bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10,000 Hours of LM2500 Gas Turbine Experience as Seen Through the Borescope
Authors: Siemietkowski John S. , Williams Walter S. 
Published: April 2015

The General Electric LM2500 Marine Gas Turbine, currently used by the United States Navy as main propulsion on various classes of ships, lends itself very easily to a procedure known as photoborescopy. Photoborescopy is that process where discrete, color photographs are taken of various internal parts of the engine. Borescoping in itself is not new, but maximizing the borescopes capabilities is a program that the U.S. Navy continuously is developing at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
This paper will describe the photoborescopy technique used by NAVSSES and also give and show graphically the Fleet experience with two LM2500’s which had accumulated 10,000 hours of successful at-sea operation.
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily of the Department of Defense or the Navy Department.
Small Gas Turbines for US Army Auxiliary Power Systems
Authors: Mercure Robert A. 
Published: April 2015

Gas turbine driven Auxiliary Power Units (APU) have been used in both military and commercial aviation support systems for more than 30 years. APUs installed on-board aircraft provide electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic power to assist and support the vehicle and the main propulsion systems. Ground carts provide similiar functions for mission preparation and maintenance as well as mobile electric power. Other applications include tracked combat vehicles and ground shelter units.
The primary attributes of the gas turbine have given it a solid foothold in the aircraft APU market. Non-aviation applications, however, have been limited because of the turbine’s high acquisition cost and high fuel consumption relative to other available engines. Reducing specific fuel consumption is not as inherently valuable as reducing cost and increasing reliability since engine acquisition and maintenance costs of APUs dominate life cycle costs.
Simulation of the Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Combustor Fueled With Coal-Water Mixture: Part 1 — Model Development and Verification
Authors: Farag Ihab H. , Vaillancourt Joseph 
Published: April 2015

It is possible to disperse high concentrations of finely pulverized beneficiated coal in water to produce a stable coal-water slurry fuel (CWF). One of the potential applications of CWF is as a fuel in gas turbines. This represents a relatively novel, developing technology. Coal beneficiation to the level needed for gas turbine application (< 1 percent ash) requires fine grinding of the coal particles to less than 15 μm necessitating increase in water content of the slurry to avoid increased CWS viscosity due to the finer particles. The gas turbine cycle is capable of accommodating an increased water content of the fuel without a significant loss in efficiency.
The objective of the present study is to develop and verify a computer model to simulate the heat transfer processes taking place in a gas turbine combustor (GTC) burning a CWF. The model predicts the species and the temperature distribution throughout the GTC, the heat flux patterns and the contribution of both convection and radiation to the total heat transfer rate.
Model verification includes cases of cold flow without combustion, combustion without heat release, combustion without convection and/or radiation, verification of exchange areas and an overall energy balance check.
Electricity From Coal: The British Gas/Lurgi Gasification for Combined Cycle Power Generation
Authors: Vierrath Helmut E. , Herbert Peter K. , Greil Claus F. , Thompson Brian H. 
Published: April 2015

It is widely accepted that coal gasification combined-cycle plants represent an environmentally superior alternative to conventional coal fired power plants with flue gas desulfurization. Purpose of this paper is to show that technology is available for all steps required to convert coal to electricity, including treatment of waste streams. Based on examples for power plants in the 200–800 MW range using current and as well as advanced gas turbines, it is shown that under both European and US-conditions cost of electricity from this (new) route of coal based power generation is certainly no higher — and probably even lower — than from conventional PC (pulverized coal) power plants equipped with equivalent environmental control technology. Thus, this technology is likely to be a prime contributor when it comes to enhance environmental acceptability of power plants in general, and to help solve the acid rain problem in particular.
In addition the versatility of the proposed technology for repowering, decentralized application and district heat system is explained.
Calculation Procedure for Steam Injected Gas Turbine Cycles With Autonomous Distilled Water Production
Authors: Cerri Giovanni , Arsuffi Giacomo 
Published: April 2015

Basic thermodynamic calculations of mixed gas-steam cycles combined with water distillation processes are covered in the paper.
The mixed gas-steam cycle is made up of a conventional gas turbine with a heat recovery section for producing the injected steam from high salinity water.
The heat recovery section is composed of a boiler and a water desalination plant and uses exhaust gas heat.
Water distillation stage number (SN) and total heat transfer area parameter (SR) are important for plant performance. Overall mixed cycle calculations are shown together with main results.
It is suggested that gas turbine manufacturers should design and develop combustion chambers and turbines for the gas-steam mixture flow to match the compressors available today and so enhance the performances which can be obtained from present gas-turbine technology.
Development of a New Hot Gas Double Axial Valve and Design Concept for a Coaxial Valve
Authors: Kruschik J. 
Published: April 2015

The hot gas double axial valve is a newly developed shut-off valve for high temperature and high pressure helium, which can be used in the new generation of helium cooled nuclear plants, including the modular reactor. It is the safety shut-off valve in the secondary circuit after the heat-exchanger. At first it will be used in the German project PNP (nuclear process heat for the gasification of coal), but it can also be used for the other high temperature systems such as the closed cycle nuclear gas turbine, chemical plants or for industrial processes. Its state of development, test results, and the present prototype design are discussed.
A further concept for a coaxial valve will be shown, which may be of interest for certain types of modular reactors and also for closed cycle nuclear gas turbines.
Steam Injected Gas Turbine Integrated With a Self-Production Demineralized Water Thermal Plant
Authors: Cerri Giovanni , Arsuffi Giacomo 
Published: April 2015

A simple steam injected gas turbine cycle equipped with an exhaust heat recovery section is analyzed. The heat recovery section consists of a waste heat boiler which produces the steam to be injected into the combustion chamber and a self-production demineralized water plant based on a distillation process. This plant supplies the pure water needed in the mixed steam-gas cycle.
Desalination plant requirements are investigated and heat consumption for producing distilled water is given.
Overall steam-gas turbine cycle performance and feasibility of desalting plants are investigated in a firing temperature range from 1000.°C to 1400.°C for various compressor pressure and steam-to-air injection ratios. An example is reported.
Shock-Expansion Wave Engines — New Directions for Power Production
Authors: Weber H. E. 
Published: April 2015

For decades large amounts of money and effort have been spent on conventional turbomachinery development. Initially improvements in performance were rapid. However, in the last two decades better performance of these machines has slowed considerably. Compressor efficiencies have been near their present limits of 88% to 92% for many years. High pressure ratios required of high performance engines are not efficiently produced in the conventional turbomachines. High pressure ratios for high cycle efficiency require many stages of conventional compression. Compressors, especially in small turbomachines, decrease in efficiency as the number of stages increase due to the large amounts of surface area and relatively large leakage passages in the higher pressure stages.
The requirement for many stages of conventional compression also results in heavy machines. If high compressor pressure cannot be attained the turbine exhaust gas temperature may be considerably above the compressor discharge temperature; a regenerator or recuperator is then required for acceptable cycle efficiency. This results in considerable complication and high engine weight.
Maximum turbine inlet temperatures in conventional machines have also been near their limit for many years. High temperatures and high pressures required for light weight, high efficiency machines are inconsistent with the requirements for high strength materials. To increase permissable turbine inlet temperatures compressor discharge air is used for blade cooling. Use of this air soon reaches its limit because the high pressure cooling air is then not available for power production. Engine power and cycle efficiency begins to decrease and a limit on turbine inlet temperature results.
Consequently, new concepts in power and thrust production are required. One class of machines which may alleviate many of the above described problems are the wave rotors or engines (1 thru 15). These operate with time dependent flow in the moving rotor blade passages and steady flow in the stator parts.
Selective Catalytic Reduction Impact on Heat Recovery Steam Generator Design and Operation
Authors: Davis James S. , Duponteil G. C. 
Published: April 2015

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a post-combustion method to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx), present in flue gases such as gas turbine exhaust streams, to N2 and water. It involves the injection of ammonia and the use of a catalyst module to promote the reaction to obtain high efficiency (60–86+%) NOx reduction.
Several operating parameters can influence catalyst performance to include temperature, gas flow distribution, presence of sulfur compounds and catalyst age. This paper examines the impact of a SCR integration in a gas turbine heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) design/operation. Limitations on HRSG load and following capabilities, effect on capital cost and overall performance and current SCR system experience represent a number of areas that are examined.
Development and Application of a gp60-Based Typing Assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum
Authors: Stensvold C. R. , Elwin K. , Winiecka-Krusnell J. , Chalmers R. M. , Xiao L. , Lebbad M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

The apicomplexan intestinal parasites of the genus
Cryptosporidium
take a major toll on human and animal health and are frequent causes of waterborne outbreaks. Several species and genotypes can infect humans, including
Cryptosporidium viatorum
, which, to date, has only been found in humans. Molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium
spp., critical to epidemiological analyses, is commonly based on gp60 gene analysis, which appears to require bespoke species- or group-specific PCR primers due to extensive genetic diversity across the genus. In this study, we amplified, sequenced, and characterized the gp60 gene of
C. viatorum
for the first time. Moreover, we developed and validated a gp60 typing assay for this species and applied it to 27 isolates originating from Asia, Africa, and Central America. A single subtype family, XVa, was identified containing multiple alleles.
First Case Report of Campylobacter volucris Bacteremia in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Kweon Oh Joo , Lim Yong Kwan , Yoo Byeongpil , Kim Hye Ryoun , Kim Tae-Hyoung , Lee Mi-Kyung 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

We report a case of
Campylobacter volucris
bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient with polycythemia vera and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in which this organism has been isolated from a human clinical specimen.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsab Infection of Rhesus Macaques as a Model of Complete Immunological Suppression with Persistent Reservoirs of Replication-Competent Virus: Implications for Cure Research
Authors: Ma Dongzhu , Xu Cuiling , Cillo Anthony R. , Policicchio Benjamin , Kristoff Jan , Haret-Richter George , Mellors John W. , Pandrea Ivona , Apetrei Cristian 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsab infection is completely controlled in rhesus macaques (RMs) through functional immune responses. We report that in SIVsab-infected RMs, (i) viral replication is controlled to <0 to 3 copies/ml, (ii) about one-third of the virus strains in reservoirs are replication incompetent, and (iii) rebounding virus after CD8
+
cell depletion is replication competent and genetically similar to the original virus stock, suggesting early reservoir seeding. This model permits assessment of strategies aimed at depleting the reservoir without multidrug antiretroviral therapy.
Crystal Structures of Yeast-Produced Enterovirus 71 and Enterovirus 71/Coxsackievirus A16 Chimeric Virus-Like Particles Provide the Structural Basis for Novel Vaccine Design against Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Lyu Ke , He Ya-Ling , Li Hao-Yang , Chen Rong 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the two major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). Previously, we demonstrated that a virus-like particle (VLP) for EV71 produced from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is a potential vaccine candidate against EV71 infection, and an EV71/CVA16 chimeric VLP can elicit protective immune responses against both virus infections. Here, we presented the crystal structures of both VLPs, showing that both the linear and conformational neutralization epitopes identified in EV71 are mostly preserved on both VLPs. The replacement of only 4 residues in the VP1 GH loop converted strongly negatively charged surface patches formed by portions of the SP70 epitope in EV71 VLP into a relatively neutral surface in the chimeric VLP, which likely accounted for the additional neutralization capability of the chimeric VLP against CVA16 infection. Such local variations in the amino acid sequences and the surface charge potential are also present in different types of polioviruses. In comparison to EV71 VLP, the chimeric VLP exhibits structural changes at the local site of amino acid replacement and the surface loops of all capsid proteins. This is consistent with the observation that the VP1 GH loop located near the pseudo-3-fold junction is involved in extensive interactions with other capsid regions. Furthermore, portions of VP0 and VP1 in EV71 VLP are at least transiently exposed, revealing the structural flexibility of the VLP. Together, our structural analysis provided insights into the structural basis of enterovirus neutralization and novel vaccine design against HFMD and other enterovirus-associated diseases.

IMPORTANCE
Our previous studies demonstrated that the enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particle (VLP) produced from yeast is a vaccine candidate against EV71 infection and that a chimeric EV71/coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) VLP with the replacement of 4 amino acids in the VP1 GH loop can confer protection against both EV71 and CVA16 infections. This study reported the crystal structures of both the EV71 VLP and the chimeric EV71/CVA16 VLP and revealed that the major neutralization epitopes of EV71 are mostly preserved in both VLPs. In addition, the mutated VP1 GH loop in the chimeric VLP is well exposed on the particle surface and exhibits a surface charge potential different from that contributed by the original VP1 GH loop in EV71 VLP. Together, this study provided insights into the structural basis of enterovirus neutralization and evidence that the yeast-produced VLPs can be developed into novel vaccines against hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and other enterovirus-associated diseases.
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence by Csr (Rsm) Systems
Authors: Vakulskas Christopher A. , Potts Anastasia H. , Babitzke Paul , Ahmer Brian M. M. , Romeo Tony 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARY
Most bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to flourish in the external environment and in specialized host niches. This ability requires their metabolism, physiology, and virulence factors to be responsive to changes in their surroundings. It is no surprise that the underlying genetic circuitry that supports this adaptability is multilayered and exceedingly complex. Studies over the past 2 decades have established that the CsrA/RsmA proteins, global regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression, play important roles in the expression of virulence factors of numerous proteobacterial pathogens. To accomplish these tasks, CsrA binds to the 5′ untranslated and/or early coding regions of mRNAs and alters translation, mRNA turnover, and/or transcript elongation. CsrA activity is regulated by noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) that contain multiple CsrA binding sites, which permit them to sequester multiple CsrA homodimers away from mRNA targets. Environmental cues sensed by two-component signal transduction systems and other regulatory factors govern the expression of the CsrA-binding sRNAs and, ultimately, the effects of CsrA on secretion systems, surface molecules and biofilm formation, quorum sensing, motility, pigmentation, siderophore production, and phagocytic avoidance. This review presents the workings of the Csr system, the paradigm shift that it generated for understanding posttranscriptional regulation, and its roles in virulence networks of animal and plant pathogens.
A novel antidoping and medical care delivery model at the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games (2014), Nanjing China
Authors: Mountjoy Margo , Akef Najla , Budgett Richard , Greinig Susan , Li Guoping , Manikavasagam Jegathesan , Soligard Torbjorn , Haiming Xai , Yang Xiaoye 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundAntidoping and medical care delivery programmes are required at all large international multisport events.ObjectiveTo document and critique the novel antidoping and medical care delivery models implemented at the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games, Nanjing 2014.MethodsThe International Olympic Committee implemented two new models of delivery of antidoping and medical care at the YOG. A review of these models as well as the public health programme and two health educational initiatives in the Cultural and Educational Program was undertaken by the International Olympic Committee.ResultsThe implementation of the new antidoping model was feasible in the setting of the YOG. The antidoping rules and regulations of the International Olympic Committee were respected. This model enhanced the educational initiative and provided financial as well as human resource savings. The execution of the hospital-based venue model of medical care delivery at the YOG was also feasible in this setting. This model provided a practical infrastructure for the delivery of medical care at multisport events with the goal of providing optimum athlete healthcare. A public health prevention programme was implemented and no public health risks were encountered by the participants or the Nanjing citizens during the YOG. Finally, the implementation of the athlete health educational programmes within the Cultural and Educational Program provided athletes with an opportunity to improve their health and performance.ConclusionsTo achieve the goal of protecting athlete health, and of employing effective doping control and education, new alternate models of antidoping and medical care delivery can be implemented.
Pharmacist-led management of chronic pain in primary care: costs and benefits in a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Neilson Aileen R , Bruhn Hanne , Bond Christine M , Elliott Alison M , Smith Blair H , Hannaford Philip C , Holland Richard , Lee Amanda J , Watson Margaret , Wright David , McNamee Paul 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo explore differences in mean costs (from a UK National Health Service perspective) and effects of pharmacist-led management of chronic pain in primary care evaluated in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT), and to estimate optimal sample size for a definitive RCT.DesignRegression analysis of costs and effects, using intention-to-treat and expected value of sample information analysis (EVSI).SettingSix general practices: Grampian (3); East Anglia (3).Participants125 patients with complete resource use and short form-six-dimension questionnaire (SF-6D) data at baseline, 3 months and 6 months.InterventionsPatients were randomised to either pharmacist medication review with face-to-face pharmacist prescribing or pharmacist medication review with feedback to general practitioner or treatment as usual (TAU).Main outcome measuresDifferences in mean total costs and effects measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) at 6 months and EVSI for sample size calculation.ResultsUnadjusted total mean costs per patient were £452 for prescribing (SD: £466), £570 for review (SD: £527) and £668 for TAU (SD: £1333). After controlling for baseline costs, the adjusted mean cost differences per patient relative to TAU were £77 for prescribing (95% CI −82 to 237) and £54 for review (95% CI −103 to 212). Unadjusted mean QALYs were 0.3213 for prescribing (SD: 0.0659), 0.3161 for review (SD: 0.0684) and 0.3079 for TAU (SD: 0.0606). Relative to TAU, the adjusted mean differences were 0.0069 for prescribing (95% CI −0.0091 to 0.0229) and 0.0097 for review (95% CI −0.0054 to 0.0248). The EVSI suggested the optimal future trial size was between 460 and 690, and between 540 and 780 patients per arm using a threshold of £30 000 and £20 000 per QALY gained, respectively.ConclusionsCompared with TAU, pharmacist-led interventions for chronic pain appear more costly and provide similar QALYs. However, these estimates are imprecise due to the small size of the pilot trial. The EVSI indicates that a larger trial is necessary to obtain more precise estimates of differences in mean effects and costs between treatment groups.Trial registration numberISRCTN06131530.
STAT3 and HIF1α Signaling Drives Oncogenic Cellular Phenotypes in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Rad Ellie , Dodd Kayleigh , Thomas Laura , Upadhyaya Meena , Tee Andrew 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Therapeutic options are limited for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and clinical trials using drug agents have so far been unsuccessful. This lack of clinical success is likely attributed to high levels of intratumoral molecular heterogeneity and variations in signal transduction within MPNSTs. To better explore the variance of malignant signaling properties within heterogeneous MPNSTs, four MPNST cell lines (ST8814, S462, S1844.1, and S1507.2) were used. The data demonstrate that small-molecule inhibition of the MET proto-oncogene and mTOR had variable outcome when preventing wound healing, cell migration, and invasion, with the S462 cells being highly resistant to both. Of interest, targeted inhibition of the STAT3 transcription factor suppressed wound healing, cell migration, invasion, and tumor formation in all four MPNST lines, which demonstrates that unlike MET and mTOR, STAT3 functions as a common driver of tumorigenesis in NF1-MPNSTs. Of clinical importance, STAT3 knockdown was sufficient to block the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, HIF2α, and VEGF-A in all four MPNST lines. Finally, the data demonstrate that wound healing, cell migration, invasion, and tumor formation through STAT3 are highly dependent on HIF signaling, where knockdown of HIF1α ablated these oncogenic facets of STAT3.
Implications: This research reveals that aberrant STAT3 and HIF1a activity drives tumor progression in MPNSTs, indicating that inhibition of the STAT3/HIF1α/VEGF-A signaling axis is a viable treatment strategy. Mol Cancer Res; 13(7); 1149–60. ©2015 AACR.