bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metamorphic zircon formation at the transition from gabbro to eclogite in Trollheimen–Surnadalen, Norwegian Caledonides
Authors: Beckman Victoria , Möller Charlotte , Söderlund Ulf , Corfu Fernando , Pallon Jan , Chamberlain Kevin R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A transition from gabbro to eclogite has been investigated at Vinddøldalen in south-central Norway, with the aim to link reaction textures to metamorphic zircon growth and to obtain a direct U–Pb zircon age of the metamorphic process. In the different rocks of the transition zone zircon occurs as (I) igneous prismatic grains, (II) metamorphic polycrystalline rims and pseudomorphs after baddeleyite, and (III) as tiny (<10 µm) bead-like zircon grains. Textural relations suggest that type II zircon formed by breakdown of baddeleyite in the presence of silica, whereas Fe–Ti oxides were the main Zr source for the type III zircon. Subsolidus liberation of Zr and formation of bead zircon took place by oxyexsolution of titanomagnetite during fluid-assisted metamorphism, and by resorption of Fe–Ti oxide in rock domains that were completely recrystallized to eclogite. SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) and TIMS (thermal ionization mass spectrometry) dating provides comparable U–Pb ages of magmatic zircon and baddeleyite. Baddeleyite (TIMS) yielded an age of 1457±11 Ma for the gabbro emplacement. Bead-type metamorphic zircon from eclogite gave 425±10 Ma (TIMS) dating the metamorphic transition from gabbro to eclogite in the upper basement of the Lower Allochthon in the south-central Scandinavian Caledonides.
Towards the definition of AMS facies in the deposits of pyroclastic density currents
Authors: Ort M. H. , Newkirk T. T. , Vilas J. F. , Vazquez J. A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) provides a statistically robust technique to characterize the fabrics of deposits of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). AMS fabrics in two types of pyroclastic deposits (small-volume phreatomagmatic currents in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, USA, and large-volume caldera-forming currents, Caviahue Caldera, Neuquén, Argentina) show similar patterns. Near the vent and in areas of high topographical roughness, AMS depositional fabrics are poorly grouped, with weak lineations and foliations. In a densely welded proximal ignimbrite, this fabric is overprinted by a foliation formed as the rock compacted and deformed. Medial deposits have moderate–strong AMS lineations and foliations. The most distal deposits have strong foliations but weak lineations. Based on these facies and existing models for pyroclastic density currents, deposition in the medial areas occurs from the strongly sheared, high-particle-concentration base of a density-stratified current. In proximal areas and where topography mixes this denser base upwards into the current, deposition occurs rapidly from a current with little uniformity to the shear, in which particles fall and collide in a chaotic fashion. Distal deposits are emplaced by a slowing or stalled current so that the dominant particle motion is vertical, leading to weak lineation and strong foliation.
The Four Faces of Autophagy: Implications for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gewirtz David A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
It is generally thought that autophagy has two primary and opposing functions in tumor cells in response to stress induced by chemotherapy or radiation. One is the cytoprotective function that can in theory be inhibited for therapeutic advantage by sensitizing the cells to these treatment modalities. The other is the cytotoxic function that is generally not observed with conventional treatment modalities, but that may function to promote tumor cell killing either alone or in association with apoptosis. In this commentary/review, we advance the premise that autophagy is actually populated by at least two additional players. One we have termed the nonprotective form of autophagy, where the cell is apparently carrying out autophagy-mediated degradative functions, but where autophagy inhibition does not lead to perceptible alterations in drug or radiation sensitivity. The other is what we now term the cytostatic form of autophagy in that its activation results in prolonged growth inhibition as well as reduced clonogenic survival (loss of reproductive capacity) but in the absence of actual loss of cell viability through apoptosis or necrosis; however, as is the case with cytototoxic autophagy, inhibition of cytostatic autophagy protects the tumor cell from the agent (drugs or radiation) that promotes the autophagic response. In view of current clinical efforts to exploit autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for sensitization of malignancies to chemotherapy and radiation, it is critical to recognize that if chemotherapy and/or radiation actually promote autophagy in patient tumors, the autophagy is not of necessity cytoprotective in function. Cancer Res; 74(3); 647–51. ©2014 AACR.
Genetic analysis of the 9p21.3 CAD risk locus in Asian Indians
Authors: Arvind Prathima , Jambunathan Srikarthika , Nair Jiny , Kakkar Vijay V. , Shanker Jayashree 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe 9p21.3 locus is the best replicated region to date for coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the association of 9p21.3 common variants with CAD, candidate gene expression including ANRIL, a non-coding RNA, followed by in vitro validation. Five variants, rs10757278, rs10757274, rs2383206, rs1333049 and rs4977574 were genotyped in 1,034 cases and 1,034 controls. Gene expression of C9orf5, MTAP 1, MTAP 2, p16INK4a
, p14ARF
, p15INK4b
and two ANRIL splice variants, NR_003529 and EU741058, were measured in 100 cases and 100 controls. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HuAoSMCs) were transfected with siRNA targeting ANRIL exon 19 (siRNA-1) or exon 2 (siRNA-2) and consequent effect determined. rs2383206 showed the highest association with CAD (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56 –2.62) and an adjusted OR of 2.55, 1.33–2.88 along with rs10757278. Conventional risk factors (conventional RFs), rs2383206 and rs10757278 variants together yielded a higher c index (OR 0.790, 95% CI 0.770 –0.810) as compared to conventional RFs (OR 0.783, 95% CI 0.763–0.803) or genetic variants (OR 0.561, 95% CI 0.536–0.586) alone. GAAAA haplotype showed significant protective association with CAD compared to CGGGG risk haplotype (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.77). Expression of p16INK4a
, p14ARF
and p15INK4b
as well as plasma CDKN2A levels were lower in cases than controls. GG genotype was associated with higher EU741058 expression and lower p16INK4a
expression. HuAoSMCs transfected with siRNA-1 showed lower NR_003529, p16INK4a
and p14ARF
expression. Our study provides further evidence on the significance of 9p21.3 locus for CAD wherein the risk allele regulate the expression of ANRIL and adjacent tumour suppressor genes which in turn alter smooth muscle proliferation, a fundamental process in atherosclerosis.
Composite risk scores and composite endpoints in the risk prediction of outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Banerjee Amitava , Fauchier Laurent , Bernard-Brunet Anne , Clementy Nicolas , Lip Gregory Y. H. 
Published: January 2014

SummarySeveral validated risk stratification schemes for prediction of ischaemic stroke (IS)/thromboembolism (TE) and major bleeding are available for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). On the basis for multiple common risk factors for IS/TE and bleeding, it has been suggested that composite risk prediction scores may be more practical and user-friendly than separate scores for bleeding and IS/TE. In a long-term prospective hospital registry of anticoagulated patients with newly diagnosed AF, we compared the predictive value of existing risk prediction scores as well as composite risk scores, and also compared these risk scoring systems using composite endpoints. Endpoint 1 was the simple composite of IS and major bleeds. Endpoint 2 was based on a composite of IS plus intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Endpoint 3 was based on weighted coefficients for IS/TE and ICH. Endpoint 4 was a composite of stroke, cardiovascular death, TE and major bleeding. The incremental predictive value of these scores over CHADS2 (as reference) for composite endpoints was assessed using c-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Of 8,962 eligible individuals, 3,607 (40.2%) had NVAF and were on OAC at baseline. There were no statistically significant differences between the c-statistics of the various risk scores, compared with the CHADS2 score, regardless of the endpoint. For the various risk scores and various endpoints, NRI and IDI did not show significant improvement (≥1%), compared with the CHADS2 score. In conclusion, composite risk scores did not significantly improve risk prediction of endpoints in patients with NVAF, regardless of how endpoints were defined. This would support individualised prediction of IS/TE and bleeding separately using different separate risk prediction tools, and not the use of composite scores or endpoints for everyday ‘real world’ clinical practice, to guide decisions on thromboprophylaxis.Note: The review process for this paper was fully handled by Christian Weber, Editor in Chief.
Sex-Dependent Effects of G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor Activity on Outcome After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Broughton Brad R.S. , Brait Vanessa H. , Kim Hyun Ah , Lee Seyoung , Chu Hannah X. , Gardiner-Mann Chantelle V. , Guida Elizabeth , Evans Megan A. , Miller Alyson A. , Arumugam Thiruma V. , Drummond Grant R. , Sobey Christopher G. 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Experimental studies indicate that estrogen typically, but not universally, has a neuroprotective effect in stroke. Ischemic stroke increases membrane-bound G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) distribution and expression in the brain of male but not female mice. We hypothesized that GPER activation may have a greater neuroprotective effect in males than in females after stroke.

Methods—

Vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide), a GPER agonist (G-1, 30 μg/kg), or a GPER antagonist (G-15, 300 μg/kg) were administered alone or in combination to young or aged male mice, or young intact or ovariectomized female mice, 1 hour before or 3 hours after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Some mice were treated with a combination of G-1 and the pan-caspase inhibitor, quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy (Q-V
D
-OPh), 1 hour before stroke. We evaluated functional and histological end points of stroke outcome up to 72 hours after ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, apoptosis was examined using cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry.

Results—

Surprisingly, G-1 worsened functional outcomes and increased infarct volume in males poststroke, in association with an increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 in peri-infarct neurons. These effects were blocked by G-15 or Q-V
D
-OPh. Conversely, G-15 improved functional outcomes and reduced infarct volume after stroke in males, whether given before or after stroke. In contrast to findings in males, G-1 reduced neurological deficit, apoptosis, and infarct volume in ovariectomized females, but had no significant effect in intact females.

Conclusions—
Future therapies for acute stroke could exploit the modulation of GPER activity in a sex-specific manner.
Seamless Stratocumulus Simulation across the Turbulent Gray Zone
Authors: Boutle I. A. , Eyre J. E. J. , Lock A. P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A pragmatic approach for representing partially resolved turbulence in numerical weather prediction models is introduced and tested. The method blends a conventional boundary layer parameterization, suitable for large grid lengths, with a subgrid turbulence scheme suitable for large-eddy simulation. The key parameter for blending the schemes is the ratio of grid length to boundary layer depth. The new parameterization is combined with a scale-aware microphysical parameterization and tested on a case study forecast of stratocumulus evolution. Simulations at a range of model grid lengths between 1 km and 100 m are compared to aircraft observations. The improved microphysical representation removes the correlation between precipitation rate and model grid length, while the new turbulence parameterization improves the transition from unresolved to resolved turbulence as grid length is reduced.
Empirical Localization of Observations for Serial Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Authors: Lei Lili , Anderson Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The empirical localization algorithm described here uses the output from an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) and constructs localization functions that minimize the root-mean-square (RMS) difference between the truth and the posterior ensemble mean for state variables. This algorithm can automatically provide an estimate of the localization function and does not require empirical tuning of the localization scale. It can compute an appropriate localization function for any potential observation type and kind of state variable. The empirical localization algorithm is investigated in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5). The empirical localization function (ELF) is computed for the horizontal and vertical separately so that the vertical localization is explored explicitly. The horizontal and vertical ELFs are also computed for different geographic regions. The ELFs varying with region have advantages over the single global ELF in the horizontal and vertical, because different localization functions are more effective in different regions. The ELFs computed from an OSSE can be used as the localization in a subsequent OSSE. After three iterations, the ELFs appear to have converged. When used as localization in an OSSE, the converged ELFs produce a significantly smaller RMS error of temperature and zonal and meridional winds than the best Gaspari–Cohn (GC) localization for a dependent verification period using the observations from the original OSSE, and a similar RMS error to the best GC for an independent verification period. The converged ELFs have a significantly smaller RMS error of surface pressure than the best GC for both dependent and independent verification periods.
Prehabilitation program for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients: a pilot randomized controlled study
Authors: Sawatzky Jo-Ann V , Kehler D Scott , Ready A Elizabeth , Lerner Neal , Boreskie Sue , Lamont Darlene , Luchik Dean , Arora Rakesh C , Duhamel Todd A 
Published: January 2014

Objective: To determine the feasibility of a cardiac prehabilitation (Prehab) program for patients waiting for elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Design: A two-group parallel randomized controlled trial. Setting: Medical fitness facility. Subjects: Seventeen preoperative elective CABG surgery patients were randomized to standard care ( n = 9) or Prehab ( n = 8). Intervention: Standard care: three-hour preassessment appointment. Prehab: exercise and education classes for 60 minutes/day, twice weekly for at least four weeks. Main measures: Data were collected at baseline, one week preoperatively, and three months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was walking distance using a 6-minute walk test. Secondary outcome variables included 5-meter gait speed, and cardiac rehabilitation attendance three months postoperatively. Results: Fifteen patients (standard care, n = 7; Prehab, n = 8) completed the study. No Prehab patients developed cardiac symptoms during study participation. Walking distance remained unchanged in the standard care group; whereas, the Prehab group increased their walking distance to mean ± SD 474 ±101 and 487 ±106 m at the preoperative and three month postoperative assessments ( p < 0.05). Gait speed was unchanged in the standard care group, but improved in the Prehab group by 27% and 33% preoperatively and three months postoperatively, respectively ( p < 0.05). Enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation three months postoperatively was higher for Prehab participants (100%) than standard care participants (43%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data provide evidence for the feasibility of a Prehab intervention to improve the health status of patients waiting for elective CABG surgery. A larger trial of 92 patients will be utilized to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of Prehab.
Inconsistent classification of pusher behaviour in stroke patients: a direct comparison of the Scale for Contraversive Pushing and the Burke Lateropulsion Scale
Authors: Bergmann Jeannine , Krewer Carmen , Rieß Katrin , Müller Friedemann , Koenig Eberhard , Jahn Klaus 
Published: January 2014

Objective: To compare the classification of two clinical scales for assessing pusher behaviour in a cohort of stroke patients. Design: Observational case-control study. Setting: Inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit. Subjects: A sample of 23 patients with hemiparesis due to a unilateral stroke (1.6 ± 0.7 months post stroke). Methods: Immediately before and after three different interventions, the Scale for Contraversive Pushing and the Burke Lateropulsion Scale were applied in a standardized procedure. Results: The diagnosis of pusher behaviour on the basis of the Scale for Contraversive Pushing and the Burke Lateropulsion Scale differed significantly ( χ2 = 54.260, p < 0.001) resulting in inconsistent classifications in 31 of 138 cases. Changes immediately after the interventions were more often detected by the Burke Lateropulsion Scales than by the Scale for Contraversive Pushing ( χ2 = 19.148, p < 0.001). All cases with inconsistent classifications showed no pusher behaviour on the Scale for Contraversive Pushing, but pusher behaviour on the Burke Lateropulsion Scale. 64.5% (20 of 31) of them scored on the Burke Lateropulsion Scale on the standing and walking items only. Conclusions: The Burke Lateropulsion Scale is an appropriate alternative to the widely used Scale for Contraversive Pushing to follow-up patients with pusher behaviour (PB); it might be more sensitive to detect mild pusher behaviour in standing and walking.
Matching Articular Surfaces of Selected Donor and Recipient Sites for Cylindrical Osteochondral Grafts of the Femur
Authors: Nishizawa Yuichiro , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Araki Daisuke , Nagamune Kouki , Matsushita Takehiko , Kurosaka Masahiro , Kuroda Ryosuke 
Published: January 2014

Background: Autogenous osteochondral grafting has been widely performed as a treatment for focal osteochondral defects. In this procedure, it is important to match the shape of the articular surface between the donor site and recipient site to reproduce the original articular surface of the femur. Purpose: To investigate the ideal matching patterns of articular surface profiles of donor and recipient sites for autogenous osteochondral grafting of the femur using a 3-dimensional laser scanning method. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The donor and recipient sites in 11 cadaveric knees were examined, and each of the sites was divided into 12 areas. In the donor sites, the contours of the articular surface of the medial and lateral femoral trochleae were determined. In the recipient sites, the contours of the articular surface of the medial and lateral femoral condyles were assessed. Vertical intervals (VIs) were then calculated as the parameter for the height of the articular surface. The VI was the height difference from the highest and lowest points in the contours of the articular surface within the area of the donor and recipient sites. Finally, assessments were made on whether the articular surface of the donor and recipient sites matched properly for cylindrical osteochondral grafts with diameters of 6, 8, and 10 mm. Results: For the donor site, the VIs of the middle area of the femoral trochlea were significantly smaller than those of the peripheral area. For the recipient site, the VIs of the anterior area of the femoral condyle were significantly smaller than those of the posterior area. Conclusion: These results indicated in aging specimens that the articular surface profile of the middle area of the donor site matched that of the anterior area of the recipient site. On the other hand, the shape of the articular surface of the peripheral area of the donor site was congruent with that of the posterior area of the recipient site. Clinical Relevance: This study will be useful for improving donor site selection during preoperative planning. The authors recommend selection of the middle area of the femoral trochlea for cartilage defects in the anterior area of the femoral condyle and of the peripheral area of the femoral trochlea for cartilage defects in the posterior area of the femoral condyle.
Some health effects of aircraft noise with special reference to shift work
Authors: Rizk Sanaa A M , Sharaf Nevin E , Mahdy-Abdallah Heba , ElGelil Khalid S Abd 
Published: January 2014

Background: Aircraft noise is an environmental stressor. A positive relationship exists between noise and high blood pressure. Shift work is an additional hazardous working condition with negative effect on the behavior attitude of workers. Objective: This study aimed at investigating some health hazards for shift work on workers at Cairo International Airport (CIA), Egypt, as a strategic work place, with more than one stressor. Subjects and Methods: Assessment of noise effects were carried out in four working sites at the airport besides control sites. The average noise level in the exposure sites was 106.5 dB compared with 54 dB at the control sites. The study comprised a group of 200 male workers exposed to aircraft noise and 110 male workers not exposed to noise as control group. All workers had full general medical examination after filling specially formulated questionnaire. Hearing impairment, raised blood pressure, headaches, disturbed sleep, and symptoms of anxiety were more prominent among the exposed workers than the control. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract were reported among night shifters of both groups with high tendency for smoking. Thus, night-shift workers at CIA work under more than one stressor. Hypertension and smoking might act as intermediate factors on the causal pathway of complaints, making aircraft noise and night shift acting as two synergistic stressors. Airport workers are in need for aggressive hearing conservation programs. Organization of the working hours schedule is mandatory to avoid excessive noise exposure.