bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of dose-dense biweekly administered pemetrexed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Emmanouilides Christos , Yermetaki Theodora , Serpanou Anastasia , Sapountzi Evdoxia , Mantziari Polyxeni , Titopoulos Iraklis , Filippou Dimitrios 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Pemetrexed is a multitargeted folate pathway inhibitor with documented activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The presumed maximum tolerated dose is 500 mg/m2 every 3 weeks, but pemetrexed-related toxicity is ameliorated when folate and B12 supplementation is provided and therefore a higher dose intensity may be tolerated. The current exploratory study assessed the feasibility of administration of pemetrexed at a fixed dose of 1000 mg every 2 weeks in patients with relapsed or refractory NSCLC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The first cohort of 12 patients received pemetrexed monotherapy. No dose-limiting grade 4 toxicity was noted after 4 cycles, so the subsequent cohort of 14 patients received additional anticancer agents (bevacizumab, erlotinib, carboplatin, docetaxel, vinorelbine) given along with dose-dense pemetrexed.

RESULTS
Toxicity overall was reversible and manageable. Among 19 patients who received pemetrexed either alone or with non-myelosuppressive targeted agents, there were only 2 instances of grade 4 neutropenia after prolonged treatment. Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity was eventually noted in 11 of the 26 patients (42%; 95% confidence interval, 23% to 61%) after a median of 4 cycles (range, 2-14 cycles). There was no significant additional toxicity nor any treatment-related deaths.

CONCLUSION
Our preliminary observations indicate that dose-dense pemetrexed every 2 weeks is feasible and this regimen can be used as monotherapy. These data may serve as a scaffold for combination studies.
Growth and instability of the liquid rim in the crown splash regime
Authors: Agbaglah G. , Deegan R. D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe study the formation, growth and disintegration of jets following the impact of a drop on a thin film of the same liquid for $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{We}<1000$ and $\mathit{Re}<2000$ using a combination of numerical simulations and linear stability theory (Agbaglah, Josserand & Zaleski, Phys. Fluids, vol. 25, 2013, 022103). Our simulations faithfully capture this phenomena and are in good agreement with experimental profiles obtained from high-speed X-ray imaging. We obtain scaling relations from our simulations and use these as inputs to our stability analysis. The resulting predictions for the most unstable wavelength are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Our calculations show that the dominant destabilizing mechanism is a competition between capillarity and inertia but that deceleration of the rim provides an additional boost to growth. We also predict over the entire parameter range of our study the number and timescale for formation of secondary droplets formed during a splash, based on the assumption that the most unstable mode sets the droplet number.
The applicability and application of international humanitarian law to multinational forces
Authors: Ferraro Tristan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe multifaceted nature of peace operations today and the increasingly violent environments in which their personnel operate increase the likelihood of their being called upon to use force. It thus becomes all the more important to understand when and how international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to their action. This article attempts to clarify the conditions for IHL applicability to multinational forces, the extent to which this body of law applies to peace operations, the determination of the parties to a conflict involving a multinational peace operation and the classification of such conflict. Finally, it tackles the important question of the personal, temporal and geographical scope of IHL in peace operations.
Zur interindividuellen Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im Verlauf von Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportprogrammen
Authors: Sudeck Gorden , Conzelmann Achim 
Published: July 2014

Positive Effekte sportlicher Aktivität auf das aktuelle Befinden sind meta-analytisch gut dokumentiert. Eine Generalisierung der Befunde wird dadurch eingeschränkt, dass zunehmend eine hohe interindividuelle Variabilität beobachtet wird und Prozesse während der Aktivität defizitär berücksichtigt wurden. Dieser Beitrag geht den Fragen nach, wie groß das Ausmaß interindividueller Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im Verlauf von gruppenbasierten Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportaktivitäten ist und welchen Einfluss personale Voraussetzungen (Fitnesszustand) und Faktoren der Auseinandersetzung mit der Aktivität (Beanspruchungserleben, Kompetenzwahrnehmung, positives Gruppenerleben) nehmen. Speziell interessiert, inwieweit affektive Reaktionen in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt sowie in Abhängigkeit der Intensität von unterschiedlichen Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Dazu wurden 110 Universitätsangestellte (M = 49.5 Jahre) wiederholt im Rahmen von mehrwöchigen Programmen befragt. An insgesamt sechs Terminen wurden Handheld-PC-Befragungen vor, zweimal während und nach der Kursstunde durchgeführt, mit denen das aktuelle Befinden und mögliche Einflussfaktoren erfasst wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im ersten Abschnitt der Sportprogramme am größten ist, während die Reaktionen am Ende der Kursstunde insgesamt positiver und homogener ausfallen. Im ersten Abschnitt sind personale Voraussetzungen noch wichtige Einflussfaktoren, während die Bedeutung der wahrgenommenen Kompetenz und des positiven Gruppenerlebens im Verlauf der Sportaktivität größer wird. Im Einklang mit der Dual Mode Theory weist die Kompetenzwahrnehmung bei anstrengender Intensität im Vergleich zu moderater Intensität einen größeren Zusammenhang mit dem Befinden auf.
A critical analysis of calcium carbonate mesocrystals
Authors: Kim Yi-Yeoun , Schenk Anna S. , Ihli Johannes , Kulak Alex N. , Hetherington Nicola B. J. , Tang Chiu C. , Schmahl Wolfgang W. , Griesshaber Erika , Hyett Geoffrey , Meldrum Fiona C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe term mesocrystal has been widely used to describe crystals that form by oriented assembly, and that exhibit nanoparticle substructures. Using calcite crystals co-precipitated with polymers as a suitable test case, this article looks critically at the concept of mesocrystals. Here we demonstrate that the data commonly used to assign mesocrystal structure may be frequently misinterpreted, and that these calcite/polymer crystals do not have nanoparticle substructures. Although morphologies suggest the presence of nanoparticles, these are only present on the crystal surface. High surface areas are only recorded for crystals freshly removed from solution and are again attributed to a thin shell of nanoparticles on a solid calcite core. Line broadening in powder X-ray diffraction spectra is due to lattice strain only, precluding the existence of a nanoparticle sub-structure. Finally, study of the formation mechanism provides no evidence for crystalline precursor particles. A re-evaluation of existing literature on some mesocrystals may therefore be required.
Determinants of PCR performance (Xpert MTB/RIF), including bacterial load and inhibition, for TB diagnosis using specimens from different body compartments
Authors: Theron Grant , Peter Jonny , Calligaro Greg , Meldau Richard , Hanrahan Colleen , Khalfey Hoosain , Matinyenya Brian , Muchinga Tapuwa , Smith Liezel , Pandie Shaheen , Lenders Laura , Patel Vinod , Mayosi Bongani M. , Dheda Keertan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe determinants of Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity, a widely used PCR test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are poorly understood. We compared culture time-to-positivity (TTP; a surrogate of bacterial load), MTB/RIF TB-specific and internal positive control (IPC)-specific CT values and clinical characteristics in patients with suspected TB who provided expectorated (n = 438) or induced sputum (n = 128), tracheal aspirates (n = 71), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (n = 152), pleural fluid (n = 76), cerebral spinal fluid (CSF; n = 152), pericardial fluid (n = 131), or urine (n = 173) specimens. Median bacterial load (TTP in days) was the strongest associate of MTB/RIF positivity in each fluid. TTP correlated with CT values in pulmonary specimens but not extrapulmonary specimens (Spearman's coefficient 0.5043 versus 0.1437; p = 0.030). Inhibition affected a greater proportion of pulmonary specimens than extrapulmonary specimens (IPC CT > 34: 6% (47/731) versus 1% (4/381; p < 0.0001). Pulmonary specimens had greater load than extrapulmonary specimens [TTPs (interquartile range) of 11 (7–16) versus 22 (18–33.5) days; p < 0.0001]. HIV-infection was associated with a decreased likelihood of MTB/RIF-positivity in pulmonary specimens but an increased likelihood in extrapulmonary specimens. Mycobacterial load, which displays significant variation across different body compartments, is the main determinant of MTB/RIF-positivity rather than PCR inhibition. MTB/RIF CT is a poor surrogate of load in extrapulmonary specimens.
Long-lasting changes in brain activation induced by a single REAC technology pulse in Wi-Fi bands. Randomized double-blind fMRI qualitative study
Authors: Rinaldi Salvatore , Mura Marco , Castagna Alessandro , Fontani Vania 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this randomized double-blind study was to evaluate in healthy adult subjects, with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), long lasting changes in brain activation patterns following administration of a single, 250 milliseconds pulse emitted with radio-electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology in the Wi-Fi bands. The REAC impulse was not administered during the scan, but after this, according to a protocol that has previously been demonstrated to be effective in improving motor control and postural balance, in healthy subjects and patients. The study was conducted on 33 healthy volunteers, performed with a 1.5 T unit while operating a motor block task involving cyclical and alternating flexion and extension of one leg. Subsequently subjects were randomly divided into a treatment and a sham treatment control group. Repeated fMRI examinations were performed following the administration of the REAC pulse or sham treatment. The Treated group showed cerebellar and ponto-mesencephalic activation components that disappeared in the second scan, while these activation components persisted in the Sham group. This study shows that a very weak signal, such as 250 milliseconds Wi-Fi pulse, administered with REAC technology, could lead to lasting effects on brain activity modification.
Wideband hook‐shaped circularly polarised antenna
Authors: Samsuzzaman M. , Islam M.T. 
Published: July 2014

A circularly polarised (CP) wideband hook‐shaped microstrip fed patch antenna is presented. The wideband CP property for the proposed antenna is achieved by the hook‐shaped branch in the ground plane and inverted asymmetric arm L‐shaped microstrip fed. With an optimised dimension of the proposed antenna parameter, the experimental results show that the antenna has a 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1.41 GHz (1.84–3.25 GHz) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1.67 GHz (1.86–3.53 GHz).
Ultrafast pump-probe and 2DIR anisotropy and temperature-dependent dynamics of liquid water within the E3B model
Authors: Ni Yicun , Skinner J. L. 
Published: July 2014

Recently, Tainter et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 184501 (2011)] reparameterized a new rigid water model (E3B) that explicitly includes three-body interactions in its Hamiltonian. Compared to commonly used water models such as SPC/E and TIP4P, the new model shows better agreement with experiment for many physical properties including liquid density, melting temperature, virial coefficients, etc. However, the dynamics of the E3B model, especially as a function of temperature, has not been systematically evaluated. Experimental nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study the dynamics of matter in condensed phases. In the present study, we calculate linear and nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy observables for liquid water using the E3B model at five temperatures: 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 °C. Specifically, we calculate absorption and Raman spectra and pump-probe anisotropy for HOD in H2O at all temperatures, frequency-resolved pump-probe anisotropy for HOD in both H2O and D2O at 30 °C, and 2DIR anisotropy for HOD in D2O at 30 °C. In all cases, we find reasonable agreement with experiment, and for the ultrafast spectroscopy our results are a significant improvement over those of the SPC/E model. A likely reason for this improvement is that the three-body interaction terms in the E3B model are able to model cooperative hydrogen bonding. We also calculate rotational and frequency relaxation times at all temperatures, and fit the results to the Arrhenius equation. We find that the activation energy for hydrogen-bond switching in liquid water is 3.8 kcal/mol, which agrees well with the experimental value of 3.7 kcal/mol obtained from anisotropy decay experiments.
Climate projections for 2050.
Authors: Rummukainen M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter provides the background for the subsequent chapters in this book, and discusses climate projections for the next few decades. While the focus is on the period until 2050, it should be noted that climate change will very likely continue well beyond the middle of the 21st century. Indeed, the long-term prospects are about not only a changed climate but also a climate that is changing over time, i.e. it is about continuous change over a long time. The same is thus also true for knowledge requirements regarding climate change impacts, as well as the motivation and need for climate change adaptation; however, these may take form.
Climate change challenges for low-input cropping and grazing systems - Australia.
Authors: Crimp S. , Howden M. , Stokes C. , Schroeter S. , Keating B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which climate change will influence broad-acre rainfed farming systems (cropping and grazing) in Australia and critically evaluates possible on-farm adaptation options. These results will be aggregated to national scales to examine the benefits derived from adaptation to climate change. The main projected challenges for the grazing industry under climate change are declines in pasture productivity, reduced forage quality, livestock heat stress, greater problems with some pests and weeds, more frequent droughts, more intense rainfall events and greater risks of soil degradation. The chapter establishes that the scale of climate change adaptation will need to respond to the extent of projected climate change, with tactical adaptation suitable for modest climate change, systemic adaptation suitable for more extensive climate change and transformative adaptation suitable for significant project change in temperature and rainfall.
The impact of tax concessions on extraction of non-renewable resources: an application to gold mining in Tanzania
Authors: Ibrahim Shwilima Amos James , Konishi Hideki 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Gold mining firms in Tanzania pay royalty and corporate taxes, but also receive many tax concessions. Such tax incentives may cause to reschedule their extraction plans and thereby change the expected life of a gold mine. We model a representative mining firm's extraction decision using optimal control theory, into which various tax incentives are introduced to determine their theoretical impact. Our results suggest that in the race to take advantage of tax incentives, a firm may end up making excessive investments, which in turn increases extraction rate. Actual extraction patterns of several gold mining companies in Tanzania are also reviewed.
Fast spatial ancestry via flexible allele frequency surfaces
Authors: Rañola John Michael , Novembre John , Lange Kenneth 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMotivation: Unique modeling and computational challenges arise in locating the geographic origin of individuals based on their genetic backgrounds. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) vary widely in informativeness, allele frequencies change non-linearly with geography and reliable localization requires evidence to be integrated across a multitude of SNPs. These problems become even more acute for individuals of mixed ancestry. It is hardly surprising that matching genetic models to computational constraints has limited the development of methods for estimating geographic origins. We attack these related problems by borrowing ideas from image processing and optimization theory. Our proposed model divides the region of interest into pixels and operates SNP by SNP. We estimate allele frequencies across the landscape by maximizing a product of binomial likelihoods penalized by nearest neighbor interactions. Penalization smooths allele frequency estimates and promotes estimation at pixels with no data. Maximization is accomplished by a minorize–maximize (MM) algorithm. Once allele frequency surfaces are available, one can apply Bayes’ rule to compute the posterior probability that each pixel is the pixel of origin of a given person. Placement of admixed individuals on the landscape is more complicated and requires estimation of the fractional contribution of each pixel to a person’s genome. This estimation problem also succumbs to a penalized MM algorithm.Results: We applied the model to the Population Reference Sample (POPRES) data. The model gives better localization for both unmixed and admixed individuals than existing methods despite using just a small fraction of the available SNPs. Computing times are comparable with the best competing software.Availability and implementation: Software will be freely available as the OriGen package in R.Contact: ranolaj@uw.edu or klange@ucla.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Serendipitous discovery of a thin stellar stream near the Galactic bulge in the Pan-STARRS1 3π Survey
Authors: Bernard Edouard J. , Ferguson Annette M. N. , Schlafly Edward F. , Abbas Mohamad , Bell Eric F. , Deacon Niall R. , Martin Nicolas F. , Rix Hans-Walter , Sesar Branimir , Slater Colin T. , Peñarrubia Jorge , Wyse Rosemary F. G. , Burgett William S. , Chambers Kenneth C. , Draper Peter W. , Hodapp Klaus W. , Kaiser Nicholas , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Magnier Eugene A. , Metcalfe Nigel , Morgan Jeffrey S. , Price Paul A. , Tonry John L. , Wainscoat Richard J. , Waters Christopher 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We report the discovery of a thin stellar stream found in Pan-STARRS1 photometry near the Galactic bulge in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It appears as a coherent structure in the colour-selected stellar density maps produced to search for tidal debris around nearby globular clusters. The stream is exceptionally short and narrow; it is about 2 $_{.}^{\circ}$5 long and 6 arcmin wide in projection. The colour–magnitude diagram of this object, which harbours a blue horizontal-branch, is consistent with an old and relatively metal-poor population ([Fe/H] ∼−1.3) located 9.5 ± 0.9 kpc away at (l, b) ∼ (5°, +32°), and 5.0 ± 1.0 kpc from the Galactic centre. These properties argue for a globular cluster as progenitor. The finding of such a prominent, nearby stream suggests that many streams could await discovery in the more densely populated regions of our Galaxy.
High Rate of Clinical and Endoscopic Relapse After Healing of Erosive Peptic Esophagitis in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Yamamoto Erica , Brito Helena S.H. , Ogata Silvio K. , Machado Rodrigo S. , Kawakami Elisabete 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the present study was to estimate the rate of clinical and endoscopic relapse after initial treatment of erosive peptic esophagitis in children and adolescents.Methods:A total of 24 patients (2.1–16.4 years old, mean ± standard deviation [SD] 9.9 ± 3.1; male:female 3) with healed endoscopic erosive esophagitis and without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)–predisposing conditions were followed up for 4 to 32.9 months (mean 20.8 ± 10.6 years). Structured clinical evaluation was performed every other week during the initial treatment and maintenance, and every 3 months after that. Whenever a clinical relapse happened, a new endoscopic evaluation was performed. Severity and frequency were scored on 10‐point and 6‐point semiquantitative scales, respectively.Results:At baseline, epigastric pain was the most reported symptom (70.8%), with intensity scored as >5 in 88.3% of patients, and median frequency of 3 (weekly; daily in 5, 20.8%). Clinical relapse was detected in 20 of 24 (83.3%) patients after a median period of 14.65 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7–25.7 months). Endoscopic relapse was observed in 9 of 20 (45%) patients after a median of 25.7 months. The dose of lansoprazole needed to heal the esophagitis was not significantly associated with the risk for clinical relapse (hazard ratio [HR] 1.74, 0.94, 7.72, P = 0.06), whereas the body mass index (BMI) was directly associated with endoscopic relapse (HR 1.3, 1, 1.69, P = 0.05).Conclusions:Children with healed erosive esophagitis have up to 83% clinical relapse and of the 83%, 45% had endoscopic relapse. Correlation of endoscopic relapse with clinical symptom is poor. Higher grades of esophagitis and higher BMI are risk factors for endoscopic relapse.
Arsenic in Rice
Authors: Hojsak Iva , Braegger Christian , Bronsky Jiri , Campoy Cristina , Colomb Virginie , Decsi Tamas , Domellöf Magnus , Fewtrell Mary , Mis Nataša Fidler , Mihatsch Walter , Molgaard Christian , van Goudoever Johannes ,   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTInorganic arsenic intake is likely to affect long‐term health. High concentrations are found in some rice‐based foods and drinks widely used in infants and young children. In order to reduce exposure, we recommend avoidance of rice drinks for infants and young children. For all of the rice products, strict regulation should be enforced regarding arsenic content. Moreover, infants and young children should consume a balanced diet including a variety of grains as carbohydrate sources. Although rice protein–based infant formulas are an option for infants with cows' milk protein allergy, the inorganic arsenic content should be declared and the potential risks should be considered when using these products.