bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the basis of auriculocondylar syndrome: Insights from human, mouse and zebrafish genetic studies
Authors: Clouthier David E. , Passos‐Bueno Maria Rita , Tavares Andre L.P. , Lyonnet Stanislas , Amiel Jeanne , Gordon Christopher T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAmong human birth defect syndromes, malformations affecting the face are perhaps the most striking due to cultural and psychological expectations of facial shape. One such syndrome is auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS), in which patients present with defects in ear and mandible development. Affected structures arise from cranial neural crest cells, a population of cells in the embryo that reside in the pharyngeal arches and give rise to most of the bone, cartilage and connective tissue of the face. Recent studies have found that most cases of ACS arise from defects in signaling molecules associated with the endothelin signaling pathway. Disruption of this signaling pathway in both mouse and zebrafish results in loss of identity of neural crest cells of the mandibular portion of the first pharyngeal arch and the subsequent repatterning of these cells, leading to homeosis of lower jaw structures into more maxillary‐like structures. These findings illustrate the importance of endothelin signaling in normal human craniofacial development and illustrate how clinical and basic science approaches can coalesce to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of human birth defect syndromes. Further, understanding the genetic basis for ACS that lies outside of known endothelin signaling components may help elucidate unknown aspects critical to the establishment of neural crest cell patterning during facial morphogenesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental disorders of the dentition: An update
Authors: Klein Ophir D. , Oberoi Snehlata , Huysseune Ann , Hovorakova Maria , Peterka Miroslav , Peterkova Renata 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDental anomalies are common congenital malformations that can occur either as isolated findings or as part of a syndrome. This review focuses on genetic causes of abnormal tooth development and the implications of these abnormalities for clinical care. As an introduction, we describe general insights into the genetics of tooth development obtained from mouse and zebrafish models. This is followed by a discussion of isolated as well as syndromic tooth agenesis, including Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), ectodermal dysplasias (EDs), oral‐facial‐digital (OFD) syndrome type I, Rieger syndrome, holoprosencephaly, and tooth anomalies associated with cleft lip and palate. Next, we review delayed formation and eruption of teeth, as well as abnormalities in tooth size, shape, and form. Finally, isolated and syndromic causes of supernumerary teeth are considered, including cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cyclizative trans‐Carboboration of Alkynes through Activation of Boron–Chlorine Bonds by Using Organometallic Reagents as Donors of Organic Groups
Authors: Daini Masaki , Yamamoto Akihiko , Suginome Michinori 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCyclizative alkynylboration and alkenylboration of carbon–carbon triple bonds proceeds in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Chloroboranes bearing homopropargyloxy or bishomopropargyloxy groups were used as substrates with alkynylstannane, vinylstannane, and alkenylzirconium reagents as donors of organic groups. The reaction mechanism may involve the following elementary steps: oxidative addition of the BCl bond to a nickel(0) catalyst, insertion of the triple bond into the NiB bond, Z‐to‐E isomerization of the alkenylnickel intermediate, transmetalation from organostannane or organozirconium reagents, and reductive elimination of the BC bond. An intermediary nickel complex was isolated and identified by a single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
Local knowledge and perceptions of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Sousa Joana , Vicente Luís , Gippoliti Spartaco , Casanova Catarina , Sousa Cláudia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOur study concerns local knowledge and perceptions of chimpanzees among farming communities within Cantanhez National Park, Guinea‐Bissau. We submitted a survey questionnaire to 100 people living in four villages in the Park to enquire about their knowledge of chimpanzee ecology and human–chimpanzee interactions. Local farmers live in close contact with chimpanzees, consider them to be more similar to humans than any other species, and attribute special importance to them primarily due to expectations of tourism revenue. Interviewees' responses, as a function of gender, village, and age, were analyzed statistically using non‐parametric tests (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis). Age influenced responses significantly, while gender and village had no significant effect. Youngsters emphasized morphological aspects of human–chimpanzee similarities, while adults emphasized chimpanzee behavior and narratives about the shared history of humans and chimpanzees. Tourism, conservation, and crop raiding feature prominently in people's reports about chimpanzees. Local people's engagement with conservation and tourism‐related activities is likely to allow them to manage not only the costs but also the benefits of conservation, and can in turn inform the expectations built upon tourism. Am. J. Primatol. 76:122–134, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors increasing snake detection and perceived threat in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Etting Stephanie F. , Isbell Lynne A. , Grote Mark N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe primary predators of primates are all ambush hunters, and yet felids, raptors, and snakes differ in aspects of their ecology that affect the evasive strategies of their primate prey. Felids and raptors can traverse long distances quickly, thus the urgency of threat they present increases as they come closer in proximity to primates. In contrast, snakes do not move rapidly over long distances, and so primates may be reasonably safe even at close distances provided snakes can be detected and monitored. We investigated the ability of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to detect snakes at distances ranging from 15 to 1.5 m. We also examined variation in intensity of perceived threat by applying a Hidden Markov Model to infer changes in underlying state from observable behaviors, that is, increased attention and mobbing. We found that the macaques often failed to detect snake models but that closer proximity improved snake detection, which is necessary before threat can be perceived. We also found that having only one individual in fairly close proximity (≤7.5 m) was sufficient to alert the rest of the group and so the chances of detection did not increase with increasing group size. Finally, we found that when the snakes were perceived, they did not elicit greater intensity of response with closer proximity. These results provide evidence that the threat from snakes is greatest when they are in proximity to primates but are unseen. When snakes are seen, however, distance appears not to affect primates' perceived risk, in contrast to their perceived risk from raptors and felids. Am. J. Primatol. 76:135–145, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical Note: Geometric morphometrics and sexual dimorphism of the greater sciatic notch in adults from two skeletal collections: The accuracy and reliability of sex classification
Authors: Velemínská Jana , Krajíček Václav , Dupej Ján , Goméz‐Valdés Jorge A. , Velemínský Petr , Šefčáková Alena , Pelikán Josef , Sánchez‐Mejorada Gabriela , Brůžek Jaroslav 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe greater sciatic notch (GSN) is one of the most important and frequently used characteristics for determining the sex of skeletons, but objective assessment of this characteristic is not without its difficulties. We tested the robustness of GSN sex classification on the basis of geometric morphometrics (GM) and support vector machines (SVM), using two different population samples. Using photographs, the shape of the GSN in 229 samples from two assemblages (documented collections of a Euroamerican population from the Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico, and a Hispanic population from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City) was segmented automatically and evaluated using six curve representations. The optimal dimensionality for each representation was determined by finding the best sex classification. The classification accuracy of the six curve representations in our study was similar but the highest and concurrently homologous cross‐validated accuracy of 92% was achieved for a pooled sample using Fourier coefficient and Legendre polynomial methods. The success rate of our classification was influenced by the number of semilandmarks or coefficients and was only slightly affected by GSN marginal point positions. The intrapopulation variability of the female GSN shape was significantly lower compared with the male variability, possibly as a consequence of the intense selection pressure associated with reproduction. Males were misclassified more often than females. Our results show that by using a suitable GSN curve representation, a GM approach, and SVM analysis, it is possible to obtain a robust separation between the sexes that is stable for a multipopulation sample. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:558‐565, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trans‐synaptic axonal degeneration in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gabilondo Iñigo , Martínez‐Lapiscina Elena H. , Martínez‐Heras Eloy , Fraga‐Pumar Elena , Llufriu Sara , Ortiz Santiago , Bullich Santiago , Sepulveda Maria , Falcon Carles , Berenguer Joan , Saiz Albert , Sanchez‐Dalmau Bernardo , Villoslada Pablo 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the damage to the anterior and posterior visual pathway as evidence of the presence of retrograde and anterograde trans‐synaptic degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsWe performed a longitudinal evaluation on a cohort of 100 patients with MS, acquiring retinal optical coherence tomography to measure anterior visual pathway damage (peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] thickness and macular volume) and 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for posterior visual pathway damage (volumetry and spectroscopy of visual cortex, lesion volume within optic radiations) at inclusion and after 1 year. Freesurfer and SPM8 software was used for MRI analysis. We evaluated the relationships between the damage in the anterior and posterior visual pathway by voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), multiple linear regressions, and general linear models.ResultsVBM analysis showed that RNFL thinning was specifically associated with atrophy of the visual cortex and with lesions in optic radiations at study inclusion (p < 0.05). Visual cortex volume (β = +0.601, 95% confidence interval [CI] = +0.04 to +1.16), N‐acetyl aspartate in visual cortex (β = +1.075, 95% CI = +0.190 to +1.961), and lesion volume within optic radiations (β = −2.551, 95% CI = −3.910 to −1.192) significantly influenced average RNFL thinning at study inclusion independently of other confounders, especially optic neuritis (ON). The model indicates that a decrease of 1cm3 in visual cortex volume predicts a reduction of 0.6μm in RNFL thickness. This association was also observed after 1 year of follow‐up. Patients with severe prior ON (adjusted difference = −3.01, 95% CI = −5.08 to −0.95) and mild prior ON (adjusted difference = −1.03, 95% CI = −3.02 to +0.95) had a lower adjusted mean visual cortex volume than patients without ON.InterpretationOur results suggest the presence of trans‐synaptic degeneration as a contributor to chronic axon damage in MS. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:98–107
Nodal theorems for the Dirac equation in d ≥ 1 dimensions
Authors: Hall Richard L. , Zorin Petr 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA single particle obeys the Dirac equation in spatial dimensions and is bound by an attractive central monotone potential that vanishes at infinity. In one dimension, the potential is even, and monotone for The asymptotic behavior of the wave functions near the origin and at infinity are discussed. Nodal theorems are proven for the cases and , which specify the relationship between the numbers of nodes n1 and n2 in the upper and lower components of the Dirac spinor. For , whereas for if and if where and This work generalizes the classic results of Rose and Newton in 1951 for the case Specific examples are presented with graphs, including Dirac spinor orbits
Rationales Design von effizienten organischen strukturdirigierenden Reagentien für die Zeolithsynthese
Authors: Moliner Manuel , Rey Fernando , Corma Avelino 
Published: October 2013

AbstractZeolithe sind kristalline mikroporöse Materialien, die über einen großen Anwendungsbereich verfügen, insbesondere in der Katalyse. Ein aktuelles Forschungsinteresse besteht darin, gezielt Zeolithe mit gewünschten physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften für eine bestimmte katalytische Anwendung herzustellen. Dies ermöglicht, die Effizienz des gesamten chemischen Prozesses zu steigern, und führt beispielsweise zu höheren Ausbeuten, weniger Nebenprodukten, geringerem Energieverbrauch und Kostenminimierung. Die Steuerung der Kristallisationsprozesse zur Bildung von Materialien mit gewünschter Gerüsttopologie, Kristallgröße oder chemischer Zusammensetzung wird dadurch erschwert, dass etliche Variablen sowohl die Keimbildung als auch den Kristallisationsprozess beeinflussen. Die Kombination aus vorhandenem Wissen sowie Konzeption und Innovation der Synthesestrategien hat in den letzten Jahren einzigartige Zeolithstrukturen hervorgebracht. Dies ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Gestaltung der organischen und anorganischen strukturdirigierenden Reagentien (SDA) zutreffend. In diesem Kurzaufsatz erläutern wir die Prinzipien, denen wir bei unseren Studien zur Synthese neuer Zeolithstrukturen gefolgt sind. Die Diskussion wird in den Gesamtkontext literaturbekannter Methoden eingebettet und zu den Fortschritten der letzten Jahre auf dem Gebiet der Zeolith‐Forschung in Beziehung gesetzt.
Effects of mesh grid and turbulence models on heat transfer coefficient in a convergent–divergent nozzle
Authors: Zhalehrajabi Ehsan , Rahmanian Nejat , Hasan Nurul 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe results of computational fluid dynamics simulation for convective heat transfer of turbulent flow in a cooled convergent–divergent nozzle are reported. The importance of the heat transfer coefficient is to find the most suitable metals for the nozzle wall as well as its application for producing nano‐particles. ansys‐icem and ansys‐cfx 13.0 are used to mesh and simulate fluid flow in the nozzle, respectively. Effects of grid resolution and different turbulence models on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated. Three turbulence models of k‐ω, k‐ε and shear stress transport are applied to calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Stagnation absolute pressure and temperature are 10.3 bara and 840 K, respectively, the same as those in the experimental work. The heat transfer coefficients obtained from simulation are compared with the available experimental data in literature to find out the best suitable mesh grid and the turbulence model. Under the selected operating conditions, k‐ε and k‐ω models have shown the best agreement with the experimental data with the average error of 6.5% and 10%, respectively, while shear stress transport under predicts the values with 16% error. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on deactivation of the CuO‐NiO/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst in the synthesis of N‐alkylmorpholines
Authors: Luo Chenxi , Qian Chao , Luo Hu , Feng Lie , Chen Yunbin , Chen Xinzhi 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe performance of the CuO‐NiO/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst used in the synthesis of N‐alkylmorpholines from diethylene glycol, alcohol, and ammonia was studied. The catalyst was prepared with Ni and Cu as the active components, and the optimum contents were 4.2–4.4% and 16.8–18.9%, respectively. The catalytic activity decreased rapidly as the catalyst deactivated gradually under the high temperature and liquid hourly space velocity reaction condition. The fresh and deactivated catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analyzer, element analysis instrument and N2 adsorption–desorption. It was found that the catalyst was covered with carbon deposition, which stunted the active center of catalyst surface and blocked the channels of the support. In addition, the sintering of the copper crystallites resulted in reunion of active metal and reduction of the active sites. At last, the catalysts were regenerated by calcination with high temperature, and the yield of the regeneration catalytic reaction was restored to 88.9% of its original levels. Copyright © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of films fabricated from chitin solution by coagulating with heating
Authors: Duan Bo , Chang Chunyu , Zhang Lina 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn the present work, chitin films were fabricated from chitin solution dissolved in 8 wt % NaOH/4 wt % urea aqueous systems at low temperature by coagulating with heating without using any coagulant. The formation of the chitin films was confirmed to be an entirely physical process, namely chitin inclusion complex associated with NaOH, urea and water in the solvent was broken by heating, leading to the aggregation of the chitin chains through the hydrogen bonding. A schematic model was proposed to describe the regeneration mechanism of the chitin, indicating the physical crosslinking and entanglement of the chitin chains to form the films. Glycerol was used as plasticizer, and with an increase of the glycerol content, the elongation at break (ɛb) of chitin films increased rapidly from 7.8 to 83.1%, whereas the tensile strength (σb) decreased from 89.3 to 51.7 MPa. This work provided a “green” pathway for the researches and developments of chitin materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39538.
Processing‐induced degradation of nanoclay organic modifier in melt‐mixed PET/PE blends during twin screw extrusion at industrial scale: Effect on morphology and mechanical behavior
Authors: Yousfi Mohamed , Lepretre Sophie , Soulestin Jeremie , Vergnes Bruno , Lacrampe Marie‐France , Krawczak P. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTImmiscible PET/PE blends (80/20 wt %) were prepared on an industrial twin‐screw extruder with and without different types of commercially available montmorillonites (Cloisite® C15A, C10A, and 30B), containing organic surfactants differing by their polarities and their thermal stability). XRD and TEM observations evidence an intercalated structure, C15A leading to a better dispersion compared to C30B and C10A. The size of the PE dispersed phase decreases upon addition of organoclays (OMMT), suggesting an efficient compatibilization. The most efficient compatibilizing effect is observed in the case of C15A (smallest droplet size and narrowest size distribution). Nevertheless, elongation at break in tension and impact strength of PET/PE blends drastically decrease upon addition of OMMT, whatever the organoclay added, due to a possible degradation of the clay surfactant during melt compounding, which counteracts the nanofiller compatibilization effect. Furthermore, similar PET/PE/OMMT blends prepared at a lab scale using a microcompounder are ductile contrary to those compounded in the industrial extruder, which show a brittle behavior. This difference was ascribed to the extrusion residence time (much higher in an industrial extruder than in a lab micro‐compounder), which appeared to be a key parameter in controlling the clay surfactant degradation and thus the end‐use properties of such immiscible blends. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39712.
Investigation of the relationship between morphology and tribological properties of an epoxy resin based on tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane modified with polyetherimide oligomers
Authors: Chen Haiming , Su Chao , Huang Ting , Li Tongsheng 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, polyetherimides (PEI) with two different calculated number‐average molecular weights (Mn) of 5000 and 10,000 g/mol were synthesized and used to modify tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane. Three different morphologies (separated phase, bi‐continuous phase, and phase inversion structure) were obtained by controlling molecular weights and content of PEI. Thermal and mechanical characterizations showed that addition of PEI resulted in an increase in thermal stability and tensile strength. Tensile strength of samples with bi‐continuous phase was higher than those with separated phase or phase inversion structure. Influence of morphologies on tribology properties were studied by a ring‐on‐block wear tester. Higher wear resistance was achieved from samples with bi‐continuous phase. It was found that wear life of samples with bi‐continuous phase was almost 100% higher than that of samples with separated phase. This is clearly related to the change in thermal and mechanical properties caused by the change of morphologies. Scanning electron microscope observations of worn surfaces and wear debris of the tested samples showed that tribological behaviors and wear mechanisms were heavily dependent on morphologies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39863.
In situ small angle X‐ray scattering study on structural evolution of crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene during deformation
Authors: Li Xiaoyun , Tian Feng , Yang Chunming , Tang Zhongfeng , Miao Xiaran , Wu Guozhong , Li Xiuhong , Wang Jie , Li Liangbin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe structural evolution of virgin and crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during stretching was studied by in situ synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Both yield and tensile stress of crosslinked PTFE increased with increasing crosslinking density. During stretching, for virgin PTFE, amorphous chains gradually turned to tensile direction at early stage, perpendicularly arranged lamellar stacks appeared at high strains (>140%). While for crosslinked PTFE, lamellar structure was observed even at lower strains; with increasing irradiation dose, the lamellar structure became obvious and the long period decreased. Four‐point SAXS patterns were observed only in 3000kGy‐dosed PTFE during deformation, which indicated that an alternately tilted lamella arrangement called herringbone structure was formed. Radiation dose induces crosslinked networks formed, which can carry part of local stress during deformation, resulting in the increase of yield and tensile stress. Crosslinking density is an important factor on structural evolution. In addition, a deformation mechanism of different crosslinked PTFE is proposed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39883.