bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Behavior of Nickel and Inconel in Acidic Chloride Solutions
Authors: PIRON D. L. , KOUTSOUKOS E. P. , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of nickel and Inconel in acidic solutions has been investigated by polarization methods. The cathodic Tafel slope for the h.e.r. of nickel in de-aerated 1N H2SO4 and the corresponding exchange current density were 135 mv and 3.4 &mu;a/cm2. Two cathodic Tafel slopes and exchange currents for the h.e.r. were obtained for Inconel in the same solution: 50 mv and 0.22 /&mu;a/cm2; 115 mv and 7.2 &mu;a/cm2. With increase in concentration of chloride ions, the corrosion potential of nickel decreased and the open circuit differential capacitance increased. Each parameter approached a constant value at the higher chloride ion concentrations. Anodic polarization of both metals showed that the primary passivation potential, the critical and passive current densities increased with increase in chloride ion concentration. The passivity of Inconel was shown to be superior to that of nickel in acidic solutions in the absence and presence of chloride ions.
A New Solution Potential Measurement for Predicting Stress Corrosion Performance of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Products
Authors: HORST R. L. , HOLLINGSWORTH E. H. , KING W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A new electrochemical test for predicting the stress corrosion performance of 2219 alloy products in the T851 and T87 tempers is described. The test requires only a simple measurement of solution potential of an unstressed specimen in a mixture of absolute methyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride. It is rapid, requiring less than an hour and has the outstanding advantage of providing differences of nearly 200 millivolts between borderline and resistant conditions of stress corrosion susceptibility, as contrasted to differences of less than 20 millivolts in conventional NaCl-H2O2 solution. The test offers an attractive possibility for evaluating stress corrosion performance of 2219 products quickly as an alternate or supplement to the conventional 30-day alternate immersion exposure in 3&frac12;% sodium chloride solution. The mechanism of the reaction between 2219 and this organic electrolyte suggests that a similar test can be developed for other aluminum alloys.
Passivity and Anodic Protection
Authors: REINOEHL J. E. , BECK F. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The possibility for anodically protecting metals is described in terms of degrees of passivity, passivation diagrams, a passivity index, and a passivating parameter. The effects of material and environmental variables are outlined. The passive state of iron is expressed in terms of a variable-composition Fe3O4-γ-Fe2 O3 spinel phase and also in terms of water in the double layer being oxidized to hydroxy- and oxyligands.
Flaw Growth in Ti-6Al-4V in Freon Environments
Authors: RAYMOND L. , USELL R. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The general and stress corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Freon environments were investigated. Intentionally flawed specimens were examined to determine the ability of the metal to sustain defects on exposure to stress and environment. Freon TF and Freon MF were used as base environments for the study. In addition to testing with commercially pure Freons, chlorine-doped Freons were used. Two thicknesses of solution-treated and aged Ti-6Al-4V alloy were used. The crack-bearing properties of a metal in the presence of an environment is based on the framework of fracture mechanics. It is indicated that the primary function of stress intensity in the Ti-6Al-4V/Freon MF interaction is the exposure of fresh titanium surfaces to the environment through plastic deformation at the crack tip.
The Variable Corrosion Resistance of 18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steels: Behavior of Commercial Alloys
Authors: WILDE B. E. , GREENE N. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The electrochemical and corrosion characteristics of Types 383, 304, and 316 stainless steel in 1N̄ H2SO4 were determined using precision potentiostatic polarization and conventional coupon exposure/weight change techniques. Factors increasing the magnitude of the critical anodic current density, lC, are shown to have a deleterious effect on the passivating tendencies of Type 304 alloys. Statistical analysis of the electrochemical properties of Type 304 alloy has shown that lC is related to chemical constitution by the following relationship: Control of the detrimental effects of sulfur and manganese in Type 304 alloys can be obtained during manufacture by an increase in copper and molybdenum content.
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Behavior of Titanium in Methanol Solutions: Effect of Metal Ions in Solution
Authors: SEDRIKS A. J. , GREEN J. A. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A study has been made of the effect of additions of various metal ions to the environment on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion of unalloyed titanium in a methanol-hydrochloric acid solution. Separate additions to the solution of Pd, Au, Fe (ferric), and Cu (cupric) ions, in quantities ranging from 0.01 to 1000 ppm, caused substantial increases in both susceptibility to SCC and intergranular corrosion, without the resulting passivity reported for aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. Electrochemical studies established that these increases resulted from the enhancement of the over-all cathodic process. In the absence of metal ions, the major cathodic reaction appears to be the reduction of dissolved oxygen, although another reaction, tentatively identified as the recombination of hydrogen ions, also contributes to the over-all cathodic process. Pd or Au ions deposited as metal films, detectable by X-ray techniques, and these films, once present, facilitated the recombination of hydrogen ions. No metal films were detected with ferric or cupric ions in solution, the additional cathodic reaction in these cases probably being the reduction of these ions to their lower oxidation states. The observations are discussed in terms of the mechanism of SCC.
Anodic Polarization Characteristics of Phosphated Steels
Authors: CHANCE R. L. , FRANCE W. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The problem of providing a meaningful evaluation of the corrosion resistance of phosphated steel for the dual purposes of quality control and of improving the phosphate coating has a long and arduous history. The electrochemical characteristics of zinc-phosphated mild steels have been investigated to determine the repeatability, significance, and possible applications of such data. This investigation resulted in a precise electrochemical procedure that can distinguish between steels with zinc phosphate coatings of different quality and crystal structure. When zinc-phosphated mild steels are polarized anodically in 0.6M ammonium nitrate solution, different steels with the same nominal composition and phosphate treatment exhibit active-passive corrosion behavior with current density values that vary considerably over a narrow potential range. These critical current densities, with certain exceptions, vary in relation to the rust creepage corrosion evaluations of coated specimens in salt spray and to phosphate crystal structure. The effects of phosphate ions and of pH changes on the unique anodic polarization characteristics of phosphated steels were studied by simulating conditions that exist at the steel-phosphate-solution interfaces. Anion adsorption is discussed as a basis for the complicated behavior reflected in the anodic polarization data.
The Separation of Corrosion and Stress Effects in Stress Corrosion: The Critical Role of Surface Preparation
Authors: COCKS F. H. , RUSSO J. F. , BRUMMER S. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The stress corrosion behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy (7075) has been investigated. Under certain conditions of surface preparation, corrosion alone is found to cause a major diminution in subsequent stress corrosion life. For example, in 7075 in the T651 temper with an as-machined surface finish, the deleterious effect of corrosion is independent of the application of load during the first 80% of its normal stress corrosion life. Only during the last 20% of the normal stress corrosion period is it necessary to apply a load. It is during this latter period that true stress corrosion, as normally defined, can be said to occur. These observations do not result from residual tensile stresses in the material; rather, they are shown to be due to disruption of the grain boundary structure at the surface by machining. The beneficial effects of shot peening and other mechanical surface treatments probably also derive from similar distortions.
Technical Note: Effect of Applied Current on Stress Corrosion of Beryllium
Authors: KING T. T. , MYERS J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Effect of galvanostatic anodic and cathodic currents on the stress corrosion of beryllium sheet material in aerated, synthetic sea water at 72 F (22 C) was determined. Applied anodic currents reduced the time-to-failure; cathodic currents prevented pitting and subsequent stress corrosion. Mechanism for premature failure was associated with rapid anodic dissolution along an active path nearly normal to the applied tensile stress. Hydrogen cracking was excluded as a primary factor in the failure mechanism.
Comparison of Chemically and Electrolytically Induced Pitting Corrosion
Authors: FRANCE W. D. , GREENE N. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Pitting of zirconium and stainless steel in acidic and near-neutral chloride media has been investigated. It is shown that controlled potential and conventional chemical corrosion tests do not yield similar rates or types of attack under identical environmental conditions. Such discrepancies limit critical pitting potential measurements and related techniques for evaluating and comparing pitting in halide environments. A theoretical explanation based on the accumulation of chloride at anodically polarized electrode surfaces is presented.
Thermochemistry and the Oxidation of Refractory Metals at High Temperature
Authors: GULBRANSEN EARL A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Recent developments in the thermochemical data for the condensed oxide phases and volatile oxide species for the refractory metals has made possible an analysis of the several types of high temperature oxidation processes. The analyses show the following factors to be important: (1) the presence or absence of oxide films or scales on the metals, (2) the melting points of the one or more oxide phases, (3) the equilibrium pressures of the several volatile oxides, and (4) the flow rate of reactant gases. The thermochemical predictions are compared to experimental observations for molybdenum and tungsten.
Effect of Alloy Composition on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Fe-Cr-Ni Base Alloys
Authors: STAEHLE R. W. , ROYUELA J. J. , RAREDON T. L. , SERRATE E. , MORIN C. R. , FARRAR R. V. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of alloying on the behavior of Fe-Cr-Ni base alloys in boiling MgCl2 solutions. Alloys included commercial Fe-Cr-Ni alloys; ternary Fe-Cr-Ni alloys to 40% Cr; fourth-component alloys with specific alloy bases; fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-component alloys. The primary experimental measurements were time-to-breaking of wire specimens. In addition, polarization, potential time, current decay, constant potential cracking, and metallographic studies were conducted. Alloys of very substantial improvement in resistance to cracking were found. The most effective alloy additions were found to be aluminum, beryllium, and carbon. Lowering chromium to the 10-15% range was also found to be very effective in preventing cracking. The results are discussed in terms of the slip-step dissolution model of stress corrosion cracking.
Resistance of 18Cr-18Ni-2Si Stainless Steel to Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation in Boiling Magnesium Chloride
Authors: DAVIS J. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The propagation resistance of a steel cannot be determined by conventional testing procedures if the steel is resistant to crack initiation. Since conventional techniques were used to develop 18-18-2 stainless steel for resistance to stress corrosion cracking, its resistance to crack propagation was determined by means of pre-initiated cracks. Two laboratory heats of steel were prepared, one with the typical 18-18-2 stainless steel composition and the other with essentially the same composition but with high phosphorus and molybdenum contents, to make it susceptible to cracking. The steels were roll-bonded together and sheet specimens were prepared in the annealed, cold worked, and sensitized conditions. U-bend specimens were prepared, half of them with the susceptible steel on the tension side and the other half with the resistant steel on the tension side. The specimens were exposed in boiling magnesium chloride (150 C, 302 F). When cracks appeared, the specimens were retained in the solution for a minimum of 3 to 4 additional weeks to allow the cracks to propagate. No cracks initiated in 18-18-2 stainless steel under any of the conditions tested during five months of exposure. Cracks that initiated in the susceptible steel propagated to the interface and stopped. No cracks were observed that propagated into 18-18-2 stainless steel, even for specimens that cracked in 70 hours and were not removed for five months. These test results indicate that 18-18-2 stainless steel is resistant to crack propagation.
Effect of Dissolution of Oxide Film on Oxidation of Zr-1%Nb Alloy in Air and Pressurized Steam at 450 C
Authors: EL-SHANSHOURY I. A. , EL-DAHSHAN M. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of oxidized and vacuum annealed Zr-1%Nb alloy was investigated at 450 C (842 F) in air and pressurized steam. The corrosion resistance of partially dissolved oxide films was found to decrease with the increase in the vacuum annealing temperature up to 600 C (1112 F). A linear relationship between the logarithm of the oxidation rate and the annealing temperature was obtained from which an activation energy of 39.5 K.cal/mole was calculated. The activation energy was found to be independent of the corrosive medium. The increase in corrosion rate is explained on the fact that oxygen ion vacancy gradient increases with the increase in the annealing temperature. The decrease of the corrosion rate in steam after vacuum annealing is attributed to the release of H2 and H during the treatment process.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ti-8Al-lMo-lV Alloy: Electrochemical Behavior in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: CHEN C. M. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of material/environment systems has a significant effect on susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. The present investigation is concerned with electrochemical processes associated with stress corrosion cracking of Ti-8-1-1 in aqueous environments. Also included are fresh surface potentials measured by an erosion corrosion method; the slope of potential vs pH was about 59 mV/pH. Potential decay curves in sulfuric acid display two arrests and, the slope of potential vs pH for both was about 55 mV/pH. In chloride containing solution, chloride ion attack occurred at potentials more noble than about 2000 mV. A plot of logarithmic current and time yields the linear relationship, InJ = At + B, where A and B are constants and t is time.
Effect of Polarization Rate in Potentiokinetic Anodic Polarization of iron in 1N H2SO4
Authors: REINOEHL J. E. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potentiokinetic data are reported for single crystal and polycrystalline specimens of high purity (56 ppm total impurities) and sulfurized (150 ppm sulfur) iron in 1N H2SO4. Eight polarization rates, ranging from 20 to 1100 mV/min, were investigated. The shape and position of potentiokinetic anodic polarization curves were found to vary appreciably and reproducibly with polarization rate. The observed logarithmic variation of three characteristic passive and transpassive current densities (ix) with polarization rate (η̇) can be expressed by a relation of the form where k and r are constants. The exponent r is given the name “polarization-rate-sensitivity.” At faster polarization rates, current densities tended to be higher and secondary passivity more pronounced. Secondary passivity merged with ordinary passivity at a material-dependent “critical” polarization rate, at which passive current densities were nearly independent of potential. Passive current densities increased with increasing potential at faster polarization rates, corresponding to Langmuir adsorption conditions, and decreased with increasing potential at slower polarization rates, corresponding to Temkin adsorption conditions. The presence and absence of sulfur and of grain boundaries had a negligible quantitative effect on the appearance of the potentiokinetic anodic polarization curve of iron in dilute sulfuric acid solution. However, a small effect of these chemical and physical variables could be expressed by different relations between currents and polarization rate.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Dinitrogen Tetroxide
Authors: MORELAND P. J. , BOYD W. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking behavior of titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in liquid N2O4 has been investigated from thermodynamic considerations and autoradiographic, chemical, and potential studies. Studies were concerned with the N2O4-H2O-O2 system which is believed to produce HNO3 and the N2O4-O2 system to cause stress corrosion cracking. A hydrogen embrittlement mechanism involving HNO3 in the commercial N2O4 appeared improbable. An electrochemical mechanism in which O2 plays a major role has been proposed.
Anodic Polarization Measurements of Active-Passive Nickel Alloys by Rapid-Scan Potentiostatic Techniques
Authors: MORRIS P. E. , SCARBERRY R. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Conventional methods for measuring corrosion behavior by potentiostatic polarization techniques failed to yield complete anodic curves for some commercial nickel alloys that passivate in nonoxidizing test media. (Cathodic curves for these alloy-media systems contained inflections suggesting the existence of the S-shaped anodic curve.) Modification of potentiostatic techniques, including a drastic increase in potential-scan rate, enabled primary passive potentials and anodic critical-current densities to be measured before the specimen reached a steady state.
Selective Oxide Films of a 5% Aluminum-Iron Alloy in a Low Oxygen Potential Atmosphere
Authors: NAKAYAMA T. , KANEKO K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Selective oxide films on a 5% Al-Fe alloy in the temperature range 700–900 C (1292–1652 F) for 1 hour in an atmosphere of hydrogen-water vapor mixture with a constant dewpoint as low as 20 C (68 F) were identical with the spinel type crystals, γ-Al2O3, containing small amounts of iron. Oxide films however, produced after heating at higher temperatures than 920 C (1688 F) in the same oxidizing atmosphere consisted only of corundum type crystals, α-Al2O3, having iron. It is probable that the iron ions contribute to the formation of the corundum type oxide at the temperature of the stable region of pure γ-Al2O3.
Effect of Cold Rolling on Resistance of Ni-Fe Alloys to Hydrogen Cracking
Authors: MARQUEZ J. A. , MATSUSHIMA I. , UHLIG H. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Low carbon 10–19% Ni-Fe alloys become considerably more resistant to hydrogen cracking after severe cold rolling. The observed resistance decreases with increasing carbon content. The improvement is directional, the optimum effect applying to specimens stressed parallel to the rolling direction. Other iron alloys, e.g., 15.1% Co-Fe, martensitic 18-8 stainless steel, 7.5% Mn-Fe, 19.8% Cr-Fe, 0.2% Cu-Fe alloys, in that order, also show a directional improvement conferred by cold rolling. For a cold rolled 19% Ni-Fe alloy of maraging composition, alloyed Co has no effect, but alloyed Mo, Al, or Ti decrease resistance. Pure carbon steels are markedly susceptible to hydrogen cracking indicating that susceptibility of commercial steels is not caused by normal impurities and inclusions. The mechanism of hydrogen cracking is related to microvoids at the interface of precipitate particles and plastically deformed metal which perform as crack nuclei. Cold rolling presumably aligns such nuclei accounting for greater resistance of specimens stressed parallel to the rolling direction.
Solubility and Distribution of Tritium in Annealed and Cold Worked 304 Stainless Steel in the 100 to 300 C Temperature Range
Authors: POWELL G. W. , BRAUN J. D. , CHANEY K. F. , DOWNS G. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The solubility of tritium in annealed and cold worked 304 stainless steel in the temperature range 100 to 300 C (212 to 572 F) was determined by equilibration of sheet specimens with a tritium-containing gaseous atmosphere. It was found that the solubility is unaffected by cold work in this temperature range. A series of autoradiographs which were made of a cold worked specimen which was equilibrated at 300 C showed that the tritium is distributed homogeneously throughtout the microstructure at 300 C but that partitioning of the tritium between the regions of low and high defect concentration in the cold worked microstructure takes place at ambient temperature.
Concept of the Occluded Corrosion Cell
Authors: BROWN B. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It is proposed that the various localized forms of corrosion (pitting, stress corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, crevice corrosion, filiform corrosion, tuberculation, and exfoliation) have the common feature of local acidification by hydrolysis. The acidity is viewed as having a responsible role in the self-perpetuating character of these corrosion forms. Three possible benefits of this rationale are offered.
An Investigation on the Anodic Behavior of Low Alloy Steels
Authors: BOMBARA G. , AGABIO G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic behavior of three low alloy steels and one mild steel was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements in bicarbonate, sulfate, and bisulfate solutions. Some significant features differentiated the steels as to their corrosion behavior in these media. These features were dependent on the alloying elements and were related to the practical performance of the steels in atmospheric corrosion tests. The effect of weathering on the anodic behavior of these materials in sulfate solution was evaluated by the use of polarization measurements on specimens artificially weathered by prolonged anodizing treatments at very low current densities.