bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aus Altbeton wird Beton – ein innovativer Recyclingansatz
Authors: Gehring Florian , Albrecht Stefan , Homolka Sarah , Leistner Philip , Thome Volker , Seifert Severin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAltbeton wird eine Rohstoffquelle der Zukunft sein und damit zur Nachhaltigkeit beitragen. In welche Richtung dies geschehen kann, wird in diesem Beitrag mithilfe von Ökobilanzergebnissen aus dem BMBF‐Projekt “ELDYNTON – Elektrodynamische Fragmentierung von Altbeton“ erläutert. Hier wird Altbeton durch ein innovatives Recyclingverfahren ELDYNTON aufbereitet, um ein hochwertiges Recycling (Rückführung in den Betonkreislauf) der entstandenen Fraktionen zu gewährleisten. Eine entscheidende Voraussetzung ist die zerstörungsfreie Trennung von Zementstein und Gesteinskörnung. Die Methode der elektrodynamischen Fragmentierung beruht auf ultrakurzen Unterwasserentladungen und ermöglicht eine sortenreine Separierung. Unter dem Aspekt der Ressourcenschonung ist das Rückgewinnen von Rohstoffen via Recycling grundsätzlich wünschenswert, ob es sich jedoch unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ökologie lohnt, muss näher untersucht werden. Hierzu wird die Methode der Ökobilanz (ISO 14040/44) herangezogen und die Ergebnisse mit den ökologischen Wirkungen der Primärbereitstellung verglichen. Bei gleicher Transportdistanz liegen die Emissionsäquivalente des ELDYNTON‐Verfahrens in einigen Kategorien über denen der primären Bereitstellung. Müssen die Substitutionsgüter jedoch weiter als 125 km gegenüber denen des ELDYNTON‐Verfahrens transportiert werden, schneidet das ELDYNTON‐Verfahren in den betrachteten Wirkungskategorien besser ab.Old concrete becomes new concrete – an innovative recycling approach. Old concrete will be a future raw material source and is thereby resource‐saving. The study underlines this with the results of the conducted life cycle assessment. For this purpose old concrete gets treated by an innovative recycling approach to ensure a high valuable recycling of the prepared fractions (recirculation into the concrete cycle). A vital prerequisite is the non‐destructive separation of cement stone and aggregate. The methodology of the electrodynamic fragmentation guarantees this with ultrashort, underwater electrical discharges. The recycling of resources is generally desirable under the target of resource conservation, but the methodology of the electrodynamic fragmentation has to be investigated if it is advantageous under environmental aspects. Therefore the methodology of the life cycle assessment according ISO 14040/44 is used and the results are compared with the environmental impact of the primary provision. The results show that by using waste heat from another suitable location/site the impacts of the innovative approach are lower than the impacts of the primary production. The results are similar by using higher transport distances for the primary products than for the recycled materials.
Ökologisch optimale Dämmdicken bei Wohngebäuden
Authors: Wohlgemuth Daniela , von Gunten Dimitri , Manz Heinrich , Zeyer Christian , Althaus Hans‐Jörg 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDer schweizerische Gebäudepark besteht zu 83 % aus Wohngebäuden. Wohngebäude verursachen in der Schweiz rund 46 % des gesamten Energiebedarfs und 19 % der Gesamtumweltbelastung in der Schweiz [1], [16]. In Bezug auf politisch festgelegte Energieeffizienz‐ und Umweltschutz‐Ziele stellt sich im Wohnbau vor allem die Frage, welcher Wärmeschutz und welche Art der Beheizung optimale Ergebnisse erzielen. In einer vom Bundesamt für Energie beauftragten Studie wurden die ökologisch optimalen Dämmdicken bei Wohngebäuden in der Schweiz ermittelt [10]. Um den Einfluss bestimmter verschiedener Umweltaspekte zu berücksichtigen, wurden die Indikatoren Primärenergie, Treibhauspotenzial und Umweltbelastungspunkte verwendet. Es wurde ein mathematisches Modell zur analytischen Berechnung des Optimums entwickelt. Der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter, wie zum Beispiel des Dämmstoffes, des Standortes oder des Energieträgers, wurde aufgezeigt. Die entwickelte Berechnungsmethode erlaubt eine quantitative, ökologische Analyse von Dämmstandards. Verschiedene Optimierungskriterien führen zu unterschiedlichen optimalen Dämmdicken. In vielen Fällen ist besonders der erste Bereich der Wärmedämmung – knapp 20 cm (U ≈︁ 0,15 W/(m²K)) – für die Minimierung der Umweltbelastung von Wohngebäuden äußerst wichtig.Ecologically optimal insulation thicknesses for residential buildings. The Swiss building stock consists of 83 % residential buildings. Residential buildings cause 46 % of the total energy demand and 19 % of the total environmental impact in Switzerland [1], [16]. The question then arises as to which insulation thicknesses and what types of heating systems are optimal? In a survey the optimal insulation thicknesses for residential buildings in Switzerland were calculated [10]. In order to take the influence of the focus on different environmental aspects into account, primary energy, global warming potential and environmental impact points were used as optimization criteria. A mathematical model for the analytical calculation of the optimum was developed. The influence of different parameters (e. g. the influence of the insulation material or the location or the energy carrier) was shown. The developed calculation method allows a quantitative analysis of ecological insulation standards. The three environmental indicators lead to different optimal insulation thicknesses. In many cases, particularly the first part of the thermal insulation – approximately 20 cm (equals U ≈︁ 0.15 W/(m²K)) – is crucial in order to minimize the environmental impact of residential buildings.
A cell‐free expression and purification process for rapid production of protein biologics
Authors: Sullivan Challise J. , Pendleton Erik D. , Sasmor Henri H. , Hicks William L. , Farnum John B. , Muto Machiko , Amendt Eric M. , Schoborg Jennifer A. , Martin Rey W. , Clark Lauren G. , Anderson Mark J. , Choudhury Alaksh , Fior Raffaella , Lo Yu‐Hwa , Griffey Richard H. , Chappell Stephen A. , Jewett Michael C. , Mauro Vincent P. , Dresios John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCell‐free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful technology for rapid and efficient protein production. Cell‐free methods are also amenable to automation and such systems have been extensively used for high‐throughput protein production and screening; however, current fluidic systems are not adequate for manufacturing protein biopharmaceuticals. In this work, we report on the initial development of a fluidic process for rapid end‐to‐end production of recombinant protein biologics. This process incorporates a bioreactor module that can be used with eukaryotic or prokaryotic lysates that are programmed for combined transcription/translation of an engineered DNA template encoding for specific protein targets. Purification of the cell‐free expressed product occurs through a series of protein separation modules that are configurable for process‐specific isolation of different proteins. Using this approach, we demonstrate production of two bioactive human protein therapeutics, erythropoietin and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, in yeast and bacterial extracts, respectively, each within 24 hours. This process is flexible, scalable and amenable to automation for rapid production at the point‐of‐need of proteins with significant pharmaceutical, medical, or biotechnological value.
Polymorphisms in three genes are associated with hemorrhagic stroke
Authors: Liu Wenpeng , Ge Shichao , Liu Yan , Wei Can , Ding Yunlong , Chen Aimin , Wu Qiyao , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundMultiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), osteoprotegerin, and Golgb1 genes may be implicated in atherosclerosis and vascular diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1035798 in RAGE gene, rs2073617 and rs2073618 in TNFRSF11B, and rs3732410 in Golgb1 will be investigated on whether there is an association with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in Chinese population.MethodsA total of 600 subjects including 199 HS patients and 401 controls were assayed. These samples were divided into two groups: the ≤50 year and >50 year groups. Genotyping of SNPs was determined using the SEQUENOM MassARRAY matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry. The association between genotype and HS risk was evaluated by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses.ResultsOur data showed that in the ≤50 year group, the rs1035798 major allele homozygote C/C in RAGE gene was associated with an increased risk of HS, while Golgb1 rs3732410 minor allele homozygote G/G was associated with a decreased risk of HS. In the >50 year group, the major allele homozygote G/G of rs2073618 was found to be associated with an increased risk of HS.ConclusionsThe polymorphisms rs1035798 of RAGE gene, rs2073618 of TNFRSF11B, and rs3732410 of Golgb1 might be involved in the risk of HS at different stage of ages.
Conjugated Polyelectrolyte‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐Bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine Complexes
Authors: Chan Kevin , Chung Clive Yik‐Sham , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWater‐soluble cationic alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine (bzimpy) complexes have been demonstrated to undergo supramolecular assembly with anionic polyelectrolytes in aqueous buffer solution. Metal–metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) absorptions and triplet MMLCT (3MMLCT) emissions have been found in UV/Vis absorption and emission spectra of the electrostatic assembly of the complexes with non‐conjugated polyelectrolytes, driven by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π interactions among the complex molecules. Interestingly, the two‐component ensemble formed by [Pt(bzimpy‐Et){CCC6H4(CH2NMe3‐4)}]Cl2 (1) with para‐linked conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), PPE‐SO3−, shows significantly different photophysical properties from that of the ensemble formed by 1 with meta‐linked CPE, mPPE‐Ala. The helical conformation of mPPE‐Ala allows the formation of strong mPPE‐Ala–1 aggregates with Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt, electrostatic, and π–π interactions, as revealed by the large Stern–Volmer constant at low concentrations of 1. Together with the reasonably large Förster radius, large HOMO–LUMO gap and high triplet state energy of mPPE‐Ala to minimize both photo‐induced charge transfer (PCT) and Dexter triplet energy back‐transfer (TEBT) quenching of the emission of 1, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from mPPE‐Ala to aggregated 1 molecules and strong 3MMLCT emission have been found, while the less strong PPE‐SO3−–1 aggregates and probably more efficient PCT and Dexter TEBT quenching would account for the lack of 3MMLCT emission in the PPE‐SO3−–1 ensemble.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes and Their Hetero‐Fused Analogues through Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative CH Functionalization/Intramolecular Arylthiolation
Authors: Acharya Anand , Kumar S. Vijay , Ila Hiriyakkanavar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn efficient, high yielding route to multisubstituted benzo[b]thiophenes has been developed through palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular oxidative CH functionalization–arylthiolation of enethiolate salts of α‐aryl‐β‐(het)aryl/alkyl‐β‐mercaptoacrylonitriles/acrylates or acrylophenones. The overall strategy involves a one‐pot, two‐step process in which enethiolate salts [generated in situ through base‐mediated condensation of substituted arylacetonitriles, deoxybenzoins, or arylacetates with (het)aryl (or alkyl) dithioates] are subjected to intramolecular CH functionalization–arylthiolation under the influence of a palladium acetate (or palladium chloride)/cupric acetate catalytic system and tetrabutylammonium bromide as additive in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. In a few cases, the yields of benzo[b]thiophenes were better in a two‐step process by employing the corresponding enethiols as substrates. In a few examples, Pd(OAc)2 (or PdCl2) catalyst in the presence of oxygen was found to be more efficient than cupric acetate as reoxidant, furnishing benzothiophenes in improved yields by avoiding formation of side products. The method is compatible with a diverse range of substituents on the aryl ring as well as on the 2‐ and 3‐positions of the benzothiophene scaffold. The protocol could also be extended to the synthesis of a raloxifene precursor and a tubulin polymerization inhibitor in good yields. The versatility of this newly developed method was further demonstrated by elaborating it for the synthesis of substituted thieno‐fused heterocycles such as thieno[2,3‐b]thiophenes, thieno[2,3‐b]indoles, thieno[3,2‐c]pyrazole, and thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines in high yields. A probable mechanism involving intramolecular electrophilic arylthiolation via either a Pd‐S adduct or palladacycle intermediate has been proposed on the basis of experimental studies.
Identification of a Lead Candidate in the Search for Carbene‐Stabilised Homoaromatics
Authors: Mattock James D. , Vargas Alfredo , Dewhurst Rian D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe effect of carbenes as Lewis donor groups on the homoaromaticity of mono‐ and bicyclic organic molecules is surveyed. The search for viable carbene‐stabilised homoaromatics resulted in a large amount of rejected candidates as well as nine promising candidates that are further analysed for their homoaromaticity by using a number of metrics. Of these, five appeared to show modest homoaromaticity, whereas another compound showed a level of homoaromaticity comparable with the homotropylium cation benchmark compound. Isoelectronic analogues and constitutional isomers of the lead compound were investigated, however, none of these showed comparable homoaromaticity. The implications of these calculations on the design of donor‐stabilised homoaromatics are discussed.
Towards Organized Hybrid Nanomaterials at the Air/Water Interface Based on Liquid‐Crystal/ZnO Nanocrystals
Authors: Paczesny Jan , Wolska‐Pietkiewicz Małgorzata , Binkiewicz Ilona , Wróbel Zbigniew , Wadowska Monika , Matuła Kinga , Dzięcielewski Igor , Pociecha Damian , Smalc‐Koziorowska Julita , Lewiński Janusz , Hołyst Robert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe ability to self‐assemble nanosized ligand‐stabilized metal oxide or semiconductor materials offers an intriguing route to engineer nanomaterials with new tailored properties from the disparate components. We describe a novel one‐pot two‐step organometallic approach to prepare ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) coated with deprotonated 4‐(dodecyloxy)benzoic acid (i.e., an X‐type liquid‐crystalline ligand) as a model LC system (termed ZnO‐LC1 NCs). Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films of the resulting hybrids are investigated. The observed behavior of the ZnO NCs at the air/water interface is rationalized by invoking a ZnO‐interdigitation process mediated by the anchored liquid‐crystalline shell. The ordered superstructures form according to mechanism based on a ZnO‐interdigitation process mediated by liquid crystals (termed ZIP‐LC). The external and directed force applied upon compression at the air/water interface and the packing of the ligands that stabilize the ZnO cores drives the formation of nanorods of ordered internal structure. To study the process in detail, we follow a nontraditional protocol of thin‐film investigation. We collect the films from the air/water interface in powder form (ZnO‐LC1 LB), resuspend the powder in organic solvents and utilize otherwise unavailable experimental techniques. The structural and physical properties of the resulting superlattices were studied by using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray studies, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, UV/Vis absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Novel Chiral Bifunctional L‐Thiazoline‐Thiourea Derivatives: Design and Application in EnantioselectiveMichael Reactions
Authors: Lai Qi , Li Yang , Gong Zhiyong , Liu Qingwen , Wei Chiyu , Song Zhiguang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSeveral novel chiral bifunctional L‐thiazoline‐thiourea derivatives were easily synthesized from commercially available L‐cysteine in high yield. These catalysts were subsequently applied to the enantioselective Michael addition of acetylacetone to β‐nitrostyrenes. The products with S configuration were obtained in 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) when the L‐thiazoline‐thiourea derivatives were used. A plausible transition state model is proposed to explain the observed enantioselectivities. Chirality 27:979–988, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ESPS scheme for two‐tier interference suppression in a heterogeneous network with cooperative femtocells
Authors: Xu Datong , Ren Pinyi , Sun Li 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe coexistence of a macrocell and a number of femtocells often leads to a two‐tier heterogeneous network, where the co‐tier interference (CotIN) and cross‐tier interference (CrotIN) both degrade users' quality of service. In order to suppress these interferences, we propose a precoding scheme in a heterogeneous network with cooperative femtocells, called CotIN elimination and CrotIN suppression with precoding criterion selection (ESPS) scheme. In this scheme, we first eliminate the CotINs of each user by applying the QR decomposition to channel matrix. Then the CrotINs of macrocell users and femtocell users are suppressed via the macrocell base station (MBS) and femtocell access points (FAPs) with precoding criterion selection, respectively. By using the ESPS scheme, spatial resources can be efficiently exploited. In addition, our ESPS scheme requires little information exchange between MBS and FAPs without iteration and thus significantly reduces the implementation complexity. Furthermore, the robustness is increased through introducing the information of channel uncertainty into the ESPS when channel estimation or quantization error exists. The performance analysis for the ESPS demonstrates that the ESPS is practical in the heterogeneous networks. Finally, simulation results show that the ESPS can decrease users' bit error rates and increase their transmission rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin analogues in pregnancy and specific congenital anomalies: a literature review
Authors: de Jong Josta , Garne Ester , Wender‐Ozegowska Ewa , Morgan Margery , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Wang Hao 
Published: October 2015

SummaryInsulin analogues are commonly used in pregnant women with diabetes. It is not known if the use of insulin analogues in pregnancy is associated with any higher risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring compared with use of human insulin. We performed a literature search for studies of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes using insulin analogues in the first trimester and information on congenital anomalies. The studies were analysed to compare the congenital anomaly rate among foetuses of mothers using insulin analogues with foetuses of mothers using human insulin. Of 29 studies, we included 1286 foetuses of mothers using short‐acting insulin analogues with 1089 references of mothers using human insulin and 768 foetuses of mothers using long‐acting insulin analogues with 685 references of mothers using long‐acting human insulin (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn). The congenital anomaly rate was 4.84% and 4.29% among the foetuses of mothers using lispro and aspart. For glargine and detemir, the congenital anomaly rate was 2.86% and 3.47%, respectively. No studies on the use of insulin glulisine and degludec in pregnancy were found. There was no statistically significant difference in the congenital anomaly rate among foetuses exposed to insulin analogues (lispro, aspart, glargine or detemir) compared with those exposed to human insulin or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn insulin. The total prevalence of congenital anomalies was not increased for foetuses exposed to insulin analogues. The small samples in the included studies provided insufficient statistical power to identify a moderate increased risk of specific congenital anomalies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine root dynamics in lodgepole pine and white spruce stands along productivity gradients in reclaimed oil sands sites
Authors: Jamro Ghulam Murtaza , Chang Scott X. , Naeth M. Anne , Duan Min , House Jason 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOpen‐pit mining activities in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, create disturbed lands that, by law, must be reclaimed to a land capability equivalent to that existed before the disturbance. Re‐establishment of forest cover will be affected by the production and turnover rate of fine roots. However, the relationship between fine root dynamics and tree growth has not been studied in reclaimed oil sands sites. Fine root properties (root length density, mean surface area, total root biomass, and rates of root production, turnover, and decomposition) were assessed from May to October 2011 and 2012 using sequential coring and ingrowth core methods in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) stands. The pine and spruce stands were planted on peat mineral soil mix placed over tailings sand and overburden substrates, respectively, in reclaimed oil sands sites in Alberta. We selected stands that form a productivity gradient (low, medium, and high productivities) of each tree species based on differences in tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) increments. In lodgepole pine stands, fine root length density and fine root production, and turnover rates were in the order of high > medium > low productivity sites and were positively correlated with tree height and DBH and negatively correlated with soil salinity (P < 0.05). In white spruce stands, fine root surface area was the only parameter that increased along the productivity gradient and was negatively correlated with soil compaction. In conclusion, fine root dynamics along the stand productivity gradients were closely linked to stand productivity and were affected by limiting soil properties related to the specific substrate used for reconstructing the reclaimed soil. Understanding the impact of soil properties on fine root dynamics and overall stand productivity will help improve land reclamation outcomes.
One‐Pot Metal‐Free Cascade Synthesis of 2‐(Perfluoroalkyl)pyrroles
Authors: Sun Xuechun , Han Jing , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of 2‐(perfluoroalkyl)pyrroles that employs a sequential one‐pot three‐component reaction between substituted ω‐bromoacetophenones, anilines, and methyl perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates has been developed. This transition‐metal‐free cascade process provides a practical way to construct perfluoroalkylated pyrroles in moderate to good yields.