bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Fishing ‘Community’: The Role of Communities of the Mind
Authors: Ross Natalie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article explores what is meant by the term fishing ‘community’ by evidencing shared ‘communities of the mind’ from people living and working in coastal areas linked to fishing. Using empirical data collected through in‐depth interviews and participant observation in three Scottish case‐study locations, this article identifies three key features that support the underpinning resilience of fishing communities: a connection to, and empathy with, those involved in fishing; the valuing of freedom and autonomy associated with a positive fishing identity; and a closing of ranks against the three external spectres of ‘policy’, ‘science’ and ‘the public’. The controversies that arise at the interface between current fisheries management systems and the heterogeneous nature of the fishing ‘community’ suggest that policymakers may need to pay more attention to communities of the mind, taking into account the strength of attachment to fishing as a positive identity and the substantial commitment to the sector that people show.
Constraints and Opportunities for Small‐Scale Fishing Livelihoods in a Post‐Productivist Coastal Setting
Authors: Salmi Pekka 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn many European areas, recent transitions in rural development can be described as a shift from an emphasis on food production to a diversity of new forms of natural resource utilisation. This shift towards post‐productivism is characteristic to many coastal areas, where commercial fisheries try to adapt their strategies with other activities, interests and ideologies, such as the protection of biodiversity, leisure use and tourism. This article analyses opportunities and governance arrangements that support commercial fishers' adaptation within a post‐productivist setting, focusing on the Archipelago Sea region in southwest Finland. Relying on interview, survey and documentary material, the case‐study recognises new forms of multifunctional activities that enhance the viability and resilience of coastal communities and also deliver benefits to the environmental and leisure sectors.
Europe's Coastal Fisheries: Instability and the Impacts of Fisheries Policy
Authors: Symes David , Phillipson Jeremy , Salmi Pekka 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article discusses the precarious situation of Europe's coastal fisheries in an increasingly complex world where environmental, economic, political and social instabilities – either separately or interactively – threaten their future sustainability. It draws particular attention to key lessons from resilience thinking and the role that social sciences can play in developing a deeper understanding of the nature of change and the processes shaping the vulnerability, resilience and adaptation of fishing communities and livelihoods, as well as the dangers implicit in certain aspects of fisheries policy. The article concludes by introducing the articles in this special issue of Sociologia Ruralis on ‘Resilience and Adaptation of Fishing Communities’.
Achieving Sustainable Development of Local Fishing Interests: The Case of Pays d'Auray flag
Authors: van de Walle Gilles , Gomes da Silva Serge , O'Hara Eamon , Soto Paul 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAxis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (2007–2013) offers a new means of support to the fisheries sector. Drawing on the experience from the rural LEADER programme it paves the way for integration of the fisheries sector within the wider local economy. Implementation is devolved to Fisheries Local Action Groups (FLAGS), public‐private partnerships responsible for preparing a development strategy and the selection and co‐funding of projects initiated by local stakeholders that will deliver the strategic objectives. The Pays d'Auray on Brittany's south coast – important for both sea fisheries and shellfish cultivation – has undergone extensive urbanisation and tourism development leading to space use conflicts and increased pressure on local ecosystem services. The article examines a selection of projects that demonstrate how the local fishing industry, business community and conservation interests are coming together to address the problems and so enhance the area's environmental image and lay the foundations for sustainable development of the fisheries sector.
The Current Health of Metropolitan Labour Markets in the United States
Authors: Mulligan Gordon F. , Reid Neil , Moore Michael S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMuch recent research on US labour markets has turned to tracing out the dramatic changes that accompanied and followed the events of the Great Recession (2007–2009). But to date this research has led to more temporal as opposed to spatial detail about those changes. This paper uses an online data set to assess the relative economic health (performance) of the US's more than 350 metropolitan labour markets during and after the Great Recession. These data address both the current level (e.g. unemployment rate) and the recent trend (e.g. 3‐year job growth) in the economic health of those labour markets. Multivariate analysis generates one sub‐index for level and a second sub‐index for trend and then an overall performance index is calculated. But, after recognising that heterogeneity in these labour markets exists according to their different sizes, this paper re‐examines those online data using four separate population size classes. New indices are then generated reflecting the relative sizes of the metropolitan labour markets and the new rankings that follow differ in important ways from the original rankings. The findings also indicate a disjuncture now exists between the economic health of Snowbelt versus Sunbelt cities. Coming immediately out of the Great Recession the average economic health of Northern cities is much better than that of Southern cities.
Spatial Differentiation in Industrial Dynamics. The Case of the Netherlands (1994–2005)
Authors: Capasso Marco , Cefis Elena , Frenken Koen 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe compare the industrial dynamics in the core, semi‐periphery and periphery in the Netherlands in terms of firm entry‐exit, size, growth and location patterns. The contribution of our work is to provide the first comprehensive study on spatial differentiation in industrial dynamics for all firm sizes and all sectors, including services. We find that location patterns are largely consistent with the spatial product lifecycle model: traditional Fordist sectors are over‐represented in the periphery, while sectors associated with the ICT paradigm are over‐represented in the core, with the notable exception of science‐based manufacturing. Second, where the industrial dynamics in manufacturing sectors follow the predicted patterns, the industrial dynamics in service sectors largely contradict product lifecycle theory. We conclude that the spatial product lifecycle theory applies well to traditional manufacturing, while more specific theories are required to understand the location and industrial dynamics of science‐based industries and service industries.
Angiographic Variation of the Internal Carotid Artery and its Branches in Horses
Authors: Khairuddin Nurul H. , Sullivan Martin , Pollock Patrick J. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo record the angiographic anatomy of the equine internal carotid artery (ICA) using angiography techniques.Study designIn vitrodescriptive study.Sample PopulationEquine cadaver specimens (n = 50).MethodsHead and neck specimens from horses of mixed breed, age, sex, and use without a history of guttural pouch disease had carotid and cerebral angiography using conventional (n = 7) and rotational angiography (43). Angiographic findings were verified by arterial latex casts.ResultsVariation in ICA anatomy was categorized into 4 groups: (1) the internal carotid and occipital arteries arising as a common trunk; (2) an aberrant branch of the extra‐cranial ICA connected to the basilar artery; (3) an aberrant branch of the ICA ramifying into the surrounding tissue and not connected to any other vessels; and (4) an aberrant branch of the ICA giving rise to several smaller satellite branches, including connections to the caudal branch of the ipsilateral occipital artery.ConclusionRotational angiography is useful for identification of anatomic variation in the ICA that could be important in achieving vascular occlusion in the treatment of guttural pouch mycosis.
Interactive effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and lung volume on sympathetic nerve activity in humans
Authors: Jouett Noah P. , Watenpaugh Donald E. , Dunlap Mark E. , Smith Michael L. 
Published: July 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The central question of this study was to investigate the interaction of mild exposures to O2 and CO2 on chemoreflex control of SNA and the modulation of lung volume and respiratory phase on this interaction.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate that the synergistic interaction of oxygen‐ and carbon dioxide‐chemosensitive control of the sympathetic nervous system with hypoxia and hypercapnia exists at very mild excitatory stimuli, is significantly overridden by lung inflation and does not extend to inhibitory modulation by hypocapnia in healthy subjects. These findings demonstrate the important inhibitory modulation of sympathetic nerve activity by lung inflation mechanisms in healthy individuals even in the presence of strong sympathoexcitatory stimuli.

We hypothesized that simultaneous stimulation of O2‐ and CO2‐sensitive chemoreflexes produces synergistic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and that this effect would be most apparent at low lung volume (expiratory) phases of respiration. Each subject (n = 11) breathed 16 gas mixtures in random order: a 4 × 4 matrix of normoxic to hypoxic (8, 12, 16 and 21% O2) combined with normocapnic to hypercapnic gases (0, 2, 4 and 6% CO2). Tidal volume, arterial pressure, heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured continuously before and while breathing each gas mixture for 2 min. Changes in MSNA were determined for each gas mixture. The MSNA was subdivided into low and high lung volume and respiratory phases to investigate further modulation by components of normal respiratory phase. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia increased mean MSNA independently. Mean and low lung volume MSNA increased exponentially with increasing levels of combined hypoxia and hypercapnia and resulted in a significant interaction (P < 0.01). In contrast, MSNA during the high lung volume phase of respiration never increased significantly (P > 0.4). Similar but less pronounced effects were found for expiratory and inspiratory phases of respiration. These effects created marked respiratory periodicity in MSNA at higher levels of combined hypoxia and hypercapnia. Finally, the response to hypoxia was not affected by hypocapnia, suggesting that the interaction occurs only during excitatory chemosensitive stimuli. These data indicate that hypoxia and hypercapnia interact to elicit synergistic sympathoexcitation and that withdrawal of sympathoinhibitory effects of lung inflation exaggerates this chemoreflex interaction.
Differential thermosensitivity in mixed syndrome cardiac sodium channel mutants
Authors: Abdelsayed Mena , Peters Colin H. , Ruben Peter C. 
Published: July 2015

Key points
The E1784K mixed syndrome mutant of the cardiac voltage‐gated sodium channel, NaV1.5, responds differently to temperature changes compared to the R1193Q mutant and wild‐type (WT) NaV1.5.
In E1784K, elevated temperature causes a larger increase in persistent current; there is also an increase in use‐dependent inactivation at 1 Hz, which is not apparent at 3 Hz.
WT NaV1.5 and R1193Q channels respond similarly to temperature changes.
Action potential modelling (from extrapolated temperature coefficient (Q10)values) predicts the effects of differential temperature sensitivity on the cardiac action potential: greater attenuation of the epicardial action potential occurs in E1784K as temperature shifts from hypothermic to hyperthermic conditions, and when transient outward potassium currents are increased.
The results from the action potential model predict that, at febrile temperatures, E1784K channels results in a larger transmural voltage gradient.
Hyperthermia exacerbates the Brugada syndrome 1 (BrS1) phenotype, which may be arrhythmogenic in E1784K mutants.
AbstractCardiac arrhythmias are often associated with mutations in SCN5A the gene that encodes the cardiac paralogue of the voltage‐gated sodium channel, NaV1.5. The NaV1.5 mutants R1193Q and E1784K give rise to both long QT and Brugada syndromes. Various environmental factors, including temperature, may unmask arrhythmia. We sought to determine whether temperature might be an arrhythmogenic trigger in these two mixed syndrome mutants. Whole‐cell patch clamp was used to measure the biophysical properties of NaV1.5 WT, E1784K and R1193Q mutants. Recordings were performed using Chinese hamster ovary (CHOk1) cells transiently transfected with the NaV1.5 α subunit (WT, E1784K, or R1193Q), β1 subunit, and eGFP. The channels’ voltage‐dependent and kinetic properties were measured at three different temperatures: 10ºC, 22ºC, and 34ºC. The E1784K mutant is more thermosensitive than either WT or R1193Q channels. When temperature is elevated from 22°C to 34°C, there is a greater increase in late INa and use‐dependent inactivation in E1784K than in WT or R1193Q. However, when temperature is lowered to 10°C, the two mutants show a decrease in channel availability. Action potential modelling using Q10 fit values, extrapolated to physiological and febrile temperatures, show a larger transmural voltage gradient in E1784K compared to R1193Q and WT with hyperthermia. The E1784K mutant is more thermosensitive than WT or R1193Q channels. This enhanced thermosensitivity may be a mechanism for arrhythmogenesis in patients with E1784K sodium channels.
A Pterin-Dependent Signaling Pathway Regulates a Dual-Function Diguanylate Cyclase-Phosphodiesterase Controlling Surface Attachment in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Feirer Nathan , Xu Jing , Allen Kylie D. , Koestler Benjamin J. , Bruger Eric L. , Waters Christopher M. , White Robert H. , Fuqua Clay 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

The motile-to-sessile transition is an important lifestyle switch in diverse bacteria and is often regulated by the intracellular second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP). In general, high c-di-GMP concentrations promote attachment to surfaces, whereas cells with low levels of signal remain motile. In the plant pathogen
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
, c-di-GMP controls attachment and biofilm formation via regulation of a unipolar polysaccharide (UPP) adhesin. The levels of c-di-GMP in
A. tumefaciens
are controlled in part by the dual-function diguanylate cyclase-phosphodiesterase (DGC-PDE) protein DcpA. In this study, we report that DcpA possesses both c-di-GMP synthesizing and degrading activities in heterologous and native genetic backgrounds, a binary capability that is unusual among GGDEF-EAL domain-containing proteins. DcpA activity is modulated by a pteridine reductase called PruA, with DcpA acting as a PDE in the presence of PruA and a DGC in its absence. PruA enzymatic activity is required for the control of DcpA and through this control, attachment and biofilm formation. Intracellular pterin analysis demonstrates that PruA is responsible for the production of a novel pterin species. In addition, the control of DcpA activity also requires PruR, a protein encoded directly upstream of DcpA with a predicted molybdopterin-binding domain. PruR is hypothesized to be a potential signaling intermediate between PruA and DcpA through an as-yet-unidentified mechanism. This study provides the first prokaryotic example of a pterin-mediated signaling pathway and a new model for the regulation of dual-function DGC-PDE proteins.

IMPORTANCE
Pathogenic bacteria often attach to surfaces and form multicellular communities called biofilms. Biofilms are inherently resilient and can be difficult to treat, resisting common antimicrobials. Understanding how bacterial cells transition to the biofilm lifestyle is essential in developing new therapeutic strategies. We have characterized a novel signaling pathway that plays a dominant role in the regulation of biofilm formation in the model pathogen
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. This control pathway involves small metabolites called pterins, well studied in eukaryotes, but this is the first example of pterin-dependent signaling in bacteria. The described pathway controls levels of an important intracellular second messenger (cyclic diguanylate monophosphate) that regulates key bacterial processes such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. Pterins control the balance of activity for an enzyme that both synthesizes and degrades the second messenger. These findings reveal a complex, multistep pathway that modulates this enzyme, possibly identifying new targets for antibacterial intervention.
Haploid Genetic Screen Reveals a Profound and Direct Dependence on Cholesterol for Hantavirus Membrane Fusion
Authors: Kleinfelter Lara M. , Jangra Rohit K. , Jae Lucas T. , Herbert Andrew S. , Mittler Eva , Stiles Katie M. , Wirchnianski Ariel S. , Kielian Margaret , Brummelkamp Thijn R. , Dye John M. , Chandran Kartik 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and a highly fatal hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the New World. No vaccines or antiviral therapies are currently available to prevent or treat hantavirus disease, and gaps in our understanding of how hantaviruses enter cells challenge the search for therapeutics. We performed a haploid genetic screen in human cells to identify host factors required for entry by Andes virus, a highly virulent New World hantavirus. We found that multiple genes involved in cholesterol sensing, regulation, and biosynthesis, including key components of the sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway, are critical for Andes virus entry. Genetic or pharmacological disruption of the membrane-bound transcription factor peptidase/site-1 protease (MBTPS1/S1P), an SREBP control element, dramatically reduced infection by virulent hantaviruses of both the Old World and New World clades but not by rhabdoviruses or alphaviruses, indicating that this pathway is broadly, but selectively, required by hantaviruses. These results could be fully explained as arising from the modest depletion of cellular membrane cholesterol that accompanied S1P disruption. Mechanistic studies of cells and with protein-free liposomes suggested that high levels of cholesterol are specifically needed for hantavirus membrane fusion. Taken together, our results indicate that the profound dependence on target membrane cholesterol is a fundamental, and unusual, biophysical property of hantavirus glycoprotein-membrane interactions during entry.

IMPORTANCE
Although hantaviruses cause important human diseases worldwide, no specific antiviral treatments are available. One of the major obstacles to the development of new therapies is a lack of understanding of how hantaviruses hijack our own host factors to enter cells. Here, we identified multiple cellular genes that control the levels of cholesterol in cellular membranes to be important for hantavirus entry. Our findings suggest that high concentrations of cholesterol in cellular membranes are required at a specific step in the entry process—fusion between viral and cellular membranes—that allows escape of the hantavirus genome into the host cell cytoplasm to initiate infection. Our findings uncover a fundamental feature of the hantavirus infection mechanism and point to cholesterol-lowering drugs as a potential new treatment of hantaviral infections.
Human Urine Decreases Function and Expression of Type 1 Pili in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Greene Sarah E. , Hibbing Michael E. , Janetka James , Chen Swaine L. , Hultgren Scott J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) is the primary cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC bind the bladder using type 1 pili, encoded by the
fim
operon in nearly all
E. coli
. Assembled type 1 pili terminate in the FimH adhesin, which specifically binds to mannosylated glycoproteins on the bladder epithelium. Expression of type 1 pili is regulated in part by phase-variable inversion of the genomic element containing the
fimS
promoter, resulting in phase ON (expressing) and OFF (nonexpressing) orientations. Type 1 pili are essential for virulence in murine models of UTI; however, studies of urine samples from human UTI patients demonstrate variable expression of type 1 pili. We provide insight into this paradox by showing that human urine specifically inhibits both expression and function of type 1 pili. Growth in urine induces the
fimS
phase OFF orientation, preventing
fim
expression. Urine also contains inhibitors of FimH function, and this inhibition leads to a further bias in
fimS
orientation toward the phase OFF state. The dual effect of urine on
fimS
regulation and FimH binding presents a potential barrier to type 1 pilus-mediated colonization and invasion of the bladder epithelium. However, FimH-mediated attachment to human bladder cells during growth in urine reverses these effects such that
fim
expression remains ON and/or turns ON. Interestingly, FimH inhibitors called mannosides also induce the
fimS
phase OFF orientation. Thus, the transduction of FimH protein attachment or inhibition into epigenetic regulation of type 1 pilus expression has important implications for the development of therapeutics targeting FimH function.

IMPORTANCE
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common infections, frequently caused by uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC), that are treated with antibiotics but often recur. Therefore, UTI treatment both is complicated by and contributes to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Thus, it is important to understand UTI pathogenesis to devise novel strategies and targets for prevention and treatment. Based on evidence from disease epidemiology and mouse models of infection, UPEC relies heavily on type 1 pili to attach to and invade the bladder epithelium during initial stages of UTI. Here, we demonstrate that the negative effect of planktonic growth in human urine on both the function and expression of type 1 pili is overcome by attachment to bladder epithelial cells, representing a strategy to subvert this alternative innate defense mechanism. Furthermore, this dually inhibitory action of urine is a mechanism shared with recently developed anti-type 1 pilus molecules, highlighting the idea that further development of antivirulence strategies targeting pili may be particularly effective for UPEC.