bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissociations in Processing Past Tense Morphology: Neuropathology and Behavioral Studies
Authors: Tyler Lorraine K. , deMornay-Davies Paul , Anokhina Rebekah , Longworth Catherine , Randall Billi , Marslen-Wilson William D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Neuropsychological research showing that the regular (“jump–jumped”) and irregular (“drive/drove”) past tense inflectional morphology can dissociate following brain damage has been important in testing claims about the cognitive and neural status of linguistic rules. These dissociations have been interpreted as evidence for two different computational systems—a rule-based system underlying the processing of regulars and the irregulars being individually listed in the mental lexicon. In contrast, connectionist accounts claim that these dissociations can be modeled within a single system. Combining behavioral data from patients with detailed information about their neuropathology can, in principle, provide strong constraints on accounts of the past tense. In this study, we tested five nonfluent aphasic patients, all of whom had extensive left hemisphere (LH) damage involving the left inferior frontal gyrus and underlying structures, and four patients with semantic deficits following herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) who had extensive damage to the inferior temporal cortex. These patients were tested in experiments probing past tense processing. In a large priming study, the nonfluent patients showed no priming for the regular past tense but significant priming for the irregulars (whereas controls show priming for both). In contrast, the HSE patients showed significantly impaired performance for the irregulars in an elicitation task. These patterns of behavioral data and neuropathology suggest that two separable but interdependent systems underlie processing of the regular and irregular past tense.
Can Face Recognition Really be Dissociated from Object Recognition?
Authors: Gauthier Isabel , Behrmann Marlene , Tarr Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We argue that the current literature on prosopagnosia fails to demonstrate unequivocal evidence for a disproportionate impairment for faces as compared to nonface objects. Two prosopagnosic subjects were tested for the discrimination of objects from several categories (face as well as nonface) at different levels of categorization (basic, subordinate, and exemplar levels). Several dependent measures were obtained including accuracy, signal detection measures, and response times. The results from Experiments 1 to 4 demonstrate that, in simultaneous-matching tasks, response times may reveal impairments with nonface objects in subjects whose error rates only indicate a face deficit. The results from Experiments 5 and 6 show that, given limited stimulus presentation times for face and nonface objects, the same subjects may demonstrate a deªcit for both stimulus categories in sensitivity. In Experiments 7, 8 and 9, a match-to-sample task that places greater demands on memory led to comparable recognition sensitivity with both face and nonface objects. Regardless of object category, the prosopagnosic subjects were more affected by manipulations of the level of categorization than normal controls. This result raises questions regarding neuropsychological evidence for the modularity of face recognition, as well as its theoretical and methodological foundations.
Learning to Recognize Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Roth Dan , Yang Ming-Hsuan , Ahuja Narendra 
Published: July 2002

A learning account for the problem of object recognition is developed within the probably approximately correct (PAC) model of learnability. The key assumption underlying this work is that objects can be recognized (or discriminated) using simple representations in terms of syntactically simple relations over the raw image. Although the potential number of these simple relations could be huge, only a few of them are actually present in each observed image, and a fairly small number of those observed are relevant to discriminating an object. We show that these properties can be exploited to yield an efficient learning approach in terms of sample and computational complexity within the PAC model. No assumptions are needed on the distribution of the observed objects, and the learning performance is quantified relative to its experience. Most important, the success of learning an object representation is naturally tied to the ability to represent it as a function of some intermediate representations extracted from the image. We evaluate this approach in a large-scale experimental study in which the SNoW learning architecture is used to learn representations for the 100 objects in the Columbia Object Image Library. Experimental results exhibit good generalization and robustness properties of the SNoW-based method relative to other approaches. SNoW's recognition rate degrades more gracefully when the training data contains fewer views, and it shows similar behavior in some preliminary experiments with partially occluded objects.
COMPARISON: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE INEVITABLE
Authors: Saler Benson 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSchema theory and other facets of the cognitive sciences remind us that certain of the intellectual processes of the human brain are crucially comparative. In that comparison is ineluctable in monitoring the world and in coming to understand newly encountered events, then perhaps we can consciously improve on what is cognitively inevitable. It is suggested here that if we deliberately move from what the philosopher H.H. Price calls "the Philosophy of Universals" to what he terms "the Philosophy of Resemblances," our comparisons are likely to become more realistic, both existentially and cognitively. Further, in applying the Philosophy of Resemblances in both cross-cultural and cross-species comparisons, we may better tame the ethnocentric language of the former and the anthropocentric language of the latter in their respective efforts to transcend conceptualized boundaries in order to make comparisons.
OSÉE XII 2B À LA LUMIÈRE D'UN VASE D'ALBÂTRE DE L'ÉPOQUE DE SALMANASAR III (DJÉZIRÊH) ET LE RITUEL D'ALLIANCE ASSYRIEN. UNE HYPOTHÈSE DE LECTURE
Authors: Heintz Jean-Georges 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEn Os. xii 2b, le maintien du parallélisme poétique des deux stiques, bien que souvent méconnu, peut s'appuyer sur le témoignage iconographique d'un vase d'albâtre de l'époque de Salmanasar III, découvert récemment (1983) en Djézirêh : le décor de sa frise centrale y présente la même scène d''alliance' que la base du trône du même souverain au palais de Nimrud (vers 850 av. J.-C.), qui en constitue ainsi le 'modèle'. Sur la base de documents littéraires parallèles (vocabulaires d'Ébla; Enûma élis, tabl. VI, ll. 97-100; traité de succession d'Assarhaddon, ll. 153-156) est établi un dossier relatif à l'usage de l'huile en contexte d'alliance - notamment avec ce type de vase rituel - et à la pertinence de cette documentation pour la compréhension de ce passage prophétique.
FENGSHUI AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTHEAST CHINA
Authors: Luo Jun , He Xiaoxin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLiterally translated as 'wind and water', Fengshui has been used as a special and important tool to harmonize people with their built environment and with the surrounding natural world. By examining some aspects of Fengshui as it was employed in traditional villages in southeast China, this paper aims to explore how Fengshui influences the interactions of Chinese people with their natural world. It focuses on two aspects of the employment of Fengshui in the outer spaces of villages in Southeast China: site selection and the entrance organisation. The methodology employed in the research involved both field investigation and archival study with a special emphasis on the historical records of family trees in the villages of Southeast China. Some modern psychological and architectural principles are borrowed as a frame of reference for analysing the Fengshui models. This analysis concludes that Fengshui satisfies not only physical needs, but also environmental, psychological and aesthetic ones. It demonstrates one of the most distinctive and sensitive treatments to aspects of the natural environment and landscape. It has been able, therefore, to improve the quality of the environment.
SONG CLUSTERING BY MEADOWLARKS: IS IT RELATED TO REPERTOIRE SIZE?
Authors: Lemon  , Falls  , Dickinson  , Perreault  , Tittler  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Some birds with song repertoires sequentially associate (or cluster) songs of different types. That is, certain song types may occur together repeatedly, even on different days. We determined whether clustering of meadowlark songs correlated with repertoire size. We also tested whether clustered songs reflect either their structural similarities, or dissimilarities. Our data were obtained from recordings of free-living individuals of two meadowlark species, eastern, Sturnella magna , and western, S. neglecta . Eastern meadowlarks have approximately 10 times more song types per bird than do westerns. Therefore, if clustering is related to repertoire size, we predicted that there should be (1) proportionately more song clusters in eastern meadowlarks than in westerns, and (2) a similar correlation across individual birds within a species, especially so in easterns, which have a broader range of repertoire sizes. All 14 easterns examined showed clusters whereas only 5 of 11 westerns did so, and the easterns had proportionately more per bird. Many of the same clusters occurred in different recordings of individual easterns. In easterns, the extent of clustering as measured by a PCA analysis correlated strongly with estimated repertoire size. Clustered songs were neither more similar in structure, nor less so, than randomly-paired songs.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL FORAGING BEHAVIOUR IN DROSOPHILA PAVANI, D. GAUCHA AND THEIR RECIPROCAL HYBRIDS
Authors: Del Pino Francisco , Godoy-Herrera Raúl 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe development of larval foraging behaviour in the sibling species D. pavani and D. gaucha and in their reciprocal interspecific hybrids was analysed. The goals were: (i) to identify interspecific differences in developmental patterns of larval behavioural organization, and (ii) to study changes in the frequency of ecologically relevant behaviours during larval ontogeny. Hybridization changed the developmental pathway of feeding and locomotor activity, suggesting genetic divergence for foraging behaviour between the species. Larval turning and bending were not affected by hybridization, suggesting a similar genetic architecture for each of these activities in both species. Retreat and rearing were observed during the whole of larval period in D. pavani, while these behaviours were rarely observed in D. gaucha and the hybrids, suggesting dominance of the gaucha genome over that of pavani. The behavioural organization of D. pavani larvae is related to ontogeny; this was not observed in gaucha and in species hybrid larvae, suggesting again a dominance of this genome over that of D. pavani. The results are discussed in terms of evolutionary developmental genetics of foraging behaviour of Drosophila larvae.
DO JUVENILE YELLOW PERCH USE DIET CUES TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF THREAT POSED BY INTRASPECIFIC PREDATORS?
Authors: Mirza Reehan , Chivers Douglas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanisms that drive the evolution of intraspecifc predation (cannibalism) are unclear. Many authors speculate that predators can make substantial gains in nutrition and reproductive output by consuming conspecifics. However, by consuming conspecifics, predators may risk decreasing their inclusive fitness by consuming kin or increasing the chances of pathogen transmission. In fishes intraspecific predation is typically observed when resource levels are low. During these periods it is important for prey fishes to be able to accurately assess their level of predation risk from cannibalistic conspecifics. Prey animals may be able to do this by using chemical cues available in the predator's diet. The last meal consumed by the predator may give important information for prey animals to assess predation risk. We exposed juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens, to chemical cues of adult perch fed a diet of either juvenile perch, spot tail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, or a control of distilled water. Spot tail shiners and juvenile perch commonly form mixed species shoals and are vulnerable to the same suite of predators. Swordtails do not co-occur with yellow perch or spot tail shiners. We found that juvenile perch increased shelter use significantly more when exposed to chemical cues of adult perch fed juvenile perch or spot tails, compared to adult perch fed swordtails or those exposed to distilled water. This suggests that the level of chemosensory assessment used by juvenile perch is quite sophisticated and that the antipredator response can be mediated by specific cues in the predator's diet. This study is the first to demonstrate a response of a fish to chemical cues from intraspecific predators. Future studies should examine the importance of predator diet cues in responses to chemical cues from intraspecific predators.
EARLY PREDICTORS OF DOMINANCE ABILITY IN HEIFERS (BOS TAURUS, L.) OF THE HÉRENS BREED
Authors: Plusquellec  , Bouissou  , Pape G. Le 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany studies have looked for predictors of dominance in various species. However, to our knowledge only short term predictors have been investigated. Cows of the Hérens breed have been selected for fighting tendency and dominance ability; therefore these animals constitute an original and pertinent model to study the possibility of predicting dominance ability at an early age. Physical characteristics, several aspects of social behaviour, reactivity to fear eliciting situations, docility towards humans were assessed in 28 heifers at 6 and 18 months of age. These heifers were reared from birth in 5 permanent groups which never met. Dominance of the 28 subjects was estimated at 30 mo. by observing each heifer in a succession of seven groups that each contained 4 unacquainted animals. The 28 heifers were then allocated to 2 classes (dominant or subordinate) by means of a cluster analysis. Early indicators (combinations of variables) of adult dominance ability were assessed among the variables measured at 6 and 18 months, by a succession of linear discriminant analyses. The discriminant function which best predicts the dominance class either at 6 or 18 mo. includes mainly variables from the fear eliciting tests. This function allows accurate prediction of the dominant or subordinate position of heifers in 94.7 and 92.2% of the cases respectively. The less fearful a heifer was at either 6 or 18 months, the more dominant she tended to be at 30 months of age. These results are in accordance with the previously reported importance of emotional reactivity in dominance relationships in cattle.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF MOTHERING STYLES IN GUINEA PIGS (CAVIA APEREA F. PORCELLUS)
Authors: Albers  , Timmermans  , Vossen  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mothering styles are generally assumed to exist, in particular in the case of primates. However, an experimental procedure to ensure this assumption has been lacking and, moreover, mothering style was always defined post hoc . The short inter-birth interval and the possibility to cross-foster make the guinea pig a suitable species that has an advantage over primates for this type of study. The maternal behaviour of ten subjects was registered during mothering of four subsequent litters. To challenge a possible consistency of maternal behaviour two variables were manipulated: parentage (own young or adopted young) and the condition of the mothers (pregnant or non-pregnant). The concordances found suggest that behavioural parameters necessary to characterize a mothering style in guinea pigs should contain either locomotor, affiliative or aggressive behaviour. Other behavioural parameters were not found adequate for characterizing mothering styles. As significant concordances of maternal behaviour were found, in spite of the challenges offered, we conclude that guinea-pig mothers consistently differ from each other and hence that 'mothering styles' exist in guinea pigs.
ASSOCIATION BY MALE CHIMPANZEES: A SOCIAL TACTIC?
Authors: Newton-Fisher Nicholas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhether and with whom to associate are possibly some of the most fundamental of choices faced by a chimpanzee, choices constrained by and dependent upon similar decisions made by potential association partners. Although much work has focused on the impact of ecological factors on the size of the temporary associations, or parties, it seems that chimpanzees, especially the males, form parties to gain social benefits, and that these benefits are dependent the particular composition of these parties. This paper examines the social determinates of the association patterns of male chimpanzees, members of the Sonso community in the Budongo Forest Reserve, western Uganda. Male chimpanzees showed clear preferences for association partners, and these partners had a strong tendency to associate in small parties. Strength of association within dyads accounted for a significant fraction of the variance in party size [all parties containing males: r2 = 0.30; male parties only: r2 = 0.24 (all dyads), r2 = 0 . 50 (dyads with positive associations only)]. These results supported the hypothesis that association was the result of tactical decisions, and refuted predictions of alternate hypotheses: random and passive (independent attraction to the same locations, such as fruiting trees) association. Further support for the tactical association hypothesis was provided by observations that association between males was flexible and that association patterns resolved into alternative association strategies, with some males shifting between strategies over time. The presence of cycling females influenced party size, which increased with the number present. The number of adult males in a party was also greater when cycling females were present, although remained similar whether one, two, three or four such females were in the party. Samples sizes for parties containing more than two cycling females were low, however. It is suggested that, for a Machiavellian primate in fission-fusion social system, the need to make decisions concerning association partners is cognitively demanding and may be an important, frequently used, function of the intelligence demonstrated by captive chimpanzees.
VARIATION OF SPERM PRECEDENCE IN THE ROVE BEETLE ALEOCHARA CURTULA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Benken  , Knaak  , Gack  , Eberle  , Peschke  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In order to quantify the outcome of sperm competition in the mating system of the rove beetle Aleochara curtula we performed three different mating experiment series. Paternity was established by DNA fingerprinting with oligonucleotide probes. We found a precedence of the last male with a proportion of eggs fathered by the last male of 87% (median). Nevertheless, we observed a large variation of P2-values in A. curtula and cases of mixed paternity were documented as well as cases of 100% or 0% paternity of the last male. The variation of P2-values correlates with the efficiency of spermatophore and sperm transfer.
Comparative developmental studies using Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae)
Authors: Delattre Marie , Dichtel Marie-Laure , Félix Marie-Anne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to study the evolution of nematode vulva development, we focus on Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae) in comparison with Caenorhabditis elegans. In this species, the fates of the vulval precursor cells are determined by two successive nested inductions by the uterine anchor cell (instead of a single one in C. elegans). This hermaphroditic species can be cultured and handled like C. elegans. We review vulva development in this species. We present some molecular tools and the sequence of the Ras gene. This species is amenable to genetic analysis and we discuss the isolation of morphological markers. Afin d’étudier l’évolution du développement de la vulve des nématodes, nous nous concentrons sur l’espèce Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae) en la comparant à Caenorhabditis elegans. Dans cette espèce, les destinées des cellules précurseurs de la vulve sont déterminées par deux inductions emboîtées provenant de la cellule ancre de l’utérus (au lieu d’une seule chez C. elegans). Cette espèce hermaphrodite peut être élévée et manipulée comme C. elegans. Nous décrivons le développement de la vulve dans cette espèce. Nous présentons des outils moléculaires et la séquence du gène Ras. Les analyses génétiques sont possibles dans cette espèce et nous discutons l’isolement de marqueurs morphologiques.
Evolution of pyrophyllite particle sizes during dry grinding
Authors: Uhlík P. , Šucha V. , Eberl D. D. , Puškelová L'. , Čaplovičová M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) technique and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the products of dry-ground pyrophyllite. Mean crystallite thickness and crystallite thickness distributions were measured for each sample using the BWA technique. Mean crystallite thickness decreases during the treatment with respect to grinding time and energy applied per unit mass. The BWA data were checked by HRTEM measurements and good fits were obtained for samples having small mean particle thicknesses. Samples with thicker particles could not be measured properly by HRTEM because the number of particles counted from images is statistically insufficient. The shape of the crystallite and the particle-size distribution were used to determine the mechanism of pyrophyllite particle degradation. Particles initially having a lognormal size distribution are first delaminated randomly, then some are delaminated preferentially, thereby producing polymodal thickness distributions. Finally all particles undergo delamination yielding a lognormal thickness distribution.
Occurrence of fine chlorite (<0.2 µm) and its significance in the soils from the Ulsan area, Korea
Authors: Yeo S. J. , Kim S. J. , Bain D. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWell crystallized chlorite has been detected in a Typic Hapludult developed on quartz porphyry at Ulsan, Korea, after treatment of the <0.2 µm fraction with a high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) characteristics of the chlorite suggest that it is an Fe-rich variety and this was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The chlorite could not be detected with certainty in the <0.2 µm fraction but is clearly present throughout the soil profile in the <0.2 µm fraction. It is suggested that this chlorite is residual inherited chlorite, the rest of which has dissolved in the acidic environment (pH 4—5).