bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifications to the Silver Physical Developer
Authors: Burow D , Seifert D , Cantu AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The silver physical developer is currently the most successful reagent used for visualizing the water-insoluble components (e.g., lipids) of latent prints on porous surfaces. It is normally used after the amino acid visualizing reagents (e.g., ninhydrin and DFO) are used. This work found that the performance of the current formulation of silver physical developer is strongly reduced when the water used is changed from the usual distilled water to the more purified reverse osmosis/deionized (RO/DI) water. Based on numerous experiments involving the systematic variation of the component concentrations, the performance was restored and even improved by reducing the concentration of all the components (except that of the ferric salt) and by including malic acid in the formulation. These modifications resulted in a new silver physical developer formulation that performs as well as or better than the current formulation and is less expensive to make.
Allele Frequencies for 15 Autosomal STR Loci on U.S. Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic Populations*
Authors: Butler JM , Schoske R , Vallone PM , Redman JW , Kline MC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Anonymous liquid blood samples with self-identified ethnicities were purchased from Interstate Blood Bank (Memphis, TN) and Millennium Biotech, Inc. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) and extracted using a modified salt out procedure (1). The extracted DNA was then quantified using UV spectrophotometry at 260 nm and a PicoGreen assay (2). A 150-µL aliquot of the extracted DNA solution was directly quantified in a Cary 100 double-beam spectrophotometer (Varian Analytical Instruments, Walnut Creek, CA). Low volume micro-cuvettes allowed for accurate absorbance measurements (A = 0.2 to 0.6) without prior dilution of the stock extracted DNA. Sample concentrations were adjusted to 1 ng/µL for typing purposes using the PicoGreen assay values. Fifteen autosomal STR markers (the 13 CODIS core loci and D19S433 and D2S1338) were typed along with amelogenin using the Applied Biosystems AmpF1STR® Identifiler™ kit (3). PCR amplification was carried out on a GeneAmp® 9700 (Applied Biosystems) using 1 ng of DNA according to kit protocols (3) with the exception of reduced volume reactions (5 µL instead of 25 µL) and reduced cycles (26 instead of 28). Amplification products were diluted 1:15 in HiDi™ formamide and GS500-LIZ internal size standard (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed on the 16-capillary ABI Prism® 3100 Genetic Analyzer without prior denaturation of samples. POP™-6 (Applied Biosystems) rather than POP™-4 was utilized for higher resolution separations on a 36 cm array. Samples were injected
Commentary on: Thompson WC, Taroni F, Aitken CGG. How the Probability of a False Positive Affects the Value of DNA Evidence. J Forensic Sci 2003;48(1):47-54.
Authors: Cotton RW , Word CJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This letter is written to correct several errors in a paragraph within the section entitled "Errors Happen" on page 48 in the recently published paper "How the Probability of a False Positive Affects the Value of DNA Evidence" by William C. Thompson, Franco Taroni, Colin G.G. Aitken. J Forensic Sci 2003;48(1): 47-54.
Genetic Data at Two Short Tandem Repeat Loci D9S304 and D10S2325 in Two Chinese Populations (Han and Zhuang Populations)
Authors: Zheng X , Ling F , Dong C , Dong C , Shaojian Zhu S , Kobilinsky L , Li J , Li C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bloodstains of 200 unrelated Han population individuals living in southern China, 100 unrelated Zhuang population individuals from Guangxi were prepared on sterilized filter and subsequently air dried. DNA was obtained from bloodstain specimens using Chelex 100 (3). PCR amplification was performed using primers labeled with fluorescent dye (2,3). The amplified products were separated and detected using ABI Prism 310 sequencer (PEBiosystems, Foster City, CA). The data were analyzed as published previously (4-6).
Commentary on: Thompson WC, Taroni F, Aitken CGG. How the Probability of a False Positive Affects the Value of DNA Evidence. J Forensic Sci 2003;48(1):47-54.
Authors: Clarke GW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I read with alarm the discussion by Thompson et al., of the significance of DNA evidence in forensic casework. I was struck by the authors' description of a 1995 case in the jurisdiction in which I practice law. The authors state: "In 1995, Cellmark Diagnostics admitted that a similar sample-switch error had caused it to report, incorrectly, that a rape defendant's DNA profile matched DNA found in vaginal aspirate from a rape victim."
The Direct Detection and Identification of Staining Dyes from Security Inks in the Presence of Other Colorants, on Currency and Fabrics, by Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Balko L , Allison J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) is useful for the direct desorption and MS analysis of dyes off materials such as paper. Here it is shown that staining dyes, produced by currency degradation devices, such as those used by financial institutions or armored transport companies, can be detected by LDMS. These staining dye packs are commonly used in bank security programs to deter theft or unauthorized removal of currency from teller stations or from ATM cash cassettes. Working automatically, these technologies release a security dye to degrade the surface of the notes and possibly mark the assailant involved in the attack. These dyes can be characterized and identified directly from paper currency, and from fabrics, and uniquely identified in the presence of other dyes that are used in the printing and dying of such materials, by LDMS. In these experiments, no extraction step is required. A pulsed UV laser directly irradiates a paper or fabric sample-colorants are desorbed, ionized and detected using time-of-flight MS. Results shown here suggest that dyes such as Basic Red 1:1 and Basic Violet 11:1 are used in such devices.
A Spanish Population Study of the STR Loci D2S1338, D19S433, Penta D, and Penta E
Authors: Fernández L , Garcia O , Martin P , Albarrán C , Garcia P , Sancho M , Alonso A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The allele frequencies for the loci D2S1338, D19S433, Penta D, and Penta E were determined in a Spanish population. Whole blood samples were obtained from 187-208 unrelated donors from Central Spain. Genomic DNA was extracted by a standard phenol/chloroform extraction procedure. PCR amplification was performed using the AmpFℓSTR SGM Plus D2S1338 and D19S433 loci-amplification kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and PowerPlex 16 Penta D and Penta E—amplification kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) following manufacturer's instructions. The amplified products were separated and detected using the ABI 377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Alleles were classified according to the recommenda- tions of the ISFG (1). Statistical analysis was performed as previ- ously reported (2). The complete dataset is available to any interested researcher upon request from the corresponding author.
Distributions of Allelic Frequencies and Haplotypes of Two New Y-STR Loci in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Wang XD , Dai HL , Hou YP , Tang JP , Zhu QF , Ji Q , Dong JG , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 109 unrelated males of Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 37.5 µL, which contained 2-10 ng human genome, 1 X Taq buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1.6 . g/mL BSA, 200 RM each dNTP (Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden), 1.5 U Taq polymerase (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI), 0.3 RM each primer. PCR amplifications were carried out in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA) with pre-denaturing for 3 min at 94°C, 36 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94°C, annealing for 60 s at 61°C and extension for 30 s at 72°C. The amplicons were analyzed by horizontal nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2). Alleles were designated according to recommendation of the DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (3). Data of population genetics and forensic science were analyzed according to Hou's method (4).
Allele Frequencies of 13 Loci in the Santa Catarina Population of Southern Brazil
Authors: Caine LM , Corte-Real F , Anjos MJ , Carvalho M , Serra A , Antunes H , Vide MC , Vieira DN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The origin of Southern Brazilian Santa Catarina population is mainly from Portuguese, essentially from Azores archipelago.
Allele Frequencies for Two STR Loci D9S1118 and D20S161 in Chinese Han Ethnic Group in Chengdu
Authors: Sun DH , Hou YP , Li YB , Wu J , Mao J , Wang H , Zhang J , Ding Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/D9S1118.htm. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2). The allele classification for each STR locus was based on the number of repeat motifs according to the recommendations of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics (3), which now is known as the Interna tional Society of Forensic Genetics, ISFG. The alleles at D20S161 locus was named according to Susukida et al. (4). Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (5). The genotype distribution was analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (6) and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Distributions of Allelic Frequencies and Haplotypes of Three New Y-STR Loci in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Zhang HJ , Shen YH , Zhu QF , Wang QH , Ji Q , Tang JP , Liao J , Lin YG , Hon YP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Whole blood samples were collected from 109 unrelated males of Han ethnic group in Sichuan of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 25 µL, which contained 1-5 ng human genome, 1 X Taq buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 R M each dNTP (Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden), 1 U Taq polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), 0.25 R M each primer (Each forward primer was 5' FAM labeled). PCR amplifications were carried out in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA). The cycling protocols were: 94°C for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 59°C for 30 s, 72°C for 40 s, and extension at 72°C for 30 min. Typing were performed using denaturing capillary gel electrophoresis on an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Alleles were designated according to recommendation of the DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic
Characterization of Condom Lubricant Components Using Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Chemical Imaging
Authors: Wolfe J , Exline DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A condom can be described as a protective sheath used as a contraceptive or to protect against sexually transmitted diseases. However, individuals also use condoms during the commission of sexual assaults to prevent identification through deposited biological material. Raman spectroscopy offers a novel approach to identifying the presence of condom lubricant components. Furthermore, Raman chemical imaging expands on conventional Raman spectroscopy to characterize multiple condom lubricant components simultaneously in a manner that effectively demonstrates heterogeneous sample mixtures both spectrally and spatially. Known reference materials, liquid and solid lubricant components of common condom brands were successfully characterized using Raman dispersive spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging without extensive sample preparation inherent to other analytical methods. The characterization of these materials demonstrates the potential of this technique to become a routine screening method for condom lubricants. This preliminary investigation provides a basis for future studies to determine the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging for condom lubricant trace detection in case type samples.
Suicidal Hangings in Jail Using Telephone Cords
Authors: Quinton RA , Dolinak D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a three month period of 2000, three suicide hanging deaths involving the use of telephone cords occurred in Texas jails and were autopsied at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences in Dallas. In each case, the telephone was located within the cell, allowing the prisoners unhindered access at any time. Because of these incidents, two of the jails shortened their receiver cords to a total length of 6-8 in. The telephones were otherwise unaltered, and are still in the same locations. The third jail replaced their entire phone with a cordless telephone. Despite the attention that these cases received, standards have not been set regarding the type or placement of telephones used within jail cells, and a fourth incident in 2002 underscores this ongoing problem. These three incidents highlight the need to provide telephones that, if placed within holding cells or other jail cells, do not provide a possible means of suicide.
Allele Frequencies of Two Y-STRs in a Chinese Population
Authors: Tang JP , Hou YP , Zhang HJ , Zhu QF , Wang XD , Li YB , Wu J , Liao LC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total of 74 blood samples were collected from unrelated males of Han ethnic group in Chongqing of China. DNA was extracted by utilizing Chelex method (1). Each PCR reaction contained 2-10 ng DNA, 1 X Taq buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 RM each dNTP (Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden), 1.5 U Taq polymerase (NEB, UK), 0.3 RM each primer. PCR amplifications were performed in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA),with denaturing for 2 min at 94°C, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 50 s, 58°C for 50 s and 72°C for 30 s. PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system, gels were silver stained (2). Alleles were designated according to recommendation of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (3). The gene diversities, the haplotypes diversity, and the standard errors of diversity were calculated in accordance with Hou's method (4).
Letter to Editor—Autopsies on executed federal prisoners
Authors: Kohr RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In spite of federal and state laws that have granted autonomy for death investigation to local authorities, successful challenges were made in 2001 to prevent autopsy examinations following the executions of federal prisoners, including Timothy McVeigh. In blocking protocols that normally apply to any deaths occurring in custody, the challenges by McVeigh and others raised serious questions regarding the ability for medical death investigators to fulfill their statutory duties. The actions of death row inmates and related legal proceedings, additional political considerations, presented major conflicts with standing policies.
Microsatellite Markers in the Population from Rio Grande Do Norte, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: da-Silva FFM , Dellalibera E , Nigam P , da-Silva LM , dos Santos Silva R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Samples of venous blood were collected using the anticoagulant ACD (citric acid 0.038 M; tribasic sodium citrate 0.075 M; dextrose 0.033 M), from 247 non-related, healthy individuals from the population of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in Northeastern Brazil. The DNA was extracted by rapid mini salting-out and digestion with proteinase K (1). The PCR was performed in a Perkin-Elmer 2400 thermal cycler, using amplification protocols described in Promega Manual (Madison, WI). The amplified products underwent electrophoresis in a denaturing polyacrylamide gel in a manual sequencer from Amershan Pharmacia (SQ3 Sequencer). The statistical analysis was performed using the Genetic Data Analysis (2) and the PowerStat (3) softwares. The complete dataset is available in www.nlink.com.br/mauricio.
Distribution of Allele Frequencies of One VNTR and Two STR Loci in Five Population Groups of South India
Authors: Khurana S , Seshadri M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA was extracted by using a non-enzymatic method (1) from blood of normal, healthy, and random individuals. Amplification of each of the three loci was performed using locus specific primers and PCR conditions were as described by Lichter et al. (2) for DRD4 and Perez-lezaun et al. (3) for STR markers. Forward primer of both the STR markets was labeled with fluorescent Cy5™dye amidite (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Pvt.Ltd, Sweden). Amplification was carried out in 25 µL PCR reaction mixture containing 25 ng of genomic DNA in Eppendorf Gradient Master Cycler for all three of the loci.
Haplotype Frequency Distribution of Two Autosomal Microsatellites (D12S66 and D12S67) Among Five Endogamous Population Groups in India
Authors: Das B , Seshadri M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Genomic DNA was extracted using a rapid non-enzymatic method (1). PCR amplification of both the loci was achieved by using locus specific primers flanking the repeat region (2,3) and carried out in a Hybaid™ thermal cycler using Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Gmbh, Germany). Amplimers were electrophoresed in 6% denaturing urea gel (7M) and analyzed by Fragment manager using ALF DNA Sequencer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppasala, Sweden). Allelic ladders for both the loci were developed in our laboratory and used for the correct assignment of the allele sizes.
Forensic Assessment of ACTBP2 (SE33) Microsatellite
Authors: Ghosh A , Seshadri M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The study evaluates the usefulness of human beta-actin related pseudogene (ACTBP2; SE33) microsatellite in forensics. Population samples of three ethnic groups from the state of Kerala, located on the southwestern coast of India, were analyzed. DNA was extracted using a rapid non-enzymatic salt precipitation method (1) and PCR amplified using locus specific primer (2). The forward primer was fluorescently labeled with Cy5 dye amidite. Amplimers were typed on ALF Express DNA Sequencer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Allelic ladder developed in the laboratory was used for typing. Additionally, internal standards were used in each lane. Data were analyzed using Arlequin ver 1.1 (3). Polymorphic information content, power of discrimination and power of paternity exclusion were calculated as (4,5) and (6), respectively.
Author's Response
Authors: Thompson WC , Taroni F , Aitken CGG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Our description of Cellmark Diagnostics' error in the case of People v. John Ivan Kocak (Superior Court of San Diego County, California, No. 110465) was based on a transcript of sworn testimony by a Cellmark Diagnostics witness. During direct and cross examination, this witness testified that Cellmark had found an STR DNA profile consistent with Mr. Kocak's profile in what was purported to be a mixture of semen and blood on a cotton cloth that had been used by a rapist to wipe himself after a sexual assault. The testimony provided powerful support for the prosecution's contention that Mr. Kocak was the source of that stain.
Polymorphism of Two STR Loci on Chromosome 21 in a Chinese Population
Authors: Yan Y , Hou YP , Wu J , Li YB , Shi MS , Deng JQ , Ying BW , Gao YZ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/d21s1809.htm. The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 37.5 µL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2,3). Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (4). The genotype distribution was analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (5) and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Population Genetics for the CODIS Core STR Loci in the Population of Northeastern Poland
Authors: Pepinski W , Janica J , Skawronska M , Zorawska EK , Janica AN , Soltyszewski I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 1997 the FBI announced the selection of 13 STRs loci to constitute the core of the United States national database-CODIS, which has been widely adopted by forensic DNA analysts in the United States (1). Polish-worldwide population today is estimated at almost 60 million. According to the last U.S. Census taken in year 2000, in the United States of America live about 9,053,660 Poles/Polish-Americans. The largest population of Poles is recorded in the state of New York, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (2). The aim of this study was to provide a 13 STRs database for a population sample of Poland for the use as a highly discriminatory system of genetic markers in forensic community. DNA was extracted from the blood specimens of 842 unrelated adult individuals using Chelex-100 and proteinase K (3). Two commercially available kits AmpF1STR Profiler and AmpF1STR SGM Plus (Applera, US) were used to amplify the 13 STR loci included in the CODIS STR standardization project: D3S1358, vWA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, TH01, FGA, TPOX, CSF1P0, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539. Genotyping was performed in a 310 ABI Prism Genetic Analyzer. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using the Fisher's exact test by the GDA software (4). The forensic efficiency parameters were calculated using the PowerStats software (www.promega.com/techserv/apps).
Gene Frequencies for Two Y-Chromosomal STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Ying BW , Hou YP , Deng JQ , Shi MS , Lin W , Yan J , Tang JP , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated males of Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/DYS442 and DYS446.htm. The PCR reaction volume for each locus was 37.5 µL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2). Data of population genetics and forensic science were analyzed according to Hou's method (3). The complete dataset can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/ DYS442 and DYS446.htm.
Dentists' Qualifications Affect the Accuracy of Radiographic Identification
Authors: Soomer H , Lincoln MJ , Ranta H , Penttila A , Leibur E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study assessed the effects of forensic odontologists' training and experience upon the accuracy of their dental radiographic identifications. Forty participating odontologists with various levels of training and experience completed a Web-based survey of their qualifications and then completed nine Web-based radiographic identification cases. They made their identifications using the American Board of Forensic Odontology Categories and Terminology for Body Identification. The results indicate that odontologists with high levels of training and experience performed significantly more accurately than those with lower levels. We conclude that high levels of training and experience in forensic odontology should be developed, maintained, and required of dentists who participate in a forensic team dealing with challenging identification cases.