bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting “real” population changes with American Community Survey data: The implicit assumption of treating between-year differences as “trends”
Authors: Siordia Carlos 
Published: September 2015

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The American Community Survey (ACS) in the United States (US) collects detailed demographic information on the US population. Pressures to use year-to-year population estimates to analyze “trends” (i.e., between-year differences on the characteristics of interest) have motivated the need to explore how single- or multi-year estimates can be used to investigate changes in US population over time. <strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The specific aim of this manuscript is to provide empirical evidence that between-year differences in population characteristics have difference levels of uncertainty around point-estimates. <strong>METHODS:</strong> Six ACS Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) single year files from 2005 through 2010 are used to empirically show the heterogeneity of uncertainty in “between-year differences” on level of education, for a birth cohort born between 1960 and 1970 of non-Latino-whites and Mexican Latinos/as. <strong>RESULTS: </strong>The data show the precision of the education estimate decreases as the specificity of the population increases. For example, Mexican’s 99% confidence intervals have wider and more time-varying bandwidths than non-Latino-whites. <strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Inferring meaningful population change requires the challengeable assumption that between-year differences are not the product of data artifacts. Harvesting reputable ACS data demands further research before between-year differences can be treated as “real change.” </p><p> </p>
Diterpenes from the Roots ofOryza sativaL. and Their Inhibition Activity on NO Production in LPS‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Cho Jin‐Gyeong , Cha Byeong‐Ju , Min Lee Sang , Shrestha Sabina , Jeong Rak‐Hun , Sung Lee Dong , Kim Youn‐Chul , Lee Dong‐Geol , Kang Hee‐Cheol , Kim Jiyoung , Baek Nam‐In 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo new pimarane diterpenoids, momilactone D (3) and momilactone E (5), along with three known diterpenoids, momilactone A (1), sandaracopimaradien‐3‐one (2), and oryzalexin A (4) were isolated fromOryza sativaroots. The chemical structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated diterpenoids were evaluated for their ability to inhibit NO production and iNOS mRNA and protein expression in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Compound4showed strong inhibition activity on NO production, and compounds1and4decreased the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein levels.
A New Cyclopropyl‐Triterpenoid from Ochradenus arabicus
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Ahmad Riaz , Ur Rehman Najeeb , Latif Khan Abdul , Hassan Zahid , Shamim Rizvi Tania , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Khan Shinwari Zabta , Hussain Javid 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOne new cyclopropyl‐triterpenoid (1), along with four known constituents including octacosan‐1‐ol (2), pentacosanoic acid (3), β‐sitosterol (4), and β‐sitosterol 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Ochradenus arabicus for the first time. These compounds were isolated by repeated column chromatography followed by further purification through recycling HPLC. The structure of the new secondary metabolite 1 was established on the basis of UV, IR, 1D‐ (1H‐ and 13C‐) and 2D‐NMR (HMBC and HSQC), and MS spectral data. The molecular mass was determined by HR‐MS, and hence the molecular formula was deduced. The configurations of stereogenic centers in the molecule were assigned by NOESY experiments, along with biogenetic considerations. The structures of the known compounds were confirmed by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in literature.
Copper/Graphene/Clay Nanohybrid: A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3‐Triazolyl Carboacyclic Nucleosides via ‘Click’ Huisgen 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Navid Soltani Rad Mohammad , Behrouz Somayeh , Jafar Hoseini S. , Nasrabadi Hasan , Saberi Zare Maryam 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA very mild and highly efficient synthesis of some novel 1H‐1,2,3‐triazolyl carboacyclic nucleosides via a ‘Click’ Huisgen cycloaddition of N‐propargyl nucleobases and azido alcohols using Cu/aminoclay/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid (Cu/AC/r‐GO nanohybrid) as nanocatalyst is described. The preparation and characterization of Cu/AC/r‐GO nanohybrid are discussed. This catalyst was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR, TEM, and energy‐dispersive analysis of X‐ray techniques. Cu/AC/r‐GO nanohybrid is a stable and highly efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst that can be easily prepared, used, and restored from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, and reused for many consecutive trials without significant decrease in activity.
High‐school seniors' college enrollment goals: Costs and benefits of ambitious expectations
Authors: Villarreal Brandilynn J. , Heckhausen Jutta , Lessard Jared , Greenberger Ellen , Chen Chuansheng 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTHigh school students with high long‐term educational expectations attain higher levels of education than those with lower expectations. Less studied is the role of students' short‐term college enrollment expectations for the year after high school graduation. The purpose of the current study was to examine the costs and benefits of ambitious short‐term expectations and the impact of falling short of these expectations on mental health, motivation, and educational outcomes. Over 1000 youth with expectations to attend college were surveyed during their senior year of high school, one year later, and four years later. Participants who did not achieve their short‐term expectations had lower educational attainment four years later but were not less satisfied with their educational progress. The negative consequences of falling short of one's expectations were restricted to individuals with less ambitious short‐term expectations. Thus, the benefits of ambitious short‐term expectations for youth may outweigh the costs.
Micro-CT analysis of the Caribbean octocoral Eunicea flexuosa subjected to elevated pCO2
Authors: Enochs I. C. , Manzello D. P. , Wirshing H. H. , Carlton R. , Serafy J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRising anthropogenic carbon dioxide has resulted in a drop in ocean pH, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). These acidified waters have many ramifications for diverse marine biota, especially those species which precipitate calcium carbonate skeletons. The permanence of coral reef ecosystems is therefore closely related to OA stress as habitat-forming corals will exhibit reduced calcification and growth. Relatively little is known concerning the fate of other constituent taxa which may either suffer concomitant declines or be competitively favoured in acidified waters. Here, we experimentally (49 d) test the effects of next century predictions for OA (pH = 7.75, pCO2 = 1081 µatm) vs. near-present-day conditions (pH = 8.01, pCO2 = 498 µatm) on the common Caribbean octocoral Eunicea flexuosa. We measure linear extension of this octocoral and use a novel technique, high-resolution micro-computed tomography, to measure potential differences in the morphology of calcified internal skeletal structures (sclerites) in a 2 mm apical section of each branch. Despite the use of highly accurate procedures, we found no significant differences between treatments in either the growth of E. flexuosa branches or the structure of their sclerites. Our results suggest a degree of resilience to OA stress and provide evidence that this octocoral species may persist on Caribbean coral reefs, despite global change.
Stimuli reduce the dimensionality of cortical activity
Authors: Mazzucato Luca , Fontanini Alfredo , La Camera Giancarlo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe activity of ensembles of simultaneously recorded neurons can be represented as a set of points in the space of firing rates. Even though the dimension of this space is equal to the ensemble size, neural activity can be effectively localized on smaller subspaces. The dimensionality of the neural space is an important determinant of the computational tasks supported by the neural activity. Here, we investigate the dimensionality of neural ensembles from the sensory cortex of alert rats during periods of ongoing (intertrial) and stimulus-evoked activity. We find that dimensionality grows linearly with ensemble size, and grows significantly faster during ongoing activity compared to evoked activity. We explain these results using a spiking network model based on a clustered architecture. The model captures the difference in growth rate between ongoing and evoked activity and predicts a characteristic scaling with ensemble size that could be tested in high-density multi-electrode recordings. Moreover, we present a simple theory that predicts the existence of an upper bound on dimensionality. This upper bound is inversely proportional to the amount of pair-wise correlations and, compared to a homogeneous network without clusters, it is larger by a factor equal to the number of clusters. The empirical estimation of such bounds depends on the number and duration of trials and is well predicted by the theory. Together, these results provide a framework to analyze neural dimensionality in alert animals, its behavior under stimulus presentation, and its theoretical dependence on ensemble size, number of clusters, and correlations in spiking network models.
Connectome of a model local cortical circuit flexibly shapes layer-dependent multi-frequency oscillations
Authors: Helmer Markus , Chen Xue Jie , Wei Wei , Wolf Fred , Battaglia Demian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe role played by interlayer connections in shaping local responses and their long-range coupling has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we analyze a rate model of a canonic local circuit with realistic anatomy. We find that this circuit generates a rich repertoire of possible dynamical states, including an oscillatory regime in which gamma-and beta-oscillations dominate in superficial and deep layers, respectively, in agreement with experimental observations. This regime stems from non-linear inter-layer interactions, independently from intrinsic resonance properties of distinct layers. Moreover, by connecting two local circuits via cortico-cortical projections, the emergent phase differences define a flexible and frequency-dependent inter-areal hierarchy. Such dynamic patterns generally do not arise in randomized circuits, and the compatible connectomes are rare, although not unique. Altogether, these results suggest that inter-layer connectivity is homeostatically regulated to make local circuits fit to integrate and multiplex signals from several sources in multiple frequency bands.Author SummaryThe local circuit of mammalian cortex presents a characteristic multilayered structure, with feedforward (and feedback) cortico-cortical connections originating from (and targeting) distinct and well defined layers. Here, we model how such a structure fundamentally shapes the dynamical repertoire of local cortical oscillatory states and their long-range interaction. Experimental evidence, matched by our simulations, suggests that different cortical layers oscillate at different frequencies and that neuronal oscillations at different frequencies are exploited for communication in different directions. While this laminar specificity of oscillations is often explained in terms of multiple inhibitory populations with different resonance properties, we show here that it could alternatively emerge as a byproduct of the collective local circuit dynamics. Our modelling study indicates furthermore that the empirically observed multi-frequency oscillatory patterns cannot be reproduced in presence of an arbitrary interlayer connectivity. In this sense, therefore, we believe that the adopted connectome, derived from neuroanatomical reconstructions, is “special”. Nevertheless, it is not unique, since other, very different connectomes may also lead to a matching dynamical repertoire. This suggests that a multiplicity of non-random canonical circuit templates may share largely overlapping functions, robustly achieved and maintained via functional homeostasis mechanisms.
Repeat infusion of autologous bone marrow cells in multiple sclerosis: protocol for a phase I extension study (SIAMMS-II)
Authors: Rice Claire M , Marks David I , Walsh Peter , Kane Nick M , Guttridge Martin G , Redondo Juliana , Sarkar Pamela , Owen Denise , Wilkins Alastair , Scolding Neil J 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionThe ‘Study of Intravenous Autologous Marrow in Multiple Sclerosis (SIAMMS)’ trial was a safety and feasibility study which examined the effect of intravenous infusion of autologous bone marrow without myeloablative therapy. This trial was well tolerated and improvement was noted in the global evoked potential (GEP)—a neurophysiological secondary outcome measure recording speed of conduction in central nervous system pathways. The efficacy of intravenous delivery of autologous marrow in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) will be examined in the phase II study the ‘Assessment of Bone Marrow-Derived Cellular Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (ACTiMuS;NCT01815632)’. In parallel with the ‘ACTiMuS’ study, the current study ‘SIAMMS-II’ will explore the feasibility of repeated, non-myeloablative autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy in progressive MS. Furthermore, information will be obtained regarding the persistence or otherwise of improvements in conduction in central nervous system pathways observed in the original ‘SIAMMS’ study and whether these can be reproduced or augmented by a second infusion of autologous bone marrow-derived cells.Methods and analysisAn open, prospective, single-centre phase I extension study. The six patients with progressive MS who participated in the ‘SIAMMS’ study will be invited to undergo repeat bone marrow harvest and receive an intravenous infusion of autologous, unfractionated bone marrow as a day-case procedure. The primary outcome measure is the number of adverse events, and secondary outcome measures will include change in clinical rating scales of disability, GEP and cranial MRI.Ethics and disseminationThe study has UK National Research Ethics Committee approval (13/SW/0255). Study results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT01932593.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Southern China
Authors: Ye Yan-Fang , Xiang Yan-Qun , Fang Fang , Gao Rui , Zhang Li-Fang , Xie Shang-Hang , Liu Zhiwei , Du Jin-Lin , Chen Sui-Hong , Hong Ming-Huang , Qian Chao-Nan , Ye Weimin , Zeng Yi-Xin , Liu Qing , Cao Su-Mei 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Background: Whether or not hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection plays a role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is largely unknown. Our study aimed to assess the association between HBV infection and the risk of NPC in Southern China.
Methods: We conducted a case–control study including 711 NPC cases and two groups of controls. The first control group consisted of 656 individuals with other benign tumors unrelated to HBV infection and the second group consisted of 680 healthy population controls. Multivariable ORs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NPC were estimated by logistic regression.
Results: Patients with NPC had higher prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen–positive [anti-HBc-(+); 47.26%] compared with either benign tumor controls (39.33%; P &lt; 0.01) or healthy controls (41.18%; P = 0.04). In multivariable models adjusting for a set of risk factors for NPC, anti-HBc-(+) was significantly associated with a higher risk of NPC [adjusted OR (AOR), 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12–1.74 compared with the benign tumor controls and AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05–2.08 compared with the healthy controls]. The association was not modified by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status. Finally, compared with the healthy controls, individuals with both anti-HBc-(+) and EBV antibodies had largely increased risk of NPC (AOR, 141.82; 95% CI, 68.73–292.62).
Conclusion: Our study suggests that HBV infection is associated with NPC risk in Southern China.
Impact: Prevention for HBV infection may play a role in the development of NPC. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(11); 1766–73. ©2015 AACR.
Edward Lear e Renato Pompeu
Authors: Granato Fernanda Marques , Bastazin Vera 
Published: September 2015

RESUMO:
Este ensaio tem por objetivo resgatar o conceito do gênero nonsense com a finalidade de testar a hipótese de um possível diálogo entre textos de duas obras de características e épocas distintas: Viagem numa peneira, de Edward Lear (1846) e Quatro-olhos, de Renato Pompeu (1976). Os estudos feitos permitem comprovar que, entre os textos analisados, existem traços que possibilitam não apenas aproximá-los, mas também realizar uma reinterpretação do gênero nonsense no contexto da contemporaneidade. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, elegemos alguns teóricos que dão suporte à análise das obras ficcionais, são eles: Aristóteles (2011), Croce (1995), Sewell (1952), Stewart (1978), Huizinga (2010) e Agamben (2009). A partir de uma breve retomada histórico-conceitual, nossa atenção volta-se para a perspectiva de comprovação da hipótese sobre o gênero literário nonsense, sua ligação com a era vitoriana e as reverberações que o referido gênero traz para a nossa contemporaneidade, deixando como saldo a tendência para a fragmentação narrativa.
The Application of Federal Character Principle and Its Implication on Service Delivery in Nigerian Federal Civil Service
Authors: Justine Igbokwe-Ibeto Chinyeaka , Chinelo Agbodike Flowrence , Ogomegbulam Anazodo Rosemary 
Published: September 2015

The study examined the application of federal character principle and its implication on service delivery in Nigerian federal civil service. The Nigerian federal civil service is the bedrock of Nigeria’s quest for socio-economic development. However, over the years, service delivery and infrastructural development have remained a hydra headed problem. The study relied heavily on primary and secondary data and multi the stage sampling method was used to select the sample population. The data collected was presented in frequency tables and analysed using descriptive statistics such as mean, table and standard deviation. Pearson chi-square test of goodness was used to test the hypotheses. Findings of the study show that there is a relationship between federal character principle and employees’ service delivery as well as poor attitude to work by bureaucrats. To achieve efficient service delivery and better attitude to work by civil servants in the service, government should imbibe the prescripts of Marx Weber bureaucratic theory as regards recruitment based on merit, technical competency and qualification, as well as re-examine the reliability and validity of the application of federal character principle or better be situated within grade levels 03-06 while recruitment into the senior officers cadre grade levels 07-17 and appointments should be strictly based on merit.
Workload and Work Stress on Caring Behavior in nurse on Nursing Services
Authors: Hamim Nur 
Published: September 2015

Introductions: imbalance between the number of personnel and the workload of nurses in a hospital, so that nurses can implement caring behavior in the process of health care. Objective: The aim of this study is to know is there any relation Workload and Stress Work With Application Behavior Caring Behavior Nurses in Service Nursing In the main hall of hospitals Probolinggo. Methods: This study uses correlation analyticdesign with cross sectional approach Comparative. The population in this study were nurses in the Main room number 13 of the respondents, the sampling technique used "Total sampling". The study was conducted on January 5 to February 3, 2014. The instruments used are questionnaires and observation sheets. After the data collected includes the coding of data collection, editing and tabulating, and then analyzed using statistical tests Loglinier. Results and Analyzed: The results showed the majority of nurses in the main room of the workload being experienced by 7 respondents (53.8%), experienced moderate job stress as much as 8 respondents (61.5%), and behave caring as much as 10 respondents (76.9%). Based on statistics Loglinier Test results showed that the value of α p value of 0.001 with a significance level of 0.05. Thus, the Jerusalem Bible p value less than α (0.05) so that it can be concluded H1 accepted which means no relationship Workload and Stress Working with Application Behavior Behavior Nurse Caring Orphanage in Service Kepera watan. Discussion: Based on this study it can be concluded that there relationship workload and stress of work in the application of behavioral nurse caring behaviors in the nursing care services.Although the nurse workload and stress suffered heavy work, nurses are expected to remain implement caring behavior behavior, so that the client feels safe and comfortable. Keywords: Workload, Work Stress, Caring Behavior, Nurse.
Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease
Authors: Buddhala Chandana , Loftin Susan K. , Kuley Brandon M. , Cairns Nigel J. , Campbell Meghan C. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Kotzbauer Paul T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivePeople with Parkinson disease (PD) frequently develop dementia, which is associated with neocortical deposition of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, neuronal loss and deposition of aggregated α‐syn also occur in multiple subcortical nuclei that project to neocortical, limbic, and basal ganglia regions. Therefore, we quantified regional deficits in innervation from these PD‐affected subcortical nuclei, by measuring the neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter transporter proteins originating from projections of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphé nuclei, noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus, and cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis of Meynert.MethodsHigh‐performance liquid chromatography and novel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic innervation in postmortem brain tissue. Eight brain regions from 15 PD participants (with dementia and Braak stage 6 α‐syn deposition) and six age‐matched controls were tested.ResultsPD participants compared to controls had widespread reductions of dopamine transporter in caudate, amygdala, hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), precuneus, and visual association cortex (VAC) that exceeded loss of dopamine, which was only significantly reduced in caudate and amygdala. In contrast, PD participants had comparable deficits of both serotonin and serotonin transporter in caudate, middle frontal gyrus, IPL, and VAC. PD participants also had significantly reduced norepinephrine levels for all eight brain regions tested. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter levels were only quantifiable in caudate and hippocampus and did not differ between PD and control groups.InterpretationThese results demonstrate widespread deficits in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic innervation of neocortical, limbic, and basal ganglia regions in advanced PD with dementia.