bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Complexity of the Human Regulatory T Cell Compartment Revealed by Mass Cytometry
Authors: Mason Gavin M. , Lowe Katie , Melchiotti Rossella , Ellis Richard , de Rinaldis Emanuele , Peakman Mark , Heck Susanne , Lombardi Giovanna , Tree Timothy I. M. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential component of the cellular immune response, occupying a key role in maintaining immunological tolerance and present an attractive therapeutic target in a range of immunopathologies. Comprehensive analysis of the human Treg compartment has been restricted due to technical limitations. The advent of mass cytometry enables simultaneous assessment of vastly increased phenotypic parameters at single-cell resolution. In this study, we used mass cytometry to examine the complexity of human Tregs using an extensive panel of surface markers associated with Treg function and phenotype. We applied unsupervised clustering analysis, revealing 22 distinct subpopulations of Tregs, representing previously identified and novel subpopulations. Our data represent the most in-depth phenotypic description of the human Treg compartment at single-cell resolution and show a hitherto unrecognized degree of phenotypic complexity among cells of the regulatory lineage.
Numerical Simulations of Particle Sedimentation Using the Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Ghosh Sudeshna , Stockie John M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe study the settling of solid particles in a viscous incompressible fluid contained within a two-dimensional channel, where the mass density of the particles is greater than that of the fluid. The fluid-structure interaction problem is simulated numerically using the immersed boundary method, where the added mass is incorporated using a Boussinesq approximation. Simulations are performed with a single circular particle, and also with two particles in various initial configurations. The terminal particle settling velocity and drag coefficient correspond closely with other theoretical, experimental and numerical results, and the particle trajectories reproduce the expected behavior qualitatively. In particular, simulations of a pair of interacting particles similar drafting-kissing-tumbling dynamics to that observed in other experimental and numerical studies.
Long Time Behaviour of an Exponential Integrator for a Vlasov-Poisson System with Strong Magnetic Field
Authors: Frénod Emmanuel , Hirstoaga Sever A. , Lutz Mathieu , Sonnendrücker Eric 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith the aim of solving in a four dimensional phase space a multi-scale Vlasov-Poisson system, we propose in a Particle-In-Cell framework a robust time-stepping method that works uniformly when the small parameter vanishes. As an exponential integrator, the scheme is able to use large time steps with respect to the typical size of the solution’s fast oscillations. In addition, we show numerically that the method has accurate long time behaviour and that it is asymptotic preserving with respect to the limiting Guiding Center system.
A Constrained Finite Element Method Based on Domain Decomposition Satisfying the Discrete Maximum Principle for Diffusion Problems
Authors: Chen Xingding , Yuan Guangwei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we are concerned with the constrained finite element method based on domain decomposition satisfying the discrete maximum principle for diffusion problems with discontinuous coefficients on distorted meshes. The basic idea of domain decomposition methods is used to deal with the discontinuous coefficients. To get the information on the interface, we generalize the traditional Neumann-Neumann method to the discontinuous diffusion tensors case. Then, the constrained finite element method is used in each subdomain. Comparing with the method of using the constrained finite element method on the global domain, the numerical experiments show that not only the convergence order is improved, but also the nonlinear iteration time is reduced remarkably in our method.
Intra-day variation of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment outcomes in dairy cattle
Authors: Gutmann AK , Schwed B , Tremetsberger L , Winckler C 
Published: July 2015

AbstractQualitative Behaviour Assessment of cattle expression using a fixed rating scale of 20 descriptors is one of the measures of the Welfare Quality® (WQ) assessment protocol for dairy cattle. As for other on-farm measures of welfare, reliability is an important issue especially if farms are to be certified. This study investigated the repeatability of QBA results across three different observation times during the day (early morning, late morning, early afternoon). For this purpose, 13 observers assessed a total of 30 video clips from ten commercial dairy farms using visual analogue scales to score the 20 QBA terms. QBA scores for ‘emotional state’ were computed according to the Welfare Quality® protocol (WQ_QBA) and, additionally, a Principal Component Analysis was carried out. The latter revealed two main dimensions which may be described as ‘mood’ and ‘activity’, the former thus corresponding to the ‘emotional state’ score of the WQ protocol. Both for scores derived from the WQ protocol and from PCA, mixed model analysis for repeated measures revealed a significant effect of observation time depending on the farm. Mixed model analysis for repeated measures revealed a significant effect of observation time for three farms out of ten on both the WQ_QBA score and the PCA ‘mood’ dimension; a similar effect was found for eight out of ten farms for the PCA ‘activity’ dimension. These results indicate that observation time potentially affects WQ (and other QBA) outcomes on a proportion of farms. However, given that outcomes for WQ_QBA and PCA ‘mood’ were consistent for the majority of farms, procedures suggested in the Welfare Quality® protocol may constitute a reasonable compromise between reliability and feasibility. If the QBA assessment should reflect the ‘mean mood’, multiple assessments throughout the day may be carried out.
A new approach to Saturn's periodicities
Authors: Carbary J. F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSaturn's magnetospheric periodicities are commonly thought to have a dual nature, one period originating from the southern hemisphere and a slightly different period from the northern. Both periods vary a few percent over time intervals of years and apparently merged a few months after Saturn equinox. These periodicities have not been explained. The dual‐period waveform is generally represented as the superposition of two sinusoids with nearly equal periods. However, dual‐period waves can also result from an amplitude modulation of a carrier periodicity, from frequency modulation of the carrier, from random phase jumps in the carrier, and from small, random changes in the period itself. While such simple phenomena are well known in the radio community, they can serve as possible explanations for how a single planetary period can appear as the dual (or multiple) periods observed in Saturn's magnetosphere. Candidates for modulation and randomization include the solar wind pressure and speed, the orbital periods of moons of Saturn, or even the trajectory of the Cassini orbiter itself.
Influence of ice thickness and surface properties on light transmission through Arctic sea ice
Authors: Katlein Christian , Arndt Stefanie , Nicolaus Marcel , Perovich Donald K. , Jakuba Michael V. , Suman Stefano , Elliott Stephen , Whitcomb Louis L. , McFarland Christopher J. , Gerdes Rüdiger , Boetius Antje , German Christopher R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe observed changes in physical properties of sea ice such as decreased thickness and increased melt pond cover severely impact the energy budget of Arctic sea ice. Increased light transmission leads to increased deposition of solar energy in the upper ocean and thus plays a crucial role for amount and timing of sea‐ice‐melt and under‐ice primary production. Recent developments in underwater technology provide new opportunities to study light transmission below the largely inaccessible underside of sea ice. We measured spectral under‐ice radiance and irradiance using the new Nereid Under‐Ice (NUI) underwater robotic vehicle, during a cruise of the R/V Polarstern to 83°N 6°W in the Arctic Ocean in July 2014. NUI is a next generation hybrid remotely operated vehicle (H‐ROV) designed for both remotely piloted and autonomous surveys underneath land‐fast and moving sea ice. Here we present results from one of the first comprehensive scientific dives of NUI employing its interdisciplinary sensor suite. We combine under‐ice optical measurements with three dimensional under‐ice topography (multibeam sonar) and aerial images of the surface conditions. We investigate the influence of spatially varying ice‐thickness and surface properties on the spatial variability of light transmittance during summer. Our results show that surface properties such as melt ponds dominate the spatial distribution of the under‐ice light field on small scales (<1000 m2), while sea ice‐thickness is the most important predictor for light transmission on larger scales. In addition, we propose the use of an algorithm to obtain histograms of light transmission from distributions of sea ice thickness and surface albedo.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Multicenter Study of Adalimumab in Pediatric Patients With Enthesitis‐Related Arthritis
Authors: Burgos‐Vargas Rubén , Tse Shirley M. L. , Horneff Gerd , Pangan Aileen L. , Kalabic Jasmina , Goss Sandra , Unnebrink Kristina , Anderson Jaclyn K. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveEnthesitis‐related arthritis (ERA) is a juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) category, primarily affecting entheses and peripheral joints. This study evaluated efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adalimumab versus placebo in patients with ERA.MethodsThis is a phase III, multicenter, randomized double‐blind study in patients ages ≥6 to <18 years with ERA treated with adalimumab (24 mg/m2, maximum dose 40 mg every other week) or placebo for 12 weeks, followed by up to 192 weeks of open‐label adalimumab. The primary end point was percent change from baseline in number of active joints with arthritis (AJC) at week 12. Samples were collected to determine adalimumab serum concentrations. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed throughout the study.ResultsForty‐six patients were randomized (31 adalimumab/15 placebo). At baseline, mean age was 12.9 years, mean duration of ERA symptoms was 2.6 years, mean AJC was 7.8, and mean enthesitis count was 8.1. Mean percent change from baseline in AJC at week 12 was greater in the adalimumab group versus placebo (−62.6% versus −11.6%; P = 0.039). Most secondary variables favored adalimumab versus placebo at week 12. Treatment response further increased with continued adalimumab therapy through week 52. Mean steady‐state adalimumab serum concentrations were 7.5–11.8 μg/ml, similar to patients age ≥2 years with polyarticular JIA. AE rates were similar between placebo and adalimumab: any AE (53.3% versus 67.7%), serious AEs (0% versus 3.2%), and infectious AEs (20.0% versus 29.0%).ConclusionAdalimumab reduced signs and symptoms of ERA at week 12, with improvement sustained through week 52. The safety profile was consistent with previous adalimumab studies.
Radiopaque polyurethanes with flexible iodine‐containing chain extender
Authors: Wang Teng , Zhang Zhihua , Song Ran , Tuo Xinlin , Wu Jigong 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIodinated polyurethanes (IPUs) with radiopaque property were prepared using poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and a novel chain extender. The chain extender, described as N‐(1,3‐dihydroxypropan‐2‐yl)‐2,3,5‐triiodobenzamide, was synthesized in two steps from 2‐aminopropane‐1,3‐diol and 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid with a high yield. A thorough study on the chemical structure, mechanical properties, radiopacity, and physiological properties of the IPUs was conducted. It is revealed that with increasing content of chain extender, the molecular weights of IPUs decreased slightly while the tensile modulus and breaking strength of IPUs increased significantly, illustrating an excellent comprehensive performance. With iodine content high to about 16 wt %, the IPU sample is equal to the aluminum plate with the same thickness in X‐ray radiopacity, meaning that the synthesized polyurethanes are promising as radiopaque materials. The oxidative degradation and cytotoxicity tests illustrated a good performance of stability and biocompatibility for the IPUs. It confirmed that the as‐synthesized IPUs are promising for biomedicine applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42693.
Drifting Diaphyses: Asymmetry in Diametric Growth and Adaptation Along the Humeral and Femoral Length
Authors: Maggiano Isabel S. , Maggiano Corey M. , Tiesler Vera G. , Chi‐Keb Julio R. , Stout Sam D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis study quantifies regional histomorphological variation along the human humeral and femoral diaphysis in order to gain information on diaphyseal growth and modeling drift patterns. Three thin sections at 40, 50, and 60% bone length were prepared from a modern Mexican skeletal sample with known age and sex to give a longitudinal perspective on the drifting cortex (12 adults and juveniles total, 7 male and 5 female). Point‐count techniques were applied across eight cross‐sectional regions of interest using the starburst sampling pattern to quantify percent periosteal and endosteal primary lamellar bone at each diaphyseal level. The results of this study show a posterio‐medial drift pattern in the humerus with a posterior rotational trend along the diaphysis. In the femur, we observed a consistent lateral to anteriolateral drift and an increase in primary lamellar bone area of both, periosteal and endosteal origin, towards the distal part of the diaphysis. These observations characterize drifting diaphyses in greater detail, raising important questions about how to resolve microscopic and macroscopic cross‐sectional analysis towards a more complete understanding of bone growth and mechanical adaptation. Accounting for modeling drift has the potential to positively impact age and physical activity estimation, and explain some of the significant regional variation in bone histomorphology seen within (and between) bone cross‐sections due to differing ages of tissue formation. More study is necessary, however, to discern between possible drift scenarios and characterize populational variation. Anat Rec, 298:1689–1699, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detailed Anatomical Orientations for Certain Types of Morphometric Measurements Can Be Determined Automatically With Geometric Algorithms
Authors: Boyer Doug M. , Winchester Julia M. , Glynn Chris , Puente Jesus 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTMorphometric datasets only convey useful information about variation when measurement landmarks and relevant anatomical axes are clearly defined. We propose that anatomical axes of 3D digital models of bones can be standardized prior to measurement using an algorithm that automatically finds a universal geometric alignment among sampled bones. As a case study, we use teeth of “prosimian” primates. In this sample, equivalent occlusal planes are determined automatically using the R‐package auto3dgm. The area of projection into the occlusal plane for each tooth is the measurement of interest. This area is used in computation of a shape metric called relief index (RFI), the natural log of the square root of crown area divided by the square root of occlusal plane projection area. We compare mean and variance parameters of area and RFI values computed from these automatically orientated tooth models with values computed from manually orientated tooth models. According to our results, the manual and automated approaches yield extremely similar mean and variance parameters. The only differences that plausibly modify interpretations of biological meaning slightly favor the automated treatment because a greater proportion of differences among subsamples in the automated treatment are correlated with dietary differences. We conclude that—at least for dental topographic metrics—automated alignment recovers a variance pattern that has meaning similar to previously published datasets based on manual data collection. Therefore, future applications of dental topography can take advantage of automatic alignment to increase objectivity and repeatability. Anat Rec, 298:1816–1823, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advanced imaging approaches for regenerative medicine: Emerging technologies for monitoring stem cell fate in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kupfer Molly E. , Ogle Brenda M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe future of regenerative medicine relies on our ability to control stem cell fate in order to produce functional tissues. Stem cells are the preferred cell source for tissue engineering endeavors and regenerative medicine therapies due to their high potency and capacity for expansion. However, their potency also makes them very difficult to control, as they are in a constant state of flux. Therefore, in order to advance research in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to be able to monitor cell state and phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. This review will detail the imaging technologies currently in use to monitor stem cell phenotype, migration, and differentiation. In addition to providing examples of the most recent work in this area, we will also discuss the future of imaging technologies for regenerative medicine, and how current imaging modalities might be utilized to image specific cell functionality in order to track stem cell fate. The research area of imaging stem cells is progressing toward identifying mature and differentiating cells not only by phenotypic markers, but also by visualizing cell function. Many of the cutting‐edge modalities detailed in this review have the potential to be harnessed toward this goal.
Age effects on the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract of the rat
Authors: Vaz Ricardo P. , Pereira Pedro A. , Madeira M. Dulce 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe olfactory deficits that occur during aging influence the quality of life and have been regarded as a risk factor for malnutrition in the elderly. The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (nLOT) is a cortical nucleus of the pallial amygdala that has been implicated in feeding behavior. Here we present quantitative data on the anatomy of the nLOT in the adult rat and on the effects of age on its structure and neurochemistry. Total neuron numbers, neuronal volumes, and volumes of layers 1–3 of the nLOT were estimated in adult and old male rats using stereological techniques. We also estimated the total number of interneurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and the numerical density of the nLOT cholinergic varicosities. Our data show that aging is associated with a reduction of the total neuron numbers in the nLOT, due to cell loss in layers 2 and 3. There were no age‐related variations in neuronal volumes. Similarly, the volume of the nLOT was unchanged in aged rats, except in layer 3 where it was reduced. The numerical density of cholinergic varicosities was also unchanged in aged rats. Conversely, the total numbers of NPY‐ and VIP‐immunoreactive neurons were reduced by 55% and 30%, respectively, in aged rats. These findings include the nLOT in the list of cortical olfactory structures susceptible to aging and raise the possibility that the age‐related changes that occur in the nLOT might contribute for the decline in olfactory functions reported in normal aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:759–771, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limited catching bias in a wild population of birds with near‐complete census information
Authors: Simons Mirre J. P. , Winney Isabel , Nakagawa Shinichi , Burke Terry , Schroeder Julia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAnimal research often relies on catching wild animals; however, individuals may have different trappability, and this can generate bias. We studied bias in mist netting, the main method for catching wild birds. The unusually high resighting rate in our study population—house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on Lundy Island (England)—allowed us to obtain accurate estimates of the population size. This unique situation enabled us to test for catching bias in mist netting using deviations from the expected Poisson distribution. There was no evidence that a fraction of the birds in the population consistently remained uncaught. However, we detected a different bias: More birds than expected were captured only once within a year. This bias probably resulted from a mixture of fieldworkers sometimes ignoring rapid recaptures and birds becoming net shy after their first capture. We had sufficient statistical power with the available data to detect a substantial uncaught fraction. Therefore, our data are probably unbiased toward catching specific individuals from our population. Our analyses demonstrate that intensively monitored natural insular populations, in which population size can be estimated precisely, provide the potential to address important unanswered questions without concerns about a fraction of the population remaining uncaught. Our approach can help researchers to test for catching bias in closely monitored wild populations for which reliable estimates of population size and dispersal are available.
Fe(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Aromatization of Substituted 3‐Methyleneindoline and Benzo­furan Derivatives: A Selective Route to C‐3‐Alkylated Indoles and Benzofurans
Authors: Kundal Sandip , Jalal Swapnadeep , Paul Kartick , Jana Umasish 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA simple and convenient approach was developed to the selective synthesis of 3‐substituted indoles and benzofurans by the isomerization of 3‐methyleneindoline and benzofuran derivatives catalyzed by Fe(OTf)3. The salient features of this method are the easy availability of substrates, high yield, mild reaction conditions, tolerance of a variety of functional groups, and use of an environmentally friendly catalyst. A possible mechanism has also been proposed for the isomerization process.
Rapid Prototyping of Sensors and Conductive Elements by Day‐to‐Day Writing Tools and Emerging Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Dossi Nicolò , Terzi Fabio , Piccin Evandro , Toniolo Rosanna , Bontempelli Gino 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe growing demand for low cost and easy to use analytical devices requires the development of reliable and rapid deposition strategies suitable for changing easily planned designs and applicable to a wide range of materials for assembling conductive tracks and sensitive elements. Further important challenges to be pursued are the possibility of using readily available instrumentation and reducing power consumption and hazardous chemical waste. This review provides an overview of the use of portable day‐to‐day writing tools, such as pencils and pens, for the rapid and on‐demand deposition of conductive patterns on different substrates, with particular emphasis on the assembly of “Do It Yourself” sensors. Moreover, layer‐by‐layer deposition of simple or even complex three dimensional (3D) circuits, resorting to pressure driven extrusion of conductive filaments is considered. Future perspectives and potentiality of these emerging technologies for assembling sensors are also explored.