bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro‐spectrometer based on 64‐pixel high‐sensitivity quantum dot detector array
Authors: Zhang S.H. , Wang M.J. , Jin X.B. , Wang W. , Lu H.D. , Ning Wenguo , Guo F.M. , Shen J.H. 
Published: October 2015

A high photoexcited carrier multiplication photodetector operating at room temperature is reported. The device is a GaAs n‐i‐n photodetector with double‐barrier AlAs in which a thin quantum well contains a mixture of quantum dot (QD) structures. This special structure makes the proposed photoelectric detector have high sensitivity to light under an operating temperature of 300 k. Its current responsivity can reach about 7 × 1011A/W with 0.01 picowatts 633 nm light power and −0.5 V bias. The response voltage is 7 mV at an integration time of 80 μs. The voltage responsivity reached about 2.7 × 109V/W. An embedded micro‐spectrometer based on the high‐sensitivity features of the photodetector has also been designed. By means of QD fluorescent sample testing and comparison, the proposed spectrometer is found to have higher sensitivity and a shorter integration time than the ‘NOVA’ spectrometer (product model of the spectrometer of ideaoptics, China) based on a backside‐illuminated CCD (Hamamatsu, S7031–1006S). The QD spectrometer was mounded in a hyperspectral microscopy imaging system with an optical path switcher. The system has been used to analyse and to make a comparative study of the biological section. This kind of spectrometer with highly sensitive linear QD detectors has good application prospects in the fields of biological science, medical diagnosis and environmental detection.
Accurate market price formation model with both supply-demand and trend-following for global food prices providing policy recommendations
Authors: Lagi Marco , Bar-Yam Yavni , Bertrand Karla Z. , Bar-Yam Yaneer 
Published: October 2015

SignificanceRecent increases in food prices are linked to widespread hunger and social unrest. The causes of high food prices have been debated. Here we rule out explanations that are not consistent with the data and construct a dynamic model of food prices using two factors determined to have the largest impact: corn-to-ethanol conversion and investor speculation. We overcome limitations of equilibrium theories that are unable to quantify the impact of speculation by using a dynamic model of trend following. The model accurately fits the data. Ethanol conversion results in a smooth price increase, whereas speculation results in bubbles and crashes. These findings significantly inform the discussion about food prices and market equilibrium and have immediate policy implications.
Determining hydrodynamic forces in bursting bubbles using DNA nanotube mechanics
Authors: Hariadi Rizal F. , Winfree Erik , Yurke Bernard 
Published: October 2015

Significance
The hydrodynamic forces within bursting bubbles are of interest for their relevance to small-scale fluid mechanics, bioreactor efficiency, pollutant degradation, and the origin of life. However, despite the 150-year history of their study, the strengths of flows within bursting bubbles are only hypothetically known. Here, we show that DNA nanotubes––architecturally similar to biological microtubules—are fragmented during the bubble bursting process. Further, by analyzing the resulting fragment lengths, we characterize the spectrum of elongational flow rates, revealing that surprisingly strong tensile forces can be generated––in principle sufficient to fragment filamentous cyanobacterial chains, lipid vesicle protocells, genomic DNA, and other long polymeric molecules residing within or near the disintegrating liquid film.
Lion (
Panthera leo
) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas
Authors: Bauer Hans , Chapron Guillaume , Nowell Kristin , Henschel Philipp , Funston Paul , Hunter Luke T. B. , Macdonald David W. , Packer Craig 
Published: October 2015

Significance
At a regional scale, lion populations in West, Central, and East Africa are likely to suffer a projected 50% decline over the next two decades, whereas lion populations are only increasing in southern Africa. Many lion populations are either now gone or expected to disappear within the next few decades to the extent that the intensively managed populations in southern Africa may soon supersede the iconic savannah landscapes in East Africa as the most successful sites for lion conservation. The rapid disappearance of lions suggests a major trophic downgrading of African ecosystems with the lion no longer playing a pivotal role as apex predator.
The incidence and role of negative citations in science
Authors: Catalini Christian , Lacetera Nicola , Oettl Alexander 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Providing a detailed classification of the types of citations that an article receives is important to establish the quality of a study and to characterize how current research builds upon prior work. The methodology that we propose also informs how to improve the citation process, for example by having scientists attach additional metadata to their citations. The approach is scalable to other fields and periods and can also be used to identify other types of citations (e.g., reuse of methods, materials, empirical tests of theory, and so on). Finally, our methods provide online repositories such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus with a way to improve their search and ranking algorithms.
Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow
Authors: Estes James A. , Burdin Alexander , Doak Daniel F. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Human-caused extinctions are normally thought to result from overexploitation or habitat alteration. A third possible cause of extinction is the loss of interactions associated with keystone species. Using recent and historical information on sea otters and kelp forests, we show that the extinction of Steller's sea cow from the Commander Islands in the mid-1700s would have been a nearly inevitable consequence of the overhunting of sea otters, which occurred a decade earlier.
The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems
Authors: Van Valkenburgh Blaire , Hayward Matthew W. , Ripple William J. , Meloro Carlo , Roth V. Louise 
Published: October 2015

SignificanceAt very high densities, populations of the largest herbivores, such as elephants, have devastating effects on the environment. What prevented widespread habitat destruction in the Pleistocene, when the ecosystem sustained many species of huge herbivores? We use data on predator–prey body mass relationships to predict the prey size ranges of large extinct mammalian carnivores, which were more diverse and much larger than living species. We then compare these prey size ranges with estimates of young mammoth sizes and show that juvenile mammoths and mastodons were within predicted prey size ranges of many of the Pleistocene carnivores. From this and other fossil evidence we argue that, by limiting population sizes of megaherbivores, large carnivores had a major impact on Pleistocene ecosystems.
No evidence that polygynous marriage is a harmful cultural practice in northern Tanzania
Authors: Lawson David W. , James Susan , Ngadaya Esther , Ngowi Bernard , Mfinanga Sayoki G. M. , Borgerhoff Mulder Monique 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Polygynous marriage is commonly regarded as a harmful cultural practice, detrimental to women and children at the individual and group level. We present counterevidence that polygyny is often positively associated with food security and child health within communities and that, although polygyny and health are negatively associated at the group level, such differences are accounted for by alternative socioecological factors. These results support models of polygyny based on female choice and suggest that, in some contexts, prohibiting polygyny could be costly for women and children by restricting marital options. Our study highlights the dangers of naive analyses of aggregated population data and the importance of considering locally realizable alternatives and context dependency when considering the health implications of cultural practices.
OVO-like 1 regulates progenitor cell fate in human trophoblast development
Authors: Renaud Stephen J. , Chakraborty Damayanti , Mason Clifford W. , Rumi M. A. Karim , Vivian Jay L. , Soares Michael J. 
Published: October 2015

SignificanceEpithelial barrier integrity is dependent on progenitor cells that either divide to replenish themselves or differentiate into a functional epithelium. In the placenta, cytotrophoblast cells comprise this progenitor population, but the differentiation program they undertake is unlike any other in human tissues: acquisition of hormonogenesis and cell fusion to form a syncytialized (syncytio)trophoblast. Syncytiotrophoblast forms the primary epithelial barrier separating maternal and fetal tissue and performs functions vital for pregnancy. In the present study, we found that OVO-like 1 (OVOL1), a transcription factor homolog of Drosophila ovo, regulates the transition between progenitor and differentiated cytotrophoblast. It does so by repressing genes that maintain cytotrophoblast progenitor traits. This study provides insight into the role of OVOL1 in human trophoblast development.
Cortical entrainment to music and its modulation by expertise
Authors: Doelling Keith B. , Poeppel David 
Published: October 2015

Significance
We demonstrate that cortical oscillatory activity in both low (<8 Hz) and high (15–30 Hz) frequencies is tightly coupled to behavioral performance in musical listening, in a bidirectional manner. In light of previous work on speech, we propose a framework in which the brain exploits the temporal regularities in music to accurately parse individual notes from the sound stream using lower frequencies (entrainment) and in higher frequencies to generate temporal and content-based predictions of subsequent note events associated with predictive models.
Behavioral assessment of sensitivity to intracortical microstimulation of primate somatosensory cortex
Authors: Kim Sungshin , Callier Thierri , Tabot Gregg A. , Gaunt Robert A. , Tenore Francesco V. , Bensmaia Sliman J. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Electrical stimulation of sensory structures in the brain is a powerful tool to investigate neural circuits and may provide a means to restore sensation for patients for whom stimulation of the nerve is not an option. For both purposes, however, it is critical to understand how the design of the stimulation shapes the evoked sensory experience. With this in mind, we investigate the ability of monkeys to detect and discriminate trains of electrical pulses delivered to their somatosensory cortex through chronically implanted electrode arrays. We show that artificial touch is highly dependent on various features of the electrical stimuli and discuss the implications of our results for the use of electrical stimulation in neuroscience and neural engineering.
Effects of gendered behavior on testosterone in women and men
Authors: van Anders Sari M. , Steiger Jeffrey , Goldey Katherine L. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Human biology is typically studied within the framework of sex (evolved, innate factors) rather than gender (sociocultural factors), despite some attention to nature/nurture interactions. Testosterone is an exemplar of biology studied as natural difference: men’s higher testosterone is typically seen as an innate “sex” difference. However, our experiment demonstrates that gender-related social factors also matter, even for biological measures. Gender socialization may affect testosterone by encouraging men but not women toward behaviors that increase testosterone. This shows that research on human sex biology needs to account for gender socialization and that nurture, as well as nature, is salient to hormone physiology. Our paper provides a demonstration of a novel gender→testosterone pathway, opening up new avenues for studying gender biology.
Battle between influenza A virus and a newly identified antiviral activity of the PARP-containing ZAPL protein
Authors: Liu Chien-Hung , Zhou Ligang , Chen Guifang , Krug Robert M. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Influenza A viruses cause a contagious human respiratory disease that can result in high mortality rates. Here we identify a new antiviral activity of the cellular ZAPL protein. This activity involves its C-terminal PARP domain and is directed against influenza A virus. The ZAPL PARP domain binds the viral PA and PB2 proteins, leading to their degradation by the proteasome. This degradation pathway involves two posttranslational modifications of PA and PB2, poly(ADP-ribosylation) and ubiquitination. The viral PB1 protein counteracts ZAPL antiviral activity by binding close to the PARP domain, causing PA and PB2 to dissociate from ZAPL and escape degradation, indicating that the PB1 interface with ZAPL is a potential target for antiviral development.
Endocannabinoid signaling mediates oxytocin-driven social reward
Authors: Wei Don , Lee DaYeon , Cox Conor D. , Karsten Carley A. , Peñagarikano Olga , Geschwind Daniel H. , Gall Christine M. , Piomelli Daniele 
Published: October 2015

Significance
We present evidence that an oxytocin-dependent endocannabinoid signal contributes to the regulation of social reward. The results provide insights into the functions of oxytocin, a neuropeptide crucial for social behavior, and its interactions with other modulatory systems that regulate the rewarding properties of social behavior. They further suggest that oxytocin-driven anandamide signaling may be defective in autism spectrum disorders, and that correcting such deficits might offer a strategy to treat these conditions.
Atlantic hurricane surge response to geoengineering
Authors: Moore John C. , Grinsted Aslak , Guo Xiaoran , Yu Xiaoyong , Jevrejeva Svetlana , Rinke Annette , Cui Xuefeng , Kravitz Ben , Lenton Andrew , Watanabe Shingo , Ji Duoying 
Published: October 2015

Significance
We estimate that stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering may somewhat ameliorate Atlantic hurricane intensity and frequency, but there will be more “Katrina”-level events than during the past 30 y. Geoengineering would likely be reasonably effective at controlling coastal flood risk relative to the coastal flood risk expected under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 greenhouse gas warming, in part, due to its impact on global sea level rise, although flood risk would still be significantly larger than at present.
Semisynthetic protein nanoreactor for single-molecule chemistry
Authors: Lee Joongoo , Bayley Hagan 
Published: October 2015

Significance
The modulation of ionic current flowing through an individual protein pore provides information at the single-molecule level about chemical reactions occurring within the pore. However, chemistry investigated in this way has been largely confined to the reactions of thiolates, presented by the side chains of cysteine residues. The introduction of unnatural amino acids would provide a large variety of reactive side chains with which additional single-molecule chemistry could be investigated. Here we have produced semisynthetic protein pores containing a terminal alkyne and used the pores as a nanoreactor to study Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. A long-lived intermediate (4.5 s) in the reaction was directly observed.
Effects of pressure on the dynamics of an oligomeric protein from deep-sea hyperthermophile
Authors: Shrestha Utsab R. , Bhowmik Debsindhu , Copley John R. D. , Tyagi Madhusudan , Leão Juscelino B. , Chu Xiang-qiang 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Deep-sea microorganisms can adapt to extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure. What makes these organisms survive and reproduce in such critical conditions remains an open question. Here, we use the quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique to study the dynamic behavior of a hyperthermophilic protein that is found in the deep sea. Our results give evidence that high pressure affects the dynamical properties of proteins by distorting the protein energy landscape in ways that are significantly different for hyperthermophilic and mesophilic proteins. Consequently, a general schematic denaturation phase diagram together with energy landscapes for the two different proteins are derived, and this approach can be used as a general picture to understand the effects of pressure on protein dynamics and activities.
Transcriptional read-through is not sufficient to induce an epigenetic switch in the silencing activity of Polycomb response elements
Authors: Erokhin Maksim , Elizar’ev Pavel , Parshikov Aleksander , Schedl Paul , Georgiev Pavel , Chetverina Darya 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Gene silencing by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins is required to maintain tissue and stage-specific patterns of gene expression. PcG complexes assemble on special elements, Polycomb response elements (PREs), and function to silence gene activity in the surrounding domain. The activity of PREs is subject to regulation and can be epigenetically switched from “on” (silencing) to “off” (permissive for transcription) as development proceeds. Previous studies suggested that a burst of transcription through a PRE displaces PcG complexes, switching the PRE off in a heritable fashion. Here, we directly tested the transcription read-through hypothesis. We show that transcription through a PRE is not sufficient for induce a heritable switch. In fact, continuous transcription through a PRE fails to displace PcG complexes or eliminate repressive chromatin marks.
Importance of codon usage for the temporal regulation of viral gene expression
Authors: Shin Young C. , Bischof Georg F. , Lauer William A. , Desrosiers Ronald C. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
We describe here that different families of persisting viruses consistently use highly unusual codon usage for synthesis of their structural gene products; that the specific nature of the skewed codon usage differs fundamentally from one virus family to another; and that viral-encoded regulatory proteins (specifically Rev of HIV/SIV and ORF57 of herpesviruses) recognize the specific nature of the skewed codon usage to allow expression of their structural gene products. The data include a stunning demonstration of the ability to flip Rev inducibility and ORF57 inducibility simply by changing the nature of the codon usage in the target gene.
Uterine endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response regulation of gestational length is caspase-3 and -7–dependent
Authors: Kyathanahalli Chandrashekara , Organ Kenna , Moreci Rebecca S. , Anamthathmakula Prashanth , Hassan Sonia S. , Caritis Steve N. , Jeyasuria Pancharatnam , Condon Jennifer C. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Preterm birth is a leading cause of neonatal mortality, with a poorly understood etiology. The maintenance of uterine quiescence across gestation is fundamental for term parturition. At the molecular level, an integrated uterine endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response (UPR-ERSR) regulates both caspase-3 (CASP3) and caspase-7 (CASP7), preserving myometrial quiescence throughout gestation. Here we show that prolonged ERSR diminishes the tocolytic potential of uterine CASP3 and 7, causing an increase in myometrial contractile responsiveness and onset of preterm labor in pregnant mice. Prophylaxis with 4-phenylbutrate, however, maintains active uterine CASP3 and 7 and prolongs gestational length. This study establishes a critical role for UPR-ERSR in the regulation of pregnant uterine myocyte quiescence.
Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans
Authors: Suvilehto Juulia T. , Glerean Enrico , Dunbar Robin I. M. , Hari Riitta , Nummenmaa Lauri 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Touch is a powerful tool for communicating positive emotions. However, it has remained unknown to what extent social touch would maintain and establish social bonds. We asked a total of 1,368 people from five countries to reveal, using an Internet-based topographical self-reporting tool, those parts of their body that they would allow relatives, friends, and strangers to touch. These body regions formed relationship-specific maps in which the total area was directly related to the strength of the emotional bond between the participant and the touching person. Cultural influences were minor. We suggest that these relation-specific bodily patterns of social touch constitute an important mechanism supporting the maintenance of human social bonds.
Doubly robust methods for handling confounding by cluster
Authors: Zetterqvist Johan , Vansteelandt Stijn , Pawitan Yudi , Sjölander Arvid 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In clustered designs such as family studies, the exposure-outcome association is usually confounded by both cluster-constant and cluster-varying confounders. The influence of cluster-constant confounders can be eliminated by studying the exposure-outcome association within (conditional on) clusters, but additional regression modeling is usually required to control for observed cluster-varying confounders. A problem is that the working regression model may be misspecified, in which case the estimated within-cluster association may be biased. To reduce sensitivity to model misspecification we propose to augment the standard working model for the outcome with an auxiliary working model for the exposure. We derive a doubly robust conditional generalized estimating equation (DRCGEE) estimator for the within-cluster association. This estimator combines the two models in such a way that it is consistent if either model is correct, not necessarily both. Thus, the DRCGEE estimator gives the researcher two chances instead of only one to make valid inference on the within-cluster association. We have implemented the estimator in an R package and we use it to examine the association between smoking during pregnancy and cognitive abilities in offspring, in a sample of siblings.
Primary Larynx Cryptococcus neoformans Infection: A Distinctive Clinical Entity
Authors: Bergeron Mathieu , Gagné Andrée-Anne , Côté Mathieu , Chênevert Jacinthe , Dubé Robert , Pelletier René 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans can directly infect the vocal cords. Endoscopic findings were undistinctive from most infiltrative diseases. Tissue biopsy was essential for the diagnosis. Inhaled corticosteroids can predispose to the infection, and fluconazole 400 mg daily for at least 6 weeks appeared to be minimal to achieve a permanent cure.