bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of RidA chaperone function by N-chlorination
Authors: Müller Alexandra , Langklotz Sina , Lupilova Nataliya , Kuhlmann Katja , Bandow Julia Elisabeth , Leichert Lars Ingo Ole 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEscherichia coli RidA is a member of a structurally conserved, yet functionally highly diverse protein family involved in translation inhibition (human), Hsp90-like chaperone activity (fruit fly) and enamine/imine deamination (Salmonella enterica). Here, we show that E. coli RidA modified with HOCl acts as a highly effective chaperone. Although activation of RidA is reversed by treatment with DTT, ascorbic acid, the thioredoxin system and glutathione, it is independent of cysteine modification. Instead, treatment with HOCl or chloramines decreases the amino group content of RidA by reversibly N-chlorinating positively charged residues. N-chlorination increases hydrophobicity of RidA and promotes binding to a wide spectrum of unfolded cytosolic proteins. Deletion of ridA results in an HOCl-sensitive phenotype. HOCl-mediated N-chlorination thus is a cysteine-independent post-translational modification that reversibly turns RidA into an effective chaperone holdase, which plays a crucial role in the protection of cytosolic proteins during oxidative stress.
Food Security and Food Sovereignty in the Middle East
Authors: Babar Zahra , Kamrava Mehran 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
While food prices have dropped since the 2008 highs, they remain significantly higher than before the food crisis. Expert opinion suggests that this will continue to be the case as the factors that led to elevated costs in the first place have not been adequately dealt with. Bio-fuel production programs continue to be encouraged in major grain-producing countries; global grain reserves have not been sufficiently enhanced in the intervening years; and food supplies have not kept pace with the increasing demands arising out of higher per capita incomes and changing consumption patterns in certain parts of the developing world. In specific relation to the Middle East, several structural factors particular to the region are likely to continue to aggravate issues of food insecurity and food sovereignty.
Principles governing A-to-I RNA editing in the breast cancer transcriptome
Authors: Fumagalli Debora , Gacquer David , Rothé Françoise , Lefort Anne , Libert Frederick , Brown David , Kheddoumi Naima , Shlien Adam , Konopka Tomasz , Salgado Roberto , Larsimont Denis , Polyak Kornelia , Willard-Gallo Karen , Desmedt Christine , Piccart Martine , Abramowicz Marc , Campbell Peter J , Sotiriou Christos , Detours Vincent 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTA-to-I editing substitutes inosines for adenosines at specific positions in mRNAs and can substantially alter a cell’s transcriptome. Currently, little is known about how RNA editing operates in cancer. Transcriptome analysis of 68 normal and cancerous breast tissues revealed that the editing enzyme ADAR acts uniformly, on the same loci, across tissues. Controlled ADAR expression experiments demonstrated that the editing frequency at all loci is proportional to both ADAR expression levels and the individual locus’ editability—a propensity to be edited determined by the surrounding nucleotide sequence. Comparison of tumor transcriptomes to those of normal breast and breast organoids, i.e. pure normal breast epithelial cells, demonstrated that the editing frequency is increased in tumor cells. This was consistent with ADAR immunohistochemistry. We also demonstrated that type I interferon response and ADAR DNA copy number explain together 53% of ADAR expression in breast cancers, an observation also valid in nearly all of 20 other cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Interferon exposure increased ADAR mRNA, protein expression and editing in four breast cell lines. Finally, ADAR silencing using shRNA lentivirus transduction in breast cancer cell lines led to more cell proliferation and less apoptosis. Our results reveal that A-to-I editing is a pervasive, yet reproducible, source of variation that is controlled by two factors, 1q amplification and inflammation, both highly prevalent among human cancers. This suggests the potential for a new class of therapeutic targets and an unexpected role for inflammation in cancers.
Effects of video exposure to cluttering on undergraduate students’ perceptions of a person who clutters
Authors: Farrell Lindsey M. , Blanchet Paul G. , Tillery Kim L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research suggests a negative stereotype toward people with fluency disorders (i.e. stuttering and/or cluttering), although recent findings suggest that exposure to an actual person who stutters (e.g. a live or video presentation) leads to more positive perceptions of some personality traits. However, there is a paucity of research examining perceptions of a person who clutters and whether these perceptions can be modified via video exposure to cluttering.AimsTo examine the effects of video exposure to cluttering on university students’ perceptions of a person who clutters. It was hypothesized that participants in the video condition would rate personality traits more positively than those who did not view the video clip.Methods & ProceduresA total of 105 undergraduate students served as participants; 54 were provided with written definition of cluttering, whereas 51 were provided with both a definition and short segment of an instructional DVD on cluttering. Students then rated a person who clutters on a variety of speech skills and personality scales.Outcomes & ResultsIndependent samples t‐tests yielded no significant group differences in ratings of any speech skills or personality traits. However, a significantly greater number of students who viewed the video clip reported a reluctance to hire a person who clutters specifically because of the individual's fluency disorder. Additionally, participants who did not view the video clip reported having more previous instructors who cluttered than those who did view the video clip; this increased familiarity with persons who clutter may have impacted perceptions of a person who clutters.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe present results indicate that viewing the brief video clip did not significantly influence ratings towards more positive perceptions, but also did not influence ratings to be significantly more negative on any traits. Further research is needed to compare the differences in the perceptions of listeners who have had long‐term exposure to cluttered speech with those of listeners who have had brief exposure. Implications discussed include the impact of prior exposure to fluency disorders, as well as potential confusion between cluttering and ‘fast speech’. These two factors may have influenced the identification rate of individuals with who clutter in the present study, which may have affected perceptions of a person who clutters.
Technologies of the Body: Polite Consumption and the Correction of Deformity in Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: Turner David M. , Withey Alun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAdvertisements for a variety of products aimed at correcting or concealing physical ‘deformities’ – including rupture trusses, artificial limbs, and more elaborate machines to correct posture by straightening the spine – were prominent features of later eighteenth‐century newspapers. This article examines ways in which these products offered ways of fashioning the body that not only restored functional capability, but also offered aesthetic improvement, producing a shape that both appeared ‘natural’ and was pleasing to others. Indeed, although many technologies of the body may have been intended first and foremost to restore the injured to economic productivity, manufacturers used a language of polite commerce to address users not as medicalized ‘patients’ but as sophisticated consumers. The development of these products took place against a cultural shift in which using artificial means to effect physical ‘improvement’ lost its previous association with pride and became prescribed as a duty for those wishing to succeed in polite society. This article shows how concepts of politeness and technologies of the body were interwoven in complex and surprising ways, and uses its material to question the status of these products as ‘medical’. In the process, it examines the ways in which suppliers addressed the aspirations and experiences of ‘deformed’ consumers in the eighteenth‐century world of goods.
A stated preference investigation of household demand for illegally hunted bushmeat in the Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Moro M. , Fischer A. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. , Lowassa A. , Naiman L. C. , Hanley N. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIllegal hunting for bushmeat is regarded as an important cause of biodiversity decline in Africa. We use a ‘stated preferences’ method to obtain information on determinants of demand for bushmeat and two other protein sources, fish and chicken, in villages around the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Our study focuses particularly on the impact of price changes, as anticipating and understanding the impact of price changes (whether caused by conservation interventions or market changes) on demand for bushmeat enables effective responses to be planned. We estimate the effects of changes in the price of bushmeat and in the prices of two substitute protein sources – fish and chicken – on household demand for bushmeat. Results suggest that increasing the availability of lower priced protein substitutes would reduce demand for bushmeat, and therefore, potentially pressure on wildlife populations. However, raising the price of bushmeat (e.g. as a result of reducing illegal hunting) would reduce household demand to a greater degree than equivalent decreases in the price of alternative protein sources. In both cases, elasticity of demand parameters are reported, which summarize the relative response to households to these alternative interventions. A 10% rise in bushmeat prices would reduce demand by around 6–7%, while a 10% fall in chicken or fish prices would reduce bushmeat demand by around 3–4%. The response to price changes varied between ethnic groups, and also according to household size (with the direction of the effect depending on whether the substitute was chicken or fish), but was not significantly affected by wealth or income.
Predicting the probability of large carnivore occurrence: a strategy to promote crocodile and human coexistence
Authors: Campbell H. A. , Dwyer R. G. , Wilson H. , Irwin T. R. , Franklin C. E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPreserving large carnivores that perceive humans as prey brings conservation values into direct conflict with human security. Informing when and where humans and large carnivores occupy the same space may reduce attack frequency and promote coexistence. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to better understand the spatiotemporal relationship between a population of large carnivores and humans. The carnivore of study was the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus, a large semi‐aquatic predator responsible for 705 recorded human attacks over the last 20 years. Crocodiles were captured every August over 3 years and individuals greater than 2.5 m in length were implanted with an acoustic transmitter (n = 84). The transmitter emitted a coded pulse detected when in proximity to underwater hydrophones deployed throughout the river. The telemetry data informed which previously captured crocodiles were present during subsequent trapping episodes and adult population size was estimated using a closed‐population model. Over 3 years, 24 of the tagged crocodiles were detected 269 times moving through a shallow‐water area where humans frequently entered the water. The tagged crocodile presence was extrapolated to the population level to provide a probability of adult crocodile presence across a range of temporal scales. The results showed that between September and December, the probability of crocodile presence within the human entry zone was 0.97 ± 0.01 during darkness but decreased to 0.07 ± 0.01 during daylight, except around periods of high tide when it increased to 0.71 ± 0.02. Human visitors confined their activity to shallow water during daylight hours, but no consideration was given to the significant rise in crocodile presence with season and tide. The observed patterns in crocodile and human behaviour, around this shallow‐water river crossing, exhibited parallels with historical incidences of crocodile attack.
Floristic composition in relation to environmental gradients across KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Jewitt Debbie , Goodman Peter S. , O'Connor Timothy G. , Witkowski Ed T. F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractConservation planning in the face of global change is still in its infancy. A suggested approach is to incorporate environmental gradients into conservation planning as they reflect the ecological and evolutionary processes generating and maintaining diversity. Our study provides a framework to identify the dominant environmental gradients determining floristic composition and pattern. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used on 2155 sampling plots in savanna and grassland habitat located across the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa (94 697 km2), a floristically rich region having steep environmental gradients, to determine the dominant gradients. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group similar plots which were then used in a Classification and Regression Tree analysis to determine the environmental delimiters of the identified vegetation clusters. Temperature‐related variables were the strongest delimiters of floristic composition across the province, in particular mean annual temperature. Frost duration was the primary variable in the Classification and Regression Tree analysis with important implications for savanna/grassland dynamics. Soil properties (base, pH status) and moisture variables accounted for most of the variation for the second and third axes of floristic variation. Given that climatic and edaphic variables were well correlated with floristic composition, it is anticipated that a changing climate will have a marked influence on floristic composition. We predict warmer temperatures may facilitate the spread of frost sensitive savanna species into previously cooler, grassland areas. Species associated with specific soil types will not easily be able to move up the altitudinal gradient to cooler climes because geology is aligned in an approximately north‐south direction compared with increasing altitude from east‐west. Future conservation planning should take cognisance of these gradients which are surrogates for ecological and evolutionary processes promoting persistence.
Changes in modified Glasgow prognostic score after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a prognostic factor in clinical stage II/III esophageal cancer
Authors: Otowa Yasunori , Nakamura Tetsu , Takiguchi Gosuke , Tomono Ayako , Yamamoto Masashi , Kanaji Shingo , Imanishi Tatsuya , Suzuki Satoshi , Tanaka Kenichi , Itoh Tomoo , Kakeji Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2014

Summary
The inflammation-based modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) has been shown to be a prognostic factor for esophageal cancer, but its changes in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) have never been discussed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential prognostic role of mGPS with regard to NAC. mGPS was evaluated on the basis of admission blood samples taken before chemotherapy and before surgery. Patients with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels (&gt;10 mg/L) and hypoalbuminemia (&lt;35 g/L) were allocated a score of 2, patients with elevated CRP serum levels without hypoalbuminemia were allocated a score of 1, and patients with normal CRP serum levels with or without hypoalbuminemia were allocated a score of 0. A total of 100 patients with clinical stage II/III squamous cell esophageal cancer, who underwent NAC and esophagectomy between January 2007 and August 2012, were investigated. From the multivariate analysis, the grade of response to chemotherapy and post-NAC mGPS level was found to be independent prognostic factors. The overall survival rate was significantly higher in the conserved mGPS group than in the worse mGPS group (P = 0.030). Changes in mGPS during chemotherapy affected the prognosis of patients, and post-NAC mGPS is an independent prognostic factor in patients with clinical stage II/III thoracic esophageal squamous cell cancer.
Spectrum of skin diseases presented at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akinboro Adeolu O. , Mejiuni Ayodele D. , Akinlade Mathias O. , Audu Bosede M. , Ayodele Olugbenga E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundPatterns of skin disease in developing nations are changing as frequencies of non‐communicable diseases continue to increase. Appraisal of the current status of the disease profile is of utmost importance for health planning and resource allocation.MethodsA prospective analysis of 895 cases of outpatient consultation during the years 2005–2010 was conducted.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation age of patients was 31.1 ± 19.1 years. Non‐infectious skin diseases accounted for 80.9% of all cases. Eczemas/dermatitis (27.0%), urticarias/erythemas (11.0%), fungal infections (9.5%), skin appendage disorders (8.9%), papulosquamous diseases (8.2%), pigmentary diseases (8.2%), viral infections (6.8%), and tumors and malignant skin lesions (5.4%) represented the most common presentations. Atopic dermatitis was the most common type of eczema (29.8%) among children (odds ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–2.13; P = 0.013), in whom cornification disorders (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.73–8.92; P < 0.001) and viral infections (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.09–3.25; P = 0.021) were also frequent. Adults were more likely to be diagnosed with drug eruptions (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.09–11.80; P = 0.003), tumors/malignancy (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.53–16.10; P = 0.030), or autoimmune connective tissue disorders (OR 8.13, 95% CI 1.09–60.20; P = 0.015). Female subjects were significantly affected by urticarias (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.00–2.33; P = 0.030) and papulosquamous diseases (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.09–3.03; P = 0.019).ConclusionsThe present pattern shows that non‐infectious skin diseases are predominant. Occurrences of eczemas and urticarias are increasing at similar rates, whereas infectious skin diseases are decreasing in frequency. Resources and research should be directed towards the prevention of non‐infectious skin diseases at this time as the campaign for a cleaner environment continues.
A MAT1–2 wild‐type strain from Penicillium chrysogenum: functional mating‐type locus characterization, genome sequencing and mating with an industrial penicillin‐producing strain
Authors: Böhm Julia , Dahlmann Tim A. , Gümüşer Hendrik , Kück Ulrich 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn heterothallic ascomycetes, mating is controlled by two nonallelic idiomorphs that determine the ‘sex’ of the corresponding strains. We recently discovered mating‐type loci and a sexual life cycle in the penicillin‐producing fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum. All industrial penicillin production strains worldwide are derived from a MAT1‐1 isolate. No MAT1‐2 strain has been investigated in detail until now. Here, we provide the first functional analysis of a MAT1‐2 locus from a wild‐type strain. Similar to MAT1‐1, the MAT1‐2 locus has functions beyond sexual development. Unlike MAT1‐1, the MAT1‐2 locus affects germination and surface properties of conidiospores and controls light‐dependent asexual sporulation. Mating of the MAT1‐2 wild type with a MAT1‐1 high penicillin producer generated sexual spores. We determined the genomic sequences of parental and progeny strains using next‐generation sequencing and found evidence for genome‐wide recombination. SNP calling showed that derived industrial strains had an uneven distribution of point mutations compared with the wild type. We found evidence for meiotic recombination in all chromosomes. Our results point to a strategy combining the use of mating‐type genes, genetics, and next‐generation sequencing to optimize conventional strain improvement methods.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUCLEOLI IN THE CELLS OF HYDRA FUSCA
Authors: Walker C. E. , Embleton Alice L. 
Published: December 2014

The phenomenon here recorded seems to be something quite apart from anything connected with cell division, whether mitotic or amitotic; indeed, it is only to be observed in cells that are in the vegetative condition. The probability that it is intimately connected with, and dependent upon, metabolism taking place in the nucleus, is very strong. While it is readily observed in almost all the cells of the endoderm, it can be followed only to a very limited extent in the cells of the ectoderm. The processes connected with digestion are carried out by the cells of the endoderm. It would therefore appear probable that the kind of metabolism in the nucleus that is connected with digestion produces this phenomenon in a more striking manner, and more frequently, than is the case with the nuclear metabolism taking place in the cells of the ectoderm.The rapid and very marked change in the staining reaction of the nucleolus as it passes into the cytoplasm, suggests that some important chemical or physical change takes place in the contents at this time. Similar changes have been observed in the nucleoli of nerve‐ganglion cells.It seems probable that the bodies here described as extruded nucleoli have been frequently described as food particles. But we would point out that the structures here dealt with are apparently in process of disintegration at the periphery of the cell, become more defined in the neighbourhood of the nucleus, and are found in their most definite form and in process of active multiplication within the nucleus itself.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETER OF ERYTHROCYTES. V.—The Relation of the Diameter to the Thickness
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. A photographic method is described for measuring the thickness of erythrocytes suspended in serum or plasma.2. Results of measurements of diameter, greatest thickness, least thickness, etc., are given for the red cells of man, rabbit, and sheep. The figures obtained indicate that the ratio of length to greatest thickness, and of length to least thickness are quite different in the three species of animals examined, and also that, in any one animal, there is quite a low correlation (about 0.4) between the length of the cell and its greatest or least thickness.3. The thickness of a cell in a rouleau is considerably less than that of the cell floating freely in plasma (1.7 µ It instead of 2.4 µ), while the diameter is slightly greater (about 8.8 µ instead of 8.6 µ).
A CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE HEART‐RATE
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

It is shown that cerebral asphyxia, however produced, causes cardiac acceleration in cats under a certain degree of chloralose anæsthesia. It is shown that both oxygen want and excess of carbon dioxide are concerned in the acceleration.Evidence is put forward to show that the acceleration is due to a central stimulation of the sympathetic.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK WITHOUT HÆMORRHAGE IN UNANÆSTHETIZED ANIMALS
Authors: Noble R. L. , Collip J. B. 
Published: December 2014

A method has been described in detail by which rats and guinea‐pigs were subjected to graded degrees of trauma. Following such a procedure mortality curves were obtained indicating that strictly quantitative results could be produced. Animals subjected to this type of trauma develop hæmoconcentration and the pathological changes ascribed to the condition of shock. The complications of hæmorrhage, infection and anæsthesia are not associated with the shock so produced.Some theories for the ætiology of shock are discussed, and from the experimental results obtained a modification of the toxic substance theory is suggested.