bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of advance care planning policy and practice in residential aged care facilities in Australia
Authors: Silvester William , Fullam Rachael S , Parslow Ruth A , Lewis Virginia J , Sjanta Rebekah , Jackson Lynne , White Vanessa , Gilchrist Jane 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesTo assess existing advance care planning (ACP) practices in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) in Victoria, Australia before a systematic intervention; to assess RACF staff experience, understanding of and attitudes towards ACP.DesignSurveys of participating organisations concerning ACP-related policies and procedures, review of existing ACP-related documentation, and pre-intervention survey of RACF staff covering their role, experiences and attitudes towards ACP-related procedures.Setting19 selected RACFs in Victoria.Participants12 aged care organisations (representing 19 RACFs) who provided existing ACP-related documentation for review, 12 RACFs who completed an organisational survey and 45 staff (from 19 RACFs) who completed a pre-intervention survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour.ResultsFindings suggested that some ACP-related practices were already occurring in RACFs; however, these activities were inconsistent and variable in quality. Six of the 12 responding RACFs had written policies and procedures for ACP; however, none of the ACP-related documents submitted covered all information required to meet ACP best practice. Surveyed staff had limited experience of ACP, and discrepancies between self reported comfort, and levels of knowledge and confidence to undertake ACP-related activities, indicated a need for training and ongoing organisational support.ConclusionsSurveyed organisations â policies and procedures related to ACP were limited and the quality of existing documentation was poor. RACF staff had relatively limited experience in developing advance care plans with facility residents, although attitudes were positive. A systematic approach to the implementation of ACP in residential aged care settings is required to ensure best practice is implemented and sustained.
SYMMETRIES, NEWTONOID VECTOR FIELDS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN THE LAGRANGIAN k-SYMPLECTIC FORMALISM
Authors: BUA LUCÍA , BUCATARU IOAN , SALGADO MODESTO 
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we study symmetries, Newtonoid vector fields, conservation laws, Noether's theorem and its converse, in the framework of the k-symplectic formalism, using the Frölicher–Nijenhuis formalism on the space of k1-velocities of the configuration manifold.For the case k = 1, it is well known that Cartan symmetries induce and are induced by constants of motions, and these results are known as Noether's theorem and its converse. For the case k > 1, we provide a new proof for Noether's theorem, which shows that, in the k-symplectic formalism, each Cartan symmetry induces a conservation law. We prove that, under some assumptions, the converse of Noether's theorem is also true and we provide examples when this is not the case. We also study the relations between dynamical symmetries, Newtonoid vector fields, Cartan symmetries and conservation laws, showing when one of them will imply the others. We use several examples of partial differential equations to illustrate when these concepts are related and when they are not.
The geochemistry of niobium and its distribution and relative mobility in agricultural soils of Europe
Authors: Scheib A. J. , Flight D. M. A. , Birke M. , Tarvainen T. , Locutura J. ,   GEMAS Project Team
Published: November 2012

The Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil (GEMAS) project provides soil geochemical data for over 50 elements at a density of 1 sample per 2500 km
2
across the European continent. Median baseline total concentrations of niobium (Nb) determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in the <2 mm fraction of 2108 ploughed agricultural soil (0–20 cm) and 2024 grazing land (0–10 cm) samples are 13 and 12 mg/kg, respectively. These concentration levels are more than 23 times higher than the median extractable concentration of Nb obtained by aqua regia digestion. Thus >95% of Nb in soils can be considered ‘immobile’.

All anomalous soil concentrations can be related to geogenic processes. Many of the elevated Nb concentrations are underlain by Hercynian granitic intrusions and alkaline volcanic rocks. High Nb levels also correspond to the occurrence of residual soils over karst areas of southeast Europe and, to some extent, loess deposits of central and Eastern Europe. Lowest Nb concentrations are found in soils developed on most recent glacial sediments of northern Europe.
Comparison of the aqua regia extractable concentrations of Nb in both sample types collected within <450 m of each other show that concentrations are on average 0.12 mg/kg (15.4%) higher in grazing land soils, suggesting an influence of different land-use practises.
Medical geologists during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration
Authors: Guly Henry 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Although the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration is best remembered for races to the South Pole, the majority of expeditions at the time had scientific aims with geology as one of the important sciences to be studied. Almost all the expeditions carried a doctor, who was usually expected to contribute to the science of the expedition and was often appointed more for his non-medical skills than his medical ones. On the
Scotia
expedition, Dr J. Harvey Pirie was appointed as doctor, bacteriologist and geologist, and on the
Discovery
expedition, Dr Reginald Koettlitz was appointed as botanist, but had earlier spent three years as geologist in the Arctic. Ernest Gourdon, the geologist on both French expeditions, was a medical student at the time (although some sources speak of him a being medically qualified) and he obtained doctorates in both geology and medicine for his work in the Antarctic. Perhaps the most important geological discovery of the era was made by Dr Edward Wilson who was a zoologist and artist rather than a geologist, but had a wide interest in natural history. This paper describes these doctors and their contribution to geology on these expeditions.
Materia medica in the seventeenth-century Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo
Authors: Rolfe W. D. Ian 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The Paper Museum comprises
c.
10 000 drawings and prints, most of which are in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. When viewed in their seventeenth-century context, 25 of these drawings depict ‘geological’ material that also served as materia medica: earths, calculi, bezoars, toadstones, corals, calcifying alga, fungus stone, lodestone, eagle-stones, Bologna stone, amber, amulets, figured stones and gems. Some of these are listed in the official 1639 pharmacopoeia of Rome. Eleven of these drawings are reproduced here, nine of them for the first time. A single drawing may depict up to 25 specimens, many of which were in the collections of members of the Academy of the Lynxes (Lincei) or collectors known to them. The archives of Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588–1657) confirm the Lincei's interest both in Paracelsian chemistry and in materia medica. Cassiano owned copies of two fifteenth- and sixteenth-century manuscripts listing more than 34 minerals with their therapeutic uses. The Lincei also published a sixteenth-century manuscript containing 26 ‘minerals suitable for medical use’:
De materia medica Novae Hispaniae
, by Francisco Hernández (1651), whose work in materia medica has been lauded as ‘the most original … in the entire Renaissance’.
Physicians and their contribution to the early history of earth sciences in Austria
Authors: Angetter Daniela Claudia , Hubmann Bernhard , Seidl Johannes 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The propaedeutic character of academic studies at philosophical faculties of the Habsburg Monarchy during the ‘Vormärz’-period, 1815–1848, prevented research-oriented scientific training at the universities. In 1849 the minister of education Leo Thun-Hohenstein initiated a comprehensive educational reform. The crucial improvement in the system of higher education was that the old Austrian philosophical faculties were transformed into genuine research faculties, thus facilitating scientific studies on a more progressive level. Before this fundamental reform, natural science subjects were offered only at the medical faculty at which the substantial scientific subjects, for example chemistry and natural history, were taught. Pioneers in Austrian geology therefore earned a medical degree before they changed to geology, a science in which they had to be autodidacts. Among these ‘pioneers’ were the famous bohemian balneologist Franz Ambros Reuss (1761–1830), his son August Emanuel Reuss (1811–1873), professor of mineralogy at the Universities of Prague (1849–1863) and Vienna (1863–1873), and Carl Ferdinand Peters (1825–1881), the first professor of mineralogy and geology at Graz University (1864–1881). Members of the succeeding generation include Conrad Clemens Clar (1844–1904) and Theodor Posewitz (1851–1917). These were all outstanding individuals with unique skills and expertise, successfully combining medical and earth sciences in their everyday lives.
Measuring Word Meaning in Context
Authors: Erk Katrin , McCarthy Diana , Gaylord Nicholas 
Published: November 2012

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an old and important task in computational linguistics that still remains challenging, to machines as well as to human annotators. Recently there have been several proposals for representing word meaning in context that diverge from the traditional use of a single best sense for each occurrence. They represent word meaning in context through multiple paraphrases, as points in vector space, or as distributions over latent senses. New methods of evaluating and comparing these different representations are needed.In this paper we propose two novel annotation schemes that characterize word meaning in context in a graded fashion. In WSsim annotation, the applicability of each dictionary sense is rated on an ordinal scale. Usim annotation directly rates the similarity of pairs of usages of the same lemma, again on a scale. We find that the novel annotation schemes show good inter-annotator agreement, as well as a strong correlation with traditional single-sense annotation and with annotation of multiple lexical paraphrases. Annotators make use of the whole ordinal scale, and give very fine-grained judgments that “mix and match” senses for each individual usage. We also find that the Usim ratings obey the triangle inequality, justifying models that treat usage similarity as metric.There has recently been much work on grouping senses into coarse-grained groups. We demonstrate that graded WSsim and Usim ratings can be used to analyze existing coarse-grained sense groupings to identify sense groups that may not match intuitions of untrained native speakers. In the course of the comparison, we also show that the WSsim ratings are not subsumed by any static sense grouping.
Computing Lexical Contrast
Authors: Mohammad Saif M. , Dorr Bonnie J. , Hirst Graeme , Turney Peter D. 
Published: November 2012

Knowing the degree of semantic contrast between words has widespread application in natural language processing, including machine translation, information retrieval, and dialogue systems. Manually created lexicons focus on opposites, such as hot and cold. Opposites are of many kinds such as antipodals, complementaries, and gradable. Existing lexicons often do not classify opposites into the different kinds, however. They also do not explicitly list word pairs that are not opposites but yet have some degree of contrast in meaning, such as warm and cold or tropical and freezing. We propose an automatic method to identify contrasting word pairs that is based on the hypothesis that if a pair of words, A and B, are contrasting, then there is a pair of opposites, C and D, such that A and C are strongly related and B and D are strongly related. (For example, there exists the pair of opposites hot and cold such that tropical is related to hot, and freezing is related to cold.) We will call this the contrast hypothesis. We begin with a large crowdsourcing experiment to determine the amount of human agreement on the concept of oppositeness and its different kinds. In the process, we flesh out key features of different kinds of opposites. We then present an automatic and empirical measure of lexical contrast that relies on the contrast hypothesis, corpus statistics, and the structure of a Roget-like thesaurus. We show how, using four different data sets, we evaluated our approach on two different tasks, solving “most contrasting word” questions and distinguishing synonyms from opposites. The results are analyzed across four parts of speech and across five different kinds of opposites. We show that the proposed measure of lexical contrast obtains high precision and large coverage, outperforming existing methods.
Clustering and Diversifying Web Search Results with Graph-Based Word Sense Induction
Authors: Di Marco Antonio , Navigli Roberto 
Published: November 2012

Web search result clustering aims to facilitate information search on the Web. Rather than the results of a query being presented as a flat list, they are grouped on the basis of their similarity and subsequently shown to the user as a list of clusters. Each cluster is intended to represent a different meaning of the input query, thus taking into account the lexical ambiguity (i.e., polysemy) issue. Existing Web clustering methods typically rely on some shallow notion of textual similarity between search result snippets, however. As a result, text snippets with no word in common tend to be clustered separately even if they share the same meaning, whereas snippets with words in common may be grouped together even if they refer to different meanings of the input query.In this article we present a novel approach to Web search result clustering based on the automatic discovery of word senses from raw text, a task referred to as Word Sense Induction. Key to our approach is to first acquire the various senses (i.e., meanings) of an ambiguous query and then cluster the search results based on their semantic similarity to the word senses induced. Our experiments, conducted on data sets of ambiguous queries, show that our approach outperforms both Web clustering and search engines.
Evaluation of Several A-Train Ice Cloud Retrieval Products with In Situ Measurements Collected during the SPARTICUS Campaign
Authors: Deng Min , Mace Gerald G. , Wang Zhien , Lawson R. Paul 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study several ice cloud retrieval products that utilize active and passive A-Train measurements are evaluated using in situ data collected during the Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) field campaign. The retrieval datasets include ice water content (IWC), effective radius re, and visible extinction σ from CloudSat level-2C ice cloud property product (2C-ICE), CloudSat level-2B radar-visible optical depth cloud water content product (2B-CWC-RVOD), radar–lidar (DARDAR), and σ from Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). When the discrepancies between the radar reflectivity Ze derived from 2D stereo probe (2D-S) in situ measurements and Ze measured by the CloudSat radar are less than 10 dBZe, the flight mean ratios of the retrieved IWC to the IWC estimated from in situ data are 1.12, 1.59, and 1.02, respectively for 2C-ICE, DARDAR, and 2B-CWC-RVOD. For re, the flight mean ratios are 1.05, 1.18, and 1.61, respectively. For σ, the flight mean ratios for 2C-ICE, DARDAR, and CALIPSO are 1.03, 1.42, and 0.97, respectively. The CloudSat 2C-ICE and DARDAR retrieval products are typically in close agreement. However, the use of parameterized radar signals in ice cloud volumes that are below the detection threshold of the CloudSat radar in the 2C-ICE algorithm provides an extra constraint that leads to slightly better agreement with in situ data. The differences in assumed mass–size and area–size relations between CloudSat 2C-ICE and DARDAR also contribute to some subtle difference between the datasets: re from the 2B-CWC-RVOD dataset is biased more than the other retrieval products and in situ measurements by about 40%. A slight low (negative) bias in CALIPSO σ may be due to 5-km averaging in situations in which the cirrus layers have significant horizontal gradients in σ.
Numerical Simulations of Waves over Large Crater Topography in the Atmosphere
Authors: Soontiens Nancy , Stastna Marek , Waite Michael L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Numerical simulations are used to investigate waves generated by flow over crater topography of diameter 100 km in an idealized atmosphere. The atmosphere is stratified with a constant buoyancy frequency profile and the background wind is constant. This study describes the development of a low-level jet along the upstream crater slope and its interaction with the cooler air within the crater valley. This interaction results in a hydraulic jump–like structure that acts as a modified topography, forcing a beam of secondary waves. The hydraulic jump is formed by a retreating gravity current as the cool air within the crater readjusts after the initial tilting of potential temperature contours. A two-dimensional simulation is used to compare features such as wave overturning in two and three dimensions. Several variations on the atmosphere’s profile are considered, including an atmosphere with reduced constant stratification and an atmosphere that is unstratified within the crater. These results indicate that the stratification within the crater is an important component in the development of the hydraulic jump. Also, several topographic modifications are included, such as a crater with no rims and a crater with reduced diameter. These comparisons reveal that the crater rims have little impact on the general wave pattern and that the crater curvature can influence wave breaking and lateral deflections. In addition, cases with rotation break the symmetry and induce more overturning in one-half of the crater.
Projected Increases in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Intensity from CMIP5 Models
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Vecchi Gabriel A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Tropical cyclones—particularly intense ones—are a hazard to life and property, so an assessment of the changes in North Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity has important socioeconomic implications. In this study, the authors focus on the seasonally integrated power dissipation index (PDI) as a metric to project changes in tropical cyclone intensity. Based on a recently developed statistical model, this study examines projections in North Atlantic PDI using output from 17 state-of-the-art global climate models and three radiative forcing scenarios. Overall, the authors find that North Atlantic PDI is projected to increase with respect to the 1986–2005 period across all scenarios. The difference between the PDI projections and those of the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones, which are not projected to increase significantly, indicates an intensification of North Atlantic tropical cyclones in response to both greenhouse gas (GHG) increases and aerosol changes over the current century. At the end of the twenty-first century, the magnitude of these increases shows a positive dependence on projected GHG forcing. The projected intensification is significantly enhanced by non-GHG (primarily aerosol) forcing in the first half of the twenty-first century.
Multiseason Lead Forecast of the North Atlantic Power Dissipation Index (PDI) and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Vecchi Gabriel A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
By considering the intensity, duration, and frequency of tropical cyclones, the power dissipation index (PDI) and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) are concise metrics routinely used to assess tropical storm activity. This study focuses on the development of a hybrid statistical–dynamical seasonal forecasting system for the North Atlantic Ocean’s PDI and ACE over the period 1982–2011. The statistical model uses only tropical Atlantic and tropical mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to describe the variability exhibited by the observational record, reflecting the role of both local and nonlocal effects on the genesis and development of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic basin. SSTs are predicted using a 10-member ensemble of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), an experimental dynamical seasonal-to-interannual prediction system. To assess prediction skill, a set of retrospective predictions is initialized for each month from November to April, over the years 1981–2011. The skill assessment indicates that it is possible to make skillful predictions of ACE and PDI starting from November of the previous year: skillful predictions of the seasonally integrated North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity for the coming season could be made even while the current one is still under way. Probabilistic predictions for the 2012 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season are presented.
Sleep architecture in ziprasidone-treated bipolar depression: a pilot study
Authors: Baskaran Anusha , Summers Dave , Willing Stephanie LM , Jokic Ruzica , Milev Roumen 
Published: November 2012

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of ziprasidone augmentation therapy on sleep architecture in bipolar depression. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial of ziprasidone versus placebo in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode. The effects during acute (2–5 days) and continuation treatment (28–31 days) were measured. Main outcomes were sleep architecture variables including rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS) measured by polysomnography. Secondary outcomes included subjective sleep quality measures and illness severity measures including the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Clinical Global Illness Severity (CGI-S) scores. Results: The completer analysis comprised of 14 patients (ziprasidone, N = 8 and placebo, N = 6). Latency to REM, duration of SWS, duration of stage 2 sleep, total sleep time, onset to sleep latency, number of awakenings and overall sleep efficiency significantly improved in ziprasidone-treated participants over placebo. CGI-S and HAMA scores also significantly improved. No significant difference between treatment groups was seen on the HAMD-17, MADRS or in self-reported sleep quality. Increase in SWS duration significantly correlated with improvement in CGI-S, however, this finding did not withstand Bonferroni correction. Conclusion: Adjunctive ziprasidone treatment alters sleep architecture in patients with bipolar depression, which may partially explain its mechanism of action and merits further investigation.