bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Murray Raymond L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNuclear reactors may be classified by purpose or use, key components, method of heat extraction, power level or neutron flux, or arrangement of component materials. Commercial reactors are also classified by the companies involved in design and building of the facility. Reactors used for power generation, either heat or electrical, propulsion, whether naval vessels or spacecraft, radioisotope production, materials testing, basic research, and training are discussed. The development of nuclear reactors is presented, including information gleaned from the two principal nuclear accidents of the 1980s.The pressurized light‐water reactor is the most common power generation reactor in the United States, but the boiling water reactor is also used. In Canada, heavy‐water reactors are usually employed. These and other reactors, eg, the molten salt and the fast breeder reactor, are described.
The Importance of Biological Databases in Biological Discovery
Authors: Baxevanis Andreas D. , Bateman Alex 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBiological databases play a central role in bioinformatics. They offer scientists the opportunity to access a wide variety of biologically relevant data, including the genomic sequences of an increasingly broad range of organisms. This unit provides a brief overview of major sequence databases and portals, such as GenBank, the UCSC Genome Browser, and Ensembl. Model organism databases, including WormBase, The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), and those made available through the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) resource, are also covered. Non‐sequence‐centric databases, such as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Protein Data Bank (PDB), MetaCyc, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), are also discussed. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Searching and Navigating UniProt Databases
Authors: Pundir Sangya , Magrane Michele , Martin Maria J. , O'Donovan Claire ,   The UniProt Consortium
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) is a comprehensive resource for protein sequence and annotation data. The UniProt Web site receives ∼400,000 unique visitors per month and is the primary means to access UniProt. It provides ten searchable datasets and three main tools. The key UniProt datasets are the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef), the UniProt Archive (UniParc), and protein sets for completely sequenced genomes (Proteomes). Other supporting datasets include information about proteins that is present in UniProtKB protein entries such as literature citations, taxonomy, and subcellular locations, among others. This paper focuses on how to use UniProt datasets. The basic protocol describes navigation and searching mechanisms for the UniProt datasets, while two alternative protocols build on the basic protocol to describe advanced search and query building. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using CATH‐Gene3D to Analyze the Sequence, Structure, and Function of Proteins
Authors: Sillitoe Ian , Lewis Tony , Orengo Christine 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe CATH database is a classification of protein structures found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Protein structures are chopped into individual units of structural domains, and these domains are grouped together into superfamilies if there is sufficient evidence that they have diverged from a common ancestor during the process of evolution. A sister resource, Gene3D, extends this information by scanning sequence profiles of these CATH domain superfamilies against many millions of known proteins to identify related sequences. Thus the combined CATH‐Gene3D resource provides confident predictions of the likely structural fold, domain organisation, and evolutionary relatives of these proteins. In addition, this resource incorporates annotations from a large number of external databases such as known enzyme active sites, GO molecular functions, physical interactions, and mutations. This unit details how to access and understand the information contained within the CATH‐Gene3D Web pages, the downloadable data files, and the remotely accessible Web services. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Installing a Local Copy of the Reactome Web Site and Knowledgebase
Authors: McKay Sheldon J. , Weiser Joel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Reactome project builds, maintains, and publishes a knowledgebase of biological pathways. The information in the knowledgebase is gathered from the experts in the field, peer reviewed and edited by Reactome editorial staff, and then published to the Reactome Web site, http://www.reactome.org. The Reactome software is open source and builds on top of other open‐source or freely available software. Reactome data and code can be freely downloaded in its entirety and the Web site installed locally. This allows for more flexible interrogation of the data and also makes it possible to add one's own information to the knowledgebase. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient Alignment of Illumina‐Like High‐Throughput Sequencing Reads with the GEnomic Multi‐tool (GEM) Mapper
Authors: Marco‐Sola Santiago , Ribeca Paolo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractModern Illumina‐like high‐throughput sequencing machines allow the cheap decoding of great amounts of DNA. The GEnomic Multi‐tool (GEM) mapper is one of the fastest and most sensitive methods known to date to align such data to a known genomic reference. This unit explains how to use it effectively. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Code‐Switching Pragmatics
Authors: Tseng Amelia , Cashman Holly R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCode switchingdescribes, essentially, bi‐ and multilingual speakers' use of more than one language or language variety within a single interaction or conversational turn. It is important to highlight that the term code switching is also used for bi‐ and multidialectal speakers' switching between language varieties, such as African American English or World Englishes and so‐called standard varieties.Pragmatics, according to Yule's definition, “is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.”
Miscommunication and Misunderstandings
Authors: Tzanne Angeliki 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
People usually take successful communication for granted and do not seem to realize that in our everyday encounters communication breaks down more often than we can imagine. In fact, interactants misunderstand each other very frequently in social encounters and misunderstandings can happen not only between people with different languages or cultures, but also between people with a common linguistic and cultural background. Misunderstandings arising in social interaction block the channel of communication, but, most importantly, affect interpersonal relations and may have consequences on people's lives that range from trivial to very serious.
Political Discourse and World Englishes
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Alvaro Joseph James 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOver the last three decades or so, there has been a major paradigm shift in academic and linguistic approaches to the study of English worldwide. From the 1980s onwards, there has been increased recognition that the majority of people speaking English in the world today are to be found in multilingual societies worldwide, a growing consensus that English language is no longer the possession of such “native speaker” countries as Britain, the United States, and the increasing recognition of World Englishes.
Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis
Authors: Cruz Manuel Padilla 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPragmatics is a well‐established discipline in its own right and goes well beyond semantics insofar as its scope is not limited to the study of the encoded meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in a vacuum. Rather, pragmatics considers a plethora of factors such as the interlocutors' identities (their gender, age, hierarchical status, social distance, profession, membership to a community of practice or ethnic group, geographical provenance, etc.), the situational context where they interact (a professional meeting, service encounter, party, etc.), the information interlocutors rely on (beliefs and knowledge about others, habits, interaction, rights, obligations, etc.), their goals and purposes when interacting and their social, affective, or both social and affective relationship.
Pragmatics of Political Discourse
Authors: Arroyo José Luis Blas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPolitical language is not in essence any different from other manifestations of language and therefore its specificity must be sought instead in the particular relationships that are established between the discourse itself and the extralinguistic context. It is there, within that framework of specific historical, economic, and social coordinates, where the forms of political language appear in a more extreme way than in other textual genres and where the relationships between the explicit and implicit meanings become especially relevant.
Pragmatics Versus Semantics
Authors: Hall Alison 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe distinction between semantics and pragmatics has proved notoriously difficult to agree on. Most people would accept that pragmatics is concerned with context‐specific, inferred meanings, whereas semantics is concerned with the conventional meanings of words and sentences. Semantics is, however, traditionally seen as the study of truth conditions, with pragmatics being “meaning minus truth conditions.” The tension between these two requirements on semantics—that it be truth‐conditional and conventional—has been the source of much confusion and debate.
Relational Strategies in World Englishes
Authors: Stadler Stefanie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt has been firmly established that English no longer “belongs” merely to native. As one of the lingua francas growing fastest in both spread and importance, English now has a larger population using it as a second or third+ language than native speakers. With English already having a diverse range of native users (such as Commonwealth countries, including countries as diverse and dispersed as India, Cyprus, South Africa, New Zealand, Malaysia, Jamaica, Canada, and a large variety of other countries spanning the entire globe), even English among native users is far from homogenous and unified.
Task‐Based Language Teaching
Authors: Bygate Martin , Norris John , van den Branden Kris 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Task‐based language teaching (TBLT) is an approach to pedagogy in which communication tasks are fundamental to language learning. In TBLT, the notion of
task
indicates language‐learning activities in which students are required to use language with a primary focus on meaning, in order to achieve some communicative outcome. They range in scope from brief spoken exchanges to extended written performances to integrated, multimodal language use in face‐to‐face or virtual environments.
Language Proficiency Testing for Teachers
Authors: Burke Brigid Moira 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

In the last two decades, language proficiency testing has been used in many countries such as Australia, China, and the
USA
to make decisions about the language teaching competence of elementary and secondary world language teachers. World language educators teach languages other than their students' and often their own first language. In Australia, China, and the
USA
, teacher candidates' language teaching competence, which consists of their language proficiency and pedagogical knowledge, has been assessed, but relevant degrees and training have been acceptable for employment. The common goal of researchers, teacher‐educators, councils, and commissions of education seems to be to mentor and produce the most effective world language teachers.
Systemic Consultation in Intellectual Disability Case Management
Authors: Fennessy Kate , Rhodes Paul , Wilson Val , Uddin Shahadat , Dickens Kimberly , Wilson Amanda , Bless Ric , Ellery Andrew , Errol Vinny , Ogilvy Lisa 
Published: June 2015

Systemic consultation is a form of tertiary case supervision derived from the principles of systemic family therapy. The present study defines the process and outcomes of systemic consultation through the experiences of case managers (CMs) working with people who have an intellectual disability. CMs were invited to present and discuss one of their complex cases with a team of consultants and attend a follow up session 4 to 6 weeks later. Measures of levels of stress, perception of workplace functioning, and workflow information were completed pre and post‐intervention and compared to measures completed by a second group of CMs receiving regular supervision only. After participation in systemic consultation, the networks of people CMs consulted about the case were significantly smaller and they scored significantly higher on a network measure of efficiency of information flow. The CMs experienced lower levels of stress and higher perception of workplace functioning, these differences approached significance. After attending the consultation outcome, themes included a reduced sense of being stuck and stressed, becoming an agent of change and taking perspective. The approach allows CMs space for reflection on practice and new perspectives to be heard. Case management has been under‐represented in documented research and evidence‐based training and supervision models, and is an area in which professional theory appears to be lacking.
Is the left main just another artery to FFR?
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Kern Morton J. 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

This meta‐analysis includes all prospective FFR studies of the left main artery with outcomes.
Patients who had deferral of revascularization in FFR‐negative stenoses had no difference in cardiovascular events compared with patients who underwent revascularization.
FFR‐guided revascularization of left main stenosis is safe and effective.
Transulnar angiography and intervention: The next frontier in vascular access?
Authors: Majithia Arjun , Levy Michael S. 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

This study demonstrates that in a single center, single operator experience, ulnar artery catheterization is feasible, though even compared to radial access, a significant learning curve remains.
Although ulnar access is a reasonable alternative approach to catheterization, the true benefits of ulnar access, compared to radial are unclear.
Further large randomized multicenter, multi‐operator trials are needed to assess the true feasibility and benefit of ulnar artery catheterization.
Intraprocedural thrombotic events: What's the real cost?
Authors: Lipinski Michael J. , Satler Lowell F. 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

Intraprocedural thrombotic events (IPTE) during PCI occur in 4% of patients with NSTEACS and 12% of STEACS.
IPTE increases hospital cost by $3,592. With an incidence of 4%, additional therapy to completely prevent IPTE in 100 patients would need to cost $144 to make it cost neutral.
Further studies are necessary to determine cost‐benefit of therapies to prevent IPTE such as cangrelor or newer P2Y12 inhibitors with more rapid onset.
Predicting paravalvular leak after balloon‐expandable TAVR
Authors: Krishnaswamy Amar , Tuzcu E. Murat 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

Objective measurement of a Valve Calcification Index (calcium volume/BSA) may predict PVL after TAVR using a cutoff value > 418 mm3/mm2
Oversizing the balloon‐expandable SAPIEN valve with a goal ratio of valve diameter: average annulus diameter > 1.055 may reduce PVL after TAVR
Single parameters are unlikely to provide adequate sensitivity to reduce PVL; a thorough analysis of root sizing, calcification, and morphology is important to balloon‐expandable TAVR safety and efficacy
A call for long‐term data in clinical studies of infrainguinal peripheral arterial revascularization: The DURABILITY II Study delivers
Authors: Gupta Kamal , Prasad Anand 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

The DURABILITY II study provides outcomes in 220 patients treated with nitinol self‐expanding stent placement for femoro‐popliteal disease out to three years.
In this core lab adjudicated study, the EverFlex™ (Covidien, Plymouth, MN) self‐expanding stents had a low stent fracture rate (0.9%). The study demonstrated a freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) of nearly 70% at 3 years.
Based on this study, primary angioplasty and stenting of these lesions is a reasonable strategy though results are better with lesions less than 8 cm compared to those greater than 8 cm.
Further research is need comparing this strategy to use of drug‐coated stents and that of atherectomy with drug eluting balloons and with longer term follow‐up.
Unprecedented Comonomer Dependence of the Stereochemistry Control in Pd‐Catalyzed CO/Vinyl Arene Polyketone Synthesis
Authors: Canil Giovanni , Rosar Vera , Dalla Marta Silvia , Bronco Simona , Fini Francesco , Carfagna Carla , Durand Jérôme , Milani Barbara 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTwo pyrene‐tagged iminopyridines (NN′) were used to synthesize neutral and monocationic, palladium(II) complexes, [Pd(Me)Cl(NN′)] and [Pd(Me)(MeCN)(NN′)][PF6]. The monocationic complexes generated active catalysts in the CO/vinyl arene copolymerization, leading to polyketones with yields and molecular weight strongly dependent on N‐N′, with the ketimine catalysts one order of magnitude more productive than the aldimine counterpart. The stereochemistry of polyketones synthesized with the aldimine catalyst was found to be dependent on the vinyl comonomer: prevailingly syndiotactic copolymers were obtained for styrene, prevailingly isotactic copolymers were produced for 4‐methyl styrene, and atactic macromolecules were formed for 4‐tert‐butyl styrene. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the control of the stereochemistry switched from enantioselective site control for 4‐methyl styrene to a combination of chain‐end and enantioselective site control for styrene.
Transition Metal (Fe, Co and Ni) Carbide and Nitride Nanomaterials: Structure, Chemical Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Yang Wenlong , Rehman Sarish , Chu Xin , Hou Yanglong , Gao Song 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNanostructured transition metal (Fe, Co and Ni) carbides and nitrides have attracted much attention due to their active properties in various areas such as nanomagnetism, biomedicine, electrocatalysis, and environmental applications. Generally, the intrinsically harsh characteristics of carbides and nitrides make their synthetic protocols difficult, especially at the nanoscale, but usually come with improved performance in specific applications. In this Focus Review, we give an overview of iron, cobalt, and nickel carbide and nitride nanostructures with a focus on the interactions between the electronic and magnetic structures and their relation to the crystallographic structure. We also discuss both traditional and de novo synthetic strategies, and their applications in various areas from biomedicine to environmental applications.
Designing sound insulation in multi‐storey residential dwellings in accordance with E DIN 4109‐2 / Schallschutzplanung im Geschosswohnungsbau nach E DIN 4109‐2
Authors: Schäfers Martin , Grethe Wiebke 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe method for calculating airborne sound insulation between apartments as specified in DIN EN 12354‐1:2000 has been used for many years – and is increasingly being used – in architectural design. This article will give a short overview of the basic principles of this calculation method, highlighting some special aspects, and will then focus on its application in practice. In particular, the experience gained with the KS Schallschutzrechner software (calculator for the prediction of sound insulation between dwellings and terraced houses ), which has now been in use for twelve years, demonstrates that – in spite of the improved prognostic accuracy – the method is not more labour‐intensive than that of the previous procedure specified in DIN 4109 Supplement 1, provided suitable design aids are used.
Effect of Multipor interior insulation on flanking sound transmission / Einfluss einer Innendämmung aus Multipor auf die flankierende Schallübertragung
Authors: Naumann Kai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn order to improve the energy efficiency of an existing building, it is necessary, among other things, to improve the thermal insulation provided by that building’s external walls. If the additional insulation required for this cannot be fitted on the outside, then it will need to be applied on the inside instead. To avoid the need for complex designs, insulating materials with a considerably reduced susceptibility to damage should be used, for example the mineral insulation panel Multipor.Xella Technologie‐ und Forschungsgesellschaft mbH has conducted a study in cooperation with Xella Deutschland GmbH to determine whether, and if so, how, Multipor affects structure‐borne sound transmission when used as interior insulation. The study, the results of which are presented in this article, involved testing flanking sound transmission in a laboratory at the Hochschule für Technik (HFT) in Stuttgart, Germany.
Performance labels for assessing the sustainability of buildings – from offices to detached and semi‐detached houses / Gütesiegel für die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Gebäuden – Vom Bürobau bis zu Ein‐ bis Zweifamilienwohnhäusern
Authors: Eßig Natalie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFor some time now, certain types of buildings in Germany have been required to undergo a sustainability assessment. Increasingly, that now also includes residential buildings. A research project is currently underway to develop and test suitable criteria for the assessment of small residential buildings, the preliminary results of which were showcased at the BAU 2015 trade fair in Munich. With the help of examples, this article presents the criteria and provides some information on their application.
Design of masonry buildings of three‐layered units according to Eurocode 6 / Bemessung von Mauerwerksbauten aus Dreischichtsteinen nach Eurocode 6
Authors: Loderer Franz 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn the recent past, the masonry industry has developed many different solutions for optimising the heat protection of buildings. This took place for the building materials, geometric design, but also by development of multiple layered stones in which the components masonry unit, insulation and outer shell have been integrated into a block.
Arching effect in case of exterior walls with low surcharge under wind action / Ausbildung der Bogentragwirkung bei Außenwänden mit geringer Auflast unter Windbeanspruchung
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Bakeer Tammam 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt is very important to have a minimum surcharge on external masonry walls to help the wall resisting wind actions. The present contribution describes the behaviour of masonry wall under wind action with low surcharge. The behaviour has been investigated using a finite element non‐linear model that considers the large displacement non‐linearity. An increasingly wind load has been applied and the deformation state and the thrust line within the wall have been investigated. The results of the analysis show that the behaviour of the wall under low surcharge was greatly characterized by the arching effect. Due to the low surcharge the influence of the second order effect was very small and can be neglected.