bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TLR-9 and IL-15 Synergy Promotes the In Vitro Clonal Expansion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells
Authors: Mongini Patricia K. A. , Gupta Rashmi , Boyle Erin , Nieto Jennifer , Lee Hyunjoo , Stein Joanna , Bandovic Jela , Stankovic Tatjana , Barrientos Jacqueline , Kolitz Jonathan E. , Allen Steven L. , Rai Kanti , Chu Charles C. , Chiorazzi Nicholas 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Clinical progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reflects the clone’s Ag receptor (BCR) and involves stroma-dependent B-CLL growth within lymphoid tissue. Uniformly elevated expression of TLR-9, occasional MYD88 mutations, and BCR specificity for DNA or Ags physically linked to DNA together suggest that TLR-9 signaling is important in driving B-CLL growth in patients. Nevertheless, reports of apoptosis after B-CLL exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) raised questions about a central role for TLR-9. Because normal memory B cells proliferate vigorously to ODN+IL-15, a cytokine found in stromal cells of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, we examined whether this was true for B-CLL cells. Through a CFSE-based assay for quantitatively monitoring in vitro clonal proliferation/survival, we show that IL-15 precludes TLR-9–induced apoptosis and permits significant B-CLL clonal expansion regardless of the clone’s BCR mutation status. A robust response to ODN+IL-15 was positively linked to presence of chromosomal anomalies (trisomy-12 or ataxia telangiectasia mutated anomaly + del13q14) and negatively linked to a very high proportion of CD38+ cells within the blood-derived B-CLL population. Furthermore, a clone’s intrinsic potential for in vitro growth correlated directly with doubling time in blood, in the case of B-CLL with Ig H chain V region–unmutated BCR and &lt;30% CD38+ cells in blood. Finally, in vitro high-proliferator status was statistically linked to diminished patient survival. These findings, together with immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic cells and IL-15–producing cells proximal to B-CLL pseudofollicles in patient spleens, suggest that collaborative ODN and IL-15 signaling may promote in vivo B-CLL growth.
Las tareas de comunicación oral en la evaluación del inglés: el uso de conectores
Authors: Peñate Cabrera Marcos 
Published: July 2015

<p>A pesar de que los expertos en evaluación han estado investigando la relación que hay entre los diferentes tipos de tareas y su nivel de dificultad, aún resulta necesario continuar dicho proceso de análisis para poder tener una visión más exacta de las variables que inciden en dicha relación. En este artículo estudiamos los tres tipos de tareas más usadas en los diferentes modelos de pruebas orales (entrevista individual a partir de una foto, entrevista individual a partir de una tira cómica y un diálogo en parejas). Para hacer este estudio evaluamos a 244 alumnos de segundo de bachillerato pertenecientes a nueve centros escolares y con un nivel A2 de inglés. La variable que hemos querido analizar al contrastar los tres tipos de tareas es la de la cantidad y complejidad de la producción oral emitida, que se midió utilizando como referente el uso de conectores y utilizando los test estadísticos de homogeneidad y especificidad.</p>
Subtitling Tarantino’s offensive and taboo dialogue exchanges into european spanish: the case of Pulp Fiction
Authors: Ávila-Cabrera José Javier 
Published: July 2015

<p>La manera en la que el lenguaje ofensivo y tabú se subtitula representa una práctica delicada y polémica pues este lenguaje funciona como vehículo léxico que aporta información sobre la personalidad, clase social y entorno de los personajes, pudiendo provocar una reacción fuerte en la audiencia (Díaz Cintas, 2001). Se podría decir que la omisión de términos ofensivos y tabú implica la pérdida de la función comunicativa de los mismos. Partiendo de un enfoque basado en los Estudios Descriptivos de Traducción, los objetivos de este artículo se centran en arrojar luz sobre la forma en la que el filme Pulp Fiction (Quentin Tarantino, 1994) se subtituló a español europeo, explorando así pues: (1) las estrategias traductológicas empleadas por el subtitulador; (2) la manera en la que los diálogos ofensivos/tabú fueron transferidos a la pantalla; (3) la posible influencia técnica de aquellos casos en los que la carga ofensiva y tabú queda neutralizada u omitida.</p>
Evaluación del uso competente de los rasgos lingüísticos del IPA en relación con los niveles del MCER
Authors: Durán Escribano Mª Pilar , Rubio Moreda Ana Luz 
Published: July 2015

<p>El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el uso correcto de los rasgos lingüísticos característicos del IPA (pasivización, uso frecuente de grupos nominales, preeminencia de ciertas formas verbales y modalidad), por parte del alumnado de ingeniería industrial de la UPM, en función de sus niveles de competencia lingüística del MCER, entre A2 y C1. Mediante el programa STATGRAPHICS, los resultados obtenidos señalan aquellas estructuras gramaticales más difíciles para los alumnos españoles de ingeniería y los niveles MCER en los que se detecta la dificultad. Los datos empíricos obtenidos son de gran utilidad para establecer unos criterios de programación que favorezcan su enseñanza-aprendizaje, al tiempo que completan la escala ilustrativa de corrección lingüística propuesta en los niveles de referencia del MCER, aplicada al IPA. </p>
Los límites de la política y planificación lingüísticas
Authors: Fernández Smith Gérard 
Published: July 2015

<p>En el presente trabajo se pretende llevar a cabo una aproximación a los conceptos teóricos de la política y planificación lingüísticas en relación con ejemplos concretos de medidas en diversos ámbitos que no pueden adscribirse fácilmente a los procesos y mecanismos previstos en los modelos existentes y comúnmente aceptados en este campo de investigación, lo que conlleva, en nuestra opinión, la necesidad de reformular algunos de esos conceptos y de dotar así de más flexibilidad y posibilidades de aplicación a dichos modelos. Para ello, presentamos y discutimos ejemplos relativos, entre otros, a medidas para favorecer el uso no discriminatorio del lenguaje, en general, y del uso no sexista, en particular, con el fin de argumentar<br />sobre qué posibilidades ofrecen los esquemas teóricos para explicarlos y para contribuir a la formulación, en su caso, de hipótesis alternativas sobre los mismos o de términos que describan con más exactitud la situación real.</p>
Investigating and Comparing the Situation of Innovation Culture in Lorestan University and Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad Branch
Authors: Sattar Azita , Rajaeepour Saeed , Salimi Ghorbanali , Abedi Ahmad 
Published: July 2015

<p>The main objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the situation of innovation culture in Khorramabad universities according faculty to members' views. The method employed in the study is descriptive and it is a survey research. The population of the study consisted of all full time faculty members of Lorestan University and Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad who were 220 and 148 individuals (totally 368 individuals). The sampling method was proportionate stratified sampling.According to the sample size in this research, 106 individuals from Lorestan University and 67 individuals from Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad were selected as the sample of the study (totally 173 faculty members). For data collection instrument, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed based on five-point Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha equal as 0.93 and its construct validity was 0.656 which were at acceptable levels. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, independent samples t-test, and multivariate variance analysis) were used.</p><p>The results indicated that there is a significant difference between innovation culture in Lorestan University and in Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad and it is observed more in Lorestan University. </p>
Exchange Rate and Demand for Money in Nigeria
Authors: Ogbonna BigBen Chukwuma 
Published: July 2015

<p>This study is designed to examine empirically the impact of exchange rate on the stability of demand for money in Nigeria where official and black market exchange rates operate side by side due to exchange controls. Variants of money demand model are estimated using monthly data for the period of 2005-2013. Cointegration and system equation techniques combined with CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests are employed in the data analysis. Results indicate that in all the variants of the money demand model, coefficients of exchange rates variable (official or black market exchange rates) manifest significant <em>t</em> statistics, meaning that the null hypothesis of restricting the coefficients of exchange rates in money demand model in Nigeria is rejected for each variant. This suggests that coefficient of exchange rates variable (OMEXR or BMEXR) belongs to the cointegrating space in all the instances. Judging from the freakiness of the coefficients of the variants of the money demand function and the results of the tests for stability of the models combined, the most appropriate demand for money function for Nigeria appear to be the one that includes M1, the interest rate, inflation rate, and official exchange rate. This implies that in Nigeria, a greater percentage of the foreign exchange demand may be public sector driven and substantial percentage of the private sector foreign exchange needs is sourced from the official exchange rate market due to the substantial disparity between the two rates. This may mean consumers’ easy access to official exchange rate and transparency in the operation of official exchange rate market in Nigeria.</p>
A utilização do sistema de preparação de textos LaTeX na produção de textos acadêmicos no Brasil: uma investigação preliminar e perspectivas
Authors: Cherem Youssef Alvarenga 
Published: July 2015

<p><strong>Introdução</strong>: LaTeX é um sistema de preparação eletrônica de textos baseado no sistema tipográfico TeX. Neste artigo, apontamos os principais benefícios e desafios de utilização dessa ferramenta, bem como perspectivas para utilização a curto e médio prazo no Brasil.</p><p><strong>Objetivo</strong>: analisar o uso do software LaTeX na produção de textos acadêmicos no Brasil.</p><p><strong>Metodologia</strong>: Revisão bibliográfica e análise documental.</p><p><strong>Resultados</strong>:<strong> </strong>A utilização de uma linguagem de <em>mark-up</em> como LaTeX pode trazer benefícios tanto do ponto de vista do produto final e sua relação com o leitor, quanto do ponto de vista do processo de edição do texto. Apesar disso, seu uso no Brasil é bastante restrito.</p><p><strong>Conclusões</strong>: Um dos maiores desafios para a disseminação de seu uso é a falta de apoio institucional oficial na área acadêmica e científica. Sua aceitação institucional, bem como iniciativas de capacitação do usuário, são apontados como fatores que podem mudar esse quadro.</p>
Proceedings: Moving Toward Cell-Based Therapies for Heart Disease
Authors: Collins Lila R. , Priest Catherine , Caras Ingrid , Littman Neil , Kadyk Lisa 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Summary
Heart disease due to myocardial infarction and the ensuing heart failure represent a major unmet medical need. Approved treatments do not prevent loss of cardiac muscle or reduce scar formation, both of which weaken heart function. Cell-based therapies currently being investigated both preclinically and clinically have the potential to address these underlying problems either by actually replacing lost tissue or by supplying paracrine growth factors that may have multiple beneficial effects such as reduction of inflammation, increase of blood supply, improvement in cell survival, and reduction of scar size. The best cell types, stage of disease to target, and delivery method to improve heart function are currently unclear. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine supports multiple different cell-therapy strategies for heart disease, offering hope that improved treatments will be available for patients in the future.

Significance
Heart attack and the heart failure that often follows represent an enormous financial burden and unmet medical need. Cell therapy is being actively explored to improve cardiac function for both of these forms of heart disease. The cell therapy and tissue engineering efforts supported by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine to improve heart function after a myocardial infarction and during heart failure span a variety of novel approaches, many of which go beyond current approaches in clinical trials.
A Spatial Heterogeneity Perspective in Analyzing Cancer Mortality Distribution Using GIS
Authors: BAGARINAO RICARDO T. 
Published: July 2015

An ecological spatial variation analysis of cancer incidence and mortality is increasingly important, as cancer has become a major cause of death across the globe. Using the concept of spatial heterogeneity as analytical framework, a spatial distribution analysis that used GIS was conducted for the cases of cancer mortality in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Complete data retrieval was conducted for cases between 1990 and 2010 from the Registry Office of the Municipality. Data visualization and analysis were done using the graduated color legend type of the GIS software. Spatial units were delineated following the communities political boundary of Municipality. Descriptive statistics was computed to describe spatial variations of cases. Results indicate that cancer mortality is highly heterogeneous across spatial units. The highest number of cases is in Batong Malake. The number of cases reduces as it moves away from this area. It is recommended that an in-depth study be conducted to determine the causes of these spatial trends of cancer mortality to contextualize its interventions or reduction and management programs. Keywords - Biostatistics, spatial heterogeneity, cancer mortality, geographic information system, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Ecological Beliefs and Practices of the Public: A Primer for Environmental Protection
Authors: BINAG GEE MARIE S. 
Published: July 2015

Belief systems have a considerable effect on environmental attitudes and can, therefore, play a major role in ecological conservation practices. The study was conducted to determine the ecological beliefs and practices of the public from Trento, Samal and Davao City, Philippines. Furthermore, it aimed to determine the relationship between protection and conservation of their land environment, which includes the flora and fauna. A total of 423 respondents from selected places were the participants. This study utilized the descriptive-correlational research method in order to document the beliefs and practices of the people. It described the Ecological traditional beliefs and practices of the people that could help protect and preserve the environment, particularly the flora and fauna. It made use of the questionnaire as the prime source of information supported by interviews and Focus Group Discussion. Data were analyzed using statistical tools like the mean score and Pearson product moment correlation. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between the ecological belief and ecological practices of the public. However, no significant relationship was noted between the practices and the beliefs of the Public towards the flora because they also cut trees during a poor crop harvest, engaged in logging as an alternative source of income during rainy season. Moreover, towing cut logs from an environment where the buyer was waiting, and on the way they cared for the fauna and their land and environment. Hunting and fishing were limited and controlled by purpose. Thus, the ecological beliefs and practices should be disseminated to the young people not only verbally but also in writing for the benefit of the coming generation. Keywords - Social Science, practices, ecological beliefs, primer, public, environmental protection, descriptive design, Philippines
Concentrations of Rare Trace Elements in Major Irrigated Rice Areas of the Philippines
Authors: MAGAHUD JEHRU C. , SANCHEZ PEARL B. , BADAYOS RODRIGO B. 
Published: July 2015

Concentrations of strontium (Sr), rubidium (Rb), titanium (Ti), and zirconium (Zr) are relevant to agricultural, environmental quality and health and disease investigations. A study was then conducted to assess them in rice areas and determine the sources of high element levels relative to soil properties, land uses, irrigation water, and plant uptake. Thirty-two (32) soil and plant samples were collected in agricultural areas of the Philippines representing the major soil series devoted to irrigated rice production. Soil Sr levels were higher than the world average of 175 mg/kg. The highest Sr levels were found in Polangui (Albay), Tacurong City (Sultan Kudarat), and Sta. Cruz (Laguna). These Sr levels can be due to the soils’ high sand or available phosphorus (P) contents as Sr occurs in sand-sized soil fractions, and its sorption in soils is enhanced by high phosphate concentrations. Soil Rb levels in Kabacan (North Cotabato) and San Miguel (Iloilo) were higher than the range for Philippine rice or paddy soils (0–29 mg/kg). The level in San Miguel can be due to the soil’s high available P and neutral pH while the level in Kabacan can be due to the soil’s clay texture in its lower horizons. Titanium levels were highest (>205 mg/kg) in rice tops collected from Muñoz City (Nueva Ecija), but the reason for such high levels needs further investigations. Zirconium levels were highest (>18 mg/kg) in rice tops collected from Casiguran (Sorsogon), and Minalabac and Milaor (Camarines Sur). Such Zr levels can be due to the soils’ high clay and organic matter (OM) contents that promoted soil saturation by water. Index of bioaccumulation for Rb is 2.56, indicating that it can be easily taken up by rice plants. This study suggests that trace element concentrations in rice areas are controlled by soil properties and that Rb can be a potential toxic element in rice plants. Keywords - Soil science, rare trace elements, trace element sources, rice soils, Philippines
Chlorophyll Content, Cell Size, Growth and Resistance to Coconut Scale Insect (Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) of Buri Palms (Corypha utan Lam.) as Influenced by Diﬀerent Hoagland Concentrations
Authors: TAYRUS LOURDES B. , ABASOLO WILLIE P. , PAMPOLINA NELSON M. 
Published: July 2015

Buri palms (Corypha utan Lam.) is the third most important non-timber forest resource of the Philippines because of its multiple uses. It is now being threatened by the coconut scale insect (Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) epidemic due to its similarity to coconut palms. In order to protect this very important resource, this research was carried out to determine the effect of different Hoagland concentration on the growth and resistance of buri palms to coconut scale insects. Chlorophyll content was determined using Apogee CCM-200 plus Chlorophyll meter. Cell size of the mesophyll layer and leaf thickness was measured using Image J (1.43m) software. Similarly, shoot length, root length, leaf area and plant biomass was measured. Coconut scale insect count was also performed. Chlorophyll content and leaf thickness were unaffected while cell sizes of the mesophyll layer were significantly increased with varying Hoagland concentration. Interestingly, insect count was significantly affected by the treatment. Plants grown in 50% Hoagland solution gave the highest insect population at 71, twice as much as that of 100% concentration with only 36. Treating the plant with 100% Hoagland solution induced the formation of raphides crystals of calcium oxalate on the leaf surface. This provided an added protective layer on the leaf that made it less preferred by the insect. For this reason, improving the nutrition of the plant is a better and safer alternative to reducing the susceptibility of buri palms to coconut scale insect attack. Keywords - Chlorophyll count index, coconut scale insect, experimental design, Aspidiotus rigidus, Corypha utan, Hoagland’s solution, plant nutrition, calcium oxalate, Philippines
Competitive Ability, Critical Period of Competition, and Density Level of Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl against Transplanted-Irrigated Lowland Rice
Authors: DONAYRE DINDO KING M. , ENDINO-TAYSON CHERRY A. 
Published: July 2015

Determining the competitive ability of a certain weed is a valuable guide as to what, where, and when best weed management techniques must be implemented. Likewise, identifying the critical period of weed-crop competition will help crop growers as to when weeds must be controlled or maybe allowed to compete with crops without having significant yield loss and unacceptable economic returns. Pot experiments were conducted to determine the competitive ability, critical period of competition, and density level of Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl under transplanted-irrigated lowland rice conditions. Treatments for the duration of weed-free period involved keeping rice plants free from H. zeylanica within periods of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 DAT; while the duration of tolerable period of competition involved allowing of the weed to compete with rice from 0 DAT, then simultaneously uprooted at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 DAT. In the critical density level experiment, H. zeylanica was allowed to compete with rice plants from 0 DAT until harvest at a ratio of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10, and 1:20 (rice: Hydrolea). Unweeded (control) and weed-free (check) treatments until harvest were included for comparison. Results showed that H. zeylanica was a very competitive weed against transplanted-irrigated lowland rice. When allowed to grow and compete, the weed signifi cantly reduced rice grain yield and its vital agronomic parts. Th e critical period of competition based on classical method suggested that H. zeylanica can be allowed to compete only within 5 to 40 DAT and 10 to 30 DAT to control yield reduction at 5 and 10%, respectively. Th e estimations of Gompertz and logistic models suggested that H. zeylanica should not be allowed to compete within 0 to 700 GDD to achieve 100% relative grain yield. Under unavoidable circumstances in the fi eld, however, the models suggested that the weed can be allowed to compete with transplanted rice within 0 to 670 GDD and 5 to 580 GDD to minimize yield reductions at 5 and 10%. Furthermore, the negative eff ects of the weed on grain yield and yield components intensified when it was allowed to compete in dense population. Yields of rice that competed with H. zeylanica at 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10, and 1:20 rice:weed ratios were reduced by 18.99, 24.68, 23.80, 35.46, 51.72, and 55.90%, in the same order. Keywords - Hydrolea zeylanica, Oryza sativa, weed ecology, weed control, logistic model, Gompertz model, Philippines