bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic factors in emergency patients aged 90 years and older
Authors: Ishihara Koichi , Hagiwara Shuichi , Aoki Makoto , Murata Masato , Kaneko Minoru , Kanbe Masahiko , Oshima Kiyohiro 
Published: February 2014

AimWe evaluated the relation between general status on arrival and prognosis in patients aged 90 years and older who were admitted to our department through the emergency room, with the aim of assisting the development of a treatment policy for elderly people.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed patients aged 90 years and older who were admitted to our department from January 2006 to September 2013. Patients were divided into two groups, patients who were discharged from our hospital or transferred to another hospital, and patients who died in our hospital. Comparisons of the patients' general status and the results of blood examinations were carried out between the two groups. Independent parameters to predict prognosis were also evaluated.ResultsFifty‐eight patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 93.2 ± 3.4 years (range, 90–106 years). Forty‐five patients (77.6%) were discharged from our hospital (group A), and 13 patients (22.4%) died (group B). The percentage of patients with the inability to walk independently was significantly higher in group B. Mean arterial pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and serum albumin level on arrival were significantly better in group A. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the inability to walk independently (odds ratio, 22.4; 95% confidence interval, 4.4–113.1; P < 0.0001) and GCS (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–27.7; P = 0.003) were the parameters to predict prognosis.ConclusionThe inability to walk independently and GCS (consciousness status) are the most sensitive predictors of prognosis in emergency patients aged 90 years and older.
From topological gels to slide‐ring materials
Authors: Noda Yumiki , Hayashi Yuki , Ito Kohzo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA novel type of gel, called a topological gel, has been recently developed with a supramolecular architecture with topological characteristics. In the topological gel, polymer chains with bulky end groups are neither covalently crosslinked as in chemical gels nor attractively interacting as in physical gels but are topologically interlocked by figure‐eight shaped crosslinks. Hence, these crosslinks can pass along the polymer chains freely to equalize the tension of the threading polymer chains similarly to pulleys; this is called the pulley effect. This concept can be applied not only to gels but also to a wide variety of polymeric materials without solvents. Then, polymeric materials with movable crosslinks are referred to as slide‐ring materials (SRMs) in a wider sense. Here, we review the synthesis, structure, physical properties, and applications of topological gels and SRMs. In particular, slide‐ring elastomers show remarkable scratch‐proof properties for application to coating materials for automobiles, cell phones, mobile computers, golf clubs, and so on. © 2014 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40509.
New biomaterial based on cotton with incorporated Biomolecules
Authors: Gomes Ana P. , Mano João F. , Queiroz João A. , Gouveia Isabel C. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate a method of embedding l‐cysteine (l‐cys), an antimicrobial agent, between layers of chitosan (CH) and sodium alginate (ALG) onto cotton samples obtained via a layer‐by‐layer electrostatic deposition technique via several embedding methods. The results show that the best way to incorporate l‐cys into the layers was the one that used the property of gelling ALG. To monitor the l‐cys embedding into the CH/ALG multilayer film, different methods were used: energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analysis to assess the presence of sulfur on the sample, Ellman's reagent method to analyze l‐cys release from the sample, and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to compare the ATR–FTIR spectra of the pure l‐cys and l‐cys embedded in the CH/ALG multilayer film to study the interaction between the l‐cys and the CH/ALG multilayer films. Functionalized CH/ALG cotton samples were also investigated for their antibacterial properties toward Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia with the Japanese Industrial Standard method JIS L 1902:2002, and the results show an enhancement of the antibacterial effect due to the presence of l‐cys. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40519.
Curing characteristics, morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and irradiation resistance of methylethylsilicone/methylphenylsilicone rubber blends
Authors: Ma Depeng , Tan Jinglin , Li Yuling , Bian Chao , Wang Guogang , Feng Shengyu 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMethylethylsilicone rubber (MESR)/methylphenylsilicone rubber (MPSR) blends were cured with 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy)hexane. The curing characteristics, morphology, thermal behaviors, mechanical properties at different temperatures, radiation resistance, and thermal aging resistance of the MESR/MPSR blends were investigated. The results show that a high MPSR content could decrease the optimum curing time and improve the scorch safety. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the glass‐transition temperature of the blends increased slightly with the addition of MPSR. Scanning electron microscopy showed that MESR and MPSR had good compatibility in the blends. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the blends increased with increasing quantity of MPSR. The blends had excellent mechanical properties at low temperatures. However, these properties were significantly reduced when the temperature was increased. Moreover, changes in the mechanical properties decreased with increasing MPSR content at high temperatures, especially at temperatures higher than 100°C. In addition, the radiation resistance and thermal aging resistance of the blends increased with increasing MPSR content. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40529.
Enhancing expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) for biomaterials applications
Authors: Cassady A. Ian , Hidzir Norsyahidah Mohd , Grøndahl Lisbeth 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), a fully fluorinated linear thermoplastic polymer, and in particular the porous form expanded PTFE (ePTFE) has found widespread use in biomaterials application due to its properties of high toughness, non‐adhesiveness and hydrophobicity. While it performs ideally for many applications, some challenges have been identified for its use in small diameter vascular grafts and as a tissue space‐filler for cosmetic reconstructions where the implant interfaces with bone. For these applications modification of the surface of ePTFE has been investigated as a means to enhance its performance. This review will focus on the applications listed above and will detail methods of evaluating the biological response, methods used to enhance the surface properties of ePTFE, and how the modified materials have performed in their intended applications. This review will focus on work published from 2004 onwards. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40533.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography for the Modelling of Cultural Deposits and Geomophological Landscapes at Neolithic Sites: a Case Study from Southeastern Hungary
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikos G. , Sarris Apostolos , Parkinson William A. , Gyucha Attila , Yerkes Richard W. , Duffy Paul R. , Tsourlos Panagiotis 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA large‐scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was undertaken around the Neolithic tell of Szeghalom‐Kovácshalom in southeast Hungary, covering an area of almost 6 ha. High‐resolution ERT data were collected along 28 uniformly distributed transects of variable length using the roll‐along technique. A recently presented two‐dimensional fast non‐linear resistivity inversion algorithm was used to invert the ERT data and recover the true subsurface resistivity distribution along the specific cross‐sections. The algorithm calculates and stores in an efficient manner the part of the Jacobian matrix that is actually important within the inversion procedure, thus rendering it almost 4.8 times faster than the algorithm that calculates the complete Jacobian matrix, without losing quality. The algorithm was further modified to account for any non‐standard electrode configuration. A recently established iterative algorithm for sparse least squares problems (LSMR) was incorporated for the first time into the algorithm to solve the inverse resistivity problem. The effectiveness and robustness of the LSMR solver was highlighted through the processing of all the ERT lines. The processing and evaluation of the ERT data made it possible to map the thickness of the anthropogenic layer below the surface of the tell, to outline the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the palaeochannel adjacent to the tell, and to determine the general stratigraphy of geological layers up to 10 m below the ground surface. The ERT results also were used to update an older topographic map of the site showing the course of the palaeochannel around the tell. A synthetic model verified and enhanced the conclusions based on the field data. This study illustrates the added value that a systematic ERT survey can provide in reconstructing the ancient fluvial geomorphology of a microregion as well as the depth and horizontal extent of deposits associated with human habitation at archaeological sites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of Neutral Impulsive Nonlinear Stochastic Evolution Equations with Time Varying Delays
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ding Yongsheng , Wang Tong , Hu Liangjian , Hao Kuangrong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the stability of mild solutions to neutral impulsive nonlinear stochastic evolution equations with time varying delays. With the non‐Lipschitz condition, the Lipschitz condition being taken as a special case, on the impulsive term, the existence, uniqueness and sufficient conditions for the exponential stability in the pth moment and the almost sure exponential stability of the mild solutions are derived by employing a fixed point approach. An example is provided to illustrate the efficiency of the obtained theorems.
Taxis in road pricing zone: should they pay the congestion charge?
Authors: Zhu Jincheng , Xiao Feng , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis study aims at investigating the impact and feasibility of charging taxis with toll fee in the pricing zone when designing congestion pricing scheme. A bi‐level programming model is developed to compare the maximum social welfares before and after the congestion charge is imposed on taxis. The lower level is a combined network equilibrium model formulated as a variational inequality program, which considers the logit‐based mode split, route choice, elastic demand, and vacant taxi distributions. The upper level is to maximize the social welfare when toll rates vary. The bi‐level problem can be solved by the genetic algorithm, whereas the lower level is solved by the block Gauss–Seidel decomposition approach together with the method of successive averages and diagonalization algorithm. An application with numerical examples is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm and to reveal some interesting findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cultural conditions on antrodin C production by basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata in solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Xia Yongjun , Wang Yuanlong , Zhang Bobo , Xu Ganrong , Ai Lianzhong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAntrodia camphorata is a medicinal fungus and antrodin C is one of the main bioactive components of A. camphorata in the submerged fermentation (SmF). To optimize the culture conditions, the factors influencing the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata under solid‐state fermentation (SSF) were investigated in this study. Different solid substrates and external nitrogen sources were tested for their efficiency in producing antrodin C. The response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the influence of several variables, namely, the concentrations of soybean meal, initial moisture content, and inoculum density on antrodin C production in solid‐state fermentation. The experimental results show that the optimum fermentation medium for antrodin C production by A. camphorata was composed of 0.578 g soybean meal, 0.05 g Na2HPO4, 0.05 g MgSO4 for 100 g rice, with 51.83% initial moisture content, 22 day culture time, 28 °C culture temperature, and 35.54% inoculum density. At optimized conditions, 6,617.36 ± 92.71 mg kg−1 yield of antrodin C was achieved. Solid‐state fermentation is one good cultural method to improve the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata.
The Role of Subsidies in Coordination Games with Interconnected Risk
Authors: Gong Min , Heal Geoffrey , Krantz David H. , Kunreuther Howard , Weber Elke U. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCan subsidies promote Pareto‐optimum coordination? We found that partially subsidizing the cooperative actions for two out of six players in a laboratory coordination game usually produced better coordination and higher total social welfare with both deterministic and stochastic payoffs. Not only were the subsidized players more likely to cooperate (choose the Pareto‐optimum action), but the unsubsidized players increased their expectations on how likely others would cooperate, and they cooperated more frequently themselves. After removal of the subsidy, high levels of coordination continued in most groups with stochastic payoffs but declined in deterministic ones. This carry‐over disparity between the deterministic and stochastic settings was consistent with the economic theories that agents were more likely to keep the status quo option under uncertainty than without uncertainty. Hence, players with stochastic payoffs were more likely to keep the high coordination level (status quo) brought by the subsidy in the previous subsidy session. A post‐game survey also indicated that with stochastic payoffs, players focused on risk reduction. Temporary subsidies promoted lasting coordination because even after subsidy was removed, players still assumed that others players would prefer reduced risks from cooperation. With deterministic payoffs, however, the subsidy might crowd out other rationales for coordination, with many players indicating that the subsidy was the only reason for anyone to cooperate. Hence, the coordination level dropped when the subsidy was removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is low iron status a risk factor for neural tube defects?
Authors: Molloy Anne M. , Einri Caitriona Nic , Jain Divyanshu , Laird Eamon , Fan Ruzong , Wang Yifan , Scott John M. , Shane Barry , Brody Lawrence C. , Kirke Peadar N. , Mills James L. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundFolic acid supplements can protect against neural tube defects (NTDs). Low folate and low vitamin B12 status may be maternal risk factors for having an NTD affected pregnancy. However, not all NTDs are preventable by having an adequate folate/ B12 status and other potentially modifiable factors may be involved. Folate and vitamin B12 status have important links to iron metabolism. Animal studies support an association between poor iron status and NTDs, but human data are scarce. We examined the relevance of low iron status in a nested NTD case–control study of women within a pregnant population‐based cohort.MethodsPregnant women were recruited between 1986 and 1990, when vitamin or iron supplementation in early pregnancy was rare. Blood samples, taken at an average of 14 weeks gestation, were used to measure ferritin and hemoglobin in 64 women during an NTD affected pregnancy and 207 women with unaffected pregnancies.ResultsNo significant differences in maternal ferritin or hemoglobin concentrations were observed between NTD affected and nonaffected pregnancies (case median ferritin 16.9 µg/L and hemoglobin 12.4 g/dl versus 15.4 µg/L and 12.3g/dl in controls). As reported previously, red cell folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were significantly lower in cases. Furthermore, there was no significant association of iron status with type of NTD lesion (anencephaly or spina bifida).ConclusionWe conclude that low maternal iron status during early pregnancy is not an independent risk factor for NTDs. Adding iron to folic acid for periconceptional use may improve iron status but is not likely to prevent NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:100–106, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A in biological fluids of patients with traumatic brain injury by UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS after injection of Xuebijing
Authors: Guo Yong , Wang Yang , Huang Xi. , Lv Huiying , Fan Rong , Huang Wei , Gan Pingping , Liu Wei , Yan Kuipo , Xia Zian , Liu Jinfang 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA simple, novel, specific, rapid and reproducible ultra‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in biological fluids (plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with traumatic brain injury after intravenous injection of Xuebijing (XBJ). Liquid–liquid extraction was performed, and separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 column, with gradient elution using a mobile phase composed of methanol and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization was used for the detection of HSYA. The mass transition followed was m/z 611.0 → 491. The retention time was less than 3.0 min. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 2 to 6125 ng/mL for cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <10%, and the relative standard deviation of recovery was <15% for HSYA in biological matrices. The method was successfully applied for the first time to quantify HSYA in the biological fluids (especially in cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with traumatic brain injury following intravenous administration of XBJ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internet Child Sex Offenders' Concerns about Online Security and their Use of Identity Protection Technologies: A Review
Authors: Balfe Myles , Gallagher Bernard , Masson Helen , Balfe Shane , Brugha Ruairi , Hackett Simon 
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this article is to review what is known about the technologies that internet child sex offenders use to abuse or exploit children, offenders' attitudes towards online security and surveillance risk, and their use of identity protection tactics and technologies. The peer‐reviewed literature on internet sex offenders published between 2000 and 2011 was surveyed. Internet child sex offenders use a mixture of new and old technologies to abuse children. Offenders' awareness of internet‐related risk appears to exist along a continuum. A number of psychological and demographic factors may influence offenders' perceptions of online security risk and their willingness to take security precautions. A surprisingly large number of apprehended offenders in the time period examined by this review did not seem to use any technologies to disguise their identities. A major research programme into internet offenders' use of identity protection technologies, and their use of technologies in general, is needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Internet child sex offenders use a mixture of new and old technologies to abuse children.’Key Practitioner Messages:

Internet child sex offenders use a variety of commonly available technologies, such as social networking sites and peer‐to‐peer platforms, to abuse children.
Offenders are a diverse group when it comes to how they perceive risk and act on those perceptions. The risk perceptions and risk management behaviours of individual offenders can be dynamic.
In the period surveyed by this review (2000–11), some studies found that surprisingly few offenders used technological measures to protect their identities.
‘Surprisingly few offenders used technological measures to protect their identities.’
TaskLocalRandom: a statistically sound substitute to pseudorandom number generation in parallel java tasks frameworks
Authors: Passerat‒Palmbach Jonathan , Mazel Claude , Hill David R. C. 
Published: February 2014

SummarySeveral software efforts have been produced over the past few years in various programming languages to help developers handle pseudorandom streams partitioning. Parallel and distributed stochastic simulations can obviously benefit from this kind of high‒level tools. The latest release of the Java Development Kit (JDK 7) tries to tackle this problem by providing facilities to partition a pseudorandom stream across various threads thanks to the new class ThreadLocalRandom. Meanwhile, Java 7 offers a framework to split a problem in a divide and conquer way through the new class called ForkJoinPool. As any other Java thread pool, ForkJoin exploits threads as workers and manipulates the tasks that will be run on the workers. In ThreadLocalRandom, pseudorandom number generation is handled at a thread level. As a consequence, a scientific application taking advantage of a Java thread pool to parallelize its computation may suffer from a bad pseudorandom stream partitioning due to the behavior of ThreadLocalRandom. The present work introduces TaskLocalRandom, a task‒level alternative to ThreadLocalRandom that solves this partitioning problem and assigns an independent pseudorandom stream to each task run in the thread pool. TaskLocalRandom is compatible with existing Java thread pools such as Executors or ForkJoin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of heavy doping with donors on CZ silicon properties
Authors: Porrini M. , Duchini J. , Bazzali A. 
Published: February 2014

This work reports a detailed characterization of 200 mm silicon wafers heavily doped with antimony, arsenic or phosphorus, in the range 1–50 mΩ•cm, corresponding to 7 × 1019 – 2 × 1017 at·cm−3. Grown‐in voids (revealed as light‐scattering objects on the wafer surface) are shown to be controlled by the dopant concentration. For As‐doped wafers the voids show a pronounced increase in their density up to [As] = 1.7 × 1019 cm−3, but at higher concentration the void density drops sharply. The same behaviour was found for P‐doped wafers where a sharp drop occurs at [P] > 2.9 × 1019 cm−3. In the case of antimony, the explored concentration range was sufficient only to reveal the increasing side of the curve. AFM characterization confirmed the morphology of voids as also seen in lightly‐doped silicon. Both single and double voids were observed. The oxygen precipitate density (BMD) was measured after submitting the wafers to a stabilization and growth thermal cycle. Overall it ranges from 1 × 106 ( = detection limit) to 1.5 × 1010 counts/cm3. The relationship between BMD density and oxygen concentration follows the classical S‐shaped curve, indicating that also for heavily doped N+ type wafers the oxygen content plays a major role on BMD formation.