bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rupture process of the 2014 Iquique Chile Earthquake in relation with the foreshock activity
Authors: Yagi Yuji , Okuwaki Ryo , Enescu Bogdan , Hirano Shiro , Yamagami Yuta , Endo Suguru , Komoro Takuya 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe rupture process of the 2014 Iquique, Chile earthquake is inverted from teleseismic P wave data applying a novel formulation that takes into account the uncertainty of Green's function, which has been a major error source in waveform inversion. The estimated seismic moment is 1.5 × 1021 Nm (Mw = 8.1), associated with a 140 km long and 140 km wide fault rupture along the plate interface. The source process is characterized by unilateral rupture propagation. During the first 20 s, the dynamic rupture front propagated from the hypocenter to the large asperity located about 50 km southward, crossing a remarkably active foreshock area at high velocity (of about 3.0 km/s), but small and irregular seismic moment release rate. Our result may suggest that the 20 s long initial phase was influenced by the stress drop due to the foreshock activity near the main shock hypocenter. Moreover, the 2 week long swarm‐like foreshock activity migrating roughly at 5 km/day toward the main shock hypocenter, and possibly associated slow slip, contributed to the stress accumulation prior to the Mw 8.1 megaquake. The main shock initial rupture phase might have triggered the rupture of the large asperity, which had large fracture energy.
Changes in dietary practices and social organization during the pivotal late iron age period in Norway (AD 550–1030): Isotope analyses of merovingian and viking age human remains
Authors: Naumann Elise , Price T. Douglas , Richards Michael P. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHuman remains representing 33 individuals buried along the coast in northern Norway were analyzed for diet composition using collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. Where possible, both teeth and bone were included to investigate whether there were dietary changes from childhood to adulthood. A general shift was documented from the Merovingian Age 550–800 AD to the Viking Age AD 800–1050 (VA), with a heavier reliance on marine diet in the VA. Dietary life history data show that 15 individuals changed their diets through life with 11 of these having consumed more marine foods in the later years of life. In combination with 87Sr/86Sr data, it is argued that at least six individuals possibly originated from inland areas and then moved to the coastal region where they were eventually interred. The trend is considered in relation to the increasing expansion of the marine fishing industry at this time, and it is suggested that results from isotope analyses reflect the expanding production and export of stockfish in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:322–331, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing the Dynamic Structure of Complex Solid Catalysts Using Modulated Excitation X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Ferri Davide , Newton Mark A. , Di Michiel Marco , Chiarello Gian Luca , Yoon Songhak , Lu Ye , Andrieux Jérôme 
Published: June 2014

AbstractX‐ray diffraction (XRD) is typically silent towards information on low loadings of precious metals on solid catalysts because of their finely dispersed nature. When combined with a concentration modulation approach, time‐resolved high‐energy XRD is able to provide the detailed redox dynamics of palladium nanoparticles with a diameter of 2 nm in 2 wt % Pd/CZ (CZ=ceria–zirconia), which is a difficult sample for extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements because of the cerium component. The temporal evolution of the Pd(111) and Ce(111) reflections together with surface information from synchronous diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) measurements reveals that Ce maintains Pd oxidized in the CO pulse, whereas reduction is detected at the beginning of the O2 pulse. Oxygen is likely transferred from Pd to Ce3+ before the onset of Pd re‐oxidation. In this context, adsorbed carbonates appear to be the rate‐limiting species for re‐oxidation.
Hybrid simulated annealing and genetic algorithm for optimizing arterial signal timings under oversaturated traffic conditions
Authors: Li Zichuan , Schonfeld Paul 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe implementation of system‐wide signal optimization models requires efficient solution algorithms that can quickly generate optimal or near‐optimal signal timings. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm based on simulated annealing (SA) and a genetic algorithm (GA) for arterial signal timing optimization. A decoding scheme is proposed that exploits our prior expectations about efficient solutions, namely, that the optimal green time distribution should reflect the proportion of the critical lane volumes of each phase. An SA algorithm, a GA algorithm and a hybrid SA‐GA algorithm are developed here using the proposed decoding scheme. These algorithms can be adapted to a wide range of signal optimization models and are especially suitable for those optimizing phase sequences with oversaturated intersections. To comparatively evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, we apply them to a signal optimization model for oversaturated arterial intersections based on an enhanced cell transmission model. The numerical results indicate that the SA‐GA algorithm outperforms both SA and GA in terms of solution quality and convergence rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reinforcement learning approach for distance‐based dynamic tolling in the stochastic network environment
Authors: Zhu Feng , Ukkusuri Satish V. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis paper proposes a novel dynamic tolling model based on distance and accounts for uncertain traffic demand and supply conditions. The distance‐based tolling controller is modeled as an intelligent agent interacting within the stochastic network environment dynamically by taking actions, which are to decide different distance‐based tolling rates of vehicles. The distance‐based tolls are determined according to various metrics, for example, total traffic flow throughput, delay time, vehicular emissions, which are set as objectives in the modeling framework. The optimal tolling rate is determined by an R‐Markov Average Reward Technique based reinforcement learning algorithm. In the numerical case study, we test the proposed tolling scheme on a benchmark test network—the Sioux Falls network—where specified links are candidate toll links. The result shows that the total travel time of tolling links reduces by 25% over simulation runs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitization enhancement of europium in ZnSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots induced by efficient energy transfer
Authors: Liu Ni , Xu Ling , Wang Hongyu , Xu Jun , Su Weining , Ma Zhongyuan , Chen Kunji 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEu‐doped ZnSe:/ZnS quantum dots (formed as ZnSe:Eu/ZnS QDs) were successfully synthesized by a two‐step wet chemical method: nucleation doping and epitaxial shell growing. The sensitization characteristics of Eu‐doped ZnSe and ZnSe/ZnS core/shell QD are studied in detail using photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation spectra (PLE) and time‐resolved PL spectroscopy. The emission intensity of Eu ions is enhanced and that of ZnSe QDs is decreased, implying that energy was transferred from the excited ZnSe host materials (the donor) to the doped Eu ions (the acceptor). PLE reveals that the ZnSe QDs act as an antenna for the sensitization of Eu ions through an energy transfer process. The dynamics of ZnSe:Eu/ZnS core/shell quantum dots with different shell thicknesses and doping concentrations are studied via PL spectra and fluorescence lifetime spectra. The maximum phosphorescence efficiency is obtained when the doping concentration of Eu is approximately 6% and the sample showed strong white light under ultraviolet lamp illumination. By surface modification with ZnS shell layer, the intensity of Eu‐related PL emission is increased approximately three times compared with that of pure ZnSe:Eu QDs. The emission intensity and wavelength of ZnSe:Eu/ZnS core/shell quantum dots can be modulated by different shell thickness and doping concentration. The results provide a valuable insight into the doping control for practical applications in laser, light‐emitting diodes and in the field of biotechnology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from diversity of directed evolution experiments by an analysis of 3,000 mutations
Authors: Zhao Jing , Kardashliev Tsvetan , Joëlle Ruff Anna , Bocola Marco , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDiversity generation by random mutagenesis is often the first key step in directed evolution experiments and screening of 1,000–2,000 clones is in most directed evolution campaigns sufficient to identify improved variants. For experimentalists important questions such as how many positions are mutated in the targeted gene and what amino acid substitutions can be expected after screening of 1,000–2,000 clones are surprisingly not answered by a statistical analysis of mutant libraries. Therefore three random mutagenesis experiments (epPCR with a low‐ and a high‐mutation frequency and a transversion‐enriched sequence saturation mutagenesis method named SeSaM‐Tv P/P) were performed on the lipase BSLA and in total 3,000 mutations were analyzed to determine the diversity in random mutagenesis libraries employed in directed evolution experiments. The active fraction of the population ranged from 15% (epPCR‐high), to 52% (SeSaM‐Tv P/P), and 55% (epPCR‐low) which correlates well with the average number of amino acid substitutions per protein (4.1, 1.6 and 1.1). In the epPCR libraries transitions were the predominant mutations (>72%), and >82% of all mutations occurred at A‐ or T‐nts. Consecutive nucleotide (nt) mutations were obtained only with a low fraction (2.8%) under highly error‐prone conditions. SeSaM‐Tv P/P was enriched in transversions (43%; >1.7‐fold more than epPCR libraries), and consecutive nt mutations (30.5%; 11‐fold more than epPCR‐high). A high fraction of wild‐type BSLA protein (33%) was found in the epPCR‐low mutant library compared to 2% in epPCR‐high and 13% in SeSaM‐Tv P/P. An average of 1.8–1.9 amino acid substitutions per residue was obtained with epPCR‐low and ‐high compared to 2.1 via SeSaM‐Tv P/P. The chemical composition of the amino acid substitutions differed, however, significantly from the two epPCR methods to SeSaM‐Tv P/P. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2380–2389. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell retention by encapsulation for the cultivation of Jurkat cells in fixed and fluidized bed reactors
Authors: Kaiser P. , Werner M. , Jérôme V. , Hübner H. , Buchholz R. , Freitag R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTJurkat cells are accepted model cells for primary human T lymphocytes, for example, in medical research. Their growth to tissue‐like cell densities (up to 100 × 106 cells/mLcapsule) in semi‐permeable (molecular weight cut off <10,000 Da) sodium cellulose sulfate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte capsules has previously been shown by us [Werner et al. (2013). Use of the mitochondria toxicity assay for quantifying the viable cell density of microencapsulated jurkat cells. Biotechnol Prog 29(4): 986–993]. Herein, we demonstrate that encapsulation can be used to retain the cells in continuously operated bioreactors, which opens new possibilities for research, for example, the use of Jurkat cells in pulse response experiments under steady state conditions. Two reactor concepts are presented, a fluidized and a fixed bed reactor. A direct comparison of the growth kinetics in batch and repeated batch spinner cultivations, that is, under conditions where both encapsulated and non‐encapsulated cells can be cultivated under otherwise identical conditions, showed that maximum specific growth rates were higher for the encapsulated than for the non‐encapsulated cells. In the subsequent batch and repeated batch bioreactor experiments (only encapsulated cells), growth rates were similar, with the exception of the fixed bed batch reactor, where growth kinetics were significantly slower. Concomitantly, a significant fraction of the cells towards the bottom of the bed were no longer metabolically active, though apparently not dead. In the repeated batch fluidized bed reactor cellular division could be maintained for more than two weeks, albeit with a specific growth rate below the maximum one, leading to final cell densities of approximately 180 × 106 cell/gcapsule. At the same time, the cell cycle distribution of the cells was shifted to the S and G2/M phases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2571–2579. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde and its metabolite in rat tissues by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Hang , Yang Qian , Xie Yanhua , Sun Jiyuan , Tu Honghai , Cao Wei , Wang Siwang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCinnamaldehyde (CA), an active ingredient isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Cortex Cinnamomi, has a wide range of bioactivities. To clarify the distribution characteristics of CA, a selective and sensitive method utilizing gas chromatography–mass spetrometry was initially developed for simultaneously determining the concentration of CA and its metabolite cinnamyl alcohol in rat tissues. Selected ion masses of m/z 131, 105 and 92 were chosen, and separation of the analytes was performed on a DB‐5 ms (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm, thickness) capillary column by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The calibration curves demonstrated good linearity and reproducibility over the range of 20–2000 and 20–4000 ng/mL for various tissue samples. Recoveries ranged from 86.8 to 107.5%, while intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were all <11.3%. The analysis method was successfully applied in tissue distribution studies for CA and cinnamyl alcohol. As CA and cinnamyl alcohol may inter‐convert to one another, simultaneous determination of both analytes provides a comparative and accurate data for tissue study. The concentrations of CA and cinnamyl alcohol remaining in spleen were the highest among the main organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain. In addition, there was no long‐term accumulation of CA in rat tissues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile LC‐UV methods for simultaneous monitoring of ciprofloxacin and rosuvastatin in API, formulations and human serum
Authors: Arayne M. Saeed , Sultana Najma , Tabassum Arman 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn efficient, selective and cost‐effective liquid chromatographic assay was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of ciprofloxacin and rosuvastatin in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), pharmaceutical formulations and in human serum. The chromatographic system consisted of mobile phase methanol–water, 90:10 v/v at pH 3.0 adjusted with o‐phosphoric acid, pumped at 1.0 mL/min through a prepacked Purospher Star C18 (5 µm, 25 × 0.46 cm) column and effluent was monitored at the isosbestic point (255 nm) as well as at the λmax of individual drugs (243 and 271 nm). The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 0.25–15 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin and 0.33–20 µg/mL for rosuvastatin (r2 ≥ 0.999). The ranges of reliable response (limits of detection and quantitation) for ciprofloxacin were 3–15 and 9–45 ng/mL and 17–29 and 52–88 ng/mL, respectively, for rosuvastatin in all API, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum. Analytical recovery from human serum was >98% and relative standard deviation (RSD) was <2. The accuracies were 97.13–102.55 and 97.41–101.31% and precisions in RSD were 0.04–1.90 and 0.02–1.23% for ciprofloxacin and rosuvastatin, respectively. No matrix interferences, ion suppression/enhancement and carry‐over were detected. The total assay run time was less than 5 min. In another study, for optimum performance the detector was programmed for multiwavelength scanning at the absorption maxima of each component. Consequently, the linearity range was improved and limit of detection and quantitation values were down to 1–4 and 4–12 ng/mL for ciprofloxacin and 3–5 and 9–15 ng/mL for rosuvastatin, respectively. The validation parameters fitted ICH guidelines through the isosbestic and individual λmax approach. The small sample volume and simplicity of preparation make this method suitable for use in human serum samples, pharmaceutical formulations, quality control, drug–drug interaction studies, clinical laboratories, drug research centers and forensic medical centers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method for determination of eriodictyol‐8‐C‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside in rat plasma for a bioavailability study
Authors: Qiu Feng , Fu Shujun , Zhang Xinshi , Gong Muxin , Wang Manyuan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study is the first to detail the development and validation of a rapid, sensitive and specific LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for the determination of eriodictyol‐8‐C‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (EG) in rat plasma. A simple protein precipitation method was used for plasma sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was successfully achieved on an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 µm) using a step gradient program with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. EG and the internal standard (IS) were detected using an electrospray negative ionization mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. This method demonstrated good linearity and did not show any endogenous interference with the active compound and IS peaks. The lower limit of quantification of EG was 0.20 ng/mL in 50 μL rat plasma. The average recoveries of EG and IS from rat plasma were both above 80%. The inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation) of EG determined over 5 days were all within 15%. The present method was successfully applied to a quantification and bioavailability study of EG in rats after intravenous and oral administration. The oral absolute bioavailability of EG in rats was estimated to be 7.71 ± 1.52%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HILIC‐MS‐based shotgun metabolomic profiling of maternal urine at 9–23 weeks of gestation – establishing the baseline changes in the maternal metabolome
Authors: Trivedi Drupad K. , Iles Ray K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this data‐rich age it is no longer necessary to methodically isolate, characterize and measure specific molecules. What is important is to identify which of the hundreds or thousands of resolved and measured ‘unknown’ molecules are potentially associated with the pathophysiology of interest. We have taken LC‐MS data from pregnancy urine and applied SIMCA P+ data analysis software in shotgun metabolomics to search the large amount of data for significant metabolite changes that occur in the transition from the first to early second trimester of pregnancy. Seventy‐two individual urine samples were examined spanning 9–23 weeks of gestation. Three‐hundred and eighty‐three ions were identified and variations were mapped between profiles of different gestational age and the significance quantified. In urine collected during pregnancy, the transition from first to early second trimester revealed a relatively steady pattern of metabolites except for four that showed a dramatic fall in abundance as pregnancy progressed from the first to second trimester. The pattern of changes in urinary metabolites identified by Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Liquid Interaction Chromatography (ZIC‐HILIC) coupled to mass spectrometry was evaluated and we established a baseline of changes from which a search for metabolomic markers associated with clinical pathologies of pregnancy can be made as a part of wider ultraomics study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Tailor‐Made “Tag–Receptor” Affinity Pair for the Purification of Fusion Proteins
Authors: Pina Ana S. , Guilherme Márcia , Pereira Alice S. , Fernandes Cláudia S. M. , Branco Ricardo J. F. , El Khoury Graziella , Lowe Christopher R. , Roque A. Cecília A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA novel affinity “tag–receptor” pair was developed as a generic platform for the purification of fusion proteins. The hexapeptide RKRKRK was selected as the affinity tag and fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). The DNA fragments were designed, cloned in Pet‐21c expression vector and expressed in E. coli host as soluble protein. A solid‐phase combinatorial library based on the Ugi reaction was synthesized: 64 affinity ligands displaying complementary functionalities towards the designed tag. The library was screened by affinity chromatography in a 96‐well format for binding to the RKRKRK‐tagged GFP protein. Lead ligand A7C1 was selected for the purification of RKRKRK fusion proteins. The affinity pair RKRKRK‐tagged GFP with A7C1 emerged as a promising solution (Ka of 2.45×105 M−1). The specificity of the ligand towards the tag was observed experimentally and theoretically through automated docking and molecular dynamics simulations.
ChemInform Abstract: Turning Gold into “Diamond”: A Family of Hexagonal Diamond‐Type Au‐Frameworks Interconnected by Triangular Clusters in the Sr—Al—Au System.
Authors: Palasyuk Andriy , Grin Yuri , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDifferent intermetallic compounds containing three‐dimensional tetrahedral frameworks of Au atoms similar to hexagonal diamond are obtained from melts of the Sr‐Au‐Al systems: (I) hexagonal SrAl3‐xAu4+x (0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.46; space group P$\bar 6$2m, Z = 3); (II) orthorhombic SrAl2‐yAu5+y (y ≤ 0.05; space group Pnma, Z = 4); (III) Sr2Al2‐zAu7+z (z = 0.32; space group C2/c, Z = 4); and (IV) rhombohedral Sr2Al3‐wAu6+w (w ≤ 0.18; space group R$\bar 3$c, Z = 6).
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Crystal Structure of Yb26B12O57 — X‐Ray Structure Determination on Flux‐Synthesized Single Crystals.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Schulz Armin , J. DiSalvo Francis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTransparent, colorless crystals of the title compound are prepared by reaction of Yb2O3 and B powder in a KCl flux (Nb ampule, 1000 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Silicides YT2Si2 (T: Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd): A Systematic Study by 89Y Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Hoeting Christoph , Eckert Hellmut , Matar Samir F. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared from the elements by arc‐melting and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, 89Y solid state NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Calcination Temperature of Size Controlled Microstructure of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Battery.
Authors: Park Tae‐Jun , Lim Jung‐Bin , Son Jong‐Tae 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSize controlled LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode powders are prepared by co‐precipitation followed by calcination between 750 and 850 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel AgIO4 Semiconductor with Ultrahigh Activity in Photodegradation of Organic Dyes: Insights into the Photosensitization Mechanism.
Authors: Tang Jianting , Li Datang , Feng Zhaoxia , Tan Zhen , Ou Baoli 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSemiconducting AgIO4 is precipitated from an aqueous KIO4 solution by addition of AgNO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallization of MIGe2(PO4)3 (MI: Na, K, Ag) from Molten Phosphate Media.
Authors: Terebilenko K. V. , Slobodyanik N. S. , Ogorodnyk I. V. , Baumer V. N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe solubility isotherms for GeO2 in molten mixtures of (NH4)H2PO4 and M2CO3 (M: Na, K) at 1123 K for sodium and 1173 K for potassium are constructed and used for the preparation of the NASICON‐related title compounds.