bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic recruitment of amino acid transporters to the insect/symbiont interface
Authors: Duncan Rebecca P. , Husnik Filip , Van Leuven James T. , Gilbert Donald G. , Dávalos Liliana M. , McCutcheon John P. , Wilson Alex C. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSymbiosis is well known to influence bacterial symbiont genome evolution and has recently been shown to shape eukaryotic host genomes. Intriguing patterns of host genome evolution, including remarkable numbers of gene duplications, have been observed in the pea aphid, a sap‐feeding insect that relies on a bacterial endosymbiont for amino acid provisioning. Previously, we proposed that gene duplication has been important for the evolution of symbiosis based on aphid‐specific gene duplication in amino acid transporters (AATs), with some paralogs highly expressed in the cells housing symbionts (bacteriocytes). Here, we use a comparative approach to test the role of gene duplication in enabling recruitment of AATs to bacteriocytes. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we annotate AATs from sap‐feeding and non sap‐feeding insects and find that, like aphids, AAT gene families have undergone independent large‐scale gene duplications in three of four additional sap‐feeding insects. RNA‐seq differential expression data indicate that, like aphids, the sap‐feeding citrus mealybug possesses several lineage‐specific bacteriocyte‐enriched paralogs. Further, differential expression data combined with quantitative PCR support independent evolution of bacteriocyte enrichment in sap‐feeding insect AATs. Although these data indicate that gene duplication is not necessary to initiate host/symbiont amino acid exchange, they support a role for gene duplication in enabling AATs to mediate novel host/symbiont interactions broadly in the sap‐feeding suborder Sternorrhyncha. In combination with recent studies on other symbiotic systems, gene duplication is emerging as a general pattern in host genome evolution.
Ergosterol, an orphan fungal microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP)
Authors: Klemptner Robyn L. , Sherwood John S. , Tugizimana Fidele , Dubery Ian A. , Piater Lizelle A. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryFungal pathogens continue to pose a significant threat to crop production and food supply. The early stages of plant–fungus interactions are mostly mediated by microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules, perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Currently, the identified fungalMAMPmolecules include chitin, chitosan, β‐glucans, elicitins and ergosterol. Although the molecular battles between host plants and infecting fungal phytopathogens have been studied extensively, many aspects still need to be investigated to obtain a holistic understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms, which is paramount in combating fungal plant diseases. Here, an overview is given of the most recent findings concerning an ‘orphan’ fungalMAMPmolecule, ergosterol, and we present what is currently known from a synopsis of different genes, proteins and metabolites found to play key roles in induced immune responses in plant–fungus interactions. Clearly, integrative investigations are still needed to provide a comprehensive systems‐based understanding of the dynamics associated with molecular mechanisms in plant–ergosterol interactions and associated host responses.
Essential principles: tracheostomy care in the adult patient
Authors: Dawson Deborah 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThis article aims to guide the nurse caring for a tracheostomy patient, following the main principles of nursing care.BackgroundTracheostomy is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the anterior wall of the trachea. Owing to improvement in technological support, the number of adult patients receiving a tracheostomy has increased. This requires the critical care nurse to have an understanding of the essential principles of care for a patient with a tracheostomy tube in situ.Design and methodLiterature search was conducted in Medline and Cinahl using the search terms tracheostomy OR tracheotomy AND procedure/nursing care/experience limited to English language and adult. Owing to the lack of empirical research on the care of patients with tracheostomy, evidence is limited and therefore expert consensus is utilized in much of the article.ResultsThis article considers the indications for a tracheostomy, identifies the component parts of a tracheostomy tube, discusses 12 essential principles of care for a patient with a tracheostomy tube in situ, and finally briefly describes the nurse's role in an emergency and when discharging a patient with a tracheostomy tube to a ward.ConclusionPerforming a tracheostomy has an enormous impact on patients and their care.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses caring for patients with tracheostomy require an appreciation of the breadth of knowledge needed to provide individual and safe care. It is also important to appreciate the lack of empirical evidence on which to base that care.
RbohB, a Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene, enhances symbiosome number, bacteroid size, and nitrogen fixation in nodules and impairs mycorrhizal colonization
Authors: Arthikala Manoj‐Kumar , Sánchez‐López Rosana , Nava Noreide , Santana Olivia , Cárdenas Luis , Quinto Carmen 
Published: February 2014

Summary

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by respiratory burst oxidative homologs (Rbohs) are involved in numerous plant cell signaling processes, and have critical roles in the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. Previously, down‐regulation of RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris was shown to suppress ROS production and abolish Rhizobium infection thread (IT) progression, but also to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization. Thus, Rbohs function both as positive and negative regulators. Here, we assessed the effect of enhancing ROS concentrations, by overexpressing PvRbohB, on the P. vulgaris–rhizobia and P. vulgaris–AMF symbioses.
We estimated superoxide concentrations in hairy roots overexpressing PvRbohB, determined the status of early and late events of both Rhizobium and AMF interactions in symbiont‐inoculated roots, and analyzed the nodule ultrastructure of transgenic plants overexpressing PvRbohB.
Overexpression of PvRbohB significantly enhanced ROS production, the formation of ITs, nodule biomass, and nitrogen‐fixing activity, and increased the density of symbiosomes in nodules, and the density and size of bacteroides in symbiosomes. Furthermore, PvCAT, early nodulin, PvSS1, and PvGOGAT transcript abundances were elevated in these nodules. By contrast, mycorrhizal colonization was reduced in roots that overexpressed RbohB.
Overexpression of PvRbohB augmented nodule efficiency by enhancing nitrogen fixation and delaying nodule senescence, but impaired AMF colonization.
Flower development of Phalaenopsis orchid involves functionally divergent SEPALLATA‐like genes
Authors: Pan Zhao‐Jun , Chen You‐Yi , Du Jian‐Syun , Chen Yun‐Yu , Chung Mei‐Chu , Tsai Wen‐Chieh , Wang Chun‐Neng , Chen Hong‐Hwa 
Published: February 2014

Summary

The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E‐class MADS‐box genes, SEPALLATA (SEP), combined with B‐, C‐ and D‐class MADS‐box genes, are involved in various aspects of plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation and plant architecture.
Four SEP‐like genes were cloned from Phalaenopsis orchid, and the duplicated PeSEPs were grouped into PeSEP1/3 and PeSEP2/4.
All PeSEPs were expressed in all floral organs. PeSEP2 expression was detectable in vegetative tissues. The study of protein–protein interactions suggested that PeSEPs may form higher order complexes with the B‐, C‐, D‐class and AGAMOUS LIKE6‐related MADS‐box proteins to determine floral organ identity. The tepal became a leaf‐like organ when PeSEP3 was silenced by virus‐induced silencing, with alterations in epidermis identity and contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Silencing of PeSEP2 had minor effects on the floral phenotype. Silencing of the E‐class genes PeSEP2 and PeSEP3 resulted in the downregulation of B‐class PeMADS2‐6 genes, which indicates an association of PeSEP functions and B‐class gene expression.
These findings reveal the important roles of PeSEP in Phalaenopsis floral organ formation throughout the developmental process by the formation of various multiple protein complexes.
Adaptive and nonadaptive genome size evolution in Karst endemic flora of China
Authors: Kang Ming , Tao Junjie , Wang Jing , Ren Chen , Qi Qingwen , Xiang Qiu‐Yun , Huang Hongwen 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Genome size variation is of fundamental biological importance and has been a longstanding puzzle in evolutionary biology. Several hypotheses for genome size evolution including neutral, maladaptive, and adaptive models have been proposed, but the relative importance of these models remains controversial.

Primulina is a genus that is highly diversified in the Karst region of southern China, where genome size variation and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms are poorly understood. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Primulina using DNA sequences for 104 species and determined the genome sizes of 101 species. We examined the phylogenetic signal in genome size variation, and tested the fit to different evolutionary models and for correlations with variation in latitude and specific leaf area (SLA).

The results showed that genome size, SLA and latitudinal variation all displayed strong phylogenetic signals, but were best explained by different evolutionary models. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were detected between genome size and SLA and between genome size and latitude.

Our study is the first to investigate genome size evolution on such a comprehensive scale and in the Karst region flora. We conclude that genome size in Primulina is phylogenetically conserved but its variation among species is a combined outcome of both neutral and adaptive evolution.
A miR169 isoform regulates specific NF‐YA targets and root architecture in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sorin Céline , Declerck Marie , Christ Aurélie , Blein Thomas , Ma Linnan , Lelandais‐Brière Christine , Njo Maria Fransiska , Beeckman Tom , Crespi Martin , Hartmann Caroline 
Published: February 2014

Summary

In plants, roots are essential for water and nutrient acquisition. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate their target mRNAs by transcript cleavage and/or inhibition of protein translation and are known as major post‐transcriptional regulators of various developmental pathways and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four isoforms of miR169 are encoded by 14 different genes and target diverse mRNAs, encoding subunits A of the NF‐Y transcription factor complex. These miRNA isoforms and their targets have previously been linked to nutrient signalling in plants.

By using mimicry constructs against different isoforms of miR169 and miR‐resistant versions of NF‐YA genes we analysed the role of specific miR169 isoforms in root growth and branching.

We identified a regulatory node involving the particular miR169defg isoform and NF‐YA2 and NF‐YA10 genes that acts in the control of primary root growth. The specific expression of MIM169defg constructs altered specific cell type numbers and dimensions in the root meristem. Preventing miR169defg‐regulation of NF‐YA2 indirectly affected laterial root initiation. We also showed that the miR169defg isoform affects NF‐YA2 transcripts both at mRNA stability and translation levels.

We propose that a specific miR169 isoform and the NF‐YA2 target control root architecture in Arabidopsis.
Tracing detached and attached care practices in nursing education
Authors: Soffer Ann Katrine B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe implementation of skills labs in Danish nursing education can, in itself, be viewed as a complexity. The students are expected to eventually carry out their work in a situated hospital practice, but they learn their professional skills in a different space altogether, detached and removed from the hospitals and practising on plastic dummies. Despite the apparent artificiality of the skills lab, this article will show that it is possible to analyse some of the fundamental aspects of care in nursing by ethnographically following this phenomenon of simulation‐based training. These particular aspects of care are not explicated in the curriculum or textbooks; however, they surfaced once this crooked approach to studying care in a simulated practice was applied. The article start from the assertion that detached engagements are not recognized within the field of nursing education as an equal component to attachments. Yet empirical cases from the skills lab and hospitals illustrate how students sometimes felt emotionally attached to plastic dummies and how experienced nurses sometimes practised a degree of detachment in relation to human patients. Detached engagements will therefore be presented as part of care practices of nurses – rendering the ability to detach in engagement with patients a professional skill that students also need to learn. In the analysis to follow, attached and detached engagements are located on an equal plane by integrating both into the same conceptual framework, rather than imposing a priori notions about their dialectic relation. The analysis shows that it is the particular intertwinement of attachment and detachment that gives care its fundamental meaning. In conclusion, the need for a conceptual shift from a strong emphasis on attached engagement to a more balanced analytical approach to care work, as involving both attached and detached engagement within Danish nursing education, is advocated.
Correlation between CCR7 expression and lymph node metastatic potential of human tongue carcinoma
Authors: Xia X , Liu K , Zhang H , Shang Z 
Published: February 2014

Metastasis is an important cause of cancer‐related mortality. In this study, we investigated the role of CCR7 in the lymph node metastasis of tongue carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot revealed the expression of CCR7 in tongue SCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, we examined the expression of CCL21, a ligand of CCR7, in normal and diseased lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry and/or real‐time PCR. The CCR7 expression was significantly correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis, tumor staging, and histological grade (P = 0.015, 0.040, and 0.015, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that regional lymph node metastasis, the expression of CCR7, and LVD were the independent poor prognostic factors. Knockdown of CCR7 gene resulted in a significant inhibition of migration and invasion of SCC4 cells in vitro without affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Also, CCR7 knockdown obviously inhibited cervical lymph node metastasis in an animal tumor model. Our study indicated that CCR7 may play an important role in progression of tongue SCC and could be a promising target for tongue SCC therapy.
Association between Left‐Handedness and Cardiac Autonomic Function in Healthy Young Men
Authors: İŞCEN SINAN , ÖZENÇ SALIM , TAVLASOGLU URAT 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundEffects of nonright‐handedness on risk for sudden death associated with coronary artery disease via sympathetic imbalance contributed to ventricular arrhythmogenesis previously have been demonstrated. This study hypothesized that left‐handedness might be associated with cardiac autonomic functions in healthy young men. The aim of this study was to examine the association between left‐handedness and cardiac autonomic functions in healthy young men.MethodsA total of 992 asymptomatic young male subjects underwent routine health checkup between May 2012 and July 2013, and were included in this study. All were submitted to a standard protocol that included a complete clinical examination, laboratory evaluation, 12‐lead electrocardiogram, and 2D‐echocardiogram. Fifty‐two subjects were left‐handed; 32 subjects had abnormal QRS‐T angle. Statistical analyses were performed using statistical package SPSS 15.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and statistical significance was assessed at the two‐tailed 0.05 threshold.ResultsA total of 52 (5%) subjects were left‐handed; 32 (3%) subjects had an abnormal frontal QRS‐T angle. The mean age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, platelet count, and echocardiographic parameters were not different between two groups. But subjects with left‐handedness had greater prevalence of abnormal QRS‐T angle. The left‐handedness group had 18 subjects with abnormal QRS‐T angle (34%) and the right‐handedness group had 14 subjects with abnormal QRS‐T angle (1.4%). The difference between two groups was significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn this study, there was a significant association between left‐handedness and abnormal QRS‐T angle in healthy young subjects.
Performance of an Automatic Arrhythmia Classification Algorithm: Comparison to the ALTITUDE Electrophysiologist Panel Adjudications
Authors: MAHAJAN DEEPA , DONG YANTING , SAXON LESLIE A. , CHA YONG‐MEI , GILLIAM Francis ROOSEVELT , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J. , CESARIO DAVID A. , JONES PAUL W. , SETH MILAN , POWELL BRIAN D. 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionAdjudication of thousands of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)‐treated arrhythmia episodes is labor intensive and, as a result, is most often left undone. The objective of this study was to evaluate an automatic classification algorithm for adjudication of ICD‐treated arrhythmia episodes.MethodsThe algorithm uses a machine learning algorithm and was developed using 776 arrhythmia episodes. The algorithm was validated on 131 dual‐chamber ICD shock episodes from 127 patients adjudicated by seven electrophysiologists (EPs). Episodes were classified by panel consensus as ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) or non‐VT/VF, with the resulting classifications used as the reference. Subsequently, each episode electrogram (EGM) data was randomly assigned to three EPs without the atrial lead information, and to three EPs with the atrial lead information. Those episodes were also classified by the automatic algorithm with and without atrial information. Agreement with the reference was compared between the three EPs consensus group and the algorithm.ResultsThe overall agreement with the reference was similar between three‐EP consensus and the algorithm for both with atrial EGM (94% vs 95%, P = 0.87) and without atrial EGM (90% vs 91%, P = 0.91). The odds of accurate adjudication, after adjusting for covariates, did not significantly differ between the algorithm and EP consensus (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.97–1.06).ConclusionsThis algorithm performs at a level comparable to an EP panel in the adjudication of arrhythmia episodes treated by both dual‐ and single‐chamber ICDs. This type of algorithm has the potential for automated analysis of clinical ICD episodes, and adjudication of EGMs for research studies and quality analyses.
Reduced Effect of Percutaneous Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia Affecting the Third Branch
Authors: Koning Mark V. , Koning Nick J. , Koning Henk M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to determine the long‐term efficacy of percutaneous glycerol rhizolysis of the trigeminal ganglion for treating patients with trigeminal neuralgia and search for predictors associated with (long‐term) benefit to improve patient selection.MethodsA retrospective study in 60 consecutive patients treated with percutaneous glycerol rhizolysis of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. Charts were reviewed in combination with follow‐up by questionnaire (n = 55, 92% response).ResultsInitial pain relief was achieved in 92% of the patients. Pain‐free survival was 59% of the patients at 12 months and 53% at 24 months. Most common side effects were hypesthesia (15%), dry eye (5%), and meningitis (2%). In patients without involvement of the third branch of the trigeminal nerve, the initial effect was 79%, of which 90% achieved more than 2 years pain‐free survival, compared with 97% initial effect and less than 40% pain‐free survival of more than 2 years when the third trigeminal branch was involved.DiscussionThe present study demonstrates that involvement of the third branch is a negative predictor for long‐term outcome in percutaneous glycerol rhizolysis of the trigeminal ganglion in patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia. However, in the absence of third‐branch involvement, glycerol rhizolysis yields excellent long‐term results when initial positive effect is obtained.
Single Paravertebral Injection for Acute Thoracic Herpes Zoster: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Makharita Mohamed Y. , Amr Yasser M. , El‐Bayoumy Youssef 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of single thoracic paravertebral injection in acute thoracic herpes zoster (HZ) pain, eruptive duration, and the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).MethodsOne hundred thirty‐eight patients over 50 years of age with acute thoracic herpetic eruption were randomly assigned to receive a paravertebral block using either 10 mL saline (placebo group) or 25 mg bupivacaine, plus 8 mg dexamethasone in a total volume of 10 mL (active group). All the patients received pregabalin 150 mg twice daily. Acetaminophen was available as rescue analgesia. Pain severity was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS). Analgesics consumption was evaluated weekly. Time to pain resolution, healing of the skin eruption, and incidence of persistent postherpetic pain were reported.ResultsSignificantly shorter duration of pain and herpetic eruption was noticed in the active group vs. placebo group (P = 0.013 and < 0.001, respectively). Active group showed significantly lower VAS at the third week. Significantly lower doses of pregabalin and acetaminophen were consumed in the active group. Incidence of PHN was comparable in both groups after 3 months (P = 0.094). A significantly lower incidence of PHN was noted in active treatment group at 6 months (P = 0.048).ConclusionEarly single paravertebral blockade in the course of acute thoracic HZ seems to be a safe and effective adjuvant treatment modality.