bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delineation of a FOXA1/ERα/AGR2 Regulatory Loop That Is Dysregulated in Endocrine Therapy–Resistant Breast Cancer
Authors: Wright Tricia M. , Wardell Suzanne E. , Jasper Jeff S. , Stice James P. , Safi Rachid , Nelson Erik R. , McDonnell Donald P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator (SERM), remains a frontline clinical therapy for patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. However, the relatively rapid development of resistance to this drug in the metastatic setting remains an impediment to a durable response. Although drug resistance likely arises by many different mechanisms, the consensus is that most of the implicated pathways facilitate the outgrowth of a subpopulation of cancer cells that can either recognize tamoxifen as an agonist or bypass the regulatory control of ERα. Notable in this regard is the observation here and in other studies that expression of anterior gradient homology 2 (AGR2), a known proto-oncogene and disulfide isomerase, was induced by both estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) in breast cancer cells. The importance of AGR2 expression is highlighted here by the observation that (i) its knockdown inhibited the growth of both tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cells and (ii) its increased expression enhanced the growth of ERα-positive tumors in vivo and increased the migratory capacity of breast cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, as with most ERα target genes, the expression of AGR2 in all breast cancer cells examined requires the transcription factor FOXA1. However, in tamoxifen-resistant cells, the expression of AGR2 occurs in a constitutive manner, requiring FOXA1, but loses its dependence on ER. Taken together, these data define the importance of AGR2 in breast cancer cell growth and highlight a mechanism where changes in FOXA1 activity obviate the need for ER in the regulation of this gene.
Implications: These findings reveal the transcriptional interplay between FOXA1 and ERα in controlling AGR2 during the transition from therapy-sensitive to -resistant breast cancer and implicate AGR2 as a relevant therapeutic target. Mol Cancer Res; 12(12); 1829–39. ©2014 AACR.
Troponin T and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide After On-Pump Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Lurati Buse Giovanna A.L. , Bolliger Daniel , Seeberger Esther , Kasper Jorge , Grapow Martin , Koller Michael T. , Seeberger Manfred D. , Filipovic Miodrag 
Published: August 2014

Background—
The independent predictive value of troponin T (TNT) after on-pump cardiac surgery was established in several studies. However, adjustment was limited to preoperative risk factors without considering perioperative complications. Data on the prognostic value of postoperative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are scarce. Our aim was to assess the independent value of TNT and BNP to predict 12-month outcome after cardiac surgery with adjustment for preoperative risk estimates and postoperative complications and to report risk stratification gains when considering the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) combined with postoperative biomarkers.

Methods and Results—
This prospective cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery between 2007 and 2010. We evaluated postoperative TNT and BNP, the EuroSCORE, and postoperative complications as predictors of adverse events using Cox regression. The primary end point was death or major adverse cardiac events within 1 year after surgery. We calculated the net reclassification index of TNT and BNP in addition to the EuroSCORE. We enrolled 1559 patients, of whom 176 (11.3%) experienced an event. The adjusted hazard ratio of TNT >0.8 μg/L was 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.47–3.15) and of BNP >790 ng/L was 2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.65–3.62). The net reclassification index of the addition of TNT and BNP to the EuroSCORE was 0.276 (95% confidence interval, 0.195–0.348).

Conclusions—
Postoperative TNT and BNP are strong predictors of 1-year events after on-pump cardiac surgery independent of preoperative risk factors and postoperative complications. Updating the preoperative EuroSCORE risk with postoperative TNT and BNP after surgery allows for improved prediction of 1-year death or major adverse cardiac events.
Make Lulz, Not War: How Online Remix and Meme Culture are Empowering Civic Engagement in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors: Sharbaugh Patrick E. , Nguyen Dang 
Published: August 2014

Although social media platforms have garnered much attention in recent years for their putative role in dramatic social and political movements around the world, scholars such as Clay Shirky and Ethan Zuckerman have suggested that the real potential of such tools for change exists in the way they empower citizens to publicly articulate and debate an array of conflicting views throughout society. In this view, social media matters most not in the streets and squares but in the social commons that Jürgen Habermas termed the public sphere. New image-based social media platforms and creative practices in Vietnam appear to be emerging as powerful tools in this regard, offering a voice to a citizenry who, since 1975, have lived under an authoritarian, and not clearly delineated, legal order restricting the opinions and views eligible for public expression.In 2013, Vietnamese netizens turned to the digital techniques of remix and memetic culture to indirectly express and debate sentiment on issues of often sensitive social and political relevance. Using two recent case studies, we argue that this widespread practice constitutes a culturally-specific form of civic and political engagement that appears to be exerting a subtle but real influence upon the state in this rapidly developing Southeast Asian nation.
The Aesthetics of Chinese Microblogging: State and Market Control of Weibo
Authors: Benney Jonathan 
Published: August 2014

Microblogs, epitomized by Twitter in the West and Weibo in China, have attracted considerable attention over the past few years. There have been a number of optimistic accounts about their potential to stimulate political activism and social change, juxtaposed with suggestions that their networks are too weak and that they are too easily censored for such change to occur. Yet, in this debate, little attention has been paid to the medium itself; microblogs have too often been treated as mere conduits for information, and the practical and aesthetic experience of microblogging has been marginalized.This article addresses this imbalance in two ways. First, it argues that the microblog is a distinctive medium with special potential for political communication. It applies Rancière’s ‘politics of aesthetics’ and Baudrillard’s ‘private telematics’ to microblogs, suggesting that the particularly immersive quality of microblogs provides new and distinct opportunities for the promotion of opinions and social movements. Second, it argues that by allowing, re-modelling, monitoring and censoring the Weibo service, the Chinese party-state, acting collaboratively with the key microblog companies and the market as a whole, is consciously manipulating the medium of the microblog to reduce the risk of activism, controversial use, and network formation. Thus, the medium of Weibo differs from other microblogs – of which Twitter is the key example – in several important ways, each of which, the article argues, are intended to maximize the cacophonous spectacle of entertainment and to minimize reasoned discussion and debate. Furthermore, while pure censorship of information can be evaded in many ways, it is more difficult for dissenters to evade state control when it is applied to the medium itself.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Conditions Associated with Southern Australian Heat Waves: A CMIP5 Analysis
Authors: Purich Ariaan , Cowan Tim , Cai Wenju , van Rensch Peter , Uotila Petteri , Pezza Alexandre , Boschat Ghyslaine , Perkins Sarah 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Atmospheric and oceanic conditions associated with southern Australian heat waves are examined using phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. Accompanying work analyzing modeled heat wave statistics for Australia finds substantial increases in the frequency, duration, and temperature of heat waves by the end of the twenty-first century. This study assesses the ability of CMIP5 models to simulate the synoptic and oceanic conditions associated with southern Australian heat waves, and examines how the classical atmospheric setup associated with heat waves is projected to change in response to mean-state warming. To achieve this, near-surface temperature, mean sea level pressure, and sea surface temperature (SST) from the historical and high-emission simulations are analyzed. CMIP5 models are found to represent the synoptic setup associated with heat waves well, despite showing greater variation in simulating SST anomalies. The models project a weakening of the pressure couplet associated with future southern Australian heat waves, suggesting that even a non-classical synoptic setup is able to generate more frequent heat waves in a warmer world. A future poleward shift and strengthening of heat wave–inducing anticyclones is confirmed using a tracking scheme applied to model projections. Model consensus implies that while anticyclones associated with the hottest future southern Australian heat waves will be more intense and originate farther poleward, a greater proportion of heat waves occur in association with a weaker synoptic setup that, when combined with warmer mean-state temperatures, gives rise to more future heat waves.
Use of an Observation Network in the Great Basin to Evaluate Gridded Climate Data
Authors: McEvoy Daniel J. , Mejia John F. , Huntington Justin L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPredicting sharp hydroclimatic gradients in the complex terrain of the Great Basin can prove to be challenging because of the lack of climate observations that are gradient focused. Furthermore, evaluating gridded data products (GDPs) of climate in such environments for use in local hydroclimatic assessments is also challenging and typically ignored because of the lack of observations. In this study, independent Nevada Climate-Ecohydrological Assessment Network (NevCAN) observations of temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation collected along large altitudinal gradients of the Snake and Sheep mountain ranges from water-year 2012 (October–September) are utilized to evaluate four GDPs of different spatial resolutions: Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) 4 km, PRISM 800 m, Daymet 1 km, and a North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS)–PRISM hybrid 4-km product. Inconsistencies and biases in precipitation measurements due to station siting and gauge type proved to be problematic with respect to comparisons to GDPs. This study highlights a weakness of GDPs in complex terrain: an underestimation of inversion strength and resulting minimum temperature in foothill regions, where cold air regularly drains into neighboring valleys. Results also clearly indicate that for semiarid regions, the assumption that daily average dewpoint temperature Tdew equals daily minimum temperature does not hold true and should not be used to interpolate Tdew spatially. Comparison statistics of GDPs to observations varied depending on the climate variable and grid spatial resolution, highlighting the importance of conducting local evaluations for hydroclimatic assessments.
A Fiber Optic Spectrometry System for Measuring Irradiance Distributions in Sea Ice Environments
Authors: Wang Hangzhou , Chen Ying , Song Hong , Laney Samuel R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA fiber optic–based spectrometry system was developed to enable automated, long-term measurements of spectral irradiance in sea ice environments. This system utilizes a single spectrometer module that measures the irradiance transmitted by multiple optical fibers, each coupled to the input fiber of the module via a mechanical rotary multiplexer. Small custom-printed optical diffusers, fixed to the input end of each fiber, allow these probes to be frozen into ice auger holes as small as 5 cm in diameter. Temperature-dependent biases in the spectrometer module and associated electronics were examined down to −40°C using an environmental chamber to identify any artifacts that might arise when operating these electronic and optical components below their vendor-defined lower temperature limits. The optical performance of the entire system was assessed by freezing multiple fiber probes in a 1.2-m-tall ice column, illuminating from above with a light source, and measuring spectral irradiance distributions at different depths within the ice column. Results indicated that the radiometric sensitivity of this fiber-based system is comparable to that of commercially available oceanographic spectroradiometers.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Savage-Elliott Ian , Ross Keir A. , Smyth Niall A. , Murawski Christopher D. , Kennedy John G. 
Published: August 2014

Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome are increasingly diagnosed and are a difficult pathology to treat. Conservative treatment yields best results in pediatric patients, often leaving surgical options for adult populations. There is a paucity of long-term data and comparisons of treatment options. Arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation is a common first-line treatment for smaller lesions. Despite promising short to medium term clinical results, bone marrow stimulation results in fibrocartilagenous tissue that incurs differing mechanical and biological properties compared with normal cartilage. Autologous osteochondral transplantation has demonstrated promising clinical results in the short to medium term for larger, cystic lesions and can restore the contact pressure of the joint. However, concerns remain over postoperative cyst formation and donor site morbidity. Recent developments have emphasized the usefulness of biological adjuncts such as platelet-rich plasma and concentrated bone marrow aspirate, as well as particulate juvenile cartilage, in augmenting reparative and replacement strategies in osteochondral lesion treatment. The purpose of this article is to review diagnosis and treatment of talar osteochondral lesions so that current practice guidelines can be more efficiently used given the available treatment strategies. A treatment paradigm based on current evidence is described. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level V, Expert Opinion
Witnessing images of extreme violence: a psychological study of journalists in the newsroom
Authors: Feinstein Anthony , Audet Blair , Waknine Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

Objective User Generated Content – photos and videos submitted to newsrooms by the public – has become a prominent source of information for news organisations. Journalists working with uncensored material can frequently witness disturbing images for prolonged periods. How this might affect their psychological health is not known and it is the focus of this study. Design Descriptive, exploratory. Setting The newsrooms of three international news organisations. Participants One hundred and sixteen journalists working with User Generated Content material. Main outcome measures Psychometric data included the re-experiencing, avoidance and autonomic arousal indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (Impact of Event Scale-revised), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI-II), a measure of psychological distress (GHQ-28), the latter comprising four subscales measuring somatisation, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression, and mean weekly alcohol consumption divided according to gender. Results Regression analyses revealed that frequent (i.e. daily) exposure to violent images independently predicted higher scores on all indices of the Impact of Event Scale-revised, the BDI-II and the somatic and anxiety subscales of the GHQ-28. Exposure per shift only predicted scores on the intrusion subscale of the Impact of Event Scale-revised. Conclusions The present study, the first of its kind, suggests that frequency rather than duration of exposure to images of graphic violence is more emotionally distressing to journalists working with User Generated Content material. Given that good journalism depends on healthy journalists, news organisations will need to look anew at what can be done to offset the risks inherent in viewing User Generated Content material. Our findings, in need of replication, suggest that reducing the frequency of exposure may be one way to go.
Is mortality a good indicator of the clinical quality of National Health Service hospitals? A cross-sectional study of outlier trusts for mortality indices using quality dashboards
Authors: Diley Ian , Badrinath Padmanabhan , Annon Sarah 
Published: August 2014

Objectives This study assessed whether the 14 National Health Service (NHS) acute trusts reviewed by Sir Bruce Keogh in July 2013 were performance outliers on the Acute Trust Quality Dashboard (ATQD) and examined whether high mortality indices results are associated with increased numbers of quality risk alerts and alarms. Design The proportion of dashboard indicators rated amber or red in the Keogh Review trust group was compared with that for all trusts. Quality performance at primary care level was assessed for lead Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG) of Keogh Review trusts through the national General Practice High Level Indicators. Setting England. Participants The study examined the performance of all acute NHS trusts in England and the performance of the lead CCGs for all acute NHS trusts included in the Keogh Review. Main outcome measure The primary outcome was the proportion of alerts and alarms identified in the summer 2013 ATQD. Results The mean proportion of indicators scored as alert or alarm across all trusts was 14.1% (13.5–14.7%). For Keogh Review trusts, the mean was 14.5% (12.6–16.4%). There was no significant difference between Keogh Review trusts and all acute trusts in numbers of alerts or alarms or for lead CCG quality performance. Conclusion This study finds no evidence to suggest the trusts reviewed by Sir Bruce Keogh in spring 2013 were outliers for overall quality of care as defined by the ATQD. The use of mortality indices alone to identify potential quality outliers in secondary care may not be sufficient.
The Role of Online Grading Programs in School/Community Relations
Authors: Cameron Joseph T 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses online grading programs and their role in school/community relations. It also looks at the consequences from the lack of consistent communication among the school and the student and the parents. In order to gather the information about the use of online grading programs, surveys were distributed to Ten grade 12 students who are currently using online grading program and 20 teachers at a private international school in Bangkok, Thailand. The study finds out that implementing an online grading program, properly managed, can effectively and efficiently share timely information between the school and parents.
Assessment, Testing and Correcting Studentsxs' Errors and Mistakes
Authors: Iseni Arburim 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This study is the result of continuous four-year work in the field of noting and reviewing of errors in learning English. The object of this research were 50 students at the State University of Tetova who study English. In this work were studied errors made by students during tests, interviews, dictations, writing paragraphs and different essays. If in the spoken language errors can be allowed without being corrected, as long as the message comes clear, it is understood that in the written work errors should be corrected more carefully, because if they are left without correction, these errors can become fossilized. For the objective of our work it was important to attempt to find the most appropriate strategy to correct errors and mistakes and the best way to assess our students' writings. Thus, this study is a modest contribution that, in the first place, should be taken as an incentive and orientation for new lecturers and researchers to improve their work regarding the attitude that should be held towards errors and mistakes of our students.
Dynamic Assessment and the Impact on English Language Learners' Reading Comprehension Performance
Authors: Naeini Jila , Duvall Emily 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a research project aimed at studying improvements in English Language Training (ELT) university students' reading comprehension performance by applying the mediations of a dynamic assessment approach to instruction and assessment. In contrast to static assessments, in which correct responses are indicative only of the learners' current ability at a specific moment in time, dynamic assessment concentrates on the learner's errors which are studied in terms of the individual's ongoing development and learning using mediations to promote growth. Lev Vygotsky (1978) is considered the originator of the theoretical framework upon which dynamic assessment is based; it emphasizes the interdependence of learning that leads development and thus the interlocking of instruction and development. In this mixed methods study, dynamic assessment procedures were conducted with 10 ELT university students. Participants took part in a pretest-mediation-posttest design study. The devised pre and posttests had high reliability estimates. The mediation phase included three intervention sessions, each focused on a particular reading comprehension sub skill. The descriptive and analytic analyses of the results reveal dramatic, measurable progress in participants' reading comprehension performance.
Consistency of Measured Accuracy in Grammar Knowledge Tests and Writing: TOEFL PBT
Authors: Ahangari Saeideh , Barghi Ali Hamed 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Almost no language test is void of grammar items, and the reason is probably the assumption that there exists a positive correlation between examinees' grammar knowledge and the actual demonstrable level of accuracy in communication. Meanwhile, examples abound where many examinees relatively do well on grammar knowledge tests despite failing to retain accuracy in real-time communicative activities like writing compositions. This is in line with Widdowson (1990) that during communication, attention is given to communicative economy and meaning, therefore, performance is not supported by an underlying competence. This study focuses on the validity of widely-used grammar knowledge tests as an indicator of examinees' level of accuracy in writing by a many test users. A group of Iranian intermediate English language learners' knowledge of certain shortlisted grammatical points at the end of a preparatory course for the TOEFL was checked by analyzing the results of a discrete-point grammar test, like the 'Structure and Written Expression' section of the TOEFL PBT, and once more by studying their writing samples for the 'Test of Written English' of the same test, as an example of grammar knowledge in use; eventually, the obtained results were juxtaposed for consistency comparison, the results of which suggest that an individual's demonstrable knowledge of certain language forms in a grammar test necessarily cannot be generalized to their accuracy in writing; hence, a certain score obtained even in a valid grammar knowledge test is not necessarily a valid indicator of an examinee's level of accuracy in written discourse.