bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern and future nuclear fuel cycles and the relationship with nuclear waste management
Authors: Hannum William H. 
Published: December 2013

Discussions of nuclear fuel cycles and nuclear waste typically focus on very long‐term radiological hazards and on concerns over proliferation of nuclear weapons. While there are technical solutions to address the radiological hazards for any of the various feasible fuel cycles, there are substantial practical differences that may influence both the cost and political acceptability of waste disposal options. Only full recycle reduces the actual long‐term hazard in a major way. Efficient use of the energy content of uranium will eventually require some form of recycle of used nuclear fuel, but with known recoverable uranium resources, this is not an urgent concern. Proliferation concerns differ among the various fuel cycles and each presents its own challenges, but ultimately, the differences in proliferation risks are more political than technical. At this point, the actual cost of any of the options for closing the fuel cycle is not adequately known to provide guidance. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:323–329. doi: 10.1002/wene.99This article is categorized under:

Nuclear Power > Science and Materials
Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E Mutation Among Unaffected Men with a Family History of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Handorf Elizabeth , Crumpler Nicole , Gross Laura , Giri Veda N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHOXB13 (G84E) was reported to significantly increase risk for prostate cancer. The goal of the current analysis was to assess the prevalence of G84E in ethnically‐diverse high‐risk men undergoing prostate cancer screening and place the carrier frequency within the context of prevalence estimates from reported studies to gain insight into the future role of this mutation in genetic counseling. PRAP is a prostate cancer screening program for unaffected men ages 35–69 with a family history of prostate cancer or African descent. HOXB13 G84E was genotyped by pyrosequencing in 649 PRAP participants with available DNA. Prevalence of the mutation was calculated for PRAP and for reported studies and exact binomial confidence intervals were generated. Prevalence of the G84E mutation in non‐African PRAP men was 0.73 %. When placed in context of the literature, this was higher than reported controls. One G84E mutation carrier was notably of Hispanic background. While the HOXB13 G84E mutation may be rare, there may be a future role in genetic testing for this mutation after further studies of clinical utility in assessing prostate cancer risk.
Design and experimental evaluation tests of a Takagi–Sugeno power system stabiliser
Authors: Nogueira Fabrício G. , Walter Barra , da Costa Carlos T. , de Moraes Anderson R. B. , Gomes Marcus C. M. , de Lana Janio J. 
Published: December 2013

In this study, the design, implementation and experimental evaluation tests of a Takagi–Sugeno power system stabiliser (TSPSS) controller is presented. The controller was designed in order to provide a good damping for dominant electromechanical oscillations in power systems for the set of allowed operating conditions. In the proposed TSPSS controller, such requirement was accomplished by implementing a supervision scheme which performs the adaptation of the TSPSS parameters at each sample time, according to the current detected plant operating condition. The TSPSS controller has been implemented as a microcontroller‐based embedded system and its performance was assessed by performing experimental tests in a laboratory scale (10 kVA) power system as well as in field tests performed in a large (350 MVA) generating unit, at Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant. The experimental results also show the good performance of the TSPSS to cope with varying plant operation condition.
Atomic force microscopy tip characteriser based on the fabrication of nanorod array structures
Authors: Chen Yuqin , Han Guoqiang , He Bingwei 
Published: December 2013

An atomic force microscopy (AFM) image is acquired by probe tip scanning on the surface of a sample. It is a distorted representation of the sample because of the finite size of the tip. To modify the distorted image and improve the measurement accuracy of the AFM image, it is important to estimate the tip shape. Tip estimation results mainly rely on the sample‐dimensional uncertainty and AFM image noise. More reliable data of tip morphology can be collected if there is a suitable tip characteriser to reduce the sample‐dimensional uncertainty and improve AFM image accuracy. A new tip characteriser for blind reconstruction of AFM tip morphology has been developed through the fabrication of gold nanorod array structures. Based on template synthesis, the gold film (surface roughness, 162.1 nm) was deposited on porous anodic alumina membrane by magnetron sputtering. The well‐ordered nanorod array structures (100–400 nm height, 60 nm diameter, ∼20 nm at apex and 80 nm pitch) were obtained. In combination with the blind reconstruction algorithm, the prepared nanostructures were used as the tip characteriser to estimate the morphology of the traditional AFM Si3N4 probe, which can effectively reduce the influence of the sample‐dimensional uncertainty and image noise on the result of the tip blind reconstruction.
Identification of truncated forms of U1 snRNA reveals a novel RNA degradation pathway during snRNP biogenesis
Authors: Ishikawa Hideaki , Nobe Yuko , Izumikawa Keiichi , Yoshikawa Harunori , Miyazawa Naoki , Terukina Goro , Kurokawa Natsuki , Taoka Masato , Yamauchi Yoshio , Nakayama Hiroshi , Isobe Toshiaki , Takahashi Nobuhiro 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) plays pivotal roles in pre-mRNA splicing and in regulating mRNA length and isoform expression; however, the mechanism of U1 snRNA quality control remains undetermined. Here, we describe a novel surveillance pathway for U1 snRNP biogenesis. Mass spectrometry-based RNA analysis showed that a small population of SMN complexes contains truncated forms of U1 snRNA (U1-tfs) lacking the Sm-binding site and stem loop 4 but containing a 7-monomethylguanosine 5′ cap and a methylated first adenosine base. U1-tfs form a unique SMN complex, are shunted to processing bodies and have a turnover rate faster than that of mature U1 snRNA. U1-tfs are formed partly from the transcripts of U1 genes and partly from those lacking the 3′ box elements or having defective SL4 coding regions. We propose that U1 snRNP biogenesis is under strict quality control: U1 transcripts are surveyed at the 3′-terminal region and U1-tfs are diverted from the normal U1 snRNP biogenesis pathway.
Real-time Detection of Gastric Insufflation Related to Facemask Pressure–controlled Ventilation Using Ultrasonography of the Antrum and Epigastric Auscultation in Nonparalyzed Patients
Authors: Bouvet Lionel , Albert Marie-Laure , Augris Caroline , Boselli Emmanuel , Ecochard René , Rabilloud Muriel , Chassard Dominique , Allaouchiche Bernard 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background:
The authors sought to determine the level of inspiratory pressure minimizing the risk of gastric insufflation while providing adequate pulmonary ventilation. The primary endpoint was the increase in incidence of gastric insufflation detected by ultrasonography of the antrum while inspiratory pressure for facemask pressure-controlled ventilation increased from 10 to 25 cm H2O.

Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, patients were allocated to one of the four groups (P10, P15, P20, and P25) defined by the inspiratory pressure applied during controlled-pressure ventilation: 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm H2O. Anesthesia was induced using propofol and remifentanil; no neuromuscular-blocking agent was administered. Once loss of eyelash reflex occurred, facemask ventilation was started for a 2-min period while gastric insufflation was detected by auscultation and by real-time ultrasonography of the antrum. The cross-sectional antral area was measured using ultrasonography before and after facemask ventilation. Respiratory parameters were recorded.

Results:
Sixty-seven patients were analyzed. The authors registered statistically significant increases in incidences of gastric insufflation with inspiratory pressure, from 0% (group P10) to 41% (group P25) according to auscultation, and from 19 to 59% according to ultrasonography. In groups P20 and P25, detection of gastric insufflation by ultrasonography was associated with a statistically significant increase in the antral area. Lung ventilation was insufficient for group P10.

Conclusion:
Inspiratory pressure of 15 cm H2O allowed for reduced occurrence of gastric insufflation with proper lung ventilation during induction of anesthesia with remifentanil and propofol in nonparalyzed and nonobese patients. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:326-34)
Experimental Results of a Residential House Fire Test on Tenability: Temperature, Smoke, and Gas Analyses
Authors: Crewe Robert J. , Stec Anna A. , Walker Richard G. , Shaw John E. A. , Hull T. Richard , Rhodes Jennifer , Garcia‐Sorribes Tamar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA fire experiment conducted in a British 1950s‐style house is described. Measurements of temperature, smoke, CO, CO2, and O2 were taken in the Lounge, stairwell, and front and back bedrooms. The front bedroom door was wedged open, while the door to the back bedroom was wedged closed. Contrary to expectations and despite the relatively small fire load, analysis and hazard calculations show permeation of toxic fire gases throughout the property with lethal concentrations of effluent being measured at each sampling point. A generally poor state of repair and missing carpets in the upper story contributed to a high degree of gas and smoke permeation. The available egress time was calculated as the time before the main escape route became impassable. Given known human responses to fire, such an incident could have caused fatalities to sleeping or otherwise immobile occupants.
Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone‐Actor Terrorists,,
Authors: Gill Paul , Horgan John , Deckert Paige 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the sociodemographic network characteristics and antecedent behaviors of 119 lone‐actor terrorists. This marks a departure from existing analyses by largely focusing upon behavioral aspects of each offender. This article also examines whether lone‐actor terrorists differ based on their ideologies or network connectivity. The analysis leads to seven conclusions. There was no uniform profile identified. In the time leading up to most lone‐actor terrorist events, other people generally knew about the offender's grievance, extremist ideology, views, and/or intent to engage in violence. A wide range of activities and experiences preceded lone actors' plots or events. Many but not all lone‐actor terrorists were socially isolated. Lone‐actor terrorists regularly engaged in a detectable and observable range of activities with a wider pressure group, social movement, or terrorist organization. Lone‐actor terrorist events were rarely sudden and impulsive. There were distinguishable behavioral differences between subgroups. The implications for policy conclude this article.
Determining Bruise Etiology in Muscle Tissue Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Tang Kevin , Sharpe Wyatt , Schulz Alexandra , Tam Edric , Grosse Ian , Tis John , Cullinane Dennis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBruising, the result of capillary failure, is a common physical exam finding due to blunt trauma and, depending on location and severity, a potential indicator of abuse. Despite its clinical relevance, few studies have investigated the etiology of capillary failure. The goal of this study was to determine whether capillaries primarily fail under shear stress or hydraulic‐induced tensile stress. An arteriole bifurcating into four capillaries was modeled using ANSYS 14.0 ®. The capillaries were embedded in muscle tissue and a pressure of 20.4 kPa was applied. Any tensile stress exceeding 8.4 × 104 Pa was considered failure. Results showed that failure occurred directly under the impact zone and where capillaries bifurcated, rather than along the line of greatest shear stress, indicating that internal tensile stress is likely the primary mode of capillary failure in bruising. These results are supported by the concept that bruising can occur via blunt trauma in which no shearing lacerations occur.
Early Repolarization, Acute Emotional Stress and Sudden Death
Authors: Palmiere Cristian , Lesta Maria del Mar , Vanhaebost Jessica , Mangin Patrice , Augsburger Marc , Vogt Pierre 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe herein report the case of a 36‐year‐old man who died suddenly after a fight with another man. Forensic investigations included unenhanced computed tomography, postmortem angiography, autopsy, histology, neuropathology, toxicology, and biochemistry and allowed a traumatic cause of death to be excluded. An electrocardiogram recorded some years prior to death revealed the presence of an early repolarization pattern. Based on the results of all investigations, the cause of death was determined to be cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest during an emotionally stressful event associated with physical assault. Direct third party involvement, however, was excluded, and the manner of death was listed as natural. The case was not pursued any further by the public prosecutor.
Rapamycin decreases DNA damage accumulation and enhances cell growth of WRN‐deficient human fibroblasts
Authors: Saha Bidisha , Cypro Alexander , Martin George M. , Oshima Junko 
Published: December 2013

SummaryWerner syndrome (WS), caused by mutations at the WRN helicase gene, is a progeroid syndrome characterized by multiple features consistent with accelerated aging. Aberrant double‐strand DNA damage repair leads to genomic instability and reduced replicative lifespan of somatic cells. We observed increased autophagy in WRN knockdown cells; this was further increased by short‐term rapamycin treatment. Long‐term rapamycin treatment resulted in improved growth rate, reduced accumulation of DNA damage foci and improved nuclear morphology; autophagy markers were reduced to near‐normal levels, possibly due to clearance of damaged proteins. These data suggest that protein aggregation plays a role in the development of WS phenotypes and that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target of WS.
Pre‐natal undernutrition and post‐natal overnutrition are associated with permanent changes in hepatic metabolism markers and fatty acid composition in sheep
Authors: Hou L. , Hellgren L. I. , Kongsted A. H. , Vaag A. , Nielsen M. O. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimDetermine the impacts of pre‐ and early‐post‐natal nutrition on selected markers of hepatic glucose and fat metabolism.MethodsTwin‐bearing ewes were fed 100% (NORM) or 50% (LOW) of protein and energy requirements during the last 6‐weeks of gestation. Twin‐lambs received either a high‐carbohydrate high‐fat (HCHF) or conventional (CONV) diet from 3 days to 6 months of age (around puberty), whereafter lambs from the four subgroups were slaughtered (16 males/3 females). Remaining lambs (19 females) were fed a moderate diet and slaughtered at 2 years of age (young adults).ResultsPre‐natal LOW nutrition was associated with increased hepatic triglyceride, ceramide and free fatty acid content in adulthood (not observed in lambs), which was accompanied by up‐regulated early‐stage insulin signalling as reflected by increased INSRβ and PI3K‐p110 protein expression. The HCHF diet increased hepatic triglyceride content in lambs, associated with down‐regulated expressions of energy‐metabolism‐related genes (GLUT1, PPARα, SREBP1c, PEPCK). These post‐natal effects were not observed in adult HCHF sheep, after they had received a moderate (body‐fat correcting) diet for 1.5 years. Interestingly, pre‐natal LOW nutrition induced permanent alterations in hepatic phospholipids’ fatty acid composition. Thus, the amount of linoleic acid (C18 : 2 ∆9,12) was significantly increased and composition of rumen‐derived fatty acids were altered, indicating changed composition of rumenal microbiota.ConclusionHepatic insulin signalling and linoleic and microbial‐derived fatty acid content in phospholipids are targets of foetal programming induced by late‐gestation undernutrition. Future studies are required to explain their cause–effect associations with increased risks of developing hepatic steatosis and insulin insensitivity in adulthood.
Food intake increases liver stiffness measurements and hampers reliable values in patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy controls: the PROLIFICA experience in The Gambia
Authors: Lemoine M. , Shimakawa Y. , Njie R. , Njai H. F. , Nayagam S. , Khalil M. , Goldin R. , Ingiliz P. , Taal M. , Nyan O. , Corrah T. , D'Alessandro U. , Thursz M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundBy increasing the hepatic blood circulation, food intake has been suggested to increase liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values in HCV‐infected patients.AimTo investigate prospectively the effects of food intake on LSM in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients and healthy controls.MethodsIn The Gambia, patients included in the PROLIFICA project are screened for HBV at the community level and then invited for fasting assessment including LSM. Between April 2012 and October 2012, each day, the first five participants were invited to participate in this study. After the initial examination, a standardised 850 Kcal breakfast was provided. Effect of food intake was assessed by examining mean difference of LSM, IQR and IQR/LSM at T0 (fasting LSM1), T30min (LSM2) and T120min (LSM3) respectively.ResultsA total of 209 subjects were enrolled in this study (133 were HBV positive, 76 healthy controls). Unreliable measurements occurred more frequently after food intake (5%, 24% and 18% at T0, T30min and T120min respectively). In both groups, median LSM2 was significantly higher than LSM1 [6.2 (IQR: 5.4, 7.9)] vs. 4.9 (4.2, 6.2), P < 0.0001. LSM3 was still higher than the baseline, but lower than LSM2. In multivariable analysis, no factor modified the effect of breakfast on LSM. In a subgroup of patients having liver biopsies, we confirmed that food intake can overestimate liver fibrosis.ConclusionsFood intake significantly increases liver stiffness measurement and its IQR values in patients with chronic hepatitis B as well as healthy individuals; and also the number of unreliable liver stiffness measurement values.
Reciprocity‐Based Reasons for Benefiting Research Participants: Most Fail, the Most Plausible is Problematic
Authors: Sofaer Neema 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA common reason for giving research participants post‐trial access (PTA) to the trial intervention appeals to reciprocity, the principle, stated most generally, that if one person benefits a second, the second should reciprocate: benefit the first in return. Many authors consider it obvious that reciprocity supports PTA. Yet their reciprocity principles differ, with many authors apparently unaware of alternative versions. This article is the first to gather the range of reciprocity principles. It finds that: (1) most are false. (2) The most plausible principle, which is also problematic, applies only when participants experience significant net risks or burdens. (3) Seldom does reciprocity support PTA for participants or give researchers stronger reason to benefit participants than equally needy non‐participants. (4) Reciprocity fails to explain the common view that it is bad when participants in a successful trial have benefited from the trial intervention but lack PTA to it.
The genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 signalling is beneficial for the restoration of quiescent osteoclast activity in ovariectomized mice
Authors: Rossi F , Bellini G , Torella M , Tortora C , Manzo I , Giordano C , Guida F , Luongo L , Papale F , Rosso F , Nobili B , Maione S 
Published: December 2013

Background and PurposeOsteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, which decreases its strength and results in fragile bones. The endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system has been shown to be involved in the regulation of skeletal remodelling. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible modulation of bone mass mediated by the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) in vivo and in vitro.Experimental ApproachA multidisciplinary approach, including biomolecular, biochemical and morphological analysis, was used to investigate the involvement of TRPV1 in changes in bone density in vivo and osteoclast activity in vitro, in wild‐type and Trpv1−/− mice, that had undergone ovariectomy or had a sham operation.Key ResultsGenetic deletion of Trpv1 as well as pharmacological inhibition/desensitization of TRPV1 signalling dramatically reduced the osteoclast activity in vitro and prevented the ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in vivo, whereas the expression of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors was increased.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings highlight the pivotal role TRPV1 channels play in bone resorption and suggest a possible cross‐talk between TRPV1 and CB2 receptors. Based on these results, hybrid compounds acting on both TRPV1 and CB2 receptors in an opposite manner could provide a future pharmacological tool for the treatment of diseases associated with disturbances in the bone remodelling process.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on the pharmacology of TRP channels. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐10
Serological Identification of URGCP as a Potential Biomarker for Glioma
Authors: Chen Ling‐Chao , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Qin Zhi‐Yong , Wang Yang , Mao Ying , Yao Yu , Zhou Liang‐Fu 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAimGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most frequent human brain tumor and causes dismal outcome. To identify tumor‐associated antigens in GBM patients may find potential diagnostic markers and immunotherapeutic targets. In this study, we identified a gene termed URGCP using the serological identification of antigens by recombinant A2B5 positive glioma cDNA library. The gene product of URGCP is immunogenic in GBM after tested in allogenic patients serum screening.Methods and resultsGBM patients with an auto‐antibody response against URGCP show longer survival than those without URGCP response. In additional, we show that URGCP was high expression in most GBM tissues and cell lines compared with normal brain tissues and majorly co‐expressed with stem cell marker A2B5.ConclusionWe identified a potential new biomarker of GBM, URGCP. The findings indicate that URGCP is immunogenic in human GBM and suggest its potential use as diagnostic and immunotherapeutic for GBM patients.