bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Coiled-Tubing Application for Milling, Cleanout, and Kickoff Operations of Horizontal Wells Completed with Liner for Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Project on Priobskoe Oil Field
Authors: Burdin K. V. , Sitdikov S. S. , Bataman I. V. , Mogutov N. A. , Nikitin A. N. , Shvayko V. A. , Serdyuk A. N. , Vereschagin S. A. , Yudin A. , Bravkov P. , Serikov D. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Historically, coiled tubing (CT) services were positioned as highly tailored services in Russian Federation. Main operations for CT application were post-frac cleanouts (CO) and kick-off (KO) of vertical and slightly deviated wells. Lately, with increasing of horizontal wells quantity, CT application scope became wider: logging, perforating, fishing jobs, CO, milling and other operations. With increasing interest to multi-stage hydraulic fracturing technology, Coiled Tubing application has to grow to meet client demands. In wells with horizontal section 1000 m long, milling of different sizes balls and seats became the most challenging and efficient technical solution.
Located in Khanty-Mansiysk District of Western Siberia, Priobskoe field is one of the world’s largest oilfields. Due to low permeability almost 80% of reserves are hardly recoverable. Oilfield development plan include post drill fracturing of all new completed wells. In order to maximize the hydrocarbon recovery field-proven technology enabling multi-stage hydraulic fracturing of an uncemented completion in one pumping treatment became a consistent decision for well treatment.
For the first job following workflow was applied: multi-stage hydraulic fracturing completion was installed and 7 zones were fractured one by one. Technology implies that during pumping, at specified stage time, balls are dropped (one at time) from the surface to open the Frac Ports (FP). After the treatment, the most efficient technical solution to remove the balls is to mill them using CT. Following milling operations the well was cleaned out and kicked off with nitrogen. In designing a Coiled Tubing job the critical part is BHA and string selection. Selected mill should be strong enough for milling Frac Port iron and long enough to prevent damage of FP, by side tracking from it to reservoir.
As per project program 4 wells have been completed with technology described above. Current production rates show high efficiency of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing technology over traditional well completions. This article describes technical and operational details of the project, candidate selection process, job planning and determines a way to find an optimum technique to meet client demands. Analysis of 4 wells completed with multi-stage fracturing liner is shown in comparison with standard completion in the article.
Plug Alternatives To Prevent Fluid Loss and Formation Damage During Extreme Hydrostatic Overbalance Well Interventions in Deepwater Wells
Authors: Salazar Namir 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This paper will present planning and execution details for different mechanical plug types used to prevent fluid loss and formation damage during workover interventions on deepwater wells with extreme hydrostatic overbalance conditions, between 2,000-2,200 psi. Actual case history for four wells, using different mechanical formation plug methods, from one deepwater field in the Gulf of Mexico will be included.
The information is applicable to oil producing wells, to be worked over with similar extreme hydrostatic overbalance to producing formations, where well control needs to be maintained during the intervention, fluid loss to the producing formation needs to be minimized and subsequent removal of the isolation barrier is required to restore well production.
The results obtained with all four different isolation methods used, suggest that a detailed assessment to the well conditions, along with "fit-for-purpose" shop tests simulating the specific well conditions, has to be completed prior to selecting the most convenient option to execute the workover.
This paper will describe the specific planning and operational process of the workover activities, and present a number of lessons learned and useful recommendations for similar activities in extreme hydrostatic overbalance wells.
Strategic Rigless Approach in Identifying and Curing Complex and Multiple Completion Leaks in Malaysia
Authors: Syed Mohd Shahril S. A , Ariff Shazwan M. , Mohd Zulkifli O. , Nussbaum C. , Sathish Kumar B. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Integrity diagnostic has become one of the key prerequisite criteria when dealing with uncertainties in the well completion of mature assets. This is particularly true in Malaysia, where most of the tubing and casing in production wells has aged more than 30 years, and yet some of these wells are still producing beyond their original design life expectancy. Locating the source of integrity issues relies on being able to identify leaks and/or flow behind casing. Typically, conventional technologies have been used for anomaly detection, including spinners and temperature logs, downhole cameras, calipers and noise logs. In general these lack accuracy, with smaller leaks being particularly difficult to identify.
Development studies pioneered in the well logging industry have led to a new diagnostic approach utilising high definition ultrasound technology. This has created a fast, accurate and reliable technique which can be used to identify leaks as small as 0.02 litres per minute inside the completion tubing. Field D and Field BN fields are two of PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. (PCSB) mature fields where ultrasound technology has been implemented aggressively in order to mitigate complex completion problems involving tubing and annulus leaks.
PCSB has successfully implemented this technology since 2008; to date the company has resolved more than 100 wells uncertainties using the method to determine multiple completion leaks and flow channelling behind casing.
The ultrasound-based leak detection case histories demonstrate the practicality of the technique in many cased-hole applications. The related ultrasound-based flow-behind-pipe survey detects liquid or gas flow behind casing with a measurement from within the tubing. This unwanted flow can have a variety of negative outcomes, including poor well performance, ground water or reservoir contamination and/or more catastrophic uncontrolled fluid escape at surface. The diagnostic is sensitive to the ultrasound energy created by turbulent liquid or gas flow through small restrictions in annuli. From within the tubing, it can detect and locate undesirable flow behind pipe with great accuracy - even through multiple casing strings.
This paper shares some experiences and best practices developed while implementing the technology in Field D and Field BN fields.
Plug and Abandonment of a Deep High-Pressure and High-Temperature Gulf of Mexico Well Using Coiled Tubing: A Case History
Authors: Webb Brendon , Rudnik Alexander , Bonin Burt , Lefort Luke 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
As a result of production having drained once-prolific reservoirs, Gulf of Mexico (GOM) operators are dealing with an increase in well abandonment activity spurred by environmental concerns and government regulatory agencies. Many well plugging and abandonment (P&A) activities are performed using coiled tubing (CT), which eliminates the need for a rig. Cement placement is an essential part of every P&A operation. Deep wells (exceeding 20,000-ft measured depth) with high bottomhole static temperature (BHST) (greater than 400°F) and an aggressive H2S/CO2 environment add additional challenges to the cement slurry design. Furthermore, operations need to be executed safely and within the limits of CT equipment.
An operator needed to P&A a well in the Mobile Bay block of the GOM. No previous high-pressure, high-temperature cementing operations through CT at BHSTs greater than 400 °F in the Gulf had been performed. One of the key challenges for this CT intervention was designing a cement system for 425 °F BHST to be pumped through a 23,620-ft, 1-1/2-in. OD CT string. Concentrations of 75 ppm H2S and 4% CO2 increased the complexity of the operation even further. After several unsuccessful attempts with wireline to dump-bail cement, the operator successfully used CT to plug the bottom zone of this deep, high-pressure well with cement.
Pressure Activated Sealants-Non-Rig Solutions in Mature Fields in Alaska
Authors: Julian J. Y. , Jackson J. C. , Ellis B. C. , Cary D. N. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Pressure-activated sealants are used to repair small surface and downhole leaks and have been successful remediating many instances of small pressure anomallies in mature Alaska fields since 1999. The sealants are unique in that the pressure drop through the leak site causes the sealant to polymerize into a flexible solid. Only at this point of differential pressure will the sealant polymerization process occur. As the reaction proceeds, polymerized sealant forms at the edges of the leak site and simultaneously links together to form a flexible bond across the leak site. The remainder of the sealant in the system remains liquid.
This paper discusses the history, implementation, and success rate of pressure activated sealants in Alaska including successful deployment methods used to repair small production casing leaks in naturally flowing wells and injectors. The advantage sealant repair has over a conventional RWO for casing repair is that there is no need to pull tubing, resulting in the well being returned to service faster. Typical sealant procedure costs are less than 5% of the costs for production casing repair with a rig workover (RWO). Pressure activated sealants are particularly attractive in areas where RWO cost is high, such as subsea, offshore, remote, or arctic locations.
Results will be presented from a study of jobs performed in Alaska from 2005 to 2012. Since 2005, Alaska has performed 56 of BP’s 102 worldwide treatments with a 77% success rate to repair wellhead packoffs, casing, bradenheads, tubing, cement microannuli (Table 1).
An Evaluation of Well Deployment Aspects Affecting Well Flow Performance on Horizontal Production Log Results
Authors: Heddleston Duncan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Production logging uses measurements to understand the velocity & fluid types comingling as open reservoir intervals deliver products which begin to flow up hole. In a horizontal flowing well environment, the logging tools of choice can be individual discreet measurements situated across the cross sectional flow area to measure and define the fluid type & velocity. Flow measurements are much more difficult to measure as most horizontal flowing environments are not stable. Deployment of this tool type can be conveyed using a coiled tubing setup or a well tractor conveyed tethered to a wireline. These deployment methods can have an effect on the flow regime during the logging survey.
When oil company operations engineering teams require production log data across a flowing lateral, one aspect seldom addressed is how the deployment intervention can affect the well flow performance when deploying the production logging measurements.
Often times the perturbation causing the well performance is based on the deployment intervention selection. This in return causes the well to underperform at the point in time a production logging survey is needed; leaving the logging technology with an unstable environment to deliver a confident result.
What tends to occurs within the engineering teams is the perception that there is an inability of present day technology to accurately measure the well performance, meanwhile the deployment aspect chosen & the procedures to convey a production log actually can be a main culprit in changing the well flow dynamics & stability.
Via deployment experience & a thorough understanding of well flow combined with production log analytical skill sets. This technical paper will discuss in a case history a production log run in a horizontal well, the deployment aspects & well flow challenges using wireline tractor & coiled tubing interventions, and how the end result was able to assist the customer.
Dementia and Friendship: The Quality and Nature of the Relationships That Remain
Authors: Harris Phyllis Braudy 
Published: March 2013

Friendships are an integral part of the human experience. Yet, dementia often takes a toll on social relationships, and many friends withdraw. This research, however, focuses on friendships that remain, despite a diagnosis of dementia. It examines the quality of the friendships of people with dementia and long-term friendships. Data were collected through focus group interviews with people with early stage dementia and their care partners, and through interviews with designated friends. The findings show that people with dementia do have friends that remain and they have a wide variety of friendships, from those based on one shared activity to those of multifaceted deep relationships. The long-term friendships, which last across the various stages of dementia, appear to fall into two types: one, where the person with dementia has become more like a family member than a friend (suffusion); and the other where the diagnosis of dementia was the impetus for the relationship to become closer (progressive friendship). “From my perspective, you can count your good friends on less than five fingers. And if they're truly your friends, you're with them throughout whatever.” (A woman talking about her 45-year-old friendship with a person recently diagnosed with early stage dementia.)
Metabolic Effects of Chronic Cannabis Smoking
Authors: Muniyappa Ranganath , Sable Sara , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Mari Andrea , Gharib Ahmed M. , Walter Mary , Courville Amber , Hall Gail , Chen Kong Y. , Volkow Nora D. , Kunos George , Huestis Marilyn A. , Skarulis Monica C. 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE
We examined if chronic cannabis smoking is associated with hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, reduced β-cell function, or dyslipidemia in healthy individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a cross-sectional, case-control study, we studied cannabis smokers (n = 30; women, 12; men, 18; 27 ± 8 years) and control subjects (n = 30) matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and BMI (27 ± 6). Abdominal fat depots and intrahepatic fat content were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Insulin-sensitivity indices and various aspects of β-cell function were derived from oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT).

RESULTS
Self-reported cannabis use was: 9.5 (2–38) years; joints/day: 6 (3–30) [median (range)]. Carbohydrate intake and percent calories from carbohydrates, but not total energy intake, were significantly higher in cannabis smokers. There were no group differences in percent total body fat, or hepatic fat, but cannabis smokers had a higher percent abdominal visceral fat (18 ± 9 vs. 12 ± 5%; P = 0.004). Cannabis smokers had lower plasma HDL cholesterol (49 ± 14 vs. 55 ± 13 mg/dL; P = 0.02), but fasting levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or free fatty acids (FFA) were not different. Adipocyte insulin resistance index and percent FFA suppression during an OGTT was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in cannabis smokers. However, oral glucose insulin sensitivity index, measures of β-cell function, or incretin concentrations did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Chronic cannabis smoking was associated with visceral adiposity and adipose tissue insulin resistance but not with hepatic steatosis, insulin insensitivity, impaired pancreatic β-cell function, or glucose intolerance.
Rapid Improvement in Diabetes After Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Lingvay Ildiko , Guth Eve , Islam Arsalla , Livingston Edward 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE
Improvements in diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) often occur days after surgery. Surgically induced hormonal changes and the restrictive postoperative diet are proposed mechanisms. We evaluated the contribution of caloric restriction versus surgically induced changes to glucose homeostasis in the immediate postoperative period.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with type 2 diabetes planning to undergo RYGB participated in a prospective two-period study (each period involved a 10-day inpatient stay, and periods were separated by a minimum of 6 weeks of wash-out) in which patients served as their own controls. The presurgery period consisted of diet alone. The postsurgery period was matched in all aspects (daily matched diet) and included RYGB surgery. Glucose measurements were performed every 4 h throughout the study. A mixed-meal challenge test was performed before and after each period.

RESULTS
Ten patients completed the study and had the following characteristics: age, 53.2 years (95% CI, 48.0–58.4); BMI, 51.2 kg/m2 (46.1–56.4); diabetes duration, 7.4 years (4.8–10.0); and HbA1c, 8.52% (7.08–9.96). Patients lost 7.3 kg (8.1–6.5) during the presurgery period versus 4.0 kg (6.2–1.7) during the postsurgery period (P = 0.01 between periods). Daily glycemia in the presurgery period was significantly lower (1,293.58 mg/dL·day [1,096.83–1,490.33) vs. 1,478.80 mg/dL·day [1,277.47–1,680.13]) compared with the postsurgery period (P = 0.02 between periods). The improvements in the fasting and maximum poststimulation glucose and 6-h glucose area under the curve (primary outcome) were similar during both periods.

CONCLUSIONS
Glucose homeostasis improved in response to a reduced caloric diet, with a greater effect observed in the absence of surgery as compared with after RYGB. These findings suggest that reduced calorie ingestion can explain the marked improvement in diabetes control observed after RYGB.
Effect of water depth on amount of flexion and extension of joints of the distal aspects of the limbs in healthy horses walking on an underwater treadmill
Authors: Mendez-Angulo Jose L. , Firshman Anna M. , Groschen Donna M. , Kieffer Philip J. , Trumble Troy N. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the maximum amount of flexion and extension of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints and the percentage duration of the stance and swing phases of the stride for horses walking on an underwater treadmill in various water depths.
Animals—9 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Zinc oxide markers were placed on the forelimbs and hind limbs of the horses. Video was recorded of horses walking (0.9 m/s) on an underwater treadmill during baseline conditions (< 1 cm of water) or in various amounts of water (level of the metatarsophalangeal, tarsal, and stifle joints). Maximum amount of joint flexion and extension, range of motion (ROM), and the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride were determined with 2-D motion analysis software.
Results—The ROM was greater for all evaluated joints in any amount of water versus ROM for joints in baseline conditions (primarily because of increases in amount of joint flexion). The greatest ROM for carpal joints was detected in a tarsal joint water depth, for tarsal joints in a stifle joint water depth, and for metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in metatarsophalangeal and tarsal joint water depths. As water depth increased, the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride significantly decreased and increased, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study suggested that exercise on an underwater treadmill is useful for increasing the ROM of various joints of horses during rehabilitation and that the depth of water affects the amount of flexion and extension of joints.
Computed tomographic characterization of the pulmonary system in clinically normal alpacas
Authors: Cooley Stacy D. , Schlipf Jr John W. , Stieger-Vanegas Susanne M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To characterize and quantitatively assess the typical pulmonary anatomy of healthy adult alpacas with multidetector row CT.
Animals—10 clinically normal adult female alpacas.
Procedures—CT examination of the thorax was performed before and after IV administration of iodinated contrast medium in sedated alpacas in sternal recumbency. Measurements of the trachea, bronchi and related blood vessels, and selected vertebrae as well as the extent and density of lung parenchyma were performed with a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewer. Morphometric and quantitative data were summarized.
Results—Separation of individual lung lobes could not be identified, except for the accessory lung lobe. In all alpacas, both lungs extended farther caudally at the medial aspect than at the lateral aspect. The right lung extended farther in both cranial and caudal directions than did the left lung. The branching pattern of the bronchial tree varied only slightly among alpacas and consisted of 1 cranial bronchus and 3 caudal bronchi bilaterally, with a right accessory bronchus. Luminal diameters of first-generation bronchi ranged from 3 to 9 mm. Mean ± SD parenchymal lung density was −869 ± 40 Hounsfield units (HU) before contrast injection and −825 ± 51 HU after contrast injection. Mean difference in diameter between bronchi and associated arteries or veins was 0.8 ± 0.9 mm.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Knowledge of the typical anatomy of the lungs and bronchial tree in healthy alpacas as determined via CT will aid veterinarians in clinical assessment and bronchoscopic evaluation of alpacas.
Comparison of inferred fractions of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in feral domestic cat diets with those in commercial feline extruded diets
Authors: Backus Robert C. , Thomas David G. , Fritsche Kevin L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare presumed fatty acid content in natural diets of feral domestic cats (inferred from body fat polyunsatrated fatty acids content) with polyunsaturated fatty acid content of commercial feline extruded diets.
Sample—Subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose tissue samples (approx 1 g) from previously frozen cadavers of 7 adult feral domestic cats trapped in habitats remote from human activity and triplicate samples (200 g each) of 7 commercial extruded diets representing 68% of market share obtained from retail stores.
Procedures—Lipid, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid fractions in adipose tissue samples and ether extracts of diet samples were determined by gas chromatography of methyl esters. Triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions in the adipose tissue were isolated by thin-layer chromatography. Diet samples were also analyzed for proximate contents.
Results—For the adipose tissue samples, with few exceptions, fatty acids fractions varied only moderately with lipid fraction and site from which tissue samples were obtained. Linoleic, α-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid fractions were 15.0% to 28.2%, 4.5% to 18.7%, 0.9% to 5.0%, < 0.1% to 0.2%, and 0.6% to 1.7%, respectively. As inferred from the adipose findings, dietary fractions of docosahexaenoic and α-linolenic acid were significantly greater than those in the commercial feline diets, but those for linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids were not significantly different.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The fatty acid content of commercial extruded feline diets differed from the inferred content of natural feral cat diets, in which dietary n-3 and possibly n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were more abundant. The impact of this difference on the health of pet cats is not known.