bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of Risk Premia on the Italian Stock Market: Empirical Evidence on Common Factors in Asset Pricing Models
Authors: BRIGHI PAOLA , d'ADDONA STEFANO , DELLA BINA ANTONIO CARLO FRANCESCO 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe study the pricing factor structure of Italian equity returns using 25 years of data. A two‐step empirical analysis is provided where first we estimate an unrestricted multifactor model to test if there is any evidence of misspecification. Then, we estimate the restricted model through the Generalized Methods of Moments. We find that the market premium and the size premium are confirmed for a domestic Italian investor. On the contrary, weak evidence is found for the value premium. Finally, we highlight, that augmenting the model with a momentum factor may at least partially improve its performance. As a robustness check we control if the above results also hold for three shorter sub‐periods taking into account the macroeconomic and financial conditions that characterized the Italian economy. The results are generally confirmed in the case of the size and value factors while the momentum effect shows an irregular trend playing any role in the first sub‐period but becoming more important in the subsequent two.
Modified Electrosurgical Adapters
Authors: WEBER PAUL J. , WEBER ROBERT G. 
Published: June 2013

background
: Allegedly because of concerns over worker safety in removing spent needles from the Bernsco adapter a new, modified Luer‐lok adapter has been introduced by the manufacturer. However, the new adapter frequently holds needles too loosely.
objective
: To introduce a modification of the original adapter design.
methods
: The end to be inserted into the needle hub was hollowed and trisected to allow flexibility of the phalanges. A small hole is drilled in the distal shaft to allow the placement of a spiral wire, allowing a snug fit even in older, well used electrosurgical handles.
conclusion
: The modified electrosurgical adapter may facilitate needle removal and increase surety of fit with most electrosurgical handles. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:991–992.
Benign Eyelid Lesions
Authors: CAHILL KENNETH V. , BURNS JOHN A. 
Published: June 2013

background
. Benign eyelid lesions include a diverse group of tumors, infections, and degenerative lesions that require specialized care for identification and treatment.
objective
. Diagnosis of benign eyelid lesions based on their clinical characteristics with pathological confirmation by biopsy where indicated.
methods
. Clinical evaluation, biopsy, and treatment with medication, surgery, and laser surgery are utilized.
results
. Improvement or complete resolution of these eyelid lesions is possible.
conclusion
. Special care is necessary to avoid ocular complications that could compromise vision, comfort, and cosmesis. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:1051–1055.
Closure of Eyelid Defects
Authors: ROSS JOSEPH J. , PHAM RANDALL 
Published: June 2013

background
. Repair of eyelid defects can be achieved by an array of procedures.
objective
. To provide a basic approach to repairing eyelid defects.
methods
. Defects are categorized by size. The method of repair for each defect is described.
conclusion
. By selecting the proper method of closure, with due consideration of the size, location, and configuration of the defect, the cutaneous surgeon can repair eyelid defects whilst maintaining the best possible function and cosmetic appearance. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:1061–1064.
Considerations in Aesthetic Eyelid Surgery
Authors: SHORR NORMAN , ENZER YOASH R. 
Published: June 2013

background
. Successful aesthetic eyelid surgery is based upon multiple complex factors that, when put together, yield a pleasing result. Beauty is inherently related to normal eyelid function and symmetry.
objective
. To review the critical issues facing the aesthetic surgeon, and to propose a systematic method of assessing the patient preoperatively.
methods
. This article first examines the general considerations for aesthetic eyelid surgery, followed by specific concerns within each anatomic area.
results
and
conclusion
. The critical task in aesthetic eyelid surgery is to reconstitute or preserve the normal structure and function of the eyelids. This is especially true in the multicontoured areas. It is essential for the surgeon to define the problems in a hierarchal fashion, and plan the surgery accordingly. Thus, not all patients can achieve the desired results in one sitting. The goal of aesthetic surgery is to avoid the telltale signs of surgery and to help the patient attain a youthful and energetic appearance for his or her age bracket. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:1081–1095.
Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
Authors: PERMAN KEVIN I. 
Published: June 2013

background
. The surgical removal of redundant upper eyelid skin along with the excision of prolapsed anterior orbital fat is one of the most popular elective cosmetic surgical procedures performed today.
objective
. To provide a brief overview of patient selection and upper eyelid blepharoplasty technique.
conclusion
. Through careful patient selection and preoperative evaluation in addition to a thorough knowledge of eyelid and orbital anatomy, good outcomes from upper eyelid blepharoplasty can be obtained. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:1096–1099.
LASERS: CO2 Laser Blepharoplasty A Comparison with Cold‐Steel Surgery
Authors: MORROW DAVID M. , MORROW LINDA B. 
Published: June 2013

This study compares and contrasts the use of the CO2 laser with the conventional cold‐steel scalpel and electrocautery in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Ten patients underwent bilateral, upper, and lower eyelid cosmetic blepharoplasty using the CO2 laser as the exclusive cutting and cauterizing instrument for one eye, and the cold‐steel scalpel and electrocautery as the exclusive cutting instrument and cauterizing tool for the remaining eye. This comparison evaluated administrative factors, procedural ease, and long‐ and short‐term results.The benefits of using the CO2 laser rather than the cold‐steel scalpel in blepharoplasty are reduced operative time, less bleeding, superior intraoperative visibility, less bruising and swelling, no pain or discomfort, and a shorter recuperation period.There were no complications with either the scalpel or the laser. Using the laser with standard safety protocols presents no greater risk to the patients undergoing blepharoplasty than does using the cold steel scalpel with an electrocautery device.The disadvantages of using the laser compared with the steel scalpel include the cost of purchasing and maintaining the laser equipment, the need for additional and extensive laser training for surgeons and assistants, and the need for two assistants rather than the one needed for scalpel surgery.
Hemangioma‐Associated Rhinophyma
Authors: MARSILI MARK , COCKERELL CLAY J. , LYDE CAROLYN B. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Rosacea is a disorder characterized by erythematous papules, pustules, and telangiectases involving the nose, chin, cheeks, and forehead that may progress to rhinophyma. Although the etiology of rosacea remains unclear, a common theme in pathogenesis is vasodilation. Rosacea has been associated with both idiopathic flushing as well as that induced secondarily.OBJECTIVE. To report clinical and histologic features of rhinophyma that developed in association with a longstanding cavernous hemangioma.RESULT. The patient is a 57‐year‐old Hispanic man with a congenital port‐wine stain that had developed into a nodular, cavernous hemangioma over the course of years. Clinically, in the site of the angioma there was marked soft‐tissue overgrowth with sebaceous hyperplasia. These changes were confined to the angiomatosis areas and were sharply demarcated from the surrounding normal skin. Histologically, there was marked fibroplasia; numerous small cysts, some with focal rupture and inflammation; dilated follicular ostia; and prominent sebaceous gland hyperplasia in addition to numerous ectatic blood vessels, which were a component of the hemangioma. In contrast, normal‐appearing skin adjacent to this site revealed only normal sebaceous glands and no fibroplasia. Treatment consisted of CO2 laser excision of the nodular components of the hemangioma with a tightly focused beam, followed by resculpting of the natural facial contour with laser abrasion of hypertrophic soft tissues with a broad, unfocused beam. The treated area healed well, with a skin tone of a more natural color than the original hemangioma.CONCLUSION. Our findings suggest that rhinophyma may develop secondary to the vasodilation seen in large hemangiomas and that the CO2 laser offers excellent treatment for both the vascular and stromal components of the lesion.We describe a patient with a large port‐wine stain with cavernous components and associated rhinophyma. We suggest that the long‐standing vasodilation secondary to the hemangioma was responsible for its development. Treatment with CO2 laser proved effective for both the hemangiomatous elements and the rhinophyma and is a valuable therapeutic option for lesions such as these.
Less Painful Alternatives for Local Anesthesia
Authors: LUGO‐JANER GERARDO , PADIAL MICHAEL , SÁNCHEZ JORGE L. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Infiltration of commonly used local anesthetics is painful. It has been speculated that the pain on infiltration is a direct consequence of the acidity of the anesthetic solution.OBJECTIVE. To compare the degree of pain of intradermal infiltration and the duration of anesthesia for 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000, 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 with 80 meq/L sodium bicarbonate, bacteriostatic saline solution with 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:300,000, and bacteriostatic saline solution with 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000.METHODS. The study was performed in three phases: 1) double‐blind comparison study, 2 and 3) open clinical trials.RESULTS. Bacteriostatic saline solution with epinephrine 1:300,000 is significantly less painful on intradermal infiltration than lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 with sodium bicarbonate 80 meq/mL. The saline preparation is an effective anesthetic alternative for superficial surgical procedures such as shave and scissors excision, light curettage and electrodesiccation, and superficial CO2 laser vaporization.CONCLUSION. The pH values of bacteriostatic saline solution with epinephrine 1:300,000 and lidocaine with epinephrine diluted with bacteriostatic saline solution are 5.3 and 4.2, respectively. Both were found to be less painful than 1% lidocaine with epinephrine with sodium bicarbonate 84 meq/mL, which had a pH of 7.4. It is unlikely that the pain of infiltration is a simple function of the pH of the anesthetic solution.
Histologic Preparation for Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: RANDLE HENRY W. , ZITELLI JOHN , BRODLAND DAVID G. , ROENIGK RANDALL K. 
Published: June 2013

background. Tissue processed by Mohs micrographic surgery is usually cut into several sections before it is processed.object and methods. We describe a single section method, in which the tissue is not subdivided, for preparing a tissue specimen for histologic examination in Mohs micrographic surgery.results. This technique saves time for both technicians, who prepare fewer specimens, and physicians, who have fewer histologic specimens to interpret. It may minimize false‐positive margins and technical errors.conclusions. Small specimens are handled best by this technique; however, the size of the specimen is limited only by the size of the cryostat chuck and histologic slide. The single section method is technically more difficult for preparing specimens that contain cartilage or ones that are extremely concave or convex, such as specimens from the conch of the ear.
Primary Mucinous Carcinoma of the Skin
Authors: FUKAMIZU HIDEKAZU , TOMITA KOICHI , INOUE KUNIO , TAKIGAWA MASAHIRO 
Published: June 2013

background. Primary mucinous carcinoma is a rare primary adnexal neoplasm of the skin with a high recurrence rate.objective. To improve the recognition of this clinical entity and aid in establishing the origin of this tumor.methods. Two cases of this tumor were reported and investigated histopathologically and histochemically. Furthermore, some mucinous carcinomas arising from the breast or gastrointestinal tract were compared with this tumor.results. Both cases showed no evidence of primary neoplasms as a source of metastasis and had characteristic findings of primary mucinous carcinoma of elongated cords and small lobules of epithelial cells floating in lakes of sialomucin. The origin of this tumor seemed to be an eccrine sweat gland.conclusion. This tumor should be resected widely and, at least, the breasts and gastrointestinal tract should be investigated for primary lesions.
Occlusive Dressings
Authors: EAGLSTEIN WILLIAM H. 
Published: June 2013

background. Although occlusive dressings speed epithelization, reduce inflammation and tenderness, reduce the chance of infection, stimulate healing of chronic wounds, and produce less scarring, they are still underutilized by physicians and nurses. The principal reasons for their underutilization are fear of infection, the time needed for instructing patients in their use, a lack of knowledge about occlusive dressings, and the general unavailability and high cost of the dressings.methods. This chapter describes the principles which help in selection of the proper dressing, discusses the mechanisms of action of occlusive dressings, lists some novel new occlusive dressings, and emphasizes some of the drawbacks of occlusive dressings for chronic wounds.conclusion. While occlusive dressings have become an important treatment protocol, their role in opening the minds of clinicians to the possibility of controlling the repair process may be their greatest contribution to medical science.
Biologic Skin Substitutes
Authors: PHILLIPS TANIA J. 
Published: June 2013

background. The ideal skin substitute should closely approximate the skin in function. The substitute should be readily available, easily sterilized and stored, and relatively inexpensive.objective. To describe recent developments in the area of biologic skin substitutes.results. Considerable advances have been made in keratinocyte and fibroblast culturing when used in conjunction with a biodegradable material as a substrate.conclusion. There is no skin substitute that perfectly mimics autologous skin. However, recent developments show promise.
Recurrent Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Back Infiltrating the Spine
Authors: MORSELLI PAOLO , TOSTI ANTONELLA , GUERRA LILIANA , FANTI PIER ALESSANDRO , FEDELI FRANCO , PISTORALE TONINO , CAVINA CARLO , VAROTTI CLAUDIO 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) recurrence appears to be related to tumor location, tumor size, treatment modality, radicalness of excision, and histologic type. Recurrences of BCC on the trunk and extremities are rare, with 97% of all recurrent lesions being located in the head and neck region.OBJECTIVE. This report concerns a man who had a BCC of the back removed with electrodesiccation and curettage in 1980 at the age of 36. In the following 10 years the patient experienced five recurrences and finally developed infiltration of the thoracic spine that precluded further attempts at radical excision of the neoplasm.METHODS AND RESULTS. The pathology of the BCC in our patient revealed a number of histologic features that have been associated with aggressive behaviour. These include an infiltrative growth pattern characterized by an irregular and acute tapered profile of the tumor cell groups and fibroblast‐rich stroma, infiltrating invading tumour edges, poorly peripheral palisading, nuclear pleomorphism, and perineural invasion.CONCLUSION. Basal cell carcinomas that occur in sunlight‐protected areas of the trunk of middle‐aged individuals can occasionally exhibit aggressive and highly invasive features as well as a marked tendency for local uncontrollable recurrences. The prognosis for patients with this variety of BCC is poor, especially when progressive infiltration of deep tissues does not permit, as in our case, any possible further radical surgical procedure.
Anatomical Examination of Leg Telangiectases with Duplex Scanning
Authors: SOMJEN GEORGE M. , ZIEGENBEIN ROBERT , JOHNSTON ANDREW H. , ROYLE JOHN P. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Earlier studies using Doppler ultrasound suggested that thigh telangiectasia might be associated with reflux in the larger subcutaneous veins.OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was an accurate description of the anatomy of the venous drainage from thigh telangiectases and evaluation of the extent of venous valvular incompetence using a noninvasive imaging method.METHOD. High‐definition color duplex ultrasonography was used to achieve the objective.RESULTS. Thirty‐seven legs with lateral and/or medial thigh telangiectasia were examined. Patients studied were those without saphenofemoral, saphenopopliteal, or deep venous abnormalities on Doppler ultrasound examination. Altogether 53 sites were tested. In 89% reticular vein incompetence was found close to telangiectases. Often reticular vein incompetence was associated with reflux in larger epifascial veins. In 15% incompetent perforating veins were detected between reticular veins and the deep venous system.CONCLUSION. An accurate, functional reconstruction of the subcutaneous venous drainage was accomplished. It was found that telangiectasia was rarely an isolated condition, but was usually associated with incompetence in other elements in the venous drainage of the subcutaneous tissue.
Mucinous Breast Carcinoma
Authors: NAHASS GEORGE T. , OTRAKJI CHRISTIAN J. , GOULD EDWIN 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Mucinous or colloid carcinoma is an uncommon breast neoplasm which is generally associated with a good prognosis. Metastases tend to occur late in the disease and are found principally in lymph nodes, lungs, and bones. The longest latency period reported for development of a distant metastasis is 30 years after primary resection of the tumor.OBJECTIVE. To describe a case of cutaneous metastasis from a mucinous breast carcinoma occurring 22 years after initial resection and review the literature.RESULTS. Comparison of the primary tumor with the metastatic lesion showed identical histology. Review of the literature revealed this case represents the second longest latency for a distant metastasis from mucinous breast carcinoma and the unusual involvement of the skin.CONCLUSION. This represents the second longest reported latency period for the development of a distant metastasis from mucinous breast carcinoma and its rare occurrence in the skin.
The Influence of Age and Patient Positioning on Skin Tension Lines
Authors: MEIRSON DAN , GOLDBERG LEONARD H. 
Published: June 2013

background. The best cosmetic results are obtained if certain “skin lines” are followed. However, which “skin lines” are the correct ones has been controversial.objective: To review the histo y of skin lines, the physiological basis of skin tension lines, and the factors that govern them.method: Twenty‐seven individuals were observed, 15 greater than 65 years of age, and 12 less than 30 years of age. Patients were placed at 0″ and 90″ and the shift in skin tension lines was observed.result: In older patients there was a significant shift in the skin lines with changes in positioning that was not present in the younger patients. In the older group of patients the shift in skin lines appeared to follow the direction of gravity's effect on the skin.conclusions: Skin tension lines in older patients may become movable with position changes and are not static as previously stated.
Human Saphenous Vein In Vitro Model for Studying the Action of Sclerosing Solutions
Authors: ROTTER STEVEN M. , WEISS ROBERT A. 
Published: June 2013

background. Previous studies detailing the clinical and histologic effects of sclerosing solutions in rabbit ear and other animal vein models have provided information comparing the effects of various concentrations of hypertonic saline with and without dextrose (Sclerodex), polidocanol, scleremo (chromated glycerin), and sodium tetradecyl sul‐fate.objective. To observe short‐term histologic changes of sclerosing solutions in vitro in large diameter human vein.methods. Human saphenous vein segments were obtained following cardiac bypass procedures. Several types of sclerosing solutions, including 23.4% hypertonic saline, 1 % polidocanol, and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, were allowed continuous contact with the vessel wall for 10 minutes. Test vein segments were immediately fixed and observed for histologic changes compared with normal saline controls.results. Endothelium was rapidly destroyed by all tested sclerosing solutions. Vessel wall necrosis occurred quickly with the extent determined by the sclerosing solution. Destructive potential of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate greatly exceeded that of 23.4% hypertonic saline or 1% polidocanol, in agreement with previous animal studies.conclusion. Direct toxic effects of sclerosing agents may be compared in a constant, reproducible environment with this in vitro model.
Compression Stockings and Non‐Continuous Use of Polyurethane Foam Dressings for the Treatment of Venous Ulceration: A Pilot Study
Authors: SAMSON RUSSELL H. 
Published: June 2013

background. Venous ulceration is usually treated with Unna's boot. Recently another product, Ulcer‐care, has been developed to treat these ulcers.objective. To evaluate the therapeutic value of Ulcer‐care.methods. Over 24 months, 20 ambulatory patients with 30 lower extremity stasis ulcers were treated with a product consisting of: 1) a hydrophilic polyurethane sponge covered by a hydrophobic membrane changed daily or evey other day; 2) an inner liner stocking that applies 10 mmHg pressure and is worn 24 hours a day; and 3) a surgical stocking with a posterior zipper that applies 30 mmHg graduated pressure and is removed at night.results. All ulcers healed after 2 to 30 weeks (mean 8.3 weeks) including 15 previously treated by Unna's boot or hydrocolloid dressings and 3 infected ulcers.conclusion. The Ulcercare treatment for stasis ulcers is highly successful, easy to use, and well accepted by patients.
Terminating the Physician‐Patient Relationship
Authors: Torres Abel , Wagner Richard , Proper Steven 
Published: June 2013

background. This continues our series of articles addressing the many medicolegal aspects that impact the practice of dermatology. Because the physician‐patient relationship is the cornerstone of every medical malpractice action, the proper termination of that relationship is very important.methods. A format of an initial discussion of legal concepts followed by hypothetical and a review of actual cases was chosen to enhance interactive learning. The subject matter is based on a review of medicolegal literature and actual recorded case law.results. Once a physician‐patient relationship has been established, improper termination of that relationship may constitute abandonment.conclusion. Any termination of the physician‐patient relationship must be reasonable in view of the patients' access to alternate medical care and medical problems and should be properly communicated to the patient.