bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of an endogenous Drosophila centromere reveals the prevalence of tandemly repeated sequences able to form i-motifs
Authors: Garavís Miguel , Méndez-Lago María , Gabelica Valérie , Whitehead Siobhan L. , González Carlos , Villasante Alfredo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCentromeres are the chromosomal loci at which spindle microtubules attach to mediate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. In most eukaryotes, centromeres are made up of highly repetitive DNA sequences (satellite DNA) interspersed with middle repetitive DNA sequences (transposable elements). Despite the efforts to establish complete genomic sequences of eukaryotic organisms, the so-called ‘finished’ genomes are not actually complete because the centromeres have not been assembled due to the intrinsic difficulties in constructing both physical maps and complete sequence assemblies of long stretches of tandemly repetitive DNA. Here we show the first molecular structure of an endogenous Drosophila centromere and the ability of the C-rich dodeca satellite strand to form dimeric i-motifs. The finding of i-motif structures in simple and complex centromeric satellite DNAs leads us to suggest that these centromeric sequences may have been selected not by their primary sequence but by their ability to form noncanonical secondary structures.
3D coral-like nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon-sulfur composite for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries
Authors: Wu Feng , Li Jian , Tian Yafen , Su Yuefeng , Wang Jing , Yang Wen , Li Ning , Chen Shi , Bao Liying 
Published: August 2015

Abstract3D coral-like, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped mesoporous carbon has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal-nanocasting method to house sulfur for Li–S batteries. The primary doped species (pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, thiophenic-S and sulfonic-S) enable this carbon matrix to suppress the diffusion of polysulfides, while the interconnected mesoporous carbon network is favourable for rapid transport of both electrons and lithium ions. Based on the synergistic effect of N, S co-doping and the mesoporous conductive pathway, the as-fabricated C/S cathodes yield excellent cycling stability at a current rate of 4 C (1 C = 1675 mA g−1) with only 0.085% capacity decay per cycle for over 250 cycles and ultra-high rate capability (693 mAh g−1 at 10 C rate). These capabilities have rarely been reported before for Li-S batteries.
K‐band backward diplexer in substrate integrated waveguide technology
Authors: Kordiboroujeni Z. , Bornemann J. 
Published: August 2015

The first backward diplexer for K‐band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) operation is presented. The advantage of this compact diplexer is having input and two output port interfaces at the same side of the substrate, which advances the applications of SIWs to more complex feed system assemblies. The diplexer has two bands at 20 and 21 GHz. The bandwidth of each band is 0.4 GHz, which gives 2 and 1.9% bandwidth at lower and higher bands, respectively. The diplexer is designed and analysed with the mode‐matching technique, and its performance is verified by comparison with simulated and measured data. The in‐band measured return and insertion losses are 14.65 dB/2.75 dB in the lower band and 13 dB/3.05 dB in the upper band.
Welche Papille ist glaukomverdächtig? Der strukturierte Sehnervencheck
Authors: Budde W. 
Published: August 2015

Für die (Früh-)Diagnose einer Glaukomerkrankung ist die Beurteilung der Papille von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das Spektrum von High-Tech-Geräten zur Papillenbeurteilung hat sich in den letzten Jahren erweitert und die Anwendung ist in der klinischen Praxis angekommen 1. Voraussetzung für die sinnvolle Anwendung und Interpretation dieser Gerätedaten ist und bleibt aber weiterhin der Blick des Augenarztes. Im klinischen Alltag entscheidet zunächst der ophthalmoskopische Befund durch die ggf. nicht erweiterte Pupille: Glaukomverdacht ja oder nein?Wie jede biologische Struktur kennt das Erscheinungsbild der Papilla nervi optici eine sehr große Variationsbreite, sodass der kurze Blick schnell zu einer Fehldiagnose führen kann. Ziel dieses Refreshers ist es, eine strukturierte Untersuchungsanleitung in Erinnerung zu rufen, die das „klinische Bauchgefühl“ unterstützen soll.
Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA mediates Epstein–Barr virus infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells
Authors: Xiong Dan , Du Yong , Wang Hong-Bo , Zhao Bo , Zhang Hua , Li Yan , Hu Li-Juan , Cao Jing-Yan , Zhong Qian , Liu Wan-Li , Li Man-Zhi , Zhu Xiao-Feng , Tsao Sai Wah , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey M. , Song Erwei , Zeng Yi-Xin , Kieff Elliott , Zeng Mu-Sheng 
Published: August 2015

Significance
EBV causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an endemic disease in southern China. Unlike EBV infection of B lymphocytes, the molecular mechanisms and outcomes of EBV infection of epithelial cells are poorly understood. In vitro, EBV infects B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1)-immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (NPECs) poorly. We have now established a protocol to infect sphere-like cells derived from monolayer NPECs with EBV. Using this model system, we identified nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) as an important host factor to mediate EBV infection of NPECs. NMHC-IIA knock-down substantially decreased NPEC EBV infection. This improved EBV infection model is likely to enable new insights into the mechanisms of EBV epithelia cell infection and will be useful for the understanding EBV’s role and effects in conversion of NPECs to NPC.
Random Vibration
Authors: Le Bot A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter introduces the terminology of random processes and their properties; stationarity, correlation function, power spectral density, and the Wiener–Khinchin theorem. The theory of linear, causual, and time-invariant systems is presented, as is and their characterization in terms of impulse response and frequency response function. Response to random input is next examined. The correlation functions and power spectral densitites of output in terms of those of input are given.
Evolutionary Syntax
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book makes a case for a gradualist, adaptationist (Darwinian) approach to the evolution of syntax/grammar, subject to natural selection. It provides a specific framework for studying the evolution of syntax, with postulates that are at the right level of granularity to allow a synergy among the fields of evolutionary biology, theoretical syntax, typology, neuroscience, and genetics. This book pursues an internal reconstruction of the stages of grammar based on the syntactic theory associated with Chomskyan Minimalism, to arrive at very specific, testable hypotheses, which are corroborated by an abundance of theoretically analyzed ‘living fossils’ for each postulated stage, drawn from a variety of languages. What also distinguishes this approach is that it shows how these fossil structures do not just coexist side-by-side with more modern structures, but that they are in fact literally built into the very foundation of more complex structures, leading to quirks and complexities that best befit a gradualist evolutionary scenario. Importantly, the postulated stages clearly reveal the selection pressures that would have driven the progression through stages. By reconstructing a particular path along which syntax evolved, this approach is able to shed light on the crucial properties of language design itself, as well as on the major parameters of crosslinguistic variation. As a result, this reconstruction can be meaningfully correlated with the hominin timeline, as well as with the quickly accruing genetic evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter highlights the conclusions and achievements of the reconstruction arrived at in this book, as well as identifies future prospects. The reconstructed stages in the evolution of syntax are specific and incremental enough to be targeted by the forces of natural/sexual selection. For each postulated stage, including the absolutive-like two-word stage, and the hierarchical transitive and TP (Tense Phrase) stages, this monograph identifies clear and tangible communicative benefits. Not only that, but the granularity of this proposal is at the right level to forge synergy among the (sub)disciplines of syntactic theory, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, language variation (typology), and genetics. Last but not least, this proposal can shed light on the hominin timeline, as it is able to discriminate among some competing hypotheses in this regard.
Crystals and crystal structures
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This first chapter considers the nature of the crystalline state by constructing crystal structures. It then moves on to look at interstitial, covalent and ionic structures, stacking faults, and twins. It also looks at the crystal chemistry of inorganic compounds, coordination polyhedra, erovskites, tetrahedral, and octahedral structures. Finally, the chapter deals with the structures of iron hydroxides, silicates, silica, ice, water, and carbon.
The physical properties of crystals and their description by tensors
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The chapter starts with a general introduction of the topics covered here. If provides an ‘everyday’ example or analogy of a tensor property and a description of suffix notation. The chapter then gives consideration to symmetrical second rank tensors; principal axes (eigenvectors); the representation quadric; Neumann's principle, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity; and second rank tensors which describe stress, strain, and atomic displacements. It provides the optical properties of crystals: the indicatrix, elliptically polarised light, and optical path differences. Finally, it looks at third rank tensors (the piezoelectric effect) and fourth rank tensors (elasticity, matrix notation, and elastic properties of cubic crystals).
Setting the Scene
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 3 maps out the history and foundations of policymaking in Ethiopia. Economic growth has been impressive although structural transformation lags far behind, and manufacturing has played an almost insignificant role in the Ethiopian economy. The Ethiopian government has certainly engaged in policy experiments and largely maintained its autonomy. This chapter suggests that Ethiopia in recent years has exhibited features of ‘developmental state’. This chapter introduces the main industrial policies and policy instruments developed in Ethiopia in recent years. This is done both to clarify the context of policymaking in different sectors and to identify national-level patterns in policymaking institutions. Thus, as well as providing a valuable reference resource, this chapter sets out the broader framework relevant to understanding the industrial policy in the different sectors addressed in this book.
Curing an Underperformer? Leather and Leather Products
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on the same issues as the previous two chapters, but in relation to leather and leather goods, where performance has been very different from that of floriculture and cement. Why has a country with the largest livestock population in Africa and with a century of manufacturing experience in the sector behind it been unable to achieve more than sluggish and erratic growth? Industrial policy relating to leather and leather products has been unable to reverse this poor performance and fully exploit the potential for linkage effects and competitive integration into the global value chain. However, recent developments have begun to yield more investment, better quality, and more exports of higher-end products. This chapter explores this history and the recent changes, providing insights into the policy process, the constraints on the sector’s expansion, and the structure of the sector.
Failing Better
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
What are the insights that emerge from the comparative analysis of the three sectors in previous chapters? Synthesizing the research material on Ethiopian manufacturing and industrial policy, the chapter explores uneven growth and unevenly effective policies despite a common foundation in industrial development strategy and industrial policy. It shows the limitations of conventional views in explaining this dilemma, and provides an alternative perspective. This chapter shows that overall, what matters for the evolution and effectiveness of industrial policy is the way that three key factors—industrial structure, linkage dynamics, and politics/political economy—interact. The interrelational dynamics among these variables have significant implications for policy design and implementation. And from its emphasis on ‘failing better’, it draws out and highlights areas with significant implications for policymaking. This chapter also shows that industrial policymaking in Ethiopia is a work in progress, and shows the challenges of catching up in twenty-first-century Africa.
Augustine on the Varieties of Understanding and Why There is No Learning from Words
Authors: Nawar Tamer 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines Augustine’s views on language, learning, and testimony in De Magistro. It is often held that, in De Magistro, Augustine is especially concerned with explanatory understanding (a complex cognitive state characterized by its synoptic nature and awareness of explanatory relations) and that he thinks testimony is deficient in imparting explanatory understanding. The chapter argues against this view and gives a clear analysis of the different kinds of cognitive state Augustine is concerned with and a careful examination of his arguments concerning the deficiencies of testimony in producing these cognitive states.
The Logic of Dead Humans
Authors: Cameron Margaret 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInterest in philosophical anthropology in the early twelfth century was limited to the logical question of how to think and speak about dead humans. This question was prompted by the logic of living and dead humans based on the doctrine of substance found in Aristotle’s Categories and in the division of substance, as outlined by Porphyry to exemplify the logic of genus and species relations in the Isagoge. Abelard held the view that there is no such thing as a dead human, and this provoked an intense response from his contemporaries. Abelard’s contemporaries, including Alberic of Paris and other anonymous authors, mounted a number of arguments against Abelard’s views. The stakes were high for them: as realists about species and genera, Abelard’s denial that there are dead humans threatened their entire interpretation of the structure of species and genera, and thereby their theory of universals.
Together
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The stress of exile took a heavy toll on Boulanger’s health, forcing her to take a leave of absence, at which point she chose to move to the West Coast and be closer to Igor and Vera Stravinsky. The years 1942–1945 encompass the richest moments in Stravinsky and Boulanger’s dialogue, a time when scores were exchanged like gift cards—including the Sonata for Two Pianos, written for Boulanger—with annotations and dedications written in Stravinsky’s hand on many of Boulanger’s copies. Boulanger stayed out west in Santa Barbara, California, for much of the remainder of World War II, reveling in creative conversations with Igor Stravinsky, including their core vision of the “Danse sacrale” movement of the Rite of Spring. Upon her departure, as a parting birthday present, Stravinsky sent Boulanger a copy of his newly completed Symphonie concertante (Symphony in Three Movements). It is the exchange shared during these years in the United States that laid the foundation for much of Boulanger’s later lectures and pedagogical work concerning Stravinsky.
Insider/Outsider
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Boulanger’s lack of direct contact with Stravinsky in his last years was in many ways circumvented by the myriad correspondents who reported to her about the composer’s activity and health. Chief among these correspondents was the composer’s older son, Theodore Stravinsky. Turning to Boulanger’s diaries and correspondence from the 1960s onward, the chapter traces her knowledge of Stravinsky’s failing health, drawing particularly on comments she sent not to the composer himself but to those around her, particularly her poignant responses to Theodore concerning his father’s treatment at the hands of Vera Stravinsky and Robert Craft. Ultimately, it considers how Boulanger’s perception of Stravinsky’s late care informed her public advocacy for him and private but loyal support of his children.
Intonational phonology of the regional varieties of Italian
Authors: Gili Fivela Barbara , Avesani Cinzia , Barone Marco , Bocci Giuliano , Crocco Claudia , D’Imperio Mariapaola , Giordano Rosa , Marotta Giovanna , Savino Michelina , Sorianello Patrizia 
Published: August 2015

AbstractItalian shows large phonetic and prosodic variations that depend on the geographical and dialectal area the speakers come from. The chapter explicitly focuses on the intonational variation occurring in Italian and offers (1) the key elements of a shared transcription system able to take this into account and (2) an overview of the intonation patterns of thirteen varieties, spoken in cities and towns located in various areas of the Italian peninsula, i.e. Milan, Turin, Florence, Siena, Pisa, Lucca, Rome, Pescara, Naples, Salerno, Cosenza, Bari, and Lecce. The main novelty of the chapter is the clear and explicit effort made in offering analyses and transcriptions that always keep in mind cross-variety comparison to finally facilitate cross-language comparison as well. Importantly, this is the first work on Italian in which this is systematically achieved on the basis of a wide and representative set of sentence types, apart from the number of varieties considered.
Inflation and the Accelerating Universe
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The universe experienced a huge expansion in the earliest moments of the big bang. This cosmic inflationary epoch (with a large cosmological constant) can provide the correct initial conditions for the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmology. Inflation left behind a flat universe that could be compatible with the observed matter density and a cosmic age if there remained a small but nonvanishing cosmological constant—a dark energy. This would imply that the expansion of the universe is now accelerating. Measurements of high-redshift supernovae, together with the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background and large-structure surveys, have provided a concordant picture of a flat universe dominated by dark energy. Most matter is exotic cold dark matter, more than five times the amount of ordinary (baryonic) matter. In this Λ CDM cosmology, the cosmic age comes out to be close to the Hubble time of 14 billion years.
Considering critical turns in research on educational leadership and policy
Authors: Diem Sarah , Young Michelle D. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of critical policy analysis (CPA) in the fields of educational leadership and policy. In addition to exploring how CPA compares to traditional research approaches in educational leadership and policy, the authors consider the influence of long-established ways of knowing, why scholars choose to engage in CPA and how and why scholars who utilize this approach decide on specific methods.Design/methodology/approach– The exploration draws primarily on the use of CPA in the USA, though the authors also examine how scholars working within the UK utilize CPA.Findings– In the review of critical policy literature, the authors identified a number of assumptions common to traditional and critical policy research theories and approaches. For example, systems theory and analysis, structural analysis, cost-benefit analysis, technicist models, and political models were commonly used within traditional literature. In comparison, critical policy researchers relied on theoretical perspectives informed by critical theory, feminist theories, and critical race perspectives, among others. Critical policy researchers used these perspectives to engage in critique, interrogate policy processes, and epistemological roots of policy work, reveal policy constructions, and examine players involved in the policy development, interpretation, and implementation processes. Notably, the work of critical educational leadership and policy scholars also emphasizes the importance of context, the theory-method relationship and methodology.Originality/value– While there is a growing movement occurring in the education leadership and policy fields toward critical analyses of educational research, little is known about how scholars decide what methods to employ when conducting such analyses. The authors discuss the possibilities for scholars utilizing these methods in order to explore the complexities of education leadership and policy problems.
Qualitative research and educational leadership
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey S. , Normore Anthony H. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to highlight issues relayed to appropriate design and conduct of qualitative studies in educational leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is a conceptual/logical argument that centers around the notion that while scholars in the field have at times paid attention to such dynamics, it is important that issues special to the field are considered by all.

Findings
– The major findings indicate that researchers/analysts need to determine not only the existence and accessibility of the qualitative research design and its various data collection strategies for leadership studies but also its authenticity and usefulness, taking into account the original purpose, the context in which it is produced and the intended audience.

Originality/value
– Certain aspects of the paper relate to general issues of sound and generally accepted standards of research practice, but the authors also consider several issues that make educational leadership scholarship unique. The originality of the paper draws attention to certain dynamics that scholars should consider when designing and conducting qualitative research on educational leadership. In doing so, the authors not only draw on the literature but also on their own experience designing, conducting and publishing qualitative research on educational leadership.