bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Color Changes in the Vitapan Classical Shade Guide After Disinfection
Authors: Alshethri SE 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to evaluate how one, two, and three years of simulated treatments affect the colors of Vitapan Classical Shade Guide tabs after being chemically disinfected. Ten shade tabs (one, control; nine, disinfection) were evaluated visually and by chromameter for color changes after disinfection. Results showed that 0.62 ΔE was found after three years of disinfection. The color changes in the shade guide tabs were perceptible or noticeable to the human eye in eight out of 45 shade tabs (17.8%) after two years and in 13 out of 45 shade tabs (28.9%) after three years of treatment. It was concluded that one shade guide should be retained as a control and periodically compared with the shade guide in use to determine when the shade tabs in use should be replaced or discarded.
Surface relief grating formation in luminescent dye doped photochromic polymer containing azobenzene side groups
Authors: Sznitko Lech , Karpinski Pawel , Bartkiewicz Stanislaw , Miniewicz Andrzej , Mysliwiec Jaroslaw 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We study the formation of a surface relief grating and photoluminescence in a thin layers of a photochromic polymer doped with the luminescent dyes 3-(1,1-dicyanoethenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole and Rhodamine 6G. Surface topography measurements via Atomic Force Microscopy confirmed the existence of a surface relief grating with amplitudes as high as 650 nm both for doped and undoped photochromic polymers. Spectroscopic measurements carried out for polymers containing luminescent dyes have shown efficient photoluminescence and amplified spontaneous emission which is characteristic for gain media.
Le médium mythologique du Rock’n roll et la musique contemporaine
Authors: Castanet Pierre Albert 
Published: October 2013

Devenu depuis plus d’un demi-siècle facteur idéologique de mythologie quotidienne, le Rock a séduit bon nombre de compositeurs contemporains (John Adams, Luciano Berio, Steve Martland, Theo Loevendie…). Explorant cette problématique, la communication de Pierre Albert Castanet se fonde sur l’histoire contextuelle et interactive du « populaire » et du « savant ». S’attachant notamment à l’instrumentarium symbolique des rockers (orgue électrique, guitare électrique, guitare basse, batterie), l’article se penche sur quelques études de cas allant des musiques de Pierre Henry à Philippe Manoury en passant par celles de Cathy Berberian, György Ligeti ou Tristan Murail…
Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification
Authors: Kimple Michelle E. , Brill Allison L. , Pasker Renee L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAddition of an affinity tag is a useful method for differentiating recombinant proteins expressed in bacterial and eukaryotic expression systems from the background of total cellular proteins, as well as for detecting protein‐protein interactions. This overview describes the historical basis for the development of affinity tags, affinity tags that are commonly used today, how to choose an appropriate affinity tag for a particular purpose, and several recently developed affinity tag technologies that may prove useful in the near future. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:9.9.1‐9.9.23. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Experimental Models of the Blood‐Brain Barrier in CNS Drug Discovery
Authors: Palmer Alan M. , Alavijeh Mohammad S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and metabolic entity that isolates the brain from the systemic circulation. The barrier consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that contain egress transporters and catabolic enzymes. To cross the BBB, a drug must possess the appropriate physicochemical properties to achieve a sufficient time‐concentration profile in brain interstitial fluid (ISF). In this overview, we review techniques to measure BBB permeation, which is evidenced by the free concentration of compound in brain ISF over time. We consider a number of measurement techniques, including in vivo microdialysis and brain receptor occupancy following perfusion. Consideration is also given to the endothelial and nonendothelial cell systems used to assess both the BBB permeation of a test compound and its interactions with egress transporters, and computer models employed for predicting passive permeation and the probability of interactions with BBB transporters.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 62:7.15.1‐7.15.30. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acid Structure: Energy and Sampling
Authors: Bergonzo Christina , Galindo‐Murillo Rodrigo , Cheatham Thomas E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn overview of computer simulation techniques as applied to nucleic acid systems is presented. This unit discusses methods used to treat energy and to sample representative configurations. Emphasis is placed on molecular mechanics and empirical force fields. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 54:7.8.1‐7.8.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Probing Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics using Fluorescence Imaging and Photobleaching Techniques
Authors: Costantini Lindsey , Snapp Erik 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis unit describes approaches and tools for studying the dynamics and organization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and proteins in living cells using fluorescence microscopy. The ER plays a key role in secretory protein biogenesis, calcium regulation, and lipid synthesis. However, study of these processes has often been restricted to biochemical assays that average millions of lysed cells or imaging of static fixed cells. With new fluorescent protein (FP) reporter tools, sensitive commercial microscopes, and photobleaching techniques, investigators can interrogate the behaviors of ER proteins, membranes, and stress pathways in single live cells. Solutions are described for imaging challenges relevant to the ER, including the mobility of ER membranes, a range of ER structures, and the influence of post‐translational modifications on FP reporters. Considerations for performing photobleaching assays for ER proteins are discussed. Finally, reporters and drugs for studying misfolded secretory protein stress and the unfolded protein response are described. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 60:21.7.1‐21.7.29. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical GPS ground motion rates in the Euro‐Mediterranean region: New evidence of velocity gradients at different spatial scales along the Nubia‐Eurasia plate boundary
Authors: Serpelloni Enrico , Faccenna Claudio , Spada Giorgio , Dong Danan , Williams Simon D. P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe use 2.5 to 14 years long position time series from >800 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations to study vertical deformation rates in the Euro‐Mediterranean region. We estimate and remove common mode errors in position time series using a principal component analysis, obtaining a significant gain in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the displacements data. Following the results of a maximum likelihood estimation analysis, which gives a mean spectral index ~ −0.7, we adopt a power law + white noise stochastic model in estimating the final vertical rates and find 95% of the velocities within ±2 mm/yr, with uncertainties from filtered time series ~40% smaller than from the unfiltered ones. We highlight the presence of statistically significant velocity gradients where the stations density is higher. We find undulations of the vertical velocity field at different spatial scales both in tectonically active regions, like eastern Alps, Apennines, and eastern Mediterranean, and in regions characterized by a low or negligible tectonic activity, like central Iberia and western Alps. A correlation between smooth vertical velocities and topographic features is apparent in many sectors of the study area. Glacial isostatic adjustment and weathering processes do not completely explain the measured rates, and a combination of active tectonics and deep‐seated geodynamic processes must be invoked. Excluding areas where localized processes are likely, or where subduction processes may be active, mantle dynamics is the most likely process, but regional mantle modeling is required for a better understanding.
Seismic attenuation beneath northeastern Japan: Constraints on mantle dynamics and arc magmatism
Authors: Nakajima Junichi , Hada Shuhei , Hayami Erika , Uchida Naoki , Hasegawa Akira , Yoshioka Shoichi , Matsuzawa Toru , Umino Norihito 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe apply a three‐step approach to estimate three‐dimensional (3‐D) P wave attenuation (Qp−1) structure beneath northeastern Japan. First, corner frequencies of earthquakes are determined using the spectral‐ratio method for S‐coda waves. Then, whole‐path attenuation terms, t*, and site‐amplification factors are simultaneously estimated by a joint inversion. The set of t* is finally inverted for 3‐D attenuation structure. The results show that the mantle wedge has low attenuation in the fore arc and high attenuation in the back arc. A depth profile of Qp−1 in the back‐arc mantle is explained by attenuation expected for a two‐dimensional (2‐D) thermal model with Qp/Qs = 2 and grain sizes of 1 and 3 cm. However, an inclined high‐attenuation zone observed in the back‐arc mantle wedge, which is interpreted as an upwelling flow, shows higher attenuation than that calculated from the 2‐D thermal model. The higher seismic attenuation is probably caused by the concentration of partial melt in the upwelling flow. A combined interpretation of seismic attenuation and velocity structures further suggests that the degree of partial melt in the upwelling flow varies along the arc and that volcanoes are clustered transverse to the arc, below which the upwelling flow contains a higher degree of melt. These observations indicate that magmatism is controlled by a mantle‐wedge process that depends strongly on spatial variations in the degree of partial melt in the upwelling flow. Our results further imply the breakdown of hydrous minerals in a hydrous layer above the Pacific plate at a depth of ~120 km.
Transplantation Models to Characterize the Mechanisms of Stem Cell–Induced Islet Regeneration
Authors: Bell Gillian I. , Seneviratne Ayesh K. , Nasri Grace N. , Hess David A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis unit describes our current knowledge regarding the isolation human bone marrow–derived progenitor cells for the paracrine stimulation of islet regeneration after transplantation into immunodeficient mouse models of diabetes. By using high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHhi) activity, a conserved function in multiple stem cell lineages, a mixed population of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cells can be efficiently purified using flow cytometry. We describe in vitro approaches to characterize and expand these distinct cell types. Importantly, these cell types can be transplanted into immunodeficient mice rendered beta‐cell deficient by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment, in order monitor functional recovery from hyperglycemia and to characterize endogenous islet regeneration via paracrine mechanisms. Herein, we provide detailed protocols for: (1) isolation and characterization of ALDHhi cells for the establishment of hematopoietic and multipotent‐stromal progenitor lineages; (2) intravenous and intrapancreatic transplantation of human stem cell subtypes for the quantification of glycemic recovery in STZ‐treated immunodeficient mice; and (3) immunohistochemical characterization of islet recovery via the stimulation of islet neogenic, beta‐cell proliferative, and islet revascularization programs. Collectively, these systems can be used to support the pre‐clinical development of human progenitor cell–based therapies to treat diabetes via islet regeneration. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 26:2B.4.1‐2B.4.35. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Therapeutic Approaches for Clostridium difficile Infections
Authors: Marsh Jane W. , Curry Scott R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMetronidazole and vancomycin remain the front‐line therapies for most Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). However, recurrent CDI occurs in ∼25% of patients, causing significant morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs. For this population, traditional antibiotic therapies fail and new treatment options are greatly needed. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved fidaxomicin for CDI treatment. This narrow‐spectrum antibiotic preserves the normal gut microbiota and shows promise as a treatment for severe and recurrent CDI. Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines directed against toxin are currently in clinical trials and represent alternative, non‐antibiotic therapies. Less traditional therapeutic interventions include bacteriotherapy with non‐toxigenic C. difficile and fecal transplant. This commentary will provide an overview of current and forthcoming CDI therapies. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 30:9A.3.1‐9A.3.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA Structure Analysis of Viruses Using SHAPE
Authors: Burrill Cecily P. , Andino Raul 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelective 2′ hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) provides a means to investigate RNA structure with better resolution and higher throughput than has been possible with traditional methods. We present several protocols, which are based on a variety of previously published methods and were adapted and optimized for the analysis of poliovirus RNA in the Andino laboratory. These include methods for nondenaturing RNA extraction, RNA modification and primer extension, and data processing in ShapeFinder. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 30:15H.3.1‐15H.3.12. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Creation of Circularly Polarized Luminescence from an Achiral Polyfluorene Derivative through Complexation with Helix‐Forming Polysaccharides: Importance of the meta‐Linkage Chain for Helix Formation
Authors: Shiraki Tomohiro , Tsuchiya Youichi , Noguchi Takao , Tamaru Shun‐ichi , Suzuki Nozomu , Taguchi Makoto , Fujiki Michiya , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) material has been created by polymer–polymer complexation between a helix‐forming polysaccharide, schizophyllan (SPG), and a meta‐phenylene‐linked polyfluorene derivative (mPFS). Computational modeling revealed that mPFS can adopt a helical structure although a conventional polyfluorene derivative with a para‐phenylene linkage tends to enjoy a rigid rodlike conformation. Our detailed experimental examination showed that mPFS forms a chiral nanowire complex through cohelix formation with SPG. We have found, as expected, that this cohelical complex emits highly efficient CPL even in an aqueous solution. The appearance of the high CPL property is due to 1) a high quantum yield of the fluorene unit and 2) immobilization of the helically twisted conformation of mPFS in an isolated manner through cohelix formation with SPG. One can propose, therefore, that the SPG/mPFS complex acts as a new high‐performance CPL material with a solvent‐dispersible nanowire structure.
H2S‐Mediated Thermal and Photochemical Methane Activation
Authors: Baltrusaitis Jonas , de Graaf Coen , Broer Ria , Patterson Eric V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSustainable, low‐temperature methods for natural gas activation are critical in addressing current and foreseeable energy and hydrocarbon feedstock needs. Large portions of natural gas resources are still too expensive to process due to their high content of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) mixed with methane, deemed altogether as sub‐quality or “sour” gas. We propose a unique method of activation to form a mixture of sulfur‐containing hydrocarbon intermediates, CH3SH and CH3SCH3, and an energy carrier such as H2. For this purpose, we investigated the H2S‐mediated methane activation to form a reactive CH3SH species by means of direct photolysis of sub‐quality natural gas. Photoexcitation of hydrogen sulfide in the CH4+H2S complex resulted in a barrierless relaxation by a conical intersection to form a ground‐state CH3SH+H2 complex. The resulting CH3SH could further be coupled over acidic catalysts to form higher hydrocarbons, and the resulting H2 used as a fuel. This process is very different from conventional thermal or radical‐based processes and can be driven photolytically at low temperatures, with enhanced control over the conditions currently used in industrial oxidative natural gas activation. Finally, the proposed process is CO2 neutral, as opposed to the current industrial steam methane reforming (SMR).
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity.XII. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTo understand empirical patterns of phenotypic plasticity, we need to explore the complexities of environmental heterogeneity and how it interacts with cue reliability. I consider both temporal and spatial variation separately and in combination, the timing of temporal variation relative to development, the timing of movement relative to selection, and two different patterns of movement: stepping‐stone and island. Among‐generation temporal heterogeneity favors plasticity, while within‐generation heterogeneity can result in cue unreliability. In general, spatial variation more strongly favors plasticity than temporal variation, and island migration more strongly favors plasticity than stepping‐stone migration. Negative correlations among environments between the time of development and selection can result in seemingly maladaptive reaction norms. The effects of higher dispersal rates depend on the life history stage when dispersal occurs and the pattern of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, patterns of environmental heterogeneity can be complex and can interact in unforeseen ways to affect cue reliability. Proper interpretation of patterns of trait plasticity requires consideration of the ecology and biology of the organism. More information on actual cue reliability and the ecological and developmental context of trait plasticity is needed.
Phosphole‐ and Benzodithiophene‐Based Copolymers: Synthesis and Application in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Ohkubo Hiroshi , Miyata Tetsushi , Watanabe Yusuke , Hayashi Yukiko , Umeyama Tomokazu , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo kinds of phosphole‐ and benzodithiophene‐based copolymers bearing PV=O or PV=NSO2C8H17 functions were prepared by Pd–CuI‐promoted Stille coupling reactions, and their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices comprised of the new P,S‐bridged copolymers and (6,6)‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) exhibited power conversion efficiencies of up to 0.65 % under AM1.5 irradiation at 100 mW cm–2.
Do the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery episodic memory measures discriminate amnestic mild cognitive impairment?
Authors: Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo , Pereiro Arturo X. , Facal David , Reboredo Alba , Lojo‐Seoane Cristina 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveAlthough visual recognition memory and visuospatial paired associates learning has been shown to be impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the sensitivity and specificity of the visual memory tests used to identify aMCI are not well defined. The current study attempted to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of three visual episodic memory tests (Pattern Recognition Memory [PRM], Delayed Matching to Sample [DMS], and Paired Associated Learning [PAL]) from the CANTAB, in differentiating aMCI patients from control healthy participants.MethodsSeventy seven aMCI patients and 85 cognitive normal controls aged over 50 years performed the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to study the relationships between aMCI and visual memory measures.ResultsThe three Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery measures significantly predicted aMCI. The optimal predictive model combined the total percent correct responses for PRM and DMS with the PAL total errors (six shapes adjusted), with a sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 83%, and achieved predictive accuracy of 80%.ConclusionVisual episodic memory tasks such as those involved in the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests (included in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) may sensitively discriminate aMCI patients from normal controls. These tests may be useful for correct diagnosis of aMCI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coagulation‐induced resistance to fluid flow in small‐diameter vascular grafts and graft mimics measured by purging pressure
Authors: Nichols Michael D. , Choudhary Rewa , Kodali Santhisri , Reichert William M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this study, the coagulation‐induced resistance to flow in small‐diameter nonpermeable Tygon tubes and permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts was characterized by measuring the upstream pressure needed to purge the coagulum from the tube lumen. This purging pressure was monitored using a closed system that compressed the contents of the tubes at a constant rate. The pressure system was validated using a glycerin series with well‐defined viscosities and precisely controlled reductions in cross‐sectional area available for flow. This system was then used to systematically probe the upstream pressure buildup as fibrin glue, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) or whole blood coagulated in small‐diameter Tygon tubing and or ePTFE grafts. The maximum purging pressures rose with increased clot maturity for fibrin glue, PRP, and whole blood in both Tygon and ePTFE tubes. Although the rapidly coagulating fibrin glue in nonpermeable Tygon tubing yielded highly consistent purging curves, the significantly longer and more variable clotting times of PRP and whole blood, and the porosity of ePTFE grafts, significantly diminished the consistency of the purging curves. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1367–1376, 2013.