bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients
Authors: Supinski Gerald S , Ann Callahan Leigh 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Studies indicate that mechanically ventilated patients develop significant diaphragm muscle weakness, but the etiology of weakness and its clinical impact remain incompletely understood. We assessed diaphragm strength in mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients, correlated the development of diaphragm weakness with multiple clinical parameters, and examined the relationship between the level of diaphragm weakness and patient outcomes.

Methods
Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (PdiTw) in response to bilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves was measured. Diaphragm weakness was correlated with the presence of infection, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, and glucose levels. The relationship of diaphragm strength to patient outcomes, including mortality and the duration of mechanical ventilation for successfully weaned patients, was also assessed.

Results
We found that infection is a major risk factor for diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients. Outcomes for patients with severe diaphragm weakness (PdiTw <10 cmH2O) were poor, with a markedly increased mortality (49%) compared to patients with PdiTw ≥10 cmH2O (7% mortality, P = 0.022). In addition, survivors with PdiTw <10 cmH2O required a significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation (12.3 ± 1.7 days) than those with PdiTw ≥10 cmH2O (5.5 ± 2.0 days, P = 0.016).

Conclusions
Infection is a major cause of severe diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated patients. Moreover, diaphragm weakness is an important determinant of poor outcomes in this patient population.
Structural features of antiviral DNA cytidine deaminases
Authors: Vasudevan Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva , Smits Sander H.J. , Höppner Astrid , Häussinger Dieter , Koenig Bernd W. , Münk Carsten 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The APOBEC3 (A3) family of cytidine deaminases plays a vital role for innate defense against retroviruses. Lentiviruses such as HIV-1 evolved the Vif protein that triggers A3 protein degradation. There are seven A3 proteins, A3A-A3H, found in humans. All A3 proteins can deaminate cytidines to uridines in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), generated during viral reverse transcription. A3 proteins have either one or two cytidine deaminase domains (CD). The CDs coordinate a zinc ion, and their amino acid specificity classifies the A3s into A3Z1, A3Z2, and A3Z3. A3 proteins occur as monomers, dimers, and large oligomeric complexes. Studies on the nature of A3 oligomerization, as well as the mode of interaction of A3s with RNA and ssDNA are partially controversial. High-resolution structures of the catalytic CD2 of A3G and A3F as well as of the single CD proteins A3A and A3C have been published recently. The NMR and X-ray crystal structures show globular proteins with six α-helices and five β sheets arranged in a characteristic motif (α1-β1-β2/2′-α2-β3-α3-β4-α4-β5-α5-α6). However, the detailed arrangement and extension of individual structure elements and their relevance for A3 complex formation and activity remains a matter of debate and will be highlighted in this review.
Applications of nanobioceramics to healthcare technology
Authors: Feng Jason , Thian Eng San 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe development of functional, biological solutions to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs is the goal of tissue engineering. This involves an interplay of cells, scaffolds and biomolecules that would generate a favourable response when implanted into patients, thus restoring functions lost or impaired due to injuries or diseases. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the design and fabrication of novel materials at the nanometre scale. Hailed as the next generation of advanced materials, nanomaterials possess advantages of being biochemically and nanostructurally similar to that of physiological tissues. Moreover, nanotopological cues are incorporated, ensuring appropriate cellular responses, thereby enhancing the success of tissue regeneration. Nanobioceramics play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering due to its close chemical similarity to physiological bone and excellent biocompatibility. In addition, nanoscale engineering of these materials has the ability to enhance mechanical and biological properties. This review will begin with an introduction to nanomaterials and its associated considerations that should be taken into account. Next, the role of nanobioceramics achieving these considerations will be discussed. An overview of the current form of nanobioceramics being developed will be provided, concluding with an outlook of nanobioceramics for the healthcare industry.
Preparation and characterization of positively charged polysulfone nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Mahendran Rajagopalan , Bhattacharya Prashant Kumar 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared from aminated polysulfone (APSF) via a phase inversion technique, by varying the polymer and solvent weight ratios. A two-step phase inversion technique, adopted for the preparation of NF membranes, involved chloromethylation, and subsequent amination of the polymer, polysulfone (PSF). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopic analyses of the prepared chloromethylated PSF (CPSF) membrane confirmed the incorporation of chloromethylated groups on the polymer backbone. Also, the separation capability of the prepared membranes was evaluated by compaction studies, pure water fluxes (PWF) at different pressures, and hydraulic membrane resistance measurements. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) images revealed that the pore size and pore distribution decreased with increase in the polymer weight ratio. In addition, the functionality of the prepared membranes as a nano-filter was analyzed by constructing a stirred batch NF cell and evaluated towards a feed solution containing different concentrations of Cr (III) ions. The performance of the prepared membrane was compared with commercially available (NFT-50) NF membrane.
Luftultraschall-Abstandsmessung mit digitaler Signalverarbeitung zur Verkürzung des Mindestabstandes
Authors: Schröder Andreas , Henning Bernd 
Published: June 2013

Zusammenfassung
Ultraschall-Abstandssensoren besitzen meist nur einen Schallwandler und dadurch Prinzip bedingt einen Mindestabstand. Eine Möglichkeit diesen Mindestabstand zu reduzieren, besteht in der Realisierung eines simultanen Sende- und Empfangsbetriebes. In diesem Beitrag wird dies durch eine digitale Signalverarbeitung realisiert. Dabei wird das zu erwartende, echofreie Schallwandlersignal modellbasiert berechnet und vom gemessenen Schallwandlersignal subtrahiert, um so das Empfangssignal zu bestimmen.
A lép a sebészi kísérletek tükrében
Authors: Furka István , Németh Norbert , Mikó Irén 
Published: June 2013

AbsztraktA sérült, de egyébként ép szerkezetű lép megtartására számos műtéti technika ismert. Ezek közül két módszer kidolgozása is kötődik a tanszékhez: az ölelkező varratsorral végzett lépresectio és a nagycseplesz kettőzetébe ültetett lépszeletkékkel végzett eljárás, az úgynevezett „lépkötény”-módszer, a lép-autotranszplantáció. Az elmúlt három évtizedben a műtéti technika kialakítását követően funkcionális és strukturális utánkövetéses vizsgálatok történtek egyre bővülő metodikai tárházzal: beleértve a széles körű laboratóriumi vizsgálatokat (hematológiai, haemostaseologiai, haemorheologiai, enzimológiai, rutin kémiai, immunológiai), képalkotó eljárásokat (hasi UH, scintigraphiai módszerek, SPECT, valamint az utóbbi években nano-SPECT/CT), morphologiai elemzéseket (hagyományos szövettani, immunhisztokémiai, elektronmikroszkópos vizsgálatok), valamint a haemopoeticus őssejtek szerepének vizsgálatát. E vizsgálatok főbb, jelző értékű eredményei a lép-autotranszplantáció létjogosultságát mutatták, hiszen a beültetett lépszeletkék újraereződés révén, remodellatiójuk és recolonisatiójuk után részben újra képesek biztosítani a lépfunkciókat. Ez pedig kritikus fontosságú a lép eltávolítását követő szövődmények (OPSI, DIC) elkerülésében. Jelen tanulmány a legfontosabb elveket és a különböző kísérletes modellek főbb következtetéseit foglalja össze.
Achat de la résidence principale
Authors: Le Bayon Sabine , Levasseur Sandrine , Madec Pierre 
Published: June 2013

Après quinze ans de croissance quasi-continue des prix de l’immobilier français, les questions sur la solvabilité des ménages sont nombreuses. À partir des enquêtes Patrimoine de l’INSEE, nous étudions le profil des ménages français ayant acheté leur logement durant les années 2000. Il ressort de notre étude descriptive et de nos estimations logit que le niveau de vie est devenu de plus en plus important pour accéder à la propriété, avec un fort impact discriminatoire envers les bas revenus. Un ménage appartenant au premier quartile de revenu a ainsi vu sa probabilité d’acheter son logement baisser de moitié, pour atteindre 8 % dans la seconde moitié des années 2000. En outre, les transferts intergénérationnels semblent concourir de façon croissante à l’acquisition de la résidence principale. Par exemple, le fait de recevoir une donation financière élève fortement la probabilité de devenir acquéreur de son logement dans la seconde moitié des années 2000 alors que l’impact était moindre, voire inexistant, dans la première moitié des années 2000. Nos estimations mettent aussi en évidence que, dans un contexte de prix immobiliers toujours plus élevés, les ménages acheteurs ont moins souvent opté pour de grands logements.
Psychose et somatisation : carrefours et impasses
Authors: Mylona Éléana 
Published: June 2013

Afin d’aborder les rapports entre psychose et somatisation, est utilisée ici la métaphore des carrefours et des impasses dans la double trajectoire du psychique vers le somatique et vice versa. Les processus somatisants et psychotiques sont examinés au carrefour de l’« entre-deux » sous le prisme de la différenciation moi-objet basée sur une économie du narcissisme précaire. À partir du cas de Françoise, il est proposé que ces deux processus se rencontrent au carrefour de l’analité primaire où l’objet primitif anal est à maintenir par expulsion pour ne pas s’en séparer. En suivant cette hypothèse, chez les sujets en proie à la démentalisation le processus serait celui d’une régression à un état proche de l’analité primaire, mais faut-il encore que la fixation anale puisse retenir le sujet à ce type de fonctionnement.
Sociologies du roman (1830-1860)
Authors: Diaz José-Luis 
Published: June 2013

Comment, après 1830, les critiques de profession mais aussi les romanciers-critiques prennent-ils en considération les ambitions sociologiques que manifeste le roman, en particulier le roman de mœurs nouvellement promu ? Répondre à une telle question revient à montrer comment la critique contemporaine a su témoigner avec lucidité des révolutions du roman, mais aussi mettre l’accent sur sa nouvelle ambition sociale. Le roman se voit alors l’objet de trois sociologies complémentaires : la première consiste à le considérer lui-même comme un phénomène social ; une autre à étudier, non sans inquiétude souvent, son extraordinaire influence ; la dernière à considérer le roman comme un analyste privilégié des pathologies sociales, ce genre lui-même en révolution se révélant propre à dire les dysfonctionnements d’une société en crise.
L'Inondation à Saint-Cloud de Paul Huet à l'Exposition universelle de 1855 : pour une réévaluation de la poésie et de l'histoire dans la nature romantique
Authors: O’Reilly Chiara 
Published: June 2013

L’Exposition universelle de Paris en 1855 est un tournant dans l’idée de l’art et dans sa réception en France. L’Exposition mit en valeur l’importance nouvelle prise par la peinture de paysages, et mit en question l’hégémonie traditionnelle de la peinture historique : les nouveaux paysages proposaient un nouveau modèle de signification artistique, comme vitrines de la façon dont des thèmes humains complexes et ambitieux pouvaient avoir été inclus dans un sujet simple. L’article se focalise sur les œuvres du paysagiste romantique Paul Huet (1803-1869), en particulier sur L’Inondation à Saint-Cloud de 1855, afin de réévaluer l’Exposition en tant que témoignage des changements dans la réception de la peinture de paysages. En analysant la réponse critique au tableau, sa composition, et la correspondance personnelle de l’artiste, l’œuvre est interprétée en fonction de la perspective contemporaine sur le paysage et l’histoire humaine dans les tableaux de paysages romantiques.
Photosensor Device Based on Few‐Layered WS2 Films
Authors: Perea‐López Néstor , Elías Ana Laura , Berkdemir Ayse , Castro‐Beltran Andres , Gutiérrez Humberto R. , Feng Simin , Lv Ruitao , Hayashi Takuya , López‐Urías Florentino , Ghosh Sujoy , Muchharla Baleeswaraiah , Talapatra Saikat , Terrones Humberto , Terrones Mauricio 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFew‐layered films of WS2, synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on quartz, are successfully used as light sensors. The film samples are structurally characterized by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The produced samples consist of few layered sheets possessing up to 10 layers. UV–visible absorbance spectra reveals absorption peaks at energies of 1.95 and 2.33 eV, consistent with the A and B excitons characteristic of WS2. Current–voltage (I–V) and photoresponse measurements carried out at room temperature are performed by connecting the WS2 layered material with Au/Ti contacts. The photocurrent measurements are carried out using five different laser lines ranging between 457 and 647 nm. The results indicate that the electrical response strongly depends on the photon energy from the excitation lasers. In addition, it is found that the photocurrent varies non‐linearly with the incident power, and the generated photocurrent in the WS2 samples varies as a squared root of the incident power. The excellent response of few‐layered WS2 to detect different photon wavelengths, over a wide range of intensities, makes it a strong candidate for constructing novel optoelectronic devices.
Tuning Molecular Self‐Assembly on Bulk Insulator Surfaces by Anchoring of the Organic Building Blocks
Authors: Rahe Philipp , Kittelmann Markus , Neff Julia L. , Nimmrich Markus , Reichling Michael , Maass Philipp , Kühnle Angelika 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMolecular self‐assembly constitutes a versatile strategy for creating functional structures on surfaces. Tuning the subtle balance between intermolecular and molecule‐surface interactions allows structure formation to be tailored at the single‐molecule level. While metal surfaces usually exhibit interaction strengths in an energy range that favors molecular self‐assembly, dielectric surfaces having low surface energies often lack sufficient interactions with adsorbed molecules. As a consequence, application‐relevant, bulk insulating materials pose significant challenges when considering them as supporting substrates for molecular self‐assembly. Here, the current status of molecular self‐assembly on surfaces of wide‐bandgap dielectric crystals, investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature, is reviewed. To address the major issues currently limiting the applicability of molecular self‐assembly principles in the case of dielectric surfaces, a systematic discussion of general strategies is provided for anchoring organic molecules to bulk insulating materials.
Nondestructive Verification of Gamma Irradiation Effectiveness for Securing Paper Originality
Authors: Bakr W. F. , Rohayem Said 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to verify and validate the gamma irradiation technology as a new technique for security paper's authenticity. Different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and electron spin resonance are used to verify the procedures and to distinguish between papers. The paper handsheets were irradiated at National Center for Radiation Research and Technology using a 60Co gamma cell with five radiation doses, ranging from 3 to 15 kGy, at the dose rate of 0.817 Gy/s. The properties of paper handsheets were tested before and after irradiation. This study presents a new application of peaceful uses of atomic energy in authentication and avoidance of counterfeiting of security papers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21359; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21359
Potential years of life lost (PYLL) caused by asbestos‐related diseases in the world
Authors: Diandini Rachmania , Takahashi Ken , Park Eun‐Kee , Jiang Ying , Movahed Mehrnoosh , Le Giang Vinh , Lee Lukas Jyuhn‐Hsiarn , Delgermaa Vanya , Kim Rokho 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe applied the well‐established, but rather under‐utilized, indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) to estimate the global burden of mesothelioma and asbestosis.MethodsWe analyzed all deaths caused by mesothelioma and asbestosis that were reported by 82 and 55 countries, respectively, to the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1994 to 2010.ResultsThe 128,015 and 13,885 persons who died of mesothelioma and asbestosis, potentially lost a total of 2.18 million and 180,000 years of life (PYLL), or, an annual average PYLL of 201,000 years and 17,000 years, respectively. The average PYLL per decedent were 17.0 and 13.0 years for mesothelioma and asbestosis, respectively.ConclusionsThe current burden of asbestos‐related diseases (ARDs) in terms of PYLL is substantial. The future burden of ARDs can be eliminated by stopping the use of asbestos. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:993–1000, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining Spontaneous Polymerization and Click Reactions for the Synthesis of Polymer Brushes: A “Grafting Onto” Approach
Authors: Cappelli Andrea , Grisci Giorgio , Paolino Marco , Castriconi Federica , Giuliani Germano , Donati Alessandro , Lamponi Stefania , Mendichi Raniero , Boccia Antonella Caterina , Samperi Filippo , Battiato Salvatore , Paccagnini Eugenio , Gentile Mariangela , Licciardi Mariano , Giammona Gaetano , Vomero Salvatore 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTwo novel benzofulvene monomers bearing propargyl or allyl groups have been synthesized by means of readily accessible reactions, and were found to polymerize spontaneously by solvent removal, in the apparent absence of catalysts or initiators, to give the corresponding polybenzofulvene derivatives bearing clickable propargyl or allyl moieties. The clickable propargyl and allyl groups were exploited in appropriate click reactions to develop a powerful and versatile “grafting onto” synthetic methodology for obtaining tailored polymer brushes.
Synthesis of Cationic R2P5+ Cages and Subsequent Chalcogenation Reactions
Authors: Holthausen Michael H. , Hepp Alexander , Weigand Jan J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCationic R2P5+ cage compounds (1+) have been synthesized by the stoichiometric reaction of R2PCl, GaCl3 and P4. The reaction conditions depend on the substituent R. Alkyl‐substituted derivatives (1 a–1 d[GaCl4]) are best synthesized under solvent‐free conditions, whereas aryl‐substituted derivatives (1 e–1 h[GaCl4]) are formed in C6H5F. All compounds have been prepared on a multi‐gram scale in good to excellent yields and have been fully characterized with an emphasis on 31P NMR spectroscopy in solution and single‐crystal structure determination. Subsequent chalcogenation reactions of cations R2P5+ (1 a+, 1 e+) and trication Ph6P73+ (33+) with elemental sulfur (α‐S8) or grey selenium (Segrey) yielded a series of unique polyphosphorus–chalcogen cations (4 a+, 4 e+, 5 a+, 62+ and 72+), possessing nortricyclane‐type molecular structures. An in‐depth study of the 31P{1H} and 77Se NMR spectroscopic parameters is presented, and correlations between the substitution pattern and the observed structural features have been investigated in detail.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Pax3, Pax6, and Pax7 Expression in the Developing Brain of a Urodele Amphibian, Pleurodeles waltl
Authors: Joven Alberto , Morona Ruth , González Agustín , Moreno Nerea 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe onset and developmental dynamics of Pax3, Pax6, and Pax7 expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques in the central nervous system (CNS) of embryos, larvae, and recently metamorphosed juveniles of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. During the embryonic period, the Pax proteins start being detectable in neuroepithelial domains. Subsequently, they become restricted to subsets of cells in distinct brain regions, maintaining different degrees of expression in late larvae and juvenile brains. Specifically, Pax6 is broadly expressed all along the urodele CNS (olfactory bulbs, pallium, basal ganglia, diencephalon, mesencephalic tegmentum, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord) and the developing olfactory organ and retina. Pax3 and Pax7 are excluded from the rostral forebrain and were usually observed in overlapping regions during embryonic development, whereas Pax3 expression is highly downregulated as development proceeds. Thus, Pax3 is restricted to the roof plate of prosomere 2, pretectum, optic tectum, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord. Comparatively, Pax7 was more conspicuous in all these regions. Pax7 cells were also found in the paraphysis, intermediate lobe of the hypophysis, and basal plate of prosomere 3. Our data show that the expression patterns of the three Pax genes studied are overall evolutionarily conserved, and therefore could unequivocally be used to identify subdivisions in the urodele brain similar to other vertebrates, which are not clearly discernable with classical techniques. In addition, the spatiotemporal sequences of expression provide indirect evidence of putative migratory routes across neuromeric limits and the alar–basal boundary. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3913–3953, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specmaster: an OpenCL‐based peptide search engine for tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Weber Rick , Jenkins David D. , Peterson Gregory D. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYGraphics processing units and multicore processors are now pervasive in computational sciences and high‐performance computing. Their high arithmetic throughput and memory bandwidth combined with their ever increasing programmability make them suitable for a widening variety of applications. We give a high level overview of Specmaster, a Myrimatch port that can use every open computing language device available in a machine to identify peptides in tandem mass spectrometry data. We then highlight device‐specific optimizations for multi‐core CPUs and graphics processing units as well as describe our framework for implementing these optimizations while still using a single code base. We also provide performance results of Specmaster running on four different architectures and compare these numbers with Myrimatch. Finally, we improve on our existing work by showing Specmaster dynamically load‐balancing on 3 Radeon 7970s and 32 Interlagos 6272 cores as well as comparing the quality of our search results with Myrimatch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytometry, immunology, and HIV infection: Three decades of strong interactions
Authors: Cossarizza Andrea , De Biasi Sara , Gibellini Lara , Bianchini Elena , Bartolomeo Regina , Nasi Milena , Mussini Cristina , Pinti Marcello 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFlow cytometry (FCM) has been extensively used to investigate immunological changes that occur from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This review describes some of the most relevant cellular and molecular changes in the immune system that can be detected by FCM during HIV infection. Finally, it will be discussed how this technology has facilitated the understanding not only of the biology of the virus but also of the mechanisms that the immune system activates to fight HIV and is allowing to monitor the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry