bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does continental crust transform during eclogite facies metamorphism?
Authors: Young D. J. , Kylander‐Clark A. R. C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEclogites within exhumed continental collision zones indicate regional burial to depths of at least 60 km, and often more than 100 km in the coesite‐stable, ultra‐high pressure (UHP) eclogite facies. Garnet, omphacitic pyroxene, high‐Si mica, kyanite ± coesite should grow at the expense of low‐P minerals in most felsic compositions, if equilibrium obtained at these conditions. The quartzofeldspathic rocks that comprise the bulk of eclogite facies terranes, however, contain mainly amphibolite facies, plagioclase‐bearing assemblages. To what extent these lower‐P minerals persisted metastably during (U)HP metamorphism, or whether they grew afterwards, reflects closely upon crustal parameters such as density, strength and seismic character. The Nordfjord area in western Norway offers a detailed view into a large crustal section that was subducted into the eclogite facies. The degree of transformation in typical pelite, paragneiss, granitic and granodioritic gneiss was assessed by modelling the equilibrium assemblage, comparing it with existing parageneses in these rocks and using U/Th–Pb zircon geochronology from laser ablation ICPMS to establish the history of mineral growth. U–Pb dates define a period of zircon recrystallization and new growth accompanying burial and metamorphism lasting from 430 to 400 Ma. Eclogite facies mafic rock (~2 vol.% of crust) is the most transformed composition and records the ambient peak conditions. Rare garnet‐bearing pelitic rocks (<10 vol.% of crust) preserve a mostly prograde mineral evolution to near‐peak conditions; REE concentrations in zircon indicate that garnet was present after 425 Ma and feldspar broke down after 410 Ma. Felsic gneiss – by far the most abundant rock type – is dominated by quartz + biotite + feldspar, but minor zoisite/epidote, phengitic white mica, garnet and rutile point to a prograde HP overprint. Relict textures indicate that much of the microstructural framework of plagioclase, K‐feldspar, and perhaps biotite, persisted through at least 25 Ma of burial, and ultimately UHP metamorphism. The signature reaction of the eclogite facies in felsic rocks – jadeite/omphacite growth from plagioclase – cannot be deduced from the presence of pyroxene or its breakdown products. We conclude that prograde dehydration in orthogneiss leads to fluid absent conditions, impeding equilibration beyond ~high‐P amphibolite facies.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of corticospinal tract using one‐photon confocal microscopy acquisition allows detection of axonal disruption in spinal cord injury
Authors: Quintá Héctor R. , Pasquini Laura A. , Pasquini Juana M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe principal motor tract involved in mammalian locomotor activities is known as the corticospinal tract (CST), which starts in the brain motor cortex (upper motor neuron), extends its axons across the brain to brainstem and finally reaches different regions of spinal cord, contacting the lower motor neurons. Visualization of the CST is essential to carry out studies in different kinds of pathologies such as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. At present, most studies of axon structure and/or integrity that involve histological tissue sectioning present the problem of finding the region where the CST is predominant. To solve this problem, one could use a novel technique to make the tissues transparent and observe them directly without histological sectioning. However, the disadvantage of this procedure is the need of costly and non‐conventional equipment, such as two‐photon fluorescence microscopy or ultramicroscopy to perform the image acquisition. Here, we show that labeling the CST with FluoroRuby in the motor cortex and then performing the clearing technique, the z‐acquisition of the entire CST in unsectioned tissue followed by three‐dimensional reconstruction can be carried out by standard one‐photon confocal microscopy, with yields similar to those obtained by two‐photon microscopy. In addition, we present an example of the application of this method in a spinal cord injury model, where the disruption of CST is shown at the lesion site.
image
We proposed this method to detect and visualize the complete corticospinal tract (CST). This process allows us to generate a three‐dimensional reconstruction using one‐photon confocal microscopy to perform the y‐acquisition in an unsectioned cleared tissue and thereby detecting axonal disruption in spinal cord injury. CST, corticospinal tract.
Gastrointestinal characterisation and drug solubility determination in animals
Authors: Merchant Hamid A , Afonso-Pereira Francisco , Rabbie Sarit C , Youssef Sandy A , Basit Abdul W 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
To characterise the gastrointestinal (GI) environment in rat, rabbit and pig for the purpose of determining their utility as animal models for drug delivery in humans.

Methods
GI fluid samples were characterised for osmolality, surface tension, pH and buffer capacity. The solubility of two model drugs, mesalazine (ionisable) and prednisolone (unionisable), were also measured and the results were correlated to the physicochemical fluid data.

Key findings
The solubility of the ionisable drug mesalazine was positively correlated to the GI pH in all three species and was significantly influenced by the pH difference. In contrast, the solubility of the unionisable compound prednisolone was not correlated significantly to the changes in pH, buffer capacity, osmolality or surface tension. In general, the solubility of prednisolone was constant irrespective of the location of the sample in the gut from rabbit and pig; however, an unusual trend was observed for the solubility of prednisolone in rats.

Conclusions
The results suggest that solubility of ionisable drugs or pH-responsive formulations is significantly influenced by the differences in pH along the GI tract and inter-species differences. It was also found that the data on the GI solubility of prednisolone (a neutral compound) in rats might overestimate its true value in humans.
Cytotoxic effects on tumour cell lines of fatty acids from the marine sponge S
copalina ruetzleri
Authors: Biegelmeyer Renata , Schröder Rafael , Rambo Douglas F , Dresch Roger R , Stout E Paige , Carraro João L F , Mothes Beatriz , Moreira José C F , Molinski Tadeusz F , da Frota Junior Mário L C , Henriques Amélia T 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Marine sponges are among the most promising sources of chemically diversified fatty acids (FAs). In addition, several studies have shown the effect of polyunsaturated FAs on cancer therapy. This research carried out a biological and chemical evaluation of the sponge Scopalina ruetzleri collected on the South Brazilian coastline.

Methods
Bioassay-guided fractionation of S. ruetzleri was performed in human glioma (U87) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines, and the in-vitro effects on free radicals were evaluated.

Key findings
The ethyl acetate fraction of S. ruetzleri showed promising cytotoxic effects in cancer cell lines, with IC50 &lt; 20 μg/ml. Fingerprint 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis showed that this fraction is mainly constituted of FAs. Through FA methyl ester analysis, it was possible to identify 32 FAs. In addition, some minor unusual FAs for the marine biosphere were identified. The results of conjugated dienes method showed that FAs fraction, at concentrations above 50 μg/ml, has a pro-oxidant effect, indicating that lipid peroxidation may be partially responsible for the mechanism of cytotoxicity on cancer cells.

Conclusion
This work also contributes to studies that focus on the application of FAs on cancer therapy as a new adjuvant to radio or chemotherapy, or as a chemotherapeutic agent.
The present and future disease burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections with today's treatment paradigm – volume 2
Authors: Hatzakis A. , Chulanov V. , Gadano A. C. , Bergin C. , Ben‐Ari Z. , Mossong J. , Schréter I. , Baatarkhuu O. , Acharya S. , Aho I. , Anand A. C. , Andersson M. I. , Arendt V. , Arkkila P. , Barclay K. , Bessone F. , Blach S. , Blokhina N. , Brunton C. R. , Choudhuri G. , Cisneros L. , Croes E. A. , Dahgwahdorj Y. A. , Dalgard O. , Daruich J. R. , Dashdorj N. R. , Davaadorj D. , de Knegt R. J. , de Vree M. , Estes C. , Flisiak R. , Gane E. , Gower E. , Halota W. , Henderson C. , Hoffmann P. , Hornell J. , Houlihan D. , Hrusovsky S. , Jarčuška P. , Kershenobich D. , Kostrzewska K. , Kristian P. , Leshno M. , Lurie Y. , Mahomed A. , Mamonova N. , Mendez‐Sanchez N. , Norris S. , Nurmukhametova E. , Nymadawa P. , Oltman M. , Oyunbileg J. , Oyunsuren Ts. , Papatheodoridis G. , Pimenov N. , Prabdial‐Sing N. , Prins M. , Radke S. , Rakhmanova A. , Razavi‐Shearer K. , Reesink H. W. , Ridruejo E. , Safadi R. , Sagalova O. , Sanchez Avila J. F. , Sanduijav R. , Saraswat V. , Seguin‐Devaux C. , Shah S. R. , Shestakova I. , Shevaldin A. , Shibolet O. , Silva M. O. , Sokolov S. , Sonderup M. , Souliotis K. , Spearman C. W. , Staub T. , Stedman C. , Strebkova E. A. , Struck D. , Sypsa V. , Tomasiewicz K. , Undram L. , van der Meer A. J. , van Santen D. , Veldhuijzen I. , Villamil F. G. , Willemse S. , Zuckerman E. , Zuure F. R. , Puri P. , Razavi H. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMorbidity and mortality attributable to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are increasing in many countries as the infected population ages. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viremic population, as well as estimate the number of new infections and HCV related deaths from 2013 to 2030. Expert consensus was used to determine current treatment levels and outcomes in each country. In most countries, viremic prevalence has already peaked. In every country studied, prevalence begins to decline before 2030, when current treatment levels were held constant. In contrast, cases of advanced liver disease and liver related deaths will continue to increase through 2030 in most countries. The current treatment paradigm is inadequate if large reductions in HCV related morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.
Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disease burden – volume 2
Authors: Gane E. , Kershenobich D. , Seguin‐Devaux C. , Kristian P. , Aho I. , Dalgard O. , Shestakova I. , Nymadawa P. , Blach S. , Acharya S. , Anand A. C. , Andersson M. I. , Arendt V. , Arkkila P. , Baatarkhuu O. , Barclay K. , Ben‐Ari Z. , Bergin C. , Bessone F. , Blokhina N. , Brunton C. R. , Choudhuri G. , Chulanov V. , Cisneros L. , Croes E. A. , Dahgwahdorj Y. A. , Daruich J. R. , Dashdorj N. R. , Davaadorj D. , de Knegt R. J. , de Vree M. , Gadano A. C. , Gower E. , Halota W. , Hatzakis A. , Henderson C. , Hoffmann P. , Hornell J. , Houlihan D. , Hrusovsky S. , Jarčuška P. , Kostrzewska K. , Leshno M. , Lurie Y. , Mahomed A. , Mamonova N. , Mendez‐Sanchez N. , Mossong J. , Norris S. , Nurmukhametova E. , Oltman M. , Oyunbileg J. , Oyunsuren Ts. , Papatheodoridis G. , Pimenov N. , Prins M. , Puri P. , Radke S. , Rakhmanova A. , Razavi H. , Razavi‐Shearer K. , Reesink H. W. , Ridruejo E. , Safadi R. , Sagalova O. , Sanchez Avila J. F. , Sanduijav R. , Saraswat V. , Schréter I. , Shah S. R. , Shevaldin A. , Shibolet O. , Silva M. O. , Sokolov S. , Sonderup M. , Souliotis K. , Spearman C. W. , Staub T. , Stedman C. , Strebkova E. A. , Struck D. , Sypsa V. , Tomasiewicz K. , Undram L. , van der Meer A. J. , van Santen D. , Veldhuijzen I. , Villamil F. G. , Willemse S. , Zuckerman E. , Zuure F. R. , Prabdial‐Sing N. , Flisiak R. , Estes C. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic was forecasted through 2030 for 15 countries, and the relative impact of two scenarios was considered: (i) increased treatment efficacy while holding the treated population constant and (ii) increased treatment efficacy and increased annual treated population. Increasing levels of diagnosis and treatment, in combination with improved treatment efficacy, were critical for achieving substantial reductions in disease burden. In most countries, the annual treated population had to increase several fold to achieve the largest reductions in HCV‐related morbidity and mortality. This suggests that increased capacity for screening and treatment will be critical in many countries. Birth cohort screening is a helpful tool for maximizing resources. In most of the studied countries, the majority of patients were born between 1945 and 1985.
Highly siderophile element (HSE) abundances in the mantle of Mars are due to core formation at high pressure and temperature
Authors: Righter K. , Danielson L. R. , Pando K. M. , Williams J. , Humayun M. , Hervig R. L. , Sharp T. G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHighly siderophile elements (HSEs) can be used to understand accretion and core formation in differentiated bodies, due to their strong affinity for FeNi metal and sulfides. Coupling experimental studies of metal–silicate partitioning with analyses of HSE contents of Martian meteorites can thus offer important constraints on the early history of Mars. Here, we report new metal–silicate partitioning data for the PGEs and Au and Re across a wide range of pressure and temperature space, with three series designed to complement existing experimental data sets for HSE. The first series examines temperature effects for D(HSE) in two metallic liquid compositions—C‐bearing and C‐free. The second series examines temperature effects for D(Re) in FeO‐bearing silicate melts and FeNi‐rich alloys. The third series presents the first systematic study of high pressure and temperature effects for D(Au). We then combine our data with previously published partitioning data to derive predictive expressions for metal–silicate partitioning of the HSE, which are subsequently used to calculate HSE concentrations of the Martian mantle during continuous accretion of Mars. Our results show that at midmantle depths in an early magma ocean (equivalent to approximately 14 GPa, 2100 °C), the HSE contents of the silicate fraction are similar to those observed in the Martian meteorite suite. This is in concert with previous studies on moderately siderophile elements. We then consider model calculations that examine the role of melting, fractional crystallization, and sulfide saturation/undersaturation in establishing the range of HSE contents in Martian meteorites derived from melting of the postcore formation mantle. The core formation modeling indicates that the HSE contents can be established by metal–silicate equilibrium early in the history of Mars, thus obviating the need for a late veneer for HSE, and by extension volatile siderophile elements, or volatiles in general.
A Comparison of Sequential and Information‐based Methods for Determining the Co‐integration Rank in Heteroskedastic VAR Models
Authors: Cavaliere Giuseppe , Angelis Luca De , Rahbek Anders , Robert Taylor A. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the behaviour of a number of methods for estimating the co‐integration rank in VAR systems characterized by heteroskedastic innovation processes. In particular, we compare the efficacy of the most widely used information criteria, such as Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) , with the commonly used sequential approach of Johansen [Likelihood‐based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models(1996)] based around the use of either asymptotic or wild bootstrap‐based likelihood ratio type tests. Complementing recent work done for the latter in Cavaliere, Rahbek and Taylor [Econometric Reviews(2014) forthcoming], we establish the asymptotic properties of the procedures based on information criteria in the presence of heteroskedasticity (conditional or unconditional) of a quite general and unknown form. The relative finite‐sample properties of the different methods are investigated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation study. For the simulation DGPs considered in the analysis, we find that the BIC‐based procedure and the bootstrap sequential test procedure deliver the best overall performance in terms of their frequency of selecting the correct co‐integration rank across different values of the co‐integration rank, sample size, stationary dynamics and models of heteroskedasticity. Of these, the wild bootstrap procedure is perhaps the more reliable overall as it avoids a significant tendency seen in the BIC‐based method to over‐estimate the co‐integration rank in relatively small sample sizes.
On the Practice of Lagging Variables to Avoid Simultaneity
Authors: Reed William Robert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA common practice in applied economics research consists of replacing a suspected simultaneously determined explanatory variable with its lagged value. This note demonstrates that this practice does not enable one to avoid simultaneity bias. The associated estimates are still inconsistent, and hypothesis testing is invalid. An alternative is to use lagged values of the endogenous variable in instrumental variable estimation. However, this is only an effective estimation strategy if the lagged values do not themselves belong in the respective estimating equation, and if they are sufficiently correlated with the simultaneously determined explanatory variable.
Interphotoreceptor Retinoid‐Binding Protein Protects Retinoids from Photodegradation
Authors: Gonzalez‐Fernandez Federico , Betts‐Obregon Brandi , Yust Brian , Mimun Joshua , Sung Dongjin , Sardar Dhiraj , Tsin Andrew T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRetinol degrades rapidly in light into a variety of photoproducts. It is remarkable that visual cycle retinoids can evade photodegradation as they are exchanged between the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and Müller glia. Within the interphotoreceptor matrix, all‐trans retinol, 11‐cis retinol and retinal are bound by interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP). Apart from its role in retinoid trafficking and targeting, could IRBP have a photoprotective function? HPLC was used to evaluate the ability of IRBP to protect all‐trans and 11‐cis retinols from photodegradation when exposed to incandescent light (0 to 8842 μW cm−2); time periods of 0–60 min, and bIRBP: retinol molar ratios of 1:1 to 1:5. bIRBP afforded a significant prevention of both all‐trans and 11‐cis retinol to rapid photodegradation. The effect was significant over the entire light intensity range tested, and extended to the bIRBP: retinol ratio 1:5. In view of the continual exposure of the retina to light, and the high oxidative stress in the outer retina, our results suggest IRBP may have an important protective role in the visual cycle by reducing photodegradation of all‐trans and 11‐cis retinols. This role of IRBP is particularly relevant in the high flux conditions of the cone visual cycle.
A Story of Post‐Fordist Exploitation: Financialization and Small‐Scale Maize Farmers in Turkey
Authors: Borlu Yetkin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAfter the implementation of economic restructuring policies in Turkish agriculture, farming communities experienced significant changes in the patterns of agricultural production over the last decade. The dramatic shift from labor‐intensive field crops to maize farming represents such a change, particularly for small‐scale farmers, since high‐yield maize farming is driven by private agrifood corporate demand. In this article, I explore how this shift influences the relations of production in agriculture through a commodity‐system analysis of the maize sector in Turkey. Through the qualitative analysis of the semistructured in‐depth interviews and secondary data, I find that small‐scale farmers are able to participate in maize farming, even as their dependence on production credits to participate in industrial maize farming crucially reduces their bargaining power with private industry. I argue that the traditional Marxist approach, accumulation by dispossession, is not sufficient to explain the participation of small‐scale farmers. Instead, I propose a new concept, entrepreneurial exploitation, to describe the participation of small‐scale investors in the post‐Fordist regime. Thereby, I point to the important role of expansion of credit markets as a consequence of financialization.
The Flavone Eupatilin Inhibits Eotaxin Expression in an NF‐κB‐Dependent and STAT6‐Independent Manner
Authors: Jeon J. I. , Ko S. H. , Kim Y.‐J. , Choi S. M. , Kang K. K. , Kim H. , Yoon H. J. , Kim J. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe CC chemokine eotaxin contributes to epithelium‐induced inflammation in airway diseases such as asthma. Eupatilin (5,7‐dihydroxy‐3′,4′,6′‐trimethoxyflavone), a bioactive component of Artemisia asiatica Nakai (Asteraceae), is reported to inhibit the adhesion of eosinophils to bronchial epithelial cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of eupatilin‐induced attenuation of bronchial epithelium‐induced inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of eupatilin on expression of eotaxin‐1 (CCL11), a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils. Eupatilin significantly inhibited eotaxin expression in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with TNF‐α, while NF‐κB and IκBα kinase (IKK) activities declined concurrently. Eupatilin also inhibited mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity; however, all of these anti‐inflammatory activities were reversed by MAPK overexpression. In contrast, eupatilin did not affect the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signalling in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with IL‐4. Furthermore, eupatilin significantly attenuated TNF‐α‐induced eosinophil migration. These results suggest that the eupatilin inhibits the signalling of MAPK, IKK, NF‐κB and eotaxin‐1 in bronchial epithelial cells, leading to inhibition of eosinophil migration.
Contribution of IL‐12A and IL‐12B Polymorphisms to Chlamydia trachomatis‐Specific Cell‐Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: Öhman H. , Natividad A. , Bailey R. , Ragoussis J. , Johnson L.‐L. , Tiitinen A. , Halttunen M. , Paavonen J. , Surcel H.‐M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInherited variance in the IL‐12B gene is associated with susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis‐induced tubal factor infertility and disease severity. In this study, our aim was to discover how polymorphisms in IL‐12‐coding genes influence C. trachomatis‐induced immune responses and IL‐12 production. The study population consisted of 240 women. IL‐12A and IL‐12B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined from isolated DNA using the Sequenom system with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. We studied lymphocyte proliferative (LP) responses to C. trachomatis strains E and F elementary bodies (EBs) and recombinant chlamydial heat‐shock protein 60 (CHSP60) antigen. IL‐12p40 and IL‐12p70 levels were measured using the BD Flex Set method. We found a statistically significant association between the C. trachomatis EB antigen‐specific LP response and the rs2853694 SNP (P = 0.02). Our study demonstrates that the IL‐12 cytokine family is involved in C. trachomatis‐specific immune responses. Moreover, C. trachomatis‐induced IL‐12 production and the IL‐12B rs2853694 SNP partially explain individual variation in the C. trachomatis LP response.