bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of cocaine consumption in the community: a critical comparison of the results from three complimentary techniques
Authors: Reid Malcolm J , Langford Katherine H , Grung Merete , Gjerde Hallvard , Amundsen Ellen J , Morland Jorg , Thomas Kevin V 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesA range of approaches are now available to estimate the level of drug use in the community so it is desirable to critically compare results from the differing techniques. This paper presents a comparison of the results from three methods for estimating the level of cocaine use in the general population.DesignThe comparison applies to; a set of regional-scale sample survey questionnaires, a representative sample survey on drug use among drivers and an analysis of the quantity of cocaine-related metabolites in sewage.Setting14 438 participants provided data for the set of regional-scale sample survey questionnaires; 2341 drivers provided oral-fluid samples and untreated sewage from 570 000 people was analysed for biomarkers of cocaine use. All data were collected in Oslo, Norway.Results0.70 (0.36–1.03) % of drivers tested positive for cocaine use which suggest a prevalence that is higher than the 0.22 (0.13–0.30) % (per day) figure derived from regional-scale survey questionnaires, but the degree to which cocaine consumption in the driver population follows the general population is an unanswered question. Despite the comparatively low-prevalence figure the survey questionnaires did provide estimates of the volume of consumption that are comparable with the amount of cocaine-related metabolites in sewage. Per-user consumption estimates are however highlighted as a significant source of uncertainty as little or no data on the quantities consumed by individuals are available, and much of the existing data are contradictory.ConclusionsThe comparison carried out in the present study can provide an excellent means of checking the quality and accuracy of the three measurement techniques because they each approach the problem from a different viewpoint. Together the three complimentary techniques provide a well-balanced assessment of the drug-use situation in a given community and identify areas where more research is needed.
The welfare burden of adolescent anxiety and depression: a prospective study of 7500 young Norwegians and their families: the HUNT study
Authors: Pape Kristine , Bjørngaard Johan Håkon , Holmen Turid Lingaas , Krokstad Steinar 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesTo examine the association between anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents and their families and later medical benefit receipt in young adulthood.DesignProspective cohort study. Norwegian population study linked to national registers.ParticipantsData from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995–1997 (HUNT) gave information on anxiety and depression symptoms as self-reported by 7497 school-attending adolescents (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist—SCL-5 score) and their parents (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score). There were 2711 adolescents with one or more siblings in the cohort.Outcome measuresAdolescents were followed for 10 years in national social security registers, identifying long-term receipt of medical benefits (main outcome) and unemployment benefits for comparison from ages 20–29.MethodsWe used logistic regression to estimate OR of benefit receipt for groups according to adolescent and parental anxiety and depression symptom load (high vs low symptom loads) and for a one point increase in the continuous SCL-5 score (range 1–4). We adjusted for family-level confounders by comparing siblings differentially exposed to anxiety and depression symptoms.ResultsComparing siblings, a one point increase in the mean SCL-5 score was associated with a 65% increase in the odds ofmedicalbenefit receipt from age 20–29 (adjusted OR, 1.65, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.48). Parental anxiety and depression symptom load was an indicator of their adolescent's future risk of medical benefit receipt, and adolescents with both parents reporting high symptom loads seemed to be at a particularly high risk. The anxiety and depression symptom load was only weakly associated withunemploymentbenefits.ConclusionsAdolescents in families hampered by anxiety and depression symptoms are at a substantially higher risk of medical welfare dependence in young adulthood. The prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression in adolescence should be family-oriented and aimed at ensuring work-life integration.
Stimulant treatment and injury among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an application of the self-controlled case series study design
Authors: Raman Sudha R , Marshall Stephen W , Haynes Kevin , Gaynes Bradley N , Naftel Albert Jackson , Stürmer Til 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveThe aim of the present work was to assess the short-term effects of stimulant medication use on risk of injury among children diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsThe study group for this self-controlled case series study was children aged 1–18 years old diagnosed as having ADHD who experienced an incident medically-attended injury event and received at least one prescription for stimulant medication between 1993 and 2008 (n=328), identified from The Health Improvement Network primary care database from the UK. Conditional Poisson regression was used to estimate incident rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CIs for injury comparing periods of time exposed to stimulant medication to unexposed periods.ResultsAmong children with ADHD prescribed stimulant medication, the rate of medically-attended injury was decreased during periods of stimulant medication use as compared to unexposed periods (IRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.91). There was evidence of a protective association among males and among children aged 10–14 years. This effect did not change over time on treatment.ConclusionsStimulant medication use may decrease the risk of injury among children treated for ADHD, although unmeasured time varying confounding may be an alternative explanation. Injury risk may be considered during the decision-making process with regard to medication continuation among children with ADHD.
Acute occupational injury among adolescent farmworkers from South Texas
Authors: Shipp Eva M , Cooper Sharon P , del Junco Deborah J , Cooper Charles J , Whitworth Ryan E 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis combined cross-sectional/cohort study addressed research gaps by estimating the rate of non-fatal occupational injury and identifying potential determinants among a population of adolescent farmworkers who are largely Hispanic and migrant.MethodsThe cohort included 410 farmworkers (aged 13–19 years) attending high school in South Texas along the border with Mexico. Data collection involved a self-administered, Web-based survey that solicited information on demographics, farm work variables including person-time at risk, occupational injury, health status and health risk behaviours. Cox regression was used to identify potential risk factors for non-fatal injury events experienced during a 9-month recall period.ResultsDepending on the definition of injury, the rate of non-fatal injury ranged from 27.0–73.6/100 full time equivalents. Variables with an increased and statistically significant HR in an adjusted Cox model included: age groups <15 years-old (5.82) and 16 years-old (4.47), usually sleeping <8 h during the week (2.10), feeling tense, stressed or anxious sometimes/often (2.25), not watching TV (2.65), working around ditches (2.01) and detasseling (2.70).ConclusionsThe high observed rates of non-fatal injury combined with the potential negative consequences and cost of these injuries signifies a compelling need for injury prevention efforts targeting adolescent, Hispanic, farmworkers.
Offering older hospitalised patients the choice to die in their preferred place
Authors: Ahearn David Jonathan , Nidh Niamh , Kallat Arun , Adenwala Yousouf , Varman Surendra 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
A significant proportion of older people state a preference to die at home. However, the vast majority of people in hospital recognised as dying subsequently die there.

Objectives
To identify the proportion of older people dying in hospital where the possibility of ending life elsewhere was explored. To identify factors that could support hospital staff to enable patients' wishes to be met.

Methods
Retrospective case-note review of 100 older patients (&gt;75 years) who died during 2009 in an English Hospital.

Results
Age range 75–97 years. Time from admission to death ranged from 0–118 days (median 8.5). 16% died within the first 48 h, rising to 30% for those from care homes. In only 8 patients was a potential alternative place of death discussed. Although subjective, in 10 patients it was considered admission could have been avoided through Advance Care Planning (ACP) to allow patients with poor prognosis to die in their normal place of residence or a hospice. 55% of Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation orders were made within 48 h of admission. 38% were commenced on the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP), 1–504 h before death (median 16).

Conclusions
In few cases are the preferred places of death discussed in older people who die in our hospital. Although hospital admission was largely appropriate, in a minority judicious ACP could have avoided death in hospital. We recommend (1) increased use of ACP, with appropriate practicalities planned in advance (2) wide-scale introduction of the ‘Rapid Discharge Home of the Dying Patient pathway’ (3) routinely discussing preferred place of death in appropriate key situations (eg, discussion of resuscitation status or commencing the LCP).
MEtop—a generator for single top production via FCNC interactions
Authors: Coimbra Rita , Onofre António , Santos Rui , Won Miguel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe present a generator for single top-quark production via flavour-changing neutral currents. The MEtop event generator allows for Next-to-Leading-Order direct top production pp→t and Leading-Order production of several other single top processes. A few packages with definite sets of dimension six operators are available. We discuss how to improve the bounds on the effective operators and how well new physics can be probed with each set of independent dimension six operators.
MIG-7 Controls COX-2/PGE2-Mediated Lung Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Ho Ming-Yi , Liang Shu-Mei , Hung Shao-Wen , Liang Chi-Ming 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
More effective treatments for metastatic lung cancer remain a pressing clinical need. In this study, we identified migration inducting gene-7 (MIG-7) protein as critical for COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)- and Akt/GSK-3β-dependent tumor invasion/metastasis. COX-2/PGE2 activated EP4 to enhance Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation and β-catenin/T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor signaling leading to MIG-7 upregulation. RNAi-mediated attenuation of MIG-7 blocked COX-2/PGE2- and Akt/GSK-3β-mediated migration/invasion effects. Furthermore, MIG-7 protein inhibited protein phosphatase 2A to sustain Akt/GSK-3β phosphorylation and cancer-cell migration/invasion. Cancer cells overexpressing MIG-7 exhibited increased expression of ZEB-1 and Twist in parallel with epithelial–mesenchymal transition, metastasis and cancer lethality. MIG-7 protein level positively correlated with advanced stages of human lung cancers. MIG-7 thus offers a theranostic target for cancer metastases arising from aberrant activation of the cellular COX-2/PGE2 and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways. Cancer Res; 73(1); 439–49. ©2012 AACR.
Why Does Primary Angioplasty Not Work in Registries? Quantifying the Susceptibility of Real-World Comparative Effectiveness Data to Allocation Bias
Authors: Sen Sayan , Davies Justin E. , Malik Iqbal S. , Foale Rodney A. , Mikhail Ghada W. , Hadjiloizou Nearchos , Hughes Alun , Mayet Jamil , Francis Darrel P. 
Published: November 2012

Background—
Meta-analysis of registries (comparative effectiveness research) shows that primary angioplasty and fibrinolysis have equivalent real-world survival. Yet, randomized, controlled trials consistently find primary angioplasty superior. Can unequal allocation of higher-risk patients in registries have masked primary angioplasty benefit?

Methods and Results—

First, we constructed a model to demonstrate the potential effect of allocation bias. We then analyzed published registries (55022 patients) for allocation of higher-risk patients (Killip class ≥1) to determine whether the choice of reperfusion therapy was affected by the risk level of the patient. Meta-regression was used to examine the relationship between differences in allocation of high-risk patient to primary angioplasty or fibrinolysis and mortality. Initial modeling suggested that registry outcomes are sensitive to allocation bias of high-risk patients. Across the registries, the therapy receiving excess high-risk patients had worse mortality. Unequal distribution of high-risk status accounted for most of the between-registry variance (adjusted
R
2
meta
=83.1%). Accounting for differential allocation of higher-risk patients, primary angioplasty gave 22% lower mortality (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.97;
P
=0.029). We derive a formula, called the number needed to abolish, highlighting situations in which comparative effectiveness studies are particularly vulnerable to this bias.

Conclusions—
In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, clinicians’ preference for management of a few high-risk patients can shift mortality substantially. Comparative effectiveness research in any disease is vulnerable to this, especially diseases with an immediately identifiable high-risk subgroup that clinicians prefer to allocate to 1 therapy. For this reason, preliminary indications from registry-based comparative effectiveness research should be definitively tested by randomized, controlled trials.
Trends in the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Stephenson Chris P , Karanges Emily , McGregor Iain S 
Published: November 2012

Objective: This study examined longitudinal trends in the dispensing of psychotropic medications in Australia from January 2000 to December 2011. Method: Dispensing data for the major classes of psychotropic medications (antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedatives, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications) were obtained from the Drug Utilisation Sub-Committee of the Australian Department of Health and Ageing. Results were expressed in terms of defined daily doses/1000 population/day (DDDs/1000/day). Results: There was a 58.2% increase in the dispensing of psychotropic drugs in Australia from 2000 to 2011, driven by major increases in antidepressants (95.3% increase in DDDs/1000/day), atypical antipsychotics (217.7% increase) and ADHD medications (72.9% increase). Dispensing of anxiolytics remained largely unchanged, while sedatives and typical antipsychotics decreased by 26.4% and 61.2%, respectively. Lithium dispensing remained static while valproate and lamotrigine increased markedly. In 2011, antidepressants accounted for 66.9% of total psychotropic DDDs/1000/day totals, far greater than anxiolytics (11.4%), antipsychotics (7.3%), mood stabilisers (5.8%), sedatives (5.5%), or ADHD medications (3.0%). Sertraline, olanzapine, valproate and methylphenidate were the most frequently dispensed antidepressant, antipsychotic, mood stabiliser and ADHD medication, respectively, while diazepam and temazepam were the most commonly dispensed anxiolytic and sedative. Conclusions: Psychotropic utilisation markedly increased in Australia between 2000 and 2011. Some potential concerns include: (1) the continuing high use of benzodiazepines, particularly alprazolam, despite their problematic effects; (2) the rapid increase in serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) use, given their more complex side-effect profile relative to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); and (3) the dramatic increase in antidepressant prescriptions despite questions about the efficacy of these drugs in mild to moderate depression. Finally, some limitations are identified regarding use of the DDDs/1000/day metric, which can distort estimates of utilisation of specific drugs when the defined daily dose is higher or lower than the formulation most commonly dispensed by pharmacies.
I Trust It, but I Don’t Know Why
Authors: Merritt Stephanie M. , Heimbaugh Heather , LaChapell Jennifer , Lee Deborah 
Published: November 2012

Objective: This study is the first to examine the influence of implicit attitudes toward automation on users’ trust in automation. Background: Past empirical work has examined explicit (conscious) influences on user level of trust in automation but has not yet measured implicit influences. We examine concurrent effects of explicit propensity to trust machines and implicit attitudes toward automation on trust in an automated system. We examine differential impacts of each under varying automation performance conditions (clearly good, ambiguous, clearly poor). Method: Participants completed both a self-report measure of propensity to trust and an Implicit Association Test measuring implicit attitude toward automation, then performed an X-ray screening task. Automation performance was manipulated within-subjects by varying the number and obviousness of errors. Results: Explicit propensity to trust and implicit attitude toward automation did not significantly correlate. When the automation’s performance was ambiguous, implicit attitude significantly affected automation trust, and its relationship with propensity to trust was additive: Increments in either were related to increases in trust. When errors were obvious, a significant interaction between the implicit and explicit measures was found, with those high in both having higher trust. Conclusion: Implicit attitudes have important implications for automation trust. Application: Users may not be able to accurately report why they experience a given level of trust. To understand why users trust or fail to trust automation, measurements of implicit and explicit predictors may be necessary. Furthermore, implicit attitude toward automation might be used as a lever to effectively calibrate trust.
Assessing energy performance benchmarks for performing arts buildings using a new dataset
Authors: Heathfield Helen , Bottrill Catherine 
Published: November 2012

A building energy use dataset from over 100 performing arts buildings was created by Julie’s Bicycle and Oxford University’s Environmental Change Institute. The dataset was used to test the robustness of CIBSE’s TM46 entertainment hall benchmark, the closest building type category for performing arts buildings. Based on the analysis it is found that 110 kWh/m2/yr electricity and 140 kWh/m2/yr gas are more robust benchmarks than TM46 180 kWh/m2/yr electricity and 420 kWh/m2/yr gas and that seating capacity is a more useful relative measure than floor area. Therefore, after consultation with CIBSE, Julie’s Bicycle and Theatres Trust will adopt the new benchmarks for co-display with Display Energy Certificates and voluntary energy reporting. The energy analysis will be extended to other arts buildings. Practical application: Performing arts venues provide a challenge to the modern professional in the building industry. Running on the tightest budget and rarely employing staff with formal building management training, these buildings face significant technical and financial trials in order to operate in a cost- and carbon-efficient manner. Energy benchmarks can be applied in new and existing buildings, to test designs, motivate owner and occupant action and unlock funds for building energy performance improvement.
Does a falling level of activity predict disability development in community-dwelling elderly people?
Authors: Vermeulen Joan , Spreeuwenberg Marieke D , Daniëls Ramon , Neyens Jacques CL , Van Rossum Erik , De Witte Luc P 
Published: November 2012

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of self-reported decline in weight, exhaustion, walking difficulty, grip strength and physical activity on development of disabilities in community-dwelling elderly people. Design: A one-year follow-up study. Setting: Participants were recruited via four Dutch general practitioners. Participants: Community-dwelling elderly people aged 70 years or older. Methods: A total of 687 participants received a questionnaire at baseline regarding weight loss, exhaustion, walking difficulty, grip strength, physical activity and disability. The same questionnaire was sent to them after one year follow-up. Disability was operationalized in two ways: as increased dependence and as increased difficulty in daily activities. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether self-reported decline in five physical indicators at baseline predicted development of dependence or increased difficulty in daily activities after one year. The analyses were controlled for age, gender and baseline disability. Results: Four hundred and one participants with a mean age of 76.9 years (SD 5.2) were included in the analyses. Eighty-four of them reported increased dependence (21%) and 76 reported increased difficulty (19%) in daily activities at one-year follow-up. All physical indicators, except weight loss, were significant univariate predictors of disability. Multivariate analyses revealed that self-reported decrease in physical activity (e.g. walking, cycling, gardening) was a significant predictor of development of dependence (odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–3.51) and development of difficulty (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.05–3.71) in daily activities. Conclusion: Community-dwelling elderly people who report decreased physical activity have a higher risk to develop disability at one-year follow-up.
A systematic approach for an accuracy level using rapid prototyping technologies
Authors: Relvas Carlos , Ramos António , Completo António , Simões José A 
Published: November 2012

Nowadays there has emerged a series of rapid prototyping processes with great potential, and designers and engineers need to know the accuracy performance of these processes to compare and select the best solution. There is a significant lack of published data related to rapid prototyping processes and feature accuracy. This research was conducted to minimize this gap and provide much needed accuracy in terms of dimensional and geometric information. The methodology includes the summarization of previous studies and definition of a benchmarking part that is composed of elementary shapes representative of different features most likely to be found in a final product. The benchmarking part was controlled in terms of dimensional accuracy, geometric precision and freeform deviation. The sources of errors controlled by the final user were analysed, like Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file format resolution and build direction. Four custom rapid prototyping processes have been used and compared: stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modelling and three-dimensional printer. Computer numerically controlled machining has been used as an alternative prototyping process in this study as a standard to compare costs and accuracy. This work assessed measures that can be used to quantify the accuracy performance for a given part so that the choices for prototyping can be made based on scientific knowledge and best working practices. These results are very useful for designing products to be prototyped or manufactured through direct methods. The results can be used to improve the functionality of prototypes and the decision process through the best systematic approach.