bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homo erectus—who, when and where: A survey
Authors: Howells W. W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe state of information bearing on Homo erectus as developed since about 1960 is surveyed, with the resulting effects on problems. Definitions of H. erectus still rest on the Far Eastern samples (Chou‐k'ou‐tien/Java), and thus relate to late Lower to middle Middle Pleistocene material. Numerous important individual finds, however, have expanded the total: extension of the early and very early Sangiran material; very early to later in Africa, and relatively late in Europe. Datings remain uncertain or controversial within broad limits, but with some important successes and revisions.Discussion by authors of problems concerns degree of divergence among H. erectus populations and rate of evolutionary change; both appear relatively slight, but the data are inadequate for much present judgment. The apparent zone of transition to more advanced morphology (H. sapiens, sensu lato) by the late Middle Pleistocene better reflects signs of regional divergence. Some writers—not all—believe that even the earliest European fossils known (e.g., Petralona) had already advanced to a H. sapiens basic level, with later change in the direction of Neanderthals. A separate African phylum, from OH 9, is also suggested; recent Chinese finds may provide a third different post‐erectus population before the Upper Pleistocene. Taxonomic expression of all this gives some problems.
Fat and fertility: Demographic implications of differential fat storage
Authors: Huss‐Ashmore Rebecca 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAnthropologists interested in human nutrition have become intrigued by the possibility of a link between nutritional status, fat stores, and fertility. Frisch (1978) and Frisch and McArthur (1974) have hypothesized such a link, based on studies of body composition at menarche and menstrual dysfunction in anorectics. This review indicates that both over‐ and undernutrition may interfere with reproductive function, but probably do so only when extreme. Evidence for fat as a regulator of fecundity is conflicting, and is best documented for age at puberty. Effects of fat on birth interval (a demographically more significant parameter) are confounded by the influence of lactation. A review of hormonal and metabolic patterns in obesity and inanation indicate similarities between these conditions and general or psychological stress. It is suggested that fat is better seen as an indicator of systemic function than as a single independent factor. The adaptive value of fat for human populations may lie in its ability to enhance work performance as much as in its influence on fecundity.
The relationships among physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone, with a note on the properties of nonhuman primate bone
Authors: Burr David B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSince bone reacts to imposed loads by formation and resorption of tissue, analysis of tissue distribution within a bone provides evidence of the adaptation of that bone to a given mechanical function. Definition of these structure‐function relationships permits the physical anthropologist to clarify the wide variety of behavioral/morphological adaptations to specific ecological niches in extant primates. From this information, behavior and locomotor function can ultimately be inferred in fossil primates. This paper reviews research which shows the relationships between the physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone, so that researchers who are investigating the properties of bone are aware of the numerous interpretations which may be made about structure and function from basic data. In addition, this paper is an attempt to apprise investigators working with primates that comparative data on the properties of primate bone are available, though sparse.
Anthropological dermatoglyphics: A review
Authors: Meier Robert J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractResearch in dermatoglyphics having direct interest and application to anthropology has continued to grow since the turn of the century. Anthropological dermatoglyphics can offer important perspectives in viewing the nature and significance of human variation. Several forefronts of ongoing research are reviewed. First, methodology continues to improve definition and classification of variables. A second line of inquiry deals with hereditary aspects. Inheritance models, both monogenic and polygenic, have been proposed. Single locus systems seem to have limited application, as in the transmission of triradial excess or deficiency illustrated by the missing c triradius. Polygenic inheritance has been demonstrated in quantitative phenotypic expressions exemplified by the total finger ridge‐count. Exciting recent research employing the “field concept” has discovered a small number of developmental factors which correspond well with earlier findings on volar pad development and dermatoglyphic features. Maternal and other environmental effects have been shown to operate on dermatoglyphic expression. Human population studies using dermatoglyphics began with early racial descriptions and currently utilize multivariate procedures for detecting evolutionary processes. Congruence testing between dermatoglyphics and other biological distance measures is also an active endeavor. In this connection, dermatoglyphic variable selection has become important in recognizing that different variables might well be useful in micro‐ and macroevolutionary situations. Finally, dermatoglyphic analysis has. been applied to primate studies. Although this area has not kept pace with human studies, primate work has been crucial for the important matters of taxonomic assessment and functional dermatoglyphics.
Hominoid cytogenetics and evolution
Authors: Marks Jon 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMuch of the literature on the chromosomes of the Hominoidea exists in virtual isolation from both evolutionary theory and physical anthropology. Several unjustified speculations about hominoid affinities in the literature of cytogenetics may be attributed to the effects of this isolation. In this paper, the literature of comparative hominoid cytogenetics is reviewed, and that on chromosomal band patterns and repetitive DNA distributions relative to current evolutionary theory is discussed. These data are critically analyzed and shown to be more consistent with an orthodox hominoid phylogeny than with heterodox phylogenies. Rates and modes of karyotypic evolution are also discussed in an attempt to begin to assimilate the study of hominoid chromosomes within the framework of physical anthropology.
The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs “Garifuna” of Central America and the Caribbean
Authors: Crawford M. H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Black Caribs “Garifuna” originated on St. Vincent Island, in the West Indies, as a cultural and biological amalgam between Amerindians “Arawak and Island Caribs” and West Africans. A total of 2,026 of the Black Caribs were deported by the British in 1797 to the Bay Islands, from which they further emigrated to Honduras, Central America. The Garifuna provide an example of evolutionary success by a colonizing population with one of the highest observed fertility levels “a mean of 10.9 children per woman 45 years of age or older” in the world. The Central American Black Carib population has increased from fewer than 2,000 persons in 1800 to approximately 70,000 at present. It has been estimated that an additional 20,000 Black Caribs have immigrated to England, the United States, and other parts of the world.This review focuses upon the observed genetic variation and population structure of the Black Caribs. The population structure is characterized by a series of fissions and fusions of the gene pool. Fusion and genetic hybridization play a major role in the early development of this society. Subdivision of the hybrid gene pool occurs as the Black Caribs colonize the coast of Central America, rapidly expanding their domain to an area over 1,000 kilometers of the coast.Blood genetic analyses reveal that the St. Vincent Black Caribs' gene pool contains the highest proportion of Amerindian genes “approximately 50%”, while the coastal communities exhibit a more African ancestry “up to 80%”. This apparent discrepancy can be explained in one of three ways: “1” the original Black Caribs of St. Vincent had a higher proportion of Amerindian genes. However, gene flow and incorporation of African populations residing along the coast into the Black Carib gene pool resulted in more African coastal groups; “2” those Black Caribs displaying African phenotypes were selectively deported; “3” that natural selection, in a malarial environment, operated in favor of those individuals with the more African phenotypes and resistance to Plasmodium falciparum.
Advances in somatotype methodology and analysis
Authors: Carter J.E. Lindsay , Ross William D. , Duquet William , Aubry Stephen P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDuring the past four decades, different approaches to somatotyping have resulted in changes in methods and analyses. The shift from a static or typological to a dynamic or phenotypical viewpoint is reviewed and different methods are summarized. Somatotype terminology and new concepts and techniques of analysis are presented as are details of two‐ and three‐dimensional analyses. Descriptive and comparative statistical procedures are demonstrated through use of distances between somatotypes as a whole. Somatopoints, somatoplots, somatotype dispersion and attitudinal distances, t and F ratios between somatotype samples, correlation, intensity, and migratory distance are described. Suggestions are also made for approaches to somatotype analysis.
Tailoring the viscoelasticity of epoxy thermosets
Authors: Nakka J. S. , Jansen K. M. B. , Ernst L. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis research work is aimed to understand the effect of epoxy resin chemistry on the viscoelasticity of the cured epoxy thermosets. In this article, two model systems are selected based on epoxy‐amine reactants. In the model Systems I, the functionality of the epoxy is varied. In model System II, the pendant (side) chain length in the amine is varied. It is found that by varying the initial properties (e.g., functionality, pendant chain length, mixing ratio (r), aromaticity, etc.) the network properties (crosslink density and flexibility) of the cured (or hardened) epoxy changed. The changes (or shift) in the viscoelastic properties (or viscoelasticity) of the cured epoxy is mainly due the changes in the network properties. Further, to study the time and temperature effects the viscoelastic master curves for the two model systems are generated using Time‐Temperature‐Superposition (TTS) principle. The shift in the viscoelastic master curves is modeled with a simple Kohlrausch‐Williams‐Watts (KWW) fit function. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface modification and PEGylation of branched polyethyleneimine for improved biocompatibility
Authors: Wen Shihui , Zheng Fuyin , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article, we report the surface modification of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) for improved biocompatibility. PEIs with different surface functionalities were synthesized via covalent modification of the PEI amines, including neutralized PEI modified with acetic anhydride, negatively charged PEI modified with succinic anhydride, hydroxylated PEI modified with glycidol, and PEI–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates modified with both PEG and acetic anhydride. The modified PEI derivatives were characterized with 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ζ‐potential measurements. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay of mouse fibroblasts revealed that the biocompatibility of PEI was significantly improved after these modifications. The neutral and negatively charged PEIs were nontoxic at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL, whereas the pristine PEI was toxic to cells at concentrations as low as 10 μg/mL. The successfully modified PEIs with different surface charges and functionalities may provide a range of opportunities for various biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Anion exchange membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and quaternized polyethyleneimine for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Yu Xu Pei , Yi Guo Tian , Hui Zhao Chun , Broadwell Ian , Gen Zhang Qiu , Liu Qing Lin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe semi‐interpenetrating polymer network technique was applied in the preparation of anion exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Poly(vinyl alcohol) was chosen as the polymer matrix and quaternized polyethyleneimine was used as the cationic polyelectrolyte. To modify the polymer membranes for achieving desirable properties, 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane was used as a precursor to fabricate a set of organic–inorganic hybrid membranes. The hybrid membranes were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ionic conductivity, methanol permeability and stability under oxidative and alkaline conditions were measured to evaluate the applicability in DMFCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Secondary dopants modified PEDOT‐sulfonated poly(imide)s for high‐temperature range application
Authors: Srisuwan Suttisak , Ding Yujie , Mamangun Donna , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan , Sotzing Gregory A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was polymerized using sulfonated poly(amic acid)s templates (SPAA1 and SPAA2) by batch operation. The new method was invented to enhance conductivities (ca. 100 ‐ to 2000‐fold) and with less reaction time from previous work (7 days vs. 3 days). Moreover, to increase the conductivity, many dopants were introduced as secondary doping compared with DMF, D‐sorbitol, and surfynol that were previously used. After annealing at 180°C for 10 min, PEDOT‐SPAA1 and PEDOT‐SPAA2 doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan and quinoxaline showed the increase in conductivity by higher percentage than any other systems, especially doped with D‐sorbitol and surfynol. These showed the promising tendency to develop the annealing activated superior conductivity materials after further modifying the conducting film forming processes. However, PEDOT‐SPAAs doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan, imidazole and quinoxaline via annealed at 180°C for 10 min were found to be more conductive than doped with DMF, but still lower conductive than doped with D‐sorbitol and surfynol. In terms of particle size, the stable aqueous dispersions of conducting polymers prepared were comparable to polystyrene sulfonate template. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Direct synthesis of surface molecularly imprinted polymers based on vinyl–SiO2 nanospheres for recognition of bisphenol A
Authors: Zhou Hong , Xu Yeping , Tong Hongwu , Liu Yuxin , Han Fang , Yan Xiangyang , Liu Shaomin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) with high performance in selectively recognizing bisphenol A (BPA) were prepared by using a novel and facile surface molecular‐imprinting technique. Vinyl‐functionalized, monodispersed silica spheres were synthesized by a one‐step emulsion reaction in aqueous solution. Then, BPA surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIP) were prepared by polymerization with 4‐vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. Maximal sorption capacity (Qmax) of the resulting SMIP was up to 600 μmol g−1, while that of nonimprinted polymers was only 314.68 μmol g−1. Kinetic binding study showed that sorption capacity reached 70% of Qmax in 20 min and sorption equilibrium at 80 min. SMIP had excellent accessibility and affinity toward BPA, for the selectivity coefficients of SMIP for BPA in respect to phenol, p‐tert‐butylphenol, and o‐phenylphenol were 3.39, 3.35, and 3.02, respectively. The reusage process verified the SMIP owning admirably stable adsorption capacity toward BPA for eight times. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Determination of the activation energies of diffusion of organic molecules in poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Ewender Johann , Welle Frank 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a highly inert packaging material that exhibits low interaction with foodstuff and consequently a limited diffusion of migrants. Migration modeling can therefore be used as an alternative to experimental migration tests in order to confirm compliance of PET packaging materials with food laws. The most important factor for predicting migration using mathematical models is the diffusion coefficient of the migrant in PET. However, current models that predict this parameter are typically based on worst‐case scenarios and thereby significantly over‐estimate the degree of migration. The key parameter for developing more realistic migration models is the activation energy of diffusion of potential migrants in PET, but experimental data on this are scarcely available in the scientific literature. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop a fast and precise method for determining diffusion coefficients and activation energies of diffusion of organic compounds in PET. Activation energies of diffusion for 13 organic compounds in PET were determined via their diffusion coefficient temperature dependencies. The molecular weight and activation energy of diffusion for the compounds investigated in this study were correlated, offering a basis for a new approach in predicting diffusion coefficients for use in migration modeling. The proposed method is a suitable tool to establish the datasets needed to refine the current migration model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The conductive network made up by the reduced graphene nanosheet/polyaniline/polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Ma Feifei , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this work, due to the effective interfacial interactions between reduced graphene oxide (RGO) planes and polyaniline (PANI) chains, a conductive network was designed and fabricated by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer on the RGO planes. Then, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was modified with the conductive network by simple solution blending. A significant enhancement in the conductive properties of PVC films was obtained with a 4.0 wt % RGO and 7.0 wt % PANI loading. When the PANI was coated on RGO, the PANI was easier to connect mutually and enhanced the conductivity network for composites. Thermal analysis of the composite films showed the thermal stability of PVC was also improved after modified. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Association between ankylosing spondylitis and chronic periodontitis: A population‐based study
Authors: Keller Joseph J. , Kang Jiunn‐Horng , Lin Herng‐Ching 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is one type of chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It has been suggested that rheumatic diseases may have additional underlying factors in common with chronic periodontitis. However, few studies have addressed the possible link between AS and chronic periodontitis. We undertook the present case–control study to investigate the possible association between AS and chronic periodontitis using a population‐based data set in Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted this study by using administrative claims data sourced from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program database. Our study included 6,821 AS patients and 34,105 randomly selected controls. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for prior chronic periodontitis among AS patients and matched controls.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the prevalence of prior chronic periodontitis between patients and controls (41.5% versus 25.9%; P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that patients were more likely than controls to have been previously diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis (adjusted OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.74–1.98]). We further found that patients were only 1.70 (95% CI 1.56–1.89) times more likely than controls to have undergone a gingivectomy or periodontal flap operation (all patients had a history of chronic periodontitis) within the 5 years preceding the index date. After excluding those who had undergone either a gingivectomy or periodontal flap surgery, patients were even more likely than controls to have been previously diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis (adjusted OR 2.04 [95% CI 1.93–2.15]).ConclusionThis study detected an association between AS and a prior diagnosis of chronic periodontitis.
True Overconfidence in Interval Estimates: Evidence Based on a New Measure of Miscalibration
Authors: Glaser Markus , Langer Thomas , Weber Martin 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTOverconfidence is often regarded as one of the most prevalent judgment biases. Several studies show that overconfidence can lead to suboptimal decisions of investors, managers, or politicians. Recent research, however, questions whether overconfidence should be regarded as a bias and shows that standard “overconfidence” findings can easily be explained by different degrees of knowledge of agents plus a random error in predictions. We contribute to the current literature and ongoing research by extensively analyzing interval estimates for knowledge questions, for real financial time series, and for artificially generated charts. We thereby suggest a new method to measure overconfidence in interval estimates, which is based on the implied probability mass behind a stated prediction interval. We document overconfidence patterns, which are difficult to reconcile with rationality of agents and which cannot be explained by differences in knowledge as differences in knowledge do not exist in our task. Furthermore, we show that overconfidence measures are reliable in the sense that there exist stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence in interval estimates, thereby testing an important assumption of behavioral economics and behavioral finance models: stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence across people. We do this in a “field experiment,” for different levels of expertise of subjects (students on the one hand and professional traders and investment bankers on the other hand), over time, by using different miscalibration metrics, and for tasks that avoid common weaknesses such as a non‐representative selection of trick questions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of near‐infrared‐emitting CdTeSe and CdZnTeSe quantum dots
Authors: Yang Fanghong , Yang Ping , Zhang Lipeng 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTWe exploited the synthesis of near‐infrared (NIR) emitting ternary‐alloyed CdTeSe and quaternary‐alloyed CdZnTeSe quantum dots (QDs) with rod and tetrapod morphologies, which have tunable emission in the NIR electromagnetic spectrum. The morphologies of the QDs depended strongly on their growth kinetics, probably due to the coordinating ligands used in the preparation. Using oleic acid, stearic acid and hexadecylamine as ligands and keeping the same reaction parameters, QDs with tetrapod and rod morphologies were created. Not only had the capping ligands influenced the morphologies of QDs, but also they influenced the optical properties of QDs. The molar ratios of Cd/Zn and Te/Se upon preparation were adjusted for investigating the effect of composition on the properties of resulting QDs. By varying the composition of QDs, the photoluminescence (PL) wavelength of QDs was tuned from 650 nm to 800 nm. To enhance PL efficiency and stability, QDs were coated with a CdZnS shell. As NIR PL has numerous advantages in biological imaging detection, these QDs hold great potential for application. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.