bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological distress and professional help‐seeking: a prospective national study
Authors: Vilhjalmsson Runar , Gudmundsdottir Gudrun 
Published: May 2013

The study focuses on use of different healthcare providers in connection with elevated levels of psychological distress. The study used a prospective design based on two waves of a national health survey. Participants were Icelandic citizens, age 18–75, randomly drawn from the National Register (N = 1592). Distressed individuals chose a wide range of providers. The choice of provider was based in part on the type of distress experienced, although most individuals turned to the general medical sector. Psychophysiological symptoms were primarily related to visiting physicians (other than psychiatrists). Depression was related to visiting psychiatrists, and anxiety was related to visiting psychiatrists, psychologists and nurses. Anger/aggression was primarily related to visiting clergy. Between 10% and 16% of distressed individuals did not receive any help from the formal healthcare system within 1 year. Studies addressing professional help‐seeking for psychological distress should closely consider the various factors facilitating and hampering use of health services for different forms of distress.
Pessimists, Optimists, and Skeptics: The Consequences of Transnational Ties for Latino Immigrant Naturalization
Authors: Gershon Sarah Allen , Pantoja Adrian D. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveCentral to current debates over immigration is the impact of transnational ties on immigrant political incorporation in the United States. Some researchers believe these ties hinder incorporation, while others have found a positive relationship between these variables, and yet other scholars have found that transnational connections exert no significant impact on immigrant behavior in the United States. We test these competing hypotheses in an attempt to resolve this scholarly debate.MethodsWe rely on data from the 2006 Latino National Survey and use logistic regression to test the impact of transnational ties on immigrant political incorporation (via naturalization).ResultsTransnational ties positively impact immigrants’ orientations toward citizenship and eventual naturalization.ConclusionsImmigrant political incorporation is not a unidirectional process where immigrant engagement in the United States increases with disengagement in the ancestral homeland. Rather, Latino immigrants with ties to their ancestral homelands are more likely to desire and seek out U.S. citizenship.
The Varied Influence of SES on Environmental Concern
Authors: Pampel Fred C. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveCross‐national studies have found positive relationships of socioeconomic status (SES) with environmental concern at the individual level but have not systematically examined how the relationships may differ across nations. Such comparisons have relevance to identifying the generality of theories of postmaterialism, affluence, and global environmentalism.MethodsThis study specifies how the individual‐level influence of SES varies across national contexts and tests predictions using four waves of the World Values Survey on up to 96 nations.ResultsThe results show that SES is associated only weakly with environmental concern in lower income nations with poor environmental conditions but is associated strongly and positively in higher income nations with better environmental conditions.ConclusionSES has a contingent relationship with environmental concern such that the global environmentalism theory receives support for lower income nations, while the postmaterialism and affluence theories receive support for higher income nations.
UML‐Based Approach to Developing a CityGML Application Domain Extension
Authors: van den Brink Linda , Stoter Jantien , Zlatanova Sisi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecently a national 3D standard was established in the Netherlands as a CityGML Application Domain Extension (called IMGeo). In line with the Dutch practice of modeling geo‐information, the ADE is developed using a model driven approach. The classes are designed in UML and automatically mapped to GML schema. The current OGC CityGML specification does not provide rules or guidance on correctly modeling an ADE in UML. This article fills this gap by studying how CityGML can be extended for specific applications starting from the UML diagrams. Six alternatives for modeling ADEs in UML are introduced and compared. The optimal alternative is selected and applied to obtain the national 3D standard. The approach was extensively discussed with international experts, who were members of both SIG3D and other working groups. As a consequence the approach was adopted by the SIG3D, the Special Interest Group 3D which, among other things, work on the 3D standard CityGML in cooperation with OGC. Therefore the approach contains many issues that can be generalized and reused by future domain extensions of CityGML. To further support this, the article formulates a model‐driven framework to model CityGML ADEs. Open issues are described in the conclusions.
How Reliable are Citizen‐Derived Scientific Data? Assessing the Quality of Contrail Observations Made by the General Public
Authors: Fowler Amy , Whyatt J. Duncan , Davies Gemma , Ellis Rebecca 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCitizen science projects encourage the general public to participate in scientific research. Participants can contribute large volumes of data over broad spatial and temporal frames; however, the challenge is to generate data of sufficient quality to be useable in scientific research. Most observations made by citizen‐scientists can be independently verified by “experts”. However, verification is more problematic when the phenomena being recorded are short‐lived. This article uses a GIS methodology to verify the quality of contrail observations made by the general public as part of the OPAL Climate Survey. We verify observations using datasets derived from a variety of different sources (experts, models and amateur enthusiasts) with different spatial and temporal properties which reflect the complex 3D nature of the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ∼70% of citizen observations are plausible, based on favorable atmospheric conditions and the presence or absence of aircraft; a finding which is in keeping with other, more conventional citizen science projects. However, questions remain as to why the quality of the citizen‐based observations was so high. Given the lack of supporting data on observers, it is impossible to determine whether the dataset was generated by the activities of many participants or a small but dedicated number of individual observers.
Political discourse in China's English language press
Authors: ALVARO JOSEPH JAMES 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses some of the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses language in its English media. After a historical overview of political ‘fixed formulations’ (tifa) in China through the ages, we look at specific terms in their contemporary forms as they appear in China's major English language newspaper, the China Daily. Data taken from a specialized corpus focusing on the term ‘harmonious society’ is investigated for information on how the term is used and with which language patterns it most frequently appears. In terms of world Englishes, usage may be classified as an Outer Circle Chinese English lexis as the formulations are translated from Chinese, making them a distinctly ‘Chinese’ type of politicized English. Linguistically, ‘harmonious’ often collocates with effusive modifiers and dynamic‐sounding verbs, which portray growth and stability. The English of China's political media does not have much currency outside of the CCP ‘news’ context and due to its distinctive ideological characteristics, it has been labelled Zhonglish, Xinhua English or New China Newspeak. Preliminary research shows evidence of formulations being increasingly picked up by the media in geographically surrounding areas and even overseas.
‘Locally acquired foreign accent’ (LAFA) in contemporary Ghana
Authors: SHOBA JO ARTHUR , DAKO KARI , ORFSON‐OFFEI ELIZABETH 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe term ‘LAFA’ stands for ‘locally acquired foreign accent’ and refers to a style of speech popularly known in Ghana as ‘slurring’. It emerged in the 1990s, as a mainly phonological approximation to American speech, among young Ghanaians who may have never been to the US. The ‘target’ variety for English in the Ghanaian education system remains, as a colonial legacy, officially although not always in practice, British English. This paper reports a small‐scale study of often ambivalent attitudes towards LAFA, among tertiary level students, and as observed on public websites. The analysis situates LAFA within a theoretical framework of identity construction through linguistic choices. By using LAFA, speakers bid for membership of an imagined global community. However, they also flout essentialised expectations of their speech, apparently rejecting aspects of their linguistic repertoire acquired in earlier life. The benefits LAFA users aspire to are thus accompanied by some risk of social rejection and accusations of fakery.
Televised political discourse in New Zealand
Authors: STADLER STEFANIE 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe world Englishes approach to discourse analysis has extended our understanding of the ways in which socio‐pragmatic norms may be expressed in various varieties of English. In this vein, this paper addresses relational practices in New Zealand English and their impact on language use. While relational strategies have been linked to politeness devices and mitigation strategies, this paper identifies a range of relational practices that appear to be distinctive in the New Zealand context. The frequency of relational strategies and the amount of communicative effort interactants invest is evidence for an underlying wish for harmony and conflict avoidance that often typifies spoken New Zealand English interactions. An understanding of the social motivations underpinning such interactions may thus broaden our understanding of New Zealand English patterns of discourse, with particular reference to spoken interactions in the public arena.
On the symbol length of -algebras
Authors: Florence Mathieu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe main result of this paper states that if $k$ is a field of characteristic $p\gt 0$ and $A/ k$ is a central simple algebra of index $d= {p}^{n} $ and exponent ${p}^{e} $, then $A$ is split by a purely inseparable extension of $k$ of the form $k( \sqrt[{p}^{e} ]{{a}_{i} }, i= 1, \ldots , d- 1)$. Combining this result with a theorem of Albert (for which we include a new proof), we get that any such algebra is Brauer equivalent to the tensor product of at most $d- 1$ cyclic algebras of degree ${p}^{e} $. This gives a drastic improvement upon previously known upper bounds.
Dosimetric properties of an amorphous silicon EPID for verification of modulated electron radiotherapy
Authors: Chatelain Cécile , Vetterli Daniel , Henzen Dominik , Favre Pascal , Morf Daniel , Scheib Stefan , Fix Michael K. , Manser Peter 
Published: May 2013

Purpose:To investigate the dosimetric properties of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for electron beam detection and to evaluate its potential for quality assurance (QA) of modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT).Methods:A commercially available EPID was used to detect electron beams shaped by a photon multileaf collimator (MLC) at a source‐surface distance of 70 cm. The fundamental dosimetric properties such as reproducibility, dose linearity, field size response, energy response, and saturation were investigated for electron beams. A new method to acquire the flood‐field for the EPID calibration was tested. For validation purpose, profiles of open fields and various MLC fields (square and irregular) were measured with a diode in water and compared to the EPID measurements. Finally, in order to use the EPID for QA of MERT delivery, a method was developed to reconstruct EPID two‐dimensional (2D) dose distributions in a water‐equivalent depth of 1.5 cm. Comparisons were performed with film measurement for static and dynamic monoenergy fields as well as for multienergy fields composed by several segments of different electron energies.Results:The advantageous EPID dosimetric properties already known for photons as reproducibility, linearity with dose, and dose rate were found to be identical for electron detection. The flood‐field calibration method was proven to be effective and the EPID was capable to accurately reproduce the dose measured in water at 1.0 cm depth for 6 MeV, 1.3 cm for 9 MeV, and 1.5 cm for 12, 15, and 18 MeV. The deviations between the output factors measured with EPID and in water at these depths were within ±1.2% for all the energies with a mean deviation of 0.1%. The average gamma pass rate (criteria: 1.5%, 1.5 mm) for profile comparison between EPID and measurements in water was better than 99% for all the energies considered in this study. When comparing the reconstructed EPID 2D dose distributions at 1.5 cm depth to film measurements, the gamma pass rate (criteria: 2%, 2 mm) was better than 97% for all the tested cases.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the high potential of the EPID for electron dosimetry, and in particular, confirms the possibility to use it as an efficient verification tool for MERT delivery.
Role of Factor H Binding Protein in Neisseria meningitidis Virulence and Its Potential as a Vaccine Candidate To Broadly Protect against Meningococcal Disease
Authors: McNeil Lisa K. , Zagursky Robert J. , Lin Shuo L. , Murphy Ellen , Zlotnick Gary W. , Hoiseth Susan K. , Jansen Kathrin U. , Anderson Annaliesa S. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYNeisseria meningitidisis a Gram-negative microorganism that exists exclusively in humans and can cause devastating invasive disease. Although capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135 are widely available, the pathway to a broadly protective vaccine against serogroup B has been more complex. The last 11 years has seen the discovery and development of theN. meningitidisserogroup B (MnB) outer membrane protein factor H binding protein (fHBP) as a vaccine component. Since the initial discovery of fHBP, a tremendous amount of work has accumulated on the diversity, structure, and regulation of this important protein. fHBP has proved to be a virulence factor forN. meningitidisand a target for functional bactericidal antibodies. fHBP is critical for survival of meningococci in the human host, as it is responsible for the primary interaction with human factor H (fH). Binding of hfH by the meningococcus serves to downregulate the host alternative complement pathway and helps the organism evade host innate immunity. Preclinical studies have shown that an fHBP-based vaccine can elicit serum bactericidal antibodies capable of killing MnB, and the vaccine has shown very encouraging results in human clinical trials. This report reviews our current knowledge of fHBP. In particular, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of fHBP, its importance toN. meningitidis, and its potential role as a vaccine for preventing MnB disease.
Prospective associations between early long-term household tobacco smoke exposure and antisocial behaviour in later childhood
Authors: Pagani Linda S , Fitzpatrick Caroline 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundUsing a prospective birth cohort design, we estimate the relative contribution of long-term postnatal nicotine exposure from 17 to 86 months on children's subsequent antisocial behaviour by the end of fourth grade.MethodParents reported the amount of household smoke exposure (at 17, 41, 65 and 86 months) for all 2055 children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Main outcome measures include teacher- and child-reported antisocial and physically aggressive behaviour (at 121 months).ResultsIn terms of prevalence, 58% of parents reported that their children were never exposed to secondhand smoke in the home, while 34% and 8% of parents reported transient and continuous levels of secondhand smoke, respectively. When compared with never exposed children, children exposed to continuous secondhand smoke scored higher on self-reported aggressive behaviour and teacher-rated antisocial behaviour in fourth grade, B=0.336 (95% CI 0.155 to 0.517) and B=0.319 (95% CI 0.107 to 0.531), respectively. Similarly, children exposed to transient levels of secondhand smoke scored higher on aggressive and antisocial behaviour, B=0.714 (95% CI 0.456 to 0.972) and B=0.566 (95% CI 0.260 to 0.872), respectively.ConclusionsThe observed prevalence is concordant with worldwide estimates of children's exposure to secondhand smoke. In comparison with their never exposed peers, children continuously and intermittently exposed to secondhand smoke in childhood showed an increased propensity toward physical aggression and antisocial behaviour by the end of fourth grade. We found no evidence of dose-dependence.
Physiological observations and Early Warning Scoring tools within the deployed field hospital
Authors: Carter Chris 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesTo determine whether full sets of physiological observations and the Defence Medical Services (DMS) Early Warning Scoring (EWS) tool were applied to patients admitted to the ward at the UK Role 3 Field Hospital in Afghanistan.MethodsAt the start of a 3-month deployment to the Role 3 facility, 40 ward observation charts were reviewed in the first phase of the audit to determine the compliance and accuracy of completion of the DMS EWS. Following implementation of a change management programme the audit was repeated 3 months later in the same ward and staffing environment.ResultsThe initial audit identified DMS EWS compliance to be 52.5% with an accuracy of 33%. A change management programme was instigated using feedback and teaching sessions for the ward staff and compliance and accuracy increased to 80% and 59% respectively when reaudited. Both audits identified that the majority of core observations (respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, pulse, blood pressure and temperature) were well recorded, whereas neurological status and urine output were poorly recorded.ConclusionsThis pilot audit has provided an insight into the recording of physiological observations and use of the DMS EWS within a deployed field hospital. It demonstrated core observations were well recorded in data collection periods and while compliance with using the DMS EWS increased, accuracy remained less than 50%. The DMS EWS is one tool used by healthcare professionals to recognise and respond to the deteriorating patient and incorrect use of this tool or failure to use it at all is a significant patient safety issue.
Genetic diversity ofTrichomonas vaginalisreinfection in HIV-positive women
Authors: Conrad Melissa D , Kissinger Patricia , Schmidt Norine , Martin David H , Carlton Jane M 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesRecently developed genotyping tools allow better understanding ofTrichomonas vaginalispopulation genetics and epidemiology. These tools have yet to be applied toT vaginaliscollected from HIV+populations, where understanding the interaction between the pathogens is of great importance due to the correlation betweenT vaginalisinfection and HIV transmission. The objectives of the study were twofold: first, to compare the genetic diversity and population structure ofT vaginaliscollected from HIV+women with parasites from reference populations; second, to use the genetic markers to perform a case study demonstrating the usefulness of these techniques in investigating the mechanisms of repeat infections.MethodsRepositoryT vaginalissamples from a previously described treatment trial were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic diversity and population structure were determined using standard techniques and compared with previously reported estimates of global populations. Genotyping data were used in conjunction with behavioural data to evaluate mechanisms of repeat infections.ResultsT vaginalisfrom HIV+women maintain many of the population genetic characteristics of parasites from global reference populations. Although there is evidence of reduced diversity and bias towards type 1 parasites in the HIV+population, the populations share a two-type population structure and parasite haplotypes. Genotyping/behavioural data suggest that 36% (12/33) of repeat infections in HIV+women can be attributed to treatment failure.ConclusionsT vaginalisinfecting HIV+women is not genetically distinct fromT vaginalisinfecting reference populations. Information from genotyping can be valuable for understanding mechanisms of repeat infections.
Pathogen profile of clinical mastitis in Irish milk‐recording herds reveals a complex aetiology
Authors: Keane O. M. , Budd K. E. , Flynn J. , McCoy F. 
Published: May 2013

Effective mastitis control requires knowledge of the predominant pathogen challenges on the farm. In order to quantify this challenge, the aetiological agents associated with clinical mastitis in 30 milk‐recording dairy herds in Ireland over a complete lactation were investigated. Standard bacteriology was performed on 630 pretreatment quarter milk samples, of which 56 per cent were culture‐positive, 42 per cent culture‐negative and 2 per cent contaminated. Two micro‐organisms were isolated from almost 5 per cent of the culture‐positive samples. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (23 per cent), Streptococcus uberis (17 per cent), Escherichia coli (9 per cent), Streptococcus species (6 per cent), coagulase‐negative Staphylococci (4 per cent) and other species (1 per cent). A wide variety of bacterial species were associated with clinical mastitis, with S aureus the most prevalent pathogen overall, followed by S uberis. However, the bacterial challenges varied widely from farm to farm. In comparison with previous reports, in the present study, the contagious pathogens S aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were less commonly associated with clinical mastitis, whereas, the environmental pathogens S uberis and E coli were found more commonly associated with clinical mastitis. While S aureus remains the pathogen most commonly associated with intramammary infection in these herds, environmental pathogens, such as S uberis and E coli also present a considerable challenge.
男士服務發展: 方向與策略的再思
Authors: 譚 建元 , 陳 錦華 , 梁 麗清 
Published: May 2013

近年越來越多人關注男士面對的困境與壓力，與此同時，社會服務機構亦逐漸發展男士服務。然而，香港社會服務界對於如何理解男士面對的困境及男士服務的取向等問題，一直都未有深入的討論。基於此，我們於2011年底舉辦了一場研討會，約有40多位從事男士服務的社工及從事有關研究的學術界人士參與，進行了深入的研討與交流。當中帶出有很多值得深思的討論。本文嘗試將這些討論整理，作爲香港推展男士服務的參考。 本文整理出11個重要的課題，這些課題大致上可歸納爲服務發展方向與服務技巧兩大範疇。研討會中提出其中一個重要討論，面對男士的問題不能只局限從個人的溝通技巧著手，而必須要理解爲傳統性別角色定型或是性別交往結構 (structure of gender practice) 所帶來的惡果。要解決這些問題，社會服務必須要從 ⌈性別爲本實務取向⌉ (gender-based approach/practice) 入手。目的不是要發展另一套理想 ⌈好男人⌉ 模範，而是鼓勵男士多元發展，在平等的性別關係基礎上，尋求工作、家庭、個人生活等各方面的平衡發展。社會服務機構在發展男士服務方面應更著重男士之間的差異與多元性，更應關注邊緣男性社群的需要。社工訓練機構及學院應加强性別覺知的培育，推展性別教育主流化。