bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal and behavioural stress responses to capture and radio-collar fitting in free-ranging pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)
Authors: Munerato MS , Marques JA , Caulkett NA , Tomás WM , Zanetti ES , Trovati RG , Pereira GT , Palme R 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the short-term hormonal and behavioural responses to capture and radio-collar fitting in free-ranging pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Twenty adult deer (eleven females and nine males) were captured in the South Pantanal wetland (Brazil) and equipped with VHF radio-collars (marked deer). Untreated adult deer of the same sex were randomly chosen as the control group (nine females and nine males). On the day following capture, an observer followed all deer for faecal collection and behaviour evaluation. Faecal samples were immediately refrigerated and frozen at-20°C within a maximum of 12 h. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) were measured using an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay. A qualitative behaviour assessment and the consequences of capture were evaluated using pre-defined terminologies and scores. Flight distance was recorded using a range finder. FGM increased from 19-22 h after capture onwards and peak concentrations were five times (median) higher as the respective baseline values. FGM values of marked deer were significantly higher at 22-25 and 25-28 h compared with controls. Marked male but not female deer had significantly higher FGM values at 22-25 and 25-28 h compared with their baseline values. Marked deer were significantly more fearful, less sociable and defensive than controls. The absences of significant increases of FGM in the captured female deer may indicate that females are less prone to capture stress. The significantly more fearful, and less sociable and defensive patterns observed in marked deer may be relevant during capture of lactating females or in areas with high predator pressure.
Effects of gentle interactions on the relationship with humans and on stress-related parameters in group-housed calves
Authors: Lürzel S , Windschnurer I , Futschik A , Palme R , Waiblinger S 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough the relationship between farm animals and humans has strong implications for animal welfare and productivity, there have been few experimental studies on the influence of gentle interactions in group-housed calves. In the present study, Austrian Simmental calves were housed in groups of four under standard management conditions. Fourteen calves experienced 40 min of additional gentle interactions in the form of stroking and gentle talking during the first four weeks of life, whereas the remaining eleven calves did not. The animals’ fear of humans was measured by avoidance distance tests on 33 and 76 days of age and by an arena test that comprised three phases — isolation, presence of a human, isolation — at 34 days of age. The very low avoidance distances did not differ significantly between the groups. In the arena test, there was less behaviour indicative of stress in the presence of the experimenter compared with the isolation phases. Heart-rate measurements showed a corresponding pattern. Control calves showed more tail-flicking than stroked calves and had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol before and after the test. There were no other significant differences between the groups. The minor number of behavioural differences may result from the control animals’ good relationship with humans, ie there is a ceiling effect. If the general contact between stockpeople and calves is gentle and negative experiences are minimised, it is possible to achieve a good calf-human relationship without additional efforts.
La réappropriation historique et culturelle par les mémoires graphiques autochtones
Authors: Dufour Emanuelle 
Published: October 2015

Depuis quelques années, au Canada, on assiste à la production de romans graphiques autochtones qui se proposent d’agir en tant qu’agents de transformations socioculturelles. Chacune à leur façon, The 500 Years of Resistance Comic Book (Hill 2010) et Innu Meshkenu : Tracer son chemin (Couture, Duquette et Lemieux 2014) visent à encouragerl’empowermentde ses lecteurs autochtones ainsi qu’à déconstruire la vision stéréotypée de leurs lectorats allochtones. Cet article pose un regard théorique et conceptuel sur le potentiel pédagogique des mémoires graphiques autochtones en matière d’éducation culturelle et de prise en charge.
Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from Pd catalysts by gas source method using ethanol in high vacuum
Authors: Kozawa Akinari , Saida Takahiro , Naritsuka Shigeya , Maruyama Takahiro 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
We carried out single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth at 600 °C using Pd catalysts by the alcohol gas source method. When Pd catalysts deposited on SiO2/Si substrates were used, the G band in the Raman spectra was broad and weak RBM peaks were observed at ethanol pressures between 1 × 10−3 and 1 × 10−1 Pa. On the other hand, using Al2O
x
buffer layers, a sharp G band with a shoulder peak (G− peak) and several radial breathing mode (RBM) peaks were observed, which indicates the growth of SWCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that dense web like SWCNTs were formed, and the diameters of SWCNTs estimated from the wavenumbers of RBM peaks were 1.3–2.9 nm, which were larger than those from Pt catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed that the larger migration distance of Pd caused an enlargement of catalyst particle sizes, resulting in the larger diameters of SWCNTs from Pd catalysts.
Efficient automatic screening for Li ion conductive inorganic oxides with bond valence pathway models and percolation algorithm
Authors: Nakayama Masanobu , Kimura Mayumi , Jalem Randy , Kasuga Toshihiro 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Fast ion conductive solid oxide electrolytes are urgently needed because of the development of batteries, fuel cells, and sensors. Ab initio density functional theory can predict ionic conductivities with high accuracy, although it often requires large computational resources and time. In this paper, we use empirical bond valence relations [Adams et al., Phys. Status Solidi A 208, 1746 (2011)] and a percolation algorithm for fast, efficient, fully automated evaluation of migration energies for Li ion conduction in 14 olivine-type LiMXO4 compounds. The results showed a high correlation coefficient with the ab initio density functional theory (DFT) approach, indicating that our method could be attractive for identifying fast ion conductors in databases of numerous candidates.
On a Fourth Order Parabolic Equation with Mixed Type Boundary Conditions in a Nonrectangular Domain
Authors: Kheloufi Arezki 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the study of the following fourth order parabolic equation ∂tu + ∂x
4u = f in the non-necessarily rectangular domain
Q ={(t,x) ∈ℝ2 : 0 < t < T, ϕ1(t) < x < ϕ2(t)}.
The equation is subject to mixed type conditions ∂xu = ∂x
3u + βu = 0, on the lateral boundary of Q. The right-hand side term f of the equation lies in Lω
2 (Q) the space of square-integrable functions on Q with the measure ωdtdx. Our aim is to find sufficient conditions on the coefficient β and on the functions ϕi,i = 1, 2 and on the weight ω such that the solution of this equation belongs to the anisotropic Sobolev space
Hω
1,4 (Q) = {u ∈ Lω
2 (Q) : ∂tu, ∂x
ju ∈ Lω
2 (Q) , j = 1, 2, 3, 4}.
The analysis is performed by using the domain decomposition method.
Practice directions and the Civil Procedure Rules
Authors: Jolowicz J.A. 
Published: July 2002

Practice directions are made by the courts under a jurisdiction usually called “inherent”. Directions do not have statutory authority but are sometimes used to introduce important procedural innovations. Now, the Civil Procedure Act 1997 envisages that a rule of court, instead of providing for something, may refer to directions, actual or to be made: directions covered by this do have statutory authority.Practice directions “supplementing” many of the Parts of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 were issued alongside the rules. Not all of these fall within the Act of 1997, but the “inherent” jurisdiction, which has not been displaced, can justify them. In the result, there are now two kinds of practice direction: some have the authority of statute and others do not. This article examines a confusing situation and makes some suggestions.
Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne) cultivars using a leader-follower rotational grazing management system
Authors: BLUETT S. J. , HODGSON J. , KEMP P. D. , BARRY T. N. 
Published: July 2002

A summer lamb finishing experiment at Palmerston North, New Zealand compared the performance
and health of weaned lambs grazing Aries HD or Yatsyn 1 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Aries
HD ryegrass was originally selected for increased digestibility over summer and early autumn. Two
groups of Romney×Suffolk lambs (15 per group) were rotationally grazed on each cultivar in a
leader-follower sequence to assess both the nutritive value of the pastures and the alkaloid challenge
imposed by the respective cultivar/endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) associations. Herbage from leader
pastures contained a higher content of ryegrass (600 v. 474±27·3 g/kg, P < 0·001) and a lower
content of dead material (355 v. 479±34·2 g/kg, P < 0·001) than follower pastures. The in vitro
organic matter digestibility coefficient of leader pastures was greater (0·62 v. 0·55±0·024, P < 0·05)
and the neutral detergent fibre content lower (592 v. 631±11·4 g/kg, P < 0·005) than follower
pastures. Consequently, the leader lambs had faster liveweight gains (92 v. 53±10·6 g/day,
P < 0·0005) than the follower lambs. Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 cultivars were similar in sward
composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility, neutral detergent fibre content and nitrogen
content. Lambs grazing Aries HD had a higher herbage intake in late January than lambs grazing
Yatsyn 1 pasture (0·95 v. 0·85±0·023 kg OM/day, P < 0·005). Overall, the liveweight gains of lambs
grazing Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 were similar (71 v. 73±10·6 g/day, P > 0·7).Grazing sequence and cultivar did not affect the concentrations of lolitrem B and peramine from
herbage cut to ground level. However, serum prolactin concentration, which can indicate ergovaline
intoxication, was lower in lambs grazing follower swards (181 v. 120±18·0 ng/ml, P < 0·005).
Ergovaline concentration in Aries HD herbage was about half the concentration detected in Yatsyn
1 herbage (0·25 v. 0·49±0·050 mg/kg, P < 0·001). In addition, respiration rate, which can be an
indicator of heat stress, was higher in lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 than Aries HD (77 v. 74±1·1 breaths
per minute, P < 0·005). All lambs on all treatments had clinical ryegrass staggers from 10 February
to 9 March. Lambs were removed from the experiment on 9 March. Both grazing sequence and
cultivar affected the severity of ryegrass staggers. Staggers score was highest in Yatsyn 1 followers
(4·4) and lowest in Aries HD leaders (3·1). Both grazing sequence and cultivar affected the alkaloid
challenge imposed on lambs, resulting in differences in staggers severity, heat stress and performance
of the lambs over the summer and autumn period.
A comparison of animal output and nitrogen leaching

losses recorded from drained fertilized grass and

grass/clover pasture
Authors: TYSON K. C. , SCHOLEFIELD D. , JARVIS S. C. , STONE A. C. 
Published: July 2002

Annual liveweight gain of beef cattle (steers) grazing grass pasture

fertilized with 200 kg N/ha was

compared over a period of 7 years (1989–95) with that of

steers grazing grass/white clover pasture

given no artificial N fertilizer at North Wyke, Devon, UK. Nitrogen lost

by leaching over the ensuing

winter drainage periods was monitored from both pastures. Nitrogen leaching

loss from the fertilized

pasture over an extended period of 13 years (1983–95) is also reported.The average annual liveweight gain of the steers grazing the

grass/clover pasture (0·81 t/ha) was

19% lower than that of the steers grazing the N-fertilized

grass pasture (1·00 t/ha). The average

annual loss of nitrate-N by leaching in winter drainage from

the grass/clover pasture (13 kg/ha) was

only 26% of that recorded from the fertilized grass (50 kg/ha).

A possible reason for this difference

may arise from the previous history of the grass/clover

pasture which had been ploughed in 1982,

causing a flush of N mineralization and consequently greater immobilization

of N in the soil in subsequent years.Losses of N each winter by leaching measured over a 13-year period from

the fertilized grass were

highly correlated (P<0·001) with the preceding

summer's soil moisture deficit, with the highest losses

following dry summers. The nitrate-N concentration in

the drainage water exceeded the European

Union limit in drinking water (11·3 mg/l) in the

initial 25 mm of drainage during 11 of the 13

autumns. The average loss of N each winter (53 kg/ha) was

equivalent to 26% of the fertilizer-N

applied annually. Immediate losses of N by leaching of fertilizer applied

in early spring and

throughout one very wet summer (1993) were minimal.
Controlled-temperature effects on cotton growth and development
Authors: ROUSSOPOULOS D. , LIAKATAS A. , WHITTINGTON W. J. 
Published: July 2002

The growth and development of cotton was studied on cotton plants

grown in pots in growth rooms
under constant day/night temperature (C) and varying temperature regimes
throughout the day
and/or night (V) The V-treatments had a common mean temperature
of 22°C. The objectives were
to determine the thermal requirements of three cultivars and to observe
the extent of
genotype×thermal environment interactions throughout the entire growth
period.Vegetative growth was found to be almost exclusively time and
temperature dependent, varietal
differences being largely insignificant. Plant material was found
to accumulate four times faster under
the warmest C-regime, which was 7°C warmer than the coolest. The
C-treatments caused variation
in the number and size of lateral shoots and leaves, causing leaf
area to be larger at the squaring stage
in cool environments but at maturity in warm regimes. Relatively
cool nights lowered the position of
the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas warm days shortened flowering
intervals and thus
promoted earliness. However, the effect of temperature in altering
the position of the first floral
branch seems to be less important than its effect on the shedding of early
squares.The effects of fluctuating temperature (V) on vegetative growth and

earliness were similar to those
from constant temperature environments. Growth and development rates were
low in the low
minimum V-regimes, especially when the maximum temperature was also low.
Temperature variation
affected vegetative growth to a greater extent in the early than
in the later stages of development. At
squaring, leaf area and dry weight were lowest under the regime with the
highest minimum and
maximum temperatures. Later on, only leaf area at flowering and total dry
weight at maturity
significantly differed between treatments. High maximum or
minimum temperatures produced effects
similar to a higher or lower mean temperature, respectively. The low minimum
raised the node
number of the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas in the
case of boll dry weight it acted in the same
way as a further drop in temperature, decreasing the weight,
regardless of the maximum temperature.
Boll period was affected mainly by the temperature variation itself rather
by than the type of
variation.The inverse of time to a certain stage and the corresponding mean
temperature were linearly related
and allowed threshold temperatures (T0) and thermal

time requirements to be estimated. T0=12°C,
except for the initial stage, when it was lower. A cotton growing
season cooler on average by only
1°C will considerably delay maturity.
Production of calcium-reduced milks using an ion-exchange resin
Authors: PREMLAL RANJITH H. M. , LEWIS MIKE J. , MAW DAVID 
Published: July 2002

Ion exchange is used commercially in such processes as water softening,
chemical
purification, separation of ionic from non-ionic forms and analytical applications.
Van Kreveld & van Minnen (1955) reported a method for the determination
of
Ca2+ and Mg2+
activity in milk using an ion-exchange resin. From this early work, it
was
established that with suitable resins exchange of salts was possible in
milk, permeate
and whey. This included the exchange of Ca and Mg from micelles by using
Na+ or K+. Cationic resins of the Zerolit
236 type have been used successfully in the
production of Ca-reduced single cream (Anderson et al. 1976).
Such treatment prior
to UHT processing was shown to increase physical stability when it was
used as a
coffee whitener. There is evidence that reduction of Ca2+ would
also reduce the
deposit formation that may occur during storage of UHT milk. Thus there
is a need
to establish commercial techniques to produce Ca-adjusted milks that could
then be
used as raw materials for industrial applications or product development
work.The present study investigated the use of ion exchange to reduce Ca
in milk with
particular reference to understanding the exchange of salts in Ca-reduced
milk and
the changes to some of its physical properties.
Vortex organization in the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer
Authors: ADRIAN R. J. , MEINHART C. D. , TOMKINS C. D. 
Published: July 2002

The structure of energy-containing turbulence in the outer region of a zero-pressure-
gradient boundary layer has been studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to
measure the instantaneous velocity fields in a streamwise-wall-normal plane. Experiments
performed at three Reynolds numbers in the range 930 < Reθ < 6845 show
that the boundary layer is densely populated by velocity fields associated with hairpin
vortices. (The term ‘hairpin’ is here taken to represent cane, hairpin, horseshoe, or
omega-shaped vortices and deformed versions thereof, recognizing these structures are
variations of a common basic flow structure at different stages of evolution and with
varying size, age, aspect ratio, and symmetry.) The signature pattern of the hairpin
consists of a spanwise vortex core located above a region of strong second-quadrant
fluctuations (u < 0 and v > 0) that occur on a locus
inclined at 30–60° to the wall.In the outer layer, hairpin vortices occur in streamwise-aligned packets that propagate
with small velocity dispersion. Packets that begin in or slightly above the buffer
layer are very similar to the packets created by the autogeneration mechanism (Zhou,
Adrian & Balachandar 1996). Individual packets grow upwards in the streamwise
direction at a mean angle of approximately 12°, and the hairpins in packets are typically
spaced several hundred viscous lengthscales apart in the streamwise direction.
Within the interior of the envelope the spatial coherence between the velocity fields
induced by the individual vortices leads to strongly retarded streamwise momentum,
explaining the zones of uniform momentum observed by Meinhart & Adrian
(1995). The packets are an important type of organized structure in the wall layer
in which relatively small structural units in the form of three-dimensional vortical
structures are arranged coherently, i.e. with correlated spatial relationships, to form
much longer structures. The formation of packets explains the occurrence of multiple
VITA events in turbulent ‘bursts’, and the creation of Townsend's (1958) large-scale
inactive motions. These packets share many features of the hairpin models proposed
by Smith (1984) and co-workers for the near-wall layer, and by Bandyopadhyay
(1980), but they are shown to occur in a hierarchy of scales across most of the
boundary layer.In the logarithmic layer, the coherent vortex packets that originate close to the wall
frequently occur within larger, faster moving zones of uniform momentum, which may
extend up to the middle of the boundary layer. These larger zones are the induced
interior flow of older packets of coherent hairpin vortices that originate upstream
and over-run the younger, more recently generated packets. The occurence of small
hairpin packets in the environment of larger hairpin packets is a prominent feature
of the logarithmic layer. With increasing Reynolds number, the number of hairpins
in a packet increases.
Simulations of bypass transition
Authors: JACOBS R. G. , DURBIN P. A. 
Published: July 2002

Bypass transition in an initially laminar boundary layer beneath free-stream turbulence
is simulated numerically. New perspectives on this phenomenon are obtained
from the numerical flow fields. Transition precursors consist of long backward jets
contained in the fluctuating u-velocity field; they flow backwards relative to the local
mean velocity. The jets extend into the upper portion of the boundary layer, where
they interact with free-stream eddies. In some locations a free-stream perturbation to
the jet shear layer develops into a patch of irregular motion – a sort of turbulent spot.
The spot spreads longitudinally and laterally, and ultimately merges into the downstream
turbulent boundary layer. Merging spots maintain the upstream edge of the
turbulent region. The jets, themselves, are produced by low-frequency components of
the free-stream turbulence that penetrate into the laminar boundary layer. Backward
jets are a component of laminar region streaks.A method to construct turbulent inflow from Orr–Sommerfeld continuous modes
is described. The free-stream turbulent intensity was chosen to correspond with the
experiment by Roach & Brierly (1990). Ensemble-averaged numerical data are shown
to be in good agreement with laboratory measurements.
Measurements of the average properties of a suspension of bubbles rising in a vertical channel
Authors: ZENIT ROBERTO , KOCH DONALD L. , SANGANI ASHOK S. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments were performed in a vertical channel to study the behaviour of a
monodisperse bubble suspension for which the dual limit of large Reynolds number
and small Weber number was satisfied. Measurements of the liquid-phase velocity
fluctuations were obtained with a hot-wire anemometer. The gas volume fraction,
bubble velocity, bubble velocity fluctuations and bubble collision rate were measured
using a dual impedance probe. Digital image analysis was performed to quantify the
small polydispersity of the bubbles as well as the bubble shape.A rapid decrease in bubble velocity with bubble concentration in very dilute
suspensions is attributed to the effects of bubble–wall collisions. The more gradual
subsequent hindering of bubble motion is in qualitative agreement with the predictions
of Spelt & Sangani (1998) for the effects of potential-flow bubble–bubble interactions
on the mean velocity. The ratio of the bubble velocity variance to the square of the
mean is O(0.1). For these conditions Spelt & Sangani predict that the homogeneous
suspension will be unstable and clustering into horizontal rafts will take place.
Evidence for bubble clustering is obtained by analysis of video images. The fluid
velocity variance is larger than would be expected for a homogeneous suspension and
the fluid velocity frequency spectrum indicates the presence of velocity fluctuations
that are slow compared with the time for the passage of an individual bubble. These
observations provide further evidence for bubble clustering.