bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Initial Evaluation of a Commercial Weight Loss Program: Short‐Term Effects on Weight, Eating Behavior, and Mood
Authors: Lowe Michael R. , Miller‐Kovach Karen , Frye Nema , Phelan Suzanne 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLOWE, MICHAEL R, KAREN MILLER‐KOVACH, NEMA FRYE, AND SUZANNE PHELAN. An initial evaluation of a commercial weight loss program: short‐term effects on weight, eating behavior, and mood. Obes Res. 1999;7:51–59.Objective: This paper describes an initial, 4‐week evaluation of a commercial weight loss program.Research Methods and Procedures: Respondents (n = 985) to newspaper advertisements in two metropolitan areas were assigned to 4 weeks of either the Weight Watchers program or to a Self‐Help condition. Weight loss, psychological vitality, and eating behavior were evaluated before and after the 4‐week intervention.Results: Weight Watchers participants showed greater improvements than Self‐Help participants on all measures; weight losses averaged 1.87 and 0.77 kg, respectively. The superior outcomes shown by Weight Watchers participants on measures of vitality and eating behavior were still evident when extent of weight loss was controlled. Weight losses across different sites, incomes, and levels of obesity were similar.Discussion: Although the present study's intervention and outcome assessments were short‐term, the promising results obtained suggest that longer term studies should be undertaken.
Changes in Skeletal Muscle Vascular Resistance with Weight Gain: Associations with Insulin and Sympathetic Activity
Authors: Borne Agatha T. , Truett Alycia A. , Monteiro Michelle P. , Volaufova Julia , West David B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBORNE, AGATHA T., ALYCIA A. TRUETT, MICHELLE P. MONTEIRO, JULIA VOLAUFOVA, AND DAVID B. WEST. Changes in skeletal muscle vascular resistance with weight gain: associations with insulin and sympathetic activity. Obes Res. 1999;7:68–75.Objective: This study was designed to characterize changes in peripheral vascular resistance with weight gain, and whether these changes are correlated with insulin and/or sympathetic activity.Research Methods and Procedures: Femoral vascular resistance (FVR), mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma insulin were measured before and during overfeeding in seven dogs with unilateral lumbar ganglionectomy (L3 to L6). Measurements were taken standing and while walking on a treadmill.Results: There was a significant main effect of weight gain to increase mean arterial pressure (16.5±8.4 mmHg and 12.5±6.8 mmHg increase for standing and walking baseline, respectively) and heart rate (increase from week 1 of 31.6±10.6 beats/minute standing and 38.3±9.1 walking beat/minute). FVR increased immediately with overfeeding/ weight gain [standing: denervated (DNX):1.32±0.3 to 2.34±0.5; intact: 0.88±0.17 to 1.9±0.33 mmHg/mL‐min−1], but returned to baseline with continued weight gain. Return of FVR to baseline occurred between weeks 2 and 3 of overfeeding in the DNX limb, but did not return to baseline until week 6 in the innervated limb. These changes were not correlated with plasma insulin levels.Discussion: These data suggest that vascular resistance may be normal in the obese, but increases in vascular resistance occur early with weight gain (before changes in arterial pressure). This initial increase in vascular resistance could initiate the series of events leading to obesity‐associated hypertension. Additionally, changing vascular resistance during weight gain may be influenced by sympathetic activity, because DNX limb FVR returned to baseline −3 weeks earlier than the innervated limb.
Quantitative Genetics of Energy Balance—Lessons from Animal Models
Authors: Pomp Daniel , Nielsen Merlyn K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPOMP, DANIEL AND MERLYN K. NIELSEN. Quantitative genetics of energy balance—lessons from animal models. Obes Res. 1999;7:106–110.Evidence for quantitative genetic variation in components of energy balance in animals is overwhelming. Much of this evidence is drawn from livestock species and relevant rodent models, especially long‐term selection lines. This minireview summarizes findings from several animal studies that have characterized quantitative genetic variation in energy intake and energy expenditure. Applications of this information toward understanding and treatment of human obesity are explored.
A Comparison of Body Size Evaluations of Obesity Surgery Patients and General Population Adults
Authors: Rand Colleen S. W. , Resnick Jaquelyn Liss , Macgregor Alex M. C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRAND, COLLEEN S. W., JAQUELYN LISS RESNIK, AND ALEX M. C. MACGREGOR. A comparison of body size evaluations of obesity surgery patients and general population adults. Obes Res.Objective: To compare post‐operative obesity surgery patients and general population adults in their assessments of a wide range of body sizes.Research Methods and Procedures: Obesity surgery patients (n = 274) and general population adults (n = 326) rated ideal and socially acceptable body sizes in separate arrays of babies, children, young adults, and middle‐aged and older adults. Nine line figure drawings ranging from very thin to very obese were rated for each array.Results: Both groups selected the same ideal body size for all arrays except for babies. Both groups rejected obese and very thin body sizes as socially acceptable. However, the obesity surgery patients were more restrictive than general population adults in their ratings of socially acceptable body sizes. Current obesity status did not impact ratings for the patient or general population subjects. In the patient sample, time since surgery did not influence body size evaluations.Discussion: The study of body size ratings limited only to the “ideal” size may be misleading because it may mask subtle but meaningful differences between groups. The consistent difference in more restrictive ratings of obesity surgery patients compared to general population adults may be due to patients' greater psychological investment in endorsing the societal ideal body size. It may also be due to patients' status as peripheral group members of the normal weight community. The inability of some patients to maintain their post‐operative weight loss may be particularly problematic for those who have defined “socially acceptable” body size most narrowly.
Dermatoses in 156 Obese Adults
Authors: García‐Hidalgo Linda , Orozco‐Topete Rocío , Gonzalez‐Barranco Jorge , Villa Antonio R. , Dalman José J. , Ortiz‐Pedroza Guadalupe 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGARCÍA‐HIDALGO, LINDA, ROCÍO OROZCO‐TOPETE, JORGE GONZALEZ‐BARRANCO, ANTONIO R. VILLA, JOSÉ J. DALMAN, AND GUADALUPE ORTIZ‐PEDROZA. Dermatoses in 156 obese adults. Obes Res.Background: Skin diseases are mentioned as a frequent finding in the obese patient. However, to our knowledge no study has been done on this subject.Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin diseases associated with different obesity grades and if any dermatosis can be considered an obesity marker.Materials and Methods: A cross‐sectional study of 156 obese patients who were 110% to 293% overweight were included. Complete medical history and dermatological examination were done.Results: In the 126 female and 30 male obese patients, grades I to V, with a body mass index (BMI) of 27–51, cutaneous findings with statistical significance for linear trend were: plantar hyperkeratosis 54 patients p = 0. 00001; acanthosis nigricans 46 patients p = 0. 00005; striae 67 patients p = 0. 03; skin tags 69 patients p = 0. 01; keratosis pi‐laris 33 patients p = 0. 007. Patients with plantar hyperkeratosis were distributed in the obesity groups as follows: grade 1 = 3 patients; grade II = 7 patients; grade III = 8 patients; grade IV = 17 patients; and grade V = 19 patients. Of the 76 diabetic patients, 26 had acanthosis nigricans, 38 had skin tags, and 27 had plantar hyperkeratosis.Discussion: Plantar hyperkeratosis should be considered as a cutaneous stigma of severe obesity. This is probably a result of pressure directly related to the excess weight.
Physical Activity and Low‐Fat Diet: Is it Enough to Maintain Weight Stability in the Reduced‐Obese Individual Following Weight Loss by Drug Therapy and Energy Restriction?
Authors: Doucet Eric , Imbeault Pascal , Alméras Natalie , Tremblay Angelo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDOUCET, ERIC, PASCAL IMBEAULT, NATALIE ALMÉRAS, AND ANGELO TREMBLAY. Physical activity and low‐fat diet: Is it enough to maintain weight stability in the reduced‐obese individual following weight loss by drug therapy and energy restriction? Obes Res.Objective: The anthropometric and physiological effects of a physical activity (PA) and a mildly energy‐restricted low‐fat diet (LFD) follow‐up program after a long‐term dietary restriction were studied in 12 men and 8 women.Research Methods and Procedures: The dietary restriction (−700 kcal/day) was accompanied by a fenfluramine (60 mg/day) or placebo treatment for 15 weeks, whereas the mean duration of the PA‐LFD follow‐up was 18 weeks.Results: The long‐term dietary restriction reduced body weight (−11. 9 and −7. 6 kg, p<. 001), fat mass (FM) (−10. 6 and −5. 8 kg, p<0. 01), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (−304 kcal/day, p<0. 01 and −148 kcal/day, NS) in men and women, respectively. A decrease in fat‐free mass (FFM) was also observed in women (−1. 8 kg, p<0. 05). The PA‐LFD follow‐up preserved weight stability at a reduced body weight and caused an additional significant decrease in FM for men (−3. 4 kg, p<0. 05). This part of the intervention also caused an increase in daily RMR for men (134 kcal/day, NS) to the point where this value no longer differed from the pre‐energy restriction value. In contrast, RMR was further reduced in women (−200 kcal/day) to the point where it Significantly differed from initial values (p<0. 01). Resting seated heart rate was reduced by the PA‐LFD follow‐up in men leading it to differ significantly from both pre‐ and post‐energy restriction values (−8. 5 and −5. 5 bpm, p<0. 01).Discussion: In conclusion, these results suggest that a PA‐LFD follow‐up has the potential to permit body weight stability and may even accentuate fat loss in the reduced‐obese state. Moreover, resting energy expenditure is increased under such conditions in men. These stimulating effects seem to be specific to energy metabolism since seated heart rate was either further reduced or remained stable in response to the PA‐LFD follow‐up.
Behavioral Strategies of Individuals Who Have Maintained Long‐Term Weight Losses
Authors: McGuire Maureen T. , Wing Rena R. , Klem Mary L. , Hillf James O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMCGUIRE, MAUREEN T., RENA R. WING, MARY L. KLEM, AND JAMES O. HILL. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained long‐term weight losses. Obes Res.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the behaviors of individuals who have achieved long‐term weight loss maintenance with those of regainers and weight‐stable controls.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects for the present study were participants in a random‐digit dial telephone survey that used a representative sample of the U. S. adult population. Eating, exercise, self‐weighing, and dietary restraint characteristics were compared among weight‐loss maintainers: individuals who had intentionally lost ≥10% of their weight and maintained it for ≥1 year (n = 69), weight‐loss regainers: individuals who intentionally lost ≥10% of their weight but had not maintained it (n = 56), and weight‐stable controls: individuals who had never lost ≥10% of their maximum weight and had maintained their current weight (±10 pounds) within the past 5 years (n= 113).Results: Weight‐loss maintainers had lost an average of 37 pounds and maintained it for over 7 years. These individuals reported that they currently used more behavioral strategies to control dietary fat intake, have higher levels of physical activity (especially strenuous activity), and greater frequency of self‐weighing than either the weight‐loss regainers or weight‐stable controls. Maintainers and regainers did not differ in reported levels of dietary restraint, but both had higher levels of restraint than the weight‐stable controls.Discussion: These results suggest that weight‐loss maintainers use more behavioral strategies to control their weight than either regainers or weight‐stable controls. It would thus appear that long‐term weight maintenance requires ongoing adherence to a low‐fat diet and an exercise regimen in addition to continued attention to body weight.
Meta‐Analysis of the Effect of Excluding Early Deaths on the Estimated Relationship between Body Mass Index and Mortality
Authors: Allison David B. , Faith Myles S. , Heo Moonseong , Townsend‐Butterworth Diana , Williamson David F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractALLISON, DAVID B., MYLES S. FAITH, MOONSEONG HEO, DIANA TOWNSEND‐BUTTERWORTH, AND DAVID F. WILLIAMSON. Meta‐analysis of the effect of excluding early deaths on the estimated relationship between body mass index and mortality. Obes Res.Objectives: Prospective cohort studies typically observe U‐or J‐shaped relationships between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and mortality. However, some studies suggest that the elevated mortality at lower BMIs is due to confounding by pre‐existing occult disease and recommend eliminating subjects who die during the first several (k) years of follow‐up. This meta‐analysis tests the effects of such early death exclusion on the BMI‐mortality association.Research Methods and Procedures: Studies identified from MEDLINE, review articles, ancestry analyses, and the “invisible college.” Included studies: 1) measured relative body weight at baseline; 2) inchded at least 1000 subjects; 3) reported results with and without early‐death exclusion, or relevant data; and 4) did not study exclusively diseased populations. Blank tables were mailed to 131 investigators covering 59 databases. Completed tables (n = 16 databases), electronic raw data (n = 7 databases), and original articles (n = 6 databases) provided final data. Meta‐analytic regressions compared the BMI‐mortality association with and without early death exclusion. The sample included 29 studies and 1,954,345 subjects.Results: The effect of eliminating early deaths was statistically significant but minuscule in magnitude. Implementation of early death exclusion was estimated to shift the BMI associated with minimum mortality only 0. 4 units for men and 0. 6 units for women at age 50. Even at a BMI 16, the estimated relative risk (compared to BMI 25) decreased only 0. 008 units for men and 0. 076 units for women at age 50.Discussion: Results indicate that either pre‐existing disease does not confound the BMI—mortality association or eliminating early deaths is inefficient for reducing that confounding.
Abdominal Adiposity in Six Populations of West African Descent: Prevalence and Population Attributable Fraction of Hypertension
Authors: Okosun Ike S. , Forrester Terrence E. , Rotimi Charles N. , Osotimehin Babatunde O. , Munu Walinjom F. , Cooper Richard S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOKOSUN, IKE S., TERRENCE E. FORRESTER, CHARLES N. ROTIMI, BABATUNDE O. OSOTIMEHIN, WALINJOM F. MUNA, AND RICHARD S. COOPER. Abdominal adiposity in six populations of West African descent: prevalence and population attributable fraction of hypertension. Obes Res.Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to examine the prevalence of abdominal adiposity and its association with the prevalence of hypertension among African descent populations in Nigeria, Cameroon, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Barbados, and the United States (US).Research Method: The data for this investigation were obtained from the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Hypertension was defined as mean diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or current treatment with prescribed anti‐hypertension medication. Abdominal overweight was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥94 and ≥80 cm for men and women, respectively. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC ≥102 and ≥88 cm for men and women, respectively. We estimated the site‐specific prevalence of abdominal overweight and obesity across age and body mass index cut‐points. We also calculated the population attributable fraction (AF) of hypertension due to abdominal adiposity.Results: The prevalence of hypertension in these populations was tightly linked to abdominal adiposity. Increases in abdominal overweight accompanied an increasing degree of Westernization, rising from 6. 4% and 26. 3% in Nigeria, 16. 5% and 62. 8% in Cameroon, 15. 8% and 58. 6% in Jamaica, 14. 3% and 62. 1% in St. Lucia, 21. 4% and 70. 3% in Barbados to 38. 9%, and 76. 4% in the US for men and women, respectively. The corresponding values for abdominal obesity were 1. 6% and 12. 3% in Nigeria, 5. 1% and 38. 9% in Cameroon, 5. 5% and 34. 0% in Jamaica, 2. 7% and 40. 7% in St. Lucia, 7. 8% and 44. 7% in Barbados to 21. 7% and 54. 1% in the US for men and women, respectively. Body mass index‐adjusted estimates of AF suggest that in most of these populations, especially in females, avoidance of abdominal overweight or obesity would help to curb the development of hypertension.Discussion: An important public health challenge is to clarify how lifestyle factors influence risks of abdominal adiposity and ultimately the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Birth Weight, Adulthood BMI, and Subsequent Weight Gain in Relation to Leptin Levels in Swedish Women
Authors: Lissner Lauren , Karlsson Cecilia , Lindroos Anna Karin , Sjöström Lars , Carlsson Björn , Carlsson Lena , Bengtsson Calle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLISSNER, LAUREN, CECILIA KARLSSON, ANNA KARIN LINDROOS, LARS SJOSTROM, BJORN CARLSSON, LENA CARLSSON, AND CALLE BENGTSSON. Birth weight, adulthood BMI, and subsequent weight gain in relation to leptin levels in Swedish women.Obes Res.ObjectiveLeptin seems to be involved in the regulation of energy balance, although little is known about the epidemiology of leptin with respect to prediction of weight gain and incidence of obesity‐related diseases. The dual aim of this study is to document characteristics of leptin after long‐term storage, and to describe its relation to body weight, from birth to old age, in an ongoing prospective study.Research Methods and ProceduresA population‐based sample of Swedish women was first examined at the ages of 38 to 60 and re‐examined 24 years later. This study used 1358 frozen serum samples that had been stored 29 years for analysis of leptin concentrations and their relation to body weight history.ResultsLeptin values obtained from stored samples showed the same correlation with relative weight as that seen in a contemporary sample with similar demographic characteristics. Lower self‐reported birth weight was associated with higher leptin levels in adulthood (p= 0.01), controlling for age and adult BMI. Prospective analyses revealed that high leptin in 38 to 46‐year‐olds predicted subsequent long‐term weight gain(p =0.003), although no significant associations were seen in women initially aged 50 or older.Discussion: It is feasible to use frozen serum for studying leptin in relation to obesity and related developments many years later. High leptin level was a risk factor for subsequent weight gain in 38‐ and 46‐year‐old women. Retrospective analyses involving birth weight suggest that leptin resistance in adulthood might have fetal origins.
Spousal Resemblance and Risk of 7‐Year Increases in Obesity and Central Adiposity in the Canadian Population
Authors: Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Pérusse Louis , Rao D. C. , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKATZMARZYK, PETER T., LOUIS PÉRUSSE, D. C. RAO, AND CLAUDE BOUCHARD. Spousal resemblance and risk of 7‐year increases in obesity and central adiposity in the Canadian population. Obes Res.Objective: Spousal similarities in 7‐year changes in obesity and obesity‐related phenotypes were examined in a sub‐sample of 376 pairs of spouses from a sample of 1487 participants in the 1988 Campbell's Survey follow‐up of the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey.Measures: Indicators of body fatness included the body mass index (BMI), the sum of five skinfolds (SF5), and waist circumference (WAIST), whereas those for relative adipose tissue (AT) distribution included the ratio of two trunk to three extremity skinfolds, adjusted for SF5 (TERadj), and WAIST adjusted for BMI (WAISTadj).Results: Spouse correlations were 0. 17, 0. 17, and 0. 17 for the BMI (p<0. 05) and 0. 20, 0. 20, and 0. 21 for SF5 (p<0. 05) for the initial measurement, follow‐up, and 7‐year change, respectively. Spouse correlations for WAIST were somewhat lower: 0. 16 (p<0. 05), 0. 11 (p<0. 05), and 0. 11 (p<0. 05) for the initial measurement, follow‐up, and 7‐year change, respectively, whereas those for TERadj and WAISTadj were low and not significant. Spouses of probands who had increases in adiposity and central AT distribution had elevated risks of also increasing in these parameters. Spousal risks (risk ratios) were 1. 48 (95% CI = 1. 08‐2. 03), 1. 49 (95% CI= 1. 10‐2. 02), and 1. 68 (95% CI= 1. 28‐2. 21) for increases in BMI, SF5, and WAIST, respectively, whereas the risks for increases in central adiposity were 1. 22 (95% CI = 0. 86‐1‐73), and 1. 05 (95% CI = 0. 72–153) for TERadj, and WAISTadj, respectively.Discussion: The results indicate significant spousal resemblance and risk for increases in fatness in the general Canadian population, whereas both the spousal resemblance and risks for increases in AT distribution, adjusted for level of fatness, are non‐significant. The results suggest that shared environmental factors may be important determinants of spousal similarities in changes in total body fatness over time; however, cohabitation in the short term may not lead to increases in spousal resemblance.
Metabolic Fitness in Active Reduced‐Obese Individuals
Authors: Tremblay Angelo , Doucet Eric , Imbeault Pascal , Mauriège Pascale , Després Jean‐Pierre , Richard Denis 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTREMBLAY, ANGELO, ERIC DOUCET, PASCAL IMBEAULT, PASCALE MAURIÈGE, JEAN‐PIERRE DESPRÉS, AND DENIS RICHARD. Metabolic fitness in active reduced‐obese individuals. Obes Res.Objective: To verify whether a physical activity‐low‐fat diet follow‐up could normalize the metabolic risk profile of reduced‐obese men and women having undergone considerable weight loss through energy restriction and drug therapy.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty obese individuals (12 men, 8 women) participated in a weight‐reducing program that included two phases. In the first phase, a non‐macronutrient‐specific dietary restriction of about 700 kcal/day was prescribed to induce weight loss over 15 weeks, with either fenfluramine or placebo. The second phase consisted of a physical activity‐low‐fat diet follow‐up that was maintained as long as subjects did not experience resistance to further body weight and fat loss. Resistance to lose fat occurred after a mean cumulative fat loss of 14 and 8 kg in men and women, respectively.Results: Despite this substantial decrease in body fat, subjects' adiposity remained much higher at the end of this protocol than values observed in lean control subjects. However, fasting plasma levels of insulin, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and triglyceride as well as the response of insulin and glucose to oral glucose were normalized at the end of the physical activity‐low‐fat diet follow‐up.Discussion: These results indicate that further weight and fat losses may not be justified when a moderate body weight loss resulting in a highly favorable improvement of metabolic risk profile is achieved in patients who would have still been diagnosed as overweight or obese on the basis of criteria currently promoted by public health agencies.