bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of triphenyltin chloride to the rotifer Brachionus koreanus across different levels of biological organization
Authors: Xianliang Yi Andy , Han Jeonghoon , Lee Jae‐Seong , Leung Kenneth M. Y. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are ubiquitous pollutants in urbanised coastal environments in Asian regions, their toxicities to marine organisms are still poorly known. This study was designed to investigate the toxicity of triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) on the rotifer Brachionus koreanus across different levels of biological organisation. Firstly, we concurrently performed a 24 h static‐acute toxicity test and a 6‐day semi‐static multigenerational life‐cycle test using the rotifer. Our results demonstrated that the 24‐h median lethal concentration of TPTCl for the rotifer was 29.6 μg/L and the 6‐day median effect concentration, based on the population growth inhibition, was 3.31 μg/L. Secondly, we examined the expression of 12 heat shock protein (hsp) genes, four glutathione S‐transferase (GST) genes, one retinoid X receptor (RXR) gene and 13 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the rotifers after exposure to 20 µg/L TPTCl for 24 h. Among these studied genes, hsp90α2, GST‐O and CYP3045C1 were the most significantly up‐regulated genes with a relative expression level up to 32.9, 4.4 and 62.6 folds, respectively. The expression of these three genes in the rotifers showed an increasing trend in the first few hours of TPTCl exposure, peaked at 3 h (hsp90α2 and GST‐O) and 12 h (CYP3045C1) respectively, and then gradually returned to a lower level at 24 h. Such up‐regulations of hsp and GST genes probably offer cellular protection against the TPT‐mediated oxidative stress while the accelerated induction of CYP genes possibly facilitates the detoxification of this toxicant in the rotifer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 13–23, 2016.
Functional repeat‐derived RNAs often originate from retrotransposon‐propagated ncRNAs
Authors: Matylla‐Kulinska Katarzyna , Tafer Hakim , Weiss Adam , Schroeder Renée 
Published: July 2014

The human genome is scattered with repetitive sequences, and the ENCODE project revealed that 60–70% of the genomic DNA is transcribed into RNA. As a consequence, the human transcriptome contains a large portion of repeat‐derived RNAs (repRNAs). Here, we present a hypothesis for the evolution of novel functional repeat‐derived RNAs from non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) by retrotransposition. Upon amplification, the ncRNAs can diversify in sequence and subsequently evolve new activities, which can result in novel functions. Non‐coding transcripts derived from highly repetitive regions can therefore serve as a reservoir for the evolution of novel functional RNAs. We base our hypothetical model on observations reported for short interspersed nuclear elements derived from 7SL RNA and tRNAs, α satellites derived from snoRNAs and SL RNAs derived from U1 small nuclear RNA. Furthermore, we present novel putative human repeat‐derived ncRNAs obtained by the comparison of the Dfam and Rfam databases, as well as several examples in other species. We hypothesize that novel functional ncRNAs can derive also from other repetitive regions and propose Genomic SELEX as a tool for their identification. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:591–600. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1243This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Noncoding RNAs and the borders of heterochromatin
Authors: Cohen Allison L. , Jia Songtao 
Published: July 2014

Eukaryotic genomes contain long stretches of repetitive DNA sequences, which are the preferred sites for the assembly of heterochromatin structures. The formation of heterochromatin results in highly condensed chromosomal domains that limit the accessibility of DNA to the transcription and recombination machinery to maintain genome stability. Heterochromatin has the tendency to spread, and the formation of boundaries that block heterochromatin spreading is required to maintain stable gene expression patterns. Recent work has suggested that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in regulating boundary formation in addition to their well‐established roles in chromatin regulation. Here, we present a review of our current understanding of the involvement of ncRNA at the boundaries of heterochromatin, highlighting their mechanisms of action in different settings. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:835–847. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1249This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
In situ X‐ray Diffraction Studies of Cation and Anion Inter­calation into Graphitic Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Placke Tobias , Schmuelling Guido , Kloepsch Richard , Meister Paul , Fromm Olga , Hilbig Peter , Meyer Hinrich‐Wilhelm , Winter Martin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGraphite is a redox‐amphoteric intercalation host and thus capable to incorporate various types of cations and anions between its planar graphene sheets to form so‐called donor‐type or acceptor‐type graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) by electrochemical intercalation at specific potentials. While the LiCx/Cx donor‐type redox couple is the major active compound for state‐of‐the‐art negative electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries, acceptor‐type GICs were proposed for positive electrodes in the “dual‐ion” and “dual‐graphite” cell, another type of electrochemical energy storage system. In this contribution, we analyze the electrochemical intercalation of different anions, such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide or hexafluorophosphate, into graphitic carbons by means of in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In general, the characterization of battery electrode materials by in situ XRD is an important technique to study structural and compositional changes upon insertion and de‐insertion processes during charge/discharge cycling. We discuss anion (X–) and cation (M+) intercalation/de‐intercalation into graphites on a comparative basis with respect to the Mx+Cn– and Cn+Xn– stoichiometry, discharge capacity, the intercalant gallery height/gallery expansion and the M–M or X–X in‐plane distances.
EEG abnormalities and seizures in genetically diagnosed Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Heard Takijah T. , Ramgopal Sriram , Picker Jonathan , Lincoln Sharyn A. , Rotenberg Alexander , Kothare Sanjeev V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe describe the seizure and EEG characteristics in a population of children with known Fragile X. The medical records of 135 genetically confirmed FXS patients receiving care in a Fragile X clinic and their available EEG reports were reviewed. The mean age was 5.94 years old including 18 males and 1 female. The mean age was 4–9 years old with an age range of 15 months to 13 years old. Twenty‐two patients (16.3%) in the series had parent‐reported behavior suspicious of seizures. Sixteen patients (14.1%, 1 female) had at least one EEG recorded for evaluation of clinical events suspicious for seizure, and three patients (2.2%) had an EEG in the context of a polysomnography for diagnosing sleep apnea. The mean age at EEG evaluation was 6.0 years (standard deviation 3.8 years). EEG findings included slowing of background rhythm (n = 9) and epileptiform discharges (n = 7). Four patients had normal EEGs (n = 4). Six patients (4.4% of the sample population) were diagnosed with epilepsy by both clinical seizure semiology and documented EEG abnormalities. Thirteen patients (68.4% of total) had episodes of staring and behavioral arrest with no EEG correlate, indicating non‐epileptic events. Of the eight patients who underwent a repeat EEG, five patients had showed normalization in the posterior dominant rhythm over time, two patients had unchanged findings and one patient had worsening of his EEG. Our data warrant further prospective validation.
Follow‐up evaluation of cognitive function in the randomized Alzheimer's Disease Anti‐inflammatory Prevention Trial and its Follow‐up Study
Authors:   ADAPT‐FS Research Group
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe Alzheimer's Disease Anti‐Inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT) and Follow‐up Study (ADAPT‐FS) examined effects of naproxen and celecoxib on cognition in the elderly. We report here results describing trajectories of cognitive evaluation test scores.MethodsA total of 2356 participants completed baseline and at least one follow‐up cognitive evaluation between 2001 and 2004. Study treatments were discontinued in 2004, but participants were followed until 2007. A total of 1537 participants were reevaluated in 2010 to 2011. Outcomes include seven cognitive evaluations administered yearly in person in ADAPT and three of these evaluations that were administered by telephone near the end of ADAPT and again in ADAPT‐FS.ResultsThere were no important differences over time by treatment group on any ADAPT cognitive measure, a global composite, or the three cognitive measures reassessed in ADAPT‐FS by telephone.ConclusionsTreatment for 1 to 3 years with naproxen or celecoxib did not protect against cognitive decline in older adults with a family history of AD.
Biomarker progressions explain higher variability in stage‐specific cognitive decline than baseline values in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Dodge Hiroko H. , Zhu Jian , Harvey Danielle , Saito Naomi , Silbert Lisa C. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Koeppe Robert A. , Albin Roger L. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is unknown which commonly used Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarker values—baseline or progression—best predict longitudinal cognitive decline.Methods526 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). ADNI composite memory and executive scores were the primary outcomes. Individual‐specific slope of the longitudinal trajectory of each biomarker was first estimated. These estimates and observed baseline biomarker values were used as predictors of cognitive declines. Variability in cognitive declines explained by baseline biomarker values was compared with variability explained by biomarker progression values.ResultsAbout 40% of variability in memory and executive function declines was explained by ventricular volume progression among mild cognitive impairment patients. A total of 84% of memory and 65% of executive function declines were explained by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) score progression and ventricular volume progression, respectively, among AD patients.ConclusionsFor most biomarkers, biomarker progressions explained higher variability in cognitive decline than biomarker baseline values. This has important implications for clinical trials targeted to modify AD biomarkers.
At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Albers Mark W. , Gilmore Grover C. , Kaye Jeffrey , Murphy Claire , Wingfield Arthur , Bennett David A. , Boxer Adam L. , Buchman Aron S. , Cruickshanks Karen J. , Devanand Davangere P. , Duffy Charles J. , Gall Christine M. , Gates George A. , Granholm Ann‐Charlotte , Hensch Takao , Holtzer Roee , Hyman Bradley T. , Lin Frank R. , McKee Ann C. , Morris John C. , Petersen Ronald C. , Silbert Lisa C. , Struble Robert G. , Trojanowski John Q. , Verghese Joe , Wilson Donald A. , Xu Shunbin , Zhang Li I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that sensory and motor changes may precede the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by several years and may signify increased risk of developing AD. Traditionally, sensory and motor dysfunctions in aging and AD have been studied separately. To ascertain the evidence supporting the relationship between age‐related changes in sensory and motor systems and the development of AD and to facilitate communication between several disciplines, the National Institute on Aging held an exploratory workshop titled “Sensory and Motor Dysfunctions in Aging and AD.” The scientific sessions of the workshop focused on age‐related and neuropathologic changes in the olfactory, visual, auditory, and motor systems, followed by extensive discussion and hypothesis generation related to the possible links among sensory, cognitive, and motor domains in aging and AD. Based on the data presented and discussed at this workshop, it is clear that sensory and motor regions of the central nervous system are affected by AD pathology and that interventions targeting amelioration of sensory‐motor deficits in AD may enhance patient function as AD progresses.
Patterns of DNA damage response in intracranial germ cell tumors versus glioblastomas reflect cell of origin rather than brain environment: Implications for the anti‐tumor barrier concept and treatment
Authors: Bartkova Jirina , Hoei-Hansen Christina E. , Krizova Katerina , Hamerlik Petra , Skakkebæk Niels E. , Rajpert-De Meyts Ewa , Bartek Jiri 
Published: July 2014

The DNA damage response (DDR) machinery becomes commonly activated in response to oncogenes and during early stages of development of solid malignancies, with an exception of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). The active DDR signaling evokes cell death or senescence but this anti‐tumor barrier can be breached by defects in DDR factors, such as the ATM‐Chk2‐p53 pathway, thereby allowing tumor progression. The DDR barrier is strongly activated in brain tumors, particularly gliomas, due to oxidative damage and replication stress. Here, we took advantage of rare human primary intracranial germ cell tumors (PIGCTs), to address the roles of cell‐intrinsic factors including cell of origin, versus local tissue environment, in the constitutive DDR activation in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of 7 biomarkers on a series of 21 PIGCTs (germinomas and other subtypes), 20 normal brain specimens and 20 glioblastomas, revealed the following: i) The overall DDR signaling (γH2AX) and activation of the ATM‐Chk2‐p53 pathway were very low among the PIGCTs, reminiscent of TGCTs, and contrasting sharply with strong DDR activation in glioblastomas; ii) Except for one case of embryonal carcinoma, there were no clear aberrations in the ATM‐Chk2‐p53 pathway components among the PIGCT cohort; iii) Subsets of PIGCTs showed unusual cytosolic localization of Chk2 and/or ATM. Collectively, these results show that PIGCTs mimic the DDR activation patterns of their gonadal germ cell tumor counterparts, rather than the brain tumors with which they share the tissue environment. Hence cell‐intrinsic factors and cell of origin dictate the extent of DDR barrier activation and also the ensuing pressure to select for DDR defects. Our data provide conceptually important insights into the role of DNA damage checkpoints in intracranial tumorigenesis, with implications for the differential biological responses of diverse tumor types to endogenous stress as well as to genotoxic treatments such as ionizing radiation or chemotherapy.
NEWLY EXCAVATED TEXTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE: REFLECTIONS ON NEW RESOURCES
Authors: Pham Lee-moi , Huang Kuan-yun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBased on a special issue entitled “Newly Excavated Texts in the Digital Age,” volume 21.2 (June 2011) of the Newsletter of the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica (Zhongyang yanjiu yuan Zhongguo wen zhe yanjiu suo tongxun中央研究院中國文哲研究所通訊), this article reflects on the various digital resources now being developed at institutions in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and elsewhere, looking, in turn, at topics related to the graphic form of characters, the relation between character and word, and the question of context. In addition, the article considers the web forum, a platform of research and discussion that is increasingly becoming a part of scholarly exchange.
Nonlinear instability of a supersonic boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Iaccarino Gianluca , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNonlinear instability in a supersonic boundary layer at Mach 4.8 with two-dimensional roughness is investigated by means of spatial direct numerical simulations (DNS). It was previously found that an important effect of a two-dimensional roughness is to increase significantly the amplitude of two-dimensional waves downstream of the roughness in a certain frequency band through enhanced instability and transient growth, while waves outside this band are damped. Here, we investigate the nonlinear secondary instability induced by a large-amplitude two-dimensional wave, which has received a significant boost in amplitude from this additional roughness-induced amplification. Both subharmonic and fundamental secondary excitation of the oblique secondary waves are considered. We found that even though the growth rate of the secondary perturbations increases compared to their linear amplification, only in some of the cases was a fully resonant state attained by the streamwise end of the domain. A parametric investigation of the amplitude of the primary wave, the phase difference between the primary and the secondary waves, and the spanwise wavenumber has also been performed. The transient growth experienced by the primary wave was found to not influence the secondary instability for most parameter combinations. For unfavourable phase relations between the primary and the secondary waves, the phase speed of the secondary wave decreases significantly, and this hampers its growth. Finally, we also investigated the strongly nonlinear stage, for which both the primary and the subharmonic secondary waves had a comparable, finite amplitude. In this case, the growth of the primary waves was found to vanish downstream of the transient growth region, resulting in a lower amplitude than in the absence of the large-amplitude secondary wave. This feedback also decreases the amplification rate of the secondary wave.
Free-stream coherent structures in parallel boundary-layer flows
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Hall Philip 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOur concern in this paper is with high-Reynolds-number nonlinear equilibrium solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for boundary-layer flows. Here we consider the asymptotic suction boundary layer (ASBL) which we take as a prototype parallel boundary layer. Solutions of the equations of motion are obtained using a homotopy continuation from two known types of solutions for plane Couette flow. At high Reynolds numbers, it is shown that the first type of solution takes the form of a vortex–wave interaction (VWI) state, see Hall & Smith (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 227, 1991, pp. 641–666), and is located in the main part of the boundary layer. On the other hand, here the second type is found to support an equilibrium solution of the unit-Reynolds-number Navier–Stokes equations in a layer located a distance of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}O(\ln \mathit{Re})$ from the wall. Here $\mathit{Re}$ is the Reynolds number based on the free-stream speed and the unperturbed boundary-layer thickness. The streaky field produced by the interaction grows exponentially below the layer and takes its maximum size within the unperturbed boundary layer. The results suggest the possibility of two distinct types of streaky coherent structures existing, possibly simultaneously, in disturbed boundary layers.
Evaluation of purified 27.5 kDa protoscolex antigen-based ELISA for the detection of circulating antigens and antibodies in sheep and human hydatidosis
Authors: Bauomi I.R. , El-Amir A.M. , Fahmy A.M. , Zalat R.S. , Diab T.M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHydatidosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, and the diagnosis of hydatidosis to date remains unresolved despite the development of many serological techniques. The present study aimed to develop an antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using IgG anti-27.5 kDa protoscolex antigen (27.5 PA) for measuring circulating protoscolex antigen (CPA), for comparison with an antibody detection assay, in sera of naturally infected sheep and humans in highly endemic areas in Egypt. In sheep, the sensitivity of ELISA in detecting anti-27.5 PA IgG and CPA was 75.0 and 60.0%, respectively, and the recorded specificity was 80.0 and 88.0%, respectively. In humans, the sensitivity of ELISA in detecting anti-27.5 PA IgG and CPA was 62.5 and 52.5%, respectively, while the specificity of the assay was 66.7 and 75.0%, respectively. In conclusion, an antibody detection assay is still superior and is more sensitive than an antigen detection assay, especially in diagnosing an active infection in which hydatid cysts are predominant. An antigen detection assay may be a useful approach to assessment of the efficacy of treatment, especially after removal of the cyst. Further studies are recommended to improve the diagnostic efficacy of an antigen-based ELISA method by using a highly purified recombinant antigen.
Anthelmintic resistance of intestinal nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Estonian horses
Authors: Lassen B. , Peltola S.-M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThere is evidence of resistance in horses to anthelmintic treatment using ivermectin and pyrantel. However, little information is available about the parasites, treatment practices or anthelmintic resistance in the horse population in Estonia. In the present study, we examined 41 trotting and riding horses aged < 3 years from four stables in Estonia. Faecal samples were collected, and horses were selected for treatment if the nematode egg count per gram faeces exceeded 200. Horses (n= 32) that shed strongyle-type eggs were treated with pyrantel, whereas Parascaris equorum-positive animals received ivermectin. Up to 78% of horses required anthelmintic treatment and the efficiency of the anthelmintics was evaluated using a faecal egg count reduction test. Resistance of P. equorum was observed in 50% of horses treated with ivermectin and of strongyles in 27% of horses treated with pyrantel. Ivermectin treatment resulted in a mean reduction of 100% for strongyle eggs and an 89% reduction in P. equorum, and pyrantel-treated horses exhibited an 88% reduction in strongyle eggs. These results are considered to be the first indication of resistance to pyrantel, but further studies of ivermectin resistance are required. According to questionnaires completed by the owners of horses, resistance might be explained by a lack of evidence-based strategies, a strong preference for using ivermectin and possibly a subjective evaluation of the body weight of horses.
Ideas and Leaders in Contentious Politics: One Parish Priest in El Salvador's Popular Movement
Authors: SANCHEZ PETER M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the actions of one Salvadorean priest – Padre David Rodríguez – in one parish – Tecoluca – to underscore the importance of religious leadership in the rise of El Salvador's contentious political movement that began in the early 1970s, when the guerrilla organisations were only just beginning to develop. Catholic leaders became engaged in promoting contentious politics, however, only after the Church had experienced an ideological conversion, commonly referred to as liberation theology. A focus on one priest, in one parish, allows for generalisation, since scores of priests, nuns and lay workers in El Salvador followed the same injustice frame and tactics that generated extensive political mobilisation throughout the country. While structural conditions, collective action and resource mobilisation are undoubtedly necessary, the case of religious leaders in El Salvador suggests that ideas and leadership are of vital importance for the rise of contentious politics at a particular historical moment.