bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Decades of Molecular Marker‐Assisted Breeding for Resistance to Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome
Authors: Lightfoot David A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTNovel tools to improve resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS) and the underlying Fusarium root rot (FRR) caused by Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki) have been developed for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Eighteen resistance loci have been identified and confirmed over the past two decades (named Rfs1 to Rfs18). To select the beneficial alleles of 8 to 10 loci per cross needed for optimal resistance is a difficult task for plant breeders. Resistance mechanisms to FRR provide only partial protection. Crops contend with many Fusaria, a group with a wide host range and flexible hemibiotrophic lifestyle. Full resistance is absent among the leguminacea, brassicacea, cucurbitacea, and solanacea. This review focuses on the use of plant genomics resources to aid breeding selection for resistance to SDS. The SDS is a combination of two diseases. The first includes rotted roots and toxin‐restricted root development. Resistances include variations in infection severity, infection frequency, and rot severity. The second is caused by toxins translocated from infected roots to the shoots. Leaf scorch, supra‐petiolar abscission, pod abortion and early plant maturity are consequences of many toxin to target interactions. Breeding for combined FRR and SDS resistance has begun using a set of exciting new tools for pathogen quantification in roots. Resistance genes were proven, including GmRLK18‐1 (Glyma_18_02680) Rfs2, and MIPs1a (EC 5.5.1.4) Rfs3. The new tools provide an opportunity for new breeding initiatives. This review aims to inform these new programs of the core discoveries from the past 20 yr, to incorporate best practices from old and new initiatives.
Phenotypic or Molecular Diversity Screening for Conservation of Genetic Resources? An Example from a Genebank Collection of the Temperate Forage Grass Timothy
Authors: Fjellheim Siri , Tanhuanpää Pirjo , Marum Petter , Manninen Outi , Rognli Odd Arne 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTGenebanks around the world represent a large source of genetic variation in both wild and crop species and may prove invaluable in the future. However, much of this is uncharacterized and this hampers both management and utilization, specifically of wild species and minor crops. In this paper we study a large genebank collection of wild populations of the cool‐season forage grass timothy (Phleum pratense L.) to investigate different methods for characterization and their implications for conservation. Populations covering the entire geographic distribution range of timothy were analyzed for simple‐sequence repeats (SSRs), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence, and phenotypic variation in 14 morphological and phenological characters. The east–west distribution of two major cpDNA haplotypes indicates a classic postglacial expansion pattern, with most populations originating from two refugia. No signs of geographic structuring of SSR variation were evident, indicating a large inherent effective population size, possibly in combination with extensive gene flow. In contrast to the lack of geographic structuring of variation in neutral markers, phenotypic variation was clearly structured, indicating natural selection and local adaptation. This study demonstrate the importance of using multiple characterization systems—both molecular and phenotypic—for assessing diversity in genebank collections, specifically when it comes to evaluating adaptive potential.
Futures beyond ‘the West’? Autoimmunity in China’s harmonious world
Authors: NORDIN ASTRID H.M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt has become fashionable among International Relations scholars to draw on the concept of ‘autoimmunity’, which some call ‘the ultimate horizon in which contemporary politics inscribes itself’. To these scholars, most of whom draw on the thought of Jacques Derrida, such logics open systems up to a future to come. At the same time, they tend to identify such logics with Europe, America, Western modernity, and/or democracy. Implied, and sometimes explicit, in their accounts is the denial of autoimmune logics at work outside such an imagined configuration.This article challenges that denial through arguing that the system of ‘harmony’, deployed in contemporary China, also works on an autoimmune logic. If autoimmunity opens up a system to the future, this is not only so for European democracy or its derivatives. Moreover, the expulsion of ‘non-Western’ others from accounts of autoimmunity undermines their rethinking of difference by falling back on an immunitary logic, denying China an open future. This exclusion is their condition of possibility. At the same time, this exclusion is what keeps open their promise of its future to come. Paradoxically, the exclusion of the ‘non-West’ is what keeps the idea of an autoimmune ‘Western’ or European democracy alive.
Microglial internalization and degradation of pathological tau is enhanced by an anti-tau monoclonal antibody
Authors: Luo Wenjie , Liu Wencheng , Hu Xiaoyan , Hanna Mary , Caravaca April , Paul Steven M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicroglia have been shown to contribute to the clearance of brain amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the major component of amyloid plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is not known whether microglia play a similar role in the clearance of tau, the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). We now report that murine microglia rapidly internalize and degrade hyperphosphorylated pathological tau isolated from AD brain tissue in a time-dependent manner in vitro. We further demonstrate that microglia readily degrade human tau species released from AD brain sections and eliminate NFTs from brain sections of P301S tauopathy mice. The anti-tau monoclonal antibody MC1 enhances microglia-mediated tau degradation in an Fc-dependent manner. Our data identify a potential role for microglia in the degradation and clearance of pathological tau species in brain and provide a mechanism explaining the potential therapeutic actions of passively administered anti-tau monoclonal antibodies.
A deterministic model of a research organization’s evolution and dynamics of performance
Authors: Goswami Prashant , Nishad Shiv Narayan , Selvaratnam Dhanya 
Published: June 2015

AbstractQuantitative descriptions of complex social systems hold promise for many applications such as understanding and quantifying group behaviour, organizational performance and inter-personal interactions. Since social systems are interacting and evolving systems, dynamical modelling of them enables the possibility to study time evolution under different scenarios in a quantitative and possibly predictive framework. There are, however, several challenges in developing such dynamical models, one of which is that unlike in physical systems, it is difficult to identify unambiguous, let alone unique, casual relations in social dynamics. A further major difficulty is in quantifying attributes like performance, personal choice and leadership. Here, we provide such a quantitative model of a sociological system, namely a research organization, with its performance as a dynamical variable. We use the model to study the evolution and sensitivity of the performance of a research organization under different conditions. The performance is measured as the sum of contributions from the individual members of the organization in terms of metrics, such as number of research publications. The individual performances are driven by various benchmarks, personal goals and other processes that respond to time-dependent internal and external factors. The factors that arise from institutional and individual aspects, like institutional average and national benchmark, are represented mathematically to describe the dynamics. The model demonstrates complex behaviour that a research institution can exhibit in response to internal as well as external factors. The model is applied to quantify the roles of various processes like initial selection criteria and leadership response in the institutional dynamics and the categories of performers. The novel feature in our formalism is a somewhat mechanistic, and deterministic, description of a research organization’s evolution over time. Our results demonstrate that a social system such as a research organization can be modelled as an initial and boundary value dynamical system. Unlike qualitative or static models, such a dynamical model allows us to chart institutional trajectories under different organizational conditions. This concept and the methodology can be extended to other social systems—such as electorates or a publicly funded organization—with appropriate dynamical variables.
La venta ambulante y sus mercados (el caso de la provincia de Alicante)
Authors: Costa Mas José , Canales Martínez Gregorio 
Published: June 2015

La venta ambulante ha cumplido tradicionalmente la misión primordial de subsanar las insuficiencias de los canales de distribución y suplir las carencias, a nivel local, de unos equipamientos comerciales embrionarios. En la actualidad, aunque enmendadas muchas deaquellas deficiencias, no cabe enjuiciar dicha práctica mercantil como residual, dada la amplitud de sus manifestaciones y el respaldo de unos hábitos de compra extendidos entre dilatadas capas de población, a menudo urbana. Eso sí, ha mudado de signo, pues, en detrimento de la trajinería tradicional y del deambular itinerante por largos derroteros, se ha potenciado la modalidad de ambulancia que hace escala periódica en determinadas poblaciones, estacionándose regularmente en unos recintos acotados ex profeso: los mercadillos, elementos mercantiles multifuncionales donde, a diferencia de gran parte de los establecimientos del comercio convencional, que presentan una estricta especialización, se oferta gran variedad de productos (orientados a serviren general las necesidades más cotidianas, lejos de toda sofisticación).
The Levels of Boron‐Uptake Proteins in Roots are Correlated with Tolerance to Boron Stress in Barley
Authors: Mishra Sasmita , Heckathorn Scott , Krause Charles 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTBoron (B) is an essential micronutrient required for plant growth and development. Recently, two major B‐uptake proteins, BOR1 and NIP5;1, have been identified and partially characterized. BOR1 is a high‐affinity B transporter involved in xylem loading in roots, and NIP5;1 is a major boric‐acid channel in the plasma membrane. The aim of the present study was to determine if plant tolerance to B stress (deficiency or toxicity) is correlated with natural levels of B‐uptake proteins in roots. We grew two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars that differ in tolerance to low and high B (Schooner and Clipper, respectively) at three B levels (sub‐, near‐, and supraoptimal), and then we determined the concentration of BOR1 and NIP5;1 in roots using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein‐specific antibodies that we developed. Shoot and root biomass in Schooner decreased at high B, while shoot mass in Clipper decreased in low B. Differences between cultivars in tolerance to B stress were unrelated to the concentration of B in plant tissue or to effects of B on root total protein concentration. BOR1 content per unit total protein and per gram of root was greater in Clipper than Schooner, while NIP5;1 content was greater in Schooner. The estimated activity of BOR1 (B uptake per BOR1) did not differ between cultivars. These results show that whole‐plant tolerance to B deficiency and toxicity is correlated with levels of the major B‐uptake proteins in roots (BOR1 and NIP5;1). Hence, BOR1 and NIP5;1 can potentially be used as biomarkers to identify plant genotypes with enhanced tolerance to B stress (e.g., for agriculture or phytoremediation).
Sources of Tibetan Tradition and The Tibetan History Reader
Authors: Van Schaik Sam 
Published: June 2015

Sources of Tibetan Tradition. Edited by Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Matthew T. Kapstein, and Gray Tuttle. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Pp. xxxvii + 810, 3 maps. $120 (cloth), $40 (paper).
The Tibetan History Reader. Edited by Gray Tuttle and Kurtis R. Schaeffer. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Pp. xxii + 720, 3 maps. $120 (cloth), $40 (paper).
Chemical and thermal impacts of sprite streamers in the Earth's mesosphere
Authors: Parra‐Rojas F. C. , Luque A. , Gordillo‐Vázquez F. J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA one‐dimensional self‐consistent model has been developed to study the chemical and thermal effects of a single sprite streamer in the Earth's mesosphere. We have used sprite streamer profiles with three different driving current durations (5 ms, 50 ms, and 100 ms) between 50 and 80 km of altitude and considering a kinetic scheme of air with more than 90 chemical species. Our model predicts strong increases in practically all the concentrations of the species studied at the moment of the streamer head passage. Moreover, their densities remain high during the streamer afterglow phase. The concentration of electrons can reach values of up to 108 cm−3 in the three cases analyzed. The model also predicts an important enhancement, of several orders of magnitude above ambient values, of nitrogen oxides and several metastables species. On the other hand, we found that the 4.26 μm IR emission brightness of CO2 can reach 10 GR at low altitudes (< 65 km) for the cases of intermediate (50 ms) and long (100 ms) driving currents. These results suggest the possibility of detecting sprite IR emissions from space with the appropriate instrumentation. Finally, we found that the thermal impact of sprites in the Earth's mesosphere is proportional to the driving current duration. This produces variations of more than 40 K (in the extreme case of a 100 ms driving current) at low altitudes (< 55 km) and at about 10 s after the streamer head.
Neotectonics and long‐term seismicity in Europe and the Mediterranean region
Authors: Carafa Michele M. C. , Barba Salvatore , Bird Peter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present a neotectonic model of ongoing lithosphere deformation and a corresponding estimate of long‐term shallow seismicity across the Africa‐Eurasia plate boundary, including the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean region, and continental Europe. GPS and stress data are absent or inadequate for the part of the study area covered by water. Thus, we opt for a dynamic model based on the stress equilibrium equation; this approach allows us to estimate the long‐term behavior of the lithosphere (given certain assumptions about its structure and physics) for both land and sea areas. We first update the existing plate model by adding five quasirigid plates (the Ionian Sea, Adria, Northern Greece, Central Greece, and Marmara) to constrain the deformation pattern of the study area. We use the most recent data sets to estimate the lithospheric structure. The models are evaluated in comparison with updated data sets of geodetic velocities and the most compressive horizontal principal stress azimuths. We find that the side and basal strengths drive the present‐day motion of the Adria and Aegean Sea plates, whereas lithostatic pressure plays a key role in driving Anatolia. These findings provide new insights into the neotectonics of the greater Mediterranean region. Finally, the preferred model is used to estimate long‐term shallow seismicity, which we retrospectively test against historical seismicity. As an alternative to reliance on incomplete geologic data or historical seismic catalogs, these neotectonic models help to forecast long‐term seismicity, although requiring additional tuning before seismicity rates are used for seismic hazard purposes.
Hydraulic modeling of glacial dam‐break floods on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania
Authors: Newlin Jessica T. , Hayes Benjamin R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the potential hydraulic conditions of catastrophic floods in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River (West Branch) during the middle to late Pleistocene period and the influence of these paleofloods on the current river bed form. The current channel bed form is characterized using sonar bathymetry data collection techniques. The paleofloods are hypothesized based on published geological evidence of early Pleistocene glacial Lake Lesley in the West Branch Valley, which was formed by a glacial ice dam that potentially failed during mild climate cycles in the Pleistocene period. A one‐dimensional, steady hydraulic model is developed to simulate estimates of paleoflood peak discharges and the modern 100 year return period peak discharge. The computed water‐surface profiles, shear stresses, and flood inundation maps could explain the erosional and depositional features identified by other researchers as being formed during the Pleistocene and could explain features revealed by the bathymetry data. Therefore, the hydraulic modeling results support previously inferred hypotheses of the occurrence of glacial dam‐break floods on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The differences that are evident between the paleoflood simulations and the simulation of the modern 100 year peak discharge are attributable to valley constrictions that cause substantial backwater effects for the larger paleoflood discharges but not for the lower modern flood discharge volume. The ability to simulate potential paleofloods in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River complements the paleostage indicator work done by other researchers and enables innovative analysis of glaciofluvial processes and their effect on the current river bed form.
Experimental evidence for the existence of monochromatic transverse small‐scale standing Alfvén waves with spatially dependent polarization
Authors: Leonovich A. S. , Klimushkin D. Yu. , Mager P. N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA transformation of a monochromatic standing poloidal Alfvén wave into a toroidal wave has been observed. A theoretical interpretation is presented of Alfvén‐type monochromatic oscillations observed by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)‐A satellite on 23 October 2012 when crossing the plasmapause at 21.45–22.30 UT. It is shown that the process involves a poloidal Alfvén wave transforming into a toroidal Alfvén wave. This transformation can serve as proof that the registered oscillations are a single azimuthally small‐scale Alfvén mode. As follows from the results of previous theoretical studies, such Alfvén oscillations are generated on the poloidal resonance shell as poloidal standing Alfvén waves. Next, this wave propagates to the toroidal resonance surface across magnetic shells and transforms into a toroidal standing Alfvén wave. The oscillations are absorbed completely near the toroidal resonance surface due to dissipation of their energy in the ionospheric conductive layer. It is shown that the RBSP‐A satellite probably crossed two transformation areas of Alfvén waves, located near the plasmapause transition layer.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for materials with high damping and samples of arbitrary geometry
Authors: Remillieux Marcel C. , Ulrich T. J. , Payan Cédric , Rivière Jacques , Lake Colton R. , Le Bas Pierre‐Yves 
Published: June 2015

AbstractResonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is a powerful and established technique for measuring elastic constants of a material with general anisotropy. The first step of this technique consists of extracting resonance frequencies and damping from the vibrational frequency spectrum measured on a sample with free boundary conditions. An inversion technique is then used to retrieve the elastic tensor from the measured resonance frequencies. As originally developed, RUS has been mostly applicable to (i) materials with small damping such that the resonances of the sample are well separated and (ii) samples with simple geometries for which analytical solutions exist. In this paper, these limitations are addressed with a new RUS approach adapted to materials with high damping and samples of arbitrary geometry. Resonances are extracted by fitting a sum of exponentially damped sinusoids to the measured frequency spectrum. The inversion of the elastic tensor is achieved with a genetic algorithm, which allows searching for a global minimum within a discrete and relatively wide solution space. First, the accuracy of the proposed approach is evaluated against numerical data simulated for samples with isotropic symmetry and transversely isotropic symmetry. Subsequently, the applicability of the approach is demonstrated using experimental data collected on a composite structure consisting of a cylindrical sample of Berea sandstone glued to a large piezoelectric disk. In the proposed experiments, RUS is further enhanced by the use of a 3‐D laser vibrometer allowing the visualization of most of the modes in the frequency band studied.
Measurement‐based estimates of direct radiative effects of absorbing aerosols above clouds
Authors: Feng Nan , Christopher Sundar A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe elevated layers of absorbing smoke aerosols from western African (e.g., Gabon and Congo) biomass burning activities have been frequently observed above low‐level stratocumulus clouds off the African coast, which presents an excellent natural laboratory for studying the effects of aerosols above clouds (AAC) on regional energy balance in tropical and subtropical environments. Using spatially and temporally collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System data sets, the top‐of‐atmosphere shortwave aerosol direct shortwave radiative effects (ARE) of absorbing aerosols above low‐level water clouds in the southeast Atlantic Ocean was examined in this study. The regional averaged instantaneous ARE has been estimated to be 36.7 ± 20.5 Wm−2 (regional mean ± standard deviation) along with a mean positive OMI Aerosol Index at 1.3 in August 2006 based on multisensors measurements. The highest magnitude of instantaneous ARE can even reach 138.2 Wm−2. We assess that the 660 nm cloud optical depth (COD) values of 8–12 is the critical value above (below) which aerosol absorption (scattering) effect dominates and further produces positive (negative) ARE values. The results further show that ARE values are more sensitive to aerosols above lower COD values than cases for higher COD values. This is among the first studies to provide quantitative estimates of shortwave ARE due to AAC events from an observational perspective.