bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pro-oxidant activity of dietary chemopreventive agents: an under-appreciated anti-cancer property
Authors: Azmi Asfar S , Sarkar Fazlul H , Hadi SM 
Published: June 2013

“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” was quoted by Hippocrates more than two thousand years ago and since ancient times the health benefits of different natural agents have been exploited. In modern research, the disease preventive benefits of many such natural agents, particularly dietary compounds and their derivatives, has been attributed to their well recognized activity as the regulators of redox state of the cell. Nevertheless, most of these studies have focused on their antioxidant activity. A large body of evidence indicates that a major fraction of these agents can elicit pro-oxidant (radical generating) behavior which has been linked to their anti-cancer effects. This editorial provides an overview of the under-appreciated pro-oxidant activity of natural products, with a special focus on their ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the presence of transition metal ions, and discusses their possible use as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Effecting Healthy Lifestyle Changes in Overweight and Obese Young Adults With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Pett Marjorie , Clark Lauren , Eldredge Alison , Cardell Beth , Jordan Kristine , Chambless Cathy , Burley Jeff 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe evaluated a 12-week recreation center–based healthy lifestyle intervention for 30 obese home-dwelling young adults (YA) with intellectual disabilities. Three cohorts participated: YA only, YA and parents, and parents only. The YA cohorts received a nutrition/exercise intervention; parents focused on modeling healthy lifestyle behaviors. Outcomes included YA blood, nutrition, anthropometric, and fitness measures at pre, post, and 3-month follow-up. Compared with wait-list controls, the YA-only cohort improved immediately postintervention in blood pressure (BP), weight, and balance (p &lt; .05). At 3-month follow-up, no intervention was consistently superior; overall reductions in weight, BP, hip circumference, and exercise barriers were obtained (p &lt; .05). Linear and curvilinear changes from baseline to 3 months after the intervention varied by outcome and participant. Participants with Down syndrome lost less weight.
Assessment of the Tempering Behavior of Grade 91 Steel
Authors: Parker Jonathan , Siefert John , Coleman Kent 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
At any point in the fabrication and installation of Grade 91 components, undesirable metallurgical conditions can develop as a result of incorrect heat treatment. Industry techniques for locating and evaluating these microstructures using nondestructive methods are necessary. Field hardness testing is commonly utilized to characterize Grade 91 steel installed in plants. However, it is apparent that there are numerous variables that can affect the results of field hardness testing. Thus, the results can vary significantly depending on the equipment and procedures used. The present study has been undertaken to identify the accuracy of hardness measurements made under controlled laboratory conditions. Measurements were performed on samples that had been subjected to a range of different tempering conditions. The trend in these data provides information relevant to understanding the metallurgical behavior of this steel. Comparison of the data also indicates how measurements made using different hardness testers and methods can be used to assess component condition.
Expansion of the Pseudo-autosomal Region and Ongoing Recombination Suppression in the Silene latifolia Sex Chromosomes
Authors: Bergero Roberta , Qiu Suo , Forrest Alan , Borthwick Helen , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
There are two very interesting aspects to the evolution of sex chromosomes: what happens after recombination between these chromosome pairs stops and why suppressed recombination evolves. The former question has been intensively studied in a diversity of organisms, but the latter has been studied largely theoretically. To obtain empirical data, we used codominant genic markers in genetic mapping of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia, together with comparative mapping of S. latifolia sex-linked genes in S. vulgaris (a related hermaphrodite species without sex chromosomes). We mapped 29 S. latifolia fully sex-linked genes (including 21 newly discovered from transcriptome sequencing), plus 6 genes in a recombining pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) whose genetic map length is ∼25 cM in both male and female meiosis, suggesting that the PAR may contain many genes. Our comparative mapping shows that most fully sex-linked genes in S. latifolia are located on a single S. vulgaris linkage group and were probably inherited from a single autosome of an ancestor. However, unexpectedly, our maps suggest that the S. latifolia PAR region expanded through translocation events. Some genes in these regions still recombine in S. latifolia, but some genes from both addition events are now fully sex-linked. Recombination suppression is therefore still ongoing in S. latifolia, and multiple recombination suppression events have occurred in a timescale of few million years, much shorter than the timescale of formation of the most recent evolutionary strata of mammal and bird sex chromosomes.
Testing for the Footprint of Sexually Antagonistic Polymorphisms in the Pseudoautosomal Region of a Plant Sex Chromosome Pair
Authors: Qiu Suo , Bergero Roberta , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The existence of sexually antagonistic (SA) polymorphism is widely considered the most likely explanation for the evolution of suppressed recombination of sex chromosome pairs. This explanation is largely untested empirically, and no such polymorphisms have been identified, other than in fish, where no evidence directly implicates these genes in events causing loss of recombination. We tested for the presence of loci with SA polymorphism in the plant Silene latifolia, which is dioecious (with separate male and female individuals) and has a pair of highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with XY males. Suppressed recombination between much of the Y and X sex chromosomes evolved in several steps, and the results in Bergero et al. (2013) show that it is still ongoing in the recombining or pseudoautosomal, regions (PARs) of these chromosomes. We used molecular evolutionary approaches to test for the footprints of SA polymorphisms, based on sequence diversity levels in S. latifolia PAR genes identified by genetic mapping. Nucleotide diversity is high for at least four of six PAR genes identified, and our data suggest the existence of polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection in this genome region, since molecular evolutionary (HKA) tests exclude an elevated mutation rate, and other tests also suggest balancing selection. The presence of sexually antagonistic alleles at a locus or loci in the PAR is suggested by the very different X and Y chromosome allele frequencies for at least one PAR gene.
Outcomes of Infants Born at 22 and 23 Weeks’ Gestation
Authors: Ishii Nozomi , Kono Yumi , Yonemoto Naohiro , Kusuda Satoshi , Fujimura Masanori ,   for the Neonatal Research Network, Japan
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To provide instructive information on death and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born at 22 and 23 weeks’ gestational age.

METHODS:
The study cohort consisted of 1057 infants born at 22 to 25 weeks in the Neonatal Research Network, Japan. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 36 to 42 months’ chronological age was defined as any of the following: cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, visual impairment, and a developmental quotient &lt;70. A systematic review was performed by using databases of publications of cohort studies with neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 22 and 23 weeks.

RESULTS:
Numbers and incidences (%) of infants with death or NDI were 60 (80%) at 22 weeks and 156 (64%) at 23 weeks. In logistic regression analysis, gestational ages of 22 weeks (odds ratio [OR]: 5.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48–11.76) and 23 weeks (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.38–3.32) were associated with increased risk of death or NDI compared with 24 weeks, but a gestational age of 25 weeks (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45–0.95) was associated with decreased risk of death or NDI. In the systematic review, the medians (range) of the incidence of death or NDI in 8 cohorts were 99% (90%–100%) at 22 weeks and 98% (67%–100%) at 23 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS:
Infants born at 22 and 23 weeks’ gestation were at higher risk of death or NDI than infants at born at 24 weeks. However, outcomes were improved compared with those in previous studies. There is a need for additional discussions on interventions for infants born at 22 or 23 weeks’ gestation.
Adult Prescription Drug Use and Pediatric Medication Exposures and Poisonings
Authors: Burghardt Lindsey C. , Ayers John W. , Brownstein John S. , Bronstein Alvin C. , Ewald Michele Burns , Bourgeois Florence T. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Nontherapeutic medication ingestions continue to be a major pediatric health problem, with recent increases in ingestions despite a number of public health interventions. It is unknown how changes in adult prescription drug use relate to pediatric medication poisonings. The objective of the study was to measure the association between changing adult prescription drug patterns and pediatric medication exposures and poisonings and identify high-risk classes of medications and pediatric age groups.

METHODS:
We measured monthly pediatric exposures and poisonings using the National Poison Data System and prescriptions written for adults using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys for 2000 through 2009. Associations between adult prescriptions for oral hypoglycemics, antihyperlipidemics, β-blockers, and opioids and exposures and poisonings among children 0 to 5, 6 to 12, and 13 to 19 years were analyzed by using multiple time-series analysis. Emergency department visits, serious injuries, and hospitalizations stemming from these associations were described.

RESULTS:
Adult medication prescriptions were statistically significantly associated with exposures and poisonings in children of all ages, with the strongest association observed for opioids. Across medications, the greatest risk was among children 0 to 5 years old, followed by 13- to 19-year-olds. Rates of emergency department visits were highest for events related to hypoglycemics (60.1%) and β-blockers (59.7%), whereas serious injuries and hospitalizations occurred most frequently with opioids (26.8% and 35.2%, respectively) and hypoglycemics (19.5% and 49.4%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Increasing adult drug prescriptions are strongly associated with rising pediatric exposures and poisonings, particularly for opioids and among children 0 to 5 years old. These associations have sizable impacts, including high rates of serious injury and health care use.
Ten-Year Review of Major Birth Defects in VLBW Infants
Authors: Adams-Chapman Ira , Hansen Nellie I. , Shankaran Seetha , Bell Edward F. , Boghossian Nansi S. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Laptook Abbot R. , Walsh Michele C. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Sánchez Pablo J. , Van Meurs Krisa P. , Das Abhik , Hale Ellen C. , Newman Nancy S. , Ball M. Bethany , Higgins Rosemary D. , Stoll Barbara J. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Birth defects (BDs) are an important cause of infant mortality and disproportionately occur among low birth weight infants. We determined the prevalence of BDs in a cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants cared for at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (NRN) centers over a 10-year period and examined the relationship between anomalies, neonatal outcomes, and surgical care.

METHODS:
Infant and maternal data were collected prospectively for infants weighing 401 to 1500 g at NRN sites between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2007. Poisson regression models were used to compare risk of outcomes for infants with versus without BDs while adjusting for gestational age and other characteristics.

RESULTS:
A BD was present in 1776 (4.8%) of the 37 262 infants in our VLBW cohort. Yearly prevalence of BDs increased from 4.0% of infants born in 1998 to 5.6% in 2007, P &lt; .001. Mean gestational age overall was 28 weeks, and mean birth weight was 1007 g. Infants with BDs were more mature but more likely to be small for gestational age compared with infants without BDs. Chromosomal and cardiovascular anomalies were most frequent with each occurring in 20% of affected infants. Mortality was higher among infants with BDs (49% vs 18%; adjusted relative risk: 3.66 [95% confidence interval: 3.41–3.92]; P &lt; .001) and varied by diagnosis. Among those surviving &gt;3 days, more infants with BDs underwent major surgery (48% vs 13%, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Prevalence of BDs increased during the 10 years studied. BDs remain an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality among VLBW infants.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Infants Younger Than 90 Days Before and After Introduction of PCV7
Authors: Olarte Liset , Ampofo Krow , Stockmann Chris , Mason Edward O. , Daly Judy A. , Pavia Andrew T. , Byington Carrie L. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND:
Introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) changed the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We evaluated the changes that occurred after PCV7 introduction among Utah infants aged 1 to 90 days, too young to be fully immunized.

METHODS:
We identified children &lt;18 years with culture-confirmed IPD from 1997–2010. We analyzed demographic, clinical, and serotype data for infants aged 1–90 days. The pre– and post–vaccine introduction periods spanned 1997–2000 and 2001–2010, respectively.

RESULTS:
Of 513 children with IPD, 36 were 1 to 90 days and accounted for 7% of IPD cases in both the pre– and post–vaccine introduction period. The pre–vaccine IPD incidence rate was 5.0 per 100 000 live births, and was unchanged in the post–vaccine introduction period. IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes decreased by 74% (from 2.2 to 0.58 per 100 000), whereas non-vaccine serotype IPD increased by 57% (from 2.8 to 4.4 per 100 000). Sixteen infants (44%) required intensive care, and 3 (8%) died. Bacteremia without focus (56%) and meningitis (44%) were the predominant syndromes in the pre– and post–vaccine introduction periods, respectively. In the post–vaccine introduction period, serotype 7F was the most common serotype among infants and was responsible for 50% of meningitis.

CONCLUSIONS:
The incidence of IPD in Utah infants aged 1 to 90 days caused by PCV7 serotypes decreased after PCV7 introduction, but overall incidence was unchanged. In the post–vaccine introduction period, serotype 7F predominated in this age group and was associated with meningitis.
The electron transport within bulk wurtzite zinc oxide in response to strong applied electric field pulses
Authors: Hadi Walid A. , Shur Michael S. , O’Leary Stephen K. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTStrong short electric field pulses are used to generate broadband terahertz radiation. Understanding the transport properties under such conditions is very important for the understanding of numerous terahertz photonic and electronic devices. In this paper, we report on transport simulations of the electrons within bulk wurtzite zinc oxide for pulsed high electric fields, with pulse durations of up to 400 fs. We focus on how key electron transport characteristics, namely the drift velocity and the corresponding average energy, vary with time since the onset of the pulse. For sufficiently high-field strength selections, we find that both of these parameters exhibit peaks. In addition, an electron drift velocity undershoot is observed following this peak. A contrast with the case of gallium nitride is considered; undershoot is not observed for the case of this material. Reasons for these differences in behavior are suggested.
A Thermal Decomposition Approach for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Microspheres
Authors: Sharma Geetu , Pethaiyan Jeevanandam 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIron oxide microspheres possess a wide range of applications in lithium storage batteries, sensors, photocatalysis, environmental remediation, magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. The most commonly used method for the preparation of iron oxide microspheres is hydrothermal synthesis. Besides this, other synthetic methods such as co-precipitation, electrostatic self- assembly, microwave and sol-gel have been reported. The reported synthetic methods usually require longer time (2 to 48 hours) and expensive experimental set up. In the present study, a novel low temperature thermal decomposition approach for the synthesis of iron oxide microspheres has been reported. Thermal decomposition of an iron-urea complex ([Fe(CON2H4)6](NO3)3) in a mixture of diphenyl ether and dimethyl formamide at 200 °C for 35 minutes leads to the formation of iron oxide microspheres. The microspheres were characterized using a variety of analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetometry. The XRD results indicated amorphous nature for the as prepared iron oxide, whereas after calcination at 500 °C, crystalline α-Fe2O3 phase is obtained. The SEM images indicated uniform spheres with an average diameter of 1.2 ± 0.3 μm. The DRS results too gave evidence for the formation of α-Fe2O3 on calcination of the microspheres at 500 oC.The field and temperature dependent magnetic measurement results indicated superparamagnetic behavior for the as prepared iron oxide microspheres indicating that the microspheres consist of iron oxide nanoparticles. On the other hand, an antiferromagnetic behavior was observed for the microspheres calcined at 500 °C. The present synthetic method is a novel method to produce magnetic materials with controlled morphologies.
Ce0.97Cu0.03O2 Nanocatalysts Synthesized via Microwave-assisted Hydrothermal Method: Characterization and CO-PROX Catalytic Efficiency
Authors: Araújo Vinícius D. , Avansi Waldir , Mascarenhas Artur J.S. , Andrade Heloysa M.C. , Longo Elson , Bernardi Maria I.B. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn the work presented here, Ce0.97Cu0.03O2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method under different synthesis temperatures. The obtained nanoparticles were tested as catalysts in preferential oxidation of CO to obtain CO-free H2 (PROX reaction). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). X-ray diffraction measurements detected the presence of pure cubic CeO2 for all synthesized samples. TEM images of the Ce0.97Cu0.03O2 nanoparticles revealed that samples synthesized at 80°C are composed mainly of nanospheres with an average size of 20 nm. The formation of some nanorods with an average diameter of 8 nm and 40 nm in length, and the size reduction of the nanoparticles from 20 to approximately 15 nm is observed with increasing synthesis temperature. EPR spectra indicated that copper is found well dispersed in sample synthesized at 160°C, located predominant in surface sites of ceria. For samples synthesized at 80 and 120°C, the species are less dispersed than in the other one, resulting in the formation of Cu2+−Cu2+ dimmers at the surface of ceria. TPR profiles presented two reduction peaks, one below 400°C attributed to the reduction of different copper species and a second peak around 800°C attributed to the reduction of Ce4+→ Ce3+ species located in the volume of the nanoparticles. The peak related to the reduction of copper species shifts to lower temperatures with increasing synthesis temperature, i.e., the sample synthesized at 160°C is more easily reduced than the ones synthesized at 120 and 80°C. The nanoparticles showed active as catalysts for the CO-PROX reaction. The microwave-assisted method revealed efficient for the synthesis of Ce0.97Cu0.03O2 nanoparticles with copper species selective for the CO-PROX reaction, which reaches CO conversions up to 92% for the sample synthesized at 160°C.
Improving Hierarchical Clustering of Genotypic Data via Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Odong T. L. , van Heerwaarden J. , van Hintum T. J. L. , van Eeuwijk F. A. , Jansen J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the genetic structure of germplasm collections is a prerequisite for effective and efficient use of crop genetic resources in genebanks. Currently, hierarchical clustering techniques are most popular for describing genetic structure in germplasm collections. Traditionally performed using dissimilarities based on raw genotypic data, recent studies have shown that cluster analysis can be improved by first condensing the genotypic data using principal component analysis (PCA). Although the two‐step approach (PCA followed by cluster analysis) is gaining popularity, no systematic study into its benefits over traditional clustering methods has been performed. In particular, the relationship between the number of principal components (PCs) to be retained and the performance of cluster analysis have not been established. It is also not clear whether genetic data should be scaled before performing PCA. Here we present a detailed study comparing cluster analysis using distances based on condensed data using significant PCs and clustering based on the full dataset. We also studied the effect of data scaling on PCA‐based clustering. Using simulations, we show that in discretely subdivided populations, maximum clustering performance is attained by using a subset of PCs that relate to differentiation between subpopulations and that scaling of the data is key to achieving improvement in PCA‐based clustering. For scaled data, we report consistently higher clustering success for PCA, particularly at lower levels of population differentiation, while gains for unscaled data are minor. This is confirmed by real data, where PCA‐based clustering of scaled genotypic data leads to visible improvements in resolving finer patterns of geographic subdivision. Our results show clearly that proper scaling and reduction of genotypic data is key to improving clustering performance.