bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of echolocation calls and neural selectivity for echolocation calls in the pallid bat
Authors: Razak Khaleel A. , Fuzessery Zoltan M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTStudies of birdsongs and neural selectivity for songs have provided important insights into principles of concurrent behavioral and auditory system development. Relatively little is known about mammalian auditory system development in terms of vocalizations or other behaviorally relevant sounds. This review suggests echolocating bats are suitable mammalian model systems to understand development of auditory behaviors. The simplicity of echolocation calls with known behavioral relevance and strong neural selectivity provides a platform to address how natural experience shapes cortical receptive field (RF) mechanisms. We summarize recent studies in the pallid bat that followed development of echolocation calls and cortical processing of such calls. We also discuss similar studies in the mustached bat for comparison. These studies suggest: (1) there are different developmental sensitive periods for different acoustic features of the same vocalization. The underlying basis is the capacity for some components of the RF to be modified independent of others. Some RF computations and maps involved in call processing are present even before the cochlea is mature and well before use of echolocation in flight. Others develop over a much longer time course. (2) Normal experience is required not just for refinement, but also for maintenance, of response properties that develop in an experience independent manner. (3) Experience utilizes millisecond range changes in timing of inhibitory and excitatory RF components as substrates to shape vocalization selectivity. We suggest that bat species and call diversity provide a unique opportunity to address developmental constraints in the evolution of neural mechanisms of vocalization processing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1125–1139, 2015
Vapochromic Platinum(II) Complexes: Crystal Engineering toward Intelligent Sensing Devices
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Kato Masako 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVapochromic materials that show reversible color change driven by vapor adsorption/desorption have drawn significant attention because of their potential applications in chemical sensors and chemical‐switching modules. Among the vapochromic coordination complexes reported so far, a series of square‐planar PtII complexes has been studied and represents one of the most promising systems for practical chemical sensors. For such systems, the color of the complexes strongly depends not only on the ligand‐field splitting, but also on the intermolecular distance between the PtII ions. This microreview presents recent results of vapochromic complexes centered on one‐dimensionally stacked PtII systems from the viewpoint of the origin of their vapochromic behavior. The design of vapochromic materials has been facilitated because several useful chromophores, including metallophilic interaction between PtII ions, have been developed. However, it is still challenging to realize a specifically sensitive and selective response to targeted vapors. This review focuses on strategies to achieve assembled PtII complexes with selective vapochromic responses.
Tunable Base‐Controlled Regioselective Cascade Reaction of 2‐Mercaptobenzimidazole with Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetates of Nitroalkenes
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Qiang , Liu Jie‐Jie , Gu Chun‐Ling , Wang Dong , Liu Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo series of heterocyclic compounds, thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazoles and benzimidazo[2,1‐b]‐1,3‐thiazines, were synthesized by the tunable base‐controlled regioselective cascade reaction of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole with Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetates of nitroalkenes in good yields with high regioselectivities.
Invertebrate community responses to a particulate- and dissolved-copper exposure in model freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Gardham Stephanie , Chariton Anthony A. , Hose Grant C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Historical contamination has left a legacy of high copper concentrations in the sediments of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Previous mesocosm studies have focused on dissolved-copper exposures in the overlying waters, which, because of altered exposure pathways, may not accurately predict the effects of copper exposure on invertebrate communities at historically contaminated sites. The present study assessed the effects of copper on the establishment of invertebrate communities within a large outdoor pond mesocosm facility containing environmentally relevant copper-spiked sediments. High particulate copper concentrations (&gt;400 mg/kg dry wt) caused a pronounced effect on the benthic community richness, abundance, and structure in the mesocosms, but particulate copper concentrations below 100 mg/kg dry weight had no effect. Furthermore, there were no effects of copper on the invertebrate communities within the water column, even in the highest copper treatment. The response of the benthic community to copper was influenced by interspecific interactions, the stage of ecological succession, and interspecies variation in sensitivity to copper. The present study demonstrates the importance of using environmentally realistic exposure scenarios that provide both particulate and dissolved exposure pathways. It also emphasizes that risk assessments for aquatic ecosystems should consider the influence of interspecific interactions and interspecies variation in driving the biotic response to contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2724–2732. © 2014 SETAC
Molecular Dynamics at Extended Timescales
Authors: Elber Ron , Cardenas Alfredo E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe use of short time trajectory fragments to enhance sampling of kinetics is discussed. It is argued that partitioning of phase space with interfaces that are called milestones and conducting a large number of short time trajectories between these interfaces is a highly efficient and accurate method to calculate thermodynamics and kinetics. The method of Milestoning, which is a theory and an algorithm, enables the rapid calculations of fluxes, stationary distributions, and moments of the mean first passage time. It is based on sub‐nanosecond trajectories between cell partitions (milestones) that are defined in coarse space. While the method was applied in the past to highly complex systems, we illustrate it here on a pedagogical two‐dimensional system using dividers of Voronoi cells as milestones.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SELECTION TEST DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE U. S. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL (JULY 1948 TESTING)
Authors: Mollenkopf William G. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTStatistical work not requiring the class grades of students has now been completed for the tests given in July 1948. Appreciable relationships were found between hours or lessons of refresher work and mathematics achievement test scores. Comparisons of the Postgraduate School results with those for College Entrance Examination Board candidates for five tests taken by both groups revealed the distinct superiority of the Postgraduate group. One verbal test had been given also to a Naval Academy entering class, and here again the average score for the Postgraduate group was markedly the higher of the two. Comparison of the Postgraduate School group with the 1947 freshman class at the Coast Guard Academy revealed that for three tests the groups were quite similar, while each group excelled the other on one of two other tests. The Postgraduate group was found to be markedly superior on the same tests, and on one other test, to a group of freshman liberal arts students at a large Eastern university. Comparisons of the test performances of six instructional groups at the Postgraduate School revealed only small differences among groups except for the Applied Communications group, which did not do nearly as well on certain of the tests as did the other groups, especially on tests in the quantitative area.The findings indicating the superiority of the Postgraduate School group over most of the other comparison groups point to the need for the study of the test performances of the total group of applicants. The group tested in July was a select one, and hence the present data cannot be used by themselves to decide upon the appropriate level of difficulty for future tests.
TESTING A SIMPLE STRUCTURE HYPOTHESIS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS1,2
Authors: Jo̎reskog K. G. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIt is assumed that the investigator has set up a simple structure hypothesis in the sense that he has specified the zero loadings of the factor matrix. The maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the factor matrix and the factor correlation matrix directly without the use of rotation methods, and the likelihood ratio technique is used to test the simple structure hypothesis. Numerical examples are presented.
ON THE THEORY OF UNIDIMENSIONAL SENSORY SCALING
Authors: Kristof Walter 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn introducing the concept of interval functions, several theorems concerned with simple necessary and sufficient conditions for Fechner's law, the power law, the linear law, and the exponential law are derived. The use of just noticeable differences and any form of Fechnerian integration is avoided, thus remaining in the safer “macroscopic” area. Implications of the difference model and the ratio model of scaling are considered, and the relations between these models are studied. Theorems concerning the logarithmic relationship between magnitude scaling and category scaling are derived, providing an insight into the distinction of prothetic and metathetic continua. Fechner's law and the power law both appear as interchangeable, so that any controversy about them misses the point. For the broad class of prothetic continua it is shown that ratio scales contain just as much information as interval scales; traditional claims of superiority of ratio scales are void. A simple differential equation may be regarded as a general psychophysical law.
LIFE HISTORY AND ABILITY CORRELATES OF MECHANICAL INGENUITY1
Authors: Klein Stephen , Owens W. A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the predictive validity of certain tests of mechanical ingenuity as well as the concurrent validity of various measures of interests, backgrounds, and personality dimensions thought to be related to scientific creativity. The Ss (total N=528) used for this purpose were a group of engineers who had been enrolled in mechanical engineering curricula at the time of testing, but were currently engaged in research, design, or development. Predictive validities of .23 to .35 were obtained with a content relevant ability measure against a weighted composite criterion made up of patents, publications, etc.; but when scores from this test were placed in a regression equation along with concurrently validated scales from a life history questionnaire, the correlation between the regression scores and the criterion ranged from .41 to .69. The factorial scales that made the major contributions to this prediction were designated as drive, independence, research orientation, and positive home and educational background. These findings along with a skewness of the criterion scores supported the authors' general position that a creative act is not a function of a single trait or ability, but is a phenomenon (or an event) that is probably based on a series of relatively independent types of variables.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN A SELF‐INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM ON INSTRUCTIONAL OUTCOMES1
Authors: Maier Milton H. , Jacobs Paul I. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe effects of varying the sequence of frames in a self‐instructional program on the instructional outcomes of achievement, interest in learning, and attitudes toward programed instruction were investigated. Thirty‐nine sixth‐grade Spanish classes were randomly assigned to a program with an orderly progression or a scrambled order of frames. The students worked on the program for 30 minutes each week without any teacher‐directed instruction. For none of the three outcomes did the mean levels differ significantly after one semester of instruction. In each group a high relationship was found between aptitude and achievement and between initial attitudes and interest in learning. Attitudes toward programed instruction were not consistently related to any other variables. The conclusion was that small variations in sequence exert little effect on outcomes.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSAT AND SAT BOOKLETS: I. BULLETIN FOR STUDENTS, 1964 PRELIMINARY SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST
Authors: Halpern Gerald , Sasajima Masu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA questionnaire was developed and distributed to over 600 students in 19 different schools. The purpose of the questionnaire was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Bulletin for Students, 1964 Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test. Additional information was obtained on school practices in handling the Bulletin.The analyses of student responses indicate that the facts and concepts presented in the Bulletin are comprehensible, in general, to high school juniors. This is less true for students with relatively low PSAT scores. The most difficult concept for the students is the correction for guessing formula applied when scoring the PSAT. In general, students view the Bulletin very favorably.
THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE AFFECT ON COGNITION AND PERSONALITY1
Authors: Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOn Saturday, November 23, 1963, the day after John F. Kennedy had been assassinated, a six‐hour battery of cognitive and personality measures was administered to a sample of 58 undergraduates at a small eastern college. Three months later, another comparable sample from the same college was administered the same battery for comparison purposes. The effects of the assassination on cognition and personality were found to be fairly specific. In terms of overall main effects, all three marker tests for flexibility of perceptual closure were implicated, along with a measure of the speed of closure factor. Experimental subjects were also found to be more indifferent than comparison subjects in their affective reactions to stimuli and tended to be more constricted in graphic expression. Several significant interactions were also observed with sex of subject and with birth order, and these interactions primarily involved these same variables–measures of the two factors of speed and flexibility of perceptual closure, of graphic constriction‐expansiveness, and of indifference in affective reactions to stimuli. The effects of the assassination on personality scales were also quite specific. Experimental subjects were significantly more yielding and conventional than comparison subjects, but at the same time were more dogmatic and extreme in expressing opinions.
COMPULSIVITY AS A MODERATOR VARIABLE: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study replicated and extended earlier ones which found that two indirect measures of compulsivity (the Strong Accountant scale and a ratio score of reading speed to vocabulary) moderated the correlations of other Strong interest scales with grade‐point average (GPA) for male engineering freshmen—the correlations were higher for the less compulsive students. In the present study, the two compulsivity variables did not moderate the correlations of the Strong scales with freshman‐year GPA for liberal arts students of either sex, although they did for men in the engineering program. The compulsivity variables were not significantly correlated, they did not moderate the same interest scales, and their joint use did not enhance the moderator effect.
RESPONSE STYLES AS PERSONALITY VARIABLES: A THEORETICAL INTEGRATION OF MULTIVARIATE RESEARCH1
Authors: Damarin Fred , Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFactor analytic and correlational studies of response styles have been reviewed for evidence relating stylistic responding to objective or performance measures of personality traits. The evidence strongly suggests that correlations among measures of any one style, such as acquiescence, are determined by more than one basic personality disposition. At least two such basic traits operate in the area of acquiescence; two more appear in the area of desirable responding, and two or three may underlie extremity of response. The evidence also tends to suggest that scores on many current response style variables are nonlinear functions of the basic trait variables. Theories about the psychological nature of these underlying traits are discussed, developed, and compared with findings in the current literature.
A DIAGNOSTIC MEASURE OF COMPETENCIES IN CAREER DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Katz Martin R. , Norris Lila , Pears Laura 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSimulated Occupational Choice (SOC) was developed to measure competencies in career decision‐making. SOC is a structured, individually‐administered simulation exercise designed to elicit career decision‐making behaviors and enable those behaviors to be observed, recorded, and scored in meaningful ways, particularly for diagnosis. It was administered during three field tests to small samples of 9th‐ and 12th‐grade students and later to small numbers of college students. It has undergone a series of revisions during its development and is still to he considered an experimental instrument which may (1) be administered by counselors to diagnose a student's competencies and deficiencies in seeking, interpreting, and using information relevant to career decision‐making, (2) be used with small samples of students to evaluate a guidance program or treatment, (3) serve as a criterion for validating group‐administered tests of career decision‐making competencies, and (4) provide the nucleus for a group course in career decision‐making.
CONVERSATIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVICES IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Weiner Susan L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTopical transitions in teachers' classroom talk were analyzed from the perspective of conversations as game‐like structures with “moves” as basic elements. Three devices observed in this conversational context were proposed as having topical boundary functions: “framing” moves (words like O.K., alright), “pointing” moves (speech which notes the speaker's fact of saying something), and “quantifying” moves (speech with a logical or numerical quantifier which organizes subsequent talk). Preliminary evidence was presented which supported the hypothesis that these moves in fact bound topic talk.
SEX DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. , Ekstrom Ruth B. , Harris Abigail M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe literature in this bibliography focuses on studies which relate discrimination in education to sex differences in the attainment of roles and rewards both in the educational system and in the larger society. This literature is reviewed in an extensive preface to the bibliography.The 1000 item bibliography itself contains references to published and unpublished materials which may be of use to persons interested in the problem of sex discrimination in education. The references are available on a computer file, and may be accessed. Information on how to access the materials is provided.
CAUSAL INFLUENCES ON EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS BY RACE
Authors: Rock Donald A. , Freeberg Norman E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe influence of ability, SES level, school characteristics, mother's expectations and self‐perceptions on students' level of educational plans (LEP) as high school seniors were examined separately for samples of 9,055 whites and 1,077 blacks using the same hypothesized causal model.Structural (path) analyses produced similar patterns for both racial groups in the hierarchy of direct influences on LEP, with mother's expectations found to be dominant. Academic achievement and SES, which showed only moderate direct influences, produced their major impact indirectly by acting through parental expectations; while minimal or negligible influence could be ascribed to school context variables or student self‐esteem, Where racial differences were identified, they indicated greater net impact of the hypothesized effects on LEP and a better overall model fit for white students (i.e., better predictive and explanatory value). A finding of greater indirect influences among whites for SES and academic achievement has implications for somewhat greater consistency between traditional middle class value systems and goals for white students.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE USE OF PICTURES AND OBJECTS IN ASSESSING CHILDREN'S RECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE LANGUAGE
Authors: Cocking Rodney R. , McHale Susan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe problem of study dealt with two aspects of children's language knowledge and children's uses of pictures and objects when demonstrating their language skills. Forty‐eight 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, matched for SES, sex, and age. Subjects were individually tested with one of the four measures: language comprehension using object stimuli; comprehension with picture stimuli; language production using object stimuli; or production with picture stimuli. Main effects for stimulus medium and response mode were both significant, as well as the interaction. The discussion is oriented toward the developmental controversy around receptive and productive language skills and the impact of the representational medium upon performance in assessment tasks.
ELIMINATING DIFFERENTIALLY DIFFICULT ITEMS AS AN APPROACH TO TEST BIAS
Authors: Flaugher R. L. , Schrader W. B. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYIn this study, a substantial number of items that were appreciably more difficult for Black than for White students were eliminated from a verbal test and from a mathematical test. Shortening the tests by this method had relatively little effect on score differences between Black and White students. This method of selecting items for elimination resulted in tests that were decidedly more difficult for both student groups. These outcomes clearly limit the value of this method for use in developing tests.
POTENTIAL USES OF NONCOGNITIVE MEASUREMENT IN EDUCATION1
Authors: Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe potential educational import of noncognitive personal characteristics is examined with particular reference to problems in their measurement. Several noncognitive variables are discussed in terms of their distinctive features and educational relevance, including experiential background factors, affects, attitudes, interests, motives, curiosity, temperament, social sensitivity, coping strategies, cognitive styles, creativity, and values. Their different roles in various educational functions are briefly examined, especially in improving access and educational opportunity, setting objectives and standards, guidance, selection, placement, instruction and learning, and evaluation. Finally, attention is drawn to some dangers and difficulties in using non‐cognitive measures in educational practice and to the need for safeguards against misuse.
RELATIONSHIPS OF PREADMISSION MEASURES TO ACADEMIC SUCCESS IN GRADUATE MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Authors: Powers Donald E. , Evans Franklin R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTAs part of the development of a validity study service for the Graduate Management Admission Council, validity studies were conducted for 10 graduate schools of management. Results are summarized for all 10 schools in terms of the effectiveness of standard predictors (GMAT scores and undergraduate grades) for predicting a standard criterion (first‐year average). Analyses based on school‐designated subgroups and on additional nonstandard predictors and criteria are also reported for schools providing those data. The results indicate the value of each of the various preadmission indices for predicting academic success in graduate management schools.