bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The normative challenge of interaction: Justice conflicts in democracy promotion
Authors: POPPE ANNIKA E. , WOLFF JONAS 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the global ‘North-West’, liberal democracy is regarded as the universally valid model of political rule that is to be promoted globally via foreign and development policies. Democracy promotion, however, is frequently challenged by justice-related claims. Whereas external democracy promoters claim to help enforce universal individual rights, those resisting democracy promotion point to the collective entitlement to a self-determined political evolution. ‘North-Western’ governments see liberal democracy as the only embodiment of a just political order, but in those countries that are the targets of democracy promotion different understandings of appropriate norms and institutions may exist. Contestation of democracy promotion has, therefore, a crucial normative dimension that can be conceptualized as a series of conflicts over justice. If we conceive of external democracy promotion as a process of interaction instead of unidirectional export or socialization, such justice conflicts constitute a major normative challenge to democracy promoters. The paper argues for an alternative perspective on ‘democracy promotion as interaction’ and presents a typology of justice conflicts that will, in future research, enable us to empirically analyse the normative challenges brought about by the interactive nature of democracy promotion.
Crafting human rights in a constitution: Gay rights in the Cayman Islands and the limits to global norm diffusion
Authors: VLCEK WILLIAM 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper considers the introduction of a bill of rights to a territory’s constitution as an example of the transnational transfer of norms. Using the case of the Cayman Islands Constitution promulgated in 2009 this analysis looks specifically at the creation of its bill of rights in light of local debate following the legalisation of homosexuality forced by the United Kingdom in 2000. The unique constitutional structure framing the political relationship between the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories is outlined as explanation for the nature of the Cayman constitution, as well as the historical trajectory leading to it. This trajectory informs the context for the local debate over homosexuality and substantial local resistance to the transfer of an emerging European norm recognizing same-sex marriage to a Caribbean island firm in its Christian heritage. This case interrogates the transference and reproduction of ‘global human rights norms’ in the construction of constitutions in postcolonial societies anticipated by proponents of ‘norm diffusion’ and highlights the contested acceptance offered exogenous norms by the postcolonial society.
Cardioprotective 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol attenuation of JNK and p38MAPK signalling involves CaMKII inhibition
Authors: Lim Nicholas R. , Thomas Colleen J. , Silva Lokugan S. , Yeap Yvonne Y. , Yap Suwan , Bell James R. , Delbridge Lea M. D. , Bogoyevitch Marie A. , Woodman Owen L. , Williams Spencer J. , May Clive N. , Ng Dominic C. H. 
Published: September 2013

DiOHF (3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol) is cardioprotective against I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. The biological activities of flavonols are associated with kinase modulation to alter cell signalling. We thus investigated the effects of DiOHF on the activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) that regulate the cardiac stress response. In an ovine model of I/R, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p38MAPK, ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and Akt were activated, and NP202, a pro-drug of DiOHF, reduced infarct size and inhibited JNK and p38MAPK activation, whereas ERK and Akt phosphorylation were unaltered. Similarly, in cultured myoblasts, DiOHF pre-treatment preserved viability and inhibited activation of JNK and p38MAPK, but not ERK in response to acute oxidative and chemotoxic stress. Furthermore, DiOHF prevented stress-activation of the direct upstream regulators MKK4/7 (MAPK kinase 4/7) and MKK3/6 respectively. We utilized small-molecule affinity purification and identified CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) as a kinase targeted by DiOHF and demonstrated potent CaMKII inhibition by DiOHF in vitro. Moreover, the specific inhibition of CaMKII with KN-93, but not KN-92, prevented oxidative stress-induced activation of JNK and p38MAPK. The present study indicates DiOHF inhibition of CaMKII and attenuation of MKK3/6→p38MAPK and MKK4/7→JNK signalling as a requirement for the protective effects of DiOHF against stress stimuli and myocardial I/R injury.
Wnt signaling potentiates nevogenesis
Authors: Pawlikowski Jeff S. , McBryan Tony , van Tuyn John , Drotar Mark E. , Hewitt Rachael N. , Maier Andrea B. , King Ayala , Blyth Karen , Wu Hong , Adams Peter D. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Human benign nevi (moles) are clonal neoplasms that rarely progress to melanoma because their cells (melanocytes) are arrested in a viable but nonproliferating state (senescence). However, at low frequency, nevus melanocytes do progress to melanoma. Consequently, it is important to understand the factors that determine nevus formation and progression to melanoma. We present evidence that repression of a proliferation-promoting cell signaling pathway (Wnt signaling pathway) contributes to senescence of melanocytes in vitro. However, Wnt signaling remains active in some senescent human melanocytes in nevi, and activation of Wnt signaling leads to a delay in melanocyte senescence in a mouse model. We suggest that activated Wnt signaling in human nevi delays senescence to promote nevus formation, and thereafter, persistent Wnt signaling might undermine senescence-mediated tumor suppression.
Electromagnetically driven westward drift and inner-core superrotation in Earth’s core
Authors: Livermore Philip W. , Hollerbach Rainer , Jackson Andrew 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Seismic probing of the earth’s deep interior has shown that the inner core, the solid core of our planet, rotates slightly faster (i.e., eastward) than the rest of the earth. Quite independently, observations of the geomagnetic field provide evidence of westward-drifting features at the edge of the liquid outer core. This paper describes a computer model that suggests that the geomagnetic field itself may provide a link between them: The associated electromagnetic torque currently is westward in the outermost outer core, whereas an equal and opposite torque is applied to the inner core. Decadal changes in the geomagnetic field may cause fluctuations in both these effects, consistent with recent observations of a quasi-oscillatory inner-core rotation rate.
Localizing transcripts to single cells suggests an important role of uncultured deltaproteobacteria in the termite gut hydrogen economy
Authors: Rosenthal Adam Z. , Zhang Xinning , Lucey Kaitlyn S. , Ottesen Elizabeth A. , Trivedi Vikas , Choi Harry M. T. , Pierce Niles A. , Leadbetter Jared R. 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceMost environments host a poorly understood microbial diversity. In recent years, work on gene inventories and metagenomics has revealed much about the microbial species and metabolic genes that may be present in situ; however, connecting microbial species with environmental function has lagged. Here a combination of emerging single-cell and other approaches revealed the gut microbes that may catalyze a key activity in their termite hosts. The results implicate a previously unappreciated deltaproteobacterium living on a gut protist.
Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes
Authors: Drexler Jan Felix , Geipel Andreas , König Alexander , Corman Victor M. , van Riel Debby , Leijten Lonneke M. , Bremer Corinna M. , Rasche Andrea , Cottontail Veronika M. , Maganga Gael D. , Schlegel Mathias , Müller Marcel A. , Adam Alexander , Klose Stefan M. , Borges Carneiro Aroldo José , Stöcker Andreas , Franke Carlos Roberto , Gloza-Rausch Florian , Geyer Joachim , Annan Augustina , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Oppong Samuel , Binger Tabea , Vallo Peter , Tschapka Marco , Ulrich Rainer G. , Gerlich Wolfram H. , Leroy Eric , Kuiken Thijs , Glebe Dieter , Drosten Christian 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype hepadnavirus; 40% of humans have current or past infection. In a global investigation of viral diversity in bats, we discovered three unique hepadnavirus species. The relatedness of these viruses to HBV suggests that bats might constitute ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. Infection patterns in bats resembled human infection with HBV. After resurrection from bat tissues, pseudotyped viruses carrying surface proteins of one bat hepadnavirus could infect human liver cells. HBV vaccination is probably not protective against these viruses, but viral replication could be blocked by a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used as an anti-HBV drug in humans. The potential of bat hepadnaviruses to infect humans should be considered in programs aimed at eradicating HBV.
Actin-related protein2/3 complex regulates tight junctions and terminal differentiation to promote epidermal barrier formation
Authors: Zhou Kang , Muroyama Andrew , Underwood Julie , Leylek Rebecca , Ray Samriddha , Soderling Scott H. , Lechler Terry 
Published: September 2013

Significance
This study used a genetic approach to probe the function of the F-actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex in skin development. Although the Arp2/3 complex was expected to be involved in morphogenesis and cell adhesion, loss of its activity did not result in architectural problems in the epidermis. However, Arp2/3 was essential for epidermal function. We revealed two unexpected functions for the Arp2/3 complex in the epidermis that are critical for tissue physiology: tight junction assembly/function and the regulation of YAP activity.
Disrupting the clustering of GABAAreceptor α2 subunits in the frontal cortex leads to reduced γ-power and cognitive deficits
Authors: Hines Rochelle M. , Hines Dustin J. , Houston Catriona M. , Mukherjee Jayanta , Haydon Philip G. , Tretter Verena , Smart Trevor G. , Moss Stephen J. 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceSchizophrenia is a condition characterized by interrelated symptoms including psychosis and hallucinations, decreased emotional expression and motivation, and cognitive impairments. Recent studies have shown that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, contributes to the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the details of this alteration are not understood. GABA signaling can exert powerful control on groups of neurons, acting as regulated on–off switches for brain activity. In the brains of patients with schizophrenia, an alteration in the typical on–off patterns is observed. We generated an animal model for symptoms of schizophrenia by altering the accumulation of specific types of GABA receptors. These animals show both behavioral and brain activity changes that are reminiscent of patients with schizophrenia.
Regulated structural transitions unleash the chaperone activity of αB-crystallin
Authors: Peschek Jirka , Braun Nathalie , Rohrberg Julia , Back Katrin Christiane , Kriehuber Thomas , Kastenmüller Andreas , Weinkauf Sevil , Buchner Johannes 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The small heat shock protein αB-crystallin functions as an archetypical and ubiquitous molecular chaperone. It is an integral part of the cellular proteostasis system and associated with human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, myopathy, cataract, and multiple sclerosis. The molecular architecture of αB-crystallin follows an intriguing construction plan characterized by a dynamic oligomer equilibrium. Here, we exploited phosphorylation mimetics as a tool to switch the protein to an activated functional state by a shift in the conformational ensemble. Using cryo-EM and image processing, we defined the structures of the activated αB-crystallin ensemble. Biochemical analysis revealed that, on activation, the N-terminal regions gain flexibility and solvent accessibility. This allows enhancing the activity of αB-crystallin and promoting its cooperation with the Hsp70 system.
High-resolution reversible folding of hyperstable RNA tetraloops using molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Chen Alan A. , García Angel E. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
We report atomistic simulations describing the spontaneous folding of three RNA tetraloops from the unfolded state to within 1–3 Å of their experimentally determined structures. These common and highly stable motifs serve as building blocks for large structured RNA molecules. This success is caused by the reparameterization of the energy function used to describe the interatomic interactions, which was obtained by calibrating the energy function to reproduce known thermodynamic and kinetic measurements of RNA monomers and dimers. In particular, the accurate recapitulation of the characteristic loop configurations responsible for the thermodynamic hyperstability of these motifs represents a significant milestone to the accurate description of RNA tertiary structure using unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
TP53
suppression promotes erythropoiesis in del(5q) MDS, suggesting a targeted therapeutic strategy in lenalidomide-resistant patients
Authors: Caceres Gisela , McGraw Kathy , Yip Bon Ham , Pellagatti Andrea , Johnson Joseph , Zhang Ling , Liu Kenian , Zhang Lan Min , Fulp William J. , Lee Ji-Hyun , Al Ali Najla H. , Basiorka Ashley , Smith Larry J. , Daugherty F. Joseph , Littleton Neil , Wells Richard A. , Sokol Lubomir , Wei Sheng , Komrokji Rami S. , Boultwood Jacqueline , List Alan F. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The hypoplastic anemia characteristic of del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) arises from ribosomal protein insufficiency, resulting in erythroid-specific activation of p53. We found that suppression of p53 by cenersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, markedly improved erythroid colony formation in primary MDS specimens assessed by two-stage colony formation assay. Erythropoietic rescue significantly correlated with the magnitude of reduction in nuclear p53. In addition, in a cohort of eight lower-risk, lenalidomide-refractory del(5q) MDS patients treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent antagonist of p53, transfusion independence was restored in five of eight patients, accompanied by in vivo expansion of erythroid precursors without clonal suppression. These results suggest inhibition of p53 may be a unique therapeutic strategy in patients with lenalidomide-resistant del(5q) MDS.
Template-constrained macrocyclic peptides prepared from native, unprotected precursors
Authors: Lawson Kenneth V. , Rose Tristan E. , Harran Patrick G. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics are valuable tools in biomedical research. This paper describes chemistry to convert linear, unmodified peptides directly into stable, templated macrocycles. The ring-closing reaction is an allylic substitution catalyzed by palladium(0). It requires no tailored amino acid residues or protecting groups. It proceeds rapidly at room temperature and largely independent of product-ring size and composition. The catalysis shows broad scope and predictable chemoselectivity while engaging functional groups native to peptides. These methods could be applied broadly and have special utility for those attempting to perturb biological systems with unique small molecules.
Why abundant tropical tree species are phylogenetically old
Authors: Wang Shaopeng , Chen Anping , Fang Jingyun , Pacala Stephen W. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Neutral population models assume that competing species are ecologically equivalent and predict several properties of extant ecosystems. Ecological aspects of neutral models have been tested repeatedly, with a special focus on tropical trees, but their macroevolutionary predictions have received little attention. We show that neutral models predict flat or humped relationships between a species’ abundance and phylogenetic age. In contrast, abundances and ages of Panamanian tree species are positively correlated. Similar correlations have been reported for other groups and explained by deterministic niche theories. However, we show that neutral models predict positive age–abundance relationships with the addition of speciation rates that vary among lineages.
Active output state of the
Synechococcus
Kai circadian oscillator
Authors: Paddock Mark L. , Boyd Joseph S. , Adin Dawn M. , Golden Susan S. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
For circadian clocks to modulate a daily cycle of metabolic and behavioral processes, temporal information must be transmitted to output pathways. In cyanobacteria, the circadian oscillator is composed of three Kai proteins that mediate cyclic phosphorylation of KaiC. We determined that a specific phosphostate of KaiC promotes genome-wide circadian output responses. A model that includes temporal feedback control of this KaiC phosphostate can accurately simulate key features of observed output responses of the two major contrasting promoter types. This study provides a unique perspective on the complex regulatory output responses of circadian oscillators.
HIV-1 suppression and durable control by combining single broadly neutralizing antibodies and antiretroviral drugs in humanized mice
Authors: Horwitz Joshua A. , Halper-Stromberg Ariel , Mouquet Hugo , Gitlin Alexander D. , Tretiakova Anna , Eisenreich Thomas R. , Malbec Marine , Gravemann Sophia , Billerbeck Eva , Dorner Marcus , Büning Hildegard , Schwartz Olivier , Knops Elena , Kaiser Rolf , Seaman Michael S. , Wilson James M. , Rice Charles M. , Ploss Alexander , Bjorkman Pamela J. , Klein Florian , Nussenzweig Michel C. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Treatment of HIV-1 infection in humans is achieved using combinations of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs to potently suppress viral replication and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. However, ART drugs must be taken indefinitely owing to rapid return of viremia upon termination of treatment. Highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) present a new potential therapeutic modality in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Because of their comparatively longer half-lives relative to ART drugs and their ability to eliminate infected cells, bNAbs may alleviate some aspects of the lifelong treatment adherence burden of ART. Here we show that lowering the initial viral load with ART enables single bNAbs to effectively control an established HIV-1 infection in humanized mice.
Endothelin-2 signaling in the neural retina promotes the endothelial tip cell state and inhibits angiogenesis
Authors: Rattner Amir , Yu Huimin , Williams John , Smallwood Philip M. , Nathans Jeremy 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Two distinct and interconvertible types of endothelial cells are present during blood vessel growth: tip cells at the growing front of the vascular network and stalk cells behind the front. In the present study, overexpression of Endothelin-2, a peptide previously implicated in the control of blood pressure, is shown to promote the tip cell fate and arrest vascular growth within the mouse retina. Genetic experiments show that this effect requires Endothelin receptor A expression in the neural retina, implying the existence of a retina-derived regulator of vascular growth and development that is under Endothelin control.
Programmed cell death 1 inhibits inflammatory helper T-cell development through controlling the innate immune response
Authors: Rui Yuxiang , Honjo Tasuku , Chikuma Shunsuke 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceProgrammed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a membrane receptor that transmits inhibitory signals on leucocytes. Lack of PD-1 in mice results in various autoimmune diseases, which have been believed to be caused by the activation of T lymphocytes without inhibition. The current study reveals that PD-1 inhibits T-lymphocyte–mediated autoimmunity through regulating macrophage function. PD-1 deficiency only in innate immune cells caused dysregulated macrophage responses against mycobacterial adjuvant and enhanced production of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, leading to the development of inflammatory autoreactive helper T cells and the exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The lymphocyte extrinsic regulation of PD-1 provides a unique perspective on the maintenance of the immune self-tolerance and the understanding of the development of autoimmune diseases.
Are Calanus spp. shifting poleward in the North Atlantic? A habitat modelling approach
Authors: Chust Guillem , Castellani Claudia , Licandro Priscilla , Ibaibarriaga Leire , Sagarminaga Yolanda , Irigoien Xabier 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chust, G., Castellani, C., Licandro, P., Ibaibarriaga, L., Sagarminaga, Y., and Irigoien, X. 2014. Are Calanus spp. shifting poleward in the North Atlantic? A habitat modelling approach. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 241–253. In the last decade, the analysis based on Continuous Plankton Recorder survey in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean detected one of the most striking examples of marine poleward migration related to sea warming. The main objective of this study is to verify the poleward shift of zooplankton species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. helgolandicus, C. hyperboreus) for which distributional changes have been recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean and to assess how much of this shift was triggered by sea warming, using Generalized Additive Models. To this end, the population gravity centre of observed data was compared with that of a series of simulation experiments: (i) a model using only climate factors (i.e. niche-based model) to simulate species habitat suitability, (ii) a model using only temporal and spatial terms to reconstruct the population distribution, and (iii) a model using both factors combined, using a subset of observations as independent dataset for validation. Our findings show that only C. finmarchicus had a consistent poleward shift, triggered by sea warming, estimated in 8.1 km per decade in the North Atlantic (16.5 per decade for the northeast), which is substantially lower than previous works at the assemblage level and restricted to the Northeast Atlantic. On the contrary, C. helgolandicus is expanding in all directions, although its northern distribution limit in the North Sea has shifted northward. Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus, which have the geographic centres of populations mainly in the NW Atlantic, showed a slight southward shift, probably responding to cool water penetrating southward in the Labrador Current. Our approach, supported by high model accuracy, shows its power in detecting species latitudinal shifts and identifying its causes, since the trend of occurrence observed data is influenced by the sampling frequency, which has progressively concentrated to lower latitudes with time.