bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape and the City
Authors: Somol RE 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAt a time when architecture's historical relationship to the city ‐founded on various formal and, more recently, informal homologies – has been rendered inoperative, how might a renewed architecture constructively inform the megalopolis? RE Somol flings all the formal and informal protocols offered to the city by architecture out of the pram and calls for a politics of shape, a potential trajectory tested with two projects by Zago Architecture.
Too Big To Fail
Authors: Dunn Sarah , Felsen Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSarah Dunn and Martin Felsen of UrbanLab tackle the timidity of current practice: ‘Why, as a discipline, do we think that we can counter big crises with small ideas?’ They call for a contemporary revival and redefinition of the megastructure. This is exemplified by their project for the Free Water District (FWD) in the Great Lakes, which enables the infrastructural reconstruction and urban renewal of a post‐industrial landscape.
Dancing with Entropy
Authors: Geuze Adriaan , Skjonsberg Matthew 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFinding inspiration and drive in the chaos and fragmentation of today's world, Adriaan Geuze and Matthew Skjonsberg of West 8 have developed an approach that they refer to as ‘radical contextualism’. This requires not only a respect for reality and existing conditions, but also an openness to multiple layers of meaning and a wide variety of inputs, whether historic, cultural, anecdotal or even random. Giving themselves over to evolutionary entropy, they work with ingenuity with whatever they encounter.
Decoupling the Bias‐Stress‐Induced Charge Trapping in Semiconductors and Gate‐Dielectrics of Organic Transistors Using a Double Stretched‐Exponential Formula
Authors: Choi Hyun Ho , Kang Moon Sung , Kim Min , Kim Haena , Cho Jeong Ho , Cho Kilwon 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA novel strategy for analyzing bias‐stress effects in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) based on a four‐parameter double stretched‐exponential formula is reported. The formula is obtained by modifying a traditional single stretched‐exponential expression comprising two parameters (a characteristic time and a stretched‐exponential factor) that describe the bias‐stress effects. The expression yields two characteristic times and two stretched‐exponential factors, thereby separating out the contributions due to charge trapping events in the semiconductor layer‐side of the interface and the gate‐dielectric layer‐side of the interface. The validity of this method was tested by designing two model systems in which the physical properties of the semiconductor layer and the gate‐dielectric layer were varied systematically. It was found that the gate‐dielectric layer, in general, plays a more critical role than the semiconductor layer in the bias‐stress effects, possibly due to the wider distribution of the activation energy for charge trapping. Furthermore, the presence of a self‐assembled monolayer further widens the distribution of the activation energy for charge trapping in gate‐dielectric layer‐side of the interface and causes the channel current to decay rapidly in the early stages. The novel analysis method presented here enhances our understanding of charge trapping and provides rational guidelines for developing efficient OFETs with high performance.
Recombination in Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells with Open‐Circuit Voltages Approaching and Exceeding 1.0 V
Authors: Hoke Eric T. , Vandewal Koen , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Mateker William R. , Douglas Jessica D. , Noriega Rodrigo , Graham Kenneth R. , Fréchet Jean M. J. , Salleo Alberto , McGehee Michael D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPolymer:fullerene solar cells are demonstrated with power conversion efficiencies over 7% with blends of PBDTTPD and PC61BM. These devices achieve open‐circuit voltages (Voc) of 0.945 V and internal quantum efficiencies of 88%, making them an ideal candidate for the large bandgap junction in tandem solar cells. Voc’s above 1.0 V are obtained when the polymer is blended with multiadduct fullerenes; however, the photocurrent and fill factor are greatly reduced. In PBDTTPD blends with multiadduct fullerene ICBA, fullerene emission is observed in the photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra, indicating that excitons are recombining on ICBA. Voltage‐dependent, steady state and time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements indicate that energy transfer occurs from PBDTTPD to ICBA and that back hole transfer from ICBA to PBDTTPD is inefficient. By analyzing the absorption and emission spectra from fullerene and charge transfer excitons, we estimate a driving free energy of –0.14 ± 0.06 eV is required for efficient hole transfer. These results suggest that the driving force for hole transfer may be too small for efficient current generation in polymer:fullerene solar cells with Voc values above 1.0 V and that non‐fullerene acceptor materials with large optical gaps (>1.7 eV) may be required to achieve both near unity internal quantum efficiencies and values of Voc exceeding 1.0 V.
Cu3P Binary Phosphide: Synthesis via a Wet Mechanochemical Method and Electrochemical Behavior as Negative Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Stan Marian Cristian , Klöpsch Richard , Bhaskar Aiswarya , Li Jie , Passerini Stefano , Winter Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMechanochemical synthesis of Cu3P in the presence of n‐dodecane results in a material with a secondary particle size distribution of 10 μm, secondary particles which consist of homogeneously agglomerated 20 nm primary particles. The electrochemical performance of Cu3P with lithium is influenced by the reaction depth, in other words by the lower potential cut‐off. During the electrochemical reaction, the displacement of copper by lithium from the Cu3P structure until the formation of Li3P and Cu deteriorates the capacity retention. Improved performance was obtained when the charge potential was limited to 0.50 V (vs. Li/Li+) and the formation of the LixCu3‐xP phase (0 ≤ × ≤ 2). In this case, when the potential is limited to 0.5 V, the capacity is stable for more than 50 cycles. Acceptable electrochemical performances in Li‐ion cells within the voltage range 0.50–2.0 V (vs. Li/Li+) were shown when Cu3P was used as an anode and Li1.2(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)O2 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as positive electrode materials.
12q14 microdeletion associated with HMGA2 gene disruption and growth restriction
Authors: Alyaqoub Fadel , Pyatt Robert E. , Bailes Andrea , Brock Amanda , Deeg Carol , McKinney Aimee , Astbury Caroline , Reshmi Shalini , Shane Kate P. , Thrush Devon Lamb , Sommer Annemarie , Gastier‐Foster Julie M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe 12q14 microdeletion syndrome is a rare condition that has previously been characterized by pre‐ and postnatal growth restriction, proportionate short stature, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and osteopoikilosis. Previously reported microdeletions within this region have ranged in size from 1.83 to 10.12 Mb with a proposed 2.61 Mb smallest region of overlap containing the LEMD3, HMGA2, and GRIP1 genes. Here, we report on the identification of a 12q14 microdeletion in a female child presenting with proportionate short stature, failure to thrive, and speech delay. The genomic loss (minimum size 4.17 Mb, maximum size 4.21 Mb) contained 25 RefSeq genes including IRAK3, GRIP1, and the 3′ portion of the HMGA2 gene. This is the first partial deletion of HMGA2 associated with the 12q14 microdeletion syndrome. This case further clarifies the association of LEMD3 deletions with the 12q14 microdeletion syndrome and provides additional support for the role of the HMGA2 gene in human growth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modification of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore with Large Aromatic Moieties: Photophysical Study and Solid‐State Emission
Authors: Huang Guangxi , Zhang Guanxin , Wu Yishi , Liao Qing , Fu Hongbing , Zhang Deqing 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGreen fluorescent protein (GFP)‐like chromophores 1–5, in which the p‐hydroxylphenyl group is substituted with large aromatic moieties, were synthesized and their crystal structures were determined. Compared with that of p‐hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone (GFP chromophore), the fluorescence spectra of 1–5 are red‐shifted because of elongated of π‐conjugation. However, the incorporation of large aromatic moieties cannot inhibit the intramolecular torsional motions and, thus, 1–5 are generally weakly fluorescent in solution. The results manifest that the solid‐state emission of these GFP‐like chromophores is significantly influenced by the intermolecular packing. The emission spectra of 1–5 are further red‐shifted in the solid‐state, and 5 in the crystalline state emits in at red wavelengths with an emission maximum at 624 nm. 1, 3, and 4 are weakly emissive in both crystalline and powder forms. Interestingly, one crystalline state of 2 (2 B) emits relatively strongly, whereas another crystalline state 2 A emits rather weakly.
Sex differences in periodontal disease in catastrophic and attritional assemblages from medieval london
Authors: DeWitte Sharon N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPeriodontal disease is one of the most common chronic diseases in living populations, and most studies that have examined sex differences in periodontal disease have found higher frequencies in men compared to women. This study examines sex differences in periodontal disease in two cemeteries from medieval London: the East Smithfield cemetery (c. 1349–1350), an exclusively Black Death cemetery that represents catastrophic mortality (n = 161), and the St. Mary Graces cemetery (c. 1350–1538), a post‐Black Death attritional assemblage that represents normal medieval mortality (n = 100). The results reveal a significantly higher frequency of periodontal disease, independent of age, among males compared with females in St. Mary Graces, but no significant difference between the sexes in East Smithfield. The sex differences in the attritional assemblage might reflect heightened susceptibility to periodontal disease in the living population or sex differences in frailty. The differences in the sex patterns of periodontal disease between the two cemeteries might be the result of disproportionately negative effects of the Great Bovine Pestilence and consequent decreases in dairy availability on female oral health among victims of the Black Death. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of boric acid and melamine on the intumescent fire‐retardant coating composition for the fire protection of structural steel substrates
Authors: Ullah Sami , Ahmad Faiz , Yusoff P. S. M. Megat 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntumescent coating is an insulating material designed to decrease heat transfer to a substrate structure. The coating presented in this research article was based on expandable graphite, ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and boric acid. Bisphenol A epoxy resin BE‐188 was used as a binder with ACR hardener H‐2310 polyamide amine. Different formulations were developed to study the effect of expansion and heat shielding after fire testing. The coating was tested at 950°C for 1 h. The results show that the coating was stable and well bonded with the substrate. The coating was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Parkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, 06859, USA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR, Nicolet 400 D Shimadzu spectrometer) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 advance Diffracto meter, Bruker Germany), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Carl Zeiss Leo 1430VP, UK). The morphology of char was studied by SEM on the coating after fire testing. XRD and FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of graphite, boron phosphate, boron oxide, and sassolite in the residual char. TGA (Pyris 1, manufactured by Parkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, 06859, USA) and differential thermal gravimetric analysis (DTGA) showed that boric acid enhanced the residual weight of the intumescent fire‐retardant coating. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
State of the water in crosslinked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Hay James N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe investigated the material properties of different crosslinked sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) membranes, focusing on the effect of the degree of sulfonation and crosslinking density on the water uptake, the physical state of the water, and the pore size distribution within the membranes. We observed that the degree of sulfonation and, in particular, the ion‐exchange capacity (IEC) had less effect on the control of the extent of water absorbed than the crosslinking density of the membranes. Crosslinking also enabled the membranes to reach a higher water contents without losing mechanical integrity. Moreover, increasing the crosslinking density resulted in the presence of more bound water, without dissolution of the membrane. The crosslinked membranes had lower methanol permeability and electroosmotic drag values. Only at low IEC values and low water uptake in partially crystalline sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone), SPEEK could the presence of nanometer pores in the water‐equilibrated crosslinked membranes be confirmed by thermoporometry and the pore size distributions were then comparable to those reported for Nafion membranes. At higher IEC values, the water uptake was extremely high, up to 300%, and then the structure of the swollen membranes was more analogous to that of a dilute aqueous solution of the sulfonated polymer, and no nanopores were present. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Study on the influence of electron beam irradiation on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of ethylene‐octene copolymer with high comonomer content
Authors: Poongavalappil Sameepa , Svoboda Petr , Theravalappil Rajesh , Svobodova Dagmar , Danek Michal , Zatloukal Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEthylene‐octene copolymer (EOC) was irradiated using electron beam irradiation at different dosages (30, 60, 90, and 120 kGy). Effect of irradiation dosage on thermal and mechanical properties was studied. When compared to low density polyethylene, EOC exhibited higher degree of crosslinking reflected in increased gel content, higher elastic modulus (G′), and lower tan δ obtained by rheology measurement at 150°C. Crosslinking caused improvement in high‐temperature creep and room temperature and also elevated temperature elastic properties. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that e‐beam irradiation has caused a gradual reduction in crystallinity and a presence of a fraction with higher melting temperature. In the case of EOC, as the extent of crosslinking increased, stress at break showed an increasing trend whereas irradiation dosage had an inverse effect on elongation at break. Radiation dosage has positive effect on thermal stability estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. After 30 min of thermal degradation at 220°C, slightly higher CO peak for crosslinked sample was found by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy while for room temperature samples no CO peak was detected. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Improvement of the thermal properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by low molecular weight polypropylene glycol (LMWPPG) addition
Authors: Roa Juan P. B. , Patrício Patrícia S. de O. , Oréfice Rodrigo L. , Lago Rochel M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this work, blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % low molecular weight poly(propylene glycol) (LMWPPG) have been prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG/DTA). FTIR and thermal analyses suggested that the presence of LMWPPG led to a maximum crystallinity for the blend PHB/PPG (90/10) blend. The presence of LMWPPG also caused a significant increase of the PHB processability window, i.e., the difference of the melting and degradation temperature, of PHB from 105 to 134°C, which is extremely important for the industrial uses of PHB. This PHB stabilization effect is discussed in terms of an intermolecular interaction of the PHB carbonyl with LMWPPG methyl groups which probably hinders the classical radon β‐scission PHB intramolecular decomposition mechanism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
pH and organic solvent‐sensitive properties of crosslinked polymeric spheres formed by a soap‐free emulsion polymerization
Authors: Shi Congcong , Chen Xi , Chen Lu , Chen Mingxing , Jiang Ran 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNarrowly distributed poly (styrene‐co‐(4‐vinylpyridine)) microspheres are facilely prepared by a soap‐free emulsion polymerization, and their structures and properties are investigated by TEM, FTIR spectra, DSC, and DLS, respectively. The sizes and glass transition temperatures of the polymeric spheres increase with an increase of 4‐vinylpyridine in the reactive system. In addition, these polymeric spheres show good stability in water and a series of organic solvents due to their crosslinked structures. When poly(styrene‐co‐(4‐vinylpyridine)) microspheres are obtained in the reactive system where the weight ratio of 4‐vinyl pyridine to styrene is less than 4/6, they can be well dispersed in water as well as in organic solvents such as ethanol, toluene and DMF, and show obvious pH sensitive and organic solvent‐sensitive characteristics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Molecular dynamics simulation on interacting and mechanical properties of polylactic acid and attapulgite(100) surface
Authors: Zhou Su‐Qin , Cheng Xiao‐Chun , Jin Ye‐Ling , Wu Jie , Zhao Deng‐Shan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe method of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was used to investigate the interaction between the PLA and the attapulgite, and the influence of the temperature on the mechanical properties of the PLA and the PLA‐attapulgite. After the PLA blends the attapulgite, the structures and properties of the PLA and the attapulgite change due to their strong interaction. However, this interaction weakens gradually with temperature increasing. The isotropy of the composite of PLA‐attapulgite is strengthened in comparison with the PLA. In addition, the temperature can change the mechanical properties of the PLA‐attapulgite, but the mechanical properties of the PLA are hardly influences on the temperature. The PLA‐attapulgite is more rigid and tough than the PLA at the room temperature but the toughness of the composite of PLA‐attapulgite becomes worse than that of the PLA at 350 K. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fabrication of superhydrophobic fabric coating using microphase‐separated dodecafluoroheptyl‐containing polyacrylate and nanosilica
Authors: An Qiufeng , Xu Wei , Hao Lifen , Fu Yongshan , Huang Liangxian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSuperhydrophobic coating was developed on cotton fabric in this article using a dodecafluoroheptyl‐containing polyacrylate (DFPA) and nanosilica. Film morphology of DFPA on cotton fibers/fabrics and chemical compositions of the treated cotton fabric were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. DFPA could form a relatively even film on the cotton fabric/fiber under SEM observation; however, it presented a rough and microphase‐separated pattern under AFM observation. There were many mountain‐like protuberances. The height of the protuberances and the root mean square roughness (Rms) of the film reached about 20–50 nm and 12.511 nm in 2 × 2‐μm2 scanning field (as the scale data was 100 nm). XPS analysis indicated that the perfluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film–air interface. DFPA could make the treated cotton fabric with a water contact angle (WCA) at about 138.5°. Cotton fabric was previously roughened using a 1 wt % silica sol with an average particle size of 20–30 nm and then finished by DFPA; hydrophobicity of the resultant cotton fabric was strongly improved, and WCA could reach 153.6°. The color of this superhydrophobic fabric would not be influenced, but its softness decreased compared to untreated fabric. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphological properties of impact fracture surfaces and essential work of fracture analysis of cellulose nanofibril‐filled polypropylene composites
Authors: Yang Han‐Seung , Gardner Douglas J. , Nader Jacques W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate crack initiation and propagation process in notched and unnotched Izod impact fracture surfaces of the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)‐filled polypropylene (PP) composites compared with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)‐filled composites. CNF is in the form of short fibers 50–300 nm in diameter and 6–8 in aspect ratio, MFC is in the form of long fibrils 50–500 nm in diameter and 8,000–80,000 in aspect ratio, and MCC is in the form of particles 50 μm in average diameter and 1–2 in aspect ratio. The reinforcement material size of CNF and MFC are smaller than that of MCC which means that the larger interfacial area between filler and matrix leading to larger energy dissipation at the interface during the impact fracture. The reinforcement‐matrix debondings nearby MCC particles caused easy crack propagation which contributes smaller energy dissipation at the interface. A slip‐stick behavior and stress whitened area during the fracture were observed. Morphological investigation helps to explain impact fracture behavior. According to essential work of fracture (EWF) analysis of Izod impact results, EWF method is applicable to analyze impact fracture behavior and the energy consumed in crack initiation and propagation during the fracture process can be calculated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Non‐lethal efforts to deter shark predation of Hawaiian monk seal pups
Authors: Gobush Kathleen S. , Farry Shawn C. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

More than a decade of shark predation on nursing and newly weaned pups of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) has significantly contributed to a steep decline of the French Frigate Shoals (FFS) subpopulation.
In an effort to develop non‐lethal methods of mitigating predation, the feasibility of deploying potential shark deterrents at FFS was examined, and then tests were done to see if any of the successfully deployed devices or a continuous human presence deters shark predation of monk seal pups.
During the feasibility trial, an underwater acoustic playback and a moored boat performed without issue. A float array proved hazardous to non‐target wildlife and electronic diver devices functioned poorly; both were omitted from further experimentation.
The number of shark sightings and predation incidents at two pupping islets was compared across two experimental treatments: (1) acoustic playback and a moored boat, and (2) continuous human presence, versus a control. Sharks were sighted with a remote camera system; predation incidents were evident from bite wounds or the disappearance of pups.
Observed shark activity was rare (12 sightings on video and six predation incidents) but similar to recent years. The number of shark sightings and predation incidents did not differ significantly between the two treatments and the control.
The relative scarcity of shark activity in the shallows around the pupping islets made detecting a treatment effect challenging. Sharks' wariness to humans is probably variable, unpredictable, possibly individualistic and unreliable at FFS. The acoustic playback as a deterrent could benefit from further testing and development. Other non‐lethal or lethal approaches for mitigating predation should be investigated to protect monk seal pups at FFS. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.