bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation-specific epitopes are major targets of innate immunity in atherothrombosis
Authors: Gritti Barbara Bartolini , Binder Christoph 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungAtherosklerose ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung der Gefäßwände, die durch das Zusammenspiel von Dyslipidämie und vermehrtem oxidativen Stress verursacht wird. Die damit verbundene Lipidperoxidation führt zu einer Reihe von Abbauprodukten von Membranlipiden, sogenannten oxidations-spezifischen Epitopen (OSE). OSE finden sich in oxidierten Lipoproteinen und auf der Oberfläche absterbender Zellen, und ihre Fähigkeit inflammatorische und thrombogene Reaktionen auszulösen ist weithin bekannt. Jüngste Studien konnten zeigen, daß OSE spezifische Zielstrukturen für eine Reihe von zellulären und humoralen Rezeptoren des angeborenen Immunsystems darstellen. Dadurch kann das Immunsystem, metabolische Abbaubprodukte erkennen und wichtige physiologische “Haushaltsfunktionen” vermitteln, z.B. durch die kontrollierte Entsorgung abgestorbener Zellen und oxidierten Moleküle. So wurde gezeigt, daß natürliche IgM Antikörper mit Spezifität für OSE Mäuse vor der Entstehung atherosklerotischer Läsionen schützen. So können spezifische natürliche IgM Antikörper die pro-inflammatorischen und pro-thrombotischen Effekte von OSE neutralisieren, währenddessen niedrige Plasmaspiegel OSE-spezifischer IgM Antikörper mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Myokardinfarkt assoziiert sind. Schlussfolgerung: Das Verständnis der molekularen Komponenten und Mechanismen, die an diesem Prozess beteiligt sind, werden in Zukunft dazu beitragen, Personen mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Atherothrombose besser zu identifizieren und möglicherweise neue therapeutische Ansatzpunkte zu definieren.
Une approche dialectique de la ville en train de se faire : confrontation des représentations des concepteurs et des habitants de l’écoquartier de Bottière-Chénaie
Authors: Adam Matthieu , Laffont Georges-Henry 
Published: February 2015

Cet article entend participer à une démarche de caractérisation de la production de la ville en ce début de XXIe siècle. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur une modélisation du projet urbain en phase de réalisation comme un dispositif de médiation entre ces les représentations de ses concepteurs et ses récepteurs (les habitants). Nous souhaitons comprendre comment elles se construisent et s’influencent mutuellement afin d’appréhender pourquoi elles ne se rejoignent pas.
Cette approche dialectique met en exergue la pluralité de sens qui peuvent être accordés aux propriétés matérielles et symboliques d’un territoire. Par l’analyse des représentations des concepteurs et des habitants de l’écoquartier de Bottière-Chénaie à Nantes, nous montrerons les relations qui existent entre celles-ci et la nécessité de dépasser la vision simplificatrice d’un processus linéaire du projet – conception, réalisation, réception – et qu’il faut intégrer dans le champ de la recherche urbaine des modèles intégrant les influences des effets sur les causes.
Le territoire, un système socio-patrimonial décrypté par le modèle de l’Acteur en 4 Dimensions
Authors: Sébastien Léa 
Published: February 2015

Le territoire, entité relationnelle complexe, met en avant la dualité homme-nature en mêlant morphologie de l’espace et subjectivité du regard passé, présent et futur. Une notion polysémique donc, qui pour certains auteurs ne fait plus sens. Plutôt que d’abandonner la notion de territoire, nous proposons au contraire d’accepter la mouvance du concept et d’approfondir l’analyse de cette complexité territoriale. Pour ce faire, cet article expose deux thèses complémentaires. D’un point de vue théorique, nous positionnons le territoire en tant que système socio-patrimonial, fruit des relations sociales et des relations au patrimoine (naturel et culturel). Le territoire serait alors un noeud interactionnel entre ce que nous appelons rapport social et rapport patrimonial. D’un point de vue pratique, nous proposons d’opérationnaliser cette définition au-travers d’un modèle de diagnostic territorial intitulé l’Acteur en 4 Dimensions (A4D) qui vise l’analyse du jeu d‘acteurs par l’étude des liens entre humains et liens au non humain. L’A4D permet de constituer ce que nous nommons des empreintes territoriales propres à chaque acteur, une radiographie synchronique des liens sociaux et patrimoniaux sur un territoire. Ce modèle conceptuel d’analyse est vecteur d’informations sur le jeu d‘acteurs et de dialogue entre parties intéressées. Il s’adresse alors aux chercheurs, porteurs de projets, médiateurs ainsi qu’aux acteurs territoriaux eux-mêmes. Nos résultats montrent que l’étude des liens sociaux ne peut se faire indépendamment du contexte dans lesquels ils sont ancrés et inversement, que les liens homme-nature existent par le biais de relations sociales. Des objets qui font du lien ; des liens qui font des objets : une problématique à approfondir pour décrypter ce qu’est le territoire au-travers d’une analyse sur les attaches entre nature et culture.
Impact of hindcast length on estimates of seasonal climate predictability
Authors: Shi W. , Schaller N. , MacLeod D. , Palmer T. N. , Weisheimer A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIt has recently been argued that single‐model seasonal forecast ensembles are overdispersive, implying that the real world is more predictable than indicated by estimates of so‐called perfect model predictability, particularly over the North Atlantic. However, such estimates are based on relatively short forecast data sets comprising just 20 years of seasonal predictions. Here we study longer 40 year seasonal forecast data sets from multimodel seasonal forecast ensemble projects and show that sampling uncertainty due to the length of the hindcast periods is large. The skill of forecasting the North Atlantic Oscillation during winter varies within the 40 year data sets with high levels of skill found for some subperiods. It is demonstrated that while 20 year estimates of seasonal reliability can show evidence of overdispersive behavior, the 40 year estimates are more stable and show no evidence of overdispersion. Instead, the predominant feature on these longer time scales is underdispersion, particularly in the tropics.
Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs
Authors: Maes L. , Maggiolo R. , De Keyser J. , Dandouras I. , Fear R. C. , Fontaine D. , Haaland S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe measure the flux density, composition, and energy of outflowing ions above the polar cap, accelerated by quasi‐static electric fields parallel to the magnetic field and associated with polar cap arcs, using Cluster. Mapping the spacecraft position to its ionospheric foot point, we analyze the dependence of these parameters on the solar zenith angle (SZA). We find a clear transition at SZA between ∼94° and ∼107°, with the O+ flux higher above the sunlit ionosphere. This dependence on the illumination of the local ionosphere indicates that significant O+ upflow occurs locally above the polar ionosphere. The same is found for H+, but to a lesser extent. This effect can result in a seasonal variation of the total ion upflow from the polar ionosphere. Furthermore, we show that low‐magnitude field‐aligned potential drops are preferentially observed above the sunlit ionosphere, suggesting a feedback effect of ionospheric conductivity.
Rupture dynamics and ground motions from earthquakes in 2‐D heterogeneous media
Authors: Bydlon Samuel A. , Dunham Eric M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe perform 2‐D simulations of earthquakes on rough faults in media with random heterogeneities (with von Karman distribution) to study the effects of geometric and material heterogeneity on the rupture process and resulting high‐frequency ground motions in the near‐fault region (out to ∼20 km). Variations in slip and rupture velocity can arise from material heterogeneity alone but are dominantly controlled by fault roughness. Scattering effects become appreciable beyond ∼3 km from the fault. Near‐fault scattering extends the duration of incoherent, high‐frequency ground motions and, at least in our 2‐D simulations, elevates root‐mean‐square accelerations (i.e., Arias intensity) with negligible reduction in peak velocities. We also demonstrate that near‐fault scattering typically occurs in the power law tail of the power spectral density function, quantified by the Hurst exponent and another parameter combining standard deviation and correlation length.
Identification of frequent La Niña events during the early 1800s in the east equatorial Pacific
Authors: Druffel Ellen R.M. , Griffin Sheila , Vetter Desiree , Dunbar Robert B. , Mucciarone David M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe report measurements of near monthly Δ14C and δ18O during selected decades from an east equatorial Pacific coral that grew during the past four centuries. We find that El Niño events occurred regularly during the late 1700s. During the early 1800s, El Niño events occurred less often, and La Niña conditions prevailed, which were accompanied by unprecedented, low cool season Δ14C values and high cool season δ18O values. These results indicate that shallow overturning water (e.g., Central Mode Water) from the North Pacific was likely an important source of water to the Galapagos area during the early 1800s.
Application of τc*Pd in earthquake early warning
Authors: Huang Po‐Lun , Lin Ting‐Li , Wu Yih‐Min 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRapid assessment of damage potential and size of an earthquake at the station is highly demanded for onsite earthquake early warning. We study the application of τc*Pd for its estimation on the earthquake size using 123 events recorded by the borehole stations of KiK‐net in Japan. The new type of earthquake size determined by τc*Pd is more related to the damage potential. We find that τc*Pd provides another parameter to measure the size of earthquake and the threshold to warn strong ground motion.
A comprehensive analysis of the occurrence and characteristics of midperiod ULF waves at low latitude
Authors: Villante Umberto , Tiberi Pietro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA long‐term analysis (1985–2012) allowed to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of clearly defined ULF events (f ≈ 10–100 mHz) detected during daytime at low‐latitude (L'Aquila, Italy; L ≈ 1.6) during quiet and moderately perturbed magnetospheric conditions. Selected events (≈30,000 on each component) typically have much greater amplitude on the H component with respect to D. They often reveal two prominent spectral peaks, one in band A (f < ≈ 45 mHz), mostly related to the transmission of upstream waves, and the other one in band B (f > ≈ 55 mHz), including resonances of local field lines and higher‐frequency upstream waves. The occurrence of resonant phenomena on the D component is also clearly evidenced. The solar wind speed is confirmed as the key element for the manifestation of events; by contrast, their appearance is inhibited during extremely low solar wind densities. The events mostly manifest between dawn and early afternoon, with highest occurrence at ≈08:00–10:00 LT, as might be expected for the usual distribution of the interplanetary magnetic field orientation determining more or less favorable conditions for a foreshock region on the morning flank of the bow shock. No evidence is found for a favorite occurrence for low cone angles (θXB < ≈ 10°); rather, they preferentially manifest for θXB ≈ 25°–40°. The polarization pattern, much more definite in the afternoon, is consistent with the expected antisunward propagation; in the morning sector, it also suggests the possible occurrence of sunward propagating modes, mostly at f < ≈ 22 mHz. The tilt angle of the major axis of the polarization ellipses during daytime hours is oriented in the NW/SE quadrant and experiences remarkable changes at sunrise and sunset; it also shows a seasonal modulation with larger angles in the winter.
The equatorial electrojet during geomagnetic storms and substorms
Authors: Yamazaki Yosuke , Kosch Michael J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe climatology of the equatorial electrojet during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity is examined using long‐term records of ground‐based magnetometers in the Indian and Peruvian regions. Equatorial electrojet perturbations due to geomagnetic storms and substorms are evaluated using the disturbance storm time (Dst) index and auroral electrojet (AE) index, respectively. The response of the equatorial electrojet to rapid changes in the AE index indicates effects of both prompt penetration electric field and disturbance dynamo electric field, consistent with previous studies based on F region equatorial vertical plasma drift measurements at Jicamarca. The average response of the equatorial electrojet to geomagnetic storms (Dst<−50 nT) reveals persistent disturbances during the recovery phase, which can last for approximately 24 h after the Dst index reaches its minimum value. This “after‐storm” effect is found to depend on the magnitude of the storm, solar EUV activity, season, and longitude.
Strain accumulation across the Prince William Sound asperity, Southcentral Alaska
Authors: Savage J. C. , Svarc J. L. , Lisowski M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe surface velocities predicted by the conventional subduction model are compared to velocities measured in a GPS array (surveyed in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2004) spanning the Prince William Sound asperity. The observed velocities in the comparison have been corrected to remove the contributions from postseismic (1964 Alaska earthquake) mantle relaxation. Except at the most seaward monument (located on Middleton Island at the seaward edge of the continental shelf, just 50 km landward of the deformation front in the Aleutian Trench), the corrected velocities qualitatively agree with those predicted by an improved, two‐dimensional, back slip, subduction model in which the locked megathrust coincides with the plate interface identified by seismic refraction surveys, and the back slip rate is equal to the plate convergence rate. A better fit to the corrected velocities is furnished by either a back slip rate 20% greater than the plate convergence rate or a 30% shallower megathrust. The shallow megathrust in the latter fit may be an artifact of the uniform half‐space Earth model used in the inversion. Backslip at the plate convergence rate on the megathrust mapped by refraction surveys would fit the data as well if the rigidity of the underthrust plate was twice that of the overlying plate, a rigidity contrast higher than expected. The anomalous motion at Middleton Island is attributed to continuous slip at near the plate convergence rate on a postulated, listric fault that splays off the megathrust at depth of about 12 km and outcrops on the continental slope south‐southeast of Middleton Island.
ASCAT observations of downdrafts from mesoscale convective systems
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas J. , Xie Shang‐Ping 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDowndrafts of air cooled by evaporating raindrops are an essential component of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Here we use surface wind observations from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) to identify MCS downdrafts over the western equatorial Pacific Ocean as regions of horizontal wind divergence exceeding 10−4 s−1. More than 1300 downdrafts are identified over the observation period (2009–2014). The downdraft signal in the surface winds is validated with satellite measurements of brightness temperature and rainfall rate, and surface buoy measurements of air temperature; composite analysis with these measurements indicates that ASCAT detects downdrafts that lag the peak convection by 8–12h. While ASCAT resolves mesoscale downdrafts in regions of light rain, a composite against buoy air temperature indicates that ASCAT fails to resolve the stronger convective‐scale downdrafts associated with heavy rainfall at squall fronts. Nevertheless, the global observations by the satellite scatterometer open a new avenue for studying MCSs.
Virus Structure
Authors: Cann Alan J 
Published: February 2015

AbstractViruses are infectious obligate intracellular parasites consisting of anRNAorDNAgenome in a protective coat. Virus particles cannot increase in size but are assembled from pre‐formed components in susceptible host cells. The assembly of virus particles is achieved by the information contained within the components of the particle, a process driven by the rules of symmetry and by the most thermodynamically stable configuration. Once formed, virus particles vary in stability, some being very fragile while others are extremely stable, enabling some viruses to maintain the infectivity of their genome for extended periods of time outside a host cell, a feature required by viruses which are transmitted environmentally rather than directly from host to host. The outer surface of the virus particle must be able to interact with a suitable host cell to enable the process of infection to occur.Key ConceptsVirus particles (virions) are assembled from pre‐formed components and do not grow or divide.The virus coat protects the virus genome from degradation and helps maintain infectivity.The assembly of virus particles is driven by the components making up the particle and is driven by symmetry and thermodynamics. In some cases, temporary “scaffolding proteins” are used to help direct the assembly of the particle into the mature form.Virus particles must interact with the host cell to establish the process of infection.Virus particles vary in stability, some being very fragile while others are very tough and able to persist in the environment for extended periods of time.
Glycolipids: Distribution and Biological Function
Authors: Brandenburg Klaus , Holst Otto 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGlycolipids are amphiphilic components of cell membranes, composed of a hydrophilic polar sugar headgroup (backbone) and a hydrophobic apolar lipid moiety anchoring the molecule in the membrane. The sugar part may vary from small saccharide units to very large polysaccharide chains. According to their detailed chemical structure, in particular of the sugar part, these compounds may fulfil a variety of biological functions important for many processes in life. To these functions belong processes of recognition, adhesion and cell signalling as well as influence on membrane parameters such as fluidity and domain formation (lipid rafts). Furthermore, particular mammalian glycolipids may serve as transmitter and storage element of information, and others from bacterial origin belong to the strongest activators of the human immune system.Key ConceptsGlycolipids are membrane‐bound compounds found in all living organisms.In most Gram‐negative species, lipopolysaccharides form the outer leaflet of the outer membrane.Complete lipopolysaccharides comprise the lipid A, core region and the O‐specific polysaccharide (O‐antigen).Several Gram‐negative bacterial genera do not contain any LPS.Major mycobacterial classes of glycolipids are glycopeptidolipids, trehalose‐containing lipooligosaccharides and phenolic glycolipids.Plant glycolipids comprise esters of glucose and sucrose, steryl glycosides, glycosphingolipids and glycosyl diacylglycerols.
Drosophila
Oogenesis
Authors: de Cuevas Margaret 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Oogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into eggs. Insect ovaries are classified into different types based on the morphology of the mature ovary, but in most insects they follow a common general pattern of development. In the fruitfly
Drosophila
, oogenesis begins with the formation of a 16‐cell cyst of interconnected germ cells, one of which will become an oocyte and mature into an egg. Cysts are produced by germline stem cells that remain active throughout the lifetime of the fly. The entire process of oogenesis, from germline stem cell to mature egg, takes about a week and depends on complex interactions between the different germ cells in a cyst and between the germ cells and the many different types of somatic cells that surround them. Given here is an overview of the morphology and development of the
Drosophila
ovary and cyst.

Key Concepts

Insect ovaries are classified on the basis of the morphology of the mature ovary.

Pole cells, the precursors of germ cells, are formed early in embryogenesis.

Germ cell formation depends on pole plasm, a specialised cytoplasm containing proteins that regulate the translation of specific mRNAs.

Drosophila
oocytes develop in egg chambers, which are cysts of 16 interconnected germ cells enveloped by somatic follicle cells.

Oocyte differentiation depends on the fusome, a germ‐cell‐specific organelle.

Most of the oocyte's cytoplasm is made in the nurse cells and transported into the oocyte, which allows the oocyte's nucleus to remain quiescent.
Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)
Authors: Goujet Daniel F 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPlacoderms are a group of fossil true jawed fishes restricted to the Middle Palaeozoic period (Silurian and Devonian). Their head and body are covered with an assemblage of bony plates in a box‐like manner up to the anal region. They were the dominant forms in the seas of the time, with more than 300 species present in all continents. Nine groups have been presently distinguished within the whole ensemble, considered according to different specialists either as a monophyletic or a paraphyletic group. They retain in their anatomy some features that are present in their most closely related agnathan precursors. They show specific adaptations to various modes of life, including the first active vertebrate predators and numerous bottom‐feeders. Most recent discoveries have shown that some of them had an internal fertilisation and viviparous reproduction has been demonstrated with the discovery of embryos within the body of presumed female individuals.Key ConceptsPlacoderms were the dominant group in the Devonian waters. They are the earliest true jawed vertebrates that show a number of anatomical features, illustrating the primitive condition in forthcoming other vertebrates. They also retain some features present in fossil agnaths. They are the first fish to adapt to different modes of life and to various reproductive strategies.
Straminipile “Fungi” – Taxonomy
Authors: Beakes Gordon W , Thines Marco , Honda Daiske 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

The phylogeny and taxonomy of the mastigonate ‘fungal‐like’ organisms (stramenopiles) are described. The marine Labyrinthulomycota occur in the same stramenopile clade as the bioecids and opalinids, whilst the hyphochytrids and biflagellate oomycetes occur in a sister clade, together with the ochrophyte algae. The uniflagellate hyphochytrids are a small group whose closest relative appears to be the phagotrophic flagellate
Pirsonia
. The largest and best documented of the straminipile fungi are the oomycetes. There are a number of early diverging oomycete clades (Classes incertae sedis) consisting of mostly holocarpic marine species that are parasites of algae and invertebrates. The more advanced, largely freshwater and terrestrial fungal‐like oomycetes, fall into two main classes, the Saprolegniomycetes and Peronosporomycetes. The former largely encompasses the saprotrophic water moulds, whilst the latter contains the majority of the economically important plant pathogens, including the white blister rusts (Albuginales),
Pythium, Phytophthora
and the downy mildews (Peronosporales).

Key Concepts

Molecular phylogenetics reveals most bioflagellate fungal‐like organisms traditionally studied by mycologists and occur in the stramenopile (heterokont) clade within the SAR (formerly chromalveolate) superkingdom.

These fungal‐like organisms have probably evolved from a photosynthetic flagellate ancestor and there have been several independent plastid loss events.

The traditional taxonomy of all of these organisms has had to be substantially re‐evaluated in the light of recent molecular studies.