bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending Rape in War: How Far Have We Come?
Authors: Fiske Lucy , Shackel Rita 
Published: March 2015

The rape of women has for centuries been an endemic feature of war, yet perpetrators largely go unpunished. Women were sanctioned as the spoils of war in biblical times and more recently it has been claimed that it is more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in modern conflict. Nevertheless, until the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia – there was very little concern regarding the need to address the rape of women in conflict.This paper briefly maps historical attitudes towards rape in war, outlines some analyses and explanations of why rape in war occurs and finally turns more substantively to recent efforts by the international community to prosecute rape as a war crime and a crime against humanity. We argue, that while commendable in some ways, contemporary approaches to rape in war risk reinforcing aspects of women’s status which contribute to the targeting of women for rape and continue to displace women from the centre to the margins in debates and practices surrounding rape in both war and peace time. We conclude by arguing that criminal prosecutions alone are insufficient and that, if we are to end the rape of women and girls in war (and peace) we need a radical restructuring of gender relations across every sphere of social and political life.
Lung Lobectomy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Refractory Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis in a Dog
Authors: McDaniel Kaylyn , McDaniel Kristen , Jaffey Jared A. , Struthers Jason D. , Walzthöni Natasha , Gordon Danielle 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA 5 yr old, castrated male, border collie mixed-breed dog was evaluated for cough and subsequently diagnosed with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Baseline serum anti-Coccidioides spp. immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody titers were negative and 1:8, respectively. Thoracic computed tomography identified marked gravity-dependent pulmonary consolidation of the right middle lung lobe and marked tracheobronchial lymphadenomegaly. First-line antifungals were prescribed without adequate clinical or radiographic improvement, and a right middle lung lobectomy was subsequently performed 5.5 mo after diagnosis. Clinical signs associated with the respiratory tract resolved postoperatively. Fluconazole was discontinued 204 days after surgery because the dog remained subclinical, the thoracic computed tomography revealed near normal imaging with the exception of changes typical following a lung lobectomy, and the serum anti-Coccidioides spp. immunoglobulin G titer was 1:2. The dog remained subclinical &gt;90 days after cessation of fluconazole. This case report describes the successful treatment outcome in a dog with severe Coccidioides spp. pneumonia following lung lobectomy and oral antifungal therapy. Future studies are warranted to determine the utility of adjunctive lung lobectomy in dogs with coccidioidomycosis who have large fungal burdens localized to a single lung lobe and are refractory to standard first-line oral antifungal therapies.
International Higher Education Cooperation in Hospitality, Tourism and Food Studies: An Experience Conducted by the Taylor’s Toulouse University Center in Malaysia
Authors: Poulain Jean-Pierre , Laporte Cyrille , Tibère Laurence , Ragavan Neethiahnanthan Ari 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper narrates the story of the international university cooperation between a French state university, University Toulouse - Jean Jaurès and more precisely, the Higher Institute of Tourism, Hospitality and Food Studies (ISTHIA) and a private university, namely Taylor’s University and more precisely, the School of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We first describe the five stages in the development of the partnership from 1986 to date with a focus on the major evolutions in both institutions and then review the current activities (joint degrees, research, exchange programs and continuing education) conducted under the aegis of the Taylor’s Toulouse University Center since 2009. We outline the paradigms underlying the design of such an international academic cooperation by using this experience as a reference. Lastly, we suggest socio-anthropological models of collective initiatives to describe and account for the rationale of action by the two partners. This paper encapsulates the nature of international academic cooperation and offers food for thought to envisage other cooperation schemes in different cultural environments.
Micro Impacts and Benefits of Business Tourism in Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis for 2011-2012
Authors: Hussain Kashif , Ragavan Neethiahnanthan Ari , Kumar Jeetesh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe paper investigates the micro impacts and benefits of business tourism in terms of delegates spending and their experiences in Malaysia. It compares the results of two years of data collected during 2011 & 2012 at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC). Descriptive analyses such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations are calculated, and patterns and trends in the responses for structured open-ended questions are observed. The findings of the study are discussed in detail with conclusion and recommendations for the industry.
Red Sea circulation during marine isotope stage 5e
Authors: Siccha Michael , Biton Eli , Gildor Hezi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe have employed a regional Massachusetts Institute of Technology oceanic general circulation model of the Red Sea to investigate its circulation during marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, the peak of the last interglacial, approximately 125 ka before present. Compared to present‐day conditions, MIS 5e was characterized by higher Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, accompanied by increases in air temperature of more than 2°C and global sea level approximately 8 m higher than today. As a consequence of the increased seasonality, intensified monsoonal conditions with increased winds, rainfall, and humidity in the Red Sea region are evident in speleothem records and supported by model simulations. To assess the dominant factors responsible for the observed changes, we conducted several sensitivity experiments in which the MIS 5 boundary conditions or forcing parameters were used individually. Overall, our model simulation for the last interglacial maximum reconstructs a Red Sea that is colder, less ventilated and probably more oligotrophic than at present day. The largest alteration in Red Sea circulation and properties was found for the simulation of the northward displacement and intensification of the African tropical rain belt during MIS 5e, leading to a notable increase in the fresh water flux into the Red Sea. Such an increase significantly reduced the Red Sea salinity and exchange volume of the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden. The Red Sea reacted to the MIS 5e insolation forcing by the expected increase in seasonal sea surface temperature amplitude and overall cooling caused by lower temperatures during deep water formation in winter.
The relation of mixed‐layer net community production to phytoplankton community composition in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Cassar Nicolas , Wright Simon W. , Thomson Paul G. , Trull Thomas W. , Westwood Karen J. , de Salas Miguel , Davidson Andrew , Pearce Imojen , Davies Diana M. , Matear Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSurface ocean productivity mediates the transfer of carbon to the deep ocean and in the process regulates atmospheric CO2 levels. A common axiom in oceanography is that large phytoplankton contribute disproportionally to the transfer of carbon to the deep ocean because of their greater ability to escape grazing pressure, build biomass, and sink. In the present study, we assessed the relationship of net community production to phytoplankton assemblages and plankton size distribution in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone and northern reaches of the Polar Frontal Zone in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. We reanalyzed and synthesized previously published estimates of O2/Ar net community oxygen production (NCP) and triple‐O2 isotopes gross primary oxygen production (GPP) along with microscopic and pigment analyses of the microbial community. Overall, we found that the axiom that large phytoplankton drive carbon export was not supported in this region. Mixed‐layer‐depth‐integrated NCP was correlated to particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration in the mixed layer. While lower NCP/GPP and NCP/POC values were generally associated with communities dominated by smaller plankton size (as would be expected), these communities did not preclude high values for both properties. Vigorous NCP in some regions occurred in the virtual absence of large phytoplankton (and specifically diatoms) and in communities dominated by nanoplankton and picoplankton. We also observed a positive correlation between NCP and the proportion of the phytoplankton community grazed by microheterotrophs, supporting the mediating role of grazers in carbon export. The novel combination of techniques allowed us to determine how NCP relates to upper ocean ecosystem characteristics and may lead to improved models of carbon export.
Geographic variability in organic carbon stock and accumulation rate in sediments of East and Southeast Asian seagrass meadows
Authors: Miyajima Toshihiro , Hori Masakazu , Hamaguchi Masami , Shimabukuro Hiromori , Adachi Hiroshi , Yamano Hiroya , Nakaoka Masahiro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOrganic carbon (OC) stored in the sediments of seagrass meadows has been considered a globally significant OC reservoir. However, the sparsity and regional bias of studies on long‐term OC accumulation in coastal sediments have limited reliable estimation of the capacity of seagrass meadows as a global OC sink. We evaluated the amount and accumulation rate of OC in sediment of seagrass meadows and adjacent areas in East and Southeast Asia. In temperate sites, the average OC concentration in the top 30 cm of sediment was higher in seagrass meadows (780–1080 μmol g−1) than in sediments without seagrass cover (52–430 μmol g−1). The average OC in the top 30 cm of subtropical and tropical seagrass meadow sediments ranged from 140 to 440 μmol g−1. Carbon isotope mass balancing suggested that the contribution of seagrass‐derived carbon to OC stored in sediments was often relatively minor (temperate: 10–40%; subtropical: 35–82%; tropical: 4–34%) and correlated to the habitat type, being particularly low in estuarine habitats. Stock of OC in the top meter of sediment of all the studied meadows ranged from 38 to 120 Mg ha−1. The sediment accumulation rates were estimated by radiocarbon dating of six selected cores (0.32–1.34 mm yr−1). The long‐term OC accumulation rates calculated from the sediment accumulation rate and the top 30 cm average OC concentration for the seagrass meadows (24–101 kg ha−1 yr−1) were considerably lower than the OC accumulation rates previously reported for Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica meadows (580 kg ha−1 yr−1 on average). Current estimates for the global carbon sink capacity of seagrass meadows, which rely largely on Mediterranean studies, may be considerable overestimations.
Spatial patterns of climatological temperature lapse rate in mainland China: A multi–time scale investigation
Authors: Li Yue , Zeng Zhenzhong , Zhao Lin , Piao Shilong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractQuantitative evaluation of how mountain ecosystems respond to climate change requires accurate estimates of temperature at high elevations. One approach to estimating highland temperature is to extrapolate temperatures from low elevations based on previous observations of the environmental temperature lapse rate (γlocal). However, our understanding of γlocal is still very limited. Here we use daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature (Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin) data from 523 meteorological stations in mainland China to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of the climatological γlocal (γlocal(Tmean), γlocal(Tmax), and γlocal(Tmin)). The patterns of all γlocal display (1) a significant (P < 0.05) spatial difference between southern China (4 to 6 K km−1) and northern China (including the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, >6 K km−1) and (2) a distinct seasonal variation, with higher γlocal occurring in summer and lower in winter (except for the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau where the seasonality is reversed). In addition, the seasonal amplitude of γlocal(Tmax) exceeds that of γlocal(Tmin). Physically, γlocal(Tmax) is significantly influenced by cloud cover (partial correlation coefficients: R = −0.25, P < 0.001) and regulated by precipitation, with γlocal (Tmax) increasing with Tmax in humid regions while decreasing in drier regions. At night, the spatial pattern of γlocal (Tmin) is determined by Tmin (R = −0.51, P < 0.001) due to temperature control on the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. Our results demonstrate that the magnitude of γlocal obviously differs in regional distributions and seasonal variations and may be a result of the interactions among the climatic factors. To improve the accuracy of the extrapolation method requires spatial patterns of γlocal rather than just a constant universal value.
Properties of electromagnetic fields generated by tsunami first arrivals: Classification based on the ocean depth
Authors: Minami Takuto , Toh Hiroaki , Tyler Robert H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTsunami flow coupled with the geomagnetic field generates electric currents and associated magnetic fields. Although electromagnetic (EM) tsunami signals can be used for analysis and even forecasting tsunami propagation, the dynamically self‐consistent effect of shoaling water depth on the fluid + electrodynamics has not been adequately clarified. In this study, we classify tsunami EM phenomena into three cases based on the ocean depth and find that the deeper ocean results in stronger self‐induction due to the increase in both tsunami phase velocity and ocean conductance. In this deep‐ocean case, the phase lead of the vertical magnetic variation relative to the sea surface elevation is smaller, while an initial rise in the horizontal magnetic component becomes observable prior to tsunami arrival. Furthermore, we confirm that the enhancement of tsunami height in shallower oceans shifts the ocean depth supplying maximum amplitudes of tsunami magnetic fields from approximately 2.0 km to 1.5 km.
Different phases of the earthquake cycle captured by seismicity along the North Anatolian Fault
Authors: Bulut Fatih 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe North Anatolian Fault has accommodated three major earthquakes during the last 15 years. Although the fault zone has substantially failed during the last century, it did not completely fail in NW Turkey and therefore left several segments at different physical stages. In this study, the seismicity rate is used as a proxy to locate the brittle fault sections with high/low strain accumulation. The results show that the 1999 M7.4 İzmit and the 2014 M6.9 Aegean earthquakes were preceded by almost a decade‐long period of enhanced microearthquake activity representing a brittle process preparing the failure. This interpretation is supported by observed lateral migration of microearthquakes toward the main shock hypocenter within a time scale of roughly a decade. The Sea of Marmara segments of the North Anatolian Fault show a rather temporally uniform seismicity trend leading to the hypothesis that those segments are still not in the preparation stage for a large earthquake. The results also show that the duration of aftershock activity is not controlled only by the size of main shocks.
Facilitating Effect of Multisensory Letter Encoding on Reading and Spelling in 5‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Labat Helene , Vallet Guillaume , Magnan Annie , Ecalle Jean 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis study aims at identifying the effect of training in the acquisition of the alphabetic principle in 5‐year‐old children. We compared the effect of multisensory training of letters in visual, haptic, graphomotor, visuo‐haptic, and visuo‐graphomotor groups. For each training type, we contrasted trained versus untrained letters in reading and spelling tasks. First, visuo‐haptic and visuo‐graphomotor training improved letter‐sound correspondence acquisition scores more than the other types of training, and this improvement persisted in the second post‐test. A cross‐modal transfer was revealed by the fact that scores increased after blindfold haptic and graphomotor experiences. Moreover, performance on untrained letters also improved, suggesting an indirect effect following the specific trained letters training. The results argue in favor of a facilitating effect of multisensory encoding on acquisition of the alphabetic principle. Practical implications for the prevention of future reading difficulties are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Free NH 2‐(Aminomethyl)indoles through Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction of 3‐(ortho‐Trifluoroacetamidophenyl)‐1‐propargylic Alcohols with Amines and Palladium/Copper‐ Cocatalyzed Domino Three‐Component Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling/Cyclization/Substitution Reactions
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Iazzetti Antonia , Molinaro Carmela , Verdiglione Rosanna , Goggiamani Antonella 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFree NH 2‐(aminomethyl)indoles have been prepared via copper‐catalyzed cyclization of 3‐(ortho‐trifluoroacetamidophenyl)‐1‐propargylic alcohols in the presence of primary or secondary amines. The synthesis has been developed into a simple and very efficient domino three‐component Sonogashira cross‐coupling/cyclization/substitution process that, omitting the isolation of 3‐(ortho‐trifluoroacetamidophenyl)‐1‐propargylic alcohols, provides access to this class of compounds by treating 2‐iodotrifluoroacetanilides, propargylic alcohols, and primary or secondary amines with a copper/palladium catalyst system.magnified image
Light‐Sensitive and Recoverable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complex in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Lang Rui , Wang Wenlong , Lv Hui , Zhao Liyuan , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of a light‐responsive N‐heterocyclic carbene copper(I) complex by introducing a nitrobenzospiropyran unit into the carbene ligand was developed. The solubility of this complex was controlled through reversible conversion between its netural and ionic states using ultraviolet light irradiation. Taking advantage of such a light‐sensitive property facilitated its recovery and reuse in copper(I)‐catalyzed homogeneous oxidation and “click” reactions.magnified image
Bioaktive Gläser: Struktur und Eigenschaften
Authors: Brauer Delia S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBioaktive Gläser waren die ersten synthetischen Materialien, die mit Knochen zu einem stabilen Verbund verwachsen, und sie werden erfolgreich zur Knochenregeneration eingesetzt. Bioaktive Gläser können im Körper mit einer der Knochenheilung angepassten Rate abgebaut werden, und durch eine Kombination aus Apatitkristallisation auf ihrer Oberfläche und der Freisetzung von Ionen stimulieren sie die Proliferation von Knochenzellen, was in der Bildung von neuem Knochen resultiert. Trotz ihrer ausgezeichneten Eigenschaften, und obwohl sie seit nahezu dreißig Jahren klinisch eingesetzt werden, ist ihr klinisches Anwendungsspektrum derzeit gering. Aktuelle Forschungen konzentrieren sich daher auf die Entwicklung neuer Zusammensetzungen für den klinischen Bedarf, einschließlich Gläsern zur Behandlung von Osteoporose, mit antibakteriellen Eigenschaften oder zum Sintern von Gerüststrukturen mit verbesserter mechanischer Stabilität. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert, wie die Struktur bioaktiver Gläser deren Eigenschaften bestimmt, und zeigt, wie ein strukturbasiertes Design Wege zu neuen bioaktiven Glasimplantate für die Knochenregeneration ebnet.
Niedervalente Eisen(I)‐Amido‐Olefinkomplexe als Promotoren von Dehydrierungsreaktionen
Authors: Lichtenberg Crispin , Viciu Liliana , Adelhardt Mario , Sutter Jörg , Meyer Karsten , de Bruin Bas , Grützmacher Hansjörg 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFeI‐Verbindungen einschließlich Hydrogenasen1a zeigen bemerkenswerte Stoffeigenschaften und Reaktivitäten.2–6 Das Anion [Fe(C(SiMe3)3)2]− ist ein Einzelmolekülmagnet mit hoher Anisotropiebarriere.2a In stöchiometrischen Reaktionen wurden Eisen(I)‐Diketiminate, Eisen(I)‐Tris(phosphino)borate und verwandte Spezies als Modellverbindungen für die N2‐Aktivierung4a–c,l, 5a,f sowie die Spaltung und Kupplung von CO2 etabliert.4d,e Die Entwicklung wohldefinierter Eisen(I)‐Komplexe für katalytische Umsetzungen bleibt jedoch eine Herausforderung. Die wenigen Beispiele umfassen Kreuzkupplungen,2b, 3 Hydrierungen terminaler Olefine4f und Azidfunktionalisierungen.4h, 5i Hier berichten wir über die Herstellung und Eigenschaften bimetallischer Komplexe [MFeI(trop2dae)(solv)] mit einer d7‐Fe‐low‐spin‐Valenzelektronenkonfiguration (M=Na, solv=3 thf (1); M=Li, solv=2 Et2O (2); trop=5H‐Dibenzo[a,d]cyclo‐hepten‐5‐yl, dae=(N‐CH2‐CH2‐N)). Verbindungen 1 und 2 induzieren die Dehydrierung von N,N‐Dimethylaminboran, und 1 ist ein Präkatalysator für die dehydrierende Alkoholyse von Silanen. Es wurden keine Hinweise auf heterogene Katalyse gefunden. Vor allem mit [NaFeI(trop2dae)(thf)3] (1) wurden hohe Aktivitäten und vollständige Umsätze erzielt.
Simulation of set‐point feed‐forward control of wellhead valves in an organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant
Authors: Proctor Matthew J. , Yu Wei , Young Brent R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOrganic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are an energy conversion technology particularly suitable for low enthalpy heat resources. In this paper, the application of a different kind of feed‐forward scheme called set‐point feed‐forward control to an organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant is examined. The set‐point feed‐forward control scheme uses a set‐point for a pressure controller in the plant to govern the position of valves located at the geothermal wellheads. It was tested using a dynamic model of an ORC geothermal plant, which shows an improvement in the time taken to reach steady state by a factor of 4–6. Testing the scheme with a simplified optimisation programme and disturbance in ambient temperature showed it reduced the emission of 4 tonnes of geothermal vapour to the atmosphere, which ultimately improves plant sustainability and profitability. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insight into the kinetics of diisocyanate‐alcohol reactions by high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Nagy Tibor , Antal Borbála , Czifrák Katalin , Papp Ildikó , Karger‐Kocsis József , Zsuga Miklós , Kéki Sándor 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe uncatalyzed reactions of 2,4‐TDI (2,4‐toluenediisocyanate) and MDI (4,4′‐diphenylmethane‐diisocyanate) with alcohols including butan‐1‐ol, butan‐2‐ol, diethylene glycol monomethylether (DEGME) were studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The reactions were carried out at different temperatures from 22°C to 75°C using high molar ratios of alcohols to diisocyanates. It was found that the first isocyanate group of the MDI reacts about 1.5 times faster with the alcohols than the second one. The relative reactivities of the isocyanate groups (para and ortho) of 2,4‐TDI as a function of the temperature was also deduced. From the temperature dependence of the rate constants the apparent activation energies were determined. Furthermore, the dependence of the apparent rate constant on the concentration of alcohols was also investigated and a mechanism was proposed for the reaction of diisocyanates with alcohols. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42127.