bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The central renin–angiotensin system and sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure
Authors: Zucker Irving H. , Xiao Liang , Haack Karla K. V. 
Published: January 2014

CHF (chronic heart failure) is a multifactorial disease process that is characterized by overactivation of the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system) and the sympathetic nervous system. Both of these systems are chronically activated in CHF. The RAAS consists of an excitatory arm involving AngII (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor). The RAAS also consists of a protective arm consisting of Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)], the AT2R (AngII type 2 receptor), ACE2 and the Mas receptor. Sympatho-excitation in CHF is driven, in large part, by an imbalance of these two arms, with an increase in the AngII/AT1R/ACE arm and a decrease in the AT2R/ACE2 arm. This imbalance is manifested in cardiovascular-control regions of the brain such as the rostral ventrolateral medulla and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. The present review focuses on the current literature that describes the components of these two arms of the RAAS and their imbalance in the CHF state. Moreover, the present review provides additional evidence for the relevance of ACE2 and Ang-(1–7) as key players in the regulation of central sympathetic outflow in CHF. Finally, we also examine the effects of exercise training as a therapeutic strategy and the molecular mechanisms at play in CHF, in part, because of the ability of exercise training to restore the balance of the RAAS axis and sympathetic outflow.
Introduction: Swedish and the languages of Sweden
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses the spread of Swedish in the world and the various languages that are spoken within the borders of Sweden. Swedish is mainly spoken within Sweden, but is also one of the official languages of Finland, and is spoken in a few other places. There are five minority languages in Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Yiddish and Saami. The Swedish sign language is not officially a minority language, but enjoys special status. There are large groups of speakers of e.g. Arabic, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian, Kurdish, Greek and Somali. The chapter contains also some notes on the language policy of Sweden, dialect areas and Inter-Scandinavian understanding of spoken and written language. At the end of the chapter a brief overview of the rest of the book is given.
Minimality and optimality of roots: branchingness and nicknames
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter begins the discussion of prosodic constraints on morphemes. Roots turn out to require branchingness, rather than having a prosodic requirement in terms of a foot. many latinate roots, for instance, are unstressed in Swedish. To gain further insight into the unmarked phonology of Swedish morphology, we look here into the structure of nicknames and other hypocoristics. This is a spectacular word formation process and one which is highly informative of the nature of prosodic structure in Swedish: Nicknames (i.e. prosodically optimal words) should be disyllabic, bimorphemic, initial stressed and have a single place of articulation between the vowels.
Discovering the Musical Mind
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe book is a collection of the author’s papers from 1970 to 2010, bringing together a body of research currently scattered across a range of journals, or simply no longer available. It includes her first study of Beethoven’s original fingerings, her beginning work with children’s invented notations, close observations and analysis of children in the Laboratory for Making Things, studies of musically gifted children, and the emergent musical development of students in elementary-secondary school and university undergraduate and graduate studies. The observations and research lead to the development of an interactive computer music environment based on and contributing to her pragmatic theory of musical development as a generative process of learning. Unlike other collections, the book is clearly interdisciplinary and strongly practical. It brings together and integrates music theory, research in music perception and music education, performance, cognitive development, artificial intelligence, and procedural composition. Her multi-faceted approach to music theory and music pedagogy is guided throughout by commitment to an understanding and respect for an individual’s natural, creative musical intelligence. This natural competence becomes the formative ground on which to help people of all ages build an ever growing engagement and fascination with the myriad, evolving organic structures of the world’s music.
Explaining Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis book brings together important observations on the nature of syntax and its place within the architecture of language. Over four decades he has sought to understand the mental system in which linguistic expressions are processed. This has led him to re-formulate the balance between the requirements of interpretation and the role of syntactic structure; to examine the nature of the empirical basis in which particular structural analyses can be applied to linguistic expressions; and to consider the extent to which such analyses reflect judgements based not only on linguistic competence but on computations developed in the course of acquiring or using a language. After a brief a retrospective the book opens the book with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, the pioneering article written with Ray Jackendoff that fundamentally rebalances the elements of grammar. The work is then divided into parts concerned broadly with representations, structures, and computation. The chapters are provided with contextual headnotes and footnote references to subsequent work, but are otherwise printed essentially as they first appeared.
The Great Chief Overseas
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins and historical evolution of the Imperial Appeal Courts: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC), the West African Court of Appeal, and the East African Court of Appeal. It analyses their organizational structures and judicial procedures. The chapter offers an analysis of the imperial imperatives that drove their formation, and the conditions in the colonies that shaped their evolution. The chapter also broadly explores the ways in which African litigants engaged with these courts and, in the case of the JCPC, how official discourse regarding these imperial courts formed an integral part of the wider debate on imperial judicial governance. Understanding how and why the JCPC became so central to the administration of justice in the colonies and to the debates over identity politics requires an excursion into its origins in the early nineteenth century
Unknown God: The Limits of Imperial Justice
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the circumstances leading to the demise of the JCPC in British Africa. It explores the legal and political impulses that shaped the demands for the abolition of Privy Council appeals. A central theme is the debate over sovereignty and judicial independence. It also examines the efforts made by British officials and politicians in the dominions and colonies to reform the JCPC to retain its relevance in the transition from Empire to Commonwealth, from the 1930s to the 1960s. The chapter focuses on the abolition of the JCPC’s jurisdiction in Africa but begins by tracing the antecedents of the abolition of JCPC jurisdiction elsewhere in the Empire.
The Trial of Peter von Hagenbach
Authors: Gregory S. Gordon 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the first international war crimes trial in history — that of Sir Peter von Hagenbach for atrocities committed serving the Duke of Burgundy. Hagenbach was tried before an ad hoc tribunal of twenty-eight judges from various regional city-states for misdeeds he allegedly perpetrated as governor of the Duke's Alsatian territories from 1469 to 1474. Though it remains obscure in the popular imagination, most legal scholars perceive the trial as a landmark event. The chapter is organized as follows. Part II examines the conventional view of Hagenbach in the field of international criminal law. Part III considers the historiography of the case, limning the evolution of a narrative that starts with Hagenbach as evil incarnate and progresses toward a more charitable view that explains the historical animosity toward him in terms of Hagenbach's being a francophone outsider imposing a reform regime on an entrenched, corrupt, germanophone society. Finally, Part IV concludes that both historic portrayals of Hagenbach are likely accurate: he was a despised outsider and reformer at first, but became violent and despotic toward the end of his stewardship when resources to govern were dwindling and local unrest reached a tipping point.
Justice for No-Land’s Men? The United States Military Trials against Spanish Kapos in Mauthausen and Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Alija-Fernández Rosa Ana 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the 1947 trials of five Spaniards — Joaquín Espinosa, Laureano Nava, Indalecio González, Moisés Fernández, and Domingo Félez — before United States military courts in occupied Germany. The proceedings marked the first time universal jurisdiction was invoked to try to nationals of neutral states and stateless people for war crimes. Their story also illustrates the effects of the brutalizing industrialized evil implemented by Nazism and the negative effects of industrialized justice carried out by the Allies at the end of World War II.
A Narrative of Justice and the (Re)Writing of History
Authors: Jacobs Dov 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the trials that took place in France after World War II to prosecute those accused of collaborating with and actively promoting the agenda of the Nazi occupiers. It first details the legal framework set up to try collaborators, which included both the use of existing provisions of the Criminal Code and the creation of a new offence, that of indignité nationale, or national indignity. It then highlights the difficulties of such judicial proceedings with two examples, the trials of political leaders Philipe Pétain and Pierre Laval. The chapter concludes with some general thoughts on the evasive question of historical truth.
Wounded Heroes
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVulnerability is not often associated with virtue. Yet to be vulnerable is central to human experience. In this book, McCoy examines ways in which Greek epic, tragedy, and philosophy have important insights to offer about the nature of human vulnerability and how human beings might better come to terms with their own vulnerability. While studies of Greek heroism and virtue often focus on strength of character, prowess in war, or the achievement of honour for oneself or one’s society, McCoy examines another side to Greek thought that extols the recognition and proper acceptance of vulnerability. McCoy begins with the literary works of Homer’s Iliad, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes before expanding her analysis to philosophical works. There, she analyzes imagery of wounding in Plato’s Gorgias and Symposium as well as Aristotle’s work on the vulnerability inherent in friendship and an innovative interpretation of tragic catharsis in the Poetics. As much a work of philosophy as of classical textual analysis, McCoy’s work aims at a deeper understanding of the virtues of vulnerability for individuals and societies alike.
Identifying the Protests and the Protest-Makers
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter is about the origins of the anti-nuclear-weapons campaigns in both countries, the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the West German Campaign against Atomic Death and the Easter Marches. It analyses the most basic processes of identification of the movements by examining the campaigns’ origins, their socio-structural composition, as well as the ways in which contemporary observers made sense of them. Its purpose is to provide a broad overview of the campaigns’ histories and to lay the ground for a more detailed investigation of activism. While the social structures of the supporters of both movements appear to have been remarkably similar, the campaigns acquired very different political resonances
Openings: Politics, Culture, and Activism in the 1960s
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
By the middle of the 1960s, peace activists in Britain and West Germany had turned their attention away from issues of nuclear armaments and focused primarily on the United States’ military engagement in Vietnam. Thus, when peace protesters came together in West Berlin in February 1968 to chastise the United States for its military intervention in Vietnam and for the brutality the country used to pursue its aims, their demands sounded quite different from the polite requests developed by the Easter Marchers. This chapter traces how this transition happened and why it occurred. It pays special attention to the cultural politics of protest in both countries in making this transition possible and highlights the importance of transatlantic links and attention to a global politics of security in enabling this transition.
Malawi: political, policy, livelihoods, and market background
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Malawi, a small landlocked country, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector, particularly smallholder agriculture. The structure of production and of the economy have not changed significantly since independence in 1964: smallholder agricultural productivity, which is dominated by maize, remains low while agriculture continues to contribute more than a third to GDP. Over 50% of the rural population in Malawi is classified as poor with fragile livelihoods susceptible to shocks. Attempts to address these socio-economic problems through agricultural and other policies, including fertilizer subsidies, have been central to the strategies and policies of different political regimes. The chapter reviews agricultural policies in the context of changing economic and political environments and the constraints that smallholder farmers face in the use of improved inputs. It is argued that smallholder farmers are locked into a low productivity maize production trap, leading to low incomes and inability to afford inputs at commercial prices.
Economy-wide effects of input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A large national programme of agricultural input subsidies focusing on staple crops should have important wider market effects in addition to direct beneficiary impacts. This chapter reviews the evidence on the economy-wide impacts of the Malawi subsidy programme, using a variety of sources and analytical methods. While there has been macroeconomic stability during the implementation of the subsidy programme, public debts and fiscal deficits have not been favourable. There has however been strong agricultural GDP growth. Very high maize prices in 2008/9 are not what might be expected, and inter-seasonal maize price variability has been high. Nevertheless there is strong evidence of rural wages rising faster than maize prices, leading to increases in real incomes. While qualitative studies suggest overall improvements in peoples’ welfare there are puzzling results with little reported change in national and rural poverty rates and in some measures of child malnutrition from 2004/5 to 2009/10.
Impacts on input market development
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The involvement of the private sector in the FISP has changed over the life time of the programme with increasing participation in fertilizer procurement, inclusion and them exclusion in fertilizer retailing, and increased participation in seed sales and in the fertilizer transportation. This chapter documents these changes and identifies benefits and challenges of private sector participation in programme implementation. The analysis shows that commercial sales of fertilizers although lower than the pre-subsidy levels have been increasing, suggesting some medium term stimulation of fertilizer demand. This has occurred at a time when the private sector has increasingly participated in the procurement of subsidy fertilizer but been excluded from retailing of subsidy fertilizers. In addition, there is evidence that the private sector-led seed component of the subsidy programme has attracted additional seed growers and expanded the number of varieties for maize seeds and legumes.
Benefit–cost analysis, 2006/7 to 2010/11
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter develops benefit–cost estimates for the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme. It argues the need for caution in comparing estimates across different investments as analyses often include and exclude different benefits, and use of the standard partial equilibrium methods for benefit–cost analysis of agricultural input subsidies does not take into account wider benefit to poor consumers and the economy from lower food prices. Demand and supply curve analysis is used to estimate ‘without subsidy’ prices and producer and consumer gains for benefit–cost analysis without and with allowance for further gains from consumer expenditure linkages or growth multipliers. Average benefit–cost ratio (BCR) is likely to be around 1.35, depending on assumptions, with BCR above unity estimated in all years except 2008/9, when there were very high fertilizer prices. The analysis suggests attention to raising yield responses, targeting and a balance of complementary investments to raise programme returns.
The Phenomenology of Inwardness
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Inwardness implies distance from the other, yet is also constructed through language and so formed within a cultural system. Indeed, inwardness needs language to be publicly accessible. This chapter presents a general phenomenology of inwardness—that although there is a contrast between premodern and modern notions of inwardness, they share features that allow us to recognise earlier forms as inwardness. These general features include self-reflection, reportability, time, narrative, history, and mediation by signs. The chapter discusses these in relation to the philosophy of Husserl, Heidegger, Ricoeur, Kristeva, and Charles Taylor. The chapter argues that we can identify features that cut across cultures and times and that allow us to understand premodern concerns about the self as concerns about inwardness. The experience of inwardness is therefore always indirect through reflection, through language, and through the narration of experience.
The Shifting Terrain of Service Operations Management
Authors: Spring Martin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of the chapter is to use a personal stepping-off point to review developments of the treatment of services within the operations management field. Three areas of development are discussed: debates concerning the definition of services from an operations management perspective; emergence of offshoring and outsourcing of services; and privatization of service activities formerly carried out by the state. After a brief outline of basic operations management principles, prominent research areas in service operations management are identified and discussed, which include the role of the customer, lean services, modular services, service supply chains, the impact of information technologies, and approaches to new service development. The chapter concludes that, although many areas of research are concerned with abiding operations management issues concerned with efficiency and scalability, the treatment of innovation in services, which arises from the theoretical and empirical developments discussed, are an extension to the existing concerns of the discipline.
The Theory and a Simple Model
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
From just six assumptions a theory of conviction and reconviction is developed which explains the well known Age – Crime curve. The rationale of the large scale theory of crime is outlined and likened to the paradigm used in the physical sciences. The first four assumptions of the theory are derived directly from the analysis of chapter 2 and the remaining two deal with the apparent rise in crime during teenage years. Support for the assumptions is found in unrelated behavioural research and cautioning and conviction data from the PNC. A mathematical model of the rise in crime is proposed and combined with the “risk” and “rate” models of chapter 2. The Age – Crime model is derived and shown to fit quarterly age - conviction data from the (1953 and 1958) cohort and the1997 sentencing samples. The theory is used to estimate the active prolific offender population size.
Criminal Careers of Serious, Less Serious, and Trivial Offenders
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The theory is applied to subsets of offenders based on the seriousness of their offending. Offenders with custody at their first conviction are found to be a random sample (4.5%) of all OI offenders, and 11.5% of offenders with at least one custodial sentence (defined as serious offenders). The serious offenders are shown to fall into just two categories leading to a simplified gamma distribution based model which is shown to fit age/custody profiles up to the seventh incarceration. An analysis of offence type specialisation indicates that offenders tend be versatile rather than specialised and that the variety of offence types increases in proportion to the logarithm of the career offence count. Trivial offenders, those committing non-standard-list summary offences, are shown to comprise only one category. A simple model for the age conviction profile is derived and, the population size, recidivism and frequency parameter values for trivial offenders are estimated.
Characteristics of Individuals
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Analysis of data from the Offender Assessment System (OASys) database and the Police National Computer is used to demonstrate a link between psychological-assessment scores and the risk/rate categories of the theory proposed in this book. Two analyses are presented: the first of 1600 male offenders from the OASys pilot study; and the second using data from 154,000 offenders from the operational database. Using the psychological data from OASys the majority (65%) of high risk category offenders were identified using a simple dichotomy on total score. A principal component analysis improved this figure to 90%. Using the OASys data to identify the risk categories, together with conviction data from the PNC, the number of offenders reconvicted within 15 months of conviction in April 2004 was predicted to within 1%.
Mapping Faith on the Avenue
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces Germantown Avenue, a historic street which cuts through Philadelphia, from the most affluent to the most impoverished neighborhoods. There are about 85 congregations on the Avenue representing historic Protestant churches, mosques, “mega churches,” storefront churches (Latino and African American), Peace churches and unique syncretist faiths. The diversity is captured through narrative and photography. The research presented in the book analyses the agency of these religious communities in their urban ecologies, or contexts.