bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea‐salt injections into the low‐latitude marine boundary layer: The transient response in three Earth system models
Authors: Alterskjær Kari , Kristjánsson Jón Egill , Boucher Olivier , Muri Helene , Niemeier Ulrike , Schmidt Hauke , Schulz Michael , Timmreck Claudia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAmong proposed mechanisms for counteracting global warming through solar radiation management is the deliberate injection of sea salt acting via marine cloud brightening and the direct effect of sea‐salt aerosols. In this study, we show results from multidecadal simulations of such sea‐salt climate engineering (SSCE) on top of the RCP4.5 emission scenario using three Earth system models. As in the proposed “G3” experiment of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, SSCE is designed to keep the top‐of‐atmosphere radiative forcing at the 2020 level for 50 years. SSCE is then turned off and the models run for another 20 years, enabling an investigation of the abrupt warming associated with a termination of climate engineering (“termination effect”). As in former idealized studies, the climate engineering in all three models leads to a significant suppression of evaporation from low‐latitude oceans and reduced precipitation over low‐latitude oceans as well as in the storm‐track regions. Unlike those studies, however, we find in all models enhanced evaporation, cloud formation, and precipitation over low‐latitude land regions. This is a response to the localized cooling over the low‐latitude oceans imposed by the SSCE design. As a result, the models obtain reduced aridity in many low‐latitude land regions as well as in southern Europe. Terminating the SSCE leads to a rapid near‐surface temperature increase, which, in the Arctic, exceeds 2 K in all three models within 20 years after SSCE has ceased. In the same period September Arctic sea ice cover shrinks by over 25%.
Output‐Feedback Control for Continuous‐time Interval Positive Systems under L1 Performance
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Lam James , Li Ping , Shu Zhan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the design of an L1‐induced output‐feedback controller for continuous‐time positive systems with interval uncertainties. A necessary and sufficient condition for stability and an L1‐induced performance of interval positive linear systems is proposed in terms of linear inequalities. Based on this, conditions for the existence of robust static output‐feedback controllers are established and an iterative convex optimization approach is developed to solve the conditions. For special single‐input‐multiple‐output (SIMO) positive systems, the problem of controller synthesis is completely solved with the help of an analytical formula for the L1‐induced norm. An illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretical results.
Delay Dependent Antiwindup for AQM in TCP/IP Routers
Authors: Bender F. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA dynamic antiwindup compensator for input saturating linear systems with input and state delays is applied to active queue management of a congested TCP/IP router subjected to TCP and UDP flows. Its synthesis is based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, the Finsler lemma, linear matrix ineqality conditions and minimization of the of the disturbance to the system output.
Juvenile stress enhances anxiety and alters corticosteroid receptor expression in adulthood
Authors: Brydges Nichola M. , Jin Rowen , Seckl Jonathan , Holmes Megan C. , Drake Amanda J. , Hall Jeremy 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundExposure to stress in early life is correlated with the development of anxiety disorders in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but an imbalance in corticosteroid receptor (CR) expression in the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, has been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders. However, little is known about how prepubertal stress in the so called “juvenile” period might alter the expression of these receptors.AimsTherefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how stress experienced in the juvenile phase of life altered hippocampal expression of CRs and anxiety behaviors in adulthood.Materials and methodsWe used a rodent model to assess the effects of juvenile stress on hippocampal CR expression, and performance in three behavioral tests of anxiety in adulthood.ResultsJuvenile stress (JS) increased anxiety‐like behavior on the elevated plus maze, increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression, and decreased the ratio of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to MR expression in the hippocampus of adult animals. Females demonstrated lower levels of anxiety‐type behavior and increased activity in three behavioral tests, and had greater expression of GR and GR:MR ratio than males, regardless of treatment.Discussion and conclusionThese results demonstrate that JS can alter the expression and balance of CRs, providing a potential mechanism for the corresponding increase in anxiety behavior observed in adulthood. Further evidence for the role of CR expression in anxiety is provided by sex differences in anxiety behavior and corresponding alterations in CR expression.
New generation drug‐eluting stents for ST‐elevation myocardial infarction: A new paradigm for safety
Authors: Garg Ankit , Brodie Bruce R. , Stuckey Thomas D. , Garberich Ross F. , Tobbia Patrick , Hansen Charles , Kissling Grace , Kadakia Hemal , Lips Daniel , Henry Timothy D. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to compare the long‐term safety of new generation drug‐eluting stents (DES) with early generation DES and bare metal stents (BMS) for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).BackgroundEarly generation DES for STEMI have reduced target vessel revascularization, but have more very late ST compared with BMS raising concerns about their safety. New compared with early generation DES have lower rates of ST, but there are limited data in STEMI patients.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2011, 3,464 STEMI patients were treated with BMS (n = 1,187), early generation DES (n = 1,525), or new generation DES (n = 752) and were followed for 1–9 years.ResultsPatients with new generation DES were younger, had less cardiogenic shock, and less prior infarction versus BMS, and more hypertension versus early generation DES. At 2 years, new generation DES had lower mortality (4.0% vs. 12.4%, P < 0.001), similar reinfarction (4.4% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.35), and less ST (1.4% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.031) versus BMS; and similar mortality (4.0% vs. 5.8%, P = 0.23), similar reinfarction (4.4% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.64), and trends for less ST (1.4% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.17) versus early generation DES. By Cox multivariable analyses, BMS had more ST than new generation DES (HR [95% CI] = 1.93 [1.01–3.66], P = 0.045).ConclusionsNew generation DES in STEMI patients have less ST compared to BMS and trends for less ST compared to early generation DES. These data suggest a new safety paradigm and should encourage the use of new generation DES in most STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism and kinetics of H‐acid degradation in TiO2/O3/UV process
Authors: Pan Zhenhua , Cai Qizhou , Luo Qiang , Li Xinwei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe mechanism and kinetics of synergetic effect in TiO2/O3/UV process on H‐acid degradation were investigated. The experimental results showed that H‐acid removal rate of TiO2/O3/UV process was the highest among TiO2/UV, O3/UV and TiO2/O3/UV processes. The investigation of reactions with suitable active species scavengers confirmed that H‐acid was mainly oxidised by ozone and holes on TiO2 in the TiO2/O3/UV process. The recombination between holes and electrons in TiO2 reduced in the presence of ozone, as indicated by fluorescence emission spectra. Moreover, the intermediates generated during H‐acid oxidation in various processes were analysed by LC/MSD trap. It is proposed that H‐acid was oxidised to polyhydroxy aromatics, benzene carboxylic acids and quinoids in the first step. Then, saturated aliphatics carboxylic acids were formed and mineralised to inorganic compounds through the Photo‐Kolbe reaction. Finally, a kinetic study on TiO2/UV, O3/UV and TiO2/O3/UV processes was conducted and it was confirmed that both ozonation and photocatalytic activity were improved in TiO2/O3/UV process because of the synergetic effect.
Therapeutic Hypothermia‐Induced Electrocardiographic Changes and Relations to In‐hospital Mortality
Authors: Lam David H. , Dhingra Ravi , Conley Sheila M. , Kono Alan T. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundTherapeutic hypothermia improves survival for selected patients who remain comatose after cardiac arrest. Hypothermia triggers changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters; however, the association of these changes to in‐hospital mortality remains unclear.HypothesisQT interval changes induced by therapeutic hypothermia are not associated with in‐hospital mortality.MethodsWe retrospectively compared precooling ECG parameters to ECG parameters during hypothermia on all consecutive patients with available information who received hypothermia at our academic medical center between December 2006 and July 2012 (N = 101; 24% women). Paired 2‐sample t test was used to compare precooling vs cooling ECG parameters. In‐hospital mortality related to ECG parameter changes was compared using the Pearson χ2 test.ResultsTherapeutic hypothermia resulted in increases in PR and QTc intervals and decreases in heart rate and QRS intervals (P for all <0.02). During hospitalization, 45 of the 101 patients died. Survivors vs nonsurvivors did not differ in heart rate change (P = 0.74), PR change (P = 0.57), QRS change (P = 0.09), or QTc change (P = 0.67). Comparing patients who had reduced QTc intervals with hypothermia to those who had prolonged QTc with hypothermia, 14 out of 30 died in the former group, whereas 31 out of 71 died in the latter group (46.7% vs 43.7%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.48‐2.66). Patients presenting with right bundle branch block (RBBB) had a higher risk of in‐hospital death compared to those without RBBB (72.2% vs 38.6%, OR: 4.14, 95% CI: 1.35‐12.73).ConclusionsTherapeutic hypothermia prolonged QTc interval with no association to in‐hospital mortality. Presence of RBBB on initial presentation was related to increased mortality.
A phase 2 study of ruxolitinib, an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, in patients with advanced polycythemia vera who are refractory or intolerant to hydroxyurea
Authors: Verstovsek Srdan , Passamonti Francesco , Rambaldi Alessandro , Barosi Giovanni , Rosen Peter J. , Rumi Elisa , Gattoni Elisabetta , Pieri Lisa , Guglielmelli Paola , Elena Chiara , He Shui , Contel Nancy , Mookerjee Bijoyesh , Sandor Victor , Cazzola Mario , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Barbui Tiziano , Vannucchi Alessandro M. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDPolycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with somatic gain‐of‐function mutations of Janus kinase‐2 (JAK2). Therapeutic options are limited in patients with advanced disease. Ruxolitinib, an oral JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, is active in preclinical models of PV. The long‐term efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in patients with advanced PV who are refractory or intolerant to hydroxyurea were studied in a phase 2 trial.METHODSResponse was assessed using modified European LeukemiaNet criteria, which included a reduction in hematocrit to < 45% without phlebotomy, resolution of palpable splenomegaly, normalization of white blood cell and platelet counts, and reduction in PV‐associated symptoms.RESULTSThirty‐four patients received ruxolitinib for a median of 152 weeks (range, 31 weeks‐177 weeks) or 35.0 months (range, 7.1 months‐40.7 months). Hematocrit < 45% without phlebotomy was achieved in 97% of patients by week 24. Only 1 patient required a phlebotomy after week 4. Among patients with palpable splenomegaly at baseline, 44% and 63%, respectively, achieved nonpalpable spleen measurements at weeks 24 and 144. Clinically meaningful improvements in pruritus, night sweats, and bone pain were observed within 4 weeks of the initiation of therapy and maintained with continued treatment. Ruxolitinib treatment also reduced elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and granulocyte activation. Thrombocytopenia and anemia were the most common adverse events. Thrombocytopenia of ≥ grade 3 or anemia of ≥ grade 3 (according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) occurred in 3 patients each (9%) (1 patient had both) and were managed with dose modification.CONCLUSIONSRuxolitinib was generally well tolerated and provided rapid and durable clinical benefits in patients with advanced PV who were refractory or intolerant to hydroxyurea. Cancer 2014;120:513–20. © 2013 The Authors published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Diamine oxidase activity levels in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Takimoto Yoshiyuki , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro , Shimodaira Satoshi , Akabayashi Akira 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveAnorexia nervosa (AN) patients often experience gastrointestinal complications caused by their malnutrition. We hypothesized that intestinal integrity is disturbed in AN. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, which is considered to be a clinical indicator of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, in AN patients.MethodThirty‐six AN female patients including 21 AN restricting type (AN‐R) and 15 AN binge‐eating/purging type (AN‐BP) were compared with twenty healthy women on serum DAO activity using immunoassay.ResultsDAO levels in AN‐R patients were significantly lower than in AN‐BP patients and healthy controls.DiscussionDAO levels were decreased in AN‐R patients. This finding suggests the presence of intestinal structural disturbance as one of the physical complications of malnutrition in AN‐R patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:203–205)
Treatment of anorexia nervosa in the context of transsexuality: A case report
Authors: Ewan Lindsay A. , Middleman Amy B. , Feldmann Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMales comprise a minority of patients with eating disorders (ED). However, men who have sex with men, males with gender identity disorder, and transsexual (TS) males are at increased risk for ED. Little has been published about the unique treatment needs of TS patients with ED. A 19‐year‐old male‐to‐female TS patient presented with restrictive eating, purging, and weight loss. History revealed that her ED ideation and behaviors were strongly intertwined with her gender identity. She was admitted and during her hospitalization both her ED and TS status were addressed medically. Physicians treating patients with ED should be aware of patients' gender identities and the ways in which gender identity may impact management and recovery. When appropriate, providers should consider addressing medical treatment toward gender transition concurrently with treatment for ED to facilitate medical stabilization and weight restoration in the manner most consistent with the patient's identified gender. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:112–115)
Water use efficiency of annual‐dominated and bunchgrass‐dominated savanna intercanopy space
Authors: Hamerlynck Erik P. , Scott Russell L. , Cavanaugh Michelle L. , Barron‐Gafford Greg 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn semi‐arid savannas, dominance of intercanopy space by annual or perennial grasses may alter partitioning of ecosystem water and carbon fluxes and affect ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe), the ratio of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) to evapotranspiration (ET). To establish if these contrasting growth habits changed controls to WUEe, we tracked volumetric soil moisture (θ25cm), ET and transpiration (T), NEE and its constituent ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) fluxes, and community water use efficiency (WUEc = GEP : T) in annual‐dominated and bunchgrass‐dominated plots in a southern Arizona, United States, savanna. Annual and bunchgrass plots had similar θ25cm, ET, and T, suggesting the similarity in ET was due to higher soil evaporation in annual plots. Seasonal NEE was delayed and lower in annual plots compared with that in bunchgrass plots, owing to higher Reco in annual plots. Transpiration, GEP, and Reco in both vegetation types increased following late‐season rain, indicating similar late‐season phenological constraint. WUEe was lower in annual plots, but with similar WUEc between plot types. These results suggest that differences in annual plant biomass allocation and plot‐level leaf area distribution increased proportional soil evaporation and aboveground Reco contributions, reducing plot‐level WUEe, not lowering plant WUE typical of arid‐land annuals. Lower plot‐level WUEe suggests that any increase in annual plant dominance would increase interannual variation of productivity in savanna intercanopy spaces, which could enhance the negative effects of predicted higher temperatures, greater aridity, and larger and more widely spaced storms on arid‐land watershed processes. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Multigeneration impacts on Daphnia magna of carbon nanomaterials with differing core structures and functionalizations
Authors: Arndt Devrah A. , Chen Jian , Moua Maika , Klaper Rebecca D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Several classes of contaminants have been shown to have multigenerational impacts once a parental generation has been exposed. Acute and chronic toxicity are described for several types of nanomaterials in the literature; however, no information is available on the impact of nanomaterials on future generations of organisms after the exposure is removed. In the present study, the authors examined the impacts of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including fullerenes (C60), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with neutral, positive, and negative functional groups to F1 and F2 generation daphnids after an F0 exposure. Data from the present study indicate that multigenerational toxicity is present with certain nanomaterial exposures and is highly dependent on the surface chemistry of the nanomaterial. Many CNMs that showed toxicity to exposed F0 daphnids in previous experiments did not induce multigenerational toxicity. Certain nanomaterials, however, such as C60-malonate, SWCNTs, SWCNT-CONH2, and MWCNTs, caused a significant decrease in either survival or reproduction in F1 daphnids; and SWCNT-CONH2 decreased reproduction out to the F2 generation. Impacts of nanomaterials on F1 and F2 size were small and lacked clear patterns, indicating that CNMs have minimal multigenerational impacts on size. Industries should take into account how surface chemistry influences nanomaterial toxicity to future generations of organisms to create sustainable nanomaterials that do not harm freshwater ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:541–547. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Accumulation and translocation of 198Hg in four crop species
Authors: Cui Liwei , Feng Xinbin , Lin Che-Jen , Wang Xinming , Meng Bo , Wang Xun , Wang Heng 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The uptake and transport of mercury (Hg) through vegetation play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of Hg. However, quantitative information regarding Hg translocation in plants is poorly understood. In the present study, Hg uptake, accumulation, and translocation in 4 crops—rice (Oryza.sativa L.), wheat (Triticum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and oilseed rape (Brassica campestris L.)—grown in Hoagland solution were investigated using a stable isotope (198Hg) tracing technique. The distribution of 198Hg in root, stem, and leaf after uptake was quantified, and the release of 198Hg into the air from crop leaf was investigated. It was found that the concentration of Hg accumulated in the root, stem, and leaf of rice increased linearly with the spiked 198Hg concentration. The uptake equilibrium constant was estimated to be 2.35 mol Hg/g dry weight in rice root per mol/L Hg remaining in the Hoagland solution. More than 94% of 198Hg uptake was accumulated in the roots for all 4 crops examined. The translocation to stem and leaf was not significant because of the absence of Hg2+ complexes that facilitate Hg transport in plants. The accumulated 198Hg in stem and leaf was not released from the plant at air Hg0 concentration ranging from 0 ng/m3 to 10 ng/m3. Transfer factor data analysis showed that Hg translocation from stems to leaves was more efficient than that from roots to stems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:334–340. © 2013 SETAC
Comparison of biodegradation performance of OECD test guideline 301C with that of other ready biodegradability tests
Authors: Kayashima Takakazu , Taruki Masanori , Katagiri Kazuomi , Nabeoka Ryosuke , Yoshida Tomohiko , Tsuji Toshiaki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The Organisation for Economic Co-operatoin and development (OECD) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals list 7 types of tests for determining the ready biodegradability of chemical compounds (301A–F and 310). The present study compares the biodegradation performance of test guideline 301C, which is applied in Japan's Chemical Substances Control Law, with the performance of the other 6 ready biodegradability tests (RBTs) listed in the guidelines. Test guideline 301C specifies use of activated sludge precultured with synthetic sewage containing glucose and peptone (301C sludge) as a test inoculum; in the other RBTs, however, activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP sludge) is frequently employed. Analysis based on percentage of biodegradation and pass levels revealed that the biodegradation intensity of test guideline 301C is relatively weak compared with the intensities of RBTs using WWTP sludge, and the following chemical compounds are probably not biodegraded under test guideline 301C conditions: phosphorus compounds; secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines; and branched quaternary carbon compounds. The relatively weak biodegradation intensity of test guideline 301C may be related to the markedly different activities of the 301C and WWTP sludges. These findings will be valuable for evaluating RBT data in relation to Japan's Chemical Substances Control Law. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:328–333. © 2013 SETAC