bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in the Era of Prevention Bundles
Authors: Callister Devin , Limchaiyawat Pauline , Eells Samantha J. , Miller Loren G. 
Published: December 2014

Little is known about central line–associated bloodstream infection risk factors in the bundle era. In our case-control investigation, we found that independent risk factors for central line–associated bloodstream infection at our center included the number of recent lab tests, catheter duration, and lack of hemodynamic monitoring as the insertion indication.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–3
Clostridium difficile Recurrence Is a Strong Predictor of 30-Day Rehospitalization Among Patients in Intensive Care
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Shorr Andrew F. , Micek Scott T. , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveWhile incidence, mortality, morbidity, and recurrence rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) among the critically ill have been investigated, the impact of its recurrence on 30-day rehospitalization (ReAd), an important policy focus, has not been examined.DesignSecondary analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort studyPatientsAdult critically ill patients who survived their index hospitalization complicated by CDIMethodsCDI was defined by diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis and a positive assay for C. difficile toxins A and/or B. CDI recurrence (rCDI) was defined as diarrhea, positive C. difficile toxin and need for retreatment after cessation of therapy. Descriptive statistics and a logistic regression examined ReAd rates and characteristics, and factors that impact it.ResultsAmong 287 hospital survivors, 76 (26.5%) required ReAd (ReAd+). At baseline, the ReAd+ group did not differ significantly from the ReAd– group based on demographics, comorbidities, APACHE II scores, or ICU type. ReAd+ patients were more likely to have hypotension at CDI onset (48.7% vs 34.1%, P=.025) and to require vasopressors (40.0% vs 27.1%, P=.038); they were less likely to require mechanical ventilation (56.0% vs 77.3%, P<.001). A far greater proportion of ReAd+ than ReAd– had developed a recurrence either during the index hospitalization or within 30 days after discharge (32.89% vs 2.84%, P<.001). In a logistic regression, rCDI was a strong predictor of ReAd+ (adjusted odd ratio, 15.33, 95% confidence interval, 5.68–41.40).ConclusionsGreater than 25% of all survivors of critical illness complicated by CDI require readmission within 30 days of discharge. CDI recurrence is a strong predictor of such rehospitalizations.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7
A scaling analysis of transient natural convection in a reservoir model induced by iso-flux heating
Authors: Yu Peng , Patterson John C. , Lei Chengwang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study presents a detailed scaling analysis quantifying the transient behaviour of natural convection in a reservoir model induced by iso-flux surface heating. It is found that horizontal conduction, which has often been neglected in previous analyses, plays an important role in the development of the flow. Depending on the Rayleigh number, three possible pathways through which the flow develops towards the final steady state are identified. A thermal boundary layer initially grows downwards from the surface. When the thermal boundary layer reaches the sloping bottom and becomes indistinct, a horizontal temperature gradient establishes due to the increasing water depth in the offshore direction. A flow is then driven towards the offshore direction by a buoyancy-induced horizontal pressure gradient, which convects away the heat input from the water surface. On the other hand, the horizontal temperature gradient also conducts heat away. The flow behaviour is determined by the interaction between the horizontal conduction and convection. An interesting flow feature revealed by the present scaling analysis is that the region across which the thermal boundary layer encompasses the full water depth shrinks over time at a certain stage of the flow development. The shrinking process eventually stops when this region coincides with a conduction-dominated subregion. The present scaling results are verified by corresponding numerical simulations.
Lateral and depth patterns of soil organic carbon fractions in a mountain Mediterranean agrosystem
Authors: QUIJANO L. , GASPAR L. , NAVAS A. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThe spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be affected by environmental factors such as land use change, type of vegetation, soil redistribution processes and soil management practices. Because data are scarce in mountain agroecosystems, improving knowledge on the relationships between land use, soil redistribution processes and SOC fractions is of interest, especially in rapidly changing Mediterranean landscapes. Typically, SOC is divided into two distinct carbon fractions: the active and decomposable fraction (ACF) with rapid turnover rates, which acts as a short-term carbon reservoir, and the stable carbon fraction (SCF) with lower turnover rates that acts as a long-term reservoir. In the present study SOC, ACF and SCF contents were measured by the dry combustion method and converted to inventories expressed as mass per unit surface area (kg/m2). The SOC distribution patterns were related to land use and soil redistribution processes in soil profiles along a representative mountain agroecosystem toposequence in northeast Spain. The soil depth profiles were identified as stable, eroded and depositional sites using fallout137caesium (Cs). Significantly higher amounts of SOC were found in forest soils (36 ± 20·2 g/kg) compared to abandoned (21 ± 14·3 g/kg) and cultivated arable land (11 ± 6·3 g/kg), suggesting that cultivation decreases SOC content. In addition, stable soil profiles had significantly higher SOC content (42 ± 24·3 g/kg) than at depositional and eroded profiles (18 ± 14·5 and 17 ± 13·1 g/kg, respectively). A positive and statistically significant relationship between SOC and137Cs inventories suggested that both are moved and associated with similar soil redistribution processes.
A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth
Authors: Erskine H. E. , Moffitt T. E. , Copeland W. E. , Costello E. J. , Ferrari A. J. , Patton G. , Degenhardt L. , Vos T. , Whiteford H. A. , Scott J. G. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundMental and substance use disorders are common and often persistent, with many emerging in early life. Compared to adult mental and substance use disorders, the global burden attributable to these disorders in children and youth has received relatively little attention.MethodData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 was used to investigate the burden of mental and substance disorders in children and youth aged 0–24 years. Burden was estimated in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), derived from the sum of years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs).ResultsGlobally, mental and substance use disorders are the leading cause of disability in children and youth, accounting for a quarter of all YLDs (54.2 million). In terms of DALYs, they ranked 6th with 55.5 million DALYs (5.7%) and rose to 5th when mortality burden of suicide was reattributed. While mental and substance use disorders were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income countries (HICs), they ranked 7th in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to mortality attributable to infectious diseases.ConclusionsMental and substance use disorders are significant contributors to disease burden in children and youth across the globe. As reproductive health and the management of infectious diseases improves in LMICs, the proportion of disease burden in children and youth attributable to mental and substance use disorders will increase, necessitating a realignment of health services in these countries.
The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors in criminal behavior as determined from full- and half-sibling pairs: an evaluation of the validity of the twin method
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Lönn S. L. , Maes H. H. , Sundquist J. , Sundquist K. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundTwin studies have shown that criminal behavior (CB) is influenced by both genetic and shared environmental factors. Could these results be replicated using full-siblings and half-siblings?MethodIn 911 009 full-siblings reared together (FSRT), 41 872 half-siblings reared together (HSRT) and 52 590 half-siblings reared apart (HSRA), CB was assessed from the Swedish Crime Register. Modeling, including testing for age differences and rearing status, was performed using the OpenMx package.ResultsFive sibling models were fitted examining FSRT and HSRT 0–2 years different in age, and both FSRT and HSRT, and FSRT, HSRT and HSRA 0–10 years different in age with and without a specified shared environment indexing age differences. Heritability estimates for CB ranged from 33 to 55% in females and 39 to 56% in males, similar to those found in our prior twin study on the same population. Estimates for the shared environment varied from 1 to 14% in females and 10 to 23% in males, lower than those estimated in the twin study. The specified shared environment indexed by sibling age differences was significant in all models tested.ConclusionsHeritability estimates for CB from full- and half-siblings closely approximated those found from twins in the same population, validating the twin method. Shared environmental estimates were lower, suggesting the presence of shared environmental factors for CB specific to twins. When rearing status can be assessed, full- and half-siblings offer an additional method for assessing the role of genetic and environmental factors in complex disorders. However, age differences in siblings may need to be included in the models.
Design, kinematic and dynamic modeling of a novel tripod based manipulator
Authors: Zhang Dan , Wei Bin 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a novel three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) hybrid manipulator, 3PU*S-PU, which evolves from the general function (Gf) set theory. After discussing the advantages of this new type of hybrid manipulator, this report analyzes the kinematic and Jacobian matrix of the manipulator. Subsequently, the kinematic performances, including stiffness/compliance, and workspace, undergo analysis, followed by the multi-objective optimization of the compliance and workspace. The Lagrangian method provides the framework for briefly analyzing the dynamics of the proposed manipulator. Finally, the results of this assessment comprise a guideline for controlling the manipulator.
The construction of identity and rights: race and gender in Brazil
Authors: Ikawa Daniela 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe recognition of individual identity as multilayered and circumstance based leads to a shift from a theory of general rights to a theory of specific rights connected to structural social change. General rights, such as the right to health and the right to work, must be interpreted according to the circumstance of differently situated women, so that rights are specific enough to ensure that they are actually enforced for different groups, including groups that, due to discrimination, are made invisible to the law. In this sense, the different circumstances that help develop the identity of women, Black women or poor Black women in Brazil will be studied to give specific content to general rights recognised by Brazilian law and by International human rights law.
Equality through precarious work regulation: lessons from the domestic work debates in defence of the Standard Employment Relationship
Authors: McCann Deirdre 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPrecarious work is a crucial impediment to substantive equality. This paper examines the regulation of precariousness in the light of two recent trends: the casualisation of employment in the wake of the crisis, and global efforts to regulate domestic work (e.g. ILO Domestic Workers Convention (No 189)). It takes these developments as an opportunity to explore the effective regulation of contemporary labour markets, and in particular the role of the Standard Employment Relationship (SER). The paper returns to two prominent accounts of the SER: Vosko's critique of SER-centrism in non-standard work regulation and Bosch's notion of the flexible-SER. It argues that the domestic work debates confirm the value of a modernised SER in its temporal dimensions. Yet the literature on precarious work tends to focus on regulatory settings in which the standard model remains dominant. The key contemporary challenge is to identify strategies that will embed this model in settings in which it is in decline or was never deep-rooted. Drawing on the notion of ‘reconstructive labour law’, the paper argues for innovative legal mechanisms that prompt the construction of flexibilised SER-type relationships. It concludes, however, that for these strategies to be effective, casualisation must be identified not only in contractual arrangements but also in working-time practices.
A new class of marine Euryarchaeota group II from the mediterranean deep chlorophyll maximum
Authors: Martin-Cuadrado Ana-Belen , Garcia-Heredia Inmaculada , Moltó Aitor Gonzaga , López-Úbeda Rebeca , Kimes Nikole , López-García Purificación , Moreira David , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We have analyzed metagenomic fosmid clones from the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), which, by genomic parameters, correspond to the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-defined marine Euryarchaeota group IIB (MGIIB). The fosmid collections associated with this group add up to 4 Mb and correspond to at least two species within this group. From the proposed essential genes contained in the collections, we infer that large sections of the conserved regions of the genomes of these microbes have been recovered. The genomes indicate a photoheterotrophic lifestyle, similar to that of the available genome of MGIIA (assembled from an estuarine metagenome in Puget Sound, Washington Pacific coast), with a proton-pumping rhodopsin of the same kind. Several genomic features support an aerobic metabolism with diversified substrate degradation capabilities that include xenobiotics and agar. On the other hand, these MGIIB representatives are non-motile and possess similar genome size to the MGIIA-assembled genome, but with a lower GC content. The large phylogenomic gap with other known archaea indicates that this is a new class of marine Euryarchaeota for which we suggest the name Thalassoarchaea. The analysis of recruitment from available metagenomes indicates that the representatives of group IIB described here are largely found at the DCM (ca. 50 m deep), in which they are abundant (up to 0.5% of the reads), and at the surface mostly during the winter mixing, which explains formerly described 16S rRNA distribution patterns. Their uneven representation in environmental samples that are close in space and time might indicate sporadic blooms.
An error-resilient non-volatile magneto-elastic universal logic gate with ultralow energy-delay product
Authors: Biswas Ayan K. , Atulasimha Jayasimha , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA long-standing goal of computer technology is to process and store digital information with the same device in order to implement new architectures. One way to accomplish this is to use nanomagnetic logic gates that can perform Boolean operations and then store the output data in the magnetization states of nanomagnets, thereby doubling as both logic and memory. Unfortunately, many of these nanomagnetic devices do not possess the seven essential characteristics of a Boolean logic gate : concatenability, non-linearity, isolation between input and output, gain, universal logic implementation, scalability and error resilience. More importantly, their energy-delay products and error rates tend to vastly exceed that of conventional transistor-based logic gates, which is unacceptable. Here, we propose a non-volatile voltage-controlled nanomagnetic logic gate that possesses all the necessary characteristics of a logic gate and whose energy-delay product is two orders of magnitude less than that of other nanomagnetic (non-volatile) logic gates. The error rate is also superior.
Retinal structure and function preservation by polysaccharides of wolfberry in a mouse model of retinal degeneration
Authors: Wang Ke , Xiao Jia , Peng Bo , Xing Feiyue , So Kwok-Fai , Tipoe George L. , Lin Bin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders caused by mutations in a variety of genes that are mostly expressed by rod cells, which results in initial death of rod photoreceptors followed by gradual death of cone photoreceptors. RP is currently untreatable and usually leads to partial or complete blindness. Here, we explored the potential neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides of wolfberry, which are long known to possess primary beneficial properties in the eyes, on photoreceptor apoptosis in the rd10 mouse model of RP. We found that these polysaccharides provided long-term morphological and functional preservation of photoreceptors and improved visual behaviors in rd10 mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that polysaccharides exerted neuroprotective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, we identified that polysaccharides modulated inflammation and apoptosis partly through inhibition of NF-κB and HIF-1α expressions, respectively. Overall, we demonstrated the synergistic protective effects of polysaccharides in preserving photoreceptors against degeneration in rd10 mice. Our study provides rationale and scientific support on using polysaccharides of wolfberry as one supplementary treatment of RP patients in the future.
Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia
Authors: Tian Huaiyu , Zhou Sen , Dong Lu , Van Boeckel Thomas P. , Cui Yujun , Newman Scott H. , Takekawa John Y. , Prosser Diann J. , Xiao Xiangming , Wu Yarong , Cazelles Bernard , Huang Shanqian , Yang Ruifu , Grenfell Bryan T. , Xu Bing 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 first emerged in Asia and subsequently unfolded into the first avian influenza panzootic, causing major economic losses in the poultry sector. However, we still do not understand the regional long-distance transmission and seasonal patterns of H5N1. In this study, we addressed this issue by combining H5N1 outbreak records, whole-genome sequences of viral samples, and satellite tracking data for four species of migratory birds in Asia. We show that timing of H5N1 outbreaks and viral migration are closely associated with known bird migration routes. The flyway is the major viral transmission barrier to the intracontinental spread of H5N1 by migratory birds in Asia, whereas geographic distances within the flyways have little effect on H5N1 transmission.
TAp73 opposes tumor angiogenesis by promoting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α degradation
Authors: Amelio Ivano , Inoue Satoshi , Markert Elke K. , Levine Arnold J. , Knight Richard A. , Mak Tak W. , Melino Gerry 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Adaptation to hypoxia promotes cancer progression, resulting in enhanced patient mortality. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) leads to a transcriptional switch, which, regulating angiogenesis, metabolism, and survival, results in hypoxia adaptation. In cancer, increased HIF-1 levels can be a result of either intratumoral hypoxia or the altered function of tumor suppressors. Our study demonstrates that the tumor suppressor TAp73, a member of the p53 family of genes, opposes HIF-1 activation in cancer cells, resulting in reduced angiogenesis and tumor progression. TAp73-depleted mice show increased tumorigenicity, associated with increased HIF-1 signaling and angiogenesis. Expression of TAp73 in human cancers predicts good survival outcome and retrocorrelates with HIF-1 expression and activation. The TAp73/HIF-1 axis plays a critical role in cancer pathogenesis.
Recent origin of low trabecular bone density in modern humans
Authors: Chirchir Habiba , Kivell Tracy L. , Ruff Christopher B. , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Carlson Kristian J. , Zipfel Bernhard , Richmond Brian G. 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceThe human skeleton is unique in having low trabecular density representing a lightly built human body form. However, it remains unknown when during human evolution this unique characteristic first appeared. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine trabecular bone density throughout the skeleton of fossil hominins spanning several million years. The results show that trabecular density remained high throughout human evolution until it decreased significantly in recent modern humans, suggesting a possible link between changes in our skeleton and increased sedentism.
Multifarious assembly mixtures: Systems allowing retrieval of diverse stored structures
Authors: Murugan Arvind , Zeravcic Zorana , Brenner Michael P. , Leibler Stanislas 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Self-assembly has recently emerged as a powerful technique for synthesizing structures on the nano- and microscales. The basis of this development is the use of biopolymers, like DNA, to design specific interactions between multiple species of components, allowing the spontaneous assembly of complex structures. Our work addresses a fundamental limitation of the existing approaches to self-assembly: Namely, every target structure must have its own dedicated set of components, which are programmed to assemble only that very structure. In contrast, in biological systems, the same set of components can assemble many different complexes. Inspired by this, we extend the self-assembly framework to mixtures of shared components capable of assembling distinct structures on demand.
Influenza viral neuraminidase primes bacterial coinfection through TGF-β–mediated expression of host cell receptors
Authors: Li Ning , Ren Aihui , Wang Xiaoshuang , Fan Xin , Zhao Yong , Gao George F. , Cleary Patrick , Wang Beinan 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Pneumonia caused by bacterial coinfection with influenza virus is the leading cause of mortality in influenza pandemics. TGF-β is known to be activated by influenza virus. In this study we demonstrated that cellular adhesins for bacteria, such as fibronectin and α5 integrin, are up-regulated in influenza viral infection. Inhibition of TGF-β impeded the up-regulation of these cellular adhesins and also influenza viral-enhanced bacterial adherence. In addition, we found that influenza viral-promoted bacterial adherence was dependent on bacterial fibronectin-binding protein. The results indicate that up-regulated expression of cellular adhesins by TGF-β, which is activated in influenza viral infection, increases host susceptibility to bacterial coinfection and suggest that TGF-β and host adhesion molecules are potential pharmaceutical targets for prevention of coinfection.