bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethische Perspektiven und Aufgaben einer europäischen Arbeitsmarktpolitik für die Zukunft
Authors: Strohm Theodor 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Besides the economical criteria of convergence, which have been precisely laid down in the EC-treaties, especially in the treaties of Maastricht, the integration of labour markets is an explicit aim of the European Union. Considering that approx. 19 million employees within the EC are not gainfully employed, a common and well-aimed labour market policy seems to be one of the major responsibilities of European economical and social policy. The instruments of job creation and preservation in Germany are being compared with the aims of the EC-comission, also experiences of other countries are being involved. The Christian Churches in Europe are committed to get involved in tackling unemployment and its human-destructing effects. The Social Chamber of the EKD has made continuous proposals. At present, it is working on continuing its previous memorandums on unemployment. With this, also the memorandum ))Responsibility for a Social Europe« (1992) is being continued and put into concrete terms.
Von Mäusen und Menschen
Authors: Körtner Ulrich 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The above article discusses the utilitarian term of speciecism and its consequences for medical ethics. Instead of theological sweeping statement the author pleads for a distinguishing discussion of utilitarian positions. Theological criticism of utilitarianism which merely insists on the holiness of human life is insufficient. Even theological ethics have to discuss the problern of weighing goods in medical conflicts. Yet it is not possible, as utilitarianism argues that we can quantify the goods or the sense of life in a quasi-economic way.
Auf den Spuren der Religion
Authors: Gräb Wilhelm 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The author starts from the basic insight that the churches in Germany find themselves more and more in a situation of religious competition. Instead of talking about the ruin of religion one has to think about the crisis ofconcept and practice ofthe »Volkskirche«. The article tries to show how the >>Volkskirche« could find a new way to the religion ofthe people. Therefore it needs great efforts for a re-staging ofthe Christian culture and symbols. People need also the feeling of a deeper understanding of their own life concepts including the religious aspects within the church.
Die Vielfalt der Lebensgemeinschaften
Authors: Lienemann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The author pleads for an equal and differentiated treatment of marriage (between woman and man) and same-sex-unions (between gay people) in civillaw. In theological perspective it is necessary to regard same-sex-unions as well as marriages under the aspects oflife-long commitment and responsibility- both may be and should be »Iove in earnest« (»Liebe im Ernstfall«- K. Barth) F or the decisive moment in every kind oflife-long partnership in the destination that »your body isatemple ofthe Holy Spirit« (1 Kor 6,19). - From this central point of view biblical damnations of homosexual behaviour must be criticised. - As further consequences the articel discusses the legal introduction of the possibility of »registered partnership« for gay people and following options in liturgy and law of the church.
Kritik der Modeme und kritische Modernität Evangelische Ethik heute
Authors: Ringeling Hermann 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
At the present time Karl Barths criticism of modernity is certainly a decisive subject of Protestant ethics. The ethical theory of Trutz Rendtorff on the other hand advises a change to the notion of critical modernity. The author regards on both sides tendencies, which Iead to a new modell of an ethic of reponsibility in the context of pluralistic societies.
Aktive und passive Sterbehilfe
Authors: Fischer Johannes 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The author defends the distinction between active and passive euthanasia. A characteristic feature of passive euthanasia is that it preserves the situation of waiting for death. Active euthanasia is characterised by the fact that it terminates this situation or anticipates its occurrence in a phase when death has not yet announced itself. Provided the situation of waiting for death is preserved, passive euthanasia may very weil include actively life-shortening measures such as dehydration. The situation of waiting for death has primarily a ritual significance. It has the effect of leaving the participants with the consciousness that death as a definitive separation from a person was fate and not an act for which responsibility must be tak:en. This consciousness is important for the integrity of the personal relation to the deceased. Active euthanasia can therefore be considered only in extreme situations which leave no alternative. The author criticises the fact that the ritual aspect of medical action receives too little consideration in the discussion on euthanasia. Finally, conclusions relating to theological ethics are drawn.
Reform und Konsolidierung des Sozialstaats
Authors: Strohm Theodor 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Over the years the consulting chambers of the EKiD deliberate in recommendations about the reform upon the system of social securitiy in modern welfare state. In the last months the Social Chamber of the EKiD draw up proposals and results of the discussion; the chamber presents a set of thesises to the Council of the EKiD. The essay gives survey of the present result of the decisions. The intention is to promote the reform and consolidation of the social state and to keep off the strategies which aim at a destruction of social security.
Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland 1945-1995
Authors: Nowak Kurt 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article gives a tentative interpretation of the history of the Churches in Germany starting 1945 to 1989. Crucial points are the relations oftheGerman Churches to questions of modern pluralism, to questions of peace and war and to questions of the transformation of Churchstructures. Common points are mentioned between the Churches of the older FRG and the former GDR-Churches just so differences between them.
Recht und Rechtsbegründung in christlicher Verantwortung
Authors: Pawlowski Hans-Martin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
To answer the question about the Christian foundation of the law, we first have to look for the foundation of the law in general. The reason why we follow the law voluntarily is not the law and its legal sanctions, but our religion or philosophy of life. »Grundwerte« (basic values) or human rights offer no alternative foundation. Either they are part of the law - and not its foundation, or they are a particular philosophy of life beside others. The law of a pluralistic state that guarantees freedom of religion and belief, and, consequently, is religiously and ideologically neutral, cannot be based on a particular philosophy of life, religion, or denomination. Thus, this law has to be »right« in the eyes of every religious community living in this state. It is, therefore, not a Christian law with respect to its foundation, but the Christians have been leaving their mark on its contents.
Solidarität Erwägungen zu ihrer gegenwärtigen Problematik
Authors: Walther Christian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Starting from the fundamental role which is assigned to solidarity in politics and society, the essay tries to answer the question of whether or not solidarity still functions accordingly. Observations showing that there are deficits in the actual ways expression is given to solidarity cause the search for the reasons. In this context attention is drawn to a close interrelationship between a highly developed welfare - state and its administering corporate solidarity on the one band and an almost hypertrophied individualism which feels itself widely released from acting in solidarity on the other band. Both has led to lessen sensitivity for the need of cultivating a personal sense of solidarity. To meet individual needs as weil as social requirements, it seems necessary to find an new balance
Strafe und Schuld im Horizont von Reue und Vergebung
Authors: Koch Traugott 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The study inquires into the difference between the juridical and the theological understand of punishment and guilt. In a religious-ethical view the idea of repentance and forgiveness is determinative. In this perspective the author points out, that repentance excludes furthermore punishment, forgiveness offers and opens new prospects of human life.
Medizin im Islam
Authors: Antes Pater 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Health and illness are not objective concepts but rather issues which depend upon cultural and religious traditions. In Islam there are two traditional approaches to these concepts: prophetic medicine and the medicine of the Islamic Middle Ages, which was strongly influenced by Galen and Hippocrates. Tody, Islam is increasingly looking at modern western orthodox medicine. With regard to Muslim patients, however, it is still necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their religious traditions.
Die soziale Konstruktion von »Knappheit«
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article discusses Otfried Höffe' s thesis, that scarcity - caused by human pleonexia - is the main reason for too much expenses of the public health service. Scarcity, however, is a social construction and depends on the distribution of goods. To this problern there are necessarly permanent conflicts in democratic societies
Zur Begründung und zum Verständnis der Gerechtigkeit
Authors: Frey Christofer 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Just is not only a procedure, but an evoluating set of criteria which point to certain fundamental human goods as survival and participation in social activities. The main challenge behind the appeal to justice is not an abstract obligation, but the general idea of the other, who can be known face-byface or mediated by social structures. There are spheres of obligations and its strength; and the realization of basic human principles, which should be universal, is correlated to culture
Diakonie im Sozialstaat - Diakonie im sozialistischen Staat
Authors: Hübner lngolf 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article reflects conditions of diaconic work in both german states between the fifties and the eighties. Despite the well-known differences between the political systems it points at the similarities in certain fields of diaconic work. In the first period of general shortage after World War II the Hilfswerk contributes to relieve the distress in both parts of Germany. Later in the sixties the change of the political and legal situation allows the development of diaconic organisations not only in Western Germany but also in the G.D.R., particularly in the care of the handicapped. To a certain extent the organisation of social work in the socialist part of the country thus followed the dual scheme of govemment and non-govemment organisation side by side which has a lorig tradition in Germany. This is remarkable because the G. D. R. officially claimed a state monopoly on all social action and care
Gesellschaftlicher Ethikbedarf und theologisches »Angebot«
Authors: Dahm Kari-Wilhelm 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The rapid change of values in the latter half of the 2Qth century required new ethical answers and considerations in all areas of society (family, corporate world, medicine, biotechnology, etc.). The need for a new »Christian Ethics« in Germany permeated all of society after the collapse of Nazi-ideology and valuesystems. The article shows how Protestant ethics in and around Germany have failed to adress this need. There are two main reasons for the inadequate response. First, the mainstream of Protestant ethics widely refused to offer specifically »Christian« contributions to the moral reconstruction of society, based on a fear that core of Christianity would yet again be utilized as a lable of legitimacy. Secondly, theological ethics were focused on the discourse of principle to an extent that the laboraus work of application was left more or less undone. Protestant ethics did not succeed in making ethical commitments and considerations relevant for specific questions and needs for example in the area of medicine and biotechnological research or in the realm of corporate action and interaction. The lack of applicability and immediate relevance calls for a discourse and collaboration that integrates the ethical disciplines with those members and institutions in society that are confronted with and confronting the ethical challenge
Sittliche Intuitionen und reflektives Gleichgewicht
Authors: Fischer Johannes 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
What role does intuition play in making moral judgements? This question is becoming of key importance in the current debate on fundamentals in applied ethics. The difficulties begin in defining what intuitions exactly are. Another important question revolves around the role of intuitions in rational argument. The main proposition of this essay is that intuitions are not the same as judgements or convictions, although they are often regarded as equivalent, and that intuition is always involved in every attempt at moral reflection and argument.
Organe um jeden Preis?
Authors: Haniel Anja 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Asthereisa permanent shortage of human organs for transplantation purposes new methods to provide organs are being developed. The author deals with these new developments as there are artificial organs, genetically engineered animal organs (i.e. xenotransplantation) and therapeutical cloning or embryonie stem cells to cultivate human organs. The goal of the article is to give an overview on these approaches and to summarize ethical aspects related to research, development and application of these methods
Brauchen wir eine neue Friedensethik?
Authors: Pausch Eberhard Martin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article claims that in the current situation there is no need for the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) to create a new ethics of peace. Christian ethics of peace neither tends to bellicism nor to pacifism. Learned by the history of church, the EKD also rejects the traditional concepts of the holy or the just war. War can never be holy, not even just, but in certain situations warfare may be unavoidable or necessary. Cases of self-defense or the so-called humanitarian interventions are examples for the latter. As the war in Kosovo shows, the modern Christi an ethics of a just peace ( or a peace in justice) needs clear and distinct criteria in order to decide whether in a certain situation a humanitarian intervention is necessary or not.
»Elektronische« Marktwirtschaft?
Authors: Kaiser Helmut 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Electronic commerce has become an important factor in present-day business. The reflection ofbusiness ethics asks four questions: - To what extent does e-commerce improve the ethical quality of decision making and performing in the sphere of commerce? - Does e-commerce promote the »reason« for business? - Does e-commerce reinforce or endanger the market's functional value principles? -Will e-commerce side-Iine or establish the ethical reflexivity of business? The present considerations will not answer definitively the above questions. Although e-commerce comprises dangers as weil as opportunities relative to those questions, it is basic to hold fast at the primacy ofpolitics and consequently demand the responsibility from business toward the »needs oflife«.
Situationsanalyse und Zeitdiagnostik
Authors: Schlägel Herbert 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Since 1990 the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Germany (DBK) and the Evangelical Churches in Germany (EKD) - sometimes in cooperation with the »Council of Christian Churches in Germany« (ACK)- are constantly publishing so-called »joint Statements« (»Gemeinsame Texte«) concerning ethical issues. Statements are either concentrated on bioethical or on socialethical topics. It is clearly visible that documents discussing matters of bioethics refer to one basic argument when analysing present situations: »Life as gift and life endangered«, a thought first presented in the common 1989-document >>Gott ist ein Freund des Lebens. Herausforderungen und Aufgaben beim Schutz des Lebens« ( God- a friend of life. Challenges and tasks of life protection). In comparison common statements concerning matters of social ethics however do not show a criterion of a precisely similar kind. This is due to the wide range of subjects in discussion creating a wide range ofhighly differentiated descriptions analysing today's situation in question. Both types of Statements however fundamentally underline the Christian view of person as essential to ethical argument. Differentiation in analysis of present-day social situation Ieads to differentiation of ethical instruments. In consequence some suggestions are to be considered: clarification of who precisely is the addressee of future joint statements, clarification of how to use and create possibilities of mass media-communication, clarification of clearly Christian intentions within the realms in discussion.
Terror & Religion
Authors: Thiede Werner 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The debate on religious backgrounds of the attack of the 11th of September calls for a theological protest above all for two sides. On the one side, it is factually not tenable to challenge the religious motivation of a terrorist on the basis of an »enlightened« concept of religion, as predominantly politicians with transparent motivation did. On the other side, it should towards those theologically be advanced who - on the basis of a generalized critical concept of religion- aim at attacking Christianity at the same time as Islam(ism) as a source of intolerance and terror readiness.
Wenn Millionen eine Reise tun ...
Authors: Hübner Jörg 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Tourism is a less observed subject in theological ethics. In traditional theological ethics tourism is only understood as escape from everyday's Iife or as an expression ofpeople finding to themselves away from their daily routine. Both of those ways of looking at the theme of tourism don't allow to Iook at the subject in a responsible way regarding all the consequences oftoday's tourism since it plays an important role in the economy with enormaus rates of growth. Those facts challenge theological ethics tagether with the people incharge of the tourist industry to find ways of how the rights of travellers and the rights of people in tourist countries are taken into account. The article tries to take up such a position. Quality seals for tourist places, taxes on petrol for aeroplanes and plans for regions are means to include tourism in a sustainable development. Looking at tourism in such a way can save jobs in tourist countries and contributes to a gain for the tourists at the same time. By that the article doesn't follow the arguments of social ethics that either judges the motivation of tourists or suggests holidays at home as an alternative to current tourism.
Familie und Familienpolitik
Authors: Keil Siegfried 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
While in a snapshot the tagether of the plural ways of living is in the focus, the dissolution in a film shows the following of the various life cycles in the wishes of a permanent partnership and family awaking in the recent past. The performances of the families conceming the building of human property and the order of social justice are elaborated as the basis of future family politics and transferred (realized) into concrete claims for the following legislature period.
Verwirklichungsformen der Religionsfreiheit in Europa
Authors: Schuck Martin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article describes the different systems of religious right in the European Union as a result of the different historical developments in the European countries. ln the declaration of the Amsterdam- Treaty of 1997 was fixed, that the European Union respects the status, churches and ideological communities take within the member states. At the perspective of the churches this guarantee of continued existence is important, but it is not enough to realize full individual and institutional freedom of religion.
Heilung und Gesamtwohl
Authors: Boomgaarden Jürgen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article deals with the interpretation of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biornedicine, article 17. The author develops the idea of dignity in regard to therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. He points out the tension and unity between the aim of healing and the aspect of wellbeing of the patient in research. The article discusses especially the criteria for non-therapeutic research and stresses the fact that this research aims to attain benefits for »other persons in the same age category or afflicted with the same disease or disorder or having the same condition« as the patient.
Fürsorge als Prinzip?
Authors: Dallmann Hans-Uirich 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
For a long time the foundations of an Ethic of Nursing have been formulated in terms of Christian charity. The article discusses this concept by examining the roots of modern Nursing in the Kaiserswerther Diakonie. This Christian work -ethic is criticised by modern nursing ethics. lnstead of an Ethic of Charity an Ethic of Care is promoted by the common representatives of a modern ethics of nursing. But such as an Ethic of Christian Charity an Ethic of Care has to deal with those problems: the naturalizing of femininity, the asymmetry of persans in caring relations, the relation between justice and care, the relation between caring and nursing. Care ethics following Gilligan and her recipients are not able to solve these problems in a satisfactory way. Therefore it could be useful to reformulate the Christian notion of charity. It can be demonstrated that Agape is not combined with conceptions of subservience and self-denial. The difference between Eros as a perverted selfishness and Agape as selfless virtue cannot be held any langer. Agape tends to reciprocity which has its model in the Golden Rule. In addition Agape is no sentiment, but related to action -Agape is practiced justice.
Religion und Gewalt
Authors: Körtner Ulrich H.J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the wake of massive structural changes within the world trade the WTO faces important challenges. Like an invisible world govemment the WTO uses its agreement as a sort of basic law. This basic law demands equal chances for every human being in the world. Therefore it is important to strengthen the WTO in order to pave the way for fair conditions within the world trade. This essay asks which circumstances are necessary to achieve this goal.
Konfessionsbündische Unübersichtlichkeit oder unevangelische Zentralisierung?
Authors: Dierken Jörg 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the current debate of possible ways to reform the structure and organisation of the protestant church in Germany (Landeskirchen, Konfessionsbünde, EDK) the general question has come up, whether concepts of the Lutheran church, which are founded on ecclesiology or protestant ecclesiastical law, in principle prohibit institutional changes or not. Regarding this problem, the essay discusses the institution of the Protestant church in aspects of theology and ecclesiasticallaw. The CA assumes that religious belief constitutes the church and gives structure to it as a means for spiritual communication between the faithful. Starting from this point the essay argues that the church is essentially non-institutional. Nevertheless it is a part of the dialectics of the concept of the institutionally organised church that even this non-institutionality gains itself an institutional structure. Because of this the essay pleads for a pragmatic view on church institutions: there are reasons to change or to cling to these structures, but these reasons are only pragmatic ones, when the concept of the church, which is derived from theology and protestant ecclesiasticallaw, is considered as given.