bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How “Competitive Pay” Undermines Pay for Performance (and What Companies Can Do to Avoid That)
Authors: O'Byrne Stephen F. , Gressle Mark 
Published: September 2013

Almost all proxy statements say that the company's pay programs are designed to achieve pay for performance and to provide competitive pay. While companies assume that these objectives are perfectly compatible, attempts to provide competitive pay often have the effect of undermining pay for performance. As currently practiced, competitive pay means that the company's target pay levels match the pay levels of its peer companies regardless of past performance. By targeting the dollar value of an equity award each year, competitive pay plans effectively reward poor performance in a given year by increasing equity grant shares in the following year—and, conversely, such plans penalize superior performance in one year by reducing the number of shares in the next. Likewise, the target share of the annual incentive award increases with poor performance and decreases with superior performance. In this fashion, the competitive pay approach distorts incentives and weakens the link between cumulative pay and cumulative performance.The authors show that the focus on competitive pay is a modern development that replaced the sharing formulas that governed executive pay in the first half of the twentieth century. Companies adopt the competitive pay model because they believe it does a better job of achieving the three main objectives of executive pay: strong incentives; retention; and limited shareholder cost. While competitive pay directly addresses retention risk, it can greatly weaken management incentives. Furthermore, boards tends to rely on competitive pay data to set target compensation because they have no meaningful measure of incentive strength and the actual cost to shareholders. Without quantitative measures of incentive strength and shareholder cost, boards run the risk of retaining poor performers and losing superior performers.Using a case study of Dow Chemical, the authors show how companies can measure the incentive strength of their executive pay plans, and how a simple pay plan using annual grants of performance shares can provide “perfect” pay for performance.
Self‐presentation style in job interviews: the role of personality and culture
Authors: Paulhus Delroy L. , Westlake Bryce G. , Calvez Stryker S. , Harms P. D. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractChronic self‐promoters may thrive in job interviews where such behavior is encouraged. In Study 1, 72 participants were videotaped as they simulated the job applicant role. Accountability was manipulated by the expectation of expert versus nonexpert interviewers. As accountability increased, self‐promotion tended to decrease among non‐narcissists but increase among narcissists. Ingratiation showed no interaction or main effects. In Study 2, 222 raters evaluated applicant videos varying in narcissism (high vs. low) and ethnicity (European heritage vs. East Asian heritage). Chronic self‐promoters (i.e., European‐heritage narcissists) were given the most positive evaluations. Detailed behavior analyses indicated that the narcissism advantage was derived primarily from frequent self‐praise and the European‐heritage advantage from use of active ingratiation tactics. In sum, self‐presentation styles that pay off in the (Western) interview context are highly selective.
Geographic variation in thermal and photoperiodic effects on development of zoophytophagous plant bug Nesidiocoris tenuis
Authors: Pazyuk I. M. , Musolin D. L. , Reznik S. Ya. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe zoophytophagous plant bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) is increasingly used for biological control of various agricultural pests. Its native range includes Southern Europe, North Africa, Southern and South‐Eastern Asia, although only the Mediterranean strains have been studied experimentally. We investigated effects of temperature and photoperiod on nymphal survival and development, rate of female maturation and egg load in two strains of N. tenuis originating from temperate and subtropical regions of South‐Eastern Asia: the ‘Temperate strain’ (from Suwon, Republic of Korea, yearly average air temperature is 13.3°C) and the ‘Subtropical strain’ (from Miyazaki, Japan, yearly average air temperature is 18.2°C). Nymphs and adults were reared on tomato leaflets and fed with eggs of the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella under four temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and three photoperiods (10, 12 and 14 h of light per day). In spite of long‐term (40–50 generations) rearing under constant laboratory conditions, the studied strains still show a correlation between thermotolerance indices and climate at origin. In particular, at the low temperature of 15°C, survival of nymphs of the Temperate strain was double that of the Subtropical strain, whereas at the higher tested temperatures, survival of the Subtropical strain was not significantly different or even was higher than that of the Temperate strain. The duration of nymphal development in the Temperate strain was significantly shorter than that in the Subtropical strain at 15–25°C, but not at 30°C. In both strains, nymphal survival, duration of nymphal development and rate of female maturation were not significantly dependent on photoperiod, and diapause was not observed under any conditions tested. We conclude that the Subtropical strain of N. tenuis is better adapted to high temperatures, whereas the Temperate strain is more promising for application in greenhouses at medium and low temperatures.
BAYESIAN INFERENCE METHODS FOR UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE GARCH MODELS: A SURVEY
Authors: Virbickaite Audrone , Ausín M. Concepción , Galeano Pedro 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis survey reviews the existing literature on the most relevant Bayesian inference methods for univariate and multivariate GARCH models. The advantages and drawbacks of each procedure are outlined as well as the advantages of the Bayesian approach versus classical procedures. The paper makes emphasis on recent Bayesian non‐parametric approaches for GARCH models that avoid imposing arbitrary parametric distributional assumptions. These novel approaches implicitly assume infinite mixture of Gaussian distributions on the standardized returns which have been shown to be more flexible and describe better the uncertainty about future volatilities. Finally, the survey presents an illustration using real data to show the flexibility and usefulness of the non‐parametric approach.
DNA repair gene polymorphisms and risk of head and neck cancer in the Tunisian population
Authors: Khlifi Rim , Kallel Imen , Hammami Bouthaina , Hamza‐Chaffai Amel , Rebai Ahmed 
Published: September 2013

Altered activity of DNA repair enzymes may be involved in modulating cancer susceptibility and pathogenesis of head and neck cancer (HNC). We conducted a case–control study to test the association between three common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC1, ERCC2, and ERCC3 genes with HNC risk in Tunisian patients. To the best of our knowle dge, this is the first report on polymorphisms in XRCC1, ERCC2, and ERCC3 and susceptibility to HNC in our population. The genotype analyses of XRCC1 Arg399Gln, ERCC2 Lys751Gln, and ERCC3 7122 A>G polymorphisms for 169 HNC patients, and 261 controls were performed using the PCR‐based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Stratification of the populations according to smoking and drinking habits and occupational exposure highlighted the importance of tobacco, alcohol, and toxic substance as three risk co‐factors for the development of HNC. Our study suggests that only the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism was associated with the risk of HNC in the Tunisian population (OR = 2.04; P = 0.001). Furthermore, the risk of HNC was associated with XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism stratified by occupational exposure status (OR = 2.29; P = 0.024). However, no statistically significant association was observed between the risk of developing HNC and the ERCC2 Lys751Gln and ERCC3 A>G polymorphisms. These data suggest that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of developing HNC, because it correlates with occupational exposure in Tunisian population.
Measuring Emotion Socialization in Schools
Authors: Horner Christy G. , Wallace Tanner L. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDUnderstanding how school personnel can best support students' development of communication skills around feelings is critical to long‐term health outcomes. The measurement of emotion socialization in schools facilitates future research in this area; we review existing measures of emotion socialization to assess their applicability to school‐based health studies.METHODSA content analysis of four emotion socialization measures was conducted. Inclusion criteria included: high frequency of use in prior research, established documentation of validity and reliability, and sufficient description of measurement procedures.RESULTSFour dimensions emerged as particularly salient to a measure's future relevance and applicability to school‐based health studies: (1) methods of measurement; (2) mode and agent of socialization; (3) type of emotion; and (4) structure versus function of socializing behavior.CONCLUSIONFuture measurement strategies should address (1) the structures of emotion socializing processes; (2) diverse socializing agents such as teachers, peers, and administrators; (3) the intended functions of such processes; (4) student perceptions of and responses to such processes; and (5) the complex interactions of these factors across contexts. Strategies attending to these components will permit future studies of school‐based emotion socializing processes to determine how they enhance health and reduce health risks.
Psychometrics of a Brief Measure of Emotional Self‐Efficacy Among Adolescents From the United States
Authors: Valois Robert F. , Zullig Keith J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPreliminary data were collected to evaluate the psychometric properties of an emotional self‐efficacy (ESE) measure in a sample of 3836 public high school adolescents who completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey in South Carolina.METHODSPrincipal axis factor analysis was followed by a 4‐way between‐groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing for differences in total score means on selected demographic estimates and their interactions. Relationships between total score and selected risk behaviors were examined through a series of 1‐way ANOVA procedures and subsequent Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests.RESULTSFactor analysis results suggested that a 1‐factor model best explained factor structure of the scale items (factor loadings .64 to .71, eigenvalue = 3.24, h2 = .46). Girls reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than boys; White students reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than Black students. Statistically significant lower mean total ESE ratings were also noted for those who reported physical fighting, lifetime alcohol use, and sexual intercourse.CONCLUSIONThis 7‐item scale is a reliable measure and could aid school health researchers and mental health practitioners in psychosocial screening and as an outcome of social and emotional learning as a brief measure of adolescent ESE.
Development of a Pre‐Service Teachers' Self‐Efficacy Instrument Regarding Teacher Health Education Standards
Authors: Clark Jeffrey K. , Brey Rebecca A. , Clark Susan E. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWhereas many education programs expect students to use national standards in various content areas, few studies have been conducted that examine pre‐service teachers' confidence in demonstrating their use of the professional teacher standards.PURPOSEThe purpose of this project was 2‐fold: (1) To develop the Pre‐service Health Education National Standards Self‐efficacy (PHENSS) Scale; and (2) To establish the instrument's ability to draw inferences from PHENSS Scale scores.METHODSThe final instrument consisted of 29 items and 4 demographic items. Validation was established using qualitative and quantitative procedures. After the instrument had been validated, pre‐service elementary education and pre‐service secondary health education teachers were recruited to complete the instrument at 2 different times.RESULTSItems were grouped to form 7 subscales (a subscale for each standard) and were analyzed to determine test‐retest reliability and internal consistency. All scales were found to be statistically significant (p ≤ .05). Cronbach's alpha for the 7 subscales ranged from .73 to .96, and α = .94 for the entire instrument.CONCLUSIONThe instrument, which assessed self‐efficacy toward implementing Professional Teacher Standards in Health Education, was found to be both valid and reliable.
The Challenge of a “Triple Diagnosis”: Identifying and Serving Homeless Canadian Adults With a Dual Diagnosis
Authors: Lougheed Donna C. , Farrell Susan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAdults with both a mental illness and intellectual disability (in Canada, a “dual diagnosis”) and who reside in shelters for the homeless are vulnerable and at risk for physical, sexual, and financial abuse. The same factors that make them vulnerable may result in neglect by the very services designed to help them. Their mental illnesses are difficult to diagnose and treat, and their intellectual impairments are difficult to ascertain. The authors review the existing literature on homelessness and intellectual disability, and use this and their extensive clinical experience with the homeless in a large Canadian city to identify and extrapolate reasons for the challenges facing both these individuals and the agencies and organizations that serve them. The authors identify several challenges to providing appropriate services, such as identifying and linking with these adults; recognizing the implications of the level of the intellectual delay and the mental illness on the individual's ability to cope, and stay safe; understanding the wants and needs of the individual; expanding the mandate of the agencies and professionals wanting to serve this group; and developing policy that will both provide appropriate support of the individual, but also provide protection, if necessary by legal means. They further suggest that focal services should be based on the following characteristics: flexibility, meeting the client where he or she lives, consideration of capacity to consent in order to avoid neglect issues, and understanding of the lifelong and pervasive effects of intellectual delay in all facets of life. Though the population discussed is resident in Canada, these issues apply to individuals in other countries, as well, where there are concerns about these vulnerable adults with a “triple diagnosis.”
Intellectual Disability, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Risk for Dementia
Authors: Silverman Wayne P. , Zigman Warren B. , Krinsky‐McHale Sharon J. , Ryan Robert , Schupf Nicole 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPeople with intellectual disability (ID) are living longer than ever before, raising concerns about old‐age‐associated disorders. Dementia is among the most serious of these disorders, and theories relating cognitive reserve to risk predict that older adults with ID should be particularly vulnerable. Previous estimates of relative risk for dementia associated with ID have been inconsistent, and the present analyses examined the possible influence of variation in diagnostic criteria on findings. As expected, relaxation in the stringency of case definition for adults with ID increased relative risk, underscoring the importance of developing valid criteria for defining mild cognitive impairment and early dementia and distinguishing between the two in adults with ID. Once available, these standards will contribute to more effective evidence‐based planning.
Splenosystemic Shunts in Cats: A Retrospective of 33 Cases (2004–2011)
Authors: Palerme J‐S. , Brown J.C. , Marks S.L. , Birkenheuer A.J. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundPortosystemic shunts are uncommonly reported in cats. The majority of reports describe congenital shunts in young cats originating from the left gastric vein. Although they are only rarely reported, acquired portosystemic shunts in cats appear to be more variable in their anatomic location.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo describe the signalment and disease conditions found in cats with splenosystemic shunts.AnimalsThirty‐three client‐owned cats with documented splenosystemic shunts.Materials and MethodsRetrospective study. All cats with vascular communications between the splenic and left renal veins or the splenic vein and caudal vena cava diagnosed ultrasonographically between 2004 and 2011 were included. Collected data included age, breed, sex, presenting complaints, clinicopathologic data, as well as clinical diagnosis when available.ResultsSplenosystemic shunts were identified in 1.3% of the cats that had an abdominal ultrasound performed during the study period. Older, spayed female cats were found to be significantly overrepresented when compared with the total population of cats having undergone ultrasound over the same time period. A large proportion of cats (42%) had a hepatopathy with the potential for associated portal hypertension.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNeither the signalment of cats in this report nor the anatomy of their portovascular anomalies shared similarities with those cats previously identified with single‐vessel shunts. The relevance and etiology of these newly described splenosystemic shunts remain elusive and warrantsfurther investigation.
Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol independently predicts new onset of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Salomone Federico , Yeshua Hanny , Lotan Roni , Webb Muriel , Halpern Zamir , Santo Erwin , Oren Ran , Shibolet Oren 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), i.e. total cholesterol minus HDL, is a well‐established risk factor for CVD; however, its association with NAFLD development has not been established. Our aim was to test whether non‐HDL‐C is an independent predictor of new onset of NAFLD.MethodsA prospective cohort study of 213 subjects from the general population, without liver disease, was studied. Evaluation of medical history, dietary and physical activity habits, fasting blood tests and ultrasonographic evidence of NAFLD was performed at baseline and after a 7‐year follow‐up by identical protocols.ResultsFrom 147 patients that did not have NAFLD at baseline, 28 (19%) developed NAFLD at the 7‐year follow‐up. The baseline levels of non‐HDL‐C were higher among subjects who developed NAFLD (179.5 ± 37.1 vs. 157.3 ± 35.1 mg/dl, P = 0.003). Non‐HDL‐C independently predicted new onset of NAFLD adjusting for age, gender, BMI or waist circumference, lifestyle and serum insulin (OR = 1.02 for every mg/dl increment, 1.01–1.04 95% CI, P = 0.008). Non‐HDL‐C was a stronger predictor for NAFLD than total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL. No patients with non‐HDL‐C < 130 mg/dl developed NAFLD, whereas 20.8% of those with values between 130 to 160 and 24.6% of those with values >160 mg/dl developed NAFLD (P for trend = 0.015).ConclusionsNon‐HDL‐C is an independent predictor for NAFLD and a stronger predictor than other lipoproteins. This association may stem from the combined hepato‐toxic effect of non‐HDL‐C and may explain the association between NAFLD and CVD.
The amphibian skin‐associated microbiome across species, space and life history stages
Authors: Kueneman Jordan G. , Parfrey Laura Wegener , Woodhams Douglas C. , Archer Holly M. , Knight Rob , McKenzie Valerie J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSkin‐associated bacteria of amphibians are increasingly recognized for their role in defence against pathogens, yet we have little understanding of their basic ecology. Here, we use high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the host and environmental influences on the skin microbiota of the cohabiting amphibian species Anaxyrus boreas, Pseudacris regilla, Taricha torosa and Lithobates catesbeianus from the Central Valley in California. We also studied populations of Rana cascadae over a large geographic range in the Klamath Mountain range of Northern California, and across developmental stages within a single site. Dominant bacterial phylotypes on amphibian skin included taxa from Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Sphingobacteria and Actinobacteria. Amphibian species identity was the strongest predictor of microbial community composition. Secondarily, within a given amphibian species, wetland site explained significant variation. Amphibian‐associated microbiota differed systematically from microbial assemblages in their environments. Rana cascadae tadpoles have skin bacterial communities distinct from postmetamorphic conspecifics, indicating a strong developmental shift in the skin microbes following metamorphosis. Establishing patterns observed in the skin microbiota of wild amphibians and environmental factors that underlie them is necessary to understand skin symbiont community assembly, and ultimately, the role skin microbiota play in the extended host phenotype including disease resistance.
Involvement of the ABCG37 transporter in secretion of scopoletin and derivatives by Arabidopsis roots in response to iron deficiency
Authors: Fourcroy Pierre , Sisó‐Terraza Patricia , Sudre Damien , Savirón María , Reyt Guilhem , Gaymard Frédéric , Abadía Anunciación , Abadia Javier , Álvarez‐Fernández Ana , Briat Jean‐François 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Studies of Iron (Fe) uptake mechanisms by plant roots have focussed on Fe(III)‐siderophores or Fe(II) transport systems. Iron deficency also enhances root secretion of flavins and phenolics. However, the nature of these compounds, their transport outside the roots and their role in Fe nutrition are largely unknown.

We used HPLC/ESI‐MS (TOF) and HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS (ion trap) to characterize fluorescent phenolic‐type compounds accumulated in roots or exported to the culture medium of Arabidopsis plants in response to Fe deficiency. Wild‐type and mutant plants altered either in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis or in the ABCG37 (PDR9) ABC transporter were grown under standard or Fe‐deficient nutrition conditions and compared.

Fe deficiency upregulates the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and leads to the synthesis and secretion of phenolic compounds belonging to the coumarin family. The ABCG37 gene is also upregulated in response to Fe deficiency and coumarin export is impaired in pdr9 mutant plants.

Therefore it can be concluded that: Fe deficiency induces the secretion of coumarin compounds by Arabidopsis roots; the ABCG37 ABC transporter is required for this secretion to take place; and these compounds improved plant Fe nutrition.