bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The organization of AMPA receptor subunits at the postsynaptic membrane
Authors: Jacob Amanda L. , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAMPA receptors are the principal mediators of excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. The subunit composition of these tetrameric receptors helps to define their functional properties, and may also influence the synaptic trafficking implicated in long‐term synaptic plasticity. However, the organization of AMPAR subunits within the synapse remains unclear. Here, we use postembedding immunogold electron microscopy to study the synaptic organization of AMPAR subunits in stratum radiatum of CA1 hippocampus in the adult rat. We find that GluA1 concentrates away from the center of the synapse, extending at least 25 nm beyond the synaptic specialization; in contrast, GluA3 is uniformly distributed along the synapse, and seldom extends beyond its lateral border. The fraction of extrasynaptic GluA1 is markedly higher in small than in large synapses; no such effect is seen for GluA3. These observations imply that different kinds of AMPARs are differently trafficked to and/or anchored at the synapse. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine‐induced mitochondrial burdens and proapoptosis via genetic inhibition of protein kinase C δ in human neuroblastoma dopaminergic SH‐SY5Y cell lines
Authors: Nam Yunsung , Wie Myung Bok , Shin Eun‐Joo , Nguyen Thuy‐Ty Lan , Nah Seung‐Yeol , Ko Sung Kwon , Jeong Ji Hoon , Jang Choon‐Gon , Kim Hyoung‐Chun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecently, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine (MA)‐induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice via genetic inhibition of PKCδ and attenuation of mitochondrial stress. In addition, we have reported that induction of mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is also important for neuroprotection mediated by ginsenoside Re. To extend our knowledge, we examined the effects of ginsenoside Re against MA toxicityin vitrocondition using SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Re resulted in significant attenuations against a decrease in the activity of GPx and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction. The changes in glutathione (GSH) paralleled those in GPx in the same experimental condition. Consistently, ginsenoside Re treatment exhibited significant protections against cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intra‐mitochondrial Ca2+), apoptotic events [i.e., cytochrome c release from mitochondria, cleavage of caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1, nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive apoptotic cells], and a reduction in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and TH activity induced by MA in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These protective effects of ginsenoside Re were comparable to those of PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). However, ginsenoside Re did not significantly provide additional protective effects mediated by genetic inhibition of PKCδ. Our results suggest that PKCδ is a specific target for ginsenoside Re‐mediated protective activity against MA toxicity in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetically Trapped Block Copolymer Nano‐Objects with Cylinder to Sphere Shape Transition Properties
Authors: Li Yuyan , Peng Bo , Chen Yongming 
Published: December 2014

Here, the cylinder to sphere transition property is reported in kinetically trapped block copolymer (BCP) nano‐objects made from polystyrene‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PS‐b‐PNIPAM) in ethanol. The PS‐b‐PNIPAM BCPs are found to self‐assemble into hexagonally packed cylindrical morphology in bulk. When dispersing the bulk microphase‐separated BCP materials in selective solvent, nanocylinders stabilized by kinetically trapped PS cores were obtained. However, when the kinetic barrier is removed by external energy input, a morphology transition from cylinder to sphere occurred. The transition procedure could be accelerated by applying higher external energy, which could be realized by using higher temperatures as well as treating with ultrasonic. Additionally, lowering the kinetic barrier by using polymers with a shorter PS block also accelerates the morphology transition process.
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Infantile Hemangiomas, Retinopathy of Prematurity and Cancer: A Common Pathogenetic Role of the β‐Adrenergic System
Authors: Filippi Luca , Dal Monte Massimo , Casini Giovanni , Daniotti Marta , Sereni Federica , Bagnoli Paola 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe serendipitous demonstration that the nonselective β‐adrenergic receptor (β‐AR) antagonist propranolol promotes the regression of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) aroused interest around the involvement of the β‐adrenergic system in angiogenic processes. The efficacy of propranolol was related to the β2‐AR blockade and the consequent inhibition of the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting the hypothesis that propranolol could also be effective in treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a retinal pathology characterized by VEGF‐induced neoangiogenesis. Consequent to the encouraging animal studies, a pilot clinical trial showed that oral propranolol protects newborns from ROP progression, even though this treatment is not sufficiently safe. Further, animal studies clarified the role of β3‐ARs in the development of ROP and, together with several preclinical studies demonstrating the key role of the β‐adrenergic system in tumor progression, vascularization, and metastasis, prompted us to also investigate the participation of β3‐ARs in tumor growth. The aim of this review is to gather the recent findings on the role of the β‐adrenergic system in IHs, ROP, and cancer, highlighting the fact that these different pathologies, triggered by different pathogenic noxae, share common pathogenic mechanisms characterized by the presence of hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis, which may be contrasted by targeting the β‐adrenergic system. The mechanisms characterizing the pathogenesis of IHs, ROP, and cancer may also be active during the fetal–neonatal development, and a great contribution to the knowledge on the role of β‐ARs in diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia may come from research focusing on the fetal and neonatal period.
Clinical and genetic associations of autoantibodies to 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme a reductase in patients with immune‐mediated myositis and necrotizing myopathy
Authors: Limaye Vidya , Bundell Chris , Hollingsworth Peter , Rojana‐Udomsart Arada , Mastaglia Frank , Blumbergs Peter , Lester Sue 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Inhibition of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) with statins may trigger idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) or immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Anti‐HMGCR antibodies have been detected in patients with IIM/IMNM. We aimed to determine the associations of anti‐HMGCR in IIM/IMNM. Methods: Anti‐HMGCR antibodies were detected by ELISA in sera from patients with IIM/IMNM. Results: Anti‐HMGCR antibodies were detected in 19 of 207 patients with IIM/IMNM, and there was a trend toward an association with male gender (P = 0.079). Anti‐HMGCR antibodies were associated strongly with statin exposure (OR = 39, P = 0.0001) and HLA‐DRB1*11 (OR = 50, P < 0.0001). The highest risk for development of anti‐HMGCR antibodies was among HLA‐DR11 carriers exposed to statins. Univariate analysis showed a strong association of anti‐HMGCR antibodies with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.008), which was not confirmed by multiple regression. Among anti‐HMGCR+ patients there was a trend toward increased malignancy (P = 0.15). Conclusions: Anti‐HMGCR antibodies are seen in all subtypes of IIM and IMNM and are associated strongly with statin use and HLA‐DR11. Muscle Nerve 52: 196–203, 2015
Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: Toward a uniform approach
Authors: Gilmore L. Anne , Redman Leanne M. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveThere is an urgent need to adopt standardized nomenclature as it relates to gestational weight gain (GWG), a more uniform approach to calculate it, and hence quantifying adherence to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines.MethodsThis perspective highlights the varying methods used to estimate GWG and discuss the advantages and limitations of each.ResultsWhile these calculations could be argued to have a minimal impact on data at the population level, on the patient level, incorrectly estimating weight at conception can result in misclassification of preconception body mass index (BMI) and assignment of the IOM guidelines which inherently affect the prospective management of weight gain (and potential outcomes) during the current pregnancy.ConclusionsThis study recommends that preconception BMI and total GWG be determined objectively and total GWG be adjusted for length of gestation before assessing adherence to the IOM GWG guidelines.
Conference key establishment protocol using a multivariate polynomial and its applications
Authors: Harn Lein , Gong Guang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn 1992, a non‐interactive k‐secure m‐conference protocol based on an m‐variate polynomial has been proposed. Each user needs to store a (m − 1)‐polynomial having degree k as a private share. A secret conference key involving m users can be computed by each conference member non‐interactively using each private share. There is no overhead to exchange information in order to establish a conference key. However, the storage space of each user is exponentially proportional to the group size of the conference. In this paper, we propose a key establishment protocol using a multivariate polynomial in ZN, where N is a RSA modulus. One unique feature of using this special type of polynomials for conference key protocol is that the storage space of each user is fixed and is independent to the group size of the conference. User can use their shares obtained from a key generation center initially to establish conference keys consisting of different users. Furthermore, we propose two applications to demonstrate the importance of using this special type of polynomials to design solutions. One is the private reconstruction of secret in a secret sharing scheme over network, and the other is the secure group communication. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived PGE2 and TGF-β1 Alleviate Atopic Dermatitis by Reducing Mast Cell Degranulation
Authors: Kim Hyung-Sik , Yun Jun-Won , Shin Tae-Hoon , Lee Sung-Hoon , Lee Byung-Chul , Yu Kyung-Rok , Seo Yoojin , Lee Seunghee , Kang Tae-Wook , Choi Soon Won , Seo Kwang-Won , Kang Kyung-Sun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is a promising tool for the therapy of immune disorders. However, their efficacy and mechanisms in treating allergic skin disorders are less verified. We sought to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) against murine atopic dermatitis (AD) and to explore distinct mechanisms that regulate their efficacy. AD was induced in mice by the topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae. Naïve or activated-hUCB-MSCs were administered to mice, and clinical severity was determined. The subcutaneous administration of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-activated hUCB-MSCs exhibited prominent protective effects against AD, and suppressed the infiltration and degranulation of mast cells (MCs). A β-hexosaminidase assay was performed to evaluate the effect of hUCB-MSCs on MC degranulation. NOD2-activated MSCs reduced the MC degranulation via NOD2-cyclooxygenase-2 signaling. In contrast to bone marrow-derived MSCs, hUCB-MSCs exerted a cell-to-cell contact-independent suppressive effect on MC degranulation through the higher production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Additionally, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 production from hUCB-MSCs in response to interleukin-4 contributed to the attenuation of MC degranulation by downregulating FcεRI expression in MCs. In conclusion, the subcutaneous application of NOD2-activated hUCB-MSCs can efficiently ameliorate AD, and MSC-derived PGE2 and TGF-β1 are required for the inhibition of MC degranulation. Stem Cells 2015;33:1254–1266
Forced Expression of Nanog or Esrrb Preserves the ESC Status in the Absence of Nucleostemin Expression
Authors: Katano Miyuki , Ema Masatsugu , Nakachi Yutaka , Mizuno Yosuke , Hirasaki Masataka , Suzuki Ayumu , Ueda Atsushi , Nishimoto Masazumi , Takahashi Satoru , Okazaki Yasushi , Okuda Akihiko 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a nucleolar GTP-binding protein that is involved in a plethora of functions including ribosomal biogenesis and maintenance of telomere integrity. In addition to its expression in cancerous cells, the NS gene is expressed in stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Previous knockdown and knockout studies have demonstrated that NS is important to preserve the self-renewality and high expression levels of pluripotency marker genes in ESCs. Here, we found that forced expression of Nanog or Esrrb, but not other pluripotency factors, resulted in the dispensability of NS expression in ESCs. However, the detrimental phenotypes of ESCs associated with ablation of NS expression were not mitigated by forced expression of Rad51 or a nucleolar localization-defective NS mutant that counteracts the damage associated with loss of NS expression in other NS-expressing cells such as neural stem/progenitor cells. Thus, our results indicate that NS participates in preservation of the viability and integrity of ESCs, which is distinct from that in other NS-expressing cells. Stem Cells 2015;33:1089–1101
Maternal high-fat diet consumption impairs exercise performance in offspring
Authors: Walter Isabel , Klaus Susanne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to scrutinise the influence of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption during gestation and lactation on exercise performance and energy metabolism in male mouse offspring. Female C3H/HeJ mice were fed either a semi-synthetic high-fat diet (HFD; 40 % energy from fat) or a low-fat diet (LFD; 10 % energy from fat) throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, male offspring of both groups received the LFD. At the age of 7·5 weeks half of the maternal LFD (n 20) and the mHFD (n 21) groups were given access to a running wheel for 28 d as a voluntary exercise training opportunity. We show that mHFD consumption led to a significantly reduced exercise performance (P < 0·05) and training efficiency (P < 0·05) in male offspring. There were no effects of maternal diet on offspring body weight. Lipid and glucose metabolism was disturbed in mHFD offspring, with altered regulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) (P < 0·001), fatty acid synthase (P < 0·05) and GLUT1 (P < 0·05) gene expression in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, maternal consumption of a HFD is linked to decreased exercise performance and training efficiency in the offspring. We speculate that this may be due to insufficient muscle energy supply during prolonged exercise training. Further, this compromised exercise performance might increase the risk of obesity development in adult life.
Geological setting and paleoecology of the Upper Cretaceous Bench 19 Marine Vertebrate Bonebed at Bentiaba, Angola
Authors: Strganac C. , Jacobs L.L. , Polcyn M.J. , Mateus O. , Myers T.S. , Salminen J. , May S.R. , Araújo R. , Ferguson K.M. , Gonçalves A. Olímpio , Morais M.L. , Schulp A.S. , da Silva Tavares T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Bench 19 Bonebed at Bentiaba, Angola, is a unique concentration of marine vertebrates preserving six species of mosasaurs in sediments best correlated by magnetostratigraphy to chron C32n.1n between 71.4 and 71.64 Ma. The bonebed formed at a paleolatitude near 24°S, with an Atlantic width at that latitude approximating 2700 km, roughly half that of the current width. The locality lies on an uncharacteristically narrow continental shelf near transform faults that controlled the coastal outline of Africa in the formation of the South Atlantic Ocean. Biostratigraphic change through the Bentiaba section indicates that the accumulation occurred in an ecological time dimension within the 240 ky bin delimited by chron 32n.1n. The fauna occurs in a 10 m sand unit in the Mocuio Formation with bones and partial skeletons concentrated in, but not limited to, the basal 1–2 m. The sediment entombing the fossils is an immature feldspathic sand shown by detrital zircon ages to be derived from nearby granitic shield rocks. Specimens do not appear to have a strong preferred orientation and they are not concentrated in a strand line. Stable oxygen isotope analysis of associated bivalve shells indicates a water temperature of 18.5°C. The bonebed is clearly mixed with scattered dinosaur and pterosaur elements in a marine assemblage. Gut contents, scavenging marks and associated shed shark teeth in the Bench 19 Fauna indicate biological association and attrition due to feeding activities. The ecological diversity of mosasaur species is shown by tooth and body-size disparity and by δ13C analysis of tooth enamel, which indicate a variety of foraging areas and dietary niches. The Bench 19 Fauna was formed in arid latitudes along a coastal desert similar to that of modern Namibia on a narrow, tectonically controlled continental shelf, in shallow waters below wave base. The area was used as a foraging ground for diverse species, including molluscivorusGlobidens phosphaticus, small species expected near the coast, abundantPrognathodon kianda, which fed on other mosasaurs at Bench 19, and species that may have been transient and opportunistic feeders in the area.
COMPLEX CYCLES AS OBSTRUCTIONS ON REAL ALGEBRAIC VARIETIES
Authors: KUCHARZ WOJCIECH 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLetYbe a compact nonsingular real algebraic variety of positive dimension. Then one can find a compact connected nonsingular real algebraic varietyX, which admits a continuous map intoYthat is not homotopic to any regular map. It is hard to determine the minimum dimension of such a varietyX. In this paper, new upper bounds for dimXare obtained. The main role in the constructions is played by complex algebraic cycles onY.
Genome-wide analysis of the human p53 transcriptional network unveils a lncRNA tumour suppressor signature
Authors: Sánchez Yolanda , Segura Victor , Marín-Béjar Oskar , Athie Alejandro , Marchese Francesco P. , González Jovanna , Bujanda Luis , Guo Shuling , Matheu Ander , Huarte Maite 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDespite the inarguable relevance of p53 in cancer, genome-wide studies relating endogenous p53 activity to the expression of lncRNAs in human cells are still missing. Here, by integrating RNA-seq with p53 ChIP-seq analyses of a human cancer cell line under DNA damage, we define a high-confidence set of 18 lncRNAs that are p53 transcriptional targets. We demonstrate that two of the p53-regulated lncRNAs are required for the efficient binding of p53 to some of its target genes, modulating the p53 transcriptional network and contributing to apoptosis induction by DNA damage. We also show that the expression of p53-lncRNAs is lowered in colorectal cancer samples, constituting a tumour suppressor signature with high diagnostic power. Thus, p53-regulated lncRNAs establish a positive regulatory feedback loop that enhances p53 tumour suppressor activity. Furthermore, the signature defined by p53-regulated lncRNAs supports their potential use in the clinic as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Entropy, complexity and Markov diagrams for random walk cancer models
Authors: Newton Paul K. , Mason Jeremy , Hurt Brian , Bethel Kelly , Bazhenova Lyudmila , Nieva Jorge , Kuhn Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe notion of entropy is used to compare the complexity associated with 12 common cancers based on metastatic tumor distribution autopsy data. We characterize power-law distributions, entropy and Kullback-Liebler divergence associated with each primary cancer as compared with data for all cancer types aggregated. We then correlate entropy values with other measures of complexity associated with Markov chain dynamical systems models of progression. The Markov transition matrix associated with each cancer is associated with a directed graph model where nodes are anatomical locations where a metastatic tumor could develop and edge weightings are transition probabilities of progression from site to site. The steady-state distribution corresponds to the autopsy data distribution. Entropy correlates well with the overall complexity of the reduced directed graph structure for each cancer and with a measure of systemic interconnectedness of the graph, called graph conductance. The models suggest that grouping cancers according to their entropy values, with skin, breast, kidney and lung cancers being prototypical high entropy cancers, stomach, uterine, pancreatic and ovarian being mid-level entropy cancers and colorectal, cervical, bladder and prostate cancers being prototypical low entropy cancers, provides a potentially useful framework for viewing metastatic cancer in terms of predictability, complexity and metastatic potential.
Reversible switching of magnetic states by electric fields in nitrogenized-divacancies graphene decorated by tungsten atoms
Authors: Ge Gui-Xian , Sun Hai-Bin , Han Yan , Song Feng-Qi , Zhao Ji-Jun , Wang Guang-Hou , Wan Jian-Guo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMagnetic graphene-based materials have shown great potential for developing high-performance electronic devices at sub-nanometer such as spintronic data storage units. However, a significant reduction of power consumption and great improvement of structural stability are needed before they can be used for actual applications. Based on the first-principles calculations, here we demonstrate that the interaction between tungsten atoms and nitrogenized-divacancies (NDVs) in the hybrid W@NDV-graphene can lead to high stability and large magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). More importantly, reversible switching between different magnetic states can be implemented by tuning the MAE under different electric fields and very low energy is consumed during the switching. Such controllable switching of magnetic states is ascribed to the competition between the tensile stain and orbital magnetic anisotropy, which originates from the change in the occupation number of W-5d orbitals under the electric fields. Our results provide a promising avenue for developing high-density magnetic storage units or multi-state logical switching devices with ultralow power at sub-nanometer.