bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile synthesis of dendrimers combining aza‐Michael addition with Thiol‐yne click chemistry
Authors: Shen Yong , Ma Yinan , Li Zhibo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe report a highly efficient approach to prepare dendrimers by taking advantage of the orthogonal characteristic of aza‐Michael addition and thiol‐yne reactions. A fifth generation dendrimer was synthesized within five steps without protection/activation procedures. The reactions proceed under benign conditions without byproducts, and the target products can be easily purified via extraction or precipitation without chromatography. The structure of each generation dendrimer was characterized using NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The obtained dendrimers can have peripheral amine or alkyne groups. We demonstrated that these groups can be used for selective and specific conjugation with various functional groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Legal Perspective on Development Policies for Sustainability of Water in Malaysia
Authors: Khalid Rasyikah Md , Rahman Suhaimi Ab , Mokhtar Mazlin bin 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMalaysia aims to be a developed state by 2020. Various programs and policies towards this have been promulgated and development is rapidly arising as a result. Nevertheless, there is a vital need to balance development and sustainability of water resources in Malaysia. This is important as water demand is steadily increasing in the country's industrialized and highly populated cities. It is significant that water resources be managed efficiently and water conservation efforts such as rainwater harvesting be promoted across the country. This paper aims to examine development policies that may affect the sustainability of water resources and their implementation from the legal point of view. This doctrinal study involves analyses of related laws and development policies and their impact over the development process. The paper concludes that, although important laws and policies have been introduced, implementation has been hindered by lack of support from stakeholders and lack of integration between water agencies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Bis(tetrahydro­pyran)calcium Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]
Authors: Younis Fadi M. , Görls Helmar , Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTransmetalation of Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with calcium granules in tetrahydropyran (thp) yields colorless [(thp)2Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2] (1) which is soluble in common organic solvents. The calcium center is in a distorted tetrahedral environment with Ca–N and Ca–O bond lengths of 231.08(11) and 240.23(9) pm, respectively. The molecular structure is dominated by steric factors leading to a NCaN bond angle of 119.43(6)°.
Comparing caudal and intravenous ketamine for supplementation of analgesia after Salter innominate osteotomy
Authors: Amiri Hamid Reza , Espandar Ramin , Sanatkar Mehdi 
Published: November 2012

Purpose Previous studies claim that caudal administration of ketamine causes effective analgesia. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of ketamine after caudal or intravascular administration in pediatric patients that underwent orthopedic surgery to distinguish between local and systemic analgesia. Methods After the induction of general anesthesia, 36 patients, aged 18 months to 10 years, assigned to undergo orthopedic surgery, received a caudal injection of bupivacaine and were randomly blinded into two groups: one group received 1 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine as the caudal group and the other group received 1 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine as the intravascular group. Postsurgical measurements included the effectiveness of postsurgical analgesia, which was assessed by using the observational pain scale (OPS), duration of analgesia, sedation score, and hemodynamic and respiratory monitoring. Results The mean time to first analgesia was clearly longer in the caudal ketamine group (13.35 h) than in the intravenous ketamine (9.93 h) group ( P < 0.01). During the 24-h observation time, fewer children asked for additional analgesic drugs in the caudal group (8 of 18, 44.4 %) than in the intravenous group (12 of 18, 66.6 %; P = 0.01). The times to first micturation and spontaneous leg movements and the incidence of nausea and vomiting were similar in the two groups. The OPS and sedation scores after operation showed no obvious differences between the groups at any time. Conclusion Although caudal ketamine provides good postsurgical analgesia due to its potential neurotoxicity and only small clinical differences with intravenous ketamine, the administration of intravenous ketamine might be a reasonable option to potentially extend the postsurgical analgesic effect of the caudal administration of local anesthetics in children undergoing Salter osteotomy.
Shear-strengthening of reinforced & prestressed concrete beams using FRP: Part II — Experimental investigation
Authors: Kang Thomas H. -K. , Ary Moustapha Ibrahim 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The main objectives of this research were to experimentally evaluate the impact of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) amount and strip spacing on the shear behavior of prestressed concrete (PC) beams and to evaluate the applicability of existing analytical models of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) shear capacity to PC beams shear-strengthened with CFRP. The Ushaped CFRP strips with different spacing were applied externally to the test specimens in order to observe the overall behavio r of the prestressed concrete I-beams and the mode of failure of the applied CFRP strips. Results obtained from the experimental program showed that the application of CFRP strips to prestressed concrete I-beams did in fact enhance the overall behavior of the specimens. The strengthened specimens responded with an increase in ductility and in shear capacity. However, it should be noted that the CFRP strips were not effective at all at spacing greater than half the effective depth of the specimen and that fracture of the strips was the dominant failure mechanism of CFRP. Further research is needed to confirm the conclusion derived from the experimental program.
Injury and Illness in Mountain Bicycle Stage Racing: Experience from the Trans-Sylvania Mountain Bike Epic Race
Authors: McGrath Todd M. , Yehl Michael A. 
Published: November 2012

Objective The popularity of mountain bicycle (MTB) riding has increased significantly since its inception in the 1970s, as have injuries from MTB riding. As MTB stage racing is a relatively new segment of MTB racing, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the injury and illness patterns associated with MTB stage racing to assist future medical providers in covering events. Methods The Trans-Sylvania Mountain Bike Epic Race consisted of 7 stages. An onsite medical team of physicians, nurses, and paramedics provided medical coverage. The providers logged each medical encounter on a medical form. The log included the location where the treatment was provided (on course, at the finish or after the race), a description of the injury/illness, treatment that was rendered, the supplies needed for treatment, and the disposition of the patient (continue, withdraw but continue the next day, withdraw, or transfer to the hospital). Results A total of 52 athletes competed in the inaugural edition of the race. There were 30 separate medical encounters, with a total of 34 injuries/illnesses. Of these, 22 (65%) were classified as injury, and 12 (35%) were classified as illness. Four athletes withdrew from the race, 1 from injury and 3 from illness. Skin and soft tissue injuries/illnesses were the most prevalent. Conclusions Injury and illness patterns of MTB stage racing are similar to those of other wilderness sporting events and prior data on MTB-related injuries. Minor skin, soft tissue, and orthopedic injuries are the most common. Illness accounts for the majority of withdrawals.
La citoyenneté canadienne dans la presse écrite anglo-canadienne et franco-québécoise : convergence ou divergence?
Authors: Winter Elke , Sauvageau Marie-Michèle 
Published: November 2012

Résumé.La publication d'un nouveau guide d'étude destiné aux immigrants qui souhaitent acquérir la citoyenneté canadienne en 2009 constitue la première réforme de cet ouvrage depuis sa parution en 1995. Notre analyse se penche sur les réactions dans la presse écrite anglo-canadienne et franco-québécoise entourant cette nouvelle publication. Contrairement au postulat d'un « choc des identités » au Canada, nos résultats démontrent qu'une alliance implicite s'est forgée entre « les deux solitudes» canadiennes dans leur compréhension de la citoyenneté, alors qu'est reconnue, dans les deux groupes de quotidiens, l'importance de protéger les « acquis » de la société canadienne contre les croyances et les pratiques de l'« Autre » non-civilisé. Toutefois, la prudence est de mise: la convergence des représentations médiatiques de la citoyenneté canadienne, renvoie-t-elle vraiment à une identité collective partagée au Québec et au Canada?Abstract.The release of a new study guide for immigrants aiming to become Canadian citizens in 2009 was the first major reform of this document since its inception in 1995. This paper examines the coverage of the Anglo-Canadian and Franco-Québécois press surrounding the new citizenship guide. Rather than supporting the widely accepted thesis that Canada is marked by a « collision of identities », our study suggests the emergence of an implicit alliance between the two Canadian “solitudes” with respect to their understanding of citizenship. In particular, the two groups of newspapers agree upon the necessity to protect « acquired gains » of Canadian society against the beliefs and practices of an uncivilized « Other ». Nevertheless, we should not jump to conclusions: does the convergence of media representations of Canadian citizenship really reflect the emergence of a shared collective identity in Quebec and Canada?
HISTORY, MEMORY, AND THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
Authors: WALSHAM ALEXANDRA 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis article is a revised and expanded version of my inaugural lecture as Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge, delivered on 20 Oct. 2011. It explores how the religious upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reshaped perceptions of the past, stimulated shifts in historical method, and transformed the culture of memory, before turning to the interrelated question of when and why contemporaries began to remember the English Reformation as a decisive juncture and critical turning point in history. Investigating the interaction between personal recollection and social memory, it traces the manner in which remembrance of the events of the 1530s, 1540s, and 1550s evolved and splintered between 1530 and 1700. A further theme is the role of religious and intellectual developments in the early modern period in forging prevailing models of historical periodization and teleological paradigms of interpretation.
FATHERHOOD, PROVIDING, AND ATTACHMENT IN LATE VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES
Authors: STRANGE JULIE-MARIE 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTHistories of the late Victorian working-class family focus overwhelmingly on mothers. When men feature in family dynamics, it is within the context of their obligation to provide. Despite the familiarity of this model of family life, it is problematic, not least because it is partial. Written from a women's history perspective, such analyses have inevitably, and understandably, focused on the ‘dark side’ of breadwinning and privileged women's experiences as wives and mothers. Further, they have tended to make husbands synonymous with fathers. Drawing on working-class autobiography, this article revisits the cliché of the ‘good provider’ to suggest that children could invest the normative paternal obligation to provide with intimate and individual meaning, reimagining breadwinning as an act of devotion that distinguished particular father–child relationships within a context of more general working-class values. It does not suggest that women were not oppressed by the breadwinner ideal, or that attachment to mothers and fathers was the same. Rather, it calls for recognition of the fluidity of a sexual division of affective labour whereby, in memory at least, fathers' obligation to provide could be deeply embedded within an understanding of the emotional dynamics of everyday life.
SOUTH ASIAN HISTORIES OF CITIZENSHIP, 1946–1970
Authors: CHATTERJI JOYA 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAfter partition, minorities in South Asia emerged as a distinct legal category of citizens who were not fully protected by the states within which they lived. The power of South Asia's nation-states over their ‘minority-citizens’ far exceeds their sovereignty over ordinary citizens, and the capacity of ‘minority-citizens’ to resist this power was broken, this article will show, by a series of draconian executive actions. But ‘minority citizenship’ was not simply a product of ‘bureaucratic rationality’, as some have suggested, or even of ‘governmentality’. On the contrary, it was produced by complex, often violent, interactions between government and a range of non-state actors, who forced their own ideas of nationality, justice, and entitlement on to the statute books. Citizenship in South Asia thus proves to have a complex parenthood, with ‘civil’ and ‘political’ more entangled, and mutually constituted, than some theorists would have us believe. India and Pakistan continued to be bound together by migrants and migration even as their discursive claims seemed to pull them ever further apart.
ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF USE
Authors: ROSS JOHN , HARDEE KAREN 
Published: November 2012

SummarySurvey data on contraceptive use for about 80 countries are related to measures of contraceptive access, by method, from 1999 to 2009. Cross-tabulation and correlational methods are employed, with geographic comparisons and time trends. Total prevalence of use for five modern contraceptive methods correlates well to a variety of access measures. Greater access is also accompanied by a better balance among methods for both access and use. Sub-Saharan African countries show similar patterns though at lower levels. Improved access to multiple methods is consistently associated with higher levels of contraceptive use.
The first record of fossil penguins from East Antarctica
Authors: Jadwiszczak Piotr , Krajewski Krzysztof P. , Pushina Zinaida , Tatur Andrzej , Zieliński Grzegorz 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the first fossil penguin from East Antarctica, and the only one known south of the Antarctic Circle. It is represented by two well-preserved elements of the wing skeleton, humerus and radius, obviously assignable to the extant genus Spheniscus. They were found in the glaciomarine succession of the Fisher Bench Formation (Fisher Massif, Prince Charles Mountains, Mac. Robertson Land), which was dated using Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy to be Late Miocene in age (10.2 Ma). They are only slightly younger than the oldest remains undoubtedly attributable to this taxon. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicate diagenetic alteration of the original bone bioapatite under dominantly marine conditions. The Late Miocene was a period of ice margin retreat and marine incursion into the Lambert embayment that followed Middle Miocene cooling of the Antarctic climate. The fossils strongly suggest that variable climatic and environmental conditions in East Antarctica may have been an important factor in the evolution of penguins there during the Neogene.
Reliability and validity of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) in older people in Spain
Authors: Lucas-Carrasco Ramona , Laidlaw Ken , Gómez-Benito Juana , Power Michael J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBackground: As ageing is a personal experience, an attitude to ageing questionnaire is essential for capturing the most realistic appraisal of this important stage of life. Our aim was to study the psychometric properties of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) in a sample of Spanish older people.Methods: A total of 242 participants aged 60 years and older were recruited from community centers, primary care centers, and family associations for the mentally ill and dementia. In addition to the AAQ, participants provided information on demographics, self-perception of health, comorbidity, health status (SF-12), depressive symptoms (GDS-30), and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD). Analysis was performed using standard psychometric techniques with SPSS v15.0.Results: No floor and ceiling effects were found, and missing data were low. The internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha for AAQ subscales were 0.59, 0.70, and 0.73. Exploratory Factor Analysis produced a three-factors solution accounting for 34% of the variance. A priori expected associations were found between some AAQ subscales with WHOQOL-BREF domains, with WHOQOL-OLD, SF-12, and the GDS-30 indicating good construct validity. In general, AAQ subscales differentiated between participants with lower and higher levels of education, and between a priori defined groups of older people (non-depressed vs. depressed; those with higher vs. lower physical comorbidities, and non-carers vs. carers).Conclusions: The Spanish version of the AAQ questionnaire showed acceptable psychometric properties in a convenience sample of Spanish older people. It is a useful measure of attitude for use with older people in social and clinical services.
Evidence for potential and inductive convection during intense geomagnetic events using normalized superposed epoch analysis
Authors: Katus Roxanne M. , Liemohn Michael W. , Gallagher Dennis L. , Ridley Aaron , Zou Shasha 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe relative contribution of storm‐time ring current development by convection driven by either potential or inductive electric fields has remained an unresolved question in geospace research. Studies have been published supporting each side of this debate, including views that ring current buildup is entirely one or the other. This study presents new insights into the relative roles of these storm main phase processes. We perform a superposed epoch study of 97 intense (DstMin < –100 nT) and 91 moderate (–50 nT > DstMin > –100 nT) storms using OMNI solar wind and ground‐based data. Instead of using a single reference time for the superpositioning of the events, we choose four reference times and expand or contract each phase of every event to the average length of this phase, creating a normalized timeline for the superposed epoch analysis. Using the bootstrap method, we statistically demonstrate that timeline normalization results in better reproduction of average storm dynamics than conventional methods. Examination of the Dst reveals an inflection point in the intense storm group consistent with two‐step main phase development, which is supported by results for the southward interplanetary magnetic field and various ground‐based magnetic indices. This two‐step main‐phase process is not seen in the moderate storm timeline and data sets. It is determined that the first step of Dst development is due to potential convective drift, during which an initial ring current is formed. The negative feedback of this hot ion population begins to limit further ring current growth. The second step of the main phase, however, is found to be a more even mix of potential and inductive convection. It is hypothesized that this is necessary to achieve intense storm Dst levels because the substorm dipolarizations are effective at breaking through the negative feedback barrier of the existing inner magnetospheric hot ion pressure peak.
Pre-exposure to drought increases the resistance of tropical forest soil bacterial communities to extended drought
Authors: Bouskill Nicholas J , Lim Hsiao Chien , Borglin Sharon , Salve Rohit , Wood Tana E , Silver Whendee L , Brodie Eoin L 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Global climate models project a decrease in the magnitude of precipitation in tropical regions. Changes in rainfall patterns have important implications for the moisture content and redox status of tropical soils, yet little is known about how these changes may affect microbial community structure. Specifically, does exposure to prior stress confer increased resistance to subsequent perturbation? Here we reduced the quantity of precipitation throughfall to tropical forest soils in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Treatments included newly established throughfall exclusion plots (de novo excluded), plots undergoing reduction for a second time (pre-excluded) and ambient control plots. Ten months of throughfall exclusion led to a small but statistically significant decline in soil water potential and bacterial populations clearly adapted to increased osmotic stress. Although the water potential decline was small and microbial biomass did not change, phylogenetic diversity in the de novo-excluded plots decreased by ∼40% compared with the control plots, yet pre-excluded plots showed no significant change. On the other hand, the relative abundances of bacterial taxa in both the de novo-excluded and pre-excluded plots changed significantly with throughfall exclusion compared with control plots. Changes in bacterial community structure could be explained by changes in soil pore water chemistry and suggested changes in soil redox. Soluble iron declined in treatment plots and was correlated with decreased soluble phosphorus concentrations, which may have significant implications for microbial productivity in these P-limited systems.
Scatology, Chopped Liver, and the Last Supper: Daniel Zimmermann's Holocaust Novel
L'Anus du monde
Authors: Mole Gary D. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Intellectual trends in the study of scatology have all tended to agree on the subversive character of scatological rhetoric and representation for social, political, institutional, religious, literary, and artistic discourses. This article offers a brief overview of these trends in order to situate an aspect of Holocaust narrative that has attracted far less attention than other polemical subjects such as the relationship between fiction, history, and memory, or sexuality and violence. The study takes as its focal point the critically neglected novel
L'Anus du monde
(1996) by the French writer Daniel Zimmermann, in which the scatological, though constituting an excremental assault on the reader's literary and moral sensibilities, functions against its usually subversive intent. By tracing the novel's anti-hero on his journey from Drancy to Auschwitz and Treblinka, Zimmermann links the scatological to the themes of gastronomy and anthropophagy, leading ineluctably to the novel's deeply unsettling conclusion, which in fact has less to do with the scatological than with the Christological overtones of sacrifice and redemption.