bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV detector based on zinc oxide nanorods obtained by the hydrothermal method
Authors: Witkowski Bartlomiej S. , Wachnicki Lukasz , Gieraltowska Sylwia , Sybilski Piotr , Kopalko Krzysztof , Stachowicz Marcin , Godlewski Marek 
Published: May 2014

AbstractProperties of UV detector based on ZnO nanorods, grown by a hydrothermal method, are discussed. The innovative growth technology was used to produce ZnO nanorods. It is characterized by a much higher growth rate, than reported (till now) in the literature, and a very low costs (both of technology and materials). Importantly, ZnO nanorods grown by this method are free from oxygen vacancies. Despite the fact that detector proposed by us is not based on a single nanorod, but on a whole array of nanorods, it is very sensitive. The detector shows sensitivity of 20 mW/m2 (2 µW/cm2) upon UV illumination. Due to a high energy band gap of zinc oxide and a high purity of the obtained nanorods visible light is not detected. The resistivity/current changes are proportional to illumination intensity, i.e., detector response scales with the intensity of UV light. The observed changes of the detector resistivity relate to surface reactions generated upon an illumination. Importantly, detector does not need annealing or cleaning to reset to an initial state.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous reduction in leakage current and enhancement in magnetic moment in BiFeO3 nanofibers via optimized Sn doping
Authors: Yang Qian , Xu Qiang , Sobhan Mushtaq , Ke Qingqing , Anariba Franklin , Ong Khuong P. , Wu Ping 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSn4+‐doped BiFeO3 (BFO) nanofibers have been fabricated by sol–gel based electrospinning method with nanofiber diameter in the range of 30–100 nm in the annealed state. The leakage current density dropped by two orders of magnitude in 3% Sn‐doped BFO nanofibers compared to undoped BFO samples. Our density functional theory (DFT) simulation results indicate that Sn4+ prefers to occupy the Fe3+ site in BFO with a formation energy of 1.89 eV. The impurity Sn acts as a shallow donor with a low transition energy level of 41 meV. Furthermore, an enhancement in the saturation magnetization was simultaneously observed for 3% Sn‐doped nanofibers, which correlated well with our theoretical calculations. In other words, by carefully tailoring the degree of Sn doping in BFO nanofibers, we can reduce the leakage current and concurrently enhance the magnetic moment. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micropatterned ZnO rod arrays prepared by Au‐catalyzed electroless deposition
Authors: Florica Camelia , Preda Nicoleta , Enculescu Monica , Enculescu Ionut 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMicropatterned ZnO was synthesized by an electroless deposition process using Au stripes as catalytic surfaces. The Au‐patterned electrodes were prepared on SiO2/Si wafers using photolithography. The site‐selective deposition of patterned ZnO hexagonal rod arrays is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The ZnO micropatterned surface revealed a conversion of wettability from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic depending on the deposition reaction param‐ eters. The electrical measurements carried out at room temperature before and after exposure to ammonia vapors of the patterned ZnO arrays show a resistance variation with exposure time. Highly reproducible, easy scalable and low‐cost, photolithography and electroless deposition techniques could provide a facile approach to fabricate functionalized micropatterns, for a wide range of applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Peptide stabilized Ag@Au Core‐shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Variation of Shell Thickness, and Catalysis
Authors: Biswas Abhijit , Roy Subhasish , Banerjee Arindam 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAg@Au core‐shell nanoparticles were synthesized by using a fluorescent dipeptide β‐Ala‐Trp in water medium and at a room temperature without using any external reducing and stabilizing agents. The shell thickness of gold in core‐shell Ag@Au nanoparticles has also been varied by changing the concentration of the gold(III) precursor keeping the other conditions same. The optical property of these core‐shell nanoparticles varies with the shell thickness. Interestingly, these core‐shell nanoparticles exhibit good catalytic property for the reduction of nitrophenols to aminophenols and nitroanilines to aminoanilines. A series of nitrophenol and nitroaniline compounds were taken as substrates for reduction. Moreover, this core‐shell nanoparticle displays remarkable difference in catalytic property for reduction of nitro group with the variation of shell thickness. This catalyst (Ag@Au core‐shell nanoparticle) can also be recycled for several times indicating its reusability.
Role of macrophage sialoadhesin in host defense against the sialylated pathogen group B Streptococcus
Authors: Chang Yung-Chi , Olson Joshua , Louie Aaron , Crocker Paul R. , Varki Ajit , Nizet Victor 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens decorate their surfaces with sialic acid (Sia) residues within cell wall components or capsular exopolysaccharides. Sialic acid expression can promote bacterial virulence by blocking complement activation or by engagement of inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) on host leukocytes. Expressed at high levels on splenic and lymph node macrophages, sialoadhesin (Sn) is a unique Siglec with an elongated structure that lacks intracellular signaling motifs. Sialoadhesin allows macrophage to engage certain sialylated pathogens and stimulate inflammatory responses, but the in vivo significance of sialoadhesin in infection has not been shown. We demonstrate that macrophages phagocytose the sialylated pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) and increase bactericidal activity via sialoadhesin-sialic-acid-mediated recognition. Sialoadhesin expression on marginal zone metallophillic macrophages in the spleen trapped circulating GBS and restricted the spread of the GBS to distant organs, reducing mortality. Specific IgM antibody responses to GBS challenge were also impaired in sialoadhesin-deficient mice. Thus, sialoadhesin represents a key bridge to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune defenses against invasive sialylated bacterial pathogens.

Key message

Sialoadhesin is critical for macrophages to phagocytose and clear GBS.

Increased GBS organ dissemination in the sialoadhesin-deficient mice.

Reduced anti-GBS IgM production in the sialoadhesin-deficient mice.
Late Complications after Proctectomy in Rectal Cancer Patients who Underwent Radiotherapy
Authors: Kim So Hyun , Kim Jae Hwang , Jung Sang Hun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundRadiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer is an important treatment to reduce local recurrence.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify the late structural changes of pelvis and adverse effects after radiotherapy for rectal cancer.MethodsBetween January 2000 and December 2009, we performed a single‐center case–control study with 687 patients who underwent curative treatments for rectal cancer. A radiotherapy group (RTX) and a non‐radiotherapy group (NRTX) were compared. Of the 687 patients, 207 cases in the RTX group were identified, and 207 controls for the NRTX group were selected for analysis. Each case had one control matched for age (±5 y), sex, tumor location, and operation type. All instances of radiotherapy were performed as long‐course treatment methods (45.0–50.4 Gy) with concurrent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based chemotherapy. Late complications were usually assessed as structural changes of the pelvic organ based on physical examination or radiologic or endoscopic findings 6 months after the rectal resection or pelvic radiation.
ResultsIn terms of overall complications, the RTX group (N = 45, 21.7 %) experienced more frequent complications than the NRTX group (N = 25, 12.1 %, p = 0.009). In particular, anastomosis‐related complications were more common in the RTX group (9.2 %) than in the NRTX group (2.4 %, p = 0.003). Successful treatment after late complications in the RTX group (33.3 %) was less likely than in the NRTX group (70.0 %, p = 0.010). Late complications in the RTX group gradually increased with time (11.6 % at 2 y, 17.9 % at 3 y, 19.8 % at 4 y) at a higher rate than in the NRTX group (6.8 % at 2 y, 10.6 % at 3 y, 10.6 % at 4 y, p = 0.009).
ConclusionsRadiotherapy for rectal cancer patients may induce late pelvic complications as time progresses, and irreversible tissue changes due to radiation could disrupt the successful treatment of radiation‐related complications.
Emergency Management in Patients with Late Hemorrhage after Pancreatoduodenectomy for a Periampullary Tumor
Authors: Jilesen Anneke P. J. , Tol Johanna A. M. G. , Busch Olivier R. C. , van Delden Otto M. , van Gulik Thomas M. , van Dijkum Els J. M. Nieveen , Gouma Dirk J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe mortality rate due to late hemorrhage after surgery for periampullary tumors is high, especially in patients with anastomotic leakage. Patients usually require emergency intervention for late hemorrhage. In this study patients with late hemorrhage and their outcomes were analyzed. Furthermore, independent predictors for late hemorrhage, the need for emergency intervention, and type of intervention are reported.MethodsFrom a prospective database that includes 1,035 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors between 1992 and 2012, patients with late hemorrhage (>24 h after index operation) were identified. Patient, disease‐specific, and operation characteristics, type of intervention, and outcomes were analyzed. Emergency intervention was defined as surgical or radiological intervention in hemodynamically unstable patients.ResultsOf the 47 patients (4.5 %) with late hemorrhage, pancreatic fistula was an independent predictor for developing late hemorrhage (OR 10.2). The mortality rate in patients with late hemorrhage was 13 % compared with 1.5 % in all patients without late hemorrhage. Twenty patients required emergency intervention; 80 % underwent primary radiological intervention and 20 % primary surgical intervention. Extraluminal location of the bleeding (OR 5.6) and occurrence of a sentinel bleed (OR 6.6) are indications for emergency intervention.ConclusionThe type of emergency intervention needed for late hemorrhage is unpredictable. Radiological intervention is preferred, but if it fails, immediate change to surgical treatment is mandatory. This can be difficult to manage but possible when both radiological and surgical interventions are in close proximity such as in a hybrid operating room and should be considered in the emergency management of patients with late hemorrhage.
Effect of azithromycin on enhancement of methane production from waste activated sludge
Authors: Nguyen Minh Tuan , Maeda Toshinari , Mohd Yusoff Mohd Zulkhairi , Ogawa Hiroaki I 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the methane production from waste activated sludge (WAS), complex bacterial interactions in WAS have been known as a major contribution to methane production. Therefore, the influence of bacterial community changes toward methane production from WAS was investigated by an application of antibiotics as a simple means for it. In this study, azithromycin (Azm) as an antibiotic was mainly used to observe the effect on microbial changes that influence methane production from WAS. The results showed that at the end of fermentation, Azm enhanced methane production about twofold compared to control. Azm fostered the growth of acid-producing bacterial communities, which synthesized more precursors for methane formation. DGGE result showed that the hydrolysis as well as acetogenesis stage was improved by the dominant of B1, B2 and B3 strains, which are Clostridium species. In the presence of Azm, the total population of archaeal group was increased, resulting in higher methane productivity achievement.
Microbial enzymatic production and applications of short-chain fructooligosaccharides and inulooligosaccharides: recent advances and current perspectives
Authors: Mutanda T , Mokoena M P , Olaniran A O , Wilhelmi B S , Whiteley C G 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The industrial production of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulooligosaccharides is expanding rapidly due to the pharmaceutical importance of these compounds. These compounds, concisely termed prebiotics, have biofunctional properties and hence health benefits if consumed in recommended dosages. Prebiotics can be produced enzymatically from sucrose elongation or via enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin by exoinulinases and endoinulinases acting alone or synergistically. Exoinulinases cleave the non-reducing β-(2, 1) end of inulin-releasing fructose while endoinulinases act on the internal linkages randomly to release inulotrioses (F3), inulotetraoses (F4) and inulopentaoses (F5) as major products. Fructosyltransferases act by cleaving a sucrose molecule and then transferring the liberated fructose molecule to an acceptor molecule such as sucrose or another oligosaccharide to elongate the short-chain fructooligosaccharide. The FOS produced by the action of fructosyltransferases are 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4). The production of high yields of oligosaccharides of specific chain length from simple raw materials such as inulin and sucrose is a technical challenge. This paper critically explores recent research trends in the production and application of short-chain oligosaccharides. Inulin and enzyme sources for the production of prebiotics are discussed. The mechanism of FOS chain elongation and also the health benefits associated with prebiotics consumption are discussed in detail.
Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Kim David , Jules-Elysee Kethy , Turteltaub Lauren , Urban Michael K. , YaDeau Jacques T. , Reid Shane , Lyman Stephen , Ma Yan 
Published: May 2014

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is regarded as a risk factor for perioperative complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Questions/Purposes The objective of this retrospective case–control study was to evaluate the adverse outcomes of pulmonary hypertension patients undergoing elective unilateral hip replacements. Methods We performed a retrospective case–control study of total hip replacement patients with pulmonary hypertension (cases) and without pulmonary hypertension (control). From the years 2003 to 2008, we identified a total of 132 patients undergoing primary total hip replacements with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (right ventricular systolic pressure >35). The primary outcome assessed was the incidence of adverse events that occurred during the postoperative hospital stay. Secondary outcomes studied included length of hospital stay, mortality, and ability to reach certain physical therapy milestones. Results The PH group had significantly more adverse events than the control group. Nonlethal cardiac dysrhythmias comprised the most common adverse outcome among the PH group. Overall, the PH group had a morbidity rate of 34.7% while the control had a rate of 21%. The PH group had longer hospital stay (6.7 days vs. 5.9). Both groups had zero mortality during the hospital stay. The PH group had comparable rehabilitation recovery times than the control group. Conclusion This retrospective case–control study demonstrates that pulmonary hypertension patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty are more prone to adverse outcomes, especially cardiac dysrhythmias, and longer hospital stays.
Back to Basics: Preventing Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Spruce Lisa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA surgical site infection (SSI) is an unintended and oftentimes preventable consequence of surgery. There is a significant amount of literature related to preventing SSIs, and it is up to practitioners in each care setting to review the evidence and work together to implement SSI prevention measures, such as nasal decolonization, antibiotic prophylaxis, preoperative showers, preoperative oxygen supplementation, and antimicrobial sutures. In addition, practitioners can follow several recommendations to reduce the risk of SSIs, including following proper hand hygiene practices; wearing clean, facility‐laundered scrub attire; following a surgical safety checklist; and speaking up when a break in sterile technique is witnessed. The benefits of preventing SSIs are preventing patient mortality and decreasing the burden that SSIs pose on the national health care system. It is up to health care leaders to drive and support SSI prevention initiatives.
The apoptotic perspective of autism
Authors: Wei Hongen , Alberts Ian , Li Xiaohong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAutism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, deficits in verbal and non‐verbal communication, and repetitive behavior and restricted interests. The normal brain development during fetal brain development and the first year of life is critical to the behaviors and cognitions in adulthood. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an important mechanism that determines the size and shape of the brain and regulates the proper wiring of developing neuronal networks. Pathological activation of apoptotic death pathways under pathological conditions may lead to neuroanatomic abnormalities and possibly to developmental disabilities. It has been demonstrated a possible association between neural cell death and autism. Here, the abnormal apoptosis found in autism from postmortem and animal studies was reviewed and the possible mechanism was discussed.
Activity Limitation Stages Empirically Derived for Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental ADL in the U.S. Adult Community‐Dwelling Medicare Population
Authors: Stineman Margaret G. , Streim Joel E. , Pan Qiang , Kurichi Jibby E. , Schüssler‐Fiorenza Rose Sophia Miryam , Xie Dawei 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundStages quantify severity like conventional measures but further specify the activities that people are still able to perform without difficulty.ObjectiveTo develop Activity Limitation Stages for defining and monitoring groups of adult community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsThere were 14,670 respondents to the 2006 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey.MethodsStages were empirically derived for the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) by profiling the distribution of performance difficulties as reported by beneficiaries or their proxies. Stage prevalence estimates were determined, and associations with demographic and health variables were examined for all community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries.Main Outcome MeasurementsADL and IADL stage prevalence.ResultsStages (0‐IV) define 5 groups across the separate ADL and IADL domains according to hierarchically organized profiles of retained abilities and difficulties. For example, at ADL‐I, people are guaranteed to be able to eat, toilet, dress, and bathe/shower without difficulty, whereas they experience limitations getting in and out of bed or chairs and/or difficulties walking. In 2006, an estimated 6.0, 2.9, 2.2, and 0.5 million beneficiaries had mild (ADL‐I), moderate (ADL‐II), severe (ADL‐III), and complete (ADL‐IV) difficulties, respectively, with estimates for IADL stages even higher. ADL and IADL stages showed expected associations with age and health‐related concepts, supporting construct validity. Stages showed the strongest associations with conditions that impair cognition.ConclusionsStages as aggregate measures reveal the ADLs and IADLs that people are still able to do without difficulty, along with those activities in which they report having difficulty, consequently emphasizing how groups of people with difficulties can still participate in their own lives. Over the coming decades, stages applied to populations served by vertically integrated clinical practices could facilitate large‐scale planning, with the goal of maximizing personal autonomy among groups of community‐dwelling people with disabilities.
Timing of glacier advances and climate in the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Makos Michał , Dzierżek Jan , Nitychoruk Jerzy , Zreda Marek 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), long valley glaciers developed on the northern and southern sides of the High Tatra Mountains, Poland and Slovakia. Chlorine-36 exposure dating of moraine boulders suggests two major phases of moraine stabilization, at 26–21 ka (LGM I — maximum) and at 18 ka (LGM II). The dates suggest a significantly earlier maximum advance on the southern side of the range. Reconstructing the geometry of four glaciers in the Sucha Woda, Pańszczyca, Mlynicka and Velicka valleys allowed determining their equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) at 1460, 1460, 1650 and 1700 m asl, respectively. Based on a positive degree-day model, the mass balance and climatic parameter anomaly (temperature and precipitation) has been constrained for LGM I advance. Modeling results indicate slightly different conditions between northern and southern slopes. The N–S ELA gradient finds confirmation in slightly higher temperature (at least 1 °C) or lower precipitation (15%) on the south-facing glaciers during LGM I. The precipitation distribution over the High Tatra Mountains indicates potentially different LGM atmospheric circulation than at the present day, with reduced northwesterly inflow and increased southerly and westerly inflows of moist air masses.
Ion motion effects on the generation of short-cycle relativistic laser pulses during radiation pressure acceleration
Authors: Wang W. P. , Zhang X. M. , Wang X. F. , Zhao X. Y. , Xu J. C. , Yu Y. H. , Yi L. Q. , Shi Y. , Zhang L. G. , Xu T. J. , Liu C. , Pei Z. K. , Shen B. F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe effects of ion motion on the generation of short-cycle relativistic laser pulses during radiation pressure acceleration are investigated by analytical modeling and particle-in-cell simulations. Studies show that the rear part of the transmitted pulse modulated by ion motion is sharper compared with the case of the electron shutter only. In this study, the ions further modulate the short-cycle pulses transmitted. A 3.9 fs laser pulse with an intensity of $1.33\times 10^{21}\ {\rm W}\ {\rm cm}^{-2}$ is generated by properly controlling the motions of the electron and ion in the simulations. The short-cycle laser pulse source proposed can be applied in the generation of single attosecond pulses and electron acceleration in a small bubble regime.
Effects of a beetroot juice with high neobetanin content on the early-phase insulin response in healthy volunteers
Authors: Wootton-Beard Peter C. , Brandt Kirsten , Fell David , Warner Sarah , Ryan Lisa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractProduce rich in phytochemicals may alter postprandial glucose and insulin responses by interacting with the pathways that regulate glucose uptake and insulin secretion in humans. The aims of the present study were to assess the phytochemical constituents of red beetroot juice and to measure the postprandial glucose and insulin responses elicited by either 225 ml beetroot juice (BEET), a control beverage matched for macronutrient content (MCON) or a glucose beverage in healthy adults. Beetroot juice was a particularly rich source of betalain degradation compounds. The orange/yellow pigment neobetanin was measured in particularly high quantities (providing 1·3 g in the 225 ml). A total of sixteen healthy individuals were recruited, and consumed the test meals in a controlled single-blind cross-over design. Results revealed a significant lowering of the postprandial insulin response in the early phase (0–60 min) (P < 0·05) and a significantly lower glucose response in the 0–30 min phase (P < 0·05) in the BEET treatment compared with MCON. Betalains, polyphenols and dietary nitrate found in the beetroot juice may each contribute to the observed differences in the postprandial insulin concentration.