Coated Particle Fuels for High‐Temperature Reactors
Authors: Kania Michael J. , Nabielek Heinz , Nickel Hubertus 
Published: May 2015

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionHistory ofHTGRsand Coated Particle Fuel DevelopmentHTGRsBuilt and OperatedHTGRsDesigned but Not BuiltModular Reactors (1980sDesign)Current Modular Reactor DesignsCoated Particle Fuel DevelopmentDevelopment in theUKDevelopment inGermanyDevelopment in theUSRecent DirectionsFuel Manufacturing ProcessesFuelKernel ManufacturePowder Metallurgical ProcessSol–Gel ProcessGel‐Precipitation Process forUO2KernelsGel‐Precipitation Process forUCOKernelsFabrication ofPuO2KernelsCeramic Coatings by CVDPyrolytic Carbon (PyC) CoatingsSilicon Carbide (SiC) CoatingsFuel Element ManufactureSpherical Fuel Elements for Pebble‐Bed CoresHexagonal‐Block Fuel Elements for Prismatic CoresHTGRFuel Materials PropertiesProperties ofUO2Fuel KernelsThermal Properties ofUO2Mechanical Properties ofUO2Swelling Rate ofUO2Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon (PyC) CoatingsThermal Properties ofPyCTheoretical Density ofPyCMechanical Properties ofPyCIrradiation‐Induced Dimensional Change ofPyCProperties of Silicon Carbide (SiC) CoatingsThermal Properties ofSiCMechanical Properties ofSiCSwelling Rate ofSiCFuel Quality Control and Performance EvaluationQuality Control ofUO2KernelsQuality Control of Coated ParticlesQuality Control of Spherical Fuel ElementsFailure Statistics and Performance RequirementsThe Mathematics of Failure StatisticsStatistical Analysis of Fuel Element ManufactureStatistical Analysis of Irradiation PerformanceStatistical Analysis of Accident Condition PerformanceComparison to Performance RequirementsFuel Performance under Normal Operating ConditionsIrradiation Testing of Modern UO2TRISO‐Coated ParticlesAccelerated Irradiations in Material Test ReactorsHFR‐P4 TestSL‐P1 TestHFR‐K3 TestFRJ2‐K13 TestFRJ2‐K15 TestFRJ2‐P27 TestConduct of the Accelerated TestsHTRMODUL Proof TestsHFR‐K5 andHFR‐K6AVRReal‐Time Irradiation TestingPerformance Assessment for Normal Operating ConditionsFuel Performance under Accident ConditionsSimulation of Core Heat‐Up after Depressurization under Dry ConditionsAnalysis of Accident Simulation TestingBehavior after Water and Air IngressSimulation of Water IngressSimulation of Air IngressHTGRFission Product Generation and TransportFission Product GenerationFission Product TransportEquivalent Sphere Model for Gas ReleaseRecoil Release from FuelKernel Release from Post‐Irradiation Heating TestsRelease of Short‐LivedXeandKrIsotopesRetention by a Single Coating LayerRelease for a Single ShellDiffusion Data for Coating LayersApplicability and Uncertainties of Transport DataTransport and Release from Fuel Elements in Reactor Tests andHTGRsFission Product Chemistry andCOGeneration inUO2Coated Particle Failure MechanismsPressure‐Induced FailureInternal Gas Pressure BuildupPredicting Pressure‐Induced Particle FailureSTRESSModelingTheRedlich–Kwong Equation for Internal Gas PressureCracking ofPyCCoatings due to Fast FluenceiPyCFailureiPyC–SiCInterface DebondingoPyCFailureFast Neutron‐InducedPyCCrackingKernel Migration (Amoeba Effect)Kernel Migration inUO2‐Coated Particle FuelKernel Migration in Uranium Carbide Coated‐Particle FuelKernel Migration in Thorium Oxide Coated‐Particle FuelCorrosion of theSiCLayerCOAttack ofSiCPalladium–SiCInteractionsSilver Migration throughSiCLayerRare Earth Fission Product AttackSiCDecompositionAs‐Manufactured Defective ParticlesContamination during ManufactureIrradiation‐Induced FailuresSummary of Coated Particle Failure Mechanisms