bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PALS and DSC measurements in 8 MeV electron irradiated natural rubber filled with different fillers
Authors: Mandal Arunava , Pan Sandip , Roychowdhury Anirban , Sengupta Asmita 
Published: October 2015

The effect of high energy electron irradiation on the microstructure and thermal properties of natural rubber (NR) filled with different fillers at different concentrations are studied. The samples are irradiated with 8 MeV electron beam to a total dose of 100 KGy. The change in free volume size and specific heat due to addition of fillers and irradiation are studied using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. The Positron lifetime spectra are de-convoluted into two components. The longer lived component [Formula: see text] signifies the pick-off annihilation of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) at free volume site which may be related to the radius of the free volume holes. It is observed that the specific heat [Formula: see text] and free volume size are all affected by both irradiation and addition of fillers.
Para-Kähler–Einstein structures on Walker 4-manifolds
Authors: Iscan Murat , Caglar Gulnur 
Published: October 2015

A 4-dimensional Walker manifold [Formula: see text] is a semi-Riemannian manifold [Formula: see text] of signature (++––) (or neutral), which admits a field of null 2-plane. The goal of this paper is to study certain almost paracomplex structures [Formula: see text] on 4-dimensional Walker manifolds. We discuss when these structures are integrable and when the para-Kähler forms are symplectic. We show that such a Walker 4-manifold can carry a class of indefinite para-Kähler–Einstein 4-manifolds, examples of indefinite para-Kähler 4-manifolds, and also almost indefinite para-Hermitian–Einstein 4-manifold. Finally, we give a counterexample for the almost para-Hemitian version of Goldberg conjecture.
The Longitudinal Variation of Equatorial Waves due to Propagation on a Varying Zonal Flow
Authors: Hoskins Brian J. , Yang Gui-Ying 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The general 1D theory of waves propagating on a zonally varying flow is developed from basic wave theory, and equations are derived for the variation of wavenumber and energy along ray paths. Different categories of behavior are found, depending on the sign of the group velocity cg and a wave property B. For B positive, the wave energy and the wavenumber vary in the same sense, with maxima in relative easterlies or westerlies, depending on the sign of cg. Also the wave accumulation of Webster and Chang occurs where cg goes to zero. However, for B negative, they behave in opposite senses and wave accumulation does not occur. The zonal propagation of the gravest equatorial waves is analyzed in detail using the theory. For nondispersive Kelvin waves, B reduces to 2, and an analytic solution is possible. For all the waves considered, B is positive, except for the westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG) wave, which can have negative B as well as positive B.
Comparison is made between the observed climatologies of the individual equatorial waves and the result of pure propagation on the climatological upper-tropospheric flow. The Kelvin wave distribution is in remarkable agreement, considering the approximations made. Some aspects of the WMRG and Rossby wave distributions are also in qualitative agreement. However, the observed maxima in these waves in the winter westerlies in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are generally not in accord with the theory. This is consistent with the importance of the sources of equatorial waves in these westerly duct regions due to higher-latitude wave activity.
Resolving Contrasting Regional Rainfall Responses to El Niño over Tropical Africa
Authors: Parhi Pradipta , Giannini Alessandra , Gentine Pierre , Lall Upmanu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The evolution of El Niño can be separated into two phases—namely, growth and mature—depending on whether the regional sea surface temperature has adjusted to the tropospheric warming in the remote tropics (tropical regions away from the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean). The western Sahel’s main rainy season (July–September) is shown to be affected by the growth phase of El Niño through (i) a lack of neighboring North Atlantic sea surface warming, (ii) an absence of an atmospheric column water vapor anomaly over the North Atlantic and western Sahel, and (iii) higher atmospheric vertical stability over the western Sahel, resulting in the suppression of mean seasonal rainfall as well as number of wet days. In contrast, the short rainy season (October–December) of tropical eastern Africa is impacted by the mature phase of El Niño through (i) neighboring Indian Ocean sea surface warming, (ii) positive column water vapor anomalies over the Indian Ocean and tropical eastern Africa, and (iii) higher atmospheric vertical instability over tropical eastern Africa, leading to an increase in the mean seasonal rainfall as well as in the number of wet days. While the modulation of the frequency of wet days and seasonal mean accumulation is statistically significant, daily rainfall intensity (for days with rainfall &gt; 1 mm day−1), whether mean, median, or extreme, does not show a significant response in either region. Hence, the variability in seasonal mean rainfall that can be attributed to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon in both regions is likely due to changes in the frequency of rainfall.
Land–Atmosphere Coupling at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Field Site and Its Role in Anomalous Afternoon Peak Precipitation
Authors: Song Hyo-Jong , Ferguson Craig R. , Roundy Joshua K. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The multimodel Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) identified the semiarid Southern Great Plains (SGP) as a hotspot for land–atmosphere (LA) coupling and, consequently, land-derived temperature and precipitation predictability. The area including and surrounding the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) SGP Climate Research Facility has in particular been well studied in the context of LA coupling. Observation-based studies suggest a coupling signal that is much weaker than modeled, if not elusive. Using North American Regional Reanalysis and North American Land Data Assimilation System data, this study provides a 36-yr (1979–2014) climatology of coupling for ARM-SGP that 1) unifies prior interdisciplinary efforts and 2) isolates the origin of the (weak) coupling signal. Specifically, the climatology of a prominent convective triggering potential–low-level humidity index (CTP–HIlow) coupling classification is linked to corresponding synoptic–mesoscale weather and atmospheric moisture budget analyses. The CTP–HIlow classification defines a dry-advantage regime for which convective triggering is preferentially favored over drier-than-average soils as well as a wet-advantage regime for which convective triggering is preferentially favored over wetter-than-average soils. This study shows that wet-advantage days are a result of horizontal moisture flux convergence over the region, and conversely, dry-advantage days are a result of zonal and vertical moisture flux divergence. In this context, the role of the land is nominal relative to that of atmospheric forcing. Surface flux partitioning, however, can play an important role in modulating diurnal precipitation cycle phase and amplitude and it is shown that soil moisture and sensible heat flux are significantly correlated with both occurrence and intensity of afternoon peak precipitation.
Development of the Diabetes Technology Society Blood Glucose Monitor System Surveillance Protocol
Authors: Klonoff David C. , Lias Courtney , Beck Stayce , Parkes Joan Lee , Kovatchev Boris , Vigersky Robert A. , Arreaza-Rubin Guillermo , Burk Robert D. , Kowalski Aaron , Little Randie , Nichols James , Petersen Matt , Rawlings Kelly , Sacks David B. , Sampson Eric , Scott Steve , Seley Jane Jeffrie , Slingerland Robbert , Vesper Hubert W. 
Published: October 2015

Background: Inaccurate blood glucsoe monitoring systems (BGMSs) can lead to adverse health effects. The Diabetes Technology Society (DTS) Surveillance Program for cleared BGMSs is intended to protect people with diabetes from inaccurate, unreliable BGMS products that are currently on the market in the United States. The Surveillance Program will provide an independent assessment of the analytical performance of cleared BGMSs. Methods: The DTS BGMS Surveillance Program Steering Committee included experts in glucose monitoring, surveillance testing, and regulatory science. Over one year, the committee engaged in meetings and teleconferences aiming to describe how to conduct BGMS surveillance studies in a scientifically sound manner that is in compliance with good clinical practice and all relevant regulations. Results: A clinical surveillance protocol was created that contains performance targets and analytical accuracy-testing studies with marketed BGMS products conducted by qualified clinical and laboratory sites. This protocol entitled “Protocol for the Diabetes Technology Society Blood Glucose Monitor System Surveillance Program” is attached as supplementary material. Conclusion: This program is needed because currently once a BGMS product has been cleared for use by the FDA, no systematic postmarket Surveillance Program exists that can monitor analytical performance and detect potential problems. This protocol will allow identification of inaccurate and unreliable BGMSs currently available on the US market. The DTS Surveillance Program will provide BGMS manufacturers a benchmark to understand the postmarket analytical performance of their products. Furthermore, patients, health care professionals, payers, and regulatory agencies will be able to use the results of the study to make informed decisions to, respectively, select, prescribe, finance, and regulate BGMSs on the market.
Complete genome sequences of Geobacillus sp. Y412MC52, a xylan-degrading strain isolated from obsidian hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Brumm Phillip , Land Miriam L. , Hauser Loren J. , Jeffries Cynthia D. , Chang Yun-Juan , Mead David A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGeobacillus sp. Y412MC52 was isolated from Obsidian Hot Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA under permit from the National Park Service. The genome was sequenced, assembled, and annotated by the DOE Joint Genome Institute and deposited at the NCBI in December 2011 (CP002835). Based on 16S rRNA genes and average nucleotide identity, Geobacillus sp. Y412MC52 and the related Geobacillus sp. Y412MC61 appear to be members of a new species of Geobacillus. The genome of Geobacillus sp. Y412MC52 consists of one circular chromosome of 3,628,883 bp, an average G + C content of 52 % and one circular plasmid of 45,057 bp and an average G + C content of 45 %. Y412MC52 possesses arabinan, arabinoglucuronoxylan, and aromatic acid degradation clusters for degradation of hemicellulose from biomass. Transport and utilization clusters are also present for other carbohydrates including starch, cellobiose, and α- and β-galactooligosaccharides.
Nonenzymatic, Enantioconvergent Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR) of Racemic 2-(1H-Pyrrol-1-yl)alkanoic Acids as α-Amino Acid Equivalents
Authors: Tokumaru Eri , Tengeiji Atsushi , Nakahara Takayoshi , Shiina Isamu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
We report an effective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) system of racemic 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)alkanoic acids, which consists of a rapid racemization step via an activating substrate and an enantio-discriminating step via catalytic esterification. The combination of pivalic anhydride as an activating agent, bis(α-naphthyl)methanol as an achiral alcohol, (R)-BTM as a chiral acyl-transfer catalyst, and Hünig’s base converted racemic 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)alkanoic acids to the corresponding chiral carboxylates, which can be transformed into chiral α-amino acid derivatives with maintained high enantiopurity.
Ad Revenue Optimization in Live Broadcasting
Authors: Popescu Dana G. , Crama Pascale 
Published: October 2015

In live broadcasting, the break lengths available for commercials are not always fixed and known in advance (e.g., strategic and injury time-outs are of variable duration in live sports transmissions). Broadcasters actively manage their advertising revenue by jointly optimizing sales and scheduling policies. We characterize the optimal dynamic schedule in a simplified setting that incorporates stochastic break durations and advertisement lengths of 15 and 30 seconds. The optimal policy is a “greedy” look-ahead rule that accounts for the remaining number of breaks; in this setting, there is no value to perfect information at the scheduling stage, and hence knowing the duration of all breaks would not change the schedule. We present heuristics to help solve scheduling problems of even greater complexity. The performance of these heuristics under various scenarios is tested by running simulations calibrated using industry data. The simple greedy heuristic is shown to perform well except when revenues are concave in ad length, in which case the look-ahead aspect of the optimal schedule becomes more important. Finally, we recommend ways for broadcasters to balance their portfolio of booked ads by determining the optimal overbooking level and mix of ads as a function of their associated revenues generated and penalties incurred. This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.
Rate and duration of seed filling and yield of soybean affected by water and radiation deficits
Authors: GHASSEMI-GOLEZANI Kazem , BAKHSHI Javad , DALIL Bahareh 
Published: October 2015

Seed filling and yield of soybean under water and radiation deficits were investigated during 2011 and 2012. Treatments were irrigations (I1, I2, I3 and I4 for irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively) in main plots and light interceptions (L1: 100 %, L2: 65 % and L3: 25 % sunlight) in sub-plots. Seeds per plant under I1 and I2 decreased, but under I3 and I4 increasedas a result of radiation deficit. Maximum seed weight and seed filling duration of plants under 25 % light interception (L3) were higher than those under full sunlight (L1) and 65 % light interception (L2). In contrast, plants under full sunlight had the highest seed filling rate, particularly under water stress. Seed filling duration under severe light deficit (L3) was about 9 days longer than that under full sunlight (L1), leading to 15.8 % enhancement in maximum seed weight. Decreasing seed yield of soybean under well watering and mild water stress and improving it under moderate and severe water deficit due to low solar radiation are directly related with changes in seed filling duration and consequently in seed weight and number of seeds per plant under these conditions.
Grain, milling, and head rice yields as affected by nitrogen rate and bio-fertilizer application
Authors: FIROUZI Saeed 
Published: October 2015

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen rate and bio-fertilizer application on grain, milling, and head rice yields, a field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, in 2013. The experimental design was a factorial treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Factors were three N rates (0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1) and two bio-fertilizer applications (inoculation and uninoculation with Nitroxin, a liquid bio-fertilizer containing Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. bacteria). Analysis of variance showed that rice grain yield, panicle number per m2, grain number per panicle, flag leaves area, biological yield, grains N concentration and uptake, grain protein concentration, and head rice yield were significantly affected by N rate, while bio-fertilizer application had significant effect on rice grain yield, grain number per panicle, flag leaves area, biological yield, harvest index, grains N concentration and uptake, and grain protein concentration. Results showed that regardless of bio-fertilizer application, rice grain and biological yields were significantly increased as N application rate increased from 0 to 75 kg ha-1, but did not significantly increase at the higher N rate (150 kg ha-1). Grain yield was significantly increased following bio-fertilizer application when averaged across N rates. Grains N concentration and uptake were significantly increased as N rate increased up to 75 kg ha-1, but further increases in N rate had no significant effect on these traits. Bio-fertilizer application increased significantly grains N concentration and uptake, when averaged across N rates. Regardless of bio-fertilizer application, head rice yield was significantly increased from 56 % to 60 % when N rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1. Therefore, this experiment illustrated that rice grain and head yields increased with increasing N rate, while bio-fertilizer application increased only rice grain yield.
Trend of Change in Cultivated Area and Water Budget for Major Crops in Egypt using GIS and Field Survey Technique
Authors: Mohamed Assem Abdelmonem Ahmed , Mohamed A. A. A. , Ahmed M. S. M. , Abdrabbo M. A. A. 
Published: October 2015

Agricultural survey, based on GIS scheme, using satellite images and topographic maps, field survey was carried out during 2008/2009 winter and 2009 summer seasons to determine the whole land cover of the Nile Delta and Valley. This was done using CLAC’s recent (2006) digital shape file data for different geographic layers (Roads, railways, irrigation channels, water bodies and cultivated areas), and SPOT 5 satellite images (2007). Data show that the cultivated area of wheat was about 2.9 million feddans (4200 m2) in 2008 depending on the ministry of agriculture and land reclamation (MALR) statistics, while the area of wheat in the same year according to GIS and field survey was about 2.5 million feddans. There was about 13% difference between the two concerned methods (GIS + field survey) and MALR’s conventional statistical method. However, the cultivated barley area in 2008 winter season was 148 thousand feddans according to GIS + field survey data, whilst the statistical data was 181 thousand feddans.
The GIS + field survey data showed that the area of cotton were decreased sharply in the season of 2009 to 250 thousand feddans compared to 284 thousand feddans with the MALR’s statistical method. Water budget during winter survey for the whole crop pattern was increased from 11 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 24 billion cubic meters in 2013, while water budget during summer survey was increased from 20 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 25 billion cubic meters in 2012. The average water budget for the whole crop pattern in Nile Delta and Nile Valley was 49 billion cubic meters during 2012 /2013.
The study of pituitary-thyroid hormones ratio based on regression analysis
Authors: Kamilov F Kh , Kozlov V N , Baymatov V N , Mamtsev A N , Smirnov D Yu 
Published: October 2015

Aim. To work up a mathematical model for calculation of the levels of pituitary-thyroid hormones system by least squares method in rats with experimental hypothyroidism.
Methods. To study the relationship of hormones levels regression analysis was used. The search of coefficients was performed using the least squares method. Investigations were carried out on rats, which were divided into six groups of 12 rats each: the first group was control, in the animals of second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth groups hypothyroidism was induced by daily intragastric administration of tiamazol in following doses: 2.5; 20.0; 10.0; 5.0 and 1.0 mg per 100 g of rat body weight for 3 weeks.
Results. Regression analysis was carried out, the type of regression as well as parameters were chosen; statistical analysis of the relationship of hormones was conducted based on the obtained results. By comparing the calculation results of the laboratory analysis sufficiently high reliability of the developed model was set up. The deviation of the arithmetic mean value of the level of thyroid stimulating hormone, produced on the basis of experimental and calculated data, is 2.7%. The accuracy of thyroid stimulating hormone levels calculations increased with the decrease of thyrostatic medication dose. The relative error while calculating the free thyroxine levels in the same groups of rats did not exceed 2.15%, accounting for 1.64; 1.34; 0.36 and 2.15%, respectively, when administered daily 20.0; 10.0; 5.0 and 1.0 mg of antithyroid drug per 100 g body weight. One can argue about the reliability of the constructed model to reproduce the performance levels of the hormones of the pituitary-thyroid system.
Conclusion. In the absence of modern high sensitive immunochemiluminescent diagnostic methods the results can be used for thyroid-stimulating hormone levels calculation as one of the major markers of the thyroid gland functional state.
Characterizing the ecological trade‐offs throughout the early ontogeny of coral recruitment
Authors: Doropoulos Christopher , Roff George , Bozec Yves‐Marie , Zupan Mirta , Werminghausen Johanna , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Drivers of recruitment in sessile marine organisms are often poorly understood, due to the rapidly changing requirements experienced during early ontogeny. The complex suite of physical, biological, and ecological interactions beginning at larval settlement involves a series of trade‐offs that influence recruitment success. For example, while cryptic settlement within complex microhabitats is a commonly observed phenomenon in sessile marine organisms, it is unclear whether trade‐offs between competition in cryptic refuges and predation on exposed surfaces leads to higher recruitment.To explore the trade‐offs during the early ontogeny of scleractinian corals, we combined field observations with laboratory and field experiments to develop a mechanistic understanding of coral recruitment success. Multiple experiments conducted over 15 months in Palau (Micronesia) allowed a mechanistic approach to study the individual factors involved in recruitment: settlement behavior, growth, competition, and predation, as functions of microhabitat and ontogeny. We finally developed and tested a predictive recruitment model with the broader aim of testing whether our empirical insights explained patterns of coral recruitment and quantifying the relative importance of each trade‐off.Coral settlement was higher in crevices than exposed microhabitats, but post‐settlement bottlenecks differed markedly in the presence (uncaged) and absence (caged) of predators. Incidental predation by herbivores on exposed surfaces at early post‐settlement (<3 mm) stages and targeted predation by corallivores at late post‐settlement (3–10 mm) stages exceeded competition in crevices as major drivers of mortality. In contrast, when fish were excluded, competition with macroalgae and heterotrophic invertebrates intensified mortality, particularly in crevices. As a result, post‐settlement trade‐offs were reversed, and recruitment was more than twofold higher on exposed surfaces than crevices. Once post‐settlement bottlenecks were overcome, survival was higher on exposed surfaces regardless of fish exclusion. However, maximum recruitment occurred in crevices of uncaged treatments, being ninefold higher than caged treatments. Overall, we characterize recruitment success throughout the earliest life‐history stages of corals and uncover some intriguing trade‐offs between growth, competition and predation, highlighting how these change and even reverse during ontogeny and under alternate disturbance regimes.