bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between Parvovirus NS2 Protein and Nuclear Export Factor Crm1 Is Important for Viral Egress from the Nucleus of Murine Cells
Authors: Miller Cathy L. , Pintel David J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
A mutation that disrupts the interaction between the NS2 protein of minute virus of mice and the nuclear export factor Crm1 results in a block to egress of mutant-generated full virions from the nucleus of infected murine cells. These mutants produce wild-type levels of monomer and dimer replicative DNA forms but are impaired in their ability to generate progeny single-stranded DNA in restrictive murine cells in the first round of infection. The NS2-Crm1 interaction mutant can be distinguished phenotypically from an NS2-null mutant and reveals a role for the Crm1-mediated export pathway at a late step in viral infection.
Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of amateur rugby league players
Authors: Gabbett Tim J 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To investigate the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of amateur rugby league players.Methods—Thirty five amateur rugby league players (19 forwards and 16 backs) were measured for height, body mass, percentage body fat (sum of four skinfolds), muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10 m and 40 m sprint), and maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test). Data were also collected on match frequency, training status, playing experience, and employment related physical activity levels.Results—The 10 m and 40 m sprint, vertical jump, percentage body fat, and multistage fitness test results were 20–42% poorer than previously reported for professional rugby league players. Compared with forwards, backs had significantly (p<0.01) lower body mass (79.7 (74.7–84.7) kgv90.8 (86.2–95.4) kg) and significantly (p<0.01) greater speed during the 40 m sprint (6.45 (6.35–6.55)v6.79 (6.69–6.89) seconds). Values for percentage body fat, vertical jump, 10 m sprint, and maximal aerobic power were not significantly different (p>0.05) between forwards and backs. When compared with professional rugby league players, the training status of amateur rugby league players was 30–53% lower, with players devoting less than three hours a week to team training sessions and about 30 minutes a week to individual training sessions. The training time devoted to the development of muscular power (about 13 minutes a week), speed (about eight minutes a week), and aerobic fitness (about 34 minutes a week) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between forwards and backs. At the time of the field testing, players had participated, on average, in one 60 minute match every eight days.Conclusions—The physiological and anthropometric characteristics of amateur rugby league players are poorly developed. These findings suggest that position specific training does not occur in amateur rugby league. The poor fitness of non-elite players may be due to a low playing intensity, infrequent matches of short duration, and/or an inappropriate training stimulus.
Fatal work related injuries in agricultural production and services to agriculture sectors of New Zealand, 1985–94
Authors: Horsburgh S , Feyer A-M , Langley J D 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo describe work related fatal injuries to agricultural workers in New Zealand to identify priority areas for further research and injury control measures.METHODSInjury deaths in New Zealanders aged 15–84 inclusive for the period 1985–94 were identified and the coroner's files for these obtained. These files were then reviewed to determine whether the death arose as a result of work activities. Those deaths considered to be work related were coded for information relating to decedent demographics and the circumstances of the fatal injury. Work related deaths from injury occurring in the agricultural production and services to agriculture sectors were analysed.RESULTSThe rate of fatal injuries to male agricultural workers over the study period was 21.2/100 000, with injury deaths in the agricultural sectors accounting for nearly a quarter of all work related fatal injuries in New Zealand in that time. There was no significant decline in fatal injuries to agricultural workers in the study decade. Workers in the 65–84 age bracket were at substantially higher risk of fatal injury than other age groups. Machinery and motor vehicles were commonly associated with fatal injury, with overturns on or next to embankments and slopes being the most frequent scenario.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study highlight fatal injuries in older workers and machinery incidents (particularly tractors overturning) as priority areas for further research into contributing factors and injury control measures.
Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity
Authors: Wilson J W , Schurr M J , LeBlanc C L , Ramamurthy R , Buchanan K L , Nickerson C A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria utilise a number of mechanisms to cause disease in human hosts. Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind host cell targets to facilitate a variety of different host responses. The molecular strategies used by bacteria to interact with the host can be unique to specific pathogens or conserved across several different species. A key to fighting bacterial disease is the identification and characterisation of all these different strategies. The availability of complete genome sequences for several bacterial pathogens coupled with bioinformatics will lead to significant advances toward this goal.
Troponin T elevation in lobar lung disease
Authors: Weinberg I , Cukierman T , Chajek-Shaul T 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two patients with a rise in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentrations during the course of lobar pneumonia, without any evidence of acute coronary syndrome or renal failure, are presented. The increase in cTnT concentration is considered a highly sensitive marker of cardiac injury, although it may also rise in other conditions and as a result of lobar pneumonia. Thus, this effect should be considered when the possibility of acute coronary syndrome in such patients is addressed.
ON MESSAGE PACKAGING IN TASK SCHEDULING FOR DISTRIBUTED MEMORY PARALLEL MACHINES
Authors: FUJIMOTO NORIYUKI , BABA TOMOKI , HASHIMOTO TAKASHI , HAGIHARA KENICHI 
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we report a performance gap betweeen a schedule with small makespan on the task scheduling model and the corresponding parallel program on distributed memory parallel machines. The main reason of the gap is the software overhead in the interprocessor communication. Therefore, speedup ratios of schedules on the model do not approximate well to those of parallel programs on the machines. The purpose of the paper is to get a task scheduling algorithm that generates a schedule with good approximation to the corresponding parallel program and with small makespan. For this purpose, we propose algorithm BCSH that generates only bulk synchronous schedules. In those schedules, no-communication phases and communication phases appear alternately. All interprocessor communications are done only in the latter phases, and thus the corresponding parallel programs can make better use of the message packaging technique easily. It reduces many software overheads of messages form a source processor to the same destination processor to almost one software overhead, and improves the performance of a parallel program significantly. Finally, we show some experimental results of performance gaps on BCSH, Kruatrachue's algorithm DSH, and Ahmad et al's algorithm ECPFD. The schedules by DSH and ECPFD are famous for their small makespans, but message packaging can not be effectively applied to the corresponding program. The results show that a bulk synchronous schedule with small makespan has advantages that the gap is small and the corresponding program is a high performance parallel one.
QUANTUM THEORY, HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY AND RELATIVITY
Authors: LUNDBERG LARS-ERIK 
Published: July 2002

We construct a Lorentz-invariant quantum theory on velocity hyperboloids, with Schrödinger theory as its Euclidean analogue and with the property that the scattering operator is Poincaré invariant. This allows us to introduce the classical space-time concept for a macroscopic description of some properties of the microscopic scattering operator. This gives a completely novel approach to the relation between microscopic quantum theory and classical macroscopic sapce-time concepts. Hyperbolic integral geometry will be developed and used extensively in the construction of the theory, which might be called hyperbolic quantum theory. We stress that this is a radically new kind of relativistic quantum theory, where the term, relativistic, has a new meaning, dictated by the quantum theory. Special relativity was extracted from Maxwell's classical theory and should be properly adapted to quantum theory.
NONLINEAR TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE PRECHATTER AND CHATTER VIBRATIONS IN THE MACHINING OF METALS
Authors: JOHNSON M. A. , MOON F. C. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we report on the use of Poincaré sections, phase plane portraits and false nearest neighbor techniques to understand bifurcations in the lathe cutting of aluminum. The experiments presented here offer further evidence of deterministic tool vibrations below the classical onset of chatter. While classical chatter exhibits strong periodic content, these prechatter dynamics exhibit both quasiperiodic and chaotic vibrations. The method of false nearest neighbors predicts an embedding dimenion between 4 and 6 for prechatter cutting conditions while showing a random characteristic for no-cutting running of the machine. A one-dimensional delay-differential equation model is presented which exhibits some of the characteristics of the Poincaré sections of the experimental time series.
BREAKDOWN OF LIBRATIONAL INVARIANT SURFACES
Authors: ANDREU MIQUEL ANGEL , CELLETTI ALESSANDRA , FALCOLINI CORRADO 
Published: July 2002

A numerical investigation of the stability of invariant librational tori is presented. The method has been developed for a model describing the spin-orbit coupling in Celestial Mechanics. Periodic orbits approaching the librational torus are computed by means of Newton's method. According to Greene's criterion, their stability is strictly related to the survival of invariant tori. We consider librational tori around the main spin-orbit resonances (1:1, 3:2). Their existence provides the stability of the resonances, due to the confinement properties in the three-dimensional phase space associated to our model. The results are consistent with the actual observations of the eccentricity and of the oblateness parameter. A different behavior of the Moon and Mercury around the main resonances is evidenced, providing interesting suggestions about the different probabilities of capture in a resonance.
THE MORPHOGENESIS OF HIGH SYMMETRY: THE WARPING THEOREM
Authors: MARZEC CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: July 2002

A theorem is presented concerning the morphogenesis of high-symmetry structures made of three-dimensional morphological units (MU's) free to move in three dimensions or constrained to a surface. All parts of each MU interact non-specifically with the rest of the structure, via an isotropic function of distance. Summing all interactions gives a net figure of merit, ℐ, that depends upon MU positions and orientations. A structure evolves via gradient dynamics, each MU moving down the local gradient of ℐ. The analysis is represented with generality in Fourier space. A "warping" from a configuration of MU's is a set of MU displacements and/or rotations that slightly perturb nearest neighbor relations; deviations can accrue across the structure, producing large global distortions. A warping behaves qualitatively like a small perturbation, so a warping from a stable equilibrium decays under gradient dynamics. Connection to the Symmetrization Theorem greatly extends the basin of attraction of stable symmetrical configurations. Warped configurations are equivalent as precursors of structure, which helps to understand assembly by accretion. Numerical illustrations are given in cylindrical geometry, for application to phyllotaxis; and in spherical geometry, for virus capsid structure. For animations of numerical evolutions that find high symmetry via unwarping, see
From text to hypertext by indexing
Authors: Salminen Airi , Tague-Sutcliffe Jean , McClellan Charles 
Published: July 2002

A model is presented for converting a collection of documents to hypertext by means of indexing. The documents are assumed to be semistructured, i.e., their text is a hierarchy of parts, and some of the parts consist of natural language. The model is intended as a framework for specifying hypertextual reading capabilities for specific application areas and for developing new automated tools for the conversion of semistructured text to hypertext. In the model, two well-known paradigms—formal grammars and document indexing—are combined.
The structure of the source text is defined by a schema that is a constrained context-free grammar. The hierarchic structure of the source may thus be modeled by a parse tree for the grammar. The effect of indexing is described by grammar transformations. The new grammar, called an indexing schema, is associated with a new parse tree where some text parts are index elements. The indexing schema may hide some parts of the original documents or the structure of some parts. For information retrieval, parts of the indexed text are considered to be nodes of a hypergraph. In the hypergraph-based information access, the navigation capabilities of the hypertext systems are combined with the querying capabilities of information retrieval systems.
Sharing memory robustly in message-passing systems
Authors: Attiya Hagit , Bar-Noy Amotz , Dolev Danny 
Published: July 2002

Emulators that translate algorithms from the shared-memory model to two different message-passing models are presented. Both are achieved by implementing a wait-free, atomic, single-writer multi-reader register in unreliable, asynchronous networks. The two message-passing models considered are a complete network with processor failures and an arbitrary network with dynamic link failures.These results make it possible to view the shared-memory model as a higher-level language for designing algorithms in asynchronous distributed systems. Any wait-free algorithm based on atomic, single-writer multi-reader registers can be automatically emulated in message-passing systems, provided that at least a majority of the processors are not faulty and remain connected. The overhead introduced by these emulations is polynomial in the number of processors in the system.Immediate new results are obtained by applying the emulators to known shared-memory algorithms. These include, among others, protocols to solve the following problems in the message-passing model in the presence of processor or link failures: multi-writer multi-reader registers, concurrent time-stamp systems,l-exclusion, atomic snapshots, randomized consensus, and implementation of data structures.
PL360, a Programming Language for the 360 Computers
Authors: Wirth Niklaus 
Published: July 2002

A programming language for the IBM 360 computers and aspects of its implementation are described. The language, called PL360, provides the facilities of a symbolic machine language, but displays a structure defined by a recursive syntax. PL360 was designed to improve the readability of programs which must take into account specific characteristics and limitations of a particular computer. It represents an attempt to further the state of the art of programming by encouraging and even forcing the programmer to improve his style of exposition and his principles and discipline in program organization. Because of its inherent simplicity, the language is particularly well suited for tutorial purposes.
The attempt to present a computer as a systematically organized entity is also hoped to be of interest to designers of future computers.
Computer pattern recognition techniques: electrocardiographic diagnosis
Authors: Stark Lawrence , Okajima Mitsuharu , Whipple Gerald H. 
Published: July 2002

The use of programmed digital computers as general pattern classification and recognition devices is one phase of the current lively interest in artificial intelligence. It is important to choose a class of signals which is, at present, undergoing a good deal of visual inspection by trained people for the purpose of pattern recognition. In this way comparisons between machine and human performance may be obtained. A practical result also serves as additional motivation. Clinical electrocardiograms make up such a class of signals.
The approach to the problem presented here centers upon the use of multiple adaptive matched filters that classify normalized signals. The present report gives some of the background for the application of this method.
Topological sorting of large networks
Authors: Kahn A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Topological Sorting is a procedure required for many problems involving analysis of networks. An example of one such problem is PERT. The present paper presents a very general method for obtaining topological order. It permits treatment of larger networks than can be handled on present procedures and achieves this with greater efficiency. Although the procedure can be adapted to any machine, it is discussed in terms of the 7090. A PERT network of 30,000 activities can be ordered in less than one hour of machine time.
The method was developed as a byproduct of procedure needed by Westinghouse, Baltimore. It has not been programmed and at present there are no plans to implement it. In regard to the techniques described, Westinghouse's present and anticipated needs are completely served by the Lockheed program, which is in current use.
Multidimensional icons
Authors: Henry Tyson R. , Hudson Scott E. 
Published: July 2002

Background: Direct manipulation interfaces, such as the Macintosh desktop, often represent objects with icons [l, 41. For example, text files are represented by icons. Selection of the icon invokes an editor to view the file it represents, thus the icon not only represents the text file but also represents a text editor used to view the text file. Each type of object is viewed by using a specific program. Diagram objects, for example, require a graphical editor to view. In a typical iconic interface, icons represent a single view of an object.
While the single-view single-icon model has proven very intuitive and easy to use, some objects have more than one logical view [2]. Program code can be viewed as text by using a text editor, or it can be viewed as program code by a compiler. The machine code that corresponds to the program code can be thought of as another view, thus the execution of a program can be thought of as another view of program code. This paper describes a mechanism for grouping a set of icons that depict several views of a single object into one multidimensional icon.
Multidimensional icons group sets of icons, each describing a unique view of an object, into a single entity. The individual icons are projected onto the sides of a simulated cube. There are two distinct advantages to using a cube instead of displaying all the icons in a menu. The first advantage is that since cubes are very familiar objects, it is a natural mental model to think of the faces of a cube as views of the entire cube—views of the actual object. The second advantage is that by allowing rotation of the cube, several icons representing views of an object are accessible using only a fraction of the screen space required to display all the icons.
Biochemical Pathways of Caspase Activation During Apoptosis
Authors: Budihardjo Imawati , Oliver Holt , Lutter Michael , Luo Xu , Wang Xiaodong 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Caspase activation plays a central role in the execution of apoptosis. The key components of the biochemical pathways of caspase activation have been recently elucidated. In this review, we focus on the two most well-studied pathways of caspase activation: the cell surface death receptor pathway and the mitochondria-initiated pathway. In the cell surface death receptor pathway, activation of caspase-8 following its recruitment to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is the critical event that transmits the death signal. This event is regulated at several different levels by various viral and mammalian proteins. Activated caspase-8 can activate downstream caspases by direct cleavage or indirectly by cleaving Bid and inducing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. In the mitochondrial-initiated pathway, caspase activation is triggered by the formation of a multimeric Apaf-1/cytochrome c complex that is fully functional in recruiting and activating procaspase-9. Activated caspase-9 will then cleave and activate downstream caspases such as caspase-3, -6, and -7. This pathway is regulated at several steps, including the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, the binding and hydrolysis of dATP/ATP by Apaf-1, and the inhibition of caspase activation by the proteins that belong to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP).
Religious Pluralism and Religious Participation
Authors: Chaves Mark , Gorski Philip S. 
Published: July 2002

For more than a decade, sociologists of religion have been debating the answer to a basic question: What is the relationship between religious pluralism and religious vitality? The old wisdom was that the relationship was negative, that pluralism undermines vitality. This view has been challenged by advocates of a supply-side model of religious vitality. They argue that the relationship is positive—that pluralism increases vitality—and this empirical claim has become foundational to the larger project of applying economic theory to religion. We review the relevant evidence and reach a straightforward conclusion: The empirical evidence does not support the claim that religious pluralism is positively associated with religious participation in any general sense. We discuss this conclusion's theoretical implications, and we identify potentially productive directions for future research on religious pluralism, church-state relations, and religious competition.It appears that North Americans are religious in spite of, not because of, religious pluralism. ( Olson 1998a :761).[R]eligious practice is strongly and positively associated with pluralism. ( Finke & Stark 1998 :762)