bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical variation in vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of the invasive Spartina alterniflora in China
Authors: Liu Wenwen , Maung‐Douglass Keith , Strong Donald R. , Pennings Steven C. , Zhang Yihui 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Phenotypic variation plays an important role in successful plant invasions. The spread of invasive species over large geographic ranges may be facilitated if plants can match their phenotype to local abiotic conditions. Spartina alterniflora, native to the United States, was introduced into China in 1979 and has spread over 19ᵒ of latitude along the eastern coast of China.

We studied patterns in vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of S. alterniflora at 22 sites at 11 geographic locations over a latitudinal gradient of ˜2000 km from Tanggu (39.05°N, high latitude) to Leizhou (20.90°N, low latitude) in China. We further evaluated the basis of phenotypic differences by growing plants from across the range in a common garden for 2 growing seasons.

We found distinct latitudinal clines in plant height, shoot density and sexual reproduction across latitude. Some traits exhibited linear relationships with latitude; others exhibited hump‐shaped relationships. We identified correlations between plant traits and abiotic conditions such as mean annual temperature, growing degree days, tidal range and soil nitrogen content. However, geographic variation in all but one trait disappeared in the common garden, indicating that variation largely due to phenotypic plasticity. Only a slight tendency for latitudinal variation in seed set persisted for 2 years in the common garden, suggesting that plants may be evolving genetic clines for this trait.

Synthesis. The rapid spread of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) in China has probably been facilitated by phenotypic plasticity in growth and reproductive traits. We found little evidence for the evolution of genetic clines in China, even though these exist for some traits in the native range. The considerable variation among clones, within provenances, that persisted in the common garden suggests a potential for the evolution of geographic clines in the future. Low fecundity of low‐latitude S. alterniflora populations in China might result in a slower spread at low latitudes, but S. alterniflora is likely to continue to spread rapidly at high latitudes in China and into the Korean peninsula.
Objective Assessment and Thematic Categorization of Patient‐audible Information in an Emergency Department
Authors: Zhang Xiao C. , Kobayashi Leo , Berger Markus , Reddy Pranav M. , Chheng Darin B. , Gorham Sara A. , Pathania Shivany , Stern Sarah P. , Icaza Milson Elio , Jay Gregory D. , Baruch Jay M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to assess and categorize the understandable components of patient‐audible information (e.g., provider conversations) in emergency department (ED) care areas and to initiate a baseline ED soundscape assessment.MethodsInvestigators at an academic referral hospital accessed 21 deidentified transcripts of recordings made with binaural in‐ear microphones in patient rooms (n = 10) and spaces adjacent to nurses' stations (n = 11), during ED staff sign‐outs as part of an approved quality management process. Transcribed materials were classified by speaker (health care provider, patient/family/friend, or unknown). Using qualitative analysis software and predefined thematic categories, two investigators then independently coded each transcript by word, phrase, clause, and/or sentence for general content, patient information, and HIPAA‐defined patient identifiers. Scheduled reviews were used to resolve any data coding discrepancies.ResultsPatient room recordings featured a median of 11 (interquartile range [IQR] = 2 to 33) understandable words per minute (wpm) over 16.2 (IQR = 15.1 to 18.4) minutes; nurses' station recordings featured 74 (IQR = 47 to 109) understandable wpm over 17.0 (IQR = 15.4 to 20.3) minutes. Transcript content from patient room recordings was categorized as follows: clinical, 44.8% (IQR = 17.7% to 62.2%); nonclinical, 0.0% (IQR = 0.0% to 0.0%); inappropriate (provider), 0.0% (IQR = 0.0% to 0.0%); and unknown, 6.0% (IQR = 1.7% to 58.2%). Transcript content from nurses' stations was categorized as follows: clinical, 86.0% (IQR = 68.7% to 94.7%); nonclinical, 1.2% (IQR = 0.0% to 19.5%); inappropriate (provider), 0.1% (IQR = 0.0% to 2.3%); and unknown, 1.3% (IQR = 0.0% to 7.1%). Limited patient information was audible on patient room recordings. Audible patient information at nurses' stations was coded as follows (median words per sign‐out sample): general patient history, 116 (IQR = 19 to 206); social history, 12 (IQR = 4 to 19); physical examination, 39 (IQR = 19 to 56); imaging results, 0 (IQR = 0 to 21); laboratory results, 7 (IQR = 0 to 22); other results, 0 (IQR = 0 to 3); medical decision‐making, 39 (IQR = 10 to 69); management (general), 118 (IQR = 79 to 235); pain management, 4 (IQR = 0 to 53); and disposition, 42 (IQR = 22 to 60). Medians of 0 (IQR = 0 to 0) and 3 (IQR = 1 to 4) patient name identifiers were audible on in‐room and nurses' station sign‐out recordings, respectively.ConclusionsSound recordings in an ED setting captured audible and understandable provider discussions that included confidential, protected health information and discernible quantities of nonclinical content.
Drug‐induced systemic lupus erythematosus in a child after 3 years of treatment with carbamazepine
Authors: Molina‐Ruiz Ana María , Lasanta Begoña , Barcia Ana , Pérez‐Vega Elisa , Requena Luis 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDrug‐induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) is a less severe variant of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that generally resolves within weeks or months after the withdrawal of the implicated drug. DILE is unusual during childhood, with the most frequent age of presentation being at 50–70 years of age. Among different drugs, most commonly procainamide and hydralazine have been implicated as a cause of DILE. However carbamazepine (CBZ) is considered a low‐risk drug and very few cases have been reported in children. We describe the case of CBZ‐induced SLE in a 9‐year‐old girl following 3 years of CBZ therapy. This case report shows that drug‐induced SLE is an important side‐effect to be considered, even after long‐term treatment with CBZ, and also during childhood.
Routinized Business Innovation: An Undertheorized Engine of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Wilf Eitan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTScholars of cultural evolution and change have tended to conceptualize innovation as a process that results from individual experimentation involving random or very loosely guided trial‐and‐error alterations to existing cultural elements. Alternatively, they have focused on individual experimentation via decision rules and different heuristics with already existing, potentially innovative cultural elements whose emergence is left unexplained. Based on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted with a number of business innovation consultancy groups in the United States, I theorize institutionalized innovation as a new engine of cultural evolution that might be unique to complex industrial societies characterized by intense intragroup competition that puts pressure on constant innovation. This engine might be responsible for a faster pace of cultural evolution. At stake is a systematic strategy of purposeful innovation that is neither entirely random nor entirely calculation based. Rather, it is based in the rationalized and rule‐governed production of what I call “structured contingency,” and it is capable of being applied to products and services across different business domains, including to itself. [innovation, cultural evolution, business anthropology, bricolage, economic anthropology, United States]
MuSIC report III: tumour microcirculation patterns and development of metastasis in long‐term follow‐up of melanocytic uveal tumours
Authors: Klingenstein Annemarie , Schaumberger Markus M , Freeman William R , Folberg Robert , Mueller Arthur J , Schaller Ulrich C 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeTo statistically determine differences in microcirculation patterns between nevi and uveal melanomas and the influence of these patterns on metastatic potential in the long‐term follow‐up of 112 patients with melanocytic uveal tumours. In vivo markers indicating malignancy and metastatic potential have implications for treatment decision.MethodsPrimary diagnosis and work‐up included clinical examination, fundus photography, standardized A and B scan echography as well as evaluation of tumour microcirculation patterns via confocal fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Patient data were collected from the patient files, the tumour registry or personal contact. Statistical analysis was performed with spss 22.0 using chi‐square, Fisher's exact test and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.ResultsForty‐three uveal melanocytic lesions remained untreated and were retrospectively classified as benign nevi, whereas 69 lesions were malignant melanomas (T1: 32, T2: 28, T3: 6 and T4: 3). ‘Silent’ and ‘arcs without branching’ were found significantly more often in nevi (p = 0.001 and p = 0.010), whereas ‘parallel with cross‐linking’ and ‘networks’ were significantly more frequent in melanomas (p = 0.022 and p = 0.029). The microcirculation pattern ‘parallel with cross‐linking’ proved significantly more frequent in patients who developed metastases (p = 0.001).ConclusionsCertain microcirculation patterns may guide us in differentiating uveal nevi from malignant melanomas. A non‐invasive prognostic marker can be of great value for borderline lesions in which cytology is less likely taken. ‘Parallel with cross‐linking’ did not only indicate malignancy, but it was also associated with later tumour metastasis.
Immunopathogenesis of olmesartan‐associated enteropathy
Authors: Marietta E. V. , Nadeau A. M. , Cartee A. K. , Singh I. , Rishi A. , Choung R. S. , Wu T.‐T. , Rubio‐Tapia A. , Murray J. A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundOlmesartan‐associated enteropathy (OAE) is characterised by diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss and severe sprue‐like enteropathy, all of which are resolved after discontinuation of olmesartan medoximil.AimTo determine the mechanistic similarities of OAE with coeliac sprue.MethodsDuodenal biopsies were extracted from OAE patients before (n = 11) or after (n = 17) discontinuation of olmesartan medoxomil (on or off olmesartan medoxomil). There were seven ‘on/off’ paired samples. Formalin‐fixed biopsies were stained for CD8, CD4, FoxP3, IL‐15R and psmad 2/3. Caco2 cells (human colonic epithelial line) were treated with olmesartan medoxomil and stained for IL‐15, IL‐15R and ZO‐1.ResultsIn the ‘on olmesartan medoxomil’ duodenal biopsies, a significant increase in the numbers of CD8+ cells and the number of cells that are FoxP3+ (a regulatory T‐cell marker) are present in the duodenum as compared to the duodenal biopsies from patients who discontinued olmesartan medoxomil. IL15R expression is also increased with olmesartan medoxomil use. Evaluation of the effect of olmesartan medoxomil upon Caco‐2 cells demonstrated that IL15 expression is increased in response to olmesartan medoxomil treatment. Further, ZO‐1, a tight junction protein, is disrupted in olmesartan medoxomil‐treated Caco‐2 cells.ConclusionsOlmesartan‐associated enteropathy shares many features with coeliac disease, including symptoms and immunopathogenic pathways, such as increased numbers of CD8+ cells and corresponding overexpression of IL15 by epithelial cells. Taken together, the treatment of epithelial cells with olmesartan medoxomil induces a response by intestinal epithelial cells that is similar to the innate effects of gluten upon the epithelium of coeliac patients.
The binding selectivity of vonoprazan (TAK‐438) to the gastric H+,K+‐ATPase
Authors: Scott D. R. , Munson K. B. , Marcus E. A. , Lambrecht N. W. G. , Sachs G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe gastric H+,K+‐ATPase is the preferred target for acid suppression. Until recently, the only drugs that effectively inhibited this ATPase were the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs are acid‐activated prodrugs that require acid protection. Once acid‐activated, PPIs bind to cysteines of the ATPase, resulting in covalent, long‐lasting inhibition. The short plasma half‐life of PPIs and continual de novo synthesis of the H+,K+‐ATPase result in difficulty controlling night‐time acid secretion. A new alternative to PPIs is the pyrrolo‐pyridine, vonoprazan (TAK‐438), a potassium‐competitive acid blocker (PCAB) that does not require acid protection. In contrast to other PCABs, vonoprazan has a long duration of action, resulting in 24‐h control of acid secretion, a high pKa of 9.37 and high affinity (Ki = 3.0 ηmol/L).AimTo determine binding selectivity of vonoprazan for the gastric H+,K+‐ATPase and to explain its slow dissociation.MethodsGastric gland and parietal cell binding of vonoprazan was determined radiometrically. Molecular modelling explained the slow dissociation of vonoprazan from the H+,K+‐ATPase.ResultsVonoprazan binds selectively to the parietal cell, independent of acid secretion. Vonoprazan binds in a luminal vestibule between the surfaces of membrane helices 4, 5 and 6. Exit of the drug to the lumen is hindered by asp137 and asn138 in the loop between TM1 and TM2, which presents an electrostatic barrier to movement of the sulfonyl group of vonoprazan. This may explain its slow dissociation from the H+,K+‐ATPase and long‐lasting inhibition.ConclusionThe binding model provides a template for design of novel potassium‐competitive acid blockers.
A Defence of the Counterfactual Account of Harm
Authors: Purshouse Craig 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn order to determine whether a particular course of conduct is ethically permissible it is important to have a concept of what it means to be harmed. The dominant theory of harm is the counterfactual account, most famously proposed by Joel Feinberg. This determines whether harm is caused by comparing what actually happened in a given situation with the ‘counterfacts’ i.e. what would have occurred had the putatively harmful conduct not taken place. If a person's interests are worse off than they otherwise would have been, then a person will be harmed. This definition has recently faced challenges from bioethicists such as John Harris, Guy Kahane and Julian Savulescu who, believing it to be severely flawed, have proposed their own alternative theories of the concept. In this article I will demonstrate that the shortcomings Harris, Kahane and Savulescu believe are present in Feinberg's theory are illusory and that it is their own accounts of harm that are fraught with logical errors. I maintain that the arguments presented to refute Feinberg's theory not only fail to achieve this goal and can be accommodated within the counterfactual account but that they actually undermine the theories presented by their respective authors. The final conclusion will be that these challenges are misconceived and fail to displace the counterfactual theory.
Role of the nucleolus in neurodegenerative diseases with particular reference to the retina: a review
Authors: Sia Paul I , Wood John PM , Chidlow Glyn , Sharma Shiwani , Craig Jamie , Casson Robert J 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe nucleolus has emerged as a key regulator of cellular growth and the response to stress, in addition to its traditionally understood function in ribosome biogenesis. The association between nucleolar function and neurodegenerative disease is increasingly being explored. There is also recent evidence indicating that the nucleolus may well be crucial in the development of the eye. In this present review, the role of the nucleolus in retinal development as well as in neurodegeneration with an emphasis on the retina is discussed.
Fibrinolytic system related to pulmonary arterial pressure and lung function of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Ban Chengjun , Wang Tongde , Zhang Shu , Xin Ping , Liang Lirong , Wang Chen , Dai Huaping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectives and AimsTo investigate urokinase‐(uPA) and tissue‐type (tPA) plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1) levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and to determine the relationship between fibrinolytic system and pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary function.MethodsSeventy‐nine patients with IPF were included. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood samples were collected. The concentrations of tPA, uPA and PAI‐1 were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Doppler echocardiography was used to detect tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) to estimate pulmonary arterial pressure.ResultsBALF tPA elevated (P < 0.005), circulatory PAI‐1 decreased (P = 0.05) and the ratio of uPA and PAI‐1 decreased (P = 0.01) in BALF in IPF patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) compared to those without PH. Positive linear correlations were found: BALF tPA and TRPG (r = 0.558, P = 0.013); the predicted percentage of diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide adjustments for alveolar volume and BALF uPA (r = 0.319, P = 0.035). Negative linear correlations were as follows: BALF PAI‐1 and the predicted percentage of VCmax (r = −0.325, P = 0.020), or total lung capacity (r = −0.312, P = 0.033); circulatory PAI‐1 and TRPG (r = −0.697, P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe change of alveolar fibrolytic system in IPF, especially the uPA reduction and the PAI‐1elevation, contributes to the deterioration of lung function. During the lung injury initiating fibrosis, tPA and PAI‐1 might be leaked out of the pulmonary capillaries into alveoli, resulting in their elevation in alveoli and reduction in circulation, and finally contributing to the development of PH in IPF.
Histopathologic features of erythematous papulopustular eruption to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in cancer patients
Authors: Bellini V. , Bianchi L. , Pelliccia S. , Lisi P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundErythematous papulopustular eruption (EPPE) is the most frequent skin adverse event to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors but its histopathologic features have been poorly studied. As EPPE is a strong predictor of patient's treatment response, the EPPE histopathologic features and their correlations with skin eruption severity and involved drug were investigated.MethodAn involved skin biopsy was carried out in 39 informed patients treated with EGFR inhibitors (mainly cetuximab and erlotinib). The cutaneous changes in hematoxylin‐eosin stained sections were evaluated.ResultsThe EPPE to EGFR inhibitors is histopathologically characterized by neutrophilic subcorneal or intraepidermal pustules and polymorphous infiltrate of the superficial dermis during the earliest phases and by lymphocytic perifolliculitis and/or suppurative folliculitis at a later phase. The widespread dermis inflammation was more frequent in severe EPPEs and in patients treated with cetuximab, while the hair follicle inflammation was observed only in mild/moderate EPPEs.ConclusionOur study shows the histopathologic signs of EPPE and their correlation with clinical severity and the offending drug.
Riparian plant guilds of ephemeral, intermittent and perennial rivers
Authors: Stromberg Juliet C. , Merritt David M. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Plant functional types (or guilds) increasingly are being used to predict vegetation response to global changes. Continued human population growth coupled with projected warmer and drier climate will alter the hydrologic regimes of many arid‐zone rivers, including intermittent rivers. We aimed to identify (i) woody plant guilds associated with distinct stream types of an arid region and (ii) plant traits indicating adaptation to the selective pressures of water availability and fluvial disturbance.

We used hierarchical clustering to identify 11 plant guilds from floodplains, terraces and uplands of eight Arizona rivers that vary in surface flow permanence, depth to ground water and intensity of fluvial disturbance.

Six guilds were riparian pioneers with small, wind‐dispersed seeds, three guilds were late‐seral, shade‐tolerant riparian taxa with large animal‐dispersed seeds, and two guilds were composed of desert xerophytes. Within the riparian pioneer and seral groups, guilds varied in water acquisition and productivity traits including wood density and rooting depth.

The community‐weighted traits varied or covaried with water availability and fluvial disturbance. Root: shoot ratio, canopy height and leaf area were influenced strongly by water availability, with the latter two showing a nonlinear response to changes in water table depth. Leaf length increased, and wood density decreased, as sites become wetter and more fluvially disturbed. Community‐weighted seed mass, seed dispersal and spinesence varied most strongly with elevation above thalweg (an indicator of decreasing fluvial disturbance).

These analyses will enable prediction of changes in the relative abundance of plant types and plant traits in response to changes in stream flow regimes, such as shifts towards greater intermittency. The distribution patterns of guilds among riparian habitat types emphasise the importance of focusing conservation efforts not only on the limited number of perennial rivers remaining in arid regions, but also on intermittent and ephemeral rivers with shallow water tables.
Shifting grassland plant community structure drives positive interactive effects of warming and diversity on aboveground net primary productivity
Authors: Cowles Jane M. , Wragg Peter D. , Wright Alexandra J. , Powers Jennifer S. , Tilman David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEcosystems worldwide are increasingly impacted by multiple drivers of environmental change, including climate warming and loss of biodiversity. We show, using a long‐term factorial experiment, that plant diversity loss alters the effects of warming on productivity. Aboveground primary productivity was increased by both high plant diversity and warming, and, in concert, warming (≈1.5 °C average above and belowground warming over the growing season) and diversity caused a greater than additive increase in aboveground productivity. The aboveground warming effects increased over time, particularly at higher levels of diversity, perhaps because of warming‐induced increases in legume and C4 bunch grass abundances, and facilitative feedbacks of these species on productivity. Moreover, higher plant diversity was associated with the amelioration of warming‐induced environmental conditions. This led to cooler temperatures, decreased vapor pressure deficit, and increased surface soil moisture in higher diversity communities. Root biomass (0–30 cm) was likewise consistently greater at higher plant diversity and was greater with warming in monocultures and at intermediate diversity, but at high diversity warming had no detectable effect. This may be because warming increased the abundance of legumes, which have lower root : shoot ratios than the other types of plants. In addition, legumes increase soil nitrogen (N) supply, which could make N less limiting to other species and potentially decrease their investment in roots. The negative warming × diversity interaction on root mass led to an overall negative interactive effect of these two global change factors on the sum of above and belowground biomass, and thus likely on total plant carbon stores. In total, plant diversity increased the effect of warming on aboveground net productivity and moderated the effect on root mass. These divergent effects suggest that warming and changes in plant diversity are likely to have both interactive and divergent impacts on various aspects of ecosystem functioning.