bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Potential-pH Diagrams for the Interpretation of Corrosion Phenomena in High Salinity Geothermal Brines
Authors: MACDONALD DIGBY D. , SYRETT BARRY C. , WING SHARON S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion potentials and cyclic voltammograms are reported for AISI 1010 carbon steel, E-Brite 26-1 stainless steel, AISI 316L stainless steel, Haynes Alloy 20 Mod, Carpenter 20 Cb-3, Inconel Alloy 625, Hastelloy Alloy G, Hastelloy Alloy C-276, Titanium 50A, and TiCode 12 in high salinity geothermal brine at 250 C. Potential-pH diagrams for the component metals (Fe, Ni, Cr, Ti) in the brine at 25 and 250 C are also derived, and are used to interpret the corrosion behavior and cyclic voltammetric responses of the alloys in the elevated temperature brine environment.
Flow Effects on Corrosion of Galvanic Couples in Sea Water
Authors: PERKINS JEFF , GRAHAM K. J. , STORM G. A. , LEUMER G. , SCHACK R. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A unique “circling-foil” apparatus has been developed to study velocity effects on corrosion processes, and has been used initially to expose single metals and galvanic couples of some common marine structural materials in synthetic sea water electrolyte under controlled hydrodynamic conditions at relative velocities up to 3 m/s. The samples are deployed by mounting in a sample holder with a standard foil profile, which circles in a tank, with a turbulence trip wire at the leading edge of the foil. This scheme allows prediction and measurement of the fluid flow structure over the corrosion samples. Direct determinations of turbulence intensity and boundary layer thickness were made at various velocities, enabling correlations of hydrodynamic parameters with electrochemical data and other measures of corrosion behavior. The effects of velocity and potential distribution on average corrosion rates, and on the mode and distribution of corrosive attack and corrosion products, have been studied.
Corrosion Pretreatments for Copper-Zinc Alloys
Authors: POLING G. W. , NOTOYA T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Combinations of four different types of zinc complexing agents with benzotriazole (BTA), an efficient complexant and corrosion inhibitor for copper, were tested as pretreatment inhibitors for 70/30 and 60/40 brasses in aerated 3% NaCI solutions. Alkyl dithiocarbonates, of C6 to C8 chain length, proved superior to: 2, 5-dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTDA), sodium-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), and sodium diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), in combination with BTA under a variety of test conditions. Apart from acting as an acid inhibitor for 70/30 brass exposed to acidic NaCI solutions, the DMTDA was also an effective partner inhibitor for BTA. Combinations of the other two complexing agents (DDC and DEDTP) plus BTA actually accelerated the corrosion of 70/30 brass but provided good protection of 60/40 brass in the NaCI solutions. Scanning electron micrographs showing surface topographies of test specimens with and without these inhibitor pretreatments are presented. Galvanostatic polarization curves are shown to help evaluate the inhibiting action of each inhibitor combination.
Effect of Prestrain on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 304 Stainless Steel by Means of the Stress Relaxation Method
Authors: KAMIDE HIDEHIKO , SUGAWARA HIDEO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The relationship between the susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and the amount of deformation structures in Type 304 stainless steel in an H2SO4/NaCI solution system at room temperature was investigated by means of the stress relaxation method. SCC was observed in the prestrained specimens, whereas no cracking occurred in specimens without prestraining. The number of cracks was affected by the amount of deformation structures, which varied according to the annealing temperature after prestraining or according to the prestraining temperature. The results of magnetic measurements on the prestrained specimens as a function of the annealing temperature showed that the cracking region was in good agreement with the range of existence of strain induced α-martensites. Transmission electron microscope observation showed that ε- and α-martensites formed by prestraining at temperatures below 413 K (140 C) dissolved in preference to the austenite matrix. A strain induced martensite in Type 304 stainless steel seems to precede cracking in this system.
Impedance and Potential Behavior of Surface Oxide Films on Hafnium Electrodes
Authors: EL-BASIOUNY M. S. , BEKHEET A. M. , HEFNY M. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The open circuit behavior of hafnium at different surface film thicknesses, immersed in 0.5N H2SO4 has been investigated using potential and impedance measurements. When the anodic current is interrupted, a decrease in oxide film thickness (thinning) was attributed mainly to chemical dissolution of the barrier film. A full inertness of the surface is attained when the polarization potential reaches around 25 V (NHE) where the surface film becomes insoluble in the surrounding electrolyte. It was found also that with gradual accumulation of the oxide layer, a pronounced increase of the open circuit potential was observed. At the thickness corresponding to the polarization potential 25 V (NHE), the rate of increase of open circuit potential after cessation of the current becomes very much reduced and thus a perfect, compact, and continuous oxide film was assumed to be formed on the metal surface.
Parametric Evaluation of Susceptibility of Cu-Ni Alloys to Sulfide Induced Corrosion in Sea Water
Authors: GUDAS JOHN P. , HACK HARVEY P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine susceptibility of 90/10 and 70/10 Cu-Ni alloys to sulfide induced corrosion as related to sulfide concentration, sea water velocity, and duration of sulfide exposure. All exposures were conducted in fresh sea water, and the range of experimental variables included sulfide concentration (from sodium sulfide) from 0.007 to 0.25 mg/L, sea water velocity after sulfide exposure from 0.5 to 5.3 m/s, and sulfide exposure times from 1 to 90 days. Results showed that both alloys undergo localized attack in sea water environments with as little as 0.007 mg/L sulfide. The velocity dependence of active attack was minimal in the range tested. Duration of sulfide exposure, particularly at low sulfide concentrations, is a key factor in causing localized corrosion in these alloys and in the degree of attack experienced. On the basis of long term continuous low concentration sulfide exposure, 70/30 Cu-Ni appears to undergo less severe attack than that seen with 90/10 Cu-Ni.
Preparation and Characterization of Model Colloidal Corrosion Products
Authors: MATIJEVIC EGON 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Model colloidal corrosion products consisting of ferric hydrous oxides, cobalt oxide, and chromium hydroxide particles of well defined shape and uniform size have been prepared. These systems are used to elucidate the mechanism of formation of such materials from aqueous solutions, with special emphasis on the nature and the distribution of solute complexes which act as precursors to precipitation. The role of the anions on the composition and the morphology of the resulting metal hydrous oxide solids is stressed. The so prepared model systems are also used to study properties of the solids and their reactions which are of interest in corrosion of metals. In this work, the magnetic characteristics of iron (III) hydrous oxides as a function of their composition, as well as particle size and shape, are illustrated and discussed. Furthermore, the interactions of a ferric oxyhydroxide with EDTA, a chemical decontaminant for nuclear reactors, has been investigated. It was shown that the stability of these particles and their rate of dissolution is strictly related to the adsorption of this ligand material on the metal hydrous oxide. Finally, the adhesion of chromium hydroxide particles on steel and their removal has been followed as a function of solution conditions (pH, electrolyte presence). The better data could be explained in terms of the theory of the electrical double layer.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: How accurate are the clinical criteria?
Authors: van Gent Marco W.F. , Velthuis Sebastiaan , Post Martijn C. , Snijder Repke J. , Westermann Cornelis J.J. , Letteboer Tom G.W. , Mager Johannes J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe clinical diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is based on the Curaçao criteria. Three out of four criteria are required for a definite clinical diagnosis HHT, two criteria are considered “possible” HHT, and 0 or 1 criterion makes the diagnosis unlikely. However, these consensus diagnostic criteria have not been validated. We report on the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical criteria. A total of 450 consecutive persons ≥16 years of age were screened for HHT between May 2004 and September 2009, including a chest CT to screen for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We selected 263 first‐degree relatives of disease‐causing mutation carriers who underwent mutation analysis. Genetic test results were considered the gold standard. The family mutation was present in 186 patients (mean age 42.9 ± 14.6 yr; 54.8% female). A clinical diagnosis was definite, “possible”, and unlikely in 168 (90.3%), 17 (9.1%), and 1 (0.5%) patient, respectively. In 77 persons the family mutation was absent (mean age 37.1 ± 12.3 yr, 59.7% female). In this group a clinical diagnosis was definite, possible, and unlikely in 0, 35 (45.5%), and 42 (54.5%) persons, respectively. The positive predictive value of a definite clinical diagnosis was 100% (95% CI 97.8–100), the negative predictive value of an unlikely diagnosis 97.7% (95% CI 87.9–99.6). Of 52 patients with “possible” HHT, 17 (32.7%) displayed an HHT‐causing mutation. The Curaçao clinical criteria have a good diagnostic performance. Genetic testing is particularly helpful in patients with a “possible” clinical diagnosis HHT. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel FREM1 mutations expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with manitoba‐oculo‐tricho‐anal (MOTA) syndrome and bifid nose renal agenesis anorectal malformations (BNAR) syndrome
Authors: Nathanson Jared , Swarr Daniel T. , Singer Amihood , Liu Mochi , Chinn Amy , Jones Wendy , Hurst Jane , Khalek Nahla , Zackai Elaine , Slavotinek Anne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLoss of function mutations in FREM1 have been demonstrated in Manitoba‐oculo‐tricho‐anal (MOTA) syndrome and Bifid Nose Renal Agenesis and Anorectal malformations (BNAR) syndrome, but the wider phenotypic spectrum that is associated with FREM1 mutations remains to be defined. We screened three probands with phenotypic features of MOTA syndrome. In one severely affected infant who was diagnosed with MOTA syndrome because of bilateral eyelid colobomas, a bifid nasal tip, hydrometrocolpos and vaginal atresia, we found two nonsense mutations that likely result in complete loss of FREM1 function. This infant also had renal dysplasia, a finding more consistent with BNAR syndrome. Another male who was homozygous for a novel stop mutation had an extensive eyelid colobomas, corneopalpebral synechiae, and unilateral renal agenesis. A third male child diagnosed with MOTA syndrome because of corneopalpebral synechiae and eyelid colobomas had a homozygous splice site mutation in FREM1. These cases illustrate that disruption of the FREM1 gene can produce a spectrum of clinical manifestations encompassing the previously described MOTA and BNAR syndromes, and that features of both syndromes may be seen in the same individual. The phenotype of FREM1‐related disorders is thus more pleiotropic than for MOTA and BNAR syndrome alone and more closely resembles the widespread clinical involvement seen with Fraser syndrome. Moreover, our first case demonstrates that vaginal atresia may be a feature of FREM1‐related disorders. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroblastoma in a pediatric patient with a microduplication of 2p involving the MYCN locus
Authors: Van Mater David , Knelson Erik H. , Kaiser‐Rogers Kathleen A. , Armstrong Michael B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor of infancy, and mutations in several genes have been implicated as playing a role in tumor development. Here, we describe a pediatric patient with a constitutional microduplication of 2p24.3 who developed Stage 4 neuroblastoma at age 11 months. He represents the sixth patient described in the literature with partial trisomy 2p and neuroblastoma. All previous cases had duplication events spanning two genes implicated in neuroblastoma, MYCN and ALK. Our patient is unique because his duplicated region includes the MYCN gene only; the ALK gene is unaffected. These data, combined with the relatively high incidence of neuroblastoma reported in partial trisomy 2p patients, support the notion that MYCN duplication should be added to the growing list of genetic factors associated with an increased risk of neuroblastoma. The mechanism of increased risk is unclear, but the fact that our patient had dramatic amplification of MYCN in his tumor suggests that a germline duplication might predispose to further amplification. Additionally, our patient has several morphologic features common to patients with partial trisomy 2p including high forehead, hypertelorism, postaxial polydactyly, and developmental delay despite having a microduplication spanning approximately 1 Mb and including just three intact genes. This case may therefore help further delineate the genotype–phenotype correlations associated with partial trisomy 2p. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical report: Two patients with atelosteogenesis type I caused by missense mutations affecting the same FLNB residue
Authors: Li Ben C. , Hogue Jacob , Eilers Meg , Mehrotra Pavni , Hyland James , Holm Tara , Prosen Tracy , Slavotinek Anne M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present two patients with Atelosteogenesis Type I (AO type I) caused by two novel Filamin B (FLNB) mutations affecting the same FLNB residue: c.542G > A, predicting p.Gly181Asp and c.542G > C, predicting p.Gly181Arg. Both children had typical manifestations of AO type I, with severe rhizomelic shortening of the extremities, limited elbow and knee extension with mild webbing, pectus excavatum, broad thumbs with brachydactyly that was most marked for digits 3–5, dislocated hips and bilateral talipes equinovarus. Facial features included proptosis, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, cleft palate, and retromicrognathia. The clinical course of one child was influenced by airway instability and bronchopulmonary dysplasia that complicated intubation and prevented separation from ventilator support. Respiratory insufficiency with tracheal hypoplasia, laryngeal stenosis, and pulmonary hypoplasia have all been described in patients with AO type I and we conclude that compromised pulmonary function is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in this condition. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Caffeine and adenosine A2A receptor inactivation decrease striatal neuropathology in a lentiviral‐based model of Machado–Joseph disease
Authors: Gonçalves Nélio , Simões Ana T. , Cunha Rodrigo A. , de Almeida Luís Pereira 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveMachado–Joseph disease (MJD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with an abnormal CAG expansion, which translates into an expanded polyglutamine tract within ataxin‐3. There is no therapy to prevent or modify disease progression. Because caffeine (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) and selective adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) blockade alleviate neurodegeneration in different brain diseases, namely at early stages of another polyglutamine‐related disorder such as Huntington's disease, we now tested their ability to control MJD‐associated neurodegeneration.MethodsMJD was modeled by transducing the striatum of male adult C57Bl/6 mice with lentiviral vectors encoding mutant ataxin‐3 in one hemisphere and wild‐type ataxin‐3 in the other hemisphere (as internal control). Caffeine (1g/L) was applied through the drinking water. Mice were killed at different time points (from 2 to 12 weeks) to probe for the appearance of different morphological changes using immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsMutant ataxin‐3 caused an evolving neuronal dysfunction (loss of DARPP‐32 staining) leading to neurodegeneration (cresyl violet and neuronal nuclei staining) associated with increased number of mutant ataxin‐3 inclusions in the basal ganglia. Notably, mutant ataxin‐3 triggered early synaptotoxicity (decreased synaptophysin and microtubule‐associated protein‐2 staining) and reactive gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD11b staining), which predated neuronal dysfunction and damage. Caffeine reduced the appearance of all these morphological modifications, which were also abrogated in mice with a global A2AR inactivation (knockout).InterpretationOur findings provide a demonstration that synaptotoxicity and gliosis are precocious events in MJD and that caffeine and A2AR inactivation decrease MJD‐associated striatal pathology, which paves the way to consider A2ARs as novel therapeutic targets to manage MJD. Ann Neurol 2013;73:655–666
Choice‐making, Expectations, and Treatment Positivity: How and When Choosing Shapes Aversive Experiences
Authors: Rose Jason P. , Geers Andrew L. , Fowler Stephanie L. , Rasinski Heather M. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTEvery day we use products and treatments with unknown but expected effects, such as using medication to manage pain. In many cases, we have a choice over which products or treatments to use; however, in other cases, people choose for us or choices are unavailable. Does choosing (versus not choosing) have implications for how a product or treatment is experienced? The current experiments examined the role of choice‐making in facilitating so‐called expectation assimilation effects—or situations in which a person's experiences (e.g., discomfort and pain) are evaluated in a manner consistent with their expectations. In Experiment 1, participants were initially exposed to a baseline set of aversive stimuli (i.e., sounds). Next, some participants were given expectations for two “treatments” (i.e., changes in screen display) that could ostensibly reduce discomfort. Critically, participants were either given a choice or not about which of the two treatments they preferred. Participants in a control condition were not provided with treatment expectations. Results revealed that discomfort experiences assimilated to expectations only when participants were provided with choice. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and provided evidence against the idea that demand characteristics and choice‐making unrelated to the core task (i.e., choices without associated expectations) could account for the results. Further, Experiment 2 showed that choosing reduced discomfort because of increased positivity about the treatment. Results are discussed in the context of extant research on choice‐making and expectation effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Dimensional Arrays Using GlycoPEG Tags: Glycan Synthesis, Purification and Immobilisation
Authors: Etxebarria Juan , Serna Sonia , Beloqui Ana , Martin‐Lomas Manuel , Reichardt Niels‐Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGlycan arrays have become the premier tool for rapidly establishing the binding or substrate specificities of lectins and carbohydrate‐processing enzymes. New approaches for accelerating carbohydrate synthesis to address the enormous complexity of natural glycan structures are necessary. Moreover, optimising glycan immobilisation is key for the development of selective, sensitive and reproducible array‐based assays. We present a tag‐based approach that accelerates the preparation of glycan arrays on all levels by improving the synthesis, the purification and immobilisation of oligosaccharides. Glycan primers were chemically attached to bifunctional polyethyleneglycol (PEG) tags, extended enzymatically with the help of recombinant glycosyltransferases and finally purified by ultrafiltration. When printed directly onto activated glass slides, these glycoPEG tags afforded arrays with exceptionally high sensitivity, low background and excellent spot morphology. Likewise, the conjugation of glycoPEG tags to latex nanoparticles yielded multivalent scaffolds for carbohydrate‐binding assays with very low non‐specific binding.
Non‐activated T and B lymphocytes become morphologically distinguishable after detergent treatment
Authors: Kono Mari , Takagi Yuri , Kawauchi Sawako , Wada Atsushi , Morikawa Takashi , Funakoshi Kunihiro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractT and B lymphocytes are difficult to distinguish morphologically even with electron microscopy, and antibodies are generally used to make the distinction. A specific reagent, consisting of nonionic and cationic detergents, is used for leukocyte differentiation using the Sysmex automated blood analyzer. This reagent increases cell membrane porosity and enables the introduction of fluorescent dye into leukocytes. In this study, we investigated the effect of this specific detergent on the morphology of T and B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes were obtained by density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting, with a minimum of 90% isolation efficiency. T and B lymphocytes were then treated with the specific detergent and fluorescent dye, and their distribution was analyzed based on side scatter and fluorescence intensity using general‐purpose flow cytometry (FCM). Fluorescent images were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), cellular inner structures using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cell surfaces using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ratio of cholesterol to total lipid in cell membranes of B and T lymphocytes was measured using a fluorescent assay kit. The distribution of fluorescence intensity was different between T and B lymphocyte clusters, according to the FCM analysis. CLSM observations revealed that the fluorescent dye mainly stained cytoplasmic organelles. FCM, TEM, and SEM observations revealed that B lymphocytes are more likely to lose surface antigens and intracellular organelles than T lymphocytes, which allows the visual distinction between T and B lymphocytes. The ratio of cholesterol to total lipid in T lymphocyte membranes had tendency higher than that in B lymphocyte membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that cells with differences in cell membrane cholesterol amounts, such as B and T lymphocytes could be identified using an inexpensive detergent, as an alternative to costly antibodies. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.