bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective damping method for the weak‐Arlequin coupling of molecular dynamics and finite element method
Authors: Shan Wenzhe , Nackenhorst Udo 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYAn artificial damping force is introduced in the weak coupling between the molecular dynamics (MD) and finite element (FE) models, to reduce the reflection of the high‐frequency motion that cannot be transmitted from the MD domain to the FE domain. We take advantage of the orthogonal property of the decomposed velocity in the weak coupling method and apply the damping force only to the high‐frequency part, therefore minimizing its effect on the low‐frequency part, which can be transmitted into the FE domain. The effectiveness of the damping method will be demonstrated by 1D numerical examples with linear force field applied to the atomistic model. In addition, we emphasize the importance of using the Arlequin energy interpolation, which is usually ignored in the weak coupling literature. Non‐uniform rational basis spline functions have been used to interpolate the MD data for the weak coupling method, and the influence of changing the number and order of basis functions on the interpolation accuracy has been investigated numerically. For this work, we restrict our discussion to mechanical problems only, involving only mechanical energy terms (e.g., strain potential and kinetic energy). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of maternal obesity and gestational weight gain on early and mid‐pregnancy lipid profiles
Authors: Scifres Christina M. , Catov Janet M. , Simhan Hyagriv N. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveThe impact of maternal overweight/obesity and excessive weight gain on maternal serum lipids in the first and second trimester of pregnancy was evaluated.MethodsProspective data were collected for 225 women. Maternal serum lipids and fatty acids were measured at <13 weeks and between 24 and 28 weeks. Analyses were stratified by normal weight versus overweight/obese status and excessive versus nonexcessive weight gain.ResultsOverweight/obese women had higher baseline cholesterol (161.3 ± 29.6 vs. 149.4 ± 26.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01), low‐density lipoprotein LDL (80.0 ± 19.9 vs. 72.9 ± 18.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01), and triglycerides (81.7 ± 47.2 vs. 69.7 ± 40.3 mg/dl, P = 0.05) when compared to normal weight women, whereas high‐density lipoprotein (43.6 ± 10.4 vs. 47.6 ± 11.5 mg/dl, P < 0.01) was lower. However, cholesterol and LDL increased at a higher weekly rate in normal weight women, resulting in higher total cholesterol in normal weight women (184.1 ± 28.1 vs. 176.0 ± 32.1 mg/dl, P = 0.05) at 24–28 weeks. The rate of change in lipid profiles in either group was not affected by excessive weight gain. Overweight/obese women had higher levels of arachidonic acid at both time points.ConclusionsOverweight/obese women have significantly more atherogenic lipid profiles than normal weight women during the period of early pregnancy, delineating one physiologic pathway between that could explain differences in pregnancy outcomes normal weight and overweight/obese women.
Synthesis of the Tolerance‐Inducing Oligosaccharide Lacto‐N‐Fucopentaose III Bearing an Activated Linker
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Zou Lu , Lowary Todd L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA concise synthetic route to an immunomodulatory pentasaccharide, lacto‐N‐fucopentaose III (1) and its corresponding human serum albumin conjugate, is described. Key transformations of the strategy include two highly regio‐ and stereoselective glycosylations for the construction of disaccharide 10 and pentasaccharide 12, a Birch reduction for deprotection of benzyl ethers, and a UV‐promoted radical addition of a thiol to an alkene for modification of the aglycone.
Probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting using Ensemble Model Output Statistics
Authors: Scheuerer M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStatistical post‐processing of dynamical forecast ensembles is an essential component of weather forecasting. In this article, we present a post‐processing method which generates full predictive probability distributions for precipitation accumulations based on ensemble model output statistics (EMOS).We model precipitation amounts by a generalized extreme value distribution which is left‐censored at zero. This distribution permits modelling precipitation on the original scale without prior transformation of the data. A closed form expression for its continuous ranked probability score can be derived and permits computationally efficient model fitting. We discuss an extension of our approach which incorporates further statistics characterizing the spatial variability of precipitation amounts in the vicinity of the location of interest.The proposed EMOS method is applied to daily 18 h forecasts of 6 h accumulated precipitation over Germany in 2011 using the COSMO‐DE ensemble prediction system operated by the German Meteorological Service. It yields calibrated and sharp predictive distributions and compares favourably with extended logistic regression and Bayesian model averaging which are state‐of‐the‐art approaches for precipitation post‐processing. The incorporation of neighbourhood information further improves predictive performance and turns out to be a useful strategy to account for displacement errors of the dynamical forecasts in a probabilistic forecasting framework.
Variance estimation for Brier Score decomposition
Authors: Siegert Stefan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Brier Score is a widely used criterion to assess the quality of probabilistic predictions of binary events. The expectation value of the Brier Score can be decomposed into the sum of three components called reliability, resolution and uncertainty, which characterize different forecast attributes. Given a dataset of forecast probabilities and corresponding binary verifications, these three components can be estimated empirically. Here, propagation of uncertainty is used to derive expressions that approximate the sampling variances of the estimated components. Variance estimates are provided for both the traditional estimators, as well as for refined estimators that include a bias correction. Applications of the derived variance estimates to artificial data illustrate their validity and application to a meteorological prediction problem illustrates a possible usage case. The observed increase of variance of the bias‐corrected estimators is discussed.
Functional endothelial progenitor cells selectively recruit neurovascular protective monocyte-derived F4/80+/Ly6c+ macrophages in a mouse model of retinal degeneration
Authors: Fukuda Shinichi , Nagano Masumi , Yamashita Toshiharu , Kimura Kenichi , Tsuboi Ikki , Salazar Georgina , Ueno Shinji , Kondo Mineo , Kunath Tilo , Oshika Tetsuro , Ohneda Osamu 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited eye disorders that result in profound vision loss with characteristic retinal neuronal degeneration and vasculature attenuation. In a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from bone marrow rescued the vasculature and photoreceptors. However, the mechanisms and cell types underlying these protective effects were uncertain. We divided EPC, which contribute to angiogenesis, into two subpopulations based on their aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and observed that EPC with low ALDH activity (Alde-Low) had greater neuroprotection and vasoprotection capabilities after injection into the eyes of an rd1 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa compared with EPC with high ALDH activity (Alde-High). Of note, Alde-Low EPC selectively recruited F4/80+/Ly6c+ monocyte-derived macrophages from bone marrow into retina through CCL2 secretion. In addition, the mRNA levels of CCR2, the neurotrophic factors TGF-β1 and IGF-1, and the anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 were higher in migrated F4/80+/Ly6c+ monocyte-derived macrophages as compared with F4/80+/Ly6c− resident retinal microglial cells. These results suggest a novel therapeutic approach using EPC to recruit neuroprotective macrophages that delay the progression of neural degenerative disease.
Biofuels: economic, environmental and social benefits and costs for developing countries in Asia
Authors: Gheewala Shabbir H. , Damen Beau , Shi Xunpeng 
Published: July 2013

Biofuels are being supported by many governments for a range of perceived benefits including improved domestic energy security, reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when compared with fossil‐fuel counterparts, and economic development and employment generation, particularly in rural areas. Life‐cycle, cost‐benefit, and systems analyses, however, indicate that the expansion of biofuels can have complex effects on, and interactions with, land use and food and fuel prices. This article reviews the economic, environmental, and social benefits and costs of biofuels using experiences from developing countries in Asia. The review reveals the following: (1) biofuels are generally not economically competitive with fossil fuels and government support, though prevailing, is costly and questionable. (2) Although biofuels are generally viewed to be a threat to food security, if properly managed, their development could lead to improved productivity in the agriculture sector over the long term with benefits for rural livelihoods and food security. (3) Even though reducing GHG emissions is a key driver for the development of biofuels, effects in terms of soil quality, biodiversity, and water quality must also be assessed; the environmental benefits of biofuels are debatable and depend on a range of fuel‐specific factors, management, and agricultural practices. On the basis of this assessment a range of strategies are suggested to further improve the sustainability of biofuels in Asia. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:497–511. doi: 10.1002/wcc.241This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Benefits of Mitigation
Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development
Developing Measures of Community‐Relevant Outcomes for Violence Prevention Programs: A Community‐Based Participatory Research Approach to Measurement
Authors: Hausman Alice J. , Baker Courtney N. , Komaroff Eugene , Thomas Nicole , Guerra Terry , Hohl Bernadette C. , Leff Stephen S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCommunity‐Based Participatory Research is a research paradigm that encourages community participation in designing and implementing evaluation research, though the actual outcome measures usually reflect the “external” academic researchers’ view of program effect and the policy‐makers’ needs for decision‐making. This paper describes a replicable process by which existing standardized psychometric scales commonly used in youth‐related intervention programs were modified to measure indicators of program success defined by community partners. This study utilizes a secondary analysis of data gathered in the context of a community‐based youth violence prevention program. Data were retooled into new measures developed using items from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, the Hare Area Specific Self‐Esteem Scale, and the Youth Asset Survey. These measures evaluated two community‐defined outcome indicators, “More Parental Involvement” and “Showing Kids Love.” Results showed that existing scale items can be re‐organized to create measures of community‐defined outcomes that are psychometrically reliable and valid. Results also show that the community definitions of parent or parenting caregivers exemplified by the two indicators are similar to how these constructs have been defined in previous research, but they are not synonymous. There are nuanced differences that are important and worthy of better understanding, in part through better measurement.
Comments on a Method for Estimating Cloud Point and Cold Filter Plugging Point of Microalgal Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Authors: Iyer Ramasubramania 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCloud points (CPs) of five vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and three biodiesel mixtures estimated by a thermodynamic equation were compared to measured CPs. The results indicate that estimated CP of peanut oil FAME are similar to measured CP and for three biodiesel mixtures a minimum total saturated FAME (SFAME) concentration is required for measured CPs to be closer to estimated CPs. These comparisons provide the basis for comments on using this method for estimating CPs of 22 test data of microalgae FAME. Cold filter plugging points (CFPPs) calculated by equation CFPP = 1.0191 × CP − 2.9 with CPs verified from the thermodynamic equation was found to be identical to CFPPs reported in literature for 22 test data of microalgae FAME. Therefore these CPs were inserted in equation CFPP = CP −4.5 for another set of CFPPs. Plots of CFPPs versus percent SFAME of the 22 test data of microalgae FAME (>12 %) for these two equations indicates that CFPP is controlled by 85 % of SFAME. Calculated CFPPs of vegetable oil FAME and biodiesel mixtures using both equations for estimated and measured CPs is discussed. Low concentrations of long chain saturated FAME impacting the estimation of CPs of vegetable oil FAME is used as a rationale to discuss the role of unidentified other species (OS) in estimation of CPs of microalgae FAME.
Obstetric interventions for women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Authors: Cundy Tim , Morgan Joanna , O'Beirne Claire , Gamble Greg , Budden Astrid , Ivanova Valeria , Wallace Mairi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether differences exist in the rates of obstetric intervention between women with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes, and whether there has been any change in cesarean rates over time, paralleling that seen in the general obstetric population.MethodsData were examined from a prospectively collected series on the outcomes of 1030 deliveries (382 by women with type 1 diabetes, 648 by women with type 2 diabetes) from 1988 to 2008.ResultsThere was a secular trend to increasing maternal age (type 1, P < 0.003; type 2, P < 0.03). Intervention rates (induction of labor or elective cesarean) did not differ between type 1 (88%) and type 2 (85%) diabetes. The overall cesarean rate was 52%–55% with no secular trend. Poorer glycemic control in early pregnancy and primiparity were associated with primary cesarean in both groups. In women with type 1 diabetes, greater maternal obesity and retinopathy were also associated with primary cesarean.ConclusionIntervention rates are high in pregnancies among women with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes but they have not changed significantly. Secular trends toward increasing maternal age and obesity suggest that intervention rates are unlikely to decrease in the near future.
Accounting for functional loss in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: Beyond cognition
Authors: Hamilton Joanne M. , Salmon David P. , Raman Rema , Hansen Lawrence A. , Masliah Eliezer , Peavy Guerry M. , Galasko Douglas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe relative contributions of cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits to the impairment of physical or instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) may differ in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsMultiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the amount of variability in physical self‐maintenance and instrumental ADL ratings predicted by cognitive, motor, and behavioral indices separately for patients with autopsy‐diagnosed DLB (n = 39) or AD (n = 39).ResultsMotor dysfunction accounted for significant variance in physical ADLs in DLB (R2 change = 0.17), whereas behavioral (R2 change = 0.23) and motor dysfunction (R2 change = 0.13) accounted for significant variance in AD. Motor (R2 change = 0.32) and cognitive (R2 change = 0.10) dysfunction accounted for significant variance in instrumental ADLs in DLB, whereas cognitive (R2 change = 0.36) and behavioral (R2 change = 0.12) dysfunction accounted for significant variance in AD.ConclusionsCognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits contribute differently to ADL changes in DLB and AD. Thus, treatments designed to ameliorate a certain aspect of AD or DLB (e.g., cognitive dysfunction) may have a larger impact on everyday functioning in one disorder than the other.
Gate-keeping and localizing in scientific translation publishing: the case of Richard Taylor andScientific Memoirs
Authors: OLOHAN MAEVE 
Published: July 2013

AbstractGrowing interest in studying translation through a sociological lens and the relative lack of attention by translation scholars to the production of scientific translations provide impetus and rationale for this case study. Richard Taylor's editorial work for theScientific Memoirsperiodical is examined, with a particular focus on his conception of the utility of translation in the service of scientific advancement in Britain. The roles of gate-keeper and localizer of scientific material are attributed to Taylor, roles which he exercised through promotion of scientific translation, selection of texts to publish and editorial interventions in translations. The historical case study sheds light on activities of editing, translating and publishing science in mid-nineteenth-century Britain but is also illustrative of research areas where the interests of translation scholars and historians of science may converge. By centring attention on Taylor's editorial role, some of the material and social contingencies of this publishing activity are highlighted, enabling us to gain a deeper appreciation of scientific translation as sociohistorical practice.
The sculpture of the Heroon of Perikle at Limyra: the making of a Lycian king
Authors: Şare Tuna 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs one of the many monumental tombs of fourth-century BC Anatolia, the Heroon of Perikle at Limyra is usually overshadowed by the earlier and better preserved Nereid Monument of Xanthos. Its owner, Perikle, is seen as either a mediocre pro-Achaemenid dynast or a fan of his namesake, the Athenian strategos, a view reflected in previous assessments of the stylistic pedigree of the tomb’s ornamentation. But a re-examination of the Heroon’s sculptural programme that places the cella friezes, karyatids and akroteria within their historical context shows the tomb to be Perikle’s announcement of his status as the first military king of Lycia. The Heroon of Perikle reflects associations with both the buildings of the Athenian Akropolis and Persian iconography, but these elements were appropriated to serve the political agenda of Perikle and his later hero cult.
Structural and Functional Changes of the Cingulate Gyrus following Traumatic Brain Injury: Relation to Attention and Executive Skills
Authors: Merkley Tricia L. , Larson Michael J. , Bigler Erin D. , Good Daniel A. , Perlstein William M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractImpairments of attention and executive functions are common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The anterior cingulate is implicated in conflict-related task performance, such as the Stroop, and is susceptible to TBI-related injury due to its frontal location and proximity to the rough surface of the falx cerebri. We investigated the relationship between cingulate cortex volume and performance on tasks of selective attention and cognitive flexibility (single-trial Stroop and Auditory Consonant Trigrams [ACT]). Participants consisted of 12 adults with severe TBI and 18 controls. T1-weighted volumetric MRI data were analyzed using automated cortical reconstruction, segmentation, parcellation, and volume measurement. Cortical volume reductions were prominent bilaterally in frontal, temporal, and inferior parietal regions. Specific regional reduction of the cingulate cortex was observed only for cortical volume of right caudal anterior cingulate (cACC). The TBI group performed significantly worse than control participants on the Stroop and ACT tasks. Findings suggest that atrophy of the right cACC may contribute to reduced performance on executive function tasks, such as the Stroop and ACT, although this is likely but one node of an extensive brain network involved in these cognitive processes. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–12)
Learn to Think for Yourself: Impelled by UPIC to open new ways of composing
Authors: Bourotte Rodolphe , Delhaye Cyrille 
Published: July 2013

Originally designed by Xenakis to free him from traditional music notation while allowing a faithful execution of his musical thought, UPIC (Unité Polyagogique Informatique du CEMAMu) was quickly diverted from its original functions. Even if Xenakis recommended to apprentice composers who came to study with him ‘listen to a lot of music and write’ (Serrou 2003: 20), this machine, since its inception, has enabled a large number of people to access music composition, because it does not require any preliminary theoretical training. Based on this observation we ask how UPIC, capable of converting a drawing into sound in real-time, upset the perception of musical pedagogy not only in Europe but also worldwide, through the many workshops/concerts offered to a wide audience. Exchanges and emulation around this invention are discussed as well.After describing the technical development of this tool and, by extension, Xenakis's pedagogical thinking, we will highlight some of the most significant encounters between the machine and the public thanks to many unpublished sources found in the archives of the Centre Iannis Xenakis (CIX) recently deposited at the University of Rouen. We will highlight the pedagogical correlation between sound theory, gesture and image involved in the composition of a UPIC score. We will also approach other software applications that combine drawing and sound.
Promotion of exclusive breast-feeding at scale within routine health services: impact of breast-feeding counselling training for community health workers in Recife, Brazil
Authors: Coutinho Sonia B , Lira Pedro IC , Lima Marilia C , Frias Paulo G , Eickmann Sophie H , Ashworth Ann 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding counselling has been identified as the intervention with the greatest potential for reducing child deaths, but there is little experience in delivering breast-feeding counselling at scale within routine health systems. The study aim was to compare rates of exclusive breast-feeding associated with a breast-feeding counselling intervention in which community health agents (CHA) received 20 h of training directed at counselling and practical skills with rates pre-intervention when CHA received 4 h of didactic teaching.DesignCross-sectional surveys of breast-feeding practices were conducted pre- and post-intervention in random samples of 1266 and 1245 infants aged 0–5·9 months, respectively.SettingRecife, Brazil, with a population of 2 million.SubjectsCHA (n 1449) of Brazil's Family Health Programme were trained to provide breast-feeding counselling at home visits.ResultsRates of exclusive breast-feeding improved when CHA were trained to provide breast-feeding counselling and were significantly higher by 10–13 percentage points at age 3–5·9 months when compared with pre-intervention rates (P < 0·05). Post-intervention point prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding for infants aged <4 months was 63 % and for those aged <6 months was 50 %.ConclusionsMultifunctional CHA were able to deliver breast-feeding counselling at scale within a routine health service and this was associated with a significant increase in rates of exclusive breast-feeding. The study reinforces the need to focus training on counselling and practical skills; a key component was an interactive style that utilized the knowledge and experience of CHA. The findings are relevant to the call by international organizations to scale up breast-feeding counselling.