bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How big is a self‐poured glass of wine for Australian drinkers?
Authors: Callinan Sarah 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo investigate the average self‐reported size of a self‐poured glass of wine for Australians aged 16 and over.Design and MethodsCross‐sectional survey data were taken from the first wave of the Australian arm of the International Alcohol Control study administered to 2020 Australians aged 16 and over with an oversampling of heavy drinkers. Respondents were asked about their usual consumption in eight locations, with specific questions asked about drink type and how much they consumed. The 639 respondents who stated that they drank bottled wine purchased at off‐licensed premises by the glass were asked ‘How many glasses do you get to a bottle?’ResultsOn average, small, generic‐sized and large glasses were 144, 156 and 166 mL respectively, with an average glass size of 154 mL overall.Discussion and ConclusionsWine drinkers may be underestimating their own consumption due to large glass sizes, and survey data estimates of wine consumption should also be adjusted to account for glass size. The way a standard drink of wine is presented in health promotion materials should also be considered in light of these findings. [Callinan S. How big is a self‐poured glass of wine for Australian drinkers? Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:207–10]
CYP2D6 genotyping in paediatric patients with autism treated with risperidone: a preliminary cohort study
Authors: Youngster Ilan , Zachor Ditza A , Gabis Lidia V , Bar‐Chaim Adina , Benveniste‐Levkovitz Patricia , Britzi Malka , Soback Stefan , Ziv‐Baran Tomer , Berkovitch Matitiahu 
Published: May 2014

AimTo evaluate the association between cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotypes in paediatric patients with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) treated with risperidone, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and drug efficacy.MethodAn observational cohort study of 40 children (34 males, six females; median age 7y range 3–18y) with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, or Asperger syndrome diagnosed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised and treated with risperidone for at least 3 months. Charts were reviewed for demographic and clinical information, response to treatment was assessed by parents and the treating neurologist on a three‐point scale, and information about ADRs was collected. Trough plasma levels of risperidone and its metabolites were determined and CYP2D6 genotyping was performed.ResultsTwenty‐six patients responded to therapy and 11 patients exhibited ADRs. CYP2D6 genotyping showed two patients to be poor metabolizers, two ultra‐rapid metabolizers, seven intermediate metabolizers, and 29 extensive metabolizers. Both ultra‐rapid metabolizer patients were non‐responders and had no ADRs. In contrast, both poor metabolizer patients were responders but experienced ADRs. No correlation was found between risperidone dosage and either risperidone or drug metabolite plasma levels. There was no difference in risperidone or metabolite plasma levels when comparing responders to non‐responders, or when comparing patients with or without ADRs.InterpretationIn patients with ASD treated with risperidone, a CYP2D6 phenotype may be associated with response to treatment and development of ADRs.
Apoptosis induced by Aβ25–35 peptide is Ca2+‐IP3 signaling‐dependent in murine astrocytes
Authors: Oseki K. T. , Monteforte P. T. , Pereira G. J. S. , Hirata H. , Ureshino R. P. , Bincoletto C. , Hsu Y.‐T. , Smaili S. S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough the accumulation of the neurotoxic peptide β‐amyloid (Aβ) in the central nervous system is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, whether Aβ acts in astrocytes is unclear, and downstream functional consequences have yet to be defined. Here, we show that cytosolic Ca2+ dysregulation, induced by a neurotoxic fragment (Aβ25–35), caused apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner, leading to cytoplasmic Ca2+ mobilization from extra‐ and intracellular sources, mainly from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via IP3 receptor activation. This mechanism was related to Aβ‐mediated apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway because the expression of pro‐apoptotic Bax was accompanied by its translocation in cells transfected with GFP‐Bax. Aβ‐mediated apoptosis was reduced by BAPTA‐AM, a fast Ca2+ chelator, indicating that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ was involved in cell death. Interestingly, the Bax translocation was dependent on Ca2+ mobilization from IP3 receptors because pre‐incubation with xestospongin C, a selective IP3 receptor inhibitor, abolished this response. Taken together, these results provide evidence that Aβ dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis induces ER depletion of Ca2+ stores and leads to apoptosis; this mechanism plays a significant role in Aβ apoptotic cell death and might be a new target for neurodegeneration treatments.
Comparative analysis of orientation maps in areas 17 and 18 of the cat primary visual cortex following adaptation
Authors: Cattan Sarah , Bachatene Lyes , Bharmauria Vishal , Jeyabalaratnam Jeyadarshan , Milleret Chantal , Molotchnikoff Stéphane 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObject orientations in the visual field are columned into specific orientation domains in the primary visual cortex [area 17 (A17) and area 18 (A18)] of cats. At the single‐cell level, adapting A17 neurons to a non‐preferred orientation (adaptor) shifts their preferred orientation either towards the adaptor (attractive shift) or away from it (repulsive shift). As A17 and A18 are reciprocally connected, we sought to determine how changes in preferred orientations in A18 neurons are correlated with changes recorded in A17 anesthetised cats. To this end, we simultaneously traced populations of neurons in A17 and A18, using intrinsic optical imaging, before and after long (12 min) and short (3 min) adaptations. The comparison of A17 and A18 maps pre‐adaptation and post‐adaptation showed that variance in shift amplitudes is greater in A18 than A17 for short adaptations. Our results indicate a rapid reconfiguration of functional maps that may spread to many cortical areas.
The Drosophila Kctd‐family homologue Kctd12‐like modulates male aggression and mating behaviour
Authors: Williams Michael J. , Goergen Philip , Phad Ganesh , Fredriksson Robert , Schiöth Helgi B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn Drosophila, serotonin (5‐HT) regulates aggression, mating behaviour and sleep/wake behaviour through different receptors. Currently, how these various receptors are themselves regulated is still not completely understood. The KCTD12‐family of proteins, which have been shown to modify G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling in mammals, are one possibility of auxiliary proteins modulating 5‐HT receptor signalling. The KCTD12‐family was found to be remarkably conserved and present in species from C. elegans to humans. The Drosophila KCTD12 homologue Kctd12‐like (Ktl) was highly expressed in both the larval and adult CNS. By performing behavioural assays in male Drosophila, we now reveal that Ktl is required for proper male aggression and mating behaviour. Previously, it was shown that Ktl is in a complex with the Drosophila 5‐HT receptor 5‐HT7, and we observed that both Ktl and the 5‐HT1A receptor are required in insulin‐producing cells (IPCs) for proper adult male behaviour, as well as for hyperaggressive activity induced by the mammalian 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐dipropylaminotetralin‐hydrobromide. Finally, we show that Ktl expression in the IPCs is necessary to regulate locomotion and normal sleep/wake patterns in Drosophila, but not the 5‐HT1A receptor. Similar to what was observed with mammalian KCTD12‐family members that interact physically with a GPCR receptor to regulate desensitization, in Drosophila Ktl may function in GPCR 5‐HT receptor pathways to regulate their signalling, which is required for proper adult male behaviour.
Cholinergic excitation in mouse primary vs. associative cortex: region‐specific magnitude and receptor balance
Authors: Tian Michael K. , Bailey Craig D. C. , Lambe Evelyn K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCholinergic stimulation of the cerebral cortex is essential for tasks requiring attention; however, there is still some debate over which cortical regions are required for such tasks. There is extensive cholinergic innervation of both primary and associative cortices, and transient release of acetylcholine (ACh) is detected in deep layers of the relevant primary and/or associative cortex, depending on the nature of the attention task. Here, we investigated the electrophysiological effects of ACh in layer VI, the deepest layer, of the primary somatosensory cortex, the primary motor cortex, and the associative medial prefrontal cortex. Layer VI pyramidal neurons are a major source of top‐down modulation of attention, and we found that the strength and homogeneity of their direct cholinergic excitation was region‐specific. On average, neurons in the primary cortical regions showed weaker responses to ACh, mediated by a balance of contributions from both nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors. Conversely, neurons in the associative medial prefrontal cortex showed significantly stronger excitation by ACh, mediated predominantly by nicotinic receptors. The greatest diversity of responses to ACh was found in the primary somatosensory cortex, with only a subset of neurons showing nicotinic excitation. In a mouse model with attention deficits only under demanding conditions, cholinergic excitation was preserved in primary cortical regions but not in the associative medial prefrontal cortex. These findings demonstrate that the effect of ACh is not uniform throughout the cortex, and suggest that its ability to enhance attention performance may involve different cellular mechanisms across cortical regions.
Late Pleistocene ‐ Holocene palaeosols in the north of Sonora, Mexico: chronostratigraphy, pedogenesis and implications for environmental history
Authors: Cruz‐y‐Cruz T. , Sedov S. , Sánchez G. , Pi‐Puig T. , Pustovoytov K. , Barceinas‐Cruz H. , Ortega‐Guerrero B. , Solleiro‐Rebolledo E. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryRed palaeosols of the late Pleistocene‐early Holocene, both buried and non‐buried, were studied recently in Sonora (NW Mexico) to reconstruct their pedogenesis as well as the palaeoenvironmental conditions. The alluvial palaeosol‐sedimentary sequence of the La Playa archaeological site is a key locality for the buried San Rafael palaeosol, which exhibits a 2Ah‐2Bw‐2BCk‐3Bgk profile and was defined as a Chromic Cambisol. Radiocarbon dates from pedogenic carbonates and charcoal set the soil formation interval between > 18 000 and 4300 calibrated years before present (cal. year BP). Micro‐morphological observations together with profile distribution of clay, carbonates, organic carbon, pedogenic iron oxides and rock magnetic properties indicated a strong eluvial‐illuvial redistribution of carbonates, moderate silicate weathering and gleying in the lower horizon. Although this soil was much more developed than the overlying syn‐sedimentary late Holocene Fluvisols, clay mineral composition and stable carbon isotope signatures of humus and carbonates were similar in both soils. We suggest that pedogenesis of the San Rafael palaeosol took place under a slightly more humid climate and relative geomorphic stability. This agrees with the regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, which indicates a moister climate during the Late Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). An abrupt termination of the San Rafael pedogenesis marked by disturbance and aridization features in the Ap horizon of the palaeosol could be linked to a global drought around 4200 years cal. year BP. Surface Chromic Cambisols in northern Sonora show similar pedogenetic characteristics to the buried red palaeosols of La Playa. They appear to be a relict component of the present day soil mantle.
Soil phosphorus retention in a Mediterranean pasture subjected to differential management
Authors: Serrano J. M. , Shahidian S. , Marques da silva J. R. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe objective of this study was to test a simple input‐output model to estimate soil phosphorus (P) retention over 12 years in a Mediterranean pasture. A 6‐ha permanent pasture field in Southern Portugal was subjected to different management systems in terms of grazing and fertilizer application. The soil and pasture were monitored and samples were geo‐referenced with RTK GPS. The model was developed to explain the effect of P fertilizer, based on the premise that P added through fertilizer and amounts removed in harvested plant products are the main fluxes affecting available P status, and was used to estimate the soil P retention. The results show that P fertilizer addition to Mediterranean grazed pastures on shallow soils influences several P dynamics under different grassland management systems. A positive linear relationship between the P budgets and the changes in measured P was demonstrated over the study periods. This work highlights the difficulty associated with the creation of recommendation maps for differentiated P fertilizer application in pastoral systems and indicates that before any accurate decision making, the historic knowledge of changes in the concentrations of P in the soil should be considered, as well as a prediction of the residual effects of applied nutrient. The importance of this knowledge increases when the aim is to use techniques and technologies for variable‐rate fertilizer application and implementation of site‐specific management strategies in the context of precision agriculture.
Role of allophanes in the accumulation of glomalin‐related soil protein in tropical soils (Martinique, French West Indies)
Authors: Woignier T. , Etcheverria P. , Borie F. , Quiquampoix H. , Staunton S. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThermo‐stable, operationally defined soil protein, known as glomalin, may make an important contribution to carbon storage in soils. The term glomalin is used because this putative protein, or group of proteins, was originally thought to be produced only by Glomus fungi. There is currently little information on the glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) content of tropical soils, particularly allophanic soils that are known to have different carbon dynamics to temperate climate soils. We have measured the Bradford‐reactive GRSP content of soils sampled from forests and grasslands on the tropical island of Martinique and compared the observations with soil composition. Two operationally defined fractions of GRSP were measured, namely easily‐extractable and total GRSP. The contents of GRSP in moist soils were in the range of 2–36 g kg−1, accounting for about 8% of soil organic carbon, and were greater in topsoils than in corresponding subsoils. Both the GRSP contents and the fraction of soil organic carbon attributed to GRSP were greater than those reported for temperate climate soils. Both total and easily extractable GRSP contents were positively correlated to soil organic carbon content. The fraction of soil organic carbon that could be attributed to soil protein decreased with increasing allophane content for allophanic soils. No other trends of GRSP content with soil properties or land use were found. GRSP extraction was decreased about seven‐fold by air‐drying of soils, confirming the irreversible change in the soil microstructure of allophanic soils. Total and easily extractable GRSP were correlated and we conclude that both are good probes of thermo‐stable soil protein content for these soils. No attempt was made to verify the fungal origin of the protein detected.
Individual Signature in a Lekking Species: Visual and Acoustic Courtship Parameters May Help Discriminating Conspecifics in the Houbara Bustard
Authors: Cornec Clément , Hingrat Yves , Rybak Fanny 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSelection pressures acting on both intrasexual competition and intersexual relationships may lead to the emphasis of individual variation and might thus lead to the expression of individual signature. This is particularly true in lek mating systems, where providing information on identity and/or quality to potential mates or congeners of the same sex can be essential for individuals to optimize their reproductive success. Visual and acoustic signals produced during the courtship of the lekking North African Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata), based on field data from wild birds, are investigated here for the first time. Results show that the vocal signals, called booms, are characterized by a very low frequency, a rare phenomenon in birds which should allow booms to propagate over long distances. Results also show that both visual and acoustic signals are individualized and stereotyped between males. Using three methods of analysis, we highlight the acoustic parameters likely to support vocal individual signature and show that such information mainly relies on frequency parameters.
Helicobacter pylori Dwelling on the Apical Surface of Gastrointestinal Epithelium Damages the Mucosal Barrier Through Direct Contact
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zhang Hongyu , Yu Lu , Cao Yi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundEpithelial junctions and mucins compose a major portion of the mucosal barrier. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections induce alterations of the tight junctions and adherens junctions in epithelial cells, although the precise mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood.MethodsThe expression of adhesion molecules and MUC1 was systematically investigated in gastrointestinal epithelial cells infected with H. pylori in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we developed several new in vitro methods to study the relationships between the bacterium and the dysfunction of tight junctions using Boyden Chambers.ResultsThe expression of a series of junctional molecules and MUC1 decreased in the cultured cells that were infected with H. pylori. According to the degree of damage at the tight junctions, direct contact of H. pylori with the apical membrane of the cells resulted in the greatest increase in permeability compared to basal membrane binding or non‐binding of H. pylori to the cells. Similarly, we noted that H. pylori infection could reduce the expression and glycosylation of MUC1.ConclusionsHelicobacter pylori dwelling on the apical surface of the gastrointestinal epithelium could directly induce serious injury of the mucosal barrier, and the new methods outlined here, based on the Boyden Chamber system, could be very useful for studying the relationships between bacteria and their target cells.
Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist correlates with hepatic venous pressure gradient and predicts occurrence of overall complications and bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Hsieh Yun‐Cheng , Lee Kuei‐Chuan , Yang Ying‐Ying , Huo Teh‐Ia , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Lin Han‐Chieh 
Published: May 2014

AimThe plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) are increased in cirrhotic patients. We aimed to investigate whether these cytokines correlate with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), the severity of liver cirrhosis and complications of cirrhosis.MethodsSixty‐three cirrhotic patients that underwent hemodynamic studies in Taipei Veterans General hospital were enrolled retrospectively. Plasma levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1Ra and endotoxin were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma obtained from 11 healthy subjects served as normal controls.ResultsPlasma levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra were increased in cirrhotic patients compared with controls. IL‐1Ra levels significantly correlated with plasma endotoxin levels, Child–Pugh scores, Model of End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores and HVPG. On multivariate analysis, higher IL‐1Ra levels (≥760 pg/mL) predicted the occurrence of portal hypertension‐related complications and the development of bacterial infections independently of the MELD scores and portal pressure. Furthermore, higher IL‐1Ra levels also predicted the survival in patients without hepatocellular carcinoma.ConclusionThe plasma IL‐1Ra level correlates with HVPG. Additionally, it may predict the occurrence of portal hypertension‐related complications and bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients and the survival in patients without hepatocellular carcinoma.
Variceal hemorrhage: Analysis of 9987 cases from a Japanese nationwide database
Authors: Sato Masaya , Tateishi Ryosuke , Yasunaga Hideo , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Yoshida Haruhiko , Fushimi Kiyohide , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2014

AimGastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage is an important complication of cirrhosis. We investigated the in‐hospital mortality and its risk factors after variceal hemorrhage in a large sample population, using a nationwide Japanese database.MethodsData on the patients with variceal hemorrhage were collected for a total of 39 months from a nationwide administrative database covering approximately 1000 hospitals in Japan. The risk factors for fatal outcome after variceal hemorrhage were analyzed with receiver–operator curves (ROC) and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Comorbidities were assessed with the Charlson Comorbidity Index.ResultsWe identified 9987 patients with variceal hemorrhage from a total of 20.3 million inpatients in the database. The median age was 63 years and 68.8% were male. The overall in‐hospital mortality was 16.8% (1676 cases). In univariate analysis, Child–Pugh class was the strongest predictor; the area under the ROC of Child–Pugh score for predicting in‐hospital mortality was 0.802. In multivariate analysis, increased in‐hospital mortality was significantly associated with male sex (vs female: odds ratio [OR] = 1.19, P = 0.01), older age, Child–Pugh class B or C (B vs A: OR = 2.80, P < 0.001; C vs A: OR = 20.1, P < 0.001) and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (≥6 vs ≤5; OR = 1.29, P < 0.001).ConclusionIn spite of recent advances in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage, the in‐hospital mortality remained as high as 16%. Poor liver function was the most important predictor, suggesting that liver failure after variceal hemorrhage might have been the cause of death.
Social investment, social service and the economic performance of welfare states
Authors: Ahn Sang‐Hoon , Kim Soo‐Wan 
Published: May 2014

This article begins with an examination of the role of social services as the key instrument of social investment strategy, presenting an empirical analysis of its impact on economic performance. A pooled time series, cross‐section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 welfare states from 1990 to 2007 under the ‘social investment hypothesis’ that more social service orientedness brings about a greater positive effect on the economy. The results show that a larger share of social service spending in the total social expenditure – more social service orientedness – contributes to economic growth and labour market performance, whereas a larger aggregate size of the welfare state may have a negative effect on employment. In conclusion, this study suggests that the relatively ambiguous welfare strategy of social investment could be clarified as a ‘transition from income security to livelihood security’ in which emphasis is placed on social service.Key Practitioner Message: ● This study suggests that the key instrument of social investment strategy is social service; ● The results show that more social service orientedness contributes to economic growth and labour market performance.