bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore‐onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data
Authors: Grevemeyer Ingo , Gràcia Eulàlia , Villaseñor Antonio , Leuchters Wiebke , Watts Anthony B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSeismicity and tectonic structure of the Alboran Sea were derived from a large amphibious seismological network deployed in the offshore basins and onshore in Spain and Morocco, an area where the convergence between the African and Eurasian plates causes distributed deformation. Crustal structure derived from local earthquake data suggests that the Alboran Sea is underlain by thinned continental crust with a mean thickness of about 20 km. During the 5 months of offshore network operation, a total of 229 local earthquakes were located within the Alboran Sea and neighboring areas. Earthquakes were generally crustal events, and in the offshore domain, most of them occurred at crustal levels of 2 to 15 km depth. Earthquakes in the Alboran Sea are poorly related to large‐scale tectonic features and form a 20 to 40 km wide NNE‐SSW trending belt of seismicity between Adra (Spain) and Al Hoceima (Morocco), supporting the case for a major left‐lateral shear zone across the Alboran Sea. Such a shear zone is in accord with high‐resolution bathymetric data and seismic reflection imaging, indicating a number of small active fault zones, some of which offset the seafloor, rather than supporting a well‐defined discrete plate boundary fault. Moreover, a number of large faults known to be active as evidenced from bathymetry, seismic reflection, and paleoseismic data such as the Yusuf and Carboneras faults were seismically inactive. Earthquakes below the Western Alboran Basin occurred at 70 to 110 km depth and hence reflected intermediate depth seismicity related to subducted lithosphere.
Identifying an index of subsurface volatiles on Mars through an analysis of impact crater morphometry using principal component analysis
Authors: Jones Eriita 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLayered ejecta craters comprise a significant fraction of the ejecta on Mars and may form from the excavation of subsurface volatiles, such as ice. A recent global catalogue identified extensive numbers of layered ejecta craters and their properties and is examined here. In this study over 10,000 single‐layered and double‐layered ejecta craters were analyzed by principal component analysis. Principal component analysis revealed the existence of four significant principal components for single‐layered ejecta craters, and five for double‐layered ejecta craters, which accounted for 73% and 80% of the sample variances, respectively. The first three PCs were interpreted as indices of impactor energy, target volatiles, and impactor angle. The fourth component for both morphologies was interpreted as a resurfacing index. The fifth component for double‐layered craters was identified as an index of preservation of the impact feature. Using the putative target volatile index identified through principal component analysis, the spatial distribution of potential subsurface volatiles, both past and geologically recent, is mapped.
Regulation of methane production, oxidation, and emission by vascular plants and bryophytes in ponds of the northeast Siberian polygonal tundra
Authors: Knoblauch Christian , Spott Oliver , Evgrafova Svetlana , Kutzbach Lars , Pfeiffer Eva‐Maria 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMethane (CH4) production, oxidation, and emission were studied in ponds of the permafrost‐affected polygonal tundra in northeast Siberia. Microbial degradation of organic matter in water‐saturated soils is the most important source for the climate‐relevant trace gas CH4. Although ponds and lakes cover a substantial fraction of the land surface of northern Siberia, data on CH4 fluxes from these water bodies are scarce. Summer CH4 fluxes were measured with closed chambers at the margins of ponds vegetated by vascular plants and in their centers without vascular plants. Furthermore, CH4 and oxygen concentration gradients, stable carbon isotope signatures of dissolved and emitted CH4, and microbial CH4 production and CH4 oxidation were determined. Mean summer fluxes were significantly higher at the margins of the ponds (46.1 ± 15.4 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) than at the centers (5.9 ± 8.2 mg CH4 m−2 d−1). CH4 transport was dominated by diffusion in most open water sites, but substantial ebullitive fluxes (12.0 ± 8.1 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) were detected in one pond. Plant‐mediated transport accounted for 70 to 90% of total CH4 fluxes above emerged vegetation. In the absence of vascular plants, 61 to 99% of the CH4 produced in the anoxic bottom soil was consumed in a layer of the submerged moss Scorpidium scorpioides, which covered the bottoms of the ponds. The fraction of CH4 oxidized was lower at sites with vascular plants since CH4 was predominantly transported through their aerenchyma, thereby bypassing the CH4 oxidation zone in the moss layer. These results emphasize the importance of moss‐associated CH4 oxidation causing low CH4 fluxes from the studied Siberian ponds.
Introduction to a special section on ecohydrology of semiarid environments: Confronting mathematical models with ecosystem complexity
Authors: Svoray Tal , Assouline Shmuel , Katul Gabriel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCurrent literature provides large number of publications about ecohydrological processes and their effect on the biota in drylands. Given the limited laboratory and field experiments in such systems, many of these publications are based on mathematical models of varying complexity. The underlying implicit assumption is that the data set used to evaluate these models covers the parameter space of conditions that characterize drylands and that the models represent the actual processes with acceptable certainty. However, a question raised is to what extent these mathematical models are valid when confronted with observed ecosystem complexity? This Introduction reviews the 16 papers that comprise the Special Section on Eco‐hydrology of Semiarid Environments: Confronting Mathematical Models with Ecosystem Complexity. The subjects studied in these papers include rainfall regime, infiltration and preferential flow, evaporation and evapotranspiration, annual net primary production, dispersal and invasion, and vegetation greening. The findings in the papers published in this Special Section show that innovative mathematical modeling approaches can represent actual field measurements. Hence, there are strong grounds for suggesting that mathematical models can contribute to greater understanding of ecosystem complexity through characterization of space‐time dynamics of biomass and water storage as well as their multiscale interactions. However, the generality of the models and their low‐dimensional representation of many processes may also be a “curse” that results in failures when particulars of an ecosystem are required. It is envisaged that the search for a unifying “general” model, while seductive, may remain elusive in the foreseeable future. It is for this reason that improving the merger between experiments and models of various degrees of complexity continues to shape the future research agenda.
Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Amniotic Fluid and Placenta
Authors: Graham Christopher D. , Fauza Dario O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDiverse progenitor cell populations, including mesenchymal, hematopoietic, trophoblastic, and possibly more primitive stem cells can be isolated from the amniotic fluid and the placenta. At least some of the amniotic and placental cells share a common origin, namely the inner cell mass of the morula. Indeed, most types of progenitor cells that can be isolated from these two sources share many characteristics. This unit will focus solely on the mesenchymal stem cells, the most abundant progenitor cell population found therein and, unlike some of the other stem cell types, present all through gestation. Protocols for isolation, expansion, freezing, and thawing of these cells are presented. Preference is given to the simplest methods available for any given procedure. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Convergence of the recursive identification algorithms for multivariate pseudo‐linear regressive systems
Authors: Wang Xuehai , Ding Feng 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe performance analysis of the recursive algorithms for the multivariate systems with an autoregressive moving average noise process is still open. This paper analyzes the convergence of two recursive identification algorithms, the multivariate recursive generalized extended least squares algorithm and the multivariate generalized extended stochastic gradient algorithm, for pseudo‐linear multivariate systems and proves that the parameter estimation errors consistently converge to zero under persistent excitation conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms work well. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patients electing medical vs surgical treatment: emotional domain of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index associates with treatment selection
Authors: Orb Quinn , Mace Jess C. , DeConde Adam S. , Steele Toby O. , Cox Steve T. , Smith Timothy L. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThe Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) consists of multiple subdomains shown to be useful in studying chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The objective of this study was to determine if RSDI subdomain scores are associated with selection of treatment modality (endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS] or continued medical management [CMM]) in subjects with CRS.MethodsPatients with CRS were prospectively enrolled into a multi‐institutional cohort study. Following an initial period of medical management, patients elected to undergo treatment with either ESS or CMM. Baseline RSDI total and subdomain scores were compared between patients electing different treatment modalities.ResultsA total of 684 subjects were enrolled with 122 (17.8%) electing CMM and 562 (82.2%) electing ESS. When compared to patients undergoing CMM, patients electing ESS exhibited significantly higher mean baseline RSDI total scores (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 48.1 ± 24.9 vs 40.1 ± 24.1; p = 0.001) and subdomain scores (emotional: 13.2 ± 9.1 vs 10.4 ± 8.3; p = 0.001; functional: 15.3 ± 8.9 vs 12.6 ± 8.4; p = 0.002; and physical: 19.6 ± 9.3 vs 17.1 ± 9.6; p = 0.007). Emotional subdomain scores were found to be the most associated with choice of treatment modality.ConclusionPatients with CRS electing ESS had worse baseline RSDI total and subdomain scores compared to those electing CMM. Although both rhinologic and nonrhinologic symptoms contributed to the selection of treatment modality, emotional symptoms appeared to exhibit the greatest influence on patient‐centered treatment decisions.
Chinon‐katalysierte, selektive Oxidation organischer Moleküle
Authors: Wendlandt Alison E. , Stahl Shannon S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChinone sind gebräuchliche, stöchiometrisch eingesetzte Reagentien in der organischen Chemie. para‐Chinone mit hohem Reduktionspotential wie DDQ und Chloranil werden verbreitet angewendet und fördern normalerweise die Hydridabstraktion. In den letzten Jahren wurden viele katalytische Anwendungen dieser Methoden entwickelt, wobei das oxidierte Chinon in situ mithilfe von Übergangsmetallen, O2 oder Elektrochemie regeneriert wird. Ergänzende Studien haben zur Entdeckung einer anderen Klasse von Chinonen geführt, die den ortho‐Chinon‐Cofaktoren in Kupfer‐Amin‐Oxidasen ähneln und effiziente und selektive aerobe und/oder elektrochemische Dehydrierungen von Aminen vermitteln. Letztgenannte Reaktionen laufen gewöhnlich über elektrophile Transaminierungs‐ und/oder Additions‐Eliminierungs‐Reaktionsmechanismen anstelle von Hydridabstraktionspfaden ab. Die gesammelten Beobachtungen zeigen, dass die Chinonstruktur einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Reaktionsmechanismus ausübt und somit bedeutende Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung neuer Chinonreagentien und Chinon‐katalysierter Umwandlungen hat.
Formal Direct Cross‐Coupling of Phenols with Amines
Authors: Chen Zhengwang , Zeng Huiying , Girard Simon A. , Wang Feng , Chen Ning , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe transition‐metal‐catalyzed amination of aryl halides has been the most powerful method for the formation of aryl amines over the past decades. Phenols are regarded as ideal alternatives to aryl halides as coupling partners in cross‐couplings. An efficient palladium‐catalyzed formal cross‐coupling of phenols with various amines and anilines has now been developed. A variety of substituted phenols were compatible with the standard reaction conditions. Secondary and tertiary aryl amines could thus be synthesized in moderate to excellent yields.
Quinone‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Organic Molecules
Authors: Wendlandt Alison E. , Stahl Shannon S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuinones are common stoichiometric reagents in organic chemistry. Para‐quinones with high reduction potentials, such as DDQ and chloranil, are widely used and typically promote hydride abstraction. In recent years, many catalytic applications of these methods have been achieved by using transition metals, electrochemistry, or O2 to regenerate the oxidized quinone in situ. Complementary studies have led to the development of a different class of quinones that resemble the ortho‐quinone cofactors in copper amine oxidases and mediate the efficient and selective aerobic and/or electrochemical dehydrogenation of amines. The latter reactions typically proceed by electrophilic transamination and/or addition‐elimination reaction mechanisms, rather than hydride abstraction pathways. The collective observations show that the quinone structure has a significant influence on the reaction mechanism and has important implications for the development of new quinone reagents and quinone‐catalyzed transformations.
External‐Photocatalyst‐Free Visible‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Indolizines
Authors: Sahoo Basudev , Hopkinson Matthew N. , Glorius Frank 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA visible‐light‐mediated synthesis of valuable polycyclic indolizine heterocycles from easily accessed brominated pyridine and enol carbamate derivatives has been developed. This process, which operates at room temperature under irradiation from readily available light sources, does not require the addition of an external photocatalyst. Instead, an investigation into the reaction mechanism indicates that the indolizine products themselves may be in some way involved in mediating and accelerating their own formation. Preliminary studies also show that these simple heterocyclic compounds may be capable of facilitating other visible‐light‐mediated transformations.
Standardized catch and survival rates, and effect of a ban on shark retention, Palau pelagic longline fishery
Authors: Gilman Eric , Chaloupka Milani , Merrifield Matt , Malsol Nanette D. , Cook Chuck 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Pelagic longline fisheries affect both market and vulnerable bycatch species and can have broad effects on community structure and processes.
Observer data from the Palau longline fishery were analysed to identify opportunities to mitigate vulnerable species bycatch, determine temporal trends in local abundance, and assess changes following a ban on shark retention and wire leaders. Catch and haulback condition data for bigeye and yellowfin tunas, blue and silky sharks and pelagic stingrays were fitted to standardized catch and survival rate models.
The fishery caught silky and blue sharks, olive ridley sea turtles and other species of conservation concern.
Changing from shallow sets to deep daytime sets might reduce shark and sea turtle catch rates but increase turtle haulback mortality rates, maintain economically viable tuna catch rates, but increase catch rates of pelagic stingrays, a lower conservation concern than main caught species of sharks and turtles.
Focusing fishing effort during the middle of the calendar year would maximize yellowfin tuna and minimize silky shark standardized catch rates, but maximize blue shark catch rates.
A large decline in shark fishing mortality rate very likely occurred following a ban on shark retention and wire leaders. This was due to large reductions in the nominal shark catch rate and shark retention, partially offset by decreases in the shark haulback survival rate and pre‐catch survival rate. Significantly higher blue shark and lower pelagic stingray nominal catch rates occurred on wire vs. monofilament leaders. Significantly higher blue shark and lower yellowfin tuna nominal catch rates occurred on sets using shallow ‘shark lines’. It is a research priority to compare the probability of shark pre‐catch survival after escaping from monofilament leaders with an ingested hook and trailing line to the survival probability when captured on wire leaders.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzothiazole‐Pyimidine‐Based BF2 Complex for Selective Detection of Cysteine
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Zhang Changli , Wang Xiaoqing , Gong Shuwen , He Weijiang , Liu Zhipeng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDue to the similar structure and reactivity of cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), the simultaneous discrimination of Cys over Hcy and GSH by a single fluorescent sensor is still a great challenge. In this work, a benzothiazole‐pyimidine‐based boron difluoride complex (BPB) was developed as a new fluorescent sensor for Cys. The sensor exhibits a highly selective “turn‐on” response to cysteine over Hcy, GSH and other amino acids in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The observed pseudo‐first‐order rate constant for the reaction of BPB with Cys was calculated to be about 0.062 min−1. The detection limit of this sensor for Cys was determined to be 332 nm, and bioimaging of exogenous Cys by this sensor was successfully applied in living cells, thus indicating that this sensor holds great potential for biological applications.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the pharmacokinetics of highly protein‐bound drugs and the impact of errors in plasma protein binding
Authors: Ye Min , Nagar Swati , Korzekwa Ken 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPredicting the pharmacokinetics of highly protein‐bound drugs is difficult. Also, since historical plasma protein binding data were often collected using unbuffered plasma, the resulting inaccurate binding data could contribute to incorrect predictions. This study uses a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict human plasma concentration–time profiles for 22 highly protein‐bound drugs. Tissue distribution was estimated from in vitro drug lipophilicity data, plasma protein binding and the blood: plasma ratio. Clearance was predicted with a well‐stirred liver model. Underestimated hepatic clearance for acidic and neutral compounds was corrected by an empirical scaling factor. Predicted values (pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma concentration–time profile) were compared with observed data to evaluate the model accuracy. Of the 22 drugs, less than a 2‐fold error was obtained for the terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2, 100% of drugs), peak plasma concentration (Cmax, 100%), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0‐t, 95.4%), clearance (CLh, 95.4%), mean residence time (MRT, 95.4%) and steady state volume (Vss, 90.9%). The impact of fup errors on CLh and Vss prediction was evaluated. Errors in fup resulted in proportional errors in clearance prediction for low‐clearance compounds, and in Vss prediction for high‐volume neutral drugs. For high‐volume basic drugs, errors in fup did not propagate to errors in Vss prediction. This is due to the cancellation of errors in the calculations for tissue partitioning of basic drugs. Overall, plasma profiles were well simulated with the present PBPK model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DFT Investigation on the Competition of the Water–Gas Shift Reaction Versus Methanation on Clean and Potassium‐Modified Nickel(1 1 1) Surfaces
Authors: Zhou Mingxia , Liu Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe used periodic DFT calculations to investigate the effect of alkali promoter on the selectivity of the water‐gas shift reaction (WGSR) explicitly on the Ni(1 1 1) surface. On clean Ni(1 1 1), the WGSR redox and carboxyl pathways are both kinetically competitive. The selectivity of the WGSR can be affected by methanation on Ni, in which the C−O bond cleavage pathway of CHO is the most competitive. A Ni(1 1 1) surface modified with K adatoms was used to further understand the promoter effects on the WGSR selectivity. A combined energetic and kinetic analysis from DFT calculations indicates that the K adatom stabilizes certain reactive intermediates (e.g., H2O, CO) thermodynamically but is energetically neutral or even repulsive toward other intermediates. As a result, WGSR pathways benefit from the presence of K adatoms compared to the competing methanation pathway. This study thus confirmed the promoting effects of alkali metals on the WGSR with DFT‐based mechanistic insights.
Influence of Alkalinity on the Efficiency and Catalyst Behavior of Photo‐Assisted Processes
Authors: Merayo Noemí , Hermosilla Daphne , Jefferson Bruce , Blanco Ángeles 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe influence of carbonates on TiO2 photocatalysis and the photo‐Fenton process using Fe0 as catalyst is unraveled. The aggregation behavior of each catalyst was monitored under different reaction conditions in order to assess the effect of carbonates on their performance. Carbonates drastically reduced the efficiency of photocatalysis because of aggregation of the TiO2 catalyst, which led to the reduction of adsorbed pollutants. The addition of carbonates to the photo‐Fenton process did not produce this strong catalyst aggregation. Therefore, oxidation‐reduction reactions on the catalyst surface were not much reduced, and the efficiency of this process was not as strongly affected as that of TiO2 photocatalysis.
Design of Vacuum‐Cleaned Dust Filters with Modular Filter Units
Authors: Laminger Thomas , Wolfslehner Johannes , Höflinger Wilhelm 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor vacuum‐cleaned dust filters with a small moving suck‐off nozzle as cleaning device no calculation methods exist to determine design parameters like the needed traverse velocity of the nozzle or the filter area. A method to calculate the total filter area or the number of parallel working filter modules with fixed filter area is presented. Well‐known equations for the design of a cleanable multichamber jet‐pulse filter were modified to take into account a continuous regeneration of a vacuum‐cleaned dust filter by a suck‐off nozzle. For vacuum cleaning of the filter it was considered that the regeneration period depends on the suck‐off nozzle traverse velocity and the unique cleaning pattern and length of the suck‐off nozzle traverse pathway. An example for the calculation of the necessary number of parallel working modules for the determination of the filter area of large filter apparatus with vacuum cleaning is described.