bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of built-in electric field at a p-n junction by scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Shibata Naoya , Findlay Scott D. , Sasaki Hirokazu , Matsumoto Takao , Sawada Hidetaka , Kohno Yuji , Otomo Shinya , Minato Ryuichiro , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPrecise measurement and characterization of electrostatic potential structures and the concomitant electric fields at nanodimensions are essential to understand and control the properties of modern materials and devices. However, directly observing and measuring such local electric field information is still a major challenge in microscopy. Here, differential phase contrast imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy with segmented type detector is used to image a p-n junction in a GaAs compound semiconductor. Differential phase contrast imaging is able to both clearly visualize and quantify the projected, built-in electric field in the p-n junction. The technique is further shown capable of sensitively detecting the electric field variations due to dopant concentration steps within both p-type and n-type regions. Through live differential phase contrast imaging, this technique can potentially be used to image the electromagnetic field structure of new materials and devices even under working conditions.
Early detection and late cognitive control of emotional distraction by the prefrontal cortex
Authors: García-Pacios Javier , Garcés Pilar , Del Río David , Maestú Fernando 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnpleasant emotional distraction can impair the retention of non-emotional information in working memory (WM). Research links the prefrontal cortex with the successful control of such biologically relevant distractors, although the temporal changes in this brain mechanism remain unexplored. We use magnetoencephalography to investigate the temporal dynamics of the cognitive control of both unpleasant and pleasant distraction, in the millisecond (ms) scale. Behavioral results demonstrate that pleasant events do not affect WM maintenance more than neutral ones. Neuroimaging results show that prefrontal cortices are recruited for the rapid detection of emotional distraction, at early latencies of the processing (70-130 ms). Later in the processing (360-450 ms), the dorsolateral, the medial and the orbital sections of the prefrontal cortex mediate the effective control of emotional distraction. In accordance with the behavioral performance, pleasant distractors do not require higher prefrontal activity than neutral ones. These findings extend our knowledge about the brain mechanisms of coping with emotional distraction in WM. In particular, they show for the first time that overriding the attentional capture triggered by emotional distractors, while maintaining task-relevant elements in mind, is based on the early detection of such linked-to-survival information and on its later cognitive control by the prefrontal cortex.
Statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm for X-ray phase-contrast CT
Authors: Hahn Dieter , Thibault Pierre , Fehringer Andreas , Bech Martin , Koehler Thomas , Pfeiffer Franz , Noël Peter B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGrating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) is a promising imaging tool on the horizon for pre-clinical and clinical applications. Until now PCCT has been plagued by strong artifacts when dense materials like bones are present. In this paper, we present a new statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm which overcomes this limitation. It makes use of the fact that an X-ray interferometer provides a conventional absorption as well as a dark-field signal in addition to the phase-contrast signal. The method is based on a statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm utilizing maximum-a-posteriori principles and integrating the statistical properties of the raw data as well as information of dense objects gained from the absorption signal. Reconstruction of a pre-clinical mouse scan illustrates that artifacts caused by bones are significantly reduced and image quality is improved when employing our approach. Especially small structures, which are usually lost because of streaks, are recovered in our results. In comparison with the current state-of-the-art algorithms our approach provides significantly improved image quality with respect to quantitative and qualitative results. In summary, we expect that our new statistical iterative reconstruction method to increase the general usability of PCCT imaging for medical diagnosis apart from applications focused solely on soft tissue visualization.
Biochemical properties and yields of diverse bacterial laccase-like multicopper oxidases expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ihssen Julian , Reiss Renate , Luchsinger Ronny , Thöny-Meyer Linda , Richter Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLaccases are multi-copper oxidases that oxidize a broad range of substrates at the expense of molecular oxygen, without any need for co-factor regeneration. These enzymes bear high potential for the sustainable synthesis of fine chemicals and the modification of (bio)polymers. Here we describe cloning and expression of five novel bacterial laccase-like multi copper oxidases (LMCOs) of diverse origin which were identified by homology searches in online databases. Activity yields under different expression conditions and temperature stabilities were compared to three previously described enzymes from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus clausii. In almost all cases, a switch to oxygen-limited growth conditions after induction increased volumetric activity considerably. For proteins with predicted signal peptides for secretion, recombinant expression with and without signal sequence was investigated. Bacillus CotA-type LMCOs outperformed enzymes from Streptomyces and Gram-negative bacteria with respect to activity yields in Escherichia coli and application relevant biochemical properties. The novel Bacillus coagulans LMCO combined high activity yields in E. coli with unprecedented activity at strong alkaline pH and high storage stability, making it a promising candidate for further development.
VRK1 regulates Cajal body dynamics and protects coilin from proteasomal degradation in cell cycle
Authors: Cantarero Lara , Sanz-García Marta , Vinograd-Byk Hadar , Renbaum Paul , Levy-Lahad Ephrat , Lazo Pedro A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear organelles associated with ribonucleoprotein functions and RNA maturation. CBs are assembled on coilin, its main scaffold protein, in a cell cycle dependent manner. The Ser-Thr VRK1 (vaccinia-related kinase 1) kinase, whose activity is also cell cycle regulated, interacts with and phosphorylates coilin regulating assembly of CBs. Coilin phosphorylation is not necessary for its interaction with VRK1, but it occurs in mitosis and regulates coilin stability. Knockdown of VRK1 or VRK1 inactivation by serum deprivation causes a loss of coilin phosphorylation in Ser184 and of CBs formation, which are rescued with an active VRK1, but not by kinase-dead VRK1. The phosphorylation of coilin in Ser184 occurs during mitosis before assembly of CBs. Loss of coilin phosphorylation results in disintegration of CBs and of coilin degradation that is prevented by proteasome inhibitors. After depletion of VRK1, coilin is ubiquitinated in nuclei, which is partly mediated by mdm2, but its proteasomal degradation occurs in cytosol and is prevented by blocking its nuclear export. We conclude that VRK1 is a novel regulator of CBs dynamics and stability in cell cycle by protecting coilin from ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome and propose a model of CB dynamics.
Caveolin-1 is Associated with Tumor Progression and Confers a Multi-Modality Resistance Phenotype in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Chatterjee Moumita , Ben-Josef Edgar , Thomas Dafydd G. , Morgan Meredith A. , Zalupski Mark M. , Khan Gazala , Andrew Robinson Charles , Griffith Kent A. , Chen Ching-Shih , Ludwig Thomas , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , Chakravarti Arnab , Williams Terence M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCaveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a 21 kDa protein enriched in caveolae and has been implicated in oncogenic cell transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. We explored roles for Cav-1 in pancreatic cancer (PC) prognostication, tumor progression, resistance to therapy and whether targeted downregulation could lead to therapeutic sensitization. Cav-1 expression was assessed in cell lines, mouse models and patient samples and knocked down in order to compare changes in proliferation, invasion, migration, response to chemotherapy and radiation and tumor growth. We found Cav-1 is overexpressed in human PC cell lines, mouse models and human pancreatic tumors and is associated with worse tumor grade and clinical outcomes. In PC cell lines, disruption/depletion of caveolae/Cav-1 reduces proliferation, colony formation and invasion. Radiation and chemotherapy up-regulate Cav-1 expression, while Cav-1 depletion induces both chemosensitization and radiosensitization through altered apoptotic and DNA repair signaling. In vivo, Cav-1 depletion significantly attenuates tumor initiation and growth. Finally, Cav-1 depletion leads to altered JAK/STAT, JNK and Src signaling in PC cells. Together, higher Cav-1 expression is correlated with worse outcomes, is essential for tumor growth and invasion (both in vitro and in vivo), is responsible for promoting resistance to therapies and may serve as a prognostic/predictive biomarker and target in PC.
Atomic-layer molybdenum sulfide optical modulator for visible coherent light
Authors: Zhang Yuxia , Wang Shuxian , Yu Haohai , Zhang Huaijin , Chen Yanxue , Mei Liangmo , Di Lieto Alberto , Tonelli Mauro , Wang Jiyang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCoherent light sources in the visible range are playing important roles in our daily life and modern technology, since about 50% of the capability of the our human brains is devoted to processing visual information. Visible lasers can be achieved by nonlinear optical process of infrared lasers and direct lasing of gain materials and the latter has advantages in the aspects of compactness, efficiency, simplicity, etc. However, due to lack of visible optical modulators, the directly generated visible lasers with only a gain material are constrained in continuous-wave operation. Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of a visible optical modulator and pulsed visible lasers based on atomic-layer molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), a ultrathin two-dimensional material with about 9–10 layers. By employing the nonlinear absorption of the modulator, the pulsed orange, red and deep red lasers were directly generated. Besides, the present atomic-layer MoS2 optical modulator has broadband modulating properties and advantages in the simple preparation process. The present results experimentally verify the theoretical prediction for the low-dimensional optoelectronic modulating devices in the visible wavelength region and may open an attractive avenue for removing a stumbling block for the further development of pulsed visible lasers.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Obesity-induced adipokine imbalance impairs mouse pulmonary vascular endothelial function and primes the lung for injury
Authors: Shah Dilip , Romero Freddy , Duong Michelle , Wang Nadan , Paudyal Bishnuhari , Suratt Benjamin T. , Kallen Caleb B. , Sun Jianxin , Zhu Ying , Walsh Kenneth , Summer Ross 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObesity is a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but mechanisms mediating this association are unknown. While obesity is known to impair systemic blood vessel function and predisposes to systemic vascular diseases, its effects on the pulmonary circulation are largely unknown. We hypothesized that the chronic low grade inflammation of obesity impairs pulmonary vascular homeostasis and primes the lung for acute injury. The lung endothelium from obese mice expressed higher levels of leukocyte adhesion markers and lower levels of cell-cell junctional proteins when compared to lean mice. We tested whether systemic factors are responsible for these alterations in the pulmonary endothelium; treatment of primary lung endothelial cells with obese serum enhanced the expression of adhesion proteins and reduced the expression of endothelial junctional proteins when compared to lean serum. Alterations in pulmonary endothelial cells observed in obese mice were associated with enhanced susceptibility to LPS-induced lung injury. Restoring serum adiponectin levels reversed the effects of obesity on the lung endothelium and attenuated susceptibility to acute injury. Our work indicates that obesity impairs pulmonary vascular homeostasis and enhances susceptibility to acute injury and provides mechanistic insight into the increased prevalence of ARDS in obese humans.
Discovery of a nearby early-phase major cluster merger CIZA J1358.9−4750
Authors: Kato Yuichi , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Gu Liyi , Akahori Takuya , Takizawa Motokazu , Fujita Yutaka , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
CIZA J1358.9−4750 is a nearby (z = 0.074) pair of clusters of galaxies located close to the Galactic plane. It consists of two X-ray extended humps at the northwest and the southeast separated by 14′ (∼ 1.2 Mpc), and an X-ray bright bridgelike structure in between. With Suzaku, the south east hump was shown to have a temperature of 5.6 ± 0.2 keV and the northwest one 4.6 ± 0.2 keV. Neither hump exhibits significant central cool components. The bridge region has a temperature higher than 9 keV at the maximum, and this hot region is distributed almost perpendicular to the bridge axis, in agreement with the shock heating seen in numerical simulations at an early phase of a head-on major merger. This resemblance is supported by good positional coincidence between the X-ray peaks and cD galaxies associated with each cluster. In a short exposure XMM-Newton image, a significant intensity jump was found at a position where the Suzaku-measured temperature exhibits a steep gradient. These properties indicate the presence of a shock discontinuity. The Mach number is estimated to be 1.32 ± 0.22 from the temperature difference across the identified shock front, which gives a colliding velocity of approximately 1800 km s−1. From optical redshifts of the member galaxies, the two clusters are indicated to be merging nearly on the sky plane. Thus, CIZA J1358.9−4750 is considered as a valuable nearby example of early-phase merger with a clear shock feature.
Isoflurane Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury by Preserving Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity
Authors: Englert Joshua A. , Macias Alvaro A. , Amador-Munoz Diana , Pinilla Vera Miguel , Isabelle Colleen , Guan Jiazhen , Magaoay Brady , Suarez Velandia Margarita , Coronata Anna , Lee Awapuhi , Fredenburgh Laura E. , Culley Deborah J. , Crosby Gregory , Baron Rebecca M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a murine two-hit model of endotoxin-induced inflammation followed by ventilator-induced lung injury, isoflurane exposure before mechanical ventilation ameliorated the ventilator-induced lung injury by improving both lung mechanics and vascular leakage without changing inflammatory responses. In mouse lung tissue and in lung epithelial cells injured similarly to the in vivo model, decrease of a key tight junction protein (zona occludens 1) was prevented with isoflurane preconditioning.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:
Isoflurane may be protective in preclinical models of lung injury, but its use in patients with lung injury remains controversial and the mechanism of its protective effects remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that this protection is mediated at the level of alveolar tight junctions and investigated the possibility in a two-hit model of lung injury that mirrors human acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Methods:
Wild-type mice were treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to nebulized endotoxin (n = 8) or saline control (n = 9) and then allowed to recover for 24 h before mechanical ventilation (MV; tidal volume, 15 ml/kg, 2 h) producing ventilator-induced lung injury. Mouse lung epithelial cells were similarly treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Cells were cyclically stretched the following day to mirror the MV protocol used in vivo.

Results:
Mice treated with isoflurane following exposure to inhaled endotoxin and before MV exhibited significantly less physiologic lung dysfunction. These effects appeared to be mediated by decreased vascular leak, but not altered inflammatory indices. Mouse lung epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide and cyclic stretch and lungs harvested from mice after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and MV had decreased levels of a key tight junction protein (i.e., zona occludens 1) that was rescued by isoflurane treatment.

Conclusions:
Isoflurane rescued lung injury induced by a two-hit model of endotoxin exposure followed by MV by maintaining the integrity of the alveolar–capillary barrier possibly by modulating the expression of a key tight junction protein.
Environmental DNA reveals that rivers are conveyer belts of biodiversity information
Authors: Deiner Kristy , Fronhofer Emanuel A. , Meächler Elvira , Walser Jean-Claude , Altermatt Florian 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDNA sampled from the environment (eDNA) is becoming a game changer for uncovering biodiversity patterns. By combining a conceptual model and empirical data, we test whether eDNA transported in river networks can be used as an integrative way to assess eukaryotic biodiversity for broad spatial scales and across the land-water interface. Using an eDNA metabarcode approach we detected 296 families of eukaryotes, spanning 19 phyla across the catchment of a river. We show for a subset of these families that eDNA samples overcome spatial autocorrelation biases associated with classical community assessments by integrating biodiversity information over space. Additionally, we demonstrate that many terrestrial species can be detected; thus revealing that eDNA in river-water also incorporates biodiversity information across terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Environmental DNA transported in river networks offers a novel and spatially integrated way to assess total biodiversity for whole landscapes and will transform biodiversity data acquisition in ecology.“Eventually, all things merge into one, 32 and a river runs through it.” — Norman Maclean
Teaching social media in public libraries – Danish experiences
Authors: Johannsen Carl Gustav 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– The paper aims to report on a Danish Web 2.0 user training project from 2009. Besides, reporting the main results of the project, the paper discusses some broader perspectives concerning social media in library context. Many public and academic libraries worldwide have, inspired by the American “23 Things” Web 2.0 training program, been involved in training and educating both of their internal staff and of their users. The key questions are: whether concepts like “23 Things” and the like are likely to contribute to solving the problems of the computer illiterate segments of the population and whether Web 2.0, Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and the like represent subjects which should be legitimately taught as part of professional public and academic library activities.Design/methodology/approach– Based on systematic evaluation of public library-based social media courses, inspired by the “29 Things” concept, targeted at users.Findings– The article points out that it is questionable whether the “23 Things” project, as based on principles of self-directed learning, ownership for one’s own learning and similar popular notions, which fit very well into the taste and preferences of computer literate middle-class individuals, will also work among computer illiterate citizens. Concerning the second key question, the article points out that only a few critical opinions are against social media in libraries and that the presence of social media is legitimized through different reasons, including marketing, learning and higher-order purposes.Originality/value– The findings of the Danish public library social media courses in 2009 have not been reported before.
Correlations between the economy and public library use
Authors: Skelly Lara , Stilwell Christine , Underwood Peter G. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between different aspects of public library use with elements of economic growth and development.

Design/methodology/approach
– Statistical correlations were performed to uncover statistically significant relationships.

Findings
– Relationships are not uniform: strongly positive relationships exist between education and visits, circulation and library programmes, savings and visits and circulation and programmes, and a strongly negative relationship exists between health and circulation.

Research limitations/implications
– Only one proxy variable for each of the economic development indicators was used, including the fact that others might have revealed other information.

Social implications
– The revealed relationships should be kept in mind by librarians and policymakers as decisions to change library services that might trickle down to citizens through economic growth and development.

Originality/value
– This paper brings together a variety of economic growth and development factors and several aspects of public library use in a single framework.
The problem with Aaron: stereotypes in a postcolonial classroom
Authors: Kurian Anna 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to focus on a particular problem that arose in the course of teaching Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus to an MA English class in India. The insistence that Aaron could only be “read” in terms of already available stereotypes created a conflict with the nuanced depiction of Aaron within the text, leading to this essay.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper narrativizes the events and process by which the classes arrived at their interpretations regarding Aaron, the Moor in Titus Andronicus, and shows how contextual and textual evidence is overlooked in favour of other frames in reading a text.

Findings
– It was seen that theoretical frames, in this case colonial and postcolonial, offer a certain ease of interpretation, irrespective of the text: key features within the text are often glossed over in the desire to posit a reading that is politically correct. Fidelity to the text and ethical considerations can be ignored in favour of easy readings, with frames that are already available to students being superimposed on the text.

Originality/value
– While theoretical schools and framing devices offer additional modes of interpretation, they can also be used in a reductive manner, without attention to textual detail or social context. This essay will help teachers of English to think about the necessity of teaching students that a theoretical frame cannot be the only tool that determines a text’s interpretation.