bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESIGN OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING MICROTUBES FOR FULL EMISSION UNIFORMITY
Authors: Keshtgar Amir , Bhuiyan Muhammed A. , Jayasuriya Nira 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTClogging and emission non‐uniformity have been the major obstacles in the development of drip irrigation. To obtain best emission uniformity, pressure regulators and pressure‐ compensating emitters have been in use for a long time. However, pressure‐compensating emitters tend to be more complex and costly than non‐compensating emitters. Microtubes as small‐bore polyethylene tubes can be pierced along laterals to provide simpler passages and thus less susceptibility to clogging. This paper suggests the possibility of utilizing microtubes with varying lengths to deliver equal discharges throughout a network by adjusting its pressure heads. A model based on a stepwise technique is developed considering the head losses and flow regime changes through the system. The model was run for 12 possible scenarios, under two terrains of 0 and +0.25% slopes (upward), with three (2, 3 and 4 mm) and two (12 and 16 mm) microtube and lateral diameters, respectively. Mathematical relationships and design tables and graphs are developed to design a drip network manually. To simplify the design, the concept of non‐dimensional length ratios is introduced to compute the variation of microtube length difference ratios along the laterals. The microtube length difference ratios follow the same trend for all the microtube and lateral sizes chosen; hence manual computation of variable microtube lengths could be carried out by using this new methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small Embeddings of Partial Steiner Triple Systems
Authors: Horsley Daniel 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIt was proved in 2009 that any partial Steiner triple system of orderuhas an embedding of ordervfor each admissible. This result is best possible in the sense that, for each, there exists a partial Steiner triple system of orderuthat does not have an embedding of ordervfor any. Many partial Steiner triple systems do have embeddings of orders smaller than, but much less is known about when these embeddings exist. In this paper, we detail a method for constructing such embeddings. We use this method to show that each member of a wide class of partial Steiner triple systems has an embedding of ordervfor at least half (or nearly half) of the ordersfor which an embedding could exist. For some members of this class we are able to completely determine the set of all orders for which the member has an embedding.
Efficacy and mechanism of poloxamine‐assisted polyplex transfection
Authors: Zhang Jeremy , Bae Sooneon , Lee Jeoung Soo , Webb Ken 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundAmphiphilic block copolymers acting as biological response modifiers provide an attractive approach for improving the transfection efficiency of polycationic polymer/DNA complexes (polyplexes) by altering cellular processes crucial for efficient transgene expression.MethodsThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of the poloxamine Tetronic T904, a four‐arm polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide block copolymer, on polyplex transfection and to determine its mechanism of action by analyzing the cellular uptake of polyplex, the nuclear localization of plasmid and RNA transcript production.ResultsT904 significantly increased the transfection efficiency of polyplexes based on 25‐kDa branched polyethylenimine in a dose‐dependent manner in the presence of serum in C6 glioma cells, as well as human fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. The activity of T904 was not promoter‐dependent, increasing the expression of reporter genes under both cytomegalovirus and SV40 promoters. Although T904 did not affect the internalization or nuclear uptake of plasmid, mRNA expression levels from both promoters showed dose‐dependent increases that closely paralleled increases in gene expression.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that T904 significantly increases polyplex transfection efficiency and suggests a mechanism of increased transcriptional activity. As a four‐arm, hydroxyl‐terminated polymer, T904 is amenable to a variety of end group functionalization and covalent cross‐linking strategies that have been developed for preparing hydrogels from multi‐arm polyethylene glycol, making it particularly attractive for scaffold‐mediated gene delivery. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preheated shock experiments in the molten CaAl2Si2O8‐CaFeSi2O6‐CaMgSi2O6 ternary: A test for linear mixing of liquid volumes at high pressure and temperature
Authors: Thomas Claire W. , Asimow Paul D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe performed 17 new shock wave experiments on preheated (1673 K) hedenbergite liquid (CaFeSi2O6) and two model basalt liquids (an equimolar binary mix of CaAl2Si2O8 + CaFeSi2O6 and an equimolar ternary mix of CaAl2Si2O8 + CaFeSi2O6 +CaMgSi2O6) in order to determine their equations of state (EOS). Ambient pressure density measurements on these and other Fe‐bearing silicate liquids indicate that FeO has a partial molar volume that is highly dependent on composition, which leads to large errors in estimates of the densities of Fe‐bearing liquids at ambient pressure based on an ideal mixing of any fixed set of end‐member liquids. We formulated a series of mixing tests using the EOS determined in this study to examine whether ideal mixing of volumes might nevertheless suffice to describe the ternary system CaAl2Si2O8‐CaFeSi2O6‐CaMgSi2O6 at high temperature and pressure. The ideal mixing null hypothesis is rejected; compositional variations in partial molar volume of FeO appear to extend to high pressure. Only densities of Fe‐bearing liquid mixtures with oxide mole fraction of FeO less than 0.06 can be adequately approximated using an ideal solution.
Molecular changes in the phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway are common in gastric cancer
Authors: Tran Thang N. , Brettingham‐Moore Kate , Duong Cuong P. , Mitchell Catherine , Clemons Nicholas J. , Phillips Wayne A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway is an important signalling pathway that is frequently activated in cancer cells. This has led to the emergence of PI3K inhibitors as potential new treatment modalities for many cancers. We have investigated the frequency of molecular changes in the PI3K pathway in gastric cancer.MethodsA series of sixty one human gastric cancer specimens and nine human gastric cancer cell lines were screened for PIK3CA mutations and copy number gain by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA), respectively. PTEN protein levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsAlterations in the PI3K pathway were found in 33 of 61 (54%) gastric tumours. PIK3CA mutation and copy number gain were detected in 3 (4.9%) and 8 (13.1%), respectively, of 61 gastric cancer samples while PTEN loss was detected in 24 (39%) of the tumours. Two tumours had both PTEN loss and PIK3CA copy number gain. There were no significant associations between these PI3K pathway changes and the clinical features of the tumours.ConclusionsAlterations in the PI3K pathway are frequent in gastric tumours implicating this pathway as a legitimate therapeutic target in gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:113–120. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the staging systems for gastric cancer
Authors: Peng Chun‐Wei , Wang Lin‐Wei , Zeng Wei‐Juan , Yang Xiao‐Jun , Li Yan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundSome staging systems for gastric cancer (GC) have been developed as alternatives to the 6th and 7th TNM staging systems, including the Hybrid, tumor‐ratio‐metastasis (TRM), and Kiel staging systems. This study evaluated the overall performance of these systems for GC.MethodsA total of 540 GC patients undergoing surgical resection were staged using these five systems. Homogeneity, discrimination power, predictive accuracy, and complexity of these systems were compared.ResultsMultivariate analyses showed that all of 7th pT, pN, and pM classifications were independent factors for GC prognosis (P < 0.001 for all). Compared with the other four systems, 7th TNM system had improved stage groups homogeneity (7 of 8 stage groups homogeneous), enhanced discrimination power (4 of 5, 5 of 7, 4 of 7, 3 of 7, and 1 of 4 adjacent stage groups were differentiated by the 6th, 7th TNM, Hybrid, TRM, and Kiel systems, respectively), and better prediction value for GC patients' outcome (AUC = 0.801, P < 0.001). In addition, the 7th TNM system did not increase the staging complexity (9 groups and 21 subgroups).ConclusionsThe 7th TNM staging system represents advancement in GC staging system for better prediction of clinical outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:93–105. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation optimization of long porous‐layer open‐tubular columns for nano‐LC–MS of limited proteomic samples
Authors: Rogeberg Magnus , Vehus Tore , Grutle Lene , Greibrokk Tyge , Wilson Steven Ray , Lundanes Elsa 
Published: June 2013

The single‐run resolving power of current 10 μm id porous‐layer open‐tubular (PLOT) columns has been optimized. The columns studied had a poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) porous layer (∼0.75 μm thickness). In contrast to many previous studies that have employed complex plumbing or compromising set‐ups, SPE–PLOT‐LC‐MS was assembled without the use of additional hardware/noncommercial parts, additional valves or sample splitting. A comprehensive study of various flow rates, gradient times, and column length combinations was undertaken. Maximum resolution for <400 bar was achieved using a 40 nL/min flow rate, a 400 min gradient and an 8 m long column. We obtained a 2.3‐fold increase in peak capacity compared to previous PLOT studies (950 versus previously obtained 400, when using peak width = 2σ definition). Our system also meets or surpasses peak capacities obtained in recent reports using nano‐ultra‐performance LC conditions or long silica monolith nanocolumns. Nearly 500 proteins (1958 peptides) could be identified in just one single injection of an extract corresponding to 1000 BxPC3 beta catenin (−/−) cells, and ∼1200 and 2500 proteins in extracts of 10 000 and 100 000 cells, respectively, allowing detection of central members and regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway.
A blow‐up criterion for incompressible hydrodynamic flow of liquid crystals in dimension two
Authors: Huang Bingyuan , Huang Jinrui 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the paper, we establish a Serrin type criterion for strong solutions to a simplified density‐dependent Ericksen‐ Leslie system modeling incompressible, nematic liquid crystal materials in dimension two. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailing magnetic field strength dependence and segmental artifact distribution of myocardial effective transverse relaxation rate at 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0 T
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Hezel Fabian , Positano Vincenzo , Keilberg Petra , Pepe Alessia , Lombardi Massimo , Niendorf Thoralf 
Published: June 2013

PurposeRealizing the challenges and opportunities of effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) mapping at high and ultrahigh fields, this work examines magnetic field strength (B0) dependence and segmental artifact distribution of myocardial R2* at 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0 T.MethodsHealthy subjects were considered. Three short‐axis views of the left ventricle were examined. R2* was calculated for 16 standard myocardial segments. Global and mid‐septum R2* were determined. For each segment, an artifactual factor was estimated as the deviation of segmental from global R2* value.ResultsThe global artifactual factor was significantly enlarged at 7.0 T versus 1.5 T (P = 0.010) but not versus 3.0 T. At 7.0 T, the most severe susceptibility artifacts were detected in the inferior lateral wall. The mid‐septum showed minor artifactual factors at 7.0 T, similar to those at 1.5 and 3.0 T. Mean R2* increased linearly with the field strength, with larger changes for global heart R2* values.ConclusionAt 7.0 T, segmental heart R2* analysis is challenging due to macroscopic susceptibility artifacts induced by the heart–lung interface and the posterior vein. Myocardial R2* depends linearly on the magnetic field strength. The increased R2* sensitivity at 7.0 T might offer means for susceptibility‐weighted and oxygenation level‐dependent MR imaging of the myocardium. Magn Reson Med 71:2224–2230, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hunting, Herding, and Caravanning: Osteometric Identifications of Camelid Morphotypes at Khonkho Wankane, Bolivia
Authors: Gasco A. V. , Marsh E. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractKhonkho Wankane is a ceremonial center located in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. During the Late Formative period (AD 1–500), its residents practiced agropastoral lifeways and participated in the rise of the state at Tiwanaku. Like at many Andean sites, bones from the family Camelidae are the most abundant large mammal in domestic contexts. Identifying camelid morphotypes represented by these bones carries far‐reaching implications for understanding past hunting, herding, and caravanning practices, and their roles in larger social and economic webs. Identifications were based on a locally focused reference collection, including llamas (Lama glama) from the immediate vicinity of the site, as well as Andean guanacos (Lama guanicoe), a much smaller morphotype than the Patagonian guanacos used in many osteometric studies. Multivariate statistical analyses and incisor morphology identified all four camelid. Different analyses suggest that the crux of osteometry lies in the reference collection, not the statistical test. An additional, very large morphotype likely corresponds to a castrated llama, the preferred cargo animal among modern drovers. The presence of these animals is interpreted as evidence that groups hunted vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)and guanaco, which are not currently present around the site, herded llamas and alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and perhaps organized caravans with castrated llamas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copoly(p‐phenylene) containing azacrown ether: Synthesis, optical properties, and application for chemical sensor
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shing , Chen Chiao‐Pei , Chen Yun 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTCopoly(p‐phenylene) (P1) containing pendent azacrown ether and ethylene glycol ether was prepared by the Suzuki coupling reaction and applied for chemical sensor. Poly(p‐phenylene) derivative P0 without the azacrown ether groups were also synthesized for comparative study. The photophysical and sensing properties were investigated by absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to elucidate the influence of the azacrown ether groups. The P1 exhibited specific selectivity and high sensitivity toward Zn2+, with the Stern‐Volmer coefficient (Ksv) being 3.66 × 106 M−1 at low concentration in mixture solvent of tetrahydrofuran and water (THF/H2O = 9/1, v/v). The P1 maintained high selectivity toward Zn2+ in the presence of fifteen interfering metal cations. This results indicate that copoly(p‐phenylene) (P1) is a promising functional material for chemical sensors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3975–3984
Adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly women with breast cancer: patients' perspectives on information giving and decision making
Authors: Harder Helena , Ballinger Rachel , Langridge Carolyn , Ring Alistair , Fallowfield Lesley J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundDecisions about adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early stage breast cancer (EBC) are often challenging. Uncertainty about benefits due to limited data about treatment efficacy and outcomes complicates decision making. This qualitative study explored older patients' experiences and preferences towards information giving and ultimate decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsClinicians from 24 UK breast cancer teams reported on adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for women aged ≥70 years with EBC from April 2010 to December 2011. Women who were offered chemotherapy were invited to participate in structured interviews. Self‐reported quality of life (QoL) and functional ability were assessed. Qualitative methods were used to identify themes associated with information giving and decision making.ResultsA total of 58/95 eligible women (61%) participated. Median age was 73 years (range 70–83). Mean total scores for QoL and functional ability were average. The majority of women preferred to make their treatment decisions collaboratively with a clinician (59%) or on their own (19%). The main reasons influencing decisions to accept chemotherapy were categorised as prevention of recurrence and clinician recommendation. Side effects, length of treatment, impact on QoL, low survival benefits and clinician recommendation influenced decisions to decline chemotherapy. The majority (80%) were satisfied with information provision, the communication with their clinician and explanation of treatment.ConclusionsOlder women with EBC preferred to be involved in clinical decision making. Clinician recommendation plays a significant role in either accepting or declining chemotherapy. Well‐informed decision making and effective communication between clinicians, older women and their family members are therefore important. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between passive smoking exposure and urinary heavy metals and lung functions in preschool children
Authors: Leung Ting F. , Chan Iris H.S. , Liu Tak C. , Lam Christopher W.K. , Wong Gary W.K. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a risk factor for asthma in school‐age children, but there is limited data of ETS exposure on respiratory health in preschool children. This study investigated the relationship between ETS, lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) exposures and asthma symptoms and spirometric indices in Chinese preschoolers. Preschool children from 30 nurseries and kindergartens performed spirometry with incentives of animation programs, and their urinary cotinine, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured by immunoassay and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, respectively. Two thousand seven hundred sixty‐three preschoolers participated, and 1,505 and 893 provided valid spirometric data and urine samples, respectively. Current domestic smoking was reported in 37.5% of children, but only 95 (10.6%) had high urinary cotinine‐to‐creatinine ratio (≥30 ng/mg). Pb was measurable in 3.9% of samples, whereas 406 (45.5%) children had high Cd. Reported ETS exposure was not associated with any spirometric index, whereas cotinine‐to‐creatinine ratio was inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in 0.5‐sec (β = −0.093, P = 0.003), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of expiration (β = −0.138, P = 0.002) and peak expiratory flow (β = −0.106, P = 0.002). Cd exposure was not associated with reported respiratory symptom or spirometric indices. This community study shows that ETS exposure defined by urinary cotinine is a strong risk factor for lung function impairment measured by spirometry in Chinese preschool children. Urinary cotinine is more reliable than questionnaire for assessing ETS exposure in young children. Although high urinary Cd is common in Hong Kong preschoolers, such biomarker is not associated with any clinical or spirometric outcome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1089–1097. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultra‐low acoustic‐phonon‐limited mobility and giant phonon‐drag thermopower in MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures
Authors: Tsaousidou Margarita 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe present numerical simulations of the acoustic‐phonon‐limited mobility, $ \mu _{\rm ac}, $ and phonon‐drag thermopower, S^{\rm g},$ in two‐dimensional electron gases confined in MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures. The calculations are based on the Boltzmann equation and are made for temperatures in the range 0.3–20 K and sheet densities 0.5–30 × 1015 m–2. The theoretical estimations of \mu _{\rm ac} $ are in good agreement with the experiment without any adjustable parameters. We find that the magnitude of \mu _{\rm ac} $ is dramatically decreased in relation to GaAs‐based heterostructures. The phonon‐drag thermopower, S^{\rm g},$ which according to Herring's expression is inversely proportional to \mu _{\rm ac} is severely increased exceeding 200 mV/K at T = 5 K depending on sheet density. The giant values of S^{\rm g} $ lead to a strong improvement of the figure of merit ZT at low temperatures. Our findings suggest that MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures can be candidates for good thermoelectric materials at cryogenic temperatures. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Satellite constellation of MEO and IGSO network routing with dynamic grouping
Authors: Yi Xianqing , Sun Zhili , Yao Fang , Miao Ye 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYBecause inter‐satellite links (ISLs) among the distributed satellite nodes can be used to support autonomous control in satellite system operation to reduce dependency on the ground stations, it becomes a popular communication paradigm for the future satellite systems. However, this introduces great technical challenges, particularly for routing protocol to support such space communication system. Facing the challenges, we present out study of routing technology in this paper tailored for satellite network of MEO (Table 1) and IGSO with ISLs in addition to satellite–ground links. The study aims to explore the routing strategies and algorithms of satellite network based on the evolution law of network topology to provide reference design for data exchange in autonomous satellite system. A comprehensive investigation, ranging from the analysis of relevant factors affecting data exchange in satellite networks to the primary application and resource constraints in designing satellite routing strategy, has been conducted. Our main contribution is to propose an on‐demand computing and caching centralized routing strategy and algorithm on the satellite network. The routing strategy and algorithm is designed for satellite network topology dynamic grouping. The route calculation for user data transmission is divided into three phases: direction estimation, direction enhancement, and congestion avoidance. The strategy and algorithm provide significant advantages of high efficiency, low complexity, and flexible configuration, by which the satellite networks can provide the features of flexible configure, efficient transferring, easy management, structural survivability, and great potential in scalability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eradication of Multi‐Drug Resistant Bacteria by a Novel Zn‐doped CuO Nanocomposite
Authors: Malka Eyal , Perelshtein Ilana , Lipovsky Anat , Shalom Yakov , Naparstek Livnat , Perkas Nina , Patick Tal , Lubart Rachel , Nitzan Yeshayahu , Banin Ehud , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractZinc‐doped copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and simultaneously deposited on cotton fabric using ultrasound irradiation. The optimization of the processing conditions, the specific reagent ratio, and the precursor concentration results in the formation of uniform nanoparticles with an average size of ≈30 nm. The antibacterial activity of the Zn‐doped CuO Cu0.88Zn0.12O in a colloidal suspension or deposited on the fabric is tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria. A substantial enhancement of 10 000 times in the antimicrobial activity of the Zn–CuO nanocomposite compared to the pure CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is observed after 10 min exposure to the bacteria. Similar activities are observed against multidrug‐resistant bacteria (MDR), (i.e., Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus and MDR E. coli) further emphasizing the efficacy of this composite. Finally, the mechanism for this enhanced antibacterial activity is presented.