bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal issues in trauma intensive care
Authors: Kidwell Richard P. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Critically ill trauma patients are at high risk for complications and death. The factthat there may be legal proceedings related to the original injury further adds tothe fear of litigation for physicians caring for trauma patients. Most of this fear isungrounded, however. There is a paucity of reported appellate court opinionsregarding trauma cases. Thus, there is little guidance from courts to delineatewith any degree of clarity the expected standard of care with respect to traumapatients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The dictionary definition of seizure includes events caused by epileptic discharges as well as non-epileptic events. In medicine we distinguish between epileptic and non-epileptic events, based on whether there is a cerebral electrical discharge responsible for the event. Other conditions which can clinically resemble epileptic seizures include syncope, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, some movement disorders, and others. The differential diagnosis of seizures and clues to diagnosis are discussed.
A House of Sound Structure, of Marvelous form and Proportion
Authors: Owens Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article begins by defending the so-called Proposition 1, which claims that for the linguist Arabic is the most interesting language in the world. It then describes the handbook’s scope and choice of topics, followed by a discussion of the real world of research on Arabic. It suggests that the study of a language must be more than the sum of its parts. However, as far as Arabic goes, a holistic linguistic tradition remains an unrealized desideratum. A number of factors continue to militate against this development, including the fact that Arabic is a very large language, the stovepiping characteristic of contemporary academia and the clash of academic and cultural traditions. Finally, the article discusses how the only approach that does justice to Proposition 1 is one grounded in radically open-minded empiricism.
Morphology
Authors: Ratcliffe Robert R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the study of Arabic morphology. It first considers the root-and-pattern theory, which has become the orthodox approach to Arabic synchronic morphology. It then details the paradigm shift in the mid-1980s, when students of Arabic morphology reached the conclusion that a rigidly reductionist root-and-pattern analysis is fundamentally inadequate as a descriptive tool. This has led to a variety of alternative models, which can be loosely grouped under the rubric of word based or stem based. All such models have in common the idea that many or all morphological regularities in Arabic can be best described in terms of derivational processes operating on words or stems rather than in terms of combinations of roots and patterns.
Arabic Linguistic Tradition II
Authors: Larcher Pierre 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article deals essentially with two topics. The first is rhetoric, as one of the two sectors of the basic core of the Arabic linguistic tradition. Since the tradition was not definitively constructed until the postclassical period, Qazwīnī’s Talkhīs (d. 739/1338) is used—the most famous “epitome” of the rhetorical part of Sakkākī’s Miftāħ al-‘Ulūm, which itself is based on the two works of Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078), Asrār al-‘Arabiyya and Dalā’il al-’I‘jāz. The second is the intersections of rhetoric with the other sectors of this tradition: linguistics proper, namely, grammar; and not linguistics proper, namely, the theologico-juridical sciences.
Codeswitching and Related Issues Involving Arabic
Authors: Bentahila Abdelali , Davies Eirlys , Owens Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBilingual speech involving Arabic has been an important source of linguistic research on the language. The greater part of this research has involved Arabic in contact with other languages; in recent years, greater systematic attention has been given to Arabic diglossic speech as well. This article looks at Arabic in contact with other languages and also deals with diglossic speech. It also briefly summarizes the use of secret languages, which has close structural parallels to code switching.
Second-Language Acquisition
Authors: Ryding Karin Christina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article begins with an overview of Arabic second-language acquisition (SLA) research. It discusses some SLA theories; the distancing of SLA research and theory from the traditional applied linguistics fields of methodology and teacher training; and major issues in current Arabic SLA research, which center on the development of skills in both primary and secondary discourses and efforts to balance these in formal and informal learning environments. The article then reviews published studies in Arabic SLA. This is followed by a discussion of five strands of research that distinguish themselves in the analysis of Arabic SLA: (1) studies on reading comprehension and word recognition; (2) listening comprehension; (3) learning strategies; (4) attitude and motivation; and (5) acquisition order of morphosyntactic features.
History
Authors: Owens Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the history of the Arabic language. It argues that Arabic should have a privileged place within historical linguistics. It is one of the few languages in the world for which a wealth of data exists both in the far-flung contemporary Arabic-speaking world and in a rich Classical tradition attested beginning 1400 years ago. Issues of maintenance and change, central concepts in historical linguistics, can be interpreted against a rich set of data. That they have not resides in the fact that basic concepts of historical linguistics have rarely been systematically applied to the language. Doing so will not only open new vistas to understanding the rich linguistic history of the language but also promises to contribute to the general study of historical linguistics.
Pidgins and Creoles
Authors: Tosco Mauro , Manfredi Stefano 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on the languages derived from the drastic restructuring of Arabic. It first distinguishes between Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles and peripheral Arabic dialects and Arabic spoken as a non–first language as an interethnic medium. The discussion then turns to the general features of Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles, Sudanic Pidgins and Creoles, immigrant Pidgins in Arab countries, and the relevance of Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles for Arabic linguistics and general Creolistics.
Chemical variation in molecular cloud cores in the Orion A cloud. II.
Authors: Tatematsu Ken'ichi , Ohashi Satoshi , Umemoto Tomofumi , Lee Jeong-Eun , Hirota Tomoya , Yamamoto Satoshi , Choi Minho , Kandori Ryo , Mizuno Norikazu 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We have mapped six molecular cloud cores in the Orion A giant molecular cloud (GMC), whose kinetic temperatures range from 10 to 30 K, in CCS and N2H+ with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope to study their chemical characteristics. We identified 31 intensity peaks in the CCS and N2H+ emission in these molecular cloud cores. We found, for cores with temperatures lower than ∼ 25 K, that the column density ratio of N(N2H+)/N(CCS) is low toward starless core regions while it is high toward star-forming core regions, in cases where we detected both the CCS and N2H+ emission. This is very similar to the tendency found in dark clouds (kinetic temperature ∼ 10 K). The criterion found in the Orion A GMC is N(N2H+)/N(CCS) ∼ 2–3. In some cases, both CCS and N2H+ emission is detected toward protostars. A secondary late-stage CCS peak in the chemical evolution caused by CO depletion may be a possible explanation for this. We found that the chemical variation of CCS and N2H+ can also be used as a tracer of evolution in warm (10–25 K) GMC cores. On the other hand, some protostars do not accompany N2H+ intensity peaks but are associated with dust continuum emitting regions, suggesting that the N2H+ abundance might be decreased due to CO evaporation in warmer star-forming sites.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Stages II and III Resected Thymoma
Authors: Yan Jinchun , Liu Qin , Moseley Jessica N. , Baik Christina S. , Chow Laura Q. M. , Goulart Bernardo H. M. , Zlotnick David , Papanicolau-Sengos Antoni , Gallaher Ian , Knopp Joy M. , Zeng Jing , Patel Shilpen 
Published: February 2014

Introduction:
The role of adjuvant radiation for Masaoka stages II and III thymoma remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical benefit of radiation therapy for resected stages II and III thymoma patients.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 175 thymoma patients treated from July 1996 to January 2013 at University of Washington Medical Center; 88 patients with adequate follow-up and who met histologic criteria were included. We evaluated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and compared these outcomes in patients treated by surgery (S) alone versus surgery plus radiotherapy (S+RT). Cox regression models and log-rank tests were used to compare PFS and OS for S versus S+RT, and they were further assessed by margin-positive versus margin-negative subgroups using Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results:
Among the 88 thymoma patients, 22 were stage II and 18 were stage III. For all stages II and III patients, adjuvant radiation was not identified as a significant predictor for PFS (P=0.95) or OS (P=0.63). A positive surgical margin predicted for a worse OS (hazard ratio=7.1; P=0.004). Further investigation revealed for resection margin-positive patients; S+RT had higher OS than S alone (P=0.006).

Conclusions:
For stages II and III thymoma, postoperative adjuvant radiation was not associated with statistically significant differences in PFS or OS in this study. Our results indicated a potential OS benefit of adjuvant RT in patients with positive resection margins, and therefore may be considered in this patient population.
Phase II Trial of Target-guided Personalized Chemotherapy in First-line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Cubillo Antonio , Rodriguez-Pascual Jesús , López-Ríos Fernando , Plaza Carlos , García Elena , Álvarez Rafael , de Vicente Emilio , Quijano Yolanda , Hernando Ovidio , Rubio Carmen , Perea Sofía , Sanchez Gema , Hidalgo Manuel 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of personalizing treatment of patients with advanced untreated colorectal cancer (CRC).

Patients and Methods:
Patients with untreated metastatic CRC, performance status 0-1, and candidates for systemic chemotherapy were eligible. Tumor tissues were analyzed for KRAS, BRAF, and PI3K mutations and expression of topoisomerase-1 (Topo-1), excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TS), and thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Patients with Topo-1 expression received irinotecan, whereas patients with negative Topo-1 and ERCC1 expression received oxaliplatin. Otherwise, patients received physician’s choice of treatment. If TS was positive, no fluoropyrimidine was administered and if negative, 5-flurorouracil if TP was negative, or capecitabine if TP was positive. KRAS-mutated patients were treated with bevacizumab, whereas KRAS-native received cetuximab. The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS).

Results:
A total of 74 patients were enrolled and 67 received personalized treatment including irinotecan (n=27), oxaliplatin (n=16), FOLFIRI (n=12), and FOLFOX (n=12). Thirty-eight patients received cetuximab and 29 bevacizumab. With a median follow-up time of 18.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4-36), the overall median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI, 6.9-9.7), representing a 12-month PFS rate of 36.5% (95% CI, 25-48). Overall clinical benefit, including response rate and disease stabilization, was 86% (95% CI, 73%-97%). The overall median survival was 21 months (95% CI, 11-40).

Conclusions:
Real-time target-guided personalized first-line treatment of patients with advanced CRC is feasible but, with the approached used, did not result in a clear improvement in PFS to warrant phase III testing.
Estimating the evolution of human life history traits in age-structured populations
Authors: Baldini Ryan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractI propose a method that estimates the selection response of all vital rates in an age-structured population. I assume that vital rates are determined by the additive genetic contributions of many loci. The method uses all relatedness information in the sample to inform its estimates of genetic parameters, via an MCMC Bayesian framework. One can use the results to estimate the selection response of any life history trait that is a function of the vital rates, including the age at first reproduction, total lifetime fertility, survival to adulthood, and others. This method closely ties the empirical analysis of life history evolution to dynamically complete models of natural selection, and therefore enjoys some theoretical advantages over other methods. I demonstrate the method on a simulated model of evolution with two age classes. Finally I discuss how the method can be extended to more complicated cases.
I worry when […] insights into dual diagnosis from those who treat mothers misusing alcohol
Authors: Marlow Sally 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– Alcohol misuse and mental health problems in parents are both known to contribute to impaired outcomes in children, although little is known about the specific parenting behaviours that might be affected. Mental health problems in parents who misuse alcohol may impact parenting in specific ways, and these may be different for mothers and for fathers. The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary investigation of alcohol misuse and mental health problems in mothers, and explore ways in which these might affect their parenting.

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews were carried out with professionals involved in services for mothers who misuse alcohol, including those working in addiction psychiatry, in primary care, and in the provision of parenting services. These interviews were then examined using thematic analysis.

Findings
– Themes emerged including specific mental health problems (depression, anxiety and personality disorders), and related issues, such as self-medication. Particularly relevant for mothers were post-natal depression, the effect on maternal alcohol misuse and mental health when children are removed, the role of domestic violence, and the importance for identification of home visits by services. Different types of alcohol misuse were linked to different mental states and different parenting behaviours in parents. Findings in the general parenting and substance misuse literature were confirmed, and a new addition was that expressed emotion may play a role in families where mothers misuse alcohol.

Originality/value
– The findings increased the understanding of the relationships between maternal alcohol misuse, mental health issues and parenting, raising several new points for consideration.
Identification of PTSD in adults with intellectual disabilities in five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit
Authors: Bakken Trine Lise , Kildahl Arvid Nikolai , Gjersøe Vibeke , Matre Espen , Kristiansen Tone , Ro Arvid , Tveter Anne Louise , Høidal Siv Helene 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults with intellectual disabilities. Existing research in this area encompasses case studies, and includes, for the most part, persons with mild intellectual disabilities.

Design/methodology/approach
– The aim of this study is to investigate symptom presentation and subsequent identification of PTSD in persons with more severe intellectual disabilities; i.e. persons with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities. Five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit for patients with intellectual disabilities were included. Information about the patients was collected through case files and interviews with key informants: family, milieu therapists, and caregivers in community settings, and observations through inpatient admission. The authors of this paper followed a training programme for trauma therapists in addition to the inpatient treatment of the five patients. The five patients all met criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability.

Findings
– Previously, it was not suspected that the five patients suffered from PTSD, although they had experienced terrifying incidents. All patients displayed severe changes in behaviour, which may have overshadowed symptoms of PTSD. PTSD in persons with more severe intellectual disabilities may be interpreted as challenging behaviour, or other psychiatric disorders such as psychosis.

Research limitations/implications
– The limitation of the study is the small number of participants.

Practical implications
– Practical implication is linked to clinical practice related to identification of PTSD in persons with intellectual disabilities.

Originality/value
– The paper may encourage more research into how PTSD can be identified in persons with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. The case reports may help clinicians to look for traumatic experiences in persons with intellectual disabilities who have experienced terrifying incidents.
Attitudes and self-efficacy towards adults with mild intellectual disability among staff in acute psychiatric wards: an empirical investigation
Authors: Mesa Sue , Tsakanikos Elias 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether acute inpatient psychiatric staffs’ attitudes and self-efficacy towards adults with mild intellectual disability, were different than towards the general mental health population. And whether their understanding of the policy for those with mental illness and intellectual disability differed.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study is a between-subject design, using a self-administered postal questionnaire. The sample was all qualified staff from the acute inpatient psychiatric provision of an inner London borough. Potential participants were randomly assigned to two research groups, half being given a questionnaire regarding people with intellectual disability and the other half an identical one regarding people with mental illness. Comparisons were made between the two.

Findings
– The majority of staff were unaware of the current policy direction for adults with intellectual disability although were on the whole in agreement to the idea that they should access mainstream services. Staff overall did not have more negative attitudes to those with intellectual disability although were less likely to empower or encourage self-advocacy. Staff were significantly less confident that they had sufficient training and experience, and in their perceived ability to be able to communicate, assess and treat adults with mild intellectual disability when compared to those with mental illness.

Research limitations/implications
– The response rate and small sample size is a limitation. Further research could usefully look at whether self-efficacy and attitudes differ in different models of mainstream psychiatric care.

Originality/value
– Government policy in the UK regarding services for people with intellectual disability advocates for inclusion and equality (Chaplin and Taggart, 2012). Those requiring psychiatric care should access this from mainstream services (Department of Health, 2001, 2009, 2011; Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities et al., 2004; Bradley, 2009.) There are, however, no UK-based studies investigating the views of mainstream acute inpatient psychiatric staff towards their role. Intellectual disability staff have concerns about their attitudes and self-efficacy and it is know that acute care is the setting where most adults with intellectual disability will come across mainstream psychiatric staff. Findings have relevance to managers and staff in both intellectual disability and psychiatric services and could be considered in the context of trying to work together as is the direction of policy.
Pain experience and management in a forensic intellectual disability service
Authors: Chester Verity , Henriksen Marie 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– Research investigating the experience and management of pain in people with intellectual disabilities has mainly been carried out in community services. The purpose of this baseline audit aims to examine this area in a forensic intellectual disability setting.

Design/methodology/approach
– A baseline audit of pain management was carried out. Audit standards were derived from recent research, and the performance on each measured. Patients and nurses were interviewed. The audit included 82 patients, of which 64 were interviewed. Twelve nurses were interviewed. Health Action Plans and medication files were accessed for information.

Findings
– There were interesting differences and similarities in the experience and management of pain between community and forensic intellectual disability patients. Within this sample, most patients were able to communicate their pain, and access appropriate treatment. However, a minority required further support. Nurse decision making about providing pain treatment was affected by fears of manipulation, contributing to addition and disbelieving the patient. Additionally, a number of patients appeared to have insufficient knowledge about how to best manage pain.

Practical implications
– Results suggested that a standardised approach to pain management, incorporating policy, staff training, and health promotion and psycho-education for patients, would have benefits for both patients and staff within secure intellectual disability services.

Originality/value
– At present, there is little research focusing on pain experience and management in forensic intellectual disability settings.
Cultural impact of human resource practices on job satisfaction
Authors: Karin Andreassi Jeanine , Lawter Leanna , Brockerhoff Martin , J. Rutigliano Peter 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of high-performance human resource practices on job satisfaction across four cultural regions – Asia, Europe, North America, and Latin America. High-performance human resource practices were used to predict job satisfaction for each region and then compared to determine significant differences. Hofstede's cultural dimensions were employed as a basis for structuring hypothesized differences across cultural regions.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from a proprietary industry survey on employee work attitudes. The sample consisted of over 70,000 employees from four large multinational organizations with at least four offices in each of the four regions. Data were analyzed using regression analysis and comparison testing across models.Findings– There are significant relationships between job characteristics and job satisfaction across all regions of the world, with a sense of achievement universally the most important driver. Although job characteristics impact job satisfaction across all regions, there are significant differences in the relative importance of job characteristics on job satisfaction, consistent with Hofstede's cultural dimensions.Practical implications– The findings have implications for tailoring human resource management practices across locations within multinationals.Originality/value– This research is believed to be the first cross-cultural study of human resource practices affecting job satisfaction using multiple organizations and industries.