bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purely organic electroluminescent material realizing 100% conversion from electricity to light
Authors: Kaji Hironori , Suzuki Hajime , Fukushima Tatsuya , Shizu Katsuyuki , Suzuki Katsuaki , Kubo Shosei , Komino Takeshi , Oiwa Hajime , Suzuki Furitsu , Wakamiya Atsushi , Murata Yasujiro , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEfficient organic light-emitting diodes have been developed using emitters containing rare metals, such as platinum and iridium complexes. However, there is an urgent need to develop emitters composed of more abundant materials. Here we show a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material for organic light-emitting diodes, which realizes both approximately 100% photoluminescence quantum yield and approximately 100% up-conversion of the triplet to singlet excited state. The material contains electron-donating diphenylaminocarbazole and electron-accepting triphenyltriazine moieties. The typical trade-off between effective emission and triplet-to-singlet up-conversion is overcome by fine-tuning the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital distributions. The nearly zero singlet–triplet energy gap, smaller than the thermal energy at room temperature, results in an organic light-emitting diode with external quantum efficiency of 29.6%. An external quantum efficiency of 41.5% is obtained when using an out-coupling sheet. The external quantum efficiency is 30.7% even at a high luminance of 3,000 cd m−2.
Cavity-less on-chip optomechanics using excitonic transitions in semiconductor heterostructures
Authors: Okamoto Hajime , Watanabe Takayuki , Ohta Ryuichi , Onomitsu Koji , Gotoh Hideki , Sogawa Tetsuomi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe hybridization of semiconductor optoelectronic devices and nanomechanical resonators provides a new class of optomechanical systems in which mechanical motion can be coupled to light without any optical cavities. Such cavity-less optomechanical systems interconnect photons, phonons and electrons (holes) in a highly integrable platform, opening up the development of functional integrated nanomechanical devices. Here we report on a semiconductor modulation-doped heterostructure–cantilever hybrid system, which realizes efficient cavity-less optomechanical transduction through excitons. The opto-piezoelectric backaction from the bound electron–hole pairs enables us to probe excitonic transition simply with a sub-nanowatt power of light, realizing high-sensitivity optomechanical spectroscopy. Detuning the photon energy from the exciton resonance results in self-feedback cooling and amplification of the thermomechanical motion. This cavity-less on-chip coupling enables highly tunable and addressable control of nanomechanical resonators, allowing high-speed programmable manipulation of nanomechanical devices and sensor arrays.
An Xist-activating antisense RNA required for X-chromosome inactivation
Authors: Sarkar Mrinal K. , Gayen Srimonta , Kumar Surinder , Maclary Emily , Buttigieg Emily , Hinten Michael , Kumari Archana , Harris Clair , Sado Takashi , Kalantry Sundeep 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe transcriptional imbalance due to the difference in the number of X chromosomes between male and female mammals is remedied through X-chromosome inactivation, the epigenetic transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in females. The X-linked Xist long non-coding RNA functions as an X inactivation master regulator; Xist is selectively upregulated from the prospective inactive X chromosome and is required in cis for X inactivation. Here we discover an Xist antisense long non-coding RNA, XistAR (XistActivating RNA), which is encoded within exon 1 of the mouse Xist gene and is transcribed only from the inactive X chromosome. Selective truncation of XistAR, while sparing the overlapping Xist RNA, leads to a deficiency in Xist RNA expression in cis during the initiation of X inactivation. Thus, the Xist gene carries within its coding sequence an antisense RNA that drives Xist expression.
Directly measuring mean and variance of infinite-spectrum observables such as the photon orbital angular momentum
Authors: Piccirillo Bruno , Slussarenko Sergei , Marrucci Lorenzo , Santamato Enrico 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe standard method for experimentally determining the probability distribution of an observable in quantum mechanics is the measurement of the observable spectrum. However, for infinite-dimensional degrees of freedom, this approach would require ideally infinite or, more realistically, a very large number of measurements. Here we consider an alternative method which can yield the mean and variance of an observable of an infinite-dimensional system by measuring only a two-dimensional pointer weakly coupled with the system. In our demonstrative implementation, we determine both the mean and the variance of the orbital angular momentum of a light beam without acquiring the entire spectrum, but measuring the Stokes parameters of the optical polarization (acting as pointer), after the beam has suffered a suitable spin–orbit weak interaction. This example can provide a paradigm for a new class of useful weak quantum measurements.
Genetic discovery for oil production and quality in sesame
Authors: Wei Xin , Liu Kunyan , Zhang Yanxin , Feng Qi , Wang Linhai , Zhao Yan , Li Donghua , Zhao Qiang , Zhu Xiaodong , Zhu Xiaofeng , Li Wenjun , Fan Danlin , Gao Yuan , Lu Yiqi , Zhang Xianmei , Tang Xiumei , Zhou Congcong , Zhu Chuanrang , Liu Lifeng , Zhong Ruichun , Tian Qilin , Wen Ziruo , Weng Qijun , Han Bin , Huang Xuehui , Zhang Xiurong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOilseed crops are used to produce vegetable oil. Sesame (Sesamum indicum), an oilseed crop grown worldwide, has high oil content and a small diploid genome, but the genetic basis of oil production and quality is unclear. Here we sequence 705 diverse sesame varieties to construct a haplotype map of the sesame genome and de novo assemble two representative varieties to identify sequence variations. We investigate 56 agronomic traits in four environments and identify 549 associated loci. Examination of the major loci identifies 46 candidate causative genes, including genes related to oil content, fatty acid biosynthesis and yield. Several of the candidate genes for oil content encode enzymes involved in oil metabolism. Two major genes associated with lignification and black pigmentation in the seed coat are also associated with large variation in oil content. These findings may inform breeding and improvement strategies for a broad range of oilseed crops.
Cooperation is related to dispersal patterns in Sino-Tibetan populations
Authors: Wu Jia-Jia , Ji Ting , He Qiao-Qiao , Du Juan , Mace Ruth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThere is growing recognition in both evolutionary biology and anthropology that dispersal is key to establishing patterns of cooperation. However, some models predict that cooperation is more likely to evolve in low dispersal (viscous) populations, while others predict that local competition for resources inhibits cooperation. Sex-biased dispersal and extra-pair mating may also have an effect. Using economic games in Sino-Tibetan populations with strikingly different dispersal patterns, we measure cooperation in 36 villages in southwestern China; we test whether social structure is associated with cooperative behaviour toward those in the neighbourhood. We find that social organization is associated with levels of cooperation in public goods and dictator games and a resource dilemma; people are less cooperative towards other villagers in communities where dispersal by both sexes is low. This supports the view that dispersal for marriage played an important role in the evolution of large-scale cooperation in human society.
Domain control of carrier density at a semiconductor-ferroelectric interface
Authors: Misirlioglu I. B. , Yildiz M. , Sendur K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractControl of charge carrier distribution in a gated channel via a dielectric layer is currently the state of the art in the design of integrated circuits such as field effect transistors. Replacing linear dielectrics with ferroelectrics would ultimately lead to more energy efficient devices as well as the added advantage of the memory function of the gate. Here, we report that the channel-off/channel-on states in a metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor stack are actually transitions from a multi domain state to a single domain state of the ferroelectric under bias. In our approach, there is no a priori assumption on the single or multi-domain nature of the ferroelectric layer that is often neglected in works discussing the ferroelectric-gate effect on channel conductivity interfacing a ferroelectric. We also predict that semiconductor/ferroelectric/semiconductor stacks can function at even lower gate voltages than metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor stacks when an n-type semiconductor is placed between the ferroelectric and the gate metal. Our results suggest the ultimate stability of the multidomain state whenever it interfaces a semiconductor electrode and that a switchable single domain state may not be necessary to achieve effective control of conductivity in a p-type channel. Finally, we discuss some experimental results in the literature in light of our findings.
Homophyly/Kinship Model: Naturally Evolving Networks
Authors: Li Angsheng , Li Jiankou , Pan Yicheng , Yin Xianchen , Yong Xi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIt has been a challenge to understand the formation and roles of social groups or natural communities in the evolution of species, societies and real world networks. Here, we propose the hypothesis that homophyly/kinship is the intrinsic mechanism of natural communities, introduce the notion of the affinity exponent and propose the homophyly/kinship model of networks. We demonstrate that the networks of our model satisfy a number of topological, probabilistic and combinatorial properties and, in particular, that the robustness and stability of natural communities increase as the affinity exponent increases and that the reciprocity of the networks in our model decreases as the affinity exponent increases. We show that both homophyly/kinship and reciprocity are essential to the emergence of cooperation in evolutionary games and that the homophyly/kinship and reciprocity determined by the appropriate affinity exponent guarantee the emergence of cooperation in evolutionary games, verifying Darwin’s proposal that kinship and reciprocity are the means of individual fitness. We propose the new principle of structure entropy minimisation for detecting natural communities of networks and verify the functional module property and characteristic properties by a healthy tissue cell network, a citation network, some metabolic networks and a protein interaction network.
Differentiation of oral bacteria in in vitro cultures and human saliva by secondary electrospray ionization – mass spectrometry
Authors: Bregy Lukas , Müggler Annick R. , Martinez-Lozano Sinues Pablo , García-Gómez Diego , Suter Yannick , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Kohler Malcolm , Schmidlin Patrick R. , Zenobi Renato 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe detection of bacterial-specific volatile metabolites may be a valuable tool to predict infection. Here we applied a real-time mass spectrometric technique to investigate differences in volatile metabolic profiles of oral bacteria that cause periodontitis. We coupled a secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) source to a commercial high-resolution mass spectrometer to interrogate the headspace from bacterial cultures and human saliva. We identified 120 potential markers characteristic for periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (n = 13), Porphyromonas gingivalis (n = 70), Tanerella forsythia (n = 30) and Treponema denticola (n = 7) in in vitro cultures. In a second proof-of-principle phase, we found 18 (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola) of the 120 in vitro compounds in the saliva from a periodontitis patient with confirmed infection with P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola with enhanced ion intensity compared to two healthy controls. In conclusion, this method has the ability to identify individual metabolites of microbial pathogens in a complex medium such as saliva.
Estrogen Secreted by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Necessarily Determines Their Feasibility of Therapeutical Application
Authors: Li Jiansha , Peng Xiaochun , Zeng Xianqin , Liu Bingxun , Hao Qiang , Yu Xiangyuan , Zhu Liping , Hu Qinghua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells are therapeutically applicable and involved in the development of some types of diseases including estrogen (E2)-related ones. Little is known about E2 secretion by mesenchymal stem cells and its potential influence on their therapeutical applications. Our in vitro experiments showed that BMSCs cultured from C57BL/6J mice secreted E2 in a time-dependent manner. In vivo study identified a significantly increased E2 level in serum after a single administration of BMSCs and a sustained elevation of E2 level upon a repetitive administration. Morris water maze test in the ovariectomised (OVX) mouse model revealed BMSCs transplantation ameliorated OVX-induced memory deficits by secreted E2. On the contrary, in endometriosis model, BMSCs transplantation aggravated endometriotic lesions because of E2 secretion. Mechanistically, the aromatase cytochrome P450 appeared to be critical for the biosynthesis and exerted effects of estrogen secretion by BMSCs. Our findings suggested that BMSCs transplantation is on the one hand an attractive option for the therapeutic treatment of diseases associated with E2 deficits in part through E2 secretion, on the other hand a detrimental factor for the E2-exasperated diseases largely via E2 production. It is important and necessary to monitor serum E2 level before and after the initiation of BMSCs therapy.
Lifespan and Stress Resistance in Drosophila with Overexpressed DNA Repair Genes
Authors: Shaposhnikov Mikhail , Proshkina Ekaterina , Shilova Lyubov , Zhavoronkov Alex , Moskalev Alexey 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDNA repair declines with age and correlates with longevity in many animal species. In this study, we investigated the effects of GAL4-induced overexpression of genes implicated in DNA repair on lifespan and resistance to stress factors in Drosophila melanogaster. Stress factors included hyperthermia, oxidative stress and starvation. Overexpression was either constitutive or conditional and either ubiquitous or tissue-specific (nervous system). Overexpressed genes included those involved in recognition of DNA damage (homologs of HUS1, CHK2), nucleotide and base excision repair (homologs of XPF, XPC and AP-endonuclease-1) and repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (homologs of BRCA2, XRCC3, KU80 and WRNexo). The overexpression of different DNA repair genes led to both positive and negative effects on lifespan and stress resistance. Effects were dependent on GAL4 driver, stage of induction, sex and role of the gene in the DNA repair process. While the constitutive/neuron-specific and conditional/ubiquitous overexpression of DNA repair genes negatively impacted lifespan and stress resistance, the constitutive/ubiquitous and conditional/neuron-specific overexpression of Hus1, mnk, mei-9, mus210 and WRNexo had beneficial effects. This study demonstrates for the first time the effects of overexpression of these DNA repair genes on both lifespan and stress resistance in D. melanogaster.
Going far beyond the near-field diffraction limit via plasmonic cavity lens with high spatial frequency spectrum off-axis illumination
Authors: Zhao Zeyu , Luo Yunfei , Zhang Wei , Wang Changtao , Gao Ping , Wang Yanqin , Pu Mingbo , Yao Na , Zhao Chengwei , Luo Xiangang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFor near-field imaging optics, minimum resolvable feature size is highly constrained by the near-field diffraction limit associated with the illumination light wavelength and the air distance between the imaging devices and objects. In this study, a plasmonic cavity lens composed of Ag-photoresist-Ag form incorporating high spatial frequency spectrum off-axis illumination (OAI) is proposed to realize deep subwavelength imaging far beyond the near-field diffraction limit. This approach benefits from the resonance effect of the plasmonic cavity lens and the wavevector shifting behavior via OAI, which remarkably enhances the object’s subwavelength information and damps negative imaging contribution from the longitudinal electric field component in imaging region. Experimental images of well resolved 60-nm half-pitch patterns under 365-nm ultra-violet light are demonstrated at air distance of 80 nm between the mask patterns and plasmonic cavity lens, approximately four-fold longer than that in the conventional near-field lithography and superlens scheme. The ultimate air distance for the 60-nm half-pitch object could be theoretically extended to 120 nm. Moreover, two-dimensional L-shape patterns and deep subwavelength patterns are illustrated via simulations and experiments. This study promises the significant potential to make plasmonic lithography as a practical, cost-effective, simple and parallel nano-fabrication approach.
Tunable optical limiting optofluidic device filled with graphene oxide dispersion in ethanol
Authors: Fang Chaolong , Dai Bo , Hong Ruijin , Tao Chunxian , Wang Qi , Wang Xu , Zhang Dawei , Zhuang Songlin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn optofluidic device with tunable optical limiting property is proposed and demonstrated. The optofluidic device is designed for adjusting the concentration of graphene oxide (GO) in the ethanol solution and fabricated by photolithography technique. By controlling the flow rate ratio of the injection, the concentration of GO can be precisely adjusted so that the optical nonlinearity can be changed. The nonlinear optical properties and dynamic excitation relaxation of the GO/ethanol solution are investigated by using Z-scan and pump-probe measurements in the femtosecond regime within the 1.5 μm telecom band. The GO/ethanol solution presents ultrafast recovery time. Besides, the optical limiting property is in proportion to the concentration of the solution. Thus, the threshold power and the saturated power of the optical limiting property can be simply and efficiently manipulated by controlling the flow rate ratio of the injection. Furthermore, the amplitude regeneration is demonstrated by employing the proposed optofluidic device. The signal quality of intensity-impaired femtosecond pulse is significantly improved. The optofluidic device is compact and has long interaction length of optical field and nonlinear material. Heat can be dissipated in the solution and nonlinear material is isolated from other optical components, efficiently avoiding thermal damage and mechanical damage.
Pine wood nematode, pine wilt disease, vector beetle and pine tree: how a multiplayer system could reply to climate change.
Authors: Roques A. , Zhao LiLin Zhao LiLin , Sun JiangHua Sun JiangHua , Robinet C. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, constitutes a major threat to pine forests across the world. Under climatic conditions favourable to the expression of the pine wilt disease caused by the nematode, susceptible pine trees may die within a few months following nematode inoculation. Although considered a secondary pest in its native North America, this organism has caused huge damage in areas it has invaded in south-eastern Asia and south-western Europe. The nematode is carried by local long-horned beetles in the genus Monochamus, which vector it to pine trees first during maturation feeding and then when ovipositing. As climate is an important driver of insect vectors, nematodes and disease expression, we explore in this chapter how a changing climate could affect this multiplayer system in the future. Warming up is effectively susceptible to enlarging vector distribution, to accelerating its development and possibly to enhancing its flight performances. Therefore, it could change the time window of nematode transmission and increase the spread rate of the nematode. Other factors such as humidity, wind throws and forest fires could also affect vector population dynamics. Simultaneously, climate warming is likely to increase the development rate and reproduction of the nematode, and thus the nematode population growth. Finally, the expression of pine wilt disease is also modulated by warm temperatures and water deficit, causing drought stress to pine trees. With temperature increase, areas at risk of the disease would probably extend. Actually, pine wilt disease has recently been observed to expand its range in areas of eastern Asia that were previously considered as unsuitable. Modelling the disease spread helps to assess more precisely the potential effects of climate change and to evaluate the potential economic impacts.
Improving cattle welfare: an evidence-based approach.
Authors: Lee T. L. , Thomson D. U. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Animal welfare is a growing scientific field that is constantly changing and improving. The importance of this field is becoming more evident in all production agriculture settings, including cattle and dairy production units. In 2007, Fraser defined animal welfare as a 'mandatory science', one in which science has been used to guide actions, decisions and policy. While values-based ideas are an integral part of the idea of animal welfare, science-based ideas and the scientific method must be used to assess and improve animal welfare in our production units. Animal welfare practices must advance from the laboratory to the field. In this light, animal welfare outcome measures must be defined to allow people to measure and assess animal welfare in beef and dairy production units daily. This review focuses on defining the outcome-based measures that can be used in the cattle industry to increase our understanding of animal health and well-being. This paper will give farmers, ranchers and veterinarians a framework to determine if changes in management or other husbandry practices improve or compromise cattle health or welfare.
A modified innovation model for e-trading systems in South Korean businesses
Authors: Oh Ka Young , Warren Lorraine 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the adoption, use, and performance of e-trade systems in South Korean businesses.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors developed a modified Technology Acceptance Model extended through resourced-based view theory, to address the performance aspect, hitherto neglected in previous studies. Using the new model, 114 businesses were surveyed, measuring relationships between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, e-system usage, and business performance. Latent mean analysis was performed to examine the moderating effects of high and low e-trading system usage.

Findings
– Through latent mean analysis, the authors determined that the influence of variables varies depending on the level of e-trading system usage. In both the high and low usage groups, perceived convenience influenced reuse of e-trading systems and reuse also had effects on business performance.

Research limitations/implications
– The authors only examined Korean enterprises, so it would be useful to also examine the foreign counterparts in international e-trade transactions. Follow-up studies could examine how the dynamics of the sector change over time. Qualitative case study approaches could better understand the perspectives of firms in relation to management strategy formulation and decision making.

Practical implications
– The results provide important insight for managers and policymakers concerned with developing electronic trading system strategies, and e-trading system contexts.

Originality/value
– Although many studies have explored relationships among perceived advantages, such as usefulness and convenience and use and performance, none have investigated the relationship between usage and business performance targeting e-trading systems.