bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leadership in evidence-based practice: a systematic review
Authors: Reichenpfader Ursula , Carlfjord Siw , Nilsen Per 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to systematically review published empirical research on leadership as a determinant for the implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) and to investigate leadership conceptualization and operationalization in this field.

Design/methodology/approach
– A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted. Relevant electronic bibliographic databases and reference lists of pertinent review articles were searched. To be included, a study had to involve empirical research and refer to both leadership and EBP in health care. Study quality was assessed with a structured instrument based on study design.

Findings
– A total of 17 studies were included. Leadership was mostly viewed as a modifier for implementation success, acting through leadership support. Yet, there was definitional imprecision as well as conceptual inconsistency, and studies seemed to inadequately address situational and contextual factors. Although referring to an organizational factor, the concept was mostly analysed at the individual or group level.

Research limitations/implications
– The concept of leadership in implementation science seems to be not fully developed. It is unclear whether attempts to tap the concept of leadership in available instruments truly capture and measure the full range of the diverse leadership elements at various levels. Research in implementation science would benefit from a better integration of research findings from other disciplinary fields. Once a more mature concept has been established, researchers in implementation science could proceed to further elaborate operationalization and measurement.

Originality/value
– Although the relevance of leadership in implementation science has been acknowledged, the conceptual base of leadership in this field has received only limited attention.
Perceptions of trust in physician-managers
Authors: Cregård Anna , Eriksson Nomie 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the dual role of physician-managers through an examination of perceptions of trust and distrust in physician-managers. The healthcare sector needs physicians to lead. Physicians in part-time managerial positions who continue their medical practice are called part-time physician-managers. This paper explores this dual role through an examination of perceptions of trust and distrust in physician-managers.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study takes a qualitative research approach in which interviews and focus group discussions with physician-managers and nurse-managers provide the empirical data. An analytical model, with the three elements of ability, benevolence and integrity, was used in the analysis of trust and distrust in physician-managers.

Findings
– The respondents (physician-managers and nurse-managers) perceived both an increase and a decrease in physicians’ trust in the physician-managers. Because elements of distrust were more numerous and more severe than elements of trust, the physician-managers received negative perceptions of their role.

Research limitations/implications
– This paper’s findings are based on perceptions of perceptions. The physicians were not interviewed on their trust and distrust of physician-managers.

Practical implications
– The healthcare sector must pay attention to the diverse expectations of the physician-manager role that is based on both managerial and medical logics. Hospital management should provide proper support to physician-managers in their dual role to ensure their willingness to continue to assume managerial responsibilities.

Originality/value
– The paper takes an original approach in its research into the dual role of physician-managers who work under two conflicting logics: the medical logic and the managerial logic. The focus on perceived trust and distrust in physician-managers is a new perspective on this complicated role.
Corporate social responsibility practice and corporate financial performance: evidence from Nigeria companies
Authors: Usman Aliyu Baba , Amran Noor Afza Binti 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe the nature and trend of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in Nigeria. The second objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the dimensions of CSR disclosures and corporate financial performance (CFP) among Nigerian listed companies.

Design/methodology/approach
– To carry out this research, content analysis was conducted to extract CSR and financial data from annual reports of 68 companies listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. Financial data were cross-referenced with the NSE Factbook. CSR indexes and financial performance measures were computed for estimation of the regression analysis equation. The percentages were used to describe the nature and trend of CSR practice in Nigeria. This was followed by the hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between CSR and CFP.

Findings
– The results of the descriptive statistics show that the listed companies used CSR initiatives to communicate social performance to their stakeholders. From the regression analysis, community involvement disclosure, products and customer disclosures and human resource disclosures were found to enhance CFP. The results also reveal a negative relationship between environmental disclosure and CFP, which indicates that disclosure of environmental impact information could be value destroying in Nigeria.

Research limitations/implications
– The major limitation of this paper is the sample size. Also, failure of corporations to disclose CSR in the annual reports will have a material effect on these findings.

Practical implications
– The findings of this paper have practical implications on the management of Nigerian companies to re-think and re-strategize their CSR policies that incorporate social and economic performance to improve their CFP.

Social implications
– This paper has implication on stakeholders in validating the corporate citizenship of corporations based on the level of commitment and participation in CSR initiatives. Also, findings of this paper will alert the enforcement agencies on the status of CSR practices in Nigeria. Government in collaboration with private and public agencies should consider the needs for CSR framework and database to guide social and environmental reporting in the country.

Originality/value
– The paper has examined the relationship between CSR and CFP based on CSR dimensional approach. Aspect of human resource and products/customers CSR has been neglected in the context of Nigerian CSR research. This paper makes valuable contribution by offering new and fresh insight on these dimensions.
Japanese version of the early psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire (EARP)
Authors: Maejima Hideki , Katayama Chieko , Taniguchi Tomonori , Aki Ryouichi , Nishiyama Hiromi , Yanagita Kenogo , Sato Yuichi , Tinazzi Ilaria , Watarai Akira , Amoh Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe early psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire (EARP) is a simple and fast method for the identification of arthritis in patients with psoriasis. We established the Japanese version of the EARP (J‐EARP) questionnaire, which includes 10 items with two choices for each. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the J‐EARP questionnaire. A total of 90 psoriasis patients, 19 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients and 71 psoriasis patients without joint involvement, were administered the J‐EARP questionnaire. The diagnostic accuracy of the J‐EARP questionnaire for the diagnosis of PsA and early‐stage PsA was compared by receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis. The J‐EARP questionnaire showed similar ROC characteristics to those of the original version of the EARP (specificity 97.2% and 91.6% and sensitivity 97.2% and 85.2%, respectively) in PsA patients using the cut‐off value of 3 for the J‐EARP questionnaire, which was the same as that used for the original EARP questionnaire. The scores of the J‐EARP questionnaire in early‐stage PsA patients (<1 year from onset) were significantly higher than in those of psoriasis patients, but not lower than in those of later stage (≥1 year from onset) PsA patients. The J‐EARP questionnaire is simple and fast to administer and has been proven to be robust for the identification of PsA. The J‐EARP questionnaire is a useful diagnostic tool for early‐stage PsA patients.
Defending What From Whom? Debating Citizen Disengagement
Authors: Forstenzer Joshua 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article constitutes a pointed theoretical intervention in the debate opposing Richards and Smith to Flinders on the question of citizen disengagement. Its main contention is that Richards and Smith offer a straw‐man argument against Flinders by identifying him with positions he does not hold. It thus shows that Richards and Smith falsely identify Flinders with the following positions: (a) there is no need for a major overhaul in the UK's existing democratic and governance arrangements; (b) the problem of citizen disengagement is caused by the public's insatiable demand for democratic participation; and (c) the problem with British politics is that there is too much democracy and accountability. Finally, the article closes by identifying points of genuine tension between the Richards/Smith position and that defended by Flinders.
Retrieval Rapid Emergency Medical Score in retrieval medicine
Authors: Kennedy Marcus P , Wilson Krystle , Gabbe Belinda J , Straney Lahn , Bailey Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivePrognostic models are commonly used in the clinical setting. The objective of the study is to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of the Rapid Emergency Medical Score (REMS) or alternate models.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of critical care patients who underwent retrieval service transfer to an ICU in a single state‐wide service in Victoria, Australia. All patients aged 18 years and over transferred to an ICU between 1 January 2010 and 30 June 2013. Retrieval and ICU datasets were probabilistically linked. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to investigate the capacity of physiological markers and patient characteristics to predict in‐hospital mortality in the ICU population. The prediction performance was evaluated using measures of discrimination (C‐statistic) and calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow [H‐L statistic] ).ResultsThere were 1776 ICU patients who were transferred and 1749 (98.5%) had complete data. Of the 1749 patients with complete data, 257 (14.7%) died in‐hospital. The REMS calculated at the time of retrieval referral demonstrated borderline predictive capability (C‐statistic 0.69, 95% CI 0.62–0.76). Following logistic regression analysis of the REMS components, final variables included in the Retrieval REMS model were age, mean arterial pressure and Glasgow Coma Scale score. This model demonstrated acceptable predictive capability (C‐statistic 0.72, 95% CI 0.64–0.79). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) Retrieval REMS for survivors and non‐survivors, respectively, were 7 (5, 10) and 9 (7, 11), P < 0.01.ConclusionsThe availability of a validated tool such as Retrieval REMS assists recognition of high‐risk patients and consideration of this risk in retrieval mission planning and response.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Maintenance Hemodialysis in Japan
Authors: Takura Tomoyuki , Nakanishi Takeshi , Kawanishi Hideki , Nitta Kosaku , Akizawa Tadao , Hiramatsu Makoto , Kawasaki Tadayuki , Kukita Kazutaka , Soejima Hidehisa , Hirakata Hideki , Yoshida Toyohiko , Miyamoto Takashi , Takahashi Susumu 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe cost‐effectiveness according to primary disease or dialysis duration has never been analyzed with respect to maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Study candidates were > 20 years of age and had received hemodialysis for at least 6 months. Hemodialysis patients were prospectively observed for 36 months, and patient utility was assessed based on the Euro‐QOL 5‐dimensions (EQ‐5D), from which the quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated. Medical costs were calculated based on medical service fees. The cost‐effectiveness defined as the incremental cost utility ratio (ICUR) was analyzed from a social perspective. A total of 29 patients (mean age; 59.9 ± 13.1 years) undergoing 437 dialysis sessions were analyzed. Utility based upon the EQ‐5D score was 0.75 ± 0.21, and the estimated total medical cost for one year of MHD treatment was 4.52 ± 0.88 US$10 000. ICUR was 6.88 ± 4.47 US$10 000/QALY on average, and when comparing ICUR based on the causes of kidney failure, the value for diabetic nephropathy was found to be higher than that for glomerulonephritis (8.17 ± 6.28 vs. 6.82 ± 4.07). ICUR after 36 months observation increased mainly in the patients below 65 years of age (All; P < 0.05, <65; P < 0.01, 65≤; not significant). MHD is a treatment that could improve the socioeconomic state of elderly patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), but the ICUR for diabetic nephropathy was higher than that for glomerulonephritis.
Explaining Political Leadership: Germany's Role in Shaping the Fiscal Compact
Authors: Schoeller Magnus G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article examines why and how political leaders emerge and, once in charge, what determines their success or failure. To explore these questions, I present a theory of political leadership that takes into account both the structural and the behavioral aspects of the concept. I argue that the emergence and the impact of leadership represent two different analytical steps. A leader emerges if there is a supply of, and demand for, leadership. While the supply depends on a leader's expected benefits, the demand is determined by the followers’ status quo costs. The second step concerns a leader's impact, which results from the strategies deployed by the leader. While a leader's capacity to employ strategies is determined by the power resources at its disposal, the intensity of strategies needed to influence outcomes depends on the heterogeneity of preferences and on the adaptability of the institutional setting. The theory is applied in the context of the current eurozone crisis by analyzing Germany's role in shaping the European Fiscal Compact.
The Convergence of IFRS and U.S. GAAP: Evidence from the SEC's Removal of Form 20‐F Reconciliations
Authors: Mestelman Stuart , Mohammad Emad , Shehata Mohamed 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe use the SEC's 2007 decision that eliminates the reconciliation requirement for foreign listed private issuers (FPIs) reporting under IFRS as a natural experiment to examine whether IFRS and U.S. GAAP produce accounting information of comparable quality. We conduct statistical analyses using a sample of 563 firm‐year observations of FPIs during the period 2002 through 2008 for a panel of 70 FPIs that report under IFRS as our treatment group and 46 FPIs that report under U.S. GAAP as our control group. Using a stock‐valuation model and a difference‐in‐differences (DD) analysis of scaled residuals we examine whether the reconciliation values reported by IFRS FPIs prior to 2007 were value relevant and if the elimination of the reconciliation information in the post‐intervention period (2007 and 2008) has adversely affected the information available to investors to make stock‐valuation decisions. The results for the 2002 through 2006 period suggest that the reconciliation values for book value were value relevant. The DD analysis shows that while the residual‐value model incorporating reconciliation information produced comparable scaled stock price residuals for IFRS and U.S. GAAP FPIs prior to 2007, the removal of the reconciliation information did not lead to statistically significant increases in scaled stock price residuals for IFRS and U.S. GAAP FPIs.
Do IFRS‐Based Earnings Announcements Have More Information Content than Canadian GAAP‐Based Earnings Announcements?
Authors: Khan Shahid , Anderson Mark , Warsame Hussein , Wright Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUsing an event‐study methodology, this study investigates whether the information content of earnings announcements changed for firms traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the Canadian Venture Exchange (TSXV) following mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Canada. A priori, it may be argued that the information content of earnings would increase for both TSX and TSXV firms if IFRS earnings provided more value‐relevant information than Canadian GAAP earnings. Increased value relevance of information provided by IFRS earnings would likely reflect increased measurement of changes in net asset values based on expectations as opposed to realizations. Because values based on expectations are subject to greater divergence of opinion than values based on realizations, greater value relevance is likely to be accompanied by higher abnormal return volatility and abnormal trading volume during announcement periods. Consistent with this argument, we find that abnormal volatility and abnormal volume during earnings announcement periods were higher in post‐IFRS announcement periods than in pre‐IFRS announcement periods for firms traded on the TSX. We discriminate across the two exchanges in terms of information quality based on the mix of institutional and retail investors, analyst following, concentration in the oil, gas and mining sectors, and size of firm. We test for a residual difference in information content based on the more speculative nature of the TSXV exchange and find some evidence that divergence of opinion was higher for TSXV firms than TSX firms in the pre‐IFRS period but this residual difference does not carry through to the post‐IFRS period.
Comparative dietary ecology of two congeneric marsupial folivores
Authors: Gloury April Maree , Handasyde Kathrine Ann 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKnowledge of species diets is critical to assisting our understanding of their ecology. Using microhistological analysis of faecal samples, we described and compared the diets of sympatrically occurring folivorous congenerics, common and mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula and T. cunninghami, respectively). Throughout the 28‐month study period, common brushtails relied heavily on eucalypt foliage, particularly very young leaves, which is consistent with data from captive studies on their dietary physiology. In contrast, eucalypt foliage formed only a small part of the diet of mountain brushtails, which instead relied heavily on silver wattle foliage. The mean number of plant groups per faecal sample was significantly greater for common brushtails than mountain brushtails. No significant differences in diet between male and female mountain brushtails were detected. However, intraspecific differences in diet occurred for common brushtails: the diet of females included significantly less eucalypt foliage and significantly more foliage of the exotic, tree lucerne, than that of males during the Wet Season (April–November), but not during the Dry Season (December–March). Diets varied temporally for both species, with some individuals feeding on seasonally available resources. The diets described for common and mountain brushtails are consistent with those of a dry‐adapted and mesic‐adapted species, respectively. We discuss how our results contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary history of both study species, and more broadly the family Phalangeridae to which they belong. We also consider the diet of our study species in the context of recent advances in our understanding of interactions between plants that produce secondary metabolites, and mammals specialized to feed on them.
Personal best (PB) goal structure, individual PB goals, engagement, and achievement: A study of Chinese‐ and English‐speaking background students in Australian schools
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Collie Rebecca J. , Mok Magdalena M. C. , McInerney Dennis M. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundPrior cross‐cultural research with students in different national contexts (Australia and China) has shown consistency in the extent to which individual personal best (PB) goals are associated with engagement at school.AimsThis study extends this work to a multicultural context, assessing perceived PB goal structure in school and individual PB goals among Chinese‐ and English‐speaking background Australian high school students attending the same schools.SampleA sample of 450 students (N = 225 Chinese‐speaking background Australian students; N = 225 matched English‐speaking background Australian students) from 20 schools.MethodWe conducted multigroup path modelling to examine the following process model: Perceived PB goal structure in school → individual PB goals → school engagement → academic achievement.ResultsFindings showed that for both groups, perceived PB goal structure in school is associated with an individual's PB goals (and engagement), individual PB goals are associated with engagement, and engagement is associated with achievement. The indirect effects of perceived PB goal structure in school to achievement (via individual PB goals and engagement) and individual PB goals to achievement (via engagement) were also significant. Notably, there was no significant difference in parameters between Chinese‐ and English‐speaking background students, suggesting generality of the effects of perceived PB goal structure in school and individual PB goals in the engagement and achievement process.ConclusionFindings hold implications for educators teaching to culturally diverse classrooms and seeking to optimize students' academic growth within these contexts.
Cultural differences in the understanding of modelling and feedback as sources of self‐efficacy information
Authors: Ahn Hyun Seon , Usher Ellen L. , Butz Amanda , Bong Mimi 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe potential role of culture in the development and operation of self‐efficacy has been acknowledged by researchers. Clearer understanding of this cultural impact will benefit from research that shows how the same efficacy information is evaluated across cultures.AimsWe tested whether two sources of self‐efficacy information delivered by multiple social agents (i.e., vicarious experience and social persuasion) were weighed differently by adolescents in different cultures.SampleOf 2,893 middle school students in Korea (n = 416), the Philippines (n = 522), and the United States (n = 1,955) who completed the survey, 400 students were randomly pooled from each country.MethodsInvariance of the measurement and of the latent means for self‐efficacy and self‐efficacy sources across the groups was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Predictive utility of the self‐efficacy sources was compared by multigroup structural equation modelling.ResultsCompared to the students in the two collectivistic countries, the US students reported significantly higher mathematics self‐efficacy. Whereas the efficacy beliefs of the Korean and the US students were predicted equally well by the vicarious experience from their teachers and the social persuasion by their family and peers, those of the Filipino adolescents were best predicted by the social persuasion from their peers.ConclusionsThis study provided empirical evidence that socially conveyed sources of self‐efficacy information are construed and evaluated differently across cultures, depending on who delivered the efficacy‐relevant information.