bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of background turbulence on an axisymmetric turbulent jet
Authors: Khorsandi B. , Gaskin S. , Mydlarski L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of different levels of background turbulence on the dynamics and mixing of an axisymmetric turbulent jet at different Reynolds numbers has been investigated. Approximately homogeneous and isotropic background turbulence was generated by a random jet array and had a negligible mean flow (${\langle {U}_{\alpha } \rangle }/ {u}_{\alpha \mathit{rms}} \ll 1$). Velocity measurements of a jet issuing into two different levels of background turbulence were conducted for three different jet Reynolds numbers. The results showed that the mean axial velocities decay faster with increasing level of background turbulence (compared with a jet in quiescent surroundings), while the mean radial velocities increase, especially close to the edges of the jet. Furthermore, the axial root-mean-square velocities of the jet increased in the presence of background turbulence, as did the jet’s width. However, the mass flow rate of the jet decreased, from which it can be inferred that the entrainment into the jet is reduced in a turbulent background. The effect of background turbulence on the entrainment mechanisms is discussed.
On the Information Content of Wine Notes: Some New Algorithms?
Authors: Klimmek Martin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe present a framework for measuring the information content or, more subjectively, the meaningfulness of wine tasting notes. Our analysis is based on developing a summary statistic related to Theil's uncertainty coefficient. The methods we develop can be used for the comparative analysis of tasting notes against a benchmark tasting system. An analysis of the examples of real and “fake” tasting notes in Quandt (2007) illustrates the method. We argue that the categorization of wine jargon leads to informative tasting notes. (JEL Classification: A12, C65, C83, D83)
Lymphoma presenting as neck lumps: causes of waiting time target breaches and potential solutions
Authors: Raja H , Pabla L , Wheatley H , Farr M R B 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectives:This study aimed to assess the speed of referral, diagnosis and treatment of patients with lymphoma presenting with a neck lump, and to identify where delays are occurring that prevent UK national targets from being met.Method:The study entailed a retrospective survey of patients presenting with a neck lump secondary to lymphoma between 2006 and 2008 in Gloucestershire, UK.Results:Forty-seven of 54 patients (87 per cent) were seen within 2 weeks of referral. However, the 62-day rule, which covers the time from referral to the initiation of treatment, was met in only 32 of the 54 cases (59 per cent). There were no breaches of the 31-day target, which concerned the time from decision to treat to the initiation of treatment. Subsequent target breaches were due to longer waiting times for radiological and pathological investigations.Conclusion:Radiological examinations should be ordered at the first consultation and biopsies performed as soon as possible. Establishing one-stop, rapid access clinics should improve the achievement of a maximum 62-day wait for patients with lymphoma presenting with neck lumps.
Negative ion sound solitary waves revisited
Authors: CAIRNS R. A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSome years ago, a group including the present author and Padma Shukla showed that a suitable non-thermal electron distribution allows the formation of ion sound solitary waves with either positive or negative density perturbations, whereas with Maxwellian electrons only a positive density perturbation is possible. The present paper discusses the qualitative features of this distribution allowing the negative waves and shared with suitable two-temperature distributions.
Femtosecond laser induced forward transfer of indium thin films
Authors: Thomas John , Bernard Rodney , Thomas John T. , Alti Kamlesh , Chidangil Santhosh , Kumari Satchi , Khare Alika , Mathur Deepak 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe report utilization of the laser induced forward transfer technique to re-deposit indium thin films onto the accepter substrate using nJ laser pulses from a femtosecond laser oscillator. Keeping the accepter substrate stationary enables dots of Indium to be deposited; in contrast, linear motion of the accepter substrate facilitates deposition of lines of Indium. The effect of laser pulse energy on the deposition process is studied. The effect of translation speed of donor substrate on the laser induced forward transfer pattern is also probed and an upper limit of translation speed is established beyond which smearing is observed to occur.
Envisioning Nagasaki: from ‘atomic wasteland’ to ‘international cultural city’, 1945–1950
Authors: DIEHL CHAD R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the first five years of reconstruction in Nagasaki City after the atomic bombing of 9 August 1945, elucidating how the municipal vision of reconstruction shaped the city's post-war urban identity, especially in comparison to Hiroshima. From early on, city officials envisioned the future of Nagasaki as a restored ‘international cultural city’, not solely as a centre of atomic memory, while Hiroshima made the atomic experience the centre of its urban identity. This article seeks to revive Nagasaki as a subject of historical inquiry in order to balance scholarly, as well as popular, literature on the bombings, which has favoured Hiroshima for nearly seven decades. In short, the story of Nagasaki sheds a different light on bombing and aftermath, not only in comparison with Hiroshima but with other cities that have suffered mass destruction and the course of their subsequent reconstruction.
Dietary patterns and weight status associated with behavioural problems in young children
Authors: Oh Se-Young , Ahn Hyojin , Chang Namsoo , Kang Myung-Hee , V Oh Jiyoung 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the associations of behavioural problems with dietary patterns and weight status in young children.DesignWe assessed poor social skills and behavioural problems with a seventy-six-item Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS) and found three dietary patterns (‘Korean healthy’, ‘animal foods’ and ‘sweets’) in food/food group intake data assessed by an FFQ and analysed using factor analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of diet and weight status with behaviour.SettingPre-schools in the metropolitan areas of Korea.SubjectsA total of 1458 children (mean age 5·2 (sd 0·9) years) from the Practical Approach for Better Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health Study conducted from 2001 to 2005.ResultsThe ‘Korean healthy’ pattern showed a significant inverse association with poor social skills in the second highest quartile group (OR = 0·42; 95 % CI 0·21, 0·82) compared with the lowest quartile group for boys. For girls, the ‘sweets’ pattern was associated with a greater risk of poor social skills (OR = 3·41; 95 % CI 1·29, 9·01 at Q4 v. Q1) and problem behaviours (OR = 2·80; 95 % CI 1·05, 7·43 at Q4 v. Q1). Regarding weight status, both underweight and overweight boys had a higher risk of poor social skills than normal-weight boys.ConclusionsDietary patterns and weight status are important indicators for the behaviour of young children. Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns, underweight and overweight status, and gender differences should thus be considered for further studies.
Effectiveness of multidisciplinary team conference on decision-making surrounding the application of continuous deep sedation for terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: Koike Kazuhiko , Terui Takeshi , Takahashi Yuji , Hirayama Yasuo , Mizukami Naomi , Yamakage Michiaki , Kato Junji , Ishitani Kunihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjective:Continuous deep sedation (CDS) is a way to reduce conscious experience of symptoms of severe suffering in terminally ill cancer patients. However, there is wide variation in the frequency of its reported. So we conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the prevalence and features of CDS in our palliative care unit (PCU).Methods:We performed a systemic retrospective analysis of the medical and nursing records of all 1581 cancer patients who died at the PCU at Higashi Sapporo Hospital between April 2005 and August 2011. Continuous deep sedation can only be administered safely and appropriately when a multidisciplinary team is involved in the decision-making process. Prior to administration of CDS, a multidisciplinary team conference (MDTC) was held with respect to all the patients considered for CDS by an attending physician. The main outcome measures were the frequency and characteristics of CDS (patient background, all target symptoms, medications used for sedation, duration, family's satisfaction, and distress). We mailed anonymous questionnaires to bereaved families in August 2011.Results:Of 1581 deceased patients, 22 (1.39%) had received CDS. Physical exhaustion 8 (36.4%), dyspnea 7 (31.8%), and pain 5 (22.7%) were the most frequently mentioned indications. Continuous deep sedation had a duration of less than 1 week in 17 (77.3%). Six patients (0.38%) did not meet the appropriate criteria for CDS according to the MDTC and so did not receive it. Although bereaved families were generally comfortable with the practice of CDS, some expressed a high level of emotional distress.Significance of results:Our results indicate that the prevalence of CDS will be decreased when it is carried out solely for appropriate indications. Continuity of teamwork, good coordination, exchange of information, and communication between the various care providers are essential. A lack of any of these may lead to inadequate assessment, information discrepancies, and unrest.
Experiences of time: A qualitative inquiry into experiences of time as described by palliative care inpatients
Authors: Robertson Matra 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectives:In palliative care, health professionals provide support and care for patients for the duration of the unknown time toward death. While the experiences of patients diagnosed with a life limiting illness in palliative care have received some scholarly attention, little research has explored these experiences as described by palliative inpatients themselves. The purpose of this article is to explore how patients describe their lived experiences of time while in a palliative inpatient facility.Methods:This study used a qualitative phenomenological method and nine inpatients were recruited. They were interviewed utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews, which were audio taped and transcribed. These interview transcripts of their descriptions were the data sources for this inquiry. Their description is part of a broader phenomenological inquiry on the experience of living with a life limiting illness described by palliative inpatients. Data were analyzed to identify essential themes within and across cases.Results:Three essential themes were revealed: “brief time”; “waiting time,” and “transcendental horizon: future time.” These themes were not mutually exclusive and participant's experiences of time approaching death were described as a time of living toward death.Significance of results:The findings suggest that patients diagnosed with a life limiting illness have multi-dimensional experiences of time. Understanding the experiences of temporality for patients close to the gravity of death, from the patients' own words, can provide direction for patient informed interventions in clinical practice.
CXCR4 blockade and Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate activation facilitate engraftment of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a non‐myeloablative transplant model
Authors: Shayegi Nona , Meyer Claudia , Lambert Katrin , Ehninger Gerhard , Brand Michael , Bornhäuser Martin 
Published: November 2013

SummaryBoth immunosuppressive and cytoreductive effects of γ‐irradiation contribute to engraftment of allogeneic haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We hypothesized that a release of host stem and progenitor cells from the niche prior to conditioning would permit engraftment after less intensive conditioning. Administration of AMD3100 and SEW2871 on days −4 to −2 followed by irradiation on day −1 in a non‐myeloablative zebrafish transplant model resulted in a reduced radiation minimum dose of 10 Gy from 15 Gy being sufficient for engraftment. Targeting the SDF‐1 (CXCL12)/CXCR4‐ and S1P/S1P1‐axis increased the efficacy of allografting in an experimental transplant model.
Low serum sex hormone‐binding globulin is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Hua Xiaomin , Sun Yanjun , Zhong Yingjie , Feng Wenhuan , Huang Hong , Wang Weimin , Zhang Tianyan , Hu Yun 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIntroductionStudies have indicated that low serum sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone levels are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, it remains unclear whether an association exists between SHBG and NAFLD independent of testosterone.ObjectiveThis study was aimed to investigate the relationship between SHBG and both total and free testosterone levels with NAFLD.Subjects and MeasuresOne hundred and twenty patients with NAFLD and 120 age‐, sex‐ and BMI‐matched patients with non‐NAFLD were enrolled into a case–control study. Serums SHBG, total testosterone (TT), liver enzymes, lipids, insulin, C‐peptide and plasma glucose were measured. Free testosterone (FT) and fatty liver index were calculated.ResultsSerum SHBG levels were significantly lower in NAFLD group than in non‐NAFLD group (24·5 ± 11·0 vs 37·6 ± 14·4 nm, P < 0·001). After adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol use, duration of diabetes, BMI and fasting C‐peptide, serum SHBG levels in men and women were inversely associated with NAFLD, with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the forth quartile as 0·05 (0·01–0·30) and 0·25 (0·08–0·77) compared with the first quartile (OR = 1·00). Additional adjustment for TT in men and FT in women did not materially alter the association. The relationship between serum TT (for men) and FT (for women) with NAFLD was attenuated and even diminished after multivariable adjustment for known risk factors and SHBG.ConclusionLow serum SHBG levels, but not TT or FT, are associated with NAFLD in type 2 diabetic patients.
Assessing conservation regionalization schemes: employing a beta diversity metric to test the environmental surrogacy approach
Authors: Rickbeil Gregory J. M. , Coops Nicholas C. , Andrew Margaret E. , Bolton Douglas K. , Mahony Nancy , Nelson Trisalyn A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimSystematic conservation planning often involves the application of a regionalization scheme, which is assumed to delineate distinct ecological communities of target species. Commonly, such schemes are constructed using environmental surrogates; however, their effectiveness with regard to community delineation has been questioned in previous studies. Here, we aim to assess multiple environmental regionalization schemes' ability to delineate avian communities and to evaluate these schemes against a regionalization scheme built using species data directly.LocationBritish Columbia, Canada.MethodsWe employed a beta diversity metric using community data from the BC Breeding Bird Atlas in multiple analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) tests, to assess the ability of a number of environmental regionalization schemes to delineate species turnover. We also developed a new species‐based scheme using kriged local beta diversity values and a thematic resolution optimized through ANOSIM testing, which was then evaluated against the previously tested schemes.ResultsAll regionalization schemes delineated significant patterns in community structure, with the Bird Conservation Regions performing most similarly to the species‐based regionalization. Regionalizations that required regions to be spatially contiguous outperformed non‐contiguous regionalizations. Increasing thematic resolution (the number of regions within a regionalization) improved a regionalization's overall performance; however, regional redundancy also increased.Main conclusionsWe argue that environmental regionalizations can function as effective alternatives to species‐based regionalizations, particularly in areas with poor availability of species data. Also, we conclude that spatially contiguous regionalizations are superior to non‐contiguous ones for delineating distinct communities. Lastly, we demonstrate how thematic resolution represents a trade‐off between overall regionalization performance and regional redundancy, and how differing thematic resolutions can be employed depending upon the goals of the user.
Engineering by an invasive species alters landscape‐level ecosystem function, but does not affect biodiversity in freshwater systems
Authors: Anderson Christopher B. , Vanessa Lencinas María , Wallem Petra K. , Valenzuela Alejandro E. J. , Simanonok Michael P. , Martínez Pastur Guillermo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimEcological theory predicts that invasive ecosystem engineers like the American beaver (Castor canadensis) in Tierra del Fuego (TDF) affect landscape‐level biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) when engineered habitats are novel or extensive. We tested these hypotheses on freshwater BEF, sampling benthic habitat and macroinvertebrates in natural lotic (forest and grassland streams) and natural lentic habitats (bogs, lakes) and beaver‐modified lentic ecosystems (active and abandoned ponds).LocationTierra del Fuego Archipelago (Chile and Argentina).MethodsTo determine effects on patch‐scale BEF, we assessed two drivers: substrate diversity (H′) and benthic organic matter standing crop (BOM, g m−2). Extent of impact was estimated as relative stream length (%) for each patch type in four 1000 ha images.ResultsThe freshwater landscape was 56% free‐flowing streams (natural lotic), 13% bogs and lakes (natural lentic) and 31% active and abandoned beaver ponds (beaver lentic). While engineering significantly modified lotic habitats (converting them to ponds), the beaver ponds were largely similar to natural lentic systems, but engineered lentic patches retained more BOM. While benthic biodiversity in beaver ponds was less than streams, the assemblage contained no habitat‐specific taxa and was a subset of the natural lentic community.Main conclusionsInvasive beavers engineer habitats whose biodiversity is similar to the landscape's natural lentic habitats, but by increasing the surface area and unit area retention of BOM via its impoundments, this invasion augments carbon standing stock approximately 72% in watersheds. While this invasion is considered the largest alteration to TDF's forested biome in the Holocene, here we discover that its impact is to ecosystem function, rather than biodiversity in the aquatic landscape.
Chinese Investors, Labour Discipline and Developmental Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Pál Nyíri 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn recent years, China has emerged as a major source of investment and development assistance across the ‘developing world’, triggering the rise of global networks that in some ways stand apart from the existing order of globalization. This article, based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews in Cambodia from 2009 to 2011, begins to explore the significance of Chinese investors and managers, a new globe‐trotting elite involved in projects around the world. Understanding how this new Chinese mobile class sees its mission is crucial for making sense of how China's ‘rise’ may be re‐scripting globalization and, specifically, how it may be offering new visions of modernity. The author's research suggests that Chinese investors and managers engage in a developmental discourse which is reminiscent partly of colonial days and partly of the heyday of post‐war developmentalism. This discourse articulates the possibility and necessity of progress imposed by outside actors, and is accompanied by measures that inculcate a strict Fordist labour discipline. At the same time, the author argues, it may also contain the seeds of a new developmental cosmopolitanism.
Forecast of Natural Aquifer Discharge Using a Data‐Driven, Statistical Approach
Authors: Boggs Kevin G. , Van Kirk Rob , Johnson Gary S. , Fairley Jerry P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the Western United States, demand for water is often out of balance with limited water supplies. This has led to extensive water rights conflict and litigation. A tool that can reliably forecast natural aquifer discharge months ahead of peak water demand could help water practitioners and managers by providing advanced knowledge of potential water‐right mitigation requirements. The timing and magnitude of natural aquifer discharge from the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) in southern Idaho is accurately forecast 4 months ahead of the peak water demand, which occurs annually in July. An ARIMA time‐series model with exogenous predictors (ARIMAX model) was used to develop the forecast. The ARIMAX model fit to a set of training data was assessed using Akaike's information criterion to select the optimal model that forecasts aquifer discharge, given the previous year's discharge and values of the predictor variables. Model performance was assessed by application of the model to a validation subset of data. The Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency for model predictions made on the validation set was 0.57. The predictor variables used in our forecast represent the major recharge and discharge components of the ESPA water budget, including variables that reflect overall water supply and important aspects of water administration and management. Coefficients of variation on the regression coefficients for streamflow and irrigation diversions were all much less than 0.5, indicating that these variables are strong predictors. The model with the highest AIC weight included streamflow, two irrigation diversion variables, and storage.
Apnea‐related sleep fragmentation and poor vigilance in children with well‐controlled asthma
Authors: Yoon Ho‐Kyoung , Kang Seung‐Gul , Lee Heon‐Jeong , Yoo Young , Choung Ji Tae , Seo Won Hee , Kim Leen 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIt has been reported that sleep problems and neurocognitive deficit in asthmatic children is prevalent. However, systematic studies on these problems in stable asthma using polysomnography have rarely been performed. We therefore investigated sleep and neurocognitive functioning in children with well‐controlled asthma. Forty‐three children with well‐controlled, stable asthma and 31 controls (age range: 6–9 years) were enrolled in the study. Subjects were questioned for daytime sleepiness using the Paediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale. Complete overnight polysomnography and neurocognitive function tests were performed on all subjects. Children with stable asthma had lower pulmonary function in comparison to their age‐matched controls. Asthmatic children had a higher apnea–hypopnea index (P < 0.001) and apnea–hypopnea‐related arousal index (P < 0.001) as compared with non‐asthmatics. Deep sleep was decreased in asthmatics (P = 0.001). In the vigilance test, the mean number of correct answers was lower (P = 0.005) and the mean reaction time was slower (P = 0.002) in asthmatic children. A hierarchical multiple linear regression showed that deep sleep and apnea–hypopnea‐related arousal index were significant predictors of vigilance. The data suggest that the prevalence of paediatric sleep‐disordered breathing and sleep fragmentation could be very high among children with well‐controlled asthma. Moreover, vigilance, the ability to maintain attention and alertness, was worse in stable asthmatic children when compared with healthy controls. Sleep‐disordered breathing should be checked even in stable asthmatic children as they are at risk for developing neurobehavioural deterioration associated with frequent arousals during sleep. Furthermore, early treatment for asthma may be required in order to prevent airway remodelling that could cause sleep problems.