bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of erythromycin in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. after oral administration
Authors: Di Salvo A , Pellegrino R M , Cagnardi P , della Rocca G 
Published: August 2013

AbstractErythromycin (ERY) is an antibiotic effective against Streptococcus iniae, a microorganism responsible for significant losses in aquaculture. No data are available on the pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of ERY in sea bream. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ERY in this species after a single oral administration at 75 mg kg−1 b.w. and to assess its residue depletion from tissues after prolonged treatment for 10 days. ERY was rapidly absorbed in sea bream (Cmax = 10.04 μg g−1 and Tmax=1 h), with a half‐life of 9.35 h and an AUC0–24 of 56.81 (h μg mL−1). The data obtained and the evaluation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters allowed us to hypothesize that dosage used in this study should be effective against S. iniae. A rapid reduction in erythromycin concentrations was observed in tissues, with the drug being detectable only during the first day post‐treatment. In Europe, the use of ERY in aquaculture is allowed by off‐label prescription with a withdrawal time of 500 °C day−1. The absence of ERY residues in tissues already at 24 h post‐treatment suggests that ERY in sea bream should not pose human food safety issues.
A mobile health intervention for weight management among young adults: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hebden L. , Cook A. , van der Ploeg H. P. , King L. , Bauman A. , Allman‐Farinelli M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundToday's generation of young adults are gaining weight faster than their parents; however, there remains insufficient evidence to inform interventions to prevent this weight gain. Mobile phones are a popular means of communication that may provide a convenient, inexpensive means to deliver health intervention programmes. This pilot study aimed to measure the effect of a 12‐week mobile health (mHealth) intervention on body weight, body mass index and specific lifestyle behaviours addressed by the programme.MethodsUniversity students and staff aged 18–35 years (n = 51) were randomised (ratio 1 : 1, intervention : control). Both groups received a printed diet booklet with instructions prepared by a dietitian. The intervention group also received Short Message Service (SMS) text messages (four per week), e‐mails (four per week), and had access to smartphone applications and Internet forums.ResultsPre‐ to post‐intervention, participants in the intervention group decreased their body weight [mean (SD)] [−1.6 (2.6) kg], increased their light intensity activity [34 (35) min day−1] and reported an increased vegetable (1.0 median serving day−1) and decreased sugar‐sweetened beverage intake [−355 (836) mL week−1]. Despite this, post‐intervention changes in outcomes were not significantly different from controls.ConclusionsThe piloted mHealth programme provided some short‐term positive changes in weight, nutrition and physical activity using a low cost, convenient delivery method for this population. However, changes were no different from those observed among controls. This might partly be explained by intervention participants' low engagement with the programme, which is likely to require further modification to provide more regular, personalised, monitored support.
Transfer Pricing Rules, OECD Guidelines, and Market Distortions
Authors: BEHRENS KRISTIAN , PERALT SUSANA , PICARD PIERRE M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe study the impact of transfer pricing rules on prices, firms' organizational structure, and consumers' utility in a two‐country monopolistic competition model with source‐based profit taxes. Firms can either be multinationals and serve the foreign market through a fully controlled affiliate, or be exporters and serve the foreign market by contracting with an independent distributor. The use of the OECD's comparable uncontrolled transfer price (CUP) rule distorts firms' output and pricing decisions, because the comparable arm's length transactions between exporters and distributors—which serve as the benchmark—are not efficient. We show that the CUP rule is detrimental to consumers in the low‐tax country, yet benefits consumers in the high‐tax country when compared to the benchmark of unconstrained profit shifting. Using the OECD rule increases tax revenue at the expense of consumer surplus. Those results also hold under the alternative cost‐plus transfer pricing rule.
Boric acid inhibits alveolar bone loss in rats by affecting RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression
Authors: Sağlam M. , Hatipoğlu M. , Köseoğlu S. , Esen H. H. , Kelebek S. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectiveThe goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic boric acid on the levels of expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and on histopathologic and histometric changes in a rat periodontitis model.Material and MethodsTwenty‐four Wistar rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each: nonligated (NL); ligature only (LO); and ligature plus treatment with boric acid (BA) (3 mg/kg per day for 11 d). A 4/0 silk suture was placed in a subgingival position around the mandibular right first molars; after 11 d the rats were killed, and alveolar bone loss in the first molars was histometrically determined. Periodontal tissues were examined histopathologically to assess the differences among the study groups. RANKL and OPG were detected immunohistochemically.ResultsAlveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group than in the BA and NL groups (p < 0.05). The number of inflammatory infiltrate and osteoclasts in the LO group was significantly higher than that in the NL and BA groups (p < 0.05). The numbers of osteoblasts in LO and BA groups were significantly higher compared with NL group (p < 0.05). There were significantly more RANKL‐positive cells in the LO group than in the BA and NL groups (p < 0.05). There was a higher number of OPG‐positive cells in the BA group than in the LO and NL groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study shows that systemic administration of boric acid may reduce alveolar bone loss by affecting the RANKL/OPG balance in periodontal disease in rats.
Population genetic analyses provide insights on the introduction pathway and spread patterns of the North American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare in Italy
Authors: Garbelotto M. , Guglielmo F. , Mascheretti S. , Croucher P. J. P. , Gonthier P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA population genetics approach is used to identify the most likely introduction site and introduction pathway for the North American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare using 101 isolates from six sites in Italy and 34 isolates from five sites in North America. Diversity indices based on sequences from ten loci indicate the highest diversity in Italy is found in Castelfusano/Castelporziano and that diversity progressively decreases with increasing distance from that site. AMOVA, Bayesian clustering and principal coordinates analyses based on 12 SSR loci indicate high levels of gene flow among sites, high frequency of admixing, and fail to identify groups of genotypes exclusive to single locations. Cumulatively, these analyses suggest the current infestation is the result of multiple genotypes expanding their range from a single site. Based on two sequenced loci, a single source site in North America could provide enough variability to explain the variability observed in Italy. These results support the notion that H. irregulare was introduced originally in Castelporziano: because Castelporziano has been sealed off from the rest of the world for centuries except for a camp set up by the US military in 1944, we conclude the fungus may have been transported in infected wood used by the military. Finally, spatial autocorrelation analyses using SSR data indicate a significant under‐dispersion of alleles up to 0.5–10 km, while a significant overdispersion of alleles was detected at distances over 80 km: these ranges can be used to make predictions on the likely dispersal potential of the invasive pathogen.
Parallel and nonparallel genome‐wide divergence among replicate population pairs of freshwater and anadromousAtlantic salmon
Authors: Perrier Charles , Bourret Vincent , Kent Matthew P. , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLittle is known about the genetic basis differentiating resident and anadromous forms found in many salmonid species. Using a medium‐densitySNParray, we documented genomic diversity and divergence at 2336 genetically mapped loci among three pairs of North American anadromous and freshwater Atlantic salmon populations. Our results show that across the genome, freshwater populations have lower diversity and a smaller proportion of private polymorphism relative to anadromous populations. Moreover, differentiation was more pronounced among freshwater than among anadromous populations at multiple spatial scales, suggesting a large effect of genetic drift in these isolated freshwater populations. Using nonhierarchical and hierarchical genome scans, we identified hundreds of markers spread across the genome that are potentially under divergent selection between anadromous and freshwater populations, but few outlier loci were repeatedly found in all three freshwater–anadromous comparisons. Similarly, a sliding window analysis revealed numerous regions of high divergence that were nonparallel among the three comparisons. These last results show little evidence for the parallel evolution of alleles selected for in freshwater populations, but suggest nonparallel adaptive divergence at many loci of small effects distributed through the genome. Overall, this study emphasizes the important role of genetic drift in driving genome‐wide reduction in diversity and divergence in freshwater Atlantic salmon populations and suggests a complex multigenic basis of adaptation to resident and anadromous strategies with little parallelism.
Characterization of human, mouse, and rat cultures of enteric glial cells and their effect on intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Soret R. , Coquenlorge S. , Cossais F. , Meurette G. , Rolli‐Derkinderen M. , Neunlist M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundEnteric glial cells (EGC) are major regulators of neuronal and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) functions. Simple isolation methods of EGC, especially human tissues, remain scarce and limit their study. We present herein a method to isolate EGC and we characterize EGC phenotype and their functional impact on IEC.MethodsLongitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus preparations of rat, mouse, or human intestine were obtained by microdissection. After mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, individual ganglionic or interganglionic structures were seeded into plates, maintained in culture several weeks and passaged up to 4 times. Purity of cultures was assessed by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100β and Sox10 or smooth muscle actin. Effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on intracellular Ca2+ signaling in EGC were studied. Co‐cultures of EGC with IEC line, Caco‐2, were performed for 2–6 days to analyze their impact on monolayer resistance, cell proliferation, and cell spreading.Key ResultsMore than 80% of DAPI‐positive cells were GFAP, S100β, and Sox10‐immunoreactive. EGC expressed these glial markers over 4 consecutive passages, and the majority of them responded to ATP by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In addition, rat, mouse, and human EGC increased intestinal barrier resistance, IEC size, and reduced IEC number.Conclusions & InferencesWe have developed a simple method to isolate and culture human, rat, or mouse EGC. EGC exhibit similar functional properties on the intestinal barrier independently of the species. This study sets the basis for exploring glial biology and functions in human health and diseases.
Characterization of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome with mixed bowel habit pattern
Authors: Su A. M. , Shih W. , Presson A. P. , Chang L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with mixed bowel habits (IBS‐M) is a heterogeneous subtype with varying symptoms of constipation and diarrhea, and has not been well characterized. We aimed to characterize gastrointestinal (GI) and non‐GI symptoms in IBS‐M patients from a US patient population, and to compare them with IBS with constipation (IBS‐C) and diarrhea (IBS‐D).MethodsSubjects answering community advertisements and meeting Rome III criteria for IBS completed symptom questionnaires.Key ResultsOf the initial 289 IBS patients identified, one third (n = 51, 32.5%) who met Rome III criteria for IBS‐M endorsed having either loose stools or hard stools due to medication. These patients had more severe symptoms and longer duration of flares compared to the rest of the IBS‐M group (p = 0.014, p = 0.005). Excluding IBS‐M patients with medication‐related extremes in stool form who could not be reclassified by medical history, 247 IBS patients were assessed. IBS‐M was the most common (44.1%), followed by IBS‐C (27.9%), IBS‐D (26.3%), and IBS‐U (unsubtyped, 1.6%). While IBS‐M shared symptoms with both IBS‐C and IBS‐D, there were significant differences in the prevalence of bowel habit symptoms (p‐value range: <0.001–0.002). IBS‐M patients reported most bothersome symptoms that were more similar to IBS‐D, with the most common being irregular bowel habits (27.5%), bloating (26.6%), and abdominal pain (20.2%). There were no differences in non‐GI symptoms between subtypes.Conclusions & InferencesIBS‐M is a heterogeneous symptom group and thus requires that subclassification criteria be better defined. Use of laxative/antidiarrheal medications adds to the diagnostic complexity in a potentially more severe subset of IBS‐M and should be assessed for accurate subclassification.
Proton pump inhibitor responders who are not confirmed as GERD patients with impedance and pH monitoring: who are they?
Authors: de Bortoli N. , Martinucci I. , Savarino E. , Bellini M. , Bredenoord A. J. , Franchi R. , Bertani L. , Furnari M. , Savarino V. , Blandizzi C. , Marchi S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundA short‐course of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is often used to confirm gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, some patients with PPI responsive heartburn do not seem to have evidence of GERD on impedance‐pH monitoring (MII‐pH). The aim of the study was to evaluate patients with reflux symptoms and a negative endoscopy, who well respond to PPIs with MII‐pH.MethodsWe enrolled 312 patients with GERD symptoms and negative endoscopy: 144 reported well‐controlled symptoms after 8‐week PPIs and 155 were non‐responders. Symptom relief was evaluated with GERD Impact Scale and visual analog scale score. All patients underwent MII‐pH off‐therapy. Thirteen patients were excluded from analysis. Patients were grouped as follows: non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD; increased acid exposure time, AET); hypersensitive esophagus (HE; normal AET, positive symptom association, SI/SAP); MII‐pH‐/PPI+ (normal AET, negative SI/SAP) in the responder group; MII‐pH‐/PPI‐ in non‐responders.Key ResultsMII‐pH in PPI responders (symptom relief during PPI therapy > 75%) showed: 79/144 NERD (54.9%); 37/144 HE (25.7%); 28/144 MII‐pH‐/PPI+ (19.4%). MII‐pH‐/PPI+ patients reported the same symptom relief when compared with NERD and HE. In non‐responder (symptom relief during PPI therapy < 50%) group, 27/155 patients were NERD (17.4%); 53/155 were HE (34.2%); 75/155 were MII‐pH‐/PPI‐ (48.4%). NERD diagnosis was significantly higher in responder group (p < 0.01).Conclusions & InferencesIn a substantial subgroup of patients responding to PPI with typical reflux symptoms, the diagnosis of GERD cannot be confirmed with pH‐impedance monitoring. Proton pump inhibitor response and presence of typical symptoms are thus not reliable predictors of the diagnosis and antireflux surgery should always be preceded by reflux monitoring.
Obesity and thyroid cancer: epidemiologic associations and underlying mechanisms
Authors: Pazaitou‐Panayiotou K. , Polyzos S. A. , Mantzoros C. S. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising over the past few decades along with a parallel increase in obesity.Observational studies have provided evidence for a potential association between the two. By contrast, clinical data for a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition strongly associated with obesity, and thyroid cancer are limited and largely not supportive of such an association.Obesity leads to hypoadiponectinemia, a pro‐inflammatory state, and insulin resistance, which, in turn, leads to high circulating insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels, thereby possibly increasing the risk for thyroid cancer. Thus, insulin resistance possibly plays a pivotal role in underlying the observed association between obesity and thyroid cancer, potentially leading to the development and/or progression of thyroid cancer, through its interconnections with other factors including insulin‐like growth factor‐1, adipocytokines/cytokines and thyroid‐stimulating hormone.In this review, epidemiological and clinical evidence and potential mechanisms underlying the proposed association between obesity and thyroid cancer risk are reviewed. If the association between obesity and thyroid cancer demonstrated in observational studies proves to be causal, targeting obesity (and/or downstream mediators of risk) could be of importance in the prevention and management of thyroid cancer.
Increased anthocyanin content in purple pericarp × blue aleurone wheat crosses
Authors: Syed Jaafar Sharifah N. , Baron Johanna , Siebenhandl‐Ehn Susanne , Rosenau Thomas , Böhmdorfer Stefan , Grausgruber Heinrich 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDue to their antioxidant activity, anthocyanins are of increasing interest for nutritionists, food scientists and plant breeders. Anthocyanins in wheat grains are expressed in either the pericarp or aleurone layer. Previous studies revealed that different anthocyanins are present in wheat varieties carrying genes for either the purple pericarp or the blue aleurone trait. Progeny from crosses between red‐, purple‐ and blue‐grained wheat varieties were selected over several cycles for grain colour by visual scoring. Bulked F5 grains were evaluated for their total anthocyanin content by UV‐VIS spectrophotometry and HPLC‐MS. The results demonstrate that it is possible to increase the anthocyanin content by the combination of the different genetic backgrounds for purple pericarp and blue aleurone, even though the majority of progeny were within the range of the purple‐ and blue‐grained check varieties. Visual scoring for grain colour is efficient, reliable and fast for selection in early breeding generations. Advanced breeding lines with high anthocyanin content can be identified by simple extraction methods and spectrophotometric measurements.
Colonization of lettuce cultivars and rotation crops by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the cause of fusarium wilt of lettuce
Authors: Scott J. C. , McRoberts D. N. , Gordon T. R. 
Published: August 2013

The severity of fusarium wilt is affected by inoculum density in soil, which is expected to decline during intervals when a non‐susceptible crop is grown. However, the anticipated benefits of crop rotation may not be realized if the pathogen can colonize and produce inoculum on a resistant cultivar or rotation crop. The present study documented colonization of roots of broccoli, cauliflower and spinach by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the cause of fusarium wilt of lettuce. The frequency of infection was significantly lower on all three rotation crops than on a susceptible lettuce cultivar, and the pathogen was restricted to the cortex of roots of broccoli. However, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was isolated from the root vascular stele of 7·4% of cauliflower plants and 50% of spinach plants that were sampled, indicating a greater potential for colonization and production of inoculum on these crops. The pathogen was also recovered from the root vascular stele of five fusarium wilt‐resistant lettuce cultivars. Thus, disease‐resistant plants may support growth of the pathogen and thereby contribute to an increase in soil inoculum density. Cultivars that were indistinguishable based on above‐ground symptoms, differed significantly in the extent to which they were colonized by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. Less extensively colonized cultivars may prove to be superior sources of resistance to fusarium wilt for use in breeding programmes.
Evidence for a new introduction of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum in South Africa
Authors: Steenkamp E. T. , Makhari O. M. , Coutinho T. A. , Wingfield B. D. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: August 2013

Fusarium circinatum causes pitch canker of Pinus species in many parts of the world. The fungus was first recorded in South Africa in 1990 as a pathogen of P. patula seedlings and emerged later as a pathogen of established plantation trees, especially P. radiata in the Western Cape Province (WCP). In this study the population biology of F. circinatum in the WCP was explored. The aim was to determine the possible origin and reproductive mode of the pathogen, with the ultimate intention of informing disease management strategies in the region. Vegetative compatibility assays, sexual mating studies and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses were used. For comparative purposes, an isolate collection obtained from diseased P. radiata seedlings in a commercial nursery in the region, as well as a set of isolates from commercial seedling nurseries in the central and northern parts of South Africa, were included. The results showed that the WCP population of F. circinatum employs a predominantly asexual mode of reproduction and that it is highly differentiated from populations of the fungus elsewhere in South Africa. However, limited genetic structure was found within the respective WCP isolate collections. Overall these findings suggest that pitch canker in the WCP originates from one or more separate introductions of the pathogen and that its movement in the region is not restricted. More effective strategies are thus required to limit and manage the effects of F. circinatum in plantations in this region of South Africa.
Zoospore chemotaxis of closely related legume‐root infecting Phytophthora species towards host isoflavones
Authors: Hosseini S. , Heyman F. , Olsson U. , Broberg A. , Funck Jensen D. , Karlsson M. 
Published: August 2013

Phytophthora niederhauserii, P. pisi, P. sojae and P. vignae are closely related species that are pathogenic to various legume plants. While P. sojae and P. vignae are reported to specifically infect soybean and cowpea, respectively, P. pisi is reported to attack pea and faba bean. Phytophthora niederhauserii is considered to have a broad host range. Zoospores of some Phytophthora species are chemotactically attracted to the isoflavones that are secreted by their host plants. The focus of the current study was to determine the chemotaxic behaviour of zoospores from closely related legume‐root infecting Phytophthora species and to investigate the correlation, if any, to host preference as determined by greenhouse pathogenicity tests. The results showed that P. sojae and P. vignae were attracted to the non‐soybean isoflavone prunetin as well as to the soybean isoflavones genistein and daidzein, which is in contrast with their host specificity on soybean and cowpea, respectively. On the other hand, P. pisi and P. niederhauserii were only attracted to prunetin, previously reported to be produced by pea, but not to the isoflavones associated with the non‐host soybean. The lack of responsiveness to genistein and daidzein in P. pisi may represent a recent adaptation to the host specialization towards pea. However, the affinity of P. niederhauserii to prunetin shows that this trait can also be present in taxa not specifically associated with legume hosts.