bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Texting Bans on Motor Vehicle Crash–Related Hospitalizations
Authors: Ferdinand Alva O. , Menachemi Nir , Blackburn Justin L. , Sen Bisakha , Nelson Leonard , Morrisey Michael 
Published: March 2015

We used a panel design and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 19 states between 2003 and 2010 to examine the impact of texting bans on crash-related hospitalizations. We conducted conditional negative binomial regressions with state, year, and month fixed effects to examine changes in crash-related hospitalizations in states after the enactment of a texting ban relative to those in states without such bans. Results indicate that texting bans were associated with a 7% reduction in crash-related hospitalizations among all age groups. Texting bans were significantly associated with reductions in hospitalizations among those aged 22 to 64 years and those aged 65 years or older. Marginal reductions were seen among adolescents. States that have not passed strict texting bans should consider doing so.
A Comparison of Liver Disease Mortality With HIV and Overdose Mortality Among Georgia Prisoners and Releasees: A 2-Decade Cohort Study of Prisoners Incarcerated in 1991
Authors: Spaulding Anne C. , Sharma Akshay , Messina Lauren C. , Zlotorzynska Maria , Miller Lesley , Binswanger Ingrid A. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We investigated whether eventual causes of death among a cohort of inmates imprisoned in the southeastern United States differed from those in previous prisoner studies. Methods. We matched 23 510 prisoners in Georgia, a state with historically low levels of heroin consumption but moderate amounts of injection drug use, who were incarcerated on June 30, 1991, to death registries through 2010. Main exposure was 4-year time intervals over 2 decades of observation; main outcome was mortality from liver disease, HIV, and overdose. Results. Although the HIV-related mortality rate exceeded that from liver-related conditions before 2003, liver disease subsequently surpassed HIV as a cause of death. Among 3863 deaths, 22 (0.6%) occurred within 2 weeks after release from prison. Of these, only 2 were caused by accidental poisoning (likely drug overdose). Cardiovascular disease and cancer were the most frequent causes of death in this aging cohort. Conclusions. Our study design deemphasized immediate deaths but highlighted long-term sequelae of exposure to viral hepatitis and alcohol. Treating hepatitis C and implementing interventions to manage alcohol use disorders may improve survival among prisoners in the Southeast.
Association of High Blood Pressure with Body Mass Index, Smoking and Physical Activity in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Papathanasiou George , Zerva Efthimia , Zacharis Ioannis , Papandreou Maria , Papageorgiou Effie , Tzima Christina , Georgakopoulos Dimitris , Evangelou Angelos 
Published: March 2015

Introduction:
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between resting blood pressure (BP), smoking, physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in Greek young adults.

Materials and Methodology:
A standardised questionnaire and the Greek version of IPAQ-short were given to 1500 randomly selected health science students, in order to record smoking behaviour, PA status, BMI and resting BP. All healthy young adults aged 19-30 years old were eligible. The final size of the study cohort was 1249 students (522 men).

Results:
Males’ BP was 129.2/77.0 mmHg, significantly higher than the females’ values of 119.9/73.4 mmHg. Approximately 17% of the total population were classified as overweight and 3% as obese. In the overall population, smoking prevalence was 35.2%, with 15.3% being heavy smokers (≥21 cigs/d). Smoking prevalence did not differ significantly between sexes. The prevalence of health-enhancing PA (high PAclass) was only 14.0%, while 42.8% of the study population were classified as insufficiently active (low PAclass). Of the three lifestyle risk factors examined, only BMI was significantly and directly associated with systolic and diastolic BP levels. The prevalence of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) was significantly higher in men compared to women, and in obese and overweight participants compared to normal-weight subjects. Smoking and categorical PA (PAclass) were not correlated with BP. Continuous vigorous PAscore was significantly and directly associated with systolic BP, but only in males.

Conclusion:
BMI was significantly and directly associated with resting BP in both sexes. Smoking prevalence and PA status were not associated with BP in this sample of Greek young adults.
Scientific Laboratory Platform for Testing the Electric Vehicle Equipped with DC Drive
Authors: Brazis V. , Kroics K. , Grigans L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The authors present a test platform for the low-power DC electric motor of a traction vehicle or a high-power motor scaled in the traction and braking modes. The load emulator of the traction drive is made using an induction motor controlled by a frequency converter. A microcontroller controls the bi-directional DC/DC converter and sends a speed reference signal to the frequency converter. The test bench is meant for determination of the power consumption by motor in various speed cycles, and will be used to demonstrate the operation of electric vehicle to students and to investigate the charging/discharging strategies of energy sources.
Greenland high-elevation mass balance: inference and implication of reference period (1961–90) imbalance
Authors: Colgan William , Box Jason E. , Andersen Morten L. , Fettweis Xavier , Csathó Beáta , Fausto Robert S. , Van As Dirk , Wahr John 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe revisit the input–output mass budget of the high-elevation region of the Greenland ice sheet evaluated by the Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA). Our revised reference period (1961–90) mass balance of 54±48 Gt a–1 is substantially greater than the 0±21 Gt a–1 assessed by PARCA, but consistent with a recent, fully independent, input–output estimate of high-elevation mass balance (41±61 Gt a–1). Together these estimates infer a reference period high-elevation specific mass balance of 4.8±5.4 cm w.e. a–1. The probability density function (PDF) associated with this combined input–output estimate infers an 81% likelihood of high-elevation specific mass balance being positive (>0 cm w.e. a–1) during the reference period, and a 70% likelihood that specific balance was >2 cm w.e. a–1. Given that reference period accumulation is characteristic of centurial and millennial means, and that in situ mass-balance observations exhibit a dependence on surface slope rather than surface mass balance, we suggest that millennial-scale ice dynamics are the primary driver of subtle reference period high-elevation mass gain. Failure to acknowledge subtle reference period dynamic mass gain can result in underestimating recent dynamic mass loss by ~17%, and recent total Greenland mass loss by ~7%.
Multi-method monitoring of Glacier d’Argentière dynamics
Authors: Benoit Lionel , Dehecq Amaury , Pham Ha-Thai , Vernier Flavien , Trouvé Emmanuel , Moreau Luc , Martin Olivier , Thom Christian , Pierrot-Deseilligny Marc , Briole Pierre 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe flow of Glacier d’Argentière, French Alps, has been extensively studied by glaciologists for >100 years, but high-temporal- and high-spatial-resolution monitoring of its dynamics has rarely been carried out. In this paper, the terminal part of the main glacier was selected to undertake such a survey. The 2 month experiment (September–November 2013) included remote sensing to map the velocity field of the whole area, and a network of in situ measurements to record the ice velocity at the surface as well as at the base of the glacier with high precision and at high temporal resolution. These monitoring methods are combined to produce a comprehensive and reliable picture of the ice flow. Basal and surface in situ measurements are used to precisely monitor the temporal variability of the ice flow at a section of the glacier where crevassed areas and non-cracked ice coexist. The achieved results are an innovative and efficient tool to investigate the acceleration/deceleration pattern heterogeneities in ice flow that occur after heavy rainfall.
Early melt season velocity fields of Langjökull and Hofsjökull, central Iceland
Authors: Minchew Brent , Simons Mark , Hensley Scott , Björnsson Helgi , Pálsson Finnur 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe infer the horizontal velocity fields of the ice caps Langjökull and Hofsjökull, central Iceland, using repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). NASA’s uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar (UAVSAR) acquired airborne InSAR data from multiple vantage points during the early melt season in June 2012. We develop a Bayesian approach for inferring three-dimensional velocity fields from multiple InSAR acquisitions. The horizontal components generally agree with available GPS measurements wherever ice motion is well constrained by InSAR observations. We provide evidence that changes in volumetric moisture content near the glacier surface induce phase offsets that obfuscate the vertical component of the surface velocity fields, an effect that could manifest itself on any glacier that experiences surface melt. Spatial patterns in the InSAR-derived horizontal speeds are broadly consistent with the results of a simple viscous flow model, and the directionality of the InSAR-derived horizontal flow field is nearly everywhere consistent with the ice surface gradient. Significant differences between the InSAR-derived horizontal speed and the speed predicted by the viscous flow model suggest that basal slip accounts for more than half the observed outlet glacier flow.
A review of the oriental genus Praepristus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini)
Authors: Fedorenko Dmitry N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe holotype of Praepristus nepalensis Kirschenhofer, 1999 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini), the type species of the genus, is revised and it actually shows all basic characters of Platynini, not Lebiini: Pericalina as considered before. The genus is redescribed, based on fresh material, and the new transfer to the tribe Platynini is briefly discussed. Ten new species are described: P. cavicepsnew species, P. depressusnew species, P. foveicepsnew species, P. grandisnew species, P. kabakovinew species, P. similisnew species, P. sulcifernew species, P. testaceusnew species, and P. tonkinensisnew species all from Vietnam, and P. borneensisnew species from Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Both Colpodes planus Landin, 1955 and Notagonum rugifoveatus Louwerens, 1955 are newly transferred to Praepristus Kirschenhofer, 1999. A key to all 13 currently known species of the genus is given.
A discourse analysis of male sexuality in the magazine <I>Intimacy</I>
Authors: Du Plessis Rory 
Published: March 2015

Background: The World Health Organization’s publication, Developing sexual health programmes, states that the media is an important source of information about sexuality. Although the media can promote awareness of sexual health issues, it also acts as a vehicle for defining and regulating sex norms. In other words, the standards of ‘normal’ sex are in part defined by the media. Accordingly, it has become imperative to analyse the media’s construction of sexual norms in order to reveal how they are related to specific ideological views. For the purposes of this study, the focus will be limited to analysing the South African publication Intimacy.Aim: The study aims to reveal how the sex advice articles written in Intimacyfor women in regard to their male partner’s sexuality reflect patriarchal and phallocentric ideologies.Method: A discourse analysis of the sex advice articles in the magazine Intimacy was conducted. It was informed by feminist theories of sexuality that seek to examine the ways in which texts are associated with male-centred versions of sexual pleasure.Results: The discourse analysis identified a number of key themes regarding male sexuality. These include: (1) biological accounts of male sexuality; (2) phallocentric scripting of the sex act; and (3) the melodramatic penis.Conclusion: Constructions of male sexuality require the inclusion of alternative modes of male erotic pleasure. This requires texts that encourage men to explore and also to experiment with pleasurable feelings associated with non-genital erogenous zones of the body.
Vzdělání u osob se zkušeností s náhradní formou péče v dětství
Authors: Myšková Lucie , Smetáčková Irena , Novotná Hana , Onder Jakub , Kuželová Hana , Ptáček Radek 
Published: March 2015

Cílem sdělení je představení dílčích výsledků výzkumu, který se zabýval vlivem dlouhodobého pobytu osob v náhradních formách péče (tj. v ústavní výchově a v náhradních rodinách) na různé oblasti života v dospělosti. Sledovanou oblastí v prezentované části studie byla dosavadní vzdělávací dráha respondentů. V první části jsou přiblíženy typy těchto forem péče v ČR s bližším představením ústavní výchovy. Druhá část příspěvku předkládá dílčí část studie, kde byla pomocí anamnestického dotazníku a baterie psychologických testů porovnávána výzkumná skupina dospělých osob se zkušeností s náhradní péčí v dětství (n = 128) a kontrolní skupina osob vyrůstajících v původních rodinách (n = 103). Třetí část příspěvku je věnována výsledkům týkajícím se nejvyššího dosaženého vzdělání, cesty k němu a dotýká se také pohledu na dosažené vzdělání přes rozdíly v osobnostních rysech. Ukázalo se, že lidé, kteří strávili celé či část svého dětství v náhradních formách péče, dosahují nižšího vzdělání, mají nižší vzdělanostní aspirace, ve své školní trajektorii se potýkají s většími potížemi a od okolí získávají menší podporu v učení. Z uvedeného vyplývají doporučení ve vztahu k vzdělávacímu procesu dětí umístěných v náhradních formách péče.
Magnetic field depression within electron holes
Authors: Vasko I. Y. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. , Artemyev A. V. , Jovanovic D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe analyze electron holes that are spikes of the electrostatic field (up to 500 mV/m) observed by Van Allen Probes in the outer radiation belt. The unexpected feature is the magnetic field depression of about several tens of picotesla within many of the spikes. The earlier observations showed amplification or negligible perturbations of the magnetic field within the electron holes. We suggest that the observed magnetic field depression is due to the diamagnetic current of hot and highly anisotropic population of electrons trapped within the electron holes. The required trapped population should have a density up to 65% of the background plasma density, a temperature up to several keV, and a temperature anisotropy T⊥/T∥∼2. We argue that the observed electron holes could be generated due to injections of highly anisotropic plasma sheet electrons into the outer radiation belt. These electron holes may present a source of the seed population due to transport of trapped electrons to higher latitudes and can be potentially used for distant probing of plasma properties in their source region.
Prions
Authors: Lawson Victoria A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the aberrant folding of the normal cellular prion protein. The disease affects both humans and animals and in humans occurs in sporadic, familial and acquired forms. In the absence of a conventional infectious agent, the acquired forms of the disease occur through the transmission of the misfolded form of the prion protein, or prion. This article highlights the evidence for the principle of a ‘protein‐only’ transmissible disease and addresses some of the controversies including the existence of prion strains and the species barrier. It will also consider the expanding spectrum of ‘prion‐like’ diseases.

Key Concepts

An overview of prion diseases that affect humans and animals.

Biology of the cellular prion protein.

Prion protein misfolding and disease.

Proving the ‘protein‐only’ hypothesis.

The molecular basis of the species barrier and prion strains.

An introduction to ‘prion‐like’ protein aggregation.
Protein Primary Structure
Authors: Schininà Eugenia M , Barra Donatella 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The order of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain is referred to as its amino acid sequence or primary structure. It is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the encoding gene, and it is assembled in cells through the process called translation. The primary structure determines the shape into which a polypeptide chain naturally folds, and consequently allows its biochemical function. But highly regulated enzymatic activities in cells can drive the recoding of nucleotide messages. Moreover, after or even during the biosynthesis, specific amino acid residues often undergo specific chemical modifications. These posttranslational modifications, able to modulate the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability and ultimately the function of the polypeptide chains, are considered as features of the primary structure of proteins. A large community of scientists has been dedicated to setting up complementary methods to determine this first level in the hierarchical order of the protein structure. Thanks to these methodological efforts, millions of protein primary structures have been determined to date and deposited in large public specialised databases freely accessible for structural and evolutionary relationship studies.

Key Concepts

Proteins are built up from l‐alpha amino acid units

The amino acid linear arrangement determines the 3D structure and consequently the biochemical function of a protein

Amino acids are polymerised to a unique sequence by a biosynthetic process, according to which a nucleotide sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence

Recoding activities have been known, leading to alternative protein products in a regulated and controlled process

Posttranslational modifications can additionally modify an amino acid sequence to drive a sophisticated modulation of conformation and function of proteins

Biotechnological production of therapeutic proteins demands a highly accurate verification of the primary structure of products

Depending on the genome information available, the determination of the protein primary structure can be accomplished either by direct methods on isolated or partially resolved proteins or by the indirect deciphering of their nucleic acid sequences
Nuclear–Cytoplasmic Transport
Authors: McPherson Annie J , Lange Allison , Doetsch Paul W , Corbett Anita H 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

In eukaryotic cells, the genomic DNA in the nucleus is separated from the translational machinery in the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Transport of macromolecules such as proteins and RNA across this membrane is essential for cellular function and requires active nuclear–cytoplasmic transport systems. These systems consist of soluble transport receptors, which recognise and bind cargo in one compartment, mediate transport through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope and deliver cargo in the target compartment. Disruption of this highly regulated process results in abnormal cell function and is linked to human disease aetiology. Understanding the contribution of nuclear protein and RNA transport to cellular organisation is one of the major challenges in cell biology.

Key Concepts

Transport into and out of the nucleus is mediated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are large proteinaceous channels that perforate the nuclear membrane.

Proteins destined for import into the nucleus contain a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) and proteins destined for export from the nucleus contain a nuclear export signal (NES), each of which targets them for transport.

Soluble transport receptors called importins and exportins or karyopherins recognise and bind macromolecular cargos and facilitate transport through nuclear pore complexes.

The asymmetric distribution of RanGDP in the cytoplasm and RanGTP in the nucleus controls the directionality of nuclear transport.

Nuclear protein transport can be regulated through inter‐ or intramolecular occlusion of the NLS or NES, post‐translation modification of the targeting signal, compartmental sequestration of the cargo protein or altering properties of the nuclear transport machinery including receptors and nuclear pores.

Many classes of RNA are transported via Ran‐regulated, karyopherin‐dependent pathways.

mRNA export is highly coupled to mRNA processing and is mediated by distinct receptors.

Mutations in nuclear targeting signals and nuclear transport receptors have been linked to several human diseases.
History of Plant Sciences
Authors: Browne Janet 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The study of plants has played a significant, if sometimes undervalued, role in history. Plants have been important in Western science, medicine and economic affairs since Antiquity and have always had a large role to play in non‐Western medicine, agriculture and cultural affairs. The herbal tradition dominated medical treatments until the Renaissance after which it ran alongside developing areas of expertise in classification and physiology. In the eighteenth century, plant sciences became significant in the expansion of empire into cash crop commodities, coal‐fuelled industries and plantation economies. Nineteenth‐century botanists used plants for investigating cell theory and early genetics, palaeontology and evolutionary biology. In the twentieth century, plant sciences were significant in the new topics of ecology and conservation. Some plants are now indispensible model organisms for laboratory research.