bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of climate change on the interactions between insect pests and their natural enemies.
Authors: Kalinkat G. , Rall B. C. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

All biological rates depend on temperature, as they are based on biochemical reactions. Hence, the same holds for feeding rates and their functional components. From a 'biologically relevant' scope, feeding rates increase exponentially with temperature. Recent studies suggest that this increase of feeding rates with warming is shallower than the increase in metabolism. Theoretically, this mismatch should lead to a lower numerical response of biological control agents, presumably resulting in a higher probability of insect pest outbreaks. While depending on temperature, the more complex, non-linear nature of feeding rates further implies that they are also critically dependent on prey densities (i.e. the functional response). The fundamental elements of the functional response are the capture rate and the handling time. Basically, the capture rate determines the feeding success at low densities, whereas the handling time determines the maximum amount a predator is able to consume in a given time window. Moreover, capture rates themselves can also depend on prey density, turning a hyperbolic type II into a sigmoid type III functional response. This shift in the shape of the response is introduced by refuges for the prey, among other mechanisms. Contrasting the type II functional response, type III functional responses are well known to promote stable population dynamics and community structure. Therefore, changes in habitat complexity driven by climate change might also affect feeding interactions and insect pest control. Here, we review how climate change influences the functional responses of predator-prey and parasitoid-host pairs directly via increased temperature and indirectly via changes in habitat structure. We complement our review by exploring the potential consequences of feeding relations that are altered by climate change-induced mechanisms, through the application of model simulations of such consumer-resource population dynamics.
Physiological variation of insects in agricultural landscapes: potential impacts of climate change.
Authors: Terblanche J. S. , Karsten M. , Mitchell K. A. , Barton M. G. , Gibert P. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Understanding the physiological and behavioural responses of insects to climate variation is critical, for several reasons, of which three are perhaps most important. First, developing a deeper understanding of pest population dynamics and postharvest control requires information on thermal (and other environmental) traits. Second, invasion of new and emerging pests into novel environments requires some knowledge of the basics of environmental physiology. Finally, to predict and manage aspects of efficacy in control programmes through the release of laboratory- or mass-reared insects typically hinges on some information from phenotype-environment interactions. Here, we provide an overview of how climate and landscape environmental opportunities vary spatially and temporally in order to quantify better ecologically meaningful microclimates for insects and to understand better behavioural opportunities in agricultural landscapes. Then, we describe several key biogeographic patterns that may be significant from an insect pest/climate change perspective, and then discuss briefly possible mechanisms associated with variation in the physiological tolerance and performance of insects. We review and discuss issues surrounding the prediction of climate change and insect physiological and behavioural responses, and consider how insect pests might be impacted by changes in climate in the future via physiological tolerances. Next, we consider movement and dispersal in agricultural landscapes, and what this may mean for recolonization potential or introduction to novel environments under climate change scenarios, especially given how many of these processes are influenced by climatic factors. Finally, this chapter examines interactions between hosts and biocontrol agents, and how climate may influence the outcome of these interactions. The chapter concludes with a summary and discussion of possible areas for future research and key themes emerging from this review of physiological variation in agricultural landscapes and the potential impacts of climate change.
Climate change and biological control in agricultural systems: principles and examples from North America.
Authors: Eigenbrode S. D. , Davis T. S. , Crowder D. W. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Biological control of pests is a key feature of integrated pest management programmes in many agroecosystems. An assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on biological control is critical but challenging, because biological control depends on interspecific interactions, which are generally complex. This chapter considers the potential effects of projected climate change on the biological control of insect pests, focusing on North American agricultural systems but involving principles that apply globally. The drivers of importance are projected rising surface temperatures, increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and changes in the amount of and variability in precipitation. We consider how these climate change drivers could affect biological control by: (i) directly affecting the physiology or behaviour of biological control agents and/or pests; (ii) changing the overlap between species in space and time; and (iii) modifying interactions among multiple species involved in biological control within the agroecosystem. We illustrate with the few North American documented examples of the sensitivity of biological control to climate change, or with data that indicate such sensitivities exist. Effects of the first type include increases in the occurrence of temperatures that exceed the thermal optima of natural enemies, such as those that have been documented for coccinellids. Effects of the second type include changes in phenological overlap between insect pests and their natural enemies, illustrated best by a recent report involving the cereal leaf beetle and its principal parasitoid. Effects of the third type include climate-related changes in plant responses to herbivory that influence natural enemies, to the effects of climate on interacting predator assemblages and food webs. Although there is evidence for each of these types of effects, the literature remains sparse. More studies are needed, and we suggest a research agenda to improve understanding of the sensitivity of biological control to climate change.
The Eurasian spruce bark beetle: the role of climate.
Authors: Økland B. , Netherer S. , Marini L. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

The Eurasian spruce bark beetle is one of the major forest pests in Europe, capable of mass attacking and killing Norway spruce over extensive areas during outbreaks. Here, we review various aspects of its biology in relation to climatic variables. The aim of this review was to make predictions about the potential consequences of climate change on the propensity for outbreaks across European forests. More frequent extreme winds and drier and warmer summer climate may trigger both population growth and the susceptibility of spruce stands to attack. Breeding material provided by large windfall events increase the beetle population rapidly to a level capable of killing living trees through mass attack. Such epidemics may proceed until the susceptible spruces are exhausted, or when other extrinsic conditions stop the bark beetles from further colonization. At the southern margin of the spruce distribution in Europe, lower than average precipitation seems generally to favour infestations. In central and Western Europe, even-aged plantations outside the natural range of Norway spruce are highly susceptible to disturbance events such as windthrow and bark beetle attacks. A warmer climate is expected to give a northern expansion of the area experiencing two generations per year in Europe. There have been few bark beetle outbreaks in the extensive areas of spruce forest in Finland and the northern part of Scandinavia, but increasing bark beetle populations and infestations have been observed during warm years in the last decade. The northern part of Europe may be subject to huge outbreaks if a warmer climate increases the population sizes of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle.
Northern geometrids and climate change: from abiotic factors to trophic interactions.
Authors: Ammunét T. , Bylund H. , Jepsen J. U. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

The subarctic mountain birch forests have been periodically disturbed by geometrid moth outbreaks since at least the mid-19th century. The effects of these disturbances can be seen from landscape-level dieback of the birch forest to local-level changes in soil processes. Recent research efforts have demonstrated that the geometrid moth-birch forest system is undergoing changes that could be linked to the ongoing climate warming. Milder winter and spring temperatures influence winter survival and outbreak ranges of the moths, and are also alleviating range expansions and the spread of new species to the area. Moreover, phenology matching with the host plant may be altered. The outcome appears to be intensified outbreaks and a potential for altered species interactions and dynamics with ecosystem wide consequences. This chapter will first introduce the prevailing dynamics of the mountain birch-geometrid system and the reported ecosystem effects of geometrid outbreaks. Second, the chapter summarizes observations of ongoing abiotic changes in the area and presents the potential known and unknown effects on the study species. Finally, the chapter discusses the future scenarios for this northern ecosystem and the possibility of major ecosystem changes.
Genetic selection for wool quality.
Authors: Jafari S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

This paper reviews the feasibility of genetic selection for wool quality. More than 30 papers were studied in the present investigation. The traits which have been considered in the majority of the literature for inclusion in the selection programmes were: (a) wool quality traits (fibre diameter, staple length, staple strength, standard deviation of fibre diameter, coefficient variation of fibre diameter, yield and crimp frequency) and (b) wool weight traits (greasy fleece weight and clean fleece weight). Before the studied traits can be proposed as the selection traits, estimates of genetic parameters as well as their relationship with other production traits are needed. Weighted mean of estimates for direct heritability (
h
2
), maternal heritability (
m
2
) and variance ration due to permanent maternal environment (
P
2
) from references 1-37 were calculated to be 0.30-0.61, 0.02-0.08 and 0.03-0.16, respectively. The studied breeds were wool breeds and dual-purpose (wool and meat) breeds. In wool breeds, the weighted mean estimates of genetic correlation were ranged from -0.53 to 0.84 among wool traits and were ranged from -0.38 to 0.25 between wool traits and other traits such as live bodyweight, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning and litter weight weaned. The high estimates of
h
2
indicate that the response to selection may be reliable but the unfavourable genetic (phenotypic) correlations with other traits are a concern.
Emerging risks to plant health: a European perspective.
Authors: Pautasso M. , Petter F. , Rortais A. , Roy A. S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Emerging plant pests and diseases are a threat to biodiversity, food security and sustainability. In Europe, recent plant health emergencies include European ash dieback (due to the ascomycete
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
), the outbreak of the bacterium
Xylella fastidiosa
on olive trees in Apulia, Italy and the invasion by the vinegar cherry fly
Drosophila suzukii
. The main drivers of new plant health threats are increased long-distance plant trade, climate changes and the adoption of new crops (e.g. biofuels). This overview provides an update on available literature on tools and approaches to assess the risk posed by emerging plant health threats in Europe. In the European Union (EU), as well as in other regions, plant health risk assessment (carried out since 2006 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)) is clearly separated from risk management decisions (taken by the European Commission and Council through the Standing Committee on Plant Health). The role of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) is very important as an independent plant health risk assessment body covering the whole of Europe, not just the EU, thus liaising with neighbouring regions such as the Maghreb, Asia Minor and Russia. The main activities and projects of EPPO and EFSA in the domain of emerging plant health risks are summarized. The ongoing revision of the EU plant health regulations is an opportunity to improve biosecurity in the face of both the massive increase in trade of plant commodities and climate change. However, improving regulations (e.g. integrating new tools from evolutionary ecology and network theory) is not a panacea: there is also the need to increase public awareness and engagement, to facilitate interdisciplinary careers related to plant health, as well as to ensure long-term funding for research on emerging risks to plant health.
Tracing microbiota changes in yamahai-moto, the traditional Japanese sake starter
Authors: Koyanagi Takashi , Nakagawa Akira , Kiyohara Masashi , Matsui Hiroshi , Tsuji Atsushi , Barla Florin , Take Harumi , Katsuyama Yoko , Tokuda Koji , Nakamura Shizuo , Minami Hiromichi , Enomoto Toshiki , Katayama Takane , Kumagai Hidehiko 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Sake is made from steamed rice, malted rice, and water. Sake production begins with the preparation of a small-scale starter (moto); the quality of moto significantly influences the flavor and richness of sake. In the traditional starter, yamahai-moto, the growth of naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria represses the putrefactive micro-organisms, whereas in the modern starter, sokujo-moto, this is achieved by adding lactic acid. In this study, the successive change in bacterial flora of yamahai-moto was analyzed by pyrosequencing 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Lactobacillus was dominant throughout the process (93–98%). Nitrate-reducing bacteria that have been generally assumed to be the first colonizers of yamahai-moto were scarcely found in the early stage, but Lactobacillus acidipiscis dominated. Lactobacillus sakei drastically increased in the middle stage. This is the first report, though one case study, to show how the early stage microbiota in Japanese yamahai-moto is varyingly controlled without nitrate-reducing bacteria using next-generation sequencing.
Gene tree discordance causes apparent substitution rate variation
Authors: Mendes Fábio K. , Hahn Matthew W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSubstitution rates are known to be variable among genes, chromosomes, species, and lineages due to multifarious biological processes. Here we consider another source of substitution rate variation due to a technical bias associated with gene tree discordance, which has been found to be rampant in genome-wide datasets, often due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). This apparent substitution rate variation is caused when substitutions that occur on discordant gene trees are analyzed in the context of a single, fixed species tree. Such substitutions have to be resolved by proposing multiple substitutions on the species tree, and we therefore refer to this phenomenon as “SPILS” (Substitutions Produced by Incomplete Lineage Sorting). We use simulations to demonstrate that SPILS has a larger effect with increasing levels of ILS, and on trees with larger numbers of taxa. Specific branches of the species trees are consistently, but erroneously, inferred to be longer or shorter, and we show that these branches can be predicted based on discordant tree topologies. Moreover, we observe that fixing a species tree topology when performing tests of positive selection increases the false positive rate, particularly for genes whose discordant topologies are most affected by SPILS. Finally, we use data from multipleDrosophilaspecies to show that SPILS can be detected in nature. While the effects of SPILS are modest per gene, it has the potential to affect substitution rate variation whenever high levels of ILS are present, particularly in rapid radiations. The problems outlined here have implications for character mapping of any type of trait, and for any biological process that causes discordance. We discuss possible solutions to these problems, and areas in which they are likely to have caused faulty inferences of convergence and accelerated evolution.
Reconstructing Genetic History of Siberian and Northeastern European Populations
Authors: Wong Emily HM , Khrunin Andrey , Nichols Larissa , Pushkarev Dmitry , Khokhrin Denis , Verbenko Dmitry , Evgrafov Oleg , Knowles James , Novembre John , Limborska Svetlana , Valouev Anton 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSiberia and Western Russia are home to over 40 culturally and linguistically diverse indigenous ethnic groups. Yet, genetic variation of peoples from this region is largely uncharacterized. We present whole-genome sequencing data from 28 individuals belonging to 14 distinct indigenous populations from that region. We combine these datasets with additional 32 modern-day and 15 ancient human genomes to build and compare autosomal, Y-DNA and mtDNA trees. Our results provide new links between modern and ancient inhabitants of Eurasia. Siberians share 38% of ancestry with descendants of the 45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim people, who were previously believed to have no modern-day descendants. Western Siberians trace 57% of their ancestry to the Ancient North Eurasians, represented by the 24,000-year-old Siberian Mal’ta boy. In addition, Siberians admixtures are present in lineages represented by Eastern European hunter-gatherers from Samara, Karelia, Hungary and Sweden (from 8,000-6,600 years ago), as well as Yamnaya culture people (5,300-4,700 years ago) and modern-day northeastern Europeans. These results provide new evidence of ancient gene flow from Siberia into Europe.
Dynamic product line for Business Process Management
Authors: Rocha Roberto dos Santos , Fantinato Marcelo , Thom Lucinéia Heloisa , Eler Marcelo Medeiros 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present the proposal of a Product Line (PL)-based approach for Business Process Management (BPM) projects that cover the entire BPM lifecycle and proposes integrating it with dynamic techniques still not used together.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors carried out this work using the design science research methodology. The authors assessed the proposed approach using a classification procedure created through a series of specific attributes, which enables a comparison of the proposed integrated approach with related works selected from a systematic literature review.

Findings
– The comparative assessment has shown that the proposed approach presents the most comprehensive solution than any other similar one suggested for the same purpose, mainly in terms of the coverage of the entire BPM lifecycle and dynamic techniques.

Research limitations/implications
– Due to the high-level conceptual nature of the proposed approach, the authors could not evaluate it also in terms of some controlled experiment or a case study.

Originality/value
– The proposed approach aims at improving the management of business processes in organizations in a systematic way using concepts and techniques that exist in other areas, but not widely used together yet, such as BPM, service-oriented computing, and Software PL.
A study of inhibitors to transparency in red meat supply chains in Gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries
Authors: Faisal Mohd.  Nishat 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variables for the non-existence of transparency information in red meat supply chains operating in Gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. The study provides a synthesis and proposes a hierarchy-based model among the identified inhibitors of transparency with their respective importance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The synthesis and prioritization of inhibitors are done on the basis of an extensive literature review as well as consultation with academicians and meat supply chain professionals. Using semi-structured interviews and Fuzzy-Interpretive Structure Modeling (F-ISM) approach, the research presents a structured model of the identified inhibitors.

Findings
– The research has two major contributions, first, it presents variables that can be considered as inhibitors for transparency in a supply chain. Second, utilizing the F-ISM model it shows that there exists a group of inhibitors having a high control power and low reliance and are of strategic importance. These variables require utmost attention to make implementation of transparency initiatives to be successful.

Practical implications
– At a time when management of red meat supply chain is crucial for the food security in the GCC region, these findings will be immensely helpful for the government and industry professionals in developing suitable policies to regulate the red meat supply chains. The study would be particularly relevant when the upstream side is in a developing nation and the need is to avoid any health hazards resulting from the consumption of contagious meat and jeopardize the whole supply chain.

Social implications
– Cases of discarding plausible contagious meat into sea or abandoning it in open to create environment hazards can be minimized if transparency is implemented in meat supply chain by considering the variables and their relationships discussed in the research.

Originality/value
– Key issues related to transparency in a food supply chain are discussed and interconnectedness of critical factors for the red meat supply chain are delineated.
Numerical analysis on effect of support engineering on flame propagation from gas explosion accident in mining
Authors: Pang Lei , Liu Lei , Kang Yong , Lv Pengfei 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– Gas explosion is one of the most major types of accident in mining projects, and the flame front with high temperature is major hazardous factor induced by this kind of accident. Support engineering provides an available way to solve problems related to ground movements, but very likely has a great influence on the gas explosion accident process, especially the flame propagation, and then aggravates mining risk. However, until now it has not been received much attention from scientific works. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– A commercial CFD software package AutoReaGas suitable for gas explosion is used to carry out the numerical investigation of gas explosion process in a straight coal tunnel with typical support engineering, especially the unsteady explosion field and the flame propagation process in it.

Findings
– Support engineering composed by multiple bars take positive influence on flame acceleration: the flame speed is much faster than that under no support bars, and the smaller support spacing induces greater flame speed near the ignition. The support bars also exert negative influence on flame acceleration: the larger support spacing induces greater flame speed in most region of the tunnel. Furthermore, a traditional viewpoint that denser obstacles induce greater explosion effects is one-sided according to this study.

Originality/value
– At present, no one concerns the aggravating influence of support engineering on accident risk in practical mining projects because of small geometric dimension. This work examines the effect of steel support system on evolution processes of gas explosion accidents, especially the flame propagation. The conclusions provide quantitative scientific basis for this kind of the accidents in risk evolution and accident investigation of mining engineering.