bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CAD/CAM fabrication accuracy of long‐ vs. short‐span implant‐supported FDPs
Authors: Katsoulis Joannis , Müller Philipp , Mericske‐Stern Regina , Blatz Markus B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the precision of fit of long‐span vs. short‐span implant‐supported screw‐retained fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) made from computer‐aided‐design/computer‐aided‐manufactured (CAD/CAM) titanium and veneered with ceramic. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the vertical microgap between long‐span and short‐span FDPs.Materials and methodsCAD/CAM titanium frameworks for an implant‐supported maxillary FDP on implants with a flat platform were fabricated on one single master cast. Group A consisted of six 10‐unit FDPs connected to six implants (FDI positions 15, 13, 11, 21, 23, 25) and group B of six 5‐unit FDPs (three implants, FDI positions 21, 23, 25). The CAD/CAM system from Biodenta Swiss AG (Berneck, Switzerland) was used for digitizing (laser scanner) the master cast and anatomical CAD of each framework separately. The frameworks were milled (CAM) from a titanium grade V monobloc and veneered with porcelain. Median vertical distance between implant and FDP platforms from the non‐tightened implants (one‐screw test on implant 25) was calculated from mesial, buccal, and distal scanning electron microscope measurements.ResultsAll measurements showed values <40 μm. Total median vertical microgaps were 23 μm (range 2–38 μm) for group A and 7 μm (4–24 μm) for group B. The difference between the groups was statistically significant at implant 21 (P = 0.002; 97.5% CI −27.3 to −4.9) and insignificant at implant 23 (P = 0.093; −3.9 to 1.0).ConclusionsCAD/CAM fabrication including laboratory scanning and porcelain firing was highly precise and reproducible for all long‐ and short‐span FDPs. While all FDPs showed clinically acceptable values, the short‐span FDPs were statistically more precise at the 5‐unit span distance.
Stability of cognitive performance in children with mild intellectual disability
Authors: Jenni Oskar G , Fintelmann Sylvia , Caflisch Jon , Latal Beatrice , Rousson Valentin , Chaouch Aziz 
Published: November 2014

AimLongitudinal studies that have examined cognitive performance in children with intellectual disability more than twice over the course of their development are scarce. We assessed population and individual stability of cognitive performance in a clinical sample of children with borderline to mild non‐syndromic intellectual disability.MethodThirty‐six children (28 males, eight females; age range 3–19y) with borderline to mild intellectual disability (Full‐scale IQ [FSIQ] 50–85) of unknown origin were examined in a retrospective clinical case series using linear mixed models including at least three assessments with standardized intelligence tests.ResultsAverage cognitive performance remained remarkably stable over time (high population stability, drop of only 0.38 IQ points per year, standard error=0.39, p=0.325) whereas individual stability was at best moderate (intraclass correlation of 0.58), indicating that about 60% of the residual variation in FSIQ scores can be attributed to between‐child variability. Neither sex nor socio‐economic status had a statistically significant impact on FSIQ.InterpretationAlthough intellectual disability during childhood is a relatively stable phenomenon, individual stability of IQ is only moderate, likely to be caused by test‐to‐test reliability (e.g. level of child's cooperation, motivation, and attention). Therefore, clinical decisions and predictions should not rely on single IQ assessments, but should also consider adaptive functioning and previous developmental history.
Common European birds are declining rapidly while less abundant species' numbers are rising
Authors: Inger Richard , Gregory Richard , Duffy James P. , Stott Iain , Voříšek Petr , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBiodiversity is undergoing unprecedented global decline. Efforts to slow this rate have focused foremost on rarer species, which are at most risk of extinction. Less interest has been paid to more common species, despite their greater importance in terms of ecosystem function and service provision. How rates of decline are partitioned between common and less abundant species remains unclear. Using a 30‐year data set of 144 bird species, we examined Europe‐wide trends in avian abundance and biomass. Overall, avian abundance and biomass are both declining with most of this decline being attributed to more common species, while less abundant species showed an overall increase in both abundance and biomass. If overall avian declines are mainly due to reductions in a small number of common species, conservation efforts targeted at rarer species must be better matched with efforts to increase overall bird numbers, if ecological impacts of birds are to be maintained.
“Subtotal” hemispherectomy in children with intractable focal epilepsy
Authors: Chugani Harry T. , Asano Eishi , Juhász Csaba , Kumar Ajay , Kupsky William J. , Sood Sandeep 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveCortical resections in epilepsy surgery tend to be larger in children, compared to adults, partly due to underlying pathology. Some children show unilateral multifocal seizure onsets involving much of the hemisphere. If there were a significant hemiparesis present, hemispherectomy would be the procedure of choice. Otherwise, it is preferable to spare the primary sensorimotor cortex. We report the results of “subtotal” hemispherectomy in 23 children.MethodsAll children (ages 1 year and 4 months to 14 years and 2 months) were operated on between 2001 and 2013 at Children's Hospital of Michigan (Detroit). Patients were evaluated with scalp video–electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scans, and neuropsychological assessments when applicable. Subsequently, each case was discussed in a multidisciplinary epilepsy surgery conference, and a consensus was reached pertaining to candidacy for surgery and optimum surgical approach. The actual extent of resection was based on the results from subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) monitoring. The surgical outcome is based on International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification (class 1–6).ResultsAmong the 23 patients, 11 had epileptic spasms as their major seizure type; these were associated with focal seizures in 3 children. MRI showed focal abnormalities in 12 children. FDG‐PET was abnormal in all but one subject. All except two children underwent chronic subdural ECoG. Multiple subpial transections were performed over the sensorimotor cortex in three subjects. On histopathology, various malformations were seen in 9 subjects; the remainder showed gliosis alone (n = 12), porencephaly (n = 1), and gliosis with microglial activation (n = 1). Follow‐up ranged from 13 to 157 months (mean = 65 months). Outcomes consisted of class 1 (n = 17, 74%), class 2 (n = 2), class 3 (n = 1), class 4 (n = 1), and class 5 (n = 2).SignificanceExtensive unilateral resections sparing only sensorimotor cortex can be performed with excellent results in seizure control. Even with the presence of widespread unilateral epileptogenicity or anatomic/functional imaging abnormalities, complete hemispherectomy can often be avoided, particularly when there is little hemiparesis.
Coping as mediator of the relationship between stress and itch in patients with atopic dermatitis: a regression and mediation analysis
Authors: Schut Christina , Weik Ulrike , Tews Natalia , Gieler Uwe , Deinzer Renate , Kupfer Jörg 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEven though it has been shown that stress and itch are associated in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), it remains unclear whether this relationship occurs due to certain coping strategies being activated under stress. Therefore, this study investigates the role of coping as possible mediating factor between stress and itch in 31 patients with AD. Coping and itch were assessed by self‐reported measures, while stress was measured both by a validated questionnaire and by a physiological stress marker, the postawakening cortisol. Using a regression and a mediation analysis, this study showed a relationship between perceived stress and itch (corrected R2 = 0.21), which was fully mediated by negative itch‐related cognitions. 62.3% of the variance of itch intensity could be explained by negative itch‐related cognitions. This finding helps to explain the positive effects of cognitive restructuring in the treatment of chronic itch.
A tiered aquatic life unit bioassessment model for Gulf of Mexico coastal streams
Authors: Daniel W. M. , Brown K. M. , Kaller M. D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe tiered aquatic life unit (TALU) model allows quick and efficient bioassessment with goals that are based on practical, systematic sampling of commonly measured stream variables. A six‐tier hybrid TALU model was developed as a proof of concept study for streams in six level IV ecoregions in the north‐central Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. The model used in‐stream habitat variables, land use, surveys of the unionid mussels, number of intolerant fish species and fish diversity in streams varying from 2nd through 6th order. The model classification identified sites considered a priori either as impaired or best available and minimised Type I (mistakenly concluding impairment) and Type II (failing to detect impairment) errors. The model also detected transitional sites, thereby illustrating incremental degradation or recovery, in contrast to previous monitoring tools focused on pass/fail approaches. Because the model classifies transitional sites and is easily modified to fit other ecoregions, it offers a useful foundation for resource managers to monitor the health of coastal plain rivers.
Cellulite: poor correlation between instrumental methods and photograph evaluation for severity classification
Authors: Soares J. L. M. , Miot H. A. , Sanudo A. , Bagatin E. 
Published: November 2014

SynopsisBackgroundCellulite refers to skin relief alterations in women′s thighs and buttocks, causing dissatisfaction and search for treatment. Its physiopathology is complex and not completely understood. Many therapeutic options have been reported with no scientific evidence about benefits. The majority of the studies are not controlled nor randomized; most efficacy endpoints are subjective, like not well‐standardized photographs and investigator opinion. Objective measures could improve severity assessment. Our purpose was to correlate non‐invasive instrumental measures and standardized clinical evaluation.MethodsTwenty six women presenting cellulite on buttocks, aged from 25 to 41, were evaluated by: body mass index; standardized photography analysis (10‐point severity and 5‐point photonumeric scales) by five dermatologists; cutometry and high‐frequency ultrasonography (dermal density and dermis/hypodermis interface length). Quality of life impact was assessed. Correlations between clinical and instrumental parameters were performed.ResultsGood agreement among dermatologists and main investigator perceptions was detected. Positive correlations: body mass index and clinical scores; ultrasonographic measures. Negative correlation: cutometry and clinical scores. Quality of life score was correlated to dermal collagen density.ConclusionCellulite caused impact in quality of life. Poor correlation between objective measures and clinical evaluation was detected. Cellulite severity assessment is a challenge, and objective parameters should be optimized for clinical trials.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of SiC–TiC0.5N0.5 Composites
Authors: Kim Kun Mo , Jang Seung Hoon , Kim Young‐Wook , Seo Won‐Seon 
Published: November 2014

SiC–TiC0.5N0.5 composites were fabricated from β‐SiC and TiN powders with 2 vol% equimolar Y2O3–Sc2O3 additives by conventional hot pressing. Thermal and mechanical properties of the SiC–TiC0.5N0.5 composites were investigated as a function of initial TiN content. Relative densities of ≥98.9% were achieved for all samples. The addition of a small amount of TiN increased thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of SiC ceramics. However, further addition of TiN in excess of 10 and 20 vol% deteriorated both thermal conductivity and flexural strength of the composites, respectively. In contrast, the fracture toughness of the composites increased continuously from 4.2 to 6.2 MPa∙m1/2 with increasing initial TiN content from 0 to 35 vol%, due to crack deflection by TiC0.5N0.5. The maximum values of thermal conductivity and flexural strength were 224 W/m K for a 2 vol% TiC0.5N0.5 and 599 MPa for a 10 vol% TiC0.5N0.5 composite.
Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Related High Temperature Dielectric Relaxation in (Pb1−xBax)ZrO3 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Fu , Tang Xin‐Gui , Liu Qiu‐Xiang , Jiang Yan‐Ping , Huang Xian‐Xiong 
Published: November 2014

(Pb1−xBax)ZrO3 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) ceramics were synthesized by a traditional solid‐state reaction method, and the pure phase was obtained of all sintered samples. For all compositions, substitution of Pb2+ by Ba2+ reduced the phase transition temperature of antiferroelectric to ferroelectric and Curie temperature. Polarization–electric field hysteresis loops were conducted and typical ferroelectric hysteresis loops were observed in higher temperature range. Impedance and dielectric measurements were studied on the high temperature relaxation. Relaxation behavior could be suppressed after annealing treatment in oxygen atmosphere. Value of activation energy calculated from impedance was lower than that calculated from conduction measurements. It was concluded that short‐range hopping of oxygen vacancy contributes to the dielectric relaxation and long‐distance movement of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies contributes to the conduction.
Incretin physiology and pathophysiology from an Asian perspective
Authors: Cho Young Min 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIncretin hormones, such as glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1, are secreted on oral nutrient ingestion and regulate postprandial glucose homeostasis by conveying the signal of intestinal glucose flux. In East Asians, the secretion of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is not reduced in type 2 diabetes relative to normal glucose tolerance. Although the incretin effect is blunted in European patients with type 2 diabetes, a few East Asian studies showed no difference in the incretin effect between type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance. Interestingly, the glucose‐lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists was reported to be greater in Asians than in non‐Asians. The difference in the treatment responses could be ascribed to a different pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (lower insulin secretory function and less insulin resistance), lower body mass index, different genetic makeups, preserved incretin effect and different food compositions in East Asians compared with other ethnic groups. Based on the currently available data, incretin‐based therapies appear to be safe and well tolerated in East Asians. Nevertheless, continuous pharmacovigilance is required. The characteristics of incretin biology and treatment responses to incretin‐based therapies should be considered in developing ethnicity‐specific treatment guidelines and making patient‐centered decisions for patients with type 2 diabetes.
General knowledge and opinion of future health care and non‐health care professionals on rare diseases
Authors: Ramalle‐Gómara Enrique , Ruiz Elena , Quiñones Carmen , Andrés Sergio , Iruzubieta Javier , Gil‐de‐Gómez Josefa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe debate about whether to dedicate funds to rare diseases (RD) may hinge on the existence of a societal preference for prioritizing rarity. There are scarce studies about the interest of doctors and general society in RD.MethodFour groups of future health and non‐health professionals were surveyed in a region of Spain to evaluate their opinion on RD. Questions of the study were organized into four groups: general knowledge on RD, prioritization of research of RD, willingness to assign resources to RD and real distribution of resources to RD.ResultsA total of 234 students were surveyed. The mean age of the whole study population was 24.0 years and the 83.3% were female. Only around 25% of the survey sample knew the definitions of RD and orphan drugs. Questions related to willingness to assign resources to RD did not reveal statistically significant differences between study groups. Seventy‐three per cent considered that the majority of the budget should be used to treat common diseases. However, resident doctors recognized that they have neither experience nor time to diagnose and treat RD.ConclusionAlthough resident doctors have a little more general knowledge on RD than other surveyed groups, health and non‐health future professionals have a low general knowledge on this topic and none of them prioritized the assignment of funds to RD.
Resistance to Intranasal Infection with Balamuthia mandrillaris Amebae is T‐Cell Dependent
Authors: Kiderlen Albrecht F. , Radam Elke , Laube Ulrike , Martínez A. Julio 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTT and B cell‐deficient BALB/c SCID mice become severely ill and die of amebic encephalitis after intranasal infection with Balamuthia mandrillaris, while adult immunocompetent BALB/c wild‐type (WT) mice are resistant. To further investigate the role of lymphocytes in protection from Balamuthia amebic encephalitis (BAE), SCID mice were reconstituted with and WT mice selectively depleted of lymphocytes before infection. Reconstitution of SCID mice with whole spleen cells from WT mice rendered the recipients as resistant to BAE as WT mice. SCID mice that had received spleen cells depleted of CD4+ T cells remained susceptible. When adult WT mice were depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or of CD4+ T cells alone, these mice also became susceptible to BAE. Depletion of CD8+ T cells alone increased susceptibility only marginally. All morbidity and mortality data were underpinned by histological analysis of the brain.
Properties of Polysaccharides Extracted from Phellinus Linteus Using High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing and Hot Water Treatment
Authors: Kim Young‐Kyung , Iwahashi Hitoshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractExtraction of medicinal polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus using hot water treatment alone and a combination of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHP) with hot water treatment was investigated with regard to the yield, medicinal value and structural changes of the extracts. The maximum yield of polysaccharides and the highest content of β‐glucan were obtained using HHP (300 MPa, 50C, 10 min) combined with hot water treatment (65C, 3 h). Hexose sugars were present in higher molar concentrations compared with pentose sugars regardless of the extraction condition used, although the amino acid composition of the polysaccharide samples varied depending on the extraction procedure. Structural analysis using FT‐IR (Fourier transform infrared) and 1H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy showed that the extracts were composed of protein‐bound polysaccharides linked by β‐glycosidic bonds, which are critical for the physiological properties of polysaccharides, and that the absorption intensity of the HHP plus hot water extract was higher than that of the extract obtained by hot water alone (95C, 6 h). The results from this study suggest that the combination processing at high hydrostatic pressure and hot water treatment is efficient for extracting polysaccharides from P. linteus as these two treatments provide a synergistic effect.Practical ApplicationPhellinus linteus, an edible medicinal mushroom, has various biological activities such as immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. This study investigated the utility of HHP for extracting medicinal components from P. linteus with regard to yield, medicinal value and structural changes. The results of this study could expand the application of HHP in the development of medicinal mushroom products.
The incidence of healthcare use, ill health and mortality in adults with intellectual disabilities and mealtime support needs
Authors: Perez C. M. , Ball S. L. , Wagner A. P. , Clare I. C. H. , Holland A. J. , Redley M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAdults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience a wide range of eating, drinking and/or swallowing (EDS) problems, for which they receive diverse mealtime support interventions. Previous research has estimated that dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) affects 8% of all adults withIDand that 15% require some form of mealtime support. People withID(whether they require mealtime support or not) also experience a greater burden of ill health and die younger than their peers in the general population with noID.MethodsUsing an exploratory, population‐based cohort study design, we set out to examine health‐related outcomes in adults withIDwho receive mealtime support for any eating, drinking or swallowing problem, by establishing the annual incidence of healthcare use,EDS‐related ill health, and all‐cause mortality. This study was conducted in two counties in the East of England.ResultsIn 2009, 142 adults with mild to profoundIDand a need for any type of mealtime support were recruited for a baseline survey. At follow‐up 1 year later, 127 individuals were alive, eight had died and seven could not be contacted. Almost all participants had one or more consultations with a general practitioner (GP) each year (85–95%) and, in the first year, 20% reportedly had one or more emergency hospitalizations. Although their annual number ofGPvisits was broadly comparable with that of the general population, one‐fifth of this population's primary healthcare use was directly attributable toEDS‐related ill health. Respiratory infections were the most common cause of morbidity, and the immediate cause of all eight deaths, while concerns about nutrition and dehydration were surprisingly minor. Our participants had a high annual incidence of death (5%) and, with a standardized mortality ratio of 267, their observed mortality was more than twice that expected in the general population of adults withID(not selected because of mealtime support forEDSproblems).ConclusionsAll Annual Health Checks now offered to adults withIDshould include questions about respiratory infections andEDSfunctioning, in order to focus attention onEDSproblems in this population. This has the potential to reduce life‐threatening illness.