bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Western solidarity with Pussy Riot and the Twittering of cosmopolitan selves
Authors: Weij Frank , Berkers Pauwke , Engelbert Jiska 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article aims to explain the widespread attention to contemporary protesting artists among Western audiences by focusing on the case of Pussy Riot. Social movement scholarship provides a first step into understanding how Pussy Riot legitimately protests Russian politics through its punk performances. It then turns to the concept of cosmopolitanism as a performance in everyday life to explain Pussy Riot's appeal among Western audiences. By collecting and analyzing 9001 tweets through a thematic hashtag analysis and topic modeling, this article analyzes how audiences talk about Pussy Riot and shows how Twitter affords users to perform cosmopolitan selves by sharing their ideas and experiences on Pussy Riot with others. Although we distinguish between four types of cosmopolitan selves, the results clearly show Pussy Riot is mainly reflected upon in a media context: Twitter users predominantly talk about Pussy Riot's media appearances rather than readily engage with its explicit political advocacy.
Two‐sided urethra‐sparing reconstruction combining dorsal preputial skin plus ventral buccal mucosa grafts for tight bulbar strictures
Authors: Palminteri Enzo , Berdondini Elisa , Florio Mirko , Cucchiarale Giuseppina , Milan Gianluca , Valentino Francesco , Sedigh Omid , Di Pierro Giovanni B 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo report our initial experience with urethra‐sparing reconstruction combining dorsal preputial skin and ventral buccal mucosa grafts for tight bulbar urethral strictures.MethodsBetween November 2006 and September 2012, 26 patients with tight bulbar strictures underwent urethroplasty. Using a ventral urethrotomy approach, the two‐sided urethral reconstruction was carried out avoiding the transection of urethra and augmenting the preserved urethral plate by dorsal preputial skin plus ventral buccal mucosa grafts. The primary outcome was the objective urinary result, defined as the absence of stricture recurrence. The outcome was considered a failure when any postoperative instrumentation was required. Postoperative sexual dysfunctions were investigated using a validated questionnaire.ResultsMean follow up was 30.1 months (range 12–79 months). Mean stricture length was 3.3 cm (range 1.5–6 cm). Mean length for dorsal preputial skin and ventral buccal mucosa grafts was 3.2 cm (range 2–7 cm) and 4.9 cm (range 4–6 cm), respectively. Of 26 cases, 23 (88.5%) were successful and three (11.5%) were failures with stricture recurrence. Failures were treated with perineal urethrostomy in one case, ventral buccal graft urethroplasty in one case and internal urethrotomy in one case. Among 12 sexually active men preoperatively, none reported postoperative penile curvature/shortening, impaired erection or dissatisfaction regarding erection; sexual activity was unaltered pre‐ and post‐surgery.ConclusionsIn tight bulbar urethra strictures, the two‐sided urethroplasty combining dorsal preputial skin and ventral buccal mucosa grafts provides a safe and effective semi‐circumferential reconstruction by augmenting the preserved urethral plate, with no impact on sexual function.
Haemocyanin is essential for embryonic development and survival in the migratory locust
Authors: Chen B. , Ma R. , Ma G. , Guo X. , Tong X. , Tang G. , Kang L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHaemocyanins are commonly known as copper‐containing oxygen carriers within the haemolymph of arthropods, and have been found in many orders of insects. However, it remains unresolved why haemocyanins persist in insects that possess elaborate tracheal systems for oxygen diffusion to cells. Here we identified haemocyanins in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria that consists of two distinct subunits, Hc1 and Hc2. Genomic sequence analysis indicated that Hc1 and Hc2 have four and three gene copies, respectively, which may have evolved via gene duplication followed by divergent evolution of introns. The two subunits exhibit abundant and embryonic‐specific expression at the mRNA and protein level; their expression peaks in the mid‐term embryo and is not detectable in the late nymphal and adult stages. A larger proportion of the haemocyanins is present in the yolk compared with that in the embryo. Immunostaining shows that haemocyanins in the embryo are mainly expressed in the epidermis. Knockdown of Hc1 and Hc2 results in significant embryonic developmental delay and abnormality as well as reduced egg hatchability, ie the proportion of hatched eggs. These results reveal a previously unappreciated and fundamental role for haemocyanins in embryonic development and survival in insects, probably involving the exchange of molecules (eg O2) between the embryo and its environment.
Test ordering in an evidence free zone: Rates and associations of Australian general practice trainees’ vitamin D test ordering
Authors: Tapley Amanda , Magin Parker , Morgan Simon , Henderson Kim , Scott John , Thomson Allison , Spike Neil , McArthur Lawrie , van Driel Mieke , McElduff Patrick , Bonevski Billie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIndiscriminate health screening is increasingly seen as being problematic. In particular, vitamin D testing rates are increasing rapidly despite recommendations against population screening. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of vitamin D testing among family practice/general practitioner (GP) trainees and to establish associations of this testing.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis of data from the ReCEnT (Registrars Clinical Encounters in Training) cohort study. The setting was GP practices in four Australian states. Data from 60 consecutive consultations per trainee were recorded each 6‐month training term (up to four terms).ResultsVitamin D tests were ordered in 726 (1.0%) of encounters (n = 69 412). Vitamin D test ordering was significantly associated with patients being older, female and non‐English speaking. Trainees were more likely to test if they worked in a completely bulk‐billing practice (i.e. a practice without any patient payment), if more problems were dealt with, more pathology tests were ordered in the consultation and if a lipid profile was ordered. They were less likely to test if they sought in‐consultation advice or information. The most common reasons for testing were ‘check‐up’ and ‘health maintenance’.ConclusionsIn this first report of associations of vitamin D testing in the GP setting, we found that non‐targeted vitamin D testing (testing inconsistent with current guidelines) is widespread in GP trainees’ practice. Adoption of more rational testing approaches is needed.
The RAGE receptor and its ligands are highly expressed in astrocytes in a grade‐dependant manner in the striatum and subependymal layer in Huntington's disease
Authors: Kim Joanne , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M. , Curtis Maurice A. , Nicholson Louise F. B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of theCAGrepeat in the huntingtin gene. One of the brain changes that occurs inHDis the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a receptor protein capable of activating multiple signalling pathways by interacting with a range of ligands leading to either beneficial or harmful effects to the cell. Here, we demonstrate in humanHDbrains a high degree of co‐localization ofRAGEwith its putative ligands S100B and N‐carboxymethyllysine (CML) in the caudate nucleus (CN) and the subependymal layer (SEL). The level of co‐staining for bothRAGE‐S100B andRAGE‐CMLwas the highest in the astrocytes but was low in neurons and microglia. The immunostaining forRAGE, S100B andCMLextended in a medio‐lateral (SEL‐CN) direction with increasing grade, such that any change in the expression and co‐localization pattern between grades was less prominent in the lateralCN. Additionally, signalling molecules that are downstream ofRAGEactivation showed changes in their activation status inHDbrains. A larger number ofRAGE‐positive astrocytic cells hadNF‐kBtranslocated to the nucleus and the level of phospho‐ERK1/2 was also increased inHDbrains. Interestingly, the level ofmDia‐1, that interacts directly with the cytoplasmic domain ofRAGE, decreased inHD. Overall, the results suggest a correlation between the functions ofRAGEand theHDpathology, but the influence ofRAGEon astrocytes and the impact of this onHDprogression requires further study.imageRAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) binds multiple types of ligand to produce either neurotrophic or neurotoxic effects. Immunohistochemical staining of HD human brains showed that both RAGE and its ligands were expressed primarily in astrocytes. The pattern of staining corresponded to the grade and region‐wise pattern of neurodegeneration suggesting a possible role for RAGE in HD pathology.
Aspartate aminotransferase and free thyroid hormones in vaginal washing fluid as markers for preterm pre‐labor rupture of membranes
Authors: Farag Amr H. , Elghetany Sherif S. , Elkashif Mohamed S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the diagnostic value of vaginal fluid aspartate aminotransferase (AST), free triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) in women with preterm pre‐labor rupture of membranes (PPROM).MethodsA case–control study was carried out of 100 women: 50 with PPROM (study group) and 50 age‐, gestational age‐ and weight‐matched women with intact membranes (control group). All women underwent sterile speculum vaginal examination. The vaginal posterior fornix was irrigated and the retrieved fluid was sent for AST, free T3 and free T4 assays.ResultsMedian vaginal fluid free T3, free T4 and AST were significantly higher in the PPROM group compared with the control group, with vaginal fluid free T4 having the largest area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (P<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for free T3 (cut‐off, 1.06 pg/mL) were 88%, 70%, 74.6% and 85.4%, respectively, while those for free T4 (cut‐off 0.063 ng/dL) were 86%, 72%, 75.4% and 83.7%, and those for AST (4.5 IU/L) were 56%, 70%, 65.1% and 61.4%, respectively. Vaginal fluid AST had less diagnostic accuracy when compared with either free T3 or free T4.ConclusionsVaginal fluid AST, free T3 and free T4 seem to be useful and simple markers in diagnosis of PPROM.
The Race for Education: Class, White Tone, and Desegregated Schooling in South Africa
Authors: Hunter Mark 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the early 1990s, privileged “white” South African public schools began to admit “black” pupils. Drawing on interviews, ethnography, and archival sources related to formerly‐white schools in Durban, this article addresses two main questions: first, why did white parents so enthusiastically vote for schooling desegregation when apartheid was still in place?; and second, why, over time, did intense competition emerge between schools, and become so focused on improving sports results? In addressing these questions this study takes an historical‐geographical approach, paying particular attention to two areas of Durban: the middle‐class central Berea area and the more working‐class areas in Durban's south. This story begins in the 1950s, a period of major schooling expansion and urban segregation, tracing how a hierarchy of white schools developed in relation to the city's uneven geographies of race and class. It is this schooling hierarchy and the way it became contested in the 1990s that is key to understanding the schools' shift from “cooperative desegregation” to “aggressive competition.” More broadly, the article argues that education provides a window into key post‐apartheid tensions – namely between the deracialization of privilege, the continued dividend of whiteness, and efforts to redistribute resources to the poor. Finally, in an age of mass education, it argues that the actions of schools play an important role in shaping raced and classed divisions in society.
Direct costs of first‐generation protease inhibitors for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C viral infection
Authors: Sethi N. , Tapper E. B. , Vong A. , Sethi S. , Rourke M. , Afdhal N. H. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of Hepatitis C therapy, robust real‐world data are needed to understand the costs and benefits of treatment alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the true direct cost of treatment in an unselected sequential population of patients treated at a tertiary care centre for hepatitis C virus genotype 1. A total of 200 consecutive patients were treated with interferon, ribavirin and a first‐generation direct‐acting antiviral agent (DAA) between 2011 and 2013. A total of 41% had cirrhosis, 31% were prior relapsers, and 41% were prior partial or null responders. Costs used were wholesale acquisition cost prices for medications, average hospital costs per day for each diagnosis code based on US inpatient hospital charges. All costs were adjusted to 2013 dollars. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved in 97 patients (48.5%). A total of 14% experienced relapse, 19% breakthrough or nonresponse, and 18.5% discontinued secondary to side effects. Twenty per cent of patients had at least one hospitalization attributable to a complication of therapy. Thirty‐seven per cent of patients required erythropoietin‐stimulating agents, 16% received filgastrim, and 15% needed a red blood cell transfusion. The mean overall cost of treatment was $83 851 per patient. The cost per SVR was $172 889; $266 670 for patients with cirrhosis. The costs per SVR after treatment with first‐generation DAAs are dependent on the stage of disease and therapy side effects. These real‐world costs significantly exceed those described in prior cost‐effectiveness assessments and should be used instead for future studies.
Relevance of Candida and other mycoses for morbidity and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock due to peritonitis
Authors: Lichtenstern Christoph , Herold Christina , Mieth Markus , Brenner Thorsten , Decker Sebastian , Busch Cornelius J. , Hofer Stefan , Zimmermann Stefan , Weigand Markus A. , Bernhard Michael 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThis single‐centre retrospective cohort study evaluated the incidence and outcome of mycoses in critical ill patients (n = 283) with sepsis due to peritonitis. Overall mortality was 41.3%, and the 28‐day mortality was 29.3%. Fungal pathogens were found in 51.9%. The common first location was the respiratory tract (66.6%), followed by the abdominal site (19.7%). Candida colonisation was found in 64.6%, and invasive Candida infection in 34.0%. Identified fungi were Candida spp. in 98.6% and Aspergillus spp. in 6.1%. Patients with fungal pathogens showed a higher rate of postoperative peritonitis, APACHE II and tracheotomy. In comparison to patients without fungal pathogens, these patients showed a longer duration on mechanical ventilation, and a higher overall mortality. Patients with Candida‐positive swabs from abdominal sites had more fascia dehiscence and anastomosis leakage. Seventy‐two patients (48.9%) received antifungal therapy, 26 patients were treated empirically. Antifungal therapy was not associated with a decrease in mortality. Age and renal replacement therapy were associated with mortality. In conclusion, fungi are common pathogens in critically ill patients with peritonitis, and detection of fungi is associated with an increase in overall mortality. Particularly, Candida‐positive abdominal swabs are associated with an increase in morbidity. However, we were not able to demonstrate a survival benefit for antifungal therapy in peritonitis patients.
Diaries and memories following an ICU stay: a 2‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Glimelius Petersson Cecilia , Ringdal Mona , Apelqvist Gustav , Bergbom Ingegerd 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundMany patients lack a clear recollection from their stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Diaries have been introduced as a tool to complete memories and reduce the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).AimsTo describe and compare patients' memories and PTSD in relation to having received and read or not received a diary and patients' experiences of having received and read their diary, without having discussed the contents with ICU staff.DesignDescriptive and comparative.MethodsPatients received their diaries at ICU discharge. After 2 months patients answered the ICU Memory Tool, a screening instrument for PTSD (PTSS‐14) and a questionnaire including space for own comments about the diaries.ResultsOf 96 patients, 52(54%) received a diary, 44 did not. Patients with diaries had significantly longer stay and more mechanical ventilation. Of these, 40 patients responded to PTSS‐14 and had evaluated and read the diary and 34 patients served as controls. No significant differences were found in presence/absence of memories between these groups. In the diary‐group patients with emotional memories had lower APACHE. Feelings of being anxious or frightened were more common in the diary‐group. At 2 months, 12% scored above cut‐off on the PTSS14 with no difference between groups. The diaries were helpful for understanding the ICU‐stay.ConclusionsDiaries seem valuable in understanding what happened, as an act of caring and as a tool for discussion with relatives and friends. Patients valued reading their diaries. None expressed the wish to have read the diary together with a member of staff. The diary and non‐diary groups however reported similar memories.Relevance to clinical practiceDiaries seem to be valuable in understanding what happened, giving a feeling of trust and for talking about their ICU‐stay. As many patients described stressful memories, sessions should be offered with ICU staff.
Interparental disagreement over in‐law choice
Authors: APOSTOLOU MENELAOS 
Published: May 2015

AbstractParents are influential over their children's mate choices, which raises the question of whether mothers and fathers agree when it comes to selecting spouses for their daughters and sons. Based on evolutionary reasoning, this article hypothesizes that there is interparental disagreement over in‐law choice. In particular, it is predicted that fathers are more willing than mothers to make in‐law choices so as to benefit themselves at the expense of their children. Evidence from 2 independent studies provided support for this hypothesis. Two interaction effects were also found—namely, mother–father disagreement is higher when the cost of mate selection is higher for their children than when it is lower, and disagreement more often occurs over the mate choices of daughters.
Effect of relationship status on perceptions of physical attractiveness for alternative partners
Authors: PETIT WHITNEY E. , FORD THOMAS E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCoupled people, those in a relationship, devaluate the attractiveness of an alternative partner compared to noncoupled people (D. J. Johnson & C. E. Rusbult, 1989). The present research tested two competing hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. According to the motivational hypothesis, coupled and noncoupled people initially perceive opposite‐sex others as equally attractive. Coupled people, however, recalibrate their perceptions. In contrast, the perceptual hypothesis proposes that coupled people do not perceive opposite‐sex others as attractive. The present study tested these competing hypotheses by measuring both involuntary and self‐reported perceptions of attractiveness of opposite‐sex models. Supporting the motivational hypothesis, coupled participants (n = 38) and noncoupled participants (n = 34) exhibited the same degree of pupil dilation, however, coupled participants reported lower attractiveness ratings.
Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Ebbert Kirsten , Chow Josephine , Krempien Jennifer , Matsuda‐Abedini Mina , Dionne Janis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the pediatric CKD population. Recognizing that renal transplant recipients have CKD, we assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in pediatric renal transplant recipients, compared to a healthy pediatric population. We prospectively studied 25(OH)D levels in 29 pediatric renal transplant recipients and 45 control patients over one yr. The overall prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was common in both populations, at 76% (95% CI: 61, 87%) in the pediatric renal transplant recipients and 91% (95% CI: 80, 98%) in the control group. In the paired renal transplant samples, the mean 25(OH)D level was 52.3 ± 17.9 nmol/L in the winter and 65.6 ± 18.8 nmol/L in the summer (95% CI diff.: 3.9, 22.7), in keeping with a significant seasonal difference. The mean dietary intake of vitamin D in the renal transplant recipients, assessed by three‐day dietary record, was 5.7 μg/day, with a vitamin D intake below the EAR in the majority. We did not find an association between vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D levels in this study, likely due to the low dietary intake of vitamin D within the transplant population, identifying a potential area for intervention and improvement.
Disruption of the ‘disease triangle’ by chemical and physical environmental change
Authors: Chappelka A. H. , Grulke N. E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe physical and chemical environment of the Earth has changed rapidly over the last 100 years and is predicted to continue to change into the foreseeable future. One of the main concerns with potential alterations in climate is the propensity for increases in the magnitude and frequency of extremes to occur. Even though precipitation is predicted to increase in some locations, in others precipitation is expected to decrease and evapotranspiration increase with air temperature, resulting in exacerbated drought in the future. Chemical [ozone (O3) and other air contaminants] and subsequent physical alterations in the environment will have a profound effect on the ‘disease triangle’ (a favourable environment, a susceptible host and a virulent pathogen) and should be included in any analysis of biological response to climate change. The chemical and physical environment affects plant health and alters plant susceptibility to insect and pathogen attack through increased frequency, duration and severity of drought and reduction in host vigour. The potential effects of climate change and O3 on tree diseases with emphasis on the western United States are discussed. We describe a generalised modelling approach to incorporate the complexities of the ‘disease triangle’ into dynamic vegetation models.
TESTING MUTUAL DUALITY OF PLANAR GRAPHS
Authors: ANGELINI PATRIZIO , BLÄSIUS THOMAS , RUTTER IGNAZ 
Published: May 2015

We introduce and study the problem MUTUAL DUALITY, asking for two planar graphs G1 and G2 whether G1 can be embedded such that its dual is isomorphic to G2. We show NP-completeness for general planar graphs and give a linear-time algorithm for biconnected planar graphs. This algorithm implies an efficient solution to two well-known problems. In fact, it can be used to test whether two biconnected planar graphs are 2-isomorphic, namely whether their graphic matroids are isomorphic, and to test self-duality of any biconnected planar graph, which is a special case of MUTUAL DUALITY with G1 = G2. Further, we show that our NP-hardness proof extends to testing self-duality and map self-duality (which additionally requires to preserve the embedding). In order to obtain our results, we consider the common dual relation ~, where G1 ~ G2 if and only if they admit embeddings that result in the same dual graph. We show that ~ is an equivalence relation on the set of biconnected graphs and devise a compact SPQR-tree-like representation of its equivalence classes. Our algorithm for biconnected graphs is based on testing isomorphism for two such representations in linear time.