bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Gain in Infancy and Vascular Risk Factors in Later Childhood
Authors: Skilton Michael R. , Marks Guy B. , Ayer Julian G. , Garden Frances L. , Garnett Sarah P. , Harmer Jason A. , Leeder Stephen R. , Toelle Brett G. , Webb Karen , Baur Louise A. , Celermajer David S. 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE:
We hypothesized that early weight gain would be associated with incident obesity, higher blood pressure, systemic inflammation, and arterial wall thickening in later childhood.

METHODS:
A longitudinal birth cohort was recruited antenatally from 2 maternity hospitals in Sydney, Australia, between September 1997 and December 1999. Three hundred ninety-five nondiabetic children who were followed to age 8 years had complete data for early weight gain and arterial wall thickness.

RESULTS:
Independent predictors of excess early weight gain (age 0–18 months; adjusted for height gain) included male gender (0.411 kg [SE: 0.103], P &lt; .001), fewer weeks’ gestation (−0.121 kg [SE: 0.044] per week, P = .006), birth length (0.156 kg [SE: 0.024] per cm, P &lt; .001), and failure to breastfeed to 6 months of age (0.498 kg [SE: 0.108], P &lt; .001). Early height-adjusted weight gain was significantly associated with later childhood overweight (odds ratio [OR]: 1.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26 to 2.20] per kg) and obesity (OR: 2.07 [95% CI: 1.53 to 2.79] per kg), excess central adiposity (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.20 to 1.98] per kg), higher systolic blood pressure (1.24 mm Hg [SE: 0.33] per kg, P &lt; .001), higher C-reactive protein (0.17 mg/dL [SE: 0.06] per 100% increase in weight gain, P = .006), and greater carotid intima-media thickness (0.012 mm [SE: 0.004] per kg, P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS:
Early postnatal weight gain from birth to age 18 months is significantly associated with later childhood overweight and obesity, excess central adiposity, and greater arterial wall thickness.
Morphological and Functional Parameters in Patients with Tooth Wear before and after Treatment
Authors: Sierpinska Teresa , Kuc Joanna , Golebiewska Maria 
Published: May 2013

Advanced tooth wear often results in lost vertical dimension and impacts facial aesthetics. Complex restorative treatment can replace the lost tooth structure and improve functional occlusal and facial skeleton parameters.

Purpose:
The aim of the study is to assess changes in the morphological and functional occlusal parameters of the facial skeleton after prosthetic rehabilitation that increased lost occlusal vertical dimension.

Material and Methodology:
50 patients with advanced tooth wear were clinically examined, to assess the degree of wear. Each subject underwent cephalometric analysis, digital occlusal analysis, and electromyographic analysis, of the anterior temporalis, superficial masetter, anterior digastric, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Prosthodontic treatment was performed to restore the occlusal vertical dimension of each subject’s occlusion, which was followed by repeating the pretreatment analyses. Pre and post treatment parameters were statistically compared.

Results:
Pre-treatment cephalometric analysis showed that lost vertical dimension reduced anterior facial height and resulted in small angular skeletal parameters. Post treatment anterior facial height increased from the increased occlusal vertical dimension. The mean value of functional electrical activity during clenching post treatment, increased compared to pretreatment.

Conclusion:
Increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion improved facial aesthetics by positively affecting facial skeletal angles. The restored occlusal surface morphology changed the pre treatment flat broad occlusal contacts into more point contacts. The increased vertical dimension of occlusion after treatment also increased muscle activity levels over the pretreatment levels after three months period of adaptation.
Ammonia‐Based Feedforward and Feedback Aeration Control in Activated Sludge Processes
Authors: Rieger Leiv , Jones Richard M. , Dold Peter L. , Bott Charles B. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT:Aeration control at wastewater treatment plants based on ammonia as the controlled variable is applied for one of two reasons: (1) to reduce aeration costs, or (2) to reduce peaks in effluent ammonia. Aeration limitation has proven to result in significant energy savings, may reduce external carbon addition, and can improve denitrification and biological phosphorus (bio‐P) performance. Ammonia control for limiting aeration has been based mainly on feedback control to constrain complete nitrification by maintaining approximately one to two milligrams of nitrogen per liter of ammonia in the effluent. Increased attention has been given to feedforward ammonia control, where aeration control is based on monitoring influent ammonia load. Typically, the intent is to anticipate the impact of sudden load changes, and thereby reduce effluent ammonia peaks. This paper evaluates the fundamentals of ammonia control with a primary focus on feedforward control concepts. A case study discussion is presented that reviews different ammonia‐based control approaches. In most instances, feedback control meets the objectives for both aeration limitation and containment of effluent ammonia peaks. Feedforward control, applied specifically for switching aeration on or off in swing zones, can be beneficial when the plant encounters particularly unusual influent disturbances.
Effects of Nitrate Input from a Water Reclamation Facility on the Occoquan Reservoir Water Quality
Authors: Cubas Francisco J. , Novak John T. , Godrej Adil N. , Grizzard Thomas J. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT: To manage water quality in the Occoquan Reservoir, Virginia, a water reclamation facility discharges nitrified product water that reduces the release of undesirable substances (e.g., phosphorus, iron, and ammonia) from sediments during periods of hypolimnetic anoxia. Results showed that when the oxidized nitrogen (OxN) concentration input to the reservoir was lower than 5 mg N/L during periods of anoxia following thermal stratification, nitrate was depleted in the upper reaches of the reservoir resulting in the release of ammonia and orthophosphate from the sediments downstream. When the OxN input to the reservoir was operationally increased to a concentration greater than 10 mg‐N/L, orthophosphate release was suppressed. Introducing OxN to the system decreased sediment ammonia release but did not eliminate it. By discharging reclaimed water that contained nitrate levels greater than 10 mg N/L, reservoir water quality was protected and the discharged nitrate was converted to nitrogen gas as it moved downstream.
Optimization of A2O BNR Processes Using ASM and EAWAG Bio‐P Models: Model Performance
Authors: El Shorbagy Walid E. , Radif Nawras N. , Droste Ronald L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the performance of an optimization model for a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system using the anaerobic‐anoxic‐oxic (A2O) process. The formulated model simulates removal of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus using a reduced International Water Association (IWA) Activated Sludge Model #3 (ASM3) model and a Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) Bio‐P module. Optimal sizing is attained considering capital and operational costs. Process performance is evaluated against the effect of influent conditions, effluent limits, and selected parameters of various optimal solutions with the following results: an increase of influent temperature from 10 °C to 25 °C decreases the annual cost by about 8.5%, an increase of influent flow from 500 to 2500 m3/h triples the annual cost, the A2O BNR system is more sensitive to variations in influent ammonia than phosphorus concentration and the maximum growth rate of autotrophic biomass was the most sensitive kinetic parameter in the optimization model.
A discrete time method to the first variation of fractional order variational functionals
Authors: Pooseh Shakoor , Almeida Ricardo , Torres Delfim 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The fact that the first variation of a variational functional must vanish along an extremizer is the base of most effective solution schemes to solve problems of the calculus of variations. We generalize the method to variational problems involving fractional order derivatives. First order splines are used as variations, for which fractional derivatives are known. The Grünwald-Letnikov definition of fractional derivative is used, because of its intrinsic discrete nature that leads to straightforward approximations.
The Potential Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Postoperative Radiofrequency Surgery for Chronic Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy
Authors: Manuele Casale , Giacomo Ciglia , Valeria Frari , Antonino Incammisa , Francesco Mazzola , Peter Baptista , Ranko Mladina , Fabrizio Salvinelli 
Published: May 2013

Background We prospectively evaluated the efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA) as an adjuvant treatment to hasten the improvement of nasal respiration and to minimize patients’ discomfort in the postoperative radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction (RFVTR) of inferior turbinates. Methods We enrolled 57 patients randomly assigned into two groups, HA (22 patients) and saline group (35 patients), which received isotonic saline nasal irrigation. We used the monopolar device somnoplasty for all patients. Visual analogic scale (VAS) and nasal endoscopy were used to assess the outcomes of the treatments during the 1st month of follow-up. Results The mean VAS score of the HA group at the 1st week was significantly lower than the control group (3.36 ± 1.89 versus 6.95 ± 1.52; p < 0.05). The VAS score remained significantly lower in the HA group also at the 2nd week (3.43 ± 1.27 versus 5.75 ± 1.39; p < 0.05), becoming similar to the control group at the 4th week (p = ns). Since the first visit the HA group also showed significantly lower crust score than the saline group (p < 0.05), and there was no crust found in either group at the last visit. The compliance to treatment was similar in both groups. Conclusion The results of this prospective study suggest a role of HA as a supportive treatment for faster improvement of nasal respiration, also minimizing patients’ discomfort in postoperative nasal surgery, promoting nasal mucosa healing in postoperative RFVTR for inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
Understanding, recognizing, and managing toxicities of targeted anticancer therapies
Authors: Dy Grace K. , Adjei Alex A. 
Published: May 2013

Answer questions and earn CME/CNEAdvances in genomics and molecular biology have identified aberrant proteins in cancer cells that are attractive targets for cancer therapy. Because these proteins are overexpressed or dysregulated in cancer cells compared with normal cells, it was assumed that their inhibitors will be narrowly targeted and relatively nontoxic. However, this hope has not been achieved. Current targeted agents exhibit the same frequency and severity of toxicities as traditional cytotoxic agents, with the main difference being the nature of the toxic effects. Thus, the classical chemotherapy toxicities of alopecia, myelosuppression, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting have been generally replaced by vascular, dermatologic, endocrine, coagulation, immunologic, ocular, and pulmonary toxicities. These toxicities need to be recognized, prevented, and optimally managed. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:249–279. ©2013 American Cancer Society, Inc.
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ROTAVIRUS INFECTION CAUSING SEVERE DIARRHEA IN HUMAN, ANIMALS AND POULTRY
Authors: Alam MN , Alam MM , Nahar A , Kobayashi N 
Published: May 2013

The epidemiology of rotavirus infection in human, calves, sheep, goats and poultry were studied. Among total of 800 collected fecal samples , 320 samples from human, 125 samples from calves, 82 samples from sheep, 7 samples from goats, 267 samples from poultry were collected from July 2010 to May 2011 and examined by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining (PAGE-SS) technique for the detection of presence of rotavirus dsRNA. Human rotavirus was detected 10.94 % (35/320) in diarrhoeic fecal samples. The highest prevalence was recorded in September 33.33% and the lowest in May 4.54%. The prevalence of rotavirus infections was 33.33% in autumn (September), 11.69% in late autumn (October-November), 9.6% in winter (December-January), 9.72% in spring (February- March), 6.12% in summer (April-May) season in diarrhoeic samples indicated the presence of rotavirus in human round the year in Bangladesh and as such no marked seasonal variation in rotavirus infection in human. No calves, sheep and goat fecal sample was found positive for rotavirus on PAGE-SS technique. During the study period, 267 faecal samples (diarrhoeic and nondiarrhoeic) of chicken (from one day to one month of age) were tested and only one was found positive on PAGE-SS technique for rotavirus infection (0.38%; 1/267). The positive cases were found in samples collected in winter season from layer chicks aged 10 days. The migration patterns of detected positive strains were not similar on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their migration speed was different types. Five electropherotypes were determined among 35 human rotavirus positive samples. All the electropherotypes were under group A and long pattern. The genome migration of avian rotavirus was distinct from human types and under group D and long pattern. In the present study, it was not investigated that bacteria, parasite or any other viruses which might be responsible for development of diarrhoea.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13473
Forest tree pollen dispersal via the water cycle
Authors: Williams Claire G. 
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the Study: Pine pollen (Pinus spp.), along with other atmospheric particles, is dispersed by the water cycle, but this mode of dispersal requires cloud–pollen interactions that depend on taxon‐specific biological properties. In the simplest form of this dispersal, pine pollen ascends vertically to altitudes of 2 to 6 km, where a fraction is captured by mixed‐phase cloud formation. Captured pollen accretes into frozen droplets, which ultimately descend as rain, snow, or hail. Whether Pinus pollen can still germinate after its exposure to high‐altitude freezing is pertinent to (1) how forests adapt to climate change and (2) potential gene flow between genetically modified plantation species and their conspecific relatives.• Methods: To address this question, pollen from four Old World and two New World Pinus species were subjected to immersion freezing, a common cloud formation mode, under laboratory conditions.• Key Results: Some pollen grains immersed at −20°C for 15, 60, or 120 min in either a dehydrated or a water‐saturated state were still capable of germination. After exposure, dehydrated pine pollen had higher germination (43.3%) than water‐saturated pollen (7.6%).• Conclusions: Pine pollen exposed to freezing during cloud formation can still germinate, raising the question of whether rain‐delivered live pollen might be linked to rain‐facilitated pollination. Dispersal of live pine pollen via cloud formation and the water cycle itself deserves closer study.
Belewenis van uitbranding by nagraadse teologiese studente van die Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika – ’n Pastorale ondersoek
Authors: Niemann Gerhardus J. 
Published: May 2013

Die doel met hierdie artikel is om vas te stel wat die belewenis van uitbranding by nagraadse teologiese studente van die Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika (GKSA) is. Deur middel van kwantitatiewe empiriese navorsing is vasgestel wat die vlak van uitbranding by nagraadse teologiese studente van die GKSA is. Met die navorsing is vasgestel dat 75% van die nagraadse teologiese studente wat aan die studie deelgeneem het, ’n mate van emosionele uitbranding beleef. Van hierdie 75% het 35% van die deelnemers akute uitbranding beleef en ’n verdere 15% kan binne die ineenstortingstadium van uitbranding gekategoriseer word. Verskeie faktore is geïdentifiseer wat moontlik tot die nagraadse teologiese studente se belewenis van uitbranding kan bydra. Hierdie faktore sluit onder meer in die oneffektiewe bestuur van die werkslading; die belewenis van werksoorlading en ’n gebrek aan die beheer en bestuur van hulle akademiese werkslading; ’n persepsie dat hulle nie genoeg erkenning vir hulle bydrae en of insette ontvang nie; persoonlike probleme in die private lewe van die studente; ’n verlies aan werksvreugde en gebrekkige interpersoonlike verhoudings; ’n gebrek aan die opleiding van emosionele vaardighede en interpersoonlike verhoudings in die kurrikulum; ’n gebrek aan die handhawing van gesonde emosionele grense en die volhoubare ontwikkeling van die student se eie geestelike lewe; asook ’n tekort aan die vervulling van persoonlike doelwitte. 1 Konings 19 word as bybelse vertrekpunt gebruik vir die behandeling en voorkoming van uitbranding by nagraadse teologiese studente van die GKSA. The aim of this article is to establish to what extent the postgraduate theological students of the Reformed Churches in South Africa (RCSA) experience burnout. Quantitative empirical research was conducted to establish their levels of burnout. The researcher found that 75% of the postgraduate students had experienced burnout to some extent. Out of these 75% participants, 35% experienced acute burnout, and a further 15% could be classified as being in the breakdown phase of burnout. Various factors were identified that may contribute to the postgraduate theological students’ experiencing of burnout. These factors include inter alia the ineffective management of the academic work load; their experiencing of overload and a lack of control over the amount of academic work; perceptions that they are not rewarded sufficiently for their contributions; personal problems in their private lives; a lack of emotional development and growth and a need for interpersonal skills training in their curriculum; a lack of maintaining healthy emotional boundaries; structuring and ordering of the postgraduate theological students’ own spiritual life; and a lack of fulfilment of goals. 1 Kings 19 is used as a biblical basis for the treatment and prevention of emotional burnout among the postgraduate theological students of the RCSA.
The Drawbacks of Preferential Trade Agreements in Asia
Authors: Dieter Heribert 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Preferential trade agreements have spread throughout Asia. However, they have not facilitated intra-regional trade as much as their supporters have suggested. The complexities of rules of origin – part and parcel of all preferential agreements – have resulted in low utilization rates in Asia. The key driver of trade integration in Asia has instead been the rise of China. In the past two decades, China has managed to establish itself as the indispensable trading partner in the region. In 2011, China ran a trade deficit with its neighbouring countries whilst running surpluses with the USA and the EU. At the same time, deeper trade integration in Asia, e.g. an Asian wide customs union, appears to be an unrealistic goal. At this juncture, the political obstacles that hinder a deepening of co-operation are formidable. Other Asian countries wish to cooperate with China, but they demonstrate an ever-rising reluctance to enter far-reaching integration projects with Bejing.
Human marrow erythropoiesis in culture: II. Heterogeneity in the morphology, time course of colony formation, and sedimentation velocities of the colony‐forming cells
Authors: Ogawa Makio , Maceachern Martha D. , Avila Lobelia 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTime course examination on human marrow erythxoid colony formation was carried out in methylcellulose culture by scoring colonies with clear signs of hemoglobinization. The colonies were arbitrarily divided into 3 categories: small colony, containing fewer than 50 cells; medium‐sized colony, containing 50‐500 cells; and large colony, containing more than 500 cells. The majority of the large colonies assumed the morphology of bursts consisting of several subcolonies. Small colonies became hemoglobinized, reached their peak on Day 4, and rapidly disappeared. Medium‐sized colonies gradually increased, reached their peak on Day 8, and then slowly declined. Large colonies became hemoglobinized beginning on Day 11 and continued to be present until Day 18.We then examined the cell sizes of the erythropoietic precursor using sedimentation velocity analysis. Bone marrow nucleated cells were separated in a Staput apparatus and fractions of equal volume were analyzed for their content of colony‐forming units (CFU). The mean of modal sedimentation velocities of late erythroid precursors, CFU‐E4 (CFU‐E for 4‐day‐old small colonies), was 6.46 mm/hour, while that of CFU‐E14 (CFU‐E for 14‐day‐old large colonies) was 5.17 mm/hour.These studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of human erythroid precursors assayable in culture and emphasize the necessity for clear standardization of scoring colonies.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXVIII. Value of detailed chromosome studies on large numbers of cells in CML
Authors: Sonta Shin‐Ichi , Sandberg Avery A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractComparison of the chromosome findings obtained on routine examination (10‐50 cells) of the marrows from patients with Ph1 ‐positive CML with those based on a large number (110‐500 cells) of metaphases in six of these patients, in whom appropriate material was available, revealed the presence of small percentages of aneuploid cells in the marrow during the chronic phase of the disease and not seen with the routine procedure. These aneuploid cells may ultimately constitute the dominant clone during the blastic phase of the chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Furthermore, karyotypically abnormal cells, in addition those observed on routine study, were detected in the blastic phase when a large number of cells was examined. The value and implications of these observations are discussed.
A computer program for the diagnosis of hematologic disorders
Authors: Reich Paul R. , Geer Daniel E. , Bleich Howard L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA computer program has been developed to assist medical personnel in the diagnosis of hematologic disorders. The program requests information such as the patient's hematocrit, white blood‐cell count, platelet count, and selected physical findings. Major problems are identified, and the program then requests further information as needed to determine whether the patient has 1 or more of 174 hematologic disorders. An evaluation note is then printed that summarizes the most important hematologic data and includes a list of selected hematologic diagnoses, a discussion of why each diagnosis is listed, a description of its pathophysiology and information concerning etiology and treatment. The printout concludes with pertinent references to the medical literature.When the program was tested with 135 patients referred for hematologic consultation, diagnoses produced by the program were in complete agreement with the hematologist in 87 cases, in partial agreement in 23 cases and not in agreement in 25 cases. The program was also tested with 34 hematologic cases from the New England Journal of Medicine's Clinical‐Pathological Conferences. In 24 patients, the computer and anatomic diagnoses were in complete or partial agreement, and in 10 they disagreed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that explanations of pathophysiology contained in the evaluation notes may be useful to students. It is concluded that the program could be useful as a memory aid for the practitioner and as a teaching aid for the student.