bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial Implications to Medicare from Changing the Dialysis Modality Mix under the Bundled Prospective Payment System
Authors: Liu Frank X. , Walton Surrey M. , Leipold Robert , Isbell Deborah , Golper Thomas A. 
Published: October 2014

Background The economic burden of treating end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continues to grow. As one response, effective January 1, 2011, Medicare implemented a bundled prospective payment system (PPS, including injectable drugs) for dialysis patients. This study investigated the 5-year budget impact on Medicare under the new PPS of changes in the distribution of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), in-center hemodialysis (ICHD), and home hemodialysis (HHD). Methods An Excel-based budget impact model was created to assess dialysis-associated Medicare costs. The model accounted for dialysis access establishment, the current monthly capitation physician payment for ESRD, Medicare dialysis payments (including start-up costs), training, oral drug costs, and the costs and probabilities of adverse events including access failure, hospitalization for access infection, pneumonia, septicemia, and cardiovascular events. United States Renal Data System (USRDS) data were used to project the US Medicare dialysis patient population across time. The baseline scenario assumed a stable distribution of PD (7.7%), HHD (1.3%) and ICHD (91.0%) over 5 years. Three comparison scenarios raised the proportions of PD and HHD by ( 1 ) 1% and 0.5%, ( 2 ) 2% and 0.75%, and ( 3 ) 3% and 1% each year; a fourth scenario held HHD constant and lowered PD by 1% per year. Results Under the bundled PPS, scenarios that increased PD and HHD from 7.7% and 1.3% over 5 years resulted in cumulative savings to Medicare of $114.8M (Scenario 1, 11.7% PD and 3.3% HHD at year 5), $232.9M (Scenario 2, 15.7% PD and 4.3% HHD at year 5), and $350.9M (Scenario 3, 19.7% PD and 5.3% HHD at year 5). When the PD population was decreased from 7.7% in 2013 to 3.7% by 2017 with a constant HHD population, the total Medicare payment for dialysis patients increased by over $121.2M. Conclusions Under Medicare bundled PPS, increasing the proportion of patients on PD and HHD vs ICHD could generate substantial savings in dialysis-associated costs to Medicare.
The Impact of Timing of Dialysis Initiation on Mortality in Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Kim Hyung Wook , Kim Su-Hyun , Kim Young Ok , Jin Dong Chan , Song Ho Chul , Choi Euy Jin , Kim Yong-Lim , Kim Yon-Su , Kang Shin-Wook , Kim Nam-Ho , Yang Chul Woo , Kim Yong Kyun 
Published: October 2014

Background The impact of timing of dialysis initiation on mortality is controversial in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, we analyzed the impact of timing of dialysis initiation on mortality in the incident PD population. Methods Incident patients with PD were selected from the Clinical Research Center (CRC) registry for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a prospective cohort study on dialysis in Korea. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the initiation of PD using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Group A was defined as eGFR < 5 mL/min/1.73m2, group B as eGFR 5 – 10 mL/min/1.73m2, and group C as eGFR > 10 mL/min/1.73m2. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of mortality with group B as the reference. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Results A total of 495 incident PD patients were included. The number of patients in group A was 109, group B was 279, and group C was 107. The median follow-up period was 23 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that group A had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with group B (HR 4.13, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55 – 11.03, p = 0.005) after adjustment for age, gender, cause of ESRD, serum albumin level, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. There was no significant difference in mortality between group C and group B (HR 1.50, 95% CI, 0.59 – 3.80, p = 0.398) after adjustment for clinical variables. Conclusion An eGFR < 5 mL/min/1.73m2 at the initiation of PD was a significant risk factor for death, while an eGFR >10 mL/min/1.73m2 at the initiation of PD was not associated with improved survival compared with an eGFR of 5 – 10 mL/min/1.73m2 at the initiation of PD.
Concluding Commentary: Response to Eugene and Kiyo
Authors: White E. Jayne 
Published: October 2014

At the risk of speaking on his behalf I could almost swear I heard Bakhtin laughing gleefully over my shoulder as I read this fascinating dialogue between Eugene and Kiyo. His reason for this might be partly inspired by the glaring misunderstandings both men reveal through their associated interplay with key pedagogical concepts. While polemic in nature, it occurs to me, somewhat ironically, that each man makes the same careful, empirically located, argument from different cultural and philosophical standpoints. At the centre of their debate is the concept of pedagogy and its capacity to promote ‘authentic’ learning. Despite this shared agenda their interpretations of key terms are often at variance and, as a result, they passionately bang their heads against each other in vehement misunderstanding that makes for what Bakhtin (2004) would describe as “lively and expressive” debate (p. 24) on this topic.
Het organiseren van de terugtocht: voorbereidende beschietingen
Authors: Schillemans Thomas , Frissen Paul 
Published: October 2014

Organizing retreat
The state has been expanding throughout the twentieth century but now seems to be in retreat. This special issue addresses the question how central governments can organize their retreats. It is a theme with a double-sided focus. On the one hand, we will offer an empirical and theoretical state of the art of the ‘state of the state’. On the other hand, this special issue will thematise how a retreat of the state can be organized in a proper way. The special issue consists of eight different articles; some more theoretical and normative and others clearly empirical. Together the articles provide a colourful overview of the state of the Dutch state in the early 21st Century.
Een duwtje om over na te denken
Authors: Zuure Jasper 
Published: October 2014

A nudge to think about: The promise of nudging for the retreating state
Nudging is currently high on the political agenda. The idea behind nudging is that the government can gently push citizens in the ‘good’ direction by anticipating their predictable irrational behaviour. In the Dutch discussion nudging often is seen as an instrument to influence citizens more. Therefore critics fear paternalism, manipulation and technocracy. However, we could also see nudging as a replacement of more coercive instruments. Then nudges might even offer chances for a state that is withdrawing under the condition that citizens have both the opportunity and the capability to make alternative choices in practice than the choices to which nudges aim. Therefore nudges by the government should not avoid reflective and conscious thinking processes, but rather stimulate deliberation and make citizens more aware of their decisions.
On the Numerical Solution of the Nonlinear Radiation Heat Transfer Problem in a Three-Dimensional Flow
Authors: Mushtaq Ammar , Mustafa Meraj , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The steady laminar three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet is investigated. The sheet is linearly stretched in two lateral directions. Heat transfer analysis is performed by utilizing a nonlinear radiative heat flux in Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation. Two different wall conditions, namely (i) constant wall temperature and (ii) prescribed surface temperature are considered. The developed nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) are solved numerically through fifth-order Runge-Kutta method using a shooting technique. To ascertain the accuracy of results the solutions are also computed by using built in function bvp4c of MATLAB. The behaviours of interesting parameters are carefully analyzed through graphs for velocity and temperature distributions. The dimensionless expressions of wall shear stress and heat transfer rate at the sheet are evaluated and discussed. It is seen that a point of inflection of the temperature function exists for sufficiently large values of wall to ambient temperature ratio. The solutions are in excellent agreement with the previous studies in a limiting sense. To our knowledge, the novel idea of nonlinear thermal radiation in three-dimensional flow is just introduced here.
How to Prepare Neuroanatomical Image Data
Authors: O'Connor Nathan , Tappan Susan , Glaser Jacob 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAs image data from a single neuroanatomical study can easily exceed tens of gigabytes, managing, analyzing, and presenting it is not trivial. Careful planning along multiple axes is required and includes the following: (1) Organizational methods developed for images should allow for easy and efficient access, selection, and potential reorganization of images. (2) Experimental information and other metadata should be readily available and accompany image data. (3) Even if a study's entire body of image data is made available, highlighting key results and preparing figures requires selecting image regions and resolutions, creating annotations, and adhering to publishing and community guidelines for image adjustments. Further, it may be necessary to assess Internet accessibility and infrastructure issues and to consider image formats appropriate for Web publishing. Finally, a strategy for robust, long‐term, and efficient storage of image data should be developed. This unit provides a guide for preparing neuroanatomical image data. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 69:1.21.1‐1.21.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seasonal variations of bio‐optical properties and their interrelationships observed by Bio‐Argo floats in the subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Xing Xiaogang , Claustre Hervé , Uitz Julia , Mignot Alexandre , Poteau Antoine , Wang Haili 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBased on in situ data sets collected using two Bio‐Argo floats deployed in the subpolar North Atlantic from June 2008 to May 2010, the present study focuses on the seasonal variability of three bio‐optical properties, i.e., chlorophyll‐a concentration ([Chla]), particle backscattering coefficient at 532 nm (bbp(532)), and particle beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm (cp(660)). In addition, the interrelationships among these properties are examined. Our results show that: (1) [Chla], bbp(532) and cp(660) are largely well coupled with each other in the upper layer, all being minimum in mid‐winter (January) and maximum in summer; (2) the backscattering coefficient presents an abrupt increase in late summer in the Icelandic Basin, likely due to a large contribution of coccolithophores following the diatom spring bloom; (3) the intercorrelations between the three bio‐optical properties are basically consistent with previous studies; (4) seasonal variation in the of [Chla] to cp(660) ratio exhibits a clear light‐dependence, most likely due to the phytoplankton photoacclimation.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridinium Salts with an Iridium Phosphole Catalyst
Authors: Chang Mingxin , Huang Yuhua , Liu Shaodong , Chen Yonggang , Krska Shane W. , Davies Ian W. , Zhang Xumu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N‐alkyl‐2‐alkylpyridinium salts provided 2‐aryl‐substituted piperidines with high levels of enantioselectivity. Simple benzyl and other alkyl groups successfully activated the challenging pyridine substrates toward hydrogenation. The use of the unusual chiral‐phosphole‐based MP2‐SEGPHOS was the key to the success of this approach which provides a versatile and practical procedure for the synthesis of chiral piperidines.
Entrapment of Elusive Guests within Metal‐Seamed Nanocapsules
Authors: Kumari Harshita , Jin Ping , Teat Simon J. , Barnes Charles L. , Dalgarno Scott J. , Atwood Jerry L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAnions play a crucial role in locking alkali metals on the interior of metal–organic capsules that contain structural water gates. This role is further evidenced when stitching‐up the capsule seam, resulting in either expulsion or trapping of cesium ions depending on the anion employed.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Chemo‐, Regio‐, and Enantioselective Addition of 2‐Pyridones to Terminal Allenes
Authors: Li Changkun , Kähny Matthias , Breit Bernhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA rhodium‐catalyzed chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective addition of 2‐pyridones to terminal allenes to give branched N‐allyl 2‐pyridones is reported. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the hypothesis that the reaction was initiated from the more acidic 2‐hydroxypyridine form, and the initial kinetic O‐allylation product was finally converted into the thermodynamically more stable N‐allyl 2‐pyridones.
Synthesis and Unique Photoluminescence Properties of Nitrogen‐Rich Quantum Dots and Their Applications
Authors: Chen Xiuxian , Jin Qingqing , Wu Lizhu , Tung ChenHo , Tang Xinjing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNitrogen‐rich quantum dots (N‐dots) were serendipitously synthesized in methanol or aqueous solution at a reaction temperature as low as 50 °C. These N‐dots have a small size (less than 10 nm) and contain a high percentage of the element nitrogen, and are thus a new member of quantum‐dot family. These N‐dots show unique and distinct photoluminescence properties with an increasing percentage of nitrogen compared to the neighboring carbon dots. The photoluminescence behavior was adjusted from blue to green simply through variation of the reaction temperature. Furthermore, the detailed mechanism of N‐dot formation was also proposed with the trapped intermediate. These N‐dots have also shown promising applications as fluorescent ink and biocompatible staining in C. elegans.
Cobalt Sulfide Nanosheet/Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites as Flexible Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Peng Shengjie , Li Linlin , Han Xiaopeng , Sun Wenping , Srinivasan Madhavi , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Cheng Fangyi , Yan Qingyu , Chen Jun , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFlexible three‐dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures have received tremendous interest recently because of their potential applications in wearable electronics, roll‐up displays, and other devices. The design and fabrication of a flexible and robust electrode based on cobalt sulfide/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (CoS2/RGO‐CNT) nanocomposites are reported. An efficient hydrothermal process combined with vacuum filtration was used to synthesize such composite architecture, which was then embedded in a porous CNT network. This conductive and robust film is evaluated as electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The synergistic effect of CoS2, graphene, and CNTs leads to unique CoS2/RGO‐CNT nanoarchitectures, the HER activity of which is among the highest for non‐noble metal electrocatalysts, showing 10 mA cm−2 current density at about 142 mV overpotentials and a high electrochemical stability.
Effective PHIP Labeling of Bioactive Peptides Boosts the Intensity of the NMR Signal
Authors: Sauer Grit , Nasu Daichi , Tietze Daniel , Gutmann Torsten , Englert Simon , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald , Buntkowsky Gerd 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of novel bioactive derivatives of the sunflower trypsin inhibitor‐1 (SFTI‐1) suitable for hyperpolarization by parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) was developed. The PHIP activity was achieved by labeling with L‐propargylglycine, O‐propargyl‐L‐tyrosine, or 4‐pentynoic acid. 1H NMR signal enhancements (SE) of up to a factor of 70 were achieved in aqueous solution. We found that an isolated spatial location of the triple bond within the respective label and its accessibility for the hydrogenation catalyst are essential factors for the degree of signal enhancement.
A Reversible and Selective Inhibitor of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hernández‐Torres Gloria , Cipriano Mariateresa , Hedén Erika , Björklund Emmelie , Canales Ángeles , Zian Debora , Feliú Ana , Mecha Miriam , Guaza Carmen , Fowler Christopher J. , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia , López‐Rodríguez María L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMonoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG). MAGL inhibitors show analgesic and tissue‐protecting effects in several disease models. However, the few efficient and selective MAGL inhibitors described to date block the enzyme irreversibly, and this can lead to pharmacological tolerance. Hence, additional classes of MAGL inhibitors are needed to validate this enzyme as a therapeutic target. Here we report a potent, selective, and reversible MAGL inhibitor (IC50=0.18 μM) which is active in vivo and ameliorates the clinical progression of a multiple sclerosis (MS) mouse model without inducing undesirable CB1‐mediated side effects. These results support the interest in MAGL as a target for the treatment of MS.
Elemental Sulfur Disproportionation in the Redox Condensation Reaction between o‐Halonitrobenzenes and Benzylamines
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmila , Retailleau Pascal , Al‐Mourabit Ali 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe disproportionation of elemental sulfur at moderate temperatures is investigated in the redox condensation involving o‐halonitrobenzenes 1 and benzylamines 2. As a redox moderator, elemental sulfur plays the dual role of both electron donor and acceptor, generating its lowest and highest oxidation states: S−2 (sulfide equivalent) in benzothiazole 3 and S+6 (sulfate equivalent) in sulfamate 4, and filling the electron gap of the global redox condensation process. Along with this process, a cascade of reactions of reduction of the nitro group of 1, oxidation of the aminomethyl group of 2, metal‐free aromatic halogen substitution, and condensation finally led to 2‐arylbenzothiazoles 3.
Control of the Transition between Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa States by the Redox State of the Proximal FeS Cluster in the Catalytic Cycle of [NiFe] Hydrogenase
Authors: Tai Hulin , Nishikawa Koji , Suzuki Masayuki , Higuchi Yoshiki , Hirota Shun 
Published: October 2014

Abstract[NiFe] hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of H2. The electrons produced by the H2 cleavage pass through three Fe–S clusters in [NiFe] hydrogenase to its redox partner. It has been reported that the Ni‐SIa, Ni‐C, and Ni‐R states of [NiFe] hydrogenase are involved in the catalytic cycle, although the mechanism and regulation of the transition between the Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa states remain unrevealed. In this study, the FT‐IR spectra under light irradiation at 138–198 K show that the Ni‐L state of [NiFe] hydrogenase is an intermediate between the transition of the Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa states. The transition of the Ni‐C state to the Ni‐SIa state occurred when the proximal [Fe4S4]p2+/+ cluster was oxidized, but not when it was reduced. These results show that the catalytic cycle of [NiFe] hydrogenase is controlled by the redox state of its [Fe4S4]p2+/+ cluster, which may function as a gate for the electron flow from the NiFe active site to the redox partner.
Influence of recycling of poly(lactic acid) on packaging relevant properties
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Schippers Sebastian , Höfs Christopher 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe most promising representative of biodegradable plastics in packaging applications is polylactide (PLA). Despite this, there is only a small market of PLA in Europe. Reasons for that are the high price of PLA raw material and the lack of knowledge of the behavior in packaging applications. It has a number of peculiarities so producers of plastics packaging hesitate to use it. Like other polyesters, it can degrade at increased temperatures in the presence of moisture by hydrolysis whereby it loses its physical and chemical properties. In all production processes, production waste is generated (i.e., stamping grids or edge trim). In most cases, this waste is used. It is not known in detail, how an internal recycling process will influence the final product properties. One problem is hydrolysis by which the production waste is partially degraded. Target of this study is to analyze the recycling process of PLA within the context of necessary process adaptions and the effects upon ecological efficiency. Films for packaging containing multiple types and amounts of production waste will be produced by extrusion and tested concerning their mechanical properties. The analysis of the recycling behavior showed that internal PLA production waste is well suitable for recycling. The influence of the recycling on the molecular weight is negligible. The effect on the viscosity and thus on the extrusion process is higher. Packaging relevant properties like mechanical or optical properties are hardly influenced. Especially recycling with a recycling quota of up to 50% has an insignificant effect on the film properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41532.
Potential ship strikes and density of humpback whales in the Abrolhos Bank breeding ground, Brazil
Authors: Bezamat Carolina , Wedekin Leonardo L. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractShip strikes are one of the major threats to large whales worldwide. The potential impact from increasing vessel traffic therefore is a concern for the future of the Brazilian humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population.In order to evaluate the risk of collision between large vessels and humpback whales along coastal shipping routes in the region of the Abrolhos Bank – the most important breeding ground for the species in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean – commercial vessels were used as platforms of opportunity to monitor the coastal shipping routes.Humpback whale density along coastal routes was estimated through multiple covariate line‐transect ‘distance sampling’. The number of potential collisions per year was estimated using a model based on vessel size and speed, track lengths, population density and the surfacing behaviour of whales.During the peak of the 2011 breeding season, whale density on the coastal route between Belmonte and Caravelas was estimated to be 0.085 whales km‐2and between Caravelas and Barra do Riacho, 0.023 whales km‐2.The three commercial vessels operating in coastal waters between Belmonte and Barra do Riacho had the potential to collide with 25 humpback whales in total, and kill 17 of these, during the 2011 breeding season.As vessel traffic increases in the Abrolhos Bank region and humpback whale population grows, the likelihood of a vessel collision will increase.A simple and effective framework to study how changes in whale density will affect their vulnerability to ship strikes, and ensure the suitability of alternative shipping routes is presented, while evaluating whether additional mitigation measures are necessary, such as speed limits in areas or periods with higher densities of whales.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.