bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground water in the A baione Cove landslide, Palos Verdes Peninsula, southern California
Authors: Proffer Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The Abalone Cove landslide, in southern California, is an 80 acre (32 ha) landslide within an ~870 acre (348 ha) ancient landslide complex. The landslide has developed in seaward-dipping marine strata of the middle Miocene Monterey Formation. The lower part of the landslide began moving by February 1974; the upper part did not appear to start moving until the spring of 1978. Since 1980, landslide movement has been con-trolled by the removal of ground water from the landslide mass.
During years of nearly normal rainfall, subsurface inflow was the major source of ground water, contributing 55%. Percolation of rainfall and of delivered water were second and third, contributing 22% and 19%, respectively. During years of nearly twice normal rainfall, percolation of rainfall was the major source of ground water, contributing 56%. Subsurface inflow, percolation of delivered water, and surface inflow contributed 27%, 9%, and 8%, respectively.
Prior to the installation of seven dewatering wells, the major loss of ground water was discharge to the surface by seeps at the toe of the landslide. The seeps accounted for 81% of the ground-water disposal. During the last two years of the study when the dewatering system was fully operational, surface seeps accounted for 34% of the ground-water disposal and pumping accounted for 54%. Other sources of ground-water disposal were evapotranspiration and subsurface outflow.
Development of the phenylketonuria screening programme in Estonia
Authors: Õunap K , Lilleväli H , Metspalu A , Lipping-Sitska M 
Published: May 2013

Objective To develop the phenylketonuria (PKU) screening programme in Estonia. Method All data about patients with PKU, born during 1980–92, were documented to establish its prevalence at birth in Estonia. Newborn screening for the diagnosis and treatment of PKU was started in Estonia in 1993 and the prevalence at birth established by screening. Phenylalanine was determined from filter paper blood by a modified fluorometric method based on enhancement of the fluorescence of a phenylalanine-ninhydrin reaction product by L-leucyl-L-alanine. Results During three years (1993–5) 36 074 newborns (85% of the total) were screened for PKU. PKU was diagnosed in six cases during the first four to six weeks of life. All investigated cases could be classified as classical PKU. No cases of mild forms of hyperphenylalaninaemia were diagnosed. The retrospective study showed an average incidence of PKU of 1 in 8090, the prospective study identified a comparable incidence of 1 in 6010 live births. Conclusion The prevalence at birth of classic PKU in Estonia is higher than the average in Europe and similar to that of some eastern and middle European countries.
A comparative study of routine versus selective fetal anomaly ultrasound scanning
Authors: Long G , Sprigg A 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To evaluate the cost-benefit of changing from selective (high risk) to routine ultrasound screening for fetal anomaly. Setting Women booked by general practitioners for primary antenatal care at their local hospital. Methods Prospective study of the 12 months before and after introduction of routine second trimester ultrasound for fetal anomaly at our institution. All congenital abnormalities, mode of detection, and outcome were recorded and a cost analysis of the programme attempted. Results In the 12 months of selective (high risk) ultrasound policy, detailed second trimester scans were performed in 1007 (26%) pregnancies. In the 12 months of routine ultrasound anomaly screening, scans were performed in 3529 (93%) pregnancies. Routine ultrasound was the sole method of detection for 11 major and 18 less severe congenital abnormalities found in low risk pregnancies which would not previously have qualified for high risk ultrasound. In seven of these cases the parents opted for termination of pregnancy, with estimated savings on treatment and long term care of £1 015 546. The financial cost of providing the ultrasound screening service at our hospital for 12 months was calculated at £57 573 and the resulting financial benefit for the year was estimated at £957 973. Conclusion Although it is recognised that many of the emotional and psychological costs and benefits of the service are difficult to evaluate, routine fetal anomaly ultrasound would seem to be economically justifiable. The financial savings achieved at our hospital would translate into a potential annual saving for the National Health Service of nearly £170 million if screening were offered in all hospitals in England and Wales.
Calculation of roc curves in multidimensional likelihood ratio based screening with Down's syndrome as a special case
Authors: Larsen S O , Christiansen M , Nørgaard-Pedersen B 
Published: May 2013

Objectives The development of algorithms and computer programs for the analysis of screening performance in situations with multiple normally (Gaussian) distributed selection markers and a priori risks depending on a stratification of the population. Methods The S-PLUS programming language was used to construct programs producing distributions of log likelihood ratios based on the Monte Carlo simulation. These distributions were used to construct programs for the calculation of roc curves, including a possible stratification of the population. Results S-PLUS programs for the analysis of screening performance are listed and described. The programs can be used without any special knowledge of S-PLUS. An example of the use of the programs is given.
Results from the Ontario breast screening program, 1990–1995
Authors: Libstug A R , Moravan V , Aitken S E 
Published: May 2013

Objective The Ontario breast screening program (OBSP) is a provincial breast screening programme offering two view mammography, clinical breast examination, instruction in breast self examination, and systematic two year recall to Ontario women 50 years and older. This paper presents the results of the programme's intermediate outcomes from 1990 to 1995 and compares them with recommended standards and other published programmes. Methods Programme data from a provincial screening programme in a large Canadian province were collated from 18 sites in operation between July 1990 and December 1995. Results In its first five years of operation, 215 738 screens were performed on 142 173 women. The referral rates for initial and rescreens are 13.8% and 8.6% respectively. A total of 1718 women were diagnosed with cancer, 1325 at initial screens and 393 at rescreens, resulting in cancer detection rates of 9.3 and 5.3/1000. The cancer detection rates for invasive cancers were 8.3/1000 at initial screens and 4.5/1000 at rescreens. The benign to malignant biopsy ratio was 1.5:1 at initial screens and 1.3:1 at rescreens. Of the 1358 cancers diagnosed at initial screens, 11.6% were in situ and 50.3% of invasive cancers of known size were <15 mm. For women with invasive cancer where nodal status was known, 71.3% were node negative. The proportions at rescreens were 15.7%, 60.0%, and 76.0% respectively. Conclusions While the OBSP has achieved the standards suggested by other studies and programmes during its first five years of operation, there is work to be done to increase participation and obtain more complete data on tumour size and nodal status.
Slippage in the NHS breast screening programme: an assessment of whether a three year screening round is being achieved
Authors: Faux A M , Lawrence G M , Wheaton M E , Wallis M G , Jeffery C L , Griffiths R K 
Published: May 2013

Background The NHS breast screening programme (NHSBSP) was established in 1987 to screen women aged 50–64 every three years to achieve a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality. Ensuring that women are re-invited every three years (that is, a three year screening round is in operation) is becoming increasingly difficult as pressure on the service rises. Coverage measures the proportion of eligible women receiving a screen in the previous three years and is currently used as an NHS performance indicator, while uptake measures the proportion of invited women who attend for screening. Data for 1996/1997 for the West Midlands NHSBSP show that, although uptake among 50–64 year olds was in excess of the 70% target at 78%, coverage was 10% below this at 68%. The discrepancy between coverage and uptake is likely to in part reflect “round slippage” in which women are re-invited at three years or more from their previous screen. To investigate the extent to which slippage is occurring in the region a technique for assessing round length independently of coverage was developed. Methods Records for women receiving routine recall (incident) screens between 1994 and 1997 in the West Midlands NHSBSP were examined and the time between the most recent screen and the previous screen measured in months. Findings Of 73 785 women screened in 1996/1997, 46.3% had a round length of under three years, although 74.9% had been re-screened within 38 months of the previous screen. Overall the regional programme was estimated to have a round slippage of approximately two months. Conclusions The West Midlands NHSBSP operates to high standards in terms of uptake and cancer detection, but round slippage must be reduced. The lack of quantitative data with which to assess round length has hindered assessment in the past. The simple technique developed in this study will allow assessment of round length to be used routinely as the key quality assurance measure for the programme.
A comparison of cancer detection rates achieved by breast cancer screening programmes by number of readers, for one and two view mammography: results from the UK National Health Service breast screening programme
Authors: Blanks R G , Wallis M G , Moss S M 
Published: May 2013

Objective To determine the increased cancer detection rate, if any, of programmes in the UK National Health Service breast screening programme (NHSBSP) using more than single reading of mammograms. Design Information on the detection of cancers by individual screening programmes from annual (KC62) returns, supplemented by questionnaire information about the number of readers. Setting The 87 NHSBSP programmes from England and Wales for the screening year 1 April 1996 to 31 March 1997. The study includes all programmes for prevalent screens where two views are mandatory, but excludes the four programmes using two view mammography for incident screening. Main outcome measuresCancer detection, invasive cancer detection, and small (<15 mm) invasive cancer detection by mammographic reading protocol using single reading as the reference level. Results Programmes collectively using single reading detected the lowest rate of cancers at both prevalent (first) and incident (subsequent) screening. The highest rate of age standardised cancer detection was achieved by programmes using double reading with arbitration. At prevalent screens, where all programmes used two views, those programmes using double reading with arbitration detected 32% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3% to 69%) more small (<15 mm) invasive cancers than programmes using single reading. At incident screens, where all programmes analysed used one view this increased to 73% (95% CI 40% to 113%). Recall rates showed no obvious difference between single reading and the double reading protocols, being around 7% for prevalent screens and 3.5% for incident screens. Discussion The results suggest that the increase in cancer detection resulting from increasing the number of readers depends on the number of views, and is higher for one view than two views. Single reading of one view results in a low detection rate of small invasive cancers for most individual programmes. It is, however, recognised that a small number of individual readers may achieve high detection rates with such a protocol. All groups of programmes using different reader/view protocols are on average close to or above target cancer detection rates, except those using single reading of one view (mediolateral oblique) at incident screens.
Newborn screening for haemoglobinopathies: the Brussels experience
Authors: Gulbis B. , Tshilolo L. , Cotton F. , Lin C. , Vertongen F. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To determine the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies and the need for neonatal screening for haemoglobinopathies in Brussels. Methods Between December 1994 and June 1998 23 136 cord blood samples obtained in eight hospital nurseries of Brussels were systematically screened for haemoglobinopathies by isoelectric focusing. Results 45% of the newborns were from regions at risk for haemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell disease was diagnosed for 11 neonates (0.048%) and β thalassaemia major for one neonate. Three hundred and fifty neonates (1.5%) were carriers for a haemoglobin variant, and Hb Bart's was found in 672 cases (2.9%). These prevalences are similar to those reported elsewhere in northern Europe. Conclusions These results confirm the value of universal screening for haemoglobinopathies in Brussels.
The Scottish breast screening programme's experience of monitoring interval cancers
Authors: Everington D. , Gilbert F.J. , Tyack C. , Warner J. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To present the Scottish interval cancer data from 1991 to 1995, compare the Scottish experience with results published by other programmes and trials, and document appropriate methodologies to achieve maximum ascertainment of interval cancers. Setting Scottish breast screening programme (part of the UK National Health Service breast screening programme). Methods Interval cancers were identified by linking breast screening data with registrations of invasive breast cancers from the National Scottish Cancer Register. The main outcome measures were the numbers, rates, and proportionate incidence of interval cancers, and rates of total and small (<10 mm) screen detected invasive cancers diagnosed in this cohort of women. Subjects Women who attended the Scottish breast screening programme (Scottish NHSBSP) from 1 April 1991 to 31 March 1995. Results Interval cancer rates of 4.8, 12.1, and 12.1 per 10 000 women screened were calculated for the first, second, and third year after the last negative screen. Expressed as a proportion of the underlying incidence, the figures are 23%, 60%, and 59%. Conclusions The Scottish data are comparable with those reported by other UK NHS breast screening programmes for the first and second years after the last negative screen. The interval cancer rate for the third year is appreciably lower. A longer follow up period would be of interest to provide greater evidence on which to base comparisons. Ascertainment of interval cancers depends vitally on the availability of complete, accurate, and timely national cancer registration data and highlights the value of national datasets.
Breast cancers missed in the prevalent screening round: effect upon the size distribution of incident round detected cancers
Authors: Maxwell A.J. 
Published: May 2013

Objective To determine the effect of false negative screens (missed cancers) in the prevalent screening round on the relative size distribution of cancers detected at the first incident screen. Setting The Bolton, Bury, and Rochdale breast screening programme. Methods One hundred and three breast cancers detected in the first incident round of screening were analysed. The previous (prevalent round) screening films taken between two and four years earlier were subjected to blinded review and classified as either true negatives (no significant abnormality visible) or false negatives (a suspicious abnormality visible at the site of the subsequently detected cancer). The pathological size, type, and grade (where appropriate) of the cancers were recorded Results Fifty one of the 103 cancers (49%) detected in the first incident round screen measured <15 mm in diameter. A total of 32 cases were classified as false negatives. Of these, 12 (38%) measured <15 mm in diameter. If all the false negative cancers had been detected at the prevalent screen, 39 (55%) of the remaining 71 cancers detected in the first incident round screen would have measured <15 mm. A relative excess of lobular carcinomas was found among the false negatives. Conclusions The findings suggest that although false negative screens in the prevalent round increase the number of cancers available for detection at the first incident round screen, many of these cancers are still <15 mm in diameter at detection. Cancer detection performance in the prevalent screening round has only a minor influence on the relative proportion of small and large cancers detected at the first incident round screen.
Two models for radiological reviewing of interval cancers
Authors: Moberg K. , Grundström H. , Törnberg S. , Lundquist H. , Svane G. , Havervall L. , Muren C. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To compare two different review methods of examining how many of our interval cancers could be regarded as missed cases (overlooked and misinterpreted owing to observer's error). Setting A mass screening programme in Stockholm 1989–91, performed at five independent screening units. 107 846 women attended for screening (70.6% of those invited), and 207 women with interval breast cancers were identified. Interval cancers from two of the units, 104 cases, are reviewed in this study. Methods Screening examinations preceding the interval cancer diagnoses were reviewed both mixed with other screening images in a ratio 1:8 and non-mixed. Both internal reviewers (from the two units responsible for the screening mammograms) and external reviewers (from the other units) took part in the study. Results The proportion regarded as missed cases varied between 7% and 34%, depending on what review method was used, and on the number of reviewers included to identify a case as missed. Mixed reviewing reduced the number identified as missed cases by 50% compared with non-mixed reviewing. Whether the reviewer was internal or external made no difference to the results. Conclusions Comparing the rate of missed cases from different studies may be misleading unless the same review method is used. No difference in detection rate could be shown whether the radiologist reviewed images from his/her own screening unit or not. Most of our interval cancers were not regarded as missed cases by either of the two methods.
Incidence among men of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms: estimates from 500 screen detected cases
Authors: Vardulaki K.A. , Prevost T.C. , Walker N.M. , Day N.E. , Wilmink A.B.M. , Quick C.R.G. , Ashton H.A. , Scott R.A.P. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To determine the incidence of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms and the implications for an ultrasound screening programme in England and Wales. Methods First screen data were obtained from the Chichester and Huntingdon screening studies and used to estimate the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The incidence of new, asymptomatic aneurysms was estimated from the prevalence rates observed in the Huntingdon screening study. Setting Screening programmes in Huntingdon and Chichester using ultrasound to screen all men over the age of 50 and men over age 65 respectively. Results The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms ranged between 5.32% and 8.02% and between 6.18% and 9.88% of men aged between 65 and 79 in Chichester and Huntingdon respectively. Annual incidence rates, estimated by age, rose steadily reaching a peak of 0.67% of the Huntingdon population per year at age 65. Thereafter incidence falls. Estimates of the incidence of new asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms, based on the observed prevalence data, were calculated and showed a peak at age 65. Conclusions Hypotheses are offered to explain this unexpected early peak in incidence. This information should allow the definition of the optimum age for screening, and the relative benefits of screening at different intervals if widespread screening is adopted in the future.
Risk of cervical cancer after a negative Pap smear
Authors: Viikki M. , Pukkala E. , Hakama M. 
Published: May 2013

Objective To evaluate whether five years is an appropriate screening interval for cervical cancer for the improvement of public health. Setting Finland. Methods 45 572 women with a cytological class I smear attending the mass screening programme organised every five years in Finland during 1971 to 1976 and followed up until the end of 1994. The data from the Nationwide Mass Screening Registry were linked to the Finnish Cancer Registry. Standardised incidence ratios of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated, with rates for the total Finnish population as reference. Results The standardised incidence ratio estimates were low initially after screening and then gradually increased up to the time of the next smear five years later. This pattern was repeated after each screening. The risk was persistently low for invasive cervical cancer even after 10 years of follow up, whereas the low risk for preinvasive lesions was of a shorter duration. The low risk associated with a negative smear became even lower with advancing age. Conclusions Women who attend organised screening programmes and have a negative smear have a low risk of cervical cancer for over 10 years. Also, the relative risk of a preinvasive lesion after an initial negative smear is decreased for more than five years. Therefore, the five year screening interval in Finland is appropriate and effective in reducing the risk of invasive cervical cancer.
Combined α fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer
Authors: Zhang B. , Yang B. 
Published: May 2013

Objective To assess the validity and cost of a screening test for primary liver cancer using combined serum α fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography. Setting An urban community in Shanghai, China. Methods 9373 subjects aged 35 to 59 with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or chronic hepatitis were studied. Outcome measures were detection rate, false positive rate, and positive predictive value, the cost for each primary liver cancer detected, and the average cost of detecting each additional primary liver cancer by the combined method. The number of small primary liver cancers detected was used for the economic evaluation. Results 20 294 screening examinations were carried out. Primary liver cancer was detected in 51 subjects, 36 of whom had small primary liver cancer. When α fetoprotein and ultrasonography were used in parallel the detection rate, false positive rate, and positive predictive value were 92%, 7.5%, and 3.0%, respectively; the cost for each primary liver cancer detected was 30 206 RMB (Chinese currency, $3639). When ultrasonography was used alone the detection rate, false positive rate, and positive predictive value were 84%, 2.9%, and 6.6%, respectively; the cost for each primary liver cancer detected was 16 451 RMB ($1982). When the α fetoprotein test was used alone the detection rate, false positive rate, and positive predictive value were 69%, 5.0%, and 3.3%, respectively; the cost for each primary liver cancer detected was 25 139 RMB ($3029). Conclusion The combination of both screening methods results in a relatively small increase in detection but a considerably higher false positive rate, increasing the costs. The combined test may be the best choice for primary liver cancer screening in developed areas of China, but otherwise, ultrasonography alone is the method of choice.