bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expression of limb gap genes in the mite Archegozetes longisetosus reveals differential patterning mechanisms in chelicerates
Authors: Barnett Austen A. , Thomas Richard H. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe modular organization of arthropod limbs has lead to the evolution of a diversity of appendages within this phylum. A conserved trait within the arthropods is the utilization of a conserved set of regulatory genes that specify the appendage podomeres along the proximo‐distal axis, termed the limb gap genes. These include extradenticle, homothorax, dachshund, and Distal‐less. The deployment of these genes in the most basally branching arthropod group, the chelicerates, has only been studied in detail in two chelicerate groups, the harvestmen and spiders. Given the broad range of appendage diversity within the chelicerates, comparative studies of gap gene deployment in other chelicerates groups is needed. We therefore followed limb gap gene expression in a member of the largest chelicerate group, Acari, the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus. We show that in contrast to many arthropod species, A. longisetosus expresses homothorax and extradenticle exclusively in the proximal portion of the appendages, which refutes the hypothesis of a sister‐group relationship between chelicerates and myriapods. We also provide evidence that mites posses the ancestral chelicerate condition of possessing three‐segmented chelicerae, which also express the gene dachshund. This adds support to the hypothesis that a cheliceral dachshund domain is ancestral to arachnids. Lastly, we provide evidence that the suppression of the fourth pair of walking legs, a putative synapomorphy for Acari, is accomplished by repressing the development of the medial and distal regions of the limb.
Flexural strengths of conventional and nanofilled fiber‐reinforced composites: a three‐point bending test
Authors: Sfondrini Maria Francesca , Massironi Sarah , Pieraccini Giulia , Scribante Andrea , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo V. , Gandini Paola 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of nanofillers on the mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced composites (FRCs) for stabilization and conservative treatment of multiple traumatized anterior teeth. In particular, the aim of the research was to point out the force levels of two sizes (diameters 0.6 and 0.9 mm) of both conventional and nanofilled FRCs.MethodsEighty FRCs samples were divided into eight groups, each consisting of 10 specimens. Conventional (groups 1, 2, 3, and 4) and nanofilled (groups 5, 6, 7, and 8) FRC samples were evaluated. Each FRC was tested in two diameters (0.6 and 0.9 mm) and under two deflections (1 and 2 mm). Each sample was polymerized with the same halogen curing unit and then evaluated with a 3‐point bending test on a universal testing machine after 48 h of dry storage.ResultsNanofilled FRCs showed significantly higher load values than conventional FRCs. Moreover, 0.9‐mm‐diameter FRCs showed significantly higher load value than 0.6‐mm‐diameter FRCs. Specimens tested at 2‐mm deflection showed significantly higher load values than those tested at 1‐mm deflection.ConclusionsNanofilled FRCs showed significantly higher load values than conventional FRCs. Higher flexural strength values were recorded with 1‐mm deflection for both FRC tested.
Determination of the gas diffusion coefficient of a peat grassland soil
Authors: Boon A. , Robinson J. S. , Nightingale P. D. , Cardenas L. , Chadwick D. R. , Verhoef A. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPeatland habitats are important carbon stocks that also have the potential to be significant sources of greenhouse gases, particularly when subject to changes such as artificial drainage and application of fertilizer. Models aiming to estimate greenhouse gas release from peatlands require an accurate estimate of the diffusion coefficient of gas transport through soil (Ds). The availability of specific measurements for peatland soils is currently limited. This study measured Ds for a peat soil with an overlying clay horizon and compared values with those from widely available models. The Ds value of a sandy loam reference soil was measured for comparison. Using the Currie (1960) method, Ds was measured between an air‐filled porosity (ϵ) range of 0 and 0.5 cm3 cm−3. Values of Ds for the peat cores ranged between 3.2 × 10−4 and 4.4 × 10−3 m2 hour−1, for loamy clay cores between 0 and 4.7 × 10−3 m2 hour−1 and for the sandy reference soil they were between 5.4 × 10−4 and 3.4 × 10−3 m2 hour−1. The agreement of measured and modelled values of relative diffusivity (Ds/D0, with D0 the diffusion coefficient through free air) varied with soil type; however, the Campbell (1985) model provided the best replication of measured values for all soils. This research therefore suggests that the use of the Campbell model in the absence of accurately measured Ds and porosity values for a study soil would be appropriate. Future research into methods to reduce shrinkage of peat during measurement and therefore allow measurement of Ds for a greater range of ϵ would be beneficial.
Improved δ13C method to assess soil organic carbon dynamics on sites affected by soil erosion
Authors: Häring V. , Fischer H. , Cadisch G. , Stahr K. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss and input after land‐use change is based largely on comparisons between disturbed sites and an undisturbed reference site. At sites affected by soil erosion this comparison neglects the interactions between soil erosion, decomposition and SOC input. Our aim was to develop a stable carbon isotope‐based method (CIDE; carbon input, decomposition and erosion) to characterize SOC dynamics on sites affected by soil erosion. Using the CIDE approach, rates of (i) SOC loss by erosion, (ii) decomposition of forest‐derived SOC and (iii) maize‐derived net SOC input were determined. The approach was tested on a steep slope maize cultivation chronosequence of up to 20 years following deforestation of primary forest. An uncertainty analysis showed that even small erosion rates (0.3 kg soil m−2 year−1) underestimated SOC loss (sum of erosion and decomposition) and overestimated real SOC input using unadjusted measurement data. The misrepresentation was particularly large under conditions of severe erosion, small changes in SOC concentration with depth, large changes in δ13C with depth, and small changes in SOC stocks or δ13C with time. Twenty years after land‐use change CIDE‐derived SOC loss was 89% and 52% larger than the unadjusted SOC loss estimates based on the RUSLE (revised universal soil loss equation) erosion model and the RothC carbon turnover model, respectively. The unadjusted maize‐derived SOC input was 36% and 14% larger when derived with the RUSLE and RothC model, respectively, 20 years after land‐use change. This study demonstrates the care that must be taken when assessing SOC dynamics on erosion prone sites and provides a framework to address these challenges.
An Experimental Examination of US Individual Donors’ Information Needs and Use
Authors: McDowell Evelyn A. , Li Wei , Smith Pamela C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper adopts an internet‐based experiment to investigate whether and how individual donors use nonprofit organizations’ financial and nonfinancial information when making their donation decisions. Using undergraduate students in the United States (US) to proxy for individual donors, our results indicate that individual donors are more likely to acquire nonfinancial information, such as nonprofit organizations’ goals, outcomes, programs and missions, than financial information. Donors integrate nonfinancial information into their decisions as their actual donations are significantly correlated with such information. Our results also indicate that while individual donors acquire financial efficiency measures, including the program expense ratio and fundraising expense ratio, they do not seem to integrate such information into their decisions as their actual donations are not significantly correlated with the efficiency information. This study contributes to the nonprofit literature and research domain focusing on charitable giving and donor preferences.
Combined effects of global climate change and regional ecosystem drivers on an exploited marine food web
Authors: Niiranen Susa , Yletyinen Johanna , Tomczak Maciej T. , Blenckner Thorsten , Hjerne Olle , MacKenzie Brian R. , Müller‐Karulis Bärbel , Neumann Thomas , Meier H. E. Markus 
Published: July 2013

AbstractChanges in climate, in combination with intensive exploitation of marine resources, have caused large‐scale reorganizations in many of the world's marine ecosystems during the past decades. The Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is one of the systems most affected. In addition to being exposed to persistent eutrophication, intensive fishing, and one of the world's fastest rates of warming in the last two decades of the 20th century, accelerated climate change including atmospheric warming and changes in precipitation is projected for this region during the 21st century. Here, we used a new multimodel approach to project how the interaction of climate, nutrient loads, and cod fishing may affect the future of the open Central Baltic Sea food web. Regionally downscaled global climate scenarios were, in combination with three nutrient load scenarios, used to drive an ensemble of three regional biogeochemical models (BGMs). An Ecopath with Ecosim food web model was then forced with the BGM results from different nutrient‐climate scenarios in combination with two different cod fishing scenarios. The results showed that regional management is likely to play a major role in determining the future of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. By the end of the 21st century, for example, the combination of intensive cod fishing and high nutrient loads projected a strongly eutrophicated and sprat‐dominated ecosystem, whereas low cod fishing in combination with low nutrient loads resulted in a cod‐dominated ecosystem with eutrophication levels close to present. Also, nonlinearities were observed in the sensitivity of different trophic groups to nutrient loads or fishing depending on the combination of the two. Finally, many climate variables and species biomasses were projected to levels unseen in the past. Hence, the risk for ecological surprises needs to be addressed, particularly when the results are discussed in the ecosystem‐based management context.
PBK/TOPK expression in non‐small‐cell lung cancer: its correlation and prognostic significance with Ki67 and p53 expression
Authors: Lei Bin , Liu Shuguang , Qi Wenjuan , Zhao Yunfei , Li Yumei , Lin Ni , Xu Xiaoyan , Zhi Chen , Mei Juanjuan , Yan Zhimin , Wan Liyan , Shen Hong 
Published: July 2013

AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PBK/TOPK (PDZ‐binding kinase/T‐LAK cell‐originated protein kinase) expression, and explore the prognostic significance of PBK/TOPK expression alone and in combination with Ki67 and p53 expression in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods and resultsWe detected PBK/TOPK expression in 30 samples of normal lung tissue, 32 lymph node metastases and 279 primary non‐small‐cell lung cancers by immunohistochemistry, and analysed the correlation of PBK/TOPK expression with Ki67 and p53 expression in primary tumour tissues. The results showed that PBK/TOPK expression was higher in lymph node metastases (75%) than in primary tumours (44.8%) and normal lung tissues (0%). PBK/TOPK expression was associated with histological type, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage, and was positively correlated with Ki67 and p53 expression in NSCLC. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that PBK/TOPK expression was significantly associated with an unfavourable prognosis in NSCLC. The prognosis of patients with tumours positive for both PBK/TOPK expression and Ki67 or p53 expression was also significantly unfavourable.ConclusionsPBK/TOPK expression is positively correlated with Ki67 and p53 expression, and can be used as an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC.
Use of wound dressings to enhance prevention of pressure ulcers caused by medical devices
Authors: Black Joyce , Alves Paulo , Brindle Christopher Tod , Dealey Carol , Santamaria Nick , Call Evan , Clark Michael 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMedical device related pressure ulcers (MDR PUs) are defined as pressure injuries associated with the use of devices applied for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes wherein the PU that develops has the same configuration as the device. Many institutions have reduced the incidence of traditional PUs (sacral, buttock and heel) and therefore the significance of MDR PU has become more apparent. The highest risk of MDR PU has been reported to be patients with impaired sensory perception, such as neuropathy, and an impaired ability for the patient to communicate discomfort, for example, oral intubation, language barriers, unconsciousness or non‐verbal state. Patients in critical care units typify the high‐risk patient and they often require more devices for monitoring and therapeutic purposes. An expert panel met to review the evidence on the prevention of MDR PUs and arrived at these conclusions: (i) consider applying dressings that demonstrate pressure redistribution and absorb moisture from body areas in contact with medical devices, tubing and fixators, (ii) in addition to dressings applied beneath medical devices, continue to lift and/or move the medical device to examine the skin beneath it and reposition for pressure relief and (iii) when simple repositioning does not relieve pressure, it is important not to create more pressure by placing dressings beneath tight devices.
Tax Sharing in Insurance Markets: A Useful Parameterization
Authors: Viauroux Christelle 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe use a principal–agent framework to evaluate the economic impacts of imposing a tax on insurance payment in presence of moral hazard using a Gamma conditional distribution of losses. Our results show that any tax paid by the insured would lower his effort to prevent loss, hence increasing insurance payments and decreasing profits. This result is reinforced as the insured becomes more risk averse unless the distribution of losses is uniform. We find that any decrease in the insurer's tax share would generate an overall decrease in welfare unless the insured characteristics prevent him from reacting to the policy.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the Manufacture and Storage of Fruit Yogurt
Authors: Osaili Tareq M. , Taani Mahmoud , Al‐Nabulsi Anas A. , Attlee Amita , Odeh Ra'ed Abu , Holley Richard A. , Obaid Reyad Shaker 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe objectives of the study were to assess the behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the manufacture of fruit yogurt at different fermentation and storage temperatures. Reconstituted milk was fermented at 37, 40 or 45C; the resultant product was stored at 4, 10 or 15C for 7 days. Samples of milk and yogurt were analyzed. E. coli O157:H7 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts; pH of samples was recorded. During fermentation, E. coli O157:H7 grew in the presence or absence of LAB regardless of temperature. E. coli O157:H7 increased in presence of thermophilic LAB more than 2.75 log cfu/mL. The growth of LAB in all samples showed the same trend. The pH values of milk containing E. coli O157:H7 and LAB decreased gradually to reach 4.6 ± 0.1 at the end of fermentation period. During cooling, there was neither growth nor death of E. coli O157:H7 at 4 and 10C, while a slight increase at 15C. All the experiments showed significant differences in the population of E. coli O157:H7 in the presence or absence of LAB. During storage, E. coli O157:H7 number declined for all experiments and approached undetectable levels at the end of storage. The sensitivity of E. coli O157:H7 to acidity and lowered temperature was noticed during storage.Practical ApplicationsEscherichia coli O157:H7 has emerged as a major foodborne pathogen and has been implicated in several outbreaks involving milk and dairy products. The results of the present study indicate that E. coli cannot tolerate the acidity and storage temperature. Applying quality control systems in the processing line will ensure that the E.coli will not survive in the commercially prepared fruit yogurt.
Living With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Subasic Kim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide an insider's account of what it is like to live with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a genetic cardiovascular illness that carries the risk for sudden cardiac death. This study aims to reveal how HCM impacts the family and guides the decision whether or not to pursue genetic testing, how the physical limitations associated with HCM alter being‐in‐the‐world, and how HCM alters social relationships.DesignFifteen adults with HCM were recruited for a longitudinal, phenomenological, qualitative study through purposive sampling and word of mouth. A total of 45 interviews were conducted by the researcher at a time and place designated by the participant between August 2011 and January 2012. The first interview with each participant was conducted in person. While efforts were made to conduct all interviews in person, a total of three interviews were conducted by telephone as requested by three participants due to scheduling conflicts.MethodsThrough methods of interpretive phenomenology, three audio‐recorded, semistructured interviews occurred over the course of 3 months. Detailed narratives were solicited and transcribed verbatim. Methodological and analytical documentation was supported with the identification of key phrases, similar experiences, themes, and documentation of the rationale for decisions throughout the research process.ConclusionsParticipation in genetic testing carries a multitude of personal, familial, financial, and emotional implications. The results of a genetic test elicited an emotional response regardless of whether the results were negative, positive, or inconclusive. Living with a potentially life‐threatening illness altered identity, disrupted social relationships, and generated chronic fear and uncertainty. A new normal was re‐ordered or transformed by the demands and limitations posed by HCM, and by the person's concerns, priorities, and the meaning of the illness.Clinical RelevanceResults from this study underscore the need for healthcare professionals to learn more about HCM and to conduct screenings that will facilitate a prompt and accurate diagnosis. In doing so, the risk for sudden cardiac death may be averted. There is a need to educate and to advocate for genetic testing of HCM. It is necessary for healthcare providers to move beyond their biomedical understanding of genetic illness and to address the lived experience of the illness, how the illness impacts the family, and the multifaceted concerns of people who have a genetic illness as well as the concerns of their family members.
Paediatric health‐care professionals: Relationships between psychological distress, resilience and coping skills
Authors: McGarry Sarah , Girdler Sonya , McDonald Ann , Valentine Jane , Lee Shew‐Lee , Blair Eve , Wood Fiona , Elliott Catherine 
Published: July 2013

AimTo investigate the impact of regular exposure to paediatric medical trauma on multidisciplinary teams in a paediatric hospital and the relationships between psychological distress, resilience and coping skills.MethodSymptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder, secondary traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, compassion satisfaction, resilience and coping skills were measured in 54 health professionals and compared with published norms.ResultsParticipants experienced more symptoms of secondary traumatic stress (P < 0.01), showed less resilience (P = 0.05) and compassion satisfaction (≥0.01), more use of optimism and sharing as coping strategies, and less use of dealing with the problem and non‐productive coping strategies than comparative groups. Non‐productive coping was associated with more secondary traumatic stress (r = 0.50, P = 0.05), burnout (r = 0.45, P = 0.01), post‐traumatic stress disorder (r = 0.41, P = 0.05), anxiety (r = 0.42, P = 0.05), depression (r = 0.54, P = 0.01), and stress (r = 0.52, P = 0.01) and resilience was positively associated with optimism (r = 0.48, P = 0.01). Health professionals <25 years old used more non‐productive coping strategies (P = 0.05), less ‘sharing as a coping strategy’ (P = 0.05) and tended to have more symptoms of depression (P = 0.06).ConclusionPaediatric medical trauma can adversely affect a health professional's well‐being, particularly those <25 years of age who make less use of positive coping strategies and more use of non‐productive coping. These findings will assist the development of effective and meaningful interventions for health professionals working in paediatric hospitals.
Thromboelastographic Evaluation of Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: Kelley D. , Lester C. , DeLaforcade A. , Webster C.R.L. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundOn plasma‐based assays, dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) have changes in serum concentrations of both pro‐ and anticoagulant proteins, but how these abnormalities affect whole blood coagulation assays (eg, thromboelastography) are unknown.ObjectivesTo conduct kaolin‐activated thromboelastography (TEG) analysis in dogs with CPSS and to compare TEG coagulation status with clinical presentation, routine serum biochemistry, and plasma‐based coagulation tests.AnimalsTwenty‐one client‐owned dogs with CPSS confirmed by ultrasound examination or nuclear scintigraphy.MethodsIn a prospective study, signalment, clinical presentation, TEG analysis, CBC, serum biochemistry, and hemostatic tests (platelet count, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], quantitative fibrinogen, antithrombin [AT] activity, protein C [PC] activity, d‐dimers, and factor VIII activity) were analyzed in dogs with CPSS.ResultsDogs with CPSS had significantly shorter K values and increased angle, maximum amplitude (MA), and G values compared with the reference population. On plasma‐based coagulation testing, dogs with CPSS had significantly prolonged PT, lower platelet counts, lower AT and PC activities, and increased d‐dimers and factor VIII activity. Evaluation of G value defined 9/21 dogs with CPSS as hypercoagulable. These dogs were more likely to have hepatic encephalopathy (HE) than CPSS dogs that had normal coagulation.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTEG analysis detected hemostatic abnormalities consistent with a hypercoagulable state in some dogs with CPSS. The presence of a hypercoagulable state was 40 times more likely in dogs with symptomatic HE.