bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Sodium Intake: A Determinant of Postprandial Plasma Sodium Concentration in the Dog
Authors: Schneider E. G. , Gleason Sarah D. , Zucker A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of dietary sodium intake on pre-and post-prandial plasma sodium concentrations and on the pattern of sodium and potassium excretion was determined in conscious female dogs, who were allowed free access to water and were fed on commercial low sodium diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 250 mmol of sodium chloride/day for 6 days.
2. The preprandial plasma sodium concentration was not altered by the dietary sodium intake. However, the 4 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was linearly related to the magnitude of dietary sodium intake, whereas the 8 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was elevated only in dogs receiving 250 mmol of sodium/day.
3. The (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the postprandial increase in plasma sodium concentration.
4. The 24 h excretion of potassium was not markedly affected by the dietary sodium intake; however, the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for potassium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for sodium excretion.
5. These data indicate that: (a) postprandial increases in plasma sodium concentration need to be considered when evaluating the mechanisms involved in the daily regulation of sodium balance; (b) the daily pattern of potassium excretion is closely linked to the dietary sodium intake.
Erythrocyte Metabolism in Patients on Haemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Summerfield G. P. , Bellingham A. J. , Manlove L. , Forbes A. M. , Goldsmith H. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Erythrocyte metabolism was investigated and glycolytic intermediates were measured in nine patients with chronic renal failure who were subsequently treated with haemodialysis. The same' investigations were performed in nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who had previously been treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) (eight patients) or dietary restriction (one patient).
2. The patients who received haemodialysis had a partially compensated metabolic acidosis before treatment. With haemodialysis, plasma phosphate (Pi) fell and base excess, erythrocyte 2,3–diphosphoglycerate (2,3–DPG), glucose consumption and lactate production rose significantly. In this group the most important influence on erythrocyte metabolism was base excess. The pattern of erythrocyte glycolytic intermediates showed that the rise in 2,3–DPG with haemodialysis was brought about within the Rapoport—Luebering shunt; there was no statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin—oxygen affinity.
3. The patients who received CAPD were not acidotic before starting this form of treatment. With CAPD, there was a significant increase in haemoglobin and fall in plasma phosphate, erythrocyte 2,3–DPG and glucose consumption. The major factors influencing erythrocyte metabolism in this group were plasma phosphate and haemoglobin concentration. The fall in 2,3–DPG was produced by inhibition of 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11); despite this fall, haemoglobin-oxygen affinity was not affected.
Erythrocyte Sodium Transport in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Swaminathan R. , Clegg G. , Cumberbatch M. , Zareian Z. , McKenna F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Erythrocyte sodium, sodium transport (ouabain-sensitive efflux rate of sodium, oMosNa, and ouabain-sensitive efflux rate constant of sodium, oMosNa), sodium-potassium activated ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity and [3H]ouabain-binding capacity were measured in 15 patients with chronic renal failure and in 10 healthy subjects.
2. As a group, patients with chronic renal failure had a lower erythrocyte sodium and oMosNa compared with healthy subjects.
3. When patients were divided according to their erythrocyte sodium (greater or less than 4 mmol/kg of cells), in the group of patients whose erythrocyte sodium was less than 4 mmol/kg of cells (group A) the oMosNa was higher than that in healthy subjects and the oMosNa, Na+, K+-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain-binding capacity were the same as those in healthy subjects. In the subgroup of patients with renal failure whose erythrocyte sodium content was greater than 4 mmol/kg of cells (group B) the oMosNa was less and plasma urea concentration higher than in group A and Na+, K+-ATPase activity, [3H]ouabain-binding capacity and oMosNa were lower than in healthy subjects.
4. These results suggest that in early chronic renal failure there is stimulation of ‘sodium pumps’ (without alteration in their number), which causes a lowering of erythrocyte sodium content, and that as the disease progresses there is inhibition of the ‘sodium pumps’ as well as a reduction in membrane permeability so that erythrocyte sodium is near normal.
Decrease in the Tubular Reabsorption of Calcium with Evidence for Compensatory Hyperparathyroidism in X-Linked Hypophosphataemia in Mice
Authors: Mühlbauer R.C. , Bonjour J.-P. , Fleisch H. 
Published: August 2015

1. It has been suggested that a dominant mutation in the mouse is a suitable model for the most frequent form of human vitamin D-resistant rickets, X-linked hypophosphataemia. The mutant mice have reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate, hypophosphataemia, rachitic bone lesions, moderate dwarfism and mild hypocalcaemia.
2. The present work shows that male hypophosphataemic (HYP/Y) mice have a decrease in the tubular capacity to reabsorb calcium as compared with normal littermates (+/Y). This decrease appears to be related to the phosphate status of the animals, since it is much more pronounced when the animals are fed on a low phosphorus diet.
3. The decrement in the tubular reabsorption and plasma concentration of calcium in HYP/Y mice is not accompanied by an augmentation in the absolute urinary excretion of calcium. It is associated with an increase in the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. Furthermore, removal of the thyroparathyroid glands leads to much larger fall in the plasma concentration of calcium in HYP/Y than in +/Y mice.
4. Thus HYP/Y mice, when compared with normal littermates, have decreased tubular reabsorption of calcium with no apparent increase in the mobilization of calcium from intestinal and body sources as reflected by the absence of an augmentation in the absolute amount of calcium excreted in the urine. These findings could account for a propensity to hypocalcaemia which would be partially compensated by secondary hyperparathyroidism. This could explain the increase in urinary cyclic AMP excretion and the exaggerated hypocalcaemic response to removal of the parathyroid glands observed in murine X-linked hypophosphataemia.
Alveolar Gas Mixing Efficiency in the Human Lung
Authors: Cumming G. , Guyatt A. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The lung nitrogen from ten normal nonsmoking subjects and ten patients with chronic respiratory disease was washed out by inspiration of 21% oxygen and 79% argon, whilst expired nitrogen concentration was measured with a mass spectrometer and flow with a box-bag system, and the quantity of nitrogen in each expirate calculated with a Varian 73 digital computer and plotted against expired volume.
2. The resulting curve from each breath was handled either as a linear or a polynomial regression, the intercept on the abscissa being designated the series dead space volume (VDS). This dead space has also been measured by the Fowler method and by the mathematical differentiation of phase II.
3. The nitrogen recovered from the first breath varied between 190 ml and 584 ml and this has been expressed as a percentage of that volume predicted assuming perfect alveolar mixing; this has been called the alveolar gas mixing efficiency for nitrogen. The mean values for alveolar mixing efficiency computed from the four different series dead space volumes were 89.8%, 90.8%, 89.0% and 85.7%. This suggests that the value of series dead space used in computing mixing efficiency is not of great importance, and any of the four methods gives satisfactory results.
4. The data from multi-breath washout were also similarly expressed as a percentage efficiency, making the results from the two methods directly comparable. The median value for alveolar gas mixing efficiency by the single breath test was 89%, and for the multi-breath test about 76%. The latter was apparently more discriminating for ventilatory defect. In patients the values were respectively 73% and 40%.
Effects of Saralasin Infusion on Bilateral Renal Function in Two-Kidney, One-Clip Goldblatt Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Huang Wann-Chu , Ploth D. W. , Navar L. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Previous studies have shown that administration of converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI, SQ 20 881) to two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive (GH) rats clipped for 3–4 weeks resulted in marked increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), water and sodium excretion by the non-clipped kidneys. The clipped kidneys exhibited reduced function that was due, in part, to the reductions in arterial pressure. To evaluate further the hypothesis that the renal responses to CEI were due primarily to the inhibition of angiotensin II rather than other factors, we infused the angiotensin II competitive blocker, saralasin, into GH rats under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia and examined renal haemodynamics and excretory function of each kidney before and during saralasin infusion and after cessation of saralasin infusion.
2. Saralasin reduced mean arterial blood pressure from 164 ± 4 to 124 ± 4 mmHg. Despite the profound fall of arterial pressure, significant increases in renal blood flow from 5.82 ± 0.22 to 9.15 ± 0.76 ml/min and glomerular filtration rate from 1.46 ± 0.10 to 2.18 ± 0.14 ml/min were observed in the non-clipped kidneys. Renal vascular resistance decreased from 2.34 (± 0.14) × 105 to 1.17 (± 0.19) × 105 kPa l−1 s [2.34 (± 0.14) × 106 to 1.17 (± 0.19) × 106 dyn s cm−5]. Also, concomitant diuresis and kaliuresis and a delayed natriuresis occurred.
Correspondence: Dr L. G. Navar, University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center, University Station, 727 CDLD Bldg, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, U.S.A.
3. The clipped kidneys exhibited reductions in renal blood flow, GFR and excretory function during saralasin infusion.
4. Normal rats receiving the identical dose of saralasin responded with a slight but significant decrease in arterial pressure. The increases in renal blood flow and GFR were less than those observed in the non-clipped kidneys of hypertensive rats.
5. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that an angiotensin II-mediated elevation in renal vascular resistance and impairment of renal function exist in the non-clipped kidneys of GH rats.
Acute Haemodynamic and Hormonal Effects of Captopril are Diminished by Indomethacin
Authors: Witzgall H. , Hirsch F. , Scherer B. , Weber P. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The acute haemodynamic and hormonal effects of 100 mg of captopril (SQ 14.225) orally were tested in twelve healthy men in the sodium replete state before and after indomethacin pre-treatment.
2. Without indomethacin, mean arterial blood pressure was reduced at 30 and 60 min after captopril (P &lt; 0.02). Heart rate did not change during the whole experiment. Although plasma renin activity (PRA) increased (P &lt; 0.002), plasma and urinary aldosterone and plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) decreased after captopril (P &lt; 0.02). Prostaglandin (PG) E2, sodium and potassium excretion rates remained constant after captopril.
3. Under indomethacin pretreatment, the fall in mean arterial blood pressure was less than without indomethacin at 30 and 60 min after captopril (P &lt; 0.05). Heart rate was constantly lower than without indomethacin during the whole experiment (P &lt; 0.05). Indomethacin pretreatment decreased basal PGE2 excretion (P &lt; 0.02) and baseline PRA as well as the increase in PRA after captopril (P &lt; 0.05). Control mineralocorticoid levels were significantly lower than without indomethacin. In indomethacin-pretreated subjects, aldosterone did not further decrease after captopril, and 18-OH-B fell only slightly.
4. Without indomethacin pretreatment a significant, positive correlation was found between PRA values before captopril and the maximum decrease of mean arterial blood pressure after captopril. Under indomethacin pretreatment this correlation was no longer demonstrable. The results suggest that prostaglandins may contribute to the haemodynamic and hormonal actions of captopril.
Sympathomimetic Drugs Stimulate the Output of Secretory Glycoproteins from Human Bronchi In Vitro
Authors: Phipps R. J. , Williams I. P. , Richardson P. S. , Pell J. , Pack R. J. , Wright N. 
Published: August 2015

1. We describe a method for supporting pieces of human bronchi in Ussing chambers, for radiolabelling the contents of the secretory cells with 35S, and for collecting radiolabeled macromolecules secreted on to the luminal aspect of the tissue. This method has previously been used to study airway secretions in animals [R. J. Phipps, J. A. Nadel & B. Davis, American Review of Respiratory Disease, (1980) 121, 359–365]. Evidence is given that the radiolabelled molecules are secretory glycoproteins, probably mucus glycoproteins.
2. Phenylephrine, an α-adrenoceptor agonist, increased the rate at which the bronchi secreted radiolabeled glycoproteins. Thymoxamine, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist, blocked this effect but propranolol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist, did not.
3. Dobutamine, a β1-adrenoceptor agonist, increased the rate of secretion of radiolabeled glycoproteins. Propranolol blocked this but thymoxamine did not.
4. Salbutamol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, also increased the rate of secretion of radiolabeled glycoproteins. Propranolol blocked this effect.
5. We conclude that both α and β-adrenoceptor agonists increase the rate of glycoprotein secretion in human bronchi in vitro and that this almost certainly means that they increase the rate of mucus secretion.
The Influence of Indomethacin on Renal Concentrating and Diluting Capacity in Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Authors: de Jong P. E. , de Jong-Van Den Berg L. T. W. , de Zeeuw D. , Donker A. J. M. , Schouten H. , van Eps L. W. Statius 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of indomethacin on water excretion during both vasopressin stimulation and inhibition were studied in control subjects and in patients with sickle cell anaemia.
2. In the control group as well as in the group of patients with sickle cell anaemia sodium and urea retention occurred after indomethacin in the water-depleted state. During water loading, indomethacin induced sodium retention without urea reabsorption.
3. In healthy volunteers indomethacin increased urinary osmolality during water deprivation, but not after water loading. In contrast, in patients with sickle cell anaemia indomethacin caused a rise in urinary osmolality during water loading, but not after water deprivation.
4. The findings support the view that indomethacin promotes solute reabsorption in the distal tubule.
5. From our observations we conclude that renal prostaglandins are not involved in the urinary concentrating defect of patients with sickle cell anaemia. On the other hand, the normal diluting capacity in sickle cell anaemia appears to depend on renal prostaglandins.
Bile Acid Profiles of Human Serum and Skin Interstitial Fluid and Their Relationship to Pruritus Studied by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bartholomew T. C. , Summerfield J. A. , Billing B. H. , Lawson A. M. , Setchell K. D. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Pruritus was assessed in 19 patients by measurement of nocturnal limb movement.
2. Serum (nine pruritic, ten non-pruritic) and interstitial fluid (five pruritic, three non-pruritic) bile acids were fractionated according to their mode of conjugation by using DEAP-Sephadex LH-20 and measured by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.
3. No correlation was found between serum or interstitial fluid total bile acid or individual bile acid concentrations and pruritus. Bile acid profiles in the two groups of patients were similar and there was no correlation between pruritus and the conjugation pattern.
4. The bile acid profile of interstitial fluid reflected that of serum and a linear relationship was found between serum and interstitial fluid bile acid concentrations (r = 0·95, P &lt; 0·001).
5. The proportion of bile acid sulphate in interstitial fluid was significantly smaller than that in serum (P &lt; 0·025), where sulphates accounted for up to 46% of the total bile acids.
6. In three patients, a decrease in serum bile acid concentrations achieved by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage had little or no effect on pruritus.
7. These findings suggest that bile acids do not have a causative role in the pruritus of cholestatic liver disease.
Effect of Exercise on Gain of the Carotid-Sinus Reflex in Rabbits
Authors: Faris I. B. , Jamieson G. G. , Ludbrook J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were measured in six rabbits before, during and immediately after treadmill exercise. During the same periods the dynamic gain of the carotid-sinus baroreceptor reflex was estimated by creating a sinusoidal oscillation of carotid-distending pressure.
2. The average blood pressure did not change significantly during or after exercise, but heart rate and cardiac output rose markedly and there was a concomitant fall in systemic vascular resistance.
3. The reflex gain for blood pressure decreased by one-fifth during exercise, and the gains for heart rate and vascular resistance by two-fifths. Immediately after exercise the gains for all three variables decreased further, to between one-half and one-third of the resting values.
4. Our results indicate that during and after dynamic exercise the correction of a potential disturbance of blood pressure by the carotid-sinus baroreceptor reflex is decreased in magnitude or in speed.
Rates of New Bone Formation in Patients with Crush Fracture Osteoporosis
Authors: Reeve J. , Green J. R. , Hesp R. , Hulme Patricia 
Published: August 2015

1. Calcium balances and formation rates of new bone measured with an improved tracer technique using 85Sr have been determined simultaneously in 21 patients with idiopathic osteoporosis and vertebral crush fractures.
2. A weak positive association was found between calcium balance and the kinetically measured calcium accretion rate, which is the sum of the true rate of bone formation and various long-term exchange processes.
3. The more negative balances were associated with significantly greater early loss of tracer taken up into bone by ‘accretion’, so that long-term (&gt; 200 day) uptake was reduced.
4. This indicates that patients actively losing bone mineral have lower true rates of bone formation and higher rates of long-term exchange than their fellow patients who are more nearly in calcium equilibrium.
5. No statistically significant association was found between measured rates of bone resorption and calcium balance.
An Electrophysiological Study of the Posterior Abdominal Vagus Nerve in Man
Authors: Andrews P. L. R. , Taylor T. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The compound action potential was recorded in segments of posterior abdominal vagus removed from patients undergoing elective vagotomy and the conduction velocities of the major components were measured.
2. The conduction velocities ranged from 0·15 m/s to 3·9 m/s. The majority of compound potentials recorded had latencies appropriate to C fibre conduction.
The Mechanism of Urinary Kallikrein Excretion in the Rat
Authors: Seeber A. Martínez , Vila S. B. , Catanzaro O. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. In male Wistar rats urinary kallikrein excretion was positively correlated with urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
2. Osmotic diuresis produced by a 30% (w/v) glucose solution increased urinary kallikrein, and a positive correlation between this variable and urine flow was observed. No correlation was observed with GFR.
3. The mechanism of urinary kallikrein excretion is interpreted as a wash-out effect of renal kallikrein.
Sodium Transport during the Natriuresis of Volume Expansion; a Study Using Peripheral Blood Leucocytes
Authors: Poston L. , Wilkinson S. , Sewell R. B. , Williams R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Leucocyte sodium transport was investigated as a possible assay for the small molecular weight natriuretic material isolated from the urine of normal subjects who had undergone volume expansion by saline infusion.
2. This fraction (fraction four or FIV), inhibitory to sodium transport in several other assays, was also found to inhibit leucocyte sodium transport.
3. FIV isolated from the urine of five normal subjects undergoing the natriuresis of mineralocorticoid ‘escape’ was also found to be inhibitory to leucocyte sodium transport.
4. Leucocytes isolated from the blood of the same subjects during mineralocorticoid escape showed decreased sodium transport.
Diversity of Membrane Abnormalities in Spontaneous Hypertension
Authors: Yamori Y. , Nara Y. , Kanbe T. , Imafuku H. , Mori K. , Kihara M. , Horie R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The membrane viscosity of erythrocytes and synaptosomal membranes from 3-month-old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was less than that of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats.
2. The percentage noradrenaline release from synaptosomes in response to a low potassium ion concentration and the incorporation of noradrenaline into synaptosomes were significantly increased in 3-month-old SHRSP compared with WKY rats.
3. Cultured smooth muscle cells obtained from the aorta of SHRSP showed a greater Na+ influx and K+ efflux when Na+, K+-dependent ATPase was inhibited by ouabain than did smooth muscle cells from the aorta of WKY rats.
4. These results suggest that diverse membrane abnormalities are present in SHRSP, including changes in synaptosomal function and the ionic transport and permeability of smooth muscle cells. These changes may be part of the mechanisms of hypertension, whereas the changes in the erythrocytes may serve as genetic markers of hypertension.
Ca2+ Binding and Membrane Fluidity in Essential and Renal Hypertension
Authors: Orlov Sergei N. , Postnov Yuvenali V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ca2+-binding ability and membrane structure of red blood cells of patients with essential and renal hypertension were studied.
2. Ca2+-binding ability of the erythrocyte membrane of patients with essential hypertension was found to be reduced by 30% compared with that of normotensive controls.
3. The rate of lateral diffusion of pyrene in the erythrocyte membrane of patients with essential hypertension was reduced both in the lipid bilayer and in the region of annular lipid compared with that of normotensive patients.
4. There are no differences either in Ca2+-binding ability or in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane of patients with chronic renal hypertension compared with that of normotensive individuals.
Studies on Aldosterone Responsiveness to Angiotensin II during Clinical Variations in Calcium Metabolism in Normal Man
Authors: Bianchetti M. G. , Beretta-Piccoli C. , Weidmann P. , Boehringer K. , Link L. , Morton J. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin II was infused at stepwise increasing dose rates (2, 4 and 10 pmol min–1 kg–1) in 12 normal subjects. Infusions were performed in the presence of normocalcaemia, mild hypercalcemia induced by concomitant calcium gluconate infusion, and after 2 weeks of treatment with nifedipine.
2. Pre-infusion plasma levels of angiotensin II, renin or aldosterone were not altered by acute mild hypercalcaemia or administration of nifedipine. The angiotensin II-induced increases in plasma aldosterone were also similar under the three study conditions.
3. Variations in calcium metabolism occurring under clinical conditions appear to play a minor role in modulating the angiotensin II-dependent pathway of aldosterone regulation in normal man.