bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well‐Defined Iron Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for “Green” Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate, and Butyl Acrylate with Low Catalyst Loadings and Catalyst Recycling
Authors: Nakanishi So‐ichiro , Kawamura Mitsunobu , Kai Hidetomo , Jin Ren‐Hua , Sunada Yusuke , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEnvironmentally friendly iron(II) catalysts for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were synthesized by careful selection of the nitrogen substituents of N,N,N‐trialkylated‐1,4,9‐triazacyclononane (R3TACN) ligands. Two types of structures were confirmed by crystallography: “[(R3TACN)FeX2]” complexes with relatively small R groups have ionic and dinuclear structures including a [(R3TACN)Fe(μ‐X)3Fe(R3TACN)]+ moiety, whereas those with more bulky R groups are neutral and mononuclear. The twelve [(R3TACN)FeX2]n complexes that were synthesized were subjected to bulk ATRP of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA). Among the iron complexes examined, [{(cyclopentyl)3TACN}FeBr2] (4 b) was the best catalyst for the well‐controlled ATRP of all three monomers. This species allowed easy catalyst separation and recycling, a lowering of the catalyst concentration needed for the reaction, and the absence of additional reducing reagents. The lowest catalyst loading was accomplished in the ATRP of MMA with 4 b (59 ppm of Fe based on the charged monomer). Catalyst recycling in ATRP with low catalyst loadings was also successful. The ATRP of styrene with 4 b (117 ppm Fe atom) was followed by precipitation from methanol to give polystyrene that contained residual iron below the calculated detection limit (0.28 ppm). Mechanisms that involve equilibria between the multinuclear and mononuclear species were also examined.
Iron Fluoride Hollow Porous Microspheres: Facile Solution‐Phase Synthesis and Their Application for Li‐Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Liu Jun , Liu Wei , Ji Shaomin , Wan Yanling , Gu Mingzhe , Yin Huaqi , Zhou Yichun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIron fluoride cathodes have been attracting considerable interest due to their high electromotive force value of 2.7 V and their high theoretical capacity of 237 mA h g−1 (1 e− transfer). In this study, uniform iron fluoride hollow porous microspheres have been synthesized for the first time by using a facile and scalable solution‐phase route. These uniform porous and hollow microspheres show a high specific capacity of 210 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, and excellent rate capability (100 mA h g−1 at 1 C) between 1.7 and 4.5 V versus Li/Li+. When in the range of 1.3 to 4.5 V, stable capacity was achieved at 350 mA h g−1 at a current of 50 mA g−1.
Photodynamics of [26]‐ and [28]Hexaphyrin–Bodipy Hybrids
Authors: Shin Ji‐Young , Kim Kilsuk , Lim Jong Min , Tanaka Takayuki , Kim Dongho , Kim Kimoon , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA set of hybrids having gradual variation in distances between hexaphyrin and bodipy moieties, given by uses of phenylene, biphenylene, and triphenyelene bridges was prepared. Efficient PET processes from bodipy (donor) to [26]‐ or [28]hexaphyrin (acceptor) were successfully observed, where the PET speed was controlled by intramolecular distances between the donor and the acceptor. UV irradiation at 515 nm raised a band corresponding to the bodipy absorption. As the time delayed, the bodipy bands decreased and new absorption bands at 615 and 580 nm corresponding to respective absorption bands of [28]‐ and [26]‐hybrids gradually appeared. Whereas the femtosecond transient absorption spectra of [28]/[26]‐hybrids having terphenylene bridges completely showed energy transfers from bodipy to hexaphyrin, irradiation of the hybrids using 615 and 580 nm pulses did not induce opposite ways of the PET process. On the basis of enlarged center‐to‐center‐distances of [26]‐hybrids than those of [28]‐hybrids, the set of [26]‐hybrids resulted in slow decay/rise processes. PET parameters obtained with the experiments were fairly consistent with the PET parameters calculated.
Brain metastases associated with germ cell tumors may be treated with chemotherapy alone
Authors: Hardt Anna , Krell Jonathan , Wilson Peter D. , Harding Victoria , Chowdhury Simon , Mazhar Danish , Berney Dan , Stebbing Justin , Shamash Jonathan 
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUNDThe management of brain metastases in patients with germ cell tumors remains controversial. The authors assessed the outcome in this patient group after the introduction of GAMEC chemotherapy (14‐day cisplatin, high‐dose methotrexate, etoposide, and actinomycin‐D with filgrastim support) and cessation of the routine use of cranial irradiation.METHODSData were recorded prospectively from 39 patients with germ cell tumors and concurrent brain metastases who received treatment before and after the advent of GAMEC after they relapsed on conventional cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. Neurosurgery was offered to selected patients. Radiotherapy generally was used only as a salvage therapy after chemotherapy failure. The primary outcome measure was overall survival and was depicted using a Kaplan‐Meier plot.RESULTSThe 3‐year overall survival rates were 38% for the whole cohort, 69% for those who presented with brain metastases at diagnosis (group 1), and 21% and 0% for those who developed metastases after initial chemotherapy (group 2) and while receiving chemotherapy (group 3), respectively. For the whole cohort, the median overall survival was 10.6 months (range, 5.5 months to not evaluable); and, for groups 1, 2, and 3 individually, the overall survival was not yet reached (range, from 7.4 months to not evaluable), 6.2 months (range, 2.1‐15.3 months), and 2.7 months (range, from 0.6 months to not evaluable), respectively. The 3‐year survival rate for those who received GAMEC chemotherapy was 56% compared with 27% for those who received chemotherapy pre‐GAMEC.CONCLUSIONSThe prognosis for patients with germ cell tumors and brain metastases seems less bleak than previously thought. It is possible to achieve long‐term survival with chemotherapy alone. Cancer 2014;120:1639–1646. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Sample Preparation of Energy Materials for X‐ray Nanotomography with Micromanipulation
Authors: Chen‐Wiegart Yu‐chen Karen , Camino Fernando E. , Wang Jun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractX‐ray nanotomography presents an unprecedented opportunity to study energy storage/conversion materials at nanometer scales in three dimensions, with both elemental and chemical sensitivity. A critical step in obtaining high‐quality X‐ray nanotomography data is reliable sample preparation to ensure that the entire sample fits within the field of view of the X‐ray microscope. Although focused‐ion‐beam lift‐out has previously been used for large sample (few to tens of microns) preparation, a difficult undercut and lift‐out procedure results in a time‐consuming sample preparation process. Herein, we propose a much simpler and direct sample preparation method to resolve the issues that block the view of the sample base after milling and during the lift‐out process. This method is applied on a solid‐oxide fuel cell and a lithium‐ion battery electrode, before numerous critical 3D morphological parameters are extracted, which are highly relevant to their electrochemical performance. A broad application of this method for microstructure study with X‐ray nanotomography is discussed and presented.
Sub‐critical InAs layers on metamorphic InGaAs for single quantum dot emission at telecom wavelengths
Authors: Seravalli Luca , Trevisi Giovanna , Muñoz‐Matutano Guillermo , Rivas David , Martinez‐Pastor Juan , Frigeri Paola 
Published: March 2014

We report on the design, the growth by MBE and the optical and morphological characterization of metamorphic InAs/InGaAs quantum dots (QD) with a density low enough to allow single dot characterization without the need of complex litographic steps to isolate single QDs. InAs sub‐critical coverages were deposited on InxGa1‐xAs metamorphic buffers (MBs) and the transition from 2D growth to 3D island nucleation was monitored by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). We discuss the fundamental differences of the sub‐critical growth method compared with the Stranski‐Krastanow one, also by considering available theoretical models. AFM confirmed that the density of QDs can be controlled down to 108 cm−2 and showed that InGaAs surfaces have an effect on QD positioning uniformity. Optical properties were studied by ensemble PL at 10 K and by μ‐PL at 4 K and single dot emission was detected in the whole range from 1000 to 1315 nm for structures grown on In0.15Ga0.85As MBs, allowing to identify most of the excitonic species at the ground state. In conclusion, our results show that the sub‐critical QD growth technique can be successfully used to prepare low‐density InAs QD structures on InxGa1‐xAs (x ≥ 0.15) metamorphic buffers and that, based on advanced μPL characterization, these nanostructures can be effective single photon sources emitting at 1300 nm, with the potential of emission extension towards 1550 nm.
Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides using Pentaerythritol and Halides as Dual Catalyst System
Authors: Wilhelm Michael E. , Anthofer Michael H. , Cokoja Mirza , Markovits Iulius I. E. , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe combination of pentaerythritol with nucleophilic halide salts such as nBu4NI is used as a dual catalyst system for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) with a broad range of organic epoxides yielding the respective cyclic carbonates. Due to synergistic effects of the organocatalysts, excellent yields and selectivities could be achieved under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the nontoxic, cost‐efficient, and readily available system is easily recyclable without significant loss of reactivity, representing an exceptional sustainable approach for the fixation of CO2.
Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity of Tridentate, Base‐Functionalized β‐Ketiminate Zinc Complexes in Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide
Authors: Scheiper Christoph , Dittrich Dennis , Wölper Christoph , Bläser Dieter , Roll Joachim , Schulz Stephan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractZinc complexes [LZnR] containing tridentate β‐ketiminate ligands with an additional side‐arm donor {referred to as [NNO] ligands; L = L1 = OC(Me)C(H)C(Me)NCH2CH2CH2NMe2, R = Me (1), Et (2), Cl (3); L = L2 = OC(Me)C(H)C(Me)NCH2CH2NMe2, R = Me (6), Et (7), Cl (9)} as well as cationic derivatives with a weakly coordinating anion [LZn][Al(OC(CF3)3)4] [L = L1 (4), L = L2 = (10)], a base‐stabilized complex [L2Zn(dmap)Et] (8; dmap = 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine), and a base‐free complex without a side‐arm donor [L3ZnEt] [12, L3 = OC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N‐2,6‐iPr2C6H3] were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, and 12). The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of rac‐lactide was studied with the zinc complexes 1–4, 6–10 and 12, mixtures of 7 and Lewis bases [7/1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene (7/DBU; 15), 7/tBuPy (16)], and 12/DBU (17). Lithium‐β‐ketiminates L1Li (5), L2Li (11), DBU (13), and a mixture of L2Li/DBU (14) were also investigated. All compounds except for 3, 4, 10, and 12 are active rac‐lactide polymerization catalysts by a slightly modified activated‐monomer mechanism. The catalytic activity of the complexes in rac‐lactide polymerization reactions at ambient temperature increases with the addition of Lewis bases to the β‐ketiminate zinc compounds. The highest activity was found for the mixture 7/DBU (15), which converted 200 equiv. of rac‐lactide into polylactide within 1.5 min at ambient temperature.
Photophysical Properties of a Series of Rhenium Selenide Cluster Complexes Containing Nitrogen‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Wilson Wade B. , Stark Kevin , Johnson Dean B. , Ren YiXin , Ishida Hitoshi , Cedeño David L. , Szczepura Lisa F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe photophysical properties of rhenium selenide cluster complexes containing various nitrogen‐donor ligands (nitrile, azide, tetrazolate, and triazolate) are reported. These octahedral clusters are all based on the site‐differentiated [Re6Se8]2+ core and have the general formula [Re6Se8(PEt3)5L]n+ (L = nitrogen‐donor ligand). The excited‐state lifetimes, emission quantum yields, the rates of radiative and nonradiative decay, and the rate of quenching with O2 are reported for thirteen different cluster complexes. The longest excited‐state lifetime was found for [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(p‐aminobenzonitrile)][BF4]2. The series of benzonitrile and phenyl‐substituted tetrazolate complexes allowed us to investigate the electronic impact of the para substituent; electrochemical and computational studies support metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer character in the excited‐state wave function for the p‐nitrobenzonitrile complex. Notably, the substituents of the benzonitrile ligands have a greater effect on the photophysical properties than the substituents of the phenyltetrazolate ring.
Mitochondria‐Targeted Photoinduced Anticancer Activity of Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Curcumin in Visible Light
Authors: Prasad Puja , Pant Ila , Khan Imran , Kondaiah Paturu , Chakravarty Akhil R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(py‐aebmz)(B)]Cl (1, 2) and [VO(napth‐py‐aebmz)(cur)]Cl [3; py‐aebmz = 2‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)ethanamine, HB = acetylacetone (Hacac, 1) and curcumin (Hcur, 2), napth‐py‐aebmz = naphthalimide conjugated to py‐aebmz ] have been prepared, characterized and their photoinduced DNA cleavage activities and photocytotoxicities studied. Complexes 1–3 each exhibited an irreversible cyclic voltammetric response of the VIV/VIII redox couple at around –0.85 V versus SCE in dmf/0.1 M tbap. The complexes showed DNA photocleavage activity in visible light of 454, 530 and 647 nm through hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen pathways. Fluorescence microscopy data suggest mitochondrial localization of complex 3 bearing a naphthalimide with a two‐fold increase in photocytotoxicity in HaCaT cells with an IC50 value of 6.3 μM and a three‐fold increase in MCF‐7 cells with an IC50 of 5.4 μM compared with complex 2. Both 2 and 3 were non‐toxic in the dark.
Isotope labelling experiments on the formation pathway of 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone from l‐isoleucine in cultures of Laetiporus sulphureus
Authors: Lanfermann Isabel , Krings Ulrich , Schopp Silke , Berger Ralf G. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSotolon (3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone) imparts a strong seasoning odour reminiscent of meat broth. Previous work indicated a formation via l‐4‐hydroxyisoleucine in surface cultures of the basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus grown on wheat gluten, but an enzymatic hydroxylation of l‐isoleucine was not proven. 13C‐Labelled l‐leucine, l‐isoleucine and 18O‐water were used to elucidate the metabolism of the amino acids and proved the existence of an oxygenase activity in the pathway to sotolon. l‐Isoleucine was converted into the corresponding α‐keto acid and then oxygenated in the C4‐position to give 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐oxopentanoic acid, the direct precursor of sotolon. A similar biotransformation was not observed for l‐leucine. The results provide insight into the cold formation of a potent flavour compound previously associated with the thermal processing of food. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT IN THE SOUTHERN MURRAY‐DARLING BASIN, AUSTRALIA, FROM 1996/1997 TO THE PRESENT
Authors: Ballard Clarke , Garland Neville , Foreman Jim 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe southern part of the Murray‐Darling Basin covers parts of three States and all of the Australian Capital Territory. It supplies water to irrigators, towns and cities.Water sharing agreements between States have become more complex over time.1997/1998 to 2009/2010 was dry, with average inflows about half the long term average.The drought led to examination of management policies, in particular:

water allocation policies based on any design drought break down in a drought more severe than the design drought;
it may not be possible to safeguard urban supplies under unprecedented conditions;
water trade fails when 'river losses' to support the delivery of traded water cannot be met.In short the management policies required during severe drought may differ from those that are adequate in more normal times.The paper examines responses to drought at three levels:

National – the National Government saw a need for a greater say in water resource management, constitutionally a State responsibility. Environmental versus irrigation demands became a hot topic;
Regional – water sharing rules between States and individuals within States came under scrutiny;
Local – irrigation practices, both delivering water to farms and efficiency on‐farm can be improved, at a cost. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining Expert Systems and Hypertext: Opportunities and Obstacles
Authors: Gray Glen L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHypertext discussions are occurring more frequently at expert systems conferences. Hypertext is not an expert system language or expert system shell, but instead it is simultaneously a method of storing and retrieving data. The growing interest in hypertext in the expert system domain is because the combination of hypertext capabilities and expert systems creates a compelling synergistic relationship (Oren, 1987). During a panel discussion at the Second International Symposium on Expert Systems in Business, Finance and Accounting, Bill Swartout compared traditional expert systems to hypertext by saying that the knowledge base (e.g. the production rules) of an expert system can be thought of as formal knowledge and hypertext can be thought of as informal knowledge. This article will demonstrate how this informal knowledge can add power to traditional expert systems by increasing the flexibility of the explanation facilities and thereby the appeal of the system to a broader range of users. The article also will discuss how expert systems can improve the functionality of hypertext systems by adding intelligence to traditional hypertext systems.This article is divided into three sections. The first describes basic hypertext concepts. The second section shows how hypertext can enhance expert systems and, conversely, how expert systems can enhance hypertext systems. The final section discusses some potential problems and concerns that must be considered when designing a hypertext system.
Rewrites of an Expert System—Lessons Learned
Authors: Archer Claude O. , Peer Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOne component of the 1986 Tax Law was to require taxpayers to file information returns on magnetic media if the quantity to be filed was sufficiently large. A waiver from this filing requirement was possible under hardship and other criteria, and could be obtained by filing a form with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Initially, the processing of waiver requests was accomplished manually by several relatively high‐level analytical personnel. The IRS's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab) created an Expert System to automate the process. An initial prototype was developed in OPS5+, an AI language, and the system was used on all waiver requests for Forms 1099 for Tax Year 1987, demonstrating feasibility and capability. The system was expanded in the following year, and used on waiver requests for all form types. For Tax Year 1989 the system was rewritten in LEVEL5, so that it could be more easily maintained by in‐house personnel. However, implementation problems forced a rapid rewrite, using CLIPPER, a dBase III+ compiler language. This version was subsequently used for all waiver requests for Tax Years 1989 and 1990. Presently, one clerical person can handle all of the waivers. This paper deals with the reasons and ramifications of this language‐shell‐language transition.
An Exploratory Analysis of Accounting Expert System Abstracts
Authors: Shanker Gopal , Nilakanta Sree , Norris Dan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA classification scheme was developed to show trends and categorize articles on accounting expert systems (AES) which were written during the period 1977 to 1989 and abstracted in Brown (1989). The analysis shows that the number of articles on AES has been burgeoning since 1985. The number of introductory articles has declined, as authors have assumed reader familiarity with expert systems concepts. Research in all areas of accounting has been increasing and a wide range of issues in AES has been covered, but with an increasing emphasis on tax and auditing, perhaps due to the influence of large management consulting/accounting firms. Finally, for most subcategories within AES, the focus of the articles along the ES dimension has been on the prototyping and working model stages of development.
Extending COLOSSUS to Cover Compensation for Future Economic Loss
Authors: Beinat P. , Tsui E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCOLOSSUS is a mainframe‐based expert system jointly developed by Continuum Australia and GIO (General Insurance Organization) for the assessment of third‐party claims. COLOSSUS has been in production for over two years and is accessible throughout all GIO regions in New South Wales, Australia. In this paper we describe the extension of COLOSSUS to cater for future economic loss to a claimant. Because of the diversity of knowledge sources in the insurance domain, we have adopted a highly interactive approach that requires successive user confirmations during a consultation. The practicality of our knowledge engineering approach is highlighted by examining several difficult issues. Design issues are also addressed with particular reference to clarity and ease of maintenance. An annotated report of a sample run is enclosed.
Expert Systems in the UK Life Insurance Industry: Current Status and Future Trends
Authors: Wright George , Rowe Gene 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper focuses upon the status and prevalence of expert systems in life insurance in the UK today and reports the results of a widescale survey conducted by the authors. About 90% of the companies who responded are undertaking some form of activity in the field, with 59% expected to have operational systems in use within 3 years. However, a significant minority do not anticipate any increase in expenditure on the technology over the next few years. Other companies, by contrast, view the technology as vital for their futures. The surveys and interviews investigate levels of activity, present and future expenditure, the extent of formal planning for applications, needs, speed of organizational progress, application areas, evaluation criteria, responsibilities for development, satisfaction with shells, and perceived obstacles to progress. For the majority who have already begun development, expert systems are seen to possess a business advantage that outweighs the problems hindering this development.