bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Conformational Constraints in the Polyamine Moiety of Philanthotoxins on AMPAR Inhibition
Authors: Franzyk Henrik , Grzeskowiak John W. , Tikhonov Denis B. , Jaroszewski Jerzy W. , Mellor Ian R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPhilanthotoxin‐433 (PhTX‐433) is a known potent inhibitor of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and analogues have been synthesised to identify more potent and selective antagonists. Herein we report the synthesis of four PhTXs with a cyclopropane moiety introduced into their polyamine chain, and their inhibition of an α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtype by using two‐electrode voltage‐clamp assays on Xenopus oocytes expressing the GluA1flop subunit. All analogues were found to be more potent than PhTX‐343, with trans‐cyclopropyl‐PhTX‐343 being the most potent (∼28‐fold) and cis‐cyclopropyl‐PhTX‐343 least potent (∼4‐fold). Both cis‐ and trans‐cyclopropyl‐PhTX‐444 had intermediate potency (both ∼12‐fold). Molecular modelling indicates that a cyclopropane moiety confers a favourable steric constraint to the polyamine part, but this is compromised by a cis conformation due to enhanced intramolecular folding. Elongated PhTX‐444 analogues alleviate this to some extent, but optimal positioning of the amines is not permitted.
Cobalt‐Phosphate‐Assisted Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation by Arrays of Molybdenum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods
Authors: Lin Yan‐Gu , Hsu Yu‐Kuei , Chen Ying‐Chu , Lee Bing‐Wei , Hwang Jih‐Shang , Chen Li‐Chyong , Chen Kuei‐Hsien 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe report the first demonstration of cobalt phosphate (Co‐Pi)‐assisted molybdenum‐doped zinc oxide nanorods (Zn1−xMoxO NRs) as visible‐light‐sensitive photofunctional electrodes to fundamentally improve the performance of ZnO NRs for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. A maximum photoconversion efficiency as high as 1.05 % was achieved, at a photocurrent density of 1.4 mA cm−2. More importantly, in addition to achieve the maximum incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value of 86 %, it could be noted that the IPCE of Zn1−xMoxO photoanodes under monochromatic illumination (450 nm) is up to 12 %. Our PEC performances are comparable to those of many oxide‐based photoanodes in recent reports. The improvement in photoactivity of PEC water splitting may be attributed to the enhanced visible‐light absorption, increased charge‐carrier densities, and improved interfacial charge‐transfer kinetics due to the combined effect of molybdenum incorporation and Co‐Pi modification, contributing to photocatalysis. The new design of constructing highly photoactive Co‐Pi‐assisted Zn1−xMoxO photoanodes enriches knowledge on doping and advances the development of high‐efficiency photoelectrodes in the solar‐hydrogen field.
Efficient Conversion of Polyamides to ω‐Hydroxyalkanoic Acids: A New Method for Chemical Recycling of Waste Plastics
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Ikeda Kosuke , Suzuki Shuzo , Kato Kazunari , Akinari Yugo , Sugimoto Tsunemi , Kashiwagi Kohichi , Kaiso Kouji , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Makoto 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient transformation of polyamides to ω‐hydroxy alkanoic acids was achieved. Treatment of nylon‐12 with supercritical MeOH in the presence of glycolic acid gave methyl ω‐hydroxydodecanoate in 85 % yield and the alcohol/alkene selectivity in the product was enhanced to up to 9.5:1. The use of 18O‐enriched acetic acid for the reaction successfully introduced an 18O atom at the alcoholic OH group in the product. This strategy may provide a new and economical solution for the chemical recycling of waste plastics.
Phenothiazinedioxide‐Conjugated Sensitizers and a Dual‐TEMPO/Iodide Redox Mediator for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Lin Ryan Yeh‐Yung , Chu Te‐Chun , Chen Ping‐Wei , Ni Jen‐Shyang , Shih Pei‐Chieh , Chen Yung‐Chung , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Lin Jiann T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMetal‐free dyes containing a phenothiazinedioxide entity in the spacer were synthesized. The best conversion efficiency (7.47 %) of the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by using new sensitizers with chenodeoxycholic acid as a co‐adsorbent and the I−/I3− electrolyte reached over 90 % of that of the standard N719‐based cell (8.10 %). A new type of ionic liquid containing the nitroxide radical (NO.) and iodide was successfully synthesized and applied to the DSSCs. If the I−/I3− electrolyte was replaced with a dual redox electrolyte, that is, a TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl) derivative with a dangling imidazolium iodide entity, the cell exhibited a high open‐circuit voltage of 0.85 V and a cell efficiency of 8.36 %.
The Mechanisms of Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions in Nonaqueous Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Cao Ruiguo , Walter Eric D. , Xu Wu , Nasybulin Eduard N. , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Bowden Mark E. , Engelhard Mark H. , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in nonaqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries is essential for the further development of these batteries. In this work, we systematically investigate the mechanisms of the ORR/OER reactions in nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, using 5,5‐dimethyl‐pyrroline N‐oxide as a spin trap. The study provides direct verification of the formation of the superoxide radical anion (O2.−) as an intermediate in the ORR during the discharge process, while no O2.− was detected in the OER during the charge process. These findings provide insight into, and an understanding of, the fundamental reaction mechanisms involving oxygen and guide the further development of this field.
Electrochemical Performance of Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Stacks: From Repeat Unit to Module
Authors: Guan Wanbing , Wang Wei Guo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe electrochemical performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) manufactured stack module (MSM) subjected to thermal cycling sintering is generally lower than that of a unit cell tested directly. By characterizing a 10‐cell stack assembled from a 5‐cell testing stack and a 5‐cell manufactured short stack module, the main factors that affect the electrochemical performance were determined to be the contact uniformity and depth between the interconnect and cell cathode covering the total surface. The cathode contact is improved by designing the external pressure on the stack during the manufacturing process; thus, the output power of a 30‐cell MSM from a typical type of anode made from yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), Ni–YSZ/YSZ/LSM, for which the cell reached approximately 750 W power at the working temperature of 800 °C. Futhermore, the 30‐cell MSM shows no degradation during the experiment. The electrochemical performance (herein referring to output power density and operating stability) approaches that of the corresponding unit cell being tested directly.
Metal‐Free Cycloaddition of Internal Alkynes and Multifunctional Azides Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Sandmann Benedict , Happ Bobby , Vitz Jürgen , Paulus Renzo M. , Hager Martin D. , Burtscher Peter , Moszner Norbert , Schubert U. S. 
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of three different electron‐deficient internal alkynes for the metal‐free 1,3‐dipolar azide–alkyne cycloaddition is shown. The alkynes are polymerized with several multifunctional azides and the reaction enthalpy (ΔH) is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mechanical properties of the resulting polymers are analyzed using nanoindentation. The polymerization results in hard materials with an E‐modulus of maximum 2.5 GPa, which make them interesting in particular for biomedical applications.
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Scalable Antifouling Reverse Osmosis Membranes Utilizing Perfluorophenyl Azide Photochemistry
Authors: McVerry Brian T. , Wong Mavis C. Y. , Marsh Kristofer L. , Temple James A. T. , Marambio‐Jones Catalina , Hoek Eric M. V. , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: July 2014

We present a method to produce anti‐fouling reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that maintains the process and scalability of current RO membrane manufacturing. Utilizing perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA) photochemistry, commercial reverse osmosis membranes were dipped into an aqueous solution containing PFPA‐terminated poly(ethyleneglycol) species and then exposed to ultraviolet light under ambient conditions, a process that can easily be adapted to a roll‐to‐roll process. Successful covalent modification of commercial reverse osmosis membranes was confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. By employing X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was determined that PFPAs undergo UV‐generated nitrene addition and bind to the membrane through an aziridine linkage. After modification with the PFPA‐PEG derivatives, the reverse osmosis membranes exhibit high fouling‐resistance.
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Chapter 4: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO)
Authors: Nambiar Arjun , Lucas Malcolm 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the position of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment pathway for overactive bladder (OAB) and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction associated with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), and the recommendations of the major international guideline groups. Recommendations of different guideline groups may vary, especially when evidence is weak, often because of differences in methodology and panel composition.Relevant guidelines from the European Association of Urology, American Urological Association, and the UK National Institute for Care and Clinical Excellence were reviewed, and the recommendations that form the basis of the treatment algorithms have been discussed. Any differences between guidelines have been highlighted and special emphasis made on the position of botulinum toxin type A in these pathways.In all the reviewed guidelines, botulinum toxin type A is recommended, alongside sacral nerve neuromodulation, to treat OAB and NDO in patients who have failed oral therapy. The evidence base is consistent, but further evidence is required regarding optimal dosing regimens and injection technique. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:S21–S25, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving Hand Functional Use in Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis Using a Musical Keyboard: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gatti Roberto , Tettamanti Andrea , Lambiase Simone , Rossi Paolo , Comola Mauro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and PurposePlaying an instrument implies neuroplasticity in different cerebral regions. This phenomenon has been described in subjects with stroke, suggesting that it could play a role in hand rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of playing a musical keyboard in improving hand function in subjects with multiple sclerosis.MethodsNineteen hospitalized subjects were randomized in two groups: nine played a turned‐on musical keyboard by sequences of fingers movements (audio feedback present) and 10 performed the same exercises on a turned‐off musical keyboard (audio feedback absent). Training duration was half an hour per day for 15 days. Primary outcome was the perceived hand functional use measured by ABILHAND Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were hand dexterity, measured by Nine‐Hole Peg Test, and hand strength, measured by Jamar and Pinch dynamometers. Two‐way analysis of variance was used for data analysis.ResultsThe interaction time × group was significant (p = 0.003) for ABILHAND Questionnaire in favour of experimental group (mean between‐group difference 0.99 logit [IC95%: 0.44; 1.54]). The two groups showed a significant time effect for all outcomes except for Jamar measure.DiscussionPlaying a musical keyboard seems a valid method to train the functional use of hands in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate correlation analysis and geometric linear similarity for real‐time intrusion detection systems
Authors: Derhab Abdelouahid , Bouras Abdelghani 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system (IDS) based on four approaches: (i) statistical‐based IDS to reduce detection time; (ii) intertwining data acquisition phase and data preprocessing phase to ensure real‐time detection; (iii) geometric linear similarity measure that improves detection accuracy compared with existing measures; and (iv) multivariate correlation analysis that extracts a subset of strongly correlated features to construct a normal behavioral graph. Based on this graph, we derive the normal profile composed of high‐level features. We use NSL‐KDD dataset to analyze and evaluate the efficiency of the proposed IDS at detecting denial‐of‐service (DOS) attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed IDS can achieve good results in terms of detection rate and false positive rate. For some DOS attacks, 100% detection rate is achieved with 1.55% false positive. We also use KDD99 dataset to compare the proposed IDS with two statistical‐based methods and some data mining and machine learning‐based methods. Comparison study shows that the proposed IDS achieves the best tradeoff between detection rate (99.76%) and false positive rate (0.6%). It also requires just a few microseconds to classify the connection as normal or attack with low CPU usage and low memory consumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DBER and STEM education reform: Are we up to the challenge?
Authors: Talanquer Vicente 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe extent and quality of Discipline‐Based Education Research (DBER) at the post‐secondary level have grown substantially in recent years. Associated research findings are central to current reform efforts to transform science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education in colleges and universities across the United States. The increased visibility of DBER efforts creates opportunities and challenges that should be carefully analyzed. In this contribution, I reflect on critical issues that need to be considered and addressed in advancing the fields of DBER, using the articles included in this Special Issue of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching to ground the discussion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 809–819, 2014
The role of microRNA in resistance to breast cancer therapy
Authors: Robertson Neil M. , Yigit Mehmet V. 
Published: July 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules with big implications in cancer. The abnormal expression of specific miRNAs has been linked to development of many cancer types. Dysregulated miRNAs play a significant role in proliferation, invasion, differentiation, apoptosis, and resistance of various cancer cells, and considered as oncogenes or tumor‐suppressor genes. Findings have shown abnormal expression of specific miRNAs in breast tumors is a strong indication about the resistance to conventional cancer therapy methods. Acquired cancer resistance is a complex, multifactorial occurrence that requires various mechanisms and processes, however, recent studies have suggested that resistance may be linked to treatment‐induced dysregulation of miRNAs. This dysregulation of miRNAs can affect the protein expression in cells, the ability for anti‐cancer drugs to reach their targets within cells, and the apoptotic pathways. Controlling the expression of these miRNAs alters the resistant phenotype of breast cancer to a nonresistant one. This review focuses on the role of dysregulated miRNAs in breast cancer that are linked to resistance against chemo‐, radiation, hormone, and targeted therapies. Finally, the role of miRNAs in breast cancer metastasis is briefly discussed. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:823–833. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1248This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
A systematic review of bone mineral density and fractures in phenylketonuria
Authors: Hansen Karen E. , Ney Denise 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionOur objective was to systematically review and analyze published data on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rates in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), and relationships between BMD and phenylalanine levels.MethodologyWe searched PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases from January 1966 to November 2013 for studies of spine BMD or fracture in PKU and control subjects. We excluded studies assessing skeletal health by ultrasound or peripheral quantitative computer tomography. Both authors reviewed abstracts for inclusion, and read full text papers to extract data.ResultsSixteen studies met eligibility criteria. Meta‐analysis of three studies found that spine BMD was 0.100 g/cm2 lower (95% CI, ‐0.110, ‐0.090 g/cm2) in 67 subjects with PKU, compared to 161 controls. Among six studies, 20% (53 of 263) of PKU subjects experienced clinical fractures. In the single study with controls, the fracture rate was 2.6 fold higher (95% CI, 1.1‐6.1) after age 8 in PKU subjects, compared to healthy sibling controls. When considering a total of 12 studies in 412 subjects, nine or 75% of studies representing 71% of studied subjects reported no association between phenylalanine levels and BMD.SummarySpine BMD is lower in PKU than control subjects, but only one study controlled for smaller body size. Existing studies suggest a clinical fracture rate of 20% among PKU subjects, but fracture rates in controls are lacking. Finally, existing data shows no consistent relationship between phenylalanine levels and BMD. Future studies are needed to clarify the etiology and health consequences of low BMD in PKU.
Verbesserter Schutz vor blutübertragbaren Erregern – Umsetzung der europäischen Nadelstichrichtlinie in deutsches Recht abgeschlossen
Authors: Wittmann Andreas 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Nadelstichverletzungen gehören zu den häufigsten Unfällen im Gesundheitswesen. Mit der europäischen Nadelstichrichtline 32/2010/EU wurden alle Mitgliedsstaaten der EU zur Konkretisierung und Verschärfung ihrer bestehenden Schutzvorschriften aufgefordert. Mit der Verabschiedung der Neufassung der TRBA 250 im März 2014, die die Ausführungen der bereits im Jahr 2013 geänderten Biostoffverordnung konkretisiert ist die Implementierung der europäischen Vorgaben auch in Deutschland abgeschlossen. Dadurch wird die Verwendung geeigneter Sicherheitsgeräte zur Vermeidung von Stich- und Schnittverletzungen für nahezu alle Arbeitsbereiche verbindlich, der Schutz der Mitarbeiter dadurch entscheidend verbessert.
Some practical treatment methods of dealing with pain disabilities in rural Ghana
Authors: Ayim-Aboagye Desmond , Gordh T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background and aims
The investigation was conducted among six practitioners and twenty-two patients in rural Ghana, where both practitioners and patients, were asked to unveil effective methods of treating pain and pain disabilities.

Methods
The investigation utilised strictly observational methods in acquiring data from two communities. Both patients and practitioners were later interviewed in a manner that elicited certain information needed to provide accurate understanding concerning these treatments methods they give to patients. These participant observations yielded important data, which enlightened us on appropriate techniques that serve the need and expectations of rural dwellers in their management and coping with pain disabilities.

Results
Careful treatment methods include the use of various herbal medicinal plants in order to supplement the official drugs administered by doctors. Those methods consist of incisions, oral, nasal drops, anal insertions, bandaging with use of strong pepper and ginger, and rubbing of medicines in a lotion form on the pain affected skin or areas. Treatments serve as “first aid” where pain disabilities are treated to many troubled patients with anxiety, confusion, and shock. Doctors in highly equipped hospitals are aware of these pain treatments in the less populated regions, but they are at variance as to whether patients receive maximum help.

Conclusion
In regard to pain treatments, earlier treatments received from centres where non-scientific practitioners operate, do not reveal harm done to patients; they do provide support and serve as “First aid” upon which biomedical practitioners perform their own specialist treatments.
Ionic mechanisms of post spike excitability changes during high-frequency firing rates
Authors: Fransén Erik A. , Ahlström Peter J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Aims
Axonal hyperexcitability in peripheral nerves has been observed in patients with neuropathic pain [1]. The use-dependent propagation of double pulses, recovery cycles, was found to be different in patients relative to healthy controls.

Methods
We study the mechanisms underlying the recovery cycle phenomenon using a biophysical model of a C-fiber [2]. The model represents the spatial extent of the axon including its passive properties as well as ion channels of Hodgkin-Huxley type. In vitro voltage clamp recordings from dissociated small DRG somata from rat were performed to assess model predictions.

Results
The model was able to replicate the transitions in excitability from subnormal to supernormal observed experimentally. For the model, supernormality depended on the degree of conduction slowing which in turn depends upon the frequency of stimulation, in accordance with experimental findings. In particular, we show that activity dependent conduction slowing is produced by the accumulation of intraaxonal sodium. We further show that the supernormal phase results from a reduced potassium current Kdr as a result of accumulation of periaxonal potassium in concert with a reduced influx of sodium through Nav1.7 relative to Nav1.8 current. This theoretical prediction of a relative shift in the sodium currents was supported by data from an in vitro preparation of small rat DRG somata showing a relative reduction in the magnitude of TTX-sensitive to TTX-resistant whole cell currents.

Conclusions
By providing mechanistic explanations of axonal excitability in terms of changes in ion channel activity, we suggest these channel changes can subsequently be used to discuss mechanisms of neuropathic pain.