bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling nesting site suitability in a population of reintroduced Eurasian black vultures Aegypius monachus in the Grands Causses, France
Authors: Mihoub Jean-Baptiste , Jiguet Frédéric , Lécuyer Philippe , Eliotout Bertrand , Sarrazin François 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDefining habitat selection features and predicting the distribution of species are important for conservation management, and habitat suitability models can provide the statistical framework linking environmental variables to occurrence locations. However, the reliability of such models is restricted for datasets that have limited presence data, which is problematic when population size is low and population dynamics are transient, such as in reintroductions. We characterized and projected nest-site suitability for a black vulture Aegypius monachus population reintroduced in the Grands Causses, France. We performed temporal validations with subsample datasets based on chronological establishment, to assess whether first nests are able to predict subsequent nests. We compared these results to a spatial validation to ensure robustness. Predictions were reliable even with only 10 nest locations. The black vultures reintroduced in the Grands Causses selected pine trees and steep slopes, similar to natural populations elsewhere in Europe. Although our projections were made from only a small number of founders, they are conservative and indicate that a large area in this region is available for nesting and thus availability of breeding habitat is not currently a limiting factor for the species. Our findings will aid the modelling of habitat suitability for further reintroductions. We propose conservation management strategies for this region that integrate socio-economic constraints with the prediction of sites suitable for nesting. Where habitat is the most suitable for black vultures, logging and human activities need to be reduced during the critical breeding stages.
Counting and generating lambda terms
Authors: GRYGIEL KATARZYNA , LESCANNE PIERRE 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLambda calculus is the basis of functional programming and higher order proof assistants. However, little is known about combinatorial properties of lambda terms, in particular, about their asymptotic distribution and random generation. This paper tries to answer questions like: How many terms of a given size are there? What is a ‘typical’ structure of a simply typable term? Despite their ostensible simplicity, these questions still remain unanswered, whereas solutions to such problems are essential for testing compilers and optimizing programs whose expected efficiency depends on the size of terms. Our approach toward the aforementioned problems may be later extended to any language with bound variables, i.e., with scopes and declarations. This paper presents two complementary approaches: one, theoretical, uses complex analysis and generating functions, the other, experimental, is based on a generator of lambda terms. Thanks to de Bruijn indices (de Bruijn, N. (1972) Lambda calculus notation with nameless dummies, a tool for automatic formula manipulation, with application to the Church-Rosser theorem. Indagat. Math.34(5), 381–392), we provide three families of formulas for the number of closed lambda terms of a given size and we give four relations between these numbers which have interesting combinatorial interpretations. As a by-product of the counting formulas, we design an algorithm for generating λ-terms. Performed tests provide us with experimental data, like the average depth of bound variables and the average number of head lambdas. We also create random generators for various sorts of terms. Thereafter, we conduct experiments that answer questions like: What is the ratio of simply typable terms among all terms? (Very small!) How are simply typable lambda terms distributed among all lambda terms? (A typable term almost always starts with an abstraction.) In this paper, abstractions and applications have size 1 and variables have size 0.
Voter Demands, Access to Resources, and Party Switching: Evidence from the South Korean National Assembly, 1988–2008
Authors: SHIN JAE HYEOK 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates why some legislators tend to switch parties frequently – which is believed to undermine effective representation of citizen interests in democracies – while others tend to stay put. On the assumption that the ultimate goal of legislators is to be reelected, I argue that voters' demands for local/individual benefits, or pork, and legislators' lack of access to resources for such benefits are likely to lead the legislators to switch parties in order to improve their electoral chances in the subsequent election. By analyzing party switches by legislators from 1988 to 2008 in South Korea, where the president controls access to the pork pipeline, I find that the president's party members are less likely and independents are more likely to change party affiliations, irrespective of voter demands for pork or national public policies. However, I also find that opposition party legislators who are elected from less-developed districts, where voters tend to desire pork over policy, are more likely to switch parties than those elected from more-developed districts. These findings suggest that interaction between voter demands and party access to resources influences politicians’ party loyalty: voter demands for pork (or policy) tend to lead politicians to be less (or more) loyal to their current parties. Voter demands, however, have little impact on the party loyalty of those who are already in parties with access to the pork pipeline.
Secular Dealignment and Party System Transition in Malaysia
Authors: MOTEN ABDUL RASHID 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Malaysian electoral behaviour has for some time reflected the ‘partisan identification’ thesis. Since 1999, however, there has been a marked shift towards ‘secular dealignment’. Analyses of electoral and survey data reveal that although a significant number of Malaysian voters remained attached to the party they identified with, most of the electorate, however, are swayed by short-term factors. Though the economic issues played a role in the three elections, it is the leadership of the parties supplemented by the use of mass media that played a significant role in swinging the vote from one party to the other. The three elections in 1999, 2004, and 2008 can be categorized as evidence of secular dealignment: the 1999 elections substantially reduced the margin of gain by the ruling coalition; the 2004 elections reversed the opposition gain, while the 2008 elections resulted in the loss of two-thirds majority seats in the parliament habitually enjoyed by the ruling coalition and the emergence of a strong opposition coalition. This trend not merely continued but was much more stronger in the 13th Malaysian general election.
Scale Matters: Addressing the Limited Robustness of Findings on Negative Advertising
Authors: SAPIR ELIYAHU V. , SULLIVAN JONATHAN , VEEN TIM 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNegative campaign advertising is a major component of the electoral landscape, and has received much attention in the literature. In many studies, political scientists have tried to explain why some campaign ads contain more negative messages than others and to identify the determinants of this form of campaign behavior. In recent years, a number of studies have acknowledged the differences between alternative measures of negativity, but, in most cases, it is assumed that since these measures are highly correlated, they are unidimensional and essentially interchangeable. In this article, we argue that much of the debate in the literature over negative campaigning is a result of inadequate operationalizations of negativity. Although debates over negativity have often been framed in conceptual terms, there is a methodological explanation for why they persist We begin our analysis by constructing reliable scales of negativity, and model them with salient predictors reported in the literature as significantly associated with campaign attacks. Our findings show that scaling does matter, and while some of the explanatory variables are robust predictors of negativity, most of them are not.
Virulence as a model for interplanetary and interstellar colonization – parasitism or mutualism?
Authors: Starling Jonathan , Forgan Duncan H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the light of current scientific assessments of human-induced climate change, we investigate an experimental model to inform how resource-use strategies may influence interplanetary and interstellar colonization by intelligent civilizations. In doing so, we seek to provide an additional aspect for refining the famed Fermi Paradox. The model described is necessarily simplistic, and the intent is to simply obtain some general insights to inform and inspire additional models. We model the relationship between an intelligent civilization and its host planet as symbiotic, where the relationship between the symbiont and the host species (the civilization and the planet's ecology, respectively) determines the fitness and ultimate survival of both organisms. We perform a series of Monte Carlo Realization simulations, where civilizations pursue a variety of different relationships/strategies with their host planet, from mutualism to parasitism, and can consequently ‘infect’ other planets/hosts. We find that parasitic civilizations are generally less effective at survival than mutualist civilizations, provided that interstellar colonization is inefficient (the maximum velocity of colonization/infection is low). However, as the colonization velocity is increased, the strategy of parasitism becomes more successful, until they dominate the ‘population’. This is in accordance with predictions based on island biogeography andr/Kselection theory. While heavily assumption dependent, we contend that this provides a fertile approach for further application of insights from theoretical ecology for extraterrestrial colonization – while also potentially offering insights for understanding the human–Earth relationship and the potential for extraterrestrial human colonization.
AXIOMS FOR GROUNDED TRUTH
Authors: SCHINDLER THOMAS 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe axiomatize Leitgeb’s (2005) theory of truth and show that this theory proves all arithmetical sentences of the system of ramified analysis up to ε0. We also give alternative axiomatizations of Kripke’s (1975) theory of truth (Strong Kleene and supervaluational version) and show that they are at least as strong as the Kripke-Feferman system KF and Cantini’s VF, respectively.
On tidal tilt corrections to large ring laser gyroscope observations
Authors: Tian Wei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
With the fast development of the large ring laser gyroscope (RLG) technology in the last decades, promising applications in geophysics and geodesy (e.g. observations of high-frequency variations of Earth's rotation, Earth's tide tilt and seismic waves) have been realized by various groups with currently running large RLGs. In this letter, we point out that in a large number of previous tilt correction models a significant term is missing. This term is related with the Shida number l2 (called l2-term in the following) and has a contribution, which is comparable with that from high-frequency Earth rotation variations due to ocean tides, to the Sagnac frequency record of RLGs. This term has to be removed (as part of the tilt correction) from the raw data so that RLGs can efficiently be employed as Earth's rotation detectors.
Structure and Function of Nucleoside Hydrolases from Physcomitrella patens and Maize Catalyzing the Hydrolysis of Purine, Pyrimidine, and Cytokinin Ribosides
Authors: Kopečná Martina , Blaschke Hanna , Kopečný David , Vigouroux Armelle , Končitíková Radka , Novák Ondřej , Kotland Ondřej , Strnad Miroslav , Moréra Solange , von Schwartzenberg Klaus 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We present a comprehensive characterization of the nucleoside N-ribohydrolase (NRH) family in two model plants, Physcomitrella patens (PpNRH) and maize (Zea mays; ZmNRH), using in vitro and in planta approaches. We identified two NRH subclasses in the plant kingdom; one preferentially targets the purine ribosides inosine and xanthosine, while the other is more active toward uridine and xanthosine. Both subclasses can hydrolyze plant hormones such as cytokinin ribosides. We also solved the crystal structures of two purine NRHs, PpNRH1 and ZmNRH3. Structural analyses, site-directed mutagenesis experiments, and phylogenetic studies were conducted to identify the residues responsible for the observed differences in substrate specificity between the NRH isoforms. The presence of a tyrosine at position 249 (PpNRH1 numbering) confers high hydrolase activity for purine ribosides, while an aspartate residue in this position confers high activity for uridine. Bud formation is delayed by knocking out single NRH genes in P. patens, and under conditions of nitrogen shortage, PpNRH1-deficient plants cannot salvage adenosine-bound nitrogen. All PpNRH knockout plants display elevated levels of certain purine and pyrimidine ribosides and cytokinins that reflect the substrate preferences of the knocked out enzymes. NRH enzymes thus have functions in cytokinin conversion and activation as well as in purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
Essential Role of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NOPPERABO1 in Schizogenous Intercellular Space Formation in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Ishizaki Kimitsune , Mizutani Miya , Shimamura Masaki , Masuda Akihide , Nishihama Ryuichi , Kohchi Takayuki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The vast majority of land plants develop gas-exchange tissues with intercellular spaces (ICSs) connected directly to the air. Although the developmental processes of ICS have been described in detail at the morphological and ultrastructural level in diverse land plants, little is known about the molecular mechanism responsible for ICS formation. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha develops a multilayered tissue with a large ICS (air chamber), whose formation is initiated at selected positions of epidermal cells. We isolated a mutant of M. polymorpha showing impaired air-chamber formation, nopperabo1 (nop1), from T-DNA–tagged lines. In nop1 plants, no ICS was formed; consequently, a single-layered epidermis developed on the dorsal side of the thallus. The causal gene NOP1 encodes a Plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligase carrying tandem ARMADILLO (ARM) repeats in the C terminus. An in vitro ubiquitination assay indicated that the NOP1 protein possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in a U-box–dependent manner. Confocal microscopy and biochemical analysis showed that NOP1 was localized to the plasma membrane. Our investigation demonstrated the essential role of the PUB-ARM–type ubiquitin ligase in ICS formation in M. polymorpha, which sheds light on the molecular mechanism of schizogenous ICS formation in land plants.
Variation in floral morphology within a population of Aster hispidus var. tubulosus (Asteraceae, Astereae)
Authors: Nakagawa Sayaka , Ito Motomi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe family Asteraceae has a particular inflorescence, the capitulum, consisting of ray florets and disc florets. The ray florets function as petals that attract pollinators. Marked variation in the ray floret morphology is known in a natural population of Aster hispidus var. tubulosus (Asteraceae). We analyzed the variation and found two distinct types in the ray florets, the long tubular ray floret and the ligulate ray floret. In this species, therefore, the variation in floral morphology among capitula, each of which is the basic pollination unit, is caused by the variation in the composition of the two ray floret types among capitula. We evaluated the sources of the observed variation in the floral morphology among capitula within a population using a hierarchical analysis that separated within‐individual (i.e. among capitula within each individual) and between‐individual components of the variation. We found that the main source of the variation lay at the between‐individual level, not at the between‐capitulum level nested within individuals. This finding will provide the basic knowledge that enables future study exploring whether the between‐individual variation in floral morphology caused by the compositional variation of the ray floret types leads to differential pollination success of individual plants in species of Asteraceae.
Family transitions and changes in drinking from adolescence through mid‐life
Authors: Staff Jeremy , Greene Kaylin M. , Maggs Jennifer L. , Schoon Ingrid 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine how changes in social roles, particularly in the family, predict rises and falls in alcohol consumption from ages 16 to 50 years.DesignLongitudinal data from the National Child Development Study.SettingThe birth cohort includes 99% of British infants born in 1 week in 1958.ParticipantsAfter initial assessment of 17 415 infants, the cohort was interviewed at ages 7, 11, 16, 23, 33, 42, 46, and 50. This study uses the six adolescent to adult waves (n = 7212 women, 7377 men).MeasurementsAlcohol use [i.e. quantity consumed in past week and heavy‐daily drinking), symptoms of problem drinking (i.e. Cut‐down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye‐opener (CAGE)] and social roles (i.e. union formation, parenthood and employment).FindingsEstimates from fixed‐effects models demonstrate that alcohol use is lower when women reside with child(ren) under age 5, compared to occasions when they do not [estimate = −0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.43, −0.32 for past week units; odds ratio (OR) = 0.47, CI = 0.36, 0.62 for heavy‐daily drinking; OR = 0.66, CI = 0.50, 0.87 for CAGE symptoms]. Associations are similar for men (estimate = −0.29, CI = −0.36, −0.23; OR = 0.64, CI = 0.53, 0.77; OR = 0.69, CI = 0.51, 0.94, respectively). When women and men are married, working and residing with young child(ren), past week units (estimate = −0.51, CI = −0.61, −0.41 for women; estimate = −0.34, CI = −0.44, −0.25 for men), heavy‐daily drinking (OR = 0.49, CI = 0.30, 0.79 for women; OR = 0.47, CI = 0.35, 0.64 for men) and CAGE (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.23, 0.83 for women; OR = 0.39, CI = 0.18, 0.82 for men) are lower compared to occasions when they are not in these roles.ConclusionsFrom late adolescence to mid‐life, women and men in Britain are most at risk for higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem drinking when family roles are absent.
The impact of diagnosis and trait anxiety on psychological distress in women with early stage breast cancer: A prospective study
Authors: Keyzer‐Dekker Claudia M. G. , de Vries Jolanda , Mertens Marlies C. , Roukema Jan A. , van der Steeg Alida F. W. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesHigh trait anxiety (HTA) determines depressive symptoms and state anxiety in women with breast cancer (BC) or benign breast disease (BBD). Before implementing screening for psychological counselling in these women, it is important to evaluate whether high state anxiety and depressive symptoms are determined by (the threat of) having BC or solely by HTA. Therefore, we compared women with a lump in the breast with women with gallstone disease (GD).MethodsWomen diagnosed with BC (n = 152), BBD (n = 205), and GD (n = 128) were included in a prospective longitudinal study. Questionnaires concerning trait anxiety (baseline), state anxiety, and depressive symptoms were completed before diagnosis was known (BC and BBD) or the laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 6 months later.ResultsPre‐diagnosis BC patients scored higher on state anxiety (p = .001) and depressive symptoms (p < .001) compared with GD. At 6 months, scores on depressive symptoms in BC remained higher than GD (p = .005). In women with HTA, before being diagnosed with BC or BBD, scores on state anxiety were higher compared with HTA women with GD (p < .001, p = .040). State anxiety and depressive symptoms at 6 months were predicted by baseline depressive symptoms in women with BC.ConclusionsThe severity of diagnosis (BC) in combination with HTA determined the level of state anxiety and depressive symptoms. Therefore, we recommend identifying women with HTA and offering them a tailor‐made follow‐up protocol during and after the diagnostic process for BBD or BC.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? Women diagnosed with BC or BBD experience high levels of anxiety and distress during the diagnostic process. These adverse psychological effects are strengthened by the personality characteristic trait anxiety. Before implementing screening for psychological counselling in women with high trait anixety, it is important to evaluate whether high state anxiety and depressive symptoms are determined by (the threat of) having BC or solely by HTA.What does this study add? To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing women who are confronted with the possibility of having a life‐threatening disease, that is, BC, with women who were not suspected of having a life‐threatening disease, that is, GD. This study reveals that the severity of diagnosis (BC) in combination with HTA determined the level of state anxiety and depressive symptoms. Therefore, we recommend identifying women with HTA and offering them a tailor‐made follow‐up protocol during and after the diagnostic process for BC or BBD.
Thromboxane receptor hyper‐responsiveness in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension requires serine 324
Authors: Santhosh K T , Sikarwar A S , Hinton M , Chelikani P , Dakshinamurti S 
Published: October 2013

Background and PurposeDysregulation of the thromboxane A2 (TP) receptor, resulting in agonist hypersensitivity and hyper‐responsiveness, contributes to exaggerated vasoconstriction in the hypoxic pulmonary artery in neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension. We previously reported that hypoxia inhibits TP receptor phosphorylation, causing desensitization. Hence, we examined the role of PKA‐accessible serine residues in determining TP receptor affinity, using site‐directed mutational analysis.Experimental ApproachVasoconstriction to a thromboxane mimetic and phosphorylation of TP receptor serine was examined in pulmonary arteries from neonatal swine with persistent pulmonary hypertension and controls. Effects of hypoxia were determined in porcine and human TP receptors. Human TPα serines at positions 324, 329 and 331 (C‐terminal tail) were mutated to alanine and transiently expressed in HEK293T cells. Saturation binding and displacement kinetics of a TP antagonist and agonist were determined in porcine TP, wild‐type human TPα and all TP mutants. Agonist‐elicited calcium mobilization was determined for each TP mutant, in the presence of a PKA activator or inhibitor, and in hypoxic and normoxic conditions.Key ResultsThe Ser324A mutant was insensitive to PKA activation and hypoxia, had a high affinity for agonist and increased agonist‐induced calcium mobilization. Ser329A was no different from wild‐type TP receptors. Ser331A was insensitive to hypoxia and PKA with a decreased agonist‐mediated response.Conclusions and ImplicationsIn hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, loss of site‐specific phosphorylation of the TP receptor causes agonist hyper‐responsiveness. Ser324 is the primary residue phosphorylated by PKA, which regulates TP receptor‐agonist interactions. Ser331 mutation confers loss of TP receptor‐agonist interaction, regardless of PKA activity.