bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphitheater-headed canyons formed by megaflooding at Malad Gorge, Idaho
Authors: Lamb Michael P. , Mackey Benjamin H. , Farley Kenneth A. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
The shapes of bedrock canyons offer clues to the history of surface water on Earth and Mars. Using field examples in Idaho, we found that canyons with amphitheater-shaped heads were likely carved rapidly by outburst flooding about 46,000 y ago and that canyons with more pointed heads evolved progressively by river erosion over tens of thousands of years. Our study suggests that the many amphitheater-headed canyons in fractured basalt on Mars, long inferred to be carved by groundwater seepage, may owe their origins instead to megafloods.
Direct observation of single stationary-phase bacteria reveals a surprisingly long period of constant protein production activity
Authors: Gefen Orit , Fridman Ofer , Ronin Irine , Balaban Nathalie Q. 
Published: December 2013

SignificanceAlthough most laboratory work is performed on dividing bacteria, in the wild bacteria spend most of their lifetime in the stationary phase, scarcely dividing. To study the stationary phase, we developed a method of tracking nondividing bacteria at the single cell level and characterizing their response to external stimulation. While following bacteria under growth-arrest conditions, we found that they maintain surprisingly constant activity for several days after entering the stationary phase. These bacteria were able to produce proteins without significant cost to their viability or regrowth dynamics. Moreover, this constant-activity stationary phase enables the measurement of different bacterial characteristics, which are difficult to perform under exponential growth conditions.
Large effect of membrane tension on the fluid–solid phase transitions of two-component phosphatidylcholine vesicles
Authors: Chen Dong , Santore Maria M. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Relative to the two-dimensional (temperature–composition) thermodynamic space on which the field of phospholipid membranes has almost exclusively focused, membrane tension represents a third unexplored dimension. We report here that tension has a large qualitative influence, for instance on domain morphology, molecular organization, and multiphase coexistence in thermodynamic space. Relevant to the development of new materials and material confinement, this study demonstrates how switching tension during processing selects morphology on mesoscopic length scales in addition to dictating molecular structure. Separately, although phospholipid rafts in cell membranes are generally considered to be fluid domains that can cluster biomolecules, the current findings demonstrate potential mechanisms for mechanical transduction of membrane structures in cell membranes with low cholesterol content.
IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells induce pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Hams Emily , Armstrong Michelle E. , Barlow Jillian L. , Saunders Sean P. , Schwartz Christian , Cooke Gordon , Fahy Ruairi J. , Crotty Thomas B. , Hirani Nikhil , Flynn Robin J. , Voehringer David , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Donnelly Seamas C. , Fallon Padraic G. 
Published: December 2013

SignificanceAbnormal damage and scarring of tissue (fibrosis) in the lungs can lead to pulmonary fibrosis. Patients that develop the various forms of pulmonary fibrosis are difficult to treat and have a high level of mortality. In this study we have used mouse models to address the role of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in pulmonary fibrosis. In animal models we show a role for IL-25 and ILC2 in the generation of pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we have identified elevated levels of IL-25 and ILC2s in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This study provides insights on the factors and cells that may initiate pulmonary fibrosis in humans and have therapeutic potential.
The Deleterious Dominance of The Times in Nineteenth-Century Scholarship
Authors: Hobbs Andrew 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The Times was a mid-nineteenth-century newspaper phenomenon, defeating rival London newspapers through its skilful management, advanced technology, greater editorial resources and access to powerful politicians. Its authority enabled it to make and break governments. However, the uniqueness of The Times limits its usefulness as a historical source. This article begins with a brief history of The Times, before analysing how the newspaper remains centre stage in the historiography of journalism and of nineteenth-century culture more broadly, despite the digitization of provincial and other London papers. Over-dependence on The Times, it argues, has exaggerated the significance of London daily newspapers and underplayed the importance of weekly papers, particularly those published outside London. The Times was unusual because it was a metropolitan rather than provincial paper, with a focus on political news and a dearth of lighter, broader content, or news of events around the UK. Using quantitative analysis of recent scholarship, the article demonstrates that unwarranted conclusions are still drawn from over-use of this source and from a wider view that it was representative of nineteenth-century newspapers in general. The conclusion urges a more geographically and culturally nuanced approach to Victorian newspapers, beyond a metropolitan-focused political and cultural history.
S1P lyase in thymic perivascular spaces promotes egress of mature thymocytes via up-regulation of S1P receptor 1
Authors: Maeda Yasuhiro , Yagi Hideki , Takemoto Kana , Utsumi Hiroyuki , Fukunari Atsushi , Sugahara Kunio , Masuko Takashi , Chiba Kenji 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) play an important role in the egress of mature CD4 or CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes from the thymus. Fingolimod hydrochloride (FTY720), an S1P1 functional antagonist, induced significant accumulation of CD62LhighCD69low mature SP thymocytes in the thymic medulla. Immunohistochemical staining using anti-S1P1 antibody revealed that S1P1 is predominantly expressed on thymocytes in the thymic medulla and is strongly down-regulated even at 3h after FTY720 administration. 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI), an S1P lyase inhibitor, also induced accumulation of mature SP thymocytes in the thymic medulla with an enlargement of the perivascular spaces (PVS). At 6h after THI administration, S1P1-expressing thymocytes reduced partially as if to form clusters and hardly existed in the proximity of CD31-expressing blood vessels in the thymic medulla, suggesting S1P lyase expression in the cells constructing thymic medullary PVS. To determine the cells expressing S1P lyase in the thymus, we newly established a mAb (YK19-2) specific for mouse S1P lyase. Immunohistochemical staining with YK19-2 revealed that S1P lyase is predominantly expressed in non-lymphoid thymic stromal cells in the thymic medulla. In the thymic medullary PVS, S1P lyase was expressed in ER-TR7-positive cells (reticular fibroblasts and pericytes) and CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells. Our findings suggest that S1P lyase expressed in the thymic medullary PVS keeps the tissue S1P concentration low around the vessels and promotes thymic egress via up-regulation of S1P1.
Cardioprotection during Diabetes
Authors: Muravyeva Maria , Baotic Ines , Bienengraeber Martin , Lazar Jozef , Bosnjak Zeljko J. , Sedlic Filip , Warltier David C. , Kersten Judy R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background:
Diabetes alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and consequently disrupts cardioprotective signaling. The authors investigated whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) modulates anesthetic preconditioning (APC) and cardiac susceptibility to ischemia–reperfusion injury by using two strains of rats, both sharing nuclear genome of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DN) rats and having distinct mitochondrial genomes of Wistar and fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rat strains (T2DNmtWistar and T2DNmtFHH, respectively).

Methods:
Myocardial infarct size was measured in Wistar, T2DNmtWistar, and T2DNmtFHH rats with or without APC (1.4% isoflurane) in the presence or absence of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Flavoprotein fluorescence intensity, a marker of mitochondrial redox state, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence intensity, a marker of reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening were assessed in isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with or without isoflurane (0.5 mmol/l).

Results:
Myocardial infarct size was decreased by APC in Wistar and T2DNmtWistar rats (to 42 ± 6%, n = 8; and 44 ± 7%, n = 8; of risk area, respectively) compared with their respective controls (60 ± 3%, n = 6; and 59 ± 9%, n = 7), but not in T2DNmtFHH rats (60 ± 2%, n = 8). N-acetylcysteine applied during isoflurane treatment restored APC in T2DNmtFHH (39 ± 6%, n = 7; and 38 ± 5%, n = 7; 150 and 75 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine, respectively), but abolished protection in control rats (54 ± 8%, n = 6). Similar to the data on infarct size, APC delayed mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in T2DNmtWistar but not in T2DNmtFHH cardiomyocytes. Isoflurane increased flavoprotein and 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence intensity in all rat strains, with the greatest effect in T2DNmtFHH cardiomyocytes.

Conclusion:
Differences in the mitochondrial genome modulate isoflurane-induced generation of reactive oxygen species which translates into differential susceptibility to APC and ischemia–reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.
Chronic Functional Constipation in Children
Authors: Steiner Sílvia A. , Torres Marcia R.F. , Penna Francisco J. , Gazzinelli Barbara F. , Corradi Caroline G.A. , Costa Aline S. , Ribeiro Isabela G. , de Andrade Eugênio G. , do Carmo Barros de Melo Maria 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the treatment adherence of children with chronic functional constipation.Methods:The present study is a prospective and longitudinal study realized at a pediatric gastroenterology clinic of a Brazilian University Hospital, between August 2009 and October 2011. Rome III criteria and the Bristol Stool Scale were used to define constipation and to characterize feces, respectively. Drug treatment was prescribed for patients according to the protocols previously standardized in the clinic. Specific questionnaires, containing questions related to 1 dependent variable and independent variables were completed in the first and sixth months of the treatment. Independent variables related to the patients, their caregivers, the disease itself, and the therapeutic plan were analyzed and compared with the dependent variable (adherence to the treatment). Adherence was considered when the patient returned with >75% of the prescribed medicine containers empty.Results:Fifty children participated in both the first and sixth months of treatment. The mean age of the sample was 77.6 ± 43.8 months and the mean age of the onset of symptoms was 18.8 ± 27.9 months. The adherence rate was 38% in the first month and 30% in the sixth month. Patients who were treated with polyethylene glycol had greater adherence than patients who were prescribed other laxatives, with statistical significance in the second moment of the study (P = 0.19 and P = 0.04, respectively).Conclusions:The study showed low adherence rates to drug treatment of constipation in children. It is necessary to seek new strategies to increase treatment adherence, while avoiding complications and reducing costs.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation in Children With Autism
Authors: Voigt Robert G. , Mellon Michael W. , Katusic Slavica K. , Weaver Amy L. , Matern Dietrich , Mellon Bryan , Jensen Craig L. , Barbaresi William J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation improves the behavior of children with autism.Methods:A group of 3‐ to 10‐year‐old children with autism were randomized in a double‐blind fashion to receive a supplement containing 200 mg of DHA or a placebo for 6 months. The parents and the investigator completed the Clinical Global Impressions‐Improvement scale to rate changes in core symptoms of autism after 3 and 6 months. The parents completed the Child Development Inventory and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist, and both parents and teachers completed the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (BASC) at enrollment and after 6 months.Results:A total of 48 children (40 [83%] boys, mean age [standard deviation] 6.1 [2.0] years) were enrolled; 24 received DHA and 24 placebo. Despite a median 431% increase in total plasma DHA levels after 6 months, the DHA group was not rated as improved in core symptoms of autism compared to the placebo group on the CGI‐I. Based on the analysis of covariance models adjusted for the baseline rating scores, parents (but not teachers) provided a higher average rating of social skills on the BASC for the children in the placebo group compared to the DHA group (P = 0.04), and teachers (but not parents) provided a higher average rating of functional communication on the BASC for the children in the DHA group compared to the placebo group (P = 0.02).Conclusions:Dietary DHA supplementation of 200 mg/day for 6 months does not improve the core symptoms of autism. Our results may have been limited by inadequate sample size.
Advanced glycation end‐products impair Na+/K+‐ATPase activity in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Role of the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1 pathway
Authors: Yuan Qiong , Zhou Qian‐Yi , Liu Du , Yu Lun , Zhan Lin , Li Xiao‐Jing , Peng Hong‐Yan , Zhang Xiu‐Ling , Yuan Xin‐Chu 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Decreased Na+/K+‐ATPase activity, and both sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been reported to be involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM).

The present study aimed to investigate the advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) that impair Na+/K+‐ATPase stability by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway during progression of DCM.

To study type 1 diabetic mellitus (T1DM), a disease model in rats was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg), and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were also cultured. Heart function was detected by Doppler, and SIRT1 and AMPK protein expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Na+/K+‐ATPase activity was also monitored.

Using in vivo rat models of DCM, we showed that Na+/K+‐ATPase activity decreased when both AMPK and SIRT1 expression were downregulated. In vitro, AGE impaired Na+/K+‐ATPase activity and decreased the AMPK and SIRT1 expression.

Sirtuin 1 overexpression increased Na+/K+‐ATPase activity. 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐3‐ribonucleoside (AICAR) upregulated SIRT1 expression and increased Na+/K+‐ATPase activity, which could be partially abolished by splitomicin.

Our results suggest that the dysfunction of DCM is related to AGE‐induced Na+/K+‐ATPase activity impairment through a mechanism involving the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.
The private life of environmental bacteria: pollutant biodegradation at the single cell level
Authors: Nikel Pablo Iván , Silva‐Rocha Rafael , Benedetti Ilaria , de Lorenzo Víctor 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBacteria display considerable cell‐to‐cell heterogeneity in a number of genetic and physiological traits. Stochastic differences in regulatory patterns (e.g. at the transcriptional level) propagate into the metabolic and physiological status of otherwise isogenic cells, which ultimately results in appearance of sub‐populations within the community. As new technologies emerge and because novel single cell strategies are constantly being refined, our knowledge on microbial individuality is in burgeoning and constant expansion. These approaches encompass not only molecular biology tools (e.g. fluorescent‐protein based reporters) but also a suite of sophisticated, non‐invasive technologies to gain insight into the metabolic state of individual cells. Defining the role of individual heterogeneities is thus instrumental for the population‐level understanding of macroscopic processes in both environmental and industrial set‐ups. The present article reviews the state‐of‐the‐art methodologies for the investigation of single bacteria at both the genetic and metabolic level, and places the application of currently available tools in the context of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology. As a case example, we examine the stochastic and multi‐stable behaviour of the TOL‐encoded pathway of Pseudomonas putida mt‐2 for the biodegradation of aromatic compounds. Bet‐hedging strategies and division of labour are considered as factors pushing forward the evolution of environmental microorganisms.
Planning and Experimental Knowledge Production: Zeche Zollverein as an Urban Laboratory
Authors: Dorstewitz Philipp 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWithin a time span of 10 years, the old colliery Zeche Zollverein in Essen, Germany, was transformed from a troubled brownfield to a celebrated UNESCO world heritage site. In 2010 it served as the central hub for events held during Essen's year as European Cultural Capital. In this article I argue that we should consider Zollverein as an urban laboratory and understand its planning history as an experimental inquiry process in the Deweyan sense. I develop the concept of an ‘urban laboratory’ by paralleling the contexts of urban planning on Zollverein with recent developments in the philosophy of science and science studies on scientific laboratories. Laboratory work is understood as context‐bound experimental practice focused on resolving concrete problem situations. Theory and experimental practice are more closely linked than traditional views have held. Scientific inquiry must always be understood as a normative quest and cannot be reduced to a descriptive task of representing nature. Finally, I frame laboratory work as a transactive social process in which a community of inquiry is formed and transformed. These four ideas help to adapt the concept of scientific laboratory to urban planning contexts, and I use the Zollverein case study to illustrate these characteristics.
Popular Ethnic Foods in the United States: A Historical and Safety Perspective
Authors: Lee Jee Hye , Hwang Johye , Mustapha Azlin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract In recent years, a dramatic increase in the demand for ethnic foods in the United States has been observed. Interestingly, with their rise in popularity, more foodborne illness outbreaks associated with ethnic foods have also been reported. Despite a more than 200‐y history of ethnic foods in the United States, there is a paucity of information about them. Furthermore, there is also a lack of research on food safety issues involving ethnic foods. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of ethnic foods, including the history, types, popularity, characteristics, ingredients, and consumer attitudes toward them. Importantly, this review provides an analysis of the statistics of foodborne illness outbreaks associated with ethnic foods based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The breakdown of etiology of ethnic foods identified the number of total outbreaks, the causative microorganisms, the food vectors, and the locations where foodborne disease outbreaks have occurred. Also covered is a review of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system implementation, food safety training, and inspection score systems related to ethnic foods and how these can serve as effective tools for the prevention of foodborne illness outbreaks. This study contributes to the body of food safety literature by providing helpful information about ethnic foods in the United States.
Potential Utility of High‐Pressure Processing to Address the Risk of Food Allergen Concerns
Authors: Huang Hsiao‐Wen , Hsu Chiao‐Ping , Yang Binghuei Barry , Wang Chung‐Yi 
Published: December 2013

Abstract High‐pressure processing (HPP) technology is a novel, nonthermal processing technology for food. This special processing method can inactivate microorganisms and enzymes in food at room temperature using ultra‐high pressures of above 100 MPa, while the original flavor and nutritional value of the food are maintained, with an extended refrigerated shelf‐life of the food in distribution. In recent years, because of the rising prevalence of food allergies, many researchers have actively sought processing methods that reduce the allergenicity of food allergens. This study describes the effects of the current HPP technology on allergen activity. Our main goal was to provide an overview of the current research achievements of the application of HPP to eliminate the allergenicity of various foods, including legumes, grains, seafood, meat, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. In addition, the processing parameters, principles, and mechanisms of HPP for allergen destruction are discussed, such as the induction of protein denaturation, the change in protein conformation, allergen removal using the high‐pressure extraction technology, and the promotion of enzymatic hydrolysis to alter the sensitization of the allergens. In the future, the application of HPP technology as a pretreatment step for raw food materials may contribute to the development of food products with low or no allergenic ingredients, which then can effectively reduce the concern for consumers with allergies, reduce the risk of mistaken ingestion, and reduce the overall incidence of allergic reactions from food.
Curcumin and Liver Disease: from Chemistry to Medicine
Authors: Nabavi Seyed Fazel , Daglia Maria , Moghaddam Akbar Hajizadeh , Habtemariam Solomon , Nabavi Seyed Mohammad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract Curcumin, the natural yellow‐colored active principle, also called turmeric yellow, extracted from the perennial herb Curcuma longa L., has potent biological and pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, anti‐ischemic, antitumor, and anticancer actions. The molecular mechanism of the hepatoprotective action of curcumin is due to its antioxidant properties and inhibitory activity against nuclear factor (NF)‐κB that regulates different proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. Overall, scientific reports demonstrate that curcumin has high therapeutic ability for treating hepatic disorders. Here is a systematic discussion of the hepatoprotective activity of curcumin and its possible mechanisms of actions.