bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Web-Based Virtual Seismic Monitoring for Pipelines
Authors: Nyman Douglas J. , Nigbor Robert L. 
Published: January 2014

Strong motion seismic monitoring systems are often installed at critical industrial facilities located in areas of moderate to high seismicity. The objective of seismic monitoring is to facilitate post-earthquake evaluation and emergency action by providing rapid detection of seismic events and associated data, alarms, and information. Seismic monitoring can play a similar role for pipelines, especially considering the added geohazard risks along right-of-ways that might include landslides, fault crossings, and liquefaction hazard areas. Because of spatial distribution, seismic monitoring for pipelines is more complex than that required for a site-specific facility.
In recent years, graphical software known as “ShakeMap,” developed by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), has been used to rapidly estimate and distribute the distribution and intensity of earthquake ground motions from an earthquake. The ShakeMap solution for ground motions takes into account the distance from the earthquake source, the rock and soil conditions at sites, and variations in the propagation of seismic waves due to complexities in the structure of the Earth’s crust. ShakeMap ground motion data is available for automatic download from the USGS for potentially damaging earthquakes, e.g., Magnitude 5 and greater, within minutes after the event.
USGS’ ShakeMap provides the opportunity to implement web-based systems to conduct automatic seismic monitoring for cross-county pipelines or networks of pipelines. A monitoring website can be equipped with a seismic database of fragilities that characterize geohazard vulnerabilities along pipeline right-of-ways as well as support facilities. Website software can be used to process the ground motion data to assess the threat to the pipeline system, advise pipeline controllers on the need for shutdown, and guide post-earthquake inspection on a prioritized basis.
Drawing from the authors’ recent seismic monitoring experience for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and other lifeline facilities, a conceptual plan for web-based seismic monitoring for pipelines is presented. The choice of a software platform can range from the use of open-source software available from USGS (ShakeCast) to custom software making direct use of gridded data downloads. Regardless of implementation strategy, the most convincing point to be made is that a seismic monitoring system need not require the installation of seismic instruments and the associated commitment to maintenance and hands-on seismology; instead it makes use of publicly available scientific data for rapid post-earthquake assessment.
Asset Integrity Management: Geohazards
Authors: Pedraza Acuña René , Moncada Saavedra Daniel Mauricio , Rojas S. Holman Fernando , De Los Ríos Ibáñez Pablo , Caipa R. John Freddy 
Published: January 2014

TECNICONTROL S.A. and TECHNICAL QUALIFIED PERSONNEL have jointly developed an Assets Integrity Management solution specialized on GEOHAZARDS, conceived with the vision of completely implementing the continuous improvement process during all stages of the asset’s life cycle.
This process is based on the implementation of technical-administrative management controls, by optimizing, planning and appropriately allocating investment resources and following a cost-benefit analysis philosophy, to all operations and processes in which hazardous materials are involved and have the potential of generating high level risks. The aim is that these risks are identified, assessed, understood and publicized so that mitigate, control or minimize, and prevent personal injury, irreversible damage to health, fatalities, environmental impact, loss of production, quality, image and profitability of processes and production facilities and treatment of hazardous fluids.
The integration of the main processes of asset integrity management, focused on hazardous fluids pipelines exposed to geohazards, was divided into four main steps are Risk Identification, Remote Monitoring, Risk Management and Consulting, in which runs from the identification, description and classification of all natural phenomena by external forces that may affect the integrity of pipelines, along with real-time measurement and remotely adequate instruments of the major variables that cause likelihood of injury, by shifting to the associated risk management, by implementing methodologies and continuous improvement processes and focused to evaluate, assess and manage risk, and ending the process with recommendations consultancy studies for assessing threat mitigation alternative civil works or similar.
Tecnicontrol S.A. has implemented this Asset Integrity Management process taking advantage of the experience gained over 20 years of involvement in the field of Integrity, working with several operators and customers.
Geotechnical Aspects of the Norandino Pipeline at Mal Paso
Authors: Bustinza Juan A. , Rocca Ricardo J. , Ponce José M. , Reale Rodolfo 
Published: January 2014

The Norandino pipeline, build between 1998 and 1999, begins at the town of Pichanal nearby Orán in Argentina where it is connected to Argentinean Gas Transport System, It runs towards west crossing the Yunga in Salta province, climbs the Sierras Subandinas and the Cordillera Oriental through highly erosive environment, descends to Humahuaca city in Jujuy Province, crosses the Altiplano plateau, and reaches Chile through Paso de Jama then climbs up to 4.980 mas, crosses the Atacama desert to finally arrives at Tocopilla, Mejillones and Coloso cities. With 1070 km long and 20″ diameter, it’s capable to carry 4,6 million cubic meters per day expandable up to 8.
The most hazardous part of the alignment is the Sierras Subandinas area, due mainly to geology and heavy rains. The east slope of the Cordillera Oriental, where the risk arises from the intense geodynamic and strong erosions in river crossings and landslides because of heavy rains that reach 1.500mm in four month, from December to March.
In Cuesta de Mal Paso site, in front of San Andrés village in Salta Province, the pipeline should be laid along the hillside on a slope formed by the anticline limb, whose exposure to heavy erosion of the San Andres river at the base of the slope, the bedding to the river and seismic conditions of the region, constitute a geological and geotechnical risk to the pipeline integrity.
The evaluation of deformation measurements of the slope, measured along several years, provided the necessary arguments to undertake the construction of tunnel in rock of 750 meters long and 2.5 meters wide and high, allowing the pipeline to pass below the main slip surface and therefore protecting it from a possible slide of the superficial layers of the slope.
This paper describes the geological conditions, the geostructural situation of Cuesta de Mal Paso, the deformation monitoring system, the evaluation of the auscultation measurements, the design of the tunnel, the meaningful geological and geotechnical aspects of the tunnel construction and, finally, criteria for definition the auscultation system to monitoring the behavior of the tunnel and the Cuesta de Mal Paso slope.
The Assessment of Pipeline Integrity in Geohazard Areas Using ILI Data
Authors: Young Andy , Lockey Aaron 
Published: January 2014

In-line inspection by inertial mapping techniques is an essential tool for pipeline operators in areas susceptible to geohazards. The detection of previously unknown movements can provide early warning of the presence of a hazard. Positional change and the nature of the loading process can be monitored using the results of multiple inspections over time. Structural modelling is required to fully evaluate the integrity of the pipeline and whether a failure condition is being approached. Finite element techniques can be used, including the effects of soil-pipe interaction, axial forces and operational loads. This enables the prediction of future performance, based on trends from multiple inspections, so that mitigation or intervention methods are efficiently designed and scheduled.
This paper considers some key aspects of the analysis process. The use of ILI mapping data to detect small movements below the tool measurement tolerance is examined. The importance of structural analysis is demonstrated by consideration of the axial force component. The inherent variability of the soil surrounding the pipe and its influence on the load transfer effects is illustrated, together with the issues of significant interaction within the transition zones of landslides or faults.
Lower-Extremity Electromyography Measures During Walking With Ankle-Destabilization Devices
Authors: Donovan Luke , Hart Joseph M. , Hertel Jay 
Published: January 2014

Context:Ankle-destabilization devices are rehabilitation tools that may improve neuromuscular control by increasing lower-extremity muscle activation. Their effects should be tested in healthy individuals before being implemented in rehabilitation programs.Objective:To compare EMG activation of lower-extremity muscles during walking while wearing 2 different ankle-destabilization devices.Design:Crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:15 healthy young adults (5 men, 10 women).Intervention:Surface EMG activity was recorded from the anterior tibialis, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius as subjects walked on a treadmill shod, with an ankle-destabilization boot (ADB), and an ankle-destabilization sandal (ADS).Main Outcome Measures:Normalized amplitudes 100 ms before and 200 ms after initial heel contact, time of onset activation relative to initial contact, and percent of activation time across the stride cycle were calculated for each muscle in each condition.Results:The precontact amplitudes of the peroneus longus and lateral gastrocnemius and the postcontact amplitudes of the lateral gastrocnemius were significantly greater in the ADB and ADS conditions. In the ADB condition, the rectus femoris and biceps femoris postcontact amplitudes were significantly greater than shod. The peroneus longus and lateral gastrocnemius were activated significantly earlier, and the anterior tibialis, lateral gastrocnemius, and rectus femoris were activated significantly longer across the stride cycle in the ADB and the ADS conditions. In addition, the peroneus longus was activated significantly longer in the ADB condition when compared with shod.Conclusions:Both ankle-destabilization devices caused an alteration in muscle activity during walking, which may be favorable to an injured patient. Therefore, implementing these devices in rehabilitation programs may be beneficial to improving neuromuscular control.
Model of Bipolar Electrogram Fractionation and Conduction Block Associated With Activation Wavefront Direction at Infarct Border Zone Lateral Isthmus Boundaries
Authors: Ciaccio Edward J. , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Coromilas James , Hopenfeld Bruce , Cervantes Daniel O. , Wit Andrew L. , Peters Nicholas S. , McVeigh Elliot R. , Garan Hasan 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying infarct border zone electrogram fractionation may be helpful to identify arrhythmogenic regions in the postinfarction heart. We describe the generation of electrogram fractionation from changes in activation wavefront curvature in experimental canine infarction.

Methods and Results—
A model was developed to estimate the extracellular signal shape that would be generated by wavefront propagation parallel to versus perpendicular to the lateral boundary (LB) of the reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) isthmus or diastolic pathway. LBs are defined as locations where functional block forms during VT, and elsewhere they have been shown to coincide with sharp thin-to-thick transitions in infarct border zone thickness. To test the model, bipolar electrograms were acquired from infarct border zone sites in 10 canine heart experiments 3 to 5 days after experimental infarction. Activation maps were constructed during sinus rhythm and during VT. The characteristics of model-generated versus actual electrograms were compared. Quantitatively expressed VT fractionation (7.6±1.2 deflections; 16.3±8.9-ms intervals) was similar to model-generated values with wavefront propagation perpendicular to the LB (9.4±2.4 deflections; 14.4±5.2-ms intervals). Fractionation during sinus rhythm (5.9±1.8 deflections; 9.2±4.4-ms intervals) was similar to model-generated fractionation with wavefront propagation parallel to the LB (6.7±3.1 deflections; 7.1±3.8-ms intervals). VT and sinus rhythm fractionation sites were adjacent to LBs ≈80% of the time.

Conclusions—
The results suggest that in a subacute canine infarct model, the LBs are a source of activation wavefront discontinuity and electrogram fractionation, with the degree of fractionation being dependent on activation rate and wavefront orientation with respect to the LB.
Allopachria longyanensis sp. n. from China (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: JI LANZHU , GUO CHENG , BIAN DONGJU 
Published: January 2014

Since the revision of the genus Allopachria Zimmermann, 1924 (Wewalka 2000), a total of 13 new species have been added to this genus (Wewalka 2010; Bian & Ji 2010, 2012; Bian et al. 2013). Together with Allopachria longyanensis sp. nov., the genus now includes 47 known species. The new species was detected among museum material, collected in 1997 in the Fujian Province, China. Specimens were examined under an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope, and further details were studied using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The studied material is deposited in the Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Idealized Tropical Cyclone Dynamics
Authors: Herbener Stephen R. , van den Heever Susan C. , Carrió Gustavo G. , Saleeby Stephen M. , Cotton William R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The desire to improve the forecasting skill of the intensity and size of tropical cyclones has prompted the investigation into numerous physical processes that can impact these quantities. The modification of cloud properties via aerosols injected into a tropical cyclone can initiate interactions between cloud microphysics and storm dynamics that ultimately lead to appreciable changes in the large-scale features of the storm. In this modeling study it is shown that the introduction of aerosols at the periphery of an idealized tropical cyclone can impact both the intensity and size of the storm. In general, the storm intensity increases and the storm size decreases with increasing aerosol number concentration. Results from a sensitivity study to the aerosol number concentration in a source located at the storm periphery reveal that the storm intensity is increased up to 17%, and the storm size is reduced up to roughly 16% for aerosol concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 cm−3. The storm response is approximately a monotonic function of the aerosol concentration amounts. Despite the increase in storm intensity for the heavily polluted case, the overall destructive potential of this case is reduced due to the significant decrease in the storm size.
Observations of Temperature in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere of Tropical Weather Disturbances
Authors: Davis Christopher A. , Ahijevych David A. , Haggerty Julie A. , Mahoney Michael J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Microwave temperature profiler (MTP) data are analyzed to document temperature signatures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere that accompany Atlantic tropical weather disturbances. The MTP was deployed on the National Science Foundation–National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V (GV) aircraft during the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) in August and September 2010.
Temporal variations in cold-point temperature compared with infrared cloud-top temperature reveal that organized deep convection penetrated to near or beyond the cold point for each of the four disturbances that developed into a tropical cyclone. Relative to the lower-tropospheric circulation center, MTP and dropsonde data confirmed a stronger negative radial gradient of temperature in the upper troposphere (10–13 km) of developing disturbances prior to genesis compared with nondeveloping disturbances. The MTP data revealed a somewhat higher and shallower area of relative warmth near the center when compared with dropsonde data. MTP profiles through anvil cloud depicted cooling near 15 km and warming in the lower stratosphere near the time of maximum coverage of anvil clouds shortly after sunrise. Warming occurred through a deep layer of the upper troposphere toward local noon, presumably associated with radiative heating in cloud. The temperature signatures of anvil cloud above 10-km altitude contributed to the radial gradient of temperature because of the clustering of deep convection near the center of circulation. However, it is concluded that these signatures may be more a result of properties of convection than a direct distinguishing factor of genesis.
BioShell-Threading: versatile Monte Carlo package for protein 3D threading
Authors: Gniewek Pawel , Kolinski Andrzej , Kloczkowski Andrzej , Gront Dominik 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
The comparative modeling approach to protein structure prediction inherently relies on a template structure. Before building a model such a template protein has to be found and aligned with the query sequence. Any error made on this stage may dramatically affects the quality of result. There is a need, therefore, to develop accurate and sensitive alignment protocols.

Results
BioShell threading software is a versatile tool for aligning protein structures, protein sequences or sequence profiles and query sequences to a template structures. The software is also capable of sub-optimal alignment generation. It can be executed as an application from the UNIX command line, or as a set of Java classes called from a script or a Java application. The implemented Monte Carlo search engine greatly facilitates the development and benchmarking of new alignment scoring schemes even when the functions exhibit non-deterministic polynomial-time complexity.

Conclusions
Numerical experiments indicate that the new threading application offers template detection abilities and provides much better alignments than other methods. The package along with documentation and examples is available at: http://bioshell.pl/threading3d.
Evolutionary classification of ammonium, nitrate, and peptide transporters in land plants
Authors: von Wittgenstein Neil JJB , Le Cuong H , Hawkins Barbara J , Ehlting Jürgen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Nitrogen uptake, reallocation within the plant, and between subcellular compartments involves ammonium, nitrate and peptide transporters. Ammonium transporters are separated into two distinct families (AMT1 and AMT2), each comprised of five members on average in angiosperms. Nitrate transporters also form two discrete families (NRT1 and NRT2), with angiosperms having four NRT2s, on average. NRT1s share an evolutionary history with peptide transporters (PTRs). The NRT1/PTR family in land plants usually has more than 50 members and contains also members with distinct activities, such as glucosinolate and abscisic acid transport.

Results
Phylogenetic reconstructions of each family across 20 land plant species with available genome sequences were supplemented with subcellular localization and transmembrane topology predictions. This revealed that both AMT families diverged prior to the separation of bryophytes and vascular plants forming two distinct clans, designated as supergroups, each. Ten supergroups were identified for the NRT1/PTR family. It is apparent that nitrate and peptide transport within the NRT1/PTR family is polyphyletic, that is, nitrate and/or peptide transport likely evolved multiple times within land plants. The NRT2 family separated into two distinct clans early in vascular plant evolution. Subsequent duplications occurring prior to the eudicot/monocot separation led to the existence of two AMT1, six AMT2, 31 NRT1/PTR, and two NRT2 clans, designated as groups.

Conclusion
Phylogenetic separation of groups suggests functional divergence within the angiosperms for each family. Distinct groups within the NRT1/PTR family appear to separate peptide and nitrate transport activities as well as other activities contained within the family, for example nitrite transport. Conversely, distinct activities, such as abscisic acid and glucosinolate transport, appear to have recently evolved from nitrate transporters.
Plus ça change – evolutionary sequence divergence predicts protein subcellular localization signals
Authors: Fukasawa Yoshinori , Leung Ross KK , Tsui Stephen KW , Horton Paul 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Protein subcellular localization is a central problem in understanding cell biology and has been the focus of intense research. In order to predict localization from amino acid sequence a myriad of features have been tried: including amino acid composition, sequence similarity, the presence of certain motifs or domains, and many others. Surprisingly, sequence conservation of sorting motifs has not yet been employed, despite its extensive use for tasks such as the prediction of transcription factor binding sites.

Results
Here, we flip the problem around, and present a proof of concept for the idea that the lack of sequence conservation can be a novel feature for localization prediction. We show that for yeast, mammal and plant datasets, evolutionary sequence divergence alone has significant power to identify sequences with N-terminal sorting sequences. Moreover sequence divergence is nearly as effective when computed on automatically defined ortholog sets as on hand curated ones. Unfortunately, sequence divergence did not necessarily increase classification performance when combined with some traditional sequence features such as amino acid composition. However a post-hoc analysis of the proteins in which sequence divergence changes the prediction yielded some proteins with atypical (i.e. not MPP-cleaved) matrix targeting signals as well as a few misannotations.

Conclusion
We report the results of the first quantitative study of the effectiveness of evolutionary sequence divergence as a feature for protein subcellular localization prediction. We show that divergence is indeed useful for prediction, but it is not trivial to improve overall accuracy simply by adding this feature to classical sequence features. Nevertheless we argue that sequence divergence is a promising feature and show anecdotal examples in which it succeeds where other features fail.