bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unheard Complexities in Lou Harrison's Main Bersama-sama and Bubaran Robert
Authors: CHACKO RACHEL 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCentral among Lou Harrison's pioneering East-West fusions, the works for gamelan and Western instruments are frequently cited either as exemplars of the composer's Californian, postmodern musical sensibility or as noteworthy instances of cultural hybridity. Close examination of Main Bersama-sama (1978) and Bubaran Robert (1976, rev. 1981), however, shows that these pieces can and should be understood for what they tell us about Harrison's deep engagement with melody. A self-proclaimed “melode,” Harrison has mistakenly been regarded as a West Coast musical dabbler, writing tuneful pieces that lack the complexity that characterizes the work of his East Coast contemporaries. Yet analysis of the pitch structure of Main Bersama-sama and Bubaran Robert reveals intricate compositional “games” similar to the pre-compositional strategies of composers more typically associated with algorithmic compositional methods. Because these intricacies lie beneath the melodic surface of the music they have largely been unheard and unappreciated in Harrison's work. The melodic nature of these games not only challenges the widely accepted depiction of Harrison as a mere “tunesmith,” but also shows that Harrison explored the ability of melody (as opposed to large-scale tonal or harmonic schemes) to create form and serve a central generative function in his music.
Understanding ‘Source’ and ‘Purpose’ in Processes of Democratic Change: Insights from the Philippines and Thailand
Authors: Hutchcroft Paul D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrevious decades' celebrations of the triumph of democracy were frequently based on mainstream analyses that displayed two major theoretical problems. First, conceptualisations of democracy based on ‘minimal pre-conditions’ commonly conflated the formal establishment ofdemocratic structureswith the far more complex and historically challenging creation ofsubstantive democracy. Second, a deductive and generally ahistorical model asserting fixed stages of ‘democratic transition’ diverted attention from deeper and more substantive examination ofstruggles for power among social forces within specific historical contexts. By adhering to minimalist conceptions of democracy and simplistic models of democratic change, mainstream analysts quite often chose to overlook many underlying limitations and shortcomings of the democratic structures they were so keen to celebrate. Given more recent concerns over ‘authoritarian undertow’, those with the normative goal of deepening democracy must begin by deepening scholarly conceptualisations of the complex nature of democratic change. This analysis urges attention to the ‘source’ and ‘purpose’ of democracy. What were the goals of those who established democratic structures, and to what extent did these goals correspond to the ideals of democracy? In many cases throughout the world, ‘democracy’ has been used as a convenient and very effective means for both cloaking and legitimising a broad set of political, social, and economic inequalities. The need for deeper analysis is highlighted through attention to the historical character of democratic structures in the Philippines and Thailand, with particular attention to the sources and purposes of ‘democracy’ amid on-going struggles for power among social forces. In both countries, albeit coming forth from very different historical circumstances, democratic structures have been continually undermined by those with little commitment to the democratic ideal: oligarchic dominance in the Philippines, and military/bureaucratic/monarchic dominance in Thailand. Each country possesses its own set of challenges and opportunities for genuine democratic change, as those who seek to undermine elite hegemony and promote popular accountability operate in very different socio-economic and institutional contexts. Efforts to promote substantive democracy in each setting, therefore, must begin with careful historical analysis of the particular challenges that need to be addressed.
Living with Giants: ASEAN and the Evolution of Asian Regionalism
Authors: Beeson Mark 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFrom its inception, ASEAN has been shaped by the evolving structure of the international system and the activities of more powerful external actors. This is still the case. What is different now is that the nature of the region of which ASEAN is a part has changed in significant ways. Indeed, the entire structure of the international system has undergone a number of profoundly important changes which have forced ASEAN to adjust and recalibrate its own policies. This paper explores this adjustment process and maps the most important forces and actors that are compelling change. By placing the ASEAN experience in a comparative conceptual framework, it becomes possible to identify the key drivers of change and to speculate about their future impact on an organisation that has proved remarkably resilient thus far. The nature of contemporary regional developments and the continuing evolution of the wider international system mean that ASEAN is currently facing major new challenges and questions about its relevance in an era when other regional organisations are emerging to challenge its authority and role.
Pharmacogenetics in Africa, an Opportunity for Appropriate Drug Dosage Regimens: on the Road to Personalized Healthcare
Authors: Masimirembwa C , Hasler JA 
Published: August 2013

The modern human appeared in Africa around 200,000 years ago with subsequent later migrations to populate Europe, Asia, and North America.1 As humans adapted to various diets, diseases, climates, and so on, inherited traits emerged that gave rise to distinct population groups with physical and physiological differences, including the response to xenobiotic challenges (Figure 1). This Perspective highlights the interpopulation differences in response to drugs focusing on Africa and implications for global pharmacometric studies.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e45; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.17; advance online publication 29 May 2013
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exploit Extracellular Matrix as Mechanotransducer
Authors: Li Bojun , Moshfegh Cameron , Lin Zhe , Albuschies Jörg , Vogel Viola 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhile stem cells can sense and respond to physical properties of their environment, the molecular aspects how physical information is translated into biochemical signals remain unknown. Here we show that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) harvest and assemble plasma fibronectin into their extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrils within 24 hours. hMSCs pro-actively pull on newly assembled fibronectin ECM fibrils and the fibers are more stretched on rigid than on soft fibronectin-coated polyacrylamide gels. Culturing hMSCs on single stretched fibronectin fibers upregulates hMSC osteogenesis. Osteogenesis was increased when αvβ3 integrins were blocked on relaxed fibronectin fibers and decreased when α5β1 integrins were blocked or when epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling was inhibited on stretched fibronectin fibers. This suggests that hMSCs utilize their own contractile forces to translate environmental cues into differential biochemical signals by stretching fibronectin fibrils. Mechanoregulation of fibronectin fibrils may thus serve as check point to regulate hMSC osteogenesis.
Biochemical analysis of a multifunctional cytochrome P450 (CYP51) enzyme required for synthesis of antimicrobial triterpenes in plants
Authors: Geisler Katrin , Hughes Richard K. , Sainsbury Frank , Lomonossoff George P. , Rejzek Martin , Fairhurst Shirley , Olsen Carl-Erik , Motawia Mohammed Saddik , Melton Rachel E. , Hemmings Andrew M. , Bak Søren , Osbourn Anne 
Published: August 2013

SignificanceWe carried out functional analysis of the oat enzyme AsCYP51H10, which is a divergent member of the CYP51 cytochrome P450 family and showed that this enzyme is able to catalyze both hydroxylation and epoxidation of the simple triterpene β-amyrin to give 12,13β-epoxy-3β,16β-dihydroxy-oleanane (12,13β-epoxy-16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin). In contrast, the canonical CYP51 enzymes are highly conserved and catalyze only sterol demethylation. We further show that the C12,13 epoxy group is critical for antifungal activity, a discovery that has important implications for triterpene metabolic engineering for food, health, and industrial biotechnology applications.
Informative Correlations among Metrics of Yellowstone Lake Cutthroat Trout Caught by Two Quantitative Methods across Three Recent Decades
Authors: Kaeding Lynn R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri (YCT) of Yellowstone Lake, in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is an iteroparous fish and obligate stream spawner. The size and several other attributes of the annual YCT spawning run in one lake tributary, Clear Creek, have been periodically estimated for several decades. The trends in that run's metrics have been assumed to depict the trends in the lake's YCT population as a whole, although such associations had not been substantiated by statistical analyses. The present study revealed strong correlations between metrics of YCT in the run (years 1977–2007) and of “prespawner” YCT (i.e., mature fish whose excised gonads indicated that the fish would have spawned the next year) caught in gill nets set in various lake locations the preceding fall. Data for both capture methods also revealed a negative effect of spawning population density on YCT somatic growth, which is known to be positively associated with fecundity. This study showed that most metrics of YCT in the Clear Creek spawning run were indicative of those of prespawner YCT in Yellowstone Lake and aided the development of population models that are needed to determine the causal factors in the recent, three-decade population decline of YCT.
Received April 10, 2013; accepted June 12, 2013
Two Cases of Intranasal Naloxone Self-Administration in Opioid Overdose
Authors: Green Traci C. , Ray Madeline , Bowman Sarah E. , McKenzie Michelle , Rich Josiah D. 
Published: August 2013

Background Overdose is a leading cause of death for former prisoners, exacting its greatest toll during the first 2 weeks post release. Protective effects have been observed with training individuals at high risk of overdose and prescribing them naloxone, an opioid antagonist that reverses the effects of the opioid-induced respiratory depression that causes death. Cases The authors report 2 people with opiate use histories who self-administered intranasal naloxone to treat their own heroin overdoses following release from prison. Patient A is a 34-year-old male, who reported having experienced an overdose on heroin the day after he was released from incarceration. Patient B is a 29-year-old female, who reported an overdose on her first injection of heroin, 17 days post release from incarceration. Both patients self-administered the medication but were assisted at some point during the injury by a witness whom they had personally instructed in how to prepare and administer the medication. Neither patient experienced withdrawal symptoms following exposure to naloxone. Discussion Self-administration of naloxone should not be a goal of overdose death prevention training. A safer, more reliable approach is to prescribe naloxone to at-risk patients and train and also equip members of their household and social or drug-using networks in overdose prevention and response.
Accounting for the Poor
Authors: Townsend Robert M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEconomists and other social scientists have long tried to understand the nature of poverty and how poor people make decisions. For example, T.W. Schultz, a Nobel Laureate, former professor of economics at the University of Chicago, and former president of the American Economic Association, spent his career working in development and agricultural economics. In his 1980 Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Schultz suggests that there is some accounting for the behavior of the poor in agriculture. “Farmers, the world over, in dealing with costs, returns, and risks are calculating economic agents. Within their small, individual, allocative domain they are fine‐tuning entrepreneurs, tuning so subtly that many experts fail to recognize how efficient they are” (Schultz 1980).
ROBNCA: robust network component analysis for recovering transcription factor activities
Authors: Noor Amina , Ahmad Aitzaz , Serpedin Erchin , Nounou Mohamed , Nounou Hazem 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Network component analysis (NCA) is an efficient method of reconstructing the transcription factor activity (TFA), which makes use of the gene expression data and prior information available about transcription factor (TF)–gene regulations. Most of the contemporary algorithms either exhibit the drawback of inconsistency and poor reliability, or suffer from prohibitive computational complexity. In addition, the existing algorithms do not possess the ability to counteract the presence of outliers in the microarray data. Hence, robust and computationally efficient algorithms are needed to enable practical applications.
Results: We propose ROBust Network Component Analysis (ROBNCA), a novel iterative algorithm that explicitly models the possible outliers in the microarray data. An attractive feature of the ROBNCA algorithm is the derivation of a closed form solution for estimating the connectivity matrix, which was not available in prior contributions. The ROBNCA algorithm is compared with FastNCA and the non-iterative NCA (NI-NCA). ROBNCA estimates the TF activity profiles as well as the TF–gene control strength matrix with a much higher degree of accuracy than FastNCA and NI-NCA, irrespective of varying noise, correlation and/or amount of outliers in case of synthetic data. The ROBNCA algorithm is also tested on Saccharomyces cerevisiae data and Escherichia coli data, and it is observed to outperform the existing algorithms. The run time of the ROBNCA algorithm is comparable with that of FastNCA, and is hundreds of times faster than NI-NCA.
Availability: The ROBNCA software is available at http://people.tamu.edu/∼amina/ROBNCA
Contact: serpedin@ece.tamu.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Single‐Kernel Near‐Infrared Analysis for Evaluating Wheat Samples for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance
Authors: Peiris Kamaranga H. S. , Dong Yanhong , Bockus William W. , Dowell Floyd E. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis report describes a method to estimate the bulk deoxynivalenol (DON) content of wheat grain samples with the single‐kernel DON levels estimated by a single‐kernel near‐infrared (SKNIR) system combined with single‐kernel weights. The described method estimated the bulk DON levels in 90% of 160 grain samples to within 6.7 ppm of DON when compared with the DON content determined with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The single‐kernel DON analysis showed that the DON content among DON‐containing kernels (DCKs) varied considerably. The analysis of the distribution of DON levels among all kernels and among the DCKs of grain samples is helpful for the in‐depth evaluation of the effect of varieties or fungicides on Fusarium head blight (FHB) reactions. The SKNIR DON analysis and estimation of the single‐kernel DON distribution patterns demonstrated in this study may be helpful for wheat breeders to evaluate the FHB resistance of varieties in relation to their resistance to the spread of the disease and resistance to DON accumulation.
Lipid Rescue Reverses the Bupivacaine-induced Block of the Fast Na+ Current (INa) in Cardiomyocytes of the Rat Left Ventricle
Authors: Wagner Michael , Zausig York A. , Ruf Stefan , Rudakova Elena , Gruber Michael , Graf Bernhard M. , Volk Tilmann 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background:
Cardiovascular resuscitation upon intoxication with lipophilic ion channel–blocking agents has proven most difficult. Recently, favorable results have been reported when lipid rescue therapy is performed, i.e., the infusion of a triglyceride-rich lipid emulsion during resuscitation. However, the mechanism of action is poorly understood.

Methods:
The authors investigate the effects of a clinically used lipid emulsion (Lipovenös® MCT 20%; Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) on the block of the fast Na+ current (INa) induced by the lipophilic local anesthetic bupivacaine in adult rat left ventricular myocytes by using the whole cell patch clamp technique.

Results:
Bupivacaine at 10 µm decreased INa by 54% (−19.3 ± 1.9 pApF−1
vs. −42.3 ± 4.3 pApF−1; n = 17; P < 0.001; VPip = −40 mV, 1 Hz). Addition of 10% lipid emulsion in the presence of bupivacaine produced a 37% increase in INa (−26.4 ± 2.8 pApF−1; n = 17; P < 0.001 vs. bupivacaine alone). To test whether these results could be explained by a reduction in the free bupivacaine concentration by the lipid (lipid-sink effect), the authors removed the lipid phase from the bupivacaine–lipid mixture by ultracentrifugation. Also, the resulting water phase led to an increase in INa (+19%; n = 17; P < 0.001 vs. bupivacaine), demonstrating that part of the bupivacaine had been removed during ultracentrifugation. The substantially less lipophilic mepivacaine (40 µm) reduced INa by 27% (n = 24; P < 0.001). The mepivacaine–lipid mixture caused a significant increase in INa (+17%; n = 24; P < 0.001). For mepivacaine, only a small lipid-sink effect could be demonstrated (+8%; n = 23; P < 0.01), reflecting its poor lipid solubility.

Conclusion:
The authors demonstrate lipid rescue on the single-cell level and provide evidence for a lipid-sink mechanism.
Efficacy of Pegylated Interferon α‐2b and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (Genotypes 1 and 4) Infection
Authors: Wiśniewska‐Ligier Malgorzata , Pawłowska Malgorzata , Pilarczyk Malgorzata , Halota Waldemar , Woźniakowska‐Gęsicka Teresa 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:The course of chronic hepatitis C in children is often mild or asymptomatic, but may lead to liver cirrhosis and neoplasm. The aim of our study was retrospective evaluation of treatment efficacy using pegylated interferon (IFN)‐α2b with ribavirin in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C, both treatment naïve and re‐treated.Methods:The study comprised 79 patients with chronic hepatitis C ages 8 to 18 years (43 patients re‐treated; 54 infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus and 25 with genotype 4), treated with pegylated IFN‐α2b (1.5 μg · kg−1 · week−1) plus ribavirin (15 mg · kg−1 · day−1) for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response (SVR).Results:Early viral response (EVR) was observed in 43.1% and end‐of‐treatment response in 47.9% of patients. In 44.3% of patients, SVR was achieved, which was maintained for at least the next 6 months. Patients not treated before significantly more frequently attained EVR, end‐of‐treatment response, and SVR (64%, 65.6%, and 63.9%, respectively) as compared with re‐treated patients (30%, 33.3%, and 27.9%, respectively). Among 28 patients who attained EVR, 23 achieved SVR. In 2 patients, despite lack of EVR, SVR was observed. There were numerous adverse effects. They were not so severe as to discontinue therapy.Conclusions:Combined therapy with pegylated IFN‐α2b and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C, infected with hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 4, was more effective in treatment‐naïve patients (63.9%) as compared with re‐therapy cases (27.9%). SVR was maintained for at least the next 6 months in all of the patients. The applied treatment has limited efficacy and evokes numerous adverse effects; thus, search for new methods of treatment is mandatory.
Effects of Surgical Correction of Neuromuscular Scoliosis on Gastric Myoelectrical Activity, Emptying, and Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Jalanko Tuomas , Helenius Ilkka , Pakarinen Mikko , Puisto Ville , Salminen Päivi , Peltonen Jari , Rintala Risto , Koivusalo Antti 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Gastrointestinal complications are frequent after surgical correction of neuromuscular scoliosis, but the effects of scoliosis surgery on gastric function and upper gastrointestinal symptoms over the long term are unknown.Methods:Thirty‐one children (16 spastic, 15 flaccid patients) who underwent surgical correction of neuromuscular scoliosis were included in a prospective follow‐up study. Median (range) age at surgery was 14.9 (5–20) years and follow‐up time 4.3 (2–8) years. Electrogastrography (n = 28), gastric emptying scintigraphy (n = 17), and structured upper gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire (n = 26) were evaluated before and after surgery. The results were related to patients' clinical state, type and extent of corrective spinal surgery, and gastrointestinal complications.Results:The median main scoliosis curve of 81 degrees (51–129 degrees) was corrected to 25 degrees (1.0–85 degrees) after surgery. In electrogastrogram, power ratio increased from preoperative 1.4 (0.30–11) to postoperative 6.2 (1.2–26) in the spastic group (P = 0.008), whereas in the flaccid group, power ratio remained unchanged at 2.2 (0.1–17). Patients with prolonged postoperative paralytic ileus had the most substantial increase in gastric power ratio (P = 0.038). Correction of sagittal spinal balance correlated with increased postprandial normogastric activity after surgery (R2 = 0.459; P = 0.004). The gastric emptying results, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and body mass index were not significantly altered after scoliosis surgery.Conclusions:Gastric myoelectrical power increased after surgical correction of spastic neuromuscular scoliosis and was associated with prolonged postoperative paralytic ileus. Correction of poor, stooped spinal balance improved gastric myoelectrical activity. The net effect of scoliosis surgery on gastric emptying, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and clinical nutritional state was minimal.
Effects of Boric Acid and 2‐Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate on Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Yazc Selçuk , Akşit Hasan , Korkut Oğuzhan , Sunay Bahar , Çelik Tanju 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim was to study the effects of boric acid (BA) and 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) on oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) rat model.Methods:Experimental NEC was induced in 40 newborn Sprague‐Dawley rats by asphyxia and hypothermia applied in 3 consecutive days. Rats were subdivided into 4 subgroups as NEC, NEC + BA, NEC + 2‐APB, and controls. BA and 2‐APB were applied daily before the procedure. Serum total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Pathological changes for NEC in intestinal architecture were evaluated by a grading system.Results:Pretreatment with BA and 2‐APB resulted in a decrease in NEC incidence. In all of the NEC groups, decreased serum levels of GSH and SOD were measured. Boron limited GSH consumption but had no effect on SOD levels. Total antioxidant status levels were not statistically different among groups. In our experimental NEC model, BA, but not 2‐APB, prevented the increase of TNF‐α. Pretreatment with BA and 2‐APB downregulated the activity levels of IL‐6 in NEC.Conclusions:In the experimental NEC model, BA and 2‐APB partly prevent NEC formation, modulate the oxidative stress parameters, bring a significant decrease in GSH consumption, and enhance the antioxidant defense mechanism, but have no effect on total antioxidant status. BA inhibits the hypoxia and hypothermia‐induced increase in both IL‐6 and TNF‐a, but 2‐APB only in IL‐6. Boron may be beneficial in preventing NEC.