bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of urban berthing quays in a dense housing
Authors: Korovkin Vladimir 
Published: June 2015

<p>Calculation of pile quay gantry type as a frame with rigid crossbarand a rigid beam, is a special case of the decision method, presented by N. Gersevanov. This method was widely used in the technical literature and regulatory documents. Translation of manual calculation on the computer almost retained the existing design scheme.</p><p>Practical implementation of the engineering universal method offered early to calculation of mooring embankments in relation to a thin wall, is given by anchored inclined piles. In the calculation scheme bottom sealing is not used, and entered stiffness characteristics of the soil, clarifying the nature of the work structure.</p><p>The obtained simplified solution determines the lateral pressure in the silo variable width. Engineering calculations showed that pressure is redistributed on the sheet pilling wall and the inclined piles from external soil pressure.</p><p>Comparative calculations, taking into account the deformation characteristics of the soil showed a significant impact on efforts in the elements of the embankment compared to method N. Gersevanov.</p>
Climate dynamics of the Beloe Sea catchment area
Authors: Nazarova Larisa 
Published: June 2015

The climate of the Beloe Sea catchment area (total size 717.7 km<sup>2</sup>, 714 of which belongs to Russia) is described. The territory is characterized by several geographic zones, thus substantial diversity of climatic conditions is observed. Climate variability in the region was studied using data from the longest available instrumental observations at weather stations (WS) and gauge sites of the Russian Federal Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Agency located in the study area, covering the period from the beginning of observations at the stations until 2012-2013. The data obtained were statistically processed with due regard to the research tasks. Modern observational data are analyzed to distinguish the changes in the climatic regime of the main parameters, i.e. air temperature, precipitation, sunshine length, etc. Since 1989, the stable increase of mean annual air temperature (1-2<sup>о</sup>C) over a climatic norm is observed. The most intensive warming is typical for the winter months. The analysis of changes in precipitation over the study area demonstrates the stable increase of annual sums, deviation of which from the climatic norm in the first decade of XXI century is about 50-100 mm
Assessing the potential of coniferous greenery from logging residues in Latvia using a system dynamics model
Authors: Muizniece Indra , Dace Elina , Blumberga Dagnija 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Latvia is the fourth most forested country in Europe. 52 % of the country’s area is covered by forest lands. Approximately 41 % of the forests are composed of conifers that are the most harvested among the tree species in Latvia. Therefore, as a result of logging, large amount of coniferous residues are created and abandoned in forests. There are several alternatives for sustainable use of coniferous residues. Still, the exact quantity of the resource is not known. Thus, it is not clear, whether its amount is sufficient for products’ manufacturing. The aim of the study is to assess the potential of the coniferous greenery from logging residues’ extraction in Latvia. A system dynamic’s model that allows simulation of complex forestry processes depending on various endogenous and exogenous factors has been built for this purpose. </span></p>
The Visualizations Methods of Geometrical Forms in teaching of Civil Engineering Students
Authors: Veide Zoja , Strozheva Veronika 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Development of spatial representation (the ability to imagine three-dimensional objects using flat pictures or drawings), skills of the intuitive decision of spatial problems and more meaningful use of CAD software are essential for qualified education of students. Visualization of geometric problems helps students to understand and to solve the given geometric tasks. The paper describes types of visualization of geometrical objects from graphic exercises of compulsory subject “Civil Engineering</span><span lang="EN-US">Graphics”. This course is specified for Civil engineering undergraduate 2nd year students of Riga Technical university.</span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Performance of a breadboard model, creation of the given model using ArchiCAD and using augmented reality (AR) software are included in the course "Civil Engineering Graphics” assignments. The examples of the tasks of 3D modeling in learning process are presented in this article. AR application allows faster understanding of complicated spatial problems and relationships and was used to entertain the students during the studies. Before mentioned approach was enabled to develop spatial skills of students, facilitate the students to obtain more practical experience in solving graphic exercises and was supposed enhance the quality of graphic education</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
Bioenergy Resources in Latvia
Authors: Melece Ligita , Krievina Agnese 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">The paper presents results of study aimed to evaluate issues of current development of bioenergy in Latvia, taking into account restrictions, which may affect future progress of main biomass sources. These restrictions are based on latest European Union (EU) regulations and recommendations; and worldwide concerns of scholars on sustainability, particularly environmental (e.g. biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, carbon sequestration) of bioenergy (biomass) development. The appropriate qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used in the process of study. The results of examination suggest that biomass possesses one of the greatest potentials for further increasing renewables production, particularly in Latvia. The characteristics and perspectives of main biomass sources’ development are assessed for compliance with the EU latest regulations, recommendations and policies, particularly Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2014-2020, and they demonstrate [reveal?] several limitations. The restrictions under the CAP regulations’ so-called ‘greening’ requirements mainly affect the production of energy crops, limiting monocultures’ growing. For some types of biomass production (e.g. energy cultures, wood biomass), several limitations or restrictions are considered, in particular, those related to environmental issues such as biodiversity, soil properties, agro-ecosystems and landscape. Forest origin, non-food plants (e.g. perennial grasses) and different kind of residues and waste could be the most important, perspective and sustainable biomass sources in Latvia. Besides, the dominance of a single bioenergy source would be unsustainable in the long run, and diversifying of the energy system is preferred.</span></p>
Analysis of emergency situations on the process of thermal power plants using mathematical apparatus of Petri nets
Authors: Trashchenkov Sergey , Egorov Vladimir 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Article is dedicated to the issues of accident scenarios analysis on the process of thermal power plants. The theoretical foundations of the graphical and analytical representation of Petri nets are shown. The article describes the steam cycle process and listing of its technology protections. A state model for power unit equipment and technological protections under the influence of changes in critical process parameters (steam’s temperature, pressure, level) is presented. Conclusions about the plans for further work in this direction are proposed. </span></p>
Development of Automated Approaches for Hydropower Potential Estimations and Prospective Hydropower Plants Siting
Authors: Arefiev Nikolay , Nikonova Olga , Badenko Nikolay , Ivanov Timofey , Oleshko Vyacheslav 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AuthorsNames">Hydropower potential studies usually include estimation of hydropower resources and creating propositions for hydropower development on study area. The current paper describes authors’ study, dedicated to development of methodological approaches and software designed for solving problems stated above. Process automation is achieved by using geographic information systems (GIS) and additional programs (Python language was used).</p><p>Hydropower potential estimation is the key element for understanding future prospects of hydropower development within the study area. The latest large-scale hydropower potential studies of Russian territories were held in 1940-1980. In those times, such researches were carried out almost without any automation, so calculation process was time-consuming. As a result, only hydropower potential of large and several medium-sized rivers was estimated; hydropower potential assessments of small rivers were conducted only using approximate approach.</p><p>Nowadays, implementation of technologies and software products, such as geographic information systems, contributes to development of methodologies, which can be used to automate business-processes in different scientific disciplines, including processes of hydropower potential estimation and prospective hydropower plants siting. In comparison with former studies, GIS allow to reduce labor work significantly and to perform analysis of large study areas and large number of streams (including small rivers) in relatively short time using up-to-date topographical, hydrological and hydrographical information.</p><p>Authors have developed and tested methodological approach and GIS-tools for automated hydropower potential estimation. Re-estimation of hydropower potential was fulfilled by the authors for the most part of Russia. The data for more than 10 000 river’s was compared to the results of prior studies (data, such as river basin area, annual river flow, hydropower potential). The gross hydropower capacity of rivers and gross hydropower potential were estimated as 350 GW and 3,07*10<sup>3</sup> TWh respectively.</p><p>The next step in hydropower potential studies is prospective hydropower plants siting. Authors developed methodological approach and GIS-tools to automate this process. The GIS-tools provide comparison of site alternatives based on their hydropower parameters; transport, infrastructure, electricity network proximity; topographic situation and other factors affecting site suitability. Algorithm of automation and results of the search siting are presented.</p>
Sustainable Development Perspectives for Latvian Regions
Authors: Ābeltiņa Anna , Zvirgzdiņa Rosita , Zariņa Vita 
Published: June 2015

<p>Regional economies is a relatively young branch of economics, whose theoretical aspects started to develop in the 20s and 30s of the previous century, but gained vivid manifestation in the EU Regional policy. Since the Rome Treaty (1957), the need for a coordinated community solution to regional problems and the correction of regional imbalances was also recognised in EU political documents. The end of the twentieth century was the beginning of important international political processes marked by the start of a new way of thinking. This new way was sustainable development. Sustainable development is a concept that has to combine economic growth with such a use of natural resources that benefits the society as a whole. The long-term development has three dimensions: environmental, economic and social. In this paper, the attention will be devoted to the influence of these dimensions on the regional development.</p><p>The aim of this paper is to provide a new viewpoint, as it may seem, related to well-known things that include such economic concepts as regional development and sustainable development and to evaluate sustainable development in Latvian regions. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were selected: to evaluate the theoretical background of regional economy, to examine the main indicators of regional development, and to prepare a regional development forecast. The following research methodology was used: literature review, graphical method, focus group discussions and logically constructive approach – for making judgements and result analysis; synthesis method – to combine the elements in a unified system; social research methods – to obtain the primary information and to carry out its verification. Conclusions: the main reasons for misbalanced regional development are the differences in employment, levels of income and investment. The research proposes solutions to promote balanced regional development. </p>
Geoecological marketing of tourist - recreational zones of cities territories
Authors: Kononova Maria J. 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Now, practically in the all territory of the Russian Federation and, in particular, in it’s Northwest federal region we can say about The Russian Renaissance with strongly pronounced elements of eclecticism. It’s no coincidence, as the nature-innovative potential forces to think about investment many means on development of the real estate and tourist-recreational zones as a whole. Answering repeating questions, where are the most dangerous areas for an investment of means and for the business organization, in particular, in St.-Petersburg, even more often you are surprised to such questions, understanding that danger can proceed, first of all, from a geoecological situation on cities territories. We don’t have reservations and/or divisions of administrative areas by a principle poor/rich and/or our and another's areas. You can feel genuine pride from comprehension of our deep tolerance. Means, it was possible to accept all the best, to learn to understand associates, to appreciate friendly relations, to live, without giving in to minute tendencies and the imposed stereotypes introduced by market relations.</span></p>
Impact of the company’s main budgeting objectives on the evaluation of importance of financial and non-financial indicators
Authors: Kotane Inta 
Published: June 2015

<p>Financial planning forms a basis for the company’s management and determines the company’s objectives; the achievement of these objectives is measured using financial and non-financial indicators. The main budgeting objectives affect the importance of financial and non-financial indicators, thus, contributing to the achievement of the goals. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that the financial and non-financial indicators have been examined by many authors; however, there exist problems regarding their practical application, since still there is no a consistent approach to the measurement and evaluation of both the financial and non-financial indicators. The study is based on the author's previous theoretical research on the application of financial and non-financial indicators in the evaluation of business performance; as a result, the author has established the sets of financial and non-financial indicators that were used in conducting the practical research.</p><p> The aim of the current research is to determine the impact of the main company’s budgeting objectives on the evaluation of importance of financial and non-financial indicators on the basis of the opinion survey of Latvian business persons and top-level employees. The Internet survey was used in the research, applying a random sampling method.</p><p>The research results indicate that the opinions in the groups of respondents regarding the main company’s budgeting objectives differ, and the correlations exist among the main budgeting objectives. Comparison of the impact of the main budgeting objectives on the importance level of the financial and non-financial indicators shows that the possible impact is more significant regarding the importance of the financial rather than non-financial indicators.</p>
Using the Concept of Fuzzy Random Events in the Assessment and Analysis of Ecological Risks
Authors: Uzhga-Rebrov Oleg , Kuleshova Galina 
Published: June 2015

<p>In many cases, the assessment<em> </em>and analysis of ecological risks is a complicated task, which is first of all related to obtaining reliable initial information. As a rule, ecological risks are due to unrepeated unique situations; from this it follows that sufficient statistical data on whose basis reliable evaluation of specific risks is made, are not available. On the other hand, unfavourable impacts on the external environment can affect the components of an ecosystem differently. The complexity of correlations among the components of an ecosystem significantly complicates an analysis of possible impacts on the components of a specific system.</p><p>When statistical data are missing or insufficient, experts who perform the required assessment on the basis of their knowledge and experience but often also using their intuition, are the only source of initial data. Here, however, the problem of reliability of expert evaluations arises. If other sources of information are missing, we have to accept subjective evaluations of experts as a basis, without an opportunity to evaluate the degree of their confidence.</p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords">In this kind of situation, it seems to be validated to introduce the extent of uncertainty into the evaluations of parameters of ecological risks. This can be accomplished by using fuzzy initial evaluations. This paper focuses on the concept of fuzzy random events and shows favourable chances of using that concept in the assessment and analysis of ecological risks. </p>
Factors Affecting Attrition among First Year Computer Science Students: the Case of University of Latvia
Authors: Borzovs Juris , Niedrite Laila , Solodovnikova Darja 
Published: June 2015

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-GB">The purpose of our study was to identify reasons for high dropout of students enrolled in the first year of the computer science study program to make it possible to determine students, who are potentially in risk. Several factors that could affect attrition, as it was originally assumed, were studied: high school grades (admission score), compensative course in high school mathematics, intermediate grades for core courses, prior knowledge of programming. However, the results of our study indicate that none of the studied factors is determinant to identify those students, who are going to abandon their studies, with great precision. The majority of the studied students drop out in the 1st semester of the 1st year, and the dropout consists mostly of those, who do not really begin studies. Therefore, one of the main conclusions is such that the planned activities of informing about the contents of the program should be carried out, and the perspective students should be offered a possibility to evaluate their potential to study computer science before choosing a study program. </span></p>
Torsion Z-module and Torsion-free Z-module
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Nakasho Kazuhisa , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: June 2015

Summary
In this article, we formalize a torsion Z-module and a torsionfree Z-module. Especially, we prove formally that finitely generated torsion-free Z-modules are finite rank free. We also formalize properties related to rank of finite rank free Z-modules. The notion of Z-module is necessary for solving lattice problems, LLL (Lenstra, Lenstra, and Lov´asz) base reduction algorithm [20], cryptographic systems with lattice [21], and coding theory [11].
Changes in Yield and its Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Foliar Application of Zinc Nutrient and Mycorrhiza under Water Stress Condition
Authors: Farnia Amin , Khodabandehloo Saeed 
Published: June 2015

A field experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and foliar application of Zn chelate on yield and yield components of maize (zea mays L.) SC600 cultivar under water stress condition in the faculty of agronomy and plant breeding, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Iran during the growing seasons 2013-2014. The experiment was laid out in a split-factorial design based on randomized block design with three replications. Treatments were different irrigation periods (7, 14 and 21 days) in main plots and Zn chelate and mycorrhiza (strain of Glomus intraradices) in two levels of use and non use of them as factorial in sub plots. Results showed that, the effect of water stress mycorrhiza and Zn chelate on all traits were significant. The interaction effect of water stress mycorrhiza and Zn chelate on all traits excluding number of grain per cob and biomass were significant. Also interaction effect of water stress ad mycorrhiza on number of grain per cob and 100 grain weight were significant only. However the interaction effect of water stress*Zn chelate and mycorrhiza*Zn chelate were significant on 100 grain weight and biomass yield respectively. The comparison of the mean values showed that 7 day irrigation period treatment with use of mycorrhiza and Zn chelate had the highest chlorophyll SPAD, number of row per cob, 100 grain weight, grain yield and harvest index but 21 day irrigation period without application of Zn chelate and mycorrhiza had the lowest of them. The maximum production of maize was recorded for normal irrigation as 7 day irrigation period and application of mycorrhiza and Zn chelate. It can be stated that with respect to the alleviating effects of mycorrhiza fungi under moderate drought stress on corn grain yield, these fungi can enhance corn water efficiency under drought conditions and hence increase corn yield. The combined effects of mycorrhiza fungi and Zn chelate can intensify the alleviating effects of mycorrhiza fungi on corn growth and production under water stress. Therefore, we can increase yield and yield components of maize by decrease of irrigation period and application Zn chelate as nutrient and colonization of corn roots by mycorrhiza fungi.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12702
A Compilation on Valuations of T-Toxin, Fumonisin and Zearalenon Quantities in Wheat Grain Crops Harvested from North, West and South Suprime Provinces of Iran
Authors: Modiri Leila 
Published: June 2015

Wheat is one of the most important grains consumed in the world. Food contamination with toxicogenic moulds increased attention over the last three decades, which impact on food safety. Fumonisins, the TCs and ZEA are hazardous for human and animal health as they are stable to heating and are not degraded during normal food processing, therefore, a rapid and sensitive technique for routine assay of mycotoxins in foods is necessary. It is important to continue to monitor the occurrence of these mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products. SinceFusariumspecies are commonly associated with cereals can produce several secondary toxic metabolitesthesamplescollectedfromprovincialpremierand preparationof cellextracts then toxin estimation were done by ELISA (Kits and Rida Screen T-toxin, Fumonisin and zearalenon analysis R-Bio-Pharm GmbH) on the samples so that T-toxin, Fumonisin and zearalenonto be analyzed. The determinative pollutions of wheat samples were in the Range; 19.100 (Min; 27.200, Max; 46.300) ppbfor T toxin, Range; 6.780 (Min; 16.560, Max; 23.340) ppb for Fumonisin and Range; 8.700 (Min; 11.140, Max; 19.840)ppb for Zearalenon. Statistic definitions for WT –Wzea (Z; -3.296a, Asymp-Sig.; 0.001), WT – Wfum(Z; -3.296a, Asymp-Sig.; 0.001) and were showed a considerable disalignmented correlation specially for WFum – Wzea(Z; -3.296a,Asymp-Sig.; 0.001) at a Pearson Correlation ;0.999**, Sig;0.000 values..Thus according to the standard values for feed and food could be serious attention to the cumulative effects of toxins, a serious risk and that should not be overlooked about the cities and provinces where conducted. The maximum values of found respectively were more than standards 50% up to 100%, so a serious risk are considered.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12706