bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realist analysis of qualitative data in health professions education research
Authors: Rees Charlotte E. , Proctor Dominic W. , Nguyen Van N. B. , Ottrey Ella , Mattick Karen L. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundQualitative realist analysis is gaining in popularity in health professions education research (HPER) as part of theory‐driven program evaluation. Although realist approaches such as syntheses and evaluations typically advocate mixed methods, qualitative data dominate currently. Various forms of qualitative analysis have been articulated in HPER, yet realist analysis has not. Although realist analysis is interpretive, it moves beyond description to explain generative causation employing retroductive theorising. Ultimately, it attempts to build and/or ‘test’ (confirm, refute or refine) theory about how, why, for whom, when and to what extent programs work using the context‐mechanism‐outcome configuration (CMOC) heuristic. This paper aims to help readers better critique, conduct and report qualitative realist analysis.Realist Analysis MethodsWe describe four fundamentals of qualitative realist analysis: (1) simultaneous data collection/analysis; (2) retroductive theorising; (3) configurational analysis (involving iterative phases of identifying CMOCs, synthesising CMOCs into demi‐regularities and translating demi‐regularities into program theory); and (4) realist analysis quality (relevance, rigour, richness). Next, we provide a critical analysis of realist analyses employed in 15 HPER outputs—three evaluations and 12 syntheses. Finally, drawing on our understandings of realist literature and our experiences of conducting qualitative realist analysis (both evaluations and syntheses), we articulate three common analysis challenges (coding, consolidation and mapping) and strategies to mitigate these challenges (teamwork, reflexivity and consultation, use of data analysis software and graphical representations of program theory).ConclusionsBased on our critical analysis of the literature and realist analysis experiences, we encourage researchers, peer reviewers and readers to better understand qualitative realist analysis fundamentals. Realist analysts should draw on relevant realist reporting standards and literature on realist analysis to improve the quality and reporting of realist analysis. Through better understanding the common challenges and mitigation strategies for realist analysis, we can collectively improve the quality of realist analysis in HPER.
Weaning‐associated interventions for ventilated intensive care patients: A scoping review
Authors: Sterr Fritz , Bauernfeind Lydia , Knop Michael , Rester Christian , Metzing Sabine , Palm Rebecca 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundMechanical ventilation is a core intervention in critical care, but may also lead to negative consequences. Therefore, ventilator weaning is crucial for patient recovery. Numerous weaning interventions have been investigated, but an overview of interventions to evaluate different foci on weaning research is still missing.AimTo provide an overview of interventions associated with ventilator weaning.Study DesignWe conducted a scoping review. A systematic search of the Medline, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases was carried out in May 2023. Interventions from studies or reviews that aimed to extubate or decannulate mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units were included. Studies concerning children, outpatients or non‐invasive ventilation were excluded. Screening and data extraction were conducted independently by three reviewers. Identified interventions were thematically analysed and clustered.ResultsOf the 7175 records identified, 193 studies were included. A total of six clusters were formed: entitled enteral nutrition (three studies), tracheostomy (17 studies), physical treatment (13 studies), ventilation modes and settings (47 studies), intervention bundles (42 studies), and pharmacological interventions including analgesic agents (8 studies), sedative agents (53 studies) and other agents (15 studies).ConclusionsVentilator weaning is widely researched with a special focus on ventilation modes and pharmacological agents. Some aspects remain poorly researched or unaddressed (e.g. nutrition, delirium treatment, sleep promotion).Relevance to Clinical PracticeThis review compiles studies on ventilator weaning interventions in thematic clusters, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary care and consideration of various interventions. Future research should combine different interventions and investigate their interconnection.
Decreases in mucosally‐evoked tachykinin signaling pathways can explain age‐related reductions in murine colonic motility patterns
Authors: Yeoman Mark S. , Fidalgo Sara , Hobby India , Hafeez Ali , Ranson Rachel N. , Saffrey M. Jill , Patel Bhavik Anil 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing age increases the incidence of chronic constipation and fecal impaction. The contribution of the natural aging process to this phenotype is unclear. This study explored the effects of age on key motility patterns in the murine colon and determined the contribution that altered neurokinin 2 (NK2) ‐mediated signaling made to the aging phenotype.MethodsMucosal reflexes, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and colonic motility assays were explored in isolated ex vivo colons from 3, 12–14, 18‐ and 24‐months old mice and the NK2‐mediated response determined. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) or exogenous drug application were used to explore the role of the mucosa in colonic segments.Key ResultsAging reduced the force of contraction of the distal colon mucosal reflex, the frequency and force of contraction of CMMCs and the NK2‐mediated component of both motility patterns. Ondansetron, a 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist, blocked a component of both motility patterns in full thickness but not in mucosa‐free segments of the distal colon. 5, hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and EFS‐evoked NK2‐dependent contractions were reduced with increasing age. Smooth muscle sensitivity to 5‐HT or neurokinin A (NKA) was not altered with age. In isolated colon motility assays application of NKA decreased transit time in 24‐months colon and the NK2 antagonist GR159897 increased transit times in both 3‐ and 24‐months old colons.Conclusions and InferencesAging impairs key motility patterns in the murine colon. These changes involve a decrease in mucosally‐evoked NK2‐mediated signaling. Targeting NK2‐mediated signaling may provide a novel approach to treating age‐related motility disorders in the lower bowel.
Is auxin the key to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency for greener agriculture?
Authors: Li Shan 
Published: August 2024

SummaryStrengthening future food security through the application of unsustainable levels of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers to crop fields may exacerbate environmental damage. Coordination of N‐use efficiency (NUE) and plant growth is, therefore, crucial for sustainable agriculture. Auxin plays pivotal roles in developmental and signaling responses that affect NUE. Hence, a better understanding of these processes provides great potential to improve crop NUE. This review summarizes the effects of auxin on N‐related and root developmental processes that either directly or indirectly affect NUE in the model plant Arabidopsis and major crop species to highlight the potential of fostering sustainable agricultural development in the future through modulating auxin‐related processes.
Differential phenotypic plasticity of subalpine trees predicts trait integration under climate warming
Authors: He Rui , Shi Hang , Hu Man , Zhou Quan , Dang Haishan , Zhang Quanfa 
Published: August 2024

Summary

Understanding limiting factors of phenotypic plasticity is essential given its critical role in shaping biological adaptation and evolution in changing environments. It has been proposed that the pattern of phenotypic correlation could constrain trait plasticity. However, the interplay between phenotypic plasticity and integration has remained contentious.

We experimentally simulated climate warming in juveniles of three subalpine tree species by exposing them to three‐year in situ open‐top chambers (OTCs), and then measured functional plasticity of 72 eco‐physiological traits to evaluate whether phenotypic integration constituted an intrinsic constraint to plasticity. We also tested the relationship between the differences in plasticity and maintenance in trait integration.

Phenotypic plasticity was positively associated with integration in deciduous tree species under warming. The difference in the plasticity of two paired traits could predict their integration in different environments, where traits displaying more similar plasticity were more likely to be correlated.

Our study showed no indication that phenotypic integration constrained plasticity. More importantly, we demonstrated that differential plasticity between traits might result in a notable reorganization of the trait associations, and that warming commonly induced a tighter phenotype. Our study provides new insights into the interplay between phenotypic plasticity and integration in subalpine trees under climate warming.
NPCC4: Climate risk and equity—advancing knowledge toward a sustainable future | Conclusions
Authors: Towers Joel , Leichenko Robin , Braneon Christian , Balk Deborah , Yoon Liv , Wagner Gernot , Ventrella Jennifer , Tchen John Kuo Wei , Rosenzweig Bernice , Orton Philip , Ortiz Luis , Moss Richard , Montalto Franco , McPhearson Timon , McComas Katherine , Marcotullio Peter , Matte Thomas , Maher Nicole , Knowlton Kim , Horton Radley , Foster Sheila , Bader Daniel , Baptista Ana 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the major themes, findings, and recommendations from NPCC4. It presents summary statements from each chapter of the assessment which identify salient and pressing issues raised and provides recommendations for future research and for enhancement of climate resiliency. The chapter also outlines a set of broader recommendations for future NPCC work and identifies some key topics for the next assessment.
Effects of fluid shear stress on oral biofilm formation and composition and the transcriptional response of Streptococcus gordonii
Authors: Nairn Brittany L. , Lima Bruno P. , Chen Ruoqiong , Yang Judy Q. , Wei Guanju , Chumber Ashwani K. , Herzberg Mark C. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBiofilms are subjected to many environmental pressures that can influence community structure and physiology. In the oral cavity, and many other environments, biofilms are exposed to forces generated by fluid flow; however, our understanding of how oral biofilms respond to these forces remains limited. In this study, we developed a linear rocker model of fluid flow to study the impact of shear forces on Streptococcus gordonii and dental plaque‐derived multispecies biofilms. We observed that as shear forces increased, S. gordonii biofilm biomass decreased. Reduced biomass was largely independent of overall bacterial growth. Transcriptome analysis of S. gordonii biofilms exposed to moderate levels of shear stress uncovered numerous genes with differential expression under shear. We also evaluated an ex vivo plaque biofilm exposed to fluid shear forces. Like S. gordonii, the plaque biofilm displayed decreased biomass as shear forces increased. Examination of plaque community composition revealed decreased diversity and compositional changes in the plaque biofilm exposed to shear. These studies help to elucidate the impact of fluid shear on oral bacteria and may be extended to other bacterial biofilm systems.
Evolution of PIN gene family between monocotyledons and dicotyledons and VvPIN1 negatively regulates freezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis
Authors: Gou Huimin , Lu Shixiong , Guo Lili , Che Lili , Li Min , Zeng Baozhen , Yang Juanbo , Chen Baihong , Mao Juan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe PIN‐FORMED (PIN) proteins mediate the auxin flow throughout the plant and have been identified in many species. However, evolution differences in the PIN gene families have not been systematically analyzed, and their functions under abiotic stresses in grape are largely unexplored. In this study, 373 PIN genes were identified from 25 species and divided into 3 subgroups. Physicochemical properties analysis indicated that most of the PIN proteins were unstable alkaline hydrophobic proteins in nature. The synteny analysis showed that the PINs contained strong gene duplication. Motif composition revealed that PIN gene sequence differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons were due to evolutionary‐induced base loss, and the loss was more common in dicotyledonous. Meanwhile, the codon usage bias showed that the PINs showed stronger codon preference in monocotyledons, monocotyledons biased towards C3s and G3s, and dicotyledons biased towards A3s and T3s. In addition, the VvPIN1 can interact with VvCSN5. Significantly, under freezing treatment, the ion leakage, , H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obviously increased, while the proline (Pro) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased in VvPIN1‐overexpressing Arabidopsis compared to the wild type (WT). And quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) showed that AtICE1, AtICE2, AtCBF1, AtCBF2, and AtCBF3 were down‐regulated in overexpression lines. These results demonstrated that VvPIN1 negatively regulated the freezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Collectively, this study provides a novel insight into the evolution and a basis for further studies on the biological functions of PIN genes in monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of diffuse seminoma in horses: A case report
Authors: Batista Lucas Andrê Silva , de Alencar Santos Júnior Dinamérico , Rodrigues Alexandra Soares , Menezes Artur Azevedo , do Nascimento Maria Jussara Rodrigues , de Galiza Glauco Jose Nogueira , de Medeiros Dantas Antônio Flávio , Frade Maria Talita Soares 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe present study describes the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of diffuse seminoma in a 16‐year‐old male mixed‐breed horse. According to the owner, the animal's left testicle had been gradually increasing in size over a period of 2 months. On palpation, the testicle had a firm consistency, with no sensitivity to digital pressure, was adhered to the scrotum and measuring 16 cm × 8 cm. In the ultrasound examination, it presented a heterogeneous texture and areas of hypoechogenic echogenicity without visualization of the mediastinum. Therefore, the bilateral orchiectomy was performed. After the surgical procedure, it was found that the affected testicle presented a firm mass measuring 9 cm × 7 cm × 3.5 cm. Histologically, a multilobulated, non‐encapsulated and invasive tumour mass was found, which replaced the seminiferous tubules, consisting of polygonal cells arranged in a mantle that varied from cohesive to loosely cohesive, supported by a scarce fibrous stroma. In the immunohistochemical examination, the neoplastic cells showed positive immunolabelling for OCT4 and C‐KIT. In this report, the physical examination combined with the ultrasonographic examination were fundamental to the therapeutic management of the case, and the final diagnosis was made after histopathological and immunohistochemical tests.
Ventilation heterogeneity is increased in adults exposed to coal mine fire‐related PM2.5
Authors: McCrabb Thomas , Borg Brigitte , Gao Caroline X. , Smith Catherine , O'Sullivan Claire F. , Brown David , Ikin Jillian , Makar Annie , Lane Tyler , Abramson Michael J. , Thompson Bruce R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe Hazelwood Health Study was set up to study long‐term health effects of a mine fire that blanketed residents of the Latrobe Valley with smoke for 45 days in 2014. The Respiratory Stream specifically assessed the impact of fine particulate matter <2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) exposure from mine fire smoke on lung health. The multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBW) test assesses ventilation heterogeneity, which may detect sub‐clinical airways dysfunction not identified using standard tests such as spirometry. This analysis assessed the association of PM2.5 exposure with measures of ventilation heterogeneity.MethodsExposed (Morwell) and unexposed (Sale) participants were recruited 3.5–4 years after the fire from those who had participated in an Adult Survey. MBW was performed to measure lung clearance index (LCI), functional residual capacity (FRC), acinar (Sacin) and conductive (Scond) ventilation heterogeneity. PM2.5 exposure was estimated with emission and chemical transport models. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted controlling for confounders.ResultsWe recruited 519 participants. MBW tests were conducted on 504 participants with 479 acceptable test results (40% male; 313 exposed, 166 unexposed). Exposure to mine fire‐related PM2.5 was associated with increasing Scond (β = 1.57/kL, 95%CI: 0.20–2.95, p = 0.025), which was comparable to the estimated effect on Scond of 4.7 years of aging. No other MBW outcomes were statistically different.ConclusionIncreasing exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased ventilation heterogeneity in the conductive region of the lungs 4 years after the event.image
A Case Report of a Hemodialysis Patient With Coagulation Factor XI and Factor XII Deficiencies
Authors: Li Xueying , Wang Yong 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTCoagulation Factor XI (FXI) and Factor XII (FXII) deficiencies are rare. FXI deficiency is associated with a bleeding disorder, while FXII deficiency is not, but both can cause chronic prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and impair thrombus formation, posing great challenges for hemodialysis anticoagulation. Traditionally, heparin or low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) are not considered a safe anticoagulation option for patients with increased bleeding risk. In this context, FXI and FXII have received substantial attention as targets for new anticoagulants. We present the case of a 68‐year‐old woman with combined FXI and FXII deficiencies who successfully underwent hemodialysis with anticoagulation using a low dose of LMWHs. This case highlights that FXI and FXII deficiencies are associated with anticoagulant effects, which can reduce the dosage of anticoagulant during hemodialysis. With careful monitoring, an appropriate dosage of LMWHs is still an acceptable option for patients with a bleeding risk.
BvCGT1‐mediated differential distribution of flavonoid C‐glycosides contributes to plant's response to UV‐B stress
Authors: Zeng Huihui , Li Shuai , Wang Kaixuan , Dai Yiqun , Sun Lanlan , Gao Yue , Yi Shanyong , Li Junde , Xu Sheng , Xie Guoyong , Zhu Yan , Zhao Yucheng , Qin Minjian 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYC‐glycosides are a predominant class of flavonoids that demonstrate diverse medical properties and plant physiological functions. The chemical stability, structural diversity, and differential aboveground distribution of these compounds in plants make them ideal protectants. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that play these diverse roles in plant physiology. In this study, chard was selected from 69 families for its significantly different flavonoid C‐glycosides distributions between the aboveground and underground parts to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of flavonoid C‐glycosides in plants. Our results indicate that flavonoid C‐glycosides are affected by various stressors, especially UV‐B. Through cloning and validation of key biosynthetic genes of flavonoid C‐glycosides in chard (BvCGT1), we observed significant effects induced by UV‐B radiation. This finding was further confirmed by resistance testing in BvCGT1 silenced chard lines and in Arabidopsis plants with BvCGT1 overexpression. Yeast one‐hybrid and dual‐luciferase assays were employed to determine the underlying regulatory mechanisms of BvCGT1 in withstanding UV‐B stress. These results indicate a potential regulatory role of BvDof8 and BvDof13 in modulating flavonoid C‐glycosides content, through their influence on BvCGT1. In conclusion, we have effectively demonstrated the regulation of BvCGT1 by BvDof8 and BvDof13, highlighting their crucial role in plant adaptation to UV‐B radiation. Additionally, we have outlined a comprehensive transcriptional regulatory network involving BvDof8 and BvDof13 in response to UV‐B radiation.
Skin fibrosis is accompanied by increased expression of secreted frizzled‐related protein‐2
Authors: Dolivo David M. , Rodrigues Adrian E. , Sun Lauren S. , Mustoe Thomas A. , Hong Seok Jong , Galiano Robert D. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractDermal fibrosis is a consequence of damage to skin and is accompanied by dysfunction and cosmetic disfigurement. Improved understanding of the pathological factors driving skin fibrosis is critical to development of therapeutic modalities. Here, we describe that the Wnt signalling antagonist SFRP2 is upregulated in organotypic keratinocyte cultures upon experimental reduced hydration, a model that simulates the aberrant epidermal barrier state characteristic of several skin pathologies, including those that manifest in development of fibrosis. Consistent with this, we find that SFRP2 is overexpressed in both the dermis and epidermis of human hypertrophic scar tissue and lesional tissue of a mouse scleroderma model. Knockdown of SFRP2 expression in human fibroblasts antagonises proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation, including deposition of type I collagen, suggesting that SFRP2 signalling in fibroblasts may contribute to propagation of fibrosis in hypertrophic scar, as well as in other clinical indications characterised by skin fibrosis.
Effects of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Atomizer Component on Fuel-Spray and Flame Characteristics of a Jet-Stabilized Compact Gas Turbine Combustor Fed With Liquid Fuels
Authors: Kim Haisol , Pareja Jhon , Lammel Oliver 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this work, the effects of replacing an atomizer component of a confined jet-stabilized gas turbine combustor with a three-dimensional (3D)-printed part have been studied. The part is called airblast, and it serves as a wall that collects and flows liquid droplets for a secondary atomization. Therefore, the liquid–surface interaction on the rough surface of the 3D-printed part was of interest. The combustor was operated under various conditions with either a conventionally machined airblast or the 3D-printed airblast. Flames with two liquid fuels were studied for fuel flexibility, and the position of a primary fuel injection was varied to study the influence of the liquid-surface interaction length. Load flexibility was investigated with air jet velocity settings, and flame equivalence ratios of ϕ = 0.8 and 1.0 were tested. Shadowgraphy-based particle tracking analyses presented a reduced atomization performance with the 3D-printed airblast, showing large droplet size distributions. However, no significant change in the combustor performance was observed from OH* chemiluminescence images and emission data, which confirms the versatility of the combustor and assures the compatibility of 3D-printed components with the combustor of this study.