bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiologic Frailty As a Sign of Accelerated Aging Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study
Authors: Ness Kirsten K. , Krull Kevin R. , Jones Kendra E. , Mulrooney Daniel A. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Green Daniel M. , Chemaitilly Wassim , Smith Webb A. , Wilson Carmen L. , Sklar Charles A. , Shelton Kyla , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Ali Sabeen , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. 
Published: November 2013

Purpose Frailty, a phenotype reported among 9.9% of individuals 65 years old and older (9.6% of women; 5.2% of men), has not been assessed among adult childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We estimated the prevalence of frailty and examined associations with morbidity and mortality. Methods Participants included 1,922 CCS at least 10 years from original cancer diagnosis (men, 50.3%; mean age, 33.6 ± 8.1 years) and a comparison population of 341 participants without cancer histories. Prefrailty and frailty were defined as two and ≥ three of the following conditions: low muscle mass, self-reported exhaustion, low energy expenditure, slow walking speed, and weakness. Morbidity was defined as grade 3 to 4 chronic conditions (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0). Fisher's exact tests were used to compare, by frailty status, percentages of those with morbidity. In a subset of 162 CCS who returned for a second visit, Poisson regression was used to evaluate associations between frailty and new onset morbidity. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations between frailty and death. Results The prevalence of prefrailty and frailty were 31.5% and 13.1% among women and 12.9% and 2.7% among men, respectively, with prevalence increasing with age. Frail CCS were more likely than nonfrail survivors to have a chronic condition (82.1% v 73.8%). In models adjusted for existing chronic conditions, baseline frailty was associated with risk of death (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.2) and chronic condition onset (relative risk, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2). Conclusion The prevalence of frailty among young adult CCS is similar to that among adults 65 years old and older, suggesting accelerated aging.
Gamete-Type Dependent Crossover Interference Levels in a Defined Region ofCaenorhabditis elegansChromosome V
Authors: Gabdank Idan , Fire Andrew Z 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn certain organisms, numbers of crossover events for any single chromosome are limited (“crossover interference”) so that double crossover events are obtained at much lower frequencies than would be expected from the simple product of independent single-crossover events. We present a number of observations during which we examined interference over a large region of Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome V. Examining this region for multiple crossover events in heteroallelic configurations with limited dimorphism, we observed high levels of crossover interference in oocytes with only partial interference in spermatocytes.
Effects of Differences in National Culture on Auditors' Judgments and Decisions: A Literature Review of Cross-Cultural Auditing Studies from a Judgment and Decision Making Perspective
Authors: Nolder Christine , Riley Tracey J. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY:
Motivated by the growing cultural diversity of new hires in audit firms, this paper reviews the literature on cross-cultural differences in auditors' judgment and decision making (JDM). The overarching aim of the review is to summarize the current state of knowledge and compare our understanding of cross-cultural auditors' JDM with the broader cross-cultural JDM research in psychology to stimulate applied research. We develop a framework that categorizes those auditor judgments and decisions most likely affected by cross-cultural differences. The categories include auditors' confidence, risk and probability judgments, risk decisions, conflict decisions, and ethical judgments. We contribute to the cross-cultural audit research in four ways. First, we provide a framework by which future research can be synthesized within auditing and compared with psychology. Second, we recommend specific research questions to respond to both the gaps in extant literature and the changing multicultural environment of audit firms. Third, we advocate for an alternative theoretical approach beyond the examination of cultural traits. Finally, we argue that bicultural auditors represent an unexplored boundary condition on prior findings that warrants more immediate attention from audit researchers.
Increases in regimen durability associated with the introduction of tenofovir at a large public‐sector clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Brennan Alana T , Maskew Mhairi , Ive Prudence , Shearer Kate , Long Lawrence , Sanne Ian , Fox Matthew P 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionIn April 2010, tenofovir replaced stavudine in public‐sector first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. The association of tenofovir with fewer side effects and toxicities compared to stavudine could translate to increased durability of tenofovir‐based regimens. We evaluated changes over time in regimen durability at the Themba Lethu Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa.MethodsThis was a cohort analysis of treatment‐naïve, non‐pregnant adult patients initiated on ART between April 2004 and December 2011. First‐line ART regimens before April 2010 consisted of stavudine or zidovudine with lamivudine and either efavirenz or nevirapine. Tenofovir was substituted for stavudine after April 2010. We evaluated the frequency and type of single‐drug substitutions (excluding switches to second‐line therapy). Cox models were used to evaluate the association of ART initiation year and antiretroviral drug type with single‐drug substitutions in the first 12 months on treatment.ResultsOne thousand nine hundred and sixty‐four (10%) substitutions occurred amongst 19,699 patients. Excluding 2004 (year of treatment roll‐out), before 2010 one‐year single‐drug substitutions ranged from 10.0 to 13.1%. In 2011, well after integration of tenofovir, substitutions decreased to 5.6%. Single‐drug substitution was lowest amongst patients on tenofovir (5.1%) versus zidovudine (11.3%), 30 mg stavudine (10.5%) or 40 mg stavudine (14.4%). Adjusted Cox models showed that patients initiating treatment between 2005 and 2010 (vs. 2011) had a twofold increased hazard of single‐drug substitution, while those on zidovudine or stavudine had a two to threefold increase in single‐drug substitution versus tenofovir patients in the first 12 months on ART.ConclusionsThe decline in single‐drug substitutions is associated with the introduction of tenofovir. Tenofovir use could improve regimen durability and treatment outcomes in resource‐limited settings.
Single‐Domain Antibodies and Their Utility
Authors: Baral Toya Nath , MacKenzie Roger , Arbabi Ghahroudi Mehdi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEngineered monoclonal antibody fragments have gained market attention due to their versatility and tailor‐made potential and are now considered to be an important part of future immunobiotherapeutics. Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs), also known as nanobodies, are derived from VHHs [variable domains (V) of heavy‐chain‐only antibodies (HCAb)] of camelid heavy‐chain antibodies. These nature‐made sdAbs are well suited for various applications due to their favorable characteristics such as small size, ease of genetic manipulation, high affinity and solubility, overall stability, resistance to harsh conditions (e.g., low pH, high temperature), and low immunogenicity. Most importantly, sdAbs have the feature of penetrating into cavities and recognizing hidden epitopes normally inaccessible to conventional antibodies, mainly due to their protruding CDR3/H3 loops. In this unit, we will present and discuss comprehensive and step‐by‐step protocols routinely practiced in our laboratory for isolating sdAbs from immunized llamas (or other members of the Camelidae family) against target antigens using phage‐display technology. Expression, purification, and characterization of the isolated sdAbs will then be described, followed by presentation of several examples of applications of sdAbs previously characterized in our laboratory and elsewhere. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 103:2.17.1‐2.17.57. ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Schistosomiasis
Authors: Tucker Matthew S. , Karunaratne Laksiri B. , Lewis Fred A. , Freitas Tori C. , Liang Yung‐san 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSchistosomiasis is the second most important parasitic disease in the world in terms of public health impact. Globally, it is estimated that the disease affects over 200 million people and is responsible for 200,000 deaths each year. The three major schistosomes infecting humans are Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. Much immunological research has focused on schistosomiasis because of the pathological effects of the disease, which include liver fibrosis and bladder dysfunction. This unit covers a wide range of aspects with respect to maintaining the life cycles of these parasites, including preparation of schistosome egg antigen, maintenance of intermediate snail hosts, infection of the definitive and intermediate hosts, and others. The unit primarily focuses on S. mansoni, but also includes coverage of S. japonicum and S. haematobium life cycles. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 103:19.1.1‐19.1.58. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical analysis of 2010 high‐mountain (Tien‐Shan) experiment on observations of thunderstorm‐related low‐energy neutron emissions
Authors: Babich Leonid P. , Bochkov Evgeniĭ , Dwyer Joseph R. , Kutsyk Igor M. , Zalyalov Adel N. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe high‐mountain experiment in a thunderstorm atmosphere, in which “extraordinary high flux of low‐energy neutrons” was detected, is analyzed. Due to the lack of data on the radiation source, we do not analyze directly measured absolute count rates. Instead, we address the experimental configuration, namely, simultaneous measurements by shielded and unshielded helium counters, which allow a comparison of relative count rates and, thus, verifying the species of the detected radiation. Results of Monte Carlo simulations of neutron transport executed without aprioristic assumptions, using only data on the experimental configuration, have raised strong doubts as to whether the detected increases of the count rates can be attributed to neutrons. Results of simulations allowing for the neutron transport in atmosphere from distant (100–500 m) photoneutron source with spectrum in the range 0–20.1 MeV produced by relativistic runaway electron avalanche bremsstrahlung demonstrate that ratios R of the count rates of shielded and unshielded counters below 1 keV are manyfold higher than the ratios Rexp ≈ 0.34–1.06 of the measured count rates. In the total range 0–20.1 MeV, the R magnitudes vary from 0.14 to 0.84 depending on the distance to the neutron source. Results of simulations of γ rays transport executed without aprioristic assumptions demonstrate that, most likely, hard γ rays with energies ϵγ > 1 MeV were detected. We note that in thunderstorm environment, a selection is required of neutrons and γ rays, for which the time‐of‐flight technique is the most adequate.
The effect of water table fluctuation on soil respiration in a lower coastal plain forested wetland in the southeastern U.S.
Authors: Miao Guofang , Noormets Asko , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Trettin Carl C. , McNulty Steve G. , Sun Ge , King John S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnthropogenic and environmental pressures on wetland hydrology may trigger changes in carbon (C) cycling, potentially exposing vast amounts of soil C to rapid decomposition. We measured soil CO2efflux (Rs) continuously from 2009 to 2010 in a lower coastal plain forested wetland in North Carolina, U.S., to characterize its main environmental drivers. To understand and quantify the spatial variation due to microtopography and associated differences in hydrology, measurements were conducted at three microsites along a microtopographic gradient. The seasonal hysteresis inRsdiffered by microtopographic location and was caused by the transitions between flooded and nonflooded conditions. Because floodedRswas small, we reportedRsdynamics mainly during nonflooded periods. A nested model, modified from conventionalQ10(temperature sensitivity) model with dynamic parameters, provided a significantly better simulation on the observed variation ofRs. The model performed better with daily data, indicating that soil temperature (Ts) and water table depth (WTD) were the primary drivers for seasonal variation. The diel variation ofRswas high and independent ofTsand WTD, which both had small diel variations, suggesting the likely association with plant activity. Overall, the site‐average soil CO2efflux was approximately 960–1103 g C m−2 yr−1in 2010, of which 93% was released during nonflooded periods. Our study indicates thatRsis highly linked to hydroperiod and microtopography in forested wetlands and droughts in wetlands will accelerate soil C loss.
Validity of a Self‐Administered Version of the Brief Index of Lupus Damage in a Predominantly African American Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort
Authors: Drenkard C. , Yazdany J. , Trupin L. , Katz P. P. , Dunlop‐Thomas C. , Bao G. , Lim S. S. 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the reliability and criterion and construct validity of the self‐administered Brief Index of Lupus Damage (SA‐BILD), a patient‐reported measure of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsThe validity of the SA‐BILD was assessed using data from the Georgians Organized Against Lupus (GOAL) survey. GOAL is a longitudinal cohort of SLE patients predominantly derived from the Georgia Lupus Registry, a population‐based registry established in Atlanta, Georgia. In total, 711 participants with documented SLE completed the SA‐BILD. To test reliability, the SA‐BILD was readministered to 32 patients. Criterion validity was examined in 150 respondents for whom the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) was also completed. Construct validity was assessed among 711 GOAL participants by dividing the SA‐BILD scores into quartiles and examining the association with demographics, health status, and health care utilization.ResultsThe test–retest correlation score was 0.93 (P < 0.0001), the item‐by‐item agreement with the SDI was >80% for most SA‐BILD items, and the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient for the SDI and SA‐BILD was moderately high (ρ = 0.59, P < 0.0001). SA‐BILD scores showed significant associations in the expected directions with age, disease duration, disease activity, overall health, comorbidity index, and physician visits.ConclusionThe SA‐BILD was reliable and had very good or good criterion validity compared with the SDI when tested in a predominantly African American cohort of US SLE patients. Associations of SA‐BILD scores with sociodemographics and health status were consistent with previous studies. These findings support the use of the SA‐BILD as a valid measure of patient‐reported damage in SLE.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Assisted Arylation of CH Bonds with Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Ho Jordan Sun , Misal Castro Luis C. , Aihara Yoshinori , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChelation‐assisted arylation of the ortho CH bonds in 2‐arylpyridine derivatives was achieved by using [Ru(OAc)2(p‐cymene)] as the catalyst and diaryliodonium salts as the arylation reagent. The reaction can tolerate a broad range of functional groups and, in contrast to other Ru‐catalyzed CH arylation reactions with diaryliodonium salts, appears to proceed by a mechanism similar to Pd‐catalyzed CH arylation.
Hands of early primates
Authors: Boyer Doug M. , Yapuncich Gabriel S. , Chester Stephen G.B. , Bloch Jonathan I. , Godinot Marc 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTQuestions surrounding the origin and early evolution of primates continue to be the subject of debate. Though anatomy of the skull and inferred dietary shifts are often the focus, detailed studies of postcrania and inferred locomotor capabilities can also provide crucial data that advance understanding of transitions in early primate evolution. In particular, the hand skeleton includes characteristics thought to reflect foraging, locomotion, and posture. Here we review what is known about the early evolution of primate hands from a comparative perspective that incorporates data from the fossil record. Additionally, we provide new comparative data and documentation of skeletal morphology for Paleogene plesiadapiforms, notharctines, cercamoniines, adapines, and omomyiforms. Finally, we discuss implications of these data for understanding locomotor transitions during the origin and early evolutionary history of primates. Known plesiadapiform species cannot be differentiated from extant primates based on either intrinsic hand proportions or hand‐to‐body size proportions. Nonetheless, the presence of claws and a different carpometacarpal joint form in plesiadapiforms indicate different grasping mechanics. Notharctines and cercamoniines have intrinsic hand proportions with extremely elongated proximal phalanges and digit rays relative to metacarpals, resembling tarsiers and galagos. But their hand‐to‐body size proportions are typical of many extant primates (unlike those of tarsiers, and possibly Teilhardina, which have extremely large hands). Non‐adapine adapiforms and omomyids exhibit additional carpal features suggesting more limited dorsiflexion, greater ulnar deviation, and a more habitually divergent pollex than observed plesiadapiforms. Together, features differentiating adapiforms and omomyiforms from plesiadapiforms indicate increased reliance on vertical prehensile‐clinging and grasp‐leaping, possibly in combination with predatory behaviors in ancestral euprimates. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:33–78, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cascade Reactions in Multicompartmentalized Polymersomes
Authors: Peters Ruud J. R. W. , Marguet Maïté , Marais Sébastien , Fraaije Marco W. , van Hest Jan C. M. , Lecommandoux Sébastien 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEnzyme‐filled polystyrene‐b‐poly(3‐(isocyano‐L‐alanyl‐aminoethyl)thiophene) (PS‐b‐PIAT) nanoreactors are encapsulated together with free enzymes and substrates in a larger polybutadiene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PB‐b‐PEO) polymersome, forming a multicompartmentalized structure, which shows structural resemblance to the cell and its organelles. An original cofactor‐dependent three‐enzyme cascade reaction is performed, using either compatible or incompatible enzymes, which takes place across multiple compartments.
Comparison of the effects of phenyl dichlorophosphate modified and unmodified β‐iron(III) oxide hydroxide on the thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate/magnesium hydroxide composites
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhan Jing , Song Lei , Hu Yuan , Yuen Richard K. K. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to compare the impact of β‐iron(III) oxide hydroxide [β‐Fe(O)OH] and iron hydroxide modified with phenyl dichlorophosphate [β‐Fe(O)OPDCP] on the thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites. For the EVA/MH composites in combination with these iron‐containing co‐additives, β‐Fe(O)OH and β‐Fe(O)OPDCP both led to an increase in the thermal stability at higher temperatures. The results of microscale combustion calorimetry indicate that the peak heat‐release rate, total heat release, and heat‐release capacity, which are indicators of a material fire hazard, all decreased. Moreover, significant improvements were obtained in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Underwriters Laboratories 94 ratings. However, the EVA4 system reached a V‐0 rating, whereas the EVA3 system reached a V‐2 rating. The LOI values for the EVA3 and EVA4 systems were 35 and 39, respectively. A homogeneous and solid structure of char residue caused by β‐Fe(O)OPDCP was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, because of the good interfacial compatibility between the fillers and the EVA matrix, the EVA4 system presented better mechanical properties than the EVA3 system. Thermogravimetric analysis/IR spectrometry showed that β‐Fe(O)OPDCP reduced the combustible volatilized products of EVA/MH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40112.
Preparation, characterization, and adsorption performance of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid imprinted polymer and selective catalysis of toluene to para‐chlorotoluene
Authors: Meng Minjia , Bao Lanlan , He Minqiang , Sun Kaiyong , Li Weibing , Zhao Dexiang , Feng Yonghai , Yan Yongsheng 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA p‐hydroxybenzoic acid surface molecularly imprinted polymer (p‐HB–SMIP) with silica microspheres as a supporting matrix was prepared by the adoption of the surface molecular imprinting technique with acrylamide (AM) as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, and azoisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The p‐HB–SMIP was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Interactions between the functional monomer and template were observed with UV–visible spectroscopy of the solutions of these components as well. The results indicate that a 1:2 molecular complex was formed between p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (p‐HB) and AM. A kinetic binding study showed that p‐HB–SMIP reached saturation adsorption after about 1 h, and the pseudo‐second‐order model fitted the adsorption kinetics data. Static adsorption experiments revealed that the Freundlich equation fitted the adsorption isotherm data. The thermodynamics parameters (with positive values of enthalpy and entropy and negative values of Gibbs free energy) indicated that the binding system for p‐HB–SMIP was endothermic and entropy was gained and was spontaneous. Selective experiments showed that p‐HB–SMIP had a high affinity and excellent recognition selectivity for the template p‐HB. p‐HB–SMIP was further investigated by the catalysis of toluene to para‐chlorotoluene. The catalytic reaction results showed that the conversion of toluene was 85.5% and the molar ratio of para‐chlorotoluene to o‐chorotoluene was 1.38; this was higher than that of traditional catalysts. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40118.
Methylaluminoxane‐activated neodymium chloride tributylphosphate catalyst for isoprene polymerization
Authors: Hu Yanming , Zhang Chunqing , Liu Xianguang , Gao Keke , Cao Yuming , Zhang Chunyu , Zhang Xuequan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe polymerization of isoprene was examined by using a novel binary catalyst system composed of neodymium chloride tributylphosphate (NdCl3·3TBP) and methylaluminoxane (MAO). The NdCl3·3TBP/MAO catalyst worked effectively in a low MAO level ([Al]/[Nd] = 50) to afford polymers with high molecular weight (Mn ∼105), narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.4–1.6), and high cis‐1,4 stereoregularity (> 96%). The catalytic activity increased with an increasing [Al]/[Nd] ratio from 30 to 100 and polymerization temperature from 0 to 50°C, while the Mn of polymer decreased. The presence of free TBP resulted in low polymer yield. Polymerization solvent remarkably affected the polymerization behaviors; the polymerizations in aliphatic solvents (cyclohexane and hexane) gave polymer in higher yield than that in toluene. The Mw/Mn ratio of the producing polymer remained around 1.5 and the gel permeation chromatographic curve was always unimodal, indicating the presence of a single active site in the polymerization system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40153.