bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revenge: An adaptive system for maximizing fitness, or a proximate calculation arising from personality and social-psychological processes?
Authors: Potegal Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRevenge appears among a “suite” of social interactions that includes competition, alliance building (a prerequisite for tribal revenge raids), and so forth. Rather than a modular “system” directly reflecting evolutionary fitness constraints, revenge may be (another) social cost-benefit calculation involving potential or actual aggression and proximately controlled by individual personality characteristics and beliefs that can work against fitness.
Revenge and forgiveness in the New South Africa
Authors: Stein Dan Joseph , van Honk Jack , Ellis George 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInsofar as South Africa underwent a rapid transformation from apartheid to democracy, it may provide a unique laboratory for investigating aspects of revenge and forgiveness. Here we suggest that observations and data from South Africa are partially consistent with the hypotheses generated by MCullough and colleagues. At the same time, the rich range of revenge and forgiveness phenomena in real-life settings is likely to require explanatory concepts other than specialized modules and their computational outputs.
Adaptationism and intuitions about modern criminal justice
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractResearch indicates that individuals have incoherent intuitions about particular features of the criminal justice system. This could be seen as an argument against the existence of adapted computational systems for counter-exploitation. Here, I outline how the model developed by McCullough et al. readily predicts the production of conflicting intuitions in the context of modern criminal justice issues.
Applying the revenge system to the criminal justice system and jury decision-making
Authors: Roberts S. Craig , Murray Jennifer 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMcCullough et al. propose an evolved cognitive revenge system which imposes retaliatory costs on aggressors. They distinguish between this and other forms of punishment (e.g., those administered by judges) which are not underpinned by a specifically designed evolutionary mechanism. Here we outline mechanisms and circumstances through which the revenge system might nonetheless infiltrate decision-making within the criminal justice system.
Revenge can be more fully understood by making distinctions between anger and hatred
Authors: Sell Aaron N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMcCullough et al. present a compelling case that anger-based revenge is designed to disincentivize the target from imposing costs on the vengeful individual. Here I present a contrast between revenge motivated by anger (as discussed in the target article) and revenge motivated by hatred, which remains largely unexplored in the literature.
Revenge, even though it is not your fault
Authors: Yu Rongjun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMcCullough et al. argue that revenge has a future-oriented function, that is, to deter future harms by changing other individuals' incentives toward the self. Recent research has shown that people seek revenge even when harms are unintentional. This commentary reports these results and proposes that revenge may also serve to reduce the immediate psychological pain resulting from unfair treatment.
Verb inflection in German-learning children with typical and atypical language acquisition: the impact of subsyllabic frequencies
Authors: OTT SUSAN , HÖHLE BARBARA 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that high phonotactic frequencies facilitate the production of regularly inflected verbs in English-learning children with specific language impairment (SLI) but not with typical development (TD). We asked whether this finding can be replicated for German, a language with a much more complex inflectional verb paradigm than English. Using an elicitation task, the production of inflected nonce verb forms (3rd person singular with -t suffix) with either high- or low-frequency subsyllables was tested in sixteen German-learning children with SLI (ages 4;1–5;1), sixteen TD-children matched for chronological age (CA) and fourteen TD-children matched for verbal age (VA) (ages 3;0–3;11). The findings revealed that children with SLI, but not CA- or VA-children, showed differential performance between the two types of verbs, producing more inflectional errors when the verb forms resulted in low-frequency subsyllables than when they resulted in high-frequency subsyllables, replicating the results from English-learning children.
Simultaneous detection of viral and bacterial enteric pathogens using the Seeplex® Diarrhea ACE detection system
Authors: COUPLAND L. J. , McELARNEY I. , MEADER E. , COWLEY K. , ALCOCK L. , NAUNTON J. , GRAY J. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYA panel of 223 faecal samples was analysed to determine the clinical utility of the Seeplex® Diarrhea ACE Detection multiplex PCR system (Seeplex system; Seegene, Korea), a qualitative multiplexing PCR technology that enables simultaneous multi-pathogen detection of four viruses and/or ten bacteria associated with acute gastroenteritis. Conventional diagnostic methods and a norovirus-specific multiplex real-time RT–PCR detected 98 pathogens in 96 samples. The Seeplex system detected 81 pathogens in 75 samples. All samples positive for adenovirus, norovirus,Campylobacterspp.,Escherichia coliO157,Shigellaspp. orVibriospp. were detected by the Seeplex system. Rotavirus,Clostridium difficiletoxin B, andSalmonellaspp. were not detected in 12·5%, 50% and 15·8% of samples, respectively. Additional multiple infections were detected in 19 samples by the Seeplex system. The Seeplex system provides significant additional diagnostic capability for the syndromic diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis with increased sensitivity for the majority of pathogens.
Importance and mitigation of the risk of spillback transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection for eradication of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife in New Zealand
Authors: BARRON M. C. , NUGENT G. , CROSS M. L. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIntroduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are wildlife maintenance hosts for Mycobacterium bovis in New Zealand, often living sympatrically with other potential hosts, including wild red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus). Population control of possums has been predicted to eradicate tuberculosis (TB) from New Zealand wildlife; however, there is concern that long-lived M. bovis-infected deer could represent a ‘spillback’ risk for TB re-establishment (particularly when possum populations recover after cessation of intensive control). We constructed a time-, age- and sex-structured, deer/TB population generic model and simulated the outcomes of deer control on this potential spillback risk. Maintaining intensive possum control on a 5-year cycle, the predicted spillback risk period after TB eradication from possums is ∼7 years, while the probability of TB re-establishing in possums over that period is ∼6%. Additional targeted control of deer would reduce the risk period and probability of spillback; however, even with high population reductions (up to 80%) only modest decreases in risk and risk period would be achieved. We conclude that possum control alone remains the best strategy for achieving TB eradication from New Zealand habitats in which possums and wild deer are the main M. bovis hosts.
Impact of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination programme on age-specific prevalence of hepatitis B infection in teenage mothers in Hong Kong
Authors: LAO T. T. , SAHOTA D. S. , SUEN S. S. H. , CHAN P. K. S. , LEUNG T. Y. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYWe examined the impact of the neonatal hepatitis B immunization programme, first provided to all neonates born to mothers screened positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in late 1983, on the age-specific prevalence of HBsAg carriage in teenage mothers managed in 1998–2008. HBsAg carriage was found in 2·5%, 2·7%, 8·8% and 8·0% of mothers aged ⩽16, 17, 18, and 19 years, respectively (P = 0·004), which was also correlated with advancing age (P = 0·011). While neither difference nor correlation with age was found in mothers born before 1984, the prevalence of 1·2%, 1·5%, 7·1% and 8·3%, respectively, was significantly different among (P = 0·008) and correlated with (P = 0·002) age in mothers born 1984 onwards. Regression analysis indicated there was a significantly higher incidence of HBsAg carriage from age 17 onwards (adjusted odds ratio 2·55, 95% confidence interval 1·07–6·10,P = 0·035), suggesting that the protective effect of the vaccine declined in late adolescence.
Identification of four genes required for mammalian blastocyst formation
Authors: Maserati Marc , Dai Xiangpeng , Walentuk Melanie , Mager Jesse 
Published: December 2012

SummaryRNA transcription, processing and translation are fundamental molecular processes required for development, growth and cell viability. Towards the functional annotation of the genome, we are engaged in a reverse genetic screen using mammalian preimplantation embryos as a model system. Here we report the essential function of four RNA processing/splicing factors (Sf3b14,Sf3b1,Rpl7l1, andRrp7a)and show that each of these genes is required for blastocyst formation in the mouse. As very little information is known about these genes, we characterized their normal expression and localization in mouse embryos as well as phenotypic analysis of loss of function during preimplantation development. Functional knockdown of each gene product results in normal morula development but there is failure to form a blastocoel cavity or morphologically differentiated trophectoderm. We show that zygotic genome activation does occur as well as initial lineage specification in the absence of each factor. Consistent with a role in RNA splicing, we demonstrate that the absence ofSf3b14andSf3b1in 8-cell and morula-stage embryos results in a specific reduction of intron containing transcripts, but no reduction single-exon genes. Taken together, we show critical developmental and molecular requirements ofSf3b14,Sf3b1,Rpl7l1, andRrp7aduring mammalian preimplantation.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Iron Oxide (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles: Application of a Compressed Sensing Inspired Reconstruction Algorithm to Electron Tomography
Authors: Monsegue Niven , Jin Xin , Echigo Takuya , Wang Ge , Murayama Mitsuhiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this article, we demonstrate the application of a new compressed sensing three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for electron tomography that increases the accuracy of morphological characterization of nanostructured materials such as nanocrystalline iron oxide particles. A powerful feature of the algorithm is an anisotropic total variation norm for the L1 minimization during algebraic reconstruction that effectively reduces the elongation artifacts caused by limited angle sampling during electron tomography. The algorithm provides faithful morphologies that have not been feasible with existing techniques.
Implications of distributed hydrologic model parameterization on water fluxes at multiple scales and locations
Authors: Kumar Rohini , Samaniego Luis , Attinger Sabine 
Published: December 2012

Key Points
A calibrated model does not guarantee cross‐scale and location transferability
Calibration parameters of MPR exhibit quasi‐scale invariance, but HRU does not
MPR also outperfromed HRU for parameter transferability across locations
Nonlinear Population Pharmacokinetics of Sirolimus in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Wu K , Cohen EEW , House LK , Ramírez J , Zhang W , Ratain MJ , Bies RR 
Published: December 2012

Sirolimus, the prototypical inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, has substantial antitumor activity. In this study, sirolimus showed nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics over a wide dose range (from 1 to 60 mg/week). The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model to describe the nonlinearity of sirolimus. Whole blood concentration data, obtained from four phase I clinical trials, were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NONMEM) approach. The influence of potential covariates was evaluated. Model robustness was assessed using nonparametric bootstrap and visual predictive check approaches. The data were well described by a two‐compartment model incorporating a saturable Michaelis–Menten kinetic absorption process. A covariate analysis identified hematocrit as influencing the oral clearance of sirolimus. The visual predictive check indicated that the final pharmacokinetic model adequately predicted observed concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of sirolimus, based on whole blood concentrations, appears to be nonlinear due to saturable absorption.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e17; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.18; advance online publication 5 December 2012
Concurrent Tethered Cord Release and Growing-Rod Implantation—is it Safe?
Authors: Oda Jon E. , Shah Suken A. , Mackenzie William G. , Akbarnia Behrooz A. , Yazici Muharrem 
Published: December 2012

Study Design Retrospective case series from one institution with a comparison control group. Objective To evaluate the safety of concomitant tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion in individuals with early onset scoliosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent concurrent tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion. We compared our data to a comparison control group of eight patients who underwent staged tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion. Results We identified three patients meeting criteria. There were no neurological complications in the three patients who underwent concomitant surgery. Average immediate postoperative curve correction was 43.3 degrees (47.6%). We identified seven patients who underwent staged surgery from a multicenter prospective database. No neurological complications were reported, and average immediate postoperative correction was 35.1 degrees (46.2%). Conclusion We believe that concurrent tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion can be performed safely with the use of multimodality neurophysiological monitoring techniques.
‘A disciplining method for holding standards down’: how the World Bank planned Africa's slums
Authors: Alexander Amanda 
Published: December 2012

This article examines the World Bank's attempts to frame the relationship between states, markets, and citizens through its urban assistance programmes during the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on internal memoranda, mission reports, and staff reviews, this study traces the bank's arguments about the ideal role of the state in housing and service provision. Over this period, the World Bank encouraged governments to withdraw from providing public housing directly and to act instead as an ‘enabler’ of market forces, with lasting economic and political consequences. The article concludes with a focus on South Africa in the early 1990s, when the World Bank (after two decades of practice in promoting privatised land and housing markets) counselled the African National Congress on its post-apartheid policies. In the years since, these policies have resulted in explosive confrontations with civil-society activists who remain committed to alternative visions of the role of the state in housing and service provision.
[« Une méthode disciplinaire pour avoir tiré les normes vers le bas » : comment la Banque mondiale a planifié les bidonvilles d'Afrique.] Cet article examine les tentatives de la Banque mondiale en vue d'encadrer la relation entre les Etats, les marchés et les citoyens à travers ses programmes d'aide en milieu urbain au cours des années 1970 et 1980. S'appuyant sur des notes internes, des rapports de mission et les commentaires du personnel, cette étude retrace les arguments de la Banque sur le rôle idéal de l'État en matière de logement et de prestation de services. Au cours de cette période, la Banque mondiale a encouragé les gouvernements à se retirer dans le fait de fournir logement public mais d'agir plutôt comme un ‘‘ facilitateur ’' des forces du marché, avec des conséquences économiques et politiques durables. Le document conclut en mettant l'accent sur l'Afrique du Sud dans les années 1990, lorsque la Banque mondiale (après deux décennies de pratique dans la promotion des terres privatisées et du logement) a conseillé le Congrès national africain sur ses politiques d'après-apartheid. Dans les années qui ont suivi, ces politiques ont donné lieu à des affrontements explosifs avec des militants de la société civile qui demeurent engagés à d'autres visions du rôle de l'Etat en matière de logement et de prestation de services.

Mots-clés: Banque mondiale  ; citoyenneté  ; privatisation  ; logement  ; terre
Control of spin-polarized electron magnetoresistance in Ta/NiFe/Ta films by intercalation of Au
Authors: Ding Lei , Qiu Haizhu , Li Chao , Xiang Daoping , Teng Jiao , Yu Guanghua 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Intercalation layers of Au were formed in Ta/NiFe/Ta films to control the interface properties of the films. It was found that small amounts of Au may enhance the magnetoresistance (MR) value up to 2.63%. The intercalation at different interfaces had different effects. Intercalation of Au at the top (bottom) interface with respect to the substrate exhibits weak (strong) diffusion of Au into NiFe. At weak diffusion, a homogeneous Au layer is formed which explains the large MR effect. At strong diffusion, since Au possesses a relatively strong spin–orbit interaction, the enhanced MR effect was explained by the spin–orbit scattering of polarized electrons in the NiFe layer.
A semi-analytic collisionless sheath model for multicomponent plasmas and ion energy and angular distributions at rf-biased electrodes
Authors: Kwon Deuk-Chul , Song Mi-Young , Yoon Jung-Sik 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The ion energy and angular distributions (IEADs) arriving at substrates strongly affect the etching rates in plasma etching processes. In order to determine the IEADs accurately, it is important to obtain the characteristics of radio frequency (rf) sheaths with multicomponent plasmas. However, very few studies have been conducted on an rf sheath model for multiple ion species including negative ions over the past few decades. Therefore, in this work, we extended previous semi-analytic collisionless rf sheath models for electronegative plasmas. The extended model was based on the previously developed models, and an equivalent circuit model was used to determine the sheath characteristics. Also, we obtained the IEADs using the rf sheath model and an analytic model for evaluation of the ion angular distribution functions. We observed that the developed model was in good agreement with the experimental results and the one-dimensional dynamics model. Also, we found that negative ion species could affect the characteristics of rf sheaths, hence negative ion species should be considered to obtain more accurate IEADs.
The impact of vitamin D in pregnancy on extraskeletal health in children: a systematic review
Authors: CHRISTESEN HENRIK T. , ELVANDER CLAES , LAMONT RONALD F. , JØRGENSEN JAN S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe impact of maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy on the extraskeletal health of the offspring has become a “hot topic” with a potential for cost‐beneficial prevention. The objective of this study was to systematically review the level I and II evidence. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched using the MeSH terms “vitamin D” AND “pregnancy” until 1 January 2012. The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (evidence level I) and observational studies (evidence level II) in humans and in the English language. Papers reporting on vitamin D supplementation in combination with other supplements, or not reporting on 25OHD or outcomes of the offspring were excluded. Six randomized controlled trials and 24 observational studies were finally included. In randomized controlled studies, vitamin D supplementation resulted in increased birthweight in one study, but showed no effect in five other studies. In cohort and case–control studies, higher vitamin D intake, or higher 25OHD, was associated with increased birthweight in large studies only, and modified by vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and by race (U‐shaped in Caucasians in one unconfirmed study). The risks of HIV mother‐to‐child transmission, rhinitis symptoms and eczema were lower. Data were conflicting on the effect on respiratory infections and wheezing, whereas U‐shaped associations to inhalant allergen‐specific IgE at five years and to schizophrenia were reported in unconfirmed studies. The risk of type 1 diabetes at 15 years was lower or unchanged. It is concluded that observational studies suggest an effect of vitamin D on several outcomes. U‐Shaped associations warrant caution.
Attitudes among Danes toward prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy
Authors: ULDALL SIGURD W. , NORUP MICHAEL S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDenmark offers public financed prenatal testing (PNT) to all pregnant women, but results are typically not available until after 12 weeks gestation, which is also the time limit for termination of pregnancy (TOP) on request. Committees decide on requests for later TOP. In a questionnaire survey, we investigated attitudes among Danes toward these issues. We also asked for opinions on two claims commonly found in the debate concerning women's right to decide on TOP in relation to PNT. One thousand people aged 18–45 years were drawn randomly from the national personal register. The response rate was 49%. Women and older respondents were overrepresented and may have caused a bias toward conservative attitudes. A majority supported the current PNT program and time limit for TOP on request, but only one‐third supported committees deciding on all cases of late TOP. The implications of prenatal testing results becoming more accessible are discussed.
Effects of etravirine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats
Authors: John J , John M , Wu L , Hsiao C , Abobo CV , Liang D 
Published: December 2012

Background and PurposeWarfarin is often used with etravirine (ETV) to prevent HIV‐related thromboembolic events. As both warfarin and ETV bind to plasma proteins and are metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450s, they are likely to interact. Hence, we evaluated the effect of ETV on the pharmacokinetics and blood clotting time of racemic warfarin in rats.Experimental ApproachTwo groups of male Sprague‐Dawley rats, in which the jugular vein had been cannulated, were studied. The control group (n = 10) received 1 mg·kg−1 racemic warfarin i.v., and the test group (n = 13) 1 mg·kg−1 of racemic warfarin followed by 25 mg·kg−1 ETV i.v. Serial blood samples were collected for up to 144 h and the blood clotting time (calculated as international normalized ratio [INR]) measured in blood plasma at each sample point. Plasma concentrations of R‐warfarin, S‐warfarin, R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin were measured by a LC/MS/MS method using a chiral lux cellulose‐1 column. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed using non‐compartmental methods.Key ResultsETV significantly increased, by threefold, the systemic clearance and volume of distribution of S‐warfarin, but not those of R‐warfarin. ETV decreased the total AUC of warfarin, but had no effect on its elimination half‐life. ETV also increased the systemic clearance of both R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin but only increased the volume of distribution of R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin. Interestingly, the effect of warfarin on blood clotting time (INR) was significantly increased in the presence of etravirine.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur data suggest that etravirine may potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and this could have clinical significance.