bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON-FARM SEED PRIMING IN SEMI-ARID AGRICULTURE: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION IN MAIZE, RICE AND CHICKPEA IN INDIA USING PARTICIPATORY METHODS
Authors: Harris D. , Joshi A. , Khan P. A. , Gothkar P. , Sodhi P. S. 
Published: July 2002

Poor crop establishment was identified as a major constraint on rainfed crop production by farmers in the tribal villages of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh served by the Krishak Bharati Cooperative (KRIBHCO) Indo-British Rainfed Farming Project (KRIBP). On-farm seed priming with water was chosen as a low cost, low risk intervention appropriate to the farmers' needs. In vitro screening of the effects of priming on the germination of seeds of local and improved varieties of maize, upland rice and chickpea provided ‘safe limits’ – the maximum length of time for which farmers should prime seeds and which, if exceeded, could lead to seed or seedling damage. Recommended safe limits were 24 h for maize and rice and 10 h for chickpea, with only minor varietal differences. These recommendations were then tested in on-station trials in Dahod, Gujarat. Farmer-managed trials were conducted for chickpea in three villages in the rabi (post-monsoon) season in 1995–96; for maize and upland rice in eight villages in the kharif (monsoon) season in 1996; and for maize and chickpea in 15 villages in the 1996--97 rabi season. Farmers modified these recommendations to ‘overnight’ for all three crops. Evaluation of the technology by farmers involved focus group discussions, matrix ranking exercises and two workshops.Direct benefits in all three crops included faster emergence, better stands and a lower incidence of re-sowing, more vigorous plants, better drought tolerance, earlier flowering, earlier harvest and higher grain yield. Indirect benefits reported were earlier sowing of rabi crops because of the shorter duration of the preceding kharif crop, earlier harvesting of rabi crops that allowed earlier migration from the area, with better chance of obtaining off-season work, and increased willingness to use fertilizers because of reduced risk of crop failure. In matrix ranking exercises in four villages in the kharif 1996, 95% of farmers indicated that, even after only one exposure to the technology, they would prime seed in the following season. Similar exercises in four villages in rabi 1996–97 revealed that 100% of collaborating farmers intended to continue seed priming. From 21 villages, 246 farmers attended two workshops to share their experiences of seed priming and resolved to continue with the technology.
A splitting theorem for
abelian-by-FC-hypercentral groups
Authors: Tomkinson M.
J. 
Published: July 2002

We extend
splitting theorems due to Zaicev and Duan proving the following result. Let
G be a locally soluble FC-hypercentral group and let
A be a periodic artinian ℤG-module. If
A has no finite ℤG-submodules then any
extension E of A by G
splits conjugately over A.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 20F19.
“A Triumph of Hope over Experience”: Chance and Choice in the History of Marriage
Authors: Gillis John R. 
Published: July 2002

When Dr Johnson made his famous eighteenth-century remark about second marriages being a triumph of hope over experience, his wit could easily have been directed toward the unions that Steven King has illuminated. It is never entirely clear why people marry or choose to marry the people they do, a situation that is as frustrating to historians as to friends and family. Marriage remains one of life's great mysteries, perhaps the last great mystery left to us. It fascinates and absorbs us, providing an inexhaustible audience for daytime soap operas and evening situation comedies. Romance novels top the fiction charts; and Hollywood returns to the theme time and again.Marriage fascinates precisely because it is so unpredictable, so much beyond our control. One would think that the riskiness of the lottery of love would frighten, even repel, us, but instead we are drawn to it as a gambler is drawn to the slots or the track. Love is, like gambling, a form of “deep play”, which reveals things about ourselves that we can only discover when we move from the world of choice to the realm of chance. Today, marriage is often the central episode in the stories we tell when we try to explain ourselves to ourselves and to others. It is the most elaborately celebrated and ritualized of all the events of the adult life course, the source of our most precious images and memories. Marriage is simply enchanting.
Effect of intraruminal infusion of potassium
on the site of magnesium absorption within the digestive tract in sheep
Authors: DALLEY D. E. , ISHERWOOD P. , SYKES A. R. , ROBSON A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Sixteen 2-year old female sheep were fitted with ruminal
and duodenal cannulae at Johnstone
Memorial Laboratory, Lincoln University during 1989–90.
They were offered, at 2 hourly intervals,
a pelleted concentrate diet (900 g/day) and chaffed lucerne hay
(100 g/day). In a split-plot experiment
they were infused, intraruminally and at four rates, with potassium
(providing 16, 26, 36 or 46 g K/kg
food DM/day) and magnesium (providing 1·3, 1·8, 2·3
or 3·1 g Mg/kg food DM/day) within a Latin
square design and with the liquid and solid phase markers
51chromium EDTA and 141cerium chloride.
Net absorption of Mg before and after the duodenum was estimated
from dietary intake, duodenal flow and urinary and faecal excretion of Mg.Increasing K intake resulted in a decline in net absorption of Mg from
the entire digestive tract,
supporting data in the literature. Increasing K intake from 16 to 46 g/kg
DM decreased urinary Mg
excretion by between 0·14 and 0·30 g/day, the extent of which was
independent of the level of Mg
intake. At high K intake Mg absorption from the rumen was reduced,
the amount absorbed ranging
from 0·07 g Mg/day at intakes of 1·3 g Mg/day and
46 g K/kg DM/day to 0·66 g Mg/day at intakes
of 3·1 g Mg/day and 16 g K/kg DM/day. However, at high
K intake, and when Mg absorption from
the rumen was reduced, net Mg absorption from sites distal to
the rumen was increased to an extent
which suggested compensatory absorption. Increase in K intake was
associated with a consistent
reduction in plasma Mg concentration which was independent of Mg
intake. Increases in Mg intake
resulted in increases in Mg absorption and plasma Mg concentration
at all rates of K intake in direct
proportion to rate of intake. The reduction in Mg absorption from
the rumen at high K intake was
associated with an increase (0·3 units) in pH of rumen digesta.
Modelling phasic development in wheat: a conceptual

integration of physiological components
Authors: CAO W. , MOSS D. N. 
Published: July 2002

Simulation of phasic development in wheat is necessary in

constructing wheat growth and yield

models. It is also useful for evaluating cultivar adaptation and

scheduling cultural practices. This

paper describes a conceptual model of wheat development based on

phenological principles, as

affected by vernalization, photoperiod, thermal response and intrinsic

earliness, and also reports the

results of sensitivity analysis and validation of the model.The model predicts when the plant will reach double ridge, terminal

spikelet and heading. In the

model, the daily thermal sensitivity of development following emergence

is determined by an

interaction of ‘relative vernalization completion’ and

‘relative photoperiod effectiveness’ for that

day. After complete vernalization is reached, the daily thermal

sensitivity is determined only by

relative photoperiod effectiveness, which gradually increases from

terminal spikelet to heading. A

multiplication between the daily thermal sensitivity and thermal

effectiveness generated daily

flowering time, which was accumulated to trigger a particular

developmental stage. Genotypic

differences were characterized as vernalization requirement, photoperiod

sensitivity and intrinsic earliness.The model showed a sensitive response to environmental variables

of temperature and daylength,

and to genetic parameters of vernalization requirement and photoperiod

sensitivity. Evaluation of the

model using multiple experimental data involving various cultivars and

planting dates exhibited a

marked goodness of fit between simulation and observation with a root

mean square error <5 days.

The results indicate that the model can be used as a predictor for the

major flowering stages, as well

as functioning as a knowledge base for understanding the characteristics

of different development components in wheat.
Influence of seed rate and sowing date on the yield and
grain quality of Blenheim spring malting barley in the south-east of Ireland
Authors: CONRY M. J. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of four seed rates on the grain yield, grain N content

and grain size of Blenheim malting
barley sown on two dates in the spring was tested on three different soils
over a 4-year period
(1991–94). The four seed rates (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/ha)

gave mean plant populations of 222,
308, 374 and 430 plants/m2, respectively, for the
first sowing date (February to early March) and 235,
340, 405 and 470 plants/m2 for the second sowing date,
3–5 weeks later (late March to mid-April).
The earlier-sown crops generally gave greater yield, lower grain N and

smaller amount of screenings,
but in two of the twelve experiments, the first sowing gave lower yield
and greater grain N.The influence of seed rate on yield and quality depended on sowing date.

The three higher seed rates
(160, 200, 240 kg/ha) had little influence on yield or grain N,
irrespective of sowing date, and there
was no significant difference in yield between the lowest (120 kg/ha)

and the three higher seed rates
when the crop was sown in February and early March. But when the crops
were sown in April, the
lowest seed rate (120 kg/ha) gave the lowest yield in all seven
comparisons and gave significantly
reduced yield in three of the seven comparisons. There was a significant

increase in grain N in three
of the comparisons. Seed rate had little effect on grain screenings or
1000-grain weight. Soil
differences did not influence the effect of seed rate on the yield and
quality of the grain.
Persistence of sown species and ingress of unsown
species in agriculturally improved hill swards
Authors: WILMAN D. , BYRNE S. A. , HUKIN D. J. J. , MALLETT M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Swards on wet hill land in mid-Wales, which had been converted
from semi-natural rough grazing
(dominated by Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta or Calluna
vulgaris) by surface-sowing in the period
1965–75, were examined in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97, using a point
quadrat technique, in order to
record the extent to which the sown species had persisted and the ingress
of unsown species.Lolium perenne had persisted to 1996/97 to the extent of
being 20% of the sward on sites c. 300 m
above sea level and 3% on sites at c. 500 m. Trifolium repens
had persisted to c. 7% of the sward at
both elevations. Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher
sites and close to zero on the lower
ones. The other main sown species, Phleum pratense, was present
in only trace amounts on all sites
in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97. The failure of T. repens to persist
in larger amounts was attributed in part
to below optimum soil pH and K and to the annual application of fertilizer
N. The decline in L.
perenne was attributed in part to severe winters on the higher sites
and to below optimum soil K and
pH. Agrostis spp. were the most prominent of the unsown species.
Poa spp. appeared to stabilize at
8–15% of the sward. Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus
became fairly prominent on the lower sites
and Anthoxanthum odoratum on the higher sites. A supplementary
study of the lower sites showed
that the lime had been effective to at least the 20–25 cm layer of
soil, that the distribution of plant
roots in the soil was not abnormal, that T. repens plants had
a satisfactory number of root nodules
and that the soil contained a satisfactory number of earthworms.
Communion and Community: Exclusion from Communion in Post-Reformation England
Authors: HAIGH CHRISTOPHER 
Published: July 2002

On Whit Sunday 1569, after evening service, William and Geoffrey
Soden went to see their vicar. They expected a difficult encounter,
and took along three of their neighbours of Swalcliffe near Banbury
for moral support. The Sodens had been wrangling between themselves
and with their mother, and there was also some dispute with the vicar,
Richard Crowley. William now told the vicar that they wished to receive
communion next day, and asked ‘to know if he would admit them
thereunto’. Crowley replied ‘I will not’, and said it was ‘because they
came not penitently’. He explained in court later that ‘the said William
and Geoffrey Soden did not come to this respondent Anno 1569
penitently or in brotherly reconciliation, but obstinately, with vehement
words, as is known to the whole company then present’. Crowley had
shown the Sodens the Book of Common Prayer, ‘and exhorted them in the
presence of those men according to the rule of the said Book, but the said
William and Geoffrey Soden regarded it not but continued still in their
obstinacies’. There was more: the vicar declared ‘I have to examine you
on your belief, the articles of your faith and the Ten Commandments, and
do not know how you could answer.’ The brothers were furious: ‘Yea,
Master Vicar, that ye go about to shame us before the whole people’,
declared Geoffrey, and they stomped off ‘uncharitably and obstinately,
with great threatening words’.The Swalcliffe rows simmered on.
‘Accipiant Qui Vocati Sunt’: Richard Fleming's Reform Sermon at
the Council of Constance
Authors: NIGHMAN CHRIS L. 
Published: July 2002

On Passion Sunday in 1417 (28 March) a sermon known by its
scriptural theme as ‘Accipiant qui vocati sunt’ was delivered at the
general council of the Church then assembled in the south
German city of Constance. Three centuries later it was edited by
Hermann von der Hardt who characterised ‘Accipiant’ as ‘by far the most
severe sermon in which the enormous crimes of prelates – especially love
of money, ambition, luxury and ignorance – are revealed with the
greatest liberty and are vehemently reproached, so that it is a wonder that
the council heard it patiently’. In an earlier publication containing
excerpts from this sermon, Hardt had described it in similar terms as
being ‘not unlike a burning furnace in terms of its fiery passion and its
vehement attack on the vices of the clergy’. More recently Heinrich
Finke clearly agreed with these appraisals in describing ‘Accipiant’ as a
‘scharfe Reformpredigt’, for he did not bestow such adjectival emphasis
on any other reform sermon listed in his register of the Constance
sermons. Paul Arendt, a student of Finke's and the author of the only
monograph devoted to the many surviving sermons from Constance,
repeatedly commented on the severity of ‘Accipiant’, especially in his long
chapter on ‘das Hauptthema unserer Prediger: Behandlung der Frage
der kirchlichen Reform’.Hardt ascribed this sermon to Vitale Valentine OFM, bishop of
Toulon. However, as the following analysis will show, it is certain that
this ascription was based on conjecture and that another preacher
actually delivered the sermon. Hardt's only source for his edition of
‘Accipiant’ was an Erfurt manuscript which is now in the Schlossbibliothek
at Pommersfelden. Because this lacks a rubric or colophon identifying the
author of the sermon, Hardt's attribution must have been inferred from
internal evidence. Thus began the long tradition of Vitale Valentine's
authorship of ‘Accipiant’ which has previously been accepted without
question by scholars of these conciliar sermons.
On a class of unsteady, non-parallel, three-dimensional disturbances to boundary-layer flows
Authors: DUCK PETER W. , DRY SONIA L. 
Published: July 2002

Steady, spatial, algebraically growing eigenfunctions are now known to occur in several
important classes of boundary-layer flow, including two-dimensional hypersonic
boundary layers and more recently in Blasius boundary layers subject to three-dimensional
linearized disturbances, and in more general three-dimensional boundary
layers. These spatial eigensolutions are particularly important and intriguing, given
that they exist within the broad limits of the classical steady boundary-layer approximation,
and as such are independent of Reynolds number.In this paper we make the natural extension to these previous (stability) analyses
by incorporating the effects of unsteadiness into the model for treating disturbances
to a quite general class of similarity-type boundary-layer flows. The flow disturbances
are inherently non-parallel, but this effect is properly incorporated into the analysis.A further motivation for this paper is that Duck et al. (1999, 2000) have shown
that by permitting a spanwise component of flow within a boundary layer of the
appropriate form (in particular, growing linearly with the spanwise coordinate), it
is found that new families of solutions exist – even the Blasius boundary layer has
a three-dimensional ‘cousin’. Therefore a further aim of this paper is to assess the
stability of the different solution branches, using the ideas introduced in this paper,
to give some clues as to which of the solutions may be encountered experimentally.Several numerical methods are presented for tackling various aspects of the problem.
It is shown that when algebraically growing, steady eigensolutions exist, their
effect remains important in the unsteady context. We show how even infinitesimal,
unsteady flow perturbations can provoke extremely large-amplitude flow responses,
including in some cases truly unstable flow disturbances which grow algebraically
downstream without bound in the linear context. There are some interesting parallels
suggested therefore regarding mechanisms perhaps linked to bypass transition in an
important class of boundary-layer flows.
The role of drift mass in the kinetic energy and momentum of
periodic water waves and sound waves
Authors: YIH CHIA-SHUN 
Published: July 2002

For two-dimensional periodic water waves or sound waves, the
kinetic energy per wavelength is
½mdc2, and the
momentum per
wavelength is ±mdc, where
c is the
wave velocity, and md is the drift mass per
wavelength. These results also hold for three-dimensional periodic
waves, for which the kinetic energy, momentum, and drift mass are all
for one wave cell, the area of which is the product of the wavelengths
in two perpendicular directions.The results obtained are rigorous, and not restricted to linear
waves or even to nonlinear symmetric waves. For linear water waves, in
particular, the kinetic energy can be shown to be equal to the sum of
the potential energy and the surface energy (due to surface tension),
so that the total energy E is twice the kinetic energy, andformula hereMcIntyre's (1981) contention that wave momentum is a myth is
discussed at length for both water waves and sound waves.
Dynamics of interfaces and layers in a stratified
turbulent fluid
Authors: BALMFORTH N. J. , LLEWELLYN SMITH STEFAN G. , YOUNG W. R. 
Published: July 2002

This paper formulates a model of mixing in a stratified
and turbulent fluid. The model
uses the horizontally averaged vertical buoyancy gradient and
the density of turbulent
kinetic energy as variables. Heuristic
‘mixing-length’ arguments lead to a coupled set of
parabolic differential equations. A particular form of
mechanical forcing is proposed;
for certain parameter values the relationship between the
buoyancy flux and the
buoyancy gradient is non-monotonic and this leads to an
instability of equilibria with
linear stratification. The instability results in the formation
of steps and interfaces in
the buoyancy profile. In contrast to previous ones, the model
is mathematically well
posed and the interfaces have an equilibrium thickness that
is much larger than that expected from molecular diffusion.The turbulent mixing process can take one of three forms
depending on the strength
of the initial stratification. When the stratification
is weak, instability is not present
and mixing smoothly homogenizes the buoyancy. At
intermediate strengths of stratification, layers and
interfaces form rapidly over a substantial interior region bounded
by edge layers associated with the fluxless condition of
the boundaries. The interior
pattern subsequently develops more slowly as interfaces
drift together and merge; simultaneously, the edge layers
advance inexorably into the interior. Eventually the edge
layers meet in the middle and the interior pattern of layers
is erased. Any remaining
structure subsequently decays smoothly to the homogeneous
state. Both the weak and
intermediate stratified cases are in agreement with
experimental phenomenology. The
model predicts a third case, with strong stratification,
not yet found experimentally,
where the central region is linearly stable and no
steps form there. However, the edge
layers are unstable; mixing fronts form and then erode
into the interior.
Statement Concerning the Supplementary Volume of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Authors: EDWARDS PAUL 
Published: July 2002

The Macmillan Reference Company and Prentice Hall International recently released a volume entitled ‘Supplement of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy’. As the editor-in-chief of the original eight-volume Encyclopedia I wish to explain why I must disassociate from this Supplement.The Supplement does contain many valuable articles by recognized philosophers, but it violates the spirit of the original work in one important respect. An article in the Oxford Companion to Philosophy accurately describes the Encyclopedia as a ‘massive Enlightenment work’ and similar descriptions were offered in a front-page review in the Times Literary Supplement of London (September 14, 1967) by Anthony (now Lord) Quinton. My associates and I edited the Encyclopedia in the spirit of Voltaire and Diderot, of Hume and Bertrand Russell. We tried to be fair to religious and metaphysical philosophers, but a good deal of space was devoted to radical thinkers and movements that had been frequently neglected or mishandled in earlier reference works. Furthermore, philosophers whom we regarded as obscurantists, while their ideas were never misrepresented, received the kind of critical treatment we thought appropriate. This spirit has not been preserved in the Supplement. There are some interesting and balanced articles on religious topics, but the highly significant biological research, reported in the writings of Stephen J. Gould and Richard Dawkins, which undermines one major form of the design argument, is not even mentioned. The ‘big bang’ is briefly mentioned (p. 143), but there is no reference to the work of Adolf Grünbaum, Steven Weinberg and other scientists and philosophers showing that neither the big bang nor any other cosmological theory of modern physics support a First Cause. More seriously, a number of contemporary writers, mostly German and French, who are regarded with suspicion if not outright contempt by most analytic philosophers are given extensive and even enthusiastic coverage. In alphabetical order they are Hannah Arendt, Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricoeur (five articles on Ricoeur). It may be argued that, whatever the defect of their work, these figures have achieved such prominence that articles about them are warranted. Perhaps so, but what we get are totally uncritical pieces.