bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Historicality of the King: An Exercise in Reading Royal Inscriptions from the Ancient Levant
Authors: Suriano Matthew James 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe problem with using royal inscriptions as historical sources is their inherent bias. The interests of the king drive the narratives of royal inscriptions. Yet this essential feature reveals their underlying concept of history. In royal inscriptions, historical thought is defined by the life and experience of the king. This article will present a hermeneutic for reading royal inscriptions that focuses on the individual king. The article will first look at the concept of historical time in epigraphic Hebrew and Old Aramaic sources before examining the complicated ways in which this concept is rendered in the principal genres of royal writings, the memorial and the dedicatory inscription. A survey of features found in memorial inscriptions from Dibon (the Mesha Stele) and Sam’al (Kulamuwa), followed by a study of the Old Byblian dedicatory inscriptions, will explore the complex process of configuring time and narrative around the king. In each genre of royal inscription, the linear time of the ruler intersects with cyclical traditions of kingship, revealing the historicality of respective king.
Retrospective cost analyses of EPA regulations: a case study approach
Authors: Kopits Elizabeth , McGartland Al , Morgan Cynthia , Pasurka Carl , Shadbegian Ron , Simon Nathalie B. , Simpson David , Wolverton Ann 
Published: November 2014

Abstract:EPA has conducted severalex postassessments of regulatory compliance costs, with the ultimate goal of identifying ways to improveex antecost estimation. The work to date has culminated in four case studies that examine five regulations using a common conceptual framework. The standardized framework provides a systematic way to investigate key drivers of compliance costs to see if judgments can be made about why and howex anteandex postestimates of costs differ. In addition to describing this conceptual framework, we describe the criteria used to select the rules to be analyzed, summarize the main hypotheses for whyex anteandex postcost estimates may differ and discuss some of the challenges encountered in conducting theseex postanalyses.
Retrospective evaluation of costs associated with methyl bromide critical use exemptions for open field strawberries in California
Authors: Wolverton Ann 
Published: November 2014

Abstract:Methyl bromide (MBr) has been widely used as a fumigant to control pests in the agricultural sector, but it is also an ozone depleting substance. After 2005, methyl bromide could only be produced when a critical use exemption was agreed to by the signatories to the Montreal Protocol. This paper examines how the EPA’sex antecost analyses for open field fresh strawberries in California for the 2006–2010 seasons compare to anex postassessment of costs. A key input into theex antecost analysis is the assumed yield loss associated with methyl bromide alternatives. The EPA used conservative assumptions given the wide range of estimates in the literature at the time, but it appears that a number of viable MBr alternatives – either new fumigants or new ways of applying existing fumigants – may have become available more quickly and resulted in lower yield loss than initially anticipated. Likewise, it appears that farmers who substituted away from methyl bromide did so without imposing large negative impacts on production in prime California strawberry growing areas.Ex postevaluation also confirms the effect of California regulatory restrictions in limiting the use of various economically competitive alternatives. It is worth noting that unanticipated complications after switching away from methyl bromide, such as new diseases, slowed the transition to MBr alternatives.
A retrospective assessment of the costs of EPA’s 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards
Authors: Kopits Elizabeth 
Published: November 2014

Abstract:While the need to update EPA benefit-cost analysis to reflect the most recent science is broadly acknowledged, little work has been done examining how well ex ante BCAs estimate the actual benefits and costs of regulations. This paper adds to the existing literature on ex post cost analyses by examining EPA’s analysis of the 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards. Due to data limitations and minimal ability to construct a reasonable counterfactual for each component of the cost analysis, the assessment relies mainly on industry expert opinion, augmented with ex post information from publicly available data sources when possible. The paper finds that the total cost of bringing line-haul locomotives into compliance with the 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards rule remains uncertain. Even though the initial per-unit locomotive compliance costs were higher than predicted by EPA, total costs also depend on the number of locomotives affected by the regulation. Over 2000–2009, the number of newly built line-haul locomotives was higher but the number of remanufactured line-haul locomotives was lower than EPA’s estimate.
At the Boundaries of Language: Galdós, Wittgenstein, and the Problem of Pacifism
Authors: Santiáñez Nil 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSometimes, pacifism finds itself in a paradoxical situation. Renouncing war as an acceptable means to settle a dispute, the pacifist runs the risk of neglecting the defense of those whose very existence is threatened by violent forces. When this is the case, pacifism may be considered as a peculiar form of involuntary wrongdoing. This paper explores the dilemmas and the internal inconsistencies of pacifism by means of two different strategies: (1) the analysis of the ethics of war and peace in Benito Pérez Galdós’ Aita Tettauen, and (2) the comparison of said ethics with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s notion of ethics as expounded in his Notebooks 1914-1916, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, and “A Lecture on Ethics.” This article argues that Galdós deconstructs the dichotomy war/peace by placing pacifism - embodied by the main character, the writer Santiuste - within the structure of war. He does so, however, in an ambiguous way. Instead of openly denouncing or supporting Santiuste’s pacifism, Galdós presents his main character with irony, a literary technique that makes it difficult to determine whether the novel endorses or criticizes Santiuste’s brand of pacifism. Uttered always in absolute terms, ethical propositions go against the boundaries of our language by trying to say what cannot be expressed. Aita Tettauen demonstrates the ambiguity inherent to ethical stances such as pacifism. Galdós, like Wittgenstein years later, placed ethical issues at the boundaries of language.
Pour une nouvelle typologie des dictionnaires historiques. Emprunts – mots savants – formations scientifiques – mots néolatins
Authors: Schmitt Christian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe historical dictionaries of the Romance language, as well as the individual Romance languages, are all based - in line with the tradition of the history of science - on the dichotomy of “inherited” vs. “borrowed” lexicon, while in general the sound laws provide the basis for the distinction. From this point of view, the group of “half-taught” forms remains problematic, and the scientific neologisms, ignored by Diez and Meyer-Lübke, are typologically classified incorrectly as supposed borrowings from (Greco-)Latin. The Romans did not know any kind of “virology”, due to which variola vaccina is not a borrowing from Latin, but a scientific neologism from Neo-Latin (such as, e. g., vitamina), which cannot be equated typologically with known (Greco-)Latinisms from antique texts (such as, e. g., fr. légal or sp. gramatical). The Neo-Latin forms, which primarily stem from the academic vocabulary (from Humanism until the 20th century), represent a constantly growing class of word formations which should neither be characterized as “external” nor as “internal”, but are to be understood as typical products of scientific communication which follow their own rules of distribution. The attempts to claim such formations for individual Romance languages usually constitute nationalistically motivated interpretations, because the rules applied here by the respective creator are true beyond the individual language and it cannot be justified formally that, for instance, gerontologia originated in the German speaking part of Europe or telecratia in the Francophone area, and that the corresponding Neo-Latinisms can be identified. All Central and Western European linguistic zones have participated in these developments and the scientists have the relevant language competence; thus, the first existing references have to be ascertained and the filiations displayed, before a convincing genealogy (e. g., for astro-, rhino-, neo- etc.) can be postulated and defended. This intermediate space between “internal” and “external” forms has to be reviewed for all sciences and be made available to the single-language and the interlingual lexicography, as well as the research on internationalisms, if we want historical dictionaries to serve also as cultural-historical documents. It should be noted in particular that the majority of modern neologisms belong to this group, which is where the most methodological as well as documentary deficits subsist in the lexicography of the European languages. The erroneous practice to attribute cultural vocabulary rather schematically to a fictional etymologia remota still exists.
State-dependent effects of fiscal policy
Authors: Fazzari Steven M. , Morley James , Panovska Irina 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We investigate the effects of government spending on US output with a threshold structural vector autoregressive model. We consider Bayesian model comparison and generalized impulse response analysis to test for nonlinearities in the responses of output to government spending. Our empirical findings support state-dependent effects of fiscal policy, with the government spending multiplier larger and more persistent whenever there is considerable economic slack. Based on capacity utilization as the preferred threshold variable, the estimated multiplier is large (1.6) for a low-utilization regime that accounts for more than half of the sample observations from 1967 to 2012 according to the estimated threshold level.
La relación argumentación-(des)cortesía en el discurso persuasivo
Authors: Alcaide Lara Esperanza R. 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este trabajo se centra en la relación que se establece en el discurso entre argumentación y (des)cortesía. Mi propósito es demostrar que la estructura argumentativa puede funcionar como un recurso que sirve de regulador de la imagen del hablante así como, en otro plano, un recurso que refuerza la actividad (des)cortés. La mayoría de los estudios llevados a cabo hasta el momento han reparado en la función persuasiva de la (des)cortesía, con lo que, en cierta manera, el acto (des)cortés se ha contemplado como un recurso “al servicio” de la argumentación. En este estudio intento demostrar que la relación entre ambos aspectos no es monodireccional, y que en ocasiones y, más precisamente, en determinados tipos discursivos, es la estructura argumentativa la que sirve al objetivo de la (des)cortesía, sin menoscabar en absoluto la importancia de la finalidad persuasiva presente, a mi juicio, de forma más o menos marcada, en cualquier realización discursiva. De esta forma, se puede hablar de una relación de bifuncionalidad entre argumentación y (des)cortesía. Para probarlo se utilizan textos de carácter persuasivo publicitarios y políticos.
Eingebettetes Impedanzmesssystem für das Batteriemanagement in Elektrofahrzeugen
Authors: Günther Thomas , Büschel Paul , Kanoun Olfa 
Published: November 2014

Zusammenfassung
Für Batteriemanagementsysteme (BMS) sind Umfang und Verlässlichkeit
der Datenbasis von besonderer Bedeutung. Bisher kommt ein Großteil
dieser Daten aus Prüfständen und wird dem BMS als Tabelle
bereitgestellt. Um den Einfluss dieser Offline-Daten im BMS zu
reduzieren und so die Leistungsfähigkeit eines Batteriesystems zu
steigern, wurde eine Hardware entwickelt, welche eine Online-Messung
des Impedanzspektrums von Batterien ermöglicht. Der Fokus liegt
hierbei auf der Adaption der im Labor häufig eingesetzten
Impedanzspektroskopie, um diese in mobilen Anwendungen mit
Low-cost-Hardware verfügbar zu machen.
Mikrowellenbasierte Katalysatorzustandserkennung zur Regelung von Ottomotoren
Authors: Schödel Sebastian , Fischerauer Gerhard 
Published: November 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der Wunsch, Drei-Wege-Katalysatoren mit reduziertem Edelmetallgehalt für
die Abgasnachbehandlung einsetzen zu können, verlangt nach einer
zuverlässigen Information über den tatsächlichen
Katalysatorzustand. Bekannte Verfahren schätzen den zur
Schadgaskonvertierung nötigen Füllstand des Sauerstoffspeichers
sowie die Speicherkapazität der katalytischen Beschichtung aus den
gemessenen Luftzahlen vor und hinter dem Katalysator. Zur Verbesserung
dieser bis heute etablierten Verfahren stellen wir einen
mikrowellenbasierten Ansatz zur direkten Katalysatorzustandserkennung vor.
Auf Grundlage dieser Zustandsinformationen können angepasste
Regelungsstrategien dazu beitragen, die Verbrauchs- und Ressourceneffizienz
in Kraftfahrzeugen zu verbessern.
Detektion von Rissen in Drähten auf Basis der ortsabhängigen magnetischen Induktion
Authors: Morgenstern Tino , Himmel Jörg , Kanoun Olfa 
Published: November 2014

Zusammenfassung
Wirbelstromsensoren sind in der industriellen Messtechnik stark
verbreitet. Insbesondere bei der Herstellung warmgewalzter Halbzeuge
können sie durch ihre Robustheit gegenüber Wasserdampf und hohen
Walzguttemperaturen überzeugen. Ein noch offenes Feld ist die
In-Situ‐Detektion von Rissen im Draht während des Walzprozesses bei
Walzgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 100 m/s und Materialtemperaturen bis zu
1200 ℃. Im Folgenden soll mittels der
Finiten-Elemente-Analyse untersucht werden, wie sich Längsrisse im
Draht auf Oberflächenströme und damit auf deren magnetische
Flussdichte auswirken. Ziel ist es, Aussagen über den Einfluss
verschiedener Rissbreiten und Risstiefen auf die magnetische
Flussdichte zu machen und so einen möglichen Effekt auf einen
Wirbelstromsensor untersuchen zu können.
Correlation of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in the Canine Brain
Authors: Leong Dalun , Calabrese Evan , White Leonard E , Wei Peter , Chen Steven , Platt Simon R , Provenzale James M 
Published: November 2014

The goal of this study was to determine the degree to which ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters correlate to one another in white matter regions on very high resolution MR scans. Specifically, we hypothesized that radial diffusivity (RD) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) would correlate more closely than either would correlate with fractional anisotropy (FA). We performed post mortem DTI imaging on three canine brains on a 7T MR scanner (TR = 100 ms, NEX = 1, gradient amplitude = 600 mT/m, b = 1492–1,565 s/mm2) and generated maps of FA, RD, and ADC. We measured RD, FA and ADC within 14 regions of interest representative of various portions of white matter. We compared the three combinations of values, i.e., FA vs ADC, FA vs RD and ADC vs RD, using linear regression models. Linear regression demonstrated that RD was significantly correlated with FA (p ≪ 0.01; R2 = 0.3053) and also with ADC (p ≪ 0.01; R2 = 0.6755), but to a much greater degree. However, ADC was not significantly correlated with FA (p = 0.526; R2 = 0.101). Our findings suggest that both RD and ADC reflect similar cytoarchitectural features, most likely that of myelination, whereas FA values likely reflect both myelination and additional microstructural features that constrain the diffusion of water in white matter.
Correcting for Sequencing Error in Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Inference
Authors: Kuhner Mary K , McGill James 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Accurate phylogenies are critical to taxonomy as well as studies of speciation processes and other evolutionary patterns. Accurate branch lengths in phylogenies are critical for dating and rate measurements. Such accuracy may be jeopardized by unacknowledged sequencing error. We use simulated data to test a correction for DNA sequencing error in maximum likelihood phylogeny inference. Over a wide range of data polymorphism and true error rate, we found that correcting for sequencing error improves recovery of the branch lengths, even if the assumed error rate is up to twice the true error rate. Low error rates have little effect on recovery of the topology. When error is high, correction improves topological inference; however, when error is extremely high, using an assumed error rate greater than the true error rate leads to poor recovery of both topology and branch lengths. The error correction approach tested here was proposed in 2004 but has not been widely used, perhaps because researchers do not want to commit to an estimate of the error rate. This study shows that correction with an approximate error rate is generally preferable to ignoring the issue.
Bovine Cartilage: A near Perfect Training Tool for Carving Ear Cartilage Framework
Authors: Agrawal Karoon 
Published: November 2014

Objective To develop a training module for carving ear cartilage. Setting Designing the ear framework is one of the most challenging surgical steps during ear reconstruction in microtia and acquired deformities of the ear. Trainees do not get an opportunity to carve ear cartilage during their training period. Material Ox scapular cartilage was retrieved from a manual slaughterhouse. It was transported in a 4°C ice chamber. This was used as a training material for carving the ear framework. Each scapular cartilage was adequate for two to three ear frameworks. Results Twenty-two trainees used the bovine cartilage in a wet lab. All had positive feedback on their ear framework carving experience. In their opinion, the consistency, flexibility, and cutting experience almost matched that of human costal cartilage. Conclusion The ox scapular cartilage has been found to be a near perfect material for training and practicing carving of the ear cartilage.
“It Doesn't All Just Stop at 18”: Psychological Adjustment and Support Needs of Adults Born with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Stock Nicola Marie , Feragen Kristin Billaud , Rumsey Nichola 
Published: November 2014

Background Cleft in the lip and/or the palate (CL/P) is considered to be a lifelong condition, yet relatively little is known about the long-term outcomes for patients. Existing literature is largely outdated and conflicted, with an almost exclusive focus on medical aspects and deficits. Objective To explore the psychological adjustment and possible support needs of a large number of adults born with CL/P from their own perspective. Design Fifty-two individual telephone interviews eliciting qualitative data. Results Qualitative analysis identified five themes. Participants reported a range of challenges in relation to discharge from the service, additional surgery as an adult, social and romantic relationships, higher education, vocational achievement, and access to psychological support. The findings imply that most adults with a cleft adjust well to these challenges and report many positive outcomes. For a minority of patients, issues attributed to the cleft may continue to cause distress in adulthood. Conclusions Adults with CL/P may require psychological support, information about the heritability of cleft, signposting and referrals from nonspecialists, support regarding further treatment, and opportunities to take part in research and activities. New issues arising in adulthood, such as entering the workplace, forming long-term relationships, and starting a family, may warrant both further investigation and additional support. Further work is needed to identify the factors that contribute to psychological distress and resilience, as well as the timing of particular points of risk and opportunity for personal growth.
Postpartum Thyroiditis
Authors: Argatska Antoaneta B. , Nonchev Boyan I. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is a syndrome of transient or permanent thyroid dysfunction occurring in the first year after delivery or abortion. It is the most common thyroid disease in the postpartum period with incidence between 5 and 9%. In essence, it is an autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid, caused by changes in humoral and cell-mediated immune response. It has a characteristic biphasic course with an episode of transient thyrotoxicosis followed by transient or permanent hypothyroidism. Of all predisposing factors positive titers of thyroid peroxidase antibodies have the greatest importance. In some of the affected patients the disease course is marked by expressed hormonal disorders causing significant subjective symptoms. This underlines the need for early identification of risk groups aimed at prophylaxis and adequate treatment of thyroid dysfunction in the postpartum period. The frequency of PPT varies between analyses and studies on risk factors do not establish reliable predictive models for progression of the disease. This is due to the different methodology of research and the involvement of a number of genetic and non-genetic factors in different geographic regions. That is why implementation of mass screening programs is now controversial. The discrepancy in the opinions of researchers makes it necessary to have studies of the problem performed in every clinical center in which the possible risk specific to the region and the population covered might be defined prognostically. The results of these studies can be used to introduce targeted and cost-effective screening for early detection of risk patients and prevention of morbidity and complications of PPT.