bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the differential load induced by normal fault scarps controls the distribution of monogenic volcanism
Authors: Maccaferri F. , Acocella V. , Rivalta E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding shallow magma transfer and the related vent distribution is crucial for volcanic hazard. Here we investigate how the stress induced by topographic scarps linked to normal faults affects the distribution of monogenic volcanoes at divergent plate boundaries. Our numerical models of dyke propagation below a fault scarp show that the dykes tend to propagate toward and erupt on the footwall side. This effect, increasing with the scarp height, is stronger for dykes propagating underneath the hanging wall side and decreases with the distance from the scarp. A comparison to the East African Rift System, Afar and Iceland shows that (1) the inner rift structure, which shapes the topography, controls shallow dyke propagation; (2) differential loading due to mass redistribution affects magma propagation over a broad scale range (100–105 m). Our results find application to any volcanic field with tectonics‐ or erosion‐induced topographic variations and should be considered in any volcanic hazard assessment.
Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide photoproduction in diverse marine waters: A simple proxy for estimating direct CO2 photochemical fluxes
Authors: Powers Leanne C. , Miller William L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe photoproduction of H2O2 and CO2 exhibits a well‐defined relationship with an average CO2:H2O2 molar ratio of 6.6 ± 1.8 as determined in a variety of marine waters ranging from a dark tidal creek to clear offshore stations near the Gulf Stream. Even when corrected for photobleaching, accumulation of both H2O2 and CO2 was not linear beyond 12 h of constant irradiation, with interval rates indicating that production efficiency for both products decreased with increasing photon dose. Direct measurements of O2− photoproduction, together with its dark thermal decay to H2O2, indicate that O2− may be the better proxy for photochemical dissolved organic matter oxidation to CO2. Given the very short irradiation times needed to determine O2− production rates (~2–5 min), determination of O2− photoproduction may provide robust estimates for initial CO2 photoproduction rates even in blue water, allowing greatly improved estimates for the global significance of dissolved organic carbon photooxidation.
Bayesian inversion of seismic spectral ratio for source scaling: Application to a persistent multiplet in the western Corinth rift
Authors: Godano Maxime , Bernard Pascal , Dublanchet Pierre 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe propose a method to precisely estimate earthquake source parameters as magnitude, size of rupture, stress drop, and coseismic slip, and their uncertainties. This method, which relies on a Bayesian approach, allows the determination of the scalar seismic moment, corner frequency (fc), and their associated uncertainties, by inverting ratios between seismic displacement spectra of nearby located earthquakes. We apply this method to a large earthquake multiplet (56 events) located under the northern coast of the Corinth gulf at 8 km depth. This multiplet is regularly active between 2001 and 2007. Results show fcP/fcS ratios globally between 1.0 and 1.5 which is compatible with the values predicted by Madariaga's circular rupture model. In detail, six earthquakes, however, exhibit corner frequency variations as a function of the station azimuth compatible with linear rupture propagation. Magnitude ranges 1.08 and 2.80 with a b value of 1.04. Source rupture length globally ranges between 40 and 170 m for stress drop between 1 and 100 MPa. We show that the number of ruptures and the cumulated coseismic slip are maximal at the center of the multiplet: this suggests that Multiplet‐866 could be seen as a weak seismogenic patch surrounded by a locked fault. However, the large value of the maximum coseismic slip cumulated over the period 2000–2008 (10 cm) rather suggests creep allowing rapid stress reloading and repeated earthquakes with short delays. We therefore propose that Multiplet‐866 is surrounded by a heterogeneous fault surface with both locked and creeping areas.
Particle size distribution properties in mixed‐phase monsoon clouds from in situ measurements during CAIPEEX
Authors: Patade Sachin , Prabha T. V. , Axisa D. , Gayatri K. , Heymsfield A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of particle size distributions measured in situ with airborne instrumentation during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) is presented. In situ airborne observations in the developing stage of continental convective clouds during premonsoon (PRE), transition, and monsoon (MON) period at temperatures from 25 to −22°C are used in the study. The PRE clouds have narrow drop size and particle size distributions compared to monsoon clouds and showed less development of size spectra with decrease in temperature. Overall, the PRE cases had much lower values of particle number concentrations and ice water content compared to MON cases, indicating large differences in the ice initiation and growth processes between these cloud regimes. This study provided compelling evidence that in addition to dynamics, aerosol and moisture are important for modulating ice microphysical processes in PRE and MON clouds through impacts on cloud drop size distribution. Significant differences are observed in the relationship of the slope and intercept parameters of the fitted particle size distributions (PSDs) with temperature in PRE and MON clouds. The intercept values are higher in MON clouds than PRE for exponential distribution which can be attributed to higher cloud particle number concentrations and ice water content in MON clouds. The PRE clouds tend to have larger values of dispersion of gamma size distributions than MON clouds, signifying narrower spectra. The relationships between PSDs parameters are presented and compared with previous observations.
Effects of hydromechanical loading history and antecedent soil mechanical damage on shallow landslide triggering
Authors: Fan Linfeng , Lehmann Peter , Or Dani 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence suggests that the sudden triggering of rainfall‐induced shallow landslides is preceded by accumulation of local internal failures in the soil mantle before their abrupt coalescence into a landslide failure plane. The mechanical status of a hillslope at any given time reflects competition between local damage accumulated during antecedent rainfall events and rates of mechanical healing (e.g., rebonding of microcracks and root regrowth). This dynamic interplay between damage accumulation and healing rates determines the initial mechanical state for landslide modeling. We evaluated the roles of these dynamic processes on landslide characteristics and patterns using a hydromechanical landslide‐triggering model for a sequence of rainfall scenarios. The progressive nature of soil failure was represented by the fiber bundle model formalism that considers threshold strength of mechanical bonds linking adjacent soil columns and bedrock. The antecedent damage induced by prior rainfall events was expressed by the fraction of broken fibers that gradually regain strength or mechanically heal at rates specific to soil and roots. Results indicate that antecedent damage accelerates landslide initiation relative to pristine (undamaged) hillslopes. The volumes of first triggered landslides increase with increasing antecedent damage; however, for heavily damaged hillslopes, landslide volumes tend to decrease. Elapsed time between rainfall events allows mechanical healing that reduces the effects of antecedent damage. This study proposed a quantitative framework for systematically incorporating hydromechanical loading history and information on precursor events (e.g., such as recorded by acoustic emissions) into shallow landslide hazard assessment.
A novel idea of purposefully affecting radio wave propagation by coherent acoustic source‐induced atmospheric refractivity fluctuation
Authors: Gong Shuhong , Yan Daopu , Wang Xuan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe mechanism generating the array‐distributed atmospheric refractivity fluctuation by a coherent acoustic source is analyzed. The theoretical model is established, which is used to quantifiably analyze the array structure of the artificial dielectric irregularities. It is qualitatively validated that the array‐distributed artificial dielectric irregularities really exist and that the array structure of the artificial dielectric irregularities and the scattering effect of the artificial dielectric irregularities on a radio wave can be controlled by adjusting and selecting the optimized parameters of the transmitted acoustic wave and the adopted acoustic antenna array. It can be concluded that the array‐distributed artificial dielectric irregularities can be used to purposefully affect radio wave propagation. After radio acoustic sounding system, the idea of this paper is a novel development in the field of the tropospheric atmospheric refractivity artificial abnormality technique and its applications.
A first demonstration of Mars crosslink occultation measurements
Authors: Ao C. O. , Edwards C. D. , Kahan D. S. , Pi X. , Asmar S. W. , Mannucci A. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA series of three crosslink occultation experiments have been acquired between the Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft to probe the Martian atmosphere in 2007. While crosslink occultations between Earth‐orbiting satellites have been used to profile the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere since 1995, this represents the first demonstration of crosslink occultation measurements at another planet. These measurements leverage the proximity link telecommunication payloads on each orbiter, which are nominally used to provide relay communication and navigation services to Mars landers and rovers. Analysis of the observed Doppler shift on each crosslink measurement reveals a clear signature of the Martian atmosphere, primarily the ionosphere. Inversion of the observed Doppler data yields vertical profiles of the Martian refractivity and electron density. The electron density profiles show the presence of two layers with peak densities and peak heights that are consistent with empirical model results. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and future potential of the crosslink radio occultation technique in the exploration of planetary atmospheres.
Field Use of Ultrasonography to Characterize the Reproductive Tract and Early Pregnancy in a Phocid, the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
Authors: Shero Michelle R. , Adams Gregg P. , Burns Jennifer M. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe utility of transrectal ultrasonography was tested in a field setting to characterize the reproductive tract and detect early pregnancy (embryonic vesicles < 3 mm in diameter) in 17 multiparous female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Female Weddell seals give birth in October/November each year, followed by the breeding season (December) and embryonic diapause. Transrectal ultrasonography was attempted in January/February 2014 to examine the entire reproductive tract (uterine horns and body, ovaries with follicles and corpora lutea) using a 5–10 MHz linear‐array probe with a 70 cm‐long extension. A single pregnancy was detected in 14 of 17 seals (82.4%) as a circular or guitar‐pick shaped nonechogenic (black) vesicle with a clearly visible echogenic border within the lumen of the uterus. The stage of embryonic development (ostensibly the gestational age) varied markedly among individuals, ranging from a vesicle with no embryo proper to a large fetus with an ocular orbit, nose/mouth, limb buds, spinal column, umbilical cord, and prominent vasculature. Two of the pregnant seals were re‐examined 3‐6 days after the initial examination to obtain longitudinal growth rates. Images of one or both ovaries were obtained in nine and seven of the 19 examinations, respectively. Numerous ovarian follicles (3 to 12 mm diameter) were detected and animals typically had a single well‐perfused corpus luteum (determined by Doppler color‐flow) ipsilateral to the uterine horn containing the pregnancy. We conclude that real‐time transrectal ultrasonography is an effective tool for characterizing reproductive events in phocids including ovarian dynamics, and for elucidating the nature of embryonic diapause. Anat Rec, 298:1970–1977, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metallic Honeycombs as Catalyst Supports for Methanation of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Schlereth David , Donaubauer Philipp J. , Hinrichsen Olaf 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBy means of reactor modeling, externally cooled tubular reactors equipped with metallic honeycombs as catalyst supports are investigated. A 2D pseudo‐continuous reactor model is adopted to study in particular heat transfer properties and to identify the influencing parameters as well as transport processes on the reactor performance. It is found that honeycomb reactors can indeed be operated isothermally up to higher cooling temperatures in comparison to fixed‐bed reactors. The reduced catalyst inventory, however, prevents attaining thermodynamic equilibrium at low temperatures. Exceeding cooling temperatures adequate for isothermal operation, moderate hot spots can be maintained in a narrow range of cooling temperatures before transition to maximum temperatures in excess of 500 °C.
Prevention of foot ulcers in the at‐risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: van Netten J. J. , Price P. E. , Lavery L. A. , Monteiro‐Soares M. , Rasmussen A. , Jubiz Y. , Bus S. A. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes is extremely important to help reduce the enormous burden of foot ulceration on both patient and health resources. A comprehensive analysis of reported interventions is not currently available, but is needed to better inform caregivers about effective prevention. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent first and recurrent foot ulcers in persons with diabetes who are at risk for ulceration.MethodsThe available medical scientific literature in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane database was searched for original research studies on preventative interventions. Both controlled and non‐controlled studies were selected. Data from controlled studies were assessed for methodological quality by two independent reviewers.ResultsFrom the identified records, a total of 30 controlled studies (of which 19 RCTs) and another 44 non‐controlled studies were assessed and described. Few controlled studies, of generally low to moderate quality, were identified on the prevention of a first foot ulcer. For the prevention of recurrent plantar foot ulcers, multiple RCTs with low risk of bias show the benefit for the use of daily foot skin temperature measurements and consequent preventative actions, as well as for therapeutic footwear that demonstrates to relieve plantar pressure and that is worn by the patient. To prevent recurrence, some evidence exists for integrated foot care when it includes a combination of professional foot treatment, therapeutic footwear and patient education; for just a single session of patient education, no evidence exists. Surgical interventions can be effective in selected patients, but the evidence base is small.ConclusionThe evidence base to support the use of specific self‐management and footwear interventions for the prevention of recurrent plantar foot ulcers is quite strong, but is small for the use of other, sometimes widely applied, interventions and is practically nonexistent for the prevention of a first foot ulcer and non‐plantar foot ulcer.
Performance of prognostic markers in the prediction of wound healing or amputation among patients with foot ulcers in diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Brownrigg J. R. W. , Hinchliffe R. J. , Apelqvist J. , Boyko E. J. , Fitridge R. , Mills J. L. , Reekers J. , Shearman C. P. , Zierler R. E. , Schaper N. C. ,   On behalf International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

AbstractPrediction of wound healing and major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulceration is clinically important to stratify risk and target interventions for limb salvage. No consensus exists as to which measure of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can best predict outcomes. To evaluate the prognostic utility of index PAD measures for the prediction of healing and/or major amputation among patients with active diabetic foot ulceration, two reviewers independently screened potential studies for inclusion. Two further reviewers independently extracted study data and performed an assessment of methodological quality using the Quality in Prognostic Studies instrument. Of 9476 citations reviewed, 11 studies reporting on 9 markers of PAD met the inclusion criteria. Annualized healing rates varied from 18% to 61%; corresponding major amputation rates varied from 3% to 19%. Among 10 studies, skin perfusion pressure ≥40 mmHg, toe pressure ≥30 mmHg (and ≥45 mmHg) and transcutaneous pressure of oxygen (TcPO2) ≥25 mmHg were associated with at least a 25% higher chance of healing. Four studies evaluated PAD measures for predicting major amputation. Ankle pressure <70 mmHg and fluorescein toe slope <18 units each increased the likelihood of major amputation by around 25%. The combined test of ankle pressure <50 mmHg or an ankle brachial index (ABI) <0.5 increased the likelihood of major amputation by approximately 40%. Among patients with diabetic foot ulceration, the measurement of skin perfusion pressures, toe pressures and TcPO2 appear to be more useful in predicting ulcer healing than ankle pressures or the ABI. Conversely, an ankle pressure of <50 mmHg or an ABI <0.5 is associated with a significant increase in the incidence of major amputation.
Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review
Authors: Hinchliffe R. J. , Brownrigg J. R. W. , Andros G. , Apelqvist J. , Boyko E. J. , Fitridge R. , Mills J. L. , Reekers J. , Shearman C. P. , Zierler R. E. , Schaper N. C. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

AbstractSymptoms or signs of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can be observed in up to 50% of the patients with a diabetic foot ulcer and is a risk factor for poor healing and amputation. In 2012, a multidisciplinary working group of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot published a systematic review on the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD. This publication is an update of this review and now includes the results of a systematic search for therapies to revascularize the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD from 1980 to June 2014. Only clinically relevant outcomes were assessed. The research conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines, and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodological scores were assigned. A total of 56 articles were eligible for full‐text review. There were no randomized controlled trials, but there were four nonrandomized studies with a control group. The major outcomes following endovascular or open bypass surgery were broadly similar among the studies. Following open surgery, the 1‐year limb salvage rates were a median of 85% (interquartile range of 80–90%), and following endovascular revascularization, these rates were 78% (70–89%). At 1‐year follow‐up, 60% or more of ulcers had healed following revascularization with either open bypass surgery or endovascular techniques. Studies appeared to demonstrate improved rates of limb salvage associated with revascularization compared with the results of conservatively treated patients in the literature. There were insufficient data to recommend one method of revascularization over another. There is a real need for standardized reporting of baseline demographic data, severity of disease and outcome reporting in this group of patients.
Alliance and symptom improvement in inpatient treatment for eating disorder patients: A study of within‐patient processes
Authors: Vrabel KariAnne R. , Ulvenes Pål G. , Wampold Bruce 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined the reciprocal relationship between alliance and symptoms during treatment for patients with eating disorders (ED).MethodsNinety one patients with EDs received inpatient cognitive‐behavioral therapy treatment over 14 weeks. The study used repeated measurements during treatment and collected alliance and symptom measures. The analysis separated the effects of alliance and symptoms into between‐ and within‐patient effects in a multilevel analysis.Results The results show a reciprocal relationship with between‐patient alliance predicting ED symptoms and between‐patient ED symptoms predicting alliance the subsequent weeks. However, for within‐patient effects only alliance predicted ED symptoms the subsequent week.DiscussionThe results nuance the effect of the alliance in this patient group, and paint a complex picture of alliance in the psychotherapy process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1113–1121).
Psychopharmacology and Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Roerig James L. , Steffen Kristine 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCurrently, it has been demonstrated that psychotropic drugs, particularly antidepressants, are frequently prescribed for patients who seek bariatric surgery. Many bariatric surgery patients have a history of a mood disorder. Unlike medications for diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which are generally reduced and at times discontinued, postsurgery antidepressants use is only slightly reduced. The Roux‐en‐Y procedure is most frequently associated with alteration in drug exposure. Medication disintegration, dissolution, absorption, metabolism and excretion have been found to be altered in postbariatric patients, although data are sparse at this time. This paper will review the current evidence regarding the effect of bariatric surgery on drug treatment including mechanism of interference as well as the extent of changes identified to date. Data will be presented as controlled trials followed by case series and reports. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Adaptive isogeometric finite element analysis of steady‐state groundwater flow
Authors: Bekele Yared W. , Kvamsdal Trond , Kvarving Arne M. , Nordal Steinar 
Published: September 2015

SummaryNumerical challenges occur in the simulation of groundwater flow problems because of complex boundary conditions, varying material properties, presence of sources or sinks in the flow domain, or a combination of these. In this paper, we apply adaptive isogeometric finite element analysis using locally refined (LR) B‐splines to address these types of problems. The fundamentals behind isogeometric analysis and LR B‐splines are briefly presented. Galerkin's method is applied to the standard weak formulation of the governing equation to derive the linear system of equations. A posteriori error estimates are calculated to identify which B‐splines should be locally refined. The error estimates are calculated based on recovery of the L2‐projected solution. The adaptive analysis method is first illustrated by performing simulation of benchmark problems with analytical solutions. Numerical applications to two‐dimensional groundwater flow problems are then presented. The problems studied are flow around an impervious corner, flow around a cutoff wall, and flow in a heterogeneous medium. The convergence rates obtained with adaptive analysis using local refinement were, in general, observed to be of optimal order in contrast to simulations with uniform refinement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.