bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of management type and intensity on multiple facets of grassland biodiversity in the French Jura Mountains
Authors: Mauchamp Leslie , Mouly Arnaud , Badot Pierre‐Marie , Gillet François 
Published: June 2014

AbstractQuestions(1) Does grassland vegetation differ in its taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional alpha diversity between strictly grazed parcels (SGP) and mowed‐and‐grazed parcels (MGP)? (2) Do we observe differences in the responses of functional diversity (reflecting differences in the interspecific variation of a trait in the plant community) and community‐weighted mean trait values (CWMs, reflecting the characteristics of the dominant species)? (3) How do diversity and CWM patterns respond to disturbance and fertilization gradients measured by agronomic descriptors in both parcel types?LocationFrench Jura Mountains.MethodsWe compared taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversities (based on Rao quadratic entropy) and CWMs between the two management types (SGP and MGP). We then used agronomic variables, describing both defoliation regime and fertilization intensity over the past 10 yrs to explain diversity indices and CWMs in a partial redundancy analysis (pRDA).ResultsTaxonomic and phylogenetic diversities were higher in SGP than in MGP, as well as functional diversity computed for qualitative traits (clonal growth organs and leaf distribution along the stem). Contrary to expectations from literature, we found higher CWM for leaf dry matter content (LDMC) in intensively and regularly cut grasslands compared to only grazed grasslands, which can be explained by the higher dominance of grass species in hay meadows. In addition, constrained ordination revealed that taxonomic, phylogenetic and some functional diversity metrics were negatively affected by defoliation intensity (mowing frequency), while most CWMs were mainly influenced by fertilization intensity, either by the available N input or by the role of commercial inorganic fertilizers, depending on the trait considered.ConclusionsOur study revealed consistent patterns between the various facets of biodiversity in grasslands according to the main management regime. Taking agronomic gradients into account suggests the importance of considering both CWMs and functional diversity, which respond variously to agricultural practices. Conservation of high diversity in grasslands, whatever the facet considered, implies keeping some parcels exclusively grazed and limiting N inputs, especially those from inorganic commercial fertilizers.
Population pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin in a large cohort of premature and term neonates
Authors: Fuchs Aline , Guidi Monia , Giannoni Eric , Werner Dominique , Buclin Thierry , Widmer Nicolas , Csajka Chantal 
Published: June 2014

AimThis study aims to investigate the clinical and demographic factors influencing gentamicin pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of unselected premature and term newborns and to evaluate optimal regimens in this population.MethodsAll gentamicin concentration data, along with clinical and demographic characteristics, were retrieved from medical charts in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit over 5 years within the frame of a routine therapeutic drug monitoring programme. Data were described using non‐linear mixed‐effects regression analysis ( nonmem®).ResultsA total of 3039 gentamicin concentrations collected in 994 preterm and 455 term newborns were included in the analysis. A two compartment model best characterized gentamicin disposition. The average parameter estimates, for a median body weight of 2170 g, were clearance (CL) 0.089 l h−1 (CV 28%), central volume of distribution (Vc) 0.908 l (CV 18%), intercompartmental clearance (Q) 0.157 l h−1 and peripheral volume of distribution (Vp) 0.560 l. Body weight, gestational age and post‐natal age positively influenced CL. Dopamine co‐administration had a significant negative effect on CL, whereas the influence of indomethacin and furosemide was not significant. Both body weight and gestational age significantly influenced Vc. Model‐based simulations confirmed that, compared with term neonates, preterm infants need higher doses, superior to 4 mg kg−1, at extended intervals to achieve adequate concentrations.ConclusionsThis observational study conducted in a large cohort of newborns confirms the importance of body weight and gestational age for dosage adjustment. The model will serve to set up dosing recommendations and elaborate a Bayesian tool for dosage individualization based on concentration monitoring.
Effects of impression levels and trays on the accuracy of impressions taken from angulated implants
Authors: Geramipanah Farideh , Sahebi Majid , Davari Maryam , Hajimahmoudi Mohammadreza , Rakhshan Vahid 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground and purposeIt is crucial to keep the misfit of the abutment–fixture unit at the lowest possible rate. There are a few controversial studies on the accuracy of impression making of angulated implants, and much fewer (and controversial) studies on the abutment‐level impression technique, which is a convenient and clinically favorable method. Besides, there are no studies on comparison of sectional vs. full‐arch trays. We aimed to assess these.MethodsA trapezoidal model with four angulated implants installed at 20° and 30° buccal tilts was fabricated. Forty impressions were taken from this model, with two groups of full‐arch and sectional custom trays (n = 2 × 20), each divided into two subgroups of implant‐level and abutment‐level techniques (n = 2 × 2 × 10 in four subgroups). Absolute and non‐absolute linear and angular impression errors were estimated by comparing the fabricated casts with the model, using a coordinate measuring machine. The effects of sectional/full‐arch trays and abutment‐level and fixture‐level techniques on impression accuracies were analyzed using one‐ and two‐way analyses of variance (ANOVA), Tukey, Mann–Whitney, and one‐sample t‐tests (α = 0.05, Mann–Whitney's α using the Bonferroni Bonferroni method).ResultsNo significant differences between the absolute linear errors of the two trays (P = 0.100 [ANOVA]) and the two levels (P = 0.400 [ANOVA]) were observed. The assessment of absolute angular errors showed no significant differences (all P values ≥ 0.4 [ANOVA]). The difference between the linear errors in the full‐arch vs. sectional trays was not significant in the fixture‐level group (P = 0.290). However, in the abutment‐level group, the linear error was significantly greater in the sectional tray compared to full‐arch tray (P = 0.013, α = 0.025 [Mann–Whitney]).ConclusionsUsing sectional trays might not be advantageous over full‐arch trays. Sectional trays are not recommended for taking abutment‐level impressions. The abutment‐level impression technique is as accurate as the studied fixture‐level technique. Increasing the angle of implants’ divergence from 40° to 60° might not usually lead to a significant increase in the errors, particularly when using abutment‐level impressions.
What Managers Want From Invasive Species Research Versus What They Get
Authors: Matzek Virginia , Pujalet Maile , Cresci Sophia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe compared the published research on exotic invasive plants with research needs identified by practitioners who manage wildland invasions in California. We filtered the 2007–2011 contents of 20 journals to find 347 relevant articles, then classified them in four areas: topical relevance, spatial/temporal scale, management usefulness, and accessibility and timeliness. We found basic research to be heavily overrepresented compared to applied research, but authors of basic research papers typically gave at least some consideration to management implications of the work. The taxonomic coverage of the database was uneven, with four invaders accounting for nearly half the published work, and several high‐priority species being absent. Small temporal and spatial scales, lack of information on management costs, and a long lag time before publication also hinder the usefulness of invasions research to managers. However, articles were widely available for free download, suggesting that access to research should not be among managers’ concerns.
Biochar – synergies and trade‐offs between soil enhancing properties and C sequestration potential
Authors: Crombie Kyle , Mašek Ondřej , Cross Andrew , Sohi Saran 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe characterization of biochar has been predominantly focused around determining physicochemical properties including chemical composition, porosity and volatile content. To date, little systematic research has been done into assessing the properties of biochar that directly relate to its function in soil and how production conditions could impact these. The aim of this study was to evaluate how pyrolysis conditions can influence biochar's potential for soil enhancing benefits by addressing key soil constraints, and identify potential synergies and restrictions. To do this, biochar produced from pine wood chips (PC), wheat straw (WS) and wheat straw pellets (WSP) at four highest treatment temperatures (HTT) (350, 450, 550 and 650 °C) and two heating rates (5 and 100 °C min−1) were analysed for pH, extractable nutrients, cation exchange capacity (CEC), stable‐C content and labile‐C content. Highest treatment temperature and feedstock selection played an important role in the development of biochar functional properties while overall heating rate (in the range investigated) was found to have no significant effect on pH, stable‐C or labile‐C concentrations. Increasing the HTT reduced biochar yield and labile‐C content while increasing the yield of stable‐C present within biochar. Biochar produced at higher HTT also demonstrated a higher degree of alkalinity improving biochar's ability to increase soil pH. The concentration of extractable nutrients was mainly affected by feedstock selection while the biochar CEC was influenced by HTT, generally reaching its highest values between 450–550 °C. Biochar produced at ≥550 °C showed high combined values for C stability, pH and CEC while lower HTTs favoured nutrient availability. Therefore attempts to maximize biochar's C sequestration potential could reduce the availability of biochar nutrients. Developing our understanding of how feedstock selection and processing conditions influence key biochar properties can be used to refine the pyrolysis process and design of ‘bespoke biochar’ engineered to deliver specific environmental functions.
Preparation and Performance of the Room‐Temperature‐Cured Heat‐Resistant Phosphate Adhesive for C/C Composites Bonding
Authors: Wang Mingchao , Liu Jiachen , Guo Anran , Zhao Lan , Tian Geng , Shen Sibo , Liu Shan 
Published: June 2014

Carbon/carbon(C/C) composites were bonded with a phosphate adhesive prepared from H3PO4 (orthophosphoric acid) and Al(OH)3 as the matrix and Si and CuO as the inorganic fillers. The mechanical properties were tested at room temperature after the bonded specimens were treated from RT to 1500°C. The results showed that the addition of CuO could greatly improve the adhesive's mechanical properties due to the formation of CunSi (copper silicides). The shear strength of bonded specimens could be up to 8.2 MPa without heat treatment and remain above 2 MPa within the whole heat‐treatment temperature range.
Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares
Authors: Payne Matthew T. , Smith Mark Griffin , Landry Clay J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWater scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.
Estimation of Nonpoint Source Nitrate Concentrations in Indiana Rivers Based on Agricultural Drainage in the Watershed
Authors: Jiang Yan , Frankenberger Jane R. , Sui Yinghui , Bowling Laura C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSubsurface tile‐drained agricultural fields are known to be important contributors to nitrate in surface water in the Midwest, but the effect of these fields on nitrate at the watershed scale is difficult to quantify. Data for 25 watersheds monitored by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and located near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage were used to investigate the relationship between flow‐weighted mean concentration (FWMC) of nitrate‐N and the subsurface tile‐drained area (DA) of the watershed. The tile DA was estimated from soil drainage class, land use, and slope. Nitrate loads from point sources were estimated based on reported flows of major permitted facilities with mean nitrate‐N concentrations from published sources. Linear regression models exhibited a statistically significant relationship between annual/monthly nonpoint source (NPS) nitrate‐N and DA percentage. The annual model explained 71% of the variation in FWMC of nitrate‐N. The annual and monthly models were tested in 10 additional watersheds, most with absolute errors within 1 mg/l in the predicted FWMC. These models can be used to estimate NPS nitrate for unmonitored watersheds in similar areas, especially for drained agricultural areas where model performance was strongest, and to predict the nitrate reduction when various tile drainage management techniques are employed.
Life‐Space Mobility and Mortality in Older Men: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Mackey Dawn C. , Cauley Jane A. , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth , Schousboe John T. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Cummings Steven R. ,   the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between life‐space (the extent, frequency, and independence of an individual's movement) and mortality in older men.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSix U.S. clinical sites.ParticipantsMen aged 71 to 98 followed from 2007 to 2011 (N = 3,892).MeasurementsLife‐space during the past month was assessed as 0 (daily restriction to one's bedroom) to 120 (daily trips outside one's town without assistance) and categorized into 20‐point intervals. The primary outcome was noncancer mortality, and secondary outcomes were all‐cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and noncardiovascular noncancer mortality.ResultsOver 2.7 years (2007–2011), 373 (9.6%) men died, 230 from noncancer causes. Unadjusted risk of noncancer mortality was 41.2% in men with the lowest level of life‐space (0–20 points, n = 34) and 2.4% in men with the highest level of life‐space (101–120 points, n = 868), a 17 times difference. In multivariable‐adjusted models, there was a strong linear trend between decreasing life‐space and increasing risk of noncancer mortality (P = .005). Risk of noncancer mortality was 3.8 times higher (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3,11.5) in men with the lowest life‐space than in those with the highest life‐space. Risk of noncancer mortality was 1.3 times higher (95% CI=1.1–1.5) for each standard‐deviation (24 point) decrease in life‐space. Risk of noncancer mortality was 1.5 times higher (95% CI=1.0–2.3) in men who did not travel beyond their neighborhood without assistance (n = 471). Results were similar for all‐cause mortality and did not change after control for chronic disease burden.ConclusionLife‐space predicted a variety of mortality endpoints in older men; scores of 40 or less were associated with mortality independent of other risk factors.
Greater Daily Defined Dose of Antihypertensive Medication Increases the Risk of Falls in Older People—A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Callisaya Michele L. , Sharman James E. , Close Jacqueline , Lord Stephen R. , Srikanth Velandai K. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether there is a relationship between daily defined dose (DDD) of antihypertensive drugs and the risk of falls.DesignProspective population‐based cohort study.SettingTasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait, Australia.ParticipantsParticipants aged 60 to 86 randomly selected from the electoral roll.MeasurementsAntihypertensive dose was quantified by estimating DDD, allowing standardized comparison of dosage between drug classes. Falls were identified prospectively over 12 months. The relative risk (RR) of falls associated with DDD was estimated using log binomial regression adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, cardiovascular history, and other risk factors for falls.ResultsParticipants (N = 409) had a mean age of 72.0 ± 6.9, and 56% were male. Mean baseline blood pressure was 142/80 mmHg, and 54% were taking antihypertensive medications. One hundred sixty‐one participants (39%) fell over the 12 months. Those who fell were on a higher DDD of antihypertensives (1.51 ± 2.16 than those who did not (1.03 ± 1.42) (P = .007). Higher DDD was independently associated with greater fall risk (RR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.11; P = .004), with a 48% greater risk in those with a DDD of more than 3 (RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.06–2.08; P = .02), particularly in those with a history of stroke (P for interaction .01). This effect remained even after excluding those not taking antihypertensives or stratifying according to presence of hypertension and medication use.ConclusionHigher dose of antihypertensive medication is independently associated with falls in older people, particularly in those with a history of previous stroke, and with more than three standard units conferring the highest risk.
Desvenlafaxine prevents white matter injury and improves the decreased phosphorylation of the rate‐limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis in a chronic mouse model of depression
Authors: Wang Junhui , Qiao Jinping , Zhang Yanbo , Wang Hongxing , Zhu Shenghua , Zhang Handi , Hartle Kelly , Guo Huining , Guo Wei , He Jue , Kong Jiming , Huang Qingjun , Li Xin‐Min 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSerotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors antidepressants exert their effects by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. Studies show it takes 2–3 weeks for the mood‐enhancing effects, which indicate other mechanisms may underlie their treatment effects. Here, we investigated the role of white matter in treatment and pathogenesis of depression using an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model. Desvenlafaxine (DVS) was orally administrated to UCMS mice at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day 1 week before they went through a 7‐week stress procedure and lasted for over 8 weeks before the mice were killed. No significant changes were found for protein markers of neurons and astrocytes in UCMS mice. However, myelin and oligodendrocyte‐related proteins were significantly reduced in UCMS mice. DVS prevented the stress‐induced injury to white matter and the decrease of phosphorylated 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase protein expression. DVS increased open arm entries in an elevated plus‐maze test, sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test and decreased immobility in tail suspension and forced swimming tests. These findings suggest that stress induces depression‐like behaviors and white matter deficits in UCMS mice. DVS may ameliorate the oligodendrocyte dysfunction by affecting cholesterol synthesis, alleviating the depression‐like phenotypes in these mice.
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We examined the possible role of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the pathological changes of depression with an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model. Oligodendrocyte‐related proteins in the mouse brain were specifically changed during the stress period. The depressive‐like behaviors and oligodendrocyte deficits could be prevented by the administration of desvenlafaxine. Oligodendrocyte and myelin may be an essential target of desvenlafaxine for the treatment of depression.
High‐mobility group box‐1 in sterile inflammation
Authors: Tsung A. , Tohme S. , Billiar T. R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally defined as a ubiquitous nuclear protein, but it was later determined that the protein has different roles both inside and outside of cells. Nuclear HMGB1 regulates chromatin structure and gene transcription, whereas cytosolic HMGB1 is involved in inflammasome activation and autophagy. Extracellular HMGB1 has drawn attention because it can bind to related cell signalling transduction receptors, such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4 and TLR9. It also participates in the development and progression of a variety of diseases. HMGB1 is actively secreted by stimulation of the innate immune system, and it is passively released by ischaemia or cell injury. This review focuses on the important role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic sterile inflammatory conditions. Strategies that target HMGB1 have been shown to significantly decrease inflammation in several disease models of sterile inflammation, and this may represent a promising clinical approach for treatment of certain conditions associated with sterile inflammation.
Knowledge and Awareness of Dental Implants among Elderly People in Croatia
Authors: Kranjcic Josip , Mikus Anja , Mehulic Ketij , Vojvodic Denis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeThe use of inserted dental implants is growing every day in order to improve retention and stability of complete removable dental prostheses (RDPs), especially in the mandible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the knowledge and awareness of dental implants among elderly people wearing complete RDPs.Materials and MethodsThis study, based on answers from a questionnaire designed for the purpose of this study, included 301 participants wearing complete RDPs from elderly care homes with average age of 74 years.ResultsThe awareness of dental implants was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the participants’ age, residence size, and their level of education. Younger participants ( = 70 years) had heard about dental implants (56.5%; p < 0.05) and believed in the possibility of retaining complete RPDs using dental implants (56.1%; p < 0.05). Among participants living in places with populations of 10,000 or fewer residents, more had not heard about dental implants (59.4%; p < 0.05). Among participants who had completed college/university or high school, there were a higher number of participants who had heard about dental implants (82.4%; p < 0.05).ConclusionAlthough more than half of the participants had heard of dental implants, this did not mean they were well informed about the implant insertion procedure and the costs for such a treatment. In conclusion, awareness of dental implants in studied participants was insufficient. The results reinforce the need for better education and the provision of proper information to elderly people about dental implants and implant treatment options.