bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Gunshot Residues on the Hands by Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Krishnan SS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the investigation of cases involving shooting, one of the important links in the chain of proof is evidence that a person fired the gun or was in some way connected with the firing. This has long been attempted by the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of the suspect. One of the early methods was the familiar “paraffin cast” or “dermal nitrate” technique. Warm paraffin was poured on the hands; the paraffin, upon cooling, formed a cast. The cast was then peeled off and the adhering powder residue was detected by means of a color reaction of the nitrate with diphenylamine reagent. Although the paraffin cast was accepted as a method of lifting the residues, the diphenylamine reaction proved to be unsatisfactory in that numerous false positives were encountered. Any substance containing nitrate, such as cigarette ash and urine, gave a positive reaction. The method was therefore abandoned as a means of detecting gunshot residues [1].
The Determination of Isoantigenic Activity from Latent Fingerprints: Mixed Cell Agglutination Reaction in Forensic Serology
Authors: Ishiyama I , Orui M , Ogawa K , Kimura T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In forensic serology, A-B-H blood group substances have been successfully detected by mixed agglutination and absorption-elution techniques. By modifying the methods of Kouvarik et al [1] and Davidsohn [2], Ishiyama et al [3] recently developed a new technique for mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) as follows: 1. Specimens were affixed onto the adhesive side of cellophane tape and then placed on a microscope slide. 2. Anti-A and anti-B agglutinins and Ulex anti-H lectin were used for sensitization. 3. The specimens were thoroughly washed to remove nonreactive agglutinins. 4. A corresponding indicator cell aliquot was added (sandwich method). 5. The slide was reversed and immersed in saline so that the nonreactive cells would dissociate spontaneously. 6. The results were read microscopically.
Cocaine-Related Death
Authors: Lundberg GD , Garriott JC , Reynolds PC , Cravey RH , Shaw RF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine), a local anesthetic and intoxicant in use for hundreds of years, currently is enjoying widespread popularity in the United States. This frequent use probably is due to the profound stimulatory effect of cocaine on the central nervous system and is occurring despite aggressive law enforcement activity because cocaine is a Schedule II substance [1].
A Review of Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety
Authors: Cravey RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety are conveniently divided into five sections: (1) the epidemiology of alcohol and drug-related traffic accidents; (2) pharmacological, physiological, and psychological aspects relevant to driving impairment; (3) analytical aspects; (4) control and prevention; and (5) public education and information.
A Review of Why Did My Baby Die?
Authors: Mueller KH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The title of this slim book, hardly more than a bound pamphlet, is meant to catch the browser's eye in the local library. It caught mine, perhaps because I have heard the question put sometimes angrily, sometimes beseechingly, and was therefore naturally curious about the authors' answer. The message is essentially Paul's recommendation to the Corinthians—faith, hope, and charity: faith that continued investigation will turn up something useful; hope that this will come about in the near future; and especially charity, the greatest of the three, directed toward the stunned and grieving parents. If you must deal with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), be you policeman, physician, neighbor, relative, or friend, then perusal of this book will be worth your while. The authors' style is vigorous, their argument lucid; their rhetoric is sometimes polemical, but nearly always persuasive. Summing up: a helpful book on a distressingly common mystery.
Marihuana: Current Assessment
Authors: McBay AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Marihuana, which has been known for over 2000 years, has become a subject of major controversy in the last decade or so. Unfortunately, the scare stories attributed to the use of marihuana in the late 1930s [1] have been replaced by studies of recent origin, some of which are poorly controlled and from which questionable conclusions have been drawn [2,3]. The government has published an objective evaluation of the effects of this drug on health [4]. The interest in this drug may be measured by the number of recent articles which have appeared in this journal [5–8].
Gases Released from Tissue and Analyzed by Infrared and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Techniques
Authors: Luskus LJ , Kilian HJ , Lackey WW , Biggs JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To help establish the cause of or contributory factors leading to death, gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used to analyze volatile compounds given off as gases from postmortem tissues. Problems seldom arise during confirmatory analyses because available evidence indicates from the start what compounds are likely to be present. When little evidence is available, however, GC by itself is a poor technique for sample identification. Combining a mass spectrometer (MS) and computer system with a gas chromatograph has frequently solved the identification problem. A recent paper [1] describes the routine use of such a system to identify drugs and their metabolites in body fluids of overdose victims. In an effort to expand applications in this area, we describe a technique to release gases from tissues and to analyze toxic gases by a GC/MS computer system. Infrared (IR) spectroscopic analyses were also performed on all gas samples, and results were compared with analyses by the more sophisticated and expensive GC/MS computer method.
Forensic Characterization of Papers. II: Determination of Batch Differences by Scanning Electron Microscopic Elemental Analysis of the Inorganic Components
Authors: Polk DE , Attard AE , Giessen BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Paper is often used in the course of criminal activities, including kidnapping, bombings, forgery, conspiracy, threatening letters, and gambling. Thus the examination of paper is a common task for the document examiner [1].
Comparison of Window Glasses by Isotope Dilution Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Haney MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Comparison of glass fragments in forensic work is commonly done by measurements of refractive index and density. These methods are particularly well-suited for flat glass such as in windows. Further differentiation has been shown feasible by elemental analysis. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) [1], spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) [2], and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) [3] have all been successful in differentiating window glasses having identical physical properties.
A Comparison of the Borate-Celite Column Screening Technique with Other Extraction Methods in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Dusci LJ , Hackett LP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Extraction techniques are an important aspect of forensic toxicology, providing the starting point for drug identification and quantitation. They must be rapid and efficient, giving good recoveries of as wide a range of drugs as possible, and provide clean extracts. There is at present no method for extracting postmortem tissue that fulfills these requirements.
Rapid Phenotyping of the Group Specific Component by Immunofixation on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Zajac PL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new method for phenotyping the group specific component (Gc) yields clear and unambiguous results within 60 to 80 min on multiple samples. This procedure employs electrophoresis using a cellulose acetate supporting medium, followed by immunofixation.
Determination of Adenylate Kinase Variants in Two Washington, D.C., Population Samples: A Microcellulose Acetate Procedure
Authors: Stombaugh PM , Kearney JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the forensic science laboratory erythrocyte adenylate kinase (AK) polymorphism has been used successfully to further individualize dried bloodstains [1,2]. Three distinct phenotypes of adenylate kinase, AK-1, AK2-1, and AK-2, have been identified in the population and are directed by two common autosomal alleles AK1 and AK2 [3]. Several other less common variants have also been reported [4].
Validity of Psychotraumatic Reactions
Authors: Braverman M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The psychiatrist who is called upon to provide an expert court opinion in cases of personal injury or workmen's compensation certainly may expect to be asked, “What is a posttraumatic psychiatric reaction?” There are many designations for this reaction, including the historically classic traumatic neurosis first described by Oppenheim [1], who regarded organic aspects as important in the origin of the condition; accident and industrial neurosis; stress reactions; compensation neurosis; or neuroses following trauma [2]. There is also the post-accident anxiety syndrome of Modline [3]. A larger list of designations for posttraumatic psychiatric states has been presented by Culpan and Taylor [4]. Keiser [5] wrote an excellent review of the earlier history of this condition. For reasons which will be presented in a subsequent paper, I have used the term “posttraumatic neurotic reaction” to characterize psychiatric sequelae to injury. The psychiatrist asked to respond to the above question has the additional burden of explanation posed by the absence of any specific designation for this condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association [6], although the concept has been honored in many books and papers and certainly is part of the working diagnosis catalog of the psychiatrist (and physician and surgeon) concerned with this area of medicine. The American Handbook of Psychiatry [7], an important reference, includes a section of neuroses following trauma. Keiser [5] presents 299 references in his book; my references are somewhat more extensive, numbering 2500, including the German literature.
The Use of Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra in the Identification and Authentication of Monomethoxyamphetamines and Dimethoxyamphetamines
Authors: Bailey K , Legault D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of amphetamine, the three monomethoxyamphetamines, and the six dimethoxyamphetamines and their hyrochlorides were determined. The spectra are distinctive and suitable for identification and authentication purposes. The signals may be assigned by comparisons of chemical shifts with those of model compounds and by an internally consistent analysis of chemical shift differences, supported by the results of appropriate proton-decoupling techniques. Data from the spectra and details of their interpretation are presented. Ortho methoxyl groups relatively shield the α andβ side-chain carbon signals. The ring substituents affect the resonances of the ring carbons in a consistent manner. The data should be valuable in the forensic science identification and structural authentication of these and related substances and further confirm the power of 13C NMR spectroscopy in distinguishing between isomeric structures.
Studies of Models of Striated Marks Generated by Random Processes
Authors: Deinet W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Computer-aided studies of the degree of similarity of striated marks are described. Digitized image data on 40 grinding marks were fed into a minicomputer, and the position values of the lines were determined semiautomatically. Idealized models were defined for an objective comparison of striated marks and then applied to the grinding mark data. Necessary conditions of the models were tested by comparing them with actual, measured properties of the marks. Results of the model calculations are presented and the properties of the models discussed.
I. A Hypnotherapeutic Approach to Exhibitionism: Outpatient Therapeutic Strategy
Authors: Mutter CB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A technique to cause cessation of impulse and to shorten the course of treatment for individuals who engage in exhibitionism is described. The patients were carefully selected. The psychodynamics were described and identified for each patient, and the results have been favorable to date. The great advantages of the methods used have been keeping the patient functional in society, shortening the duration of treatment, and reducing cost. The technique has been successful in the treatment of patients suffering from other forms of impulse disorders. Long-term follow-up studies are recommended for any patient receiving this method of hypnotic treatment.
An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys. II: Applicable Law of Recent Origin
Authors: Joling RJ , Stern WW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article attempts to broaden the perspective of attorneys, but it should be of value to all forensic scientists. Although the subject matter is directed to attorneys, it nevertheless is applicable to the professional understanding of members of all professional disciplines. It covers the applicable law of recent origin, and the cited court decisions and rules of evidence should enable the reader to find a base from which to begin additional research.
The Determination of Carbonic Anhydrase-2 Phenotypes in Dried Bloodstains by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis
Authors: Noppinger KE , Morrison RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new, simple, and rapid method for phenotyping carbonic anhydrase-2 (CA2) on bloodstains 15 weeks old was performed. Separation of the CA2 isozymes was accomplished by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The staining substrate was fluorescein diacetate.
Wounding Characteristics of “Shotshell” Ammunition: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Zumwalt RE , Campbell B , Balraj E , Adelson L , Fransioli M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Wounds caused by “shotshells” in three homicides are presented. Characteristics of shotshell ammunition based on test firings of 38 Special shotshells are detailed. Differences between shotshell wounds and shotgun wounds may include pattern spread, number of pellet defects, and defects caused by the shotshell wadding and plastic capsule.
A Tetrachloroethylene Fatality
Authors: Levine B , Fierro MF , Goza SW , Valentour JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case report concerns a fatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene at a dry cleaning establishment. A sensitive analytical method was developed and the distribution of the chemical in various fluids and tissues was determined. Although several fatalities from tetrachloroethylene have been reported, little previous quantitative toxicological data have been found in the literature.
Postmortem Wound Dehiscence: A Medicolegal Masquerade
Authors: McGee MB , Coe JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem artifactual changes associated with decomposition have been well reported throughout the forensic literature. The recognition and correct interpretation of these artifactual changes are of paramount importance in determining if injuries were sustained before or after death. Presented is a case report of surgical wound dehiscence associated with bloating in the postmortem decomposition state. Previously undescribed in the current forensic science literature, this entity can present difficulties in interpretation. The artifact is described and the methods used in its identification are discussed.
New Dimensions in Infrared Luminescence Photography
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study indicates that infrared luminescence examination can produce not only bright luminescence but also, in some instances, dark lines. They represent an additional criterion for differentiating similarly colored writing materials. These dark lines are obtained when the particular writing instrument is used on different paper bases and when the infrared luminescence photographs are made with different basic illumination properly filtered in the photographic process.
Application of the Microcomputer to Analytical Toxicology
Authors: Peel HW , Perrigo BJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The recent availability of the microcomputer, marketed primarily for home use, has given the analytical toxicologist a very inexpensive source of computer capability. Probative studies have shown that the microcomputer can be applied to statistical analysis, to data base searching, and to calculations of the discriminating power of analytical systems.
A Simple Technique for Comparing Paper Samples by Their Performance as a Chromatographic Sorbent (Inverse Paper Chromatography)
Authors: Ziderman II 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Evidence in the form of paper documents can be highly valuable in crimes of fraud. Available methods of examination do not provide absolute certainty that two samples have the same origin. A new technique for testing paper, known as inverse paper chromatography, is based on using the paper as a chromatographic sorbent medium on which a known mixture of dyestuffs is separated under standard conditions. The resulting chromatogram will uniquely designate the paper grade and composition. This principle has been validated in a standard test with more than 30 types of paper. The experimental technique is simple, inexpensive, and largely nondestructive. Only a small specimen is required, and it provides a permanent exhibit for evidence. While printing on the paper or wetting it does not alter its chromatographic behavior, artificial aging by heat or exposure to sunlight does. The individualization of paper specimens for unambiguous identification requires further research.
A New Enzymatic Method for the Demonstration of Choline in Human Seminal Stains
Authors: Suzuki O , Matsumoto T , Oya M , Katsumata Y , Asano M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new, simple method for the identification of seminal stains based on the reaction of choline oxidase with choline is presented. The key reaction is the production of hydrogen peroxide by the oxidase action on choline, whereby hydrogen peroxide reacts with N-ethyl-N-(3-methylphenyl)-N'-acetylethylenediamine and 4-aminoantipyrine (ampyrone) in the presence of peroxidase to produce a purple color so that seminal fluid can be identified. Some data are presented on the sensitivity, stability, and specificity of the present method.
A Review of Modern Legal Medicine, Psychiatry, and Forensic Science
Authors: Wiecking DK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
“Where does a 3050-g, 7.5-cm-thick textbook come to rest? Anywhere it wants to,” to paraphrase the old joke—but preferably, for this book, on the ready reference shelf of every pathologist who does forensic science cases, and certainly in the library of every forensic pathology training program. The authors of this weighty compendium state that it is “the first comprehensive single volume work covering the entire field of legal medicine and the allied forensic sciences.” Although it may not live up to that claim of universality, it does appear to be the first major single-volume textbook on forensic pathology and forensic science in this country since the classic 1954 edition of Gonzales et al (not counting Professor Camps' updates of Gradwohl [1968 and 1976], which are British in orientation, nor the recent multivolume work of Tedeschi et al [1977]).
Microscopic Determination of Age at Death in an Autopsy Series
Authors: Thompson DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The core technique was used to estimate age at death in 54 forensic science cases. Femurs provided the most accurate age estimates, followed by tibiae, then humeri. Accurate age estimates were derived for two groups of individuals: younger than and older than 40 years of age. Certain skeletal abnormalities and conditions were found to affect the accuracy of this technique.
Sites of Suicidal Gunshot Wounds
Authors: Eisele JW , Reay DT , Cook A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two hundred twenty-six suicides by firearms were analyzed to determine the entrance wound site. Overall, the head was the most favored site, accounting for 74% of the wounds; specifically, the right temple accounted for 39% of the wounds. The data were further examined in terms of specific weapon types. In the case of handguns, the preference for the temple was even more prominent, with this site accounting for nearly two thirds of the wounds. With long guns the predominance of head wounds was less pronounced but still present. Correlations with sex and age showed no significant differences in choice of site but did show differences in selection of gunshot as the means of suicide. Correlations of site with handedness showed that most individuals held true to form but that a significant proportion (8%) inflicted their wounds on the other side. Finally, three cases of suicide by multiple gunshots are presented.
The Evaluation and Selection of Uncorrelated Paired Solvent Systems for Use in the Comparison of Textile Dyes by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Resua R , DeForest PR , Harris H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a systematic approach to the evaluation and selection of paired solvent systems for the comparison of dyes extracted from textile fibers by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The use of two solvent systems, unless relatively uncorrelated, may offer little if any more information than a single solvent system. Ten paired solvent systems are evaluated mathematically (correlation coefficients) and graphically (Rf values of the major dye components). The ability of the individual solvent systems to separate minor colored dye components in “pure” commercial dyes (resolving power) is also considered. Fifty-six commercial acid and basic solid dye samples are used. In addition, acid and basic dyes extracted from 30 black nylon and acrylic fiber samples containing different lots of “identical” dye mixtures are separated. A comparison of the theoretical and actual discriminating power of the solvent systems is then presented. The method is general and may be applied in the selection of paired solvent systems for use in TLC of any usage class of textile dye.
The Role of the Defense Psychiatrist in Workmen's Compensation Cases
Authors: Parlour RR , Jones LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Tomorrow's psychiatrist should be more cognizant, competent, and comfortable in forensic science matters. Psychiatric cases are increasingly the subjects of litigation, but justice in the courts depends on able advocacy by all parties. Advocacy for patient-plaintiffs is more similar to customary clinical roles than is advocacy for defendant insurance companies, which nevertheless are as needful of competent psychiatric experts as patient-plaintiffs if justice is to be done. Ironically, defense psychiatrists can do much to help patient-plaintiffs if they understand their roles correctly. Since legal systems are designed to produce justice, not therapy, the forensic competence of future psychiatrists will help to make litigation more therapeutic and just for patients. This paper describes the peculiarities of psychiatric work in litigated workmen's compensation cases, focusing on the role of the defense psychiatrist. We will highlight the constructive and therapeutically gratifying potentials of this work. Greater familiarity with the process will help to enlist the interest and participation of psychiatrists in workmen's compensation cases for the ultimate benefit of the patients and improvement of the legal system.