bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reduced maximality labeled transition system generation for recursive Petri nets
Authors: Bouneb Messaouda , Saidouni Djamel Eddine , Ilie Jean Michel 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

In Saidouni et al. (Maximality semantic for recursive Petri net. Europeen conference on modelling and simulation (ECMS’13) pp 544–550,
2013
) a maximality operational semantics has been defined for the recursive Petri net model. This operational semantics generates a true concurrency structure named maximality-based labeled transition systems (MLTS). This paper proposes an approach that generates an on-the-fly reduced MLTS modulo a maximality bisimulation relation. The interest of the approach is shown using an example concerning the woodshop cutting system.
Factors Determining Outcome After Surgery for Chronic Groin Pain Following a Lichtenstein Hernia Repair
Authors: Zwaans Willem A. R. , Verhagen Tim , Roumen Rudi M. H. , Scheltinga Marc R. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundSome patients develop chronic groin pain after a Lichtenstein hernia repair. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of removal of entrapped inguinal nerves or a meshectomy in patients with chronic pain after open inguinal hernia mesh repair. Factors determining success following this remedial surgery are unknown. The aim of the study was to identify potential patient‐ or surgery‐related factors predicting the surgical efficacy for inguinodynia following Lichtenstein repair.MethodsConsecutive adult patients with a history of persistent pain following Lichtenstein repair who underwent remedial surgery were analysed using univariate analysis. Significant confounders (p < 0.05) were combined in a multivariate logistic regression model using a backward stepwise regression method.ResultsA total of 136 groin pain operations were available for analysis. Factors contributing to success were removal of a meshoma (OR 4.66) or a neuroma (OR 5.60) and the use of spinal anaesthesia (OR 4.38). In contrast, female gender (OR 0.30) and preoperative opioid use (OR 0.38) were significantly associated with a less favourable outcome. Using a multivariate analysis model, surgery under spinal anaesthesia (OR 4.04), preoperative use of opioids (OR 0.37), and meshoma removal (OR 5.31) greatly determined surgical outcome.ConclusionsPain reduction after remedial surgery for chronic groin pain after Lichtenstein repair is more successful if surgery is performed under spinal anaesthesia compared to general anaesthesia. Removal of a meshoma must be considered as success rates are optimized following these measures. Patients using opioids preoperatively have less favourable outcomes.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Gupta Ashutosh , Aneja Anjila , Mehta Sanjay , Saini Pankaj 
Published: August 2015

AbstractKlippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare congenital disease characterized by cutaneous hemangiomas, soft tissue, and bone hypertrophy. It may be associated with arteriovenous malformation involving deeper pelvic organs. We present a prenatally-diagnosed case of KTWS identified at 26 weeks. Antenatal ultrasound identified subcutaneous hemangioma with soft tissue hypertrophy with unilateral hypertrophy of the lower extremity with right renal hydronephrosis. During the rest antenatal period, KTWS did not deteriorate and was not complicated by acute enlargement and sequestration and Kasabach–Merritt syndrome.
Effects of Noxious Electrical Stimulation and Eccentric Exercise on Pain Sensitivity in Asymptomatic Individuals
Authors: Stackhouse Scott K. , Taylor Christine M. , Eckenrode Brian J. , Stuck Erica , Davey Helen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundAchilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury in running and jumping athletes. Currently, we do not understand why some conservative interventions (eg, noxious electrical stimulation and eccentric training) may reduce the pain associated with tendinopathy.ObjectiveTo determine whether noxious electrical stimulation (NES) or eccentric contractions would alter pain sensitivity around the asymptomatic Achilles tendon.DesignA double‐blind trial with block‐randomization by gender into 3 intervention arms: NES, eccentric contractions, or low‐intensity cycling.ParticipantsA total of 40 volunteers with no current pain conditions started the study, and 39 completed follow‐up testing.MethodsParticipants underwent 2 baseline sessions to assess pain sensitivity response stability of pressure pain threshold (PPT), heat pain threshold (HPT), and heat temporal summation (HTS) over the Achilles tendon. Immediately after the second baseline session, participants performed 1 session of an intervention and were tested immediately postintervention and the next morning. Eccentric‐only plantarflexor exercise was performed (4 sets of 15 repetitions) using full bodyweight and slow, 5‐second contractions. Noxious electrical stimulation was applied to the Achilles for 20 minutes and dosed to the subjects' pain tolerance. Low‐intensity cycling was dosed (60‐70 W for 20 minutes) to minimize occurrence of exercise‐induced hypoalgesia. The PPT was the primary outcome measure.ResultsFor PPT, both NES (P < .001) and eccentric (P = .003) groups were less sensitive to pressure immediately posttreatment, and the eccentric group maintained this effect through the next morning (P = .043). No group differences were seen for HPT, but the NES (P = .031) and eccentric (P = .036) groups had less HTS the next morning.ConclusionsA single session of eccentric exercise and NES can produce immediate and next‐day reductions in pain sensitivity in asymptomatic adults. The immediacy of these effects points toward a neurophysiologic mechanism. Future research needs to be performed in clinical populations and to assess any cumulative effects to repetitive intervention.
EPISTEMOLOGY AND RADICALLY EXTENDED COGNITION
Authors: Jarvis Benjamin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between epistemology and radically extended cognition. Radically extended cognition (REC) – as advanced by Andy Clark and David Chalmers – is cognition that is partly located outside the biological boundaries of the cognizing subject. Epistemologists have begun to wonder whether REC has any consequences for theories of knowledge. For instance, while Duncan Pritchard suggests that REC might have implications for which virtue epistemology is acceptable, J. Adam Carter wonders whether REC threatens anti-luck epistemology. In this paper, I argue that the possibility of REC has no systematic consequences for theorizing in epistemology. I suggest an alternative relationship between the two: epistemology can play a role in diagnosing cases of REC. Thus, by establishing that entities partially located outside biological boundaries don't play certain epistemic roles, one can establish that they don't play the related cognitive roles either. I conclude the paper by illustrating this last point.
Ecdysozoan-like sclerites among Ediacaran microfossils
Authors: MOCZYDŁOWSKA MAŁGORZATA , BUDD GRAHAM E. , AGIĆ HEDA 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report the occurrence of organically preserved microfossils from the subsurface Ediacaran strata overlying the East European Platform in Poland, in the form of sclerites and cuticle fragments of larger organisms. They are morphologically similar to those known from Cambrian strata and associated with various metazoan fossils of recognized phyla. The Ediacaran age of the microfossils is evident from the stratigraphic position below the base of the Cambrian System and above the isotopically dated tuff layers atc.551±4Ma. Within this strata interval, other characteristic Ediacaran microorganisms co-occur such as cyanobacteria, vendotaenids, microalgae,Ceratophyton,Valkyriaand macroscopic annelidanSabellidites. The recent contributions of organic sclerites in revealing the scope of the Cambrian explosion are therefore also potentially extendable back to the Ediacaran Period when animals first appear in the fossil record.
Doestrans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid affect the intermediary glucose and energy expenditure of dairy cows due to repartitioning of milk component synthesis?
Authors: Benninghoff Jens , Metzger-Petersen Katrin , Tröscher Arnulf HA , Südekum Karl-Heinz 
Published: August 2015

The overall goal of this study was to evaluate if intermediary energy metabolism of cows fed withtrans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was modified such that milk-energy compounds were produced with less intermediary energy expenditure as compared to control cows. Published data on supplemented CLA were assembled. The extent was calculated to which thetrans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer has an impact on glucose and energy conversion in the mammary gland by modifying glucose equivalent supply and energy required for fatty acid (FA) and fat synthesis, and if this will eventually lead to an improved glucose and energy status of CLA-supplemented high-yielding dairy cows. A possible relationship between CLA supplementation level and milk energy yield response was also studied. Calculations were conducted separately for orally and abomasally administered CLA and based on energy required for supply of glucose equivalents, i.e. lactose, glycerol and NADPH2. Further, modifications of milk FA profile due to CLA supplementation were considered when energy expenditures for FA and fat synthesis were quantified. Differences in yields between control and CLA groups were transformed into glucose energy equivalents. Only abomasal infusion (r2= 0·31) but not oral CLA administration (r2= 0·11) supplementation to dairy cow diets resulted in less glucose equivalent energy. Modifications of milk FA profiles also saved energy but the relationship with CLA supplementation was weaker for abomasal infusion (r2= 0·06) than oral administration (r2= 0·38). On average, 10 g/d of abomasally infusedtrans-10,cis-12 CLA saved 1·1 to 2·3 MJ net energy expressed as glucose equivalents, whereas both positive and negative values were observed when thetrans-10,cis-12 CLA was fed to the cows.This study revealed a weak to moderate dose-dependent relationship between the amount oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA administered and the amount of energy in glucose equivalents and energy for the synthesis of milk fat conserved from milk ingredient synthesis. Because abomasal infusion of thetrans-10,cis-12 CLA more consistently conserved energy in glucose equivalents compared with oral CLA intake, rumen protection of the fed CLA products appears incomplete. Milk fat synthesis showed an energy saving with a weak dose-dependent relationship when CLA was supplemented orally or by abomasal infusion.
Turbulent fluxes of entropy and internal energy in temperature stratified flows
Authors: Rogachevskii I. , Kleeorin N. 
Published: August 2015

We derive equations for the mean entropy and the mean internal energy in low-Mach-number temperature stratified turbulence (i.e. for turbulent convection or stably stratified turbulence), and show that turbulent flux of entropy is given by$\boldsymbol{F}_{s}=\overline{{\it\rho}}\,\overline{\boldsymbol{u}s}$, where$\overline{{\it\rho}}$is the mean fluid density,$s$is fluctuation of entropy and overbars denote averaging over an ensemble of turbulent velocity fields,$\boldsymbol{u}$. We demonstrate that the turbulent flux of entropy is different from the turbulent convective flux,$\boldsymbol{F}_{c}=\overline{T}\,\overline{{\it\rho}}\,\overline{\boldsymbol{u}s}$, of the fluid internal energy, where$\overline{T}$is the mean fluid temperature. This turbulent convective flux is well-known in the astrophysical and geophysical literature, and it cannot be used as a turbulent flux in the equation for the mean entropy. This result is exact for low-Mach-number temperature stratified turbulence and is independent of the model used. We also derive equations for the velocity–entropy correlation,$\overline{\boldsymbol{u}s}$, in the limits of small and large Péclet numbers, using the quasi-linear approach and the spectral${\it\tau}$approximation, respectively. This study is important in view of different applications to astrophysical and geophysical temperature stratified turbulence.
Finding pathways to human–elephant coexistence: a risky business
Authors: Songhurst Anna , McCulloch Graham , Coulson Tim 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFinding ways for people and wildlife to coexist requires affording both parties access to critical resources and space, but also a behavioural change by both to avoid conflict. We investigated pathway use in a population of free-ranging African elephants Loxodonta africana in the Okavango Panhandle, Botswana that share their range with humans in a multi-use, heterogeneous landscape. We used detailed ground surveys to identify and map elephant movement pathways, and mixed-effect models to explore factors influencing elephant numbers and movement behaviour on and around these pathways. We found deviation in pathway use among the elephant population, suggesting behavioural adaptations to avoid human-associated risk: avoiding pathways near settlements, particularly near larger settlements; avoiding pathways close to cultivated land; and adopting a safety-in-numbers strategy when moving through areas of human use. Our findings suggest there is opportunity to capitalize on risk avoidance by elephant populations, to minimize resource-use overlap and reduce conflict between humans and elephants. We discuss a strategy that involves ensuring appropriate protection of elephant pathways in land-use planning, using development-free buffer zones, combined with mitigation techniques along the interface with agricultural lands to increase risk levels and reinforce human–elephant interface boundaries. We recommend further examination of the use of landscape-level mitigation techniques that encourage elephants to use pathways away from human activity and help define spatial boundaries for management of human–elephant conflict in multi-use landscapes.
Shelter crowding and increased incidence of acute respiratory infection in evacuees following the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and tsunami
Authors: KAWANO T. , TSUGAWA Y. , NISHIYAMA K. , MORITA H. , YAMAMURA O. , HASEGAWA K. 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYAlthough outbreaks of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at shelters are hypothesized to be associated with shelter crowding, no studies have examined this relationship. We conducted a retrospective study by reviewing medical records of evacuees presenting to one of the 37 clinics at the shelters in Ishinomaki city, Japan, during the 3-week period after the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and tsunami in 2011. On the basis of a locally weighted scatter-plot smoothing technique, we categorized 37 shelters into crowded (mean space <5·5 m2/per person) and non-crowded (⩾5·5 m2) shelters. Outcomes of interest were the cumulative and daily incidence rate of ARI/10 000 evacuees at each shelter. We found that the crowded shelters had a higher median cumulative incidence rate of ARI [5·4/10 000 person-days, interquartile range (IQR) 0–24·6,P= 0·04] compared to the non-crowded shelters (3·5/10 000 person-days, IQR 0–8·7) using Mann–WhitneyUtest. Similarly, the crowded shelters had an increased daily incidence rate of ARI of 19·1/10 000 person-days (95% confidence interval 5·9–32·4,P< 0·01) compared to the non-crowded shelters using quasi-least squares method. In sum, shelter crowding was associated with an increased incidence rate of ARI after the natural disaster.
A Brief Case Study of Germany and Japan: Emotions and Passions in the Making of World War II
Authors: COICAUD JEAN-MARC 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCompeting interests among big powers played a role in the making of World War II. But, and not separated from this, another element had a serious impact: the sense of psychological insecurity experienced, each in its own way, by Germany and Japan in the context of their quest for recognition by other major powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States – and the implications this had internationally. In connection with their material conditions (internal and international) compared to other great powers, this pushed Germany and Japan to embrace policies that were ultimately self-defeating. It led them to see and assess themselves, others, and the international environment in conflicting terms and, faced with the unwillingness of other big powers to accommodate them to the extent they wanted, to overplay their hand, with lethal outcomes as a result.This article follows two previous articles published in this journal.1It is a case study that focuses on Germany and Japan, and the making of World War II. In the first section, it begins with highlighting the overall relevance of this case study in the context of the analysis of emotions and passions in international politics. In the second section, it shows that both for Germany and Japan a sense of psychological insecurity regarding their international status and their urge to catch up and compensate, put them on a collision course with the great powers of the period. In the third part, the article explains how, in time, this contributed to the fact that Germany and Japan embraced negative and exclusionary political emotions and passions that translated into belligerent policies. In the fourth section, as a way to conclude, the article touches upon how a better understanding of the nature and role of emotions and passions in international affairs can encourage a psychology of peace, and international peace altogether.
Low Levels of Military Threat and High Demand for Increasing Military Spending: The ‘Puzzle of Chinese Students’ Data in the Asian Student Survey of 2008
Authors: OREN EITAN 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article examines perceptions of military and defense expenditure as held by Asian students. By using quantitative data from the Asian Student Survey1of 2008 it addresses the following questions: to which areas would Asian students like to see their government allocate more or less resources and, specifically, how supportive of defense and military spending are Asian students. This study finds that data concerning one country have appeared deviant. While designating the strongest will to increase defense and military spending among all countries sampled in the survey, Chinese students from leading universities (N= 800; Pekin and Renmin universities in Beijing; Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong university) also exhibit the lowest levels of perceived military threats. The rest of the paper explores the ‘puzzle’ of Chinese students by generating and testing a null hypothesis. In it, Chinese students' high demand for military spending is associated with an aggressive design, whereby anti-foreign, unilateral, and nationalist sentiments coincide. After refuting the null hypothesis, the paper advances an alternative explanation that links students' inclination with the call to modernize the People's Liberation Army.
Bamboo Shoots and Weak Roots: Organizational Expansion of New Parties in Japan
Authors: HIJINO KEN 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecent research claims that local party organizations are essential for new parties seeking organizational stability and national-level electoral success. Yet new parties which emerged in Japan since the 1990s have failed in building nation-wide networks of local organizations. The article asks how these parties sought to expand locally and why their attempts have been largely unsuccessful. It finds evidence that under certain conditions (in urban areas and multi-member districts, or when controlling local chief executive offices and endowed with inherited resources) new parties have been more successful in standing and winning seats in regional elections. Regions with these favorable conditions are few, however, resulting in the overall weakness of the new parties’ local organizations. The study also disconfirms expectations that a party's control of national government should result in their improved representation at the local level. The article contributes to elucidating the incentives and dynamics of building party organizations in terms of local elected offices for newcomer parties in Japan. It hints at similar challenges for entrepreneurial parties with few social roots in other established democracies.
Have Korea and Japan Reconciled? A Focus on the Three Stages of Reconciliation
Authors: CHUN JA-HYUN 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPrevious studies on international reconciliation have focused on the security and economic interests of the countries involved, treating reconciliation as an end-goal rather than an ongoing process. This study divides the process of reconciliation into three stages. ‘Procedural reconciliation’, which refers to the mending of international relations through institutional change, is the most basic. In the ‘material reconciliation’ phase, the perpetrator(s) provides the victim(s) – either at the individual or state level – with economic compensation for inflicting harm. The third stage, ‘ideational reconciliation’, is reached when the perpetrator acknowledges past wrongdoings and when civil and cultural exchanges are carried out smoothly.This study delves into the relations between South Korea and Japan. Even though reconciliation between South Korea and Japan is vital to achieve stable peace in Northeast Asia, the topic has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Former studies have focused on bilateral relations, but few have discussed the two countries' path towards reconciliation. In this study, readers will find an in-depth analysis of the ties between South Korea and Japan from an international reconciliation perspective, one which will help them understand how the two nations have worked towards understanding and how much they have achieved to date. The study also suggests a roadmap to reach the final stage of reconciliation and identifies the policy changes needed to get there.
Molecular characterization of winter durum wheat (Triticum durum) based on a genotyping-by-sequencing approach
Authors: Sieber Alisa-Naomi , Longin C. Friedrich H. , Würschum Tobias 
Published: August 2015

Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is predominantly grown as spring type and depending on the production area autumn or spring sowing is used. For the durum production in Austria and Germany, autumn sowing has several advantages, such as yield increase and stability, but this requires the selection for winter hardiness including a good frost tolerance. The aim of this study was to support breeding of winter durum and to facilitate genomic approaches by molecularly characterizing a panel of 170 diverse winter and 14 spring durum lines employing a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. We obtained an unprecedentedly high number of 30,611 polymorphic markers covering the entire genome. The principal coordinate analysis and the cluster analysis revealed the absence of a major population structure but a tendency of lines to group according to their country of origin. Linkage disequilibrium was found to decay within a short distance of approximately 2–5 cM and also showed variable patterns along chromosomes. In summary, our results can assist breeding of durum wheat and pave the way for genomic approaches towards knowledge-based winter durum breeding.