bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical decision making involved in secluding and restraining an adult psychiatric patient: an integrative literature review
Authors: Laiho T. , Kattainen E. , Åstedt‐Kurki P. , Putkonen H. , Lindberg N. , Kylmä J. 
Published: December 2012

Accessible summary

Understanding the factors associated with the decision to use seclusion or restraint may help to reduce the use of coercive measures through the implementation of appropriate measures.

This integrative literature review brings together a broad view of factors associated with decision making in the use of seclusion or restraint and discusses decision‐making process in practice.

The results suggest that decisions to use seclusion or restraint are based on both observed behaviour of patient and previous clinical experiences of staff.
AbstractThe purpose of this integrative literature review was to describe different factors involved in the decision‐making process of using seclusion or restraint, and to discuss the process in practice. The data used in this review were systematically retrieved from the following databases: CINAHL, Medline and PsycINFO. Manual data retrieval was conducted from the reference lists of the papers that came up in the original database search. A total of 32 studies were selected. Results suggest that the situations that lead to the use of seclusion or restraint are always dynamic and circumstantial. During the decision‐making process staff observe a patient's behaviour, assesses risk and chooses and uses interventions that aim to de‐escalate the situation. This process is affected by the previous experiences and history of staff as well as the behaviour and previous experience of the patient.
Pubic Hair Removal and Sexual Behavior: Findings from a Prospective Daily Diary Study of Sexually Active Women in the United States
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Hensel Devon , Smith Nicole K. , Schick Vanessa , Reece Michael , Sanders Stephanie A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pubic hair removal is prevalent among women in the United States. However, most studies related to pubic hair removal are based on cross-sectional surveys and retrospective recall.

Aim
The purpose of this research was to, in a prospective event-level daily diary study, assess demographic, affective, relational, situational, and behavioral factors related to women's pubic hair removal.

Method
Data collection occurred as part of a 5-week prospective, Internet-based daily diary study.

Main Outcome Measures
Age; Affective predictors (positive mood, negative mood, feeling interested in sex, feeling in love); Relational predictors (partner support, partner negativity, partner type, partner gender); Situational predictors (any vaginal symptoms, use of any vaginal hygiene products; having applied any creams to the genitals); Behavioral variables (penile–vaginal sex, penile–anal sex, had finger inserted into vagina, had clitoris stimulated with fingers, inserted toy into vagina, used vibrator on clitoris, inserted finger into anus, inserted toy into anus, duration of penetration, intensity of penetration).

Results
A total of 2,453 women ages 18 to 68 (mean age 32.69) completed the study, contributing 49,287 total diaries (mean per person 24.5; standard deviation 10.3, median 30); 15.2% of all days (N = 7,362) involved pubic hair waxing or shaving, with the vast majority of hair removal days involving shaving (N = 7,302; 99%). Pubic hair removal was significantly associated with younger age, a greater interest in sex, vaginal fingering, finger–clitoral stimulation, having a casual sex partner, using vaginal hygiene products, and applying cream to the genitals. Hair removal was marginally associated with longer duration of vaginal penetration.

Conclusions
These findings provide greater insight into the factors associated with women's pubic hair removal and their sexual experiences on a day-to-day level. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.
Reduced RhoA Activity Mediates Acute Alcohol Intoxication‐Induced Inhibition of Lymphatic Myogenic Constriction Despite Increased Cytosolic [Ca2+]
Authors: Souza‐Smith Flavia M. , Molina Patricia E. , Breslin Jerome W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectivesWe previously showed that AAI reduces lymphatic myogenic constriction in response to step increases in luminal pressure. Because of the known role of Ca2+ in smooth muscle contractile responses, we investigated how alcohol impacts cyclic Ca2+ and whether changes in RhoA/ROCK‐mediated Ca2+ sensitivity underlie the alcohol‐induced reduction of myogenic responsiveness.MethodsAAI was produced by intragastric administration of 30% alcohol in rats. Mesenteric lymphatics were cannulated and loaded with Fura‐2 AM to [Ca2+]i for 30 minutes after AAI. Active GTP‐bound RhoA levels were determined by ELISA. To determine ROCK's ability to restore myogenic responsiveness following AAI, isolated lymphatics were transfected with constitutively active ca‐ROCK protein.ResultsLymphatics from alcohol‐treated rats displayed significantly larger Ca2+ transients. Also, step increases in luminal pressure caused a gradual rise in the basal [Ca2+]i between transients that was greater in lymphatics submitted to AAI, compared to vehicle control. RhoA‐GTP was significantly reduced in lymphatics from the AAI group, compared to vehicle control. Transfection with ca‐ROCK protein restored the myogenic response of lymphatic vessels isolated from AAI animals.ConclusionsThe data strongly suggest that the alcohol‐induced inhibition of mesenteric lymphatic myogenic constriction is mediated by reduced RhoA/ROCK‐mediated Ca2+ sensitivity.
ComE/ComE∼P interplay dictates activation or extinction status of pneumococcal X‐state (competence)
Authors: Martin Bernard , Soulet Anne‐Lise , Mirouze Nicolas , Prudhomme Marc , Mortier‐Barrière Isabelle , Granadel Chantal , Noirot‐Gros Marie‐Françoise , Noirot Philippe , Polard Patrice , Claverys Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2012

SummarySince 1996, induction of competence for genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to be controlled by the ComD/ComE two‐component regulatory system. The mechanism of induction is generally described as involving ComD autophosphorylation, transphosphorylation of ComE and transcriptional activation by ComE∼P of the early competence (com) genes, including comX which encodes the competence‐specific σX. However, none of these features has been experimentally established. Here we document the autokinase activity of ComD proteins in vitro, and provide an estimate of the stoichiometry of ComD and ComE in vivo. We report that a phosphorylmimetic mutant, ComED58E, constructed because of the failure to detect transphosphorylation of purified ComE in vitro, displays full spontaneous competence in ΔcomD cells, an that in vitro ComED58E exhibits significantly improved binding affinity for PcomCDE. We also provide evidence for a differential transcriptional activation and repression of PcomCDE and PcomX. Altogether, these data support the model of ComE∼P‐dependent activation of transcription. Finally, we establish that ComE antagonizes expression of the early com genes and propose that the rapid deceleration of transcription from PcomCDE observed even in cells lacking σX is due to the progressive accumulation of ComE, which outcompetes ComE∼P.
Association of T916C (Y257H) mutation inCandida albicans ERG11with fluconazole resistance
Authors: Zhao Jie , Xu Yonghao , Li Chunyang 
Published: December 2012

SummaryRepeated and prolonged use of fluconazole in treating candidosis leads to drug resistance. The aim of this study was to confirm the relationship between T916C (Y257H) mutation inCandida albicans ERG11and fluconazole resistance. We replaced one copy ofERG11withERG11containing the T916C mutation inC. albicansCAI4 and expressedERG11with the T916C mutation inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeINVSc1. The MIC values were two‐ to four‐fold greater in CAI4 transformants with than without the T916C mutation and 128 and 32 μg ml−1forS. cerevisiaeINVSc1‐containingERG11with and without the T916C mutation. T916C mutation may be associated with fluconazole resistance inC. albicans.
Histoplasmosis: a new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases
Authors: Pan Bo , Chen Min , Pan Weihua , Liao Wanqing 
Published: December 2012

SummaryHistoplasmosis occurs in specific endemic areas, including the mid‐western United States, Africa and most of Latin America. Sporadic cases have also been reported in China. The aim of this study was to summarise the epidemiological and clinical data of histoplasmosis in China. We searched the PubMed, CBMdisk and CNKI databases to identify publications related to histoplasmosis in China. Case reports/series on patients with histoplasmosis were included. A comprehensive literature review identified additional cases. The relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. Overall, 300 cases of histoplasmosis were reported in China from 1990 to 2011, and 75% were from regions through which the Yangtze River flows. Most of the patients were autochthonous infections. Of these, 43 patients had pulmonary histoplasmosis and 257 patients had disseminated histoplasmosis. Common underlying diseases included HIV infection, diabetes mellitus and liver diseases. Fever was the most frequently reported clinical feature in disseminated histoplasmosis, followed by splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Cases of histoplasmosis had a prominent geographical distribution in China. Histoplasmosis should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with relevant symptoms and a history of travel to or residence in these areas.
Include, differentiate and manage: gay male youth, stigma and healthcare utilization
Authors: O’Byrne Patrick , Watts Jessica 
Published: December 2012

O’BYRNE P and WATTS J. Nursing Inquiry 2012 [Epub ahead of print]  Include, differentiate and manage: gay male youth, stigma and healthcare utilizationIn Canada, there has been a recent increase in HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men. However, gay male youth (GMY) may forego HIV testing due to fear of stigmatization. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore the perceptions of stigma in health care within this population. The research was conducted through a series of semi‐structured interviews with eight GMY aged 20–29, who frequented a gay‐friendly clinic in downtown Ottawa, Canada. In a sub‐analysis of the interviews utilizing the work of Hardt and Negri’s three‐part sequence – inclusion, differentiation and management – we found that homosexuality‐related stigmatization affects the interaction between GMY and health professionals. Interview participants perceived HIV‐related risk counselling as a manifestation of stigma. These findings reveal that the experience of stigma and stigmatization is not necessarily based on health professionals’ intentions, but rather, on patients’ perceptions of the interactions they have with health professionals. Specific modifications to the delivery of health care may help to overcome stigmatization.
VimA mediates multiple functions that control virulence in Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Aruni A.W. , Robles A. , Fletcher H.M. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPorphyromonas gingivalis, a black‐pigmented, gram‐negative anaerobe, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease. Its ability to survive in the periodontal pocket and orchestrate the microbial/host activities that can lead to disease suggest that P. gingivalis possesses a complex regulatory network involving transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms. The vimA (virulence modulating) gene is part of the 6.15‐kb bcp‐recA‐vimA‐vimE‐vimF‐aroG locus and plays a role in oxidative stress resistance. In addition to the glycosylation and anchorage of several surface proteins including the gingipains, VimA can also modulate sialylation, acetyl coenzyme A transfer, lipid A and its associated proteins and may be involved in protein sorting and transport. In this review, we examine the multifunctional role of VimA and discuss its possible involvement in a major regulatory network important for survival and virulence regulation in P. gingivalis. It is postulated that the multifunction of VimA is modulated via a post‐translational mechanism involving acetylation.
The feedback negativity reflects favorable compared to nonfavorable outcomes based on global, not local, alternatives
Authors: Kujawa Autumn , Smith Ezra , Luhmann Christian , Hajcak Greg 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe feedback negativity (FN) has been shown to reflect the binary evaluation of possible outcomes in a context‐dependent manner, but it is unclear whether context dependence is based on global or local alternatives. A cued gambling task was used to examine whether the FN is sensitive to possible outcomes on a given trial, or the range of outcomes across trials. On 50% of trials, participants could break even or lose money; on remaining trials, participants could win or break even. Breaking even was an unfavorable outcome relative to all possibilities in the current task, but the best possible outcome on 50% of trials. Results indicated that breaking even elicited an FN in both contexts, and reward feedback was uniquely associated with an enhanced positivity. Results suggest that the magnitude of the FN depends on all possible outcomes within the current task and are consistent with the view that the FN reflects reward‐related neural activity.
The No Guidance Argument
Authors: Steglich‐Petersen Asbjørn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn a recent article, I criticized Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss's so‐called “no guidance argument” against the truth norm for belief, for conflating the conditions under which that norm recommends belief with the psychological state one must be in to apply the norm. In response, Glüer and Wikforss have offered a new formulation of the no guidance argument, which makes it apparent that no such conflation is made. However, their new formulation of the argument presupposes a much too narrow understanding of what it takes for a norm to influence behaviour, and betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of the point of the truth norm. Once this is taken into account, it becomes clear that the no guidance argument fails.
Challenges of non‐commercial multicentre North‐South collaborative clinical trials
Authors: Ravinetto Raffaella M. , Talisuna Ambrose , De Crop Maaike , van Loen Harry , Menten Joris , Van Overmeir Chantal , Tinto Halidou , Gonzalez Raquel , Meremikwu Martin , Nabasuma Carolyn , Ngoma Ghyslain M. , Karema Corine , Adoke Yeka , Chaponda Mike , Van geertruyden Jean‐Pierre , D'Alessandro Umberto 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed a substantial increase of multi‐centre, public health‐oriented clinical trials in poor countries. However, non‐commercial research groups have less staff and financial resources than traditional commercial sponsors, so the trial teams have to be creative to comply with Good Clinical Practices (GCP) requirements. According to the recent experience of a large multicentre trial on antimalarials, major challenges result from the complexity of multiple ethical review, the costs of in‐depth monitoring at several sites, setting up an adequate Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP) framework, lack of insurers in host countries, and lack of adequate non‐commercial data management software. Public research funding agencies need to consider these challenges in their funding policies. They also could support common spaces where North‐South collaborative research groups may share critical information, such as on research insurance and open‐source, GCP‐compliant software. WHO should update its GCP guidelines, which date back to 1995, to incorporate the perspectives and needs of non‐commercial clinical research.
ABI4 downregulates expression of the sodium transporter HKT1;1 in Arabidopsis roots and affects salt tolerance
Authors: Shkolnik‐Inbar Doron , Adler Guy , Bar‐Zvi Dudy 
Published: December 2012

SummaryA plant's ability to cope with salt stress is highly correlated with their ability to reduce the accumulation of sodium ions in the shoot. Arabidopsis mutants affected in the ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE (ABI) 4 gene display increased salt tolerance, whereas ABI4‐overexpressors are hypersensitive to salinity from seed germination to late vegetative developmental stages. In this study we demonstrate that abi4 mutant plants accumulate lower levels of sodium ions and higher levels of proline than wild‐type plants following salt stress. We show higher HKT1;1 expression in abi4 mutant plants and lower levels of expression in ABI4‐overexpressing plants, resulting in reduced accumulation of sodium ions in the shoot of abi4 mutants. HKT1;1 encodes a sodium transporter which is known to unload sodium ions from the root xylem stream into the xylem parenchyma stele cells. We have shown recently that ABI4 is expressed in the root stele at various developmental stages and that it plays a key role in determining root architecture. Thus ABI4 and HKT1;1 are expressed in the same cells, which suggests the possibility of direct binding of ABI4 to the HKT1;1 promoter. In planta chromatin immunoprecipitation and in vitro electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated that ABI4 binds two highly related sites within the HKT1;1 promoter. These sites, GC(C/G)GCTT(T), termed ABI4‐binding element (ABE), have also been identified in other ABI4‐repressed genes. We therefore suggest that ABI4 is a major modulator of root development and function.
The diversity of chronic hepatitis B virus infections within blood donors in England and North Wales 2005 through 2010
Authors: Rosenberg Gillian K. , Lattimore Sam , Brailsford Susan R. , Hewitt Patricia E. , Tettmar Kate I. , Kitchen Alan D. , Ijaz Samreen , Tedder Richard S. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundIn 2010 hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the most frequently detected infection in UK blood donation screening, typically found in first‐time, male, chronically infected donors born abroad. To date there has been no comprehensive characterization of the virologic profile of these infections.Study Design and MethodsEpidemiologic and serologic data were collected retrospectively for 344 chronically HBV‐infected blood donors identified from July 2005 to June 2010. Additional laboratory testing was carried out to determine the HBV genotype, viral load, and prevalence of clinically significant mutations and to detect hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection.ResultsFive HBV genotypes (A‐E) were found, Genotypes D (45%), A (20%), and E (20%) were the most prevalent. A strong association was seen between genotype and donor ethnicity (p < 0.001) and between genotype and place of residence (p = 0.006). Clinically significant mutations were observed across hepatitis B surface antigen (17%), basal core promoter (25%) and precore (78%) regions. An antiviral resistance profile was identified in one donor. Evidence of HDV coinfection was found in 2% of donors.ConclusionThe data show the diversity of HBV in asymptomatic chronic infections detected in blood donors in England and North Wales and demonstrates the presence of mutations which may impact on disease. The global nature of these infections and the inability to identify chronically infected donors before donation highlights the importance of using screening assays capable of detecting a broad range of genotypes and mutations. Furthermore, the integration of the virologic and demographic data allows us to more accurately construct a profile of our chronically HBV‐infected blood donors.
A major target for warm immunoglobulin G autoantibodies: the third external loop of Band 3
Authors: Janvier Daniel , Lam Yin , Lopez Isabelle , Elakredar Lalia , Bierling Philippe 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundRh proteins and the Wrb antigen, which results from an interaction between Band 3 and glycophorin A, are the most common targets for warm immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibodies. Apart from autoanti‐Dib, a scarce specificity, IgG warm autoantibodies specific for Band 3 have never been characterized by serologic methods.Study Design and MethodsBlood samples from 120 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and IgG‐coated red blood cells (RBCs) were studied by serologic methods. Some autoantibodies were investigated by immunochemical methods.ResultsAutoantibodies against the third external loop of Band 3 have a distinctive pattern of reactivity in that they fail to react after RBC treatment with α‐chymotrypsin and pronase, whereas papain, ficin, and trypsin have no effect. Eleven (9%) patients had pure anti‐Band 3 autoantibodies. Autoanti‐Band 3 antibodies were associated with other specificities in 66 (55%) patients. Immunoprecipitation and rare RBCs from a Wu+ homozygote, known to have an unusual pattern of reactivity after protease treatment, were used to confirm the Band 3 specificity. Treatment with sodium hypochlorite, believed to oxidize the Met residue at Position 559 in the third loop, showed that these autoantibodies were heterogeneous. Most antibodies reacted optimally at 37°C, but two patients had incomplete cold IgG autoantibodies. Unlike autoantibodies to Rh proteins, warm autoanti‐Band 3 activate complement and are almost totally bound to autologous RBCs.ConclusionWe describe the first cases of warm IgG autoantibodies specific for the third loop of Band 3. This external loop also appears as a major target in patients with warm antibody AIHA.
CD4
+
CD8
+
T Cell Reference Values in the Mexico City Population
Authors: Moreno-Galván Mónica , Palafox Aracely 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Due to the importance of determining the proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations in Mexicans as reference values for flow cytometry, the aim of this study was to establish CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cell reference values for healthy Mexicans according to gender and age. Our results may serve as reference standards for the Mexican city population.
Proteomic Analysis and Immunogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica Vesicles
Authors: Ayalew Sahlu , Confer Anthony W. , Shrestha Binu , Wilson Amanda E. , Montelongo Marie 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTMannheimia haemolytica, a major causative agent in bovine respiratory disease, inflicts extensive losses each year on cattle producers. Commercially available vaccines are only partially efficacious. Immunity toM. haemolyticarequires antibodies to secreted toxins and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the bacterium. Gram-negative bacteria produce membrane blebs or vesicles, the membrane components of which are primarily derived from OMPs. Accordingly, vesicles have been used as immunogens with various degrees of success. This study characterized components ofM. haemolyticavesicles and determined their immunogenicity in mice and cattle. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of vesicles from this bacterium identified 226 proteins, of which 58 (25.6%) were OMPs and periplasmic and one (0.44%) was extracellular. Vesicles were used to vaccinate dairy calves and BALB/c mice. Analyses of sera from calves and mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that circulating antibodies againstM. haemolyticawhole cells and leukotoxin were significantly higher on days 21 and 28 (P< 0.05) than on day 0. For control calves and mice, there were no significant differences in serum anti-whole-cell and leukotoxin antibody levels from days 0 and 21 or 28, respectively. Lesion scores of lungs from vaccinated calves (15.95%) were significantly (P< 0.05) lower than those from nonvaccinated calves (42.65%). Sera from mice on day 28 and calves on day 21 showed 100% serum bactericidal activity. Sera from vesicle-vaccinated mice neutralized leukotoxin.