bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Peixoto Henry Maia , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the quality and accuracy of serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas.MethodsA systematic review found original studies in the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS up to November 2012 and in complementary sources up to February 2013. Studies were evaluated in accordance with QUADAS 2 and STARD parameters and recommended in accordance with GRADE parameters. Meta‐analysis was carried out with Meta‐DiSc software, using the random‐effect model.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐four studies were identified, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria, comprising the final synthesis. All but one was conducted in Brazil, and only two were judged to be of good quality. 15 studies involving immuno‐enzymatic tests with crude antigens (cELISA), 11 studies on indirect immunofluorescence tests (IFAT) and three on the immunochromatographic dual‐path platform (DPP) test were meta‐analysed. The combined results for sensitivity and specificity were cELISA: 0.89 (CI 95% 0.87–0.91) and 0.87 (CI 95% 0.86–0.88); IFAT: 0.88 (CI 95% 0.85–0.91) and 0.63 (CI 95% 0.61–0.65); and DPP: 0.83 (CI 95% 0.78–0.88) and 0.73 (CI 95% 0.70–0.75).ConclusionEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with crude antigens and DPP tests have moderate accuracy for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, and the quality of the design, implementation and analysis of validation studies on diagnostic tests for this disease urgently require improvement. The recommendation for use of the evaluated tests is based on evidence that is scarce and restricted to Brazil.
ERNEST BECKER'S PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION FORTY YEARS ON: A VIEW FROM SOCIAL COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Jong Jonathan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article distinguishes between three projects in Ernest Becker's (1924–1974) later work: his psychology of “religion,” his psychology of religion, and his psychology of Religion (with a capital R). The first is an analysis of culture and civilization as immortality projects, means by which to deny death. The second, which overlaps with the first, is a characterization of religion‐as‐practiced (e.g., by adherents of the world religions) as a particularly effective immortality project vis‐à‐vis death anxiety. The third is less social scientific and more theological; Becker argues for a view of God that is in the tradition of Søren Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich (and, arguably, Pseudo‐Dionysius, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas). Focusing on the second of these projects—as much has already been written on the first, and little can be said about the third—this article evaluates Becker's claims about religion‐as‐practiced in light of recent developments in social cognitive psychology.
What is Heat?
Authors: Beretta Gian Paolo , Gyftopoulos Elias P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We define heat as a particular kind of nonwork interaction that involves only energy and entropy transfers, and that is entirely distinguishable from work. The existence of heat interactions is a consequence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The requirement that heat be entirely distinguishable from work implies strict conditions on the end states of the interacting systems, and guarantees a definite relation between such states and the energy and entropy transfers. We illustrate these conditions by using energy versus entropy graphs. Many experiences can be represented as heat interactions, including the exchanges between two black bodies at temperatures that differ infinitesimally. We discuss the latter point in a companion paper at this conference.
Performance/Condition Monitoring and Optimization for Fossil Power Plants
Authors: Sunder Raj Komandur 
Published: November 2014

Increased competition and consolidation of plant ownership have created a need for power companies to leverage technological advances and tools as they attempt to maximize generating asset value by doing more efficiently with less. Legacy-based, labor-intensive systems are being supplanted with automated, standardized systems for fleet-wide data collection, analysis, diagnostics and reporting.
Focus is also shifting from monitoring the performance/condition of individual plants and components to entire fleets for maximum economic benefit. Today’s virtual environment allows an enterprise to monitor in real time the performance and health of individual plants as well as an entire fleet for continuous learning and to sustain optimum performance.
This paper provides an overview of performance/condition monitoring and optimization for fossil power plants. It examines performance and condition monitoring models, their capabilities and benefits in analyzing plant issues and, some of the results that might be achieved. It discusses the key features and benefits of on-line monitoring systems and provides examples of key performance/condition data, parameters and indicators to monitor and diagnose operation, performance, health, economics, integrity, reliability and environmental issues. The paper also examines current performance/condition monitoring initiatives in the power industry.
The Thermal and Mechanical Considerations for the Replacement of Existing Condenser Tubes (Either by Retubing or Modular Replacement), Tubesheets and Waterboxes to Ensure Plant Optimization
Authors: Nightingale Darren M. , Proud Earl 
Published: November 2014

Degraded performance of a steam surface condenser will directly affect the availability and operational efficiency of any power plant, and this in turn will always impact plant optimization. Results of eddy current testing, loss of surface area through excessive numbers of plugged tubes or turbine blade failure, life extension studies, extended power uprates, the general effects of erosion and corrosion, etc. — these are all examples of issues that may lead to the replacement of tubes, tubesheets and/or waterboxes at some point during the operational life of a power plant steam surface condenser.
Retubing, and the modular replacement of existing condenser tube bundles, are two options available to power plant owners & operators that can help to regain lost performance, and even in some cases improve on the original unit design. However, the use of different tube materials and wall thickness for retubing, as well as different tube diameters and quantities for modular replacements; means that these changes must be accompanied by the necessary detailed evaluation of the impact to the original design.
In addition to Tubes, it may also be necessary to replace existing Tubesheets and/or even Waterboxes. This work scope should always include a detailed review of the possible impacts of any changes due to these replacements. Failure to perform the necessary thermal and mechanical evaluations can lead to additional operational issues that may also impact unit performance & longevity.
Earthquake Experience Data Point to Benefit of Diverse Backup Power
Authors: Calhoun David J. , Gake Mark A. 
Published: November 2014

Operating nuclear power plants typically have backup electrical power supplied by diesel generators. Although backup power systems are designed with redundant trains, each capable of supplying the power requirements for safe shutdown equipment, there is a common-mode seismic failure risk inherent in these customary backup power arrangements. In an earthquake, multiple equipment trains with similar, if not identical, components located side-by-side are exposed to inertial forces that are essentially identical. In addition, because of their similar subcomponent configurations, seismic fragilities are approximately equal. In that case, the probability of multiple backup power system failures during an earthquake is likely to be dependent on, and nearly the same as, the individual seismic failure probability of each equipment train.
Post-earthquake inspections at conventional multiple unit power stations over the last 40 years identified this common-mode seismic failure risk long before the tsunami-related common-mode failures of diesel generators at Fukushima Daiichi in March 2011. Experience data from post-earthquake inspections also indicate that failure probabilities of diverse sets of power generation equipment are independent and inherently less susceptible to common-mode failures.
This paper demonstrates that employing diverse backup power designs will deliver quantifiable improvements in electrical system availability following an earthquake. These improvements are illustrated from available literature of post-earthquake inspection reports, along with other firsthand observations. A case study of the seismic performance of similarly configured electrical power generation systems is compared to the performance of diverse sets of electrical power systems. Seismic probabilistic risk analyses for several system configurations are presented to show the benefit of improved post-earthquake availability that results from designing new backup power systems with greater diversity.
Oxy-Fuel Turbine Through-Flow Design
Authors: Sammak Majed , Deshpande Srikanth , Genrup Magnus 
Published: November 2014

The objective of the paper is to present the through-flow design of a twin-shaft oxy-fuel turbine. The through-flow design is the subsequent step after the turbine mean-line design. The through-flow phase analyses the flow in both axial and radial directions, where the flow is computed from hub to tip and along streamlines. The parameterization of the through-flow is based on the mean-line results, so principal features such as blade angles at the mean-line into the through-flow phase should be retained. Parameters such as total inlet pressure and temperature, mass flow, rotation speed and turbine geometries are required for the through-flow modelling.
The through-flow study was performed using commercial software — AxCent(™) from Concepts NREC. The rotation speed of the twin-shaft power turbine was set to 7200 rpm, while the power turbine was set to 4800 rpm. The mean-line design determined that the twin-shaft turbine should be designed with two compressor turbine stages and three power turbine stages.
The through-flow objective was to study the variations in the thermodynamic parameters along the blade. The power turbine last-stage design was studied because of the importance of determining exit Mach number distribution of the rotor tip. The last stage was designed with damped forced condition. The term ‘damped’ is used because the opening from the tip to the hub is limited to a certain value rather than maintaining the full concept of forced vortex.
The study showed the parameter distribution of relative Mach number, total pressure and temperature, relative flow angle and tangential velocity. Through-flow results at 50% span and mean-line results showed reasonable agreement between static pressure, total pressure, reaction degree and total efficiency. Other parameters such as total temperature and relative Mach number showed some difference which can be attributed to working fluid in AxCent being pure CO2. The relative tip Mach number at rotor exit was 1.03, which is lower than the maximum typically allowed value of 1.2. The total pressure distribution was smooth from hub to tip which minimizes the spanwise gradient of total pressure and thus reduces the strength of secondary vortices. The reaction degree distribution was presented in the paper and no problems were revealed in the reaction degree at the hub. Rotor blades were designed to produce a smooth exit relative flow angle distribution. The relative flow angle varied by approximately 5° from hub to tip. The tangential velocity distribution was proportional to blade radius, which coincided with forced vortex design. Through-flow design showed that the mean-line design of a twin-shaft oxy-fuel turbine was suitable.
Quantifying Correction Curve Uncertainty Through Empirical Methods
Authors: Bañares Christopher R. , Schmitt Thomas P. , Daigle Evan E. , Winterberger Thomas P. 
Published: November 2014

The accuracy of a thermal performance test is typically estimated by performing an uncertainty analysis calculation in accordance with ASME PTC 19.1 or equivalent. The resultant test uncertainty estimate is often used as a key factor in the commercial contract, in that many contracts allow a test tolerance and define the test tolerance to be equal to the test uncertainty. As such, the calculated test uncertainty needs to accurately reflect all of the technical factors that contribute to the uncertainty. The test uncertainty is a measure of the test quality, and, in many circumstances, the test setup must be designed such that the uncertainty remains lower than test code limits and/or commercial tolerances.
Traditional uncertainty calculations have included an estimate of the measurement uncertainties and the propagation of those uncertainties to the test result. In addition to addressing measurement uncertainties, ASME PTC 19.1 makes reference to other potential errors of method, such as “the assumptions or constants contained in the calculation routines” and “using an empirically derived correlation”. Experience suggests that these errors of method can in some circumstances dominate the overall test uncertainty. Previous studies (POWER2011-55123 and POWER2012-54609) introduced and quantified a number of operational factors and correction curve factors of this type.
To facilitate testing over a range of boundary conditions, the industry norm is for the equipment supplier to provide correction curves, typically created using thermodynamic models of the power plant to predict the response of the system to changes in boundary conditions. As noted in various PTC codes (PTC-22, PTC-46, and PTC-6) it is advisable to run the test at conditions as close to the rated conditions as possible to minimize the influence of the correction curves. Experience suggests that large deviations from rated conditions, and the associated influence of the correction curves, can result in decreased accuracy in the final corrected result. A discussion of these types of situations via case studies is discussed, as well as a means by which to reduce the uncertainty contributions from correction curves considerably.
Performance Testing of Hybrid Wet-Dry Cooling Systems: Insights From Numerical Modeling
Authors: Card R. W. 
Published: November 2014

A hybrid wet-dry cooling system can reduce water consumption at a power plant while minimizing the performance penalty of an air-cooled condenser (ACC). Automatic allocation of turbine exhaust steam among the wet and dry sections provides robust performance. However, the performance test for the unit must be carefully designed to prove the guarantees for water conservation and thermal performance with minimal uncertainty.
A hybrid wet-dry cooling system of the “parallel” type is modeled based on recently-constructed power plants. Effects of typical off-design test conditions are demonstrated. Techniques are recommended for designing an effective performance test for a hybrid wet-dry cooling system based on the use of existing Performance Test Codes (PTC).
Solid Fuel to Natural Gas Conversions for Circulating Fluid Bed Boilers
Authors: Gurski Bill , Guarco John , Nunziante Nando 
Published: November 2014

Recent discoveries of vast natural gas reserves in the United States have led to increased domestic natural gas production, resulting in lower prices. Utility and large industrial facilities are performing solid fuel conversions on their boilers to natural gas as a cost-effective and efficient fuel solution. Natural gas is not only economically beneficial but also environmentally efficient with cheaper prices and reduced SO2, NOx, and CO2 emissions. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently released mandatory requirements that directly affect the cost effective operation of solid fuel boilers, resulting in natural gas becoming a more economically appealing choice of fuel for facility operators.
As more facilities consider boiler fuel conversions, it is important to understand all facets of the conversion, from the thermal evaluation of the boiler, to the complete design, supply and installation of the new firing system. Zeeco will provide specific details and recommended practices from a recent Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler solid fuel conversion to natural gas application designed for 1.3 billion Btu/hr of heat input for the maximum continuous steam rating. The information will detail the boiler conversion from a solid fuel fluid bed to a 100% natural gas fired boiler design. Thermal performance results, design and supply of the complete new gas firing system, and installation conversion assistance for the boiler modifications and firing system installation details are also provided.
Creep-Fatigue Crack Initiation Assessments of an Instrument Guide Tube Within a Superheater Header
Authors: Shi Jinhua , Dodia Hassam 
Published: November 2014

In order to extend the boiler lives at Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR) nuclear power stations in the UK, new temperature measuring instrumentation to monitor reactor gas temperature has been proposed to install on the bore of an intact boiler tube to provide additional boiler operating data to support the station lifetime extension.
This paper details a creep-fatigue crack initiation assessment of the proposed installation of an instrument guide tube within the superheater header using the latest R5 high temperature assessment procedures based on detailed finite element thermal transient stress analysis values for a bounding start-up and shutdown cycle.
The fatigue damage at welds has been calculated based on both weld and parent material properties. The new approach for assessing weldments has been used in this paper. This new approach involves splitting the existing Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor (FSRF) into a Weldment Endurance Reduction (WER), which accounts for reduced fatigue endurance due to weld imperfections, and a Weldment Strain Enhacement Factor (WSEF), which accounts for material mismatch and local geometry.
The creep assessments of the weld material locations have been carried out on both parent and weld material properties including the welding residual stress.
The total creep-fatigue damage is then obtained as the sum of fatigue damage, Df, and creep damage, Dc.
Definition of a Charpy V-Notched Mastercurve to Fit Transition of Ferritic Steels
Authors: Pillot Sylvain , Pacqueau Pascal 
Published: November 2014

This paper intends to present the development of a Charpy V-notched (CVN) mastercurve to fit and/or extrapolate the transition curve of ferritic steels (including martensitic, bainitic and ferritic materials).
The purpose of a mastercurve is to define a general mathematical model able to represent the overall behaviour:
• of a material for different test conditions,
• or for a set of materials for given tests conditions.
The role of a mastercurve is then to allow extrapolating or interpolating values from other data on the basis of a robust model, thereby permitting to avoid execution of new tests. It is in general based on practical general observations and research for a common behaviour through a large database of experimental results.
This kind of approach is largely used to fit fracture mechanics data and can also be used in the case of Charpy toughness. Some changes have to be performed in order to take into account specificities of Charpy (such as dependence of transition slope with strength of materials) as well as some verifications linked to statistical distribution of failure probability.
This work is based on the assessment of a very large database collected for years at Industeel’s Research Center (tensile results, Charpy transition curves). This database represents 286 Charpy V-Notched transition curves of ferritic steels. It covers a wide range of materials and applications. Yield strengths of studied materials are ranging from 290 to 1180MPa while ultimate tensile strengths are in the range of 480 to 1690MPa.
The target of this mastercurve is to predict the correct shape of the CVN transition curve with a reasonable safety margin on the basis of a limited amount of data (tensile properties at room temperature at least and when available, few Charpy data).
A brief description of the database used within this study is given in the first part of this contribution as well as a description of the concept and underlying models. Finally, a validation of the work will be given as well as an illustration of its performance in a practical industrial case.
Effect of Pre-Strain on Mechanical Properties of Pressure Vessel Steel Grades: Assessment of Stress Relieving / Post Weld Heat Treatments Efficiency at Regenerating Properties
Authors: Pillot Sylvain , Baudin Carole , Corre Stéphanie , Heritier Deborah , Chauvy Cédric , Coudreuse Lionel , Toussaint Patrick 
Published: November 2014

Ensuring mechanical properties of carbon and low alloy steels after deformation is of major concern since the building process of heavy (i.e. thick-walled) pressure vessels may be directly impacted. Indeed, thick plates encounter forming and welding operations that may modify as-delivered properties. From both technical and economical points of view, cold forming is usually preferred. This technique is nowadays widespread and new rolling equipments display sufficient power to handle plates up to at least 250mm thick.
Current limitations are now mainly related to maximum admissible strain in materials and regulation rules resulting from construction codes. The ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessels Construction Code on the American side and the EN 13445 Unfired Pressure Vessels Construction Code on the European side, both allow the use of as-strained material up to maximum 5% plastic (i.e. permanent) strain without any subsequent heat treatment operation.
Above 5% plastic deformation, on one hand the European code requires a full quality treatment (meaning high temperature austenitization treatment, then cooling in air (normalizing – N) or in accelerated conditions (quenching – Q or accelerated cooling – NAC), followed by a Tempering treatment T) and on the other hand the ASME code only requires Tempering that can even be carried out using the mandatory Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) needed by welded zones.
However, it is of high importance to note that thick vessels are always submitted to a final PWHT to insure sufficient toughness in welded zones. This final PWHT is performed whatever the deformation obtained during plate rolling. In practice, there are no thick vessels made out of plates in as-strained conditions.
Avoiding a full quality treatment as demanded per EN 13445 rules is of major interest for fabricators as it allows to decrease the delivery time, the risk of appearance of problematic issues (uncontrolled deformations of the vessel during high temperature treatments…) and significantly reduces the overall fabrication costs.
This paper focuses on the effect of strain on conventional mechanical properties for steel grades widely used for the fabrication of heavy pressure equipments (i.e. tensile properties, hardness, Charpy V toughness) for different strain levels. In particular, it points out and discusses PWHT effects on properties of various pre-strained materials, showing that there is no need for full quality heat treatment.