bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caudal dexmedetomidine decreases the required concentration of levobupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients: a randomized trial
Authors: She Ying‐Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Yi , Song Xing‐Rong 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackground and ObjectivesDexmedetomidine (D) can prolong the duration of local anesthetics, but the effect of caudal dexmedetomidine on the potency of levobupivacaine (L) for caudal block has not been investigated. This study was designed to determine the effect of caudal dexmedetomidine on levobupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients.MethodsEighty‐nine children scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair or hydrocele were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: Group L (caudal levobupivacaine), Group LD1 (levobupivacaine plus 1 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine), or Group LD2 (levobupivacaine plus 2 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine). The primary endpoint was the minimum local anesthetic concentration (MLAC), which was determined using the Dixon up‐and‐down method. The secondary endpoints were the duration of analgesia and sedation.ResultsThe MLAC values (sd) of caudal levobupivacaine were 0.103 (0.01)%, 0.068 (0.02)%, and 0.055 (0.03)% in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively. The values of EC50 and EC95 (95% CI) of caudal levobupivacaine from logistic regression analysis were 0.094 (0.083–0.105)% and 0.129 (0.1–0.159)%, 0.058 (0.044–0.072)% and 0.106 (0.067–0.144)%, and 0.046 (0.033–0.059)% and 0.091 (0.055–0.127)% in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively. The mean durations of analgesia in the postoperative period were 141, 378, and 412 min in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively (L vs LD1 or LD2, P < 0.001). The mean durations of sedation in both Groups LD1 and LD2 also were significantly prolonged, compared with Group L (P < 0.01).ConclusionsCaudal dexmedetomidine reduces the MLAC values of levobupivacaine and improves postoperative analgesia in children without any neurological side effects.
Risk assessment and anesthetic management of patients with Williams syndrome: a comprehensive review
Authors: Matisoff Andrew J. , Olivieri Laura , Schwartz Jamie M. , Deutsch Nina 
Published: October 2015

SummarySince the first description in 1961, several case reports have documented an increased incidence of anesthesia‐related cardiac arrest in patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome, commonly known as Williams syndrome (WS). Widespread arteriopathy secondary to an elastin gene defect results in various cardiac defects, including supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) and coronary artery anomalies, which can increase the risk of myocardial ischemia. Even though patients with WS are known to have increased risk of adverse events during anesthesia and sedation, they often undergo several procedures that require anesthesia during their lifetimes, and cases of perianesthetic cardiac arrest continue to be reported. To date, no prospective studies have been reported that quantify anesthetic risk in individual patients with WS. In this article, we review the clinical manifestations of WS, propose a consensus, expert‐informed method to estimate anesthetic risk based on the current literature, and provide recommendations for periprocedural management of this patient population.
A novel synthetic Piper amide derivative NED‐180 inhibits hyperpigmentation by activating the PI3K and ERK pathways and by regulating Ca2+ influx via TRPM1 channels
Authors: Hwang Eunson , Lee Taek Hwan , Lee Wook‐Joo , Shim Won‐Sik , Yeo Eui‐Ju , Kim Sanghee , Kim Sun Yeou 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPiper amides have a characteristic, unsaturated amide group and exhibit diverse biological activities, including proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its antimelanogenesis effect remain unknown. We screened a selected chemical library of newly synthesized Piper amide derivatives and identified (E)‐3‐(4‐(tert‐butyl)phenyl)‐N‐(2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin‐6‐yl)acrylamide (NED‐180) as one of the most potent compounds in suppressing melanogenesis. In murine melan‐a melanocytes, NED‐180 downregulated the expression of melanogenic regulatory proteins including tyrosinase, Tyrp1, Dct, and MITF. PI3K/Akt‐dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β by NED‐180 decreases MITF phosphorylation and inhibits melanogenesis without any effects on cytotoxicity and proliferation. Furthermore, topical application of NED‐180 significantly ameliorated UVB‐induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs. Interestingly, data obtained using calcium imaging techniques suggested that NED‐180 reduced the TPA‐induced activation of TRPM1 (melastatin), which could explain the NED‐180‐induced inhibition of melanogenesis. All things taken together, NED‐180 triggers activation of multiple pathways, such as PI3K and ERK, and inhibits TRPM1/TRPV1, leading to inhibition of melanogenesis.
Normative Reasons for Love, Part II
Authors: Smuts Aaron 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAre there normative reasons for love? More specifically, is it possible to rationally justify love? Or can we at best provide explanations for why we love? In Part I of this entry, I discuss the nature of love, theories of emotion, and what it takes to justify an attitude. In Part II, I provide an overview of the various positions one might take on the rational justification of love. I focus on the debate between defenders of the no‐reasons view and the reasons view. Along the way, I discuss the significance of falling in love, the problem of trading up, and the notion of irreplaceability. I evaluate attempts to justify love based on the intrinsic and the relational properties of the beloved.
The Quad Council Practice Competencies for Public Health Nursing
Authors: Swider Susan M. , Krothe Joyce , Reyes David , Cravetz Michelle 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article describes the most recent efforts by the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing organizations to review and revise the competencies for PHN practice, and highlights the implications of these competencies for practice, education, and research. The Quad Council is a coalition of four nursing organizations with a focus on public health nursing and includes the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators; the Association of Public Health Nursing (known prior to July 1, 2012 as the Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing); the Public Health Nursing section of the American Public Health Association; and the Council on Economics and Practice of the American Nurses' Association. The Quad Council competencies are based on the Council on Linkages competencies for public health professionals and were designed to ensure that public health nursing fits in the domain of public health science and practice.
Civic Engagement in Public Policy Making: Fad or Reality in Ghana?
Authors: Mohammed Abdulai Kuyini 
Published: October 2015

Ghana's 55 years of nationhood have largely been lived under successions of undemocratic rule. There is the perception that the undemocratic governments, among others, excluded Ghanaians from the public policy‐making process. However, many now believe the reintroduction of constitutional rule since 1993 has democratized policy decision making in ways that have engaged civil society actors via consultation and open public participation. The analysis of two cases (Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy I and Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy II) enables this study to determine if this perception is correct. I conclude that although a gradual shift to participatory decision making has occurred and improved policy processes and outcomes, it is bedeviled by several structural challenges that place premium on elite preferences to the neglect of those of unorganized and marginalized rural folk. This finding leaves important question marks surrounding some of the fundamental principles of the good governance mantra.Related Articles
Elliot‐Teague, Ginger. 2011. “ .” Politics & Policy 39 (): 835‐861. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00318.x/abstract

McBeth, Mark, Donna L. Lybecker, and Kacee A. Garner. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 1‐23. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00226.x/abstract

Danso, Alex. 1991. “.” Southeastern Political Review 19 (): 117‐144. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1991.tb00052.x/abstract
Related Media: Documentary
. 2010. “.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjhz57Tv1Q0&noredirect=1

. 2012. “.” http://www.ghananewsagency.org/details/Politics/Former‐Botswana‐President‐Mogae‐lauds‐Ghana's‐Democratic‐Credentials/?ci=2&ai=50363#.UKIT2I4gPIY

Anaman, Kwabena A. and Felix Agyei‐Sasu. 2012. http://www.thebftonline.com/feature/1997‐is‐the‐performance‐of‐business‐firms‐in‐ghana‐affected‐by‐national‐elections‐and‐democratic‐political‐transition
Telling Stories: Exogenous Influences on Media, Presidential, and Congressional Framing of Biofuels
Authors: Delshad Ashlie B. 
Published: October 2015

This article examines how key political actors—the media, the president, andCongress—framed biofuels from 1999 through 2008, and what factors had the most pronounced influence on their storytelling. Special attention is paid to how their stories concerning biofuels changed in response to shifts in the broader political milieu and whether these actors influenced one another's storytelling. The findings indicate that these actors most commonly told stories concerning biofuels' impacts on the environment (good and bad), the economy (good and bad), and energy security. The results also suggest that while these actors had little if any influence on one another's storytelling, media, presidential, and congressional framing was heavily shaped by the economic climate in the country, and by key events such as 9/11, which elevated the issue of energy security. These events and conditions were vital because they established which storylines would resonate in the public sphere.Related ArticlesShanahan,Elizabeth A.,Mark K.McBeth, andPaulL. Hathaway.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():373‐400.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00295.x/abstractWaage,Eric.2008. “.”Politics & Policy36():792‐804.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00135.x/abstractDavitt,Marcia.2008. “.”Politics & Policy36():1148‐1149.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00157_5.x/abstractRelated Media.2009. “.”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECpYJfpAzY4Trent,Jonathan.2012. “.”TEDGlobal.http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_trent_energy_from_floating_algae_pods.htmlBomani,Bilal.2011. “.”TEDGlobal.http://www.ted.com/talks/bilal_bomani_plant_fuels_that_could_power_a_jet.html.2012. .http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/
Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro‐Level Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Stockemer Daniel 
Published: October 2015

This article tests the impact of corruption on electoral turnout for over 200 elections from over 70 presidential systems conducted between 1990 and 2011. Differentiating among three corruption indicators (i.e., the International Country Risk Guide corruption indicator, the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, and the World Bank Control of Corruption measure), I evaluate corruption's precise impact on electoral participation in a pooled time series framework. Controlling for compulsory voting, semi‐presidentialism, regime type, development, political culture, the closeness of the election, and state size, my results are nuanced. I find that corruption more narrowly defined as political corruption stifles turnout, whereas a rather broad definition of corruption, which includes societal and financial corruption, has no impact on macro‐level turnout. Finally, I discover that the interactive impact of corruption on other variables in the turnout function is rather limited.Related Articles
Kostadinova, Tatiana 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 691‐714. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00194.x/abstract

Caillier, James. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 1015‐1035. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00267.x/abstract

Lagunes, Paul F. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 802‐826. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00384.x/abstract
Putative effector genes detected in Fusarium oxysporum from natural ecosystems of Australia
Authors: Rocha L. O. , Laurence M. H. , Ludowici V. A. , Puno V. I. , Lim C. C. , Tesoriero L. A. , Summerell B. A. , Liew E. C. Y. 
Published: October 2015

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) causes disease in plants and animals, but is also widely dispersed in natural ecosystems without evidence of disease. The present study screened a population representing natural ecosystems across the Australian continent for the putative effector genes pisatin demethylase 1 (PDA1), pectate lyase (pelD), secreted gene expression (SGE1) and secreted in xylem (SIX). The genes pelD and SGE1 were prevalent in the natural isolates, PDA1 was present at an intermediate level, whereas SIX genes were detected at low levels. Phylogenies of these putative effector genes were compared to the EF‐1α species phylogeny to determine the likely modes of gene transmission: vertical gene transfer (VGT) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). There was evidence of both modes of gene transmission within the F. oxysporum isolates. PDA1, pelD and SGE1 were likely to be only vertically inherited, whereas the SIX genes had evidence for both VGT and HGT. The phylogenetic relationships of SIX genes in isolates from natural ecosystems and formae speciales from agro‐ecosystems were also established. These findings have important implications for the evolution of effectors in the FOSC.
Educational Inequality and The Expansion of UK Higher Education
Authors: Blanden Jo , Machin Stephen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper we explore changes over time in higher education (HE) participation and attainment between people from richer and poorer family backgrounds during a time period when the UK higher education system expanded at a rapid rate. We use longitudinal data from three time periods to study temporal shifts in HE participation and attainment across parental income groups for children going to university in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The key finding is a highly policy relevant one, namely that HE expansion has not been equally distributed across people from richer and poorer backgrounds. Rather, it has disproportionately benefited children from relatively rich families. Despite the fact that many more children from higher income backgrounds participated in HE before the recent expansion of the system, the expansion acted to widen participation gaps between rich and poor children. This finding is robust to different measures of education participation and inequality. It also emerges from non‐parametric estimations and from a more detailed econometric model allowing for the sequential nature of education choices with potentially different income associations at different stages of the education sequence.
Compartmentalization: A Window on the Defensive Self
Authors: Thomas Jenna S. , Ditzfeld Christopher P. , Showers Carolin J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMost people hold both positive and negative beliefs about themselves. The way individuals organize, or structure, these beliefs in their self‐concepts can facilitate realistic acceptance and confrontation of negative self‐beliefs (integration), or defensive avoidance and denial of negative self‐beliefs (compartmentalization). This article focuses on the distinction between individuals with a realistic, secure self and a defensive, fragile self. We present evidence that compartmentalization is associated with several indicators of a defensive, fragile self, such as contingent self‐esteem and unstable self‐evaluations. In addition, individuals with this structure are likely to engage in defensive processes that enhance or protect the self. This model of self‐organization can provide a window on the defensive self, allowing researchers to observe the process by which individuals think about and defensively avoid negative self‐beliefs.
Aversive for Me, Wrong for You: First‐person Behavioral Aversions Underlie the Moral Condemnation of Harm
Authors: Miller Ryan , Cushman Fiery 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMany studies attest to the critical role of affect in the condemnation of harmful actions, but few attempt to identify the precise representations underlying this affective response. We propose a distinction between two potential sources of affect: an aversion to the negative outcomes of an action versus an aversion grounded in the action itself. Whereas previous models have focused on outcome‐oriented processes (e.g. empathy and victim perspective‐taking), we argue that moral judgment is also strongly influenced by action‐based aversions. Specifically, we propose that individuals engage in a process of ‘evaluative simulation’ when judging others, imagining how much it would bother them to perform the same action. Furthermore, we present evidence that this aversion can be based in superficial sensory or motor properties of the action. We consider how such ‘action aversions’ might be acquired, and we highlight important areas for future research.
Low rates of vaccination in listed kidney transplant candidates
Authors: Lee D.H. , Boyle S.M. , Malat G. , Sharma A. , Bias T. , Doyle A.M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDespite clear consensus and strong recommendations, vaccination rates of kidney transplant (KT) recipients have remained below targets. As vaccination is most effective if it is given prior to transplantation and the initiation of immunosuppression, patients should ideally have their vaccination status assessed and optimized in the pre‐transplant period. We performed a retrospective chart review to characterize vaccination rates and factors associated with gaps in vaccination in a single‐center population of waitlisted patients being evaluated for kidney transplantation. We evaluated 362 KT patients. Three‐quarters were receiving dialysis at the time of evaluation. Immunization rates were low with 35.9% of patients having completed vaccination for Pneumococcus, 55% for influenza, 6.9% for zoster, and 2.5% for tetanus. On multivariable analysis, patients who received other vaccines, including influenza, tetanus, or zoster vaccine (odds ratio [OR] 10.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.65–19.71) were more likely to receive pneumococcal vaccine. Blacks (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.12–0.47) were less likely to receive pneumococcal vaccine compared to whites. Patients on dialysis, and those active on the waiting list were more likely to receive pneumococcal vaccine than other groups (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.44–5.51, and OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.08–3.14, respectively). We found that the overall immunization rate against common vaccine‐preventable infections was low among patients evaluated for kidney transplantation. A significant gap remains between recommendations and vaccine uptake in clinical practice among this high‐risk population.
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence protein VirE3 is a transcriptional activator of the F‐box gene VBF
Authors: Niu Xiaolei , Zhou Meiliang , Henkel Christiaan V. , van Heusden G. Paul H. , Hooykaas Paul J. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDuring Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation of plant cells a part of the tumour‐inducing plasmid, T‐DNA, is integrated into the host genome. In addition, a number of virulence proteins are translocated into the host cell. The virulence protein VirE3 binds to the Arabidopsis thaliana pBrp protein, a plant‐specific general transcription factor of the TFIIB family. To study a possible role for VirE3 in transcriptional regulation, we stably expressed virE3 in A. thaliana under control of a tamoxifen‐inducible promoter. By RNA sequencing we showed that upon expression of virE3 the RNA levels of 607 genes were increased more than three‐fold and those of 132 genes decreased more than three‐fold. One of the strongly activated genes was that encoding VBF (At1G56250), an F‐box protein that may affect the levels of the VirE2 and VIP1 proteins. Using Arabidopsis cell suspension protoplasts we showed that VirE3 stimulates the VBF promoter, especially when co‐expressed with pBrp. Although pBrp is localized at the external surface of plastids, co‐expression of VirE3 and pBrp in Arabidopsis cell suspension protoplasts resulted in the accumulation of pBrp in the nucleus. Our results suggest that VirE3 affects the transcriptional machinery of the host cell to favour the transformation process.
Risk Factors Associated With Survival to Hospital Discharge of 54 Horses With Fractures of the Radius
Authors: Stewart Suzanne , Richardson Dean , Boston Ray , Schaer Thomas P. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo determine (1) survival to discharge of horses with radial fractures (excluding osteochondral fragmentation of the distal aspect of the radius and stress fractures); and (2) risk factors affecting survival to hospital discharge in conservative and surgically managed fractures.Study DesignCase series.AnimalsHorses (n = 54).MethodsMedical records (1990–June 2012) and radiographs of horses admitted with radial fracture were reviewed. Horses with osteochondral fragmentation of the distal aspect of the radius or stress fractures were excluded. Evaluated risk factors were age, fracture configuration, surgical repair method, surgical duration, hospitalization time, implant failure rate, and surgical site infection (SSI) rate.ResultsOf 54 horses, overall survival to discharge was 50%. Thirteen (24%) were euthanatized on admission because of (1) fracture severity; (2) presence of an open fracture; or (3) financial constraints. Fourteen (26%) horses with minimally displaced incomplete fractures were conservatively managed and 12 (86%) survived to discharge. Twenty‐seven (50%) horses had surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and 15 (56%) survived to hospital discharge. Open fractures were significantly more likely to develop SSI (P = .008), which also resulted in a 17‐fold increase in implant failure (P < .005). Six of 8 surgically managed horses with an open fracture did not survive to discharge. Outcome was also adversely affected by age (P <  .005) and surgical duration >168 minutes (P < .027). Presence of SSI trended toward a decreased survival rate (P = .09).ConclusionPrognosis for survival to discharge with minimally displaced incomplete fractures is good. Young horses have a good prognosis survival to discharge for ORIF, whereas ORIF in adult horses has a poor prognosis and SSI strongly correlates with catastrophic implant failure.