bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase Behavior of Engkabang Fat with Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Gani S. S. A. , Basri M. , Rahman M. B. A. , Kassim A. , Salleh A. B. , Abdul Rahman R. N. Z. R. , Ismail Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phase behavior of engkabang fat was determined through the construction of ternary phase diagrams using nonionic surfactants. Several phase regions appeared in the ternary phase diagrams such as isotropic, homogenous, liquid crystal, two phase and three phase regions. The increase of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the nonionic surfactants used gave larger isotropic and homogenous region in the ternary phase diagrams. The combination of engkabang fat:Solubilisant Gamma (2:1) in the ternary phases diagram gave an even larger isotropic and homogenous regions as well as the formation of liquid crystal region.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Influence of Micelles on the Oxidation of Acetone by N-Bromophthalimide in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
Authors: Katre Y. R. , Tripathi K. , Joshi G. K. , Singh A. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The effect of cationic micelles of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic micelles of Sodium dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) on the kinetics of oxidation of acetone by N-Bromophthalimide (NBP) was studied iodometrically at 308 K. In addition to kinetic experiments, conductivity measurements have also been done to obtain critical micelle concentration and other thermodynamic properties. The kinetic observations indicate fractional order and first order dependence, with respect to [Acetone] and [NBP] respectively. Cationic surfactant (CTAB) strongly catalysed the oxidation of acetone in aqueous acetic acid medium and typical kobs and [CTAB] profile was observed i.e. with the progressive increase in [CTAB], the reaction rate increased, at higher concentration constancy in kobs was observed, whereas anionic surfactant (SDS) was found to show no considerable effect on reaction rate. Mercuric acetate and phthalimide exhibited nil effect on the reaction rate. The presence of inorganic salts (KCl, KBr) exhibits positive effect in the reaction rate. The various activation parameters in presence of CTAB and SDS have been also evaluated. A suitable mechanism consistent with the experimental findings has been proposed. The binding constant with surfactants has been evaluated.
Micelles Activated Planar Chromatographic Separation of Hydrophilic Vitamins
Authors: Mohammad A. , Gupta R. , Bhawani S. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The separation efficiency of micellar solutions in thin layer chromatography of hydrophilic vitamins (B1, B9, B12 and C) has been examined using silica gel as stationary phase. The best results were obtained with mixed micelles (aqueous solution of anionic SDS (0.5%) plus non-ionic Triton X-100 (0.5%) surfactants) and butanol (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase. The proposed method is applicable to the identification and separation of vitamins (B1, B9 and C) present in drug samples (Becosule and Celin). The separation 1 μg of vitamin C from milligram quantities (up to 0.50 mg) of vitamin B1 has been successfully realized. Effect of metal ions as impurities on the separation of B1, B9 and vitamin C and limit of detection of these vitamins have been examined.
Synthesis of Nanocrystal TiO2 and Study of Photocatalytic Degradation Property
Authors: Tai X.-M. , Du Z.-P. , Wang W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Using Tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) as titanium source, the nanocrystal TiO2 was synthesized via hydrolysis deposition processing in cationic surfactant system at room temperature. The synthesized products were characterized by TEM and XRD. Photocatalytic degrade to NPE-10, phenol and DBS in solar irradiating were studied, respectively. The TiO2 powder showed excellent photocatalytic property. It was different to degrade three substances. NPE-10 was degraded nearly 70% in 2 hours, phenol was degraded nearly 95% in 8 hours, DBS was degraded nearly 82% in 8 hours.
Removal of Tartrazine from Aqueous Solution by Activated Coal
Authors: Ishaq M. , Saeed K. , Ahmad I. , Shakirullah M. , Nadeem S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Removal of industrially important Tartrazine dye from aqueous solution was carried with virgin and variously activated coal samples at room temperature. The morphological study indicated that the number of coal particles was increased when the coal was evacuated at 200°C while aggregated form was observed at 400°C evacuation temperature. The coal particles were again formed at 600°C evacuation temperature. The coal, which was evacuated at 400°C, adsorbed less Tartrazine than the coal samples which were evacuated at 200 and 600°C. This might be caused by the aggregation of the coal particles at 400°C (because of the plastic range of coal swelling), which results in a decrease of the coal surface area. The obtained adsorption data were also fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models.
Analysis of the Influence of Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant and Cosolvent Structure on Interfacial Tension in Aqueous Formulations versus n-Octane
Authors: Iglauer S. , Wu Y. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We studied the influence of molecular structural elements of alkyl polyglycoside (APG) surfactants on the interfacial tension (IFT) in aqueous formulations against n-octane. This included the analysis of alkyl and aryl chain length, type and number of sugar-ring head, anomers, addition of cosolvents and effect of salt addition. We found that longer alkyl or aryl chains lead to lower IFT, consistent with data recorded for commercial (mixed) APGs. APGs with only one sugar-ring head had lower IFT than their analog maltose derivates (two-ring head). Intriguingly the stereochemistry of the sugar head (i.e. galactose versus glucose) and the type of anomer showed a significant influence on IFT. The n-octyl-α-D-glucopyranoside anomer had a lower IFT than the corresponding β-anomer. 1-octanol and 1-hexanol were efficient cosolvents consistent with the datasets observed for commercial APGs. Salt addition reduced IFT. Functional groups (aldehyde, amide-methoxy) integrated into the molecular architecture of the APG skeleton were efficient in terms of significantly reducing IFT, suggesting a strategy for the molecular design of advanced APG surfactants. We discuss the results in the context of the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept, which we modified so that IFT values are discussed instead of phase behavior.
Micellar Behaviour of Copper Surfactants Derived from Fresh (Untreated) Sesame Oil and Used (Treated at High Temperature) Sesame Oil
Authors: Sharma R. , Bhutra R. , Khan S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Copper soaps have been prepared from fresh and used sesame oils. The formation of copper soaps has been confirmed by spectral technique. Micellar characterization of copper soaps has been studied by density, viscosity and ultrasonic measurements. The apparent molar volume and apparent molar compressibility have been enumerated at constant temperature using these data. The results were used to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), soap-solvent interaction. The results of apparent molar volume were discussed in terms of Masson's equation and the results of viscosity data have been discussed in terms of Jones-Dole equation. The CMC values are found to increase with decrease in average molecular weight of the soap. It has been observed that there is a decrease in soap-solvent interaction with the decrease in average molecular weight of copper soap.
Formula Design of Pesticide Microemulsion Formulation
Authors: Feng Zhao , Shan Lu , Ying Xia Hong , Ling He Ji 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Microemulsions are regarded as one of the most promising pesticide formulations. However, formulation of pesticide microemulsions is not simple. Obtaining efficient, scientific and inexpensive formulation designs is challenging. In this work, cyhalothrin was used as a pesticide sample, and a systematic study on microemulsion formula design was carried out based on its pseudo-ternary phase diagram and the orthogonal design method. An explanation of the use of our approach is included to assist the formulator, and the development of a 5.28% w/w cyhalothrin microemulsion is described.
Micellization of Gemini Surfactants in Polymer Solutions
Authors: Tikariha D. , Ghosh K. K. , Quagliotto P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The micellization behavior of three cationic gemini surfactants, C16H33N+(CH3)2(CH2)SN+(CH3)2C16H33, 2Br− (s = 4, 6, 10) have been studied in the presence of 1% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600) by conductivity measurements at 300–320 K. From the conductivity data the critical micelle concentration, the degree of counterion ionization (α) and the thermodynamics of micellization ΔGo
m, ΔHo
m, ΔSo
m, of the gemini surfactants have been determined. The micellar parameters show a significant dependence on the spacer length and as well as amount of polymer.
Fragmentation Mechanism of Alkyl-monoglycosides by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sayed N. A. , Sukkary M. EL , Aiad A. , El-Azab W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Alkylmonoglycosides with different alkyl chain lengths (APG8, APG9, APG10 and APG14) were prepared by Fisher reaction of glucose with fatty alcohols. Excess alcohol was used to increase the possibility of producing alkyl monoglycosides products. Mass spectrometry with chemical ionization was used to confirm their structures as alkyl monoglycosides. Accordingly, the obtained signals at m/z = 293, 307, 321 and 377 corresponds to their protonated molecules. The base lines which are the most intensive signals in each spectrum at m/z = 145, 127, 141 and 197 represent the most abundant ions and define the pathway of their fragmentation mechanism. The mass 145 for APG8 is generated from the parent ion by elimination of the mass ROH followed by H2O. For this compound cleavage occurs at the C–O bond next to the glucose ring, while fragmentation of alkyl monoglycosides with carbon number 9, 10 and 14 occurs at the O–R bond releasing the alkyl cation R of the aglucone moiety (CnH2n+1) along with large fragment ions characteristic of the glucose moiety.
Thermodynamics of Micellization and Conductance Behavior of Uranyl Soap Solutions
Authors: Sharma V. , Sharma M. , Gautam D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The conductance results showed that uranyl soaps behave as weak electrolyte in dilute solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at various temperatures below the critical micelle concentration, indicating that Debye–Hückel–Onsager's equation is not applicable to these soaps solutions. The value of critical micelle concentration decreases with increasing chain length of the soap and increasing temperature. The results were used to evaluate various thermodynamic parameters for both dissociation and association processes and may be satisfactorily explained in the light of phase separation model. The results show that the dissociation process of these soaps was found to be endothermic while micellization is exothermic in nature.
Phase Behaviour of the Microemulsion Systems Formed by the Composite Surfactants Alkyl Polyglucoside and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Zhao J.-R. , Li X.-Q. , Li Y. , Chai J.-L. , Shang S.-C. , Lu J.-J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The phase behavior of microemulsions containing composite surfactants of non-ionic alkyl polyglucoside and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied by the ∊-β fishlike phase diagram method. In microemulsion systems APG(SDS)/alcohol/alkane/water, there exists an obvious synergistic effect in terms of the composition of the interfacial layer and the solubilization ability. In the interfacial layer the number of surfactant and alcohol molecules notably decrease, resulting in a significant improvement in the solubilization ability of the system. The effects of alcohols, alkanes and salinity on the ∊-β fishlike phase diagrams of APG/SDS/alcohol/alkane/brine microemulsion systems were also discussed.
Removal of Triphenylmethane Dye from Aqueous Solution by Carbonaceous Adsorbent
Authors: Alam S. , Mabood F. , Sadiq M. , Noor-ul-Amin  , Bangash F. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Removal of acid blue 1 from aqueous solution on activated carbon produced from Salvadora oleoides was investigated. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, BJH pore volume and pore diameter, XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis. The surfaces contain functional groups like ketones and hydroxyl which disappeared at high activation temperature; relatively high amount of carbon w.r.t. oxygen was found with the increase in activation temperature; the increase in surface area and development of porous structures showed a positive effect on the adsorption capacity. Adsorption of the dye on carbon at 10 and 45°C showed that the first order, Bangham and Elovich and parabolic diffusion equations apply to the kinetic data. The adsorption rate increased with the temperature and with thermal activation of the sample. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔE≠, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠ were calculated from the kinetic data. The negative values of ΔS≠ reflect decrease in the disorder of the system at the solid-solution interface during adsorption. Gibbs free energy (ΔG≠), which represents the driving force for the affinity of dye for the carbon, increased with the increase in activation temperature.
Nonequilibrium Association of Oppositely Charged Macromolecules and Amphiphiles
Authors: Mészáros R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Recently, a novel concept has been proposed to interpret the nonequilibrium character of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte/surfactant mixtures. According to this approach, at low surfactant-to-polyelectrolyte ratios the system is a thermodynamically stable solution. In a given composition range colloidal dispersions of the polyelectrolyte/surfactant nanoparticles are formed. In the presence of surfactant excess, the dispersions can be stabilised via the adsorption of the surfactant ions on the surface of the hydrophobic polyelectrolyte/surfactant nanoparticles. In the presence of polyelectrolyte excess, charge stabilised polyelectrolyte/surfactant dispersions might also be prepared if the charge of the macromolecules is large enough. These latter colloidal dispersions are stabilised by the uncompensated charges of the polyelectrolyte. The colloidal dispersion concept provides several options to control the formation of self-assemblies and the kinetic stability of the mixtures. In this paper, the effect of solution preparation protocols and different additives (including non-ionic polymers or surfactants) on the mentioned properties of oppositely charged macromolecule/surfactant systems is discussed.
Synthesis of Some Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives and Investigating their Biocidal Activity in Cooling Towers
Authors: Badawi A. M. , Mohamed D. E. , Hafiz A. A. , Ahmed S. M. , Gohar Y. M. , Soliman E. A. , Sanan M. S. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A novel series of dibenzothiophenedioxide sulphonamide derivatives were synthesized and tested as antimicrobial agents. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by micro elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR). The surface parameters of two of the prepared compounds were determined at 35°C including, surface tension, effectiveness, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area. Also the standard free energy of micellization and adsorption were recorded. The results showed that the prepared sulphonamides have good surface properties and effective antimicrobial activity against thirty three test organisms isolated from cooling towers.
Micellar Characteristics and Surface Properties of Some Sulfobetaine Surfactants
Authors: Singh N. , Ghosh K. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The micellar and interfacial properties of three sulfobetaine surfactants of the type CnH2n+1N+Me2(CH2)3SO3
− (n = 10; SB3-10 n = 12; SB3-12, n = 16; SB3-16) have been studied by conductometry and surface tension measurements. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum surface area per molecule of surfactant (Amin), Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGo
m), Gibbs energy of transfer (ΔGo
trans), the surface pressure at CMC (πCMC) and the Gibbs energy of adsorption (ΔGo
ads) of these surfactants have also been determined. Effect of formamide has been studied at higher temperature conductometrically. Results show that alkyl chain length and the amount of solvent composition influences micellization and surface properties of sulfobetaines. Increment in the CMC, ΔGo
m and ΔGo
trans, can be accounted for changes in the polarity of the bulk phase. Γmax, and πcmc decreases where as Amin increases with increase in the organic solvent. It was also observed that micellization in water-formamide mixture was even slower than in the case of ethylene glycol.
Optimization of Parameters for the Preparation of Au/TiO2 with Photodegradation of NPE-10 in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Feng C.-B. , Chen L. , Du Z.-P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The degradation in aqueous solution of nonionic surfactant, nonylphenyl poly(oxyethylene)ethers (NPE-10), which was photocatalyzed by Au/TiO2 nanoparticles has been studied. The particles were obtained using modified deposition-precipitation with Urea (DP Urea). The Taguchi method was implemented successfully to optimize the photoactivity for Au/TiO2 photocatalyst. The optimized catalyst was characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS and UV-visible absorption spectra techniques. It was found that Au3+/Ti4+ molar ratio was the main parameter having significant effect on photocatalytic activity. Under optimal conditions, the observed Au nano-particle size and distributions indicate, that smaller gold nanoparticles (∼1.8 nm diameter) were obtained, and the existing of Au particles promote the photoadsorption of oxygen on the surface of photocatalysts. Both are responsible for the significantly enhanced catalytic activity of commercial TiO2 (pure P-25) toward the photodegradation of NPE-10-probably by increasing the rate of production of separated electrons and holes.
Synthesis of Disk-Like and Flower-Like ZnO Nanostructures by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Assisted non-Basic Solution Process
Authors: Salem J. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Disk-like and flower-like ZnO nanostructures were prepared in alcoholic solutions with SDS-free and various sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentrations by a non-basic solution method. In all cases, the obtained crystals exhibited the crystal structure of wurtzite ZnO and photoluminescence at UV and green regions. The ZnO grown in the SDS solution have a morphology of aggregated disk-like and flower-like structures. The origin of morphology different of the ZnO crystals is explained by a chemical interaction between surface of ZnO seed crystal and SDS micelles.
Interactions between Dyes and Cetyl-trimethyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Patil S. , Agrawal M. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Surfactants have been widely used as auxiliaries in many areas of textile finishing. The nature of the interactions between dyes and surfactants is one of the basic piece of information for understanding the process of dyeing and finishing of textile material. The role of attractive interactions between the hydrocarbon tails and repulsive interactions between the surfactant head groups on the micellar association process have been studied. The presented work is oriented on the determination of the critical micelle concentration and molar conductance, in aqueous solution of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide by using the electric conductivity method. From conductivity data parameters for dyes – surfactant interaction such as micellar ionization degree α, counter ion binding and free energy of micellization have been calculated. On the basis of results it is clear that critical micelle concentration depends on the nature of ionic group and concentration of counter ion in solution.
Bis(Diquaternary Ammonium)Salts: Synthesis, Effect of Spacer on Surface Activities and Aggregation Properties of Reactive Red 198 in Aqueous – Surfactants Solutions
Authors: Abdel-Salam F. H. , El-Said A. G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of bis-diquaternary ammonium salts (cationic Gemini surfactants) with different length in spacer were prepared and characterized. The surface properties such as the critical micelle concentration CMC, minimum surface tension γCMC, effectiveness of the surface tension reduction πCMC, maximum surface excess Γmax and surface area per molecule Amin have been determined by means of surface tension measurements. As expected, these surfactants have good surface activities than those conventional monomeric ones (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC)) and the spacer plays an important role in the surface properties. Under experimental conditions, surface parameters decreases with the increase of carbon number of the spacer the except analogue with a benzene ring due to its inflexibility. The aggregation ability of some practically used reactive azodyes (C.I. Reactive Red 198) in aqueous solutions and the prepared surfactants was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic studies were extended in order to determine the effect of molecular structure of the surfactants on the aggregative properties of C.I. Reactive Red 198 (RR 198). The aggregation behaviour of the RR 198 in solutions and in the presence of additives is related to their apparent deviations from Beer's law and aggregation number (N). The aggregation constant (Kn) of the monomer/dimer equilibrium was calculated. The aggregate structures and the nature of the interacting pairs in this dye were discussed using Kasha exciton theory.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetic Study of Two New Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Edrissi M. , Soleymani M. , Asadian M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two new surfactants (stearoyl morpholinium chloride and palmitoyl morpholinium chloride) were synthesized in two steps. In the first step, chloride acids were reacted with morpholine salt for producing morpholinium normal penta decyl ketone and morpholinium normal hepta decyl ketone. In the second step, the obtained products were reacted with HCl to produce suitable surfactants. The synthesis products in each steps were analyzed by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and elemental analysis. Also, the kinetic of the reactions were investigated. It has been shown that the synthesis reaction of the first step, the low rate step, follows a first order for two surfactants. The properties of two surfactants were investigated for anti-static and surface tension reduction. It was found that the hydrocarbon chain length is the main factor which has an effect on the properties of surfactants.
Conductometry and Thermodynamic Study of Micellization of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Mixed Solvents Containing Dilute Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: El-Aila H. J. Y. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was determined conductometrically in binary mixtures of water + cosolvent at various temperatures and at low concentrations of sodium chloride, ranging from 0.0 to 2.4 × 10−2 M. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (AN) were used as cosolvents added to water. The ability of NaCl to lower the CMC of CTAB in water was inhibited by DMSO and AN. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization ΔHo
m, ΔSo
m, and ΔGo
m were evaluated according to the pseudo-phase model. The contribution of DMSO and AN in the micellization process of CTAB in aqueous electrolyte solutions were discussed in terms of the observed thermodynamic properties.