bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite element design analysis of composite leaf spring
Authors: Wang Weiheng , Fan Guanghong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The composite leaf spring is utilized to replace the traditional leaf spring in a truck model to reduce weight and achieve lightweight goals based on load and installation conditions. The design of a glass fiber-reinforced composite leaf spring is carried out through the design of a ply scheme. Then, Ansys finite element software will be used to perform a detailed static analysis. Finally, the sample trial test of the composite leaf spring is carried out, and the results are further compared with the simulation results to verify the validity of the established finite element model and the accuracy of the calculated results. Finally, a composite leaf spring product with superior performance and over 50% weight reduction was achieved.
Electromagnetic centrifugal casting physical field analysis of Al-7Si-4Cu
Authors: Zhang Jiacheng , Wang Zhongwen , Li Xiaoyu , Ban Chunyan , Qin Ke 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Centrifugal casting is mostly used to manufacture cylinder liners at present. Electromagnetic fields can realize the function of no pollution and optimize the structure and mechanical properties. On the foundation of centrifugal casting, electromagnetic centrifugal casting adds a magnetic field to generate electromagnetic stirring so that casting defects are controlled. In this article, Al-7Si-4Cu is selected as the simulation object, using Fluent software to set up a model with a rotating speed of 1700 rpm, a magnetic field strength of 0.05 T, a pouring temperature of 750°C, an initial mold temperature of 250°C, and a pouring speed of 0.45 m/s. According to the analysis of the temperature field and flow field, the rule of flowing characteristics of liquid metal and heat transfer effects can be predicted. Furthermore, we evaluate the changes in the approximate area of defects of the outer surface, which has a certain guiding function for the electromagnetic centrifugal casting technology.
Optimization of typical structural components of composite materials based on fatigue life
Authors: Tong Xiaohu , Zhang Dahai 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Optimizing the fatigue life of reinforced composite panels in hypersonic aircraft is crucial for enhancing performance and reliability. Employing the rainflow counting method and a linear cumulative damage model, we process stress-time history data under random loading. The optimization model, with structural fatigue life as the objective function and parameters as constraints, is tackled using genetic algorithms. This efficient approach, exemplified with needle-punched C/SiC composite reinforced panels, significantly improves fatigue life, offering substantial benefits to hypersonic aircraft.
Analysis and compensation of kinematic errors in a five-axis machine tool based on an internal data-driven method
Authors: Wu Junjie , Ji Yulei , Zhong Lei , Wang Yuhan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The increasing demand for highly efficient and precise machining in the aerospace industry is leading to increasingly stringent requirements for machine tool accuracy measurement and compensation technologies. However, existing methods can only measure the accuracy of machine tools after they have been shut down, using instruments that do not measure the kinematic errors during the machining process. To address this issue, a method for real-time prediction of kinematic errors in a five-axis machine tool has been proposed to enhance machining accuracy and efficiency. The method employs a neural network-based predictive model, which has been trained and validated through experimental testing and data collection using internal sensors of the machine tool. The study reveals that this predictive model can effectively forecast the kinematic errors, through real-time compensation, and can reduce errors by 60-86%, significantly enhancing machine performance.
The enhanced mechanical properties in rapid solidification technology al alloy
Authors: Zhang Xiumei , Feng Tiantian , Zhou Jinwei , Wang Kun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As one of the most important alloys of Al-Mg-Si series aluminum alloys, 5083 aluminum alloy is widely used in mechanical parts, structural engineering, modern construction, transportation, and other fields. The objective of the present study is to explore the feasibility of producing 5083 Al alloy ribbons with increased mechanical properties via rapid solidification technology, namely single-roll melt spinning. Metallography, X-ray diffraction, hardness, and tensile tests are used to study and compare the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy hot extruded rods and explore the different extrusion temperatures of aluminum alloy. Our results show that the hot-extrusion process (300°C, 350°C, 400°C) is used to process the ultra-fine grain ribbon into bars that can be applied to structural parts. The 5083 alloy bar obtains the best mechanical properties under the 350°C extrusion process, in which the tensile strength is up to 678 MPa and the hardness reaches 118 HV.
Reconfigurable dielectric engineered WSe2/HZO mem-transistor
Authors: Tong Tong , He Yongli , Gao Yuan , Liu Yukang , Liao Kan , Li Weisheng 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hybrid systems coupling two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors with functional ferroelectrics are attracting increasing attention owing to their excellent electronic/optoelectronic properties and new functionalities through the multiple heterointerface interactions. In our device architecture, interfacial states are introduced on the ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin film as a gate dielectric layer for the charge trapping effect. Utilizing the collaborative effects of charge trapping and ferroelectric polarization behavior, a multifunctional 2D WSe2/HZO memtransistor is demonstrated with an ultra-low off-state (dark) current of 10−13 A, high on/off ratio of 106 and linear conductance update. This device exhibits reliable memory properties and tunable synaptic functions including short-term plasticity/long-term plasticity, paired pulse facilitation, spike-timing dependent plasticity, synaptic potentiation/depression, and filtering in a single device. Extensive endurance tests ensure robust stability (1000 switching cycles, 2000 s holding time) and the synaptic weight update in the device exhibits excellent linearity. Based on the experimental data, our devices eventually achieve an accuracy of 94.8% in artificial neural network simulations. These results highlight a new approach for constructing hybrid systems coupling 2D semiconductors with functional ferroelectrics in a single device to tune synaptic weight, optimize circuit design, and build artificial neuromorphic computing systems.
Dry printing fully functional eco-friendly and disposable transient papertronics
Authors: Taba Adib , Patel Aarsh , Mahjouri-Samani Masoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The demand for flexible printed electronics is growing fast, especially with the move toward the Internet of Things. These printed electrons are usually designed for short-term use, after which they are disposed of. The polymeric substrates used in printed electronics comprise the biggest portion of their non-biodegradable E-waste after their disposal. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of printing fully functional transient electronics on flexible, water-soluble, and biodegradable paper substrates using the dry printing approach. The in-situ generation and real-time sintering of silver nanoparticles at room temperature enables the fabrication of complex circuits on such water-soluble papers. A layout similar to an Arduino pro mini board is printed on both sides of a paper substrate with electrical interconnects. Various electrical components are then directly mounted to fabricate a complete, working paper Arduino circuit. Cyclic bending tests demonstrate the mechanical durability and reliability of printed paper circuits under repeated bending stress. The process uniquely achieves robust and complex printed electronics without thermal damage, and the water solubility tests successfully show rapid dissolution of the paper devices in water. Furthermore, the components detached during dissolution are collected and reused, demonstrating the recyclability of the process. Overall, this transformative manufacturing method establishes key technical capabilities to produce next-generation sustainable, green electronics and sensors using renewable materials.
The Informational Role of Electoral Commissions
Authors: Kerr Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 outlines the book’s theory on how electoral commissions (ECs) can shape the quality and legitimacy of elections and regime outcomes among political elites and citizens. The theoretical story assumes that elite and mass actors value elections for achieving several political goals. The chapter explains how ECs are unique because of their ability to resolve two types of uncertainty that elites and citizens confront during elections: electoral manipulation and administrative problems. Then it introduces autonomy and capacity as two defining attributes of ECs and details the theoretical approach for thinking about their individual and simultaneous impacts. The book describes how different levels of EC autonomy and capacity affect the strategic decisions made by elites and non-elites, how these decisions affect the quality and legitimacy of elections, and how they have implications for democracy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the empirical implications of the theory for elites and citizens.
‘We Will Remember Them’
Authors: Atherton Ian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The First World War is argued here to be evolutionary not revolutionary in terms of conflict memory, and is viewed through the lens of the creation and practices of the Imperial (later commonwealth) War Graves Commission. Its principles, developing but also solidifying existing practices, set the norm for the following century, though they have been adapted in later conflicts including the Falklands War (1982), as well as by the recent recognition of their racial biases. Laqueur’s argument about the naming of the dead as an abiding concern of modern memory is developed, arguing for a hyper-necronominalism as well as a memory maths, necro-accounting or thanatarithmetic, the precise numbering of the dead. Finally, the chapter uses the hunt for the ‘true’ location of Bosworth to explore concerns with place, battlefield preservation, heritage, and planning, seen through the creation of registers of historic battlefields in England, Scotland, and Wales.
Lovingness
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The topic of this chapter is lovingness: a predisposition which makes one liable to loving responses to any individual according to what is appropriate in the circumstances. I understand lovingness through Heidegger’s idea of a Grundstimmung, specifically it is a kind of fundamental emotional orientation towards the world as a whole. There are several such emotional orientations which may make one open or closed to the world as a whole. Lovingness is a Grundstimmung of openness to the world which makes one liable to loving responses, and there are several types of such responses. We ask in this chapter: What kind of emotional orientation is lovingness? The question has two parts. What is the nature of the kinds of emotional orientation called by Heidegger Grundstimmungen of which lovingness is one? Second, assuming lovingness is a Grundstimmung, what is the distinctive nature of lovingness as a Grundstimmung?
The Virtuousness of Love
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Love in its basic sense is an emotion. But not all love is virtuous; some love is excessive or deficient in various ways, foolish, destructive, insufficiently demonstrative in the case of children and so on. This chapter sets out to distinguish virtuous and non-virtuous love. The virtuousness of love is a function of both the nature of the Grundstimmungen informing our emotional orientation to the world as a whole (fine emotional orientations of lovingness) and of the characteristic ability to exhibit excellent judgement, feeling, and action when manifesting specific virtues of love such as parental love when punishing children, and dealing with friends in a loving sensitive way. Traits which exhibit both these aspects of virtuousness I call Aristotelian virtue. In distinguishing virtuous and non-virtuous love the difficult issue of “reasons for love” is discussed. The discussion is framed by a Humean account of love and his views on the role of the imagination in the fittingness (virtuousness) of forms of love.
Biosimilar approval pathways: comparing the roles of five medicines regulators
Authors: Knox Ryan P , Desai Vineet , Sarpatwari Ameet 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Biologics are playing an increasingly important role in health care globally but are placing a substantial burden on payers. The development of biosimilars—drugs that are highly similar to and have no clinically meaningful differences from originator biologics—is critical to improving the affordability and accessibility of these medications. Medicines regulators, however, have had varied success with biosimilars to date. We examined agency guidance documents, peer-reviewed articles, and gray literature related to biosimilars in Australia, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States to evaluate variations in the approaches to biosimilar approval taken by their respective medicines regulators. We found that the medicines regulators take similar approaches to biosimilar approvals, but that differences in their policies and their jurisdiction’s laws regarding testing requirements, indication extrapolation, exclusivities, and substitution may contribute to the varied successes of biosimilars observed. Policies supportive of product-specific guidance, extrapolation, shorter exclusivity periods, and substitution were correlated with greater success in biosimilar approval and uptake. As medicines regulators work to promote biosimilars, understanding the impact of these laws and policies is crucial. Reforms consistent with these policies can create regulatory environments more supportive of biosimilar approvals, promoting access to affordable biologics for patients globally.
Salvage robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy in a patient with recurrence after two sessions of heavy ion radiotherapy
Authors: Yabusaki Ryo , Arai Ayako , Odagaki Yu , Nakashima Jun , Nakamura Ken , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Okonogi Noriyuki , Aoki Shuri , Tsuji Hiroshi , Ozu Choichiro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Salvage radical prostatectomy is a postradiation treatment for patients with localized prostate cancer. In 2016, Ozu et al. (Ozu C, Aoki K, Nakamura K, Yagi Y, Muro Y, Nishiyama T, et al. The initial case report: salvage robotic assisted radical prostatectomy after heavy ion radiotherapy. Urol Case Rep 2016;7:45-7) first reported salvage robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (sRARP) after heavy-ion radiotherapy (HIRT). Thereafter, sRARP has been performed in &gt;100 cases. However, it is currently avoided owing to some difficulties. Herein, we report about sRARP in a 67-year-old man who received two sessions of HIRT despite some expected challenges. He was initially treated with HIRT for prostate cancer in 2009 and received the second HIRT as salvage treatment for local recurrence in 2016. In 2019, he had biochemical recurrence and underwent sRARP. There were no significant peri- or postoperative complications. Subsequently, 12 months after sRARP, hormonal therapy was introduced after the diagnosis of biochemical recurrence. The patient’s prostate-specific antigen level is currently undetectable.
Abuse of Dominance and Intellectual Property in China
Authors: Zhou Fay , Mitchell Anna , Liao Xi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the developments in relation to an abuse of a dominant market position in the IP space in recent years and explores the issues calling for the detailed guidance between the IP and competition law regimes. First, it sets out the current rules on abuse of dominance under the AML, then it describes the legislative framework in China for assessing an abuse of dominance in an IP context. The latter part of the chapter summarises the key enforcement cases and private actions that relate to an abuse of dominance in the IP sector in China, then highlights the influence the enforcement actions and cases have had on the shaping of the IP guidelines being drafted by the Chinese authorities. Finally, the chapter shows how specific abuses of a dominant position are assessed in an IP context under the guidelines and the case law.
Recognition, Enforceability, and Enforcement of Decisions
Authors: Wilderspin Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Chapter IV of the Brussels IIb Regulation. The major changes in the Regulation include the abolition of exequatur and the adoption of a new section on the recognition and enforcement of authentic instruments and agreements. Recognition of a decision means acceptance of the effects the decision has in the State of origin, while enforcement is necessary where the foreign court requires the losing party to act positively, which then becomes an element of coercion. The chapter explains the significance of the distinction between recognition and enforcement as the Member State of enforcement needs to declare the enforceability of a judgment before the judgment creditor could enforce the judgment. It considers a miscellaneous category of provisions, which have a counterpart in the Brussels IIa Regulation.
Economics for Competition Lawyers
Authors: Niels Gunnar , Jenkins Helen , Kavanagh James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The book does what the title says: a practitioner textbook on the economic principles of competition law, targeted specifically at competition lawyers (be they solicitors, barristers, in-house counsel, lawyers at government agencies, or judges). It is written in the language and tone of an economic expert report to a court: taking the reader back to first economic principles, through to the application of those principles to competition cases. The book covers all the main topics in competition law where economics is relevant: market definition, market power, abuse of dominance, cartels, and other horizontal agreements, vertical agreements, and mergers. It also discusses the less familiar areas of remedy design and damages, and explains the basic principles of game theory, behavioural economics, econometrics, and financial analysis. Each topic is introduced by asking questions based on real-world cases from jurisdictions around the world. A theme throughout the book is how economics can help with the application of competition law in new challenging areas such as markets characterized by consumer biases, digital and online markets, and the interface between IP and competition law. The book ends with a discussion of best practice in the use of economic evidence and economic experts in competition cases before competition authorities and courts.
Interest Rate
Authors: Secomb Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the interest rates applied to international arbitral awards. In the context of an arbitral award, an interest rate means the rate at which interest accrues on the amounts granted in the award. The chapter then describes the traditional approaches to determining interest rate in international arbitration and proposes a possible uniform approach to determining interest rates. The proposed approach comprises a three-step solution, which is further discussed in the chapter that follows. First, any agreement on the rate of interest should be respected. Second, absent agreement, the claimant should be able to prove the loss it incurred because it was denied the use of the money in question by way of damages. Third, if the claimant does not prove its actual loss, it should be granted interest at a commonly used commercial rate, augmented appropriately, for the relevant currency at the place of payment.
Period
Authors: Secomb Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the period over which interest is granted in arbitral awards. The period is usually defined by the start date and the end date. However, sometimes other factors can be relevant, such as a distinction between pre- and post-award interest. The chapter then explains that international arbitration has not yet established a uniform approach to the period over which interest is granted. It suggests that perhaps greater convergence can be seen as to the period than with the rate or calculation method. The chapter starts by describing the traditional approaches to determining the period over which interest is granted. It then contains a critique of some of the most common traditional approaches. Next, it sets out a possible uniform approach to the period over which interest is granted. As with the rate and the calculation method, the uniform approach largely builds on existing law and practice. Finally, the chapter considers a possible limitation on this uniform approach, namely, mandatory laws.
Public Supervision of Behaviour and Culture at Financial Institutions
Authors: Nuijts Wijnand 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the relationship between organizational culture and firm performance. Despite of its obvious relevance for firm performance, not many financial supervisors have included behavioural perspectives into their supervisory methodologies in a structured manner. Financial supervision needs to combine structural perspectives with insights into the behavioural and cultural drivers of firm performance in order to become more effective in fostering firm and financial stability. De Nederlandsche Bank’s (DNB) supervision of behaviour and culture aims at identifying behavioural patterns that may jeopardize the financial position, risk profile, and integrity of financial firms. DNB has developed multiple frameworks to capture several important drivers of firm performance. In their core, most frameworks are built around a set of common elements. These elements pertain to leadership, decision making, reflective learning, and the impact of contextual factors on behaviour.
Prospects for the ALP after BEPS
Authors: Collier Richard S , Andrus Joseph L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether ALP-based transfer pricing rules, as modified in connection with the BEPS work, satisfy the considerations previously discussed for a workable transfer pricing system. It concludes that further evolution will certainly be required if the ALP is to continue to play a central role in the tax system, although such evolution is problematic for several reasons. The chapter also remarks that the approach to the capital problem reflected in BEPS is inadequate and incomplete. Whether the ALP provides a workable response to the problems related to capital movements and capital allocations that exist in the current system is, according to this chapter, highly doubtful.
Virtual Currency and the Law
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how the law, generally, has little difficulty dealing with things which do not physically exist. Loans, patents, payment obligations, and service contracts create a complex matrix of intangible but identifiable and enforceable legal obligations. It may be tempting to think that simply adding another intangible to this mix will cause no great difficulty. Different types of property trigger different types of protections, after all. However, it is wrong to think of property as a bundle of rights; rather, property is defined by the way in which it is protected in law. It follows from this that in considering the legal position in respect of any particular thing, such as virtual currency, identifying it as a form of property is the beginning rather than the end of the legal analysis.