bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Cortisol Response to Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Identifies Ewes with Reduced Melanocortin Signalling and Increased Propensity to Obesity
Authors: Hewagalamulage S. D. , Clarke I. J. , Young I. R. , Rao A. , Henry B. A. 
Published: October 2014

We have identified female sheep that have either high (HR) or low (LR) cortisol responses to adrenocorticotrophin. On a high‐energy diet, HR have greater propensity to weight gain and obesity, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Hypothalamic appetite‐regulating peptides (ARP) exert reciprocal effects on food intake and energy expenditure. We aimed to quantify the expression and function of ARP in LR and HR ewes (n = 4 per group). Gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti‐related peptide (AgRP) pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC), melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), orexin and the melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) was measured by in situ hybridisation. Expression of NPY, AgRP and POMC was similar in HR and LR, although expression of orexin, MCH, MC3R and MC4R was higher (P < 0.05) in LR. Intracerebroventricular infusions of a low dose (50 μg/h) of NPY, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (αMSH), orexin and MCH were performed between 10.00 h and 16.00 h in meal‐fed ewes (n = 6–7 per group). Skeletal muscle and retroperitoneal (RP) fat temperatures were recorded using dataloggers. Post‐prandial thermogenesis in muscle was higher (P < 0.05) in LR. There was little effect of ARP infusion on muscle or fat temperature in either group. Infusion of these doses of NPY, MCH or orexin did not stimulate food intake in meal‐fed ewes, although αMSH reduced (P < 0.01) food intake in LR only. Using 24‐h ARP infusions with ad lib. feeding, NPY increased (P < 0.001) food intake in both groups but αMSH was only effective in LR (P < 0.05). In summary, we show that HR are resistant to the satiety effects of αMSH and this coincides with a reduced expression of both the MC3R and MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. We conclude that an increased propensity to obesity in HR female sheep is associated with reduced melanocortin signalling.
The impact of obesity on skeletal muscle architecture in untrained young vs. old women
Authors: Tomlinson D. J. , Erskine R. M. , Winwood K. , Morse C. I. , Onambélé G. L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is unknown whether loading of the lower limbs through additional storage of fat mass as evident in obesity would promote muscular adaptations similar to those seen with resistance exercise. It is also unclear whether ageing modulates any such adjustments. This study aimed to examine the relationships between adiposity, ageing and skeletal muscle size and architecture. A total of 100 untrained healthy women were categorised by age into young (Y) (mean ± SD: 26.7 ± 9.4 years) vs. old (O) (65.1 ± 7.2 years) and body mass index (BMI) classification (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese). Participants were assessed for body fat using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry, and for gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle architecture (skeletal muscle fascicle pennation angle and length) and size [GM muscle volume and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA)] using B‐mode ultrasonography. GM fascicle pennation angle (FPA) in the obese Y females was 25% greater than underweight (P = 0.001) and 25% greater than normal weight (P = 0.001) individuals, while O females had 32 and 22% greater FPA than their underweight (P = 0.008) and normal weight (P = 0.003) counterparts. Furthermore, FPA correlated with body mass in both Y and O females (Y r = 0.303; P < 0.001; O r = 0.223; P = 0.001), yet no age‐related differences in the slope or r‐values were observed (P > 0.05). Both GM muscle volume (P = 0.003) and PCSA (P = 0.004) exhibited significant age × BMI interactions. In addition, muscle volume and PCSA correlated with BMI, body mass and fat mass. Interestingly, ageing reduced both the degree of association in these correlations (P < 0.05) and the slope of the regressions (P < 0.05). Our findings partly support our hypotheses in that obesity‐associated changes in GM PCSA and volume differed between the young and old. The younger GM muscle adapted to the loading induced by high levels of body mass, adiposity and BMI by increasing its volume and increasing its pennation angle, ultimately enabling it to produce higher maximum torque. Such an adaptation to increased loading did not occur in the older GM muscle. Nonetheless, the older GM muscle FPA increased to a similar extent to that seen in young GM muscle, an effect which partly explains the relatively enhanced absolute maximum torque observed in obese older females.
Durability and Weibull Characteristics of Lithium Disilicate Crowns Bonded on Abutments with Knife‐Edge and Large Chamfer Finish Lines after Cyclic Loading
Authors: Cortellini Davide , Canale Angelo , Souza Rodrigo O.A. , Campos Fernanda , Lima Julia C. , Özcan Mutlu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of lithium disilicate crowns bonded on abutments prepared with two types of finish lines after long‐term cyclic loading.Materials and MethodsPressed lithium disilicate all‐ceramic molar crowns were bonded (Variolink II) to epoxy abutments (height: 5.5 mm, Ø: 7.5 mm, conicity: 6°) (N = 20) with either knife‐edge (KE) or large chamfer (LC) finish lines. Each assembly was submitted to cyclic loading (1,200,000×; 200 N; 1 Hz) in water and then tested until fracture in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). Failure types were classified and further evaluated under stereomicroscope and SEM. The data (N) were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA. Weibull distribution values including the Weibull modulus (m), characteristic strength (0), probability of failure at 5% (0.05), 1% (0.01), and correlation coefficient were calculated.ResultsType of finish line did not significantly influence the mean fracture strength of pressed ceramic crowns (KE: 1655 ± 353 N; LC: 1618 ± 263 N) (p = 0.7898). Weibull distribution presented lower shape value (m) of KE (m = 5.48; CI: 3.5 to 8.6) compared to LC (m = 7.68; CI: 5.2 to 11.3). Characteristic strengths (0) (KE: 1784.9 N; LC: 1712.1 N) were higher than probability of failure at 5% (0.05) (KE: 1038.1 N; LC: 1163.4 N) followed by 1% (0.01) (KE: 771 N; LC: 941.1 N), with a correlation coefficient of 0.966 for KE and 0.924 for LC. Type V failures (severe fracture of the crown and/or tooth) were more common in both groups. SEM findings showed that fractures occurred mainly from the cement/ceramic interface at the occlusal side of the crowns.ConclusionLithium disilicate ceramic crowns bonded onto abutment teeth with KE preparation resulted in similar fracture strength to those bonded on abutments with LC finish line.Clinical SignificancePressed lithium disilicate ceramic crowns may not require invasive finish line preparations since finish line type did not impair the strength after aging conditions.
Paediatric bacteraemias in tropical Australia
Authors: Er Jeremy , Wallis Peter , Maloney Samuel , Norton Robert 
Published: October 2014

AimBacteraemias in children are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of local epidemiology and trends is important to inform practitioners of likely pathogens in the sick child. This study aimed to determine trends over time in pathogenic organisms causing paediatric bacteraemia in North Queensland and to audit a hospital's blood culture results with respect to contamination rate.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 8385 blood cultures collected from children attending a tertiary centre in North Queensland over a 10‐year period (2001–2010).ResultsThere were 696 positive blood cultures (8.3%) with 70 different bacterial species detected. Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria accounted for 48.6% and 51.4% of isolates, respectively. Overall, bacteraemia accounted for 4.7 per 1000 admissions. The rate of contamination was 60.6% among positive blood cultures and 5.0% for all blood cultures sampled. These results were compared with previous published reports. Notable differences were seen in the frequencies of Salmonella and group A Streptococcus bacteraemias in North Queensland when compared with other reports. There was also a decline in vaccine‐preventable infections such as S. pneumoniae and an increasing trend of community‐acquired MRSA bacteraemia.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated the unique profile of causative pathogens of paediatric bacteraemias in tropical Australia. In light of the increasing prevalence of MRSA, empiric treatment for sepsis for children in this region needs to be reconsidered.
Effect of dietary supplementation with resveratrol on nutrient digestibility, methanogenesis and ruminal microbial flora in sheep
Authors: Ma T. , Chen D.‐D. , Tu Y. , Zhang N.‐F. , Si B.‐W. , Deng K.‐D. , Diao Q.‐Y. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on methanogenesis and microbial flora in Dorper × thin‐tailed Han cross‐bred ewes. In experiment 1, ten ewes (67.2 ± 2.24 kg BW) were assigned to two dietary treatments, a basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with resveratrol (0.25 g/head·day), to investigate the effect of resveratrol on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. In experiment 2, six ewes (64.0 ± 1.85 kg BW) with ruminal cannulae were assigned to the identical dietary treatments used in experiment 1 to investigate supplementary resveratrol on ruminal fermentation and microbial flora using qPCR. The results showed that supplementary resveratrol improved the digestibility of organic matter (OM; p < 0.001), nitrogen (N; p = 0.007), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; p < 0.001). The excretion of faecal N was reduced (p = 0.007), whereas that of urinary N increased (p = 0.002), which led to an unchanged N retention (p = 0.157). Both CO2 and CH4 output scaled to digestible dry matter (DM) intake decreased from 602.5 to 518.7 (p = 0.039) and 68.2 to 56.6 (p < 0.001) respectively. Ruminal pH (p = 0.341), ammonia (p = 0.512) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (p = 0.249) were unaffected by resveratrol. The molar proportion of propionate increased from 13.1 to 17.5% (p < 0.001) while that of butyrate decreased from 11.0 to 9.55% (p < 0.001). The ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P) decreased from 5.44 to 3.96 (p < 0.001). Supplementary resveratrol increased ruminal population of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (p < 0.001) while decreased protozoa and methanogens. In conclusion, dietary resveratrol inhibited methanogenesis without adversely affecting ruminal fermentation.
Origin and flatness of ponds on asteroid 433 Eros
Authors: Roberts James H. , Kahn Eliezer G. , Barnouin Olivier S. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Prockter Louise M. , Gaskell Robert W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNEAR‐Shoemaker Multi‐Spectral Imager data reveal several hundred “ponds” on 433 Eros: smooth deposits that sharply embay the bounding depressions in which they lie, and whose spectra appear blue relative to that of the surrounding terrain. We investigate the topography of these ponds on Eros using a new shape model derived from stereophotoclinometric analysis, and validated against altimetry from the NEAR Laser Rangefinder, to constrain the mode of pond formation from three existing models. We update the locations of 55 pond candidates identified in images registered to the new shape model. We classify the flatness of these features according to the behavior of the first and second derivatives of the topography. We find that less than half of pond candidates have clearly flat floors. Based on the pond topography, we favor an external origin for the ponds' deposits. We suggest that fine dust may be transported into bounding depressions by electrostatic levitation, but may adhere to slopes, and that seismic shaking may not be sufficient to bring the deposits to an equipotential surface. Disaggregation of a central boulder should result in an obvious break in slope, such a variation is only observed in roughly half the pond candidates.
Two‐stage polybaric formation of the new enriched, pyroxene‐oikocrystic, lherzolitic shergottite, NWA 7397
Authors: Howarth Geoffrey H. , Pernet‐Fisher John F. , Balta J. Brian , Barry Peter H. , Bodnar Robert J. , Taylor Lawrence A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 7397 is a newly discovered, enriched, lherzolitic shergottite, the third described example of this group. This meteorite consists of two distinct textural lithologies (1) poikilitic—comprised of zoned pyroxene oikocrysts, with chadacrysts of chromite and olivine, and (2) nonpoikilitic—comprised of olivine, low‐Ca and high‐Ca pyroxene, maskelynite, and minor abundances of merrillite, spinel, ilmenite, and pyrrhotite. The constant Ti/Al ratios of pyroxene oikocrysts suggests initial crystallization of the poikilitic lithology at depth (equivalent to pressures of approximately 10 kbar), followed by crystallization of the nonpoikilitic lithology at shallower levels. Oxygen fugacity conditions become more oxidizing during crystallization ranging from fO2 conditions of approximately QFM‐2 to QFM‐0.7. Magma calculated to be in equilibrium with the major rock‐forming minerals is LREE‐enriched relative to depleted or intermediate shergottites and has flat overall profiles. Therefore, we suggest that the parental magma for NWA 7397 had sampled an enriched, oxidized, Martian geochemical source, similar to that of other enriched basaltic and olivine‐phyric shergottites. We present a polybaric formation model for the lherzolitic shergottite NWA 7397, to account for the petrologic constraints. Three successive stages in the development of NWA 7397 are discussed (1) formation of a REE‐enriched parental magma from a distinct Martian mantle reservoir; (2) magma ponding and development of a staging chamber concomitant with initial crystallization of the poikilitic lithology; and (3) magma ascent to the near surface, with entrainment of cumulates from the staging chamber and subsequent crystallization of the nonpoikilitic lithology en route to the surface.
Mineral and chemical composition of theJezersko meteorite—A new chondrite fromSlovenia
Authors: Miler Miloš , Ambrožič Bojan , Mirtič Breda , Gosar Mateja , Šturm Sašo , Dolenec Matej , Jeršek Miha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Jezersko meteorite is a newly confirmed stony meteorite found in 1992 in the Karavanke mountains, Slovenia. The meteorite is moderately weathered (W2), indicating short terrestrial residence time. Chondrules in partially recrystallized matrix are clearly discernible but often fragmented and have mean diameter of 0.73 mm. The meteorite consists of homogeneous olivine (Fa19.4) and low‐Ca pyroxenes (Fs16.7Wo1.2), of which 34% are monoclinic, and minor plagioclase (Ab83An11Or6) and Ca‐pyroxene (Fs6Wo45.8). Troilite, kamacite, zoned taenite, tetrataenite, chromite, and metallic copper comprise about 16.5 vol% of the meteorite. Phosphates are represented by merrillite and minor chlorapatite. Undulatory extinction in some olivine grains and other shock indicators suggests weak shock metamorphism between stages S2 and S3. The bulk chemical composition generally corresponds to the mean H chondrite composition. Low siderophile element contents indicate the oxidized character of the Jezersko parent body. The temperatures recorded by two‐pyroxene, olivine‐chromite, and olivine‐orthopyroxene geothermometers are 854 °C, 737–787 °C, and 750 °C, respectively. Mg concentration profiles across orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes indicate relatively fast cooling at temperatures above 700 °C. A low cooling rate of 10 °C Myr−1was obtained from metallographic data. Considering physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, meteorite Jezersko was classified as an H4 S2(3) ordinary chondrite.
Shatter cones and planar deformation features confirm Santa Marta in Piauí State, Brazil, as an impact structure
Authors: de Oliveira Grace Juliana Gonçalves , Vasconcelos Marcos Alberto Rodrigues , Crósta Alvaro Penteado , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Góes Ana Maria , Kowitz Astrid 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA total of 184 confirmed impact structures are known on Earth to date, as registered by the Earth Impact Database. The discovery of new impact structures has progressed in recent years at a rather low rate of about two structures per year. Here, we introduce the discovery of the approximately 10 km diameter Santa Marta impact structure in Piauí State in northeastern Brazil. Santa Marta is a moderately sized complex crater structure, with a raised rim and an off‐center, approximately 3.2 km wide central elevated area interpreted to coincide with the central uplift of the impact structure. The Santa Marta structure was first recognized in remote sensing imagery and, later, by distinct gravity and magnetic anomalies. Here, we provide results obtained during the first detailed ground survey. The Bouguer anomaly map shows a transition from a positive to a negative anomaly within the structure along a NE–SW trend, which may be associated with the basement signature and in parts with the signature developed after the crater was formed. Macroscopic evidence for impact in the form of shatter cones has been found in situ at the base around the central elevated plateau, and also in the interior of fractured conglomerate boulders occurring on the floor of the surrounding annular basin. Planar deformation features (PDFs) are abundant in sandstones of the central elevated plateau and at scattered locations in the inner part of the ring syncline. Together, shatter cones and PDFs provide definitive shock evidence that confirms the impact origin of Santa Marta. Crystallographic orientations of PDFs occurring in multiple sets in quartz grains are indicative of peak shock pressures of 20–25 GPa in the rocks exposed at present in the interior of the crater. In contrast to recent studies that have used additional, and sometimes highly controversial, alleged shock recognition features, Santa Marta was identified based on well‐understood, traditional shock evidence.
Trade‐offs and utility of alternative RADseq methods: Reply to Puritz et al.
Authors: Andrews Kimberly R. , Hohenlohe Paul A. , Miller Michael R. , Hand Brian K. , Seeb James E. , Luikart Gordon 
Published: October 2014

Puritz et al. provide a review of several RADseq methodological approaches in response to our ‘Population Genomic Data Analysis’ workshop (Sept 2013) review (Andrews & Luikart 2014). We agree with Puritz et al. on the importance for researchers to thoroughly understand RADseq library preparation and data analysis when choosing an approach for answering their research questions. Some of us are currently using multiple RADseq protocols, and we agree that the different methods may offer advantages in different cases. Our workshop review did not intend to provide a thorough review of RADseq because the workshop covered a broad range of topics within the field of population genomics. Similarly, neither the response of Puritz et al. nor our comments here provide sufficient space to thoroughly review RADseq. Nonetheless, here we address some key points that we find unclear or potentially misleading in their evaluation of techniques.
Hive‐stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with pollen preservation, not nutrient conversion
Authors: Anderson Kirk E. , Carroll Mark J. , Sheehan Tim , Mott Brendon M. , Maes Patrick , Corby‐Harris Vanessa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHoney bee hives are filled with stored pollen, honey, plant resins and wax, all antimicrobial to differing degrees. Stored pollen is the nutritionally rich currency used for colony growth and consists of 40–50% simple sugars. Many studies speculate that prior to consumption by bees, stored pollen undergoes long‐term nutrient conversion, becoming more nutritious ‘bee bread’ as microbes predigest the pollen. We quantified both structural and functional aspects associated with this hypothesis using behavioural assays, bacterial plate counts, microscopy and 454 amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from both newly collected and hive‐stored pollen. We found that bees preferentially consume fresh pollen stored for <3 days. Newly collected pollen contained few bacteria, values which decreased significantly as pollen were stored >96 h. The estimated microbe to pollen grain surface area ratio was 1:1 000 000 indicating a negligible effect of microbial metabolism on hive‐stored pollen. Consistent with these findings, hive‐stored pollen grains did not appear compromised according to microscopy. Based on year round 454 amplicon sequencing, bacterial communities of newly collected and hive‐stored pollen did not differ, indicating the lack of an emergent microbial community co‐evolved to digest stored pollen. In accord with previous culturing and 16S cloning, acid resistant and osmotolerant bacteria like Lactobacillus kunkeei were found in greatest abundance in stored pollen, consistent with the harsh character of this microenvironment. We conclude that stored pollen is not evolved for microbially mediated nutrient conversion, but is a preservative environment due primarily to added honey, nectar, bee secretions and properties of pollen itself.
Identifying the Modal Parameters of a Structure from Ambient Vibration Data via the Stationary Wavelet Packet
Authors: Su W. C. , Huang C. S. , Chen C. H. , Liu C. Y. , Huang H. C. , Le Q. T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAmbient vibration tests are conducted widely to estimate the modal parameters of a structure. The work proposes an efficient wavelet‐based approach to determine the modal parameters of a structure from its ambient vibration responses. The proposed approach integrates the time series autoregressive (AR) model with the stationary wavelet packet transform. In addition to providing a richer decomposition and allowing for an improved time–frequency localization of signals over that of the discrete wavelet transform, the stationary wavelet packet transform also has significantly higher computational efficiency than the wavelet packet transform in terms of decomposing time‐shifted signals because the former has a time‐invariance property. The correlation matrices needed in determining the coefficient matrices in an AR model are established in subspaces expanded by stationary wavelet packets. The formulation for estimating the correlation matrices is shown for the first time. Because different subspaces contain signals with different frequency subbands, the fine filtering property enhances the ability of the proposed approach to identify not only the modes with strong modal interference, but also many modes from the responses of very few measured degrees of freedom. The proposed approach is validated by processing the numerically simulated responses of a seven‐floor shear building, which has closely spaced modes, with considering the effects of noise and incomplete measurements. Furthermore, the present approach is employed to process the velocity responses of an eight‐storey steel frame subjected to white noise input in a shaking table test and ambient vibration responses of a cable‐stayed bridge.