bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar Thermal Power Systems inCSPApplications
Authors: Hale Mary Jane 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe focus of this article is solar thermal power systems (STPS) and their role as part of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. TheSTPSis defined as the portion of aCSPsystem where the Sun's thermal energy is converted into mechanical and electric energy. This article discussesSTPStechnologies and configurations that are appropriate for utility‐scale electricity generation, where utility scale is defined as 1 MWe, or greater. Because theCSPsolar field produces thermal energy, all sources for electricity generation considered in this article are heat engines, in particular Rankine and Brayton cycles.The concepts of anSTPSare the same as any “conventional” power cycle incorporating a heat engine. Instead of fuel from a fossil source, for example, coal or natural gas, the solar field provides the fuel. The solar field provides fuel in the form of high‐temperature heat transfer fluid. The details of how this is done depend on the solar field technology and configuration, as well as the power cycle. This article discusses both direct and indirect system configurations of the solar field and theSTPS,as well as challenges and benefits presented by the different configurations. Included are areas of investigation in advanced cycles, primarily supercriticalCO2, forSTPSapplications.While the focus is on theSTPS, this article emphasizes the importance of considering performance from a system level and, therefore, the influence of different solar field technologies and parameters on theSTPS.
Sustainability Assessment for Energy Technologies
Authors: Hirschberg Stefan , Burgherr Peter 
Published: July 2015

AbstractStriving for sustainability enjoys a wide support. It is easy to agree that energy technologies that are climate friendly, have small impacts on human health and ecosystems, are characterized by low accident risks, are resource‐saving, exhibit high reliability of supply, are economically affordable, and have broad social acceptance come close to satisfying the basic sustainability requirements. Are such technologies available today? If not, will they be available in short, middle, or long terms? Are there transparent, scientific approaches that allow us to measure the sustainability of the various options?The basis for comprehensive quantitative sustainability assessment is a framework for systematic comparative evaluation of energy technologies. This covers economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainability. Consistent, measurable, technology‐specific performance indicators are considered, for example, pollutant emissions, generation costs, and the consequences of possible accidents. The representative quantitative indicators are derived, using a variety of methods including life cycle assessment, impact pathway approach, and probabilistic safety assessment. The methodological framework is supported by large databases. Using multi‐criteria decision analysis, the derived, knowledge‐based indicators can be combined with subjective preferences of the various stakeholders. Of interest are also total costs, that is, aggregated internal and external costs.Recent full scope applications of the framework demonstrate that the indicator‐based assessment is highly suitable for guiding in a structured manner the debate on the future energy supply and for supporting informed decisions. Sensitivity patterns with regard to such preferences are an important element of the analysis.
Aftertreatment Technologies: State‐of‐the‐Art and Emerging Technologies
Authors: Fino Debora , Russo Nunzio , Bensaid Samir 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn recent years increasing attention has been paid to the emissions from gasoline diesel engines. Meeting the emission levels imposed by legislation requires the development of a number of critical technologies to fulfill these very stringent limits. This article is focused on these innovative technologies with special reference to catalytic reactors for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), removals for gasoline and diesel engines.
The Potential of Crowdsourcing for the Renewable Energy Sector
Authors: See Linda , Kraxner Florian , Fuss Sabine , Perger Christoph , Schill Christian , Aoki Kentaro , Leduc Sylvain , McCallum Ian , Forsell Nicklas , Fritz Steffen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCrowdsourcing and citizen science represent one potentially powerful avenue for gathering information that is relevant to energy modeling. Unlike other fields such as ecology, conservation, and biology, which have a long history of citizen science, the energy sector is only just beginning to recognize the benefits offered by involving citizens in data collection, analysis, and scientific research. Examples are provided of how different forms of crowdsourcing, citizen science, and crowdfunding are being integrated within the energy sector, with an emphasis on renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. A more specific need for energy modeling is then presented, that is, information about power plants and renewable energy projects, which is crucial information for carbon accounting, monitoring ofCO2emissions and making decisions about where to locate new sources of renewable energy and identifying possible benefits of existing infrastructures. Three examples are highlighted: theRepowermap.orginitiative, the Ventus project, and the Energy Landscapes Geo‐Wiki tool. As citizen involvement in the energy sector will likely increase in the future, the key is finding ways of incentivizing participation and building communities while simultaneously meeting the needs of the energy modeling community.
Policies and Modeling of Energy Systems for Reaching European Bioenergy Targets
Authors: Leduc Sylvain , Wetterlund Elisabeth , Dotzauer Erik , Schmidt Johannes , Natarajan Karthikeyan , Khatiwada Dilip 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, the European Union (
EU
) and many countries around the world have set into action different policy tools such as a carbon tax or feed‐in tariffs. Most instruments have, directly or indirectly, an impact on the use of biomass for energy purposes. The principal policy tools relevant to bioenergy production and applied in the
EU
are described in this article and their observed impact on bioenergy production levels is assessed. In addition, a model application on the policy tools is presented to assess future impact of policies on production of energy carriers from lignocellulosic biomass at the
EU
level and at the international level. This model application is based on the optimization model
BeWhere
, which determines the optimal location and technology of a set a bioenergy conversion plants, minimizing the cost of the supply chain. Sweden, Austria, and Finland are the three countries that are highlighted in the
EU
. An international perspective is also included by presenting a Brazilian case study. From the modeling results, it can be derived that integrated biofuel production would be the most competitive way for biofuel production and that a carbon tax and the emission trading scheme are the most cost‐efficient solutions to decrease emissions.
Combined Design and Control Optimization of Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Murgovski Nikolce , Hu Xiaosong , Johannesson Lars , Egardt Bo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHybrid vehicles play an important role in reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions of ground transportation. The increased mechatronic system complexity, however, results in a heavy challenge for efficient component sizing and power coordination among multiple power sources. This article presents a convex programming framework for the combined design and control optimization of hybrid vehicles. An instructive and straightforward case study of design and energy control optimization for a fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid bus is delineated to demonstrate the effectiveness and the computational advantage of the convex programming methodology. Convex modeling of key components in the fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid powertrain is introduced, while a pseudo code in CVX is also provided to elucidate how to practically implement the convex optimization. The generalization, applicability, and validity of the convex optimization framework are also discussed for various powertrain configurations (i.e., series, parallel, and series–parallel), different energy storage systems (e.g., battery, supercapacitor, and dual buffer), and advanced vehicular design and controller synthesis accounting for the battery thermal and aging conditions. The proposed methodology is an efficient tool that is valuable for researchers and engineers in the area of hybrid vehicles to address realistic optimal control problems.
Electric, Hybrid, and Advanced Vehicles: Finding a Lane on the Road Ahead
Authors: Simmons Richard A. , Garimella Suresh V. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Growing concern about the resource volatility and environmental impacts associated with the combustion of fossil fuels has accelerated efforts to diversify vehicle power plants by employing hybrid, electric, and other advanced technology strategies. Increasingly stringent efficiency and emissions regulations alongside efforts to reduce oil dependence have placed these technologies front and center in meeting mid‐ and long‐term objectives to transform the profile of future automotive fleets. However, given the critical performance, range, cost, infrastructure, and convenience metrics set by internal combustion and petroleum fuels, the challenges to full market integration are as nontrivial as they are multifaceted. This article explores recent technological developments underlying advanced vehicles that are delivering a steady stream of promising innovations and new products to the proving grounds and showroom floors. It includes a discussion of current technologies, their advantages and tradeoffs, and potential breakthrough research that can improve the overall value proposition within a decade. A sensitivity analysis on alternative vehicle competitiveness is introduced that considers vehicle and battery life; capital, fuel, and electricity costs; increased efficiency from conventional technologies; and policy context among other relevant factors. The article concludes with a review of selected economic and regulatory considerations that can help put lower carbon vehicles in the passing lane to the future.
NOxEmission and Mitigation Technologies
Authors: Vascellari Michele 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNOxare one of the most important pollutants produced during combustion of fossil fuels. Emissions of NOxfrom combustion systems are primarily in the form of nitric oxides (NO). They are generally produced from the oxidation of the nitrogen contained in the atmospheric air or by the oxidation of the nitrogen‐bounded compounds in the fuel. NO is the main compound produced from the combustion; however, once it has been released in the atmosphere, it rapidly reacts producing NO2, which is more stable than NO. For this reason, NO2are generally regulated as representative NOxcompound. In general, NOxare toxic, they also react to form smog and acid rain, and they play a central role in the formation of ozone in the troposphere. In addition, NOx, is a major greenhouse gas.This article reviews the mechanisms that govern the formation of NOxemissions from fossil fuels combustion and the main transformations in the atmosphere. Thermal, prompt, and fuel NOxmechanisms are presented. Finally, the modern technologies for mitigating the NOxemissions from power systems are presented, divided as precombustion, combustion modifications, and postcombustion techniques.
Hot Gas Filtration Technologies for Particles in Gasification and Combustion Systems
Authors: Lupion M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHigh efficient hot gas particulate filtration is necessary to protect the downstream heat exchanger and gas turbine components from fouling and erosion to meet emission requirements in advanced combustion systems. The development and optimization of these advanced systems have the role to increase energy efficiency in power generation, complying with international commitments concerning more comprehensive, competitive, sustainable, and secure energy strategies.There have been significant improvements in the development of filters since 1980s. However, filtration at high temperature has not been yet reliably proven, especially above 400°C. High process temperatures impose severe limitations on the mechanical durability and corrosion resistance of components in the gas cleaning units. The identification of suitable technologies, from an operational and economic point of view, capable of overcoming current and future limitations in hot gas filtration processes is therefore of the utmost importance in the context of energy efficiency policies and clean technologies.A range of technologies has been proposed for hot gas particulate filtration but few have been developed sufficiently to enable commercial exploitation. Six types of devices (cyclones,ESPs, granular bed, metallic, bag, and rigid filters) are available today, with important differences in capture and rejection mechanisms, pressure drop, flow capacity, and collection efficiency. Special emphasis is made to the development of barrier filter systems which have been supported through an important number of pilot and demonstration projects with considerable contribution from public and national funding bodies. Significant efforts in the development of hot gas filtration technologies have been also made by industry.Ceramic and metallic filters are nowadays the most promising technologies for the application of particulate removal, mainly atPFBC,IGCC, and hybrid power generation systems but also at other applications such as incineration or glass melting factories. However, the need of advanced materials—with higher resistance to fatigue, corrosion, thermal shock, and strength—, higher collection efficiency and proper sealing systems makes crucial the continuation of R&D programs. The development of multipollutants removal devices (particulates in combination with SOx, NOx, or others), the integration of the filter systems into the process, or cost and energy savings are priority areas of interest in the near future.
New Electric Transmission Systems: Experiences from Turkey
Authors: Başaran Filik Ümmühan , Filik Tansu , Nezih Gerek Ömer 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this case study, the existing situations of Turkey's energy generation and transmission systems are investigated along actual data between 1999 and 2011. The increasing trends of electricity consumption, as well as other growth parameters are revealed. Future energy demand is forecasted with a novel layered mathematical model at hourly resolution. It is shown that the prediction follows the average growth even after over‐growth or crisis years, which makes the proposed method a reliable load forecasting tool. The model outcomes for certain future years are generated, and compared to current energy sources. It is concluded that, with the available electric production technology, the current resource potential will not be sufficient by year 2023, so alternative electric generation systems must be adopted to keep up with the expected growth.
Limits to Efficiency for Energy Utilization
Authors: Rosen Marc A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Designing efficient energy systems is a significant challenge. In a world with finite natural resources and large energy demands, it is important to understand not only actual efficiencies but also limits to efficiency, as the latter identify margins for efficiency improvement. Energy analysis methods, which yield energy efficiencies, do not provide limits to efficiency. To obtain meaningful and useful efficiencies for energy systems, and to clarify losses, exergy analysis is a beneficial and useful tool. Exergy efficiencies establish upper limits to efficiency and provide a measure of approach to ideality. This is the focus of this article. Limits to efficiency are subject to two constraints, which are often not clearly understood: theoretical and practical. The energy utilization of systems as small as a device to as large as a country can be assessed using exergy analysis to gain insights into efficiency; examples of the benefits of applying exergy to such examples are given. Furthermore, the insights gained through the exergy analyses presented here in terms of meaningful efficiencies and quantified margins for improvement are examined to determine their range of applicability. Exergy analyses are shown to be able to provide useful information about devices and regions such as a country, including limiting and actual efficiencies, and can consequently help achieve savings in resource use through efficiency, conservation, and other measures. Exergy analyses also help identify margins for improvement, and thus are useful for informing energy planning and research.
SOxMitigation Technologies for Combustion Systems
Authors: Qin Siqiang , Spörl Reinhold , Maier Jörg 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSOxemissions from coal‐fired plants cause harmful impacts on the environment and human being health. To limit SOxemissions, air pollution control regulations have been established on international and national levels, and industrially relevant SOxmitigation technologies have been rapidly developed and applied over the past few decades. In this article, fluidized bed combustion (FBC) for in‐furnace DeSOx, dry sorbent injection (DSI), spray drier absorber, circulating dry scrubber (CDS), and wet scrubber processes are comprehensively discussed.The wet scrubber process is the most widespread SO2mitigation technology around the world and is reviewed in detail. The chemistry of wet scrubber processes is analyzed. Four typical wet scrubber configurations are presented. Wet scrubber operational challenges are shortly discussed. The DSI process is comprehensively discussed as well. In this process, fine and dry sorbents are directly injected into flue gas to capture SOxand other acid gases. In the CDS process, flue gas flows upward through a fluidized bed of sorbents to create a long contact time and have good mass transfer conditions. The spray drier process uses an atomizer to generate fine droplets to contact and react with SO2. The regenerable processes are presented, in which sorbents are regenerated. The absorbed SO2is further processed to sealable elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid products. Finally, an outlook of recent and future developments and challenges for SOxmitigation technologies is given.Even though different effective SOxmitigation technologies are available, the economics of their application are dominated by many factors, such as emission limits, fuel quality, sulfur content, size of plant, firing system, availability of sorbents, and utilization of by‐products. Therefore, a case‐by‐case evaluation is recommended to find the most suitable flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process for a particular application.
Smart Grids with Large‐Scale Implementation of Automatic Meter Reading: Experiences fromFinland
Authors: Järventausta Pertti 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFinland is a forerunner in large‐scaleAMR(automated meter reading, known also assmart metering) roll‐out worldwide, not only in coverage of installations, but also in functionality and utilization ofAMRsystem in various business processes.In 2009, the Finnish Government passed a new act, which states that at least 80% of the customers of each distribution system operator (DSO) must haveAMRimplemented by 31 December 2013. In practice, almost all customers are provided by a newAMRmeter. The law requires theAMRmeter that features hourly energy measurement and registrations of quality of supply‐and‐demand response functionality.AMRsystem installation is not only energy remote reading, but it enables real‐time two‐way communication between customers and other actors and offers huge amount of data for developing new functions for smart grids. The use ofAMRdata in various functions increases cost effectiveness ofAMRinvestments.AMRsystem with relatingICT(information and communications technology) systems and business processes forms a larger entity to create added value for customers,DSO, energy retailer, and service providers.AMRis an enabler of competition in electricity market for enhancing flexible change of energy retailer.Hourly measurements enable new kind of dynamic tariffs that support energy‐efficient targets and operation of electricity market. Using hourly measurements, more accurate and even customer‐specific load models can be created to support load estimation and forecasting.By integratingAMRsystem withSCADA(supervisory control and data acquisition) system andDMS(distribution management system), network management can be enlarged also to cover low voltage networks, for example, for automatic indication of burnt fuse.AMRsystem enables also new functions for customer service, for example, as web‐based applications for the end customers. Household‐level loads now in time‐of‐use control can also be dynamically controlled by electricity retailers viaAMRsystems.
Gas/Steam Combined Cycles Fueled by Various Energy Sources for Large‐Scale Power Production
Authors: Macchi Ennio , Lozza Giovanni , Romano Matteo C. , Manzolini Giampaolo , Chiesa Paolo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This article will consider large‐scale power generation by means of combined cycles, that is, a gas turbine engine coupled to a heat recovery steam cycle. After an introduction (outlining the fundamental role of combined cycles in today's generating systems), the thermodynamic aspect of heat recovery steam cycles are addressed. Therefore, the main components of combined cycles are described: the gas turbine (an update of large heavy‐duty units), heat recovery steam generators, steam turbines, and heat rejection devices. General considerations on the performance and flexibility are addressed, with reference to combined cycle fed by natural gas, by far the most frequent situation. The final part will provide an overview of the gasification process, necessary to make combined cycles a viable option also for heavy feedstocks (such as coal, refinery residues, and biomass) and to gas turbine adaptability to operate with synthetic low‐Btu gaseous fuel.