bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Academic Freedom and the Professional Responsibilities of Applied Ethicists: A comment on Minerva
Authors: Dawson Angus , Herington Jonathan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAcademic freedom is an important good, but it comes with several responsibilities. In this commentary we seek to do two things. First, we argue against Francesca Minerva's view of academic freedom as presented in her article ‘New threats to academic freedom’ on a number of grounds. We reject the nature of the absolutist moral claim to free speech for academics implicit in the article; we reject the elitist role for academics as truth‐seekers explicit in her view; and we reject a possible more moderate re‐construction of her view based on the harm/offence distinction. Second, we identify some of the responsibilities of applied ethicists, and illustrate how they recommend against allowing for anonymous publication of research. Such a proposal points to the wider perils of a public discourse which eschews the calm and careful discussion of ideas.
Interleukin‐18 as a target for modulation of irinotecan‐induced intestinal toxicity: a step towards a better therapeutic index?: Commentary on Lima‐Junior et al., Br J Pharmacol 171: 2335–2350
Authors: Spyropoulos B G 
Published: April 2014

Linked ArticleThis article is a Commentary on Lima‐Júnior RCP, Freitas HC, Wong DVT, Wanderley CWS, Nunes LG, Leite LL, Miranda SP, Souza MHLP, Brito GAC, Magalhães PJC, Teixeira MM, Cunha FQ and Ribeiro RA (2014). Targeted inhibition of IL‐18 attenuates irinotecan‐induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 171: 2335–2350. doi: 10.1111/bph.12584
Immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory properties of engineered nanomaterials
Authors: Ilinskaya A N , Dobrovolskaia M A 
Published: April 2014

Nanoparticle interactions with various components of the immune system are determined by their physicochemical properties such as size, charge, hydrophobicity and shape. Nanoparticles can be engineered to either specifically target the immune system or to avoid immune recognition. Nevertheless, identifying their unintended impacts on the immune system and understanding the mechanisms of such accidental effects are essential for establishing a nanoparticle's safety profile. While immunostimulatory properties have been reviewed before, little attention in the literature has been given to immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory properties. The purpose of this review is to fill this gap. We will discuss intended immunosuppression achieved by either nanoparticle engineering, or the use of nanoparticles to carry immunosuppressive or anti‐inflammatory drugs. We will also review unintended immunosuppressive properties of nanoparticles per se and consider how such properties could be either beneficial or adverse.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Nanomedicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐17
Ink‐jet printing of cotton with natural dyes
Authors: Savvidis George , Karanikas Evangelos , Nikolaidis Nikolaos , Eleftheriadis Ioannis , Tsatsaroni Eforia 
Published: April 2014

Four natural dyes, annatto, cutch, pomegranate fruit rind, and golden dock, were used as colorants for the preparation of water‐based ink‐jet inks for digital textile printing. The physical and rheological properties (pH, conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity) of the inks were measured over a period of 90 days for the evaluation of ink stability and suitability for ink‐jet printing. The inks were found to be suitable and were used for the digital printing of cotton fabrics. The prints were subjected to wash, light, and rub fastness tests and colour measurements. Colour consistency and fastness results, especially after fixation, are comparable with those of synthetic dyes, which paves the way for the production of environmentally friendly ink‐jet inks using natural dyes for the digital printing of cotton through the formulation of suitable printing techniques.
Comparison of capnovolumetry‐derived dead space parameters with pulmonary function test in normal adults using histamine provocation
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Zhang Yan , Yang Wenlan , Liu Jinming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesThis study in healthy adults was conducted to explore the clinical application of capnovolumetric indices as compared to lung function parameters using histamine provocation.MethodsForty healthy subjects received aerosol histamine or salbutamol in an automatic stimulation system with escalating doses of histamine. Dead space volumes of capnovolumetry and lung function parameters were examined with increased concentrations of histamine at a fixed time interval. The doses of histamine were selected from 0.0562 mg–2.2 mg and 0.1 mg salbutamol was inhaled when a maximal dose of histamine was reached. Baseline values in each group were calculated prior to histamine inhalation.ResultsFowler dead space (VDF), Wolff dead space (VDW), threshold dead space (VDT), Bohr dead space (VDB), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) showed a dose‐dependent reduction following histamine provocation, but there were no statistical differences in the measurements at baseline and post S6 provocation. The value of dC3/DV at the maximal dose was significantly increased over its baseline value (P < 0.05). VDF, VDT and VDW were significantly increased after bronchodilator use (P < 0.05 or <0.01). The changes in capnovolumetry did not correspond with the results of lung function test.ConclusionsThe dC3/DV and airway dead spaces of capnovolumetry in healthy adults are significantly increased compared to lung function parameters before or after bronchodilator use, suggesting that capnovolumetry is feasible in diagnostic evaluation of airway reactivity, especially for persons who are unable to undertake lung function test.
A new pattern of pulmonary graft vs host disease in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient
Authors: Wahla Ali S. , Khan Irtaza I. , Loya Asif , Chin Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe primary pulmonary manifestation of chronic graft vs host disease (GvHD) is the development of bronchiolitis obliterans. Other pulmonary manifestations of chronic GvHD that have been reported include diffuse alveolar damage, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolitis organising pneumonia and lymphocytic bronchiolitis/bronchitis.Case presentationWe report an unusual case of a 34‐year‐old patient with acute myeloid leukaemia, status post‐allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation who subsequently developed GvHD with skin involvement. He presented to our hospital with new onset respiratory failure and on subsequent surgical lung biopsy was found to have non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).ConclusionThis is the third case of a patient with biopsy‐proven GvHD who had NSIP pattern on surgical lung biopsy. We believe this may represent a rare manifestation of pulmonary GvHD.
Case of round pneumonia: pulmonary infarct and a rare situation that is similar with the lung cancer
Authors: Çimen Dilay , Bulcun Emel , Ekici Aydanur , Güngör Ömür , Ekici Mehmet 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsRound pneumonia (RP) is a rare radiological presentation of a subtype of lobar pneumonia that arises because of a developmental defect in connective tissues (pores of Köhn and channels of Lambert). The round appearance on chest X‐ray (CXR) is thought to occur from an infectious process that spreads from small peripheral alveoli centrifugally through interalveolar channels via the pores of Kohn and the canals of Lambert. This explains the nonsegmental distribution and shape of RP. The pathogenesis of RP is unknown. An alternative theory holds that RP in children occurs because of underdeveloped pores of Kohn and the absence of canals of Lambert, limiting the spread of the organism and resulting in a focal, round mass seen on radiographs. As a result of this developmental defect, dissemination of infection remains in a limited area. While this is a well‐known entity in childhood, it has been described infrequently in adults. Lesions of RP are not necessarily round; oval lesions can also be seen. It is a radiological subtype of the pneumonia subtype and presents as a solitary nodule or a mass lesion in CXR.MethodsWe presented two cases of RP. One mimicked and was mistaken for pulmonary infarction because of triangular pleural‐based density and the other mimicked pulmonary malignancy because of a homogeneous triangular opacity based on the pleura on the posteroanterior radiography and computed tomography.ConclusionThese cases were presented because of RP's importance, and RP should be considered a part of differential diagnosis of pulmonary infarct and lung tumor.
Low‐load/high‐repetition elastic band resistance training in patients with COPD: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial
Authors: Nyberg Andre , Lindström Britta , Rickenlund Anette , Wadell Karin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsHigh‐repetitive resistance training (RT) is recommended to increase peripheral muscular endurance in healthy adults; however, the effects of RT with this design on exercise capacity and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. The study aimed to investigate if low‐load/high‐repetition elastic band RT could improve functional capacity, muscular function, endurance cycle capacity or HRQOL in patients with COPD.MethodsA prospective, randomized, controlled, multicentre trial was constructed with concealed allocation, blinded outcome assessment and intention‐to‐treat analysis. A total of 44 patients with moderate‐to‐very‐severe COPD (forced expiratory volume during the first second, 44.6% predicted) were included. Patients were randomized to either the experimental group receiving 8 weeks of RT (three sessions/week) in combination with patient education (four occasions) or the control group receiving the patient education alone.ResultsAt post‐tests, the between‐group differences were in favor of the experimental group on the 6‐min walk test [mean difference (95% confidence interval)]: 34 m (14–54) and the 6‐min pegboard and ring test [20 rings (3–37)]. No difference between groups was found on the chronic respiratory disease questionnaire [0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4)]. On secondary outcomes, results were in favor of the experimental group regarding upper extremity endurance capacity, muscular function and depression, but no difference was seen between groups on endurance cycle capacity and HRQOL.ConclusionRT can increase functional capacity and muscular function but not cycle endurance capacity and HRQOL in patients with moderate‐to‐severe COPD.
Alterations in platelet count and mean platelet volume as predictors of patient outcome in the respiratory intensive care unit
Authors: Sezgi Cengizhan , Taylan Mahsuk , Kaya Halide , Selimoglu Sen Hadice , Abakay Ozlem , Demir Melike , Abakay Abdurrrahman , Tanrikulu Abdullah Cetin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionThrombocytopenia is associated with increased mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Mean platelet volume (MPV) reflects platelet function and activation. Elevated MPV is associated with poor outcomes and increased mortality rate in diseases that are commonly encountered in the respiratory ICU.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 95 patients who died in the ICU (dead group), 80 patients who improved and were transferred from the ICU (survived group), and 80 healthy individuals as controls. Laboratory parameters including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and complete blood count (CBC) were recorded within 24 h on admission and transfered from the ICU or died. White blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), red cell distribution width, MPV, platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet count (PC) were obtained from the CBC.ResultsAdmission PC and MPV levels were not different in the survived and dead groups. But in the survived group, admission WBC, MPV and PDW levels decreased, while PC increased when compared with admission levels. In the dead group, admission MPV and PDW levels increased, while PC decreased with respect to admission levels. The admission mean PC of the dead group was 182 103, which was above the thrombocytopenia limit. The ratio of admission thrombocytopenia was 45.3% in the dead group, which was significantly higher than that of the survived group (13.8%) (P < 0.001)ConclusionsIncreasing MPV and decreasing platelet count may alert intensivists to the worse course of disease in patients who had normal platelet counts at ICU admission. The development of thrombocytopenia may also be essential to assessing the outcome of ICU patients
ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy
Authors: Fisher Robert S. , Acevedo Carlos , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Bogacz Alicia , Cross J. Helen , Elger Christian E. , Engel Jerome , Forsgren Lars , French Jacqueline A. , Glynn Mike , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Lee B.I. , Mathern Gary W. , Moshé Solomon L. , Perucca Emilio , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Tomson Torbjörn , Watanabe Masako , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: April 2014

SummaryEpilepsy was defined conceptually in 2005 as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. This definition is usually practically applied as having two unprovoked seizures >24 h apart. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) accepted recommendations of a task force altering the practical definition for special circumstances that do not meet the two unprovoked seizures criteria. The task force proposed that epilepsy be considered to be a disease of the brain defined by any of the following conditions: (1) At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring >24 h apart; (2) one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years; (3) diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsy is considered to be resolved for individuals who either had an age‐dependent epilepsy syndrome but are now past the applicable age or who have remained seizure‐free for the last 10 years and off antiseizure medicines for at least the last 5 years. “Resolved” is not necessarily identical to the conventional view of “remission or “cure.” Different practical definitions may be formed and used for various specific purposes. This revised definition of epilepsy brings the term in concordance with common use.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Competition in Research Activity among Economic Departments: Evidence by Negative Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Elhorst J. Paul , Zigova Katarina 
Published: April 2014

Despite the prevalence of both competitive forces and patterns of collaboration within academic communities, studies on research productivity generally treat universities as independent entities. By exploring the research productivity of all academic economists employed at 81 universities and 17 economic research institutes in Austria, Germany, and German‐speaking Switzerland, this study finds that a research unit's productivity negatively depends on that of neighboring research units weighted by inverse distances. This significant and exemplary robust negative relationship is compatible with the notion of competition for priority of discovery among individual researchers and the universities that employ them, and with the notion that the willingness to relocate decreases with distance. In addition, the empirical results support the hypotheses that collaboration and that the existence of economies of scale increase research productivity.A pesar de la existencia de tanto fuerzas de competencia como de patrones de colaboración dentro de la comunidad académica, los estudios sobre la productividad de investigación tratan por lo general a las universidades como entidades independientes. El presente estudio explora la productividad de investigación de todos los economistas académicos empleados en 81 universidades y 17 institutos de investigación económica en Austria, Alemania y Suiza germano‐parlante, y concluye que la productividad de una unidad de investigación depende negativamente de la productividad de las unidades vecinas ponderada por las distancias inversas que las separan. Esta relación negativa es robusta, significativa y emblemática, lo cual concuerda con el concepto de competencia por prioridad de descubrimiento (priority of discovery) entre investigadores individuales y entre las universidades que los emplean. Así mismo concuerda con la idea de que la voluntad de desplazarse disminuye con la distancia. Adicionalmente, los resultados empíricos de este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de que la colaboración y la presencia de economías de escala tienen un efecto positivo sobre (incrementan) la productividad de investigación.尽管对学术团体的研究主要针对竞争力和合作模式，但在研究科研生产率时，大学仍被视为独立的实体。本文通过调查奥地利、德国和瑞士德语区的81所高校和17个经济研究单位经济学家的研究产出率，研究发现一个研究单位的产出效率高低负依赖于反距离加权相邻研究单位的研究产出率。这种重要且典型稳健的负相关关系与个人研究者及其所在大学关于发现优先权的竞争观念相符，同时也与研究者的调动意愿因距离增加而减少的情况相一致。此外，经验结果也支持了合作和规模经济的存在能提高研究产出率的假设。
Analyzing Space–Time Crime Incidents Using Eigenvector Spatial Filtering: An Application to Vehicle Burglary
Authors: Chun Yongwan 
Published: April 2014

Poisson models generally are utilized in analyzing spatial patterns of crime count data. When spatial autocorrelation is present, these models are extended to account for it. Among various methods, eigenvector spatial filtering (ESF) furnishes an efficient means of analysis. However, because space–time crime data have temporal components as well as spatial components, Poisson models need to be further adjusted to reflect the two types of components simultaneously. This article discusses how theESFmethod can be utilized to model space–time crime data, extending the generalized linear mixed model specification for it. This approach is illustrated with an application to space–time vehicle burglary incidents in the city ofPlano,Texas, during 2004–2009.Los modelos de Poisson generalmente se utilizan en el análisis de los patrones espaciales de los datos de recuento de crimen. Cuando hay autocorrelación espacial, estos modelos son modificados para dar cuenta de ello. Entre los diversos métodos existentes, el métodoEigenvector(autovector, vector propio) de filtrado espacial (Eigenvector Spatial Filtering‐ESF) proporciona un medio eficaz para dicho análisis. Sin embargo, dado que los datos de criminalidad espacio‐temporales tienen tanto componentes temporales como espaciales, los modelos tipo Poisson requieren de un ajuste adicional para reflejar ambos tipos de componentes de manera simultánea. El artículo presente expone cómo el método ESF puede ser utilizado para modelar datos espacio‐temporales sobre delitos mediante la modificación del modelo mixto lineal generalizado (Generalized Linear Mixed Model‐GLMM). El procedimiento propuesto se ilustra con el caso de incidentes espacio‐temporales de robos de vehículos en la ciudad de Plano, Texas, durante 2004–2009.泊松模型一般用于犯罪计数数据的空间模式分析中，当空间自相关关系呈现时，这类模型可扩展以解释潜在的分布特征。在各种模型中，特征向量空间滤波（ESF）提供了一种有效的分析方法。然而，由于时空犯罪数据包含时间和空间组分，因此泊松模型需要进一步调整以同时反映这两种不同类型的数据。本文讨论了如何利用特征向量空间滤波(ESF)模型对时空犯罪数据进行建模，并采用扩展广义线性混合模型(GLMM)进行规范。最后，以德克萨斯州普莱诺市2004‐2009年的车辆盗窃案数据进行了实证验证。
A warmer world will reduce tree growth in evergreen broadleaf forests: evidence from Australian temperate and subtropical eucalypt forests
Authors: Bowman David M. J. S. , Williamson Grant J. , Keenan R. J. , Prior Lynda D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimsUnderstanding how tree growth is influenced by climate is vital for predicting how forests will respond to climate change, yet there have been few studies of tree growth spanning macroclimatic gradients. The aim of this study is to correlate growth of a single lineage of broadleaf evergreen trees with continental‐scale variability in climate.LocationAustralia's temperate mesic eucalypt forests, spanning latitudes from 23 to 43° S and longitudes from 115 to 153° E.MethodsWe compiled and analysed a dataset containing around half a million measurements of growth in eucalypt tree diameter, collected from 2409 permanent forestry plots. These plots spanned a range of 558–2105 mm mean annual precipitation and 6–22 °C mean annual temperature. Generalized additive models were used to study the relationship between growth in tree diameter and several temperature and water availability variables.ResultsTree growth increased with precipitation, but with a diminishing response above a mean annual precipitation of 1400 mm. There was a peaked response to temperature, with maximum growth occurring at a mean annual temperature of 11 °C and maximum temperature of the warmest month of 25–27 °C. Lower temperatures directly constrain growth. High temperatures primarily reduced growth by reducing water availability, but they also appeared to exert a direct negative effect. Our best model, which included maximum temperature of the warmest month and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation, explained 28% of the deviance.Main conclusionsThe productivity of Australia's temperate eucalypt forests could decline substantially as the climate warms, given that 87% of these forests currently experience a mean annual temperature above 11 °C, where the highest growth rates were observed. This will reduce carbon sequestration and slow recovery after catastrophic disturbances such as wildfire.
Ecological and life‐history traits explain recent boundary shifts in elevation and latitude of western North American songbirds
Authors: Auer Sonya K. , King David I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimSpecies are expected to move uphill or poleward in response to climate change, yet their distributions show idiosyncratic responses; many species are moving in the predicted direction, but others are not shifting at all or are shifting downhill or towards the equator. Fundamental questions remain about the causes of interspecific variation in range responses and whether shifts along elevational and latitudinal gradients are correlated. We examined whether shifts in northern‐latitude and upper‐elevation boundaries of western North American songbirds over a 35‐year period were correlated and whether species ecological and life‐history traits explained interspecific variation in observed shifts.LocationNorth America.MethodsWe used data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to determine shifts in northern‐latitude and upper‐elevation boundaries of 40 North American songbird species between two time periods, 1977–81 and 2006–11. We used an analysis of covariance approach that controlled for species population trends and changes in survey effort to test whether: (1) songbirds shifted in elevation, latitude or both; (2) shifts in elevation and latitude were correlated; and (3) responses could be explained by species‐level traits including life history, ecological generalization and dispersal capability.ResultsThe majority of species shifted uphill and poleward during this period, but there was no correlation between the distances that species range boundaries shifted in elevation and latitude. Species with smaller clutch sizes and narrower diet breadths exhibited greater northward shifts, while species with larger clutch sizes and narrower diet breadths exhibited greater uphill shifts.Main conclusionsShifts in latitude and elevation were not correlated. However, a common set of species‐level traits explained differential responses among species to climate change. Consideration of shifts in both elevation and latitude is needed to understand the full extent to which species are tracking changing climates.