bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and underdevelopment
Authors: Shankman Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Development and underdevelopment are macroeconomic rubrics that have influenced the study of migration for the past sixty years. After World War II, during the movement for independence by former colonies, theories of economic development were popular in Western academic, government, and policy circles. These theories usually focused on stages of growth within nations and processes of modernization that would follow Western models of economic transformation with appropriate injections of capital, entrepreneurial expertise, and removal of traditional barriers to modernity, and free trade.
Development partnership, diaspora and subnational development institutions
Authors: Mohamoud Awil 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe former Secretary‐General Kofi Annan initiated the first high‐level UN Dialogue on Migration and Development, held in New York on September 14 and 15, 2006. This recognized that if constructively and creatively harnessed, migration can contribute to a better social, political, and economic transformation in both adopted and native countries. This is partly the result of the growing economic and human‐resources potential of the diaspora communities that need to be tapped for maximum benefit with respect to the overall development of their countries of origin.
Development and receiving countries
Authors: Vu Thomas Straubhaar and Manh‐Cuong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ongoing free market globalization processes have stimulated the increase of the intensity of migration from economically less‐developed to higher‐developed regions of the world. Migration has become a phenomenon that is controversially debated in the receiving countries. This entry examines the economic consequences of migration and immigration, the challenge of successfully integrating people with different cultural and social backgrounds and that of managing efficiently the increasing diversity of host societies. Consequently, the evaluation of the influences of migration is expanded from a purely economic benefit cost analysis for migration receiving countries to questions of political, social, and cultural transformations as well.
Disasters and migration
Authors: Fussell Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHistorical examples of 19th‐century Irish famine victims fleeing their country, 1930s‐era US farmers displaced by dust storms, and recent drought‐driven migrants in sub‐Saharan Africa all suggest that natural disasters are important causes of migration. Furthermore, how natural disasters produce migration is of growing interest given that climate change is likely to increase the number of disasters and disaster victims in coming decades (Van Aalst 2006). A recent review of the literature finds that the relationship between disasters and migration is complex, and they are not as likely to produce mass migrations as these notable examples may lead us to believe (Raleigh et al. n.d.).
Discrimination and migration: national and ethnic origin
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe philosophical concept of discrimination and the legal conception of discrimination should be distinguished from each other. Some authors trace the philosophical conception to Aristotle's doctrine that equals are entitled to equal things. Discrimination is then the unequal treatment of equals. This sets an abstract and universal standard against which behavior may be judged. The legal conception, by contrast, has to provide a practical standard. It is usually restricted to the prohibition of unequal treatment in specific relationships (such as those of public life) and to actions based on specific criteria (such as those of race).
Displaced persons
Authors: Maegi Bernard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHistorically, “Displaced Persons” – also known as “DPs” – were European refugees uprooted by World War II, the Holocaust, and the Soviet occupation of Central and Eastern Europe. The term has subsequently been applied to many refugees across the world uprooted by persecution, political collapse, war, famine, or natural disaster, whether or not they cross an international border in their flight. Displaced persons are involuntary migrants, forced to move by extraordinary circumstances from their homes or countries of origin to what they hope will be a place of safety. At the time of their migration, some displaced persons may believe that their status will be temporary; only later may they come to realize that their displacement is permanent. Other displaced persons migrate assuming that they will never return to their homes or countries of origin, but instead will have to create a new life for themselves in another country. Given the involuntary nature of their migration and their shared and often traumatic experiences, many displaced persons form close‐knit communities and create cultures of exile that attempt to preserve the memories of their homelands before their uprooting.
Doctors and migration
Authors: Hawthorne Lesleyanne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the early 21st century medical migration has become highly contentious in a context where OECD (Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development) nations compete for the supply of global workers, including international medical graduates (IMGs) trained in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and elsewhere, in addition to countries in the OECD region. Eight key factors are driving this process.
Domestic violence, abuse, and migration
Authors: Menjívar Cecilia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is believed to be a widespread problem among immigrants, as it is among the general population (Salcido 2011). However, exact figures are difficult to access due to underreporting. This is particularly the case among immigrant women living in the largest immigrant‐receiving countries, as their underreporting is further exacerbated by issues of language, unfamiliarity with a location, and legal status (Menjívar & Salcido 2002). In addition, there are multiple obstacles that arise in the data collection process itself beyond underreporting; often groups are lumped together, the already scant data that exist often do not differentiate by national origin, and existing measures sometimes fall short of capturing the specific experiences of immigrants in the area of domestic violence. As a result, data on instances of domestic violence among immigrant populations are limited in scope and what we know often comes from research based on case studies conducted in a variety of locations and immigrant groups. Nonetheless, there are important parallels across receiving countries in the experiences of domestic violence among immigrants that could set the stage for framing important theoretical questions and addressing policy concerns. An effort to identify common denominators among the various studies from different immigrant receiving countries (Menjívar & Salcido 2002) yielded some recommendations in this regard, which provide a point of departure for my presentation in this essay. One of the factors that emerged is laws in the receiving countries that can work either to protect or further hurt immigrants in domestic violence situations (Salcido 2011).
Domestic workers and migration
Authors: Lutz Helma 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn many parts of the world domestic work was never and still is not considered “real work.” As Hannah Arendt 1958 demonstrates, in ancient times activities performed in the private (domestic) sphere of the household were carried out unpaid by women or slaves. During long periods in history domestic work was a (poorly) paid form of gainful employment. However, modern times have brought about drastic changes in its evaluation: economists such as Adam Smith and Karl Marx introduced the asymmetric distinction between “productive” and “unproductive” labor, branding work in the household as unproductive. In modern societies, work in this sphere is defined as unskilled and menial; moreover, it is mostly considered as feminine‐gendered family work, either freely performed by female spouses or as gainful employment by non‐members of the household, in particular by women, performed for a wage that is always lower than that paid for “productive” labor.
Dual citizenship and nationality
Authors: Kerwin Donald M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCitizenship can be defined as full, legal membership in a polity with the attendant rights and responsibilities. The notion of citizenship as a juridical status is rooted in ancient Roman law. The term comes from the Latincivis, meaning “free inhabitant of a city” (Klusmeyer 1996: 17). The Romanius civile(“citizen” law) initially applied only to Roman citizens (Klusmeyer 1996: 17). Modern nations confer citizenship by birth within the nation's territory (jus soli) and by ancestry or blood (jus sanguinis). They also naturalize immigrants based on factors like time in permanent legal status, good conduct or character, language proficiency, passing a citizenship test, and taking an integration course. Marriage and adoption can provide additional paths to citizenship.
Dublin system
Authors: Vink Maarten Peter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The “Dublin system” is a collection of European regulations that aims to determine which state is responsible for examining an asylum application. The system has evolved against the background of a European area without internal frontiers that has progressively developed since the Schengen agreement of 1985. The original Dublin Convention was signed in June 1990 in conjunction with the Schengen Implementation Convention (see Hailbronner & Thiery 1997). The reasoning behind the Dublin Convention was that without compensatory measures, such as rules about responsibility for asylum applications, states would not have ceded the competence to control their own borders.
Dutch colonization and settlement
Authors: Laarman Charlotte 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the 17th century the Dutch emerged as a colonial nation. Administration of the colonies was the responsibility of the Dutch East India Company (VOC, 1602–1798) in Southeast Asia and the West Indian Company (WIC, 1621–1792) in North and South America and the west African coastal area. The VOC governed several colonies in Southeast Asia including Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the coast of the Coromandel (now part of India), Dutch Formosa (now Taiwan), the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and also the Cape Colony (now South Africa). Ceylon and the Cape Colony became British in the 18th century, and the Coromandel in 1815. Only the Dutch East Indies became a settler colony and remained under Dutch rule until 1949.
East Africa: slave migrations
Authors: Vernet Thomas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEast Africa and its Indian Ocean shore, comprising the region of present‐day states of Kenya, Tanzania, southern Somalia, and Mozambique; the Lake Malawi region; the Great Lakes region (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, eastern Congo [DRC]); and Comoros and Madagascar were the site of a large‐scale slave trade from the 16th to early 20th century, effecting massive forced migration. Since earlier times people of these regions had interacted through voluntary human migration and trading networks. Among these interactions, slave routes had connected several of these areas from medieval times.
Eastern Europe: medieval era colonizations and reclamation of land
Authors: Lübke Christian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile medieval colonization was controversial in Eastern Europe for a long time, it also built a rich heritage. It was rather a question of national pride concerning the cultural improvements that revolutionized social and economic life from the second half of the 12th century. The main reason for the national struggles of the 19th and 20th centuries is related to the seemingly dominating role of the Germans in these processes, which were frequently traced to the immigration of settlers from the west and to the import and spread of the German law (ius Teutonicum). This historic phenomenon was frequently used – and abused – as an argument in fights amongst the Germans for political ascendancy over lands which were populated mostly by Slavs from the early Middle Ages, and then predominantly by Poles in modern times. The debates began in the middle of the 19th century and soon seized the public's attention (Hackmann & Lübke 2002). Generally speaking, the Germans staked a claim for their ancestors having acted as the transmitters of culture, and the Slavs (and other ethnicities) were compelled to accept the beneficial effects of their arrival. But neighbors of the Germans, like the Poles and the Czechs, rejected their assertions and minimized or totally ignored their alleged merits. As a result, autochthonous development became the basis of regional colonization.
Ecology and migration
Authors: Sanderson Matthew R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe human population is embedded within an ecological context that supports, but also constrains, human action. As one type of human action, migration is an expression of the relationship between humans and the ecological context. Indeed, throughout recorded history, human population movements have been closely associated with ecological changes, both accumulative and acute. For example, human populations have been situated in the Nile River delta in Egypt for more than 5,000 years, waxing and waning in size and composition as a result of earthquakes, droughts, floods, and land erosion. However, acute environmental change has also caused population movements, as in the case of Hurricane Katrina in the US, which forced tens of thousands of people to emigrate from the city of New Orleans.
Ecuador, migration 19th century to present
Authors: Torres Alicia P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring the 20th and 21st centuries, Ecuador's migration flows consisted of (sometimes simultaneous) processes of emigration, immigration, and internal migration at different scales and in varying intensities. This article describes those processes since the beginning of the 19th century, and especially at the beginning of this century when the number of emigrants increased considerably, establishing a landmark in Ecuador's migratory history. Migratory movements have coincided with the cycles of an economic model based primarily on agro‐exports and, subsequently, oil exports. The fluctuations in the economy produced by the application of this model could be linked to migratory movements in Ecuador showing that these have been related to global socioeconomic processes and dynamics and, at the same time, that the model and its global insertion is reconfigured by the sociohistorical and political dynamics of individual countries.
Europe: immigrant legislation and laws
Authors: Thränhardt Dietrich 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSince the Treaty of Rome in 1957 proclaimed “an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe,” the European Union has been deepened and enlarged. The EU now covers 27 states – almost all of Western and Central Europe. Borders between member countries are open under the Schengen system, including nonmembers Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland. Britain, Ireland, and Cyprus stay outside; Romania and Bulgaria are poised to join.
Europe: migration and development, 1650 to present
Authors: Moch Leslie Page 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration is often associated with economic development, and stasis with societies that do not experience economic growth. We will see that the history of European migration includes periods of high rates of migration and economic development, but that these are by no means uniform, and, on the other hand, that massive human mobility is not necessarily connected with economic growth or development.
European imperialism and migration to Asia
Authors: Bosma Ulbe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMilitary veterans contributed to the rapid growth of some European colonial settlements decades before substantial European civilian migration. This was the case in Asia as well as in the New World and parts of Africa. The emergence of civilian colonial migration circuits became part of European colonial expansion only in its later phase. In Asia, for example, the early 20th century was the heyday of the colonial migration circuit, when colonial economies and administrations required the skills of many thousands of Europeans. A substantial number of these Europeans were, however, the children or grandchildren of other Europeans who had made the journey to the East in previous generations. This circuit was as much a product of Asian‐born as of metropolitan Europeans. This essay focuses on a comparison of the migration circuits connecting Great Britain and the Netherlands with Asia.
European labor migration, 19th century
Authors: Oltmer Jochen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIndustrialization, agrarian modernization, and urbanization changed the European economic and social status quo fundamentally during the 19th century, and led at the same time to a far‐reaching shift in migration patterns. Individuals, families, and groups resorted to moving between different geographical and social environments in their efforts to improve their earning prospects or labor market access, or to provide themselves with new opportunities. In the 19th century it was above all in the thrusting industrial/urban centers that such new earning potential became available. Millions of intra‐ and interregional and transnational individual labor migrations were the consequence (for further details and considerations here and following, see Oltmer 2010).
European Union: expansion and migration
Authors: Kureková Martin Kahanec and Lucia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEuropean economic integration began in 1952 when Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands founded the European Steel and Coal Community which, with the Treaty on the European Union in 1993, became the European Union (EU). The “free movement of workers” stipulated in Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU represents one of the key pillars of economic integration within the EU, complementing freedom of movement of goods, services, and capital. The principle of free labor mobility enables citizens of an EU member state to enter the territory and labor market of other member states to seek and accept employment and, in effect, to gain access to employment‐attached social benefits. The Treaty on the European Union, Directive 2004/38/EC, and the Case Law of the European Court of Justice extend the right of free movement to all citizens of the EU, as well as to their close family members, provided that they do not pose an undue burden for the host country's public funds and that they possess comprehensive health insurance. In 2008, about 2.59 percent of the EU population was born in another EU country (own calculations / EU SILC 2008).
European Union: migration and social charter
Authors: Bahna Miloslav 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEuropean Union migration is the migration of citizens of the European Union (EU) within the territory of the member states. The right of free movement and employment is one of the rights granted to the citizens of the EU by the treaty establishing the European Economic Community (often referred to as the Treaty of Rome), signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany in Rome in 1957.
Famine and migration
Authors: Hugo Graeme 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFamines in both historical and contemporary times have been both a scourge and a significant process in the development of society. Famines are crises where a region or country experiences a prolonged per‐capita decline in food intake which directly and indirectly gives rise to excess death (Alamgir 1978). However, its causes are complex, involving not only drought and ecological degradation (Kumar 1990) but also a complex interaction between food supply, distribution, and demand factors (Ezra 2001). There are theoretical formulations regarding how such stimuli as socioeconomic crises – famines, for instance – produce a range of responses (Ezra 2001). Among demographers the work of Davis 1963, Bongaarts and Cain 1981, and Dyson 1989 has been especially important.
Farming, corporate control, cash crops, and migration
Authors: Waters Tony 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSince the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, a huge number of the world's farms have come under the control of large landowners, many of them owned by corporations. These corporations make profits selling cash crops demanded by global markets in fruit, vegetables, grains, coffee, tea, fiber crops, and a host of other agricultural commodities. In the United States, such corporations are typically owned by a group of investors, or a family corporation. Each corporate farm typically specializes in a small number of crops – or even only one crop – in order to maximize production efficiency and cash profits. Such corporations are typically large enough to own expensive capital equipment, and also own enough land to make production profitable. To do this they often hire large seasonal agricultural labor forces that are paid wages to do the planting, weeding, pruning, harvesting, and other specialized agricultural tasks. Fruit trees, vegetable crops, and other commodities that require intensive semi‐skilled labor to cultivate are most likely to require such migrant labor.
Feminism and migration
Authors: Ferres Kay 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFeminism emerged in revolutionary and emancipation movements in Europe and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. First‐wave feminists sought to secure women's place in the family and in public life, so that they could act in their own interests, influence opinion, and participate in democratic decision making. Recognition of their independent legal status, their rights to property, and to custody of children preceded the achievement of political rights. Though women were active in politics and social reform, suffrage was not easily won. It was achieved first in new immigrant societies. Women in New Zealand were accorded the right to vote in 1893. The colony of South Australia, established in 1836 and settled by a labor force of young adult poor from Britain and Lutherans from Germany, extended the right to vote and to stand for election to women in 1894.
Film and migration, Africa
Authors: Bâ Saër Maty 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay begins by explaining concisely the key concepts of film, migration and Africa, and, where applicable, cognate terms, and then discusses eight themes related to African migrations through analysis of eight films that were made between 1938 and 2007. Each film is selected for the way it informs and frames connections between film and migration in African contexts. Films are approached thought‐provokingly, and without jargon, so as to achieve two main goals: first, a critical introduction to film and migration in Africa and its diaspora; second, suggestions as to possible ways of crafting new critical readings of film and migration in African contexts. Furthermore, due to the complex and vast issues at play in a single work, no claim is made to be fully comprehensive.
Film and migration, East Asia
Authors: Cheung Ruby 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHuman mobility has a long history in East Asia, but migratory processes in the region have never been simple. In the recent past, internal migration has occurred within each East Asian territory as a consequence of war, natural disasters, and people's hopes for better living conditions. There is also growing archaeological evidence for a history of migration between East Asian countries that started thousands of years ago. For example, migrations from China to Japan took place as early as during ancient China's Han dynasty (206BCE–220CE). The mobility trajectories are further complicated by various trends of migrations, such as remigrations, return migrations from host countries back to source countries, and migrations in various directions in the East Asian region at different periods.