bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Reducing Salt Stress on the Yield and Quantitative Characteristics of Capsicum annuum L. Chilli Pepper Using Polyamine and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Subhi Fatima Haider , Karomi Kisko Mushtak F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To achieve the optimal and best growth of the plant and its production under salt stress, some materials were added in specific and sufficient quantities to obtain an ideal crop of salt-sensitive chili pepper plants. This experiment was carried out during the period (November 2022 to June 2023) in the Botanical Garden of the College of Science for women / University of Baghdad to study the effect of the amino acid polyamine and the growth regulator salicylic acid and their interactions on 7 traits under salt stress. Reflecting the total of quantitative and yield traits of Chili pepper (salt sensitive) Capsicum annuum L. Var. Anaheim TMR23 (from Biostim protection, Bakker Brothers, China). The experiment included three factors with three replications. The first factor included three levels (P0, P1, P2) (0, 2, 3 mg.l-1 polyamine), the second factor includes three levels (A0, A1, A2) (0, 75, 150 mg.l-1 salicylic acid) Likewise, the third factor included three levels of sodium chloride (S0, S1, S2) (0, 2000, 4000 PPM). The results of the experiment showed that different levels of salinity had a negative effect on the quantitative characteristics of chilli pepper plants, and it was noted that the second concentration of polyamine P2 and salicylic acid A2 were superior in reducing salinity. All values in many of the properties studied when interacting between polyamines and salicylic acid, it was observed that the highest value was P2A2 for the same properties studied when compared to the control, except for proline. While the ternary interaction P2A2S0 gave the highest value compared to the rest of the studied traits. It is clear from the results that proline had the highest value for all characteristics, In conclusion, this result indicates that the addition of polyamines and salicylic acid and their interactions effectively reduce the harmful effect of salt stress in chili pepper.
Separation and Identification of some Phenolic and Alkaloid Compounds from the Leaves and Flowers of Lantana camara Linn. and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Asri Omar J. , Sultan Fatimah I. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study included two paths: the first was to extract the active compounds from the leaves and flowers of Lantana camara L. using a Soxhleet device, and then to conduct the hydrolysis acid process for the methanolic extract to separate the phenolic compounds. The alkaloid compounds were also separated from the methanolic extract and diagnosed with HPLC technology. The results showed that the extracts contained atropine alkaloid and scopolamine, as well as six phenolic compounds in the leaves and seven in the flowers. In the second path, we study the biological effectiveness of these isolated compounds against bacteria used under study: staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Phenols achieved high inhibitory effects at a concentration of 400 mg/cm3 with an inhibitory diameter of 41±1.1 mm against the bacteria Staph.aureus used under study, while alkaloid compounds showed significantly inhibitory effects against the bacteria E. coli with the highest at a concentration of 400 mg/cm3 by 20±0.5 mm, and It did not show any effect against A.tumefaciens bacteria.
Evaluating the Performance of some Egyptian Varieties of Maize at High Plant Densities and Late Dates in the Fall Season in Iraqi Environment (Field Traits)
Authors: Mirza Entidhar Rashid , Hadi Banan Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at Research Station A of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Department of Field Crops in the Jadriya region for the fall season (2023) with the aim of evaluating the performance of some Egyptian varieties and comparing them with two local varieties of maize at high plant densities and late planting dates. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-spilt plots arrangement with four replications and three factors. The first factor included planting dates (1st and 10th August), the second factor included plant densities (70 and 90) thousand plants h-1, and the third factor included varieties (Baghdad 3, Al-Maha, TW-78, TW-345, IY-355 and IY-207). The results showed that the plants planted on the first date of 1stAugust were earlier, reaching 50% tasseling, which took 49.04 days, and 50% silking, which took 54.54 days. Plants of the same date were superior in plant height, as they gave 247.08 cm, the ear height reached 150.82, and the number of effective leaves was 13.97 leaves plant-1, While the first density plants took the least number of days to reach 50% tasseling, which amounted to 49.62 days and 54.04 days for silking. The first density also excelled in plant height (247.93) cm, stem height (147.57) cm, and number of effective leaves (13.43) leaf plant-1. The varieties differed significantly in field traits, as the Egyptian variety TW-78 was the earliest by giving it the least number of days to reach 50% tasseling and silking, while the Egyptian variety TW-345 excelled in plant height, ear height, and number of active leaves. The binary interaction (planting dates × plant density) did not appear significant in the mentioned traits, while the results showed the response of the varieties to delaying the planting dates from1st to 10th August for the mentioned traits with the exception of the number of effective leaves. The results showed the response of the varieties by increasing the plant density from 70 to 90 thousand plants per h-1 for the above-mentioned traits except for the ear height, while the triple interaction (planting dates × plant densities × varieties) showed significance for silking, ear height, and the number of effective leaves plant-1.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Monks Pepper Seeds on some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Humans
Authors: Altameme Huda Jasim M. , Sahi Nebras Mohammed , Mohammed Huda Abbas , Saad Ali Malik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study has done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Vitex agnus castus seeds (Lamiaceae family) against several Gram-positive and negative pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus sciuri, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas sobria and Serratia odorifera were isolated from people suffering from urinary tract infection depended on Laboratory diagnosis procedure via the steps recommended by MaCfadden for diagnosis, from each positive culture take a single colony and then identification according to morphological properties (color, colony shape, texture and edge), using Gram’s stain for detection microscopic properties of bacterial cells also help to differentiate between gram postive and Gram’s negative bacteria. In addition, Confirmation of bacterial study by Vitek 2 compact system. Inhibition zones showed that Enterococcus aerogenes was resistant to all types of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of V.agnus castus seeds and to all concentrations used. Finally, a group of antibiotics was tested against the isolated bacteria under study. The results showed that Erythromycin and Bacitracin were more resistant to the isolated bacteria, in contrast, the antibiotics Azithromycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacin inhibited the bacteria with varying diameters of inhibition. The current research suggests that the plant includes flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids that may be useful in the creating phytomedicine to treat the bacterial illnesses that were examined. This scientific article reveald that an watery extract of Vitex agnus castus seeds had great antimicrobial effect against dangerous clinical inflammations.
Herbicides and Effective Weed Control in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Alzahawi Sardar , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A. , Taha Abbas Abdulla 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Saladin University (Erbil Governorate) during the fall season of 2023, to evaluate the productivity of the yellow maize crop and control of weeds associated with it using two herbicides and their mixture under different planting distances. The experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Plant densities (66,600, 57,100, and 50,000 plants.ha-1) were assigned at the main plots, and control treatments (Nicosulfuron @ 48 g.ha-1, Metribuzin @ 400 g.ha-1, Nicosulfuron + Metribuzine @ 48+ 400 g.ha-1, weedy, and free weed) were assigned at sub-plots. The results showed that Nicosulfuron was superior in giving the best results. The herbicide gave the lowest average weed density after 30 and 60 days, the highest control rate, the highest number of grains per ear, the highest number of rows per ear, and the highest grain yield by (4.08 and 6.26 plant.m-2, 84.98%, 606.3 grains, 16.97 rows, and 5.93 tons.ha-1, respectively). Compared with the comparison equation, which gave the lowest weed density after 30 and 60 days, the lowest weed control rate, the lowest number of grains per ear, the lowest number of rows per ear, the lowest weight of 500 grains, and the lowest grain yield tons.ha-1. Furthermore, the results also showed that the plant density of 66,600 plants.ha-1 exceeded, as it gave the lowest average weed density after 30 and 60 days and the highest grain yield (6.22 and 9.04 plant.m-2 and 5.75 tons.ha-1, respectively). Moreover, the plant density of 57,100 plants.ha-1 also gave the highest average for the number of rows and the number of grains per ear, amounting to 15.83 rows and 5.39 grains, respectively, compared to the low density (50,000 plants.ha-1), which gave the lowest averages for all traits, but it exceeded by giving the highest weight of 500 grains of (119.92 g) only. However, the interaction had a significant effect on all the traits, as the herbicide treatment and the weed-free treatment showed a positive behavior by reducing the weed density, increasing the control rate, and increasing the components of yield and grain yield, according to the different plant densities used.
The Effect of Herbicides and Planting Distances on Growth Traits of Mungbean Crop and Some Traits of Weeds
Authors: Kanoosh Adel A. , Mohammed Yas A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2023 at the acid research station of the College of Agriculture, Anbar University, with the aim of studying 5 weed control treatments. Spraying herbicides at the recommended rate and spraying Bentazon herbicide at the recommended rate of 2 liters per liter + Gallant super at half the rate of 0.375 liters per liter. Spray the same two herbicides at half the recommended rate, in addition to the weed-free treatment and the weedy treatment, and three distances between plants of 10, 20, and 30 cm in the growth of mungbean and the accompanying weeds, with a distance of 50 cm between the rows. The experiment was implemented in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in a split plot design with three replications. The main panels included control treatments, and the spaces between plants occupied the secondary panels. It was found that using herbicides at the recommended rate was significantly superior in eliminating and reducing weed density to 12.79 plants m-2, which positively affected all growth traits. The distance of 30 cm recorded the highest average leaf area of 2120.18 cm2 plant-1, dry weight of roots 9.63 g plant-1, and the number of branches per plant 5.46 branches per plant-1. However, the distance of 10 cm was significantly superior in reducing weed density to 18.85. m-2 plants and an increase in plant height and leaf area index (71.69 cm) and (2.88).
The Effect of Mycorrhiza, Phosphorus and Humic Acids on Increasing the Content and Availability of N, P, and K During Vegetative Growth and Wheat Harvest
Authors: Idan Marwan Khaled , Oleiwi Mohammad Salal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mycorrhiza (M1) led to a significant increase in the availability of nutrients (K, P, N) in the soil during the growth stage. Moreover, treatment with phosphorus (P2) led to a significant increase in the availability of macronutrients (K, P, N) in the soil. The addition of humic acids also significantly increased the availability of K, P, and N in the soil. The joint interaction between fungal roots and humic acids was to provide the greatest amount of macronutrients in the soil during the vegetative development and harvest stages. The mutual interaction between mycorrhizae and phosphorus in the M1P2 treatment resulted in the greatest nutritional availability. The macronutrient levels in the soil during the vegetative development and harvest phases are as follows: 46.19 mg.kg-1 soil for the first nutrient, 35.41 mg.kg-1 soil for the second nutrient, 222.91 mg.kg-1 soil for the third nutrient, 39.28 mg.kg-1 soil for the fourth nutrient, and 26.00 mg.kg-1 soil for the fifth nutrient. The combined effect of the research components resulted in a substantial rise in the presence of macronutrients (potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) in the soil during the stages of plant growth and harvest. The concentrations of these nutrients were measured at 53.81, 39.07, 253.82, 43.80, 30.55, and 210.62 mg kg-1 soil for potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, respectively.
The Effect of Planting Date for Some Barley Varieties on Some Growth Characteristics and Green Fodder Yield and Quality
Authors: Farhan Fadhel Akhlas Abd , Saleh Shaker Mahdi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Salah al-Din Governorate - Al – Dur district for the season (2022-2023) season in a mixed soil with the aim of determining the extent to which barley varieties are affected by five cropping dates and the impact of this on growth characteristics fodder yield and quality. The experiment was designed according to a split – plot design with three replicates, the main panels are devoted to the five agriculture it is September 15, and 1 October, October 15, November 1, and November 15, while barley varieties were placed in secondary panels which (Arevat, Amal, Ebaa99, Boraq, Shoaa, Rehan, Sameer). The results of the experiment were as follow ׃ The last planting date November 15, achieved the highest averages for all the studied traits, namely the average leaf area, the number of tillers, and the yield of green and dry fodder, with values reaching 155.605 cm2, 540 branch. m2, 8.5481 tons.H-1, and 2.71095 tons.H-1 Compared to the third planting date, October 15, which gave the lowest average for leaf area and yields of green and dry fodder, with values reaching 119,743 cm2, 4.7605 tons ha-1, and 0.63286 tons ha-1, respectively, while the first date, September 15, recorded the lowest average number of branch, 317,917 branch. m2, The Sameer variety gave the highest averages for leaf area, number of tillers, green fodder yield, and dry fodder yield at values reached 181.979 cm2, 451,835 beach m2, 7.714 ton H-1, 2.008 ton H-1 respectively. As for the characteristics of protein and fiber percentage, the last date 15 November recorded the highest values of 8.38, 25.826%,, No significant differences were recorded between the varieties in the percentage protein and fiber, As for the interaction, the last date combination with the Shoaa variety achieved the highest values for leaf area, percentage of protein, While the combination of the last date and the variety Samir exceeded the highest averages in the number of shoots and dry fodder yield, The fourth date combination with the Samir cultivar recorded the highest values for fodder green yield,, While the last planting date and the variety ebaa 99 achieved the highest percentage of fiber.
The Effect of Climate Change on some Agricultural Crop Production in Basrah Governorate
Authors: Mahood Al-Hussein Bilal Hussein , Wahhab Al-Asadi Kadhim Abdul , Taher Al-Asadi Widad M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Agricultural production is directly affected by changes in the climatic elements, whether positive or negative, and the impact of this change is reflected in the area, yield and crop production, which affects the crop structure, so this research aims to analyse the impact of climate changes on crops for the period (1983-2022). As a comparative study, this is done by studying the yield and productivity of some crops and the most important appropriate climatic elements affecting their cultivation. These elements include the minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall and their impact on some grain crops, which are Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and vegetable crops, which are Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Cucumis sativus and Citrullus lanatus, as they were recorded during these periods. The highest mean maximum temperature was 27.67 °C as a general average for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest was 14 °C for the period 1983-1994. Humidity and rainfall were highest at 52.28% and 21.14% for the period 1994-2005, respectively, and the lowest was 47.42 and 12.42 for the period 2016-2022 and 2005-2. 016 on respectively. As for the yield, it was recorded for the grain crops T. aestivum and H. vulgare, the highest being 341083 and 191917 kg for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest being 19557 and 20272 kg for the periods 1983-1994 and 1994-2005, respectively. As for the yield of vegetable crops, the highest yield was for S. lycopersicum, which was 110,500 kg in 2016-2022, and the highest yield for S. melongena was 40,250 kg for the same period. As for the crops of cucumber and watercress, the highest yields were 2,000,000 and 906,750 kg for the periods 1994-2005 and 2016-2022, respectively, and the lowest was 198,700. And 258,482 kg for the two periods of 2016-2022 and 1983-1994, respectively. As for C. lanatus, its highest yield was 906,750 for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest was 258,182 kg for the period 1983-1994. The results also included identifying and knowing the productivity of the studied crops, so it recorded the highest and lowest values for it and for different periods of time, as it reached the highest productivity for T. aestivum and H. vulgare crops 4366714 and 33353105 tons for the time period 2016-2022 and 23185143 tons for S. lycopersicum and 1857167 tons and 1274300 for the crop of C. sativus and 1274300 tons for C. lanatus for the same time period and for S. melongena the highest yield was 243709 tons for the period 1994-2005.
Assessing the Fertilization Effect and Other Parameters about Three Wheat Cultivars’ Performance in Terms of Growth and Yield
Authors: Nahari Falah Mahdi , Hussein Haider Talib , Sarhid Abdullah Fadel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was coundected to grow the wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in Babylon provainc / Al-Musayyib District / Mashrou’ Al-Musayyib District on 11/19/2023 in soil with a silty loam texture for the purpose of studying and evaluating the performance of three local cultivars of wheat for growth and yield traits and to estimate some of their genetic parameters. With the effect of foliar fertilization for the winter season (2023/2024). Based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) according to the factorial experiment system and with three factors, the first is three types (IPA 99, Buhouth 22 and Adna), and the second is three concentrations of (chelated iron) (0, 50). 100) mg L-1 (Fe0, Fe1, and Fe2). The third is three spraying times (tillering, stem elongation, and booting) (S1, S2, S3). The results show that there are significant differences for the cultivars, where the Adna cultivar excelled and gave the highest average in the traits (plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of spike) reaching (106 cm, 167.19 tillers m-2, 43.07 cm, 43.222 SPAD, and 26.815 spikelets and 156.56 spikes m-2) respectively. Iron concentrations (100 mg L-1) gave a significant increase in traits (plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of spikes) reaching (101.419 cm, 167.19 shoot m-2, 42.222 cm, 44.356 SPAD, and 25.593 spikelets and 153.48 spike m-2) respectively. Spraying date S3 gave a significantly excelled in the trait (plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of ears) amounting to (99.53 cm, 40.485 cm, and 43.667 SPAD 25.593 spikes-2) respectively, while spraying date S1 gave a significantly excelled in traits (number of spikes). The number of spikes reached (159.37 spikes m-2 and 148.26 spike m-2), respectively. The bi and triple interactions gave significant differences in most of the studied traits.
Effect of Biochar and By-Products of Kubeisa Cement Factory on The Characteristics of Vegetative Growth for The Hot Pepper Plant Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Khalaf Al-Fahdawy Mohammed Ismail , Madhan AlFahdawy Harith Sadaa , Almehemdi Ali F , Al-Fahdawi Omer Ismail , Abdulmajeed Amer Hashim , Abdulmageed Lara Hashim , Dthanoon Nour Shakib 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The pots experiment was carried out spring season of 2023 in the wooden canopy of the Centre of Desert Studies at the University of Anbar. in soil with an alluvial mixture texture. To study the effect of soil application of biochar in three concentrations (0,15, 25 gm. Pot-1), and the by-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory (0,10,15 gm. Pot-1) on the vegetative growth characteristics of Capsicum annuum L. A factorial experiment was carried out with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and three replications, the first factor being the concentrations of the biochar soil and the second factor being the concentrations of by-products. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The addition of biochar in the soil had a significant effect on some vegetative growth characteristics, the level of 15 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average plant height (59.1 cm), while the concentration of 25 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average chlorophyll index percentage in the leaves (52.36 spads), the average internode number (14.1 internodes plant-1) and the average stem diameter (0.57). 2. By-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory addition to the soil led to a significant increase in the average of most studied characteristics, the level of 10 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average for the number of characteristics, including plant height (59.6 cm), the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (52.77 spades), the internodes number (14.3 internodes plant-1) and stem diameter (0.57 cm plant-1), and dry weight of the plant (43.8 g plant-1). While 15 gm. Pot-1 recorded the highest average branch number (22.8 branches plant-1). 3. The interaction between the levels of additional biochar and by-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory affected the vegetative total of the plant and had a significant effect on all the characteristics studied, the addition of 25 gm. Pot-1 with by-products of 15 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average plant height (60.6 cm) and the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (53.99 spads), pod length (6.08 cm) and dry weight of the plant (46.0 gm.).