bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One Plus One Equals Three
Authors: Lang Marion 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAny biomedical technique needs to prove its applicability in day‐to‐day research and diagnosis, not only in “hero‐experiments”. And the success of a new imaging method significantly depends on the cost and complexity of the employed instrument with the laser playing a major part in both aspects. This is especially true when ultrashort laser pulses are required which is the case for all nonlinear imaging techniques. In this article, we will discuss the advantages of fiber lasers for integrated instruments and present a new cost‐effective and maintenance‐free fiber laser concept that provides femtosecond pulses at three fixed wavelengths. This allows exciting all conventional fluorescent markers and enables simultaneous multi‐color 2‐photon imaging with short acquisition times.
White LED with Excellent Rendering of Daylight Spectrum
Authors: Kon Tomoya , Kusano Tamio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn recent years, white LEDs have been increasingly used to replace conventional lighting sources including fluorescent lights. However, in some specific lighting applications, the use of such LEDs to replace halogen and xenon lights can present certain problems, such as in spectral distribution and the color rendering index (CRI).
United States Physical Therapists' Knowledge About Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Compared with Fibromyalgia and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Russek Leslie N. , LaShomb Emily A. , Ware Amy M. , Wesner Sarah M. , Westcott Vanessa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundJoint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is one of the most common inherited connective tissue disorders. It causes significant pain and disability for all age groups, ranging from developmental delay among children to widespread chronic pain in adults. Experts in JHS assert that the condition is under‐recognized and poorly managed.PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess US physical therapists' knowledge about JHS compared with other causes of widespread pain and activity limitations: fibromyalgia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsCross‐sectional, Internet‐based survey of randomly selected members of the American Physical Therapy Association and descriptive statistics were used to explore physical therapists' knowledge about JHS, fibromyalgia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, and chi square was used to compare knowledge about the different conditions.ResultsThe response rate was 15.5% (496). Although 36% recognized the Beighton Scale for assessing joint hypermobility, only 26.8% of respondents were familiar with the Brighton Criteria for diagnosing JHS. Few respondents (11–19%) realized that JHS has extra‐articular features such as anxiety disorder, fatigue, headache, delayed motor development, easy bruising and sleep disturbance. Physical therapists working in environments most likely to see patients with JHS underestimated the likely prevalence in their patient population.ConclusionsThe results suggest that many physical therapists in the United States are not familiar with the diagnostic criteria, prevalence or common clinical presentation of JHS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) during matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization
Authors: Iura Tomomi , Ohtani Hajime 
Published: December 2014

RATIONALEMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) has been widely utilized for the structural characterization of various synthetic polymers. However, polymer sample molecules can occasionally decompose even in the MALDI process depending on the measurement conditions. In this work, the fragmentation behavior of radically polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) during laser irradiation in MALDI was investigated in detail.METHODSTwo types of PMMA samples with oligomeric molar mass were examined: Sample A was synthesized with an excess content of a chain transfer reagent to form simple molecules with less labile structures. Sample B was polymerized with a greater amount of a peroxide initiator without any chain transfer reagent, which resulted in the formation of various terminal and chain structures including relatively labile ones. The original components and fragment ions for the PMMA samples were precisely assigned using a high‐resolution MALDI spiral time‐of‐flight MS system. Electrospray ionization MS measurements were also performed for comparison.RESULTSThe PMMA chains underwent fragmentation during the MALDI process with high laser intensity even for the relatively stable sample A. The fragmentation reactions proceeded mainly through 1,5‐hydrogen rearrangements via a six‐membered intermediate structure. Furthermore, PMMA molecules formed via recombination termination in sample B selectively decomposed during the MALDI‐MS measurements even with low laser intensity.CONCLUSIONSIt was observed that the fragmentation reactions in the PMMA chains in MALDI with high laser power were generally the same as those in the post‐source decay or collision‐induced dissociation in MALDI‐MS/MS measurements. Even with low laser intensity, less stable structures in the PMMA chain, especially head‐to‐head linkages, were readily decomposed during the MALDI process. Possible fragmentation, therefore, should be considered in the structural characterization of synthetic polymer samples by MALDI‐MS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the Ripple Effects of IT‐Based Incidents on Interdependent Economic Systems
Authors: Ali Jalal , Santos Joost R. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe information technology (IT) sector is one of the most critically utilized infrastructures within the U.S. economic system. The IT sector is vulnerable to man‐made attacks and it is challenging to assess the consequences of disruptions to the production and delivery of essential IT services to other economic systems. In this paper, we developed a dynamic model based on economic input–output analysis to assess time‐varying disruptions on the IT sector over multiple periods. The model is applied in an ex post analysis of an actual denial‐of‐service (DoS) attack scenario on the IT infrastructure to estimate the consequences propagated to interdependent economic systems. The model uses Bureau of Economic Analysis data to simulate the effects of IT‐based incidents and subsequently identify the critically affected economic sectors. Key results of the case study include assessments of ripple effects to vulnerable sectors in the form of inoperability and economic loss measures. An investigation of the DoS attack in year 2000 using the proposed dynamic model revealed significant losses that are consistent with the magnitude of losses from previous studies. Furthermore, the model is capable of depicting the breakdown of losses across various economic sectors, which is a significant improvement relative to previously published results. This research also extends into a multiyear trend analysis (1999–2009) to aid in developing policies for reducing the effects of IT risks across the interdependent sectors of the U.S. economy.
Von der Röhre zum Chip
Authors: Boslau Oliver 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAuf dem Weg zur Miniaturisierung wird der offensichtliche Einsatz von Vakuumtechnologie immer geringer. Nun kommt sie versteckter, wie z. B. bei der Herstellung von Mikrochips, zur Anwendung. Wie dieser an den Konsumgütern überall abzulesende Trend auch die Forschung und Entwicklung betrifft wird am Beispiel moderner Analytikgeräte gezeigt, in denen immer öfter herkömmliche Photomultiplier (PMT) durch Silizium‐Photomultiplier (SiPM) abgelöst werden.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties of Two Coordination Polymers Derived From Semirigid 1‐Carboxymethyl‐3, 5‐Dimethyl‐1H‐Pyrazole‐4‐Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Chen Sheng , Cheng Meiling , Ren Yanqiu , Tang Lizhipeng , Liu Xiuxiu , Zai Changwei , Liu Qi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract. Two coordination polymers, namely, {[Cd(cdpc)(hmt)(H2O)]·H2O}n (1), and [Mn(Hcdpc)2(4, 4′‐bpy)(H2O)]n (2), were constructed by synergistic assembly through the mixed‐ligand synthetic strategy (H2cdpc = 1‐carboxymethyl‐3, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylic acid, hmt = hexamethylenetetramine, and 4, 4′‐bpy = 4, 4′‐dipyridine). Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Single X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 is a 2D 4‐connected sql sheet, and complex 2 is an interesting 1D loop chain. The two complexes are further expanded to 3D supramolecular structure through non‐covalent bonds. Besides, luminescent properties of two complexes in the solid state and magnetic property of 2 were also investigated.
Phase II trial of combination therapy of gemcitabine plus anti-angiogenic vaccination of elpamotide in patients with advanced or recurrent biliary tract cancer
Authors: Matsuyama Masato , Ishii H. , Furuse J. , Ohkawa S. , Maguchi H. , Mizuno N. , Yamaguchi T. , Ioka T. , Ajiki T. , Ikeda M. , Hakamada K. , Yamamoto M. , Yamaue H. , Eguchi K. , Ichikawa W. , Miyazaki M. , Ohashi Y. , Sasaki Y. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackground Elpamotide is an HLA-A*24:02-restricted epitope peptide of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against VEGFR-2/KDR. Given the high expression of VEGFR-2 in biliary tract cancer, combination chemoimmunotherapy with elpamotide and gemcitabine holds promise as a new therapy. Patients and Methods Patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent biliary tract cancer were included in this single-arm phase II trial, with the primary endpoint of overall survival. Survival analysis was performed in comparison with historical control data. The patients concurrently received gemcitabine once a week for 3 weeks (the fourth week was skipped) and elpamotide once a week for 4 weeks. Results Fifty-five patients were registered, of which 54 received the regimen and were included in the full analysis set as well as the safety analysis set. Median survival was 10.1 months, which was longer than the historical control, and the 1-year survival rate was 44.4 %. Of these patients, injection site reactions were observed in 64.8 %, in whom median survival was significantly longer (14.8 months) compared to those with no injection site reactions (5.7 months). The response rate was 18.5 %, and all who responded exhibited injection site reactions. Serious adverse reactions were observed in five patients (9 %), and there were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion Gemcitabine and elpamotide combination therapy was tolerable and had a moderate antitumor effect. For future development of therapies, it will be necessary to optimize the target population for which therapeutic effects could be expected.
Impact of interleukin‐28B polymorphism on HCV‐1 infected patients treated with response‐guided therapy
Authors: Chen Tsung‐Ming , Huang Pi‐Teh , Show Bio‐Chia , Wen Chen‐Fan , Chen Yi‐Ping 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin‐28B (IL28B) were associated with sustained virological response (SVR) in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV‐1) infected patients treated with a standard 48‐week regimen of peginterferon and ribavirin combination. Whether IL28B SNP genotype would be the influential prognosticator for patients treated with response‐guided therapy (RGT) is still not well understood.AimsTo investigate the impact of IL28B rs809917 genotype on HCV‐1 infected patients treated with RGT.MethodsA total of 128 consecutive treatment‐naïve HCV‐1 infected patients between July 2006 and July 2011 were analyzed. For rapid virological response (RVR) patients, we allowed an abbreviated 24‐week regimen regardless of baseline viral loads; otherwise, a 48‐week regimen was implemented (for patients with early virological response). The IL28B rs8099917 SNP genotypes were determined accordingly.ResultsA total of 117 patients (91.4%) were of rs8099917 TT genotype and 11 (8.6%) were of GT/GG genotype. Eighty‐two of the 128 (64.1%) patients achieved SVR, occurring in 54 of 67 RVR patients (80.6%) and 28 of 61 non‐RVR patients (45.9%, p < 0.001). Compared to the GT/GG genotype, patients with the TT genotype had significantly higher SVR rates (67.5% vs. 27.3%; p = 0.008) and low relapse rates (28.2% vs. 70.0%; p = 0.006). The multivariate analysis showed that RVR (odds ratio, 4.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.87–10.90; p = 0.001) and rs8099917 TT genotype (odds ratio, 6.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.53–31.17; p = 0.012) were independent factors associated with SVR.ConclusionFor HCV‐1 infected patients who were treated with RGT, the IL28B unfavorable genotype predicted a higher relapse rate; RVR and IL28B favorable genotype were independent factors associated with SVR in patients treated with RGT.
Comparative Neuropsychiatry: White Matter Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Affective Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: White T. , Langen C. , Schmidt M. , Hough M. , James A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground:There is considerable evidence that white matter abnormalities play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Few studies, however, have compared white matter abnormalities early in the course of the illness.Methods:A total of 102 children and adolescents participated in the study, including 43 with early-onset schizophrenia, 13 with early-onset bipolar affective disorder, 17 with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and 29 healthy controls. Diffusion tensor imaging scans were obtained on all children and the images were assessed for the presence of non-spatially overlapping regions of white matter differences, a novel algorithm known as the pothole approach.Results:Patients with early-onset schizophrenia and early-onset bipolar affective disorder had a significantly greater number of white matter potholes compared to controls, but the total number of potholes did not differ between the two groups. The volumes of the potholes were significantly larger in patients with early-onset bipolar affective disorder compared to the early-onset schizophrenia group. Children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed no differences in the total number of white matter potholes compared to controls.Conclusions:White matter abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder are more global in nature, whereas children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder do not show widespread differences in FA.
Inpatient and Emergency Room Visits for Adolescents and Young Adults With Spina Bifida Living in South Carolina
Authors: Mann Joshua R. , Royer Julie A. , Turk Margaret A. , McDermott Suzanne , Holland Margaret M. , Ozturk Orgul D. , Hardin James W. , Thibadeau Judy K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare emergency room (ER) and inpatient hospital (IP) use rates for persons with spina bifida (SB) to peers without SB, when transition from pediatric to adult health care is likely to occur; and to analyze those ER and IP rates by age, race, socioeconomic status, gender, and type of residential area.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingSecondary data analysis in South Carolina.ParticipantsWe studied individuals who were between 15 and 24 years old and enrolled in the State Health Plan (SHP) or state Medicaid during the 2000‐2010 study period.MethodsIndividuals with SB were identified using ICD‐9 billing codes (741.0, 741.9) in SHP, Medicaid, and hospital uniform billing (UB) data. ER and IP encounters were identified using UB data. Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) Poisson models were estimated to compare rates of ER and IP use among the SB group to the comparison group.Main Outcome MeasuresTotal ER rate and IP rate, in addition to cause‐specific rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) and other condition categories.ResultsWe found higher rates of ER and IP use in persons with SB compared to the control group. Among individuals with SB, young adults (those 20‐24 years old) had higher rates of ER use due to all ACSC (P = .023), other ACSC (P = .04), and urinary tract infections (UTI; P = .002) compared to adolescents (those 15‐19 years old).ConclusionsYoung adulthood is associated with increased ER use overall, as well as in specific condition categories (most notably UTI) in individuals 15‐24 years old with SB. This association may be indicative of changing healthcare access as people with SB move from adolescent to adult health care, and/or physiologic changes during the age range studied.
Lichenometric Dating: Science or Pseudo-Science?
Authors: Osborn Gerald , McCarthy Daniel , LaBrie Aline , Burke Randall 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe popular technique of estimating ages of deposits from sizes of lichens continues despite valid criticism, and without agreement on range of utility, treatment of error, and methods of measurement, sampling, and data handling. A major source of error is the assumption that the largest lichen(s) colonized soon after deposition and will survive indefinitely. Recent studies on lichen mortality suggest that this assumption is untenable. Meanwhile, the use of “growth curves” constructed from independently dated substrates is problematic for many reasons, but this has not prevented the publication of baseless claims of accuracy and ages that are extrapolated well beyond data. Experiments indicate that numeric lichenometric ages are not reliable, and in general do not advance the cause of Quaternary science. There are a few studies suggesting reliability, and indeed there may be cases where lichens and growth curves actually provide realistic numerical ages. But it cannot be foretold which lichen assemblages will provide good ages and which bad ages. The logical conclusion is that no assumption of good ages can be made, and that it is folly to assign numerical ages to a deposit on the basis of lichen sizes.
An analytical determination of microstructure and stresses in a dense, sheared monolayer of non-Brownian spheres
Authors: Jenkins J. T. , La Ragione L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe propose an analytical model for the determination of the microstructure and stresses in a sheared suspension that consists of a dense monolayer of identical spheres in a viscous fluid. We calculate the anisotropy in the orientational distribution of spheres, associated with a short-range repulsive force assumed to act between the spheres, and a particle pressure and normal stress difference that result from this anisotropy. The microstructure and stresses are similar to those measured in Stokesian dynamics simulations.
AN EXISTENTIAL ∅-DEFINITION OF IN
Authors: ANSCOMBE WILL , KOENIGSMANN JOCHEN 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe show that the valuation ring $F_q [[t]]$ in the local field $F_q \left( t \right)$ is existentially definable in the language of rings with no parameters. The method is to use the definition of the henselian topology following the work of Prestel-Ziegler to give an ∃-$F_q $-definable bounded neighbouhood of 0. Then we “tweak” this set by subtracting, taking roots, and applying Hensel’s Lemma in order to find an ∃-$F_q $-definable subset of $F_q [[t]]$ which contains $tF_q [[t]]$. Finally, we use the fact that $F_q $ is defined by the formula $x^q - x = 0$ to extend the definition to the whole of $F_q [[t]]$ and to rid the definition of parameters.Several extensions of the theorem are obtained, notably an ∃-∅-definition of the valuation ring of a nontrivial valuation with divisible value group.
TAMENESS FROM LARGE CARDINAL AXIOMS
Authors: BONEY WILL 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe show that Shelah’s Eventual Categoricity Conjecture for successors follows from the existence of class many strongly compact cardinals. This is the first time the consistency of this conjecture has been proven. We do so by showing that every AEC withLS(K) below a strongly compact cardinalκis <κ-tame and applying the categoricity transfer of Grossberg and VanDieren [11]. These techniques also apply to measurable and weakly compact cardinals and we prove similar tameness results under those hypotheses. We isolate a dual property to tameness, calledtype shortness, and show that it follows similarly from large cardinals.
DETERMINACY AND JÓNSSON CARDINALS INL(ℝ)
Authors: JACKSON S. , KETCHERSID R. , SCHLUTZENBERG F. , WOODIN W. H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAssume ZF + AD +V=L(ℝ) and letκ< Θ be an uncountable cardinal. We show thatκis Jónsson, and that if cof (κ) = ω thenκis Rowbottom. We also establish some other partition properties.
Population genetic structure andWolbachiainfection in an endangered butterfly,Zizina emelina(Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Y. , Hirai N. , Tanikawa T. , Yago M. , Ishii M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractZizina emelina(de l'Orza) is listed on Japan's Red Data List as an endangered species because of loss of its principal food plant and habitat. We compared parts of the mitochondrial and nuclear genes of this species to investigate the level of genetic differentiation among the 14 extant populations. We also examined infection of the butterfly with the bacteriumWolbachiato clarify the bacterium's effects on the host population's genetic structure. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses revealed that haplotype composition differed significantly among most of the populations, and the fixation indexFSTwas positively correlated with geographic distance. In addition, we found three strains ofWolbachia, one of which was a male killer; these strains were prevalent in several populations. There was linkage between some host mitochondrial haplotypes and the threeWolbachiastrains, although no significant differences were found in a comparison of host mitochondrial genetic diversity with nuclear genetic diversity inWolbachia-infected or -uninfected populations. These genetic analyses andWolbachiainfection findings show thatZ. emelinahas little migratory activity and that little gene flow occurs among the current populations.
Slow Abolition within the Colonial Mind: British and French Debates about “Vagrancy”, “African Laziness”, and Forced Labour in West Central and South Central Africa, 1945–1965
Authors: Keese Alexander 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAfter World War II, French and British administrations in the African continent were in theory obliged to end forced labour. According to the rhetoric, compulsory labour practices disappeared altogether. However, the scrutiny of processes on the ground, comparing French Equatorial Africa and Northern Rhodesia under British rule, shows that the practicalities of the abolition of such labour practices were far more complex. In the French case, colonial officials actively planned for the reorganization of compulsory labour through the back door, mainly through the battle against “vagrancy” and “African laziness”. British administrators continued with practices organized by “native chiefs”, and attempted to maintain involuntary labour through a generous definition of “emergency situations”. In both cases, more profound analysis of the late colonial mind shows interesting continuities in the commitment of European officials to forced labour, which are likely to have been transferred, in part, into the views of the agents of postcolonial states.