bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Rheological Properties of Cement Slurries
Authors: Farris R. Floyd 
Published: June 2014

A thorough knowledge of the behavior of cement slurries under elevatedtemperatures and pressures is necessary in order to solve properly the manyproblems presented in deep-well cementing operations. In the earlier days ofthe petroleum industry the depths of wells were shallow as compared to those oftoday, and the subsurface temperatures and pressures were not of sufficientmagnitude to affect seriously the problem of proper control of cement-slurryproperties. Today, however, the search for new reserves has extended drillingto such depths that bottom-hole temperatures of more than 200?F. andbottom-hole pressures of 3000 to 5000 lb. are not uncommon. Moreover, there isevery indication that within the next few years wells will be drilled to evengreater depths and bottom-hole temperatures and pressures will becorrespondingly higher than those with which we are concerned today.
It has been realized for some time that the behavior of cement slurries at hightemperatures and pressures might be very different from that at atmospherictemperature-pressure conditions, but while the temperature effects have beeninvestigated with a reasonable degree of thoroughness, the pressure effectshave received little public attention.
While the trend toward deeper drilling may make changes in cementing techniqueand the choice of cements imperative, it was the purpose of this investigationto consider factors having a bearing on the latter, only secondaryconsideration being given, for the present, to details of technique andequipment for oil-field use. More specifically, the purpose of this work was toconsider the effect of temperature and pressure upon the behavior of cementslurries.
Although it has long been recognized that cements thicken and set rapidly withincreasing temperatures, practical methods for the quantitative determinationof these effects are comparatively recent developments. In 1935 Silcox and Rulepresented such a method, describing apparatus designed to measure theconsistency-time relationship of cement slurries at relatively hightemperatures. The practical importance of this apparatus in furnishing usefuldata for the evaluation of cement slurries for cementing operations has beenemphasized in various technical publications by such writers as E. L. Davis, F.Bingham, and J. E. Weiler. A paper describing the numerous tests now used toevaluate cements for oil wells was presented in 1939 by W. W. Robinson."Robinson describes the Consistometer and the ThickeningTime Tester, showingsimilarity of data from the two devices, and points out that the purpose ofeach apparatus is to determine the allowable time that a cement may be pumpedat a given temperature.
T.P. 1207
Phase Behavior in the Methane-propane-n-pentane System
Authors: Carter R.T. , Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

The phase behavior of a number of binary systems consisting of paraffinhydrocarbons has been determined in recent years. In addition, the compositionof the coexisting phases of mixtures of crude oil and natural gas has beeninvestigated. However, the latter study did not include information concerningthe influence of the concentration of a component upon its distribution betweentwo coexisting phases. Owing to the paucity of such information it wasconsidered desirable to investigate in some detail the composition of thecoexisting phases in the methane-propane-n-pentane system throughout thegreater part of the two-phase region at a temperature of 100?F. Information ofthis nature also permits the establishment of the critical behavior of thisternary system.

Method
The compositions of the coexisting phases in this ternary system at 100?F weredetermined by withdrawing samples from a pressure vessel containing aheterogeneous mixture of the three components that had been brought toequilibrium by mechanical agitation at the desired pressure and temperature.The samples were withdrawn under such conditions that the equilibrium was notdisturbed and the composition of each of the phases was ascertained by means ofthe conventional low-temperature fractionation procedure.
The apparatus employed in this investigation was nearly the same as thatutilized in an earlier study of the methane-n-pentane system. Several minormodifications in the arrangement of the apparatus were made in the interest ofsimplifying the procedure and avoiding the possibility of condensation in thetubing connecting the equilibrium apparatus with the analytical equipment. Thepressures were measured by means of a pressure balance with a precision of 0.5lb. per sq. in. It is believed that the equilibrium pressure was ascertainedwith an uncertainty of not more than 2 lb. per sq. in., even though smallvariations in pressure obtained during the withdrawal of the samples. Thetemperature of the equilibrium equipment was maintained by use of anautomatically controlled oil bath. The bath temperature was determined by meansof a copperconstantan thermocouple, the electromotive force being determined bymeans of a potentiometric circuit of such a nature as to reduce the uncertaintyof the temperature to less than 0.1?F.
The fractionating column employed in the determination of the composition ofthe gas phase had a diameter of 0.12 in. and was approximately 4 ft. long, while the column employed in the analysis of the liquid phase was 0.18 in. indiameter and about 5 ft. long. Each column was equipped with the conventionalconstant-volume receivers, which were maintained at a constant temperature bymeans of an automatically controlled oil bath.
T.P. 1250
Fineness and Water-cement Ratio in Relation to Volume and Permeability of Cement
Authors: Coleman J.R. , Corrigan G.L. 
Published: June 2014

Four factors that largely determine the end product obtained when cement andwater are mixed are the chemical composition of the cement, the fineness towhich the cement is ground, the amount of mixing water used, and the procedureused in mixing the slurry. In order to study the effect of two of thesefactors, the other two, the chemical composition and method of mixing, are keptconstant, leaving as variables fineness and water-cement ratio.
Through years of experimentation and usage it has been well established thatthe reduction of cement clinker to a very fine state by grinding improve itscementing value, principally because the reaction between cement and watertakes place only at the surface of the cement particle, further action beinghindered by the accumulation of reaction products that tend to coat theunreacted material. Therefore, the more finely ground a cement, and the greaterthe surface exposed in proportion to its mass, the more rapid is the hydrationrate. Similarly, the greater the surface exposed, the greater the proportion ofthe cement that reacts, and the lower the amount of residue that is unreactedand so remains inert and unable to make any contribution to cementingproperties.
Although it is more expensive to manufacture a finely ground cement than acoarser cement, the advantages of fine grinding of construction cements were somarked that the fineness of cement has increased considerably in past years.When the manufacture of special oil-well cements was begun, it was necessary toconsider properties of cement that previously were considered of minorimportance, foremost of these being pumpability. Since, with the water-cementratio constant, a finely ground cement will produce a neat slurry of higherconsistency and shorter time of pumpability than will a coarser cement, thereis a tendency to grind oil-well cements to a lower degree of fineness.Therefore, in order to produce oil-well cements that will make a slurry havinga long time of pumpability, cements are manufactured that because of theircoarseness generally are poorer cementing materials than some of the morefinely ground construction cements. On the other hand, often it is necessary topump oil-well cements for long periods of time to place them properly behind astring of casing in a deep well, and since high strength is not of foremostimportance for such cement, there is room for considerable controversyconcerning the proper fineness range.
T.P. 1266
Some Theoretical Considerations on the Problem of Well Shooting
Authors: Evinger H.H. , Muskat M. 
Published: June 2014

Although the shooting of oil wells for the purpose of increasing productionhas been practiced since 1866, present-day shooting technique has been arrivedat almost wholly by a process of trial and error. The difficulties attendingeither a theoretical analysis of the problem or an experimental attack becomeapparent when one actually embarks on a theoretical investigation or attemptsto formulate an intelligent experimental program. The literature on the subjectconsists mainly of descriptions of current practice, scattered eye-witnessaccounts of events following the shooting of a well, and vague speculations onthe mechanical processes involved.
In contrast to quarry blasting, the results of oil-well shooting cannot bedetermined by means of visual inspection, and it is perhaps for this reasonthat only one attempt at what approaches a direct experimental attack has beenreported in the literature. In these experiments, charges of liquidnitroglycerin were exploded in holes drilled in a sandstone outcrop. In orderto observe the character and extent of the resulting fractures, the rock wasblasted away so as to expose the original shot holes. After all this had beendone it was found impossible to distinguish the fracturing due to the originalshots from that due to the subsequent blasting. The enlargement of the holesdue to the pulverizing action of the shots was measured and an attempt was madeto determine the effectiveness of sand tamping. Only five shots were made andfew definite conclusions could be drawn.
Some small-scale experiments to determine the effect of tamping were performedby Snelling and Hall. Small charges (20 grams) of dynamite were detonated atthe bottom of a cylindrical hole in a lead block and the resulting enlargementof the hole was taken as a measure of the effectiveness of the explosion. Itwas found that when the shot was tamped with a sufficient amount of sand orclay, the volume enlargement was approximately double that found when nostemming had been used.
The properties of the explosives have been the subject of much study by themanufacturers, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and various other agencies, Forexample, velocities of detonation for many commercial explosives are to befound in the Blasters' Handbook, issued by the Du Pont company. Many otherproperties are given in a treatise on the subject by Naoum. The shock wave thataccompanies the detonation of high explosives has been studied photographicallyby Payman and others. The hydro dynamical theory of the shock wave has receivedmuch attention, and an extended theoretical treatment is given byBateman.
Two aspects of the well-shooting problem will be considered in this paper;namely, the fracturing of subsurface strata, and possible damage to casing.With respect to the former of these, several calculations have been made givingthe stresses in the rocks surrounding the shot.
T.P. 1268
Effects of Pressure and Temperature on Condensation of Distillate from Natural Gas
Authors: Buckley Stuart E. , Lightfoot J.H. 
Published: June 2014

Deep drilling has led to the development of numerous pools which yieldproducts consisting predominantly of natural gas accompanied by high-gravitywater-white or slightly straw-colored liquid. Yields of this"condensate" or "distillate," as it is commonly called, vary fromtraces to over a hundred barrels per million cubic feet of gas. The fact thatthis liquid exists in the reservoir as an integral part of the gas phase and isformed by condensation attending simultaneous reduction of pressure andtemperature after its entry into the well was apparently first recognized about1932.1 The nature of the physical phenomena involved in this condensation wasclarified for the petroleum industry in 1933 by a report by Sage, Schaafsma, and Lacey of the results of an experimental investigation of the behavior ofmixtures of methane and propane.
Search of the literature has revealed that the condensation of liquid fromgaseous mixtures by isothermal pressure reduction is not a new discovery.Kuenen was led by theoretical considerations to expect such a phenomenon, andin 1892 reported the results of experimental verification of his deductions.This was followed by a considerable amount of work on the phase relations ofmixtures by Kuenen and by others, mostly in European universities. Since 1930investigators in this country have reported experimental data on the properties and behavior of a number of hydrocarbon systems.
It is now generally known that in the presence of natural gas the solubility inthe gas phase of the heavier and normally liquid hydrocarbons increasesrapidly with increasing pressure above 500 to 1000 lb. per sq. in. Thus, at pressuresof 2500 lb. per sq. in. or higher a gas may contain appreciable quantities ofhydrocarbons with normal boiling points as high as 600?F., which in turn may becondensed from the gas phase by the reduction of their solubility thereinattending pressure reduction. The combined effects of pressure and temperatureon condensation and vaporization of mixtures are most readily visualized by thestudy of phase diagrams. Since the construction, application, andinterpretation of such diagrams have been described fully in readily availableliterature, this paper will not review the theoretical aspects of thissubject.
While the behavior of gas-distillate systems is now clearly understood, atleast in a qualitative way, most of the published work deals with the resultsof laboratory studies of binary systems or of synthetic mixtures ofhydrocarbons, and although several systematic investigations of the effects ofseparator pressure and temperature on the yields of liquid product fromgas-distillate wells have been made it appears that in all cases thelimitations have precluded the construction of even approximately completephase diagrams for naturally occurring systems.
T.P. 1269
Sampling Gas-condensate Wells
Authors: Flaitz J.M. , Parks A.S. 
Published: June 2014

Of the various methods of sampling gas-condensate wells, a method thatsecures a continuous representative sample of the well stream is desirable.Such a method, consisting of a sampling tube introduced into the well tubing, has proved satisfactory. The method is sufficiently accurate for operating andengineering problems. A portable testing apparatus can be used with thesampling tube to obtain data useful in studying the economic and technicalaspects of the development and operation of gas-condensate properties.

Introduction
The recent discovery and development of gas reserves that containhydrocarbons that condense with reduction of temperature or pressure, or both, to form a product known as condensate, has brought many new problems to the oiland gas industries. With further discovery of deep, high-pressure fields it ispresumable that many more gas fields of this type will be added to the steadilyincreasing number. Such gas reserves are found either associated with oil as agas cap or in separate formations. There seems to be no positive correlationbetween the physical or geological nature of the reservoir, and the chemicalcomposition or phase characteristics of its contents.
Knowledge of the chemical make-up and phase behavior of gas-condensatereserves is needed to cope with many problems. A knowledge of the chemicalcomposition and phase characteristics of the reservoir material is necessary toproperly design a gasoline or recycling plant, to estimate natural gas andcondensate reserves, to enable the operator to study the economic and technicalaspects of various methods of operation and development, and to carry out theplan of operating subsurface and surface lease equipment. This information isoften useful in questions of mineral ownership, proration, legal position, andtaxation.
It is the purpose of this paper to discuss methods used by the writers todetermine the chemical composition and phase characteristics of the fluidsproduced from a condensate well. The scope of the paper includes a discussionand description of the method of sampling, the results of tests on the accuracyof the sampling method, a description of a portable testing apparatus used toexamine the phase characteristics, typical results of tests on wells fromseveral condensate fields, and some of the applications of these data toproduction problems.
References to previous work on this subject are cited at the end of thepaper.
T.P. 1374
Engineering Economics of Long Petroleum Pipe Lines
Authors: Hill Edgar G. 
Published: June 2014

Much has been written and said recently about the methods used and materialsand equipment employed in building the long tubes that criss-cross a great partof the United States, like the pattern of a spider's web. This paper willdiscuss the fundamentals of design of these lines from the economic as well asthe engineering viewpoint, pointing out the effect of the volumes transported, and the load factor at which they are operated, on the unit costs oftransportation, as well as the effects on costs of the character of the fluidsthe lines are called upon to handle.
Generally speaking, crude-oil pipe lines carry oil from the producing fieldsto the refineries. Sometimes part of the journey is by pipe line to a coastalpoint and tank ships are employed for the rest of the trip.
The main lines of directional flow of crude oil through pipe lines in theUnited States are shown on Fig. I, but this, of course, does not always showindividual pipe lines.
T.P. 1433
Possibilities of Secondary Recovery for the Oklahoma City Wilcox Sand
Authors: Katz Donald L. 
Published: June 2014

The Oklahoma City Wilcox sand, discovered on March 26, 1930, has produced394 million barrels of crude oil and 819 billion cubic feet of natural gas asof July 1, 1941. The 100,000 bbl. wells, pressures of 2600 lb. per sq. in., andflows of "Wilcox" sand caused exciting moments in the early life of thefield. Today the reservoir is substantially at atmospheric pressure andproduces 75,000 bbl. of crude oil daily through 466 pumping wells. Earlyestimates of the initial crude-oil content of the "Wilcox" sandindicated that about 600 million barrels of crude oil would remain after thepumping wells ceased to produce economically. The Oklahoma City WilcoxSecondary Recovery Association was organized in March 1939, to study thepossibilities of recovering a portion of this oil.
Only a very brief summary of the information available can be presented in apaper of this nature. Some simplifications and generalizations are necessary togive the over-all picture in so short a space and statements made may not applyto a specific well or small area. Since the area under consideration by theAssociation is that north of the south line of section 22–11–3, someinformation will be presented for areas A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 and part of 4 of Fig.2, and some will be for the entire Wilcox zone west of the fault.
This paper is essentially an abstract of an engineering report made by A. D.Small, B. T. Murphree, M. C. Sons and the author for the Oklahoma City WilcoxSecondary Recovery Association on Sept. 5, 1940. Some information is taken froma report to the Association by C. V. Sidwell on March 1, 1940, and some dataare from a recent report by A. D. Small. It gives a brief history of the Wilcoxzone, estimates of the initial oil contents of the reservoir, presentconditions in the reservoir, and probable results from several programs of"secondary recovery."

History of Wilcox Zone
The Wilcox sand lies on the flank of the general structure, as shown bycross section of Fig. 1 and areal map of Fig. 2. The sand is of Ordovician ageand is composed of well-assorted, rounded sand grains with no apparentcementing material. The loose texture of the sand is shown by the enormousquantities of sand production from the wells and from the soft cores. Theproductive sand varies from zero thickness on the east to 220 ft. maximum andto zero thickness on the west because of water.
T.P. 1400
Core Analysis - an Aid to Increasing the Recovery of Oil
Authors: Lewis James A. 
Published: June 2014

It is the purpose of this paper to show the importance of sandcharacteristics, when combined with other physical data, in evaluatingproduction obtained by secondary recovery operations, and to indicate thebenefits to be gained from the application of these principles to primaryproduction.

Introduction
During the past 10 years there has been a growing interest within theindustry regarding the movement of fluids through oil reservoirs. A number ofresearch projects have been directed toward the development of the physicallaws governing this movement. In the period 1933 to the present, correlationsbetween laboratory analysis of cores, reservoir fluids and well performancehave been established and have been applied to successful secondarywater-flooding recovery operations; and to the completion, production, reconditioning and evaluation of wells in new fields.
The application of these data to waterflooding, either natural orartificial, is comparatively new, but the principles involved were set forth in1880 by John F. Carll, who said:
"The flooding of an oil district is generally viewed as a greatcalamity, yet it may be questioned whether a larger amount of oil cannot bedrawn from the rocks in that way than by any other, for it is certain that allthe oil cannot be drawn from the reservoir without admission of something totake its place.
If one company owned all of the wells drawing upon a pool, and had accuraterecords of the depth and characteristics of the oil producing stratum in eachwell, it is quite possible that some system might be devised by which watercould be let down through certain shafts, and thus the rocks be completelyvoided of oil and left full of water. As it is, however, no systematized planof action can be adopted. The careless handling of one well, by which water islet down to the oil rock, may spoil several others belonging to differentparties. A clashing of interests at once arises and is likely to result indisaster to the whole district…"
T.P. 1487