bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐help educational booklets for the prevention of smoking relapse following smoking cessation treatment: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Maskrey Vivienne , Blyth Annie , Brown Tracey J. , Barton Garry R. , Notley Caitlin , Aveyard Paul , Holland Richard , Bachmann Max O. , Sutton Stephen , Leonardi‐Bee Jo. , Brandon Thomas H. , Song Fujian 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimsMost people who quit smoking for a short term will return to smoking again in 12 months. We tested whether self‐help booklets can reduce relapse in short‐term quitters after receiving behavioural and pharmacological cessation treatment.DesignA parallel‐arm, pragmatic individually randomized controlled trial.SettingSmoking cessation clinics in England. Participants People who stopped smoking for 4 weeks after receiving cessation treatment in stop smoking clinics.InterventionParticipants in the experimental group (n = 703) were mailed eight booklets, each of which taught readers how to resist urges to smoke. Participants in the control group (n = 704) received a leaflet currently used in practice.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was prolonged, carbon monoxide‐verified abstinence from months 4 to 12. The secondary outcomes included 7‐day self#x02010;reported abstinence at 3 and 12 months. Mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to estimate treatment effects and to investigate possible effect modifying variables.FindingsThere were no statistically significant differences between the groups in prolonged abstinence from months 4 to 12 (36.9% versus 38.6%; odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.75–1.16; P = 0.524). In addition, there were no significant differences between the groups in any secondary outcomes. However, people who reported knowing risky situations for relapse and using strategies to handle urges to smoke were less likely to relapse.ConclusionsIn people who stop smoking successfully with behavioural support, a comprehensive self‐help educational programme to teach people skills to identify and respond to high‐risk situations for return to smoking did not reduce relapse.
Sex and age differences in the early identification and treatment of alcohol use: a population‐based study of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
Authors: Otete Harmony E. , Orton Elizabeth , West Joe , Fleming Kate M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo estimate sex differences in health‐care utilization among harmful/hazardous drinkers in the period before alcoholic cirrhosis diagnosis, and estimate sex differences in the extent to which alcohol use and brief alcohol interventions were documented for these individuals compared with a control cohort.DesignRetrospective study using linked general practice and hospital admissions data in England.SettingThree hundred and fifty‐seven general practitioner (GP) practices in England.ParticipantsA total of 2479 individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis (mean age at diagnosis = 56years), of whom 67% were men; and 24 790 controls without the disease.MeasurementsRates of primary care visits and hospital admissions prior to the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis for men and women, and the proportion of men and women with alcohol consumption and/or alcohol brief intervention documented in their medical record.FindingsCompared with the general population, patients with alcoholic cirrhosis used primary and secondary health‐care services more frequently in the years leading up to their diagnosis. In the years prior to diagnosis, men used primary and secondary health‐care services more than did women (P for sex interaction P < 0.0001). Men were more likely than women to have their alcohol use recorded [odds ratio (OR) men = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7–2.3; women = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.4–1.8, P for sex interaction P < 0.0017]. By contrast, alcohol interventions were recorded more commonly among women (OR men = 4.3, 95% CI = 3.7–4.9; women = 5.8, 95% CI = 4.7–6.9, P for sex interaction = 0.07), although less common with increasing age (P for age interaction = 0.009).ConclusionsIn the United Kingdom, prior to alcoholic cirrhosis diagnosis, excess health‐care utilization is higher in men than women and men are more likely than women to have their alcohol use recorded. However, women appear to be more likely than men to receive alcohol brief interventions.
Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15
Authors: Niesink Raymond J. M. , Rigter Sander , Koeter Maarten W. , Brunt Tibor M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsBetween 2000 and 2005 the average percentage of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana as sold in Dutch coffeeshops has increased substantially; the potency of domestic products (Nederwiet and Nederhasj) has particularly increased. In contrast with imported marijuana, Nederwiet hardly contained any cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid that is thought to offset some of the adverse effects of THC. In 2005, the THC content in Nederwiet was significantly lower than in 2004. This study investigates the further decrease or increase of cannabinoids in these cannabis products.MethodsFrom 2005 to 2015 five different cannabis products were bought anonymously in 50 coffeeshops that were selected randomly each year from all coffeeshops in the Netherlands. A total of 2126 cannabis samples were bought, consisting of 664 Nederwiet samples (most popular), 537 Nederwiet samples (supposed strongest varieties), 183 imported herbal cannabis samples, 140 samples of cannabis resin made of Nederwiet and 602 samples of imported cannabis resin. All samples were analysed chemically for their THC, CBD and cannabinol (CBN) content.ResultsBetween 2005 and 2015, the mean potencies of the most popular and the strongest Nederwiet and of imported cannabis resin were 16.0 ± 4.0%, 17.0 ± 3,9% and 16.5 ± 6.3%, respectively. Imported herbal cannabis (6.5 ± 3.5%) and cannabis resin made from Nederwiet (30.2 ± 16.4%) contained, respectively, less (β = –10.0, P < 0.001) and more (β = 13.7, P < 0.001) THC than imported cannabis resin. Linear regression models were used to study the trends in THC of the different cannabis products over time. A marginal, but significant (P < 0.001), overall decline of THC per year of 0.22% was found in all cannabis products. However, no significant difference was found between the five products in the THC linear trajectories across time. Of all the cannabis products, only imported cannabis resin contained a relatively high CBD/THC ratio (median 0.42).ConclusionThe average tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005. The popular Nederwiet type still has a relatively high THC to cannabidiol ratio.
Variety of gambling activities from adolescence to age 30 and association with gambling problems: a 15‐year longitudinal study of a general population sample
Authors: Carbonneau Rene , Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimsTo estimate trajectories of gambling variety from mid‐adolescence to age 30 years, and compare the different trajectory groups with regard to the type and the frequency of gambling activities practiced and gambling‐related problems.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study.SettingProvince of Quebec, Canada.ParticipantsA mixed‐gender general population cohort assessed at ages 15 (n = 1882), 22 (n = 1785) and 30 (n = 1358).MeasurementsAdolescent and adult versions of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS).FindingsGroup‐based trajectory analysis identified three distinct trajectories: a late‐onset low trajectory (26.7% of sample) initiating gambling at age 22, an early‐onset low trajectory (64.8% of sample), characterized by one to two different activities from age 15 onwards and a high trajectory (8.4% of sample), with an average of four to five different activities from age 15 to 30. Males (14.2%) were four times more likely to be on a high trajectory than females (3.5%) (P < 0.001). Preferred types of gambling activities were similar across the three trajectories. Participants on a high trajectory reported higher gambling frequency at ages 15 and 30, and were more likely to experience problem gambling at age 30: 3.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.66, 5.75] and 2.26 (95% CI = 1.27, 4.04) times more, respectively, than late‐onset low and early‐onset low participants, even when socio‐economic status (SES), frequency of gambling and problem gambling in adolescence, gender, age 30 education, SES and frequency of gambling were controlled.ConclusionsEngaging in several different types of gambling in early adulthood appears to be a risk factor for emergence of problem gambling.
Risk of mortality on and off methadone substitution treatment in primary care: a national cohort study
Authors: Cousins Gráinne , Boland Fiona , Courtney Brenda , Barry Joseph , Lyons Suzi , Fahey Tom 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo assess whether risk of death increases during periods of treatment transition, and investigate the impact of supervised methadone consumption on drug‐related and all‐cause mortality.DesignNational Irish cohort study.SettingPrimary care.ParticipantsA total of 6983 patients on a national methadone treatment register aged 16–65 years between 2004 and 2010.MeasurementDrug‐related (primary outcome) and all‐cause (secondary outcome) mortality rates and rate ratios for periods on and off treatment; and the impact of regular supervised methadone consumption.ResultsCrude drug‐related mortality rates were 0.24 per 100 person‐years on treatment and 0.39 off treatment, adjusted mortality rate ratio 1.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66–4.00]. Crude all‐cause mortality rate per 100 person‐years was 0.51 on treatment versus 1.57 off treatment, adjusted mortality rate ratio 3.64 (95% CI = 2.11–6.30). All‐cause mortality off treatment was 6.36 (95% CI = 2.84–14.22) times higher in the first 2 weeks, 9.12 (95% CI = 3.17–26.28) times higher in weeks 3–4, compared with being 5 weeks or more in treatment. All‐cause mortality was lower in those with regular supervision (crude mortality rate 0.60 versus 0.81 per 100 person‐years) although, after adjustment, insufficient evidence exists to suggest that regular supervision is protective (mortality rate ratio = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.67–2.27).ConclusionsAmong primary care patients undergoing methadone treatment, continuing in methadone treatment is associated with a reduced risk of death. Patients' risk of all‐cause mortality increases following treatment cessation, and is highest in the initial 4‐week period.
Implementation strategies to enhance management of heavy alcohol consumption in primary health care: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Keurhorst Myrna , van de Glind Irene , Bitarello do. Amaral‐Sabadini Michaela , Anderson Peter , Kaner Eileen , Newbury‐Birch Dorothy , Braspenning Jozé , Wensing Michel , Heinen Maud , Laurant Miranda 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsScreening and brief interventions (SBI) delivered in primary health care (PHC) are cost‐effective in decreasing alcohol consumption; however, they are underused. This study aims to identify implementation strategies that focus on SBI uptake and measure impact on: (1) heavy drinking and (2) delivery of SBI in PHC.MethodsMeta‐analysis was conducted of controlled trials of SBI implementation strategies in PHC to reduce heavy drinking. Key outcomes included alcohol consumption, screening, brief interventions and costs in PHC. Predictor measures concerned single versus multiple strategies, type of strategy, duration and physician‐only input versus that including mid‐level professionals. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to indicate the impact of implementation strategies on key outcomes. Effect sizes were aggregated using meta‐regression models.ResultsThe 29 included studies were of moderate methodological quality. Strategies had no overall impact on patients’ reported alcohol consumption [SMD = 0.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) =  –0.02 to 0.16], despite improving screening (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.28–0.78) and brief intervention delivery (SMD = 0.64;95% CI = 0.27–1.02). Multi‐faceted strategies, i.e. professional and/or organizational and/or patient‐orientated strategies, seemed to have strongest effects on patients’ alcohol consumption (P < 0.05, compared with professional‐orientated strategies alone). Regarding SBI delivery, combining professional with patient‐orientated implementation strategies had the highest impact (P < 0.05). Involving other staff besides physicians was beneficial for screening (P < 0.05).ConclusionsTo increase delivery of alcohol screening and brief interventions and decrease patients’ alcohol consumption, implementation strategies should include a combination of patient‐, professional‐ and organizational‐orientated approaches and involve mid‐level health professionals as well as physicians.
Under pressure: adolescent substance users show exaggerated neural processing of aversive interoceptive stimuli
Authors: Berk Lotte , Stewart Jennifer L. , May April C. , Wiers Reinout W. , Davenport Paul W. , Paulus Martin P. , Tapert Susan F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimsAdolescents with substance use disorders (SUD) exhibit hyposensitivity to pleasant internally generated (interoceptive) stimuli and hypersensitivity to external rewarding stimuli. It is unclear whether similar patterns exist for aversive interoceptive stimuli. We compared activation in the insular cortex and other brain regions during the anticipation and experience of aversive stimuli between adolescents with SUD and those without.DesignCross‐sectional experimental study with two groups.ParticipantsAdolescents (ages 15–17 years) with an alcohol or marijuana SUD (n = 18) and healthy comparison subjects (CON, n = 15). Participants were recruited by distributing flyers at local high schools.SettingKeck Imaging Center, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.MeasurementsBehavioral and neural responses to a continuous performance task with inspiratory breathing load recorded during an fMRI session. Questionnaires assessed life‐time drug use, anxiety, sensation‐seeking, impulsivity, affect and bodily awareness. Visual analog scales assessed drug craving and breathing load responses.FindingsAcross subjects, experience of breathing load elicited greater bilateral anterior and posterior insula (AI and PI, respectively) activation than anticipation (F(1,31) = 4.16, P < 0.05). SUD exhibited greater left AI and bilateral PI activation during breathing load than anticipation, compared with CON (F(1,31) = 4.16, P < 0.05). In contrast, CON showed greater activation during anticipation than breathing load in left PI, compared with SUD (F(1,31) = 4.16, P < 0.05).ConclusionsAdolescents with alcohol and marijuana substance use disorders may be hypersensitive to aversive interoceptive stimuli.
Secular trends of pregnancies in women with inflammatory connective tissue disease
Authors: Wallenius Marianne , Salvesen Kjell Å. , Daltveit Anne K. , Skomsvoll Johan F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroductionThis study examined secular trends in reproductive outcome in women with inflammatory connective tissue disease compared with reference deliveries from the general population.Material and methodsHistorical cohort study based on data registered in the Medical Birth Register of Norway from 1967 to 2009. The study included singleton births in women recorded with connective tissue disease (n = 851) and reference deliveries from the general population (n = 2 437 110). Births were stratified in four periods, 1967–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2009. Associations between connective tissue disease and maternal and perinatal outcomes by decade were assessed in logistic regression analyses and adjusted for maternal age at delivery and parity.ResultsIn the 1970s, around 2.7 deliveries/year were registered for women with connective tissue disease (0.004% of all deliveries). This increased to 42 deliveries/year (0.07% of all deliveries) after 2000. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for cesarean section were 5.0 (95% CI 2.1–11.9) in the first and 1.8 (95% CI 1.4–2.3) in the last period. For preterm delivery the aOR decreased from 4.9 (95% CI 2.1–11.4) to 3.1 (95% CI 2.3–4.2) and the aOR for birthweight <2500 g changed from 7.3 (95% CI 3.3–16.3) to 4.1 (95% CI 3.0–5.6).ConclusionsAn increasing number of births were observed over time among women with connective tissue disease. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were more common among women with connective tissue disease but risks have decreased over time.
Psychological distress of children with early‐onset type 1 diabetes and their mothers' well‐being
Authors: Hannonen Riitta , Eklund Kenneth , Tolvanen Asko , Komulainen Jorma , Riikonen Raili , Delamater Alan M. , Ahonen Timo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimFew studies have focused on the psychological adjustment of pre‐adolescent children with type 1 diabetes. This study examined psychosocial functioning in nine‐ and 10‐year‐old children with early‐onset type 1 diabetes, and their mothers, and associations between psychosocial functioning and diabetes management.MethodsThe mothers of 63 children with early‐onset diabetes and 86 healthy children evaluated their own psychosocial functioning, and their child's, with standardised rating scales. We used general linear models to analyse the children's behaviour problems and the mothers' well‐being. Associations between the children's behaviour problems, diabetes‐related measures and the mothers' well‐being were studied with partial correlations.ResultsChildren with diabetes had more internalising problems than the controls (p = 0.001), and these were associated with poor glycaemic control at the early stage of the illness (p = 0.033) and the use of insulin pumps in girls (p = 0.004). Mothers in the diabetes group had more child‐related stress than the controls (p < 0.001), and poorer well‐being was associated with the children's behavioural problems (p < 0.024).ConclusionChildren with early‐onset diabetes faced an increased risk of internalising problems in middle childhood. The mothers' psychological distress was associated with children's behaviour problems rather than their diabetes.
A comparison of technologically mediated and face‐to‐face help‐seeking sources
Authors: Reeves Philip M. , Sperling Rayne A. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundCurrent post‐secondary school students have access to multiple help‐seeking sources. As help‐seeking behaviour relates to academic achievement, the provision of preferred help sources would be beneficial to students, instructors, and course designers.AimsThis study examines whether students prefer and intend to utilize technologically mediated or face‐to‐face help‐seeking sources.SampleParticipants (n = 226) were recruited from two sections of an on campus, introductory, educational psychology class.MethodsAn online survey was distributed containing measures of help‐seeking threat, adaptive help‐seeking tendencies, avoidant help‐seeking tendencies, and the intention to seek help from six sources. Correlations and an ANOVA were calculated to determine whether source preferences differed by self‐reported course grade.ResultsHelp‐seeking threat was only negatively associated with sources of help that required face‐to‐face interaction. Despite the threat, students intended to use face‐to‐face help‐seeking sources more than technologically mediated sources. Students intended to seek help the most before or after class, via email, or during class. Students intended to seek help the least through the discussion board and during online office hours. Higher performing students preferred face‐to‐face sources, particularly before or after class and during class, more than lower performing students. Lower performing students intended to use mediated sources especially the discussion board and online office hours more than the higher performing students.ConclusionsThe results provide new insights into the help‐seeking process and suggestions for instructors when allocating time and classroom resources. Additionally, the study illustrates the need for continual refinement of a help‐seeking source classification system.
Association between very small tumour size and increased cancer‐specific mortality after radical prostatectomy in lymph node‐positive prostate cancer
Authors: Muralidhar Vinayak , Mahal Brandon A. , Nezolosky Michelle D. , Beard Clair J. , Feng Felix Y. , Martin Neil E. , Efstathiou Jason A. , Choueiri Toni K. , Pomerantz Mark M. , Sweeney Christopher J. , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Nguyen Paul L. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether very small prostate cancers present in patients who also have lymph node (LN) metastases represent a particularly aggressive disease variant compared with larger LN‐positive tumours.Patients and MethodsWe identified 37 501 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1988 and 2001 treated with radical prostatectomy within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The primary study variables were tumour size by largest dimension (stratified into: (i) microscopic focus only or 1 mm; (ii) 2–15 mm; (iii) 16–30 mm; (iv) >30 mm), regional LN involvement, and the corresponding interaction term. We evaluated the risk of 10‐year prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) using the Fine and Gray model for competing risks after controlling for race, tumour grade, T stage, receipt of radiation, number of dissected LNs, number of positive LNs, year of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 11.8 years. There was a significant interaction between tumour size and LN involvement (P‐interaction <0.001). In the absence of LN involvement (36 561 patients), the risk of 10‐year PCSM increased monotonically with increasing tumour size. Among patients with LN involvement (940), those with the smallest tumours had increased 10‐year PCSM compared with patients with tumours sized 2–15 mm (24.7% vs 11.8%; adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–6.71; P = 0.017) or 16–30 mm (24.7% vs 15.5%; AHR 3.12, 95% CI 1.51–6.49; P = 0.002), and similar 10‐year PCSM as those with tumours >30 mm (24.7% vs 24.9%; P = 0.156).ConclusionIn patients with prostate cancer with LN involvement, very small tumour size may predict for higher PCSM compared with some larger tumours, even after controlling for other prognostic variables. These tumours might be particularly aggressive, beyond what is captured by pathological assessment of tumour grade and stage.