bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GALIEN, AL-RĀZĪ, ET L’ÉTERNITÉ DU MONDE. LES FRAGMENTS DU TRAITÉ SUR LA DÉMONSTRATION, IV, DANS LES DOUTES SUR GALIEN
Authors: Koetschet Pauline 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article aims to reconstruct part of Book IV of Galen's lost treatise On Demonstration. This reconstruction is based on testimonies transmitted by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (d. 925) in the Doubts About Galen, as well as on a source that until now has never been studied, namely the Solution to the Doubts About Galen of Abū al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Zuhr (d. 1131). This paper argues that, in Book IV, Galen maintains that no one can reach any certain conclusion regarding the eternity of the world, and that he consequently criticizes Aristotle's treatment of the subject in On the Heavens. Galen approves only of one of the arguments used by Aristotle in On the Heavens I, 3 (270b12–17), because it is based on empirical evidence. Al-Rāzī focuses on Galen's commentary on this passage. Our hypothesized reconstruction resolves some of the contradictions between the fragments of Book IV that are transmitted in al-Rāzī's report and Philoponus’ Against Proclus On the Eternity of the World. Finally, this article shows that al-Rāzī's interest in this passage from On Demonstration can be explained with reference to his own philosophical-theological goals. As my examination will make clear, al-Rāzī objects to Galen's arguments because he considers that Galen's teleology is based on a framework where the world is eternal (although Galen does not state this view explicitly), and that this framework does not allow Galen to understand that theodicy is prior to both cosmology and biology.
Sodium chloride improves seed vigour of the euhalophyteSuaeda salsa
Authors: Guo Jianrong , Suo Shanshan , Wang Bao-Shan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSuaeda salsais an annual herbaceous euhalophyte in the family Chenopodiaceae that produces dimorphic seeds on the same plant under natural conditions. In order to determine the effect of salinity on seed quality traits during seed formation, seeds from plants grown under control conditions and on 200 mM NaCl were used to investigate the effect of NaCl on seed production and seed germination. Results showed that size and weight of both black and brown seeds generated from 200 mM NaCl-treated plants were markedly greater than those from controls. The germination percentage of brown seeds from both control and NaCl-treated plants was higher than that of black seeds. Furthermore, the germination percentage of the black seeds generated from 200 mM NaCl-treated plants was significantly higher than that of the control at different concentrations of NaCl, although germination percentage declined with the increase NaCl concentration. Surprisingly, NaCl did not affect germination of the brown seeds. The germination index and vigour index of both black and brown seeds from the control plants were significantly lower than those of seeds from the different NaCl treatments. Seed starch, soluble sugar, protein and lipid content of both black and brown seeds generated from the 200 mM NaCl-treated plants were significantly higher than those from the control. These results suggest that a certain concentration of NaCl plays a pivotal role in seed vitality of the euhalophyteS. salsathrough increasing seed weight and contents of storage compounds such as protein, starch and fatty acids.
Variations in seed micromorphology of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium (Cypripedioideae, Orchidaceae)
Authors: Zhang Feng-Ping , Zhang Juan-Juan , Yan Ning , Hu Hong , Zhang Shi-Bao 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe micromorphology of a seed is linked to its dispersal and germination, but evolutionary and ecological aspects in Orchidaceae remain unclear. We investigated the seed characters of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium that might be associated with life form and involved in possible ecological adaptations. A phylogenetic comparative analysis of nine seed micromorphological characters was performed in 24 species from two genera with close phylogenetic relationships but significant differences in their ecological characteristics. Species within Paphiopedilum had larger embryos and a smaller percentage of air space (AS) than those of Cypripedium species. Compared with 16 terrestrial species, two epiphytic Paphiopedilum species had larger embryos and smaller AS. Those larger embryos might ensure more successful seedling establishment while the higher amount of air space in both terrestrial Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium may increase seed buoyancy and enable them to disperse over longer distances. Whereas AS and seed length (SL) are phylogenetically conservative, most other characters examined here had weak signals, indicating clear convergent evolution. Across species, SL was positively correlated with AS, indicating a high degree of seed size–dispersal coordination. These findings may imply a trade-off of seed characters in relation to the possible ecological adaptations required for seedling establishment versus dispersal.
The Satisfiability Threshold fork-XORSAT
Authors: PITTEL BORIS , SORKIN GREGORY B. 
Published: July 2015

We consider ‘unconstrained’ randomk-XORSAT, which is a uniformly random system ofmlinear non-homogeneous equations in$\mathbb{F}$2overnvariables, each equation containingk⩾ 3 variables, and also consider a ‘constrained’ model where every variable appears in at least two equations. Dubois and Mandler proved thatm/n= 1 is a sharp threshold for satisfiability of constrained 3-XORSAT, and analysed the 2-core of a random 3-uniform hypergraph to extend this result to find the threshold for unconstrained 3-XORSAT.We show thatm/n= 1 remains a sharp threshold for satisfiability of constrainedk-XORSAT for everyk⩾ 3, and we use standard results on the 2-core of a randomk-uniform hypergraph to extend this result to find the threshold for unconstrainedk-XORSAT. For constrainedk-XORSAT we narrow the phase transition window, showing thatm − n→ −∞ implies almost-sure satisfiability, whilem − n→ +∞ implies almost-sure unsatisfiability.
Relationship between Sloan-Kettering virus expression and mammalian follicular development
Authors: Kim Hyun , Cho Young Moo , Ko Yeoung-Gyu , Choe Changyong , Seong Hwan-Hoo 
Published: July 2015

SummarySloan-Kettering virus gene, a product of a cellular proto-oncogene c-Skiis a unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to find insights into the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development. First, expression of c-SkimRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RT-PCR andin situhybridization revealed that c-SkimRNA was expressed in the ovaries of the adult rat on the day of estrous and localized mainly in the granulose cells. Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in rats having atretic follicles with double staining. These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles. Based on the present findings, Ski may play a role in the apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.
Adherence to the Australian dietary guidelines during pregnancy: evidence from a national study
Authors: Malek Lenka , Umberger Wendy , Makrides Maria , Zhou Shao J 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess dietary intake of pregnant women against the Australian Dietary Guidelines with respect to the Five Food Group recommendations and determine predictors of adherence to the recommendations.DesignCross-sectional web-based survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.SettingPregnant women living in Australia. A national sample was recruited using an online panel provider and a South Australian sample was recruited through the antenatal clinic of a large public maternity hospital.SubjectsA total of 857 pregnant women.ResultsFifty-six per cent, 29 % and less than 10 % of women met the recommendations for the fruit, dairy and other core food groups, respectively. None of the women met the recommendations for all Five Food Groups. Women who were born overseas and who were less physically active pre-pregnancy were less likely to adhere to the fruit and dairy recommendations. Women who smoked during pregnancy, were overweight pre-pregnancy and had lower household incomes were also less likely to meet the fruit recommendations; and women living in metropolitan areas were less likely to meet the vegetable recommendations. Sixty-one per cent believed their diet during this pregnancy was healthy.ConclusionsThe majority of pregnant women in Australia perceive their diets to be healthy yet they do not consume the recommended daily servings from the Five Food Groups. Intervention strategies are warranted, particularly those that increase women’s ability to evaluate their diet and also encourage positive dietary changes. These strategies may increase adoption of dietary guidelines and optimise pregnancy and other long-term health outcomes.
BMI, eating habits and sleep in relation to salivary counts of mutans streptococci in children – the IDEFICS Sweden study
Authors: Arvidsson Louise , Birkhed Dowen , Hunsberger Monica , Lanfer Anne , Lissner Lauren , Mehlig Kirsten , Mårild Staffan , Eiben Gabriele 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to investigate the association between salivary counts of mutans streptococci (MS) and children’s weight status, while considering associated covariates. MS ferments carbohydrates from the diet and contributes to caries by lowering the pH in dental plaque. In adults, high counts of MS in saliva have been associated with overweight, but this has not been shown in children.DesignCross-sectional study investigating salivary counts of MS, BMI Z-score, waist circumference, meal frequency, sugar propensity and sleep duration, in children.SettingWest Sweden.SubjectsChildren (n 271) aged 4–11 years.ResultsMedium–high counts of MS were positively associated with higher BMI Z-score (OR=1·6; 95 % CI 1·1, 2·3). Positive associations were also found between medium–high counts of MS and more frequent meals per day (OR=1·5; 95 % CI 1·1, 2·2), greater percentage of sugar-rich foods consumed (OR=1·1; 95 % CI 1·0, 1·3) and female sex (OR=2·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·4). A negative association was found between medium–high counts of MS and longer sleep duration (OR=0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 1·0).ConclusionsBMI Z-score was associated with counts of MS. Promoting adequate sleep duration and limiting the intake frequency of sugar-rich foods and beverages could provide multiple benefits in public health interventions aimed at reducing dental caries and childhood overweight.
PD-1hiTIM-3+ T cells associate with and predict leukemia relapse in AML patients post allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kong Y , Zhang J , Claxton D F , Ehmann W C , Rybka W B , Zhu L , Zeng H , Schell T D , Zheng H 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrognosis of leukemia relapse post allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is poor and effective new treatments are urgently needed. T cells are pivotal in eradicating leukemia through a graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect and leukemia relapse is considered a failure of GVL. T-cell exhaustion is a state of T-cell dysfunction mediated by inhibitory molecules including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3). To evaluate whether T-cell exhaustion and inhibitory pathways are involved in leukemia relapse post alloSCT, we performed phenotypic and functional studies on T cells from peripheral blood of acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving alloSCT. Here we report that PD-1hiTIM-3+cells are strongly associated with leukemia relapse post transplantation. Consistent with exhaustion, PD-1hiTIM-3+T cells are functionally deficient manifested by reduced production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In addition, these cells demonstrate a phenotype consistent with exhausted antigen-experienced T cells by losing TNand TEMRAsubsets. Importantly, increase of PD-1hiTIM-3+cells occurs before clinical diagnosis of leukemia relapse, suggesting their predictive value. Results of our study provide an early diagnostic approach and a therapeutic target for leukemia relapse post transplantation.
Hydrologically driven ecosystem processes determine the distribution and persistence of ecosystem-specialist predators under climate change
Authors: Carroll Matthew J. , Heinemeyer Andreas , Pearce-Higgins James W. , Dennis Peter , West Chris , Holden Joseph , Wallage Zoe E. , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractClimate change has the capacity to alter physical and biological ecosystem processes, jeopardizing the survival of associated species. This is a particular concern in cool, wet northern peatlands that could experience warmer, drier conditions. Here we show that climate, ecosystem processes and food chains combine to influence the population performance of species in British blanket bogs. Our peatland process model accurately predicts water-table depth, which predicts abundance of craneflies (keystone invertebrates), which in turn predicts observed abundances and population persistence of three ecosystem-specialist bird species that feed on craneflies during the breeding season. Climate change projections suggest that falling water tables could cause 56–81% declines in cranefly abundance and, hence, 15–51% reductions in the abundances of these birds by 2051–2080. We conclude that physical (precipitation, temperature and topography), biophysical (evapotranspiration and desiccation of invertebrates) and ecological (food chains) processes combine to determine the distributions and survival of ecosystem-specialist predators.
Conformational states of the full-length glucagon receptor
Authors: Yang Linlin , Yang Dehua , de Graaf Chris , Moeller Arne , West Graham M. , Dharmarajan Venkatasubramanian , Wang Chong , Siu Fai Y. , Song Gaojie , Reedtz-Runge Steffen , Pascal Bruce D. , Wu Beili , Potter Clinton S. , Zhou Hu , Griffin Patrick R. , Carragher Bridget , Yang Huaiyu , Wang Ming-Wei , Stevens Raymond C. , Jiang Hualiang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractClass B G protein-coupled receptors are composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) and a seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain, and their signalling is regulated by peptide hormones. Using a hybrid structural biology approach together with the ECD and 7TM domain crystal structures of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), we examine the relationship between full-length receptor conformation and peptide ligand binding. Molecular dynamics (MD) and disulfide crosslinking studies suggest that apo-GCGR can adopt both an open and closed conformation associated with extensive contacts between the ECD and 7TM domain. The electron microscopy (EM) map of the full-length GCGR shows how a monoclonal antibody stabilizes the ECD and 7TM domain in an elongated conformation. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) studies and MD simulations indicate that an open conformation is also stabilized by peptide ligand binding. The combined studies reveal the open/closed states of GCGR and suggest that glucagon binds to GCGR by a conformational selection mechanism.
Direct observation of multistep energy transfer in LHCII with fifth-order 3D electronic spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Zhengyang , Lambrev Petar H. , Wells Kym L. , Garab Győző , Tan Howe-Siang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDuring photosynthesis, sunlight is efficiently captured by light-harvesting complexes, and the excitation energy is then funneled towards the reaction centre. These photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET) pathways are complex and proceed in a multistep fashion. Ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is an important tool to study EET processes in photosynthetic complexes. However, the multistep EET processes can only be indirectly inferred by correlating different cross peaks from a series of 2DES spectra. Here we directly observe multistep EET processes in LHCII using ultrafast fifth-order three-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (3DES). We measure cross peaks in 3DES spectra of LHCII that directly indicate energy transfer from excitons in the chlorophyll b (Chl b) manifold to the low-energy level chlorophyll a (Chl a) via mid-level Chl a energy states. This new spectroscopic technique allows scientists to move a step towards mapping the complete complex EET processes in photosynthetic systems.
Prognostic role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng Hao , Long Feiwu , Jaiswar Mukesh , Yang Lie , Wang Cun , Zhou Zongguang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and tumours as a prognostic factor has been reported in many studies. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the prognostic role of the NLR in pancreatic cancer (PC). A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase for relevant studies. Data from and characteristics of each study were extracted. A meta-analysis was performed to analyse the prognostic role of the NLR using the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). As a result, a total of 2035 patients in 9 cohorts were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled HR of 1.587 (95% CI: 1.411–1.785, p < 0.01) showed that patients with an elevated NLR were expected to have shorter overall survival (OS) after treatment. This meta-analysis suggests that an elevated NLR can be used as a predictor of survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.
White butterflies as solar photovoltaic concentrators
Authors: Shanks Katie , Senthilarasu S. , ffrench-Constant Richard H. , Mallick Tapas K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMan’s harvesting of photovoltaic energy requires the deployment of extensive arrays of solar panels. To improve both the gathering of thermal and photovoltaic energy from the sun we have examined the concept of biomimicry in white butterflies of the family Pieridae. We tested the hypothesis that the V-shaped posture of basking white butterflies mimics the V-trough concentrator which is designed to increase solar input to photovoltaic cells. These solar concentrators improve harvesting efficiency but are both heavy and bulky, severely limiting their deployment. Here, we show that the attachment of butterfly wings to a solar cell increases its output power by 42.3%, proving that the wings are indeed highly reflective. Importantly and relative to current concentrators, the wings improve the power to weight ratio of the overall structure 17-fold, vastly expanding their potential application. Moreover, a single mono-layer of scale cells removed from the butterflies’ wings maintained this high reflectivity showing that a single layer of scale cell-like structures can also form a useful coating. As predicted, the wings increased the temperature of the butterflies’ thorax dramatically, showing that the V-shaped basking posture of white butterflies has indeed evolved to increase the temperature of their flight muscles prior to take-off.
Modulation of influenza vaccine immune responses using an epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor
Authors: Pulit-Penaloza Joanna A. , Sapkota Bishu , Stein Esser E. , Compans Richard W. , Pollack Brian P. , Skountzou Ioanna 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSystemic use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) has been shown to alter MHC expression and that of several chemokines and to enhance immune cell recruitment into human skin. We hypothesized that EGFRIs may have value as cutaneous immune response modifiers and determined the effects of topical application of an irreversible EGFRI on a well-established murine model of influenza vaccination. We found that a single topical application of an EGFRI led to increased levels of antibodies that inhibit influenza mediated hemagglutination and viral cytopathic effects. The topically applied EGFRI significantly enhanced the generation of vaccine-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ producing cells within skin-draining lymph nodes as early as one week following vaccination. The EGFRI/vaccine group showed a twelve-fold reduction in detectable pulmonary viral load four days after infection as compared to the vaccine alone control group. The reduction in the lung viral titers correlated with the survival rate, which demonstrated 100% protection in the EGFRI/vaccine immunized group but only 65% protection in the mice immunized with vaccine alone. These findings are significant because they demonstrate that inhibition of defined signaling pathways within the skin using small molecule kinase inhibitors provides a novel approach to enhance immune responses to vaccines.
Metamaterial Absorbers for Infrared Detection of Molecular Self-Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Ishikawa Atsushi , Tanaka Takuo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe emerging field of plasmonic metamaterials has introduced new degree of freedom to manipulate optical field from nano to macroscopic scale, offering an attractive platform for sensing applications. So far, metamaterial sensor concepts, however, have focused on hot-spot engineering to improve the near-field enhancement, rather than fully exploiting tailored material properties. Here, we present a novel spectroscopic technique based on the metamaterial infrared (IR) absorber allowing for a low-background detection scheme as well as significant plasmonic enhancement. Specifically, we experimentally demonstrate the resonant coupling of plasmonic modes of a metamaterial absorber and IR vibrational modes of a molecular self-assembled monolayer. The metamaterial consisting of an array of Au/MgF2/Au structures exhibits an anomalous absorption at ~3000 cm−1, which spectrally overlaps with C-H stretching vibrational modes. Symmetric/asymmetric C-H stretching modes of a 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic acid monolayer are clearly observed as Fano-like anti-resonance peaks within a broad plasmonic absorption of the metamaterial. Spectral analysis using Fano line-shape fitting reveals the underlying resonant interference in plasmon-molecular coupled systems. Our metamaterial approach achieves the attomole sensitivity with a large signal-to-noise ratio in the far-field measurement, thus may open up new avenues for realizing ultrasensitive IR inspection technologies.