bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibular motor nerve conduction studies: Investigating the mechanism for compound muscle action potential amplitude drop with proximal stimulation
Authors: Kamel Jordan T. , Knight‐Sadler Rory J. , Roberts Leslie J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude of extensor digitorum brevis can show a drop with proximal stimulation in normal fibular nerves. Methods: We assessed the contribution of the far‐field potential recorded by the reference electrode (R‐CMAP) to the fibular CMAP. Negative R‐CMAP amplitude, peak‐to‐peak amplitude, and negative area were measured and correlated with the amplitude decrease. Fibular motor nerves from 14 healthy participants were studied. Results: The mean CMAP amplitude drop with proximal stimulation was 14.0 ± 9.3%, including a >30% reduction in 1 study. All measured R‐CMAP parameters correlated with the degree of amplitude drop. Conclusions: A greater R‐CMAP contribution to the fibular CMAP leads to greater phase cancellation and temporal dispersion. The resulting amplitude drop seen in the proximal CMAP can be large enough to be classified incorrectly as “probable conduction block” by several different diagnostic criteria. Muscle Nerve 52: 993–996, 2015
Prevention, Use of Health Services, and Genes: Implications of Genetics for Policy Formation
Authors: Wehby George L. , Domingue Benjamin W. , Boardman Jason D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe evaluate the hypothesis that genetic factors influence the use of health services and prevention behaviors in a national sample of adult twins in the United States. The analysis compares the correlation of these outcomes between identical twins, who share all their genes, to the correlation between nonidentical twins, who share, on average, only one‐half of their genes. Because the environmental similarities of twins are assumed to be the same for identical and nonidentical twin pairs, researchers can partition the variance in behavioral outcomes that are due to genetic and environmental factors. Using established methods in this field, we find evidence of significant genetic influences on preferences toward prevention, overall prevention effort, routine checkups, and prescription drug use. Use of curative services does not appear to be influenced by genes. Our findings offer several implications for policymakers and researchers and suggest that genetics could be informative for health services and policy research.
Polymerizability of Exo‐methylene‐lactide toward vinyl addition and ring opening
Authors: Miyake Garret M. , Zhang Yuetao , Chen Eugene Y.‐X. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis work examines the stereochemical control and polymerizability of exo‐methylene‐lactide (MLA) or (6S)‐3‐methylene‐6‐methyl‐1,4‐dioxane‐2,5‐dione, a chiral monomer derived from l‐lactide, toward vinyl‐addition and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) pathways, respectively. Currently, no information on the stereochemistry of the vinyl‐addition polymerization of MLA is known, and the possible ROP pathway is unexplored. Accordingly, this work first investigated the stereochemical control and other characteristics of the radical polymerization of MLA and its copolymerization with an analogous exo‐methylene‐lactone, γ‐methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone (MMBL), and di‐methylene‐lactide (DMLA) or 3,6‐dimethylene‐1,4‐dioxane‐2,5‐dione. The MLA homopolymerization produced optically active, but atactic, vinyl‐type polymers having a specific rotation of [α]23D = −42 ± 4°, a high Tg from 229 to 254 °C, and a medium (Mw = 76.3 kg/mol, Đ = 1.16) to high (Mw = 358 kg/mol, Đ = 2.83) molecular weight, depending on the solvent. The copolymerization of MLA with MMBL afforded copolymers exhibiting enhanced thermal stability, while its copolymerization with DMLA led to cross‐linked polymers. The results obtained from the model reactions designed to probe the possible ROP indicate that the nonpolymerizability of MLA by initiators or catalysts comprising acidic, protic, and/or nucleophilic reagents is due to the high sensitivity of MLA toward such common ROP reagents that trigger decomposition or other types of transformations of MLA forming nonpolymerizable derivatives. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1523–1532
Solid‐state microcellular and nanocellular polysulfone foams
Authors: Guo Huimin , Nicolae Andrei , Kumar Vipin 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report on the process for creating microcellular and nanocellular polysulfone (PSU) foams. Microcellular foams with cell size up to 8 µm and nanocellular foams with cell size in the range of 20–30 nm were created. A range of CO2 concentration was achieved by varying saturation temperature, from 5% at 60 °C to 14.7% at −10 °C. The CO2 concentration has a strong influence on the cellular structure. There exists a critical concentration window, between 10.7% and 12.3%, within which cell nucleation densities increase rapidly and cell sizes drop from micrometer range to below 1 µm into the nanometer range. Nanofoams with cell nucleation densities exceeding 1015 cells/cm3 and void fraction of up to 48% are achieved. At the high CO2 concentration region, the change from closed nanocellular structure to bicontinuous nanoporous structure is observed. Also, nanostructures on the cell wall of microcells are observed and believed to be formed via stress‐induced nucleation/spinodal decomposition. The PSU nanofoams produced in this study present an opportunity to produce polymer nanofoams with a relatively high service temperature. The ability to create cells of different length scales provides an opportunity to study the effect of cell size on the foams properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 975–985
Geographic variations in cystic fibrosis: An analysis of the U.S. CF Foundation Registry
Authors: Kopp Benjamin T. , Nicholson Lisa , Paul Grace , Tobias Joseph , Ramanathan Chandar , Hayes Don 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that the prevalence of pathogens common in cystic fibrosis (CF) may be unevenly distributed across the United States (U.S.). However, very little is known regarding the U.S. distribution of other CF modifiers such as medication usage and patient demographics. Therefore, we sought to determine if regional differences exist in the distribution of demographic variables and patient disease characteristics in the U.S. that may play a role in differential CF outcomes.MethodsData were analyzed from the 30,896 subjects in the U.S. CF Foundation Patient Registry during the years 2007–2012, via geographical grouping of states based upon the Nationwide Inpatient Sample classification.ResultsSignificant differences in racial distribution were seen, including half of the total U.S. African–American CF population residing in the South. Both African–Americans and Hispanics had increased Medicaid usage (52.2%, 41.8%, respectively). Culture‐reported pathogens were markedly different across the U.S., with the highest percentage of patients with Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (41.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (71.2%), and non‐tuberculous mycobacterium (10.0%) in the South. The South region also had the lowest mean body mass index and forced expiratory volume in one second. Chronic medication usage such as inhaled tobramycin or macrolides followed P. aeruginosa distribution, while inhaled dornase alfa was most used in the West (84.7%). Co‐morbid conditions varied, with the highest percentage of depressed subjects in the Midwest (18.3%). Mean regional mortality rates were not statistically different among regions, although highest in each age grouping of the South.ConclusionsThe U.S. has significant regional variations in CF demographics, insurance, pathogens, medication usage, and co‐morbidities, without an overall impact on regional mortality. Regional variations in care practices should be studied further based on the findings. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:754–762. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Principles and mechanisms of regeneration in the mouse model for wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Hsi Tsai‐Ching , Guerrero‐Juarez Christian Fernando , Pham Kim , Cho Kevin , McCusker Catherine D. , Monuki Edwin S. , Cho Ken W.Y. , Gay Denise L. , Plikus Maksim V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) describes a regenerative phenomenon in adult mammalian skin wherein fully functional hair follicles regenerate de novo in the center of large excisional wounds. Originally described in rats, rabbits, sheep, and humans in 1940−1960, the WIHN phenomenon was reinvestigated in mice only recently. The process of de novo hair regeneration largely duplicates the morphological and signaling features of normal embryonic hair development. Similar to hair development, WIHN critically depends on the activation of canonical WNT signaling. However, unlike hair development, WNT activation in WIHN is dependent on fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling generated by the immune system's γδ T cells. The cellular bases of WIHN remain to be fully characterized; however, the available evidence leaves open the possibility for a blastema‐like mechanism wherein epidermal and/or dermal wound cells undergo epigenetic reprogramming toward a more plastic, embryonic‐like state. De novo hair follicles do not regenerate from preexisting hair‐fated bulge stem cells. This suggests that hair neogenesis is not driven by preexisting lineage‐restricted progenitors, as is the case for amputation‐induced mouse digit tip regeneration, but rather may require a blastema‐like mechanism. The WIHN model is characterized by several intriguing features, which await further explanation. These include (1) the minimum wound size requirement for activating neogenesis, (2) the restriction of hair neogenesis to the wound's center, and (3) imperfect patterning outcomes, both in terms of neogenic hair positioning within the wound and in terms of their orientation. Future enquiries into the WIHN process, made possible by a wide array of available skin‐specific genetic tools, will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the regeneration mechanisms in adult mammals.
One Example of a Model Humanitarian Mission
Authors: Welling David R. , Rich Norman M. , Elster Eric 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper describes a model humanitarian mission to Guyana; it illustrates the value of excellent ongoing care in collaboration with local physicians and surgeons, cooperation with local government and medical officials, and frequent periodic follow‐up missions (always to the same hospital, working with the same staff). This effort has largely avoided the so‐called “Seven Sins of Humanitarian Medicine”.
The Effects of Metallurgical Factors on PWSCC Crack Growth Rates in TT Alloy 690 in Simulated PWR Primary Water
Authors: Yonezawa Toshio , Watanabe Masashi , Hashimoto Atsushi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Primary water stress corrosion cracking growth rates (PWSCCGRs) in highly cold-worked thermally treated (TT) Alloy 690 have been recently reported as exhibiting significant heat-to-heat variability. Authors hypothesized that these significant differences could be due to the metallurgical characteristics of each heat. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the effect of fundamental metallurgical characteristics on PWSCCGR measurements in cold-worked TT Alloy 690 has been investigated. The following new observations were made in this study: (1) Microcracks and voids were observed in or near eutectic crystals of grain boundary (GB) M23C6 carbides (primary carbides) after cold rolling, but were not observed before cold rolling. These primary carbides with microcracks and voids were observed in both lightly forged and as-cast and cold-rolled TT Alloy 690 (heat A) as well as in a cold-rolled TT Alloy 690 (heat Y) that simulated the chemical composition and carbide banded structure of the material previously tested by Paraventi and Moshier. However, this was not observed in precipitated (secondary) M23C6 GB carbides in heavily forged and cold-rolled TT Alloy 690 heat A and a cold-rolled commercial TT Alloy 690. (2) From microstructural analyses carried out on the various TT Alloy 690 test materials before and after cold rolling, the amount of eutectic crystals (primary carbides and nitrides) M23C6 and TiN depended on the chemical composition. In particular, the amount of M23C6 depended on the fabrication process. Microcracks and voids in or near the M23C6 and TiN precipitates were generated by the cold rolling process. (3) The PWSCCGRs observed in TT Alloy 690 were different for each heat and fabrication process. The PWSCCGR decreased with increasing Vickers hardness of each heat. However, for the same heats and fabrication processes, the PWSCCGR increased with increasing Vickers hardness due to cold work. Thus, the PWSCCGR must be affected not only by hardness (or equivalently the cold working ratio) but also by grain size, microcracks, and voids of primary M23C6 carbides, etc., which in turn depend on chemical composition and the fabrication process.
Comparison of “Word” vs. “Picture” version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) in older adults
Authors: Zimmerman Molly E. , Katz Mindy J. , Wang Cuiling , Burns Leah C. , Berman Robert M. , Derby Carol A. , L'Italien Gilbert , Budd David , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the psychometric relationship between the Word and Picture versions of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and developed an equation for score conversion.MethodsOne hundred and eight‐seven participants were administered the FCSRT‐Picture and FCSRT‐Word on two visits using a randomized counterbalanced design.ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 82.1 (standard deviation or SD = 5.4) and mean education of 14.5 (SD = 3.3) years. Mean FCSRT‐Picture Free Recall score (mean 33.0 years, range: 17–44 years) was 7.9 points higher than the Word score (mean 25.1 years, range: 3–43 years). The Picture and Word FCSRT correlations for Free Recall and Total Recall were r = 0.56,P < .01 and r = 0.46,P < .01, respectively.DiscussionThe Picture and Word versions of the FCSRT were moderately associated in a sample of cognitively normal older adults. The score mean differences and variability between FCSRT‐Picture and FCSRT‐Word indicate that their scores should not be considered equivalent.
Understanding Community-Level Disaster and Emergency Response Preparedness
Authors: Shannon Crystal 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveCommunity-level disaster readiness is a major component of community health promotion. However, many readiness programs are focused on the response of emergency and health care personnel and not on the preparedness levels of local citizens. This potentially leaves the public unready and unprepared for emergency event response.MethodsA 20-item survey on general states of disaster preparedness was delivered to the residents of a midsized midwestern county. The residents were asked to share their knowledge of local hazards, emergency systems, and personal preparedness.ResultsA convenience sample of 423 residents responded to the survey. Fifty-seven percent (n=241) reported limited personal preparedness. Seventy-six percent (n=321) acknowledged little to no familiarity with residential emergency systems, and 52% (n=220) reported that they did not know how to gain information on public health emergencies, such as pandemic flu and evacuation response.ConclusionsLocal citizens should become educated on the methods to support personal disaster and emergency readiness. Health care and emergency management organizations are encouraged to include these concepts in routine community health promotion activities and to pay special attention to known areas of community vulnerability. Failure to do so creates a population unable to support themselves in the provision of basic health and safety measures. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:239-244)
Scaling of second- and higher-order structure functions in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: de Silva C. M. , Marusic I. , Woodcock J. D. , Meneveau C. 
Published: March 2015

The statistical properties of wall turbulence in the logarithmic region are investigated using structure functions of the streamwise velocity. To this end, datasets that span several orders of magnitude of Reynolds numbers are used, up to$Re_{{\it\tau}}=O(10^{6})$, providing uniquely large scale separations for scrutinising previously proposed scaling laws. For the second-order structure functions strong support is found simultaneously for power-law scalings in the Kolmogorov inertial subrange and for logarithmic scaling at larger scales within the inertial range ($z<r\ll {\it\delta}$, where$z$is the distance from the wall,$r$the scale, and${\it\delta}$the boundary layer thickness). The observed scalings are shown to agree between the datasets, which include both temporal and spatial velocity signals and span from laboratory to atmospheric flows, showing a degree of universality in the results presented. An examination of higher even-order structure functions also shows support for logarithmic scaling behaviour for$z<r\ll {\it\delta}$, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently high. These findings are interpreted by generalising the work of Meneveau & Marusic (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 719, 2013) and introducing bridging relations between higher-order moments of velocity fluctuations and structure functions. Further, a physical model based on the attached-eddy hypothesis is utilised to derive various properties of the structure functions for the energy-containing scales of the logarithmic region. The descriptions derived from the model are shown to be supported by the experimental data.
Multifocal extraparotid Warthin's tumours mimicking metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the upper neck
Authors: Mistry S G , Gouldesbrough D , Bem C 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground:Warthin's tumours can show features of pseudo-neoplasia. They do not usually cause problems for diagnosis and management when present within the parotid gland. However, extraparotid Warthin's tumours that are associated with pseudo-neoplasia upon cytological analysis can mimic metastatic malignant disease. The case of a patient presenting with multifocal extraparotid Warthin's tumours is described.Case report:A 57-year-old male smoker presented with rapidly growing upper neck lumps. Fine needle aspiration cytology, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography findings were compatible with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma secondary to either an unknown primary upper aerodigestive or a parotid malignancy. The patient subsequently underwent total conservative parotidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. Final histology findings revealed multifocal benign Warthin's tumours with four extraparotid components.Conclusion:Warthin's tumours may present outside the parotid gland, present with multifocal lesions and mimic metastatic disease. Frozen section examination prior to radical resection should be considered to guide management.
A plug-and-play approach to antibody-based therapeutics via a chemoselective dual click strategy
Authors: Maruani Antoine , Smith Mark E.B. , Miranda Enrique , Chester Kerry A. , Chudasama Vijay , Caddick Stephen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough recent methods for the engineering of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have gone some way to addressing the challenging issues of ADC construction, significant hurdles still remain. There is clear demand for the construction of novel ADC platforms that offer greater stability, homogeneity and flexibility. Here we describe a significant step towards a platform for next-generation antibody-based therapeutics by providing constructs that combine site-specific modification, exceptional versatility and high stability, with retention of antibody binding and structure post-modification. The relevance of the work in a biological context is also demonstrated in a cytotoxicity assay and a cell internalization study with HER2-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines.
Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G determines osteoclast differentiation and bone loss
Authors: Harre Ulrike , Lang Stefanie C. , Pfeifle René , Rombouts Yoann , Frühbeißer Sabine , Amara Khaled , Bang Holger , Lux Anja , Koeleman Carolien A. , Baum Wolfgang , Dietel Katharina , Gröhn Franziska , Malmström Vivianne , Klareskog Lars , Krönke Gerhard , Kocijan Roland , Nimmerjahn Falk , Toes René E. M. , Herrmann Martin , Scherer Hans Ulrich , Schett Georg 
Published: March 2015

AbstractImmunglobulin G (IgG) sialylation represents a key checkpoint that determines the engagement of pro- or anti-inflammatory Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and the direction of the immune response. Whether IgG sialylation influences osteoclast differentiation and subsequently bone architecture has not been determined yet, but may represent an important link between immune activation and bone loss. Here we demonstrate that desialylated, but not sialylated, immune complexes enhance osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we find that the Fc sialylation state of random IgG and specific IgG autoantibodies determines bone architecture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In accordance with these findings, mice treated with the sialic acid precursor N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), which results in increased IgG sialylation, are less susceptible to inflammatory bone loss. Taken together, our findings provide a novel mechanism by which immune responses influence the human skeleton and an innovative treatment approach to inhibit immune-mediated bone loss.
Genomic signatures of human and animal disease in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis
Authors: Weinert Lucy A. , Chaudhuri Roy R. , Wang Jinhong , Peters Sarah E. , Corander Jukka , Jombart Thibaut , Baig Abiyad , Howell Kate J. , Vehkala Minna , Välimäki Niko , Harris David , Chieu Tran Thi Bich , Van Vinh Chau Nguyen , Campbell James , Schultsz Constance , Parkhill Julian , Bentley Stephen D. , Langford Paul R. , Rycroft Andrew N. , Wren Brendan W. , Farrar Jeremy , Baker Stephen , Hoa Ngo Thi , Holden Matthew T.G. , Tucker Alexander W. , Maskell Duncan J. ,   BRaDP1T Consortium, Bossé Janine T. , Li Yanwen , Maglennon Gareth A. , Matthews Dominic , Cuccui Jon , Terra Vanessa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStreptococcus suis causes disease in pigs worldwide and is increasingly implicated in zoonotic disease in East and South-East Asia. To understand the genetic basis of disease in S. suis, we study the genomes of 375 isolates with detailed clinical phenotypes from pigs and humans from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Here, we show that isolates associated with disease contain substantially fewer genes than non-clinical isolates, but are more likely to encode virulence factors. Human disease isolates are limited to a single-virulent population, originating in the 1920, s when pig production was intensified, but no consistent genomic differences between pig and human isolates are observed. There is little geographical clustering of different S. suis subpopulations, and the bacterium undergoes high rates of recombination, implying that an increase in virulence anywhere in the world could have a global impact over a short timescale.