bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doorwerking van WTO-recht in de Europese rechtsorde: het toenemende belang van de verdragsconforme interpretatie
Authors: van den Broek N. 
Published: March 2015

Doorwerking van WTO-recht in de Europese rechtsorde: het toenemende belang van de verdragsconforme interpretatie
In een aantal recente zaken spreken het Hof van Justitie en een aantal advocaten-generaal zich wederom uit over de doorwerking van het recht van de Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WTO) in de Europese rechtsorde. Hoewel de deur voor ‘rechtstreeks effect’ gesloten blijft, is iedere Europese rechter onder het principe van de ‘verdragsconforme interpretatie’ verplicht om het Europees recht voor zover mogelijk uit te leggen in lijn met relevante regels van WTO-recht. Aldus bestaat er wel degelijk een mogelijkheid voor particuliere partijen om zich op het WTO-recht te beroepen en de rechter, althans de Europese, geeft daaraan steeds vaker (expliciet of impliciet) gehoor.HvJ 14 april 2011, gevoegde zaken C-288/09 en C-289/09, BskyB and Pace/The Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs, ECLI:EU:C:2011:248HvJ 22 november 2012, gevoegde zaken C-320/11, C-330/11, C-382/11, en C-383/11, Digitalnet OOD, ECLI:EU:C:2012:745HvJ 27 september 2007, zaak C-351/04, Ikea Wholesale Ltd./Commissioners of Customs & Excise, ECLI:EU:C:2007:547;HvJ 27 juni 2013, gevoegde zaken C-457/11 tot en met C-460/11, VG Wort/Kyocera e.a., C-457/11 tot en met C-460/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:426HvJ 10 april 2014, zaak C-435/12, ACI Adam e.a., ECLI:EU:C:2014:254HvJ 3 juni 2008, zaak C-308/06, Intertanko e.a./Secretary of State for Transport, ECLI:EU:C:2008:312HvJ 13 januari 2015, gevoegde zaken C-404/12 P en C-405/12 P, Raad en Commissie/Stichting Natuur en Milieu en Pesticide Action Network Europe, ECLI:EU:C:2015:5HvJ 13 januari 2015, gevoegde zaken C-401/12 P tot C-403/12 P, Raad e.a./Vereniging Milieudefensie en Stichting Stop Luchtverontreiniging Utrecht, ECLI:EU:C:2015:4HvJ 9 september 2008, gevoegde zaken C-120/06 en C-121/06, Fabbrica italiana accumulatori motocarri Montecchio SpA (FIAMM) e.a./Raad en Commissie, ECLI:EU:C:2008:476HvJ 14 juni 2012, zaak C-533/10, Compagnie international pour la vente à distance (CIVAD) SA/Receveur des douanes de Roubaix e.a., ECLI:EU:C:2012:347
Een lijdensweg die nog niet geëindigd is
Authors: Luijten E.A.A. , Meijer W.R. 
Published: March 2015

Een lijdensweg die nog niet geëindigd is. Hof Den Haag 28 oktober 2014, ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2014:3858
De uitsluiting van twee wilsrechten die niet toepasselijk zijn, betekent volgens het Hof Den Haag niet dat het de bedoeling van de testateur was de twee wel toepasselijke wilsrechten uit te sluiten. Artikel 4:21 BW wordt geacht te zijn uitgesloten, artikel 4:22 BW wordt geacht niet te zijn uitgesloten. De auteurs zijn hier niet enthousiast over.
In Vitro Activity of Calcium Sulfate and Hydroxyapatite Antifungal Disks Loaded with Amphotericin B or Voriconazole in Consideration for Adjunctive Osteomyelitis Management
Authors: Karr Jeffrey C. , Lauretta Joseph 
Published: March 2015

Background
Regarding antibiotic-loaded cements, there is an abundant amount of literature regarding the antibacterial in vitro inhibitory and clinical applications for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The opposite can be said about literature regarding in vitro antifungal-loaded cement drug delivery for the treatment of fungal osteomyelitis.

Methods

Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida (ATCC 1023ATCC, Manassas, Virginia) were plated on antibiotic/antifungal-free plates. Voriconazole- and amphotericin B–impregnated calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite (HA) disks, calcium sulfate + HA control disks, and control polymethylmethacrylate disks were laid separately onto plates separately inoculated with Aspergillus and Candida spp. The zones of inhibition obtained were measured in millimeters at 24, 36, and 96 hours.

Results
Etest (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) results demonstrated susceptibility of Aspergillus and Candida to amphotericin B and voriconazole. The zone of inhibition data demonstrated that voriconazole and amphotericin B retained their antifungal activity when mixed into the calcium sulfate + HA bone void filler and eluted at biologically effective antifungal concentrations over 96 hours.

Conclusions
The calcium sulfate + HA bone void filler is a biocompatible ceramic carrier vehicle that can successfully deliver the antifungal drugs voriconazole and amphotericin B in the adjunctive treatment of fungal osteomyelitis. It is a reliable strategy in the local delivery of antifungal drugs to an area of osteomyelitis.
Ultrasound Diagnosis and Evaluation of Plantar Heel Pain
Authors: Argerakis Nicholas G. , Positano Rock G. , Positano Rock C. J. , Boccio Ashley K. , Adler Ronald S. , Saboeiro Gregory R. , Dines Joshua S. 
Published: March 2015

Background
One of the most common causes of heel pain is plantar fasciitis; however, there are other pathologic disorders that can mimic the symptoms and clinical presentation of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the prevalence of various pathologic disorders on ultrasound in patients with proximal plantar heel pain.

Methods
The medical records and diagnostic ultrasound reports of patients presenting with plantar heel pain between March 1, 2006, and March 31, 2007, were reviewed retrospectively, and the prevalence of various etiologies was collected. The inclusion criteria were based on their clinical presentation of plantar fasciitis or previous diagnosis of plantar fasciitis from an unknown source. Ultrasound evaluation was then performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis.

Results
We examined 175 feet of 143 patients (62 males and 81 females; age range, 16–79 years). Plantar fibromas were present in 90 feet (51%). Plantar fasciitis was diagnosed in 128 feet (73%). Coexistent plantar fibroma and plantar fascial thickening was found in 63 feet (36%). Of the 47 feet that were negative for plantar fasciitis on ultrasound, 27 (57%) revealed the presence of plantar fibroma.

Conclusions
Diagnostic ultrasound can effectively and safely identify the prevalence of various etiologies of heel pain. The high prevalence of plantar fibromas and plantar fascial tears cannot be determined by clinical examination alone, and, therefore, ultrasound evaluation should be performed for confirmation of diagnosis.
Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 5
Authors: Christman Robert A. 
Published: March 2015

Background
The normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates the detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional).

Methods
Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation.

Results
Images of each foot and distal leg bone (“front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique.

Conclusions
Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The results of the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg, the greater tarsus, the lesser tarsus, the metatarsals, and the phalanges (the focus of this article).
Severe Chronic Heel Pain in a Diabetic Patient with Plantar Fasciitis Successfully Treated Through Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Authors: Mohomad Al Sawah , Mohammad Rimawi , Chusid Eileen , Trepal Michael , Battaglia Fortunato 
Published: March 2015

Background
Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, was proposed as a suitable method for the treatment of several chronic pain syndromes. We describe a case of severe heel pain in a diabetic patient with plantar fasciitis successfully treated with tDCS.

Methods
The present study investigated whether tDCS treatment could reduce pain and pain-related anxiety in a 65-year-old diabetic man affected by treatment-resistant right heel pain due to plantar fasciitis. The patient underwent five tDCS treatment sessions on 5 consecutive days. Each session consisted of 20-min anodal tDCS over the left primary motor cortex leg area.

Results
The neurostimulation protocol induced a decrease in pain intensity and pain-related anxiety that outlasted the stimulation (1 week). Furthermore, the patient stopped the intake of opioid medication.

Conclusions
Therapeutic neuromodulation with tDCS may represent an alternative option for treating severe lower-extremity pain.
An open source Bayesian Monte Carlo isotope mixing model with applications in Earth surface processes
Authors: Arendt Carli A. , Aciego Sarah M. , Hetland Eric A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe implementation of isotopic tracers as constraints on source contributions has become increasingly relevant to understanding Earth surface processes. Interpretation of these isotopic tracers has become more accessible with the development of Bayesian Monte Carlo (BMC) mixing models, which allow uncertainty in mixing end‐members and provide methodology for systems with multicomponent mixing. This study presents an open source multiple isotope BMC mixing model that is applicable to Earth surface environments with sources exhibiting distinct end‐member isotopic signatures. Our model is first applied to new δ18O and δD measurements from the Athabasca Glacier, which showed expected seasonal melt evolution trends and vigorously assessed the statistical relevance of the resulting fraction estimations. To highlight the broad applicability of our model to a variety of Earth surface environments and relevant isotopic systems, we expand our model to two additional case studies: deriving melt sources from δ18O, δD, and 222Rn measurements of Greenland Ice Sheet bulk water samples and assessing nutrient sources from ɛNd and 87Sr/86Sr measurements of Hawaiian soil cores. The model produces results for the Greenland Ice Sheet and Hawaiian soil data sets that are consistent with the originally published fractional contribution estimates. The advantage of this method is that it quantifies the error induced by variability in the end‐member compositions, unrealized by the models previously applied to the above case studies. Results from all three case studies demonstrate the broad applicability of this statistical BMC isotopic mixing model for estimating source contribution fractions in a variety of Earth surface systems.
High‐resolution magnetic signature of active hydrothermal systems in the back‐arc spreading region of the southern Mariana Trough
Authors: Fujii Masakazu , Okino Kyoko , Honsho Chie , Dyment Jerome , Szitkar Florent , Mochizuki Nobutatsu , Asada Miho 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHigh‐resolution vector magnetic measurements were performed on five hydrothermal vent fields of the back‐arc spreading region of the southern Mariana Trough using Shinkai 6500, a deep‐sea manned submersible. A new 3‐D forward scheme was applied that exploits the surrounding bathymetry and varying altitudes of the submersible to estimate absolute crustal magnetization. The results revealed that magnetic‐anomaly‐derived absolute magnetizations show a reasonable correlation with natural remanent magnetizations of rock samples collected from the seafloor of the same region. The distribution of magnetic‐anomaly‐derived absolute magnetization suggests that all five andesite‐hosted hydrothermal fields are associated with a lack of magnetization, as is generally observed at basalt‐hosted hydrothermal sites. Furthermore, both the Pika and Urashima sites were found to have their own distinct low‐magnetization zones, which could not be distinguished in magnetic anomaly data collected at higher altitudes by autonomous underwater vehicle due to their limited extension. The spatial extent of the resulting low magnetization is approximately 10 times wider at off‐axis sites than at on‐axis sites, possibly reflecting larger accumulations of nonmagnetic sulfides, stockwork zones, and/or alteration zones at the off‐axis sites.
Improving representation of convective transport for scale‐aware parameterization: 1. Convection and cloud properties simulated with spectral bin and bulk microphysics
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Liu Yi‐Chin , Xu Kuan‐Man , North Kirk , Collis Scott , Dong Xiquan , Zhang Guang J. , Chen Qian , Kollias Pavlos , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe ultimate goal of this study is to improve the representation of convective transport by cumulus parameterization for mesoscale and climate models. As Part 1 of the study, we perform extensive evaluations of cloud‐resolving simulations of a squall line and mesoscale convective complexes in midlatitude continent and tropical regions using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with spectral bin microphysics (SBM) and with two double‐moment bulk microphysics schemes: a modified Morrison (MOR) and Milbrandt and Yau (MY2). Compared to observations, in general, SBM gives better simulations of precipitation and vertical velocity of convective cores than MOR and MY2 and therefore will be used for analysis of scale dependence of eddy transport in Part 2. The common features of the simulations for all convective systems are (1) the model tends to overestimate convection intensity in the middle and upper troposphere, but SBM can alleviate much of the overestimation and reproduce the observed convection intensity well; (2) the model greatly overestimates Ze in convective cores, especially for the weak updraft velocity; and (3) the model performs better for midlatitude convective systems than the tropical system. The modeled mass fluxes of the midlatitude systems are not sensitive to microphysics schemes but are very sensitive for the tropical case indicating strong microphysics modification to convection. Cloud microphysical measurements of rain, snow, and graupel in convective cores will be critically important to further elucidate issues within cloud microphysics schemes.
A multisite analysis of temporal random errors in soil CO2 efflux
Authors: Cueva Alejandro , Bahn Michael , Litvak Marcy , Pumpanen Jukka , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn important component of the terrestrial carbon balance is the efflux of CO2 from soils to the atmosphere, which is strongly influenced by changes in soil moisture and temperature. Continuous measurements of soil CO2 efflux are available around the world, and there is a need to develop and improve analyses to better quantify the precision of the measurements. We focused on random errors in measurements, which are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes such as fluctuating environmental conditions. We used the CO2 gradient flux method with two different algorithms to study the temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux and associated random errors at four different ecosystems with wide ranges in mean annual temperature, soil moisture, and soil CO2 efflux. Our results show that random errors were better explained by a double‐exponential distribution, had a mean value close to zero, were nonheteroscedastic, and were independent of soil moisture conditions. Random errors increased with the magnitude of soil CO2 efflux and scale isometrically (scaling exponent ≈ 1) within and across all sites, with a single relation common to all data. This isometric scaling is unaffected by ecosystem type, soil moisture conditions, and soil CO2 efflux range (maximum and minimum values within an ecosystem). These results suggest larger uncertainty under extreme events that increase soil CO2 efflux rates. The accumulated annual uncertainty due to random errors varied between ±0.38 and ±2.39%. These results provide insights on the scalability of the sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux to changing weather conditions across ecosystems.
Anthropogenic and climatic influences on carbon fluxes from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean: A process‐based modeling study
Authors: Tian Hanqin , Yang Qichun , Najjar Raymond G. , Ren Wei , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Hopkinson Charles S. , Pan Shufen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe magnitude, spatiotemporal patterns, and controls of carbon flux from land to the ocean remain uncertain. Here we applied a process‐based land model with explicit representation of carbon processes in streams and rivers to examine how changes in climate, land conversion, management practices, atmospheric CO2, and nitrogen deposition affected carbon fluxes from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean, specifically the Gulf of Maine (GOM), Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), and South Atlantic Bight (SAB). Our simulation results indicate that the mean annual fluxes (±1 standard deviation) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the past three decades (1980–2008) were 2.37 ± 0.60, 1.06 ± 0.20, and 3.57 ± 0.72 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Carbon export demonstrated substantial spatial and temporal variability. For the region as a whole, the model simulates a significant decrease in riverine DIC fluxes from 1901 to 2008, whereas there were no significant trends in DOC or POC fluxes. In the SAB, however, there were significant declines in the fluxes of all three forms of carbon, and in the MAB subregion, DIC and POC fluxes declined significantly. The only significant trend in the GOM subregion was an increase in DIC flux. Climate variability was the primary cause of interannual variability in carbon export. Land conversion from cropland to forest was the primary factor contributing to decreases in all forms of C export, while nitrogen deposition and fertilizer use, as well as atmospheric CO2 increases, tended to increase DOC, POC, and DIC fluxes.
Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study
Authors: Tan Zeli , Zhuang Qianlai , Walter Anthony Katey 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo date, methane emissions from lakes in the pan‐arctic region are poorly quantified. In order to investigate the response of methane emissions from this region to global warming, a process‐based climate‐sensitive lake biogeochemical model was developed. The processes of methane production, oxidation, and transport were modeled within a one‐dimensional sediment and water column. The sizes of 14C‐enriched and 14C‐depleted carbon pools were explicitly parameterized. The model was validated using observational data from five lakes located in Siberia and Alaska, representing a large variety of environmental conditions in the arctic. The model simulations agreed well with the measured water temperature and dissolved CH4 concentration (mean error less than 1°C and 0.2 μM, respectively). The modeled CH4 fluxes were consistent with observations in these lakes. We found that bubbling‐rate‐controlling nitrogen (N2) stripping was the most important factor in determining CH4 fraction in bubbles. Lake depth and ice cover thickness in shallow waters were also controlling factors. This study demonstrated that the thawing of Pleistocene‐aged organic‐rich yedoma can fuel sediment methanogenesis by supplying a large quantity of labile organic carbon. Observations and modeling results both confirmed that methane emission rate at thermokarst margins of yedoma lakes was much larger (up to 538 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) than that at nonthermokarst zones in the same lakes and a nonyedoma, nonthermokarst lake (less than 42 mg CH4 m−2 d−1). The seasonal variability of methane emissions can be explained primarily by energy input and organic carbon availability.
Progressive shoaling of the equatorial Pacific thermocline over the last eight glacial periods
Authors: Regoli Fabienne , de Garidel‐Thoron Thibault , Tachikawa Kazuyo , Jian Zhiming , Ye Liming , Droxler André W. , Lenoir Guillaume , Crucifix Michel , Barbarin Nicolas , Beaufort Luc 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe depth of equatorial Pacific thermocline is diagnostic of the main modes of tropical climates. Past estimates of Pacific thermocline dynamics have been reconstructed either for the Last Glacial Maximum or on longer timescales at low resolution. Here we document a new high‐resolution set of reconstructed past sea surface and subsurface waters temperatures from the southwestern subequatorial Pacific, core MD05‐2930, in the Gulf of Papua, over the last 800 ka. We used two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber known to live at different water depths to reconstruct past stratification. We estimated calcification temperature of each morphotypes by Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Our subequatorial Pacific thermocline paleotemperature record indicates a response of the thermocline to both direct orbital forcing and glacial‐interglacial changes. Our stratification record shows a systematic shallower glacial thermocline, whereas sea surface temperatures are characterized by precessional forcing. The record is indicative of a progressive long‐term shoaling of the thermocline during the glacial stages during the late Pleistocene. The shoaling of the subequatorial Pacific thermocline is consistent with regional estimates. An enhanced South Pacific shallow overturning wind‐driven circulation could have driven this progressive shoaling. We speculate that this late Pleistocene glacial shoaling of the thermocline could be related to an increase in the amplitude of the obliquity.
The thinning of subcontinental lithosphere: The roles of plume impact and metasomatic weakening
Authors: Wang Hongliang , van Hunen Jeroen , Pearson D. Graham 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGeologically rapid (tens of Myr) partial removal of thick continental lithosphere is evident beneath Precambrian terranes, such as North China Craton, southern Africa, and the North Atlantic Craton, and has been linked with thermomechanical erosion by mantle plumes. We performed numerical experiments with realistic viscosities to test this hypothesis and constrain the most important parameters that influence cratonic lithosphere erosion. Our models indicate that the thermomechanical erosion by a plume impact on typical Archean lithospheric mantle is unlikely to be more effective than long‐term erosion from normal plate‐mantle interaction. Therefore, unmodified cratonic roots that have been stable for billions of years will not be significantly disrupted by the erosion of a plume event. However, the buoyancy and strength of highly depleted continental roots can be modified by fluid‐melt metasomatism, and our models show that this is essential for the thinning of originally stable continental roots. The long‐term but punctuated history of metasomatic enrichment beneath ancient continents makes this mode of weakening very likely. The effect of the plume impact is to speed up the erosion significantly and help the removal of the lithospheric root to occur within tens of Myr if affected by metasomatic weakening.