bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Hybrid Ferrocene‐Proline Amides as Active Catalysts for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water
Authors: Patti Angela , Pedotti Sonia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFerrocenyl substituents were employed as lipophilic moieties and introduced into a prolinamide scaffold to afford new catalysts that were suitable for use in “on water” conditions. Five proline amides that contain a ferrocene unit were synthesized from easily accessible ferrocenylamines and evaluated as catalysts in the asymmetric direct aldol condensation of cyclohexanone with aldehydes in an aqueous medium. Optimal substrate conversion and stereoselectivity were achieved in brine and in the presence of benzoic acid as an additive. All the examined catalysts displayed good activity with a catalyst loading of 5 mol‐%, and the best results in terms of enantioselectivity were obtained by using a ferrocenyl‐prolineamide with an additional (S) chiral center. In the presence of this catalyst, a variety of aromatic aldehydes underwent a reaction in a reasonable amount time with just 2 equiv. of the cyclic ketone to give the expected aldol products in high yields (65–98 %) and with high stereoselectivities (up to 94 % ee, dr up to 93:7).
Copper‐Catalyzed Vinylsilane Allylation
Authors: Cornelissen Loïc , Vercruysse Sébastien , Sanhadji Ayoub , Riant Olivier 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSoft reaction conditions, particularly important in total synthesis, have dragged many researchers into the field of silylated organic compounds. Hereby, we describe a new copper‐catalyzed vinylsilane transformation. Various vinylsilanes were allylated by using a copper(I) salt, and this led to the formation of polysubstituted 1,4‐dienes bearing sensitive moieties such as halogens, ketones, and aldehydes.
Synthesis of a Series of Enantiopure Polyhydroxylated Bicyclic N‐Heterocycles from an L‐Erythrose‐Derived Nitrone and Alkoxyallenes
Authors: Jasiński Marcin , Moreno‐Clavijo Elena , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo different lithiated alkoxyallenes and the enantiopure L‐erythrose‐derived cyclic nitrone (+)‐3 were used as precursors for the preparation of novel bicyclic 2H‐1,2‐oxazine derivatives, which were formed as single diastereomers. A highly stereoselective hydroboration/oxidation sequence provided key substrates that were suitable for the synthesis of a series of polyhydroxylated bicyclic N‐heterocycles, including unique 5‐oxaindolizidines such as 8 and 12. Depending on the protecting groups installed, a straightforward ring‐opening/recyclization protocol allowed the preparation of the corresponding pyrrolizidines bearing two, three or four free hydroxy groups. By inversion of the order of reaction steps, the synthesis of novel isomeric azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives that are the lower homologues of pyrrolizidines and indolizidines were achieved. The prepared novel polyhydroxylated compounds were examined for their property as glycosidase inhibitors, but none of the compounds showed noteworthy activity.
Environmental Regulation: Recent Experience With Greenhouse Gas BACT Gives Valuable Guidance
Authors: Jordan David R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractJanuary 1, 2011, marked the beginning of one of the most significant changes to the scope of New Source Review (NSR) rules since their enactment. As a result of greenhouse gases (GHGs) becoming a regulated pollutant under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that such pollutants must now be addressed as a part of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) reviews. Although no air quality analysis is required for such pollutants, sources must address best available control technology (BACT) for GHG emissions as a part of a complete PSD application.
The Relationship Between Line Manager Behavior, Perceived HRM Practices, and Individual Performance: Examining the Mediating Role of Engagement
Authors: Alfes Kerstin , Truss Catherine , Soane Emma C. , Rees Chris , Gatenby Mark 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article examines the role played by line managers in the link between HRM practices and individual performance outcomes. Drawing on social exchange theory, the authors test a mediated model linking perceived line manager behavior and perceived human resource management practices with employee engagement and individual performance. The study focuses on two self‐report measures of individual performance; task performance and innovative work behavior. Two studies with a total of 1,796 participants were conducted in service‐sector organizations in the United Kingdom and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The data reveal that perceived line manager behavior and perceived HRM practices are linked with employee engagement. In turn, employee engagement is strongly linked to individual performance and fully mediates the link between both perceived HRM practices and perceived line manager behavior and self‐report task performance (study 1), as well as self‐report innovative work behavior (study 2). The findings show the significance of the line manager in the HRM‐performance link, and the mediating role played by employee engagement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic differences between diabetes‐prone BB rat sublines cosegregate with loci on chromosomes X and 10
Authors: Klöting Ingrid , Kovacs Peter 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBB rat sublines, all developing an insulin‐dependent diabetes, differ in several phenotypic traits and in the genotype. To study the genetic basis of phenotypic differences diabetic BB/OK and BB/Mol rats characterized by significantly different frequency and age at onset of diabetes were reciprocally crossed. F1 females of both crosses were backcrossed onto diabetic BB/Mol rats resulting 94 BC1 hybrids which were analyzed for 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers on 14 chromosomes. For the first time it is shown that a diabetes protective locus on chromosome X and a gene around the D10Mit9 locus on chromosome 10 can explain the low frequency (ca. 50%) and the late age at onset of diabetes (ca. 130 days) in the BB/OK rat subline, respectively.
Enzymatic methylation of recombinant TIS21 protein‐arginine residues
Authors: Lim Kyoung , Park Tae‐Jun , Kim Sangduk , Lee Hyang Woo , Paik Woon Ki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecombinant TIS21 protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli harboring the expression vector plasmid pQE‐30 carrying the TIS21 cDNA coding sequence containing an extra 120 nucleotides upstream. Employing this protein consisting of 158 amino acid residues of the main chain plus 40 residues of the fusion peptide, It was found that one of the protein methylase I group [S‐adenosylmethionine:nuclear protein/histone‐arginine N‐methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.23; J. Biol. Chem., 269, 1075 (1994)] methylated this protein. The methylation products were identified as guanidino‐N‐methylated arginines. Some of the kinetics of the reaction are described.
Reversible regulation of SHP‐1 tyrosine phosphatase activity by oxidation
Authors: Cunnick Jess M. , Dorsey Jay F. , Mei Lin , Wu Jie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that redox regulation is an important signaling mechanism. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are sensitive to oxidative inactivation and are potential targets of redox regulation. In this study, we analyzed the reversibility of oxidative inactivation of the PTPase SHP‐1, which negatively regulates protein tyrosine kinase signaling. H2O2 inactivated SHP‐1 in vitro. Incubation of the H2O2‐inactivated SHP‐1 with dithiothreitol recovered 44–99% of the PTPase activity, depending on the H2O2 concentrations used to inactivate SHP‐1. Glutathione and N‐acetylcysteine also reactivated H2O2‐treated SHP‐1. Stimulation of SHP‐1‐transfected HeLa cells with H2O2 rapidly decreased SHP‐1 activity, which was completely reversed within 15 min. Thus, oxidative inactivation of SHP‐1 is a reversible process.
Effect of angiotensin convertase inhibitors on lipid peroxidation and peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity in rats with experimental diabetes
Authors: Kȩdziora‐Kornatowska K. , Luciak M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEffect of two angiotensin convertase inhibitors, enalapril and captopril, on blood plasma and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity was studied in rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. A progressive increase in blood erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level was observed in diabetic rats after 6 and 12 weeks. Blood plasma MDA level increased while plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity was decreased after 12 weeks. Captopril (2 mg/kg body weight) augmented the diabetes‐induced changes in MDA content after 6 weeks and prevented them after 12 weeks increasing also the peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity. Enalapril (1 mg/kg body weight) counteracted the diabetes‐induced changes in MDA content after both 6 and 12 weeks but did not affect the plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity. These results suggest a possibility of a therapeutic use of angiotensin convertase inhibitors to attenuate the effects of oxidative stress in diabetes.
Kinetics of inactivation of Penaeus Penicillatus acid phosphatase during inhibition by N‐bromosuccinimide
Authors: Yang Pei‐Zheng , Chen Qing‐Xi , Li Ying , Chen Su‐Li , Zhou Hai‐Meng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the present investigation, the inactivation by N‐bromosuccinimide of acid phosphatase from penaeus penicillatus has been studied using the kinetic method of the substrate reaction during modification of enzyme activity as previously described by Tsou [(1988, Adv. Enzymemol. Related Areas Mol. Biol. 61, 381–436]. The results show that inactivation of the enzyme by N‐bromosuccinimide is a slow, reversible reaction. The results also clearly show that the modification of the tryptophan residues of penaeus penicillatus acid phosphatase by high concentrations of N‐bromosuccinimide led to the complete inactivation of the enzyme. The microscopic rate constants were determined for the reaction of the inactivator with the free enzyme and with the enzyme‐substrate complex. Comparison of the obtained microscopic rate constants indicates that the presence of the substrate offers marked protection of the enzyme against inactivation by N‐bromosuccinimide. The above results suggest that the tryptophan residue is essential for activity and may be situated at the active site of the enzyme.
Immunocytochemistry suggests that the prevalence of a sub‐type of beta‐proteins determines the hardness in the epidermis of the hard‐shelled turtle
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe corneous layer of the epidermis in hard‐shelled turtles largely derives from the accumulation of beta‐proteins as indicated by microscopic, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemical and Western blotting analysis. The expression of mRNAs of one of the most common type of beta‐proteins shows higher expression in upper spinosus and pre‐corneous keratinocytes of growing scutes. Two beta‐proteins of 14–16 kDa, indicated as Tu2 and Tu17 and representing two subtypes of beta‐proteins co‐accumulate in the thick corneous layer of the epidermis in hard‐shelled turtle. The two beta‐proteins apparently mix in differentiating and mature corneocytes although Tu2 appears more prevalent than Tu17. The specific role of the different subtypes in the formation of the hard corneous material of the carapace and plastron is not clear. It is hypothesized that the relative amount of beta‐proteins belonging to the two subclasses in relation to the alpha‐keratin meshwork present in keratinocytes contributes to the formation of a variably resistant and inflexible corneous layer. Tu17 may have a more globular structure than Tu2 and is likely present in denser areas of the corneous layer containing also alpha‐keratin. The increase of cysteine–glycine‐rich beta‐proteins in the matrix located among alpha‐keratin filaments may allow the formation of a hard corneous material, probably through increase of cross‐bridge formation and hydrophobicity. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 54–63, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of fore‐ and hindlimb muscles in frogs: Morphogenesis, homeotic transformations, digit reduction, and the forelimb–hindlimb enigma
Authors: Diogo Rui , Ziermann Janine M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHere we provide the first detailed description, based on immunohistochemistry and dissections, of the limb muscle development in the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. We compare E. coqui with other tetrapods and discuss our results in a broad evolutionary and developmental context to address some major questions concerning the origin, evolution, and ontogeny of the tetrapod limbs. Our observations and comparisons: (1) support the “in–out” developmental mechanism of the appendicular pectoral muscles; (2) show that the protractor pectoralis and its amniote derivatives trapezius and sternocleidomastoideus clearly develop, anatomically, from the branchial muscles; (3) corroborate that the similarity between the forearm/hand and the leg/foot muscles in tetrapods is due to derived homoplasic events that occurred during the fins‐limbs transition and not due to serial homology; (4) lend some support for the hypothesis that the morphological transformation of the anuran tibiale and fibulare represents a distal shift in the zeugo‐autopodial border; (5) provide evidence that the identity of the tetrapod hand and foot muscles is mainly related to the topological position of the digits to which they attach; and (6) for the first time, show that apart from a proximo‐distal morphogenetic gradient there is also an ulno‐radial/fibulo‐tibial gradient within the development of the fore‐ and hindlimb muscles and a dorsoventral gradient within the ontogeny of the hindlimb (but not forelimb) muscles of the frog E. coqui; the two latter gradients are seen in the ontogeny of amniotes such as chickens but are markedly different to those seen in axolotl regeneration and ontogeny. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 86–105, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE LIBERALISATION AS A WAY OF REDUCING THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS? AN EXPLORATORY CGE SIMULATION
Authors: Mold Andrew , Prizzon Annalisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSince 1990, South–South (S–S) trade has been growing much faster than overall world trade. The global financial crisis has, if anything, accentuated this trend, with S–S trade flows proving much more resilient than North–North flows. This has occurred despite the fact that developing countries still apply much higher tariffs to S–S trade than they do on trade with the North. On the basis of a computable general equilibrium model, we simulate reductions of tariff levels on S–S trade and find that the welfare gains are almost double those achievable through a similar reduction in applied tariffs between northern and southern countries. This suggests scope for instilling even more dynamism in S–S trade flows through further reduction of barriers to S–S trade. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in the precore and core promoter region of the hepatitis B virus genome
Authors: Nordin Maria , Ingman Mikael , Lindqvist Beata , Kidd‐Ljunggren Karin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections with different genotypes and subgenotypes differ in response to treatment and long‐term prognosis. The differences emerge from variability within the genomes that leads to structural deviations at the pregenomic level and to changes at the translational level. Naturally occurring HBV strains covering the four major genotypes A–D were obtained from 393 patients and part of the genome was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced, and analyzed for mutational differences in the precore and core promoter regions. The study confirmed that core promoter and precore mutations occur at key positions (A1762T, G1764A, G1896A, and G1899A), and that the proportions of strains with seroconvertion in patients differ between the four HBV genotypes. A rare double mutation (C1857T together with G1897A) was observed, and C1856T was found together with the emerging G1898A mutation, which itself was found to be more widespread geographically than previously described. We found a novel mutation (T1850C), never before observed in human HBV strains but known from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). A novel association of mutation C1773T with G1764T, C1766A, and G1757A was also found within a site already suggested to be a putative binding site for HNF‐3. This novel association is proposed by us to be of importance for additional binding of HNH‐2 to this site and is a better indicator of the emergence of the double mutation G1764T and C1766A than the G1757A mutation proposed previously. J. Med. Virol. 86:437–445, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programmed hepatocytes cell death associated with FLIP downregulation in response to extracellular PreS1/2
Authors: Rojas Masyelly D. , Peterson Darrell L. , Barboza Luisa , Terán‐Ángel Guillermo , Labastida‐Moreno Cesar A. , Berrueta Lisbeth , Salmen Siham 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection involves liver damage resulting in continuous cell injury and death. During HBV infection, hepatocytes exhibit changes in death receptor expression and in their susceptibility to death. These changes are observed not only in infected cells but also in bystander cells. Because excess viral surface protein (HBsAg) is secreted in large amounts as soluble particles containing preS proteins, the role of soluble preS1/2 in hepatocyte (HepG2) death modulation is an important issue to be explored. An increase of cell death induced by preS1/2 was observed. Also, cell death was associated with the down‐regulation of FLIP and activation of caspase 8, caspase 9, and BID. Additionally, hepatocytes exhibited a sensitization to death mediated by the Fas receptor. These results, may contribute to understanding the role of envelope proteins (preS1/2) in the pathogenesis of HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 86:496–504, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the role of budget sufficiency, cost efficiency, and uncertainty in species management
Authors: Post van der Burg Max , Bly Bartholomew B. , Vercauteren Tammy , Grand James B. , Tyre Andrew J. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMany conservation planning frameworks rely on the assumption that one should prioritize locations for management actions based on the highest predicted conservation value (i.e., abundance, occupancy). This strategy may underperform relative to the expected outcome if one is working with a limited budget or the predicted responses are uncertain. Yet, cost and tolerance to uncertainty rarely become part of species management plans. We used field data and predictive models to simulate a decision problem involving western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) using prairie dog colonies (Cynomys ludovicianus) in western Nebraska. We considered 2 species management strategies: one maximized abundance and the other maximized abundance in a cost‐efficient way. We then used heuristic decision algorithms to compare the 2 strategies in terms of how well they met a hypothetical conservation objective. Finally, we performed an info‐gap decision analysis to determine how these strategies performed under different budget constraints and uncertainty about owl response. Our results suggested that when budgets were sufficient to manage all sites, the maximizing strategy was optimal and suggested investing more in expensive actions. This pattern persisted for restricted budgets up to approximately 50% of the sufficient budget. Below this budget, the cost‐efficient strategy was optimal and suggested investing in cheaper actions. When uncertainty in the expected responses was introduced, the strategy that maximized abundance remained robust under a sufficient budget. Reducing the budget induced a slight trade‐off between expected performance and robustness, which suggested that the most robust strategy depended both on one's budget and tolerance to uncertainty. Our results suggest that wildlife managers should explicitly account for budget limitations and be realistic about their expected levels of performance. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A simplified laser treatment planning system: Proof of concept
Authors: Reinisch Lou , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Courey Mark 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionThe physician using a laser in medicine should have treatment planning software available that will help him or her to better understand the full effects of the laser radiation on the patient, similar to that of a radiation oncologist. Combining this software with imaging scans from the patient, treatments can be optimized for individual patients.MethodsUsing off‐the‐shelf computers and software, we put together a simple system that is able to calculate thermal profiles from laser irradiation using an algorithm that runs in real time on a laptop computer with commercial software. The tissues used in these studies are simulated. We use realistic parameters and add some random blood vessels to the simulated tissue.ResultsWe demonstrate in the simulations the temperature profile in tissue after laser irradiation. We can see build up of temperature in tissue irradiated with multiple pulses at 2 Hz repetition rate. The simulations show how the volume of the tissue is important in calculating thermal relaxation times. We also show how temperature relaxes away from small volumes in a short time and longer durations are needed for larger volumes of tissue.DiscussionThe importance of understanding how a laser interacts fully with the tissue will allow the surgeon to better determine when a laser is appropriate and which laser is optimal for a patient. The results show how these calculations can be made in a simplified fashion. Ultimately, it would be convenient to combine such software with imaging systems for careful laser treatment planning. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:679–685, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing Activities and Differentiation of Bird Utilization During the Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel Region (Southern South America)
Authors: Tivoli A. M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRecent research into prehistoric subsistence among the sea nomad societies of the Beagle Channel region of southern South America have shown that there were temporal changes in the utilization of animal resources between the Middle and the Late Holocene. A relative increase in the utilization of fish and birds has been noted in the Late Holocene, together with changes in the selection of bird and fish taxa. The most important change was the appearance of sites in high topographic locations where special activities were recorded that were related to the intensive exploitation of Phalacrocoracidae and the increase in the utilization of Procellariiformes.In this paper, we examine the characteristics of these later assemblages in order to explore possible explanations for the changes in the use of birds. The cut marks on the bones were distinguished in order to differentiate the activities involved. The results indicate that in the Late Holocene there was no differential pattern of cormorant butchering between those sites where special tasks took place and general activity sites. It was also shown that the increase in Procellariiformes was linked mainly to subsistence rather than technological factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.