bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalization of lipid peroxidation in sepsis by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: experimental and clinical evidence
Authors: Toufekoula Chryssoula , Papadakis Vassileios , Tsaganos Thomas , Routsi Christina , Orfanos Stylianos E , Kotanidou Anastasia , Carrer Dionyssia-Pinelopi , Raftogiannis Maria , Baziaka Fotini , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Recent evidence suggests a link between excess lipid peroxidation and specific organ failures in sepsis. No study has been performed in sepsis by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria.

Methods
Lethal sepsis was induced in rats by the intraperitoneal injection of one MDR isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Produced malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in tissues 5 hours after bacterial challenge with the thiobarbiturate assay followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results were compared with those from a cohort of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and sepsis by MDR Gram-negative bacteria. More precisely, serum MDA was measured on 7 consecutive days, and it was correlated with clinical characteristics.

Results
MDA of septic rats was greater in the liver, spleen, and aortic wall, and it was lower in the right kidney compared with sham operated-on animals. Findings were confirmed by the studied cohort. Circulating MDA was greater in patients with hepatic dysfunction and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared with patients without any organ failures. The opposite was found for patients with acute renal dysfunction. No differences were found between patients with ARDS without or with cardiovascular (CV) failure and patients without any organ failure. Serial measurements of MDA in serum of patients indicated that levels of MDA were greater in survivors of hepatic dysfunction and ARDS and lower in survivors of acute renal dysfunction.

Conclusions
Animal findings and results of human sepsis are complementary, and they suggest a compartmentalization of lipid peroxidation in systemic infections by MDR gram-negative bacteria.
Lower tidal volume at initiation of mechanical ventilation may reduce progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Fuller Brian M , Mohr Nicholas M , Drewry Anne M , Carpenter Christopher R 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Introduction
The most appropriate tidal volume in patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is controversial and has not been rigorously examined. Our objective was to determine whether a mechanical ventilation strategy using lower tidal volume is associated with a decreased incidence of progression to ARDS when compared with a higher tidal volume strategy.

Methods
A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, conference proceedings, and clinical trial registration was performed with a comprehensive strategy. Studies providing information on mechanically ventilated patients without ARDS at the time of initiation of mechanical ventilation, and in which tidal volume was independently studied as a predictor variable for outcome, were included. The primary outcome was progression to ARDS.

Results
The search yielded 1,704 studies, of which 13 were included in the final analysis. One randomized controlled trial was found; the remaining 12 studies were observational. The patient cohorts were significantly heterogeneous in composition and baseline risk for developing ARDS; therefore, a meta-analysis of the data was not performed. The majority of the studies (n = 8) showed a decrease in progression to ARDS with a lower tidal volume strategy. ARDS developed early in the course of illness (5 hours to 3.7 days). The development of ARDS was associated with increased mortality, lengths of stay, mechanical ventilation duration, and nonpulmonary organ failure.

Conclusions
In mechanically ventilated patients without ARDS at the time of endotracheal intubation, the majority of data favors lower tidal volume to reduce progression to ARDS. However, due to significant heterogeneity in the data, no definitive recommendations can be made. Further randomized controlled trials examining the role of lower tidal volumes in patients without ARDS, controlling for ARDS risk, are needed.
2013 Fuller et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Human Rights, the Laws of War, and Reciprocity
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Human rights law does not appear to enjoy as high a level of compliance as the laws of war, yet is institutionalized to a greater degree. This Article argues that the reason for this difference is related to the strategic structure of international law. The laws of war are governed by a regime of reciprocity, which can produce selfenforcing patterns of behavior, whereas the human rights regime attempts to produce public goods and is thus subject to collective action problems. The more elaborate human rights institutions are designed to overcome these problems but fall prey to second-order collective action problems. The simple laws of war institutions have been successful because they can exploit the logic of reciprocity. The Article also suggests that limits on military reprisals are in tension with self-enforcement of the laws of war. The U.S. conflict with Al Qaeda is discussed.
Justice in Asymmetric Wars: A Contractarian Analysis
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This Article aims to extend contractarianism in just war theory to the case of asymmetric war of independence. Its main thesis is that within asymmetric wars, the traditional rule of noncombatant immunity has no contractarian justification: It systematically discriminates against the weak part to the conflict, and thus it is unfair. On the other hand, a rule that allows those who take themselves to be freedom fighters to threaten civic life, yet prohibits deliberately targeting individuals, is fair and mutually beneficial. The branch of the war convention I called “justice in asymmetric war” instructs militants to treat civilians as if they bear no personal responsibility for the evil that their society causes.
Reciprocal Antidiscrimination Arguments
Authors: Tirosh Yofi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This Article addresses a common characteristic of antidiscrimination law: To what extent should one antidiscrimination campaign be held accountable for other, related, discriminatory structures that it does not and cannot purport to correct? Plaintiffs in antidiscrimination cases are sometimes expected to account for the larger social context in which their claim is made. Defendants invoke this larger context as a way of rebutting the discrimination claim, by arguing that the plaintiff’s claim has “discriminatory residue” that would exacerbate related discriminatory structures. For example, in a case in which same-sex couples seek the right to contract with surrogate mothers, the defendant can argue that accepting the plaintiffs’ claim that they are discriminated against on the basis of sexuality might exacerbate the exploitation of surrogate mothers. This Article dubs such rebuttal claims RADARs: reciprocal antidiscrimination arguments. It offers a framework for weighing RADARs’ feasibility, by mapping both their potential and their limitations. It concludes that RADARs can be useful analytical tools for legislators and policymakers when assessing the overall impact of specific antidiscrimination measures. RADARs are also helpful for cause lawyers in considering the long term impacts of antidiscrimination litigation. In contrast, courts should be cautious in accepting RADARs made by defendants in antidiscrimination cases due to the inherent institutional and procedural limitations of adjudication.
Note: Reciprocity of Rights and Duties, Benefits and Burdens: National Service for Israeli Arabs
Authors: Statman Daniel 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Jews and Arabs in Israel often agree that there is a reciprocal relation between rights and duties, though they derive opposing conclusions from it. Jews infer that Arabs are not entitled to the same rights and privileges as Jews are, since they do not shoulder an equal share of the duties. Arabs, by contrast, argue that they are under no duty to share the burdens, particularly military or national service, since their rights are not fully respected. The Paper assesses these opposing claims and ends up rejecting both. It argues that the rights to which citizens are entitled do not depend on citizens carrying out all their social or legal duties, while the citizens’ duty to contribute to the welfare of their countries by national service or other means is generally not contingent on the countries’ fulfillment of its duties towards them. The Paper focuses on national service by Israeli Arabs and suggests that (a) that there is nothing wrong in making such service mandatory though there are practical considerations against doing so and (b) that making such service optional is an excellent alternative, one that should be encouraged as much as possible.
A simple and efficient synthesis of novel naphthyridine-1-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid esters/carbaldehydes using Vilsmeier-Haack reagent
Authors: Chaitanya Muggu V.S.R.K. , Dubey Pramod K. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The reaction of hydrazide 4 with β-keto esters 5 gave hydrazones 6. Cyclization of 6 with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent (DMF-POCl3) for 20 min at room temperature gave 1-(4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl esters 7. The treatment of 4 with substituted acetophenones 8 yielded the corresponding hydrazones 9 of substituted acetophenones. The treatment of 9 with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent (DMF-POCl3) for 30 min at room temperature gave product 10, the reaction of which with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene in ethanol at room temperature for 12 h in the presence of molecular iodine furnished 7.
Patterns of contraception choice among Hispanic and non-Hispanic female adolescents
Authors: Desrosiers Florence , Arden Martha , Fisher Martin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Background: This study examines contraception choices among Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls, to determine if there are differences when the barrier of cost is removed by facilitating enrollment in a Title X Family Planning Program.
Methods: Charts of adolescent females aged 13–19 years, seen for the first time at a university hospital clinic from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007, were reviewed. Access to contraception was facilitated by enrollment in the Title X Family Planning Program. Patients were categorized as public insurance if they had Medicaid or Child/Family Health Plus or chose to enroll in the Title X program.
Results: Among the 666 eligible patients, 27% were Hispanic, with a mean age of 14.9 years. At least 20% had used one form of contraception before their first clinic visit. About one-third of the youth were enrolled in the Title X Family Planning Program, with no statistical difference between Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth. Three hundred and ninety subjects (58%) chose contraception during their visit. Hispanic subjects, who represented 32% of the group, were more likely to choose condoms and oral contraceptive pills compared to non-Hispanic subjects. The privately insured adolescents chose condoms less often than the publicly insured adolescents, and this was true regardless of ethnicity.
Conclusion: There are significant differences in contraception choices between Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth. The Title X Family Planning Program allowed young women to make independent choices. Adolescents may benefit from further improvements in culturally sensitive family planning programs.
Extension of geographic range, notes on taxonomy and roosting of Histiotus montanus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Carvalho William Douglas , Martins Mayara Almeida , Dias Daniela , Esbérard Carlos Eduardo Lustosa 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Here we report the first records of the vespertilionid bat Histiotus montanus in southeastern Brazil. A male was found sheltering under a rock and collected by hand in the Serra do Papagaio State Park, Aiuruoca municipality, state of Minas Gerais. The taxonomic aspects of this species are discussed, and measurements of the sample are provided.
Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis in rheumatoid arthritis disease: Therapeutic strategy in a case report/Methotrexat-induzierte orale Mukositis bei rheumatoider Arthritis: Therapeutische Strategie in einem Fallbericht
Authors: Gobbo Margherita , Ottaviani Giulia , Bussani Rossana , Pozzato Gabriele , Biasotto Matteo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe aim of this case report is to evaluate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of oral mucositis induced by methotrexate (MTX).A 52-year-old male patient, affected by rheumatoid arthritis and treated with corticosteroids and MTX, complained about severe oral pain and lesions for two months. He had been treated with topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy and chlorhexidine rinses with no significant improvement. He was not able to eat solid food or to wear his dental prosthesis. Examination of the oral cavity revealed retro-commissural and labial bilateral ulcerations and erythema and a 2-cm wide fibrous white lesion on the lower anterior vestibular ridge. Blood tests showed mild pancytopenia, and oral biopsies evidenced a “non-specific inflammatory condition” excluding any precancerous or paraneoplastic lesion or autoimmune diseases of the oral cavity. Previous medical records revealed that MTX had been discontinued many times due to mucositis since 2006, when the therapy had been started. This suggested a correlation between the onset of oral mucositis and MTX accumulation. LLLT was carried out for 4 consecutive days and three once-a-week follow-ups were performed.Lesions had completely healed during the second follow-up and the patient referred no pain at all from the 4th laser session on, therefore, the discontinuation of MTX had not been necessary.LLLT could represent an innovative technique to relieve pain related to MTX side effects thus avoiding dangerous discontinuation of therapy.
Long-term re-evaluation of primary aldosteronism after medical treatment reveals high proportion of normal mineralocorticoid secretion
Authors: Lucatello Barbara , Benso Andrea , Tabaro Isabella , Capello Elena , Caprino Mirko Parasiliti , Marafetti Lisa , Rossato Denis , Oleandri Salvatore E , Ghigo Ezio , Maccario Mauro 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveIn most cases of primary aldosteronism (PA), an adrenal aldosterone-secreting tumor cannot be reasonably proven, so these patients undergo medical treatment. Controversial data exist about the evolution of PA after medical therapy: long-term treatment with mineralocorticoid antagonists has been reported to normalize aldosterone levels but other authors failed to find remission of mineralocorticoid hypersecretion. Thus, we planned to retest aldosterone secretion in patients with medically treated PA diagnosed at least 3 years before.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional study.MethodsThe same workup for PA as at diagnosis (basal aldosterone to renin activity ratio (ARR) and aldosterone suppression test) was performed after stopping interfering drugs and low-salt diet, in 34 subjects with PA diagnosed between 3 and 15 years earlier, by case finding from subgroups of hypertensive patients at high risk for PA. Criteria for persistence of PA were the same as at diagnosis (ARR (pg/ml per ng per ml per h) >400, aldosterone >150 pg/ml basally, and >100 pg/ml after saline infusion) or less restrictive.ResultsPA was not confirmed in 26 (76%) of the patients and also not in 20 (59%) using the least restrictive criteria suggested by international guidelines. Unconfirmed PA was positively associated with female sex, higher potassium levels, longer duration of hypertension, and follow-up, but not with adrenal mass, aldosterone levels at diagnosis, and treatment with mineralocorticoid antagonists.ConclusionsThis study suggests that mineralocorticoid hyperfunction in patients with PA after medical treatment may decline spontaneously. Higher potassium concentration and duration of treatment seem to increase the probability of this event.
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Poisoning during a Pallet Cleaning Demonstration
Authors: Park Seung‐Hyun , Park Jungsun , You Ki‐Ho , Shin Hae‐Chul , Kim Hyun‐Ock 
Published: January 2013

Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Poisoning during a Pallet Cleaning Demonstration: Seung‐Hyun PARK, et al. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Republic of Korea—ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the cause of an accidental death from acute poisoning resulting from exposure to a cleaner containing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and to consider measures to prevent future cases.MethodsThe authors examined the details and the reason for the accidental death from acute poisoning based on the autopsy report.ResultsThe victim was a 39‐year‐old male researcher with 7 years of work experience employed by a surfactant production company. The accident occurred when he was conducting a field test of a newly developed cleaner, containing 8.75% TMAH solution. The researcher spilled the cleaner on his work clothes in the area of both the hands/arms and legs. He was unconscious when discovered. An autopsy found no damage or injury that could have resulted in death other than burns to 12% of his body, and the cause of death was found to be acute poisoning by TMAH.DiscussionTMAH is widely used in the electronics industry as a developer or cleaner. It is a dangerous material, causing neurotoxicity leading to respiratory failure by ganglion block that occurs through skin absorption, and no antidote has been developed yet. For this reason, it is best to completely prevent exposure by wearing proper personal protective equipment. Despite this fatal toxicity of TMAH, it is not classified in Korea as a “chemical requiring legal control”. For this reason, it is urgent to raise awareness of the toxic properties of TMAH to prevent additional cases of TMAH poisoning.
Water controls on nitrogen transformations and stocks in an arid ecosystem
Authors: Reichmann Lara G. , Sala Osvaldo E. , Peters Debra P. C. 
Published: January 2013

Following water, nitrogen (N) is the most frequent limiting factor to aboveground net primary production in arid ecosystems. Increased water availability can stimulate both plant nitrogen uptake and microbial nitrogen mineralization, but may also stimulate losses from the ecosystem. Here, we assess the effect of water availability on nitrogen stocks and transformations in an arid ecosystem. We conducted a field experiment with five levels of precipitation input (−80%, −50%, ambient, +50%, +80%) and two levels of N fertilization (ambient or 10 g·m−2·yr−1NH4NO3) in a desert grassland of the Chihuahuan Desert. We measured in situ net N mineralization, plant N uptake, foliar N, N leaching under grass‐rooting zone, and soil N availability during two years.Our results showed that increased water availability did not affect net N mineralization, but there was higher plant N uptake than with drought. Soil inorganic N pools were 2–4 times lower with increased water availability compared to drought conditions. N leaching below grass‐rooting zone was higher in dry than wet conditions because of higher available N. Increased water availability differentially affected N species significantly reducing the NO3:NH4ratio. The accumulation of inorganic N during drought was the result of a decoupling between microbial and plant activity, and suggests that the cycling of N is more open in dry years than in wet years.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Ruminal Degradability in opaque endosperm2 (o2) Maize
Authors: Lebaka Ntjapa G. , Coors James G. , Shaver Randy D. , Bertics Sandy , Gutiérrez‐Rojas Andrés , Menz Mónica , Betrán Javier 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough opaque endosperm2 (o2) gene that alters protein composition of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm improves dry matter degradability (DMD) in ruminants it is also associated with soft endosperm texture, low yield, and susceptibility to diseases and insects. To circumvent the undesirable traits, breeders developed high lysine modified endosperm genotypes called quality protein maize (QPM). The objectives of this study were to determine whether DMD is maintained in modified endosperm and to map major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with ruminal in situ DMD (RDMD). Composited 1.5‐g ground grain samples of 140 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between o2 (B73o2) and QPM (CML161) lines were assayed for 14‐h RDMD in three rumen‐cannulated, mid‐lactation Holstein cows (Bos taurus) and 0‐h rapidly soluble dry matter (RSDM) in tepid water. The RILs were grown in Texas and were evaluated for RDMD at Madison, WI. Slowly degradable dry matter (SDDM = RDMD – RSDM) was estimated. Kernel opacity was positively correlated to 14‐h RDMD (r = 0.68 and 0.71 in 2005 and 2006, respectively; P < 0.05). Quantitative trait loci for 14‐h RDMD were detected on chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10; QTLs for RSDM were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 7, and 10; and QTLs for SDDM were detected on chromosomes 5, 6, and 9. Quantitative trait loci for 14‐h RDMD and RSDM colocated on chromosomes 5, 7, and 10 might be genomic regions influencing 14‐h RDMD mainly through kernel modification. Quantitative trait loci for 14‐h RDMD and/or SDDM, on chromosomes 6 (SDDM) and 9 (colocated) where 14‐h RDMD appears to be mediated through SDDM and most likely enzymatic RDMD, may be good candidates for improvement of RDMD.
Genome‐wide Association Study for Beta‐glucan Concentration in Elite North American Oat
Authors: Asoro Franco G. , Newell Mark A. , Scott M. Paul , Beavis William D. , Jannink Jean‐Luc 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) can be a useful approach to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling complex traits in crop plants. Oat (Avena sativaL.) β‐glucan is a soluble dietary fiber and has been shown to have positive health benefits. We report a GWAS involving 446 elite oat breeding lines from North America genotyped with 1005 diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers and with phenotypic data from both historical and balanced 2‐yr data. Association analyses accounting for pair‐wise relationships and population structure were conducted using single‐marker tests and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Single‐marker tests yielded six and 15 significant markers for the historical and balanced data sets, respectively. The LASSO method selected 24 and 37 markers as the most important in explaining β‐glucan concentration for the historical and balanced data sets, respectively. Comparisons of genetic location showed that 15 of the markers in our study were found on the same linkage groups as QTL identified in previous studies. Four of the markers colocalized to within 4 cM of three previously detected QTL, suggesting concordance between QTL detected in our study and previous studies. Two of the significant markers were also adjacent to a β‐glucan candidate gene in the rice (Oryza sativaL.) genome. Our findings suggest that GWAS can be used for QTL detection for the purpose of gene discovery and for marker‐assisted selection to improve β‐glucan concentration in elite oat.