bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The insider artist: a quartet of case studies
Authors: Guillet de Monthoux Pierre 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities between creative business leadership and successful artists and to illustrate how the label “outside artist” is a romantic myth.

Design/methodology/approach
– Making use of four cases in classical music history, this study analyzes how a quartet of musical artists negotiated their space inside highly organized and changing environments.

Findings
– Many qualities exhibited by musical artists are similar to those required of successful organizational managers. One of the reasons that insider artistry is a complex phenomenon is that socio-organizational conditions are not fixed, they change. Therefore, each new generation of artists has to invent new strategies to get the job done.

Practical implications
– Understanding the nature of these similar qualities will help clarify the issue of making art work inside organizations and dispel erroneous assumptions about the role of artists in these organizations.

Originality/value
– This article will contribute to the practical as well as the philosophical conversation about the place of artists inside successful organizations in society.
Reduction of the Inappropriate ICD Therapies by Implementing a New Fuzzy Logic–Based Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Lewandowski Michał , Przybylski Andrzej , Kuźmicz Wiesław , Szwed Hanna 
Published: September 2013

AimsThe aim of the study was to analyze the value of a completely new fuzzy logic–based detection algorithm (FA) in comparison with arrhythmia classification algorithms used in existing ICDs in order to demonstrate whether the rate of inappropriate therapies can be reduced.MethodsOn the basis of the RR intervals database containing arrhythmia events and controls recordings from the ICD memory a diagnostic algorithm was developed and tested by a computer program. This algorithm uses the same input signals as existing ICDs: RR interval as the primary input variable and two variables derived from it, onset and stability. However, it uses 15 fuzzy rules instead of fixed thresholds used in existing devices. The algorithm considers 6 diagnostic categories: (1) VF (ventricular fibrillation), (2) VT (ventricular tachycardia), (3) ST (sinus tachycardia), (4) DAI (artifacts and heart rhythm irregularities including extrasystoles and T‐wave oversensing‐TWOS), (5) ATF (atrial and supraventricular tachycardia or fibrillation), and 96) NT (sinus rhythm). This algorithm was tested on 172 RR recordings from different ICDs in the follow‐up of 135 patients.ResultsAll diagnostic categories of the algorithm were present in the analyzed recordings: VF (n = 35), VT (n = 48), ST (n = 14), DAI (n = 32), ATF (n = 18), NT (n = 25). Thirty‐eight patients (31.4%) in the studied group received inappropriate ICD therapies. In all these cases the final diagnosis of the algorithm was correct (19 cases of artifacts, 11 of atrial fibrillation and 8 of ST) and fuzzy rules algorithm implementation would have withheld unnecessary therapies. Incidence of inappropriate therapies: 3 vs. 38 (the proposed algorithm vs. ICD diagnosis, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.05). VT/VF were detected correctly in both groups. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated: 100%, 97.8%, and 100%, 72.9% respectively for FA and tested ICDs recordings (p < 0.05).ConclusionsDiagnostic performance of the proposed fuzzy logic based algorithm seems to be promising and its implementation could diminish ICDs inappropriate therapies. We found FA usefulness in correct diagnosis of sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and artifacts in comparison with tested ICDs.
Designing mosaic landscapes for Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix using multi‐scaled models
Authors: Geary Matthew , Fielding Alan H. , Marsden Stuart J. 
Published: September 2013

With increasing pressures on land for human use, it is important to identify the habitat requirements of key species, not just in terms of a correlation with a given habitat feature, but also the relationship between species presence and its coverage, proximity to other habitat types, and importance at different spatial scales. We used maximum entropy to estimate the optimal proportions of 18 habitat types, plus elevation and habitat richness associated with the presence of leks of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix within an 800‐km2 study area in Perthshire, Scotland. We repeated the analysis at several radii (0.2–3 km) to assess how the importance of different habitats changed with proximity to lek and scale. We then examined habitat features or combinations of features that were associated with large leks or positive lek growth. Models at all radii had satisfactory predictive power. Using response curves from maxent, we constructed ideal habitat mixes for leks at each radius. At the 2‐km radius, suitability was highest with around 20% each of three moorland types and open/mixed forestry, whereas close to leks (0.2 km), higher proportions of grouse moor and lower proportions of closed‐canopy woodland were optimal. The relationship between habitat and lek size or direction of lek growth was complex, indicating that a landscape containing large or productive leks can be the result of more than one combination of habitats. This demonstrates a degree of flexibility in designing landscapes for Black Grouse conservation, so landowners can prioritize combinations of habitats that are the most practical and/or economical, while still serving the requirements of the target species.
Serum Antibodies from a Subset of Horses Positive for Babesia caballi by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Demonstrate a Protein Recognition Pattern That Is Not Consistent with Infection
Authors: Awinda Peter O. , Mealey Robert H. , Williams Laura B. A. , Conrad Patricia A. , Packham Andrea E. , Reif Kathryn E. , Grause Juanita F. , Pelzel-McCluskey Angela M. , Chung Chungwon , Bastos Reginaldo G. , Kappmeyer Lowell S. , Howe Daniel K. , Ness SallyAnne L. , Knowles Donald P. , Ueti Massaro W. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTTick-borne pathogens that cause persistent infection are of major concern to the livestock industry because of transmission risk from persistently infected animals and the potential economic losses they pose. The recent reemergence ofTheileria equiin the United States prompted a widespread national survey resulting in identification of limited distribution of equine piroplasmosis (EP) in the U.S. horse population. This program identifiedBabesia caballi-seropositive horses using rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1)–competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), despiteB. caballibeing considered nonendemic on the U.S. mainland. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of RAP-1–cELISA as a single serological test to determine the infection status ofB. caballiin U.S. horses. Immunoblotting indicated that sera from U.S. horses reacted withB. caballilysate and purifiedB. caballiRAP-1 protein. Antibody reactivity toB. caballilysate was exclusively directed against a single ∼50-kDa band corresponding to a nativeB. caballiRAP-1 protein. In contrast, sera from experimentally and naturally infected horses from regions whereB. caballiis endemic bound multiple proteins ranging from 30 to 50 kDa. Dilutions of sera from U.S. horses positive by cELISA revealed low levels of antibodies, while sera from horses experimentally infected withB. caballiand from areas whereB. caballiis endemic had comparatively high antibody levels. Finally, blood transfer from seropositive U.S. horses into naive horses demonstrated no evidence ofB. caballitransmission, confirming that antibody reactivity in cELISA-positive U.S. horses was not consistent with infection. Therefore, we conclude that a combination of cELISA and immunoblotting is required for the accurate serodiagnosis ofB. caballi.
Rapid Subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for Diagnostics and Surveillance
Authors: Rizzardi Kristina , Wahab Tara , Jernberg Cecilia 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, an alternative to the current traditional bioserotyping techniques was developed for subtypingY. enterocoliticausing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The most common pathogenic bioserotypes could easily be distinguished using only a few bioserotype-specific biomarkers. However, biochemical methods should still be used to distinguish biotype 1A from 1B.
Detection of Heteroresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Pyrosequencing
Authors: Engström Anna , Hoffner Sven , Juréen Pontus 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

The ability of pyrosequencing to detect a resistant minority population of a heteroresistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain was investigated by performing a titration study. A mutant signal was noted only when the proportion of mutant DNA in the DNA target was 35 to 50%, showing that the sensitivity is significantly lower than that of phenotypic drug susceptibility test methods.
Quantitative Detection of Vibrio cholera Toxin by Real-Time and Dynamic Cytotoxicity Monitoring
Authors: Jin Dazhi , Luo Yun , Zheng Min , Li Haijing , Zhang Jing , Stampfl Melinda , Xu Xiao , Ding Gangqiang , Zhang Yanjun , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

We report here the quantitative detection of
Vibrio cholerae
toxin (CT) in isolates and stool specimens by dynamic monitoring of the full course of CT-mediated cytotoxicity in a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system. Four cell lines, including Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, small intestine epithelial (FHs74Int) cells, and mouse adrenal gland (PC12-Adh) cells, were evaluated for their suitability for CT-induced cytotoxicity testing. Among them, the Y-1 line was demonstrated to be the most sensitive for CT-mediated cytotoxicity, with limits of detection of 7.0 pg/ml for purified CT and 0.11 ng/ml for spiked CT in pooled negative stool specimens. No CT-mediated cytotoxicity was observed for nontoxigenic
V. cholerae
, non-
V. cholerae
species, or non-
V. cholerae
enterotoxins. The CT-RTCA assay was further validated with 100 stool specimens consecutively collected from patients with diarrhea and 200
V. cholerae
isolates recovered from patients and the environment, in comparison to a reference using three detection methods. The CT-RTCA assay had sensitivities and specificities of 97.5% and 100.0%, respectively, for
V. cholerae
isolates and 90.0% and 97.2% for stool specimens. For stool specimens spiked with CT concentrations ranging from 3.5 pg/ml to 1.8 ng/ml, the inoculation-to-detection time was 1.12 ± 0.38 h, and the values were inversely correlated with CT concentrations (ρ = −1;
P
= 0.01). The results indicate that the CT-RTCA assay with the Y-1 cell line provides a rapid and sensitive tool for the quantitative detection of CT activities in clinical specimens.
Comparison of the Simplexa FluA/B & RSV Direct Assay and Laboratory-Developed Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Respiratory Virus
Authors: Woodberry Mitchell W. , Shankar Rohit , Cent Anne , Jerome Keith R. , Kuypers Jane 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
The results of the Focus Simplexa FluA/B & RSV Direct assay were compared to those of laboratory-developed reverse transcription PCR tests for 498 nasopharyngeal swabs. Concordance rates were 96.6% (476/493; κ = 0.91), 97.6% (481/493; κ = 0.47), and 99.2% (488/492; κ = 0.94) for influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively.
Yellow Fever Vaccination Elicits Broad Functional CD4
+
T Cell Responses That Recognize Structural and Nonstructural Proteins
Authors: James Eddie A. , LaFond Rebecca E. , Gates Theresa J. , Mai Duy T. , Malhotra Uma , Kwok William W. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Yellow fever virus (YFV) can induce acute, life-threatening disease that is a significant health burden in areas where yellow fever is endemic, but it is preventable through vaccination. The live attenuated 17D YFV strain induces responses characterized by neutralizing antibodies and strong T cell responses. This vaccine provides an excellent model for studying human immunity. While several studies have characterized YFV-specific antibody and CD8
+
T cell responses, less is known about YFV-specific CD4
+
T cells. Here we characterize the epitope specificity, functional attributes, and dynamics of YFV-specific T cell responses in vaccinated subjects by investigating peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using HLA-DR tetramers. A total of 112 epitopes restricted by seven common HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. Epitopes were present within all YFV proteins, but the capsid, envelope, NS2a, and NS3 proteins had the highest epitope density. Antibody blocking demonstrated that the majority of YFV-specific T cells were HLA-DR restricted. Therefore, CD4
+
T cell responses could be effectively characterized with HLA-DR tetramers.
Ex vivo
tetramer analysis revealed that YFV-specific T cells persisted at frequencies ranging from 0 to 100 cells per million that are detectable years after vaccination. Longitudinal analysis indicated that YFV-specific CD4
+
T cells reached peak frequencies, often exceeding 250 cells per million, approximately 2 weeks after vaccination. As frequencies subsequently declined, YFV-specific cells regained CCR7 expression, indicating a shift from effector to central memory. Cells were typically CXCR3 positive, suggesting Th1 polarization, and produced gamma interferon and other cytokines after reactivation
in vitro
. Therefore, YFV elicits robust early effector CD4
+
T cell responses that contract, forming a detectable memory population.
Zinc-Dependent Interaction between JAB1 and Pre-S
2
Mutant Large Surface Antigen of Hepatitis B Virus and Its Implications for Viral Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Hsu Jye-Lin , Chuang Woei-Jer , Su Ih-Jen , Gui Wen-Jun , Chang Yu-Ying , Lee Yun-Ping , Ai Yu-Lin , Chuang David T. , Huang Wenya 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The pre-S
2
mutant large HBV surface protein (Δ2 LHBS), which contains an in-frame deletion of approximately 17 amino acids in LHBS, is highly associated with risks and prognoses of HBV-induced HCC. It was previously reported that Δ2 LHBS interacts with the Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1), a zinc metalloprotease. This promotes the degradation of the cell cycle regulator p27
Kip1
and is believed to be the major mechanism for Δ2 LHBS-induced HCC. In this study, it was found that the interaction between JAB1 and Δ2 LHBS is facilitated by divalent metal Zn
2+
ions. The binding of JAB1 to Δ2 LHBS requires the JAB1/CSN5 MPN metalloenzyme (JAMM) motif and residue H138 that binds to Zn
2+
ions in JAB1. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that Δ2 LHBS binds directly to Zn
2+
ions in a two-site binding mode. Residues H71 and H116 in Δ2 LHBS, which also contact Zn
2+
ions, are also indispensable for Δ2 LHBS-mediated p27
Kip1
degradation in human HuH7 cells. These results suggest that developing drugs that interrupt interactions between Δ2 LHBS and JAB1 can be used to mitigate Δ2 LHBS-associated risks for HCC.
Dynamics of Viral Evolution and Neutralizing Antibody Response after HIV-1 Superinfection
Authors: Chaillon Antoine , Wagner Gabriel A. , Hepler N. Lance , Little Susan J. , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Caballero Gemma , Pacold Mary E. , Phung Pham , Wrin Terri , Richman Douglas D. , Wertheim Joel O. , Smith Davey M. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Investigating the incidence and prevalence of HIV-1 superinfection is challenging due to the complex dynamics of two infecting strains. The superinfecting strain can replace the initial strain, be transiently expressed, or persist along with the initial strain in distinct or in recombined forms. Various selective pressures influence these alternative scenarios in different HIV-1 coding regions. We hypothesized that the potency of the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response to autologous viruses would modulate viral dynamics in
env
following superinfection in a limited set of superinfection cases. HIV-1
env
pyrosequencing data were generated from blood plasma collected from 7 individuals with evidence of superinfection. Viral variants within each patient were screened for recombination, and viral dynamics were evaluated using nucleotide diversity. NAb responses to autologous viruses were evaluated before and after superinfection. In 4 individuals, the superinfecting strain replaced the original strain. In 2 individuals, both initial and superinfecting strains continued to cocirculate. In the final individual, the surviving lineage was the product of interstrain recombination. NAb responses to autologous viruses that were detected within the first 2 years of HIV-1 infection were weak or absent for 6 of the 7 recently infected individuals at the time of and shortly following superinfection. These 6 individuals had detectable on-going viral replication of distinct superinfecting virus in the
env
coding region. In the remaining case, there was an early and strong autologous NAb response, which was associated with extensive recombination in
env
between initial and superinfecting strains. This extensive recombination made superinfection more difficult to identify and may explain why the detection of superinfection has typically been associated with low autologous NAb titers.
Aged Mice Exhibit a Severely Diminished CD8 T Cell Response following Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: Fulton Ross B. , Weiss Kayla A. , Pewe Lecia L. , Harty John T. , Varga Steven M. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTRespiratory virus infections in the elderly result in increased rates of hospitalization and death. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe virus-induced respiratory disease in individuals over the age of 65. CD8 T cells play a critical role in mediating RSV clearance. While it is clear that T cell immunity declines with age, it is not clear to what extent the CD8 T cell response to RSV is altered. Using aged BALB/c mice, we demonstrated that RSV-specific CD8 T cell responses were significantly reduced in the lungs of aged mice at the peak of the T cell response and that this decrease correlated with delayed viral clearance. Despite a decrease in the overall numbers of RSV-specific CD8 T cells during acute infection, their capacity to produce effector cytokines was not impaired. Following viral clearance, the RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells were similar in total number and phenotype in young and aged mice. Furthermore, following infection with a heterologous pathogen expressing an RSV epitope, RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells exhibited similar activation and ability to provide early control of the infection in young and aged mice. These data demonstrate a decrease in the capacity of aged mice to induce a high-magnitude acute CD8 T cell response, leading to prolonged viral replication, which may contribute to the increased disease severity of RSV infection observed for aged individuals.
Crystal Structure of Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Reveals a Class 1 Postfusion Architecture with Extensive Glycosylation
Authors: Parsy Marie-Laure , Harlos Karl , Huiskonen Juha T. , Bowden Thomas A. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Guanarito virus (GTOV) is an emergent and deadly pathogen. We present the crystal structure of the glycosylated GTOV fusion glycoprotein to 4.1-Å resolution in the postfusion conformation. Our structure reveals a classical six-helix bundle and presents direct verification that New World arenaviruses exhibit class I viral membrane fusion machinery. The structure provides visualization of an N-linked glycocalyx coat, and consideration of glycan dynamics reveals extensive coverage of the underlying protein surface, following virus-host membrane fusion.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Serine/Threonine Kinase US3 Hyperphosphorylates IRF3 and Inhibits Beta Interferon Production
Authors: Wang Shuai , Wang Kezhen , Lin Rongtuan , Zheng Chunfu 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Viral infection initiates a series of signaling cascades that lead to the transcription of interferons (IFNs), finally inducing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to eliminate viruses. Viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to modulate host IFN-mediated immune responses. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) US3, a Ser/Thr kinase conserved in alphaherpesviruses, was previously reported to counteract host innate immunity; however, the molecular mechanism is elusive. In this study, we report that US3 blocks IFN-β production by hyperphosphorylating IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Ectopic expression of US3 protein significantly inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-mediated activation of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoters and the transcription of IFN-β, ISG54, and ISG56. US3 was also shown to block SeV-induced dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. The kinase activity was indispensable for its inhibitory function, as kinase-dead (KD) US3 mutants K220M and D305A could not inhibit IFN-β production. Furthermore, US3 interacted with and hyperphosphorylated IRF3 at Ser175 to prevent IRF3 activation. Finally, the US3 KD mutant viruses were constructed and denoted K220M or D305A HSV-1, respectively. Cells and mice infected with both mutant viruses produced remarkably larger amounts of IFN-β than those infected with wild-type HSV-1. For the first time, these findings provide convincing evidence that US3 hyperphosphorylates IRF3, blocks the production of IFN-β, and subverts host innate immunity.
Murine Norovirus Transcytosis across anIn VitroPolarized Murine Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer Is Mediated by M-Like Cells
Authors: Gonzalez-Hernandez Mariam B. , Liu Thomas , Blanco Luz P. , Auble Heather , Payne Hilary C. , Wobus Christiane E. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTNoroviruses (NoVs) are the causative agent of the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the inability to culture human NoVs and the inability to orally infect a small animal model, little is known about the initial steps of viral entry. One particular step that is not understood is how NoVs breach the intestinal epithelial barrier. Murine NoV (MNV) is the only NoV that can be propagatedin vitroby infecting murine macrophages and dendritic cells, making this virus an attractive model for studies of different aspects of NoV biology. Polarized murine intestinal epithelial mICcl2cells were used to investigate how MNV interacts with and crosses the intestinal epithelium. In thisin vitromodel of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), MNV is transported across the polarized cell monolayer in the absence of viral replication or disruption of tight junctions by a distinct epithelial cell with microfold (M) cell properties. In addition to transporting MNV, these M-like cells also transcytose microbeads and express an IgA receptor. Interestingly, B myeloma cells cultured in the basolateral compartment underlying the epithelial monolayer did not alter the number of M-like cells but increased their transcytotic activity. Our data demonstrate that MNV can cross an intact intestinal epithelial monolayerin vitroby hijacking the M-like cells' intrinsic transcytotic pathway and suggest a potential mechanism for MNV entry into the host.