bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dyes, Sensitizing
Authors: Sturmer David M. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractSpectral sensitizing dyes extend the wavelengths of light to which semiconductors or chemical reactions can respond. The silver halides in photography require special sensitizers to respond to blue, green, red, and infrared wavelengths. Colorless organic semiconductors in electrophotography require dyes to sensitize the electrophotographic response to red and infrared wavelengths. Infrared dyes in general serve both biological and data storage markets. Biological photochemical or photothermal effects require dyes that match the infrared transmission wavelengths of body tissue. Spectral sensitizing dyes are considered functional dyes to distinguish their photosensitizing actions from light absorbing (filtering) action.There are several broad classes of these dyes, eg, cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, azine dyes, polymethine dyes, xanthene dyes, etc.Uses for these dyes include photography, eletrophotography, lasers, optical disks, medicine and in solar cells. High purity dyes are required for most of these applications.
Flavor Delivery Systems
Authors: Ubbink Johan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn overview is given of flavor delivery systems and technologies for flavor encapsulation. A distinction made is between (1) systems aimed at protecting the encapsulated flavor against evaporation and the adverse effects of environmental oxygen in low‐moisture states, and (2) those whose principal aim is to modify the release of the encapsulated flavor during food processing, storage, or consumption. The former class of systems, designated as glass‐encapsulation systems because they are invariably based on amorphous carbohydrates in the glassy state, is generally prepared by well‐established technologies like spray drying and melt extrusion and has found widespread commercial application. Accounts are given of the most‐used technologies and of the underlying materials science. The latter class of systems, principally aimed at controlling the release rate of the encapsulated flavor, is far more diverse in composition, working principle, and manufacturing technology. Several principal technologies are highlighted, and examples are given of successful applications in food matrices.
Fullerenes
Authors: Li Fa‐Bao , Wang Guan‐Wu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFullerenes are a class of three‐dimensional all‐carbon hollow molecules containing a conjugated n system and are sometimes referred to as the “third form of carbon”. Each fullerene Cn consists of an even number of carbon atoms and represents a closed‐cage structure with 12 pentagons and (n–20)/2 hexagons. The isolated pentagon rule is an important principle to determine the stability of fullerene cages. [60]Fullerene (C60) has a truncated icosahedral spherical structure with 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. [70]Fullerene (C70) is a kiwi‐like ellipsoidal molecule and its structure contains an additional equatorial band of 10 carbons relative to that of C60. Fullerenes containing > 70 atoms are known as “higher fullerenes”. Unlike the other forms of carbon, fullerenes are soluble and thus can undergo a wide range of chemical reactions. The main chemical reactions of fullerenes are nucleophilic additions, cycloadditions, and radical additions. The hollow cavities of fullerenes can enclose a wide variety of atoms, molecules, or metal clusters, and the class of fullerenes are named as endohedral fullerenes. In addition, the replacement of one or more carbons of the fullerene cage by other non‐carbon atoms such as nitrogen can lead to heterofullerenes. Fullerene derivatives bearing electrondonor groups have been investigated because of the potential for conversion of light into electricity. Some alkali metal‐doped fullerenes show the interesting superconducting properties. Although fullerenes are insoluble in water, some derivatives are very soluble and this has led to investigations of biological properties.
Vanadium and Vanadium Alloys
Authors: Baroch Edmund F. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Vanadium is a gray body‐centered cubic metal. When highly pure, it is very soft and ductile. Vanadium is widely distributed through out the earth, but in low abundance. Traces of vanadium have been found in meteorites and seawater.Vanadium is recovered in the U.S. as a principal mine product, as a coproduct or byproduct from uranium–vanadium ores, and from ferrophosphorus. The steel industry accounts for the majority of the world's consumption of vanadium as an additive to steel. It is used in the steel industry as ferrovanadium alloy. Vanadium metal and its alloys pose no particular health or safety hazard. Vanadium compounds can be irritants. Other than steel industry use, vanadium is used in nuclear reactors, as superconductors, catalysts, and batteries. New battery technology such as the vanadium redox battery and the vanadium in lithium batteries show promise in the field of green energy. These batteries can store electricity that can be released in a very short amount of time. They are also being tested in the new generation of hybrid automobiles.
Chiral Pollutants
Authors: Ali Imran , Kulsum Umma , Saleem Kishwar , Hussain Afzal 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnantioselective analyses of the chiral pollutants are important as the enantiomers differ in their toxicities to pests and human beings. The chiral analyses only provide the exact data on the enantioselective toxicities. In this article, capillary electrophoresis has been used for the analyses of the chiral pollutants in the environmental and biological matrices. Attempts have been made to describe the state‐of‐the‐art of the enantiomeric separation of the chiral pollutants by using capillary electrophoresis. The different types of chiral pollutants and their toxicities have been discussed. The sample preparation and capillary electrophoresis analyses have also been provided. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives of the enantioselective analyses of the chiral pollutants have been included.
Induced Abortions in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Methotrexate
Authors: Vinet Évelyne , Kuriya Bindee , Pineau Christian A. , Clarke Ann E. , Bernatsky Sasha 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the rate of induced abortions in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exposed to methotrexate (MTX) compared with women with RA unexposed to this medication.MethodsWe performed a nested case–control study using administrative databases from Quebec. All women with RA ages 15–45 years were identified and cases were defined as women having an induced abortion. Each case was matched to ≥1 controls for age, calendar time, and cohort entry. Exposure was defined as having filled ≥1 prescriptions of MTX ≤16 weeks prior to the index date.ResultsWe identified 112 cases of induced abortions in women with RA and 5,855 RA controls. Exposure to MTX occurred in 10.7% of cases and 21.7% of controls. Women exposed to MTX had a lower rate of induced abortions compared with unexposed women (rate ratio [RR] 0.47 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.25–0.89]). In the multivariate analysis, there was a trend toward an increased rate of induced abortions among women exposed to anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) agents (RR 2.07 [95% CI 0.81–5.27]).ConclusionWomen with RA exposed to MTX have a lower rate of induced abortions than unexposed women. Women with RA exposed to anti‐TNF agents may have an increased rate of induced abortions compared to unexposed women.
The NSD1 and EZH2 Overgrowth Genes, Similarities and Differences
Authors: TATTON‐BROWN KATRINA , RAHMAN NAZNEEN 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNSD1 and EZH2 are SET domain‐containing histone methyltransferases that play key roles in the regulation of transcription through histone modification and chromatin modeling: NSD1 preferentially methylates lysine residue 36 of histone 3 (H3K36) and is primarily associated with active transcription, while EZH2 shows specificity for lysine residue 27 (H3K27) and is associated with transcriptional repression. Somatic dysregulation of NSD1 and EZH2 have been associated with tumorigenesis. NSD1, as a fusion transcript with NUP98, plays a key role in leukemogenesis, particularly childhood acute myeloid leukemia. EZH2 is a major proto‐oncogene and mono‐ and biallelic activating and inactivating somatic mutations occur as early events in the development of tumors, particularly poor prognosis hematopoietic malignancies. Constitutional NSD1 and EZH2 mutations cause Sotos and Weaver syndromes respectively, overgrowth syndromes with considerable phenotypic overlap. NSD1 mutations that cause Sotos syndrome are loss‐of‐function, primarily truncating mutations or missense mutations at key residues in functional domains. EZH2 mutations that cause Weaver syndrome are primarily missense variants and the rare truncating mutations reported to date are in the last exon, suggesting that simple haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be generating the overgrowth phenotype although the exact mechanism has not yet been determined. Many additional questions about the molecular and clinical features of NSD1 and EZH2 remain unanswered. However, studies are underway to address these and, as more cases are ascertained and technology improves, it is hoped that these will, in time, be answered. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Life history of the individuals buried in the St. Benedict Cemetery (Prague, 15th–18th Centuries): Insights from 14C dating and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) analysis
Authors: Salesse Kevin , Dufour Élise , Castex Dominique , Velemínský Petr , Santos Frédéric , Kuchařová Hedvika , Jun Libor , Brůžek Jaroslav 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFunerary practices and bioarchaeological (sex and age) data suggest that a mortality crisis linked to an epidemic episode occurred during the fifth phase of the St. Benedict cemetery in Prague (Czech Republic). To identify this mass mortality episode, we reconstructed individual life histories (dietary and mobility factors), assessed the population's biological homogeneity, and proposed a new chronology through stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O and δ15N) and direct radiocarbon dating. Stable isotope analysis was conducted on the bone and tooth enamel (collagen and carbonate) of 19 individuals from three multiple graves (MG) and 12 individuals from individual graves (IG). The δ15N values of collagen and the difference between the δ13C values of collagen and bone carbonate could indicate that the IG individuals had a richer protein diet than the MG individuals or different food resources. The human bone and enamel carbonate and δ18O values suggest that the majority of individuals from MG and all individuals from IG spent most of their lives outside of the Bohemian region. Variations in δ18O values also indicate that all individuals experienced residential mobility during their lives. The stable isotope results, biological (age and sex) data and eight 14C dates clearly differentiate the MG and IG groups. The present work provides evidence for the reuse of the St. Benedict cemetery to bury soldiers despite the funeral protest ban (1635 AD). The Siege of Prague (1742 AD) by French‐Bavarian‐Saxon armies is identified as the cause of the St. Benedict mass mortality event. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:202–214, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of end groups on the thermal response of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels
Authors: Chen Shufan , Jiang Xiaodong , Sun Lianlai 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels were prepared through soap‐free emulsion polymerization using 2, 2′‐ azobisobutyronitrile and potassium persulfate as initiator respectively. The thermal response of microgels was researched by measuring the transmittance and the hydrodynamic diameter of the microgels at different temperatures. The result shows that the different structure of the end groups of polymer that come from residues of initiator result in the different thermal response of PNIPAM microgels. The LCST (lower critical solution temperature) of AIBN‐initiator microgels is 5°C lower than that of the KPS‐initiator microgels, whereas the AIBN‐initiated PNIPAM microgels have better thermal response sensitivity. The scanning electron microscope characterization shows that the morphology of AIBN‐initiated PNIPAM microgels is more regular than that of KPS‐initiated. Furthermore, the Tg of the microgels was measured by differential scanning calorimeter and the result indicates that the end groups influences the Tg of microgels severely. This work demonstrated that the hydrophobic end group coming from initiators can decreases the LCST of PNIPAM microgels and increases the thermal response sensitivity, which providing a newly simple but effective method to regulate the thermal response of PNIPAM microgels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1164‐1171, 2013
Influence of thermal state of warm pool in western Pacific on sensible heat flux
Authors: Zhou Lian‐Tong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe present study investigates the influence of July to October thermal state of warm pool in the western Pacific on surface sensible heat flux by using observing system experiments with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) operational ocean analysis (ORA‐S3) for the period 1959–2009, and multidecade global flux datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project for the period 1958–2009. It is found that the positive (negative) sensible heat flux anomalies over the western Pacific are associated with the warm (cold) state in the warm pool, which are attributed to the air–sea temperature difference anomalies over the western Pacific. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Protein design in systems metabolic engineering for industrial strain development
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zeng An‐Ping 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAccelerating the process of industrial bacterial host strain development, aimed at increasing productivity, generating new bio‐products or utilizing alternative feedstocks, requires the integration of complementary approaches to manipulate cellular metabolism and regulatory networks. Systems metabolic engineering extends the concept of classical metabolic engineering to the systems level by incorporating the techniques used in systems biology and synthetic biology, and offers a framework for the development of the next generation of industrial strains. As one of the most useful tools of systems metabolic engineering, protein design allows us to design and optimize cellular metabolism at a molecular level. Here, we review the current strategies of protein design for engineering cellular synthetic pathways, metabolic control systems and signaling pathways, and highlight the challenges of this subfield within the context of systems metabolic engineering.
Challenges in patient selection for the parachute device implantation
Authors: Bozdag‐Turan Ilkay , Bermaoui Benjamin , Paranskaya Liliya , GökmenTuran R. , D'Ancona Giuseppe , Kische Stephan , Birkemeyer Ralph , Jovanovic Bojan , Schuetz Jan , Akin Ibrahim , Turan Cem Hakan , Ortak Jasmin , Hauenstein K. , Nienaber Cristoph Anton , Ince Hueseyin 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundA novel percutaneous ventricular restoration therapy (PVRT) has been recently proposed to treat patients with ischemic heart failure (IHF) and antero‐apical regional wall motion abnormalities after myocardial infarction (MI). In this prospective, single center, non‐randomized study, we herein propose safety and feasibility evaluation of the device, in which a different patient selection strategy was used.Material and MethodsA three‐stage evaluation was adopted in a series of patients referred for a Parachute Ventricular Partitioning Device (ParachuteTM). After an initial clinical evaluation, a secondary screening step was performed according to echocardiographic functional (LVEF<40%, apical/anterior akinesia/dyskinesia) and anatomical criteria [diameter of LV‐apex (LVAD) = 4.0 × 5.0 cm, left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD)>56 mm, left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD)>38 mm]. Patients encountering the echocardiographic criteria were selected for 3D cardiac CT (architecture, geometry, and trabeculation of the left ventricle) and eventually treated with the ParachuteTM.ResultsFifty patients were screened according to the echocardiographic criteria. Twenty‐seven of those that met the echo inclusion criteria underwent further cardiac CT imaging. After CT imaging, eight patients were scheduled for ParachuteTM implantation. The device was successfully implanted in all eight patients with no in‐hospital mortality. A 3‐month follow‐up echocardiography showed LV‐volume reduction [95% CI; LVEDV: −76.5 (−116; −36.8), P = 0.002 and LVESV: −47.4 (−63.8; −30.9), P = 0.003] and improvement of global EF [95% CI; global EF: 6.87 (5.36; 8.39), P = 0.008].ConclusionSelection criteria for ParachuteTM placement should include left ventricular functional and anatomical parameters. When preprocedural echocardiography and cardiac CT are adequately implemented, satisfactory periprocedural and short term follow‐up results may be achieved after ParachuteTM implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravascular ultrasound comparison of the self‐expanding sideguard stent in the side branch versus a balloon‐expandable stent in the main vessel to assess mechanisms of acute lumen gain in bifurcation lesions
Authors: Ma Shixin , Maehara Akiko , Hauptmann Karl E. , Guagliumi Giulio , Valsecchi Orazio , Vassileva Angelina , Appelman Yolande , Sangiorgi Giuseppe , Prati Francesco , Mintz Gary S. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesWe compared the mechanisms of lumen gain after Cappella Sideguard (CS) side branch (SB) bifurcation stent deployment versus a balloon‐expandable stent in the corresponding main vessel (MV).BackgroundThe novel CS SB bifurcation stent is a self‐expanding, thin‐strut, nitinol device with anatomic flaring at the SB ostium.MethodsIn 28 bifurcation lesions, intravascular ultrasound imaging of both the SB and the MV was performed both pre‐ and postintervention; vessel and lumen areas were measured every 1 mm over a 5 mm segment beginning at the carina.ResultsAlthough minimum lumen area (MLA) within the distal 5 mm segment beginning at the carina increased from 2.8 ± 1.3 mm2 to 3.8 ± 1.1 mm2, P < 0.001, in the SB and from 3.4 ± 1.4 mm2 to 6.0 ± 1.1 mm2, P < 0.001, in the MV, stent expansion (minimum stent area/distal reference lumen area) was significantly less in the SB compared with the MV (77.8 ± 21.3% vs. 91.6 ± 18.4%, P = 0.02). Post stenting, the MLA site was located at the carina more frequently in the SB (85.7%) than in the MV (60.7%), P = 0.04. Plaque volume in the 5 mm proximal to carina in the MV tended to decrease, whereas plaque volume in the SB increased slightly with no change in overall plaque volume in the 5‐mm‐long segment distal to the carina in the MV, suggesting plaque shift from the proximal MV to the SB.ConclusionsAcute CS lumen gain is less than the lumen gain of a balloon‐expandable stent in the MV because of less aggressive acute expansion and/or the plaque shift from the proximal MV to the SB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Is a Metabolic Intermediate Formed in the Mechanism‐Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 by Using 1,1‐Dimethylhydrazine: Hydrogen Abstraction or Nitrogen Oxidation?
Authors: Hirao Hajime , Chuanprasit Pratanphorn , Cheong Ying Yi , Wang Xiaoqing 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA precise understanding of the mechanism‐based inactivation of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) at the quantum mechanical level should allow more reliable predictions of drug–drug interactions than those currently available. Hydrazines are among the molecules that act as mechanism‐based inactivators to terminate the function of P450s, which are essential heme enzymes responsible for drug metabolism in the human body. Despite its importance, the mechanism explaining how a metabolic intermediate (MI) is formed from hydrazine is not fully understood. We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to compare four possible mechanisms underlying the reaction between 1,1‐dimethylhydrazine (or unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) and the reactive compound I (Cpd I) intermediate of P450. Our DFT calculations provided a clear view on how an aminonitrene‐type MI is formed from UDMH. In the most favorable pathway, hydrogen is spontaneously abstracted from the N2 atom of UDMH by Cpd I, followed by a second hydrogen abstraction from the N2 atom by Cpd II. Nitrogen oxidation of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen abstraction from the CH bond of the methyl group were found to be less favorable than the hydrogen abstraction from the NH bond. We also found that the reaction of protonated UDMH with Cpd I is rather sluggish. The aminonitrene‐type MI binds to the ferric heme more strongly than a water molecule. This is consistent with the notion that the catalytic cycle of P450 is impeded when such an MI is produced through the P450‐catalyzed reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Re‐Examination of “Pb3TeO6”: Determination of Its Correct Composition as Pb5TeO8.
Authors: Artner Christine , Weil Matthias 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPhase formation of lead oxotellurates(VI) from PbO and TeO3(TeO2) under ambient pressure and at temperatures above 700 °C is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba4Mg[Si2N6], Ba3Ca2[Si2N6] and Ba1.6Sr3.4[Si2N6] — Quaternary Barium Alkaline‐Earth Silicon Nitrides Containing Isolated Nitridosilicate Anions of [Si2N6]10‐.
Authors: Yamane Hisanori , Morito Haruhiko 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBa4Mg[Si2N6] (I), Ba3Ca2[Si2N6] (II), and Ba1.6Sr3.4[Si2N6] (III) are synthesized by solid state reaction of the respective alkaline earth metals, Si, NaN3, and Na (BN crucible, stainless steel tube, 900°C).
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Red Long Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) in γ‐Zn3 (PO4)2:Mn2+/Ga3+.
Authors: Liu Ziran , Zhong Ruixia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA series of differently doped title phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of ZnO, (NH4)2PO4, MnCO3, and Ga2O3 (corundum crucible, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Stable Cadmium Chalcogenide Quantum Dot/ZnO Nanowires for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation.
Authors: Seol Minsu , Jang Ji‐Wook , Cho Seungho , Lee Jae Sung , Yong Kijung 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe oxygen‐evolution catalyst IrOx·nH2O is used to modify a CdSe/CdS quantum dot cosensitized ZnO nanowire photoanode in a photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation system.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanocrystalline CoP Thin Film as a New Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery.
Authors: Cui Yan‐Hua , Xue Ming‐Zhe , Fu Zheng‐Wen , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Liu Xiao‐Jiang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNanocrystalline CoP thin film anode material is prepared by pulsed laser ablation of a Co:P (1:3) target and deposited on stainless steel substrates (200 and 400°C target temperature, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Properties of BiOBr Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Yan , Shi Zhuqing , Fan Caimei , Wang Xiaowen , Hao Xiaogang , Chi Yongqing 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBiOBr is synthesized by addition of Na2CO3 solution to BiBr3 dissolved in aqueous HCl (pH 6—10, 20 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of C(sp3)—H and C(sp2)—H Bonds: Synthesis of Spiroindenes by Enolate‐Directed Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Alkynes with 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Chidipudi Suresh Reddy , Khan Imtiaz , Lam Hon Wai 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTreatment of 2‐arylated cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with alkynes in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 and Ru2Cl4(p‐cymene)2 allows a new and regioselective access to various spirocyclic indenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Amine and Palladium Catalysis in Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Allene Carbocyclization Reactions.
Authors: Li Meiling , Datta Swarup , Barber David M. , Dixon Darren J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe method affords five‐membered carbo‐ or heterocyclic products with good diastereoselectivity.