bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the effects of habitat suitability, dispersal, and fragmentation on the distribution of river fishes
Authors: Radinger Johannes , Wolter Christian 
Published: October 2014

Habitat suitability, dispersal potential, and fragmentation influence the distribution of stream fishes; however, their relative influence and interacting effects on species distributions are poorly understood, which may result in uncertain outcomes of river rehabilitation and conservation. Using empirical data describing 17 relatively common stream fishes, we combine (1) species habitat suitability models (MaxEnt) with a (2) species dispersal model (FIDIMO) and a (3) worst‐case scenario of the influence of river fragmentation on dispersal. Using generalized linear mixed models, we aimed to uncover the role of these factors in explaining the probability of presence. Simulations over nine years allowed for assessing the relative importance of dispersal over time for structuring species occurrences vs. the importance of habitat suitability.Models combining all three structuring factors performed consistently better in predicting the spatial occurrence patterns than models including only single factors. Our results confirmed that distribution patterns of stream fishes are jointly controlled by species dispersal and habitat suitability. An increase of 0.1 habitat suitability probability more than doubled the odds of species occurrence; an increase of 0.1 dispersal probability yielded a 14‐fold increase of the odds of species occurrence. Temporal simulations revealed that over short time frames (1–2 years) dispersal from nearby source populations is four times more important than habitat suitability for species presence. However, over longer time periods, the importance of habitat suitability increases relative to the importance of dispersal. Surprisingly, fragmentation by migration barriers did not appear as a significant driver of occurrence patterns.Concluding, these findings demonstrate the importance of the spatial arrangement of suitable habitats and potential source populations, as well as their relative position in relation to barriers. We emphasize considering the direction of connections within river networks and the dispersal abilities of fishes, as well as providing (access to) new, suitable habitat for successful river rehabilitation.
Staged Placement of Growing Rods for Metabolic Bone Disease and Insufficient Bone Quality
Authors: Buckwalter Joseph A. , Weinstein Stuart 
Published: October 2014

Case:
We present two cases of successful staged placement of standard growing-rod instrumentation for early-onset scoliosis in children with metabolic bone disease and poor bone quality.

Conclusion:
Because use of growing-rod surgery is increasing throughout the world, we propose that a staged approach to placement of growing rods is a practical and safe option for surgeons who encounter patients with early-onset scoliosis and concomitant poor bone quality.
Entrapment of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon by Direct Impalement in the Osseofibrous Tunnel Under the Sustentaculum Tali: An Extremely Rare Complication of a Calcaneal Fracture
Authors: Komiya Koichiro , Terada Nobuki 
Published: October 2014

Case:
This article presents a case of entrapment of the flexor hallucis longus tendon in the osseofibrous tunnel under the sustentaculum tali due to a bone fragment from a calcaneal fracture. Despite good visualization with computed tomography, we did not recognize this complication preoperatively. Limited motion of the hallux was the key to recognition of this rare pathogenic situation.

Conclusion:
We emphasize the importance of careful physical examination of the forefoot when there is a hindfoot injury.
A Modified Transtibial Pull-Out Repair for Posterior Root Avulsions of the Lateral Meniscus with Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: LaPrade Christopher M. , James Evan W. , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: October 2014

Case:
This case series describes the surgical technique for and outcomes after a modified transtibial pull-out repair for posterior root avulsions of the lateral meniscus. This modified technique is designed to prevent tunnel convergence during a concomitant or staging of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Promising short-term clinical outcomes were seen at the two-year follow-up for both patients. On second-look arthroscopy, one patient also demonstrated excellent healing.

Conclusion:
Results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that this technique may (1) facilitate anatomic healing of the root and (2) allow for concomitant or staged ACL reconstruction tunnel reaming.
Earnings Management and Derivative Hedging with Fair Valuation: Evidence from the Effects of FAS 133
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Mao Connie X. , Upadhyay Arun D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Barton (2001) and Pincus and Rajgopal (2002) show that earnings management through discretionary accruals and derivative hedging are partial substitutes in smoothing earnings before 1999. In this study, we investigate whether Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 133 regarding hedge accounting in 2000 has influenced the relative merit of the two earnings-smoothing methods. Based on a sample of S&P 500 nonfinancial firms during 1996–2006, we find that the substitution relation between derivative hedging and discretionary accrual is significantly attenuated after FAS 133 implementation. We also document a significant increase in earnings volatility associated with derivative hedging post-FAS 133. These results are robust to the use of various model and method specifications, as well as controlling for contemporaneous macroeconomic and regulatory shocks. Overall, our results suggest that a material change in an accounting rule regarding derivatives can influence the level and volatility of reported earnings, as well as the method of income smoothing.
JEL Classifications: G32; M41; M48
Estimates of iceberg submarine melting from high-resolution digital elevation models: application to Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland
Authors: Enderlin E.M. , Hamilton G.S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObserved increases in iceberg discharge from Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers over the past two decades have altered the freshwater flux from glacial fjords into surrounding ocean basins. Although variations in freshwater flux due to ice-sheet discharge change have been investigated on a broad scale, the distribution of the freshwater flux due to melting of calved glacier ice (i.e. icebergs) has not been examined. Logistical challenges to collecting in situ data in glacial fjords have so far prevented a detailed examination of freshwater fluxes arising from melting beneath the waterline (i.e. submarine melting). Here we demonstrate that submarine melting of icebergs can be quantified using repeat digital elevation models derived from very high-resolution stereo satellite images. Analysis of volume changes for icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland, yield area-averaged submarine melt rates of ~0.39 m d–1. These rates are in relatively good agreement with simulated winter melt rates along the submerged portion of the Helheim Glacier terminus, providing independent validation of the applied technique. Further, the volume flux of fresh water from iceberg melting scales with surface and submerged iceberg areas, which suggests that iceberg meltwater may be an important freshwater component in fjords with high iceberg concentrations and/or expansive ice melange.
Immobilier et cycle économique : ce que nous apprend la Grande Récession
Authors: Timbeau Xavier 
Published: October 2014

L’immobilier joue un rôle majeur dans les cycles économiques par plusieurs canaux : le premier est celui de l’investissement résidentiel, le deuxième est celui d’un accélérateur financier, dans lequel la hausse des prix de l’immobilier accroît l’endettement des ménages dont il est le collatéral. Enfin le troisième canal est celui de l’effet richesse. À partir de données exploitant les comptes nationaux, les comptes de patrimoine et les données détaillées sur la consommation, nous explorons ces trois canaux pour les pays de l’OCDE. Nous mettons en évidence que le premier canal est très différencié selon les pays tandis que les effets de la hausse des prix les affectent tous. L’effet richesse est quant à lui bien présent dans les phases de bulles rationnelles.	Classification JEL : E32, G21, R21.
Vers un monde de propriétaires ? Politique du logement et statuts d'occupation en France et à l'étranger
Authors: Vorms Bernard 
Published: October 2014

Depuis les années 1970, la plupart des pays ont fait le choix de favoriser la propriété occupante. La crise financière mondiale conduit à s’interroger sur la pertinence de ces politiques publiques qui se sont traduites par une réduction de la place du locatif privé et par un recentrage progressif de la vocation du parc social vers les seuls exclus du marché du logement. Les pays où les ménages accédant à la propriété ont été les plus déstabilisés sont ceux qui associaient une forte proportion de propriétaires occupants, un niveau élevé et en croissance rapide de la dette hypothécaire, une organisation de l’offre de crédit qui protège l’établissement prêteur des conséquences des défaillances de ses emprunteurs et enfin un cadre légal peu protecteur des droits de l’emprunteur. C’est de la filière de crédit et des excès de la financiarisation qu’est née la crise et non de la propriété occupante. Il reste que les politiques trop exclusivement fondées sur l’encouragement à la propriété accélèrent la hausse des prix, creusent les inégalités de patrimoine et ne peuvent répondre aux caractéristiques des marchés les plus chers, particulièrement ceux des grandes villes, ni aux besoins de certaines catégories de population, les pauvres, les jeunes et les mobiles.	Classification JEL : R21, R31, R38.
La construction et les marchés des logements neufs en France
Authors: Coloos Bernard 
Published: October 2014

Personne ne remet en cause qu’il faille construire plus de logements. Le consensus sur les besoins se situe aujourd’hui à plus de 400 000 unités par an. La quantité n’est pas tout. La question de la localisation s’avère cruciale. Certes, aucune partie du territoire, compte tenu des besoins de renouvellement, ne peut être négligée, mais l’accent doit être clairement porté sur les zones les plus tendues, là même où le recul des réalisations est le plus marqué depuis 2000. Si la pénurie de foncier est dénoncée comme la cause majeure de ce déficit structurel de logements et de ses conséquences en termes de prix du bien, il faut souligner a contrario qu’elle n’apparaît pas comme un obstacle à la construction de bâtiments hors logement. En clair, les élus privilégient la construction non résidentielle au détriment du logement pour des raisons purement politiques. C’est sur ce point qu’il est nécessaire de faire changer les mentalités pour s’atteler véritablement à un début de résolution de la crise du logement, restée trop longtemps cantonnée dans le domaine du discours.	Classification JEL : R30, R31, R32, R38.
La connaissance du patrimoine : un préalable indispensable à la compréhension des enjeux du logement social
Authors: Bouculat Bérénice 
Published: October 2014

L’activité et la stratégie des organismes de logement social sont étroitement liées à l’âge, la qualité et la localisation de leur parc de logements. Une connaissance fine du patrimoine est donc un préalable indispensable à la compréhension des enjeux du secteur.	Une photographie du parc social aujourd’hui met en lumière un âge moyen élevé, conséquence d’une production très dynamique pendant les Trente Glorieuses. Mais cette vision nationale doit être complétée par une analyse à une échelle géographique plus fine. Il apparaît alors que la répartition spatiale et les caractéristiques du patrimoine social ne sont pas uniformes sur le territoire : la construction du parc s’est faite par vagues, qui se sont concentrées sur des régions différentes, suivant les évolutions démographiques et économiques. Le patrimoine d’aujourd’hui est ainsi le reflet des localisations et des caractéristiques du bâti dominantes de chaque période.	Les dynamiques de construction de logement social et de réhabilitation du parc social à l'œuvre aujourd’hui et nécessaires pour demain découlent ainsi en partie de l’état du patrimoine dans chaque territoire et de son adéquation aux mutations de la société.	Classification JEL : R31, R 38.
Enjeux et débats des politiques du logement en France
Authors: Driant Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2014

Souvent accusées d’avoir échoué à répondre à tous les besoins, les politiques du logement en France sont d’une grande complexité, sous l’effet conjugué de la diversité de leurs objectifs (économiques, sociaux et urbains) et de la multiplicité des acteurs en charge de leur conception et de leur mise en œuvre. Cet empilement de légitimités nationales et locales génère à la fois de multiples contradictions et une faible lisibilité des résultats obtenus.	Il est toutefois possible d’identifier au moins quatre thèmes de débats nationaux sur les politiques du logement que l’on peut éclairer par quelques regards sur les situations et les politiques des pays de l’Union européenne. Peut-on, par exemple, discuter la pertinence de l’objectif maintes fois rappelé de construire 500 000 logements neufs par an en France ? Qu’attend-on d’une France de propriétaires et s’agit-il vraiment, dans notre pays, d’une priorité absolue ? Pourquoi et comment réguler les marchés du secteur locatif privé ? Le logement social devrait-il être réservé aux plus pauvres ?	Classification JEL : R28, R38.
Le financement de l'habitat en France et la crise financière
Authors: Coffinet Jérôme , Montornès Jérémi 
Published: October 2014

Cet article analyse les principales évolutions du financement de l’habitat en France au cours de la période 2003-2013. S’appuyant essentiellement sur des données produites à la Banque de France, il rappelle les principales caractéristiques du financement de l’habitat en France : production de crédit dynamique, taux d’intérêt historiquement bas, hétérogénéité géographique et diversité des ressources bancaires. Ensuite, l’article étudie la synchronisation du cycle du crédit à l’habitat et le cycle économique : les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu’à long terme, le crédit à l’habitat précède les évolutions de la croissance économique, mais que ce lien s’est légèrement distendu sur la fin de période. Enfin, l’analyse des évolutions récentes à partir des indicateurs du profil des emprunteurs ne fait pas apparaître de risques pour la stabilité financière en France.	Classification JEL : E32, E44, G01, G21, R21.
Cytokine BAFF Released byHelicobacter pylori–Infected Macrophages Triggers the Th17 Response in Human Chronic Gastritis
Authors: Munari Fabio , Fassan Matteo , Capitani Nagaja , Codolo Gaia , Vila-Caballer Marian , Pizzi Marco , Rugge Massimo , Della Bella Chiara , Troilo Arianna , D’Elios Sofia , Baldari Cosima T. , D’Elios Mario M. , de Bernard Marina 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBAFF is a crucial cytokine that affects the activity of both innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the expansion of Th17 cells in autoimmune disorders. With this study, we investigated the BAFF/Th17 responses in Helicobacter pylori–induced gastritis in humans. Our results show that the mucosa from Helicobacter+ patients with chronic gastritis is enriched in IL-17 and BAFF, whereas the two cytokines are weakly expressed in Helicobacter− patients with chronic gastritis; moreover, the expression of both BAFF and IL-17 decreases after bacteria eradication. We demonstrate that BAFF accumulates in macrophages in vivo and that it is produced by monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro, after Helicobacter stimulation. Application of BAFF on monocytes triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that are crucial for the release of pro-Th17 cytokines, such as IL-23, IL-1β, and TGF-β. Moreover, BAFF directly promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells. In conclusion, our results support the notion that an axis BAFF/Th17 exists in chronic gastritis of Helicobacter+ patients and that its presence strictly depends on the bacterium. Moreover, we demonstrated that BAFF is able to drive Th17 responses both indirectly, by creating a pro-Th17 cytokine milieu through the involvement of innate immune cells, and directly, via the differentiation of T cells toward the specific profile. The results obtained in this study are of great interest for Helicobacter-related diseases and the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition of the BAFF/IL-17 response.
CD8 T Cells Are Involved in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration through Facilitating MCP-1 Secretion and Gr1high Macrophage Infiltration
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Zhicheng , Qu Chao , Cui Wei , Wang Xiaonan , Du Jie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInflammatory microenvironments play a key role in skeletal muscle regeneration. The infiltration of CD8 T cells into injured muscle has been reported. However, the role of CD8 T cells during skeletal muscle regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we used cardiotoxin-induced mouse skeletal muscle injury/regeneration model to investigate the role of CD8 T cells. Muscle regeneration was impaired and matrix deposit was increased in CD8α-deficient mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice whose CD8 T cells were infiltrated into damaged muscle after cardiotoxin injection. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells to CD8α-deficient mice improved muscle regeneration and inhibited matrix remodeling. Compared with WT mice, CD8α deficiency limited the recruitment of Gr1high macrophages (MPs) into muscle, resulting in the reduction of satellite cell number. The expression of MCP-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), which regulates the migration of Gr1high MPs, was reduced in CD8α-deficient mice compared with WT mice. Coculture CD8 T cells with MPs promoted MCP-1 secretion. The i.m. injection of MCP-1 markedly promoted the recruitment of Gr1high MPs and improved muscle regeneration in CD8α-deficient mice. We conclude that CD8 T cells are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating the secretion of MCP-1 to recruit Gr1high MPs, which facilitate myoblast proliferation.
ABCG1 Is Required for Pulmonary B-1 B Cell and Natural Antibody Homeostasis
Authors: Baldan Angel , Gonen Ayelet , Choung Christina , Que Xuchu , Marquart Tyler J. , Hernandez Irene , Bjorkhem Ingemar , Ford David A. , Witztum Joseph L. , Tarling Elizabeth J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Many metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and obesity, have a chronic inflammatory component involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Mice lacking the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) develop chronic inflammation in the lungs, which is associated with the lipid accumulation (cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid) and cholesterol crystal deposition that are characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In this article, we demonstrate that specific lipids, likely oxidized phospholipids and/or sterols, elicit a lung-specific immune response in Abcg1−/− mice. Loss of ABCG1 results in increased levels of specific oxysterols, phosphatidylcholines, and oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5′-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, in the lungs. Further, we identify a niche-specific increase in natural Ab (NAb)-secreting B-1 B cells in response to this lipid accumulation that is paralleled by increased titers of IgM, IgA, and IgG against oxidation-specific epitopes, such as those on oxidized low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein. Finally, we identify a cytokine/chemokine signature that is reflective of increased B cell activation, Ab secretion, and homing. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the accumulation of lipids in Abcg1−/− mice induces the specific expansion and localization of B-1 B cells, which secrete NAbs that may help to protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Indeed, despite chronic lipid accumulation and inflammation, hyperlipidemic mice lacking ABCG1 develop smaller atherosclerotic lesions compared with controls. These data also suggest that Abcg1−/− mice may represent a new model in which to study the protective functions of B-1 B cells/NAbs and suggest novel targets for pharmacologic intervention and treatment of disease.
AID-Initiated DNA Lesions Are Differentially Processed in Distinct B Cell Populations
Authors: Chen Zhangguo , Ranganath Sheila , Viboolsittiseri Sawanee S. , Eder Maxwell D. , Chen Xiaomi , Elos Mihret T. , Yuan Shunzhong , Hansen Erica , Wang Jing H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates U:G mismatches, causing point mutations or DNA double-stranded breaks at Ig loci. How AID-initiated lesions are prevented from inducing genome-wide damage remains elusive. A differential DNA repair mechanism might protect certain non–Ig loci such as c-myc from AID attack. However, determinants regulating such protective mechanisms are largely unknown. To test whether target DNA sequences modulate protective mechanisms via altering the processing manner of AID-initiated lesions, we established a knock-in model by inserting an Sγ2b region, a bona fide AID target, into the first intron of c-myc. Unexpectedly, we found that the inserted S region did not mutate or enhance c-myc genomic instability, due to error-free repair of AID-initiated lesions, in Ag-stimulated germinal center B cells. In contrast, in vitro cytokine-activated B cells display a much higher level of c-myc genomic instability in an AID- and S region–dependent manner. Furthermore, we observe a comparable frequency of AID deamination events between the c-myc intronic sequence and inserted S region in different B cell populations, demonstrating a similar frequency of AID targeting. Thus, our study reveals a clear difference between germinal center and cytokine-activated B cells in their ability to develop genomic instability, attributable to a differential processing of AID-initiated lesions in distinct B cell populations. We propose that locus-specific regulatory mechanisms (e.g., transcription) appear to not only override the effects of S region sequence on AID targeting frequency but also influence the repair manner of AID-initiated lesions.
Creating Class I MHC–Null Pigs Using Guide RNA and the Cas9 Endonuclease
Authors: Reyes Luz M. , Estrada Jose L. , Wang Zheng Yu , Blosser Rachel J. , Smith Rashod F. , Sidner Richard A. , Paris Leela L. , Blankenship Ross L. , Ray Caitlin N. , Miner Aaron C. , Tector Matthew , Tector A. Joseph 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Pigs are emerging as important large animal models for biomedical research, and they may represent a source of organs for xenotransplantation. The MHC is pivotal to the function of the immune system in health and disease, and it is particularly important in infection and transplant rejection. Pigs deficient in class I MHC could serve as important reagents to study viral immunity as well as allograft and xenograft rejection. In this study, we report the creation and characterization of class I MHC knockout pigs using the Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs. Pig fetal fibroblasts were genetically engineered using Cas9 and guide RNAs, and class I MHC− cells were then used as nuclear donors for somatic cell nuclear transfer. We produced three piglets devoid of all cell surface class I proteins. Although these animals have reduced levels of CD4−CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, the pigs appear healthy and are developing normally. These pigs are a promising reagent for immunological research.