bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN REWARD TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Nadiah  , Niarrofah  
Published: August 2024

The learning process at the high school level often decreases enthusiasm in the learning process in the classroom. This is due to lack of motivation from outside (extrinsic) and within students (intrinsic), as well as lack of appreciation given by teachers and schools. So that the learning process is less interesting for students, and students feel less appreciated for the results that have been achieved. The impact of this makes students less interested and less enthusiastic about teaching and learning activities. And the targeted results were not achieved. The purpose of this study is to find out how related the provision of rewards so that it can affect learning motivation. The method used in this study is descriptive collerational analytic. And the result of this study is the effect of giving rewards with learning motivation. If you look at the rxy obtained which is 0.439, it turns out to be located between 0.40 – 0.70 based on the guidelines contained in the table. So it can be stated that between the correlation of variable X (Reward) and variable Y (Learning Motivation) is a correlation that is classified as moderate or sufficient.
Excluding Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter Based on Solar System Ephemeris
Authors: Loeb Abraham 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Current cosmological constraints allow primordial black holes to constitute dark matter in the mass range of 1018–1022 g. I show that a major portion of this logarithmic window can be ruled-out based on the solar system ephemeris, given that the external mass enclosed within 50 au from the Sun did not change by more than ∼5 × 10−14 M
⊙ yr−1 in recent decades.
Reflectance Spectroscopy of 27 Fine-particulate Mineral Samples from Far-ultraviolet through Mid-infrared (0.12–20 μm)
Authors: Lane Melissa D. , Cloutis Edward A. , Clark Roger N. , Dyar M. Darby , Helbert Joern , Hendrix Amanda R. , Holsclaw Gregory , Maturilli Alessandro , Pearson Neil , Osterloo Mikki , Vilas Faith , Applin Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper presents far-ultraviolet through mid-infrared (0.12–20 μm) reflectance spectra of 27 fine-particulate (<10 μm) terrestrial mineral samples, providing continuous spectra that cover an unusually broad spectral range and are of unusually fine particle size relative to most existing spectral libraries. These spectra of common geologic materials are useful for future applications that study the dust on various planetary bodies. Reflectance spectra were acquired of the samples at multiple laboratories at multiple wavelengths. All of the spectra were compared to one another to observe the general, common spectral characteristics (e.g., slope, band shape, and band depth), and the best segments of the spectra representing the mineral reflectance were scaled and spliced together to form a “Frankenspectrum” for each mineral that best represents the full wavelength range of far-ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and middle-infrared wavelengths. These scaled and spliced Frankenspectra, as well as the entire set of individual “original” reflectance spectra from each laboratory, are available in the Planetary Data System Geosciences Node.
Validation Experiments for In Situ Ne Isotope Analysis on Mars: Gas Separation Flange Assembly Using Polyimide Membrane and Metal Seal
Authors: Cho Yuichiro , Miura Yayoi N. , Hyuga Hikaru , Shimokoshi Kenta , Yoshioka Kazuo , Kurokawa Hiroyuki , Kumagai Hidenori , Iwata Naoyoshi , Kasahara Satoshi , Tabata Haruhisa , Aida Mari , Saito Yoshifumi , Sugita Seiji 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Martian atmospheric Ne may reflect recent gas supply from its mantle via volcanic degassing, due to its short (∼100 Myr) escape timescale. The isotopic ratio of the Martian atmospheric Ne would therefore provide insights into that of the Martian mantle, further suggesting the origin of Mars volatiles during planetary formation. Mass spectrometric analysis of the Martian atmospheric Ne, however, has faced challenges from interference between 20Ne+ and 40Ar++. Previous studies using a polyimide membrane for 20Ne/40Ar separation were limited by the drawbacks of elastomeric O-rings to support the membrane, such as low-temperature intolerance, outgassing, and the need to endure environmental conditions during the launch and before/after landing on Mars. This study proposes a new method employing a metal C-ring to secure a 100 μm polyimide sheet within vacuum flanges. Environmental tests, including vibration, shock, extreme temperatures, and radiation exposure, were conducted on the gas separation flanges. Pre- and post-test analyses for He, Ne, and Ar demonstrated the membrane-flange system’s resilience. Gas permeation measurements using terrestrial air effectively permeated 4He and 20Ne, while reducing 40Ar by more than six orders of magnitude. This study achieved a <3% accuracy in determining the 20Ne/22Ne ratio, sufficient for assessing the origins of Ne in the Martian mantle. Furthermore, experiments with a 590 Pa gas mixture simulating the Martian atmosphere achieved a 10% accuracy for the 20Ne/22Ne isotope ratio, with gas abundances consistent with numerical predictions based on individual partial pressures. These results validate the suitability of the developed polyimide membrane assembly for in situ Martian Ne analyses.
Long-term monitoring of woody plants of Doñana shrublands 2008–2023
Authors: Dìaz-Delgado Ricardo , Torrijo-Salesa Mizar , Ramírez González Luis Alfonso , Alcaide Antonio , Paz Sánchez David Antonio , Aragonés David , López Diego , Román Maudo Isidro , Ruíz-Martín Jose , Bustamante Javier , Márquez-Ferrando Rocío 
Published: August 2024

The long-term monitoring of the plant cover of Doñana shrublands is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting Terrestrial Vegetation. The general aim of this protocol is to monitor and assess the dynamics and trends of shrubland plant communities in Doñana. For shrublands, percent cover is recorded annually, starting in 2008, by the Doñana Long-Term Monitoring Team in one field sampling campaign per year during the flowering season (between March and May) across 21 permanent square plots (15 ✕ 15 m). Permanent plots were located according to stratified random sampling according to the topographic gradient defining the main shrubland species dominance in the Doñana Biological Reserve. Cover is measured using the line intercept method in 3 transects inside the plots of 15 m length, oriented from east to west, and located at fixed points of 2.5, 7.5, and 12.5 metres on both sides of the plot. Using the line-intercept method, the coverage of each species per individual is measured with a measuring tape, recording its class age (adult or seedling) and canopy status (green or dry) as a living or dead specimen. The average plant height is recorded for every transect. This method enables the calculation of the total percent cover per species and plant density for transects and plots, as well as the total percent cover per class age and the total percent cover of dry and green canopies and bare soil. The annual species richness and diversity of vascular plants can also be calculated for every plot.
This is the third published version of the standardised dataset of percent cover per woody plant species of Doñana long-term monitoring plots.
Cutting Edge: Low-dose Recombinant IL-2 Treatment Prevents Autoantibody Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus via Regulatory T Cell–independent Depletion of T Follicular Helper Cells
Authors: Santana Silvia , Papillion Amber , Foote Jeremy B , Bachus Holly , León Beatriz , De Miguel Carmen , Ballesteros-Tato André 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The expansion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells correlates with disease progression in human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unfortunately, there are no therapies to deplete Tfh cells. Importantly, low-dose rIL-2–based immunotherapy shows potent immunosuppressive effects in SLE patients and lupus-prone mice, primarily attributed to the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, IL-2 can also inhibit Tfh cell differentiation. In this study, we investigate the potential of low-dose rIL-2 to deplete Tfh cells and prevent autoantibody responses in SLE. Our data demonstrate that low-dose rIL-2 efficiently depletes autoreactive Tfh cells and prevents autoantibody responses in lupus-prone mice. Importantly, this immunosuppressive effect was independent of the presence of Tregs. The therapeutic potential of eliminating Tfh cells was confirmed by selectively deleting Tfh cells in lupus-prone mice. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of Tfh cells in promoting autoantibody responses and unveil, (to our knowledge), a novel Treg-independent immunosuppressive function of IL-2 in SLE.
Lessons learnt from assessing and improving accuracy and positive predictive value of the national HIV testing algorithm in Nigeria
Authors: Mpamugo Augustine O. , Iriemenam Nnaemeka C. , Bashorun Adebobola , Okunoye Olumide O. , Bassey Orji O. , Onokevbagbe Edewede , Jelpe Tapdiyel , Alagi Matthias A. , Meribe Chidozie , Aguolu Rose E. , Nzelu Charles E. , Bello Segun , Ezra Babatunde , Obioha Christine A. , Ibrahim Baffa S. , Adedokun Oluwasanmi , Ikpeazu Akudo , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Croxton Talishiea , Adebajo Sylvia B. , Okoye McPaul I.J. , Abimiku Alash’le 
Published: August 2024

Background: HIV testing remains an entry point into HIV care and treatment services. In 2007, Nigeria adopted and implemented a two-test rapid HIV testing algorithm of three HIV rapid test kits, following the sequence: Alere Determine (first test), UnigoldTM (second test), and STAT-PAK® as the tie-breaker. Sub-analysis of the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey data showed significant discordance between the first and second tests, necessitating an evaluation of the algorithm. This manuscript highlights lessons learnt from that evaluation.Intervention: A two-phased evaluation method was employed, including abstraction and analysis of retrospective HIV testing data from January 2017 to December 2019 from 24 selected sites supported by the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief programme. A prospective evaluation of HIV testing was done among 2895 consecutively enrolled and consented adults, aged 15–64 years, accessing HIV testing services from three selected sites per state across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria between July 2020 and September 2020. The prospective evaluation was performed both in the field and at the National Reference Laboratory under controlled laboratory conditions. Stakeholder engagements, strategic selection and training of study personnel, and integrated supportive supervision were employed to assure the quality of evaluation procedures and outcomes.Lessons learnt: The algorithm showed higher sensitivity and specificity in the National Reference Laboratory compared with the field. The approaches to quality assurance were integral to the high-quality study outcomes.Recommendations: We recommend comparison of testing algorithms under evaluation against a gold standard.What this study adds: This study provides context-specific considerations in using World Health Organization recommendations to evaluate the Nigerian national HIV rapid testing algorithm.
D2 MTE3 Case 8: Diagnosing diabetes mellitus in children
Authors: Gupta Manisha 
Published: August 2024

An eight-year boyHeight: 134.9 cmsWeight: 47 kgsBMI: 26 kg/m2Positive Family history of T2DM (mother)Pubertal status: A1, P1, TV 3 ml bilateralNo signs of insulin resistanceNo osmotic symptomsRBS: 284 mg/dlBlood ketones: 0.1 mmol/l.
Laboratory investigation:Reports revealed Fasting blood sugar 130 mg/dl with HbA1c 7.4% and TSH 42.63 μIU/ml. He was advised the following treatment:
Levothyroxine 75 mcgCalcium and vitamin D
On follow up visit after 30 days and 60 days.
Fasting blood glucose readings were ranging between 95-221 mg/dl and Post prandial 96-396 mg/dl. C-peptide 1.12 ng/ml (2 hours post meal) and Serum GAD 65 IgG (IU/ml) >2000. After thyroid hormone replacement TSH came down to 4.11 (μIU/ml). No significant finding in abdominal ultrasound.
Points to ponder:
Inconclusive diagnosisBelow normal C-peptide with highly elevated GAD suggested some beta cell dysfunction.Line of treatment?
Abstract 5: Similar hypoglycemia duration with once-weekly insulin icodec versus insulin glargine U100 in insulin naïve or experienced patients with T2D
Authors: Manjunath Aparna , Silver Robert J , Asong Marisse , Begtrup Kamilla , Koefoed Mette M , Heller Simon R , Rosenstock Julio 
Published: August 2024

Insulin icodec* (icodec) is a novel once-weekly basal insulin analog in development. This post hoc analysis explored hypoglycemia duration using double-blinded CGM (Dexcom G6®) data from 2 phase 2, randomized, open-label, treat-to-target 16-week trials. One trial compared 3 titration algorithms of icodec vs. insulin glargine U100 (IGlar U100) in 205 insulin-naïve patients with T2D (NCT03951805), the other assessed 154 basal insulin-treated patients with T2D switching from any daily basal insulin to icodec with or without a 100% loading dose vs. IGlar U100 (NCT03922750). In line with ATTD guidelines, a hypoglycemic episode was defined as a CGM period of interstitial glucose (IG) <70 mg/dL for at least 15 min, ending when IG ≥70 mg/dL for at least 15 min. In the titration trial, hypoglycemia duration was similar across all arms: median overall hypoglycemic episode duration (IQR) was 35.0 (20.0, 70.0) min for icodec titrations A (SMBG 80-130 mg/dL ±21 U/wk) and B (80-130 mg/dL ±28 U/wk) and for IGlar U100 (80-130 mg/dL ±4 U/day), and 39.0 (24.0, 70.0) min for icodec titration C (70-108 mg/dL ±28 U/wk). The distribution pattern of hypoglycemic episodes by duration was similar across all treatment arms. Results were similar for nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes. Similarly, in the switch trial, the duration of hypoglycemia was similar between arms, irrespective of loading dose use: median overall hypoglycemic episode duration (IQR) was 40.0 (20.0, 75.0) min for icodec with loading dose, 40.0 (25.0, 80.0) min for icodec without loading dose, and 35.0 (20.0, 60.0) min for IGlar U100. The distribution pattern of hypoglycemic episodes by duration was similar across treatment arms. Similar results were seen for the nocturnal period.
In conclusion, CGM-derived hypoglycemic episode duration was similar with icodec vs. IGlar U100 in insulin-naïve and insulin-experienced patients with T2D, regardless of titration algorithm or initial loading dose use. *Proposed INN.
Association of Beverage Consumption with Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors and Alanine Transaminase Levels in Children and Adolescents: The CASPIAN-V Study
Authors: Khademian Majid , Shahsavari Ali , Qorbani Mostafa , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeil , Heshmat Ramin , Khozani Elaheh Shams , Najafi Mohammad Amin , Mansourian Marjan , Kelishadi Roya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
This study aims to evaluate the association of beverage consumption with cardiometabolic risk factors and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in children and adolescents.

Materials and Methods:
This nationwide study is a part of the fifth survey of a national surveillance program in Iran. Overall, 4200 students, aged 7–18 years, were selected from 30 provinces by multi-stage cluster sampling. In addition to filling in questionnaires, blood sampling and biochemical tests were done. The weekly use of six different beverage types including milk, juice, tea, coffee, soda, and non-alcoholic beer, was documented by interview.

Results:
The participation rate was 91.5% (n = 3843), and data of 3733 students were complete for the current study. Beverages containing high levels of sugar such as soda and non-alcoholic beer were significantly associated with higher levels of ALT. Model coefficient of regression (SD) was 0.66 (0.31) (P value: 0.034). Healthy beverages such as milk and fresh juice and also beverages containing high levels of caffeine did not have significant association with ALT levels (P value = 0.32, P value = 0.60). Healthy beverages had a significant and inverse relationship with triglycerides (TG) (P value = 0.029), total cholesterol (TC) (P value = 0.008) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P value = 0.008) levels.

Conclusion:
This study showed that consuming sugar-sweetened beverages is significantly associated with higher levels of ALT, whereas healthy beverages are associated with a better cardiometabolic profile meaning that consuming healthy beverages leads to lower TG, TC, and LDL levels. The effects of beverages on children’s health should be emphasized in health recommendations.
The Effect of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist on Age-Related Differences in Renal Vascular Responses to Angiotensin II in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Eshraghi-Jazi Fatemeh , Nematbakhsh Mehdi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Advancing age could influence renin angiotensin system components, especially angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R). This study examined the effect of AT1R antagonist, losartan, on age-related differences in renal vascular responses to angiotensin II in male and female rats.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-eight anesthetized male and female rats (8–12 and 24–28 weeks age ranges) were subjected to catheterize. Then, the responses of mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal perfusion pressure (RPP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) to angiotensin II with or without losartan were determined and evaluated.

Results:
There were not significant differences in the basal values of MAP, RPP, RBF, and RVR in males. However, it was observed significant difference in RVR in females (P < 0.05). The blockade of AT1R attenuated basal MAP and RPP in all the groups (P < 0.05). The infusion of losartan altered basal RVR and RBF values in female groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, losartan eliminated vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II in female groups (P < 0.05). Also, losartan induced significant vascular responses to angiotensin II in male groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Losartan could maintain RBF changes in response to angiotensin II in both 8–12- and 24–28-week females. Losartan enhanced the RBF response to angiotensin II in 8–12-week males, but not in 24–28-week males. It seems that females (not males) in various age ranges are resistance against RBF changes by acutely increased angiotensin II.
The Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glutamine and Conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide on Triggering of Apoptosis in the Adenocarcinoma Gastric Cell Line
Authors: Beigi Sadaf , Salehzadeh Ali , Habibollahi Hadi , Shandiz Seyed Ataollah Sadat , Safa Fariba 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Gastric carcinoma is the fourth most common malignancy worldwide. Conjugation of metal nanoparticles with thiosemicarbazones has shown considerable anti-cancer potential.

Materials and Methods:
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized, functionalized by glutamine, and conjugated with thiosemicarbazide (ZnO@Gln-TSC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray, DLS, and zeta potential were used to characterize the NPs. The toxicity of ZnO NPs, TSC, ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs, and oxaliplatin in AGS cells and ZnO NPs and ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs in HEK293 cells was investigated by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity, and Hoechst staining assays. The intra-cellular reactive oxygen species level and expression level of the CASP3 gene in AGS cells treated with ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs were evaluated.

Results:
The NPs were in the size range of 20 to 70 nm. The DLS and zeta potential were 374 nm and -31.7 mV, respectively. In MTT, the IC50 of ZnO, TSC, oxaliplatin, and ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs for AGS cells were 130, 80.5, 67.7, and 9.8 μg/mL, respectively, and the IC50 of ZnO and ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs for HEK293 cells were 215 and 150.5 μg/mL, respectively. Flow cytometry showed higher apoptosis in the cell treated with the NPs and TSC. Apoptotic features, including cell shrinkage, were recognized. A significant increase of 5.9 folds in the level of ROS was noticed. The activity of caspase-3 and the expression level of the CASP3 gene were increased by1.83 and 1.6 folds after exposure to ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs, respectively.

Conclusion:
This study revealed the anti-cancer potential of ZnO@Gln-TSC NPs to be used for gastric cancer treatment after further in vitro and in vivo assays.
Evaluation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Micro-Vessel Density in Verrucous Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Kadeh Hamideh , Derakhshanfar Ghazal , Rezaei Mehr Omolbanin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a crucial cellular component of human tumors, but their exact roles in tumor growth and angiogenesis during cancer progression are still subject to debate. The present study aimed to explore the impact of TAMs on tumor progression and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC).

Materials and Methods:
For this cross-sectional study, 60 samples consisting of 40 OSCC and 20 OVC samples were chosen. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the samples using anti-CD68 and anti-CD31 monoclonal antibodies to evaluate the frequency of TAMs and micro-vessel density (MVD), respectively. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS (v. 23) and through the independent samples Student t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results:
The results of our study revealed that the mean number of TAMs and MVD were significantly greater in OSCC samples compared to OVC samples (P = 0.001) (P = 0.004). Also, the average number of TAMs and MVD increased in the high grade of OSCC; however, the correlation between both parameters and histopathological grades of OSCC was significant only for MVD. Our study found no significant correlation between TAMs and MVD (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:
Based on the results of our study, both TAMs and MVD were found to be significantly higher in OSCC samples compared to OVC samples. These findings suggest that the progression of oral cancer is associated with an increase in TAMs and vascular density. Additionally, the use of CD68 and CD31 markers may help in differentiating between these two types of tumors.