bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Thermic Effect of Food and Obesity: A Critical Review
Authors: de Jonee Lilian , Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDE JONGE, LILIAN, GEORGE BRAY. The thermic effect of food and obesity: A critical review.This review has examined the factors that influence the thermic effect of food (TEF) by evaluating 49 studies that have compared subjects who are obese with those who are lean. Meal size, meal composition, the nature of the previous diet, insulin resistance, physical activity, and ageing influence TEF. In the studies of individuals who are obese or lean, of those who used intravenous glucose infusions, all but one found an impaired thermic response. A total of 29 out of 49 studies of individuals of normal weight or with obesity were identified where there was no difference in age between the groups, and where the subjects who were “overweight” were clearly obese. Of these 29, 22 reported a statistically significant reduction in TEF, 3 studies were not designed to look primarily at the effect of obesity on TEF, and the other 4 may not have had sufficiently palatable meals. From this review, we conclude that the reduction of TEF in obesity is related to the degree of insulin resistance, which may be influenced by a low level of sympathetic activity.
Construct Validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Head Susan , Brookhart Alan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKOLOTKIN, RONETTE L, SUSAN HEAD, ALAN BROOKHART. Construct validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire.The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire (IWQOL) is a 74‐item self‐report, condition‐specific instrument that (1) assesses the effect of weight on quality of life in eight key areas, and (2) may be used as a treatment outcome measure and/or an evaluation tool for healthcare policy makers and third‐party payers. This study explores IWQOL construct validity and provides new information on internal consistency, treatment effects, and differences between men and women. IWQOL total scores correlated highly with other measures of overall quality of life, and subscale scores correlated well with counterparts in the assessment battery. Internal consistency estimates for the IWQOL scales generally were high. For the women, 4‐week participants, and the total sample, pretreatment‐posttreatment differences were significant for all IWQOL scales and total score. For men, treatment differences were significant for the total score and all subscales except for Work and Mobility. Treatment differences for 2‐week participants were significant for all scales except for Work. Consistent with previous IWQOL study results, the Comfort With Food scale scores reflected more discomfort at posttreatment as compared with pretreatment. The IWQOL, already translated into French and Italian, currently is demonstrating clinical and research utility as a quality‐of‐life outcome measure for clinical trials of antiobesity drugs and surgical treatments for patients with obesity.
Association of Adenovirus Infection with Human Obesity
Authors: Dhurandhar Nikhil V. , Kulkarni Pushpa R. , Ajinkya Sharad M. , Sherikar Abhaya A. , Atkinson Richard L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDHURANDHAR, NIKHIL V, PUSHPA R KULKARNI, SHARAD M AJINKYA, ABHAYA A SHERIKAR, RICHARD L ATKINSON. Association of adenovirus infection with human obesity.We previously reported that chickens infected with the avian adenovirus SMAM‐1 developed a unique syndrome characterized by excessive intra‐abdominal fat deposition accompanied by paradoxically low serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There have been no previous reports of avian adenoviruses infecting humans. We screened the serum of 52 humans with obesity in Bombay, India, for antibodies against SMAM‐1 virus using the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) method. Bodyweights and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were compared in SMAM‐1‐positive (P‐AGPT) and SMAM‐1‐negative (N‐AGPT) groups. Ten subjects were positive for antibodies to SMAM‐1, and 42 subjects did not have antibodies. The P‐AGPT group had a significantly higher bodyweight (p<0.02) and body mass index (p<0.001) (95.1 ± 2.1 kg and 35.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2, respectively) compared with the N‐AGPT group (80.1 ± 0.6 kg and 30.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2, respectively). Also, the P‐AGPT group had significantly lower serum cholesterol (p<0.02) and triglyceride (p<0.001) values (4.65 mmol/L and 1.45 mmol/L, respectively) compared with the N‐AGPT group (5.51 mmol/L and 2.44 mmol/L, respectively). Two subjects positive for SMAM‐1 antibodies had antibodies against each others' serum, suggesting the presence of antigens in one or both. When these two serum samples were inoculated into chicken embryos, macroscopic lesions compatible with SMAM‐1 infection developed. The inoculation of serum from N‐AGPT subjects did not produce such lesions. The presence of increased obesity, antibodies to SMAM‐1, reduced levels of blood lipids, and viremia that produces a typical infection in chicken embryos suggests that SMAM‐1, or a serologically similar human virus, may be involved in the cause of obesity in some humans.
Food Intake in Prader‐Willi Syndrome and Controls with Obesity After Administration of a Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist
Authors: Fieldstone Annette , Zipf William B. , Sarter Martin F. , Berntson Gary G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBenzodiazepine receptor (BZR) agonists, used extensively for their anxiolytic effects, have been shown to increase food intake in many mammalian species. Little information, however, is available on the effects of BZR agonists on feeding behaviors of humans. Food intake was evaluated in a 60‐minute free‐feeding standardized test after the acute administration of the BZR agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP, Librium; 5 mg or 20 mg) or placebo. Subjects were 12 individuals with the Prader Willi syndrome (PWS), a disorder characterized by extreme hyperphagia and morbid obesity, and 11 controls with obesity. PWS subjects showed the characteristic hyperphagia associated with the appetite disorder, consuming more than six times as many sandwiches as controls with obesity. Results revealed no significant effect of either dose of CDP on the food intake of either group. Serum assays revealed that dose‐dependent, clinically effective levels of CDP and active metabolites were achieved. These results suggest that acute administration of the BZR agonist CDP, at the therapeutic levels used, may not increase food intake in populations with obesity. However, the chronic effects of CDP on appetite in human populations still need to be explored.
Metformin Decreases Food Consumption and Induces Weight Loss in Subjects with Obesity with Type II Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes
Authors: Lee Amy , Morley John E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMetformin often promotes weight loss in patients with obesity with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The mechanism may be attributed to decreased food intake. This study has tested the effect of metformin on satiety and its efficacy in inducing weight loss. Twelve diet‐treated NIDDM women with obesity were randomly given two dose levels (850 mg or 1700 mg) of metformin or placebo at 0800 for three consecutive days followed by a meal test on the third day on three occasions using a 3times3 Latin square design. The number of sandwich canapes eaten in three consecutive 10‐minute periods beginning at 1400 hours was used to quantitate food intake, and the level of subjective hunger was rated just before the sandwich meal with a linear analogue hunger rating scale at 1400 after a 6‐hour fast. The prior administration of metformin produced a reduction in calorie intake after each of the two doses of metformin treatment. The 1700‐mg metformin dose had the most marked appetite suppressant action. Similarly, hunger ratings were significantly lowered after metformin, and the effect was most pronounced after the administration of 1700 mg of metformin. To assess the efficacy of metformin in reducing bodyweight, 48 diet‐treated NIDDM women with obesity who had failed to lose weight by diet therapy were first placed on a 1200‐kcal ADA (American Diabetes Association) diet before being randomized to receive either metformin (850 mg) or placebo twice daily in a double‐blind fashion for 24 weeks. A 4‐week single‐blind placebo lead‐in period preceded and a 6‐week single‐blind placebo period followed the 24‐week double‐blind treatment period. Subjects treated with metformin continued to lose weight throughout 24 weeks of treatment; their mean maximum weight loss was 8 kg greater than that of the placebo group, with corresponding lower HbA1C and fasting blood glucose levels at the end of the active treatment period. These results indicate that metformin decreases calorie intake in a dose‐dependent manner and leads to a reduction in bodyweight in NIDDM patients with obesity.
Effect of Chronic Central Administration of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 (7–36) Amide on Food Consumption and Body Weight in Normal and Obese Rats
Authors: Davis Harry R. , Mullins Deborra E. , Pines Jesse M. , Hoos Lizbeth M. , France Constance F. , Compton Douglas S. , Graziano Michael P. , Sybertz Edmund J. , Strader Catherine D. , Van Heek Margaret 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide (7–36) amide (GLP‐1) acutely inhibits food and water consumption in rats after intrace‐rebroventricular (icv) administration. To assess the potential for desensitization of these effects, we investigated the effects of chronic icv administration of GLP‐1 on food consumption and body weight in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats and Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. In vitro functional densensitization of the GLP‐1 receptor was not observed after overnight exposure of Rin m5F insulinoma cells to GLP‐1 at concentrations up to 10 nM. Administration of GLP‐1 to SD rats (30 ug icv twice a day for 6 days) resulted in significant reductions in 24‐hour food consumption each day (25 ±1%). Continuous icv infusion of GLP‐1 for 7 and 14 days significantly inhibited cumulative food consumption and reduced body weight in SD rats. In the genetically obese Zucker rat, chronic dosing with GLP‐1 (30 ug icv) once a day for 6 days caused significant reductions in food consumption each day and a reduction in body weight. These results indicate that the GLP‐1 pathways in the central nervous system controlling food consumption do not desensitize after chronic exposure to GLP‐1 and suggest that agonists of the central GLP‐1 receptor may be effective agents for the treatment of obesity.
Blood Pressure in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Related to Obesity and Birth Size
Authors: Berkey Catherine S. , Gardner Jane , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Obesity is an established risk factor for higher systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in adolescence and early adulthood, but birth size may also have a role. We analyzed the effects of adolescent and adult obesity and birth size on BP in the young adult.Research Methods and Procedures: In a prospective longitudinal study, anthropometric measurements were obtained at birth on 67 boys and 67 girls bom in Boston. Their body mass indices (BMI) and BP were recorded 17 years and 30 years later.Results: For women, adolescent and early adult obesity appeared to be the stronger determinants of higher BP, although smaller head and chest circumferences at birth may also be related. We found some evidence of birth (ponderal index [PI] and head circumference) anthropometric influences on age 17 BP levels in boys. By age 30, body mass variables were the dominant predictors of male BP levels. Female BMI at age 17 was positively correlated with birth adiposity (PI), but BMI at 30 was related only to age 17 BMI. Similarly, male BMI at 17 years was higher for those who weighed more at birth, but BMI at 30 years was again related only to age 17 BMI.Discussion: We conclude that adult weight and weight gain are the major determinants of adult BP.
Relationship Between Hunger‐Satiety Feelings and Various Metabolic Parameters in Women with Obesity During Controlled Weight Loss
Authors: Heini Adrian F. , Kirk Katharine A. , Lara‐Castro Cristina , Weinsier Roland L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Satiety plays an important role in weight control. The meaning of fasting hormone levels and satiety feelings, and how post‐absorptive changes after meals high in carbohydrate regulate appetite remains to be demonstrated.Research Methods and Procedures: Prospective metabolic study with 25 non‐diabetic obese women at the Energy Metabolism Research Unit of the Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham. We analyzed fasting and postprandial ratings of hunger‐satiety and values of various metabolic parameters (serum glucose and insulin, plasma cholecystokinin, respiratory quotient) during controlled weight loss. The postprandial measures were assessed following a test meal providing 320 kcal and yielding a food quotient of 0.89.Results: In the fasting state, there was no correlation between hunger‐satiety ratings and any of the measured metabolic parameters. Under postprandial conditions, satiety was positively related to glucose (p = 0.002) and insulin (p = 0.002) responses to the test meal. In multivariate analysis including glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin, hunger‐satiety ratings and respiratory quotient, insulin was the only independent predictor of satiety in the postprandial state.Discussion: These data suggest an association between the endogenous insulin response and feelings of postprandial satiety. Insulin's satiation properties, which could well be mediated by other hormones, may represent a primary factor of food intake regulation after meals relatively high in carbohydrate.
Clinic‐Based vs. Home‐Based Interventions for Preventing Weight Gain in Men
Authors: Leermakers Elizabeth A. , Jakicic John M. , Viteri Jackie , Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Weight gain occurs frequently in men aged 25–40. This study compared the effectiveness of a clinic‐based and a home‐based intervention with a no‐treatment control group in preventing this weight gain.Research Methods and Procedures: Men (n = 67)—aged 25 to 40, sedentary, with a body mass index of 22 to 30, recruited from the University of Pittsburgh—were randomly assigned to 4‐month treatments focused on increasing aerobic exercise and reducing fat intake through a clinic‐based (CB) or a home‐based (HB) program, or to a de‐layed‐treatment control group. Subjects were reassessed at 4 months.Results: Adherence and outcome did not differ significantly between the CB and HB programs, except that CB subjects recorded their food intake more frequently, and a greater number of CB subjects achieved a total of 120 miles of exercise over the 4 months. Subjects in the two intervention conditions combined lost significantly more weight (‐1.6 ± 2.5 kg) than control subjects, who gained 0.2 ±1.9 kg (p<0.01); this effect of treatment was seen primarily in men with a body mass index of 27 to 30 (‐2.7 kg for CB and HB combined vs. +1.5 kg for control). Treated subjects also had somewhat greater improvements in body composition, aerobic fitness, and weekly energy expenditure than controls, although these differences did not reach significance. Discussions: Both CB and HB intervention show promise in preventing weight gain in young men, especially in those who are slightly overweight. Larger studies, using more representative samples of young men, appear warranted.
Monkey Leptin Receptor mRNA: Sequence, Tissue Distribution, and mRNA Expression in the Adipose Tissue of Normal, Hyperinsulinemic, and Type 2 Diabetic Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hotta Kikuko , Gustafson Thomas A. , Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Bodkin Noni L. , Hansen Barbara C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: We have cloned the rhesus monkey leptin receptor and examined its mRNA expression levels in the adipose tissue of monkeys to investigate the regulation of gene expression of the leptin receptor.Research Methods and Procedures: Monkey leptin receptor cDNA was cloned by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Tissue distribution of monkey leptin receptor was examined by Northern blot analysis and RT‐PCR. The mRNA levels of monkey leptin receptor in adipose tissue of normal (n=10), hyperinsulinemic obese (n = 8), and type 2 diabetic monkeys (n = 8) were measured by quantitative RT‐PCR.Results: Monkey leptin receptor cDNA had at least two alternatively spliced isoforms (long and short forms). The long form of the leptin receptor mRNA was expressed relatively highly in liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus, whereas the total leptin receptors were expressed in every tissue examined. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor in adipose tissue were not correlated to body weight, fasting plasma insulin, plasma glucose, or plasma leptin levels. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor were highly correlated to that of the total leptin receptor (long and short form).Discussion: The long form of leptin receptor mRNA existed in adipose tissue as well as in liver and hypothalamus, suggesting that the leptin receptor in adipose tissue may be functional in adipose tissue. The expression of the leptin receptor mRNA in adipose tissue is not affected by obesity, hyperinsulinemia, or diabetes.
Effect of Age on Protein Conservation during Very‐Low‐Energy Diet in Obese Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: Johnson Julia A. , Yu Choon‐Hie , Yang Mei‐Uih , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: September 2012

AbstractJOHNSON, JULIA A, CHOON‐HIE YU, MEI‐UIH YANG, F. XAVIER PI‐SUNYER. Effect of age on protein conservation during very‐low‐energy diet in obese Sprague‐Dawley rats. Obes. Res. 1998;6:448‐157.Objective: To examine the effect of age on body protein losses occurring during severe energy restriction in obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Weanling (young) Sprague‐Dawley rats (YR) were fed a high fat (35% energy) diet (HFD) until mean body weight approached that of a group of chowfed retired breeder (aged) rats (AR). Both groups were then fed HFD for an additional 2 weeks, after which selected controls from YR and AR groups were killed for baseline carcass analysis. Remaining rats were fed a very‐low‐energy diet (VLED, 33% kcal of HFD) for 3 weeks and then killed for carcass analysis.Results: YR had greater fat stores before VLED, and lost proportionately more fat and less protein during VLED than did AR. Weight loss composition during VLED was 66.7% fat, 11.1% protein, and 22.2% water in YR, and 39.4% fat, 26.2% protein, and 34.3% water in AR. Greater YR fat loss during VLED* (70.6 ± 30.4 vs. 32.6 ± 29.1 g in AR; mean ± SD) was paralleled by significantly larger decreases in epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights, mean adipocyte size, and lipoprotein lipase activity. Greater protein loss in AR (21.6 ± 13.9 g vs. 11.8 ± 10.7 g in YR) coincided with larger decreases in visceral organ weights and serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Energy expenditure changes during VLED were similar between groups.Discussion: Dietary obese young rats appear better able than aged rats to conserve body protein while losing body fat during severe energy restriction.
What Is the Economic Case for Treating Obesity?
Authors: Wolf Anne M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFrom both societal and payer perspectives, the economic effect of obesity in the United States is substantial, estimated at approximately 6% of our national health expenditure and cost of care in a major health maintenance organization. The number of physician visits related to obesity has increased 88% in a 6‐year period. The morbidity cost (lost productivity) and functional capability of the patient with obesity is increasing rapidly (50% increase in lost productivity, 36% increase in restricted activity, and 28% increase in number of bed‐days). Cost savings of treating obesity are comparable to those of treating other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Most studies indicate that most of the direct health care costs of obesity are from type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. To date, however, there have been no published reports of the cost effectiveness of the medical management of obesity treatment. In conclusion, the cost of obesity is comparable to that of other chronic diseases, yet it receives disproportionately less attention. Cost effectiveness studies need to be initiated promptly.
The Use of Anthropometric and Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Measures to Estimate Total Abdominal and Abdominal Visceral Fat in Men and Women
Authors: Clasey Jody L. , Bouchard Claude , Teates C. David , Riblett Jill E. , Thorner Michael O. , Hartman Mark L. , Weltman Arthur 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCLASEY, JODY L., CLAUDE BOUCHARD, C. DAVID TEATES, JILL E. RIBLETT, MICHAEL O. THORNER, MARK L. HARTMAN, AND ARTHUR WELTMAN. the use of anthropometric and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures to estimate total abdominal and abdominal visceral fat in men and women. Obes Res.Objective: A single‐slice computed tomography (CT) scan provides a criterion measure of total abdominal fat (TAF) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF), but this procedure is often prohibitive due to radiation exposure, cost, and accessibility. In the present study, the utility of anthropometric measures and estimates of trunk and abdominal fat mass by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to predict CT measures of TAF and AVF (cross‐sectional area, cm2) was assessed.Research Methods and Procedures: CT measures of abdominal fat (at the level of the L4‐L5 inter‐vertebral space), DXA scans, and anthropometric measures were obtained in 76 Caucasian adults ages 20–80 years.Results: Results demonstrated that abdominal sagittal diameter measured by anthropometry is an excellent predictor of sagittal diameter measured from a CT image (r = 0. 88 and 0. 94; Total Error [TE]=4. 1 and 3. 1 cm, for men and women, respectively). In both men and women, waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter were the anthropometric measures most strongly associated with TAF (r = 0. 87 to 0. 93; Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) = 60. 7 to 75. 4 cm2) and AVF (r = 0. 84 to 0. 93; SEE = 0. 7 to 30. 0 cm2). The least predictive anthropometric measure of TAF or AVF was the commonly used waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR). DXA estimates of trunk and abdominal fat mass were strongly associated with TAF (r =. 94 to 0. 97; SEE = 36. 9 to 50. 9 cm2) and AVF (r = 0. 86 to 0. 90; SEE = 4. 9 to 27. 7 cm2).Discussion: The present results suggest that waist circumference and/or abdominal sagittal diameter are better predictors of TAF and AVF than the more commonly used WHR. DXA trunk fat and abdominal fat appear to be slightly better predictors of TAF but not AVF compared to these anthropometric measures. Thus DXA does not offer a significant advantage over anthropometry for estimation of AVF.