bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory and Aging
Authors: Light Leah L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Deliberate memory for personally experienced events generally declines during the course of normal aging. However, different aspects of memory have different age trajectories. Episodic memory is one of a constellation of intercorrelated cognitive abilities that show age-related changes, including speed, working memory, cognitive control, and sensory function. This chapter examines the nature of age-related changes in episodic, semantic, and procedural memory, focusing on episodic memory. After characterizing these changes, the chapter situates memory aging in the context of other cognitive abilities. Age-related changes in the representation of new experiences, the role of strategic processes at encoding and retrieval, and the ways that prior knowledge can mitigate or exacerbate memory decline are discussed.
Expertise and Memory
Authors: Campitelli Guillermo , Hambrick David Z. , Guida Alessandro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study of memory is central to scientific understanding of expertise. Memory processes underpin skilled performance in complex tasks, whether choosing a move in a chess game, playing a musical instrument, or diagnosing a medical patient. Moreover, acquiring expertise changes memory structures. This chapter reviews major perspectives on expertise and used the umbrella term knowledge structure to refer to all the types of memory structures proposed in theories of memory based on expertise research, including chunks, templates, retrieval structures, and semantic knowledge. Those theories postulate that knowledge structures reside in the long-term memory store and accept the traditional dual models of the macrostructure of memory (i.e., models that postulate the existence of a short-term [or working] memory store and a long-term memory store). This chapter also presents a recent proposal in the field of expertise research that suggests knowledge structures constitute the macrostructure of memory, and it reviews brain imaging studies investigating the interrelation between memory and expertise. The effect of individual differences in traditional measures of working memory capacity on expertise is discussed. The chapter concludes with thoughts on productive directions for future research.
Cognitive Aging and the Transition to Early Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mormino Elizabeth C. , Jagust William J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically been defined as a clinical–pathological entity, with a characteristic neurocognitive profile accompanied by postmortem findings of β-amyloid in the form of plaques and tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). β-amyloid plaques are found mainly in association cortex and tau NFTs in medial temporal components of the episodic memory system. Measurement of AD brain pathology using positron emission tomography (PET) has played an important role in research. Neuropathological studies have long shown that these proteins often accumulate in older cognitively normal (CN) individuals; now this pathology can also be detected with PET scans. Early pathology in the absence of overt cognitive impairment and clinical symptoms has been interpreted to represent a “preclinical” asymptomatic stage of AD. The ability to measure early AD pathology among CN individuals has provided an opportunity to understand age-related cognitive decline and offers a strategy to explore early intervention.
Elements of Effective Learning
Authors: Karpicke Jeffrey D. , O’Day Garrett M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand effective learning strategies at the level of principles of learning and memory, fundamental truths about how learning and memory operate. Learning and memory are adaptive abilities for coordinating actions in a complex environment. Viewing learning as coordination, rather than as the storage of knowledge and experiences, is essential for understanding effective strategies. Three elements of effective learning are described. Effective learning occurs when retrieval cues are available that permit people to express their knowledge (cue availability), when those retrieval cues are diagnostic of target knowledge (cue diagnosticity), and when elaborative study methods have prepared learners to use potential retrieval cues by promoting organization and distinctiveness (elaboration). Each element of effective learning is illustrated with examples from foundational research. The final section evaluates several strategies that leverage elements of effective learning and offers examples of how students might use the strategies in educational settings.
Collaborative Remembering and Collective Memory
Authors: Rajaram Suparna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A trip down the memory lane is often a social experience. To understand how recalling the past with others shapes one’s memory, it is important to appreciate the reciprocal influences between the collective and the individual. This chapter focuses on cognitive research that examines individual and collective memories that develop in a social context. The studies reviewed in the chapter are typically experimental in nature, although some studies involved other research techniques such as surveys. The theoretical explanations reviewed identify cognitive mechanisms that operate when people engage in collaborative remembering. A confluence of these cognitive mechanisms not only influences the group memory product but also produces post-collaborative changes in what people remember and how they organize these memories. The chapter also discusses research on collaborative remembering across the life span, collaborative memory for emotional information, and the social transmission of false memories. Although collaborative memory studies have used mainly small groups, the chapter also includes recent research that uses larger groups and social networks to understand social transmission of memory. Finally, the chapter focuses on the nature of collective memory. Although collective memory has been a topic of long-held interest in sociology, anthropology, and history, recent research has brought to light psychological perspectives. In the context of studying the cognitive bases of social remembering, the chapter discusses experimental studies that are particularly relevant for understanding the relationship between collaborative remembering and collective memory.
Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Mickes Laura , Wixted John T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In some respects, the story of eyewitness memory has remained unchanged for decades. For example, because memory is malleable, eyewitness memory evidence (like all types of forensic evidence) can be contaminated, and the legal system’s failure to appreciate that fact has led to many wrongful convictions. In other respects, the story of eyewitness memory has changed in recent years, and this chapter focuses on that story. For decades, the field mistakenly believed that sequential lineups were diagnostically superior to simultaneous lineups; that confidence was, at best, only weakly predictive of accuracy; and that suboptimal estimator variables (e.g., short exposure, weapon focus) reduced the reliability of eyewitness identifications. But none of that is true. As it turns out, simultaneous lineups are superior to sequential lineups, initial confidence (before contamination) is highly predictive of accuracy, and estimator variables are largely irrelevant once initial confidence is taken into account.
The Limits of Pluralism
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications for pluralism and the limits of pluralism in the context of current global challenges such as climate change/Anthropocene and calls for decolonization of knowledge structures. This chapter highlights the importance of exploring and amplifying the classical critiques of positivism, empiricism, and rationalism in ensuring and extending methodological pluralism. It details how the post-positivist critique can be refracted in different ways around the world. It considers the dominance of quantitative methods and positivism in general as not straightforward globally unless one starts from and accepts the dominance of particular kind of American or Anglo-European political science. The chapter explains how relationality, the idea of the pluriverse and the changing nature of scientific knowledge in the 21st century are opening up new avenues for engaging with political worlds.
A Matter of Perspective
Authors: Shugars Sarah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We are living in a golden age for social science—a time when researchers have both unprecedented access to human data and the computational power to interrogate those data. Innovation has proceeded with remarkable speed; new methods regularly deliver novel insights with increasingly improved accuracy. These data and tools have greatly impacted the social sciences by allowing researchers to ask new questions in meaningful, new ways and to revisit classic questions with renewed rigor. While computational capacity is no longer the insurmountable barrier it once was, the opportunity presented by this methodological innovation underscores the urgent need to address another long-standing limitation of scientific advancement: the relative homogeneity of the research community. Methodological pluralism—diversity of both methods and methodologists—is essential for ensuring the collective creativity necessary to fully leverage the tools and data available to researchers. How we ask and answer questions matters. How we conceive of questions, what data and tools we bring to those questions, and how we interpret our findings are all intimately interconnected with researcher perspectives and identities. If social science ultimately aims to understand the human experience, it cannot do so without full consideration for the diversity of that experience. This paper therefore details recent innovations in computational social science and machine learning, highlighting the connections between researcher perspectives, methodological choices, and data interpretation. With a particular focus on text and network methods, we illustrate the role of researcher choice in shaping scientific advancement and demonstrate the need for human interpretation of algorithmic output. By interrogating the role of human researchers in scientific discovery we showcase the value of methodological pluralism and argue that diversity is an essential and necessary condition for scientific advancement.
The Origins and Significance of Coastal Resource Use in Human Evolution
Authors: Marean Curtis W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Coastal resource use has gone from a neglected topic prior to the year 2001 to a key research question in human evolution today. Over that time several hypotheses and theories have developed to explain the late appearance of coastal foraging in human evolution and how it impacted the diet, behavior, culture, and sociality of humans. The lunar schedule theory states that exploiting the intertidal zone effectively requires an understanding of the relationship between lunar phases and tides and foraging returns. This required complex cognition, language, and culture, so coastal adaptations were not possible until the evolution of these traits. The aquatic nutrition theory argues that aquatic foods contain crucial nutrients that are rare in terrestrial food webs. It has been suggested that their use may have stimulated complex cognition in human evolution. The aquatic sociality theory, developed from comparative hunter–gatherer ethnography and human ecology, posits that coastal hunter–gatherers generally have greater complexity in material culture, economy, and sociality, with higher levels of intergroup conflict, than typical terrestrial hunter–gatherers. This theory proposes that the transition to a coastal adaptation was transformative on human evolution and created a new selection regime that may have driven the evolution of modern humans. A review of the evidence is consistent with the evolution of a coastal adaptation by 120–110 ka in South Africa, while early modern humans in North Africa and Neanderthals in Europe developed less intensive use of coastal resources by that time.
Connectivity and Demography in the Insular and Coastal Mediterranean
Authors: Leppard Thomas P. , Cherry John F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The islands and coasts of the Mediterranean are often assumed to have been unusually well connected during their long prehistory. Much of the empirical evidence for this Mediterranean “connectivity” comes from material culture and by tracking the expansion of styles and traditions in stone, ceramic, metal, and glass. However, two burgeoning types of information that should have direct relevance for mobility and demographic structure, paleogenomic data and summed radiocarbon probability distributions, have not been incorporated into this discussion. The authors attempt to do so here, assessing in particular how patterns of population growth and movement can be traced when they move beyond purely material proxies for connectivity. Their initial conclusions suggest that how one thinks about Mediterranean connectivity should take population size, distribution, and mobility into account more effectively.
The Coastal Archaeology of South America
Authors: Dillehay Tom D. , Oyuela-Caycedo Augusto , Gaspar Maria Dulce , Bonomo Mariano , Orquera Luis , Ocampo Carlos 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Indigenous coastal communities in the Pacific, Caribbean, Atlantic, and Patagonian regions of South America sustainably fished, harvested shellfish and other marine species, and hunted sea lions for millennia. Considerable variation exists in the types of coastal archaeological sites found in these regions, ranging from small to large shell middens and shell rings to sedentary maritime villages to massive sambaqui (mortuary mounds). The authors summarize the environmental setting, chronology, and type of coastal and inland sites, and their function and meaning, extending from the western Pacific coast of Colombia to the Caribbean shores and the eastern Atlantic areas of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, as well as the southwest Pacific coastlines of Tierra del Fuego and Chile. They present information that early peoples exploited several of these areas by at least 8000 years ago after sea levels and shorelines stabilized, with complex social and economic institutions appearing after about 5000–4000 years ago. In late Holocene and colonial times, several of these areas were inhabited by sedentary peoples moving around seasonally and using an array of littoral and inland habitats.
Tourism Troubles
Authors: Mollett Sharlene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
On the Panamanian Caribbean coast and the Bocas del Toro archipelago land grabbing and domestic service are mutually constituted and embedded in tourism development in Panama. As land insecurities grow, particularly for local Indigenous and Afro-Panamanian peoples, ongoing dispossession is not simply about land but is simultaneously about land, people, and their bodies. In Bocas, land enclosures are infused with imaginaries that take for granted Black female servitude and Black landlessness. Such imaginaries seemingly lock economically “poor” Afro-Panamanian women into particular kinds of work. The chapter entangles feminist political ecological assertions that struggles over nature are embodied struggles with intersectional and relational understandings of land and body. It shows how a logic of elimination operates within the legal geographies of residential tourism development, and in so doing highlights the historical and contemporary ways in which Afro-Panamanian women are naturalized as criadas (maids), a process that accompanies land enclosure. Blending ethnographic and historical data collection, the chapter illuminates how Afro-Panamanian women’s livelihood struggles reflect both their acquiescence to residential tourism development and their resilience in the face of anti-Black patriarchal coloniality in Bocas. It argues that Afro-Panamanian women’s desire for inclusion and belonging in the Bocas del Toro’s tourism enclave—a project that seeks to eliminate Indigenous and Black relations to coastal lands and foster their embodied subjection to foreign nationals—simultaneously reflects their struggles for the right to remain on the coast.
Warfare
Authors: Dosquet Émilie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a first overview and an introduction to the character of tactical warfare during the Seven Years’ War: how did belligerents fight on four continents and major oceans, and what are the points of convergence and divergence between the ways of waging war in these different theatres? The European armies of the mid-eighteenth-century shared broad technological similarities. Significant change in weaponry and war materials was impeded by several constraints which were not only technological. Throughout the Seven Years’ War, opponents had to adapt tactically to changing environments, material conditions, adversaries, strategies, martial practices, and tactical choices. Thus, this global is an ideal observatory of the multiple facets of mid-eighteenth-century European warfare.
Armies
Authors: Conway Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the professional land forces of the major European belligerents, employed both in European campaigns and in the wider theatres of a conflict that also affected North America and the Caribbean, West Africa, and South and East Asia. It considers whether, in this area of inquiry, change or continuity is more striking. The final section provides a brief account of the processes of demobilization, the social problems created by the transition of armies to a peacetime establishment, and the military reforms inspired by the experience of the war.
The Peace of Paris (1763)
Authors: Gould Eliga 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
One of the most important moments in the history of European peace-making is the treaty that Britain, France, and Spain signed in Paris on 10 February 1763. Together with the Treaty of Hubertusburg, the Peace of Paris brought the Seven Years’ War to an official close. For Britain, the treaty established the East India Company as a territorial power in India and confirmed the nation’s holdings in Africa and the Mediterranean. In terms of hopes for lasting peace, however, the single most important development took place in North America, where the treaty undid the colonial balance of power established fifty years before at the Peace of Utrecht. Britain gained dominion over the continent’s eastern third and a greatly strengthened position in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. For all concerned, the results were profound and ultimately set the stage not for enduring peace but for renewed war and revolution.
The Ezidis of Turkey
Authors: Robins Christine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Until the early 20th century, the Ezidis (Yezidis, Yazidis), a “closed” and nonproselytizing Kurdish-speaking religious minority, inhabited large swathes of Eastern Turkey. By comparison with their coreligionists in Iraq, Turkey’s Ezidi communities are little studied. They do not identify as Muslims though evidence indicates they were once much closer to “the Sunna”; however, Ezidi cosmogonies and belief structures apparently predate Islam. Accusations of “devil-worship,” persisting since the 16th century CE, are erroneous. Ottoman documents concerning Ezidis provide evidence on wider confession-building and governmentality in the early Ottoman Empire; in the 19th century, they demonstrate the deteriorating relationship between the Empire and the Ezidis, who were not “people of the Book” and lacked legal status until 1849. The Ezidis met the violence of both Ottoman state and tribal neighbors with resistance but were increasingly targeted alongside Christians. Most left for Transcaucasia in 1918. Almost all the rest left for Europe in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The tiny numbers left in Turkey have been unexpectedly swollen by refugees fleeing the Sinjar genocide in 2014, changing the dynamic once again.
Machine Learning, Infrastructures, and Their Sociomaterial Possibilities
Authors: Pardo-Guerra Juan Pablo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Machine learning hinges on various sociomaterial substrates, from computers where data is processed to infrastructures that support the networks of algorithmic experts. What happens when we place focus on these sociomaterial substrates? This chapter explores three distinct consequences. The first involves placing greater focus on organizational forms as contexts, enablers, and constraints for developments in machine learning. The second involves a focus on sociotechnical infrastructures, observing how the coevolution of practices, affordances, and built systems shape the trajectories of machine learning. The third involves being attentive to the way structural inequalities are reproduced and recombined by machine learning systems into novel categories of difference.
Colonialities of Machine Learning
Authors: Borch Christian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between machine learning (ML) and coloniality, which refers to enduring colonial-like power imbalances between the Global North and Global South that continue beyond the official end of colonialism. First, it explores how postcolonial theory can illuminate the colonial aspects of ML by showing how ML usage is entwined with data extraction and underscoring the importance of recognizing cultural diversity within the various locales that contribute to ML’s design and implementation across divides between the Global North and Global South. Second, it considers how the field of ML can prompt a re-evaluation of critical elements within postcolonial sociology. The chapter contends that feminist standpoint theory—a foundational influence on postcolonial sociology—attributes an epistemological privilege to oppressed groups. This premise becomes problematic when considering the operational dynamics and structure of ML.
Thinking about Geoeconomics and Economic Statecraft
Authors: Aggarwal Vinod K. , Ming Cheung Tai 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, world affairs have become increasingly marked by the convergence of economics, politics, technology, and strategic concerns. Economic and technological rivalries and competition for military and strategic dominance are intensifying at the international, regional, and domestic levels. This handbook explores these linkages through the evolving field of geoeconomics and economic statecraft, offering a comprehensive analysis of their conceptual underpinnings, historical evolution, and contemporary implications across global regions and critical issue areas. This volume is divided into five sections. Section 1 elaborates on historical and current conceptions of geoeconomics and economic statecraft, while Section 2 explores methodological approaches, emphasizing the importance of multilevel analysis and innovative data collection. Section 3 focuses on key issue areas that are widely considered to be central to the discipline including industrial policy, trade policy, and investment as well as the use of sanctions and foreign aid as tools of economic statecraft. Section 4 examines the intersection of national security and geoeconomics, illustrating how economic concerns influence grand strategy, war financing, and sanctions. Finally, Section 5 surveys regional and national perspectives on geoeconomics and economic statecraft. Together, these analyses provide a nuanced understanding of the strategic use of economic tools in advancing national interests and shaping global order in an era defined by both increasing interdependence and deepening competition.