bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pentobarbitone Sodium on Serum Creatine Kinase of Normal and Dystrophic Hamsters
Authors: Neerunjun J. S. , Dubowitz V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The dose of pentobarbitone required for anaesthesia was significantly greater for dystrophic hamsters than for normal animals.
2. Serum creatine kinase activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal hamsters.
3. Brain, heart and tibialis anterior muscle from dystrophic animals contained significantly less creatine kinase than the normal tissues.
4. Creatine kinase in normal and dystrophic sera, as in skeletal muscles, consisted of MM isoenzyme. Heart creatine kinase consisted of both MM and MB types and brain contained only the BB isoenzyme.
5. Pentobarbitone raised serum creatine kinase activity of normal and dystrophic hamsters to the same extent, elevation of enzyme activity being dependent on the amount of pentobarbitone injected.
6. The sera of pentobarbitone-treated normal and dystrophic hamsters contained only the MM isoenzyme.
Inhibition of Frusemide-Induced Natriuresis by Indomethacin in Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Tiggeler R. G. W. L. , Koene R. A. P. , Wijdeveld P. G. A. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. In four patients with nephrotic syndrome indomethacin not only reduced proteinuria but also inhibited the natriuretic effect of high doses of frusemide.
2. The inhibition of natriuresis by indomethacin could not be antagonized by albumin infusions.
3. Only the combined use of spironolactone and frusemide induced a natriuresis during indomethacin treatment. Spironolactone alone was ineffective.
4. It is suggested that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, in the presence of a stimulated renin-angiotensin system and hyperaldosteronism, may cause this strong tendency to sodium retention.
Comparison of the Effect of Two Groups of Diuretics on Renin Secretion in the Anaesthetized Dog
Authors: Imbs J. L. , Schmidt M. , Velly J. , Schwartz J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of two groups of diuretics on renin secretion have been compared in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital.
2. Frusemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide cause an immediate rise in renin secretion which is not inhibited either by dl-propranolol or by a bilateral ureterovenous anastomosis which prevents salt and water loss.
3. Clopamide, metolazone and indapamide do not cause an immediate rise in renin secretion. Renin hypersecretion is induced only 1 h after intravenous injection of these diuretics.
4. Renin secretion was studied for 6 h after frusemide injection: the immediate rise was followed by a later increase in renin secretion. This later rise was inhibited by propranolol and by ureterovenous anastomosis.
5. These results allow us to distinguish between a direct renal mechanism responsible for early renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with the action of the diuretic on the ascending limb of Henle's loop, and an indirect mechanism responsible for late renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with salt and water loss.
Concentrations of Prostaglandin A-, E- and F-Like Substances in Gastric Mucosa of Normal Subjects and of Patients with Various Gastric Diseases
Authors: Schlegel W. , Wenk K. , Dollinger H. C. , Raptis S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Prostaglandin A-, prostaglandin E-and prostaglandin F-like substances were determined radioimmunologically in antral biopsy material obtained by endoscopy.
2. In patients with gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E + A)-like substances were six times as high and of prostaglandin F-like substances twice as high as in normal subjects. In chronic atrophic gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E+A)-like material was four times as high as in normal subjects whereas prostaglandin F-like material remained unchanged. In acute gastric ulcer, prostaglandin (E+A)-like material reached concentrations four times higher than in normal subjects, accompanied by a fivefold increase of prostaglandin F-like substances. After healing of the gastric ulcer, prostaglandins returned to normal values.
3. There was no correlation between gastrin and prostaglandins in all biopsy specimens.
Blood Pressure Response of Nephrectomized Hypertensive Rats to Converting Enzyme Inhibition: Evidence for Persistent Vascular Renin Activity
Authors: Thurston H. , Swales J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure and plasma renin activity were studied after bilateral nephrectomy in groups of rats with hypertension caused by unilateral renal ischaemia with the opposite kidney left intact.
2. Although blood pressure showed only a small fall in the first hour after bilateral nephrectomy, plasma renin activity fell rapidly with a half-life of 10 min.
3. Infusion of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ20881) produced a 26·1% fall in blood pressure 1 h after nephrectomy, 24·0% at 2 h and 4·6% at 6 h.
4. An angiotensin antagonist (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) was infused into hypertensive rats 1 h after nephrectomy; this blocked the vasodepressor action of the converting enzyme inhibitor, indicating that the fall in blood pressure produced by the inhibitor was due to its action upon the renin-angiotensin system.
5. The renin—angiotensin system maintains blood pressure in this model even after plasma renin has fallen to insignificant levels. This supports the view that vascular renin activity has a longer half-life than circulating renin and is important in the control of blood pressure.
Leucocyte Intracellular pH in Patients with the Metabolic Acidosis of Renal Failure
Authors: Levin G. E. , Baron D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Human leucocytes were isolated from venous blood and resuspended in the subject's plasma.
2. Intracellular pH measurements were made in vitro by the dimethyloxazolidinedione technique in 13 healthy subjects and in 11 subjects with renal failure and metabolic acidosis.
3. The intracellular pH of the healthy subjects was found to be 7·07 (sd 0·04), significantly lower than that of the patients, which was 7·11 (sd 0·03). For all estimations plasma Pco2 was maintained at approximately 5·5 kPa. The methodological and possible metabolic reasons for this difference in intracellular pH are discussed.
Plasma Calcitonin in Paget's Disease of Bone
Authors: Kanis J. A. , Heynen G. , Walton R. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 22 patients with untreated Paget's disease of bone and in 22 control subjects matched for age and sex.
2. No significant differences in plasma calcitonin were found between patients and control subjects, and hormone levels did not correlate significantly with activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase.
3. These results suggest that Paget's disease of bone is not due to deficient secretion of endogenous calcitonin.
Comparison of the Effects of Water Immersion and Saline Infusion on Central Haemodynamics in Man
Authors: Levinson R. , Epstein M. , Sackner M. A. , Begin R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of acute intravenous infusion of 2 litres of saline/120 min on pulmonary capillary blood flow (Q̇c), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC) were compared with the changes induced by water immersion to the neck for 4 h. Serial measurements were made at 30 min intervals in five normal subjects, utilizing a non-invasive rebreathing method with a gas mixture containing 0·5% acetylene, 0·3% C180, 10% He, 21% O2 and 68·2% N2.
2. Infusion of saline produced a rise in Q̇c which was similar to that induced by immersion. This increment in Q̇c persisted for the 3 h of observation after stopping the infusion, in contrast to the prompt decrease in Q̇c to pre-study values after cessation of immersion.
3. DL/VA was unaffected by saline administration in contrast to the marked and prompt increment induced by immersion.
4. Pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume was unchanged during both saline administration and immersion, suggesting that neither gradual saline administration nor immersion induces major extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space.
5. The present data indicate that the ‘volume stimulus’ of immersion is similar to that of saline-induced extracellular fluid volume expansion in normal seated subjects. Immersion may be a preferred investigative approach for assessing the effects of volume expansion in subjects in whom rapid reversibility of the ‘volume stimulus’ is desirable.
Failure of Selected Endocrine Organ Ablation to Modify the Natriuresis of Blood Volume Expansion in the Dog
Authors: Kaloyanides G. J. , Cohen Loren , DiBona G. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Selected organ-ablation experiments were performed in dogs in an attempt to identify the source of the natriuretic hormone postulated to participate in the natriuresis of blood volume expansion.
2. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of deoxycorticosterone-loaded dogs subjected to acute volume expansion with equilibrated blood served as the bioassay system for the natriuretic factor. Four groups were studied after the following procedures: group I, no ablation; group II, thyroparathyroidectomy; group III, hypophysectomy; group IV, adrenalectomy.
3. In all groups, the administration of equilibrated blood promoted a significant increase in sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney. The natriuresis was unrelated to changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal arterial pressure, plasma protein concentration or packed cell volume. In the absence of volume expansion, sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney did not change or decreased.
4. These results argue against the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands as the source of natriuretic hormone.
Bronchial Provocation in the Study of Sensations Associated with Disordered Breathing
Authors: Rubinfeld A. R. , Pain M. C. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Lung volumes, airway resistance and flow/volume curves were measured in ten asthmatic subjects at times when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold symptom).
2. These measurements when the threshold symptom was induced by methacholine inhalation were compared with those when a similar symptom occurred spontaneously, in the same subjects.
3. Values during the methacholine-induced thresholds were very similar to those observed when threshold symptoms developed spontaneously.
4. Controlled bronchial provocation mimics spontaneous asthma sufficiently well to allow this technique to be used in the study of sensations associated with breathing. This has some advantages over the already established models utilizing external hindrances to breathing.
The Effect of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 in the Osteomalacia of Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Eastwood J. B. , Stamp T. C. B. , De Wardener H. E. , Bordier P. J. , Arnaud C. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Five patients with the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure were given 50–100 nmol of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 intravenously per day for 24–28 days.
2. In all five patients, during administration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 there was a substantial rise in the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D from initially abnormally low values.
3. Significant improvement in bone mineralization, intestinal calcium absorption and muscle strength occurred in the three patients with the greatest rise in plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D.
The Effect of Dietary Sodium Intake on the Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output Responses to Angiotensin II in Unanaesthetized Rats
Authors: Slack Barbara L. , Ledingham J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Dose—response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2·5% (w/w) or 0·007% (w/w) sodium and administered in various sequences.
2. Dose—response curves were shifted to the left in rats on a high-, compared with a low-, sodium intake. This response was maintained for 7 days on changing from high to low sodium.
3. There was no difference in the relation between the fall of cardiac output and the rise of blood pressure in any of the experimental groups.
4. Dose—response curves for peripheral resistance showed the same directional change as seen for the pressor response in rats on high- and low-sodium diets. Since depression of cardiac output was proportional to the pressure rise, the absolute change in peripheral resistance was greater than the blood pressure response. The proportional changes were similar.
5. It is concluded that alterations in the pressor response to angiotensin caused by changes in sodium loading are attributable to changes in peripheral resistance and not to changes in the cardiac output response to the acute rise in blood pressure.
Mitochondrial Functions and Content of Microsomal and Mitochondrial Cytochromes in Human Cirrhosis
Authors: Gil J. Díaz , Rossi I. , Escartín P. , Segovia J. M. , Gosálvez M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Mitochondria and microsomal fractions have been isolated from liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis.
2. Cirrhotic livers yielded fewer mitochondria than normal liver.
3. The most significant change was a decrease in mitochondrial respiratory control. Cirrhotic microsomal fractions had a 50% diminution in cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 content.
4. The two patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis showed similar mitochondrial and microsomal changes.
Effect of Glycylglycine on Absorption from Human Jejunum of an Amino Acid Mixture Simulating Casein and a Partial Enzymic Hydrolysate of Casein Containing Small Peptides
Authors: Fairclough P. D. , Silk D. B. A. , Clark M. L. , Matthews D. M. , Marrs T. C. , Burston D. , Clegg K. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A jejunal perfusion technique has been used in normal volunteer subjects to study jejunal absorption of amino acid residues from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein in which about 50% of the amino acids existed as small peptides, and also from an equivalent mixture of free amino acids.
2. The effect of a high concentration of the dipeptide glycylglycine on the absorption of amino acid residues from these preparations was studied to quantify the importance of mucosal uptake of intact peptides during absorption of the partial hydrolysate of casein.
3. The results were unexpected. Glycylglycine significantly inhibited absorption of several amino acid residues (aspartic acid + asparagine, serine, glutamic acid + glutamine, proline, alanine, phenylalanine, threonine and isoleucine) from the free amino acid mixture, whereas it significantly inhibited the absorption of only two (serine, glutamic acid + glutamine) from the peptide-containing partial casein hydrolysate.
4. The effect of glycylglycine on absorption of amino acids from the mixture of free amino acids was apparently due to inhibition of amino acid uptake by free glycine liberated from the dipeptide during perfusion. The reason for the failure of glycylglycine to cause extensive inhibition of absorption from the partial hydrolysate is not clear. It may be due to glycylglycine being only a weak inhibitor of peptide uptake, but the possibility that some peptides are taken up by a system unavailable to glycylglycine has to be considered.
Coeliac Disease: The Abolition of Gliadin Toxicity by Enzymes from Aspergillus Niger
Authors: Phelan J. J. , Stevens Fiona M. , McNicholl B. , Fottrell P. F. , McCarthy C. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Gliadin from which carbohydrate was removed by treatment with carbohydrase from Aspergillus niger was fed to three coeliac patients in remission.
2. Xylose absorption, mucosal morphology and brush-border enzymes were used to assess the toxicity of the carbohydrase-treated gliadin.
3. Gliadin treated with carbohydrases did not damage the intestinal mucosa of the coeliac patients.
4. The primary structure of the gliadin proteins was not altered by the enzyme treatment.
Effect of Anticonvulsants on the Uptake of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid by the Choroid Plexus in Rabbits
Authors: Taguchi H. , Abdul-Cader Z. , Perry J. , Reynolds E. H. , Chanarin I. 
Published: August 2015

1. The isolated choroid plexus of the rabbit takes up 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from the incubation medium.
2. Other folate analogues (pteroylglutamic acid, methotrexate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate = folinic acid) inhibited the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.
3. The uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was inhibited by low temperature, anaerobic conditions and dinitrophenol.
4. The anticonvulsant drugs, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital, had no effect on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake.
5. The inhibitory effect of pteroylglutamic acid on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the choroid plexus may explain the effect of long-term folic acid therapy in aggravating vitamin B12 neuropathy in pernicious anaemia.
An Investigation into the Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Acromegaly
Authors: Snow M. H. , Piercy D. A. , Robson Valerie , Wilkinson R. 
Published: August 2015

1. In 29 patients with acromegaly, plasma renin activity and growth hormone were measured during fasting and recumbency on free diet. Exchangeable sodium was measured in all cases and expressed as a percentage of the expected value on the basis of lean body mass.
2. Twenty-two control subjects without evidence of cardiovascular, renal or endocrine disease were studied in the same way.
3. There was a significant increase in exchangeable sodium and suppression of plasma renin activity in the acromegalic patients in comparison with control subjects.
4. There was a significant positive correlation between exchangeable sodium and plasma growth hormone.
5. Hypertensive acromegalic patients (diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg) tend to have a lower (although not significantly so) exchangeable sodium than normotensive subjects.
6. We conclude that (a) suppression of plasma renin activity in acromegaly can be explained by sodium retention, (b) hypersecretion of growth hormone is probably responsible for the increased exchangeable sodium, and (c) sodium overload cannot be directly related to blood pressure but may contribute to the increased occurrence of hypertension in acromegaly.
Measurement of Mouth Occlusion Pressure as an Index of Respiratory Centre Output in Man
Authors: Burki N. K. , Mitchell L. K. , Chaudhary B. A. , Zechman F. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Simultaneous measurements of mouth pressure at the end of the first 0·1 s of inspiratory occlusion (P0·1) at functional residual capacity and the maximum rate of rise of this pressure (dP/dt max.) were made repeatedly in five normal subjects during resting respiration; the coefficient of variation of dP/dt max. was 36·2%, compared with 50·6% for P0·1.
2. During both isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in five normal subjects there was a close correlation between ventilation (V̇E) and both P0·1 and dP/dt max., and between end-tidal Pco2 or Po2 and P0·1 and dP/dt max.; during both procedures there was a close correlation between P0·1 and dP/dt max.
3. The time at which dP/dt max. occurred (Tmax.) was not correlated with changes of dP/dt max. in either procedure. Tmax. was greater than 0·12 s in most studies.
4. The regression coefficients of P0·1 and dP/dt max. on V̇E were significantly different in hypoxia as compared with hypercapnia in four out of the five subjects; on repeated hypercapnic stimulation in two out of three subjects these regression coefficients again varied significantly. Changes in lung volume or inspiratory volume-timing relationship were not responsible for these differences. These results suggest that mouth occlusion pressure, as reflected by P0·1 or dP/dt max., is a complex variable, reflecting the motor output of the respiratory centre, but also affected by random variations in the measurements and probably by changes in lung volume.
Effects of Phenylalanine Analogues on Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Amino Acids in the Rat
Authors: Owens C. W. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. A method is described for the serial determination of renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids in the ethanol-anaesthetized rat. It utilizes intravenous radio-labelled inulins, automated amino acid analysis and forced diuresis.
2. Intravenous loading with phenylalanine and infusion of phenylalanine analogues in this preparation decrease reabsorption of endogenous amino acids in accordance with existing concepts of amino acid transport.
3. Maximal tubular reabsorption (Tmax.) could not be demonstrated for phenylalanine at plasma concentrations below 9 mmol/l.
4. Infusion of phenylalanine analogues into phenylalanine-loaded (‘phenylketonuric’) rats did not specifically inhibit tubular reabsorption of phenylalanine and it is unlikely that any of the substances tested have a potential therapeutic use in man.
5. p-Guanidino derivatives of phenylalanine, in contrast to p-amino derivatives, appear to cause a dose-related basic aminoaciduria.
6. Consideration of urinary flow rates and sodium excretion suggests that the ethanol anaesthesia does not modify amino acid reabsorption through effects on sodium transport or antidiuretic hormone.
Excretion of Active Metabolites of Vitamin D in Urine and Bile of the Adult Rat
Authors: Larsson S.-E. , Lorentzon R. 
Published: August 2015

1. One-year-old male rats were injected intravenously with 200 pmol of 25-hydroxy[26(27)-methyl-3H]cholecalciferol per 100 g body weight and the presence of this metabolite of vitamin D, as well as other metabolites, produced during the following 8 h was examined in serum, urine and bile.
2. The chromatography data indicated an excretion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol both in bile and urine and, in urine, also of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In bile, fractions of labelled substances were also obtained which, according to their elution positions, might represent cholecalciferol and conjugated metabolites.
3. The excretion of active metabolites of vitamin D in normal urine might be elevated in chronic renal failure and, in conjunction with a reduced synthesis, contribute to the occurrence of renal osteodystrophy.
Effect of Acute Hypoxaemia on Plasma Arginine Vasopressin in Conscious Man
Authors: Baylis P. H. , Stockley R. A. , Heath D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Acute hypoxaemia has been reported to stimulate vasopressin release in animals.
2. Hypoxaemia induced by breathing 9·3% oxygen for 15–20 min failed to produce a rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in six out of eight healthy human subjects. The two subjects who developed an increase in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration had a significant rise in serum cortisol.
3. Breathing 100% nitrogen until impairment of consciousness caused no rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration.