bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multigenic Relation to the Attenuation of Rabies Virus
Authors: Yamada Kentaro , Ito Naoto , Takayama‐Ito Mutsuyo , Sugiyama Makoto , Minamoto Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRabies virus Nishigahara strain causes lethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. On the other hand, the RC‐HL strain, derived from the Nishigahara strain, does not cause lethal infection in adult mice. We previously demonstrated that a chimeric virus, R(G), with the open reading frame of the G gene (G‐ORF) from the Nishigahara strain in the background of the RC‐HL genome, is virulent. Reversely, in order to demonstrate that the G gene of the RC‐HL strain is related to the attenuated phenotype, we established a reverse genetics system of the Nishigahara strain and generated a chimeric virus, Ni(G), with the G‐ORF from RC‐HL in the background of the Nishigahara genome. Contrary to our prediction, Ni(G) killed adult mice after intracerebral inoculation with neuropathic symptoms like those of Nishigahara strain infection. Therefore, the G‐ORF of the RC‐HL strain is not the sole determinant of the attenuated phenotype. In additional investigation, we examined other genes, including N, P, M and L genes, and generated chimeric viruses exhaustively. We found that chimeric viruses with a single gene from the RC‐HL were not attenuated and that chimeric viruses with the G‐ORF and at least one other ORF from the RC‐HL were attenuated. In conclusion, attenuation from the Nishigahara to RC‐HL strain is multigenic.
Organic Solvent‐Selective Domain of the Resistance‐Nodulation‐Division‐Type Xenobiotic‐Antibiotic Transporters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Eda Shima , Nakaeu Taiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hydrophobic substrate‐selective domain of the resistance‐nodulation‐division‐type xenobiotic transporter of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assigned based on the different organic‐solvent selectivities of MexB and MexY. The MexB‐MexY hybrid protein consisting of two large periplasmic domains of MexB and the transmembrane domains of MexY showed MexB‐type organic solvent selectivity. The results imply that the resistance‐nodulation‐division‐type xenobiotic transporters recognize hydrophobic substrates such as organic solvents by their periplasmic domains and expel them to the external milieu. This is an elegant way to protect the cytoplasmic membrane from membrane‐deteriorating agents.
Analysis of Six New Genes Encoding Lysis Proteins and Coat Proteins in Escherichia coli Group A RNA Phages
Authors: Nishihara Tohru , Fujisaki Shingo , Nishimura Yukinobu , Minami Yoshiko , Yubisui Toshitsugu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGroup A RNA phages consist of four genes—maturation protein, coat protein, lysis protein and replicase genes. We analyzed six plasmids containing lysis protein genes and coat protein genes of Escherichia coli group A RNA phages and compared their amino acid sequences with the known proteins of E. coli (group A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PP7) RNA phages and Rg‐lysis protein from Qβ phage. The size of lysis proteins was different by the groups but the coat proteins were almost the same size among phages. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the sub‐groups A‐I and A‐II of E. coli RNA phages were clearly dispersed into two clusters.
A Novel Receptor on Allograft (H‐2d)‐Induced Macrophage (H‐2b) toward an Allogeneic Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule, H‐2Dd, in Mice
Authors: Tashiro‐Yamaji Junko , Einaga‐Naito Kuniko , Kubota Takahiro , Yoshida Ryotaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe generation of knockout mice demonstrated that noncytotoxic CD4+, but not cytotoxic CD8+, T cells were essential for the rejection of skin or organ allografts. Earlier we reported that allograft‐induced macrophages (AIM) in mice lysed allografts with H‐2 haplotype specificity, implying screening of grafts by AIM. Here, we isolated a cDNA clone encoding a novel receptor on AIM (H‐2Db) for an allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, H‐2Dd, by using H‐2Dd tetramer and a monoclonal antibody (mAb; R15) specific for AIM. The cDNA (1,181‐bp) encoded a 342‐amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 45 kDa and was found to be expressed on AIM, but not on resident macrophages or other cells, infiltrating into the rejection site. HEK293T cells transfected with this cDNA reacted with R15 mAb and H‐2Dd, but not H‐2Ld, H‐2Kd, H‐2Db, H‐2Kb, H‐2Dk, or H‐2Kk, molecules; and the H‐2Dd binding was suppressed by the addition of R15 or anti‐H‐2Dd mAb. AIM yielded a specific saturation isotherm in the presence of increasing concentrations of H‐2Dd, but not H‐2Db or H‐2Dk, molecules. The dissociation constant of AIM toward H‐2Dd tetramers was 1.9×10–9 M; and the binding was completely inhibited by the addition of R15 or anti‐H‐2Dd mAb. These results reveal that a novel receptor for an allogeneic H‐2Dd molecule was induced on effector macrophages responsible for allograft (H‐2d) rejection in H‐2b mice.
Diagnostic Surface Expression of SWAP‐70 on HIV‐1 Infected T Cells
Authors: Kimbara Noriaki , Dohi Natsuki , Miyamoto Mizuyu , Asai Suzuka , Okada Hidechika , Okada Noriko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFollowing immunization with HIV‐1 infected cells, a hybridoma cell line termed 9F11 was established from the P3U‐1 myeloma line fused with lymphocytes from a trans‐chromosome (TC) mouse, that harbors human chromosomes containing immunoglobulin genes. The 9F11 human IgM monoclonal antibody (9F11 Ab) reacts with HIV‐1 infected MOLT4 cells but not with uninfected MOLT4 cells, and causes immune cytolysis with homologous human complement at a concentration as low as 0.4 μg/ml. This Ab was used to perform immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library derived from HIV‐1 infected cells. All positive cDNA clones contained SWAP‐70 cDNA. SWAP‐70 RNA and protein expression are much stronger in HIV‐1 infected cells. SWAP‐70 was also detected on the surface of HIV‐1 infected cells by flow cytometric analysis. The monocyte cell line U937 cells expresses SWAP‐70 on its cell surface regardless of whether it was infected with HIV‐1. Furthermore, among PBMCs surface expression of SWAP‐70 was detected on CD21+, CD56+ and CD14+ cells. Although CD3+ cells scarcely express SWAP‐70 on their surface, once activated, they become positive. SWAP‐70 may therefore serve as a marker for T cell differentiation as well as for HIV‐1 infection.
Functional Analysis of spoT, relA and dksA Genes on Quinolone Tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under Nongrowing Condition
Authors: Viducic Darija , Ono Tsuneko , Murakami Keiji , Susilowati Heni , Kayama Shizuo , Hirota Katsuhiko , Miyake Yoichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo assess the contribution of ppGpp in antibiotic tolerance to quinolone in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, knockout mutants of the genes involved or linked with the stringent response, such as relA, spoT and dksA, were constructed and investigated for their antibiotic susceptibility to quinolones. The survival of the dksA and spoT mutants in the presence of 8 μg/ml of ofloxacin and 1 μg/ml of ciprofloxacin were shown to be approximately 20–180 and 10–40 times respectively, higher than the same for the wild type strain. The intracellular levels of ppGpp determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that spoT and dksA mutants possess higher basal levels of ppGpp. The data suggest that elevated basal levels of ppGpp may be responsible for rendering these mutants tolerant to quinolones and expand the importance of ppGpp as an antimicrobial target in P. aeruginosa.
Molecular Typing of Pasteurella pneumotropica Isolated from Rodents by Amplified 16S Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis and Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Sasaki Hiraku , Kawamoto Eiichi , Okiyama Emi , Ueshiba Hidehiro , Mikazuki Katsumi , Amao Hiromi , Sawada Takuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 52 isolates of Pasteurella pneumotropica obtained from rodents were examined for their genetic heterogeneity. On the basis of DNA restriction analysis, including amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), differences were identified among the isolates. ARDRA typing with HaeIII revealed 4 different banding patterns of the P. pneumotropica isolates. Eighty‐two percent of the 23 isolates identified as a‐1 were derived from mice, whereas all the isolates identified as a‐3 were derived from rats. Most of the isolates, which showed hemolytic activity on blood agar, obtained from mice and rats, were identified as a‐2 and a‐4, respectively. By restriction analysis of genomic DNA, ApaI and NotI digestion differentiated 9 variants and an undiscriminating group. However, no close relation with regard to the phenotypic characteristics was observed among the variants. The isolates identified as a‐2 and a‐4 could not be distinguished by PFGE analysis. DNA restriction analysis revealed that the genetic diversity of the P. pneumotropica isolates was more complex than the phenotypic characteristics among the species, and that at least the P. pneumotropica isolates were clearly differentiated into 4 groups by ARDRA typing with HaeIII.
Quorum Sensing System Lactones Do Not Increase Invasiveness of a MexAB‐OprM Efflux Mutant but Do Play a Partial Role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Invasion
Authors: Kondo Akira , Hirakata Yoichi , Gotoh Naomasa , Fukushima Kazuko , Yanagihara Katsunori , Ohno Hideaki , Higashiyama Yasuhito , Miyazaki Yoshitugu , Nishide Kiyoharu , Node Manabu , Yamada Yasuaki , Kohno Shigeru , Kamihira Shimeru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe studied the quorum sensing (QS) system and the related homoserine lactones (HSLs) observing Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion using the epithelial cell monolayer penetration assay model. Compared to the PAO1 wild‐type, the QS mutants, ΔlasI and ΔrhlI, were compromised in their capacity to invade. The decreased invasiveness of ΔrhlI was restored by adding 100 μM exogenous C4‐HSL. However, the decreased invasiveness of an efflux mutant, AmexAB‐oprM, was not restored in the presence of exogenous HSLs. The QS system partially plays a role in P. aeruginosa invasion; however, C4‐HSL and 3‐O‐C12‐HSL are not the essential determinants for invasiveness for P. aeruginosa.
First Record of Leptospira borgpetersenii Isolation in the Amami Islands, Japan
Authors: Kawabata Hiroki , Sakakibara Seiji , Imai Yasuyuki , Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Fujita Hiromi , Tsurumi Miyako , Sato Fumio , Takano Ai , Nogami Sadao , Kaneda Kazuhide , Watanabe Haruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn 2003, a Leptospira survey was performed on Yoroshima Island of the Amami Islands located in the southwestern part of Japan. Seven Leptospira strains were isolated from the field rat Rattus rattus, which were identified as L. borgpetersenii by flaB sequencing, 16S rDNA sequencing and gyrB sequencing, and serovar Javanica was determined by a microscopic agglutination test. NotI‐long restriction fragment analysis indicated that these isolates were genetically indistinguishable from an isolate from the Okinawa Islands. The present results suggest that L. borgpetersenii is migrating into the Amami Islands in Japan.
Two Different Conformations of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Taken under Neutral pH Conditions
Authors: Irie Takashi , Kankanamge Pushpa Jenette , Kawai Akihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe previously reported that the rabies virus glycoprotein (G) takes either of two different conformations (referred to as B and C forms) under neutral pH conditions, that could be differentiated by their reactivity to a monoclonal antibody (mAb), #1–30–44, that recognizes the acid‐sensitive conformational epitope, and the formation taken is dependent on two separate regions containing Lys‐202 and Asn‐336 of the protein (Kankanamge et al., Microbiol. Immunol., 47, 507–519, 2003). Semi‐quantitative antibody‐binding assays demonstrated that only one‐third to one‐fourth of mature G proteins on the cell surface were taking the 1–30–44 epitope‐positive B form even at pH 7.4. The ratio of B to C varied, depending on the environmental pH, but did not decrease to zero even at pH 5.8–6.2, preserving a certain content (about 15–20%) of B form. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that a portion of G proteins were intimately associated with a dimer form of matrix (M) protein in terms of resistance to treatment with a mixture of 1% deoxycholate and 1% Nonidet P‐40, and seemed to preserve the B form even at lower pHs. Similar results were also obtained with the virion‐associated G proteins, including the intimate association of a portion of the G proteins with the M protein dimer. From these results, we assume that a certain portion of the rabies virion‐associated G proteins are associated with a dimer form of M protein, keeping the 1–30–44 epitope‐positive B conformation under various pH conditions, which might possibly assure the virion's recognition of host cell receptor molecules in the body.
β‐Glucan Derived from Zymosan Acts as an Adjuvant for Collagen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Hida Shunsuke , Nagi‐Miura Noriko , Adachi Yoshiyuki , Ohno Naohito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCollagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has helped researchers to analyze the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint disease. In classical CIA, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), which contains heat‐killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is used as an adjuvant. In our previous study, we reported that particles of β‐glucan, OX‐CA, derived from Candida albicans, acted as a proper adjuvant in the CIA model. In this study, to establish pure β‐glucan as an adjuvant for CIA, we tested a commercially available preparation of Zymosan A (ZYM) and modified its products. β‐Glucan fractions of ZYM were prepared by oxidation with various concentrations of NaClO. The oxidized ZYM (OX‐ZYM) was mainly composed of β‐glucan. In this study, we examined its effect as an adjuvant for CIA. DBA/1 mice injected with CII and OX‐CA developed arthritis 7–10 days after receiving booster injections; the OX‐ZYM fractions induced arthritis with the same time course. 0.01% OX‐ZYM (oxidized with a 0.01% NaClO solution) caused arthritis faster than 0.1% OX‐ZYM or 0.5% OX‐ZYM. In conclusion, β‐glucan derived from ZYM by brief oxidation with NaClO is a suitable adjuvant for a CIA model with anti‐CII antibody production.
Deletion Polymorphisms in the Promoter Region of Fcγ Receptor IIB Is Not Associated with Antigen‐Specific IgG2a and IgG2b Antibody Responses in NC/Nga Mice
Authors: Sakai Tohru , Kogiso Mari , Mitsuya Kaori , Komatsu Tatsushi , Yamamoto Shigeru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFcγ receptor (R) IIB, a low‐affinity FcR for IgG, inhibits B cell Ag R (BCR)‐mediated activation when these two receptors are cross‐linked by Ag and IgG‐containing immune complexs (ICs). We found deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of fcgr2b in NC/Nga mice, a model for human atopic dermatitis. NC/Nga mice produced significantly higher levels of ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG2b than did BALB/c mice. Analysis of (BALB/c×NC/Nga)F1×BALB/c or (BALB/c×NC/Nga) F1×NC/Nga backcross mice revealed that deletion polymorphisms of fcgr2b in NC/Nga mice does not directly regulate hyper OVA‐specific IgG2a and IgG2b Ab responses.
Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sp. Nov., a Glycyrrhizin‐Hydrolysing Bacterium Isolated from Human Faeces
Authors: Sakuma Keita , Kitahara Maki , Kibe Ryoko , Sakamoto Mitsuo , Benno Yoshimi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractScreening of faecal bacteria for glycyrrhetic acid (GA) production by hydrolysing of glycyrrhizin (GL) resulted in the isolation of two strains, designated ZM35T and ZM38. Strains ZM35T and ZM38 were Gram‐positive, obligate anaerobic, non‐spore‐forming and rod‐shaped bacteria. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains ZM35T and ZM38 belonged to cluster XIVa of the genus Clostridium. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains ZM35T and ZM38 were identical. Strain ZM35T exhibited approximately 94% to 95% identity with the validly described species, Clostridium oroticum (94.5%), Eubacterium contortum (93.8%), Ruminococcus gnavus (94.5%) and R. torques (95.1%). In an experiment of DNA‐DNA hybridization, it was confirmed that strains ZM35T and ZM38 were the same species. The guanine‐plus‐cytosine (G+C) content of strain ZM35T is 45.7 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic findings, we propose that strains ZM35T and ZM38 be assigned to a novel species named Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum. The type strain is ZM35T (=JCM 13368T=DSM 17593T).
Full‐Length Sequence Analysis of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Virus, a Mutant of Measles Virus, Isolated from Brain Tissues of a Patient Shortly after Onset of SSPE
Authors: Hotta Hak , Nihei Kenji , Abe Yu‐ichi , Kato Seiichi , Jiang Da‐Peng , Nagano‐Fujii Motoko , Sada Kiyonao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus, a measles virus (MeV) mutant, was isolated from brain tissues of a patient shortly after the clinical onset, and the entire viral genome was sequenced. The virus, named SSPE‐Kobe‐1, formed syncytia on B95a and Vero/SLAM cells without producing cell‐free infectious virus particles, which is characteristic of SSPE virus. Phylogenetic analysis classified SSPE‐Kobe‐1 into genotype D3. When compared with an MeV field isolate of the same genotype (Ich‐B strain), SSPE‐Kobe‐1 exhibited mutation rates of 0.8–1.6% at the nucleotide level in each of the protein‐coding regions of the viral genome. It is noteworthy that the mutation rate of the M gene (1.2%) of SSPE‐Kobe‐1 was considerably lower than for other SSPE virus strains reported so far, but that the majority of the mutations (75%) were the uridine‐to‐cytidine biased hypermutation characteristic of the SSPE virus M gene. At the amino acid level, the viral proteins, such as N, P., C, V, M., F, H and L proteins, had point‐mutations on 3, 7, 1, 4, 3, 9, 8 and 14 residues, respectively, compared with the Ich‐B strain. In addition, the F and H proteins had mutated C‐termini due to single‐point mutations near or at the stop codons. Two of the three mutations in the M protein were Leu‐to‐Pro mutations, which are likely to affect the conformation and, therefore, the function of the protein. Because of the relatively small number of mutations, SSPE‐Kobe‐1 would be a useful tool to study genetic evolution of SSPE virus.
Immunostimulating Factor Isolated from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Stimulates Monocytes and Inflammatory Macrophages
Authors: Jo Wol‐Soon , Yee Sung‐Tae , Yoon Sik , Nam Byung‐Huouk , Do Eunju , Jung Beom‐Seok , Jeong Soo‐Jin , Hong Sook‐Hee , Yoo Young‐Hyun , Kang Chi‐Dug , Lim Young‐Jin , Jeong Min‐Ho , Lee Jae‐Dong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmunostimulating factor (ISTF) isolated from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans which has been described previously, is distinct from lipopolysaccharide and induces proliferation of B cells. This study was undertaken to investigate whether ISTF might enhance the stimulation of other immune cells. Immunohistochemically, ISTF exhibited a profound stimulating effect on macrophages and dendritic cells as well as B cells in the spleen of BALB/c mice. ISTF was also recognized for its capacity to induce direct activation of mouse macrophages to produce IL‐6, TNF‐α, and NO and MHC class II expression. Therefore, it is postulated that ISTF stimulates macrophages and possibly other cells to produce a wide variety of proinflammatory mediators, which may be involved in the chronicity and tissue destruction of periodontal disease.
Possible Mechanism of Adenovirus Generation from a Cloned Viral Genome Tagged with Nucleotides at Its Ends
Authors: Fukuda Hiromitsu , Terashima Miho , Koshikawa Michiko , Kanegae Yumi , Saito Izumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe entire cloned human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) genome is known to be able to generate infectious virus after transfection into 293 cells when the both ends of the genome are exposed by digestion with appropriate restriction enzymes. However, when one or both ends of the genome are tagged with nucleotides and are not intact, whether the tagged end of the viral genome was remained tagged or corrected to be intact during the generation of viral clones has been unclear and, if such oligonucleotide removal occurs, how does the virus remove these tagged sequences and thereby restore its proper structure? Here, we show in our semi‐quantitative study that the generation efficiency of virus clones decreases depending on the length of nucleotide tags at the both ends and that both the oligonucleotide tags were precisely removed during virus generation with restoration of the proper terminal sequences. Interestingly the viral genome of which one end was tagged, while the other was attached about 12‐kb sequences, did generate intact viral clones at a reduced but significant efficiency. From these results, we here propose a possible mechanism whereby the terminal‐protein‐deoxycytidine complex enters from the enzyme‐cleaved end and reaches deoxyguanine at the initiating position of DNA synthesis in vivo. A replication origin at one end, embedded deeply in double‐stranded DNA, can be activated by two cycles of one‐directional full‐length DNA synthesis initiated by the other exposed replication origin about 30 kilobases away. We also describe new cassette cosmids which can use not only PacI but also BstBI for construction of an adenovirus vector, without reducing construction efficiency.
Efficient Sequential Gene Regulation via FLP‐ and Cre‐Recombinase Using Adenovirus Vector in Mammalian Cells Including Mouse ES Cells
Authors: Kondo Saki , Takahashi Yuzuka , Shiozawa Seiji , Ichise Hirotake , Yoshida Nobuaki , Kanegae Yumi , Saito Izumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSite‐specific recombinase is widely applied for the regulation of gene expression because its regulatory action is strict and efficient. However, each system can mediate regulation of only one gene at a time. Here, we demonstrate efficient “sequential” gene regulation using Cre‐ and FLP‐expressing recombinant adenovirus (rAd) in two different monitor cell lines, for regulation of one gene (OFF‐ON‐OFF) and for two genes (ON‐OFF and OFF‐ON, independently). Generally, serial use of Cre‐ and FLP‐expressing rAd tends to cause significant cytotoxicity, but we here described optimum dose of the rAds for serial regulation. We also established an efficient method of rAd infection to mouse ES cell lines after removing feeder cells, showing that this system is useful for removal of FRT‐flanked drug‐resistance gene cassette from recombinant ES cells prior to introduction of ES cells into blastocytes for chimeric mice production. Because our sequential gene‐regulation system offers efficient purpose‐gene regulation and strict OFF‐regulation, it is potentially valuable for elucidating not only novel gene functions using cDNA microarray analysis but also for “gene switching” in development and regeneration research.