bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Discrimination-Related Trauma With Sexual Risk Among HIV-Positive African American Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Fields Errol L. , Bogart Laura M. , Galvan Frank H. , Wagner Glenn J. , Klein David J. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We investigated whether 1 form of traumatic stress, discrimination-related trauma (e.g., physical assault because of race), was associated with unprotected anal intercourse, especially when compared with non–discrimination-related trauma, among African American men who have sex with men. Methods. A convenience sample of 131 HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men receiving antiretroviral treatment completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews that covered unprotected anal intercourse, interpersonal trauma, and whether trauma was because of discrimination on the basis of race/ethnicity, HIV serostatus, or sexual orientation. Results. Sixty percent reported at least 1 interpersonal trauma; they attributed at least 1 trauma to being gay (47%), African American (17%), or HIV positive (9%). In a multivariate regression, experiencing discrimination-related trauma was significantly associated with unprotected anal intercourse (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 5.7; P = .04), whereas experiencing non–discrimination-related trauma was not (AOR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.6, 3.1; P = .53). Conclusions. HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men experience high levels of discrimination-related trauma, a stressor associated with greater risk taking. HIV prevention interventions should consider the potential damaging effects of discrimination in the context of trauma.
Individual, Psychosocial, and Social Correlates of Unprotected Anal Intercourse in a New Generation of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City
Authors: Halkitis Perry N. , Kapadia Farzana , Siconolfi Daniel E. , Moeller Robert W. , Figueroa Rafael Perez , Barton Staci C. , Blachman-Forshay Jaclyn 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined associations of individual, psychosocial, and social factors with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among young men who have sex with men in New York City. Methods. Using baseline assessment data from 592 young men who have sex with men participating in an ongoing prospective cohort study, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between covariates and likelihood of recently engaging in UAI with same-sex partners. Results. Nineteen percent reported recent UAI with a same-sex partner. In multivariable models, being in a current relationship with another man (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.87), an arrest history (AOR = 2.01), greater residential instability (AOR = 1.75), and unstable housing or homelessness (AOR = 3.10) was associated with recent UAI. Although high levels of gay community affinity and low internalized homophobia were associated with engaging in UAI in bivariate analyses, these associations did not persist in multivariable analyses. Conclusions. Associations of psychosocial and socially produced conditions with UAI among a new generation of young men who have sex with men warrant that HIV prevention programs and policies address structural factors that predispose sexual risk behaviors.
Immigrant Generation and Diabetes Risk Among Mexican Americans: The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging
Authors: Afable-Munsuz Aimee , Mayeda Elizabeth Rose , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Haan Mary N. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined whether acculturation and immigrant generation, a marker for assimilation, are associated with diabetes risk in an aging Mexican-origin population.Methods. We analyzed data on 1789 adults aged 60 to 101 years from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. We ascertained type 2 diabetes on the basis of diabetic medication use, self-report of physician diagnosis, or a fasting glucose of 126 milligrams/deciliter or greater. Logistic regression modeled prevalent diabetes.Results. Adjusting for age and gender, we observed significant but divergent associations between immigrant generation, acculturation, and diabetes risk. Relative to first-generation adults, second-generation adults had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.4) and third-generation adults had an OR of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4, 3.1) of having diabetes. Greater US acculturation, however, was associated with a slightly decreased diabetes rate. In the full model adjusting for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, the association between generation (but not acculturation) and diabetes remained significant.Conclusions. Our study lends support to the previously contested notion that assimilation is associated with an increased diabetes risk in Mexican immigrants. Researchers should examine the presence of a causal link between assimilation and health more closely.
Relationship of Soft Drink Consumption to Global Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes: A Cross-National Analysis of 75 Countries
Authors: Basu Sanjay , McKee Martin , Galea Gauden , Stuckler David 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We estimated the relationship between soft drink consumption and obesity and diabetes worldwide. Methods. We used multivariate linear regression to estimate the association between soft drink consumption and overweight, obesity, and diabetes prevalence in 75 countries, controlling for other foods (cereals, meats, fruits and vegetables, oils, and total calories), income, urbanization, and aging. Data were obtained from the Euromonitor Global Market Information Database, the World Health Organization, and the International Diabetes Federation. Bottled water consumption, which increased with per-capita income in parallel to soft drink consumption, served as a natural control group. Results. Soft drink consumption increased globally from 9.5 gallons per person per year in 1997 to 11.4 gallons in 2010. A 1% rise in soft drink consumption was associated with an additional 4.8 overweight adults per 100 (adjusted B; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1, 6.5), 2.3 obese adults per 100 (95% CI = 1.1, 3.5), and 0.3 adults with diabetes per 100 (95% CI = 0.1, 0.8). These findings remained robust in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions. Soft drink consumption is significantly linked to overweight, obesity, and diabetes worldwide, including in low- and middle-income countries.
Impact of Alcohol Use and Bar Attendance on Smoking and Quit Attempts Among Young Adult Bar Patrons
Authors: Jiang Nan , Ling Pamela M. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined cigarette smoking and quit attempts in the context of alcohol use and bar attendance among young adult bar patrons with different smoking patterns. Methods. We used randomized time location sampling to collect data among adult bar patrons aged 21 to 26 years in San Diego, California (n = 1235; response rate = 73%). We used multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the association between smoking and quit attempts and both drinking and binge drinking among occasional, regular, very light, and heavier smokers, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Results. Young adult bar patrons reported high rates of smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol. Binge drinking predicted smoking status, especially occasional and very light smoking. All types of smokers reported alcohol use, and bar attendance made it harder to quit. Alcohol use was negatively associated with quit attempts for very light smokers, but positively associated with quitting among heavier smokers. Conclusions. Smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol are common among young adult bar patrons, but there are important differences by smoking patterns. Tobacco interventions for young adults should prioritize bars and address alcohol use.
Opioid Agonist Treatments and Heroin Overdose Deaths in Baltimore, Maryland, 1995–2009
Authors: Schwartz Robert P. , Gryczynski Jan , O’Grady Kevin E. , Sharfstein Joshua M. , Warren Gregory , Olsen Yngvild , Mitchell Shannon G. , Jaffe Jerome H. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined the association between the expansion of methadone and buprenorphine treatment and the prevalence of heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland from 1995 to 2009. Methods. We conducted a longitudinal time series analysis of archival data using linear regression with the Newey–West method to correct SEs for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, adjusting for average heroin purity. Results. Overdose deaths attributed to heroin ranged from a high of 312 in 1999 to a low of 106 in 2008. While mean heroin purity rose sharply (1995–1999), the increasing number of patients treated with methadone was not associated with a change in the number of overdose deaths, but starting in 2000 expansion of opioid agonist treatment was associated with a decline in overdose deaths. Adjusting for heroin purity and the number of methadone patients, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between heroin overdose deaths and patients treated with buprenorphine (P = .002). Conclusions. Increased access to opioid agonist treatment was associated with a reduction in heroin overdose deaths. Implementing policies that support evidence-based medication treatment of opiate dependence may decrease heroin overdose deaths.
Experiences of Discrimination and Their Impact on the Mental Health Among African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Choi Kyung-Hee , Paul Jay , Ayala George , Boylan Ross , Gregorich Steven E. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined the associations between specific types and sources of discrimination and mental health outcomes among US racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM) and how these associations varied by race/ethnicity. Methods. A chain-referral sample of 403 African American, 393 Asian and Pacific Islander (API), and 400 Latino MSM recruited in Los Angeles County, California completed a standardized questionnaire. Data were obtained from the Ethnic Minority Men’s Health Study from May 2008 to October 2009. Results. Past-year experiences of racism within the general community and perceived homophobia among heterosexual friends were positively associated with depression and anxiety. Past-year homophobia experienced within the general community was also positively associated with anxiety. These statistically significant associations did not vary across racial/ethnic groups. The positive association of perceived racism within the gay community with anxiety differed by race/ethnicity, and was statistically significant only for APIs. Perceived homophobia within the family was not associated with either depression or anxiety. Conclusions. Higher levels of experiences of discrimination were associated with psychological distress among MSM of color. However, specific types and sources of discrimination were differentially linked to negative mental health outcomes among African American, API, and Latino MSM.
California’s Historic Effort to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness: The Mental Health Services Act
Authors: Clark Wayne , Welch Stephanie N. , Berry Sandra H. , Collentine Ann M. , Collins Rebecca , Lebron Dorthy , Shearer Amy L. 
Published: March 2013

In a historic effort to reduce the stigma of mental illness, California voters approved the Mental Health Services Act in 2004. The law funds a comprehensive statewide prevention initiative that places stigma and discrimination reduction at its center, with 25 projects providing interventions at the institutional, societal, and individual levels. Stakeholders selected specific strategies from the research-based California Strategic Plan on Reducing Stigma and Discrimination. Strategies range from social marketing to increase public knowledge to capacity building at the local level, including training that emphasizes participation by consumers of mental health services and cultural competence. Collectively, these strategies aim to foster permanent change in the public perception of mental illness and in the individual experience of stigma. We examined the context, planning, programming, and evaluation of this effort.
Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population
Authors: Bockting Walter O. , Miner Michael H. , Swinburne Romine Rebecca E. , Hamilton Autumn , Coleman Eli 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We assessed the association between minority stress, mental health, and potential ameliorating factors in a large, community-based, geographically diverse sample of the US transgender population. Methods. In 2003, we recruited through the Internet a sample of 1093 male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons, stratified by gender. Participants completed an online survey that included standardized measures of mental health. Guided by the minority stress model, we evaluated associations between stigma and mental health and tested whether indicators of resilience (family support, peer support, identity pride) moderated these associations. Results. Respondents had a high prevalence of clinical depression (44.1%), anxiety (33.2%), and somatization (27.5%). Social stigma was positively associated with psychological distress. Peer support (from other transgender people) moderated this relationship. We found few differences by gender identity. Conclusions. Our findings support the minority stress model. Prevention needs to confront social structures, norms, and attitudes that produce minority stress for gender-variant people; enhance peer support; and improve access to mental health and social services that affirm transgender identity and promote resilience.
Firm and Investor Responses to Uncertain Tax Benefit Disclosure Requirements
Authors: Robinson Leslie A. , Schmidt Andrew P. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
We examine whether proprietary costs affect disclosure quality and how investors react to disclosure quality in a new proprietary cost setting. We apply Verrecchia's (1983) proprietary cost theory to the FIN 48 adoption setting and argue that proprietary costs result from beliefs that the new disclosures could weaken a firm's competitive position when negotiating with tax authorities. FIN 48 is an ideal setting to examine how proprietary costs affect disclosure given the proprietary nature of uncertain tax positions, and the ability to construct objective measures of both proprietary costs and disclosure quality. We construct disclosure quality scores for S&P 1500 firms and offer two empirical findings. First, we find a negative association between proprietary costs and disclosure quality. Second, investors reward firms for low disclosure quality, especially small firms and firms with high proprietary costs. Both findings are consistent with Verrecchia's (1983) theory, and suggest that proprietary costs moderate investor demand for full disclosure.
JEL Classifications: G14, L15, M41, M44, M45
TiO2/SiO2 multilayer as an antireflective and protective coating deposited by microwave assisted magnetron sputtering
Authors: Mazur M. , Wojcieszak D. , Domaradzki J. , Kaczmarek D. , Song S. , Placido F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn this paper designing, preparation and characterization of multifunctional coatings based on TiO2/SiO2 has been described. TiO2 was used as a high index material, whereas SiO2 was used as a low index material. Multilayers were deposited on microscope slide substrates by microwave assisted reactive magnetron sputtering process. Multilayer design was optimized for residual reflection of about 3% in visible spectrum (450–800 nm). As a top layer, TiO2 with a fixed thickness of 10 nm as a protective film was deposited. Based on transmittance and reflectance spectra, refractive indexes of TiO2 and SiO2 single layers were calculated. Ultra high vacuum atomic force microscope was used to characterize the surface properties of TiO2/SiO2 multilayer. Surface morphology revealed densely packed structure with grains of about 30 nm in size. Prepared samples were also investigated by nanoindentation to evaluate their protective performance against external hazards. Therefore, the hardness of the thin films was measured and it was equal to 9.34 GPa. Additionally, contact angle of prepared coatings has been measured to assess the wetting properties of the multilayer surface.
HOT infrared photodetectors
Authors: Martyniuk P. , Rogalski A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAt present, uncooled thermal detector focal plane arrays are successfully used in staring thermal imagers. However, the performance of thermal detectors is modest, they suffer from slow response and they are not very useful in applications requiring multispectral detection.Infrared (IR) photon detectors are typically operated at cryogenic temperatures to decrease the noise of the detector arising from various mechanisms associated with the narrow band gap. There are considerable efforts to decrease system cost, size, weight, and power consumption to increase the operating temperature in so-called high-operating-temperature (HOT) detectors. Initial efforts were concentrated on photoconductors and photoelectromagnetic detectors. Next, several ways to achieve HOT detector operation have been elaborated including non-equilibrium detector design with Auger suppression and optical immersion. Recently, a new strategies used to achieve HOT detectors include barrier structures such as nBn, material improvement to lower generation-recombination leakage mechanisms, alternate materials such as superlattices and cascade infrared devices. Another method to reduce detector’s dark current is reducing volume of detector material via a concept of photon trapping detector.In this paper, a number of concepts to improve performance of photon detectors operating at near room temperature are presented. Mostly three types of detector materials are considered — HgCdTe and InAsSb ternary alloys, and type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice. Recently, advanced heterojunction photovoltaic detectors have been developed. Novel HOT detector designs, so called interband cascade infrared detectors, have emerged as competitors of HgCdTe photodetectors.
Sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of Brachypodium sylvaticum (Poaceae)
Authors: Fox Samuel E. , Preece Justin , Kimbrel Jeffrey A. , Marchini Gina L. , Sage Abigail , Youens‐Clark Ken , Cruzan Mitchell B. , Jaiswal Pankaj 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: We report the de novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptomes of Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false‐brome) accessions from native populations of Spain and Greece, and an invasive population west of Corvallis, Oregon, USA.• Methods and Results: More than 350 million sequence reads from the mRNA libraries prepared from three B. sylvaticum genotypes were assembled into 120,091 (Corvallis), 104,950 (Spain), and 177,682 (Greece) transcript contigs. In comparison with the B. distachyon Bd21 reference genome and GenBank protein sequences, we estimate >90% exome coverage for B. sylvaticum. The transcripts were assigned Gene Ontology and InterPro annotations. Brachypodium sylvaticum sequence reads aligned against the Bd21 genome revealed 394,654 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and >20,000 simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA sites.• Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of transcriptome sequencing of invasive plant species with a closely related sequenced reference genome. The sequences and identified SNP variant and SSR sites will provide tools for developing novel genetic markers for use in genotyping and characterization of invasive behavior of B. sylvaticum.
Cost‐effective microsatellite markers for Banksia integrifolia (Proteaceae)
Authors: Fatemi Mohammad , Houliston Gary J. , Haddadchi Azadeh , Gross Caroline L. 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed to assess the level of genetic variation and population structure in Banksia integrifolia, a widespread species endemic to eastern Australia.• Methods and Results: We used next‐generation sequencing approaches to identify and develop 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers with perfect tri‐ and tetranucleotide repeats. We tested these markers with 71 specimens from three populations. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0 to 0.875 and 0.0 to 0.763, respectively.• Conclusions: The developed markers will be valuable for studies of the population structure, mating system, and selection of provenances for restoration projects involving B. integrifolia.
Development of 11 microsatellite loci for an endangered herb, Paraisometrum mileense (Gesneriaceae), in southwest China
Authors: Tang An‐Jun , Zhou Ren‐Chao , Ge Xue‐Jun , Wu Wei 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered species Paraisometrum mileense, as well as its evolutionary history.• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 11 polymorphic primer sets were obtained in P. mileense. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to nine with an average 3.8, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 1 and 0 to 0.89, respectively, for the available three populations.• Conclusions: These markers may be useful for further investigation of the conservation genetics of P. mileense.
SSR‐patchwork: An optimized protocol to obtain a rapid and inexpensive SSR library using first‐generation sequencing technology
Authors: Di Maio Antonietta , De Castro Olga 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: We have optimized a version of a microsatellite loci isolation protocol for first‐generation sequencing (FGS) technologies. The protocol is optimized to reduce the cost and number of steps, and it combines some procedures from previous simple sequence repeat (SSR) protocols with several key improvements that significantly affect the final yield of the SSR library. This protocol may be accessible for laboratories with a moderate budget or for which next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is not readily available.• Methods and Results: We drew from classic protocols for library enrichment by digestion, ligation, amplification, hybridization, cloning, and sequencing. Three different systems were chosen: two with very different genome sizes (Galdieria sulphuraria, 10 Mbp; Pancratium maritimum, 30 000 Mbp), and a third with an undetermined genome size (Kochia saxicola). Moreover, we also report the optimization of the sequencing reagents. A good frequency of the obtained microsatellite loci was achieved.• Conclusions: The method presented here is very detailed; comparative tests with other SSR protocols are also reported. This optimized protocol is a promising tool for low‐cost genetic studies and the rapid, simple construction of homemade SSR libraries for small and large genomes.
Development of microsatellite markers in the hexaploid aquatic macrophyte, Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae)
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Gang , Yu Dan , Xu Xin‐Wei 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers to investigate genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the cosmopolitan submerged plant Myriophyllum spicatum.• Methods and Results: Twenty microsatellite loci were identified in M. spicatum using the microsatellite‐enriched library method. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from one to 13, and the expected heterozygosity varied from 0 to 0.873 with a mean of 0.504 in two Chinese populations of M. spicatum. All of the loci were also found to be amplifiable in the related species M. verticillatum and M. sibiricum.• Conclusions: The results indicate that these markers will be significant for studies of population genetic structure and evolutionary history of M. spicatum as well as some of its related species.