bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specificity of Associations between Bacteria and the Coral Pocillopora meandrina during Early Development
Authors: Apprill Amy , Marlow Heather Q. , Martindale Mark Q. , Rappé Michael S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTRelationships between corals and specific bacterial associates are thought to play an important role in coral health. In this study, the specificity of bacteria associating with the coralPocillopora meandrinawas investigated by exposing coral embryos to various strains of cultured marine bacteria, sterile seawater, or raw seawater and examining the identity, density, and location of incorporated cells. The isolates utilized in this experiment included members of the Roseobacter and SAR11 clades of theAlphaproteobacteria, aPseudoalteromonasspecies of theGammaproteobacteria, and aSynechococcusspecies of theCyanobacteriaphylum. Based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of small-subunit rRNA genes, similarities in bacterial communities associated with 170-h-old planulae were observed regardless of treatment, suggesting that bacteria may have been externally associated from the outset of the experiment. Microscopic examination ofP. meandrinaplanulae by fluorescencein situhybridization with bacterial and Roseobacter clade-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed differences in the densities and locations of planulae-associated cells. Planulae exposed to either raw seawater or strains ofPseudoalteromonasand Roseobacter harbored the highest densities of internally associated cells, of which 20 to 100% belonged to the Roseobacter clade. Planulae exposed to sterile seawater or strains of the SAR11 clade andSynechococcusdid not show evidence of prominent bacterial associations. Additional analysis of the raw-seawater-exposed planulae via electron microscopy confirmed the presence of internally associated prokaryotic cells, as well as virus-like particles. These results suggest that the availability of specific microorganisms may be an important factor in the establishment of coral-bacterial relationships.
A Novel Tool for Specific Detection and Quantification of Chicken/Turkey Parvoviruses To Trace Poultry Fecal Contamination in the Environment
Authors: Carratalà Anna , Rusinol Marta , Hundesa Ayalkibet , Biarnes Mar , Rodriguez-Manzano Jesus , Vantarakis Apostolos , Kern Anita , Suñen Ester , Girones Rosina , Bofill-Mas Sílvia 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Poultry farming may introduce pathogens into the environment and food chains. High concentrations of chicken/turkey parvoviruses were detected in chicken stools and slaughterhouse and downstream urban wastewaters by applying new PCR-based specific detection and quantification techniques. Our results confirm that chicken/turkey parvoviruses may be useful viral indicators of poultry fecal contamination.
Predatory Bacteria as Natural Modulators of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Seawater and Oysters
Authors: Richards Gary P. , Fay Johnna P. , Dickens Keyana A. , Parent Michelle A. , Soroka Douglas S. , Boyd E. Fidelma 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

This study shows that naturally occurring
Vibrio
predatory bacteria (VPB) exert a major role in controlling pathogenic vibrios in seawater and shellfish. The growth and persistence of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
and
Vibrio vulnificus
were assessed in natural seawater and in the Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
. The pathogens examined were
V. vulnificus
strain VV1003,
V. parahaemolyticus
O1:KUT (KUT stands for K untypeable), and
V. parahaemolyticus
O3:K6 and corresponding O3:K6 mutants deficient in the
toxRS
virulence regulatory gene or the
rpoS
alternative stress response sigma factor gene. Vibrios were selected for streptomycin resistance, which facilitated their enumeration. In natural seawater, oysters bioconcentrated each
Vibrio
strain for 24 h at 22°C; however, counts rapidly declined to near negligible levels by 72 h. In natural seawater with or without oysters, vibrios decreased more than 3 log units to near negligible levels within 72 h. Neither
toxRS
nor
rpoS
had a significant effect on
Vibrio
levels. In autoclaved seawater,
V. parahaemolyticus
O3:K6 counts increased 1,000-fold over 72 h. Failure of the vibrios to persist in natural seawater and oysters led to screening of the water samples for VPB on lawns of
V. parahaemolyticus
O3:K6 host cells. Many VPB, including
Bdellovibrio
and like organisms (BALOs;
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
and
Bacteriovorax stolpii
) and
Micavibrio aeruginosavorus
-like predators, were detected by plaque assay and electron microscopic analysis of plaque-purified isolates from Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and Hawaiian seawater. When
V. parahaemolyticus
O3:K6 was added to natural seawater containing trace amounts of VPB,
Vibrio
counts diminished 3 log units to nondetectable levels, while VPB increased 3 log units within 48 h. We propose a new paradigm that VPB are important modulators of pathogenic vibrios in seawater and oysters.
The Helical MreB Cytoskeleton in Escherichia coli MC1000/pLE7 Is an Artifact of the N-Terminal Yellow Fluorescent Protein Tag
Authors: Swulius Matthew T. , Jensen Grant J. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Based on fluorescence microscopy, the actin homolog MreB has been thought to form extended helices surrounding the cytoplasm of rod-shaped bacterial cells. The presence of these and other putative helices has come to dominate models of bacterial cell shape regulation, chromosome segregation, polarity, and motility. Here we use electron cryotomography to show that MreB does in fact form extended helices and filaments in
Escherichia coli
when yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is fused to its N terminus but native (untagged) MreB expressed to the same levels does not. In contrast, mCherry fused to an internal loop (MreB-RFP
SW
) does not induce helices. The helices are therefore an artifact of the placement of the fluorescent protein tag. YFP-MreB helices were also clearly distinguishable from the punctate, “patchy” localization patterns of MreB-RFP
SW
, even by standard light microscopy. The many interpretations in the literature of such punctate patterns as helices should therefore be reconsidered.
Interaction of CarD with RNA Polymerase Mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viability, Rifampin Resistance, and Pathogenesis
Authors: Weiss Leslie A. , Harrison Phillip G. , Nickels Bryce E. , Glickman Michael S. , Campbell Elizabeth A. , Darst Seth A. , Stallings Christina L. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection continues to cause substantial human suffering. New chemotherapeutic strategies, which require insight into the pathways essential for
M. tuberculosis
pathogenesis, are imperative. We previously reported that depletion of the CarD protein in mycobacteria compromises viability, resistance to oxidative stress and fluoroquinolones, and pathogenesis. CarD associates with the RNA polymerase (RNAP), but it has been unknown which of the diverse functions of CarD are mediated through the RNAP; this question must be answered to understand the CarD mechanism of action. Herein, we describe the interaction between the
M. tuberculosis
CarD and the RNAP β subunit and identify point mutations that weaken this interaction. The characterization of mycobacterial strains with attenuated CarD/RNAP β interactions demonstrates that the CarD/RNAP β association is required for viability and resistance to oxidative stress but not for fluoroquinolone resistance. Weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction also increases the sensitivity of mycobacteria to rifampin and streptomycin. Surprisingly, depletion of the CarD protein did not affect sensitivity to rifampin. These findings define the CarD/RNAP interaction as a new target for chemotherapeutic intervention that could also improve the efficacy of rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. In addition, our data demonstrate that weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction does not completely phenocopy the depletion of CarD and support the existence of functions for CarD independent of direct RNAP binding.
Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Involvement in Susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis to Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Inaoka Takashi , Ochi Kozo 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

The rare earth element scandium has weak antibacterial potency. We identified a mutation responsible for a scandium-resistant phenotype in
Bacillus subtilis
. This mutation was found within the
uppS
gene, which encodes undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase, and designated
uppS86
(for the Thr-to-Ile amino acid substitution at residue 86 of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase). The
uppS86
mutation also gave rise to increased resistance to bacitracin, which prevents cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, in addition to enhanced amylase production. Conversely, overexpression of the wild-type
uppS
gene resulted in increased susceptibilities to both scandium and bacitracin. Moreover, the mutant lacking undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (BcrC) showed increased susceptibility to all rare earth elements tested. These results suggest that the accumulation of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate renders cells more susceptible to rare earth elements. The availability of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate may be an important determinant for susceptibility to rare earth elements, such as scandium.
Supervised Exercise plus Acupuncture for Moderate to Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Small Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Soni Anushka , Joshi Abhay , Mudge Nicola , Wyatt Matthew , Williamson Lyn 
Published: August 2012

Objectives Although total knee replacement (TKR) is cost effective and successful in most cases, patient-reported outcome measures demonstrate 20% of people remain unsatisfied at 1 year after a technically successful procedure. Our group has previously shown that patients with severe knee osteoarthritis (OA) awaiting surgery can achieve a short-term reduction in symptom severity when treated with acupuncture, and that a trend towards improved walking distance, as a measure of function, is achieved with preoperative supervised exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined acupuncture and physiotherapy on preoperative and postoperative pain and function. Methods A total of 56 patients awaiting TKR surgery were randomised to receive either combined physiotherapy and acupuncture or a standardised exercise and advice leaflet. Pain and function were measured primarily using the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), with assessments at baseline prior to intervention, 6 and 12 weeks after intervention and at 3 months postoperatively. Results Due to the introduction of the 18-week waiting times target during this study, the required sample size was not achieved. There were no significant differences demonstrated between the control and treatment groups for OKS. Seven patients withdrew from surgery because of symptomatic improvement in their knees: six from the treatment group and one from the control group (OR 7.64, 95% CI 0.86 to 68.20). Conclusions This study demonstrated that the use of combined acupuncture and physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe knee OA preoperatively did not improve patient outcome postoperatively. As the study was underpowered, a larger trial is required to examine this result further.
Cerebral vasospasm following tumor resection
Authors: Alotaibi Naif M , Lanzino Giuseppe 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review of the literature of cases of vasospasm following tumor resection and to discuss possible etiologies, diagnosis and management of this complication.MethodsA literature search was performed using relevant search key words to identify cases of ‘cerebral vasospasm’ as a complication following tumor resection. Articles were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. Relevant cross references were added by manually searching the references of all retrieved articles.ResultsThere were a total of 56 patients in our initial search but only 40 cases matched our inclusion criteria. Pituitary tumors and sellar area were the most common pathologies and location associated with this complication. Average time interval to development of symptomatic vasospasm was 8 days and mortality was high (30%). The most common encountered causative factors were vascular factors (vessel encasement, displacement and narrowing) and presence of blood in the basal cisterns in postoperative scans.Conclusions‘Cerebral vasospasm’ after tumor resection is a rare but challenging complication with very high morbidity and mortality in reported cases. Vasospasm following brain tumor surgery shares some of the same clinical variables (time interval, causative factors, morbidity and death rates) of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and prompt management which are key elements of final outcome.
Republished: Pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis
Authors: Elamm Chantal , Fairweather DeLisa , Cooper Leslie T 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that may progress to dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure. A number of factors including the sex hormone testosterone, components of innate immunity, and profibrotic cytokines have been identified in animal models as important pathogenic mechanisms that increase inflammation and susceptibility to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. The clinical presentation of acute myocarditis is non-specific and mimics more common causes of heart failure and arrhythmias. Suspected myocarditis is currently confirmed using advanced non-invasive imaging and histopathologic examination of heart tissue. However, the diverse presentations of myocarditis and the lack of widely available, safe, and accurate non-invasive diagnostic tests remain major obstacles to early diagnosis and population based research. Recent advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis described in this review should lead to more accurate diagnostic algorithms and non-invasive tests.
MiR-10b Downregulates the Stress-Induced Cell Surface Molecule MICB, a Critical Ligand for Cancer Cell Recognition by Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Tsukerman Pinchas , Stern-Ginossar Noam , Gur Chamutal , Glasner Ariella , Nachmani Daphna , Bauman Yoav , Yamin Rachel , Vitenshtein Alon , Stanietsky Noah , Bar-Mag Tomer , Lankry Dikla , Mandelboim Ofer 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are a component of innate immunity well known for their potent ability to kill virus-infected or neoplastically transformed cells following stimulation of the NK cell receptor NKG2D. One of the various ligands of NKG2D is MICB, a stress-induced ligand that has been found to be upregulated on the surface of tumor cells. However, there is little knowledge about how this upregulation may occur or how it may be selected against in tumors as a mechanism of immune escape. Here, we report that the metastasis-associated microRNA (metastamir) miR-10b directly binds to the 3′ untranslated region of MICB and downregulates its expression. Notably, antagonizing miR-10b action enhanced NKG2D-mediated killing of tumor cells in vitro and enhanced clearance of tumors in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of miR-10b downregulated MICB and impaired elimination of tumor cells. Together, our results define MICB as a novel immune target of miR-10b, implying a direct link between metastasis capability and immune escape from NK cells. Cancer Res; 72(21); 5463–72. ©2012 AACR.
14-3-3ζ, a Novel Androgen-Responsive Gene, Is Upregulated in Prostate Cancer and Promotes Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival
Authors: Murata Taro , Takayama Ken-ichi , Urano Tomohiko , Fujimura Tetsuya , Ashikari Daisaku , Obinata Daisuke , Horie-Inoue Kuniko , Takahashi Satoru , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Homma Yukio , Inoue Satoshi 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Androgen receptor is an essential transcriptional factor that contributes to the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the androgen regulation and functional analysis of 14-3-3ζ in prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) analysis in LNCaP cells, we identified a functional androgen receptor–binding site in the downstream region of the 14-3-3ζ gene. Androgen regulation was examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analysis. Prostate cancer cells stably expressing 14-3-3ζ and siRNA knockdown were used for functional analyses. We further examined 14-3-3ζ expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR.
Results: Androgen-dependent upregulation of 14-3-3ζ was validated at the mRNA and protein levels. The 14-3-3ζ gene is favorable for cancer-cell survival, as its ectopic expression in LNCaP cells contributes to cell proliferation and the acquired resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis. 14-3-3ζ expression was associated with androgen receptor transcriptional activity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression. Immunoprecipitation indicated that 14-3-3ζ was associated with androgen receptor in the nucleus. Clinicopathologic studies further support the relevance of 14-3-3ζ in prostate cancers, as its higher expression is associated with malignancy and lymph node metastasis.
Conclusions: 14-3-3ζ is a novel androgen-responsive gene that activates proliferation, cell survival, and androgen receptor transcriptional activity. 14-3-3ζ may facilitate the progression of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 18(20); 5617–27. ©2012 AACR.
Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 19 in Human Lung Cancer Cells Is Triggered by Entry into S-Phase and Supports G2–M Cell-Cycle Progression
Authors: Kastner Stefan , Voss Tilman , Keuerleber Simon , Glöckel Christina , Freissmuth Michael , Sommergruber Wolfgang 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
It has long been known that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are subject to illegitimate expression in tumor cells. Presumably, hijacking the normal physiologic functions of GPCRs contributes to all biologic capabilities acquired during tumorigenesis. Here, we searched for GPCRs that were expressed in lung cancer: the mRNA encoding orphan G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPR19) was found frequently overexpressed in tissue samples obtained from patients with small cell lung cancer. Several observations indicate that overexpression of Gpr19 confers a specific advantage to lung cancer cells by accelerating transition through the cell-cycle. (i) Knockdown of Gpr19 mRNA by RNA interference reduced cell growth of human lung cancer cell lines. (ii) Cell-cycle progression through G2–M-phase was impaired in cells transfected with siRNAs directed against Gpr19 and this was associated with increased protein levels of cyclin B1 and phosphorylated histone H3. (iii) The expression levels of Gpr19 mRNA varied along the cell-cycle with a peak observed in S-phase. (iv) The putative control of Gpr19 expression by E2F transcription factors was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation: antibodies directed against E2F-1 to -4 allowed for the recovery of the Gpr19 promoter. (v) Removal of E2F binding sites in the Gpr19 promoter diminished the expression of a luciferase reporter. (vi) E2f and Gpr19 expression correlated in lung cancer patient samples. To the best of knowledge, this is the first example of a GPCR showing cell-cycle-specific mRNA expression. Our data also validate GPR19 as a candidate target when overexpressed in lung cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 10(10); 1343–58. ©2012 AACR.
Ah Receptor Antagonism Represses Head and Neck Tumor Cell Aggressive Phenotype
Authors: DiNatale Brett C. , Smith Kayla , John Kaarthik , Krishnegowda Gowdahalli , Amin Shantu G. , Perdew Gary H. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been shown to play a role in an increasing number of cellular processes. Recent reports have linked the AhR to cell proliferation, cytoskeletal arrangement, and tumor invasiveness in various tumor cell types. The AhR plays a role in the de-repression of the interleukin (IL)6 promoter in certain tumor cell lines, allowing for increased transcriptional activation by cytokines. Here, we show that there is a significant level of constitutive activation of the AhR in cells isolated from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Constitutive activation of the AhR in HNSCCs was blocked by antagonist treatment, leading to a reduction in IL6 expression. In addition, the AhR exhibits a high level of expression in HNSCCs than in normal keratinocytes. These findings led to the hypothesis that the basal AhR activity in HNSCCs plays a role in the aggressive phenotype of these tumors and that antagonist treatment could mitigate this phenotype. This study provides evidence that antagonism of the AhR in HNSCC tumor cells, in the absence of exogenous receptor ligands, has a significant effect on tumor cell phenotype. Treatment of these cell lines with the AhR antagonists 6, 2′, 4′-trimethoxyflavone, or the more potent GNF351, decreased migration and invasion of HNSCC cells and prevented benzo[a]pyrene-mediated induction of the chemotherapy efflux protein ABCG2. Thus, an AhR antagonist treatment has been shown to have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs through a reduction in aggressive cell phenotype. Mol Cancer Res; 10(10); 1369–79. ©2012 AACR.
Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) Profiles—Validated Risk Predictors for Progression to Oral Cancer
Authors: Zhang Lewei , Poh Catherine F. , Williams Michele , Laronde Denise M. , Berean Ken , Gardner Pamela J. , Jiang Huijun , Wu Lang , Lee J. Jack , Rosin Miriam P. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A major barrier to oral cancer prevention has been the lack of validated risk predictors for oral premalignant lesions (OPL). In 2000, we proposed a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) risk model in a retrospective study. This paper validated the previously reported LOH profiles as risk predictors and developed refined models via the largest longitudinal study to date of low-grade OPLs from a population-based patient group. Analysis involved a prospective cohort of 296 patients with primary mild/moderate oral dysplasia enrolled in the Oral Cancer Prediction Longitudinal Study. LOH status was determined in these OPLs. Patients were classified into high-risk or low-risk profiles to validate the 2000 model. Risk models were refined using recursive partitioning and Cox regression analyses. The prospective cohort validated that the high-risk lesions (3p and/or 9p LOH) had a 22.6-fold increase in risk (P = 0.002) compared with low-risk lesions (3p and 9p retention). Addition of another 2 markers (loci on 4q/17p) further improved the risk prediction, with five-year progression rates of 3.1%, 16.3%, and 63.1% for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk lesions, respectively. Compared with the low-risk group, intermediate- and high-risk groups had 11.6-fold and 52.1-fold increase in risk (P &lt; 0.001). LOH profiles as risk predictors in the refined model were validated in the retrospective cohort. Multicovariate analysis with clinical features showed LOH models to be the most significant predictors of progression. LOH profiles can reliably differentiate progression risk for OPLs. Potential uses include increasing surveillance for patients with elevated risk, improving target intervention for high-risk patients while sparing a large number of low-risk patients from needless screening and treatment. Cancer Prev Res; 5(9); 1081–9. ©2012 AACR.