bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and Analysis of pH Responsive Hydrogels for the Development of Biomimetic Photo-Actuating Structures
Authors: Dicker Michael PM , Bond Ian P , Rossiter Jonathan M , Faul Charl FJ , Weaver Paul M 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPhoto-actuating structures inspired by the chemical sensing and signal transmission observed in sun-tracking leaves have recently been proposed by Dicker et al. The proposed light tracking structures are complex, multicomponent material systems, principally composed of a reversible photoacid or base, combined with a pH responsive hydrogel actuator. New modelling and characterization approaches for pH responsive hydrogels are presented in order to facilitate the development of the proposed structures. The model employs Donnan equilibrium for the prediction of hydrogel swelling in systems where the pH change is a variable resulting from the equilibrium interaction of all free and fixed (hydrogel) species. The model allows for the fast analysis of a variety of combinations of material parameters, allowing for the design space for the proposed photo-actuating structures to be quickly established. In addition, experimental examination of the swelling of a polyether-based polyurethane and poly(acrylic acid) interpenetrating network hydrogel is presented. The experiment involves simultaneously performing a titration of the hydrogel, and undertaking digital image correlation (DIC) to determine the hydrogel’s state of swelling. DIC allows for the recording of the hydrogel’s state of swelling with previously unattained levels of resolution. Experimental results provide both model material properties, and a means for model validation.
Correlations between higher-order rings and microvoids in hydrogenated amorphous silicon
Authors: Biswas Parthapratim , Drabold David Alan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report the structure of voids in several thousand atom models of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The models are produced by jointly employing experimental information from Smets and coworkers [1] and first principles simulations [2]. We demonstrate the existence of a useful correlation between the presence of large irreducible rings and the voids in hydrogenated amorphous silicon networks. Molecular hydrogen is observed in the models, and discussed.
Fracture Toughness of Silicate Glasses: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Yu Yingtian , Wang Bu , Lee Young Jea , Bauchy Mathieu 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTUnderstanding, predicting and eventually improving the resistance to fracture of silicate materials is of primary importance to design new glasses that would be tougher, while retaining their transparency. However, the atomic mechanism of the fracture in amorphous silicate materials is still a topic of debate. In particular, there is some controversy about the existence of ductility at the nano-scale during the crack propagation. Here, we present simulations of the fracture of three archetypical silicate glasses using molecular dynamics. We show that the methodology that is used provide realistic values of fracture energy and toughness. In addition, the simulations clearly suggest that silicate glasses can show different degrees of ductility, depending on their composition.
Робоча програма з педагогічної практики в школі (ІV курс, напрям підготовки: 6.01020 Фізичне виховання)
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Іващенко О. В. , Карпунець Т. В. 
Published: February 2015

В статті наведена робоча програма з педагогічної практики в школі за напрямом підготовки 6.01020 фізичне виховання. Робоча програма включає чотири модулі, а також поточний контроль за процесом педагогічної практики.
Hippocampal Morphology in a Rat Model of Depression: The Effects of Physical Activity
Authors: Sierakowiak Adam , Mattsson Anna , Gómez-Galán Marta , Feminía Teresa , Graae Lisette , Aski Sahar Nikkhou , Damberg Peter , Lindskog Mia , Brené Stefan , Åberg Elin 
Published: February 2015

Accumulatingin vivoandex vivoevidences show that humans suffering from depression have decreased hippocampal volume and altered spine density. Moreover, physical activity has an antidepressant effect in humans and in animal models, but to what extent physical activity can affect hippocampal volume and spine numbers in a model for depression is not known.In this study we analyzed whether physical activity affects hippocampal volume and spine density by analyzing a rodent genetic model of depression, Flinders Sensitive Line Rats (FSL), with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) andex vivoGolgi staining.We found that physical activity in the form of voluntary wheel running during 5 weeks increased hippocampal volume. Moreover, runners also had larger numbers of thin spines in the dentate gyrus. Our findings support that voluntary wheel running, which is antidepressive in FSL rats, is associated with increased hippocampal volume and spine numbers.
The Earnings Quality and Information Processing Effects of Accounting Consistency
Authors: Peterson Kyle , Schmardebeck Roy , Wilks T. Jeffrey 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
We specify measures of accounting consistency both across time and across firms based on the textual similarity of accounting policy footnotes disclosed in 10-K filings. We first examine how these measures relate to earnings quality. Accounting consistency over time is positively associated with a number of earnings quality proxies, including earnings persistence, predictability, accrual quality, and absolute discretionary accruals. We also find that lower consistency relative to other firms in the industry is associated with larger absolute accrual model residuals. Finally, we examine the information processing effects of accounting consistency. We find that greater accounting consistency in the time-series and the cross-section is associated with lower information asymmetry, as proxied by bid-ask spread and illiquidity. Greater cross-sectional consistency is also associated with greater analyst coverage, more accurate analyst forecasts, decreased dispersion in analyst forecasts, and stronger stock return synchronicity.
Data Availability: The accounting consistency measures developed in this study are available upon request. All other data are available from the sources cited in the text.
JEL Classifications: M41.
Lagrange’s Four-Square Theorem
Authors: Watase Yasushige 
Published: February 2015

Summary
This article provides a formalized proof of the so-called “the four-square theorem”, namely any natural number can be expressed by a sum of four squares, which was proved by Lagrange in 1770. An informal proof of the theorem can be found in the number theory literature, e.g. in [14], [1] or [23].
This theorem is item #19 from the “Formalizing 100 Theorems” list maintained by Freek Wiedijk at http://www.cs.ru.nl/F.Wiedijk/100/.
Bertrand’s Ballot Theorem
Authors: Pąk Karol 
Published: February 2015

Summary
In this article we formalize the Bertrand’s Ballot Theorem based on [17]. Suppose that in an election we have two candidates: A that receives n votes and B that receives k votes, and additionally n ≥ k. Then this theorem states that the probability of the situation where A maintains more votes than B throughout the counting of the ballots is equal to (n − k)/(n + k).
This theorem is item #30 from the “Formalizing 100 Theorems” list maintained by Freek Wiedijk at http://www.cs.ru.nl/F.Wiedijk/100/.
Term Context
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz 
Published: February 2015

Summary
Two construction functors: simple term with a variable and compound term with an operation and argument terms and schemes of term induction are introduced. The degree of construction as a number of used operation symbols is defined. Next, the term context is investigated. An x-context is a term which includes a variable x once only. The compound term is x-context iff the argument terms include an x-context once only. The context induction is shown and used many times. As a key concept, the context substitution is introduced. Finally, the translations and endomorphisms are expressed by context substitution.
Cauchy Mean Theorem
Authors: Grabowski Adam 
Published: February 2015

Summary
The purpose of this paper was to prove formally, using the Mizar language, Arithmetic Mean/Geometric Mean theorem known maybe better under the name of AM-GM inequality or Cauchy mean theorem. It states that the arithmetic mean of a list of a non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same list.
The formalization was tempting for at least two reasons: one of them, perhaps the strongest, was that the proof of this theorem seemed to be relatively easy to formalize (e.g. the weaker variant of this was proven in [13]). Also Jensen’s inequality is already present in the Mizar Mathematical Library. We were impressed by the beauty and elegance of the simple proof by induction and so we decided to follow this specific way.
The proof follows similar lines as that written in Isabelle [18]; the comparison of both could be really interesting as it seems that in both systems the number of lines needed to prove this are really close.
This theorem is item #38 from the “Formalizing 100 Theorems” list maintained by Freek Wiedijk at http://www.cs.ru.nl/F.Wiedijk/100/.
A Note on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem
Authors: Naumowicz Adam 
Published: February 2015

Summary
In this paper we account for the formalization of the seven bridges of Königsberg puzzle. The problem originally posed and solved by Euler in 1735 is historically notable for having laid the foundations of graph theory, cf. [7]. Our formalization utilizes a simple set-theoretical graph representation with four distinct sets for the graph’s vertices and another seven sets that represent the edges (bridges). The work appends the article by Nakamura and Rudnicki [10] by introducing the classic example of a graph that does not contain an Eulerian path.
This theorem is item #54 from the “Formalizing 100 Theorems” list maintained by Freek Wiedijk at http://www.cs.ru.nl/F.Wiedijk/100/.
Evaluation of Split Doses of Nitrogen at Different Growth Stages of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) for Improving Flowering and Vase-life
Authors: Dahal Subash , Mishra K. , Pun U. K. , Dhakal D. D. , Sharma M. 
Published: February 2015

A study was carried out to standardize nitrogen application at different stages of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) (cv. Double) for improving growth, flowering and vase life in a farmer’s field at Gunjanagar VDC, Chitwan, Nepal, during May to September, 2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 10 treatments of nitrogen in split doses and replicating thrice. The cut flower and vase life characteristics of tuberose were studied and the economics of production was also analysed. Significant difference was found between treatments of split doses of nitrogen in flowering and post-harvest characteristics of this flower. Three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 30 days after planting + 33% N at 50 days after planting resulted in the earliest spike initiation (60 days) and the first flower opening (95.17 days). The same treatments recorded longest vase life (16.47 days). The longest (91.69 cm), heaviest (87.97g) and thickest (0.89 cm) spikes with longest rachis (38.77 cm) were produced by three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 50 days after planting + 33% N at 70 days after planting. The same treatments produced maximum net income (NRs. 214,250/-) and benefit-cost (B:C) ratio (1.29) per hectare. Thus, three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 50 days after planting + 33% N at 70 days after planting are appropriate for commercial cultivation of tuberose in Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12006 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 23-30
A Study on Castor Oil and Its Conversion into Biodiesel by Transesterification Method
Authors: Nakarmi Amita , Joshi Susan 
Published: February 2015

Castor (Ricinus communis) beans were subjected for the extraction of oil which contained 48% yield. The refined oil contained 0.8% free fatty acid (FFA) and 76.258mg KOH/g saponification value which showed that oil was very suitable for biodiesel production. Biodiesel can be synthesized by transesterification process using acid or base catalyst. The obtained oil and biodiesel was analysed by GC/MS and characterized for its use as fuel in compression ignition motors. From GC/MS, methyl esters content (6:1 molar ratio) was found to be about 88%. The experiments were performed at variable condition such as methanol/oil molar ratio, different temperatures, types and concentration of catalysts used. The best condition for transesterification process was 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 65°C and 1 weight % of KOH. Product analysis was performed by ASTM/EN standards. The obtained biodiesel provided satisfactory values of density and saponification but its viscosity was very high. This situation can be corrected by mixing other methyl esters or mineral diesel for its use as diesel fuel.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12009 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 45-52
Estimation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Some Medicinal Plants and Their Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Pandey Bedraj , Rajbhandari Meena 
Published: February 2015

Quercetin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of a methanol extract of the outer scale of onion by repeated sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Methanol, 50% aqueous methanol and 70% aqueous acetone extracts of different parts of four medicinal plants, Ficus benghalensis, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Ipomea carnea and Azeratum conyzoides were prepared and screened for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and free radical scavenging activity. The total phenolics contents were measured spectrophotometrically by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoids content by using aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All the investigated medicinal plant extracts contained high amount of phenolics. The highest amount was detected in 70% aqueous acetone extract of E. sphaericus (298.8±9.03 mg GAE/g extract) and lowest amount in 50% aqueous methanol extract of F. benghalensis (6.7±0.73 mg GAE/g extract). The highest amount of flavonoid was found in methanol extract (78.2±2.72 mg quercetin/g extract) and the lowest amount was detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract (2.1±0.25 mg quercetin/g extract) of F. benghalensis. DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out only in 70% acetone extracts. The highest IC50 value was observed for E. sphaericus (34.0 μg/ml). A strong linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was found indicating that the major antioxidants are phenolics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12010 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.1 (2014) 53-60
A Noise Adaptive Approach to Impulse Noise Detection and Reduction
Authors: Irum Isma , Sharif Muhammad , Yasmin Mussarat , Raza Mudassar , Azam Faisal 
Published: February 2015

A noise adaptive filter has been proposed in this study aiming to estimate the original image pixel values in the presence of impulse noise in monochromatic images. The proposed filter approach is noise adaptive that as the percentage of noise density increases in the image, the size of neighborhood in filtering window is also increased. Proposed approach comprises of two stages, one is impulse noise detection and the other is impulse noise reduction or cancellation. First stage is based on median and mean distance and thresholding whereas the second stage is based on reconstruction of the image using the values of neighboring pixels of the pixel under consideration detected as contaminated pixel by first stage. Reconstruction is done by estimating reference values using uncorrupted pixels in the neighborhood of pixel under consideration. The proposed method has been compared to various existing methods by using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) for measuring the objective quality strength. To measure the impulse noise detection the method has also been compared with other existing methods using the ratio of mis etection (MD) and false detection (FD).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12016 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 67-76
Drinking Water Quality of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Koju Neel Kamal , Prasai Tista , Shrestha Sujen Man , Raut Prakash 
Published: February 2015

This research was conducted to analyze drinking water quality of Kathmandu valley. Total 969 water samples (392 from dug wells, 287 from deep boring, 218 from treated water, 46 from tap and 26 from other water sources) received from different places of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts during March 2012 to March 2013. These samples were analyzed for the determination of physical (pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity), chemical (hardness, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, nitrate) and microbiological (total Coliform) parameters. It was found that the temperature and nitrate were within the WHO standards while pH, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, and Coliform bacteria exceeded the WHO standard guideline. In ground water ( well and Boring), pH, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, iron, arsenic, chloride, ammonia and total Coliform count crossed WHO standards as 5%, 2%, 0.8%, 36%, 51%, 0.1%, 2%, 11% and 86 % respectively. Hardness was within the standard in both reated and tap water samples. Compared to treated water, pH, arsenic and chloride were within the standard in tap water. The common problematic parameters of different sources of drinking were turbidity, iron, ammonia and conductivity. Coliform bacteria were found in 36% samples of treated water whereas 80% tap water samples were contaminated from Coliform bacteria.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12027Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 115-120
Detection of Pyuria versus Bacteriuria in Suspected Patients of Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Dongol Anjila , Joshi Durga Man , Gautam Avishekh 
Published: February 2015

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the world affecting all age groups across the life span. The aim of this study is to determine incidence of bacteriuria and its relation with pyuria in suspected urinary tract infection. This crosssectional-descriptive-analytical study was conducted in microbiology section of Kathmandu Hospital, Tripureshwor from May to August 2011. During this period, 412 midstream urine samples collected were investigated by microscopic examination of centrifuged urine sediment and conventional semi-quantitative culture technique. Out of 412 MSU samples, 120 (29.13%) were culture positive. The remaining 22 (18.33%) samples showed low count significant bacteriuria (i.e 104-105 CFU/ml) and 98(81.67%) showed significant bacteriuria (i.e. ≥ 105 CFU/ml). Among 88 urine samples with significant pyuria, only 74 (84.09%) showed culture positive. Out of 324 urine samples without significant pyuria, 46 (14.19%) urine samples showed culture positive result. Significant pyuria was found to have sensitivity of 61.67%, specificity of 95.21% and the test has 84.09% positive predictive value in detecting bacteriuria. Pyuria and bacteriuria may not always correlate in the suspected case of UTI.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12029Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 129-132
Les ferruginisations en Ardenne occidentale ; leur rôle morphologique
Authors: Voisin Léon 
Published: February 2015

Les concrétions ferrugineuses et manganésifères existent sous des aspects très différents dans les dépôts superficiels à dominante sableuse en Ardenne occidentale : Concrétions en tubes ou en boules, horizons hématitifères sous chape argileuse, cuirasses continues liées aux déplacements verticaux du niveau supérieur de la nappe phréatique.
Ces cuirasses ont pu jouer un rôle morphologique notable en favorisant la conservation des éminences sableuses. Un rôle de consolidation peut être également attribué aux conglomérats ferrugineux visibles sous dépôts de basse pente dans la vallée de la Meuse.
Les loisirs des populations urbaines rhénanes
Authors: Wackermann Gabriel 
Published: February 2015

La présente étude s'appuie sur un sondage effectué en 1965, complété par un sondage plus général en 1966, pour analyser les loisirs des catégories socio-professionnelles des différents types de centres urbains de l'espace rhénan, de la région de Zurich jusqu'à la frontière germano-néerlandaise.
Après une partie méthodologique, il est successivement question des budgets de loisirs, des loisirs de semaine, des loisirs de week-end et des vacances. Le sondage permet de saisir l'évolution d'ensemble depuis 1960, caractérisée notamment par l'accélération des transformations grâce aux réseaux urbains, et par un certain nivellement des particularités régionales. Les différences de comportement de la grande ville par rapport aux centres urbains moyens et petits sont assez nettes. La frontière reste cependant encore relativement « étanche ».
Mais de nouveaux courants suprafrontaliers se dessinent timidement. La période 1960-66 peut être considérée comme une transition entre deux époques de loisirs, l'une surtout axée sur la région, Vautre ouverte à une évasion interrégionale et internationale.
Chronique de Géographie Economique III : économie et géographie rurales
Authors: Claval Paul 
Published: February 2015

L'économie et la sociologie rurales sont des disciplines anciennes, mais dont le développement ne s'est accéléré que récemment. Longtemps, on a attaché trop d'attention aux problèmes de l'agriculture prise dans son ensemble pour bien analyser le fonctionnement de l'entreprise agricole. Depuis une génération, l'optique a changé et l' exploitation devient le thème central de la plupart des travaux.
Les progrès de la comptabilité ont été rendus possibles par ceux de l'écologie : il est désormais facile de retracer le bilan des transformations qui interviennent au sein de la ferme et d'établir des équivalences entre des activités apparemment hétérogènes.
Les agricultures traditionnelles se caractérisent souvent par des formes partielles d' entreprise et par la très grande dispersion des dimensions de l'exploitation : on peut voir là une conséquence de l'absence d' économies ou de déséconomies d'échelle. La distance joue alors un rôle décisif dans l'orientation des productions. Avec la révolution des transports, les conditions changent : ce sont les aptitudes physiques qui expliquent le choix des spécialisations et la formation d'espaces économiques homogènes. A l'heure actuelle, la transformation des techniques de culture introduit des économies d'échelle, cependant que le milieu rural devient plus transparent que par le passé : les espaces uniformes ne sont plus aussi fréquents, les forces sociales deviennent plus apparentes dans le choix des orientations : on peut se demander si toute la théorie classique de la spécialisation agricole régionale ne fait pas la part trop belle aux facteurs économiques.