bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaping the future of a globalized world
Authors: Burkhardt Joan , Bennett Elisabeth E. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to understand how everyday cross-cultural interactions affected the adjustment of undergraduate international students attending a private university in the northeastern United States of America.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected primarily through interviews with nine international students and observations at “Eastern University”. Students were purposively selected to balance gender and world regions. Analysis used constant comparison until findings emerged, which were member-checked with study participants (Merriam, 2009).Findings– Findings show that the impact of university diversity initiatives for promoting everyday cross-cultural interactions is described as creating an us/them divide, promoting solidarity and establishing a cultural presence. It is concluded that formal university events foster recognition of the campus diversity international students help provide, but their impact on everyday cross-cultural interactions is both positive and negative. Additionally, the mode by which undergraduate international students are introduced to their US campus affects their integration and future interaction patterns.Research limitations/implications– Further research is needed to explore higher education institutions (HEIs)’ connection to human resource development (HRD) for shaping the future global arena. Studies that address the continuum from higher education to the workforce are needed to prepare the next generation of professionals for a global world. This study is limited due to small sample size. Findings are not generalizable in a statistical sense, but HRD professionals in HEIs may compare the details in this study with their own institutions.Originality/value– This study contributes to the discussion of national HRD by addressing international students and their insights into how diversity programs impact adjustment in an American setting. Additionally, organizational and faculty development initiatives in academic institutions can be improved by understanding the insights found in this study.
The future of mega sport events: examining the “Dutch Approach” to legacy planning
Authors: Hartman Stefan , Zandberg Tjeerd 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
Mega sport events (MSE) are immensely popular but also highly criticized because these include large public budgets and involve politically sensitive topics. In this context, there is an increasing attention toward legacy planning, the effort to confer long‐term benefits to a host destination through organizing MSEs, such as the Olympic Games. When it comes to event planning, large‐scale master plans are a common approach. However, in the Netherlands the authors see that an alternative development model is pursued called the Dutch Approach to prepare for the possible candidature to host the Olympic Games of 2028. This paper aims to analyze this approach with a specific focus on whether this approach has the potential to result in a positive legacy.

Design/methodology/approach
The research involves a literature review which distinguishes factors that positively or negatively influence event legacies. This results in a framework which is used as a guide for a content analysis of data on the Dutch Approach. Hence, data are obtained from analyzing academic and professional literature, policy documents, research reports, and newspaper articles on the Dutch Olympic ambitions, and the planning approach thereof. Moreover, data are derived from a study by the authors on the development of the area “Sportas Amsterdam”.

Findings
The research identifies factors that can contribute positively and negatively to the legacy of events. It provides a unique insight into the planning process of The Netherlands in the context preparing a bid for the Olympic Games of 2028. What can be learned from the Dutch Approach is that planning for a positive legacy is a long‐term and complex process that heavily relies on the support of a range of stakeholders. Due to the range of actors involved, it involves much negotiations and becomes increasingly difficult to achieve consensus.

Research limitations/implications
The paper provides a reflection on the concepts of legacy and legacy planning, and outlines a set of propositions concerning the future of MSEs that present an agenda for further research. By doing to, the paper highlights the importance of focusing on how the relations between stakeholder involvement, planning approaches, and types of urban regimes influence the extent to which a positive legacy can be achieved.

Originality/value
The paper provides a state of the art overview of contributions on event legacy and legacy planning. It draws attention to conditions for positive legacies and implications for planning and governance approaches. It is argued that a top‐down government‐led approach to a MSE will probably have less impact on future tourism compares to the Dutch Approach.
Dr Spock's Food Festival
Authors: Findlay Katherine , Yeoman Ian 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to make the reader think about the consequences of food scarcity and how science would deal with the situation portrayed through Dr Spock's Food Festival set in Tokyo 2050.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper takes the form of a trends analysis perspective.

Findings
The authors explain the circumstances (or drivers) of how food scarcity would lead to particular future state. The paper portrays eight driving forces from increased urbanisation to a knowledgeable society.

Originality/value
What if it did occur as molecular gastronomy and the desire for new experiences are core values of today's restaurant industry.
Space tourism: prospects, positioning, and planning
Authors: Cole Sam 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explain how the elements of a tourism policy class (historical, structural, economic, social, and technological) are employed in the discussion and analysis of space tourism.

Design/methodology/approach
The material serves as revision class of methods and concepts. The topics and methods covered depend in part on previous class content making use of space tourism materials available on the web and in the literature.

Findings
The sources cited cover a remarkable and growing range of space tourism endeavors worldwide. Whilst it is definitively not a forecast, the paper does appraise future directions in space tourism.

Practical implications
Further research is required in order to properly evaluate the value of space tourism to future human societies, and strategize accordingly.

Originality/value
As a source‐based review, the paper has limited originality, but shows the possibilities and limitations of tourism planning methods for space tourism.
Corrections for rooting volume and plant size reveal negative effects of neighbour presence on root allocation in pea
Authors: Chen Bin J. W. , During Heinjo J. , Vermeulen Peter J. , de Kroon Hans , Poorter Hendrik , Anten Niels P. R. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Plants are able to detect the presence of their neighbours below‐ground. The associated root responses may affect plant performance, plant–plant interactions and community dynamics, but the extent and direction of these responses is heavily debated.

Some studies suggest that plants will over‐proliferate roots in response to neighbours at the expense of reproduction, which was framed as a ‘tragedy of the commons’. Others propose an ‘ideal free distribution’ hypothesis stating that plants produce roots simply as a function of the amount of available nutrients. However, experimental evidence for either hypothesis that is unbiased by confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size in their experimental set‐ups is still lacking.

We grew split‐root pea plants in the presence or absence of a below‐ground neighbour at a range of rooting volumes, while providing equal amounts of nutrients per plant. Path analyses were used to disentangle the direct effects of neighbour presence on allocation patterns from the confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size.

Within the chosen range of rooting volumes, the presence of a below‐ground neighbour generally reduced plant root mass by 21% and total mass by 9%. A doubling of rooting volume generally increased plant root mass by 22% and total mass by 11%. Pod mass was only directly and positively correlated with vegetative mass.

The presence of a below‐ground neighbour induced less root allocation but more pod allocation, whereas increased rooting volume caused a reduction in reproductive allocation. A large part of these effects, however, was indirectly mediated through the influence on plant total mass.

Synthesis. Not considering the effects of rooting volume and plant size may lead to misinterpretations of plant growth strategies in response to neighbours. Accounting for these factors, we found pea allocating less mass to roots in the presence of a below‐ground neighbour. The obtained results can help to reconcile the various responses to below‐ground neighbours as they are published in the literature.
The double‐edged sword of immune defence and damage control: do food availability and immune challenge alter the balance?
Authors: Stahlschmidt Zachary R. , Acker Madison , Kovalko Ilya , Adamo Shelley A. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Animal immune systems must adaptively balance aggressive immune resistance (ability to destroy pathogens) with infection tolerance (ability to withstand the negative effects of infection; e.g. immunopathology or damage due to pathogen metabolism).

Insects offer unique insight into this balancing act because phenoloxidase (PO)‐mediated melanization is a key feature of immune resistance, but PO activation obligates the production of nonspecific reactive species that can cause self‐damage. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) can provide protection against such reactive molecules, but high levels of GSH can impair melanization. In support of the hypothesis that GSH can protect insects (e.g. crickets) from self‐damage during an immune response, we found that bacterially infected crickets showed a significant positive relationship between GSH haemolymph concentration and fecundity after controlling for bacterial growth rate. That is, GSH may be a mechanism of infection tolerance because it correlated with fecundity despite bacterial proliferation.

Next, we factorially manipulated food availability and immune activation in female crickets to examine whether the relative balance between a component of immune resistance (i.e. PO) and protection from self‐damage (i.e. GSH) was plastic and sensitive to environmental conditions.

Glutathione and PO were positively correlated, and the PO:GSH ratio was robust and not affected by food availability or immune activation. Thus, increased investment in a mechanism of immune resistance may obligate a concomitant increase in GSH to reduce self‐damage (i.e. increase infection tolerance). Chronic immune activation led to greater tolerance of oxidative stress suggesting that repeated immune activation upregulates infection tolerance mechanisms. Food limitation led to reduced PO activity, but not GSH concentration. This result suggests that mechanisms of immune resistance may be more sensitive to resource scarcity than mechanisms of infection tolerance.

We demonstrate that some mechanisms of immune resistance and infection tolerance can be correlated and that they can be affected by food availability or immune activation.
The limits of autocracy promotion: The case ofRussia in the ‘near abroad’
Authors: Way Lucan A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn recent years, observers have raised concerns about threats to democracy posed by external support for authoritarianism coming from regional powers such as Russia, China and Venezuela. This article assesses the efficacy of autocracy promotion through a close examination of Russian efforts to shape regime outcomes in the former Soviet Union. It finds that while Russian actions have periodically promoted instability and secessionist conflict, there is little evidence that such intervention has made post‐Soviet countries less democratic than they would have been otherwise. First, the Russian government has been inconsistent in its support for autocracy – supporting opposition and greater pluralism in countries where anti‐Russian governments are in power, and incumbent autocrats in cases where pro‐Russian politicians dominate. At the same time, the Russian government's narrow concentration on its own economic and geopolitical interests has significantly limited the country's influence, fostering a strong counter‐reaction in countries with strong anti‐Russian national identities. Finally, Russia's impact on democracy in the region has been restricted by the fact that post‐Soviet countries already have weak democratic prerequisites. This analysis suggests that, despite increasingly aggressive foreign policies by autocratic regional powers, autocracy promotion does not present a particularly serious threat to democracy in the world today.
Methadone Therapy in Underserved Urban Community: QTc Prolongation and Life‐Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Chowdhury Mohsin , Wong Jason , Cheng Angela , Khilkin Michael , Palma Eugen 
Published: April 2015

SummaryAimsMethadone has been associated with QTc prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias but the prevalence of QTc prolongation and association with ventricular arrhythmias remains unclear. We investigated this in our inner city urban community (Bronx, New York) that has a large number of patients on methadone.MethodsTelemetry records, nursing documentation and electronic charts of 291 patients spanning856 encounters were evaluated. QT was manually measured from ECG utilizing standardized QT measurement guidelines and was corrected for heart rate using Hodges formula. QTc >470 ms in males and >480 ms in females was considered to be prolonged.ResultsPatients had prolonged QTc, QTc >500 ms and ventricular arrhythmias during 25.6%, 14.1% and 3.4% of encounters, respectively. There was a very weak dose dependent relationship between methadone dose and QTc (Spearman's rho = 0.09).In addition to methadone, patients were on at least one QT prolonging drugs during 39% of the encounters. Patients who were receiving two interacting drugs in addition to methadone had the highest prevalence (29%) of QTc prolongation.ConclusionAlthough the prevalence of QTc prolongation among patients on methadone therapy is high, the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia is relatively low. Hospitalized patients on sustained methadone therapy are frequently on multiple additional QTc prolonging drugs. There is no significant dose dependent relationship between methadone dose and QTc. However, the concurrent use of methadone and interacting drugs lead to an increased prevalence of QTc prolongation.
Reliability and Validity of the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist in Turkish
Authors: Kose Gulsah , Bolu Abdullah , Ozdemir Leyla , Acikel Cengizhan , Hatipolu Sevgi 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe aim was to investigate and evaluate validity and reliability of the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) in Turkey.MethodsA cross‐sectional study design was used. Fifty‐nine patients in an intensive care unit for longer than 24 hr were included in this study.ResultsCronbach's alpha coefficient indicated that the ICDSC was a reliable test with high internal consistency (specialist nurse min: 0.720, max: 0.855; primary nurse min: 0.728, max: 0.830). The sensitivity and specifity were high.ConclusionThe findings showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the ICDSC are high for Turkish patients.Implications for Nursing PracticeThe ICDSC provides fast and effective evaluations of the patients for delirium. So, ICDSC may be easily integrated into routine nursing practice.
Spontaneous Age‐related Changes of Peripheral Nerves in Cattle: Morphological and Biochemical Studies
Authors: Biasibetti E. , Bisanzio D. , Mioletti S. , Amedeo S. , Iuliano A. , Bianco P. , Capucchio M. T. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryPeripheral nerve function is significantly affected by ageing. During ageing process, multiple changes occur on tissue cells and extracellular matrix. The aim of this work was to study the ageing‐associated changes of peripheral nerves in adult and old regularly slaughtered cattle compared with young calves, and correlate them to the features reported in humans and laboratory animals. Samples of axial dorsal metacarpal nerves from 44 cows were collected immediately after slaughtering. Each nerve was dissected and divided into two fragments: one used for morphological evaluation (n = 43) and the other one for biochemical analysis (n = 31). Axonal degeneration, demyelination, thickness of perineurium and endoneurium and increase of mast cells were the most important features detected. The mean amount of glycosaminoglycan quantitative content recorded in the samples increased with the age. Axonal degeneration, demyelination and thickness of endoneurium were positively and significantly correlated with biochemistry. The presence of changes affecting the different elements of the peripheral nerves, similar to that reported in humans and in laboratory species, the easy availability of the nerve tissue in this species, the considerable size of the samples and the life conditions more similar to humans than to laboratory animals, allows the authors to consider cattle as a potential good model for the comparative study of spontaneous ageing nerve lesions.
Drug hypersensitivity in clonal mast cell disorders: ENDA/EAACI position paper
Authors: Bonadonna P. , Pagani M. , Aberer W. , Bilò M. B. , Brockow K. , Oude Elberink H. , Garvey L. , Mosbech H. , Romano A. , Zanotti R. , Torres M. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMastocytosis is a clonal disorder characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of mast cells (MC) in different tissues, with a preferential localization in skin and bone marrow (BM). The excess of MC in mastocytosis as well as the increased releasability of MC may lead to a higher frequency and severity of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Mastocytosis in adults is associated with a history of anaphylaxis in 22–49%. Fatal anaphylaxis has been described particularly following hymenoptera stings, but also occasionally after the intake of drugs such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, opioids and drugs in the perioperative setting. However, data on the frequency of drug hypersensitivity in mastocytosis and vice versa are scarce and evidence for an association appears to be limited. Nevertheless, clonal MC disorders should be ruled out in cases of severe anaphylaxis: basal serum tryptase determination, physical examination for cutaneous mastocytosis lesions, and clinical characteristics of anaphylactic reaction might be useful for differential diagnosis. In this position paper, the ENDA group performed a literature search on immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions in clonal MC disorders using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, reviewed and evaluated the literature in five languages using the GRADE system for quality of evidence and strength of recommendation.
Allergic sensitization to pegylated interferon‐α results in drug eruptions
Authors: Meller S. , Gerber P. A. , Kislat A. , Hevezi P. , Göbel T. , Wiesner U. , Kellermann S. , Bünemann E. , Zlotnik A. , Häussinger D. , Erhardt A. , Homey B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe introduction of pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN)‐α in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C has led to an increase in sustained virological response. Despite reduced immunogenicity of the pegylated form in comparison with native interferon (IFN)‐α, a high frequency of adverse cutaneous reactions has been reported with pegylatedIFN‐α. Here, we aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms underlying pegylatedIFN‐α‐induced drug eruptions.MethodsHepatitis C patients suffering from drug eruptions in association with administration of pegylated interferons were enrolled in the study (n = 22). Subjects were tested for sensitivity to pegylatedIFN‐α2a, pegylatedIFN‐α2b, or ribavirin using intradermal, scratch, and/or patch tests, as well as lymphocyte activation tests (LATs). Skin biopsies obtained from pegylatedIFN‐α‐associated exanthemas, as well as from localized inflammatory skin reactions at pegylatedIFN‐α injection sites, were analyzed for the expression of relevant chemokines by quantitative real‐timePCRand immunohistochemistry.ResultsA subset of patients suffering from pegylatedIFN‐α‐associated exanthemas displayed positive intradermal tests toPEG‐IFNs but not to conventionalIFN(11/22). In selected patients, this observation correlated with the presence of pegylatedIFN‐specific T cells (3/11). Chemokine profiles of inflammatory skin reactions at the injection sites reflected anIFN‐α‐signature, whereas lesional skin of exanthemas showed induction ofTH2‐associated chemokines.ConclusionsOur results indicate that specific sensitizations are one cause of exanthemas under therapy withPEG‐IFNs. Clinical proof‐of‐concept analyses demonstrate that affected patients may benefit from a switch to conventional, nonpegylated drugs, enablingIFN‐α therapy continuation without drug‐associated skin eruptions.
Delving into cornerstones of hypersensitivity to antineoplastic and biological agents: value of diagnostic tools prior to desensitization
Authors: Alvarez‐Cuesta E. , Madrigal‐Burgaleta R. , Angel‐Pereira D. , Ureña‐Tavera A. , Zamora‐Verduga M. , Lopez‐Gonzalez P. , Berges‐Gimeno M. P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundEvidence regarding drug provocation test (DPT) with antineoplastic and biological agents is scarce. Our aim was to assess the usefulness of includingDPTas a paramount gold standard diagnostic tool (prior to desensitization).MethodsProspective, observational, longitudinal study with patients who, during a 3‐year period, were referred to the Desensitization Program at Ramon y Cajal University Hospital. Patients underwent a structured diagnostic protocol by means of anamnesis, skin tests (ST), risk assessment, andDPT. Oxaliplatin‐specific IgE was determined in oxaliplatin‐reactive patients (who underwentDPTregardless of oxaliplatin‐specific IgE results). Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to identify predictors of the final diagnosis among several variables.ResultsA total of 186 patients were assessed. A total of 104 (56%) patients underwentDPT. Sixty‐four percent of allDPTs were negative (i.e., hypersensitivity was excluded). Sensitivity for oxaliplatin‐specific IgE (0.35 UI/l cutoff point) was 34%, specificity 90.3%, negative predictive value 45.9%, positive predictive value 85%, negative likelihood ratio 0.7, and positive likelihood ratio 3.5.ConclusionsThese are the first reported data based on more than 100DPTs with antineoplastic and biological agents (paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, rituximab, infliximab, irinotecan, and other drugs). Implementation ofDPTin diagnostic protocols helps exclude hypersensitivity (in 36% of all referred patients), and avoids unnecessary desensitizations in nonhypersensitive patients (30–56% of patients, depending on culprit‐drug). Drug provocation test is vital to validate diagnostic tools; consequently, quality data are shown on oxaliplatin‐specific IgE and oxaliplatin‐STin the largest series of oxaliplatin‐reactive patients reported to date (74 oxaliplatin‐reactive patients). Identifying phenotypes and predictors of a diagnosis of hypersensitivity may be helpful for tailored plans.