bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lying and Deceit
Authors: Faulkner Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA round tower can look square from a distance. A white wall can look red if illuminated by a red light. And if one took these appearances at face value and believed the tower to be square and the wall to be red, one would be deceived. Thus, in the passive mode, where one is deceived, there need be no intentionality in deception. This might be marked by use of the termmisleading; in these cases appearances are misleading. Similarly, when the Viceroy butterfly mimics the appearance of the Monarch, it signals to the Blue‐Jay that it is bad to eat and its appearance is, for this reason, misleading.
Why Be Moral
Authors: Black Sam , Tiffany Evan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractConsider a person who is responsible for hiring employees in a public institution, and who must choose between two applicants for an advertised position. The first applicant is an old friend now fallen on hard times. The second is better qualified and a member of an underrepresented minority the institution has been actively recruiting. The administrator very much wants to give his old friend a badly needed break, but also believes without any doubt whatsoever that in this particular circumstance it is wrong to favor his friend by giving him the job. The question relating to what morality requires in this circumstance is closed for the administrator; there is no doubt regarding what he morally ought to do. Nonetheless, he may ask what he ought, all things considered, to do; he may wonder “Why be moral?”
Burke, Edmund
Authors: Kochin Michael S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Edmund Burke (1730–97), Irish‐born and educated British politician, publicist, and man of letters, was a Whig reformer, the great ideological opponent of the French Revolution, and the spiritual father of Anglo‐American conservatism. Four aspects of Burke's career are crucial for the study of ethics: his defense of party and party loyalty, his defense of the elected representative as a trustee of his constituents' interests rather than a delegate instructed by their opinions, his war on every incarnation of arbitrary power (even in the guise of the enlightened despotism of a monarch or newly enfranchised People), and finally the pan‐European crusade he preached against the French Revolution and the desire to rationalize politics.
Patents
Authors: Ashcroft Richard E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

A patent is a legal instrument conferring a temporary limited monopoly on the use of an invention upon the inventor. Inventions have been defined as “technological improvements, great and small, which contain at least some scintilla of inventiveness over what is previously known” (Cornish et al. 2010: 7). Patents are a form of intellectual property right (
see
Intellectual Property).
Benevolence
Authors: Blum Lawrence 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBenevolence has played an important role in the history of both Western and Chinese moral philosophy. Historically, it has often been used as the most general and encompassing term to refer to a sentiment aimed at the good of others. Since many, though not all, traditions in Western and Chinese moral philosophy identify morality with seeking the good of others, it is understandable that benevolence so understood should be regarded as so central to morality. This usage is important because of the challenge of psychological egoism (seeEgoism), the view that the only ultimate goal in action is the agent's own good. Unearthing any example of someone aiming at the good of another for her own sake, no matter how minimal, is sufficient to refute psychological egoism. Once the threat of egoism is dispensed with, however, it becomes evident that the category “aiming at the good of others for its own sake” covers an extremely disparate range of actions and motives. Contemporary usages of “benevolence” are more sensitive to that variety.
Tabalumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate and Naive to Biologic Therapy: A Phase II, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Genovese M. C. , Bojin S. , Biagini I. M. , Mociran E. , Cristei D. , Mirea G. , Georgescu L. , Sloan‐Lancaster J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTabalumab, a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody, neutralizes soluble and membrane‐bound BAFF. The aim of this study was to examine the tolerability and efficacy of tabalumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate.MethodsIn this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel, multiple‐dose study, patients who were naive to biologic therapy received infusions of tabalumab (30, 60, or 160 mg) or placebo at weeks 0, 3, and 6 in combination with methotrexate and were evaluated for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage of patients meeting American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieving an ACR20 response) at week 16.ResultsAt week 16, the percentages of patients achieving an ACR20 response in the 30‐mg (57.6%), 60‐mg (67.6%), and 160‐mg (51.5%) groups were significantly greater than the percentage of patients achieving an ACR20 response in the placebo group (29.4%; P < 0.05). There were initial transient increases from baseline in the frequency of CD20+ and IgD+/CD27− B cells, followed by reductions, although B cells were not completely depleted. Also, the frequency of IgD−/CD27+ B cells increased in all tabalumab groups compared with the placebo group and returned toward baseline levels by the end of the study. The incidence of adverse events was similar across all treatment groups; no deaths occurred. Serum IgM levels decreased significantly in all tabalumab groups combined compared with the placebo group. There were no significant decreases in serum IgG or IgA levels in the tabalumab groups compared with the placebo group.ConclusionTabalumab treatment significantly reduces the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and has a safety profile similar to that seen with placebo treatment.
Effects of short elastin‐like peptides on filamentous particles and their transition behavior
Authors: Hathorne Adam P. , Bermudez Harry 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile elastin‐like polypeptides and peptides (ELPs) have been used for various stimulus‐responsive applications, details of their switching remain unclear. We therefore constructed a novel series of filamentous phage particles displaying a high surface density of short ELPs. The surface display of ELPs did not disrupt either particle shape or dimensions, and the resulting ELP‐phage particles were colloidally stable over several weeks. However, in spite of a saturating surface density, macroscopic aggregation of ELP‐phages cannot be triggered in water. To investigate the underlying mechanisms we examined conformational changes in the secondary structure of the phage proteins by circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence, which indicate partial protein unfolding in ELP‐phage particles. To gain further insight into the ELP itself, analogous “free” ELP peptides were synthesized and characterized. Circular dichroism of these peptides shows the onset of β‐type conformations with increasing temperature, consistent with the accepted view of the microscopic transition that underlies the inverse phase behavior of ELPs. Increased guest residue hydrophobicity was found to depress the microscopic transition temperature of the peptides, also consistent with a previously proposed intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding mechanism. Importantly, our results indicate that although the nanoscale presentation state can suppress macroscopic aggregation of ELPs, microscopic transitions of the ELP can still occur. Given the growing use of ELPs within supra‐molecular scaffolds, such effects are important design considerations for future applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1822–1830. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐containing Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Studies, and Electronic Properties
Authors: Yang Wenwen , Zhong Yuwu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSix bis‐tridentate and two tris‐bidentate cyclometalated ruthenium complexes with a 1,2,3‐triazole‐containing ligand have been prepared and characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses of complexes [(MeOptpy)Ru(Budtab)](PF6) and [(Mebip)Ru(Budtab)](PF6) are presented, where MeOptpy is 4′‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, Budtab is the 2‐deprotonated form of 1,3‐di(N‐n‐butyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)benzene, and Mebip is bis(N‐methyl‐benzimidazolyl)pyridine. The electronic properties of these complexes are probed by spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. Time‐dependent density functional theory calculations have been performed to assist the assignment of the absorption spectra.
Catalyst‐free thermally‐evaporated growth and optical properties of ZnO nanowires on Si, GaN and sapphire substrates
Authors: Khai Tran Van , Sub Kwak Dong , Jung Kwon Yong , Bo Shim Kwang , Woo Kim Hyoun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVertically well‐aligned zinc oxide nanowires (NWs) with high density were successfully synthesized on Si, sapphire and GaN/sapphire substrates by thermal evaporation of zinc powders without catalysts or additives. The growth behavior of ZnO NWs was strongly dependent on the substrate materials. The effects of the substrate position on the structures and properties of ZnO NWs were primarily discussed. The morphology and crystallinity of the resultant NWs were studied by scanning electron microscope, transmission electronic microscope and X‐ray diffraction. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the ZnO NWs on the different substrates were studied. The results showed that the as‐grown ZnO NWs exhibit a sharp and strong ultraviolet emission at 3.27 eV and a very weak green emission at around 2.48 eV, indicating that the a‐synthesized NWs have excellent PL properties with good crystalline quality and can be an ideal candidate for making luminescent devices. By comparison of PL spectra, we revealed that the green‐to‐UV emission intensity ratios were considerably dependent on the substrate materials, which was explained by the difference in the structural morphology of the produced nanowires.
Pre‐osteoblastic cell response on three‐dimensional, organic‐inorganic hybrid material scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Terzaki Konstantina , Kissamitaki Maria , Skarmoutsou Amalia , Fotakis Costas , Charitidis Costas A. , Farsari Maria , Vamvakaki Maria , Chatzinikolaidou Maria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEngineering artificial scaffolds that enhance cell adhesion and growth in three dimensions is essential to successful bone tissue engineering. However, the fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds exhibiting complex micro‐ and nano‐features still remains a challenge. Few materials can be structured in three dimensions, and even those have not been characterized for their mechanical and biological properties. In this study, we investigate the suitability of three novel materials of different chemical compositions in bone tissue regeneration: a hybrid material consisting of methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane and zirconium propoxide, a hybrid organic–inorganic material of the above containing 50 mole% 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and a pure organic material based on polyDMAEMA. More specifically, we study the mechanical properties of the aforementioned materials and evaluate the biological response of pre‐osteoblastic cells on them. We also highlight the use of a 3D scaffolding technology, Direct femtosecond Laser Writing (DLW), to fabricate complex structures. Our results show that, while all three investigated materials could potentially be used as biomaterials in tissue engineering, the 50% DMAEMA composite exhibits the best mechanical properties for structure fabrication with DLW and strong biological response. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
First evidence of prothymosin alpha localization in the acrosome of mammalian male gametes
Authors: Ferrara Diana , Pariante Paolo , Di Matteo Loredana , Serino Ismene , Oko Richard , Minucci Sergio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProthymosin α (PTMA) is a highly acidic intrinsically unstructured protein. Its expression in male gonads is evolutionary conserved; in rat testis it is specifically localized in the cytoplasm of post‐meiotic germ cells, in association with the developing acrosome system. In the present paper we investigated on PTMA localization inside the head of mammalian spermatozoa (SPZ). We chose a confocal approach to ascertain whether PTMA is expressed in the acrosome or in the perinuclear theca, two regions that are tightly linked and partially overlapped in the mature haploid cells. The obtained results showed that PTMA is specifically localized in the acrosome of rat epididymal SPZ; the same experimental approach evidenced, for the first time, PTMA presence in human ejaculated SPZ. A Western blot analysis on protein extracts from human sperm head fractions confirmed the confocal data and demonstrated that the peptide is specifically associated with the inner acrosomal membrane fraction. Finally, when the acrosome reaction was induced in vitro by progesterone treatment on both rat and human sperm, PTMA signal was retained in the apical region of reacted SPZ. In conclusion, this study confirms the conservation of PTMA distribution in vertebrate male gametes and strongly supports a role for this polypeptide in their physiology. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1629–1637, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal fate of the ultimobranchial remnants in the rat thyroid gland
Authors: Vázquez‐Román Victoria , Utrilla José C. , Fernández‐Santos José M. , Conde Esperanza , Bernabé Reyes , Sampedro Consuelo , Martín‐Lacave Inés 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ultimobranchial follicles (UBFs) are considered embryonic remnants from the ultimobranchial body (UBB). They are follicular structures that vary in size and appearance depending on the age of the rat. The main objective of this article was to study the progressive changes in shape, size, and frequency of the UBFs in the postnatal rat, from birth to old‐age. To accomplish that objective, a systematic morphometric and incidental study of the UBF has been carried out in 110 Wistar rats of different ages and both sexes, divided into three groups: 1) young rats (5–90‐day‐old); 2) adult rats (6–15‐month‐old), and 3) old rats (18–24‐month‐old). The glands were serially sectioned and immunostained for calcitonin at five equidistant levels. According to our results, UBFs were observed in all thyroid glands but a more exhaustive sampling was occasionally necessary in male rats. In young rats, immature UBFs predominantly appeared whereas in adult rats, mature UBFs with cystic appearance and variable luminal content prevailed. We frequently found spontaneous anomalous UBFs in old rats, which we have termed as “ultimobranchial cystadenomata.” Additionally, in young rats, UBF areas significantly increased with age and they were larger when compared to that of normal thyroid follicles. Likewise, in adult rats, UBFs were significantly larger than normal thyroid follicles but only in female rats. In general, UBFs in females were also significantly larger than those found in male rats. Finally, all these differences related to UBFs together with a higher incidence in females of UB cystadenomata suggest a sexual dimorphism in regard to the destiny of these embryonic remnants during postnatal thyroid development. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutational and expressional analyses of PTEN gene in colorectal cancer from Northern India
Authors: Ali Asgar , Saluja Sundeep S. , Hajela Krishnan , Mishra Pramod K. , Rizvi Moshahid A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe PTEN is a tumor‐suppressor gene located on chromosome 10q23.3 and established to play key role in the varied types of cancer. To elucidate the possible effect of mutations and inactivation of PTEN gene on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), 223 cancer specimens were selected to probe PTEN gene mutations through the micro dissection of the genome. Polymerase chain reaction single‐strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods were applied for mutations while protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Mutations in exons 7 and 8 of PTEN were observed in 12.5% and PTEN loss of expression was identified in 48% in CRC. In exon 7, we found the insertion of “G” resulted into the change at codon 218 from TGC to GTC leading to change in the reading frame starting downward from Cystein to Valine. In addition, the insertion of “A” in the same exon at codon 213 resulted into the change of codon CCT to CCA, which cause silent mutation. In exon 8, however, “A” is replaced by C at codon 282, but both encodes for Glycine. Statistically significant loss of PTEN expression was observed in cancerous tissue when compared with the adjacent control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, weak PTEN expression in CRC tissues were significantly associated with tumor size, depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, grade of differentiation, and TNM stage (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that PTEN gene mutation and loss of PTEN expression may provide valuable prognostic information to aid treatment strategies for CRC patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High performance self‐healing bismaleimide/diallylbisphenol a/poly(phenylene oxide) microcapsules composites with low temperature processability
Authors: Lin Chao , Yuan Li , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Wu Jianyuan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNovel high performance self‐healing 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BDM)/diallylbisphenol A(BA)/poly(phenylene oxide) microcapsules filled with epoxy resin (PPOMCs) systems with low temperature processability were developed. The effects of PPOMCs on the reactivity of BDM/BA resin system were investigated; the properties of cured BDM/BA/PPOMCs systems such as fracture toughness, dynamic mechanical property, dielectric property, and self‐healing ability were discussed. The morphologies of the cured resin systems were characterized using scanning electronic microscope and light microscopy. Results reveal that the addition of PPOMCs can catalyze the polymerization reaction of BDM/BA resins. BDM/BA systems with appropriate PPOMCs content cured at low temperature possess excellent fracture toughness, high glass transition temperature (Tg), and low dielectric property. The self‐healing ability of BDM/BA can be realized by the introduction of PPOMCs owing to the polymerization of the released core materials from PPOMCs. The self‐healing efficiency of healed BDM/BA/PPOMCs systems can be influenced by the size and content of PPOMCs and the contact areas between the crack surfaces. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Protein encapsulated in electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Norouzi Mohammad , Soleimani Masoud , Shabani Iman , Atyabi Fatemeh , Ahvaz Hana H. , Rashidi Abusaeed 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe main purpose of tissue engineering is the preparation of fibrous scaffolds with similar structural and biochemical cues to the extracellular matrix in order to provide a substrate to support the cells. Controlled release of bioactive agents such as growth factors from the fibrous scaffolds improves cell behavior on the scaffolds and accelerates tissue regeneration. In this study, nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) through the electrospinning technique. Nanofibers with a core–sheath structure encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein for hydrophilic bioactive agents were prepared through emulsion electrospinning. The morphology of the nanofibers was evaluated by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and the core–sheath structure of the emulsion electrospun nanofibers was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical properties and X‐ray diffraction are reported. The scaffolds demonstrated a sustained release profile of BSA. Biocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated using the MTT (3(4,5‐ dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for NIH‐3T3 fibroblast cells. The results indicated desirable biocompatibility of the scaffolds with the capability of encapsulation and controlled release of the protein, which can serve as tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting outcomes of vocational rehabilitation in patients with brain tumours
Authors: Rusbridge S. L. , Walmsley N. C. , Griffiths S. B. , Wilford P. A. , Rees J. H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the outcome of a vocational rehabilitation programme for patients with brain tumours and to determine whether the outcome could be predicted at point of referral to the service.MethodsData was collected for 34 patients with brain tumours referred to the Macmillan vocational rehabilitation service. Work status at baseline (time of referral) and at discharge was compared. Logistic regression analyses were computed to identify which variables (demographic, tumour and treatment, functional and vocational) predicted work status at discharge from the service.ResultsSignificantly, more patients were working at discharge from the service than at baseline. Having at least some physical disability decreased the likelihood of being in work at discharge from the service.ConclusionsThe vocational rehabilitation programme for brain tumour survivors showed significant improvement over time. Functional ability affected the likelihood of working to some extent. Vocational rehabilitation services should be available to patients with brain tumours and should focus on supporting patients wishing to return to or maintain their current work. However, more support for brain tumour patients with physical impairments is needed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refractory otitis media: An unusual presentation of childhood granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Uppal Preena , Taitz Jonny , Wainstein Brynn , Soma Marlene , Belessis Yvonne , Gray Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChildhood granulomatosis with polyangiitis (cGPA), previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a rare, potentially fatal necrotizing vasculitis, the symptoms of which overlap with infection. We present a 16‐year‐old girl who, following 6 months of treatment for persistent middle ear effusion with progressive sensorineural hearing loss, developed rapidly progressing pneumonia, with pleural effusion, and multiple cavitatory lung lesions. Investigations demonstrated high titer c‐ANCA and nasal septal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of cGPA. This case highlights the difficulty in diagnosing cGPA and the potentially life‐threatening consequences of failing to do so. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E21–E24. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.