bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leucocyte Sodium Transport in Uraemia
Authors: Edmondson R. P. S. , Hilton P. J. , Jones N. F. , Patrick J. , Thomas R. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. In sixteen patients with severe chronic renal failure the rate constant for total sodium efflux from leucocytes was significantly reduced compared with that in thirty control subjects. This difference lay chiefly in the glycoside-sensitive (‘active’) moiety of sodium efflux.
2. In sixteen patients receiving regular haemodialysis, the rate constant for total sodium efflux from the leucocyte was significantly greater than in the undialysed uraemic patients though still subnormal.
3. In individual patients, an increase in sodium efflux could be detected as early as 1 week after regular haemodialysis was started.
4. These results are compatible with the existence of a dialysable molecule in uraemic plasma affecting leucocyte sodium transport.
The Influence of Diet on Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn Rat
Authors: Gollan J. L. , Hatt K. J. , Billing Barbara H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of dietary carbohydrate, protein and lipid on the unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of Gunn rats has been studied.
2. In the first set of experiments, after a control period without restraint, the animals were restrained for 72 h and were either starved or received isocaloric amounts of glucose, protein hydrolysate or soya bean oil through a gastrotomy cannula.
3. A second study was performed with groups of unrestrained animals which were fed with diets supplemented with carbohydrate, protein and lipid for 7 days after a control period.
4. Both these studies showed that diets composed predominantly of carbohydrate or protein doubled the plasma bilirubin concentration. Starch, glucose and fructose produced similar effects.
5. A high-lipid diet in the absence of carbohydrate caused a slight reduction in plasma bilirubin concentration. This effect was observed with both soya bean oil and pork fat.
6. It has not been established whether the increase in hyperbilirubinaemia resulted from the high-carbohydrate content of the diet or the absence of lipid.
Effect of Lysine Acetylsalicylate on Biliary Lipid Secretion in Dogs
Authors: Erlinger S. , Bienfait Dominique , Poupon Renee , Dumont Micheline , Duval M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of lysine acetylsalicylate on bile flow, erythritol clearance and bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion in bile was studied in unanaesthetized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula.
2. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a marked increase in bile flow and a parallel increase in erythritol clearance although the bile salt secretion remained unchanged; this suggests that the compound stimulated the formation of the canalicular (hepatocytic) bile salt-independent fraction of bile flow.
3. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a significant decrease in biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion and the cholesterol saturation of bile was significantly reduced.
4. It is postulated that the decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion resulted from the dilution of intracanalicular bile salts. This effect of lysine acetylsalicylate, and possibly of other bile salt-independent choleretics, may be of value in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.
Heterogeneity of Hepatic Vitamin B12 in the Rat after Parenteral Cyanocobalamin
Authors: Cooksley W. G. E. , Tavill A. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of radioactive vitamin B12 excretion into plasma and bile from the isolated perfused rat liver and into bile in vivo has been measured after the intramuscular injection of radioactive cyanocobalamin at various time-intervals before study.
2. With an interval of labelling of 10 or more days, the release of radioactive vitamin B12 over 4 h by the isolated perfused liver was linear and con-stituted approximately 35% and 1% of the hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively.
3. In contrast, after a shorter period of prelabelling (less than 7 days), there was a biphasic release of radioactive vitamin Blz: an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate after about 1 h of perfusion. The total radioactive vitamin Blz was considerably increased (e.g. 25% and 5% of hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively during a 4 h perfusion of a liver labelled 18 h previously).
4. Confirmation of coexisting stable and labile pools of intrahepatic vitamin B12 was provided by: (a) the patterns of hepatic release ifter double labelling with 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled cyanocobalamin at different times before liver per-fusion; (b) the rates of biliary excretion of 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 in vivo after different periods of prelabelling.
5. The rate and pattern of release were not altered by changes in the quantity of precursor cyanocobala-min, by phenobarbitone treatment or by the addition of cycloheximide to the perfusion.
6. The injection into rats of subcellular preparations of rat liver labelled in viuo with radioactive vitamin B12 demonstrated that hepatic heterogeneity did not depend on physical compartmentation.
7. Despite the rapid release rate from the liver recently administered radioactive cyanocobalamin, the hepatic radioactivity increased progressively with time after labelling in vivo, in contrast to the other tissues, where it decreased. In the presence of rapid bidirectional fluxes the ability of the liver to store vitamin B can be largely explained by the reduction in the rate of hepatic release that continues for about 10 days after parenteral administration of cyano-cobalamin.
A Comparison of Natriuresis after Oral and Intravenous Sodium Loading in Sodium-Depleted Rabbits: Evidence for a Gastrointestinal or Portal Monitor of Sodium Intake
Authors: Lennane R. J. , Peart W. S. , Carey R. M. , Shaw J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rabbits in balance on a low sodium diet were given doses of sodium chloride either orally or intravenously.
2. Those receiving oral doses responded with a much greater natriuresis than those receiving intravenous ones.
3. This could be explained by the existence of a sodium input monitor somewhere in the gut or portal circulation.
Urinary Noradrenaline Excretion and Renal Function in Normal and Hypertensive 50-year-Old Men
Authors: Berglund G. , Tibblin G. , Aurell M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sympathetic nervous system activity, measured by urinary noradrenaline excretion, was determined in a group of untreated hypertensive subjects (n = 35), a reference group (n = 80) and a normotensive group (n = 51), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. It was compared with casual and resting blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure > 175 or diastolic > 115 mmHg on two separate occasions. Normotension was defined as systolic pressure < 160 and diastolic pressure < 95 mmHg.
2. There was no difference in the average excretion of noradrenaline during the day or night between the reference, normotensive and hypertensive groups. None of the hypertensive patients had values for urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day above the range found in normotensive subjects, indicating that hypertension with increased sympathetic nervous system activity is uncommon when hypertension is defined as above.
3. No correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day and blood pressure was found in the reference group or in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, there was a negative correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion and blood pressure after rest. This finding might indicate that factors other than sympathetic nervous system activity determine the level of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.
4. In the hypertensive group, urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day was positively correlated with both urinary sodium excretion during the day and glomerular filtration rate. Urinary noradrenaline excretion per 24 h was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion during the same time. High resting blood pressure, low urinary sodium excretion, low glomerular filtration rate and a reversed diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion characterized hypertensive patients with low urinary noradrenaline excretion, indicating more severe hypertension in these hypertensive patients with reduced sympathetic nervous system activity.
The Effect of Indomethacin and Prostaglandin (PGE2) on Renal Failure Due to Glycerol in Saline-Loaded Rats
Authors: Papanicolaou N. , Callard P. , Bariety J. , Milliez P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Acute renal failure was induced in conscious rats by subcutaneous injection of glycerol.
2. Expansion of the extracellular space by infusion of 150 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline) partly protected the animals against acute renal failure.
3. This protective effect of saline infusion disappeared when the animals were treated with indomethacin. This effect could be reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PGE2) to the saline infusion.
4. We suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in mediating the protection afforded by saline infusion against acute renal failure due to glycerol.
A Study of Intraluminal Peptide Hydrolase Activity in the Rat
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Kim Y. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-l-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and l-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.
2. Jejunal contents hydrolysed Gly-Phe faster than Phe-Gly. Conversely, ileal contents hydrolysed Phe-Gly faster than Gly-Phe.
3. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. There was ten times as much PHMB-resistant activity towards both dipeptides in ileal contents as in jejunal contents.
4. Most of the luminal enzyme activity was present in the supernatants after centrifugation, indicating the luminal enzymes exist in the soluble form. Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal brush border as well as cytosol enzymes.
Seasonal Variations in the Composition of Urine in Relation to Calcium Stone-Formation
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. , Marshall R. W. , Speed R. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on data derived from single 24 h urine collections from 246 male idiopathic calcium stone-formers.
2. The daily urine volume and pH and the excretions of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, creatinine and magnesium were related to the time of year when the urine was collected, and the saturation of urine with calcium oxalate and octocalcium phosphate calculated for each month.
3. There were significant seasonal variations in the urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate, each showing a maximum during the summer months and a minimum in the winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in urinary pH, volume, creatinine, phosphate or magnesium.
4. There was a significant increase in the saturation of urine with calcium oxalate and a trend towards higher saturation levels of octo-calcium phosphate in the summer. These changes were dependent only on the seasonal variation in urinary calcium and oxalate and not on urine volume.
5. A retrospective study of the seasonal incidence of stone episodes among these 246 stone-formers showed that the rate of stone passage per month was 50% higher in the summer than in the winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in the incidence of stones removed surgically.
A Comparison of the Clearance of Urographic Contrast Medium (Sodium Diatrizoate) by Peritoneal and Haemodialysis
Authors: Ackrill P. , McIntosh C. S. , Nimmon C. , Baker L. R. I. , Cattell W. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The clearance of isotopically labelled sodium diatrizoate by haemodialysis was measured in vitro, with simulated extracellular fluid, and in vivo in eleven patients, at varying rates of fluid or plasma flow. Clearance was also measured in five patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In all instances simultaneous measurements of urea clearance were made and the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio was calculated.
2. In haemodialysis studies, diatrizoate and urea clearances showed a linear increase with increasing ‘extracellular fluid’ or plasma flow through the dialyser while the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio fell.
3. The clearance of diatrizoate in vivo was slightly less than clearance in vitro at corresponding flow rates, but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio showed no significant difference.
4. Diatrizoate and urea clearances during peritoneal dialysis were very much lower than during haemodialysis but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratios were within the same range.
5. The rapid removal of diatrizoate in patients with renal failure requires haemodialysis.
Acid Hydrolase Activities and Lysosomal Integrity in Liver Biopsies from Patients with Iron Overload
Authors: Peters T. J. , Seymour Carol A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Iron, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase were assayed in liver biopsies from control subjects and patients with primary and secondary haemochromatosis.
2. The activities of the lysosomal enzymes were significantly higher in liver biopsies from patients with iron overload than in those from other patient groups.
3. Lysosomes from the livers of patients with iron overload were strikingly more fragile than those of control subjects as demonstrated by assays of latent and sedimentable N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.
4. Lysosomal integrity was essentially normal in biopsies from patients with a wide variety of chronic liver diseases.
5. It is suggested that iron accumulation damages the lysosomal membrane, releasing acid hydrolases into the cytoplasm and thus initiating cell damage.
Absence of an Acute Effect of Calcium or Parathyroid Hormone Administration on Plasma Renin Activity in Man
Authors: Epstein S. , Sagel J. , Brodovcky H. , Tuff S. , Eales L. 
Published: August 2015

1. There was no significant change in plasma renin activity over 6 h in five subjects given calcium gluconate or in four subjects given parathyroid hormone.
2. It is concluded that acute hypercalcaemia does not increase plasma renin activity and is unlikely to play a role in the hypertension found with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Effects of Halothane on Pulmonary Inactivation of Noradrenaline and Prostaglandin E2 in Anaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Bakhle Y. S. , Block A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The inactivation of noradrenaline and prostaglandin E2 was studied in the pulmonary circulation of anaesthetized dogs.
2. Under chloralose anaesthesia and ventilation with air, the inactivation of noradrenaline was 20% and that of prostaglandin E2 was 91%. These values are in agreement with results from previous work.
3. When the dogs were ventilated with halothane—air mixtures, the inactivation of prostaglandin E2 was unaffected but that of noradrenaline was significantly reduced.
4. This effect of halothane is probably due to an interaction with the transport system for noradrenaline associated with cell membranes.
5. Analogous changes in pulmonary noradrenaline inactivation could occur in patients anaesthetized with halothane.
Multiple Changes in Distal Stop-Flow Electrolyte Patterns and Reduction of Acid Excretion Induced in Rabbits by Angiotensin
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin has previously been shown to inhibit distal renal tubular sodium reabsorption. As a consequence of this, or independently, it might influence the distal handling of other electrolytes. We have therefore examined the effects of angiotensin on the distal reabsorption or secretion of a spectrum of electrolytes.
2. Standard bilateral stop-flow studies were done on anaesthetized, adrenalectomized rabbits, in which the effects of intravenous infusions of either 0·02–0·05 μg min−1 kg−1 or 1 μg min−1 kg−1 of angiotensin were compared with control stop-flow results.
3. The lower dose of angiotensin inhibited distal sodium, chloride, water and magnesium reabsorption, inhibited distal hydrogen secretion and stimulated distal potassium secretion. The higher dose of angiotensin produced these changes and additionally inhibited distal calcium reabsorption. Most of the observed changes were dose-related. The low dose of angiotensin did not significantly raise blood pressure but the high dose was pressor.
4. Changes in the stop-flow patterns induced by the higher dose of angiotensin were compatible with, and may help to explain, the changes it produced in urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium and calcium in clearance studies before stop-flow. Suppression of hydrogen secretion caused by both doses of angiotensin in the stop-flow studies was also reflected by reductions in acid excretion produced by these infusion rates in additional experiments performed by clearance methods in acid-loaded, conscious rabbits.
5. The results support the view that angiotensin may have an important intrarenal role, at least in rabbits.
Estimation of the Resting Reflex Hypoxic Drive to Respiration in Patients with Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltration
Authors: Stockley R. A. , Lee K. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Oxygen breath tests were performed in nine patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration whose resting arterial Po2 (Pa,o2) ranged from 8·9 kPa to 11·8 kPa. The inspired air was suddenly replaced with oxygen for 30 s and the percentage fall in ventilation over the last 10 s was measured.
2. Pa,o2 rose rapidly and exceeded 16 kPa within 20 s in each patient.
3. The ventilation fell significantly in seven of the nine patients. It is concluded that these seven patients had a demonstrable reflex hypoxic respiratory drive at rest. This tended to be greatest in patients with the lowest Pa,o2. The percentage falls in ventilation observed were similar to those previously reported at comparable Pa,o2 levels in patients with chronic bronchitis.
4. The resting arterial Pco2 (Pa,co2) ranged from 50 to 5·8 kPa. It did not change by more than 0·3 kPa during the oxygen breath tests in any patient.
The Functional Response of the Dog Ileum to One Hour's Ischaemia
Authors: Robinson J. W. L. , Menge H. , Sepálveda F. V. , Cobo F. , Mirkovitch V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The function and structure of dog ileal mucosa was examined immediately after arterial ischaemia for 1 h and 1, 3 or 7 days after the trauma.
2. Immediately after the ischaemia, there was a net movement of water and ions into a luminal perfusate in vivo. One day later, there was no net movement of water and electrolytes but net absorption returned on the third day.
3. Active transport of phenylalanine or β-methylglucoside by mucosal strips in vitro was abolished immediately after the trauma but was largely restored 1 day later. There was a close correlation between glucose absorption in vivo and β-methylglucoside uptake in vitro.
4. Morphological study revealed pronounced desquamation of enterocytes immediately after the trauma. The regenerating mucosa had shorter villi and crypts, and lower enzyme activities assessed histochemically 1 day later. Most parameters had returned to normal by the third post-operative day.
Measurement of an Index of Muscle Capillary Permeability and its Correlation with Serum Insulin Values in Maturity-Onset Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Lowy C. , Arnot R. N. , Fraser T. Russell 
Published: August 2015

1. An index of capillary permeability was obtained by measuring the ratio of the clearance rate of 77Br to that of 133Xe in the anterior tibial muscle, after a short period of maximal ischaemic exercise.
2. Seventeen control subjects and thirty-two maturity-onset, non-insulin-treated diabetic subjects, aged 60 years or less, were studied. Short glucose tolerance tests were performed in the diabetic subjects, during which blood sugar and serum insulin concentrations were estimated.
3. The 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio was increased in the diabetic subjects compared with the control subjects. In the diabetic subjects, there was an inverse correlation between the insulin at 60 min after glucose and the 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio. There was also a direct correlation between the 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio and the age of the patient in the diabetic group but not in the control group.
4. The results demonstrate that a reduced insulin response to oral glucose is associated with increased capillary permeability and may play a role in the development of microangiopathy.
Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Release in Malnourished Rats
Authors: Weinkove C. , Weinkove E. A. , Pimstone B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Young Wistar rats were used as an experimental model to determine the effects of protein-energy malnutrition on glucose tolerance and insulin release.
2. Malnourished rats presented some of the features commonly found in human protein-energy malnutrition, such as failure to gain weight, hypoalbuminaemia, fatty infiltration of the liver and intolerance of oral and intravenous glucose loads.
3. The rate of disappearance of glucose from the gut lumen was greater in the malnourished rats but there was no significant difference in portal blood glucose concentration between normal and malnourished rats 5 and 10 min after an oral glucose load.
4. Insulin resistance was not thought to be the cause of the glucose intolerance in the malnourished animals since these rats had a low fasting plasma insulin concentration with a normal fasting blood glucose concentration and no impairment in their hypoglycaemic response to exogenous insulin administration. Furthermore, fasting malnourished rats were unable to correct the insulin-induced hypoglycaemia despite high concentrations of hepatic glycogen.
5. Malnourished rats had lower peak plasma insulin concentrations than normal control animals after provocation with oral and intravenous glucose, intravenous tolbutamide and intravenous glucose plus aminophyllin. This was not due to a reduction in the insulin content of the pancreas or potassium deficiency. Healthy weanling rats, like the older malnourished rats, had a diminished insulin response to intravenous glucose and intravenous tolbutamide. However, their insulin response to stimulation with intravenous glucose plus aminophyllin far exceeded that of the malnourished rats. Thus the impairment of insulin release demonstrated in the malnourished rats cannot be ascribed to a ‘functional immaturity’ of the pancreas.
Effect of Nutritional Status on Rat Adipose Tissue, Muscle and Post-Heparin Plasma Clearing Factor Lipase Activities: Their Relationship to Triglyceride Fatty Acid Uptake by Fat-Cells and to Plasma Insulin Concentrations
Authors: Cryer A. , Riley Susan E. , Williams E. R. , Robinson D. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. In rats in a variety of nutritional states, the adipose tissue clearing factor lipase activity is strongly, positively correlated with fat-cell triglyceride fatty acid uptake.
2. In the same animals, muscle clearing factor lipase activity is inversely correlated with the activity of the enzyme in adipose tissue and with the plasma insulin concentration.
3. In starved animals that are given glucose, adipose tissue clearing factor lipase activity is positively correlated with the plasma insulin concentration.
4. The effect of changes in nutritional status on the activity of clearing factor lipase in rat post-heparin plasma depends on the heparin dosage used. The administration of glucose, but not of fructose or sucrose, to starved rats alters the response to heparin injection towards that found in rats in the fed state.