bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing analysis of the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel
Authors: de Oliveira Daniel Bristot , de Oliveira Romulo Silva 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIn the theory of real‐time scheduling, tasks are described by mathematical variables, which are used in analytical models in order to prove schedulability of the system. On real‐time Linux, tasks are computer programs, and Linux developers try to lower the latencies caused by the Linux kernel, trying to achieve faster response for the highest‐priority task. Although both seek temporal correctness, they use different abstractions, which end up separating these efforts in two different worlds, making it hard for the Linux practitioners to understand and apply the formally proved models to the Linux kernel and for theoretical researchers to apply the restrictions imposed by Linux for the theoretical models. This paper traces a parallel between the theory of response‐time analysis and the abstractions used in the Linux kernel. The contribution of this paper is threefold. We first identify the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel mechanisms that impact the timing of real‐time tasks and map these impacts to the main abstractions used by the real‐time scheduling theory. Then, we describe a customized trace tool, based on the existing trace infrastructure of the Linux kernel, that allows the measurement of the delays associated with the main abstractions of the real‐time scheduling theory. Finally, we use this customized trace tool to characterize the timing lines resulting from the behavior of the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cell as the mechanistic basis for evolution
Authors: Torday J.S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe First Principles for Physiology originated in and emanate from the unicellular state of life. Viewing physiology as a continuum from unicellular to multicellular organisms provides fundamental insight to ontogeny and phylogeny as a functionally integral whole. Such mechanisms are most evident under conditions of physiologic stress; all of the molecular pathways that evolved in service to the vertebrate water–land transition aided and abetted the evolution of the vertebrate lung, for example. Reduction of evolution to cell biology has an important scientific feature—it is predictive. One implication of this perspective on evolution is the likelihood that it is the unicellular state that is actually the object of selection. By looking at the process of evolution from its unicellular origins, the causal relationships between genotype and phenotype are revealed, as are many other aspects of physiology and medicine that have remained anecdotal and counter‐intuitive. Evolutionary development can best be considered as a cyclical, epigenetic, reiterative environmental assessment process, originating from the unicellular state, both forward and backward, to sustain and perpetuate unicellular homeostasis.WIREs Syst Biol Med2015, 7:275–284. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1305This article is categorized under:Biological Mechanisms > Cell SignalingModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic ModelsModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Synthesis, Surface and Interfacial Properties of Dodecyl Diphenyl Oxide Disulfonate with Different Counterions
Authors: Liu Xiaochen , Niu Jinping , Wang Xiaoyu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDodecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate with different counterions (C12MADS‐M, M = Na, Mg, Ca) were synthesized using dodecyl alcohol, diphenyl oxide and SO3 as reagents through alkylation–sulfonation–neutralization. The structure of the product was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry. The surface and interfacial prosperities were investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of C12MADS‐Na, C12MADS‐Mg and C12MADS‐Ca was 1.23 × 10−3, 5.25 × 10−4 and 5.37 × 10−4 mol/L, respectively. The surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of C12MADS‐Na, C12MADS‐Mg and C12MADS‐Ca was 43.2, 37.1 and 36.6 mN/m, respectively. Interfacial tensions between crude oil and C12MADS‐M aqueous solution gave only a small change in the calcium chloride concentrations ranging from 50 to 10,000 mg/L.
Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults
Authors: Chowdhury Enhad A. , Richardson Judith D. , Tsintzas Kostas , Thompson Dylan , Betts James A. 
Published: May 2015

Breakfast omission is associated with obesity and CVD/diabetes, but the acute effects of extended morning fasting upon subsequent energy intake and metabolic/hormonal responses have received less attention. In a randomised cross-over design, thirty-five lean men (n 14) and women (n 21) extended their overnight fast or ingested a typical carbohydrate-rich breakfast in quantities relative to RMR (i.e. 1963 (sd 238) kJ), before an ad libitum lunch 3 h later. Blood samples were obtained hourly throughout the day until 3 h post-lunch, with subjective appetite measures assessed. Lunch intake was greater following extended fasting (640 (sd 1042) kJ, P< 0·01) but incompletely compensated for the omitted breakfast, with total intake lower than the breakfast trial (3887 (sd 1326) v. 5213 (sd 1590) kJ, P< 0·001). Systemic concentrations of peptide tyrosine–tyrosine and leptin were greater during the afternoon following breakfast (both P< 0·05) but neither acylated/total ghrelin concentrations were suppressed by the ad libitum lunch in the breakfast trial, remaining greater than the morning fasting trial throughout the afternoon (all P< 0·05). Insulin concentrations were greater during the afternoon in the morning fasting trial (all P< 0·01). There were no differences between trials in subjective appetite during the afternoon. In conclusion, morning fasting caused incomplete energy compensation at an ad libitum lunch. Breakfast increased some anorectic hormones during the afternoon but paradoxically abolished ghrelin suppression by the second meal. Extending morning fasting until lunch altered subsequent metabolic and hormonal responses but without greater appetite during the afternoon. The present study clarifies the impact of acute breakfast omission and adds novel insights into second-meal metabolism.
Correlation between laryngobronchoscopy and pepsin in the diagnosis of extra-oesophageal reflux
Authors: Krishnan U , Paul S , Messina I , Soma M 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate pepsin as a marker of extra-oesophageal reflux disease by examining its presence in tracheal aspirates and correlating it with macroscopic changes on laryngobronchoscopy, along with the results of standard tests for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and clinical features.Methods:A retrospective review was undertaken of a cohort of 188 paediatric patients who underwent laryngobronchoscopy at a tertiary children's hospital and for whom pepsin assay results of tracheal aspirates were available. An association analysis was performed.Results:The mean patient age was 3.99 (3.40–4.58) years, with a male preponderance (55 per cent). Positive changes on laryngobronchoscopy were significantly associated with positive tracheal pepsin findings (p< 0.0001) but not with positive standard gastro-oesophageal reflux disease investigations. A positive pepsin assay was significantly associated with a history of recurrent croup (p= 0.0385) and a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (p= 0.0232).Conclusion:Macroscopic changes on laryngobronchoscopy were significantly associated with positive tracheal pepsin findings in this paediatric population, suggesting that extra-oesophageal reflux disease may be a contributing aetiology.
Empathy and divine union in Kierkegaard: solving the faith/history problem inPhilosophical Fragments
Authors: COCKAYNE JOSHUA 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSøren Kierkegaard's account of faith inPhilosophical Fragmentsclaims that the historical Incarnation is necessary for faith, but that historical evidence for the Incarnation is neither necessary nor sufficient for faith. It has been argued that the defence of these two claims gives rise to a faith/history problem for Kierkegaard and that it is incoherent to defend an account of faith which affirms both the necessity of the historical Incarnation and rejects the necessity and sufficiency of the historical evidence for the Incarnation. I argue that this problem can be solved by applying Eleonore Stump's (2013) account of divine–human union. I argue that the Incarnation is necessary because it allows us to enjoy a kind of mutual empathy with Christ which is the basis of divine–human union and that the historical evidence is neither necessary nor sufficient since faith is grounded in a second-person experience of Christ. I claim that this solves the faith/history problem and offers a way of defending Kierkegaard's account of faith as coherent.
Physiologies of eros: a response to Fiona Ellis
Authors: KUZMA JOSEPH D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn her article, ‘Two erotic ideals’, Fiona Ellis offers a sustained critique of my interpretation of Nietzschean eroticism. In the following piece, I respond to her criticism by proposing a shift in emphasis away from ‘erotic ideals’ and towards a greater attentiveness to the physiological states that condition our desire. I argue that such a move allows us to see how questions about eroticism and questions about nihilism are in fact integrally connected.
Learning styles and perceptual patterns for English /i/ and /ɪ/ among Chinese college students
Authors: YANG XIAOHU , SHI FENG , LIU XIANGJUN , ZHAO YONG 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether learning styles, along with age of starting English learning and length of English learning, are related to perceptual patterns for English /i/–/ɪ/ among Chinese college students who learn English as a foreign language. A total of 83 Chinese college students with different learning styles as measured by Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (1985) and 16 native speakers of American English identified the vowels in a syntheticbeat–bitcontinuum. The results revealed that the Chinese participants’ perceptual patterns for English /i/–/ɪ/ varied with their learning styles. The participants with Kolb's (1985) assimilative and divergent learning styles were more likely to exhibit perceptual patterns resembling those of the American participants than were the participants with convergent and accommodative learning styles. Furthermore, of Kolb's four learning modes, reflective observation had a facilitative effect on the participants’ perception, whereas active experimentation was more likely to cause difficulties; abstract conceptualization and concrete experience bore little relation to the perception of these two sounds. In addition, length of English learning played a critical part in the development of English /i/–/ɪ/ perception. However, age of starting English learning in foreign language conditions was not as crucial as suggested by earlier studies on speech perception in second language conditions.
Prevalence ofeae-positive, lactose non-fermentingEscherichia albertiifrom retail raw meat in China
Authors: WANG H. , LI Q. , BAI X. , XU Y. , ZHAO A. , SUN H. , DENG J. , XIAO B. , LIU X. , SUN S. , ZHOU Y. , WANG B. , FAN Z. , CHEN X. , ZHANG Z. , XU J. , XIONG Y. 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARYEscherichia albertiiis a newly emerging enteric pathogen that has been associated with gastroenteritis in humans. Recently,E. albertiihas also been detected in healthy and sick birds, animals, chicken meat and water. In the present study, the prevalence and characteristics of theeae-positive, lactose non-fermentingE. albertiistrains in retail raw meat in China were evaluated. Thirty isolates of such strains ofE. albertiiwere identified from 446 (6·73%) samples, including duck intestines (21·43%, 6/28), duck meat (9·52%, 2/21), chicken intestines (8·99%, 17/189), chicken meat (5·66%, 3/53), mutton meat (4·55%, 1/22) and pork meat (2·44%, 1/41). None was isolated from 92 samples of raw beef meat. Strains were identified asE. albertiiby phenotypic properties, diagnostic PCR, sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and housekeeping genes. Five intimin subtypes were harboured by these strains. All strains possessed the II/III/V subtype group of thecdtBgene, with two strains carrying another copy of the I/IV subtype group. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed high genetic diversity ofE. albertiiin raw meats. Our findings indicate thatE. albertiican contaminate various raw meats, posing a potential threat to public health.
Effect of slaughter age on meat quality of Chamarito lambs
Authors: Pascual-Alonso M. , Aguayo-Ulloa L. , Miranda-de la Lama G.C. , Alierta S. , Olleta J. L. , Campo M.M. , Villarroel M. , María G.A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryChamaritolamb was recognized as a quality brand in Spain in April 2010 and this meat is highly appreciated in the local market, but little is known about how a short fattening period may affect final product quality. Twenty lambs, ten from the Ternasco category and ten from the suckling lamb category, were slaughtered and their carcass characteristics compared. All animals were weighed at birth, weaning and before slaughter, and average daily gain was calculated. Cold carcasses were weighed and bruising score, carcass conformation and carcass fatness were noted. The left back of each carcass was separated for dissection. The meat pH, cooking and thawing losses, texture, colour and fatty acid composition were measured on M.longissimussamples. Production traits and meat quality variables were analysed fitting a one-way model with the fixed effect of mean lamb age at harvest. The conformation and degree of fatness of Ternasco-type lambs was not significantly different from suckling lambs but the pH values 24.00 hours post-mortem in muscle (pHult) of the former was slightly higher. The fatty acid profile of suckling lambs was more suitable for a healthy human diet.
A Series of Case Studies of Tinnitus Suppression With Mixed Background Stimuli in a Cochlear Implant
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Keiner A. J. , Walker Kurt , Deshpande Aniruddha K. , Witt Shelley , Killian Matthijs , Ji Helena , Patrick Jim , Dillier Norbert , van Dijk Pim , Lai Wai Kong , Hansen Marlan R. , Gantz Bruce 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
Background sounds provided by a wearable sound playback device were mixed with the acoustical input picked up by a cochlear implant speech processor in an attempt to suppress tinnitus.

Method
First, patients were allowed to listen to several sounds and to select up to 4 sounds that they thought might be effective. These stimuli were programmed to loop continuously in the wearable playback device. Second, subjects were instructed to use 1 background sound each day on the wearable device, and they sequenced the selected background sounds during a 28-day trial. Patients were instructed to go to a website at the end of each day and rate the loudness and annoyance of the tinnitus as well as the acceptability of the background sound. Patients completed the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (Tyler, Stocking, Secor, & Slattery, 2014) at the beginning of the trial.

Results
Results indicated that background sounds were very effective at suppressing tinnitus. There was considerable variability in sounds preferred by the subjects.

Conclusion
The study shows that a background sound mixed with the microphone input can be effective for suppressing tinnitus during daily use of the sound processor in selected cochlear implant users.
Leading from the Front: The ‘Service Members’ in Parliament, the Armed Forces, and British Politics during the Great War
Authors: Johnson Matthew 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Great War was widely seen in Britain as a struggle for civilian and constitutional standards of government against the evils of ‘Prussian militarism’. Yet the British political class itself was by no means a purely ‘civilian’ caste. During the war 264 MPs—some 40 per cent of the membership of the House of Commons—volunteered to serve in the armed forces. These men occupied a unique and controversial position both within Parliament and in the forces. A shared experience of military service could provide a common identity, and even a basis for common action, for MPs from rival parties, and many of these men came to support an apparently ‘military’ agenda at Westminster. At the same time, fighting MPs could act as agents of parliamentary oversight and control over the military establishment. Yet the importance of these ‘Service Members’ was not only evident in the realm of civil–military relations, and this article explores the significance and consequences of attempts by Service Members to claim a special political authority as the ‘representatives’ of the armed forces in the House of Commons, to offer an important new perspective on wartime British debates about the workings of representative politics, the nature of political citizenship, and the authority of Parliament as an institution.
Strontium isotope analyses (87Sr/86Sr) of otoliths from anadromous Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) to determine stock composition
Authors: Padilla Andrew J. , Brown Randy J. , Wooller Matthew J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA commercial fishery targeting the anadromous Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) is occurring in the Yukon River, Alaska, USA. All three of the known global spawning populations occur in Alaska. Managers believed that two of the three populations were being harvested in the fishery. To determine the likelihood of a mixed-stock fishery, we used 87Sr/86Sr values from the freshwater region of otoliths, from spawning adult Bering cisco of known origin (n = 82), to create a baseline. A 10-fold cross-validated, quadratic discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the three baseline population 87Sr/86Sr values (Yukon River, n = 27; South Fork Kuskokwim River [Kuskokwim River], n = 25; and Susitna River, n = 30) correctly reclassified 98.8% of the fish analysed. The baseline DFA model was then used to classify the 87Sr/86Sr values from a set of otoliths removed from commercially harvested Bering cisco (n = 139). Using a posterior probability threshold of 90%, we found that &gt;97% of the commercial samples were classified as originating in the Yukon River. The remainder of the commercial samples were classified as originating in the Kuskokwim River (0.7%) or from the Susitna River (1.5%). The presence of 87Sr/86Sr values consistent with the Susitna River discovered in the Yukon River baseline (n = 1) and commercial samples (n = 2) suggested either multiple isotope signatures within the Yukon River population or straying among populations. Strontium isotope data provide an effective tool to monitor the movements and stock composition of Bering cisco.
An economic evaluation of outpatient versus inpatient polyp treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Diwakar L , Roberts TE , Cooper NAM , Middleton L , Jowett S , Daniels J , Smith P , Clark TJ ,   the OPT trial collaborative group
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo undertake a cost‐effectiveness analysis of outpatient uterine polypectomy compared with standard inpatient treatment under general anaesthesia.DesignEconomic evaluation carried out alongside the multi‐centre, pragmatic, non‐inferiority, randomised controlled Outpatient Polyp Treatment (OPT) trial. TheUKNational Health Service (NHS) perspective was used in the estimation of costs and the interpretation of results.SettingThirty‐one secondary care UK NHS hospitals between April 2008 and July 2011.ParticipantsFive hundred and seven women with abnormal uterine bleeding and hysteroscopically diagnosed endometrial polyps.InterventionsOutpatient uterine polypectomy versus standard inpatient treatment. Clinicians were free to choose the technique for polypectomy within the allocated setting.Main outcome measuresPatient‐reported effectiveness of the procedure determined by the women's self‐assessment of bleeding at 6 months, andQALYgains at 6 and 12 months.ResultsInpatient treatment was slightly more effective but more expensive than outpatient treatment, resulting in relatively high incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios. Intention‐to‐treat analysis of the base case at 6 months revealed that it cost an additional £9421 per successfully treated patient in the inpatient group and £ 1,099,167 per additionalQALYgained, when compared with outpatient treatment. At 12 months, these costs were £22,293 per additional effectively treated patient and £445,867 per additionalQALYgained, respectively.ConclusionsOutpatient treatment of uterine polyps associated with abnormal uterine bleeding appears to be more cost‐effective than inpatient treatment at willingness‐to‐pay thresholds acceptable to theNHS.Tweetable abstractHTA‐fundedOPTtrial concluded that outpatient uterine polypectomy is cost‐effective compared with inpatient polypectomy.
Optimal Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug‐Eluting Stents: Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials
Authors: Abo‐salem Elsayed , Alsidawi Said , Jamali Hina , Effat Mohamed , Helmy Tarek 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIntroductionThe optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after drug‐eluting stent implantation (DES) is not certain. The AHA/ACC guidelines recommend 12 months of DAPT based on observational trials. Recently, several large randomized controlled trials (RCT) suggested a noninferiority of shorter duration of DAPT and other trials showed a benefit from extended duration of DAPT after 12 months of DES implantation.MethodsPubMed databases were searched for RCTs comparing the continued use of DAPT to shorter duration of DAPT (aspirin alone) for variable durations beyond 3 months of DES implantation. Our analysis was limited to trials with clinical outcomes. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed and random‐effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed for second generation DES and for trials comparing 12 months of DAPT vs. earlier interruption or longer duration of DAPT.ResultsWe identified 10 RCTs including 32,136 subjects randomized to continued use of DAPT vs. aspirin alone for variable durations after 3 months of DES implantation. There was no significant heterogeneity among studies (Q test P > 0.1). Compared to shorter DAPT, longer DAPT resulted in a significant reduction in stent thrombosis (0.3% vs. 0.7%, P < 0.01) and myocardial infarction (1.3% vs. 2%, P < 0.01), and a significant increase in major bleeding (0.8% vs. 0.4%, P < 0.01). There was no difference in cardiac deaths or stroke. All‐cause deaths were slightly lower with shorter DAPT compared to longer DAPT (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.99, P = 0.04). A small number of subjects were included between 3 and 6 months after DES implantation.ConclusionDAPT continued beyond 6 months after second generation DES implantation decreases stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction, but increases major bleeding and all‐causes mortality compared to shorter DAPT (aspirin alone). There was no difference in cardiac mortality or stroke.