bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a review on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability
Authors: Usach Iris , Melis Virginia , Peris José‐Esteban 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type‐1 non‐nucleoside and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are key drugs of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the clinical management of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)/HIV infection.DiscussionFirst‐generation NNRTIs, nevirapine (NVP), delavirdine (DLV) and efavirenz (EFV) are drugs with a low genetic barrier and poor resistance profile, which has led to the development of new generations of NNRTIs. Second‐generation NNRTIs, etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Union, and the next generation of drugs is currently being clinically developed. This review describes recent clinical data, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of commercialized NNRTIs, including the effects of sex, race and age differences on pharmacokinetics and safety. Moreover, it summarizes the characteristics of next‐generation NNRTIs: lersivirine, GSK 2248761, RDEA806, BILR 355 BS, calanolide A, MK‐4965, MK‐1439 and MK‐6186.ConclusionsThis review presents a wide description of NNRTIs, providing useful information for researchers interested in this field, both in clinical use and in research.
Superhydrophobic Graphene‐Based Materials: Surface Construction and Functional Applications
Authors: Chen Zhongxin , Dong Lei , Yang Dong , Lu Hongbin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMany naturally occurring surfaces have superhydrophobicity that fulfils their functional demands, which has inspired considerable interest to develop similar artificial superhydrophobic surfaces with a variety of functionalities. Graphene is an ideal candidate for functional superhydrophobic surfaces due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. The recent advances in this emerging field are summarized, including the wetting behavior of water on graphene and the formation of crumpling/nanoparticle/foam‐induced hierarchical structures, with emphasis on fundamental understanding for related processes. The potential applications in energy, environmental remediation, and thermal management are also discussed.
Zur Erddruckabschirmung in Kaikonstruktionen: Experimentelle Untersuchungen und ein analytischer Ansatz
Authors: Qiu Gang , Reimann Katja , Grabe Jürgen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBei der Bemessung einer Kaikonstruktion ist die Berechnung des aktiven Erddrucks hinter einer Spundwand eine häufige Fragestellung. Messungen und FE‐Analysen haben gezeigt, dass der Erddruck auf die vordere Spundwand durch die Verdübelung des Bodenkörpers von den hinter der Spundwand stehenden Pfahlreihen abgeschirmt wird. Bei den konventionellen Berechnungen wird die Verdübelungswirkung der Pfahlreihen rechnerisch durch eine Erhöhung des Reibungswinkels berücksichtigt. Mittels eines kleinmaßstäblichen Versuchsstandes, der am Institut für Geotechnik und Baubetrieb der TU Hamburg‐Harburg steht, werden Erkenntnisse über den Mechanismus der Erddruckabschirmung gewonnen. Abschließend wird ein Ansatz zur Evaluation der Erddruckabschirmung vorgestellt.Active earth pressure shielding in quay wall constructions: physical modeling and an analytical approachDesigning a quay wall construction the calculation of the active earth pressure behind the sheet pile wall is often a problem. Measurements and FE‐analyses have shown that the earth pressure is shielded from the sheet pile wall due to the dowel effect of the pile rows behind the sheet piling. In conventional calculations a higher friction angle is used to take the dowel effect into account. Small‐scaled model tests have been carried out to investigate the failure mechanisms of the earth pressure shielding. Based on the results an analytical approach is developed to estimate the shielding effect of the pile rows.
Biegeknickwiderstand von Mikropfählen gemäß den Eurocodes
Authors: Vogt Norbert , Vogt Stefan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFür schlanke Pfähle, die teilweise frei bzw. im Wasser stehen oder nur durch weiche Bodenschichten seitlich gestützt werden, ist der Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit gegen Biegeknicken zu führen. Ausgehend von den Werkstoffen gelten z.B. für Pfähle, welche die Einwirkungen überwiegend durch Querschnitte aus Stahl in den Untergrund abtragen, die Regeln der DIN EN 1993 für die Nachweise der inneren Tragfähigkeit. In diesem Beitrag wird die Ermittlung des Biegeknickwiderstandes stabilitätsgefährdeter Pfähle unter Verwendung des Nachweisformates gemäß DIN EN 1993 erläutert. Dabei ergibt sich das Problem, dass besonders Vorgaben zur anzusetzenden Imperfektion den Biegeknickwiderstand deutlich reduzieren. Die resultierenden Ergebnisse führen im Vergleich zum Erfahrungsschatz von Geotechnik‐Ingenieuren zu deutlich geringeren Pfahlwiderständen, was einen höheren Aufwand bei dieser Bauwerksgründung nach sich zieht. Es wird daher empfohlen, im Zweifelsfall die Möglichkeit der versuchsgestützten Bemessung mit Pfahlprobebelastungen heranzuziehen, um den Bemessungswert des Biegeknickwiderstandes zu ermitteln.Flexural Buckling Resistance of Micropiles according to the EurocodesThe analysis of sufficient resistance against flexural buckling is required for slender piles with only partial lateral support due to their embedment in water or layers of soft soil. The design code used for checking the inner load carrying capacity is dependent on the materials making up the pile cross section. For example the rules of DIN EN 1993 apply for the design of piles mainly consisting of a steel section. This paper illustrates the calculation of the resistance against flexural buckling using the specifications according to DIN EN 1993. Thereby the problem arises that requirements regarding imperfections reduce the buckling resistance strongly. The resulting design value of the pile resistance is therefore well below the established experience of geotechnical engineers, resulting in higher construction costs. When in doubt, it is thus recommended to conduct pile load tests in order to obtain an experimental, statistically evaluated design value of flexural buckling resistance.
Zum veränderlichen Tragverhalten von Stahlrammpfählen unter zyklisch‐axialer Belastung
Authors: Hu Yifeng , Hoch Albert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird einleitend der wissenschaftliche Kenntnisstand zum Tragverhalten in der Stahl‐Sand‐Kontaktfläche sowie zum plastischen Spannungs‐Dehnungsverhalten von sandigen Böden unter zyklischer Belastung beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend wird ein nichtlinearer Berechnungsansatz zur Erfassung des veränderlichen Tragverhaltens von Stahlrammpfählen unter zyklisch‐axialer Belastung formuliert und numerisch realisiert. Darin werden die drei maßgeblichen Einflussfaktoren, das Tangentialgleiten in der Kontaktfläche, die Akkumulation der plastischen Schubverzerrungen und die Verringerung der Normalspannung des sandigen Bodens im Pfahlnahbereich, berücksichtigt. Die erste Validierung wird mithilfe eines Modellversuches aus der Literatur durchgeführt.Bearing capacity degradation of driven steel piles under cyclic‐axial loadingIn this contribution, the scientific background of the bearing capacity of the sand‐steel interface and of the plastic stress‐strain‐behaviour of sand soils under cyclic loading is firstly described. Upon this, a nonlinear calculation approach is formulated and implemented by using numerical method for predicting the bearing capacity degradation of driven steel piles in sandy subsoil under cyclic‐axial loading condition. In this procedure, three controlling factors namely slip on pile‐sand‐interface, accumulation of plastic shear strain and the decrease in lateral effective stress of surrounding sand soils are taken into consideration. With the help of a model test reported in literature, the applicability of the developed calculation approach is checked.
Erhalt und Instandsetzung mit einfachen Mitteln: Der südliche Rundturm der Roten Halle in Pergamon
Authors: Bachmann Martin , Steiner Josef 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPergamon, die ehemalige Hauptstadt des pergamenischen Reichs nahe der Westküste Anatoliens ist seit mehr als 100 Jahren eine der Hauptgrabungsstätten des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (DAI) in der Türkei. Neben der großflächigen ehemaligen Stadtanlage und den Prachtbauten auf dem Burgberg existiert mit dem im 2. Jh. nach Chr. von Kaiser Hadrian errichteten Komplex der Roten Halle am Fuße des Burgbergs ein 2. Forschungsschwerpunkt inmitten der heutigen Stadt Bergama.Im Jahr 2006 hat das DAI mit der Instandsetzung des zur Roten Halle gehörenden südlichen Rundturms einen weiteren Aktivitätsschwerpunkt in Angriff genommen. Die Autoren berichten über das Projekt der Sicherung und der Instandsetzung des Turms und der Umwidmung des Innenraums zu einer Ausstellungsfläche für große und kleinere Fundstücke. Dabei galt es besonders, unter Beachtung weitestgehenden Substanzerhalts konstruktiv einfache und durchschaubare Lösungen mit landesüblichen Baustoffen und einheimischen Handwerkern zu finden. Im Sept. 2009 konnte mit dem restaurierten Rundturm ein konstruktionsgeschichtlich bedeutendes Zeugnis des römischen Ostens der Öffentlichkeit wieder zugänglich gemacht werden. Die Arbeiten zur Sanierung eines Kreuzgewölbes über einem südlich anschließenden Substruktionskeller werden in der Sommer‐Grabungskampagne 2013 abgeschlossen.Maintenance and restoration using simple assistive technology: The Southern round tower of the Red Hall in PergamonPergamon, the ancient capital of the Pergamenean Empire near the western coast of Anatolia, has been one of the main archeological sites of the German Archeological Institute (DAI) in Turkey. In addition to the large ancient city layout and magnificent buildings on the castle hill, the Red Hall, a big complex built at the foot of the hill by Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century, represents another focus of research in the center of today's town of Bergama.In 2006 the DAI implemented the restoration of the Red Hall's Southern round tower. The authors report about the project of securing and rebuilding the tower, as well as the rededication of its interior into an exhibition area of bigger and smaller archeological samples. Simple constructional and clear solutions were employed with the aim of maintaining the substance, including the use of customary materials and local workers. In Sept. 2009 the restorated round tower was opened to the public, representing a historically important evidence of the Eastern Roman empire. Restauration of a cross vault above a substructed cellar located in the Southern part of the site will be completed in the summer excavation campaign in 2013.
Proposed design of distributed macroalgal biorefineries: thermodynamics, bioconversion technology, and sustainability implications for developing economies
Authors: Golberg Alexander , Vitkin Edward , Linshiz Gregory , Khan Sabaa Ahmad , Hillson Nathan J. , Yakhini Zohar , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBiomass to fuel programs are under research and development worldwide. The largest biomass programs are underway in industrialized countries. In the coming decades, however, developing countries will be responsible for the major increase in transportation fuel demand. Although the lack of existing large‐scale infrastructure and primary resources preclude oil refining in developing countries, this provides an opportunity for the rapid implementation of small‐scale distributed biorefineries to serve multiple communities locally. The principles for biorefinery design, however, are still in their infancy. This review sets a precedent in combining thermodynamic, metabolic, and sustainability analyses for biorefinery design. We exemplify this approach through the design and optimization of a marine biorefinery for an average town in rural India. In this combined model, we include sustainability and legislation factors, intensive macro algae Ulva farming, and metabolic modeling of the biological two‐step conversion of Ulva feedstock by a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and then by a bacterium (Escherichia coli), into bioethanol. We hope that the model presented here will be useful in considering practical aspects of biorefinery design. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
2012 Update on global prevention of folic acid–preventable spina bifida and anencephaly
Authors: Youngblood Monica E. , Williamson Rebecca , Bell Karen N. , Johnson Quentin , Kancherla Vijaya , Oakley Godfrey P. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUNDFolic acid was proven in 1991 to prevent most cases of spina bifida and anencephaly. In 2008, less than 10% of folic acid–preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (FAPSBA) was prevented through folic acid fortification programs. This study updates the global estimates of the proportion of FAPSBA prevented with various types of folic acid fortification as of 2012.METHODSFor each country, we estimated the annual birth prevalence of FAPSBA and the daily amount of folic acid consumed from mandatory folic acid fortification programs. Assuming in Model I (our original Bell and Oakley model) that it required 400 μg, and in Model II (a new model), 200 μg of folic acid daily for total prevention of FAPSBA, we estimated the percentage of FAPSBA being prevented in each country by fortification.RESULTSUsing the original model, we estimate that 15% of FAPSBA is being prevented in 2012, compared with 2006 (6.8%) and 2008 (9.1%). We estimate in our new model that 25% of FAPSBA is being prevented.CONCLUSIONWe estimate an increasing prevention of FAPSBA in the world through folic acid fortification, yet the pace is slow. Our new model estimates that only 25% prevention and reminds us that there remains a lot of work to do in countries that do not implement mandatory fortification, which is key to achieving global and total prevention. If we are to prevent all FAPSBA, there is an urgent need to build the global political will to find sufficient resources to aid in this effort. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:658–663, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poisson versus logistic regression in a descriptive epidemiologic analysis of data from a Birth Defects Registry
Authors: Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. , Swartz Michael D. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare results from four statistical approaches to describe the epidemiology of a birth defect.METHODSCases of tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia were selected from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, and live births from Texas birth certificate data. All were delivered in 1999 through 2009. Data on infant and maternal characteristics were taken from the vital record. Four approaches were compared: a cohort design using Poisson regression (PR) and three case–control analyses using logistic regression (LR) with 10 controls per case (LR10), four controls per case (LR4), or affected controls having other birth defects. Analyses were conducted for all 11 years and for just 1 year (2009).RESULTSUsing all 11 years, there were 869 cases of tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia, and results for PR, LR10, and LR4 were similar. Results using only 2009 were more divergent: PR yielded more statistically significant global tests (type III analyses) and narrower 95% confidence intervals, followed closely by LR10. For both time periods, results using affected controls were different from those using PR and LR.CONCLUSIONFor these descriptive epidemiologic analyses, PR yielded the most precise estimates. However, LR provided similar estimates, and using 10 controls per case yielded precision almost as good as PR. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:702–707, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schubbruchgefahr von hochbautypischen Stahlbetonplattentragwerken
Authors: Schacht Gregor , Müller Lukas , Curbach Manfred , Marx Steffen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDer Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung der Schubbemessung von Stahlbetonplattentragwerken und vergleicht die zulässigen Schubspannungswerte der vergangenen Normengenerationen in Deutschland, sodass für die Bewertung bestehender Konstruktionen ohne Schubbewehrung eine Abschätzung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit möglich ist. Auch wird gezeigt, wie der Mindestwert der Querkrafttragfähigkeit schubunbewehrter Bauteile in DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA entstanden ist. Die in der Literatur vorhandenen Schubversuche an Plattentragwerken werden hinsichtlich ihrer Schubtragfähigkeit ausgewertet und mithilfe eines normativen Schubtales wird eine Empfehlung für den Ausschluss einer Schubbruchgefahr für Stahlbetonplatten formuliert.Shear bearing behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs for building constructionsThe paper describes the development of the shear design and the construction of reinforced concrete plates and compares the allowable shear stresses of the different previous code generations in Germany, with which the evaluation of the shear bearing capacity of existing concrete structures without shear reinforcement is possible. It is also shown on which basis the minimum value of the shear bearing capacitiy of elements without shear reinforcement according to DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA has been developed. Experimental investigations of the shear bearing behaviour of concrete slabs are evaluated. With the help of a code based shear valley a recommendation is given with which the danger of shear failure of reinforced concrete plates is excluded.
Ulrich Finsterwalder 1897–1988
Authors: Dicleli Cengiz 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUlrich Finsterwalder zählt neben Franz Dischinger und Fritz Leonhardt zu den größten Ingenieuren des Stahl‐ und Spannbetonbaus. Von der Entwicklung der Tonnenschalen und des Spannbetonbrückenbaus bis hin zum Bau von Schiffen aus Stahlbeton sind viele bedeutende Meilensteine dieser Bauweise auf ihn zurückzuführen. Der 1897 in München geborene Ausnahmeingenieur formte rund 50 Jahre lang die Firma Dyckerhoff & Widmann als Chefingenieur und Mitglied der Geschäftsleitung. Wie kaum von einem anderen Ingenieur bekannt ist, gelang es ihm, zahlreiche Erfindungen zu machen, die den Stahlbetonbau weiterentwickelten, und Bauwerke jeder Art in einer Qualität und Quantität selber zu bauen oder mittelbar zu beeinflussen. Durch seine Schule gingen zahlreiche spätere Professoren für Stahlbetonbau und Statik sowie Inhaber weltweit bedeutender Ingenieurbüros hervor. Am 5. Dezember 2013 jährt sich der Todestag von Ulrich Finsterwalder zum 25. Mal. Zu seinem Gedenken findet im Deutschen Museum in München am 1. Oktober 2013 die Tagung “Ulrich Finsterwalder – Ein Leben für den Betonbau” statt.A life for concrete constructionDedicated to the 25th anniversary of the dead of Ulrich FinsterwalderUlrich Finsterwalder belongs alongside Franz Dischinger and Fritz Leonhardt to the greatest engineers in the fields of reinforced and prestressed concrete construction. There are many notable milestones in the way he built; from the development of barrel‐vaults and prestressed concrete bridge construction, to building of ships with reinforced concrete. Born in 1897 in Munich, this exceptional engineer significantly shaped for about 50 years the Dyckerhoff & Widmann Company as its chief engineer and board member. As hardly any other engineer of his generation, he succeeded in realising numerous inventions, which led to an energetic development of reinforced concrete structures. Amongst them were a wide range of buildings, which he oversaw for their quality and quantity. Through his school passed many engineers who later in their careers became professors for reinforced concrete construction or founders of worldwide acknowledged engineering offices. December the 5th 2013 will be the 25th anniversary of Ulrich Finsterwalder's death. On October 1st 2013 a commemorative meeting will be held in the German Museum in Munich titled “Ulrich Finsterwalder – A life for concrete construction”.
Simultaneous determination of metolazone and losartan potassium in their binary mixtures using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection: application to combined tablets and spiked human plasma
Authors: Walash Mohammed I. , El‐Enany Nahed M. , Eid Manal I. , Fathy Mona E. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTA new, specific and sensitive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous determination of metolazone (MET) and losartan potassium (LOS). Good chromatographic separation was achieved within 6.0 min on a 150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm Waters, Ireland and ProDIGY 5 ODS 3 100 A column. A mobile phase containing a mixture of methanol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer (65:35, v/v) at pH 3.0 was used. The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with fluorescence detection at 410 nm after excitation at 230 nm. Aspirin (ASP) was used as an internal standard. The proposed method was rectilinear over 2.0–40.0 (MET) and 40.0–800.0 ng/mL (LOS), with limits of detection of 0.22 and 4.52 ng/mL and limits of quantification of 0.68 and 13.70 ng/mL for MET and LOS, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of the studied drugs in their laboratory‐prepared mixtures, single tablets and co‐formulated tablets. Moreover, the method was applied to an in vitro drug release (dissolution) test. The method was further extended to the determination of LOS in spiked human plasma. Statistical evaluation and comparison of data obtained using the proposed and comparison methods revealed no significant difference between the two methods in addition to good accuracy and precision for the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antitumor effect of novel berberine derivatives in breast cancer cells
Authors: Pierpaoli Elisa , Arcamone Andrea G. , Buzzetti Franco , Lombardi Paolo , Salvatore Carmela , Provinciali Mauro 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common malignancy and the most common cause of cancer death in elderly women. Chemoprevention with dietary compounds and their synthetic analogs has emerged as an attractive strategy to prevent carcinogenic progression to invasive cancer. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of some new synthetic derivatives of berberine, a phytochemical isolated from Barberry and other plants, to induce growth arrest of HER‐2/neu overexpressing SK‐BR‐3 breast cancer cells. Supplementation with berberine or with the synthetic derivatives NAX012, NAX013, NAX014, and NAX035 exerted a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition of SK‐BR‐3 cell viability, with a greater effectiveness of NAX012 and NAX014 compounds with respect to berberine. This cytotoxic effect was related to an increased number of apoptotic cells that reached 71.6% and 68.4% after 72 h treatment with 50 µM of NAX012 and NAX014, respectively, compared with 44.2% of berberine. Real‐time PCR analyses showed that berberine, NAX012 and NAX014 compounds increased the expression of some cell‐cycle checkpoint molecules involved in cell senescence such as p53, p21WAF1, p16INK4a, and PAI‐1, already after 24 h of 50 µM treatments. Furthermore, berberine, NAX012 and NAX014, all reduced both HER‐2/neu expression and phosphorylation on tumor cells, the NAX014 compound showing the higher effectiveness. These results provide novel information on the mechanisms involved in the anticancer effects of berberine and demonstrate the greater effectiveness of NAX012 and NAX014 analogs in inducing apoptosis and cellular senescence in HER‐2/neu overexpressing tumor cell lines. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(6):672–679, 2013