bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Accessibility of Certified Primary Stroke Centers
Authors: Mullen Michael T. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Bowman Ariel , Wolff Catherine S. , Albright Karen C. , Roy Jason , Balcer Laura J. , Branas Charles C. , Carr Brendan G. 
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—
We examine whether the proportion of the US population with ≤60 minute access to Primary Stroke Centers (PSCs) varies based on geographic and demographic factors.

Methods—
Population level access to PSCs within 60 minutes was estimated using validated models of prehospital time accounting for critical prehospital time intervals and existing road networks. We examined the association between geographic factors, demographic factors, and access to care. Multivariable models quantified the association between demographics and PSC access for the entire United States and then stratified by urbanicity.

Results—
Of the 309 million people in the United States, 65.8% had ≤60 minute PSC access by ground ambulance (87% major cities, 59% minor cities, 9% suburbs, and 1% rural). PSC access was lower in stroke belt states (44% versus 69%). Non-whites were more likely to have access than whites (77% versus 62%), and Hispanics were more likely to have access than non-Hispanics (78% versus 64%). Demographics were not meaningfully associated with access in major cities or suburbs. In smaller cities, there was less access in areas with lower income, less education, more uninsured, more Medicare and Medicaid eligibles, lower healthcare utilization, and healthcare resources.

Conclusions—
There are significant geographic disparities in access to PSCs. Access is limited in nonurban areas. Despite the higher burden of cerebrovascular disease in stroke belt states, access to care is lower in these areas. Selecting demographic and healthcare factors is strongly associated with access to care in smaller cities, but not in other areas, including major cities.
Phthiria sharafi sp. nov., a new record of the subfamily Phthiriinae (Bombyliidae, Diptera) from Saudi Arabia
Authors: EL-HAWAGRY MAGDI S. , DHAFER HATHAL M. AL 
Published: October 2014

This new species (Phthiria sharafi sp. nov.) represents the first record of the subfamily Phthiriinae (Bombyliidae, Diptera) from Saudi Arabia. The species was collected from Garf Raydah Protected Area, Abha, Asir Province, south-western part of Saudi Arabia, using a Malaise trap erected in a site rich in olive, cactus and Juniper trees. The type locality has an Afrotropical influence, with the Afrotropical elements predominant, and a closer affiliation to the Afrotropical region than to the Palearctic region or the Eremic zone.
Cooperation on GPS Meteorology between the United States and Cuba
Authors: Anthes Richard , Robock Alan , Antuña-Marrero Juan Carlos , García Oswaldo , Braun John J. , Arredondo René Estevan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In May 2014 a team of atmospheric and geodetic scientists from UNAVCO and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) sent and helped set up a global positioning system (GPS) receiver to measure atmospheric water vapor at the Grupo de Óptica Atmosférica de Camagüey (GOAC) at the Camagüey Meteorological Center in Camagüey, Cuba. The GPS receiver immediately began to produce observations of precipitable water, which are being shared with the international meteorological community. Obtaining permission from both sides to send a highly sensitive instrument from the United States to Cuba was not easy. This paper describes the series of events that led to this achievement, beginning with a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) workshop in Rome, Italy, in 1994 in which Alan Robock met a young Cuban scientist named Juan Carlos Antuña and accepted him as a graduate student at the University of Maryland, College Park. The GPS meteorology connection began with a March 2007 visit of a delegation from the United States headed by then American Meteorological Society (AMS) President Richard Anthes to Havana, Cuba, at the invitation of the Cuban Meteorological Society president, Andrés Planas. These two threads led to this remarkable cooperation between Cuban and U.S. scientists. Several visits to Cuba beginning in 2010 by Robock, who met former President of Cuba Fidel Castro and the science advisor to the president of Cuba, played a significant role.
This is another instance (the visit of the AMS delegation to China in 1974 was a prime example) of how communication and visits between meteorologists in countries that are at odds on many other issues can lead to lasting collaborations that benefit both countries as well as the international community.
Measurements of Saharan Dust in Convective Clouds over the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean*
Authors: Twohy Cynthia H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Mineral dust particles have been shown to act as cloud condensation nuclei, and they are known to interact with developing tropical storms over the Atlantic downwind of the Sahara. Once present within liquid droplets, they have the potential to act as freezing ice nuclei and further affect the microphysics, dynamics, and evolution of tropical storms. However, few measurements of mineral dust particles in tropical convective clouds exist. This study indicates that about one-third of droplets sampled in small convective clouds in the tropical eastern Atlantic contained dust particles, and dust was the dominant residual particle type sampled in ice crystals from anvil outflow. However, estimated number and mass concentrations of dust in anvil ice were small compared to the amount of dust available within the Saharan air layer itself.
Decomposition of Atmospheric Disturbances into Standing and Traveling Components, with Application to Northern Hemisphere Planetary Waves and Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling
Authors: Watt-Meyer Oliver , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This study updates a body of literature that aims to separate atmospheric disturbances into standing and traveling zonal wave components. Classical wavenumber–frequency analysis decomposes longitude- and time-dependent signals into contributions from distinct spatial and temporal scales. Here, an additional decomposition of the spectrum into standing and traveling components is described. Previous methods decompose the power spectrum into standing and traveling parts with no explicit allowance for covariance between the two. This study provides a simple method to calculate the variance of each of these components and the covariance between them. It is shown that this covariance is typically a significant portion of the variance of the total signal. The approach also preserves phase information and allows for the reconstruction of the real-space standing and traveling components.
The technique is applied to reanalysis wintertime geopotential height anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere in order to investigate planetary wave interference effects in stratosphere–troposphere coupling. The results show that for planetary waves 1–3, standing waves explain the largest portion of the variance at low frequencies. An exception is for wave 1 in the high-latitude troposphere, where there is a strong westward-traveling wave. Furthermore, the antinodes of the standing waves have preferred longitudes that tend to align with the extremes of the climatological wave, suggesting that standing waves contribute to a linear interference effect that has been shown to be an important part of stratosphere–troposphere interactions.
On the Extratropical Influence of Variations of the Upper-Tropospheric Equatorial Zonal-Mean Zonal Wind during Boreal Winter
Authors: Gollan Gereon , Greatbatch Richard J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Variations in the global tropospheric zonal-mean zonal wind [U] during boreal winter are investigated using rotated empirical orthogonal functions applied to monthly means. The first two modes correspond to the northern and southern annular mode and modes 3 and 4 represent variability in the tropics. One is related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the other has variability that is highly correlated with the time series of [U] at 150 hPa between 5°N and 5°S [U150]E and is related to activity of the Madden–Julian oscillation. The extratropical response to [U150]E is investigated using linear regressions of 500-hPa geopotential height onto the [U150]E time series. Use is made of reanalysis data and of the ensemble mean output from a relaxation experiment using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model in which the tropical atmosphere is relaxed toward reanalysis data. The regression analysis reveals that a shift of the Aleutian low and a wave train across the North Atlantic are associated with [U150]E. It is found that the subtropical waveguides and the link between the North Pacific and North Atlantic are stronger during the easterly phase of [U150]E. The wave train over the North Atlantic is associated with Rossby wave sources over the subtropical North Pacific and North America. Finally, it is shown that a linear combination of both [U150]E and the quasi-biennial oscillation in the lower stratosphere can explain the circulation anomalies of the anomalously cold European winter of 1962/63 when both were in an extreme easterly phase.
Seasonal Predictability over Europe Arising from El Niño and Stratospheric Variability in the MPI-ESM Seasonal Prediction System
Authors: Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Butler Amy H. , Fröhlich Kristina , Bittner Matthias , Müller Wolfgang A. , Baehr Johanna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Predictability on seasonal time scales over the North Atlantic–Europe region is assessed using a seasonal prediction system based on an initialized version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). For this region, two of the dominant predictors on seasonal time scales are El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. Multiple studies have shown a potential for improved North Atlantic predictability for either predictor. Their respective influences are however difficult to disentangle, since the stratosphere is itself impacted by ENSO. Both El Niño and SSW events correspond to a negative signature of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which has a major influence on European weather.
This study explores the impact on Europe by separating the stratospheric pathway of the El Niño teleconnection. In the seasonal prediction system, the evolution of El Niño events is well captured for lead times of up to 6 months, and stratospheric variability is reproduced with a realistic frequency of SSW events. The model reproduces the El Niño teleconnection through the stratosphere, involving a deepened Aleutian low connected to a warm anomaly in the northern winter stratosphere. The stratospheric anomaly signal then propagates downward into the troposphere through the winter season. Predictability of 500-hPa geopotential height over Europe at lead times of up to 4 months is shown to be increased only for El Niño events that exhibit SSW events, and it is shown that the characteristic negative NAO signal is only obtained for winters also containing major SSW events for both the model and the reanalysis data.
Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping
Authors: Gaube Peter , Chelton Dudley B. , Samelson Roger M. , Schlax Michael G. , O’Neill Larry W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThree mechanisms for self-induced Ekman pumping in the interiors of mesoscale ocean eddies are investigated. The first arises from the surface stress that occurs because of differences between surface wind and ocean velocities, resulting in Ekman upwelling and downwelling in the cores of anticyclones and cyclones, respectively. The second mechanism arises from the interaction of the surface stress with the surface current vorticity gradient, resulting in dipoles of Ekman upwelling and downwelling. The third mechanism arises from eddy-induced spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST), which generates a curl of the stress and therefore Ekman pumping in regions of crosswind SST gradients. The spatial structures and relative magnitudes of the three contributions to eddy-induced Ekman pumping are investigated by collocating satellite-based measurements of SST, geostrophic velocity, and surface winds to the interiors of eddies identified from their sea surface height signatures. On average, eddy-induced Ekman pumping velocities approach O(10) cm day−1. SST-induced Ekman pumping is usually secondary to the two current-induced mechanisms for Ekman pumping. Notable exceptions are the midlatitude extensions of western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where SST gradients are strong and all three mechanisms for eddy-induced Ekman pumping are comparable in magnitude. Because the polarity of current-induced curl of the surface stress opposes that of the eddy, the associated Ekman pumping attenuates the eddies. The decay time scale of this attenuation is proportional to the vertical scale of the eddy and inversely proportional to the wind speed. For typical values of these parameters, the decay time scale is about 1.3 yr.
Two Heavy Rainfall Types over the Korean Peninsula in the Humid East Asian Summer Environment: A Satellite Observation Study
Authors: Song Hwan-Jin , Sohn Byung-Ju 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A total of 10 years (2002–11) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) reflectivities, signaling heavy rainfall (&gt;10 mm h−1), were objectively classified by applying the K-means clustering method in order to obtain typical reflectivity profiles associated with heavy rainfall over East Asia. Two types of heavy rainfall emerged as the most important rain processes over East Asia: type 1 (cold type) characterized by high storm height and abundant ice water under convectively unstable conditions, developing mostly over inland China; and type 2 (warm type) associated with a lower storm height and lower ice water content, developing mostly over the ocean. These two types also show sharp contrasts in relation to their seasonal changes and in the diurnal variation of frequency maxima, in addition to other contrasting meteorological parameters. The PR-derived heavy rain events were observed over the Korean peninsula and their spatiotemporal evolution was examined using 10-yr composites of 11-μm brightness temperature from geostationary satellites and Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. Cold-type heavy rainfall over Korea is characterized by an eastward moving cloud system with an oval shape while the warm type shows a comparatively wide spatial distribution over an area extending from the southwest to northeast. Overall the warm-type process appears to link the low-level moisture convergence area to the vertically aligned divergence area formed over the jet stream level. This setup continuously pushes air upward under moist-adiabatically near-neutral conditions and thus yields heavy rainfall. As warm-type heavy rainfall persists longer, it is considered to be more responsible for flood events occurring over the Korean peninsula.
Reconstruction and Forecast Experiments of a Statistical–Dynamical Model of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Summer Monsoon Factors
Authors: Hong Mei , Wang Dong , Zhang Ren , Chen Xi , Ge Jing-Jing , Yu Dandan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Abnormal activity of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) may result in extreme weather events in East Asia. However, because the relationship between the WPSH and other components of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system is unknown, it is still difficult to forecast such abnormal activity. The delay-relevant method is used to study 2010 data for abnormal weather and it is concluded that the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, the Somali low-level jet, and the Tibetan high activity index can significantly affect anomalies in the WPSH in the EASM system. By combining genetic algorithms and statistical–dynamical reconstruction theory, a nonlinear statistical–dynamical model of the WPSH and these three influencing factors was objectively reconstructed from actual 2010 data and a dynamically extended forecasting experiment was carried out. To further test the forecasting performance of the reconstructed model, further experiments using data from nine abnormal WPSH years and eight normal WPSH years were performed for comparison. All the results suggest that the forecasts of the subtropical high area index, the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, the Somali low-level jet, and the Tibetan high activity index all have good performance in the short and medium terms (&lt;25 days). Not only is the forecasting trend accurate, but the mean absolute percentage error is ≤9%. This work suggests new areas of research into the association between the WPSH and EASM systems and provides a new method for the prediction of the WPSH area index.
Continuity and Rupture in the Labor and Piquetero Movements in Argentine Patagonia, 1990–2011
Authors: Álvarez Gonzalo Pérez 
Published: October 2014

The piquetero (picketer) movement of unemployed workers developed in a region of Argentina whose socioeconomic structure was profoundly transformed in the 1990s by the changes brought about by neoliberalism. The development of the movement revealed both continuity and change with regard to organizational traditions among the region’s working class, including organizational forms, methods of protest, and relationships among different groups of workers. In 2001 the working class’s potential for protest produced a rupture in the formerly dominant bloc, but this potential had its limits: there was no capacity for formulating an alternative program. The employed working class did not take on the role that would have been necessary, and without its participation the tasks at hand were too great. In the context of economic recovery, the majority of the working class opted to improve their personal situations rather than question the fundamental elements of the social order. However, a new level of consciousness was expressed through the increasing importance of union opposition and the continuity of protest strategies with elements of strong social confrontation. El movimiento piquetero de trabajadores desempleados se desarrolló en una región de Argentina cuya estructura socioeconómica fue profundamente transformada en los años 90 por los cambios provocados por el neoliberalismo. El desarrollo del movimiento revela tanto la continuidad y el cambio con respecto a las tradiciones de organización en la clase obrera de la región, incluyendo las formas de organización, métodos de protesta, y las relaciones entre los diferentes grupos de trabajadores. En 2001 el potencial de la clase obrera para la protesta había producido una ruptura en el bloque anteriormente dominante, pero este potencial tenía sus límites: no había capacidad para formular un programa alternativo. La clase obrera empleada no asumía el rol que habría sido necesario, y sin su participación las tareas a mano eran demasiado grandes. En el contexto de la recuperación económica, la mayoría de la clase obrera optó por mejorar su situación personal en lugar de cuestionar los elementos fundamentales del orden social. Sin embargo, un nuevo nivel de conciencia se expresó a través de la creciente importancia de la oposición de los sindicatos y la continuidad de las estrategias de protesta con elementos de fuerte confrontación social.
National Operative Case Log Growth Charts in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Training
Authors: Jabbour Noel , Tsue Terance 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo report national standard case log growth curves for operative procedures in otolaryngology and to describe a method by which program directors can chart surgical case numbers over resident training to longitudinally assess sufficiency of cases and parity between residents.Study DesignData visualization and analysis.SettingAmerican Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) national case log data for otolaryngology residency.SubjectsNational data set; no individual subjects.MethodsNational statistical case log reports for otolaryngology were obtained from the ACGME for each postgraduate year (PGY) level in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Estimated means and standard deviations were calculated. The mean and increments of standard deviation were graphed against time to create case log growth charts, similar to pediatric growth charts.ResultsCase log growth charts were made for each ACGME Otolaryngology Residency Review Committee key indicator procedure. Progress of an individual resident or of a cohort of residents may be graphed against this growth chart background over their training time.ConclusionsNational operative case log growth charts allow residents and program directors to graphically assess progress in obtaining a sufficient variety and number of operative procedures over time throughout training. This can provide early identification when residents begin to fall below the growth curve during training.
Staged Treatment of High Energy Midfoot Fracture Dislocations
Authors: Kadow Tiffany R. , Siska Peter A. , Evans Andrew R. , Sands Steven S. , Tarkin Ivan S. 
Published: October 2014

Background: Staged care with interval external fixation is a successful established treatment strategy for high energy periarticular fractures with often extensive soft tissue damage such as the tibial plateau and plafond. The aim of the current study was to determine whether staged care of high energy midfoot fracture/dislocation with interval external fixation prior to definitive open reconstruction in the polytraumatized patient was both safe and efficacious. Methods: One hundred twenty-three patients were operated on for high energy midfoot fracture/dislocation during the 8-year study period. Eighteen polytrauma patients were selectively treated with a staged protocol. Radiographic assessment was utilized to determine if the fixator achieved gross skeletal alignment. Further, final alignment after definitive reconstruction and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: The fixator improved both length and alignment of all high energy midfoot fracture/dislocations. Loss of acceptable reduction while in the temporary frame occurred in only 1 case. Final alignment after definitive reconstruction was anatomic in all cases. No cases of wound-related complication and/or deep infection occurred. Conclusion: Delayed reconstruction of high energy midfoot fracture/dislocation using interval external fixation should be an accepted care paradigm in selected polytrauma patients. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.