bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRANSCENDING DUAL ECONOMIES: REFLECTIONS ON ‘POPULAR ECONOMIES IN SOUTH AFRICA’
Authors: Callebert Ralph 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA recent special issue ofAfricaon ‘Popular Economies in South Africa’ drew attention to local economies and to the livelihoods that link these popular, informal economies and the lives of the poor to the formal and global economies. This approach offers a promising avenue for questioning academic and policy discourses about unemployment and poverty in South Africa that are curiously reminiscent of the dualist modernization theories of the 1950s and 1960s. Both the idea of a South African ‘underclass’, as discussed by Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass, and the discourse of a first and a second economy, notably promoted by former President Thabo Mbeki, assume a fundamental divide in South Africa's economy based on socio-economic exclusion. These assumptions, however, fail to capture the many ways in which people cross these divides in making a living and have problematic policy implications. Highlighting these many and complex connections, as the recent special issue did, as well as historicizing the informal economy can help us to conceptualize the South African economy as a whole rather than as existing in two separate worlds.
Estimation of choline intake from 24 h dietary intake recalls and contribution of egg and milk consumption to intake among pregnant and lactating women in Alberta
Authors: Lewis Erin D. , Subhan Fatheema B. , Bell Rhonda C. , McCargar Linda J. , Curtis Jonathan M. , Jacobs René L. , Field Catherine J. ,   the APrON team
Published: April 2014

Despite recommendations for higher choline intakes during pregnancy and lactation, there is limited research regarding maternal intake during these important periods. In the present study, we estimated dietary choline intake during pregnancy and lactation in a population of Albertan women and the contribution of egg and milk consumption to intake. Dietary intake data were collected from the first 600 women enrolled in a prospective cohort study carried out in Alberta, Canada. During the first and/or second trimester, the third trimester and 3 months postpartum, 24 h dietary intake recall data were collected. A database was constructed including foods consumed by the cohort and used to estimate dietary choline intake. The mean total choline intake value during pregnancy was 347 (sd149) mg/d, with 23 % of the participants meeting the adequate intake (AI) recommendation. During lactation, the mean total choline intake value was 346 (sd151) mg/d, with 10 % of the participants meeting the AI recommendation. Phosphatidylcholine was the form of choline consumed in the highest proportion and the main dietary sources of choline were dairy products, eggs and meat. Women who consumed at least one egg in a 24 h period had higher (P< 0·001) total choline intake and were eight times more likely (95 % CI 5·2, 12·6) to meet choline intake recommendations compared with those who did not consume eggs during pregnancy. Women who reported consuming ≥ 500 ml of milk in a 24 h period were 2·8 times more likely (95 % CI 1·7, 4·8) to meet daily choline intake recommendations compared with those consuming < 250 ml of milk/d during pregnancy. Choline intake is below the recommendation levels in this population and the promotion of both egg and milk consumption may assist in meeting the daily choline intake recommendations.
Relative vitamin A values of 9-cis- and 13-cis-β-carotene do not differ when fed at physiological levels during vitamin A depletion in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Bresnahan Kara A. , Davis Christopher R. , Tanumihardjo Sherry A. 
Published: April 2014

Provitamin A biofortification of staple crops may decrease the prevalence of vitamin A (VA) deficiency if widely adopted in target countries. To assess the impact of processing methods on the VA value of plant foods, the unique bioefficacies ofcis-βC isomers (formed during cooking) compared with all-trans(at) β-carotene (βC) must be determined. The bioefficacies of 9-cis(9c)- and 13-cis(13c)-βC isomers were compared with those of the at-βC isomer and VA positive (VA+) and negative (VA − ) controls in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in two experimental studies (study 1,n56; study 2,n57). A 3- or 4-week depletion period was followed by a 3- or 4-week treatment period in which the groups received oral doses of the 9c-, 13c- or at-βC isomers in cottonseed oil (study 1, 15 nmol/d; study 2, 30 nmol/d). In study 1, the βC isomers did not maintain baseline liver VA stores in all groups (0·69 (sd0·20) μmol/liver) except in the VA+group (0·56 (sd0·10) μmol/liver) (P= 0·0026). The βC groups were similar to the VA+group, but the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ from the VA − group (0·39 (sd0·09) μmol/liver). In study 2, the βC isomers maintained baseline liver VA stores in all the βC groups (0·35 (sd0·13) μmol/liver), and in the VA+group, the VA supplement (0·54 (sd0·19) μmol/liver) exceeded the baseline VA status (0·38 (sd0·15) μmol/liver) (P< 0·0001); however, the 9c-βC group did not differ from the VA − group (0·20 (sd0·07) μmol/liver).In vivoisomerisation of βC was confirmed in both experimental studies. Lower VA bioconversion factor values were obtained for thecis-βC isomers in study 2 when compared with study 1, but higher values were obtained for the at-βC isomer. Dose and VA status clearly affect bioconversion factors. In conclusion, thecis-βC isomers yielded similar liver VA stores to the at-βC isomer in Mongolian gerbils, and liver VA stores of the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ when the doses were provided at physiological levels over time in two studies.
Uncertainty, Risk, and the Financial Crisis of 2008
Authors: Nelson Stephen C. , Katzenstein Peter J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe distinction between uncertainty and risk, originally drawn by Frank Knight and John Maynard Keynes in the 1920s, remains fundamentally important today. In the presence of uncertainty, market actors and economic policy-makers substitute other methods of decision making for rational calculation—specifically, actors' decisions are rooted in social conventions. Drawing from innovations in financial markets and deliberations among top American monetary authorities in the years before the 2008 crisis, we show how economic actors and policy-makers live in worlds of riskanduncertainty. In that world social conventions deserve much greater attention than conventional IPE analyses accords them. Such conventions must be part of our toolkit as we seek to understand the preferences and strategies of economic and political actors.
Exchange Rates and Industry Demands for Trade Protection
Authors: Broz J. Lawrence , Werfel Seth H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe recent confrontation between China and the United States over currency policy illustrates a broader phenomenon: exchange-rate misalignments tend to spill over into trade policy. Although previous studies have shown that aggregate protectionist activity is positively related to the level of the real effective exchange rate, we explore this relationship at the industry level. Several industry-specific characteristics determine the protectionist response to exchange rate changes, including the degree of exchange-rate pass-through, the level of import penetration, and the share of imported intermediate inputs in total industry inputs. We find that the marginal effect of currency appreciation on the number of industry-level antidumping petitions is positive and significant only for industries with high pass-through. Therefore, exchange rates appear to induce demands for trade barriers only in industries where competitiveness is directly harmed by currency appreciation.
America and Trade Liberalization: The Limits of Institutional Reform
Authors: Goldstein Judith , Gulotty Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAmong scholars, delegation of power to the US president in 1934 is widely believed to have been a necessary requisite for tariff reductions in ensuing years. According to conventional wisdom, delegation to the president sheltered Congress from constituent pressure thereby facilitating the opening of the US economy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. This article suggests a revision to our understanding of just how that occurred. Through a close study of the US tariff schedule between 1928 and 1964, focusing on highly protected products, we examine which products were subject to liberalization and at what time. After 1934, delegation led to a change in trade policy, not because Congress gave up their constitutional prerogative in this domain but because presidents were able to target the potential economic dislocation that derives from import competition to avoid the creation of a congressional majority willing to halt the trade agreements program.
Water availability and crop growth at the crop plot level in South Africa modelled from satellite imagery
Authors: BLANC E. , STROBL E. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYAlthough the effect of weather on crop growth has been studied widely, the contribution of other water sources has been less well studied, mainly due to data limitation. To address this gap, the current analysis considers the importance of water availability on crop growth by taking advantage of crop field boundaries and information on South Africa's four major grain producing provinces (Northwest, Mpumalanga, Free State and Gauteng) provided by the Agricultural Geo-referenced Information System dataset. To capture crop growth along the crop growing cycle at the plot level, the MODIS's MOD13Q1 dataset of 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used. To estimate the determinants of crop growth, weather effects were considered and represented by rainfall and reference evapotranspiration satellite derived data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's RFE and GDAS dataset, respectively. Hydrologic and irrigation determinants were estimated based on the HYDRO1K river network dataset produced by the US Geological Survey. The results show that although weather is an important explanatory factor, other sources of water, such as irrigation, proximity to perennial and ephemeral rivers, and stream flow are also influential. Taking into account the interaction effects between weather and water availability related factors is also important to determine the effect of water availability on crop growth.
Automatic discrimination of grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) clones using leaf hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares
Authors: FERNANDES A. M. , MELO-PINTO P. , MILLAN B. , TARDAGUILA J. , DIAGO M. P. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA worldwide innovative method to discriminate grapevine clones is presented. It is an alternative to ampelography, isozyme and DNA analysis. The spectra and their first and second derivatives of 201 bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range between 634 and 759 nm were used as inputs to a classifier created using partial least squares. The spectra were acquired in the laboratory for the adaxial side of the apical part of the main lobe of fully hydrated grapevine leaves. The classifier created allowed the separation of 100 leaves of the Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis viniferaL.) variety into four clones, namely CS 15, CS 169, CS 685 and CS R5, comprising 25 leaves each. The percentages of leaves correctly classified for these clones were 98·2, 99·2, 100 and 97·8%, respectively, when the classifier input was the second derivative of the normalized spectra. These percentages were determined by Monte-Carlo cross-validation. With the new method proposed, each leaf of a given variety can be classified in a few seconds according to its clone in an environmentally friendly way.
The Creative Response in Economic History
Authors: Schumpeter Joseph A. 
Published: April 2014

Economic historians and economic theorists can make an interesting and socially valuable journey together, if they will. It would be an investigation into the sadly neglected area of economic change.As anyone familiar with the history of economic thought will immediately recognize, practically all the economists of the nineteenth century and many of the twentieth have believed uncritically that all that is needed to explain a given historical development is to indicate conditioning or causal factors, such as an increase in population or the supply of capital. But this is sufficient only in the rarest of cases.
Biological parameters of franciscana dolphins,Pontoporia blainvillei, by-caught in artisanal fisheries off southern Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Negri María Fernanda , Panebianco María Victoria , Denuncio Pablo , Paso Viola María Natalia , Rodríguez Diego , Cappozzo Humberto Luis 
Published: April 2014

The franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a small coastal dolphin endemic to the south-western Atlantic Ocean. Incidental captures in fishing gillnets is possibly the greatest conservation concern for this species, and occurs within most of its geographical distribution. The aim of this paper is to determine the biological parameters of franciscana dolphin by-caught from artisanal coastal fisheries of the southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Between 2003 and 2009, carcasses of 54 incidentally captured franciscanas were collected. The age, sexual and physical maturity and body condition of each specimen was determined. The sex-ratio of the by-caught dolphins did not differ from parity and, consistent with other areas, juveniles younger than 4 yr old were captured in higher proportion (69%). In addition, 74% of the entangled animals were sexually immature and 85% physically immature. Sexually immature dolphins were predominant in the spring, a period which coincides with the breeding season. An assessment of the body condition of captured franciscanas suggests that entanglements were not associated with a disease or physiological disorder. The results presented here are important to assess the impact of artisanal fisheries on the population of franciscana dolphins in the southernmost area of its distribution.
Biodiversity of scleractinian corals in the reefs of Qeshm and Larak Islands of the Persian Gulf, in association with environmental variables
Authors: Moradi Mahdi , Malekzadeh-Viayeh Reza , Eshaghi-Rad Javad 
Published: April 2014

Diversity of hard corals is investigated on the reefs of two Iranian islands, Qeshm and Larak, located in the Persian Gulf. The corals were sampled and photographed and their percentage cover was estimated by diving in June 2008 and February 2009. Thirty-eight coral species belonging to 20 genera and nine families were identified, of which three species are new records from the Gulf. Coral diversity was higher in Larak Island, and in total, Acroporidae and Faviidae were the most diverse coral families. Acropora (83%) had the highest percentage cover in Larak Island, while the maximum percentage cover in Qeshm Island was for Porites (52.96%). Canonical correspondence analysis distinctly plotted the study sites against environmental variables. Salinity and pH were the most effective variables on the coral diversity, and had positive correlations with the frequency of several species including Pocillopora damicornis, Platygyra acuta and Acanthastrea maxima, while they had negative correlation with another group of other corals, including Plesiastrea devantieri, Acropora downingi and Psammocora digitata (P < 0.01). Water clarity had positive correlations with some coral species, including Cyphastrea serailia and Coscinaraeamonile, and negative correlations with other species such as Leptastrea transversa and Acropora arabensis. Diversity of a number of corals mainly Porites lutea and Cyphastrea chalcidicum had high affinity with the water temperature. The results of this study supported the existence of diversified coral communities in Iranian islands, while showing that their spatial and temporal distribution can be affected by environmental variables.
Sex, Bricks and Mortar: Constructing Class in a Central Indian Steel Town
Authors: PARRY JONATHAN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBased on a case study of informal sector construction labour in the central Indian steel town of Bhilai, this paper explores the intersection and the mutually constitutive relationship between social class on the one hand, and gender (and more specifically sexual) relations on the other. It is part of an attempt to document and analyse a process ofclassdifferentiation within the manual labour force between aspirant middle class organized sector workers and the unorganized sector ‘labour class’. With some help from the (pre-capitalist) ‘culture’ of their commonly work-shy men-folk, their class situation forces ‘labour class’ women onto construction sites where they are vulnerable to the sexual predation of supervisors, contractors and owners. That some acquiesce reinforces the widespread belief that ‘labour class’ women are sexually available, which in turn provides ‘proof’ to the labour aristocracy that they themselves are a different and better breed, superior in culture and morals. Class inequalities produce a particular configuration of gender relations; gender relations (and in particular sexual relations) produce a powerful ideological justification for class differentiation. This proposition has strong resonances with processes reported from other parts of the world; but in the Indian context and in its specific focus on sex it has not been clearly articulated and its significance for class formation has not been adequately appreciated.
Interictal psychosis following temporal lobe surgery: dentate gyrus pathology
Authors: Thom M. , Kensche M. , Maynard J. , Liu J. , Reeves C. , Goc J. , Marsdon D. , Fluegel D. , Foong J. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundDe novointerictal psychosis, albeit uncommon, can develop in patients following temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy. Pathological alterations of the dentate gyrus, including cytoarchitectural changes, immaturity and axonal reorganization that occur in epilepsy, may also underpin co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to study candidate pathways that may be associated with the development of interictal psychosis post-operatively in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS).MethodA total of 11 patients with HS who developed interictal psychosis (HS-P) post-operatively were compared with a matched surgical HS group without psychosis (HS-NP). Resected tissues were investigated for the extent of granule cell dispersion, mossy fibre sprouting and calbindin expression in the granule cells. We quantified doublecortin, mini-chromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) and reelin-expressing neuronal populations in the dentate gyrus as well as the distribution of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CBR1).ResultsThe patterns of neuronal loss and gliosis were similar in both groups. HS-P patients demonstrated less mossy fibre sprouting and granule cell dispersion (p < 0.01) and more frequent reduction in calbindin expression in granule cells. There were no group differences in the densities of immature MCM2, doublecortin and reelin-positive cells. CBR1 labelling was significantly lower in Cornu ammonis area CA4 relative to other subfields (p < 0.01); although reduced staining in all hippocampal regions was noted in HS-P compared with HS-NP patients, the differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe alterations in dentate gyrus pathology found in HS-P patients could indicate underlying differences in the cellular response to seizures. These mechanisms may predispose to the development of psychosis in epilepsy and warrant further investigation.
Intergenerational proximity and the residential relocation of older people to care institutions and elsewhere
Authors: VAN DER PERS MARIEKE , KIBELE EVA. U. B. , MULDER CLARA H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated the extent to which the geographic proximity of adult children affected the relocations of older people in the Netherlands in 2008. A major contribution of this study is the examination of the differentiation between relocation to care institutions and elsewhere. Data from the Dutch population register linked to complementary datasets were analysed for nearly one million inhabitants aged 75 and above, using multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the effects of intergenerational proximity and of other factors on the propensity to relocate to an institution and elsewhere. An interaction of proximity with partnership status as an indicator of the presence of an important care provider was considered. We found that older people were less likely to move elsewhere when their children were living very close by, and were more likely to do so when their children were living farther away. Having children living close was negatively associated with the likelihood of moving to a care institution. Very close proximity had an additional negative effect on the propensity of older people with a partner to relocate elsewhere whereas the negative effect was less for older people without a partner on moving elsewhere. Our findings did, however, show that (recently) widowed people were more likely to move elsewhere when their children were living more than 40 kilometres away.
‘Find out what it means to me’: Aretha Franklin's gendered re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’
Authors: Malawey Victoria 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn her re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’, Aretha Franklin's seminal 1967 recording features striking changes to melodic content, vocal delivery, lyrics and form. Musical analysis and transcription reveal Franklin's re-authoring techniques, which relate to rhetorical strategies of motivated rewriting, talking texts and call-and-response introduced by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The extent of her re-authoring grants her status as owner of the song and results in a new sonic experience that can be clearly related to the cultural work the song has performed over the past 45 years. Multiple social movements claimed Franklin's ‘Respect’ as their anthem, and her version more generally functioned as a song of empowerment for those who have been marginalised, resulting in the song's complex relationship with feminism. Franklin's ‘Respect’ speaks dialogically with Redding's version as an answer song that gives agency to a female perspective speaking within the language of soul music, which appealed to many audiences.
The singer and the song: core components in Jimmy Webb's ‘Didn't We’
Authors: Robinson Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the study of popular music, much attention is given to the cover version, a performance of a song filled with reference to and even commentary upon previous performances. Analysis of cover versions tends to reveal a lot about the performers and performances but very little about the work being performed. Because different versions of a song may vary widely, it is often difficult to determine what precisely is ‘the work’ in the first place, especially in the absence of a score. Using an original analytical apparatus, the pitch-prevalence contour, and using Jimmy Webb's ‘Didn't We’ as a case study, this essay attempts to quantify the ‘core components’ of a song, the parts of a song that are retained in most if not all of its versions. It is through the analysis of various performances, seeking similarities, that one is able to see the essence of the song revealed. What is more, isolating these components simultaneously brings the differences in the performances into greater relief. The methodology thus separates the singer and the song.