bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reservoir Modelling for Redevelopment of a Giant Fractured Carbonate Field, Oman: Experimental Design for Uncertainty Management and Production Forecasting
Authors: Al Salhi Mohamed Said , Van Rijen Michiel F.J. , Alias Zaal Anuar , Visser Foppe , Dijk Harm , Lee Hon Meng , Timmerman Raoul H.P. , Upadhyaya Ashwini A. , Wei Lingli 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Many Middle Eastern fractured carbonate reservoirs due to their strong sub-surface heterogeneity are characterized by significant and wide range of uncertainties. During brown-field redevelopment of such reservoirs, producing reliable production forecasts, which incorporate the full range of sub-surface uncertainty in a systematic and geologically-realistic manner, is a major challenge and a cumbersome task.
This paper presents a case study of one of the largest and oldest oil fields in Oman. Despite over 35 years of production through various drive mechanisms, there remains an opportunity to realize significant additional value in the field. The scale and complexity of the uncertainties associated with such an opportunity necessitates the use of structured approach to uncertainty handling. Experimental design and response surface modelling methods provide a framework for evaluating sensitivities and estimating impact of uncertainties on field performance. These methods require the a priori definition of the uncertainty range of key (or root) parameters and the construction of static reservoir models representing the full range of possible realizations. A selection of 3D simulation models, as defined by the experimental design approach, were then run to construct response surface models, which are then used to assess the impact of these uncertainties on field behaviour. The historical performance of the field is critical data used to constrain the range of some uncertainties. The results of this study are used to guide future development of the field.
The methodology described in this paper highlights the value of a structured multiple realizations approach, using experimental design and response surface modelling, for uncertainty estimation and management.

Introduction
Uncertainties quantification in reservoir performance is an important part of proper economic evaluation. Over the past few years, the focus has been on new approaches and methodologies to make sound technical decisions on field development that account for uncertainties systematically. Many frameworks to integrate uncertainties into decision analysis use various tools such as Monte Carlo simulation, full physics simulation, scenario analysis, experimental design and response surface modeling. This paper describes the application of experimental design and response surface method in a systematic assessment of subsurface uncertainties for a mature field.
Produced Water Management Strategy Water-Injection Best Practices - Design, Performance, Monitoring
Authors: Abou-Sayed Ahmed S. , Zaki Karim S. , Wang Gary , Sarfare Manoj Dnyandeo , Harris Martin H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Key factors in framing a produced water management (PWM) strategy include a company's internal and external environments, technology and business drivers. Emerging trends for establishing an environment-friendly PWM position can comprise these declared policies:Move toward Zero EmissionNo Discharge to surface or seasWaste-to-Value ConversionIncremental and progressive separation Pro-activity to influence partners, regulators and environmental laws
This paper covers the technical approaches for addressing production, separation, and disposal/injection segments of water injection and reservoir waterflooding and the basis for selecting strategy components and PWM actions. Best practices result from both comprehensive assessments of current PWM tools and insights from a decade-long, joint industry project (JIP) on produced water re-injection (PWRI).
PWRI for waterflooding or disposal is an important strategy for deriving value from waste, while preserving environmental integrity during E&P operations. Advances in best practices and lessons learned for injector design, operation, monitoring, assessment, and intervention provide the basis for cost minimizations and green operations. Facility and subsurface engineering are linked through PW quality targets, pumping needs, injector completions, and facility constraints. Field cases and data mining results1 show the variation in injector responses and underline the basis for performance. Field evidence indicates that injectivities suffer in matrix injection schemes despite the injection of clean water. Alternatively, injectivity maintenance using untreated produced water is feasible.
The majority of injectors fracture during injection, thereby impacting facilities SOR, injector completion, sweep and vertical conformance. This paper assesses fracture propagation during seawater and produced water injection and its impact on injector performance. Models depicting formation and fracturing plugging, vertical water partitioning and well testing are discussed. Best practices are highlighted and the impact on injection strategy outlined. Several field cases, water injection design and analysis tools for quantifying the impact on flood and well performance are presented.
Chemical Distribution During Normal and Transient Operating Conditions
Authors: Sisco Robert , Kirby Michael Scott 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The production of full wellstream natural gas over long distances presents a number of novel flow assurance challenges. Among these challenges is a need to predict the amount of time required for injected chemicals to progress through a pipeline, predict the concentration of injected chemicals as a function of length in a pipeline during both steady state and transient operations, and the development of chemical injection operating philosophies to accommodate the potential creation of variations of concentration of the chemical as a function of length during transient operations.
ExxonMobil and the Qatar Liquefied Gas Company (II) Ltd (QGII) have successfully implemented the use of the transient multiphase simulator OLGA2000 to predict both the amount of time required for injected chemicals to progress through a pipeline and the concentration of these chemicals as a function of length under both steady state and transient conditions for a number of projects. Similarly, ExxonMobil and QGII have used the results from these analyses to successfully develop and implement operating practices.
This paper will discuss the methodology employed in the development of these simulations, interpretation of their results, and the development and implementation of pertinent operating philosophies.

Introduction
The distribution of chemicals such as corrosion and hydrate inhibitors during normal and transient operations is an integral part of the operational integrity and reliability of an upstream production system. Inadequate inhibition due to maldistribution of chemical inhibitors may cause corrosion, solids deposition, and ultimately line abandonment or replacement.
The issue of chemical distribution becomes exceptionally challenging in large diameter gas condensate fields due to the multiple forms of liquid phase transport and uncertainty surrounding the mechanics and prediction of these forms of transport.
The transportation and concentrations of liquids and chemicals in gas condensate systems can be modeled using transient multiphase hydraulic simulators such as OLGA 2000 and the results of these simulations can then be used to develop operating practices that ensure adequate chemical distribution during all modes of operation. Care, however, must be taken to ensure that calculation and compositional uncertainties are accounted for during the development of operating practices.
Process Optimization in Gas Sweetening Unit - A Case Study
Authors: Pandey Manoj 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A number of process parameters can be considered to optimize amine sweetening units for smooth operation and better H2S absorption. The performance is often very sensitive to one or more of the operating parameters: inlet gas temperature, circulation rate, lean amine temperature, amine concentration, number of contact stages, pressure and temperature of regenerator etc. These parameters have direct or indirect impact on H2S absorption, CO2 absorption, foaming, amine degradation, corrosion rate and reboiler duty. Amine degradation products lead to a number of operational problems and increase process losses. Amine degradation and formation of heat stable salts can be minimized by fine adjustments of parameters.
In this paper a parametric analysis of operating parameters with respect to Gas Sweetening Unit, Hazira Gas Processing Plant, ONGC, Hazira is carried out. It is the largest gas processing plant in India, processing 42 MMSCM sour gas per day. Inlet gas contains 160 to 200 ppm H2S which is sweetened below 4 ppm using Methyl Di-ethanol Amine (MDEA) for selective absorption of H2S from sour natural gas. Based on currently operating facilities some guidelines for optimizing gas sweetening units are presented.

Introduction
Amine solvents are used for removal of acidic components such as CO2 and H2S from natural gas to comply with the sales gas specifications. MDEA has an advantage of selective absorption capacity. In selective absorption H2S is selectively absorbed from the gas leaving a large amount of CO2 in the gas. The performance of MDEA system largely depends on the operating parameters. Experience has shown that with fine balance of different parameters operational problems can be minimized and a high level of performance can be achieved. Considerable savings can be realized with no capital cost through process optimization without sacrificing operational stability and flexibility. Downtime and process losses are reduced due to less operational problems.
Assessment of Uncertainty in Water Encroachment To Identify Infill Well Opportunity
Authors: Sinha S.P. , Ibrahim M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Third Sand Middle of the Greater Burgan field is a massive sandstone reservoir with a strong bottom water drive. It has been on production since the last six decades. During this period, the dynamics of fluid movement have resulted into highly uneven remaining oil columns throughout the reservoir. These remaining oil columns are the key parameter to the placement of infill wells. The structural configuration of the reservoir is well understood with the help of 3D seismic. Thus, the determination of the remaining oil column hinges mainly on the current OWC surface. To build the current OWC surface, a large set of PNC data has been used.
Conditional simulation using Sequential Gaussian Simulation is used to assess the degree of uncertainty associated with distribution by randomly sampling the spectrum of possible solutions. Stochastic realizations of the surface are generated by changing the seed on each pass through the loop of SGS workflow. Annual fluid production map surfaces have been generated for the last four years. A volume-height map for remaining oil in place has been generated using a coarse single zone stratigraphic model. Based on these surfaces, water rise velocity surfaces have been computed for the last four years. The simulated current OWC surfaces are used in conjunction with the structural top surface to generate the remaining oil column map. This has been, in turn, used to identify new infill well locations with greater confidence and less risk.

Introduction
The water encroachment in the Third Sand Middle reservoir of Greater Burgan field has been very complex due to its complex reservoir architecture and a six-decade long history of fluid withdrawals. The Pulsed Neutron Logs are taken in nearly 8% of the wells every year and provide reliable current oil-water contact in the massive Third Sand Middle reservoir at the well location. However, this poor coverage does not provide adequate information for the field that is of the size of Greater Burgan, Some additional information is available from the oil-water contacts based on open-hole logs taken in the new infill wells that are being drilled every year. In order to have better estimates of current oil-water contacts, this work focuses on the use of robust analytical tools to supplement the measurements using cased/openhole logs. With more accurate values of COWCs (current oil-water contacts), the remaining oil columns can be estimated with more confidence and the infill well placements become more target-oriented.
Applications of Real-Time Downhole pH Measurements
Authors: Carnegie Andrew John G. , Raghuraman B. , Xian ChengGang , Stewart L. , Gustavson Gale , Ruefer Steffen , El Mahdi Ahmed , Abdou Medhat , Al Hosani Amal , Dawoud Ahmed 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Real time in-situ high precision monitoring of water pH was recently performed during open hole sampling in two on-shore Abu Dhabi wells, A and B, drilled in limestone reservoirs. Sampling in well A, which was drilled with oil based mud (OBM) was to search for distinctive differences in connate water characteristics of three different reservoirs. The in-situ pH measurement interpretation agreed with those from subsequent surface analysis of (downhole) samples. The pH of one zone was identified to be significantly different from the two others. The pH values were integrated with other characteristics such as ionic and isotopic concentrations to provide a complete description of the waters. Sampling in well B, which was drilled with water based mud (WBM), was to determine the expected flow fractions of mobile formation oil and water across oil/water transition zones. The in-situ pH measurements were pivotal to this objective by providing a cost effective and reliable real time diagnostic of the level of contamination mud filtrate in formation water. Guidelines are given on how to design jobs to measure pH in-situ, and on the how to use of the data. Measurements of water characteristics, such as pH, has a wide range of applications, from determination of reservoir compartmentalization, to prediction of corrosion and scaling to improved sampling techniques. These are discussed.

Introduction
A method and apparatus to measure pH of water (the "pH measurement") whilst it is being pumped through the flow line of a formation tester (FT) was tested in 2 wells A and B, which were drilled in Middle East carbonate formations. Since then the same technique has been applied successfully in several more Middle East wells. The pH measurement consists of the following steps:injecting a pH sensitive colored dye into the water inside the flow line of the formation tester,ensuring that the dye reacts (and hence changes color) with the hydrogen ion in the water – when both oil and water flow a downhole separator must be used to extract the water,determining the pH by using a spectroscope to measure the intensity of colors along the wavelengths where the dye has changed color.
This method is described in detail in (1). Figure 1 on page 2also illustrates the principle.
Integrated Value-Chain Development and Advances in LNG Technology Create World-Class Economies of Scale - The Qatar LNG Story
Authors: Adams James B. , Miner Kenneth A. , Marchak David G. , Lesikar Elton 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
From the start-up of Qatargas in 1996, through RasGas Train 4, due to start up this year, Qatar LNG has continued to push the technology envelop and push further downstream through the value chain from reservoir, liquefaction, shipping, receiving and ultimate gas sales to the consumer. The start up of RasGas Train 4 this year marked the first "full value chain" project for Qatar.
The ultimate fulfillment of Qatar's quest for scale and integration comes with the Qatargas II LNG Project (QG II), an exciting project which encompasses the full value chain and incorporates new technology and economies of scale unmatched in the LNG industry. The QGII story is one of the integration of technology qualification, value chain integration, and the implementation strategies to reduce overall LNG production/delivery cost by 25%, allowing Qatar to become competitive in more distant markets. The integration of these strategies will be the primary focus of this paper.
Conceived by Qatar Petroleum (70%) and ExxonMobil (30%), the QGII project will expand the existing Qatargas LNG facility at Ras Laffan, Qatar with the addition of two LNG trains, significantly larger than any previously built. Each train will have an LNG production capacity of approximately 7.8 million tonne/yr (MTA). Feed gas will come from the North Field, the largest non-associated gas field in the world. The onshore plant will extract LPGs (propane and butane), which will be fractionated and separately exported from Ras Laffan. Lean LNG will be transported using new, larger LNG ships. A new receiving terminal in the United Kingdom will re-gasify the LNG and send out sales gas into the U. K. NTS (national gas transmission system).
A challenging schedule has been set to achieve new economies of scale, world-class air emissions performance, and the key project objectives of superior safety and environmental performance. First LNG sales in the U. K. are targeted for early 2008.
Effect of Alumina Particles Embedded in Natural Rubber Foams on Cell Morphology and Thermo-Mechanical Properties
Authors: Tangboriboon N. , Deechaiyapum H. , Petcharoen K. , Sirivat A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Alumina particles is a ceramic powder used as a dispersed phase or filler to reinforce the mechanical properties and improve thermal properties of natural rubber foams via the vulcanization process at curing temperature 150°C with a two-roll mill. The amount of alumina added in natural rubber foams were varied from 0 to 60 phr on 100 phr of natural rubber in a sulfur curing system. The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and N,N′-dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine (DNPT) were used as foaming agents. The sponge rubber composite foams were characterized for the microstructure, phase formation, thermal property, particle size distribution, and mechanical property by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), particle size analyzer, and compression set testing. The fabricated sponge rubber composite foams have distinctive characteristics such as light weight and good mechanical and thermal properties suitable for energy absorption such as thermal, noise, and vibration.
Experimental Study for Extrusion of Polypropylene/Wood Flour Composites
Authors: Wilczyński K. , Nastaj A. , Lewandowski A. , Wilczyński K. J. , Buziak K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Experimental studies have been carried out for single screw extrusion of PP/wood flour composite of different concentrations of wood flour. A “screw pull-out” technique was used for investigation of the material transport, melting and screw filling. The effect of the screw speed was investigated. It was concluded that WPC extrusion is substantially different from thermoplastics extrusion. Material transport and melting are strongly dependent on the WPC composition, and operating conditions. The contiguous solids melting mechanism CSM is not observed for WPC of high WF content; however, it may be observed for WPC of lower WF content, up to 50% WF. Several steps of the process are distinguished: material compaction in the solid conveying section close to the active flight and then spreading to the rest of the material, melting which is strongly dependent on the material composition, and shear or plug flow with slipping at the walls in the melt conveying section.
Der alte Codex der « Historiae » Sallusts
Authors: Perl Gehrard 
Published: March 2015

Les deux doubles feuillets palimpsestes du manuscrit Orléans, Bibl. mun. 192 (169) (Ve s.), ff. 15-18, qui contiennent des fragments des Histoires de Salluste se rapportant aux années 75-74 av. J.-C, appartiennent bien au même cahier primitif, mais ce cahier était un quinion et non un quaternion comme le pense H. Bloch {The Structure of SallusVs « Historiae » : The evidence of the Fleury manuscript, dans Didascaliae, Studies in honor of Anselm M. Albareda, New York, 1961, p. 61-76).
L'auteur reconstitue le cahier primitif d'après les données à la fois codicologiques (côté chair et côté poil des folios) et historiques et montre aussi que s'il manque deux folios, et non un seul, avant le folio final, la mort de Nicomède Philopator et l'acquisition de la Bithynie doivent être placées en 74 et non en 75 et au livre III des Histoires, et non au livre II comme l'indiquait Priscien.
Methods for Transition Toward Computer Assisted Cognitive Examination
Authors: Valenzi S. , Struzik Z. R. , Cichocki A. , Jurica P. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIntroduction: We present a software framework which enables the extension of current methods for the assessment of cognitive fitness using recent technological advances.Background: Screening for cognitive impairment is becoming more important as the world’s population grows older. Current methods could be enhanced by use of computers. Introduction of new methods to clinics requires basic tools for collection and communication of collected data.Objectives: To develop tools that, with minimal interference, offer new opportunities for the enhancement of the current interview based cognitive examinations.Methods: We suggest methods and discuss process by which established cognitive tests can be adapted for data collection through digitization by pen enabled tablets. We discuss a number of methods for evaluation of collected data, which promise to increase the resolution and objectivity of the common scoring strategy based on visual inspection. By involving computers in the roles of both instructing and scoring, we aim to increase the precision and reproducibility of cognitive examination.Results: The tools provided in Python framework CogExTools available at http://bsp.brain.riken.jp/cogextools/ enable the design, application and evaluation of screening tests for assessment of cognitive impairment. The toolbox is a research platform; it represents a foundation for further collaborative development by the wider research community and enthusiasts. It is free to download and use, and open-source.Conclusion: We introduce a set of open-source tools that facilitate the design and development of new cognitive tests for modern technology. We provide these tools in order to enable the adaptation of technology for cognitive examination in clinical settings. The tools provide the first step in a possible transition toward standardized mental state examination using computers.