bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The alleged Kingship of the Olympic Victor
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman 
Published: October 2013

Anthropology has been busy with the Olympic Games. The theories which I propose to discuss have now been before the public for some years and, though they have not met with any general acceptance, there has not been, as far as I know, any critical examination of the evidence on which they are based, and there is a danger that they may be taken on trust. This is the reason for the publication of the following pages. They were intended to form part of a work on Olympia on which I have long been engaged, the issue of which has been delayed by present circumstances. Forming as they do part of a continuous work, I may be allowed to state briefly certain conclusions which I hope to establish later, some of which, are assumed in the present article, though my argument is, in reality, independent of their correctness.I. The history of Olympia and the North-west Peloponnese, as far as we can trace it, has always depended on the north and west and has been independent of the Aegean. Though the earliest inhabitants may possibly have been of the same stock as the Aegeans, they were always out of touch with the centre of that civilization and the land was, at a very early period, occupied by northern immigrants.
Arcadian Bronze Statuettes
Authors: Lamb Winifred 
Published: October 2013

During the Archaic period in Greece, many small centres were at work, producing bronze statuettes for local use. The existence of these centres has only been partially recognised and their history has still to be written. By the second quarter of the fifth century, most of them had been absorbed by the large industries, such as Argos, Corinth and Sikyon; just so, at a somewhat earlier date, the manufacture of vases in nearly all other Greek towns gave way before the vases of Athens.The bronzes of Arcadia belong to one of the few local groups that has not been overlooked. Sections of it have come under the notice of more than one scholar, though it has never been surveyed completely.It is one of the most vital, since it began to show its independent character as early as the seventh century, and it survived the competition of such overpowering neighbours as Argos and Corinth throughout the fifth. In the sixth century it was very productive and very individual in style. It is, therefore, easy to recognise. All these points claim our interest. But the bronzes themselves, peasants carrying their sheep and calves, dressed in high hats and embroidered cloaks, gods and goddesses in the likeness of Arcadian shepherds and Arcadian girls,—these not only interest but also delight us by their naïve charm and their fitness to the Arcadian uplands from which they come.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—28: § 2.—The Inscriptions, Part I
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: October 2013

This article contains the remainder of the inscriptions found at the Theatre and on the Acropolis in 1924–27, with the exception of those which may be classed as definitely architectural, as being inscribed on blocks of architrave or cornice. These, together with the stamped tiles and bricks, are being reserved for a subsequent publication.The texts included in Part I comprise (1) the remainder of those belonging to the series engraved on the East Parodos-wall, to which is appended a revised and amplified analysis of this series, (2) the further lists of Ephors and Nomophylakes found in 1927, in clearing the Orchestra-drain west-wards, (3) other lists of magistrates and records of single tenures of office, (4) statue-bases of officials and athletes, (5) miscellaneous documents, including dedications, fragmentary decrees and a list of Spartan names dating from the fourth century B.C.
VI. The Kastellos
Authors: Pendlebury H. W. , Pendlebury J. D. S. , Money-Coutts M. B. 
Published: October 2013

The Kastellos Tzermiadhon is a bold bluff which runs out from the slopes of Psarokorphe about ten minutes east of the village. It rises to a height of about 320 ft. above the plain. To west, east, and south the sides are fairly precipitous, but to the north it is connected with the cliffs behind by a kind of causeway, from the end of which a steep path reaches the summit.It can never have been of strategic importance. It dominates one route into the plain of Lasithi—that from Potamoi via Zarams —but that was never an important route. Its nearest water supply is, to-day, at the wells called Pigaidhakia, which lie behind the Trapeza Plateau. It did however, in early times offer a safe habitation, well above the then marshy plain, and easily defensible in case of need.
Painted Inscriptions on Chiot Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M. , Woodhead A. G. 
Published: October 2013

A peculiarity of the class of Greek pottery which used to be called Naucratite but is now generally recognised as Chiot is the frequency of dedicatory inscriptions painted before firing. All told, we have parts of about two hundred specimens, from the sanctuaries of various deities at Naucratis, of Apollo Phanaios in Chios, and of Aphaia in Aegina. Though most are very short, they form the only compact collection of early East Greek writing, and it is surprising that no comprehensive study of them has yet been published.I. The Pots: The shapes on which these inscriptions occur are with very few exceptions the so-called chalice and the phiale, the two Chiot shapes which were most often dedicated. Regrettably the chronology of Chiot vase-painting is not yet closely fixed, and the inscribed sherds—partly because the finds have been very fragmentary—rarely preserve any elaborate decoration. But some general remarks may be hazarded. (1) The dark inside of most of the inscribed sherds, whether from chalices or phialae, is decorated with vegetable or abstract patterns in purple and white: this decoration seems to develop in the early sixth century.
The Cnidia
Authors: Bean G. E. , Cook J. M. 
Published: October 2013

‘Their land lies towards the open sea—and this is the part which is called Triopion—but begins at the Bybassian Chersonese; and the whole of the Cnidia except for a little bit is surrounded by water, the part facing the north wind being bounded by the Ceramic Gulf, and that on the south by the sea towards Syme and Rhodes. This little bit, then, which is about five stades across, the Cnidians began to dig while Harpagus was conquering Ionia, with the intention of making their land an island. The whole of it was to lie inside; for where the Cnidian land terminates at the mainland, there is the isthmus which they began to dig’ (Hdt. I 174).The Cnidian peninsula measures 63 km. from base to tip. It consists of two mountain masses joined by an isthmus not much more than 2 km. broad. That on the east is rugged and almost uninhabited; but the greater western massif, though barren and sheer on the north side and at the west tip, has fertile land to offer in the small coastal plains of the south and especially in the valley which traverses the interior from Zeytincik to beyond Yaziköy, with its main outlet below Kumyer and a backdoor at Barkaz. A low ridge runs the length of the isthmus with a gentle slope towards the Gulf of Syme and an easy crossing from Reşadiye to the Ceramic Gulf at Körmen Limani.
Late Minoan Warrior-Graves from Ayios Ioannis and the New Hospital Site at Knossos
Authors: Hood M. S. F. , de Jong P. 
Published: October 2013

These five tombs, discovered by chance during the last two years, have an importance out of all proportion to their size and the wealth of their contents. They comprise (see Map, Fig. 1) (1) at Ayios Ioannis, a solitary ‘shaft-grave’ with bronze weapons of early Late Minoan type, but no vases; and (2) on the site of the new Hospital, a group of four tombs (three ‘chamber-tombs’ and a ‘shaft-grave’) containing bronze weapons, together with Late Minoan II vases which provide much fresh information about the pottery of the period.None of the five tombs had held more than one, or at the most two, bodies: that at Ayios Ioannis, and all except Tomb I on the Hospital site, evidently belonged to warriors buried with their arms. The bronze helmet from Tomb V (see p. 256 and Plates 50–52) is not only the first of the Bronze Age from Crete, but the only one of its type from the Aegean; and it has important bearings upon the origins of early metal helmets in the rest of Europe to the west and north.
The Byzantine Modes in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. 
Published: October 2013

Two recent publications mark an important stage in the progress of Byzantine musical studies—the facsimile of the Hirmologium at Grottaferrata (Codex G) and the transcription of two Modes from the Athos manuscript (Codex H) of which the facsimile appeared in 1938. These two manuscripts, though their dates are more than a hundred years apart, embody the standard musical tradition of the Hirmologium, whose origin lies in a far remoter antiquity. Otherwise they differ greatly; for, while H is often obscure and inaccurate, we are delighted by the clarity and beauty of G, a manuscript long familiar to scholars and already used (or rather, alas, misused) by Dr. Hugo Riemann before 1909. It is therefore the good fortune of our time that we may now use G to correct or elucidate the text of H.When we consider the signatures of the Byzantine Modes, it becomes clear that there are two main points for discussion—firstly, the actual meaning of the signature as an indication of the initial note or initial formula of the hymn; and, secondly, the origin and growth of the signature itself and the significance of its component parts.As it happens, the former of these points has attracted earlier attention; and a practical explanation was reached before 1931. This resulted in a table of signatures, which has been amplified and thoroughly tested, so that it is now supported by the decipherment of at least two thousand hymns, carried out partly by Prof. Egon Wellesz and his collaborators, and partly by myself. Such an inductive procedure was made necessary by the conventional nature of the signatures, few of which bore a self-evident clue to their meaning. But, now that the table of signatures is firmly established, we can read all the eight Modes with equal assurance and can usually evaluate an abnormal signature by the same method.
The Main Road from Boeotia to the Peloponnese through the Northern Megarid
Authors: Hammond N. G. L. 
Published: October 2013

This article is based on some walks in the Northern Megarid. Although my study of the terrain was far from comprehensive, the remains of a road, of towers beside the road, and of ancient settlements seem to justify the conclusion that a main road, perhaps the main road in classical times, from Boeotia to the Peloponnese passed through the Northern Megarid. The area has been little visited by travellers. Recently the forest cover of one part of the area was burnt, and this enabled me to see more than my predecessors had seen.The long range of Mt. Cithaeron and its continuation eastwards, Mt. Pástra, form the main line dividing Boeotia from Megaris and Attica. The longest and the most difficult route over this barrier runs from Creusis to Aegosthena, keeping close to the coast of the Corinthian Gulf. The second and the next in difficulty departs from Plataea, ascends steeply to a col in the range and then drops less steeply on the Megarian side.
Part II. The Grave Circle
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Stubbings F. H. 
Published: October 2013

In 1950 and 1952, in view of recent discussions about the date of the Grave Circle, we decided to make some fresh soundings in its supporting wall to see if any fresh evidence could be obtained. In the first year the work was confined to soundings in the battered supporting wall on the south side opposite the north-east corner of the House of the Warrior Vase, and was undertaken by Mr. Kenneth Rowe. In 1952 further soundings were made in the battered supporting wall, the wall at its base on the west was further examined, and a sectional cut was made across the double ring of standing slabs on the north-east side about midway between the entrance and the then surviving cover slabs. The work was then directed by Dr. F. H. Stubbings.At the time of Schliemann's excavations the western part of the double ring of vertical poros slabs of the Grave Circle, which rests on the battered supporting wall, was in a very ruinous condition. This can be seen clearly in Schliemann's illustration and in the photographs published later. After the close of Schliemann's and Stamatakes' excavations the supporting wall was restored both on the west and on the south, and the western half of the double ring of standing slabs was reconstructed. When Keramopoullos excavated the fallen rock in the centre of the circle the Greek Archaeological Service undertook some further work of conservation.
Pottery from Karphi
Authors: Seiradaki Mercy 
Published: October 2013

This article should have been published in BSA xxxviii with the rest of the Karphi material. That it was not was due to the fact that in 1939 the pottery was insufficiently mended for drawing and photography. Most of the text was written by the beginning of 1940 and approved by John Pendlebury before his death. I can only apologize for subsequent delays and admit that I have forgotten much which might have been relevant.Methods: The pottery from each room and each strosis was carefully collected and labelled. During the first two seasons it was then brought to Tzermiadho for study, but in 1939 arrangements were made for dealing with it on the site, which greatly simplified the work.At first sherds were washed by women from the village, but the difficulties of washing were so great that it was soon decided that all those that were painted, or probably painted, would have to be washed by one of ourselves if their patterns were to be preserved. Even so there were many instances where no treatment which we could devise would remove the mud without also removing the colour, if not the entire surface. Eventually only such coarse sherds as seemed to be worth making up, or to represent new types, were washed at all, since brushing in plain water, which was all that these would stand, had so little effect that sorting was just as easy without it.
The ‘double stoking tunnel’ of Greek kilns
Authors: Cook R. M. 
Published: October 2013

It has been and still is widely supposed that some Greek kilns had a stoking tunnel that was divided lengthwise into two parts. The evidence is the representation of a kiln on the Corinthian clay plaque illustrated on Plate 7b. It is of the second quarter of the sixth century B.C. and was found in 1879 in the deposit at Penteskouphia near Corinth. This representation is interpreted usually as a horizontal plan; at one end, misplaced for clarity, is the chimney, which should rightly be on the top, and at the other end is the stoking tunnel, divided down its length by a wall. Recently M. Bimson has protested that the view on the plaque is a vertical section across the chamber of the kiln, and that the support below the floor is a wall that does not extend into the tunnel. That the plaque gives a section is true, but it is a section along the kiln and the support is a pier, probably circular. This was presumably so evident to Furtwängler, who first published the plaque, that he did not argue the interpretation; but it seems that after all argument is needed.Many of the plaques from Penteskouphia are decorated on both sides and ours is one of them. The side opposite that with the kiln is illustrated on Plate 7a. It shows a man and the hind part of a boar. Since the right edge is broken and it is very rarely that any of these plaques shows an incomplete figure, it can be calculated that we have less than half of the original scene. The same must be true also of the side with the kiln and, since very few of the plaques combine two scenes on one side, there must be a considerable extension of this scene to the left. An examination of the other published plaques with kilns leaves little doubt of what that extension was. The regular view of a kiln is from the side, usually an elevation, but in two instances a partial section (Plate 7c–d). Often there is a workman busy at the stoke-hole or the chimney. In the two sectional views just mentioned faggots can be seen in the stoking tunnel and embers or other small pieces are spilling into the near part of the lower chamber.
‘Plain’, ‘Shore’, and ‘Hill’ in early Athens
Authors: Hopper R. J. 
Published: October 2013

All those concerned with the early history of Athens must give some consideration to the three ‘parties’ (the term used in this discussion rather than ‘faction’) which, it was believed in classical antiquity, divided Attica in the first half of the sixth century B.C. and formed the background to the career of Peisistratos. A considerable bibliography might be assembled on this subject and there would be little excuse for adding to it, did the present writer not feel that previous treatment of the problems involved has been too brief and disjointed. It is intended here first to examine at some length the questions at issue, even if this entails some repetition of generally accepted ideas, and then to hazard some general observations on Athenian affairs of the period.There are, in fact, four heads under which the problems must be treated: (i) the reality of the existence of regional divisions of Attica such as the parties presuppose, and their localization; (ii) the question of the degree to which parties are, in the ancient sources, connected with these regions; (iii) the question how far persons of whose position and activities we know something can be connected with the regions and the parties; (iv) the validity of the generally accepted views of the aims and policy of the parties and their supposed leaders, followed by an effort to discover an issue which divided Athens and gave rise to the tradition of party strife.
Lamps from Tharros in the British Museum
Authors: Bailey D. M. 
Published: October 2013

The necropolis of the city of Tharros in Sardinia has been extremely prolific in tomb furniture, and many lamps have been found there. Over forty lamps from this site are in the collections of the British Museum. All were acquired at the same time, and most of them were said to be from tomb groups. The groups containing lamps are Tombs 1–10, 12, 16, 18–19, 22, 26, 30–31, 33, 60–63, 65–71 (the tomb numbers for the whole collection run from 1–33, 50–57, 60–63, and 65–71; there are thus several gaps in the sequence).The great majority of the British Museum lamps from Tharros are of Athenian manufacture and with the recent publication of Howland's book on lamps from the Agora these can be dated very accurately. But unfortunately such is the indeterminate nature of the tomb groups themselves that these lamps cannot be used to date the objects said to have been found with them. As will be seen in the brief descriptions given below in the Catalogue, many of the objects found in a given tomb are in almost impossibe chronological juxtaposition to one another, and few tomb groups, if any, can be regarded as homogeneous (except perhaps the Roman tombs 50–57 with glass cinerary urns and brittleware pottery, which, being lampless, do not concern us here). But looking at the objects from the tomb groups with lamps as a whole, one might put forward the following remarks.
The Khaniale Tekke Tombs, II
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: October 2013

Mr. R. W. Hutchinson excavated the Geometric tombs at Khaniale Tekke near Knossos in 1940. He published an account of the excavation and the material from the reused tholos (Tomb 2) in BSA xlix (1954) 215 ff. The publication in this article will often be cited below, by italicized references only. He described the finds from a chamber tomb (Tomb 1; to the right in p. 215, fig. 1). The finds from a third tomb, north of the tholos and mentioned on pp. 223 ƒ., were not available for study at that time, but were later identified, part in a storeroom at Knossos, part in Heraklion Museum, and Mr. Hutchinson kindly invited me to prepare the publication of them. Since 1954 the full publication of the Fortetsa cemetery has appeared, as well as other studies of relevant finds in the Knossos area. These prompt a reconsideration of the finds already published, especially the important gold jewellery. I have taken this opportunity to review the evidence with some supplementary photographs. St. Alexiou, Ephor of Antiquities, has kindly allowed me to study again the finds displayed in Heraklion Museum.The contents of Tomb 1 were listed briefly on pp. 215 ƒ. They cannot now certainly be identified, but some of the pottery may have become confused with that from Tomb 3, published below. The dromos of the tholos, Tomb 2, was cut across by later burials. From one are reported an amphora (p. 224, no.23) and a lekythos of Cypriot form (possibly one of those published, pl. 26 top). Another held a wine amphora and a white-ground lekythos—fifth-century. And a third contained a pedestalled cothon with lid (no. 94). The last is in Heraklion, and is a plain plemochoe on a high flaring base.
The Tomb of Porsena at Clusium
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: October 2013

The Elder Pliny quotes Varro's description of the Tomb of Porsena:Sepultus sub urbe Clusio, in quo loco monumentum reliquit lapide quadrato quadratum: singula latera pedum lata tricenum, alta quinquagenum: in qua basi quadrata intus labyrinihum inextricabilem: quo si quis improperet (introire properet v.) sine glomere lini, exitum invenire nequeat. Supra id quadratum pyramides stant quinque, quattuor in angulis, et in medio una, imae latae pedum septuagenum quinum (latae pedum quinum; ita fastigatae ut in summo aeneus petasus omnibus sit impositus M), altae centenum quinquagenum, ut in summo orbis aeneus et petasus unus omnibus sit impositus, ex quo pendeant exapta catenis tintinnabula, quae vento agitata longe sonitus referant, ut Dodonae olim factum. Supra quem orbem (supraque orbem) quattuor pyramides insuper singulae stant altae pedum centenum. Supra quas uno solo quinque pyramides, quarum altitudinem Varronem puduit adicere; fabulae Hetruscae tradunt eandem fuisse, quam totius operis: adeo vesanam dementi quaesisse gloriam impendio, nulli profuturo. Praeterea fatigasse regni vires, ut tamen (tantum v.) laus maior artificis esset.
Athens and Neapolis
Authors: Meritt Benjamin D. , Andrewes Antony 
Published: October 2013

We offer here for the inspection and criticism of Professor Wace a new text of the decrees passed by the Athenians late in the fifth century concerning their faithful allies the Neopolitans, who lived on the coast of Thrace where now is the modern town of Kavalla.The larger fragments of the stone, in two groups, have been built into a bed of plaster in the Epigraphical Museum at Athens, where they bear the Inventory Number 6598 (Plate 23). A smaller fragment, which belongs to the first decree, but which cannot be fitted into a definite place in the reconstruction of the monument, bears the Inventory Number 6589 (cf. Fig.).