bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of working capital management on profitability: Evidence from Pakistan oil sector
Authors: Raza M.Yousaf , Bashir Muhammad , Latif Khalid , Shah Touqeer Sultan , Ahmed Mushtaq 
Published: June 2015

This study explores the impact of working capital management on the profitability of the firms in the oil sector of Pakistan. For the purpose of testing this relationship data from the annual reports of the sample companies is used from the period 2006 to 2010. Cash conversion cycles (CCC), average receivable, Average inventory, average payable, and current ratio are used as a measure of working capital management, while gross operating profit is used as a measure of profitability of the firm. There are three major issues in financial management that are capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management. So working capital management is one of the three major issues in financial management. A commercial firm consists of two types of assets, which are fixed assets and current assets. Current assets of a firm consist of cash, bank balance, account receivable, raw material, work in process, and finished goods. While fixed assets of the business require capital expenditure and these are used in increasing the production of the business, the Current assets are used in utilizing the fixed assets in day to day transactions. Hence Current assets are regarded as lifeblood for any business firm, the play vital role in the daily operations of the business. Current assets and current liabilities regarded as are very important component of total assets and they need to be carefully managed for the long term success of the business. In this paper working capital management provide us profit by using average payable and gross operating profit but other variables in hypothesis shows negative relationships with each other.
What’s in a word? : Rethinking facet headings in a discovery service
Authors: Nelson David , Turney Linda 
Published: June 2015

The emergence of Discovery systems has been well received by libraries who have long been concerned with offering a smorgasbord of databases that require either individual searching of databases or the problematic use of federated searching. The ability to search across a wide array of subscribed and open-access information resources via a centralized index has opened up access for users to a library’s wealth of information resources. This capability has been particularly praised for its ‘google like’ search interface, thereby conforming to user expectations for information searching. Yet, all discovery services also include facets as a search capability and thus provide faceted navigation which is a search feature that Google is not particularly well suited for. Discovery services thus provide a hybrid search interface. An examination of e-commerce sites clearly shows that faceted navigation is an integral part of their discovery systems. Many library OPACs also now are being developed with faceted navigation capabilities. However, the discovery services faceted structures suffer from a number of problems which inhibit their usefulness and their potential. This article examines a number of these issues and it offers suggestions for improving the discovery search interface. It also argues that vendors and libraries need to work together to more closely analyze the user experience of the discovery system.
Le contemporain : objet de collection et de réflexion dans les musées de société
Authors: Provencher St-Pierre Laurence 
Published: June 2015

Comment définir l’objet au centre des pratiques actuelles de collecte dans les musées ? Outre son caractère hétérogène et pluriel qui rend ses contours difficiles à cerner, l’objet de collection pourrait-il être qualifié de contemporain ? C’est la piste qu’a choisi d’explorer Laurence Provencher St-Pierre qui démontre dans cet article de quelles manières la collecte du contemporain s’est graduellement développée au cours des dernières décennies de manière à faire du contemporain à la fois un objet de collection et un objet de réflexion pour les musées de société. Sans être une nouvelle pratique, sa collecte occupe une place grandissante dans la communauté muséale et est en train de s’imposer comme une tendance. Un nombre croissant d’institutions manifestent leur désir de s’engager dans une collecte organisée des objets appartenant à un passé récent, voire au présent, et de théoriser sur le sujet. Cette préoccupation s’est imposée comme un enjeu sur le plan de la muséologie internationale, comme en témoigne la création récente du Comité international pour le développement des collections (COMCOL) dont un des groupes de travail s’intéresse spécifiquement à la collecte de l’actuel. Leurs travaux participent à la création d’un discours réflexif sur cette pratique. D’ailleurs, les membres du COMCOL, qui tentent de positionner le présent comme un champ de recherche à part entière pour les muséologues, ont rapidement élargi leur intérêt initial pour la collecte du contemporain à l’objectif plus général de documenter la société contemporaine sous tous ses aspects. Ce passage de la collecte à la documentation du présent semble caractéristique des pratiques muséales actuelles. Cherchant à matérialiser l’intangible qui renvoie à son propre présent, le musée fait de la société le véritable objet au centre de ses pratiques. En conservant les traces de l’aujourd’hui, il s’accorde un rôle d’observateur et témoigne de cette préoccupation marquée de la société pour sa propre époque.
Influence of year-on-year performance on final degree classification in a chiropractic master's degree program
Authors: Dewhurst Philip , Rix Jacqueline , Newell David 
Published: June 2015

Objective: We explored if any predictors of success could be identified from end-of-year grades in a chiropractic master's program and whether these grades could predict final-year grade performance and year-on-year performance.
Methods: End-of-year average grades and module grades for a single cohort of students covering all academic results for years 1–4 of the 2013 graduating class were used for this analysis. Analysis consisted of within-year correlations of module grades with end-of-year average grades, linear regression models for continuous data, and logistic regression models for predicting final degree classifications.
Results: In year 1, 140 students were enrolled; 85.7% of students completed the program 4 years later. End-of-year average grades for years 1–3 were correlated (Pearson r values ranging from .75 to .87), but the end-of-year grades for years 1–3 were poorly correlated with clinic internship performance. In linear regression, several modules were predictive of end-of-year average grades for each year. For year 1, logistic regression showed that the modules Physiology and Pharmacology and Investigative Imaging were predictive of year 1 performance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15 and 0.9, respectively). In year 3, the modules Anatomy and Histopathology 3 and Problem Solving were predictors of the difference between a pass/merit or distinction final degree classification (OR = 1.06 and 1.12, respectively).
Conclusion: Early academic performance is weakly correlated with final-year clinic internship performance. The modules of Anatomy and Histopathology year 3 and Problem Solving year 3 emerged more consistently than other modules as being associated with final-year classifications.
MIDWIFERY TRAINING AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN THE INTER-WAR ANGLO-EGYPTIAN

SUDAN
Authors: BELL HEATHER 
Published: July 2002

Although the conventional image of the colonial medical encounter
in
Africa depicts a white, male, European doctor treating a black African

patient, most of the actual deliverers of Western medicine in Africa during

the colonial period were non-Europeans. In the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
British doctors formed only a small minority of Western medical practitioners.

Most often, it was Syrian, Egyptian and Sudanese doctors, and
Sudanese assistant medical officers, mosquito men, nurses, sanitary officers

and midwives who delivered sanitary and medical services on behalf of the

colonial state. Understanding the cultural exchanges, technology transfer

and power relations involved in the operation of colonial medicine clearly

requires careful study of the training, the role and the experiences of
these
non-European practitioners of Western medicine.In this paper, one such group of medical practitioners is examined through

a study of the Midwifery Training School or MTS, opened in Omdurman,
Sudan in 1921. The MTS sought to create a class of modern, trained
Sudanese midwives, out of, and in rivalry to, an entrenched class of
traditional midwives, known as dayas. The analysis relies heavily
on the
papers of Mabel E. Wolff, founding matron of the MTS and her sister,
Gertrude L. Wolff, who first arrived in Sudan to train nurses. Throughout

the discussion, the name ‘Wolff’ alone designates Mabel, whose
voice
dominates their collective papers.
SHAPING A SETTLER ELITE: STUDENTS, COMPETITION AND LEADERSHIP AT SOUTH AFRICAN COLLEGE, 1829–95
Authors: DURRILL WAYNE K. 
Published: July 2002

Shortly after South African College, the predecessor of today's University
of Cape Town, opened its doors in 1829 faculty members found that they had
a problem. In one meeting of the Faculty Senate alone, four students were
brought up on charges that one had been ‘fighting and noisy’, another
‘fighting – kicking open the door of the Messenger's Room’, another
‘writing on the Professor's desk with chalk’ the words ‘Ziervogel is a
vagabond’ as well as ‘threatening the messenger with his fist’, and another
‘idle, insolent & insubordinate in writing class’ who, in replying to a
reprimand from the writing master, said: ‘You may go to the Devil’. Several
others were noted in the records as absent from class and lying about it.
Moreover, the young college had only two dozen or so books, but already
nine of them had been ‘mutilated by tearing out the leaves & c’. And
virtually all the means for securing property from theft – ‘various locks,
claps and staples’ – had been ‘broken in the College, apparently by some of
the Students.’ So intractable had the students become, in fact, that the college
authorities constructed a small one-room prison with no windows on
campus, which they called the ‘Black Hole’, in which to confine offenders
who could be identified and condemned. Students were regularly sentenced
to terms of three or four hours per day without bread or water, usually in the
early evening, the number of days depending on the severity of the offense.Students at South African College engaged in violence and intimidation of
all sorts in the first half of the nineteenth century. They attacked professors
and townspeople in Cape Town, preyed on each other, stole and destroyed
property, and continually disrupted the operations of the college. These were
not boys striving to become upstanding citizens, yet in the end they did for
the most part, largely because in organizing campus violence some SAC
students produced a reputation for leadership and a constituency that
followed them. And that reputation proved useful later in securing positions
in the city's merchant houses and in the colonial government. Later in the
century, however, the violence subsided and was replaced with different
means by which to produce a reputation for leadership, mainly structured
competitions among students in a debating society, in sports and for high
rankings in the examinations offered by the University of the Cape of Good
Hope. What I wish to argue here is that the social relations created among
students at South African College were important to forming elites in each
successive generation. Moreover, it is important to know how these social
relations were formed – mostly in competitions among students which
centered around acts of violence, at first physical and later symbolic.
Dynamics of nitrogen capture without fertilizer: the baseline for fertilizing winter wheat in the UK
Authors: SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. , STOKES D. T. , SCOTT R. K. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments at three sites in 1993, six sites in 1994 and eight sites in 1995, mostly after oilseed rape,
tested effects of previous fertilizer N (differing by 200 kg/ha for 1993 and 1994 and 300 kg/ha for
1995) and date of sowing (differing by about 2 months) on soil mineral N and N uptake by winter
wheat cv. Mercia which received no fertilizer N. Soil mineral N to 90 cm plus crop N (‘soil N supply’;
SNS) in February was 103 and 76 kg/ha after large and small amounts of previous fertilizer N
respectively but was not affected by date of sowing. Previous fertilizer N seldom affected crop N in
spring because sowing was too late for N capture during autumn, but it did affect soil mineral N,
particularly in the 60–90 cm soil horizon, presumably due to over-winter leaching. Tillering generally
occurred in spring, and was delayed but not diminished by later sowing. Previous fertilizer N
increased shoot survival more than it increased shoot production. Final shoot number was affected
by previous fertilizer N, but not by date of sowing. Overall, there were 29 surviving tillers/g SNS.N uptakes at fortnightly intervals from spring to harvest at two core sites were described well by
linear rates. The difference between sowings in the fitted date with 10 kg/ha crop N was 1 month;
these dates were not significantly affected by previous fertilizer. N uptake rates were increased by both
previous fertilizer N and late sowing. Rates of N uptake related closely to soil mineral N in February
such that ‘equivalent recovery’ was achieved in late May or early June. At one site there was evidence
that most of the residue from previous fertilizer N had moved below 90 cm by February, but N
uptake was nevertheless increased. Two further ‘satellite’ sites behaved similarly. Thus at 14 out of
17 sites, N uptake until harvest related directly and with approximate parity to soil mineral N in
February (R2 = 0·79), a significant intercept being in keeping with an atmospheric contribution of
20–40 kg/ha N at all sites.It is concluded that, on retentive soils in the UK, SNS in early spring was a good indicator of N
availability throughout growth of unfertilized wheat, because the N residues arising from previous
fertilizer mineralized before analysis, yet remained largely within root range. The steady rates of soil
mineral N recovery were taken as being dependent on progressively deeper root development. Thus,
even if soil mineral N equated with a crop's N requirement, fresh fertilizer applications might be
needed before ‘equivalent recovery’ of soil N, to encourage the earlier processes of tiller production
and canopy expansion. The later process of grain filling was sustained by continued N uptake (mean
41 kg/ha) coming apparently from N leached to the subsoil (relating to previous fertilizer use) as well
as from sources not related to previous fertilizer use; significant net mineralization was apparent in
some subsoils.
Responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potassium fertilizers
Authors: ALLISON M. F. , FOWLER J. H. , ALLEN E. J. 
Published: July 2002

Between 1989 and 1999, 33 experiments tested the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer on the yield and quality of potatoes. The experiments were done on a range of soil types and used varieties and management conditions common to modern commercial production. The average yield in these experiments was 48 t/ha. Nearly half of the experiments were done on soils that had exchangeable K values < 120 mg/l (MAFF Indices 0–1) but use of K fertilizer resulted in statistically significant increases in fresh weight yield in only seven experiments. Generally, soil exchangeable K was a poor predictor of the probability of a yield response. Potassium fertilizer caused an increase in dry weight yield in only four experiments and these experiments were characterized by the absence of irrigation, soils with small amounts of exchangeable K and use of determinate varieties. Re-examination of published data supported the findings in the current work: potatoes are not particularly responsive to K fertilizer and the optimal K application rate is rarely > 170–210 kg K/ha. When applied at the optimal rate, the effects of K fertilizer on tuber dry matter concentration were nonsignificant. Exceeding the optimal K application rate caused occasional reductions in tuber dry matter concentrations particularly if potassium chloride (KCl) was used. In the two experiments where it was tested, application rate and form of K had no effect on crisp fry-colour. The effect of K fertilizer on tuber K concentration was measured in 21 experiments and on average each tonne of fresh weight yield was associated with 4·2 kg K. The range in values was large, 2·8–5·7 and related to soil exchangeable K.For fertilizer recommendations based solely on the probability of a significant yield response to K fertilizer it is suggested that no more than 210 kg K/ha be applied even on soils with < 120 mg exchangeable K/l. For fertilizer recommendations based on crop K removal, an uptake value of 4·8 kg K/t fresh weight (FW), as has been suggested, would be adequate, although errors in the estimation of yield may lead to over or under application of K. Since there was little evidence to support fertilizer policies that apply more K than is removed by the crop a fertilizer recommendation system based primarily on the probability of a yield response would be more than sufficient.
Effect of slurry application and mineral nitrogen fertilization on N leaching in different crop combinations
Authors: SIELING K. , GÜNTHER-BORSTEL O. , HANUS H. 
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer not used by the crop can increase the risk of nitrate leaching into the groundwater. In two growing seasons, 1990/91 and 1991/92, the relationships between N fertilization and yield, N uptake by the grain and the N leaching in the subsequent percolation period were investigated in a multifactorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley, and effects of soil tillage (minimum tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, application in autumn, application in autumn and in spring), mineral N fertilization (none, 80 or 200 kg N ha−1 to oilseed rape and 120 or 240 kg N ha−1 to cereals) and application of fungicides (none, intensive) were all tested. In each year, the rotation and the treatments were located on the same plots. Mineral N fertilization and fungicide application increased yield and N uptake by grain or seed in all crops. In contrast, the application of slurry, especially in autumn, had only small effects on yield and N uptake. Nitrogen losses by leaching (measured using porous ceramic cups) were affected mainly by the year and the crop. In 1992/93, averaged over all factors, 80 kg N ha−1 was leached compared with 28 kg N ha−1 the previous year. Oilseed rape reduced N losses, whereas under winter wheat up to 160 kg N ha−1 was leached. Due to a lower N-use efficiency, autumn applications of slurry increased N leaching, and mineral N fertilization of the preceding crop also led to higher N losses.Since the amount of leached N depends both on the nitrogen left by the preceding crop (unused fertilizer N as well as N in residues) and on N uptake by the subsequent crop, it is not possible to apportion the N losses to any particular crop in the rotation. The cropping sequence, together with its previous and subsequent crops, must also be considered.To minimize leaching, N fertilization must meet the needs of the growing crop. In order to improve the efficiency further, investigations must be conducted in order to understand the dynamics of N in the plant–soil system in conjunction with the weather and crop management practices.
The effect of winter cover crop management on nitrate
leaching losses and crop growth
Authors: FRANCIS G. S. , BARTLEY K. M. , TABLEY F. J. 
Published: July 2002

Two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand, were conducted
during 1993–95 following the
ploughing of temporary pasture leys. These experiments investigated the
effects of cover crop
management on the accumulation of soil mineral N and nitrate leaching during
winter, and the
growth and N uptake of the following spring cereal crop. The cover crops
used were ryegrass (Lolium
multiflorum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), lupins (Lupinus
angustifolius L.), mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and
winter wheat (Triticum aestivum).Ploughing of temporary pasture in autumn (March) resulted in extensive
net N mineralization of
organic N by the start of winter (June). In fallow soil, mineral N in the
profile in June ranged from
98 kg N/ha in 1993 to 128 kg N/ha in 1994. When cover crops were
established early in the autumn
(March) in 1993, both the above-ground dry matter production (1440–3108
kg DM/ha) and its N
content (50–71 kg N/ha) were substantial by the start of winter.
In 1994, establishment of cover crops
one month later (April) resulted in very little dry matter production and
N uptake by June. In both
years, compared with fallow soil, winter wheat planted in May had little
effect on soil mineral N
content by the start of winter.Compared with fallow, cover crops had little effect on soil drainage
over winter. Cumulative nitrate
leaching losses from fallow soil were much smaller in 1993 (23 kg N/ha)
than in 1994 (49 kg N/ha),
mainly due to differences in rainfall distribution. Cover crops reduced
cumulative nitrate leaching
losses in 1993 to 1–5 kg N/ha and in 1994 to 22–30 kg N/ha.
When cover crops were grazed, soil
mineral N contents were increased due to the return of ingested plant N
to urine patch areas of soil.
Elevated soil mineral N contents under grazing persisted throughout the
winter. Grazing had little
effect on cumulative nitrate leaching losses, mainly because of the small
amount of drainage that
occurred after grazing in either year.Compared with fallow, incorporation of large amounts of non-leguminous
above ground dry
matter depressed the yield and N uptake of the following spring-sown cereal
crop. Where cover crops
were grazed, yields of the following cereal crops were similar to those
for soil fallow over the winter.
The effect of sulphur application on the efficiency of
nitrogen use in two contrasting grassland soils
Authors: BROWN L. , SCHOLEFIELD D. , JEWKES E. C. , PREEDY N. , WADGE K. , BUTLER M. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of sulphur (S) application on the efficiency of nitrogen (N) use was investigated using cut
plot experiments on two contrasting soil types. Nitrogen was applied at 200 and 450 kg N/ha per
year, with and without 38 kg SO3/ha (15·2 kg S/ha) per cut. Over three conventionally timed silage
cuts for 2 years, measurements were made of herbage dry matter, the yield of N and S in herbage and
losses of N and S by leaching, and N by denitrification.Herbage dry matter and N yields were significantly increased by the application of S at the high
N level at the sandy loam site (Halse). At the clay loam site (Great Close) the application of S had
no significant effect on herbage dry matter or N yields. At Halse, the pattern of response through the
year was not the same in the 2 years studied, although in both, the effect of S was significant at third
cut at high N. Deficiency was suggested by the N[ratio ]S ratio of herbage on the plots without S, especially
at first cut, and at later cuts at Halse. Nitrate leaching was reduced by S at Halse by 72% and 58%
with high N in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and by 10% and 5% on the low N treatments in 1997
and 1998, respectively. Application of S at high N at Halse reduced the peak concentration of nitrate-N in leachate from 27·3 mg N/l to 9·3 mg N/l. At Great Close, application of S had no significant
effect on the amount or peak concentration of nitrate-N leached. The improvement in efficiency
reported at Halse suggests that on permeable soils receiving high levels of N, the application of S
could have a large effect on nitrate leaching and its associated environmental impact.