bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hydrophobicity of Diffusion Layer on the Electroreduction of Biomass Derivatives in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactors
Authors: Chen Wei , He Gaohong , Ge Feilong , Xiao Wu , Benziger Jay , Wu Xuemei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor the first time, the hydrophobicity design of a diffusion layer based on the volatility of hydrogenation reactants in aqueous solutions is reported. The hydrophobicity of the diffusion layer greatly influences the hydrogenation performance of two model biomass derivatives, namely, butanone and maleic acid, in polymer electrolyte membrane reactors operated at atmospheric pressure. Hydrophobic carbon paper repels aqueous solutions, but highly volatile butanone can permeate in vapor form and achieve a high hydrogenation rate, whereas, for nonvolatile maleic acid, great mass transfer resistance prevents hydrogenation. With a hydrophilic stainless‐steel welded mesh diffusion layer, aqueous solutions of both butanone and maleic acid permeate in liquid form. Hydrogenation of maleic acid reaches a similar level as that of butanone. The maximum reaction rate is 340 nmol cm−2 s−1 for both hydrogenation systems and the current efficiency reaches 70 %. These results are better than those reported in the literature.
High Shear Homogenization of Lignin to Nanolignin and Thermal Stability of Nanolignin‐Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends
Authors: Nair Sandeep S. , Sharma Sudhir , Pu Yunqiao , Sun Qining , Pan Shaobo , Zhu J. Y , Deng Yulin , Ragauskas Art J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new method to prepare nanolignin using a simple high shear homogenizer is presented. The kraft lignin particles with a broad distribution ranging from large micron‐ to nano‐sized particles were completely homogenized to nanolignin particles with sizes less than 100 nm after 4 h of mechanical shearing. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 31P NMR analysis showed that there were no major changes in the chemical composition between the starting kraft lignin particles and the nanolignin obtained after 4 h of mechanical treatment. The nanolignin particles did not show any change in molecular weight distribution and polydispersity compared to the original lignin particles. The nanolignin particles when used with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) increased the thermal stability of nanolignin/PVA blends more effectively compared to the original lignin/PVA blends.
Mesoporous TiN as a Noncarbon Support of Ag‐Rich PtAg Nanoalloy Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Cui Zhiming , Yang Minghui , Chen Hao , Zhao Mengtian , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere has been growing interest in noncarbon supports for fuel cell reactions, especially for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Herein, we report a robust mesoporous titanium nitride (TiN) which is not only kinetically stable in alkaline media, but also electrochemically stable in the potential range of fuel cell operation. This binary nitride exhibits an order of magnitude higher electronic conductivity than carbon black. Bimetallic Ag‐rich PtAg nanoalloy is selected as the catalyst for the ORR in alkaline media due to their superior activity and relatively low cost. TiN‐supported Pt1Ag9 nanoalloy catalysts are synthesized by a new and efficient approach with KEt3BH as reducing agent and THF as solvent. Pt1Ag9/TiN exhibits much higher mass activity and durability for the ORR in alkaline media than Pt1Ag9/C, Pt/C and Ag/C catalysts, suggesting that mesoporous TiN is a very promising support in alkaline media.
Opportunities and challenges for repair of macrovascular disease using circulating blood‐derived progenitor cells
Authors: Loeken Mary R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere are currently few solutions for diabetic vascular disease that involve repair of damaged tissues. The manuscript by Porat et al. in this issue, suggests a possible method to use a patient's own circulating blood cells to provide progenitors to repair damaged vascular tissues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium Complexes of Asymmetric Hydrogen Tetraimido Sulfate
Authors: Matussek Julia , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo novel monolithiated complexes, [(thf)2Li(NtBu)2(NHtBu)S(Ndipp)] (3) and [(thf)2Li(NtBu)2(NHtBu)S(Ndmp)] (4), are presented from the reaction of the neutral tri(tert‐butyl)sulfur triimide S(NtBu)3 (1), nBuLi, and diisopropylaniline and dimethylaniline, respectively. These asymmetrically substituted hydrogen tetraimido sulfate complexes of lithium provide the opportunity to switch the metal in a transmetalation reaction and to introduce another substituent at the protonated imide function.
1D Heterometallic Oxalate Compounds as Precursors for Mixed Ca–Cr Oxides – Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Studies
Authors: Androš Lidija , Jurić Marijana , Popović Jasminka , Pajić Damir , Zadro Krešo , Molčanov Krešimir , Žilić Dijana , Planinić Pavica 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe heterodimetallic compounds {[CaCr2(L)2(C2O4)4]·xH2O}n [L = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), x = 0.83 (1); L = 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), x = 0.33 (2)] were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The crystal structure of 2 is reported: the chelation of a [Cr(phen)(C2O4)2]– units towards Ca cations results in 1D double zigzag chains. The ability of 1 and 2 to act as single‐source precursors for the formation of Ca–Cr oxides is explored by thermal analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. The thermal processing of 1 and 2 at 1100 °C in air led to the appearance of the β‐CaCr2O4 phase as the major crystalline oxide. By heating the samples up to 1100 °C in nitrogen, only the β‐CaCr2O4 phase formed, whereas heating at 1400 °C caused the crystallization of two polymorphs, α‐ and β‐CaCr2O4. The magnetic behaviour of β‐CaCr2O4 pointed to the freezing of magnetic moments in coexistence with a weak ferromagnetic order.
Generation of Group VI Piano‐Stool and Triple‐Decker Complexes from [(IMes)2PtH(Cl‐boratabenzene)] Species
Authors: Pérez Viridiana , Barnes Stephanie S. , Fontaine Frédéric‐Georges 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSpecies [(IMes)2Pt(H)(1‐Cl‐2‐SiMe3–BC5H4)] (1) was used as the source of the Cl‐boratabenzene anion for coordination to group VI transition metals, resulting in the formation of piano‐stool complexes [(η6‐1‐Cl‐2‐SiMe3–BC5H4)M(CO)3]– [M = Cr (2), Mo (4), W (5)] and a homodimetallic triple‐decker complex [(CO)3Cr(η6‐1‐Cl‐2‐SiMe3–BC5H4)Cr(CO)3]– (3). All species were spectroscopically characterized and the first X‐ray structure of a Cl‐boratabenzene species is reported.
Mechanistic Study of a Complementary Reaction System that Easily Affords Quinazoline and Perimidine Derivatives
Authors: Wang Zerong Daniel , Eilander Joshua , Yoshida Motoko , Wang Tianzhi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new reaction between 2‐aminobenzophenone and thiourea in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been developed that primarily affords 4‐phenylquinazoline as a single product. This reaction is also applicable, in general, to the reactions between thiourea and conformation‐restricted β‐amino ketones, such as 1‐aminoanthracene‐9,10‐dione and 1‐amino‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐one, to prepare perimidine derivatives. Experimental data is consistent with our computational study on the thermal decomposition of thiourea to form hydrogen sulfide and carbodiimide. This reaction involves a coupling between 2‐aminobenzophenone and carbodiimide generated in situ from thiourea to form 4‐phenylquinazolin‐2(1H)‐imine intermediate, and the generation of sulfur‐containing reducing agent from hydrogen sulfide and DMSO, which reduces 4‐phenylquinazolin‐2(1H)‐imine to 4‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinazolin‐2‐amine. Elimination of ammonia from the latter yields 4‐phenylquinazoline.
Heterocycle‐to‐Heterocycle Route to Quinoline‐4‐amines: Reductive Heterocyclization of 3‐(2‐Nitrophenyl)isoxazoles
Authors: Coffman Keith C. , Duong Vy , Bagdasarian Alex L. , Fettinger James C. , Haddadin Makhluf J. , Kurth Mark J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA variety of quinoline‐4‐amines were synthesized from substituted 3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)isoxazoles utilizing Zn0 or Fe0 dust and HOAc using a reductive heterocyclization process. The starting isoxazoles were synthesized from readily available starting materials. A brief survey of functional groups tolerated in this reductive heterocyclization was performed and several 10‐amino‐3,4‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridin‐1(2H)‐one and 9‐amino‐3,4‐dihydroacridin‐1(2H)‐one examples were synthesized.
Women with dysmenorrhoea are hypersensitive to experimentally induced forearm ischaemia during painful menstruation and during the pain‐free follicular phase
Authors: Iacovides S. , Avidon I. , Baker F.C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundMonthly primary dysmenorrhoeic pain is associated with increased sensitivity to painful stimuli, particularly in deep tissue. We investigated whether women with dysmenorrhoea, compared with controls, have increased sensitivity to experimentally induced deep‐tissue muscle ischaemia in a body area distant from that of referred menstrual pain.MethodsThe sub‐maximal effort tourniquet test was used to induce forearm ischaemia in 11 women with severe dysmenorrhoea and in nine control women both during menstruation and in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Von Frey hair assessments confirmed the presence of experimental ischaemia. Women rated the intensity of menstrual and ischaemic pain on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale.ResultsWomen with dysmenorrhoea [mean (SD): 68 (20) mm] reported significantly greater menstrual pain compared with controls [mean (SD): 2 (6) mm; p = 0.0001] during the menstruation phase. They also rated their forearm ischaemic pain as significantly greater than the controls during the menstruation [dysmenorrhoeics vs. controls mean (SD): 58 (19) mm vs. 31 (21) mm, p < 0.01] and follicular [dysmenorrhoeics vs. controls mean (SD): 60 (18) mm vs. 40 (14) mm, p < 0.01] phases of the menstrual cycle.ConclusionsThese data show that compared with controls, women who experience severe recurrent dysmenorrhoea have deep‐tissue hyperalgesia to ischaemic pain in muscles outside of the referred area of menstrual pain both during the painful menstruation phase and pain‐free follicular phase. These findings suggest the presence of long‐lasting changes in muscle pain sensitivity in women with dysmenorrhoea. Our findings that dysmenorrhoeic women are hyperalgesic to a clinically relevant, deep‐muscle ischaemic pain in areas outside of referred menstrual pain confirm other studies showing long‐lasting changes in pain sensitivity outside of the painful period during menstruation.
A Novel Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Cobalt Nanoparticles Implantation‐Modified Indium Tin Oxide Electrode
Authors: Wang Tong , Yu Yanan , Tian Huifeng , Hu Jingbo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new type of cobalt nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode (CoNPs/ITO) was fabricated using ion implantation technique. This method is low‐cost, facile and environmentally friendly without the use of any other chemicals. Electrochemical oxidation of glucose with this sensor was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry in alkaline aqueous solutions. The proposed sensor exhibited prominent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose with a low limit of detection of 0.25 µM. Furthermore, the fabricated electrode showed excellent selectivity, good reproducibility and long‐term stability. Thus CoNPs/ITO electrode is a promising candidate in the development of non‐enzymatic glucose sensors.
Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation over CuO–ZnO–TiO2 Catalysts: The Influence of TiO2 Content
Authors: Xiao Jie , Mao Dongsen , Guo Xiaoming , Yu Jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of CuO–ZnO–TiO2 catalysts with various TiO2 loadings were prepared by using a co‐precipitation method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, reactive N2O adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR), hydrogen temperature programmed desorption (H2‐TPD), and CO2‐TPD techniques, and tested the extent of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation. The results indicate that the addition of TiO2 to the CuO–ZnO catalyst makes the copper species exist in an amorphous‐like structure or in much smaller crystallites, which promotes the reduction of CuO. Upon increasing the TiO2 loading, the metallic Cu surface area (SCu) of the catalyst rises first and then decreases, exhibiting a maximum at a TiO2 loading of 10 %. The results of the catalytic experiments reveal that the addition of TiO2 favors the production of methanol, and an optimum catalytic activity is obtained at a TiO2 loading of 10 %. Moreover, the methanol yield increases linearly with the SCu of the catalysts, thereby indicating that the addition of TiO2 enhances the SCu but not the intrinsic activity.
Maternal repeated oral exposure to microcystin-LR affects neurobehaviors in developing rats
Authors: Li XiaoBo , Zhang Xin , Ju Jingjuan , Li Yunhui , Yin Lihong , Pu Yuepu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Microcystins are toxic peptides secreted by certain water blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. The most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which exhibits hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, limited information is available regarding the effects on offspring following maternal exposure. The present study was conducted to observe the effects of progestational exposure to MC-LR on postnatal development in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (28 d old) were randomly divided into a control group and 3 treatment groups (1.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt, 5.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt, and 20.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt), with 7 rats per group. The MC-LR was administered through gavage once every 48 h for 8 wk. Pure water was used as control. Each female rat was mated with an unexposed adult male rat. Motor development, behavioral development, and learning ability of pups were detected using surface righting reflex, negative geotaxis, and cliff avoidance tests on postnatal day 7. Open-field and Morris water maze tests were performed on postnatal day 28 and day 60. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant indices in the rat hippocampus were also detected. Pups from the MC-LR-treated groups had significantly lower scores than controls in the cliff avoidance test (p &lt; 0.05). Cognitive impairment, malondialdehyde level, and total superoxide dismutase activity significantly increased in MC-LR–exposed pups compared with controls (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, the present study reveals that maternal exposure to MC-LR has adverse effects on neurodevelopment in rat offspring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:64–69. © 2014 SETAC
A time-course transcriptional kinetics of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos after exposure to norgestrel
Authors: Liang Yan-Qiu , Huang Guo-Yong , Ying Guang-Guo , Liu Shuang-Shuang , Jiang Yu-Xia , Liu Shan , Peng Feng-jiao 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of norgestrel on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of norgestrel (0 ng L−1, 5 ng L−1, 50 ng L−1, and 100 ng L−1) for 144 h post fertilization (hpf), and the transcriptional profiles of the HPG and HPA axes were examined every day. Norgestrel modulated the expression of Pgr and Vtg1 messenger (m)RNAs mainly at 96 hpf for all treatment groups. In addition, norgestrel strongly altered the expression of Cyp11a1 mRNA above 5 ng L−1 (significant upregulation from 48 hpf to 120 hpf and significant downregulation for 144 hpf). Norgestrel treatment could significantly induce expression of Cyp19a1a, Cyp11b, Gnrh2, Gnrh3, and Lhb mRNAs but inhibit transcripts of Hsd11b2 and Crh genes above 5 ng L−1 at different time points. The transcriptional expression levels of Esr1, Ar, Star, Hsd17b3, Fshb, and Pomc were also mediated by 5 ng L−1 norgestrel or higher during different exposure periods. Taken together, the overall results imply that the transcriptional changes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos may pose a potential effect on embryonic development, in particular in the brain and gonadogenesis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:112–119. © 2014 SETAC
Effects of tannin source and concentration from tree leaves on two species of tadpoles
Authors: Earl Julia E. , Semlitsch Raymond D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Vegetation in and around freshwater ecosystems can affect aquatic organisms through the production of secondary compounds, which are retained in leaves after senescence and are biologically active. Tannins can be toxic to tadpoles, but the plant source of tannins and tannin concentration have been confounded in experimental designs in previous studies. To examine the effects of the concentration and source of tannins (tree species), we examined the effects of 4 factors on tadpole survival, growth, and development: tannin source (red oak [Quercus rubra], white oak [Quercus alba], or sugar maple [Acer saccharum]); tannin concentration (including a control); diet protein level; and tadpole species (American toad [Anaxyrus americanus] and spring peepers [Pseudacris crucifer]). Tannin source and concentration affected spring peeper survival, but American toads had uniformly high survival. Spring peepers had a lower survival rate in high tannin concentrations of oak leachate but a high survival rate in both concentrations of sugar maple leachate. These differences in survival did not correspond with changes in dissolved oxygen, and no effect of dietary protein level on tadpole performance was observed. The presence of plant leachate resulted in increased tadpole growth in both species, but the mechanism for this finding is unclear. The results of the present study show that tannin concentration and source are important factors for tadpole performance, adding further evidence that plant chemistry can affect aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:120–126. © 2014 SETAC
Mowing mitigates bioactivity of neonicotinoid insecticides in nectar of flowering lawn weeds and turfgrass guttation
Authors: Larson Jonathan L. , Redmond Carl T. , Potter Daniel A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides are used to control turfgrass insect pests. The authors tested their transference into nectar of flowering lawn weeds or grass guttation droplets, which, if high enough, could be hazardous to bees or other insects that feed on such exudates. The authors applied imidacloprid or clothianidin to turf with white clover, followed by irrigation, and used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze residues in clover blooms that were directly sprayed during application or that formed after the first mowing. Imidacloprid residues in guttation fluid from field-grown creeping bentgrass were assessed similarly. The authors used Orius insidiosus, a small anthrocorid bug that is sensitive to dietary neonicotinoids, as a bioindicator of the exudates' toxicity. Nectar from directly sprayed clover blooms contained 5493 ng/g to 6588 ng/g imidacloprid or 2882 ng/g to 2992 ng/g clothianidin and was acutely toxic to Orius. Residues were 99.4% to 99.8% lower in nectar of blooms formed after mowing, and nontoxic to Orius. Imidacloprid residues in turfgrass guttation averaged 88 ng/g at 1 wk after treatment, causing some intoxication of Orius, but declined to 23 ng/g within 3 wk. Systemic transference of neonicotinoids into white clover nectar and creeping bentgrass guttation appears relatively low and transitory. The hazard to nontarget insects via nectar of flowering weeds in treated lawns can be mitigated by adhering to label precautions and mowing to remove blooms if they are inadvertently sprayed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:127–132. © 2014 SETAC
Effects of bisphenol A on mineral nutrition in soybean seedling roots
Authors: Nie Lijun , Wang Lihong , Wang Qingqing , Wang Shengman , Zhou Qing , Huang Xiaohua 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment and potentially harmful to plants. However, relevant studies of the effects of BPA on plants are relatively scarce. In the present work, the effects of BPA on the biomass (fresh wt and dry wt), absorptive function (activity and absorptive area), and mineral element levels in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling roots treated with 1.5 mg L−1, 3.0 mg L−1, 6.0 mg L−1, 12.0 mg L−1, 24.0 mg L−1, 48.0 mg L−1, and 96.0 mg L−1 BPA were investigated. Treatment with 1.5 mg L−1 BPA increased the levels of nitrate and other mineral elements (P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Mo) in the roots, whereas treatments with BPA at higher concentrations decreased the levels of these elements in the roots. All treatments with BPA caused increases in the levels of ammonium, Ca, Fe, and Cu in the roots. Moreover, treatment with 1.5 mg L−1 BPA increased the fresh weight, dry weight, activity, and absorptive area of the roots, whereas treatments with BPA at higher concentrations decreased these indices in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, correlation analysis data showed that BPA affected the levels of mineral elements and absorptive function of soybean seedling roots, which may be the physiological basis of BPA action on plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:133–140. © 2014 SETAC
Improving the relationship between soil characteristics and metal bioavailability by using reactive fractions of soil parameters in calcareous soils
Authors: de Santiago-Martín Ana , van Oort Folkert , González Concepción , Quintana José R. , Lafuente Antonio L. , Lamy Isabelle 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

The contribution of the nature instead of the total content of soil parameters relevant to metal bioavailability in lettuce was tested using a series of low-polluted Mediterranean agricultural calcareous soils offering natural gradients in the content and composition of carbonate, organic, and oxide fractions. Two datasets were compared by canonical ordination based on redundancy analysis: total concentrations (TC dataset) of main soil parameters (constituents, phases, or elements) involved in metal retention and bioavailability; and chemically defined reactive fractions of these parameters (RF dataset). The metal bioavailability patterns were satisfactorily explained only when the RF dataset was used, and the results showed that the proportion of crystalline Fe oxides, dissolved organic C, diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cu and Zn, and a labile organic pool accounted for 76% of the variance. In addition, 2 multipollution scenarios by metal spiking were tested that showed better relationships with the RF dataset than with the TC dataset (up to 17% more) and new reactive fractions involved. For Mediterranean calcareous soils, the use of reactive pools of soil parameters rather than their total contents improved the relationships between soil constituents and metal bioavailability. Such pool determinations should be systematically included in studies dealing with bioavailability or risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:37–44. © 2014 SETAC