bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of neurocan and enhancement of axonal density in rats after treatment of traumatic brain injury with scaffolds impregnated with bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Mahmood Asim , Wu Hongtao , Qu Changsheng , Mahmood Selina , Xiong Ye , Kaplan David L. , Chopp Michael 
Published: January 2014

Object
Neurocan is a major form of growth-inhibitory molecule (growth-IM) that suppresses axonal regeneration after neural injury. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to inhibit neurocan expression in vitro and in animal models of cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of treatment of MSCs impregnated with collagen scaffolds on neurocan expression after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods
Adult male Wistar rats were injured with controlled cortical impact and treated with saline, human MSCs (hMSCs) (3 × 106) alone, or hMSCs (3 × 106) impregnated into collagen scaffolds (scaffold + hMSCs) transplanted into the lesion cavity 7 days after TBI (20 rats per group). Rats were sacrificed 14 days after TBI, and brain tissues were harvested for immunohistochemical studies, Western blot analyses, laser capture microdissections, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate neurocan protein and gene expressions after various treatments.

Results
Animals treated with scaffold + hMSCs after TBI showed increased axonal and synaptic densities compared with the other groups. Scaffold + hMSC treatment was associated with reduced TBI-induced neurocan protein expression and upregulated growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin expression in the lesion boundary zone. In addition, animals in the scaffold + hMSC group had decreased neurocan transcription in reactive astrocytes after TBI. Reduction of neurocan expression was significantly greater in the scaffold + hMSC group than in the group treated with hMSCs alone.

Conclusions
The results of this study show that transplanting hMSCs with scaffolds enhances the effect of hMSCs on axonal plasticity in TBI rats. This enhanced axonal plasticity may partially be attributed to the downregulation of neurocan expression by hMSC treatment after injury.
Extraforaminal compression of the L-5 nerve root at the lumbosacral junction: clinical analysis, decompression technique, and outcome
Authors: Lee Seungcheol , Kang Ji Hoon , Srikantha Umesh , Jang Il-Tae , Oh Sung-Hun 
Published: January 2014

ObjectExtraforaminal compression of the L-5 nerve encompasses multiple pathological entities and may result from disc herniations as well as bony (osteophytes or sacral ala) or ligamentous (sacroiliac ligament and lumbosacral band) compression. Several other factors, such as disc space collapse or coronal wedging, can also contribute to narrowing of the extraforaminal space. The extraforaminal space at L5–S1 has unique anatomical features compared with the upper lumbar levels, which makes surgical access to this region difficult. Minimally invasive techniques offer easier access to the region. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contributing factors for extraforaminal compression of the L-5 nerve and assess clinical outcome following surgical decompression.MethodsFifty-two consecutive patients who underwent a minimally invasive far-lateral approach for extraforaminal compression of the L-5 nerve were retrospectively analyzed for clinical data, outcomes, and imaging features (type of disc prolapse, coronal wedging, degree of disc and facet degeneration, facet tropism, foraminal stenosis, osteophytes, and adjacent-level disease). The authors describe the surgical technique used in this study.ResultsThe mean age of the patient sample was 57 years. Sixteen patients each had an extraforaminal ruptured disc or contained protrusion, and the remaining 20 patients had disc protrusions extending into the foraminal region or the lateral recess. Associated foraminal stenosis was found in 38.5%, and adjacent-level stenosis was noted in 22 cases (42.3%) and spondylolisthesis in 4 (7.7%). Osteophytes were noted in 18 cases. A coronal wedging angle ≥ 3° was found in 46.2%, and the laterality of wedging corresponded to the symptomatic side in 91% of cases. Fifteen patients (28.8%) complained of postoperative dysesthesias, which completely resolved in all cases within 6 months. The incidence of dysesthesias was more common in the ruptured disc group. There were no differences in clinical outcome among the different types of disc prolapses. The mean preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale scores were 7.6 and 3.6, respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were 6.4 and 13.8, respectively. The mean JOA recovery rate was 86.1%. According to the Macnab functional grading system, 96% of the patients had excellent or good grades at follow-up.ConclusionsA minimally invasive far-lateral approach to L5–S1 requires a good understanding of the regional anatomy and can provide good to excellent clinical results in properly selected cases. This approach is effective in decompressing the far-lateral and foraminal zones. Adequate preoperative diagnosis and tailoring the surgical procedure to address the relevant compressive element in each case is essential to achieving good clinical results.
Les ouvriers-paysans en Europe et dans le monde
Authors: Barberis Corrado 
Published: January 2014

The Peasant-Workers in Europe and the World.
With the help of historical examples and contemporary statistics, this article examines the professional situation and the sociological "state of mind" of the peasant-worker, considering whether or not he represents the integration of traditional agriculture and modern industry or simply the juxtaposition of two activities. One of the first difficulties encountered in this study in the ambiguity of the expression "part-time"; examples are given to show the diversity of criteria (economic importance, time allotted, actual work accomplished) used to distinguish "full-time" and "part-time" activities in different European countries and the United States. After delineating the statistical problems raised by the analysis of the kinds of employment chosen by part-time farmers (e.g. agricultural, industrial, commercial), the author treats part-time work at the family (as opposed to individual) level, explaining how different members may pursue alternate activities that contribute to the economic development of the group as a whole. The consequences of part-time employment on the structure and conception on the agricultural family are mentioned. Examples of the relationship of part-time agriculture to industrial expansion in various countries lead the author to conclude that the essential difference is not between part-time and full-time but between dilettante farming and professional farming. He predicts the advent of "pleasure-farming"; with the development of synthetic foods, agriculture will no longer be a livelihood for the socially if not economically poor, but a pastime, a luxury enjoyed by the rich.
Un exemple de planification rurale : les campagnes de Géorgie soviétique
Authors: Coyaud L. M. 
Published: January 2014

An Example of Rural Planning: The Soviet Georgian Countryside.
After mentioning the difficulties encountered in undertaking this study (language problems, lack of maps, aerial views and statistics), the author gives a general description of the Georgian countryside, considering population distribution, houses (construction materials, evolution of styles, organization of living areas) and villages and administrative centers (architecture, public facilities). Certain agricultural activities, because of the nature of the work they require and the profits they bring, are more "urbanizing" than others; examples of areas where mandarins, tea, and grape vines are cultivated show how lucrative crops and their related industries have improved living standards, making the Georgian countryside one of the most advanced rural regions in the Western World. Besides taking advantage of local resources, government projects to prevent country depopulation also increase and diversify rural employment (industry, tourism). There are, however, peasants who seek urban employment and sooner or later, after commuting to work daily, settle in town. These emigrant workers and also the peasants who take their produce to city markets are instrumental in opening the countryside to urban influences. In conclusion, the author discusses types of urban expansion and their effects on rural organization. He describes the plan for the extension of the regional capital Tbilissi: the creation of satellite towns that will permit the maximum penetration of urban "antennas" into the country, allowing the rural inhabitants to take part in their development without transforming or destroying their working and living conditions.
Les morts et les vivants. Le cimetière de Minot en Châtillonnais
Authors: Zonabend Françoise 
Published: January 2014

The Dead and the Living. The Cemetery of Minot in Châtillonnais.
The history of the Minot cemetery as well as the study of the ceremonies and rituals associated with it — the way the corpses are placed in the sepulcher, the choice of burial sites, the upkeep of tombs — illustrate the close ties existing between living and dead. The cemetery's location within the village space, the arrangement of the sepulchers, the choice of funeral monuments, such elements show how the geography of the dead resembles the morphology of the social space of the living.
L'insertion dans le milieu rural languedocien des agriculteurs rapatriés d'Afrique du Nord
Authors: Carrière Pierre 
Published: January 2014

How Farmers Repatriated from North Africa Settled in Languedoc-Roussillon.
After a brief history of the arrival of North African repatriots in France and an explanation of the sources and methods used for this study, the conditions are examined, especially the financial ones, that permitted 906 repatriated farmers to settle in Languedoc-Roussillon. Statistics are given on the location and size of the farms abandoned in North Africa and on the origin, age, family and education of the immigrants. Their agricultural activities in France are next treated, considering the location of the farm (coastal plain, inland plain and hills, plateau and mountain, valley) and the techniques used in viticulture, arboriculture, stock-raising, etc. Eager to modernize their farms in hopes of thus reducing their debts, the repatriots prove more receptive to agricultural innovations than do the native farmers.
Le processus de colonisation dans la province de Córdoba Argentine
Authors: Asinari Amanda 
Published: January 2014

The Colonization Process in Cordoba Province (Argentina).
After providing some background information on Cordoba Province — main crops, farming material, transportation, market systems — , the author distinguishes three phases of colonization : before 1895, 1895-1903 and 1903-1915. Each period is then analyzed, considering such factors as types of colonization (official, private, spontaneous), development of agro-pastoral economy, land tenure and real-estate speculation, living and working conditions of immigrant peasants, colonization laws, etc. The conclusion is that the colonization process was mainly beneficial to the groups and companies who organized the immigration and monopolized the land, rather than to the immigrants themselves who remained economically disadvantaged and socially isolated.
La jachère en Ecosse au XVIIe siècle : phase ultime de l'expansion d'une technique
Authors: Sigaut François 
Published: January 2014

Summer- Fallow in 18th-Century Scotland: the Ultimate Phase in the Development of a Technique.
A brief history of the origins of summer-fallow in Europe is followed by the analysis and comparison of terms used in various languages to designate this practice. Excerpts from an article published in the Farmer's Magazine in 1800 illustrate the technical problems posed by the introduction of summer-fallow in Scotland and relate the circumstances and results of one of the first experiences, citing the opinions of contemporary critics. Scottish farming prior to this innovation is described so that the reader can better comprehend the effects of summer-fallow and of wheat cultivation (with which it is associated) on the agricultural system. Although praised by agronomists and advocated by land owners, this practice was not always enthusiastically accepted by farmers, and it had barely reached the height of its development before beginning to disappear, challenged by other techniques associated with other crops. In conclusion, the author offers several examples of the introduction of summer-fallow in other countries (England, Finland, Denmark) and comments on the misunderstandings that hindered its acceptance in France.
Le village et les migrants. Mutation professionnelle des jeunes agriculteurs et perception de l'espace rural
Authors: Chevalier Jacques 
Published: January 2014

Villages and Migrants: How Rural Youths Perceive their Native Environment when away from Home.
This article shows how migrants of rural communes relate to their former environment, how they feel, judge, live that surrounding. Instead of considering the visible topographical features that can be observed by the geographer, the author decides to concentrate on the intangible ties that bind a person to his home, attempting to define an individual or collective sense of belonging and to discover what attitudes and behaviour it may imply. Data for this study were taken from informal group talks with rural youths arriving for a period of professional training in regional centers. One hundred and one compositions written by these students on the subject "My Commune" where also analyzed, and excerpts from them are often cited to make the reader more aware of the ideas and feelings of rural inhabitants. One can experience one's environment on many different levels ; four of these, considered to be the most essential, are treated in detail — physical, social, economic, and cultural. The motives prompting youths to enroll for professional training are discussed, as are the ways in which leaving home modified their perception of their native environment.
Les limites d'une reconstruction rurale en pays pauvre à la fin du Moyen Age : le cas du Limousin
Authors: Tricard Jean 
Published: January 2014

The Limits of Rural Reconstruction in a Poor Area at the End of the Middle Ages: The Case of Limousin.
Through the study of the archives of the Limoges Cathedral Chapter, it is now possible to appraise the difficulties specific to the revival of rural economy in a poor area ruined by the Hundred Years'War, such as Limousin. Following the passivity resulting from the first destructions (third fourth of the 14th Century) a policy of assistance, essentially based on the selective lowering of rents, was put into practice to help the tenants (end of the 14th Century /beginning of the 15th Century). But, during the first half of the 15th Century, the limited results obtained by this policy and the new outbreak of disturbances brought about a new change of course: once peace was restored, establishing manorial rights became a more acute preoccupation than renovating land properties (second half of the 15th Century); thus, compared to more promoted regions, the rural evolution of Limousin was irreparably delayed — so far as physical, economic and human levels are concerned.
Un idéal coopératif à l'épreuve du capital. Le cas d'une entreprise de déshydratation de l'Ouest
Authors: Reboul Claude 
Published: January 2014

The Ideal of a Co-operative System Confronted with Capitalism. The Case of a Dehydrating Plant in Western France.
Within a group of small and medium-sized farmers who already share labour and machines, the creation of a forage dehydrating plant causes more dissension than concord.
The cost of dehydrating is such that farmers tend to use forage as a complementary food rather than a basic one. Thus in their rotation cycle they tend to favour lucern (alfalfa) which contains the highest percentage of proteinic substances, neglecting to supply the plant regularly with grass and hence affecting its efficiency. The plant workers, who carry out harvesting as well, react by stretching the cutting period as much as possible, which is harmful to the quality of the forage and the structure of the soils.
Besides, the small-holders, once useful for the creation of the capital, turn out to be a handicap for the commercial efficiency of the plant because of their small and scattered fields. Moreover, the yields of their milch-cows are generally too low to justify the dehydrating of forage.
Hence a double contradiction develops: on the one hand, between the farmers and the plant; on the other hand, between the small and medium-sized farms. This opposition brings to light the fact that the family holdings of this area are badly adapted to the heavy investments required for undertakings such as a dehydrating plant.
This results in an evolution of the politics of recruitment, which tend to be based exclusively on principles of commercial efficiency at any cost, according to the logic of capital, and thus disregard the ideal of cooperation out of which the project of a dehydrating plant grew.
Ouvriers d'usine et développement rural
Authors: Rondeau Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2014

Industry Workers and Rural Development.
For over a hundred years rural society in the north-eastern part of the Vendée has been through the psychological and social disturbances inherent in industrialization. During the 19th century mores and customs already differentiated the farmer from the weavers and the paper-makers. Nowadays workers from a traditional working-class background and those from an agricultural milieu are still characterized by a dual mentality in their perception of each other based on cultural and professional differences. However, the traditional division between workers and farmers is not automatically reconducted within the working-class struggles. As a matter of fact, workers under forty appear to have an original vision of strikes and the working-class crisis, and hold their own views on trade-unionism. Their conceptions, values and attitudes do not belong to the culture of the traditional rural workers, but they are also different from the agricultural world. Thus a working-class pattern is progressively emerging which will deeply affect the evolution of this rural milieu.
Système hydraulique et société dans une oasis tunisienne
Authors: Bédoucha-Albergoni Geneviève 
Published: January 2014

Society and Hydraulic System in a Tunisian Oasis.
This article is devoted to the study of the social and political organization of four villages whose separate communal territories form one continuous palm oasis. A single spring irrigates the oasis. The water supply is divided in halves, each half being shared by two villages belonging to the same çoff. Aspects of the hydraulic system as such are here considered to be indicative of a type of social organization. Insofar as there is no higher authority to control the use of water, the ways in which it is allotted directly reveal the nature of the social equilibrium and the relationships between the groups. A permanent bi-partition of the water flow has replaced the former system of rotation in time, and the author here considers the effects of this mutation on the oasis society. Within each community, the modalities (the diversity of which is emphasized) of measure, distribution and appropriation of the water supply may be considered as socially pertinent features. Thus the analysis of one village's water allotment system reveals the progressive decline of the lineage order. The article concludes with an analysis of power : the control of water is both its expression and its stake.
Les réformes sociales et structurales de l'agriculture dans le Finistère. L'activité du Fasasa de 1962 à 1973
Authors: Naylor E. L. 
Published: January 2014

Agricultural Social and Structural Reforms in Finistère. The FASASA Achievements from 1962 to 1973.
A growing awareness of social and structural problems in French agriculture resulted in the introduction of new reforms under the laws of 1960 and 1962. The farm retirement scheme has been particularly important and its impact on farm amalgamations and the age structure of farmers is illustrated in the case of the Finistère department. In spite of demonstrable improvements resulting from the policy a number of problems have arisen. There are basic conflicts between the social and economic objectives of the scheme and between the public and private costs and benefits arising from farm enlargement. Some areas of older farmers have proved resistant to adoption of the retirement pension creating even wider disparities in farm structure and age distribution. There is need for a better integration of agricultural policy within the framework of regional development planning and for a wider appreciation of the spatial implications of agricultural intervention.
Les agriculteurs migrants. Le cas du Cher
Authors: Rey Violette 
Published: January 2014

Migrant Farmers. The Case of the Cher Department.

The present migration of farmers, however marginal in the context of the general economic evolution, appears highly indicative both of the general mobility which is a feature of our socio-economic system and of the demand in land.
The farming structures of the Cher department favour those who have migrated because of land shortage or breaking of lease. The migrants, arriving in three successive waves, settled on mediocre lands; but they have considerably speeded up the evolution of grain farming and the redesigning of land plots, without always succeeding as well as they had hoped. The capacity to improve the soil and the success of the whole venture depend on a satisfactory financial solution to the tenure problem (long term rents, or possibility of buying without running into too heavy a debt). The migrants, who come mostly from near-by Beauce and from expropriated urban zones, contribute to the integration of this southern fringe of the Bassin Parisien into the zone of intensive cultivation in the North-West European country lands.
La greffe et les métamorphoses du jardin andalou au Moyen Age XIe-XIIe siècles
Authors: Bolens Lucie 
Published: January 2014

Graft and the Metamorphoses of Gardens in Andalusia (11th-12th Centuries).

Grafting such as it appears in Hispano-Arabie treatises dating from the Middle Ages, presents the double caracter of having modified the Mediterranean garden much before the Renaissance and of having played a fundamental role in the history of botanical classification — a role that has remained till now totally unrecognized, that of a link between the Ancients and the Renaissance.
Renaissance authors such as Matthiolo, Cesalpino, O. de Serres, have said nothing concerning these matters that cannot be found already in the work of the Moroccan writer al-Gassani (16th century). And even in the 12th century, the essential can be traced in the description of plants given by the "Anonymous Botanist of Seville". Now the importance given to grafting by Hispano-Arab agronomists, their efforts to establish affinities between plants, show that if grafting, in the Andalusian Middle Ages, became the preliminary step to a new botanical classification, it was through these profuse, and at times even aberrant, empirical experiences; and if needs be, further proof is seen in the fact that Matthiolo quotes the Arabs.