bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health outcomes and quality of life of residents of shared‐housing arrangements compared to residents of special care units – results of the Berlin DeWeGE‐study
Authors: Wolf‐Ostermann Karin , Worch Andreas , Fischer Thomas , Wulff Ines , Gräske Johannes 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectivesTo compare different health outcomes as well as quality of life (QoL) between people with dementia living in shared‐housing arrangements (SHA) and special care units (SCU) in nursing homes.BackgroundOften situated in large apartments in mostly urban settings, SHA are a specific German kind of small‐scale living facilities for older care‐dependent persons, predominantly suffering from dementia. SHA are completely disconnected from traditional nursing homes.DesignIn a longitudinal design, all new residents of SHA and SCU suffering with dementia in Berlin were surveyed for one year. They were assessed when they moved into the SHA or SCU and again 6 and 12 months later.MethodsWe surveyed physical and psychological health outcomes including ADL‐functioning (Barthel), neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (NPI) and challenging behaviour (Cohen‐Mansfield agitation inventory) as well as QoL (Qualidem).ResultsFifty‐six persons (43 women, 13 men) were recruited into the longitudinal study. The average age was 82·5 years at admission, participants mostly had a moderate level of cognitive impairment (mean Mini Mental State Examination = 13·3), prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was high. During the one‐year follow‐up, analyses show a significant decrease in cognitive abilities but also of neuropsychiatric symptoms in both groups. In SHA, QoL increases on average during the one‐year study period.ConclusionsBoth types of facilities attract slightly different populations according to our data. Comparison of SHA residents to SCU residents documented no significant beneficial effects of settings in terms of health outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceAs no clear advantage of either SHA or SCU in nursing homes can be demonstrated for residents with dementia who move in newly, it is impossible to give a clear evidence‐based recommendation and the decision for one setting or the other can be made according solely to personal preference of the resident.
Microstratigraphy of a Miocene layered phosphatic pebble from the western margin of South Africa
Authors: Wigley Rochelle A. , Compton John S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDetailed microstratigraphy and geochemistry of a single‐layered phosphatic pebble from the Southern Rocky Plateau at the Head of the Cape Canyon on the western margin of South Africa are utilized to reveal a complex interplay between deposition, erosion and authigenesis in the Miocene. The phosphatic pebble has three micrite and carbonate fluorapatite cemented layers separated by Fe‐rich hardground surfaces. The layers contain a diverse grain assemblage of reworked glauconite, phosphorite, detrital quartz and biogenic carbonate. Overlapping Sr‐isotope derived ages of point‐drilled samples from the three layers range from 19·1 to 17·6 Ma, although a single point near the outer edge of the uppermost layer has a Sr age of 12·8 to 10·4 Ma, and a reworked bivalve shell fragment from the middle layer has a Sr age of 26·3 to 24·6 Ma. The microstratigraphy of the phosphatic pebble provides evidence of multiple Baturin cycles, where periods of deposition and carbonate fluorapatite authigenesis are followed by reworking, erosion and precipitation of iron oxide hardground surfaces. The condensed microstratigraphy of the pebble is consistent with the regional depositional history of the area and indicates significant fluctuations in the depositional environment related to changes in sea‐level, sediment supply and upwelling along the western margin of southern Africa during the early to middle Miocene.
Quantitative analysis of the geometry of submarine external levées
Authors: Nakajima Takeshi , Kneller Benjamin C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe shape of submarine external channel levées has been assessed in a variety of systems, over a range of slope gradients, measuring both their thickness decay away from the parent channel and also the maximum gradient on the back‐slope of the levée. The mathematical description of the shapes of the levées has been based on normalized data, using as characteristic length scales the distance from channel axis to the levée crest and the thickness of the entire levée (or levée package) at the levée crest. The variation in levée thickness perpendicular to the channel shows a clear pattern of power‐law decay on steeper slopes (generally > 0·6°) and either exponential or logarithmic decay on gentler slopes. The levée shape is sensitive to local variations in slope and may change over only a few hundreds of metres in the flow direction. The threshold gradient between these two styles shows some variation and may be dependent on grain size. The maximum gradient on the back‐slope of the levée shows a weak correlation with slope gradient, which varies from one system to another; this may also be a function of grain size. The variations in behaviour can be explained, in part, by differing rates of entrainment of ambient sea water into the currents as they flow over the levées, these rates being dependent upon the slope. Negligible entrainment on low gradients helps to explain the tendency to wider levées on low‐gradient basin floors, as well as the persistence of channelized flows on low gradients, with little dissipation over extreme distances.
Infant feeding and the development of food allergies and atopic eczema: An update
Authors: Gamboni Sarah E , Allen Katrina J , Nixon Rosemary L 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness of food allergies in the community. Dermatologists frequently see patients with atopic eczema, where parents are extremely concerned about the role of food allergy. Advice given to parents regarding the timing of introduction of solid foods has changed markedly over the past decade. Whereas previous advice advocated delaying the introduction of solid foods until the infant's gastrointestinal system had matured, recent studies suggest that the introduction of solids from around 4 to 6 months may actually prevent the development of allergies. Studies on maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy and lactation have led researchers to believe that antigen avoidance does not play a significant role in the prevention of atopic disease. Breastfeeding exclusively for 4 to 6 months has multiple benefits for mother and child, however, it does not convincingly prevent food allergies or decrease atopic eczema. New evidence suggests that the use of hydrolysed formulas does not delay or prevent atopic eczema or food allergy. This article aims to highlight current evidence and provide an update for dermatologists on the role of food exposure in the development of atopic disease, namely atopic eczema.
Evaluation of magnifying endoscopy using narrow band imaging using ex vivo bile duct (with video)
Authors: Ishida Yusuke , Okabe Yoshinobu , Kaji Ryohei , Yasumoto Makiko , Sasaki Yu , Ushijima Tomoyuki , Sugiyama Gen , Kitasato Yuhei , Horiuchi Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Hisafumi , Tsuruta Osamu , Sata Michio 
Published: October 2012

Background and AimDetailed endoscopic findings of the bile duct mucosa, even of the non‐neoplastic mucosa, have not yet been established. The aim of the present study was to compare a currently used video cholangioscope (CCS) with a magnifying endoscope (ME) that is commonly used for the gastrointestinal tract, for visualization of the bile duct mucosa.MethodsTen freshly resected common bile ducts were used in this study. We observed the non‐neoplastic bile duct mucosa with CCS and ME, and carried out both conventional white light imaging and narrow band imaging. After histological diagnosis, the 10 specimens were classified into three categories according to the degree of histological inflammation: normal to mild, moderate, and severe. Then, we examined the relationship between the magnifying endoscopic findings and the histopathological findings.ResultsIn eight of the 10 cases, the visualization obtained with CCS was inferior to that obtained by ME. Five specimens were classified as normal to mild inflammation, and many oval‐shaped, depressed areas and a fine, regular network of the microvessels were observed by ME on the mucosal surfaces of these specimens. The remaining specimens were classified as moderate or severe inflammation, and the aforementioned findings could not be clearly visualized.ConclusionCCS does not allow visualization of the bile duct mucosa with high sensitivity. Oval‐shaped depressed areas and a fine, regular network of microvessels are characteristic endoscopic features of non‐neoplastic bile duct mucosa without inflammation.
Big Society as Big Government: Cameron's Governmentality Agenda
Authors: Bulley Dan , Sokhi-Bulley Bal 
Published: October 2012

Research Highlights and Abstract The article seeks to make a contribution in the following areas: Demonstrate that the ‘Big Society’ agenda, while based on a dichotomy with ‘Big Government’, in fact produces a diffusion of bigger, better government throughout British society. Illustrate that despite claims of the Big Society being a matter of empowerment, its diverse tactics and techniques of what Foucault calls ‘governmentality’, or the ‘conduct of conduct’, shows the opposite: management and control. Outline the logic of the Big Society and how it has played out in two important policies of the Coalition Government: National Citizen Service and Community Resilience. Suggest that while the ‘Big Society’ targets widespread behavioural change, the ultimate aim is to produce a population of efficient, responsible, productive and self-governing individuals and communities. Cameron's flagship policy of the ‘Big Society’ rests on a society/government dichotomy, diagnosing a ‘broken society’ caused by ‘big government’ having assumed the role communities once played. The remedy is greater social responsibility and the ‘Big Society’. This article argues that the dichotomy is deceptive. We aim to show that the Big Society is big government, as it employs techniques for managing the conduct of individuals and communities such that the mentality of government, far from being removed or reduced, is bettered and made more efficient. To illustrate this, we explore two major initiatives: the National Citizen Service and the Community Resilience programme. These projects demonstrate how practices of informing and guiding the conduct of individuals both produce agents and normalise certain values, resulting in the population being better known and controlled. Thus, far from lessening government and empowering people, the Big Society extends governmentality throughout the social body.
Social Mobility, Regression to the Mean and the Cognitive Development of High Ability Children from Disadvantaged Homes
Authors: Jerrim John , Vignoles Anna 
Published: October 2012

SummaryA gap in cognitive skill between richer and poorer children is evident from a very early age. Some studies have also suggested that highly able children from disadvantaged homes are overtaken by their rich but less able peers before the age of 10 years, in terms of their cognitive skill. This finding has become a widely cited ‘fact’ within the academic literature and has had a major influence on public policy and political debate. We show that this finding is vulnerable to a spurious statistical artefact known as regression to the mean and we propose the application of an alternative methodology to address this problem. After applying some simple adjustments for regression to the mean to data from the Millennium Cohort Study, we no longer find convincing evidence that able but disadvantaged pupils fall behind their more advantaged but less able peers.
Beyond Rio: Sustainable energy scenarios for the 21st century
Authors: McCollum David L. , Krey Volker , Riahi Keywan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractReaching the economic, environmental and sustainability objectives of all societies requires overcoming several major energy challenges; it necessitates rapid progress in multiple areas. The scenario pathways presented in this paper describe transformative changes toward these goals, taking a broad view of the four main energy challenges faced by society in the 21st century: providing universal access to modern energy for all; reducing the impacts of energy production on human health and the environment; avoiding dangerous climate change; and enhancing energy security. The overarching objective of the paper is to provide policy guidance on how to facilitate the transformation of the energy system to achieve these multiple energy objectives. Particular focus is given to the required pace of the transformation at both the global and regional levels, and to the types of financial and policy measures that will be needed to ensure a successful transition. Synergies and trade‐offs between the objectives are identified, and co‐benefits quantified. The paper makes an important contribution to the scenario literature by approaching the global transition toward sustainable development in a more integrated, holistic manner than is common in other studies.
Nursing protocol violations: detect, correct and communicate
Authors: te Beest Harma , van der Starre Cynthia , Tibboel Dick , van Dijk Monique 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives: The Critical Nursing Situation Index (CNSI) is a checklist to detect nursing protocol violations. The objectives of this study were to determine incidences and severities of nursing protocol violations and to check whether corrective actions were taken.Design: Prospective observational audit.Methods: This study was performed in the Intensive Care Unit of the Erasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.The CNSI was applied in the period February 2009 to February 2010 by 14 purpose‐trained nurses whose interrater reliability had proved sufficient. The checklist addressed nine domains of nursing care: Basic care, Circulation, Respiration, Digestive tract, Infection, Invasive catheters, Medication, ECMO and Central nervous system. The trained nurses also recorded whether violations were discussed with the bedside nurse, whether they could be corrected; and whether they were justifiable. Protocol violations are justifiable when protocol adherence carries greater risk of harm to the patient.Results: Protocol violations were identified for 987 of 8107 items (12·2%) checked in 238 observations in 126 patients. The percentage of protocol violations varied from 5% in the Medication domain to 26% in the Digestive tract domain. More than fifty percent (53·4%) of all protocol violations were corrected in the same shift; 22·3% of all protocol violations proved justifiable, however, these were rarely documented (6·4% of cases). Nurses' classification of the severity of the protocol violations was not reliable because linearly weighted kappa varied from 0 to 0·33.Conclusions: The CNSI is a useful tool to monitor and correct nursing protocol violations.Relevance to clinical practice: Timely identification and correction of protocol violations will reduce possible adverse events resulting from these violations. Furthermore, this study made us aware that protocol violations may be justifiable in clinical practice provided they are well documented.
Land Development in and around Protected Areas at the Wilderness Frontier
Authors: LEROUX SHAWN J. , KERR JEREMY T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProtected areas’ chief conservation objectives are to include species within their boundaries and protect them from negative external pressures. Many protected areas are not achieving these goals, perhaps in part due to land development inside and outside protected areas. We conducted spatial analyses to evaluate the ability of Canadian protected areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land development. We investigated correlations of national patterns of land development in and around protected areas and then examined national patterns of roads, urban area, and croplands in protected areas. We calculated the amount of developed land in protected areas and within 25–100 km of protected‐area borders, the density of roads, and extent of urban and cropland area in protected areas. We constructed logistic‐regression models to test whether development in a protected area was associated with landscape and protected‐area characteristics. Land development was far less extensive inside than outside protected areas. However, several protected areas, particularly small southern areas near small urban centers had substantial development inside their boundaries, and nearly half of protected areas had roads. The cumulative extent of development within 50 km of protected areas was the best predictor of the probability of land development in protected areas. Canadian First Nations, industries, government, and nongovernmental organizations are currently planning an unprecedented number of new protected areas. Careful management of areas beyond protected‐area boundaries may prove critical to meeting their long‐term conservation objectives.Desarrollo de Tierras Dentro y Alrededor de Áreas Protegidas en la Frontera Silvestre
Employee Misuse of Information Technology Resources: Testing a Contemporary Deterrence Model
Authors: D'Arcy John , Devaraj Sarv 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTRecent research in information systems and operations management has considered the positive impacts of information technology (IT). However, an undesirable side effect of firms’ increasing reliance on IT to support the distribution and delivery of goods and services to customers is a greater exposure to a diverse set of IT security risks. One such risk is intentional employee misuse of technology resources. In this article, we draw upon modern deterrence frameworks to develop a predictive model of technology misuse intention that incorporates formal and informal sanctions as well as employment context factors. The model specifies previously untested relationships between formal and informal sanctions, thereby providing fresh insight into the role of sanctions in deterring technology misuse in organizations. Our results suggest that a predisposition toward the need for social approval and moral beliefs regarding the behavior are key determinants of technology misuse. Contrary to criminological research that has questioned the relative importance of formal sanctions in the deterrence process, we also found that the threat of formal sanctions has both direct and indirect influences on technology misuse intention. Further, from an employment context standpoint, employees who spend more working days away from the office (i.e., “virtual” mode) appear more inclined to misuse their organization's technology resources. The findings have implications for the research and practice of technology management.
An Empirical Analysis of Virtual Goods Permission Rights and Pricing Strategies
Authors: Ke Dan , Ba Sulin , Stallaert Jan , Zhang Zhongju 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of the virtual world industry in the past few years, trading of virtual goods and services has grown significantly. Virtual goods creators can set different permissions to their creations, such as the length of usage, the ability to copy or modify a virtual good, or the ability to give the good to others. The permissions of virtual goods endow their creators with additional power to control the allocation and exchange of virtual goods in a virtual world. We examine how the unique virtual goods permission settings (copy, modify, and transfer) and other factors are associated with virtual goods prices. Using data from a Second Life marketplace, we find that permissions of virtual goods are not random, as creators strategically set the permissions for their virtual creations. Our results show that the copy and transfer permissions are significant factors associated with virtual goods prices. The impact of other factors on virtual goods prices is analyzed and managerial implications are discussed.
The Dialogical Model: Developing Academic Knowledge for and from Practice
Authors: Avenier Marie Jose , Cajaiba Aura Parmentier 
Published: October 2012

In accordance with EMR's will to promote the diffusion of research findings to practice, we propose a methodological framework for developing and communicating academic knowledge relevant for practice: the dialogical model. This model of engaged scholarship comprises five activities: specifying a research question, elaborating local knowledge, developing conceptual knowledge, communicating knowledge, and activating knowledge.The current paper focuses on the early stage of research question design and presents the epistemological framework in which the model was initially developed. It also offers guidance on how to maintain academic value and practical relevance in tension throughout the research process. Examples illustrate how to construct research questions relevant both for academia and practice, and how to justify validity in pragmatic constructivism. This model can likewise be mobilized in other epistemological frameworks, particularly for knowledge generation purposes. It enriches the researchers’ methodological toolbox by adding a new procedural tool that provides valuable guidelines from the very start of research projects.
Prescription of Testosterone-Lowering Medications for Sex Offender Treatment in German Forensic-Psychiatric Institutions
Authors: Turner Daniel , Basdekis-Jozsa Raphaela , Briken Peer 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Different clinical guidelines suggest using testosterone-lowering medications (TLM) in sex offender treatment in addition to psychotherapy. Within Germany, there are two officially approved agents. So far, no current data exist about the routine use of TLM in a clinical context.

Aim
The present observational study evaluates the frequency of the prescription of TLM and other medications in sex offender treatment in German forensic-psychiatric institutions. Experts are asked about the observed effects and side effects of TLM.

Method
The heads of all 69 German forensic-psychiatric hospitals and outpatient clinics were asked to fill out a questionnaire assessing offender characteristics and treatment methods in use.

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures were the number of patients being treated with TLM and other pharmacological agents for reducing sexual drive. Further effects and side effects of the agents were evaluated.

Results
Thirty-two participating institutions reported on 3,963 patients, 611 of them being sex offenders (15.4%). Most sex offenders had been convicted for child sexual abuse (39.8%) or a sexual assault/rape (37.6%). Almost all sex offenders were treated psychotherapeutically and 37% were receiving an additional pharmacological treatment. Of all the sex offenders, 15.7% were treated with TLM; 10.6% were treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; and 5.1% were treated with cyproterone acetate. Of these, 26.0–75.4% showed improvements in such outcomes as reduction of frequency and/or intensity of sexual thoughts. The remaining 21.3% of sex offenders who received a pharmacological agent were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (11.5%) or antipsychotic medications (9.8%).

Conclusions
TLM are a frequently used addition to psychotherapy in sex offenders. In light of the lack of controlled clinical trials and the many side effects, benefits and risks should always be thoroughly assessed.