bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food label accuracy of common snack foods
Authors: Jumpertz Reiner , Venti Colleen A. , Le Duc Son , Michaels Jennifer , Parrington Shannon , Krakoff Jonathan , Votruba Susanne 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNutrition labels have raised awareness of the energetic value of foods, and represent for many a pivotal guideline to regulate food intake. However, recent data have created doubts on label accuracy.Objective:We tested label accuracy for energy and macronutrient content of prepackaged energy‐dense snack food products. We measured “true” caloric content of 24 popular snack food products in the U.S. and determined macronutrient content in 10 selected items.Design and Methods:Bomb calorimetry and food factors were used to estimate energy content. Macronutrient content was determined according to Official Methods of Analysis. Calorimetric measurements were performed in our metabolic laboratory between April 20th and May 18th and macronutrient content was measured between September 28th and October 7th of 2010.Results and Conclusion:Serving size, by weight, exceeded label statements by 1.2% [median] (25th percentile −1.4, 75th percentile 4.3, P = 0.10). When differences in serving size were accounted for, metabolizable calories were 6.8 kcal (0.5, 23.5, P = 0.0003) or 4.3% (0.2, 13.7, P = 0.001) higher than the label statement. In a small convenience sample of the tested snack foods, carbohydrate content exceeded label statements by 7.7% (0.8, 16.7, P = 0.01); however fat and protein content were not significantly different from label statements (−12.8% [−38.6, 9.6], P = 0.23; 6.1% [−6.1, 17.5], P = 0.32). Carbohydrate content explained 40% and serving size an additional 55% of the excess calories. Among a convenience sample of energy‐dense snack foods, caloric content is higher than stated on the nutrition labels, but overall well within FDA limits. This discrepancy may be explained by inaccurate carbohydrate content and serving size.
Metformin modifies the exercise training effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in impaired glucose tolerant adults
Authors: Malin Steven K. , Nightingale Joy , Choi Sung‐Eun , Chipkin Stuart R. , Braun Barry 
Published: March 2013

AbstractImpaired glucose tolerant (IGT) adults are at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise or metformin reduce CVD risk, but the efficacy of combining treatments is unclear.Objective:To determine the effects of exercise training plus metformin (EM), compared with each treatment alone, on CVD risk factors in IGT adults.Design and Methods:Subjects were assigned to placebo (P), metformin (M), exercise training plus placebo (EP), or EM (8/group). In a double‐blind design, P or 2,000 mg/d of M were administered for 12 weeks and half performed aerobic and resistance training 3 days/week for ∼60 min/day at 70% pretraining heart rate peak. Outcomes included adiposity, blood pressure (BP), lipids, and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). Z‐scores were calculated to determine metabolic syndrome severity.Results:M and EM, but not EP, decreased body weight compared with P (P < 0.05). M and EP lowered systolic blood pressure by 6% (P < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure by 6% (P < 0.05), and hs‐CRP by 20% (M: trend P = 0.06; EP: P < 0.05) compared with P. Treatments raised high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05; EM: trend P = 0.06) compared with P and lowered triacyglycerol (P < 0.05) and metabolic syndrome Z‐score compared with baseline (EP; trend P = 0.07 and EM or M; P < 0.05).Conclusions:Although exercise and/or metformin improve some CVD risk factors, only training or metformin alone lowered hs‐CRP and BP. Thus, metformin may attenuate the effects of training on some CVD risk factors and metabolic syndrome severity in IGT adults.
The impact of primary care resident physician training on patient weight loss at 12 months
Authors: Jay Melanie R. , Gillespie Colleen C. , Schlair Sheira L. , Savarimuthu Stella M. , Sherman Scott E. , Zabar Sondra R. , Kalet Adina L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:It is unclear whether training physicians to counsel obese patients leads to weight loss. This study assessed whether a 5‐h multimodal longitudinal obesity curriculum for residents on the basis of the 5As (assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange) was associated with weight loss in their obese patients.Design and Methods:Twenty‐three primary care internal medicine residents were assigned by rotation schedule to intervention (curriculum) or control groups. We then conducted follow‐up chart reviews to determine weight change at up to 12 months following the index visit. 158 obese patients (76 in the intervention group and 82 in the control group) completed exit interviews; 22 patients who presented for acute care at the index visit were excluded. Chart reviews were conducted on the 46 patients in the intervention group and 41 patients in the control group who were seen again within 12 months of the index visit and had follow‐up weight measurements.Results:The main outcome of interest was mean change in weight at 12 months compared between the intervention and control groups. Patients of residents in the intervention group had a mean weight loss of −1.53 kg (s.d. = 3.72) although the patients of those in the control group had a mean weight gain of 0.30 kg (s.d. = 3.60), P = 0.03. Six (15.8%) patients in the intervention group and 2 (5.4%) patients in the control group lost >5% body weight (P = 0.14).Conclusions:Although the magnitude of weight loss was small, this study shows that training physicians to counsel patients can produce measurable patient outcomes.
Effect of the mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on markers of inflammation in men with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Richard Caroline , Couture Patrick , Desroches Sophie , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Intervention studies on the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) have often led to weight loss, which may have contributed to the purported anti‐inflammatory effects of the MedDiet. To investigate the impact of the MedDiet consumed under controlled feeding conditions before (−WL) and after weight loss (+WL) on markers of inflammation in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS).Design and Methods:Subjects (N = 26, male, 24–65 years) with MetS first consumed a North American control diet for 5 weeks followed by a MedDiet for 5 weeks both in isocaloric feeding conditions. After a 20‐week weight loss period in free‐living conditions (10 ± 3% reduction in body weight, P < 0.01), participants consumed the MedDiet again under isocaloric‐controlled feeding condition for 5 weeks.Results:MedDiet − WL significantly reduced plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (−26.1%, P = 0.02) and an arbitrary inflammatory score (−9.9%, P = 0.01) that included CRP, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) compared with the control diet. The MedDiet + WL significantly reduced plasma IL‐6 (−20.7%) and IL‐18 (−15.6%, both P ≤ 0.02) concentrations compared with the control diet but had no further significant impact on plasma CRP concentration. Participants with a reduction in waist circumference ≥8.5 cm after MedDiet + WL showed significantly greater reductions in inflammation markers than those with a change in waist circumference <8.5 cm.Conclusions:Thus, consuming MedDiet even in the absence of weight loss significantly reduces inflammation. However, the degree of waist circumference reduction with weight loss magnifies the impact of the MedDiet on other markers of inflammation associated with MetS in men.
Mechanical efficiency during a cycling test is not lower in children with excess body weight and low aerobic fitness
Authors: Jabbour Georges , Lambert Marie , O'Loughlin Jennifer , Tremblay Angelo , Mathieu Marie‐Eve 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:The aims of this study were to assess the association between (i) body weight status and mechanical efficiency (ME); and (ii) ME and aerobic fitness in children aged 8‐10 years.Design and Methods:The sample included 464 prepubertal children (258 boys). A total of 288 were normal‐weight (NW); 84 overweight (OW); and 92 obese (OB). Subjects performed an incremental maximal cycling test with indirect calorimetry. MEcrude (%) was calculated for the first five stages of the protocol (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 W) as follows: work produced, in watts total energy consumption, in watts−1·100−1. For MEnet, resting energy consumption was subtracted from total energy consumption. Energy consumption was calculated as follows: (4.94·respiratory exchange ratio + 16.04) · VO2, in ml·min−1·60−1.Results:MEcrude was significantly higher in NW compared to OW and OB children and in OW compared to OB children at 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 W. In contrast, MEnet did not differ significantly among NW, OW, and OB children. No statistically significant association was found between crude or net ME and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak; in ml·kg−1·min−1); therefore, the ability to transfer chemical energy to mechanical work is maintained in children aged 8‐10 years old regardless of body weight status and aerobic fitness. Moreover, higher values of MEcrude during exercise are explained by elevated oxygen consumption at rest and not by energy consumed during physical activity.Conclusions:These results highlight that prepubertal children are equally efficient since they are able to perform a physical task such as cycling using the same proportion of energy regardless of their body weight status.
Evidence for a role of LPGAT1 in influencing BMI and percent body fat in Native Americans
Authors: Traurig Michael T. , Orczewska Julieanna I. , Ortiz Daniel J. , Bian Li , Marinelarena Alejandra M. , Kobes Sayuko , Malhotra Alka , Hanson Robert L. , Mason Clint C. , Knowler William C. , Bogardus Clifton , Baier Leslie J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was recently completed in 1120 Pima Indians to identify loci that influence BMI. Among the top 100 signals were three variants that mapped within the lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (LPGAT1) gene. LPGAT1 belongs to a large family of acyltransferases, which are involved in a variety of biological processes including pathways that regulate energy homeostasis and body weight. Therefore LPGAT1 was analyzed as a candidate gene for obesity in Pima Indians.Design and Methods:Variants (n = 26) located within and adjacent to LPGAT1 including a novel 27bp deletion in the 5′‐untranslated region identified by sequencing were genotyped in a population‐based sample of 3,391 full‐heritage Pima Indians living in the Gila River Indian Community. Replication of selected variants was assessed in a second sample of 3,327 mixed‐heritage Native Americans from the same community.Results:Variants with nominal associations with BMI in each of the two independent samples (tagged by rs112662024 and rs12058008) had associations of P = 1‐4 × 10−5 in the combined sample (n = 6718). A haplotype that includes the novel 27bp deletion, which does not occur in Caucasians, showed the strongest association with BMI in the full‐heritage Pima Indians. In vitro functional studies provided suggestive evidence that this 27bp deletion may affect transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulation. Analysis of LPGAT1 cDNA from human preadipocytes identified an additional exon whose sequence could potentially serve as a mitochondrial targeting peptide.Conclusions:LPGAT1 is a novel gene that influences BMI in Native Americans.
Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women
Authors: Heden Timothy D. , Liu Ying , Sims Lauren J. , Whaley‐Connell Adam T. , Chockalingam Anand , Dellsperger Kevin C. , Kanaley Jill A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to compare postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and insulinemia between a three and six isocaloric high‐carbohydrate meal frequency pattern in obese women.Design and Methods:In a counterbalanced order, eight obese women completed two, 12‐h conditions in which they consumed 1,500 calories (14% protein, 21% fat, and 65% carbohydrate) either as three 500 calorie liquid meals every 4‐h or six 250 calorie liquid meals every 2‐h. Blood samples were taken every 30 min and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase‐1 activity, and insulin.Results:The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the three meal condition (321 ± 129 mg/dl·12 h) was significantly lower (P = 0.04) compared with the six meal condition (481 ± 155 mg/dl·12 h). The insulin iAUC during the three meal condition (5,549 ± 1,007 pmol/l.12 h) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared with the six meal condition (4,230 ± 757 pmol/l.12 h). Meal frequency had no influence on the other biochemical variables.Conclusions:Collectively, a three and six isocaloric high‐carbohydrate meal frequency pattern differentially alters postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations but has no effect on postprandial cholesterol, oxidative stress, or antioxidant activity in obese women.
The young göttingen minipig as a model of childhood and adolescent obesity: Influence of diet and gender
Authors: Christoffersen Berit , Golozoubova Valeria , Pacini Giovanni , Svendsen Ove , Raun Kirsten 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Gender and sex hormones influence the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in humans and Göttingen minipigs. The aim of this study was to investigate possible gender differences in the metabolic response to a high energy diet in young Göttingen minipigs as a model of childhood/adolescent obesity.Design and Methods:Nine‐week‐old male and female Göttingen minipigs were fed restrictedly on either a low energy diet (LED) or a high energy diet (HED) for 4 months (n = 5‐7). Parameters of interest were fat percentage, visceral fat mass, plasma lipids and glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and β‐cell function measured by oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests.Results:At 11 to 12 weeks of age, after 2 weeks diet feeding, both genders on HED had increased fat percentage, glucose intolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs). There was no gender difference in body weight (BW) or fat percentage, but males had lower glucose tolerance than females. After 3.5 to 4 months on the diets, the pigs on HED had increased BW, fat percentage, and visceral fat mass and were more glucose intolerant and insulin resistant than pigs on LED. Also increases in plasma cholesterol and TG levels were observed in the pigs on HED. Females had higher fat percentage and more visceral fat, were more insulin resistant, and had a more unfavorable lipid profile compared with males independent of diet.Conclusion:In conclusion, the young Göttingen minipig, and especially the female gender, seems to be a potential model for diet induced childhood/adolescent obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Effect of stress on fasting‐induced ghrelin, orexin and galanin secretion in male rats fed different levels of their energy requirement
Authors: Joibari Masoumeh Motamedi , Khazali Homayoun 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Ghrelin, orexin, and galanin are orexigenic factors in rodents and humans which participate in adaptive response to weight loss. On the other hand, weight loss and fasting is accompanied by increased levels of epinephrine (Ep) and cortisol (Cor). In this study, we investigated the effects of Ep and Cor on fasting‐induced ghrelin, orexin, and galanin secretion in rats fed different levels of their energy requirements.Design:Forty five male Wistar rats (300‐350 g, 15 per group) were fed a diet containing 100, 50, and 25% of their energy requirement for 10 days followed by 2 days of fasting. Animals were then anesthetized for carotid artery cannulation for injections and blood samplings.Methods:Rats received either 3 µg Ep/kg body weight (BW), 3 µg Cor/kg BW, or a combination of those two (0.1 mg in 1 ml of phosphate‐buffered saline). Blood samples were collected before, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection.Results:In normal and 50% food restricted groups, fasting ghrelin levels fell after Ep and combination of Ep and Cor injection (P ≤ 0.05), whereas, orexin were decreased by combination of Ep and Cor injection in rats fed 100% of their needs and Ep alone in rats fed 50%. Galanin just fell after combination of Ep and Cor injection in both starved (50%) and normal rats. In contrast, all groups whit 25% fed ad libitum did not response to any injections (P > 0.05).Conclusions:These results indicate that Ep suppresses starvation‐induced secretion of ghrelin, orexin, and galanin in normal (100%) and starved (50%) rats and their response to Ep might be affected by weight loss.
Obese mice incur greater myofiber membrane disruption in response to mechanical load compared with lean mice
Authors: Knoblauch Mark A. , O'Connor Daniel P. , Clarke Mark S.F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Obesity is associated with modified transmembrane signaling events in skeletal muscle, such as insulin signaling and glucose transport. The underlying cause of these obesity‐related effects on transmembrane signaling is still unknown. In general, the function of membrane proteins responsible for transmembrane signaling is modulated by the biochemical makeup of the membrane, such as lipid composition, in which they are embedded. Any obesity‐related alterations in membrane composition would also be predicted to modify membrane biomechanical properties and membrane susceptibility to mechanical load‐induced damage. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether obesity influences myofiber membrane susceptibility to mechanical damage in skeletal muscle.Design and Methods:Myofiber membrane damage was compared between 12‐week‐old obese, hypercholesterolemic (B6.V Lepob/J) and isogenic, normocholesterolemic control (C57BL6/J) male mice following either normal cage activity or strenuous eccentric exercise (downhill running). Myofiber membrane damage was quantified in perfusion‐fixed frozen sections of the gastrocnemius muscle via sarcoplasmic concentration of either albumin (cage activity experiment) or a fluorescent marker that had been injected immediately before activity (eccentric exercise experiment).Results:Obese mice exhibited evidence of increased myofiber membrane damage compared with lean mice after both normal cage activity and eccentric exercise indicating that myofiber membranes of obese mice are more susceptible to mechanical damage in general and that eccentric exercise exacerbates this effect.Conclusions:These observations are consistent with the notion that obesity influences the biochemical and biomechanical properties of myofiber membranes.
Discordant risk: Overweight and cardiometabolic risk in Chinese adults
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Adair Linda S. , Meigs James B. , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth , Herring Amy , Yan Sheng‐kai , Zhang Bing , Du Shufa , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Recent US work identified “metabolically healthy overweight” and “metabolically at risk normal weight” individuals. Less is known for modernizing countries with recent increased obesity.Design and Methods:Fasting blood samples, anthropometry and blood pressure from 8,233 adults aged 18‐98 in the 2009 nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey, were used to determine prevalence of overweight (Asian cut point, BMI ≥23 kg/m2) and five risk factors (prediabetes/diabetes (hemoglobin A1c ≥5.7%) inflammation (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) ≥3 mg/l), prehypertension/hypertension (Systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure≥130/85 mm Hg), high triglycerides (≥150 mg/dl), low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 (men)/ <50 mg/dl (women)). Sex‐stratified, logistic, and multinomial logistic regression models estimated concurrent obesity and cardiometabolic risk, with and without abdominal obesity, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, urbanicity, and income.Results:Irrespective of urbanicity, 78.3% of the sample had ≥1 elevated cardiometabolic risk factor (normal weight: 33.2% had ≥1 elevated risk factor; overweight: 5.7% had none). At the age of 18‐30 years, 47.4% had no elevated risk factors, which dropped to 6% by the age 70, largely due to age‐related increase in hypertension risk (18‐30 years: 11%; >70 years: 73%). Abdominal obesity was highly predictive of metabolic risk, irrespective of overweight (e.g., “metabolically at risk overweight” relative to “metabolically healthy normal weight” (men: relative risk ratio (RRR) = 39.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 23.47, 65.00; women: RRR = 22.26; 95% CI: 17.49, 28.33)).Conclusion:A large proportion of Chinese adults have metabolic abnormalities. High hypertension risk with age, underlies the low prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight. Screening for cardiometabolic‐related outcomes dependent upon overweight will likely miss a large portion of the Chinese at risk population.
First‐trimester Down syndrome screening in renal‐transplanted pregnant women: a model for adjusting the false‐positives rates
Authors: Grande Maribel , Cararach Vicenç , Casals Elena , Borrell Antoni 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a model to adjust the increased β‐hCG levels observed in renal‐transplanted women, leading to increased false‐positive rates in Down syndrome screening.MethodsDetailed data from 11 renal‐transplanted and a nested‐cohort of 70 pregnant women, matched by age, parity and gestational age were retrieved from our hospital records. Patient's age, multiples of the median (MoM) values for freeβ‐hCG, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A, nuchal translucency, and creatinine concentration and clearance were noted. Freeβ‐hCG levels were adjusted according to the deviation of serum creatinine concentration by means of three different methods (median, proportionality and regression). Subsequently, Down syndrome risk was estimated with the three resulting adjusted fβ‐hCG values.ResultsAfter adjustment, the median β‐hCG MoM decreased from 2.15 MoM to 1.00 MoM (median method), 1.61 MoM (proportionality method) or 1.16 MoM (regression method). The non‐adjusted 27% false‐positive rate dropped to 18% (median method) and 10% (proportionality or regression methods) after re‐estimation of the Down syndrome risk. In controls, the observed median for β‐hCG MoM was 1.12, and the false‐positive rate was 5.7%.ConclusionsIn first‐trimester Down syndrome screening, fβ‐hCG adjustment by the regression method appears to be the best to match with controls. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel poly(ester amide)s from glycine and L‐lactic acid by an easy and cost‐effective synthesis
Authors: Fonseca Ana C. , Serra Arménio C. , Coelho Jorge F.J. , Gil Maria H. , Simões Pedro N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNovel low molecular weight poly(ester amide)s based on glycine and l‐lactic acid with interest for the biomedical field were successfully prepared by interfacial polymerization, which is an easy and fast polymerization method. Preparation of the α‐amino acid based diamine, the l‐lactic acid based diacyl chlorides and the poly(ester amide)s was carried out in the absence of catalysts. The structure of the different poly(ester amide)s was confirmed by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The thermal behaviour of the synthesized poly(ester amide)s was evaluated by simultaneous thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. It was found that both the incorporation of an l‐lactic acid oligomeric segment and the change in its central unit have an important influence on the thermal characteristics of the poly(ester amide)s. These novel poly(ester amide)s can be used as building blocks for the preparation of more complex structures. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry