bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals
Authors: Gomez D.E. , Biermann N.M. , Sanchez L.C. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThe quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured strong anions (UAs), pCO2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pHcan be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assessUAs in different species.HypothesesStrong ions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pHof hospitalized foals.AGandSIGaccurately predict severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia ([l‐lac−] > 7 mmol/L).AnimalsSeven hundred and ninety three hospitalized foals < 7 days old.MethodsRetrospective study. The relationship between measuredpHand physicochemical variables, and the relationship between plasma [l‐lac−] andAGandSIG, were determined using regression analyses. OptimalAGandSIGcut points to predict hyper‐l‐lactatemia were identified using anROCcurve analysis.ResultsCombined, the measured strong ion difference andSIGaccounted for 54–69% of the changes in the measured arterialpHof hospitalized foals.AGandSIGwere significantly associated with plasma [l‐lac−] (P < .0001). The receiver operator characteristics (ROC)AUCofAGandSIGfor prediction of severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia were 0.89 (95%CI, 0.8–0.95;P < .0001) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.81–0.96;P < .0001), respectively. Severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia was best predicted byAG > 27 mmol/L (sensitivity 80%, 95%CI, 56–94, specificity 85%, 95%CI, 73–93;P < .0001) andSIG<−15 mmol/L (sensitivity 90%, 95%CI, 68–98; specificity 80%; 95%CI, 68–90;P < .0001).Conclusion and clinical relevanceAltered concentrations of strong ions (Na+, K+, Cl−) andUAs were the primary cause of acidemia of hospitalized foals.AGandSIGwere good predictors of hyper‐l‐lactatemia and could be used as surrogate tests.
Tenofovir/entecavir monotherapy after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal is safe and effective in the prevention of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Fernández I. , Loinaz C. , Hernández O. , Abradelo M. , Manrique A. , Calvo J. , Manzano M. , García A. , Cambra F. , Castellano G. , Jiménez C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground and aimsCombination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and a nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) is considered the standard of care for prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). However, use of lifelong HBIG has significant limitations. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) after withdrawal of HBIG in patients who had been under HBIG‐regimen prophylaxis post LT.MethodsPatients at low risk of recurrence were eligible for HBIG discontinuation (fulminant HBV hepatitis, co‐infection with hepatitis D virus, and hepatitis B e antigen‐negative cirrhotic patients with HBV DNA levels <300 copies/mL). All patients had received HBIG, with or without NA, for at least 12 months after LT. After HBIG discontinuation, they continued with ETV or TDF monotherapy. Patients were followed up with HBV serum markers and evaluation of renal function.ResultsBetween September 2011 and June 2014, 58 liver transplant recipients were converted to TDF (31, 53%) or ETV (27, 47%). Mean follow‐up after conversion was 28 ± 5 months (range 13–36 months). Five patients (8.6%) developed detectable hepatitis B surface antigen at 7, 9, 13, 15, and 22 months after HBIG discontinuation. However, in every case seroconversion was transitory, serum HBV DNA was undetectable, with no clinical manifestations of HBV recurrence. No adverse effects were observed or dose reductions required associated with ETV or TDF.ConclusionsMaintenance therapy with newer NAs, after discontinuation of HBIG prophylaxis, was safe and effective, with a low rate of serological recurrence and no evident clinical, biochemical, or virological consequences.
Functions of synapsins in corticothalamic facilitation: important roles of synapsin I
Authors: Nikolaev Maxim , Heggelund Paul 
Published: August 2015

Key points
The synaptic vesicle associated proteins synapsin I and synapsin II have important functions in synaptic short‐term plasticity.
We investigated their functions in cortical facilitatory feedback to neurons in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), feedback that has important functions in state‐dependent regulation of thalamic transmission of visual input to cortex.
We compared results from normal wild‐type (WT) mice and synapsin knockout (KO) mice in several types of synaptic plasticity, and found clear differences between the responses of neurons in the synapsin I KO and the WT, but no significant differences between the synapsin II KO and the WT.
These results are in contrast to the important role of synapsin II previously demonstrated in similar types of synaptic plasticity in other brain regions, indicating that the synapsins can have different roles in similar types of STP in different parts of the brain.
AbstractThe synaptic vesicle associated proteins synapsin I (SynI) and synapsin II (SynII) have important functions in several types of synaptic short‐term plasticity in the brain, but their separate functions in different types of synapses are not well known. We investigated possible distinct functions of the two synapsins in synaptic short‐term plasticity at corticothalamic synapses on relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These synapses provide excitatory feedback from visual cortex to the relay cells, feedback that can facilitate transmission of signals from retina to cortex. We compared results from normal wild‐type (WT), SynI knockout (KO) and SynII KO mice, in three types of synaptic plasticity mainly linked to presynaptic mechanism. In SynI KO mice, paired‐pulse stimulation elicited increased facilitation at short interpulse intervals compared to the WT. Pulse‐train stimulation elicited weaker facilitation than in the WT, and also post‐tetanic potentiation was weaker in SynI KO than in the WT. Between SynII KO and the WT we found no significant differences. Thus, SynI has important functions in these types of synaptic plasticity at corticothalamic synapses. Interestingly, our data are in contrast to the important role of SynII previously shown for sustained synaptic transmission during intense stimulation in excitatory synapses in other parts of the brain, and our results suggest that SynI and SynII may have different roles in similar types of STP in different parts of the brain.
On the Use of Advection Correction in Trajectory Calculations
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Rahimi Stefan , Potvin Corey K. , Orf Leigh 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An advection correction procedure is used to mitigate temporal interpolation errors in trajectory analyses constructed from gridded (in space and time) velocity data. The procedure is based on a technique introduced by Gal-Chen to reduce radar data analysis errors arising for the nonsimultaneity of the data collection. Experiments are conducted using data from a high-resolution Cloud Model 1 (CM1) numerical model simulation of a supercell storm initialized within an environment representative of the 24 May 2011 El Reno, Oklahoma, tornadic supercell storm. Trajectory analyses using advection correction are compared to traditional trajectory analyses using linear time interpolation. Backward trajectories are integrated over a 5-min period for a range of data input time intervals and for velocity-pattern-translation estimates obtained from different analysis subdomain sizes (box widths) and first-guess options. The use of advection correction reduces trajectory end-point position errors for a large majority of the trajectories in the analysis domain, with substantial improvements for trajectories launched in the vicinity of the model storm’s gust front and in bands within the rear-flank downdraft. However, the pattern-translation components retrieved by this procedure may be nonunique if the data input time intervals are too large.
Distributions of Shallow to Very Deep Precipitation–Convection in Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Tao Cheng , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Shear-relative distributions of four types of precipitation/convection in tropical cyclones (TCs) are statistically analyzed using 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data. The dataset of 1139 TRMM PR overpasses of tropical storms through category-2 hurricanes over global TC-prone basins is divided by future 24-h intensity change. It is found that increased and widespread shallow precipitation (defined as where the 20-dBZ radar echo height &lt;6 km) around the storm center is a first sign of rapid intensification (RI) and could be used as a predictor of the onset of RI. The contribution to total volumetric rain and latent heating from shallow and moderate precipitation (20-dBZ echo height between 6 and 10 km) in the inner core is greater in RI storms than in non-RI storms, while the opposite is true for moderately deep (20-dBZ echo height between 10 and 14 km) and very deep precipitation (20-dBZ echo height ≥14 km). The authors argue that RI is more likely triggered by the increase of shallow–moderate precipitation and the appearance of more moderately to very deep convection in the middle of RI is more likely a response or positive feedback to changes in the vortex. For RI storms, a cyclonic rotation of frequency peaks from shallow (downshear right) to moderate (downshear left) to moderately and very deep precipitation (upshear left) is found and may be an indicator of a rapidly strengthening vortex. A ring of almost 90% occurrence of total precipitation is found for storms in the middle of RI, consistent with the previous finding of the cyan and pink ring on the 37-GHz color product.
Detecting patterns of species diversification in the presence of both rate shifts and mass extinctions
Authors: Laurent Sacha , Robinson-Rechavi Marc , Salamin Nicolas 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background
Recent methodological advances allow better examination of speciation and extinction processes and patterns. A major open question is the origin of large discrepancies in species number between groups of the same age. Existing frameworks to model this diversity either focus on changes between lineages, neglecting global effects such as mass extinctions, or focus on changes over time which would affect all lineages. Yet it seems probable that both lineages differences and mass extinctions affect the same groups.

Results
Here we used simulations to test the performance of two widely used methods under complex scenarios of diversification. We report good performances, although with a tendency to over-predict events with increasing complexity of the scenario.

Conclusion
Overall, we find that lineage shifts are better detected than mass extinctions. This work has significance to assess the methods currently used to estimate changes in diversification using phylogenetic trees. Our results also point toward the need to develop new models of diversification to expand our capabilities to analyse realistic and complex evolutionary scenarios.
Storytelling as a Means to Transfer Knowledge via Narration
Authors: Wuttke Madlen , Belentschikow Valentin , Müller Nicholas H. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The following paper describes a new form of human-computer- / human-agent-interaction. Three scientific disciplines converge their knowledge about storytelling principles, pedagogical agent design and narrative structures to form an intuitive way of sharing information as well as transferring knowledge.
Comparative Analysis of Power Quality Instruments in Measuring Power under Distorted Conditions
Authors: Belchior Fernando , Galvão Thiago Moura , Ribeiro Paulo Fernando , Silveira Paulo Márcio 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate the performance of commercial power quality (PQ) instruments. By using a high precision programmable voltage and current source, five meters from different manufacturers are analyzed and compared. At first, three-phase voltage signals are applied to those PQ instruments, considering harmonic distortion, voltage dip, voltage swell, as well as unbalanced voltages. These events are measured, compared and evaluated considering the different instruments. In addition, voltage and current signals are applied under different conditions, with and without harmonic and unbalances, in order to obtain the measurements of electrical power. After analyzing the data generated in all these tests, efforts are focused on establishing a relationship between the accuracy of the measurements. Considering the percentages of errors, a score is assigned to each instrument. The tests have shown “excellent” and “good” results regarding measuring active and apparent power, as well as power factor. However, for non-active power, almost all instruments had lower performance. This work is relevant considering that Brazil is deploying standardization in terms of power quality measurements aiming towards regulatory procedures and index limits.
Tax Stimulus: The Third Direction for U.S. Government Cybersecurity Policy
Authors: Carlberg Kenneth 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper proposes a new direction for U.S. Government cyber policy focusing on stimulus that indirectly incites actions by others to improve cybersecurity protection. To date, the U.S. government has relied on two directions to establish a foundation for cyber security policy: legislative and informative. The former is realized as legislative laws or regulation that provide specific direction to companies or the general public. The latter involves the production and dissemination of information, which is realized in three forms: guidelines, response efforts, and testbeds/pilots. This paper proposes a new “carrot and stick approach” that incorporates both taxes and tax rebates to stimulate solutions that address problems without the government dictating a specific solution.
Bringing Local Voices to the Global Negotiation Table: Norm Dissemination and Consensus Building on Tropical Forests and Climate Change
Authors: Rodrigues Maria G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInitially rejected by the parties to the Kyoto Protocol, efforts to protect tropical forests are now an accepted strategy to mitigate the impact of climate change. Inspired by long-standing demands of Amazonia’s forests peoples, the notion of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has been embraced in global arenas. What accounts for this shift in perceptions about the relation between forests and climate change? Answers lie in the efforts of a transnational advocacy network (TAN) at norm dissemination and consensus-building within Brazil and in the Kyoto Protocol. This study highlights the importance of domestic activism unfolding in democratizing societies to enhance the influence of transnational advocacy networks in norm dissemination and consensus building in global arenas. It enlarges the explanatory power of normative approaches by documenting a case in which the idea and set of values being globally propagated do not emanate from a Western liberal tradition.
CFD Modeling of Mixed-Phase Icing
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Liu Zhenxia , Zhang Fei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIce crystal ingestion at high altitude has been reported to be a threat for safe operation of aero-engine in recently. Ice crystals do not accrete on external surface because of cold environment. But when they enter the core flow of aero-engine, ice crystals melt partially into droplets due to higher temperature. Air-droplets-ice crystal is the mixed-phase, which will give rise to ice accretion on static and rotating components in compressor. Subsequently, compressor surge and engine shutdowns may occur. To provide a numerical tool to analyze this in detail, a numerical method was developed in this study. The mixed phase flow was solved using Eulerian–Lagrangian method. The dispersed phase was represented by one-way coupling. A thermodynamic model that considers mass and energy balance with ice crystals and droplets was presented as well. The icing code was implemented by the user-defined function of Fluent. The method of ice accretion under mixed-phase conditions was validated by comparing the results simulated on a cylinder with experimental data derived from literature. The predicted ice shape and mass agree with these data, thereby confirming the validity of the numerical method developed in this research for mixed-phase conditions.
Home Reading Environment and Brain Activation in Preschool Children Listening to Stories
Authors: Hutton John S. , Horowitz-Kraus Tzipi , Mendelsohn Alan L. , DeWitt Tom , Holland Scott K. ,   the C-MIND Authorship Consortium
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Parent-child reading is widely advocated to promote cognitive development, including in recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics to begin this practice at birth. Although parent-child reading has been shown in behavioral studies to improve oral language and print concepts, quantifiable effects on the brain have not been previously studied. Our study used blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between home reading environment and brain activity during a story listening task in a sample of preschool-age children. We hypothesized that while listening to stories, children with greater home reading exposure would exhibit higher activation of left-sided brain regions involved with semantic processing (extraction of meaning).

METHODS:
Nineteen 3- to 5-year-old children were selected from a longitudinal study of normal brain development. All completed blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging using an age-appropriate story listening task, where narrative alternated with tones. We performed a series of whole-brain regression analyses applying composite, subscale, and individual reading-related items from the validated StimQ-P measure of home cognitive environment as explanatory variables for neural activation.

RESULTS:
Higher reading exposure (StimQ-P Reading subscale score) was positively correlated (P &lt; .05, corrected) with neural activation in the left-sided parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex, a “hub” region supporting semantic language processing, controlling for household income.

CONCLUSIONS:
In preschool children listening to stories, greater home reading exposure is positively associated with activation of brain areas supporting mental imagery and narrative comprehension, controlling for household income. These neural biomarkers may help inform eco-bio-developmental models of emergent literacy.
Perforation Location Selection and Zonal Contribution Study of the Wolfberry Play in the Midland Basin
Authors: Liang Baosheng , Singh Amit , Otoo James N. , Griffin Cameron , Barraza Jesus , Blair Erika , Ngezelonye Alda 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The selection of perforation zones in unconventional reservoirs can be very challenging. Great strides have been made by the integration of both engineering and geological data. However, a successful perforation zone selection methodology in one Basin might not be successful in another.
This paper presents a pilot study on a perforation zone selection and zonal contribution in a vertical well in the Midland Basin. Reservoir characteristics as well as the geomechanical properties of a formation are important in the selection of optimum locations for limited entry perforations. In this work, several data sets, including openhole logs, radioactive tracer logs, amount of proppant pumped, PVT sampling, and 3D fracture modeling were integrated. Additionally, temperature logs were used to identify zonal contributions during the early flowing period.
Results from this work indicate that closure stress is the dominant parameter greatly affecting the fracture initiation and growth in the observed well while both high and low brittleness sections were observed similar behavioris of hydraulic fracture failure. Learnings from radioactive proppant tracers and 3D fracture modeling efforts helped to identify the importance of closure stress in addition to brittleness in perforation placement identification. Temperature log interpretations were correlated with proppant tracers and fracture modeling which qualitatively indicates that the Lower Spraberry and Wolfcamp B formations are big contributors to production and thus good potentials targets for horizontal wells.
Critical Theory and Contemporary Europe
Authors: Outhwaite William 
Published: August 2015

Critical Theory and
Contemporary Europe introduces the major contributions critical
theorists made to the study of Europe, from the interwar years to the present
time.
The work begins with theorists such as Adorno who
addressed Nazism and the Holocaust, then moves on to discuss the postwar affluence
of capitalist Europe. It proceeds to examine how critical theorists provided much of
the analysis that motivated the student and youth movements of 1968 and subsequent
alternative social movements. Lastly, it relates the development of a critical
theory of state socialism, looking at the works of thinkers such as Arato, Offe, and
Habermas and how critical theory is now addressing social issues such as European
xenophobia and the future of Europe.
This new volume in the Critical Theory and
Contemporary Society series brings together critical theory and European studies in
a clear, accessible manner and shows the relevance of critical theory to practical
political issues.
Wetgevingsjuristen ten prooi aan New Political Governance?
Authors: van den Berg C.F. , Dijkstra G.S.A. 
Published: August 2015

Wetgevingsjuristen ten prooi aan New Political Governance? Een inventarisatie (2002-2015)
De bijdrage richt zich op de vraag in hoeverre de rol en positie van de wetgevingsjuridische functie in het laatste decennium zijn veranderd, in het bijzonder of het werk van wetgevingsjuristen is gepolitiseerd. Politisering komt voor in drie vormen, namelijk in patronagebenoemingen, het versterken van de partijpolitieke grip op beleid en uitvoering en in New Political Governance. De auteurs concluderen voorlopig dat het werk van wetgevingsjuristen inderdaad is gepolitiseerd, waarbij een transitie heeft plaatsgevonden van de tweede vorm van politisering naar New Political Governance. Dit is met name zichtbaar doordat steeds meer gebruik wordt gemaakt van gedelegeerde wetgeving, waar wetgevingsjuristen van oudsher minder bemoeienis mee hebben. De politisering van hun werk leidt ertoe dat wetgevingsjuristen steeds minder in staat zijn om rechtsstatelijke waarden te waarborgen. De auteurs onderscheiden, in navolging van Van Lochem, vijf verschillende strategieën om hiermee om te gaan, maar er lijkt onder wetgevingsjuristen zelf geen consensus te zijn over wat nu de beste strategie is. De auteurs zijn van mening dat de democratische rechtsstaat moet worden versterkt om de toegenomen politieke spanning in het werk van wetgevingsjuristen te verlichten.