bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The signaling network that silences the spindle assembly checkpoint upon the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment
Authors: Jin Fengzhi , Wang Yanchang 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Mistakes in chromosome attachment activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to delay anaphase onset. However, it is poorly understood how this checkpoint is silenced to initiate anaphase once all chromosomes are attached properly. Our research uncovers the SAC silencing network (SSN) in budding yeast. Chromosome bipolar attachment applies tension on chromosomes. The SSN prevents SAC silencing prior to tension generation but triggers SAC silencing once chromosomes are under tension, thereby ensuring that cells enter anaphase only after bipolar attachment. Our data indicate that the coordination of SAC silencing with chromosome attachment is achieved through the modulation of the phosphorylation of a kinetochore protein.
Mutational effects on stability are largely conserved during protein evolution
Authors: Ashenberg Orr , Gong L. Ian , Bloom Jesse D. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
The properties of proteins are in principle determined by interactions among all of their residues, but for practical reasons, phylogenetic analyses assume that residues change independently. We experimentally investigate the extent to which the effects of individual mutations on protein stability change as other residues diverge. We find that mutational effects on stability are highly conserved, with relatively little interdependence. Of course, mutations can still interact in other ways to affect protein function in a nonindependent manner. Nonetheless, our results suggest that the preference of a position for specific amino acids tends to be well conserved during the evolution of protein homologs with similar structures and functions.
Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings
Authors: Holman E. Alison , Garfin Dana Rose , Silver Roxane Cohen 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Media coverage of collective traumas may trigger psychological distress in individuals outside the directly affected community. We examined whether repeated media exposure to the Boston Marathon bombings was associated with acute stress and compared the impact of direct exposure (being at/near the bombings) vs. media exposure (bombing-related television, radio, print, online, and social media coverage) on acute stress. We conducted an Internet-based survey 2–4 wk postbombings with a nationally representative sample and representative subsamples from Boston and New York (4,675 adults). Repeated bombing-related media exposure was associated with higher acute stress than was direct exposure. Media coverage following collective traumas can diffuse acute stress widely. This unique study compares the impact of direct vs. indirect media-based community trauma exposure on acute stress responses.
Antagonism of SAMHD1 is actively maintained in natural infections of simian immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Spragg Chelsea J. , Emerman Michael 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Restriction factors are a component of the primate innate immune defense against viral pathogens. The recently discovered restriction factor SAMHD1 prevents lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus and the related simian immunodeficiency virus from replicating in myeloid cells and resting T cells. Many lentiviruses encode accessory genes to antagonize SAMHD1 to replicate more efficiently, resulting in the rapid evolution of SAMHD1 to escape viral antagonism, characteristic of a molecular arms race between host and virus. HIV-1, surprisingly, does not encode a SAMHD1 antagonist. By examining viral adaptation to SAMHD1 polymorphism occurring in naturally infected primates, we show that SAMHD1 antagonism must be a factor contributing to the ability of lentiviruses to adapt to their primate hosts.
Biased migration of confined neutrophil-like cells in asymmetric hydraulic environments
Authors: Prentice-Mott Harrison V. , Chang Chi-Han , Mahadevan L. , Mitchison Timothy J. , Irimia Daniel , Shah Jagesh V. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Chemotactic cells integrate physical and chemical environmental inputs to determine a direction of migration. Here we report a physical input, the influence of hydraulic pressure, on cell migration. By using bifurcated microfluidic channels with different path lengths to the outlet, we show that confined cells are able to identify the shorter path in the absence of any chemical cues. This decision is made via the hydraulic resistance of the channel. The distinct channel resistances generate a physical asymmetry that determines the directional choice. Remarkably, this physical input can override a locally generated chemotactic signal. Our results define a physical input into cellular directional choice that may be important in navigating interstitial tissues in vivo.
The adjuvant MF59 induces ATP release from muscle that potentiates response to vaccination
Authors: Vono Maria , Taccone Marianna , Caccin Paola , Gallotta Marilena , Donvito Giovanna , Falzoni Simonetta , Palmieri Emiliano , Pallaoro Michele , Rappuoli Rino , Di Virgilio Francesco , De Gregorio Ennio , Montecucco Cesare , Seubert Anja 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Release of endogenous danger signals has been found to be a key mechanism of many conventional, broadly used adjuvants. Yet extracellular ATP has so far not been linked to vaccination success. Here we show that ATP release from muscle is crucial for the mechanism of action of the vaccine adjuvant MF59, leading to efficient CD4 T-cell priming and high antibody titers.
A theory for how sensorimotor skills are learned and retained in noisy and nonstationary neural circuits
Authors: Ajemian Robert , D’Ausilio Alessandro , Moorman Helene , Bizzi Emilio 
Published: December 2013

Significance
The synaptic trace theory of memory posits that the brain retains information through learning-induced changes in synaptic connections. Once consolidated, a memory is embodied through its fixed trace. For the case of motor memories, e.g., learning how to ride a bicycle, we propose a slight variation on this theme. Because there are so many different ways for the motor system to accomplish the same task goal, motor memories are defined not by fixed patterns of synaptic connections, but rather by nonstationary patterns that fluctuate coherently while still generating the same fixed input–output mapping. This mechanism provides a noisy sensorimotor system with enough flexibility so that motor learning can occur rapidly with respect to new memories without overwriting older memories.
Competing dopamine neurons drive oviposition choice for ethanol in
Drosophila
Authors: Azanchi Reza , Kaun Karla R. , Heberlein Ulrike 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Flies use fermenting fruit as a food source and a site for oviposition. One of the main metabolites of fermentation is ethanol. When provided with different choices in the laboratory, female flies prefer to lay their eggs on food supplemented with ecologically relevant concentrations of ethanol. We show that different subsets of dopaminergic neurons have opposing effects on oviposition preference. We propose that in the wild, this may be a mechanism by which flies choose oviposition sites that are optimal for offspring fitness and survival and that this choice is highly dependent on context.
A Practical Comparison of Viability Models Used for Management of Endangered and Threatened Anadromous Pacific Salmonids
Authors: Busch D. Shallin , Boughton David A. , Cooney Thomas , Lawson Peter , Lindley Steven T. , McClure Michelle , Ruckelshaus Mary H. , Sands Norma Jean , Spence Brian C. , Wainwright Thomas C. , Williams Thomas H. , McElhany Paul 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This study considered whether different population viability analyses give similar estimates of extinction risk across management contexts. We compared the performance of population viability analyses developed by numerous scientific teams to estimate extinction risk of anadromous Pacific salmonids listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and challenged each analysis with data from 34 populations. We found variation in estimated extinction risk among analytical techniques, which was driven by varying model assumptions and the inherent uncertainty of risk forecasts. This result indicates that the scientific teams developed techniques that perform differently. We recommend that managers minimize uncertainty in risk estimates by using multiple models tailored to the local ecology. Assessment of relative extinction risk was less sensitive to model assumptions than was assessment of absolute extinction risk. Thus, the former method is better for comparing population status and raises caution about conclusions regarding absolute extinction risk.
Received October 18, 2012; accepted July 3, 2013
Effects of Fixed and Fluctuating Temperature on Hatch of Round Whitefish and Lake Whitefish Eggs
Authors: Patrick Paul H. , Chen Elaine , Parks Jason , Powell Jennifer , Poulton J. S. , Fietsch Cherie-Lee 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Temperature-response information for use in evaluating thermal discharges is often over 30 years old and in the nonpeer-reviewed literature, especially for Round Whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum and Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis exposed to nonlethal, elevated, and variable temperatures. Egg incubation experiments on Round Whitefish collected in Lake Ontario and Lake Whitefish collected in Lake Huron were carried out from December 13, 2011, to April 7, 2012. Experimental treatments included ambient baseline control conditions as well as fixed and fluctuating (variable) temperature increases of 1, 2, 3, and 5°C above ambient baseline conditions. For both species, the window for hatching for all experimental temperature treatments was variable (range, 10–38 d for Round Whitefish and 11–44 d for Lake Whitefish), and the hatching windows tended to be greater as temperatures increased. Our results indicated that both fixed and variable incremental increases in temperature above ambient baseline conditions have a statistically significant effect on 50% hatch, and hatch occurs earlier with higher incremental temperature increases. The ecological significance of advanced hatch, such as indirect mortality and food source availability, was evaluated.
Received February 19, 2013; accepted July 8, 2013
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Efficiency of the Moore Egg Collector
Authors: Worthington Thomas A. , Brewer Shannon K. , Farless Nicole 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The Moore egg collector (MEC) was developed for quantitative and nondestructive capture of semibuoyant fish eggs. Previous studies have indicated that capture efficiency of the MEC was low and the use of one device did not adequately represent the spatial distribution within the water column of egg surrogates (gellan beads) of pelagic broadcast-spawning cyprinids. The objective of this study was to assess whether use of multiple MECs showed differences in spatial and temporal distribution of bead catches. Capture efficiency of three MECs was tested at four 500-m sites on the South Canadian River, a Great Plains river in Oklahoma. For each trial, approximately 100,000 beads were released and mean capture efficiency was 0.47–2.16%. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests indicated the spatial distributions of bead catches were different among multiple MECs at three of four sites. Temporal variability in timing of peak catches of gellan beads was also evident between MECs. We concluded that the use of multiple MECs is necessary to properly sample eggs of pelagic broadcast-spawning cyprinids.
Received May 2, 2013; accepted July 4, 2013
Angler Compliance with Lake Trout Length Limit Regulations in Great Lakes Waters
Authors: Caroffino David C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Recreational fishing regulations restrict harvest to protect fish, change size structure, equitably spread the take of public resources, or to meet harvest quotas. Both minimum size limits and slot limits have been used to keep yield below yearly management unit-specific harvest quotas for Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush in Michigan waters of lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. To determine the rates at which anglers complied with these length limits, I examined the biological data collected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources creel clerks in nine management units from 2001 to 2012. Across all lakes, the rate of noncompliance was significantly lower under minimum size limits (4.8%) than it was under slot limits (17.6%). Compliance did not improve with the length of time a regulation was in effect. Of the various size regulations in place, those that required more Lake Trout to be released were more likely to be violated, whether they were implemented as minimum size limits or slot limits. Understanding these patterns of noncompliance will help managers both identify areas for improved angler education and more accurately project fishery yield when considering various regulation scenarios.
Received February 8, 2013; accepted July 15, 2013
Evaluation of Transmitter Application Techniques for Use in Research of Adult Eulachon
Authors: Hanson Kyle C. , Ostrand Kenneth G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus is a small anadromous fish whose annual spawning runs historically totaled millions of fish returning to the Columbia River in the Northwest United States. Recent population declines of returning adult Eulachon have been attributed to many factors, leading to the Eulachon being listed as threatened on the U.S. Federal Endangered Species List. However, basic life history information of the Eulachon in freshwater remains unknown, hampering efforts to manage the species. In the current study, we tested common transmitter application techniques (internal implantation versus external attachment) for use on adult Eulachon captured as they approached terminal spawning areas and measured both lethal and sublethal effects of each procedure. Time to mortality, overall mortality, and the proportion of fish that showed external signs of disease did not differ between techniques. Fish from the external attachment group had the lowest concentrations of the plasma ions Na+ and Cl−, potentially indicating increased chronic stress associated with this procedure. Internal implantation of transmitters did not induce increased mortality or sublethal stress, though female fish experienced some egg loss through the incision site. The ultimate effects of transmitter implantation into the egg mass are unknown. Our results suggest that both internal implantation and external attachment of transmitters are viable biotelemetric techniques for use on migrating Eulachon at terminal spawning areas, though various sublethal effects unique to each procedure need to be carefully evaluated by prospective researchers.
Received April 5, 2013; accepted July 11, 2013
Broad-Scale Patterns of Brook Trout Responses to Introduced Brown Trout in New York
Authors: McKenna James E. , Slattery Michael T. , Clifford Kean M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Brown Trout Salmo trutta are valuable sport fish that coexist in many parts of the world due to stocking introductions. Causes for the decline of Brook Trout within their native range are not clear but include competition with Brown Trout, habitat alteration, and repetitive stocking practices. New York State contains a large portion of the Brook Trout's native range, where both species are maintained by stocking and other management actions. We used artificial neural network models, regression, principal components analysis, and simulation to evaluate the effects of Brown Trout, environmental conditions, and stocking on the distribution of Brook Trout in the center of their native range. We found evidence for the decline of Brook Trout in the presence of Brown Trout across many watersheds; 22% of sampled reaches where both species were expected to occur contained only Brown Trout. However, a model of the direct relationship between Brook Trout and Brown Trout abundance explained less than 1% of data variation. Ordination showed extensive overlap of Brook Trout and Brown Trout habitat conditions, with only small components of the hypervolume (multidimensional space) being distinctive. Subsequent analysis indicated higher abundances of Brook Trout in highly forested areas, while Brown Trout were more abundant in areas with relatively high proportions of agriculture. Simulation results indicated that direct interactions and habitat conditions were relatively minor factors compared with the effects of repeated stocking of Brown Trout into Brook Trout habitat. Intensive annual stocking of Brown Trout could eliminate resident Brook Trout in less than a decade. Ecological differences, harvest behavior, and other habitat changes can exacerbate Brook Trout losses. Custom stocking scenarios with Brown Trout introductions at relatively low proportions of resident Brook Trout populations may be able to sustain healthy populations of both species within their present range.
Received December 5, 2012; accepted July 24, 2013
Efficacy of AQUI-S 20E as a Sedative for Handling and Cortisol Suppression in Pallid Sturgeon
Authors: Fenn Carlin M. , Glover David C. , Small Brian C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Challenges and regulations associated with handling fish during fisheries management activities have increased efforts to achieve U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for an immediate-release sedative for fish. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the target concentration of AQUI-S 20E for sedation of Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus to a handleable state followed by rapid recovery, and (2) to compare sedation and recovery times and cortisol stress response in sturgeon treated with the identified target concentration to those treated with MS-222. Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon from two size-classes were exposed to five concentrations of AQUI-S 20E: 70, 153, 364, 598, and 779 mg/L of water. The target concentrations of AQUI-S 20E for optimal sedation (&lt;3 min) and recovery times (&lt;5 min) identified for Pallid Sturgeon were 476 mg/L for small and 537 mg/L for large size-classes. Cortisol secretion in relation to presedation plasma cortisol levels was suppressed at the AQUI-S 20E target concentration of 500 mg/L but was not for MS-222. These data suggest an AQUI-S 20E concentration of 500 mg/L is efficacious while blocking the cortisol stress response for sedation to a handleable state in Pallid Sturgeon.
Received February 6, 2013; accepted July 24, 2013
Physiological Responses of Adult Rainbow Trout Experimentally Released through a Unique Fish Conveyance Device
Authors: Mesa Matthew G. , Gee Lisa P. , Weiland Lisa K. , Christiansen Helena E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We assessed the physiological stress responses (i.e., plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate) of adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at selected time intervals after they had passed a distance of 15 m through a unique fish conveyance device (treatment fish) or not (controls). This device differs from traditional fish pumps in two important ways: (1) it transports objects in air, rather than pumping them from and with water; and (2) it uses a unique tube for transport that has a series of soft, deformable baffles spaced evenly apart and situated perpendicular within a rigid, but flexible outer shell. Mean concentrations of the plasma constituents never differed (P &gt; 0.05) between control and treatment fish at 0, 1, 4, 8, or 24 h after passage, and only minor differences were apparent between the different time intervals within a group. We observed no obvious injuries on any of our fish. Our results indicate that passage through this device did not severely stress or injure fish and it may allow for the rapid and safe movement of fish at hatcheries, sorting or handling facilities, or passage obstacles.
Received March 5, 2013; accepted August 5, 2013
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Cisco Recruitment Dynamics in Lake Superior during 1978–2007
Authors: Rook Benjamin J. , Hansen Michael J. , Gorman Owen T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Historically, the Cisco Coregonus artedi was abundant throughout the Great Lakes basin, but anthropogenic influences caused the collapse of stocks during the mid-1900s, and fishery managers are currently exploring options for restoration. To increase understanding of biotic and abiotic factors influencing Cisco recruitment dynamics throughout the Great Lakes, we used Ricker stock–recruitment models with rearing-habitat-weighted indices of recruitment and adult spawning stock size in Lake Superior to identify and quantify (1) the appropriate spatial scale for modeling age-1 recruitment dynamics and (2) the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on age-1 recruitment dynamics within the regions identified for modeling. Cisco recruitment variation in Lake Superior was best described by a regional model with separate stock–recruitment relationships for western, southern, eastern, and northern regions. The spatial scale for modeling was approximately 260 km. Age-1 recruitment was negatively correlated with adult spawning stock size in all four regions. Multifactor models suggested (1) a positive correlation between age-1 recruitment and the interaction between wind speed and air temperature on a lakewide scale and (2) a negative correlation between age-1 recruitment and the biomass of Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax on a regional scale. Large-scale abiotic factors are beyond the control of fishery managers, so harvest of adult Ciscoes and potential predators and competitors should be carefully managed to achieve desired goals in Lake Superior. Although our study was limited to Cisco stocks in Lake Superior, we believe that our general findings can be more broadly applied (albeit with caution) to the restoration and management of remnant stocks throughout the Great Lakes basin.
Received June 4, 2013; accepted August 16, 2013
Habitat, Fish Species, and Fish Assemblage Associations of the Topeka Shiner in West-Central Iowa
Authors: Bakevich Bryan D. , Pierce Clay L. , Quist Michael C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Our goal was to identify habitat, fish species, and fish assemblages associated with the occurrence of Topeka Shiners Notropis topeka in stream and off-channel habitat (OCH) of west-central Iowa. Fish assemblages and habitat characteristics were estimated in 67 stream and 27 OCH sites during 2010–2011. Topeka Shiners were sampled in 52% of OCH sites, but in only 9% of stream sites, which supports the hypothesis that OCH is an important component of their life history. Fish assemblages containing Topeka Shiners were different from those that did not contain Topeka Shiners in OCH sites, but this was not evident in stream sites. Results from logistic regression models suggested that Topeka Shiner presence was associated with increased submerged vegetation and abundance of Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas. Contrary to the findings of other studies, the abundance of large piscivorous fishes was not associated with the occurrence of Topeka Shiners. Our results provide new information about the biology and life history of the Topeka Shiner that will guide habitat restoration and other recovery efforts.
Received July 17, 2012; accepted August 20, 2013