bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilizing inspiratory airflows during standard polysomnography to assess pharyngeal function in children during sleep
Authors: McGinley Brian M. , Kirkness Jason P. , Schneider Hartmut , Lenka Abhishek , Smith Philip L. , Schwartz Alan R. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjectivesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the result of pharyngeal obstruction that occurs predominantly during REM in children. Pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for upper airway obstruction, however, are poorly understood. Thus, we sought to characterize upper airway obstruction in apneic compared to snoring children during sleep. We hypothesized that apneic compared to snoring children would exhibit an increased prevalence and severity of upper airway obstruction, that would be greater in REM compared to non‐REM, and would improve following adenotonsillectomy.Study DesignApneic children were assessed with routine polysomnography before and after adenotonsillectomy, and compared to snoring children matched for gender, age, and BMI z‐score. In addition to traditional scoring metrics, the following were used to characterize upper airway obstruction: maximal inspiratory airflow (%VImax) and percent of time with inspiratory flow‐limited breathing (%IFL).ResultsOSA compared to snoring children had similar degrees of upper airway obstruction in non‐REM; however, during REM, children with sleep apnea exhibited a higher %IFL (98 ± 2% vs.73 ± 8%, P < 0.01) and lower %VImax (56 ± 6 vs.93 ± 10%, P < 0.01). In children with OSA, CO2 levels were elevated during both wake and sleep. Following adenotonsillectomy, upper airway obstruction improved during REM manifest by decreased %IFL (98 ± 2 to 63 ± 9%, P = 0.04), increased %VImax (56 ± 6 to 95 ± 5%, P = 0.01) and decreased CO2 levels.ConclusionsDifferences in the prevalence and severity upper airway obstruction suggest impaired compensatory responses during REM in children with OSA, which improved following adenotonsillectomy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:431–438. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid Carbon Dioxide as Anti‐Solvent Coating Aluminum Hydride
Authors: Cai Xing Wang , Yang Ji Hua , Zhang Jing Lin , Ma Do Xu , Wang Yan Ping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a novel surface coating to resolve the serviceability, stability, compatibility, and dehydrogenation of aluminum hydride (alane) using liquid carbon dioxide as an anti‐solvent, dispersant, drying medium, and inert atmosphere. The coated alane sample was characterized by SEM, XPS, XRD, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The coating agent was uniformly applied on the surface of alane and the crystalline phase remained unchanged. The alane molecules became more stable after coating. The thermal stability of alane before and after coating was analyzed by DSC. The enthalpy of the coated alane increased under different heating rates, indicating increased thermal stability. The lower electric spark sensitivity of the coated alane showed improved serviceability and stability. The method developed in this study may be suitable for coating other hydrogen storage and energetic materials.
Electronic properties and electron–electron interactions in graphene quantum dots
Authors: Ozfidan Isil , Korkusinski Marek , Hawrylak Pawel 
Published: October 2015

magnified imageWe review the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots (GQD) with emphasis on the role of electron–electron interactions. We describe the electronic properties using a combination of tight binding, Hartree–Fock (HF), density functional theory and configuration interaction methods applied to interacting electrons on pz orbitals of carbon atoms. The electron–electron interactions are computed using Slater orbitals and screened by the environment and sigma electrons. We show that the electronic properties of graphene can be tuned by the lateral size, shape, character of edge, number of layers and screening. In particular, the energy gap can be tuned from THz to UV by varying the size of graphene quantum dot. The dependence of the gap on the size can be understood in terms of confined Dirac fermions. The effect of edges and edge reconstruction is discussed using ab‐initio techniques. The role of screening is investigated using the HF approach. HF ground states corresponding to semiconductor, Mott‐insulator, and spin‐polarized phases are obtained as a function of the strength of the screened Coulomb interactions. For GQDs in the semiconductor phase, the role of correlations in ground and excited states is computed perturbatively and shown to result in size dependent band gap renormalization. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low dimensional disturbance observer‐based control for nonlinear parabolic PDE systems with spatio‐temporal disturbances
Authors: Wang Hong‐Du , Wu Huai‐Ning , Guo Lei 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn this paper, a design problem of low dimensional disturbance observer‐based control (DOBC) is considered for a class of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems with the spatio‐temporal disturbance modeled by an infinite dimensional exosystem of parabolic PDE. Motivated by the fact that the dominant structure of the parabolic PDE is usually characterized by a finite number of degrees of freedom, the modal decomposition method is initially applied to both the PDE system and the PDE exosystem to derive a low dimensional slow system and a low dimensional slow exosystem, which accurately capture the dominant dynamics of the PDE system and the PDE exosystem, respectively. Then, the definition of input‐to‐state stability for the PDE system with the spatio‐temporal disturbance is given to formulate the design objective. Subsequently, based on the derived slow system and slow exosystem, a low dimensional disturbance observer (DO) is constructed to estimate the state of the slow exosystem, and then a low dimensional DOBC is given to compensate the effect of the slow exosystem in order to reject approximately the spatio‐temporal disturbance. Then, a design method of low dimensional DOBC is developed in terms of linear matrix inequality to guarantee that not only the closed‐loop slow system is exponentially stable in the presence of the slow exosystem but also the closed‐loop PDE system is input‐to‐state stable in the presence of the spatio‐temporal disturbance. Finally, simulation results on the control of temperature profile for catalytic rod demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparative Study on the Aggregation and Thermodynamic Properties of Anionic Sodium Dodecylsulphate and Cationic Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Aqueous Medium: Effect of the Co‐solvent N‐Methylacetamide
Authors: Chauhan Suvarcha , Kumar Kuldeep , Rana Dilbag S. , Kumar Rajender , Chauhan Mohinder S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe effect of co‐solvent N‐methylacetamide (NMA) (0.035, 0.046, 0.127, and 0.258 mol kg−1) on the micellization behaviour of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) (3.21–10.35 mmol kg−1) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (0.19–3.72 mmol kg−1) in aqueous solution was explored by employing conductivity measurements at different temperatures (298.15–313.15 K). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values for SDS and CTAB in aqueous solutions of NMA were determined from the conductivity versus surfactant concentration plots. The variations in the CMC values of SDS with NMA concentration are in striking contrast to those observed in the case of CTAB. The various relevant thermodynamic parameters of micellization, viz. standard enthalpy change, ΔHmo, standard entropy change, ΔSmo, and standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔGmo, were determined using the temperature variation of the CMC values and counterion binding. The results not only relate these thermodynamic parameters to the consequences of intermolecular interactions but are also able to differentiate between SDS–water–NMA and CTAB–water–NMA systems in terms of contributions from head groups as well as alkyl chains of surfactants.
Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Rigid Amido Spacer Groups
Authors: Xu Dongqing , Qi Banghua , Fang Di , Zhang Xuemei , Zhang Ting 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of novel cationic gemini surfactants with rigid amido groups inserted as the spacers, named C12‐PPDA‐C12, C14‐PPDA‐C14 and C16‐PPDA‐C16, were synthesized by a two‐step reaction with dimethyl terephthalate, N,N‐dimethyl propylene diamine and alkyl bromide as raw materials. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR and element analysis. Surface activity properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity and fluorescence. Increasing the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic alkyl chain, decreased the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC and the minimum surface area. Other relevant properties including foaming ability and emulsion stability were investigated. The results indicated that the synthesized gemini surfactants possess good surface properties, emulsifying properties and steady foam properties.
Oscillatory superfluid Ekman pumping in helium II and neutron stars
Authors: van Eysden C. Anthony 
Published: October 2015

The linear response of a superfluid, rotating uniformly in a cylindrical container and threaded with a large number of vortex lines, to an impulsive increase in the angular velocity of the container is investigated. At zero temperature and with perfect pinning of vortices to the top and bottom of the container, we demonstrate that the system oscillates persistently with a frequency proportional to the vortex line tension parameter to the quarter power. This low-frequency mode is generated by a secondary flow analogous to classical Ekman pumping that is periodically reversed by the vortex tension in the boundary layers. We compare analytic solutions to the two-fluid equations by Chandler & Baym (J. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 62, 1986, pp. 119–142) with the spin-up experiments by Tsakadze & Tsakadze (J. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 39, 1980, pp. 649–688) in helium II and find that the frequency agrees within a factor of four, although the experiment is not perfectly suited to the application of linear theory. We argue that this oscillatory Ekman pumping mode, and not Tkachenko modes, provides a natural explanation for the observed oscillation. In neutron stars, the oscillation period depends on the pinning interaction between neutron vortices and flux tubes in the outer core. Using a simplified pinning model, we demonstrate that strong pinning can accommodate modes with periods of days to years, which are only weakly damped by mutual friction over longer time scales.
Disruptions of working memory and inhibition mediate the association between exposure to institutionalization and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Tibu F. , Sheridan M. A. , McLaughlin K. A. , Nelson C. A. , Fox N. A. , Zeanah C. H. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundYoung children raised in institutions are exposed to extreme psychosocial deprivation that is associated with elevated risk for psychopathology and other adverse developmental outcomes. The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is particularly high in previously institutionalized children, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. We investigated whether deficits in executive functioning (EF) explain the link between institutionalization and ADHD.MethodA sample of 136 children (aged 6–30 months) was recruited from institutions in Bucharest, Romania, and 72 never institutionalized community children matched for age and gender were recruited through general practitioners’ offices. At 8 years of age, children's performance on a number of EF components (working memory, response inhibition and planning) was evaluated. Teachers completed the Health and Behavior Questionnaire, which assesses two core features of ADHD, inattention and impulsivity.ResultsChildren with history of institutionalization had higher inattention and impulsivity than community controls, and exhibited worse performance on working memory, response inhibition and planning tasks. Lower performances on working memory and response inhibition, but not planning, partially mediated the association between early institutionalization and inattention and impulsivity symptom scales at age 8 years.ConclusionsInstitutionalization was associated with decreased EF performance and increased ADHD symptoms. Deficits in working memory and response inhibition were specific mechanisms leading to ADHD in previously institutionalized children. These findings suggest that interventions that foster the development of EF might reduce risk for psychiatric problems in children exposed to early deprivation.
God and eternal boredom
Authors: ANDRIĆ VUKO , TANYI ATTILA 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGod is thought to be eternal. Does this mean that he is timeless? Or is he, rather, omnitemporal? In this article we argue that God cannot be omnitemporal. Our starting point, which we take from Bernard Williams's article on the Makropulos Case, is the intuition that it is inappropriate for persons not to become bored after a sufficiently long sequence of time has passed. If Williams is right, then it follows that, if God were omnitemporal, he would suffer from boredom. But God is the greatest possible being and therefore cannot be bored. God, hence, is not omnitemporal. After the presentation of our argument, we address several objections by examining possible differences between human and divine persons.
Welfare States and Social Cohesion in Europe: Does Social Service Quality Matter?
Authors: ANDREWS RHYS , JILKE SEBASTIAN 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article, the authors evaluate whether the provision of good quality social services has the potential to create social cohesion. In addition to examining the relationship between social services and social cohesion, the authors expand institutional theories of social capital by investigating whether this potential for building social solidarity may be resilient to the corrosive effects of economic strain. Multilevel analyses of variations in the perceptions of social cohesion amongst Europeans were conducted for 27 member countries of the EU using the Eurobarometer 74.1 on poverty and social exclusion from 2010. The results suggest that individuals receiving better quality social service provision perceived higher levels of social cohesion within the country in which they live. By contrast, individuals living in households experiencing economic strain perceived lower levels of cohesion. Further analysis revealed that the experience of economic strain does not weaken the positive relationship between social services quality and perceptions of cohesion.
Risk of haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by shiga-toxin-producingEscherichia coliinfection in adult women in Japan
Authors: FUJII J. , MIZOUE T. , KITA T. , KISHIMOTO H. , JOH K. , NAKADA Y. , UGAJIN S. , NAYA Y. , NAKAMURA T. , TADA Y. , OKABE N. , MARUYAMA Y. , SAITOH K. , KUROZAWA Y. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYShiga-toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) infections usually cause haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) equally in male and female children. This study investigated the localization of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in human brain and kidney tissues removed from forensic autopsy cases in Japan. A fatal case was used as a positive control in an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease caused by STEC O157:H7 in a kindergarten in Urawa in 1990. Positive immunodetection of Gb3 was significantly more frequent in female than in male distal and collecting renal tubules. To correlate this finding with a clinical outcome, a retrospective analysis of the predictors of renal failure in the 162 patients of two outbreaks in Japan was performed: one in Tochigi in 2002 and the other in Kagawa Prefecture in 2005. This study concludes renal failure, including HUS, was significantly associated with female sex, and the odds ratio was 4·06 compared to male patients in the two outbreaks. From 2006 to 2009 in Japan, the risk factor of HUS associated with STEC infection was analysed. The number of males and females and the proportion of females who developed HUS were calculated by age and year from 2006 to 2009. In 2006, 2007 and 2009 in adults aged >20 years, adult women were significantly more at risk of developing HUS in Japan.
Dreading the Future: Ambivalence and Doubt in the Dutch Urban Renewal Order
Authors: VERLAAN TIM 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe current historiography of the Dutch urban renewal order focuses on an elite of audacious planners and technocratic civil servants, who allegedly embraced the comprehensive redevelopment of inner cities along functionalist lines. However, professional pamphlets and minutes from the 1950s and 1960s reveal a much more ambivalent and uncertain state of mind in the field of urban renewal, especially in the views put forward by local administrators. This article will demonstrate that insecurity about the dawn of the modern age was crucial for the swiftness with which Dutch planning and political elites abandoned comprehensive redevelopment in the early 1970s.
An open-label study to assess safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of dextromethorphan/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in dementia: PRISM II results
Authors: Doody Rachelle S. , D’Amico Stephen , Cutler Andrew J. , Davis Charles S. , Shin Paul , Ledon Fred , Yonan Charles , Siffert João 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundDextromethorphan (DM)/quinidine (Q) is an approved treatment for pseudobulbar affect (PBA) based on trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis. PRISM II evaluated DM/Q effectiveness and tolerability for PBA secondary to dementia, stroke, or traumatic brain injury; dementia cohort results are reported.MethodsThis was an open-label, multicenter, 90 day trial; patients received DM/Q 20/10 mg twice daily. Primary outcome was change in Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale (CNS-LS) score. Secondary outcomes included PBA episode count and Clinical and Patient/Caregiver Global Impression of Change scores with respect to PBA (CGI-C/PGI-C).Results134 patients were treated. CNS-LS improved by a mean (SD) of 7.2 (6.0) points at Day 90/Endpoint (P<.001) vs. baseline. PBA episodes were reduced 67.7% (P<.001) vs. baseline; global measures showed 77.5% CGI-C and 76.5% PGI-C “much”/”very much” improved. Adverse events included headache (7.5%), urinary tract infection (4.5%), and diarrhea (3.7%); few patients dropped out for adverse events (10.4%).ConclusionsDM/Q significantly reduced PBA symptoms in patients with dementia; reported adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of DM/Q.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01799941.
Factors affecting the acceptability and consumption of Corn Soya Blend Plus as a prenatal dietary supplement among pregnant women in rural Cambodia
Authors: Janmohamed Amynah , Karakochuk Crystal D , Boungnasiri Somchit , Whitfield Kyly C , Chapman Gwen E , Janssen Patricia , McLean Judy , Green Timothy J 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveUndernutrition is prevalent among pregnant women in Cambodia. The provision of fortified dietary supplements is one strategy to help pregnant women meet their nutritional needs. Corn Soya Blend Plus (CSBP) is a widely used prenatal dietary supplement in areas with high rates of undernutrition and food insecurity. However, little is known about its acceptability during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify factors that affected the acceptability and consumption of CSBP supplements among pregnant women.DesignWomen completed a structured interview designed to provide information on facilitators of and barriers to utilization. In addition, six focus groups were conducted with a subset of women (n 70) to further explore attitudes, perceptions and experiences related to CSBP use.SettingTwo districts in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia.SubjectsPregnant women (n 288) participating in a cluster-randomized trial of CSBP.ResultsThe acceptability of CSBP was influenced by sensory attributes, family support, peer influences, and attitudes related to diet, nutritional status and weight gain in pregnancy. Attaining adequate nutrition was considered less important than other concerns during pregnancy, particularly anxiety related to the costs of delivery and postpartum care. Acceptance was lower among new mothers due to fears of weight gain. Health benefits were common reasons for continued use and minor side-effects, such as nausea, were not major barriers to consumption.ConclusionsCSBP was generally well accepted in this population. However, organoleptic factors and perceptions regarding nutrition and weight gain in pregnancy, particularly for first-time mothers, were barriers to increasing acceptance among Cambodian women.
Emotional intelligence development in radiation therapy students: a longitudinal study
Authors: Carmichael Mary-Ann , Bridge Pete , Harriman Anita 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeEmotional intelligence (EI) is an increasingly important aspect of a health professional’s skill set. It is strongly associated with empathy, reflection and resilience; all key aspects of radiotherapy practice. Previous work in other disciplines has formed contradictory conclusions concerning development of EI over time. This study aimed to determine the extent to which EI can develop during a radiotherapy undergraduate course and identify factors affecting this.Methods and materialsThis study used anonymous coded Likert-style surveys to gather longitudinal data from radiotherapy students relating to a range of self-perceived EI traits during their 3-year degree. Data were gathered at various points throughout the course from the whole cohort.ResultsA total of 26 students provided data with 14 completing the full series of datasets. There was a 17·2% increase in self-reported EI score with ap-value<0·0001. Social awareness and relationship skills exhibited the greatest increase in scores compared with self-awareness. Variance of scores decreased over time; there was a reduced change in EI for mature students who tended to have higher initial scores. EI increase was most evident immediately after clinical placements.ConclusionsRadiotherapy students increase their EI scores during a 3-year course. Students reported higher levels of EI immediately after their clinical placement; radiotherapy curricula should seek to maximise on these learning opportunities.