bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
„…‘S Haragszik, Szenved, Mint A’ Tragicus Schiller' Büsztje…“
Authors: Papp Júlia 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The best known and canonic portraits of the Hungarian poet János Batsányi (1763–1845) and his wife the Austrian poet Gabriele von Baumberg (1766–1839) were painted by the vice director of the Vienna art academy and director of the court gallery, Heinrich Füger (1751–1818) in the first decade of the 19th century. The surviving correspondence of the couple reveals that although formally the two portraits were made for private use, they deemed it important that after their deaths the portraits should become part of collective remembrance and posterity should cherish their memory through these images. The idealized and heroic character of Batsányi's portrait was recognized by the contemporaries, first of all Ferenc Kazinczy (1759–1831), a poet of extraordinary sensitivity to art.
Sympathizing with the ideas of the French revolution and Bonaparte's rule, Batsányi lived in exile in Linz with his wife from 1816. In the late 1820s he sent his portrait home to his childhood friend László Juranics (1765–1850), parish priest of Értény, who hung it in a central place. The priest wrote to Batsányi that the painting had many visitors, which shows that it laid claim to some interim space between the private and public spheres. Presumably by Juranics's last will (whereabouts unknown) the painting was included in the National Museum, the pantheon of national culture, in 1851, just a few years after Batsányi's death.
Though Batsányi promised his friend to send him his wife's portrait as well, he failed to do so. Her two portraits including the one painted by Füger showing her with the attribute of her vocation, the lyre, were discovered by a teacher from Kassa (Košice), Balázs Horváth (1858–?) in Linz who was searching for the memory of the literary couple. He mediated the portraits to bishop of Kassa Zsigmond Bubics (1821–1905) after whose death they went to the municipal museum. The canonization of the pictures was facilitated by the prints and photo reproductions in several 19th century Hungarian press organs and books.
Kísérlet Néhány Magyarországi Ötvösjegy Feloldására XIV.
Authors: Grotte András 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Similarly to its predecessors, the 14th installment of the time-honoured series adds new goldsmith's marks to the ones known from earlier publications (Elemér Kőszeghy 1936, Ilona P. Brestyánszky 1977). On the basis of registry research it provides new data on 18–19th century goldsmiths with additional information from urban censuses. This time Pest-based goldsmiths are highlighted from the first half of the 19th century, on the basis of works by József Blettl, József Redl, János Hoser and Kristóf Holl that cropped up in the art market, followed by Eperjes-based David Schuller's and the Nagyvárad goldsmith István Nádudvary's works, the latter owned by the Calvinist diocese. After identifying marks from Besztercebánya and Rimaszombat, the paper enlarges upon the Rozsnyó master Samuel Bablirik's works in public and private collections. From former Southern Hungary (today Serbia) the masters of Nagybecskerek (Zrenjanin) and Szabadka (Subotica) are introduced, together with their clientele: Martinus Zimmerer, Johann Christian Parbs, the goldsmiths called Nikolits and the noted Vojnich family.
Ország Lili Itáliai Vázlatfüzetei
Authors: Árvai Mária 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Lili Ország visited Italy five times between 1968 and 1972. During her travels she prepared numerous sketches and drawings, which are now held at the Archives of the Hungarian National Gallery. The six sketchbooks filled during her trips to Italy are dominated by registration of the Pompeii, Herculaneum and Naples experiences, nevertheless there are pages drawn full in Rome as well. So far art history literature has only briefly touched upon these sketchbooks. The present essay, through examples of those pages where the subject of sketches has been clearly identified, intends to analyse methods of picture construction and composition in the art of Lili Ország, and also to underline the importance of Italian, especially Pompeian experience in her works.
Preponderant majority of sketches — drawn with pencil, ball-point pen or marker as aide memoires — delineate painted walls of Pompeii, yet antique sculptures, some mosaics, and as an exception to the rule a few panel paintings and papyrus scrolls also come up in the sketchbooks. Latter also serve as specific examples for borrowing motifs.
Figural scenes among Pompeian frescoes hardly fascinated Lili Ország, it was rather the system of decorative wall-panes, their colours, the changing rythm of patches (that is the third Pompeian style), and also illusionistic architectural spaces (the second style) that made her trace them religiously. In her sketches she paid attention to exact representation of proportions and composition, the expressiveness of her outlines is exceptional. She registered colours in detail, using denominations that evoque material consistence. She precisely traced all injuries of walls, including abrasion, cracks or patches of mortar. She felt only those motifs (be human figures or objects) worth of treasuring for later use, that had an air of bizarre or peculiar. She loved pictures and sculptures with mystical influences, she was interested in instruments that could reach the desirable effect (worn down green walls, fragmented stuccoes).
The majority of sculptures drawn can be characterized by abundant drapery hiding the forms of human body. Representation of human figures in general can be marked by the lack of sensual visualisation, faces are scarcely ever individualised. Expressive power of figures, their emotions, states of mind are transmitted by postures and gestures.
While she had already lit on the basic elements of her paintings well before her Italian travels, the Pompeian experience was key to further development of her composing methods. This impulse unequivocally contributed to the creation of the Labyrinth-series. The division of the wall surface into smaller units, the lapsing system of picture panes, the rythm of coulorful, often pale patches served as essential sources of inspiration.
Conciliator Concordiae Habsburg Albert Király Egy 17. Századi Rézmetszeten
Authors: Szilágyi András 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper attempts to interpret a so-far unpublished engraving without signature or date, and to identify the circumstances and date of its creation. The starting clues for the interpretation are two well-known heraldic motifs: the coat of arms of the Hungarian Kingdom and that of the Austrian line of the Habsburg dynasty. The former is held by an allegorical female figure — the personification of Hungaria, the latter is kept by a young ruler wearing a crown, on the right and left of the composition respectively. The essential message of the composition also emphasized by other motifs is obvious: the “meeting”, interdependence, mutually useful collaboration of the regnum and the dynasty is the principal theme. Beyond this general idea, however, the composition has more concrete implications. It wishes to indicate the precedents, historical causes of this advantageous and beneficial concord and cooperation as well as the valid and worthwhile future perspectives from the vantage point of the time of creation.
This context lends special appeal and importance to the question who — whose ideal portrait — can be identified with the crowned male figure carrying the Habsburg arms. It must be someone who in the clearly hungaricus context is entitled to embody the competence, aptitude and resoluteness of the Habsburg rulers. The answer will be obvious if we consider where the Habsburgs' long and often manifested aspiration for the acquisition or preservation of the Hungarian throne comes from. To be more precise: if we name the ruler of the Habsburg dynasty who, by the grace of God (Dei gratia) and by the will of the estate, firstly became the king of Hungary.
The successor to Sigismund of Luxemburg, Albert I of Habsburg — the person we were looking for — had a short reign, but his figure was remembered with acknowledgement and respect by posterity. The bicentenary of his accession to the throne (1 January 1438) was celebrated by several commemorative events at the time of the diet sitting in Pozsony in 1637—38. Great emphasis was laid on the anniversary in the political publications of the period as well, particularly in the Latin works whose publication was promoted by the bishop of Eger — later archbishop of Esztergom — György Lippay. The engraving presented in the paper was made for one of these publications as a frontispiece. Consequently, it might have been ordered by György Lippay, which is also proven by the dedication to him in Latin and the coat of arms of the bishop in the middle of the engraving.
“Szeretem a Kérdésfelvető, Bátor Diákokat.” Maurer Dóra a Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetemen
Authors: Király Judit 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Dóra Maurer has taught at several institutions from 1975. In the paper I discuss her work at the Painting Department of the Hungarian University of Fine Arts from 1990. I examine the peculiarities of her teaching method: what she declared to be the task of a leading lecturer, what could be and should be taught in her opinion; what relations she had with her students; how she tried to support her former students to find their footing as artists after graduation.
To understand the significance and novelty of Maurer's activity, I outline the historical situation in which she began work at the Academy and touch briefly on the pedagogical work going on at the institution, on the international pedagogical practice and the discourse about art education.
Carbon-Related Deep-Level Defects and Turn-On Recovery Characteristics in AlGaN/GaN Hetero-Structures
Authors: Nakano Yoshitaka , Irokawa Yoshihiro , Sumiya Masatomo , Sumida Yasunobu , Yagi Shuichi , Kawai Hiroji 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe have investigated on a relation between C-related deep-level defects and turn-on recovery characteristics in bulk regions of AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures containing various C concentrations, employing their Schottky barrier diodes. With decreasing the growth temperature of the GaN buffer layer, three specific deep-level defects located at ∼2.07, ∼2.75, and ∼3.23 eV below the conduction band were significantly enhanced probably due to the C impurity incorporation into the GaN buffer layer. Among them, the ∼2.75 and ∼3.23 eV levels are considered to be strongly responsible for the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) carrier trapping in the bulk regions of the hetero-structures, from their turn-on current recovery characteristics under various optical illuminations.
Preparation and Characterization of Epoxy-Silica Coatings Using Rhodamine 6G as Dye
Authors: Varela Caselis J.L. , Agustín Serrano R. , Rubio Rosas E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIt has been found that the hybrid materials are a compatible matrix for numerous organic compounds, such as organic dyes, laser dyes, and compounds that exhibit photo-chromic behavior and many more The epoxy-silica system seems to be an excellent matrix for organic dyes and a hybrid material suitable for to be used as coating on glass substrates with good adhesion properties. This work presents a systematic study of the effects of the different amount of using rhodamine 6G as dye on the structure and properties of epoxy–silica hybrids coatings synthesized by the sol-gel process. We have taken advantage on the high solubility of organic dyes in a hybrid organic–inorganic epoxy resin–silica (epoxy–SiO2) matrix to obtain homogeneous, hard and high optical quality red color films on glass substrates. The effects of the content of rhodamine 6 G on the optical and thermal properties of epoxy-silica hybrid films were also examined. Epoxy resin DER 332 cured with an amine (4,4 diamino diphenyl methane) was used as organic component and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as precursor of the inorganic component. The results showed that at a concentration of rhodamine 0.05% coatings retain adhesion properties similar to coatings without colorant and the coatings are uniform and free of defects. These coatings have the potential to be used as filters and ornamental coatings.
Radiation-Grafting of Thermo- and pH-Sensitive Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam-co-Acrylic Acid) onto Silicone Rubber and Polypropylene Films
Authors: Ferraz Caroline C. , Lugão Ademar B. , Cedillo Gerardo , Bucio Emilio 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis work focuses on the effect of gamma-ray radiation conditions on the stimuli-responsive of polypropylene (PP) films and silicone (SR) rubber substrates grafted with N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and acrylic acid (AAc). PP films and SR rubber were weighed and placed into glass ampoules and exposed to60Co γ-source in the presence of air at room temperature, at dose rate around 12 kGy h-1and dose between 5 and 70 kGy. Solutions of NVCL and AAc (1/1, v/v), 50 % monomer concentration (v/v) in toluene were added to the samples, the ampoules were degassed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles (5 times per 20 min) and sealed. The ampoules were heated at 60 or 70 °C at reaction time per 12 h. To extract the residual monomer and homopolymer formed during the grafting, the samples were soaked in ethanol for 24 h and then in distilled water, followed by drying under vacuum to constant weight. The values of grafting percentage achieved at a given irradiation dose were higher for SR than for PP. Samples where characterized by FTIR-ATR, DSC, swelling, LCST, and pH critical point.
On-Line Calorimetry in the Ethylene Coordination Polymerization
Authors: Infante-Martínez José R. , Saldívar-Guerra Enrique , Pérez-Camacho Odilia , Comparán-Padilla Víctor , García-Zamora Maricela 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe kinetic performance of metallocene type catalysts as well as their instantaneous activity is determined on line by two independent methods in the semi-batch polymerization of ethylene via metallocenes. On the basis of first-principles, both methods are described and guidelines for their implementation at a laboratory scale reactor are offered. Polymerization tests were conducted with two heterogenized metallocene catalysts showing that the direct method (based on ethylene flow measurement) and also the calorimetric method (based on energy balances) reported equivalent high quality information. The calorimetric method here developed can be readily used by the chemical practitioner as the notions and tools required for its implantation are easily grasped. It is noted that the calorimetric method has the advantage of requiring a low cost instrumentation (only thermocouples) whereas the direct method needs a relatively more sophisticated equipment (mass flow meter).
Sensitivity and First‐Step Uncertainty Analyses for the Preferential Flow Model MACRO
Authors: Dubus Igor G. , Brown Colin D. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSensitivity analyses for the preferential flow model MACRO were carried out using one‐at‐a‐time and Monte Carlo sampling approaches. Four different scenarios were generated by simulating leaching to depth of two hypothetical pesticides in a sandy loam and a more structured clay loam soil. Sensitivity of the model was assessed using the predictions for accumulated water percolated at a 1‐m depth and accumulated pesticide losses in percolation. Results for simulated percolation were similar for the two soils. Predictions of water volumes percolated were found to be only marginally affected by changes in input parameters and the most influential parameter was the water content defining the boundary between micropores and macropores in this dual‐porosity model. In contrast, predictions of pesticide losses were found to be dependent on the scenarios considered and to be significantly affected by variations in input parameters. In most scenarios, predictions for pesticide losses by MACRO were most influenced by parameters related to sorption and degradation. Under specific circumstances, pesticide losses can be largely affected by changes in hydrological properties of the soil. Since parameters were varied within ranges that approximated their uncertainty, a first‐step assessment of uncertainty for the predictions of pesticide losses was possible. Large uncertainties in the predictions were reported, although these are likely to have been overestimated by considering a large number of input parameters in the exercise. It appears desirable that a probabilistic framework accounting for uncertainty is integrated into the estimation of pesticide exposure for regulatory purposes.
Photochemistry and Photoinduced Toxicity of Acifluorfen, a Diphenyl‐Ether Herbicide
Authors: Scrano Laura , Bufo Sabino A. , D'Auria Maurizio , Meallier Pierre , Behechti Akbar , Shramm Karl Werner 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPhotochemistry studies can be helpful in assessing the environmental fate of chemicals. Photochemical reactions lead to the formation of by‐products that can exhibit different toxicological properties from the original compound. For this reason the photochemical behavior of the herbicide acifluorfen (5‐[2‐chloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]‐2‐nitrobenzoic acid) in the presence of different solvents was studied. Photochemical reactions were carried out using a high‐pressure mercury arc and a solar simulator. Kinetic parameters and quantum yields were determined. The identification of photoproducts was performed by mass spectrometry and [1H] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Nitrofluorfen, hydroxy‐nitrofluorfen, 2‐chloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol, 5‐trifluoromethyl‐5′‐nitrodibenzofuran, and other derivatives were identified. The photochemical reactions were also carried out in the presence of either a singlet or a triplet quencher, and in the presence of either a radical initiator or a radical inhibitor. Substances used as inhibitors of the excited levels T1 and S1 showed that photodegradation of acifluorfen begins from a singlet state S1 through a π,π* transition. The role of free radicals in the photodegradation of acifluorfen was determined and a radical mechanism was proposed. Toxicity tests against Daphnia magna Strauss showed that acifluorfen was not toxic at a concentration of 0.1 mM; however, photoproducts formed after 36 h of UV exposure of the herbicide induced a remarkable toxicity to the test organism.
Point‐ and Nonpoint‐Source Pesticide Contamination in the Zwester Ohm Catchment, Germany
Authors: Müller Karin , Bach Martin , Hartmann Holger , Spiteller Michael , Frede Hans‐Georg 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTReducing pesticide loads in surface waters implies identifying the pathways responsible for the pollution. The current study documents the pesticide contamination of the river Zwester Ohm, a 4917‐ha catchment in Germany with 41% of the land used for crop production. Discharges and concentrations of 19 pesticides were measured continuously at three locations for 15 mo. The load detected at the outlet of the catchment amounted to 9048 g a.i. The losses represent 0.22% of the pesticides applied by the farmers. The contamination showed a seasonal pattern following the pesticide application times. The wastewater treatment plant system (WWTPS) in the catchment (two wastewater treatment plants [WWTP], 14 combined sewer overflows (CSO), four CSO tanks) emits during dry weather periods purified sewage and during storm events sewage mixed with stormwater runoff into the river. The contribution by the WWTPS to the pesticide load was defined as point‐source pollution (PSP). The load was dominated by PSP with at least 77% of the total pollution. No significant interdependencies between intrinsic properties of the pesticides, hydrometeorological factors, and the loads occurring in the stream could be found. Therefore, it is not possible to predict PSP for other catchments based on the results from this study. Whereas 65% of the total load entered the river via the WWTP, a portion of 12% was attributed to the CSO. The study points out that the influence of CSO on PSP should be taken into account in future catchment studies in areas with comparable agricultural structure.
Phosphorus Exchangeability and Leaching Losses from Two Grassland Soils
Authors: Sinaj S. , Stamm C. , Toor G. S. , Condron L. M. , Hendry T. , Di H. J. , Cameron K. C. , Frossard E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough phosphate phosphorus (P) is strongly sorbed in many soils, it may be quickly transported through the soil by preferential flow. Under flood irrigation, preferential flow is especially pronounced and associated solute losses may be important. Phosphorus losses induced by flood irrigation were investigated in a lysimeter study. Detailed soil chemical analyses revealed that P was very mobile in the topsoil, but the higher P‐fixing capacity of the subsoil appeared to restrict P mobility. Application of a dye tracer enabled preferential flow pathways to be identified. Soil sampling according to dye staining patterns revealed that exchangeable P was significantly greater in preferential flow areas as compared with the unstained soil matrix. This could be partly attributed to the accumulation of organic carbon and P, together with enhanced leaching of Al‐ and Fe‐oxides in the preferential flow areas, which resulted in reduced P sorption. The irrigation water caused a rapid hydrologic response by displacement of resident water from the subsoil. Despite the occurrence of preferential flow, most of the outflowing water was resident soil water and very low in P. In these soils the occurrence of preferential flow per se is not sufficient to cause large P losses even if the topsoil is rich in P. It appears that the P was retained in lower parts of the soil profile characterized by a very high P‐fixing capacity. This study demonstrates the risks associated with assessing potential P losses on the basis of P mobility in the topsoil alone.
Climatic and Agricultural Contributions to Changing Loads in Two Watersheds in Ohio
Authors: Moog Douglas B. , Whiting Peter J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTrends in climatic variables, streamflow, agricultural practices, and loads of nutrients and suspended solids were estimated for 1976–1995 in the Maumee and Sandusky watersheds, two large agricultural basins draining to Lake Erie. To understand the contributions that various factors may have made to the trends in loads, earlier results of models linking loads to explanatory variables were combined with estimated trends in those variables. The study period was characterized by increases in temperature, wintertime precipitation and streamflow, conservation farming, and loads of nitrate and total suspended solids; decreases in snowfall and snow cover, fertilizer, manure from livestock, and loads of soluble reactive phosphorus; and relatively steady exports of total phosphorus. After removing the effects of trends in streamflow, nitrate loads increased much less while total suspended solids and total phosphorus loads declined. The analysis suggests that the nitrate increases were due largely to climatic factors, particularly increases in winter streamflow, decreases in snowfall and snow cover, and declining annual precipitation. Decreases in soluble reactive phosphorus were associated with changes in agricultural practices, particularly declines in fertilizer deliveries and head of livestock.