bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aflatoxin B1 modulates the expression of phenotypic markers and cytokines by splenic lymphocytes of male F344 rats
Authors: Qian Guoqing , Tang Lili , Guo Xia , Wang Franklin , Massey Michael E. , Su Jianjia , Guo Tai L. , Williams Jonathan H. , Phillips Timothy D. , Wang Jia‐Sheng 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is immunotoxic to animals and a suspected immunosuppressant in humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of AFB1 on splenic lymphocyte phenotypes and the inflammatory cytokine expression in male F344 rats. Exposure of animals to AFB1 [5–75 µg kg–1 body weight (BW)] for 1 week showed dose‐dependent decreases in the percentage of splenic CD8+ T cells and CD3‐CD8a+ NK cells. A general inhibition of the expression of interleukin (IL)‐4 and interferon (IFN)‐γ by CD4+ T cells, IL‐4 and IFN‐γ by CD8a+ cells, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α expression by natural killer (NK) cells was also found; however, no concurrent histological changes in spleen tissue were present, suggesting acute immunosuppression without overt toxicity. Five‐week exposure with AFB1 significantly increased the percentages of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells, especially at low doses (≤ 25 µg kg–1). AFB1 treatment significantly decreased the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐4 expression by CD4+ T cells and significantly increased the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ expression by CD4+ T cells and TNF‐α expression by NK cells. These results indicated that repeated AFB1 exposure promotes inflammatory responses by regulating cytokine expression. Our data provides novel insights into the mechanisms by which AFB1 exposure differentially modulates the cell‐mediated immune responses and suggests the involvement of an inflammatory response upon repeated exposure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium and improvement in osseointegration
Authors: Chung Chi‐Jen , Su Rein‐Teng , Chu Hou‐Jen , Chen Hsien‐Te , Tsou Hsi‐Kai , He Ju‐Liang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractReducing the osseointegration time for biomedical titanium implants in surgical patients is an important goal. However, a huge controversy exists over the effectiveness of osseointegration of the surface layer by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), which is a widely favored surface modification for titanium‐based implants. In this study, various surface coatings, including anatase‐TiO2 (A‐TiO2), rutile‐TiO2 (R‐TiO2), hydroxyapatite (HAp), strontium‐containing hydroxyapatite (Sr‐HAp), and dual‐phase HAp‐TiO2 were synthesized on titanium implants by PEO. A comparative study of osseointegration performance (both in vitro and in vivo) and bone/implant adhesion strength conducted using push‐out thrust tests were demonstrated. The in vitro experimental test results agree strongly with the in vivo test results: the dual‐phase HAp‐TiO2 coating exhibits the superior cell adhesion and differentiation condition among all of the coatings in the in vitro tests and therefore has the highest push‐out bonding strength of 5.37 MPa after 12 wk of implantation in the in vivo test. The HAp‐containing coatings benefit from its bioactivity and therefore perform the others in terms of long‐term osteocyte growth (from the in vitro results) and the extent of osseointegration (from the in vivo results). The dual‐phase HAp‐TiO2 coating provides the advantages of both the bioactive HAp and structural enhancement by the TiO2, effectively promoting osseointegration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Enclosings of λ‐Fold 5‐Cycle Systems: Adding One Vertex
Authors: Asplund John , Rodger C. A. , Keranen Melissa S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA k‐cycle system of a multigraph G is an ordered pair (V, C) where V is the vertex set of G and C is a set of k‐cycles, the edges of which partition the edges of G. A k‐cycle system of is known as a λ‐fold k‐cycle system of order V. A k‐cycle system of (V, C) is said to be enclosed in a k‐cycle system of if and . We settle the difficult enclosing problem for λ‐fold 5‐cycle systems with u = 1.
Thawing of massive ground ice in mega slumps drives increases in stream sediment and solute flux across a range of watershed scales
Authors: Kokelj S. V. , Lacelle D. , Lantz T. C. , Tunnicliffe J. , Malone L. , Clark I. D. , Chin K. S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIce‐cored permafrost landscapes are highly sensitive to disturbance and have the potential to undergo dramatic geomorphic transformations in response to climate change. The acceleration of thermokarst activity in the lower Mackenzie and Peel River watersheds of northwestern Canada has led to the development of large permafrost thaw slumps and caused major impacts to fluvial systems. Individual “mega slumps” have thawed up to 106 m3of ice‐rich permafrost. The widespread development of these large thaw slumps (up to 40 ha area with headwalls of up to 25 m height) and associated debris flows drive distinct patterns of stream sediment and solute flux that are evident across a range of watershed scales. Suspended sediment and solute concentrations in impacted streams were several orders of magnitude greater than in unaffected streams. In summer, slump impacted streams displayed diurnal fluctuations in water levels and solute and sediment flux driven entirely by ground‐ice thaw. Turbidity in these streams varied diurnally by up to an order of magnitude and followed the patterns of net radiation and ground‐ice ablation in mega slumps. These diurnal patterns were discernible at the 103 km2 catchment scale, and regional disturbance inventories indicate that hundreds of watersheds are already influenced by slumping. The broad scale impacts of accelerated slumping are indicated by a significant increase in solute concentrations in the Peel River (70,000 km2). These observations illustrate the nature and magnitude of hydrogeomorphic changes that can be expected as glaciogenic landscapes underlain by massive ice adjust to a rapidly changing climate.
c‐Myc‐mediated overexpression of miR‐17‐92 suppresses replication of hepatitis B virus in human hepatoma cells
Authors: Jung Yong Jin , Kim Jin‐Wook , Park Soo Jin , Min Bo Young , Jang Eun Sun , Kim Nam Young , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Shin Cheol Min , Lee Sang Hyub , Park Young Soo , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Nayoung , Lee Dong Ho 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate post‐transcriptional gene expression in various physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections. The miR‐17‐92 cluster encodes six miRNAs (miR‐17‐5p, miR‐18a, miR‐19a, miR‐19b, miR‐20a, and miR‐92a‐1) which are transactivated by c‐Myc. Because hepatitis B virus transactivates c‐Myc, the interaction between the miR‐17‐92 cluster and HBV replication was examined in this study. Inducing HBV replication in a human hepatoma cell line increased miR‐17‐5p, miR‐20a and miR‐92a‐1 expression. HBV‐induced overexpression of miR‐17‐92 was reversed by c‐Myc knockdown. Antisense peptide nucleic acids against miR‐20a and miR‐92a‐1 augmented HBV replication. A computational analysis yielded potential binding sites for miR‐20a and miR‐92a‐1 in the HBV genome. The direct interaction between these two miRNAs and target regions in HBV transcripts was confirmed by luciferase reporter analysis. These results demonstrated negative feedback suppression of HBV replication by the miR‐17‐92 polycistron. J. Med. Virol. 85: 969–978, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bear historical ranges revisited: Documenting the increase of a once‐extirpated population in Nevada
Authors: Lackey Carl W. , Beckmann Jon P. , Sedinger James 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBlack bears (Ursus americanus) were once abundant in Nevada and distributed throughout the state, yet recognition of the species' historical occurrence in the state is uncommon and has therefore been ignored in published distribution maps for North America. The lack of representation on distribution maps is likely due to the lack of any scientific data or research on bears in Nevada until 1987. Historical records dating back to the 1840s compiled by Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) biologist Robert McQuivey indicate presence of black bears throughout the state in the 1800s through about 1930. The paucity of historical references after 1931 suggest extirpation of black bears from Nevada's interior mountain ranges by this time. We report on historical records of black bears in the state of Nevada and the results of a current population estimate of black bears derived from a sample of marked bears (n = 420) captured 707 times between 1997 and 2008. Using Pradel and Cormack–Jolly–Seber models in Program MARK, we estimated overall population size, finite rate of growth (λ = 1.16), quarterly and annual survival rates for males and females, seasonal capture probabilities, and recruitment rates. Our results indicate an overall population size of 262 ± 31 adult black bears in western Nevada. These results suggest that the once abundant, then extirpated population of black bears in Nevada is increasing at an annual average rate of 16%. Although the current distribution is limited to the western part of the state, our findings suggest possible expansion of the population into historical habitat within the interior and eastern portions of the state that have been absent of bears for >80 years. Finally, based on historical records, we present suggested revised historical distribution maps for black bears that include the Great Basin ranges in Nevada. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Rational Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Porous Polymers Derived from Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes via Heck Coupling Reactions
Authors: Wang Dengxu , Xue Lei , Li Liguo , Deng Bei , Feng Shengyu , Liu Hongzhi , Zhao Xian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHeck coupling reactions are introduced as an efficient method to prepare porous polymers. Novel inorganic‐organic hybrid porous polymers (HPPs) were constructed via Heck coupling reactions from cubic functional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), iodinated octaphenylsilsesquioxanes (OPS) and octavinylsilsesquioxanes (OVS) using Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 as the catalyst. Here, two iodinated OPS were used, IOPS and p‐I8OPS. IOPS was a mixture with 90% octasubstituted OPS (I8) and some nonasubstituted OPS (I9), while p‐I8OPS was a nearly pure compound with ≥99% I8 and ≥93% para‐substitution. IOPS and p‐I8OPS reacted with OVS to produce the porous materials HPP‐1 and HPP‐2, which exhibited comparable specific surface areas with SBET of 418 ± 20 m2 g−1 and 382 ± 20 m2 g−1, respectively, with total pore volumes of 0.28 ± 0.01 cm3 g−1 and 0.23 ± 0.01 cm3 g−1, respectively. HPP‐1 showed a broader pore size distribution and possessed a more significant contribution from the mesopores, when compared with HPP‐2, thereby indicating that IOPS may induce more disorder because of the geometrical asymmetry. HPP‐1 and HPP‐2 possessed moderate carbon dioxide uptakes of 134 and 124 cm3 g−1 at 1 bar at 195 K, making them promising candidates for CO2 capture and storage. The synthesized porous polymers may be easily post‐functionalized using the retained ethenylene groups.
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Maternal serum placental growth factor and α‐fetoprotein testing in first trimester screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Donalson Kim , Turner Steve , Morrison Lesley , Liitti Päivi , Nilsson Christel , Cuckle Howard 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the addition of first trimester maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) to the combined test for Down syndrome and a serum only protocol of PlGF, AFP, free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A.MethodsSamples were from 92 Down syndrome cases with 552 matched controls. All women had a combined test at 11–14 weeks gestation. PlGF and AFP were measured and expressed in multiples of the gestation‐specific median (MoM), adjusting for maternal weight and smoking status. Multivariate Gaussian modeling was used to predict detection and false‐positive rates.ResultsThe median PlGF level in the cases was 0.694 MoM and controls 1.000 MoM (p = <0.0001). The corresponding values for AFP were 0.764 MoM and 0.990 MoM (p < 0.0001). Statistical modeling predicted that for a given false‐positive rate, the addition of PlGF to the combined test increases the detection rate by 4–7%. For a given detection rate, the false‐positive rate could be almost halved. When both PlGF and AFP are used, the detection rate increase is 5–8%. A serum only protocol had a predicted a detection rate of 71% for a false‐positive rate of 5%.ConclusionsResults suggest a substantial benefit of adding PlGF to the combined test. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of evidence‐based drug therapy on long‐term outcomes in patients discharged after myocardial infarction: a nested case–control study in Italy
Authors: Kirchmayer Ursula , Di Martino Mirko , Agabiti Nera , Bauleo Lisa , Fusco Danilo , Belleudi Valeria , Arcà Massimo , Pinnarelli Luigi , Perucci Carlo Alberto , Davoli Marina 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeThere are some methodological concerns regarding results from observational studies about the effectiveness of evidence‐based (EB) drug therapy in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. The present study used a nested case–control approach to address these major methodological limitations.MethodsA cohort of 6880 patients discharged from hospital after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 2006–2007 was enrolled and followed‐up throughout 2009. Exposure was defined as adherence to each drug in terms of the proportion of days covered (cutoff ≥ 75%). Composite treatment groups, that is, groups with no EB therapy or therapy with one, two, three, or four EB drugs), were analyzed. Outcomes were overall mortality and reinfarction. Nested case–control studies were performed for both outcomes, matching four controls to every case (841 deaths, 778 reinfarctions) by gender, age, and individual follow‐up. The association between exposure to EB drug therapy and outcomes was analyzed using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for revascularization procedures, comorbidities, duration of index admission, and use of the study drugs prior to admission.ResultsMortality and reinfarction risk decreased with the use of an increasing number of EB drugs. Combinations of two or more EB drugs were associated with a significant protective effect (p < 0.001) versus no EB drugs (mortality: 4 EB drugs: ORadj = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.21–0.59; reinfarction: 4 EB drugs: ORadj = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.15–0.37).ConclusionsThese findings of the beneficial effects of EB polytherapy on mortality and morbidity in a population‐based setting using a nested case–control approach strengthen existing evidence from observational studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid inorganic–organic poly(carborane‐siloxane‐arylacetylene) structural isomers with in‐chain aromatics: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Kolel‐Veetil Manoj K. , Dominguez Dawn D. , Klug Christopher A. , Fears Kenan P. , Qadri Syed B. , Fragiadakis Daniel , Keller Teddy M. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTStructural isomers of thermo‐oxidatively stable poly(carborane‐siloxane‐arylacetylene) (PCSAA), namely, m‐PCSAA and p‐PCSAA, were synthesized by the reaction of the dimagnesium salts of m‐diethynylbenzene or p‐diethynylbenzene with 1,7‐bis(chlorotetramethyldisiloxyl)‐m‐carborane. The developed polymers have exceptional thermo‐oxidative properties similar to their diacetylene counterpart poly(carborane‐siloxane‐acetylene), PCSA. Thermal treatment of either of the PCSAAs results in a fully crosslinked thermoset by 500 °C resulting from the cycloaddition reactions involving the acetylene and aryl functionalities and subsequent formation of bridging disilylmethylene entities as discerned from Fourier transform infrared, 13C and 29Si solid‐state NMR, and XPS studies. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the thermosets obtained from p‐PCSAA possess enhanced crystallinity when compared to that obtained from m‐PCSAA possibly due to more efficient packing interactions of the p‐diethynylbenzene groups during thermoset formation. The presence of the aryl groups in the backbone of the PCSAAs' chains appeared to have enhanced the storage and bulk moduli of their thermosets when compared to the thermoset of PCSA. Dielectric studies of m‐PCSAA and p‐PCSAA revealed segmental relaxation peaks, α, above their glass transition temperatures with p‐PCSAA exhibiting a broader peak with a slower relaxation rate than m‐PCSAA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.† J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2638–2650
One‐step synthesis of block‐graft copolymers via simultaneous reversible‐addition fragmentation chain transfer and ring‐opening polymerization using a novel macroinitiator
Authors: Öztürk Temel , Atalar Mehmet Nuri , Göktaş Melahat , Hazer Baki 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTOne‐step synthesis of block‐graft copolymers by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) by using a novel initiator was reported. Block‐graft copolymers were synthesized in one‐step by simultaneous RAFT polymerization of n‐butylmethacrylate (nBMA) and ROP of ε‐caprolacton (CL) in the presence of a novel macroinitiator (RAFT‐ROP agent). For this purpose, first epichlorohydrin (EPCH) was polymerized by using H2SO4 via cationic ring‐opening mechanism. And then a novel RAFT‐ROP agent was synthesized by the reaction of potassium ethyl xanthogenate and polyepichlorohydrin (poly‐EPCH). By using the RAFT‐ROP agent, poly[CL‐b‐EPCH‐b‐CL‐(g‐nBMA)] block‐graft copolymers were synthesized. The principal parameters such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and polymerization time that affect the one‐step polymerization reaction were evaluated. The block lengths of the block‐graft copolymers were calculated by using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum. The block length could be adjusted by varying the monomer and initiator concentrations. The characterization of the products was achieved using 1H NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, gel‐permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis, and fractional precipitation (γ) techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2651–2659
Optimization of direct arylation polymerization conditions for the synthesis of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: Rudenko Andrey E. , Wiley Calvin A. , Tannaci John F. , Thompson Barry C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTDirect arylation polymerization (DArP) is an emerging alternative to Stille and Suzuki polymerizations. This method is attractive as it allows preparation of high‐molecular‐weight conjugated polymers in good yield without the need to metallate monomers. Despite this promise, for poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and related polymers that have β‐protons on the thiophene ring, DArP is known to produce β‐defects, which make the polymer properties different from polymers produced by traditional methods. Here, we demonstrate that DArP conditions based on simple, inexpensive, and bench‐stable reagents can be tuned to limit the amount of defects and produce P3HT with properties remarkably similar to Stille P3HT. Specifically, lowering the reaction temperature, lowering the amount of catalyst, and using a bulkier carboxylate ligand is critical. Optimized conditions include reacting 2‐bromo‐3‐hexylthiophene with 0.25 mol % of Pd(OAc)2, 1.5 equivalents of K2CO3, and 0.3 equivalents of neodecanoic acid in N,N‐dimethylacetamide at 70 °C and give DArP P3HT with ∼60% yield, regioregularity of 93.5%, molecular weight of 20 kDa, polydispersity of 2.8, and melting point of 217 °C, providing a very close match to Stille P3HT, which is obtained with 70–80% yield, 91–94% regioregularity, molecular weight of 15–25 kDa, polydispersity of 2.5–2.8, and melting point of 214–221 °C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2660–2668
Lung manifestations in MPO‐ANCA associated vasculitides in children
Authors: Ben Ameur Salma , Niaudet Patrick , Baudouin Véronique , Bourgeois Muriel Le. , Houdouin Véronique , Delacourt Christophe , Hadchouel Alice 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe lung manifestations in MPO‐ANCA associated vasculitides in children.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with MPO‐ANCA associated vasculitis, who were followed in two pediatric nephrology departments from January 2000 to December 2010.ResultsTwelve patients were identified with MPO‐ANCA over the study period. Their median age (IQR) at diagnosis was 10.5 (6.3–12.0) years, and their median duration of follow‐up was 4.8 (1.2–7.5) years. Only five of them had pulmonary involvement with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Lung involvement was inaugural for four of five children. One child with severe chronic respiratory disease and renal failure died after 6 years of disease progression. Pulmonary function tests were available for 10 children. They were within normal ranges in four of five patients without clinical lung manifestations, and no significant impairment was observed in children with pulmonary complications.ConclusionsDiffuse alveolar hemorrhage complicates 40% of cases of MPO‐ANCA associated vasculitides in children with renal involvement. After an acute potentially severe phase, a complete recovery without significant functional impairment was observed in four of five affected children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:285–290. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reference values of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children 1–5 years using off‐line tidal breathing
Authors: Van Der Heijden Hylke H.A.C.M. , Brouwer Marianne L. , Hoekstra Franka , Van Der Pol Peggy , Merkus Peter J.F.M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMeasurement of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a useful test to diagnose and/or monitor eosinophilic airway inflammation. The off‐line tidal breathing method is used for measurements in young children, but reference values for preschool children are scarce. The objective of this study was to establish reference values for FeNO in healthy children 1–5 years old. We included 51 healthy children (23 males), mean age 32.5 months, from the general population and measured FeNO, using an off‐line tidal breathing method with a chemiluminescence analyzer. The method proved feasible in 100% of the children. Geometric mean FeNO was 7.1 parts per billion (ppb), 95% confidence interval 2.8–11.5 ppb, with the 95th percentile 22.6 ppb. No significant difference was found between boys and girls, and no correlations were observed between FeNO and age, height, or weight. This study demonstrates that the off‐line tidal breathing method is feasible to measure FeNO in preschool children and provides reference values of FeNO in healthy children 1–5 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:291–295. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.