannitol cream half‐lip compared to control at 3 through 10 minutes (P < .05) and in AUC analysis (P < .001).ConclusionsMannitol cream reduced self‐reported pain scores in a capsaicin pain model more rapidly than a control cream, potentially via a TRPV1 receptor effect.
Diabetic Cranio‐Cervico‐Radiculoplexus Neuropathy
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Massie Rami , Doherty Timothy J. , Bourque P.R. , Radhakrishna Mohan , Finlayson Roderick J. , Besemann Markus , Simantirakis Emmanuel , Dyck P. James Bonham 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe describe a case of a 53‐year‐old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus in whom cervical‐radiculoplexus neuropathy developed, with concomitant cranial and phrenic nerve involvement, occurring as a stepwise, monophasic course. The patient had a presumed remote history of idiopathic cervical‐radiculoplexus neuropathy.
Corruption: Classification and analysis
Authors: Graycar Adam 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCorruption demoralises government and weakens the whole endeavour of policy formulation and its implementation. It diminishes services and causes fiscal stress, but most of all it undermines trust and corrodes legitimate community expectations. Corruption takes many forms and is found in many contexts. This paper develops a framework for the analysis of corruption which identifies types, activities, sectors and places (TASP). With the TASP framework identified or suspected corruption in any setting can be analysed as a precursor to the controls and processes that are most appropriate for the control and modification of corrupt behaviour, which ideally can enhance public sector performance. The TASP framework assists in pinpointing the nature, location and context of public sector corruption, and illustrates more precisely where the risks of corrupt activity might arise. This paper demonstrates, with empirical work from New York City and the State of Victoria in Australia (Australia's second most populous state), that more precise classification and characterisation of the nature and types of corrupt activity is an essential precondition to the development and design of targeted anti-corruption measures.
Fracture strength of ultrathin occlusal veneer restorations made from CAD/CAM composite or hybrid ceramic materials
Authors: Egbert Jonathon S. , Johnson Andrew C. , Tantbirojn Daranee , Versluis Antheunis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurpose: This study compared the fracture strengths and failure modes of ultrathin (0.3‐mm) occlusal composite or hybrid ceramic veneers.Methods: Sixty extracted maxillary molars were sectioned to remove the entire coronal structure 4 mm occlusal to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), leaving a flat area of exposed dentin and peripheral enamel. Standardized occlusal veneers with a central fossa thickness of 0.3 mm were milled from a computer‐aided design (CAD)/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) composite (Paradigm MZ100), a resin nanoceramic (Lava Ultimate), and a hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic) (N = 20). Each occlusal veneer was cemented with a self‐adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem) on the prepared teeth. The restored teeth were loaded vertically to determine the fracture strength. Strength values were statistically analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s post hoc test (significance level 0.05). The mode of failure of each specimen was classified and the correlation between fracture strength and failure mode was analyzed using Spearman’s rank‐order test.Results: The fracture strengths (mean ± standard deviation) were 2416 ± 640, 1752 ± 676, and 1777 ± 697 N for Lava Ultimate, Paradigm MZ100, and Vita Enamic, respectively. Lava Ultimate had significantly higher fracture strength than the other two materials (p < 0.05); the fracture strengths of Paradigm MZ100 and Vita Enamic were not significantly different. No correlation between fracture strengths and failure modes was found within each material. Most specimens (48 out of 60) fractured in the restoration without involving tooth structures.Conclusions: The fracture strength of ultrathin occlusal veneers made from the novel ceramic hybrid matched the strength of CAD/CAM composite. The highest strength was found with the resin nanoceramic material.
Criminal Justice Policy Transfer and Prison Counter-Radicalization: Examining Canadian Participation in the Roma-Lyon Group
Authors: Monaghan Jeffrey 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThreats of radicalization have become dominant tropes for Western security agencies. This article examines efforts to address radicalization in the penal setting. Examining the prison counter-radicalization project directed by the secretive G8 Roma-Lyon Group, the article details Canadian participation on the basis of wanting to acquire counter-radicalization best practices from abroad. Contributing to criminal justice policy transfer studies, the article highlights disjunctures between reforms programs driven by powerful actors and particular contexts where these prescribed policy reforms take shape. Characterizing the Roma-Lyon Group as a venue for norm-makers such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and Canada as a norm-taker, the article traces the transfer of counter-radicalization practices from the transnational to the national level. Underlining how the replication of counter-radicalization policies fits into trends of precautionary risk and governing through insecurity, the article concludes by highlighting what the transfer of prisoner radicalization policy means for future socio-legal research.
Property in a shrinking planet: fault lines in international human rights and investment law
Authors: Cotula Lorenzo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLong at the margins of international law, property is now among the key challenges facing international law- and decision-makers. A ‘shrinking’ planet and a polycentric international law regime provide the backdrop for contestation between different property concepts and claims. While presenting important commonalities in legal concepts and normative content, international investment law and international human rights law protect different and possibly competing rights, reflect different balances of commercial and non-commercial considerations, and embody different standards of legal protection. As the frontiers of natural resource extraction expand, natural resource investments can bring different property concepts and claims directly into tension. In this context, the articulation between investment law and human rights law influences the ways in which international law mediates competition for the world's natural resources, redefining the balance between public and private interests and reshaping spaces for the lawful exercise of state sovereignty.
Supramolecular block copolymers by kinetically controlled co-self-assembly of planar and core-twisted perylene bisimides
Authors: Görl Daniel , Zhang Xin , Stepanenko Vladimir , Würthner Frank 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNew synthetic methodologies for the formation of block copolymers have revolutionized polymer science within the last two decades. However, the formation of supramolecular block copolymers composed of alternating sequences of larger block segments has not been realized yet. Here we show by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 2D NMR and optical spectroscopy that two different perylene bisimide dyes bearing either a flat (A) or a twisted (B) core self-assemble in water into supramolecular block copolymers with an alternating sequence of (AmBB)n. The highly defined ultralong nanowire structure of these supramolecular copolymers is entirely different from those formed upon self-assembly of the individual counterparts, that is, stiff nanorods (A) and irregular nanoworms (B), respectively. Our studies further reveal that the as-formed supramolecular block copolymer constitutes a kinetic self-assembly product that transforms into thermodynamically more stable self-sorted homopolymers upon heating.
Conformational rearrangements in the transmembrane domain of CNGA1 channels revealed by single-molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Maity Sourav , Mazzolini Monica , Arcangeletti Manuel , Valbuena Alejandro , Fabris Paolo , Lazzarino Marco , Torre Vincent 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are activated by binding of cyclic nucleotides. Although structural studies have identified the channel pore and selectivity filter, conformation changes associated with gating remain poorly understood. Here we combine single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) with mutagenesis, bioinformatics and electrophysiology to study conformational changes associated with gating. By expressing functional channels with SMFS fingerprints in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we were able to investigate gating of CNGA1 in a physiological-like membrane. Force spectra determined that the S4 transmembrane domain is mechanically coupled to S5 in the open state, but S3 in the closed state. We also show there are multiple pathways for the unfolding of the transmembrane domains, probably caused by a different degree of α-helix folding. This approach demonstrates that CNG transmembrane domains have dynamic structure and establishes SMFS as a tool for probing conformational change in ion channels.
Activity of Novel Synthetic Peptides against Candida albicans
Authors: Lum Kah Yean , Tay Sun Tee , Le Cheng Foh , Lee Vannajan Sanghiran , Sabri Nadia Hanim , Velayuthan Rukumani Devi , Hassan Hamimah , Sekaran Shamala Devi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCandidaspp. are the most common causes of fungal infections worldwide. Among theCandidaspecies,Candida albicansremains the predominant species that causes invasive candidiasis in most countries. In this study, we used two peptides, KABT-AMP and uperin 3.6 as templates to develop novel antifungal peptides. Their anticandidal activity was assessed using a combination of MIC, time-killing assay and biofilm reduction assay. Hybrid peptides, KU2 and KU3 containing a mixed backbone of KABT-AMP and Uperin 3.6 demonstrated the most potent anticandidal activity with MIC values ranging from 8–16 mg/L. The number of Trp residues and the amphipathic structure of peptides probably enhanced the anticandidal activity of peptides. Increasing the cationicity of the uperin 3.6 analogues resulted in reduced MIC from the range of 64–128 mg/L to 16–64 mg/L and this was also correlated with the antibiofilm activity and killing kinetics of the peptides. Peptides showed synergistic effects when used in combination with conventional antifungals. Peptides demonstrated low haemolytic activity but significant toxicity on two normal human epithelial cell lines. This study provides us with a better understanding on the structure-activity relationship and the balance between cationicity and hydrophobicity of the peptides although the therapeutic application of the peptides is limited.
Dot1 histone methyltransferases share a distributive mechanism but have highly diverged catalytic properties
Authors: Stulemeijer Iris J. E. , De Vos Dirk , van Harten Kirsten , Joshi Onkar K. , Blomberg Olga , van Welsem Tibor , Terweij Marit , Vlaming Hanneke , de Graaf Erik L. , Altelaar A. F. Maarten , Bakker Barbara M. , van Leeuwen Fred 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe conserved histone methyltransferase Dot1 establishes an H3K79 methylation pattern consisting of mono-, di- and trimethylation states on histone H3 via a distributive mechanism. This mechanism has been shown to be important for the regulation of the different H3K79 methylation states in yeast. Dot1 enzymes in yeast, Trypanosoma brucei (TbDot1A and TbDot1B, which methylate H3K76) and human (hDot1L) generate very divergent methylation patterns. To understand how these species-specific methylation patterns are generated, the methylation output of the Dot1 enzymes was compared by expressing them in yeast at various expression levels. Computational simulations based on these data showed that the Dot1 enzymes have highly distinct catalytic properties, but share a distributive mechanism. The mechanism of methylation and the distinct rate constants have implications for the regulation of H3K79/K76 methylation. A mathematical model of H3K76 methylation during the trypanosome cell cycle suggests that temporally-regulated consecutive action of TbDot1A and TbDot1B is required for the observed regulation of H3K76 methylation states.
Quantum controlled-phase-flip gate between a flying optical photon and a Rydberg atomic ensemble
Authors: Hao Y. M. , Lin G. W. , Xia Keyu , Lin X. M. , Niu Y. P. , Gong S. Q. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuantum controlled-phase-flip (CPF) gate between a flying photon qubit and a stationary atomic qubit could allow the linking of distant computational nodes in a quantum network. Here we present a scheme to realize quantum CPF gate between a flying optical photon and an atomic ensemble based on cavity input-output process and Rydberg blockade. When a flying single-photon pulse is reflected off the cavity containing a Rydberg atomic ensemble, the dark resonance and Rydberg blockade induce a conditional phase shift "Equation missing" for the photon pulse, thus we can achieve the CPF gate between the photon and the atomic ensemble. Assisted by Rydberg blockade interaction, our scheme works in the N-atoms strong-coupling regime and significantly relaxes the requirement of strong coupling of single atom to photon in the optical cavity.
Low-cost photodynamic therapy devices for global health settings: Characterization of battery-powered LED performance and smartphone imaging in 3D tumor models
Authors: Hempstead Joshua , Jones Dustin P. , Ziouche Abdelali , Cramer Gwendolyn M. , Rizvi Imran , Arnason Stephen , Hasan Tayyaba , Celli Jonathan P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA lack of access to effective cancer therapeutics in resource-limited settings is implicated in global cancer health disparities between developed and developing countries. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based treatment modality that has exhibited safety and efficacy in the clinic using wavelengths and irradiances achievable with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operated on battery power. Here we assess low-cost enabling technology to extend the clinical benefit of PDT to regions with little or no access to electricity or medical infrastructure. We demonstrate the efficacy of a device based on a 635 nm high-output LED powered by three AA disposable alkaline batteries, to achieve strong cytotoxic response in monolayer and 3D cultures of A431 squamous carcinoma cells following photosensitization by administering aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to induce the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Here we characterize challenges of battery-operated device performance, including battery drain and voltage stability specifically over relevant PDT dose parameters. Further motivated by the well-established capacity of PDT photosensitizers to serve as tumour-selective fluorescence contrast agents, we demonstrate the capability of a consumer smartphone with low-cost add-ons to measure concentration-dependent PpIX fluorescence. This study lays the groundwork for the on-going development of image-guided ALA-PDT treatment technologies for global health applications.
Deterministic control of broadband light through a multiply scattering medium via the multispectral transmission matrix
Authors: Andreoli Daria , Volpe Giorgio , Popoff Sébastien , Katz Ori , Grésillon Samuel , Gigan Sylvain 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a method to measure the spectrally-resolved transmission matrix of a multiply scattering medium, thus allowing for the deterministic spatiospectral control of a broadband light source by means of wavefront shaping. As a demonstration, we show how the medium can be used to selectively focus one or many spectral components of a femtosecond pulse and how it can be turned into a controllable dispersive optical element to spatially separate different spectral components to arbitrary positions.
Local-to-remote cortical connectivity in early- and adulthood-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Jiang L , Xu Y , Zhu X-T , Yang Z , Li H-J , Zuo X-N 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSchizophrenia is increasingly thought of as a brain network or connectome disorder and is associated with neurodevelopmental processes. Previous studies have suggested the important role of anatomical distance in developing a connectome with optimized performance regarding both the cost and efficiency of information processing. Distance-related disturbances during development have not been investigated in schizophrenia. To test the distance-related miswiring profiles of connectomes in schizophrenia, we acquired resting-state images from 20 adulthood-onset (AOS) and 26 early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) patients, as well as age-matched healthy controls. All patients were drug naive and had experienced their first psychotic episode. A novel threshold-free surface-based analytic framework was developed to examine local-to-remote functional connectivity profiles in both AOS and EOS patients. We observed consistent increases of local connectivity across both EOS and AOS patients in the right superior frontal gyrus, where the connectivity strength was correlated with a positive syndrome score in AOS patients. In contrast, EOS but not AOS patients exhibited reduced local connectivity within the right postcentral gyrus and the left middle occipital cortex. These regions’ remote connectivity with their interhemispheric areas and brain network hubs was altered. Diagnosis–age interactions were detectable for both local and remote connectivity profiles. The functional covariance between local and remote homotopic connectivity was present in typically developing controls, but was absent in EOS patients. These findings suggest that a distance-dependent miswiring pattern may be one of the key neurodevelopmental features of the abnormal connectome organization in schizophrenia.
GIRK3 gates activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway by ethanol
Authors: Herman Melissa A. , Sidhu Harpreet , Stouffer David G. , Kreifeldt Max , Le David , Cates-Gatto Chelsea , Munoz Michaelanne B. , Roberts Amanda J. , Parsons Loren H. , Roberto Marisa , Wickman Kevin , Slesinger Paul A. , Contet Candice 
Published: May 2015

Significance
G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels regulate neuronal excitability and can be activated by ethanol. The role of GIRK channels in the behavioral effects of ethanol is poorly understood, however. This study shows that genetic ablation of GIRK3, one of four GIRK subunits, prevents ethanol from activating the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, a neuronal circuit subserving the motivation to seek reward (incentive salience), and enhances binge-like drinking. Conversely, increasing GIRK3 expression in the ventral midbrain, where this pathway originates, reduces binge-like drinking. Thus, GIRK3 appears to be a critical gatekeeper of ethanol incentive salience and a potential target for the treatment of excessive ethanol consumption.
Climatic dipoles drive two principal modes of North American boreal bird irruption
Authors: Strong Courtenay , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Betancourt Julio L. , Koenig Walter D. 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceThis study is the first, to our knowledge, to reveal how climate variability drives irruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Patterns of Pine Siskin irruption and associated climate drivers manifest as two modes (North-South and West-East) in which dipoles of temperature and precipitation anomalies push and pull irruptive movements across the continent at biennial to decadal periodicities. Our study accentuates the value of sustained and synoptic biological observations, contributed by citizen scientists in this case, that match the spatial and temporal scales at which climatic phenomena are observed and understood. Such observations can help probe new questions, such as the role of climatic dipoles in other large-scale ecological processes.
Severity of ocean acidification following the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact
Authors: Tyrrell Toby , Merico Agostino , Armstrong McKay David Ian 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Ammonites went extinct at the time of the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact, as did more than 90% of species of calcium carbonate-shelled plankton (coccolithophores and foraminifera). Comparable groups not possessing calcium carbonate shells were less severely affected, raising the possibility that ocean acidification, as a side effect of the collision, might have been responsible for the apparent selectivity of the extinctions. We investigated whether ocean acidification could have caused the disappearance of the calcifying organisms. In a first detailed modelling study we simulated several possible mechanisms from impact to seawater acidification. Our results suggest that acidification was most probably not the cause of the extinctions.
Immune-checkpoint proteins VISTA and PD-1 nonredundantly regulate murine T-cell responses
Authors: Liu Jun , Yuan Ying , Chen Wenna , Putra Juan , Suriawinata Arief A. , Schenk Austin D. , Miller Halli E. , Guleria Indira , Barth Richard J. , Huang Yina H. , Wang Li 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Multiple immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1), LAG3, and TIM3, are coexpressed on immune cells and functionally synergize with each other. V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a recently identified immune-checkpoint molecule that suppresses T-cell activation. This study establishes that VISTA and PD-1 exert nonredundant immune regulatory functions and synergistically regulate T-cell responses. Combinatorial treatment using VISTA- and PD-ligand 1-specific monoclonal antibodies achieved synergistic therapeutic efficacy in murine tumor models. This study critically advances our knowledge of the immune regulatory function of VISTA and provides a rationale for targeting both VISTA and PD-1 to more effectively treat T-cell-regulated diseases such as cancer.