bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Race and Ethnicity With Management of Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department
Authors: Johnson Tiffani J. , Weaver Matthew D. , Borrero Sonya , Davis Esa M. , Myaskovsky Larissa , Zuckerbraun Noel S. , Kraemer Kevin L. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:To determine if race/ethnicity-based differences exist in the management of pediatric abdominal pain in emergency departments (EDs).METHODS:Secondary analysis of data from the 2006–2009 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey regarding 2298 visits by patients ≤21 years old who presented to EDs with abdominal pain. Main outcomes were documentation of pain score and receipt of any analgesics, analgesics for severe pain (defined as ≥7 on a 10-point scale), and narcotic analgesics. Secondary outcomes included diagnostic tests obtained, length of stay (LOS), 72-hour return visits, and admission.RESULTS:Of patient visits, 70.1% were female, 52.6% were from non-Hispanic white, 23.5% were from non-Hispanic black, 20.6% were from Hispanic, and 3.3% were from “other” racial/ethnic groups; patients’ mean age was 14.5 years. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for confounders revealed that non-Hispanic black patients were less likely to receive any analgesic (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43–0.87) or a narcotic analgesic (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18–0.81) than non-Hispanic white patients (referent group). This finding was also true for non-Hispanic black and “other” race/ethnicity patients with severe pain (ORs [95% CI]: 0.43 [0.22–0.87] and 0.02 [0.00–0.19], respectively). Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic patients were more likely to have a prolonged LOS than non-Hispanic white patients (ORs [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.13–2.51] and 1.64 [1.09–2.47], respectively). No significant race/ethnicity-based disparities were identified in documentation of pain score, use of diagnostic procedures, 72-hour return visits, or hospital admissions.CONCLUSIONS:Race/ethnicity-based disparities exist in ED analgesic use and LOS for pediatric abdominal pain. Recognizing these disparities may help investigators eliminate inequalities in care.
Evaluation of an Early Risk Screener for PTSD in Preschool Children After Accidental Injury
Authors: Kramer Didier N. , Hertli Matthias B. , Landolt Markus A. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the effectiveness and most powerful selection of predictors of an early screening tool for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 87 children ages 2 to 6 years after unintentional injury.

METHODS:
The examined screener was administered within 6 to 13 days post accident and consisted of an adapted version of the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS), the PEDS-ES (PEDS Early Screener), and questions on 5 additional risk factors (preexisting child behavioral problems, parental preexisting chronic mental or physical illness, pretraumatic life events in the family, parental feelings of guilt, parental posttraumatic stress). The PTSD Semi-structured Interview and Observational Record for Infants and Young Children served as criterion measure 6 months after the accident. A case was deemed positive when meeting criteria for full or partial PTSD.

RESULTS:
Use of the PEDS-ES without the additional risk factors performed best, with good sensitivity (85%) and moderate specificity (63%) for full or partial PTSD.

CONCLUSIONS:
The PEDS-ES allows for successful early screening of preschool-aged children after single accidental trauma. It may be used within a stepped-care model for early identification of individuals designated for possible secondary preventative interventions.
Trends in Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Authors: Iwamoto Martha , Mu Yi , Lynfield Ruth , Bulens Sandra N. , Nadle Joelle , Aragon Deborah , Petit Susan , Ray Susan M. , Harrison Lee H. , Dumyati Ghinwa , Townes John M. , Schaffner William , Gorwitz Rachel J. , Lessa Fernanda C. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To describe trends in the incidence of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in children during 2005–2010.

METHODS:
We evaluated reports of invasive MRSA infections in pediatric patients identified from population-based surveillance during 2005–2010. Cases were defined as isolation of MRSA from a normally sterile site and classified on the basis of the setting of the positive culture and presence or absence of health care exposures. Estimated annual changes in incidence were determined by using regression models. National age- and race-specific incidences for 2010 were estimated by using US census data.

RESULTS:
A total of 876 pediatric cases were reported; 340 (39%) were among infants. Overall, 35% of cases were hospital-onset, 23% were health care–associated community-onset, and 42% were community-associated (CA). The incidence of invasive CA-MRSA infection per 100 000 children increased from 1.1 in 2005 to 1.7 in 2010 (modeled yearly increase: 10.2%; 95% confidence interval: 2.7%–18.2%). No significant trends were observed for health care–associated community-onset and hospital-onset cases. Nationally, estimated invasive MRSA incidence in 2010 was higher among infants aged &lt;90 days compared with older infants and children (43.9 vs 2.0 per 100 000) and among black children compared with other races (6.7 vs 1.6 per 100 000).

CONCLUSIONS:
Invasive MRSA infection in children disproportionately affects young infants and black children. In contrast to reports of declining incidence among adults, there were no significant reductions in health care–associated MRSA infections in children. Concurrently, the incidence of CA-MRSA infections has increased, underscoring the need for defining optimal strategies to prevent MRSA infections among children with and without health care exposures.
Late Preterm Infants: Near Term But Still in a Critical Developmental Time Period
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Colin Andrew A. 
Published: September 2013

Late preterm (LP) infants are defined as those born at 34-0/7 to 36-6/7 weeks’ gestational age. LP infants were previously referred to as near term infants. The change in terminology resulted from the understanding that these infants are not fully mature and that the last 6 weeks of gestation represent a critical period of growth and development of the fetal brain and lungs, and of other systems. There is accumulating evidence of higher risks for health complications in these infants, including serious morbidity and a threefold higher infant mortality rate compared with term infants. This information is of critical importance because of its scientific merits and practical implications. However, it warrants a critical and balanced review, given the apparent overall uncomplicated outcome for the majority of LP infants.
Others reviewed the characteristics of LP infants that predispose them to a higher risk of morbidity at the neonatal period. This review focuses on the long-term neurodevelopmental and respiratory outcomes, with the main aim to suggest putative prenatal, neonatal, developmental, and environmental causes for these increased morbidities. It demonstrates parallelism in the trajectories of pulmonary and neurologic development and evolution as a model for fetal and neonatal maturation. These may suggest the critical developmental time period as the common pathway that leads to the outcomes. Disruption in this pathway with potential long-term consequences in both systems may occur if the intrauterine milieu is disturbed. Finally, the review addresses the practical implications on perinatal and neonatal care during infancy and childhood.
A Longitudinal View of Child Enrollment in Medicaid
Authors: Simon Alan E. , Driscoll Anne , Gorina Yelena , Parker Jennifer D. , Schoendorf Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND:
Although national cross-sectional estimates of the percentage of children enrolled in Medicaid are available, the percentage of children enrolled in Medicaid over longer periods of time is unknown. Also, the percentage and characteristics of children who rely on Medicaid throughout childhood, rather than transiently, are unknown.

METHODS:
We performed a longitudinal examination of Medicaid coverage among children across a 5-year period. Children 0 to 13 years of age in the 2004 National Health Interview Survey file were linked to Medicaid Analytic eXtract files from 2004 to 2008. The percentage of children enrolled in Medicaid at any time during the 5-year observation period and the number of years during which children were enrolled in Medicaid were calculated. Duration of Medicaid enrollment was compared across sociodemographic characteristics by using χ2 tests.

RESULTS:
Forty-one percent of all US children were enrolled in Medicaid at least some time during the 5-year period, compared with a single-year estimate of 32.8% in 2004 alone. Of enrolled children, 51.5% were enrolled during all 5 years. Children with lower parental education, with lower household income, of minority race or ethnicity, and in suboptimal health were more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid during all 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS:
Longitudinal data reveal higher percentages of children with Medicaid insurance than shown by cross-sectional data. Half of children enrolled in Medicaid are enrolled during at least 5 consecutive years, and these children have higher risk sociodemographic profiles.
Fine Mapping of 6q23.1 Identifies TULP4 as Contributing to Clefts
Authors: Vieira Alexandre R. , De Carvalho Flavia M. , Johnson Lindsay , DeVos Lauren , Swailes Alexa L. , Weber Megan L. , Deeley Kathleen 
Published: September 2013

Objective The aim of this work was to fine-map the region 6q23.1, which obtained suggestive linkage signal (logarithm of the odds [LOD] score = 2.22 under a recessive model) to cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in our previous genome-wide linkage scan to identify possible genetic variants that may contribute to CL±P. Design We used densely spaced markers spanning the entire 6q23.1 region to test for association with CL±P in a family cohort sample. Setting Clinical information and DNA samples were obtained from families in the Philippines at their homes or primary health care clinics. Participants The study sample consisted of 477 subjects (224 females and 253 males), segregating isolated CL±P, from 72 living in the same area in the Philippines. Main Outcome Measure Overtransmission of alleles to persons born with CL±P. Results We found statistical evidence of association between a marker of TULP4 (rs651333) with CL±P ( P = .00007). Conclusions Our results further support the linkage results for the chromosome 6q region and reveal a novel candidate gene for CL±P.
Non‐Apnea Sleep Disorder Increases the Risk of Periodontal Disease: A Retrospective Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Chun‐Feng , Lin Ming‐Chia , Lin Cheng‐Li , Yen Chia‐Ming , Lin Kuan‐Yu , Chang Yen‐Jung , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: September 2013

Background: The aim of this study is to determine whether patients with a non‐apnea sleep disorder (NA‐SD) and comorbidity have an increased risk of periodontal disease.Methods: Patients newly diagnosed with NA‐SDs in 1997 to 2010 were identified as the study cohort from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. For each patient with NA‐SD, two matched controls without sleep disorders were randomly selected for comparison.Results: The overall incidence rate ratio of severe periodontal diseases was 39% higher in the NA‐SD cohort than in the comparison cohort (7.93 versus 5.69 per 1,000 person‐years), with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 to 1.43). The effect of NA‐SD on the risk of severe periodontal diseases was higher in young and middle‐aged patients compared with patients >65 years of age (<35 years of age, HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.24; 35 to 49 years of age, HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.61 to 1.86; 50 to 64 years of age, HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.58 to 1.81; ≥65, HR: [reference] 1.0).Conclusion: NA‐SD might increase the risk of periodontal disease.
The Use of Management Controls to Mitigate Risk in Strategic Alliances: Field and Survey Evidence
Authors: Anderson Shannon W. , Christ Margaret H. , Dekker Henri C. , Sedatole Karen L. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory is widely used to study the governance and management control practices used to mitigate interfirm alliance risk. Following Williamson (1985, 1991), empirical studies typically measure transaction characteristics that proxy for risk in alliances (e.g., asset specificity), and test for a relation between these measures and alliance management control choices. A common criticism of studies in this literature is that they typically focus on a narrow set of governance decisions (e.g., make versus buy) or control practices (e.g., specific contract terms). We posit that an equally limiting aspect of this literature is its reliance on risk proxies measured at the level of the individual transaction. These proxies fail to explicate specific alliance risks and, coupled with an undue focus on transactions rather than the totality of interfirm relationships, limit our understanding of how risks give rise to management controls more broadly defined. In this study we use field-based research and survey methods to develop a comprehensive inventory of the specific risks that managers anticipate and to provide insight regarding their prevalence across different types of interfirm alliances. Our analysis of the data supports an extant classification scheme that dichotomizes alliance risk as relational risk or performance risk (Das and Teng 1996, 2001). However, our analysis reveals another distinct risk category—compliance and regulatory risk—that figures prominently in accounting risk frameworks (i.e., COSO). Our exploratory analysis of correlation in the use of management controls, including contracts as well as pre- and post-contractual control processes, reveals six sets of alliance control practices. Relating these to risks, we find that performance risk is associated primarily with careful partner selection and contractual outcome agreements; relational risk is associated primarily with explicit exit agreements; and, compliance and regulatory risk is associated primarily with informal controls. In addition, we find that as compared to contractual alliances, alliances with shared ownership (i.e., joint ventures) make greater use of financial controls and informal controls. By identifying specific risks and controls used in practice and providing preliminary evidence of their relationships, this study provides a reference for future researchers seeking to provide more meaningful insight into the relationship between interfirm alliance risk environment and control systems.
Effects of Adding Linagliptin to Basal Insulin Regimen for Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yki-Järvinen Hannele , Rosenstock Julio , Durán-Garcia Santiago , Pinnetti Sabine , Bhattacharya Sudipta , Thiemann Sandra , Patel Sanjay , Woerle Hans-Juergen 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and long-term safety of linagliptin added to basal insulins in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin with or without oral agents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,261 patients (HbA1c ≥7.0% [53 mmol/mol] to ≤10.0% [86 mmol/mol]) on basal insulin alone or combined with metformin and/or pioglitazone were randomized (1:1) to double-blind treatment with linagliptin 5 mg once daily or placebo for ≥52 weeks. The basal insulin dose was kept unchanged for 24 weeks but could thereafter be titrated according to fasting plasma glucose levels at the investigators’ discretion. The primary end point was the mean change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. The safety analysis incorporated data up to a maximum of 110 weeks.

RESULTS
At week 24, HbA1c changed from a baseline of 8.3% (67 mmol/mol) by −0.6% (−6.6 mmol/mol) and by 0.1% (1.1 mmol/mol) with linagliptin and placebo, respectively (treatment difference −0.65% [95% CI −0.74 to −0.55] [−7.1 mmol/mol]; P &lt; 0.0001). Despite the option to uptitrate basal insulin, it was adjusted only slightly upward (week 52, linagliptin 2.6 IU/day, placebo 4.2 IU/day; P &lt; 0.003), resulting in no further HbA1c improvements. Frequencies of hypoglycemia (week 24, linagliptin 22.0%, placebo 23.2%; treatment end, linagliptin 31.4%, placebo 32.9%) and adverse events (linagliptin 78.4%, placebo 81.4%) were similar between groups. Mean body weight remained unchanged (week 52, linagliptin −0.30 kg, placebo −0.04 kg).

CONCLUSIONS
Linagliptin added to basal insulin therapy significantly improved glycemic control relative to placebo without increasing hypoglycemia or body weight.
Intima-Media Thickness in Severe Obesity
Authors: Dalmas Elise , Kahn Jean-François , Giral Philippe , Abdennour Meriem , Bouillot Jean-Luc , Fellahi Soraya , Oppert Jean-Michel , Clément Karine , Guerre-Millo Michèle , Poitou Christine 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk and a low-grade inflammatory state in both blood and adipose tissue (AT). Whether inflammation contributes to vascular alteration remains an open question. To test this hypothesis, we measured arterial intima-media thickness (IMT), which reflects subclinical atherosclerosis, in severely obese subjects and explored associations with systemic inflammation and AT inflammation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
IMT of the carotid artery (C-IMT) and IMT of the femoral artery (F-IMT) were measured in 132 nonobese (control) subjects (BMI 22.3 kg/m2; mean age 44.8 years) and 232 subjects who were severely obese without diabetes (OB/ND; n = 146; BMI 48.3 kg/m2; age 38.2 years) or severely obese with type 2 diabetes (OB/D; n = 86; BMI 47.0; age 49.4 years). In 57 OB/ND subjects, circulating soluble E-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase 9, myeloperoxidase, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, cystatin C, cathepsin S, and soluble CD14 were measured in serum. AT macrophages were quantified by CD68 immunochemistry.

RESULTS
Both C-IMT and F-IMT increased in OB/ND and OB/D patients. In OB/ND patients, age was the sole independent determinant of IMT. No significant association was found with circulating inflammation-related molecules, number of CD68+ cells, or the presence of crown-like structures in visceral or subcutaneous AT of OB/ND patients.

CONCLUSIONS
IMT increased with severe obesity but was not influenced by the degree of systemic inflammation or AT macrophage accumulation.
Quarterly Visits With Glycated Hemoglobin Monitoring: The Sweet Spot for Glycemic Control in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Phan Thao-Ly , Hossain Jobayer , Lawless Stephen , Werk Lloyd Neil 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between the frequency of visits and glycated hemoglobin (GHb) measurements on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 1,449 youth with type 1 diabetes (mean age 11.4 years, 50% female, 74% Caucasian, 24% with Medicaid) followed at five pediatric endocrinology clinics from the years 2008–2011 was conducted. By hierarchical cluster analysis, three homogeneous groups of patients were generated: those with a relative increase in GHb (worsened [n = 237]), no change in GHb (stable [n = 842]), and a decrease in GHb (improved [n = 370]) over the study period. The number of visits and GHb measurements per year were compared among the three groups by multinomial logistic regression analysis using one visit or GHb test per year as a reference and controlling for patient demographic and baseline characteristics.

RESULTS
Patients with quarterly visits were least likely to have worsened glycemic control (odds ratio 0.33, P &lt; 0.05) and were most likely to have improved glycemic control (3.48, P &lt; 0.01). Patients with four GHb tests a year (0.53, P &lt; 0.05) were least likely to have worsened glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS
Quarterly visits and GHb testing are associated with glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Co-occurrence of Risk Alleles in or Near Genes Modulating Insulin Secretion Predisposes Obese Youth to Prediabetes
Authors: Giannini Cosimo , Dalla Man Chiara , Groop Leif , Cobelli Claudio , Zhao Hongyu , Shaw Melissa M. , Duran Elvira , Pierpont Bridget , Bale Allen E. , Caprio Sonia , Santoro Nicola 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Paralleling the rise of pediatric obesity, the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing among youth. In this study, we asked whether the co-occurrence of risk alleles in or near five genes modulating insulin secretion (TCF7L2 rs7903146, IGF2BP2 rs4402960, CDKAL1 rs7754840, HHEX rs1111875, and HNF1A rs1169288) is associated with a higher risk of IGT/T2D in obese children and adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 714 obese subjects (290 boys and 424 girls; mean age 13.6 ± 3.1 years; mean z score BMI 2.2 ± 0.4) and evaluated the insulin secretion by using the oral minimal model and, in a subgroup of 37 subjects, the hyperglycemic clamp. Also, 203 subjects were followed up for a mean of 2.1 years.

RESULTS
We observed that the increase of risk alleles was associated with a progressive worsening of insulin secretion (P &lt; 0.001) mainly due to an impairment of the dynamic phase of insulin secretion (P = 0.004); the higher the number of the risk alleles, the higher the chance of progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to IGT/T2D (P = 0.022). Also, for those who were IGT at baseline, a higher risk score was associated with a lower odds to revert to NGT (P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS
Obese children and adolescents developing IGT/T2D have a higher genetic predisposition than those who do not show these diseases, and this predisposition is mainly related to gene variants modulating the early phase of insulin secretion. Although these data are very interesting, they need to be replicated in other cohorts.