bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity and Percolative Phenomena in AOT based Microemulsions
Authors: Cid A. , Gómez-Díaz D. , Mejuto J. C. , Navaza J. M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Present work includes experimental studies related to the viscosimetric behaviour of microemulsions that consist of three compounds: isooctane (organic phase), water (aqueous phase) and Aerosol OT (surfactant). The effect of the microemulsion composition, based on the ω parameter value, and the effect caused by the temperature have been analysed in this work. In relation to the influence of temperature and the use of microemulsions in different processes, one important characteristic of this kind of systems (the percolation phenomenon) must be taken into account in the discussion of the experimental results.
Synthesis and Properties of Lactobionamide-Based Polysiloxane Surfactant
Authors: Wang L. , Zhang D.-L. , Du Z.-P. , Wang G.-Y. , Wang S.-J. , Cao Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA lactobionamide-based polysiloxane surfactant (LBPS) with well-defined structure was prepared via a two-step method. Structure characterization of the LBPS was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Surface activity and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution of the LBPS were investigated by surface tension measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension (γCMC) at the CMC in aqueous solution of the LBPS are 7.7 mg · L−1and 27.5 mN · m−1, respectively, and the surfactants can self-assemble into spherical micelles with diameters in the range from 30 to 250 nm.
Structural Elucidation and Surfactant Properties of Rhamnolipids Synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) on Sweet Water as Carbon Source and Stabilization Effect on Foam Produced by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Authors: Wadekar S. D. , Patil S. V. , Kale S. B. , Lali A. M. , Bhowmick D. N. , Pratap A. P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The interest in biosurfactant has increased considerably due to their large potential for industrial applications. Rhamnolipid is the simplest class of biosurfactants with well defined structure. The main obstacle in commercialization of biosurfactant especially rhamnolipids is the higher cost of the production that can be reduced by use of inexpensive carbon substrates like glycerol that is readily available from commercial fat-splitting process in the form of sweet water (up to 20% w/v) at very low cost. The composition and structure of various components in crude rhamnolipids synthesized by of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) on sweet water, were determined using TLC, HPLC and LC\MS. The crude product showed two distinct components having structure Rha2C10C10 and Rha2C10C12 at 85.45 wt.% and 14.55 wt.% respectively. The Rha2C10C10 was more efficient and effective in surface tension reduction up to 23.5 mN/m than other components. Crude rhamnolipids showed better emulsifying power than its individual components. The crude rhamnolipids showed better foam stability than sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) at lower concentrations (0.05 to 0.002% w/v). It also enhanced and stabilized the foam produced by SLS at 0.01 to 0.025% of rhamnolipids.
Experimental Study of Surfactant Retention on Kaolinite Clay
Authors: Wu Y. , Iglauer S. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We measured equilibrium surfactant retention on kaolinite clay for a large array of surfactants. We demonstrate that the mass balance measurements we used are a rapid way to screen surfactants in terms of their potential to be used in enhanced oil recovery applications. Surfactant classes investigated include: alkyl(aryl) sulfonates, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkyl polyglucosides, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, alkyl alcohol propoxylated sulfate sodium salts, gemini surfactants, sulfosuccinates and organo silicone-ethylene oxide-propylene oxide terpolymers. We identified several surfactants which had zero retention under the test conditions and which may therefore be suitable as enhanced oil recovery chemicals in surfactant flooding schemes. We discuss surfactant retention mechanisms on kaolinite clay and analyze surfactant structure-retention relationships for several surfactant classes.
Resource Saving by Training – How much can be Saved in Manual Dishwashing?
Authors: Fuss N. , Stamminger R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Automatic dishwashing has been optimised in manifold ways during the last decades. But it is also necessary to optimise manual dishwashing, because almost every household still washes up at least a few items by hand. A procedure based on an experimental multi-factorial laboratory study was developed to wash up a specified number of dishes with good cleanliness and an optimum water consumption as results. This procedure was then translated into generalised dishwashing tips – called Best Practice Tips. These tips were used to run two comparative consumer laboratory studies: the first part of each study investigated the everyday dishwashing behaviour and resource consumption of consumers. The second part studied the behaviour and the resource consumption after a training on the Best Practice Tips. The comparison showed that with a larger number of dishes, relevant amounts of resources of energy and water can be saved, whereas with a smaller number of dishes, no significant reduction was found. This is possibly due to a different optimum for washing up only a few items.
Effect of Some Non Functional Surfactants and Electrolytes on the Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Glycerol: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: Basu A. , Ghosh S. K. , Saha R. , Nandi R. , Ghosh T. , Saha B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a widespread environmental contaminant and a known human carcinogen. Kinetics of reduction of hexavalent chromium by bio-molecule glycerol in micellar media have been studied spectrophotometrically. The cytoplasmic reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium occurs in micro-heterogeneous systems. In vitro, the micelles are considered to mimic the cellular membranes. The electron transfer processes occurring in the micellar systems is considered as model to obtain insight into the electron transport process prevailing in biological systems. Micellar media is also a probe to establish the mechanistic paths of reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. Effects of electrolytes common to biological system are studied to establish the proposed reaction mechanism strongly.
Artificial Intelligence for Electrical Percolation of AOT-based Microemulsions Prediction
Authors: Cid A. , Astray G. , Manso J. A. , Mejuto J. C. , Moldes O. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Different Artificial Neural Network architectures have been assayed to predict percolation temperature of AOT/i-C8/H2O microemulsions. A Perceptron Multilayer Artificial Neural Network with five entrance variables (W value of the microemulsions, additive concentration, molecular weight of the additive, atomic radii and ionic radii of the salt components) was used. Best ANN architecture was formed by five input neurons, two middle layers (with eleven and seven neurons respectively) and one output neuron. Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) are 0.18°C (R = 0.9994) for the training set and 0.64°C (R = 0.9789) for the prediction set.
Study of Interfacial Tension in an Acid-Free Oil/Alkali/Surfactant System
Authors: Liu B. X. , Hou J. R. , Wang Y. , Tang H. J. , Lv Z. B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Experimental studies have been conducted to explore the interfacial tensions in an acid-free oil/alkali/surfactant system, and sodium hydroxide is used as the alkali chemical. The influences of salt and alkali on the interfacial activity of oil/surfactant systems were studied by the measurement of interfacial tensions and partition coefficients. The results showed that in an appropriate concentration range, an ultra-low interfacial tension could be obtained in the acid-free oil/alkali/surfactant system, and compared with the salt; the function of alkali for lowering interfacial tensions and improving partition coefficients is more significant.
Reduction of Methylene Blue by Ascorbic Acid: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects
Authors: El-Aila H. J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article reports the reduction of methylene blue (MB) by ascorbic acid (H2As) in basic aqueous and micellar solutions. Ascorbate ion (As2–) is found to be an effective reducing agent for the decolorization of methylene blue under ambient condition. Effects of salting-in and salting-out agents have been investigated for real-time application in the reduction process. The salting-in agent urea has been found to uniquely enhance the rate of the reduction of MB by As2– in the presence of micelles. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic aspects have been considered to realize the interaction between methylene blue and ascorbate ion. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction follows pseudo first order reaction kinetics.
Synthesis and Properties of a New Tetrasiloxane-tailed Dicephalic Surfactant
Authors: Zhang Dianlong , Wang Changhong , Wang Guoyong 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new tetrasiloxane-tailed dicephalic surfactant was synthesized. The structures of intermediate and product were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surface activity and wetting ability of the surfactant were also investigated. The results show that the prepared surfactant exhibited excellent surface activity reducing the equilibrium surface tension of water to a minimum value of approximate 21.8 mN · m−1.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Formed in Brij35/Copolymer/Water System
Authors: Wang Zhongni , Liu Feng , Zhang Tandong , Wei Xilian , Zhou Wu , Tang Xiaolu 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phase diagram of poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide)-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymer (AL-64) and nonionic surfactant dodecyl polyoxyethylene (23) ether (Brij 35) aqueous solutions has been determined at 25°C using the titration method. Hexagonal, cubic and two lamellar liquid crystalline phases were found and characterized by use of polar optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Dynamic rheological measurements were further performed on the found liquid crystals. It has been shown that the cubic and lamellar phases exhibit elastic properties, while the hexagonal phase presents viscoelastic properties. At the constant water content, with increase in the concentration of the copolymer AL-64, the rheological G′ and G″ moduli, the critical shear stress and the network strength of the hexagonal liquid crystals get decreased. The two lamellar phases exhibit clearly different rheological properties, and the lamellar phase lies in Brij35 rich side possess stronger network strength than the hexagonal phase, through the rheological data analyses.
Investigations in the Stranski-Laboratorium of the TU Berlin – Physical Chemistry of Colloidal Systems – Going Towards Complexity and Functionality
Authors: Altin Burcu , Barth Anina , Bressel Katharina , Chiappisi Leonardo , Dürr Max , Dzionara Michaela , Elgammal Mahmoud , Fliegner Daniela , Ganas Caroline , Gupta Sakshi , Hedicke Gabriele , Heunemann Peggy , Hoffmann Ingo , Joksimovic Rastko , Kaur Ravneet , Klee Andreas , Liu Hsin-yi , Lutzki Jana , de Molina Paula Malo , Medebach Martin , Michel Raphael , Muthig Michael , Nguyen-Kim Viet , Oppel Claudia , Prévost Sylvain , Popig Jens , Riemer Sven , Sperling Marcel , Strassnick René , Zhang Lin , Gradzielski Michael 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The research topics of our group are in general from the field of physical chemistry of colloidal systems. Within this rather wide layout a large variety of quite different questions and systems are tackled, where the common bridging factor is the aim of understanding the properties of colloidal systems based on their mesoscopic structure and dynamics, which in turn are controlled by their molecular composition. With such an enhanced understanding of the correlation between mesoscopic structure and the macroscopic properties the goal then is to employ this knowledge in order to formulate increasingly complex colloidal system with correspondingly more variable and interesting functionalities. From this general context of investigations, some representative systems and questions that have been studied in recent time by us are covered in this text.
They comprise the phase behaviour and the structures formed in solutions of surfactants and amphiphilic copolymers. Once these static properties are known, we also have a high interest in the dynamic properties and the kinetics of morphological transitions as they are observed under non-equilibrium conditions, since they are frequently encountered in applications. A key property of amphiphilic molecules is their ability to solubilise sparingly soluble compounds thereby forming microemulsions or nanoemulsions, where the ability to form such systems depends strongly on the molecular architecture of the amphiphiles. By turning to polymeric amphiphiles the concept of surfactants and their architecture can be extended largely towards more versatile structures, more complex self-assembly and much larger length and time scales. Another direction is the surfactant assisted formation of nanoparticles or mesoporous inorganic materials. By combining copolymers with other polymers, copolymers, colloids, or surfactants – for instance via electrostatically driven co-assembly – one may then form increasingly complex colloidal aggregates. By doing so one is able to control rheological properties or develop complex delivery systems, whose properties can be tailor-made by appropriate choice of the molecular build-up. This striving towards well controlled complexity achieved by means of self- and co-assembly then leads to increasingly more functional systems and is the key direction for future research activities in our group.
Study of Micelle Properties and Thermodynamics of Micellization of the Benzethonium Chloride
Authors: Oremusová Jarmila , Vitková Zuzana , Vitko Anton 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The self-association of benzethonium chloride (BZCl) in aqueous solution has been analyzed as a function of temperature. The critical micelle concentration (CMC.), the degree of counterion binding (β) and thermodynamic parameters of micellization (molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization) were determined using six experimental methods (conductometry, potentiometry, UV spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, NMR and densitometry) within the temperature range 20–50°C. All methods used gave very similar values for CMC. Changes in the thermodynamic parameters on micellization were determined by applying a mass action model.
Synthesis and Properties of Sodium Mono-alkylamide Maleate Surfactants
Authors: Han Fu , Xu Bao-cai , Qu Zhi-qiang , Zhou Ya-wen , Zhang Gui-ju 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The synthesis of a series of sodium mono-alkylamide maleate surfactants was described, and the surface activity properties of the surfactants were studied. The mono-alkylamide maleic acids were synthesized by amidation using primary aliphatic amine (lauryl, myristyl, cetyl) and maleic anhydride as starting material. They were structurally characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and MS. The sodium mono-alkylamide maleate surfactants were prepared by neutralization of the precursor mono-alkylamide maleic acids with sodium hydroxide. They reduced the surface tension of water to 32–34 mN · m–1 at concentration levels of 10–4–10–3 mol · L–1.
Troubles with the Solution: Fabric Softeners and Odour Properties
Authors: Laitala Kirsi , Kjeldsberg Marit , Klepp Ingun Grimstad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Fabric softeners are mainly used to reduce roughness and static electricity of textiles, as well as adding a scent to them. In this paper we study how fabric softeners are related to odour properties on clothing. We combine a Norwegian consumer survey with a sensory test on odour development on four different materials used in sports clothing. Samples went through several cycles of use with sweating, washing, and airing and the odour was evaluated at 11 stages. Washing was performed either with or without a fragrance-free domestic rinse cycle softener. Sensory test showed that use of softener increased odour on polyester garments. Survey results showed that a larger number of respondents who used softeners experienced problematic odours in laundry compared to those who did not use softeners.
Removal of Synthetic Organic Foulants by Granular Activated Carbon Filters and Ultrafiltration Membrane
Authors: Zahoor Muhammad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as pretreatment for foul control in ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process. First the adsorptive parameters for phenol, chlorophenol, nitrophenol and hydroquinone on GAC were determined. The equilibrium data fits well to Langmuir adsorption isotherm rather than Freundlich model. Breakthrough curves were obtained from fixed bed experiments and column parameter were calculated from it. GAC filters were then used in combination with UF membrane system. The percent retentions of the four organic substances under study were determined and the declines in flux were observed. The problems associated with powdered activated carbon like cake formation over membrane surface, long back wash time and blackening of pipes were not observed for GAC.
Immobilized Micro-Organism in Mesoporous Activated Carbon for Treatment of Tannery Waste Water
Authors: Sekaran Ganesan , Karthikeyan S. , Mandal Asit Baran , Gupta Vinod Kumar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractChemo-Autotrophic Activated Carbon Oxidation (CAACO) system was used for the treatment of tannery waste water. It employs activated carbon-immobilised sulphate reducing bacteria for the removal of dissolved organics in wastewater under oxidizing environment. The wastewater characteristics such as COD (1689 mg/L), BOD (377 mg/L), sulphate (915 mg/L) and sulphide (184 mg/L) were applied at an hydraulic loading rate of 0.7376 m3/m3/day and surface loading rate of 0.2438 m3/m2/day to CAACO reactor at 30°C and at atmospheric pressure. The removal of COD, BOD, sulphide and sulphate was 87%, 96%, 100% and 40% respectively after 2 hours of oxidation. The oxidation of dissolved organics in wastewater was accomplished by passing air at flow rate 3 L/min and at pressure 0.5 kg/cm2through CAACO reactor. The effect of variables COD loading, O2/COD, O2/(COD-BODL), COD/S2–, (COD-BODL)/S2– and [(COD-BODL)i–(COD-BODL)e]/S2– on rate and percentage removal of COD from tannery wastewater was determined.
Kinetic Studies of Glutamic Acid Oxidation by Hexavalent Chromium in Presence of Surfactants
Authors: Basu Ankita , Ghosh Sumanta Kr. , Saha Rumpa , Ghosh Aniruddha , Ghosh Tuhin , Mukherjee Kakali , Bhattacharyya Subhendu Sekhar , Saha Bidyut 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a widespread environmental contaminant and a known human carcinogen. It is a very important to remove toxic Cr(VI) from industrial waste water. In human body Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III). Effective bio-molecule present in body contains a number of different functional groups. Kinetics of reduction of Cr(VI) by an important amino acid, glutamic acid in micellar media have been studied spectrophotometrically. Micellar media is a testing enviroment to establish the mechanistic paths of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The catalyst and suitable surfactants enhance the reduction of Cr(VI).
Synthesis and Surface Properties of CO2H Type Gemini Surfactant Having Semifluoroalkyl Group as Hydrophobic Group
Authors: Kawase Tokuzo , Ankyu Tomoyuki , Oida Tatsuo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Novel CO2H type gemini surfactants having semifluoroalkyl group (Rf-(CH2)n-: Rf = C4F9, C6F13, C8F17 and n = 2, 3) as hydrophobic group were successfully synthesized and their surface properties were studied. (Perfluoroalkyl)ethylmalonic esters were synthesized by the reaction of malonic ester with Rf(CH2)2I using NaH as base in THF/DMF. (Perfluoroalkyl)propylmalonic esters were synthesized from allylmalonic ester, namely by the radical addition of Rf-I using AIBN as initiator, and reduction with Zn/AcOH. Those fluoroalkylated malonic esters were connected using Br(CH2)sBr (s = 3, 4) to give dimeric tetraesters. Then, tetraesters were hydrolyzed using KOH/EtOH followed by decarboxylation in AcOH to afford CO2H type gemini surfactants. To study their surface properties, both surface tension-concentration and surface pressure-area isotherms were measured. As expected, COOH geminis showed one order of magnitude lower critical micellar concentrations (CMC) than that of conventional 1+1 type surfactant. In the surface pressure-area measurements, as length of fluoroalkyl increased, lift-off area (AL) decreased, monolayers were clearly formed upon compression and the limited areas (A∞) for C6F13 and C8F17 were smaller than twice of that of C8F17(CH2)2COOH. Especially, COOH geminis having Rf = C8F17 and -(CH2)3- spacer showed the formation of solid phase monolayers, and the planar five membered ring-like structure was proposed.
Synthesis and Performance of Polyoxy-ethylene Ester Quaternary Ammonium Salt
Authors: Sun Yong-Qiang , Li Wen-Jing , Wang Wan-Xu , Li Qiu-Xiao , Hreczuch Wieslaw , Sulek Wlodzimierz 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA novel polyether esterquat (EQDMS-3EO) was obtained by ethoxylation followed by quaternization of an ester-amine. Its structure and performance were examined. The softening, antistatic, rewettability properties and fabric whiteness impact were determined and compared to conventional esterquat compounds, known from the art in the field. The results showed that antistatic and rewettability properties of the EO-modified EQDMS-3EO were better than those of the conventional counterparts, and its softening property was comparable or better. As a result, EQDMS-3EO is a new softener with superior properties.
The PVP/VI Copolymer Dye Transfer Inhibition Agent During the Washing of the Polyester Fabric
Authors: Carrión-Fité Francisco J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe objective of this research was to study the effect of the copolymer polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole (PVP/VI) for use as a dye transfer inhibitor (DTI) during the washing of dyed polyester fabric, depending on the detergent components. The DTI was used to find its efficiency during repeated washings of polyester fabric dyed with disperse dyes. At the same time, its efficiency was tested for preventing dye migration to other fabrics, such as polyester, cellulose diacetate, acrylic, polyamide, cotton and wool. The influence of anionic (SDBS) and non-ionic (alkyl ethoxylates with 6 EO-groups) surfactants in different proportions and with zeolite as a builder and the aforementioned DTI was tested. Results of CIELAB colour differences were obtained for the dyed and undyed polyester fabrics after five washings.