bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hybrid health service accreditation program model incorporating mandated standards and continuous improvement: interview study of multiple stakeholders in Australian health care
Authors: Greenfield David , Hinchcliff Reece , Hogden Anne , Mumford Virginia , Debono Deborah , Pawsey Marjorie , Westbrook Johanna , Braithwaite Jeffrey 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYThe study aim was to investigate the understandings and concerns of stakeholders regarding the evolution of health service accreditation programs in Australia. Stakeholder representatives from programs in the primary, acute and aged care sectors participated in semi‐structured interviews. Across 2011–12 there were 47 group and individual interviews involving 258 participants. Interviews lasted, on average, 1 h, and were digitally recorded and transcribed. Transcriptions were analysed using textual referencing software. Four significant issues were considered to have directed the evolution of accreditation programs: altering underlying program philosophies; shifting of program content focus and details; different surveying expectations and experiences and the influence of external contextual factors upon accreditation programs. Three accreditation program models were noted by participants: regulatory compliance; continuous quality improvement and a hybrid model, incorporating elements of these two. Respondents noted the compatibility or incommensurability of the first two models. Participation in a program was reportedly experienced as ranging on a survey continuum from “malicious compliance” to “performance audits” to “quality improvement journeys”. Wider contextual factors, in particular, political and community expectations, and associated media reporting, were considered significant influences on the operation and evolution of programs. A hybrid accreditation model was noted to have evolved. The hybrid model promotes minimum standards and continuous quality improvement, through examining the structure and processes of organisations and the outcomes of care. The hybrid model appears to be directing organisational and professional attention to enhance their safety cultures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the dye‐tracer correction factor for documenting the mean velocity of sheet flow over smooth and grassed surfaces
Authors: Pan Chengzhong , Shangguan Zhouping , Ma Lan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn the investigation of overland flow hydraulics, mean flow velocity (V) is frequently estimated using the measured surface flow velocity (Vs) multiplied by a correction factor, α. In total, 291 tests were performed in a flume with three beds [smooth glass (GL), sandpaper (SD), and plastic grass (GR)] to investigate α under submerged and non‐submerged flows, and Vs was observed using dye‐tracer method whilst V was calculated by the measured water depth and flow rate. For GL with 5.2% slope and 100 < Re < 5000 [Reynolds number (Re)], α ranged from 0.35 to 0.79, with an average of 0.54. For SD with slopes ranging from 2.6% to 25.9% and 300 < Re < 1200, α varied from 0.18 to 0.48 with an average of 0.32. Raindrop impacts decreased α for GL at 5.2% slope, but the effect diminished for SD as the slope increased. The α‐values less than the theoretical value of 0.67 in laminar flows may be attributed to the greater spatial variability in overland flow compared with channel flow. For GR with non‐submerged flows and Re < 4200, α varied inversely with sediment concentration (SC) at 5.2% slope but was only slightly related to SC at steep slopes of 15.6% and 25.9%. The α‐values were approximately 0.8 for turbulent flows and even greater than 1.0 under high flow discharges. This finding may relate to sheet flow disturbance and retarded surface velocity due to the protruding scattered grass stems. For each surface, α varied positively with Re; α was inversely related to slope for SD but positively related to slope for GR. There was a positive relation between h and α for GL and SD but a negative relation for GR, which highlights the importance of flow inundation status to α. The inundation ratio (h/Δ) is a promising indicator for predicting α; thus, further investigations using different submerged and non‐submerged surfaces are required to predict α effectively based on (h/Δ). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological regime changes in a Canadian Prairie basin
Authors: Dumanski Stacey , Pomeroy John W. , Westbrook Cherie J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTo illustrate the hydrological impact of climate and land use change on an unregulated basin, the agriculture‐ and wetland‐dominated Smith Creek Research Basin (SCRB) was examined in detail. Streamflows (1975–1994) show behaviour typical of the Canadian Prairies – generation primarily by snowmelt and cessation in May due to lack of runoff or groundwater contributions. Depressional storage has been drained for decades, reducing the extent of ponds by 58% and increasing drainage channel length 780%. Climate has also changed; increasing temperatures since 1942 have brought on a gradual increase in the rainfall fraction of precipitation (no trends in total precipitation) and an earlier snowmelt by 2 weeks. The number of multiple‐day rainfall events has increased by half, which may make rainfall‐runoff generation mechanisms more efficient. Annual streamflow volume and runoff ratio have increased 14‐fold and 12‐fold, respectively, since 1975, with dramatically increasing contributions from rainfall and mixed runoff regimes. Snowmelt runoff has declined from 86% in the 1970s to 47% recently while rainfall runoff has increased from 7% to 34% of discharge. Peak discharge has tripled since 1975, with a major shift in 1994. Recent flood volumes in SCRB have been abnormally large, and high flows in June 2012 and flooding in June 2014 were caused solely by rainfall, something never before recorded at the basin. Changes to the observed character of precipitation, runoff generation mechanisms and depressional storage are substantial, but it is unlikely that any single change can explain the dramatic shift in SCRB surface hydrology. Further diagnostic investigation using process hydrology simulations is needed to explain the observed regime changes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the role of the FcγRIIB immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif in regulation of the B cell immune response
Authors: Vuyyuru Raja , Shen Shixue , Manser Tim 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn vitro studies have demonstrated that the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM) of the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIB is critical for mediating attenuation of signaling via immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) containing receptors, such as the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), when FcγRIIB is co‐cross‐linked to these activation receptors. To test the role of the FcγRIIB ITIM motif in regulation of the B cell immune response in vivo, we constructed lines of transgenic mice expressing a form of FcγRIIB with an inactivating tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) mutation in the ITIM motif. Detailed studies of one of these lines, in which the mutant FcγRIIB was expressed on B cells and other cell types that normally express this receptor, were performed. No quantitative differences in germinal center (GC) B cell responses were observed between the mutant FcγRIIB transgenic line and control mice. However, serum antibody and antibody forming cell responses were often observed to be elevated in the ITIM mutant FcγRIIB transgenic mice as compared to controls, though not to the same extent as mice deficient in expression of FcγRIIB. Moreover, primary B cells from the ITIM mutant FcγRIIB line did not display the same level of augmented BCR signaling as primary FcγRIIB deficient B cells under conditions inducing co‐cross‐linking of FcγRIIB and the BCR. In total, these data suggest that a functional ITIM motif is not required for all in vivo inhibitory activity of this receptor. However, we also found that the transgenic ITIM mutant FcγRIIB receptor was expressed at abnormal levels in several hematopoietic lineages. Thus, confirmation of our findings will require the generation and analysis of mice in which an ITIM mutant form of FcγRIIB is expressed in vivo as is the endogenous receptor.
Multiple Laboratory Comparison of the Doubly Labeled Water Technique*
Authors: Roberts Susan B. , Dietz William , Sharp Teresa , Dallal Gerard E. , Hill James O. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA double‐blind study was conducted to determine between‐laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water method for measurement of total energy expenditure in humans, and to compare the accuracy and precision of three widely‐used procedures for calculating rates of carbon dioxide production from the original isotope data. Eighteen laboratories from five countries participated in the study. All laboratories were provided with five water standards containing varying amounts of 2H and 18O, and in addition 11 laboratories were provided with urine and dose specimens from one (six laboratories) or two (five laboratories) healthy elderly subjects of normal height and weight undergoing a calorimetric validation of the doubly labeled water method. The data from the five water standards were analyzed to predict between‐laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water technique in all laboratories. In addition, data from the subjects were analyzed using the “slope‐intercept”, “2‐point” and “modified” methods of calculation.The results confirm that the doubly labeled water method can be an accurate technique for the measurement of energy expenditure in adult human subjects in some laboratories. However, there was substantial between‐laboratory variability in the results and some laboratories returned physiologically impossible results. There was no significant effect of calculation procedure on the accuracy of the technique in this limited comparison, although the slope‐intercept procedure appeared to be more susceptible to analytical error than the other procedures. The isotope standards analyzed by participants in this study will be made available to other investigators on request.
Probabilistic hazard assessment for skin sensitization potency by dose–response modeling using feature elimination instead of quantitative structure–activity relationships
Authors: Luechtefeld Thomas , Maertens Alexandra , McKim James M. , Hartung Thomas , Kleensang Andre , Sá‐Rocha Vanessa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSupervised learning methods promise to improve integrated testing strategies (ITS), but must be adjusted to handle high dimensionality and dose–response data. ITS approaches are currently fueled by the increasing mechanistic understanding of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) and the development of tests reflecting these mechanisms. Simple approaches to combine skin sensitization data sets, such as weight of evidence, fail due to problems in information redundancy and high dimensionality. The problem is further amplified when potency information (dose/response) of hazards would be estimated. Skin sensitization currently serves as the foster child for AOP and ITS development, as legislative pressures combined with a very good mechanistic understanding of contact dermatitis have led to test development and relatively large high‐quality data sets. We curated such a data set and combined a recursive variable selection algorithm to evaluate the information available through in silico, in chemico and in vitro assays. Chemical similarity alone could not cluster chemicals' potency, and in vitro models consistently ranked high in recursive feature elimination. This allows reducing the number of tests included in an ITS. Next, we analyzed with a hidden Markov model that takes advantage of an intrinsic inter‐relationship among the local lymph node assay classes, i.e. the monotonous connection between local lymph node assay and dose. The dose‐informed random forest/hidden Markov model was superior to the dose‐naive random forest model on all data sets. Although balanced accuracy improvement may seem small, this obscures the actual improvement in misclassifications as the dose‐informed hidden Markov model strongly reduced " false‐negatives" (i.e. extreme sensitizers as non‐sensitizer) on all data sets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rationalization of specific structure formation in electrospinning process: Study on nano‐fibrousPCL‐ andPLGA‐based scaffolds
Authors: Saeed Mahdi , Mirzadeh Hamid , Zandi Mojgan , Irani Shiva , Barzin Jalal 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFormation of specific structures on poly‐ɛ‐caprolactone (PCL) and poly lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) based electrospun mats is rationalized and the effect of interactive parameters; high voltage and flow rate on unique surface topography is evaluated. By increasing the collecting time in electrospinning process and enhancing fiber to fiber repulsion, surface characteristics of mats changes from nano‐ to micro‐topography. In this study surface topography of the fabricated mats based on PCL and PLGA were assessed using AFM and SEM techniques to display the distinct phenomenon occurs on collected random fibers. In this research the rationale behind the formation of bump and flower like structures on fibrous mats was discussed. Because of great potential application of the fabricated substrates in the fields of medical purposes, cell–matrix interaction was evaluated andin vitrobiological test with human dermal fibroblast and mouse L929 fibroblast cells was performed to study the cell responses to different roughness of nano‐fibers collected at different time intervals. Our results show that after 7 days, cell proliferation is improved on PCL collected at 40 min in the case of human fibroblast cells and on PCL collected in 70 min in the case of L929 mouse fibroblast cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3927–3939, 2015.
Application of Titanium Dioxide Nanowires for the Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Shi Fan , Wang Wencheng , Gong Shixing , Lei Bingxin , Li Guangjiu , Lin Xiaoming , Sun Zhenfan , Sun Wei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowires were synthesized and used for the realization of direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin (Hb) with carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode. TiO2‐Hb composite was casted on the surface of CILE with a chitosan film and spectroscopic results confirmed that Hb retained its native structure in the composite. Direct electron transfer of Hb on the modified electrode was realized with a pair of quasi‐reversible redox waves appeared, indicating that the presence of TiO2 nanowires could accelerate the electron transfer rate between the electroactive center of Hb and the substrate electrode. Electrochemical behaviors of Hb on the modified electrode were carefully investigated with the values of the electron transfer coefficient (α), the electron transfer number and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) as 0.58, 0.98 and 1.62 s‐1. The Hb modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of trichloroacetic acid and NaNO2 with wider linear range and lower detection limit, indicating the successful fabrication of a new third‐generation biosensor.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity in Vitro of N‐Aryl‐4‐(tert‐butyl)‐5‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)thiazol‐2‐amine
Authors: Ye Jiao , Xiao Meng‐Wu , Xie Xuan‐Qing , Qiu Shen‐Yi , Dai Ming‐Chong , Li Wan , Shen Fang , Hu Ai‐Xi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA series of novel N‐aryl‐4‐(tert‐butyl)‐5‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)thiazol‐2‐amines synthesized in a green way. H2O2‐NaBr Brominating circulatory system was used in the synthesis of the key intermediate in a mild condition. All of the target compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis and tested for their cytotoxicity against two different human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that some of the title compounds showed moderate to strong cytotoxic activities. Compound 2i was the most potent compound with the IC50 values of 9 μM against Hela cells and 15 μM against Bel–7402 cells, respectively.
Reactions of a,ß‐unsaturated N‐benzenesulfonyl Imine – N‐[(2E)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ylidene]benzenesulfonamide with Methyllithium
Authors: Lee Gon‐Ann , Lee Hsin‐Yi , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Lin Yen‐Huei 
Published: June 2015

Abstractα,β‐Unsaturated N‐benzenesulfonyl imine 1 was treated with 1.1 eq methyllithium to afford 1,2‐addition adduct as a sole product. However, when compound 1 was treated with 2 eq MeLi, 1,2‐addition product, benzenesulfonamide derivative 3 and 2H‐1,2‐benzothiazine 1,1‐dioxide derivatives 4 and 5 were isolated.
Phytoplankton community structure in relation to vertical stratification along a north‐south gradient in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mojica Kristina D. A. , van de Poll Willem H. , Kehoe Michael , Huisman Jef , Timmermans Klaas R. , Buma Anita G. J. , van der Woerd Hans J. , Hahn‐Woernle Lisa , Dijkstra Henk A. , Brussaard Corina P. D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractClimate change is affecting the hydrodynamics of the world's oceans. How these changes will influence the productivity, distribution and abundance of phytoplankton communities is an urgent research question. Here we provide a unique high‐resolution mesoscale description of the phytoplankton community composition in relation to vertical mixing conditions and other key physicochemical parameters along a meridional section of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Phytoplankton, assessed by a combination of flow cytometry and pigment fingerprinting (HPLC‐CHEMTAX), and physicochemical data were collected from the top 250 m water column during the spring of 2011 and summer of 2009. Multivariate analysis identified water column stratification (based on 100 m depth‐integrated Brunt–Väisälä frequency N2) as one of the key drivers for the distribution and separation of different phytoplankton taxa and size classes. Our results demonstrate that increased stratification (1) broadened the geographic range of Prochlorococcus as oligotrophic areas expanded northward, (2) increased the contribution of picoeukaryotic phytoplankton to total autotrophic organic carbon (< 20 μm), and (3) decreased the abundances of diatoms and cryptophytes. We discuss the implications of our findings for the classification of phytoplankton functional types in biogeochemical and ecological ocean models. As phytoplankton taxonomic composition and size affects productivity, biogeochemical cycling, ocean carbon storage and marine food web dynamics, the results provide essential information for models aimed at predicting future states of the ocean.
Optically Active Polymer Via One‐Pot Combination of Chemoenzymatic Transesterification and RAFT Polymerization: Synthesis and Its Application in Hybrid Silica Particles
Authors: Huang Zengfang , Fu Changkui , Wang Shiqi , Yang Bin , Wang Xing , Zhang Qingsong , Yuan Jinying , Tao Lei , Wei Yen 
Published: June 2015

A novel strategy for the preparation of hybrid particles of optically active polymer and silica is developed via combination of chemoenzymatic transesterification, reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and click reaction for the first time. During this procedure, Novozym 435 is employed to catalyze the transesterification between 2,2,2‐trifluoethyl methacrylate monomer and 2‐octanol to form the target monomer (R)‐OMA, which synchronously participates in RAFT polymerization to obtain a new polymer with transformed optically active side groups. Compared with RAFT polymerization, the transesterification reaction is much faster, with conversion ratio reaching 93% after 7 h; subsequently, the polymerization is nearly homo‐polymerization of (R)‐OMA. The molar fraction of (R)‐OMA in the final polymer is about 97.8% with controlled molecular weight (Mn ≈ 6840 g mol−1) and a narrow polydispersity index (≈1.25). Finally, the hybrid particles of silica and optically active polymer P((R)‐OMA) are obtained by the thiol‐ene click reaction. The Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy results exhibit the successful graft of P((R)‐OMA) polymer to the silica surface, and the P((R)‐OMA) polymer in the hybrid particles is about 10 wt% from the TGA curves. These as‐prepared hybrid particles combine excellent mechanical stability of silica and good chirality of polymer, making them promising for chromatographic resolution, catalytic synthesis, and (stereo‐) selectivity applications.
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Ionic π‐Conjugated Polyelectrolytes by Catalyst Free Polymerization of Bis(pyridyl)acetylenes and Bis[(pyridyl)ethynyl]benzenes
Authors: Faukner Tomáš , Trhlíková Olga , Zedník Jiří , Sedláček Jan 
Published: June 2015

The spontaneous, catalyst free polymerization of four monomers of the bis(pyridyl)acetylene and bis[(pyridyl)ethynyl]benzene types containing either 2‐pyridyl or 4‐pyridyl groups via activation with benzyl bromide leads to ionic π‐conjugated polyacetylene‐type polyelectrolytes (CPEs). All polymers are characterized by means of NMR, IR, UV/vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). The position of the pyridyl groups in the monomer influences the degree of quaternization and the extent of conjugation of CPEs. Monomers with 4‐pyridyl groups provide CPEs with a low extent of quaternization [N+/(N+ + N) = 0.27–0.34] and high extent of conjugation. On the other hand, the CPEs derived from 2‐pyridyl‐containing monomers are highly quaternized [N+/(N+ + N) = 0.77–1.00], however, possess lower conjugation of the main chains. The mechanism assuming quaternization and polymerization as competitive reactions is proposed to explain the difference in the extent of quaternization of CPEs. Prepared CPEs i) are well soluble in polar solvents, e.g., water, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylformamide, ii) exhibit photoluminescence (emission in the violet to yellow region), and iii) possess high thermal stability.
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What messages does social marketing advertising send? A content analysis of advertisements aiming to minimise harm from alcohol consumption
Authors: Zharekhina Liliia , Kubacki Krzysztof 
Published: June 2015

While excess alcohol consumption remains one of the most pressing problems for government and society in many countries, the role of social marketing as a tool for shaping a responsible alcohol consumption culture has grown in significance. This research focuses specifically on the communication aspect of social marketing in the form of social marketing advertising. This study seeks to explore what types of approaches and messages are most prevalent in social marketing advertising campaigns that aim to minimise harm from excess alcohol consumption. This study applies the content analysis method to identify the main themes and messages in a sample of social marketing advertisements. A total of 14 social marketing advertising campaigns, including 29 advertisements, was identified. The analytical framework for this research included both positive and negative consequences of alcohol consumption, and two main social marketing advertising approaches identified in the literature: empowering and patronising. This study found that the patronising approach and a strong focus on the negative consequences of alcohol consumption are prevalent in contemporary social marketing campaigns aimed at minimising harmful drinking behaviours. Social marketing too often takes a patronising approach to encouraging behavioural change. More social marketing efforts should be directed towards identifying how to facilitate and support behaviour change through empowerment by providing consumers with alternative behavioural options.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.