bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La représentation politique des francophones d’Ottawa : la situation des élus francophones au conseil municipal, 2000-2010
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Mévellec Anne 
Published: April 2014

Ce texte porte sur la représentation politique des francophones à la Ville d’Ottawa de 2000 à 2010 et questionne, de façon exploratoire, les rapports de force existant à l’Hôtel de ville. Pour ce faire, les auteures présentent un portrait de la situation démo-géographique des francophones à Ottawa, permettant de définir quatre types de quartiers : populeux, francophones, linguistiquement variés et anglophones. Cette typologie est ensuite utilisée pour présenter et discuter les données électorales qui permettent de conclure à une forte territorialisation et à une grande stabilité de la représentation politique francophone. Ces résultats permettront de mieux comprendre comment les intérêts francophones sont portés au conseil municipal et par la suite traités.
Ressources humaines en réception hôtelière au Vietnam : une grille de lecture socio-culturelle
Authors: Vo Thanh Tan , D’Arcy Dornan 
Published: April 2014

L’article se propose de répondre à un double objectif : (1) établir un état des lieux du profil général des employés du service de réception, de leurs compétences et de leurs plans de carrière, et (2) permettre aux praticiens, nationaux et internationaux, d’appréhender le marché de travail hôtelier vietnamien. Cette recherche permet de mettre en avant dans un premier temps les compétences clés pour le poste de réceptionniste hôtelier et de formuler dans un second temps les recommandations stratégiques en matière de formation et gestion des ressources humaines dans l’industrie hôtelière au Vietnam.
Alfabetización histórica y competencias básicas en libros de texto de historia y en aprendizajes de estudiantes
Authors: Sáiz Serrano Jorge 
Published: April 2014

Este trabajo relaciona el enfoque por competencias educativas básicas con las destrezas del pensamiento histórico entendido como alfabetización histórica: el planteamiento y solución de problemas, el análisis de fuentes históricas y la construcción de narrativas. Se presentan unas variables para examinar dichas habilidades tanto en libros de texto como en aprendizajes de estudiantes, aportando resultados de una investigación doctoral en curso. Se analiza una muestra de actividades de manuales escolares españoles de Historia (de 1º, 2º y 4º de ESO y de 2º de Bachillerato) y, por otro lado, niveles de aprendizaje histórico del alumnado a partir de exámenes de la Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad de “Historia de España” de un tribunal valenciano. Palabras clave: Alfabetización histórica, competencias básicas, pensamiento histórico, libros de texto de Historia, progreso de aprendizaje de alumnado, fuentes históricas
Interaction of subducted slabs with the mantle transition‐zone: A regime diagram from 2‐D thermo‐mechanical models with a mobile trench and an overriding plate
Authors: Garel F. , Goes S. , Davies D. R. , Davies J. H. , Kramer S. C. , Wilson C. R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTransition zone slab deformation influences Earth's thermal, chemical, and tectonic evolution. However, the mechanisms responsible for the wide range of imaged slab morphologies remain debated. Here we use 2‐D thermo‐mechanical models with a mobile trench, an overriding plate, a temperature and stress‐dependent rheology, and a 10, 30, or 100‐fold increase in lower mantle viscosity, to investigate the effect of initial subducting and overriding‐plate ages on slab‐transition zone interaction. Four subduction styles emerge: (i) a “vertical folding” mode, with a quasi‐stationary trench, near‐vertical subduction, and buckling/folding at depth (VF); (ii) slabs that induce mild trench retreat, which are flattened/“horizontally deflected” and stagnate at the upper‐lower mantle interface (HD); (iii) inclined slabs, which result from rapid sinking and strong trench retreat (ISR); (iv) a two‐stage mode, displaying backward‐bent and subsequently inclined slabs, with late trench retreat (BIR). Transitions from regime (i) to (iii) occur with increasing subducting plate age (i.e., buoyancy and strength). Regime (iv) develops for old (strong) subducting and overriding plates. We find that the interplay between trench motion and slab deformation at depth dictates the subduction style, both being controlled by slab strength, which is consistent with predictions from previous compositional subduction models. However, due to feedbacks between deformation, sinking rate, temperature, and slab strength, the subducting plate buoyancy, overriding plate strength, and upper‐lower mantle viscosity jump are also important controls in thermo‐mechanical subduction. For intermediate upper‐lower mantle viscosity jumps (×30), our regimes reproduce the diverse range of seismically imaged slab morphologies.
Comparison of combustion behaviors and pollutant emissions using bituminous coal and corncob in a fluidized bed combustor
Authors: Duan Feng , Chyang Chien‐Song , Tso Jim 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe combustion behaviors and pollutant emissions of corncob and bituminous coal in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed combustor was compared. The flue gas recirculation combustion mode was used in this study. The effects of operating parameters, such as stoichiometric oxygen ratio, and bed temperature on the pollutant emissions were investigated. The results show that the combustion fractions vary with different kinds of fuels, resulting in different CO and NOx emission characteristics. Corncob combusts primarily in the freeboard zone, whereas bituminous coal combusts primarily in the bed zone. Therefore, the CO emission decreases with the increasing bed temperature in bituminous coal combustion, whereas the effect of bed temperature on CO emission is not obvious in corncob combustion. The CO emission of corncob combustion decreases with the stoichiometric oxygen ratio, whereas the CO emission of bituminous coal combustion has the inverse trend. For both fuels, the NOx emissions increase with the bed temperature but decrease with the stoichiometric oxygen ratio. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and application in drug controlled delivery of pH‐sensitive P(CE‐co‐DMAEMA‐co‐MEG) hydrogel
Authors: Wang Fang Ping , Zhang Jun Ying , Mu Hu Po , Li Wan Xia , Yuan Ting , Du Xin Zhen 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA pH‐sensitive hydrogel [P(CE‐co‐DMAEMA‐co‐MEG)] was synthesized by the free‐radical crosslinking polymerization of N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate(MPEG‐Mac) and methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(caprolactone)‐methacryloyl methchloride (PCE‐Mac). The effects of pH and monomer content on swelling property, swelling and deswelling kinetics of the hydrogels were examined and hydrogel microstructures were investigated by SEM. Sodium salicylate was chosen as a model drug and the controlled‐release properties of hydrogels were pilot studied. The results indicated that the swelling ratios of the gels in stimulated gastric fluids (SGF, pH = 1.4) were higher than those in stimulated intestinal fluids (SIF, pH = 7.4), and followed a non‐Fickian and a Fickian diffusion mechanism, respectively. In vitro release studies showed that its release rate depends on different swelling of the network as a function of the environmental pH and DMAEMA content. SEM micrographs showed homogenous pore structure of the hydrogel with open pores at pH 1.4. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40737.
MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst containing dibenzoyl sulfide donor for propylene polymerization
Authors: Kim Ga‐Hee , Um Byung‐Hwan , Son Ki‐Chul , Oh Kyeongseok , Koh Hyoung‐Lim 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPolypropylene (PP) was synthesized in the presence of Ziegler–Natta catalysts composed of MgCl2‐TiCl4‐internal donor/AlR3‐external donor. Diisobutyl phthalate is a well‐known internal donor in current PP production. Nevertheless, phthalates are often blamed as endocrine disruptors. The objective is to find an ecofriendly internal donor producing PP with maintaining its physical properties. When using dibenzoyl sulfide, synthesized PP shows the superiority to diisobutyl phthalate in the activity of catalyst (40 vs. 22 kg PP/g catalyst), the isotacticity of polymer (99.5 vs. 98.0 wt % of heptane insolubles), and the molecular weight distribution of PP product (Mw/Mn = 4.8 vs. 4). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40743.
Morphology and antibacterial properties of natural rubber composites based on biosynthesized nanosilver
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Xue Xinghua , Zhang Ziqi , Liu Yafei , Li Guang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe objective of this work is to improve the properties of natural rubber composites (NRC) that were frequently used in medical and health supplies, using nanosilver additions. Silver nanocolloids were biosynthesized with an aqueous medium of aloe leaf extract (ALE) as capping agent, and then were filled in natural rubber matrix to prepare nanosilver‐based NRC. UV–vis spectrophotometer, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopic analyses proved that the particle size of resultant silver was about 20 nm. The antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria of NRC were dependable on the silver nanoparticles content and the treating methods on ALE, which was used in synthesizing silver nanocolloids. The morphology and thermal stability effect of nanosilver on NRC were determined with scanning electron microscopic and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40746.
Friction and wear of fiber reinforced polyimide composites in electron or proton irradiation
Authors: Zheng Fei , Zhang Xinrui , Zhao Gai , Wang Qihua , Wang Tingmei 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe polyimide (PI) composites reinforced with carbon fibers, glass fibers, and aramid fibers were fabricated by means of a hot‐press molding technique and irradiated by electron or proton for a certain time. The friction and wear behavior after irradiation, sliding against GCr15 steel balls, were evaluated in a ground‐based simulation facility using ball‐on‐disk tribosystem. The change of the chemical composition of the radiated surface was examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The worn morphologies and radiated surfaces of the materials were observed by scanning electron microscope to reveal the wear mechanism. Experimental analysis indicated that the chemical composition of the materials changed and an irradiated layer was formed at the surface. This irradiation layer had an important effect on the friction and wear behavior of the PI composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40774.
Determinants of alpha‐fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications for its clinical use
Authors: Giannini Edoardo G. , Sammito Giorgio , Farinati Fabio , Ciccarese Francesca , Pecorelli Anna , Rapaccini Gian Lodovico , Di Marco Mariella , Caturelli Eugenio , Zoli Marco , Borzio Franco , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Felder Martina , Gasbarrini Antonio , Sacco Rodolfo , Foschi Francesco Giuseppe , Missale Gabriele , Morisco Filomena , Svegliati Baroni Gianluca , Virdone Roberto , Trevisani Franco ,   for the Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA) Group
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDα‐Fetoprotein (AFP) is a biomarker commonly used in the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the possible determinants of its serum levels in these patients have not been adequately explored. For this study, the authors evaluated the relevance of demographic, clinical, and oncologic factors to the presence of elevated AFP levels in large cohort of patients with HCC.METHODSIn 4123 patients with HCC who were managed by the Italian Liver Cancer Group, AFP levels were assessed along with their association with demographic, biochemical, clinical, and oncologic characteristics. Patients were subdivided according to the presence of elevated AFP (ie, >10 ng/mL).RESULTSAFP levels were elevated in 62.4% of patients with HCC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that being a woman (odds ratio [OR], 1.497; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.250‐1.793; P < .0001), the presence of cirrhosis (OR, 1.538; 95% CI, 1.050‐2.254; P = .027), liver disease with viral etiology (OR, 1.900; 95% CI, 1.589‐2.272; P < .0001), an elevated alanine aminotransferase level (OR, 1.878; 95% CI, 1.602‐2.202; P < .0001), a low albumin level (OR, 1.301; 95% CI, 1.110‐1.525; P = .012), an HCC tumor size >2 cm (OR, 1.346; 95% CI, 1.135‐2.596; P = .001), multinodular HCC (OR, 1.641; 95% CI, 1.403‐1.920; P < .0001), and the presence of vascular invasion (OR, 1.774; 95% CI, 1.361‐2.311; P < .0001) were associated independently with elevated levels of AFP. Both the median AFP level and the proportion of patients who had elevated levels increased with decreasing degrees of HCC differentiation (P < .0001).CONCLUSIONSSex and features of chronic liver disease were identified as nontumor characteristics that influence serum AFP levels in patients with HCC. These findings should be taken into account as limitations in interpreting the oncologic meaning of this biomarker in clinical practice. Cancer 2014;120:2150–2157. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Durable Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic Polyurethane Sponges Inspired by Mussel and Lotus Leaf for the Selective Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water
Authors: Li Bucheng , Li Lingxiao , Wu Lei , Zhang Junping , Wang Aiqin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe low stability of most superhydrophobic materials is one of the hurdles faced in terms of their practical applications. Inspired by mussel and lotus leaf, we report the fabrication of durable superhydrophobic/superoleophilic polyurethane (PU) sponges for the selective removal of organic pollutants from water. The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic PU sponges are prepared through in‐turn covalent modification of PU sponges with polydopamine, silver nanoparticles, and dodecyl mercaptan. The morphology and surface chemical composition of the sponges are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the wetting behaviors, stability, and oil/water separation performance of the superhydrophobic sponges are studied. The modified PU sponges show promising superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties. The sponge has a water contact angle of about 155° and a shedding angle of approximately 3°, whereas the contact angle of oil is around 0°. In addition, the superhydrophobic coating on the PU sponge exhibits excellent mechanical, chemical, and environmental stability, for example, upon laundering, intensive scalpel scratching, long‐duration immersion in organic liquids and oils, and subjection to harsh temperatures and UV irradiation. Moreover, the superhydrophobic sponge can be used repeatedly for the selective and quick absorption of various insoluble organic pollutants (for example, petrol, crude oil, and chloroform) from water with high separation efficiency.
SEDP‐based detection of low‐rate DoS attacks
Authors: Wu Zhijun , Yue Meng , Li Douzhe , Xie Ke 
Published: April 2014

SummaryLow‐rate Denial of Service (LDoS) is a new type of TCP‐targeted attacks, which attempt to deny bandwidth to TCP flows while sending at sufficiently low‐average rate to elude detection of DoS defense system. Therefore, LDoS attacks are difficult to be detected by routers and counter‐DoS mechanisms. In this paper, an approach of detecting LDoS attacks is proposed by using the technology of signal processing based on the model of spectral energy distribution probability. The proposed approach calculates variances between the incoming traffic of normal TCP and attack flows to a server by using packet sampling sequence within a certain period. The network traffic is converted from the time domain to the frequency domain forming a spectral signal, and the distribution probability of spectral energy is estimated based on spectrum characteristics of rectangular pulses. This approach explores that the energy of LDoS attacks is mostly distributed in the main lobe width while that of normal TCP traffic is just concentrated near zero in frequency domain. Both the spectral energy of normal TCP traffic and LDoS attacks distributed in main lobe are calculated, and an energy threshold is set as decision value based on statistical results according to energy distribution properties. The existence of LDoS attacks is determined and detected by comparing calculated variances with the preset decision threshold value. Tests on the detection performance of the proposed approach were performed in NS‐2 simulation environment, and detection rate was obtained by Hypothesis test. Experiment results show that the proposed approach has higher detection accuracy and less computation consuming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of cell proliferation in black‐capped chickadees suggests a role for neurogenesis in spatial learning
Authors: Hall Zachary J. , Delaney Shauna , Sherry David F. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTFollowing development, the avian brain continues to produce neurons throughout adulthood, which functionally integrate throughout the telencephalon, including the hippocampus. In food‐storing birds like the black‐capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), new neurons incorporated into the hippocampus are hypothesized to play a role in spatial learning. Previous results on the relation between hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning, however, are correlational. In this study, we experimentally suppressed hippocampal neuronal recruitment and tested for subsequent effects on spatial learning in adult chickadees. After chickadees exhibited significant learning, we treated birds with daily injections of either saline or methylazoxymethanol (MAM), a toxin that suppresses cell proliferation in the brain and monitored subsequent spatial learning. MAM treatment significantly reduced cell proliferation around the lateral ventricles and neuronal recruitment in the hippocampus, measured using the cell birth marker bromodeoxyuridine. MAM‐treated birds performed significantly worse than controls on the spatial learning task 12 days following the initiation of MAM treatment, a time when new neurons would begin functionally integrating into the hippocampus. This difference in learning, however, was limited to a single trial. MAM treatment did not affect any measure of body condition, suggesting learning impairments were not a product of non‐specific adverse effects of MAM. This is the first evidence of a potential causal link between hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning in birds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1002–1010, 2014
CTLA‐4 (CD152) enhances the Tc17 differentiation program
Authors: Pick Jonas , Arra Aditya , Lingel Holger , Hegel J. Kolja , Huber Magdalena , Nishanth Gopala , Jorch Gerhard , Fischer Klaus‐Dieter , Schlüter Dirk , Tedford Kerry , Brunner‐Weinzierl Monika C. 
Published: April 2014

Although CD8+ T cells that produce IL‐17 (Tc17 cells) have been linked to host defense, Tc17 cells show reduced cytotoxic activity, which is the characteristic function of CD8+ T cells. Here, we show that CTLA‐4 enhances the frequency of IL‐17 in CD8+ T cells, indicating that CTLA‐4 (CD152) specifically promotes Tc17 differentiation. Simultaneous stimulation of CTLA‐4+/+ and CTLA‐4−/− T cells in cocultures and agonistic CTLA‐4 stimulation unambiguously revealed a cell‐intrinsic mechanism for IL‐17 control by CTLA‐4. The quality of CTLA‐4‐induced Tc17 cells was tested in vivo, utilizing infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Unlike CTLA‐4+/+ Tc17 cells, CTLA‐4−/− were nearly as efficient as Tc1 CTLA‐4+/+ cells in LM clearance. Additionally, adoptively transferred CTLA‐4−/− Tc17 cells expressed granzyme B after rechallenge, and produced Tc1 cytokines such as IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, which strongly correlate with bacterial clearance. CTLA‐4+/+ Tc17 cells demonstrated a high‐quality Tc17 differentiation program ex vivo, which was also evident in isolated IL‐17‐secreting Tc17 cells, with CTLA‐4‐mediated enhanced upregulation of Tc17‐related molecules such as IL‐17A, RORγt, and IRF‐4. Our results show that CTLA‐4 promotes Tc17 differentiation that results in robust Tc17 responses. Its inactivation might therefore represent a central therapeutic target to enhance clearance of infection.
Natural antioxidants as stabilizers of frying oils*
Authors: Aladedunye Felix Adekunle 
Published: April 2014

Frying is a very complex process and the applied conditions often overwhelm most endogenous and added antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are often added to processed oils to retard oxidative degradation during storage and frying; however, beside their poor performance under frying conditions, consumers' acceptance of synthetic antioxidants remains negative due to their perceived detrimental effect on human health. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the search for effective natural antioxidants for frying applications, notably, from phenolic components of common spices and herbs. The present study provides an overview of the literature on natural antioxidants, sources, and their performance under frying conditions.Practical applications: Sources and performance of natural antioxidants during frying were reviewed. Despite abundance of data on the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant potency of some natural antioxidants under storage conditions, there is still a dearth of information on their activity during frying. This study revealed a number of under‐exploited sources of natural antioxidants that could be used to improve the stability of frying oils.
(+)‐Sparteine‐Mediated Substitution of o‐Benzyl‐N‐pivaloylaniline with Ketones
Authors: Ko Yi Kyung , Im Chan , Do Junghwan , Park Yong Sun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe (+)‐sparteine‐mediated lithiation–substitution of o‐benzyl‐N‐pivaloylaniline with various ketones was investigated. The obtained highly enantioenriched tertiary alcohols were used for the synthesis of alkenyl‐substituted products 12 and 13 as well as 3,3,4‐trisubstituted tetrahydroquinoline derivatives 22–24. The reaction with α,β‐unsaturated ketones afforded highly enantioenriched 1,4‐addition products 28–33 and provided a protocol for the asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted tetralin derivative 34.
When do victim group members feel a moral obligation to help suffering others?
Authors: Warner Ruth H. , Wohl Michael J. A. , Branscombe Nyla R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn four experiments, we assessed when the salience of ingroup historical victimization will encourage a sense of moral obligation to reduce the suffering of others. Historically victimized groups (Jews and women; Experiments 1 and 3) who considered the lessons of the past for their ingroup felt heightened moral obligation to help other non‐adversary victimized groups. However, when the suffering outgroup was an adversary, Jews (Experiment 2) and women (Experiment 4) who focused on the lesson of historical victimization for their ingroup reported lower moral obligation to reduce others' suffering. The lesson focus effect on moral obligation was mediated by benefit finding as well as perceived similarity to the outgroup. Means to facilitate moral obligation, as well as limiting factors, among victimized group members are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.