bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated pest management in temperate horticulture: seeing the wood for the trees.
Authors: Harvey C. D. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Owing to the decreasing availability of synthetic pesticides, there is an urgent need for developing and improving alternative pest control methods in horticulture. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to reduce and control the damage caused by pest organisms by making use of ecological interactions between the pest, its antagonists and the environment. IPM usually involves combined use of pesticides, pest antagonists, mass trapping and environmental manipulation. This gives rise to potentially negative interference amongst these components as well as with other environmental and crop-related factors. Such interference has the potential to reduce IPM efficacy, especially as the use of IPM is broadened and intensified. Evidence for such interference among components of IPM is briefly reviewed and the need for a research agenda that investigates such interference experimentally is discussed along with the potential for using 'big data' generated in IPM to conduct meta-analyses and construct powerful models for IPM. These approaches to research and data management should support the expansion and improvement of Decision Support Systems (DSS) for IPM practitioners that combine databases, expert networks and models. The success of DSS based on increasingly complex and extensive knowledge and data greatly depends on their accessibility, ease of use and whether they produce clear outputs that support decision-making by growers and consultants. The aim must be to improve IPM efficacy, predictability, cost-effectiveness and sustainability, while still finding ways of helping IPM practitioners identify IPM strategies that are optimal for their needs amongst an increasing number of options.
Aortic Arch Stiffness Is Associated With Incipient Brain Injury in Patients
With Hypertension
Authors: Sala Michiel , van den Berg-Huysmans Annette , van der Grond Jeroen , Huisman Menno , Brandts Anne , Westenberg Jos J. , de Roos Albert 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
It has been shown that microstructural brain tissue damage can be detected in hypertension patients, while the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We aim to explore the association between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of brain injury and aortic arch pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hypertensive patients without clinically manifest cerebrovascular disease.

METHODS
Sixty-six hypertension patients (30 men, mean age 46±14 years) were prospectively included. Aortic arch PWV was assessed using velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (VE-MRI). Brain tissue integrity was assessed by using DTI. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between aortic arch PWV and fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AxD), and radial diffusivity (RD).

RESULTS
Increased aortic arch PWV was associated with decreased white matter FA ( β = −0.30, P = 0.018), increased gray matter AxD ( β = 0.28, P = 0.016), and increased gray and white matter RD ( β = 0.30, P = 0.008 and β = 0.35, P = 0.003, respectively). These effects were independent of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume.

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic arch stiffness relates to incipient brain injury before overt brain abnormalities may become apparent in patients with hypertension.
Geophysical imaging using trans-dimensional trees
Authors: Hawkins Rhys , Sambridge Malcolm 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In geophysical inversion, inferences of Earth's properties from sparse data involve a trade-off between model complexity and the spatial resolving power. A recent Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) technique formalized by Green, the so-called trans-dimensional samplers, allows us to sample between these trade-offs and to parsimoniously arbitrate between the varying complexity of candidate models. Here we present a novel framework using trans-dimensional sampling over tree structures. This new class of McMC sampler can be applied to 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Cartesian and spherical geometries. In addition, the basis functions used by the algorithm are flexible and can include more advanced parametrizations such as wavelets, both in Cartesian and Spherical geometries, to permit Bayesian multiscale analysis. This new framework offers greater flexibility, performance and efficiency for geophysical imaging problems than previous sampling algorithms. Thereby increasing the range of applications and in particular allowing extension to trans-dimensional imaging in 3-D. Examples are presented of its application to 2-D seismic and 3-D teleseismic tomography including estimation of uncertainty.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Sayer David , Vindindlacheruvu Raghu 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension has also been called benign intracranial hypertension (despite not running a benign course) and pseudotumour cerebri. The clinical and imaging features of the syndrome are of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) without dilated ventricles or intracranial mass lesions but with evidence of papilloedema. In 90% of cases this affects obese women with an incidence of 3.5/100 000 in the 20-44 age group. This chapter discusses the diagnosis and management of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. This is a poorly understood condition, and the natural history is variable. It may be self-limiting, intermittent or progressively worse. Approximately a third of patients are in each of these categories. The worst complication is visual loss and can be severe in up to 25% of patients. The variety of management options available demonstrates that there is no single therapy which works for all patients and treatment needs to be directed by the patient’s response.
Multimodality monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Helmy Adel , Hutchinson Peter J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the commonest cause of death aged in those under 40 years of age in the UK. This chapter explores many of the most contentious clinical issues following severe TBI. The management of severe TBI can provide many challenges both to the neurosurgeon and to the neurointensivist. This includes, intracranial pressure (ICP) control, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) targets and multi-modality monitoring in the intensive care setting. From the surgical perspective, the research evidence on craniectomy, post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting and seizure risk is presented in this chapter. Great strides have been made by developing protocolised treatment regimens for the intensive care management of ICP which have led to improvements in patient outcome when compared to historical controls. The use of craniectomy in TBI is recognised as a method for reducing ICP, but presently there is still some debate about the overall efficacy of this surgical intervention.
The surgical management of the rheumatoid spine
Authors: Bhatia Robin , Casey Adrian 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately 1% of the population, and of those affected approximately 50% will have cervical spine involvement. Therefore, there appears to be a significant difference at present in the numbers of rheumatoid spine patients managed by rheumatologists and those managed by spinal surgeons. This chapter discusses the fundamental questions which a spinal neurosurgeon needs to address when managing the rheumatoid cervical spine. The rheumatoid patient presents many challenges in diagnosis, pre-operative optimisation and selection of levels to instrument. The fixation and bony healing is in a challenging enviroment with immunosuppressive agents and often osteoporosis from historical use of steroids. The results of surgery for pain relief and preservation of neurological function are good provided that it is not left too late. If the patient is no longer ambulant surgery may be too much, too late with high complication rates. Surgical fixation for atlanto-axial fixation for those patients who can still walk has a lot to offer patients in temrs of neurological protection and pain relief and is a rewarding area.
Brainstem cavernous malformation
Authors: Akram Harith , Murphy Mary 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Cavernous malformations or cavernomas are angiographically occult vascular malformations that affect the brain and the spinal cord. When they present in the brainstem they pose a real challenge due to the increased risk of symptomatic heamorrhage that can lead to serious morbidity and even death. The management of these lesions is controversial owing to the lack of hard evidence for the best practice and the high stakes at hand in view of the possible serious complications presented by almost all management options, including conservative treatment. This chapter describes a case study of a 53 year old woman who presented with multiple episodes of symptomatic haemorrhages of a brainstem cavernous malformation and discusses the management options, casting a light on the aetiology, histopathology, and radiological features of these lesions. Management of brainstem cavernomas and spinal cord cavernomas differs from the management of cavernomas elsewhere in the CNS due to the much higher risk of re-bleeding and the fact that very little mass effect or haemorrhage can lead to catastrophic consequences. Another relatively modern treatment modality is stereotactic radiosurgery i.e. Gamma Knife or Cyberknife to lesions in eloquent locations when surgery is contraindicated or is expected to result in significant morbidity or mortality.
Intracranial arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Ekanayake Jinendra , Kitchen Neil 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) were first described by Virchow in 1851, although clinical descriptions of extracranial vascular abnormalities date back to the Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1500 BC). This chapter explores the diagnostics and management options for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. These are complex vascular lesions with a number of associated neuroparenchymal, hemodynamic and angioarchitectural changes. The fundamental abnormality is one or more direct fistulous communications between afferent feeding arteries and efferent draining veins, without the presence of an intervening capillary bed. The increased blood flow through these arteriovenous shunts causes the characteristic changes of vascular dilatation, tortuosity, and the formation of the ‘nidus’- an intervening network of vessels. The treatment of AVMs uses three modalities, alone or in combination. They are microsurgery, embolization and radiosurgery. The manner in which these are applied take into account patient factors (i.e. age, co-morbidities, mode of presentation), AVM factors (size, location, Spetzler-Martin grade), and available expertise.
The changing nature of collective employment relations
Authors: Marginson Paul 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to survey developments in four aspects of collective employment relations (ER) since the mid-1960s: collective representation and organisation; collective bargaining coverage and structure; the collective bargaining agenda; and joint consultation arrangements. It considers the reasons underlying change.

Design/methodology/approach
– A range of published sources are drawn on, including quantitative, survey based and qualitative, case-study and other evidence.

Findings
– The landscape of collective ER has changed markedly over the past half century. Membership of trade unions has fallen from around half of the workforce to one-quarter. Employers who mainly conducted collective bargaining through employers’ associations now negotiate, if at all, on a firm-by-firm basis. Collective bargaining coverage has sharply declined and now only extends to a minority of the private sector workforce. The bargaining agenda has been hollowed out. Joint consultation arrangements too are less widespread than they were around 1980.

Originality/value
– The paper contends that change has been driven by three underlying processes. “Marketization” of collective ER entailing a shift from an industrial or occupational to an enterprise frame of reference. The rise of “micro-corporatism”, reflecting increased emphasis on the common interests of collective actors within an enterprise frame. Finally, the voluntarism, underpinning Britain’s collective ER became more “asymmetric”, with employers’ preferences increasingly predominant.
The past and future of trade unionism
Authors: Nowak Paul 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to offer a broad practitioner’s overview of recent trade union history in the UK, and to investigate organised labour’s prospects in the decades ahead.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is based on a review of relevant literature and trade union documentation from the period 1964 to 2014.Findings– This paper concludes that the past 50 years has been a period of change and turbulence for the movement, and suggests that this is likely to remain the case in the decades to come. Although external political and economic factors will have a significant bearing on unions’ prospects, the paper argues that unions remain powerful agents of change in their own right and that a revival of organised labour is not beyond question.Originality/value– The paper is written with unique practitioner insight from the UK’s trade union centre.
Conflict: trends and forms of collective action
Authors: Kelly John 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to review the state of knowledge on strikes and collective action.Design/methodology/approach– Review of theoretical and empirical literature, including comparative literature.Findings– Both strike activity and other forms of collective action have declined in many advanced capitalist countries. There has been a rise in the number of strike ballots and in tribunal claims but these trends do not constitute a straightforward vindication of the displacement hypothesis. However there is evidence of an increase in general strikes in parts of Western Europe and of protest campaigns involving coalitions of unions and civil society organizations.Originality/value– The paper tries to summarize the current state of knowledge and to map out directions for future research.
Employment relations over the last 50 years: confrontation, consensus or neglect?
Authors: Emmott Mike 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss significant changes in the concept and practice of employment relations over the last 50 years. It does so from both public policy and management perspectives and highlights the continued failure to align these two perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper draws on the author’s research as an adviser at the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, and his previous experience as a civil servant in the Employment Department. A range of published sources are relied on, including quantitative, survey based and qualitative, case-study and other evidence.

Findings
– The over-riding need to tackle inflation led governments in the 1960s and 1970s to make repeated attempts to build a stronger legal framework around collective bargaining, and to intensifying incomes policies which brought governments into frequent conflict with the trade unions. This was followed by incremental reform of trade union legislation under Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, to which there has subsequently been no serious challenge. The question is posed whether the author is nearing the end of the road for trade union voice in the UK, or whether there is scope for a “new deal” under which trade unions can join with other key stakeholders in making a positive contribution towards economic regeneration. Looking forward, the paper discusses shifts in trade union approaches to industrial action and major challenges for employers, including managing individual conflict and employee voice.

Originality/value
– The paper suggests that the ambiguity of the term “employee relations” means the author needs to ask what are the specific challenges facing employee relations practitioners today. Employee relations managers are undertaking a wide range of jobs. Their current focus on employee relations reflects a shift from the defensive attitudes that characterised the earlier part of the period to a more positive one. The paper concludes by arguing the case for a national forum bringing together employers, trade unions and other key stakeholders to advise government on workplace issues.
How did the publication of the bookThe Machine That Changed The Worldchange management thinking? Exploring 25 years of lean literature
Authors: Samuel Donna , Found Pauline , Williams Sharon J. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to take a critical, analytical approach to explore the growth and spread of Lean through the academic and practitioner community over the last 25 years to understand the impact of the bookThe Machine that Changed the Worldon management thinking.Design/methodology/approach– A comprehensive and systematic review of the extant literature of lean was undertaken and analysed critically to observe patterns and trends that could explain the acceptance of Lean as an operations management philosophy. The review spans from 1987 to 2013. To enable us to effectively manage and understand the diffusion of this literature a database, the Lean Publications Database, was constructed. The number of publications has been adjusted to compensate for growth in the total number of articles published in the same period.Findings– Lean has evolved to be one of the best-known, yet fiercely debated, process improvement methodologies. It emerged during a proliferation of such methodologies in the business and management literature. Lean has developed from a generic description of Toyota Production System (TPS) to a particular type of organisational and management intervention focused on best practice and process improvement methodologies.Research limitations/implications– This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the Lean literature, from the perspective of Lean as the unit of analysis. It covers both sides of the academic debate and categorises the progression of Lean from its origins as a generic description of TPS to a movement that has changed management systems in many and diverse sectors.Practical implications– This paper demonstrates how Lean research, application and thinking has evolved over 25 years from its origins in Japanese auto-manufacturing to a holistic value system that is applicable to all business sectors, both private and public.Originality/value– In most empirical studies on Lean, the unit of analysis is the organisation. In this study, the unit of analysis is the Lean phenomenon itself. This paper examines the impact ofThe Machine that Changed the Worldon management thinking. In addition, it presents a step to developing an underpinning theory by linking Lean to theTheory of Swift, Even Flow. As such it is of interest to academics in the field of operations management and offers a contribution to knowledge. It is also likely to be of interest to policy makers. Considerable amounts of public money have been spent, and continue to be spent, on promoting Lean. Taxpayers and policymakers are likely to be interested in whether that expenditure is justifiable. 25 years of publications have been analysed to provide clarity around this popular approach to organisational improvement.
The relationship between organizational culture and quality techniques, and its impact on operational performance
Authors: Gambi Lillian Do Nascimento , Boer Harry , Gerolamo Mateus Cecilio , Jørgensen Frances , Carpinetti Luiz Cesar Ribeiro 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate if a firm’s organizational culture affects the set of quality techniques it uses, and if these quality techniques affect the relationship between organizational culture and operational performance.Design/methodology/approach– Based on data collected from 250 firms in Brazil and Denmark, structural equation modeling is used to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and the use of quality techniques, and its impact on operational performance. Four quality technique groups, four cultural profiles adopted from the Competing Values Framework and a set of operational performance indicators are used to operationalize the study.Findings– Culture does not appear to be an unequivocal predictor of the use of quality techniques. Furthermore, while most quality technique groups contribute indirectly to the total effect on operational performance in the developmental, group and hierarchical cultures, the performance effects are insignificant for all four groups in the rational culture.Practical implications– Managers need to be actively aware of the cultural characteristics of their organization before adopting quality techniques, in order to benefit most from the use of these techniques.Originality/value– Most previous studies address the relationships between culture, quality management and performance at the level of quality practices. This study takes the unitarist-pluralist discussion to the level of quality techniques and extends that discussion to what should be its core, namely, the influence of quality techniques on the performance impact of culture.
Design variables and constraints in fashion store design processes
Authors: Haug Anders , Münster Mia Borch 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– Several frameworks of retail store environment variables exist, but as shown by this paper, they are not particularly well-suited for supporting fashion store design processes. Thus, in order to provide an improved understanding of fashion store design, the purpose of this paper is to identify the most important store design variables, organise these variables into categories, understand the design constraints between categories, and determine the most influential stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on a discussion of existing literature, the paper defines a framework of store design variables and constraints between these. The framework is investigated through six case studies of fashion store design projects.

Findings
– Through a discussion of literature and empirical studies, the paper: identifies the most important store design variables, organises these variables into categories, provides an understanding of constraints between categories of variables, and identifies the most influential stakeholders. The paper demonstrates that the fashion store design task can be understood through a system perspective, implying that the store design task becomes a matter of defining a set of subsystems, while considering their mutual interdependencies.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed framework may be used as a point of departure and a frame of reference for future research into fashion store design.

Practical implications
– The paper may support retail designers and retail managers in fashion store design processes by clarifying which store design variables to consider and providing an understanding of the constraints between them.

Originality/value
– The perspective on the fashion store design task offered by the proposed framework adds a layer of understanding to the way in which existing literature describes the challenges related to store design. The empirical studies of fashion store projects demonstrate that the described system perspective offers a useful way of organising fashion store designers’ experiences from design processes.