bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Planetary Boundary Layer and on Cumulus Convection over an Isolated Mountain. Part I: Observations
Authors: Zhou Xin , Geerts Bart 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Data collected around the Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona as part of the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) experiment during the 2006 summer monsoon season are used to investigate the effect of soil moisture on the surface energy balance, boundary layer (BL) characteristics, thermally forced orographic circulations, and orographic cumulus convection. An unusual wet spell allows separation of the two-month campaign in a wet and a dry soil period. Days in the wet soil period tend to have a higher surface latent heat flux, lower soil and air temperatures, a more stable and shallower BL, and weaker solenoidal forcing resulting in weaker anabatic flow, in comparison with days in the dry soil period. The wet soil period is also characterized by higher humidity and moist static energy in the BL, implying a lower cumulus cloud base and higher convective available potential energy. Therefore, this period witnesses rather early growth of orographic cumulus convection, growing rapidly to the cumulonimbus stage, often before noon, and producing precipitation rather efficiently, with relatively little lightning. Data alone do not allow discrimination between soil moisture and advected airmass characteristics in explaining these differences. Hence, the need for a numerical sensitivity experiment, in Part II of this study.
The Impact of SST Bias Correction on North Atlantic Hurricane Retrospective Forecasts
Authors: LaRow Timothy E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The impact of sea surface temperature (SST) bias correction on seasonal North Atlantic hurricane retrospective forecasts is examined with the Florida State University/Center for Ocean–Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU/COAPS) atmospheric global spectral model. The retrospective forecasts cover a 28-yr period (1982–2009). For each year of the retrospective forecast, two, four-member ensembles are developed using predicted SSTs from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Forecast System, version 1 (CFSv1), model. The first ensemble uses the SSTs forecasted from the CFSv1 model and the second ensemble uses the same SSTs with a simple bias correction applied. Seasonal hurricane counts determined using both SSTs are shown to have skill, although the skill is much greater using the bias-corrected SSTs. In addition, a positive significant trend in the hurricane counts is noted using the bias-corrected SSTs, in good agreement with observations while no significant trend is noted using the non-bias-corrected SST. The reason for the enhanced skill is related in part to the magnitude of the mean SST allowing stronger convective activity in the equatorial Pacific to more effectively alter the vertical wind shear in the tropical North Atlantic through changes in the Walker cell.
Time Diversification in Developed and Emerging Markets
Authors: Anderson Hamish D. , Malone Christopher B. , Marshall Ben R. 
Published: September 2012

Time in the market substantially reduces the risk of loss resulting from holding both stocks and bonds. By focusing on a downside VaR risk proxy in 25 emerging and 24 developed markets, we show that the downside risk of both stocks and bonds is greatly reduced as the investment horizon is increased beyond 10 years, but the risk reduction is more pronounced in stocks. We also show that emerging markets have substantially greater downside risk than developed markets. The results suggest that investors should be aware of their investment horizon when making asset allocation decisions, particularly into stocks in emerging markets. JEL Classification: G14, G15
Trade-off Theory vs Pecking Order Theory Revisited
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Kumar Brajesh 
Published: September 2012

This article empirically tests the two competing theories of capital structure: Trade-off theory against Pecking Order theory using the time series hypothesis. This study is performed for an emerging market context taking the case of Indian firms with a sample from 10 industries for the period 1990 to 2007. Our results support the evidence of trade-off theory in the Indian firms (contrary to the results found by Farhat, Cotei and Abugri 2006). The result is consistent for the overall sample as well as for different industries separately. JEL Classification: G32, C23, C33
Paucity of IL-21–producing CD4+ T cells is associated with Th17 cell depletion in SIV infection of rhesus macaques
Authors: Micci Luca , Cervasi Barbara , Ende Zachary S. , Iriele Robin I. , Reyes-Aviles Elane , Vinton Carol , Else James , Silvestri Guido , Ansari Aftab A. , Villinger Francois , Pahwa Savita , Estes Jacob D. , Brenchley Jason M. , Paiardini Mirko 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
IL-21 regulates Th17 cell homeostasis, enhances the differentiation of memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells, and promotes the maintenance of CD8+ T-cell responses. In this study, we investigated the phenotype, function, and frequency of blood and intestinal IL-21–producing cells in nonhuman primates that are hosts of progressive (rhesus macaques [RMs]) and nonprogressive (sooty mangabeys [SMs]) SIV infection. We found that, in both species, memory CD4+CD95+CCR6− T cells are the main IL-21 producers, and that only a small fraction of CD4+IL-21+ T cells produce IL-17. During chronic SIV infection of RMs, CD4+IL-21+ T cells were significantly depleted in both blood and rectal mucosa, with the extent of this depletion correlating with the loss of Th17 cells. Furthermore, treatment with IL-21 increased the in vivo levels of Th17 cells in SIV-infected RMs. In contrast, normal levels of CD4+IL-21+ T cells were found in SIV-infected SMs. Collectively, these data indicate that depletion of IL-21–producing CD4+ T cells distinguishes progressive from nonprogressive SIV infection of RMs and SMs, and suggest that depletion of CD4+IL-21+ T cells is involved in the preferential loss of Th17 cells that is associated with SIV disease progression. Further preclinical studies of IL-21 as a potential immunotherapeutic agent for HIV infection may be warranted.
Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor σF is involved in Caulobacter crescentus response to heavy metal stress
Authors: Kohler Christian , Lourenço Rogério F , Avelar Gabriela M , Gomes Suely L 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
The α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus inhabits low-nutrient environments and can tolerate certain levels of heavy metals in these sites. It has been reported that C. crescentus responds to exposure to various heavy metals by altering the expression of a large number of genes.

Results
In this work, we show that the ECF sigma factor σF is one of the regulatory proteins involved in the control of the transcriptional response to chromium and cadmium. Microarray experiments indicate that σF controls eight genes during chromium stress, most of which were previously described as induced by heavy metals. Surprisingly, σF itself is not strongly auto-regulated under metal stress conditions. Interestingly, σF-dependent genes are not induced in the presence of agents that generate reactive oxygen species. Promoter analyses revealed that a conserved σF-dependent sequence is located upstream of all genes of the σF regulon. In addition, we show that the second gene in the sigF operon acts as a negative regulator of σF function, and the encoded protein has been named NrsF (Negative regulator of sigma F). Substitution of two conserved cysteine residues (C131 and C181) in NrsF affects its ability to maintain the expression of σF-dependent genes at basal levels. Furthermore, we show that σF is released into the cytoplasm during chromium stress and in cells carrying point mutations in both conserved cysteines of the protein NrsF.

Conclusion
A possible mechanism for induction of the σF-dependent genes by chromium and cadmium is the inactivation of the putative anti-sigma factor NrsF, leading to the release of σF to bind RNA polymerase core and drive transcription of its regulon.
The neuronal insulin sensitizer dicholine succinate reduces stress-induced depressive traits and memory deficit: possible role of insulin-like growth factor 2
Authors: Cline Brandon H , Steinbusch Harry WM , Malin Dmitry , Revishchin Alexander V , Pavlova Galia V , Cespuglio Raymond , Strekalova Tatyana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundA number of epidemiological studies have established a link between insulin resistance and the prevalence of depression. The occurrence of depression was found to precede the onset of diabetes and was hypothesized to be associated with inherited inter-related insufficiency of the peripheral and central insulin receptors. Recently, dicholine succinate, a sensitizer of the neuronal insulin receptor, was shown to stimulate insulin-dependent H2O2production of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading to an enhancement of insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons. As such, this mechanism can be a novel target for the elevation of insulin signaling.ResultsAdministration of DS (25 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) in CD1 mice for 7 days prior to the onset of stress procedure, diminished manifestations of anhedonia defined in a sucrose test and behavioral despair in the forced swim test. Treatment with dicholine succinate reduced the anxiety scores of stressed mice in the dark/light box paradigm, precluded stress-induced decreases of long-term contextual memory in the step-down avoidance test and hippocampal gene expression of IGF2.ConclusionsOur data suggest that dicholine succinate has an antidepressant-like effect, which might be mediated via the up-regulation of hippocampal expression of IGF2, and implicate the neuronal insulin receptor in the pathogenesis of stress-induced depressive syndrome.
In-house preparation of hydrogels for batch affinity purification of glutathione S-transferase tagged recombinant proteins
Authors: Buhrman Jason S , Rayahin Jamie E , Köllmer Melanie , Gemeinhart Richard A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Many branches of biomedical research find use for pure recombinant proteins for direct application or to study other molecules and pathways. Glutathione affinity purification is commonly used to isolate and purify glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion proteins from total cellular proteins in lysates. Although GST affinity materials are commercially available as glutathione immobilized on beaded agarose resins, few simple options for in-house production of those systems exist. Herein, we describe a novel method for the purification of GST-tagged recombinant proteins.

Results
Glutathione was conjugated to low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via thiol-ene “click” chemistry. With our in-house prepared PEGDA:glutathione (PEGDA:GSH) homogenates, we were able to purify a glutathione S-transferase (GST) green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein (GST-GFP) from the soluble fraction of E. coli lysate. Further, microspheres were formed from the PEGDA:GSH hydrogels and improved protein binding to a level comparable to purchased GSH-agarose beads.

Conclusions
GSH containing polymers might find use as in-house methods of protein purification. They exhibited similar ability to purify GST tagged proteins as purchased GSH agarose beads.
Conjunctival lymphoma arising from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
Authors: Fukuhara Junichi , Kase Satoru , Noda Mika , Ishijima Kan , Yamamoto Teppei , Ishida Susumu 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Extra nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL) of the conjunctiva typically arises in the marginal zone of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The pathogenesis of conjunctival EMZL remains unknown. We describe an unusual case of EMZL arising from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) of the conjunctiva. A 35-year-old woman had fleshy salmon-pink conjunctival tumors in both eyes, oculus uterque (OU). Specimens from conjunctival tumors in the right eye, oculus dexter (OD), revealed a collection of small lymphoid cells in the stroma. Immunohistochemically, immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain restriction was not detected. In contrast, diffuse atypical lymphoid cell infiltration was noted in the left eye, oculus sinister (OS), and positive for CD20, a marker for B cells OS. The tumors were histologically diagnosed as RLH OD, and EMZL OS. PCR analysis detected IgH gene rearrangement in the joining region (JH) region OU. After 11 months, a re-biopsy specimen demonstrated EMZL based on compatible pathological and genetic findings OD, arising from RLH. This case suggests that even if the diagnosis of the conjunctival lymphoproliferative lesions is histologically benign, confirmation of the B-cell clonality by checking IgH gene rearrangement should be useful to predict the incidence of malignancy.
Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography applied to monitoring of CO2 storage at Ketzin, Germany
Authors: Bergmann Peter , Schmidt-Hattenberger Cornelia , Kiessling Dana , Rücker Carsten , Labitzke Tim , Henninges Jan , Baumann Gunther , Schütt Hartmut 
Published: September 2012

Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography (SD-ERT) surveys were repeatedly carried out to image [Formula: see text] injected at the pilot storage Ketzin, Germany. The experimental setup combines surface with downhole measurements by using a permanent electrode array that has been deployed in three wells. Two baseline experiments were performed during the site startup and three repeat experiments were performed during the first year of CO2 injection. By the time of the third repeat, approximately 13,500 tons of [Formula: see text] had been injected into the reservoir sandstones at about 650 m depth. Field data and inverted resistivity models showed a resistivity increase over time at the [Formula: see text] injector. The lateral extent of the related resistivity signature indicated a preferential [Formula: see text] migration toward the northwest. Using an experimental resistivity-saturation relationship, we mapped [Formula: see text] saturations by means of the resistivity index method. For the latest repeat, [Formula: see text] saturations show values of up to 70% near the injection well, which matches well with [Formula: see text] saturations determined from pulsed neutron-gamma logging. The presence of environmental noise, reservoir heterogeneities, and irregularities in the well completions are the main sources of uncertainty for the interpretations. The degradation of the permanently installed downhole components is monitored by means of frequently performed resistance checks. In consistency with the SD-ERT data, these resistance checks indicate a long-term resistivity increase near the [Formula: see text] injector. In conclusion, the investigations demonstrate the capability of surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography to image geologically stored [Formula: see text] at the Ketzin site.
Seven-Year Follow-Up Assessment of Cardiac Function in NSABP B-31, a Randomized Trial Comparing Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Paclitaxel (ACP) With ACP Plus Trastuzumab As Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Node-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Romond Edward H. , Jeong Jong-Hyeon , Rastogi Priya , Swain Sandra M. , Geyer Charles E. , Ewer Michael S. , Rathi Vikas , Fehrenbacher Louis , Brufsky Adam , Azar Catherine A. , Flynn Patrick J. , Zapas John L. , Polikoff Jonathan , Gross Howard M. , Biggs David D. , Atkins James N. , Tan-Chiu Elizabeth , Zheng Ping , Yothers Greg , Mamounas Eleftherios P. , Wolmark Norman 
Published: September 2012

Purpose Cardiac dysfunction (CD) is a recognized risk associated with the addition of trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer, especially when the treatment regimen includes anthracyclines. Given the demonstrated efficacy of trastuzumab, ongoing assessment of cardiac safety and identification of risk factors for CD are important for optimal patient care. Patients and Methods In National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-31, a phase III adjuvant trial, 1,830 patients who met eligibility criteria for initiation of trastuzumab were evaluated for CD. Recovery from CD was also assessed. A statistical model was developed to estimate the risk of severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Baseline patient characteristics associated with anthracycline-related decline in cardiac function were also identified. Results At 7-year follow-up, 37 (4.0%) of 944 patients who received trastuzumab experienced a cardiac event (CE) versus 10 (1.3%) of 743 patients in the control arm. One cardiac-related death has occurred in each arm of the protocol. A Cardiac Risk Score, calculated using patient age and baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by multiple-gated acquisition scan, statistically correlates with the risk of a CE. After stopping trastuzumab, the majority of patients who experienced CD recovered LVEF in the normal range, although some decline from baseline often persists. Only two CEs occurred more than 2 years after initiation of trastuzumab. Conclusion The late development of CHF after the addition of trastuzumab to paclitaxel after doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide chemotherapy is uncommon. The risk versus benefit of trastuzumab as given in this regimen remains strongly in favor of trastuzumab.
L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Cruciani Ricardo A. , Zhang Jenny J. , Manola Judith , Cella David , Ansari Bilal , Fisch Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose L-carnitine, a popular complementary and alternative medicine product, is used by patients with cancer for the treatment of fatigue, the most commonly reported symptom in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation as a treatment for fatigue in patients with cancer. Patients and Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with invasive malignancies and fatigue were randomly assigned to either 2 g/d of L-carnitine oral supplementation or matching placebo. The primary end point was the change in average daily fatigue from baseline to week 4 using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). Results Three hundred seventy-six patients were randomly assigned to treatment with L-carnitine supplementation or placebo. L-carnitine supplementation resulted in significant carnitine plasma level increase by week 4. The primary outcome, fatigue, measured using the BFI, improved in both arms compared with baseline (L-carnitine: −0.96, 95% CI, −1.32 to −0.60; placebo: −1.11, 95% CI −1.44 to −0.78). There were no statistically significant differences between arms (P = .57). Secondary outcomes, including fatigue measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue instrument, depression, and pain, did not show significant difference between arms. A separate analysis of patients who were carnitine-deficient at baseline did not show statistically significant improvement in fatigue or other outcomes after L-carnitine supplementation. Conclusion Four weeks of 2 g of L-carnitine supplementation did not improve fatigue in patients with invasive malignancies and good performance status.
Adverse Prognostic Impact of Intratumor Heterogeneous HER2 Gene Amplification in Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yoon Harry H. , Shi Qian , Sukov William R. , Lewis Mark A. , Sattler Christopher A. , Wiktor Anne E. , Wu Tsung-Teh , Diasio Robert B. , Jenkins Robert B. , Sinicrope Frank A. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose There is increasing recognition of the existence of intratumoral heterogeneity of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), which affects interpretation of HER2 positivity in clinical practice and may have implications for patient prognosis and treatment. We determined the frequency and prognostic impact of heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification and polysomy 17 in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients and Methods HER2 amplification (by fluorescence in situ hybridization) was examined in surgical EAC specimens (n = 675). HER2 heterogeneity was defined according to consensus guidelines as gene amplification (HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0) in more than 5% but less than 50% of cancer cells. No patient received neoadjuvant or HER2-targeted therapy. Cox models were used to assess disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results Overall, 117 EACs (17%) demonstrated HER2 amplification, of which 20 (17%) showed HER2 heterogeneity. All HER2-heterogeneous tumors were amplified. Among HER2-amplified tumors, heterogeneous tumors had significantly higher frequency of poor histologic grade and polysomy 17. In multivariable models that included number of metastatic lymph nodes, grade, tumor stage, and polysomy 17, only HER2 heterogeneity and node number were prognostic among HER2-amplified tumors, with heterogeneity showing worse DSS (hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.79; P = .025) and OS (P = .026). Among HER2-nonamplified EACs, polysomy 17 was independently associated with worse DSS (P = .012) and OS (P = .023). Conclusion Among HER2-amplified EACs, 17% show HER2 heterogeneity, which independently predicts for worse cancer-specific death. Among HER2-nonamplified EACs, polysomy 17 is independently associated with worse survival. These novel findings demonstrate aggressive subgroups in HER2-amplified and -nonamplified EACs that have important implications for HER2 analysis and determination of benefit from HER2-targeted therapy.