bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Pressure Orthorhombic Ferromagnesite as a Potential Deep-Mantle Carbon Carrier
Authors: Liu Jin , Lin Jung-Fu , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the physical and chemical properties of candidate deep-carbon carriers such as ferromagnesite [(Mg,Fe)CO3] at high pressure and temperature of the deep mantle is necessary for our understanding of deep-carbon storage as well as the global carbon cycle of the planet. Previous studies have reported very different scenarios for the (Mg,Fe)CO3 system at deep-mantle conditions including the chemical dissociation to (Mg,Fe)O+CO2, the occurrence of the tetrahedrally-coordinated carbonates based on CO4 structural units and various high-pressure phase transitions. Here we have studied the phase stability and compressional behavior of (Mg,Fe)CO3 carbonates up to relevant lower-mantle conditions of approximately 120 GPa and 2400 K. Our experimental results show that the rhombohedral siderite (Phase I) transforms to an orthorhombic phase (Phase II with Pmm2 space group) at approximately 50 GPa and 1400 K. The structural transition is likely driven by the spin transition of iron accompanied by a volume collapse in the Fe-rich (Mg,Fe)CO3 phases; the spin transition stabilizes the high-pressure phase II at much lower pressure conditions than its Mg-rich counterpart. It is conceivable that the low-spin ferromagnesite phase II becomes a major deep-carbon carrier at the deeper parts of the lower mantle below 1900 km in depth.
Single cell-derived clonal analysis of human glioblastoma links functional and genomic heterogeneity
Authors: Meyer Mona , Reimand Jüri , Lan Xiaoyang , Head Renee , Zhu Xueming , Kushida Michelle , Bayani Jane , Pressey Jessica C. , Lionel Anath C. , Clarke Ian D. , Cusimano Michael , Squire Jeremy A. , Scherer Stephen W. , Bernstein Mark , Woodin Melanie A. , Bader Gary D. , Dirks Peter B. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Glioblastoma is an incurable brain tumor. It is characterized by intratumoral phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, but the functional significance of this heterogeneity is unclear. We devised an integrated functional and genomic strategy to obtain single cell-derived tumor clones directly from patient tumors to identify mechanisms of aggressive clone behavior and drug resistance. Genomic analysis of single clones identified genes associated with clonal phenotypes. We predict that integration of functional and genomic analysis at a clonal level will be essential for understanding evolution and therapeutic resistance of human cancer, and will lead to the discovery of novel driver mechanisms and clone-specific cancer treatment.
Programmable motion of DNA origami mechanisms
Authors: Marras Alexander E. , Zhou Lifeng , Su Hai-Jun , Castro Carlos E. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Folding DNA into complex 3D shapes (DNA origami) has emerged as a powerful method for the precise design and fabrication of self-assembled nanodevices. Current efforts have focused largely on developing static objects or structures with small movements and/or unspecified motion paths. Here we establish a basis for developing DNA-based nanomachines by creating dynamic mechanisms with well-defined motion. We demonstrate the design of nanoscale 1D, 2D, and 3D motion by integrating concepts from engineering machine design with DNA origami nanotechnology.
Crowd science user contribution patterns and their implications
Authors: Sauermann Henry , Franzoni Chiara 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Involving the public in research may provide considerable benefits for the progress of science. However, the sustainability of “crowd science” approaches depends on the degree to which members of the public are interested and provide continued labor inputs. We describe and compare contribution patterns in multiple projects using a range of measures. We show that effort contributions can be significant in magnitude and speed, but we also identify several challenges. In addition, we explore some of the underlying dynamics and mechanisms. As such, we provide quantitative evidence that is useful for scientists who consider adopting crowd science approaches and for scholars studying crowd-based knowledge production. Our results also inform current policy discussions regarding the organization of scientific research.
Single-molecule tracking of small GTPase Rac1 uncovers spatial regulation of membrane translocation and mechanism for polarized signaling
Authors: Das Sulagna , Yin Taofei , Yang Qingfen , Zhang Jingqiao , Wu Yi I. , Yu Ji 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Rac1 activation involves two steps: translocation to plasma membrane and nucleotide exchange. Most previous studies focused on the nucleotide exchange cycle. Here we sought to understand membrane translocation dynamics by developing a single-particle tracking-based method. The labeled Rac1 molecules were further adapted for simultaneous FRET sensing of Rac1 nucleotide state, enabling a simultaneous comparison between Rac1 translocation dynamics and its nucleotide exchange dynamics. Elevated membrane recruitment can contribute significantly to polarized Rac1-signaling. This finding draws attention to the importance of spatial regulation of the Rac1 translocation process in the regulation of RhoGTPase signaling. Rac1 recruitment to membrane precedes its interaction with protein factors (e.g., GEFs) and is governed by phospholipid distributions. This finding resolves a long-standing question of the mechanism of Rac1 activation.
Context-dependent categorical perception in a songbird
Authors: Lachlan Robert F. , Nowicki Stephen 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Song-learning birds share several of the cognitive traits that underlie human speech. Continuous variation in swamp sparrow song notes, for example, is perceived in a categorical manner, similar to human perception of phonemes, the smallest units of human speech. Although speakers and listeners are generally unaware of the fact, many phonemic categories in speech vary in their structure and in how they are perceived, depending on linguistic context. Herein, we test how categorical perception in swamp sparrows is influenced by context and demonstrate that one note type is categorized differently, depending on its position within a song syllable. To our knowledge, our results suggest for the first time that this central characteristic of human phonology is also found in a nonhuman communication system.
Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults
Authors: Guinote Ana , Cotzia Ioanna , Sandhu Sanpreet , Siwa Pramila 
Published: January 2015

SignificanceEven though humans are the most altruistic species, disparities in prosocial orientation are common and occur across social groups that vary in education, sex roles, biology, and financial resources. In the present research, using different manipulations of social status—defined as the level of social prestige and reputation enjoyed by individuals in the eyes of others—we show that mere incidental low status triggers a prosocial orientation manifested in helping behavior, signaling communal intent, and the endorsement of egalitarian goals and values. These effects start to appear early in human ontogeny. The findings suggest that humans have basic cognitive and motivational programs that they use flexibly as they navigate unstable hierarchies typical in human societies.
Translatome analyses capture of opposing tissue-specific brassinosteroid signals orchestrating root meristem differentiation
Authors: Vragović Kristina , Sela Ayala , Friedlander-Shani Lilach , Fridman Yulia , Hacham Yael , Holland Neta , Bartom Elizabeth , Mockler Todd C. , Savaldi-Goldstein Sigal 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Brassinosteroid (BR) differentially regulates the number of stem cell daughters in the root meristem. How its activity coordinates and maintains the meristem size remains unknown. We show that BR signal coordinates root growth by evoking distinct and often opposing responses in specific tissues. Whereas epidermal BR signal promotes stem cell daughter proliferation, the stele-derived BR signal induces their differentiation. Using a comprehensive tissue-specific translatome survey, we uncovered a context-specific effect of BR signaling on gene expression. Auxin genes, activated by epidermal BR perception, are necessary for induction of cell division. Conversely, the stele BR perception, accompanied by gene repression, restrains the epidermal effect. Therefore, a site-specific BR signal is essential for balanced organ growth.
Signature of consciousness in the dynamics of resting-state brain activity
Authors: Barttfeld Pablo , Uhrig Lynn , Sitt Jacobo D. , Sigman Mariano , Jarraya Béchir , Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: January 2015

Significance
What are the origins of resting-state functional connectivity patterns? One dominating view is that they index ongoing cognitive processes. However, this conclusion is in conflict with studies showing that long-range functional connectivity persists after loss of consciousness, possibly reflecting structural connectivity maps. In this work we respond to this question showing that in fact both sources have a clear and separable contribution to resting-state patterns. We show that under anesthesia, the dominating functional configurations have low information capacity and lack negative correlations. Importantly, they are rigid, tied to the anatomical map. Conversely, wakefulness is characterized by the dynamical exploration of a rich, flexible repertoire of functional configurations. These dynamical properties constitute a signature of consciousness.
Acceleration of conduction velocity linked to clustering of nodal components precedes myelination
Authors: Freeman Sean A. , Desmazières Anne , Simonnet Jean , Gatta Marie , Pfeiffer Friederike , Aigrot Marie Stéphane , Rappeneau Quentin , Guerreiro Serge , Michel Patrick Pierre , Yanagawa Yuchio , Barbin Gilles , Brophy Peter J. , Fricker Desdemona , Lubetzki Catherine , Sol-Foulon Nathalie 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons in the CNS are still only partly understood. Our study shows the influence of intrinsic cues and glial extrinsic factors for nodal protein clustering before myelination on specific hippocampal neuronal subpopulations and extends to electrophysiological understandings and in vivo relevance. Although conduction velocity along axons has long been thought to mostly rely on the insulating properties of myelin, we here show that nodal protein aggregation can increase this speed in the absence of such insulation. These results highlight the role of nodal clusters per se on conduction velocity by uncoupling it from myelination.
Targeted ablation of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum produces behavioral manifestations of Tourette syndrome
Authors: Xu Meiyu , Kobets Andrew , Du Jung-Chieh , Lennington Jessica , Li Lina , Banasr Mounira , Duman Ronald S. , Vaccarino Flora M. , DiLeone Ralph J. , Pittenger Christopher 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Tic disorders, such as Tourette syndrome, are common but poorly understood. Postmortem studies have revealed the loss of a particular subset of neurons, the large cholinergic interneurons, in the caudate and putamen in severe disease. To test whether this neuronal loss leads to disease we turned to studies in mice, where questions of causality are more readily addressed. We developed a strategy for targeted ablation of these interneurons. Their disrupting in the dorsolateral striatum—roughly analogous to the putamen—produced abnormal tic-like movements after either acute stress or amphetamine treatment. This demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, that the loss of specific interneurons can cause behavioral changes in an animal model that resemble aspects of a movement disorder.
Finding long chains in kidney exchange using the traveling salesman problem
Authors: Anderson Ross , Ashlagi Itai , Gamarnik David , Roth Alvin E. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
There are currently more than 100,000 patients on the waiting list in the United States for a kidney transplant from a deceased donor. To address this shortage, kidney exchange programs allow patients with living incompatible donors to exchange donors through cycles and chains initiated by altruistic nondirected donors. To determine which exchanges will take place, kidney exchange programs use algorithms for maximizing the number of transplants under constraints about the size of feasible exchanges. This problem is NP-hard, and algorithms previously used were unable to optimize when chains could be long. We developed two algorithms that use integer programming to solve this problem, one of which is inspired by the traveling salesman, that together can find optimal solutions in practice.
Novel neural circuit mechanism for visual edge detection
Authors: Stevens Charles F. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
This paper is significant for three reasons. First, it proposes a new way that the visual cortex carries out a computation by simply having differing abundances of neurons that vary in a particular property (how large a piece of the visual world they report on). Second, it proposes a new use for population codes. Finally, it establishes the role for a quantitative anatomical feature of primary visual cortex: Abundances that differ in the way observed in experiment serve to apply an edge detection filter to the image.
VEGFR3 does not sustain retinal angiogenesis without VEGFR2
Authors: Zarkada Georgia , Heinolainen Krista , Makinen Taija , Kubota Yoshiaki , Alitalo Kari 
Published: January 2015

Significance
VEGF/VEGFR and Notch signaling pathways are major molecular regulators of sprouting angiogenesis. Here we investigated the cross-talk between VEGFR and Notch signaling by using state-of-the-art inducible genetic mouse models. We found that VEGFR2 is absolutely required for the sprouting of endothelial cells that display low Notch activity. VEGFR3 cannot rescue the angiogenic sprouting associated with loss of Notch signaling. On the other hand, postnatal lymphangiogenesis required VEGFR3, but not VEGFR2. Because several new VEGF/VEGFR and Notch modulators are in clinical trials for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases, it is of the utmost importance to understand the signaling relationships of VEGFRs. This should also facilitate the design of more effective multitargeted treatments.
Tricin derivatives as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic constituents from the aerial part of Zizania latifolia
Authors: Lee Seung-Su , Baek Yoon-Su , Eun Cheong-Su , Yu Mi-Hee , Baek Nam-In , Chung Dae-kyun , Bang Myun-Ho , Yang Seun-Ah 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Methanol extract of Zizania latifolia was partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O. From the EtOAc layers, a new flavonolignan along with a known flavone and three known flavonolignans, tricin (1), salcolin A (2), salcolin B (3), and salcolin C (4), were isolated through repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatography. The chemical structure of the new flavonolignan was determined to be tricin-4′-O-[erythro-β-guaiacyl-(7″-O-methyl)-glyceryl] ether and was named salcolin D (5) based on physicochemical and spectroscopic data, including FT-NMR and ESI-MS. All compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. Compounds 2–5, tricin derivatives, all exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy activities than tricin. In particular, salcolin D (5) was shown to have the strongest inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells as well as β-hexosaminidase release in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that the presence of tricin derivatives conveys allergy and inflammation treatment ability to Z. latifolia.
Three‐dimensional analysis of a lofted instep kick by male and female footballers
Authors: Smith Tina , Gilleard Wendy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere is a paucity of data describing the lofted instep kick and little information on the kinematic differences between male and female footballers. This study provides a preliminary investigation into the differences in motion patterns between the sexes. A four‐camera motion analysis system videoed 13 amateur footballers (7 female and 6 male) attempting a standardised task that represented a lofted instep kick of approximately 35 m. Footballers performed 20 kicks, with the three trials categorised closest to the standardised distance retained for statistical analysis. Three‐dimensional motion patterns for kicks of 35 m illustrated that female footballers produced greater fluctuation in movement patterns for pelvic, hip joint and thoracolumbar spine motion in the frontal plane; thorax and hip joint transverse rotation; and ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion motion. Peak hip extension (P = 0.018), impact hip abduction (P = 0.032), impact ankle plantar flexion (P = 0.030) and resultant ball velocity (P = 0.004) differed significantly between sexes. Principle component analysis highlighted associations between kinematic variables related to ball velocity and sex including a reduced hip abduction and increased internal rotation approaching impact, and greater peak knee flexion, respectively. In summary, increased variation in direction of segment motion, increased backswing and formation of a tension arc by females compared to males, may be related to anthropometric, strength and muscle activation differences. Specifically, this exploratory study indicates future research would benefit from exploring trunk, pelvis and hip kinematics and kinetics, and whether training the trunk, pelvis and hip musculature assists female footballers.
Sleep Duration, Kidney Function, and Their Effects on Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Elderly Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Nagai Michiaki , Hoshide Satoshi , Takahashi Mami , Shimpo Masahisa , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND
Short sleep duration has been shown to be associated with cardio/cerebrovascular disease. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) have been associated with an increased risk of stroke. In addition to high ambulatory blood pressure (BP), chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk for WMH. In this study, we investigated the relationships among sleep duration, CKD, and WMH in elderly hypertensives.

METHODS
Ambulatory BP monitoring and brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 514 Japanese elderly hypertensives (mean age 72.3 years, males 37%). WMH cases were further divided into deep subcortical white matter lesion or periventricular hyperintensity (PVH). CKD (n = 193) was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

RESULTS
According to sleep duration (&lt;7.5, ≥7.5 to &lt;9.5, and ≥9.5 hour per night), significant associations of sleep duration were observed with WMH and PVH. In the regression analysis including age, gender, smoking, antiplatelet agents use, 24-hour systolic BP, nondipper, white coat hypertension and CKD, short sleep duration was significantly positively associated with WMH and PVH when subjects with mid-range sleep duration were used as a reference group. A significant interaction was found between short sleep duration and CKD for PVH. In the non-CKD group, short sleep duration had strong significant positive associations with WMH and PVH.

CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, short sleep duration was a positive significant determinant for WMH and PVH in elderly hypertensives. Sleep duration might serve as a strong determinant for white matter lesions especially in those without CKD.
Factors Determining δ‐Bilirubin Levels in Infants With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Ye Wen , Rosenthal Philip , Magee John C. , Whitington Peter F. ,   Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:δ‐Bilirubin (Bδ) forms when bilirubin conjugates covalently bind to albumin by way of nonenzymatic transesterification in patients with cholestasis. Infants with cholestasis with biliary atresia form Bδ. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors determining serum Bδ concentrations in infants with biliary atresia.Methods:Study patients were infants enrolled in a prospective study (PROBE: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00061828) of biliary atresia. We acquired data of concurrently measured serum bilirubin analytes (total bilirubin [TB], conjugated bilirubin [Bc], and unconjugated bilirubin) and applied graphical methods and linear mixed effects model to study factors contributing to Bδ variability.Results:Bδ level increased with increasing levels of Bc and TB. In addition, the length of time cholestasis persisted partially determined the level of Bδ. An increase of 1 mg/dL in Bc is related to approximately 0.36 mg/dL increase in Bδ (P < 0.0001); every 100 days of cholestasis is associated with an approximately 1.0 mg/dL increase in Bδ (P < 0.0001) given the same level of Bc. Serum albumin levels are not significantly related to Bδ (P = 0.89).Conclusions:Bδ levels in infants with biliary atresia increase with increasing levels of Bc and longer duration of cholestasis. Understanding the relation among Bδ, Bc, TB, and direct‐reacting bilirubin levels can help in interpretation of the clinical extent of cholestasis in infants and children with biliary atresia, assisting in the diagnosis and management of these infants.
Geographic range size is predicted by plant mating system
Authors: Grossenbacher Dena , Runquist Ryan Briscoe , Goldberg Emma E. , Brandvain Yaniv 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSpecies’ geographic ranges vary enormously, and even closest relatives may differ in range size by several orders of magnitude. With data from hundreds of species spanning 20 genera in 15 families, we show that plant species that autonomously reproduce via self-pollination consistently have larger geographic ranges than their close relatives that generally require two parents for reproduction. Further analyses strongly implicate autonomous self-fertilization in causing this relationship, as it is not driven by traits such as polyploidy or annual life history whose evolution is sometimes correlated with autonomous self-fertilization. Furthermore, we find that selfers occur at higher maximum latitudes and that disparity in range size between selfers and outcrossers increases with time since their separation. Together, these results show that autonomous reproduction — a critical biological trait that eliminates mate limitation and thus potentially increases the probability of establishment — increases range size.
Insights into the Origin and Evolution of the Plant Hormone Signaling Machinery
Authors: Wang Chunyang , Liu Yang , Li Si-Shen , Han Guan-Zhu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPlant hormones modulate plant growth, development, and defense. However, many aspects of the origin and evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways remain obscure. Here, we use a comparative genomic and phylogenetic approach to investigate the origin and evolution of nine major plant hormone (abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonate, salicylic acid, and strigolactone) signaling pathways. Our multispecies genome-wide analysis reveals that: (1) auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone signaling pathways originated in charophyte lineages; (2) abscisic acid, jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling pathways arose in the last common ancestor of land plants; (3) gibberellin signaling evolved after the divergence of bryophytes from land plants; (4) the canonical brassinosteroid signaling originated before the emergence of angiosperms but likely after the split of gymnosperms and angiosperms; and (5) the origin of the canonical ethylene signaling pathway postdates shortly the emergence of angiosperms. Our findings might have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of land plants.