bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Are India’s Pentecostals?
Authors: Bauman Chad M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere is much debate in scholarly circles about how to define Pentecostals and differentiate them from other Christian groups. This chapter takes up the question of definition, with special attention to the Indian context and to the history of Pentecostalism in the subcontinent. Defining Pentecostalism and determining the central characteristics of Indian Pentecostalism is important in the context of this book precisely because many of the factors in the disproportionate targeting of Pentecostals are related to their distinctive characteristics. Moreover, for similar reasons, it is important that we attempt to clearly delineate what makes Pentecostals different from other kinds of Indian Christians. As the chapter argues, however, differentiating Indian Pentecostals from other Evangelicals is incredibly difficult, particularly because of the Pentecostalization of all forms of Indian Christianity.
Competition all the way down: How children learn word order cues to sentence meaning
Authors: Rowland Caroline F. , Noble Claire , Chan Angel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMost work on competing cues in language acquisition has focused on what happens when cues compete within a certain construction. There has been far less work on what happens when constructions themselves compete. This chapter aims to explore how the acquisition mechanism copes when constructions compete in a language. It presents three experimental studies, all of which focus on the acquisition of the syntactic function of word order as a marker of the Theme–Recipient relation in ditransitives. It concludes that there is not only competition between cues but competition between constructions from the very beginning of the language acquisition process.
Conflicting vs. convergent vs. interdependent motivations in morphology
Authors: Dressler Wolfgang U. , Libben Gary , Korecky‐Kröll Katharina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes among different types of competing motivations and discusses examples of competing motivations in morphology on its own (notably affix order and markedness vs. frequency) or in its interface either with the lexicon or with discourse (in compounding) or with phonology (in morphonotactics). It also discusses competing motivations in the context of investigations of first language acquisition and experiments on the acquisition and processing of actual vs. potential vs. illegal German plurals. It is concluded by discussing the implications of the nature of competing motivation in these different types of research for the notion of competing motivation in general and for the manner in which the resolution of conflict in language research can lead to the advancement of knowledge in linguistics and psycholinguistics.
Politeness distinctions in personal pronouns: A case study on competing motivations
Authors: Helmbrecht Johannes 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMost European languages display politeness distinctions in personal pronouns similar to the one between the second‐person singular address pronouns tu (2SG) and vous (2SG.HON) in French. The goal of this chapter is to present a functional analysis of the emergence and diffusion of politeness distinctions in personal pronouns in terms of a competing motivations approach. First, the relevant functional motivations for this historical process will be identified in a criteria‐bound way. Second, it will be shown that the social or pragmatic functions—politeness (Brown and Levinson) and prestige—are in conflict with the cognitive/psychological factor of economy. It will be argued that the different degrees of grammatical integration of the polite pronouns into the pronominal paradigm of the respective languages may be explained by this conflict, not in terms of a winning and a losing factor but in terms of a compromise between the factors involved.
International to Domestic Price Transmission in Fourteen Developing Countries during the 2007–8 Food Crisis
Authors: Baltzer Kenneth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes the evidence on price transmission from international maize, rice and wheat markets to domestic markets in fourteen developing countries during the global food crisis in 2007–8. A great variation in the price transmission patterns is observed; from almost no price pass-through in China and India, over close relationship between international and domestic prices in Brazil and South Africa, to substantial domestic price overshooting in Ethiopia and Nigeria. Much of this variation can be explained by price stabilization policies, public policy failure, incomplete market integration, and coinciding domestic shocks.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Kenya
Authors: Makau Nzuma Jonathan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Kenya’s food price crisis over 2002–11 using a political economy approach. Kenya’s food prices have been high and volatile relative to world food prices. Moreover, domestic food markets are highly integrated while about 30 per cent of the changes in world market prices are transmitted to domestic markets in Kenya. The study finds a relatively slow speed of adjustment of domestic food prices in Kenya of between three to five months. In response, the government implemented both supply-side and demand-side policies. However, the implementation of these policies has not been fully institutionalized and relies on the most part on the executive. These findings lend credence to calls to institutionalize the policy-making process in Kenya.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Egypt
Authors: Farouk Ghoneim Ahmed 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The study focuses on the period 2004–9 during which Egypt experienced food crisis. The political economy context on how the government responded to the crisis is analysed while pinpointing to what extent there was a pass-through effect from international to domestic prices. The complexity of food price policy issues and their entanglement with poverty, agricultural, and economic policies in Egypt together with the structural aspects of the food subsidy policies are discussed and evaluated from a political economy perspective. Prospects for reform or lack thereof are also analysed in the context of the 25 January 2011 revolution and new political set-up. Dramatic shifts in food prices and their significant impact on many variables implied that countries have been experiencing a new situation where the interaction of economic and social policies need to be altered to face this new challenge.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Nigeria
Authors: Olomola Aderibigbe S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The food crisis of 2008 in Nigeria was influenced by price changes in the world market and the escalation of the price of imported fuel into Nigeria which led to sharp increases in the prices of agricultural inputs and transportation cost. The soaring prices of food staples benefited the producers whereas there was a worsening of malnutrition among the poor. To cushion the effects within the short-term, the government released grains from the reserve, ordered the import of half a million tonnes of rice to be sold at a subsidized rate and suspended the tariff on rice imports. The short-term price reduction could not be sustained, however, due to food supply shortages, weakness of the Nigerian currency, and the poor implementation of projects.
Food Price Volatility and EU Policies
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Knops Louise , van Herck Kristine 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Changes in global food prices have affected EU producers and consumers and have triggered policy reactions through the EU’s political process. In particular, the EU and member states responded by social policies to protect their consumers, attempts to regulate ‘speculation’ on agricultural commodities, revisions of sustainability requirements for biofuels, international development and food aid, and changes in the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). With the exception of biofuel regulations, policy changes have been relatively limited and the effects on global food markets minor. The reasons are that the impact of global price volatility on EU consumers has been limited and the link between the CAP and the world market is much smaller than it was twenty years ago.
The Politics of What Works for the Poor in Public Expenditure and Taxation
Authors: Mosley Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines which fiscal options work in terms of poverty reduction. It argues that although the poor, acting on their own, are politically weak, there are ways in which they can make themselves essential to the elite This in combination with relevant policies and institutions has enabled poverty, in some countries and regions, to fall dramatically. Nonetheless some have been excluded from this process. The chapter identifies the following areas of policy and institutional development as requiring further exploration and testing: (1) the distributional impact of public expenditure and taxation, with emphasis on the sectors of agriculture and social protection, and on the instruments of input subsidy and ‘progressive’ export taxation; (2) the politics of pro-poor coalitions, with emphasis on reforms of distributive justice as an instrument for achieving this; (3) the politics of escaping from the low-tax trap, with emphasis on the role of aid donors.
Governing Natural Resources for Inclusive Development
Authors: Bebbington Anthony 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses institutional and political relationships that govern the interactions between natural resource extraction, economy and society with a focus on the mining and hydrocarbon sectors. These relationships help define the implications of resource extraction for democracy and the qualities of growth. On that basis it explores the conditions under which these relationships are likely to be reproduced or changed, and the ways in which they might mediate the interactions between extraction and inclusion. The chapter uses a framework that draws from two perspectives: political settlements, contentious politics, and the politics of ideas; and another that engages with the specific relationships of scale, space, and time. The implication is that any effort to understand the governance of extraction and of its relationships to development must be spatially and historically explicit.
China in Africa: Impacts and Prospects for Accountable Development
Authors: Mohan Giles 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
China is the major ‘new’ player in Africa and impacts on development and politics in numerous ways. The chapter sets out an analytical framework which identifies the channels through which China engages with African development and the role the African state plays in mediating these interactions. It applies this framework to three case studies that are emblematic of differing African state types. Analysis shows that China impacts on African development in multiple ways that go well beyond aid. A feature of this engagement is inter-elite brokerage which tends to bypass domestic channels of accountability and so undermines good governance. However, China usually delivers much-needed infrastructure which benefits wider society. Crucially, as civil and political society in Africa has started to contest this elitism, more transparent attempts to negotiate the relationship are visible. The chapter concludes with an outline of emerging trends and proposes themes for future research.
Transitions
Authors: Johnson Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this chapter, Johnson analyses the processes and calculations that led to the British withdrawal from India and Pakistan in 1947–48. This was not simply a case of the British being driven out, but rather a combination of unrest in India and new priorities for the British at home, set against an exceptionally short timeline for transition. The deteriorating security situation illustrated the limitations of force, but also the inadequacy of the new administrations to agree on a political settlement. These left Britain with responsibilities it no longer had the power to discharge. Maintaining a good relationship with the successor governments was prioritized over former efforts to transfer power gradually. The war had transformed India dramatically, but transition, including the break-up of the security forces, took place amid shocking communal violence.
Transitioning in and out of COIN
Authors: Worrall James 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores Britain’s role in Oman, specifically from the start of its deepening involvement in the COIN campaign in the southern province of Dhofar in 1970 until the withdrawal of most of its military assets in 1976. There were a number of key transitions, both during this period and beyond, which this chapter identifies. This is accompanied by an examination of how decisions were made to pursue these transitions in the context of their in-depth understanding of conditions on the ground, as well as the wider interests and constraints operating on Britain at that time. The chapter also attempts to place the critical counter-insurgency period, 1970–1976, into a wider context of state-building, development programmes, and legitimacy building in order to show how transitions are best conducted through a relationship which has a much longer-term perspective than that associated with the usual narratives of exit, retreat, and withdrawal.
Political analysis and understanding in Afghanistan
Authors: King Anthony 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
For the last decade, the ISAF campaign has been prosecuted on the basis of a political conception of the Afghanistan initially articulated in the Bonn Accords and London Compact. The aim has been to connect a centralized, accountable, and democratic state with a unified population whose consent it has earned through the provision of security, governance, and development. Examining General McChrystal’s plan for the surge in 2009, Operation OMID, this chapter argues that the failure to recognize the patrimonialism of the Afghan political system has substantially undermined ISAF’s efforts. It proposes an alternative political strategy for transition.
Local and tactical political accommodation
Authors: Giustozzi Antonio 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The chapter describes local deal-making between the Taliban insurgents and various branches of the Afghan government, including the army, police, security services, civilian officials, but also pro-government militias. Deal-making has been quite widespread since at least 2006, when the Taliban emerged as a major force. In some areas of government, such as education, deal-making has been particularly widespread. The chapter discusses the implications of this deal-making and concludes that it could favour either side, depending on the wider context. Once channels of communication are open, they can be exploited for different purposes. If the current stalemate between government and insurgents were to be broken, these channels of communication could favour a rapid collapse of the weaker side.
The changing role of contractors in security transition in Southern Afghanistan
Authors: Dunsby James 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDunsby argues that contractors have become more significant in Western military operations, but their role is not well understood. Having defined contractors and their role, Dunsby examines their contribution to the stabilization of southern Afghanistan, but notes that private contractors have been strangely absent from planning in transition. He acknowledges some of the problems with local contractors, difficult relationships with governments, and the business imperative for all companies, but argues that they have been useful in training local security forces, protection, and logistics. They may develop their coordination systems for reconstruction but re-tasking during withdrawal presents contractors with very similar problems as state organizations.
The other side of COIN
Authors: Clutterbuck Lindsay 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews how the development of UK policing has been influenced by domestic and foreign counter-insurgencies and the need to interact with the military to counter them. It commenced in Ireland in the nineteenth century and then occurred extensively overseas. Police counter-insurgency techniques were used and developed in Palestine from 1921, then in Malaya and elsewhere after the Second World War and, by the 1970s, in Northern Ireland. The role of police in gathering human intelligence from within communities was central to COIN successes. However, in both Iraq and Afghanistan, building capacity in partner nation police forces was dominated by the military, thus minimizing the role of the UK police and producing negative consequences for both short-term COIN HUMINT requirements and the longer-term objective of creating an effective and sustainable local police force.
Introduction
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAfter a general introduction to the volume, this short chapter outlines some basic facts about Old English c. ad 900. The system of surface-contrastive sounds is described in detail, with discussion of controversial points and of indeterminacies in the orthography of the manuscripts. The system of morphosyntactic categories is described briefly in terms useful for an assessment of the linguistic typology of Old English. The attested dialects of the language and the documentation of the dialects are briefly outlined.
A grammatical sketch of Proto-West Germanic
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter is a brief description of the phonology and morphology of Proto-West Germanic, as well as of several dialect divisions that already existed in that prehistoric speech community; it is meant to highlight the differences between Proto-Germanic (described in vol. i) and Proto-West Germanic as a result of the large number of distinctive West Germanic changes, and it also serves as a point of departure for the chapters that follow. The phonology of the language (which still resembled that of PGmc) is briefly described; the inflectional morphology is described in much greater detail, with sample paradigms. There is also a section on the PWGmc lexicon, listing lexemes and meanings unique to PWgmc, discussing productive innovations in word derivation, and considering in detail the Latin loanwords that can be ascribed to the period when the West Germanic dialects were still mutually intelligible dialects of a single language.
The separate prehistory of Old English: sound changes
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis very long chapter discusses and exemplifies in detail the important regular sound changes that occurred in the separate prehistory of Old English (down to about the year 900) and the phonological phenomena to which those sound changes gave rise. The relative chronology of those changes that can be shown to have interacted with each other is discussed fully. The more important changes are addressed in chronological order. The first few sections deal with those changes that can be shown to have preceded i-umlaut; a long section on i-umlaut follows, then substantial sections on syncope, apocope, and the changes that interacted with them. The last few sections deal with changes whose course can be traced in the earliest Old English documents, and with changes that affected only a few words.
The separate prehistory of Old English: morphological changes
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter sketches the changes in inflectional morphology that occurred in the separate prehistory of Old English (down to about the year 900). These are far fewer, and less drastic in their overall effects, than the phonological changes, since many of the most important morphological changes had occurred in Proto-West Germanic or while its northern dialects were still diversifying. However, some of the Old English morphological changes require extensive discussion, especially the development of the third class of weak verbs, case syncretism and the syntactic merger of cases, and the substantial reduction in the inflectional classes of nouns.
Domains within words and their meanings
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena , Samioti Yota 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to investigate the conditions under which idiosyncratic meaning arises in word formation. It discusses the issue of (non-)compositionality of meaning on the basis of a case study, namely Greek ‘-menos’ participles and ‘-tos’ verbal adjectives denoting characteristic state, negation, and ability/possibility, and it uses these to test the Arad/Marantz hypothesis. These suffixes provide extensive evidence for attachment below vs. above higher heads. The chapter proposes that the domain for special meaning in single word idioms is larger than the first phase head.
Advanced statistical techniques: spatial patterns, life tables, modelling, and population viability analysis
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter moves forward from Chapter 7 (planning, choosing, and using statistics) and introduces some more advanced statistical methods that are of particular importance to plant population ecologists. The general goal of these methods is to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant populations. The basis for ecological modelling is described and advanced methods are described in four sections: first- and second-order spatial pattern analysis (including tessellation models); life table response experiments (LTREs), survivorship curves, and matrix models; cellular automata models, individual-based dynamic population models (e.g., SORTIE), and integral projection models (IPMs); and population viability analysis (PVA). Methods of spatial analysis are illustrated through use of a completely mapped plant dataset. Matrix models are illustrated through reanalysis of a published example. Recommended R packages for each method are provided.
Religion of a Different Color
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Protestant white majority in the nineteenth century was convinced that Mormonism represented a racial—not merely religious—departure from the mainstream, and they spent considerable effort attempting to substantiate their claims. At least some of that effort came through persistent attacks on the collective Mormon body: outsiders suggested that Mormons were physically different and racially more similar to marginalized groups than to white people. One Senate report argued that someone on the outside could distinguish a Mormon “at a glance,” especially because of the degenerate nature of their bodies. Medical doctors went so far as to suggest that Mormon polygamy had spawned a “new race” that represented a backward evolutionary descent into barbarism and savagery. Mormons responded with aspirations toward whiteness. It was a back-and-forth struggle between what outsiders imagined and what Mormons believed. Mormons ultimately emerged triumphant but not unscathed. At least a portion of the cost of their struggle came at the expense of their own black converts. Mormon leaders moved away from universalistic ideals toward segregated priesthood and temples—a story told here in gripping detail and based upon newly uncovered sources. So successful were Mormons at claiming whiteness for themselves, that by the time Mitt Romney sought the White House in 2012, he was labeled the whitest white man to run for office in recent memory. Mormons once again found themselves on the wrong side of white.