bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The super‐heat wave in eastern China during July–August 2013: a perspective of climate change
Authors: Xia Jiangjiang , Tu Kai , Yan Zhongwei , Qi Yajie 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTEastern China suffered a record‐breaking heat wave throughout almost all of summer, during 2013. Recent studies found a discernible impact of anthropogenic forcing on this extreme heat wave event. In this study, we investigate the role of multidecadal variability (MDV) in regulating the likelihood of the 2013 heat wave event. Using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, we decomposed the heat wave index series into three components: (1) a non‐linear secular trend (ST), representing the long‐term anthropogenic warming; (2) MDV; and (3) the residual high‐frequency variability. For the period 1873–2013, the linear trend of heat wave strength (HW‐S, defined as the July–August mean temperatures) was 0.06 °C per decade, mainly because of the contribution of ST. MDV plays an important role in regulating changes over decades. ST and MDV together form a changing climate background (CB) for extreme events. The 2013 heat wave event would be almost impossible under the pre‐industrial CB but becomes likely under the long‐term warming background, with a return period of longer than 103 years. When the positive phase of MDV is added to the secular warming background (the current CB), the return period of a super‐heat wave such as the 2013 event becomes about 42 (12–103) years. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) shows significant correlation with the MDV component of the HW‐S in Shanghai. The correlation pattern between the AMO and MDV of July–August temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere is analysed to explain the AMO–Shanghai relationship. It is suggested that the likelihood of such an extreme event will increase with further long‐term climate warming, modified by low‐frequency oceanic variations such as the AMO.
Long‐term trends in gale days and storminess for the Falkland Islands
Authors: Jones Philip D. , Harpham Colin , Lister David 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWeather typing, based on surface pressure charts, has been one of the principal means of analysis in synoptic climatology. Here, we use an automated scheme to derive weather types (WTs) and also calculate Lamb weather types (LWTs) for the Falkland Islands. The WTs are based on sea‐level pressure data estimated using two reanalysis products: one that extends from 1948 to 2014 and another that just uses station pressure data as input and extends back to 1871. The WTs can be used to derive counts of gale days and these will be compared with storminess estimates based on the rate of change of daily‐average pressure measurements at the principal observational site (near the capital, Port Stanley) on the islands. A particular emphasis of the paper is the reliability of the results taking into account that we are using reanalysis datasets from a very data‐sparse region of the world. More gale days are estimated during the period from about 1880 to the mid‐1910s and since the 1980s. Fewer gale days are evident during other periods, particularly from the mid‐1910s to 1947. As these changes are not evident in the storminess measure derived from the sub‐daily pressure series for the Port Stanley region, the results in terms of gale‐day counts are very suggestive of being due to differences in the quality of the reanalysis during the different periods. The reanalysis appears better the higher the number of gale days estimated. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 dramatically reduced the number of ships, and hence observations, rounding Cape Horn. The paper also relates seasonal counts of the LWTs and WTs to recently developed long series of temperature and precipitation for the Port Stanley region.
Elevated marrow inflammatory cells and osteoclasts in subchondral osteosclerosis in human knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Geurts Jeroen , Patel Amit , Hirschmann Michael T. , Pagenstert Geert I. , Müller‐Gerbl Magdalena , Valderrabano Victor , Hügle Thomas 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSubchondral osteosclerosis, characterized by an increase of hypomineralized bone material, is a pathological hallmark of osteoarthritis. The cellular components in the subchondral marrow compartment that participate in this aberrant bone remodeling process remain to be elucidated. This study assessed the presence of marrow inflammatory cells and their relative abundance between nonsclerotic and sclerotic tissues in knee osteoarthritis. Bone samples from osteoarthritic knee tibial plateaus were stratified for histological analyses using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry. Immunohistological analysis revealed the presence of CD20 (B‐lymphocyte) and CD68 (macrophage), but not CD3 (T‐lymphocyte) immunoreactive mononuclear cells in subchondral marrow tissues and their relative abundance was significantly increased in sclerotic compared with nonsclerotic bone samples. Multinucleated osteoclasts that stained positive for CD68 and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, predominantly associated with CD34‐positive blood vessels and their abundance was strongly increased in sclerotic samples. Bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase activity in outgrowth osteoblasts was induced by conditioned medium from nonsclerotic, but not sclerotic, bone pieces. These results suggest that an interaction between bone‐resident cells and marrow inflammatory cells might play a role in aberrant bone remodeling leading to subchondral osteosclerosis. Elevated osteoclast activity in sclerotic bone suggests that bone formation and resorption activities are increased, yet uncoupled, in human knee osteoarthritis. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:262–269, 2016.
Nitrogen losses, uptake and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in soil under mineral and organo‐mineral fertilization regimes
Authors: Florio Alessandro , Felici Barbara , Migliore Melania , Dell'Abate Maria Teresa , Benedetti Anna 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDA laboratory incubation experiment and greenhouse studies investigated the impact of organo‐mineral (OM) fertilization as an alternative practice to conventional mineral (M) fertilization on nitrogen (N) uptake and losses in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as well as on soil microbial biomass and ammonia oxidizers.RESULTSWhile no significant difference in plant productivity and ammonia emissions between treatments could be detected, an increase in soil total N content and an average 17.9% decrease in nitrates leached were observed in OM fertilization compared with M fertilization. The microbial community responded differentially to treatments, suggesting that the organic matter fraction of the OM fertilizer might have influenced N immobilization in the microbial biomass in the short–medium term. Furthermore, nitrate contents in fertilized soils were significantly related to bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene copies, whereas in non‐fertilized soils a significant relationship between soil nitrates and archaeal but not bacterial amoA copies was found.CONCLUSIONThe application of OM fertilizer to soil maintained sufficient productivity and in turn increased N use efficiency and noticeably reduced N losses. Furthermore, in this experiment, ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria drove nitrification when an N source was added to the soil, whereas ammonia‐oxidizing archaea were responsible for ammonia oxidation in non‐fertilized soil. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumer peach preferences and purchasing behavior: a mixed methods study
Authors: Kelley Kathleen M , Primrose Rachel , Crassweller Robert , Hayes John E , Marini Richard 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDPeaches (Prunus persica (L.) Stokes) are grown in several regions throughout the USA, are eaten fresh, and used as ingredients in value‐added processed products. An Internet survey was conducted to investigate Mid‐Atlantic consumers' fresh and processed peach purchasing behaviors, and whether packaging certain numbers of peaches together, providing information about nutritional content, and other factors would increase purchases. Additionally, laboratory‐based sensory testing was used to better understand peel color, texture, sweetness, sourness, and flavor preferences for cultivars commonly grown in the Mid‐Atlantic region.RESULTSIrrespective of fresh peach consumption frequency, certain value‐added products were of interest. For some products, interest in purchasing was higher than reported purchasing behavior. Preference for certain fresh peach characteristics, such as peel color, differed between less frequent fresh peach consumers and those who consumed fresh peaches more often. Of the four peach cultivars included in the sensory test, most were liked; however, there were some cultivar differences pertaining to color, texture, sweetness, tartness, and flavor liking.CONCLUSIONPotential marketing strategies can be developed based on frequency of fresh peach consumption and household demographics. Data can be used to select peaches that best appeal to consumers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of muffins enriched with sour cherry pomace on acceptability, glycemic response, satiety and energy intake: a randomized crossover trial
Authors: Bajerska Joanna , Mildner‐Szkudlarz Sylwia , Górnaś Paweł , Seglina Dalija 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDSour cherry pomace (CP), a by‐product obtained during fruit processing, was used to replace wheat flour in a muffin formula. The influence of the most sensory acceptable muffins on glycemic response, appetite sensation, and energy intake during subsequent meal in a randomized crossover trial was studied.RESULTSIt is acceptable to incorporate up to 30% CP into muffin formulas. With CP‐treated muffins glucose responses were significantly lower at 30, 45, and 60 min intervals, and the incremental peak glucose was 0.40 and 0.60 mmol L−1 lower than for plain muffins (PM). The CP‐enriched muffins showed an incremental area under the blood glucose response curve values lower than that of PM. 20% CP and 30% CP resulted in improved satiety and induced a lower energy intake at a test meal ingested 3 h later (−13.7%; −15.1%) as compared to PM, respectively.CONCLUSIONCP may be a good functional ingredient for bakery products that assists in managing glucose levels, satiety, and subsequent energy intake in healthy individuals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Differentiation of high‐risk stage I and II colon tumors based on evaluation of CAV1 gene expression
Authors: Kitowska Agnieszka , Wesserling Martyna , Seroczynska Barbara , Szutowicz Andrzej , Ronowska Anna , Peksa Rafal , Pawelczyk Tadeusz 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundSeveral molecular markers are currently being investigated for their prognostic or predictive value in colorectal cancer. One of the genes proposed, as a potential molecular marker in CRC is CAV1.MethodsThe level of CAV1 expression was investigated in low‐stage (I and II TNM) colon cancers using Real‐Time PCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe level of CAV1 expression increased in tumors characterized by greater depths of invasiveness. The CAV1 expression level detected in tumors with a depth of invasion at stage T4 was significantly higher compared to that in T2 (P = 0.01) and T3 (P = 0.003) lesions. The length of a patient's survival depended on CAV1 expression level; the 10‐year survival rate for patients with elevated expression of CAV1 was ∼59% compared with 91% for patients with reduced or unchanged expression of CAV1 (P = 0.007). The overall survival rate of patients with T3 + T4 lesions was significantly lower (P = 0.006) for patients with tumor displaying elevated CAV1 expression compared with patients with reduced or unchanged CAV1 expression.ConclusionsEvaluation of CAV1 expression offers valuable prognostic information for patients with colorectal cancer, and could be used to select patients with stage I or II disease, who are at increased risk of unfavorable outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:408–414. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanohybrid Polymeric Nucleating Agents: In Situ Decorated Carbon Nanotubes and Serial Nucleation Behaviors in a Melt‐Miscible Crystalline/Crystalline Blend
Authors: Ye Lijun , Ye Cuicui , Shi Xianchun , Wang Hengti , Zhao Hongyan , Cao Xiaojun , You Jichun , Li Yongjin , Liang Yuanyuan 
Published: August 2015

Polymer carbon nanotube (PCN) nanocomposites based on a melt‐miscible poly(oxymethylene)/poly(l‐lactic acid) (POM/PLLA) blend and a trace of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been prepared by simple melt‐mixing. The crystallization behaviors of the ternary poly­mer–CNT nanocomposites (t‐PCNs) have been investigated. It is found that MWCNTs first nucleate POM selectively to yield novel “mace‐like” hybrid structure crystals. The “mace‐like” hybrid POM crystals subsequently serve as highly efficient polymeric nucleating agents (PNAs) for the crystallization of PLLA, leading to the remarkable enhancement of crystallization rate (vc) and crystallinity (Xc) of PLLA.
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Polymerization Rate Considerations for High Molecular Weight Polyisoprene‐b‐Polystyrene‐b‐Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Triblock Polymers Synthesized Via Sequential Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Reactions
Authors: Mulvenna Ryan A. , Prato Rafael A. , Phillip William A. , Boudouris Bryan W. 
Published: August 2015

The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization mechanism is a powerful technique for synthesizing functional block polymers for myriad applications. Most kinetic studies regarding the RAFT mechanism have focused on low molecular weight homopolymer and block polymer syntheses using a dithiobenzoate chain transfer agent (CTA). Here, the polymerization kinetics are evaluated for a high molecular weight A‐B‐C triblock polymer system, polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene‐b‐poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PI‐PS‐PDMA), using a trithiocarbonate agent for application of these types of polymers. Importantly, it is demonstrated that the polymerization of polyisoprene is the step that generates the block with the largest dispersity for high molecular weight PI‐PS‐PDMA polymers. As such, the kinetics of isoprene polymerization must be altered systematically for desired nanostructures to be formed. In addition, it is established that the PS and PDMA block additions exhibit polymerization rate retardation, which is due to slow chain fragmentation of the CTA, as demonstrated by the magnitudes of the equilibrium constants for both the styrene and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide reactions, and as calculated using ab initio modeling. This elucidation of the nature of the controlled RAFT mechanism provides a critical handle for the more precise design and control of other next‐generation high molecular weight block polymer systems that are polymerized using the RAFT mechanism.
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Preparation of Lanthanide‐Polymer Composite Material via Click Chemistry
Authors: Chen Bin , Wen Guian , Wu Jiajie , Feng Jiachun 
Published: August 2015

Covalently attaching lanthanide complexes to the polymer backbone can effectively reduce the clustering of lanthanides and thus become an important strategy to fully unleash their potential. In this Communication, a metal‐free click reaction is used for the first time to link a lanthanide complex to the polymer matrix. A diene‐bearing copolymer with anthracenylmethyl methacrylate as a monomer and a dienophile‐bearing lanthanide complex with 5‐maleimido‐1,10‐phenanthroline as the second ligand are synthesized and coupled together through a Diels–Alder cycloaddition (DA). A comparative investigation demonstrates that the composite material prepared by DA click reaction shows the highest quantum yields in the same lanthanide concentration as compared to materials prepared by widely used “directly doping” and “in situ coordinating lanthanide ions with macromolecular ligand” approaches. This work suggests that the “metal‐free” DA click reaction can be a promising tool in the synthesis of high efficient lanthanide functionalized polymeric materials.
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Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor inhibits neuromuscular junction maturation mediated by inTracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase
Authors: Song Wei , Jin Xiwan Albert 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) inhibits neuromuscular junction (NMJ) maturation. In this study we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process.MethodsWe used a patch‐clamp technique to measure spontaneous synaptic currents (SSCs) from innervated muscle cells in Xenopus nerve–muscle cocultures.ResultsIn the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CaMK) inhibitor KN93, SSC amplitude (226.3 ± 26.5 pA), frequency (30.9 ± 10.1 events/min), and percentage of bell‐shaped amplitude distributions (47.1%) were reversed to control levels (286.7 ± 48.2 pA, 26.2 ± 5.8 events/min, and 47.1%, respectively). Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ by BAPTA‐AM or thapsigargin had similar reversal effects to KN93. In addition, cotreatment with both 2‐APB (IP3 receptor inhibitor) and TMB‐8 (ryanodine receptor inhibitor) also reversed the inhibitory effects of BDNF, as shown by the physiological parameters.ConclusionsCaMK mediates the inhibitory effects of BDNF on NMJ maturation. Ca2+ released from intracellular stores through either IP3 receptors or ryanodine receptors regulates neurotrophic actions on NMJ maturation. Muscle Nerve 53: 593–597, 2016
Approach for needle insertion into the tibialis posterior: An ultrasonography study
Authors: Won Sun Jae , Yoon Joon Shik 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: To avoid neurovascular damage by needle electrode insertion into the tibialis posterior, we used ultrasonography to determine the proper insertion point based on anatomic landmarks. Methods: Using ultrasonography, the safety window, the corrected safety window, and the depth of the tibialis posterior were measured at 4 points (the upper third and midpoint of the tibia using anterior and posterior approaches) in healthy volunteers. Results: The safety window at the midpoint for the posterior approach was significantly larger than at the other points. The corrected safety window could be defined only at the upper third for the anterior approach and at the midpoint for the posterior approach. Conclusions: Among the 4 points used for needle insertion into the tibialis posterior, the midpoint by the posterior approach may be the most favorable insertion point. The upper third may be better for the anterior approach. Muscle Nerve 53: 528–531, 2016
Copolymerization of isoprene with ethylene catalyzed by cationic half‐sandwich fluorenyl scandium catalysts
Authors: Du Gaixia , Xue Jiaping , Peng Deqian , Yu Chao , Wang Hanghang , Zhou Yuening , Bi Jiaojiao , Zhang Shaowen , Dong Yuping , Li Xiaofang 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIsoprene polymerization and copolymerization with ethylene can be carried out by using cationic half‐sandwich fluorenyl scandium catalysts in situ generated from half‐sandwich fluorenyl scandium dialkyl complexes Flu'Sc(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)n, activator, and AliBu3 under mild conditions. In the isoprene polymerization, all of these cationic half‐sandwich fluorenyl scandium catalysts exhibit high activities (up to 1.89 × 107 g/molSc h) and mainly cis−1,4 selectivities (up to 93%) under similar conditions. In contrast, these catalysts showed different activities and regio‐/stereoselectivities being significantly dependent on the substituents of the fluorenyl ligands in the copolymerization of isoprene with ethylene under an atmosphere of ethylene (1 atm) at room temperature, affording the random copolymers with a wide range of cis−1,4‐isoprene contents (IP content: 64 − 97%, cis−1,4‐IP units: 65 − 79%) or almost alternating copolymers containing mainly 3,4‐IP‐alt‐E or/and cis−1,4‐IP‐alt‐E sequences. Moreover, novel high performance polymers have been prepared via selective epoxidation of the vinyl groups of the 1,4‐isoprene units in the IP‐E copolymers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2898–2907
Synthesis of high‐order multiblock core cross‐linked star polymers
Authors: McKenzie Thomas G. , Ren Jing M. , Dunstan Dave E. , Wong Edgar H. H. , Qiao Greg G. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTCore cross‐linked star (CCS) polymers with radiating arms composed of high‐order multiblock copolymers have been synthesized in a one‐pot system via iterative copper‐mediated radical polymerization. The employed “arm‐first” technique ensures the multiblock sequence of the macroinitiator is carried through to the star structure with no arm defects. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of three distinct star polymers with differing arm compositions, two with an alternating ABABAB block sequence and one with six different block units (i.e. ABCDEF). Owing to the star architecture, CCS polymers in which the arm composition consists of alternating hydrophilic–hydrophobic (ABABAB) segments undergo supramolecular self‐assembly in selective solvents, whereas linear polymers with the same block sequence did not yield self‐assembled structures, as evidenced by DLS analysis. The combination of microstructural and topological control in CCS polymers offers exciting possibilities for the development of tailor‐made nanoparticles with spatially defined regions of functionality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 135–143
Catalytic [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition polymerization of diyne–nitrile monomers in the presence of CoCl2‐6H2O/diphosphine/Zn
Authors: Sugiyama Yu‐ki , Okamoto Sentaro 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTCobalt‐catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cocycloaddition reaction of 1,6‐diynes and nitriles to generate substituted pyridines has been applied to the polymerization of diyne–nitrile monomers, the reaction of which proceeded smoothly in a step‐growth fashion to provide linear polymers comprising pyridine structures in the main chain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 345–351
Hyperbranched block copolymer from AB2 macromonomer: Synthesis and its reaction‐induced microphase separation in epoxy thermosets
Authors: Li Jingang , Xiang Yixin , Zheng Sixun 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, we reported the synthesis of a hyperbranched block copolymer composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and polystyrene (PS) subchains. Toward this end, we first synthesized an α‐alkynyl‐ and ω,ω′‐diazido‐terminated PCL‐b‐(PS)2 macromonomer via the combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. By the use of this AB2 macromonomer, the hyperbranched block copolymer (h‐[PCL‐b‐(PS)2]) was synthesized via a copper‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (i.e., click reaction) polymerization. The hyperbranched block copolymer was characterized by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Both differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy showed that the hyperbranched block copolymer was microphase‐separated in bulk. While this hyperbranched block copolymer was incorporated into epoxy, the nanostructured thermosets were successfully obtained; the formation of the nanophases in epoxy followed reaction‐induced microphase separation mechanism as evidenced by atomic force microscopy, small angle X‐ray scattering, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 368–380