bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of gamma radiation and bulk monomer on jute fabrics polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride composites
Authors: Zaman Haydar U. , Khan Mubarak A. , Khan Ruhul A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Jute fabrics reinforced polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and laminates of alternate PE and PVC matrices-based composites (50 wt% fiber) were prepared by compression molding. The values of tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), impact strength (IS), tensile modulus (TM) and bending modulus (BM) of the 60% PE+40% PVC hybrid matrices-based composites were found to be 55.2 MPa, 59.4 MPa, 24.0 kJ/m2, 1.59 GPa and 1.72 GPa, respectively. Gamma radiation (2–8 kGy doses) was applied on PE, PVC and jute fabrics, and then composites were fabricated. The values of TS, BS, IS, TM and BM of the irradiated (4 kGy) composites were found to improve by 15, 18, 23, 13 and 12% over non-irradiated composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake and soil degradation tests of untreated and treated composites were also investigated.
Copolymerization of 5-norbornene-2-metheneoxy-trimethylsilyl with methyl 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate catalyzed by a novel Ni(benzocyclohexan-ketonaphthylimino)2/B(C6F5)3) system
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , He Xiaohui , Chen Defu , Chen Yiwang 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Copolymerization of 5-norbornene-2-metheneoxy-trimethylsilyl [NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3] with norbornene (NB) or methyl 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate (NB-COOCH3) was carried out in toluene by using novel nickel(II) complex catalyst systems, Ni(benzocyclohexan-ketonaphthylimino)2/B(C6F5)3 [Ni(bchkni)2/B(C6F5)3]. The catalyst system showed high activity on the copolymerization of NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 with NB (2.3–3.3×104 gpolymer/molNi·h) and NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 with NB-COOCH3(0.5–3.0×104 gpolymer/molNi·h). However, the solubility of copolymers of NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 with NB and NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 with NB-COOCH3, which contain 18.7–86.7 mol% of NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3, was too poor to characterize. The achieved copolymers were confirmed to be vinyl-addition copolymers through the analysis of FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. The incorporation rate was 8.7–86.7 mol% at a content of 10–90 mol% of the NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 in the monomer feeds ratios. The obtained ester functionalized NB copolymer containing 8.7–18.7 mol% of NB-CH2OSi(CH3)3 showed a moderate molecular weight (Mw=1.6–6.0×104 g/mol) and relative narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn=1.6–2.2). Thermogravimetry (TGA) analyses results showed that the copolymers exhibited good thermal stability (Td=330–350°C) and were noncrystalline by WAXD analyses results.
Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children in Spain
Authors: Lapresa Laura Barriuso- , Arizaleta Lauro Hernando- , Rajmil Luis 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To assess mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children and adolescents in Spain and to investigate the existence of a social gradient in mental health and HRQoL.

METHODS:
Within the Spanish National Health Survey (2006), the parents’ version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was administered to a population aged 4 to 15 years, and the parents’ version of the modified KIDSCREEN-10 Index was given to a population aged 8 to 15 years. Sociodemographic data and information on family structure, socioeconomic status, health status, and discrimination were collected. Regression models were developed to analyze associations of socioeconomic status with mental health and HRQoL.

RESULTS:
A total of 6414 children and adolescents aged 4 to 15 years participated. Mean Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score was 9.38 (SD, 5.84) and mean KIDSCREEN-10 Index score (n = 4446) was 85.21 (SD, 10.73). Children whose mothers had a primary school education (odds ratio [OR]: 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–1.46) or a secondary education (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14–1.29) presented poorer mental health than those whose mothers had a university degree. Children from disadvantaged social classes (IV–V) showed slightly poorer HRQoL scores (OR: 0.98; CI: 0.97–0.99) than the remaining children.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a social gradient in the mental health of children and young adolescents in Spain. No social gradient was found for HRQoL, although children from families of disadvantaged social classes had slightly worse HRQoL scores than their counterparts from more advantaged classes.
Long-term Differences in Language and Cognitive Function After Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia
Authors: Ing Caleb , DiMaggio Charles , Whitehouse Andrew , Hegarty Mary K. , Brady Joanne , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta S. , Davidson Andrew , Wood Alastair J.J. , Li Guohua , Sun Lena S. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND:Over the past decade, the safety of anesthetic agents in children has been questioned after the discovery that immature animals exposed to anesthesia display apoptotic neurodegeneration and long-term cognitive deficiencies. We examined the association between exposure to anesthesia in children under age 3 and outcomes in language, cognitive function, motor skills, and behavior at age 10.METHODS:We performed an analysis of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, which includes 2868 children born from 1989 to 1992. Of 2608 children assessed, 321 were exposed to anesthesia before age 3, and 2287 were unexposed.RESULTS:On average, exposed children had lower scores than their unexposed peers in receptive and expressive language (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals: Receptive [CELF-R] and Expressive [CELF-E]) and cognition (Colored Progressive Matrices [CPM]). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, exposure to anesthesia was associated with increased risk of disability in language (CELF-R: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.93, CELF-E: aRR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.12–2.64), and cognition (CPM: aRR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.13–2.53). An increased aRR for disability in language and cognition persisted even with a single exposure to anesthesia (CELF-R aRR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.40–4.17, and CPM aRR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04–2.88).CONCLUSIONS:Our results indicate that the association between anesthesia and neuropsychological outcome may be confined to specific domains. Children in our cohort exposed to anesthesia before age 3 had a higher relative risk of language and abstract reasoning deficits at age 10 than unexposed children.
NK Cells: Key to Success of DC-Based Cancer Vaccines?
Authors: Lion Eva , Smits Evelien L.J.M. , Berneman Zwi N. , Van Tendeloo Viggo F.I. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the current in vivo experimental and clinical dendritic cell (DC) vaccination studies encompassing the monitoring of natural killer (NK) cells.Discuss the evaluation of NK cell stimulating potency in the design of DC-based cancer vaccines in the preclinical phase and in clinical trials.Explain the added value of immune monitoring of NK cells in cancer vaccination trials.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comThe cytotoxic and regulatory antitumor functions of natural killer (NK) cells have become attractive targets for immunotherapy. Manipulation of specific NK cell functions and their reciprocal interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) might hold therapeutic promise. In this review, we focus on the engagement of NK cells in DC-based cancer vaccination strategies, providing a comprehensive overview of current in vivo experimental and clinical DC vaccination studies encompassing the monitoring of NK cells. From these studies, it is clear that NK cells play a key regulatory role in the generation of DC-induced antitumor immunity, favoring the concept that targeting both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms may synergistically promote clinical outcome. However, to date, DC vaccination trials are only infrequently accompanied by NK cell monitoring. Here, we discuss different strategies to improve DC vaccine preparations via exploitation of NK cells and provide a summary of relevant NK cell parameters for immune monitoring. We underscore that the design of DC-based cancer vaccines should include the evaluation of their NK cell stimulating potency both in the preclinical phase and in clinical trials.
Music Therapy Research in the NICU: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Authors: Standley Jayne 
Published: August 2012

Purpose: To provide an overview of developmental and medical benefits of music therapy for preterm infants.Design: Meta-analysis.Sample: Empirical music studies with preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Main Outcome: Evidence-based NICU music therapy (NICU-MT) was highly beneficial with an overall large significant effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.82). Effects because of music were consistently in a positive direction.Results: Results of the current analysis replicated findings of a prior meta-analysis and included extended use of music.1 Benefits were greatest for live music therapy (MT) and for use early in the infant’s NICU stay (birth weight <1,000 g, birth postmenstrual age <28 weeks). Results justify strong consideration for the inclusion of the following evidence-based NICU-MT protocols in best practice standards for NICU treatment of preterm infants: music listening for pacification, music reinforcement of sucking, and music pacification as the basis for multilayered, multimodal stimulation.
Antiretroviral Prophylaxis for Breastfeeding Transmission in Malawi: Drug Concentrations, Virological Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Palombi Leonardo , Pirillo Maria F , Andreotti Mauro , Liotta Giuseppe , Erba Fulvio , Sagno Jean-Baptiste , Maulidi Martin , Ceffa Susanna , Jere Haswell , Marchei Emilia , Pichini Simona , Galluzzo Clementina M , Marazzi Maria C , Vella Stefano , Giuliano Marina 
Published: August 2012

Background Limited information is available on anti-retroviral concentrations in women/infant pairs receiving prophylaxis for breastfeeding transmission of HIV and on the relationship between drug levels and the virological and haematochemistry parameters. Methods Patient population included HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis from gestational week 25 until 6 months after delivery and their breastfed infants. Blood and breast milk samples were collected at delivery, and at months 1, 3 and 6 postpartum. Drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results Overall, 66 women were studied: 29 received zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP), 28 stavudine (d4T), 3TC and NVP, and 9 ZDV, 3TC and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Women who received >9 weeks of pre-partum prophylaxis were significantly more likely to have an undetectable viral load both in plasma and in breast milk at delivery. No emergence of resistance mutations was observed in breast milk. Breast milk/plasma concentration ratios were 0.6 for ZDV, 3TC and NVP, 1.0 for d4T and 0.4 for LPV/r. Only NVP reached significant levels in the infants. No correlation with any adverse events, including infant anaemia, was observed with drug concentrations. Two infants who acquired HIV infection had non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations at month 6. Conclusions Maternal administration of these three regimens up to 6 months postpartum was effective and safe for both mothers and infants. No significant correlation was found between drug concentrations and infant haematological parameters, supporting the hypothesis that other factors may contribute to the development of anaemia in these settings.
OCT Findings in Birdshot Chorioretinitis: A Glimpse Into Retinal Disease Evolution
Authors: Papadia Marina , Jeannin Bruno , Herbort Carl P. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Birdshot chorioretinitis is a rare disease independently involving the retina and the choroid. Retinal involvement has deleterious functional consequences. This study aimed to follow retinal profiles in early (< 1 year, untreated), intermediate (1 to 6 years, receiving therapy), and late (> 6 years) birdshot chorioretinitis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Optical coherence tomography images were retrospectively evaluated in 28 eyes and retinal thickness was calculated in the foveola, parafoveal nasal, and temporal area; nasal and temporal mid-peripheral macula; and nasal and temporal periphery of the macula.

RESULTS:
Retinal thickness was significantly elevated in early birdshot chorioretinitis because of diffuse exudative retinal vasculopathy. In late disease, retinal thickness was significantly thinned at all measured locations compared with early disease. Epiretinal membrane development was observed in 92% of eyes with late birdshot chorioretinitis.

CONCLUSION:
The retina is thickened and exudative in early birdshot chorioretinitis, thickness diminishes during intermediate birdshot chorioretinitis, and retinal thinning/atrophy with a high rate of epiretinal membrane is observed in late birdshot chorioretinitis.
Fcγ Receptors Inhibit Mouse and Human Basophil Activation
Authors: Cassard Lydie , Jönsson Friederike , Arnaud Ségolène , Daëron Marc 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Besides high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI), human basophils express activating (FcγRIIA) and inhibitory (FcγRIIB) low-affinity IgG receptors. IgG receptors (FcγR) were also found on mouse basophils, but not identified. We investigated in this study FcγR and the biological consequences of their engagement in basophils of the two species. We found the following: 1) that mouse basophils also express activating (FcγRIIIA) and inhibitory (FcγRIIB) low-affinity FcγR; 2) that activating FcγR can activate both human and mouse basophils, albeit with different efficacies; 3) that negative signals triggered by inhibitory FcγR are dominant over positive signals triggered by activating FcγR, thus preventing both human and mouse basophils from being activated by IgG immune complexes; 4) that the coengagement of FcεRI with inhibitory and activating FcγR results in a FcγRIIB-dependent inhibition of IgE-induced responses of both human and mouse basophils; 5) that FcγRIIB has a similar dominant inhibitory effect in basophils from virtually all normal donors; and 6) that IL-3 upregulates the expression of both activating and inhibitory FcγR on human basophils from normal donors, but further enhances FcγRIIB-dependent inhibition. FcγR therefore function as a regulatory module, made of two subunits with antagonistic properties, that prevents IgG-induced and controls IgE-induced basophil activation in both mice and humans.
Autoantigen Recognition Is Required for Recruitment of IGRP206–214-Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tolerance
Authors: Wang Jinguo , Tsai Sue , Han Bingye , Tailor Pankaj , Santamaria Pere 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The progression of autoimmune responses is associated with an avidity maturation process driven by preferential expansion of high avidity clonotypes at the expense of their low avidity counterparts. Central and peripheral tolerance hinder the contribution of high-avidity clonotypes targeting residues 206–214 of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP206–214) during the earliest stages of autoimmune diabetes. In this study, we probe the molecular determinants and biochemical consequences of IGRP206–214/Kd recognition by high-, intermediate-, and low-avidity autoreactive CD8+ T cells, and we investigate the effects of genetic IGRP206–214 silencing on their developmental biology. We find that differences in avidity for IGRP206–214/Kd map to CDR1α and are associated with quantitative differences in CD3ε proline-rich sequence exposure and Nck recruitment. Unexpectedly, we find that tolerance of high-avidity CD8+ T cells, unlike their activation and recruitment into the pancreas, is dissociated from recognition of IGRP206–214, particularly in adult mice. This finding challenges the view that tolerance of pathogenic autoreactive T cells is invariably triggered by recognition of the peptide–MHC complex that drives their activation in the periphery, indicating the existence of mechanisms of tolerance that are capable of sensing the avidity, hence pathogenicity of autoreactive T cells without the need to rely on local autoantigen availability.
Movimientos Sociales y Partidos Políticos
Authors: Núñez Orlando 
Published: August 2012

El corazón de esta reflexión está en la afirmación de que “la existencia y participación de los movimientos sociales cuya identidad rebasa las reivindicaciones particulares (gremiales, sindicales, ecológicas, pacifistas, de generación o de género) garantiza el avance de las reivindicaciones estratégicas, es decir, garantiza, estando o no estando en el gobierno, la construcción de una nueva sociedad. Igualmente, la existencia de partidos políticos cuya forma de gobierno rebasa la administración de las instituciones, economías o sociedades existentes, garantiza que el movimiento socio-político y económico en su conjunto avance y se consolide.” DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.766 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 40-45
La Universidad del Futuro
Authors: Silva Isidro Rodríguez 
Published: August 2012

Isidro Rodríguez, reseña “La Universidad del Futuro”, la más reciente obra del “Maestro de la universidad latinoamericana”, Dr. Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim, centrándose en el primer capítulo, en tanto rector y articulador del resto de su reflexión científica sobre la educación superior. Señala los desafíos de la sociedad actual y la universidad, así como la visión y misión de la universidad del futuro en los nuevos contextos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.771 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 54-55
Des Remarques philosophiques aux Recherches philosophiques1
Authors: Stern David , Prado Neto Bento 
Published: August 2012

La discussion sur le langage privé que l’on trouve dans les Recherchesphilosophiques a été écrite entre 1937 et 1945, après que les 190 premières remarques de la partie I du livre eurent presque atteint leur forme finale. Les textes post-1936 sur le langage privé constituent un nouveau départ, dans sa lettre et son esprit, par rapport au matériau d’avant 1936.
Néanmoins, entre 1929 et 1936, Wittgenstein s’est penché à plusieurs reprises sur l’idée d’un langage « que moi seul peux comprendre2 ». Un volet de cette question qui, lui, est abordé directement dans les Recherches, c’est l’idée que « si j’appliquais le mot “douleur” uniquement à ce que j’ai nommé jusqu’ici “ma douleur”, et les autres “la douleur de L.W.”, je ne ferais ainsi aucun tort aux autres, si toutefois l’on avait prévu une notation qui d’une façon ou d’une autre, permettrait de pallier l’absence du mot “douleur” dans d’autres combinaisons3 ». Cependant, la discussion de cette question dans les Recherches est beaucoup plus brève que dans les textes d’avant 1936. J’examine le rapport entre ce § 403 des Recherches d’un côté, et de l’autre côté les textes des cahiers de 1929 et les Remarques philosophiques (assemblées au printemps de 1930), en retraçant le développement initial de cette argumentation et en explorant les principales lignes de continuité et de discontinuité dans le traitement que Wittgenstein réserve à la question du langage privé.
Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Authors: Kennedy Gerald L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis chapter covers additional aliphatic and aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in their structures and follows those discussed in Chapter 59.Pyridine and its many modified structures are described because they serve as a backbone for many industrial compounds.Several pesticides and herbicides, as well as their precursors, are included: the pyridinethiones; the substituted uracil herbicides—bromacil, lenacil, and terbacil; the quaternary herbicides–paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat; thes‐triazines—atrazine and propazine; and other triazine herbicides, such as ametryn, prometryne, and simazine.Simple nitrogen compounds such as azides, nitrosamines, and hydrazines are described because of important toxicological effects they can produce.Finally, two important industrial solvents, dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide, are included because they have a long history of use and have been well studied in the occupational environment.Other than the pyridine series of chemicals and the nitroso compounds, most of the chemicals reviewed here include significant new information since the last chapter review.
Noble Metals in Polyoxometalates
Authors: Izarova Natalya V. , Pope Michael T. , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPolyoxometalates containing noble metal ions, such as ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold, are a structurally diverse class of compounds. They include both classical heteropolyanions (vanadates, molybdates, tungstates) in which noble metals are present as heteroatoms, as well as the recently discovered class of polyoxometalates with noble metal “addenda” atoms. The focus of this Review is on complexes that should, in principle, exist as discrete molecular species in solution, and which are therefore of interest for their reactivity, their future synthetic utility and potential applications, for example, in catalysis or nanoscience.
Influence of a Change in Helical Twisting Power of Photoresponsive Chiral Dopants on Rotational Manipulation of Micro‐Objects on the Surface of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Films
Authors: Thomas Reji , Yoshida Yohei , Akasaka Takehito , Tamaoki Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHerein we report a group of five planar chiral molecules as photon‐mode chiral switches for the reversible control of the self‐assembled superstructures of doped chiral nematic liquid crystals. The chiral switches are composed of an asymmetrically substituted aromatic moiety and a photoisomerizing azobenzene unit connected in a cyclic manner through methylene spacers of varying lengths. All the molecules show conformational restriction in the rotation of the asymmetrically substituted aromatic moiety in both theEandZstates of the azobenzene units resulting in planar chirality with separable enantiomers. Our newly synthesized compounds in pure enantiomeric form show high helical twisting power (HTP) in addition to an improved change in HTP between theEandZstates. The molecule with a diphenylnaphthalene unit shows the highest ever known initial helical twisting power among chiral dopants with planar chirality. In addition to the reversible tuning of reflection colors, we employed the enantiomers of these five compounds in combination with four nematic liquid crystalline hosts to study their properties as molecular machines; the change in HTP of the chiral dopant upon photoisomerization induces rotation of the texture of the liquid crystal surfaces. Importantly, this study has revealed a linear dependence of the ratio of the difference between HTPs before and after irradiation against the absolute value of the initial HTP, not the absolute value of the change in helical twisting power between two states, on the angle of rotation of micro‐objects on chiral nematic liquid crystalline films. This study has also revealed that a change in irradiation intensity does not affect the maximum angle of rotation, but it does affect the speed of rotational reorganization of the cholesteric helix.