bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Type 2 Diabetes and Health Promotion Scale (T2DHPS): a diabetes‐specific measure of lifestyle
Authors: Saffari Mohsen , Karimi Tooba , Koenig Harold G. , Al‐Zaben Faten 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundA healthy lifestyle is important for maintaining health and preventing complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, and yet, few instruments are available to measure this.AimThe aim of the present study was to examine the psychometrics of a recently developed tool that can be used to screen for a health‐promoting lifestyle in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsData were collected from outpatients attending diabetes clinics. The Type 2 Diabetes and Health Promotion Scale (T2DHPS), EQ‐5D, medical records and a demographic questionnaire were administered to 368 participants. Forward–backward translation of the original English version was used to develop a Persian version. Internal consistency of the scale was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and item‐to‐total correlation. Acceptability was measured by assessing floor and ceiling effects for each item and subscale. The item scaling test was used to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the measure. Pearson correlation was used to determine the predictive validity of the scale. An explanatory factor analysis and known‐group method were used to establish construct validity.ResultsAdjusted item‐total correlations were higher than 0.20. Cronbach's alpha for the 28‐item scale was 0.88 and for subscales ranged from 0.53 to 0.94. Correlations between the total score and subscale scores were significant (<0.01) and adequate (r's ≥ 0.53). There were significant relationships between the T2DHPS and both the EQ‐5D and indicators of glycaemic control. Convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was established. Significant differences in lifestyle dimensions were present between different groups of patients, demonstrating known‐group validity. A six‐factor solution was obtained that explained 54.6% of the total variance.ConclusionThe T2DHPS is a valid and reliable tool for investigating lifestyle behaviours in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further studies to establish the psychometric properties of the scale in other languages and cultures are suggested.
Tectonic control of accommodation space and sediment supply within the Mata Amarilla Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous) Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Varela Augusto N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Mata Amarilla Formation dates from the early Upper Cretaceous and was deposited during a transition in tectonic regime from the extensional Rocas Verdes Basin to the Austral Foreland Basin. Detailed sedimentological logs and architectural parameters were used to define 13 facies associations. The distribution of facies associations and associated variations in fluvial architecture have enabled large‐scale changes in accommodation space/sediment supply ratios (A/S ratio) to be defined for the three component sections of the Mata Amarilla Formation. The lower and upper sections are characterized by a high A/S ratio, whereas the middle section corresponds to a low A/S ratio. In the western part of the study area, small‐scale variations in the A/S ratio were recognized in the middle section. The strong west to east trend in evolution of the fluvial systems coincides with the direction of propagation of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt, which is located to the west of the study area. Intervals of high A/S ratio (i.e. lower and upper sections) are interpreted to have developed during periods of increased loading by the fold and thrust belt caused by tectonic uplift. In contrast, intervals of low A/S ratio (i.e. middle section) were developed during periods of tectonic quiescence. This article suggests that the large‐scale variations in A/S ratios are related to different rates of migration and growth of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt, whereas the small‐scale variation occurred in response to specific periods of thrusting and folding in the Patagonian fold and thrust belt (i.e. local loads). This field example of the effects of different scales of variation in A/S ratios across the Austral Foreland Basin could be used to recognize similar tectonically forced variations in stratigraphic architecture in other foreland basins throughout the world, as well as to understand the response of fluvial systems to such changes.
Exploratory studies on the age of transfused blood and in‐hospital mortality in patients with cardiovascular diagnoses
Authors: Heddle Nancy M. , Eikelboom John , Liu Yang , Barty Rebecca , Cook Richard J. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe objective was to examine the association between blood storage duration and in‐hospital mortality in a large cohort of cardiovascular patients transfused between 2002 and 2011.Study Design and MethodsCox regression models were fitted to assess the effect of red blood cell (RBC) storage duration on risk of in‐hospital mortality in cardiovascular patients (2002‐2011). Time‐dependent covariates summarizing the maximum age of RBCs transfused per individual were included as continuous or categorical variables. Models were stratified by cumulative number of RBCs transfusions and other potential confounders. Exploratory analyses were performed by period (Period I, April 2002 to March 2006; Period II, April 2006 to October 2011) and controlling for fiscal year of admission.ResultsA total of 9669 patients received 46,868 RBCs. The median number of RBC units transfused was 3 (interquartile range [IQR], 2‐5); the median age of RBCs was 17 days (IQR, 13‐23 days). The progressive increase in risk of in‐hospital mortality with transfusion of older blood observed previously was not seen in the larger cohort (hazard ratio, 01.00; p = 0.692); significantly different effects were observed between periods (p = 0.016), but the difference between periods was no longer significant upon stratification by fiscal year of admission (interaction p = 0.094).ConclusionThe analysis of a large cohort of cardiovascular patients showed no association between storage age of blood and in‐hospital mortality. This finding is inconsistent with those of our previous report that analyzed a smaller cohort.
The bioequivalence of frozen plasma prepared from whole blood held overnight at room temperature compared to fresh‐frozen plasma prepared within eight hours of collection
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , Cancelas Jose A. , Maes Lou Ann , Rugg Neeta , Whitley Pamela , Herschel Louise , Siegel Alan H. , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Hess John R. , Zia Majid 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundOvernight, room temperature hold of whole blood (WB) before leukoreduction and component processing offers significant logistic and cost advantages over WB processed within 8 hours. Plasma prepared from WB held at room temperature overnight (PF24RT24WB) may result in a degradation of plasma coagulation protein activities compared to plasma frozen within 8 hours of collection. In this study, we intended to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of PF24RT24WB prepared using a new WB collection, leukoreduction, and storage system compared to fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) after 12 months of frozen storage.Study Design and MethodsWe conducted a three‐center, three‐arm evaluation of the LEUKOSEP HWB‐600‐XL test system (Hemerus Medical LLC) compared to the RZ2000 control (Fenwal, Inc.). FFP was prepared from WB held at room temperature more than 6 hours and placed at less than −18°C by 8 hours for control (n = 60) and test (n = 60) arms. PF24RT24WB (n = 60) was prepared with the test system from WB held at room temperature and then filtered and processed 20 to 24 hours postcollection. Frozen plasma was tested at 3, 6, and 12 months using a comprehensive panel of protein and coagulation factor assays.ResultsThe test FFP was BE for all coagulation factors and tested proteins at 12 months. As expected, PF24RT24WB had a reduced Factor (F)VIII activity compared to control FFP (87.1%; 90% confidence interval, 79.4%‐93.3%) with the lower confidence limit less than 80%. All other factors were within the BE region.ConclusionLeukoreduced FFP and PF24RT24WB prepared using the LEUKOSEP HWB‐600‐XL system has been shown to be BE to control leukoreduced FFP with an expected decrease in FVIII activity after overnight hold.
Ribosome abundance regulates the recovery of skeletal muscle protein mass upon recuperation from postnatal undernutrition in mice
Authors: Fiorotto Marta L. , Davis Teresa A. , Sosa Horacio A. , Villegas‐Montoya Carolina , Estrada Irma , Fleischmann Ryan 
Published: September 2014

Key points
Inadequate nutrient intake during early life can programme a low adult muscle mass. We have used a mouse model to identify the developmental window when the skeletal musculature is vulnerable to programming and to identify factors that limit the muscle's ability to respond when normal nutrition is restored.
We established that the developmental age when nutritional rehabilitation occurs following an episode of poor nutrition, rather than the duration or severity of the nutrient restriction, is the critical factor that determines if muscle mass can be recuperated.
The ability to recover depends on whether the muscles’ translational capacity, i.e. ribosomal abundance, can increase sufficiently to raise protein synthesis rates sufficiently to accelerate protein deposition.
We show that the ability to increase ribosomal abundance was associated with increased expression of the nucleolar transcription factor UBF (upstream binding factor), which regulates RNA polymerase 1 activity and rRNA transcription, the limiting factor for ribosomal production.
AbstractNutritionally‐induced growth faltering in the perinatal period has been associated with reduced adult skeletal muscle mass; however, the mechanisms responsible for this are unclear. To identify the factors that determine the recuperative capacity of muscle mass, we studied offspring of FVB mouse dams fed a protein‐restricted diet during gestation (GLP) or pups suckled from postnatal day 1 (PN1) to PN11 (E‐UN), or PN11 to PN22 (L‐UN) on protein‐restricted or control dams. All pups were refed under control conditions following the episode of undernutrition. Before refeeding, and 2, 7 and 21 days later, muscle protein synthesis was measured in vivo. There were no long‐term deficits in protein mass in GLP and E‐UN offspring, but in L‐UN offspring muscle protein mass remained significantly smaller even after 18 months (P < 0.001). E‐UN differed from L‐UN offspring by their capacity to upregulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis when refed (P < 0.001), a difference that was attributable to a transient increase in ribosomal abundance, i.e. translational capacity, in E‐UN offspring (P < 0.05); translational efficiency was similar across dietary treatments. The postprandial phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases were similar among treatments. However, activation of the ribosomal S6 kinase 1 via mTOR (P < 0.02), and total upstream binding factor abundance were significantly greater in E‐UN than L‐UN offspring (P < 0.02). The results indicate that the capacity of muscles to recover following perinatal undernutrition depends on developmental age as this establishes whether ribosome abundance can be enhanced sufficiently to promote the protein synthesis rates required to accelerate protein deposition for catch‐up growth.
CFD Prediction and Calibration of Transient Aerodynamics Around an Auxiliary Power Unit Inlet Door
Authors: Bouldin Bruce , Reich Jennifer , Royalty Chuck 
Published: September 2014

Auxiliary power units (APUs) are gas turbine engines that provide high-pressure air and electrical power to aircraft systems. They provide primary power while the aircraft is parked on the ramp, starting services for the main engines, and backup power while the aircraft is in flight. Many APUs employ inlet systems which include a “pop-up” door that allow for the capture of freestream ram pressure during flight. This results in increased inlet recovery and a corresponding improvement in the performance of the APU. This APU door, when open, is exposed to airflow instability inherent in the aircraft boundary layer in the aft section of the fuselage, where APUs are typically housed. Additionally, the pop-up nature of the inlet door produces a large region of separated airflow off of the back side of the door. Systematic vortex shedding is frequently a major component of this separated region.
As new APU doors are made with less rigid material to save weight, a need to better understand the unsteady aerodynamic excitations of the flow field around the door has arisen, as these new doors may be more susceptible to vibration during flight.
Recent advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) meshing tools and transient modeling have enabled a CFD study to be performed which will investigate this time-dependent phenomenon. As transient CFD analysis is still a relatively new field for commercial CFD codes, a calibration was needed to verify the accuracy of the CFD predictions and to form any calibration correction terms.
Honeywell Aerospace owns a Boeing 757 flight test vehicle which is normally used to flight test propulsion engines. However, this aircraft also includes a pop-up APU inlet door that is similar to most other APU inlet door styles. This APU door was instrumented using high response pressure transducers placed on the forward and aft sides of the inlet door as well as upstream of the door to measure upstream instability. The aircraft was flown at a variety of flight conditions and APU operating points and the transient data was recorded.
After the completion of the flight test, a CFD model was constructed of the B757 flight test vehicle. Because aerodynamic instability can be generated anywhere on the aircraft, the entire airframe from nose to tail was modeled. The APU inlet door geometry was also created, meshed and added to the CFD model. This CFD model was run in a transient mode to simulate the exact same flight conditions and APU operating points as were tested during the flight test. Dynamic results in the time and frequency domains predicted by the CFD analyses were compared to flight test data and correlation and calibration factors were derived.
Quantitative Evaluation of Flow-Induced Fan Casing Structural Vibration and Noise Radiation of Air-Conditioner Outdoor Unit
Authors: Zhao Xifeng , Sun Jinju , Gao Renheng , Zhang Zhi , Xue Weifei 
Published: September 2014

Noise level of AC (Air-Conditioner) outdoor unit fan system has always been receiving much concern. It involves both aerodynamic noise and vibroacoustic noise. But most previous studies have been focused on aeroacoustics, and less attention is paid to the latter.
The objective of present study is to identify the influential factors of vibroacoustic noise and quantify its contribution to the overall noise level of the fan system. A numerical approach has been developed for predicting the flow-induced fan casing vibration and noise radiation. A fluid-solid-sound unidirectional coupling technique is used to transfer the unsteady loading to the structure, and the results arising from structural vibration analysis are used as sound radiation boundary conditions. Unsteady fan flow is solved by Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. Then, the fluid force produced by the fluctuating pressure component acting on the inner casing surfaces is obtained, and it is used as external excitation in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model of the casing structure. Further, harmonic response analysis is conducted and the obtained results are used to calculate sound radiation through Indirect Boundary Element Method (IBEM), while the displacement amplitude obtained in structural analysis is used as boundary condition.
Experimental tests are conducted respectively on fan aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance, and casing vibration. The numerical approach is partially validated by the experimental data. The validated models are used to predict the vibroacoustic noise, based on which, a quantitative evaluation of its contribution to overall sound level is conducted.
Investigation on the Influence of Mesh Topology and Freestream Turbulence Intensity in Broadband Noise Prediction of Axial Fans
Authors: Zanon A. , De Gennaro M. , Kuehnelt H. , Langmayr D. , Caridi D. 
Published: September 2014

Aerodynamic noise prediction is a major challenge in computational aeroacoustics due to the complexity of phenomena involved such as turbulence and laminar to turbulent transition. Accurate numerical methodologies, capable to provide reliable predictions in a reasonable computational time, are of large interest for the industrial design of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The objective of the present research work is to benchmark different CFD/CAA simulation setup (i.e. mesh topologies, boundary conditions) for predicting the broadband noise generated by low speed axial fans to develop guidelines for reliable and computationally affordable simulation.
In previous works the authors investigated the capabilities of the Zonal LES technique coupled with the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings acoustic analogy for the prediction of the noise generated by an unducted low speed axial fan. The results showed a good agreement with aerodynamic and aeroacoustic experimental data.
Despite the achievements obtained so far, the high physical and numerical complexity of the problem calls for further investigations. The latest developments, presented here, focus on the impact of the mesh topology and the inflow turbulence on the far field noise prediction.
Two computational meshes with different topology are investigated: an unstructured-hybrid mesh, which can be generated with fast and highly automated methods, and a structured-hybrid mesh, which allows better control of the volume mesh around the blade. Both meshes are designed to adequately resolve the boundary layer, providing LES driven values of y+, x+ and z+ on the blade surface for the operating condition considered.
Two different levels of inflow turbulence are studied, one representing an ideal turbulence-free unbounded environment, and one mimicking the experimental measurements environment.
All the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic simulation results presented are benchmarked with experimental data acquired by the authors.
Real-Time Simulation of Rotor Blade Aeroelasticity for the Multidisciplinary Design of Rotorcraft
Authors: Goulos Ioannis , Pachidis Vassilios 
Published: September 2014

This paper elaborates on the theoretical development of a mathematical approach, targeting the real-time simulation of aeroelastic rotor blade dynamics for the multidisciplinary design of rotorcraft. A Lagrangian approach is formulated for the rapid estimation of natural vibration characteristics of rotor blades with nonuniform structural properties. Modal characteristics obtained from classical vibration analysis methods, are utilized as assumed deformation functions. Closed form integral expressions are incorporated, describing the generalized centrifugal forces and moments acting on the blade. The treatment of three-dimensional elastic blade kinematics in the time-domain is thoroughly discussed. In order to ensure robustness and establish applicability in real-time, a novel, second-order accurate, finite-difference scheme is utilized for the temporal discretization of elastic blade motion. The developed mathematical approach is coupled with a finite-state induced flow model, an unsteady blade element aerodynamics model, and a dynamic wake distortion model. The combined aeroelastic rotor formulation is implemented in a helicopter flight mechanics code.
The aeroelastic behavior of a full-scale hingeless helicopter rotor has been investigated. Results are presented in terms of rotor blade resonant frequencies, airframe–rotor trim performance, oscillatory structural blade loads, and transient rotor response to control inputs. Extensive comparisons are carried out with wind tunnel and flight test measurements found in the open literature, as well as with non-real-time comprehensive analysis methods. It is shown that, the proposed approach exhibits good agreement with flight test data regarding trim performance and transient rotor response characteristics. Accurate estimation of structural blade loads is demonstrated, in terms of both amplitude and phase, up to the third harmonic component of oscillatory loading. It is shown that, the developed model can be utilized for real-time simulation on a modern personal computer. The proposed methodology essentially constitutes an enabling technology for the multidisciplinary design of rotorcraft, when a compromise between simulation fidelity and computational efficiency has to be sought for in the model development process.
Mixed Flow Fans — Comparative Investigations of Blade Design Methods
Authors: Thamsen Paul Uwe , Treder Anne , Hammer Steffen , Tunsi Khaled 
Published: September 2014

According to the direction of flow, fans can be classified in the following three types: axial, mixed flow and radial fans. If large volume flows are required with a proportionally high pressure increase, mixed flow fans can be used. Similar to axial fans, mixed flow fans provide a large flow rate and because of the radial portion in the flow deflection they increase the pressure ratio. Contrary to axial and radial fans, in technical literature there are only a few recommendations concerning the design method of mixed flow fans available.
The present study focuses on the comparative research of four different blade design methods adapted to mixed flow fans. The selected methods created a straight blade, a profiled blade, a foreward curved “Engelberg” blade and a backward curved “Pfleiderer” blade. The contour of the hub and shroud remained unchanged during the entire design process as a fixed parameter. The 4 different blade sets were manufactured and experimentally tested on a suction side chamber test stand according to DIN EN ISO 5801.
The measurement results show, for comparison, the characteristic curves relating flow rate and pressure increase and the achieved overall efficiencies. Here, the design method of “Pfleiderer” has proved its worth, both through its precise meeting of the design point as well as by achieving the highest efficiency.