bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-scale vortices in rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Guervilly Céline , Hughes David W. , Jones Chris A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUsing numerical simulations of rapidly rotating Boussinesq convection in a Cartesian box, we study the formation of long-lived, large-scale, depth-invariant coherent structures. These structures, which consist of concentrated cyclones, grow to the horizontal scale of the box, with velocities significantly larger than the convective motions. We vary the rotation rate, the thermal driving and the aspect ratio in order to determine the domain of existence of these large-scale vortices (LSV). We find that two conditions are required for their formation. First, the Rayleigh number, a measure of the thermal driving, must be several times its value at the linear onset of convection; this corresponds to Reynolds numbers, based on the convective velocity and the box depth, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\gtrsim }100$. Second, the rotational constraint on the convective structures must be strong. This requires that the local Rossby number, based on the convective velocity and the horizontal convective scale, ${\lesssim }0.15$. Simulations in which certain wavenumbers are artificially suppressed in spectral space suggest that the LSV are produced by the interactions of small-scale, depth-dependent convective motions. The presence of LSV significantly reduces the efficiency of the convective heat transport.
Age estimation and growth pattern of the grouper Cephalopholis taeniops (Epinephelidae) off the Cape Verde Archipelago, north-west Africa
Authors: Tariche O. , Pajuelo J.G. , Lorenzo J.M. , Luque A. , Gonzalez J.A. 
Published: October 2014

The grouper Cephalopholis taeniops is a carnivorous fish of the Cape Verde coastal marine ecosystem. Nothing is known regarding the age and growth of this epinephelid. In this study, the age and growth of C. taeniops was investigated by annual growth increment counts from 2804 specimens (7–51 cm total length) collected between January 2005 and December 2011. Whole otoliths underestimated the age indicated in sections by approximately 70%; therefore, sectioned otoliths were used in this study. A year's growth was represented by one opaque and one translucent ring. There was no apparent time lag from the start of the increase in the seawater temperature and the beginning of the formation of the opaque ring. The formation of the translucent rings coincided with a decrease in surface seawater temperature. Cephalopholis taeniops is a slow-growing and long-lived species, with ages of up to 20 years recorded. The seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function was the best fitted among the four models tested, with an Akaike weight higher than 0.99. Growth was described by the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function as follows: L∞ = 54.26 cm, k = 0.135 year−1, t0 = −0.853 year, C = 0.439 and ts = 0.667.
Detection of high levels of anti-α-galactosyl antibodies in sera of patients with Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible tool for diagnosis and biomarker for cure in an elimination setting
Authors: AL-SALEM WALEED S. , FERREIRA DANIELA M. , DYER NAOMI A. , ALYAMANI ESSAM J. , BALGHONAIM SALAH M. , AL-MEHNA AHMED Y. , AL-ZUBIANY SALEEM , IBRAHIM EL-KEIR , AL SHAHRANI ALI M. , ALKHUAILED HAMED , ALDAHAN MOHAMMED A. , AL JARALLH ABDULAZIZ M. , ABDELHADY SAMER S. , AL-ZAHRANI MOHAMMED H. , ALMEIDA IGOR C. , ACOSTA-SERRANO ALVARO 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYIn the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is mainly caused byLeishmania majorandLeishmania tropicaparasites. Diagnosis of CL is predominately made by clinicians, who at times fail to detect the disease and are unable to identify parasite species. Here, we report the development of a chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) to measure the levels of anti-α-galactosyl antibodies in human sera. Using this assay, we have found that individuals infected with eitherLeishmaniaspp. had significantly elevated levels (up to 9-fold higher) of anti-α-Gal IgG compared to healthy control individuals. The assay sensitivity was 96% forL. major(95% CI; 94–98%) and 91% forL. tropica(95% CI; 86–98%) infections and therefore equivalent to restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction analysis of parasiteITS1gene. In addition, the assay had higher sensitivity than microscopy analysis, which only detected 68 and 45% of theL. majorandL. tropicainfections, respectively. Interestingly, up to 2 years following confirmed CL cure individuals had 28-fold higher levels of anti-α-Gal IgG compared to healthy volunteers. Monitoring levels of anti-α-Gal antibodies can be exploited as both a diagnostic tool and as a biomarker of cure of Old World CL in disease elimination settings.
The international relations of the ‘imagined community’: Explaining the late nineteenth-century genesis of theChinesenation
Authors: COOPER LUKE 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBenedict Anderson'sImagined Communitieshas long been established as one of the major contributions to theories of nations and nationalism. Anderson located the rise of national identities within a long-evolving crisis of dynastic conceptions of identity, time, and space, and argued print-capitalism was the key cultural and economic force in the genesis of nations. This article offers a critical appropriation and application of Anderson's theory through two steps. Firstly, it evaluates the conceptual underpinning of his approach through an engagement with recent scholarship on the ‘theory of uneven and combined development’. The fruits of this interchange provide a deeper analytical framework to account for what Anderson calls the ‘modularity’ of national identity, that is, its universal spread across the globe. Modularity is now reconceptualised as a product of combined development with its causal efficacy derived from the latent dynamics of a geopolitically fragmented world. The latter gave shape and form to the new national communities. Secondly, this revised framework is applied to the emergence of Chinese national identity in the late nineteenth century. This allows Chinese nationalism to be recast as an ideological amalgam of indigenous and imported elements that emerged out of the crisis-ridden encounter between Imperial China and Western imperialism in the nineteenth century.
Tc-99m production with ultrashort intense laser pulses
Authors: Bychenkov V. Yu. , Brantov A. V. , Mourou G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe interaction of a relativistic short laser pulse with thin foil is studied using 3D PIC simulations in the context of optimized high-energy proton generation for nuclear medicine and pharmacy. As an example, we analyze the Tc-99m yield from the Mo-100(p,2n)Tc-99m reaction with the International Coherent Amplification Network (ICAN) concept defined by a 10 J pulse energy and 10 kHz repetition rate. Based on 3D PIC simulation it has been demonstrated that normally incident 100 fs laser pulse with maximum intensity of 5 × 1021 W/cm2 is able to generate 1011 protons with energy upto 45 MeV from thin semi-transparent CH2 target. Such laser-produced proton beam after 6 hours bombardment of the thick metallic Mo-100 target gives around 300 Gbq activities of Tc-99m isotope. This gives reason to believe that laser technology for producing technetium is possible with ICAN concept to replace the traditional scheme through the fission of weapons-grade uranium.
Liminality and Low-Income Aging Families by Choice: Meanings of Family and Support
Authors: McDaniel Susan , Gazso Amber 
Published: October 2014

RÉSUMÉLe vieillissement, à travers la lentille de l'individualisation, démontre des changements, tant dans la composition de la famille et le sens de la famille et du soutien. Les familles à faible revenu qui – pour survivre – aussi choisissent parfois de nouvelles relations flexibles de soutien social, y compris les parents et non-parents : celles sont les familles vieillissantes par choix. En appliquant le concept de liminalité (états transitoires de l’être), créé par l’individualisation, nous avons exploré les expériences de liens étroits dans les familles à faible revenu constitutées de parents et membres non-parents vieillissants. Des entretiens qualitatifs avec des répondants représentant deux ou trois générations de familles vieillissantes par choix ont montré comment ces familles perçoivent les sens de la famille et du soutien social. Nous trouvons que la reciprocité est moins essentielle aux rapports entre les plus vieux et les plus jeunes dans les réseaux familiaux que l’on pourrait s’attendre. La liminalité façonne les sens et les échanges dans les familles vieillissantes à faible revenu par choix, de sorte que n’importe la façon dont les relations soient-elles ténues, elles procurent un sentiment d’appartenance et de la signification.
SOLVING A SPECIAL CLASS OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE LINEAR FRACTIONAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
Authors: TANTAWY S. F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper a feasible direction method is presented to find all efficient extreme points for a special class of multiple objective linear fractional programming problems, when all denominators are equal. This method is based on the conjugate gradient projection method, so that we start with a feasible point and then a sequence of feasible directions towards all efficient adjacent extremes of the problem can be generated. Since methods based on vertex information may encounter difficulties as the problem size increases, we expect that this method will be less sensitive to problem size. A simple production example is given to illustrate this method.
ON TURBULENCE MODELLING AND THE TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW
Authors: FORBES LAWRENCE K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFluid turbulence is often modelled using equations derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, perhaps with some semi-heuristic closure model for the turbulent viscosity. This paper considers a possible alternative hypothesis. It is argued that regarding turbulence as a manifestation of non-Newtonian behaviour may be a viewpoint of at least comparable validity. For a general description of nonlinear viscosity in a Stokes fluid, it is shown that the flow patterns are indistinguishable from those predicted by the Navier–Stokes equation in one- or two-dimensional geometry, but that fully three-dimensional flows differ markedly. The stability of linearized plane Poiseuille flow to three-dimensional disturbances is then considered, in a Tollmien–Schlichting formulation. It is demonstrated that the flow may become unstable at significantly lower Reynolds numbers than those expected from Navier–Stokes theory. Although similar results are known in sections of the rheological literature, the present work attempts to advance the philosophical viewpoint that turbulence might always be regarded as a non-Newtonian effect, to a degree that is dependent only on the particular fluid in question. Such an approach could give a more satisfactory account of the underlying physics.
Viability and stress protection of chronic lymphoid leukemia cells involves overactivation of mitochondrial phosphoSTAT3Ser727
Authors: Capron C , Jondeau K , Casetti L , Jalbert V , Costa C , Verhoeyen E , Massé J M , Coppo P , Béné M C , Bourdoncle P , Cramer-Bordé E , Dusanter-Fourt I 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of functionally defective CD5-positive B lymphocytes. The clinical course of CLL is highly variable, ranging from a long-lasting indolent disease to an unpredictable and rapidly progressing leukemia requiring treatment. It is thus important to identify novel factors that reflect disease progression or contribute to its assessment. Here, we report on a novel STAT3-mediated pathway that characterizes CLL B cells-extended viability and oxidative stress control. We observed that leukemic but not normal B cells from CLL patients exhibit constitutive activation of an atypical form of the STAT3 signaling factor, phosphorylated on serine 727 (Ser727) in the absence of detectable canonical tyrosine 705 (Tyr705)-dependent activation in vivo. The Ser727-phosphorylated STAT3 molecule (pSTAT3Ser727) is localized to the mitochondria and associates with complex I of the respiratory chain. This pSer727 modification is further controlled by glutathione-dependent antioxidant pathway(s) that mediate stromal protection of the leukemic B cells and regulate their viability. Importantly, pSTAT3Ser727, but neither Tyr705-phosphorylated STAT3 nor total STAT3, levels correlate with prolonged in vivo CLL B cells survival. Furthermore, STAT3 activity contributes to the resistance to apoptosis of CLL, but not normal B cells, in vitro. These data reveal that mitochondrial (Mt) pSTAT3Ser727 overactivity is part of the antioxidant defense pathway of CLL B cells that regulates their viability. Mt pSTAT3Ser727 appears to be a newly identified cell-protective signal involved in CLL cells survival. Targeting pSTAT3Ser727 could be a promising new therapeutic approach.
TRAF2 inhibits TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis and necroptosis
Authors: Karl I , Jossberger-Werner M , Schmidt N , Horn S , Goebeler M , Leverkus M , Wajant H , Giner T 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe relevance of the adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) for signal transduction of the death receptor tumour necrosis factor receptor1 (TNFR1) is well-established. The role of TRAF2 for signalling by CD95 and the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) DRs, however, is only poorly understood. Here, we observed that knockdown (KD) of TRAF2 sensitised keratinocytes for TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while cell death was fully blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) in control cells, TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes were only partly rescued from TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death. In line with the idea that the only partially protective effect of zVAD-fmk on TRAIL- and CD95L-treated TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes is due to the induction of necroptosis, combined treatment with zVAD-fmk and the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor necrostatin-1 fully rescued these cells. To better understand the impact of TRAF2 levels on RIP1- and RIP3-dependent necroptosis and RIP3-independent apoptosis, we performed experiments in HeLa cells that lack endogenous RIP3 and HeLa cells stably transfected with RIP3. HeLa cells, in which necroptosis has no role, were markedly sensitised to TRAIL-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by TRAF2 KD. In RIP3-expressing HeLa transfectants, however, KD of TRAF2 also strongly sensitised for TRAIL-induced necroptosis. Noteworthy, priming of keratinocytes with soluble TWEAK, which depletes the cytosolic pool of TRAF2-containing protein complexes, resulted in strong sensitisation for TRAIL-induced necroptosis but had only a very limited effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The necroptotic TRAIL response was not dependent on endogenously produced TNF and TNFR signalling, since blocking TNF by TNFR2-Fc or anti-TNFα had no effect on necroptosis induction. Taken together, we identified TRAF2 not only as a negative regulator of DR-induced apoptosis but in particular also as an antagonist of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced necroptosis.
Na-Faraday rotation filtering: The optimal point
Authors: Kiefer Wilhelm , Löw Robert , Wrachtrup Jörg , Gerhardt Ilja 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNarrow-band optical filtering is required in many spectroscopy applications to suppress unwanted background light. One example is quantum communication where the fidelity is often limited by the performance of the optical filters. This limitation can be circumvented by utilizing the GHz-wide features of a Doppler broadened atomic gas. The anomalous dispersion of atomic vapours enables spectral filtering. These, so-called, Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filters (FADOFs) can be by far better than any commercial filter in terms of bandwidth, transition edge and peak transmission. We present a theoretical and experimental study on the transmission properties of a sodium vapour based FADOF with the aim to find the best combination of optical rotation and intrinsic loss. The relevant parameters, such as magnetic field, temperature, the related optical depth and polarization state are discussed. The non-trivial interplay of these quantities defines the net performance of the filter. We determine analytically the optimal working conditions, such as transmission and the signal to background ratio and validate the results experimentally. We find a single global optimum for one specific optical path length of the filter. This can now be applied to spectroscopy, guide star applications, or sensing.
Fracture-induced amorphization of polycrystalline SiO2 stishovite: a potential platform for toughening in ceramics
Authors: Nishiyama Norimasa , Wakai Fumihiro , Ohfuji Hiroaki , Tamenori Yusuke , Murata Hidenobu , Taniguchi Takashi , Matsushita Masafumi , Takahashi Manabu , Kulik Eleonora , Yoshida Kimiko , Wada Kouhei , Bednarcik Jozef , Irifune Tetsuo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSilicon dioxide has eight stable crystalline phases at conditions of the Earth's rocky parts. Many metastable phases including amorphous phases have been known, which indicates the presence of large kinetic barriers. As a consequence, some crystalline silica phases transform to amorphous phases by bypassing the liquid via two different pathways. Here we show a new pathway, a fracture-induced amorphization of stishovite that is a high-pressure polymorph. The amorphization accompanies a huge volume expansion of ~100% and occurs in a thin layer whose thickness from the fracture surface is several tens of nanometers. Amorphous silica materials that look like strings or worms were observed on the fracture surfaces. The amount of amorphous silica near the fracture surfaces is positively correlated with indentation fracture toughness. This result indicates that the fracture-induced amorphization causes toughening of stishovite polycrystals. The fracture-induced solid-state amorphization may provide a potential platform for toughening in ceramics.
Elevated serum 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 level attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in kl/kl mice
Authors: Sun Yujing , Zhou Gengyin , Gui Ting , Shimokado Aiko , Nakanishi Masako , Oikawa Kosuke , Sato Fuyuki , Muragaki Yasuteru 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that Klotho provides reno-protection against unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (RTF). Because the existing studies are mainly performed using heterozygous Klotho mutant (HT) mice, we focused on the effect of UUO on homozygous Klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice. UUO kidneys from HT mice showed a significantly higher level of RTF and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling than wild-type (WT) mice, whereas both were greatly suppressed in kl/kl mice. Primary proximal tubular epithelial culture cells isolated from kl/kl mice showed no suppression in TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) compared to those from HT mice. In the renal epithelial cell line NRK52E, a large amount of inorganic phosphate (Pi), FGF23, or calcitriol was added to the medium to mimic the in vivo homeostasis of kl/kl mice. Neither Pi nor FGF23 antagonized TGF-β1-induced EMT. In contrast, calcitriol ameliorated TGF-β1-induced EMT in a dose dependent manner. A vitamin D3-deficient diet normalized the serum 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 level in kl/kl mice and enhanced UUO-induced RTF and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. In conclusion, the alleviation of UUO-induced RTF in kl/kl mice was due to the TGF-β1 signaling suppression caused by an elevated serum 1, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3.
GPKOW is essential for pre-mRNA splicing in vitro and suppresses splicing defect caused by dominant-negative DHX16 mutation in vivo
Authors: Zang Shengbing , Lin Ting-Yu , Chen Xinji , Gencheva Marieta , Newo Alain N. S. , Yang Lixin , Rossi Daniel , Hu Jianda , Lin Shwu-Bin , Huang Aimin , Lin Ren-Jang 
Published: October 2014

Human GPKOW [G-patch (glycine-rich) domain and KOW (Kyrpides, Ouzounis and Woese) domain] protein contains a G-patch domain and two KOW domains, and is a homologue of Arabidopsis MOS2 and Saccharomyces Spp2 protein. GPKOW is found in the human spliceosome, but its role in pre-mRNA splicing remains to be elucidated. In this report, we showed that GPKOW interacted directly with the DHX16/hPRP2 and with RNA. Immuno-depletion of GPKOW from HeLa nuclear extracts resulted in an inactive spliceosome that still bound DHX16. Adding back recombinant GPKOW restored splicing to the depleted extract. In vivo, overexpression of GPKOW partially suppressed the splicing defect observed in dominant-negative DHX16 mutant expressing cells. Mutations at the G-patch domain greatly diminished the GPKOW–DHX16 interaction; however, the mutant was active in splicing and was able to suppress splicing defect. Mutations at the KOW1 domain slightly altered the GPKOW–RNA interaction, but the mutant was less functional in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that GPKOW can functionally impact DHX16 but that interaction between the proteins is not required for this activity.
Inter-relationships between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, apolipoprotein C-III and plasma apolipoprotein B-48 transport in obese subjects: a stable isotope study in the postprandial state
Authors: Chan Dick C. , Wong Annette T. Y. , Pang Jing , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Watts Gerald F. 
Published: October 2014

Postprandial lipaemia, due to elevated plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 concentrations, contributes to increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in obesity. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and apoC-III may play a role in regulating triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL)–apoB-48 metabolism. We investigated the associations between plasma PCSK9 and apoC-III concentrations and the kinetics of apoB-48 in obese subjects. Seventeen obese subjects were given an oral fat load. ApoB-48 tracer/tracee ratios were measured after an intravenous 2H3-leucine administration using GC–MS. Kinetic parameters, including secretion and fractional catabolic rates (FCRs), were derived using a multi-compartmental model. Plasma PCSK9 and apoC-III concentrations were significantly and positively (P&lt;0.05 in all) associated with the total area-under-curve (AUC) and incremental AUC for apoB-48 and inversely with TRL–apoB-48 FCR. Plasma PCSK9 and apoC-III concentrations were not correlated (P&gt;0.05 in all) with basal secretion or the number of TRL–apoB-48 secreted over the postprandial period. In the stepwise regression analysis, plasma PCSK9 was the best predictor of the total and incremental AUCs for plasma apoB-48 and the FCR of TRL–apoB-48. The association between plasma PCSK9 and apoC-III and TRL–apoB-48 FCR remained significant (P&lt;0.05 in all) after adjusting for age, homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score, hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In a multiple regression model, 31% of variance in TRL–apoB-48 FCR was accounted for by plasma PCSK9 and apoC-III concentrations (adjusted R2=0.306, P&lt;0.05). However, their associations with TRL–apoB-48 FCR were not independent of each other. Our results suggest that the catabolism of TRL–apoB-48 in the postprandial state may be co-ordinated by PCSK9 and apoC-III in obese individuals.