bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional and nutritional characterization of native and modified starches from bananas hybrids
Authors: Alemán Shelly E. , Ramírez Alejandra O. , Manzanilla Edward E. , Guzmán Romel E. , Pérez Elevina E. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTUnripe fruits from bananas are rich in starch, which can be isolated and used in the development of different products. The purpose of the research was to evaluate native, and modified starches obtained from unripe banana (triploid and tetraploid). The starches were modified by phosphatation‐acetylation and gelatinization, and then were characterized by their: purity, yield, functional properties, and the degree of substitution. In the study, high purity starches (97–98%), with yields varying from 11 to 15% were obtained, and purity was more dependent on the purification procedure, than from their chromosomes set. The ploidy, and modification procedures invariably affect some of their functional and nutritional properties. It was observed that the physical modifications have more effect on functional and nutritional profiles, granular structure of the starches, than the chemical modification; while the hybridization have effect on the granular distribution size, and the gelatinization, and amylolysis profiles.
Collapse behavior evaluation of asymmetric buildings subjected to bi‐directional ground motion
Authors: Manie Salar , Moghadam Abdoreza S. , Ghafory‐Ashtiany Mohsen 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis paper discusses the collapse behavior of low‐rise plan‐asymmetric buildings under bi‐directional horizontal ground motions and utilizing strength and stiffness degrading nonlinear models. For this purpose, three‐dimensional three‐story and six‐story reinforced concrete frame buildings with uni‐directional mass eccentricities equal to 0% (symmetrical), 10%, 20% and 30% are subjected to nonlinear static (pushover) as well as incremental dynamic analyses using a set of far‐field two‐component ground motions and their performance are assessed on the basis of the safety margin against collapse and its probability of occurrence. Comparison of the collapse margin ratios as well as the fragility curves demonstrates significant reduction of the collapse‐level ground motion intensity with increasing eccentricity in plan. Results also indicate that current seismic design parameters including the response modification (R), overstrength (Ω) and ductility (μ) factors are not appropriate for buildings with high levels of plan eccentricity. Buildings with high values of plan eccentricity do not meet the design target life safety performance level on the basis of the calculated probability of collapse and safety margin against collapse. It appears that re‐evaluation of their design parameters is necessary. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning and cognition in insects
Authors: Giurfa Martin 
Published: March 2015

Insects possess small brains but exhibit sophisticated behavioral performances. Recent works have reported the existence of unsuspected cognitive capabilities in various insect species, which go beyond the traditional studied framework of simple associative learning. In this study, I focus on capabilities such as attention, social learning, individual recognition, concept learning, and metacognition, and discuss their presence and mechanistic bases in insects. I analyze whether these behaviors can be explained on the basis of elemental associative learning or, on the contrary, require higher‐order explanations. In doing this, I highlight experimental challenges and suggest future directions for investigating the neurobiology of higher‐order learning in insects, with the goal of uncovering l architectures underlying cognitive processing. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:383–395. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1348This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Learning
Neuroscience > Behavior
Neuroscience > Cognition
Anomaly detection in dynamic networks: a survey
Authors: Ranshous Stephen , Shen Shitian , Koutra Danai , Harenberg Steve , Faloutsos Christos , Samatova Nagiza F. 
Published: March 2015

Anomaly detection is an important problem with multiple applications, and thus has been studied for decades in various research domains. In the past decade there has been a growing interest in anomaly detection in data represented as networks, or graphs, largely because of their robust expressiveness and their natural ability to represent complex relationships. Originally, techniques focused on anomaly detection in static graphs, which do not change and are capable of representing only a single snapshot of data. As real‐world networks are constantly changing, there has been a shift in focus to dynamic graphs, which evolve over time.In this survey, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of anomaly detection in dynamic networks, concentrating on the state‐of‐the‐art methods. We first describe four types of anomalies that arise in dynamic networks, providing an intuitive explanation, applications, and a concrete example for each. Having established an idea for what constitutes an anomaly, a general two‐stage approach to anomaly detection in dynamic networks that is common among the methods is presented. We then construct a two‐tiered taxonomy, first partitioning the methods based on the intuition behind their approach, and subsequently subdividing them based on the types of anomalies they detect. Within each of the tier one categories—community, compression, decomposition, distance, and probabilistic model based—we highlight the major similarities and differences, showing the wealth of techniques derived from similar conceptual approaches. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:223–247. doi: 10.1002/wics.1347This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms
Data: Types and Structure > Graph and Network Data
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition
Reasonable Diffraction Data from “Bad” Crystals: Structure Elucidation of Ge3Sb2Te5Se and (GeTe)2.38(Sb2Te3)(Sb2)1.23 Using Microfocused Synchrotron Beams
Authors: Urban Philipp , Rosenthal Tobias , Schenk Ludwig , Vaughan Gavin B. M. , Oeckler Oliver 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBoth Ge3Sb2Te5Se and (GeTe)2.38(Sb2Te3)(Sb2)1.23 crystallize in the trigonal space group R$\bar{3}$m and exhibit layered structures with 33R stacking sequences. Whereas Ge3Sb2Te5Se (Z = 3, a = 4.1278(12) Å, c = 61.06(2) Å, R1(obs) = 0.0427) exhibits atom sites with mixed occupancies in an otherwise long‐range ordered structure isostructural to that of Ge3Sb2Te6, (GeTe)2.38(Sb2Te3)(Sb2)1.23 (a = 4.2437(5) Å, c = 63.090(6) Å, R1(obs) = 0.0385) is characterized by stacking disorder. Its average structure formally corresponds to a superposition of Ge3Sb2Te6 and (GeTe)(Sb2Te3)(Sb2)2 whereas the real structure may contain various building blocks. A microfocused synchrotron beam enabled the structure elucidation using fragmented crystals with overall very pronounced mosaicity and probably inhomogeneities present. Selecting very small well crystallized parts of low‐quality macroscopic crystals yielded datasets that were suitable for precise structure refinements.
Physicochemical Properties and Phase Behavior of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride/Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant Mixtures
Authors: Han Zhiguo , Yang Xiuquan , Liu Yong , Wang Jiajia , Gao Yuyang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMixed surfactant systems, used in many formulations, have aroused great attention and interest from researchers and industry due to the possibility of synergism. Alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) mixtures combine the excellent properties of pure surfactants and play an important role in the development of multi‐functional washing products. To study the synergism between APG and DDAC, the physicochemical properties of different mixed systems have been investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is about 180 mg·L−1 and the surface tension at the CMC is about 26.0 mN·m−1 at a mass fraction of 40 % DDAC (ωDDAC40 %). The values are significantly lower than pure surfactants. The foaming property shows the best performance at ωDDAC20 %. When the mass fraction of DDAC is 80 %, the mixture exhibits better wetting and emulsifying properties. Synergism was observed in surface tension, foaming and emulsifying properties, while the wetting ability and detergency exhibited no such effects. Phase behavior of the APG/DDAC/water ternary system has also been carried out by polarized optical microscope. The phase diagram is characterized by a micellar phase, a region where lamellar and micellar phases coexist and a lamellar phase.
Synthesis of Succinic Gemini Surfactants and the Effect of Stereochemistry on Their Monolayer Behaviors
Authors: Kawase Tokuzo , Kagawa-Ohara Maiko , Aisaka Tsunetomo , Oida Tatsuo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this work, succinic gemini surfactants, dl‐ and meso‐2,3‐bis(alkyl)succinic acids (alkyl: C6H13–C13H27), were successfully synthesized by oxidative coupling of enolates of fatty acid tert‐butyl esters with copper(II) bromide followed by treatment with CF3COOH. Focusing on the influence of stereochemistry (dl‐ and meso‐) of succinic geminis, their monolayer behaviors at the air–water interface were explored using surface pressure–area (Π–A) isotherms, the compression modulus of monolayers (εs), and Brewster angle microscope (BAM) analysis. meso‐2,3‐Bis(undecyl)succinic acid showed a unique isotherm where the surface pressure drastically decreased at A = ~0.56 nm2 (Π = 21.9 mN m−1) regardless of compression rates and subphase temperatures, while dl‐isomer showed the common isotherm of gas → liquid‐expanded → liquid‐condensed phase transitions. BAM analysis on meso‐2,3‐bis(undecyl)succinic acid films at the air–water interface showed that small islands of aggregates appear just after the maximum pressure (A = ~0.56 nm2), and on further compression needle‐shaped assemblies appear that can grow in size. It was reasonably concluded that hydrophobic interactions can operate more effectively in meso‐isomers than in dl‐isomers, and that meso‐molecules can “jump up” to cause a transition from monolayer to bilayer. This is the first finding of the “jumping‐up” phenomenon of gemini surfactants having meso‐stereochemistry.
Effectiveness and safety of a prehospital program of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in an urban setting
Authors: Willmore Andrew , Dionne Richard , Maloney Justin , Ouston Ed , Stiell Ian 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is commonly used in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). In-hospital evidence is robust: CPAP has been shown to improve respiratory status and to reduce intubation rates. There is less evidence on prehospital CPAP, although the emergency medical services (EMS) adoption of this modality is increasing. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure the effectiveness of prehospital CPAP on morbidity, mortality, and transport times; and 2) audit the selection of patients by medics for appropriateness and safety.MethodsWe conducted a before-and-after study from August 1 to October 31 in 2010 and 2011, before and after the implementation of prehospital CPAP in a city of one million people with large rural areas. Medics were trained to apply CPAP to patients with respiratory distress and a presumed diagnosis of ACPE or AECOPD. Charts were selected using the search criteria of the chief complaint of shortness of breath, emergent transport to hospital, and any patients receiving CPAP in the field. Data extracted from ambulance call reports and hospital records were analysed with appropriate univariate statistics.ResultsA total of 373 patients enrolled (186 pre-non-invasive ventilation [NIV] and 187 post-NIV), mean age 71.5 years, female 51.4%, and final diagnoses of ACPE 18.9%, AECOPD 21.9%. In the post group of 84 patients meeting NIV criteria, 41.6% received NIV; and of 102 patients not meeting the criteria, 5.2% received NIV. There were 12 minor adverse events in 36 applications (33.3%) as per protocol. Comparing post versus pre, there were higher rates of emergency department (ED) NIV (20.0% v. 13.4%, p<0.0001) and higher overall mortality (18.8% v. 14.9%, p<0.0001). There were no differences in ED intubation (2.1% v. 2.3%, p<0.001) and length of stay (6.8 v. 8.7 days, p=0.24).ConclusionDespite the robust in-hospital data supporting its use, we could not find benefit from CPAP in our prehospital setting with respect to morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. EMS must exercise caution in making the decision to invest in the equipment and training required to implement prehospital CPAP.
GARY BECKER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMICS OF MATCHING AND MARRIAGE
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André 
Published: March 2015

In his seminal, 1973 paper, published in the Journal of Political Economy, Gary Becker emphasizes marriage as a crucial, yet understudied issue to which economic analysis could, therefore should, be applied. In his words:“Yet, one type of behavior has been almost completely ignored by economists, although scarce resources are used and it has been followed in some form by practically all adults in every recorded society. I refer to marriage.” (p. 814)
WHY ARE MARRIED WOMEN WORKING SO MUCH?
Authors: Jones Larry E. , Manuelli Rodolfo E. , McGrattan Ellen R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:We study the large observed changes in labor supply by married women in the United States over the post-World War II period, a period that saw little change in the labor supply by single women. We investigate the effects of changes in the gender wage gap, the quantitative impact of technological improvements in the production of nonmarket goods, and the potential inferiority of nonmarket goods in explaining the dramatic change in labor supply. We find that small decreases in the gender wage gap can simultaneously explain the significant increases in the average hours worked by married women and the relative constancy in the hours worked by single women and by single and married men. We also find that the impact of technological improvements in the household on married female hours and on the relative wage of females to males is too small for realistic values. Some specifications of the inferiority of home goods match the hours patterns, but they have counterfactual predictions for wages and expenditure patterns.
Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Leukemia Patients: A Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Luo Ruihong , Greenberg Alan , Stone Christian D. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDThe incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased among hospitalized patients and is a common complication of leukemia. We investigated the risks for and outcomes of CDI in hospitalized leukemia patients.METHODSAdults with a primary diagnosis of leukemia were extracted from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, 2005–2011. The primary outcomes of interest were CDI incidence, CDI-associated mortality, length of stay (LOS), and charges. In a secondary analysis, we sought to identify independent risk factors for CDI in leukemia patients. Logistic regression was used to derive odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for potential confounders.RESULTSA total of 1,243,107 leukemia hospitalizations were identified. Overall CDI incidence was 3.4% and increased from 3.0% to 3.5% during the 7-year study period. Leukemia patients had 2.6-fold higher risk for CDI than non-leukemia patients, adjusted for LOS. CDI was associated with a 20% increase in mortality of leukemia patients, as well as 2.6 times prolonged LOS and higher hospital charges. Multivariate analysis revealed that age >65 years (OR, 1.13), male gender (OR, 1.14), prolonged LOS, admission to teaching hospital (OR, 1.16), complications of sepsis (OR, 1.83), neutropenia (OR, 1.35), renal failure (OR, 1.18), and bone marrow or stem cell transplantation (OR, 1.27) were significantly associated with CDI occurrence.CONCLUSIONSHospitalized leukemia patients have greater than twice the risk of CDI than non-leukemia patients. The incidence of CDI in this population increased 16.7% from 2005 to 2011. Development of CDI in leukemia patients was associated with increased mortality, longer LOS, and higher hospital charges.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):794–801
A Cross-Sectional Study of Happiness and Smoking Cessation Among Parents
Authors: Drehmer Jeremy E. , Hipple Bethany , Ossip Deborah J. , Nabi-Burza Emara , Winickoff Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2015

Introduction:Smoking cessation among adults is associated with increased happiness. This association has not been measured in parents, a subset of adults who face uniquely stressful and challenging circumstances that can affect happiness.Aims:The aim of this study was to determine if parental smoking cessation is associated with increased happiness and to identify characteristics of parental quitters who experience increased happiness.Methods:A total of 1,355 parents completed a 12-month follow-up interview from a U.S. national trial, Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE). Multivariable logistic regression examined if level of happiness was independently associated with quitting smoking and identified characteristics associated with feeling happier after quitting smoking.Results/Findings:Parents’ level of happiness was independently associated with quitting smoking (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.42–1.79). Factors associated with increased happiness among quitters include engaging in evidence-based cessation assistance (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.16–6.26), and adopting strictly enforced smoke-free home (aOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.19–5.48) and car (aOR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.94–7.63) policies. Additionally, parents who believed that being a smoker got in the way of being a parent (aOR = 5.37, 95% CI = 2.61–11.07) and who believed that thirdhand smoke is harmful to children (aOR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.16–9.28) were more likely to report feeling happier after quitting.Conclusions:Parents who quit smoking reported being happier than parents who did not quit. Though prospective studies can clarify what factors cause an increase in happiness, letting paediatricians know that most parents who smoke report being happier when quitting may facilitate communication with parents around cessation.
Revolting Peasants: Southern Italy, Ireland, and Cartoons in Comparative Perspective, 1860–1882
Authors: Whelehan Niall 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPeasants in general, and rural rebels in particular, were mercilessly ridiculed in the satirical cartoons that proliferated in European cities from the mid-nineteenth century. There was more to these images than the age-old hostility of the townspeople for the peasant, and this article comparatively explores how cartoons of southern Italian brigands and rural Irish agitators helped shape a liberal version of what was modern by identifying what was not: the revolting peasant who engaged in “unmanly” violence, lacked self-reliance, and was in thrall to Catholic clergymen. During periods of unrest, distinctions between brigands, rebels, and the rural populations as a whole were not always clear in cartoons. Comparison suggests that derogatory images of peasants from southern Italy and Ireland held local peculiarities, but they also drew from transnational stereotypes of rural poverty that circulated widely due to the rapidly expanding European publishing industry. While scholarly debates inspired by postcolonial perspectives have previously emphasized processes of othering between the West and East, between the metropole and colony, it is argued here that there is also an internal European context to these relationships based on ingrained class and gendered prejudices, and perceptions of what constituted the centre and the periphery.
Prising apart geodesics by length in hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: ANDERSON JAMES W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe develop a condition on a closed curve on a surface or in a 3-manifold that implies that the length function associated to the curve on the space of all hyperbolic structures on the surface or in the 3-manifold (respectively) completely determines the curve. Specifically, for an orientable surfaceSof negative Euler characteristic, we extend the known result that simple curves have this property to curves with self-intersection number one (with one exceptional case arising from hyperellipticity that we describe completely). For a large class of hyperbolizable 3-manifolds, we show that curves freely homotopic to simple curves on ∂Mhave this property.
Women’s empowerment in agriculture and child nutritional status in rural Nepal
Authors: Cunningham Kenda , Ploubidis George B , Menon Purnima , Ruel Marie , Kadiyala Suneetha , Uauy Ricardo , Ferguson Elaine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age in rural Nepal.DesignCross-sectional survey of 4080 households conducted in 2012. Data collected included: child and maternal anthropometric measurements; child age and sex; maternal age, education, occupation and empowerment in agriculture; and household size, number of children, religion, caste and agro-ecological zone. Associations between the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)’s Five Domains of Empowerment (5DE) sub-index and its ten component indicators and child length-for-ageZ-scores (LAZ) and weight-for-lengthZ-scores (WLZ) were estimated, using ordinary least-squares regression models, with and without adjustments for key child, maternal and household level covariates.SettingTwo hundred and forty rural communities across sixteen districts of Nepal.SubjectsChildren under 24 months of age and their mothers (n1787).ResultsThe overall WEAI 5DE was positively associated with LAZ (β=0·20,P=0·04). Three component indicators were also positively associated with LAZ: satisfaction with leisure time (β=0·27,P<0·01), access to and decisions regarding credit (β=0·20,P=0·02) and autonomy in production (β=0·10,P=0·04). No indicator of women’s empowerment in agriculture was associated with WLZ.ConclusionsWomen’s empowerment in agriculture, as measured by the WEAI 5DE and three of its ten component indicators, was significantly associated with LAZ, highlighting the potential role of women’s empowerment in improving child nutrition in Nepal. Additional studies are needed to determine whether interventions to improve women’s empowerment will improve child nutrition.