bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of dative agreement in Berber: beyond nominal hierarchies
Authors: Souag Lameen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDiachronically, agreement commonly emerges from clitic doubling, which in turn derives from topic shift constructions (Givón 1976) – a grammaticalisation pathway termed the Agreement Cycle. For accusatives, at the intermediate stages of this development, doubling constitutes a form of Differential Object Marking, and passes towards agreement as the conditions for its use are relaxed to cover larger sections of the Definiteness and Animacy Scales. Berber, a subfamily of Afroasiatic spoken in North Africa, shows widespread dative doubling with substantial variation across languages in the conditioning factors, which in one case has developed into inflectional dative agreement. Examination of a corpus covering eighteen Berber varieties suggests that low Definiteness/Animacy datives are less likely to be doubled. However, since most datives are both definite and animate, these factors account for very little of the observed variation. Much more can be accounted for by an unexpected factor: the choice of verb. “Say” consistently shows much higher frequencies of doubling, usually nearly 100 per cent. This observation can be explained on the hypothesis that doubling derives from afterthoughts, not from topic dislocation.
Emotional Intelligence and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Megreya Ahmed M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA large body of research links criminality to cognitive intelligence and personality traits. This study examined the link between emotional intelligence (EI) and criminal behavior. One hundred Egyptian adult male offenders who have been sentenced for theft, drug dealing or murder and 100 nonoffenders were administered the Bar‐On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ‐i). The offenders had lower levels of EI than the nonoffenders. In addition, EI varied as a function of the types of offenses. Namely, it decreased in magnitude with crime severity (lowest for murder, higher for drug dealing, and highest for theft). These results converged with the direct/ indirect aggression theory suggesting that indirect aggression requires more social intelligence than physical aggression. Forensic intervention programs should therefore include EI training, especially when violence is involved.
Microscopic Saw Mark Analysis: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Love Jennifer C. , Derrick Sharon M. , Wiersema Jason M. , Peters Charles 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMicroscopic saw mark analysis is a well published and generally accepted qualitative analytical method. However, little research has focused on identifying and mitigating potential sources of error associated with the method. The presented study proposes the use of classification trees and random forest classifiers as an optimal, statistically sound approach to mitigate the potential for error of variability and outcome error in microscopic saw mark analysis. The statistical model was applied to 58 experimental saw marks created with four types of saws. The saw marks were made in fresh human femurs obtained through anatomical gift and were analyzed using a Keyence digital microscope. The statistical approach weighed the variables based on discriminatory value and produced decision trees with an associated outcome error rate of 8.62–17.82%.
A Sensitive and Selective Fluorimetric Method of Quick Determination of Sialic Acids in Egg Products by Lectin‐CdTe Quantum Dots as Nanoprobe
Authors: Wang Qi , Wang Beibei , Ma Meihu , Cai Zhaoxia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSialic acids (SA) are widely found as components of oligosaccharide units in mucins, glycoproteins and other microbial polymers in nature food. The aim of this study is to create a new fluorimetric detection method applied for determinating SA in egg products by using a sensitive lectin‐CdTe quantum dots (QDs) nanoprobe. Water‐soluble and high luminescent CdTe QDs were conjugated with sambucus nigra bark lectin (SNA) as probe for SA detection. As a result of specific interaction between SA and SNA‐CdTe QDs, the conjugations finally lead to the change of a fluorescent signal. Under optimal conditions, fluorescence intensity increase linearly with the increase of the concentration of SA ranging from 12 to 680 ng/mL. The low detection limit is 0.67 ng/mL. This quick and selective analysis method for SA detection has been used in synthetic samples and egg products with recovery between 97.92% and 110.42%, which demonstrates the application of this assay is feasible and practical.
Synopsis on the Linkage of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease with Chronic Diseases
Authors: Jabir Nasimudeen R. , Firoz Chelapram K. , Baeesa Saleh S. , Ashraf Ghulam Md , Akhtar Suhail , Kamal Warda , Kamal Mohammad A. , Tabrez Shams 
Published: November 2014

SummaryNeurodegeneration is the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, which ultimately leads to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Even after the recent significant advances in neurobiology, the above‐mentioned disorders continue to haunt the global population. Several studies have suggested the role of specific environmental and genetic risk factors associated with these disorders. However, the exact mechanism associated with the progression of these disorders still needs to be elucidated. In the recent years, sophisticated research has revealed interesting association of prominent neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Several common molecular mechanisms such as generation of free radicals, oxidative DNA damage, aberrations in mitochondrial DNA, and dysregulation of apoptosis have been highlighted as possible points of connection. The present review summarizes the possible mechanism of coexistence of AD and PD with other chronic diseases.
A Kinect‐Based System for 3D Reconstruction of Sewer Manholes
Authors: Bellés Cristóbal , Pla* Filiberto 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA system for automatic 3D modeling of sewer manholes using two Microsoft Kinect sensors is presented. The hardware design is based on a hand‐held scanner that includes two Kinect sensors, a mini‐PC and LED‐based illumination bars. The scanning and reconstruction software has been implemented using open‐source software toolkits. The information from the two Kinect sensors is merged into a single 3D model. Reconstruction is performed by adapting an existing RGB‐D SLAM‐based algorithm by filtering out nonconsistent correspondences and an alternative graph‐based optimization, which results in reconstruction errors of the order of 1 cm. The final result obtained is a complete system with a hand‐held scanner and management software which is highly competitive with respect to present commercial systems, using much cheaper technology and open‐source toolkits with low reconstruction errors.
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 28, 30 and 118 on Bovine Spermatozoa In Vitro
Authors: Yurdakok B , Tekin K , Daskin A , Filazi A 
Published: November 2014

ContentsDecline of semen quality due to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals is of concern globally. Among endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are associated with reduced semen quality in various epidemiological studies. In this study, we evaluated the direct effects of selected PCBs (28, 30 and 118) on fresh spermatozoa of Simmetial bulls aged 2–4 years were evaluated in vitro by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) (SCA; Microptics) analysis. IC50 values were found as 8.45, 5.45 and 9.55 ng/ml for PCB 28, 30 and 118, respectively. Total motility, progressive motility and viability decreased dependent on dose and duration of exposure (0, 2, 4 h). Total motility at IC50 doses decreased the most in PCB 28 (72.24%) followed by 30 (60.75%) and 118 (64.77%) at 2nd hour following exposure. Motility results were found to be in accordance with the vitality and morphology data where total abnormalities (especially reacted acrosome rate) were found to have increased.
Selective carotid body ablation in experimental heart failure: a new therapeutic tool to improve cardiorespiratory control
Authors: Del Rio Rodrigo , Andrade David C. , Marcus Noah J. , Schultz Harold D. 
Published: November 2014

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
This review summarizes the physiological role played by the carotid body in the autonomic dysregulation and breathing disturbances during the progression of chronic heart failure and the therapeutic potential of carotid body ablation to control cardiorespiratory imbalance and improve survival in heart failure.

What advances does it highlight?
Carotid body ablation markedly improves breathing stability and normalizes autonomic function in chronic heart failure. More importantly, if carotid body ablation is performed early during the progression of the disease it significantly improves animal survival.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading medical problem worldwide. Common hallmarks of CHF include autonomic imbalance and breathing disorders, both of which are closely related to the progression of the disease and strongly predict mortality in CHF patients. The role played by the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors in the progression of CHF has received attention because enhanced carotid chemoreflex drive is thought to contribute to autonomic dysfunction, abnormal breathing patterns and increased mortality in CHF. Therefore, therapeutic tools intended to normalize CB‐mediated chemoreflex drive could have the potential to improve quality of life and decrease mortality of CHF patients. In experimental CHF, an enhancement of the CB chemoreflex drive, elevated sympathetic outflow, increased resting breathing variability, increased incidence of apnoea and desensitization of the baroreflex have been shown. Notably, selective elimination of the CB reduced central presympathetic neuronal activation, normalized sympathetic outflow and baroreflex sensitivity and stabilized breathing function in CHF. More remarkably, CB ablation has been shown to be a valuable therapeutic tool that significantly reduced aberrant cardiac remodelling, improved left ventriclular ejection fraction and reduced cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Most importantly, animals with CHF that underwent CB ablation showed a marked improvement in survival rate. Interestingly, a case report from a heart failure patient in whom unilateral CB ablation was performed showed promising results, with significant improvement in autonomic balance and breathing variability. Together, the CHF data from experimental animals as well as humans unveil a major role for the CB chemoreceptors in the progression of heart failure and support the notion that CB ablation could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiorespiratory dysfunction and improve survival during heart failure.
Leptin differentially increases sympathetic nerve activity and its baroreflex regulation in female rats: role of oestrogen
Authors: Shi Zhigang , Brooks Virginia L. 
Published: November 2014

Key points
Leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in males, which contributes to obesity‐induced hypertension; however, whether leptin is equally effective in females is unknown.
We report that leptin does increase SNA and heart rate in female rats; however, for lumbar and renal SNA, this action is only evident in pro‐oestrus and in oestrogen‐treated ovariectomized rats, but not in ovariectomized or dioestrus rats.
Leptin increases SNA and heart rate similarly in male and pro‐oestrus female rats; however, leptin increases arterial pressure only in males.
Blockade of MC3/4 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with SHU9119 decreases SNA in leptin‐treated pro‐oestrus rats, suggesting that leptin increases SNA in part by increasing α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone drive of PVN presympathetic neurons.
Our data establish sex differences in leptin's effects to increase SNA and arterial pressure, which emphasizes the need for enhanced recognition and investigation of sex differences in obesity‐induced sympathoexcitation and hypertension.
AbstractObesity and hypertension are commonly associated, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system is considered to be a major contributor, at least in part due to the central actions of leptin. However, while leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in males, whether leptin is equally effective in females is unknown. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) leptin increases lumbar (LSNA) and renal (RSNA) SNA and baroreflex control of LSNA and RSNA in α‐chloralose anaesthetized female rats, but only during pro‐oestrus. In contrast, i.c.v. leptin increased basal and baroreflex control of splanchnic SNA (SSNA) and heart rate (HR) in rats in both the pro‐oestrus and dioestrus states. The effects of leptin on basal LSNA, RSNA, SSNA and HR were similar in males and pro‐oestrus females; however, i.c.v. leptin increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) only in males. Leptin did not alter LSNA or HR in ovariectomized rats, but its effects were normalized with 4 days of oestrogen treatment. Bilateral nanoinjection of SHU9119 into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), to block α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) type 3 and 4 receptors, decreased LSNA in leptin‐treated pro‐oestrus but not dioestrus rats. Unlike leptin, i.c.v. insulin infusion increased basal and baroreflex control of LSNA and HR similarly in pro‐oestrus and dioestrus rats; these responses did not differ from those in male rats. We conclude that, in female rats, leptin's stimulatory effects on SNA are differentially enhanced by oestrogen, at least in part via an increase in α‐MSH activity in the PVN. These data further suggest that the actions of leptin and insulin to increase the activity of various sympathetic nerves occur via different neuronal pathways or cellular mechanisms. These results may explain the poor correlation in females of SNA with adiposity, or of MAP with leptin.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis for Asymmetric Power Generation
in a Prismatic Fuel Block of Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Test
Reactor
Authors: Cheng Wen-Chi , Sun Kaichao , Hu Lin-Wen , Chieng Ching-Chang 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) is an advanced reactor concept that uses tristructural isotropic (TRISO) high-temperature fuel and low-pressure liquid salt coolant. A 20-MWth test reactor, as the key step in demonstrating the technical feasibility, is currently under design at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This study focuses on the coupled conduction and convection heat transfer adopting a three-dimensional unit-cell model with one coolant channel and six one-third fuel compacts. The laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows are investigated with the use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software, CD-adapco STARCCM+. The model is validated against theory for developing laminar flow in the benchmark study with excellent agreement. The model is also benchmarked for transitional and turbulent flows by Hausen, Gnielinski, Dittus-Boelter, and Sieder-Tate correlations. Azimuthal distributions of temperature, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient along the coolant-graphite interface were obtained for the asymmetric heat source, graphite materials, and two different types of salt coolant. The results show that the asymmetric power generation has little impact on peak fuel temperature, interface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient for a unit-cell module in laminar flow regime due to effective thermal conduction of the graphite matrix. In the turbulent flow regime, the effect on the azimuthal heat flux and heat transfer coefficient is more pronounced.
Single-Channel Thermal Analysis of Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated Fuel via Two-Temperature Homogenized Model
Authors: Lee Yoonhee , Cho Nam Zin , Chung Sun Kyo 
Published: November 2014

The fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel, one of the accident tolerant fuel (ATF) concepts, consists of TRISO particles randomly dispersed in SiC matrix. This high heterogeneity in compositions leads to difficulty in explicit thermal calculation of such a fuel. For thermal analysis of a fuel element in very high temperature reactors (VHTRs) which has a similar configuration to the FCM fuel, a two-temperature homogenized model was proposed by the authors. The model was developed using particle transport Monte Carlo method for heat conduction problems. It gives more realistic temperature profiles and provides the fuel-kernel and graphite temperatures separately.
In this paper, we apply the two-temperature homogenized model to single-channel thermal analysis of the FCM fuel element for steady- and transient-states using 2-D FEM/1-D FDM hybrid method. The results of analyses are compared to those of conventional UO2 fuel having the same geometric dimension and operating conditions.
Analysis of Thermophysical Properties for Selected Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Jouvin Juan Carlos , Samuel Jeffrey , Pioro Igor 
Published: November 2014

Currently, there are six Generation IV reactor systems under development worldwide: 1) Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR); 2) Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR); 3) SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR), 4) Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR), 5) Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR); and 6) Molten Salt Reactor (MSR). Of these six systems, Canada has decided to pursue the SCWR as its choice for a Generation IV reactor, with some research being conducted on the VHTR. One main objective of SCWRs is to increase the thermal efficiency of current nuclear power plants from the 30–35% range to approximately 45–50%. In order to accomplish this, SCWRs are being designed to operate well above the critical point of water at pressures of 25 MPa and reactor outlet temperatures up to 625°C. These operating conditions also make the SCWR, along with the VHTR and other Generation IV systems, suitable candidates to support thermochemical hydrogen cogeneration.
The design and operation of a facility capable of accurately and safely conducting experiments in supercritical water is a very expensive task. In order to facilitate our understanding of supercritical heat-transfer phenomena, modeling fluids such as carbon dioxide, refrigerants, ammonia and helium can be used to complement our knowledge of supercritical fluids. Some of these fluids, namely helium and carbon dioxide, have also been considered as potential working fluids in some special designs of reactors and power cycles.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using alternative working fluids such as helium and Refrigerant-134a (R-134a) by comparing the fluid and transport properties with those of water. Operating conditions of SCWRs are scaled into those of the modeling fluid, R-134a, in order to provide proper SCWR-equivalent conditions. The equivalent properties for helium, which is one possible coolant for the VHTR, are also discussed. The thermophysical properties for selected working fluids are obtained from NIST REFPROP software. The results indicate that the thermophysical properties of the fluids undergo significant changes within the critical and pseudocritical regions similar to that of supercritical water. A sensitivity analysis for the effect of temperature on selected thermophysical properties at various supercritical pressures was performed.
Experimental Study of the Wall Boundary Layer “Heavy Liquid-Metal Coolant – Constructional Material” as Applied to Fast Reactors
Authors: Makhov Kirill , Beznosov Aleksander V. , Bokova Tatyana , Shumilkov Artem , Chernysh Aleksei , Knyazev Alexander Vladimirovich 
Published: November 2014

The specific feature of heavy liquid-metal coolants (HLMC) is the possibility to form solid-phase impurity particles, which requires a deep study of characteristics of the wall boundary layer enriched with impurity particles. This is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the processes occurring on contact surfaces and triboprocesses to validate the use of materials for developing fast reactors with these coolants. The paper deals with results of experimental studies of structures and characteristics of the wall boundary layer. The use of the thermal shock technique enabled us to experimentally determine the wall boundary structure typical of circuits with heavy liquid-metal coolants (lead or lead-bismuth alloy). It has been experimentally demonstrated that the wall boundary region is a multicomponent structure:
1 – steel;
2 – oxide coating;
3 – layer of loose deposits weakly adhering to oxide coating;
4 – gas phase (due to unwettability of oxide surface by coolant);
5 – impurity-rich diffusion layer of boundary turbulent layer;
6 – boundary turbulent layer;
7 – impurity particles in coolant flow close to wall boundary region, which do not adhere to layers 3 and 5.
It is found that long-term HLMC circulation in channels leads to an increase in the surface roughness of constructional materials due to the deposition of solid-phase impurities, which should be taken into account in tribological studies.
The experimental results have also shown that the microhardness of structures of the wall boundary layer is an order different from the microhardness of both steel and solidified lead ingot (HVsteel = 245, HVwall boundary layer = 60, HVlead = 6), which permits to assume that the wall boundary layer is a rheological fluid.
Also the chemical analysis of deposits on construction material surfaces is presented. The chemical analysis included X-Ray method and elemental analysis.
Predictions of Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drops to Supercritical Pressure HCFC22 Flowing in a Small Tube
Authors: Zhao Chen-Ru , Jiang Pei-Xue , Bo Han-Liang 
Published: November 2014

In this paper, experimental flow and heat transfer data of supercritical pressure HCFC22 flowing in a uniformly heated smooth tube with inner diameter of 1.004 mm at p/pc=1.1 obtained by the authors are analyzed accounting for the influence of the thermophysical properties variation, the buoyancy effect, as well as the flow acceleration effect due to thermal expansion. These analyses indicate that both of the sharp thermophysical properties variation in the fluid adjacent to the wall with low density, low specific heat and low thermal conductivity and the flow acceleration effect due to thermal expansion have significant negative effects on the heat transfer under the present study conditions for HCFC22, while for the friction factor, the thermophysical properties variation is the predominant factor. The buoyancy effect on the flow and heat transfer is negligible.
A new semi-empirical local heat transfer correlation accounting for the thermophysical properties variation and the flow acceleration effect due to thermal expansion for supercritical pressure fluids flowing through a vertical small tube during heating is proposed. The predicted values agree with 95% of the measured data within ±25%. In addition, a flow correlation with thermophysical properties variation correction terms to predict the friction factors for supercritical pressure fluids is proposed which predicts the measured friction factors within ±25%.