bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Different Operationalizations of Recidivism Impact Conclusions of Effectiveness of Parole Supervision
Authors: Ostermann Michael , Salerno Laura M. , Hyatt Jordan M. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives: Recidivism reduction is the primary goal of many correctional programs, and “recidivism” is the most prevalent outcome measure in related program evaluation research. Many different operationalizations of recidivism are used without a clear delineation of how these variations may impact conclusions. This study explores how the definitions of recidivism may impact research findings and resultant policy recommendations regarding the efficacy of parole. Methods: Data from prisoners released in 2008 ( n = 12,132) to parole or unconditional release are analyzed according to 10 different operationalizations of recidivism. We compare recidivism rates, time to failure, and hazard rates between groups through the presentation of descriptive statistics and the use of multivariate Cox proportional hazards survival models. Results: Our findings indicate that parole supervision could be deemed either effective or ineffective depending on which definition of recidivism is employed. These findings are largely driven by whether technical parole violations are included into more traditional criminal outcome measures, such as rearrests, reconvictions, or reincarcerations for new crimes, and if court processing times are factored into measures of time to failure. Conclusions: Our results raise questions about the consistency of findings within the corrections literature. These conclusions, given the role that technical violations and court processing times can play, suggest a need for increased specificity when using recidivism as an outcome measure.
The validity of the macroscopic appearance of lymph node biopsy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
Authors: Houlden Christopher , Woodfield John 
Published: May 2015

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease with profound morbidity, mortality and effects on global public health. The differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy is wide, particularly in areas where HIV is prevalent. Most hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa and across the developing world have limited, if any, histology facilities. This study will assess the validity of the assessment of the lymph nodes by their macroscopic appearance for the diagnosis of TB. Its sensitivity and specificity will be compared to full histological examination. Method This is a single-centre prospective study conducted in a remote rural district hospital in Zambia over a time period of 16 months. All patients with palpable lymphadenopathy where TB was considered in the differential diagnosis were included. The patients underwent an excision lymph node biopsy. The cut surface was judged by the operating surgeon as to the presence of caseation. The excised nodes were then sent for histological examination. Results In total, 59.8% of patients (64 of 107 patients) in this group had a final histological diagnosis of TB. This is equivalent to the TB disease prevalence in this group of patients that have palpable lymphadenopathy in this population. The diagnostic sensitivity based on macroscopic appearance of the lymph node was 81.25% (95% CI, 69.5–89.9%). The specificity was 97.67% (95% CI, 87.7–99.6%). Conclusion This study has shown that lymph node appearance is a useful diagnostic test even without laboratory histopathological facilities in the diagnosis of TB. This assessment of the macroscopic appearance is both sensitive and specific.
Effect of blood-sugar limitation on intensive care mortality: Intragroup evaluation
Authors: Nachtigall Irit , Tafelski Sascha , Tamarkin Andrey , Rothbart Andreas , Lange Martin , Wegener Felix , Balzer Felix , Burgos Jack Poul Luengas , Wernecke Klaus-Dieter , Spies Claudia 
Published: May 2015

Objective To evaluate the safety profile of blood sugar limits in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods Adult patients with ICU stay >36 h, more than two blood sugar measurements and antibiotic therapy concordant with locally adapted guidelines were included. For analyses, one study cohort was defined in two ways: as a narrow group, euglycaemic patients’ blood sugar levels 80–150 mg/dl; as a moderate group, euglycaemic patients’ blood sugar levels 80–180 mg/dl. Dysglycaemia was defined as blood sugar levels <80 mg/dl for >5% of measurements, and >150 mg/dl or >180 mg/dl (narrow or moderate groups, respectively) for >10% of measurements. The primary endpoint was ICU mortality (euglycaemia versus dysglycaemia). Results The study comprised 668 patients. When defined as a narrow group, ICU mortality was 3% (four of 135) euglycaemic versus 10% (54/533) dysglycaemic patients (odds ratio [OR] 3.692, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.313, 10.382). When defined as a moderate group, ICU mortality was 6% (21/351) euglycaemic versus 12% (37/317) dysglycaemic patients (OR 2.077, 95% CI 1.188, 3.630). Frequency of severe hypoglycaemia (blood sugar <40 mg/dl) was not different between the narrow and moderate euglycaemic ranges. Conclusions Euglycaemia was associated with lower ICU mortality than dysglycaemia, and incidence of hypoglycaemia was low overall in this study. Based on current published evidence, therapeutic targets should be defined according to individual patient characteristics.
Comparison of Graft Failure Rate Between Autografts Placed via an Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Technique
Authors: Gabler Conrad M. , Jacobs Cale A. , Howard Jennifer Sebert , Mattacola Carl G. , Johnson Darren L. 
Published: May 2015

Background: Recent data from the Danish anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) registry demonstrated increased reoperation rates for hamstring tendon autografts when an anatomic ACL reconstruction is performed. This is consistent with reports of greater time needed for hamstring tendon autografts to mature compared with other autografts. Purpose: To review the literature comparing graft failure rate between patellar and hamstring tendon autografts placed anatomically and to determine if there are differences in return to preinjury activity levels between autografts. Study Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Methods: The PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases were used to identify studies published from January 1, 2000, through March 7, 2014. To compare postoperative outcomes between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts, summary event rates for graft failure and return to preinjury activity level were calculated. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate a summary odds ratio (OR) for graft failure between autografts using the studies that directly compared the 2 autografts. Meta-regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of postoperative follow-up time on graft failure rate. Results: A total of 28 studies reported graft failures for patellar tendon (6 studies) and hamstring tendon (26 studies) autografts used with anatomic ACL reconstruction; 4 of the 28 were comparison studies. Graft failure rate was not significantly different between patellar tendon (7.0% [95% CI, 4.6%-10.5%]) and hamstring tendon autografts (3.9% [95% CI, 2.7%-5.6%]). The odds of graft failure were slightly higher for hamstring tendon autografts (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.63-2.33]), but this difference was not significant ( P = .57). The rate of patients returning to preinjury activity levels was not significantly different between patellar (n = 1 study; 58.1% [95% CI, 40.4%-73.9%]) and hamstring tendon autografts (n = 5 studies; 75.6% [95% CI, 43.7%-92.5%]). Overall graft failure rate was positively associated with postoperative follow-up time, but this effect was only significant with hamstring tendon autografts ( P < .05). Conclusion: Differences in graft failure rate between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts were not significant. Although follow-up time was only found to have a significant influence on hamstring tendon graft failure rates, this was likely due to the smaller sample of studies assessing patellar tendon graft failures. Differences in return to preinjury activity levels could not be determined due to the lack of studies assessing that outcome. Both patellar and hamstring tendon autografts demonstrate a low risk of failure and moderately high return to activity level after anatomic ACL reconstruction.
Unknown HIV Status in the Emergency Department
Authors: Felsen Uriel R. , Bellin Eran Y. , Cunningham Chinazo O. , Zingman Barry S. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives: The authors sought to determine the prevalence of unknown HIV status among emergency department (ED) patients, how it has changed over time, and whether it differs according to patient characteristics. Methods: The authors used electronic medical record data to identify whether HIV status was known or unknown among patients aged ≥13 seen in the ED of a large, urban medical center between 2006 and 2011. The authors used multivariate logistic regression to identify the characteristics associated with unknown HIV status. Results: The prevalence of unknown HIV status decreased each year, from 87.7% in 2006 to 74.9% in 2011 ( P < .001). Characteristics associated with unknown HIV status included being nonblack, in the youngest and oldest age-groups, and nonpublically insured. Compared to men, women without prior pregnancy were equally likely to have unknown HIV status, but women with prior pregnancy were significantly less likely to have unknown HIV status. Conclusion: The prevalence of unknown HIV status is decreasing, but in 2011 75% of ED patients aged ≥13 still had unknown status, and it was associated with specific patient characteristics. Understanding the trends in the prevalence of unknown HIV status and how it is associated with patient characteristics should inform the design and implementation of expanded HIV-testing strategies.
CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Maude Shannon L. , Teachey David T. , Porter David L. , Grupp Stephan A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains difficult to treat, with minimal improvement in outcomes seen in more than 2 decades despite advances in upfront therapy and improved survival for de novo ALL. Adoptive transfer of T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has emerged as a powerful targeted immunotherapy, showing striking responses in highly refractory populations. Complete remission (CR) rates as high as 90% have been reported in children and adults with relapsed and refractory ALL treated with CAR-modified T cells targeting the B-cell–specific antigen CD19. Distinct CAR designs across several studies have produced similar promising CR rates, an encouraging finding. Even more encouraging are durable remissions observed in some patients without additional therapy. Duration of remission and CAR-modified T-cell persistence require further study and more mature follow-up, but emerging data suggest these factors may distinguish CAR designs. Supraphysiologic T-cell proliferation, a hallmark of this therapy, contributes to both efficacy and the most notable toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), posing a unique challenge for toxicity management. This review will discuss the current landscape of CD19 CAR clinical trials, CRS pathophysiology and management, and remaining challenges.
Minimal residual disease diagnostics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: need for sensitive, fast, and standardized technologies
Authors: van Dongen Jacques J. M. , van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Brüggemann Monika , Orfao Alberto 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMonitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) has become routine clinical practice in frontline treatment of virtually all childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and in many adult ALL patients. MRD diagnostics has proven to be the strongest prognostic factor, allowing for risk group assignment into different treatment arms, ranging from significant treatment reduction to mild or strong intensification. Also in relapsed ALL patients and patients undergoing stem cell transplantation, MRD diagnostics is guiding treatment decisions. This is also why the efficacy of innovative drugs, such as antibodies and small molecules, are currently being evaluated with MRD diagnostics within clinical trials. In fact, MRD measurements might well be used as a surrogate end point, thereby significantly shortening the follow-up. The MRD techniques need to be sensitive (≤10−4), broadly applicable, accurate, reliable, fast, and affordable. Thus far, flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes (allele-specific oligonucleotide [ASO]-PCR) are claimed to meet these criteria, but classical flow cytometry does not reach a solid 10−4, whereas classical ASO-PCR is time-consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, 2 high-throughput technologies are being explored, ie, high-throughput sequencing and next-generation (multidimensional) flow cytometry, both evaluating millions of sequences or cells, respectively. Each of them has specific advantages and disadvantages.
Layers of listening: Qualitative analysis of the impact of early intervention services for first-episode psychosis on carers' experiences
Authors: Lavis Anna , Lester Helen , Everard Linda , Freemantle Nicholas , Amos Tim , Fowler David , Hodgekins Jo , Jones Peter , Marshall Max , Sharma Vimal , Larsen John , McCrone Paul , Singh Swaran , Smith Jo , Birchwood Max 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundEarly intervention services (EIS) comprise low-stigma, youth-friendly mental health teams for young people undergoing first-episode psychosis (FEP). Engaging with the family of the young person is central to EIS policy and practice.AimsBy analysing carers' accounts of their daily lives and affective challenges during a relative's FEP against the background of wider research into EIS, this paper explores relationships between carers' experiences and EIS.MethodSemi-structured longitudinal interviews with 80 carers of young people with FEP treated through English EIS.ResultsOur data suggest that EIS successfully aid carers to support their relatives, particularly through the provision of knowledge about psychosis and medications. However, paradoxical ramifications of these user-focused engagements also emerge; they risk leaving carers' emotions unacknowledged and compounding an existing lack of help-seeking.ConclusionsBy focusing on EIS's engagements with carers, this paper draws attention to an urgent broader question: as a continuing emphasis on care outside the clinic space places family members at the heart of the care of those with severe mental illness, we ask: who can, and should, support carers, and in what ways?
TM9 family proteins control surface targeting of glycine-rich transmembrane domains
Authors: Perrin Jackie , Le Coadic Marion , Vernay Alexandre , Dias Marco , Gopaldass Navin , Ouertatani-Sakouhi Hajer , Cosson Pierre 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
TM9 family proteins (also named Phg1 proteins) have been previously shown to control cell adhesion by determining the cell surface localization of adhesion proteins such as the Dictyostelium SibA protein. Here, we show that the glycine-rich transmembrane domain (TMD) of SibA is sufficient to confer Phg1A-dependent surface targeting to a reporter protein. Accordingly, in Dictyostelium phg1A-knockout (KO) cells, proteins with glycine-rich TMDs were less efficiently transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to the cell surface. Phg1A, as well as its human ortholog TM9SF4 specifically associated with glycine-rich TMDs. In human cells, genetic inactivation of TM9SF4 resulted in an increased retention of glycine-rich TMDs in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas TM9SF4 overexpression enhanced their surface localization. The bulk of the TM9SF4 protein was localized in the Golgi complex and a proximity-ligation assay suggested that it might interact with glycine-rich TMDs. Taken together, these results suggest that one of the main roles of TM9 proteins is to serve as intramembrane cargo receptors controlling exocytosis and surface localization of a subset of membrane proteins.
From the high ground to the swamp: A model for immersive journalism research
Authors: Niblock Sarah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article examines a reflexive, praxis-based methodology for conducting journalism research from a practitioner-academic perspective. Journalism research methods that are interactive, iterative and which rest on a dynamic communicative partnership between academics and practitioners, offer the best way for understanding change in our dynamic field. This permits the researcher to coalesce and strengthen their identity as a practitioner-academic and develop research projects that are mutually beneficial for advancing scholarship and practice. Drawing on reflexive methodologies in the human sciences, such as hermeneutics, cybernetics and constructivism, this article envisions an immersive approach embracing phenomenology and Gestalt as a fully reflexive method of data collection.
Revolution or crisis? Framing the 2011 Tahrir Square protests in two pan-Arab satellite news networks
Authors: el-Nawawy Mohammed , Elmasry Mohamad Hamas 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This study used framing analysis to unpack framing devices employed by Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya in their reporting of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Three key days of the uprising, representing a range of political events, were analysed. Results suggest that Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya presented very different versions of the revolution. Al-Jazeera’s coverage, which was dominated by a ‘revolution’ frame, was overwhelmingly sympathetic to the protesters and antagonistic to ousted President Hosni Mubarak, while Al-Arabiya’s coverage, which was dominated by a ‘crisis’ frame, was generally much more sympathetic to the Mubarak regime and critical of the anti-government protesters. Al-Jazeera’s reportage did not attempt to provide voice to the Mubarak government or its supporters, while Al-Arabiya’s reportage did offer a platform for some anti-Mubarak voices.
Amber waves of change: Rural community journalism in areas of declining population
Authors: Guth David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A survey of county commissioners, chamber of commerce executives and journalists in western Kansas examined perceptions and attitudes toward change in a region of declining population. The surveys were augmented with follow-up interviews. The results showed a strong preference for locally generated news content and a belief that rural journalists should be both objective and community boosters. There was skepticism towards the Internet as a source of local news. While all respondents said they welcome newcomers, only one in five indicated they were comfortable with the rising numbers of Hispanics and Latinos in the region.
The reel claiming the real: An actornetwork approach to understanding the achievement and management of documentary authority and authenticity
Authors: Mueller Floris X. , C. A. Crone Vincent 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The last fifteen years have witnessed the widespread adoption of the realist style of film-making, traditionally the reserve of the documentary film on news broadcasting. As a result, it has become more difficult for a documentary to function as an objective, authentic representation of reality. In other words, the ‘real’ appears to be slipping away from the documentary ‘reel’. In this article, we examine how documentary films maintain their authoritative claim of the ‘real’ now that the monopoly of the realist style has been lost. We argue that the management of the production process has become crucial for any documentary claim of authenticity and verisimilitude. The production process has become a site of intense negotiation between the different actors involved, ranging from the director, producers and protagonists to the technological equipment itself. Using actor network theory, we flesh out this decentred vision of the production process of documentary film and subsequently illustrate how documentary authority is constructed, negotiated and contested, with excerpts from a set of 35 interviews with documentary-makers.
Online news at Canadian community newspapers: A snapshot of current practice and recommendations for change
Authors: Nagel Tyler W. S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Community, or weekly, newspapers are the primary source of news for many Canadians, but remain an under-researched field. Though challenges facing daily newspapers in urban centres have been well documented, comparatively little is known about how smaller newspapers are responding to changes brought by the Internet. This article captures a nationwide snapshot of current online journalistic practice at Canadian weekly newspapers. A survey was sent to 776 community newspaper publishers in Canada to examine specific policies for news websites. Findings reveal a variety of approaches in Internet news distribution and website management, but a stronger emphasis and reliance on the printed edition. Enhancement of the online product is being stymied by a vicious cycle of poor revenues leading to poor quality online websites.
The Donation of Gametes and the Anonimity of the Donors
Authors: Krastev R. , Mitev V. 
Published: May 2015

Summary
A study of the public opinion in Bulgaria in regard to the possibility of the adult children, created by gamete donation, to learn who their biological parents are was made. This investigation was an on-line survey. The participants in the study are individuals between 18 and 65 years of age - Internet users. The survey was included into different web sites and this enlarged the number of respondents (up to 994) and 85% of them were persons in fertile age - from 18 to 43 years. The answers of the respondents in relation of the demographic features - gender, age, education, family status and place of living were studied. The data were calculated with the special statistical product SPSS 16. A critical level of significance 0.05 was used. Results: Almost half (47%) of the respondents agree that the children born from gamete donors have the right to know at adulthood their biological parents, 35% disagree and 18% have no opinion. The demographic features influencing the answers of the question are the gender, the education and the family status of the respondents (p < 0.05). Most of the men (60%) consider that the children have the right to know their biological parents while only 44% of the women approve. The highest support of the idea about contact between the donors and their genetic off springs show the people with secondary education (56%) and the most skeptical are the respondents with high non-medical education (40%). The family status influences the opinion of the respondents - the approval of the married and unmarried is 38% and 60%, respectively.
Standards of Birth Weight According to Gestational Age in the Northwestern Regions of Ukraine
Authors: Rodych O. , Korzhynskyy Y. , Gutor T. 
Published: May 2015

Summary
An analysis of the neonatal registry for 2001-2010 years in Rivne and Volyn regions of Ukraine as well as 2006-2011 years of Khmelnytsky region was carried out. General information was available about body weight of 366 607 newborns, among which 188 687 were boys and 177 920 girls. Based on the analysis we developed local standards of birth body weight in relation to gestational age separately for boys and girls. Procedure for processing local standards met international standards that have been developed by the WHO. Availability of processed local standards depending on gestational age will enable neonatologists, pediatricians and researchers to clearly identify anomalies in the health of newborns in the northwestern regions of Ukraine. Therefore, identification of newborns with low or high birth weight will enable adequate and timely steps to improve their health.