bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compound stress response in stomatal closure: a mathematical model of ABA and ethylene interaction in guard cells
Authors: Beguerisse-Dıaz Mariano , Hernández-Gómez MercedesC , Lizzul AlessandroM , Barahona Mauricio , Desikan Radhika 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundStomata are tiny pores in plant leaves that regulate gas and water exchange between the plant and its environment. Abscisic acid and ethylene are two well-known elicitors of stomatal closure when acting independently. However, when stomata are presented with a combination of both signals, they fail to close.ResultsToshed light on this unexplained behaviour, we have collected time course measurements of stomatal aperture and hydrogen peroxide production inArabidopsis thalianaguard cells treated with abscisic acid, ethylene, and a combination of both. Our experiments show that stomatal closure is linked to sustained high levels of hydrogen peroxide in guard cells. When treated with a combined dose of abscisic acid and ethylene, guard cells exhibit increased antioxidant activity that reduces hydrogen peroxide levels and precludes closure. We construct a simplified model of stomatal closure derived from known biochemical pathways that captures the experimentally observed behaviour.ConclusionsOur experiments and modelling results suggest a distinct role for two antioxidant mechanisms during stomatal closure: a slower, delayed response activated by a single stimulus (abscisic acid ‘or’ ethylene) and another more rapid ‘and’ mechanism that is only activated when both stimuli are present. Our model indicates that the presence of this rapid ‘and’ mechanism in the antioxidant response is key to explain the lack of closure under a combined stimulus.
DHA-enriched fish oil targets B cell lipid microdomains and enhances ex vivo and in vivo B cell function
Authors: Gurzell Eric A , Teague Heather , Harris Mitchel , Clinthorne Jonathan , Shaikh Saame Raza , Fenton Jenifer I 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
DHA-enriched fish oil enhances ex vivo B cell response to stimulation, and skews the host toward a systemic Th2 response.
DHA is a n-3 LCPUFA in fish oil that generally suppresses T lymphocyte function. However, the effect of fish oil on B cell function remains relatively understudied. Given the important role of B cells in gut immunity and increasing human fish oil supplementation, we sought to determine whether DFO leads to enhanced B cell activation in the SMAD−/− colitis-prone mouse model, similar to that observed with C57BL/6 mice. This study tested the hypothesis that DHA from fish oil is incorporated into the B cell membrane to alter lipid microdomain clustering and enhance B cell function. Purified, splenic B cells from DFO-fed mice displayed increased DHA levels and diminished GM1 microdomain clustering. DFO enhanced LPS-induced B cell secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased CD40 expression ex vivo compared with CON. Despite increased MHCII expression in the unstimulated ex vivo B cells from DFO-fed mice, we observed no difference in ex vivo OVA-FITC uptake in B cells from DFO or CON mice. In vivo, DFO increased lymphoid tissue B cell populations and surface markers of activation compared with CON. Finally, we investigated whether these ex vivo and in vivo observations were consistent with systemic changes. Indeed, DFO-fed mice had significantly higher plasma IL-5, IL-13, and IL-9 (Th2-biasing cytokines) and cecal IgA compared with CON. These results support the hypothesis and an emerging concept that fish oil enhances B cell function in vivo.
Accelerometer tags: detecting and identifying activities in fish and the effect of sampling frequency
Authors: Broell Franziska , Noda Takuji , Wright Serena , Domenici Paolo , Steffensen John Fleng , Auclair Jean-Pierre , Taggart Christopher T. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryMonitoring and measuring the behaviour and movement of aquatic animals in the wild is typically challenging, though micro-accelerometer (archival or telemetry) tags now provide the means to remotely identify and quantify behavioural states and rates such as resting, swimming, and migrating, and to estimate activity and energy budgets. Most studies use low frequency (≤32 Hz) accelerometer sampling due to battery and data-archiving constraints. In this study we assessed the effect of sampling frequency (aliasing) on activity detection probability using the great sculpin (Myoxocephalus polyacanthoceaphalus) as a model species. Feeding strikes and escape responses (fast-start activities) and spontaneous movements among 7 different great sculpin were triggered, observed and recorded using a tri-axial accelerometer sampling at 100 Hz and video records. We demonstrate that multiple parameters in the time and probability domains can statistically differentiate between activities with high detection (90%) and identification (80%) probabilities. Detection probability for feeding and escape activities decreased by 50% when sampling at &lt;10 Hz. Our analyses illustrate additional problems associated with aliasing and how activity and energy-budget estimates can be compromised and misinterpreted. We recommend that high-frequency (&gt;30 Hz) accelerometer sampling be used in similar lab and field studies. If battery and (or) data storage is limited, we also recommend archiving the events via an on-board algorithm that determines the highest likelihood and subsequent archiving of the various event-classes of interest.
Neural activity in the central complex of the cockroach brain is linked to turning behaviors
Authors: Guo Peiyuan , Ritzmann Roy E. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
An animal moving through complex terrain must consider sensory cues around it and alter its movements accordingly. In the arthropod brain, the central complex (CC) receives highly preprocessed sensory information and sends outputs to premotor regions, suggesting that it may play a role in the central control of oriented locomotion. We performed tetrode recordings within the CC in cockroaches walking on an air-suspended ball to examine the role of the CC in turning behaviors. When a rod was placed near the cockroach's head, the cockroach touched the rod repeatedly with one or both antennae before locomotion was initiated. Some CC units responded to self-generated antennal contact with the object, but at lower levels compared to externally imposed antennal stimulation. Neural activity of some other CC units responded to locomotion. We found that some CC units showed discrete firing fields corresponding to specific locomotion states. We also found that changes in firing rate of some CC units preceded changes in turning speed of one direction but not the other. Furthermore, such biased units were located in the side of the brain ipsilateral to the direction of the turning speed they can predict. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the CC elicited or modified locomotion and the direction of some evoked locomotion can be predicted by the response property of locomotion predictive units near the stimulation site. Therefore, our results suggest that at the population level, asymmetrical activity in the CC precedes and influences turning behavior.
Synthesis of 2-Pyridylphosphinate and Thiophosphinate Derivatives by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of N-Methoxypyridinium Tosylates
Authors: Oka Natsuhisa , Ito Kousuke , Tomita Futoshi , Ando Kaori 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We developed a straightforward and cost-effective method for the synthesis of 2-pyridylphosphinate derivatives based on a nucleophilic aromatic substitution of N-methoxypyridinium salts. The method proved to be useful for synthesizing various 2-pyridylphosphinates and thiophosphinates, including an optically active compound, from H-phosphinate precursors.
Consumer Heterogeneity, Product Quality, and Distribution Channels
Authors: Shi Hongyan , Liu Yunchuan , Petruzzi Nicholas C. 
Published: November 2012

This paper shows that the effect of different distribution channel structures on product quality depends on the type of consumer heterogeneity and its distribution in a market. When consumer heterogeneity is uniformly distributed either vertically on willingness to pay or horizontally on transaction costs, a manufacturer may provide the same or lower product quality in a decentralized channel than in a centralized channel. In contrast, when consumer heterogeneity follows a more general distribution on willingness to pay, under certain conditions, the manufacturer may provide higher product quality in a decentralized channel than in a centralized channel. Decentralization also may lead to a higher product quality if consumer heterogeneity is uniformly distributed both vertically and horizontally, but not if consumer heterogeneity is uniformly distributed vertically on each of two product-quality attributes. Additionally, competition at the retail level may amplify these findings. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
The Evolving Impact of Combinatorial Opportunities and Exhaustion on Innovation by Business Groups as Market Development Increases: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Mahmood Ishtiaq , Chung Chi-Nien , Mitchell Will 
Published: November 2012

Business groups are key sources of innovation in emerging market economies, but we understand little about why innovativeness differs across groups and over time. Variation in the density of intragroup buyer–supplier ties, which are common structural linkages among group affiliates, can help explain both cross-sectional and temporal heterogeneity of group innovativeness. We argue that greater buyer–supplier density within a group initially creates combinatorial opportunities that contribute to group innovativeness but ultimately generates combinatorial exhaustion that constrains innovation. Combinatorial exhaustion will set in at lower levels of density as the market environment becomes more developed because the opportunity costs of local search increase. The research introduces a dynamic argument to studies of business-group innovation.This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Mathematical modelling for predicting surface roughness during machining of PEEK CF30 composite
Authors: Cabrera F. M. , Khamlichi A. , Losilla I. , Hanafi I. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Considering the increasing prospective regarding the various applications of Poly Ether Ether Ketone reinforced with 30% carbon fibres (PEEK CF30), there is a crucial need to investigate its machinability. In this work, focus is centered on non-linear regression based models that can be built to predict roug hness parameters Ra and Rt associated to turning of PEEK CF30 when using TiN coated cutting tool. Attention was paid to one-variant models that can be proposed to represent the effect of the cutting speed on the surface finish parameters. A broad class of non-linear interpolation models was considered. Their aptness to be used in modelling this particular application was assessed. The identification of the various mathematical models was performed by using experimental results that were obtained from CNC turning of PEEK samples. Based on statistical analysis, all the considered non-linear regression models proved to be highly significant and succeeded to fit adequately the experimental results.
Time Difference of Arrival Based Cancer Tumor Localization Using Magnetic Nano Particles Induced Acoustic Signals
Authors: Tsalach Adi , Steinberg Idan , Gannot Israel 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTCancer is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developed countries.Early detection of the cancer can greatly increase both survival rates and quality of life for patients. A magnto-acoustic based method had been previously proposed for early tumor detection, in a minimal invasive procedure, using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). However, in order to accompany tumor identification with immediate treatment, a complementary tumor localization algorithm was needed. Therefore, our objective was to measure the acoustic signals generated by the MNP conjugated tumor in an optimal multi sensor array and estimate the 3D location of the tumor in real time. A Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) based localization algorithm was developed, and implemented in computerized simulations on the breast tissue geometry. Tumor localization feasibility and the hyperbolic positioning algorithm performance were evaluated. Overall performance yielded localization with a median Euclidean distance of 2.8mm. Such performance indicates that tumor localization was estimated with high accuracy, and suggests that the combination of magneto-acoustic detection along with a TDOA based localization algorithm can produce an efficient tumor diagnostic system. It enables the detection of tumor presence, as well as the triangulation of its location, and can be further developed into a powerful “image and treat” system.
A Synthesis of Fraud-Related Research
Authors: Trompeter Gregory M. , Carpenter Tina D. , Desai Naman , Jones Keith L. , Riley Richard A. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARY
We synthesize academic literature related to fraudulent financial reporting with dual purposes: (1) to better understand the nature and extent of the existing literature on financial reporting fraud, and (2) to highlight areas where there is need for future research. This project extends the work of Hogan et al. (2008), who completed a similar synthesis project, also sponsored by the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association, in 2005. We synthesize the literature related to fraud by examining accounting and auditing literature post-Hogan et al. (2008) and by summarizing relevant fraud literature from outside of accounting. We review publications in accounting and related disciplines including criminology, ethics, finance, organizational behavior, psychology, and sociology. We synthesize the research around a model that illustrates the auditor's approach to fraud. The model incorporates auditors' use of the fraud triangle (i.e., management's incentive, attitude, and opportunity to commit fraud), their assessment of the existence and effectiveness of the client's anti-fraud measures (e.g., corporate governance mechanisms and internal controls), and their consideration of possible fraud schemes and concealment techniques when making an overall fraud risk assessment of the client. The model further illustrates how auditors can incorporate this assessment into an overall strategy to detect fraud by implementing appropriate fraud-detection procedures. We summarize the recent literature of each component of the model and suggest avenues for future research.
Measuring Verbal Communication in Initial Physical Therapy Encounters
Authors: Roberts Lisa C. , Whittle Christopher T. , Cleland Jennifer , Wald Mike 
Published: November 2012

Background
Communication in clinical encounters is vital in ensuring a positive experience and outcome for both patient and clinician.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to measure verbal communication between physical therapists and patients with back pain during their initial consultation and trial management of the data using a novel, Web-based application.

Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Methods
Nine musculoskeletal physical therapists and 27 patients with back pain participated in this study. Twenty-five initial consultations were observed, audio recorded, and categorized using the Medical Communications Behavior System. Data were managed using Synote, a freely available application enabling synchronization of audio recordings with transcripts and coded notes.

Results
In this sample, physical therapists spoke for 49.5% of the encounter and patients for 33.1%. Providers and patients spent little time overtly discussing emotions (1.4% and 0.9%, respectively). More-experienced clinicians used more “history/background probes,” more “advice/suggestion,” and less “restatement” than less-experienced staff, although they demonstrated a greater prevalence of talking concurrently and interrupting patients (7.6% compared with 2.6%).

Limitations
Although studies measuring actual behavior are considered to be the gold standard, audio recordings do not enable nonverbal behaviors to be recorded.

Conclusion
This study investigated a method for measuring the verbal content of clinical encounters in a physical therapy outpatient setting. The study has directly contributed to developing a research-friendly version of the application (ie, Synote Researcher). Given the pivotal role of communication in ensuring a positive experience and outcome for both patient and provider, investing time in further developing communication skills should be an on-going priority for providers. Further work is needed to explore affective behaviors and the prevalence of interrupting patients, considering differences in sex and provider experience.
A prospective study of physician-observed concussion during a varsity university ice hockey season: incidence and neuropsychological changes. Part 2 of 4
Authors: Echlin Paul S. , Skopelja Elaine N. , Worsley Rachel , Dadachanji Shiroy B. , Lloyd-Smith D. Rob , Taunton Jack A. , Forwell Lorie A. , Johnson Andrew M. 
Published: November 2012

Object
The primary objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion according to a relative number of athlete exposures among 25 male and 20 female varsity ice hockey players. The secondary objective was to present neuropsychological test results between preseason and postseason play and at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion.

Methods
Every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-2 (SCAT2), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), and MRI. Each regular season and postseason game was observed by 2 independent observers (a physician and a nonphysician observer). Players with a diagnosed concussion were removed from the game, examined in the team physician's office using the SCAT2 and ImPACT, and sent to undergo MRI.

Results
Eleven concussions occurred during the 55 physician-observed games (20%). The incidence of concussion, expressed as number of concussions per 1000 athlete exposures, was 10.70 for men and women combined in regular season play, 11.76 for men and women combined across both the regular season and playoff season, 7.50 for men and 14.93 for women in regular season play, and 8.47 for men across both the regular season and playoff season. One male player experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions, and 1 concussion was observed and diagnosed in an exhibition game. Neuropsychological testing suggested no statistically significant preseason/postseason differences between athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion and athletes who did not sustain a physician-diagnosed concussion on either the ImPACT or SCAT2. The athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion demonstrated few reliable changes postinjury.

Conclusions
Although the incidence of game-related concussions per 1000 athlete exposures in this study was half the highest rate reported in the authors' previous research, it was 3 times higher than the incidence reported by other authors within the literature concerning men's collegiate ice hockey and 5 times higher than the highest rate previously reported for woman's collegiate ice hockey. Interestingly, the present results suggest a substantively higher incidence of concussion among women (14.93) than men (7.50). The reproducible and significantly higher incidence of concussion among both men and woman ice hockey players, when compared with nonphysician-observed games, suggests a significant underestimation of sports concussion in the scientific literature.
Pregnancy and Nutrition
Authors: Shahid Asma Rumanaz , Ul Hosna Asma , Alam Ashraful 
Published: November 2012

Pregnancy is a specially important time in womens life to focus on proper health care and nutrition. Nutrition during childhood and adolescence influence a womens preconceptional nutritional status which subsequently influence the outcome of pregnancy and health of the baby. Good nutrition is the key to a successful pregnancy for both mother and child. The mothers nutrition from the moment of conception is an important factor in the development of the infants metabolic pathway and future wellbeing. The diet during pregnancy should be adequate to provide maintenance of maternal health, the need of growing fetus, the strength and vitality required during labour and successful lactation. All women need to gain weight during pregnancy. Weight gain during pregnancy depends on pre-pregnancy weight. Ahealthy weight gain for most of the women is between 25-35Lb. During pregnancy a women has different nutritional need for different trimester to meet extra food needs and extra caloric requirement. Normal weight women need an extra 300 kcal /day during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The total amount of needed calorie 2000-2500 kcal/day for a normal weight women. Needs for almost all nutrients are greater during pregnancy for own bodies growth, for baby and successful lactation. The dietetic advice given to the mother should be reasonable and realistic to the individual women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12596 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 04 Oct12
Assessment of Thyroid Disorder in FarWestern Part of Nepal: A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Yadav Naval Kishor , Hanpari C , Shrewastwa Mukesh Kumar , Mittal Rabindra Kumar , Koner Bidhan Chandra 
Published: November 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted to know the status of thyroid disorder in people of far western region of Nepal.Methods: A total of 808 cases, out of which 133 male and 675 female were included and study was carried out using data retrieved from the register maintained in the Department of Biochemistry of the Nepalgunj Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke, Nepal, between 1st January, 2011 and 28th February, 2012. The variables collected were age, sex, and thyroid function profile including free T3, free T4 and TSH. The data was analyzed using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. Results: The percentage of thyroid disorders was 33.66% in people of far western region of Nepal. The people were highly affected by overt hyperthyroidism (14.9%) followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (9.9%). The subclinical hypothyroidism was 7.9% while 1% overt hypothyroidism only. Serum fT3, fT4 and TSH level were significantly different in male and females. Similarly, fT3, fT4 and TSH levels show statistically significant differences in different thyroid disorders. The fT3 and fT4 level in overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism showed statistically significant differences when compared with euthyroidism group. Likewise, TSH level also shows statistically significant in all the thyroid disorders when compared with euthyroidism group. The fT3 and fT4 levels were statistically insignificant in all the age groups whereas TSH level showed statistically significant different in all the age groups. The fT3 and fT4 level in 21-40 years showed statistically significant when compared with serum level of fT3 and fT4 of 0-20 years. Similarly, serum level of TSH in 21-40 and 41-60 years also showed statistically significant when compared with serum level of TSH of 0-20 years. Conclusion: The people residing in far western region have risk for thyroid disorders. They were suffering with thyroid disorder, especially overt hyperthyroidism (14.9%) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (9.9%). Further studies are required to characterize the reasons for this high prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12601 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 04 Oct12