bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and Diagnosis of Various Contaminants in an Electroplating Bath by a Voltammetric Sensor: a Case Study
Authors: Jaworski Aleksander , Wikiel Hanna , Holverson Peter , Nelson Andrew , Wikiel Kazimierz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChemical contamination cases encountered during semiconductor manufacturing which were resolved with the automated analytical system are described. The system is capable of collecting on‐line voltammetric data and investigating similarities between measurements at proper conditions and measurements with upset behaviour. The analytical system uses an in‐situ sensor employing voltammetric techniques providing a current response strongly affected by the presence of investigated disturbances (contamination with iron ions and with hydrogen peroxide). Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) is a pattern recognition method which describes each class separately in eigenvector space. In this supervised classification technique the projected new measurements are evaluated aiming to determine whether they belong to certain class of disturbance or not. An assessment of the membership in a class of specific disturbance is a method of diagnosis whether such a disturbance affects the plating solution. The shape differences between deformed and reference set voltammograms are quantified by Mahalanobis Distance (MD)‐SIMCA. In addition to the numerical approach, a graphical projection is utilized to diagnose the root cause of the detected disturbances.
Porous Core‐Shell Platinum‐Silver Nanocatalyst for the Electrooxidation of Methanol
Authors: Singh Baljit , Seddon Brian , Dempsey Eithne , Redington Wynette , Dickinson Calum 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new class of platinum‐silver nanomaterial for the catalytic electrooxidation of methanol is considered here. The material was synthesised on a carbon nanochips platform via a combination of chemical reduction to form a particulate bimetallic alloy (Pt2Ag1/f‐CNC) and an anodic‐etching process to form a unique porous core‐shell platinum‐silver nanoparticle (np‐Pt2Ag1/f‐CNC). Morphology, structural and compositional characterisations of the alloy were performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Data confirms average particle size of 2.07 nm (median 1.73 nm). The alloy nature of the nanoparticle was confirmed by XRD and TEM/EDX analysis. The np‐Pt2Ag1/f‐CNC material was examined in electrochemical studies as a catalyst for the oxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid electrolyte. Catalytic efficiency is reported in terms of oxidation current density, 134.8 mA mg−1 (platinum mass) and a current ratio, If/Ib=0.86. The electrochemical data is indicative of high catalytic rates for methanol conversion, as well as the effectiveness of porous core‐shell platinum‐silver particles to resist carbon monoxide poisoning. The work demonstrates improved long‐term catalytic performance of a novel nanomaterial electrode offering promising energy applications.
Gold nanomaterials based pseudostationary phases in capillary electrophoresis: A brand‐new attempt at chondroitin sulfate isomers separation
Authors: Zhao Ting , Zhou Guanglian , Wu Yuanhong , Liu Xiumei , Wang Fengshan 
Published: November 2014

In this work, a CE method with bare gold nanorods (GNRs) based pseudostationary phase was developed and applied for the separation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) isomers, CS, and dermatan sulfate (DS). The separation efficiency was investigated by varying the experimental parameters such as concentration and pH of the BGE, separation voltage, internal diameter of capillary, different size, and morphology of gold nanomaterials. Results showed that different size and morphology of gold nanomaterials had different effects on the separation of CS and DS. The best separation of CS and DS was achieved in the BGE composed of aqueous 150 mmol/L (mM) ethylenediamine + 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate + 30% v/v GNRs, pH 4.5, at the separation voltage of −10 kV. Capillary was 59.2 cm in length (effective length 49 cm), 50 μm id capillary thermostated at 25°C. CE with bare GNRs used as pseudostationary phase was shown to be a suitable technique for the separation of CS and DS mixtures with wider peaks. RSD of migration time and peak area of CS and DS were 0.13, 0.14 and 0.86, 1.07%, respectively.
Effect of gravity framing on the overstrength and collapse capacity of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames
Authors: Elkady Ahmed , Lignos Dimitrios G. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis paper investigates the effect of the gravity framing system on the overstrength and collapse risk of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames (SMFs) designed in North America. A nonlinear analytical model that simulates the pinched hysteretic response of typical shear tab connections is calibrated with past experimental data. The proposed modeling approach is implemented into nonlinear analytical models of archetype steel buildings with different heights. It is found that when the gravity framing is considered as part of the analytical model, the overall base shear strength of steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs could be 50% larger than that of the bare SMFs. This is attributed to the gravity framing as well as the composite action provided by the concrete slab. The same analytical models (i) achieve a static overstrength factor,Ωslarger than 3.0 and (ii) pass the collapse risk evaluation criteria by FEMA P695 regardless of the assigned total system uncertainty. However, when more precise collapse metrics are considered for collapse risk assessment of steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs, a tolerable probability of collapse is only achieved in a return period of 50 years when the perimeter SMFs of mid‐rise steel buildings are designed with a strong‐column/weak‐beam ratio larger than 1.5. The concept of the dynamic overstrength,Ωdis introduced that captures the inelastic force redistribution due to dynamic loading. Steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs achieve aΩd > 3 regardless if the gravity framing is considered as part of the nonlinear analytical model representation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global challenges in agriculture and the World Bank's response in Africa
Authors: Saghir Jamal 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA country's economic, environmental and social well‐being is intricately linked to a healthy, well‐performing agricultural sector. Across Africa, south of the Sahara, agriculture is the predominant sector in the economies of most countries accounting for between 30 to 40 percent of gross domestic product, and the sector is a leading source of jobs for over two‐thirds of Africa's population. With an abundance of labor, land and untapped water, Sub‐Saharan Africa has the resources necessary for a massive expansion of agricultural production. Notwithstanding these advantages, over the last 40 years Africa has been steadily losing its share of the global agricultural market. Today, Thailand exports more food products than all of Sub‐Saharan Africa combined. The “Green Revolution” that transformed tropical agriculture in Asia and Latin America largely bypassed Africa. A confluence of factors – increasing prices for African agricultural products, booming urban food markets, many opportunities for expanding irrigated area, greater interest by development partners, improved policy environment, technological innovations, rising private sector interest, framework for climate‐smart agriculture, and improved infrastructure – present a golden opportunity for African agriculture to realize its full potential. Responding to the challenges, the World Bank is scaling up its support for African agriculture. The medium‐term plan is to scale up lending to US$3 billion a year, with ambitious targets in key thematic areas – irrigation, land administration, access to technology, inputs, financial services and markets, and climate‐smart agriculture – so that Sub‐Saharan Africa can benefit fully from the transformative opportunity. Greater South‐South learning and collaboration, and strengthening of African institutions and building capacity are all needed. Agriculture is the pathway to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Sub‐Saharan Africa, backed by improvements in education, health, nutrition and sustainable management of natural resources among others. The prospects for success have never been better.
Comparison of implicit and explicit AUSM‐family schemes for compressible multiphase flows
Authors: Zeng Q. L. , Aydemir N. U. , Lien F. S. , Xu T. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThis paper makes the first attempt of extending implicit AUSM‐family schemes to multiphase flow simulations. Water faucet, air–water shock tube and oscillating manometer problems are used as benchmark tests with the generic four‐equation two‐fluid model. For solving the equations implicitly, Newton's method along with a sparse matrix solver (UMFPACK solver) is employed, and the numerical Jacobian matrix is calculated. Comparison between implicit and explicit AUSM‐family schemes is presented, indicating that similarly accurate results are obtained with both schemes. Furthermore, the water faucet problem is solved using both staggered and collocated grids. This investigation helps integrate high‐resolution schemes into staggered‐grid‐based computational algorithms. The influence of the interface pressure correction on the simulation results is also examined. Results show that the interfacial pressure correction introduces numerical dissipation. However, this dissipation cannot eliminate the overshoots because of the incompatibility of numerical discretization of the conservative and non‐conservative terms in the governing equations. The comparison of CPU time between implicit and explicit schemes is also studied, indicating that the implicit scheme is capable of improving the computational efficiency over its explicit counterpart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and nutritional and sensory evaluation of cachapinta (Pseudoplatystoma sp) pâté
Authors: Lobo Cátia Maria de Oliveira , Torrezan Renata , de Furtado Ângela Aparecida Lemos , Antoniassi Rosemar , Freitas Daniela De Grandi Castro , de Freitas Sidinéa Cordeiro , Penteado Ana Lúcia , de Oliveira Cássia Soares , Junior Carlos Adam Conte , Mársico Eliane Teixeira 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study developed a technique for the preparation of pâté from cachapinta (Pseudoplatystoma sp) waste. For this, frozen minced cachapinta fish was crushed in a mini cutter and homogenized with all other ingredients. The prepared pâté was stored in seamed and thermally treated cans (volume 170 g). Weight proportions of mean moisture, ash, protein, and lipid contents of the minced fish were 75.49, 1.00, 15.00, and 7.92 (g/100 g), respectively. The formulation of the developed pâté is in accordance with legislation for fish products. Cachapinta pâté is a product with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, low level of trans fat, and good indices of nutritional quality. Tests of sensory acceptance, purchase intent, and sensory attributes (except spreadability) averaged a score above 6.0, indicating acceptability of the product. Our study suggests that the potential of minced cachapinta for pâté production is high, and that it can contribute a value‐added product to seafood consumption.
Structural and functional correlates of behavioral pattern separation in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
Authors: Doxey Christopher R. , Kirwan C. Brock 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTStructures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are known to be involved in declarative memory processes. However, little is known about how age‐related changes in MTL structures, white matter integrity, and functional connectivity affect pattern separation processes in the MTL. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of MTL regions of interest, including hippocampal subfields (dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum) in healthy older and younger adults. Additionally, we used diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter integrity for both groups. Finally, we used functional MRI to acquire resting functional connectivity measures for both groups. We show that, along with age, the volume of left CA3/dentate gyrus predicts memory performance. Differences in fractional anisotropy and the strength of resting functional connections between the hippocampus and other cortical structures implicated in memory processing were not significant predictors of performance. As previous studies have only hinted, it seems that the size of left CA3/dentate gyrus contributes more to successful discrimination between similar mnemonic representations than other hippocampal sub‐fields, MTL structures, and other neuroimaging correlates. Accordingly, the implications of aging and atrophy on lure discrimination capacities are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Groundwater ‐ the disregarded component in lake water and nutrient budgets. Part 1: effects of groundwater on hydrology
Authors: Rosenberry Donald O. , Lewandowski Jörg , Meinikmann Karin , Nützmann Gunnar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLake eutrophication is a large and growing problem in many parts of the world, commonly due to anthropogenic sources of nutrients. Improved quantification of nutrient inputs is required to address this problem, including better determination of exchanges between groundwater and lakes. This first of a two‐part review provides a brief history of the evolution of the study of groundwater exchange with lakes, followed by a listing of the most commonly used methods for quantifying this exchange. Rates of exchange between lakes and groundwater compiled from the literature are statistically summarized for both exfiltration (flow from groundwater to a lake) and infiltration (flow from a lake to groundwater), including per cent contribution of groundwater to lake‐water budgets. Reported rates of exchange between groundwater and lakes span more than five orders of magnitude. Median exfiltration is 0.74 cm/day, and median infiltration is 0.60 cm/day. Exfiltration ranges from near 0% to 94% of input terms in lake‐water budgets, and infiltration ranges from near 0% to 91% of loss terms. Median values for exfiltration and infiltration as percentages of input and loss terms of lake‐water budgets are 25% and 35%, respectively. Quantification of the groundwater term is somewhat method dependent, indicating that calculating the groundwater component with multiple methods can provide a better understanding of the accuracy of estimates. The importance of exfiltration to a lake budget ranges widely for lakes less than about 100 ha in area but generally decreases with increasing lake area, particularly for lakes that exceed 100 ha in area. No such relation is evident for lakes where infiltration occurs, perhaps because of the smaller sample size. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying specialisation, production and exchange in the archaeological record: the case of shell bead manufacture on Motupore Island, Papua
Authors: Allen Jim , Holdaway Simon , Fullagar Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAnalyses of shell beads and stone drillpoints from Motupore Island, near Port Moresby, PNG contribute to the debate about the specialised role of the site in a prehistoric exchange network as well as to theoretical discussions concerning the relationship between craft specialisation and social stratification. The presence of drillpoints, which are specialised and efficient tools for making beads, demonstrates a level of technological efficiency expected with trading systems. Studies of the spatial patterning of drillpoints, shell beads, and grinding slabs on the site and in the region, along with usewear and residue research, and statistical analyses of the artifacts are carried out. These data demonstrate that shell bead manufacture represents village level craft specialisation and was a significant part of Motupore's economy throughout its history. Finally, the paper shows that village level specialised production need not imply institutionalised social differentiation.
Changes in Admiralty Islands obsidian source use: the view from Pamwak
Authors: Fredericksen Clayton 
Published: November 2014

AbstractI report the results of characterisation analysis of obsidian from Pamwak shelter on Manus in the Admiralty Islands (Papua New Guinea). Evidence is presented that the first transport of obsidian to the shelter occurred in the terminal Pleistocene, probably from an offshore source. A mid Holocene change to the use of predominantly Pam Islands obsidian is noted. The use of significant amounts of Lou obsidian, a material widely used and traded after 3500 BP, is identified as occurring only late in the sequence. The implications of these changes in the context of Wal Ambrose's research are discussed.
Sociality and the short distance trader: intra‐regional obsidian exchange in the Willaumez region, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Torrence Robin , Summerhayes Glenn R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn analysis of changes in the assemblage composition of obsidian from different sources was undertaken on 12 assemblages from sites dating over the past 6,000 years in the Willaumez region (including the peninsula and nearby islands) in West New Britain, in order to investigate Ambrose's (1978) prediction that Lapita obsidian trade differed from recent ethnographic systems. The history of obsidian use on Garua Island, where sites contain various mixes of local and imported obsidian, points to the existence of an intra‐regional system of exchange between communities specialising in one or more goods during the time of Lapita pottery (c. 3,500–2,000 BP). The method of obsidian procurement is shown to have been significantly different from both the earlier and later phases. It is argued that the widespread distribution of obsidian on Lapita sites in both Near and Remote Oceania is the result of movement between a loosely integrated series of local, intra‐regional systems and not long‐distance trade over the entire area as proposed by previous scholars.
Changing sources: early Lapita period obsidian in the Bismarck Archipelago
Authors: White J. Peter , Harris Mary‐Noel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that obsidian movement in the Bismarck Archipelago at the start of the Lapita period shows continuity with earlier patterns and that changes in sources used occur later than the introduction of ceramics. We base our argument on the analysis of obsidian from two ceramic sites in the Duke of York Islands. The sites contain very differently decorated pottery, but both radiocarbon and obsidian hydration dating show they are very close in time, dating to around 3000 years ago. Density and PIXE‐PIGME analysis show that nearly all the obsidian from the putatively older site (SEE), containing ‘classic’ Lapita, came from West New Britain, mostly the Kutau/Bao sources. The possibly slightly later site (SDP), with very thin walled pottery decorated only by rim notching, was initially supplied exclusively from the Umrei source in the Admiralties, with a subsequent reversion to West New Britain. The first two stages in this history appear to be repeated in the similarly dated sequence from EKQ on Mussau Is.Pre‐Lapita data from New Ireland, Nissan and the Papua New Guinea mainland show an extensive distribution of obsidian, exclusively using West New Britain sources, while in the same period Admiralty obsidian has not been found beyond the Admiralties. Thus the use of West New Britain sources in the probably oldest Lapita levels in the Duke of Yorks and Mussau suggests continuity in obsidian distribution with the preceding period. Some other evidence of continuity is noted.
Losing your temper: the effect of mineral inclusions on pottery analyses
Authors: Summerhayes Glenn R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPottery from Buka Island, Papua New Guinea, was subjected to chemical characterisation studies using both the electron microprobe and PIXE‐PIGME. I report here on the problems and limits of using chemical analyses on prehistoric pottery to assess questions concerning technology and production patterns, and address in particular the problem of compensating for the chemical noise that arises when mineral inclusions are added to a clay in the manufacturing process of pottery. This chemical noise, if not taken into account, can lead to erroneous models of production and exchange. The results demonstrate that the electron microprobe is a useful tool in overcoming the problem of chemical noise and when used in conjunction with PIXE‐PIGME can also be useful in identifying whether inclusions found in a sherd were manually added or found naturally in the original clay. This allows archaeologists another dimension to identify technological changes between assemblages.
Bone collagen diagenesis at Roonka Flat, South Australia: implications for isotopic analysis
Authors: Pate F. Donald 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA simple screening procedure to select archaeological bone samples for radiocarbon dating or stable isotope analysis is assessed at the Roonka Flat Dune, South Australia. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations in HCl insoluble bone extracts are employed to address variations in collagen preservation. Sandy sediments like those at Roonka provide one of the poorest environments for archaeological bone preservation. However, many prehistoric human interments and midden deposits occur in sandy contexts. Archaeological bone specimens from 86 human skeletons dating from ca.10ka BP to AD 1840 are assigned to Good, Intermediate, and Poor collagen preservation categories according to variations in extract carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Good collagen preservation was restricted to the Late Holocene skeletons and included 47% (32/68) of the sample. Over 83% (15/18) of the Early Holocene sample and 34% (23/68) of the Late Holocene sample were placed in the Poor collagen preservation category on the basis of low carbon and nitrogen concentrations. As the archaeological bone at Roonka becomes more poorly preserved, atomic C/N ratios increase and are more variable, and stable carbon isotope values become more positive and also show greater variability. Collagen yields from whole bone are extremely variable and do not relate to variations in collagen preservation. There is also extreme variability in collagen preservation in bone from closely associated burials. With regard to skeletal maturity, suabadults generally have better collagen preservation than adults.
The Asian connection: preliminary report on Indonesian trepang sites on the Kimberley coast, N.W. Australia
Authors: Morwood M.J. , Hobbs D.R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIndonesian trepang sites along the Kimberley coastline provide evidence for recent, regular contact between Asia and Australia. This paper summarises the known history of the Indonesian trepang industry in the Kimberley, then describes a number of sites recorded as part of a larger research project on Asian cultural contact in the region. It concludes that recent Indonesian sites along the Kimberley coast contain a range of information not otherwise documented, while older Indonesian sites could shed light on important aspects of Australian prehistory.