bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Composition of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Derived L‐forms
Authors: Hayami Masaaki , Okabe Akinobu , Kariyama Reiko , Abe Masufumi , Kanemasa Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo strains of Staphylococcus aureus (Newman and Tazaki) and their derived L‐forms were cultured in serum‐containing broth and the differences in their lipid compositions were analyzed. Cardiolipin accounted for more than 50% of the total phospholipid phosphorus in L‐forms, but for less than 25% in parent bacteria. The cardiolipin content of L‐forms was very high through all growth phases, although it increased gradually as growth proceeded. Significant amounts of cholesterol and its esters were present in parent strains and L‐forms, all of which incorporated serum cholesterol into the cell membrane. On the other hand, they could be detected in the L‐forms but not in the parent strains when they were cultured in serum‐free broth. To examine the ability of L‐forms to synthesize cholesterol, the cholesterol content of L‐forms cultured in serum‐free broth was compared with that of the medium. The results indicated that staphylococcal L‐forms could synthesize cholesterol and its esters. These differences in lipid composition suggested that modification of membrane lipids may occur as an adaptation‐al change in response to the disappearance of the cell wall.
Characterization of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi , Kanda Tadahito , Adachi Akio , Yogo Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV‐3) has a buoyant density of 1.197. The RNA of PIV‐3, like that of Sendai virus, is a single continuous chain which lacks polyadenylic acid sequences and tends to self‐anneal to a marked extent. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 42S and a molecular weight of 4.5 × 106, being slightly smaller than Sendai virus RNA (47S, 5.3 × 106).PIV‐3 has 5 main structural proteins, of which 2 are glycoproteins. The molecular weights of protein1, protein2, protein3, glycoprotein1, and glycoprotein2 were estimated to be 79,000, 68,000, 35,000, 69,000, and 55,000, respectively. Protein2 was suggested to be nucleocapsid protein.
Complement Proteins and Macrophages
Authors: Kawamoto Yasuko , Ueda Masanaga , Ichikawa Hidetaka , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCobra venom factor was used for the detection of factor B synthesized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. This method was shown to be specific for factor B assay by neutralization by antimouse factor B antibody. The amount of factor B in the culture supernatant, assessed by this method, was found to be dependent on the medium used for cultivation of macrophages. The addition of 25% L cell‐conditioned medium to minimal essential medium (LCM‐MEM) enhanced the production of factor B and also of lysozyme. Kinetic analysis in LCM‐MEM showed that factor B produced by 6 × 104 cells/cm2 increased up to 72 hr and reached a plateau at 96 hr. The amounts of factor B and lysozyme produced in LCM‐MEM depended upon the number of macrophages. Production of factor B was completely inhibited by 1 μg of cycloheximide per ml and was restored by its removal.
Susceptibility of Germ‐free Mice to Infectious Megaenteron
Authors: Itoh Kikuji , Ueda Katsumoto , Fujiwara KÔSaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGerm‐free (GF)‐ICR mice were shown to be less susceptible to oral inoculation with a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0115a, c: K(B)) than GF‐CF#1 mice. In GF‐CF#1 mice a large number of organisms were recovered from the intestinal wall from the cecum to the rectum 3 to 7 days after inoculation. Unlike those in GF‐CF#1 mice, lesions in GF‐ICR mice were localized in a part of the cecum and organisms were recovered only from the cecal wall and rarely from organs other than those of the alimentary tract. In both strains of mice, however, organisms were recovered in large number from the intestinal contents. Histopathology and immunofluorescence revealed organisms closely attached to the surface of the cecum, colon and rectal epithelia in GF‐CF#1 mice but only in a part of the cecal epithelium in GF‐ICR mice. After being in contact with conventional CF#1 mice for 21 days and then inoculated orally with the pathogenic E. coli, ex‐GF‐CF#1 mice died within 14 days with severe intestinal lesions, but ex‐GF‐ICR mice survived without lesions.
Induction of Delayed Type Hypersensitivity‐Like Skin Reaction by Peptidoglycans of Bacterial Cell Walls
Authors: Maeda Katsumasa , Koga Toshitaka , Onoue Kaoru , Kotani Shozo , Sumiyoshi Akinobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWater‐soluble glycopeptides isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus epidermidis cell walls elicited a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)‐like skin reaction in rats previously immunized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell walls, but not in unimmunized rats. Histological examination of the skin reaction sites in immunized animals revealed a close similarity of this skin reaction to a typical DTH reaction with respect to the time course of development and the types of cells that infiltrated into the skin reaction sites, which were characterized by a predominant infiltration of mononuclear cells at 48 hr. This DTH‐like reaction was also demonstrated by immunizing the rats with the cell wall peptidoglycans of L. plantarum or S. epidermidis and skin testing them with homologous as well as heterologous peptidoglycans. The DTH‐like reaction appeared to be caused by peptidoglycans that exist in common in the cell walls of phylogenetically distant bacterial species. Furthermore, it was also suggested that the putative antigenic determinants) might include both the glycan chain and part of the peptide moieties of the cell wall peptidoglycan rather than either of the single moieties.
Macrophage Activation by Muramyl Dipeptide as Measured by Macrophage Spreading and Attachment
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Nagao Shigeki , Imai Katsuyuki , Mori Ryoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA synthetic bacterial cell wall constituent, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), was found to induce the enhancement of macrophage spreading and attachment on glass or plastic surfaces. Macrophages exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or lymphokine‐containing cell supernatants showed similar enhancement. This finding supports the view that MDP activates macrophages. MDP was also found to enhance the viability of macrophages but to inhibit 3H‐thymidine incorporation by macrophages.
Role of Humoral Antibodies in Resistance to Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Hamsters
Authors: Hayatsu Eizo , Kawakubo Yasuaki , Yayoshi Masumi , Araake Minako , Yoshioka Morimasa , Nishiyama Yasukazu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGolden Syrian hamsters adoptively immunized with hyperimmune Mycoplasma pneumoniae rabbit antiserum, immunoglobulin (Ig) M‐rich (IgM) fraction, IgG‐rich (IgG) fraction, antiserum absorbed with either killed M. pneumoniae or killed Staphylococcus aureus organisms, or antiserum treated with 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) were examined for resistance against aerosol infection with virulent M. pneumoniae. Significant resistance to the establishment of infection in the respiratory tract was shown in hamsters pretreated with the untreated antiserum, IgG fraction or 2‐ME‐treated antiserum, whereas animals pretreated with the IgM fraction and the antisera absorbed with M. pneumoniae or S. aureus organisms were not significantly resistant. Histopathologically, lung lesions were markedly suppressed in animals with high resistance, but were typically pneumonic in animals with low or no resistance. The efficacy of adoptively administered serum preparations was closely related to their antibody titers. The results indicate that humoral antibody plays an important role in protection against experimental M. pneumoniae pneumonia in hamsters, although the participation of the cell‐mediated immune response was not determined.
Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to Interferon and to Poly (I) · Poly (C) Determined by the Plaque Reduction Method
Authors: Machida Haruhiko , Kuninaka Akira , Yoshino Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSusceptibility of eight strains of influenza A and B viruses to interferon and to poly(I) · poly(C) were determined by the plaque reduction method. All strains tested were slightly less susceptible than vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The 50% plaque depression doses (PD50) of poly(I) · poly(C) for influenza A and B viruses were as high as 3.0‐ to 4.5‐fold and 6‐ to 18‐fold that for VSV, respectively. The amounts of interferon required to inhibit plaque formation of influenza A and B viruses by 50% were 3.0–6.2 and 7.3–15.2 units/ml, respectively. The ratio of PD50 of poly(I) · poly(C) for each strain of influenza viruses tested to that for VSV in chick embryo cells was almost the same as in MDCK cells. Furthermore, in chick embryo cells, the strains of influenza virus tested were demonstrated to be much more susceptible to poly (I) · poly(C) than both Newcastle disease virus and vaccinia virus. It is suggested that influenza viruses may be relatively susceptible to interferon and to poly(I) · poly(C).
Catabolite‐Like Repression of Extracellular Enzyme Production in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Iuchi Shiro , Tanaka Shuji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProduction of extracellular amylase and protease in Vibrio parahaemolyticus was repressed by various carbohydrates present in the medium. In addition, the protease production was repressed very strongly by peptones or casamino acids. Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate (cyclic AMP) added exogenously could reverse the repression of amylase production, but not that of protease production irrespective of the “repressors” used. Mutants of V. parahaemolyticus, which resembled the reported cya (adenylate cyclase) and crp (cyclic AMP receptor protein) mutants of Escherichia coli and related organisms, were examined for the exoenzyme production. Amylase production in the mutants was defective, while their protease production was not defective, but rather accentuated as compared with that in the parental strain.These findings strongly suggest that amylase production is subject to catabolite repression mediated by cyclic AMP, whereas protease production is controlled by a repression mechanism which mimics in part, but may be distinct from catabolite repression.
A Complement Inhibitor Produced by Stachybotrys complementi, nov. sp. K‐76, a New Species of Fungi Imperfecti
Authors: Miyazaki Wasei , Tamaoka Hisashi , Shinohara Masanao , Kaise Hirotsugu , Izawa Taketoshi , Nakano Yoshimasa , Kinoshita Taroh , Hong Kyongsu , Inoue Kozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA complement inhibitor, K‐76, was isolated and purified from the culture supernatant of a fungus, Stachybotrys complementi, nov. sp. K‐76, isolated from soil of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa. K‐76 is a sesquiterpene compound and it can be oxidized to a monocarboxylic derivative (K‐76 COOH), the sodium salt of which is very soluble and much less toxic than K‐76. K‐76 and K‐76 COOH both inhibited complement activation by either the classical or alternative pathway. They inhibited generation of the factor chemotactic to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human serum by aggregated immunoglobulin. When sensitized erythrocytes were treated with complement in the presence of K‐76 COOH, the resulting unlysed cells were found to be in the state of EAC1, 4b, 2a, 3b. Thus K‐76 COOH is considered to block mainly the C5 intermediate step. K‐76 COOH did not inhibit any proteases or esterases tested, except when tested at high concentration.
Studies on Streptococci: I. Distribution of Fecal Streptococci in Man
Authors: Watanabe Tsugio , Shimohashi Hirotaka , Kawai Yasuo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo understand the significance to the host of streptococci as part of the intestinal microflora, we first tried to investigate the distribution of human fecal streptococci on the species level. Of the selective media compared, KMN agar was more effective than the other media for the isolation of streptococci from human feces. We made an effort to improve streptococcal classification. Especially we used utilization of 1% pyruvate, 1% arginine, and 1% citrate for differentiation between Streptococcus faecalis and S. faecium. In a tellurite tolerance test, S. faecalis was distinguished more clearly from S. faecium in the medium containing 0.16 or 0.32% tellurite. We devised methods of presumptive identification of fecal streptococci from the results of the characteristics of 1,442 isolates. These methods enabled us to identify many strains rapidly. Different results in the distribution of species of streptococci between children and adults were observed. S. faecalis and S. faecium were isolated constantly from both groups. S. bovis and S. avium were isolated frequently from the feces of children. On the other hand, “viridans” streptococci, e.g. S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. MG‐intermedius were present at a high frequency in, and no S. avium could be isolated from, the feces of adults.
Biological Properties of Plaque‐Size Variants of Sendai Virus
Authors: Sugita Kenji , Maru Morimasa , Sato Kosaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLarge (RL)‐ and small (RS)‐plaque variants of Sendai virus were isolated in cultures of LLCMK2 cells in the presence of trypsin and their biological properties were determined. The RL variant was more virulent to mice than the RS variant. The RL variant had a higher growth rate than the RS variant in multiple‐step growth in the presence of trypsin, but the two variants had an almost equal growth rate in its absence. Restoration of hemolytic activity and cleavage of the F protein of the RL variant were achieved by milder trypsin treatment than was needed for the RS variant.
Regulatory Factors of Lymphocyte‐Lymphocyte Interaction: I. Con A‐Induced Mitogenic Factor Acts on the Late G1 Stage of T‐Cell Proliferation
Authors: Kawano Michio , Namba Yuziro , Hanaoka Masao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDNA synthesis in murine lymphocytes was augmented by a soluble factor in the supernatant of serum‐free cultures of syngeneic spleen cells activated with concanavalin A (Con A). This so‐called mitogenic factor (MF), which is probably identical with interleukin II, partially purified by DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G‐75 chromatography, is a fairly homogeneous molecule of 17–25 × 103 daltons. By using partially purified MF, the role of MF in lymphocyte proliferation was investigated.Pretreatment of lymphocytes with Con A for the first 3 hr of culture, which does not in itself induce cell proliferation, markedly augmented the effect of MF. The presence of MF, however, is necessary only in a restricted stage (s) of lymphocyte proliferation. The addition and removal of MF at various times during culture showed that MF exerts its effect on a process which occurs 3–6 hr before the beginning of DNA synthesis. These results strongly suggest that MF regulates the proliferation of mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes by acting on a restricted stage (s) of the cell cycle.
Correlation between Production of Inflammatory Substances and Generation of Effector T Cells Mediating Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Kojima Asato , Egashira Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro exposure to human serum albumin (HSA) of splenic lymphocytes from mice sensitized for delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) against HSA resulted in the release of substances that could induce a footpad inflammatory reaction with a maximum 6 hr after injection into normal mice. The substances were fractionated mainly in a molecular weight range of 30,000 to 70,000 daltons on Sephadex G‐200. The ability of sensitized lymphocytes to produce the substances was dependent on T cells, was antigen specific, and correlated well with the ability of the lymphocytes to mediate DTH reactions. Moreover, the substances were produced efficiently by the DTH effector cell population generated in the in vitro culture system and also by the effector cell‐enriched fractions on discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients. These results suggest that the substances are produced by DTH‐effector cells.
Murine Defense Mechanism against Candida albicans Infection: II. Opsonization, Phagocytosis, and Intracellular Killing of C. albicans
Authors: Kagaya Keiko , Fukazawa Yoshimura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe phagocytic and intracellular killing activities of normal mouse phagocytes against Candida albicans were studied to elucidate the role of these activities in nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms. In the presence of fresh normal mouse serum, viable C. albicans cells were ingested by mouse peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMPs) at the same rate. Serum‐chelation experiments indicated that the factors involved in the alternative complement pathway are opsonins for C. albicans. PBLs killed intracellular C. albicans more effectively than PMPs. Lymphokine‐activated PMPs manifested marked intracellular killing activity and the occurrence of increased superoxide anion‐ and singlet oxygen production, in the absence of increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) production, suggests that the enhanced, MPO‐independent, oxidative mechanism may play an important role in the candidacidal activity. Specific rabbit antibodies played no role in the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of C. albicans. These results suggest that PMNs and factors involved in the alternative complement pathway, and lymphokine‐activated macrophages play major roles in the protection of mice against C. albicans infection.
Mode of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Virus Infection in Tissue Culture Cells: III. Neurovirulence of Cell‐Free SSPE Viruses of Niigata‐1, Kitaken‐1, and Biken Strains
Authors: Ohuchi Masanobu , Ohuchi Reiko , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCell‐free viruses recovered from virus‐carrying cultures of the Niigata‐1, Kitaken‐1, and Biken strains of SSPE virus were examined for neurovirulence. The cell‐free viruses were prepared by freezing and thawing or by EDTA treatment of the virus‐carrying cultures and inoculated into adult mice intracerebrally. A considerable number of the inoculated mice showed clinical signs about 1 to 5 weeks after the inoculation. The first symptom was hyperreactivity, which was followed by paresis and myoclonus. All of the affected mice fell in paralysis and finally died. The virus could be recovered from the moribund mice by cocultivation of the brain cells with Vero cells. Immunofluorescence staining of the brain tissue revealed that infected cells containing viral antigens were distributed sparsely. No inflammatory feature, however, was observed in the brain as far as examined and neutralizing antibody against SSPE virus was not detected in sera from the mice inoculated with the cell‐free SSPE viruses.
Pili Mediated Agglutination of Serratia marcescens in Human Urine
Authors: Amako Kazunobu , Ohshima Hisaaki , Yasunaka Kakuko , Kono Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOf 51 strains of Serratia marcescens isolated from patients with urinary or respiratory tract infections, 35 agglutinated in human urine. The agglutinating strains possessed numerous pili which were morphologically distinct from common pili or type I pili. The diameter of the pili was 3 nm and the average length was 0.3 μm. Electron microscopic examination showed that 80% or more of the cells of the agglutinating strains and 0 to 8% of the cells of the nonagglutinating strains were piliated. When an agglutinating strain was heated at 55 C for 10 min, it lost its agglutinating capacity and concomitantly its pili. These results suggest that the agglutination might occur because of interactions between the pili and some factors in human urine. The urinary slime appears to contain these agglutinating factors.
Sequential Passages of Human Rotavirus in MA‐104 Cells
Authors: Urasawa Tomoko , Urasawa Shozo , Taniguchi Koki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStarting with a small amount of diarrheal feces containing human rotavirus (HRV), we succeeded in propagation of the virus using the roller culture technique with MA‐104 cells. Furthermore, we made a successful adaptation of HRV to a stationary culture and developed a plaque assay for the cell culture‐adapted viruses. The 3 culture‐adapted virus isolates, KU, YO, and 44 produced plaques (about 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) under the overlay medium consisting of 0.6% purified agar, 3 μg of acetyl trypsin/ml and 50 μg of DEAE‐dex‐tran/ml. Subsequent plaque purification resulted in the formation of clear, larger plaques.It was shown from the results of cross neutralization tests using the fluorescent focus reduction method that the three culture‐adapted HRV isolates were clearly different antigenically from bovine rotavirus (NCDV) and, further, that a noticeable difference in antigenicity also existed among the HRV isolates.
Immunological Responses of Hamsters in the Acquired Immune State to Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Hayatsu Eizo , Kawakubo Yasuaki , Yayoshi Masumi , Araake Minako , Wakai Mariko , Yoshida Atsumasa , Yoshioka Morimasa , Nishiyama Yasukazu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProtective effects of vaccination of hamsters against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, evaluated according to the recovery of mycoplasmas and histopathological changes in the respiratory tract after challenge infection, persisted for at least 6 months after the final vaccination. Serum antibody levels reached a maximum in the second week after the last vaccination and decreased markedly between the first and the third months, but increased again in sera obtained from animals given booster injections. Metabolism‐inhibiting antibodies were detected in bronchial washings of animals showing high resistance obtained by vaccinal or passive immunization. Antiserum transfer was also effective for protection but cell‐mediated immune responses were not demonstrated in any animals up to 6 months after the vaccination. Even after 10 months, suppression of both mycoplasmal proliferation and lung lesions was apparent, and a single dose of the vaccine induced a significant booster effect. These findings suggest that (1) humoral immunity is more important than cell‐mediated immunity in resistance of hamsters to M. pneumoniae pneumonia, and (2) the antibody secreted in the respiratory tract may be involved in the local defense mechanisms.
A Simplified Micro‐Method for Cytotoxicity Testing Using a Flat‐Type Titration Plate for the Detection of H‐2 Antigens
Authors: Shiroishi Toshihiko , Sagai Tomoko , Moriwaki Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new micro‐method for cytotoxicity testing using a flat‐type titration plate has been developed. This micro‐method is so simple that it involves no washing and staining procedures. In this method, cell viability is judged on the basis of the refractility change in the lymphocytes seen under the phase‐contrast microscope. This micro‐method has higher sensitivity and reproducibility than the dye exclusion method and 51Cr‐release assay. Fixation of cells with glutaraldehyde and tight covering of the plate allow us to read the result even after 3 weeks. These advantages of the new method enable us to deal with a large number of samples at one time.We also introduce a rapid technique for the preparation of a cell suspension from the lymph node without killing the animal.