bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The art of navigating through hypertext
Authors: Nielsen Jakob 
Published: July 2002

Hypertext (3), (19), (25) is becoming a popular approach to many computer applications, especially those dealing with the on-line presentation of large amounts of loosely structured information such as on-line documentation or computer-aided learning. There are still many issues concerning hypertext that remain to be resolved, however, many of which are in the user interface area. One of the major usability problems with hypertext is the user's risk of disorientation while navigating the information space. For example, our studies [23] showed that 56 percent of the readers of a document written in one of the most popular commercial hypertext systems agreed fully or partly with the statement I was often confused about ‘where I was. ’
To investigate a number of user interface options in hypertext systems we designed a prototype system in the form of a hypertext report on events at the 1987 hypertext workshop. This system was implemented on an Apple Macintosh with Hypercard as the programming system. (To get a feel for our hypertext system, the reader is encouraged to review Figures 1 to 10 which contain screen dumps of a session with the system and thus constitute a kind of printed demonstration or guided tour.) Hypertext is a very dynamic form of human-computer interaction and can only be fully appreciated in an interactive environment. However, even these figures give a much better understanding of the system than a traditional textual description could give.
THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE
Authors: Sreenivasan K. R. , Antonia R. A. 
Published: July 2002

I have sometimes thought that what makes a man's work classic is often just this multiplicity [of interpretations], which invites and at the same time resists our craving for a clear understanding. Wright (1982, p. 34) , on Wittgenstein's philosophy ▪ Abstract  Small-scale turbulence has been an area of especially active research in the recent past, and several useful research directions have been pursued. Here, we selectively review this work. The emphasis is on scaling phenomenology and kinematics of small-scale structure. After providing a brief introduction to the classical notions of universality due to Kolmogorov and others, we survey the existing work on intermittency, refined similarity hypotheses, anomalous scaling exponents, derivative statistics, intermittency models, and the structure and kinematics of small-scale structure—the latter aspect coming largely from the direct numerical simulation of homogeneous turbulence in a periodic box.
USE AND ABUSE OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Neely, M.D E. Kirk , Rosenfeld, M.D Ron G. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) has been available for nearly a decade. Side effects are rare. Its efficacy in promoting growth acceleration has been widely confirmed in children with GH deficiency (GHD), Turner syndrome, idiopathic short stature, chronic renal failure, and a variety of other conditions. The dramatic increase in height velocity in the first year of therapy partially attenuates in subsequent years in all patient groups, and convincing final height data are only available in GHD and Turner syndrome.Pediatric endocrinologists continue to be troubled by definitions of GHD. Although profound GHD is relatively obvious, other patients with severe growth failure but borderline or normal endocrine testing also respond to hGH therapy. Thus many endocrinologists use auxologic criteria [e.g. low growth velocity, height <-3 standard deviation (SD), poor predicted adult height] as the de facto basis for therapy, leading to a blurred distinction between treatment of disease and enhancement of normal characteristics and, finally, raising questions about the ultimate benefit of hGH therapy. Brief clinical trials of hGH therapy in adults both with and without GHD have reported increased muscle mass, decreased fat, and improvement in quality of life. Internists may soon be faced with treatment decisions analogous to those confronting pediatricians, i.e. whether to use hGH to repair aspects of the normal aging process.
Personal Reflections on Occupational Health in the Twentieth Century: Spiraling to the Future
Authors: Cullen Mark R. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The history of occupational health in the United States during the twentieth century demonstrates pendular swings, with periods of rapid progress followed by periods of reversal. Happily, the last three decades have witnessed the most impressive gains, with establishment of a near-universal system for regulating conditions in the workplace, legitimization and growth of the occupational health professions, a marked increase in scientific research, most notably epidemiology, and the transfer of knowledge about occupational health to affected workers and the larger US population. Not surprisingly, rates of injury and illness have fallen. However, analysis of these cyclical historic changes suggests that extrinsic factors—broad social currents, changes in health care financing, and societal perceptions of health and disease—have dominated over enhanced scientific knowledge, technologic changes or professional achievements, usually the determinants of medical or public health advances. Practitioners of occupational health are not, and have never been, in a particularly advantageous position to fashion future events in their own field, and the current situation, however encouraging, is likely no exception.
Functional Anatomy of High-Resolution Visual Mental Imagery
Authors: Mellet E. , Tzourio-Mazoyer N. , Bricogne S. , Mazoyer B. , Kosslyn S. M. , Denis M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study had two purposes. First, in order to address the controversy regarding activation of the primary visual area (PVA) during visual mental imagery, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded while subjects performed a task that required high-resolution visual mental imagery. Second, in order to discover whether verbal descriptions can engage visual mechanisms during imagery in the same way as visual stimuli, subjects memorized 3D scenes that were visually presented or were based on a verbal description. Comparison of the results from the imagery conditions to a non-imagery baseline condition revealed no activation in PVA for imagery based on a verbal description and a significant decrease of rCBF in this region for imagery based on visual learning. The pattern of activation in other regions was very similar in the two conditions, including parietal, midbrain, cerebellar, prefrontal, left insular, and right inferior temporal regions. These results provide strong evidence that imagery based on verbal descriptions can recruit regions known to be engaged in high-order visual processing.
Global Spectral and Location Effects in Auditory Perceptual Grouping
Authors: O'Connor Kevin N. , Sutter Mitchell L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An important problem in cognitive and systems neuroscience concerns the extent to which perceptual organization can be explained by “local”, peripheral physiological mechanisms, or rather by more “global”, central, and higher-level processes. Though central in vision research, this issue has received little attention in the field of audition. One claim is that auditory-perceptual grouping mechanisms, possibly related to visual figure-from-ground segregation or “pop-out”, are low level, resulting from local processing in the frequency domain. However, no experiments have been performed specifically to test this question. We examined the effects of perceptual grouping on detection for reversal of two repeated target tones, one constant in frequency (1030 Hz), the other free to vary between trials (1045-8580 Hz). Detection was examined in the presence of a 1000-Hz background tone that repeated between target presentations. By varying the frequency of the high-target tone, this task was designed to modulate grouping between the background and low-target tones, thereby affecting reversal detection. We predicted that at large target frequency differences (Δf), the high-target tone would segregate from the background and low-target tones, and so render the background and low-target tones less distinct. We found that reversal detection declined from optimal levels with increasing Δf, and that performance was improved by spatially separating the location of the target and background sounds by at least 32°. These results demonstrate that global frequency integration over at least three octaves occurs through grouping, and that grouping is affected by source location. This implies that auditory-perceptual grouping involves global neural processing, i.e., the participation of neurons with very broad frequency input that are also sensitive to spatial location.
Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return
Authors: Berlucchi Giovanni , Chelazzi Leonardo , Tassinari Giancarlo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.
Prosopagnosia as a Deficit in Encoding Curved Surface
Authors: Laeng Bruno , Caviness Verne S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRP is a case of “developmental” prosopagnosia who, according to brain-imaging segmentation data, shows a reduction in volume of a limited set of structures of the right hemisphere. RP is as accurate as control subjects in tasks requiring the perception of nonface objects (e.g., matching subordinate labels to exemplars, naming two-tone images), with the exception of one perceptual task: The matching of different perspectives of amoebae-like stimuli (i.e., volumes made of a single smooth surface). In terms of speed (“efficiency”) of responses, RP's performance falls clearly outside the normal limits also in other tasks that include “natural” but nonface stimuli (i.e., animals, artifacts). Specifically, RP is slow in perceptual judgments made at very low (subordinate) levels of semantic categorization and for objects and artifacts whose geometry present much curved features and surface information. We conclude from these analyses that prosopagnosia can be the result of a deficit in the representation of basic geometric volumes made of curved surface. In turn, this points to the importance (necessity) for the normal visual system of such curved and volumetric information in the identification of human faces.
Working Memory and the Suppression of Reflexive Saccades
Authors: Mitchell Jason P. , Macrae C. Neil , Gilchrist Iain D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Conscious behavioral intentions can frequently fail under conditions of attentional depletion. In attempting to trace the cognitive origin of this effect, we hypothesized that failures of action control—specifically, oculomotor movement—can result from the imposition of fronto-executive load. To evaluate this prediction, participants performed an antisaccade task while simultaneously completing a working-memory task that is known to make variable demands on prefrontal processes (n-back task, see Jonides et al., 1997).
The results of two experiments are reported. As expected, antisaccade error rates were increased in accordance with the fronto-executive demands of the n-back task (Experiment 1). In addition, the debilitating effects of working-memory load were restricted to the inhibitory component of the antisaccade task (Experiment 2). These findings corroborate the view that working memory operations play a critical role in the suppression of prepotent behavioral responses.
Illusory Contour Perception and Amodal Boundary Completion: Evidence of a Dissociation Following Callosotomy
Authors: Fendrich Paul M. Corballis and Robert , Shapley Robert M. , Gazzaniga Michael S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A fundamental problem in form perception is how the visual system can link together spatially separated contour fragments to form the percept of a unitary shape. Illusory contours and amodal completion are two phenomena that demonstrate this linking process. In the present study we investigate these phenomena in the divided hemispheres of two callosotomy (“split-brain”) patients. The data suggest that dissociable neural mechanisms are responsible for the generation of illusory contours and amodal completion. Although both cerebral hemispheres appear to be equally capable of perceiving illusory contours, amodal completion is more readily utilized by the right hemisphere. These results suggest that illusory contours may be attributable to low-level visual processes common to both hemispheres, whereas amodal completion reflects a higher-level, lateralized process.
The Role of the Hippocampus in Solving the Morris Water Maze
Authors: Redish A. David , Touretzky David S. 
Published: July 2002

We suggest that the hippocampus plays two roles that allow rodents to solve the hidden-platform water maze: self-localization and route replay. When an animal explores an environment such as the water maze, the combination of place fields and correlational (Hebbian) long-term potentiation produces a weight matrix in the CA3 recurrent collaterals such that cells with overlapping place fields are more strongly interconnected than cells with nonoverlapping fields. When combined with global inhibition, this forms an attractor with coherent representations of position as stable states. When biased by local view information, this allows the animal to determine its position relative to the goal when it returns to the environment. We call this self-localization. When an animal traces specific routes within an environment, the weights in the CA3 recurrent collaterals become asymmetric. We show that this stores these routes in the recurrent collaterals. When primed with noise in the absence of sensory input, a coherent representation of position still forms in the CA3 population, but then that representation drifts, retracing a route. We show that these two mechanisms can coexist and form a basis for memory consolidation, explaining the anterograde and limited retrograde amnesia seen following hippocampal lesions.
YAHYĀ IBN ĀDAM'S KITĀB AL-KHARĀDJ: RELIGIOUS GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC FINANCE
Authors: Kallek Cengiz 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article emphasizes the importance of Yahyā ibn Ādam's Kitāb al-Kharādj to the investigation of public finance in the second century of Islam. His work stands out as the accessible terminus a quo documenting the foundations of the "traditionistic school" of economic thinking. Under the Abbāsid caliphs, who came to power with (cl)aims for reform, he attempted to compose policy guidelines for public finance for both believers and officials. His views on the limits of the imam's jurisdiction, on land and taxation policy, and on bedouin-urban dichotomy are revealing. Cette contribution met l'accent sur l'importance du Kitāb al-Kharādj de Yahyā ibn Ādam pour l'étude des finances publiques au second siècle de l'Islam. Son oeuvre apparaît comme le terminus a quo documentant les fondements de "l'école traditionnistique" de la pensée économique. Sous les califes abbāsides arrivés au pouvoir avec des revendications de réformes, il tente d'esquisser les lignes directrices d'une politique des finances publiques à l'usage des croyants et des gouvernants. Ses opinions sur les limites des compétences de l'imam, sur la politique foncière et fiscale, et sur la dichotomie nomades-urbains sont révélatrices.
McDonald's "Empirical Look at Becoming Vegan"
Authors: MacNair Rachel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMcDonald (2000) offers insights from in-depth interviews with twelve long-term vegans. I have done similar qualitative work with two focus groups, and I have done a quantitative survey with 385 respondents recruited through vegetarian channels (MacNair, 1998). Several points McDonald made can be confirmed or expanded upon from these studies, and there are other important considerations in the investigation of becoming vegetarian or vegan. As McDonald says, the current literature on becoming vegetarian or vegan is scant. One addition is recent figures on the percentage of the American population that is vegetarian. A Zogby Poll (Vegetarian Resource Group, 2000) shows that 2.5% of Americans - the vegetarians - never eat meat, poultry, or fish. Nine of the 968 polled - the vegans - also eat no dairy, eggs, or animal products. My findings were similar to McDonald's on the importance of reading vegan materials to maintain a vegan lifestyle. Similarly, my focus groups' remarks echoed the travails of persuading others and finding social support. The interplay of emotion and logic is also echoed, with some people starting with one and including the other. The survey (MacNair, 1998) suggested that those who became vegetarian because of animal concerns were more likely to answer that their initial impetus had been emotional. When health concerns were the beginning motivation, they were more likely to answer that they had used logic.
DIE URSPRÜNGLICHEN BEWOHNER DES LANDES KANAAN IM DEUTERONOMIUM SINN UND ABSICHT DER BESCHREIBUNG IHRER IDENTITÄT UND IHRES CHARAKTERS
Authors: Houtman Cornelis 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDas Bild, das im Deuteronomium von der Identität und dem Charakter der autochthonen, vorisraelitischen Bewohner Kanaans wie auch von den autochthonen Bewohnern der von Israels Nachbarvölkern bewohnten Gebiete vermittelt wird, hat zweierlei Absicht: (1) Die Charakterisierung JHWH's als eines universalen Gottes, dem nichts entgegengesetzt werden kann und dessen Handeln hinsichtlich Israels Nachbarvölker – er hat ihre 'Landnahme' möglich gemacht – alles Vertrauen in die Realisierung dessen, was er Israel zugesagt hat, weckt; (2) die Charakterisierung der autochthonen Bewohner Kanaans als gottlose Wesen und völlige Unmenschen, um schlussendlich ihre Liquidierung von Seiten Israels zu legitimieren und den Eindruck zu entkräften, dass Israel sich des unmoralischen Verhaltens und Genozids schuldig gemacht haben soll.
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INDICATOR OF SUCCESSFUL PACK FORMATION IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN WILD DOGS
Authors: McCreery E. Kim 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPack formation in the African wild dog is a social process that usually involves more than two individuals. Typically, same-sex relatives emigrate and join opposite-sex groups. Same-sex relatives have a shared social history and, consequently, established social bonds. In contrast, opposite-sex groups are unfamiliar with one another. Patterns of association (approaches and resting partners) were recorded during the daily resting period for three newly formed packs. Two packs annulled (Gijima and Amazoro) and one pack (Sinajima) became a stable reproductive unit (i.e. an established pack). An analysis of resting patterns suggests that spatial relationships mirror the relative strength of social bonds and thus the degree of social integration between females and males. Former members of the annulled Gijima pack rested with the same sex more often, and actively maintained this pattern, while opposite-sex associations were observed and maintained more often in the Sinajima pack. The Amazoro pack appeared more integrated than the Gijima pack, but less integrated than the Sinajima pack. Mate choice (i.e. group compatibility) may have influenced the outcome of attempted pack formation. The two cases of pack annulment were not the result of takeovers (i.e. the forceful expulsion of same-sex individuals), and same-sex associations were more common in these packs suggesting that opposite-sex group members were incompatible. The extremely social nature of this canid is reflected in the maintenance of physical contact or relatively short inter-individual distances while resting.
The demise of the Platonic worm
Authors: Leroi Armand , Emmons Scott , Cunha Ana , Azevedo Ricardo B.R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNematodes are generally considered to have an adult cell number that does not vary among wildtype individuals as a consequence of invariant cell lineages (eutely). However, there is extensive evidence that at least some cell lineages can be variable in nematodes. In a comparative study of 13 free-living nematode species, we have shown that the adult epidermis of most species contained variable numbers of nuclei and that this variance was positively correlated with mean epidermal nuclear number. Here we present simulations of the lateral seam cell lineages of four species and show that variance in cell number is influenced by lineage topology, as well as by the frequency of lineage variants. We show that the epidermal variability of Panagrellus redivivus cannot be accounted for by the complexity of its lineage, but requires higher levels of lineage variability than are found in Caenorhabditis elegans, Oscheius myriophila and Rhabditella octopleura. Our findings suggest that many nematodes may have tissues composed of indeterminate numbers of cells formed from variable lineages and, as such, resemble other metazoans. Les nématodes sont généralement considérés comme ayant un nombre de cellules invariable chez les individus de type sauvage, conséquence d’un lignage cellulaire fixe (eutélie). Cependant, il est d’évidence qu’au moins certains des lignages cellulaires peuvent varier chez les nématodes. Dans une étude comparative portant sur 13 espèces de nématodes libres, nous avions montré que l’épiderme de la plupart de ces espèces comportait un nombre variable de noyaux et que cette variabilité était corrélée positivement avec le nombre de noyaux épidermiques. Nous présentons ici des simulations des lignages cellulaires de la suture latérale de quatre espèces et démontrons que le nombre de cellules est influencé tant par la topologie du lignage que par la fréquence des variants de ce lignage. Nous montrons que la variabilité de l’épiderme de Panagrellus redivivus ne peut être mise au compte de la complexité de son lignage, mais demande des niveaux élevés de variabilité de ce lignage, tels ceux trouvés chez Caenorhabditis elegans, Oscheius myriophila et Rhabditella octopleura. Nos observations suggèrent que nombre de nématodes possèdent des tissus composés d’un nombre indéterminé de cellules dérivant de lignages variables et, de ce fait, ressemblent aux autres metazoaires.