bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining taxon‐by‐trait and taxon‐by‐site matrices for analysing trait patterns of macroinvertebrate communities: a rejoinder to Monaghan & Soares ()
Authors: Schmera Dénes , Podani János , Erős Tibor , Heino Jani 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Monaghan and Soares (2014) suggested that combining traits with log‐transformed abundance of taxa may cause anomalies in analyses of stream macroinvertebrate communities. While they addressed an important issue in stream ecology, here we present an opposite view. To identify the causes of these contrasting opinions, we carefully examined the examples provided by Monaghan and Soares (2014) and demonstrated how traits can be weighted by the presence, abundance and log‐transformed abundance of the taxa in a meaningful way.

We found that Monaghan and Soares (2014), following other authors, use the term ‘weighting’ differently from classical papers of stream ecology. The general practice is to calculate the sum of trait values multiplied by the abundance of each taxon and divide it by the total invertebrate abundance to get a community‐level trait value. In contrast, Monaghan and Soares (2014) did not perform the final division and consequently did not get a standardised community‐level trait value. It follows that the term ‘weighting’ is used with different meanings in stream ecology, and ecologists should keep these differences in mind.

We agree with Monaghan and Soares (2014) that the addition of log‐transformed data is equivalent to multiplication on an arithmetic scale. However, we disagree that this provides an inconsistent scaling that confounds quantitative analyses. Using example data sets, we illustrate how trait‐based data analysis can be performed in community ecology in a meaningful way.
Multifaceted diversity–area relationships reveal global hotspots of mammalian species, trait and lineage diversity
Authors: Mazel Florent , Guilhaumon François , Mouquet Nicolas , Devictor Vincent , Gravel Dominique , Renaud Julien , Cianciaruso Marcus Vinicius , Loyola Rafael , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Mouillot David , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo define biome‐scale hotspots of phylogenetic and functional mammalian biodiversity (PDandFD, respectively) and compare them with ‘classical’ hotspots based on species richness (SR) alone.LocationGlobal.MethodsSR,PDandFDwere computed for 782 terrestrial ecoregions using the distribution ranges of 4616 mammalian species. We used a set of comprehensive diversity indices unified by a recent framework incorporating the relative species coverage in each ecoregion. We built large‐scale multifaceted diversity–area relationships to rank ecoregions according to their levels of biodiversity while accounting for the effect of area on each facet of diversity. Finally we defined hotspots as the top‐ranked ecoregions.ResultsWhile ignoring relative species coverage led to a fairly good congruence between biome‐scale top rankedSR,PDandFDhotspots, ecoregions harbouring a rich and abundantly represented evolutionary history and FD did not match with the top‐ranked ecoregions defined bySR. More importantlyPDandFDhotspots showed important spatial mismatches. We also found thatFDandPDgenerally reached their maximum values faster thanSRas a function of area.Main conclusionsThe fact thatPD/FDreach their maximum value faster thanSRcould suggest that the two former facets might be less vulnerable to habitat loss than the latter. While this point is expected, it is the first time that it has been quantified at a global scale and should have important consequences for conservation. Incorporating relative species coverage into the delineation of multifaceted hotspots of diversity led to weak congruence betweenSR,PDandFDhotspots. This means that maximizing species number may fail to preserve those nodes (in the phylogenetic or functional tree) that are relatively abundant in the ecoregion. As a consequence it may be of prime importance to adopt a multifaceted biodiversity perspective to inform conservation strategies at a global scale.
Competition in online job marketplaces: towards a global labour market for outsourcing services?
Authors: BEEREPOOT NIELS , LAMBREGTS BART 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new form of service outsourcing has emerged, namely the global online job marketplace for freelance contractors. Such platforms are currently the closest proxy to the idea of a global labour market where everyone competes for jobs regardless of location. In this article, we examine how competition manifests itself on one such global online platform, namely oDesk. We present a comparative analysis of the relative wages and the rewarding of skills and expertise of contractors from selected countries and investigate whether, via labour arbitrage, wage convergence takes place between Western and developing countries. We find that wage convergence is noticeable but experience and skills hardly translate into better remuneration. While service outsourcing (or microwork) via global online marketplaces provides new employment opportunities for freelancers around the world, the intense competition and the inherent restrictions of this type of marketplace limit the financial gains for most contractors.
Vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC)‐Instill® with continuous irrigation for the treatment of Mycoplasma hominis mediastinitis
Authors: Karaca Saziye , Kalangos Afksendiyos 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA 56‐year‐old patient who underwent ascending aorta replacement postoperatively developed mediastinitis with atypical Mycoplasma hominis. We present the first successful treatment of M. hominis mediastinitis after cardiac surgery with vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC)‐Instill® therapy combined with dilute antiseptic irrigation for bacterial eradication.
Reconstruction after skin cancer excision through a dermal induction template: our experience
Authors: Onesti Maria G , Fino Pasquale , Fioramonti Paolo , Amorosi Vittoria , Scuderi Nicolò 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDermal substitutes offer alternative approaches for wounds of all thicknesses where sufficient donation sites are not available for self‐grafts. Several dermal substitutes are described in literature. This study included 20 patients treated with a dermal induction template after the removal of malignant skin cancers situated in various parts of the body. The participants were especially aged patients with multiple skin cancers, and complex clinical conditions, often affected by pathologies such as cardiopathy, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolaemia, and receiving pharmacological multi‐therapies, particularly antiplatelets and anticoagulants. In many of these patients, the general complex clinical picture provided significant contraindication for complex reconstructive surgery because of the high risk involved. All patients achieved complete healing about 8 weeks after the first surgery. By using a dermal induction template, it was possible to cover substantial loss of substances without the need of autologous tissue, with smoother and less apparent scar, minor occurrence of hypertrophic and retracted scars, better flexibility of healed skin and therefore a better result from an aesthetic point of view.
Australasian nutrition research for prevention and management of child obesity: innovation and progress in the last decade
Authors: Golley R. K. , McNaughton S. A. , Collins C. E. , Magarey A. , Garnett S. P. , Campbell K. J. , Mallan K. , Burrows T. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackground/ObjectiveThe Food and Nutrition stream of Australasian Child and Adolescent Obesity Research Network (ACAORN) aims to improve the quality of dietary methodologies and the reporting of dietary intake within Australasian child obesity research (http://www.acaorn.org.au/streams/nutrition/).Methods/ResultsWith 2012 marking ACAORN's 10th anniversary, this commentary profiles a selection of child obesity nutrition research published over the last decade by Food and Nutrition Stream members. In addition, stream activities have included the development of an online selection guide to assist researchers in their selection of appropriate dietary intake methodologies (http://www.acaorn.org.au/streams/nutrition/dietary‐intake/index.php).ConclusionsThe quantity and quality of research to guide effective child obesity prevention and treatment has increased substantially over the last decade. ACAORN provides a successful case study of how research networks can provide a collegial atmosphere to foster and coordinate research efforts in an otherwise competitive environment.
Growth of Devitrite, Na2Ca3Si6O16, in Soda–Lime–Silica Glass
Authors: Knowles Kevin M. , Thompson Robert P. 
Published: March 2014

The morphology and crystal growth of devitrite crystals nucleated heterogeneously on glass surfaces have been studied. The crystals grow as fans of needles, with each needle having a characteristic [100] growth direction with respect to the centrosymmetric triclinic unit cell. An analysis of crystal growth data reported here and a reappraisal of crystal growth data reported in prior studies suggests a best estimate of 260 kJ/mol for the activation enthalpy for the crystal growth of devitrite along [100], higher than the values previously reported.
A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a self‐help psychoeducation programme on outcomes of outpatients with coronary heart disease: study protocol
Authors: Wang Wenru , Lopez Violeta , Chow Aloysius , Chan Sally Wai‐Chi , Cheng Karis Kin Fong , He Hong‐Gu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo develop and examine the effectiveness of a home‐based self‐help psychoeducation programme on health‐related quality of life, stress level, anxiety and depression symptoms, self‐efficacy, cardiac risk factors and health service use of outpatients with coronary heart disease.BackgroundHospital‐based cardiac rehabilitation programmes have been shown to improve, effectively, the quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease. However, a majority of these patients do not participate in these programmes, while those who do enrol in these programmes fail to complete the programmes.DesignRandomized controlled trial with repeated measures.MethodsThis study was approved and received the grant in July 2013. A convenience sample of 128 coronary heart disease outpatients will be recruited from a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Participants are randomly assigned to the 4‐week experimental group and will participate in the programme or the control group who will not participate in the programme. The outcome measures include the: 12‐item Short Form Health Survey, Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Self‐Efficacy Scale. Data will be collected at baseline, then 4 and 16 weeks from baseline. At the end, a process evaluation will be conducted to assess the acceptability, strengths and weaknesses of our programme based on the participants' perspectives.DiscussionOur programme offers coronary heart disease patients an additional option to the existing cardiac rehabilitative services in Singapore hospitals. It aims to help them manage their disease effectively by reducing cardiac risk factors and improve their health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being.
Phlebitis risk varies by peripheral venous catheter site and increases after 96 hours: a large multi‐centre prospective study
Authors: Cicolini Giancarlo , Manzoli Lamberto , Simonetti Valentina , Flacco Maria Elena , Comparcini Dania , Capasso Lorenzo , Di Baldassarre Angela , Eltaji Elfarouki Ghaleb 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimsThis multi‐centre prospective field study evaluated whether peripheral venous catheter site of insertion influences the risk of catheter‐related phlebitis. Potential predictors of phlebitis were also investigated.BackgroundMillions of patients worldwide use peripheral venous catheters, which frequently cause local complications including phlebitis, infection and obstruction. Although phlebitis predictors have been broadly investigated, uncertainties remain on the potential effect of cannulation anatomical site, duration and the appropriate time for catheter removal.DesignA prospective cohort design was carried out from January–June 2012.MethodsThe clinical course of each patient who received a new peripheral venous catheter for any cause in five Italian hospitals was followed by trained nurses until catheter removal. The presence of phlebitis was assessed every 24 hours using the Visual Infusion Phlebitis score. Analyses were based upon multilevel mixed‐effects regression.ResultsThe final sample consisted of 1498 patients. The average time for catheters in situ was 65·6 hours and 23·6% of the catheters were in place beyond 96 hours. Overall phlebitis incidence was 15·4%, 94·4% of which were grade 1. The likelihood of phlebitis independently increased with increasing catheter duration, being highest after 96 hours. Compared with patients with catheter placed in the dorsum of the hand (22·8% of the sample), those with the catheter located in the antecubital fossa (34·1%) or forearm were less likely to have a phlebitis of any grade.ConclusionsAntecubital fossa and forearm veins may be preferential sites for peripheral venous cannulation. Our results support Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations to replace catheters in adults no later than 96 hours. A relevant proportion of healthcare personnel did not adhere to such guidelines – more attention to this issue is required.
A new pressure ulcer conceptual framework
Authors: Coleman Susanne , Nixon Jane , Keen Justin , Wilson Lyn , McGinnis Elizabeth , Dealey Carol , Stubbs Nikki , Farrin Amanda , Dowding Dawn , Schols Jos M.G.A. , Cuddigan Janet , Berlowitz Dan , Jude Edward , Vowden Peter , Schoonhoven Lisette , Bader Dan L. , Gefen Amit , Oomens Cees W.J. , Nelson E. Andrea 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThis paper discusses the critical determinants of pressure ulcer development and proposes a new pressure ulcer conceptual framework.BackgroundRecent work to develop and validate a new evidence‐based pressure ulcer risk assessment framework was undertaken. This formed part of a Pressure UlceR Programme Of reSEarch (RP‐PG‐0407‐10056), funded by the National Institute for Health Research. The foundation for the risk assessment component incorporated a systematic review and a consensus study that highlighted the need to propose a new conceptual framework.DesignDiscussion Paper.Data SourcesThe new conceptual framework links evidence from biomechanical, physiological and epidemiological evidence, through use of data from a systematic review (search conducted March 2010), a consensus study (conducted December 2010–2011) and an international expert group meeting (conducted December 2011).Implications for NursingA new pressure ulcer conceptual framework incorporating key physiological and biomechanical components and their impact on internal strains, stresses and damage thresholds is proposed. Direct and key indirect causal factors suggested in a theoretical causal pathway are mapped to the physiological and biomechanical components of the framework. The new proposed conceptual framework provides the basis for understanding the critical determinants of pressure ulcer development and has the potential to influence risk assessment guidance and practice. It could also be used to underpin future research to explore the role of individual risk factors conceptually and operationally.ConclusionBy integrating existing knowledge from epidemiological, physiological and biomechanical evidence, a theoretical causal pathway and new conceptual framework are proposed with potential implications for practice and research.
Product Market Competition, Information and Earnings Management
Authors: Markarian Garen , Santalo´ Juan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe study theoretically the effect of product market competition on the incentives to engage in earnings manipulation, and we show how manipulating earnings is particularly rewarding in more competitive markets since the boost in market value of reporting good earnings is especially important. Using a panel dataset of about 70,000 observations spanning the period 1989–2011, we document that the competitive environment is an important determinant of Jones type discretionary accruals and it also affects real earnings management. In additional analysis, we find that the effect of competition on earnings manipulation is particularly important for companies that seem to be underperforming their competitors and that the competition‐earnings management linkage is moderated by the degree of information visibility at the industry level.
The effect of spatially marginal localities in modelling species niches and distributions
Authors: Soley‐Guardia Mariano , Radosavljevic Aleksandar , Rivera Jhanine L. , Anderson Robert P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimWe introduce and evaluate the potential effect of spatially marginal localities (specifically those protruding into unsuitable regions), in overestimating species niches and distributions when using ecological niche models (ENMs).LocationNorth‐western South America.MethodsWe built anENMfor the Caribbean spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys anomalus) usingMaxEntand climatic variables. This species typically inhabits extensive tropical forests but can also range into drier habitats through patches of mesic vegetation. We ranked occurrence records according to the suitability value they received, and retrieved habitat information from collectors' field notes and the literature to determine whether those receiving lower values correspond to spatially marginal localities protruding into unsuitable regions. We then built a model excluding a subset of such localities and compared its geographic and environmental prediction with that of the original model.ResultsModels differed substantially in their estimates of suitability. The original model resulted in an overly extensive prediction, considering as suitable hot and dry regions dominated by xerophytic vegetation. Records receiving the lowest suitability values in this model corresponded mainly to captures in patches of mesic forest surrounded by thorn scrub or savannas. The model calibrated without such records restricted suitability mostly to regions characterized by the typical habitat of the species.Main conclusionsWhen it is not possible to use variables that are more proximal or have finer resolutions, we recommend building complementary models that, together, can provide a more realistic estimate of the species' niche and corresponding geographic distribution. Jointly interpreting these models, researchers may better differentiate between areas harbouring typical habitat and those where the species can be found only if locally favourable conditions exist. Such a distinction is of relevance for a wide range of applications relying on inferences obtained fromENMs.
The pairwise approach to analysing species co‐occurrence
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe analysis of species co‐occurrence patterns continues to be a main pursuit of ecologists, primarily because the coexistence of species is fundamentally important in evaluating various theories, principles and concepts. Examples include community assembly, equilibrium versus non‐equilibrium organization of communities, resource partitioning and ecological character displacement, the local–regional species diversity relationship, and the metacommunity concept. Traditionally, co‐occurrence has been measured and tested at the level of an entire species presence–absence matrix wherein various algorithms are used to randomize matrices and produce statistical null distributions of metrics that quantify structure in the matrix. This approach implicitly recognizes a presence–absence matrix as having some real ecological identity (e.g. a set of species exhibiting nestedness among a set of islands) in addition to being a unit of statistical analysis. An emerging alternative is to test for non‐random co‐occurrence between paired species. The pairwise approach does not analyse matrix‐level structure and thus views a species pair as the fundamental unit of co‐occurrence. Inferring process from pattern is very difficult in analyses of co‐occurrence; however, the pairwise approach may make this task easier by simplifying the analysis and resulting inferences to associations between paired species.
Pooled safety analysis of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel for the treatment of psoriasis on the body and scalp
Authors: Kragballe K. , van de Kerkhof P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe fixed combination calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel is a first‐line treatment for psoriasis vulgaris. The objective was to perform a large‐scale assessment of tolerability of fixed combination gel (Cal/BD). Analysis was performed on pooled 8‐week safety data from nine clinical trials evaluating once‐daily Cal/BD treatment of scalp (n = 6) and body (n = 3) psoriasis. Pharmacovigilance data were also assessed. Patients were treated with Cal/BD [n = 1953 (scalp), n = 824 (body)], betamethasone dipropionate gel (BD; n = 1214, n = 562), calcipotriol gel (Cal; n = 979, n = 175), gel vehicle (VEH; n = 173, n = 226), calcipotriol scalp solution [n = 104 (scalp only)] and tacalcitol ointment [TAC; n = 184 (body only)]. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild–moderate severity. The proportion of scalp psoriasis patients with ≥1 AE was lowest with Cal/BD (35% versus 38–57%). A similar proportion was found with Cal/BD for body psoriasis (32%), however, lower proportions were reported with BD (24%) and Cal (29%). The most common AEs with Cal/BD included nasopharyngitis, pruritus and upper respiratory tract infection (2–5% of patients). Overall, only 5% of patients treated with Cal/BD reported ≥1 lesional/perilesional AEs: the lowest incidence versus scalp comparators (6–19%) and second lowest to BD (3%) for body psoriasis. Similarly, Cal/BD treatment resulted in the lowest incidence of ≥1 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in scalp psoriasis patients (8% versus 9–27%) and second lowest to BD (6% versus 4%) for body psoriasis. Overall, incidence of serious AEs (SAEs) was low (0–1%). Data received postmarketing through spontaneous reporting revealed that SAEs reported more than once with Cal/BD treatment were psoriasis (n = 5); and alopecia, erythrodermic psoriasis, pruritus, skin atrophy and urticaria (n = 2 each). In this large subset of patients treated with Cal/BD, incidence of AEs and ADRs is consistently low. This analysis provides further evidence of the good tolerability of the fixed combination gel as treatment for psoriasis vulgaris.