bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Multiple Cranial Tissues and Isolation of Lens Epithelium-Like Cells From Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mengarelli Isabella , Barberi Tiziano 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a powerful tool to investigate early events occurring during human embryonic development. In the present study, we induced differentiation of hESCs in conditions that allowed formation of neural and non-neural ectoderm and to a lesser extent mesoderm. These tissues are required for correct specification of the neural plate border, an early embryonic transient structure from which neural crest cells (NCs) and cranial placodes (CPs) originate. Although isolation of CP derivatives from hESCs has not been previously reported, isolation of hESC-derived NC-like cells has been already described. We performed a more detailed analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified cell populations using the surface antigens previously used to select hESC-derived NC-like cells, p75 and HNK-1, and uncovered their heterogeneous nature. In addition to the NC component, we identified a neural component within these populations using known surface markers, such as CD15 and FORSE1. We have further exploited this information to facilitate the isolation and purification by FACS of a CP derivative, the lens, from differentiating hESCs. Two surface markers expressed on lens cells, c-Met/HGFR and CD44, were used for positive selection of multiple populations with a simultaneous subtraction of the neural/NC component mediated by p75, HNK-1, and CD15. In particular, the c-Met/HGFR allowed early isolation of proliferative lens epithelium-like cells capable of forming lentoid bodies. Isolation of hESC-derived lens cells represents an important step toward the understanding of human lens development and regeneration and the devising of future therapeutic applications.
Killing wild geese with carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon
Authors: Gerritzen MA , Reimert HGM , Lourens A , Bracke MBM , Verhoeven MTW 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe killing of animals is the subject of societal and political debate. Wild geese are caught and killed on a regular basis for fauna conservation and damage control. Killing geese with carbon dioxide (CO2) is commonly practiced, but not listed in legislation on the protection of flora and fauna, and societal concerns have been raised against this method. In this study, an experiment was carried out killing 30 wild-caught geese using either CO2or a mixture of CO2and argon (Ar). Brain function (EEG) and heart function (ECG) were measured to determine loss of consciousness and onset of death. The stage of unconsciousness was reached on average within one minute in both treatments (56 s for CO2and 50 s for CO2and Ar). States of minimal brain activity and ineffective heart beat were reached more quickly using CO2compared to CO2and Ar (112 versus 178 s for minimal brain activity and 312 versus 394 s for ineffective heart beat for CO2and the mixture of CO2and Ar, respectively). The mixture of carbon dioxide and argon did not significantly reduce time to loss of consciousness or death. Further studies on behaviour and stress physiology are needed to determine conclusively whether CO2alone is a satisfactory agent to kill wild-caught geese as the lower CO2concentration in the CO2-Ar treatment may act as a sedative and reduce the aversiveness of the animals during exposure to lethal gas concentrations.
Public attitudes towards grief in animals
Authors: McGrath N , Walker J , Nilsson D , Phillips C 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnimals under human management are often separated from conspecifics, which may lead to behaviour indicative of separation distress or grief. For the purposes of this paper, grief is considered as a biological response to separation, indicated by a bi-phasic ‘protest-despair’ behavioural response. It is reasonable to assume that only animals which are able to form complex social bonds can experience grief. Scientific experiments have suggested that some farm and laboratory animals experience distress or grief as a result of maternal separation and social isolation. However, little is known about whether the public believe that animals are capable of grief. Therefore, we surveyed 1,000 members of the public to establish what knowledge they have about grief in animals and to compare this to what we know in science. The survey revealed that 90% of the general public believed that some or all animals can experience grief, with 23% believing that all animals can grieve. They attributed grief more to companion animals and animals with higher level cognitive abilities than to farm animals and animals that may be feared. It is concluded that public belief about grief in animals extends beyond scientific evidence, and that educating people about scientific findings and management practices connected with grief and separation distress may improve the welfare of farm and laboratory animals.
The welfare of laying hens in conventional cages and alternative systems: first steps towards a quantitative comparison
Authors: Freire R , Cowling A 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResearch synthesis, using techniques such as meta-analysis to combine the results of a number of studies, is a particularly useful technique when there are multiple studies with conflicting results, or where there may be conflicting interests, and can serve to extract the maximum information from animal experiments. The effect of conventional cages and alternative housing systems on measures of production, behaviour, physical and physiological condition in laying hens is an important question that would benefit from research synthesis. We found that statistical constraints did not allow the usual methods of meta-analysis, so as a first step towards quantitative comparison, we used a simple vote-counting approach based on the treatment means. We counted the number of papers in which conventional cages or alternative systems had a higher weighted mean for various response variables. Egg production was higher in conventional cages than in alternative systems, though this effect was probably mostly confined to the comparison with multi-level indoor systems. Bones were stronger from hens kept in alternative systems than those kept in conventional cages. We confirmed previous reviews that birds show more comfort behaviour and possibly dustbathing (or vacuum dustbathing) behaviour in alternative systems, but aggressive pecking did not differ between systems. Perhaps surprisingly, mortality, feather pecking and body wounds were not found to differ between systems. The latter findings suggest that the chance of a mortality or cannibalism outbreak may be no greater in alternative systems than in cage systems, but it should be noted that our analysis did not consider the magnitude of the difference in mortality. In conclusion, the meta-comparison undertaken here supports some but contradicts other conclusions reached in qualitative reviews.
Animal research ethics, legislation and practice and their application to scientific whaling
Authors: Fry DJ 
Published: January 2013

Although the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling states it is:
to provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and… the orderly development of the whaling industryits Article VIII allows any Contracting Government to:
grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take and treat whales for purposes of scientific research.
Human motion generation with multifactor models
Authors: Liu Gengdai , Xu Mingliang , Pan Zhigeng , Rhalibi Abdennour El 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTTo generate human motions with various specific attributes is a difficult task because of high dimensionality and complexity of human motions. This paper presents a novel human motion model for generating and editing motions with multiple factors. A set of motions performed by several actors with various styles was captured for constructing a well‐structured motion database. Subsequently, MICA (multilinear independent component analysis) model that combines ICA and conventional multilinear framework was adopted for the construction of a multifactor model. With this model, new motions can be synthesized by interpolation and through solving optimization problems for the specific factors. Our method offers a practical solution to edit stylistic human motions in a parametric space learnt with MICA model. We demonstrated the power of our method by generating and editing sideways stepping, reaching, and striding over obstructions using different actors with various styles. The experimental results show that our method can be used for interactive stylistic motion synthesis and editing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoadhesion on Rigid Methyl‐Terminated Biphenyl Thiol Monolayers: A High‐Rate Dynamic Force Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Gojzewski Hubert , Kappl Michael , Kircher Gunnar , Koczorowski Wojciech , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Ptak Arkadiusz 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanoadhesion on a self‐assembled monolayer of 4‐methyl‐4′‐mercaptobiphenyl is measured using a modified atomic force microscope. The dependence of the adhesion force on the loading rate is analyzed with the Dudko–Hummer–Szabo model, and the kinetic and interaction potential parameters for a single terminal group are extracted. The energy and location of the activation barrier suggest that the adhesion is dominated by van der Waals dispersion forces. The humidity effect on the nanoadhesion is also studied. The results are compared with previously measured values for methyl‐terminated alkane thiols and the influence of the thiol rigidity on the adhesion force is discussed.
Improvement of characteristics of leaky surface acoustic wave on LiTaO3
Authors: Kimura Tetsuya , Kadota Michio , Ida Yasuyuki 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLeaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) devices on Al‐electrode/36–48° YX‐LiTaO3 substrates have seen wide use as filters and duplexers in cell phones because they possess a suitable electromechanical coupling factor and reflection coefficient, and a good Q factor for cell phones. In this paper, a new LSAW structure consisting of upper Al electrodes stacked on lower grooved Cu electrodes in LiTaO3 is proposed and compared with Al electrodes (0.1 λ)/42° YX‐LiTaO3, which have been considered the best structure. We have been able to improve the characteristics of the LSAW. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(2): 25–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10409
Thermal and Photoinduced Spin Crossover in a Mononuclear Iron(II) Complex with a Bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine Type of Ligand
Authors: Šalitroš Ivan , Fuhr Olaf , Kruk Robert , Pavlik Ján , Pogány Lukáš , Schäfer Bernhard , Tatarko Miroslav , Boča Roman , Linert Wolfgang , Ruben Mario 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA mononuclear iron(II) compound 1 of the general formula [Fe(L)2](ClO4)2 {L = 4‐[2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridin‐4‐yl]benzaldehyde} was prepared and structurally characterised. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed the presence of a complex dication [Fe(L)2]2+ and two ClO4– counteranions within the unit cell. The bond lengths and angles within the coordination polyhedron FeN6 indicate the low‐spin state of the central iron(II) metal ion at T = 180 K. Magnetic investigations elucidate spin crossover with T1/2 = 285 K. The experimental magnetic susceptibility data could be satisfactorily fitted with the Curie law in combination with the Ising‐like model. The room‐temperature character of the spin crossover was further studied by variable‐temperature far‐IR, Vis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Laser irradiation of 1 carried out at 10 K gives rise to a complete low‐spin to high‐spin photoconversion. A subsequent temperature‐dependent investigation revealed the existence of a photoexcited metastable HS state up to TLIESST = 70 K (LIESST = light‐induced excited‐spin‐state trapping) as well as the presence of a light‐induced thermal hysteresis loop with a width of 10 K.
Factors That Determine the Mechanism of NO Activation by Metal Complexes of Biological and Environmental Relevance
Authors: Franke Alicja , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInvited for this month's cover is the group of Rudi van Eldik at the University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg. The image shows aspects that influence the mechanism of interaction of NO with transition‐metal complexes in solution.
Interrelating sentinel event alert #38 with the ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013. An MRI accreditation safety review tool
Authors: Gilk Tobias , Kanal Emanuel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen, in 2008, the Joint Commission released its Sentinel Event Alert #38 regarding MRI safety, it joined the ACR's Guidance Document on MR Safe Practices as one of two radiology best‐practice documents establishing MR safety protections. However, particularly for MR providers who held both modality‐level accreditation from the ACR, and enterprise‐level accreditation from the Joint Commission, there has been confusion about which institution's standard takes precedence, or whether there are inherent conflicts between the two. With the release of the 2013 update to the ACR Guidance Document on MR Safe Practices, the authors have cross‐referenced the performance criteria of both MR safety standards, and correlated the ACR Guidance Document performance criteria with the Joint Commission's Environment of Care standards. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:531–543. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the Online Legislative Resources of the American States
Authors: Huang Taofang , Leal David L. , Lee Byung‐Jae , Strube Jill 
Published: January 2013

AbstractScholars and observers interested in state politics research—whether single‐state analyses, cross‐state comparisons, or longitudinal analyses—have greatly benefited from the increasing availability of online legislative data. However, data collections and search capabilities are not comprehensive, nor are they similar across the states. This paper provides an overview of state online legislative resources and their capacity to facilitate Internet research. We examine the search engines, results interfaces, and archival records of states' websites in 2008 and 2010. In addition to substantial differences in site appearance, hierarchical structure, terminology, and navigation, we find wide variation along three main dimensions: (1) the number of years of searchable sessions; (2) the initial search filter fields; and (3) the information immediately available on the results pages. By creating an index based on these dimensions, we rank the states, discuss overall levels of capacity and access, and note changes over time. This analysis will facilitate scholarly research by assessing the availability and limitations of state online legislative resources, particularly for projects with comparative and longitudinal dimensions. It may also guide state legislative webmasters seeking to improve their websites through standardization and enhanced functionality. Last, the index may be useful as an independent variable for researchers seeking to measure the transparency of state legislatures.
A Revolution in 140 Characters? Reflecting on the Role of Social Networking Technologies in the 2009 Iranian Post‐Election Protests
Authors: Mueller Philipp S. , van Huellen Sophie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe 2009 post‐election protests in Tehran in Iran are colloquially referred to as the “Twitter revolution.” Mainstream public opinion assumed that the use of social media, such as Facebook, Flickr, YouTube, and especially Twitter, significantly affected the evolution and outcome of the revolutionary collective action. This paper analyzes the Iranian case to look at the effect of such many‐to‐many media on power structures in society. Two analytical approaches—the power‐shift and the media‐shift perspective—are offered as possible heuristics to frame the complex interplay of media and revolutionary politics. Analyzing empirical findings on Iran's Web demography, censorship mechanisms, the protests' organization and the Western mass media's reaction, we find that social media played a decisive role in raising international awareness by transforming the agenda‐setting process of the Western mass media. However, they turned out to be of lesser relevance for the protests' progress in overthrowing the regime. A change in the mediascape does not automatically imply a changed powerscape, at least not in 2009 Tehran.
The Heterogeneous Engineering of Music Piracy: Applying Actor‐Network Theory to Internet‐Based Wrongdoing
Authors: Hinduja Sameer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractActor‐network theory, as developed within the sociology of science and technology, views any phenomenon as the product or effect of a patterned network of heterogeneous elements. This paper applies such a paradigmatic perspective to the phenomenon of music piracy, in an attempt to underscore the relevance of studying and analyzing each of the components (and their interrelationships) that make up the reality of that behavior. Heterogeneity implies not only the social but also the technical, economic, political, organizational, informational, contextual, and perceptual. Each of these components merit attention and response if progress is to be made in understanding and responding to digital piracy and possibly other forms of Internet‐based wrongdoing.
Substrate‐shielding and hydrolytic reaction in hydrolases
Authors: Kanematsu Yusuke , Koike Ryotaro , Amemiya Takayuki , Ota Motonori 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn general, transferases undergo large structural changes and sequester substrate molecules, to shield them from water. By contrast, hydrolases exhibit only small structural changes, and expose substrate molecules to water. However, some hydrolases deeply bury their substrates within the proteins. To clarify the relationship between substrate‐shielding and enzymatic functions, we investigated 70 representative hydrolase structures, and examined the relative accessible surface areas of their substrates. As compared to the hydrolases employing the single displacement reaction, the hydrolases employing the double displacement reaction bury the substrate within the proteins. The exo hydrolases display significantly more substrate‐shielding from water than the endo hydrolases. It suggests that the substrate‐shielding is related to the chemical reaction mechanism of the hydrolases and the substrate specificity. Proteins 2013; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modified technique in securing the LMA in multiple extractions
Authors: Messiha A. , Sumal D. , van Damme F. , Bater M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAims:  We have developed a technique to secure the LMA without obstructing the surgical field and have minimal interference with airway maintenance. Nasal endo‐tracheal tube is the gold standard for airway maintenance; however, it can slow turnover time due to it requiring a longer recovery time compared with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). The LMA position often obscures the surgical field in these cases often necessitating repositioning intra‐operatively. This can adversely affect airway patency.Materials and methods:  We audited two different techniques of securing LMAs (north‐facing with our modification vs. south‐facing conventional taped to the lower lip/chin) in a total of 223 patients undergoing bilateral extractions. A questionnaire for surgeons and anaesthetists was used to assess their suitability and complications occurred noting particularly obstructions caused to the LMA, cause for obstruction, management taken to correct obstruction.Results:  We found the risk of partial or total obstruction of the airway during surgical extractions with a conventionally placed LMA to be around 36% compared with 19% with a retromolar positioned flexi‐LMA during our study.Conclusion:  The retro‐molar positioned LMA not only increased operating space but showed a reduced number of obstructions caused to the LMA.
RegR Virulence Regulon of Rabbit-Specific Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain E22
Authors: Srikhanta Yogitha N. , Hocking Dianna M. , Praszkier Judyta , Wakefield Matthew J. , Robins-Browne Roy M. , Yang Ji , Tauschek Marija 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

AraC-like regulators play a key role in the expression of virulence factors in enteric pathogens, such as enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC), enterotoxigenic
E. coli
, enteroaggregative
E. coli
, and
Citrobacter rodentium
. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of rabbit-specific EPEC (REPEC) strain E22 (O103:H2) revealed the presence of a gene encoding an AraC-like regulatory protein, RegR, which shares 71% identity to the global virulence regulator, RegA, of
C. rodentium
. Microarray analysis demonstrated that RegR exerts 25- to 400-fold activation on transcription of several genes encoding putative virulence-associated factors, including a fimbrial operon (SEF14), a serine protease, and an autotransporter adhesin. These observations were confirmed by proteomic analysis of secreted and heat-extracted surface-associated proteins. The mechanism of RegR-mediated activation was investigated by using its most highly upregulated gene target,
sefA
. Transcriptional analyses and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that RegR activates the expression of
sefA
by binding to a region upstream of the
sefA
promoter, thereby relieving gene silencing by the global regulatory protein H-NS. Moreover, RegR was found to contribute significantly to virulence in a rabbit infection experiment. Taken together, our findings indicate that RegR controls the expression of a series of accessory adhesins that significantly enhance the virulence of REPEC strain E22.
Cooperative Activation of Tissue-Specific Genes by pRB and E2F1
Authors: Flowers Stephen , Xu Fuhua , Moran Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRB is conventionally regarded as an inhibitor of the E2F family of transcription factors. Conversely, pRB is also recognized as an activator of tissue-specific gene expression along various lineages including osteoblastogenesis. During osteoblast differentiation, pRB directly targets Alpl and Bglap, which encode the major markers of osteogenesis alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Surprisingly, p130 and repressor E2Fs were recently found to cooccupy and repress Alpl and Bglap in proliferating osteoblast precursors before differentiation. This raises the further question of whether these genes convert to E2F activation targets when differentiation begins, which would constitute a remarkable situation wherein pRB and E2F would be cotargeting genes for activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in an osteoblast differentiation model shows that Alpl and Bglap are indeed targeted by an activator E2F, i.e., is E2F1. Promoter occupation of Alpl and Bglap by E2F1 occurs specifically during activation, and depletion of E2F1 severely impairs their induction. Mechanistically, promoter occupation by E2F1 and pRB is mutually dependent, and without this cooperative effect, activation steps previously shown to be dependent on pRB, including recruitment of RNA polymerase II, are impaired. Myocyte- and adipocyte-specific genes are also cotargeted by E2F1 and pRB during differentiation along their respective lineages. The finding that pRB and E2F1 cooperate to activate expression of tissue-specific genes is a paradigm distinct from the classical concept of pRB as an inhibitor of E2F1, but is consistent with the observed roles of these proteins in physiological models. Cancer Res; 73(7); 2150–8. ©2012 AACR.