bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralized Chemical Matricectomy with the Winograd Method in the Management of Ingrowing Toenail
Authors: Agarwala Sanjay , Sobti Anshul Shyam , Mohrir Ganesh 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Ingrowing toenail is a common condition provoking pain, inflammation and functional limitation. Many surgical methods have evolved over the years for its treatment. The most important aspect of treatment of this problem is to prevent recurrence. The purpose of this paper was to study the effectiveness of combining the standard Winograd technique with neutralized chemical matricectomy to reduce the chances of recurrence and expedite postoperative recovery.

Materials and methods
Between 2006 and 2013, 33 patients (18 males, 15 females); with mean age 37.39 years (range 16 to 65 years) with 38 ingrowing toenails were treated with the standard Winograd technique combined with phenol matricectomy. The patients were evaluated in subsequent follow-ups for postoperative relapse, pain score (VAS) and time return to daily activities and ability to wear footwear and overall satisfaction. The mean follow-up period was 3.57 years (range 2 to 7 years).

Results
A total of 94.73% patients were satisfied with the overall outcome. The average return to normal shoe-wear was 1.54 weeks and the average return to normal activity was 1.18 weeks. Recurrence was seen in two patients (5.26%), 5 and 6 months after surgery. Four patients had delayed healing. None of the patients had any deep infection or neurovascular complications.

Conclusion
The Winograd technique when combined with neutralized phenol matricectomy is associated with a very low recurrence and infection rate. It allows early postoperative recovery and good cosmetic results with a high level of patient satisfaction.

How to cite this article
Agarwala S, Sobti AS, Mohrir G. Neutralized Chemical Matricectomy with the Winograd Method in the Management of Ingrowing Toenail. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):55-59.
Plato, Metaphysics and the Forms
Authors: Grabowski Francis A. 
Published: February 2015

Few philosophical doctrines have been as influential and as widely discussed as Plato’s theory of Forms; yet few have been as misunderstood. Most philosophers, following the recommendation of Aristotle, regard the Forms as abstract entities. However, this view is difficult to square with other aspects of Plato’s thought, in particular his theory of knowledge.
Francis A. Grabowski aims to dissociate the theory of Forms from its Aristotelian reception, by interpreting it within the larger framework of Plato’s philosophy. Grabowski notes that the theory emerged largely from epistemological concerns. He shows that the ancients conceived of knowledge almost exclusively as a perception-like acquaintance with things. He goes on to examine Plato’s epistemology and shows that Plato also regards knowledge as the mind being directly acquainted with its object. Grabowski argues that, by modelling knowledge on perception, Plato could not have conceived of the Forms as Aristotle and others have claimed. He concludes that an interpretation of the Forms as concrete rather than abstract entities provides a more plausible and coherent view of Plato’s overall philosophical project.
Kościuszko and African-American History
Authors: Hodges Graham Russell Gao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMy interest in Tadeusz Kościuszko’s importance to African-American history derives from a book that Gary Nash and I published in 2008 called Friends of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Agrippa Hull.1 In that book, we studied Kościuszko’s relationship with the black American revolutionary soldier and farmer Agrippa Hull and, later, the Polish patriot’s deep friendship with Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and the man who is often regarded as the key interpreter of early American freedom. Kościuszko asked Jefferson to create, manage, and act as executor for an estate of monies awarded in 1797 for the Pole’s revolutionary service to the United States. After Kościuszko’s death in 1817, Jefferson reneged on his promise and declined to execute the will, which would have paid for the education and manumission of enslaved people, including, potentially, members of Jefferson’s own family and his other bonded workers. Had Jefferson done so, Nash and I argued, his actions would have been a powerful symbol against slavery in addition to freeing a substantial number of people. Eventually, as we showed, the largest amount of cash that Kościuszko ever earned languished, purloined by unscrupulous figures, until the U.S. Supreme Court granted the remnants of the estate to his Polish heirs in 1852.
NG2+ Progenitors Derived From Embryonic Stem Cells Penetrate Glial Scar and Promote Axonal Outgrowth Into White Matter After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Vadivelu Sudhakar , Stewart Todd J. , Qu Yun , Horn Kevin , Liu Su , Li Qun , Silver Jerry , McDonald John W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The glial scar resulting from spinal cord injury is rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), a formidable barrier to axonal regeneration. We explored the possibility of breaching that barrier by first examining the scar in a functional in vitro model. We found that embryonic stem cell-derived neural lineage cells (ESNLCs) with prominent expression of nerve glial antigen 2 (NG2) survived, passed through an increasingly inhibitory gradient of CSPG, and expressed matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) at the appropriate stage of their development. Outgrowth of axons from ESNLCs followed because the migrating cells sculpted pathways in which CSPG was degraded. The degradative mechanism involved MMP-9 but not MMP-2. To confirm these results in vivo, we transplanted ESNLCs directly into the cavity of a contused spinal cord 9 days after injury. A week later, ESNLCs survived and were expressing both NG2 and MMP-9. Their axons had grown through long distances (&gt;10 mm), although they preferred to traverse white rather than gray matter. These data are consistent with the concept that expression of inhibitory CSPG within the injury scar is an important impediment to regeneration but that NG2+ progenitors derived from ESNLCs can modify the microenvironment to allow axons to grow through the barrier. This beneficial action may be partly due to developmental expression of MMP-9. We conclude that it might eventually be possible to encourage axonal regeneration in the human spinal cord by transplanting ESNLCs or other cells that express NG2.
Pour une approche réflexive et critique des rapports entre temporalités et professionnalisation
Authors: Alhadeff-Jones Michel 
Published: February 2015

Envisager les déterminants qui influencent, chez une personne ou au sein d’un collectif, le développement de son rapport au temps constitue un enjeu crucial dans le cadre d’une démarche de professionnalisation. Partant de ce constat, cet article propose d’envisager six finalités caractéristiques d’un apprentissage réflexif et critique permettant de concevoir et d’interroger les rapports entre professionnalisation et temporalités. Il propose en particulier d’interroger la façon dont on apprend à discriminer, évaluer, interpréter, argumenter, juger et mettre en crise les temporalités et les rythmes, vécus ou observés, tels qu’ils déterminent la vie quotidienne et l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. Ce faisant, cette réflexion suggère de concevoir la professionnalisation comme capacité à (ré) organiser une autonomie rythmique.
L’intégration des nouveaux préposés aux bénéficiaires dans les organisations gériatriques au Québec : la santé au travail au risque des temporalités
Authors: Aubry François 
Published: February 2015

L’objectif de cet article est d’expliquer en quoi l’intégration des nouveaux préposés aux bénéficiaires dans les organisations gériatriques au Québec doit être considérée comme un processus problématique en termes de santé et sécurité du travail. Notre article prend appui sur les données d’une étude qualitative menée en 2012 dans deux organisations gériatriques du Québec. Nous montrons comment les nouvelles recrues apprennent à devoir respecter deux normes organisationnelles difficilement conciliables : l’une concerne le respect de la charge de travail prescrite; l’autre a trait à la qualité du travail. Nous montrons ensuite en quoi les stratégies de prudence détiennent une place majeure dans la protection des nouvelles recrues face aux risques inhérents à l’organisation. Enfin, nous référençons les causes pouvant jouer un rôle dans la fragilisation du processus de transmission de ces stratégies.
Review: An urgent need for research on factors impacting adherence to and retention in care among HIV‐positive youth and adolescents from key populations
Authors: Lall Priya , Lim Sin How , Khairuddin Norliana , Kamarulzaman Adeeba 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionThe 50% increase in HIV‐related deaths in youth and adolescents (aged 10–24) from 2005 to 2012 highlights the need to improve HIV treatment and care in this population, including treatment adherence and retention. Youth and adolescents from key populations or young key populations (YKP) in particular are highly stigmatized and may face additional barrier(s) in adhering to HIV treatment and services. We reviewed the current knowledge on treatment adherence and retention in HIV care among YKP to identify gaps in the literature and suggest future directions to improve HIV care for YKP.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search for YKP and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and retention in HIV care on PsycInfo (Ovid), PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of the keywords HIV/AIDS, ART, adolescents, young adults, adherence (or compliance), retention, men who have sex with men, transgender, injection drug users, people who inject drugs and prisoners. We included empirical studies on key populations defined by WHO; included the terms youth and adolescents and/or aged between 10 and 24; examined adherence to or retention in HIV care; and published in English‐language journals. All articles were coded using NVivo.Results and discussionThe systematic search yielded 10 articles on YKP and 16 articles on behaviourally infected youth and adolescents from 1999 to 2014. We found no studies reporting on youth and adolescents identified as sex workers, transgender people and prisoners. From existing literature, adherence to ART was reported to be influenced by age, access to healthcare, the burden of multiple vulnerabilities, policy involving risk behaviours and mental health. A combination of two or more of these factors negatively impacted adherence to ART among YKP. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that future programmes need to be tailored specifically to YKP to ensure adherence.ConclusionsThere is an urgent need for more systematic research in YKP. Current limited evidence suggests that healthcare delivery should be tailored to the unique needs of YKP. Thus, research on YKP could be used to inform future interventions to improve access to treatment and management of co‐morbidities related to HIV, to ease the transition from paediatric to adult care and to increase uptake of secondary prevention methods.
HIV testing and linkage to services for youth
Authors: Kurth Ann E , Lally Michelle A , Choko Augustine T , Inwani Irene W , Fortenberry J Dennis 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionHIV testing is the portal to serostatus knowledge that can empower linkage to care for HIV treatment and HIV prevention. However, young people's access to HIV testing is uneven worldwide. The objective of this paper is to review the context and concerns faced by youth around HIV testing in low‐ as well as high‐income country settings.DiscussionHIV testing is a critical entry point for primary and secondary prevention as well as care and treatment for young people including key populations of vulnerable youth. We provide a framework for thinking about the role of testing in the continuum of prevention and care for young people. Brief case study examples from Kenya and the US illustrate some of the common barriers and issues involved for young people.ConclusionsYoung people worldwide need more routine access to HIV testing services that effectively address the developmental, socio‐political and other issues faced by young women and men.
“We don't need services. We have no problems”: exploring the experiences of young people who inject drugs in accessing harm reduction services
Authors: Krug Anita , Hildebrand Mikaela , Sun Nina 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionEvidence suggests that people who inject drugs often begin their drug use and injecting practices in adolescence, yet there are limited data available on the HIV epidemic and the responses for this population. The comprehensive package of interventions for the prevention, treatment and care of HIV infection among people who inject drugs first laid out in 2009 (revised in 2012) by World Health Organization, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, does not consider the unique needs of adolescent and young people. In order to better understand the values and preferences of young people who inject drugs in accessing harm reduction services and support, we undertook a series of community consultations with young people with experience of injecting drugs during adolescence.MethodsCommunity consultations (4–14 persons) were held in 14 countries. Participants were recruited using a combined criterion and maximum variation sampling strategy. Data were analyzed using collaborative qualitative data analysis. Frequency analysis of themes was conducted.ResultsNineteen community consultations were organized with a total of 132 participants. All participants had experienced injecting drugs before the age of 18. They had the following age distribution: 18–20 (37%), 21–25 (48%) and 26–30 (15%). Of the participants, 73.5% were male while 25.7% were female, with one transgender participant. Barriers to accessing the comprehensive package included: lack of information and knowledge of services, age restrictions on services, belief that services were not needed, fear of law enforcement, fear of stigma, lack of concern, high cost, lack of outreach, lack of knowledge of HCV/TB and lack of youth friendly services.ConclusionsThe consultations provide a rare insight into the lived experiences of adolescents who inject drugs and highlight the dissonance between their reality and current policy and programmatic approaches. Findings suggest that harm reduction and HIV policies and programmes should adapt the comprehensive package to reach young people and explore linkages to other sectors such as education and employment to ensure they are fully supported and protected. Continued participation of the community of young people who inject drugs can help ensure policy and programmes respond to the social exclusion and denial of rights and prevent HIV infection among adolescents who inject drugs.
Influence of Various Breast Factors on the Quality of Strain Elastograms
Authors: Song Guo , Jing Li , Yan Ma , Cong Shang , Xuejiao Wang 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the influence of the depth and size of breast lesions, the thickness of the adipose layer, and the thickness of the breast on the quality of strain elastograms obtained from Chinese women.MethodsUltrasound elastography was conducted on 326 breast lesions in 272 women. The quality of the images was evaluated according to criteria for satisfactory and unsatisfactory elastograms. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between measured factors and image quality.ResultsAmong the 326 lesions, 300 (92%) had satisfactory images, and 26 (8%) had unsatisfactory images. Univariate analyses indicated that all of the data from the unsatisfactory group were higher than the data from the satisfactory group in terms of the distance from the deep and superficial edges of the lesion to the skin, the thickness of the adipose layer anterior to the lesion, and the breast thickness at the location of the lesion (all P < .05 ). Lesions in the unsatisfactory group were larger than those in the satisfactory group when the distance from the deep edge of the lesion to the skin was between 2.1 and 2.5 cm and the distance from the superficial edge of the lesion to the skin was between 1.6 and 2.3 cm (all P< .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both the distance from the superficial edge of the lesion to the skin (odds ratio, 18.335; P = .029) and the breast thickness at the location of the lesion (odds ratio, 20.447; P < .001) were the independent influencing factors that affected the quality of elastograms.ConclusionsSatisfactory images are more easily acquired if the lesion is relatively superficial or located in areas of thinner breast thickness. Furthermore, among deeper lesions, satisfactory images are more common in large lesions.
Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Nodules in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease Using Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography
Authors: Suzuki Kunio , Okuda Yorihide , Ota Makiyo , Kojima Fumiyoshi , Horimoto Masayoshi 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced sonography using the perfluorobutane contrast agent Sonazoid (Daiichi‐Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) for establishing the diagnosis and cellular differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease.MethodsPatients with chronic liver disease in whom hepatic nodules were detected during screening for hepatocellular carcinoma were examined by imaging modalities, including contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), contrast‐enhanced sonography, and contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Nodules with negative imaging findings were further investigated with core biopsy or followed at our hospital. Between April 2007 and March 2011, all patients with hepatic nodules who underwent core biopsy of the nodules or hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma were reviewed. Fifty‐nine nodules from 47 patients with 42 contrast‐enhanced sonographic findings and 41 contrast‐enhanced CT findings were examined. Arterial‐ and Kupffer‐phase enhancement patterns of the nodules on contrast‐enhanced sonography were compared with the diagnosis and cellular differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Arterial‐ and late‐phase enhancement patterns on contrast‐enhanced CT were also compared with histologic findings.ResultsThe combination of hyperenhancement in the arterial phase and hypoenhancement in the Kupffer phase on contrast‐enhanced sonography (n = 11) correlated with moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .0028, Fisher exact test). The combination of hypoenhancement in the arterial phase and isoenhancement in the Kupffer phase on contrast‐enhanced sonography (n = 14) correlated with well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .0006, Fisher exact test). The combination of high density in the arterial phase and low density in the late phase on contrast‐enhanced CT (n = 21) correlated with moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .0059, Fisher exact test), but no enhancement pattern combination on contrast‐enhanced CT correlated with well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.ConclusionsSonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography is useful for diagnosis of well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.
Geochemical multielement signatures of glacial and interglacial facies of the Okhotsk Sea deepwater sediments during the past 350 kyr: A response to global climate changes at the orbital and millennial scales
Authors: Chebykin Eugene P. , Gorbarenko Sergey A. , Stepanova Ol'ga G. , Panov Vsevolod S. , Goldberg Evgeny L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe previously dated deepwater sediment core MR06‐04 PC‐7R (length 1723 cm; 350 kyr) recovered from the central Okhotsk Sea (OS) was analyzed for biogenic compounds and for 63 chemical elements (using the inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry method) with a high resolution (1 cm; ~200 years). A one box model with two main members” and mathematical methods (based on multielemental composition of sediments) for the calculation of weight fractions (at each time slice) of two main types of geochemical facies that dominate during considerably diverse climatic periods (glacial maxima and interglacial optima) were proposed and tested. This model can be applied to other analogous natural systems whose sedimentation is driven by two main types of geochemical facies. The application of the developed model to the studied core revealed that variations of weight fractions of the typical interglacial and glacial geochemical facies in the sediments along the core depth (named as warm and cold “covariators,” respectively) change synchronously with global and regional climate variability. Profiles of warm and inversed cold covariators coincide tightly, and their values increase during warm marine isotope stages and substages and decrease during cold ones over the last 350 kyr. Millennial scale changes in covariators had occurred simultaneously with abrupt variability in the OS productivity and sediment lithology and with millennial global climate variability. Some discrepancies in the warm and inversed cold covariators calculated using specific mathematical treatments revealed the episodic influence of volcanogenic matter presented in the core by visible tephra layers and cryptotephras.
Spin‐up behavior and effects of initial conditions for an integrated hydrologic model
Authors: Seck Alimatou , Welty Claire , Maxwell Reed M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInitial conditions have been shown to have a strong effect on outputs of surface water models, but their impact on integrated hydrologic models is not well documented. We investigated the effects of initial conditions on an integrated hydrologic model of a 5632 km2 domain in the northeastern U.S. Simulations were run for the year 1980 using four initial conditions spanning a range of average depth to water table, including 1 m (“wet”), 3m, 5m, and 7 m (“dry”) below land surface. Model outputs showed significant effects of initial conditions on basin‐averaged variables such as subsurface storage, surface storage, and surface runoff, with the greatest impact observed on surface storage and runoff. Effects of initial conditions were related to meteorological conditions, with precipitation reducing the effects of initial conditions on surface storage and runoff. Additionally, feedbacks between soil moisture and land‐energy fluxes affected the impacts of initial conditions: higher temperatures magnified the differences in storage, recharge, and discharge among the four initial‐condition scenarios. Ten year recursive runs were conducted for the wet and dry scenarios. Spin‐up times varied by model components and were considerably smaller for land‐surface states and fluxes. Spin‐up for dry initial conditions was slower than for wet initial conditions, indicating longer system memory for dry initial conditions. These variations in persistence of initial conditions should be taken into consideration when designing model initialization approaches. More broadly, this behavior is indicative of increased persistence of the effects of dry years as opposed to wet years in hydrologic systems.
Effects of small thundercloud electrostatic fields on the ionospheric density profile
Authors: Salem Mohammad A. , Liu Ningyu , Rassoul Hamid K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSmall electrostatic fields of values not strong enough to activate electron impact ionization, attachment, and detachment processes can be established in the upper atmosphere by underlying thunderstorms. This paper investigates their effects on the ionospheric densities by using a simplified ion chemistry model. The modeling results indicate that under the steady state condition, the nighttime electron density profile can be reduced by up to ∼40% or enhanced by a factor of up to ∼6 because of the variation of the three‐body electron attachment rate constant with the electric field.