bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lightweight Battery for Backpack Electrofishing
Authors: Hockersmith Eric E. , Brooks Gabriel , Dumdei Nathan D. , Achord Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A lithium ion battery was modified to replace the conventional sealed lead acid battery used to operate a backpack electrofishing unit. Specifications and performance of the lithium ion battery were compared with those of a lead acid battery of similar capacity. The lithium ion battery was 76% lighter in weight than the lead acid battery, reducing the overall weight of a Smith-Root model 12 backpack electrofishing unit and battery by 55%. Including the cost of a charger and parts to make the battery compatible with an electroshocking unit, the lithium ion battery and charger cost was 26% less than that of the lead acid battery and charger. Bench tests indicated the lithium ion battery provided 91% and 98% of the operating time of the lead acid battery per charge when the settings were 300 V at 90 Hz and 500 V at 90 Hz, respectively. The fuel gauge (battery discharge indicator) on the lithium ion battery, which was absent in the lead acid battery, provided the ability for a user to assess the remaining charge level while in the field. The lithium ion battery provided similar performance with a significant reduction in weight and cost compared with a conventional lead acid battery for backpack electrofishing. The lighter weight of the backpack electrofishing unit using the lithium ion battery can reduce fatigue and the risk of fatigue-related injuries to field crews.
Received March 23, 2012; accepted January 7, 2013
Pretreating Channel Catfish with Copper Sulfate Affects Susceptibility to Columnaris Disease
Authors: Farmer Bradley D , Beck Benjamin H , Mitchell Andrew J , Straus David L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Columnaris disease is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus commercially grown in the USA. This disease can greatly diminish the profitability of aquaculture operations by large-scale mortality events, particularly in the fingerling production phase. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of Channel Catfish fingerlings to columnaris disease when they were preexposed to copper sulfate (CuSO4). In experiment 1, fish were exposed for 24 h to 0, 1, 2, or 4 mg/L CuSO4 and were challenged immediately with Flavobacterium columnare, the etiological agent of columnaris disease. The resulting survival data indicated that fish preexposed to CuSO4 and then challenged exhibited significantly lower survival than did fish not exposed and then challenged. Experiment 2 was designed as above, except after the 24-h static exposure to CuSO4, fish were subjected to an additional 24 h in flow-through water prior to the challenge with F. columnare. In contrast to experiment 1, fish preexposed to CuSO4 and allowed an additional 24 h in flow-through water had a significantly higher survival rate than fish not exposed and then challenged. Experiment 3 evaluated the longevity of resistance to columnaris disease afforded by preexposure to CuSO4; in this experiment the remaining fish from experiment 2 were challenged 9 d after exposure to CuSO4. The increased survival rate of fish preexposed to CuSO4 was still significantly different, indicating the incurred resistance to F. columnare lasts for at least a week after exposure to CuSO4.
The Impact of Credit Constraints on Farm Households: Survey Results from India and China
Authors: Kumar Chandra S. , Turvey Calum G. , Kropp Jaclyn D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIndia and China have the largest farm‐household populations in the world—populations that are also among the poorest. Among the many factors that affect farm livelihoods, access to credit has been identified as a significant barrier preventing the escape from poverty. While there has been significant research on credit constraints in developing countries, there is surprisingly little information pertaining to the actual impacts of credit constraints on household well‐being. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of credit constraints on various factors affecting farm households, such as physical and human capital formation, agricultural inputs applications, consumption smoothing, and wage‐seeking behavior using direct elicitation. This paper contributes to the literature and policy debates by comparing the effects of credit constraints in China and India as surveyed in 2008–2009. The analytical results and data demonstrate that binding credit constraints adversely affect a broad range of production and livelihood choices. We empirically show that credit constraints negatively affect food consumption, farm input applications, and health and educational attainments.
Modeling Loan Repayment Behavior in Developing Countries
Authors: Bhattacharjee Manojit , Rajeev Meenakshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEffective control of non‐performing assets (NPAs) is critical for sustainable and healthy growth in the banking sector of any economy. In this paper we attempt to establish a possible connection between the problems of loan non‐repayment in the formal credit market and credit accessibility from informal sources in India. The latter appears to flourish in many developing countries despite various government‐initiated formal lending programs. Scholars often examine how poorer households become the victim of usurious interest rates charged by informal lenders and thereby lose their valuable securities. Our approach, however, suggests that the more unfavorable the terms of loan from an informal moneylender compared with a formal lending agency, the better are the chances of a borrower making a timely repayment, and thus obtaining the benefits of a formal loan on a recurring basis (which is not available in the case of default). The paper uses the National Sample Survey Organization database (59th round, All India Debt and Investment Survey) to empirically examine the impact of interest rate in the informal sector on formal sector repayment. In addition to revealing a positive and significant impact of the informal sector's interest rate on the repayment of formal loans, the empirical analysis reveals a plausible negative impact of expectation regarding a loan waiver, as well as the moral hazard problem faced by formal lending agencies.
Environmental links to alosine at-sea distribution and bycatch in the Northwest Atlantic midwater trawl fishery
Authors: Bethoney N. David , Stokesbury Kevin D. E. , Cadrin Steven X. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The bycatch of river herring (Alosa pseudoharengus and A. aestivalis) and American shad (A. sapidissima) by midwater trawl vessels targeting Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) has become a possible threat to their conservation. Most bycatch occurs during winter when the regional distributions of these five species overlap. The life histories and habits of these species suggest that there are times and areas during winter where overlap is low and bycatch could be reduced. This study identified environmental conditions associated with the presence of river herring and American shad during winter in the US Mid-Atlantic area by testing the hypothesis that fish were detected in an equal proportion to the amount of samples taken within an environmental condition. River herring were associated with colder temperatures and relatively shallow depths, while American shad appeared to be associated with a broader habitat. To determine whether these associations could be used to reduce bycatch, the proportion of effort and catch of target and bycatch species under the conditions associated with bycatch species presence was quantified in a fishery-dependent dataset. Targeting Atlantic mackerel in waters with surface temperatures above 6°C appeared to be the most effective advice for reducing river herring bycatch.
Rotational threshold in global numerical dynamo simulations
Authors: Schrinner M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Magnetic field observations of low-mass stars reveal an increase of magnetic activity with increasing rotation rate. The so-called activity–rotation relation is usually attributed to changes in the underlying dynamo processes generating the magnetic field. We examine the dependence of the field strength on rotation in global numerical dynamo models and interpret our results on the basis of energy considerations. In agreement with the scaling law proposed by Christensen and Aubert, the field strength in our simulations is set by the fraction of the available power used for the magnetic field generation. This is controlled by the dynamo efficiency calculated as the ratio of ohmic to total dissipation in our models. The dynamo efficiency grows strongly with increasing rotation rate at a Rossby number of 0.1 until it reaches its upper bound of 1 and becomes independent of rotation. This gain in efficiency is related to the strong rotational dependence of the mean electromotive force in this parameter regime. For multipolar models at Rossby numbers clearly larger than 0.1, on the other hand, we do not find a systematic dependence of the field strength on rotation. Whether the enhancement of the dynamo efficiency found in our dipolar models explains the observed activity–rotation relation needs to be further assessed.
Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins HSP101 and HSA32 Prolongs Heat Acclimation Memory Posttranscriptionally in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wu Ting-ying , Juan Yu-ting , Hsu Yang-hsin , Wu Sze-hsien , Liao Hsiu-ting , Fung Raymond W.M. , Charng Yee-yung 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Heat acclimation improves the tolerance of organisms to severe heat stress. Our previous work showed that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the “memory” of heat acclimation treatment decayed faster in the absence of the heat-stress-associated 32-kD protein HSA32, a heat-induced protein predominantly found in plants. The HSA32 null mutant attains normal short-term acquired thermotolerance but is defective in long-term acquired thermotolerance. To further explore this phenomenon, we isolated Arabidopsis defective in long-term acquired thermotolerance (dlt) mutants using a forward genetic screen. Two recessive missense alleles, dlt1-1 and dlt1-2, encode the molecular chaperone heat shock protein101 (HSP101). Results of immunoblot analyses suggest that HSP101 enhances the translation of HSA32 during recovery after heat treatment, and in turn, HSA32 retards the decay of HSP101. The dlt1-1 mutation has little effect on HSP101 chaperone activity and thermotolerance function but compromises the regulation of HSA32. In contrast, dlt1-2 impairs the chaperone activity and thermotolerance function of HSP101 but not the regulation of HSA32. These results suggest that HSP101 has a dual function, which could be decoupled by the mutations. Pulse-chase analysis showed that HSP101 degraded faster in the absence of HSA32. The autophagic proteolysis inhibitor E-64d, but not the proteasome inhibitor MG132, inhibited the degradation of HSP101. Ectopic expression of HSA32 confirmed its effect on the decay of HSP101 at the posttranscriptional level and showed that HSA32 was not sufficient to confer long-term acquired thermotolerance when the HSP101 level was low. Taken together, we propose that a positive feedback loop between HSP101 and HSA32 at the protein level is a novel mechanism for prolonging the memory of heat acclimation.
Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing Cell Proliferation and the Onset of Endoreduplication while Maintaining a Potential Stand-By Mode
Authors: Noir Sandra , Bömer Moritz , Takahashi Naoki , Ishida Takashi , Tsui Tjir-Li , Balbi Virginia , Shanahan Hugh , Sugimoto Keiko , Devoto Alessandra 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhytohormones regulate plant growth from cell division to organ development. Jasmonates (JAs) are signaling molecules that have been implicated in stress-induced responses. However, they have also been shown to inhibit plant growth, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on leaf growth regulation were investigated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants altered in JA synthesis and perception, allene oxide synthase and coi1-16B (for coronatine insensitive1), respectively. We show that MeJA inhibits leaf growth through the JA receptor COI1 by reducing both cell number and size. Further investigations using flow cytometry analyses allowed us to evaluate ploidy levels and to monitor cell cycle progression in leaves and cotyledons of Arabidopsis and/or Nicotiana benthamiana at different stages of development. Additionally, a novel global transcription profiling analysis involving continuous treatment with MeJA was carried out to identify the molecular players whose expression is regulated during leaf development by this hormone and COI1. The results of these studies revealed that MeJA delays the switch from the mitotic cell cycle to the endoreduplication cycle, which accompanies cell expansion, in a COI1-dependent manner and inhibits the mitotic cycle itself, arresting cells in G1 phase prior to the S-phase transition. Significantly, we show that MeJA activates critical regulators of endoreduplication and affects the expression of key determinants of DNA replication. Our discoveries also suggest that MeJA may contribute to the maintenance of a cellular “stand-by mode” by keeping the expression of ribosomal genes at an elevated level. Finally, we propose a novel model for MeJA-regulated COI1-dependent leaf growth inhibition.
Vascular performance of woody plants in a temperate rain forest: lianas suffer higher levels of freeze–thaw embolism than associated trees
Authors: Jiménez‐Castillo Mylthon , Lusk Christopher H. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

The success of lianas in tropical rain forests has been linked to their wide xylem vessels that confer much higher hydraulic conductivity than tropical trees. In contrast, the poorer representation of lianas in temperate forests and high elevations might reflect lower competitiveness there, because of the vulnerability of high‐performance xylem to freeze–thaw embolism. Nevertheless, the empirical evidence that support this idea is surprisingly scarce.

We assessed this hypothesis comparing the hydraulic performance of five lianas and nine trees coexisting in cold weather, by measuring wood traits, hydraulic conductivity, xylem embolism and root pressures.

Vessel diameters of lianas were on average twice those of trees (51·3 vs. 23·2 μm), resulting in an 18‐fold difference in mean specific hydraulic conductivity (15·5 vs. 1·05 kg s−1 m−1 MPa−1). Lianas on average suffered higher levels of freeze–thaw embolism than trees (29·9 vs. 12·8%), reducing their potential hydraulically supported competitive advantage; however, partially embolized lianas still had greater water transport capacity than trees.

Specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was well correlated with vessel size in lianas but not in trees; however, plants with big vessels were more vulnerable to freeze embolism. Although all species of lianas developed root pressures and these tended to be higher than trees, root pressure were insufficient to repair embolism in plants > c. 7 m tall. The magnitudes of root pressure were well correlated with vessel size in lianas, but this relationship was not observed in trees.

Synthesis: Our results show empirical evidence that hydraulic performance of temperate lianas exceed the performance of coexisting trees, in similar magnitude than its tropical counterparts. Nevertheless, this hydraulic advantage is reduced as a consequence of freeze embolism. Temperate lianas appear to employ a bet‐hedging strategy entailing significant embolism in winter, but likely enabling rapid carbon gain during frost‐free periods. Loss of winter carbon gain opportunities because of embolism may explain the low success of lianas in temperate rain forest. However, predicted future climatic scenarios could are likely to increase liana abundance in mid‐latitudes and allow lianas to expand their ranges towards higher latitudes and elevations.
Minimizing invasive potential ofMiscanthus × giganteusgrown for bioenergy: identifying demographic thresholds for population growth and spread
Authors: Matlaga David P. , Davis Adam S. 
Published: February 2013

Spatial demographic models offer a powerful tool for quantifying risk of invasive spread by bioenergy crops. Our results suggest that sterile and fertile cultivars ofM. × giganteushave markedly different invasive potential and therefore should be considered separately in management and policy decisions. Feral populations of sterileM. × giganteuswould need to experience frequent and severe disturbance to pose a significant invasion risk, indicating that they should be grown well away from riparian areas prone to streambank scouring. In contrast, cultivars ofM. × giganteusbearing fertile seed may be very difficult, if not impossible, to contain.
WormFarm: a quantitative control and measurement device toward automated Caenorhabditis elegans aging analysis
Authors: Xian Bo , Shen Jie , Chen Weiyang , Sun Na , Qiao Nan , Jiang Dongqing , Yu Tao , Men Yongfan , Han Zhijun , Pang Yuhong , Kaeberlein Matt , Huang Yanyi , Han Jing‐Dong J. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryCaenorhabditis elegans is a leading model organism for studying the basic mechanisms of aging. Progress has been limited, however, by the lack of an automated system for quantitative analysis of longevity and mean lifespan. To address this barrier, we developed ‘WormFarm’, an integrated microfluidic device for culturing nematodes. Cohorts of 30–50 animals are maintained throughout their lifespan in each of eight separate chambers on a single WormFarm polydimethylsiloxane chip. Design features allow for automated removal of progeny and efficient control of environmental conditions. In addition, we have developed computational algorithms for automated analysis of video footage to quantitate survival and other phenotypes, such as body size and motility. As proof‐of‐principle, we show here that WormFarm successfully recapitulates survival data obtained from a standard plate‐based assay for both RNAi‐mediated and dietary‐induced changes in lifespan. Further, using a fluorescent reporter in conjunction with WormFarm, we report an age‐associated decrease in fluorescent intensity of GFP in transgenic worms expressing GFP tagged with a mitochondrial import signal under the control of the myo‐3 promoter. This marker may therefore serve as a useful biomarker of biological age and aging rate.
Histological Variations of the Glenoid Labrum in Dogs
Authors: Sager M. , Herten M. , Dreiner L. , Engelhardt E. , Assheuer J. , Kramer M. , Jäger M. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryAs the structure and clinical meaning of the canine glenoid labrum are repeatedly disputed up to now, an anatomical histological description of the structure and its varieties in older dogs is carried out. In this study, 20 shoulder joints are histologically and immunohistologically examined. The glenoid labrum (GL) is composed of up to three different zones: a transition zone composed of fibre cartilage with collagen fibres arranged like a fishnet‐like pattern, a zone of circularly leading fibre bundles and a meniscoid fold with synovial coverage. A variable recess exists between the GL and the joint surface.
PTPN22 Gene Polymorphism (C1858T) Is Associated with Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta‐Analysis of 19,495 Cases and 25,341 Controls
Authors: Xuan Chao , Lun Li‐Min , Zhao Jin‐Xia , Wang Hong‐Wei , Zhu Bao‐Zhi , Yu Shui , Liu Zhen , He Guo‐Wei 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) gene C1858T polymorphism has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in relatively small sample sizes. This study aimed at investigating the pooled association by carrying out a meta‐analysis on the published studies. The Medline, EBSCO, and BIOSIS databases were searched to identify eligible studies published in English before June 2012. The association was assessed by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The presence of heterogeneity and publication bias was explored by using meta‐regression analysis and Begg's test, respectively. A total of 28 studies were involved in this meta‐analysis. Across all populations, significant associations were found between the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism and susceptibility to T1D under genotypic (TT vs. CC [OR = 3.656, 95% CI: 3.139–4.257], CT vs. CC [OR = 1.968, 95% CI: 1.683–2.300]), recessive (OR = 3.147, 95% CI: 2.704–3.663), and dominant models (OR = 1.957, 95% CI: 1.817–2.108). In ethnicity‐ and sex‐stratified analyses, similar associations were found among Caucasians and within Caucasian male and female strata. The meta‐analysis results suggest that the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to T1D among the Caucasian population, and males who carried the ‐1858T allele were more susceptible to T1D than females.
Genetic diversity and structure in Asian native goat analyzed by newly developed SNP markers
Authors: Lin Bang Zhong , Kato Taiki , Kaneda Makoto , Matsumoto Hirokazu , Sasazaki Shinji , Mannen Hideyuki 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the current study, a total of 65 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the intron region were developed in goat (Capra hircus) by utilizing genomic information of cattle and sheep due to poor available genomic information on goat. Using these markers, we carried out genetic diversity and structure analyses for 10 Asian goat populations. The phylogenetic tree and principal components analysis showed good correspondence between clustered populations and their geographic locations. The STRUCTURE software analysis illustrated six divergent genetic structures among 10 populations. Myanmar and Cambodia populations showed high admixture patterns with different ancestry, suggesting genetic introgression into native goat populations. We also investigated the correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distance from a domestication center. This result showed a decreasing trend of genetic diversity according to the distance (P = 0.014). This result supported common consensus that western Asia is one of the centers of origin for modern Asian domestic goat.
Neutral and acidic milk oligosaccharides of the striped skunk (Mephitidae: Mephitis mephitis)
Authors: Taufik Epi , Sekii Nobuhiro , Senda Akitsugu , Fukuda Kenji , Saito Tadao , Eisert Regina , Oftedal Olav T. , Urashima Tadasu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe biological significance of the tremendous variation in proportions of oligosaccharides and lactose among mammalian milks is poorly understood. We investigated milk oligosaccharides of the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and compared these results to other species of the clade Mustelida. Individual oligosaccharides were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the striped skunk, six oligosaccharides were identified: isoglobotriose, 2′‐fucosyllactose, A‐tetrasaccharide, Galili pentasaccharide, 3′‐sialyllactose and monosialyl monogalactosyl lacto‐N‐neohexaose. Four of these have been found in related Mustelida and the other two in more distantly related carnivorans. The neutral and acidic oligosaccharides derive from three core structures: lactose (Gal(β1–4)Glc), lacto‐N‐neotetraose (Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc) and lacto‐N‐neohexaose (Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)[Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc).