bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did massive black holes in globular clusters initially satisfy galactic scaling relations?
Authors: Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Lützgendorf Nora 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The masses of supermassive black holes (SMBHs, MBH = 106–1011 M⊙) in the centres of galaxies are related to the host stellar spheroid mass and velocity dispersion. A key question is how these relations originate, and over which range of black hole masses they hold. It has been speculated that intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs, MBH = 102–105 M⊙) could play a fundamental role in the growth of SMBHs. A handful of IMBHs have recently been detected in Galactic globular clusters (GCs), but their masses are inconsistent with the galactic scaling relations of SMBHs. In this Letter, we derive the initial properties of the GCs using a standard analytical evolutionary model, of which the free parameters are fixed by independent constraints. We find that the observed IMBH masses initially followed the galactic SMBH scaling relations and subsequently moved off these relations due to the dynamical evolution of their host GCs. This work is concluded with a brief discussion of the uncertainties and the implications of our results for the possible universality of massive black hole growth.
How well do we know the halo mass function?
Authors: Murray S. G. , Power C. , Robotham A. S. G. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The parameters governing the standard Λ cold dark matter cosmological model have been constrained with unprecedented accuracy by precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and Planck satellites. Each new data release has refined further our knowledge of quantities – such as the matter density parameter ΩM – that are imprinted on the dark matter halo mass function (HMF), a powerful probe of dark matter and dark energy models. In this Letter, we trace how changes in the cosmological parameters over the last decade have influenced uncertainty in our knowledge of the HMF. We show that this uncertainty has reduced significantly since the third WMAP data release, but the rate of this reduction is slowing. This is limited by uncertainty in the normalization σ8, whose influence is most pronounced at the high-mass end of the mass function. Interestingly, we find that the accuracy with which we can constrain the HMF in terms of the cosmological parameters has now reached the point at which it is comparable to the scatter in HMF fitting functions. This suggests that the power of the HMF as a precision probe of dark matter and dark energy hinges on more accurate determination of the theoretical HMF. Finally, we assess prospects of using the HMF to differentiate between cold and warm dark matter models based on ongoing improvements in measurements of ΩM, and we comment briefly on optimal survey strategies for constraining dark matter and dark energy models using the HMF.
Indirect genetic effects: an evolutionary mechanism linking feedbacks, genotypic diversity and coadaptation in a climate change context
Authors: Bailey Joseph K. , Genung Mark A. , Ware Ian , Gorman Courtney , Van Nuland Michael E. , Long Hannah , Schweitzer Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPredicting the response of communities and ecosystems to range shifts as a consequence of global climate change is a critical challenge confronting modern evolutionary ecologists.Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when the expression of genes in a conspecific neighbouring species affects the phenotype of a focal species, and the same concept applies for interspecific indirect genetic effects (IIGEs) except that the neighbouring species is then required to be heterospecific.Theory and empirical data indicate that indirect genetic effects and interspecific indirect genetic effects have fundamental roles in understanding the consequences of genotypic diversity, evolutionary feedbacks, the co‐evolutionary process and coadaptation and are a primary mechanism for the broad ecological and evolutionary dynamics that are likely to be a consequence of climate change.When indirect genetic effects and interspecific indirect genetic effects occur along environmental gradients, both positive and negative feedbacks can evolve, resulting in regions of strong local adaptation and competition as well as regions of complementarity and facilitation. Such evolutionary dynamics have direct consequences for how individuals interact and evolve in mixture and drive the services ecosystems provide.Integrating indirect genetic effects and interspecific indirect genetic effects, feedbacks and diversity effects along environmental gradients represents a major conceptual, theoretical and empirical frontier that must be considered to understand the whole‐system consequences of climate change on biodiversity and the services ecosystems provide.
Hot tadpoles from cold environments need more nutrients – life history and stoichiometry reflects latitudinal adaptation
Authors: Liess Antonia , Rowe Owen , Guo Junwen , Thomsson Gustaf , Lind Martin I. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

High‐latitude species (and populations within species) are adapted to short and cold summers. They often have high growth and development rates to fully use the short growing season and mature before the onset of winter.
Within the context of ecological stoichiometry theory, this study combines ecology with evolution by relating latitudinal life‐history adaptations to their molecular consequences in body nutrient composition in Rana temporaria tadpoles.
Temperature and food quality were manipulated during the development of tadpoles from Arctic and Boreal origins. We determined tadpole growth rate, development rate, body size and nutrient content, to test whether (i) Arctic tadpoles could realize higher growth rates and development rates with the help of higher‐quality food even when food quantity was unchanged, (ii) Arctic and Boreal tadpoles differed in their stoichiometric (and life history) response to temperature changes, (iii) higher growth rates lead to higher tadpole P content (growth rate hypothesis) and (iv) allometric scaling affects tadpole nutrient allocation.
We found that especially Arctic tadpoles grew and developed faster with the help of higher‐quality food and that tadpoles differed in their stoichiometric (and life history) response to temperature changes depending on region of origin (probably due to different temperature optima). There was no evidence that higher growth rates mediated the positive effect of temperature on tadpole P content. On the contrary, the covariate growth rate was negatively connected with tadpole P content (refuting the growth rate hypothesis). Lastly, tadpole P content was not related to body size, but tadpole C content was higher in larger tadpoles, probably due to increased fat storage.
We conclude that temperature had a strong effect on tadpole life history, nutrient demand and stoichiometry and that this effect depended on the evolved life history.
High‐definition magnifying endoscopy with i‐scan in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: A pilot study
Authors: Qi Qing Qing , Zuo Xiu Li , Li Chang Qing , Ji Rui , Li Zhen , Zhou Cheng Jun , Li Yan Qing 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the diagnostic value and image quality of high‐definition magnifying white light endoscopy (M‐WLE) and high‐definition magnifying endoscopy with i‐scan (M‐i‐scan) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.MethodsPatients complaining of dyspepsia who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at the Endoscopy Unit of Qilu Hospital (Jinan, Shandong Province, China) from January to March, 2011 were prospectively recruited. The greater curvature of the stomach was carefully observed using both M‐WLE and M‐i‐scan. The gastric mucosal classification and image quality scores were recorded. The relationship between gastric mucosal classification and final diagnosis of H. pylori infection was determined.ResultsA total of 84 patients were recruited in this study. The accuracy and specificity of the combination of types 2–3 patterns predicting H. pylori infection were significantly higher for M‐i‐scan than those for M‐WLE (accuracy: 94.0% vs 84.5%, P = 0.046; and specificity: 93.5% vs 80.6%, P = 0.032), while the sensitivity of the two modes was the same. The M‐i‐scan provided a better image quality for H. pylori infection than M‐WLE (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe M‐i‐scan may be superior to M‐WLE for the prediction of H. pylori infection, but its diagnostic sensitivity needs to be improved.
Revised radiobiological modelling of the contribution of synchronous chemotherapy to the rate of grades 3–4 mucositis in head and neck cancer
Authors: Meade Sara , McConkey Chris , Sanghera Paul , Mehanna Hisham , Hartley Andrew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionBiological effective dose (BED) calculations modelled on reduced accelerated repopulation when synchronous chemotherapy is delivered significantly correlate with observed differences in local control in randomised trials of platinum‐based chemoradiation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a similar relationship existed in the context of grades 3–4 mucositis.MethodsBiological effective dose from radiotherapy and synchronous chemotherapy was calculated using three different models: AB using the additional BED attributable to chemotherapy and standard repopulation parameters; zero repopulation (ZRP) using zero correction for repopulation; and variable tp (Vtp) using a variable doubling time for mucosal stem cell repopulation. The correlation between the percentage change in biological effective dose between trial arms, and the observed percentage change in the rate of grades 3–4 mucositis was examined by using the Pearson product–moment correlation.ResultsWith the AB model, there were no significant correlations with observed differences in rates of grades 3–4 mucositis. With either the ZRP or Vtp models, significant correlations were observed. A value of 5 days for the doubling time during repopulation (Tp) was associated with the most significant correlation (P = 0.002).ConclusionModels where the dose lost due to accelerated repopulation is reduced imply a therapeutic loss from the use of synchronous chemotherapy when only local control and the rate of acute grades 3–4 mucositis are considered.
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Overnight Switching From Sildenafil to Tadalafil in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Shapiro Shelley , Traiger Glenna , Hill Wendy , Zhang Lixia , Doran Aimee K. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAimsTadalafil, a once‐daily phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE‐5I), offers clinicians an alternative to sildenafil, a 3‐times‐daily (t.i.d.) PDE‐5I for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, there are limited data describing the risks and benefits or recommended methodology of switching patients from sildenafil to tadalafil.MethodsChart reviews were conducted on all World Health Organization group 1 patients on sildenafil for ≥3 months who transitioned to tadalafil with documented clinic visits and 6‐min walk tests on both drugs. Most patients were transitioned by discontinuing sildenafil after the evening dose and initiating tadalafil 40 mg/day the next day. Data collected included demographics, PAH etiology, diagnostic hemodynamics, 6‐min walk distance (6MWD), PDE‐5I side effects, and concomitant medications. Data on B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were available for most patients also receiving endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs).ResultsMedical records from 98 patients were evaluated. Most patients (92%) were on sildenafil for >1 year, and 78% were receiving sildenafil 80–100 mg t.i.d. Ninety‐seven percent of patients (95/98) were successfully transitioned and maintained on 40 mg/day. With a mean duration on tadalafil therapy of 243 ± 127 days at the time of analysis, 6MWD was unchanged. Patient‐reported adverse events included headache (4%) and heartburn (2%). There was minimal change in BNP levels in the subset of patients receiving an ERA concomitantly.ConclusionsTransition from sildenafil to tadalafil 40 mg/day appears feasible without clinical deterioration or intolerable side effects. This study provides guidance to physicians considering transition from sildenafil to tadalafil for selecting patients.
Pyridoxamine Reverts Methylglyoxal‐induced Impairment of Survival Pathways During Heart Ischemia
Authors: Almeida Filipa , Santos‐Silva Daniela , Rodrigues Tiago , Matafome Paulo , Crisóstomo Joana , Sena Cristina , Gonçalves Lino , Seiça Raquel 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackground and aimsIncreased levels of advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) and their precursors, such as methylglyoxal (MG), in patients with diabetes may account for impaired response to heart ischemia. Pyridoxamine is a derivate of vitamin B6, which has been shown to reduce AGE formation. Our goal was to assess the role of pyridoxamine in protecting from MG‐induced impaired heart response to ischemia.MethodsWistar rats were subjected to MG administration (WM), MG plus pyridoxamine (WMPyr), or no treatment (W). Half of the hearts from each group were submitted to ischemia and the other half were perfused as control. The levels of CEL, Bcl‐2, Bax, and total and phosphorylated forms of JNK and Akt were determined.ResultsMethylglyoxal led to higher levels of AGE and AGE receptor (RAGE) than in the W group. During ischemia, MG caused an impairment of survival pathways and Bcl‐2/Bax ratio, a marker of apoptosis. Pyridoxamine treatment decreased glycation and restored the activation of JNK and Akt during ischemia. These events were followed by levels of Bcl‐2/Bax ratio similar to W group.ConclusionMethylglyoxal‐induced AGE accumulation impairs the activation of cell survival pathways during ischemia. Pyridoxamine‐induced decrease of glycation inhibited the effects of MG accumulation in the heart, suggesting that it can be of added value to usual diabetic therapy.
Ecological prophets: quantifying metapopulation portfolio effects
Authors: Anderson Sean C. , Cooper Andrew B. , Dulvy Nicholas K. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

A financial portfolio metaphor is often used to describe how population diversity can increase temporal stability of a group of populations. The portfolio effect (PE) refers to the stabilizing effect from a population acting as a group or ‘portfolio’ of diverse subpopulations instead of a single homogeneous population or ‘asset’. A widely used measure of the PE (the average‐CV PE) implicitly assumes that the slope (z) of a log–log plot of mean temporal abundance and variance (Taylor's power law) equals two.

Existing theory suggests an additional unexplored empirical PE that accounts for z, the mean–variance PE. We use a theoretical and empirical approach to explore the strength and drivers of the PE for metapopulations when we account for Taylor's power law compared with when we do not. Our empirical comparison uses data from 51 metapopulations and 1070 subpopulations across salmon, moths and reef fishes.

Ignoring Taylor's power law may overestimate the stabilizing effect of population diversity for metapopulations. The disparity between the metrics is greatest at low z values where the average‐CV PE indicates a strong PE. Compared with the mean–variance method, the average‐CV PE estimated a stronger PE in 84% of metapopulations by up to sevenfold. The divergence between the methods was strongest for reef fishes (1·0 < z < 1·7) followed by moths (1·5 < z < 1·9). The PEs were comparable for salmon where z ≈ 2.

We outline practical recommendations for estimating ecological PEs based on research questions, study systems and available data. Because most PEs were stabilizing and diversity can be slow to restore, our meta‐analysis of metapopulations suggests that the safest management approach is to conserve biological complexity.
BCL2A1 is a Potential Biomarker for Postoperative Seizure Control in Patients with Low‐grade Gliomas
Authors: You Gan , Feng Lin , Yan Wei , Zhang Wei , Wang Yong‐Zhi , Li Shao‐Wu , Li Shou‐Wei , Li Gui‐Lin , Song Yi‐Jun , Kang Chun‐Sheng , You Yong‐Ping , Jiang Tao 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAimsTo identify molecular genetic factors that influence preoperative seizure occurrence and postoperative seizure control in patients with low‐grade gliomas (LGGs).MethodsFifty‐four WHO grade II astrocytomas were used for microarray analysis under strict inclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was seizure control at 12 months after surgery. Biological processes were investigated by gene ontology (GO) analysis. Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate key genes.ResultsDifferentially expressed genes correlated with seizure occurrence failed to significantly distinguish patients with and without a history of seizures. With respect to postoperative seizure control, a transcript profile of 92 genes was identified, which successfully separated patients with good and poor seizure prognosis. GO analysis revealed that the most striking overrepresentation of genes was found in a category of anti‐apoptotic genes and their regulation. Increased expression was also observed for genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. BCL2A1 was proven to be a novel marker associated with seizure prognosis.ConclusionIncreased anti‐apoptotic activity of tumor cells appears to contribute to seizure recurrence after surgery in patients with LGGs. These findings provide insights that may lead to the development of effective treatment strategies for prolonging the survival of patients with LGG in the future.
Non‐invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C
Authors: Crespo Sergio , Bridges Mellena , Nakhleh Raouf , McPhail Andre , Pungpapong Surakit , Keaveny Andrew P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundLiver biopsy has been the reference standard when evaluating fibrosis due to recurrent hepatitis after liver transplantation. Magnetic resonance elastography estimates liver stiffness, correlating to fibrosis.AimTo investigate the utility of elastography in staging liver fibrosis in transplant recipients with hepatitis C.MethodsFifty‐four patients, ≥12 months post‐transplant, underwent elastography within three months of biopsy. Discriminatory capability for METAVIR fibrosis stages F0–2 vs. F3–4 and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were determined.ResultsOn biopsy, 27 patients had METAVIR fibrosis score 0–1; 12 had a 3 or 4. There was significant correlation between histologic fibrosis and shear stiffness (R² = 0.588, p < 0.0001). Using a cutoff value of 3.5 kPa, elastography was 91% sensitive and 72% specific in differentiating fibrosis scores of ≥3 from 0 to 1. The AUC of elastography in predicting a fibrosis score of ≥3 was 0.92. Multivariate analysis revealed no correlation between the grade of histologic inflammation and liver stiffness measured by magnetic resonance elastography (R² = 0.265, p = 0.47).ConclusionMagnetic resonance elastography is an accurate non‐invasive technique for excluding stage ≥3 graft in recipients with hepatitis C.
Theory of mind in early psychosis
Authors: Langdon Robyn , Still Megan , Connors Michael H. , Ward Philip B. , Catts Stanley V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimA deficit in theory of mind – the ability to infer and reason about the mental states of others – might underpin the poor social functioning of patients with psychosis. Unfortunately, however, there is considerable variation in how such a deficit is assessed. The current study compared three classic tests of theory of mind in terms of their ability to detect impairment in patients in the early stages of psychosis.MethodsTwenty‐three patients within 2 years of their first psychotic episode and 19 healthy controls received picture‐sequencing, joke‐appreciation and story‐comprehension tests of theory of mind.ResultsWhereas the picture‐sequencing and joke‐appreciation tests successfully detected a selective theory‐of‐mind deficit in patients, the story‐comprehension test did not.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that tests that place minimal demands on language processing and involve indirect, rather than explicit, instructions to assess theory of mind might be best suited to detecting theory‐of‐mind impairment in early stages of psychosis.
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong rhythmic inhibition during gamma oscillations
Authors: Folias Stefanos E. , Yu Shan , Snyder Abigail , Nikolić Danko , Rubin Jonathan E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNeurons in the visual cortex exhibit heterogeneity in feature selectivity and the tendency to generate action potentials synchronously with other nearby neurons. By examining visual responses from cat area 17 we found that, during gamma oscillations, there was a positive correlation between each unit's sharpness of orientation tuning, strength of oscillations, and propensity towards synchronisation with other units. Using a computational model, we demonstrated that heterogeneity in the strength of rhythmic inhibitory inputs can account for the correlations between these three properties. Neurons subject to strong inhibition tend to oscillate strongly in response to both optimal and suboptimal stimuli and synchronise promiscuously with other neurons, even if they have different orientation preferences. Moreover, these strongly inhibited neurons can exhibit sharp orientation selectivity provided that the inhibition they receive is broadly tuned relative to their excitatory inputs. These results predict that the strength and orientation tuning of synaptic inhibition are heterogeneous across area 17 neurons, which could have important implications for these neurons' sensory processing capabilities. Furthermore, although our experimental recordings were conducted in the visual cortex, our model and simulation results can apply more generally to any brain region with analogous neuron types in which heterogeneity in the strength of rhythmic inhibition can arise during gamma oscillations.
Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes
Authors: Creel S. , Becker M. S. , Durant S. M. , M'Soka J. , Matandiko W. , Dickman A. J. , Christianson D. , Dröge E. , Mweetwa T. , Pettorelli N. , Rosenblatt E. , Schuette P. , Woodroffe R. , Bashir S. , Beudels‐Jamar R. C. , Blake S. , Borner M. , Breitenmoser C. , Broekhuis F. , Cozzi G. , Davenport T. R. B. , Deutsch J. , Dollar L. , Dolrenry S. , Douglas‐Hamilton I. , Fitzherbert E. , Foley C. , Hazzah L. , Henschel P. , Hilborn R. , Hopcraft J. G. C. , Ikanda D. , Jacobson A. , Joubert B. , Joubert D. , Kelly M. S. , Lichtenfeld L. , Mace G. M. , Milanzi J. , Mitchell N. , Msuha M. , Muir R. , Nyahongo J. , Pimm S. , Purchase G. , Schenck C. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Sinclair A. R. E. , Songorwa A. N. , Stanley‐Price M. , Tehou C. A. , Trout C. , Wall J. , Wittemyer G. , Zimmermann A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPacker et al. reported that fenced lion populations attain densities closer to carrying capacity than unfenced populations. However, fenced populations are often maintained above carrying capacity, and most are small. Many more lions are conserved per dollar invested in unfenced ecosystems, which avoid the ecological and economic costs of fencing.