bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supratentorial neurenteric cyst mimicking hydatid cyst: A case report and literature review
Authors: Arabi Mohammad , Ibrahim Mohannad , Camelo-Piragua Sandra , Shah Gaurang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNeurenteric (NE) cysts are uncommon congenital cysts of endodermal origin. These cysts are commonly encountered in the posterior fossa surrounding the brain stem structures. We present a case of pathologically proven supratentorial NE cyst that mimicked a hydatid cyst in its clinical presentation and imaging appearance. Including this pathology in the differential diagnosis of supratentorial cystic lesions is important due to the differences in medical and surgical management.
Uterine leiomyoma with spontaneous intraleiomyoma hemorrhage, perforation, and hemoperitoneum in postmenopausal woman: Computed tomography diagnosis
Authors: Alharbi Sultan R 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSpontaneous intraleiomyoma hemorrhage, perforation, and hemoperitoneum are very rare complications of uterine leiomyoma. We report a case of postmenopausal woman who presented with acute abdomen found to have intraleiomyoma hemorrhage, perforation, and hemoperitoneum. Our case also illustrates the computed tomography findings of such complications of uterine leiomyoma.
Monstrous Theories:
Authors: Willem de Blécourt 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
The amount of popular, “scientific” werewolf theories is inversely proportional to serious investigations into the history of the werewolf. A critical approach of these theories leaves them all wanting. Although they pretend to offer valid insights, the little that is known about (primarily European) werewolf lore contradicts their basic assumptions. Because of their visual emphasis, popular werewolf theories relate more to the depiction of werewolves in twentieth-century films, in which the werewolf image was reinvented, than to werewolves as they are, or are not, described in archival sources. There is little hope that the criticized theories will wither in the future, but they need to be exposed at least once. And they do show how popular werewolf films are among werewolf exegetes.
Two Approximate Analytic Eigensolutions of the Hellmann Potential with any Arbitrary Angular Momentum
Authors: Ikhdair Sameer M. , Falaye Babatunde J. 
Published: September 2013

The parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov (pNU) and asymptotic iteration method (AIM) are applied to
study the approximate analytic bound state eigensolutions (energy levels and wave functions) of the
radial Schr¨odinger equation (SE) for the Hellmann potential which represents the superposition of
the attractive Coulomb potential (-a/r) and the Yukawa potential bexp(-δ/r)/r of arbitrary strength
b and screening parameter d in closed form. The analytical expressions to the energy eigenvalues Enl
yield quite accurate results for a wide range of n; l in the limit of very weak screening but the results
become gradually worse as the strength b and the screening coefficient d increase. The calculated
bound state energies have been compared with available numerical data. Special cases of our solution
like pure Coulomb and Yukawa potentials are also investigated.
Le trilemme anarchiste1
Authors: Cassegrain Bertrand 
Published: September 2013

Dans son article « L’anarchie en philosophie politique », Francis Dupuis-Déri (2007) tente de réhabiliter l’anarchisme face au silence dont il est victime en philosophie politique. Dans cet article, j’entends accepter l’invitation de Dupuis-Déri à prendre au sérieux l’anarchisme et, plus particulièrement, le modèle général d’organisation politique qu’il propose en tentant de répondre à cette question : l’anarchisme est-il un régime politique moralement défendable ? Je réponds par la négative en montrant que l’anarchisme fait face à un trilemme qu’il ne peut, par définition, résoudre. Ainsi, (1) soit l’anarchisme n’est pas moralement souhaitable, (2) soit il se confronte aux mêmes problèmes que rencontrent (selon les anarchistes) la démocratie ainsi que les autres régimes politiques concernant l’autorité et la coercition, (3) soit son application, dans sa version « pragmatique », se réduit à des communautés, ce qui permet en quelque sorte d’évacuer les problèmes soulevés dans les deux autres branches du trilemme, mais ne les résout pas pour autant.
Implantable Sensors for Cardiac Function Monitoring
Authors: Marcelli Emanuela , Cercenelli Laura 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAs heart diseases represent the leading causes of death in the world and the rapidly aging population tends to increase the prevalence of these pathologies, implantable sensors for the continuous monitoring of cardiac function are receiving considerable interest and investment. This article provides an overview of important aspects and challenges dealing with implantable sensor systems for cardiac function monitoring, and it discusses past and recent developments in this area. Part one is a general introduction on design principles for the development of implantable systems, including considerations about the human body's interaction with the implanted device; the appropriate choice of materials, coatings, and packaging techniques (biocompatibility/biostability); and concerns about miniaturization and low‐power consumption requirements. Subsequent sections discuss various applications of implantable sensors for cardiac function monitoring, starting from the initial experience of rate‐responsive sensors for cardiac pacing up to focus on sensors, most intensely investigated in the last decade, for monitoring cardiac function alterations secondary to heart failure. A final section is provided about future directions and emerging technologies on implantable sensors for cardiovascular applications. The major challenge for the fulfillment of a successful implantable sensor for cardiac function monitoring deals with demonstrating its clinical effectiveness, along with ensuring its long‐term stability and reliability. To date, many sensors have been investigated, but few of them truly meet these goals and demonstrate their appropriate clinical roles.
Immune System
Authors: Davies D Huw 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The immune system comprises an interacting assemblage of cells and soluble molecules, whose primary function is to kill the invading microorganisms that may cause damage to the body. Two interdependent kinds of immune systems are present in most vertebrates, which together trigger one or more different killing mechanisms according to whether the microbes live within or outside the cells of the body. An innate system, mediated by receptors that recognise uniquely microbial structures, responds rapidly to the threat of invading organisms. This underlies an adaptive system, mediated by antigen receptors on lymphocytes, which produces a more sustained and comprehensive response. Only the adaptive system, found exclusively in vertebrates, retains a memory of exposure to each microbe and ensures that the system is mobilised more rapidly on a subsequent infection by the same pathogen.

Key Concepts:

A rapidly mobilisable form of defence (the immune system) is required to kill microbes that breach the skin and other passive defences of the body.

Physical injury to tissues triggers inflammation, which serves to mobilise the immune system and to repair tissue damage.

The innate immune system is mobilised first in response to microbes and is triggered by receptors for microbial components that are not found in the body.

The innate system comprises cells such as phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) and natural killer cells and soluble antimicrobial components such as complement.

The adaptive immune system is mediated by T and B lymphocytes, which are activated through the recognition of microbial components using antigen receptors.

The genes for antigen receptors are produced by a unique process of gene rearrangement that results in a vast repertoire of antigen receptors, each with a unique antigen specificity.

The repertoire of antigen receptors present in the body ensures that any invading microbe missed by the innate system can be recognised by the adaptive system.

The adaptive system uses many of the same killing (effector) mechanisms as the innate system, and is likely to have evolved only in vertebrates.

Antibodies are soluble forms of the B lymphocyte antigen receptor that are produced in large quantities during an adaptive immune response; one function of antibodies is to bind to microbes and render them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Because each lymphocyte has a different receptor, the adaptive system is mobilised more gradually than the innate system; however, the response is more sustained, less easily evaded by microbes and unlike the innate system, it retains a memory of exposure to a particular microbe to ensure a more rapid response to the same microbe on subsequent exposure.
Transitions between Major Classes: Vertebrates
Authors: Sumida Stuart S , Devlin Kathleen R 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The advent of cladistic analyses of relationships between organisms has provided more rigorous means of defining lineages, although fossil records suggest that boundaries between vertebrate clades are not always distinct. At the beginning of the transition from water to land, the earliest tetrapods retain many fish‐like features, and at the end of this continuum numerous terrestrial adaptations may be seen in groups not traditionally classified as amniotes. Characters of the jaw and middle ear, classically associated with Mammalia, differentiated as a functional complex that developed across the therapsid–mammal transition. Feathers and features associated with lightening the skeleton are also found in terrestrial dromaeosaurid dinosaurs, and are not exclusive to birds. That each of these transitions took place through a series of graded steps suggests that they should be considered more as a process than as a point in time or geologic history.

Key Concepts:

The transitions between what are considered major taxonomic groups of vertebrates are not distinct, but rather are ‘blurry’ as they reflect processes and the gradual accumulation of suites functional anatomical and physiological complexes.

The water‐to‐land transition is not a single event. It is a continuum ranging across nearly 50 My from the first tetrapods to the first amniotes.

With new information including the details of transitional forms such as
Tiktaalik
and
Ventastega
, understanding of the changes in the limb skeleton from sarcopterygian fishes to the earliest tetrapods has been refined significantly.

The Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Diadectomorpha have emerged as the closest relatives of crown‐group amniotes, sharing numerous anatomical features with them.

Dromaeosaurid dinosaurs demonstrate a variety of experiments in feather distribution and potential flight adaptations as the group from which Aves evolved.

The lineage leading to extant mammals began the process of transformation of the feeding apparatus, associated modifications of the middle ear and (probable) soft tissue associations in groups generally considered to be closely related but outside of traditionally defined mammals.
Cornales (Dogwood)
Authors: Xiang Qiu‐Yun (Jenny) 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Cornales, a relatively small, but morphologically diverse, order of flowering plants, consist of trees, shrubs, lianas, rhizomatous herbs and rarely aquatic herbs. The order represents an early divergent lineage in the Asterid clade and has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring from cold temperate regions to the tropics, rarely in subarctic zones. Four to ten families, depending on how Cornaceae are circumscribed, comprise the order. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies supported a classification of 10 families that diverged during the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Many of the 10 families are small and with restricted, modern distributions, but have fossils occurring in areas outside their present distribution. Common representatives include the dogwoods (e.g.,

Cornus florida

(flowering dogwood),

Cornus kousa

(kousa dogwood),

Cornus canadensis

(bunchberry),

Cornus mas

(European cornelian cherry),

Cornus sericea

(red‐osier dogwood),

Nyssa sylvatica

(black gum),

Davidia involucrata

(dove tree),

Hydrangea macrophylla

(Hydrangea),
Deutzia
spp. (deutzias) and
Philadelphus
spp. (mock oranges)), which are widely cultivated as ornamentals. Several species are medicinally important, including

Cornus officinalis

(cornelian cherry),

Camptotheca acuminata

(Happy tree),

Curtisia dentata

(assegai tree) and

Alangium salvifolium

(sage‐leaved alangium).

Key Concepts:

Phylogenetic studies are essential to understanding and conserving biodiversity.

Phylogeny depicts evolutionary relationships of species and speciation events, providing the basis for classification and understanding macro‐ and microevolution.

Including more species and molecular data in phylogenetic studies can help to clarify relationships that were obscured by morphology and difficult to resolve due to rapid radiation.

The age of a lineage on a phylogeny can be estimated using molecular data with a relaxed molecular clock calibrated from fossils (referred to as divergence time estimation).

Time estimation for a given lineage is substantially affected by molecular data, taxon sampling and the phylogenetic nodes calibrated by the fossils.

Dated phylogeny provides the temporal framework to understand diversification patterns and speciation events in absolute historical time that can be linked to specific events in the Earth's history.

Fossils are important records of past distributions of a lineage, providing data on extinction, speciation, and morphological evolution through time.
Parsimony Methods
Authors: Ramírez Martín J 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Parsimony methods of phylogenetic reconstruction use an explicit criterion of optimality, the minimisation of evolutionary transformations. By doing so, parsimony also minimises instances of homoplasy (convergence or parallelisms) and maximises similarity due to a common descent (homology). Tree evaluation is done by an optimisation algorithm that calculates the length of each character over the tree; the global tree length is the sum of the individual character lengths. The Sankoff generalised algorithm allows for the optimisation of characters with any cost matrices; there are faster algorithms specific for unordered and additive characters. A problem with tree searches is the vast number of possible trees. There are exact solutions only for small datasets, but most real datasets require heuristic strategies. Measures of group support show the degree on which the data hold the conclusions, and sensitivity analyses help express the robustness of phylogenetic inferences on changes in parameters and conditions of analysis.

Key Concepts:

Phylogeny is the theoretical background for the classification of living organisms.

Parsimony methods for phylogenetic reconstruction use the minimisation of evolutionary transformations as the optimality criterion.

The parsimony criterion minimises instances of homoplasy (convergence or parallelisms) and maximises similarity due to common descent.

The optimisation of a character on a tree results in states assigned to hypothetical ancestors, implying the minimum number of transformations.

Tree searching is a complex problem, for which exact solutions are limited to the smaller datasets; most real datasets require heuristic solutions.

Differential transformation costs and character weights can be implemented in parsimony methods.

Measures of support and sensitivity can be used to express the robustness of phylogenetic inferences.
Genetic Counselling Communication: A Discourse‐Analytical Approach
Authors: Sarangi Srikant 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFor a long time, the genetic counselling process had remained a blackbox, especially from a discourse‐analytical perspective. Over the last two decades, the rich and complex communication process that constitutes the ‘hybrid’ activity of genetic counselling has been a focus of study using discourse analysis methodology. Thematically, genetic counselling encompasses topics as diverse as the natural history of a genetic disorder, aspects of (non)diagnosis and prognosis, (non)treatability, lay genetic awareness, future risks for a client and other family members, reproduction choices, psychosocial aspects of coping, the ethical and legal consequences of decisions and privacy issues concerning the disclosure/circulation of genetic information. This range of topics does not follow neat and parallel interactional trajectories; instead the topics become interweaved in an overlapping manner and are managed interactionally under given conditions, including the multiparty nature of participation in the counselling encounter. A discourse‐analytical approach is an attempt to uncover the structural, interactional and thematic organisation of genetic counselling as a situated activity.Key Concepts:Genetic counselling as a communicative activity is complex and hybrid, which does not follow a simple ritual interactional routine.The notion of ‘activity type’ (forms of setting) to characterise communicative events with component ‘discourse types’ (forms of talk) is a useful way to capture the dynamic and variable nature of genetic counselling across modes (face‐to‐face versus telephone‐mediated), disease conditions as well as sociocultural settings.The activity of genetic counselling can be mapped structurally, interactionally and thematically to illustrate the unique nature of the counselling process.Concepts such as directiveness and nondirectiveness are part of a continuum and are manifest differently at the interactional level.At a thematic level, risk and uncertainty are two sides of the same coin and the language of probability assumes significance in terms of risk explanation and risk perception.The concept of risk is far more complex in genetic counselling than in other disease settings as it includes the associated ‘risk of knowing’ and the ‘risk of (non)disclosure’.Negotiation of what is normal and what is abnormal can be mapped on to risk/uncertainty trajectories in genetic counselling.The management of ethical and moral issues in genetic counselling requires an interaction‐based situated approach in preference to the principle‐based guidelines.In discourse analytic terms, it is possible to distinguish between psychological and sociomoral dimensions of genetic counselling, which underpin clients' decision‐making.The self‐other orientations (e.g. self versus other; self and other and self‐as‐other) are a key feature of genetic counselling.
Genetic Control of Leaf Shape
Authors: Martinez Ciera C , Sinha Neelima R 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The variability in leaf morphology is vast; therefore, an understanding of how leaves achieve this diversity has captured the attention of many developmental biologists. Genetic mechanisms that regulate leaf shape are repeated throughout both development and between species. Leaves initiate off the shoot apical meristem and development proceeds from cell division to cell elongation. Leaf initiation and the establishment of the three main axes of a leaf are largely directed by the plant hormone auxin. Work across species reveals that adjustments to the repeated interaction of auxin, gene expression changes and small
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
regulation allowed species‐specific leaf shape differences to emerge. Further, genetic interactions leading to patterning in simple leaf development are reiterated during establishment of leaf complexity. To understand leaf development in an evolutionary context, future research must take advantage of the ever‐expanding genomic tools in nonmodel organisms that exhibit leaf shape diversity.

Key Concepts:

Leaves originate from clusters of stem cells called meristems.

The development of leaves occurs along three main axes: (1) adaxial/abaxial, (2) proximal/distal and (3) medial/lateral.

The development of both meristems and leaves involve morphogenetic activity in zones which are defined by distinct gene expression and cell division/elongation patterns.

The transport and concentration of the hormone auxin largely directs many aspects of leaf morphogenesis.

Leaf and leaflet initiation first begin with the formation of auxin maxima.

Recycling of genetic mechanisms is a theme that occurs throughout leaf development.
Evolution of MicrosatelliteDNA
Authors: Jentzsch Iris M Vargas , Bagshaw Andrew TM , Buschiazzo Emmanuel , Merkel Angelika , Gemmell Neil J 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMicrosatellites are highly mutable nucleotide arrays composed of short motifs repeated in tandem. They are ubiquitously distributed in bacterial and eukaryotic genomes and their abundance and mutability has made them a widely used genetic marker for a variety of applications. One aim of the study of microsatellite evolution is to predict their mutational patterns in order to make them more accurate markers of genetic distance between species or individuals. Applications that use microsatellites as markers work under the basic assumption that microsatellite mutations are simple and random. However, this assumption contrasts with the observed variability of mutation rates across microsatellite loci. Several factors such as array size and sequence motif have been shown to influence microsatellite mutation rates, but research into their evolution is also complicated by the fact that some microsatellites function to regulate gene expression and possibly other genomic functions, and may therefore be subject to selective pressure.Key Concepts:Microsatellites are arrays of tandemly repeated 1–6 bp sequence motifs. They are highly abundant in all organisms studied, and they are also highly polymorphic as a result of frequent change of length mutations.The traditional view of microsatellites as neutrally evolving junk DNA is overly simplistic, which sometimes affects the accuracy of studies that use them as genetic markers.Many complex processes interact to govern the frequency with which microsatellites mutate, including array length, sequence motif and flanking sequence.Increasing evidence indicates that a subset of microsatellites function to regulate gene expression, and perhaps also interchromosomal recombination, and the evolution of these microsatellites is therefore influenced by selection.The mutability of microsatellites, the fact that their mutations are easily reversible, and their abundance and conservation in regulatory regions suggest that they may make a significant contribution to the diversity and adaptation of species, but much work remains to establish the extent of their functional importance.