bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of universality of dark matter profile from Subaru weak lensing measurements of 50 massive clusters
Authors: Niikura Hiroko , Takada Masahiro , Okabe Nobuhiro , Martino Rossella , Takahashi Ryuichi 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
We develop a novel method of measuring the lensing distortion profiles of clusters by stacking the “scaled” amplitudes of background galaxy ellipticities as a function of the “scaled” centric radius according to the Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) prediction of each cluster, based on the assumption that the different clusters in a sample follow the universalNFW profile. First we demonstrate the feasibility of this method using both the analytical NFW model and simulated halos in a suite of high-resolution N-body simulations. We then apply, as a proof of concept, this method to the Subaru weak lensing data and the XMM/Chandra X-ray observables for a sample of 50 massive clusters in the redshift range 0.15 ≤ z ≤ 0.3, where their halo masses differ from each other by up to a factor of 10. To estimate the NFW parameters of each cluster, we use the halo mass proxy relation of X-ray observables, based on either the hydrostatic equilibrium or the gas mass, and then infer the halo concentration from the model scaling relation of halo concentration with halo mass. We evaluate the performance of the NFW scaling analysis by measuring the scatters of 50 cluster lensing profiles relative to the NFW predictions over a range of radii, 0.14 ≤ R/[h−1 Mpc] ≤ 2.8. We found 4–6 σ-level evidence of the universal NFW profile in 50 clusters, for both the X-ray halo mass proxy relations, although the gas mass appears to be a better proxy of the underlying true mass. By comparing the measurements with the simulations of cluster lensing profiles taking into account the statistical errors of intrinsic galaxy shapes in the Subaru data, we argue that additional halo mass errors or intrinsic scatters of σ(M500c)/M500c ∼ 0.2–0.3 could reconcile the difference between measurements and simulations. This method allows us to some extent to preserve characteristics of individual clusters in the statistical weak lensing analysis, thereby yielding a new means of exploiting the underlying genuine form of the halo mass profile and the halo mass proxy relations via weak lensing information, under the assumption of the existence of the universal profile.
RAD Capture (Rapture): Flexible and efficient sequence-based genotyping
Authors: Ali Omar A. , O’Rourke Sean M. , Amish Stephen J. , Meek Mariah H. , Luikart Gordon , Jeffres Carson , Miller Michael R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMassively parallel sequencing has revolutionized many areas of biology but sequencing large amounts of DNA in many individuals is cost-prohibitive and unnecessary for many studies. Genomic complexity reduction techniques such as sequence capture and restriction enzyme-based methods enable the analysis of many more individuals per unit cost. Despite their utility, current complexity reduction methods have limitations, especially when large numbers of individuals are analyzed. Here we develop a much improved restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing protocol and a new method called Rapture (RAD capture). The new RAD protocol improves versatility by separating RAD tag isolation and sequencing library preparation into two distinct steps. This protocol also recovers more unique (non-clonal) RAD fragments which improves both standard RAD and Rapture analysis. Rapture then uses an in-solution capture of chosen RAD tags to target sequencing reads to desired loci. Rapture combines the benefits of both RAD and sequence capture, i.e. very inexpensive and rapid library preparation for many individuals as well as high specificity in the number and location of genomic loci analyzed. Our results demonstrate that Rapture is a rapid and flexible technology capable of analyzing a very large number of individuals with minimal sequencing and library preparation cost. The methods presented here should improve the efficiency of genetic analysis for many aspects of agricultural, environmental, and biomedical science.
Integrated analysis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma identifies key variants and pathways linked to risk habits, HPV, clinical parameters and tumor recurrence
Authors: Krishnan Neeraja M , Gupta Saurabh , Palve Vinayak , Varghese Linu , Pattnaik Swetansu , Jain Prachi , Khyriem Costerwell , Hariharan Arun K , Dhas Kunal , Nair Jayalakshmi , Pareek Manisha , Prasad Venkatesh K , Siddappa Gangotri , Suresh Amritha , Kekatpure Vikram D , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Panda Binay 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC) are a homogenous group of tumors characterized by aggressive behavior, early spread to lymph nodes and a higher rate of regional failure. Additionally, the incidence of OTSCC among younger population (<50yrs) is on a rise; many of who lack the typical associated risk factors of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure. We present data on SNVs, indels, regions with LOH, and CNVs from fifty-paired oral tongue primary tumors and link the significant somatic variants with clinical parameters, epidemiological factors including HPV infection and tumor recurrence. Apart from the frequent somatic variants harbored inTP53, CASP8, RASA1, NOTCHandCDKN2Agenes, significant amplifications and/or deletions were detected in chromosomes 6-9, and 11 in the tumors. Variants inCASP8andCDKN2Awere mutually exclusive.CDKN2A, P1K3CA, RASA1andDMDvariants were exclusively linked to smoking, chewing, HPV infection and tumor stage. We also performed whole-genome gene expression study that identified matrix metalloproteases to be highly expressed in tumors and linked pathways involving arachidonic acid and NF-κ-B to habits and distant metastasis, respectively. Functional knockdown studies in cell lines demonstrated the role ofCASP8in HPV-negative OTSCC cell line. Finally, we identified a 38-gene minimal signature that predicts tumor recurrence using an ensemble machine learning method. Taken together, this study links molecular signatures to various clinical and epidemiological factors in a homogeneous tumor population with a relatively high HPV prevalence.
Privacy as a secondary goal problem: an experiment examining control
Authors: Hughes-Roberts Thomas 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report on results of an investigation into the impact of adding privacy salient information (defined through the theory of planned behaviour) into the user interface (UI) of a faux social network.

Design/methodology/approach
– Participants were asked to create their profiles on a new social network specifically for Nottingham Trent University students by answering a series of questions that vary in the sensitivity of personal information requested. A treatment is designed that allows participants to review their answers and make amendments based on suggestions from the treatment. A dynamic privacy score that improves as amendments are made is designed to encourage privacy-oriented behaviour. Results from the treatment group are compared to a control group.

Findings
– Participants within the treatment group disclosed less than those in the control with statistical significance. The more sensitive questions in particular were answered less when compared to the control, suggesting that participants were making more privacy-conscious decisions.

Practical implications
– Work within this paper suggests that simple UI changes can promote more privacy-conscious behaviour. These simple changes could provide a low-cost method to ensuring the Internet safety of a wide range of users.

Originality/value
– This study provides a clear definition of privacy salient UI mechanisms based on a well-established theory of behaviour and examines their potential effect on end-users through a novel experiment. Results and methods from this work can enable researchers to better understand privacy behaviour.
Exploring the relationship between student mobile information security awareness and behavioural intent
Authors: Ngoqo Bukelwa , Flowerday Stephen V. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to analyse existing theories from the social sciences to gain a better understanding of factors which contribute to student mobile phone users’ poor information security behaviour. Two key aspects associated with information security behaviour were considered, namely, awareness and behavioural intent. This paper proposes that the knowing-and-doing gap can possibly be reduced by addressing both awareness and behavioural intent. This research paper explores the relationship between student mobile phone user information security awareness and behavioural intent in a developmental university in South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach
– Information security awareness interventions were implemented in this action research study, and student information security behavioural intent was observed after each cycle.

Findings
– The poor security behaviour exhibited by student mobile phone users, which was confirmed by the findings of this study, is of particular interest in the university context, as most undergraduate students are offered a computer-related course which covers certain information security-related principles. Existing researchers in the field of information security still grapple with the “knowing-and-doing” gap, where user information security knowledge/awareness sometimes does not result in safer behavioural practises.

Originality/value
– Zhang et al. (2009) suggest that understanding human behaviour is important when dealing with the problems caused by human errors. Harnesk and Lindstrom (2011) expressed a concern that existing research does not address the interlinked relationship between anticipated security behaviour and the enactment of security procedures. This study acknowledges Choi et al. (2008) contribution in their discussions on the “knowing-and-doing gap” suggests a link between awareness and actual behaviour that is confirmed by the findings of this study.
Investigating the possibility to use differentiated authentication based on risk profiling to secure online banking
Authors: Butler Martin , Butler Rika 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper was to determine factors that could be used to create different authentication requirements for diverse online banking customers based on their risk profile. Online security remains a challenge to ensure safe transacting on the Internet. User authentication, a human-centric process, is regarded as the basis of computer security and hence secure access to online banking services. The increased use of technology to enforce additional actions has the ability to improve the quality of authentication and hence online security, but often at the expense of usability. The objective of this study was to determine factors that could be used to create different authentication requirements for diverse online banking customers based on their risk profile.Design/methodology/approach– A web-based survey was designed to determine online consumers’ competence resecure online behaviour, and this was used to quantify the online behaviour as more or less secure. The browsers used by consumers as well as their demographical data were correlated with the security profile of respondents to test for any significant variance in practice that could inform differentiated authentication.Findings– A statistical difference between behaviours based on some of the dependant variables was evident from the analysis. Based on the results, a case could be made to have different authentication methods for online banking customers based on both their browser selected (before individual identification) as well as demographical data (after identification) to ensure a safer online environment.Originality/value– The research can be used by the financial services sector to improve online security, where required, without necessarily reducing usability for more “security inclined” customers.
Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of new‐onset diabetes in adults with hypertension in China: Findings from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT)
Authors: Qin Xianhui , Li Jianping , Zhang Yan , Chen Dafang , Wang Binyan , He Mingli , Fu Jia , Tang Genfu , Cai Yefeng , Shi Xiuli , Xu Xin , Hou Fan Fan , Wang Xiaobin , Huo Yong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present post hoc analysis of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) was to evaluate the effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk of new‐onset diabetes in hypertensive adults in China.MethodsIn all, 20 702 hypertensive adults with no history of stroke and/or myocardial infarction (MI) were randomly assigned to receive double‐blind daily treatment with tablets containing either: (i) 10 mg enalapril and 0.8 mg folic acid (n = 10 348); or (ii) 10 mg enalapril alone (n = 10 354). New‐onset diabetes was defined as either self‐reported physician‐diagnosed diabetes or the use of glucose‐lowering drugs during the follow‐up period of the CSPPT.ResultsOver a median treatment duration of 4.5 years, new‐onset diabetes occurred in 198 (2.0%) and 214 (2.1%) subjects in the enalapril–folic acid and enalapril groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–1.12). Similar results were observed when analyses were limited to subjects with baseline fasting glucose (FG) <7.0 mmol/L (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.62–1.14). Furthermore, there was no significant group difference in: (i) the risk of new‐onset FG ≥7.0 mmol/L (defined as FG <7.0 at baseline and ≥7.0 mmol/L at the last visit; relative risk [RR] 1.07; 95% CI 0.96–1.20); or (ii) the composite of new‐onset diabetes or new‐onset FG ≥7.0 mmol/L (RR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.95–1.19).ConclusionsAmong adults with hypertension with no history of stroke and/or MI in China, folic acid supplementation had no significant effect on the risk of new‐onset diabetes.
Optimizing sampling approaches along ecological gradients
Authors: Schweiger Andreas H. , Irl Severin D. H. , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Dengler Jürgen , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: October 2015

SummaryNatural scientists and especially ecologists use manipulative experiments or field observations along gradients to differentiate patterns driven by processes from those caused by random noise. A well‐conceived sampling design is essential for identifying, analysing and reporting underlying patterns in a statistically solid and reproducible manner, given the normal restrictions in labour, time and money. However, a technical guideline about an adequate sampling design to maximize prediction success under restricted resources is lacking. This study aims at developing such a solid and reproducible guideline for sampling along gradients in all fields of ecology and science in general.We conducted simulations with artificial data for five common response types known in ecology, each represented by a simple function (no response, linear, exponential, symmetric unimodal and asymmetric unimodal). In the simulations, we accounted for different levels of random and systematic error, the two sources of noise in ecological data. We quantified prediction success for varying total sample size, number of locations sampled along a spatial/temporal gradient and number of replicates per sampled location.The number of replicates becomes more important with increasing random error, whereas replicates become less relevant for a systematic error bigger than 20% of total variation. Thus, if high levels of systematic error are indicated or expected (e.g. in field studies with spatial autocorrelation, unaccountable additional environmental drivers or population clustering), continuous sampling with little to no replication is recommended. In contrast, sampling designs with replications are recommended in studies that can control for systematic errors. In a setting that is characteristic for ecological experiments and field studies strictly controlling for undeterminable systematic error (random error ≥10% and systematic error ≤10% of total variation), prediction success was best for an intermediate number of sampled locations along the gradient (10–15) and a low number of replicates per location (3).Our findings from reproducible, statistical simulations will help design appropriate and efficient sampling approaches and avoid erroneous conclusions based on studies with flawed sampling design, which is currently one of the main targets of public criticism against science.
NecroX‐5 suppresses IgE/Ag‐stimulated anaphylaxis and mast cell activation by regulating the SHP‐1‐Syk signaling module
Authors: Li X. , Kwon O. , Kim D. Y. , Taketomi Y. , Murakami M. , Chang H. W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundIgE/Ag‐stimulated mast cells release various pro‐allergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. NecroX‐5, a cell permeable necrosis inhibitor, showed cytoprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the anti‐allergic effect of NecroX‐5 has not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anti‐allergic activity of NecroX‐5 in vivo and to investigate the underlying mechanism in vitro.MethodsThe anti‐allergic activity of NecroX‐5 was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) and IgE receptor‐bearing RBL‐2H3 or KU812 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of passive anaphylaxis. The levels of histamine, eicosanoids (PGD2 and LTC4), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. The mechanism underlying the action of NecroX‐5 was investigated using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and gene knockdown techniques.ResultsNecroX‐5 markedly inhibited mast cell degranulation and the synthesis of eicosanoids, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase Cγ1, MAP kinases, the Akt/NF‐κB pathway, and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization via the activation of phosphatase SHP‐1. Oral administration of NecroX‐5 effectively suppressed mast cell‐dependent passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylactic reactions in a dose‐dependent manner.ConclusionsNecroX‐5 might be a potential candidate for the development of a novel anti‐allergic agent that suppresses IgE‐dependent mast cells signaling.
Validating the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool in a high‐income country
Authors: Witteveen Tom , de Koning Ilona , Bezstarosti Hans , van den Akker Thomas , van Roosmalen Jos , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionThis study was performed to assess the applicability of the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool (MNM Tool) and the organ dysfunction criteria in a high‐income country.Material and methodsThe MNM tool was applied to 2552 women who died of pregnancy‐related causes or sustained severe acute maternal morbidity between August 2004 and August 2006 in one of the 98 hospitals with a maternity unit in the Netherlands. Fourteen (0.6%) cases had insufficient data for application. Each case was assessed according to the three main “MNM categories” specified in the MNM tool and their subcategory criteria: five disease‐, four intervention‐ and seven organ dysfunction‐based criteria. Potentially life‐threatening conditions (disease‐based inclusions) and life‐threatening cases (organ dysfunction‐based inclusions) were differentiated according to WHO methodology. Outcomes were incidence of all (sub)categories and case‐fatality rates.ResultsOf the 2538 cases, 2308 (90.9%) women fulfilled disease‐based, 2116 (83.4%) intervention‐based and 1024 (40.3%) organ dysfunction‐based criteria. Maternal death occurred in 48 women, of whom 23 (47.9%) fulfilled disease‐based, 33 (68.8%) intervention‐based and 31 (64.6%) organ dysfunction‐based criteria. Case‐fatality rates were 23/2308 (1.0%) for cases fulfilling the disease‐based criteria, 33/2116 (1.6%) for intervention‐based criteria and 31/1024 (3.0%) for women fulfilling the organ dysfunction‐based criteria.ConclusionsIn the Netherlands, where advanced laboratory and clinical monitoring are available, organ dysfunction‐based criteria of the MNM tool failed to identify nearly two‐thirds of sustained severe acute maternal morbidity cases and more than one‐third of maternal deaths. Disease‐based criteria remain important, and using only organ dysfunction‐based criteria would lead to underestimating severe acute maternal morbidity.
Maternal overweight and sexual function in pregnancy
Authors: Ribeiro Meireluci C. , Nakamura Mary U. , Torloni Maria R. , Scanavino Marco de T. , Mancini Pedro E. , Forte Bruna M.B. , Mattar Rosiane 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionObesity and overweight are increasing worldwide and may compromise female sexual function. Our aim was to compare the sexual function of normal and overweight women in pregnancy.Material and methodsA cross‐sectional study involving 223 pregnant women: 105 overweight [pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2] and 118 normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. These women were managed at an antenatal clinic of a public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2014. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used. The characteristics of normal and overweight women were compared using two‐tailed Student's t‐ or chi‐squared tests. Differences in mean FSFI scores were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Pearson′s correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between pre‐pregnancy BMI and FSFI scores.ResultsIn the 2nd trimester, mean total FSFI scores were similar in overweight (n = 51) compared to normal weight (n = 67) women (21.9 ± 9.8 vs. 21.7 ± 10.4, p = 1.000). In the 3rd trimester, overweight women (n = 54) had significantly lower total FSFI scores than normal weight women (n = 51; 19.1 ± 10.3 vs. 24.5 ± 9.7, p = 0.0004). In the 3rd trimester, overweight women also had significantly lower mean scores in desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm and dyspareunia domains. We found an inverse correlation between pre‐pregnancy BMI and mean 3rd trimester total FSFI scores (r = −0.212, p = 0.030), desire (r = −0.216, p = 0.027) and orgasm (r = –0.222, p = 0.023).ConclusionOverweight women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy had poorer sexual function compared with normal weight women.
THE MUDDLING CROWN: VIA RAIL AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: BIRD Malcolm G. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis article is an analysis of VIA Rail and its relationship with the federal government. Canada's publicly‐owned intercity passenger rail service is in a state of slow and steady decline, best illustrated by its small and falling user rates, and despite receiving significant subsidies, the federal government is indifferent to the needs of this transportation provider. Unlike other Canadian state‐owned enterprises, or Crown corporations, VIA Rail has been neither privatized nor modernized and, instead, is languishing as a publicly‐owned firm. While the current Conservative government of Stephen Harper favors a smaller role for the state, and it has both set about modernizing and eliminating other Crowns, it has not followed such a course with VIA Rail. Drawing on John Kingdon's (1984) multiple streams model to outline the empirical data as well as to illustrate how this firm interacts with its political superior, it will argue that the indifference towards this firm is due to both the specific characteristics of VIA Rail and the highly centralized decision‐making structure of Canada's Westminster Parliamentary system. Unless the federal government decides to implement fundamental organizational and governance changes at this firm, Canadians will continue to be served by a marginal rail service provider.