bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Care … about physical activity” in care homes in Scotland
Authors: A. Macintosh Edith , Laventure Bob 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to outline an approach being taken, to improve opportunities and increase levels of physical activity amongst residents in care homes in Scotland, which has the potential to make a significant difference to the quality of lives. The approach is designed to raise awareness about the importance of physical activity, increase skills, knowledge and capacity amongst the workforce.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper describes the reasons for promoting physical activity in care homes. It describes the challenge to this, associated issues and introduces you to a resource pack which offers solutions to care homes through a self-improvement process. It provides a case study which exemplifies how the ideas can be applied on a day-to-day basis.

Findings
– The paper provides insights into the challenges in the care home sector to promoting physical activity and offers some ways round these. It describes two strategies within the new resource pack to support care home residents to make person centred physical activity choices.

Practical implications
– This paper suggests that to promote physical activity in a care home the choices and needs of an individual must be the starting point. It requires partnership working and good leadership where staff have the permission to work in a new way. It suggests that risk enablement is key and the benefits of physical activity outweigh the risks even with frail older people.

Originality/value
– This paper promotes a new resource pack for care homes in Scotland for promoting an active life based on a self-improvement process.
Asset based community development – enriching the lives of older citizens
Authors: Klee Deborah , Mordey Marc , Phuare Steve , Russell Cormac 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how asset-based community development (ABCD) can be used to build inclusive, connected communities that intentionally value the contribution of older citizens.

Design/methodology/approach
– ABCD was used as an approach to enable older people to transform their neighbourhood and make them a better place to live for all ages. The paper describes this approach and goes on to illustrate how it has been applied in three neighbourhoods using case studies.

Findings
– The case studies show that by using ABCD, connections can be made between people, associations/clubs, businesses and services, to achieve the aspirations the citizens have for their neighbourhood. The contribution of older citizens to community life is valued and the risk of isolation and loneliness reduced.

Originality/value
– The three case studies presented in this paper are unique in that they have applied ABCD with older people taking on the role of community builders and connectors.
Right‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a decade of fetal surgery
Authors: DeKoninck P , Gomez O , Sandaite I , Richter J , Nawapun K , Eerdekens A , Ramirez JC , Claus F , Gratacos E , Deprest J 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo report a recent update on fetuses with right‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (RCDH) in the era of fetal surgery.DesignRetrospective review of prospectively collected data.SettingFetal treatment centres in Leuven and Barcelona.PopulationConsecutive cases of RCDH between 2002 and 2012.MethodsData on prenatal imaging, genetic testing, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were extracted from our databases, including structural and genetic anomalies, candidate outcome predictors such as lung size, liver herniation ratio, polyhydramnios, cervical length, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes and gestational age at birth.Main outcome measuresSurvival and oxygen dependency at discharge.ResultsTen out of 86 fetuses with RCDH had associated abnormalities. Of 76 isolated pregnancies, eight women opted for termination of pregnancy, most with severe hypoplasia and one was lost to follow up. Nineteen pregnancies were expectantly managed and delivered at a mean gestational age of 36.0 ± 3.0 weeks. Survival at discharge was 53% (10/19), one being oxygen dependent. In the fetal surgery group (n = 48), mean gestational age at delivery was 34.5 ± 3.0 weeks. In our recent experience not previously published (n = 23) survival rate was 52 and 39% were oxygen dependent at discharge. Pooling these data with earlier reported observations by our group we observed a 42% survival rate in 57 fetuses. Lung size on magnetic resonance imaging and an interval of >24 hours between reversal of tracheal occlusion and delivery were predictors of outcome.ConclusionsRight‐sided CDH seems to have a poorer outcome than that reported for fetuses with left‐sided CDH with similar lung size before birth. Survival rates after expectant management with observed/expected lung‐to‐head ratio values ≤45 and ≤30% were 17 and 0%, respectively. In those undergoing fetal surgery (observed/expected lung‐to‐head ratio ≤45%) there was an apparent increase (42%).
The impact of fire regimes on populations of an endangered lizard in montane south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Gorissen Sarsha , Mallinson Jacqueline , Greenlees Matthew , Shine Richard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Blue Mountains water skink (Eulamprus leuraensis; Scincidae) is restricted to less than 40 fragmented swamp sites, all within the Blue Mountains and Newnes Plateau areas of New South Wales, Australia. Climate change is expected to increase fire frequency in the area, potentially degrading habitat quality for this endangered reptile. We quantified lizard abundances in 12 swamps using standardized surveys, and constructed a Global Information System (GIS) database to determine fire‐histories for each swamp since 1967. The abundance of Blue Mountains water skinks was negatively correlated with fire frequency, but not with time since fire. Indirect impacts of fire (mediated via shifts in vegetation density, moisture levels, prey availability and post‐fire predation) may be more important than direct effects in these cool, moist habitats. Although lizards were less common in swamps close to urban areas, and less common in frequently burnt areas, viable populations of this endangered reptile still persist even in anthropogenically disturbed swamps and in swamps that have experienced up to four fires in 20 years. Future research could usefully extend these analyses to other swamps in the locality, and explore the broader impacts of fire regimes on the distinctive flora and fauna of this threatened ecological community.
Carboplatin‐induced severe hypersensitivity reaction: Role of IgE‐dependent basophil activation and FcεRI
Authors: Iwamoto Takuya , Hirai Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Nozomi , Kobayashi Natsuki , Sugimoto Hiroko , Tabata Tsutomu , Okuda Masahiro 
Published: September 2014

Basophil activation was observed in patients with a history of carboplatin‐induced severe hypersensitivity reaction (HR). However, the precise mechanism by which carboplatin induces basophil activation and the associated surrogate markers remains to be elucidated. To investigate whether IgE‐dependent mechanisms, including the overexpression of FcεRI, participate in carboplatin‐induced basophil activation, 13 ovarian cancer patients were enrolled: 5 with a history of carboplatin‐induced severe hypersensitivity reaction within the past 2 years, and 8 with no such history. The expression levels of FcεRI, IgE, and CD203c on basophils were measured using a flow cytometer. Immunoglobulin E‐dependent basophil activation was evaluated by testing for IgE passive sensitization using lactic acid, and by testing for phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibition, using wortmannin. In three patients positive for carboplatin hypersensitivity, pretreatment with wortmannin almost completely inhibited carboplatin‐induced basophil activation (P < 0.05). In a healthy control subject, whose own IgE showed no response to carboplatin, acquired reactivity to carboplatin when exposed to plasma from patients positive for carboplatin hypersensitivity. This did not occur when the same experiment was carried out using plasma from the patients negative for carboplatin hypersensitivity. Moreover, pretreatment with omalizumab, a monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody, almost completely blocked carboplatin‐induced basophil activation in the plasma of patients positive for carboplatin hypersensitivity. On further investigation, the HR‐positive group had significantly higher levels of FcεRI compared with the negative group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an IgE‐dependent mechanism incorporating FcεRI overexpression participates in carboplatin‐induced severe HR. These results establish the relevance of monitoring the pharmacodynamic changes of basophils to prevent carboplatin‐induced severe HR.
Gene silencing of non-obese diabetic receptor family (NLRP3) protects against the sepsis-induced hyper-bile acidaemia in a rat model
Authors: Wu Y , Ren J , Zhou B , Ding C , Chen J , Wang G , Gu G , Wu X , Liu S , Hu D , Li J 
Published: September 2014

Summary
The role of NOD-like receptor family (NLRP3) has been confirmed in various inflammatory diseases. The association between NLRP3 and hyper-bileacidaemia during the sepsis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether NLRP3 silencing protects against the sepsis-induced hyper-bileacidaemia. Sepsis was induced by caecum ligation and puncture (CLP). Gene silencing of NLRP3 was performed by injecting rats with NLRP3 short hairpin RNA plasmids (NLRP3 shRNA) 48 h before surgery. Rats were divided into four groups: group 1: sham; group 2: sepsis; group 3: NLRP3 shRNA + sepsis (called the ‘NLRP3 shRNA’ group); and group 4: scrambled shRNA + sepsis (called the ‘scrambled shRNA’ group). The serum levels of bile acids, hepatic expression of hepatocyte membrane transporters, hepatic cytokine levels and behaviours of immune cells were compared among the groups. Hepatic NLRP3 expression was increased dramatically during the sepsis, but was suppressed by pretreatment with NLRP3 shRNA. Compared with rats in the sepsis and the scrambled shRNA groups, rats in the NLRP3 shRNA group exhibited significantly decreased serum levels of glycine and taurine conjugated-bile acids, with rehabilitated expression of hepatocyte transporters, suppressed hepatic cytokine levels, decreased hepatic neutrophils infiltration and attenuated macrophages pyroptosis. Gene silencing of NLRP3 ameliorates sepsis-induced hyper-bileacidaemia by rehabilitating hepatocyte transporter expression, reducing hepatic cytokine levels, neutrophil infiltration and macrophages pyroptosis. NLRP3 may be a pivotal target for sepsis management.
Differential dyeing of wool fabric with metal‐complex dyes after ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Migliavacca Gianluca , Ferrero Franco , Periolatto Monica 
Published: September 2014

Experiments were conducted to investigate the ultraviolet irradiation of wool fabric as a pretreatment for differential dyeing. Wool fabric was irradiated using a medium‐pressure mercury lamp in order to obtain, on the irradiated area, increased dye uptake under the same dyeing conditions as untreated wool. The chemical modification of the fibre surface as a result of ultraviolet irradiation was confirmed by an increase in metal ion absorption and hydrophilicity, in agreement with Fourier Transform‐infrared–attenuated total reflectance spectra, although scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibre morphology was unaffected. A selection of 1:1 metal‐complex dyes was used to show the maximum colour difference between irradiated and untreated areas of the fabric. The experiments focused on two effects: a double face with the same shade but different depths (greater depth on the treated side), and a double face with different shades. The latter effect was achieved by dyeing the irradiated fabrics with mixtures of acid and metal‐complex dyes. Rubbing and washing fastness evaluations at 50 °C confirmed that the dyeings after irradiation with the selected 1:1 metal‐complex dyes scored identically to conventional dyeings.
Xanthoproteic reaction for the evaluation of wool antifelting treatments
Authors: Migliavacca Gianluca , Ferrero Franco , Tonin Claudio 
Published: September 2014

The substances responsible for the yellowing of wool treated with nitric acid are two amino acid constituents of the fibre: tryptophan and tyrosine. Nitric acid penetrates the fibres and carries out electrophilic aromatic substitution on the two above‐mentioned amino acid residues, producing different colour yields. The intensity of yellowing depends in various ways on the treatment conditions (time, temperature, nitric acid concentration, agitation, and liquor ratio). Yellowing evaluation shows abnormal yellowing depending on acid concentration in the range 5.6–5.9 m. Working in this region makes it possible to use the chromatic reaction in order to show the damage done to wool fibres by the oxidising agents utilised in normal antifelting treatments. Wool damage by the oxidants is usually evaluated by dyeing methods based on different affinity of damaged fibres. By contrast, the xanthoproteic reaction yields chromogens as a function of the accessibility of tryptophan and tyrosine residues for the action of nitric acid on damaged fibres, and can be used for assessing the degree of antifelting treatment and its possible unevenness through the development on the treated wool of a yellow coloration more intense than on untreated wool.
Which sampling design to monitor saturated hydraulic conductivity?
Authors: Hassler S. K. , Lark R. M. , Zimmermann B. , Elsenbeer H. 
Published: September 2014

SummarySoil in a changing world is subject to both anthropogenic and environmental stresses. Soil monitoring is essential to assess the magnitude of changes in soil variables and how they affect ecosystem processes and human livelihoods. However, we cannot always be sure which sampling design is best for a given monitoring task. We employed a rotational stratified simple random sampling (rotStRS) for the estimation of temporal changes in the spatial mean of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) at three sites in central Panama in 2009, 2010 and 2011. To assess this design's efficiency we compared the resulting estimates of the spatial mean and variance for 2009 with those gained from stratified simple random sampling (StRS), which was effectively the data obtained on the first sampling time, and with an equivalent unexecuted simple random sampling (SRS). The poor performance of geometrical stratification and the weak predictive relationship between measurements of successive years yielded no advantage of sampling designs more complex thanSRS. The failure of stratification may be attributed to the small large‐scale variability ofKs. Revisiting previously sampled locations was not beneficial because of the large small‐scale variability in combination with destructive sampling, resulting in poor consistency between revisited samples. We conclude that for ourKsmonitoring scheme, repeatedSRSis equally effective asrotStRS. Some problems of small‐scale variability might be overcome by collecting several samples at close range to reduce the effect of small‐scale variation. Finally, we give recommendations on the key factors to consider when deciding whether to use stratification and rotation in a soil monitoring scheme.
The structure of hyperthermophilic β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase reveals a novel dimer architecture associated with the active site
Authors: Mine Shouhei , Kado Yuji , Watanabe Masahiro , Fukuda Yohta , Abe Yoshito , Ueda Tadashi , Kawarabayasi Yutaka , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Ishikawa Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2014

The β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase from the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima (NagA) hydrolyzes chitooligomers into monomer β‐N‐acetylglucosamine. Although NagA contains a highly conserved sequence motif found in glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 3, it can be distinguished from other GH family 3 β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases by its substrate specificity and biological assembly. To investigate its unique structure around the active site, we determined the crystal structure of NagA at a resolution of 2.43 Å. The NagA forms a dimer structure in which the monomer structure consists of an N‐ and a C‐terminal domain. The dimer structure exhibits high solvation free energy for dimer formation. From mutagenesis analyses, the catalytic nucleophile and general acid–base residues were supposed to be Asp245 and His173, respectively. The most striking characteristic of NagA was that it forms the active site cleft from the N‐terminal domain and the C‐terminal domain of the next polypeptide chain, whereas the other two‐domain GH family 3 enzymes form the site within the same molecule. Another striking feature is that the loops located around the active site show high flexibility. One of the flexible loops contains the general acid–base His173 and was thought to be involved in substrate distortion during catalysis. In addition, a loop in close contact with the active site, which comes from the C‐terminal domain of the next polypeptide chain, contains a region of high B‐factor values, indicating the possibility that the C‐terminal domain is involved in catalysis. These results suggest that the dimer structure of NagA is important for its activity and thermostability.DatabaseStructural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 3WO8.Structured digital abstract

NagA and NagA bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction)
Unconventional secretion of synuclein‐γ promotes tumor cell invasion
Authors: Liu Caiyun , Qu Like , Lian Shenyi , Tian Zhihua , Zhao Chuanke , Meng Lin , Shou Chengchao 
Published: September 2014

Synuclein‐γ (SNCG) is a chaperone protein and exists mainly in the cytoplasm. SNCG confers chemoresistance, and is a potential unfavorable biomarker for multiple types of cancer. Our previous work demonstrated that SNCG could be detected in the serum of cancer patients and the medium of cultured cancer cells, but the mechanism of SNCG secretion and its biological roles are unknown. Here, we showed that SNCG levels in the culture medium were positively correlated with cancer cell densities and the concentrations of fetal bovine serum added. SNCG secretion was unaffected by brefeldin A, an inhibitor of the classic protein transport pathway, but was antagonized by exosome inhibitor, lysosome inhibitor, ABC transporter inhibitor, and phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor, and knockdown of Rab27a. Ultracentrifugation fractionation revealed that intracellular SNCG was present as both free and vesicle‐associated forms, but that the extracellular SNCG was mainly free. The results of reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed an interaction between SNCG and flotillin‐2, a marker of exosomes and lipid rafts. Moreover, we demonstrated that SNCG, both secreted from tumor cells and exogenously added, markedly promoted cancer cell migration and invasion, but had no effect on noncancerous cells. These findings suggest that SNCG is actively secreted by cancer cells via an unconventional secretion pathway and contributes to aggressive phenotypes of cancer cells.Structured digital abstract• Flotillin-2 physically interacts with SNCG by anti bait coip (1, 2).
Diversification of stream invertebrate communities by large wood
Authors: Pilotto Francesca , Bertoncin Andrea , Harvey Gemma L. , Wharton Geraldene , Pusch Martin T. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

To evaluate the effects of large wood (LW) on benthic habitats and macroinvertebrates in sand‐bed lowland rivers, we compared invertebrate communities recorded on four pieces of LW (12 samples in total) and around them (60 samples) with those in four control sites in the same river (four samples).

Mean flow velocity was 32% lower in the channel areas surrounding the LW than in control sites, while median sediment grain size was 50% higher, and the organic matter content of the riverbed sediments was 287% higher. At the same time, habitat conditions showed threefold to 1000‐fold increases in variance for five key abiotic habitat descriptors in the surrounding channel extending at least 60 cm upstream and 160 cm downstream of the LW.

Three habitat patches typically occurred around the LW pieces: scouring pools, sand bars and accumulations of organic matter. These patches were colonised by distinctive invertebrate communities (e.g. accumulations of organic matter and gravel hosted 15 and 2 indicator taxa, respectively) that overall harboured 110% more taxa and exhibited a 168% higher diversity than control sites. The LW itself contributed only a small fraction to these increases, exhibiting a 15% increase in taxa richness and a 21% increase in species diversity compared to the control sites.

The diversification of benthic invertebrate communities colonising streambed sediments around LW could be directly linked to the much more heterogeneous habitat conditions recorded there. Thus, local additions of large wood within river restoration programmes have the potential to promote the establishment of diverse invertebrate communities in extended areas of a river channel.
Agricultural peatland restoration: effects of land‐use change on greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) fluxes in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta
Authors: Knox Sara Helen , Sturtevant Cove , Matthes Jaclyn Hatala , Koteen Laurie , Verfaillie Joseph , Baldocchi Dennis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAgricultural drainage of organic soils has resulted in vast soil subsidence and contributed to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. The Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta in California was drained over a century ago for agriculture and human settlement and has since experienced subsidence rates that are among the highest in the world. It is recognized that drained agriculture in the Delta is unsustainable in the long‐term, and to help reverse subsidence and capture carbon (C) there is an interest in restoring drained agricultural land‐use types to flooded conditions. However, flooding may increase methane (CH4) emissions. We conducted a full year of simultaneous eddy covariance measurements at two conventional drained agricultural peatlands (a pasture and a corn field) and three flooded land‐use types (a rice paddy and two restored wetlands) to assess the impact of drained to flooded land‐use change on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the Delta. We found that the drained sites were net C and greenhouse gas (GHG) sources, releasing up to 341 g C m−2 yr−1 as CO2 and 11.4 g C m−2 yr−1 as CH4. Conversely, the restored wetlands were net sinks of atmospheric CO2, sequestering up to 397 g C m−2 yr−1. However, they were large sources of CH4, with emissions ranging from 39 to 53 g C m−2 yr−1. In terms of the full GHG budget, the restored wetlands could be either GHG sources or sinks. Although the rice paddy was a small atmospheric CO2 sink, when considering harvest and CH4 emissions, it acted as both a C and GHG source. Annual photosynthesis was similar between sites, but flooding at the restored sites inhibited ecosystem respiration, making them net CO2 sinks. This study suggests that converting drained agricultural peat soils to flooded land‐use types can help reduce or reverse soil subsidence and reduce GHG emissions.