bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection from cyanide‐induced brain injury by the Nrf2 transcriptional activator carnosic acid
Authors: Zhang Dongxian , Lee Brian , Nutter Anthony , Song Paul , Dolatabadi Nima , Parker James , Sanz‐Blasco Sara , Newmeyer Traci , Ambasudhan Rajesh , McKercher Scott R. , Masliah Eliezer , Lipton Stuart A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCyanide is a life‐threatening, bioterrorist agent, preventing cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cardiopulmonary failure, hypoxic brain injury, and death within minutes. However, even after treatment with various antidotes to protect cytochrome oxidase, cyanide intoxication in humans can induce a delayed‐onset neurological syndrome that includes symptoms of Parkinsonism. Additional mechanisms are thought to underlie cyanide‐induced neuronal damage, including generation of reactive oxygen species. This may account for the fact that antioxidants prevent some aspects of cyanide‐induced neuronal damage. Here, as a potential preemptive countermeasure against a bioterrorist attack with cyanide, we tested the CNS protective effect of carnosic acid (CA), a pro‐electrophilic compound found in the herb rosemary. CA crosses the blood–brain barrier to up‐regulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes via activation of the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. We demonstrate that CA exerts neuroprotective effects on cyanide‐induced brain damage in cultured rodent and human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons in vitro, and in vivo in various brain areas of a non‐Swiss albino mouse model of cyanide poisoning that simulates damage observed in the human brain.
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Cyanide, a potential bioterrorist agent, can produce a chronic delayed‐onset neurological syndrome that includes symptoms of Parkinsonism. Here, cyanide poisoning treated with the proelectrophillic compound carnosic acid, results in reduced neuronal cell death in both in vitro and in vivo models through activation of the Nrf2/ARE transcriptional pathway. Carnosic acid is therefore a potential treatment for the toxic central nervous system (CNS) effects of cyanide poisoning. ARE, antioxidant responsive element; Nrf2 (NFE2L2, Nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2).
Dysregulation of inter‐photoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP) after induced Müller cell disruption
Authors: Zhu Ling , Shen Weiyong , Lyons Brian , Wang Ying , Zhou Fanfan , Gillies Mark C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReduced expression of a ~150 kDa protein was unexpectedly observed while investigating Norrin protein in a transgenic murine model in which Müller cells can be selectively and inducibly disrupted. Isolation of this unknown protein via ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by Tandem mass spectrometry identified it as Inter‐photoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP). Significantly reduced IRBP mRNA expression was observed at the early and late stages after Müller cell disruption. IRBP protein expression was also consistently reduced to 5.7% of the control level as early as 1 week after Müller cell disruption. This down‐regulation of IRBP was accompanied by focal hyperfluorescent dots and cytotoxic N‐retinylidene‐N‐retinylethanolamine (A2E) accumulation. In vitro treatment of cone photoreceptor cell lines with conditioned medium collected from stressed Müller cells suggested that Müller cells regulated photoreceptors expression of IRBP via secreted factor(s). In vivo studies suggested that one of these secreted factors was tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). These findings suggest that dysregulation of IRBP expression caused by Müller cell dysfunction may be an important early event in photoreceptor degeneration in some retinal diseases.
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This study reports down‐regulation of inter‐photoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP) in photoreceptors and retinoid cycle derangement after Müller cell disruption in a transgenic mouse model. The findings indicate that Müller cells communicate with photoreceptors in response to stress by secreting soluble protein factor(s). We propose that down‐regulation of IRBP may represent an early and novel pathogenic mechanism in degenerative retinal diseases.
Time management in elite sports: How do elite athletes manage time under fatigue and stress conditions?
Authors: Macquet Anne‐Claire , Skalej Vincent 
Published: February 2015

In many countries, elite athletes are required to undertake education alongside their sports training. Time management has important implications for the development of elite athletes. From a Naturalistic Decision‐Making perspective, it is argued that athletes’ decision‐making strategies in relation to time management need to be better understood. Interviews were conducted with a number of athletes training for the first and third year in a sports and academic training centre. Interviews revealed that athletes made sense of situations to decide what strategy to use to manage their time under conditions of stress and fatigue. Athletes changed strategy when they noticed conflicts in the time‐frames imposed by the centre. Results also showed that first‐ and third‐year athletes displayed some common ground but also revealed some differences. In comparison with third‐year athletes, first‐year athletes reported more emotion‐focused strategies. Third‐year athletes reported more problem‐focused strategies. Results led to the adaptation of the Recognition‐Primed Decision‐making model to time management in elite sports.Practitioner points

The study shows how elite athletes used their experience to manage time under fatigue and stress conditions.

It shows the strategies used by elite athletes to manage their time in a context in which their use of time is imposed on them.

Time management was partly flexible and partly beyond the control of the athlete.
Decision inertia: Deciding between least worst outcomes in emergency responses to disasters
Authors: Alison Laurence , Power Nicola , van den Heuvel Claudia , Humann Michael , Palasinksi Marek , Crego Jonathan 
Published: February 2015

This study demonstrates how naturalistic decision‐making (NDM) can be usefully applied to study ‘decision inertia’ – Namely the cognitive process associated with failures to execute action when a decision‐maker struggles to choose between equally perceived aversive outcomes. Data assessed the response and recovery from a sudden impact disaster during a 2‐day immersive simulated emergency response. Fourteen agencies (including police, fire, ambulance, and military) and 194 participants were involved in the exercise. By assessing the frequency, type, audience, and content of communications, and by reference to five subject matter experts’ slow time analyses of critical turning points during the incident, three barriers were identified as reducing multiagency information sharing and the macrocognitive understanding of the incident. When the decision problem was non‐time‐bounded, involved multiple agencies, and identification of superordinate goals was lacking, the communication between agencies decreased and agencies focused on within‐agency information sharing. These barriers distracted teams from timely and efficient discussions on decisions and action execution with seeking redundant information, which resulted in decision inertia. Our study illustrates how naturalistic environments are conducive to examining relatively understudied concepts of decision inertia, failures to act, and shared situational macrocognition in situations involving large distributed teams.Practitioner points

Researchers can use NDM to explore the cognitive processing associated with failures to act/decision inertia.

Complexities in the decision‐making environment of a multiteam system (e.g., non‐time‐bounded choice, large team size, and lack of strategic goals) are associated with decision‐making failures.

Barriers cause decision inertia as teams focus on redundant intra‐agency information seeking rather than cooperative interagency communications.

Strategic direction is especially important for shifting multiteam system communication towards interagency discussions on action execution.
Chemical and mineralogical compositions of two grains recovered from asteroid Itokawa
Authors: Ebihara M. , Shirai N. , Sekimoto S. , Nakamura T. , Tsuchiyama A. , Matsuno J. , Matsumoto T. , Tanaka M. , Abe M. , Fujimura A. , Ishibashi Y. , Karouji Y. , Mukai T. , Okada T. , Uesugi M. , Yada T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTwo silicate grains (RB‐QD04‐0049 and RA‐QD02‐0064, whose estimated masses are 0.050 μg and 0.048 μg, respectively) recovered from the asteroid Itokawa by the Hayabusa spacecraft were studied for their mineralogical characteristics by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and synchrotron X‐ray microtomography and further analyzed for their bulk chemical compositions by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). According to X‐ray tomography, RB‐QD004‐0049 is composed of olivine, high‐Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, Ca‐phosphate, and troilite, whereas RA‐QD002‐0064 entirely consists of olivine. INAA data are consistent with these mineral compositions except for rare earth elements (REEs). Although the grain RB‐QD004‐0049 contains measurable REEs, which seems to be consistent with the presence of Ca‐phosphate, their abundances are anomalously high. Very low abundance of Co implies less than 0.1 mass% of metals in these two grains by calculation, which is in contrast to the result for the previously analyzed grain RA‐QD02‐0049 (Ebihara et al., 2011). FeO/Sc ratios of the grains fall within the range of those for ordinary chondrite olivines, implying that these grains are extraterrestrial in origin. FeO/MnO ratios also confirm this conclusion and further suggest that the Hayabusa grains analyzed in this study are similar to material found in LL chondrites rather than CK chondrites although olivines from LL and CK chondrites have similar Fa# (molar% of Fe relative to [Fe+Mg] in olivine) (~30) to those of the Hayabusa grains including the two grains analyzed in this study.
Mental Rotation With Tangible Three‐Dimensional Objects: A New Measure Sensitive to Developmental Differences in 4‐ to 8‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Hawes Zachary , LeFevre Jo‐Anne , Xu Chang , Bruce Catherine D. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThere is an emerging consensus that spatial thinking is fundamental to later success in math and science. The goals of this study were to design and evaluate a novel test of three‐dimensional (3D) mental rotation for 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children (N = 165) that uses tangible 3D objects. Results revealed that the measure was both valid and reliable and indicated steady growth in 3D mental rotation between the ages of 4 and 8. Performance on the measure was highly related to success on a measure of two‐dimensional (2D) mental rotation, even after controlling for executive functioning. Although children as young as 5 years old performed above chance, 3D mental rotation appears to be a difficult skill for most children under the age of 7, as indicated by frequent guessing and difficulty with mirror objects. The test is a useful new tool for studying the development of 3D mental rotation in young children.
Investigating the Educational Implications of Embodied Cognition: A Model Interdisciplinary Inquiry in Mind, Brain, and Education Curricula
Authors: Osgood‐Campbell Elisabeth 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTMuch educational neuroscience research investigates connections between cognition, neuroscience, and educational theory and practice without reference to the body. In contrast, proponents of embodied cognition posit that the bodily action and perception play a central role in cognitive development. Some researchers within the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) explore this theory by researching the impact of sensorimotor activity on academic competencies such as language comprehension, mathematics, and scientific thinking. In this article, I call for this work to be highlighted more centrally in MBE training programs. Toward this end, I model an investigation of the concept of embodied cognition that can be used in MBE curricula with a dual purpose: to train future practitioners in the seminal metaphor of mind as an embodied system, and to demonstrate effective interdisciplinary research, which is critical to advancing the field of Mind, Brain, and Education.
Electroencephalogram Recordings Indicate That More Abstract Diagrams Need More Mental Resources to Process
Authors: van Leeuwen Theo H. , Manalo Emmanuel , van der Meij Jan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThere is considerable interest in the cultivation of student graphic literacy among educators and researchers, especially in the sciences. Previous research, however, has shown that many students manifest difficulties in using diagrammatic representations. One explanation that has been proposed to account for these difficulties is that certain forms of diagrams may be more demanding of mental effort to use. Although there had been behavioral evidence to support this explanation, neurophysiological evidence had not confirmed it. Here, we provide evidence, from electroencephalogram recordings of brain activity focusing on the P3b component, that more abstract diagrams (such as graphs) demand greater mental resources to process compared to pictures and text—even when amount of detail has been accounted for. Our results provide initial neurophysiological evidence for the impact of cognitive cost on student learning behaviors and outcomes. Consideration of this finding is important in pedagogical design and, more broadly, in media communication.
The Effect of a Numerical Domino Game on Numerical Magnitude Processing in Children With Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Brankaer Carmen , Ghesquière Pol , De Smedt Bert 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTChildren with mild intellectual disabilities (MID) appear to have particular problems in understanding the numerical meaning of Arabic digits. Therefore, we developed and evaluated a numerical domino game that specifically targeted the association between these digits and the numerical magnitudes they represent. Participants were 30 children with MID (M = 8.36 years), randomly assigned to either the numerical domino game or to a control color domino game. Findings revealed that both groups of children improved on a nonsymbolic comparison and arithmetic task. Most importantly, only children who played the numerical domino game became significantly faster from pretest to posttest on a symbolic comparison task. These findings suggest that numerical magnitude processing can be successfully trained in children with MID.
Nursing patients with chronic critical illness and their families: a qualitative study
Authors: Leung Doris , Blastorah Margaret , Nusdorfer Linda , Jeffs Angie , Jung Judy , Howell Doris , Fillion Lise , Rose Louise 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundchronic critical illness (CCI) is a complex syndrome with a high risk of dying in hospital. Intensive care unit nurses are well‐positioned to lead conversations integrating palliative and end‐of‐life care, yet have reported limited involvement.AimTo generate further understanding of nurses' experiences of patients with CCI and their families.Design and methodsThis qualitative study followed Thorne's interpretive description methods. In 2012, 16 intensive care unit nurses from one academic hospital participated in interviews.ResultsOur primary theme was that of internal tension generated through participants' knowledge of patients' anticipated and protracted dying, while wanting to shield families from suffering. This internal tension resulted from responsibilities to preserve hope for patients and families, while at the same time wanting to provide them prognostic information. Participants experienced challenges of: (i) preserving family trust, (ii) determining when and how to engage families in discussions and (iii) providing possibilities of a ‘good’ death. A secondary theme described constraints to acting on their insights because of interprofessional team dynamics or limited communication, within the team and with the family.Conclusion and relevance to clinical practiceInternal tension, as experienced by participants reflects the challenges of transition from acute to palliation and end‐of‐life care, made more complex in CCI, because of its poorly defined terminal stage. Nurses' ability to manage the complex process of supporting hope while gradually providing information to build family understanding of CCI highlights their central role in facilitating what and how prognostic information is given, while managing the emotional implications and family response. To better support nurses do this, we advocate for formal structures enabling nurses to participate in decision‐making regarding timing of transitions using palliation and end‐of‐life care.
Follow‐up visit in an ICU: receiving a sense of coherence
Authors: Engström Åsa , Rogmalm Katarina , Marklund Lisa , Wälivaara Britt‐Marie 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAimTo describe patients' experiences of a follow‐up visit to an intensive care unit (ICU) after being critically ill and nursed there.BackgroundKnowledge about the follow‐up visit needs to be developed, with the previously critically ill patient in focus.DesignQualitative descriptive.MethodSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine patients and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The data collection occurred during spring 2014.FindingsDuring the follow‐up visits in ICU, the relatives, the patient diary, and those who took part in the care contribute to fill memory gaps to create a picture and an explanation of the care period.ConclusionThe follow‐up visit is an important tool in the patients' struggle to create a context and coherence from a missing or unreal time. The patient diary is essential to subsequently be able to relate to the period of care.Relevance to clinical practiceThe follow‐up visit, together with a personal diary, after an ICU stay could be seen as significant for strengthening the patients' feeling of coherence and better health.
Activation of μ opioid receptors modulates inflammation in acute experimental colitis
Authors: Anselmi L. , Huynh J. , Duraffourd C. , Jaramillo I. , Vegezzi G. , Saccani F. , Boschetti E. , Brecha N. C. , De Giorgio R. , Sternini C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundμ opioid receptors (μORs) are expressed by neurons and inflammatory cells, and mediate immune response. We tested whether activation of peripheral μORs ameliorates the acute and delayed phase of colitis.MethodsC57BL/6J mice were treated with 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in water, 5 days with or without the peripherally acting μOR agonist, [D‐Ala2, N‐Me‐Phe4, Gly5‐ol]‐Enkephalin (DAMGO) or with DAMGO+μOR antagonist at day 2–5, then euthanized. Other mice received DSS followed by water for 4 weeks, or DSS with DAMGO starting at day 2 of DSS for 2 or 3 weeks followed by water, then euthanized at 4 weeks. Disease activity index (DAI), histological damage, and myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), as index of neutrophil infiltration, were evaluated. Cytokines and μOR mRNAs were measured with RT‐PCR, and nuclear factor‐kB (NF‐kB), the antiapoptotic factor Bcl‐xL, and caspase 3 and 7 with Western blot.Key ResultsDSS induced acute colitis with elevated DAI, tissue damage, apoptosis and increased MPO, cytokines, μOR mRNA, and NF‐kB. DAMGO significantly reduced DAI, inflammatory indexes, cytokines, caspases, and NF‐kB, and upregulated Bcl‐xL, effects prevented by μOR antagonist. In DSS mice plus 4 weeks of water, DAI, NF‐kB, and μOR were normal, whereas MPO, histological damage, and cytokines were still elevated; DAMGO did not reduce inflammation, and did not upregulate Bcl‐xL.Conclusions & InferencesμOR activation ameliorated the acute but not the delayed phase of DSS colitis by reducing cytokines, likely through activation of the antiapoptotic factor, Bcl‐xL, and suppression of NF‐kB, a potentiator of inflammation.
Food consumption and risk of childhood asthma
Authors: Lumia Mirka , Takkinen Hanna‐Mari , Luukkainen Päivi , Kaila Minna , Lehtinen‐Jacks Susanna , Nwaru Bright I. , Tuokkola Jetta , Niemelä Onni , Haapala Anna‐Maija , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Virtanen Suvi M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe consumption of foods rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been proposed to protect against childhood asthma. This study explores the association of food consumption (including cow's milk (CM)‐free diet) in early life and the risk of atopic and non‐atopic asthma.MethodsFood intake of 182 children with asthma and 728 matched controls was measured using 3‐day food records, within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Nutrition Study cohort. The diagnoses of food allergies came both from the written questionnaire and from the registers of the Social Insurance Institution. Conditional logistic regression with generalized estimating equations framework was used in the analyses.ResultsThe diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA) led to multiple dietary restrictions still evident at 4 yr of age. Even after adjusting for CMA, higher consumption of CM products was inversely associated with the risk of atopic asthma and higher consumption of breast milk and oats inversely with the risk of non‐atopic asthma. Early consumption of fish was associated with a decreased risk of all asthma.ConclusionsDietary intake in early life combined with atopy history has a clear impact on the risk of developing asthma. Our results indicate that CM restriction due to CMA significantly increases and mediates the association between food consumption and childhood asthma risk.
Colored Pencil‐Core Granuloma on the Forehead
Authors: Shido Hirokazu , Tamada Ikkei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe often encounter injuries caused by pencils or colored pencils in toddlers and young children, but subsequent segmental tumor formation is rare. Here we report the case of a 4‐year‐old boy who had been stabbed under his left eyebrow with a red pencil. Colored pencil‐core granuloma, a foreign body granuloma arising from an injury with a colored pencil, was diagnosed on the basis of intraoperative and histopathologic findings. Because of the severe tissue damage that the colorant causes, this type of tumor grows rapidly within a few days and may be accompanied by resorption of the skull if it occurs on the head or face.
Blue Scalp Discoloration in Infants Caused by Exogenous Source
Authors: Catalano Sarah , Roberts Vicki , Boos Markus , Norris Robin , Treat James R 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA blue patch on the vertex scalp of an infant has a broad differential diagnosis, including vascular malformations, melanocytic lesions, trauma, and exogenous or endogenous pigmentation. We present two cases of infants who developed blue patches on the scalp. Extensive examination including MRI and biopsy was recommended for one of the patients to further characterize the lesion and its possible medical implications. In both, the blue discoloration had been due to repetitive contact with the sticker on a tub of baby wipes that had rubbed off onto the scalp. We present these infants to highlight this exogenous and benign cause of blue pigmentation and help practitioners avoid unnecessary examination.