bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing Processes for Athletic Shoe Outsoles and Their Significance in the Examination of Footwear Impression Evidence
Authors: Bodziak WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The most common methods of manufacturing athletic shoe outsoles are given and how each method can influence the examination of footwear impression evidence. Several processes for manufacturing athletic shoe outsoles are described. Significant factors of each process that are relevant to the examination of footwear impressions are explained. Some manufacturing processes result in distinguishing random characteristics which can assist in the identification of a shoe sole, even when new. These characteristics, together with the traditionally observed wear patterns and random cuts on the shoe outsoles, enable the examiner a stronger basis for expert opinion.
Postmortem Examination of Incinerated Teeth with the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Carr RF , Barsley RE , Davenport WD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fragments recovered from the burned wreckage of a gasoline truck and thought to be parts of teeth were confirmed as such after they were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The appearance of the fragments was compared with previously published descriptions of teeth which had been incinerated under laboratory conditions and also examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Suicide by Ingestion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide
Authors: Mittleman RE , Romig LA , Gressmann E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is a free radical-generating compound used as a fiberglass resin hardener. A 41-year-old Haitian man developed severe metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, esophageal and gastric necrosis, and perforation of the stomach after drinking an undetermined amount of MEKP in a successful suicide attempt. The biochemical effects of free radicals explain the necrosis and hemolysis observed.
Trace Evidence—The Invisible Witness
Authors: Petraco N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reviews the use of microscopic trace evidence in actual casework. Three cases are discussed in which the microscopic analysis of trace evidence was used to: associate the people, places, and things involved in the incident; reconstruct the event; and describe the occupation(s) of the participants. Each case is discussed in detail from the initial stages of the investigation through the use of the trace evidence during the investigation and at the trial.
The Jigsaw Puzzle Identification of a Hit-and-Run Automobile
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A suspected automobile was identified in a hit-and-run death of a 40-year-old male by matching a tiny nonspecific fragment of tissue attached to the gasoline line clip of the undercarriage with an avulsed area on the hypothenar area of the palm of the hand. There was no ostensible damage to the auto and there was an absence of clothing remnants, blood, and other tissues and an absence of paint pigments on the victim or victim's clothing.
The Dichotomy of the Expert Witness
Authors: Howard LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The expert on either side is either right, partially right, wrong, or wrong and dishonest. Even strongly opposed testimony is not evidence of dishonesty, although it is clear at least one expert is wrong. Some differences are the result of legitimate differences of opinion. However, the author has identified several categories of testimony that show dishonest intent. It is clear that the growth of financial incentives has increased the number of cases in which there are opposing experts. If some kind of corrective action is not taken, expert witnesses will no longer be an effective force in the legal system. A multidisciplinary testimony review board separate from the ethics function is clearly one answer to the problem.
The Paper Mate® Ink on the Howard Hughes “Mormon Will”
Authors: Cantu AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ink analysis was performed on the Howard Hughes “Mormon Will” case to determine if the inks matched standard inks available at the alleged date of the will, that is, 16 March 1968. The ink on the will matched a standard ink made by Paper Mate between 1966 and 1972. Consequently, no conclusion can be made regarding authenticity. However, both the proponents and contestants of the will used these inclusive results along with other facts to support their own views of authenticity or fraud.
Reliability of the Scoring System of the American Board of Forensic Odontology for Human Bite Marks
Authors: Rawson RD , Vale GL , Sperber ND , Herschaft EE , Yfantis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 1981, the Bite mark Standards Committee of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the American Board of Forensic Odontology developed a method of scoring bite mark comparisons in an attempt to standardize a scientific approach to bite mark analysis. The various methods of determining the validity of the scoring guide are presented with statistical data generated from scores reported by recognized forensic science experts.
Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): II. Direct Analysis of Some Tablets, Capsule Powders, and Powders
Authors: Suzuki EM , Gresham WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fuller and Griffiths first demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining an infrared spectrum directly on an intact Empirin® tablet using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). We have found that several modifications of this method are necessary to obtain useful spectra for most other tablets. Applications of these modified procedures to the analysis of several tablets of forensic science interest are presented, and the results are compared to those obtained by conventional means. The direct analysis of some capsule contents and other powders is also presented and discussed.
Sheet or Container?—Forensic Glass Comparisons with an Emphasis on Source Classification
Authors: Ryland SG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The value of source-type classification for small fragments of glass encountered in trace evidence casework is restressed. The incorporation of classification techniques into the classical refractive index/density comparison scheme is described. The techniques employed are applications of those developed by the British forensic science community over the past 5 years, targeted at differentiating the 2 most common end-use types of soda-lime-silicate glasses encountered in casework—sheet glass and container glass. The results of method verification studies on 30 window glass specimens for tempered/nontempered classification and on 140 window and container glass specimens for sheet/container classification are reported. Although some limitations were revealed with the domestic samples used, the overall success of the approach was established.
Cocaine-Related Deaths in Pima County, Arizona, 1982–1984
Authors: Rogers JN , Henry TE , Jones AM , Froede RC , Byers JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A three-year review of toxicology data from medical examiner autopsies in Pima County, Arizona, has demonstrated that cocaine has rapidly become a leading substance of abuse, second only to alcohol in the frequency of drugs detected by toxicologic analysis of all suspicious deaths, motor vehicle accident fatalities, homicides, and suicides. Gastric contents and urine were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, and nasal swabs, blood, and urine were tested for the combination of cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine by quantitative radioimmunoassay. A total of seventy-two deaths in Pima County from 1982 to 1984 have involved cocaine. Seventy percent of these have occurred in the last fifteen months. Marked variation in the individual response to cocaine compared to the blood concentration of cocaine/metabolite was noted.
Domestic Violence: A Medicolegal Review
Authors: Frazer M 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper reviews the recent medical and legal literature in the field of spouse abuse. Domestic violence is a national phenomenon that directly affects victims of spouse abuse and indirectly conditions the children of the victims to accept violent behavior as normative. This paper characterizes the cycle of violence battered women encounter, describes their injury patterns, explores the dynamics of the abusive relationship, and discusses the factors that compel women to remain in such violent relationships. The second section describes many of the recent legislation designed to prevent spouse abuse. Next, this paper addresses the case law utilizing the “battered woman syndrome” as a defense for spousal homicide. The third section of the paper explores the often neglected topic of the battered husband.
A Consultant's Survey of the Patients in a Maximum Security Hospital
Authors: Heller MS , Ehrlich SM , Lester D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The patients at a state maximum security forensic facility were interviewed by a psychiatrist and their files reviewed. Only 43 of the 203 patients were judged to be suitable for the facility. Nearly 60% of the pretrial defendants were judged to be capable of proceeding to trial. Of the patients, 18% were judged to be malingering or avoiding trial or prison. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Homicidal Asphyxia by Pepper Aspiration
Authors: Cohle SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As punishment for lying, the foster mother of a five-year-old white male poured pepper into his throat. He immediately became dyspneic, then apneic, and was pronounced dead about 1 h later. At autopsy, the main stem and several smaller bronchi were occluded with pepper. Mechanisms of asphyxia by pepper include mechanical obstruction of the tracheobronchial tree and mucosal edema caused by the irritant effect of volatile oils in pepper. This rare circumstance represents the second reported fatal case of pepper aspiration and the third reported case overall.
Toxicological Findings in a Fatal Overdose of Verapamil
Authors: Crouch DJ , Crompton C , Rollins DE , Peat MA , Francom P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Presented is a case where the death was attributed to the deliberate ingestion of an overdose of verapamil (V). Blood, urine, and gastric concentrations of the drug were determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD). Identification of norverapamil (NV) was made. A presumptive identification of o-demethylnorverapamil (DNV) was also made.
A Review of Evidence, Proof & Probability
Authors: Mills DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an erudite treatise on the application of probability theory to the legal process, written by a former judge and university chancellor, and still a law school professor. He is a scholar on the subject of constitutional law and the law of evidence, but for most of the audience in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, his approach in this book has limited, but very poignant application.
Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recovered from Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Kanter E , Baird M , Shaler R , Balazs I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was recovered from dried bloodstains aged up to three years and shown to be of high molecular weight. DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Following transfer to a filter, DNA was hybridized with two different radioactively labeled recombinant probes which recognize highly polymorphic regions in human DNA. The autoradiographic pattern observed was not altered by sample age, and the size of the alleles was consistent with those observed in the general population. Therefore, DNA of high molecular weight prepared from dried blood samples can be used for identification.
Application of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Polymorphisms to the Analysis of DNA Recovered from Sperm
Authors: Giusti A , Baird M , Pasquale S , Balazs I , Glassberg J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sperms, collected following sexual activity of volunteers, were processed to isolate high-molecular weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These DNA samples were digested with particular restriction endonucleases and analyzed with probes that recognize polymorphic DNA regions within the human genome. The pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) detected by this test is identical to that observed with DNA prepared from blood of the male sexual partner. Therefore, RFLP analysis can be used to exclude or to determine the probable identity of an assailant in rape cases.
Sensitivity Enhancement of Ninhydrin-Treated Latent Fingerprints by Enzymes and Metal Salts
Authors: Everse KE , Menzel ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Lyophylized Sigma Type III trypsin has been applied to latent prints two weeks to two months old. This trypsin preparation eliminates the background problems that had been encountered with old prints in a previous study. Zinc chloride treatment of latent prints previously exposed to ninhydrin enhances their detectability upon laser examination. However, it has been reported that the zinc chloride reaction occasionally fails to occur. Accordingly, we have investigated the optimization of this reaction. We find that high humidity and elevated temperature, particularly the former, are needed. Cadmium nitrate, although it produces weaker fluorescence than zinc chloride, may at times be useful. Reaction conditions are much the same as those for zinc chloride.
The Value of Microscopic Features in the Examination of Human Head Hairs: Statistical Analysis of Questionnaire Returns
Authors: Aitken CGG , Robertson J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is an apparent diversity of opinion with respect to the probative value of hair in the United Kingdom and in North America. A questionnaire was devised and widely circulated in an attempt to discover the reasons behind this diversity and to seek the views of a broad range of hair examiners. This paper reports on the statistical analyses of the answers to the closed form questions. The majority of replies to most questions favored the number of categories given in the questionnaire. The general impression is that U.K. scientists tend to want fewer categories for classification of microscopic features than the North Americans. The largest divisions of opinion concerned pigment distribution and density and the medulla, where North American scientists want more categories for classification and the U.K. scientists fewer. The implications of these results in the choice and description of features to be examined in human hairs is considered in the second paper concerned with this questionnaire.
The Value of Microscopic Features in the Examination of Human Head Hairs: Analysis of Comments Contained in Questionnaire Returns
Authors: Robertson J , Aitken CGG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Comments received in response to a questionnaire seeking opinion about hair examination have been considered. The questionnaire was in two parts: the first was concerned with the description of microscopic features and the second with the use of numerical features and data sheets in hair examinations. The same format is used to present a synopsis of the many individual comments and suggestions contained in questionnaire returns. It is argued that a hair examination form can contribute to more effective hair examinations although not replacing direct side-by-side comparisons. A hair examination form is presented with recommendations for its use.
Reptile Leather Trade: The Forensic Science Examiner's Role in Litigation and Wildlife Law Enforcement
Authors: Brazaitis P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The forensic science identification of crocodilian hides and products is an immense task that requires the efforts of the forensic science examiner. Positive identifications of reptilian species must be made for use in litigation against traffickers in hides and products of protected species. Two example cases of identification and litigation are presented, and methods of identification are enumerated.
Identification of the Murder Weapon by Intricate Patterned Injury Measurements
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Critical studies of an intricate blunt force injury pattern in a brutal homicide led to the identification of the murder weapon. A 50-year-old male was bludgeoned to death in his apartment during a robbery allegedly engineered by his daughter. Careful measurements and overlay construction of the wounds relative to the magazine catch, lanyard ring, magazine chamber, and butt of a 32-caliber Eistegui Hermanos fibar (España) automatic pistol led to the conclusion that either the alleged weapon or one identical to it caused the fatal injuries.
Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in the Basal Filamentous AscomycetePyronema confluens
Authors: Traeger Stefanie , Nowrousian Minou 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMany organisms use circadian clocks to adapt to daily changes in the environment. Major insights into the molecular mechanisms of circadian oscillators have been gained through studies of the model organism Neurospora crassa; however, little is known about molecular components of circadian clocks in other fungi. An important part of the N. crassa circadian clock is the frequency (frq) gene, homologs of which can be found in Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Leotiomycetes, but not Eurotiomycetes. Recently, we identified a frq homolog in Pyronema confluens, a member of the early-diverging Pezizomycete lineage of filamentous ascomycetes. The P. confluens FRQ shares many conserved domains with the N. crassa FRQ. However, there is no known morphological phenotype showing overt circadian rhythmicity in P. confluens. To investigate whether a molecular clock is present, we analyzed frq transcription in constant darkness, and found circadian oscillation of frq with a peak in the subjective morning. This rhythm was temperature compensated. To identify additional clock-controlled genes, we performed RNA sequencing of two time points (subjective morning and evening). Circadian expression of two morning-specific genes was verified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) over a full time course, whereas expression of two putative morning-specific and five putative evening-specific genes could not be verified as circadian. frq expression was synchronized, but not entrained by light. In summary, we have found evidence for two of the three main properties of circadian rhythms (free-running rhythm, temperature compensation) in P. confluens, suggesting that a circadian clock with rhythmically expressed frq is present in this basal filamentous ascomycete.
Freedom and Responsibility in Synthetic Genomics: The Synthetic Yeast Project
Authors: Sliva Anna , Yang Huanming , Boeke Jef D , Mathews Debra J H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
First introduced in 2011, the Synthetic Yeast Genome (Sc2.0) Project is a large international synthetic genomics project that will culminate in the first eukaryotic cell (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with a fully synthetic genome. With collaborators from across the globe and from a range of institutions spanning from do-it-yourself biology (DIYbio) to commercial enterprises, it is important that all scientists working on this project are cognizant of the ethical and policy issues associated with this field of research and operate under a common set of principles. In this commentary, we survey the current ethics and regulatory landscape of synthetic biology and present the Sc2.0 Statement of Ethics and Governance to which all members of the project adhere. This statement focuses on four aspects of the Sc2.0 Project: societal benefit, intellectual property, safety, and self-governance. We propose that such project-level agreements are an important, valuable, and flexible model of self-regulation for similar global, large-scale synthetic biology projects in order to maximize the benefits and minimize potential harms.
Genetic Control of Environmental Variation of Two Quantitative Traits ofDrosophila melanogasterRevealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Sørensen Peter , de los Campos Gustavo , Morgante Fabio , Mackay Trudy F C , Sorensen Daniel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGenetic studies usually focus on quantifying and understanding the existence of genetic control on expected phenotypic outcomes. However, there is compelling evidence suggesting the existence of genetic control at the level of environmental variability, with some genotypes exhibiting more stable and others more volatile performance. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for environmental variability not only informs medical questions but is relevant in evolution and in agricultural science. In this work fully sequenced inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster were analyzed to study the nature of genetic control of environmental variance for two quantitative traits: starvation resistance (SR) and startle response (SL). The evidence for genetic control of environmental variance is compelling for both traits. Sequence information is incorporated in random regression models to study the underlying genetic signals, which are shown to be different in the two traits. Genomic variance in sexual dimorphism was found for SR but not for SL. Indeed, the proportion of variance captured by sequence information and the contribution to this variance from four chromosome segments differ between sexes in SR but not in SL. The number of studies of environmental variation, particularly in humans, is limited. The availability of full sequence information and modern computationally intensive statistical methods provides opportunities for rigorous analyses of environmental variability.
SEVERAL MEDICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Kruchkov D. V. , Kheraskov V. Yu. , Maksimov S. A. , Artamononva G. V. 
Published: August 2015

Aim: to study the medical and social aspects of in-hospital mortality after myocardial infarction (MI) in the cardiology center of a major industrial city in Western Siberia. Patients and methods: the material of the study was the database of patients with acute coronary syndrome (19 283 patients), formed by a continuous method retrospectively. The volume of the study were 6463 patients with MI for 2006–2011. Results: in-hospital mortality of patients with MI was 11,8%, with MI complicated by cardiogenic shock — 87,4%, in the primary MI — 7,4%, during the second MI — 22,1%. In-hospital mortality in MI depends on the age of the patients: in group of patients of working age mortality was 4,7%, the retirement age — 12,4%, old age — 22,7%. In the working-age group mortality in men is almost three times higher than in women. The mortality of patients with MI without reperfusion was 13,4%, in the case of reperfusion therapy — 9,2%. Conclusions: hospital mortality depends on the patient's age, type of MI (primary or repeated), the severity of the condition, applied treatments.