bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Practice Theory
Authors: Stavropoulos Nicolaos 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In its original, pure form, the practice theory is an account of what it is to have an obligation. It holds that obligations are ultimately a social construct, made of shared attitudes to patterns of action. This chapter argues that, by restricting itself to social factors, the theory loses sight of the critical role of the normative. The chapter proposes an alternative explanation which holds that nonsocial normative factors explain why social practices matter transparently, taking into account all relevant considerations. It considers a mixed view, on which what people do in their social practice fixes the content of the standard or obligation that the practice constitutes, while some nonsocial, inherently normative factors give the socially defined standard or obligation binding force. A defence of the mixed view may be modelled on the idea of a normative power shared among members of a group. The chapter argues that such a defence would fail. Where a social practice emerges, appeal to shared powers would be redundant in an explanation of how it is that the practice may affect the normative situation. The chapter argues that the alternative transparent explanation accounts for the phenomena successfully.
Officials, Subjects, and the Recognition Challenge for (International) Legality
Authors: Roughan Nicole 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Leading philosophers of international law have argued that the absence of a clear official/subject division supports its treatment as a legal order, though not a legal system—a distinction that may divert international legal scepticism. In contrast, the present chapter argues that recognition of a role of official, and recognition within an official-subject relation, are aspects of legality itself. The recognition of officiality underlies a rule of recognition among officials, officials’ claims to law’s authority, and officials’ own subjection to the rule of law. This chapter advances a recognition challenge facing international legality, in which disruptions to the recognition of a role of official and official-subject relations undermine law’s differentiation from mere force. While this challenge is not specific to international law the international context’s formally flattened and fragmented structure, and its combination of hierarchical and interactional legal forms, highlights the full normative implications of the recognition of officiality.
Justification and Duty
Authors: Edwards James , Simester A P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Some claim that to plead a justificatory defence is to concede having breached a duty. It is because the duty was breached that a justification is required. Others claim that a breach of duty is what pleading a justificatory defence denies. It is by showing that no breach occurred that one clinches the justification. On both these views, the relationship between wrongdoing and justification is univocal: all justifications are in this respect alike. This chapter argues for a different position. It argues that, while some justifications concede a breach of duty, others deny the breach. On this bifurcated view, the relationship between justification and wrongdoing depends on which justification is at issue. This is the case, the chapter contends, in both morality and law.
The Trouble with Trespass
Authors: Oberdiek John 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The tort of trespass offers robust protection to owners of private property: one who enters the property of another without their authorization is liable to them even if the entry is justified. It is this chapter’s aim to challenge the normative cogency of this apparent fact of positive law. The chapter argues that trespass acquires whatever normative significance it has, ultimately, from the tort of battery. It follows from this that property should not be more protected than people. And yet the common law does protect property more than people insofar as the prima facie case of battery is rebutted if a would-be battery is justified while the prima facie case of trespass is not rebutted even if a would-be trespass is justified. Put another way, although a justified battery is not in fact a battery, a justified trespass is nevertheless still a trespass. This asymmetry reveals that the common law of trespass is conceptually and morally misguided.
Albert’s Mysterious Quantum Gloves Experiment
Authors: Stuckey W M , Silberstein Michael , McDevitt Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 0 is a parable where Alice and Bob discover the mystery of entanglement per the superposition of the imaginary properties of handedness and color for entangled “quantum gloves” in an experimental challenge given to them by Albert. Alice and Bob show how Albert’s quantum gloves experiment leads to the ‘average-only’ conservation of the entangled properties that characterizes the mystery of entanglement. They solve this mystery by using the relativity principle to justify the fact that they both measured the same value of Planck’s constant h, regardless of the relative spatial orientations of their measurement devices. They propose this solution because it is totally analogous to how Albert solved the mystery of length contraction, i.e., he used the relativity principle to justify the fact that everyone measures the same value of the speed of light c, regardless of the relative velocities of their measurement devices.
The Delayed-Choice Experiment
Authors: Stuckey W M , Silberstein Michael , McDevitt Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The mystery of Zeilinger’s delayed choice experiment is solved via Information Invariance & Continuity as justified by the relativity principle (NPRF + h). Accordingly, NPRF + h is a 4D (all-at-once) AGC that constrains the relationship between the outcomes at detector D2 (fixed) and the position of detector D1 (controlled by the experimentalist). So, it is neither the case that the experimentalist’s choice of where to locate D1 ‘caused’ the outcomes at D2 nor the case that the outcomes at D2 ‘caused’ the experimentalist to choose a particular location for D1. The mystery of the delayed choice experiment is therefore seen to be just another example of misplaced constructive bias. The double-slit experiment is explained using the qubit Hilbert space and the Hilbert space for the triple-slit experiment is constructed from the qubit Hilbert space per the locality axiom for QM reconstruction.
Cardio-Rheumatology Insights Into Hypertension: Intersection of Inflammation, Arteries, and Heart
Authors: Akhtari Shadi , Harvey Paula J , Eder Lihi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There is an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. The mechanism for the development of ASCVD in these conditions has been linked not only to a higher prevalence and undertreatment of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors but importantly to chronic inflammation and a dysregulated immune system which contribute to impaired endothelial and microvascular function, factors that may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis. Accurate ASCVD risk stratification and optimal risk management remain challenging in this population with many barriers that include lack of validated risk calculators, the remitting and relapsing nature of underlying disease, deleterious effect of medications used to manage rheumatic diseases, multimorbidity, decreased mobility due to joint pain, and lack of clarity about who bears the responsibility of performing CV risk assessment and management (rheumatologist vs. primary care provider vs. cardiologist). Despite recent advances in this field, there remain significant gaps in knowledge regarding the best diagnostic and management approach. The evolving field of Cardio-Rheumatology focuses on optimization of cardiovascular care and research in this patient population through collaboration and coordination of care between rheumatologists, cardiologists, radiologists, and primary care providers. This review aims to provide an overview of current state of knowledge about ASCVD risk stratification in patients with IRD, contributing factors including effect of medications, and review of the current recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with inflammatory disease with a focus on hypertension as a key risk factor.
Outcomes of In-Office, High Resolution Ultrasound Silicone Breast Implant Surveillance by Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Glener Adam D , Sergesketter Amanda R , Adams William P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Implant rupture is a known complication in cosmetic breast surgery, but access and cost barriers hinder proper implant surveillance.

Objectives
In this study we aimed to validate high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) for diagnosing silicone implant rupture, and secondarily explore the predictors of implant rupture in a single-surgeon cohort.

Methods
A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent HRUS of silicone breast implants that were placed by W.P.A. HRUS sensitivity and specificity and predictive values were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression assessed predictors of implant rupture. Kaplan-Meier methods estimated 10-year and 15-year implant survival.

Results
Among 254 patients (508 implants) included, 52 patients (104 implants) underwent operative exploration for various reasons; 20 implants had confirmed ruptures. Examining this operative cohort, HRUS had excellent positive and negative predictive value, respectively, 100% (95% CI 83.1%-100%) and 97.6% (95% CI 91.6-99.3%); the sensitivity was 90.9% (95% CI 70.8-98.9%) and specificity was 100% (95% CI 95.6%-100%). The median age of the implant at the time of ultrasound was 119 months (10 years; interquartile range 79-152 months). After multivariable adjustment, only the implant age was a significant predictor of implant rupture (P = .04). Across the entire cohort, Kaplan-Meier methods estimated 10-year and 15-year implant survival rates of 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.87), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed 10-year and 15-year implant survival rates of 0.99 and 0.92, respectively, for surveillance-only HRUS patients.

Conclusions
Plastic surgeon–delivered office-based HRUS surveillance is a highly sensitive and specific method for assessing silicone breast implant integrity.

Level of Evidence: 3
Bridging aquatic invasive species threats across multiple sectors through One Biosecurity
Authors: Bray Jonathan Peter , Hewitt Chad Le Roy , Hulme Philip Eric 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Understanding the magnitude of biosecurity risks in aquatic environments is increasingly complex and urgent because increasing volumes of international shipping, rising demand for aquaculture products, and growth in the global aquarium trade, are accelerating invasive alien species spread worldwide. These threats are especially pressing amid climate and biodiversity crises. However, global and national biosecurity systems are poorly prepared to respond because of fragmented research and policy environments, that often fail to account for risks across sectors or across stakeholder needs and fail to recognize similarities in the processes underpinning biological invasions. In the present article, we illustrate the complex network of links between biosecurity threats across human, animal, plant, and environment sectors and propose a universal approach to risk assessment. One Biosecurity is a holistic, interdisciplinary approach that minimizes biosecurity risks across human, animal, plant, algal, and ecosystem health and is critical to reduce redundancy and increase cross-sectoral cohesion to improve policy, management, and research in aquatic biosecurity.
Association between Air Quality Index and the risk of rosacea: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Ma Sheng-Hsiang , Wu Chun-Ying , Li Meng-Chieh , Ho Hsiu J , Ao Chon-Kit , Wu Chen-Yi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Air pollution is associated with several inflammatory skin disorders. However, the association between air quality and rosacea remains unclear.

Objectives
To investigate the association between the Air Quality Index (AQI) and incidence of rosacea.

Methods
In total, 21 709 479 participants without rosacea before 2008 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The long-term average AQI value for each participant was acquired from the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring System Network and calculated from 1 January 2008 until the diagnosis of rosacea, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance programme, or 31 December 2018.

Results
We observed a significant association between AQI and the incidence of rosacea, with each unit elevation in the AQI increasing the risk of rosacea by 5%. We then categorized participants equally into four groups by quantiles (Q) of AQI values, with mean AQI values of: Q1, 69.0 (SD 6.4); Q2, 79.0 (SD 2.3); Q3, 89.9 (SD 3.6); and Q4, 103.9 (SD 6.8). Compared with the Q1 group, the Q2, Q3 and Q4 cohorts exhibited 1.82-fold, 4.48-fold and 7.22-fold increased risk of rosacea, respectively. Additionally, exposure to particulate matter (PM)2.5 (airborne particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide increased the risk of rosacea, whereas exposure to PM10 (airborne PM with a diameter ≤ 10 μm) was associated with a lower risk.

Conclusions
This study supported a significant dose–response relationship between AQI and the incidence of rosacea.
Uncovering the shared genetic components of thyroid disorders and reproductive health
Authors: Figuerêdo Jéssica , Krebs Kristi , Pujol-Gualdo Natàlia , Haller Toomas , Võsa Urmo , Volke Vallo , Laisk Triin , Mägi Reedik ,   Estonian Biobank Research Team, Metspalu Andres , Milani Lili , Esko Tõnu , Nelis Mari , Hudjashov Georgi ,   Health Informatics Research Team, Kolde Raivo , Laur Sven , Reisberg Sulev , Vilo Jaak 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study is to map the shared genetic component and relationships between thyroid and reproductive health traits to improve the understanding of the interplay between those domains.

Design
A large-scale genetic analysis of thyroid traits (hyper- and hypothyroidism, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) was conducted in up to 743 088 individuals of European ancestry from various cohorts.

Methods
We evaluated genetic associations using genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis, GWAS Catalog lookup, gene prioritization, mouse phenotype lookup, and genetic correlation analysis.

Results
GWAS meta-analysis results for thyroid phenotypes showed that 50 lead variants out of 253 (including 5/52 of the novel hits) were linked to reproductive health in previous literature. Genetic correlation analyses revealed significant correlations between hypothyroidism and reproductive phenotypes. The results showed that 31.9% of thyroid-associated genes also had an impact on reproductive phenotypes, with the most affected functions being related to genitourinary tract issues.

Conclusions
The study discovers novel genetic loci linked to thyroid phenotypes and highlights the shared genetic determinants between thyroid function and reproductive health, providing evidence for the genetic pleiotropy and shared biological mechanisms between these traits in both sexes.
Early Diversification of Membrane Intrinsic Proteins (MIPs) in Eukaryotes
Authors: Irisarri Iker , Lorente-Martínez Héctor , Strassert Jürgen F H , Agorreta Ainhoa , Zardoya Rafael , San Mauro Diego , de Vries Jan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Membrane intrinsic proteins (MIPs), including aquaporins (AQPs) and aquaglyceroporins (GLPs), form an ancient family of transporters for water and small solutes across biological membranes. The evolutionary history and functions of MIPs have been extensively studied in vertebrates and land plants, but their widespread presence across the eukaryotic tree of life suggests both a more complex evolutionary history and a broader set of functions than previously thought. That said, the early evolution of MIPs remains obscure. The presence of one GLP and four AQP clades across both bacteria and archaea suggests that the first eukaryotes could have possessed up to five MIPs. Here, we report on a previously unknown richness in MIP diversity across all major eukaryotic lineages, including unicellular eukaryotes, which make up the bulk of eukaryotic diversity. Three MIP clades have likely deep evolutionary origins, dating back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), and support the presence of a complex MIP repertoire in early eukaryotes. Overall, our findings highlight the growing complexity of the reconstructed LECA genome: the dynamic evolutionary history of MIPs was set in motion when eukaryotes were in their infancy followed by radiative bursts across all main eukaryotic lineages.
Gene expression and splicing QTL analysis of blood cells in African American participants from the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Wen Jia , Sun Quan , Huang Le , Zhou Lingbo , Doyle Margaret F , Ekunwe Lynette , Durda Peter , Olson Nels C , Reiner Alexander P , Li Yun , Raffield Laura M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Most gene expression and alternative splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTL/sQTL) studies have been biased toward European ancestry individuals. Here, we performed eQTL and sQTL analyses using TOPMed whole-genome sequencing-derived genotype data and RNA-sequencing data from stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 1,012 African American participants from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). At a false discovery rate of 5%, we identified 17,630 unique eQTL credible sets covering 16,538 unique genes; and 24,525 unique sQTL credible sets covering 9,605 unique genes, with lead QTL at P &lt; 5e−8. About 24% of independent eQTLs and independent sQTLs with a minor allele frequency &gt; 1% in JHS were rare (minor allele frequency &lt; 0.1%), and therefore unlikely to be detected, in European ancestry individuals. Finally, we created an open database, which is freely available online, allowing fast query and bulk download of our QTL results.
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Chinese version of the HLS-EU-Q47
Authors: Zhang Mengjun , Lu Zhouyu , Song Chunjian , Ling Yuting , Li Wenyuan , Zuo Chao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The development of health literacy in China is relatively slow, and there are fewer health literacy scales, which is difficult to measure. Therefore, this study aims to promote the development of health literacy in China through the translation and application of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47). The scale was translated into Chinese, back-translated, culturally adapted and finally subjected to psychometric evaluation. A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select 2504 residents to test the reliability and validity of a questionnaire on health literacy. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the validity of the results, and the back consistency was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The EFA revealed that health care, disease prevention and health promotion explained 78.68% of the total variance in health literacy. The scale and its subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency, with high Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.947 to 0.983. CFA confirmed the three-factor model’s goodness-of-fit for the Chinese population. The dimensions of healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion showed high convergent validity with an average variance extracted values ranging from 0.52 to 0.60 and composite reliability values ranging from 0.94 to 0.96. The reliable and valid Chinese version of the HLS-EU-Q47 (HLS19-Q47-CN) developed and evaluated in this study is an important tool for assessing health literacy levels in the Chinese population. Furthermore, as this tool has global applicability, it has the potential to assess health literacy levels across different countries, enabling practical international comparisons.
Burn-Related Violence Against Women in the United States: Findings From the ABA Burn Registry
Authors: Wayne Colton D , Singer Yvonne M , Malic Claudia C , Baselice Holly E , Bernal Nicole P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Violence against women is a global public health problem. Centers for Disease Control and Precention (CDC) data show 41% of US women have experienced intimate partner violence. Burn-related violence against women is an extremely confronting form of physical violence. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency, demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes of women admitted to US burn centers who have experienced burn violence compared to those with accidental burn injuries. 2008-2018 data were comparative statistics were used to describe/compare groups. 54 523 women met study inclusion criteria. 956 (2%) experienced burn violence. Women who experienced burn violence had a younger median [IQR] age (36 [27,48] vs 47 [32,61], P &lt; .0001), were Black/African American (44.5% vs 22.4%, P &lt; .0001), were covered by Medicaid (38.8% vs 21.6%, P &lt; .0001), had a higher median [IQR] %TBSA extent (6.0% [3,15.2] vs 3.0% [1,7.3], P &lt; .0001), a higher proportion with third-degree burns (35.4% vs 28.9%, P &lt; .0001), and a higher proportion with TBSA &gt; 20% (18.2% vs 6.7%, P &lt; .0001). Scald/flame injuries were the most frequent mechanism of injury. Women who experienced violence had a higher median [IQR] length of hospital stay (7.0 [2,18] vs 4.0 [1,11] days, P &lt;.0001), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (8.5 [2,27] vs 4 [2,13] days, P &lt; .0001), and mortality rate (5.7% vs 4.3%, P &lt; .04). The frequency of women who sustained burn violence appears small yet experience worse outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of these demographic/clinical characteristics to provide optimal care to this vulnerable population.
Signaling by neutrophil G protein-coupled receptors that regulate the release of superoxide anions
Authors: Dahlgren Claes , Forsman Huamei , Sundqvist Martina , Björkman Lena , Mårtensson Jonas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In human peripheral blood, the neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) are the most abundant white blood cells. These professional phagocytes are rapidly recruited from the bloodstream to inflamed tissues by chemotactic factors that signal danger. Neutrophils, which express many receptors that are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are critical for the elimination of pathogens and inflammatory insults, as well as for the resolution of inflammation leading to tissue repair. Danger signaling molecular patterns such as the N-formylated peptides that are formed during bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis and recognized by formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) and free fatty acids recognized by free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) regulate neutrophil functions. Short peptides and short-chain fatty acids activate FPR1 and FFA2R, respectively, while longer peptides and fatty acids activate FPR2 and GPR84, respectively. The activation profiles of these receptors include the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Activation of the oxidase and the production of ROS are processes that are regulated by proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor α and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The receptors have signaling and functional similarities, although there are also important differences, not only between the two closely related neutrophil FPRs, but also between the FPRs and the FFARs. In neutrophils, these receptors never walk alone, and additional mechanistic insights into the regulation of the GPCRs and the novel regulatory mechanisms underlying the activation of NADPH oxidase advance our understanding of the role of receptor transactivation in the regulation of inflammatory reactions.