bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a multivariate normal distribution methodology to the dissociation of doubly ionized molecules: The DMDS (CH3‐SS‐CH3) case
Authors: Varas Lautaro R. , Pontes F. C. , Santos A. C. F. , Coutinho L. H. , de Souza G. G. B. 
Published: July 2015

RationaleThe ion‐ion‐coincidence mass spectroscopy technique brings useful information about the fragmentation dynamics of doubly and multiply charged ionic species. We advocate the use of a matrix‐parameter methodology in order to represent and interpret the entire ion‐ion spectra associated with the ionic dissociation of doubly charged molecules. This method makes it possible, among other things, to infer fragmentation processes and to extract information about overlapped ion‐ion coincidences. This important piece of information is difficult to obtain from other previously described methodologies.MethodsA Wiley‐McLaren time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer was used to discriminate the positively charged fragment ions resulting from the sample ionization by a pulsed 800 eV electron beam. We exemplify the application of this methodology by analyzing the fragmentation and ionic dissociation of the dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) molecule as induced by fast electrons. The doubly charged dissociation was analyzed using the Multivariate Normal Distribution.ResultsThe ion‐ion spectrum of the DMDS molecule was obtained at an incident electron energy of 800 eV and was matrix represented using the Multivariate Distribution theory. The proposed methodology allows us to distinguish information among [CHnSHn]+/[CH3]+ (n = 1–3) fragment ions in the ion‐ion coincidence spectra using ion‐ion coincidence data. Using the momenta balance methodology for the inferred parameters, a secondary decay mechanism is proposed for the [CHS]+ ion formation. As an additional check on the methodology, previously published data on the SiF4 molecule was re‐analyzed with the present methodology and the results were shown to be statistically equivalent.ConclusionsThe use of a Multivariate Normal Distribution allows for the representation of the whole ion‐ion mass spectrum of doubly or multiply ionized molecules as a combination of parameters and the extraction of information among overlapped data. We have successfully applied this methodology to the analysis of the fragmentation of the DMDS molecule. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical factors affecting the accuracy of a CT‐based active infrared navigation system
Authors: Liu Yajun , Zhao Jingwei , Fan Mingxing , Lv Yanwei , Liu Wenyong , Tian Wei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundComputer‐assisted navigation technology has been widely used during spine surgery; however, the desired accuracy cannot be easily obtained and sustained. Our goal was to determine whether and how clinical factors affect the accuracy of a CT‐based active infrared navigation system.MethodsUsing the Sawbone model, we recorded the clinical accuracy of the navigation system, based on several clinical statuses.ResultsClinical accuracy may change when the height or angle of the bed is changed. Within the visible area of the camera, the nearer the distance between the camera and the model, the better the clinical accuracy. The clinical accuracy of the CT‐based active infrared navigation system may decrease due to exposure to shadowless lamps.ConclusionsThe clinical accuracy of the CT‐based active infrared navigation system may be influenced by the clinical status of shadowless lamps, different distances between the camera and model and different postures of the surgical bed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust direct current control of DFIG wind turbine with low current THD based predictive approach
Authors: Zarei Mohammad Ebrahim , Asaei Behzad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a simple and robust direct current control based predictive approach for rotor side converter (RSC) of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), which operates at a constant switching frequency and has a fast dynamic response. First, sector of required rotor voltage vector is predicted in this strategy, and according to this predicted sector, two active vectors and two zero vectors are elected in each switching period. Derivatives of rotor current in the synchronous frame are determined for each predicted voltage vector in every period. These derivatives are used to compute the duration of the vectors in such a way that the current error at the end of the switching period gets minimized. The accuracy of the proposed control strategy under variation of rotor speed is evaluated in Matlab/Simulink environment for a 2 MW DFIG. Moreover, the impact of parameter variations on the system is examined for this suggested technique. Furthermore, the dynamic response and stator current total harmonic distortion (THD) of proposed strategy is compared with traditional vector control (VC), direct power control (DPC) and predictive direct power control (PDPC) methods. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated under disturbance voltage. The results demonstrate that suggested control technique has the lowest stator current THD and operates perfectly near the synchronous speed and under grid voltage dip. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capitellum Fracture Fragment Excision: A Case Series
Authors: Garner Matthew R. , Schottel Patrick C. , Hotchkiss Robert N. , Daluiski Aaron , Lorich Dean G. 
Published: July 2015

Background Fractures of the capitellum are rare injuries, and few studies have reported the results of fragment excision. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to determine range of motion and short-term clinical outcomes for patients treated with capitellum excision. Methods A retrospective review was performed to identify all patients with an isolated capitellum fracture who underwent excision as definitive treatment at our institutions. Mechanism of injury, associated elbow injuries, type of capitellum fracture, complications, and postoperative outcomes including final elbow range of motion (ROM), elbow instability, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were recorded. Results Four patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study. All patients were female with an average age of 69 years (range 42–85). Based on the Bryan and Morrey classification system, three (75%) fractures were classified as type I and one (25%) fracture as type III. The average clinical follow-up was 11 months. Final examination demonstrated a mean elbow range of motion from 14° (range 0–30) of extension to 143° (range 130–160) of flexion. All patients had full forearm rotation, and there was no clinical evidence of elbow instability. The average DASH score was 18.3 (12.5–24.2) at final follow-up. Conclusion Excision of the capitellum, much like excision of the radial head, results in acceptable short-term outcome scores and elbow range of motion in patients with fractures that are not amenable to open reduction and internal fixation.
Die Innere Stadt als Wohnstandort der „jungen Alten“?
Authors: Rabe A. , Hohn U. 
Published: July 2015

Is the inner city an attractive place for the “young elderly” to live? During decades suburbanization was the dominant pattern of city development in Germany. However, since the 2000s an increasing attraction of urban living and the trend of re-urbanization are discussed in research as well as in public. Due to an increasing average age and life expectancy of the population as a main sub-process of demographic change in Germany, the question arises whether the inner city as a residential area also becomes more attractive for the elderly. Especially “young elderly” people (ca. 50–70 years old) are getting into focus. Because of a transitional phase of their lives, they might show a greater willingness to change the residential location to adapt to their new needs.
In order to analyze the attractiveness of the inner city as a residential area for the “young elderly”, residential location decisions, which were realized between 2010 and 2012, were investigated using the city of Bonn as an example. The results of a survey and in-depth interviews show that the inner city cannot be considered as a homogeneous space, but that small-scale differences in the attractiveness as a residential area exist. In summary, the “young elderly” prefer the fringe of the inner city while the city center is important for their shopping and leisure activities, but not as attractive for them to live. However, also within the fringe of the inner city more and less attractive residential areas can be identified corresponding to lifestyle and income of the “young elderly”.
National survey of emergency physicians for transient ischemic attack (TIA) risk stratification consensus and appropriate treatment for a given level of risk
Authors: Perry Jeffrey J. , Losier Justin H. , Stiell Ian G. , Sharma Mukul , Abdulaziz Kasim 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionFive percent of transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients have a subsequent stroke within 7 days. The Canadian TIA Score uses clinical findings to calculate the subsequent stroke risk within 7 days. Our objectives were to assess 1) anticipated use; 2) component face validity; 3) risk strata for stroke within 7 days; and 4) actions required, for a given risk for subsequent stroke.MethodsAfter a rigorous development process, a survey questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 300 emergency physicians selected from those registered in a national medical directory. The surveys were distributed using a modified Dillman technique.ResultsFrom a total of 271 eligible surveys, we received 131 (48.3%) completed surveys; 96.2% of emergency physicians would use a validated Canadian TIA Score; 8 of 13 components comprising the Canadian TIA Score were rated as Very Important or Important by survey respondents. Risk categories for subsequent stroke were defined as minimal-risk: <1%; low-risk: 1%–4.9%; high-risk 5%–10%; critical-risk: > 10% risk of subsequent stroke within 7 days.ConclusionA validated Canadian TIA Score will likely be used by emergency physicians. Most components of the TIA Score have high face validity. Risk strata are definable, which may allow physicians to determine immediate actions, based on subsequent stroke risk, in the emergency department.
Decomposition of the temporal growth rate in linear instability of compressible gas flows
Authors: Weder Mario , Gloor Michael , Kleiser Leonhard 
Published: July 2015

We present a decomposition of the temporal growth rate ${\it\omega}_{i}$ which characterises the evolution of wave-like disturbances in linear stability theory for compressible flows. The decomposition is based on the disturbance energy balance by Chu (Acta Mech., vol. 1 (3), 1965, pp. 215–234) and provides terms for production, dissipation and flux of energy as components of ${\it\omega}_{i}$. The inclusion of flux terms makes our formulation applicable to unconfined flows and flows with permeable or vibrating boundaries. The decomposition sheds light on the fundamental mechanisms determining temporal growth or decay of disturbances. The additional insights gained by the proposed approach are demonstrated by an investigation of two model flows, namely compressible Couette flow and a plane compressible jet.
Apparatus composition and structure of the Pennsylvanian conodont genus Gondolella based on assemblages from the Desmoinesian of northwestern Illinois, U.S.A.
Authors: von Bitter Peter H. , Merrill Glen K. 
Published: July 2015

Gondolella pohli new species assemblages, from the Desmoinesian of Illinois, confirm that the initial apparatus reconstruction of the conodont genus Gondolella was incomplete and support later reconstructions based on discrete elements.Gondolella pohli is the first species of a biostratigraphically important conodont genus to be based primarily on assemblages and to be placed within a known phylogeny. The 43 assemblages confirm the presence of seven distinct element types in the Gondolella apparatus and permit the reconstruction of each of these to a greater degree than previously possible. Because the assemblages are probably all fecal, the apparatus of the closely related Neogondolella is used to interpret the apparatus plan—the position and identity of the 15 elements—single pairs of Pa, Pb, M, Sb1, and Sb2 elements, two pairs of Sc elements, and an unpaired bilaterally symmetrical Sa element in the Gondolella apparatus. Using the similarity of the latter to the apparatuses of the better known ozarkodinids, we infer a three-dimensional fanlike apparatus architecture for the prioniodinid Gondolella. Gondolella is apparently restricted to the Pennsylvanian and probably evolved in the Early Pennsylvanian from the Idioprioniodus-Embsaygnathus lineage by loss of the Pa element posterior process and by remodelling of the other apparatus elements. Some species in the Idioprioniodus-Gondolella lineage are atypical among prioniodinids in having developed a Pa element platform; the lineage is also noteworthy because both ancestor and descendant inhabited low-energy, low pH environments during the Pennsylvanian.
Bryozoan growth habits: Classification and analysis
Authors: Hageman Steven J. , Bock Philip E. , Bone Yvonne , Mcgowran Brian 
Published: July 2015

Bryozoans are an important part of the benthic marine fauna in a wide variety of modern environments and are found in rock forming abundance in a number of settings throughout much of the Phanerozoic. Bryozoologists and nonspecialists have grouped taxa into colonial growth forms (e.g., erect fenestrates or encrusting sheets), both to simplify analyses and because correlations exist between some colony growth forms and the environmental conditions in which the organism lived. These correlations allow for the possibility of paleoenvironmental analyses based on skeletons alone. Existing bryozoan colonial growth form classifications do not, however, fully exploit the ecological information present in colony form.A new scheme is proposed here (Analytical Bryozoan Growth Habit Classification), which provides a list of colony-level morphological characteristics for bryozoan growth habits. This differs from previous approaches to bryozoan growth form analysis in that it is a classification of growth habit characteristics rather than a classification of morphological groups as such. The classification is based on eleven character classes, which describe the orientation of the colony and its occupation of, and placement in space. The overall colony shape is described based on the arrangement of modules in colonial growth. This classification provides a common ground for systematic comparison of character states among varied bryozoan growth habits. This approach allows for the evaluation of correlations among observed morphological character states and specific environmental conditions in which they develop. In addition, these growth habit characters can be used to recognize, characterize, evaluate, and apply more traditional growth form groups in broader studies.
Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications
Authors: Blake Daniel B. , Reid Robert 
Published: July 2015

An asteroid fauna is described from the Albian (Cretaceous) interval of the Washita Group of central Texas. New genera and species areAlkaidia sumralli, (Benthopectinidae),Capellia mauricei(Goniasteridae), andBetelgeusia reidi(Radiasteridae). Additional new genera areFomalhautia(Goniasteridae), andDenebiaandAltairia(Ophidiasteridae).Crateraster texensis(Goniasteridae), new combination, is similar to the European type species,C. quinqueloba.An unnamed species ofCraterasterand an unassigned goniasterid are also present. All Washita genera are extinct, but all belong to extant families. The fauna is largely distinct from that of the somewhat younger European Cretaceous chalk.The Radiasteridae (e.g.,Betelgeusia) is inferred to hold a basal position in the Paxillosida;Betelgeusiaextends the range of the family back to the Cretaceous, closer to the diversification of the living asteroid orders. Asteroids capable of burying themselves in sediment (and only self-buriers) share some form of channelization for the passage of water currents between the primary ossicles of the body surface. Channels inBetelgeusiaindicate semi-infaunal habits similar to those of livingAstropectenandLuidia. Betelgeusiarepresents the third semi-infaunal paxillosidan family now known from the Cretaceous, although none are known from older rocks, suggesting a broadening of the asteroid adaptive zone during the Cretaceous. The Goniasteridae, Radiasteridae, and Benthopectinidae are less important in shelf settings today than they appear to have been during Washita deposition, whereas the Astropectinidae, Luidiidae, and the Echinasteridae are absent from the Washita although they are common today in similar settings.
Thermal potentiation and mineralogical evolution in the Bivalvia (Mollusca)
Authors: Carter Joseph G. , Barrera Enriqueta , Tevesz Michael J. S. 
Published: July 2015

The most important factor controlling the timing of Phanerozoic mineralogical evolution in the Bivalvia appears to be thermal potentiation of calcite deposition in colder marine and estuarine environments. Cold temperature has promoted mineralogical evolution in the Bivalvia by kinetically facilitating (potentiating) initially weak biological controls for calcite, thereby exposing their genetic basis to natural selection. Calcite has evolved in bivalve shells for a variety of selective advantages, including resistance to dissolution; resistance to chemical boring by algae and gastropods; reduced shell density in swimming and soft-bottom reclining species; enhanced flexibility in simple prismatic shell layers; and fracture localization and economy of secretion in association with certain foliated structures.Endogenous calcite in bivalve shells varies from biologically induced to weakly and strongly biologically controlled. Biologically controlled calcite generally first appears in bivalve shells as an impersistent component of the outer shell layer, only later, in some groups, expanding to include the entire outer and then part or all of the middle and inner shell layers. The initial stages of mineralogical evolution are shown by certain modern Mytilidae, Veneridae and Petricolidae. In the latter two families, the calcite occurs as conellae in the outer part of the outer shell layer. Calcitic conellae in the inner shell layer of PlioceneMercenariaare not barnacle plates, as previously indicated, but endogenous calcite comparable in origin to other venerid conellae. Their occurrence inMercenariamay reflect thermal potentiation of weak biological controls for calcite, as well as local detachment of the secretory mantle epithelium near the pallial and adductor musculature.
Middle Pennsylvanian, late Atokan-early Desmoinesian echinoderms from an intermontane basin, the Central Colorado Trough
Authors: Webster G. D. , Houck Karen J. 
Published: July 2015

Middle Pennsylvanian, Atokan and Desmoinesian, crinoids and echinoids are described from the Belden and Minturn Formations of the Central Colorado Trough. The echinoderms from the Minturn Formation were living in an active intermontane trough setting. They are found in two environments, on the flanks of phylloid algal reefs and in patches on abandoned delta lobes on the gently sloping substrate. Faunas are dominated by cromyocrinids and are similar to stable platform Terrigineous Facies Belt faunas of the Midcontinent.New species described areDicromyocrinus beldenensis, Neoprotencrinus rockensis, andSciadiocrinus wipsorum. Goleocrinus, and the columnal generaBlothronagma, Cyclocaudex, andPlatyplateiumare reported for the first time from the Minturn Formation. The columnal taxaBlothronagma cinctutumandFloricyclus angustimargoare believed to be cromyocrinids.B. cinctutummay be synonomous withSynarmocrinus molasensis, andFloricyclus angustimargomay be synonymous withUlocrinus rockymontanus.
XLV.—The Rate of Multiplication of Micro-organisms: A Mathematical Study
Authors: McKendrick A. G. , Pai M. Kesava 
Published: July 2015

Conclusions1. The rate of multiplication of fast-growing micro-organisms is proportional to the number of organisms, and to the concentration of foodstuff.2. The initial rate of multiplication affords a factor of comparison both of efficiency for media and of reproductive properties of organisms.3. Vaccines may be prepared in large quantities on the basis that a maximum number of organisms is attained to, this maximum being dependent on the concentration of nutriment, and independent of the amount of culture inoculated.
MISKAWAYH ON PLEASURE
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis and translation of a previously edited, but otherwise unstudied work by Miskawayh (d. 1030) entitled On Pleasures and Pains (Fī al-Laḏḏāt wa-al-ālām). After a brief orientation regarding the Aristotelian account of pleasure in the Nicomachean Ethics, which is Miskawayh's main source, the theory of pleasure set out in On Pleasures and Pains is compared to the discussion of pleasure in Miskawayh's better known Refinement of Character (Tahḏīb al-aḫlāq). Despite considerable harmony between the two texts, their treatments of pleasure differ in that the Refinement accepts, whereas On Pleasures and Pains rejects, the “restoration” theory of pleasure of Plato's Timaeus.
Nuclear war and the city: perspectives on municipal interventions in defence (Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany, USA, 1980–1985)
Authors: SCHREGEL SUSANNE 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT:Focusing on the example of municipal interventions in defence, this article proposes to evaluate the role of cities and towns in Cold War policies. It discusses how, in the early 1980s, residents in Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany and the USA claimed responsibility for defence and (dis)armament policies in the name of their respective city or home town. To justify this claim, protagonists not only portrayed urban settlements as probable targets of nuclear war. They also highlighted cities and towns as concrete places and drew attention to locality as a scale that might bear specific potentials for participation and empowerment. Yet a closer analysis of such initiatives in the four countries reveals that municipal activities for peace and disarmament developed in far more complex spatial relations than references to the ‘local’ as a scale of involvement might imply.