bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Computed Tomography Finding of Intra‐Abdominal Free Fluid Without Solid Organ Injury after Blunt Abdominal Trauma: Time for Laparotomy on Demand
Authors: Mahmood Ismail , Tawfek Zainab , Abdelrahman Yassir , Siddiuqqi Tariq , Abdelrahman Husham , El‐Menyar Ayman , Al‐Hassani Ammar , Tuma Mazin , Peralta Ruben , Zarour Ahmad , Yakhlef Sawsan , Hamzawi Hazim , Al‐Thani Hassan , Latifi Rifat 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundOptimal management of patients with intra‐abdominal free fluid found on computed tomography (CT) scan without solid organ injury remains controversial.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the significance of CT scan findings of free fluid in the management of blunt abdominal trauma patients who otherwise have no indications for laparotomy.MethodsDuring the 3‐year study period, all patients presenting with blunt abdominal trauma who underwent abdominal CT examination were retrospectively reviewed. All hemodynamically stable patients who presented with abdominal free fluid without solid organ injury on CT scan were analyzed for radiological interpretation, clinical management, operative findings, and outcome.ResultsA total of 122 patients were included in the study, 91 % of whom were males. The mean age of the patients was 33 ± 12 years. A total of 34 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, 31 of whom had therapeutic interventions. Small bowel injuries were found in 12 patients, large bowel injuries in ten, and mesenteric injuries in seven patients. One patient had combined small and large bowel injury, and one had traumatic gangrenous appendix. In the remaining three patients, laparotomy was non‐therapeutic. A total of 36 patients had associated pelvic fractures and 33 had multiple lumbar transverse process fractures.ConclusionDetection of intra‐peritoneal fluid by CT scan is inaccurate for prediction of bowel injury or need for surgery. However, the correlation between CT scan findings and clinical course is important for optimal diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries.
Moral violations reduce oral consumption
Authors: Chan Cindy , Van Boven Leaf , Andrade Eduardo B. , Ariely Dan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractConsumers frequently encounter moral violations in everyday life. They watch movies and television shows about crime and deception, hear news reports of corporate fraud and tax evasion, and hear gossip about cheaters and thieves. How does exposure to moral violations influence consumption? Because moral violations arouse disgust and because disgust is an evolutionarily important signal of contamination that should provoke a multi‐modal response, we hypothesize that moral violations affect a key behavioral response to disgust: reduced oral consumption. In three experiments, compared with those in control conditions, people drank less water and chocolate milk while (a) watching a film portraying the moral violations of incest, (b) writing about moral violations of cheating or theft, and (c) listening to a report about fraud and manipulation. These findings imply that “moral disgust” influences consumption in ways similar to core disgust, and thus provide evidence for the associations between moral violations, emotions, and consumer behavior.
Sensory marketing, embodiment, and grounded cognition: A review and introduction
Authors: Krishna Aradhna , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere has been a recent swell of interest in marketing as well as psychology pertaining to the role of sensory experiences in judgment and decision making. Within marketing, the field of sensory marketing has developed which explores the role of the senses in consumer behavior. In psychology, the dominant computer metaphor of information processing has been challenged by researchers demonstrating various manners in which mental activity is grounded in sensory experience. These findings are arduous to explain using the amodal model of the human mind. In this introduction, we first delineate key assumptions of the information processing paradigm and then discuss some of the key conceptual challenges posed by the research generally appearing under the titles of embodiment, grounded cognition, or sensory marketing. We then address the use of bodily feelings as a source of information; next, we turn to the role of context sensitive perception, imagery, and simulation in consumer behavior, and finally discuss the role of metaphors. Through this discourse, we note the contributions to the present special issue as applicable.
Substanzkonsum und substanzbezogene Störungen: Trends in Deutschland 1980 – 2012
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Pabst Alexander , Piontek Daniela , Matos Elena Gomes de 
Published: December 2013

Ziel: Untersucht wurden geschlechts- und altersspezifische Trends des Konsums von Alkohol, Tabak und Cannabis und der Einnahme von Schmerz-, Schlaf- und Beruhigungsmitteln sowie Trends substanzbezogener Störungen nach DSM-IV im Zeitraum 1980 bis 2012. Methodik: Grundlage sind Daten aus zehn Erhebungen des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA). Die Datenerhebung erfolgte schriftlich bzw. im Methodenmix. Die Antwortraten variierten zwischen 45 % und 65 %. Ergebnisse: Die durchschnittlich pro Tag konsumierte Menge Reinalkohol reduzierte sich bei Männern signifikant gegenüber dem Jahr 1995, während der Konsum unter Frauen auf niedrigerem Niveau stabil blieb. Die Anteile der aktuellen Raucher zeigen bei beiden Geschlechtern mit wenigen Ausnahmen einen klaren rückläufigen Trend. Die 12-Monats-Prävalenz des Cannabiskonsums war im Jahr 2012 höher als im Jahr 1995. Die regelmäßige Einnahme von Schmerzmitteln zeigt mit wenigen Ausnahmen eine Zunahme über die Zeit. Es wurden Anstiege in der Prävalenz der Abhängigkeit von Alkohol (1997 bis 2012), Tabak (2000 bis 2012) und Beruhigungsmitteln (2000 bis 2012) beobachtet. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Konsum legaler Substanzen ist in Deutschland insgesamt rückläufig. Mehr Anstrengungen sind nötig, um den Konsum von Cannabis und Schmerzmitteln sowie substanzbezogene Störungen auf Bevölkerungsebene zu reduzieren.
Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning
Authors: Aziz Wajeeha , Wang Wen , Kesaf Sebnem , Mohamed Alsayed Abdelhamid , Fukazawa Yugo , Shigemoto Ryuichi 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Learning with resting intervals induces longer-lasting memories. However, how structural alterations in neuronal synapses correlate with temporal regulation in learning with or without intervals remain unclear. We used a cerebellar motor learning paradigm in mice using massed or spaced training. Just after the training, we found similar acquisition and AMPA-type glutamate receptor reduction in parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses by both protocols. However, spacing induced quicker structural modifications with halving of the synapses and spines within 4 h, thus resulting in persistent long-term memory. We demonstrate the quick development of the synaptic plasticity as a structural basis for spacing effect.
High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain
Authors: Nasiriavanaki Mohammadreza , Xia Jun , Wan Hanlin , Bauer Adam Quentin , Culver Joseph P. , Wang Lihong V. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Clinical studies have demonstrated that resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is altered in many brain disorders. However, current RSFC imaging techniques cannot be easily applied to mice, the most widely used model species for human brain disease studies. Utilizing optical excitation and acoustic detection, we have developed a functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography (fcPAT) system, which allows noninvasive imaging of RSFC in the mouse brain, with a large field of view and high spatial resolution. In this article, we describe the unique strengths of fcPAT, as demonstrated by our experimental results. Considering the tremendous amount of brain research in mouse models, this work will elicit broad interest in many related fields.
Theory of epithelial sheet morphology in three dimensions
Authors: Hannezo Edouard , Prost Jacques , Joanny Jean-Francois 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Epithelia are the tissue layers that line organs throughout the body. Their complex movements and extensive reorganization have been widely studied as a model system of embryo development. Epithelial cells have been theoretically described using physical models close to those used for soap bubbles and foams. Nevertheless, although morphogenesis is intrinsically three-dimensional, previous works have mostly considered a two-dimensional planar geometry. In this paper, we provide a theoretical three-dimensional description of epithelial sheets, which describes within a single framework many developmental transitions, such as the formation of cavities or cellular tubes of a given size. We provide simple scaling laws that could be verified experimentally, for each of these transitions.
Policing of reproduction by hidden threats in a cooperative mammal
Authors: Cant Michael A. , Nichols Hazel J. , Johnstone Rufus A. , Hodge Sarah J. 
Published: December 2013

SignificanceIn social insects, selfish reproduction by workers is suppressed by “policing” behavior, whereby queens and workers identify and destroy worker-laid eggs. An alternative method of policing is to use deterrent threats to prevent offspring production in the first place. Our 7-y field experiment on wild banded mongooses,Mungos mungo, shows that selection to evade the threat of infanticide by older, socially dominant females can explain the evolution of remarkable birth synchrony in this species. The results suggest that reproduction in animal societies can be shaped by threats of punishment that remain hidden until they are triggered experimentally. It follows that coercion may be more widespread than we currently realize.
AFF1 is a ubiquitous P-TEFb partner to enable Tat extraction of P-TEFb from 7SK snRNP and formation of SECs for HIV transactivation
Authors: Lu Huasong , Li Zichong , Xue Yuhua , Schulze-Gahmen Ursula , Johnson Jeffrey R. , Krogan Nevan J. , Alber Tom , Zhou Qiang 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II produces full-length RNA transcripts and plays a general and prominent role in regulating gene expression. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is one of the most important transcription factors controlling this process. The core P-TEFb, consisting of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 and cyclin T (CycT), exists in a network of complexes that include the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (7SK snRNP), the super elongation complexes (SECs), and the bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4)–P-TEFb complex. This study identifies AF4/FMR2 family member 1 (AFF1) as a ubiquitous binding partner of core P-TEFb throughout the entire P-TEFb network. By increasing the affinity of the HIV-encoded transactivating (Tat) protein for CycT1, AFF1 is required for Tat’s extraction of P-TEFb from 7SK snRNP and the formation of SECs for maximal HIV transcriptional activation.
Early hypercytokinemia is associated with interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 dysfunction and predictive of fatal H7N9 infection
Authors: Wang Zhongfang , Zhang Anli , Wan Yanmin , Liu Xinian , Qiu Chao , Xi Xiuhong , Ren Yanqin , Wang Jing , Dong Yuan , Bao Meijuan , Li Liangzhu , Zhou Mingzhe , Yuan Songhua , Sun Jun , Zhu Zhaoqin , Chen Liang , Li Qingsheng , Zhang Zhiyong , Zhang Xiaoyan , Lu Shuihua , Doherty Peter C. , Kedzierska Katherine , Xu Jianqing 
Published: December 2013

SignificanceA unique avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus caused 134 human infections with 44 deaths. The host factors contributing to moderate vs. severe disease are not clear. Here, we show that H7N9 severity was associated with a higher level of cytokines/chemokines. We demonstrate that the cytokines in the infected lung were 100- to 1,000-fold higher than those in the plasma. Furthermore, we found that the IFN-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) C/C genotype was associated with severe clinical outcome, as reflected by reduced time in seeking medical aid; more rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and higher viral load, cytokine/chemokine levels, and mortality rate. Overall, our data suggest that the IFITM3 genotype is a primary driver of the observed differences in clinical outcome after H7N9 infection.
Embodied cognition, embodied regulation, and the Data Rate Theorem
Authors: Wallace Rodrick 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Data Rate Theorem carries deep implications for theories of embodied cognition, extensions providing a spectrum of necessary conditions dynamic statistical models useful in empirical studies. A large deviations argument, however, implies that the regulation and stabilization of such systems is itself an interpenetrating phenomenon necessarily convoluted with embodied cognition. For humans, the central regulatory role of culture has long been known. Although a ground-state collapse analogous to generalized anxiety appears ubiquitous to such systems, lack of cultural modulation in real-time automatons or distributed cognition man-machine ‘cockpits’ makes them subject to a pathology under which ‘all possible targets are enemies’.
Spectral decomposition and de‐noising via time‐frequency and space‐wavenumber reassignment
Authors: Han Li , Sacchi Mauricio D. , Han Liguo 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe reassignment method remaps the energy of each point in a time‐frequency spectrum to a new coordinate that is closer to the actual time‐frequency location. Two applications of the reassignment method are developed in this paper. We first describe time‐frequency reassignment as a tool for spectral decomposition. The reassignment method helps to generate more clear frequency slices of layers and therefore, it facilitates the interpretation of thin layers. The second application is to seismic data de‐noising. Through thresholding in the reassigned domain rather than in the Gabor domain, random noise is more easily attenuated since seismic events are more compactly represented with a relatively larger energy than the noise. A reconstruction process that permits the recovery of seismic data from a reassigned time‐frequency spectrum is developed. Two approaches of the reassignment method are used in this paper, one of which is referred to as the trace by trace time reassignment that is mainly used for seismic spectral decomposition and another that is the spatial reassignment that is mainly used for seismic de‐noising. Synthetic examples and two field data examples are used to test the proposed method. For comparison, the Gabor transform method, inversion‐based method and common deconvolution method are also used in the examples.
Microbial diversity and the presence of algae in halite endolithic communities are correlated to atmospheric moisture in the hyper‐arid zone of the Atacama Desert
Authors: Robinson Courtney K. , Wierzchos Jacek , Black Celeste , Crits‐Christoph Alexander , Ma Bing , Ravel Jacques , Ascaso Carmen , Artieda Octavio , Valea Sergio , Roldán Mònica , Gómez‐Silva Benito , DiRuggiero Jocelyne 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe Atacama Desert is one of the oldest and driest deserts in the world, and its hyper‐arid core is described as ‘the most barren region imaginable’. We used a combination of high‐throughput sequencing and microscopy methods to characterize the endolithic microbial assemblages of halite pinnacles (salt rocks) collected in several hyper‐arid areas of the desert. We found communities dominated by archaea that relied on a single phylotype of Halothece cyanobacteria for primary production. A few other phylotypes of salt‐adapted bacteria and archaea, including Salinibacter, Halorhabdus, and Halococcus were major components of the halite communities, indicating specific adaptations to the unique halite environments. Multivariate statistical analyses of diversity metrics clearly separated the halite communities from that of the surrounding soil in the Yungay area. These analyses also revealed distribution patterns of halite communities correlated with atmospheric moisture. Microbial endolithic communities from halites exposed to coastal fogs and high relative humidity were more diverse; their archaeal and bacterial assemblages were accompanied by a novel algae related to oceanic picoplankton of the Mamiellales. In contrast, we did not find any algae in the Yungay pinnacles, suggesting that the environmental conditions in this habitat might be too extreme for eukaryotic photosynthetic life.
Obese children without comorbidities have impaired microvascular endothelial function
Authors: Hedvall Kallerman P , Hagman E , Edstedt Bonamy A‐K , Zemack H , Marcus C , Norman M , Westerståhl M 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimThe aim was to test acetylcholine‐induced endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation in obese children without comorbidities, compared with normal weight controls, and to analyse associations between vasodilatation and other potential risk factors.MethodsEndothelium‐dependent vasodilatation was induced by transdermal iontophoresis of acetylcholine in 54 obese children (8.3–18.2 years old, 41% girls) and 44 normal weight controls (7.5–20.2 years old, 82% girls), and the subsequent change in perfusion was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. In a subgroup of the obese children, associations between acetylcholine‐induced vasodilatation and blood lipids, glucose/insulin metabolism, inflammation, 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), cardiovascular fitness and duration of obesity were evaluated.ResultsWe found a lower endothelium‐dependent vasodilatory response to acetylcholine in the obese children than the controls (p < 0.001). The peak perfusion response was 33% lower in obese children (p = 0.001). There was a trend towards lower vasodilatation in obese children with higher levels of triglycerides (p = 0.07). Children with the shortest duration of obesity exhibited the lowest vasodilatation (p = 0.03). No associations were found between 24‐h ABP, cardiovascular fitness, inflammation and glucose/insulin metabolism.ConclusionObese children without comorbidities have significantly impaired microvascular endothelial function. The children who had been obese for a longer time seemed less affected.
μ‐Opioid receptor activation and noradrenaline transport inhibition by tapentadol in rat single locus coeruleus neurons
Authors: Sadeghi Mahsa , Tzschentke Thomas M , Christie MacDonald J 
Published: December 2013

Background and PurposeTapentadol is a novel analgesic that combines moderate μ‐opioid receptor agonism and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in a single molecule. Both mechanisms of action are involved in producing analgesia; however, the potency and efficacy of tapentadol in individual neurons has not been characterized.Experimental ApproachWhole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of G‐protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying K+ (KIR3.x) currents were made from rat locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices to investigate the potency and relative efficacy of tapentadol and compare its intrinsic activity with other clinically used opioids.Key ResultsTapentadol showed agonist activity at μ receptors and was approximately six times less potent than morphine with respect to KIR3.x current modulation. The intrinsic activity of tapentadol was lower than [Met]enkephalin, morphine and oxycodone, but higher than buprenorphine and pentazocine. Tapentadol inhibited the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) with potency similar to that at μ receptors. The interaction between these two mechanisms of action was additive in individual LC neurons.Conclusions and ImplicationsTapentadol displays similar potency for both µ receptor activation and NAT inhibition in functioning neurons. The intrinsic activity of tapentadol at the μ receptor lies between that of buprenorphine and oxycodone, potentially explaining the favourable profile of side effects, related to μ receptors.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Review of the role of refined dietary sugars (fructose and glucose) in the genesis of retinal disease
Authors: Kearney Frances M , Fagan Xavier J , Al‐Qureshi Salmaan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis review examines the current evidence of the relationship between sugar consumption and the development of retinal and other eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, non‐arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and cataract. Sucrose is comprised of fructose and glucose. Sugar consumption has increased five‐fold over the last century, with high quantities of sucrose and high‐fructose corn syrup found in processed food and soft drinks. This increased consumption is increasingly recognized as a central factor in the rapidly rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The body metabolizes fructose and glucose differently, with fructose appearing to have the greater propensity to contribute to the metabolic syndrome. This review examines the effect of high rates of dietary consumption of refined carbohydrates on the eye, including the effect of chronic hyperglycaemia on microvascular disease in diabetic retinopathy, and the pathophysiological changes in the retinal circulation in hypertensive retinopathy.
Role of MICA antibodies in solid organ transplantation
Authors: Luo Lei , Li Zhengyu , Wu Weidong , Luo Guangheng , Xu Chuan , Sun Zhaolin , Mei Hong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAs a potential transplant antigen, major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related gene A (MICA) antigen, has attracted increased attention because of its possible role in solid organ transplantation. There are two MICA forms, and MICA antibodies and soluble MICA (sMICA) have been found in the serum of transplant recipients. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for original reports of clinical studies involving the effect of MICA on outcomes of renal, heart, lung, and liver transplantation. In addition to the human leukocyte antigen antigens, which elicit a strong immune response, the polymorphic MICA antigens induce production of MICA antibodies and sMICA. A number of clinical studies have shown that MICA antibodies correlate with an increased incidence of rejection and a decreased allograft survival rate following renal or heart transplantation. Although it is clearly associated with chronic rejection of lung allografts, no such correlation was found for liver transplantation. Moreover, sMICA showed a negative association with acute rejection (AR) and may be a good predictor of heart transplant outcomes. These data suggest MICA expression patterns and regulatory function may be tissue specific and that different transplants have different organ‐specific outcomes.