bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defined extracellular matrix components are necessary for definitive endoderm induction
Authors: Taylor-Weiner Hermes , Schwarzbauer Jean E. , Engler Adam J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Differentiation methods often rely exclusively on growth factors to direct mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) fate, but the niche also contains fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including fibronectin (FN) and laminin, which could also direct cell fate. Soluble differentiation factors are known to increase ECM expression, yet ECM's ability to direct ESC fate is not well understood. To address the extent to which these proteins regulate differentiation when assembled into a matrix, we examined mouse ESC embryoid bodies (EBs) and found that their ability to maintain pluripotency marker expression was impaired by soluble serum FN. EBs also showed a spatiotemporal correlation between expression of FN and GATA4, a marker of definitive endoderm (DE), and an inverse correlation between FN and Nanog, a pluripotency marker. Maintenance of mouse ESC pluripotency prevented fibrillar matrix production, but induction medium created lineage-specific ECM containing varying amounts of FN and laminin. Mouse ESC-derived matrix was unlike conventional fibroblast-derived matrix, which did not contain laminin. Naïve mouse ESCs plated onto ESC- and fibroblast-derived matrix exhibited composition-specific differentiation. With exogenously added laminin, fibroblast-derived matrix is more similar in composition to mouse ESC-derived matrix and lacks residual growth factors that mouse ESC matrix may contain. Naïve mouse ESCs in DE induction medium exhibited dose-dependent DE differentiation as a function of the amount of exogenous laminin in the matrix in an α3 integrin-dependent mechanism. These data imply that fibrillar FN is necessary for loss of pluripotency and that laminin within a FN matrix improves DE differentiation.
Constitutive activation of RANK disrupts mammary cell fate leading to tumorigenesis
Authors: Pellegrini Pasquale , Cordero Alex , Gallego Marta Ines , Dougall William C. , Purificación Muñoz , Pujana Miguel Angel , Gonzalez-Suarez Eva 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Receptor Activator of NF-kappa B (RANK) pathway controls mammary gland development in mice but its role in mammary stem cell fate remains undefined. We show that constitutive RANK signaling expands luminal and basal mammary compartments including mammary stem and luminal progenitor cell pools and interferes with the generation of CD61+ and Sca1+ luminal cells and Elf5 expression. Impaired mammary cell commitment upon RANK overexpression leads to the accumulation of progenitors including K14+K8+ bipotent cells and the formation of heterogeneous tumors containing hyperplastic basal, luminal, and progenitor cells. RANK expression increases in wild-type mammary epithelia with age and parity, and spontaneous preneoplastic lesions express RANK and accumulate K14+K8+ cells. In human breast tumors, high RANK expression levels are also associated with altered mammary differentiation. These results suggest that increased RANK signaling interferes with mammary cell commitment, contributing to breast carcinogenesis.
Osteoblast-Targeted suppression of PPARγ increases osteogenesis through activation of mTOR signaling
Authors: Sun Hongli , Kim Jin Koo , Mortensen Richard , Mutyaba Lorraine P. , Hankenson Kurt D. , Krebsbach Paul H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is an essential transcription factor for adipocyte differentiation. In mesenchymal stem cells, PPARγ has been assumed to play a negative role in osteoblastic differentiation, by working in an adipogenesis dependent manner, due to the reciprocal relationship between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. However, the direct role of PPARγ in osteoblast function is not fully understood, due in part to inadequate model systems. Here, we describe an adenoviral-mediated PPARγ knockout system in which suppression of PPARγ in mesenchymal stem cells enhanced osteoblast differentiation and inhibited adipogenesis in vitro. Consistent with this in vitro observation, lipoatrophic A-ZIP/F1 mice, which do not form adipocytes, displayed a phenotype in which both cortical and trabecular bone was significantly increased compared with wild-type mice. We next developed an inducible osteoblast-targeted PPARγ knockout (Osx Cre/flox- PPARγ) mouse to determine the direct role of PPARγ in bone formation. Data from both in vitro cultures of mesenchymal stem cells and in vivo µCT analysis of bones suggest that suppression of PPARγ activity in osteoblasts significantly increased osteoblast differentiation and trabecular number. Endogenous PPARγ in mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts strongly inhibited Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6k activity and led to decreased osteoblastic differentiation. Therefore, we conclude that PPARγ modulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The direct mode, as shown here, involves PPARγ regulation of the mTOR pathway, while the indirect pathway is dependent on the regulation of adipogenesis.
A gentle critique of the Greenhouse Development Rights framework
Authors: Shockley Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Greenhouse Development Rights (GDR) framework provides a promising attempt at fairly distributing the burdens of climate change. This brief review critically examines the framework, with a particular focus on the individualism that the authors take to provide much of the moral justification for their account. The review concludes that the particular role played by individualism in GDR both blinds the framework to certain crucial features of development and leads to difficulties in attributing historical emissions more properly tied to states and collective entities than to individuals. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:225–231. doi: 10.1002/wcc.215This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
Lost in the problem: the role of boundary organisations in the governance of climate change
Authors: Hoppe Rob , Wesselink Anna , Cairns Rose 
Published: June 2013

In this article, we explore how climate change science is connected to climate change governance. When formally institutionalized, as in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these sites may be referred to asboundary organizations. These institutions engage not only in the quality assessment of scientific research, but also in the design of innovative policy instruments, or evaluation of policy impacts—activities that we refer to asboundary work. Boundary work is inherently ‘tricky business’. Science and politics are normally demarcated spheres with different sacred stories. Scientists aspire to ‘speak truth to power’, while policymakers want ‘politics on top and science on tap’. Boundary work endeavors to coordinate these apparently incompatible aspirations. In this article, we describe, analyze, and assess whether, to what extent, and how the major international and some national boundary organizations in climate change governance have been able to avoid over‐politicization and over‐scientization. We demonstrate that the nature and success of boundary organizations and the ways they work depend on: (1) the degree to which the climate change problem is defined as ‘wicked’ or unstructured, or as (relatively) ‘tame’ and structured; (2) the stage of the policy process; and (3) characteristics of the policy network and the socio‐political context: the degree to which relevant players insist on strict separation and a linear relation from science to politics, or, alternatively, are tolerant of a blurring of the boundaries and hence a two‐way, coproductive relation between science and politics. Anna Wesselink's contribution to this article was financially supported by the European Union (European Commission, European Reintegration Grant PERG08‐GA‐2010‐276934).WIREs Clim Change2013, 4:283–300. doi: 10.1002/wcc.225This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change GovernanceSocial Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Contrasting frames in policy debates on climate change adaptation
Authors: Dewulf Art 
Published: June 2013

The process by which issues, decisions, or events acquire different meanings from different perspectives has been studied as framing. In policy debates about climate change adaptation, framing the adaptation issue is a challenge with potentially far‐reaching implications for the shape and success of adaptation projects. From the available literature on how the meaning of climate change adaptation is constructed and debated, three key dimensions of frame differences were identified: (1) the tension between adaptation and mitigation as two contrasting but interrelated perspectives on climate change; (2) the contrast between framing climate change adaptation as a tame technical problem, and framing climate change as a wicked problem of governance; and (3) the framing of climate change adaptation as a security issue, contrasting state security frames with human security frames. It is argued that the study of how climate change adaptation gets framed could be enriched by connecting these dimensions more closely with the following themes in framing research: (1) how decision‐making biases that to framing issues as structured technical problems; (2) the process of scale framing by which issues are situated at a particular scale level; and (3) the challenge of dealing with the variety of frames in adaptation processes.WIREs Clim Change2013, 4:321–330. doi: 10.1002/wcc.227This article is categorized under:Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Social Amplification/Attenuation of Climate RisksVulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Lessons from adaptation to sustain freshwater environments in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Pittock J. 
Published: June 2013

Governance of Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (the Basin) is frequently lauded as an example to other river managers globally. Freshwater environments in the Basin are particularly vulnerable to water scarcity and change. In this paper, governmental responses are assessed to draw global lessons on climate change adaptation for rivers. A range of climate change adaptation measures for freshwater ecosystem conservation in the Basin are outlined namely: higher, long‐term allocations of water to the environment; reviewing water allocation on a cyclical basis; allocating an equal or greater share of available water to the environment in dry years; and environmental works and measures to use less water to conserve wetlands. Examples of poor translation of science into policy that do not adequately consider the risks, costs, and benefits of adaptation interventions are explored. Adaptation policy in the Basin illustrates the risks of heavy reliance on infrastructure, of the high costs of trade‐offs between environmental measures versus socio‐economic and political concerns, and of dependence on too few measures. Lessons include the need for rigorous evaluation of risks, costs, and benefits to minimize perverse outcomes, and for adequate incentives and penalties for implementation of adaptation policies across governance scales. It is concluded that rather than a focus on only a few interventions, such as environmental flows, better adaptation practice requires deployment of a suite of different but complementary measures that spreads risk and maximizes resilience to climate variability and change. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:429–438. doi: 10.1002/wcc.230This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Joint resource reconfiguration and robust routing for cognitive radio networks: a robust optimization approach
Authors: Xue Liang , Yang Bo , Zhao Jijun , Liu Zhixin , Guan Xinping 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCognitive radio (CR) networks comprise a number of spectrum agile nodes with the capability of spectrum detection. Applying techniques of spectrum sharing in CR networks can achieve the efficient utilization of network resources. Usually, data rates of user sessions are time varied because of the dynamic behaviors of CR networks. It is expected that the occurrence of link outage should be avoided and incorporated into the routing design under conditions of increasingly crowded spectrum. This paper proposes an integral framework, which considers these two correlated schemes (resource reconfiguration and robust routing) simultaneously. For that, the resource reconfiguration scheme is developed for the efficient usage of network resources and aims at reducing the occupancy of licensed bands. The link outage, resulting from random session rate, is confined within an acceptable range by using strategy of virtual ‘network portfolio’. A robust optimization approach is proposed to guarantee reliable data transmission among possible interfering links. Both these two items (resource reconfiguration and robust routing) are formulated in a framework of cross‐layer optimization. The evolutionary process of CR network states is provided in simulations, where the results show that the joint design proposal can achieve the least interferences among different licensed users while realizing robust routing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling
Authors: Chen Ting‐Li 
Published: June 2013

This article is a review article on the optimal Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. The focus is on homogeneous Markov chains. This article first reviews the problem of finding the optimal transition matrix, which is defined to minimize the asymptotic variance of MCMC estimators. The article later reviews the locally optimal sampler (LOS), an MCMC sampling that performs local updates based on the optimal transition matrix. We conducted a simulation study to compare the LOS with the Metropolis–Hastings and the Gibbs Sampler. The LOS was shown to provide an improved rate of convergence over these two most popular sampling schemes. The implementation of the LOS requires only minor modifications in existing Gibbs sampling code. WIREs Comput Stat 2013. doi: 10.1002/wics.1265This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
Percutaneous Flexible Double Pinning (Py–Desmanet's Procedure) for Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Sano Kazufumi , Hashimoto Tomohisa , Kimura Kazumasa , Ozeki Satoru 
Published: June 2013

Purpose The purpose of this study is to report the results of percutaneous flexible double pinning for pediatric distal radius fractures. Methods Thirteen unstable fractures (three physeal and ten metaphyseal) of the distal radius in which the physeal plate could be still identified were treated with percutaneous flexible double pinning between 2008 and 2011. The average age of these cases was 9.8 years (range, 2–16 years). According as Py–Demanet's original technique, the fracture was fixed with two percutaneous transepiphyseal intramedullary wires. Kirschner wires or c-wires of 1.4–1.6 mm in diameter were used in each case depending on age. Operative and short follow-up outcomes were assessed. Results The average operative duration was 23 min (range, 5–45 min). Comorbid distal ulnar fractures were further stabilized by intramedullary pinning. Additional external splintage was administered in all cases for 6 weeks postoperatively. Wires were removed after an average of 7.2 weeks (range, 4–10 weeks). Bone union was achieved in all cases. Neither malunion nor early epiphyseal closure of the distal radius was identified at mean follow-up of 12 months (range, 3–51 months). Discussion Flexible double pinning has been successfully used for distal radius fractures in adults. Since this technique is minimally invasive, quick, and technically easy, it is also a good treatment option for unstable distal radius fractures in children. Level of clinical evidence: Therapeutic Level IV
Home Exercise DVD Promotes Exercise Accuracy by Caregivers of Children and Adolescents With Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: Rasmussen Lynnette , Justice Denise , Chang Kate W‐C. , Nelson Virginia S. , Yang Lynda J‐S. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of home exercise performance by caregivers of children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) who use digital versatile disc (DVD) guidance.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingBrachial Plexus Clinic at the University of Michigan.ParticipantsSeventy‐six adult caregivers of a consecutive cohort of pediatric patients with NBPP.MethodsCaregivers received the Home Exercise Program for Brachial Plexus Palsy DVD and an initial demonstration of correct hand placement and movement patterns by 1 of 2 occupational therapists. At times A, B, and C (approximately 3, 6, and 12 months), caregiver accuracy in exercise performance at each joint and standard measurements of arm function were recorded.Main Outcome MeasurementsCaregiver accuracy in correct hand placement and movement pattern during exercise performance was evaluated with use of a dichotomy scale (yes/no) at each joint. Active and passive range of motion were assessed as indicators of arm function.ResultsThe mean patient age was 38 months, and the median Narakas score was 2. No significant difference in exercise accuracy for all upper extremity joints between the initial evaluation and times A, B, and C or between individual times was observed, except at the shoulder (98.9% initially to 88.3% at time A; P = .0002) and elbow (100% initially to 96.6% at time A; P = .04). Regarding arm function, an increase in active range of motion for shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist extension, and finger flexion was observed during the study period.ConclusionsShoulder and elbow exercises may be more complex, requiring more frequent performance review with the caregiver. However, the home exercise DVD may benefit patients with NBPP and their caregivers and may provide an adjunct to formal therapy sessions.
Domestic Courts' Contribution to the Development of International Criminal Law: Some Reflections
Authors: van der Wilt Harmen 
Published: June 2013

This article seeks to give an impression of the way in which domestic courts are contributing to the development of international criminal law. Have they predominantly followed the case law of international tribunals and, by doing so, have they corroborated those standards? Or have they rather ventured in new directions and, as a consequence, been involved in a creative process, establishing and refining international criminal law?Four different approaches, reflecting the position of domestic courts vis à vis the standards and case law of international criminal tribunals, are identified and analysed: strict compliance, antagonism, judicial construction, and ‘casuistry’. The author concludes that the most important contribution of domestic courts to the development of international criminal law consists of further interpretation of open-ended norms. While this is obviously inherent in the process of ‘judicial creativity’, the feature is reinforced by the non-hierarchical nature of international criminal law. As a consequence, international criminal tribunals lack the power and authority to impose their interpretation of international criminal law on domestic courts. The risk of fragmentation is mitigated, however, by the nature of criminal law, which requires strict and clear standards, and by the increasing interactions between courts at different levels.
Fundraising, celebrations and classroom rewards are substantial sources of unhealthy foods and beverages on public school campuses
Authors: Caparosa Susan L , Shordon Maggie , Santos Asherlev T , Pomichowski Magdalena E , Dzewaltowski David A , Coleman Karen J 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe emphasis in school nutrition policy has been on vending and competitive items. Our study was designed to characterize and quantify the amount and source of other foods and beverages on school campuses.DesignA cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a specially designed objective nutrition observation system.SettingOne low-income school district in southern California with six elementary and two middle schools.SubjectsData were not collected from individual children. A total of 4033 students, 42 % of whom were Hispanic/Latino, 26 % African American and 21 % non-Hispanic white, were observed across school settings.ResultsData were collected continuously from 9 January 2008 to 16 June 2010. Healthy foods had, per serving, total energy ≤732 kJ (≤175 kcal), total fat content ≤35 %, total saturated fat ≤10 %, sugar less ≤15 g, sodium <200 mg and trans-fat ≤0·5 g. Healthy beverages were only 100 % juice or water, and unflavoured non-fat, 1 %, 2 % milk and soya or rice milk. The system had high inter-rater reliability (r = 0·78 to 0·99), percentage agreement (83 % to 100 %) and test–retest reliability (r = 0·81 to 0·98). Significantly more unhealthy foods and beverages than healthy items were observed on all campuses (P < 0·001). An average of 1·26 (sd 0·46) items per student per week was found with an average of 0·86 (sd 0·34) unhealthy items per child per week.ConclusionsThere were substantial amounts of unhealthy foods and beverages brought onto campuses for classroom rewards, celebrations and fundraising that should be targeted for intervention.
Bayesian Estimation of Age and Length at 50% Maturity
Authors: Doll Jason C. , Lauer Thomas E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFish age and length at 50% maturity are used extensively in the management of exploited fish populations. These parameters are historically estimated using logistic regression models (e.g., frequentist inference) for individual year‐classes and often fail to converge or result in insignificant results when a small sample size is used. The sample‐size problem motivated us to evaluate whether a hierarchical logistic regression model fit using frequentist inference or Bayesian inference, could improve our ability to fit these models. Our objective was to compare Bayesian and frequentist inference for estimating age and length at 50% maturity to determine whether the models produced similar values. To make this evaluation, we used a long‐term data set of Yellow PerchPerca flavescensfrom southern Lake Michigan. Frequentist inference of the year‐class‐specific models resulted in significant results when sample size was sufficiently large, a result that occurred in 76% of the models. The hierarchical model produces estimates of age (or length) at 50% maturity for all year‐classes using both frequentist and Bayesian inference. However, Bayesian inference of the hierarchical model resulted in more precise parameter estimates and provided the complete posterior distribution in one seamless and easy approach, and the computation time was 78% to 83% faster. We suggest that a hierarchical model fit using Bayesian inference of age (or length) at 50% maturity is an improvement over frequentist interference methods by providing more information about the population of interest, particularly when sample sizes are limited.