bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Adult and Paediatric Formulations of Raltegravir in Healthy Adults
Authors: Rhee Elizabeth G , Rizk Matthew L , Brainard Diana M , Gendrano Isaias N , Jin Bo , Wenning Larissa A , Wagner John A , Iwamoto Marian 
Published: March 2014

Background Raltegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor approved for use in adults, children and infants ≥4 weeks of age. As alternatives to the original film-coated tablet, a chewable ethylcellulose (EC) tablet and oral granules for suspension (GFS) have been developed for use in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these formulations in adults prior to use in paediatric studies. Methods This open-label, 4-period, randomized, crossover study investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of raltegravir paediatric formulations and the effect of a high-fat meal on EC tablet pharmacokinetics in healthy adults. In a balanced, crossover design (with a 4-day washout between treatments), 12 subjects received one 400 mg film-coated tablet (fasted), four 100 mg EC tablets (fasted), one 400 mg GFS dose (fasted) and four 100 mg EC tablets (after a high-fat meal). Results AUC0-∞ and Cmax were 2.6-fold and 4.6-fold higher for GFS and 1.8-fold and 3.2-fold higher for EC versus film-coated tablets. The geometric mean C12h values for the GFS formulation (162 nM) and the EC tablet (134 nM) were similar to that of the film-coated tablet (149 nM). Administration with a high-fat meal increased C12h, decreased Cmax and delayed Tmax for the EC tablet, but did not affect AUC0-∞. There were no serious adverse events (AEs) and no discontinuations due to drug-related clinical or laboratory AEs. Conclusions Both paediatric formulations demonstrate moderately higher AUC0-∞ and Cmax, and similar C12h compared with the film-coated tablet. These data support the use of raltegravir GFS and EC formulations in paediatric studies.
Economics and Institutions
Authors: Medema Steven G. 
Published: March 2014

Le théorème de Coase occupe une place importante dans l’histoire de la théorie économique moderne. Sa conséquence selon laquelle la performance économique est indépendante des institutions a posé de grandes difficultés aux économistes, à la fois dans leur traitement du théorème lui-même et dans leurs tentatives de saisir les effets des droits de propriété et des coûts de transaction – deux caractéristiques clefs des fondements institutionnels de l’économie. Cet article explore comment le théorème de Coase et son traitement par les économistes pointent l’importance des institutions et les tensions à l’intérieur de la théorie économique moderne révélées par ces efforts. JEL Codes : B2, B40, K0, P14
Reverse Problem-Based Learning - A Case Study with a Braille Machine
Authors: Felgueiras Manuel Carlos , Fidalgo Andre Vaz , Alves Gustavo Ribeiro 
Published: March 2014

Engineering Education includes not only teaching theoretical fundamental concepts but also its verification during practical lessons in laboratories. The usual strategies to carry out this action are frequently based on Problem Based Learning, starting from a given state and proceeding forward to a target state. The possibility or the effectiveness of this procedure depends on previous states and if the present state was caused or resulted from earlier ones. This often happens in engineering education when the achieved results do not match the desired ones, e.g. when programming code is being developed or when the cause of the wrong behavior of an electronic circuit is being identified. It is thus important to also prepare students to proceed in the reverse way, i.e. given a start state generate the explanation or even the principles that underlie it. Later on, this sort of skills will be important. For instance, to a doctor making a patientâ??s story or to an engineer discovering the source of a malfunction. This learning methodology presents pedagogical advantages besides the enhanced preparation of students to their future work.
The work presented on his document describes an automation project developed by a group of students in an engineering polytechnic school laboratory. The main objective was to improve the performance of a Braille machine. However, in a scenario of Reverse Problem-Based learning, students had first to discover and characterize the entire machine's function before being allowed (and being able) to propose a solution for the existing problem.
21st Century Approach to Splenic Injury
Authors: Lucas Charles E 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTRecent trends of splenic injury management in the 21st century emphasizes nonoperative treatment in children and adults. The clinician must base his treatment on clinical criteria on hemodynamic stability and associated injuries. The risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis is very low and should not influence the decision to operate, if the clinical condition demands it.How to cite this articleLucas CE. 21st Century Approach to Splenic Injury. J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2013;2(3): 116-125.
Rationality, Political Orientation, and the Individualizing and Binding Moral Foundations
Authors: Garvey Kilian James , Ford Timothy G. 
Published: March 2014

Is moral cognition rational or intuitive? This paper tests two competing theories of moral cognition: rational (i.e., Piaget and Kohlberg) vs. intuitive (i.e., Shweder and Haidt) through an investigation of the relationships of each to Haidt’s pluralistic moral theory. This theory claims that, in addition to an individualizing foundation (i.e., justice and harm avoidance), morality also includes a binding foundation (i.e., group and authority deference). Three-hundred and seventy-one undergraduates from two colleges in Maine (USA) completed a survey comprised of measures of rational and intuitive cognition, political orientation, disgust sensitivity, and the individualizing and binding moral foundations. The study found that rational thinking was the strongest predictor for both of the individualizing (harm/care and fairness/reciprocity) and two of the three binding moral foundations (ingroup/loyalty and authority/respect). Political orientation and disgust sensitivity, found in past studies to be related to these two moral foundation subscales were related, but more weakly, relative to rationality. While Haidt claims that moral cognition is intuitive, we found a more complex picture: low rational and high intuitive scores are characteristic of the binding moral foundations but the opposite is true of the individualizing moral foundations.
Isolation of Neural Progenitor Cells From the Human Adult Subventricular Zone Based on Expression of the Cell Surface Marker CD271
Authors: van Strien Miriam E. , Sluijs Jacqueline A. , Reynolds Brent A. , Steindler Dennis A. , Aronica Eleonora , Hol Elly M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) hold promise for future therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, because the stimulation of adult neurogenesis could potentially restore the function of degenerating neurons and glia. To obtain more knowledge on these NPCs, we developed a method to specifically isolate NPCs from postmortem adult human brains based on the expression of the specific human adult neural stem/progenitor cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein δ (GFAPδ). An extensive immunophenotyping analysis for cell surface markers resulted in the observation that CD271 was limited to the SVZ-derived GFAPδ-positive cells. CD271+ cells developed into neurospheres and could be differentiated into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. We are the first to show that a pure population of NPCs can be isolated from the adult human SVZ, which is highly instrumental for developing future therapies based on stimulating endogenous SVZ neurogenesis.
Footprint-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Articular Cartilage With Redifferentiation Capacity: A First Step Toward a Clinical-Grade Cell Source
Authors: Boreström Cecilia , Simonsson Stina , Enochson Lars , Bigdeli Narmin , Brantsing Camilla , Ellerström Catharina , Hyllner Johan , Lindahl Anders 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potential cell sources for regenerative medicine; however, clinical applications of iPSCs are restricted because of undesired genomic modifications associated with most reprogramming protocols. We show, for the first time, that chondrocytes from autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) donors can be efficiently reprogrammed into iPSCs using a nonintegrating method based on mRNA delivery, resulting in footprint-free iPSCs (no genome-sequence modifications), devoid of viral factors or remaining reprogramming molecules. The search for universal allogeneic cell sources for the ACI regenerative treatment has been difficult because making chondrocytes with high matrix-forming capacity from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells has proven challenging and human mesenchymal stem cells have a predisposition to form hypertrophic cartilage and bone. We show that chondrocyte-derived iPSCs can be redifferentiated in vitro into cartilage matrix-producing cells better than fibroblast-derived iPSCs and on par with the donor chondrocytes, suggesting the existence of a differentiation bias toward the somatic cell origin and making chondrocyte-derived iPSCs a promising candidate universal cell source for ACI. Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism array and karyotyping were used to verify the genomic integrity and stability of the established iPSC lines. Our results suggest that RNA-based technology eliminates the risk of genomic integrations or aberrations, an important step toward a clinical-grade cell source for regenerative medicine such as treatment of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis.
Gene Profiling of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocyte Progenitors Following Spinal Cord Engraftment
Authors: Haidet-Phillips Amanda M. , Roybon Laurent , Gross Sarah K. , Tuteja Alisha , Donnelly Christopher J. , Richard Jean-Philippe , Ko Myungsung , Sherman Alex , Eggan Kevin , Henderson Christopher E. , Maragakis Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represents an exciting advancement with promise for stem cell transplantation therapies as well as for neurological disease modeling. Based on the emerging roles for astrocytes in neurological disorders, we investigated whether hiPSC-derived astrocyte progenitors could be engrafted to the rodent spinal cord and how the characteristics of these cells changed between in vitro culture and after transplantation to the in vivo spinal cord environment. Our results show that human embryonic stem cell- and hiPSC-derived astrocyte progenitors survive long-term after spinal cord engraftment and differentiate to astrocytes in vivo with few cells from other lineages present. Gene profiling of the transplanted cells demonstrates the astrocyte progenitors continue to mature in vivo and upregulate a variety of astrocyte-specific genes. Given this mature astrocyte gene profile, this work highlights hiPSCs as a tool to investigate disease-related astrocyte biology using in vivo disease modeling with significant implications for human neurological diseases currently lacking animal models.
Nonlocal Effective Potentials and the Metal-Insulator Transition in Disordered Systems
Authors: Sorella Sandro 
Published: March 2014

The metal insulator transition of a disordered electron system is analyzed using a new method based on Renormalization Group (R.G.) analysis.
It is found that, close to the transition (0°K), at the lowest order in perturbative expansion, the conductivity vanishes on the metallic side as in the non interacting case:

σ<(n-nc)µ, with µ=.5 or 1

depending on the absence or presence of time reversal symmetry in the electron system.
Prediction of the Induced Gas Flow Rate from a Self‐Inducing Impeller with CFD
Authors: Fonte Cláudio P. , Pinho Bruno S. , Santos‐Moreau Vania , Lopes José Carlos B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe complex task of describing computationally two‐phase turbulent flows in aerated stirred‐tank reactors was overcome by proposing that the gas flow rate in the hollow impeller can be estimated from single‐phase flow simulations of the liquid phase in the reactor: the pressure at the impeller surface obtained from liquid phase simulations can be related to the gas induction rate. A commercial lab‐scale reactor with a radial six‐bladed hollow impeller was chosen for the study. To validate the presented methodology, the induced gas flow rate was measured experimentally from the tracking of the position of bubbles in a dynamic sequence of flow images. Notwithstanding the simplifications assumed in the presented CFD methodology, good agreement has been obtained between numerical results and experiments.
Preparation and Characterization of C60‐Filled Ethyl Cellulose Mixed‐Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation of Propylene/Propane
Authors: Sun Haixiang , Ma Cheng , Wang Tao , Xu Yanyan , Yuan Bingbing , Li Peng , Kong Ying 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) consisting of ethyl cellulose as continuous matrix and inorganic particle C60 as dispersed phase were prepared for propylene/propane separation. The impact of the C60 content on the separation properties of MMMs without and with ultraviolet cross‐linking was investigated. The increment of decomposition temperature and single glass temperature of ethyl cellulose/C60 MMMs indicates a strong interfacial interaction between polymer and fullerenes. After UV irradiation, the gas permeability coefficient of propylene and ideal separation factor of propylene/propane decreased, and new features appeared in scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images, testifying the photopolymerization reaction of C60 at a depth near to the surface. C60 could be acted as a possible replaced carrier for the separation of olefin/paraffin using membrane separation technology.
Shutdown Strategy for Flare Minimization at an Olefin Plant
Authors: Wei Tao , Hou Xiaofei , Yu Jiatao , Zhang Jian , Wang Ziyuan , Xu Qiang , Zhao Jinsong , Qiu Tong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractShutdown operations in olefin plants generate extensive flare emissions, which cause adverse environmental and societal impacts as well as large amounts of raw material and energy losses that could supposedly be unitized to generate much more needed products. Consequently, shutdown optimization for flare minimization is crucially important to all stake holders. However, the current practice for shutdown flare minimization almost exclusively depends on experienced operators, engineers, and plant administration. There is still a lack of systematic studies on how to cost‐effectively identify and examine shutdown flare minimization strategies through plant‐wide modeling and simulations. A novel process retrofit and shutdown operation strategy for flare minimization in an olefin plant is introduced. Plant‐wide dynamic simulations are employed to examine the operational feasibility and critical information during the plant shutdown operation. The proposed shutdown strategy could virtually reduce the flare emission significantly compared to historical records.
Influence of Thermodynamic, Material, and Bulk Properties on Electrical Resistivity of Particle Layers
Authors: Pieloth Damian , Wiggers Helmut , Walzel Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough the influence of gas humidity and particle size distribution on dust resistivity is well known, the impact of thermic and electric balancing periods on the measurement of dust resistivity is less familiar. The dust resistivity of quartz glass (SiO2) and Al2O3 particle layers was measured and exhibits a non‐ohmic behavior as well as time dependence seen in a similar manner during electret formation. However, constant values of dust resistivity for the test dust were first measured after a rather long balancing period which cannot be explained in whole by adsorption and desorption kinetics of H2O into the particle layers. Rather, it could be presumed that the thermic and electric balancing periods overlap, whereas the electric balancing periods take a much longer time.
The Three Ages of Fuel Cell Research in France: A Socio‐Technical System's Resistance to Change
Authors: Belot R. , Picard F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAs each emerging socio‐technological system, the fuel cell technology is characterized by hype and disappointment. This paper analyses from an historical perspective, the main events and the role of actors (policy makers, industrials, researchers) in this phenomenon in France from 1960 to 2010. It highlights three ages of fuel cell research. The emerging phase (from 1960 to 1980) is marked by the dominant role of the state and the weight of geopolitical considerations supporting research growth. From 1980 to 1990, a withdrawal phase is explained by the limited prospects for industrial application, the weakening of the state's strategic role and the balance of power within the academic world. In 1990s, the renewal phase seems to come from manufacturers and the European Union, the French state being content to support the process from the side‐line.
Postirradiated carotid blowout syndrome in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case–control study
Authors: Chen Kun‐Chih , Yen Ting‐Ting , Hsieh Yi‐Ling , Chen Hung‐Chieh , Jiang Rong‐San , Chen Wen‐Hsien , Liang Kai‐Li 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundCarotid blowout syndrome is one of the most devastating complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) therapy.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted from January 2004 to April 2013. Thirty‐one patients with carotid blowout syndrome were enrolled and a case control study was conducted to analyze the risk factors.ResultsWhen a comparison was made between the carotid blowout syndrome and matched non‐bleeding group, there was a significantly higher local recurrence rate and prevalence of skull base osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in the carotid blowout syndrome group compared to those of the control group (both p < .001). The hazard ratio of carotid blowout syndrome was 3.599 between patients with or without reirradiation (95% confidence interval, 1.465–8.839; p = .005, adjusted for nasopharyngectomy and chemotherapy) using a Cox proportional hazard model.ConclusionReirradiation and skull base ORN are strong predisposing factors for carotid blowout syndrome, and therefore they should be mentioned in the informed consent form before treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 794–799, 2015
Visualization of the biochemical markers of atherosclerotic plaque with the use of Raman, IR and AFM
Authors: Marzec Katarzyna M. , Wrobel Tomasz P. , Rygula Anna , Maslak Edyta , Jasztal Agnieszka , Fedorowicz Andrzej , Chlopicki Stefan , Baranska Malgorzata 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this work, we describe a methodology to visualize the biochemical markers of atherosclerotic plaque in cross sections of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) taken from ApoE/LDLR–/– mice. The approach of the visualization of the same area of atherosclerotic plaque with the use of Raman, IR and AFM imaging enables the parallel characterisation of various features of atherosclerotic plaques. This support to the histochemical staining is utilized mainly in studies on mice models of atherosclerotic plaques, where micro and sub‐micro resolutions are required. This work presents the methodology of the measurement and visualization of plaque features important for atherosclerosis development and plaques vulnerability analysis. Label‐free imaging of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, remodeled media, heme, internal elastic lamina, fibrous cap and calcification provides additional knowledge to previously presented quantitative measurements of average plaque features. AFM imaging enhanced the results obtained with the use of vibrational microspectroscopies with additional topographical information of the sample. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work which demonstrates that co‐localized measurement of atherosclerotic plaque with Raman, IR and AFM imaging provides a comprehensive insight into the biochemical markers of atherosclerotic plaques, and can be used as an integrated approach to assess vulnerability of the plaque. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Promotion of microalgal biomass production and efficient use of CO2 from flue gas by monoethanolamine
Authors: Sun Zhongliang , Zhang Dongmei , Yan Chenghu , Cong Wei , Lu Yunming 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDFlue gas as carbon source for microalgae culture has been applied to reduce the high cost of production. However, low mass transfer efficiency owing to the low CO2 partial pressure in flue gas limited its utilization. In this work, monoethanolamine was proposed to enhance CO2 utilization and microalgal biomass production.RESULTSIn abiotic absorption experiments, the total inorganic carbon concentration in the medium increased with the increase of monoethanolamine concentration and the CO2 absorptivity remained above 60% for a considerable pH range (6.5–10.0). The biomass productivity and lipid productivity of Scenedesmus dimorphus were enhanced with monoethanolamine ranging from 0 to 100 mg L−1. When 100 mg L−1 monoethanolamine was added, the CO2 utilization efficiency reached 76.1%, which was much higher than the 44.5% obtained in routine culture. The growth of cells was inhibited with monoethanolamine concentration exceeding 150 mg L−1. The changes of net photosynthetic activity revealed that the oxygen evolving complex might be injured by the higher concentration of monoethanolamine.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicated that the incorporation of monoethanolamine could be a promising solution to the problem of low CO2 utilization efficiency and low biomass productivity in the microalgae culture system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Microscopic oxygen imaging based on fluorescein bleaching efficiency measurements
Authors: Beutler Martin , Heisterkamp Ines M. , Piltz Bastian , Stief Peter , De Beer Dirk 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPhotobleaching of the fluorophore fluorescein in an aqueous solution is dependent on the oxygen concentration. Therefore, the time‐dependent bleaching behavior can be used to measure of dissolved oxygen concentrations. The method can be combined with epi‐fluorescence microscopy. The molecular states of the fluorophore can be expressed by a three‐state energy model. This leads to a set of differential equations which describe the photobleaching behavior of fluorescein. The numerical solution of these equations shows that in a conventional wide‐field fluorescence microscope, the fluorescence of fluorescein will fade out faster at low than at high oxygen concentration. Further simulation showed that a simple ratio function of different time‐points during a fluorescence decay recorded during photobleaching could be used to describe oxygen concentrations in an aqueous solution. By careful choice of dye concentration and excitation light intensity the sensitivity in the oxygen concentration range of interest can be optimized. In the simulations, the estimation of oxygen concentration by the ratio function was very little affected by the pH value in the range of pH 6.5–8.5. Filming the fluorescence decay by a charge‐coupled‐device (ccd) camera mounted on a fluorescence microscope allowed a pixelwise estimation of the ratio function in a microscopic image. Use of a microsensor and oxygen‐consuming bacteria in a sample chamber enabled the calibration of the system for quantification of absolute oxygen concentrations. The method was demonstrated on nitrifying biofilms growing on snail and mussel shells, showing clear effects of metabolic activity on oxygen concentrations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:341–347, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.