bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enmity and Amity: Reconsidering Stone‐headed Club (gabagaba) Procurement and Trade in Torres Strait
Authors: McNiven Ian J. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTHistorical records for Torres Strait, including those from Haddon's 1898 Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, identify the Papuan mainland as the main trade source for stone‐headed clubs (gabagaba). This view has persisted despite the contradictory facts that the Papuan lowlands are essentially devoid of stone and Torres Strait abounds in stone suitable for club manufacture. Not surprisingly, preliminary raw material findings for ethnographic and archaeological gabagaba in museums indicate that local Torres Strait manufacture was more significant than previously thought. Some of the early confusion over gabagaba sources probably reflects diffusionist assumptions that ‘superior’ cultural items, such as stone‐headed clubs, must have moved from so‐called ‘advanced’ Papuans to ‘less‐developed’ Torres Strait Islanders. However, more significant is the lack of understanding of the multiple and complex roles of gabagaba in inter‐group social relations which saw clubs moving between Islanders and Papuans through looting, trade and ceremonial exchange. Apart from their well‐documented use as lethal weapons during head‐hunting raids, I argue that gabagaba also had an important ceremonial role in exchanges between hostile groups aimed at cementing social alliances. Following post‐contact disruptions to trading networks and inter‐group hostilities, the social/ceremonial roles of gabagaba were emphasised while gabagaba production became less specialised.
Sacred Cows of ‘Development’: the Ritual Incorporation of a Dairy Project in the Eastern Interior of Fiji (c.1980–1997)
Authors: Abramson Allen 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn the same way that store‐goods once became the symbolic cornerstone of certain millenarian movements, features of development projects in rural areas of contemporary Oceania may become mythically and ritually re‐contextualised. This paper examines the ritual metamorphosis of a modernising dairy development scheme in the eastern interior of ‘Big Fiji’, a scheme which is also caught up in the collective processes of animal sacrifice and festive redistribution. The paper asks: what impact does ritual incorporation have upon the individualistic ethos and nucleated organisation of the project?A pattern commonly noticed by rural development workers in Fiji, but rarely acknowledged in the literature, is of an initial period of local activity and the promise of change which, in the longer term, slowly regresses to a slightly modified version of the old life.
Provocative Readings in Intransigent Archives: Finding Aneityumese Women
Authors: Douglas Bronwen 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAnticolonialists — my past self included — tend to read colonial texts with hostile but literal eyes, assuming that colonial intentions were realised and taking at face value colonisers' representations of their own centrality for indigenous people. In such discursive settings, indigenous — especially female — agency is likely to be elided or denied. I argue instead for a reading strategy that decentres colonial representations by identifying and decoding the traces of indigenous actions and presence which are sedimented in, and surreptitiously help shape, dominant texts. Decentred, such representations are susceptible to reverse colonisation: to appropriation and exploitation in writing historical narratives which can envisage indigenous agency and naturalisation of the alien and the novel in even the most repressive colonial arenas. I illustrate the principles and method via a narrative vignette which exemplifies, interrogates and exploits demeaning missionary tropes for indigenous women in mid‐nineteenth century Aneityum, Vanuatu. The story evokes key issues in the politics of representation: the need to problematise assumptions that the discursively dominant are necessarily central in subaltern affairs; the need to dislodge the romanticism and ethnocentrism which bemoan the involvement of indigenous women in Christian domesticity, especially sewing, because it looks like submission to missionary hegemony.
Mamihlapinatapai: Games People (Might) Play
Authors: Dwyer Peter D. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWith a focus on Melanesia, game theory is used to model the logical structure of strategic interactions between actors who engage in exchange transactions and to identify paradoxes, opportunities and uncertainties that confront those actors. It is argued that these exchanges are of three types which are named sharing, barter‐trade and prestige‐service. The first has the form of the classic game known as Prisoner's Dilemma and the expectation of non‐cooperation inherent in this game is resolved by trust. The second has the form of a game known as Chicken and the high risk inherent in this game is resolved by social manipulations that transform the payoff structure into Prisoner's Dilemma. The third is always an n‐person game. It has the form of a prestige game with an unconventional logical structure that is contingent on the existence of a parallel set of service games, each having the form of Chicken. The paper concludes by attempting to restore some realism to models that were over‐simplified abstractions. Some reinterpretations of conventional understandings are suggested.
Cults and Christianity among the Enga and Ipili
Authors: Jacka Jerry 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the continuities between early‐contact cult activities and present day Christianity among the western Enga and eastern Ipili of highlands Papua New Guinea. Christians today see the cults as early attempts to ‘open the road’ for the coming of whites and missionization. Cult leaders are currently understood as prophets who had received messages from God and were sent out to herald the coming new era of social change. The ritual killing of a young man in the 1940s by cult leaders is conceptualized as the local version of the crucifixion of Jesus. The data herein illustrate the creative means by which Ipili and Enga in this region have indigenized Christianity and located their own regional histories and practices in the broader scope of world history.
Singing about the Land among the Biangai
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines Biangai (Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea) expressions and transformations of environmental imaginaries through women's mourning songs (yongo ingi) and the songs of string bands. Biangai personhood, once intimately connected to garden lands and trees, hunting and forest paths, is increasingly influenced by global capitalism. Through their songs, they betray an increased tension between acting as an individual person and acting in terms of kin based relationality. Whileyongo ingistill memorialize the social spaces and land rights of the deceased, they also express conflicts in Biangai engagement with gold mining. Biangai string bands emerged just prior to Papua New Guinea's Independence in 1975, with the first band recording and releasing a national cassette in 1982. Dominated by young men, they depict the intersection of local music with a Melanesian modernity composed of compensation payments, gold mining, love, travel, and marketing. Bothyongo ingiand string bands inform each other and provide insight into how local music engages images of both global economy and global ecology. By examining the uses, meanings, and performative contexts of these songs, this paper contributes to our understanding of the role of such expressive forms in connecting persons and their environment.
Scotty Martin's Jadmi Junba: a Song Series from the Kimberley Region of Northwest Australia1
Authors: Treloyn Sally 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTBarwick (1990) finds that, in Central Australian performance, whilst text and melody in isolation are relatively fixed, ‘there is immense variability in their combination, which is accomplished by what may be crudely characterised as a process of expansion and contraction of the melody to accommodate texts of different lengths’ (Barwick 1990:61). Following musicological examinations by both Barwick (Barwick 1989, 1990 and 1995) and Keogh (Keogh 1995) which focus on identifying principles that underlie this process of expansion and contraction, the paper presented here looks at songs of the junba genre, composed and performed by Ngarinyin elder, Scotty Martin, in the North central Kimberley. In addition, it is suggested in this paper that the style of musicological analysis developed by Barwick and Keogh has relevance beyond the discipline of musical analysis, as its results allow the analyst and reader to begin to trace relationships between creative processes active in the moment of performance with ‘patterns and rules’ evident in other aspects of the music‐makers' ways of being in the world.
The Missing Rib: Mobilizing Church Women for Change in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Dickson‐Waiko Anne 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the particular shape taken by a modern instance of ‘Third World’ feminism. In Papua New Guinea, an emerging nexus between grassroots female activism and Christian churches is helping to liberate and empower some female citizens in a state which in practice has neglected women's interests and gender relations despite early national rhetoric about the importance of women to nation‐building. Tracing the origins of modern women's fellowship groups to the early work of female missionaries with indigenous women, the paper considers the increasing politicization of women's organizations during the last two decades as they expand their ‘traditional’ preoccupation with spiritual, domestic, and welfare matters to embrace wider social, political, and human rights issues. In the course of surveying church women's groupings in Papua New Guinea, the paper looks specifically at the National Council of Women, women's groups in East New Britain Province, the United Church Women's Fellowship, and women's involvements in the developing ecumenical movement. The paper concludes by contrasting the class dimensions of grassroots Christian women's activism to official denial of the existence of class differentiation or exploitation in this purportedly egalitarian Melanesian state.
Petztorme Women: Responding to Change in Lihir, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Macintyre Martha 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe goldmining project on Lihir Island in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, has brought dramatic socio‐economic changes. In this matrilineal society, while women's economic contributions were substantial, their political status was not. Women's participation in decision‐making about the mine has been restricted, mainly because men have excluded them. The mining company established a women's section that has supported the development of women's organizations and a range of economic development projects. The women's organizations provide the context for new political roles for women but have experienced many setbacks that are common in such groups across Papua New Guinea. Through the Lihir experience in the first five years of the mine, this paper examines the tensions and divided loyalties that constrain women's organizations and often lead to the failure of income‐generating women's projects in Papua New Guinea.
Rigidity of poly‐L‐glutamic acid scaffolds: Influence of secondary and supramolecular structure
Authors: Nickels Jonathan D. , Perticaroli Stefania , Ehlers Georg , Feygenson Mikhail , Sokolov Alexei P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPoly‐l‐glutamic acid (PGA) is a widely used biomaterial, with applications ranging from drug delivery and biological glues to food products and as a tissue engineering scaffold. A biodegradable material with flexible conjugation functional groups, tunable secondary structure, and mechanical properties, PGA has potential as a tunable matrix material in mechanobiology. Recent studies in proteins connecting dynamics, nanometer length scale rigidity, and secondary structure suggest a new point of view from which to analyze and develop this promising material. We have characterized the structure, topology, and rigidity properties of PGA prepared with different molecular weights and secondary structures through various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, light, and neutron scattering spectroscopy. On the length scale of a few nanometers, rigidity is determined by hydrogen bonding interactions in the presence of neutral species and by electrostatic interactions when the polypeptide is negatively charged. When probed over hundreds of nanometers, the rigidity of these materials is modified by long range intermolecular interactions that are introduced by the supramolecular structure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2909–2918, 2015.
Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin
Authors: Wang Kai , David Allan E. , Choi Young‐Suk , Wu Yonnie , Buschle‐Diller Gisela 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBovine serum albumin has been PEGylated and glycosylated to create mimetic materials for the extracellular matrix (ECM) with potential tissue engineering applications. Different surfaces for cell adhesion were achieved by crosslinking the initial albumin product and forming either a coating or a sponge‐like three‐dimensional morphology to mimic the mesh structure of natural ECM. The biocompatibility of the albumin matrix with mammalian cells was evaluated using cell culture assays with NIH 3T3 cells. The results indicated that glycoprotein composition and specific morphology of the assembly can improve the cell growth environment. These ECM mimetic structures might eventually be considered to serve as alternatives for the more expensive collagen and elastin based ECM substances currently in use in tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2839–2846, 2015.
PH responsive polypeptide based polymeric micelles for anticancer drug delivery
Authors: Zhao Dongping , Li Bingqiang , Han Jiaming , Yang Yue , Zhang Xinchen , Wu Guolin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA pH‐responsive polymeric micelle based on poly(aspartamide) derivative was explored as an efficient acid‐triggered anticancer drug delivery system. Poly(α,β‐l‐asparthydrazide) (PAHy) was prepared by aminolysis reaction of polysuccinimide with hydrazine hydrate. Poly(ethylene glycol) and aliphatic chain (C18) were conjugated onto PAHy to afford an amphiphilic copolymer with acid‐liable hydrazone bonds. The structure of the resulting copolymer and its self‐assembled micelles were confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR, DLS, and TEM. Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the polymeric micelles via the hydrophobic interaction between the C18 group and DOX molecules, and the π‐π staking between the hydrazone conjugated DOX and free DOX molecules. Results showed that the DOX loaded nanoparticle (NP) was relatively stable under physiological conditions, while the DOX was quickly released in response to acidity due to the shedding of mPEG shells and dissociating of C18 segments because of the pH‐cleavage of intermediate hydrazone bonds. In addition, the DOX loaded micelles presented a high cytotoxic activity against tumor cells in vitro. This pH responsive NP has appeared highly promising for the targeted intracellular delivery of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics in cancer therapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3045–3053, 2015.
Review of deep inspiration breath‐hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Latty Drew , Stuart Kirsty E. , Wang Wei , Ahern Verity 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRadiation treatment to the left breast is associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality. The deep inspiration breath‐hold technique (DIBH) can decrease radiation dose delivered to the heart and this may facilitate the treatment of the internal mammary chain nodes. The aim of this review is to critically analyse the literature available in relation to breath‐hold methods, implementation, utilisation, patient compliance, planning methods and treatment verification of the DIBH technique. Despite variation in the literature regarding the DIBH delivery method, patient coaching, visual feedback mechanisms and treatment verification, all methods of DIBH delivery reduce radiation dose to the heart. Further research is required to determine optimum protocols for patient training and treatment verification to ensure the technique is delivered successfully.
Modeling of low‐frequency noise in advanced CMOS devices
Authors: Balestra F. , Ghibaudo G. , Jomaah J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe modeling and characterization of low‐frequency noise and noise variability in various regimes of operation are investigated for the main advanced complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. Novel materials and innovative device architectures from 0.5 μm to 20 nm gate lengths are studied. The impact of gate stack, realized with ultrathin oxides, polysilicon gate and high‐k/metal gate is analyzed. The influence of alternative channel materials, in particular ultrathin body silicon‐on‐insulator layers, strain Si and III–V materials is addressed. The comparison of low‐frequency noise in advanced device architectures, including bulk Si, fully depleted SOI, FinFET, junctionless, and multi‐gates structures, is shown. Accurate noise models, taking into account the main physical mechanisms, are proposed for all these very advanced technologies, which will be needed for the nanoelectronics of the next decade. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of atmospheric conditions associated to CHACO events of the Low Level Jet East of the Andes and their implications for regional transport
Authors: Castañeda María Elizabeth , Ulke Ana Graciela 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe low level jet (LLJ) east of the Andes in South America plays a key role in the transport of heat and water vapour from tropical to subtropical latitudes. It also plays a major role in the regional transport of pollutants and biological matter. This study examines the main spatial variability modes of the LLJ whose exit area reaches the La Plata Basin with no precipitation associated (which would remove aerosols) – Chaco Jet 1 (CJ1). The events were identified by applying the modified Bonner's criteria on the 850 and 700 hPa wind fields of the period 2001–2005 from GDAS (NCEP). With the help of an hybrid approach to Principal Component Analysis T‐mode applied on the JRA‐25 Reanalysis from the Japan Meteorological Agency, the main spatial patterns were identified during CJ1 episodes. Selected variables are geopotential height, specific humidity, equivalent potential temperature and the zonal and meridional wind components at 850 hPa.The first two PC components explained 35.64% of the variance. The significant fields show the entrance of the CJ1 to high (first PC) and middle (second PC) latitudes. The first component, with an explained variance of 21.1%, identifies episodes of moisture transport into high latitudes, and an intense flow north of 40°S. To the south, the most noticeable features for this component are moister conditions and weaker winds over Patagonia. The second component describes the situations where the flow turns towards the Atlantic Ocean at mid‐latitudes, causing moisture to peak over the province of Buenos Aires and the north of Patagonia; with a stronger and more zonally oriented flow at high latitudes. The present analysis contributes to better understand the atmospheric circulation associated with CJ1 episodes and its implications on the regional transport of heat, moisture, pollutants and biological matter into La Plata Basin.
Electromechanical reshaping of ex vivo porcine trachea
Authors: Hussain Syed , Manuel Cyrus T. , Protsenko Dmitriy E. , Wong Brian J. F. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesThe trachea is a composite cartilaginous structure particularly prone to various forms of convexities. Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is an emerging technique used to reshape cartilaginous tissues by applying electric current in tandem with imposed mechanical deformation to achieve shape change. In this study, EMR was used to reshape tracheal cartilage rings to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology as a potentially minimally invasive procedure to alter tracheal structure.Study DesignControlled laboratory study using ex vivo porcine tracheae.MethodsThe natural concavity of each porcine tracheal ring was reversed around a cork mandrel. Two pairs of electrodes were inserted along the long axis of the tracheal ring and placed 1.5 millimeters from the midline. Current was applied over a range of voltages (3 volts [V], 4V, and 5V) for either 2 or 3 minutes. The degree of EMR‐induced reshaping was quantified from photographs using digital techniques. Confocal imaging with fluorescent live and dead assays was conducted to determine viability of the tissue after EMR.ResultsSpecimens that underwent EMR for 2 or 3 minutes at 4V or 5V were observed to have undergone significant (P < .05) reshaping relative to the control. Viability results demonstrated that EMR reshaping occurs at the expense of tissue injury, although the extent of injury is modest relative to conventional techniques.ConclusionEMR reshapes tracheal cartilage rings as a function of voltage and application time. It has potential as a minimally invasive and cost‐efficient endoscopic technology to treat pathologic tracheal convexities. Given our findings, consideration of EMR for use in larger ex vivo tracheal segments and animal studies is now plausible.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1628–1632, 2015
New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization
Authors: Krogerus Kristoffer , Magalhães Frederico , Vidgren Virve , Gibson Brian 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The interspecific hybrid Saccharomyces pastorianus is the most commonly used yeast in brewery fermentations worldwide. Here, we generated de novo lager yeast hybrids by mating a domesticated and strongly flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae ale strain with the Saccharomyces eubayanus type strain. The hybrids were characterized with respect to the parent strains in a wort fermentation performed at temperatures typical for lager brewing (12 °C). The resulting beers were analysed for sugar and aroma compounds, while the yeasts were tested for their flocculation ability and α-glucoside transport capability. These hybrids inherited beneficial properties from both parent strains (cryotolerance, maltotriose utilization and strong flocculation) and showed apparent hybrid vigour, fermenting faster and producing beer with higher alcohol content (5.6 vs 4.5 % ABV) than the parents. Results suggest that interspecific hybridization is suitable for production of novel non-GM lager yeast strains with unique properties and will help in elucidating the evolutionary history of industrial lager yeast.