bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facilitation of short‐term memory by histaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens is independent of cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission
Authors: Kraus M M , Prast H , Philippu A 
Published: June 2013

Background and PurposeHere, we have investigated whether learning and/or short‐term memory was associated with release of ACh and glutamate in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc). Additionally, neurotransmitter release in the NAc was assessed during facilitation of cognitive processes by antagonists of inhibitory histamine autoreceptors.Experimental ApproachThe olfactory, social memory test was used in combination with push–pull superfusion of the NAc. A male, juvenile rat was exposed twice to an adult male rat at intervals of 60 or 90 min, and release of ACh and glutamate was determined in the NAc of the conscious adult rat. Histamine receptor antagonists were applied i.c.v.Key ResultsFirst exposure of a juvenile rat to an adult rat increased ACh and glutamate release in the NAc of the adult rat. Repetition of exposure after 60 min did not change release of ACh and glutamate, while contact time to recognition (CTR) was shortened. Repetition of exposure after an interval of 90 min prolonged CTR and enhanced accumbal ACh and glutamate release rates. Injection (i.c.v.) of thioperamide (histamine H3 receptor antagonist) together with famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist), 80 min prior to second exposure, diminished CTR and abolished ACh and glutamate release when second exposure was carried out 90 min after the first one.Conclusions and ImplicationsHistaminergic neurons per se facilitated short‐term memory, without activation of cholinergic and/or glutamatergic neurons in the NAc of rats. Cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons within the NAc contributed to learning but not to recall of memory.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/
10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐1
The importance of comprehensive phylogenetic (evolutionary) classification—a response to Schmidt‐Lebuhn's commentary on paraphyletic taxa
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Hörandl Elvira 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe review of paraphyly in botanical systematics by Schmidt‐Lebuhn brings together a number of useful perspectives for the reader. It fails to offer new ideas, however, and it does not recognize the fallacies of strict cladistic classification, namely accepting only holophyletic groups, and insisting that sister groups have the same rank. The reason for adherence to these rules is to maintain the convenience of cladistic classification. While convenience in biological classification by itself is not necessarily bad, it becomes unacceptable when its use overshadows achieving a higher level of evolutionary (and phylogenetic) information content. Evolutionary divergence and reticulation are both significant parts of the evolutionary process that cannot be ignored in biological classification and that are necessary for high predictive quality.
Tobacco consumption induces alveolar crest height loss independently of mandibular bone mass and bone density
Authors: Mesa Francisco , Souki Nizar , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Velasco‐Torres Miguel , O'Valle Francisco , Bravo Manuel 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship of tobacco consumption with alveolar crest height (ACH) loss and mandibular bone mass estimated by digital panoramic radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material and methodsWe studied 315 patients (43.2% [n = 136] men and 56.8% [n = 179] women) with mean age of 36.6 ± 5.3 (range 21–30 years (16.2%), range 31–46 years (83.8%); 9% (n = 71) were smokers (>10 cig./day). A mean of 13.0 ± 2.0 mandibular teeth were present: 37.5% of patients had 6–12 teeth and 62.5% 13–16 teeth. We analyzed 315 digital panoramic radiographs (2D) and calculated the ACH, mandibular cortical width, and basal and alveolar bone gray level values. ACH and bone density were also measured on CBCT (3D) in the 110 patients scheduled for implantation.ResultsIn the univariate analysis, ACH loss was greater in older patients (P = 0.012) and in those with fewer mandibular teeth (P < 0.001) and showed a relationship with tobacco consumption that was close to significant (P = 0.079). In the multivariate analysis, the number of mandibular teeth (P < 0.001) and tobacco consumption (P = 0.048) were significantly associated with ACH. Alveolar and basal bone densities were associated, respectively, with number of mandibular teeth (P = 0.012) and cortical width (P = 0.030).ConclusionIn a Caucasian population aged 21–46 years, tobacco consumption was significantly associated with ACH loss. However, ACH loss showed no significant relationship with mandibular bone mass estimated either as mandibular cortical width index or bone density on digital panoramic radiographs or as bone density on CBCT. ACH loss was a local event independent of mandibular bone mass status.
Postoperative respiratory management in living donor lobar lung transplantation
Authors: Chen Fengshi , Chin Kazuo , Sato Masaaki , Aoyama Akihiro , Murase Kimihiko , Azuma Masanori , Bando Toru , Date Hiroshi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated postoperative respiratory management of living donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT).MethodsPerioperative variables were reviewed in 21 patients who underwent LDLLT at our institution. Recipients were kept intubated for at least two d after LDLLT to maintain optimal expansion of the implanted lobes. Subsequently, if weaning from artificial ventilation could be tolerated, extubation was considered with the assistance of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV). If this could not be tolerated, early tracheostomy was considered.ResultsAll 21 recipients were weaned from artificial ventilation. Twelve patients underwent tracheotomy 4.4 ± 1.8 d after LDLLT and were weaned from artificial ventilation 24.3 ± 17.0 d after LDLLT. Eleven patients were extubated 3.6 ± 1.7 d after LDLLT with NIV, but two of them were reintubated, and finally weaned from artificial ventilation via tracheostomy. Excluding these two patients, NIV was required for 3.8 ± 3.9 d after extubation. The early postoperative course was significantly eventful in patients with tracheostomies, and artificial ventilation, ventilatory support, and intensive care unit stays were longer. Twenty patients (95%) showed survival at 24.4 ± 13.4 months of follow‐up.ConclusionsPostoperative respiratory management with NIV and early tracheostomy were useful after LDLLT.
A cross‐sectional analysis of over‐the‐counter codeine use among an Australian sample of people who regularly inject drugs
Authors: Arora Sheena , Roxburgh Amanda , Bruno Raimondo , Nielsen Suzanne , Burns Lucy 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe study aims to examine the medical and non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter (OTC) codeine combination drugs in a sample of people who inject drugs; and to examine risk factors associated with exceeding the recommended dose of OTC codeine, including the experience of pain.Design and MethodsThis study analysed annual survey data from a convenience sample of people who inject drugs in Australia who are interviewed for the Illicit Drug Reporting System. People who have injected drugs (n = 902) on at least a monthly basis in the preceding six months across Australia were interviewed. Participants were asked about their use of OTC codeine and their experience of pain.ResultsOne third (35%) of participants had used OTC codeine in the preceding six months and 52% (95% confidence interval 48.7–55.3) of this group had exceeded the recommended dose on their last occasion of use. This clearly places them at increased risk of harms associated with toxicity from the accompanying analgesic found in combination codeine products. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that those exceeding the recommended codeine dose of OTC codeine were more likely to be experiencing moderate to very severe pain.Discussion and ConclusionThere is a need to evaluate the approach to pain management in this population. Greater pharmacist involvement, real‐time monitoring of sales, the development of screening tools to identify those at risk of harm and further education of primary care practitioners could be beneficial in reducing the risk of harm associated with these medications for all users of OTC codeine, including people who inject drugs. [Arora S, Roxburgh A, Bruno R, Nielsen S, Burns L. A cross‐sectional analysis of over‐the‐counter codeine use among an Australian sample of people who regularly inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:574–581]
High frequency of IKZF1 genetic alterations in adult patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tokunaga Kenji , Yamaguchi Shunichiro , Iwanaga Eisaku , Nanri Tomoko , Shimomura Taizo , Suzushima Hitoshi , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Asou Norio 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAlterations in the IKZF1 gene are associated with poor prognosis in pediatric B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). We examined the relationship between IKZF1 alterations and clinical findings in 78 adult patients with B‐ALL. Aberrant isoforms of IKZF1 were detected using RT‐PCR. The copy numbers of IKZF1 exons and fusion genes caused by exon deletions were determined using RQ‐PCR and genomic PCR, respectively. We detected aberrant IKZF1 isoforms in 20 of the 78 patients (13 Ik6 and seven Ik10) and deletions of the entire or parts of the IKZF1 gene in 40 of 70 patients. No IKZF1 point mutations were detected by direct sequencing. Nineteen Ik6 and Ik10 isoforms had been generated through genomic exon deletions, but one through aberrant splicing. In total, 41 of the 78 (52.6%) patients harbored IKZF1 alterations, which were identified in 20 of 24 (83.3%) patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–positive B‐ALL compared with 21 of 54 (38.9%) Ph‐negative B‐ALL (P = 0.0004). IKZF1 alterations are highly involved even in adults with B‐ALL. To fully detect IKZF1 alterations, several methods with alternative approaches are required. To elucidate the clinical significance of IKZF1 alterations in adult B‐ALL, our study warrants prospective clinical studies with a full analysis of IKZF1 alterations.
Past climate and species ecology drive nested species richness patterns along an east‐west axis in the Himalaya
Authors: Srinivasan Umesh , Tamma Krishnapriya , Ramakrishnan Uma 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimAlthough global species richness patterns appear consistent across taxa and continents, patterns are elusive at smaller spatial scales. At regional/subcontinental scales, climatic, environmental and taxon‐specific contingencies are likely to interact to modify general richness patterns. We develop a biogeographical paradigm for the Himalayan range as representative of regions at similar spatial scales, and where historical climate fluctuations might interact with species ecology to drive species richness patterns.LocationHimalayan range, AsiaMethodsWe obtained a cell × species presence–absence matrix for babblers and murid rodents in 1° latitude × 1° longitude cells in the Himalayan range. We investigated nestedness in species richness patterns in these taxa along a distance gradient from the species‐rich eastern towards the relatively depauperate west. We also investigated the relationship between species autecology and westward extent along the Himalaya. Climate data were obtained from published sources.ResultsHimalayan babbler and murid assemblages are nested along an east–west axis, with assemblages in westward cells tending to be subsets of assemblages immediately to the east. Distance westward from the eastern Himalaya was related positively to altitudinal mobility of babbler assemblages, while body size increased with distance westward for murid assemblages.Main conclusionsThe eastern Himalaya, which was not glaciated over during glacial maxima, was a potential refugium for babbler and murid species. Following glacial retreat, species could have recolonized the Himalaya westwards to different extents based on ecological traits (size, altitudinal migration) determining ability to deal with the more seasonal west. This produces both (1) a nested species richness pattern, and (2) correlations between ‘filtering’ autecological traits and distance. Such patterns should be replicated in other regions with historical climatic refugia; investigating nestedness along distance gradients from refugia would be a powerful tool in mapping biogeographical history, especially in separating historical effects from currently proposed energy‐productivity relationships.
High normotension is associated with higher metabolic syndrome risk in postmenopausal women
Authors: Hsu Chun‐Hsien , Lin Jiunn‐Diann , Wu Chung‐Ze , Lau Shu Chuen , Chen Yen‐Lin , Tang Sai‐Hung , Yu Shu‐Man , Pei Dee 
Published: June 2013

AimCardiovascular disease and diabetes are important causes for mortality in older people. Both hypertension and prehypertension are correlated with them. Recently, health promotion and disease prevention in postmenopausal women have become an essential issue of public health policy. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the harmful effects of blood pressure (BP) could still be found in normotensive postmenopausal women (below 120/80 mmHg).MethodsA total of 4539 normotensive postmenopausal women aged 51 years or older, undergoing routine health examinations, were enrolled in the cross‐sectional analyses. To mitigate the effect of age on BP, participants within the same age were divided into tertiles according to their systolic BP (SBP). Then, participants in the low‐SBP tertile of each age stratum were pooled together to form a larger group (low‐normal SBP group [LNSBP]). Similarly, the middle‐ and high‐normal SBP were grouped accordingly (MNSBP and HNSBP). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was considered to be a surrogate for future cardiovascular disease and diabetes.ResultsThe study showed that HNSBP bore a higher likelihood of having abnormal MetS components, elevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a higher odds ratio (1.46; 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.81) for having MetS than LNSBP. In contrast, age, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly related to SBP in multiple regression analysis.ConclusionsThe risk of having MetS was significantly associated with higher SBP even within normotension. Primary prevention, such as lifestyle modification, and more strict control of BP should be stressed in postmenopausal women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 293–300.
Retracted: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Outcome and its predictors among hospitalized elderly patients in Egypt
Authors: Amer Moatasem Salah , Abdel Rahman Tomader Taha , Aly Walaa Wessam , Ahmad Nesma Gamal 
Published: June 2013

AimOur aim was to study the outcome and the predictors of in‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among elderly patients admitted to Ain Shams University Hospitals, Egypt.MethodsWe carried out a cross‐sectional study for all elderly patients (age ≥60 years) who underwent CPR after cardiac arrest at Ain Shams University Hospitals, Egypt, during a 1.5‐year study period. We excluded patients who were declared dead on arrival.ResultsWe found 380 cases of elderly in‐hospital cardiac arrest that underwent CPR. Asystole was the most common arrhythmia detected at the time of arrest (85.1%), followed by ventricular tachycardia (8.7%) and ventricular fibrillation (6.2%). Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 32.6% of patients and 8.4% survived to discharge from hospital. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified three independent predictors of better outcome (survival >24 h): response time ≤5 min (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.9–13.4), location of CPR in emergency department (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.4) and pre‐arrest morbidity (PAM) score ≤7 (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.6–6.1).ConclusionOutcome of CPR after in‐hospital cardiac arrest in our setting was poor. The response time ≤5 min, CPR in the emergency department and PAM score ≤7 were independent predictors of good outcome. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 309–314.
Ausweitung der Deckung von Renten‐ und Sparplänen auf den informellen Sektor: Der Mbao Pension Plan in Kenia
Authors: Musonye Kwena Rose , Turner John A. 
Published: June 2013

AuszugDer Mbao Pension Plan ist ein freiwilliger Sparplan mit individuellen Konten, an dem alle Arbeitnehmer in Kenia ungeachtet ihres Einkommens oder ihres Alters teilnehmen können. Ziel des Mbao Vorsorgeplans ist es, ein für die spezifischen Eigenschaften des informellen Sektors geeignetes Programm zur Verfügung zu stellen sowie eine Sparkultur bei diesen Arbeitnehmern zu fördern. Die wichtigste Neuerung besteht darin, dass Arbeitnehmer mit niedrigem Einkommen ihre Beiträge auf einfache und relativ kostengünstige Art und Weise leisten können, da diese gering sind und der Saldo tief ist. Mithilfe ihres Mobiltelefons können die Beitragsleistenden ihre Beiträge jederzeit und von jedem beliebigen Ort aus einzahlen. Diese Neuerung wurde dank technischer Innovationen möglich gemacht, welche die Kosten von Mobiltelefonen und Nutzungsgebühren massiv verbilligt haben, sowie durch die innovativen mobilen Geldtransaktionen. Der Sparplan wird von Unternehmen des privaten Sektors angeboten.
Ruhestands‐ und Gesundheitsleistungen für aus den Vereinigten Staaten zurückkehrende mexikanische Arbeitsmigranten
Authors: Aguila Emma , Zissimopoulos Julie 
Published: June 2013

AuszugAngesichts einer fehlenden bilateralen Vereinbarung über die Übertragbarkeit und Summierung von Beiträgen der sozialen Sicherheit zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko widmet sich diese Untersuchung den Fragen zum Zugang zurückkehrender älterer mexikanischer Migranten zu Renten‐ und Krankenversicherungsleistungen sowie ihres Beschäftigungsstatus. Wir kommen zum Ergebnis, dass zurückgekehrte Migranten, die sich weniger als ein Jahr in den Vereinigten Staaten aufhielten, ähnliche Leistungen der sozialen Sicherheit erhalten wie Nichtmigranten. Bei zurückgekehrten Migranten, die mindestens ein Jahr in den Vereinigten Staaten verbrachten, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit geringer, dass sie über eine staatliche Krankenversicherung verfügen oder Leistungen der sozialen Sicherheit beziehen. Sie könnten daher im Alter in höherem Maß armutsgefährdet sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund würde die Ausarbeitung einer bilateralen Übereinkunft im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko helfen, die soziale Sicherheit zurückkehrender Migranten zu verbessern.
EXTREME VALUE THEORY IN FINANCE: A SURVEY
Authors: Rocco Marco 
Published: June 2013

AbstractExtreme value theory is concerned with the study of the asymptotic distribution of extreme events, that is to say events which are rare in frequency and huge in magnitude with respect to the majority of observations. Statistical methods derived from it have been employed increasingly in finance, especially for risk measurement. This paper surveys some of those main applications, namely for testing different distributional assumptions for the data, for Value‐at‐Risk and Expected Shortfall calculations, for asset allocation under safety‐first type constraints, and for the study of contagion and dependence across markets under conditions of stress.
Endothelial Cells Exposed to Anoxia/Reoxygenation Are Hyperadhesive to T‐lymphocytes: Kinetics and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: KOKURA SATOSHI , WOLF ROBERT E. , YOSHIKAWA TOSHIKAZU , ICHIKAWA HIROSHI , GRANGER D. NEIL , AW TAK YEE 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTObjective: The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the time‐course of T‐lymphocyte adhesion to monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) that were exposed to 60 min of anoxia followed by 24 h of reoxygenation, and 2) define the mechanisms responsible for the hyperadhesivity of post‐anoxic HUVEC to human T‐lymphocytes.Methods: Human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from heparinized peripheral blood. T‐lymphocytes were obtained by negative selection using a MACS column. HUVEC monolayers were exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R), and then reacted with 51Cr ‐labeled T‐lymphocytes in adhesion assays.Results: A/R leads to an increased adhesion of T‐lymphocytes to HUVEC monolayers, with peak responses occurring at 8 h after reoxygenation. This adhesion response was largely attributed to the CD4+ T‐cell subset. The hyperadhesivity of A/R‐exposed HUVEC was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies directed against either LFA‐1, VLA‐4, ICAM‐1, or VCAM‐1, indicating a contribution of these adhesion molecules and their ligands. Moreover, T‐cell hyperadhesivity was attenuated by anti‐ IL‐8, consistent with a role for this chemokine in the adhesion response. Protein synthesis inhibitors (actinomycin D and cycloheximide) as well as chemical inhibitors of (and binding ds‐oligonucleotides to) NFκB and AP‐1 significantly attenuated the A/R‐induced T‐lymphocyte adhesion responses. The kinetics of VCAM‐1 on post‐anoxic HUVEC correlated with the T‐lymphocyte adhesion response.Conclusions: A/R elicits a T‐lymphocyte‐endothelial cell adhesion response that involves transcription‐dependent surface expression of VCAM‐ 1.
Endothelium‐Dependent, Shear‐Induced Vasodilation Is Rate‐Sensitive
Authors: BUTLER PETER J. , WEINBAUM SHELDON , CHIEN SHU , LEMONS DANIEL E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives: To quantify the relative contributions of the rate of change and the magnitude of shear stress to endothelium‐mediated arteriolar dilation.Methods: A feedback control system was designed in which shear stress (τ) and the temporal shear gradient (TSG) were prescribed and dynamically controlled in isolated rat cremaster 1A arterioles. The TSG was the quotient of the maximum shear stress and the ramp duration. This system was used to assess the roles of τ and TSG in the initial, transient vasodilations and the secondary, sustained vasodilations in response to steps and ramps in shear stress.Results: Both step‐ and ramp‐shear experiments revealed time‐dependent biphasic vasodilations that we report for the first time. Application of a step‐shear stress of 20 dynes/cm2 elicited an initial transient vasodilation that peaked at about 4 min. When the shear stress was applied as a ramp that reached the maximum value of 20 dynes/cm2 over 5 min, a vasodilation was observed over the ramp period, which reached a peak at the end of the ramp period that was much lower than that observed after step shear. After 20 dynes/cm2 was attained, the vessel diameter decreased despite constant maintenance of the maximum shear stress. In both step‐ and ramp‐shear experiments, after the decrease of the initial vasodilation, a second phase of vasodilation began approximately 15 min after the beginning of the shear application. The second phase of vasodilation reached a steady state that was essentially the same for both the step and the ramp shear. By refining the ramping apparatus further, we varied the TSG up to 40 dynes/cm2 per second and showed that the early vasodilation was highly rate sensitive to TSGs greater than 5 dynes/cm2 per second for a given intermediate value of final shear stress (20 dynes/cm2) and was magnitude sensitive when shear was increased gradually (TSG < 5 dynes/cm2 per second).Conclusions: Our results suggest that two fundamentally different responses to shear stress are mediated by microvascular endothelium: one vasodilation is elicited by shear stress changes on a time scale of a few seconds or less and another is elicited by shear stress changes on a longer time scale. The former response is potent, transient, and rate sensitive; the latter is more modest, sustained, and magnitude sensitive.