bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opposition to the Channel Tunnel, 1882–1975: Identity, Island Status and Security
Authors: Redford Duncan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article will discuss the defence arguments that were used to oppose the channel tunnel, the relationship between these arguments and Britain's island status, the perceptions of British insularity, together with how and possibly why these changed in the period 1882–1975. The opposition to the Channel Tunnel project, especially in the period 1880 to 1945, can provide historians with a valuable insight into the British relationship with the sea. In particular, the opposition to a channel tunnel provides a way of analysing concepts of island status within Britain and what being an island meant to the British sense of self and identity, as they were expressed in the media as well as in official papers. At the same time, the changing attitudes to a channel tunnel, notably in the inter‐war period and the post‐1945 era, also show how the British understanding of what being an island state gave them in terms of security and identity changed. Such a change was as a result of new or improving technologies, particularly the aircraft, and the resulting impact it had on conceptions of security that being an island provided.
‘Not getting his meals in the kitchen’:LordActon's Quest for Public Office, 1892–1894
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe historianLordActon is best known asLordRosebery's choice for the Regius Chair of Modern History atCambridgeUniversity in 1895. This outcome was not the inexorable culmination an historian's career. It was rather a form of compensation for the failure ofActon's earlier ambitions for political or public office. Drawing on hitherto largely untapped archival material this article re‐examines this crucial period in the final decade ofActon's life. To an extent, this is a study in failure.Acton's attempt to re‐enter public life remained abortive. But this study goes beyond adding to our understanding ofActon's biography. His quest for public office furnishes a useful prism to study also the prolonged post‐Gladstonian transition phase inLiberal politics in the middle part of the 1890s, its underlying ideological fissures and the problematic personal relations at the top of theLiberal Party.
Belonging to Bad: Ambiguity, Parramatta Girls and the Parramatta Girls Home
Authors: FRANKLIN CORRINNE 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom 1887 to 1974, ‘corrupt’ adolescent girls were incarcerated in Parramatta Girls Home, a New South Wales state government facility charged with their ‘care and protection’. This paper examines the experiences of former inmates of Parramatta Girls Home (PGH) and explores their ongoing connections to the Home. Using the narratives of former inmates and submissions to public inquiries, the relationship that these women have with the Home and each other is explored. There is a strong thread of connection to place amongst former inmates, with their identity as ‘Parra girls’ shaping aspects of their post‐incarceration lives. For those women who were incarcerated at PGH, the connection to people and place focuses on the Home and is a powerful influence on their subsequent experiences of security and belonging.
The association of perioperative dexamethasone, smoking and alcohol abuse with wound complications after laparotomy
Authors: DAHL RIKKE M. , WETTERSLEV JØRN , JORGENSEN LARS N. , RASMUSSEN LARS S. , MOLLER ANN M. , MEYHOFF CHRISTIAN S. ,   PROXI TRIAL GROUP
Published: January 2014

BackgroundA number of perioperative risk factors may suppress the immune system and contribute to the development of post‐operative complications. The association between surgical site infection (SSI) and other wound‐related complications resulting from immunosuppression through either perioperative administration of dexamethasone, pre‐operative smoking or alcohol abuse is, however, uncertain.MethodsThis study was a post hoc analysis of data from the PROXI randomized trial in 1386 patients who underwent emergency or elective laparotomy. We assessed the associations of use of dexamethasone, smoking status and alcohol abuse with the primary outcome, being a composite of SSI, anastomotic leak, wound dehiscence, burst abdomen and 30‐day mortality.ResultsThe primary outcome occurred in 21% of patients receiving dexamethasone versus 28% of patients not receiving dexamethasone, and this was not statistically significant when adjusting for stratification variables originally used in the PROXI trial [OR 0.90, 95% CI (0.65–1.24)]. In smokers, the primary outcome occurred in 32%, compared with 23% of non‐smokers (P = 0.0001). Smokers also had a higher frequency of SSI (25% vs 17%, P < 0.0001) and burst abdomen (3.8% vs 2.4%, P = 0.04). In alcohol abusers, the primary outcome occurred in 48%, compared with 25% in patients who did not abuse alcohol (P = 0.0006). Burst abdomen occurred more commonly in alcohol abusers (15% vs 2.3%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionPerioperative administration of dexamethasone was not significantly associated with SSI or other wound‐related complications. Conversely, smoking and alcohol abuse were both significant predictors of the primary outcome consisting of wound‐related complications and mortality.
Longitudinal variance of visceral fat thickness in pregnant adolescents
Authors: Dutra Luciana P. , Cisneiros Rosangela M. , Souza Alex S. , Diniz Carolina P. , Moura Laísla A. , Figueiroa Jose N. , Alves João G. B. 
Published: January 2014

This study aims to investigate the longitudinal change in visceral fat thickness (VFT) during normal pregnancy. A prospective cohort study with 75 primiparous adolescents was carried out in Petrolina, Brazil. VFT was evaluated by ultrasound between 12–20 weeks gestation and immediately after delivery. We noted a statistically significant increase in VFT; 1.3 cm ± 1.0. No correlation was found between VFT and maternal anthropometric variables. VFT increases about 30% from the first to the second half of pregnancy in primiparous adolescents.
High‐resolution microarray in the assessment of fetal anomalies detected by ultrasound
Authors: Charan Poonam , Woodrow Nicole , Walker Sue P. , Ganesamoorthy Devika , McGillivray George , Palma‐Dias Ricardo 
Published: January 2014

AimsThe main aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using high‐resolution microarray to assist with prenatal diagnosis of ultrasound‐detected fetal abnormality and to describe the frequency of abnormal results in different categories of fetal anomalies.MethodsProspective cross‐sectional study was conducted on women diagnosed with a fetal anomaly (ies) between February 2009 and December 2011 who were offered testing by microarray analysis (Affymetrix 2.7M SNP) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) instead of standard karyotyping. Fetal anomalies were categorised according to organ system involvement.ResultsOne hundred and eighteen women consented to testing with microarray. Eleven of one hundred eighteen (9.3%) cases had aneuploidy detected by FISH. Of the remaining 107, 23 (21.5%) had an abnormality detected on microarray, only three of which would have been detected using the combination of six‐probe FISH and banded karyotype. The maximum expected yield for six‐probe FISH and karyotype was thus 14/118 (11.8%), compared to 34/118 (28.8%), P < 0.0001. Of the 23 abnormalities detected with microarray, 10 (43%) were pathogenic, six (26%) were long continuous stretches of homozygosity and seven (30%) were of uncertain significance. The maximum yield was in cases with cardiovascular (100%); multiple (40%); central nervous system (CNS) (25%) and skeletal (9%) abnormalities.ConclusionThis study has confirmed the feasibility of translation of microarray into clinical practice. 11.8% (14/118) of the cases would have a genetic basis of an abnormality with a FISH and banded karyotype. This figure is approximately tripled to 28.8% (34/118) if we offer FISH and microarray. High yield for imbalances are multiple, cardiovascular, CNS and skeletal abnormalities.
The role of endometrial thickness for detecting endometrial pathologies in asymptomatic postmenopausal women
Authors: Saatli Bahadir , Yildirim Nuri , Olgan Safak , Koyuncuoglu Meral , Emekci Ozlen , Saygılı Ugur 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of endometrial sampling in asymptomatic, bleeding‐free postmenopausal women who have endometrial thickness greater or equal to 5 mm.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all women who underwent transvaginal ultrasonography between January 2000 and March 2009 in a menopause clinic, who were found to have an endometrial thickness of at least 5 mm and who were subjected to endometrial sampling.ResultsFive hundred and thirty asymptomatic postmenopausal women underwent ultrasonographic evaluation with subsequent endometrial sampling. The mean endometrial stripe thickness was 8.7 mm (range: 6–26). Five cases of adenocarcinoma (0.9%) and 65 (12.2%) cases of simple/complex atypical hyperplasia were diagnosed.ConclusionsIn this study, 106 investigations were performed to detect one case of adenocarcinoma. Although this is a high number per case detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma, considering the rising incidence of endometrial cancer, large prospective trials with surrogate criteria for asymptomatic women are needed to investigate the importance of thickened endometrial stripe in postmenopausal women.
Streptomyces cyaneus dermatitis in a dog
Authors: Nicholls PK , Allen G , Irwin PJ 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundA nearly 4‐year‐old neutered male Australian Terrier was referred for a nodular pyogranulomatous mass of the right axilla. It had been poorly responsive to antibiotic therapy.Case reportBased on filamentous Gram‐positive organisms identified in earlier biopsy material, infection by an Actinomyces sp. was suspected and the dog showed clinical improvement on a trial of potentiated sulfonamides. Recurrence 5 months later prompted euthanasia, with Streptomyces cyaneus being cultured and confirmed by genetic sequencing of part of the 16 s ribosomal RNA gene.ConclusionInvasive Streptomyces spp. infections are uncommon in humans and animals, and isolations are sometimes considered to be contaminants, but the demonstration of the organism within the lesion in this instance indicates that the isolation of a Streptomyces sp. from veterinary cases should not always be considered as contamination, because this genus is clearly pathogenic.
Use of REP‐PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease in the USA and Australia
Authors: Taylor JD , Doyle DJ , Blackall PJ , Confer AW 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveAssess the variability of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in the USA and Australia using repetitive sequence‐based PCR (REP‐PCR) and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene.MethodsWe examined 22 isolates from the USA and 36 isolates from Australia using (GTG)5 and BOX‐A1R REP‐PCR primers, as well as sequencing a 700‐base pair length of the 16S rRNA gene. The discriminatory ability of each typing method was assessed and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between the results of each approach.ResultsAll methods appeared to discriminate among isolates, with BOX‐A1R being the most sensitive and sequencing the least sensitive. Modest to moderate diversity was seen among the isolates, with as much variation within a continent as between the two.ConclusionsUsing samples from diverse origins may permit extrapolation even to isolates with distant geographic and temporal relationships. Further, this information can serve as a baseline in assessing whether M. haemolytica is an opportunistic pathogen or if there are notable features that distinguish commensal isolates from those more likely to be associated with disease.
An Update to Returning Genetic Research Results to Individuals: Perspectives of the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group
Authors: Prucka Sandra K. , Arnold Lester J. , Brandt John E. , Gilardi Sandra , Harty Lea C. , Hong Feng , Malia Joanne , Pulford David J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe ease with which genotyping technologies generate tremendous amounts of data on research participants has been well chronicled, a feat that continues to become both faster and cheaper to perform. In parallel to these advances come additional ethical considerations and debates, one of which centers on providing individual research results and incidental findings back to research participants taking part in genetic research efforts. In 2006 the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group (I‐PWG) offered some ‘Points‐to‐Consider’ on this topic within the context of the drug development process from those who are affiliated to pharmaceutical companies. Today many of these points remain applicable to the discussion but will be expanded upon in this updated viewpoint from the I‐PWG. The exploratory nature of pharmacogenomic work in the pharmaceutical industry is discussed to provide context for why these results typically are not best suited for return. Operational challenges unique to this industry which cause barriers to returning this information are also explained.
The Impact of Recession on Adult Training: Evidence from the United Kingdom in 2008–2009
Authors: Mason Geoff , Bishop Kate 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAnalysis of longitudinal data from Employers Skills Updating Surveys in the United Kingdom suggests that in many establishments training plans were blown off course by the 2008–2009 recession, with reduced coverage of adult training and especially of off‐the‐job training. The effects of such cutbacks on skill levels have been partially alleviated by more precise targeting of on‐the‐job training on meeting skills improvement needs. However, in a sizeable proportion of establishments, future productivity and competitiveness are likely to be impaired by failure to upgrade adult workers' skills to standards which employers themselves perceived as necessary prior to the recession.
Phase III, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, 50 mg once daily, in Japanese patients with overactive bladder
Authors: Yamaguchi Osamu , Marui Eiji , Kakizaki Hidehiro , Homma Yukio , Igawa Yasuhiko , Takeda Masayuki , Nishizawa Osamu , Gotoh Momokazu , Yoshida Masaki , Yokoyama Osamu , Seki Narihito , Ikeda Yasushi , Ohkawa Sumito 
Published: January 2014

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, in a Japanese population with overactive bladder (OAB).
Patients and Methods
This randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III study enrolled adult patients experiencing OAB symptoms for ≥24 weeks. Patients with ≥ 8 micturitions/24 h and ≥1 urgency episode/24 h or ≥1 urgency incontinence episode/24 h were randomised to once‐daily placebo, mirabegron 50 mg or tolterodine 4 mg (as an active comparator, without testing for non‐inferiority of efficacy and safety) for 12 weeks.
The primary endpoint was the change in the mean number of micturitions/24 h from baseline to final assessment. Secondary endpoints included micturition variables related to urgency and/or incontinence and quality‐of‐life domain scores on the King's Health Questionnaire.
Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), post‐void residual urine volume, laboratory variables, vital signs and 12‐lead electrocardiogram.
Results
A total of 1139 patients were randomised to receive placebo (n = 381), mirabegron 50 mg (n = 380) or tolterodine 4 mg (n = 378). Demographic and baseline characteristics were similar among the treatment groups.
At final assessment, mirabegron was significantly superior to placebo in terms of mean [sd] change from baseline in number of micturitions/24 h (–1.67 [2.212] vs ‐0.86 [2.354]; P < 0.001) and mean [sd] change from baseline in number of urgency episodes/24 h (–1.85 [2.555] vs –1.37 [3.191]; P = 0.025), incontinence episodes/24 h (–1.12 [1.475] vs –0.66 [1.861]; P = 0.003), urgency incontinence episodes/24 h (–1.01 [1.338] vs –0.60 [1.745]; P = 0.008), and volume voided/micturition (24.300 [35.4767] vs 9.715 [29.0864] mL; P < 0.001).
The incidence of AEs in the mirabegron group was similar to that in the placebo group. Most AEs were mild and none were severe.
Conclusions
Mirabegron 50 mg once daily is an effective treatment for OAB symptoms, with a low occurrence of side effects in a Japanese population.
One‐ vs 4‐week stent placement after laparoscopic and robot‐assisted pyeloplasty: results of a prospective randomised single‐centre study
Authors: Danuser H. , Germann C. , Pelzer N. , Rühle A. , Stucki P. , Mattei A. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether 1‐week stenting of the pelvi‐ureteric anastomosis of laparoscopic or robot‐assisted pyeloplasty is as effective as 4‐week stenting, based on their respective success rates.Patients and MethodsA total of 100 patients with pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction were treated by Anderson‐Hynes pyeloplasty and the anastomosis was stented using a 6‐F JJ catheter for either 1 week (1W series) or 4 weeks (4W series), based on a randomisation protocol. Postoperative follow‐up was performed at 3 months using intravenous urography (IVU), at 6 months using diuretic renography and at 1, 3 and 5 years using ultrasonography. Statistical analysis was performed using a one‐sided Z‐test, Pearsons's chi‐squared test and a Wilcoxon rank sum test.ResultsThe primary outcome measure, success rate, which was defined as no obstruction on IVU and diuretic renography, was 100% in the 1W series and not inferior to the success rate of 98% in the 4W series (P = 0.006). The following secondary outcome measures were not significantly different between the 1W and the 4W series with regard to residual symptoms (10 vs 6%; P = 0.48), rate of complications (4 vs 6%; P = 0.65), need for synchronous robot‐assisted pyelolithotomy (4 vs 8%; P = 0.47), improvement in split renal function (1 vs 0%; P = 0.59) and duration of surgery (200 vs 192 min; P = 0.87). Only length of hospital stay was significantly different; this was shorter in the 1W series (5 vs 6 days; P = 0.01).ConclusionsStenting of the pelvi‐ureteric anastomosis after laparoscopic or robot‐assisted pyeloplasty for 1 week is as effective as stenting for 4 weeks. Both procedures, laparoscopic or robot‐assisted pyeloplasty have an excellent success rate.
Representing How Rabbits Quack and Competitors Act: Limits on Preschoolers' Efficient Ability to Track Perspective
Authors: Low Jason , Drummond William , Walmsley Andrew , Wang Bo 
Published: January 2014

This study investigated whether humans have two mind‐reading systems whereby the efficient system, unlike the flexible system, is naturally limited. There were two experiments and the first included adults as well as children (3‐ to 4‐year‐olds; totalN = 128). In Experiment 1, all groups efficiently gazed in anticipation of an agent's beliefs about object location but not object identity (an ambiguous figure). In Experiment 2, children showed limits in anticipating a competitive agent's action in terms of his perspective on what is desirable. Flexibility in verbally predicting agents' actions across contexts developed with age. Convergence on signature limits across different ages and methods suggests that indirect anticipations involve minimal mind reading, whereas direct predictions tap a refined understanding of perspective.
Relationship between rates of attending religious services and oral health in Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Jordão Lidia M. R. , Saraiva Laís M. , Sheiham Aubrey , Freire Maria C. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether there is a relationship between rates of attending religious services and oral health and oral health‐related behaviors in Brazilian adolescents.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out using clinical examinations and self‐applied questionnaires. Sample was 664 15‐year‐old schoolchildren from public and private schools in the city of Goiânia‐GO, Middle‐West Brazil. Dependent variables were dental caries (DMFT and DMFS), periodontal condition (Plaque Index and bleeding on probing), perceived importance given to the care of the teeth and oral health‐related behaviors (sugar consumption, oral hygiene and pattern of dental attendance). Independent explanatory variable was frequency of attending religious services. Poisson log‐linear regressions were used for statistical analysis of the data.ResultsOral health status was not associated with attending religious services. Attending religious services was positively associated with oral health behaviors such as pattern of dental attendance for dental checkups and to the importance given to the care of the teeth. These associations remained statistically significant after controlling for sex and social class (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAdolescents' frequency of attending religious services is not associated with their oral health status but is positively related to pattern of dental attendance and perceived importance of care of their teeth.
Different characteristics of high and low transsphincteric fistulae
Authors: van Onkelen R. S. , Gosselink M. P. , van Rosmalen J. , Thijsse S. , Schouten W. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTranssphincteric fistulae are classified as high or low. The aim of this observational study was to determine whether or not they have different characteristics.MethodA consecutive series of 300 patients with a transsphincteric fistula of cryptoglandular origin was studied. Two hundred patients with a high transsphincteric fistula underwent transanal advancement flap repair and 100 patients with a low transsphincteric fistula underwent fistulotomy or ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract at the Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam. Various patient and fistula characteristics were assessed. Data were analysed by means of logistic regression.ResultsLow transsphincteric fistulae occurred more frequently in females (43% low transsphincteric fistulae vs 30% high transsphincteric fistulae; P < 0.05). The internal opening of these fistulae was predominantly located anteriorly (76% vs 18% in high transsphincteric fistulae; P < 0.001). Mean age at surgery was lower in patients with a low transsphincteric fistula (42 vs 47 years; P < 0.001). In these patients an associated abscess was observed in 4% compared with 54% of those patients with a high transsphincteric fistula (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the differences between high and low transsphincteric fistulae regarding location of their internal opening and the presence of associated abscesses remained significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionAlthough not significant in multivariate analysis, low transsphincteric fistulae occur more frequently in younger patients and more often in females. These fistulae are predominantly located anteriorly and are rarely associated with an abscess. This was significant in univariate and multivariate analysis.