bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of dementia in urban and rural areas of China
Authors: Jia Jianping , Wang Fen , Wei Cuibai , Zhou Aihong , Jia Xiangfei , Li Fang , Tang Muni , Chu Lan , Zhou Youlong , Zhou Chunkui , Cui Yong , Wang Qi , Wang Weishan , Yin Peng , Hu Nan , Zuo Xiumei , Song Haiqing , Qin Wei , Wu Liyong , Li Dan , Jia Longfei , Song Juexian , Han Ying , Xing Yi , Yang Peijie , Li Yuemei , Qiao Yuchen , Tang Yi , Lv Jihui , Dong Xiumin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe Chinese population has been aging rapidly and the country's economy has experienced exponential growth during the past three decades. The goal of this study was to estimate the changes in the prevalence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) among elderly Chinese individuals and to analyze differences between urban and rural areas.MethodsFor the years 2008 to 2009, we performed a population‐based cross‐sectional survey with a multistage cluster sampling design. Residents aged 65 years and older were drawn from 30 urban (n = 6096) and 45 rural (n = 4180) communities across China. Participants were assessed with a series of clinical examinations and neuropsychological measures. Dementia, AD, and VaD were diagnosed according to established criteria via standard diagnostic procedures.ResultsThe prevalence of dementia, AD, and VaD among individuals aged 65 years and older were 5.14% (95% CI, 4.71–5.57), 3.21% (95% CI, 2.87–3.55), and 1.50% (95% CI, 1.26–1.74), respectively. The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in rural areas than in urban ones (6.05% vs. 4.40%, P < .001). The same regional difference was also seen for AD (4.25% vs. 2.44%, P < .001) but not for VaD (1.28% vs. 1.61%, P = .166). The difference in AD was not evident when the sample was stratified by educational level. Moreover, the risk factors for AD and VaD differed for urban and rural populations.ConclusionsA notably higher prevalence of dementia and AD was found in rural areas than in urban ones, and education might be an important reason for the urban–rural differences.
Psychotropic prescribing in the oldest old attending a geriatric psychiatry service: a retrospective, cross-sectional study
Authors: Kolshus E. , Freyne A. , Callanan I. , Cooney C. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveMore people are living beyond their 90s, yet this group has not been much studied. This study aimed to describe a sample of non-agenarians and centerians attending an old age psychiatry service with a focus on pharmacotherapy.MethodsRetrospective, cross-sectional survey of patients aged >90 in contact with the Department of Old Age Psychiatry in a university hospital over a 1-year period. Results were compared with the Beers, the Canadian and Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria.ResultsA total of 65 nonagenarians or centerians were identified (mean age 93, 82% female). The majority (65%) resided in a nursing home; dementia was the most common diagnosis (77%), followed by depression (29%). The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were antidepressants (58%), followed by antipsychotics (45%), hypnotics (42%), anti-dementia agents (31%) and anxiolytics (26%). Overall, patients were on a mean of 2.1 (S.D. 1.3, range 0–5) psychotropics and 4.99 (S.D. 2.7, range 0–11) non-psychotropics. Mean Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 15 (S.D. 8.1). Increasing anticholinergic burden was negatively associated with MMSE scores (B = −1.72, p = 0.013). Residing in a nursing home was associated with a higher rate of antidepressant [OR 5.71 (95% CI 1.9–17.4)], anxiolytic [OR 13.5 (95% CI 1.7–110.4)] and antipsychotic [OR 3.4 (95% CI 1.1–10.4)] use. Potentially inappropriate prescribing included long-term benzodiazepine use (26%) and long-term antipsychotic use (25%).ConclusionsOur sample had a high psychiatric morbidity burden with high levels of psychotropic use. Ongoing review and audit of psychotropic use in elderly patients can identify potentially inappropriate prescribing in a group vulnerable to high levels of polypharmacy and extended psychotropic use.
Mitigating aggressiveness through education? The monoamine oxidase A genotype and mental health in general population
Authors: Kiive Evelyn , Laas Kariina , Akkermann Kirsti , Comasco Erika , Oreland Lars , Veidebaum Toomas , Harro Jaanus 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveMonoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter region includes a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) associated with antisocial behaviour in adverse environment. We have examined the effect of the MAOA-uVNTR on mental health and academic success by using a population representative sample and a longitudinal design.MethodsThe data of the older cohort (n = 593, aged 15 years at the original sampling) of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS) were used. Follow-ups were conducted at ages 18 and 25 years. Aggressiveness, inattention and hyperactivity were reported by class teachers or, at older age, self-reported. Stressful life events, psychological environment in the family and interactions between family members were self-reported. Data of general mental abilities and education were obtained at the age of 25, and lifetime psychiatric disorder assessment was carried out with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) interview.ResultsMAOA-uVNTR genotype had no independent effect on aggressiveness, hyperactive and inattentive symptoms, and neither was there a genotype interaction with adverse life events. Interestingly, the proportion of male subjects with higher education by the age of 25 was significantly larger among those with MAOA low-activity alleles (χ2 = 7.13; p = 0.008). Logistic regression revealed that MAOA low-activity alleles, higher mental abilities, occurrence of anxiety disorders and absence of substance-use disorder were significant independent predictors for higher education in male subjects.ConclusionsIn a population representative sample of young subjects, the MAOA-uVNTR ‘risk genotype’ predicted better life outcomes as expressed in higher level of education.
PRIMITIVE SUBGROUPS AND PST-GROUPS
Authors: BALLESTER-BOLINCHES A. , BEIDLEMAN J. C. , ESTEBAN-ROMERO R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAll groups considered in this paper are finite. A subgroup $H$ of a group $G$ is called a primitive subgroup if it is a proper subgroup in the intersection of all subgroups of $G$ containing $H$ as a proper subgroup. He et al. [‘A note on primitive subgroups of finite groups’, Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 28(1) (2013), 55–62] proved that every primitive subgroup of $G$ has index a power of a prime if and only if $G/ \Phi (G)$ is a solvable PST-group. Let $\mathfrak{X}$ denote the class of groups $G$ all of whose primitive subgroups have prime power index. It is established here that a group $G$ is a solvable PST-group if and only if every subgroup of $G$ is an $\mathfrak{X}$-group.
A case-based discussion on a patient with non-otogenic fungal skull base osteomyelitis: pitfalls in diagnosis
Authors: Asimakopoulos P , Supriya M , Kealey S , Vernham G A 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjective:To discuss the diagnostic pitfalls and limitations of imaging investigations in non-otogenic skull base osteomyelitis.Case report:This paper reports a fatal case of non-otogenic fungal skull base osteomyelitis in an immunosuppressed patient. The patient initially presented with headache and later diplopia during multiple hospital admissions. A retrospective review of the initial imaging studies of his skull base revealed subtle signs of early infection at the inferior portion of the nasopharynx. Biopsies were taken from the posterior nasopharyngeal wall. Fungal cultures isolated Aspergillus fumigatus and mucor species.Conclusion:The insidious onset of the clinical features and the limitations of the currently available investigations make early diagnosis of skull base osteomyelitis difficult. This case highlights that skull base osteomyelitis should be suspected in immunocompromised patients with subtle radiological abnormalities on initial imaging. There is still controversy regarding the most accurate method of investigation for early diagnosis, and quite often multiple imaging modalities are required.
Sinonasal bony changes in nasal polyposis: prevalence and relationship to disease severity
Authors: Siddiqui J , Millard R , Eweiss A Z , Beale T , Lund V J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground:Nasal polyposis is characterised by opacification of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and ostiomeatal complexes on computed tomography scanning. Sinonasal bony changes have been reported as disease sequelae.Objectives:To assess the prevalence of sinonasal bone expansion, erosion and thickening in patients with nasal polyposis, and to correlate disease severity with the prevalence of bony changes.Methods:A retrospective radiological study was conducted comprising pre-operative computed tomography scans of 104 patients with nasal polyposis and scans of 44 age- and gender-matched individuals (control group) without sinonasal disease. Lund–Mackay scores and bony changes were quantified.Results:Ninety-three per cent of the study group scans showed sinonasal bony change, with no changes in the control group. Radiological severity of nasal polyposis correlated positively with the prevalence of bony changes (rs = 0.31;p < 0.01).Conclusion:Sinonasal bony changes were common in the study group. This highlights the importance of pre- and intra-operative imaging, which can help to prevent intra-operative complications. As bony changes may mimic invasive disease, the importance of histological assessment of polyps is emphasised.
Impact of initial treatment outcome on long-term costs of depression: a 3-year nationwide follow-up study in Taiwan
Authors: Pan Y.-J. , Knapp M. , McCrone P. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe impact of initial treatment outcome on long-term healthcare costs in depression remains to be determined. We aimed to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with initial treatment outcomes and to test whether and how these outcomes influence total healthcare costs over the subsequent 3 years.MethodIn this secondary analysis of a large healthcare database, a national cohort of adult patients (n = 126 471) who received antidepressant treatment for depression was identified and factors associated with initial outcomes were examined. Potential predictors of total healthcare costs in the subsequent years were assessed using generalized linear modeling, with a particular focus on initial outcome status after antidepressant treatment and co-morbidities.ResultsDepression type and co-morbid painful physical symptoms (PPS) or mental illnesses were found to be associated with initial outcome status. Having sustained treatment-free status after initial treatment was shown to be associated with a 22–33% reduction in total healthcare costs in the second and third years (compared to those with late recontacts). Although the presence of co-morbid PPS was associated with higher healthcare costs, having certain co-morbid anxiety disorders was associated with lower costs over the 3 years.ConclusionsInitial outcome status after antidepressant treatment has a sustained impact on individuals' total healthcare costs over the following 3 years. Future efforts to improve initial treatment outcome of depression are warranted.
Narrowband flat-top Brillouin gain spectrum and low distortion amplification based on pump phase modulation
Authors: Gao W. , Liu S.N. , Bi Y.F. , Hu X.B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe theoretically and experimentally investigate the conditions of obtaining a narrowband flat-top Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) based on single-frequency and multi-frequency phase modulations. Using the unequal-amplitude spectral lines, the flat-top BGS can be realized by controlling the intensity ratio and the frequency separation between them. In experiment, we obtain the flat-top gain spectra with the bandwidths of 40 MHz and 125 MHz, and with the top fluctuation of less than 0.21 dB. Based on this, we also achieve low distortion Brillouin amplification of a probe signal pulse and spectrum.
Community-onsetStaphylococcus aureusinfections presenting to general practices in South-eastern Australia
Authors: BENNETT C. M. , COOMBS G. W. , WOOD G. M. , HOWDEN B. P. , JOHNSON L. E. A. , WHITE D. , JOHNSON P. D. R. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYCommunity-acquiredStaphylococcus aureusinfections are a public health concern, yet little is known about infections that do not present to hospital. We identified community-onsetS. aureusinfections via specimens submitted to a community-based pathology service. Referring doctors confirmed eligibility and described infection site, severity and treatment. Isolates were characterized on antibiotic resistance, PFGE, MLST/SCCmec, and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), representing 106 community-onset infections; 34 non-multiresistant methicillin-resistantS. aureus(nmMRSA) (resistant to <3 non-β-lactam antibiotics), 15 multiply antibiotic-resistant MRSA (mMRSA) and 57 methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus(MSSA). Most (93%) were skin and soft tissue infections. PVL genes were carried by 42% of nmMRSA isolates [95% confidence interval (CI) 26–61] and 15% of MSSA (95% CI 8–28). PVL was associated with infections of the trunk, head or neck (56·4%vs. 24·3%,P = 0·005) in younger patients (23vs. 52 years,P < 0·001), and with boils or abscesses (OR 8·67, 95% CI 2·9–26·2), suggesting underlying differences in exposure and/or pathogenesis.
Diphtheria outbreak with high mortality in northeastern Nigeria
Authors: BESA N. C. , COLDIRON M. E. , BAKRI A. , RAJI A. , NSUAMI M. J. , ROUSSEAU C. , HURTADO N. , PORTEN K. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYA diphtheria outbreak occurred from February to November 2011 in the village of Kimba and its surrounding settlements, in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria. We conducted a retrospective outbreak investigation in Kimba village and the surrounding settlements to better describe the extent and clinical characteristics of this outbreak. Ninety-eight cases met the criteria of the case definition of diphtheria, 63 (64·3%) of whom were children aged <10 years; 98% of cases had never been immunized against diphtheria. None of the 98 cases received diphtheria antitoxin, penicillin, or erythromycin during their illness. The overall case-fatality ratio was 21·4%, and was highest in children aged 0–4 years (42·9%). Low rates of immunization, delayed clinical recognition of diphtheria and absence of treatment with antitoxin and appropriate antibiotics contributed to this epidemic and its severity.
Provenance connections between late Neoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic sedimentary basins of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, south-east Australia and southern Zealandia
Authors: Adams C.J. , Bradshaw J.D. , Ireland T.R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThick successions of turbidites are widespread in the Ross–Delamerian and Lachlan orogens and are now dispersed through Australia, Antarctica and New Zealand. U-Pb detrital zircon age patterns for latest Precambrian, Cambrian and Ordovician metagreywackes show a closely related provenance. The latest Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks have major components, at c. 525, 550, and 595 Ma, i.e. about 40–80 million years older than deposition. Zircons in these components increase from the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician. Late Mesoproterozoic age components, 1030 and 1070 Ma, probably originate from igneous/metamorphic rocks in the Gondwanaland hinterland whose exact locations are unknown. Although small, the youngest zircon age components are coincident with estimated depositional ages suggesting that they reflect contemporaneous and minor, volcanic sources. Overall, the detrital zircon provenance patterns reflect the development of plutonic/metamorphic complexes of the Ross–Delamerian Orogen in the Transantarctic Mountains and southern Australia that, upon exhumation, supplied sediment to regional scale basin(s) at the Gondwana margin. Tasmanian detrital zircon age patterns differ from those seen in intra-Ross Orogen sandstones of northern Victoria Land and from the oldest metasediments in the Transantarctic Mountains. A comparison with rocks from the latter supports an allochthonous western Tasmania model and amalgamation with Australia in late Cambrian time.
An unusual cause of refractory persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery
Authors: Guzoglu Nilufer , Sari Fatma Nur , Altug Nahide 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPersistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is a source of considerable mortality and morbidity. Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery, an uncommon congenital cardiac malformation, is a rare cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension. Here, we report the case of a patient with an anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the innominate artery who presented with persistent pulmonary hypertension refractory to treatment.
Correlates of adiposity in a Caribbean pre-school population
Authors: Ramcharitar-Bourne Anisa , Nichols Selby , Badrie Neela 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate ethnic and anthropometric correlates of adiposity among a nationally representative, multi-ethnic, Trinidadian pre-school population.DesignCross-sectional study conducted between June 2008 and July 2009.SettingGovernment and privately owned Early Childhood Care and Education Centres in Trinidad.SubjectsA total of 596 pre-school children (aged 31–73 months) from thirty-four schools had their weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, biceps and triceps skinfold thicknesses measured by a registered dietitian using standard procedures. Percentage body fat was estimated using a foot-to-foot bioelectric impedance analyser (Tanita 531, Tokyo, Japan). Date of birth, religion and ethnicity were extracted from school records and pre-schoolers’ ethnicity was categorized as East Indian, African, Mixed (a combination of two or more ethnicities), Chinese or Caucasian.ResultsAnthropometric variables explained significantly more of the variance in adiposity among girls (67·4–88·1 %) than boys (24·4–39·2 %;P< 0·0 0 1). Pre-schoolers of African descent were significantly taller, heavier and had higher abdominal fat and mid-upper arm circumference than their East Indian and Mixed counterparts (allP< 0·001). The overall prevalence of excess adiposity (≥25 % body fat) as determined by bioelectrical impedance was 14·6 %, while 2·9 % of the children were undernourished according to WHO weight-for-age criteria. Differences in anthropometry were non-existent between children attending government and private pre-schools.ConclusionsGender, ethnicity and anthropometry all explained excess adiposity in these pre-schoolers. These findings highlight the need to elucidate the mechanisms that may be involved in explaining these differences, particularly those of ethnic origin.
A DUAL-RECIPROCITY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR STEADY INFILTRATION PROBLEMS
Authors: SOLEKHUDIN I. , ANG K. C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSteady water infiltration in homogeneous soils is governed by the Richards equation. This equation can be studied more conveniently by transforming to a type of Helmholtz equation. In this study, a dual-reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is employed to solve the Helmholtz equation numerically. Using the solutions obtained, numerical values of the suction potential are then computed. The proposed method is tested on problems involving infiltration from different types of periodic channels in a homogeneous soil. Moreover, the method is also examined using infiltration from periodic trapezoidal channels in three different types of homogeneous soil.
PROFINITE GROUPS WITH FINITE VIRTUAL LENGTH
Authors: GAVIOLI NORBERTO , MONTI VALERIO , SCOPPOLA CARLO MARIA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this paper we introduce the notion of finite virtual length for profinite groups (that is, every series has a bounded number of infinite factors) and we prove a Jordan–Hölder type theorem for profinite groups with finite virtual length. More structural results are provided in the pronilpotent and$p$-adic analytic cases.
ON CLEAN LAURENT SERIES RINGS
Authors: ZHOU YIQIANG , ZIEMBOWSKI MICHAŁ 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHere we prove that, for a $2$-primal ring $R$, the Laurent series ring $R((x))$ is a clean ring if and only if $R$ is a semiregular ring with $J(R)$ nil. This disproves the claim in K. I. Sonin [‘Semiprime and semiperfect rings of Laurent series’, Math. Notes 60 (1996), 222–226] that the Laurent series ring over a clean ring is again clean. As an application of the result, it is shown that, for a $2$-primal ring $R$, $R((x))$ is semiperfect if and only if $R((x))$ is semiregular if and only if $R$ is semiperfect with $J(R)$ nil.
Treatment planning comparison between high dose rate and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer as a means of boost dose
Authors: Bose Satya , Bahri Sanjeev , Lalonde Ron 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeThe main objective of this study was to compare dosimetric characterisation of high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) with external beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy (EX-IMRT) as a means of delivering boost dose.Materials and methodsFive HDR patients were selected for IMRT planning. Patients underwent ultrasound-guided catheter placement for HDR. Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained and imported into the Nucletron PLATO Brachytherapy system. The prostate, urethra, bladder and rectum were contoured on axial slices. The dose was calculated and optimised by graphical optimisation. The CT images of these structures were exported from the PLATO to Eclipse workstation for IMRT planning. For each patient, the dose–volume histogram (DVH) of HDR and IMRT plans were generated, drawn on the same scale and compared.ResultsThe dose distribution in HDR plans was non-uniform and conformed peripherally inside the planned target volume (PTV). A small volume of the prostate received a very high dose from HDR.In IMRT plans, a uniform dose distribution was observed. The DVH curves for PTV dropped sharply and reached to a zero volume of the prostate at about 6·4 Gy. In HDR plans, the DVH curves for PTV showed a long tail up to a very high dose. About 10% of the prostate received about 13·3 Gy, which is 222% of the prescribed dose (6 Gy) in HDR plans. In contrast, the same volume in IMRT plans received <6 Gy (100%). The average dose for V90 was about 6·3 Gy for HDR and 5·8 Gy for IMRT plans. At a prostate volume of V100 level, the average dose in all plans was 5·0 Gy from HDR and 5·4 Gy from IMRT plans. In HDR plan, the V100 dose for urethra varied from 0·6 to 3·0 Gy (average 1·8 Gy). The range in IMRT plans varied from 3·6 to 6 Gy with an average of 4·7 Gy. At V90 level, the dose range in HDR and IMRT plans varied from 2·5 to 4·7 Gy (average 3·8 Gy) and 4·8 to 5·4 Gy (average 5·3 Gy), respectively. In general, the dose to the bladder and rectum was comparatively lower in HDR than in IMRT plans.ConclusionsHDR brachytherapy may reduce normal tissue toxicities in prostate boost treatments, even though the dose homogeneity inside the PTV is far worse than in IMRT treatments. Another advantage of HDR over IMRT is that the organ motion is not a significant concern as in IMRT.
Helioseismic measurements of differential rotation and meridional flow
Authors: Zhao Junwei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSolar interior differential rotation and meridional flow play important roles in dynamo models. In this review, I briefly review results in interior rotational profiles and zonal flows obtained from helioseismology studies. Due to the new developments in recent years in interior meridional flow studies, this review focuses more on results on meridional flow. I describe new developments in the shallower poleward meridional flow, and the temporal evolution of these flows. Then I introduce a newly identified center-to-limb variation effect in helioseismology studies, and present recent results in the search of equatorward meridional flows. I also discuss how these results will effect the dynamo models.