bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Spatial View of Ensemble Spread in Convection Permitting Ensembles
Authors: Dey Seonaid R. A. , Leoncini Giovanni , Roberts Nigel M. , Plant Robert S. , Migliorini Stefano 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
With movement toward kilometer-scale ensembles, new techniques are needed for their characterization. A new methodology is presented for detailed spatial ensemble characterization using the fractions skill score (FSS). To evaluate spatial forecast differences, the average and standard deviation are taken of the FSS calculated over all ensemble member–member pairs at different scales and lead times. These methods were found to give important information about the ensemble behavior allowing the identification of useful spatial scales, spinup times for the model, and upscale growth of errors and forecast differences. The ensemble spread was found to be highly dependent on the spatial scales considered and the threshold applied to the field. High thresholds picked out localized and intense values that gave large temporal variability in ensemble spread: local processes and undersampling dominate for these thresholds. For lower thresholds the ensemble spread increases with time as differences between the ensemble members upscale. Two convective cases were investigated based on the Met Office United Model run at 2.2-km resolution. Different ensemble types were considered: ensembles produced using the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS) and an ensemble produced using different model physics configurations. Comparison of the MOGREPS and multiphysics ensembles demonstrated the utility of spatial ensemble evaluation techniques for assessing the impact of different perturbation strategies and the need for assessing spread at different, believable, spatial scales.
Trust in Automation
Authors: Hoff Kevin Anthony , Bashir Masooda 
Published: September 2014

Objective: We systematically review recent empirical research on factors that influence trust in automation to present a three-layered trust model that synthesizes existing knowledge. Background: Much of the existing research on factors that guide human-automation interaction is centered around trust, a variable that often determines the willingness of human operators to rely on automation. Studies have utilized a variety of different automated systems in diverse experimental paradigms to identify factors that impact operators’ trust. Method: We performed a systematic review of empirical research on trust in automation from January 2002 to June 2013. Papers were deemed eligible only if they reported the results of a human-subjects experiment in which humans interacted with an automated system in order to achieve a goal. Additionally, a relationship between trust (or a trust-related behavior) and another variable had to be measured. All together, 101 total papers, containing 127 eligible studies, were included in the review. Results: Our analysis revealed three layers of variability in human–automation trust (dispositional trust, situational trust, and learned trust), which we organize into a model. We propose design recommendations for creating trustworthy automation and identify environmental conditions that can affect the strength of the relationship between trust and reliance. Future research directions are also discussed for each layer of trust. Conclusion: Our three-layered trust model provides a new lens for conceptualizing the variability of trust in automation. Its structure can be applied to help guide future research and develop training interventions and design procedures that encourage appropriate trust.
Driving Speed of Young Novice and Experienced Drivers in Simulated Hazard Anticipation Scenes
Authors: Parmet Yisrael , Borowsky Avinoam , Yona Omri , Oron-Gilad Tal 
Published: September 2014

Objective: In this study, we aimed to demonstrate analysis methods that are sensitive to speed-related differences between experienced and young novice drivers. These differences may be linked to determining which group is better at anticipating hazards. Background: Awareness of hazardous situations, especially potential ones, is a major discriminator between experienced and young novice drivers who tend to misidentify potential hazards in the traffic environment. Method: Experienced and young novice drivers were asked to drive a sequence of 14 scenarios in a driving simulator. Scenarios were created in two city areas, residential and business district, and included various types of hazards. Group homogeneity of speed for each group of drivers was computed for each scenario, and two business district scenarios were subjected to piecewise linear regression analysis. Results: Group homogeneity analysis showed consistent and significant experience-based differences across all scenarios, revealing that the experienced drivers as a group were more homogenous in choosing their driving speed. Differences between groups were larger in the business district where speed was less restricted. Piecewise linear regression analysis revealed that experienced drivers approached uncontrolled intersections by slowing down and responded earlier to materialized events. Conclusion: Young novice drivers were more likely than experienced drivers to choose diverse values of speed at any given road section, presumably due to their poor awareness of potential and hidden hazards. Unlike other analysis methods, it is argued that group homogeneity of speed is a more sensitive measurement to reveal these gaps. Application: Speed management could be the basis of future hazard anticipation simulator assessments.
In the name of bringing services closer to the people? Explaining the creation of new local government districts in Uganda
Authors: Awortwi Nicholas , Helmsing A.H.J. (Bert) 
Published: September 2014

Many governments in Africa and elsewhere in Asia and Latin America have created new local government (LG) jurisdictions as part of their decentralization policies. However, most decentralization studies have focused on fiscal, political and administrative assignments between levels of government. Much less attention has been given to the number and size of LG jurisdictions. Often, these are considered to be an accident of history, but the reality is not so. This article pursues five propositions concerning the rationale for creating LG jurisdictions and examines their relevance in the Uganda context. The article concludes that creation of LG jurisdictions in Uganda neither conforms to the policy objective of bringing services closer to the people nor to promoting participatory democratic governance. Instead, the practice conforms to central government gerrymandering tactics of forging an electoral alliance with small jurisdictions and to extend neo-patrimonial networks to win votes in order to stay in power. Points for practitioners Donors and development practitioners have often expressed their frustrations on decentralization policies and outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) because they have analysed the policy based on what governments say their intentions are. Until they understand the political economy of decentralization in Africa they will always be bewildered not only by the mismatch between policy objectives and outcomes but also by many unspoken rationales for implementing decentralization reforms. Decentralization can be a facade behind which quite different practices take place. In many countries in SSA, it is a narrowly political process that ruling governments pursue for their own benefit (or accept to pursue when pushed by donors where it hurts them least) and not for the nicely written policy statements of improving services.
Rare presentation of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis and the role of the radiograph in initial diagnosis
Authors: Khan MA , Thyagiarajan M , Laugharne M , Clinch J 
Published: September 2014

Background Polyarticular disease affects one-third of all juvenile idiopathic arthritides. It affects girls twice as much as boys. It usually involves peripheral joints throughout the course of disease. It is unusual for cervical spine involvement to be the presenting symptoms of RF negative polyarthritis. Clinical case This is the case of RF-negative polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis that was reported with six-week history of neck pain, torticollis and left knee effusion. The case was sent to the radiology department from primary care. Despite the fact that the symptoms occurred quite recently, on initial radiograph significant cervical spine inflammation and damage were revealed. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of early recognition of neck involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis as well as significance of close liaison between radiology and paediatric rheumatology. It also highlights the possible role of cervical spine imaging in all children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Afebrile seizures and electrocardiography abnormality: an unusual presentation of nutritional rickets
Authors: Gad KG , Khan MA , Mahmood K 
Published: September 2014

Background Nutritional rickets is not uncommon in the western world and has been reported widely. Occasionally, children have presented to paediatrics with afebrile seizures secondary to hypocalcaemia due to hypovitaminosis D. However, association of nutritional rickets with electrocardiography changes and prolonged QT interval is not well documented. It is a rare, potentially serious and yet easy-to-treat complication as shown in our case. Our case also highlights the importance of awareness and education of both parents and clinicians regarding this relatively common but easily treatable condition. Clinical case We report a case of undiagnosed nutritional rickets presenting as ‘Afebrile’ seizure in a seven-month-old Somali girl. Her initial blood work-up showed low ionised calcium (0.8 mmol/l) on blood gas sampling, confirmed by laboratory result (adjusted 1.49 mmol/l). She had prolonged QTc on electrocardiography which reverted to normal with treatment. She was treated with intravenous as well as oral calcium after which she had no further seizures. We present a unique case of nutritional rickets-associated hypocalcaemia. Conclusion This case highlights the resurgence of nutritional rickets in western societies. We need to keep this disease in our list of diagnoses as it is a potentially serious and yet easily treatable disease. We should be more vigilant for screening ethnic minorities as alarmingly high rates of hypovitaminosis D have been found in ethnic minorities living in Great Britain.
Human Error and Patient Safety: Managing Cognitive and Motivational Bias in Medical Decision Making
Authors: Arjmand Ellis M. , Shapiro Jo A. , Shah Rahul K. , Nussenbaum Brian A. , Balakrishnan Karthik 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:Quality improvement (QI) activities emphasize systems to prevent or detect inevitable errors by fallible humans. Aside from intentional misconduct or impaired judgment, human errors often are attributed to system factors, deemphasizing the role of individual decision making as a potential cause of error. Convincing data show that cognitive and motivational biases affect how providers collect and apply clinical data. Our purpose is to increase audience awareness of cognitive “traps” in medical decision making. We will discuss illustrative case studies, practical ways to incorporate these concepts into QI and patient safety activities, and uses of “debiasing” and other strategies to improve individual decision making.Educational Objectives:(1) Describe the importance of individual cognitive processes in medical decision making and error and situations in which these processes might be either beneficial or harmful. (2) Describe cognitive processes, heuristics, and biases that play a role in otolaryngologists’ medical and surgical decision making and how these factors may contribute to medical error. (3) Implement individual and institutional methods to identify and mitigate these factors to improve personal clinical performance.
American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Foundation Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus
Authors: Tunkel David E. , Bauer Carol A. , Sun Gordon H. , Rosenfeld Richard M. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:More than 50 million people in the United States have reported experiencing tinnitus, an estimated prevalence of 10% to 15% in adults. The multidisciplinary American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Foundation–developed “Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus,” will be presented. This guideline provides evidence‐based recommendations for clinicians managing patients with tinnitus. The guideline discusses evaluation of patients with tinnitus, including selection and timing of diagnostic testing and specialty referral to identify underlying treatable pathology. It then focuses on the evaluation and treatment of patients with persistent primary tinnitus, with recommendations to evaluate and measure its impact, for determining the most appropriate interventions to improve symptoms and quality of life for tinnitus sufferers.Educational Objectives:(1) Practice accurate and efficient diagnosis of primary tinnitus. (2) Improve the quality of care and mitigate the personal and social impact of persistent, bothersome tinnitus.
Smell Decline as a Good Predictor of Sinonasal Polyposis Recurrence after Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Bakhshaee Mehdi , Naseri Masoud , Esmatinia Fereshteh 
Published: September 2014

Objectives:Evaluate the most sensitive symptom that predicts recurrence of nasal polyposis.Methods:In this prospective study, we evaluated 62 patients with diffuse nasal polyposis. All patients underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) was answered by patients at preoperative visit and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. All of the patients were on maintenance therapy with nasal corticosteroid and saline irrigation postoperatively for 6 months. Patients were followed up with serial endoscopic examination, and computed tomography (CT) scan was performed if indicated.Results:All 62 patients (37 male, 25 female) completed the study. The mean age was 41.24 ± 12.47 years. Allergic rhinitis and asthma existed in 45% and 43.5% of cases respectively. Seven patients (11.3%) underwent revision surgery during the 2‐year follow‐up period. Fifty‐two patients had a smell problem preoperatively, but 98.1% of them regained satisfactory olfaction after the surgery. The severity of symptoms gradually increased in patients with recurrence of polyposis but at a different point of time (P value =. 008). Sense of smell was the first symptom that became worse in patients with relapse (mean 6 months) followed by nasal secretion (12 months) and obstruction (24 months). Patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis showed the symptoms of recurrence sooner than other patients (P <. 05).Conclusions:The most sensitive symptom for the recurrence of nasal polyposis is decrease in sense of smell. Recurrence of nasal obstruction was noticed in the late stage of relapse when frank polyposis formation was established.
Simulation Activity in Otolaryngology Residencies
Authors: Deutsch Ellen S. , Wiet Gregory J. , Cornett Mary Pat , Malekzadeh Sonya , Fried Marvin P. , Seidman Michael D. , Hussey Heather 
Published: September 2014

Objectives:(1) Determine simulation resources available within United States otolaryngology training institutions. (2) Determine current involvement in simulation within otolaryngology training programs. (3) Gauge interest in advancing simulation for training and assessment.Methods:A voluntary survey was sent to 104 program directors. The introduction provided a broad definition of simulation. Responses were collected between March 21 and April 5, 2013. Descriptive results are presented.Results:Responses were received for 43 (41%) of the surveys. A total of 39 of 43 respondents (91%) have a simulation center or program at their institution. A total of 34 of 43 respondents (79%) have onsite simulation, 32 (74%) have models, manikins, or other devices, and 25 (58%) have staff resources within their institution. A total of 8 of 43 respondents (19%) have extensive, 26 (60%) have limited, and 8 (19%) have no otolaryngology simulation activity at their institution. The most common applications of simulation within otolaryngology are emergency management (23 of 43 respondents; 53%) and otology (21 of 43; 49%). All 31 respondents use simulation for clinical training (100%), 11 (33%) for proficiency, and 7 for mastery (21%). Three of 36 (22%) use extensive, 12 (33%) limited, and 21 (58%) no simulation in research. None of 34 use simulation for otolaryngology credentialing, although 2 (6%) use simulation for advanced cardiac life support credentialing. A total of 31 of 37 respondents (84%) are interested in participating in multicenter trials of simulation initiatives.Conclusions:Simulation resources are widely available in otolaryngology training institutions. Survey respondents report limited but widespread participation in simulation activity, and widespread interest in participating in simulation trials.
State of the Otolaryngology Match: Has Competition Increased since the Early Match?
Authors: Abaza Mona M. , Cabrera‐Muffly Cristina 
Published: September 2014

Objectives:Demonstrate increasing demand of medical students applying to otolaryngology and decreasing supply of available residency training positions after the shift from an early match to conventional matching process. Demonstrate increasing United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step I scores among matched otolaryngology applicants over time.Methods:Matching statistics were obtained for first year residency positions through the National Residency Matching Program from 1998 to 2013. Matching statistics were obtained for otolaryngology residency positions through the San Francisco Match from 1998 to 2005. Univariate cross‐sectional analysis was performed with a P value of. 05 determined as significant.Results:Comparing the early match time period to the conventional match time period, there was an increase in otolaryngology resident applicants overall (P =. 002) and US senior otolaryngology applicants (.0006). There was also an increase in unmatched otolaryngology applicants (.0497). USMLE Step I scores increased between match time periods both among matched (P =. 025) and unmatched applicants (P =. 036). When comparing 5‐year core otolaryngology residency positions to 6‐year or 7‐year research positions, the probability of having an unfilled research position was 24.8 times higher than having an unfilled core position.Conclusions:Eight years ago, otolaryngology changed from an early to conventional time frame matching process. The match is now more competitive, as evidenced by an increase in the overall number of otolaryngology residency applications, an increased number of unmatched applicants, and an increase of 17 points on average among matched applicants on the USMLE Step I Score. Meanwhile, otolaryngology research positions remain more unlikely to fill compared with core positions.
Outcome of FDG‐Avid Areas on PET‐CT Scans Organized for Investigation of Head and Neck Malignancy
Authors: Oozeer Nashreen B. , Mackenzie Kenneth 
Published: September 2014

Objectives:Positron emission tomography (PET) scans may highlight areas of increased fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake outside the head and neck (HN) region. These may represent a synchronous malignancy or an area of inflammation or infection. Our study aims to investigate the rate of increased FDG uptake PET scans organized for the investigation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and report on the outcome of these FDG‐avid areas.Methods:A prospective database of PET scans maintained by the West of Scotland PET Centre was reviewed to identify all scans organized by the head and neck teams between January 2008 and December 2011. Areas with high FDG uptake, above the normal limits for different body tissues at which the radiologists advised further investigation, were noted. Case notes were reviewed and relevant head and neck consultants were contacted to identify further investigations and outcome of these “hot spots.”Results:Of 299 PET scans during the study period, 40 FDG‐avid areas outside the HN and lung were identified, the majority originating in the colon (56%), followed by the prostate and pelvic region. There were 9 confirmed second primary tumors (22.5%), which is a significant proportion of the group, and half of the group had an incidental high standardized uptake value (SUV; negative investigation). Eleven patients were not investigated due to poor health and palliative management.Conclusions:All increased SUV areas outside the head and neck region should be investigated to identify a synchronous primary which may determine a patient's overall management and long‐term outcome.
Age‐Related Changes of Muscular Thickness of the Pharyngeal Constrictors in Healthy Adults
Authors: Umezaki Toshiro , Sato Nobuhiro , Adachi Kazuo , Sawatsubashi Motohiro , Komune Shizuo 
Published: September 2014

Objectives:Age‐related sarcopenia has been recognized in skeletal muscles in relation to the decreased body mass index (BMI). In the swallowing muscles, however, there have been few findings concerning sarcopenia. We studied whether muscle volume of the pharyngeal constrictors decreases with age in healthy adults.Methods:A retrospective review of head and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 207 adults (138 males and 69 females, 21‐96 years old) examined at the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery of Kyushu University Hospital between 2010 and 2013 was performed. We measured muscle thickness at 4 levels (mid‐mandibular level, hyoid level, vocal fold level, and cricopharyngeal level) with OsiriX software. In each level, measuring points were set at median and 3 points with equal intervals in both sides on axial view of T2‐weighted MRI images. Averaged values of constrictor thickness were statistically analyzed in correlation to their age and BMI.Results:The pharyngeal constrictor muscles appeared thickest at the hyoid level (male: 2.18 ± 0.77 mm, female: 1.79 ± 0.83 mm), which showed no significant correlation to age (r = 0.03 in male and 0.07 in female, P >. 1) and BMI (r = 0.27 and 0.33, respectively, P >. 1). Results at other levels were almost the same as those at the hyoid. Laterality of the muscle thickness was observed at the cricopharyngeal level (left > right).Conclusions:The pharyngeal constrictors appear not to become thin in proportion to age and BMI, unlike skeletal muscles. Branchiogenic swallowing muscles may be tolerable against aging, as compared to skeletal muscles.