bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in critically ill neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a 14-year cohort study
Authors: Zwiers Alexandra JM , de Wildt Saskia N , Hop Wim CJ , Dorresteijn Eiske M , Gischler Saskia J , Tibboel Dick , Cransberg Karlien 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Newborns in need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support are at high risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI may occur as part of multiple organ failure and can be aggravated by exposure to components of the extracorporeal circuit. AKI necessitates adjustment of dosage of renally eliminated drugs and avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs. We aimed to define systematically the incidence and clinical course of AKI in critically ill neonates receiving ECMO support.

Methods
This study reviewed prospectively collected clinical data (including age, diagnosis, ECMO course, and serum creatinine (SCr)) of all ECMO-treated neonates within our institution spanning a 14-year period. AKI was defined by using the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of renal function, and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE) classification. SCr data were reviewed per ECMO day and compared with age-specific SCr reference values. Accordingly, patients were assigned to RIFLE categories (Risk, Injury, or Failure as 150%, 200%, or 300% of median SCr reference values). Data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) or number and percentage.

Results
Of 242 patients included, 179 (74%) survived. Median age at the start of ECMO was 39 hours (IQR, 26 to 63); median ECMO duration was 5.8 days (IQR, 3.9 to 9.4). In total, 153 (64%) patients had evidence of AKI, with 72 (30%) qualifying as Risk, 55 (23%) as Injury, and 26 (11%) as Failure. At the end of the study period, only 71 (46%) patients of all 153 AKI patients improved by at least one RIFLE category. With regression analysis, it was found that nitric oxide ventilation (P = 0.04) and younger age at the start of ECMO (P = 0.004) were significant predictors of AKI. Survival until intensive care unit discharge was significantly lower for patients in the Failure category (35%) as compared with the Non-AKI (78%), Risk (82%), and Injury category (76%), with all P < 0.001, whereas no significant differences were found between the three latter RIFLE categories.

Conclusions
Two thirds of neonates receiving ECMO had AKI, with a significantly increased mortality risk for patients in the Failure category. As AKI during childhood may predispose to chronic kidney disease in adulthood, long-term monitoring of kidney function after ECMO is warranted.
Patients with sepsis exhibit increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity in peripheral blood immune cells
Authors: Sjövall Fredrik , Morota Saori , Persson Johan , Hansson Magnus J , Elmér Eskil 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
In sepsis, mitochondria have been associated with both initial dysfunction and subsequent upregulation (biogenesis). However, the evolvement of mitochondrial function in sepsis over time is largely unknown, and we therefore investigated mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood immune cells (PBICs) in sepsis patients during the first week after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods
PBICs from 20 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were analyzed with high-resolution respirometry 3 times after admission to the ICU (within 48 hours, days 3 to 4 and days 6 to 7). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cytochrome c (Cyt c), and citrate synthase (CS) were measured as indicators of cellular mitochondrial content.

Results
In intact PBICs with endogenous substrates, a gradual increase in cellular respiration reached 173% of controls after 1 week (P = 0.001). In permeabilized cells, respiration using substrates of complex I, II, and IV were significantly increased days 1 to 2, reaching 137%, 130%, and 173% of controls, respectively. In parallel, higher levels of CS activity, mtDNA, and Cyt c content in PBICs (211%, 243%, and 331% of controls for the respective indicators were found at days 6 to 7; P < 0.0001). No differences in respiratory capacities were noted between survivors and nonsurvivors at any of the time points measured.

Conclusions
PBICs from patients with sepsis displayed higher mitochondrial respiratory capacities compared with controls, due to an increased mitochondrial content, as indicated by increased mitochondrial DNA, protein content, and enzyme activity. The results argue against mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in this type of cells in sepsis.
Low-flow CO2removal integrated into a renal-replacement circuit can reduce acidosis and decrease vasopressor requirements
Authors: Forster Christian , Schriewer Jens , John Stefan , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Willam Carsten 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Lung-protective ventilation in patients with ARDS and multiorgan failure, including renal failure, is often paralleled with a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis. We assessed the effectiveness of a hollow-fiber gas exchanger integrated into a conventional renal-replacement circuit on CO2 removal, acidosis, and hemodynamics.

Methods
In ten ventilated critically ill patients with ARDS and AKI undergoing renal- and respiratory-replacement therapy, effects of low-flow CO2 removal on respiratory acidosis compensation were tested by using a hollow-fiber gas exchanger added to the renal-replacement circuit. This was an observational study on safety, CO2-removal capacity, effects on pH, ventilator settings, and hemodynamics.

Results
CO2 elimination in the low-flow circuit was safe and was well tolerated by all patients. After 4 hours of treatment, a mean reduction of 17.3 mm Hg (−28.1%) pCO2 was observed, in line with an increase in pH. In hemodynamically instable patients, low-flow CO2 elimination was paralleled by hemodynamic improvement, with an average reduction of vasopressors of 65% in five of six catecholamine-dependent patients during the first 24 hours.

Conclusions
Because no further catheters are needed, besides those for renal replacement, the implementation of a hollow-fiber gas exchanger in a renal circuit could be an attractive therapeutic tool with only a little additional trauma for patients with mild to moderate ARDS undergoing invasive ventilation with concomitant respiratory acidosis, as long as no severe oxygenation defects indicate ECMO therapy.
Kinetics and protective role of autophagy in a mouse cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
Authors: Takahashi Waka , Watanabe Eizo , Fujimura Lisa , Watanabe-Takano Haruko , Yoshidome Hiroyuki , Swanson Paul E , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Oda Shigeto , Hatano Masahiko 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
It is not well understood whether the process of autophagy is accelerated or blocked in sepsis, and whether it is beneficial or harmful to the immune defense mechanism over a time course during sepsis. Our aim was to determine both the kinetics and the role of autophagy in sepsis.

Methods
We examined autophagosome and autolysosome formation in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis (in C57BL/6N mice and GFP-LC3 transgenic mice), using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. We also investigated the effect of chloroquine inhibition of autophagy on these processes.

Results
Autophagy, as demonstrated by increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratios, is induced in the liver, heart, and spleen over 24 h after CLP. In the liver, autophagosome formation peaks at 6 h and declines by 24 h. Immunofluorescent localization of GFP-LC3 dots (alone and with lysosome-associated membrane protein type 1 (LAMP1)), as well as electron microscopic examination, demonstrate that both autophagosomes and autolysosomes are increased after CLP, suggesting that intact autophagy mechanisms operate in the liver in this model. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy process by chloroquine administration immediately after CLP resulted in elevated serum transaminase levels and a significant increase in mortality.

Conclusions
All autophagy-related processes are properly activated in the liver in a mouse model of sepsis; autophagy appears to play a protective role in septic animals.
Honeybees can learn the relationship between the solar ephemeris and a newly-experienced landscape: a confirmation
Authors: Kemfort Jordan R. , Towne William F. 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Honeybees learn the spatial relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and the landscape immediately surrounding their nest, which allows bees to locate the sun under overcast skies by reference to the landscape alone. Surprisingly, when bees have been transplanted from their natal landscape to a rotated twin landscape - such as from one treeline to a similar but differently oriented treeline - the bees have failed to learn the relationship between the sun and the second landscape. This raises the question of whether bees can ever learn the relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and a landscape other than their natal one. Here we confirm, with new and necessary controls, that bees can indeed learn the relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and a second (that is, non-natal) landscape, if the second landscape is panoramically different from the bees' natal site. We transplanted bees from their natal site to a panoramically different second site and, three days later, tested the bees' knowledge of the relationship between the sun and the second landscape. The test involved observing the bees' communicative dances under overcast skies at a third site that was rotated twin of the second. These bees oriented their dances using a memory of the sun's course in relation to the second landscape, indicating that they had learned this relationship. Meanwhile, control bees transplanted directly from the natal site to the third site, skipping the second, danced differently, confirming the importance of the experimental bees’ experience at the second site.
Rules and mechanisms of punishment learning in honey bees: the aversive conditioning of the sting extension response
Authors: Tedjakumala Stevanus Rio , Giurfa Martin 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHoneybees constitute established model organisms for the study of appetitive learning and memory. In recent years, the establishment of the technique of olfactory conditioning of the sting extension response (SER) has yielded new insights into the rules and mechanisms of aversive learning in insects. In olfactory SER conditioning, a harnessed bee learns to associate an olfactory stimulus as the conditioned stimulus with the noxious stimulation of an electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus. Here, we review the multiple aspects of honeybee aversive learning that have been uncovered using Pavlovian conditioning of the SER. From its behavioral principles and sensory variants to its cellular bases and implications for understanding social organization, we present the latest advancements in the study of punishment learning in bees and discuss its perspectives in order to define future research avenues and necessary improvements. The studies presented here underline the importance of studying honeybee learning not only from an appetitive but also from an aversive perspective, in order to uncover behavioral and cellular mechanisms of individual and social plasticity.
Combinatory Chemical and Biological Approaches to Investigate Metal Elements in Agricultural Runoff Water
Authors: Quilbé Renaud , Pieri Isabelle , Wicherek Stanislas , Dugas Nathalie , Tasteyre Albert , Thomas Yolène , Oudinet Jean‐Paul 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAs part of a project studying the interactions between farming practices, soil erosion processes, and fate of agricultural pollutants into runoff waters, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the relationship between metal contents and metallothionein‐2A (MT‐2A) as a bioindicator of metal exposure. Runoff water samples were collected between May and November 1999 at the point of outlet of an elementary watershed located in the Paris basin. Selected metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) were analyzed using conventional techniques. In parallel, human T cells were exposed to water samples for 6 and 18 h and then cell viability and MT‐2A gene expression were measured. Results show that among the 10 water samples tested, Al and Zn predominate (highest values = 4.9 and 2.6 μM, respectively), while other metals were below the μM level. Five out of 10 samples induced MT‐2A gene expression (30–80% increase at 18 h) as compared with the control. When comparing MT‐2A induction profile with metals contents, no obvious correlation was found, suggesting that additional components or parameters are involved. Finally, there was an apparent inverse relationship between Ca concentration and MT‐2A gene induction. Although still preliminary, in the absence of longer monitoring, this study shows that MT‐2A gene expression is a useful tool to complement chemical analysis in assessing metal elements in water. These combinatory approaches will be pursued and integrated in an ongoing watershed field research project.
Sorption and Biodegradability of Sludge Bacterial Extracellular Polymers in Soil and Their Influence on Soil Copper Behavior
Authors: Zhou L. X. , Zhou S. G. , Zhan X. H. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBacterial extracellular polymers (BEP) affect the translocation and fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this study, BEP from activated sludge was compared with sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) in terms of behavior and effects on the mobilization and bioavailability of Cu in a well‐aged Cu‐contaminated orchard sandy loam. Addition of sludge BEP (10–200 mg dissolved organic carbon [DOC] L−1) to the soil resulted in 1.6‐ to 12.8‐fold‐higher soil soluble Cu concentration over the control and 1.3‐ to 2.2‐fold over sludge DOM of the same concentration. Consequently, the Cu uptake by the ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cv. Target) grown in the soil was increased by 31% due to interval watering of 100 mg DOC L−1 of sludge BEP solution in a 35‐d period. The influence of sludge BEP on mobilizing soil Cu could be maintained as long as 60 d or more, depending on BEP biodegradation status. The findings that sludge BEP promoted Cu mobilization and bioavailability could be attributed to less adsorption of BEP by soil, slow degradation, and higher affinity with Cu. For example, after 3 wk of aerobic incubation, the soluble Cu present in the sludge DOM‐treated soil was reduced to about the level of the control, while the concentration of soluble Cu in BEP‐treated soil was 6.2 times higher than that in the control. Therefore, sludge BEP could act as a facilitated‐transport carrier of Cu. The environmental risk of Cu should receive much attention if BEP is incorporated into soils.
Modeling Organic Carbon Dynamics and Cadmium Fate in Long‐Term Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Bergkvist Petra , Jarvis Nicholas 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA model is described that may help to resolve uncertainty and controversy over the long‐term consequences of sludge applications to arable land, especially with regard to the effects of sludge adsorption characteristics on trace metal solubility and bioavailability (e.g., the sludge “time bomb” or sludge “protection” hypotheses). Mass balances of organic and inorganic material derived from sludge and crop residues are simulated. Each pool has a potentially different adsorption affinity for trace metals, and this leads to changes in the adsorption capacity of sludge‐amended soil that influence leaching and crop uptake. Model simulations were compared with measured changes in organic carbon and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)‐extractable cadmium contents in a clay loam soil following 41 years of sludge applications. The model adequately reproduced the data, although discrepancies in the vertical distribution of Cd were attributed to the effects of macropore transport and root‐uptake driven recirculation. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most important parameters affecting leaching and crop uptake were the Cd loading and parameters controlling adsorption, especially the partition coefficient for sludge‐derived inorganic material and the exponent regulating the effect of pH on sorption. Scenario simulations show that no general conclusions can be drawn with respect to the validity of the sludge “time bomb” and sludge “protection” hypotheses. Either may occur, or neither, depending on three key system parameters: the ratio of sludge adsorption capacity to the initial adsorption capacity of the soil, the proportion of the sludge adsorption capacity contributed by the inorganic fraction, and the sludge Cd loading.
Adsorption and Clay‐Catalyzed Degradation of Erythromycin A on Homoionic Clays
Authors: Kim Yong‐Hak , Heinze Thomas M. , Kim Seong‐Jae , Cerniglia Carl E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTErythromycin has been widely used in food‐producing animals and in humans, and is frequently detected as an organic pollutant in U.S. streams. In batch experiments with homoionic clays, the Freundlich isotherms were determined at 10 and 25°C. The adsorption of erythromycin A was strongly influenced by clay type, exchanged cations, the pH of the bulk solutions, and the acidity of clay surfaces. The formation of clay–erythromycin A complexes was thermodynamically favorable except for K+– and Fe3+–exchanged montmorillonites, since the reactions were exothermic (ΔH° > 0) and the systems became stable (ΔS° > 0). Clays catalyzed the erythromycin A degradation by the hydrolysis of the neutral sugar and the multiple dehydrations. The surface acidity of clay surface enhanced the rate of clay‐catalyzed degradation of erythromycin A. In addition, the Fe3+–exchanged clay minerals seemed to have an electrostatic interaction with the erythromycin A molecule, by which the hydrolysis of the neutral sugar was influenced.
Thermal Analysis of Whole Soils and Sediment
Authors: DeLapp Rossane C. , LeBoeuf Eugene J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThermal analysis techniques were utilized to investigate the thermal properties of two soils and a lignite coal obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), and sediment obtained from the Netherlands. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition behavior of each sample at temperatures ranging from 52°C for Pahokee peat (euic, hyperthermic Lithic Medisaprists), 55°C for a Netherlands (B8) sediment, 64°C for Elliott loam (fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Arguidolls), to 70°C for Gascoyne leonardite. Temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) revealed glass transition behavior at similar temperatures, and quantified constant‐pressure specific heat capacity (Cp) at 0°C from 0.6 J g−1 °C−1 for Elliott loam and 0.8 J g−1 °C−1 for the leonardite, to 1.0 J g−1 °C−1 for the peat and the sediment. Glass transition behavior showed no distinct correlation to elemental composition, although Gascoyne Leonardite and Pahokee peat each demonstrated glass transition behavior similar to that reported for humic acids derived from these materials. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) revealed a large thermal expansion followed by a matrix collapse for each sample between 20 and 30°C, suggesting the occurrence of transition behavior of unknown origin. Thermal transitions occurring at higher temperatures more representative of glass transition behavior were revealed for the sediment and the peat.
Runoff Losses of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Imported in Sod or Composted Manure for Turf Establishment
Authors: Vietor D. M. , Provin T. L. , White R. H. , Munster C. L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTNutrient loading on impaired watersheds can be reduced through export of sod grown with manure and export of composted manure for turf production on other watersheds. Effects of the sod and manure exports on receiving watersheds were evaluated through monitoring of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and N concentrations and losses in runoff from establishing turf. Three replications of seven treatments were established on an 8.5% slope of a Booneville soil (loamy‐skeletal, mixed, superactive Pachic Argicryolls). Three treatments comprised imported 'Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy) sod grown with composted dairy manure (382 or 191 kg P ha−1) or fertilizer (50 kg P ha−1). Three treatments were sprigged with Tifway and top‐dressed with either composted manure (92 or 184 kg P ha−1) or fertilizer (100 kg P ha−1). The control was established bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Guymon]. During eight fall rain events, mean TDP concentration in runoff (7.8 mg L−1) from sprigged Tifway top‐dressed with manure (84 kg P ha−1) was 1.6 times greater than sod imported with 129 kg manure P ha−1 During the first fall event, mass losses of TDP (232 mg m−2) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (317 mg m−2) from sprigged treatments top‐dressed with manure or fertilizer were nearly three times greater than manure‐grown sod. Percentages of manure P lost as TDP in runoff from imported sod were 33% of percentages lost from sprigged treatments top‐dressed with manure. Sod grown with manure P rates of 190 kg P ha−1 can be imported without increasing runoff losses of TDP compared with conventional fertilization of establishing turfgrass.
Mobility of Sulfate in Forest Soils: Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Selim H. M. , Gobran G. R. , Guan X. , Clarke N. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTUnderstanding sulfate transport and retention dynamics in forest soils is a prerequisite in predicting SO4 concentration in the soil solution and in lake and stream waters. In this study forest soil samples from the Gårdsjön catchments, Sweden, were used to study SO4 transport in soil columns from the upper three soil horizons (E, Bs, and BC). The columns were leached using a sequential leaching technique. The input solutions were CaSO4 equilibrated with forest floor material. Leaching behavior of SO4 and concentration in the effluent were measured from columns from individual horizons. Sulfate was always retained in the Bs and BC horizons, while the pattern for the E horizon varied. Attempts were also made to model SO4 breakthrough results based on miscible displacement approaches and solute convection–dispersion equation (CDE) in porous media. Several retention mechanisms were incorporated into the CDE to account for possible reversible and irreversible SO4 reactions in individual soil layers. Our modeling efforts were inadequate in describing the mobility of SO4 in the top (E) horizon. Moreover, a linear equilibrium approach was generally inadequate for describing SO4 sorption during transport in the Bs and BC horizons. In contrast, we found that the model provided good descriptions of all breakthrough results when SO4 reactivity was accounted for based on nonlinear equilibrium or first‐order kinetic processes. Moreover, based on model parameter estimates, the reactivity or retention of SO4 during transport is concentration dependent. We conclude that sulfate retention during transport in this forest soil is most likely controlled by kinetic reactivity of SO4 of the reversible and irreversible mechanisms.