bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of hepatitis C virus status on liver enzymes in opioid‐dependent pregnant women maintained on opioid‐agonist medication
Authors: McNicholas Laura F. , Holbrook Amber M. , O'Grady Kevin E. , Jones Hendrée E. , Coyle Mara G. , Martin Peter R. , Heil Sarah H. , Stine Susan M. , Kaltenbach Karol 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimTo examine hepatic enzyme test results throughout the course of pregnancy in women maintained on methadone or buprenorphine.DesignParticipants were randomized to either methadone or buprenorphine maintenance. Blood chemistry tests, including liver transaminases and hepatitis C virus (HCV) status, were determined every 4 weeks and once postpartum. As part of a planned secondary analysis, generalized mixed linear models were conducted with aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) as the dependent variables.SettingSix US sites and one European site that provided comprehensive treatment to pregnant opioid‐dependent women.ParticipantsA total of 175 opioid‐dependent pregnant women enrolled in the Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER) study.FindingsALT, AST and GGT levels decreased for all subjects across pregnancy trimesters, rising slightly postpartum. HCV‐positive subjects exhibited higher transaminases at all time‐points compared to HCV‐negative subjects, regardless of medication (all Ps < 0.05) condition. Both HCV‐positive and negative buprenorphine‐maintained participants exhibited lower GGT levels than those who were methadone‐maintained (P < 0.05).ConclusionsNeither methadone nor buprenorphine appear to have adverse hepatic effects in the treatment of pregnant opioid‐dependent women.
Inhibition of human in vitro osteoclastogenesis by Equisetum arvense
Authors: Costa‐Rodrigues J. , Carmo S. C. , Silva J. C. , Fernandes M. H. R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectivesEquisetum arvense has long been used in traditional medicines to treat different disorders, including bone pathologies. In this study a hydromethanolic extract of E. arvense was assessed for its effects on human osteoclastogenesis.Materials and methodsOsteoclast precursors were maintained in non‐stimulated and stimulated (presence of M‐CSF and RANKL) conditions, or in co‐cultures with osteoblasts. Cell cultures were treated with 0.00016–0.5 mg/ml of a hydromethanolic E. arvense extract.ResultsThe extract did not affect spontaneous osteoclastogenesis. In osteoclast precursors committed to osteoclastogenesis (stimulated or co‐cultured with osteoblasts), E. arvense caused dose‐dependent inhibitory effect that became statistically significant at concentrations ≥0.004 mg/ml. This was observed using different osteoclast differentiation and activation markers. Cell response was associated with changes in relative contribution of MEK and NFkB signalling pathways, as well as PGE2 production. As there were differences in the response of osteoclast precursors maintained in the presence of inductive factors, or co‐cultured with osteoblastic cells, it seems that E. arvense extract had the ability to modulate osteoclastogenesis, either by acting directly on osteoclast precursor cells, and/or via osteoblasts.ConclusionsEquisetum appeared to have a negative effect on human osteoclastogenesis, which is in line with its putative beneficial role in pathophysiological conditions associated with increased osteoclastic activity, and might suggest potential utility for treatment with bone regeneration strategies.
The human rights context for ethical requirements for involving people with intellectual disability in medical research
Authors: Iacono T. , Carling‐Jenkins R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe history of ethical guidelines addresses protection of human rights in the face of violations. Examples of such violations in research involving people with intellectual disabilities (ID) abound. We explore this history in an effort to understand the apparently stringent criteria for the inclusion of people with ID in research, and differences between medical and other research within a single jurisdiction.MethodThe history of the Helsinki Declaration and informed consent within medical research, and high‐profile examples of ethical misconduct involving people with ID and other groups are reviewed. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is then examined for its research implications. This background is used to examine a current anomaly within an Australian context for the inclusion of people with ID without decisional capacity in medical versus other types of research.ResultsEthical guidelines have often failed to protect the human rights of people with ID and other vulnerable groups. Contrasting requirements within an Australian jurisdiction for medical and other research would seem to have originated in early deference to medical authority for making decisions on behalf of patients.ConclusionsStringent ethical requirements are likely to continue to challenge researchers in ID. A human rights perspective provides a framework for engaging both researchers and vulnerable participant groups.
A rising tide: the increasing age and psychiatric length of stay for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities
Authors: Patil D. , Keown P. , Scott J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear whether the substantial decline in number and duration of admissions for patients with intellectual disability (ID) have occurred uniformly over time with respect to age, gender, severity of disability, legal status and location of treatment.MethodA retrospective analysis of NHS (National Health Service) admissions for ID and use of NHS ID beds in England between 1998/9 and 2007/8.ResultsNHS admissions for ID halved from 37 736 to 18 091, and admissions with a primary diagnosis of ID to beds reduced by 71% from 21 866 to 6420. This reduction was most marked among children with the result that the average age of those admitted increased from 26 years to 36 years. Mean length of stay shortened except for mild ID where it increased from 131 days to 244 days (the median increased from 6 days to 32 days). There was an 18% reduction in the number of patients with ID who were legally detained to NHS facilities but a 170% increase in those to private facilities (from 202 to 545).ConclusionsThe number of patients with ID admitted to NHS facilities, especially children, has fallen dramatically. There has been a marked shift towards legal detentions to private facilities. The most notable finding was the increased duration of admissions for those with mild ID, possibly indicating that substituting mainstream for specialist services for this group has had negative consequences.
Health advocacy: a vital step in attaining human rights for adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Brolan C. E. , Boyle F. M. , Dean J. H. , Taylor Gomez M. , Ware R. S. , Lennox N. G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disability (ID) experience health inequity compared with the general population, a key contributing factor being disparities in social determinants of health. The enactment of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) provides a platform for the progression and promotion of health and other interconnected rights to address barriers to the highest attainable standard of health for this populace. Rights can be brought to life through advocacy efforts. This paper explores the meaning, perceptions and experiences of advocacy by family members and paid support workers of adults with ID and locates the findings within a health and human rights discourse.MethodsAs part of a larger randomised controlled trial, 113 parents and 84 support workers of adults with ID completed a telephone interview that included open‐ended questions about their understanding and experiences of advocacy. Thematic analysis was used to identify relevant themes.ResultsFive key themes were identified. The first underscored how advocacy to ‘speak up’ for the person with ID is integral to both parent and support worker roles. The second and third themes considered the contexts for advocacy efforts. Access to quality health care was a core concern, along with advocacy across other areas and sectors to address the person's wider psychosocial needs. The remaining themes highlighted the many dimensions to advocacy, including differences between parent and support worker views, with parental advocacy being an expression of ‘caring’ and support workers motivated by a ‘duty of care’ to protect the individual's ‘rights’.ConclusionParent and support worker advocacy provides one means to address the social determinants of health and fulfilment of health rights of and for people with ID. Policy and practice in the context of governmental obligation under the CRPD should support advocacy and make health rights the reality not rhetoric for this group of men and women.
Falls in older persons with intellectual disabilities: fall rate, circumstances and consequences
Authors: Smulders E. , Enkelaar L. , Weerdesteyn V. , Geurts A. C. H. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundFalling is a common cause of injuries and reduced quality of life. Persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at increased risk for falls and related injuries. As the number of elderly persons with ID is growing rapidly, it is imperative to gain insight into the quantity of the problem of falling, the circumstances that precipitate falls and to better understand their aetiology in persons with ID. This is the first study to prospectively investigate fall rate, circumstances and fall consequences in older adults with mild to moderate ID.MethodEighty‐two individuals with mild to moderate ID, 50 years and over [mean age 62.3 (SD = 7.6), 34 male], participated in this study, which was conducted at three service providers for persons with ID in the Netherlands. Falls were registered for 1 year with monthly fall registration calendars to determine the fall rate (mean number of falls per person per year). Information on fall circumstances and consequences was obtained from questionnaires completed by caregivers and study participants after each fall.ResultsWe determined that the fall rate in this sample was 1.00 fall per person per year. Thirty‐seven participants reported at least one fall (range 1–6). Sex and age were not related to falls. Most falls occurred while walking (63.3%), outside (61.7%) and in familiar environments (88.9%). Importantly, 11.5% of falls resulted in severe injuries, approximately half of which were fractures.ConclusionThe circumstances and consequences of falls in persons with ID are comparable to those of the general elderly population, but the rate is substantially higher. As such, appropriate fall prevention strategies must be developed for individuals with ID.
Experiencing rights within positive, person‐centred support networks of people with intellectual disability in Australia
Authors: Hillman A. , Donelly M. , Whitaker L. , Dew A. , Stancliffe R. J. , Knox M. , Shelley K. , Parmenter T. R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis research describes issues related to human rights as they arose within the everyday lives of people in nine personal support networks that included adult Australians with an intellectual disability (ID).MethodThe research was part of a wider 3‐year ethnographic study of nine personal support networks. A major criterion for recruitment was that people in these networks were committed to actively developing the positive, meaningful future of an adult family member with an ID. Data were collected from November 2007 to March 2011 via interviews, participant observations and analysed within the framework of situational analysis. Findings were checked with network members.ResultsThe issue of rights was challenging to network members. Subtle rights violations could have a major impact on an individual with a disability. Network members worked to protect the rights of people with ID by building and maintaining an empathic and respectful support network, developing the person's self‐confidence and autonomy and ensuring that the person with an ID was an active member of the personal support network.ConclusionThe maintenance of rights within a supportive environment remains a difficult task. It can be facilitated by a deep knowledge and respect for the person being supported, the promotion of his or her active participation in the planning and provision of support, and an experimental and reflective approach.
Protection, participation and protection through participation: young people with intellectual disabilities and decision making in the family context
Authors: Saaltink R. , MacKinnon G. , Owen F. , Tardif‐Williams C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggests that persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) are expected to be more compliant than persons without disabilities and that expectations for compliance begin in childhood. No study, however, seems yet to have included a primary focus on the participatory rights, or rights to express opinions, desires and preferences and to be heard and taken seriously in decision making among young people with ID who are not yet considered legally adult. The purpose of the two current studies was to explore how the right to participation is negotiated for young people with ID in a family context and to determine family members’ recommendations for strategies to facilitate the participation of young people with ID.MethodIn the first study, four young people with ID, their mothers and two siblings from four families took part in semi‐structured interviews about decision making in the family context. In the second study, a mother and daughter from the first study discussed and developed strategies to promote participation for young people with ID.ResultsIn the first study, all participants communicated that young people with ID follow an age‐typical yet restricted pattern of participation in decisions about their lives. Young people's participation was consistently framed by familial norms and values as well as their families’ desire to protect them. In the second study, both participants suggested communication about the outcomes of real or imagined decisions would help young family members rehearse decision‐making strategies that would facilitate their autonomy while remaining within the bounds of familial norms, values and perceptions of safety.ConclusionsAlthough young people with ID may make fewer independent decisions about their lives than typically developing peers, support in decision making can enable both increased protection and independence.
Mind the gap: the human rights of children with intellectual disabilities in Egypt
Authors: Gobrial E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundChildren with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have the same human value as other children and are entitled to their basic human rights. And yet, in developing countries they face many barriers to accessing these rights. This study focuses on children with IDs in Egypt.MethodA new measure, the Human Rights of children with Intellectual Disabilities‐Egypt, was developed to assess (1) awareness of the human rights of children with IDs and (2) perceptions of the extent to which children with IDs currently have access to these rights.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 200 respondents across Egypt. Of great concern, there was a widespread lack of awareness of the rights of children with IDs. Moreover, respondents reported that they believed that this group of children had limited access to health care and treatment, including mental health care, social care, education and rehabilitation.ConclusionWhile the sample size was small, the findings identify the urgency in Egypt of (1) raising public awareness of the human rights of children with IDs, and (2) implementing and sustaining changes to improve access to these rights. The new government is responsible for ensuring that its apparent commitment to human rights is now translated into effective action to make tangible improvements in the lives of children with IDs and their families.
The ITINERIS scale on the rights of persons with intellectual disabilities: development, pilot studies and application at a country level in South America
Authors: Aznar A. S. , González Castañón D. , Olate G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe ITINERIS scale on the rights of persons with intellectual disabilities (ISRPID) was developed to measure the extent to which people with intellectual disabilities (ID) exercise their rights.MethodThe ISRPID was produced through a virtual Delphi group with 37 professionals and relatives of people with ID from four continents and was refined in small pilot groups with persons with ID in Argentina. It has 30 items and can be self‐administered or completed by a proxy. Versions in three languages (English, Spanish and Portuguese) are available. Following its development, the ISRPID was applied in Chile to 705 persons with ID and to a control group of 524 college students without ID.ResultsStatistical analysis showed that family relationships, community participation, living arrangements and level of disability affect the experience of rights among people with ID. Importantly, with structured supports, people with ID appear able to exercise their rights to a level comparable to that of their peers without ID.ConclusionsWith further development, the ISRPID may be an appropriate scale to monitor the exercise of rights contained in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities at an individual or group level.
Polysaccharides composition from tropical brown seaweeds
Authors: García‐Ríos Virginia , Ríos‐Leal Elvira , Robledo Daniel , Freile‐Pelegrin Yolanda 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPolysaccharides composition of the tropical brown seaweeds Turbinaria turbinata, Sargassum filipendula, Dictyota caribaea and Padina perindusiata collected at Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) was determined in this study. Crude fucoidan extracted with HCl and alginate extracted with a hot alkali solution were characterized in terms of their molecular weight, sulfate content, uronic acid, total carbohydrate and neutral sugar components. Low molecular weight sulfated‐fucoidan was the major component in all species studied. Fucoidan from T. turbinata and from D. caribaea were characterized as a homofucan, with fucose as the neutral sugar. Fucoidan from S. filipendula was composed of a galactofucan, and fucoidan from P. perindusiata was characterized as a heterofucan consisting of fucose, glucose and galactose. The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of fucoidan extracted from species studied indicated that the majority of sulfate groups are located at C‐4 and to a lesser extent at C‐2 and/or C‐3 of the fucopyranose residues. This could be advantageous since several therapeutic effects have been reported for fucoidans with similar characteristics. FT‐IR spectra from D. caribaea and P. perindusiata revealed the presence of O‐acetyl groups in crude fucoidan, which could be potentially utilized as an immune stimulant. Molecular weight of alginate varied between 595 and 1301 kDa with similar uronic acid content in all species. Alginate M : G ratio inferred from FT‐IR spectra suggests a high content of G‐block in all species. Potential applications of these polysaccharides are discussed.
Life cycle ofChattonella marina(Raphidophyceae) inferred from analysis of microsatellite marker genotypes
Authors: Demura Mikihide , Noël Mary‐Hélène , Kasai Fumie , Watanabe Makoto M. , Kawachi Masanobu 
Published: October 2012

SummaryRed tides ofChattonellaspp. have caused continuous damage toJapanese aquaculture, however, the life cycle of this organism remains incompletely understood. To further investigate this matter, we assessed genotypes at 14 microsatellite markers in three varieties ofChattonella marina, viz.,C. marinavar.antiqua,C. marinavar.marina, andC. marinavar.ovata, to establish whetherChattonellaundergoes asexual diploidization or sexual reproduction. After genotyping 287 strains ofC. marina, all but one of these strains was shown to be heterozygous for at least some loci, and thus, in the diploid state, suggesting thatChattonellastrains undergo sexual reproduction. In addition, we performed single‐cell amplification on ‘small cells’ that are derived from vegetative cells under dark and low‐nutrient conditions. The results indicated the existence of two types of small cells. The ‘Small cellType 1’ was found to be heterozygous, genotypically equivalent to the vegetative cells, and is therefore diploid. These small cells may change to resting cells (cysts) directly. The ‘Small cellType 2’ was homozygous at all analyzed loci, suggesting that these small cells are haploid and may be derived by meiosis. As fusion between small cells has previously been observed, the ‘Small cellType 2’ may be the gamete ofChattonella. We present a construct of the full life cycle ofChattonella marinabased on our own and previous results.
Can imitation companion planting interfere with host selection by Brassica pest insects?
Authors: George David R. , Collier Rosemary H. , Whitehouse Diane M. 
Published: October 2012

Companion planting with nonhosts may offer a non‐insecticidal means of controlling pests, although the results of studies can be variable and species‐dependent.
The effect of companion planting on two pests of Brassica crops, Plutella xylostella (L.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was examined using Brussels sprout as the host plant and imitation cereal plants made from green plastic as the nonhost. For P. xylostella, the effect of nonhost density was also investigated.
Oviposition (P. xylostella) and abundance (B. brassicae) were lower on Brussels sprout plants presented on a background of high‐density imitation cereal plants (reductions of 59% and 85%, respectively).
The results are discussed in the context of host location by pest insects and the selection of nonhost companion plants for pest management.
It is concluded that nonhost plants interfere with pest host selection through disruption to visual host location processes.
Life‐history costs associated with resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin in the predatory ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa
Authors: Ferreira Emerson S. , Rodrigues Agna R. S. , Silva‐Torres Christian S. A. , Torres Jorge B. 
Published: October 2012

The present study assessed the fitness of a lambda‐cyhalothrin‐resistant population of Eriopis connexa (Germar) with respect to development, reproduction, survival under prey scarcity and prey consumption.
Nontreated resistant females (R0) and females recovered after the topical application of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 mg active ingredient/mL of lambda‐cyhalothrin (R0.05, R0.10 and R0.25) produced, on average, 50% less eggs than susceptible females (S0), irrespective of the applied dose. All of the other traits evaluated remained similar. With respect to developmental characteristics, the larval viability and weight of adult male R0.25 progeny were statistically lower compared with the R0 and S0 progenies. Prey scarcity between days 3 and 13 of adulthood did not affect R0 and R0.25 survival, although egg production was significantly lower for R0 females, followed by R0.25 females, compared with S0 females.
The mean consumption of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover over 5 consecutive days was significantly higher for S0, followed by R0 and R0.25, up to day 3 of observation. However, after day 4, prey consumption was similar among the three populations.
The results obtained in the present study show that resistant females have a lower reproductive output than susceptible females and that this is not related to the knockdown effect; however, the costs of recovering from knockdown interfere with the survival of offspring and also slightly with prey consumption. Thus, we conclude that the lambda‐cyhalothrin‐resistant E. connexa population exhibits an egg production disadvantage relative to the susceptible population and that this is increased when the population is subjected to prey scarcity.