bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political and economic characteristics as moderators of the relationship between health services and infant mortality in less-developed countries
Authors: Chuang Kun-Yang , Sung Pei-Wei , Chang Chia-Jung , Chuang Ying-Chih 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundFew studies have addressed how political and economic contexts shape the effects of health services and environment, such that a politically and economically unstable society, despite having sufficient health professionals and facilities, finds it difficult to transfer health resources into actual population health performance. We examined whether political and economic characteristics moderate the effects of health services on infant mortality rates (IMR) in less-developed countries.MethodsThis study used a longitudinal ecological study design and focused on 46 less-developed countries during the 30-year period from 1980 to 2009. Data were derived from World Development Indicators, the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database and the Polity IV project. Lagged dependent variable panel regression models were used to increase the causal inferences. Random intercept models were used to accommodate the possible problem of a serial correlation of errors because of the repeated measurements.ResultsAfter controlling for baseline IMR and other socioeconomic variables, our study showed that democracy had a direct effect on IMR, and a moderating effect on the relationship between health services and IMR. The effects of health services on IMR were stronger for countries with a lower level of democracy than for countries with a higher level of democracy in the 10-year models. Compared with other trade-rated characteristics, democracy is a more robust predictor of long-term IMR in less-developed countries.ConclusionsOur study provides additional evidence that democracy has direct effects on IMR and further showed that democracy can modify the effects of health services on IMR.
ENTROPY OF SOME CK METRICS TO ASSESS OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE QUALITY
Authors: TURNU IVANA , CONCAS GIULIO , MARCHESI MICHELE , TONELLI ROBERTO 
Published: June 2013

The term "software entropy" refers to the tendency for software, over time, to become difficult and costly to maintain. A software system that undergoes continuous change, such as having new functionality added to its original design, will eventually become more complex and can become disorganized as it grows, losing its original design structure. A recent study show that software degradation may be measured using the WMC expressed in terms of Shannon entropy. In this paper we extended the empirical analyses also to RFC and CBO since these CK metrics have been shown to be correlated with fault-proneness of OO classes. We analyzed various releases of the publicly available Eclipse and Netbeans software systems, calculating the entropy of some CK metrics for every release analyzed. The validity is shown through a direct measure of software quality such as the number of detected defects. Our results display a very good correlation between the entropy of CBO and RFC and the number of bugs for Eclipse and Netbeans. Complexity and quality metrics are in general computed on every system module while the entropy is just a scalar number that characterizes a whole system, this result suggests that the entropy of some CK metrics could be considered as a global quality metric for large software systems. Our results need, however, to be confirmed for other large software systems.
Use of multiple oxygen isotope proxies for elucidating Arctic Cretaceous palaeo-hydrology
Authors: Suarez Celina A. , Ludvigson G. A. , Gonzalez L. A. , Fiorillo A. R. , Flaig P. P. , McCarthy P. J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Stable oxygen isotope analysis of siderite and dinosaur tooth enamel phosphate from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA, are analysed to determine the palaeohydrology of the ancient Colville Basin north of the Ancestral Brooks Range. δ
18
O of freshwater siderites relative to V-PDB ranges between −14.86 and −16.21‰. Dinosaur tooth enamel δ
18
O from three different sites (Kikak–Tegoseak, Pediomys Point, Liscomb) range between +3.9‰ and +10.2.0‰. δ
18
O
meteoric water
are calculated from δ
18
O
siderite
that formed at seasonal temperatures ranging from −2 to 14.5 °C, with a mean annual temperature of 6.3 °C. At 6.3 °C, the δ
18
O
w
calculated from siderite ranged between −22.23 and −20.89‰ V-SMOW. Ingested water compositions are estimated from dinosaur teeth assuming body temperatures of 37 °C and local relative humidity of 77.5%, resulting in values ranging from −28.7 to −20.4‰ V-SMOW, suggesting consumption of meteoric water and orographically depleted runoff from the Brooks Range. The ranges in calculated δ
18
O
meteoric water
are compatible between the two proxies, and are mutually corroborating evidence of extremely
18
O-depleted precipitation at high latitudes during the Late Cretaceous relative to those generated using general circulation models. This depletion is proposed to result from increased rainout effects from an intensified hydrological cycle, which probably played a role in sustaining polar warmth.

Supplementary material:

Parameters used for generation of equations compared to Kohn (1996) can be found at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18642
Using Generalized Annotated Programs to Solve Social Network Diffusion Optimization Problems
Authors: Shakarian Paulo , Broecheler Matthias , Subrahmanian V. S. , Molinaro Cristian 
Published: June 2013

There has been extensive work in many different fields on how phenomena of interest (e.g., diseases, innovation, product adoption) “diffuse” through a social network. As social networks increasingly become a fabric of society, there is a need to make “optimal” decisions with respect to an observed model of diffusion. For example, in epidemiology, officials want to find a set of
k
individuals in a social network which, if treated, would minimize spread of a disease. In marketing, campaign managers try to identify a set of
k
customers that, if given a free sample, would generate maximal “buzz” about the product. In this article, we first show that the well-known Generalized Annotated Program (GAP) paradigm can be used to express many existing diffusion models. We then define a class of problems called
Social Network Diffusion Optimization Problems
(SNDOPs). SNDOPs have four parts: (i) a diffusion model expressed as a GAP, (ii) an objective function we want to optimize with respect to a given diffusion model, (iii) an integer
k
> 0 describing resources (e.g., medication) that can be placed at nodes, (iv) a logical condition
VC
that governs which nodes can have a resource (e.g., only children above the age of 5 can be treated with a given medication). We study the computational complexity of SNDOPs and show both NP-completeness results as well as results on complexity of approximation. We then develop an exact and a heuristic algorithm to solve a large class of SNDOPproblems and show that our GREEDY-SNDOPs algorithm achieves the best possible approximation ratio that a polynomial algorithm can achieve (unless
P
=
NP
). We conclude with a prototype experimental implementation to solve SNDOPs that looks at a real-world Wikipedia dataset consisting of over 103,000 edges.
Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of CA72‐4 Compared with CEA and CA19‐9 in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Ychou M. , Duffour J. , Kramar A. , Gourgou S. , Grenier J. 
Published: June 2013

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19‐9 are both widely used in the follow up of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. More recently another tumor marker, named CA 72‐4 has been identified and characterized using two different monoclonal antibodies B72.3 and CC49. Several reports evaluated CA 72‐4 as a serum tumor marker for gastric cancer and compared its clinical utility with that of CEA or CA 19‐9; few reports concerned its prognostic value. In the present study, CA 72‐4 is evaluated and compared with CEA and CA 19‐9 in various populations of patients with gastric cancer and benign disease; for 52 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and 57 patients without neoplastic disease CEA, CA 19‐9 and CA 72‐4 were evaluated before treatment. Sensitivity of the tumor markers CA 72‐4, CA 19‐9 and CEA at the recommended cut‐off level in all 52 patients were 58%, 50% the sensitivity increased to 75%. of these markers, for non metastatic patients, multivariate analyses indicated that none of the markers were significant, when adjusted for gender and age (which were indicators of poor prognosis); patients with abnormal values of CA72‐4 tended to have shorter survival than patients with normal values (p < 0.07). In the metastatic population, only high values of CA19‐9 (p < 0.02) and gender (women) (p < 0.03) were indicators of poor prognosis in univariate analysis; multivariate analysis revealed that both CA72‐4 (p = 0.034) and CA19‐9 p = 0.009), adjusted for gender were independent prognostic factors. However, CA72‐4 lost significance (p = 0.41) when adjusted for CA19‐9 and gender, indicating that CA19‐9 provides more prognostic information than CA72‐4.When limited to the metastatic male population with normal values of CA 19‐9 and CEA, CA 72‐4 pretherapeutic positive levels were associated with a worse prognosis (p < 0.005).In conclusion, this study suggests that the addition of CA 72‐4 to CEA and/or CA 19‐9 could improve sensitivity in gastric cancer. The prognostic role of this marker is not yet clearly demonstrated but its usefulness in the monitoring of gastric cancer should be taken into account.
14-3-3 Proteins Modulate the ETS Transcription Factor ETV1 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Oh Sangphil , Shin Sook , Lightfoot Stan A. , Janknecht Ralf 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Overexpression of the ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 can initiate neoplastic transformation of the prostate. ETV1 activity is highly regulated by phosphorylation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that all 14-3-3 proteins, with the exception of the tumor suppressor 14-3-3σ, can bind to ETV1 in a condition manner dictated by its prominent phosphorylation site S216. Non-σ 14-3-3 proteins synergized with ETV1 to activate transcription of its target genes MMP-1 and MMP-7, which regulate extracellular matrix in the prostate tumor microenvironment. S216 mutation or 14-3-3τ downregulation was sufficient to reduce ETV1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, indicating that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins protect ETV1 from degradation. Notably, S216 mutation also decreased ETV1-dependent migration and invasion in benign prostate cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3τ reduced prostate cancer cell invasion and growth in the same manner as ETV1 attenuation. Finally, we showed that 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3ϵ were overexpressed in human prostate tumors. Taken together, our results showed that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins are important modulators of ETV1 function that promote prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 73(16); 5110–9. ©2013 AACR.
Linearity of Climate Response to Increases in Black Carbon Aerosols
Authors: Mahajan Salil , Evans Katherine J. , Hack James J. , Truesdale John E. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The impacts of absorbing aerosols on global climate are not completely understood. This paper presents the results of idealized experiments conducted with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), coupled to a slab ocean model (CAM4–SOM) to simulate the climate response to increases in tropospheric black carbon aerosols (BC) by direct and semidirect effects. CAM4-SOM was forced with 0, 1×, 2×, 5×, and 10× an estimate of the present day concentration of BC while maintaining the estimated present day global spatial and vertical distribution. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing of BC in these experiments is positive (warming) and increases linearly as the BC burden increases. The total semidirect effect for the 1 × BC experiment is positive but becomes increasingly negative for higher BC concentrations. The global-average surface temperature response is found to be a linear function of the TOA radiative forcing. The climate sensitivity to BC from these experiments is estimated to be 0.42 K W−1 m2 when the semidirect effects are accounted for and 0.22 K W−1 m2 with only the direct effects considered. Global-average precipitation decreases linearly as BC increases, with a precipitation sensitivity to atmospheric absorption of 0.4% W−1 m2. The hemispheric asymmetry of BC also causes an increase in southward cross-equatorial heat transport and a resulting northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone in the simulations at a rate of 4° PW−1. Global-average mid- and high-level clouds decrease, whereas the low-level clouds increase linearly with BC. The increase in marine stratocumulus cloud fraction over the southern tropical Atlantic is caused by increased BC-induced diabatic heating of the free troposphere.
High-Resolution Atmospheric Sensing of Multiple Atmospheric Variables Using the DataHawk Small Airborne Measurement System
Authors: Lawrence Dale A. , Balsley Ben B. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The DataHawk small airborne measurement system provides in situ atmospheric measurement capabilities for documenting scales as small as 1 m and can access reasonably large volumes in and above the atmospheric boundary layer at low cost. The design of the DataHawk system is described, beginning with the atmospheric measurement requirements, and articulating five key challenges that any practical measurement system must overcome. The resulting characteristics of the airborne and ground support components of the DataHawk system are outlined, along with its deployment, operating, and recovery modes. Typical results are presented to illustrate the types and quality of data provided by the current system, as well as the need for more of these finescale measurements. Particular focus is given to the DataHawk's ability to make very-high-resolution measurements of a variety of atmospheric variables simultaneously, with emphasis given to the measurement of two important finescale turbulence parameters, (the temperature turbulence structure constant) and ɛ (the turbulent energy dissipation rate). Future sensing possibilities and limitations using this approach are also discussed.
Improved Airborne Hot-Wire Measurements of Ice Water Content in Clouds
Authors: Korolev A. , Strapp J. W. , Isaac G. A. , Emery E. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Airborne measurements of ice water content (IWC) in both ice and mixed-phase clouds remain one of the long-standing problems in experimental cloud physics. For nearly three decades, IWC has been measured with the help of the Nevzorov hot-wire total water content (TWC) sensor, which had an inverted cone shape. It was assumed that ice particles would be captured inside the cone and then completely melt and evaporate. However, wind tunnel experiments conducted with the help of high-speed video recordings showed that ice particles may bounce out of the TWC cone, resulting in the underestimation of the measured IWC. The TWC sensor was modified to improve the capture efficiency of ice particles. The modified sensor was mounted on the National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580 and its measurements in ice clouds were compared with the measurements of the original Nevzorov TWC sensor, a Droplet Measurement Technologies (DMT) counterflow virtual impactor (CVI), and IWC calculated from the particle size distribution measured by optical array probes (OAPs). Results indicated that the IWC measured by the modified TWC hot-wire sensor as well as the CVI and that deduced from the OAP size distributions agreed reasonably well when the maximum size of ice particles did not exceed 4 mm. However, IWC measured by the original TWC sensor was approximately 3 times lower than that measured by the other three techniques. This result can be used for the retrieval of the past IWC measurements obtained with this TWC sensor. For clouds with ice particles larger than 4 mm, the IWC measured by the modified TWC sensor and CVI exhibited diverging measurements.
Are the Winters 2010 and 2012 Archetypes Exhibiting Extreme Opposite Behavior of the North Atlantic Jet Stream?*
Authors: Santos João A. , Woollings Tim , Pinto Joaquim G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic–European sector experienced exceptional but highly contrasting conditions in the recent 2010 and 2012 winters (November–March, with the year dated by the relevant January). Evidence is given for the remarkably different locations of the eddy-driven westerly jet over the North Atlantic. In the 2010 winter the maximum of the jet stream was systematically between 30° and 40°N (south jet regime), whereas in the 2012 winter it was predominantly located around 55°N (north jet regime). These jet features underline the occurrence of either weak flow (2010) or strong and persistent ridges throughout the troposphere (2012). This is confirmed by the very different occurrence of blocking systems over the North Atlantic, associated with episodes of strong cyclonic (anticyclonic) Rossby wave breaking in 2010 (2012) winter. These dynamical features underlie strong precipitation and temperature anomalies over parts of Europe, with detrimental impacts on many socioeconomic sectors. Despite the highly contrasting atmospheric states, mid- and high-latitude boundary conditions do not reveal strong differences in these two winters. The two winters were associated with opposite ENSO phases, but there is no causal evidence of a remote forcing from the Pacific sea surface temperatures. Finally, the exceptionality of the two winters is demonstrated in relation to the last 140 years. It is suggested that these winters may be seen as archetypes of North Atlantic jet variability under current climate conditions.
“Playing it like a professional”: Approaches to ensemble direction in tertiary institutions
Authors: Harrison Scott , O’Bryan Jessica , Lebler Don 
Published: June 2013

This article reports on a case study of three directors of large ensembles within a large conservatoire and the ways in which they attempted to scaffold their students into professional music careers. The core aim in this article is to respond to the question “What is the role and function of the ensemble experience on the training of the professional musician?” The study reported on here formed part of a larger project into ensemble assessment practices. However as the study progressed, it became clear that each director perceived that their responsibilities to their students extended well beyond the institutional imperatives of reporting on progress and assessment practices. The sub-questions that relate to this aspect of the study therefore included: “What is the rationale for activities within the ensemble?” “How does the ensemble director facilitate and enable this learning experience?” and “What activities does the director see as intrinsic to the overall ensemble experience?” Using a case study approach, the ensembles involved were observed and their directors were interviewed. Artifacts were also used to support the data generated. These included course outlines, detailed rehearsal expectations and other university prerequisites. The data are presented as narrative accounts of each director. While Directors centered their practices on short-term rehearsal and performance outcomes, they were also keenly aware of the need for students to develop generic musicianship skills and to ensure the development of self-management strategies for life after the conservatoire.
Glenohumeral Findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlate With Innings Pitched in Asymptomatic Pitchers
Authors: Lesniak Bryson P. , Baraga Michael G. , Jose Jean , Smith Marvin K. , Cunningham Sean , Kaplan Lee D. 
Published: June 2013

Background: In recent years, there has been a documented increase in the number of professional baseball players on the disabled list and the total number of days on the disabled list. Pitchers account for the largest number of disabled list reports. Purpose: To examine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in asymptomatic professional pitchers and subsequent time on the disabled list (DL). Study Design: Cohort study (Prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 21 asymptomatic professional pitchers from a single Major League Baseball (MLB) organization underwent preseason MRIs of their dominant shoulder from 2001 to 2010. Asymptomatic was defined as no related DL stays in the 2 seasons before the MRI. These studies were reevaluated by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist who was blinded to patient name, injury history, and baseball history. A second investigator who was blinded to the MRI results collected demographic data, total career number of innings pitched, and any subsequent DL reports for each subject. Results: The mean age at the time of MRI was 29.04 years (range, 20-39 years). Eleven of 21 pitchers had a rotator cuff tear (RCT): 9 had an articular surface tear (AST), and 2 had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (FTT). Ten had superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears, and 13 had either anterior or posterior labral tears. There was a statistically significant relationship between the number of innings pitched and presence of an RCT (AST + FTT). The mean number of career innings pitched by those with an RCT was 1014 compared with a mean of 729 innings pitched in pitchers without an RCT ( P < .01). In addition, the number of career innings pitched was moderately correlated with presence of RCT ( r = 0.46) and presence of superior and anterior/posterior labral tears ( r = 0.43). There were no statistically significant findings between any single preseason MRI finding and subsequent time on the DL. Conclusion: The MRI findings in asymptomatic MLB pitchers do not appear to be related to near future placement on the DL. However, there was a significant difference in numbers of innings pitched between pitchers who had an RCT and those who did not and a moderate correlation between innings pitched and the presence of RCT as well as the presence of labral lesions. This finding supports the notion that RCT and labral injury in pitchers may result from repetitive overhead motion with subsequent strain on the rotator cuff tendons and glenoid labrum. Asymptomatic shoulder lesions in professional baseball pitchers appear to be more frequent than previously thought.