bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRE-INJURY AND INJURY-RELATED PREDICTORS OF DISABILITY 3 AND 12 MONTHS AFTER INJURY: HOSPITALISED AND NON-HOSPITALISED
Authors: Derrett S , Samaranayaka A , Wilson S , Langley JD , Ameratunga S , Cameron ID , Lilley R , Wyeth E , Davie G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundMost studies of injury outcome are restricted to hospitalised people. Little is known about outcomes for those not hospitalised, and few studies have used validated measures of disability.AimsWe identify factors associated with disability among hospitalised and non-hospitalised people, 3- and 12-months after injury.MethodsThe Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study recruited participants (n=2856) via New Zealand's no-fault injury compensation insurer (ACC) database. A wide range of pre-injury demographic, health and injury-related characteristics were collected at interview. Injury severity scores (NISS) and 12 injury categories were derived from ICD-10 codes. The World Health Organisation's WHODAS 12-item instrument was used to assess disability. Multivariable analyses examine relationships between explanatory variables and disability at both time-points.ResultsDisability was prevalent among hospitalised and non-hospitalised participants, 3-months after injury (54% and 39% respectively). In both groups pre-injury disability, obesity and more severe injuries were associated with increased odds of post-injury disability. A range of other pre-injury demographic, health and injury-related factors were associated with disability, but only in one group for example, female (OR=1.78), ≥2 chronic conditions (OR=1.92) or leg fracture (OR=3.50) among hospitalised; age 35–54 years (OR=1.40), trouble accessing healthcare (OR=1.92), spine sprains/strains (OR=2.21) and assault (OR=3.04) among non-hospitalised.SignificancePost-injury disability is prevalent, regardless of being hospitalised or not. Apart from pre-injury disability, obesity and higher injury severity, factors associated with increased odds of disability were not common to both groups. Where possible, studies which include both hospitalised, and non-hospitalised, are likely to increase our understanding of disability outcomes.
TOWARDS A FUTURE WITHOUT VIOLENCE: A COMMUNITY VIOLENCE PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR THE NORTH METROPOLITAN AREA OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Costello D , Stevely S , Niven J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe Injury Control Council of WA (ICCWA) and the North Metropolitan Area Health Service (NMAHS) formed a partnership in 2009 to address concerns around community violence in the North Metropolitan Area of Western Australia expressed by both agencies as well as community members.ObjectivesFacilitate collaboration to develop, promote and implement strategies to reduce community violence in the North Metropolitan Area of Western Australia.MethodICCWA developed and utilised a Community Violence Prevention Project Model based on a sustainable community development approach. Aspects include literature reviews, stakeholder engagement and the establishment of a reference group. Ongoing consultation with stakeholders was integral to ICCWA's approach.OutcomeCoordination and delivery of a Community Violence Forum 2010 involving over 100 key stakeholders.• Completion of ‘scoping project’ to assess gaps in community violence service areas and priorities for programme implementation.• Development and publication of a comprehensive Strategy for the Prevention of Community Violence across the North Metropolitan Area.• Commenced the development of local action planning with a selected community.SignificanceThe development of this Community Violence Prevention Strategy represents a unique collaboration between ICCWA, a peak non-government organisation and the NMAHS. Involvement from politicians, WA Police, health professionals and the broader community supports the framework that this strategy provides for ongoing work to prevent community violence.
COLLABORATION MULTIPLIER: ADVANCING A MULTI-SECTORAL APPROACH TO PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND UNINTENTIONAL INJURY
Authors: Pan J , Cohan L 
Published: October 2012

Injury and violence are among the most serious public health challenges facing our communities. Injuries are the leading cause of death for Americans 1–44, resulting in over $406 billion in health costs and lost productivity. At the same time, pervasive violence results in substantial health effects; over 740 000 youth are treated in the ER annually as a result of violence, the second leading cause of death for youth 10–24. While unintentional and intentional injury prevention advocates have traditionally been siloed from each other, there are benefits to coordinating efforts. Understanding partner intentions and motivations, perspectives on the issue at hand, communication styles, professional and community cultures, and varying interests, values, and missions can lead to more effective collaboration.Informed by years of experience working collaboratively with a range of diverse organisations on community prevention efforts, Prevention Institute developedCollaboration Multiplier,a framework for community stakeholders and decision makers to learn more about each other and identify ways of working together. Advocates from both unintentional and intentional injury fields can engage groups across a multitude of sectors and disciplines, including public health, policymakers, planners, law enforcement, educators, community-based organisations, and health care providers to leverage expertise, share data and best practices, and maximise their collective impact.This presentation will share the lessons learned from various community efforts utilising multi-sector collaboration and introduce a tool for delineating potential roles for unintentional and intentional injury advocates to engage in strategies to create safe and equitable communities.
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES AND GEOSTATISTICAL MODELS APPLIED TO THE HOMICIDES STUDY IN CALI, COLOMBIA
Authors: Ortega D , Arango D , Andrade M , Fandiño A , Gutiérrez MI 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn a city with high rates of violence such as Cali is important to use tools to monitor this phenomenon to identify the sites of major crime and thereby prevent and mitigate the problem.ObjectivesTo estimate the homicide risk in Cali through geostatistical models involving spatial correlation structure as also identifying relationships between variables that explain the homicidies in the city.MethodsThe methodology has two components: the first one corresponds to the spatial analysis which observes if there is a possible correlation of homicides (also addressing statistical methods of concentration) and distribution as it works in geostatistics. The second is to characterise the homicides through a multiple factor analysis, working with tables of three indexes: individuals, variables, and the moments when these variables are measured.ResultsUsing this methodology, the results indicate that the highest homicide risk is concentrated in the neighbourhoods of central and eastern sectors of the city, as well as evidencing the communes of the centre have the highest number of murder cases which are highly related with firearm deaths, knifes, unemployees and male gender. Also was observed anisotropic behaviour of semivariogram, directed by an angle of 90 degrees, which corresponds to the eastern neighbourhoods of the city.Contribution to the FieldThrough this methodology, we can obtain useful tools and strategies to help the stake holders in differentiated by zones, and build public policy actions to mitigate the problem and prevent homicide deaths.
DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY SAFETY SCORECARD: USING SMALL AREA DESIGNATIONS TO DESCRIBE RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS AND INEQUITIES ACROSS A LARGE URBAN AREA
Authors: Weiss B , Meza M , Lee S , Hsu P , Rice C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite downward cascading crime rates, many communities have extraordinarily high rates of gang violence and other violent crime. Children in these communities experience victimisation or witness crime and violence on a daily basis.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo understand neighbourhood disparities in safety and community equity, the Violence Prevention Coalition and the Advancement Project created a Community Safety Scorecard, ‘snapshot’, of risk and protective factors to compare neighbourhoods and communities within Los Angeles.MethodsApproximately 1400 indicators identified as relevant to community safety. Using regression analyses four domains were identified with the greatest correlation to desired outcomes. These domains are; community safety, risk-factors, protective-factors, and school conditions. Three to five indicators in each of the domains provided sufficient information to generate a meaningful score. Indicators were then aggregated and indexed to create a standardised score by ‘zip code’, and letter grades from A to F, similar to school report cards were assigned.Results/OutcomesInequity in public safety and investment was revealed and solutions suggested. Zip-codes with little investment and those in danger of becoming ‘hot zones.’ were identified. Recommendations for a multi-layered violence reduction model were designed.Significance/Contributions to the FieldThe Scorecard helps to identify solutions and provides direction to the type of solutions needed. It shows that focusing attention only on one domain is not sufficient to turn high risk neighbourhoods into safe communities. This methodology is adaptable to other locations and provides a tool for community progress. It calls attention to community inequities and can guide policymakers towards equitable resource distribution.
USE OF NESTED CASE-CROSSOVER STUDY WITHIN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY TO EXAMINE BOTH FIXED AND TRANSIENT RISK FACTORS FOR SLIPPING
Authors: Verma SK , Chang WR , Lombardi DA , Courtney TK , Huang YH , Brennan MJ , Perry MJ 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSlips and falls are one of the leading causes of injury.ObjectivesUsing a nested case-crossover study within a prospective cohort study, we examined the associations between fixed factors (floor surface characteristics, slip-resistant shoes, floor cleaning frequency) and transient factors (rushing, distraction, contaminated floor), and the rate of slipping in limited-service restaurant workers.Methods475 workers from 36 limited-service restaurants in the US participated in a prospective cohort study of workplace slipping with a nested case-crossover arm. At baseline, kitchen floor surface roughness and coefficient of friction (COF) were measured. Slip-resistant status of the shoes was determined by direct observation. Restaurant managers reported the frequency of daily kitchen floor cleaning. Information about usual frequency of transient exposure was also obtained at the baseline. Participants reported their slip experience, whether exposed to transient exposures at the time of slip, and work hours weekly for up to 12 weeks. A negative-binomial GEE model and Mantel-Haenszel estimator for person-time data were used to calculate rate ratios.ResultsAdjusting for covariates, use of slip-resistant shoes was associated with a 54% reduction in the rate of slipping (95% CI 37 to 64%) and the rate of slipping decreased by 21% (95% CI 5% to 34%) for each 0.1 increase in the mean kitchen COF. The rate of slipping was significantly increased by rushing, distraction and walking on a contaminated floor. Use of slip-resistant shoes decreased the effects of rushing and contaminated floor.SignificanceThese results provide support for the use of slip-resistant shoes and measures to increase COF as preventive interventions to reduce slips, falls, and injuries.
PREVENTING FALL INJURIES AMONG ELDERLY BY SHOCK ABSORBING FLOORING
Authors: Gustavsson J , Nilson F , Andersson R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWithin nursing homes, the fall-related fracture incidence rate is between 5 and 10%. For those living in nursing homes there are limited options for active fall injury prevention, due to physical impairments and diseases. Instead, passive fall injury prevention is a more realistic alternative. Shock absorbing flooring has been suggested as a potential passive safety measure for this group of individuals.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo evaluate the fall injury reducing effect of shock absorbing flooring in a nursing home setting in Sunne, Sweden.MethodsThe study is case controlled, with the shock absorbing flooring installed on one ward with a maximum of 12 residents and the other five wards are controls. The total number of residents including control wards is approximately 60. Baseline measurements are made with estimates of the risk of falling as well as the risk of fall-related injury.Results/OutcomeAfter 1 year, there has been 22 falls on the shock absorbing flooring, with no resulting injury compared to 130 falls and four fractures on the control wards. An unexpected finding is that the acoustic environment has improved considerably, creating a calmer environment for the elderly.Significance/Contribution to the FieldTo our knowledge, this is the first time a shock absorbing flooring has been tested and evaluated as a means of injury prevention in a nursing home. Although this is a pilot study, it contributes towards improved passive safety for this frail group of elderly.
THE IDENTIFICATION AND TARGETED PRE-LICENCE REMEDIATION OF OVERCONFIDENT, RISK-TAKING YOUNG DRIVERS
Authors: Hill J , Fickling G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury and death rates are much higher for overconfident, risk-taking young drivers. Understanding their differing driver personality (Driver IQ) characteristics enables identification and remediation of negative behaviour before or just after licensing, and has a greater impact on youth road safety than any other initiative, particularly any that does not address driver personality.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo reliably identify risk-taking drivers, and to enrol them in a process of attitude change that permanently improves driving behaviour.MethodGroups of pre-drivers completed a unique questionnaire and as a result self-evaluated into two distinct Driver IQ groups—Demure (cautious) and Dominant (risk-taking) drivers. Drivers in each group then received attitude training that targeted their different needs and characteristics.Results/OutcomesDrivers trained by this method showed far more willingness to change negative behaviour and their crash rates were reduced by more than 50% over control groups who did not receive such training.Significance/Contribution to the fieldBeing able to identify and repair poor youth driving behaviour is critical in reducing high levels of youth road trauma. Understanding driver personality types and the different training needs of each type is ground-breaking, and critical to the effective future training of all young drivers. From this knowledge, young drivers will drive with reduced crash risks and will also be prevented from attending ineffective or dangerous training.
RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL TO REDUCE IN-PATIENT FALLS IN HOSPITALISED OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: Kendrick D , Sahota O , Vass C , Drummond A , Grainge M , Avis M , Gladman J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundOne million in-patient falls occur in the US annually with similar rates across higher income countries. More than half such falls occur at the bedside. Multifactorial interventions including bed/chair pressure sensors have significantly reduced falls but the contribution of sensors to this reduction is unclear.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo assess effectiveness of bed/chair pressure sensors in reducing in-patient falls.MethodsRCT comparing sensors with usual care in acute admissions to five, elderly care medical wards in one UK publicly funded hospital. Sensors were fitted by the research team and ward staff were trained in their use. The primary outcome measure was bedside falls. Secondary outcomes included injurious bedside falls, fear of falling (m-FES) health related quality of life (EQ5D), activities of daily living (Barthel index), length of stay and discharge to admission address. Comparisons between arms were made using generalised linear models, t-tests, Mann-Whitney U and χ2tests.Results/Outcome1839 participants (intervention=921; control=918) were recruited. Mean age was 85 years, 55% were female and 65% had a MMSE<23/30. 85 bedside falls occurred in the intervention arm and 83 in the control arm (8.71 vs 9.84/1000 bed days, IRR 0.89, 0.65–1.20). No significant differences in secondary outcome measures were found.Significance/Contribution to the FieldBed/chair pressure sensors did not reduce the rate of falls amongst older people admitted to acute elderly care medical wards in a publicly funded hospital. Sensors may not make a large contribution to falls reductions seen in multifactorial trials.
DEVELOPMENT OF A RECORD LINKAGE SYSTEM TO SUPPORT INJURY SURVEILLANCE AND THE EVALUATION OF INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Lyons RA , Macey S , Turner S , Ford DV 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundObservational and interventional epidemiology have developed apart with separate data systems and skill sets. There is a need to bring these together to speed translation of knowledge to support developing and testing new interventions, and widespread adoption of those which are effective to maximise population benefit.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo develop an integrated population based information system to support injury prevention and control.MethodsThe Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) system was created for the population of Wales (approximately 3 million individuals) from multiple datasets. Anonymisation occurs at individual and household level. Birth, migration and death data are linked to inpatient, outpatient, emergency department (ED), general practice (GP) and other datasets.Results/OutcomesDuring the period 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010 the number of injured individuals within the ED, inpatient and mortality datasets totalled 330 183; 42 610 and 1102 respectively. These cases can be linked to birth, death and residential records from the Welsh Demographic Service, a dataset comprising information on approximately 4.5 million living and dead people in Wales. Linkages can also be made to approximately 1.4 million anonymised households plus a growing GP dataset currently encompassing 40% of the GPs across Wales. Evaluations underway include: targeting of house fire prevention, home improvements, the impact of energy efficiency interventions, and the impact of changing access to alcohol outlets.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe SAIL system represents a significant development in capability to evaluate injury prevention and control interventions and policies whilst also undertaking surveillance.
BENCHMARKING PROGRESS ON CHILD SAFETY ACTION IN EUROPE—THE RESULTS OF THE 2012 CHILD SAFETY REPORT CARDS
Authors: Mackay M , Vincenten J , Lyons RA , Macey S , Turner S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite the existence of effective measures to reduce child unintentional injury, they are not always adopted and implemented. A lot of what is known to work requires government action in the form of national level policy or legislation. Child Safety Report Cards, developed in Europe in 2005, identify policy gaps, allow general European-level comparisons and measurement of improvements over time.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo measure uptake and implementation of national level policies to support child injury prevention in 31 European countries in 2012 and progress over 5 years.MethodsData for 115 policy indicators addressing unintentional child injury were obtained using English language survey tools. Issue specific and overall scores were calculated. Trend analyses to compare scores in 2007, 2009 and 2012 were conducted using paired t-tests.Results/OutcomeNone of the countries have adopted and implemented all recommended policies. Uptake is highest for road safety, while uptake of those related to home safety is lower. Between 2007 and 2012 the change in overall score for the 16 countries participating in both time periods ranged from −6.5 to +18.5 with the greatest improvements occurring in fall prevention, burn/scald prevention, pedestrian safety and leadership, and in countries where investments have been made in the last 5 years (eg, Czech Republic, Hungary, Scotland and Spain). The average increase of 5.09 was statistically significant (p=0.019; 95% CI 0.96 to 9.22).Significance/Contribution to the fieldWhile a crude measurement tool, the Child Safety Report cards have become an accepted benchmarking tool and have proved to be an effective advocacy tool driving action toward evidence-based good practices.
CHILD INJURY PREVENTION AND THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Authors: Deave T , Towner E , Baset MK , Brussoni M , Pant P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe UNCRC has had a significant influence on legislation, policy and programmes in child health, transforming how children have been viewed and treated. The World report on child Injury prevention stressed the importance of using a child rights based approach.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo explore ways in which the UNCRC can be used more widely in the field of child injury prevention, through the use of case studies of good practice from different parts of the world. To identify opportunities for how the child injury field can be enhanced.MethodsRights can be divided into the three Ps of protection, participation, and provision. Rights of protection include the right to be protected from exploitation. Rights of participation enable children to be involved in decisions and actions that affect them. Rights of provision include the right to education, and the right to a safe environment.Results/OutcomesWe shall outline the key principles of the UNCRC and illustrate them using case studies drawn from three continents. These include: child labour and child injury; involving children in injury prevention, preventing injuries in Aboriginal children and influencing the policy agenda at national level.Significance/Contribution to the fieldFraming the issue of child injury around a child rights approach may give it a higher profile. The strength of a rights-based approach is that human rights are legal obligations that underpin mechanisms to hold governments accountable. Use of the UNCRC would result in a more effective public health response to child injury.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN BURN MORTALITY RATES AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF COUNTRIES
Authors: Peck M , Pressman M 
Published: October 2012

Background and ObjectiveOver 90% of burn deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries globally. However, the association between burn mortality rates and economic health has not been evaluated for individual countries. This study seeks to answer the question, how strong is the correlation between burn mortality and national indices of economic strength?MethodsA retrospective review was performed of 189 countries during 2008–2010 with economic data from the World Bank as well as mortality data from the World Health Organisation. Countries were divided into 5 groups based on income level according to stratification by the World Bank (low-income, lower middle-income, upper middle-income, and high-income (OECD and non-OECD)). The Pearson Correlation was used to estimate presence and strength of association among death rates, country income level, GINI coefficient (measure of inequality of distribution of wealth), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, gross national index (GNI) per capita, and income shares held by highest 10% and lowest 10% of the population.Results and ConclusionsThere were statistically significant associations (p<0.05) between burn mortality and country income (r=−0.44), GDP per capita (r=−0.26), GNI per capita (r=−0.36), GINI (r=+0.17), and lowest 10% (r=+0.34). The income level of a country is negatively correlated with burn mortality—the lower the country income level, the higher the burn mortality rates. In addition, the degree to which income within a country is equitably or inequitably distributed correlates with burn mortality.SignificanceBoth governmental and non-governmental organisations need to focus on preventing burns in low-income countries.