bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser induced patterning of Bi thin films
Authors: Zepeda Carlos Acosta , Mecalco Giovanni , Hernández-Pozos J. L. , Zepeda Marco Antonio , Batina N. , Haro-Poniatowski E. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTLaser irradiation of Bismuth thin films through a diffractive mask was investigated. The thin films were composed of nano and microcrystals Bismuth with sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. Upon laser irradiation (λ=355 nm) the structured illumination field locally modified the material. In the high intensity regions the surface was transformed whilst low intensity areas were left intact. The modification mechanism was melting followed by coalescence of the nanocrystals giving rise to a more uniform structure. The laser irradiated area was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The patterns were computed by Fresnel diffraction theory and the agreement between the theory and the experiments was very good.
Why all those spines? Anachronistic defences in the Didiereoideae against now extinct lemurs
Authors: Crowley Brooke E. , Godfrey Laurie R. 
Published: February 2013

Plants evolve physical defences, such as spines, against browsing herbivores. However, in some cases, these defences may be anachronistic because the principal consumers of protected parts of the plant are extinct. In such cases, there may be few extant species consuming heavily defended resources. Here we examine the spiny defences of Madagascar’s endemic Didiereoideae, and ask whether they may be anachronistic. To accomplish this aim, we reviewed the literature to determine which species consume these plants today, and then used stable isotope biogeochemistry to determine who may have exploited Didiereoideae in the recent past. There are four major groups of browsers that are now extinct in Madagascar: giant lemurs, elephant birds (Aepyornis and Mullerornis: Aepyornithidae), pygmy hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus) and giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys: Testudinidae). Each group was evaluated for isotopic evidence of didiereoid plant consumption. Given the structure of members of this plant clade (especially Alluaudia), we predicted that lemurs would be their most important consumers. Three extant lemur species consume Didiereoideae. Several of the extinct lemurs, particularly Hadropithecus stenognathus, may have relied heavily on these spiny plants. None of the non-lemur megafaunal browsers (elephant birds, hippopotamuses and giant tortoises) were important consumers of Didiereoideae.
Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivities in the Barnett Shale
Authors: Zhang Junjing , Kamenov Anton , Zhu D. , Hill A. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Horizontal wells intersecting multistage transverse fractures created by low viscosity fracturing fluid with low proppant loadings are the key to revitalizing production from the Mississippian Barnett shale of the Fort Worth Basin in Texas. However, direct laboratory measurements of both natural and induced fracture conductivities under realistic experimental design conditions are needed for reliable well performance analysis and fracture design optimization.
In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to measure the conductivity of unpropped natural fractures, propped natural fractures, unpropped induced fractures and propped induced fractures using a modified API conductivity cell at room temperature. Fractures were induced along the natural bedding planes preserving fracture surface asperities. Natural fracture infill was kept for initial conductivity measurements and then removed for subsequent propped fracture conductivity tests. Proppants of various sizes were manually placed between rough fracture surfaces at realistic concentrations. The two sides of the rough fractures were either aligned or displaced with a 0.1 inch offset. After pressure testing on the system integrity, nitrogen was flown through the proppant pack or unpropped fracture to measure the conductivity.
Results from the 88 experiments show that the conductivity of hydraulic fractures in shale can be accurately measured in a laboratory with appropriate experimental procedures and good control on experimental errors. It is proved that unpropped induced fractures can provide a conductive path after removal of free particles and debris due to the brittleness and lamination of shale. Moreover, poorly cemented natural fractures and unpropped displaced fractures can create conductivities up to 0.5 md-ft at formation closure stress, which is one order of magnitude higher than the conductivity provided by cemented natural fractures and unpropped aligned fractures. This study shows that propped fracture conductivity increases with larger proppant size and higher proppant concentration. Longer term fracture conductivity measurements also show that within 20 hours the fracture conductivity could be reduced by as much as 20%.
Analysis of U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Design Trends
Authors: Robart Christopher , Ruegamer Michael , Yang Alex 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Most technical papers on the subject of hydraulic fracturing to date have involved detailed case studies of individual wells or clusters of wells evaluating the effectiveness of differing types of hydraulic fracturing treatments. These case studies are useful for increasing understanding fracturing effectiveness, but provide a limited view on hydraulic fracturing trends across formations, plays, or regions. This paper will analyze thousands of fracturing treatments in major plays in the United States in order to provide insights into how frac designs have changed across time.
FracFocus.org is website that was established in early 2011 as centralized registry to provide hydraulic fracturing chemical disclosure. At the time the analysis for this paper was undertaken the website contained chemical disclosure records for over 26,000 hydraulic fracturing treatments, including information on all chemical and additive volumes, treatment date, TVD, water volume, production type, etc. We have collected all available data from FracFocus.org, classified each frac treatment into a set of standard hydraulic fracturing treatment types, and extracted other meaningful technical information from the dataset.
This paper analyzes changes in key hydraulic fracturing fluid system trends across time at the aggregate US, basin, and operator level. The analysis identifies changes over time in frac type, based on the broad categories of conventional, water frac, hybrid, etc. The paper also analyzes consumption trends for water and key chemical additives, such as clay control agents, surfactants, and hydrochloric acid.
To date, most knowledge of aggregate trends in hydraulic fracturing treatment design is anecdotal and based on the direct experience of operators or service companies. This paper provides a more rigorous quantitative perspective of how the industry has evolved in its hydraulic fracturing design choices over the last two years.
The Commitment Effect versus Information Effect of Disclosure—Evidence from Smaller Reporting Companies
Authors: Cheng Lin , Liao Scott , Zhang Haiwen 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
We examine the commitment effect provided by mandatory disclosure and the information effect of voluntary disclosure on market illiquidity by exploring a regulatory change that allows smaller reporting companies to reduce the disclosure of certain information in their SEC filings. This regime change allows us to separate the commitment effect provided by mandatory disclosure from the information effect of voluntary disclosure. We find that firms that are eligible to reduce their disclosure, but voluntarily maintain their disclosure level, experience an increase in market illiquidity. We also find that the increase in illiquidity is more pronounced for firms with higher agency costs. These findings suggest that mandatory disclosure serves as a credible commitment mechanism and that losing such commitment by disclosure deregulation is costly in the absence of a loss of information. Our study suggests that while voluntary disclosure is effective in reducing information asymmetry, it cannot replace mandatory disclosure in addressing information problems.
Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.
The Association between Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities and Future Tax Payments
Authors: Laux Rick C. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
This study empirically examines whether deferred taxes provide incremental information about future tax payments and explores whether the relationship is affected by whether and when the deferred tax accounts reverse. The analysis provides evidence that while deferred taxes do provide incremental information about future tax payments, the magnitude of the information is small. Further, consistent with theoretical predictions (Guenther and Sansing 2000, 2004; Dotan 2003) the analysis demonstrates there is an asymmetrical association between deferred taxes and future tax payments. For instance, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income prior to taxable income are associated with future tax payments. In contrast, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income after taxable income are not associated with future tax payments. Finally, the analysis provides evidence that growth in the deferred tax balances does not defer future tax payments.
Data Availability: The data are available from public sources.
Content of Heavy Metals in Needles of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) in Selected Pine Forests in Słowiński National Park
Authors: Parzych Agnieszka , Jonczak Jerzy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the results of study on heavy metals in needles of Pinus sylvestris in selected pine forests in Słowiński National Park. It was evidenced that heavy metal contents (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) in needles of Pinus sylvestris varied depending on the metal, the age of the needles and the humidity of a forest complex. Variation coefficients of such metals remained at the level of: 13-30% (Zn), 3-6% (Cu), 13-34% (Mn) and 12-30% (Fe) depending on the age of the needles. In the case of Zn, Mn and Fe higher concentrations of researched metal were found in the 2-year-old needles than in 1 year old needles, and in the case of Cu in 1 year old needles than in 2-year-old needles. The increase of zinc concentration found in 1-year-old needles after rainfall sums was (Bw, r = 0.67, p < 0.05, n = 24) and (Bśw, r = 0.39, p < 0.05, n = 24) in 2-year-old needles. The content of the above mentioned metals in needles of dry coniferous forests (Bs), fresh coniferous forests (Bśw) and humid coniferous forests (Bw) of the ground cover constitute the following decreasing series: Mn(323.8) > Fe(103.4) > Zn(65.5) > Cu(5.9).
Hazardous Compounds in Urban Pm in the Central Part of Upper Silesia (Poland) in Winter
Authors: Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta , Kozielska Barbara , Klejnowski Krysztof 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Thirteen fractions of ambient dust were investigated in Zabrze, a typical urban area in the central part of Upper Silesia (Poland), during a heating season. Fifteen PAH and Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Pb contents of each fraction were determined. The dust was sampled with use of a cascade impactor and chemically analyzed with an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PANalytical Epsilon 5) and a gas chromatograph with a flame ionisation detector (Perkin Elmer Clarus 500). The concentrations of PM1 and the PM1-related PAH and elements were much higher than the ones of the coarse dust (PM2.5-10) and the substances contained in it. The concentrations of total PAH and carcinogenic PAH were very high (the concentrations of PM1-, PM2.5-, and PM10-related BaP were 16.08, 19.19, 19.32 ng m-3, respectively). The municipal emission, resulted mainly from hard coal combustion processes, appeared to be the main factor affecting the air quality in Zabrze in winter.
Electrorheological response of polyaniline and its hybrids
Authors: Liu Ying , Choi Hyoung 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the remarkable applications of conducting polymers is as an electrorheological (ER) fluid which is a smart suspension of polarisable particles dispersed in an insulating liquid with the capacity to effect a phase transition from a liquid-like to a solid-like state. Polyaniline (PANI) and its hybrids with inorganics or other polymers are active candidates for ER materials due to their various advantages, e.g., easy synthesis, controllable conductivity, and less friction than pure inorganics. In this short review, we review recent progress in the synthesis of semi-conducting PANI and its hybrids with diverse morphologies and their ER performance measured by a rotational rheometer using the applied electric field strength. The dielectric properties of these ER fluids, as an important analytical method for their ER performance, are also discussed.
Transition of Consistency and Satisfiability under Language Extensions
Authors: Schlöder Julian J. , Koepke Peter 
Published: February 2013

Summary
This article is the first in a series of two Mizar articles constituting a formal proof of the Gödel Completeness theorem [17] for uncountably large languages. We follow the proof given in [18]. The present article contains the techniques required to expand formal languages. We prove that consistent or satisfiable theories retain these properties under changes to the language they are formulated in.
Quotient Module of Z-module
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: February 2013

Summary
In this article we formalize a quotient module of Z-module and a vector space constructed by the quotient module. We formally prove that for a Z-module V and a prime number p, a quotient module V/pV has the structure of a vector space over Fp. Z-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL (Lenstra, Lenstra and Lov´asz) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattices [14]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [20] and [19] into theorems of Z-module.
Free ℤ-module
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: February 2013

Summary
In this article we formalize a free ℤ-module and its rank. We formally prove that for a free finite rank ℤ-module V , the number of elements in its basis, that is a rank of the ℤ-module, is constant regardless of the selection of its basis. ℤ-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL(Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattice [15]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [21] and [8] into theorems of Z-module.
Program Algebra over an Algebra
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz 
Published: February 2013

Summary
We introduce an algebra with free variables, an algebra with undefined values, a program algebra over a term algebra, an algebra with integers, and an algebra with arrays. Program algebra is defined as universal algebra with assignments. Programs depend on the set of generators with supporting variables and supporting terms which determine the value of free variables in the next state. The execution of a program is changing state according to successor function using supporting terms.
The Marketing Concept in an Academic Environment
Authors: Rešetová Kvetoslava 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Universities, as subjects of the academic environment, are institutions with the priority of education and research. The task of the marketing concept in the academic field is to communicate with all important target groups to support a stronger position and their perception of the school. The aim of the intervention is to increase the prestige, improve awareness, support positive attitudes, and present successful results in all areas of activity. This means creation and protection of a positive image, which enables higher interest of all target groups and secures better awareness about it.
Pseudomonas as a Prospective Candidate For Minimization in use of Chemical Pesticides or their Gradual Replacement with Biocontrol Agents on Agricultural Fields
Authors: Sharma Poornima 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Isolates of Pseudomonas species obtained from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endophytic habitats of various plants were tested for their antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolated from the roots of a diseased pea plant. Pseudomonas isolate P5 showed best activity against F. oxysporum followed by P4, P22 and P17. Some isolates of Pseudomonas, P24, P25 and P26, grew unrestrictedly and completely covered the Fusarium colony. The antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas on F. oxysporum observed in this research can be attributed to the ability of antibiotic synthesis by Pseudomonas and also the ability to counter the toxic metabolites of Fusarium oxysporum.
Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge under Salix Plantations on Dissolved Soil Organic Carbon Pools / Wpływ Osadów Ściekowych Na Plantacjach Salix Na Zawartość Węgla Rozpuszczonego W Glebie
Authors: Kalisz Barbara , Lachacz Andrzej , Glazewski Roman , Klasa Andrzej 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Labile fractions of organic matter can rapidly respond to changes in soil and they have been suggested as sensitive indicators of soil organic matter. Two labile fractions of organic carbon in the soils amended with fresh municipal sewage sludge in two rates (equivalent of 60 kg P ha-1 and 120 kg P ha-1) were studied. Soils under studies were overgrown with Salix in Germany, Estonia and Poland. In Polish soils application of sewage sludge increased the content of both labile organic carbon fractions (KMnO4-C and HWC) for a period of one year. Estonian soils were stable and no distinct changes in labile organic carbon fractions occurred.
Analysis of Stormwater Retention on Green Roofs / Badania Retencji Wód Opadowych Na Dachach Zielonych
Authors: Burszta-Adamiak Ewa 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study presents the results of tests conducted in 2009 and 2010 on experimental sites installed on the roof of the Science and Education Building of the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The aim of the analysis was to determine the retention capacity of green roofs and the runoff delays and peak runoff reduction during rainfall recorded in Wroclaw conditions.
The research shows that green roofs allow to reduce the volume of runoff stormwater in comparison to conventional roofs, that they delay the runoff in time and influence the reduction of the maximum runoff intensity, and thus may limit the impact of stormwater on the stormwater drainage and combined sewage systems.
Effectiveness in the Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Industrial Wastewater by Ultrafiltration Technique
Authors: Smol Marzena , Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the results of studies on the changes in the PAHs concentration during pre-filtration and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. In the study, biologically treated wastewater (after denitrification and nitrification processes), discharged from the biological treatment plant and used in coke plant, was used. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in order to qualify and quantify the PAHs. Sixteen PAHs listed by EPA were determined. The wastewater samples were collected three fold and initially characterized for the concentration of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, COD, TOC and pH. In the first step, wastewater was filtrated on the sand bed. Total concentration of 16 PAHs in the treated wastewater before initial filtration was in the range of 44.8‒53.5 mg/L. During the process the decrease in the concentration of the most studied hydrocarbons was observed. Concentration of PAHs after initial filtration ranged from 21.9 to 38.3 μg/L. After the initial filtration process the wastewater flew to the ultrafiltration module and then was separated on the membrane (type ZW-10). The total concentration of 16 PAHs in the process of ultrafiltration was in the range of 8.9‒19.3 mg/L. The efficiency of removal of PAHs from coke wastewater in the process of ultrafiltration equaled 66.6%. Taking into account the initial filtration, the total degree of removal of PAHs reached 85%. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using the ultrafiltration process with the initial filtration as additional process in the coke wastewater treatment.
Colon specific drug delivery of mesalamine using eudragit S100-coated chitosan microspheres for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Badhana Seema , Garud Navneet , Garud Akanksha 
Published: February 2013

The purpose of the present study was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the colon-targeted microspheres of mesalamine for the treatment and management of ulcerative colitis (UC). Microspheres were prepared by the ionic-gelation emulsification method using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross linking agent. The microspheres were coated with Eudragit S-100 by the solvent evaporation technique to prevent drug release in the stomach. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, micromeritic properties and in-vitro drug release. The microspheres formed had rough surface as observed in scanning electron microscopy. The entrapment efficiency of microspheres ranged from 43.72%-82.27%, drug loading from 20.28%-33.26%. The size of the prepared microspheres ranged between 61.22-90.41µm which was found to increase with increase in polymer concentration. All values are statistically significant as p<0.05. Micromeritic properties showed good flow properties and packability of prepared microspheres. The drug release of mesalamine from microspheres was found to decrease as the polymer concentration increases. The release profile of mesalamine from eudragit-coated chitosan microspheres was found to be pH dependent. It was observed that Eudragit S100 coated chitosan microspheres gave no release in the simulated gastric fluid, negligible release in the simulated intestinal fluid and maximum release in the colonic environment. It was concluded from the study that Eudragit-coated chitosan microspheres were promising carriers for colon-targeted delivery of Mesalamine.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i3.13577 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2013, 2(3): 42-48
Psychologue dans un réseau de soins palliatifs : une pratique clinique orientée par le réel
Authors: Maillard Benoît 
Published: February 2013

Résumé En développant l’attention portée à la complexité de la souffrance du malade en fin de vie et l’accompagnement de ses proches, le mouvement des soins palliatifs a constitué un retour décisif aux sources du soin et de la relation à l’autre. Ce retour prône une prise en charge de la personne dans sa globalité, et l’intervention d’équipes interdisciplinaires, incluant la présence de psychologues. Nous interrogeons les incidences de l’incorporation systématique du psychologue dans ces équipes sur les modalités de ses actions et sa position éthique. Nous mettons en évidence les écueils actuels d’une position référée à un savoir « psychologique » et aux mécanismes de défense face à l’angoisse de mort. Cet article propose, ensuite, de définir les contours d’une fonction clinique, qui vise à réintroduire la complexité du corps et situer le réel, en jeu pour le sujet malade et pour les équipes soignantes.