bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancestral founder mutations in calpain‐3 in the Indian Agarwal community: Historical, clinical, and molecular perspective
Authors: Ankala Arunkanth , Kohn Jordan N. , Dastur Rashna , Gaitonde Pradnya , Khadilkar Satish V. , Hegde Madhuri R. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionClinical heterogeneity of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs, 24 known subtypes), which includes overlapping phenotypes and varying ages of onset and morbidity, adds complexity to clinical and molecular diagnoses.MethodsTo diagnose LGMD subtype, protein analysis, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting, was followed by gene sequencing through a panel approach (simultaneous sequencing of known LGMD genes) in 9 patients from unrelated families of the Indian Agarwal community. Haplotype studies were performed by targeted SNP genotyping to establish mutation segregation.ResultsWe identified 2 founder mutations in CAPN3, a missense (c.2338G>C; p.D780H) and a splice‐site (c.2099‐1G>T) mutation, on 2 different haplotype backgrounds. The patients were either heterozygous for both or homozygous for either of these mutations.ConclusionsFounder mutations have immediate clinical application, at least in selected population groups. Clinically available gene panels may provide a definitive molecular diagnosis for heterogeneous disorders such as LGMD. Muscle Nerve 47: 931–937, 2013
The influence of diffusion time on the properties of sequential interpenetrating PEG hydrogels
Authors: Yang Ting , Malkoch Michael , Hult Anders 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFour sets comprising a total of 16 sequential interpenetrating network (SeqIPN) hydrogels were efficiently fabricated via UV initiated thiol‐ene coupling chemistry and from 2 kDa or 8 kDa primary poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) networks (S2 and S8). Each primary system delivered four different SeqIPNs constructed after 2, 4, 20, and 44 h diffusion of secondary network PEG precursors, 2 kDa and 8 kDa. This allowed the assessment of both mechanical and swelling properties for a wide range of novel hydrogels ranging from loosely crosslinked SeqIPN 8‐8 to densely crosslinked SeqIPN 2‐2 systems. All gel fractions of secondary networks were above 83% and 44 h of diffusion was found sufficient to fully saturate the primary networks. Disperse red functionalized PEGs (2 kDa and 8 kDa) were further used as probes to investigate the diffusion mechanisms. The impact of diffusion time on loosely crosslinked S8 network with a swelling degree of 970% and tensile modulus of 175 kPa displayed a significant change in the final properties. For instance, a 2 h diffusion of 2 kDa PEG precursors generated a SeqIPN 8‐2:2 comprising a secondary network solid content of 34% with a water swelling degree 580% and a tensile modulus of 365 kPa. On saturation, that is, 44 h of diffusion, SeqIPN 2‐8:44 exhibited 64% of secondary network solid content, a swelling capacity of 380% and over fourfold of tensile modulus (758 kPa) when compared with the primary network S8. SeqIPN hydrogel with the highest tensile modulus and lowest degree of water swelling was obtained after 44 h diffusion of 2 kDa PEG precursors within the densely crosslinked S2 primary network. In this case, SeqIPN 2‐2:44 noted a water swelling capability of 280% and a tensile modulus over 1 MPa. The latter was twofold when compared with S2 with a tensile modulus of 555 kPa. Consequently, the diffusion time of secondary network is a promising parameter to control and that enables the fabrication of PEG hydrogels with a wider window of mechanical and swelling properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
A non‐phosgene process to homopolycarbonate and copolycarbonates of isosorbide using dimethyl carbonate: Synthesis, characterization, and properties
Authors: Li Qian , Zhu Wenxiang , Li Chuncheng , Guan Guohu , Zhang Dong , Xiao Yaonan , Zheng Liuchun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPoly(isosorbide carbonate) (PIC) was synthesized by melt polycondensation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and isosorbide using lithium acetylacetonate (LiAcac) as the catalyst. The reaction conditions were optimized to achieve PIC with relatively high number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of 28,800 g/mol and isosorbide conversion of 95.2%. A series of poly(aliphatic diol‐co‐isosorbide carbonate)s (PAICs) were also synthesized by melt polycondensation of DMC with isosorbide and equimolar amounts of aliphatic diols (1,4‐butanediol, 1,5‐pentanediol, 1,6‐hexanediol, and 1,4‐cyclohexane dimethanol) in the presence of LiAcac and the TiO2/SiO2‐based catalyst (TSP‐44). PAICs with Mn values ranging from 18,700 to 34,400 g/mol and polydispersities between 1.64 and 1.69 were obtained. The 13C NMR analysis revealed the random microstructure of PAICs. The differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that all the PAICs were amorphous with a unique Tg ranging from 46 to 88 °C. The dynamic analysis results showed that the incorporation of linear or cyclohexane structure changed the dynamic mechanical properties of PIC drastically. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthesis and radical polymerization of styrene‐based monomer having a five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate structure
Authors: Miyata Takahiro , Matsumoto Kozo , Endo Takeshi , Yonemori Shigeaki , Watanabe Shoji 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA styrene‐based monomer having a five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate structure, 4‐vinylbenzyl 1,3‐oxathiolane‐2‐thione‐5‐ylmethyl ether (VBTE), was synthesized from 4‐vinylbenzyl glycidyl ether (VBGE) and carbon disulfide in the presence of lithium bromide in 86% yield. Radical polymerization of VBTE in dimethyl sulfoxide by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile was carried out at 60 °C to afford the corresponding the polymer, polyVBTE, in 64% yield. PolyVBTE with number‐averaged molecular weight higher than 31,000 was obtained. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and 5 wt % decomposition temperature (Td5) of the polyVBTE were evaluated to be 66 and 264 °C under nitrogen atmosphere by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetry analysis, respectively. It was confirmed that a polymer consisting of the same VBTE repeating unit could also be obtained via polymer reaction, that is, a lithium bromide‐catalyzed addition of carbon disulfide to a polyVBGE prepared from a radical polymerization of VBGE. Copolymerization of VBTE and styrene with various compositions efficiently gave copolymers of VBTE and styrene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
New tethered ansa‐bridged zirconium catalysts: Insights into the “self‐immobilization” mechanism
Authors: Polo Eleonora , Losio Simona , Sacchi Maria Carmela , Galimberti Maurizio 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNew ω‐alkenyl‐substituted ansa‐bridged bisindenyl zirconium complexes are prepared and tested as self‐immobilized catalysts for ethene polymerization. But, even at very high concentration of the tethered complexes and low pressure of ethene, there is no evidence of their insertion into the polyethene chain. A “cross polymerization” test, performed by copolymerizing the tethered complexes with ethene using rac‐Me2Si(2‐MeBenzInd)2ZrCl2 (MBI), does not lead to their incorporation into the polyethene chain. However, the corresponding ligand proves to be a suitable comonomer for ethene, and, through copolymerization promoted by MBI, innovative poly(ethene‐co‐2,2′‐bis[(1H‐inden‐3′‐yl)‐hex‐5‐ene) copolymers are prepared and characterized by 13C NMR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Electrospinning of biostable polyisobutylene‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes
Authors: Cozzens David , Wei Xinyu , Faust Rudolf 
Published: December 2012

AbstractElectrospinning of a previously synthesized biostable polyisobutylene (PIB)‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) have been performed as materials with potential applications as vascular grafts. Electrospun mats were generated with fiber diameters in the submicron to 2 μm range as observed using scanning electron microscopy. Porosity of electrospun TPU fiber mats was investigated using Hg intrusion porosimetry. Fiber mats were found to have a distribution of pore sizes between 100 nm and 100 μm, with overall porosity between 50 and 70%. Thermal analysis of electrospun mats showed orientation of the TPU chains compared to the bulk as‐synthesized material. Tensile failure properties were characterized, showing ultimate tensile strength of 1.6–6.5 MPa and ultimate elongation of ∼300–100% with TPUs of increasing hardness from Shore 60A to 100A. Strain‐recovery experiments showed good recovery of tensile strain at significant stresses. The previously demonstrated biostability of these PIB‐based TPUs, together with the excellent reported mechanical properties, indicates great promise for these materials as biostable vascular grafts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Binary Flash Compositions – A Theoretical and Practical Study
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Steemann F. Xaver , Suceska Muhammad 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFlash compositions are a class of pyrotechnic effect compositions used in firecrackers as well as in military applications. They are widely recognized as perhaps the most dangerous pyrotechnic compositions. This study investigates binary flash compositions containing aluminum and (per)chlorate oxidizers. The sensitivities of binary flash compositions are measured, their explosive power is compared using micro‐scale ballistic mortar testing, and their detonation parameters are calculated using the EXPLO5 code.
Cycle‐walking revisited: consistency, security, and efficiency
Authors: Li Jingwei , Jia Chunfu , Liu Zheli , Dong Zongqing 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTCycle‐walking is a method that makes sure ciphertext falls in the acceptable range through encrypting plaintext repeatedly with some underlying cipher. This technology provides a general way to construct cryptographic schemes for various interesting applications, including enhancing existing system security without the change of original structure, encrypting multimedia data with the preservation of scalability, generating credit card numbers for Web transaction, and so on, which have a common feature that ciphertext is required to satisfy certain restrictions in order to allow some operations directly imposed on encrypted data. Nevertheless, as far as we know, there exists little work making rigorous analysis on cycle‐walking, especially its undeterministic efficiency, which may limit the application of schemes constructed by such technology or even lead it to unpracticality. In this paper, aiming at filling some gaps about cycle‐walking and helping cryptographic theory “catch up” with its application, we present the rigorous analysis on cycle‐walking's properties including consistency, security, and efficiency. On consistency, we show that cycle‐walking will necessarily arrive back with finite iteration rounds and its decryption reverses encryption. On security, we show that cycle‐walking would not degrade the security of underlying ciphers. On efficiency, instead of using “nondeterministic” to describe cycle‐walking's performance in previous work, we make precise analysis and provide the answer to “how long is the duration of cycle‐walking's encrypting process.” Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy Potentiated with Erythropoietin for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Min Kyunghoon , Song Junyoung , Kang Jin Young , Ko Jooyeon , Ryu Ju Seok , Kang Myung Seo , Jang Su Jin , Kim Sang Heum , Oh Doyeun , Kim Moon Kyu , Kim Sung Soo , Kim MinYoung 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAllogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) has therapeutic potential for cerebral palsy (CP). Concomitant administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) may boost the efficacy of UCB, as it has neurotrophic effects. The objectives of this study were to assess the safety and efficacy of allogeneic UCB potentiated with rhEPO in children with CP. Children with CP were randomly assigned to one of three parallel groups: the pUCB group, which received allogeneic UCB potentiated with rhEPO; the EPO group, which received rhEPO and placebo UCB; and the Control group, which received placebo UCB and placebo rhEPO. All participants received rehabilitation therapy. The main outcomes were changes in scores on the following measures during the 6 months treatment period: the gross motor performance measure (GMPM), gross motor function measure, and Bayley scales of infant development-II (BSID-II) Mental and Motor scales (18). F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and diffusion tensor images (DTI) were acquired at baseline and followed up to detect changes in the brain. In total, 96 subjects completed the study. Compared with the EPO (n = 33) and Control (n = 32) groups, the pUCB (n = 31) group had significantly higher scores on the GMPM and BSID-II Mental and Motor scales at 6 months. DTI revealed significant correlations between the GMPM increment and changes in fractional anisotropy in the pUCB group. 18F-FDG-PET/CT showed differential activation and deactivation patterns between the three groups. The incidence of serious adverse events did not differ between groups. In conclusion, UCB treatment ameliorated motor and cognitive dysfunction in children with CP undergoing active rehabilitation, accompanied by structural and metabolic changes in the brain.
What are the Main Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries?
Authors: Lopes Alexandre Dias , Hespanhol Luiz Carlos , Yeung Simon S. , Costa Leonardo Oliveira Pena 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in runners and despite many studies about running injuries conducted over the past decades it is not clear in the literature what are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries (RRMIs).

Objective
The aim of this study is to systematically review studies on the incidence and prevalence of the main specific RRMIs.

Methods
An electronic database search was conducted using EMBASE (1947 to October 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2011), SPORTDiscus™ (1975 to October 2011), the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) [1982 to October 2011] and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) [1998 to October 2011] with no limits of date or language of publication. Articles that described the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were considered eligible. Studies that reported only the type of injury, anatomical region or incomplete data that precluded interpretation of the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were excluded. We extracted data regarding bibliometric characteristics, study design, description of the population of runners, RRMI definition, how the data of RRMIs were collected and the name of each RRMI with their rates of incidence or prevalence. Separate analysis for ultra-marathoners was performed. Among 2924 potentially eligible titles, eight studies (pooled n = 3500 runners) were considered eligible for the review. In general, the articles had moderate risk of bias and only one fulfilled less than half of the quality criteria established.

Results
A total of 28 RRMIs were found and the main general RRMIs were medial tibial stress syndrome (incidence ranging from 13.6% to 20.0%; prevalence of 9.5%), Achilles tendinopathy (incidence ranging from 9.1% to 10.9%; prevalence ranging from 6.2% to 9.5%) and plantar fasciitis (incidence ranging from 4.5% to 10.0%; prevalence ranging from 5.2% to 17.5%). The main ultra-marathon RRMIs were Achilles tendinopathy (prevalence ranging from 2.0% to 18.5%) and patellofemoral syndrome (prevalence ranging from 7.4% to 15.6%).

Conclusion
This systematic review provides evidence that medial tibia stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis were the main general RRMIs, while Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral syndrome were the most common RRMIs for runners who participated in ultra-marathon races.
Walter’s two-layer hypothesis revisited: back to the roots!
Authors: Ward David , Wiegand Kerstin , Getzin Stephan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Walter (Jahrb Wiss Bot 87:750–860, 1939) proposed a two-layer hypothesis, an equilibrium explanation for coexistence of savanna trees and grasses. This hypothesis relies on vertical niche partitioning and assumed that grasses are more water-use efficient than trees and use subsurface water while trees also have access to deeper water sources. Thus, in open savannas, grasses were predicted to predominate because of their water use efficiency and access to subsurface water. This hypothesis has been a prominent part of the savanna literature since first proposed. We review the literature on Walter’s hypothesis and reconsider his original intentions. Walter intended this hypothesis to be restricted to dry savannas. In his opinion, mesic and humid savannas were controlled by biotic factors and disturbances. We surveyed the global savanna literature for records of vertical niche partitioning by grasses and trees. We find that, within the scope of Walter’s original intentions, this hypothesis works remarkably well, and in some cases is appropriate for deserts as well as for dry temperate systems and even some mesic savannas.
Salt Effect on Mixed Micelle and Interfacial Properties of Conventional Cationic Surfactants and the Ionic Liquid Surfactant 1‐Tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Bromide ([C14mim]Br)
Authors: Luo Genxiang , Qi Xinjie , Han Chunyu , Liu Chunsheng , Gui Jianzhou 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe surface properties and mixed micellization behavior of binary combinations of an ionic liquid surfactant, namely, 1‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C14mim]Br) with common cationic surfactants viz. tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetradecylpyridinium bromide in the presence of sodium bromide (NaBr) were investigated by surface tension and conductivity measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and interfacial parameters, such as the maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum area per molecule (Amin) and surface pressure at the CMC (πCMC) were determined from the surface tension data. The CMC and Γmax values were found to decrease with increasing salt concentrations. The and values are negative indicating the spontaneity of micelle formation.
Tetradecylthioacetic Acid Increases Fat Metabolism and Improves Cardiac Function in Experimental Heart Failure
Authors: Øie Erik , Berge Rolf K. , Ueland Thor , Dahl Christen P. , Edvardsen Thor , Beitnes Jan Otto , Bohov Pavol , Aukrust Pål , Yndestad Arne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractChanges in myocardial metabolism, including a shift from fatty acid to glucose utilization and changes in fatty acid availability and composition are characteristics of heart failure development. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a fatty acid analogue lacking the ability to undergo mitochondrial β‐oxidation. TTA promotes hepatic proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes and also decreases serum triglycerides and cholesterol in animals. We investigated the effect of TTA, in combination with a high‐fat or regular diet, in a rat model of post‐myocardial infarction heart failure. TTA had a beneficial effect on cardiac function in post‐myocardial infarction heart failure without affecting myocardial remodeling. These effects of TTA on myocardial function were accompanied by decreased free fatty acids in plasma, increased myocardial proportion of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a decreased proportion of n‐6 PUFA. Myocardial enzyme gene expression during TTA treatment suggested that the increase in n‐3 PUFA could reflect increased n‐3 PUFA synthesis and inadequately increased n‐3 PUFA β‐oxidation. Based on our data, it is unlikely that the changes are secondary to alterations in other tissues as plasma and liver showed an opposite pattern with decreased n‐3 PUFA during TTA treatment. The present study suggests that TTA may improve myocardial function in heart failure, potentially involving its ability to decrease the availability of FFA and increase the myocardial proportion of n‐3 PUFA.
Rapid Assessment of Quality Parameters in Cocoa Butter Using ATR‐MIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Maurer Natalie E. , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe development of sensitive and robust screening tool(s) for assuring the quality of incoming raw materials would supplement the assurances provided by food manufacturer vendor auditing programs. Our aim was to evaluate the ability of attenuated total reflectance mid‐infrared (ATR‐MIR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate analysis as a screening tool for the diverse cocoa butter supply. Forty different cocoa butter samples encompassing an acceptable range of compositional variability for the chocolate industry were included. Cocoa butters were characterized for their melt characteristics (melting heat), triacylglycerol content and fatty acid composition (GC‐FAME). Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used for classification and quantification analysis. SIMCA classified all cocoa butters in distinct clusters in a 3‐dimensional space but no sample clustering patterns were associated with melt characteristics. Spectral differences responsible for the separation of classes were attributed to stretching vibrations of the ester (–C=O) linkage (1,660–1,720 cm−1). PLSR models showed correlation coefficients >0.93 and prediction errors (SECV) of 1.5 units for melt characteristics, 0.2–0.3 and 0.4–0.8 % for major fatty acids and triacylglycerols, respectively. ATR‐MIR spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition analysis provides robust models for characterization and determination of cocoa butter composition.
Chemical Stability of the Lipid Phase in Concentrated Beverage Emulsions Colored with Natural β‐Carotene
Authors: Szterk Arkadiusz , Roszko Marek , Górnicka Ewa 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the oxidation of selected plant oils in concentrated beverage emulsions colored with natural β‐carotene. Carotenoid preparations obtained from carrots were dissolved in cold‐pressed linseed oil, refined canola oil, and refined palm olein. Oxidative stability of the lipids was examined with and without addition of the pigment to the oil/water (O/W) emulsion. Carotenoid/lipid hydro peroxide (LOOH) concentration was evaluated using two different methods: LOOH + Fe2+ reaction connected with a colored complex of ammonium thiocyanate determined with the help of a spectrophotometer, and LOOH determined with the help of a chemiluminometer. It was shown that oxidation rate of lipids in the O/W emulsions strongly depended on chemical composition of the lipid fraction (type of oil used). Presence of the carotenoid pigment increased the rate. Therefore, if a carotenoid‐containing emulsion is to be stable, it should be based on oils of a high oxidative stability.