bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body and Lighting
ECU
(Key‐less Entry, Sonar,
HID
,
LED
Usage for Lamps)
Authors: Yamaura Masafumi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Although door locks and windows were originally designed to be operated manually, automation through simple switch operation was introduced from the 1970s using motors, solenoids, and controlling
ECUs
. Since then, in addition to the adoption of automatic switch operations, various body control products have also been developed that fully replace manual operation. These have contributed to improving the comfort, usability, and safety of vehicles. This chapter describes the
ECUs
that play a central role in body controls and outlines some of the typical
ECUs
used in body systems.
Body Design, Overview, Targeting a Good Balance between All Vehicle Functionalities
Authors: Tecklenburg Gerhard F. K. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Automotive body engineers safeguard the geometrical functions while they are developing the shape of parts and assemblies of the automotive body and safeguarding their geometrical functions. They control the whole product evolution process (
PEP
) from project definition to market launch in close cooperation with the other disciplines involved (systems and functional loads‐based layouts), suppliers, and engineering service providers. While in the 1950s only a few automotive body engineers were involved in the development of a new automotive body, working only on one project at a time, in today's scenario, a large number of engineers from different disciplines are involved in each project, and they all work on several projects simultaneously.

The important fields of work from the point of view of an automotive body engineer are total vehicle integration, packaging, technical support of aesthetic design (styling), concept and serial (mass production) design in the field of exterior features such as body in white (
BIW
), closures, and mounting parts or interior features such as instrument panel, seats, and trim parts. This chapter describes the
PEP
and the distribution of tasks within important areas of product development such as packaging, aesthetic design, concept development on the example of closures, and supplier integration.
Semiconductor Sensors (3): Optical Sensors
Authors: Kanda Shoji 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Of all semiconductor sensors, optical sensors and pressure sensors have the longest history. Optical sensors detect the amount and direction of light, and are used for headlamp control and to help improve air conditioning performance.
In the future, the focus of technological development in field of safety systems is likely to shift from passive to active systems. As part of this trend, the requirements of peripheral monitoring systems will increase. As a result, image sensors (i.e., semiconductor cameras) are one type of key optical device that will be installed in greater numbers. Such sensors have already been installed in rear‐view cameras that are used when backing up, peripheral‐view monitors that show top‐view images based on the processing of images around the vehicle, drive recorders that store images when accidents occur, and so on. Sensors have also been developed that use image sensors to measure the movement of the driver's eyes and eyelids and issue a warning to the driver if signs of drowsiness are detected. This chapter describes the principles and applications of optical sensors.
Further results on stable weighted multiple model adaptive control: Discrete‐time stochastic plant
Authors: Zhang Weicun 
Published: April 2015

SummaryA new weighting algorithm is proposed to relax the convergence conditions and to improve the convergence rate for weighted multiple model adaptive control systems. The stability and convergence of the corresponding weighted multiple model adaptive control systems of two types of stochastic plants, one is linear time‐invariant system (LTI) with unknown parameters, the other is linear time‐varying system with jumping parameters, are proved. Finally, some simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed weighting algorithm and the performance of the closed‐loop control system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Advances in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Methylation Reactions
Authors: Yan Guobing , Borah Arun Jyoti , Wang Lianggui , Yang Minghua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMethylation is one of the most fundamental synthetic transformations in organic chemistry, but usually employs hazardous and toxic reagents, such as methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate, diazomethane and dimethyl carbonate. In order to address sustainable development and green strategies, synthetic chemists have devoted much effort to the discovery and development of new methylating reagents, which are successfully being applied in transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. In this review, recent advances in this area are summarized, mainly including C‐methylation, N‐methylation and O‐methylation. The respective reaction mechanisms are also discussed.magnified image
Tandem Hydroformylation/Acyloin Reaction – The Synergy of Metal Catalysis and Organocatalysis Yielding Acyloins Directly from Olefins
Authors: Ostrowski Karoline A. , Faßbach Thiemo A. , Vorholt Andreas J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA novel, atom efficient, orthogonal tandem catalysis was developed yielding acyloin products (α‐hydroxy ketones) directly from olefins under hydroformylation conditions. The combination of a metal‐catalysed hydroformylation and an organocatalysed acyloin reaction provides three atom efficient CC bond formations to linear, multifunctional molecules via linkage of the intermediate n‐aldehydes. Additionally, the rhodium catalyst system gives a high n/bra ratio with an exclusive conversion of the terminal double bond in the hydroformylation and the n‐aldehydes are converted selectively to their acyloins.magnified image
Phenyliodine Diacetate‐Mediated Intramolecular C(sp2)H Amidation for 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazole Synthesis under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Maiti Saikat , Mal Prasenjit 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA transition metal‐free, hypervalent iodine(III) reagent [phenyliodine diacetate (PIDA)]‐mediated C(sp2)H amidation in trifluoroethanol (TFE) has been developed. The intramolecular coupling methodology presented here provides a direct access to 1,2‐disubstituted multifunctional benzimidazoles in good to excellent yields. The reactions were performed in the open air and at ambient temperature, and were found to be eco‐friendly and atom‐economical.magnified image
Iridium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Aromatic Imines with 1,3‐Dienes via Direct Functionalization of an Aromatic CH Bond
Authors: Ebe Yusuke , Hatano Miyuki , Nishimura Takahiro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe [3+2] annulation of N‐sulfonyl aromatic imines with 1,3‐dienes proceeded via a direct CH functionalization to give 1‐aminoindane derivatives in high yields with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities. The iridium complex coordinated with a substrate 1,3‐diene displayed high catalytic activity. The reaction proceeds via the direct formation of the aryliridium(I) species from the aromatic aldimine and an iridium(I) acetate species via a concerted metalation‐deprotonation pathway.magnified image
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formate Catalyzed by a Copper/1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene System
Authors: Watari Ryo , Kayaki Yoshihito , Hirano Shin‐ichi , Matsumoto Norio , Ikariya Takao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formate was achieved using copper (Cu) catalysts in the presence of strong organic bases including amidines and guanidines. Specifically, 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) proved to be effective for the transformation of a 1:1 mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide into its formate salt under increased pressure in the presence of various Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts at 100 °C. A novel complex derived from copper iodide and DBU equally promoted the same reaction, indicating that DBU–Cu species are involved as real catalysts in this hydrogenation.magnified image
Styrene/Butadiene Rubber Prepared by Anionic Bulk Polymerization in a Twin‐Screw Extruder
Authors: Wang Jiming , Shan Dong , Yang Long , Liu Weixing , Chen Bo , Zheng Anna 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTStyrene/butadiene rubber (SBR) was prepared by anionic polymerization using a twin screw extruder as the reactor. To study the relationship between microstructure and phase morphology, three SBRs were synthesized using different initiator complexes. With the addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF), the vinyl content of butadiene increased; the microstructure of SBRs was randomized, simultaneously. Transmission electron microscope and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the compatibility of the two components became better with the increasing relative mass of the THF. The method used in this paper provides an environmentally friendly way to synthesize SBR, which is always synthesized through anionic solution polymerization.
Market Dynamics Associated with Canadian Ethnic Vegetable Production
Authors: Campbell Benjamin L. , Mhlanga Saneliso , Lesschaeve Isabelle 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTEthno‐cultural vegetables are increasingly in demand in Canada. Little research has examined differences in cultural preferences for these vegetables. Using conjoint analysis within an online survey of Canada and key export markets in the U.S., we examine consumer preference for external attributes of several (okra, yardlong bean, and Asian long purple eggplant) ethno‐cultural vegetables. Further, we examine how wide‐scale introduction of U.S., Ontario, and Quebec vegetables into Ontario impacts the market. Our results indicate differences between ethnic heritage group preferences. We find home country bias as most ethnic groups positively value product from their home country. Results also indicate that the value of external quality, such as freshness, appearance, size, and firmness, on the purchase decision is different across ethnic heritage groups. We also find that the introduction of Ontario product competes well with U.S. product in Ontario, however, Quebec product could be the biggest competitor to Ontario production.
Targeted Detection of G‐Quadruplexes in Cellular RNAs
Authors: Kwok Chun Kit , Balasubramanian Shankar 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe G‐quadruplex (G4) is a non‐canonical nucleic acid structure which regulates important cellular processes. RNA G4s have recently been shown to exist in human cells and be biologically significant. Described herein is a new approach to detect and map RNA G4s in cellular transcripts. This method exploits the specific control of RNA G4–cation and RNA G4–ligand interactions during reverse transcription, by using a selective reverse transcriptase to monitor RNA G4‐mediated reverse transcriptase stalling (RTS) events. Importantly, a ligation‐amplification strategy is coupled with RTS, and enables detection and mapping of G4s in important, low‐abundance cellular RNAs. Strong evidence is provided for G4 formation in full‐length cellular human telomerase RNA, offering important insights into its cellular function.
Design, Synthesis, and Application of a Chiral Sulfinamide Phosphine Catalyst for the Enantioselective Intramolecular Rauhut–Currier Reaction
Authors: Su Xiao , Zhou Wei , Li Yangyan , Zhang Junliang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA novel class of chiral sulfinamide phosphine catalysts (Xiao‐Phos) are reported, which can be easily prepared from inexpensive commercially available starting materials. The Xiao‐Phos catalysts showed good performance in enantioselective intramolecular Rauhut–Currier reactions, generating α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones in high yields with up to 99 % ee under mild conditions. Moreover, kinetic resolution and parallel kinetic resolution were also observed with the use of two different substituted racemic precursors.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Gold Vinylidene Complex Lacking π‐Conjugated Heteroatoms
Authors: Harris Robert J. , Widenhoefer Ross A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHydride abstraction from the gold (disilyl)ethylacetylide complex [(P)Au{η1‐CCSi(Me)2CH2CH2SiMe2H}] (P=P(tBu)2o‐biphenyl) with triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate at −20 °C formed the cationic gold (β,β‐disilyl)vinylidene complex [(P)AuCCSi(Me)2CH2CH2Si(Me)2]+B(C6F5)4− with ≥90 % selectivity. 29Si NMR analysis of this complex pointed to delocalization of positive charge onto both the β‐silyl groups and the (P)Au fragment. The C1 and C2 carbon atoms of the vinylidene complex underwent facile interconversion (ΔG≠=9.7 kcal mol−1), presumably via the gold π‐disilacyclohexyne intermediate [(P)Au{η2‐CCSi(Me)2CH2CH2Si(Me)2}]+B(C6F5)4−.
Tuning the Metal–Support Interaction by Structural Recognition of Cobalt‐Based Catalyst Precursors
Authors: Larmier Kim , Chizallet Céline , Raybaud Pascal 
Published: April 2015

AbstractControlling the nature and size of cobalt(II) polynuclear precursors on γ‐alumina and silica‐alumina supports represents a challenge for the synthesis of optimal cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts. By density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show how after drying the interaction of cobalt(II) precursor on γ‐alumina is driven by a structural recognition phenomenon, leading to the formation of an epitaxial Co(OH)2 precipitate involving a Co–Al hydrotalcite‐like interface. On a silica‐alumina surface, this phenomenon is prevented due to the passivation effect of silica domains. This finding opens new routes to tune the metal–support interaction at the synthesis step of heterogeneous catalysts.
Robust Adaptive Control of Uncertain Stochastic Hamiltonian Systems with Time Varying Delay
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Peng Lianghong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the robust adaptive control problem for a class of time‐delay stochastic Hamiltonian systems. The system under study involves stochastics, parameter uncertaintiess, and time varying delay. The aim of this study is to design an uncertainty‐independent adaptive control law such that, for all admissible uncertainties, as well as stochastics, the closed‐loop Hamiltonian system is robustly asymptotically stable in mean square. Sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the rationality and validity of the proposed control laws, which are derived based on Lyapunov functional method. The performance of the controllers is validated through digital simulations.
Overexpression and purification of HSV‐2 glycoprotein D in suspension CHO cells with serum‐free medium and immunogenicity analysis
Authors: Qi Yong , Xu Yueyue , Pan Ying , Li Suqin , Li Bingjun , Pan Mingjie , Zhang Shumin , Li Yuexi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGlycoprotein D (gD2) is the most important candidate antigen for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) vaccine development. Establishment of a stable eukaryotic cell line to overexpress gD2 and an efficient purification process to purify is essential for the development of subunit vaccine against HSV‐2. The DNA sequence of the extracellular epitope‐rich fragment of gD2 was optimized, chemically synthesized, and cloned into plasmid pMD902. The recombinant plasmid pMD902‐gD was stably transfected into CHO‐DG44 cells, and cell lines with high levels of expression of gD2 were established. The recombinant gD2 was purified efficiently using an anion exchange column and a Sephadex G‐25 desalting column. The yield of the purified gD2 was 57 mg/L of serum‐free culture medium, and its purity was determined to be about 95% by HPLC analysis. Finally, the immunogenicity of the purified gD2 was measured and it induced strong and specific humoral immunity and higher level of cellular immune response than gD2 expressed in prokaryotic cells. We established a stable, secretory, and high‐yield gD2‐expression cell line and an easy and efficient gD2‐purification process, which lays the foundation for preparation of large amount of gD2 that is essential for HSV‐2 subunit vaccine development.
Stimulating the biosynthesis of antroquinonol by addition of effectors and soybean oil in submerged fermentation of Antrodia camphorata
Authors: Hu Yong‐Dan , Lu Rui‐Qiu , Liao Xiang‐Ru , Zhang Bo‐Bo , Xu Gan‐Rong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAntrodia camphorata is a precious medicinal mushroom that has attracted increasing attentions. Antroquinonol has been considered as being among the most biologically active components of A. camphorata. However, it was hardly biosynthesized via conventional submerged fermentation. Two approaches were applied to stimulate the biosynthesis of antroquinonol in submerged fermentation. On one hand, different kinds of effectors that may involve in the antroquinonol biosynthesis were investigated. Among the tested effectors, camphorwood leach liquor was the most effective for stimulating the antroquinonol production. On the other hand, because of the hydrophobic characteristics of antroquinonol, soybean oil was added to establish an extractive fermentation system for alleviating the product inhibition and resulting in enhanced productivity. The highest antroquinonol concentration could be achieved at 89.06 ± 0.14 mg/L when 10% (v/v) soybean oil was added at the beginning of the fermentation. This study will be of great significance for the study of A. camphorata and the bioprocess regulation of antroquinonol production.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 2‐pyridylacetic acid, a major metabolite of betahistine, in a phase 1 dose escalation study in subjects with ADHD
Authors: Moorthy Ganesh , Sallee Floyd , Gabbita Prasad , Zemlan Frank , Sallans Larry , Desai Pankaj B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBetahistine, a potent histamine H3 receptor antagonist, is being developed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that manifests with symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of betahistine in ADHD subjects at doses higher than 50 mg. These assessments were made during a randomized, placebo‐controlled, single blind, dose escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of once daily doses of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg of betahistine in subjects with ADHD. Plasma levels of 2‐pyridylacetic acid (2‐PAA), a major metabolite of betahistine were quantified using a validated LC‐MS/MS method and used for pharmacokinetic analysis and dose proportionality of betahistine. A linear relationship was observed in Cmax and AUC0‐4 of 2‐PAA with the betahistine dose (R2 0.9989 and 0.9978, respectively) and dose proportionality coefficients (β) for the power model were 0.8684 (Cmax) and 1.007 (AUC0‐4). A population pharmacokinetic model with first‐order absorption of betahistine and metabolism to 2‐PAA, followed by a first‐order elimination of 2‐PAA provides estimates of clearance that underscored the linear increase in systemic exposure with dose. There were no serious adverse events reported in the study, betahistine was safe and well tolerated at all the dose levels tested. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A P300‐based cognitive assessment battery
Authors: Kirschner Aaron , Cruse Damian , Chennu Srivas , Owen Adrian M. , Hampshire Adam 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundIt is well established that some patients who are diagnosed as being in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state show reliable signs of volition that may only be detected by measuring neural responses. A pertinent question is whether these patients are capable of higher cognitive processes.MethodsHere, we develop a series of EEG paradigms that probe several core aspects of cognition at the bedside without the need for motor responses and explore the sensitivity of this approach in a group of healthy controls.ResultsUsing analysis of ERPs alone, this method can determine with high reliability whether individual participants are able to attend a stimulus stream, maintain items in working memory, or solve complex grammatical reasoning problems.ConclusionWe suggest that this approach could form the basis of a brain‐based battery for assessing higher cognition in patients with severe motor impairments or disorders of consciousness.
Teaching visual impact assessment at a master level
Authors: Manchado Cristina , Gomez‐Jauregui Valentin , Manero Gorka , Carrasco César , Otero César 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to describe a Master level subject on Visual Impact Assessment, presenting its most noteworthy contents, academic features, methodology, and technology. It also presents some practical results extracted from some outstanding final works submitted by the students during the academic year 2012–2013. These works can give a clear idea about the degree of achievement regarding competences and skills that students can achieve. As Visual Impact Assessment is a compulsory requirement in an Environmental Impact Assessment document, it needs to become incorporated in the professional curriculum and, therefore, needs to be taught in the classroom, for instance at an academic Master level. This paper describes a way to address it. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:703–714, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21643
“Just Do It!” redux
Authors: Hakeem Abdul , Uretsky Barry F. 
Published: April 2015

Key Points

Several pharmacological agents and intracoronary administration of agents correlate well with the gold standard of intravenous adenosine for FFR measurement.
Different degrees of hemodynamic changes from pharmacological agents do not affect FFR of a particular lesion.
It is rare (<1%) that one pharmacological agent will show an ischemic response and another agent will not.
Prospective multicentre clinical performance evaluation of second and third generation zotarolimus‐eluting stents to treat patients with bifurcated coronary lesions
Authors: Burzotta Francesco , Summaria Francesco , Latib Azeem , De Vita Maria , Fantoni Cecilia , Benedetto Stefano , Turturo Maurizio , Larosa Claudio , Manzoli Alessandro , Trani Carlo 
Published: April 2015

AimTo assess the “real world” clinical outcome of patients with bifurcated lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of second and third generations of zotarolimus‐eluting stent.Methods and ResultsNine Italian centres participated in a prospective multicentre clinical project evaluating the outcome of patients receiving zotarolimus‐eluting Resolute stent and Resolute Integrity stents. Patients with bifurcated lesions entered this evaluation. Clinical characteristics and angiographic and procedural details were prospectively recorded. Clinical outcome was prospectively assessed to evaluate the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). A total of 577 patients were enrolled. The target lesion was distal left main in 11.1% and left anterior descending artery in 52.8%, and 30.3% of lesions were Medina 1,1,1. At a mean follow‐up time of 27.0 ± 13.5 months, the survival free from MACE was 91.8%. Survival free from MACE was similar in patients grouped according to different bifurcated lesion complexity. On the contrary, patients receiving a single stent had better survival free from MACE as compared with those with double stent (P = 0.005). At multivariable analysis, double stenting (but not bifurcated lesion complexity) was found to be a significant predictor of MACE (hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–4.94; P = 0.007). Of note, patients receiving the second stent as a bail‐out had worse survival free from MACE compared with those who received it as a planned technique (P = 0.045).ConclusionThe treatment of patients with bifurcated lesions with second and third generation zotarolimus‐eluting stents is associated with good long‐term clinical outcomes. Clinical outcome seems to be independent of lesion complexity, but may be influenced by the stenting technique (single or double stenting as well as elective or bail‐out double stenting). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.