bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2D reflection seismic investigations at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, northern Finland
Authors: Koivisto Emilia , Malehmir Alireza , Heikkinen Pekka , Heinonen Suvi , Kukkonen Ilmo 
Published: September 2012

In 2007, a 2D reflection seismic survey was conducted at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE (platinum group elements) deposit in northern Finland. The aims of the survey were to delineate the overall extent of the ore-bearing Kevitsa ultramafic intrusive complex, to study the seismic response of the disseminated ore deposit, to potentially find indications for new ore deposits, and to extract structural information at depth that may be associated with mineralization. In the processing sequence, specific focus was given to finding optimal CDP-line geometries for the crooked-line survey profiles and, due to highly variable bedrock velocities, to detailed velocity analysis. Our conventional processing sequence, involving prestack DMO corrections followed by poststack migration, resulted in high-quality images of the subsurface. First, the data were used to establish the shape and extent of the Kevitsa intrusion, thus providing an overall framework for future exploration in the area. In particular, the data suggest deeper, up to about 1.5 km depth, continuation of the intrusion than previously thought. Furthermore, the images reveal variable reflectivity characteristics within the intrusion from nonreflective to internally reflective. The Kevitsa deposit is located within a part of the intrusion which is associated with distinct, gently dipping reflectivity fabric down to a depth of about 1 km, spatially constrained within a restricted zone internal to the intrusion. This zone can be used as a guideline for the near-mine exploration efforts, and the reflectivity is dominantly associated with magmatic layering controlling the extent of the bulk of economic mineralization. The seismic data also reveal a complex pattern of faults, in particular a series of major fault and shear zones bracketing and crosscutting the Kevitsa intrusion as a whole. Additionally, our interpretation of the data indicates a possible shared origin of the Kevitsa intrusion and the nearby Satovaara intrusion.
Ethnic variations in pathways into early intervention services for psychosis
Authors: Ghali Sharif , Fisher Helen L. , Joyce John , Major Barnaby , Hobbs Lorna , Soni Sujata , Chisholm Brock , Rahaman Nikola , Papada Peggy , Lawrence Jo , Bloy Sally , Marlowe Karl , Aitchison Katherine J. , Power Paddy , Johnson Sonia 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundEthnic variations have previously been identified in the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and pathways into psychiatric services. These have not been examined in the context of early intervention services, which may alter these trajectories.AimsTo explore ethnic differences in the nature and duration of pathways into early intervention services.MethodIn a naturalistic cohort study, data were collected for 1024 individuals with psychotic disorders accepted for case management by eight London early intervention services.ResultsDuration of untreated psychosis was prolonged in the White British group compared with most other ethnic groups. White British individuals were more likely to make contact with their general practitioner and less likely to be seen within emergency medical services. All Black patient groups were more likely than their White British counterparts to experience involvement of criminal justice agencies.ConclusionsVariations continue to exist in how and when individuals from different ethnic groups access early intervention services. These may account for disparities in DUP.
TNF receptors regulate vascular homeostasis in zebrafish through a caspase-8, caspase-2 and P53 apoptotic program that bypasses caspase-3
Authors: Espín Raquel , Roca Francisco J. , Candel Sergio , Sepulcre María P. , González-Rosa Juan M. , Alcaraz-Pérez Francisca , Meseguer José , Cayuela María L. , Mercader Nadia , Mulero Victoriano 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAlthough it is known that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling plays a crucial role in vascular integrity and homeostasis, the contribution of each receptor to these processes and the signaling pathway involved are still largely unknown. Here, we show that targeted gene knockdown of TNFRSF1B in zebrafish embryos results in the induction of a caspase-8, caspase-2 and P53-dependent apoptotic program in endothelial cells that bypasses caspase-3. Furthermore, the simultaneous depletion of TNFRSF1A or the activation of NF-κB rescue endothelial cell apoptosis, indicating that a signaling balance between both TNFRs is required for endothelial cell integrity. In endothelial cells, TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-κB. Similarly, TNFα promotes the apoptosis of human endothelial cells through TNFRSF1A and triggers caspase-2 and P53 activation. We have identified an evolutionarily conserved apoptotic pathway involved in vascular homeostasis that provides new therapeutic targets for the control of inflammation- and tumor-driven angiogenesis.
Strukturerhaltende Approximation linearer verteilt-parametrischer PCHD-Systeme
Authors: Harkort Christian , Deutscher Joachim 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird ein Approximationsverfahren für lineare verteilt-parametrische Port-Hamiltonsche Systeme mit Dämpfung (PCHD-Systeme) vorgestellt, welches die Erhaltung der PCHD-Struktur des Originalsystems ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Approximation eine von der Dissipativität des unendlich-dimensionalen Systemoperators abhängige Mindeststabilitätsreserve besitzt. Das vorgestellte Approximationsverfahren basiert auf einer Verallgemeinerung der Petrov-Galerkin-Approximation und besitzt Freiheitsgrade, die dazu genutzt werden können, Approximationen mit übereinstimmenden Momenten zu erhalten. Anhand der Ordnungsreduktion eines einfachen Wärmeleitungssystems werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeit demonstriert.
MORPACK-Schnittstelle zum Import von FE-Strukturen nach SIMPACK
Authors: Lein Claudius , Beitelschmidt Michael 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von der Finite-Elemente-Methode — dem am häufigsten verwendeten numerischen Verfahren in der Strukturmechanik — und der Methode der Mehrkörpersimulation — zur Modellierung von mechanischen Systemen mit großen Starrkörperbewegungen — beschreibt der Beitrag Grundlagen und Methodik zur Kopplung beider Verfahren. Die Kombination führt auf eine Beschreibung als elastisches Mehrkörpersystem und erfordert meist eine Modellordnungsreduktion. Für diesen Zweck sind diverse Techniken in der hauseigenen Software MORPACK implementiert, deren Funktionalität am Beispiel des kommerziellen Finite-Elemente-Programmes ANSYS und des kommerziellen Mehrkörpersimulationsprogrammes SIMPACK vorgestellt wird.
Body composition and metabolic parameters are associated with variation in thyroid hormone levels among euthyroid young men
Authors: Roef Greet , Lapauw Bruno , Goemaere Stefan , Zmierczak Hans-Georg , Toye Kaatje , Kaufman Jean-Marc , Taes Youri 
Published: September 2012

Objective
Thyroid disorders affect metabolism and body composition. Existing literature has been conflicting on whether this is also the case for thyroid hormone levels within the euthyroid range. Therefore, we have investigated the relationship between thyroid hormone concentrations and body composition together with metabolic parameters in a population of healthy euthyroid men.

Methods
Healthy male siblings (n=941, 25–45 years, median BMI 24.6) were recruited in a cross-sectional, population-based study; a history or treatment of thyroid disease and thyroid autoimmunity were exclusion criteria. Body composition and muscle cross-sectional area were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Total (triiodothyronine (T3; TT3) thyroxine and (T4; TT4)) and free thyroid hormones (FT3 and FT4), TSH, and reverse T3 (rT3) and thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) were determined using immunoassays.

Results
BMI was positively associated with (F)T3 (P<0.0001). Whole body fat mass displayed positive associations with TT3 and with (F)T4 and TBG (P≤0.0006). Positive associations were further observed between leptin and (F)T3, TT4, and TBG (P≤0.0002). Inverse associations between lean mass and muscle cross-sectional area and (F)T3, (F)T4, and TBG were observed (P≤0.0003). Higher levels of (F)T3 and TBG were associated with lower insulin sensitivity, assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (IR; P≤0.0001). No associations between TSH and body composition or metabolic parameters were seen.

Conclusion
We show that a less favorable body composition (with higher fat and lower muscle mass and accompanying higher leptin concentrations) and IR are associated with higher thyroid hormone levels in healthy young men with well characterized euthyroidism.
Quality of Life and Survival in Patients with Advanced Kidney Failure Managed Conservatively or by Dialysis
Authors: Da Silva-Gane Maria , Wellsted David , Greenshields Hannah , Norton Sam , Chandna Shahid M. , Farrington Ken 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackground and objectivesBenefits of dialysis in elderly dependent patients are not clearcut. Some patients forego dialysis, opting for conservative kidney management (CKM). This study prospectively compared quality of life and survival in CKM patients and those opting for dialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsQuality-of-life assessments (Short-Form 36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale) were performed every 3 months for up to 3 years in patients with advanced, progressive CKD (late stage 4 and stage 5).ResultsAfter 3 years, 80 and 44 of 170 patients had started or were planned for hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis, respectively; 30 were undergoing CKM; and 16 remained undecided. Mean baseline estimated GFR ± SD was similar (14.0±4.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2) in all groups but was slightly higher in undecided patients. CKM patients were older, more dependent, and more highly comorbid; had poorer physical health; and had higher anxiety levels than the dialysis patients. Mental health, depression, and life satisfaction scores were similar. Multilevel growth models demonstrated no serial change in quality-of-life measures except life satisfaction, which decreased significantly after dialysis initiation and remained stable in CKM. In Cox models controlling for comorbidity, Karnofsky performance scale score, age, physical health score, and propensity score, median survival from recruitment was 1317 days in HD patients (mean of 326 dialysis sessions) and 913 days in CKM patients.ConclusionsPatients choosing CKM maintained quality of life. Adjusted median survival from recruitment was 13 months shorter for CKM patients than HD patients.
Good Intentions at Good Grains, Inc.
Authors: Hughes Susan B. , Beaudoin Cathy , Boedeker Russell R. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT:
This case addresses the “gray” area associated with the use of accounting discretion as it relates to expense line item reclassifications. Such a context allows for an examination of the pressures that influence accounting decisions, and provides a glimpse into how managers might manage reported expenses. The reader meets analyst David Johnson when, as a result of both internal and external pressure to keep research and development (R&D) costs within budget, he is asked to find ways to reclassify R&D costs into other expense areas. As a result of the request, David immerses himself in the task in order to identify, within generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), opportunities to reclassify R&D expenses to cost of goods sold. He ultimately proposes three separate reclassification entries that, although technically within GAAP guidelines, involve the use of accounting discretion. All three entries are approved by the accounting team. Financial accounting, managerial accounting, and M.B.A. students report that the case enhanced their knowledge of financial reporting and helped them understand ethical considerations associated with the preparation of financial statements. Accounting professionals report the case realistically depicts what accountants face in the workplace. A case extension using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is also provided.
Of Hurricanes and Harness Racing: The Accounting Fraud at DHB Industries, Inc.
Authors: Knapp Michael C. , Knapp Carol A. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT:
This instructional case focuses on an accounting and financial reporting fraud involving DHB Industries, Inc., the nation's largest manufacturer of bullet-resistant vests. Three executives of this Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registrant, including its founder and CEO, masterminded a large-scale fraud that grossly misrepresented DHB's financial statements. The three executives colluded to conceal their misdeeds from the four accounting firms that served as the company's independent auditors over the course of the fraud. In late 2010, a federal jury convicted DHB's former CEO and COO of multiple counts of fraud and related charges. This case addresses a wide range of auditing issues raised by the DHB fraud, including the identification of fraud risk factors, auditing of related-party transactions, the impact of frequent auditor changes on audit quality, and the internal control reporting responsibilities of auditors.
Insulin Regimens and Clinical Outcomes in a Type 1 Diabetes Cohort
Authors: Pihoker Catherine , Badaru Angela , Anderson Andrea , Morgan Timothy , Dolan Lawrence , Dabelea Dana , Imperatore Giuseppina , Linder Barbara , Marcovina Santica , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth , Reynolds Kristi , Klingensmith Georgeanna J. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine the patterns and associations of insulin regimens and change in regimens with clinical outcomes in a diverse population of children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study sample consisted of youth with type 1 diabetes who completed a baseline SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit after being newly diagnosed and at least one follow-up visit. Demographic, diabetes self-management, physical, and laboratory measures were collected at study visits. Insulin regimens and change in regimen compared with the initial visit were categorized as more intensive (MI), no change (NC), or less intensive (LI). We examined relationships between insulin regimens, change in regimen, and outcomes including A1C and fasting C-peptide.

RESULTS
Of the 1,606 participants with a mean follow-up of 36 months, 51.7% changed to an MI regimen, 44.7% had NC, and 3.6% changed to an LI regimen. Participants who were younger, non-Hispanic white, and from families of higher income and parental education and who had private health insurance were more likely to be in MI or NC groups. Those in MI and NC groups had lower baseline A1C (P = 0.028) and smaller increase in A1C over time than LI (P &lt; 0.01). Younger age, continuous subcutaneous insulin pump therapy, and change to MI were associated with higher probability of achieving target A1C levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin regimens were intensified over time in over half of participants but varied by sociodemographic domains. As more intensive regimens were associated with better outcomes, early intensification of management may improve outcomes in all children with diabetes. Although intensification of insulin regimen is preferred, choice of insulin regimen must be individualized based on the child and family’s ability to comply with the prescribed plan.
The Clinical Utility of the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) at a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Thrush Aaron , Rozek Melanie , Dekerlegand Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose
Long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) have emerged for patients requiring medical care beyond a short stay. Minimal data have been reported on functional outcomes in this setting. The purposes of this study were: (1) to measure the clinical utility of the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) in an LTACH setting and (2) to explore the association between FSS-ICU score and discharge setting.

Participants
Data were obtained from 101 patients (median age=70 years, interquartile range [IQR]=61–78; 39% female, 61% male) who were admitted to an LTACH. Participants were categorized into 1 of 5 groups by discharge setting: (1) home (n=14), (2) inpatient rehabilitation facility (n=26), (3) skilled nursing facility (n=23), (4) long-term care/hospice/expired (n=13), or (5) transferred to a short-stay hospital (n=25).

Methods
Data were prospectively collected from a 38-bed LTACH in the United States over 8 months beginning in September 2010. Functional status was scored using the FSS-ICU within 4 days of admission and every 2 weeks until discharge. The FSS-ICU consists of 5 categories: rolling, supine-to-sit transfers, unsupported sitting, sit-to-stand transfers, and ambulation. Each category was rated from 0 to 7, with a maximum cumulative FSS-ICU score of 35.

Results
Cumulative FSS-ICU scores significantly improved from a median (IQR) of 9 (3–17) to 14 (5–24) at discharge. Median (IQR) cumulative discharge FSS-ICU scores were significantly different among the discharge categories: home=28 (22–32), inpatient rehabilitation facility=21 (15–24), skilled nursing facility=14 (8–21), long-term care/hospice/expired=5 (0–11), and transfer to a short-stay hospital=4 (0–7).

Discussion and Conclusions
Patients receiving therapy at an LTACH demonstrate significant improvements from admission to discharge using the FSS-ICU. This outcome tool discriminates among discharge settings and successfully documents functional improvements of patients in an LTACH setting.
Level of Agreement Between Methods for Measuring Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in People With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity
Authors: Igelström Helena , Emtner Margareta , Lindberg Eva , Åsenlöf Pernilla 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundThere is ambiguity about what measures to use to best identify physical activity and sedentary behavior, and agreement between methods for measuring physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and obesity has not been evaluated.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the level of agreement between an accelerometer and a self-report questionnaire (International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ]) or a logbook for measuring time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity and time spent sedentary in people with OSAS and obesity.DesignThis prospective study was a psychometric evaluation of agreement between measurement methods.MethodsThirty-nine people who were obese (body mass index: X̅=36.1 kg/m2, SD=4.35) and had moderate to severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index of ≥15) were consecutively recruited from a sleep clinic in Sweden. All were treated with continuous positive airway pressure and were waiting for a follow-up sleep evaluation.ResultsAgreement between the measurement methods was limited. For physical activity, the mean difference between the accelerometer and the IPAQ was 47 minutes, and the mean difference between the accelerometer and the logbook was 32 minutes. Agreement was limited for sedentary time as well; the mean difference between the accelerometer and the IPAQ was 114 minutes, and the mean difference between the accelerometer and the logbook was 86 minutes.LimitationsThe small sample size may affect the interpretation and generalizability of the results.ConclusionsThe results imply that the methods cannot be used interchangeably. A combination of an accelerometer and a daily logbook seems to provide a detailed description of physical activity and sedentary behavior.
Thrombin-triggered angiogenesis in rat brains following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Zhou Hua-Jun , Tang Tao , Cui Han-Jin , Yang A-Li , Luo Jie-Kun , Lin Yuan , Yang Qi-Dong , Li Xing-Qun 
Published: September 2012

Object
Angiogenesis occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Thrombin mediates mitogenesis and survival in endothelial cells and induces angiogenesis. The present study aimed to clarify whether thrombin is involved in triggering ICH-related angiogenesis.

Methods
In the first part of the experiment, autologous blood (with or without hirudin) was injected to induce ICH. In the second part, rats received either 1 U (50 μl) thrombin or 50 μl 0.9% sterile saline. In both parts, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered intraperitoneally. Brains were perfused to identify BrdU-positive/von Willebrand factor (vWF)–positive nuclei. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor–1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Ang-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results
After ICH, the number of BrdU-/vWF-positive nuclei increased until Day 14, and vessels positive for HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, and Ang-2 were observed around the clot. Quantitative analysis showed that ICH upregulated expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, and Ang-2 notably compared with that in sham controls (p < 0.05). However, hirudin significantly inhibited these effects. After thrombin treatment, many BrdU-positive/vWF-positive nuclei and HIF-1α–, VEGF-, Ang-1– and Ang-2–positive vessels could be detected around the affected region.

Conclusions
Thrombin can induce angiogenesis in rat brains and may be an important trigger for ICH-related angiogenesis.