bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dimension split method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions
Authors: Chen H. , Li K. , Wang S. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we describe a new method for the three‐dimensional steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, which is called the dimension split method (DSM). The basic idea of DSM is that the three‐dimensional space is split up into a cluster of two‐dimensional manifolds and then the three‐dimensional solution is approximated by the solutions on these two‐dimensional manifolds. Through introducing some technologies, such as SUPG stabilization, multigrid method, and such, we firstly make DSM feasible in the computation of real flow. Because of split property of DSM, all computation is carried out on these two‐dimensional manifolds, namely, a series of two‐dimensional problems only need to be solved in the computation of three‐dimensional problem, which greatly reduces the difficulty and the computational cost in the mesh generation. Moreover, these two‐dimensional problems can be computed simultaneously and a coarse‐grained parallel algorithm would be constructed, whereas the two‐dimensional manifold is considered as the computation unit. In the last, we explore the behavior and the accuracy of the proposed method in two numerical examples. Firstly, error estimates, performance of multigrid method, and parallel algorithm are well‐demonstrated by the known analytical solution case. Secondly, the computations of three‐dimensional lid‐driven cavity flows with different Reynolds numbers are compared with other numerical simulations. Results show that the present implementation is able to exhibit good stability and accuracy properties for real flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intense interface seismicity triggered by a shallow slow slip event in the Central Ecuador subduction zone
Authors: Vallée Martin , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Battaglia Jean , Font Yvonne , Segovia Monica , Régnier Marc , Mothes Patricia , Jarrin Paul , Cisneros David , Vaca Sandro , Yepes Hugo , Martin Xavier , Béthoux Nicole , Chlieh Mohamed 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe document a 1 week long slow slip event (SSE) with an equivalent moment magnitude of 6.0–6.3 which occurred in August 2010 below La Plata Island (Ecuador), south of the rupture area of the 1906 Mw = 8.8 megathrust earthquake. GPS data reveal that the SSE occurred at a depth of about 10 km, within the downdip part of a shallow (<15 km), isolated, locked patch along the subduction interface. The availability of both broadband seismometer and continuous geodetic station located at the La Plata Island, 10 km above the SSE, enables a careful analysis of the relationships between slow and rapid processes of stress release along the subduction interface. During the slow slip sequence, the seismic data show a sharp increase of the local seismicity, with more than 650 earthquakes detected, among which 50 have a moment magnitude between 1.8 and 4.1. However, the cumulative moment released through earthquakes accounts, at most, for 0.2% of the total moment release estimated from GPS displacements. Most of the largest earthquakes are located along or very close to the subduction interface with focal mechanism consistent with the relative plate motion. While the earthquake sizes show a classical distribution (Gutenberg‐Richter law with a b‐value close to 1), the space‐time occurrence presents a specific pattern. First, the largest earthquakes appear to occur randomly during the slow slip sequence, which further evidence that the seismicity is driven by the stress fluctuations related to aseismic slip. Moreover, the seismicity observed during the SSE consists in individual events and families of repeating earthquakes. These observations indicate that the stress increment induced by the episodic aseismic slip may lead both to sudden seismic moment release and to progressive rupture within small locked patches. This study offers an a posteriori interpretation of the seismogenesis in the Central Ecuador subduction zone, where intense seismic swarms have been regularly observed (1977, 1998, 2002, and 2005). These swarms have likely been triggered by large‐magnitude slow slip events.
Cationic 1,3‐diazadienes in annulation reactions. Synthesis of pyrimidine, thiadiazinedioxide and triazine derivatives
Authors: Landreau Cyrille , Deniaud David , Reliquet Alain , Reliquet FranÇOise , Meslin Jean Claude 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTriazapentadienium iodides 2 prepared from N'‐thiocarbamoylformamidines 1 are efficient intermediates in heterocyclic synthesis. They react with ketenes, sulfenes, phenyl isocyanate or isothiocyanate and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate affording the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones 3, thiadiazinedioxides 5, triazinones 6, triazinethiones 7 and pyrimidines 9.
Comparison of three‐dimensional pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging with gradient‐echo and spin‐echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
Authors: Wong Alex M. , Yan Feng‐Xian , Liu Ho‐Ling 
Published: May 2013

PurposeTo compare the relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained by pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling sequence incorporated with volumetric fast spin‐echo readout (3D‐PCASL) with those by gradient‐echo (GE) and spin‐echo (SE) dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI.Materials and MethodsThirty patients with various neurological diseases participated in this study. In addition to 3D‐PCASL, 15 patients received GE‐DSC and the others received SE‐DSC imaging on a 3 Tesla scanner. A cortical gray matter (GM) to white matter (WM) and a thalamus (TM) to WM CBF ratio were determined from each perfusion scan. In addition, histograms of relative CBF distributions were obtained from each method for comparison.ResultsSignificant correlations of CBF ratios were found between 3D‐PCASL and the two DSC methods (P < 0.05). The 3D‐PCASL resulted in GM/WM CBF ratios similar to SE‐DSC but significantly smaller than GE‐DSC (P = 2.3 × 10−7). TM/WM CBF ratio obtained by 3D‐PCASL was significantly smaller than those by GE‐ and SE‐DSC (P = 4.1 × 10−7 and 1.2 × 10−6, respectively). The histogram of relative CBF maps obtained from SE‐DSC, after applied spatial smoothing, agreed well with that from 3D‐PCASL.ConclusionThis study suggested that perfusion images obtained from 3D‐PCASL exhibited significant correlations with DSC‐MRI, with greater microvascular weighting like SE‐DSC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:427–433. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient particle filtering through residual nudging
Authors: Luo Xiaodong , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe introduce an auxiliary technique, called residual nudging, to the particle filter to enhance its performance in cases where it performs poorly. The main idea of residual nudging is to monitor and, if necessary, adjust the residual norm of a state estimate in the observation space so that it does not exceed a pre‐specified threshold. We suggest a rule to choose the pre‐specified threshold, and construct a state estimate accordingly to achieve this objective. Numerical experiments suggest that introducing residual nudging to a particle filter may (substantially) improve its performance, in terms of filter accuracy and/or stability against divergence, especially when the particle filter is implemented with a relatively small number of particles.
THE RETURN OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.) AND IMPROVED WATER QUALITY IN URBAN RIVERS IN OSLO, NORWAY
Authors: Saltveit S. J. , Brittain J. E. , Bremnes T. , Brabrand Å. , Bækken T. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTMost rivers and streams in the city of Oslo, Norway, rise in the surrounding forests, and all run through industrial and urban areas before they reach the sea. Most of these rivers have a long history of poor water quality in the middle and lower reaches until the early 1980s. This was reflected in low benthic diversity and the absence of fish. However, at the end of the 1970s, considerable efforts were made to limit industrial discharges, pollution episodes, and urban runoff, resulting in a substantial improvement in water quality. This improvement in water quality resulted in major changes in the benthos and fish populations of the rivers, especially the river Akerselva, which runs through the city centre. Here Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) became extinct in the mid‐1800s and did not return until 1983. Atlantic salmon and sea trout (Salmo trutta) now spawn in the lower reaches, and the river supports juvenile populations of these salmonids. In line with the improvement in water quality, benthic biodiversity has also increased. These improvements have been documented based on long‐term monitoring of benthos and fish. Increased benthic diversity and presence of fish also enabled the authorities to trace the source of several pollution episodes that led to fish kills. The European Union Water Framework Directive will bring further pressure to maintain a stable and good ecological status for the Oslo rivers, although it may be difficult to attain this goal in an urban environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Single DNA Molecule Hybridization on a Surface by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Pastré David , Joshi Vandana , Curmi Patrick A. , Hamon Loic 
Published: May 2013

AbstractImproving the detection of DNA hybridization is a critical issue for several challenging applications encountered in microarray and biosensor domains. Herein, it is demonstrated that hybridization between complementary single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules loosely adsorbed on a mica surface can be achieved thanks to fine‐tuning of the composition of the hybridization buffer. Single‐molecule DNA hybridization occurs in only a few minutes upon encounters of freely diffusing complementary strands on the mica surface. Interestingly, the specific hybridization between complementary ssDNA is not altered in the presence of large amounts of nonrelated DNA. The detection of single‐molecule DNA hybridization events is performed by measuring the contour length of DNA in atomic force microscopy images. Besides the advantage provided by facilitated diffusion, which promotes hybridization between probes and targets on mica, the present approach also allows the detection of single isolated DNA duplexes and thus requires a very low amount of both probe and target molecules.
Do They Make a Difference? The Impact of English Language Programs on Second Language Students in Canadian Universities
Authors: Fox Janna , Cheng Liying , Zumbo Bruno D. 
Published: May 2013

Few studies have investigated the impact of English language programs on second language (L2) students studying in Canadian universities (Cheng & Fox, 2008; Fox, 2005, 2009). This article reports on questionnaire responses of 641 L2 students studying in 36 English language programs in 26 Canadian universities. The researchers identified programs by their activity emphasis as either English as a second language (ESL) or English for academic purposes (EAP). Activity emphasizing speaking, social interaction, and general language development was viewed as ESL, whereas activity that emphasized academic reading, writing, and language development was considered EAP. The researchers used structural equation modeling procedures to examine the network of relationships between language program emphasis and participants' background characteristics in influencing academic and social engagement. A model of moderated mediation (Wu & Zumbo, 2008) was confirmed; that is, language program activities were found to account for variation in strategies which mediated academic and social engagement. However, the impact was moderated (lessened or strengthened) by three personal background factors: anxiety, stress, and motivation. This study refines our understanding of the positive impact of ESL and EAP programs on L2 university students' academic and social engagement.
Synthesis and Characterization of η6‐Arene Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Oxopentadienyl and Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Cruz‐Cruz José Ignacio de la , Romano‐Tequimila Julio Cesar , Juarez‐Saavedra Patricia , Paz‐Sandoval M. Angeles 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAn addition reaction of dinuclear [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3, 1‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)]2(BF4)2 (1) with different Lewis bases in acetone results in the formation of mononuclear [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)(L)](BF4) (L = PMe3, 2; PPh3, 3; PHPh2, 4; Ph2PEtPy, 6; CO, 7) and dinuclear [{(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)}2(μ2‐dppe)](BF4)2 (5). The addition of Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 to the dinuclear product 1 affords 5 which show a bridging phosphine between two ruthenium centers. A comparative study of the new cationic arene derivatives and the corresponding isoelectronic Cp*Ru(heteropentadienyl) is established. All compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structures of 2 and 3 are also described.
Derivatisation of an Anti‐Cancer Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide and its Complexation to Platinum(II)
Authors: Parker James P. , Devocelle Marc , Marmion Celine J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis work focuses on the cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAP) DP18L with its known propensity to target and selectively kill cancer cells. DP18L was derivatised to dap‐DP18L where dap is 2,3‐diaminopropionic acid. Dap facilitated binding to PtII via an (N,N') bidentate ligand to afford the first reported Pt‐CAP complex, cis‐[Pt(dap‐DP18L)Cl2)]. The syntheses of the peptides and the Pt‐peptide complex were carried out using solid phase chemistry. It was envisioned that the presence of the peptide in the complex would confer enhanced selectivity of the novel complex for neoplastic cells in addition to increasing the cellular uptake of the complex relative to cisplatin.
Desmopressin melt improves response and compliance compared with tablet in treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Juul Kristian Vinter , Van Herzeele Charlotte , De Bruyne Pauline , Goble Sandra , Walle Johan Vande , Nørgaard Jens Peter 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Primary nocturnal enuresis is a prevalent childhood condition that can persist into adulthood. Desmopressin is an antidiuretic available as orally disintegrating lyophilisate (melt) or solid tablet. Recent findings suggesting different food interactions and clinical characteristics, including compliance, between desmopressin melt and tablet motivated a post hoc analysis of a previously reported randomised, crossover study. The efficacy of desmopressin melt compared with tablet was evaluated using the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS) responder definitions. Compliance was further analysed using detailed criteria, and the association between efficacy and compliance was examined. In total, 221 patients aged 5–15 years, already receiving desmopressin tablets were randomised to the treatment sequence melt (120/240 μg)/tablet (0.2/0.4 mg) or tablet/melt in two consecutive 3-week periods. The probability of being a responder (partial or full) during either period was significantly more likely with desmopressin melt compared with tablet (odds ratio, 2.0; confidence intervals, 1.07–3.73; p = 0.03). There was no period effect on compliance in the tablet/melt sequence and no difference in the number of completely compliant patients in each formulation group; however, more patients were >75 % compliant in period 1 compared with period 2 in the melt/tablet sequence. Increased compliance was associated with greater reductions in the number of wet nights for both formulations. Conclusions: Desmopressin melt, compared with tablet, improves the probability of being a responder. Switching from tablet to melt formulation increased patient compliance. Increased compliance was associated with increased efficacy. Switching to desmopressin melt may benefit patients with suboptimal responses to desmopressin tablet.
A Nation Divided: Building the Cross-Border Mapuche Nation in Chile and Argentina
Authors: WARREN SARAH 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn Chile and Argentina, indigenous Mapuche intellectuals contend that there is a single Mapuche nation that spans the Chile–Argentina border. When Mapuche people talk about the Mapuche nation and create symbols to represent it, however, they can mean both the Mapuche nation within the Chilean and Argentine state borders and the cross-border Mapuche nation. The dual nature of this project raises important theoretical questions about the nation-building process. In this article, I argue that Mapuche activists are engaging in a multi-scalar geopolitical imagination. They are imagining the geographic, political and cultural elements of the Mapuche nation at two scales simultaneously: within nation-state borders and across them. The overlapping and contested nature of this process means that the nation-building project is full of new tensions and constraints. However, it is also an example of ‘thinking otherwise’ and imagining an alternative sense of national belonging.
Diversified Business Groups and the Transnationalisation of the Salvadorean Economy
Authors: BULL BENEDICTE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEl Salvador has undergone a deep economic transformation over recent decades, from a model based on agro-exports to an open, transnational service-based economy. This transformation has occurred in a context dominated historically by a small group of elite families that formed family-owned diversified business groups (DBGs). This paper studies the leading groups' strategies in confronting transnationalisation. It shows that the DBGs have adapted to the new realities through a combination of sector shifts, internationalisation and the adoption of different kinds of relationships with multinationals. In spite of this, there is little evidence that the DBGs have become less important or subordinate to multinational corporations. Rather, they have, in different ways, exploited their local and regional knowledge and networks to confront competition at home and expand at the regional level.
Associations of prenatal maternal smoking with offspring hyperactivity: causal or confounded?
Authors: Keyes K. M. , Davey Smith G. , Susser E. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe relationship between prenatal tobacco exposure and hyperactivity remains controversial. To mitigate limitations of prior studies, we used a strategy involving comparison of maternal and paternal smoking reports in a historical sample where smoking during pregnancy was common.MethodData were drawn from a longitudinally followed subsample of the Child Health and Development Study (n = 1752), a population-based pregnancy cohort ascertained in 1961–1963 in California. Maternal prenatal smoking was common (33.4%). Maternal and paternal smoking patterns were assessed at three time points by mother report. Hyperactivity was assessed at the mean of age of 10 years based on mother report to a personality inventory.ResultsUnadjusted, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with offspring hyperactivity [β = 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.33] and, to a similar degree, when the father smoked (β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.07–0.30). After adjustment, maternal smoking remained robustly predictive of offspring hyperactivity (β = 0.25, 95% CI 0.09–0.40) but father smoking was not (β = 0.02, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.24). When examined among the pairs matched on propensity score, mother smoking was robustly related to offspring hyperactivity whether the father smoked (β = 0.26, 95% CI 0.03–0.49) or did not smoke (β = 0.30, 95% CI 0.04–0.57). By number of cigarettes, associations with hyperactivity were present for 10–19 and 20+ cigarettes per day among mothers.ConclusionsIn a pregnancy cohort recruited in a time period in which smoking during pregnancy was common, we document associations between prenatal smoking exposure and offspring hyperactivity. Novel approaches to inferring causality continue to be necessary in describing the potential adverse consequences of prenatal smoking exposure later in life.
Imaginary groups: lazy monoids and reversible computation
Authors: GABBAY MURDOCH J. , KROPHOLLER PETER H. 
Published: May 2013

We use constructions in monoid and group theory to exhibit an adjunction between the category of partially ordered monoids and lazy monoid homomorphisms and the category of partially ordered groups and group homomorphisms such that the unit of the adjunction is injective. We also prove a similar result for sets acted on by monoids and groups.We introduce the new notion of a lazy homomorphism for a function f between partially ordered monoids such that f(m ○ m′) ≤ f(m) ○ f(m′).Every monoid can be endowed with the discrete partial ordering (m ≤ m′ if and only if m=m′), so our constructions provide a way of embedding monoids into groups. A simple counterexample (the two-element monoid with a non-trivial idempotent) and some calculations show that one can never hope for such an embedding to be a monoid homomorphism, so the price paid for injecting a monoid into a group is that we must weaken the notion of a homomorphism to this new notion of a lazy homomorphism.The computational significance of this is that a monoid is an abstract model of computation – or at least of ‘operations’ – and, similarly, a group models reversible computations/operations. With this reading, the adjunction with its injective unit gives a systematic high-level way of faithfully translating an irreversible system into a ‘lazy’ reversible one.Informally, but perhaps informatively, we can describe this work as follows: we give an abstract analysis of how we can sensibly add ‘undo’ (in the sense of ‘control-Z’).
A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM Practice ‐ Abstract of the Edinburgh Discussion
Authors: Cantle Neil 
Published: May 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:AllanN., CantleN., GodfreyP. and YinY.A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM practice.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S135732171200030X
Microstructural Characterization of Concrete Prepared with Recycled Aggregates
Authors: Guedes Mafalda , Evangelista Luís , de Brito Jorge , Ferro Alberto C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSeveral authors have reported the workability, mechanical properties, and durability of concrete produced with construction waste replacing the natural aggregate. However, a systematic microstructural characterization of recycled aggregate concrete has not been reported. This work studies the use of fine recycled aggregate to replace fine natural aggregate in the production of concrete and reports the resulting microstructures. The used raw materials were natural aggregate, recycled aggregate obtained from a standard concrete, and Portland cement. The substitution extent was 0, 10, 50, and 100 vol%; hydration was stopped at 9, 24, and 96 h and 28 days. Microscopy was focused on the cement/aggregate interfacial transition zone, enlightening the effect of incorporating recycled aggregate on the formation and morphology of the different concrete hydration products. The results show that concretes with recycled aggregates exhibit typical microstructural features of the transition zone in normal strength concrete. Although overall porosity increases with increasing replacement, the interfacial bond is apparently stronger when recycled aggregates are used. An addition of 10 vol% results in a decrease in porosity at the interface with a corresponding increase of the material hardness. This provides an opportunity for development of increased strength Portland cement concretes using controlled amounts of concrete waste.