bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestational overgrowth and undergrowth affect neurodevelopment: similarities and differences from behavior to epigenetics
Authors: Grissom Nicola M. , Reyes Teresa M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe size of an infant at birth, a measure of gestational growth, has been recognized for many years as a biomarker of future risk of morbidity. Both being born small for gestational age (SGA) and being born large for gestational age (LGA), are associated with increased rates of obesity and metabolic disorder, as well as a number of mental disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety, and depression. The common risks raise the question of what neurobiological mechanisms are altered in SGA and LGA offspring. Here we review recent findings allowing for direct comparison of neurobiological outcomes of SGA and LGA in human and animal models. We also present new data highlighting similarities and differences in behavior and neurobiology in our mouse models of SGA and LGA. Overall, there is significant data to support aberrant epigenetic mechanisms, particularly related to DNA methylation, in the brains of SGA and LGA offspring, leading to disruptions in the cell cycle in development and gene expression in adulthood.
The effects of malaria and HIV co‐infection on hemoglobin levels among pregnant women in Sekondi‐Takoradi, Ghana
Authors: Orish Verner N. , Onyeabor Onyekachi S. , Boampong Johnson N. , Acquah Samuel , Sanyaolu Adekunle O. , Iriemenam Nnaemeka C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the burden of maternal malaria and HIV among pregnant women in Ghana and to determine the risk of anemia among women with dual infection.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted at 4 hospitals in the Sekondi‐Takoradi metropolis, Ghana. The study group comprised 872 consenting pregnant women attending prenatal care clinics. Venous blood samples were screened for malaria, HIV, and hemoglobin level. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between malaria, HIV, and risk of anemia.ResultsIn all, 34.4% of the study cohort had anemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that pregnant women with either malaria (odds ratio 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–2.77; P = < 0.001) or HIV (odds ratio 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.80; P = 0.014) had an increased risk of anemia. In adjusted models, pregnant women co‐infected with both malaria and HIV displayed twice the risk of anemia. The adjusted odds ratio was 2.67 (95% confidence interval, 1.44–4.97; P = 0.002).ConclusionPregnant women infected with both malaria and HIV are twice as likely to be anemic than women with a single infection or no infection. Measures to control malaria, HIV, and anemia during pregnancy are imperative to improve birth outcomes in this region of Ghana.
Spin-up problems of stratified rotating flows inside containers
Authors: Duck Peter W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRotating, stratified flows are important in a wide variety of both geophysical and engineering applications. Whilst ‘steady state’ flows of this type are generally very simple (in effect, rigid body rotation), the effect of abruptly altering (even a little) the rotation rate can induce significant temporal flow disruptions, made all the more complicated when the fluid is bounded inside a closed finite container, a problem studied both experimentally and theoretically by Foster & Munro (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 712, 2012, pp. 7–40).
Hydrothermal waves on ethanol droplets evaporating under terrestrial and reduced gravity levels
Authors: Carle F. , Sobac B. , Brutin D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis experimental study, performed under microgravity conditions, focuses on the evaporation dynamics of ethanol drops and the formation and behaviour of the hydrothermal waves that spontaneously develop on the drop surfaces. The aim of this study is to compare our results to a similar study performed under normal gravity conditions to confirm the purely thermocapillary origin of these instabilities. A scaling law predicts with good agreement the number of instabilities that form, regardless of the gravity level.
Distilled shock conditions for ideal magneto-acoustic shock waves in an optically thick medium
Authors: ONIĆ D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe shock waves are important features in the analysis of transonic magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows where thermal radiation could also be significant. In this paper the effects of black-body radiation on non-relativistic shock waves in an ideal radiation MHD model for the optically thick case are discussed. Distilled shock conditions were derived and discussed for the case of a fixed ratio of specific heats of an ideal gas (γ) and ratio of gas to total pressure (b). The special case, when jumps in γ and/or b are allowed, was also considered.
Common mental disorders, unemployment and psychosocial job quality: is a poor job better than no job at all?
Authors: Butterworth P. , Leach L. S. , McManus S. , Stansfeld S. A. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundEmployment is associated with health benefits over unemployment, but the psychosocial characteristics of work also influence health. There has, however, been little research contrasting the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among people who are unemployed with those in jobs of differing psychosocial quality.MethodAnalysis of data from the English Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) considered the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) among 2603 respondents aged between 21 and 54 years who were either (i) employed or (ii) unemployed and looking for work at the time of interview in 2007. Quality of work was assessed by the number of adverse psychosocial job conditions reported (low control, high demands, insecurity and low job esteem).ResultsThe prevalence of CMDs was similar for those respondents who were unemployed and those in the poorest quality jobs. This pattern remained after controlling for relevant demographic and socio-economic covariates.ConclusionsAlthough employment is thought to promote mental health and well-being, work of poor psychosocial quality is not associated with any better mental health than unemployment. Policy efforts to improve community mental health should consider psychosocial job quality in conjunction with efforts to increase employment rates.
Liturgy and Liberty: The Controversy over the Book of Common Prayer, 1660–1663
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of a formal liturgy as against extemporized worship? After the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, it was clear that some form of national ‘Church of England’ would be reconstructed – but would it have a set liturgy, and if so what would it be like? This paper considers over a hundred books published in the following three years, debating whether the Book of Common Prayer should be imposed, reformed or abandoned, with arguments based on biblical precepts, the practice of the early Church and reformed Churches, the duties of ministers and the needs of congregations. The debate shows how the views of both conformists and nonconformists had developed in response to the religious free-for-all of the 1640s and 1650s, though it had little influence on political decisions.
Use of conservation practices by women farmers in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Barbercheck Mary , Brasier Kathryn , Kiernan Nancy Ellen , Sachs Carolyn , Trauger Amy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWomen are the fastest growing segment of farm operators in the United States, comprising approximately 14% of principal operators and 30% of all operators of the nation's 2.2 million farms. Although several studies have examined the adoption of conservation practices by farmers, no study of which we are aware has focused on the use of conservation practices among women farmers in the US. Therefore, in 2008, we conducted a survey of women farmers in the Northeast US to better understand their use of conservation practices, and how their use is affected by demographic and farm characteristics, and membership in agricultural organizations and networks. We examined the practices related to the type of agricultural organizations, including commodity producer organizations, general farm organizations, women's groups associated with general farm or commodity organizations, farm women's organizations, and sustainable/organic agriculture organizations. Over 85% of the 815 respondents belonged to at least one organization. The most common organizations reported were sustainable/organic agriculture organizations (53.5%) and general farm organizations (50.8%). About one-third of respondents belonged to commodity-based organizations. The states with organized women farmers' networks—Pennsylvania, Maine and Vermont—represented more than half of them. Members of women's and sustainable or organic agriculture organizations tended to be younger, have less farming experience, and to have received more formal agricultural education than did members of commodity-based, general farm and women's agricultural groups within general farm organizations. Our results indicate that organizational membership and participation provide critical networks that support and reinforce the use of conservation practices. Some practices were positively associated with one type of organization while negatively associated with others. For example, compost production/application, crop rotation, manure incorporation, and organic crop and livestock production are more likely among members of sustainable/organic agriculture organizations, but less likely among members of general farm organizations. The converse is true for integrated pest management (IPM) on crop farms. Specific conservation practices had unique sets of variables linked to their use, with farm products being the most frequent predictors. This research serves as a baseline to understand the array of conservation practices used by women farmers in the Northeast US, and some factors associated with their use. The results suggest the need for consideration of the applicability of existing adoption models for women farmers. As women tend to have diversified operations with multiple markets, educational and regulatory programs that attempt to reach women farmers may need to consider the specific types of farms they operate to best match practices to their situations and goals.
Electromagnetic waves observed on a flight over a Venus electrical storm
Authors: Russell C. T. , Leinweber H. , Zhang T. L. , Daniels J. T. M. , Strangeway R. J. , Wei H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe occurrence of electrical discharges in planetary atmospheres produces high temperatures and pressures enabling chemical reactions that are not possible under local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. On Earth, electrical discharges in clouds produce nitric oxide. Similar abundances of nitric oxide exist in the Venus atmosphere, but the existence of extensive electrical activity in its substantive cloud system is not as firmly established. To determine the strength and occurrence rate of lightning, the Venus Express mission included dual magnetometers sampling at 128 Hz to detect the electromagnetic signals produced by lightning. We report herein evidence of the apparent overflight of electrical storms by the Venus Express spacecraft. These observations reveal two types of signals reaching the spacecraft: one in the ELF band that exhibits dispersion and travels along the magnetic field, and one in the ULF band that appears to travel vertically across the magnetic field from below.
Ecology of cryptic invasions: latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species
Authors: Mackie Joshua A. , Darling John A. , Geller Jonathan B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWatersipora is an invasive genus of bryozoans, easily dispersed by fouled vessels. We examined Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes from introduced populations on the US Pacific coastline to investigate geographic segregation of species and/or haplotypes. In California, the W. subtorquata group fell into three major sub-groups: W. subtorquata clades A and B and W. “new sp.”. W. subtorquata clades A and B were common in southern California south of Point Conception, a recognized biogeographic boundary, whereas further north, W. subtorquata clade A and W. n. sp. were frequent. The southern California region also had colonies of a morphologically distinct species, W. arcuata, also found in southern Australia and Hawaii; COI variation indicates a common ancestral source(s) in these introductions. The distribution of Watersipora-complex lineages on different coastlines is shown to be temperature correlated. Accordingly, pre-exisitng temperature-based adaptations may play a key role in determining invasion patterns.
Consideration of the Federal Guidelines for Academic Services for Student-Athletes with Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Sirmon-Taylor Bess , Salvatore Anthony P. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Federal regulations should be implemented to provide appropriate services for student-athletes who have sustained a concussion, which can result in impaired function in the academic setting. Eligibility guidelines for special education services do not specifically address the significant, but sometimes transient, impairments that can manifest after concussion, which occur in up to 10% of student-athletes.
Method: We provide a definition of the word concussion and discuss the eligibility guidelines for traumatic brain injury and other health-impaired under IDEA, as is the use of Section 504.
Results: The cognitive-linguistic and behavioral deficits that can occur after concussion can have a significant impact on academic function. We draw comparisons between the clinical presentation of concussion and the eligibility indicators in IDEA and Section 504.
Conclusion: Speech-language pathologists are well-positioned to serve on concussion management teams in school settings, providing services including collection of baseline data, intervention and reassessment after a concussion has occurred, prevention education, and legislative advocacy. Until the cultural perception of concussion changes, with increased recognition of the potential consequences, student-athletes are at risk and appropriate implementation of the existing guidelines can assist in preservation of brain function, return to the classroom, and safe return to play.
Pediatric Brain Injury: Misconceptions, Challenges, and a Call To Reconceptualize our Role in the Schools
Authors: Duff Melissa C. , Stuck Sarah 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Brain injury management in the pediatric population is a growing public health concern. Serving children with brain injuries in the schools presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and other professions providing clinical or educational services. We recently conducted a national survey of school-based SLPs aimed at characterizing pediatric brain injury knowledge and management practices with a specific focus on concussion (Stuck & Duff, 2011). Drawing on results from our survey, this article will: 1) address the common misconception that young children are more resistant to or have better outcomes following brain injury than adults; 2) discuss the concept of delayed onset of symptoms following brain injury and the challenges this phenomenon presents in serving children with brain injury in the schools; and 3) discuss the role of the SLP in brain injury management in the schools and how changes to our approach to brain injury management in the schools may ultimately improve the quality of services to students recovering from brain injury.
Geriatrische Patienten – Demenzdiagnostik
Authors: Haupt Martin 
Published: November 2012

ZusammenfassungDie Diagnose von Demenzerkrankungen lässt sich bei den meisten Kranken mit einfachen Mitteln stellen. Zu den wichtigsten Symptomen einer Demenz gehören die Gedächtnisstörung, die Einbuße im Denk- und Urteilsvermögen, in der Konzentrationsfähigkeit und der Informationsverarbeitung. Störungen des Sozialverhaltens, des Antriebs oder der Stimmung treten in der Regel hinzu. Die Symptomatik ist so ausgeprägt, dass die übliche Alltagsbewältigung beeinträchtigt wird. Weniger schwere Symptomkonstellationen werden als leichte kognitive Störung vom Demenzsyndrom abgegrenzt. Sie äußern sich meist in Einbußen der Merkfähigkeit (Abrufstörung), intervenieren hingegen nicht mit der Bewältigung der gewohnten Alltagsaufgaben. Die mit Abstand häufigste Form einer Demenz ist die Alzheimer-Krankheit, gefolgt von der vaskulären Demenz. Weitere, irreversibel verlaufende Demenzursachen sind etwa die Parkinson-Demenz, die Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen und die frontotemporalen Degenerationen. Potenziell behebbare Ursachen für eine Demenz sind besonders zu beachten, z.B. Depression, kommunizierender Hydrozephalus oder Hypothyreose. Für die Therapie ist zudem die Erhebung der noch vorhandenen Fertigkeiten des Patienten wichtig. Eine verständliche Aufklärung des Patienten über seine Erkrankung sollte die Regel für den Arzt sein, Ausnahmen hiervon muss er begründen.
Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments Administered to Hatchery-Reared Burbot: Assessing Treatment Regimes from Embryonic Development through Juvenile Rearing
Authors: Polinski Mark P , Jensen Nathan R , Foltz John , Ireland Susan C , Cain Kenneth D 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Burbot Lota lota is an emerging aquaculture species, in which fungal infestations during early life stage development are common. In this study, the tolerance of Burbot to external hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment regimes was examined during four early life stages to determine species and life stage-specific sensitivity. Yolk-sac larvae tolerated three 1-h treatments up to 250 μL/L H2O2 without significant reduction in survival. Preflexion larvae tolerated only 100 μL/L H2O2 before survival was affected. In both cases, decreased survival was only observed after administration of three consecutive treatments. Flexion larvae tolerated up to 250 μL/L H2O2, but by the juvenile stage sensitivity again increased to 100 μL/L H2O2 before survival was affected. In these latter stages, decreased survival was observed immediately following the first H2O2 treatment, suggesting a mechanism for toxicity that is different than that in previous life stages. As has previously been shown, H2O2 can be effective for controlling aquatic bacteria and fungus at or below 250 μL/L, and our results indicate that H2O2 concentrations currently used during Burbot egg incubation may be extended into the larval rearing stage for effective fungal control without negatively affecting survival of either eggs or newly hatched larvae. Additionally, treatment regimes may be continued through juvenile development for the purpose of controlling external pathogens in the hatchery production of Burbot.
Histological Analysis Reveals Larger Size at Maturity for Southern Flounder with Implications for Biological Reference Points
Authors: Midway Stephen R. , Scharf Frederick S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
For fish stocks managed using biological reference points based upon spawning biomass, it is critical to have accurate maturity schedules. We investigated size- and age-dependent patterns in maturity for southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, a flatfish supporting valuable coastal fisheries in North Carolina and throughout its range. We evaluated both macroscopic and histological methods over two consecutive reproductive seasons. Histological analyses revealed that maturity occurred at larger sizes and older ages than previously estimated. Length at 50% maturity (L 50) was estimated at 408 mm total length (TL), which was more than 60 mm larger than currently assumed, and was relatively stable between study years. We found that only 44% of age-1 southern flounder were mature compared with an estimated 74% in an earlier study. We suspect that most of the differences in maturity timing of southern flounder between our findings and previous studies stem from macroscopic assignment error. During this study, only 61% of fish staged macroscopically as developing were found to be mature based on histological analysis. Assuming incorrectly that all of these fish were mature would have resulted in an L 50 of 375 mm TL, which is closer to previous estimates. Analysis of spawning stock biomass per recruit demonstrated that biological reference points (e.g., F SPR) could be affected considerably by shifting maturity schedules, and the effects could be magnified at larger sizes at entry and higher harvest rates. Given the life history strategy of southern flounder and the lack of a developed offshore fishery or sampling program, which combine to prevent access to fish on the spawning grounds, it is probably most judicious to routinely analyze reproductive tissue samples histologically to ensure accurate information on the timing of maturity.
Received April 6, 2012; accepted July 28, 2012
Chemical and Electrical Approaches to Sedation of Cobia: Induction, Recovery, and Physiological Responses to Sedation
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T. , Bowzer John C. , Bowker James D. , Schwarz Michael H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
To support the growing interest in marine fisheries research in areas such as biotelemetry, tagging, and tracking, we assessed the ability of various sedatives to facilitate this research in juvenile cobias Rachycentron canadum (∼300 g), namely, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; 150 mg/L), carbon dioxide (CO2; ∼750 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), and pulsed-DC electrosedation (100 V, 30 Hz, 25% duty cycle, 5-s exposure). Induction times (CO2 [z] &gt; benzocaine [y] &gt; eugenol [y] &gt; MS-222 [y] &gt; electrosedation [x]), recovery of equilibrium (CO2 [z] &gt; eugenol [z] &gt; MS-222 [y] &gt; benzocaine [y] &gt; electrosedation [x]), and responsiveness to tactile stimulus (eugenol [z] &gt; MS-222 [y] &gt; benzocaine [y] &gt; CO2 [xy] &gt; electrosedation [x]) differed significantly among the sedative treatments (treatments with the same letters are not significantly different). Total handling time from initial sedative exposure to recovery differed among the sedatives as well (CO2 [z] &gt; eugenol [y] &gt; benzocaine [x] &gt; MS-222 [x] &gt; electrosedation [w]), with cumulative means ± SEs of 5.9 ± 0.2 min for CO2, 4.1 ± 0.2 for eugenol, 2.7 ± 0.2 min for benzocaine and MS-222, and 1.0 ± 0.2 min for electrosedation. Physiological responses differed significantly over time, with transient increases in plasma cortisol, glucose, osmolality, and lactate that were resolved within 6 h. The overall magnitude of the physiological responses differed among sedatives, depending on the response variable; however, in each case, CO2 elicited the greatest response. Although variations in induction and recovery times were observed, it is likely that these differences can be reasonably accommodated within the context of typical research by adjusting the sedative treatments or allowing for longer induction and recovery times as needed.
Received November 18, 2011; accepted August 17, 2012
Parafermionic edge zero modes in Zn-invariant spin chains
Authors: Fendley Paul 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A sign of topological order in a gapped one-dimensional quantum chain is the existence of edge zero modes. These occur in the Z
2-invariant Ising/Majorana chain, where they can be understood using free-fermion techniques. Here I discuss their presence in spin chains with Z

n
symmetry, and prove that for appropriate couplings they are exact, even in this strongly interacting system. These modes are naturally expressed in terms of parafermions, generalizations of fermions to the Z

n
case. I show that parafermionic edge zero modes do not occur in the usual ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases, but rather only when the interactions are chiral, so that spatial-parity and time-reversal symmetries are broken.