bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One Module, Different Levels of Merge: AN(N) Compounds in Dutch
Authors: De Belder Marijke , van Koppen Marjo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article we provide empirical evidence against the claim that morphology contrasts with syntax in dealing with items that are listed in the lexicon. (Jackendoff 1975, Aronoff 1976, Jensen and Stong‐Jensen 1984). More specifically, we distinguish between three types of ANN compounds in Dutch. We show that the structural properties of these types do not show a one‐to‐one mapping with lexical properties, such as having a listed or even idiomatic meaning (see DiSciullo & Williams 1987). On the basis of this, we argue that conclusions on the structure of certain morphologically complex word‐forms should be based on structural properties and not on lexical properties such as idiomaticity or being lexicalized. We propose a syntactic derivation for all types of ANN compounds in Dutch (pace Ackema and Neeleman 2004). Structural differences follow from the level of merge: what we traditionally call morphology is syntax below the functional domain.
Chloroplast lipid transfer processes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involving a TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 2 (TGD2) orthologue
Authors: Warakanont Jaruswan , Tsai Chia‐Hong , Michel Elena J. S. , Murphy George R. , Hsueh Peter Y. , Roston Rebecca L. , Sears Barbara B. , Benning Christoph 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn plants, lipids of the photosynthetic membrane are synthesized by parallel pathways associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the chloroplast envelope membranes. Lipids derived from the two pathways are distinguished by their acyl‐constituents. Following this plant paradigm, the prevalent acyl composition of chloroplast lipids suggests that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) does not use the ER pathway; however, the Chlamydomonas genome encodes presumed plant orthologues of a chloroplast lipid transporter consisting of TGD (TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL) proteins that are required for ER‐to‐chloroplast lipid trafficking in plants. To resolve this conundrum, we identified a mutant of Chlamydomonas deleted in the TGD2 gene and characterized the respective protein, CrTGD2. Notably, the viability of the mutant was reduced, showing the importance of CrTGD2. Galactoglycerolipid metabolism was altered in the tgd2 mutant with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase activity being strongly stimulated. We hypothesize this to be a result of phosphatidic acid accumulation in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane, the location of MGDG synthase in Chlamydomonas. Concomitantly, increased conversion of MGDG into triacylglycerol (TAG) was observed. This TAG accumulated in lipid droplets in the tgd2 mutant under normal growth conditions. Labeling kinetics indicate that Chlamydomonas can import lipid precursors from the ER, a process that is impaired in the tgd2 mutant.
Severe case of fetal hemolytic disease caused by anti‐Cw requiring serial intrauterine transfusions complicated by pancytopenia and cholestasis
Authors: Macher Susanne , Wagner Thomas , Rosskopf Konrad , Reiterer Friedrich , Csapo Bence , Schlenke Peter , Klaritsch Philipp 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDAnti‐Cw are rarely found as a source for severe fetal and neonatal hemolytic diseases. We report a case with serial intrauterine transfusions complicated by pancytopenia and cholestasis in the neonatal period.CASE REPORTA 37‐year‐old woman revealed anti‐Cw with a titer of 512 in her fourth pregnancy. The fetus developed fetal anemia and a severe hydrops requiring three intrauterine red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. After birth at 33 + 0 weeks the newborn presented only transfused RBCs and suffered from anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and a cholestatic liver disease. Blood counts improved after transfusion of 2 RBC units and one platelet concentrate and administration of hematopoietic growth factors. The symptoms of cholestasis improved slowly after therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamins, and medium‐chain triglyceride‐enriched formula feeding.CONCLUSIONAnti‐Cw may lead to severe fetal anemia and consecutive complications. Surveillance of affected pregnancies with high antibody titers using sonographic evaluation of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity should be warranted, especially in multiparous women.
Clonidine inhibits anti‐non‐Gal IgM xenoantibody elicited in multiple pig‐to‐primate models
Authors: Stewart John M. , Tarantal Alice F. , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Salvaris Evelyn J. , O'Connell Philip J. , Nottle Mark B. , d'Apice Anthony J. F. , Cowan Peter J. , Kearns‐Jonker Mary 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundSurvival of vascularized xenografts is dependent on pre‐emptive inhibition of the xenoantibody response against galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) porcine organs. Our analysis in multiple GTKO pig‐to‐primate models of xenotransplantation has demonstrated that the anti‐non‐gal‐α‐1,3‐gal (anti‐non‐Gal) xenoantibody response displays limited structural diversity. This allowed our group to identify an experimental compound which selectively inhibited induced anti‐non‐Gal IgM xenoantibodies. However, because this compound had an unknown safety profile, we extended this line of research to include screening small molecules with known safety profiles allowing rapid advancement to large animal models.MethodsThe NIH clinical collections of small molecules were screened by ELISA for their ability to inhibit xenoantibody binding to GTKO pig endothelial cells. Serum collected from non‐immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys at day 14 post‐injection with GTKO pig endothelial cells was utilized as a source of elicited xenoantibody for initial screening. Virtual small molecule screening based on xenoantibody structure was used to assess the likelihood that the identified small molecules bound xenoantibody directly. As a proxy for selectivity, ELISAs against tetanus toxoid and the natural antigens laminin, thyroglobulin, and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) were utilized to assess the ability of the identified reagents to inhibit additional antibody responses. The identified inhibitory small molecules were further tested for their ability to inhibit xenoantibody elicited in multiple settings, including rhesus monkeys pre‐treated with an anti‐non‐Gal selective anti‐idiotypic antibody, non‐immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys immunized with wild‐type fetal pig isletlike cell clusters, and non‐immunosuppressed baboons transplanted with GTKO multiple transgenic pig kidneys.ResultsFour clinically relevant small molecules inhibited anti‐non‐Gal IgM binding to GTKO pig endothelial cells in vitro. Three of these drugs displayed a limited region of structural similarity suggesting they may inhibit xenoantibody by a similar mechanism. One of these, the anti‐hypertensive agent clonidine, displayed only minimal inhibition of antibodies elicited by vaccination against tetanus toxoid or pre‐existing natural antibodies against laminin, thyroglobulin, or ssDNA. Furthermore, clonidine inhibited elicited anti‐non‐Gal IgM from all animals that demonstrated a xenoantibody response in each experimental setting.ConclusionsClinically relevant small molecule drugs with known safety profiles can inhibit xenoantibody elicited against non‐Gal antigens in diverse experimental xenotransplantation settings. These molecules are ready to be tested in large animal models. However, it will first be necessary to optimize the timing and dosing required to inhibit xenoantibodies in vivo.
Left ventricular atrioventricular plane displacement is preserved with lifelong endurance training and is the main determinant of maximal cardiac output
Authors: Steding‐Ehrenborg Katarina , Boushel Robert C. , Calbet José A. , Åkeson Per , Mortensen Stefan P. 
Published: October 2015

Key points
Ageing has negative effects on cardiac function.
Endurance training in young subjects is known to improve cardiac function and the ability to deliver blood to exercising tissue.
This study shows that lifelong endurance training maintains cardiac pumping function at a level similar to sedentary young subjects and by the same mechanisms.
Healthy untrained elderly subjects have maintained cardiac pumping function but use compensatory mechanisms similar to what is seen in patients with heart failure.
Healthy ageing should include regular physical activity to maintain cardiac function.
AbstractAge‐related decline in cardiac function can be prevented or postponed by lifelong endurance training. However, effects of normal ageing as well as of lifelong endurance exercise on longitudinal and radial contribution to stroke volume are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine resting longitudinal and radial pumping in elderly athletes, sedentary elderly and young sedentary subjects. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate determinants of maximal cardiac output in elderly. Eight elderly athletes (63 ± 4 years), seven elderly sedentary (66 ± 4 years) and ten young sedentary subjects (29 ± 4 years) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. All subjects underwent maximal exercise testing and for elderly subjects maximal cardiac output during cycling was determined using a dye dilution technique. Longitudinal and radial contribution to stroke volume did not differ between groups (longitudinal left ventricle (LV) 52–65%, P = 0.12, right ventricle (RV) 77–87%, P = 0.16, radial 7.9–8.6%, P = 1.0). Left ventricular atrioventricular plane displacement (LVAVPD) was higher in elderly athletes and young sedentary compared with elderly sedentary subjects (14 ± 3, 15 ± 2 and 11 ± 1 mm, respectively, P < 0.05). There was no difference between groups for RVAVPD (P = 0.2). LVAVPD was an independent predictor of maximal cardiac output (R2 = 0.61, P < 0.01, β = 0.78). Longitudinal and radial contributions to stroke volume did not differ between groups. However, how longitudinal pumping was achieved differed; elderly athletes and young sedentary subjects showed similar AVPD whereas this was significantly lower in elderly sedentary subjects. Elderly sedentary subjects achieved longitudinal pumping through increased short‐axis area of the ventricle. Large AVPD was a determinant of maximal cardiac output and exercise capacity.
A Generic Study on Lowering Analysis of Massive Jumper Structures
Authors: Sun Guomin , Wang Facheng , Zhang Yigong , Tang Ke , Wang Jun 
Published: October 2015

Lifting activity has been usually employed to deploy subsea equipment, especially for huge structures. In one target field of China South Sea, there was one 3D “M” shaped, long and massive jumper being lowered to 200 meter water depth. The jumper was nearly 90 meters long, 22 inches in diameter, deployed by using a spreader frame. The total weight of jumper and frame has been up to nearly 400 Te in air. The whole lifting system mainly includes spreader frame, jumper, two connectors, wire rope and serial slings, etc. Two connectors were welded on both ends of the jumper, and jumper was lifted under spreader by several slings. The deployment operation was proposed by deepwater pipelay crane vessel Hai Yang Shi You (HYSY) 201. To ensure a successful installation, COTEC Offshore Solutions, together with its mother company, China Offshore Oil Engineering Company, have developed an advanced analysis by considering practical offshore field procedure and accurate modeling technology.
In this paper, firstly, wet lift capacity of wire rope and natural period of the hosting system have been obtained for certain circumstances including axial resonance caused by hostile environment. In addition, lowering though the splash zone operation procedure was simulated by OrcaFlex 9.8a. Allowable Max crane tip tension force, Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF), Min wire rope force, Max Cranemaster® stroke motion and heave velocity at jumper were obtained during the numerical analysis. Also, allowable values of these key factors are further studied.
According to the above analysis, COTEC provides a series of environmental parameters such as the optimum wave direction and period for the offshore lifting operation.
Wave Slamming Model Test Data and Analysis for a Spar Hull Design
Authors: Koo Bonjun , Lim Ho-Joon , Sablok Anil , Lambrakos Kostas , Dalane Oddgeir 
Published: October 2015

This paper presents wave slamming loads on the Aasta Hansteen Spar from model test data, and it discusses analysis methodologies for extreme loads in order to derive slamming design pressures for the local and global design of the Spar hull.
A 3×3 array of slamming load transducer panels was employed to measure the horizontal wave impact loads for the 100-year and 10,000-year storms at the Aasta Hansteen field in the Norwegian Sea. The wave height and period for these storms were varied to investigate wave steepness effects on slamming loads. Three-hour simulations and as many as 20 realizations per sea state were used to capture the statistics for the slamming loads.
Gumbel distribution was used to derive extreme pressures for the local and global design at the measured direction by using various panel combinations. The short term target percentiles used in the Gumbel distribution were determined by long term analysis. The detailed long term analysis results are the subject of another paper [1].
The main objective of this study is to establish the extreme pressure distribution along the length of the Spar above the mean water level (MWL). The linear correlation was found between the slamming pressure coefficient and incident wave steepness and it was used to obtain the extreme pressure profile for other wave directions around the Spar hull.
The methodology presented in this paper can also be applied to slamming pressure of other platforms/floaters.
The Effects of Mixing Helical Strakes and Fairings on Marine Tubulars and Arrays
Authors: Allen Don W. , Lee Li , Henning Dean , Liapis Stergios 
Published: October 2015

Most deepwater tubulars experiencing high currents frequently require vortex-induced vibration (VIV) suppression to maintain an acceptable fatigue life. Helical strakes and fairings are the most popular types of VIV suppression devices in use today.
It is quite common to use only one type of device (helical strakes or fairings) on a single tubular and, in fact, to use a single device type on an entire tubular array. The use of both styles of suppression devices on a single tubular has grown in popularity, but mixing them within an array is a relatively new concept. It is sometimes desirable to use one suppression device on one tubular and another suppression device on an adjacent or tandem tubular.
This paper utilizes results from two different types of VIV experiments. The first consists of a long tubular at high Reynolds numbers with VIV suppression on the outer end where current speeds are the highest. The use of only fairings, only strakes, or a mixture of the two devices is examined.
The second VIV experiment examines the use of helical strakes on one tubular and fairings on a tandem tubular. Results are compared to experiments with either helical strakes on both tubulars or fairings on both tubulars. This paper is intended to provide some direction, and in many cases assurance, for mixing helical strakes and fairings on deepwater tubulars.
Shallow Water Current Loads on a LNG Carrier Using CFD
Authors: Koop Arjen 
Published: October 2015

To determine shallow water effects on current loads for an LNG Carrier, CFD calculations with MARIN’s CFD code ReFRESCO have been carried out. The CFD results are compared to model tests carried out in MARIN’s Shallow Water Basin for the HAWAI JIP. The loads have been determined for three different water depth to draft ratio’s, from relatively deep water to shallow water. For all water depths the difference in CY coefficient between the CFD results and experiments is 5–10%.
Furthermore, the blockage effects from basin side walls are investigated. For shallow water it was found that the blockage effects are significant, i.e. 30–50%, and that they vary for different current headings. For deeper water the blockage effects are smaller than 5%.
The influence of “towing” versus a “current” flow situation is also studied. In the experiments the model is towed through the basin leading to a relative velocity between the model and the basin floor. It is found that for shallow water the results for the “tow” situation are 10% lower than for the “current” situation.
Lastly, preliminary results for full scale are presented. At full scale the current coefficients are found to be lower than at model scale. However, more investigations should be carried out at full scale to be able to draw definite conclusions.
From the results presented in this paper it is concluded that shallow water effects on current loads can be accurately obtained with CFD. Furthermore, blockage effects and the influence of “towing” versus a “current” situation have been quantified and a first study into scale effects has been presented.
Ice Loading Decrease at Life Cycle Main Stages for Fixed Offshore Structures
Authors: Shaposhnikov Valery M. , Aleksandrov Anatolii V. , Litonov Oleg E. , Platonov Viktor V. 
Published: October 2015

At the present time design values of ice loads on fixed offshore structures are rather conservative. Conservatism of design ice loads consists in assuming the most unfavorable ice action direction and the worst ice drift speed; the most unfavorable combination of the consolidated layer thickness, ridge keel depth and ice strength; as well as supposing the ice ultimate strength value constant along the whole ice–structure contact area perimeter.
With accumulation of the knowledge on ice formation failure under interaction with ice-resistant fixed platforms, the requirements contained in Rules of classification societies are reduced. For example, for the last forty years the lowering of requirements to design ice load values was equal to about four times [1].
For the last time specialists of Krylov State Research Centre have performed design and experimental studies where further tendency to decreasing design values of ice loads is traced. Ice monitoring is one of the main elements for justification of design ice load values’ decrease.
Modern monitoring systems permit to warn about occurrence of a state close to a limit one, as well as to record actual ice loads. Ice load monitoring is a necessary part of accident prevention during ice-resistant structures operation. Monitoring of ice loads is a necessary part for providing safe operation of ice-resistance structures, and systematic accumulation of monitoring data for several years gives a positive effect in the form of justified decrease of static and dynamic design ice loads.
Modeling Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using Generalized Newtonian Models
Authors: Bizhani Majid , Kuru Ergun 
Published: October 2015

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is used to model turbulent flow of non-Newtonian polymeric fluids in concentric annulus. The so called Generalized Newtonian Fluid (GNF) approach is used. Four turbulence models are tested. Applicability of each model in predicting turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids in annulus is assessed by comparing results of pressure loss and or velocity profiles with experimental data.
The first tested model is a modified version of Lam-Bremhorst k–ε turbulence model. The modification was originally developed to model flow of power law fluids in smooth circular pipes. Results of simulation study showed that this model significantly overestimates the pressure losses.
Two k–ε closure type turbulence models, one developed to model turbulent flow of Herschel-Buckley and the other for power law fluids, are shown to fail in predicting turbulent flow of polymer solutions. One of the models contains a damping function which is analyzed to show its inadequacy in damping the eddy viscosity.
The last tested model is a one layer turbulence model developed for predicting turbulent flow in annular passages. The model has an adjustable parameter, which is shown to control the slope of velocity profiles in the logarithmic region. It is demonstrated that if the model constant is selected carefully, the model accurately predicts pressure loss and velocity profiles.
A Mathematical Model for Roll Damping Prediction
Authors: Piehl Henry , el Moctar Ould 
Published: October 2015

A ship in seaway is always prone to roll motion. For the safety of personnel, ship and cargo it is essential to optimize the roll damping properties of the hull shape in order to prevent exceeding roll angles. Therefore, a tool for the prediction of roll damping is an important requirement during the design phase of ship hulls.
The objective of this study is to use regression analysis and numerical simulation of roll motion to develop an analytic expression for the determination of roll damping. The development procedure starts with a variation of several hull shape parameter that influence the roll damping. For each of the parameter variants, a numerical roll simulation is conducted and the according roll damping coefficients are determined by time series analysis. Finally, regression analysis is applied to the computed results in order to derive a mathematical model that allows to determine the roll damping coefficient depending on the hull shape parameter.
Experimental Studies of Hydrodynamic Properties and Screening of Riser Fairing Concepts for Deep Water Applications
Authors: Baarholm Rolf , Skaugset Kjetil , Lie Halvor , Braaten Henning 
Published: October 2015

The VIV oscillations of marine risers are known to increase drag, and lead to structural fatigue. One proven method of suppressing this vibration is the use of fairings and strakes. These coverings essentially modify the flow along the cylinder, tripping the production of Karman vortices so that they act less coherently or far enough downstream so they interact less with the body.
The Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) has conducted a project with the objective to develop and qualify effective low drag fairing concepts with respect to VIV mitigation and galloping. Furthermore, emphasis is put on easy handling and installation.
This paper describes the work and findings in an early phase of the development. This includes small scale model test campaigns. In addition to the bare riser for reference, the behaviour and performance of a total of 10 different fairing concepts are evaluated. Free oscillation tests are performed in a towing tank, where 2D fairings were tested in a pendulum set-up. The set-up enables free vibrations in up to 3 DOF (in-line and cross-flow vibrations and yaw). Fix tests with the purpose of establishing hydrodynamic coefficients for the various fairings have been performed in a large cavitation tunnel.
Clear differences in performance have been noticed; particular for drag and galloping responses. Based on the results from the 2D tests, a screening of the fairing designs has been performed and the findings have set the course for further development of the most promising candidates for real life applications.