bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nordic Light: as percepções comerciais da Suécia sobre o Brasil
Authors: Mèrcher Leonardo 
Published: August 2014

Analisando as publicações da revista Nordic Light, elaboradas pela Câmara de Comércio da Suécia no Brasil, de 2004 até 2013, pode‐se identificar, através de suas chamadas de capa, ou seja, das matérias principais, uma percepção do Brasil na agenda desse país como relevante nas áreas de transportes e recursos energéticos.Palavras‐chave: Comércio Exterior; Suécia; Brasil.
Soberania, Meio Ambiente E Política Interna No Conflito Limítrofe Entre A Costa Rica E A Nicarágua
Authors: Cardone Ignacio Javier 
Published: August 2014

O conflito limítrofe entre Costa Rica e Nicarágua a respeito da desembocadura do Rio San Juan tem evoluído condicionado pela historia da disputa limítrofe entre os dois países e pelas necessidades políticas internas e os interesses económicos, apesar de um discurso de proteção do meio ambiente. O avanço limitado na CIJ e a lógica judicial não têm colaborado à resolução definitiva da questão.Palavras‐chave: Corte Internacional de Justiça; Costa Rica; Nicarágua.
Combate à Insegurança Alimentar na Amazônia: a participação do PNUD
Authors: Maffra Lourrene De Cássia Alexandre 
Published: August 2014

Este paper objetiva apresentar alguns aspectos do programa conjunto entre o governo brasileiro e o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) de enfrentamento à insegurança alimentar de povos nativos da Amazônia, com foco em mulheres e crianças indígenas, assim com seus resultados parciais.Palavras-Chave: Insegurança Alimentar; PNUD; Amazônia
Os Projetos De Cooperação Entre Brasil E África No Combate À Aids (2008- 2012)
Authors: Fernandes Bruno Santos de Araujo 
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os projetos de cooperação entre o Brasil e o continente africano relacionados ao combate a AIDS/HIV entre o segundo governo Lula da Silva e os dois primeiros anos do governo Dilma Rousseff relacionando estes projetos a uma breve analise analise dos principais aspectos das diplomacias e políticas africanas dos referidos governos.Palavras-chave: AIDS; África; Política Externa Brasileira.
A suspensão do Paraguai no MERCOSUL: problema interno, solução externa
Authors: Frizzera Guilherme 
Published: August 2014

O Paraguai foi suspenso do MERCOSUL após o impeachment do Presidente Fernando Lugo. Como consequência, o último empecilho para a inclusão da Venezuela no bloco – a aprovação por parte do Senado paraguaio – foi superado. A condicionante imposta para o retorno do Paraguai ao bloco é reconhecer a Venezuela como membro. Suspenso por um problema interno, o retorno está sujeito a uma solução externa. Palavras-Chave: Paraguai; MERCOSUL; Venezuela.
Laboratory chamber measurements of the longwave extinction spectra and complex refractive indices of African and Asian mineral dusts
Authors: Di Biagio C. , Formenti P. , Styler S. A. , Pangui E. , Doussin J.‐F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this study we present the first results from laboratory chamber experiments newly designed to investigate the longwave optical properties of mineral dust. Extinction spectra in the 2–16 µm range have been measured in situ (T = 293 K, RH < 2%) for polydispersed pure dust aerosols generated from natural parent soils from Tunisia, Niger, and the Gobi desert. Data are used in combination with particle size distributions to estimate the complex refractive index of each dust sample. Our results show that the magnitude and spectral dependence of the dust extinction and refractive indices differ according to particle mineralogy, suggesting the necessity for regionally resolved optical properties for modeling dust radiative effects in the longwave. The magnitude of extinction is controlled by the particle size distribution and remains significant down to low coarse particle concentrations, indicating that the longwave effect of mineral dust persists throughout long‐range transport and is thus relevant at the global scale.
Ground‐based ELF/VLF chorus observations at subauroral latitudes—VLF‐CHAIN Campaign
Authors: Shiokawa Kazuo , Yokoyama Yu , Ieda Akimasa , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Nomura Reiko , Lee Sungeun , Sunagawa Naoki , Miyashita Yukinaga , Ozaki Mitsunori , Ishizaka Kazumasa , Yagitani Satoshi , Kataoka Ryuho , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Schofield Ian , Connors Martin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report observations of very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) chorus waves taken during the ELF/VLF Campaign observation with High‐resolution Aurora Imaging Network (VLF‐CHAIN) of 17–25 February 2012 at subauroral latitudes at Athabasca (L=4.3), Canada. ELF/VLF waves were measured continuously with a sampling rate of 100 kHz to monitor daily variations in ELF/VLF emissions and derive their detailed structures. We found quasiperiodic (QP) emissions whose repetition period changes rapidly within a period of 1 h without corresponding magnetic pulsations. QP emissions showed positive correlation between amplitude and frequency sweep rate, similarly to rising‐tone elements. We found an event of nearly simultaneous enhancements of QP emissions and Pc1/electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave intensities, suggesting that the temperature anisotropy of electrons and ions developed simultaneously at the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere. We also found QP emissions whose intensity suddenly increased in association with storm sudden commencement without changing their frequency. Falling‐tone ELF/VLF emissions were observed with their rate of frequency change varying from 0.7 to 0.05 kHz/s over 10 min. Bursty‐patch emissions in the lower and upper frequency bands are often observed during magnetically disturbed periods. Clear systematic correlation between these various ELF/VLF emissions and cosmic noise absorption was not obtained throughout the campaign period. These observations indicate several previously unknown features of ELF/VLF emissions in subauroral latitudes and demonstrate the importance of continuous measurements for monitoring temporal variations in these emissions.
Far‐field DOA estimation and near‐field localization for multipath signals
Authors: Elbir Ahmet M. , Tuncer T. Engin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn direction finding and localization applications, multipath signals are important sources of error for parameter estimation. When the antenna array receives multipath reflections which are coherent with the far‐field line‐of‐sight signal, estimating the far‐ and near‐field components becomes an important problem. In this paper, a new method is proposed to estimate the direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) of the far‐field source and to localize its near‐field multipaths. Far‐field source DOA is estimated using calibration of the antenna array. A near‐to‐far transformation is proposed for the estimation of the near‐field source DOA angles. In order to estimate the near‐field range parameters, a compressive sensing approach is presented where a dictionary with near‐field sources with different ranges is employed. As a result, the proposed method estimates the far‐field and near‐field source DOAs as well as the range and the signal amplitudes of the near‐field sources. This method is evaluated using close‐to‐real world data generated by a numerical electromagnetic tool, where the array and transmitter are placed in an irregular terrain and array data are generated using full 3‐D propagation model. It is shown that unknown source parameters can be estimated effectively showing the potential of the proposed approach in applications involving high‐frequency direction finding and indoor localization.
Large lakes as sources and sinks of anthropogenic heat: Capacities and limits
Authors: Fink Gabriel , Schmid Martin , Wüest Alfred 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe goal of reducing carbon fuel and thereby saving energy will increase the use of lake water for heating and cooling of riparian infrastructures. This raises the question of which heat use designs meet the ecological and technical requirements for lakes, particularly in regard to climate warming. Thus, this study explores heat use effects on the temperature and stratification of a large, deep, temperate lake by applying the one‐dimensional k‐epsilon model SimStrat to various forcing scenarios. Several design parameters, such as extraction and discharge depth, and their effects were assessed. Additionally, 21st century climate projections were used to evaluate the effects of climate change relative to those of heat use. Generally, the study showed only minor effects for a realistic heat demand of ±2 W m−2 quite independent of the heat extraction/discharge modes. Mean water temperature changed less than ±0.2°C as long as there was no discharge into the deepest layers. Water extraction and discharge at the surface had the least thermal influence. To relate to climate change, heat use was scaled up to +85 W m−2. Resultant simulations showed that such (unrealistic) anthropogenic, lake‐based “thermal pollution” would have a comparable influence to that of climate change. Conversely, heat extraction could damp or even compensate climate‐induced warming. The present study concludes that (i) there are minor effects on water temperatures, stratification, and seasonal mixing due to heat use of up to ±2 W m−2 and (ii) those influences are insignificant relative to the expected climate change.
A Tray‐Shaped, PdII‐Clipped Au3 Complex as a Scaffold for the Modular Assembly of [3×n] Au Ion Clusters
Authors: Osuga Takafumi , Murase Takashi , Hoshino Manabu , Fujita Makoto 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA tray‐shaped PdII3AuI3 complex (1) is prepared from 3,5‐bis(3‐pyridyl)pyrazole by means of tricyclization with AuI followed by PdII clipping. Tray 1 is an efficient scaffold for the modular assembly of [3×n] AuI clusters. Treatment of 1 with the AuI3 tricyclic guest 2 in H2O/CH3CN (7:3) or H2O results in the selective formation of a [3×2] cluster (1⋅2) or a [3×3] cluster (1⋅2⋅1), respectively. Upon subsequent addition of AgI ions, these complexes are converted to an unprecedented Au3–Au3–Ag–Au3–Au3 metal ion cluster.
Synthesis and Isolation of an Acyclic Tridentate Bis(pyridine)carbodicarbene and Studies on Its Structural Implications and Reactivities
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Chen , Shen Jiun‐Shian , Lin Bo‐Chao , Chen Wen‐Ching , Chan Yi‐Tsu , Ching Wei‐Min , Yap Glenn P. A. , Hsu Chao‐Ping , Ong Tiow‐Gan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe simple synthetic development of acyclic pincer bis(pyridine)carbodicarbene is depicted herein. Presented is the first isolated structural pincer carbodicarbene with a C‐C‐C angle of 143°, larger than the monodentate framework. More importantly, theoretical analysis showed that this carbodicarbene embodies a more allene‐like character. Palladium complexes supported by this pincer ligand are active catalysts for Heck–Mizoroki and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions.
Racemic and Quasi‐Racemic X‐ray Structures of Cyclic Disulfide‐Rich Peptide Drug Scaffolds
Authors: Wang Conan K. , King Gordon J. , Northfield Susan E. , Ojeda Paola G. , Craik David J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCyclic disulfide‐rich peptides have exceptional stability and are promising frameworks for drug design. We were interested in obtaining X‐ray structures of these peptides to assist in drug design applications, but disulfide‐rich peptides can be notoriously difficult to crystallize. To overcome this limitation, we chemically synthesized the L‐ and D‐forms of three prototypic cyclic disulfide‐rich peptides: SFTI‐1 (14‐mer with one disulfide bond), cVc1.1 (22‐mer with two disulfide bonds), and kB1 (29‐mer with three disulfide bonds) for racemic crystallization studies. Facile crystal formation occurred from a racemic mixture of each peptide, giving structures solved at resolutions from 1.25 Å to 1.9 Å. Additionally, we obtained the quasi‐racemic structures of two mutants of kB1, [G6A]kB1, and [V25A]kB1, which were solved at a resolution of 1.25 Å and 2.3 Å, respectively. The racemic crystallography approach appears to have broad utility in the structural biology of cyclic peptides.
A Cancer Therapeutic Vaccine based on Clustered Tn‐Antigen Mimetics Induces Strong Antibody‐Mediated Protective Immunity
Authors: Richichi Barbara , Thomas Baptiste , Fiore Michele , Bosco Rosa , Qureshi Huma , Nativi Cristina , Renaudet Olivier , BenMohamed Lbachir 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTumor‐associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are key components of cancer vaccines. A variety of vaccines based on native TACAs such as α‐Tn have shown immunogenicity and protection in preclinical animal studies, however, their weak immunogenicity, low in vivo instability, and poor bioavailability, have discouraged their further evaluations in clinical studies. A new improved vaccine prototype is reported. It is composed of four clustered Tn‐antigen mimetics and a immunogenic peptide epitope that are conjugated to a cyclopeptide carrier. The immunization of mice with this vaccine 1) was safe, 2) induced a strong and long‐lasting Tn‐specific response with IgM/IgG antibodies able to recognize native carbohydrate antigens; 3) produced high titers of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 antibodies; and 4) produced a significant antibody‐dependent regression of tumors and conferred protection. Altogether, these findings pave the way for the clinical development of safe and effective therapeutic vaccines against Tn‐expressing cancers.
Quality control in the polypropylene manufacturing process: An efficient, data‐driven approach
Authors: Cheng Zhong , Liu Xinggao 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the propylene polymerization process, the melt index (MI), as a critical quality variable in determining the product specification, cannot be measured in real time. What we already know is that MI is influenced by a large number of process variables, such as the process temperature, pressure, and level of liquid, and a large amount of their data are routinely recorded by the distributed control system. An alternative data‐driven model was explored to online predict the MI, where the least squares support vector machine was responsible for establishing the complicated nonlinear relationship between the difficult‐to‐measure quality variable MI and those easy‐to‐measure process variables, whereas the independent component analysis and particle swarm optimization technique were structurally integrated into the model to tune the best values of the model parameters. Furthermore, an online correction strategy was specially devised to update the modeling data and adjust the model configuration parameters via adaptive behavior. The effectiveness of the designed data‐driven approach was illustrated by the inference of the MI in a real polypropylene manufacturing plant, and we achieved a root mean square error of 0.0320 and a standard deviation of 0.0288 on the testing dataset. This proved the good prediction accuracy and validity of the proposed data‐driven approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41312.
Dibenzo[a,f]perylene Bisimide: Effects of Introducing Two Fused Rings
Authors: Chaolumen  , Enno Hiroki , Murata Michihisa , Wakamiya Atsushi , Murata Yasujiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPerylene bisimides (PBIs) are fascinating dyes with various potential applications. To study the effects of introducing a dibenzo‐fused structure to the perylene moiety, π‐extended PBI derivatives with a dibenzo‐fused structure at both of the a and f bonds were synthesized. The twisted structure was characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. In the cyclic voltammograms, the dibenzo[a,f]‐fused PBI showed a reversible oxidation wave at much less positive potential, relative to a dibenzo[a,o]‐fused PBI derivative. These data indicated that two ring fusions at both sides of a naphthalene moiety, which construct a tetracene core, effectively raise the HOMO level compared to fusion of one ring at each naphthalene moiety (two anthracene cores). The dibenzo[a,f]‐fused PBI derivative showed an absorption band at 735 nm with a shoulder band reaching 900 nm.
Locked into the System? Critical Community Psychology Approaches to Personal Debt in the Context of Crises of Capital Accumulation
Authors: Walker Carl , Burton Mark , Akhurst Jacqui , Degirmencioglu Serdar M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe considerable and sustained boom in personal debt recently has in many countries around the world led to experiences of over‐indebtedness that are associated with very considerable distress and suffering. This article explores critical perspectives that situate personal debt, material deprivation and suffering, and specific ways of knowing and acting, within the context of recent political and economic practices. There is a need to focus on positioning people's experiences of debt within a broader matrix of factors of national and international practices and policies, including globalisation, changing labour markets, and poorly regulated financial industries. These factors appear to have allowed a network of international financial institutions to adopt practices that have proved successful in creating personal debt. Yet, an individualised discourse of financial capability has been propagated, configuring personal debt as a problem of irresponsible individual consumption. In order to explore ways of resisting reactionary and individualised modes of addressing personal debt, proposals will be made of alternative paradigms for responding to personal debt, defined by two dimensions of community psychological practice, with examples. This article aims to increase collective awareness of the systemic character of debt and the collective responses required. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering of Highly Selective Variants of Parvibaculum lavamentivorans Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Spickermann Dominik , Hausmann Sascha , Degering Christian , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Leggewie Christian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present the development of highly selective variants of the Parvibaculum lavamentivorans alcohol dehydrogenase. Four amino acids (A158, N162, K202, L224) in the second sphere of the catalytic site were identified to determine the selectivity for 3‐quinuclidone reduction significantly. The best variant (A158H/N162G/K202Q/L224W) was able to increase the ee for (R)‐3‐quinuclidinol production from 84.3 % (wild‐type) to ≥99 % and concomitantly to enhance conversion by 43.5 %.
A First‐Principles Examination of the Asymmetric Induction Model in the Binap/RhI‐Catalysed 1,4‐Addition of Phenylboronic Acid to Cyclic Enones by Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Qin Hua‐Li , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Huang Yi‐Zhen , Kantchev Eric Assen B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFirst‐principles modelling of the diastereomeric transition states in the enantiodiscrimination stage of the catalytic cycle can reveal intimate details about the mechanism of enantioselection. This information can be invaluable for further improvement of the catalytic protocols by rational design. Herein, we present a density functional theory (IEFPCM/PBE0/DGDZVP level of theory) modelling of the carborhodation step for the asymmetric 1,4‐arylation of cyclic α,β‐unsaturated ketones mediated by a [(binap)RhI] catalyst. The calculations completely support the older, qualitative, pictorial model predicting the sense of the asymmetric induction for both the chelating diphosphane (binap) and the more recent chiral diene (Phbod) ligands, while also permitting quantification of the enantiomeric excess (ee). The effect of dispersion interaction correction and basis sets has been also investigated. Dispersion‐corrected functionals and solvation models significantly improve the predicted ee values.
Side‐Chain Engineering of Benzodithiophene‐Fluorinated Quinoxaline Low‐Band‐Gap Co‐polymers for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Wu Yulei , Fang Junfeng , Li Zuojia , Wang Zhenguo , Li Ying , Peng Qiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new series of donor–acceptor co‐polymers based on benzodithiophene and quinoxaline with various side chains have been developed for polymer solar cells. The effect of the degree of branching and dimensionality of the side chains were systematically investigated on the thermal stability, optical absorption, energy levels, molecular packing, and photovoltaic performance of the resulting co‐polymers. The results indicated that the linear and 2D conjugated side chains improved the thermal stabilities and optical absorptions. The introduction of alkylthienyl side chains could efficiently lower the energy levels compared with the alkoxyl‐substituted analogues, and the branched alkoxyl side chains could deepen the HOMO levels relative to the linear alkoxyl chains. The branched alkoxyl groups induced better lamellar‐like ordering, but poorer face‐to‐face packing behavior. The 2D conjugated side chains had a negative influence on the crystalline properties of the co‐polymers. The performance of the devices indicated that the branched alkoxyl side chains improved the Voc, but decreased the Jsc and fill factor (FF). However, the 2D conjugated side chains would increase the Voc, Jsc, and FF simultaneously. For the first time, our work provides insight into molecular design strategies through side‐chain engineering to achieve efficient polymer solar cells by considering both the degree of branching and dimensionality.
Solvent‐Controlled Bifurcated Cascade Process for the Selective Preparation of Dihydrocarbazoles or Dihydropyridoindoles
Authors: Mo Dong‐Liang , Wink Donald J. , Anderson Laura L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA solvent‐controlled cascade process has been identified for the dual purpose of the preparation of either dihydrocarbazoles or dihydropyridoindoles from identical N‐aryl‐α,β‐unsaturated nitrones and electron‐deficient allene starting materials. These reactions proceed smoothly under mild metal‐free conditions affording a range of two types of skeletally distinct indole‐based heterocycles in high yield and diastereoselectivity. These transformations demonstrate the use of a bifurcated cascade process that hinges on the ring‐opening event of a benzazepine intermediate for the synthesis of skeletally diverse heterocyclic products and rapid access to biologically‐significant, indole‐based structures.
3‐Rhoda‐1,2‐diazacyclopentanes: A Series of Novel Metallacycle Complexes Derived From CN Functionalization of Ethylene
Authors: Drover Marcus W. , Beh Daniel W. , Kennepohl Pierre , Love Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRh‐containing metallacycles, [(TPA)RhIII(κ2‐(C,N)‐CH2CH2(NR)2‐]Cl; TPA=N,N,N,N‐tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine have been accessed through treatment of the RhI ethylene complex, [(TPA)Rh(η2‐CH2CH2)]Cl ([1]Cl) with substituted diazenes. We show this methodology to be tolerant of electron‐deficient azo compounds including azo diesters (RCO2NNCO2R; R=Et [3]Cl, R=iPr [4]Cl, R=tBu [5]Cl, and R=Bn [6]Cl) and a cyclic azo diamide: 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3,5‐dione (PTAD), [7]Cl. The latter complex features two ortho‐fused ring systems and constitutes the first 3‐rhoda‐1,2‐diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane. Preliminary evidence suggests that these complexes result from N–N coordination followed by insertion of ethylene into a [Rh]N bond. In terms of reactivity, [3]Cl and [4]Cl successfully undergo ring‐opening using p‐toluenesulfonic acid, affording the Rh chlorides, [(TPA)RhIII(Cl)(κ1‐(C)‐CH2CH2(NCO2R)(NHCO2R)]OTs; [13]OTs and [14]OTs. Deprotection of [5]Cl using trifluoroacetic acid was also found to give an ethyl substituted, end‐on coordinated diazene [(TPA)RhIII(κ2‐(C,N)‐CH2CH2(NH)2‐]+ [16]Cl, a hitherto unreported motif. Treatment of [16]Cl with acetyl chloride resulted in the bisacetylated adduct [(TPA)RhIII(κ2‐(C,N)‐CH2CH2(NAc)2‐]+, [17]Cl. Treatment of [1]Cl with AcNNAc did not give the RhN insertion product, but instead the N,O‐chelated complex [(TPA)RhI(κ2‐(O,N)‐CH3(CO)(NH)(NC(CH3)(OCHCH2))]Cl [23]Cl, presumably through insertion of ethylene into a [Rh]O bond.