bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is More Than One Quinolone Needed in Clinical Practice?
Authors: Paladino Joseph A 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: To review clinical information on fluoroquinolone antimicrobials to distinguish between these agents and help define their place in clinical practice. DATA SOURCES: Primary and review articles on fluoroquinolones available commercially in the US as of August 2000 were identified through MEDLINE (from 1993–August 2000) and secondary sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All pertinent, published, clinical trials for levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin were included. Minimal data were included for quinolones with restricted or limited uses, including trovafloxacin, sparfloxacin, enoxacin, and lomefloxacin. Due to the quantity of data on ciprofloxacin, only more recent or pivotal trials or articles summarizing data on specific infections were included. Relevant information was included if it was believed to assist in differentiating between the fluoroquinolones for infections for which these agents would most commonly be considered. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fluoroquinolones are a potent class of intravenous and oral broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents used for treating a wide range of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. More than 10 quinolones have been approved for use; although some of these have been withdrawn from the market, numerous others are under investigation. It has become increasingly important to be able to differentiate between these agents. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in safety, antimicrobial spectrum of activity, and resistance development support the selective use of various fluoroquinolones in differing clinical situations.
Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio choleraeO1
Authors: Dixit Sameer M , Johura Fatema-Tuz , Manandhar Sulochana , Sadique Abdus , Rajbhandari Rajesh M , Mannan Shahnewaj B , Rashid Mahamud-ur , Islam Saiful , Karmacharya Dibesh , Watanabe Haruo , Sack R Bradley , Cravioto Alejandro , Alam Munirul 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough endemic cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality each year in Nepal, lack of information about the causal bacterium often hinders cholera intervention and prevention. In 2012, diarrheal outbreaks affected three districts of Nepal with confirmed cases of mortality. This study was designed to understand the drug response patterns, source, and transmission ofVibrio choleraeassociated with 2012 cholera outbreaks in Nepal.MethodsV. cholerae(n = 28) isolated from 2012 diarrhea outbreaks {n = 22; Kathmandu (n = 12), Doti (n = 9), Bajhang (n = 1)}, and surface water (n = 6; Kathmandu) were tested for antimicrobial response. Virulence properties and DNA fingerprinting of the strains were determined by multi-locus genetic screening employing polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).ResultsAllV. choleraestrains isolated from patients and surface water were confirmed to be toxigenic, belonging to serogroup O1, Ogawa serotype, biotype El Tor, and possessed classical biotype cholera toxin (CTX). Double-mismatch amplification mutation assay (DMAMA)-PCR revealed theV. choleraestrains to possess the B-7 allele ofctxsubunit B. DNA sequencing oftcpArevealed a point mutation at amino acid position 64 (N → S) while thectxABpromoter revealed four copies of the tandem heptamer repeat sequence 5'-TTTTGAT-3'.V. choleraepossessed all the ORFs of the Vibrio seventh pandemic island (VSP)-I but lacked the ORFs 498–511 of VSP-II. All strains were multidrug resistant with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA), and streptomycin (S); all carried the SXT genetic element. DNA sequencing and deduced amino acid sequence ofgyrAandparCof the NARstrains (n = 4) revealed point mutations at amino acid positions 83 (S → I), and 85 (S → L), respectively. Similar PFGE (NotI) pattern revealed the NepaleseV. choleraeto be clonal, and related closely withV. choleraeassociated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti.ConclusionsIn 2012, diarrhea outbreaks in three districts of Nepal were due to transmission of multidrug resistantV. choleraeEl Tor possessing cholera toxin (ctx) B-7 allele, which is clonal and related closely withV. choleraeassociated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti.
Long-term outcome of early stage prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy analysis after a mean follow-up of 7 years
Authors: Yan Weigang , Chen Jian , Zhou Yi , Zhou Zhien , Mai Zhipeng , Ji Zhigang , Li Hanzhong , Zhang Fuquan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Purpose
To investigate the long-term efficacy of 125I brachytherapy in early-stage prostate cancer and to identify correlating factors.

Methods
This study included 117 cases of early stage prostate cancer. The patients ranged in age from 51 to 84 years, with a mean of 73 years. The features of the study population were as follows: the PSA ranged from 0.4 to 47.6 ng/ml (median, 14.7); the Gleason score ranged from 4 to 9 (mean, 6.4); the clinical stage ranged from T1b to T2c; and the positive biopsy rate ranged from 0.08 to 1.0 (mean, 0.45). The mean D90 was 142 Gy and ranged from 106 Gy to 170 Gy. The numbers of low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk prostate cancer cases were 22, 29 and 66, respectively. The biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) rate and overall survival were recorded. Factors that correlated with the outcomes were evaluated.

Results
With a mean follow up of 84 months, 33 cases had biochemical recurrence, with a bNED rate of 72%. The overall survival rate was 90%, and the cancer-specific survival rate was 97%. The bNED rates in the low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups were 86%, 79% and 64%, respectively (P = 0.040). The patients with PSA <20 ng/ml, a positive biopsy rate lower than 0.5, and D90 ≥ 140 Gy had lower biochemical recurrence (P = 0.028, 0.006, 0.009, respectively).

Conclusions
The long-term efficacy of 125I brachytherapy in early stage prostate cancer was shown. bNED is related to risk stratification, PSA level, positive biopsy rate and D90.
Prevalence, components and associated demographic and lifestyle factors of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mogre Victor , Salifu Zenabankara S , Abedandi Robert 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Background
Adults with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are twice as likely to die from and three times as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome. About 70-80% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) patients are diagnosed with the MetS. Investigating the occurrence of the MetS in type 2 DM patients is critical for cardiovascular disease prevention. We evaluated the prevalence and components of the MetS and its associated clinical and demographic factors in a Ghanaian adult population with DM 2.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 previously diagnosed type 2 DM patients receiving care from an outpatient clinic of the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Anthropometric measurements of waist circumference (cm), weight (Kg) and height (m) were measured appropriately. Clinical data were obtained from the personal health record files of the participants. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.

Results
The prevalence of MetS was 24.0% (n=48). The prevalence was higher in women (27.3%, n= 42) compared to men (13.0%, n=6). The commonest occurring components of the MetS included abdominal obesity (77.0%) and elevated FPG (77.0%) denoting uncontrolled diabetes. The prevalence of elevated BP was found to be 44.0%(n=88) and was higher in men (56.5%) than in women (40.3%). Factors that were found to be associated to the MetS were being overweight/obese (Crude OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.43 – 5.90, p=0.004), ever tried to lose weight (Crude OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.24 – 4.94, p=0.015) and having diabetes for over 5 years (Crude OR = 11.3, 95% CI = 5.26 – 24.08, p<0.001). Other factors that were associated to the MetS were current smokers (Crude OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.21- 38.49, p=0.030) and alcohol drinkers (Crude OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.23 – 7.65, p=0.018).

Conclusion
A comparatively low prevalence of the MetS was found. More females than males had the MetS. Uncontrolled diabetes and abdominal obesity were prevalent. The factors identified by our univariate logistic regression model were not significant predictors of the MetS in our multivariate model.
An essential role for IFN-β in the induction of IFN-stimulated gene expression by LPS in macrophages
Authors: Sheikh Faruk , Dickensheets Harold , Gamero Ana M , Vogel Stefanie N , Donnelly Raymond P 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTLR agonists such as LPS and poly(I:C) induce expression of type I IFNs, such as IFN-α and -β, by macrophages. To examine the role of IFN-β in the induction of ISGs by LPS, we compared the ability of LPS to induce ISGF3 activity and ISG expression in bone marrow–derived macrophages from WT and Ifnb1−/− mice. We found that LPS treatment activated ISGF3 and induced expression of ISGs such as Oas1, Mx1, Ddx58 (RIG-I), and Ifih1 (MDA5) in WT macrophages, but not in macrophages derived from Ifnb1−/− mice or Ifnar1−/− mice. The inability of LPS to induce activation of ISGF3 and ISG expression in Ifnb1−/− macrophages correlated with the failure of LPS to induce activation of STAT1 and -2 in these cells. Consistent with these findings, LPS treatment also failed to induce ISG expression in bone marrow–derived macrophages from Stat2 KO mice. Although activation of ISGF3 and induction of ISG expression by LPS was abrogated in Ifnb1−/− and Ifnar1−/− macrophages, activation of NF-κB and induction of NF-κB-responsive genes, such as Tnf (TNF-α) and Il1b (IL-1β), were not affected by deletion of either the IFN-β or IFN-αR1 genes. These findings demonstrate that induction of ISGF3 activity and ISG expression by LPS is critically dependent on intermediate production of IFN-β and autocrine signaling through type I IFN receptors.
Coalescence of B cell receptor and invariant chain MHC II in a raft-like membrane domain
Authors: Hauser Julian T , Lindner Robert 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe BCR binds antigen for processing and subsequent presentation on MHC II molecules. Polyvalent antigen induces BCR clustering and targeting to endocytic processing compartments, which are also accessed by Ii-MHC II. Here, we report that clustered BCR is able to team up with Ii-MHC II already at the plasma membrane of mouse B-lymphocytes. Colocalization of BCR and Ii-MHC II on the cell surface required clustering of both types of molecules. The clustering of only one type did not trigger the recruitment of the other. Ii-bound MIF (a ligand of Ii) also colocalized with clustered BCR upon oligomerization of MIF on the surface of the B cell. Abundant surface molecules, such as B220 or TfnR, did not cocluster with the BCR. Some membrane raft-associated molecules, such as peptide-loaded MHC II, coclustered with the BCR, whereas others, such as GM1, did not. The formation of a BCR- and Ii-MHC II-containing membrane domain by antibody-mediated clustering was independent of F-actin and led to the coendocytosis of its constituents. With a rapid Brij 98 extraction method, it was possible to capture this membrane domain biochemically as a DRM. Ii and clustered BCR were present on the same DRM, as shown by immunoisolation. The coalescence of BCR and Ii-MHC II increased tyrosine phosphorylation, indicative of enhanced BCR signaling. Our work suggests a novel role for MIF and Ii-MHC II in BCR-mediated antigen processing.
Developmental and Adaptive Functioning in Children With Retinoblastoma: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Willard Victoria W. , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Chen Si , Zhang Hui , Brennan Rachel , Rodriguez-Galindo Carlos , Wilson Matthew W. , Phipps Sean 
Published: July 2014

Purpose To determine the developmental trajectory of early cognitive and adaptive skills in young children with retinoblastoma from diagnosis to 5 years of age. Patients and Methods Ninety-four patients with retinoblastoma treated according to an institutional protocol underwent serial assessments of cognitive and adaptive functioning at age 6 months and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Data were analyzed by treatment strata, with patients with 13q deletion analyzed separately. Results At baseline, across all patients (except those with 13q deletion), developmental functioning was comparable with the normative mean, with mean scores for all strata within the average range. However, at age 5 years, developmental functioning was in the low average range and significantly below normative means. The trajectories of developmental functioning demonstrated significant decline over time, although this varied by treatment group/strata. Patients treated with enucleation only evidenced the greatest decline in cognitive functioning; significant change was not observed in patients treated with other modalities. Notable declines in parent-reported communication skills were observed in the majority of patients. Patients with 13q deletion evidenced delayed cognitive functioning at baseline, but minimal declines were observed through age 3 years. However, significant decreases in adaptive functioning were demonstrated over time for the 13q deletion subset. Conclusion The declines in functioning observed in this study were unexpected, as was the poorer performance of the enucleation-only group. This highlights the necessity of continuing to assess cognitive functioning in patients with retinoblastoma as they age. Additional research is necessary to determine the long-term trajectory of cognitive development in this population.
Speculation Spillovers
Authors: Liu Yu-Jane , Zhang Zheng , Zhao Longkai 
Published: July 2014

This paper demonstrates that speculative activities can be contagious and spill over across markets. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that during China's warrants bubble period, speculative activities in the warrants market grabbed investors' attention and caused them to trade more speculatively in the underlying stocks. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that turnover and return volatility of the underlying stocks are positively associated with the warrants' unexpected turnover and price deviation from their fundamental values during the previous day, controlling for information-driven trading and hedging motives, and that such a spillover effect is more pronounced when warrants attract more investor attention. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1914 . This paper was accepted by Wei Xiong, finance.
Information Aggregation and Allocative Efficiency in Smooth Markets
Authors: Iyer Krishnamurthy , Johari Ramesh , Moallemi Ciamac C. 
Published: July 2014

Recent years have seen extensive investigation of the information aggregation properties of markets. However, relatively little is known about conditions under which a market will aggregate the private information of rational risk-averse traders who optimize their portfolios over time; in particular, what features of a market encourage traders to ultimately reveal their private information through trades? We consider a market model involving finitely many informed risk-averse traders interacting with a market maker. Our main result identifies a basic asymptotic smoothness condition on prices in the market that ensures information is aggregated as long as portfolios converge; furthermore, under this assumption, the allocation achieved is ex post Pareto efficient. Asymptotic smoothness is fairly mild: it requires that, eventually, infinitesimal purchases or sales should see the same per-unit price. Notably, we demonstrate that, under some mild conditions, algorithmic markets based on cost functions (or, equivalently, markets based on market scoring rules) aggregate the information of traders. This paper was accepted by Brad M. Barber, finance.
Statistical Learning of Service-Dependent Demand in a Multiperiod Newsvendor Setting
Authors: Deng Tianhu , Shen Zuo-Jun Max , Shanthikumar J. George 
Published: July 2014

We study an inventory system wherein a customer may leave the seller's market after experiencing an inventory stockout. Traditionally, researchers and practitioners assume a single penalty cost to model this customer behavior of stockout aversion. Recently, a stream of researchers explicitly model this customer behavior and support the traditional penalty cost approach. We enrich this literature by studying the statistical learning of service-dependent demand. We build and solve four models: a baseline model, where the seller can observe the demand distribution; a second model, where the seller cannot observe the demand distribution but statistically learns the demand distribution; a third model, where the seller can learn or pay to obtain the exact information of the demand distribution; and a fourth model, where demand in excess of available inventory is lost and unobserved. Interestingly, we find that all four models support the traditional penalty cost approach. This result confirms the use of a state-independent stockout penalty cost in the presence of demand learning. More strikingly, the first three models imply the same stockout penalty cost, which is larger than the stockout penalty cost implied by the last model.
Introduction: Film adaptation in the post-cinematic era
Authors: Kilbourn Russell J. A. , Faubert Patrick 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In recent years, adaptation studies has emerged as a field of urgent scholarly importance and, having moved past outdated presuppositions and prejudices, has revealed adaptation as a crucial form of dialogue between and among different media, texts and social–historical contexts. The proliferation of new technologies and new media, theorized as the digital post-cinematic era, but encompassing more than what Costas Constandinides calls the ‘post-­celluloid’ (2010: 3), has arguably deepened this importance, implicating adaptation in previously unconsidered cultural arenas. In their common emphasis upon post-millennial cinema, all four articles in this dossier are based in the recognition that it is no longer possible to conceive of filmic adaptation as a straightforward movement from page to screen; that therefore we must turn our attention to the role new media technologies play in processes of dialogic mediation and identity formation, in the production (and elision) of inter-subjective and cultural difference, in the shaping of cultural memory, and in the very question of defining cinema in the early twenty-first century.
Back and forth and forward: Metareference in recent film adaptations
Authors: Faubert Patrick 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article explores the phenomenon of metareference within two recent adaptations, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011) and The Adventures of Tintin (2011), each of which adapts a body of work already adapted across a wide range of media. This article argues that by employing metareference, a self-reflexive strategy that seeks to engender an awareness of media properties among audiences, these films self-reflexively address cinema’s potential as a medium for adaptation. However, rather than marshalling these films in an assertion of cinema’s superiority, this article suggests that they explore anxieties over cinema’s changing position in the media landscape, ultimately reflecting broad shifts in our perception of film adaptation.
If this is your land, where is your camera?: Atanarjuat, The Journals of Knud Rasmussen and post-cinematic adaptation
Authors: Kilbourn Russell J. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
As unique examples of the contemporary, transnational art film, Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn’s Atanarjuat (2001) and The Journals of Knud Rasmussen (2006) are stylistically distinct, their formal differences traceable to each film’s provenance as an adaptation of a specific type: Atanarjuat adapts an Inuit myth; The Journals of Knud Rasmussen sections of the ethnographer’s actual journals. At the same time, as remediations of radically different media forms, these films can be read according to the categories outlined by Jan Assmann, respectively, embodying ‘the normative and formative values of a community, its “truth”’, answering the questions ‘Who are we?’ and ‘What shall we do?’. These films also correspond to Astrid Erll’s categories of memory-productive and memory-reflexive film, respectively, reflecting formally and thematically upon Inuit cultural memory in the digital era. This article explores the myriad implications for cultural memory of this marriage of cutting-edge digital video technology with ancient themes and folkways, in effect a pre-literate ‘oral’ culture translated seemingly wholesale to the screen. I consider these Inuit films in terms of the question of cultural memory as it becomes trans-cultural, and national cinema as it becomes trans-national, while the local and ‘indigenous’ find representation at a level of global legibility.
Mis-appropriation and re-appropriation: An interview with Oreet Ashery
Authors: Kartsaki Eirini 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The present interview is a discussion about Oreet Ashery’s diverse body of work with a focus on the most recent work Party for Freedom. It offers a clear trajectory of the artist’s early stages of work till the present and gives an account of certain creative strategies that Ashery has developed through her practice. What becomes obvious is an emphasis on the principles of appropriation and re-appropriation to counteract mis-appropriations that exist in dominant discourses. Appropriation and re-appropriation constitute not only creative strategies, but also survival techniques in a globalized world.
Formative Alliances of Northeast African Insurgents: Eritrean Liberation Strategy and Ethiopian Armed Opposition, 1970s–1990s
Authors: Weldemichael Awet T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Eritrean independence war (1961–1991) from Ethiopia was an important factor in the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974. But Eritrean nationalists’ failure to cooperate with Ethiopian civilian revolutionaries who brought about the downfall of the monarchy is partially to blame for the subsequent escalation of the war for Eritrea. Piggy backing on grassroots revolutionary momentum and thinly disguised behind progressive rhetoric, a military junta took power in Addis. Determined to preserve the Ethiopian imperial edifice, the new government remained true to its persistent declarations that it would fight Eritrean independence by every means available. As its military revved up its operations, it became clear that Eritrean battlefield victory against such forces and peaceful coexistence with Ethiopia afterwards required a new strategy of working in concert with Ethiopians of different stock from those who founded and presided over the empire. This paper shows Eritrean nationalist leaders of the 1970s and 1980s mustering the political guile necessary to reap irreversible gains from allying with Ethiopians opposed to the central government in Addis Ababa.