bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of lymph node aspirates at diagnosis and relapse in dogs with high‐grade multicentric lymphoma and comparison with survival time
Authors: Munasinghe Lilani I. , Kidney Beverly A. , MacDonald‐Dickinson Valerie , Larson Victoria S. , Jackson Marion L. , Fernandez Nicole J. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundCanine high‐grade multicentric lymphoma, a common disease with variable response to chemotherapy, is often diagnosed using cytology.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to compare cytologic features of canine peripheral lymph node aspirates collected at diagnosis and at relapse, and evaluate their usefulness in predicting survival.MethodsCytologic scoring based on a rubric and nuclear morphometry analyses were performed on cytologic smears collected at diagnosis and at relapse. Scores at diagnosis and relapse were compared by pairedt‐test and evaluated in relation to time from diagnosis to remission, remission to relapse, relapse to death, and total survival time, using the Cox proportional‐hazards regression model.ResultsNumber of mitoses and total cytologic score were significantly higher at relapse compared to diagnosis (P < .05). None of the nuclear morphometry measures were significantly different between diagnosis and relapse. The presence of binucleated or multinucleated cells at diagnosis was associated with a shorter remission and decreased total survival (P < .05). Increased mean nucleoli at relapse was associated with longer remission and total survival (P < .05). Increased minimum nuclear radius and diameter at diagnosis were associated with a decreased time from relapse to death (P < .05). Several nuclear morphometry measures at relapse were associated with a shorter time from diagnosis to remission (P < .05).ConclusionsNumber of mitoses and total score were higher at relapse than at diagnosis in canine lymphoma.The presence of binucleated or multinucleated cells at diagnosis may be useful as indicator of a poor prognosis. Further studies including a larger number of cases are required to reinforce the prognostic values of these cytologic features.
In vivoevaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time‐ and Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry
Authors: Strom Ann R. , Cortés Dennis E. , Rasmussen Carol A. , Thomasy Sara M. , McIntyre Kim , Lee Shwu‐Fei , Kass Philip H. , Mannis Mark J. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo obtain normative data for the canine cornea and conjunctiva using high‐resolution time‐ and Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography (TD‐OCTandFD‐OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP).AnimalsOne hundred sixty‐eight eyes of 133 healthy young intact laboratory beagles.ProceduresThe cornea and conjunctiva of 16 eyes of 8 healthy young intact female beagles were imaged usingFD‐OCT. Corneal thickness was measured withFD‐OCTandUSP, while corneal epithelial thickness and conjunctival epithelial thickness were measured withFD‐OCT. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined in 152 eyes of 125 healthy young adult intact female (35) and male (90) beagles usingTD‐OCT. Mixed effects linear regression was used for statistical analysis.ResultsTheCCTwas (mean ± standard deviation) 497.54 ± 29.76, 555.49 ± 17.19, and 594.81 ± 33.02 μm as measured byFD‐OCT,USP, andTD‐OCT, respectively. The central, superior paraxial, superior perilimbal corneal epithelial thickness and superior bulbar conjunctival epithelial thickness were 52.38 ± 7.27, 56.96 ± 6.47, 69.06 ± 8.84 and 42.98 ± 6.17 μm, respectively. When comparing techniques used for measuringCCT(USPvs.FD‐OCTandFD‐OCTvs.TD‐OCT),USPandTD‐OCTgenerated significantly greater values in comparison withFD‐OCT(bothP < 0.001). For all dogs,CCTincreased with increasing age and body weight (bothP < 0.001) and was higher in intact males vs. females usingTD‐OCT(P = 0.034).ConclusionHigh‐resolutionFD‐OCTandTD‐OCTprovide detailed noninvasive evaluation ofin vivocanine anterior segment structures. Normative values of the canine cornea and conjunctiva are reported.
Long‐term cultured neonatal islet cell clusters demonstrate better outcomes for reversal of diabetes: in vivo and molecular profiles
Authors: Jimenez‐Vera Elvira , Davies Sussan , Phillips Peta , O'Connell Philip J. , Hawthorne Wayne J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPorcine neonatal islet‐like cell clusters (NICC) are being considered as a source of β‐cell replacement. However, the lag time to full function due to hormonal immaturity remains a problem. This study aimed to determine whether time in culture was important for NICC function in vivo.MethodsNeonatal islet‐like cell clusters were isolated from piglets aged between 1 and 3 days, and cultured for up to 27 days post‐isolation. Each week, NICC number, viability, and function were determined.ResultsNeonatal islet‐like cell clusters cultured for 12, 19, and 27 days achieved normal blood glucose levels at 46 days (85% of animals), 32 days (100% of animals), and 35 days (81% of animals), respectively. By comparison, standard 6‐day culture took a mean of 63 days to achieve normoglycemia in 35% of animals. Longer time in culture resulted in a significant loss of islet equivalent over time. However, insulin gene expression levels were significantly higher at days 12, 19, 27 compared to day 6. Glucagon gene expression was highest at day 12, and significantly higher than day 6 at all time points. Bcl‐2 gene expression increased over time, and tissue factor (TF) gene expression was highest on day 6 and then decreased over the remaining time points.ConclusionCulture of NICC for 12 days provides the best balance in vivo functional outcome for transplantation, shown by better reversal of diabetes, and higher levels of gene expression for insulin, glucagon and Bcl‐2 and lower levels of TF expression with acceptable NICC number loss in terms of time and expense.
Species Typing in Dermal Leishmaniasis
Authors: Van der Auwera Gert , Dujardin Jean-Claude 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYLeishmaniais an infectious protozoan parasite related to African and American trypanosomes. AllLeishmaniaspecies that are pathogenic to humans can cause dermal disease. When one is confronted with cutaneous leishmaniasis, identification of the causative species is relevant in both clinical and epidemiological studies, case management, and control. This review gives an overview of the currently existing and most used assays for species discrimination, with a critical appraisal of the limitations of each technique. The consensus taxonomy for the genus is outlined, including debatable species designations. Finally, a numerical literature analysis is presented that describes which methods are most used in various countries and regions in the world, and for which purposes.
Assessment of the IgA Immunosorbent Agglutination Assay for the Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis on a Series of 145 Toxoplasmic Seroconversions
Authors: Murat J. B. , Souvignet A. , Fricker-Hidalgo H. , Brenier-Pinchart M. P. , Bost-Bru C. , Pelloux H. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTA retrospective analysis of 145 medical records from our teaching hospital laboratory showed an overall specificity of greater than 97% for the IgA immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA A) performed on the sera of babies to diagnose congenital toxoplasmosis (CT). These actualized data emphasize the ability of this test to confirm a diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.
H9N2 Influenza Whole Inactivated Virus Combined with Polyethyleneimine Strongly Enhances Mucosal and Systemic Immunity after Intranasal Immunization in Mice
Authors: Qin Tao , Yin Yinyan , Huang Lulu , Yu Qinghua , Yang Qian 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTInfluenza whole inactivated virus (WIV) is more immunogenic and induces protective antibody responses compared with other formulations, like split virus or subunit vaccines, after intranasal mucosal delivery. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), an organic polycation, is widely used as a reagent for gene transfection and DNA vaccine delivery. Although PEI recently has demonstrated potent mucosal adjuvant activity for viral subunit glycoprotein antigens, its immune activity with H9N2 WIV is not well demonstrated. Here, mice were immunized intranasally with H9N2 WIV combined with PEI, and the levels of local respiratory tract and systemic immune responses were measured. Compared to H9N2 WIV alone, antigen-specific IgA levels in the local nasal cavity, trachea, and lung, as well as levels of IgG and its subtypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) in the serum, were strongly enhanced with the combination. Similarly, the activation and proliferation of splenocytes were markedly increased. In addition, PEI is superior as an H9N2 WIV delivery system due to its ability to greatly increase the viral adhesion to mucosal epithelial cells and to enhance the cellular uptake and endosomal escape of antigens in dendritic cells (DCs) and further significantly activate DCs to mature. Taken together, these results provided more insights that PEI has potential as an adjuvant for H9N2 particle antigen intranasal vaccination.
Impact of a Rapid Microarray-Based Assay for Identification of Positive Blood Cultures for Treatment Optimization for Patients with Streptococcal and Enterococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Roshdy Danya G. , Tran Anthony , LeCroy Nicholas , Zeng Donglin , Ou Fang-shu , Daniels Lindsay M. , Weber David J. , Alby Kevin , Miller Melissa B. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Implementation of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture test led to reductions in time to acceptable antibiotic overall (1.9 versus 13.2 h, respectively;
P
= 0.04) and time to appropriate antibiotic for patients with vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus
(4.2 versus 43.7 h;
P
= 0.006) and viridans group
Streptococcus
(0.2 versus 7.1 h;
P
= 0.02).
Commentaries: Integration of Whole-Genome Sequencing into Infection Control Practices: the Potential and the Hurdles
Authors: Robilotti Elizabeth , Kamboj Mini 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Microbial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is poised to transform many of the currently used approaches in medical microbiology. Recent reports on the application of WGS to understand genetic evolution and reconstruct transmission pathways have provided valuable information that will influence infection control practices. While this technology holds great promise, obstacles to full implementation remain. Two articles in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology (
S. Octavia, Q. Wang, M. M. Tanaka, S. Kaur, V. Sintchenko, and R. Lan
, J Clin Microbiol 53:1063–1071, 2015, doi:
10.1128/JCM.03235-14
, and
S. J. Salipante, D. J. SenGupta, L. A. Cummings, T. A. Land, D. R. Hoogestraat, and B. T. Cookson
, J Clin Microbiol 53:1072–1079, 2015, doi:
10.1128/JCM.03385-14
) describe the breadth of application of WGS to the field of clinical epidemiology.
Bacteremia Caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Arguello Esther , Otto Caitlin C. , Mead Peter , Babady N. Esther 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Arcobacter butzleri
is an emerging pathogen that has been implicated as the causative agent of persistent watery diarrhea. We describe a case involving a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed invasive
A. butzleri
bacteremia. This case illustrates the unique challenges involved in diagnosing infections caused by emerging gastrointestinal pathogens.
Cellular Profiles of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Their Prognostic Significance for Non-HIV-Infected Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
Authors: Lee Ju Young , Park Hyun Jung , Kim Yong Kyun , Yu Shinae , Chong Yong Pil , Kim Sung-Han , Sung Heungsup , Lee Sang-Oh , Kim Mi-Na , Lim Chae-Man , Kim Yang Soo , Koh Younsuck , Woo Jun Hee , Choi Sang-Ho 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

The usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cellular analysis in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with
Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia (PCP) has not been adequately evaluated. The objective of this study was to analyze the cellular profiles of BAL fluid and to evaluate their prognostic significance in non-HIV-infected patients with PCP. A 7-year retrospective cohort study of 166 non-HIV-infected adult patients with PCP who underwent BAL was performed in a tertiary care hospital. The median total BAL fluid white blood cell count was 180/μl (interquartile range, 80 to 330) and was unaffected by the severity of PCP. The median percentages of BAL fluid neutrophils, lymphocytes, and alveolar macrophages were 13.1%, 31.7%, and 30.2%, respectively. The median percentage of BAL fluid neutrophils was significantly higher in severe than in mild-to-moderate PCP (20.4% versus 6.0%,
P
< 0.001), as was the absolute neutrophil count (24/μl versus 13/μl,
P
= 0.001). The percentage of BAL fluid neutrophils was an independent predictor of 30-day (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.03) and 60-day (aOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) mortalities. The 30-day and 60-day mortalities increased at rates of 15% (
P
= 0.006) and 21% (
P
< 0.001) per 10% increment of BAL fluid neutrophil levels, respectively. The degree of BAL fluid pleocytosis was relatively low without regard to the severity of PCP. The percentage of BAL fluid neutrophils can be used as a prognostic marker in non-HIV-infected patients with PCP.
Toscana Virus Encephalitis in a Traveler Returning to the United States
Authors: Howell Benjamin A. , Azar Marwan M. , Landry Marie L. , Shaw Albert C. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
In Italy, Toscana virus is the most common cause of meningitis from May to October. Though only a few cases have been reported in U.S. travelers returning from Europe, most cases are likely unrecognized due to lack of familiarity with the disease. Here, we describe the case of an 82-year-old man presenting with fever, profound weakness, and hearing loss after returning to the United States following a 2-week summertime vacation in southern Italy who was ultimately diagnosed with Toscana virus encephalitis. This case should alert clinicians to the possibility of Toscana virus infection in returning travelers and provides information on how to obtain testing if Toscana virus is suspected.
Domestic Pigs Are Susceptible to Infection with Influenza B Viruses
Authors: Ran Zhiguang , Shen Huigang , Lang Yuekun , Kolb Elizabeth A. , Turan Nuri , Zhu Laihua , Ma Jingjiao , Bawa Bhupinder , Liu Qinfang , Liu Haixia , Quast Megan , Sexton Gabriel , Krammer Florian , Hause Ben M. , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Nelson Eric A. , Richt Juergen , Li Feng , Ma Wenjun 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. It is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of IBV and serve as a reservoir. Swine are naturally infected with both influenza A and C viruses. To determine the susceptibility of pigs to IBV infection, we conducted a serological survey for U.S. Midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 2012. Results of this study showed that antibodies to IBVs were detected in 38.5% (20/52) of sampled farms, and 7.3% (41/560) of tested swine serum samples were positive for IBV antibodies. Furthermore, swine herds infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in our 2014 survey. In addition, IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Finally, an experimental infection in pigs, via intranasal and intratracheal routes, was performed using one representative virus from each of the two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs: B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (Yamagata lineage). Pigs developed influenza-like symptoms and lung lesions, and they seroconverted after virus inoculation. Pigs infected with B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus successfully transmitted the virus to sentinel animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infection; therefore, they warrant further surveillance and investigation of swine as a potential host for human IBV.

IMPORTANCE
IBV is an important human pathogen, but its ability to infect other species, for example, pigs, is not well understood. We showed serological evidence that antibodies to two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs were present among domestic pigs, especially in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus. IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Moreover, both lineages of IBV were able to infect pigs under experimental conditions, with transmissibility of influenza B/Victoria lineage virus among pigs being observed. Our results demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infections, indicating that IBV is a swine pathogen, and swine may serve as a natural reservoir of IBVs. In addition, pigs may serve as a model to study the mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis of IBVs.
A Triple-Arginine Motif in the Amino-Terminal Domain and Oligomerization Are Required for HIV-1 Inhibition by Human MX2
Authors: Goujon Caroline , Greenbury Rebecca A. , Papaioannou Stelios , Doyle Tomas , Malim Michael H. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
We have employed molecular genetic approaches to understand the domain organization of the HIV-1 resistance factor myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2). First, we describe an essential triple-arginine motif in the amino-terminal domain. Second, we demonstrate that this 91-residue domain mediates antiviral activity when appended to heterologous proteins, and we provide genetic evidence that protein oligomerization is required for MX2 function. These insights will facilitate future work aiming to elucidate MX2's mechanism of action.
Hepatitis C Virus Attenuates Mitochondrial Lipid β-Oxidation by Downregulating Mitochondrial Trifunctional-Protein Expression
Authors: Amako Yutaka , Munakata Tsubasa , Kohara Michinori , Siddiqui Aleem , Peers Chris , Harris Mark 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
The course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and disease progression involves alterations in lipid metabolism, leading to symptoms such as hypocholesterolemia and steatosis. Steatosis can be induced by multiple mechanisms, including increases in lipid biosynthesis and uptake, impaired lipoprotein secretion, and/or attenuation of lipid β-oxidation. However, little is known about the effects of HCV on lipid β-oxidation. A previous proteomics study revealed that HCV interacted with both the α- and β-subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP), an enzyme complex which catalyzes the last 3 steps of mitochondrial lipid β-oxidation for cellular energy production. Here we show that in HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells, lipid β-oxidation was significantly attenuated. Consistently with this, MTP protein and mRNA levels were suppressed by HCV infection. A loss-of-function study showed that MTP depletion rendered cells less responsive to alpha interferon (IFN-α) treatment by impairing IFN-stimulated gene expression. These aspects of host-virus interaction explain how HCV alters host energy homeostasis and how it may also contribute to the establishment of persistent infection in the liver.

IMPORTANCE
HCV infection triggers metabolic alterations, which lead to significant disease outcomes, such as fatty liver (steatosis). This study revealed that HCV impairs mitochondrial lipid β-oxidation, which results in low lipid combustion. On the other hand, the HCV-induced defects in metabolic status played an important role in the control of the type I interferon system. Under the conditions of impaired lipid β-oxidation, host cells were less responsive to the ability of exogenously added IFN-α to suppress HCV replication. This suggests that interference with lipid β-oxidation may assist the virus in the establishment of a long-term, persistent infection. Further understanding of this aspect of virus-host interaction may lead to improvements in the current standard therapy.
The Glycosylation Status of PrP
C
Is a Key Factor in Determining Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Transmission between Species
Authors: Wiseman Frances K. , Cancellotti Enrico , Piccardo Pedro , Iremonger Kayleigh , Boyle Aileen , Brown Deborah , Ironside James W. , Manson Jean C. , Diack Abigail B. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

The risk of transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) between different species has been notoriously unpredictable because the mechanisms of transmission are not fully understood. A transmission barrier between species often prevents infection of a new host with a TSE agent. Nonetheless, some TSE agents are able to cross this barrier and infect new species, with devastating consequences. The host PrP
C
misfolds during disease pathogenesis and has a major role in controlling the transmission of agents between species, but sequence compatibility between host and agent PrP
C
does not fully explain host susceptibility. PrP
C
is posttranslationally modified by the addition of glycan moieties which have an important role in the infectious process. Here, we show
in vivo
that glycosylation of the host PrP
C
has a significant impact on the transmission of TSE between different host species. We infected mice carrying different glycosylated forms of PrP
C
with two human agents (sCJDMM2 and vCJD) and one hamster strain (263K). The absence of glycosylation at both or the first PrP
C
glycosylation site in the host results in almost complete resistance to disease. The absence of the second site of N-glycan has a dramatic effect on the barrier to transmission between host species, facilitating the transmission of sCJDMM2 to a host normally resistant to this agent. These results highlight glycosylation of PrP
C
as a key factor in determining the transmission efficiency of TSEs between different species.

IMPORTANCE
The risks of transmission of TSE between different species are difficult to predict due to a lack of knowledge over the mechanisms of disease transmission; some strains of TSE are able to cross a species barrier, while others do not. The host protein, PrP
C
, plays a major role in disease transmission. PrP
C
undergoes posttranslational glycosylation, and the addition of these glycans may play a role in disease transmission. We infected mice that express different forms of glycosylated PrP
C
with three different TSE agents. We demonstrate that changing the glycosylation status of the host can have profound effects on disease transmission, changing host susceptibility and incubation times. Our results show that PrP
C
glycosylation is a key factor in determining risks of TSE transmission between species.