bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Model to Evaluate the Routine Use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Prevent Incident and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Lofgren Eric T. , Moehring Rebekah W. , Anderson Deverick J. , Weber David J. , Fefferman Nina H. 
Published: December 2013

Objective.Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested as a new treatment to manage Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). With use of a mathematical model of C. difficile within an intensive care unit (ICU), we examined the potential impact of routine FMT.Design, Setting, and Patients.A mathematical model of C. difficile transmission, supplemented with prospective cohort, surveillance, and billing data from hospitals in the southeastern United States.Methods.Cohort, surveillance, and billing data as well as data from the literature were used to construct a compartmental model of CDI within an ICU. Patients were defined as being in 1 of 6 potential health states: uncolonized and at low risk; uncolonized and at high risk; colonized and at low risk; colonized and at high risk; having CDI; or treated with FMT.Results.The use of FMT to treat patients after CDI was associated with a statistically significant reduction in recurrence but not with a reduction in incident cases. Treatment after administration of high-risk medications, such as antibiotics, did not result in a decrease in recurrence but did result in a statistically significant difference in incident cases across treatment groups, although whether this difference was clinically relevant was questionable.Conclusions.Our study is a novel mathematical model that examines the effect of FMT on the prevention of recurrent and incident CDI. The routine use of FMT represents a promising approach to reduce complex recurrent cases, but a reduction in CDI incidence will require the use of other methods to prevent transmission.
The ‘robustness’ of vocabulary intervention in the public schools: targets and techniques employed in speech–language therapy
Authors: Justice Laura M. , Schmitt Mary Beth , Murphy Kimberly A. , Pratt Amy , Biancone Tricia 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study examined vocabulary intervention—in terms of targets and techniques—for children with language impairment receiving speech–language therapy in public schools (i.e., non‐fee‐paying schools) in the United States. Vocabulary treatments and targets were examined with respect to their alignment with the empirically validated practice of rich vocabulary intervention. Participants were forty‐eight 5–7‐year‐old children participating in kindergarten or the first‐grade year of school, all of whom had vocabulary‐specific goals on their individualized education programmes. Two therapy sessions per child were coded to determine what vocabulary words were being directly targeted and what techniques were used for each. Study findings showed that the majority of words directly targeted during therapy were lower‐level basic vocabulary words (87%) and very few (1%) were academically relevant. On average, three techniques were used per word to promote deep understanding. Interpreting findings against empirical descriptions of rich vocabulary intervention indicates that children were exposed to some but not all aspects of this empirically supported practice.
Cybertaxonomy to accomplish big things in aphid systematics
Authors: Favret Colin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiodiversity sciences have progressed at such a pace that the taxonomic community has been unable to grow concomitantly to keep up with the influx of biological data. This “taxonomic impediment” has led some to suggest that taxonomy is no longer pertinent and to the development of methodologies that circumvent the taxonomic process. This article does not seek to argue for the importance of taxonomy but rather is a call to the aphid taxonomy community to rise to the challenge by dramatically increasing the volume and comprehensiveness of its output without sacrificing quality. Recent informatics technology allows us to mobilize the 2 most important aphid taxonomy resources: experts and specimens, both distributed globally. “Cyberspecimens,” museum specimens digitally rendered at a resolution sufficient for remote identification, and open “cybertaxonomic” tools will allow the international aphid taxonomic community to carry out large, ambitious, projects. The global aphid cybertaxonomy proposed here will serve not only the ends of research aphidologists, but also provide a model for other taxonomic communities to adapt and adopt as we confront both the taxonomic impediment and the taxonomic naysayers.
Family‐Focused Interventions to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. 
Published: December 2013

Research SummarySeveral criminological theories prioritize the role of the family in influencing juvenile delinquency, and both observational studies (Derzon, ; Hoeve et al., ; Steinberg, ) and experimental evaluations of family‐focused interventions (Farrington and Welsh, ; Sandler, Schoenfelder, Wolchik, and MacKinnon, ) have demonstrated that parenting practices affect the degree to which children and adolescents will engage in substance use, delinquency, and/or violence. Moreover, research regarding the ability of family‐focused interventions to reduce offending when implemented in “real‐world” conditions is mounting.Policy ImplicationsScientific experiments are increasingly being used to identify why, for whom, and under what conditions treatments are most effective, information that Sampson, Winship, and Knight () in the main article of this special issue emphasize is needed to provide assurances that programs will work when replicated in communities. Based on this evidence, should criminologists advocate for policies and practices intended to increase the dissemination of effective family‐based programs? This essay contends that there is sufficient evidence to do so. To ensure that such policies produce desired reductions in juvenile delinquency, however, criminologists also must reach consensus on the evidentiary standards needed to identify “what works,” advocate for increased attention to implementation fidelity during program replication, and increase support for preventive interventions among policy makers and the public.
Evidence and Public Policy
Authors: Nagin Daniel S. , Weisburd David 
Published: December 2013

Research SummaryIn this paper, we argue that both science and the policy process are well served by research with high evidentiary value. We also argue that experimental research is valuable in the policy domain not only because of its high evidentiary content but also because of its transparency. To exemplify this point, we describe how a decade‐long research program on hot spots policing overturned the conventional wisdom that police could not affect crime and, in so doing, has profoundly altered police practice. Still, we recognize that for a variety of practical and ethical reasons, policy‐relevant research on policing and criminal justice policy more generally cannot be based entirely on experiments. We discuss two key features of randomization—balance in expectation between the treated and the control group on all potential confounders and exogeneity of treatment status—that are the source of the high evidentiary status of randomized experiments. We go on to describe how these same two features can be credibly replicated in quasi‐experimental studies that are not subject to the ethical and practical obstacles that may make experiments impractical in some circumstances.Policy ImplicationsWe urge criminologists to take greater advantage of quasi‐experimental research opportunities. We also recommend that criminologists go beyond simply identifying such opportunities. They should engage practitioners and policy makers and make clear what is required to allow for strong evidence of program effectiveness.
Radioactive iodine treatment for node negative papillary thyroid cancer with capsular invasion only: Results of a large retrospective study
Authors: Jeon Ye‐Won , Ahn Young‐Ee , Chung Won‐Sang , Choi Hyun‐Joo , Suh Young Jin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimWith thyroid carcinoma the decision to use radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation depends on the risk of poor outcomes. Although extrathyroid extension (ETE) is well known as a risk of poor outcomes for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the definition of minimal ETE is too broad, as it encompasses both microscopic invasion of the thyroid capsule (capsular invasion [CI]) and macroscopic invasion of the sternothyroid muscle.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study to analyze the prognostic benefit of RAI ablation according to the presence of CI in a consecutive series of patients with PTC between October 1997 and December 2008. We studied two groups of patients, including those who received RAI (group I, n = 121) and those who did not (group II, n = 108). During follow‐up, we assessed the locoregional recurrence of all patients.ResultsThere were no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding locoregional recurrence at follow‐up (13.2% for group I vs 9.3% for group II, P = 0.441). The association between RAI and locoregional recurrence in PTC patients with CI remained insignificant after adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, tumor size, sex, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion and tumor multiplicity (P = 0.409, hazard ratio = 0.698, 95% confidence interval, 0.298–1.639).ConclusionsThis retrospective study suggests that RAI treatment is not associated with less locoregional recurrence in PTC patients who only demonstrate CI, although further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
Estimating Effects of Tidal Power Projects and Climate Change on Threatened and Endangered Marine Species and Their Food Web
Authors: BUSCH D. SHALLIN , GREENE CORREIGH M. , GOOD THOMAS P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMarine hydrokinetic power projects will operate as marine environments change in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We considered how tidal power development and stressors resulting from climate change may affect Puget Sound species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) and their food web. We used risk tables to assess the singular and combined effects of tidal power development and climate change. Tidal power development and climate change posed risks to ESA‐listed species, and risk increased with incorporation of the effects of these stressors on predators and prey of ESA‐listed species. In contrast, results of a model of strikes on ESA‐listed species from turbine blades suggested that few ESA‐listed species are likely to be killed by a commercial‐scale tidal turbine array. We applied scenarios to a food web model of Puget Sound to explore the effects of tidal power and climate change on ESA‐listed species using more quantitative analytical techniques. To simulate development of tidal power, we applied results of the blade strike model. To simulate environmental changes over the next 50 years, we applied scenarios of change in primary production, plankton community structure, dissolved oxygen, ocean acidification, and freshwater flooding events. No effects of tidal power development on ESA‐listed species were detected from the food web model output, but the effects of climate change on them and other members of the food web were large. Our analyses exemplify how natural resource managers might assess environmental effects of marine technologies in ways that explicitly incorporate climate change and consider multiple ESA‐listed species in the context of their ecological community.Estimación de los Efectos de Proyectos de Energía de las Mareas y el Cambio Climático sobre Especies Marinas Amenazadas y en Peligro y su Red Alimentaria
Climate Change, Marine Environments, and the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Authors: SENEY ERIN E. , ROWLAND MELANIE J. , LOWERY RUTH ANN , GRIFFIS ROGER B. , McCLURE MICHELLE M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractClimate change is expected to be a top driver of global biodiversity loss in the 21st century. It poses new challenges to conserving and managing imperiled species, particularly in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The use of climate‐related science in statutorily driven species management, such as under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), is in its early stages. This article provides an overview of ESA processes, with emphasis on the mandate to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to manage listed marine, estuarine, and anadromous species. Although the ESA is specific to the United States, its requirements are broadly relevant to conservation planning. Under the ESA, species, subspecies, and “distinct population segments” may be listed as either endangered or threatened, and taking of most listed species (harassing, harming, pursuing, wounding, killing, or capturing) is prohibited unless specifically authorized via a case‐by‐case permit process. Government agencies, in addition to avoiding take, must ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or conduct are not likely to jeopardize a listed species’ continued existence or adversely affect designated critical habitat. Decisions for which climate change is likely to be a key factor include: determining whether a species should be listed under the ESA, designating critical habitat areas, developing species recovery plans, and predicting whether effects of proposed human activities will be compatible with ESA‐listed species’ survival and recovery. Scientific analyses that underlie these critical conservation decisions include risk assessment, long‐term recovery planning, defining environmental baselines, predicting distribution, and defining appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Although specific guidance is still evolving, it is clear that the unprecedented changes in global ecosystems brought about by climate change necessitate new information and approaches to conservation of imperiled species.El Cambio Climático, los Ecosistemas Marinos y el Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro
Combined Effects of Climate Change and Bank Stabilization on Shallow Water Habitats of Chinook Salmon
Authors: JORGENSEN JEFFREY C. , MCCLURE MICHELLE M. , SHEER MINDI B. , MUNN NANCY L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSignificant challenges remain in the ability to estimate habitat change under the combined effects of natural variability, climate change, and human activity. We examined anticipated effects on shallow water over low‐sloped beaches to these combined effects in the lower Willamette River, Oregon, an area highly altered by development. A proposal to stabilize some shoreline with large rocks (riprap) would alter shallow water areas, an important habitat for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and would be subject to U.S. Endangered Species Act‐mandated oversight. In the mainstem, subyearling Chinook salmon appear to preferentially occupy these areas, which fluctuate with river stages. We estimated effects with a geospatial model and projections of future river flows. Recent (1999–2009) median river stages during peak subyearling occupancy (April–June) maximized beach shallow water area in the lower mainstem. Upstream shallow water area was maximized at lower river stages than have occurred recently. Higher river stages in April–June, resulting from increased flows predicted for the 2080s, decreased beach shallow water area 17–32%. On the basis of projected 2080s flows, more than 15% of beach shallow water area was displaced by the riprap. Beach shallow water area lost to riprap represented up to 1.6% of the total from the mouth to 12.9 km upstream. Reductions in shallow water area could restrict salmon feeding, resting, and refuge from predators and potentially reduce opportunities for the expression of the full range of life‐history strategies. Although climate change analyses provided useful information, detailed analyses are prohibitive at the project scale for the multitude of small projects reviewed annually. The benefits of our approach to resource managers include a wider geographic context for reviewing similar small projects in concert with climate change, an approach to analyze cumulative effects of similar actions, and estimation of the actions’ long‐term effects.Efectos Combinados del Cambio Climático y la Estabilización de Bordes de Ríos Hábitats de Aguas Poco Profundas del Salmón Chinook
Floodplain Rehabilitation as a Hedge against Hydroclimatic Uncertainty in a Migration Corridor of Threatened Steelhead
Authors: BOUGHTON DAVID A. , PIKE ANDREW S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA strategy for recovering endangered species during climate change is to restore ecosystem processes that moderate effects of climate shifts. In mid‐latitudes, storm patterns may shift their intensity, duration, and frequency. These shifts threaten flooding in human communities and reduce migration windows (conditions suitable for migration after a storm) for fish. Rehabilitation of historic floodplains can in principle reduce these threats via transient storage of storm water, but no one has quantified the benefit of floodplain rehabilitation for migrating fish, a widespread biota with conservation and economic value. We used simple models to quantify migration opportunity for a threatened migratory fish, steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in an episodic rain‐fed river system, the Pajaro River in central California. We combined flow models, bioenergetic models, and existing climate projections to estimate the sensitivity of migration windows to altered storm patterns under alternate scenarios of floodplain rehabilitation. Generally, migration opportunities were insensitive to warming, weakly sensitive to duration or intensity of storms, and proportionately sensitive to frequency of storms. The rehabilitation strategy expanded migration windows by 16–28% regardless of climate outcomes. Warmer conditions raised the energy cost of migrating, but not enough to matter biologically. Novel findings were that fewer storms appeared to pose a bigger threat to migrating steelhead than warmer or smaller storms and that floodplain rehabilitation lessened the risk from fewer or smaller storms across all plausible hydroclimatic outcomes. It follows that statistical downscaling methods may mischaracterize risk, depending on how they resolve overall precipitation shifts into changes of storm frequency as opposed to storm size. Moreover, anticipating effects of climate shifts that are irreducibly uncertain (here, rainfall) may be more important than anticipating effects of relatively predictable changes such as warming. This highlights a need to credibly identify strategies of ecosystem rehabilitation that are robust to uncertainty.Rehabilitación de Planicies Inundables como Cerco contra la Incertidumbre Hidroclimática en un Corredor Migratorio de Oncorhynchus mykiss, Especie Amenazada
How many days of accelerometer monitoring predict weekly physical activity behaviour in obese youth?
Authors: Vanhelst Jérémy , Fardy Paul S. , Duhamel Alain , Béghin Laurent 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the type and the number of accelerometer monitoring days needed to predict weekly sedentary behaviour and physical activity in obese youth. Fifty‐three obese youth wore a triaxial accelerometer for 7 days to measure physical activity in free‐living conditions. Analyses of variance for repeated measures, Intraclass coefficient (ICC) and regression linear analyses were used. Obese youth spent significantly less time in physical activity on weekends or free days compared with school days. ICC analyses indicated a minimum of 2 days is needed to estimate physical activity behaviour. ICC were 0·80 between weekly physical activity and weekdays and 0·92 between physical activity and weekend days. The model has to include a weekday and a weekend day. Using any combination of one weekday and one weekend day, the percentage of variance explained is >90%. Results indicate that 2 days of monitoring are needed to estimate the weekly physical activity behaviour in obese youth with an accelerometer. Our results also showed the importance of taking into consideration school day versus free day and weekday versus weekend day in assessing physical activity in obese youth.
Highchair philosophers: the impact of seating context‐dependent exploration on children's naming biases
Authors: Perry Lynn K. , Samuelson Larissa K. , Burdinie Johanna B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe examine developmental interactions between context, exploration, and word learning. Infants show an understanding of how nonsolid substances are categorized that does not reliably transfer to learning how these categories are named in laboratory tasks. We argue that what infants learn about naming nonsolid substances is contextually bound – most nonsolids that toddlers are familiar with are foods and thus, typically experienced when sitting in a highchair. We asked whether 16‐month‐old children's naming of nonsolids would improve if they were tested in that typical context. Children tested in the highchair demonstrated better understanding of how nonsolids are named. Furthermore, context‐based differences in exploration drove differences in the properties attended to in real‐time. We discuss what implications this context‐dependency has for understanding the development of an ontological distinction between solids and nonsolids. Together, these results demonstrate a developmental cascade between context, exploration, and word learning.
Low cost labeling with highlighter ink efficiently visualizes developing blood vessels in avian and mouse embryos
Authors: Takase Yuta , Tadokoro Ryosuke , Takahashi Yoshiko 
Published: December 2013

To understand how blood vessels form to establish the intricate network during vertebrate development, it is helpful if one can visualize the vasculature in embryos. We here describe a novel labeling method using highlighter ink, easily obtained in stationery stores with a low cost, to visualize embryo‐wide vasculatures in avian and mice. We tested 50 different highlighters for fluorescent microscopy with filter sets equipped in a standard fluorescent microscope. The yellow and violet inks yielded fluorescent signals specifically detected by the filters used for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) detections, respectively. When the ink solution was infused into chicken/quail and mouse embryos, vasculatures including large vessels and capillaries were labeled both in living and fixed embryos. Ink‐infused embryos were further subjected to histological sections, and double stained with antibodies including QH‐1 (quail), α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and PECAM‐1 (mouse), revealing that the endothelial cells were specifically labeled by the infused highlighter ink. Highlighter‐labeled signals were detected with a resolution comparable to or higher than signals of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐lectin and Rhodamine‐dextran, conventionally used for angiography. Furthermore, macroconfocal microscopic analyses with ink‐infused embryos visualized fine vascular structures of both embryo proper and extra‐embryonic plexus in a Z‐stack image of 2400 μm thick with a markedly high resolution. Together, the low cost highlighter ink serves as an alternative reagent useful for visualization of blood vessels in developing avian and mouse embryos and possibly in other animals.