bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taura syndrome virus IRES initiates translation by binding its tRNA-mRNA–like structural element in the ribosomal decoding center
Authors: Koh Cha San , Brilot Axel F. , Grigorieff Nikolaus , Korostelev Andrei A. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Ribosomes decode genetic information encoded in mRNAs to synthesize cellular proteins. Initiation of translation is a key step, during which the ORF coding for a protein gets properly positioned on the ribosome with the AUG start codon and its cognate tRNA located in the ribosomal peptidyl site. Here, we report molecular structures of a eukaryotic ribosome complexed with viral mRNA, which uncover an unusual mechanism of initiation. The structures reveal that viral mRNAs carrying an intergenic RNA structure known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) initiate translation by binding a tRNA-mRNA–like element in the aminoacyl site of the ribosome. A structural mechanism of how viral mRNAs with intergenic IRESs hijack host ribosomes is proposed.
Recovery of consciousness is mediated by a network of discrete metastable activity states
Authors: Hudson Andrew E. , Calderon Diany Paola , Pfaff Donald W. , Proekt Alex 
Published: June 2014

Significance
How does the brain recover consciousness after significant perturbations such as anesthesia? The simplest answer is that as the anesthetic washes out, the brain follows a steady and monotonic path toward consciousness. We show that this simple intuition is incorrect. We varied the anesthetic concentration to parametrically control the magnitude of perturbation to brain dynamics while analyzing the characteristics of neuronal activity during recovery of consciousness. We find that, en route to consciousness, the brain passes through several discrete activity states. Although transitions between certain of these activity states occur spontaneously, transitions between others are not observed. Thus, the network formed by these state transitions gives rise to an ordered sequence of states that mediates recovery of consciousness.
Distinct phases in the positive selection of CD8+T cells distinguished by intrathymic migration and T-cell receptor signaling patterns
Authors: Ross Jenny O. , Melichar Heather J. , Au-Yeung Byron B. , Herzmark Paul , Weiss Arthur , Robey Ellen A. 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceDeveloping T cells are positively selected in the thymus to ensure that their antigen receptors can interact with self-MHC. For CD8 T cells, this process takes days to complete, yet the steps involved are poorly understood. We followed a synchronized wave of cells undergoing positive selection within three-dimensional thymic tissue. Surprisingly, migration from the cortex to the medulla occurred before CD4 down-regulation and while thymocytes still required TCR signaling for efficient positive selection. There was a gradual change in the pattern of calcium signaling over time, with an upward shift in basal intracellular calcium correlating with increased speed and brief signaling events. Our data have interesting implications for how positive and negative selection shape the mature CD8 T-cell repertoire.
Linear integration of spine Ca
2+
signals in layer 4 cortical neurons in vivo
Authors: Jia Hongbo , Varga Zsuzsanna , Sakmann Bert , Konnerth Arthur 
Published: June 2014

Significance
In the mammalian brain, sensory information reaches the cortex through thalamic axons, which provide a strong drive to layer 4 (L4). The thalamic inputs are characterized by their synchronous mode of activation and their high efficacy. Here, by using two-photon imaging in vivo, we analyze sensory-stimulation–evoked calcium transients on the level of individual excitatory synapses located on dendritic spines in L4 spiny stellate cells. We demonstrate that the rapid transfer of peripheral signals to the cortical network is associated with the activation of synapses that are widely dispersed throughout the entire dendritic tree. The dendritic integration of the synaptic responses is linear and does not involve cooperativity between individual synapses.
Correlating the motion of electrons and nuclei with two-dimensional electronic–vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Oliver Thomas A. A. , Lewis Nicholas H. C. , Fleming Graham R. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
To have a full understanding of the role of nuclear motions involved in nonradiative relaxation dynamics of complex molecular systems such as carotenoids, nanomaterials, and molecular photoswitches, the ability to correlate the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom is imperative. We have developed 2D electronic–vibrational spectroscopy to observe this correlation, and this new spectroscopic technique will provide a direct probe of the coupling between electronic and nuclear dynamics at conical intersections, and thus the underlying mechanisms driving the ensuing photochemistry.
The Place of Classifiers in the History of Linguistics
Authors: Kilarski Marcin 
Published: June 2014

Summary
This article examines the approaches to classifiers within the Western tradition, ranging from the earliest accounts of the languages of Mesoamerica and East Asia from the 16th-17th centuries to ongoing discussions regarding their semantic motivation and functionality. I show that in spite of the limited attention they attracted before the 1970s, classifiers have played an important role in discussions concerning such notions as the functions of grammatical categories, the distinction between grammar and lexicon as well as the cognitive and cultural correlates of linguistic structure. In addition, I attribute common assumptions about classifiers to projections of typical properties of grammatical gender and, more generally, semantic and morphosyntactic properties of non-classifier languages.
Natural Selection Constrains Neutral Diversity Across a Wide Range of Species
Authors: Corbett-Detig Russell B. , Hartl Daniel L. , Sackton Timothy B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that the amount of neutral polymorphisms within a species will increase proportionally with the census population size (Nc). However, this prediction has not been borne out in practice: while the range of Nc spans many orders of magnitude, levels of genetic diversity within species fall in a comparatively narrow range. Although theoretical arguments have invoked the increased efficacy of natural selection in larger populations to explain this discrepancy, few direct empirical tests of this hypothesis have been conducted. In this work, we provide a direct test of this hypothesis using population genomic data from a wide range of taxonomically diverse species. To do this, we relied on the fact that the impact of natural selection on linked neutral diversity depends on the local recombinational environment. In regions of relatively low recombination, selected variants affect more neutral sites through linkage, and the resulting correlation between recombination and polymorphism allows a quantitative assessment of the magnitude of the impact of selection on linked neutral diversity. By comparing whole-genome polymorphism data and genetic maps using a coalescent modeling framework, we estimate the degree to which natural selection reduces linked neutral diversity for 40 species of obligately sexual eukaryotes. We then show that the magnitude of the impact of natural selection is positively correlated with Nc, based on body size and species range as proxies for census population size. These results demonstrate that natural selection removes more variation at linked neutral sites in species with large Nc than those with small Nc, and provides direct empirical evidence that natural selection constrains levels of neutral genetic diversity across many species. This implies that natural selection may provide an explanation for this longstanding paradox of population genetics.
Evaluation of the use of a nurse-administered telephone questionnaire for post-operative cataract surgery review
Authors: Tan Petrina , Yee Foo Fong , C. Teoh Stephen , Tym Wong Hon 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine the safety of substituting the first day post-operative review after routine cataract surgery (phacoemulsification) with a telephone survey.

Design/methodology/approach
– Prospective non-randomised cohort study. A standardised questionnaire of five common ocular symptoms (general condition, vision, eye pain, headache, nausea or vomiting) was administered by a trained nurse on the first post-operative day. The patients were reviewed in clinic two to 14 days later. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed for complications (endophthalmitis, raised intra-ocular pressure, wound leaks and uveitis) requiring deviation from standard treatment.

Findings
– Over 13 months, 256 eyes of 238 patients underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification by four consultant surgeons. Only one patient reported poor general condition, blurred vision and eye pain. She was subsequently found to have corneal oedema and raised intra-ocular pressure when recalled for an earlier review. Best corrected visual acuity better than 20/40 was achieved in 80.5 per cent of patients. There were no other post-operative complications noted from medical records review.

Research limitations/implications
– Non-randomised nature, skewed surgical expertise, lack of a control group and patient experience data. In all, 22 patients (9.2 per cent) were also uncontactable for the telephone interview.

Practical implications
– A nurse-administered telephone survey seemed to be a safe and effective alternative to first day post-operative review after routine phacoemulsification. The survey also enabled the detection of serious post-operative complications. The first day post-operative hospital visit may be safely substituted in a selected patient population with greater patient convenience achieved and liberation of clinic resources.

Originality/value
– This is the first study which utilises a standardised questionnaire as a form of post-operative review in an Asian population.
Performance evaluation of lean manufacturing implementation in Brazil
Authors: Cezar Lucato Wagner , Araujo Calarge Felipe , Loureiro Junior Mauro , Damasceno Calado Robisom 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– Manufacturing companies worldwide have been replacing traditional mass-production practices by lean initiatives. This translation process is progressive and may vary depending on several factors. Hence, it could be expected that the degree of adoption of the lean practices could vary significantly among industries, regions and even countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation performance of lean principles in Brazil, the paper developed a survey in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, which considered 51 industries of different sizes, from several industrial segments, nationals and multinationals.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed survey was developed using as a normative framework the SAE J4000 standard – identification and measurement of the best practice in implementation of lean operation and the SAE J4001 – implementation of lean operation user manual. To measure the implementation degree of the lean practices in the researched industries, the paper proposed the utilization of two concepts: the degree of leanness (DOL) of an element of J4000 and DOL of a company. Also three hypotheses were tested, trying to establish the relationship among the DOL and firm ownership, their size and respective industrial sector.

Findings
– The results obtained in the survey demonstrated that the performance of lean initiative implementation is not uniform among the companies located in the researched area. Outcomes also showed that the degree of implementation of the lean practices by multinational companies was higher than that for the national firms. However, it was not possible to establish a relationship between the DOL and the size of the firms. Neither a clear and definite association between DOL and industrial sector was possible to be identified.

Practical implications
– For the practitioners and managers dealing with the lean implementation, this paper gives a relevant contribution because it shows how they can effectively use an existing tool to measure the implementation of the lean practices in their respective firms. Furthermore, the DOL calculation for each individual element of the J4000 standard could also be used by practitioners and managers to identify specific problems and opportunity areas where practical actions could be identified to improve the lean implementation.

Originality/value
– This paper contributes to the lean manufacturing theory because it proposes a theoretical way to measure the degree of implementation of the lean initiatives in the manufacturing companies. Also the survey results generate additional research material that could be used by other researchers to further explore the subject in the area.
Lean supply chain performance measurement
Authors: Arif-Uz-Zaman Kazi , Nazmul Ahsan A.M.M. 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present supply chain metrics and to propose a fuzzy-based performance evaluation method for lean supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach
– To understand the overall performance of cost competitive supply chain the paper investigates the alignment of market strategy and position of the supply chain. Since lean is applicable in many supply chains, the authors propose a set of metrics to evaluate supply chain performance. Moreover, the paper uses a fuzzy model to evaluate the performance of cost competitive supply chains. Fuzzy is an appropriate model method when uncertainty is present. It also allows modelling of a significant number of performance metrics across multiple supply chain elements and processes. Competitive strategy can be achieved by using a different weight calculation for different supply chain situations.

Findings
– Research provides optimal metrics for lean supply chains. The proposed method can measure the performance of lean supply chains using a fuzzy approach and competitive strategies.

Research limitations/implications
– The metrics which have been selected to measure the performance of lean supply chains is particularly applicable for high volume, low-price products.

Practical implications
– By identifying optimal performance metrics and applying performance evaluation methods, managers can predict the overall supply chain performance under lean strategy. By identifying performance for each metric they can also categorize the existing performance and optimise them accordingly.

Originality/value
– This study provides a performance evaluation method for supply chain managers to assess the effects of lean tools and competitive strategies.
Lean machine manufacturing at Munjal Showa limited
Authors: Singh Amin Shivdasini , Atre Rakesh , Vardia Ankur , Sebastian Boby 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The global manufacturing industry is becoming more competitive. Munjal Showa, a shock absorber manufacturer in India, is using indigenous development of lean machines by incorporating concepts of lean manufacturing and low-cost automation techniques to increase their competitiveness. This new approach has helped the company to reduce cost of manufacturing and to increase productivity by reducing cycle time and down time. The purpose of this paper is to offer an in depth study of how at Munjal Showa Ltd lean machines are being developed and manufactured. This paper explores how a cumbersome machine was transformed into a lean machine.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper explores how a cumbersome machine was transformed into a lean machine.

Findings
– This new approach has helped the company to reduce cost of manufacturing and to increase productivity by reducing cycle time and down time.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper discusses the process of converting one cumbersome machine to a lean machine.

Practical implications
– Creativity before capital. In lean, team brainstorming of ideas and solutions is emphasized instead of spending large sums of money on capital expenditures

Social implications
– The cockpit model eases pressure of incumbents on the shop floor.

Originality/value
– The concepts espoused in the paper has increased productivity by 3.45 times and reduced costs.
Why Fiji is not the “Mauritius” of the Pacific? Lessons for small island nations in the Pacific
Authors: Chand Prasad Biman 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed comparison between Fiji and Mauritius and points out why Fiji which was better than Mauritius in the mid-1980s has fallen behind.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses recent literature on why countries fail economically and qualitative analysis and statistical evidence where necessary to compare the two countries.Findings– During the first decade of independence, Fiji's economy grew at a rate of more than 5 per cent per annum. However, its economic prosperity was disrupted by the military coup in 1987. As a small island nation, Fiji's economic progress has been dismal and this can largely be attributed to the political instability created by the coups. Small island states like Mauritius has had uninterrupted growth rates in the same period and as a result has delivered significant improvement in the quality of life of its people.Research limitations/implications– Fiji could not become the Mauritius of the Pacific and points due to the lack of political stability and inclusive economic and political institutions.Social implications– Fiji could improve the quality of life of its people if it addresses the institutional constraint and it can learn from Mauritius.Originality/value– Comparing Fiji, a small island nation like Mauritius and pointing out clear lessons not only for Fiji but also other small island nations in the Pacific.
Ecological modernisation and citizen engagement
Authors: Rajkobal Praveena 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– Modern environmental governance, especially in developed nations, increasingly embraces ecological modernisation (EM) as a framework for managing environmental resources. EM proposes a political modernisation programme that brings the four institutions the state, private sector, experts and the environmental movement together in addressing challenging environmental issues. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of the political modernisation programme on citizen engagement. The paper argues that while citizen engagement through the integration of the environmental movement in decision-making processes is promoted, the prominence given to the state, and science and technology results in a number of issues concerning citizen engagement and more deliberative forms of decision making.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper inquires into these issues by building up on the prominent literature in the areas of EM, administrative state, technologically oriented decision making and the case study of the Wonthaggi desalination plant.

Findings
– While citizen engagement through the integration of the environmental movement in decision-making processes is promoted by some EM theorists, other aspects of EM theory give prominence to the state, and science and technology. The paper asserts that citizens’ voices tend to be overwhelmed in governance projects where the main focus is on capitalist values and scientific knowledge and a main role is played by the state and experts.

Originality/value
– The paper is an original work done based on the reviews of literature conducted in the relevant areas and research on the Wonthaggi desalination plant to address the question of the realisability of citizen engagement in EM-based environmental governance spaces.
Natural resource profits and the implications for Peru's public health system
Authors: Fafard Mark , Haley Rob 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The Peruvian Canon system was designed to collect a percentage of taxed profits from the country's natural resource industries and redistribute these funds into communities that are important to the natural resource extraction process. However, these communities often lack significant basic resources, such as adequate public health facilities and basic medical supplies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– This analysis focusses on the political and economic factors within Peru's Canon distribution system and proposes public policy strategies that could more effectively ensure natural resource profits reach extraction zone communities.

Findings
– Policymakers should consider the implementation of policies that require a transparent Canon collection and distribution system. Policies should be developed that mandate an adequate percentage of Canon funds for investment in Peru's public health system.

Research limitations/implications
– A significant portion of the available literature on local conditions within natural resource extraction communities and systematic empirical data available are lacking.

Originality/value
– This analysis can lead to the development and implementation of public policy that more effectively targets improvements throughout Peru's natural resource communities.
Winning the global talent war
Authors: S. Harvey William 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this article was to discuss the phenomenon of international talent mobility and competition in relation to China's engagement in the “talent war” for attracting, retaining and managing global talents, from a policy perspective.Design/methodology/approach– The author adopts an approach combining literature review and international comparative analysis.Findings– Factors explaining global talent mobility have been predominantly economic. This paper argues that China should also focus on other critical non-economic aspects for attracting and retaining talents in the long-term. The Chinese Government may learn from the experience of other competing countries in developing a national strategy for attracting and retaining global talents. While China has an advantage in attracting overseas Chinese who are attached to its cultural roots and are other competing countries' residents or citizens, its existing talent policy may not be able to create effective local and institutional environment in attracting and retaining needed talents.Practical implications– An attractive policy is key to winning the global talent war and determining the future development path of a nation. The talent policy at a national level should address not only economic factors but also personal, professional and institutional factors.Originality/value– Winning the global talent war is a policy competition among countries. The Chinese Government may succeed in the war for talent by adopting a multi-pronged, multi-level and long-term talent strategy. This paper calls for China to reconsider its recent reform on permanent residence (green card) policy reform from a global talent competition perspective.