bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The French model and water challenges in developing countries: Evidence from Jakarta and Manila
Authors: Wu Xun , Ching Leong 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Despite the growing need for private sector participation (PSP) in the water sector, private sector investments in the water sector have experienced a downturn in recent years, especially concession projects, which accounted for nearly 80 percent of all PSP projects in urban water utilities from 1990 to 2005. This paper traces the concession to its origin—the French model—and focuses on the challenges of transferring the model into the context of developing countries, by comparing two cases of concession projects in Jakarta and Manila. This comparative analysis suggests that although the French model appears a compelling choice because of its promise of attracting capital investments and improving efficiency, successful applications of the model may require substantial modifications to its original form in order to adapt to prevailing legal and social norms as well as to local governance capacity.
Establishing mono-eukaryotic Histomonas meleagridis cultures from in vivo infection contaminated with Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp.
Authors: PHAM ANH DAO NGUYEN , MAST JAN , DE GUSSEM JEROEN KOEN , MCDOUGALD LARRY R. , GODDEERIS BRUNO MARIA 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe necessity to easily establish Histomonas meleagridis cultures has been underlined extensively by many researchers in order to gain more insights in the biology of H. meleagridis. In addition the occurrence of different protozoa in the caeca of birds impedes, however, the isolation and propagation of H. meleagridis from field outbreaks. Therefore, in a kinetic study using transmission electron microscopy the deleterious effects of adventitious protozoa including Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. on cultured H. meleagridis were examined. To overcome this issue, an easy and successful approach to establish the mono-eukaryotic H. meleagridis culture free of other host's protozoa is proposed. At 10 days post infection, liver lesions of H. meleagridis-infected birds were isolated and inoculated into culture media pre-incubated with caecal bacteria. After 48 h of incubation, presence of H. meleagridis in the cultures was confirmed through morphological evaluation. Additionally, TEM examination and analysis by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene could exclude the co-cultivation of T. gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. Furthermore, after successful propagation and maintenance of the cultured H. meleagridis, its pathogenicity was affirmed in an infection experiment in turkeys.
The Vocal Ecology of Crumb's Crickets
Authors: COOK ROBERT C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMaking sound is characteristic of agency in the natural world. It is curious therefore that having separated pitched sound from nature as much as possible—disciplined it into scales, temperaments, etc.—Western music has for centuries made extraordinary efforts to imitate natural sounds and processes with this un-natured sound. Whereas music often depicts nature, “music” has become abstract and transparent, and musical sounds themselves have become little more than acoustic tokens of objects related by structure. Any metaphorical connections with extra-musical sounds are suppressed in discourse about music because they constitute “effects.” In this article, I interpret the first movement of George Crumb's Ancient Voices of Children (1970) as an expression of agency in the soundscape, considering vocal sounds, especially those attributed to crickets, as acts in a vocal ecology rather than imitation of natural sounds for programmatic purposes. My analysis invites us to hear this music—and music in general—as acoustic expression in a soundscape and therefore in ecological terms.
Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in zirconia buffered n-NiO/p-NiO single crystalline heterostructures by nanosecond laser treatment
Authors: Molaei R. , Bayati M. R. , Alipour H. M. , Nori S. , Narayan J. 
Published: June 2013

We report the formation of NiO based single crystalline p-n junctions with enhanced photocatalytic activity induced by pulsed laser irradiation. The NiO epilayers were grown on Si(001) substrates buffered with cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (c-YSZ) by using pulsed laser deposition. The NiO/c-YSZ/Si heterostructures were subsequently laser treated by 5 pulses of KrF excimer laser (pulse duration = 25 × 10−9 s) at lower energies. Microstructural studies, conducted by X-ray diffraction (θ-2θ and φ techniques) and high resolution transmission electron microscope, showed a cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship at the c-YSZ/Si interface; the epitaxial relationship across the NiO/c-YSZ interface was established as NiO⟨111 ⟩||c-YSZ⟨001⟩ and in-plane NiO⟨110⟩||c-YSZ⟨100⟩. Electron microscopy studies showed that the interface between the laser annealed and the pristine region as well as the NiO/c-YSZ interface was atomically sharp and crystallographically continuous. The formation of point defects, namely oxygen vacancies and NiO, due to the coupling of the laser photons with the NiO epilayers was confirmed by XPS. The p-type electrical characteristics of the pristine NiO epilayers turned to an n-type behavior and the electrical conductivity was increased by one order of magnitude after laser treatment. Photocatalytic activity of the pristine (p-NiO/c-YSZ/Si) and the laser-annealed (n-NiO/p-NiO/c-YSZ/Si) heterostructures were assessed by measuring the decomposition rate of 4-chlorophenol under UV light. The photocatalytic reaction rate constants were determined to be 0.0059 and 0.0092 min−1 for the as-deposited and the laser-treated samples, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to the suppressed charge carrier recombination in the NiO based p-n junctions and higher electrical conductivity. Besides, the oxygen vacancies ease the adsorption of 4-chlorophenol, hydroxyl, and water molecules to the surface. Thus, n-NiO/p-NiO single crystalline catalysts can be introduced as a potent candidate to remediate the environmental pollution.
Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Elwha River Estuary Prior to Dam Removal: Seasonal Occupancy, Size Distribution, and Comparison to Nearby Salt Creek
Authors: Quinn Thomas P. , Harris Nicole , Anne Shaffer J. , Byrnes Chris , Crain Patrick 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn addition to the downstream migration of smolts in spring, Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch also enter estuaries throughout the year but especially in the spring as fry and in the fall as parr. The removal of two large dams on the Elwha River, Washington, has increased the area accessible to salmon and is affecting many aspects of the system. For comparison with the postdam period, when the Elwha River estuary will likely expand in size and complexity, monthly sampling was conducted in the estuary during 2007–2011 to determine patterns of Coho Salmon presence and size prior to dam removal; Salt Creek, a nearby undammed stream, was also sampled to allow comparison of fish size and seasonal timing patterns. The spring smolt migration in the Elwha River included a large fraction of unmarked fish (primarily of natural origin) as well as marked fish from the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Fish Hatchery. Subyearlings entered both estuaries during much of the year, exhibiting a peak in September. Coho Salmon from the Elwha River (including wild and hatchery‐origin fish) were larger and more heavily represented in the fall relative to the spring smolt migration compared to those from Salt Creek. Future patterns in the Elwha River may include reduced presmolt use of the estuary if the center of distribution is farther upriver, but improved estuarine habitat may make it more suitable for presmolts.
Is U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth Slowing?
Authors: Ball Eldon , Schimmelpfennig David , Wang Sun Ling 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper uses statistics on agricultural productivity compiled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service to test the productivity slowdown hypothesis. The indexes of productivity growth span the years 1948 to 2009. In our analysis, we apply econometric techniques that allow for multiple structural breaks at unknown points in time and in various forms. The tests identify a break in trend in 1974 and an intercept shift in 1985. These results point to slower productivity growth in agriculture beginning in 1974. Prior to 1974, productivity grew at an annual rate of 1.71%, but this slowed to 1.56% after 1974. This slower rate of productivity growth persisted after the intercept shift in 1985 but from a higher absolute level of productivity.
External Economies and International Trade Redux: Comment*
Authors: Lyn Gary , Rodríguez-Clare Andrés 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Recently, Gene Grossman and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg (GRH; “External Economies and International Trade: Redux,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 [2010], 829–858) proposed a novel way to think about the implications of international trade in the presence of national external economies at the industry level. Instead of perfect competition and two industries, GRH assume Bertrand competition and a continuum of industries. GRH conclude that the equilibrium is unique if transport costs are low, that there is no trade for high transport costs, and that there is no equilibrium in pure strategies when transport costs are intermediate. In this note we reexamine the equilibrium analysis under different transport costs for a single industry (partial equilibrium) version of GRH’s model. We confirm many of GRH’s results, but also find that there are circumstances under which there are multiple equilibria, including equilibria in which trade patterns run counter to “natural” comparative advantage, and also find that there is a profitable deviation to the mixed-strategy equilibrium postulated by GRH for intermediate trading costs. We propose an alternative set of strategies for this case and establish that they constitute an equilibrium.
The Rapidly Increasing Usefulness of Social Media in Urogynecology
Authors: Alas Alexandriah , Sajadi Kamran P. , Goldman Howard B. , Anger Jennifer T. 
Published: June 2013

Objective
We assessed the availability and quality of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse information in social medias and the growth of such information in the past 13 months.

Methods
We focused on the most popular social medias (Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube) to evaluate the key words “urogynecology,” “pelvic organ prolapse,” “stress incontinence,” “urge incontinence,” and “incontinence.” Initial evaluation included top 30 search results for key word “incontinence” to compare with our study in 2010, followed by a secondary search using the top 100 items. Results were classified as useful or not useful and then further categorized by health care providers, others, commercial, or humorous in intent. Results with the intent of providing information were presumed to be informative.

Results
Comparative search over a 13-month period showed a stable amount of useful information, 40% to 39%, but an increase in the number of health professionals (22% vs 13%). However, of the 817 search results, 406 (50%) were medically useful. Only 28% were written by health professionals, but of the informative results, 56% were written by health professionals. Finally, specific search terms provided the highest relevant and useful information, but also limited the number of search items found.

Conclusions
Over 13 months, there was an increase in useful information presented from health professionals. These changes may reflect the medical community’s growing awareness of the usefulness of social media. If these trends continue, we predict the use of these medias for medical purposes will continue to increase among medical professionals.
Impact of the 2011 FDA Transvaginal Mesh Safety Update on AUGS Members’ Use of Synthetic Mesh and Biologic Grafts in Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Clemons Jeffrey L. , Weinstein Milena , Guess Marsha K. , Alperin Marianna , Moalli Pamela , Gregory William Thomas , Lukacz Emily S. , Sung Vivian W. , Chen Bertha H. , Bradley Catherine S. 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To describe the frequency of use and recent change in use of synthetic mesh and biologic grafts in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence surgery by American Urogynecology Society (AUGS) members.

Methods
An electronic survey of AUGS members was conducted between December 2011 and January 2012. Frequency of graft use in POP (overall and by transvaginal and transabdominal approaches) and stress urinary incontinence surgery was queried relative to the timing of the 2011 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety update. Rates of materials’ use before and after the statement were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results
Fifty-three percent (507/962) of AUGS members responded and were included in analysis; 79% were urogynecologists. Before the FDA warning, in POP surgery, most (90%) used synthetic mesh and fewer (34%) used biologic grafts; 99% used synthetic mesh slings. After the FDA statement, respondents reported an overall decrease in the percent of POP cases in which they used synthetic mesh (P < 0.001) but no change in biologic graft use for POP (P = 0.37) or synthetic mesh sling use (P = 0.10). Specifically, transvaginal mesh use decreased: 40% reported decreased use and 12% stopped use. However, transvaginal mesh was still used by 61% of respondents in at least some cases. No change (62%) or increased use (12%) of mesh was reported for transabdominal POP procedures.

Conclusions
Synthetic mesh use in transvaginal POP surgery decreased after the 2011 FDA safety update, but synthetic mesh use for transabdominal POP repair and sling procedures and overall biologic graft use in POP surgery did not decrease.
Urinary Tract Injury at the Time of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Authors: Evans Janelle Morgan , Karram Mickey M. , Mahdy Ayman , Robertshaw Daniel 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To report a series of urinary tract injuries resultant of laparoscopic or robotic procedures performed for a gynecologic indication.

Methods
We identified 16 patients with urinary tract fistulas after laparoscopic or robotic gynecologic procedures between 2009 and 2012. We extracted demographic data and prior surgical data as well as reviewed our management of each case.

Results
Thirteen subjects had undergone robotic procedures, 2 traditional laparoscopies, and a single-port laparoscopy with time to presentation from 2 days to 9 months postoperatively. Seven patients presented with vesicovaginal fistulas (43%), of which one healed spontaneously. Eight patients had ureterovaginal fistulas. Two patients (25%) were managed with ureteroneocystotomy, 2 patients (25%) were managed with Boari flap, and 4 patients (50%) were managed with double-J stent placement. One patient had a vesicocervical fistula managed via trachelectomy and partial cystectomy.

Conclusion
The authors have seen an increase in referrals for urinary tract fistulas in minimally invasive surgery. It is imperative to investigate the effect of a steep learning curve, unfamiliarity with new energy sources, or poor patient selection as contributing factors.
Exploring Predictors of Mesh Exposure After Vaginal Prolapse Repair
Authors: Sirls Larry T. , McLennan Gregory P. , Killinger Kim A. , Boura Judith A. , Fischer Melissa , Nagaraju Pradeep , Peters Kenneth 
Published: June 2013

Objectives
To evaluate clinical, demographic, and surgical factors that may be associated with mesh exposure after vaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods
Records of women who underwent POP repair with Elevate or Prolift were retrospectively reviewed. Body mass index (BMI), prolapse grade, smoking history, diabetes, steroid and estrogen use, parity, compartment repaired, concurrent hysterectomy, operative time, postoperative pain, change in hemoglobin (ΔHgb) and other characteristics were evaluated for associations with mesh exposure.
Categorical variables were examined using Pearson χ2 test where appropriate, or the Fisher exact test was used. The continuous variables were examined using Wilcoxon rank tests. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was completed to examine predictors of mesh exposure. All analyses used SAS for Windows version 9.2 (Cary, NC).

Results
Three hundred thirty-five women underwent repair from 2006 to 2011. Vaginal mesh exposure was identified in 27 (8.1%) of the 335 women. Patients with exposure had longer median follow-up than the group with no exposure (357 vs 145 days; P = 0.0003). The median time to exposure was 96 days (15–1129 days). Mesh exposure was associated with lower BMI (25.2 ± 2.5 vs 27.4 ± 5.1; P = 0.020) and greater ΔHgb (−3.7 ± 1.7 mg/dL vs −2.5 ±1.3; P = 0.0011). Change in hemoglobin decreased over time (P = 0.0005). Exposure rates also decreased over time (17% in 2005 to 12% in 2006, then 5%–8% in 2006–2011) but were not statistically significant (P = 0.49).

Conclusions
In this study, vaginal mesh exposure was only associated with ΔHgb and lower BMI.
The contribution of an avian top predator to selection in prey species
Authors: Vedder Oscar , Bouwhuis Sandra , Sheldon Ben C. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryNatural selection can vary in magnitude, form and direction, yet the causes of selection, and of variation in selection, are poorly understood.We quantified the effect of a key predator (Eurasian sparrowhawks) on selection on fledging body mass in two bird species (blue tits and great tits). By partitioning selection into within‐ and between‐brood components, we were able to separate individual from brood‐level effects of fledging mass on predation probability and recruitment.In blue tits, selection on fledging mass by sparrowhawk predation was nonsignificant and could not explain selection to recruitment. In contrast, in great tits, sparrowhawk predation selected for increased fledging mass at the individual level and could explain 73% of individual‐level selection on fledging mass to recruitment.Moreover, in great tits, individual‐level selection on fledging mass was significantly stronger in years in which sparrowhawks were present compared to years when sparrowhawks were absent. Selection at the brood level was independent of sparrowhawk presence.These results provide compelling evidence that sparrowhawk predation acts as an important causal agent of selection on fledging mass in great tits but not in blue tits. Variation in predation pressure can therefore account for variation in selection, but specific patterns may not be easily generalized across species.
Synchronic Variation in The Old English Perfect
Authors: Macleod Morgan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn Old English, the present/past dichotomy of the Germanic verbal system was supplemented by the development of periphrastic forms such as the perfect and pluperfect. However, the inflected past tense continued to be used beside these newer forms to express similar temporal content. The research presented here aims to provide accurate quantitative data on the distribution within Old English texts both of the periphrastic forms and of semantically comparable preterites. Upon analysis, these data reveal a substantial degree of synchronic variation among Old English texts in their use of these grammatical categories, with no observable diachronic trends. The evidence does not suggest that this variation is grammatically motivated; it is hypothesised that the preterite and the periphrastic forms differed in their perceived stylistic value, although the exact details of such a difference may no longer be recoverable.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for hysterectomy, a prospective cohort study: cefuroxime, metronidazole, or both?
Authors: Brummer THI , Heikkinen A‐M , Jalkanen J , Fraser J , Mäkinen J , Tomás E , Seppälä T , Sjöberg J , Härkki P 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate cefuroxime and metronidazole antibiotic prophylaxis.DesignObservational nonrandomised 1‐year prospective cohort study.SettingFifty‐three hospitals in Finland.PopulationA total of 5279 women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications, with cefuroxime given to 4301 and metronidazole given to 2855. Excluding other antibiotics, cefuroxime alone was given to 2019, metronidazole alone was given to 518, and they were administered in combination to 2252 women.MethodsData on 1115 abdominal hysterectomies (AHs), 1541 laparoscopic hysterectomies (LHs), and 2133 vaginal hysterectomies (VHs) were analysed using logistic regression adjusted for confounding factors.Main outcome measuresPostoperative infections.ResultsCefuroxime had a risk‐reductive effect for total infections (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 0.22–0.39), but the independent effect of metronidazole and the interaction effect of cefuroxime and metronidazole were nonsignificant. In subgroup analyses of AHs, LHs, and VHs involving those receiving the two main antibiotics only, the effect of cefuroxime alone nonsignificantly differed from that of cefuroxime and metronidazole in combination for all types of infection. The absence of cefuroxime, assessed by comparing metronidazole alone with cefuroxime and metronidazole in combination, led to an increased risk for total infections in AHs (adjusted OR 3.63; 95% CI 1.99–6.65), in LHs (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.74–7.18), and in VHs (OR 4.05; 95% CI 2.30–7.13), and also increased risks for febrile events in all categories (AHs, OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.09–7.46; LHs, OR 13.19; 95% CI 3.66–47.49; VHs, OR 12.74; 95% CI 3.01–53.95), wound infections in AHs (OR 6.88; 95% CI 1.09–7.49), and pelvic infections in VHs (OR 4.26; 95% CI 1.76–10.31).ConclusionsIn this study, cefuroxime appeared to be effective in prophylaxis against infections. Metronidazole appeared to be ineffective, with no additional risk‐reductive effect when combined with cefuroxime.
Use of a high‐risk human papillomavirus DNA test as the primary test in a cervical cancer screening programme: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Zorzi M , Del Mistro A , Farruggio A , de' Bartolomeis L , Frayle‐Salamanca H , Baboci L , Bertazzo A , Cocco P , Fedato C , Gennaro M , Marchi N , Penon MG , Cogo C , Ferro A 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo present the results of the first 2 years of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test‐based screening programme outside the research context.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingA cervical service screening programme in Italy.PopulationWomen aged 25–64 years invited to screening from April 2009 to April 2011.MethodsEligible women were invited to undergo an HPV test: those with a negative HPV test went on to the next screening episode; those with a positive HPV went on to triage with a Pap smear. Women with positive cytology (i.e. positive for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse, ASC‐US+) were referred to colposcopy, whereas those with negative cytology were referred to repeat HPV testing 1 year later.Main outcome measuresParticipation rate, positivity at HPV and at triage, referral rate to colposcopy, positive predictive value for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+) at colposcopy, and detection rate for CIN2+.ResultsParticipation increased compared with the previous Pap programme (60.6 versus 43.9%). The HPV positivity rate was 7.0; 39.6% of Pap smears were scored as positive, and therefore 2.8% of the women screened were referred for immediate colposcopy. The compliance of women who scored positive for HPV and negative for Pap for repeat HPV testing at 12 months was 78.6%, and the HPV positivity rate was 56.6%. The overall referral rate to colposcopy was 4.6%. The overall detection rate for CIN2+ was 4.5 versus 1.5% of the Pap programme (25–34 years, 8.2%; 35+ years, 3.6%).ConclusionsCompared with the traditional Pap test, the HPV programme recorded a higher response to invitation and an increased DR for CIN2+. The most critical aspects were the reading of cytology in women that were positive for HPV and the increased workload at colposcopy.