bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ayia Triada
Authors: La Rosa Vincenzo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAyia Triada was first explored in May 1902 by F. Halbherr and was originally thought to be a necropolis of Phaistos. Halbherr bore in mind the crucial issue of the relationship between the two sites from the start and hypothesized a single political entity divided between an “Ano polis” (Phaistos) and a “Kato polis” (Ayia Triada), with a hierarchy between the two sites. Episodic or occasional excavations took place in the 1970s by C. Laviosa and D. Levi, and a new systematic cycle of excavations was begun by the Italian archaeological school at Athens in 1977, which aimed to clarify a series of chronological, architectural, and planimetrical problems left unsolved by the old excavations. The new excavations have led to explanations of the parallel histories of Ayia Triada and Phaistos in terms of a “complementarity of roles.”.
Akrotiri
Authors: Doumas Christos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractForty years of continuous and systematic geological and archaeological investigations at Akrotiri on the island of Santorini (Thera) have yielded ample evidence for reconstructing the history of the site and filling gaps in the history of the wider Aegean region. This small, Late Neolithic coastal village, whose economy was based mainly on farming and fishing activities, was related culturally to other contemporary settlements in the Cyclades, namely Saliagos near Antiparos, Grotta on Naxos, and Ftelia on Mykonos. Investigation of the rock-cut chambers at Akrotiri has revealed that by the end of the third millennium bc, they had been abandoned and filled with debris almost up to their ceiling. Pithos burials of children were found in some, either beneath the debris or within it. Of particular importance is the discovery of a special construction in association with the cemetery, which corroborates sporadic evidence from various Aegean sites.
Troy
Authors: Jablonka Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe site known today as Troy is situated in northwestern Asia Minor, five kilometers from the present coastline at the Dardanelles (ancient Hellespont). Its sequence of occupation spans several millennia from the beginning of the Bronze Age (3000 bc) to the Byzantine period (twelfth century ad). Troy's high profile is obviously due to the fact that it has been regarded as the scene of the Trojan War, a story told in Homer's Iliad and still part of popular culture. Since this story also lies at the heart of Greek ethnic identity both ancient and modern, Troy has been considered “Aegean” although it is actually part of “Anatolia.” Whether these terms are meaningful at all, apart from reflecting a division of scholarship along modern political boundaries, remains to be shown.
Editing early English texts
Authors: Horobin Simon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA well-known fact in historical linguistics is that the only surviving evidence exists in the form of written texts, but the important implications of this truism for the kinds of texts upon which linguistic analysis relies have often been overlooked by linguists. Written texts produced prior to the introduction of printing in the fifteenth century were all handwritten, indicating that their status as evidence is not the same as that of texts from the print era. This article examines the different editorial methods that are commonly applied to such texts and considers their significance for linguistic analysis. It discusses various types of edition such as diplomatic editions, best-text editions, eclectic editions, and electronic editions. In order to demonstrate the practical differences that these different kinds of edition can have upon the texts available for analysis, this article looks at a single example which concerns three different editions of the B version of Piers Plowman.
Oral practices in the history of English
Authors: Schaefer Ursula 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLike all other languages that have seen the transition to literacy, the English language has been influenced by a wide range of literate technologies. However, purely oral practices have survived or have been added to our communicative repertoire. This article first argues that in the history of Western European cultures, literacy itself was acquired for a long time via mnemonic exercising. It next groups various (secondary) oral practices into two large categories. One is that of speech events mediated by the human voice that can be characterized as public performances because they involve monological vocal delivery before an audience. Subsequently, the article discusses speech acts which amount to small-scale "perfomative" genres or discourse traditions such as charms or oaths. All of these practices are largely informed by formulaic diction which is a shared characteristic of primary and secondary orality. The article finally looks into small-scale pragmatic techniques with illocutionary force as "performative techniques", which may be found in everyday linguistic interaction.
From manuscript to printing: Transformations of genres in the history of English
Authors: Claridge Claudia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWithin about the last two decades, the role in the history of the English language of genres together text types, resisters, and styles has generated strong interest. The article discusses one aspect of this, namely genres that were radically transformed or came into being through the influence of printing in Early Modern England. Printing made possible both new publication types, accommodating new or changed genres, and a widening, diversified readership, which may influence the choice of text type features. In this process, existing or incipient genres are reused and adapted by authors, publishers, and printers. Paratexts in books and pamphlets are shown in one case study to diversify into dedications, addresses and prefaces, taking up and remixing features from medieval prologues and from letter-writing. A second case study deals with newspaper texts, which borrow from and gradually alter characteristics of chronicles and letters.
Sociocultural processes and the history of English
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan , Nevala Minna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the socio-cultural processes, along with concepts used in defining them, that have played a significant role in the history of the English language. It looks at the fuzzy complexes of social phenomena that constitute socio-cultural processes, especially ideology, culture, and power. It also examines some specific processes that are applicable to events in the history of English (social stratification, standardization, colonialization, globalization, industrialization and urbanization, democratization, cultural assimilation) and considers whether discourse, as opposed to language, deserves analysis and discussion. In addition, the article looks at the kind of analytical focus linguistic work linking to socio-cultural processes might have, together with methodological issues and relevant data sources.
Changes in politeness cultures
Authors: Jucker Andreas H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of more systematic research on politeness, led by the pioneering studies of Geoffrey N. Leech (1983) and Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson (1987). In their research, Brown and Levinson used Erving Goffman’s (1974) notion of face as a starting point and conceptualized politeness as a means to mitigate face threats and to maintain face in everyday interactions. Criticisms aside, Brown and Levinson’s theory became the most influential approach to politeness. Richard J. Watts, Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (1992) identified two levels of politeness: first-order politeness, which corresponds to the various ways in which polite behavior is perceived and talked about by members of socio-cultural groups, and second-order politeness, a theoretical construct within a theory of social behavior and language usage. This article provides an overview of politeness in the history of the English language, focusing on politeness-related terms such as politeness, graciousness, courtesy, tact, and civility.
The history of English seen as the history of ideas: Cultural change reflected in different translations of the New Testament
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on the history of English has often been undertaken in a somewhat atomistic spirit, with an emphasis on particular areas of phonology, morphology, syntax, and (to a far lesser degree) lexicon, or on aspects of what Ferdinand de Saussure termed “external history.” However, there is no attempt to take a broader view of the overall direction in which the English language was going. This article argues that the history of English is closely linked with the history of ideas and spiritual culture. It looks at some aspects of the hidden cultural legacy of English by analyzing selected examples from the Revised Standard Version of the New Testament and its successor, the New Revised Standard Version, and comparing them with the King James Version. It also examines some close links between semantic change, cultural history, and the history of ideas, and shows that these links can be investigated in a rigorous and illuminating manner with the aid of a semantic methodology (Natural Semantic Metalanguage).
Contact in the African area: A Southern African perspective
Authors: Deumert Ana , Mesthrie Rajend 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores language contact in the African area, with particular focus on Southern Africa. It first looks at the formal features of English in Africa that show the complexities of contact and provide some challenges to mainstream assumptions of historical linguistics. It examines three aspects of English in Africa: the variability and often unorthodox nature of the early input varieties, the nature of language inculcation via classrooms, and the internal dialectology of second language varieties of English in Africa. It then adopts a broad ecological perspective and reflects on the fact that language contact gives rise to new varieties of English as well as new varieties of African languages. The focus of the discussion is on language change due to two main factors (a) rural-urban as well as cross-border migration, and (b) new media. While the former supported complex forms of language contact, including the emergence of new varieties characterized by intensive code-switching and code-mixing; the latter led to the development of new ways of writing both English and African languages.
Contact-induced change in English worldwide
Authors: Schneider Edgar W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past few hundred years, and for the last few decades in particular, English has come into contact with a wide range of different languages across the globe due to colonial expansion and globalization. These contacts have given rise to a range of new varieties, both so-called “New Englishes” and pidgins and creoles, thus radically altering the evolutionary trajectory of English and emphasizing the need to rethink aspects of its history. This article explores the global spread of the English language, specifically from the perspective of language contact conditions. It discusses social, structural and theoretical aspects of the developments that have contributed to the emergence of new forms of English. Many of these phenomena date back to colonial history and Britain’s colonial expansion from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. The article also explores the structural consequences of contact, along with the modeling of contact phenomena in the emergence of new varieties of English.
Typological hierarchies and frequency drifts in the history of English
Authors: Laitinen Mikko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the large-scale changes in the history of the English language is the loss of grammatical gender, a phenomenon termed the “Great Gender Shift” by Patricia Poussa. In this typological change, grammatical gender in nouns was lost and semantics overrode gender in pronoun agreement. The form of the pronoun came to be determined by real-world properties of animacy, number and sex of the referent. The third-person singular pronouns (the present-day he, she and it) came to mark gender that was generally determined on the basis of semantic criteria. Greville Corbett’s agreement hierarchy predicts that pronouns are always most likely to show semantic rather than grammatical agreement with their antecedents. This article suggests that the successful variants (that is, those increasing in frequency) in some well-known pronoun changes were those that are most compatible with the agreement system. The connections between the changes seem to result in the so-called frequency drift in the system.
Lenition in English
Authors: Honeybone Patrick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCertain kinds of segmental change have been proposed to form part of an overarching type of change known as lenition, forming a continuum of changes that consonants can spontaneously undergo. The types of change that are typically recognized as lenitions include “spirantization,” “approximantization,” “debuccalization,” and “voicing.” This article discusses some fundamentals about what lenition might actually be and considers several phenomena which can be described as lenitions from the history of English. I argue that so-called “voicings” in English need to be viewed through the lens of the “Laryngeal Realism” approach to laryngeal specification and should be reinterpreted as cases of “delaryngealization”, and that the unity of lenitions lies in their environmental patterning: they are the weakly unconditioned changes, which are not “promoted” by any phonological environment, but are inhibited in certain well-defined sets of environments.
Rethinking the OV/VO alternation in Old English: The effect of complexity, grammatical weight, and information status
Authors: Taylor Ann , Pintzuk Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on syntactic change necessarily involves the study of syntactic variation, as the historical record shows that all change includes a period of variation between the conservative and innovative variants. In the history of English variation between object-verb (OV) and verb-object (VO) order was evident in written texts for several hundred years before OV order eventually disappeared in Early Modern English. This article demonstrates that variation in object position in Old English is subject to the same kind of discourse/performance constraints found in other cases of syntactic variation cross-linguistically. It also argues that while the OV/VO alternation is indeed subject to such constraints, the syntactic change from OV to VO order is independent of them. The data for this study are taken from the York-Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE).
Commentary: Special Abilities, Special Needs
Authors: Ockelford Adam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents an overview of Section 1 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Education, Volume 2. It argues that high quality research is the key to moving music education forward for those with special abilities or needs, both in policy and practical terms. The global music education research community should acknowledge serious shortcomings and devote more resource to this area in the future. It provides three reasons why music-education research should focus on the concerns of children who are “special” in one way or another.
Community Music and Social Justice: Reclaiming Love
Authors: Silverman Marissa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article integrates philosophical reflections on community music (CM) with analyses of two neglected concepts and practices in music education and CM: love-as-action and social justice. It explains the ways CM may adopt, adapt, and benefit from the practices of community facilitators working in various circumstances. It discuss some prerequisites for, and dimensions of, these concepts in the context of Western societies generally and the United States particularly. The final section connects the concept of love-as-social-justice to a practical example in New York City's urban environment.
Fast Forward: Emerging Trends in Community Music
Authors: Veblen Kari K. , Waldron Janice L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the future of community music. It offers an interdisciplinary perspective by considering emerging research in CM, as well as related literature from education, ethnomusicology, sociology, and media and communication studies. It examines issues such as demographics, notions of communitas, international trends, and new networks for collaboration.
Commentary: Adult Learning in a Lifespan Context
Authors: Myers David E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an overview of Section 3 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Education, Volume 2. The contributions demonstrate how adult music learning covers the entire life span after age 18, comprises diverse personal and professional motivations, and includes a wide cross-section of performing, creating, and listening experiences. It may be formal, non-formal, or informal; it may occur in explicitly educational venues or in a variety of individual, social, and community contexts; it may be self-directed or collaboratively pursued; it crosses cultural boundaries; and it may accommodate a broad range of learner interests, needs, and preferences.
Music Teacher Education: Crossing Generational Borders
Authors: Kerchner Jody L. , Abril Carlos R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne challenge in the education of music teachers is helping them prepare to teach students beyond the traditional school years in a variety of settings. In so doing, music teacher educators should consider: (a) how they can prepare all music majors to engage with community adults through music; (b) how they can better prepare teachers to teach people of all ages in a diverse array of settings in and beyond schools; (c) how they might infuse a lifespan perspective in existing music education courses, from introduction to music education to methods and graduate courses in philosophy; (d) how community music can become a specialized track in music education, at the undergraduate and/or graduate levels; and (e) how they may incorporate additional resources (e.g., personnel, materials, field experience locations) to realize the aforementioned possibilities. This article considers adult characteristics and developmental theories in relation to a lifespan perspective in music teacher education programs.
The Responsibility of Research in Defining the Profession of Music Education
Authors: Johnson Christopher M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses two major flaws in the statement: research just does not apply to the real world. The first flaw rests in the concept of “the real world”; the second flaw refers to the applicability of knowledge gained from research. Since all of us live in the same world, researchers are better off assuming that everyone's realities have the challenges. While it is true that one project cannot serve as a blueprint for another situation without some adaptation, making such transfers work is part of being a professional. The notion that research has no practical use is also given further credence when researchers themselves repeat the aforementioned phrase in an attempt to create a common reality with people they are trying to positively influence. This is a mistake because denigrating the value and applicability of research lessens both the importance of the research product and the individuals with whom one is trying to conciliate.
Embracing New Digital Technologies: Now and into the Future
Authors: Merrick Bradley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article assesses the impact of new digital technologies on music education. It argues that music teachers have an obligation to understand and integrate the technologies that students bring into their classrooms. New digital technologies must be seen as instruments in their own right, and used to facilitate the development of knowledge and innovative approaches to exploring and understanding music among various emerging learning communities.
Managing Diversity
Authors: Roberson Quinetta M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs we hear time and time again in the scholarly literature and business press, workforces have become more diverse. As such, there is a substantial body of research that investigates the concept of diversity, its effects, and the processes that underlie these effects. Interestingly, the findings from this body of research and subsequent conclusions that can be drawn are not very straightforward. This chapter summarizes the findings of research focused on the conceptualization of diversity, theoretical perspectives on the effects of diversity, such effects across levels of analysis, and the evolution of diversity management. In addition, challenges, unanswered questions, and other gaps in the diversity literature are highlighted, and directions for future research in this area are suggested.
Cognition and Technology: Interdisciplinarity and the Impact of Cognitive Engineering Research on Organizational Productivity
Authors: Fiore Stephen M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter I describe the dynamic intersection of cognition and technology as it has emerged through the development of cognitive engineering research. This discipline has matured over the past several decades into an interdisciplinary approach, melding concepts and methods from cognitive psychology, computer science, and engineering with a holistic approach to understanding human-technology integration. I show how cognitive engineering has contributed to both a fundamental and practical understanding of human performance embedded in context, and I offer suggestions for developments in the field that may provide a more cohesive and unified approach to understanding and expanding human-systems integration.
Taxonomy and Theory in Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Grudin Jonathan , Poltrock Steven 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the mid-1980s, when most hands-on computer use was still confined to one person and one computer, a group comprising social scientists and technologists began convening under the label Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) to discuss how technology could support groups, organizations, and communities. The resulting research, presented in annual conferences and journals, has had to adjust to the extraordinary growth of activity as the Internet and World Wide Web have transformed work. In this chapter, we examine the evolution of the participants and topics covered in CSCW, the frameworks and typologies that have been used, and we discuss the diverse if somewhat limited roles that theory has played in guiding CSCW research and application.
Performance Management
Authors: Smither James W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the continuous process of performance management rather than the discrete event of performance appraisal. The chapter begins by defining job performance and then reviews research concerning each of the core elements of performance management, including goal setting, feedback, developing employees (including coaching), evaluating performance, and rewarding performance. Several topics are reviewed that are of special interest to performance management: contextual performance, counterproductive work behavior, team performance, the role of technology, cross-cultural issues, and perceptions of fairness. The chapter concludes by presenting directions for future research.