bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Recreational Exposure to Water Bodies in Philadelphia
Authors: Sunger Neha , Haas Charles N. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT: A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses associated with recreational exposure to Philadelphia waterways, under dry and wet weather conditions. Using maximum likelihood estimation, stochastic exposure models were generated for each exposure scenario and Monte Carlo techniques were applied to characterize uncertainty in final risk estimates. The dry‐weather risk estimates were found significantly lower than those predicted for wet‐weather conditions. Moreover, the predicted risk, calculated in proportion of the frequency of use, was elevated at 6 out of 10 sites (ranging from 9 to 52 illnesses/1000 users/day). Activities contributing most to the risk of GI illness at creeks were identified as wading and playing (81%), while fishing was the potential risk contributor (65%) at rivers. The quantitative measure of risk contribution from each type of water activity obtained from this study can be useful for policy makers in prioritizing the future interventions.
Energy Balance Affected by Electrolyte Recirculation and Operating Modes in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Jacobson Kyle S. , Kelly Patrick T. , He Zhen 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT: Energy recovery and consumption in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be significantly affected by the operating conditions. This study investigated the effects of electrolyte recirculation and operation mode (continuous vs sequence batch reactor) on the energy balance in a tubular MFC. It was found that decreasing the anolyte recirculation also decreased the energy recovery. Because of the open environment of the cathode electrode, the catholyte recirculation consumed 10 to 50 times more energy than the anolyte recirculation, and resulted in negative energy balances despite the reduction of the anolyte recirculation. Reducing the catholyte recirculation to 20% led to a positive energy balance of 0.0288 kWh m−3. The MFC operated as a sequence batch reactor generated less energy and had a lower energy balance than the one with continuous operation. Those results encourage the further development of MFC technology to achieve neutral or even positive energy output.
Adaptive Finite-Elemente-Simulation des Mehrfrequenz-Induktionshärtens in 3-D
Authors: Petzold T. , Hömberg D. , Nadolski D. , Schulz A. , Stiele H. 
Published: March 2015

KurzfassungInduktionshärten ist ein energieeffizientes Wärmebehandlungsverfahren, das sich optimal in Produktionslinien integrieren lässt. Die schnelle, auf oberflächennahe Bereiche beschränkte Wärmebehandlung erfordert eine präzise Prozessführung, da Energieeinbringung und Temperaturverteilung exakt auf Bauteilgeometrie und Werkstoff abgestimmt sein müssen. Numerische Modellierung des Verfahrens kann eine Vielzahl prozessspezifischer Aspekte berücksichtigen und somit eine Vorhersage des Härteergebnisses ermöglichen. Der Artikel beschreibt die 3-D-Simulation des Mehrfrequenz-Induktionshärtens von Zahnrädern. Das zugrundeliegende Modell besteht aus einem gekoppelten, nichtlinearen System partieller Differentialgleichungen zur Bestimmung der elektromagnetischen Felder, der Temperatur- und der Phasenverteilung im Bauteil. Das Problem stellt aufgrund des Skin-Effekts und des Auftretens verschiedener Zeitskalen für die verschiedenen physikalischen Prozesse ein nichtlineares Mehrskalenproblem in Ort und Zeit dar. Die resultierenden Gleichungen werden mit Hilfe adaptiver Finite-Elemente-Methoden gelöst. Die Berücksichtigung von Nichtlinearitäten in Form von temperaturabhängigen Materialparametern sowie einer vom Magnetfeld selbst abhängigen magnetischen Permeabilität ist zur Reproduktion experimenteller Ergebnisse unerlässlich. In den experimentell verifizierten Beispielrechnungen des induktiven Randschichthärtens für Zahnräder kann eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den experimentell ermittelten und den berechneten Temperatur- und Härteprofilen erzielt werden.
Neue Anwendungsbereiche numerischer Simulation beim induktiven Randschichthärten mit Feldkonzentratoren
Authors: Schlesselmann D. , Yu Z. , Dalinger A. , Nacke B. 
Published: March 2015

KurzfassungIn diesem Artikel werden zwei Neuerungen bei der numerischen Simulation von induktiven Randschichthärteprozessen vorgestellt, welche bei schwierigen Fragestellungen als unterstützendes Werkzeug zur Prozessauslegung verwendet werden können. Zum einen wird ein 3-D-Modell für die Simulation beim Vorschubhärten komplexer Bauteile gezeigt. In diesem Fall steht das Konzept der Modellierung im Fokus. Für einen Härteinduktor mit einer sehr aufwendigen Bestückung an Feldkonzentratoren, welcher beim Härten von Großlager-innenringen zum Einsatz kommt, wird die Anwendung beispielhaft demonstriert. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Modell durch den Vergleich von Simulationsergebnissen und Experimenten verifiziert werden konnte. Zum anderen wird ein inverses, numerisches Berechnungsverfahren vorgestellt, welches sich auf die Verwendung von Optimierungsalgorithmen stützt. Ausgehend von einem Härteprofil wird dabei auf die Abmessungen und die Position des Induktors relativ zum Werkstück sowie die elektrischen Parameter zurückgeschlossen. Anhand des Beispiels einer Hohlwelle wird gezeigt, dass mithilfe dieses Ansatzes eine effektive Prozessauslegung erfolgen kann.
Structure investigation of soil aggregates treated with different organic matter using X-ray micro tomography*
Authors: Nakano Keiko , Herppich Werner B. , Kardjilov Nikolay , Manke Ingo , Hilger André , Dawson Martin , Masuda Kinya , Hara Yoshitaka , Matsushima Uzuki 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Soil aggregation which is favorable for plant growth, can be modified by the presence of organic matter and farmers apply different materials to promote soil aggregation and enhance its stability. However, the relationship between the type of organic matter and the resulting properties of the aggregate structure is unclear. Using micro X-ray tomography, intra-aggregate pore formation in soils from fields in Southwestern Japan fed with different organic fertilizers was compared. Organic matter, especially manure-based matter, increased porosity of the intra-aggregate, which is considered to increase growth conditions. Pores that connected the core of the aggregates with the surface were observed in organic matter-applied fields and sponge-like pores were observed in manure-fed fields.
Cold formability of AISI 1020 steel sheets
Authors: Kulekci Mustafa Kemal , Kahraman Funda , Esme Ugur , Buldum Bariş 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A forming limit diagram (FLD) illustrates the behavior of sheet metal under different levels of strain. The line describing the behavior of the metal is called forming limit curve (FLC). Forming limit diagram provides information on the maximum stress the metal can undergo before fracturing or necking. The diagrams are constructed by using forming limit test of sheet metal and measuring the deformation. In this study, formability of AISI 1020 sheet metal with different thickness were investigated using experimental data obtained from forming limit test. Forming limit diagram, strain hardening exponent (n) and height of cup values have been obtained for evaluating formability of the studied material. After each test, deformation of the grid was measured by using Mylar band and the true major and true minor strains were computed. Same formability results have been found from the FLD, strain hardening exponent and height of the cup for studied materials.
Friction weldability of a PA 6 polymer
Authors: Aydin Mustafa 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the present study, the weldability of friction welded polyamide 6 was investigated. Friction welding was conducted at a rotation speed of 2800 rpm and varying friction durations of 8, 12 and 16 seconds. It was found that the hardness of the sample did not change, but the tensile properties of the PA 6 material significantly decreased for the 8 s friction duration condition. In all samples, the tensile fracture occurred at the boundary towards the heat affected zone. The fractographic examination of the fractured PA 6 specimen showed brittle rupture of the specimen welded with 8 s friction duration. The optical microscopy, SEM and tensile test analysis suggested that the bonding line is well established in the welds. In contrast to the non-welded samples, the welded samples showed 55 % of the tensile strength.
Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for use as abrasive grit material
Authors: Polat Şeyda , Kahrıman Fulya 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Steel slag, a by-product of the steelmaking process, may turn into a useful material with many different applications if it is properly characterized. In the present study, samples of electric arc furnace slag received from a local steel producer have been analyzed in an attempt to solve the problem of waste disposal. The slag microstructure has been evaluated by light and electron microscopes and elemental compositions of the phases are determined by microanalysis. The quantities and hardness values of the phases present in the microstructure are measured by image analysis and micro-hardness tester, respectively. Particle size distribution, particle shape and bulk chemical composition are also determined and compared with an abrasive grit material used in shipyards for paint removal. Results show that present slag has a high potential to be used as blasting abrasive in place of the expensive grit material.
Optimierung einer Probenform für den Kreuzzugversuch zur Bestimmung der Grenzformänderung
Authors: Jocham David , Baumann Martin , Volk Wolfram 
Published: March 2015

Kurzfassung
Der Kreuzzugversuch stellt mit zwei senkrecht aufeinander liegenden Kraftrichtungen eine Möglichkeit zur Abbildung mehrachsiger Spannungszustände in der Materialprüfung dar. Die erreichbare Formänderung ist in Probenmitte der gängigen Kreuzzugproben sehr limitiert, so dass diese lediglich zur Bestimmung von Fließortskurven im ersten Quadranten bei niedrigen Vergleichsformänderungen Anwendung finden. Durch eine Analyse der geometrischen Merkmale gängiger Kreuzzugproben wie Schlitze, Kantenverrundungen und Vertiefungen mit Hilfe der FEM wurde eine Kreuzzugprobe zur Bestimmung der Grenzformänderung unter mehrachsiger Belastung optimiert. Durch geeignete Anordnung und Form der Schlitze sowie einer Vertiefung in Probenmitte werden Formänderungen erreicht, die im Bereich der Grenzformänderungskurve liegen. Weiterhin besteht die Möglichkeit die Probengeometrie durch Kleben einzelner Bleche zu erstellen. Hierdurch können eine spanende Bearbeitung der Probe und die einhergehende Veränderung der Werkstoffeigenschaften im Auswertebereich der Probenform vermieden werden.
Quinoline-based antimalarial drugs: a novel class of autophagy inhibitors
Authors: Golden Encouse B. , Cho Hee-Yeon , Hofman Florence M. , Louie Stan G. , Schönthal Axel H. , Chen Thomas C. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Chloroquine (CQ) is a quinoline-based drug widely used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. More recent studies have provided evidence that this drug may also harbor antitumor properties, whereby CQ possesses the ability to accumulate in lysosomes and blocks the cellular process of autophagy. Therefore, the authors of this study set out to investigate whether CQ analogs, in particular clinically established antimalaria drugs, would also be able to exert antitumor properties, with a specific focus on glioma cells.

METHODS
Toward this goal, the authors treated different glioma cell lines with quinine (QN), quinacrine (QNX), mefloquine (MFQ), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and investigated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced cell death, autophagy, and cell death.

RESULTS
All agents blocked cellular autophagy and exerted cytotoxic effects on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant glioma cells with varying degrees of potency (QNX > MFQ > HCQ > CQ > QN). Furthermore, all quinoline-based drugs killed glioma cells that were highly resistant to temozolomide (TMZ), the current standard of care for patients with glioma. The cytotoxic mechanism involved the induction of apoptosis and ER stress, as indicated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and CHOP/GADD153. The induction of ER stress and resulting apoptosis could be confirmed in the in vivo setting, in which tumor tissues from animals treated with quinoline-based drugs showed increased expression of CHOP/GADD153, along with elevated TUNEL staining, a measure of apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Thus, the antimalarial compounds investigated in this study hold promise as a novel class of autophagy inhibitors for the treatment of newly diagnosed TMZ-sensitive and recurrent TMZ-resistant gliomas.
Effects of convection-enhanced delivery of bevacizumab on survival of glioma-bearing animals
Authors: Wang Weijun , Sivakumar Walavan , Torres Shering , Jhaveri Niyati , Vaikari Vijaya Pooja , Gong Alex , Howard Adam , Golden Encouse B. , Louie Stan G. , Schönthal Axel H. , Hofman Florence M. , Chen Thomas C. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Bevacizumab (Avastin), an antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), alone or in combination with irinotecan (Camptosar [CPT-11]), is a promising treatment for recurrent glioblastoma. However, the intravenous (IV) administration of bevacizumab produces a number of systemic side effects, and the increase in survival it provides for patients with recurrent glioblastoma is still only a few months. Because bevacizumab is an antibody against VEGF, which is secreted into the extracellular milieu by glioma cells, the authors hypothesized that direct chronic intratumoral delivery techniques (i.e., convection-enhanced delivery [CED]) can be more effective than IV administration. To test this hypothesis, the authors compared outcomes for these routes of bevacizumab application with respect to animal survival, microvessel density (MVD), and inflammatory cell distribution.

METHODS
Two human glioma cell lines, U87 and U251, were used as sources of intracranial tumor cells. The glioma cell lines were implanted into the brains of mice in an orthotopic xenograft mouse tumor model. After 7 days, the mice were treated with one of the following: 1) vehicle, 2) CED bevacizumab, 3) IV bevacizumab, 4) intraperitoneal (IP) irinotecan, 5) CED bevacizumab plus IP irinotecan, or 6) IV bevacizumab plus IP irinotecan. Alzet micro-osmotic pumps were used to introduce bevacizumab directly into the tumor. Survival was monitored. Excised tumor tissue samples were immunostained to measure MVD and inflammatory cell and growth factor levels.

RESULTS
The results demonstrate that mice treated with CED of bevacizumab alone or in combination with irinotecan survived longer than those treated systemically; CED-treated animals survived 30% longer than IV-treated animals. In combination studies, CED bevacizumab plus CPT-11 increased survival by more than 90%, whereas IV bevacizumab plus CPT-11 increased survival by 40%. Furthermore, CED bevacizumab-treated tissues exhibited decreased MVD compared with that of IV-treated tissues. In additional studies, the infiltration of macrophages and dendritic cells into CED-treated animals were increased compared with those in IV-treated animals, suggesting a highly active inflammatory response taking place in CED-treated mice.

CONCLUSIONS
The administration of bevacizumab via CED increases survival over that of treatment with IV bevacizumab. Thus, CED of bevacizumab alone or in combination with chemotherapy can be an effective protocol for treating gliomas.
Novel delivery methods bypassing the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Miller James C. 
Published: March 2015

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and carries a grave prognosis. Despite years of research investigating potentially new therapies for GBM, the median survival rate of individuals with this disease has remained fairly stagnant. Delivery of drugs to the tumor site is hampered by various barriers posed by the GBM pathological process and by the complex physiology of the blood-brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. These anatomical and physiological barriers serve as a natural protection for the brain and preserve brain homeostasis, but they also have significantly limited the reach of intraparenchymal treatments in patients with GBM.
In this article, the authors review the functional capabilities of the physical and physiological barriers that impede chemotherapy for GBM, with a specific focus on the pathological alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in this disease. They also provide an overview of current and future methods for circumventing these barriers in therapeutic interventions. Although ongoing research has yielded some potential options for future GBM therapies, delivery of chemotherapy medications across the BBB remains elusive and has limited the efficacy of these medications.
New microsatellite markers for Campanula scheuchzeri (Campanulaceae), with cross‐amplification in C. rotundifolia
Authors: Armbruster G. F. J. , Stöcklin J. 
Published: March 2015

Premise of the study:We developed new microsatellite primers for the alpine bellflower Campanula scheuchzeri. Allelic polymorphisms will be used to study differentiation along elevation gradients of C. scheuchzeri populations and in the co‐occurring sister‐species C. rotundifolia in the Alps.Methods and Results:We analyzed C. scheuchzeri from three high‐elevation sites and C. rotundifolia from two low‐elevation sites in Switzerland. Campanula scheuchzeri was found to be tetraploid (2n = 68 = 4x), and up to 22 alleles were found per locus and population. Of the 15 polymorphic loci developed for C. scheuchzeri, 10 loci were tested, all of which amplified in C. rotundifolia, with similar amplicon length. Campanula rotundifolia individuals also showed tetraploid signals.Conclusions:We speculate that C. scheuchzeri and C. rotundifolia share a common gene pool and evolve under vicariance. This presents a testable hypothesis that will be evaluated through future work. Our developed primers might also amplify in other related Campanula taxa.
Calprotectin as a Biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Abildtrup Mads , Kingsley Gabrielle H. , Scott David L. 
Published: March 2015

Objective.Calprotectin (myeloid-related protein 8/14), a heterodimeric complex of calcium-binding proteins, is expressed in granulocytes and monocytes. Calprotectin levels are high in synovial tissue, particularly in activated cells adjacent to the cartilage-pannus junction. This systematic review evaluates the use of calprotectin as an indicator of disease activity, therapeutic response, and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (1970–2013) were searched for studies containing original data from patients with RA in whom calprotectin levels were measured in plasma/serum and/or synovial fluid (SF). We included studies examining associations between calprotectin levels and clinical and laboratory assessments, disease progression, and therapeutic response. There were no restrictions for sample size, disease duration, or length of followup.Results.We evaluated 17 studies (1988–2013) with 1065 patients enrolled; 11 were cross-sectional and 8 had longitudinal designs with 2 studies reporting cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Systemic and SF levels of calprotectin were raised in RA. There was a wide range of levels and marked interstudy and intrastudy variability. Calprotectin levels were high in active disease and were particularly high in rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive patients. Levels fell with effective treatment. Longitudinal data showed that calprotectin was a significant and independent predictor of erosive progression and therapeutic responses, particularly in patients who received effective biological treatments.Conclusion.SF calprotectin levels are high, suggesting there is substantial local production by inflamed synovium. Blood calprotectin levels, though highly variable, are elevated in active RA and fall with effective therapy. High baseline calprotectin levels predict future erosive damage.
Connective Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Diseases (CTD-ILD) — Report from OMERACT CTD-ILD Working Group
Authors: Khanna Dinesh , Mittoo Shikha , Aggarwal Rohit , Proudman Susanna M. , Dalbeth Nicola , Matteson Eric L. , Brown Kevin , Flaherty Kevin , Wells Athol U. , Seibold James R. , Strand Vibeke 
Published: March 2015

Objective.Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is common in connective tissue disease (CTD) and is the leading cause of mortality. Investigators have used certain outcome measures in randomized controlled trials (RCT) in CTD-ILD, but the lack of a systematically developed, CTD-specific index that captures all measures relevant and meaningful to patients with CTD-ILD has left a large and conspicuous gap in CTD-ILD research.Methods.The CTD-ILD working group, under the aegis of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) initiative, has completed a consensus group exercise to reach harmony on core domains and items for inclusion in RCT in CTD-ILD. During the OMERACT 12 meeting, consensus was sought on domains and core items for inclusion in RCT. In addition, consensus was pursued on a definition of response in RCT. Consensus was defined as ≥ 75% agreement among the participants.Results.OMERACT 12 participants endorsed the domains with minimal modifications. Clinically meaningful progression for CTD-ILD was proposed as ≥ 10% relative decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) or ≥ 5% to < 10% relative decline in FVC and ≥ 15% relative decline in DLCO.Conclusion.There is consensus on domains for inclusion in RCT in CTD-ILD and on a definition of clinically meaningful progression. Data-driven approaches to validate these results in different cohorts and RCT are needed.
L'approche ressources et compétences comme clé de lecture du processus d'élaboration d'une ressource originale : la marque territoire
Authors: Rochette Corinne 
Published: March 2015

La concurrence grandissante entre les territoires conduit les collectivités à se doter de marques et à adopter une démarche marketing. Cela se traduit par une évolution des compétences que permet d’appréhender l’approche par les ressources. Ses transformations sont étudiées à partir de la marque région « Auvergne Nouveau Monde ».
Un précurseur du New Public Management : Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
Authors: Morgana Laurence 
Published: March 2015

Henri Fayol (1841-1925) est l’auteur d’un ouvrage fondateur de la doctrine administrative : Administration industrielle et générale . Cependant, son expérience au sein des administrations publiques est méconnue. Lorsqu’il les étudie, Henri Fayol est plus critique que théoricien, plus ironique que dogmatique, c’est précisément ce qui rend sa production aussi pertinente.
La réflexivité des acteurs face à la complexité des organisations publiques : un levier interactif de contrôle de la performance universitaire ?
Authors: Mériade Laurent , Mainetti Nicolas 
Published: March 2015

Berry (1983) définit les simplifications en gestion comme « une réduction de la complexité nécessaire et périlleuse » opérée par les agents car « ils sont obligés de simplifier pour appréhender et pour agir ». A travers cet article, notre préoccupation est de questionner la supposée homogénéité des simplifications apportées aux outils du contrôle de gestion, en particulier, dans les organisations publiques. Nous abordons cette question de recherche en associant l’approche par les leviers de contrôle (Simons 1995) et les travaux portant sur les mécanismes d’appropriation des outils de gestion (de Vaujany et Grimand 2005). Pour cela, et afin de mieux comprendre les simplifications de ces outils, nous cherchons, en vue d’un contrôle interactif de la performance des universités françaises, à mettre en évidence les intérêts des analyses de la réflexivité des acteurs développées notamment par le courant réaliste critique (Archer, 1995 ; Bhaskar 1989).