bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red emission phosphor for real‐time skin dosimeter for fluoroscopy and interventional radiology
Authors: Nakamura Masaaki , Chida Koichi , Zuguchi Masayuki 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:There are no effective real‐time direct skin dosimeters for interventional radiology. Such a scintillation dosimeter would be available if there was a suitable red emission phosphor in the medical x‐ray range, since the silicon photodiode is a highly efficient device for red light. However, it is unknown whether there is a suitable red emission phosphor. The purpose of this study is to find a suitable red emission phosphor that can be used in x‐ray dosimeters.Methods:Five kinds of phosphors which emit red light when irradiated with electron beams or ultraviolet rays in practical devices were chosen. For the brightness measurement, phosphor was put into transparent plastic cells or coated onto plastic sheets. The phosphors were irradiated with medical range x‐rays [60–120 kV(peak), maximum dose rate of 160 ], and the emission was measured by a luminance meter. Several characteristics, such as brightness, dose rate dependence, tube voltage dependence, and brightness stability, were investigated.Results:The luminescence of Y V O4:Eu, (Y,Gd,Eu) BO3, and Y2O3:Eu significantly deteriorated by 5%–10% when irradiated with continuous 2 Gy x‐rays. The 0.5MgF2⋅3.5MgO⋅GeO2:Mn phosphor did not emit enough. Only the Y2O2S:Eu,Sm phosphor had hardly any brightness deterioration, and it had a linear relationship so that the x‐ray dose rate could be determined from the brightness with sufficient accuracy. For the tube voltage dependence of the Y2O2S:Eu,Sm phosphor, the brightness per unit dose rate with 120 kV(peak) x‐rays was 30% higher than that with 60 kV(peak) x‐rays.Conclusions:Five kinds of phosphors were chosen as an x‐ray scintillator for a real‐time direct skin dosimeter. The Y V O4:Eu, (Y,Gd,Eu)BO3, and Y2O3:Eu phosphors had brightness deterioration caused by the x‐rays. Only the Y2O2S:Eu,Sm phosphor had hardly any brightness deterioration, and it is a candidate for an x‐ray scintillator for such a skin dosimeter.
Phase synchronization analysis of prefrontal tissue oxyhemoglobin oscillations in elderly subjects with cerebral infarction
Authors: Han Qingyu , Li Zengyong , Gao Yuanjin , Li Wenhao , Xin Qing , Tan Qitao , Zhang Manyu , Zhang Yixun 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:This study aims to assess the phase relationship of prefrontal tissue oxyhemoglobin oscillations using wavelet phase coherence analysis of cerebral Delta [HbO2] signals in cerebral infarction (CI) patients during the resting state.Methods:Continuous recordings of near‐infrared spectroscopy signals were obtained from the left and right prefrontal lobes in 21 subjects with CI (Group CI, age: 76.6 ± 8.5 yr) and 21 healthy elderly subjects (Group Healthy, age: 69.0 ± 7.4 yr) during the resting state. The Group CI was further divide into two groups: CI with hypertension and CI without hypertension. The phase synchronization between left and right prefrontal Delta [HbO2] oscillations in four frequency intervals (I, 0.6–2 Hz; II, 0.145–0.6 Hz; III, 0.052–0.145 Hz; and IV, 0.021–0.052 Hz) was analyzed using wavelet phase coherence method.Results:The phase coherences in intervals III and IV were significantly lower in CI with hypertension than in healthy elderly subjects (F = 12.974, p = 0.001 for III and F = 10.073, p = 0.004 for interval IV). The phase coherence of CI without hypertension in interval III was significantly lower than in healthy elderly subjects (F = 9.909, p = 0.004). Also, the phase coherence in interval IV was significantly lower in CI with hypertension than in CI without hypertension (F = 5.665, p = 0.028). Also, the phase agreement in interval IV showed evident difference between Group CI with hypertension and without hypertension.Conclusions:The difference in phase characteristics of prefrontal tissue oxyhemoglobin oscillations between the CI patients and healthy elderly indicates altered phase synchronization. Moreover, the CI combined with hypertension would aggravate this process. This study provides new insight into the phase dynamics of cerebral oxygenation and may be useful in assessing the risk for stroke.
Measurement of bow tie profiles in CT scanners using a real‐time dosimeter
Authors: Whiting Bruce R. , Evans Joshua D. , Dohatcu Andreea C. , Williamson Jeffrey F. , Politte David G. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:Several areas of computed tomography (CT) research require knowledge about the intensity profile of the x‐ray fan beam that is introduced by a bow tie filter. This information is considered proprietary by CT manufacturers, so noninvasive measurement methods are required. One method using real‐time dosimeters has been proposed in the literature. A commercially available dosimeter was used to apply that method, and analysis techniques were developed to extract fan beam profiles from measurements.Methods:A real‐time ion chamber was placed near the periphery of an empty CT gantry and the dose rate versus time waveform was recorded as the x‐ray source rotated about the isocenter. In contrast to previously proposed analysis methods that assumed a pointlike detector, the finite‐size ion chamber received varying amounts of coverage by the collimated x‐ray beam during rotation, precluding a simple relationship between the source intensity as a function of fan beam angle and measured intensity. A two‐parameter model for measurement intensity was developed that included both effective collimation width and source‐to‐detector distance, which then was iteratively solved to minimize the error between duplicate measurements at corresponding fan beam angles, allowing determination of the fan beam profile from measured dose‐rate waveforms. Measurements were performed on five different scanner systems while varying parameters such as collimation, kVp, and bow tie filters. On one system, direct measurements of the bow tie profile were collected for comparison with the real‐time dosimeter technique.Results:The data analysis method for a finite‐size detector was found to produce a fan beam profile estimate with a relative error between duplicate measurement intensities of <5%. It was robust over a wide range of collimation widths (e.g., 1–40 mm), producing fan beam profiles that agreed with a relative error of 1%–5%. Comparison with a direct measurement technique on one system produced agreement with a relative error of 2%–6%. Fan beam profiles were found to differ for different filter types on a given system and between different vendors.Conclusions:A commercially available real‐time dosimeter probe was found to be a convenient and accurate instrument for measuring fan beam profiles. An analysis method was developed that could handle a wide range of collimation widths by explicitly considering the finite width of the ion chamber. Relative errors in the profiles were found to be less than 5%. Measurements of five different clinical scanners demonstrate the variation in bow tie designs, indicating that generic bow tie models will not be adequate for CT system research.
Step-Count Guidelines for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: da Silva Michael Pereira , Fontana Fabio Eduardo , Callahan Eric , Mazzardo Oldemar , De Campos Wagner 
Published: October 2014

Background:The aim of this systematic review was to identify the most optimal step-count cutoff for children and adolescents (5–19 years old) among guidelines currently available in the literature.Methods:The databases searched were PubMed, SportDiscus, Science Direct, Web of Science and LILACS. Studies were categorized into Health Cohort studies or Physical Activity (PA) Cohort studies according to the reference standard used. The quality of the studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 instrument.Results:Six Health and 3 PA Cohort studies were included in the final pool of papers after Full Text reading. With the exception of a single study, studies demonstrated a high risk of methodological bias in at least 1 of the QUADAS-2 domains. Guidelines ranged from 10,000 to 16,000 steps/day for the Health studies (5–16 years old), and from 9,000 to 14,000 steps/day for PA studies (6–19 years old). Due to the high risk of methodological bias, none of the Health Cohort guidelines were endorsed. The PA Cohort study with the lowest risk of methodological bias suggested 12,000 steps/day for children and adolescents irrespective of gender.Conclusion:PA Cohort studies demonstrated lower risk of methodological bias than Health Cohort studies. The optimal youth step-count guideline of 12,000 steps/day was endorsed.
Evaluation of the Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers
Authors: Evenson Kelly R. , Dorn Joan M. , Camplain Ricky , Pate Russell R. , Brown David R. 
Published: October 2014

Background:From 1995–2013, an 8-day Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers has been offered yearly in the United States.Methods:In 2013, an evaluation quantified time that fellows spent in different course offerings, surveyed fellows on course impact, documented grant funding, and identified fellow participation on leading physical activity-related journals.Results:The number of fellows that attended the course ranged from 20 per year to 35 per year. Fellows who participated in the web survey (n = 322) agreed that the course: met their expectations (99%), had a positive impact on the physical activity research or practice work they did (98%), and helped increase their professional networking in the field (93%). Following the course, 73% of fellows had further contact with course faculty and 71% had further contact with other fellows. From the National Institutes of Health, 117 grants were awarded to 82 fellows (21% of eligible fellows). Out of 14 journals reviewed, 11 had at least 1 fellow on their staff as editor, associate editor, or editorial board member.Conclusion:The Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers helps address a training need by providing instruction and building capacity in the US and abroad for conducting research on physical activity and public health.
Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Hevia Arancha , Milani Christian , López Patricia , Cuervo Adriana , Arboleya Silvia , Duranti Sabrina , Turroni Francesca , González Sonia , Suárez Ana , Gueimonde Miguel , Ventura Marco , Sánchez Borja , Margolles Abelardo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease in humans and is characterized by the presence of hyperactive immune cells and aberrant antibody responses to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, including characteristic anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies. We performed a cross-sectional study in order to determine if an SLE-associated gut dysbiosis exists in patients without active disease. A group of 20 SLE patients in remission, for which there was strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, was recruited, and we used an optimized Ion Torrent 16S rRNA gene-based analysis protocol to decipher the fecal microbial profiles of these patients and compare them with those of 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. We found diversity to be comparable based on Shannon’s index. However, we saw a significantly lowerFirmicutes/Bacteroidetesratio in SLE individuals (median ratio, 1.97) than in healthy subjects (median ratio, 4.86;P< 0.002). A lowerFirmicutes/Bacteroidetesratio in SLE individuals was corroborated by quantitative PCR analysis. Notably, a decrease of someFirmicutesfamilies was also detected. This dysbiosis is reflected, based onin silicofunctional inference, in an overrepresentation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycan utilization pathways in SLE patient microbiota.IMPORTANCEGrowing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota might impact symptoms and progression of some autoimmune diseases. However, how and why this microbial community influences SLE remains to be elucidated. This is the first report describing an SLE-associated intestinal dysbiosis, and it contributes to the understanding of the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the host in autoimmune disorders.
Mycobacterial Membrane Vesicles Administered Systemically in Mice Induce a Protective Immune Response to Surface Compartments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Prados-Rosales Rafael , Carreño Leandro J. , Batista-Gonzalez Ana , Baena Andres , Venkataswamy Manjunatha M. , Xu Jiayong , Yu Xiaobo , Wallstrom Garrick , Magee D. Mitchell , LaBaer Joshua , Achkar Jacqueline M. , Jacobs William R. , Chan John , Porcelli Steven A. , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPathogenic and nonpathogenic species of bacteria and fungi release membrane vesicles (MV), containing proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, into the extracellular milieu. Previously, we demonstrated that several mycobacterial species, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) andMycobacterium tuberculosis, release MV containing lipids and proteins that subvert host immune response in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner (R. Prados-Rosales et al., J. Clin. Invest. 121:1471–1483, 2011, doi:10.1172/JCI44261). In this work, we analyzed the vaccine potential of MV in a mouse model and compared the effects of immunization with MV to those of standard BCG vaccination. Immunization with MV from BCG orM. tuberculosiselicited a mixed humoral and cellular response directed to both membrane and cell wall components, such as lipoproteins. However, only vaccination withM. tuberculosisMV was able to protect as well as live BCG immunization.M. tuberculosisMV boosted BCG vaccine efficacy. In summary, MV are highly immunogenic without adjuvants and elicit immune responses comparable to those achieved with BCG in protection againstM. tuberculosis.IMPORTANCEThis work offers a new vaccine approach against tuberculosis using mycobacterial MV. Mycobacterium MV are a naturally released product combining immunogenic antigens in the context of a lipid structure. The fact that MV do not need adjuvants and elicit protection comparable to that elicited by the BCG vaccine encourages vaccine approaches that combine protein antigens and lipids. Consequently, mycobacterium MV establish a new type of vaccine formulation.
Prescriber preference for a particular tumour necrosis factor antagonist drug and treatment discontinuation: population-based cohort
Authors: Fisher Anat , Bassett Ken , Wright James M , Brookhart M Alan , Freeman Hugh J , Dormuth Colin R 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of physician preference for a particular tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) antagonist on the risk of treatment discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingBritish Columbia administrative health data (inpatients, outpatients and pharmacy).Participants2742 British Columbia residents who initiated a first course of a TNF antagonist between 2001 and December 2008, had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and were treated by 1 of 58 medium-volume to high-volume prescribers.Independent variableA level of physician preference for the drug (higher or lower) was assigned based on preceding prescribing records of the care-providing physician. Higher preference was defined as at least 60% of TNF antagonist courses initiated in the preceding year. Sensitivity analysis was conducted with different thresholds for higher preference.Main outcome measureDrug discontinuation was defined as a drug-free interval of 180 days or switching to another TNF antagonist, anakinra, rituximab or abatacept. The risk of discontinuation was compared between different levels of physician preference using survival analysis.ResultsHigher preference for the prescribed TNF antagonist was associated with improved persistence with the drug (4.28 years (95% CI 3.70 to 4.90) vs 3.27 (2.84 to 3.84), with log rank test p value of 0.017). The adjusted HR for discontinuation was significantly lower in courses of drugs with higher preference (0.85 (0.76 to 0.96)). The results were robust in a sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsHigher physician preference was associated with decreased risk of discontinuing TNF antagonists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This finding suggests that physicians who strongly prefer a specific treatment help their patients to stay on treatment for a longer duration. Similar research on other treatments is warranted.
Hormesis and public health: can glutathione depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction due to very low-dose chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants be mitigated?
Authors: Lee Duk-Hee , Jacobs David R 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundExposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is linked to many chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Among several possible mechanisms are gradual glutathione depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction after chronic exposure to very low doses of POP mixtures. However, it is biologically noteworthy that glutathione status and mitochondrial function is subject to hormesis, defined broadly as mild stress-induced stimulation of cellular protective mechanisms, including increased synthesis of glutathione and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although high levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS) can cause cellular damage, certain levels of ROS function as signalling molecules to induce hormetic effects. Thus, similar to many other stressors generating ROS, glutathione status and mitochondrial function can be improved at higher POP doses. However, higher POP levels are dangerous despite their hormetic effects due to other adverse phenomena. Also, the persistent nature of POPs can make hormetic effects less effective in humans as hormesis may be the most active with transient stressors. Hormesis-inducing stressors should be placed into three categories for public health purposes: (1) disadvantageous: chemicals like POPs and radiation, that could harm humans by endocrine disruption, action of chemical mixtures and susceptible populations; (2) neutral: cold, heat, and gravity; and (3) advantageous: moderate exercise, phytochemical intake, and calorie restriction. Noting that regulation of POPs, while critical, has provided insufficient protection because POPs persist in human bodies and the food chain, advantageous stressors should be used by the public to mitigate glutathione depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction due to POPs.
Errata for
Authors: Carbunar Bogdan , Potharaju Rahul , Pearce Michael , Vasudevan Venugopal , Needham Michael 
Published: October 2014

Some errors were introduced while preparing the final source files for the original article published in August 2013 in the 9,4 issue of TOMM. The errata are summarized here below together with attached revised pages showing the corrected elements indicated in red. The full CVoR (Corrected Version of Record) can be accessed in the ACM Digital Library,
DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2501643.2501652

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Androgen Receptor Is the Key Transcriptional Mediator of the Tumor Suppressor SPOP in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Geng Chuandong , Rajapakshe Kimal , Shah Shrijal S. , Shou John , Eedunuri Vijay Kumar , Foley Christopher , Fiskus Warren , Rajendran Mahitha , Chew Sue Anne , Zimmermann Martin , Bond Richard , He Bin , Coarfa Cristian , Mitsiades Nicholas 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Somatic missense mutations in the substrate-binding pocket of the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor SPOP are present in up to 15% of human prostate adenocarcinomas, but are rare in other malignancies, suggesting a prostate-specific mechanism of action. SPOP promotes ubiquitination and degradation of several protein substrates, including the androgen receptor (AR) coactivator SRC-3. However, the relative contributions that SPOP substrates may make to the pathophysiology of SPOP-mutant (mt) prostate adenocarcinomas are unknown. Using an unbiased bioinformatics approach, we determined that the gene expression profile of prostate adenocarcinoma cells engineered to express mt-SPOP overlaps greatly with the gene signature of both SRC-3 and AR transcriptional output, with a stronger similarity to AR than SRC-3. This finding suggests that in addition to its SRC-3–mediated effects, SPOP also exerts SRC-3–independent effects that are AR-mediated. Indeed, we found that wild-type (wt) but not prostate adenocarcinoma–associated mutants of SPOP promoted AR ubiquitination and degradation, acting directly through a SPOP-binding motif in the hinge region of AR. In support of these results, tumor xenografts composed of prostate adenocarcinoma cells expressing mt-SPOP exhibited higher AR protein levels and grew faster than tumors composed of prostate adenocarcinoma cells expressing wt-SPOP. Furthermore, genetic ablation of SPOP was sufficient to increase AR protein levels in mouse prostate. Examination of public human prostate adenocarcinoma datasets confirmed a strong link between transcriptomic profiles of mt-SPOP and AR. Overall, our studies highlight the AR axis as the key transcriptional output of SPOP in prostate adenocarcinoma and provide an explanation for the prostate-specific tumor suppressor role of wt-SPOP. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5631–43. ©2014 AACR.
MPHOSPH1: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xinran , Zhou Yafan , Liu Xinyuan , Peng Anlin , Gong Hao , Huang Lizi , Ji Kaige , Petersen Robert B. , Zheng Ling , Huang Kun 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
MPHOSPH1 is a critical kinesin protein that functions in cytokinesis. Here, we show that MPHOSPH1 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, where it is essential for proliferation. Attenuating MPHOSPH1 expression with a tumor-selective shRNA-expressing adenovirus (Ad-shMPP1) was sufficient to arrest HCC cell proliferation in a manner associated with an accumulation of multinucleated polyploid cells, induction of postmitotic apoptosis, and increased sensitivity to taxol cytotoxicity. Mechanistic investigations showed that attenuation of MPHOSPH1 stabilized p53, blocked STAT3 phosphorylation, and prolonged mitotic arrest. In a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model of HCC, tumoral injection of Ad-shMPP1 inhibited MPHOSPH1 expression and tumor growth in a manner correlated with induction of apoptosis. Combining Ad-shMPP1 injection with taxol administration enhanced antitumor efficacy relative to taxol alone. Furthermore, Ad-shMPP1 tail vein injection suppressed formation of orthotopic liver nodules and prevented hepatic dysfunction. Taken together, our results identify MPHOSPH1 as an oncogenic driver and candidate therapeutic target in HCC. Cancer Res; 74(22); 6623–34. ©2014 AACR.