bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creep Testing of One-Component Polyurethane and Emulsion Polymer Isocyanate Adhesives for Structural Timber Bonding*
Authors: Aicher Simon , Christian Zachary , Stapf Gordian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Moisture hardening one-component polyurethane (PU) adhesives and emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) adhesives have recently gained a considerable market share in structural timber gluing, especially in Europe. The creep behavior of bond lines between solid timber adherends with said adhesives, specifically nine PU and five EPI products, along with two phenolic resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) adhesives used for reference purposes, were studied. Most of the adhesives investigated are approved for gluing of structural timber components in Europe.
All of the reported 34 bending creep test series (with 340 specimens), were performed with two-part laminated spruce (Picea abies) specimens according to the European structural adhesive creep test standard EN 15416‐3. The standard addresses the ratio RC of creep between PU and EPI adhesives' bonds versus the minimally creeping bond lines of matched specimens glued with a reference PRF adhesive. Mainly glue line thicknesses of 0.3 mm were investigated, with some additional tests having been performed with 0.2- and 0.5-mm-thick glue lines as well.
The investigations provide a substantial insight into the creep behavior of the two regarded polyaddition adhesive families. Additionally, the evaluation proves, for PUs and EPIs for test glue line thicknesses of 0.3 mm and less, that it is well justified to reduce the presently prescribed creep periods of 26 and 52 weeks down to 13 and 26 weeks, respectively. The results will serve as a basis for a change of the European test and requirement standards on structural PU and EPI adhesives.
Effects of Ethanol-Supplemented Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin on Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Emissions from Glued-Laminated Timbers*
Authors: Tohmura Shin-ichiro , Miyamoto Kohta , Inoue Akio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Aldehyde emissions from glued-laminated timbers bonded with phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) resin adhesives, some of which included ethanol as a solvent, were investigated. Four commercial ethanol-free and three laboratory-made PRF resins with varying ethanol content were prepared and used to manufacture sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) glued-laminated timbers. The aldehyde emissions from these timbers were measured by a Japanese Industrial Standard small chamber method over an extended period. Three test samples, each with a differently oriented sealed surface, were also prepared for discussion of the mechanism. No relationship was observed between formaldehyde emission and either ethanol content or the orientation of the exposed area. However, acetaldehyde emission was significantly influenced by both parameters. When a cross-sectional surface was exposed, acetaldehyde emission decreased rapidly; however, conversely, when a cross-sectional surface was sealed, acetaldehyde emission remained constant and even increased gradually over an extended period, which was attributed to excessive acetaldehyde. When ethanol was present in adhesives in excess of 5 percent of the resin weight, excessive acetaldehyde may have been produced by enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase as previously reported and may spread into the wood, whereupon the acetaldehyde may have been emitted mainly from the cross-sectional surface rather than the other sides.
Beyond skin boundaries in contact improvisation and poetry
Authors: Pallant Cheryl 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The author, a practitioner of contact improvisation and a poet, discusses how she applied improvisational elements from contact improvisation to writing poetry. Her aim was to reinvigorate her writing after a loss in motivation and vision. The article focuses on a technique of sound replicating a partner and using it to propel writing. The author shares sections of her published poems to illustrate her sound sense and shows how it leads to a polylinear, experimental style. She recognizes meaning need not be homogenous nor dictated by the writer. An open, improvised, visceral approach to writing welcomes reader participation. Readers are invited to read with an open mind and the entirety of their body.
Tendencias recientes en los estudios de Geografía rural. Desarrollos teóricos y líneas de investigación en países de América Latina
Authors: Ávila Sánchez Héctor 
Published: December 2014

<p>En la presente contribución se hace un recorrido por las diversas rutas teóricas y metodológicas que sustentan a la Geografía rural, en sus modalidades actuales. Se hace especial énfasis en los aportes que establecen la Geografía francesa y la anglosajona. En los inicios de la disciplina, a principios del siglo XX, destacaba la identificación y la descripción de los paisajes, influenciada por la importancia del discurso regionalista. Posteriormente, los estudios geográficos rurales se desarrollaron bajo la influencia de la Geografía económica, fundamentalmente la descripción de las grandes zonas de especialización agrícola a nivel mundial (zonas de producción de cereales, de agricultura mediterránea, etc.), para posteriormente, a partir de la década de los años ochenta, analizar la profundidad de las transformaciones territoriales que acontecen en el medio rural, producto de los cambios en el paradigma productive fordista y posfordista, así como las modalidades derivadas de la globalización. Destaca la identificación del territorio como categoría conceptul para estudiar sus procesos y formas de aprehensión, así como los conceptos y las ideas vigentes en la construcción y la gestión territorial. Se destacan algunas tendencias y líneas de investigación prevalecientes en algunos países de América Latina, donde actualmene se analiza la ruralidad no solo desde el discurso geográfico, sino a través de diversas disciplinas sociales, abocadas al studio de los territorios. Se enfatiza en el estudio de la dinámica urbano-rural, como una de las expresiones actuales de mayor trascendencia y en la que se expresan más vertiginosamente los cambios territoriales.</p><p> </p>
Inverse source problems for time-fractional mixed parabolic-hyperbolic-type equations
Authors: Feng Pengbin , Karimov Erkinjon T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In the present paper we consider an inverse source problem for a time-fractional mixed parabolic-hyperbolic equation with Caputo derivatives. In the case when the hyperbolic part of the considered mixed-type equation is the wave equation, the uniqueness of the source and the solution are strongly influenced by the initial time and the problem is generally ill-posed. However, when the hyperbolic part is time-fractional, the problem is well-posed if the end time is large. Our method relies on the orthonormal system of eigenfunctions of the operator with respect to the space variables. Finally, we prove uniqueness and stability of certain weak solutions for the problems under consideration.
Insights from STEM and NBED studies into the local structure and growth mechanism of misfit layered compounds prepared using modulated reactants
Authors: Häusler Ines , Atkins Ryan , Falmbigl Matthias , Rudin Sven P. , Neumann Wolfgang , Johnson David C. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to probe the structure of the misfit compound [(SnSe)1.15]1(VSe2)1 grown using an elementally modulated precursor. The specular X-ray diffraction pattern contained only 00l reflections, which yielded a c lattice parameter of 1.203(1) nm. Cross-section STEM revealed alternating layers of SnSe and VSe2, in agreement with the structure model refined from the X-ray diffraction pattern using Rietveld refinement. Plan-view transmission electron microscopy revealed the in-plane grain structure of the films, yielding grain sizes in agreement with previously reported in plane X-ray diffraction studies and the cross-section STEM images. The plan view images also contained Moiré fringes resulting from grains with different relative tilting on both sides of interfaces as well as Moiré fringes resulting from different relative rotations between domains. An energy-filtered nano-beam electron diffraction pattern obtained from at least one domain in the [(SnSe)1.15]1(VSe2)1 sample investigated in cross section contained a series of resolvable supercell reflections along the c axis that indicated that the supercell c-axis lattice parameter was a multiple of three times that determined using X-ray diffraction. Energy filtered NBED of plan-view samples showed diffraction patterns from select regions with 12-fold symmetry, indicating that the arrangement of the layers is not rotationally random from layer to layer. This suggests that during the self-assembly of the amorphous modulated elemental precursor, the SnSe and VSe2 constituent layers must nucleate off the adjacent interfaces of the growing crystal, yielding layers that are locally rotationally aligned with growing crystal. Different processing conditions during the precursor to crystal self-assembly might enable the domain size and/or the extent of order to be controlled.
Synthesis, structure, properties and computational study of a novel dumbbell-like zinc compound based on 2, 2′-biimidazole and 4, 4′-bipyridine mixed ligands
Authors: Yao Zhong-Liang , Chen Wen-Tong , Hu Rong-Hua 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A novel zinc compound with mixed ligands, Zn2(bipy)(bim)4·(ClO4)4·2H2O (1) (bipy = 4, 4′-bipyridine; bim = 2, 2′-biimidazole), was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is characteristic of an isolated structure with two five-coordinated zinc ions bridged by a bipy ligand to form a dumbbell-like motif. Compound 1 is of rhombohedral system, space group R-3 with a = 25.7698(5), c = 19.0359(7) Å, V = 10947.8(5) Å3, C34H36Cl4N18O18Zn2, Z = 9, M

r
= 1257.35, D

c
= 1.716 g/cm3, S = 1.045, μ(MoKα) = 1.298 mm–1, F(000) = 5742, R = 0.0489 and wR = 0.1337. Photoluminescence investigation reveals that compound 1 displays an emission band in the green region. In combination with the theoretical studies, it is believed that the emission must arise from the ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) transition.
Risk and Protective Factors at Age 16: Psychological Adjustment in Children with a Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Feragen Kristin Billaud , Stock Nicola Marie , Kvalem Ingela Lundin 
Published: December 2014

Objective Explore psychological functioning in adolescents with a cleft at age 16 from a broad perspective, including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, appearance-related, and psychosocial adjustment. High-risk groups were identified within each area of adjustment to investigate whether vulnerable adolescents were found across domains or whether risk was limited to specific areas of adjustment. Methods Cross-sectional data based on psychological assessments at age 16 (N = 857). The effect of gender, cleft visibility, and the presence of an additional condition were investigated on all outcome variables. Results were compared with large national samples. Measures Hopkins Symptom Checklist, Harter Self-Perception Scale for Adolescents, Child Experience Questionnaire, and Satisfaction With Appearance scale. Results The main factor influencing psychological adjustment across domains was gender, with girls in general reporting more psychological problems, as seen in reference groups. The presence of an additional condition also negatively affected some of the measures. No support was found for cleft visibility as a risk factor except for dissatisfaction with appearance. Correlation analyses of risk groups seem to point to an association between social and emotional risk and between social risk and dissatisfaction with appearance. Associations between other domains were found to be weak. Conclusions The results point to areas of both risk and strength in adolescents born with a cleft lip and/or palate. Future research should investigate how protective factors could counteract potential risk in adolescents with a cleft.
Nasal Airway Dimensions of Children with Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Trindade Inge Elly Kiemle , De Oliveira Camargo Gomes Adriana , De Bragança Lopes Fernandes Marilyse , Kiemle Trindade Sergio Henrique , Da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel 
Published: December 2014

Objective To measure cross-sectional areas of the main nasal constrictions as a function of the distance into the nose in children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate, as compared with children without cleft, by acoustic rhinometry. Design Prospective analysis. Setting Craniofacial anomalies hospital. Participants A total of 39 children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate and 34 healthy controls without cleft, of both genders, aged 6 to 9 years. Interventions/Variables Nasal cross-sectional areas measured at the three main deflections of the rhinogram (CSA1, CSA2, CSA3) and distances from the nares (dCSA1, dCSA2, dCSA3) were assessed by means of an Eccovision Acoustic Rhinometer, before and after nasal decongestion. Differences were analyzed at a significance level of 5%. Results At the cleft side, mean CSA1, CSA2, and CSA3 values ± standard deviation obtained before nasal decongestion were 0.17 ± 0.12, 0.29 ± 0.20, and 0.40 ± 0.28 cm2, respectively, and dCSA1, dCSA2, and dCSA3 values ± standard deviation were 2.02 ± 0.40, 3.74 ± 0.51, and 5.50 ± 0.44 cm, respectively. At the noncleft side, these were 0.33 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.28, and 0.90 ± 0.43 cm2, respectively, and 1.69 ± 0.48, 3.67 ± 0.53, and 5.60 ± 0.70 cm, respectively. Increased cross-sectional area means were seen after nasal decongestion in the control and cleft groups. Mean cross-sectional area values at the cleft side were significantly smaller than noncleft side and control values, and the mean dCSA1 value was smaller at the noncleft side before and after decongestion. Conclusions Objective assessment of internal nasal dimensions has shown that children with unilateral cleft lip and palate have a significant impairment of nasal patency due to the reduced cross-sectional areas seen at the cleft side.
Effects of Fiber-reinforced Composite Bases on Microleakage of Composite Restorations in Proximal Locations
Authors: A Tezvergil-Mutluay , P.K Vallittu 
Published: December 2014

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of direct restorative composite resin upon the addition of an intermediate glass fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC) layer of various fiber orientations between tooth and particulate filler composite resin (PFRC).

Materials and Methods:

Cavities were prepared both on the mesial and distal surfaces of sixty extracted human molars with one margin placed below and the other above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Teeth were assigned to five different groups. Four of the groups received a layer of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) resin system impregnated E-glass GFRC at the bottom of the cavity: Group 1; unidirectional continuous GFRC (EVS) in buccolingual direction (EVS-BL), Group 2; EVS in mesiodistal direction (EVS-MD), Group 3; bidirectional woven GFRC (EVN), Group 4; multidirectional short GFRC (EXP-MLT), Group 5; PRFC only (control). After acid etching and priming of the cavities and insertion of GFRC layer with the adhesive resin (Scotchbond Multipurpose 3M-ESPE), the cavities were filled incrementally with PRFC (Filtek Z250, 3M-ESPE) and each layer was light cured for 20 s. After finishing and polishing, the restored teeth were water-stored for 24 h at 37 °C and then thermocycled for 6000 cycles between 5-55 °C, before immersion in 0.5 % basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. After sectioning by 3-5 sagittal cuts, each sequential section was imaged and digitally analyzed to determine the stain depth.

Results:
All GFRC groups in dentin revealed significantly lower microleakage compared to control (p<0.05). The orientation of FRC intermediate layer did not reveal significant differences in microleakage (p>0.05). The microleakeage in enamel was not different between the groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion:

Use of intermediate GFRC layer between tooth and PFRC could provide alternative method to minimize microleakage.

Clinical Relevance:
Use of GFRC intermediate layer underneath the particulate filler composite can be used to minimize the leakeage of the restorations.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders After Sixteen Years of Universal Dietary Salt Iodization in a Severe Iodine Deficiency Village in Niger
Authors: Sadou Hassimi , G. Dandano Ibrahim , M. Alma Mousbahou , Daouda Hamani 
Published: December 2014

Introduction:
Since 1996, Niger has officially adopted the universal dietary salt iodization program (UDSI).

Objective:
It is a before‑after trial study conducted to determine the impact of UDSI program in Tiguey 16 years after.

Subjects and methods:
The study was centered on 371 volunteers whose thyroid gland was palpated and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) determined in 319 of them.

Results:
The total goitre rate (TGR) was 13.20% with 9.70% invisible but palpable goitre (G1) and 3.50% visible goitre (G2). In 1987, the TGR was 77.15%, with 25.25% G1 and 51.90 % G2. The median UIC was 166.00 μg/L, the 20th percentile 66.40 μg/L and the 80 percentile was 300 μg/L. 68.34 % of the volunteers had a UIC ≥ 100 μg/L, 2.51% <20 μg/L, 10.97% between 20 and 49 μg/L and 18.18% between 50 and 99 μg/L. In 1987, only 3.96% of the studied sample had a UIC ≥ 100 μg/L, 45 % had a UIC <20 μg/L, 35% between 20 and 49 μg/L and 16% from 50 to 99 μg/L. No significant relationship was found between UIC and age and gender or goitre prevalence and gender (P> 0.05). However, goitre prevalence increases significantly with age (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The implementation of the UDSI program in Niger decreased goitre prevalence and significantly improved the nutritional iodine status of the populations of Tiguey. However a slight endemic goitre and mild to moderate iodine deficiency persists.
Novel Metabolic Markers for the Risk of Diabetes Development in American Indians
Authors: Zhao Jinying , Zhu Yun , Hyun Noorie , Zeng Donglin , Uppal Karan , Tran ViLinh T. , Yu Tianwei , Jones Dean , He Jiang , Lee Elisa T. , Howard Barbara V. 
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE
To identify novel metabolic markers for diabetes development in American Indians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using an untargeted high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we conducted metabolomics analysis of study participants who developed incident diabetes (n = 133) and those who did not (n = 298) from 2,117 normoglycemic American Indians followed for an average of 5.5 years in the Strong Heart Family Study. Relative abundances of metabolites were quantified in baseline fasting plasma of all 431 participants. Prospective association of each metabolite with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) was examined using logistic regression adjusting for established diabetes risk factors.

RESULTS
Seven metabolites (five known and two unknown) significantly predict the risk of T2D. Notably, one metabolite matching 2-hydroxybiphenyl was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas four metabolites matching PC (22:6/20:4), (3S)-7-hydroxy-2′,3′,4′,5′,8-pentamethoxyisoflavan, or tetrapeptides were significantly associated with decreased risk of diabetes. A multimarker score comprising all seven metabolites significantly improved risk prediction beyond established diabetes risk factors including BMI, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that these newly detected metabolites may represent novel prognostic markers of T2D in American Indians, a group suffering from a disproportionately high rate of T2D.
Analysis of temperature distribution in a pipe with inner mineral deposit
Authors: Joachimiak Magda , Ciałkowski Michał , Bartoszewicz Jarosław 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The paper presents the results of calculations related to determination of temperature distributions in a steel pipe of a heat exchanger taking into account inner mineral deposits. Calculations have been carried out for silicate-based scale being characterized by a low heat transfer coefficient. Deposits of the lowest values of heat conduction coefficient are particularly impactful on the strength of thermally loaded elements. In the analysis the location of the thermocouple and the imperfection of its installation were taken into account. The paper presents the influence of determination accuracy of the heat flux on the pipe external wall on temperature distribution. The influence of the heat flux disturbance value on the thickness of deposit has also been analyzed.
Comparative analysis of endurance of not hearing and hearing students
Authors: Iwańska Dagmara , Madej Anna , Urbanik Czesław 
Published: December 2014

Summary
Study aim: Sport participation is important for deaf children, as participants experience physical, psychological and social benefits [23]. This study is a summary of four year’s researches on the endurance level of deaf and well hearing girls and boys. The aim of this study was to compare endurance of not hearing and hearing students.
Material and methods: 300 students aged 12, 14 and 16 from six Warsaw’s schools participated in the study. Students were divided into 12 groups according to three criterions: hearing impairment level, gender and age. The physical fitness was measured with laboratory methods. There was „inclined plane” measurement set used to estimate the endurance level. From the biomechanical point of view the measure of endurance is change of power versus time and total work.
Results: The study result’s proved significant differences only between boy’s group. Deaf and hearing girls presented similar level of their endurance parameters. The significant differences in results of deaf and well-hearing students were observed in the groups of 14 years old boys. Deaf male students presented 23% lower (p < 0.01) values of maximal power in comparison to their hearing peers. Yet, they were more capable of sustaining the power developed for a longer time, which is proved by significantly higher (33%; p < 0.001) regression coefficient b. Since maximal power level was lower, the executed work was also significantly lower comparing to well-hearing students’ results.
Conclusion: Research proved that deaf students do not vary from their well-hearing peers with regard to the energetic potential. Differences described in the literature and recorded in our research are probably the result of environmental (social) factors and different models of gaining movement habits.
Producibility of the ion-exchange method in manufacturing gradient refractive index in glass
Authors: Rogoziński R. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the technological aspect of application of the ion exchange method in producing gradient refractive index in glass. The possibility of predictable and repeatable producing of the changes in glass refraction with the use of this method has been presented, as well as the method of in situ control of the process of diffusion doping of glass based on the measurement of the temperature. This method is based on simultaneous (to the carried process) solving the nonlinear diffusion equation modeling the spatio-temporal changes in normalized concentration of the admixture ions in glass. For this purpose the knowledge of temperature characteristics of diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions is used. The result of such control of diffusion processes is information on the current (temporary) refractive index profile of the resulting waveguide. The presented method of control has been confirmed by experimental results, which concern modeling and measurements of planar waveguide structures of slab type. The proposed methodology can also be used to control the diffusion processes of producing another type of two- and three-dimensional gradient structures. According to the author’s knowledge the method mentioned above has not been described in literature before.