bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Those peculiar structures in cold‐formed steel: “racking & shelving”
Authors: Tilburgs Kees 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOne of the applications of cold‐formed steel in which a considerable tonnage is involved is corrugated steel sheets for wall and roof cladding. Another is racking and shelving (R&S), those peculiar spatial steel structures used for economic and logistics‐effective storage of goods in warehouses. R&S has to be flexible in use and therefore adjustable. It has to be competitive by providing mass production in combination with standardized components. The use of cold‐formed steel members and components was already matter of course at the very first stage of the development of R&S products around World War 2. Flexibility in shape and material leads to cost‐effectiveness in combination with special connections to realize adjustability.Considering the non‐traditional R&S detailing, the structural Eurocodes do not provide sufficient guidance to the rack designer for quite a number of design phenomena. Thus, the steel and racking industry, organized in the European Racking Federation ERF/FEM R&S, a member of the European Federation of Materials Handling (FEM), worked out a pan‐European approach to the harmonization and standardization of R&S structural design and use. However, it took until 2008/2009 to have EN standards published, following the first FEM codes in 2000–2002.For the cold‐formed members and components typically used in R&S structures, insufficient analytical approaches are available, or they have to be validated by tests. “Design assisted by testing” is a substantial part of R&S structural engineering. With the publication of EN 15512 in March 2009 for adjustable beam pallet racking, a number of European testing laboratories were commissioned by the racking industry to conduct the obligatory testing, resulting in intensive collaboration between the R&S industry and “science”, e. g. ECCS TWG 7.5.This paper gives an impression of R&S structures, the structural engineering challenge, the present state of the art and developments as well as the research still needed.
A comparison of bird‐feeding practices in the United States and Canada
Authors: Horn David J. , Johansen Stacey M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTMillions of Americans and Canadians participate in the feeding of wild birds. We surveyed hobbyists about their bird‐feeding experience, and examined demographic and regional differences in responses, to determine the types of bird‐feeding practices taking place and to identify themes important for wildlife managers to communicate with people who feed birds. Between autumn 2005 and winter 2008–2009, we recruited a non‐random sample from the interested public though both print and electronic media. We had 1,291 individuals from 48 states (USA) and 7 Canadian provinces who completed our mail and website survey. Survey respondents were primarily female (67%) and ≥45 years old (77%). Most respondents offered alternative foods in addition to traditional bird seed (≥82%) and provided other resources besides food to attract birds (≥75%). Our respondents fed birds because it brought nature (84%) and accompanying sound (81%) to the area, as a hobby (79%), and to help the birds (79%). Respondents felt attracting more bird species (69%), a greater number of birds (41%), and no pests (35%) would make their bird‐feeding experience more satisfying. Given the interested public's desire to increase bird diversity at their feeders and to help birds, managers have the opportunity to develop messages promoting habitat enhancement in addition to feeding, and provide suggestions for reducing the risk of disease transmission and pest species at feeders. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Relevance of Bilateral Cervical Thymectomy in Patients with Renal Hyperparathyroidism: Analysis of 161 Patients Undergoing Reoperative Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Schneider Ralph , Bartsch Detlef K. , Schlosser Katja 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe most frequent location of ectopic or supernumerary inferior parathyroid is the thymus. Bilateral cervical thymectomy has therefore been recommended as an essential part of the initial surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism (rHPT) to avoid persistent or recurrent cervical disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate how often reoperation might have been avoidable if an appropriate cervical thymectomy had been performed during initial surgery.MethodsA prospective database of patients with rHPT was screened for patients on permanent dialysis who underwent reoperative parathyroidectomy (PTX) between 1976 and 2010. Data were retrospectively analyzed for the performance of bilateral cervical thymectomy during previous surgeries and the presence of ectopic and/or supernumerary intrathymic parathyroid glands during reoperative PTX.ResultsOf 161 patients who underwent reoperative PTX, 95 had neck reexploration. Among them were 29 patients with total PTX and autotransplantation, seven with subtotal PTX (3.5 glands resected), and 59 with incomplete PTX during the initial surgery. Bilateral cervical thymectomy during the initial PTX was performed in only 12 of 95 patients (12.6 %). It was revealed to be incomplete in six of them, inheriting an intrathymic parathyroid gland during reoperative interventions. Reoperative PTX revealed intrathymic parathyroid glands in 27 of 95 patients (28.4 %). The intrathymic parathyroid glands were ectopic in 17 (63.0 %) patients and supernumerary in 8 (29.6 %). Both ectopic and supernumerary intrathymic parathyroid glands were found in two patients (7.4 %).ConclusionsThe risk for persistent and recurrent disease based on intrathymic parathyroid glands is a relevant problem during initial surgery for rHPT. Thus, routine bilateral cervical thymectomy that is as complete as possible is essential during the initial PTX for rHPT.
Pathophysiology of fatty acid oxidation disorders and resultant phenotypic variability
Authors: Olpin Simon E 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFatty acids are a major fuel for the body and fatty acid oxidation is particularly important during fasting, sustained aerobic exercise and stress. The myocardium and resting skeletal muscle utilise long‐chain fatty acids as a major source of energy. Inherited disorders affecting fatty acid oxidation seriously compromise the function of muscle and other highly energy‐dependent tissues such as brain, nerve, heart, kidney and liver. Such defects encompass a wide spectrum of clinical disease, presenting in the neonatal period or infancy with recurrent hypoketotic hypoglycaemic encephalopathy, liver dysfunction, hyperammonaemia and often cardiac dysfunction. In older children, adolescence or adults there is often exercise intolerance with episodic myalgia or rhabdomyolysis in association with prolonged aerobic exercise or other exacerbating factors. Some disorders are particularly associated with toxic metabolites that may contribute to encephalopathy, polyneuropathy, axonopathy and pigmentary retinopathy. The phenotypic diversity encountered in defects of fat oxidation is partly explained by genotype/phenotype correlation and certain identifiable environmental factors but there remain many unresolved questions regarding the complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences that dictate phenotypic expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that the view that most inherited disorders are purely monogenic diseases is a naive concept. In the future our approach to understanding the phenotypic diversity and management of patients will be more realistically achieved from a polygenic perspective.
Contralateral Electrodiagnosis in Patients with Abnormal Median Distal Sensory Latency
Authors: Hoogstins Charlotte E. S. , Becker Stéphanie J. E. , Ring David 
Published: May 2013

Background We hypothesized that electrodiagnostic evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) on the contralateral, less-severe side correlates with disease severity. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 285 adults that had bilateral electrodiagnostic testing and a median distal sensory latency (DSL) greater than 3.6 ms on at least one side. Variables associated with abnormal contralateral median DSL were analyzed in bivariable and multivariable analysis. Results Patients with a nonrecordable median DSL on the worst side were significantly more likely to have electrodiagnostic evidence of contralateral CTS compared to patients with a prolonged DSL on the worst side (90 versus 65 %, respectively; p<0.001). Bilateral symptoms were reported by 75 % of patients. The best logistic regression model for electrodiagnostic evidence of contralateral CTS included nonrecordable median DSL of the worst side and polyneuropathy ( p<0.001 and p=0.14, respectively). Conclusions The finding that disease severity relates to the probability of contralateral abnormalities is consistent with the concept that CTS is typically bilateral. Patients with CTS on one side should be advised of the likelihood that it can be present or may develop on the other side.
Development of a practical screening tool to predict low muscle mass using NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Goodman Michael J. , Ghate Sameer R. , Mavros Panagiotis , Sen Shuvayu , Marcus Robin L. , Joy Elizabeth , Brixner Diana I. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundSkeletal muscle mass declines after the age of 50. Loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify predictors of low skeletal muscle mass in older adults toward development of a practical clinical assessment tool for use by clinicians to identify patients requiring dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) screening for muscle mass.MethodsData were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. Appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) was calculated based on DXA scans. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was defined as the ratio of ASM divided by height in square centimeters. Elderly participants were classified as having low muscle mass if the SMI was 1 standard deviation (SD) below the mean SMI of young adults (20–40 years old). Logistic regression was conducted separately in males and females age ≥65 years of age to examine the relationship between patients identified as having low muscle mass and health behavior characteristics, adjusting for comorbid conditions. The model was validated on a separate sample of 200 patients.ResultsAmong the NHANES study population, 551 (39.7 %) males and 374 (27.5 %) females had a SMI below the 1 SD cutoff point. NHANES study subjects with a low SMI were older (mean age, 76.2 vs. 72.7 for male; 76.0 vs. 73.7 for female; and both p < 0.0001) and had a lower body mass index (mean BMI, 24.1 vs. 29.4 for male; 22.9 vs. 29.7 for female; p < 0.0001). In adjusted logistic regression analyses, age (for males) and BMI (for both males and females) remained statistically significant. A parsimonious logistic regression model adjusting for age and BMI only had a C statistic of 0.89 for both males and females. The discriminatory power of the parsimonious model increased to 0.93 for males and 0.95 for females when the cutoff defining low SMI was set to 2 SD below the SMI of young adults. In the validation sample, the sensitivity was 81.6 % for males and 90.6 % for females. The specificity was 66.2 % for males and females.ConclusionsBMI was strongly associated with a low SMI and may be an informative predictor in the primary care setting. The predictive model worked well in a validation sample.
Cognitive, personality, and social factors associated with adolescents' online personal information disclosure
Authors: Liu Cong , Ang Rebecca P. , Lwin May O. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe current study aims to understand the factors that influence adolescents' disclosure of personally identifiable information (PII) on social networking sites (SNSs). A survey was conducted among 780 adolescent participants (between 13 and 18) who were Facebook users. Structural equation modeling was used for analyzing the data and obtaining an overarching model that include cognitive, personality, and social factors that influence adolescents' PII disclosure. Results showed privacy concern as the cognitive factor reduces adolescents' PII disclosure and it serves as a potential mediator for personality and social factors. Amongst personality factors, narcissism was found to directly increase PII disclosure, and social anxiety indirectly decreases PII disclosure by increasing privacy concern. Amongst social factors, active parental mediation decreases PII disclosure directly and indirectly by increasing privacy concern. Restrictive parental mediation decreases PII disclosure only indirectly by increasing privacy concern. Implications of the findings to parents, educators, and policy makers were discussed.
Flow physics in the turbulent near wake of a flat plate
Authors: Rai Man Mohan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe symmetric near wake of a flat plate with a circular trailing edge, exhibiting pronounced shedding of wake vortices, is investigated via a direct numerical simulation. The separating plate boundary layers are turbulent and statistically identical. The present study focuses on the vortical structures, the distribution of phase-averaged velocity statistics and vorticity fluctuations in the near wake. Braid and vortex core regions are investigated via contours of instantaneous vorticity and pressure with an emphasis on the three-dimensionality of near-wake structures. Rib vortices are observed in the braids. The vortex cores are populated with both ribs that wrap themselves around the cores and spanwise-elongated regions of spanwise vorticity near the centres of the cores. Production terms in the transport equations for phase-averaged fluctuating vorticity show that stretching of rib vortices via the phase-averaged strain rate produces significantly less turbulent vorticity than turbulent stretching in the braids and cores.
Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice
Authors: Bull Joseph W. , Suttle K. Blake , Gordon Ascelin , Singh Navinder J. , Milner-Gulland E. J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBiodiversity offsets are an increasingly popular yet controversial tool in conservation. Their popularity lies in their potential to meet the objectives of biodiversity conservation and of economic development in tandem; the controversy lies in the need to accept ecological losses in return for uncertain gains. The offsetting approach is being widely adopted, even though its methodologies and the overriding conceptual framework are still under development. This review of biodiversity offsetting evaluates implementation to date and synthesizes outstanding theoretical and practical problems. We begin by outlining the criteria that make biodiversity offsets unique and then explore the suite of conceptual challenges arising from these criteria and indicate potential design solutions. We find that biodiversity offset schemes have been inconsistent in meeting conservation objectives because of the challenge of ensuring full compliance and effective monitoring and because of conceptual flaws in the approach itself. Evidence to support this conclusion comes primarily from developed countries, although offsets are increasingly being implemented in the developing world. We are at a critical stage: biodiversity offsets risk becoming responses to immediate development and conservation needs without an overriding conceptual framework to provide guidance and evaluation criteria. We clarify the meaning of the term biodiversity offset and propose a framework that integrates the consideration of theoretical and practical challenges in the offset process. We also propose a research agenda for specific topics around metrics, baselines and uncertainty.
Advances in superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)
Authors: Dertinger Thomas , Pallaoro Alessia , Braun Gary , Ly Sonny , Laurence Ted A. , Weiss Shimon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe review the concept of superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI), discuss its attributes and trade-offs (in comparison with other superresolution methods), and present superresolved images taken on samples stained with quantum dots, organic dyes, and plasmonic metal nanoparticles. We also discuss the prospects of SOFI for live cell superresolution imaging and for imaging with other (non-fluorescent) contrasts.
Identifying stylizations in ethnically salient talk among disc jockeys
Authors: Carroll Heather B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBefore accepting claims of the function of linguistic stylization, it is imperative that we are certain of what we are examining. Mikhail Bakhtin's widely cited definition that stylization is an “artistic representation of another's linguistic style” (1986:362) leaves unclear what counts as “artistic,” making identifying stylizations simultaneously intuitively obvious and empirically illusive. Drawing from 270 hours of data from a radio program, the current study uses interactional discourse and acoustic analyses to compare one disc jockey's exaggerations of ethnically salient accents (stylizations) with his mundane use of reported speech. The analyses demonstrate that in both types of talk he uses a similar bundle of interactional and acoustic resources to design his talk as belonging to someone else. The link between reported and stylized speech places stylizations in an analytical category distinct from that of crossing and its issues of language ownership. The pertinent questions are those of speaker responsibility. (Crossing, stylization, reported speech, discourse analysis, acoustic analysis)*
Cognition in Hilbert space
Authors: MacLennan Bruce James 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUse of quantum probability as a top-down model of cognition will be enhanced by consideration of the underlying complex-valued wave function, which allows a better account of interference effects and of the structure of learned and ad hoc question operators. Furthermore, the treatment of incompatible questions can be made more quantitative by analyzing them as non-commutative operators.
The (virtual) conceptual necessity of quantum probabilities in cognitive psychology
Authors: Blutner Reinhard , beim Graben Peter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe propose a way in which Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) could strengthen their position. Taking a dynamic stance, we consider cognitive tests as functions that transfer a given input state into the state after testing. Under very general conditions, it can be shown that testable properties in cognition form an orthomodular lattice. Gleason's theorem then yields the conceptual necessity of quantum probabilities (QP).
Beyond quantum probability: Another formalism shared by quantum physics and psychology
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N. , Kujala Janne V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere is another meeting place for quantum physics and psychology, both within and outside of cognitive modeling. In physics it is known as the issue of classical (probabilistic) determinism, and in psychology it is known as the issue of selective influences. The formalisms independently developed in the two areas for dealing with these issues turn out to be identical, opening ways for mutually beneficial interactions.
Quantum probability and cognitive modeling: Some cautions and a promising direction in modeling physics learning
Authors: Franceschetti Donald R. , Gire Elizabeth 
Published: May 2013

AbstractQuantum probability theory offers a viable alternative to classical probability, although there are some ambiguities inherent in transferring the quantum formalism to a less determined realm. A number of physicists are now looking at the applicability of quantum ideas to the assessment of physics learning, an area particularly suited to quantum probability ideas.
The implicit possibility of dualism in quantum probabilistic cognitive modeling
Authors: Mender Donald 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPothos & Busemeyer (P&B) argue convincingly that quantum probability offers an improvement over classical Bayesian probability in modeling the empirical data of cognitive science. However, a weakness related to restrictions on the dimensionality of incompatible physical observables flows from the authors' “agnosticism” regarding quantum processes in neural substrates underlying cognition. Addressing this problem will require either future research findings validating quantum neurophysics or theoretical expansion of the uncertainty principle as a new, neurocognitively contextualized, “local” symmetry.
Quantum probability, choice in large worlds, and the statistical structure of reality
Authors: Ross Don , Ladyman James 
Published: May 2013

AbstractClassical probability models of incentive response are inadequate in “large worlds,” where the dimensions of relative risk and the dimensions of similarity in outcome comparisons typically differ. Quantum probability models for choice in large worlds may be motivated pragmatically – there is no third theory – or metaphysically: statistical processing in the brain adapts to the true scale-relative structure of the universe.
Quantum principles in psychology: The debate, the evidence, and the future
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Busemeyer Jerome R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe attempt to employ quantum principles for modeling cognition has enabled the introduction of several new concepts in psychology, such as the uncertainty principle, incompatibility, entanglement, and superposition. For many commentators, this is an exciting opportunity to question existing formal frameworks (notably classical probability theory) and explore what is to be gained by employing these novel conceptual tools. This is not to say that major empirical challenges are not there. For example, can we definitely prove the necessity for quantum, as opposed to classical, models? Can the distinction between compatibility and incompatibility inform our understanding of differences between human and nonhuman cognition? Are quantum models less constrained than classical ones? Does incompatibility arise as a limitation, to avoid the requirements from the principle of unicity, or is it an inherent (or essential?) characteristic of intelligent thought? For everyday judgments, do quantum principles allow more accurate prediction than classical ones? Some questions can be confidently addressed within existing quantum models. A definitive resolution of others will have to anticipate further work. What is clear is that the consideration of quantum cognitive models has enabled a new focus on a range of debates about fundamental aspects of cognition.
Effects of testicular interstitial fluid on the proliferation of the mouse spermatogonial stem cellsin vitro
Authors: Wang Peng , Zheng Yi , Li Ying , Shang Hua , Li Guang-Xuan , Hu Jian-Hong , Li Qing-Wang 
Published: May 2013

SummarySpermatogenesis is a process in adult male mammals supported by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The cultivation of SSCs has potential value, for example for the treatment of male infertility or spermatogonial transplantation. Testicular interstitial fluid was added to culture medium to a final concentration of 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40%, in order to investigate its effects on proliferation of mouse SSCsin vitro, Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and indirect immunofluorescence of cells were performed to identify SSCs, and the proliferation rate and diameters of the SSCs colonies were measured. The results showed that the optimal addition of testicular interstitial fluid to culture medium was 30%. When medium supplemented with 30% testicular interstitial fluid was used to culture mouse SSCs, the optimum proliferation rate and diameter of the cell colonies were 72.53% and 249 μm, respectively, after 8 days in culture, values that were significant higher than those found for other groups (P< 0.05). In conclusion, proliferation of mouse SSCs could be promoted significantly by supplementation of the culture medium with 30% testicular interstitial fluid. More research is needed to evaluate and understand the precise physiological role of testicular interstitial fluid during cultivation of SSCs.