bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silylated gallium and indium chalcogenide ring systems as potential precursors to ME (E=O, S) materials
Authors: Medina-Ramírez Iliana , Floyd Cynthia , Mague Joel , Fink Mark 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The reaction of R3M (M=Ga, In) with HESiR′3 (E=O, S; R′3=Ph3, iPr3, Et3, tBuMe2) leads to the formation of (Me2GaOSiPh3)2(1); (Me2GaOSitBuMe2)2(2); (Me2GaOSiEt3)2(3); (Me2InOSiPh3)2(4); (Me2InOSitBuMe2)2(5); (Me2InOSiEt3)2(6); (Me2GaSSiPh3)2(7); (Et2GaSSiPh3)2(8); (Me2GaSSiiPr3)2(9); (Et2GaSSiiPr3)2(10); (Me2InSSiPh3)3(11); (Me2InSSiiPr3)n(12), in high yields at room temperature. The compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR and in most cases by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structures of (1), (4), (7) and (8) have been determined. Compounds (3), (6) and (10) are liquids at room temperature. In the solid state, (1), (4), (7) and (9) are dimers with central core of the dimer being composed of a M2E2 four-membered ring. VT-NMR studies of (7) show facile redistribution between four- and six-membered rings in solution. The thermal decomposition of (1)–(12) was examined by TGA and range from 200 to 350°C. Bulk pyrolysis of (1) and (2) led to the formation of Ga2O3; (4) and (5) In metal; (7)–(10) GaS and (11)–(12) InS powders, respectively.
Generalized weak peripheral multiplicativity in algebras of Lipschitz functions
Authors: Jiménez-Vargas Antonio , Lee Kristopher , Luttman Aaron , Villegas-Vallecillos Moisés 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Let (X, d
X) and (Y,d
Y) be pointed compact metric spaces with distinguished base points e
X and e
Y. The Banach algebra of all $\mathbb{K}$-valued Lipschitz functions on X — where $\mathbb{K}$ is either‒or ℝ — that map the base point e
X to 0 is denoted by Lip0(X). The peripheral range of a function f ∈ Lip0(X) is the set Ranµ(f) = {f(x): |f(x)| = ‖f‖∞} of range values of maximum modulus. We prove that if T
1, T
2: Lip0(X) → Lip0(Y) and S
1, S
2: Lip0(X) → Lip0(X) are surjective mappings such that $Ran_\pi (T_1 (f)T_2 (g)) \cap Ran_\pi (S_1 (f)S_2 (g)) \ne \emptyset $ for all f, g ∈ Lip0(X), then there are mappings φ1φ2: Y → $\mathbb{K}$ with φ1(y)φ2(y) = 1 for all y ∈ Y and a base point-preserving Lipschitz homeomorphism ψ: Y → X such that T
j(f)(y) = φ
j(y)S
j(f)(ψ(y)) for all f ∈ Lip0(X), y ∈ Y, and j = 1, 2. In particular, if S
1 and S
2 are identity functions, then T
1 and T
2 are weighted composition operators.
Croissance démographique, développement économique et politique extérieure : Le cas de la Chine populaire
Authors: Joyaux François 
Published: April 2013

La situation démographique, par les contraintes qu'elle impose au développement économique, doit être considérée comme l'un des facteurs fondamentaux de la puissance (ou de l'impuissance) des Etats en matière de relations internationales. Le cas de la Chine est particulièrement intéressant en raison de l'importance qu'y revêt le problème de la population mais aussi particulièrement difficile à saisir en raison des insuffisances statistiques.
« L'analyse des tendances démographiques actuelles de la Chine continentale, écrit le démographe J.S. Aird, est essentielle (...) pour évaluer le rôle de la Chine dans les affaires mondiales », mais il précise aussitôt : « Cependant toute analyse de ce type est, dès le départ, rendue difficile par le fait que les renseignements démographiques sur la Chine sont peu nombreux et peu sûrs (...) ». On peut néanmoins admettre, à titre d'hypothèse, que la population chinoise a probablement franchi le cap des 800 millions vers 1970 et que son taux d'accroissement annuel est de l'ordre de 2 °/o, ce dernier chiffre ayant été confirmé par les autorités chinoises elles-mêmes.
Pour en apprécier l'impact sur le développement économique du pays et, par là même, sur la puissance de la Chine, on peut d'abord s'interroger sur l'évolution comparée de la population et de la production vivrière. La conclusion essentielle, sur ce point, paraît bien être que les résultats chinois, comparables ou inférieurs à ceux de bon nombre de pays d'Asie orientale, ont souvent été jugés comme très positifs à l'étranger compte tenu de la dimension du problème à résoudre. L'économie chinoise en est apparue d'autant plus forte.
Par ailleurs, la pression démographique a certainement détourné une grande partie des investissements vers des secteurs non déterminants du point de vue diplomatico-stratégique : agriculture ou enseignement primaire par exemple.
Au total, le nombre, considéré en soi, a probablement été un élément de faiblesse économique. Mais la nature du régime a permis à la Chine de détourner vers des « investissements de puissance » les ressources qu'un autre régime aurait dû affecter aux « investissements démographiques ». Par ailleurs elle a su, dans une certaine mesure, faire admettre l'idée selon laquelle le nombre (et même le surnombre ?) peut être synonyme de force.
Autant d'éléments qui, pour la Chine, ont fait reculer les limites que sa démographie pléthorique aurait normalement imposées à ses possibilités diplomatiques et stratégiques.
Réflexions sur la politique économique chinoise en matière de commerce extérieur
Authors: Mah Feng-hwa 
Published: April 2013

Reflections on the political economy of Mainland China's foreign trade.
According to certain Chinese policy makers «foreign trade is a weapon in the international political struggle». With this in mind, the author points out the relative importance of political and economic factors in Chinese foreign trade policies, economic considerations often being put aside particularly in China's dealings with developing countries.
The question of the policy adopted in dealings with advanced countries is then raised, followed by an analysis of the changes that took place in the climate surrounding exchanges between China and the USSR (during the fifties), with Japan (during the sixties) and the problems which arose or may arise in trading with the USA.
Since exchanges between China and the USSR are of a political nature, a deterioration has been noticeable in the terms of exchange as well as a reduction in the number of transactions, coinciding with the chill in political relations between the two countries.
If there was no perceptible price discrimination on the part of the URSS before 1958, the situation changed rapidly after that time. The drop in trade between the two nations is evidently more attributable to political than to economic factors.
Due to the difficulties encountered in relations with the Soviet Union, China was forced to give new impetus to foreign trade and turned to Japan. Since 1965, the latter has been China's principal trading partner. In the case of relations between these two countries, economic considerations seem to have priority, because little by little trade with Japan has become indispensable to China.
As to trade between the USA and China, it is still too early to foresee what the course of development will be or to anticipate the volume of exchanges, there being no precise indications concerning the policy projected by the Chinese government. Where the two nations are concerned it seems essentially a political problem stemming from the desire to improve mutual relations. However, the opening of new commercial outlets in China would be of considerable economic interest to US firms although it is expected that competition from other Western countries will make it impossible for any one country to corner the Chinese market.
Les moyens d'information en Chine : aperçu des sources occidentales et est-européennes
Authors: Mond Georges H. 
Published: April 2013

Cette étude présente succinctement l'histoire de la presse, de la radio et de la télévision chinoises pour passer ensuite à la description de la situation actuelle des moyens d'information chinois et de leurs rapports avec le pouvoir. L'auteur insiste sur les liens existant entre la politique gouvernementale (celle de la direction du parti), la mission des moyens d'information et la situation socio-économique du pays, issue de l'époque écoulée et des traditions millénaires de la presse en Chine.
L'article aborde également la question du non-conformisme et des attitudes oppositionnelles parmi les journalistes professionnels et plus largement parmi les intellectuels.
Enfin, rédigée par un auteur qui ne connaissait pas la langue chinoise, cette étude tend à dresser une sorte de bilan rapide des sources bibliographiques accessibles, écrites en français, en anglais, en allemand, en russe et en polonais qui constituent un complément de l'article publié ici par M. Patrice Gélard.
Microsatellite loci for an old rare species, Pseudotaxus chienii, and transferability in Taxus wallichiana var. mairei (Taxaceae)
Authors: Deng Qi , Su Ying‐Juan , Wang Ting 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed for Pseudotaxus chienii, an old rare species endemic to China, and which provided a useful tool for investigating the patterns of population genetic structure, phylogeography, evolutionary history, and adaptive potential. Transferability was assayed in the related species, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei.• Methods and Results: A total of 15 microsatellite loci were targeted in P. chienii using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Polymorphism was evaluated in five populations of P. chienii and five populations of T. wallichiana var. mairei. Of these loci, 13 were polymorphic in P. chienii, whereas 15 were polymorphic in T. wallichiana var. mairei.• Conclusions: The 15 microsatellite loci developed lay a solid foundation for further studies on population genetic variability and investigations of local adaptation. Additionally, cross‐species amplification in T. wallichiana var. mairei showed that these loci may also have potential utility in other genera of Taxaceae.
The Restricted DH Gene Reading Frame Usage in the Expressed Human Antibody Repertoire Is Selected Based upon its Amino Acid Content
Authors: Benichou Jennifer , Glanville Jacob , Prak Eline T. Luning , Azran Roy , Kuo Tracy C. , Pons Jaume , Desmarais Cindy , Tsaban Lea , Louzoun Yoram 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Ab repertoire is not uniform. Some variable, diversity, and joining genes are used more frequently than others. Nonuniform usage can result from the rearrangement process, or from selection. To study how the Ab repertoire is selected, we analyzed one part of diversity generation that cannot be driven by the rearrangement mechanism: the reading frame usage of DH genes. We have used two high-throughput sequencing methodologies, multiple subjects and advanced algorithms to measure the DH reading frame usage in the human Ab repertoire. In most DH genes, a single reading frame is used predominantly, and inverted reading frames are practically never observed. The choice of a single DH reading frame is not limited to a single position of the DH gene. Rather, each DH gene participates in rearrangements of differing CDR3 lengths, restricted to multiples of three. In nonproductive rearrangements, there is practically no reading frame bias, but there is still a striking absence of inversions. Biases in DH reading frame usage are more pronounced, but also exhibit greater interindividual variation, in IgG+ and IgA+ than in IgM+ B cells. These results suggest that there are two developmental checkpoints of DH reading frame selection. The first occurs during VDJ recombination, when inverted DH genes are usually avoided. The second checkpoint occurs after rearrangement, once the BCR is expressed. The second checkpoint implies that DH reading frames are subjected to differential selection. Following these checkpoints, clonal selection induces a host-specific DH reading frame usage bias.
Catecholamine-Induced β2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Mediates Desensitization of Gastric Cancer Cells to Trastuzumab by Upregulating MUC4 Expression
Authors: Shi Ming , Yang Zhengyan , Hu Meiru , Liu Dan , Hu Yabin , Qian Lu , Zhang Wei , Chen Hongyu , Guo Liang , Yu Ming , Song Lun , Ma Yuanfang , Guo Ning 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Trastuzumab is currently used for patients with Her2+ advanced gastric cancer. However, the response rate to trastuzumab among the patients is low. The molecular mechanisms underlying trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer are unknown. Our in vitro data show that activation of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) triggered by catecholamine caused “targeting failure” of trastuzumab in gastric cancer cells. The antitumor activities of trastuzumab were significantly impeded by chronic catecholamine stimulation in gastric cancer cells and in the mice bearing human gastric cancer xenografts. Mechanistically, catecholamine induced upregulation of the MUC4 expression at both transcription and protein levels via activating STAT3 and ERK. The effects of catecholamine could be effectively blocked by β2-AR antagonist ICI-118,551, indicating that β2-AR–mediated signaling pathway plays a key role in upregulation of MUC4, which was previously demonstrated to interfere with the recognition and physical binding of trastuzumab to Her2 molecules. Moreover, a significant elevation of the MUC4 level was observed in the xenograft tissues in nude mice chronically treated with isoproterenol. Knockdown of MUC4 restored the binding activities of trastuzumab to Her2-overexpressing gastric cancer cells. In addition, coexpression of β2-AR and MUC4 were observed in gastric cancer tissues. Our data indicated a novel trastuzumab resistance mechanism, by which catecholamine-induced β2-AR activation mediates desensitization of gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab through upregulating the MUC4 expression.
Reversal of Global CD4+ Subset Dysfunction Is Associated with Spontaneous Clinical Resolution of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Oswald-Richter Kyra A. , Richmond Bradley W. , Braun Nicole A. , Isom Joan , Abraham Susamma , Taylor Thyneice R. , Drake John M. , Culver Daniel A. , Wilkes David S. , Drake Wonder P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Sarcoidosis pathogenesis is characterized by peripheral anergy and an exaggerated, pulmonary CD4+ Th1 response. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4+ anergic responses to polyclonal TCR stimulation are present peripherally and within the lungs of sarcoid patients. Consistent with prior observations, spontaneous release of IL-2 was noted in sarcoidosis bronchoalveolar lavage CD4+ T cells. However, in contrast to spontaneous hyperactive responses reported previously, the cells displayed anergic responses to polyclonal TCR stimulation. The anergic responses correlated with diminished expression of the Src kinase Lck, protein kinase C-θ, and NF-κB, key mediators of IL-2 transcription. Although T regulatory (Treg) cells were increased in sarcoid patients, Treg depletion from the CD4+ T cell population of sarcoidosis patients did not rescue IL-2 and IFN-γ production, whereas restoration of the IL-2 signaling cascade, via protein kinase C-θ overexpression, did. Furthermore, sarcoidosis Treg cells displayed poor suppressive capacity indicating that T cell dysfunction was a global CD4+ manifestation. Analyses of patients with spontaneous clinical resolution revealed that restoration of CD4+ Th1 and Treg cell function was associated with resolution. Conversely, disease progression exhibited decreased Th1 cytokine secretion and proliferative capacity, and reduced Lck expression. These findings implicate normalized CD4+ T cell function as a potential therapeutic target for sarcoidosis resolution.
Multiplex B Cell Characterization in Blood, Lymph Nodes, and Tumors from Patients with Malignancies
Authors: Zirakzadeh A. Ali , Marits Per , Sherif Amir , Winqvist Ola 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to immune surveillance, by tumor-specific Abs and Ag presentation to T lymphocytes, but are insufficiently studied in humans. In this article, we report a flow cytometric investigation of B lymphocyte subpopulations in blood, lymph nodes (LNs), and malignant tissues from 20 patients operated on because of advanced solid tumors. The CD19+ compartment in peripheral blood was essentially unaltered in patients, as compared with healthy control subjects. In metastatic LNs, signs of B lymphocyte activation were observed, as evidenced by increased proportions of plasmablasts and CD86-expressing cells. In tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-B), both switched memory cells and plasmablasts were expanded, as compared with nonmalignant epithelium. Moreover, pronounced skewing of Igλ/Igκ ratio was evident among TIL-Bs. By spectratype analysis on IgH, we confirmed a monoclonal expansion of the Vh7 family in TIL-B, also present in a tumor-associated LN. Sequencing the clonally expanded Vh7 revealed signs of somatic hypermutation. In conclusion, B lymphocytes in cancer patients exhibit signs of activation in tumor-associated tissues, likely induced by recognition of tumor Ags. Increased numbers of switched memory cells and plasmablasts in combination with clonal expansion and signs of somatic hypermutation suggest a CD4+ T lymphocyte–dependent antitumoral response, which may be exploited for immunotherapy.
Yersinia enterocolitica Provides the Link between Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies and Their Germline Counterparts in Graves’ Disease
Authors: Hargreaves Chantal E. , Grasso Marco , Hampe Christiane S. , Stenkova Anna , Atkinson Steve , Joshua George W. P. , Wren Brendan W. , Buckle Ashley M. , Dunn-Walters Deborah , Banga J. Paul 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Graves’ disease results from thyroid-stimulating Abs (TSAbs) activating the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). How TSAbs arise from early precursor B cells has not been established. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to pathogenesis, including the bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica. We developed two pathogenic monoclonal TSAbs from a single experimental mouse undergoing Graves’ disease, which shared the same H and L chain germline gene rearrangements and then diversified by numerous somatic hypermutations. To address the Ag specificity of the shared germline precursor of the monoclonal TSAbs, we prepared rFab germline, which showed negligible binding to TSHR, indicating importance of somatic hypermutation in acquiring TSAb activity. Using rFab chimeras, we demonstrate the dominant role of the H chain V region in TSHR recognition. The role of microbial Ags was tested with Y. enterocolitica proteins. The monoclonal TSAbs recognize 37-kDa envelope proteins, also recognized by rFab germline. MALDI-TOF identified the proteins as outer membrane porin (Omp) A and OmpC. Using recombinant OmpA, OmpC, and related OmpF, we demonstrate cross-reactivity of monoclonal TSAbs with the heterogeneous porins. Importantly, rFab germline binds recombinant OmpA, OmpC, and OmpF confirming reactivity with Y. enterocolitica. A human monoclonal TSAb, M22 with similar properties to murine TSAbs, also binds recombinant porins, showing cross-reactivity of a spontaneously arising pathogenic Ab with Y. enterocolitica. The data provide a mechanistic framework for molecular mimicry in Graves’ disease, where early precursor B cells are expanded by Y. enterocolitica porins to undergo somatic hypermutation to acquire a cross-reactive pathogenic response to TSHR.
A New Higher Order Shear Deformation Model for Static Behavior of Functionally Graded Plates
Authors: Daouadji Tahar Hassaine , Tounsi Abdelouahed , Bedia El Abbes Adda 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, a new displacement based high-order shear deformation theory is introduced for the static response of functionally graded plate. Unlike any other theory, the number of unknown functions involved is only four, as against five in case of other shear deformation theories. The theory presented is variationally consistent, has strong similarity with classical plate theory in many aspects, does not require shear correction factor, and gives rise to transverse shear stress variation such that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically across the thickness satisfying shear stress free surface conditions. The mechanical properties of the plate are assumed to vary continuously in the thickness direction by a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Numerical illustrations concerned flexural behavior of FG plates with Metal-Ceramic composition. Parametric studies are performed for varying ceramic volume fraction, volume fraction profiles, aspect ratios and length to thickness ratios. The validity of the present theory is investigated by comparing some of the present results with those of the classical, the first-order and the other higher-order theories. It can be concluded that the proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the static behavior of functionally graded plates.
Utopias in the Islamic Middle Ages: Ibn Ṭufayl and Ibn al-Nafīs
Authors: Lauri Marco 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
This essay examines the utopian features in two related works from the Islamic Middle Ages. Both use the theme of an isolated thinker living alone on a desert island and try to convey different theoretical conclusions about man, society, and the use of reason through this narrative device. Utopian themes common to both books are shown to include the utopian city, utopian education, and utopian transcendence; however, in the end Ibn Ṭufayl tends to dismiss society entirely, while Ibn al-Nafīs endorses social reality as it is.
The Virtuous City: The Iranian and Islamic Heritage of Utopianism
Authors: Bakhsh Alireza Omid 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
Although there are myriad sources on utopia and utopian studies, in none of them is there reference to the Iranian utopia The Virtuous City, written by Abu Nasr Farabi (ca. 870–950), Iranian philosopher, logician, and musician and founder of Islamic philosophy. His ideas are homogeneous with those of Greek philosophers, especially Plato and Aristotle, but a comparison of the dominant ideology of the book with Islamic, especially Shiite, teachings shows that Farabi presents a Shiite utopia. The Virtuous City consists of six sections and nineteen chapters on subjects such as cosmology, man and his physical and spiritual nature, and the structure of human society. However, the greater part of the book is dedicated to “an ‘academic’ description of the structure of human society as it ought to be.” Like many utopias that reflect the unsatisfactory conditions of the status quo, The Virtuous City is viewed as a protest against the Abbasid caliphate. Farabi questions the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphs who in the name of Islam had made an un-Islamic society. Considering the historical background of The Virtuous City, subversion mostly appears when Farabi presents twelve qualifications for an imam that contrast with the caliphs of the Muslim society.
Anticancer Activity of Oldenlandia Diffusa & Viola Philippica Car
Authors: Wen Deng  , Bo Hu  , Chun-Ling Dai  , Yi-Jun Wang  , Hai-Fan Chen  , S. William Zito  , Li-Wu Fu  , Zhe-Sheng Chen  
Published: April 2013

Oldenlandia diffusa (OD, Bai Hua She She Cao) and Viola philippica Car. (VPC, Zi Hua Di Ding) are both commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Although studies have demonstrated their anticancer activities on cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, no systematic reports were carried out. The objective of this study was to examine their cytotoxic activities in vitro. We used the ethanol extracts of these two herbs and examined their cytotoxic effect on four cancer cell lines and two non-cancer cell lines using an MTT cytotoxicity assay. The results showed that the ethanol extracts of OD and VPC effectively inhibited the growth of all the cancer cell lines, particularly MiaPacA-2 cancer cells. Significantly less cytotoxicity was observed in non-cancer cell line NIH3T3. We also tested the drug sensitivity of OD and VPC in a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing multidrug resistant cell line KB-C2. Our results showed that OD and VPC can potently inhibit the growth of KB-C2 cells. Therefore, this study has revealed the remarkable anticancer activity of these two TCMs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that shows potential anticancer activity in multidrug resistant cells in extracts of OD and VPC using scientific methods of evaluation.