bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twin Imperial Disasters. The invasions of Khiva and Afghanistan in the Russian and British official mind, 1839–1842
Authors: MORRISON ALEXANDER 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper examines two linked cases of abortive Imperial expansion. The British invasion of Afghanistan and the Russian winter expedition to Khiva both took place in 1839, and both ended in disaster. These events were linked, not merely by coincidence, but by mutual reactions to intelligence received in Orenburg, St Petersburg, Calcutta, London, and Tehran. British and Russian officials shared similar fears about each other's ambitions in Central Asia, similar patterns of prejudice, arrogance and ignorance, and a similar sense of entitlement as the self-conscious agents of two ‘Great Powers’. By examining the decision-making process which preceded these twin cases of expansion, and the British and Russian attitudes to Central Asian rulers and informants, the paper provides not only a deeper understanding of what provoked these particular disasters, but also of the wider process of European imperial expansion in the early nineteenth century.
Life-long singlehood: intersections of the past and the present
Authors: TIMONEN VIRPI , DOYLE MARTHA 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper examines life-long singlehood and its ramifications in old age among women and men in Ireland. During the life-time of the 26 research participants, Ireland shifted from the Western European marriage pattern, characterised by high rates of singlehood, late marriage and high fertility, to declining prevalence of singlehood, higher marriage rates and lower fertility. In-depth interviews were analysed with the help of narrative analysis and grounded theory methods. We identified two main pathways into singlehood that had a long-term impact on the participants' lives. The women and men who hadchosensinglehood associated this status with independence, self-fulfilment and autonomy throughout their lifecourse, including in old age. In contrast, older adults who had beenconstrainedin their choice of marital status due to poverty, care work, family roles and cultural norms, expressed regret and dissatisfaction with their single status. In the latter group, the ramifications of the inability to actualise the roles of a spouse, parent and grandparent were particularly apposite in later life when many felt the absence of close ties and expressed loneliness. For some of the older adults who had been constrained in their choice of marital status in earlier life, the possibility of entering into a romantic relationship seemed more feasible in later life. How older adults interpret their pathway into the single status in earlier life impacts on relationship formation and life satisfaction in older age.
Trapping of electromagnetic radiation in self-generated and preformed cavities
Authors: Luan Shixia , Yu Wei , Wang Jingwei , Yu Mingyang , Weng Suming , Murakami Masakatsu , Wang Jingwei , Xu Han , Zhuo Hongbin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLaser light trapping in cavities in near-critical density plasmas is studied by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. The laser ponderomotive force can create in the plasma a vacuum cavity bounded by a thin overcritical-density wall. The laser light is self-consistently trapped as a half-cycle electromagnetic wave in the form of an oscillon-caviton structure until it is slowly depleted through interaction with the cavity wall. When the near-critical density plasma contains a preformed cavity, laser light can become a standing wave in the latter. The trapped light is characterized as multi-peak structure. The overdense plasma wall around the self-generated and preformed cavities induced by the laser ponderomotive force is found to be crucial for pulse trapping. Once this wall forms, the trapped pulse can hardly penetrate.
Effects of substituting anthropometric joints with revolute joints in humanoid robots and robotic hands: a case study
Authors: Mousavi Mehdi , Somà Aurelio , Pescarmona Francesco 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn the human body there are many joints whose functions are very similar to revolute joints. To avoid the complexity of these joints, they are usually substituted by revolute joints in many humanoid robots. Revolute joints have purely rotational motion along their fixed axis, while real joints in the human body have Instantaneous Rotational Axis (IRA) due to their configuration. Substitution of this kind of human joints with revolute (hinge) joints in robots changes the kinematics of joints. Knowing the exact characteristics of the moving axis of rotation in human joints is a prerequisite for the kinematic study of a joint. Here the main geometrical difference between these kinds of joints in humans and their simplified (hinge-like) models in robots is described. Then, as a case study, the mechanism of the three joints of the index finger are compared with their hinge-like model using a multi-body code to understand when revolute joints can be substituted for anthropometric joints in hand exoskeletons and robotic hands. Furthermore, the position of IRA and its distance from the center of the condyle of the joint are presented. The concept and the results can be extended for other fingers and all similar joints, and can be used in humanoid robots, hand exoskeletons and robotic hands.
Radiotherapy scheduling using prime numbers
Authors: McLaughlin J. , Marignol L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal delivery of radiation therapy to achieve maximum tumour cell kill while limiting damage to normal tissues underlies any radiation therapy treatment protocol. The biological effectiveness of radiation therapy is closely related to cellular reproductive activity. The scheduling of dose fraction to a time where actively dividing cells are at their most radiosensitive stage (RS) has potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy.Materials and methodsA prime number is a natural number >1 whose only divisors are 1 and the number itself.PurposeWe propose that the use of prime numbers in the scheduling of radiotherapy treatments could maximise biological effectiveness by facilitating the irradiation of the greatest number of cells at their most RS stage, and ultimately improve the therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy.ConclusionsThe theoretical clinical implementation of this concept into the scheduling of radiation therapy is discussed.
Strengths and limitations of microarray-based phenotype prediction: lessons learned from the IMPROVER Diagnostic Signature Challenge
Authors: Tarca Adi L. , Lauria Mario , Unger Michael , Bilal Erhan , Boue Stephanie , Kumar Dey Kushal , Hoeng Julia , Koeppl Heinz , Martin Florian , Meyer Pablo , Nandy Preetam , Norel Raquel , Peitsch Manuel , Rice Jeremy J. , Romero Roberto , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Talikka Marja , Xiang Yang , Zechner Christoph ,   IMPROVER DSC Collaborators
Published: August 2013

AbstractMotivation: After more than a decade since microarrays were used to predict phenotype of biological samples, real-life applications for disease screening and identification of patients who would best benefit from treatment are still emerging. The interest of the scientific community in identifying best approaches to develop such prediction models was reaffirmed in a competition style international collaboration called IMPROVER Diagnostic Signature Challenge whose results we describe herein.Results: Fifty-four teams used public data to develop prediction models in four disease areas including multiple sclerosis, lung cancer, psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and made predictions on blinded new data that we generated. Teams were scored using three metrics that captured various aspects of the quality of predictions, and best performers were awarded. This article presents the challenge results and introduces to the community the approaches of the best overall three performers, as well as an R package that implements the approach of the best overall team.The analyses of model performance data submitted in the challenge as well as additional simulations that we have performed revealed that (i) the quality of predictions depends more on the disease endpoint than on the particular approaches used in the challenge; (ii) the most important modeling factor (e.g. data preprocessing, feature selection and classifier type) is problem dependent; and (iii) for optimal results datasets and methods have to be carefully matched. Biomedical factors such as the disease severity and confidence in diagnostic were found to be associated with the misclassification rates across the different teams.Availability: The lung cancer dataset is available from Gene Expression Omnibus (accession, GSE43580). The maPredictDSC R package implementing the approach of the best overall team is available at www.bioconductor.org or http://bioinformaticsprb.med.wayne.edu/.Contact: gustavo@us.ibm.comSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration*
Authors: Young Alwyn 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.
Red Crown Rot of Hop in Oregon Caused by Phomopsis tuberivora
Authors: Gent David H. , Mueller-Warrant George , Woods Joanna L. , Putnam Melodie L. , Twomey Megan C. 
Published: August 2013

During July 2007, symptoms including weak growth and death of plants of cultivar Fuggle were reported by a hop grower in Marion Co., OR. Phomopsis tuberivora H.T. Güssow & W.R. Foster 1932 was consistently recovered from affected plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with three isolates of the fungus, establishing the pathogen and the disease red crown rot as the cause of the damage. This is the first report of red crown rot on hop in Oregon, which may have important management implications for affected hop yards and farms. Accepted for publication 19 March 2013. Published 24 June 2013.
Assessment and Management of Nutrition and Growth in Rett Syndrome
Authors: Leonard Helen , Ravikumara Madhur , Baikie Gordon , Naseem Nusrat , Ellaway Carolyn , Percy Alan , Abraham Suzanne , Geerts Suzanne , Lane Jane , Jones Mary , Bathgate Katherine , Downs Jenny 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:We developed recommendations for the clinical management of poor growth and weight gain in Rett syndrome through evidence review and the consensus of an expert panel of clinicians.Methods:Initial draft recommendations were created based upon literature review and 34 open‐ended questions in which the literature was lacking. Statements and questions were made available to an international, multidisciplinary panel of clinicians in an online format and a Microsoft Word–formatted version of the draft via e‐mail. Input was sought using a 2‐stage modified Delphi process to reach consensus. Items included clinical assessment of growth, anthropometry, feeding difficulties and management to increase energy intake, decrease feeding difficulties, and consideration of gastrostomy.Results:Agreement was achieved on 101 of 112 statements. A comprehensive approach to the management of poor growth in Rett syndrome is recommended that takes into account factors such as feeding difficulties and nutritional needs. A body mass index of approximately the 25th centile can be considered as a reasonable target in clinical practice. Gastrostomy is indicated for extremely poor growth, if there is risk of aspiration and if feeding times are prolonged.Conclusions:These evidence‐ and consensus‐based recommendations have the potential to improve care of nutrition and growth in a rare condition and stimulate research to improve the present limited evidence base.
Calretinin, β‐Tubulin Immunohistochemistry, and Submucosal Nerve Trunks Morphology in Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Volpe Andrea , Alaggio Rita , Midrio Paola , Iaria Loredana , Gamba Piergiorgio 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to investigate calretinin and β‐tubulin immunohistochemical expression together with submucosal nerve trunks morphology in differently innervated segments of Hirschsprung disease (HD) and total colonic aganglionosis (TCA).Methods:A total of 25 cases (22 HD, 3 TCA) and 18 controls were processed for calretinin and β‐tubulin immunohistochemistry. Sections representative of distal aganglionic, transition, and proximal ganglionic segments were evaluated by a visual grading score; β‐tubulin was evaluated also by image analysis. Submucosal nerve trunks hypertrophy and hyperplasia were measured by citomorphology. The length of proximal segment was correlated to postoperative bowel function.Results:Controls showed intense calretinin and β‐tubulin staining. In HD and TCA, calretinin staining was related to the presence of ganglion cells: negative in distal, faint in transition, intense in proximal segment. β‐Tubulin staining was weak in all of the segments of HD and negative in TCA. Hypertrophic and hyperplastic nerve trunks characterized aganglionic segment, and progressively decreasing nerve size was observed in transition and ganglionic segments. Transient postoperative constipation, soiling, or enterocolitis was present in 59% of patients with HD without clear relation to proximal segment length or presence of hypertrophic nerve trunks.Conclusions:Calretinin is a reliable marker of the presence of ganglion cells, and, together with nerve hypertrophy, it helps to identify the transition zone. Length and nerve size of proximal segment in resected specimen did not affect the postsurgical intestinal function. Reduced β‐tubulin expression along the entire colonic tract, included proximal ganglionic segments, may represent a potential impairing factor for the enteric neural transmission.
Changing economic conditions for libraries
Authors: Mapulanga Patrick 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to look at the impact of the Government subvention to the University of Malawi (UNIMA) from 2004 to 2009 financial years on its libraries and assess levels of fund raising initiatives in the libraries.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a case study approach. Interviews were conducted with five college librarians in the University of Malawi libraries. University budget estimates from 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 financial years were used to assess the amount of income generated by the libraries. Data are presented in the form of tables and analysed by calculating percentage increases and decreases.FindingsUNIMA as a whole has done extremely well in generating income equivalent to subvention. On the other hand, UNIMA libraries are on the receiving end. From 2004/2005 to 2007/2008 financial years, no income was captured in the university budgets from the libraries. In the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 financial years, UNIMA libraries realised 7.2 per cent and 5.4 per cent of the income. This means UNIMA libraries were heavily dependent on government subvention for their operations. Fundraising is not emphasised despite being an appropriate and alternative source of funding.Practical implicationsThe study recommends that college librarians should consider diversifying income‐generating activities and consider fund raising activities as well. Heavy reliance on government subvention is not sustainable. Libraries should seriously consider fundraising.Originality/valueThere is an information gap on fund raising activities in UNIMA libraries. This information bridges the gap on sources of income for UNIMA libraries and provides an assessment of fund raising initiatives taken by UNIMA libraries.
Death by a thousand cuts
Authors: Abeles Tom P. 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this foresight editorial is to explore the changing nature of the traditional post‐secondary institution under increased pressure at the intersection of expanding demand for access and the maturation of the internet to allow international delivery to meet this demand.Design/methodology/approachThis is an opinion piece.FindingsThe cost of basic knowledge assets, with the rise of “big data” and the internet, are asymptotically approaching zero, questioning why the increasing demand for access cannot be met at lower cost at the gates of the “Ivory Tower”. This is and will continue to have increased impact on how basic baccalaureate knowledge is delivered and certifiedSocial implicationsThe “bar” for job entrance has been raised beyond the secondary school diploma. At the same time, the removal of bottlenecks for post‐secondary certification, internationally, will change the nature of employment of graduates and also the entire infrastructure of the bachelor‐level institutional programs.Originality/valueThis is a contrarian foresight essay designed to provoke discussion at the systems level of education in general and post‐secondary programs in particular.
Defending the future: introductory overview of a special issue of On the Horizon on responses to The Biggest Wake‐up Call in History
Authors: Slaughter Richard A. 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give an introductory overview of the special issue of On the Horizon (OTH) on responses to the author's book, The Biggest Wake‐up Call in History (BWCH).Design/methodology/approachThe author does not comment on all the contributions to this special issue, but summarises his view of some of the most valuable suggestions for further work that have been put forward.FindingsThe author's view is that, overall, these contributions to the special issue of OTH more than fulfil the goal of commenting on and, in some cases, extending the core concerns of BWCH.Originality/valueIf the BWCH and the papers presented in this special issue can play even a small part in the process of waking up and taking responsibility then people can all breathe a little easier. People can look their kids in the eye and know that they know the present generation did what was required as well as it could.
Supply chain management research impact: an evidence‐based perspective
Authors: Harland Christine M. 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper, using an evidence‐based management theoretical lens, is to examine research impact to provide guidance to supply chain management academics in evidencing and exploiting the outputs, outcomes and impact of their research.Design/methodology/approachEvidence‐based management theory is examined and applied to types of academic research impact. The distinction between academic and non‐academic impact is developed into a supply chain framework of research outputs, transfer, outcomes, impact and national/international benefits. Impact of supply chain management research is explored through a case study in the English National Health Service. Future opportunities and challenges for supply chain management researchers arising from increasing demand for and supply of evidence are discussed.FindingsAuthor academic impact and citations are found to be increasingly important building blocks of evidence‐based evaluations of individual academics, journals, research quality assessments of groups and universities, and global rankings of universities. Supply chain management researchers can compare their impact with other areas of academia. Non‐academic impact of research has been assessed by funders of research projects and has spread to research quality assessments of universities.Social implicationsBibliometrics provide evidence of author and journal impact that can be used in human resource decisions, research quality assessments and global rankings of universities; this availability enables a debate on appropriate use of academic impact evidence. Supply chain management academics evidencing non‐academic research impact on business, society and economy will enable governments and funders of research to evaluate value for money return on their investment.Originality/ valueThis perspective of evidence‐based evaluation of research impact and its implications might encourage debate on academic and non‐academic impact and encourage supply chain researchers to consider evidencing impact in their research design and methodology.
HE4 and CA125 levels in the preoperative assessment of endometrial cancer patients: a prospective multicenter study (ENDOMET)
Authors: Antonsen Sofie L. , Høgdall Estrid , Christensen Ib J. , Lydolph Magnus , Tabor Ann , Loft Jakobsen Annika , Fagö‐Olsen Carsten L. , Andersen Erik S. , Jochumsen Kirsten , Høgdall Claus 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and CA125 correlate with known high‐risk prognostic factors for endometrial cancer.DesignProspective multicenter study.SettingThree Danish tertiary gynecological oncology centers.PopulationA total of 352 patients with endometrial cancer and atypical endometrial hyperplasia consecutively referred between 1 September 2009 and 1 January 2012.MethodsPreoperative blood samples were obtained from all patients. Biomarker levels were correlated with pathological characteristics of hysterectomy specimens.Main outcome measuresFIGO stage, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, lymph node metastases, and histological type and grade of tumor.ResultsWe found that both HE4 and CA125 were significantly positively correlated with histological grade (HE4: p = 0.002 and CA125: p = 0.027), lymph node metastases (HE4: p = 0.013 and CA125: p < 0.0001), myometrial invasion (p < 0.0001) and cervical involvement (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a significant increase was found with increasing FIGO stage for both markers (p < 0.0001). In a combined index including age, the diagnostic value increases. Area under the receiver operating characteristics curves were higher for the index compared with the markers individually for all our endpoints. The calculated plots for the combined index may assist gynecologists in predicting the risk of deep myometrial invasion, cervical involvement and lymph node metastases. The analyses emphasize that the combined markers should be used in the prediction of prognostic factors.ConclusionThis study confirmed that the markers are significantly elevated in patients with prognostic high‐risk factors and may, therefore, be used as an additional tool in combination with imaging and clinical information when planning the treatment of endometrial cancer patients.