bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gendered Patterns of Migration in Rural South Africa
Authors: Camlin Carol S. , Snow Rachel C. , Hosegood Victoria 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTGender is increasingly recognised as fundamental to understanding migration processes, causes, and consequences. In South Africa, it is intrinsic to the social transformations fueling high levels of internal migration and complex forms of mobility. Although female migration in Africa has often been characterised as less prevalent than male migration and primarily related to marriage, in South Africa, a feminisation of internal migration is underway, fueled by women's increasing labour market participation. In this paper, we report sex differences in patterns, trends, and determinants of internal migration based on data collected in a demographic surveillance system between 2001 and 2006 in rural KwaZulu‐Natal. We show that women were somewhat more likely than men to undertake any migration, but sex differences in migration trends differed by migration flow, with women more likely to migrate into the area than men and men more likely to out‐migrate. Out‐migration was suppressed by marriage, particularly for women, but most women were not married; both men's and women's out‐migrations were undertaken mainly for purposes of employment. Over half of female out‐migrations (vs 35% of male out‐migrations) were to nearby rural areas. The findings highlight the high mobility of this population and the extent to which gender is intimately related to the processes determining migration. We consider the implications of these findings for the measurement of migration and mobility, in particular for health and social policy and research among highly mobile populations in southern Africa. © 2013 The Authors. Population, Space and Place published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Carrier relaxation dynamics in a Ga(AsBi) single quantum well under high‐intensity excitation conditions
Authors: Shakfa Mohammad Khaled , Chernikov Alexey , Kalincev Dimitri , Chatterjee Sangam , Lu Xianfeng , Johnson Shane R. , Beaton Dan A. , Tiedje Thomas , Koch Martin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe carrier dynamics of a Ga(AsBi)/GaAs single quantum well (SQW) with a Bi content of 5.5% are studied by means of time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL). Random fluctuation of the alloy compositions and the presence of Bi clusters in the QW material, lead to localized states and have a significant influence on the mechanism of the PL emission. Under low excitation conditions, the PL emission is dominated by the recombination of localized electron‐hole pairs. The PL spectra exhibit a considerable blue‐shift with increased excitation intensity due to the filling of localized states. At high excitation intensities, additional PL signatures at the high energy side of the main emission peak evolve, corresponding to higher confined states of the quantum well. Also, the role of the carrier hopping between localized states becomes smaller. In addition, a shortening of the PL decay time is observed at increased lattice temperatures due to the delocalization of carriers, leading to faster non‐radiative recombination. The latter is accompanied by the quenching of the PL intensity. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adiabatic rapid passage in quantum dots: phonon‐assisted decoherence and biexciton generation
Authors: Gawarecki K. , Lüker S. , Reiter D. E. , Kuhn T. , Glässl M. , Axt V. M. , Grodecka‐Grad A. , Machnikowski P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe study the evolution of a quantum dot controlled by a frequency‐swept (chirped), linearly polarized laser pulse in the presence of carrier‐phonon coupling. The final occupation of the exciton state is limited both due to phonon‐induced transitions between the adiabatic spectral branches and because of phonon‐assisted transitions to the biexcitostate.When the biexciton shift is large enough, the quantum dot can be modeled as a two‐level system, which corresponds to excitation with circularly polarized light. For this case, we compare different methods of simulations: (i) a time convolutionless method, (ii) correlation expansion and (iii) path integrals. We show that results obtained from these methods agree perfectly at temperatur. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization for simultaneous quantitation of (acyl‐)carnitines and organic acids in dried blood spots
Authors: Ostermann Katharina M. , Dieplinger Rebecca , Lutsch Nikola M. , Strupat Kerstin , Metz Thomas F. , Mechtler Thomas P. , Kasper David C. 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEScreening for inborn errors of metabolism using mass spectrometry is part of nationwide newborn screening programs and involves the detection of disease relevant (acyl‐)carnitines and organic acids from dried blood spots. Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) is a well‐established tool for proteomics approaches. In recent years, this technique has become more and more integrated in analysis and identification of small metabolites and disease biomarkers in daily clinical laboratories.METHODSWe used a combination of both MALDI and high‐resolution accurate mass (HR/AM) mass spectrometry using a linear ion trap‐Orbitrap for the identification of small molecules from dried blood spots that serve as biomarkers for inborn errors of metabolism. The levels of detected metabolite species were compared between healthy newborns and affected patients with various inborn errors of metabolism using isotopically labeled internal standards and new bioinformatics software, respectively.RESULTS(Acyl‐)carnitine levels from normal and affected patients could be quantified and differentiated. Additionally, using the high resolving power of full scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry and novel software tools we demonstrated the identification and quantification of disease‐specific organic acids.CONCLUSIONSMALDI‐HR/AM and full scan spectra to obtain information for the metabolic status of patients is a promising complementary approach to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by simplified sample preparation, facilitating the screening of hundreds of metabolites from small sample volumes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of two types of novel glycosphingolipids in three strains of Skeletonema by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Fang , Xu Jilin , Chen Juanjuan , Yan Xiaojun , Zhou Chengxu , Li Shuang , Xu Xiaoyan , Ye Fangting 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEGlycosphingolipids (GSLs) are important components of the cell membrane; however, little is known about GSLs in microalgae. We analyzed GSLs in three strains of Skeletonema microalgae by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.METHODSTotal lipid was extracted from Skeletonema microalgae. Separation of lipids was achieved via reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometric analysis of the lithium adduct of GSLs was conducted to determine their structures.RESULTSTwo types of novel glycosphingolipids were identified from three strains of Skeletonema microalgae. The N‐acyl groups were primarily long‐chain saturated or monoenoic fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids) with 16C and 20 to 24C. The sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCB) were sphingosine, sphingadienine and sphingatrienine. The saccharide polar head groups of glycosphingolipids were disaccharide (heptose‐hexose) or trisaccharide (heptose‐hexose‐hexose). Semi‐quantitative analysis of GLSs in the three strains of microalgae showed that GSL contents ranged from 0.09 to 8.79 nmol/mg dry microalgae powder.CONCLUSIONSA qualitative method was developed for the identification of GSLs in microalgae. Two types of novel GSLs were identified from three strains of Skeletonema, which might have important biological functions. It could also provide a reliable tool for chemotaxonomy of microalgae. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature mass spectrometric study of the vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of melts in the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 system
Authors: Stolyarova V. L. , Lopatin S. I. , Shilov A. L. , Shugurov S. M. 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEThe unique properties of the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 system, especially its extensive range of glass‐forming compositions, make it valuable for various practical applications. The thermodynamic properties and vaporization of PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts are not well established so far and the data obtained on these will be useful for optimization of technology and thermodynamic modeling of glasses.METHODSHigh‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry was used to study vaporization processes and to determine the partial pressures of components of the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts. Measurements were performed with a MS‐1301 mass spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using two quartz effusion cells containing the sample under study and pure PbO (reference substance). Ions were produced by electron ionization at an energy of 25 eV. To facilitate interpretation of the mass spectra, the appearance energies of ions were also measured.RESULTSPb, PbO and O2 were found to be the main vapor species over the samples studied at 1100 K. The PbO activities as a function of the composition of the system were derived from the measured PbO partial pressures. The B2O3 and SiO2 activities, the Gibbs energy of formation, the excess Gibbs energy of formation and mass losses in the samples studied were calculated.CONCLUSIONSPartial pressures of the vapor species over PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts were measured at 1100 K in the wide range of compositions using the Knudsen mass spectrometric method. The data enabled the PbO, B2O3, and SiO2 activities in these melts to be derived and provided evidence of their negative deviations from ideal behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity
Authors: Wetherell Mark A. , Carter Kirsty 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA variety of techniques exist for eliciting acute psychological stress in the laboratory; however, they vary in terms of their ease of use, reliability to elicit consistent responses and the extent to which they represent the stressors encountered in everyday life. There is, therefore, a need to develop simple laboratory techniques that reliably elicit psychobiological stress reactivity that are representative of the types of stressors encountered in everyday life. The multitasking framework is a performance‐based, cognitively demanding stressor, representative of environments where individuals are required to attend and respond to several different stimuli simultaneously with varying levels of workload. Psychological (mood and perceived workload) and physiological (heart rate and blood pressure) stress reactivity was observed in response to a 15‐min period of multitasking at different levels of workload intensity in a sample of 20 healthy participants. Multitasking stress elicited increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increased workload intensity elicited dose–response increases in levels of perceived workload and mood. As individuals rarely attend to single tasks in real life, the multitasking framework provides an alternative technique for modelling acute stress and workload in the laboratory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossover of Exhaustion between Dentists and Dental Nurses
Authors: Hakanen Jari J. , Perhoniemi Riku , Bakker Arnold B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the conditions under which job‐related exhaustion may transmit (cross over) from dentists to dental nurses and vice versa. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey study among 470 Finnish dentist–dental nurse dyads and used moderated structural equation modelling analyses. We found no support for the direct crossover of exhaustion from one work partner to the other. Instead, we found that exhaustion transferred from dentists to dental nurses only when collaboration was frequent and dental nurses perceived the collaboration as friendly or consisting of mutual feedback. In contrast, dentists were not affected by dental nurses' exhaustion. These results indicate that exhaustion can be contagious in work dyads and may be fuelled by positive and frequent interpersonal relationships when the partner who is higher in the hierarchy has high (versus low) levels of exhaustion. Thus, interpersonal and hierarchical relationships among work partners may play an important role in the crossover process. Limitations and implications are mentioned. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: Cracking the Code of Product Labeling
Authors: Sharpe Elizabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Clinicians placing peripherally inserted central catheters utilize a wide array of products from various manufacturers. To support appropriate use for patient safety, regulatory bodies require manufacturers to strive for some degree of uniformity in product labeling. This article describes and interprets the symbols used on product labeling for catheters and addresses a number of frequently voiced related clinical concerns.
Individual care packages for people with severe mental illness: a description of their implementation in an English County
Authors: Macpherson R. , Hovey N. , Khan A. , Riley G. , Taralipoyina K. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThis paper includes a brief review of the historical and policy background to a new form of supported accommodation, the Individual Care Package (ICP). This is a co-ordinated, individualised and flexible method to support people with complex mental health problems in the community.MethodThe study aimed to describe the implementation of this new form of care in Gloucestershire, England, over a 5-year period. We aimed to audit the quality of care in the packages against six care standards, derived by a project steering group. Staff working in community mental health services and staff providing ICPs were asked to report their levels of satisfaction with care provision.ResultsA total of 35 ICPs were developed, mostly relating to service users with severe mental illness. Only 60% of the community mental health team key workers were aware of the expected level of care. In many cases, service users were accessing support from day services or family alongside the ICP. Four service users were admitted, and four moved accommodation after going into ICPs. Overall, levels of care provided within ICPs tended to remain static. Trust key workers were mostly satisfied with the support provided in ICPs, but a range of concerns were expressed. ICP staff reported mostly positive views about the support that they received from statutory services, but also reported some concerns.ConclusionsICPs appeared to be successful in enabling a number of service users with complex difficulties to obtain and maintain tenancies in the community. There were some concerns about the quality of monitoring of the ICPs and some uncertainty about whether ICP staff would have the skills, support and training to promote recovery and increasing independence of service users. There was little evidence of service users moving on or reduction in care over time. There is a need for good inter-agency working for the successful deployment of this new form of service. There is also a need for more research, comparing ICPs with other forms of supported accommodation and considering the service user experience through qualitative research.
Issues and pressures facing the future of soil carbon stocks with particular emphasis on Scottish soils
Authors: BUCKINGHAM S. , REES R. M. , WATSON C. A. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYSoil organic carbon (C) plays a critical role in supporting the productive capacity of soils and their ability to provide a wide range of ecologically important functions including the storage of atmospherically derived carbon dioxide (CO2). The present paper collates available information on Scottish soil C stocks and C losses and reviews the potential pressures on terrestrial C, which may threaten future C stocks. Past, present and possible future land use, land management practices and land use changes (LUCs) including forestry, agriculture, nitrogen (N) additions, elevated CO2 and climate change for Scotland are discussed and evaluated in relation to the anthropogenic pressures on soil C.The review deduces that current available data show little suggestion of significant changes in C stocks of Scottish soils, although this may be due to a lack of long-term trend data. However, it can be concluded that there are many pressures, such as climate change, intensity of land use practices, scale of LUC, soil erosion and pollution, which may pose significant threats to the future of Scottish soil C if these factors are not taken into consideration in future land management decisions. In particular, this is due to the land area covered by vulnerable peats and highly organic soils in Scotland compared with other areas in the UK. It is therefore imperative that soil C stocks for different land use, management practices and LUCs are monitored in more detail to provide further insight into the potential changes in sequestered C and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions, as advised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Shareholder Base and Payout Policy
Authors: Bodnaruk Andriy , Östberg Per 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe examine the relation between the shareholder base and payout policy. Consistent with the idea that the shareholder base is related to the cost of external financing, we find that firms with small shareholder bases have lower payout levels and maintain higher cash holdings. We show that undertaking an open market repurchase results in a significant reduction in the size of the shareholder base. Consequently, we find that firms with small shareholder bases are less likely to undertake a repurchase (reduce the shareholder base even further) and are more likely to pay special dividends.
Fasciola hepaticain Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate snail hosts,Galba cubensisandPseudosuccinea columella
Authors: Vázquez A.A. , Sánchez J. , Pointier J.-P. , Théron A. , Hurtrez-Boussès S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn Cuba, only two lymnaeid snails,Galba cubensisandPseudosuccinea columella, with different ecology and distribution patterns, are intermediate hosts forFasciola hepatica. The compatibility of these two species as hosts was analysed through their rates of infection, the production of rediae and survivorship when exposed toF. hepaticamiracidia. Ten populations ofG. cubensis, eight ofP. columellacollected from various habitats and six isolates ofF. hepaticasampled in slaughterhouses from different localities were tested. Our results clearly demonstrate thatG. cubensisis a more compatible host forF. hepaticain Cuba when compared withP. columella. However, the role thatP. columellamay have in fascioliasis transmission under certain conditions should not be disregarded. Variation in infectivity among isolates ofF. hepaticawere also observed and may explain why some regions in Cuba are more commonly subjected to fascioliasis outbreaks.
Identification of putative markers of triclabendazole resistance by a genome-wide analysis of genetically recombinant Fasciola hepatica
Authors: HODGKINSON J. , CWIKLINSKI K. , BEESLEY N. J. , PATERSON S. , WILLIAMS D. J. L. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYDespite years of investigation into triclabendazole (TCBZ) resistance in Fasciola hepatica, the genetic mechanisms responsible remain unknown. Extensive analysis of multiple triclabendazole-susceptible and -resistant isolates using a combination of experimental in vivo and in vitro approaches has been carried out, yet few, if any, genes have been demonstrated experimentally to be associated with resistance phenotypes in the field. In this review we summarize the current understanding of TCBZ resistance from the approaches employed to date. We report the current genomic and genetic resources for F. hepatica that are available to facilitate novel functional genomics and genetic experiments for this parasite in the future. Finally, we describe our own non-biased approach to mapping the major genetic loci involved in conferring TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica.
Mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan: a European perspective
Authors: McDowell R. D. , Ryan A. , Bunting B. P. , O'Neill S. M. , Alonso J. , Bruffaerts R. , de Graaf R. , Florescu S. , Vilagut G. , de Almeida J. M. C. , de Girolamo G. , Haro J. M. , Hinkov H. , Kovess-Masfety V. , Matschinger H. , Tomov T. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHSI) has advanced our understanding of mental disorders by providing data suitable for analysis across many countries. However, these data have not yet been fully explored from a cross-national lifespan perspective. In particular, there is a shortage of research on the relationship between mood and anxiety disorders and age across countries. In this study we used multigroup methods to model the distribution of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan in relation to determinants of mental health in 10 European Union (EU) countries.MethodLogistic regression was used to model the odds of any mood or any anxiety disorder as a function of age, gender, marital status, urbanicity and employment using a multigroup approach (n = 35500). This allowed for the testing of specific lifespan hypotheses across participating countries.ResultsNo simple geographical pattern exists with which to describe the relationship between 12-month prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and age. Of the adults sampled, very few aged ⩾80 years met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for these disorders. The associations between these disorders and key sociodemographic variables were relatively homogeneous across countries after adjusting for age.ConclusionsFurther research is required to confirm that there are indeed stages in the lifespan where the reported prevalence of mental disorders is low, such as among younger adults in the East and older adults in the West. This project illustrates the difficulties in conducting research among different age groups simultaneously.