bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacier foreland succession and the fading effect of terrain age
Authors: Rydgren Knut , Halvorsen Rune , Töpper Joachim P. , Njøs Joar M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the most important factors explaining present‐day variation in species composition in a glacier foreland? Does the rate of species compositional change in glacier forelands decelerate through primary succession? How do data set properties and analytic methods influence our understanding of glacier foreland successional dynamics?LocationNigardsbreen glacier foreland, western Norway.MethodsWe sampled the species composition and recorded 21 explanatory variables in 74 plots, distributed on eight classes of terrain age (dated moraines). Gradients in species composition found using global non‐metric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS) ordination were interpreted with split‐plot generalized linear models. Yearly succession rates were calculated from plot positions along a vector of maximum compositional change related to terrain age in the interpreted GNMDS ordination.ResultsWe interpreted the main gradient in species composition as being related to a complex gradient with soil moisture and soil nutrients as primary constituents. Terrain age contributed to the second most important gradient. Succession rates were nonlinear with time. Terrain age explained variation in species composition only when plots from the two youngest terrain age classes were retained in the data set.ConclusionsIn contrast to the majority of studies of glacier foreland successions performed so far, we find that terrain age is not the principal factor that explains present‐day variation in species composition. Instead, local environmental variables are the main determinants of species composition. This result emphasizes the importance of taking environmental gradients into account when variation in glacier foreland vegetation is studied. The limited importance of terrain age in our study is interpreted as likely due to this glacier foreland being situated below the tree line, the relatively long distance between the bulk of the studied foreland and the glacier snout, and inclusion of few plots from young terrain in our data set. The non‐linearity of succession rates with time implies that a linear time‐since‐deglaciation variable is inappropriate for constrained ordination of glacier foreland vegetation.
The strength of regolith and rubble pile asteroids
Authors: Sánchez P. , Scheeres D. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe explore the hypothesis that, due to small van der Waals forces between constituent grains, small rubble pile asteroids have a small but nonzero cohesive strength. The nature of this model predicts that the cohesive strength should be constant independent of asteroid size, which creates a scale dependence with relative strength increasing as size decreases. This model counters classical theory that rubble pile asteroids should behave as scale‐independent cohesionless collections of rocks. We explore a simple model for asteroid strength that is based on these weak forces, validate it through granular mechanics simulations and comparisons with properties of lunar regolith, and then explore its implications and ability to explain and predict observed properties of small asteroids in the NEA and Main Belt populations, and in particular of asteroid 2008 TC3. One conclusion is that the population of rapidly rotating asteroids could consist of both distributions of smaller grains (i.e., rubble piles) and of monolithic boulders.
Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord
Authors: Jansen John K. , Boveng Peter L. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Dahle Shawn P. , Bengtson John L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTidewater glacial fjords support the largest populations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Alaska and are a prime destination for tour ships. Chronic disturbance from ships, however subtle, could impact long‐term population stability. We examined variation in abundance and distribution of harbor seals on floating ice in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, a tour ship destination for over a century with near daily visitation by ships in the spring/summer over the last decade. Counts of seals by aerial transect showed a sharp decline in May, prior to pupping and the first ships arriving; counts rebounded by the end of June remaining high until August. Seal distribution and abundance peaked in 5–7 tenths ice cover; total area of ice cover showed no effect. Despite regular flushing of seals by ships, we found no broad‐scale patterns in seal abundance and distribution that could be explained by ship presence. We cannot rule out mechanisms of long‐term disturbance, difficult to detect and that might explain notable differences with other, similar sites. Population declines at disturbed glacial sites and the still rising popularity of vessel‐based tourism indicate a need for individual‐based studies on how seals respond to the dynamics of glacial ice environments and human‐caused stresses.
Leading dimensions in absorptive root trait variation across 96 subtropical forest species
Authors: Kong Deliang , Ma Chengen , Zhang Qian , Li Le , Chen Xiaoyong , Zeng Hui , Guo Dali 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Absorptive root traits show remarkable cross‐species variation, but major root trait dimensions across species have not been defined.

We sampled first‐order roots and measured 14 root traits for 96 angiosperm woody species from subtropical China, including root diameter, specific root length, stele diameter, cortex thickness, root vessel size and density, mycorrhizal colonization rate, root branching intensity, tissue density, and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen ([N]).

Root traits differed in the degree of variation and phylogenetic conservatism, but showed predictable patterns of cross‐trait coordination. Root diameter, cortex thickness and stele diameter displayed high variation across species (coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.51–0.69), whereas the stele:root diameter ratio and [N] showed low variation (CV < 0.32). Root diameter, cortex thickness and stele diameter showed a strong phylogenetic signal across species, whereas root branching traits did not, and these two sets of traits were segregated onto two nearly orthogonal (independent) principal component analysis (PCA) axes.

Two major dimensions of root trait variation were found: a diameter‐related dimension potentially integrating root construction, maintenance, and persistence with mycorrhizal colonization, and a branching architecture dimension expressing root plastic responses to the environment. These two dimensions may offer a promising path for better understanding root trait economics and root ecological strategies world‐wide.
Oral health‐related quality of life: pre‐ and post‐dental implant treatment
Authors: Patel N. , Vijayanarayanan R.P. , Pachter D. , Coulthard P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimOral health changes, such as tooth loss can have a profound effect on a patient's quality of life. The partial and fully edentulous condition has negative impacts on ability to chew, speech and appearance. Dental implants support either a fixed or removable prosthesis and can provide a significant benefit to partially or fully edentulous patients. This study evaluates changes in oral health quality of life in patients receiving dental implant treatment.Materials and methodsOne hundred fifty patients attending a primary care dental practice specialising in dental implant treatment were given an Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) questionnaire to complete before their implant treatment and 6 months post‐operatively.ResultsOne hundred seven patients successfully completed the study. Results of the analysis demonstrate statistically significant decreases in frequency of oral health problems post treatment. For every OHIP statement, the t‐test revealed a statistically significant improvement in oral health quality of life (P < 0.001).ConclusionDental implant therapy has a positive effect on oral health quality of life as determined by the OHIP. Long term follow up is required to provide an understanding of continuing benefits from dental implant therapy.
Development and validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients: the VPOP score
Authors: Bourdaud Nathalie , Devys Jean‐Michel , Bientz Jocelyne , Lejus Corinne , Hebrard Anne , Tirel Olivier , Lecoutre Damien , Sabourdin Nada , Nivoche Yves , Baujard Catherine , Orliaguet Gilles A. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundFew data are available in the literature on risk factors for postoperative vomiting (POV) in children.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to establish independent risk factors for POV and to construct a pediatric specific risk score to predict POV in children.MethodsCharacteristics of 2392 children operated under general anesthesia were recorded. The dataset was randomly split into an evaluation set (n = 1761), analyzed with a multivariate analysis including logistic regression and backward stepwise procedure, and a validation set (n = 450), used to confirm the accuracy of prediction using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROCAUC), to optimize sensitivity and specificity.ResultsThe overall incidence of POV was 24.1%. Five independent risk factors were identified: stratified age (>3 and <6 or >13 years: adjusted OR 2.46 [95% CI 1.75–3.45]; ≥6 and ≤13 years: aOR 3.09 [95% CI 2.23–4.29]), duration of anesthesia (aOR 1.44 [95% IC 1.06–1.96]), surgery at risk (aOR 2.13 [95% IC 1.49–3.06]), predisposition to POV (aOR 1.81 [95% CI 1.43–2.31]), and multiple opioids doses (aOR 2.76 [95% CI 2.06–3.70], P < 0.001). A simplified score was created, ranging from 0 to 6 points. Respective incidences of POV were 5%, 6%, 13%, 21%, 36%, 48%, and 52% when the risk score ranged from 0 to 6. The model yielded a ROCAUC of 0.73 [95% CI 0.67–0.78] when applied to the validation dataset.ConclusionsIndependent risk factors for POV were identified and used to create a new score to predict which children are at high risk of POV.
Does obesity prolong anesthesia in children undergoing common ENT surgery?
Authors: Lee Jennifer J. , Sun Lena S. , Gu Brian , Kim Minjae , Wang Shuang , Han Sena 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectivesTo report the epidemiology of obesity in a pediatric surgical population and determine whether obesity is a risk factor for longer anesthesia duration.BackgroundChildhood obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States. Epidemiologic studies on pediatric surgical populations have been limited to states with very high prevalence of adult obesity (Michigan, Texas). Data from other states and more recent data since 2006 are unavailable.MethodsWe examined anesthesia records for surgical patients age 2–18 years at Columbia University Medical Center from January 2009 to December 2010. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery or those with records missing preoperative height or weight data were excluded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2). BMI ≥95th percentile according to national growth charts were considered obese.ResultsWe reviewed 9522 patients of which 1639 were obese (17.2%). The sex–age category interaction on obesity was not significant using logistic regression (P = 0.11). Among surgical groups, the otolaryngology (ENT) cohort had the highest obesity rate (21.7%, 360/1656). Obese children who had tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or both did not have a prolonged anesthetic (P = 0.33) or surgical duration (P = 0.61) compared with nonobese children, adjusting for surgeon, season, surgical procedure code, and ASA status.ConclusionChildren presenting for surgery, particularly the ENT cohort, have a high prevalence of obesity. Obese and nonobese children who had tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or both had comparable durations of anesthesia. Therefore, obesity did not lead to longer anesthetic duration.
Adaptive resistance to RAF inhibitors in melanoma
Authors: Kugel Curtis H. , Aplin Andrew E. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe discovery of activating mutations in BRAF at high frequency in cutaneous melanoma opened the door to new treatment options, which have resulted in significantly better patient outcomes. Treatments such as the FDA‐approved RAF inhibitor vemurafenib and the more recently approved dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy are designed to target the ERK1/2 pathway. Initial success in targeting this pathway is evidenced by the high percentage of melanoma patients who undergo tumor remission. However, the beneficial effects of these targeted therapies are usually short‐lived due to the development of resistance, which leads to disease progression. As a result, studies have focused on the acquired forms of resistance that develop following continued exposure to therapy. Conversely, far fewer studies have investigated the adaptive forms of resistance, which activate rapidly, promote cell survival, and may underlie the development of acquired resistance by providing melanoma cells the time to develop additional mutations. We provide a detailed review of the known mechanisms of adaptive resistance in melanoma and relate them to similar responses to targeted therapies in other tumor types.
Case Reports of Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning: Historical Trends
Authors: Mardini Joelle , Lavergne Valery , Roberts Darren , Ghannoum Marc 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThere are currently limited data on the trends in case reporting of poisoned patients undergoing enhanced elimination with an extracorporeal treatment (ECTR). The present manuscript specifically reviews the longitudinal trends of reports according to technique, poison, and country of publication. To identify case reports of ECTR use in the management of poisoning, multiple databases were searched. There were no limitations on language and year of publication. All case reports describing individual patients undergoing ECTR with the intent of enhancing the elimination of a poison were included in the analysis. Since 1913, 2908 reports were identified. There were an increasing number of published reports with time except for a slight decrease during the 1990s. Hemodialysis was by far the most commonly used ECTR in poisoning, followed by hemoperfusion. The number of reported peritoneal dialyses decreased steadily since 1980s. Methanol, ethylene glycol, lithium, and salicylates remained among the most commonly reported poisons in every decade. The large majority of publications originated from either Europe or North America, and more specifically from the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and China. Despite the emerging apparition of new techniques, hemodialysis remains to this day the favoured ECTR in the treatment of poisoned patients.
Blueschist facies metamorphism in Nordenskiöld Land of west‐central Svalbard
Authors: Kośmińska Karolina , Majka Jarosław , Mazur Stanisław , Krumbholz Michael , Klonowska Iwona , Manecki Maciej , Czerny Jerzy , Dwornik Maciej 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRecent fieldwork in Nordenskiöld Land, Svalbard's Southwestern Basement Province, has established the presence of high‐pressure (HP) lithologies. They are strongly retrogressed blueschists consisting mainly of garnet and Ca‐amphibole with remnants of ferroglaucophane and phengite. The pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions were estimated using phase equilibrium modelling in the NCKFMMnASHTO system. P–T estimates based on the garnet, phengite and ferroglaucophane compositional isopleths and modelled paragenetic assemblage indicate peak metamorphism at 470–490 °C and 14–18 kbar. These data fall close to the 7–8 °C km−1 geotherm, which is similar to that from Motalafjella, the only previously known occurrence of blueschists in Svalbard's Caledonides. The newly discovered blueschists could have formed during the early stage of the Caledonian Orogeny and may represent a vestige of missing marginal basins of the western Iapetus developed at the onset of subduction. The likely counterpart to Svalbard's blueschists is the ophiolitic sequence in the Pearya Terrane of northern Ellesmere Island.
Corneal anesthesia following application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution to normal feline eyes
Authors: Giudici Valentina , Baeza Sophia , Douet Jean‐Yves , Regnier Alain 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the loss and recovery of corneal sensitivity after instillation of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride solution in the normal feline eye.Animal studiedEighteen European shorthair cats free of ocular diseaseProceduresBaseline corneal touch threshold (CTT) readings were obtained bilaterally with a Cochet–Bonnet aesthesiometer prior to treatment. Subsequently, each cat received a single drop of 0.4% oxybuprocaine ophthalmic solution in the right eye and one drop of sterile 0.9% NaCl in the left eye to serve as control. The corneal touch threshold (CTT) of both eyes was then measured 1 min after drug administration and every 5 min for 60 min. The potential for ocular irritation following oxybuprocaine application was also evaluated.ResultsBaseline CTT readings were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the control and oxybuprocaine‐treated eyes with values of 1.75 ± 0.31 cm and 1.75 ± 0.30 cm, respectively. In control eyes, mean CTT did not significantly change (P > 0.05) during the study period. By contrast, after oxybuprocaine application mean CTT was significantly reduced from baseline (P < 0.05) for 45 min. Maximal corneal anesthesia, with a CTT value of 0, was achieved at 1 and 5 min in all treated eyes. A markedly reduced mean CTT of 0.14 ± 0.23 cm was still present at 20 min. Age and gender did not significantly affect corneal anesthesia. No clinically relevant ocular side effects occurred during the observation period.ConclusionThis is the first study that provides objective information on the depth and duration of corneal anesthesia following instillation of oxybuprocaine in healthy feline eyes.
Molecular taxonomy of Osedax (Annelida: Siboglinidae) in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Amon Diva J. , Wiklund Helena , Dahlgren Thomas G. , Copley Jonathan T. , Smith Craig R. , Jamieson Alan J. , Glover Adrian G. 
Published: May 2014

We report the discovery of three new species of Osedax in the deep Southern Ocean, expanding the diversity and geographical range of this genus of bone‐eating worms. Osedax rogersi sp. n. and Osedax crouchi sp. n. were found on a whale skeleton at 1444 m in the Kemp Caldera in the East Scotia Sea during the Chemosynthetic Ecosystems of the Southern Ocean (ChEsSo) project. The recently described species, Osedax antarcticus, found on whale bones implanted at a depth of 550–650 m off Smith Island in the Bransfield Strait, was also found inhabiting the whale skeleton in the Kemp Caldera. Osedax crouchi as well as another new species Osedax nordenskjoeldi sp. n. have also been found on the implanted whale bones off Smith Island. These two localities are approximately 1800 km apart demonstrating a wide distribution of species within the genus. We describe the three new species, O. rogersi, O. crouchi and O. nordenskjoeldi and report the second record of O. antarcticus. We also present a new phylogenetic analysis for Osedax, including data examining genetic connectivity between the Scotia Arc and the Bransfield Strait.
The Association Between Exercise Behavior Regulation and Exergaming in Adolescents
Authors: O’Loughlin Erin K. , Sabiston Catherine M. , Dugas Erika N. , O’Loughlin Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2014

Background:It is not known if or how exercise behavior regulations (EBRs) relate to exergaming in adolescents. The study objectives were 1) to determine if EBRs differ between adolescents who do and do not exergame; and 2) among exergamers, to describe the associations between EBRs and exergame duration, intensity, and achieving physical activity (PA) guidelines.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 1243 students (mean ± SDage = 16.8 ± 0.5 years; 43% boys).Results:In girls, those who exergamed scored higher than nonexergamers on introjected (mean ± SD = 1.9 ± 1.0 vs.1.6 ± 0.9; P = .001) and identified (mean ± SD = 3.1 ± .0 vs.2.9 ± 0.9; P = .049) regulation. Exergame intensity was associated with identified regulation [OR (95% CI) = 2.2 (1.0, 4.5)], minutes exergaming per week was associated with amotivation [β (95% CI) = 0.4 (−0.0, 0.8)], and achieving guidelines was associated with external [OR (95% CI) = 3.7 (1.0, 13.4)] and identified [OR (95% CI) = 5.6 (2.0, 16.0)] regulations. In boys who exergamed, intrinsic regulation was associated with exergame duration [β (95% CI) = −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0)].Conclusions:Girls who exergame may have partially internalized exergaming as a PA behavior. Boys may prefer other types of PA such as team sports or other more traditional videogames over exergaming or they may not view exergaming as PA.
Interinstrument Reliability of the ActiGraph GT3X+ Ambulatory Activity Monitor During Free-Living Conditions in Adults
Authors: Jarrett Haydn , Fitzgerald Liam , Routen Ash C. 
Published: May 2014

Background:Currently, no studies have investigated interinstrument reliability of the ActiGraph (AG) GT3X+ in free-living conditions.Methods:Nineteen adults (11 males, 8 females; aged 36.8 ± 11.9 years) wore a pair of AG’s (one on each hip), during all waking hours for 1 day. Raw outputs were generated for total counts, steps, wear time and mean counts per minute. Intensity outputs were derived for time (minutes) spent in <moderate, moderate, vigorous, very vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Intraclass correlation (ICC), absolute percent difference (APD), coefficient of variation (CV), Bland-Altman plots, and paired t tests were used to evaluate reliability.Results:Interinstrument reliability was high (CV < 5%) for raw count and derived intensity outputs, except vigorous and very vigorous activity. ICC, CV, and APD values for vigorous and very vigorous were .97, 12.28, 17.36% and .98, 18.15, 25.67%, respectively. Amalgamating moderate, vigorous, and very vigorous into a single MVPA category reduced the CV and APD values to 2.85 and 4.02%, and increased the ICC value to .99. No significant differences were found between contralateral units for any outputs (P > .05).Conclusion:Reliability decreases beyond moderate intensities. MVPA displays superior interinstrument reliability than individual intensity categories. Research question permitting, reporting time in MVPA may maximize reliability.
Energy Expenditure in Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy: Comparison of the SenseWear Armband and Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Koehler Karsten , Abel Thomas , Wallmann-Sperlich Birgit , Dreuscher Annika , Anneken Volker 
Published: May 2014

Background:Inactivity and overweight are major health concerns in children and adolescents with disabilities. Methods for the assessment of activity and energy expenditure may be affected negatively by the underlying disability, especially when motor function is impaired. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the SenseWear Armband in adolescents with cerebral palsy and hemiparesis.Methods:Ten volunteers (age: 13.4 ± 1.6 years) were equipped with SenseWear Armbands on the hemiparetic and nonhemiparetic side of the body. Energy expenditure was measured at rest and during treadmill exercise (speed range: 0.85 to 2.35 m/s). Indirect calorimetry served as independent reference method.Results:The mean error was between −0.6 and 0.8 kcal/min and there were no significant differences between SenseWear and indirect calorimetry at any speed. Differences between body sides in expenditure (mean: −0.2 to 0.0 kcal/min) and step count (mean: −3.4 to 9.7 steps/min) were not significant.Conclusions:The validity of the SenseWear Armband does not appear to be negatively affected by cerebral palsy during laboratory treadmill exercise. Future field studies are necessary to assess the validity and practicability of energy expenditure and physical activity assessment in children and adolescents with physical disabilities.