bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Asphyxia: The Physiopathology
Authors: Reay DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a small paperback book that reviews the different forms of asphyxia. A third of the book's 136 pages are devoted to pathological mechanisms and autopsy findings of asphyxia. There is considerable redundancy from one section to the next. This is understandable because the pathological findings for each form of asphyxia is described, but it is repetitious and unnecessary since the pathology of the various forms of asphyxia have many features in common.
Review of: Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations
Authors: Kim KC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Insects and related arthropods are the most abundant organisms on the planet Earth and found in almost all conceivable habitats, including those associated with human inhabitation. These animals are intimately involved as major players in sustaining ecological functions and ecosystem processes. Accordingly, these arthropods are often found associated with human activities, including homicide, as we encounter them in our daily lives. Forensic entomology is the application of entomological evidence to resolving litigation (civil cases) and solving crimes, most often those of violence and death (medicocriminal cases). This book, Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations, focuses on the criminological application of entomology and provides a smorgasbord of medicocriminal entomology and associated practices prepared by leading practicing scientists in this and related disciplines. This is the first comprehensive treatise of medicolegal entomology to bring together archival and new information for forensic practitioners since publication of Smith's A Manual of Forensic Entomology (1986).
DYS19, DYS385, DYS389 (I and II), DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 Haplotypes in a Population Sample from Catalonia (North-East Spain)
Authors: Gene M , Piqué E , Borrego N , Ortega M , Xifró A , Huguet E , Moreno P , Corbella J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples (n = 224) from healthy unrelated individuals (males) were collected. DNA was extracted by using the phenolchloroform-isoamyl alcohol method (1). Hot-start PCR triplex (Triplex I: DYS19 and DYS389 I/II; Triplex II: DYS390, DYS391 and DYS393) and singleplex (DYS392) amplifications were accomplished with fluorescein labelled primers by the method published by Gené et al. (2). The primers used were those described by Kayser et al. (3) and de Knijff et al. (4). DYS385 locus was analyzed following the method and primers described by EDNAP group (5). Genotypes were analyzed in denaturing 6% polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis, using a monochrome automated laser fluorescence sequencer. The alleles from all loci reported were typed according to the published nomenclatures and the ISFG guidelines for STR analyses. Our group have received the certify of excellence in the Y-STR Haplotyping Quality Assurance Exercise 2000–2001 (http:/www.ystr.org).
Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics [A Volume in the Protocols in Forensic Science Series]
Authors: Nordby JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This seemingly modest tale of ethical codes, expertly woven by Peter Barnett, harks favorably to Jonathan Swift's “A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Ireland from being a Burden to their Parents or Country.” Neither is modest in the relevant sense, and neither actually solves anything. With that point clearly in mind, the value of each, then, must lie elsewhere. Swift's tongue-in-cheek proposal to eliminate starvation by providing seductive menus for fricasseed children provides a remarkable exercise in satiric social commentary and argumentum ad absurdum. While Barnett wouldn't claim any such stylistic or satiric kudos, his book does represent a sustained effort to show that “the proper course of action is not always obvious, codes of ethics do not necessarily cover all contingencies, and not all professional standards are necessarily appropriate.” This might suggest to some an unintended ethical bleakness at least as dark as cannibalism itself.
Concordance Study on 15 STR Loci in Three Major Populations of Himalayan State Sikkim
Authors: Kashyap VK , Guha S , Trivedi R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Samples were collected randomly from different individuals of East District of Sikkim. Nepali (N = 110). Bhutia ( N = 75) and Lepcha (N = 48) in form of either blood or buccal swab as per cooperation of participent. Genomic DNA was extracted by using standard phenol/chloroform procedure (2). Quantitation of DNA was carried out using the Quantiblot kit (PE Applied Biosystems) and subsequent PCR amplification was performed using the Powerplex™ 16 multiplex System (Promega Coip, Madison, U.S.A.) The products were detected on a 5% denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel using the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems) and genotype classification was made by comparison with allelic ladders provided with the Powerplex™ 16 System.
Variability of the Pattern of Aging on the Human Skeleton: Evidence from Bone Indicators and Implications on Age at Death Estimation
Authors: Schmitt A , Murail P , Cunha E , Rougé D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Age at death assessment of adult skeletons is one of the most difficult problems in forensic and physical anthropology. Two fundamental sources of error are described: the complex variability in the process of skeletal aging and methodological bias. Taking into account these limits, we developed a new scoring system for the auricular surface of the ilium and the pubic symphysis. In order to address a large variability, we examine reference samples from Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Data were processed using Bayesian prediction in order to classify specimens in age range categories. Results show that combining indicators do not perform better than the auricular surface used as a single indicator. Morphological changes with aging are variable between Asian, African, and European populations, confirming the necessity to use population-specific standards. Bayesian prediction produces reliable classification and is applicable for subjects over 50 years old, a real methodological improvement.
Analysis of Pilot-Related Equipment and Archaeological Strategy in the Recovery of Aircrew Losses from the Vietnam War
Authors: Moore CE , Davis BD , Leney MD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Determining the location and distribution of cockpit and aircrew-related equipment within the wider debris field of a military aircraft crash site is an essential first step in planning and executing the recovery of missing aircrew members presumed still to be on the site. Understanding the spatial relationship of these materials improves the likelihood of finding and recovering the remains of the aircrew during the excavation of an aircraft crash site. Since the greater portion of these unaccounted for crewmembers were involved in aircraft with single-seat cockpits or cockpits with two or three seats in tandem, pre-analysis of the debris pattern may be more-or-less straightforward. Larger, multiple-personnel aircraft, on the other hand, create a potentially more complex analytical situation given the aircrew's greater freedom of movement within the aircraft. Nevertheless, the same fundamental principles apply and, indeed, have been successfully so for some time in the civilian arena. But older aircraft crash sites, i.e., those dating to World War II, Korea, or the Vietnam conflict, have been and still are undergoing taphonomic processes that progressively alter these relationships. The following will illustrate that exchange of information between the anthropologist/archaeologist and the life-support analyst is required to maximize the effectiveness of field recovery and demonstrates the relationship between the recovery of life-support equipment and human remains and the effect that aircraft type has on this relationship.
Characterization of the Caucasian Haplogroups Present in the SWGDAM Forensic mtDNA Dataset for 1771 Human Control Region Sequences
Authors: Allard MW , Miller K , Wilson M , Monson K , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Currently, the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) mtDNA dataset is used to infer the relative rarity of mtDNA profiles (i.e., haplotypes) obtained from evidence samples and for identification of missing persons. The Caucasian haplogroup patterns in this forensic dataset have been characterized using phylogenetic methods. The assessment reveals that the dataset is relevant and representative of U.S. and European Caucasians. The comparisons carried out were both the observation of variable sites within the control region (CR) and the selection of a subset of these sites, which partition the variation within human mtDNA control region sequences into clusters (i.e., haplogroups). The aligned sequence matrix was analyzed to determine both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a phylogenetic context, as well as to check and standardize haplogroup designations with a focus on determining the characters that define these groups. To evaluate the dataset for forensic utility, the haplogroup identifications and frequencies were compared with those reported from other published studies.
Ballpoint Pen Inks: Characterization by Positive and Negative Ion-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Forensic Examination of Writing Inks
Authors: Ng LK , Lafontaine P , Brazeau L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method based on profiling of dye components by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) is described for the characterization of ballpoint pen inks. The method involves benzyl alcohol (30 _L) extraction of ink from paper. The extracts of ink lines 1 and 5 mm in length are used for direct ESI/MS analysis in positive and negative modes, respectively. The instrumental analysis takes 3 min. Basic and acid dyes in the inks are detected in the positive and negative modes, respectively, with each dye yielding one or two characteristic ion peaks. The mass spectrum, which is mainly a compositional signature of the dyes in the ink, was not affected by the type of paper from which the ink was extracted, or by natural ageing of the ink on document in the absence of light. However, exposure to fluorescent illumination caused dealkylation of polyalkylated basic dyes and resulted in changes in the homologous distribution of the dyes. In this study, a total of 44 blue inks, 23 black inks, and 10 red inks have been analyzed, and the mass spectra were used to establish a searchable library. ESI/MS analysis provides a simple and fast way to compare ink specimens and in combination with on-line library search permits rapid screening of inks for forensic document investigations.
Enantiomeric Separation of Methamphetamine and Related Analogs by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis: Intelligence Study in Routine Methamphetamine Seizures
Authors: Cheng WC , Lee WM , Chan MF , Tsui P , Dao KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for simultaneous enantiomeric separation of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methamphetamine (MA) in a single run by simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector is described. The effects of the buffer pH, phosphate concentration, β-cyclodextrin concentration, voltage and temperature on the peak resolution were examined. Good enantiomeric resolution was attained for each analyte under our optimized conditions: 15 mM β-cyclodextrin, 300 mM NaH2PO4 at pH 2.5 with an uncoated capillary (64.5 cm × 50 m), applied potential at 20 kV and temperature at 30°C. Ultraviolet (UV) detection at a fixed wavelength (200 nm) was employed using a diode array detector. Using phentermine as an internal standard, migration times for all analytes are reproducible within 0.1% for intra-day and 0.6% for inter-day runs. Application of this method to the analysis of confiscated drugs is discussed.
Development of a 3D-based Automated Firearms Evidence Comparison System
Authors: Bachrach B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Since the early 1990's, the idea of automated systems for the comparison of microscopic firearms evidence has received considerable attention. The main objective of such systems is to enable the analysis of large amounts of evidence, therefore, transforming the comparison of firearms evidence from an evidence verification tool into a crime-fighting tool. Two such systems have been widely used in United States forensic laboratories; namely, the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) (1) and DRUGFIRE (2). Both IBIS and DRUGFIRE have in common the fact that their characterization of a specimen is based on a two-dimensional (2D) representation of the specimen's surface.
Although these systems have provided satisfactory results in the identification of cartridge cases, their performance in the identification of bullets has not yet met firearms examiner's expectations. This project was motivated by the premise that a better characterizations of the bullet's surface should translate into better performance of automated identification systems. A three-dimensional (3D) characterization of the bullet's surface is proposed as an alternative to a 2D characterization. This paper discusses the development and preliminary results obtained with SCICLOPS™, an automated microscopic comparison system based on the use of a 3D characterization of a bullet's surface.
Evaluation of Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry and UV Accelerated Aging of Dyes on Paper as Tools for the Evaluation of a Questioned Document
Authors: Grim DM , Siegel J , Allison J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) may be used for the detection and identification of dyes found in inks. Naturally-aged and artificially-aged blue and black ballpoint pen inks containing the cationic dye methyl violet were analyzed on paper. The average molecular weight of the dye sample was calculated from LD mass spectral data and plotted versus time. The resulting aging curves demonstrate that, as dye degradation increases, the average molecular weight of the dye decreases. Typical variables involved in ink aging, such as the type of paper and ink formulation, were investigated. Results show that these variables influence the rate of dye degradation. Furthermore, UV accelerated aging has been developed and tested as an alternative to thermal approaches.
Advanced Solvent-Free Application of Ninhydrin for Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Thermal Paper and Other Surfaces
Authors: Schwarz L , Frerichs I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This work presents the first known experiments of ninhydrin sublimation in vacuum to detect latent fingerprints on thermal paper. In this method, latent fingerprints become visible in rich detail without the background black staining known from the application of ninhydrin solutions to thermal paper.
The method involves hanging the thermal paper samples 15 cm above a heating source with dispersed ninhydrin crystals in a vacuum chamber.
The optimized conditions for ninhydrin sublimation are 50 mg ninhydrin, 2 to 5 mbar vacuum, and 150°C heating source temperature for 30 min. The application of this method is also successful on the new euro notes. Latent fingerprints can be developed across the transitions from paper to optical variable device (OVD).
Evaluation of Mrna Markers for the Identification of Menstrual Blood
Authors: Bauer M , Patzelt D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The detection of epithelial cells in dried bloodstains by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction is based on cell- and tissuespecific gene expression. In this paper mRNA markers suitable for the identification of menstrual blood were evaluated. RNA isolated from autopsy tissue samples including endometrium, vaginal mucosa, and blood were screened for tissue-specific expression patterns using RT-PCR with primers for hormone receptors, intermediate filaments, matrix metalloproteinases, heat shock proteins, cytokines, and growth factors. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA could be detected in endometrium but not in blood and other epithelia. This was confirmed in further studies with artificial menstrual bloodstains, indicating that the detection of MMP expression in bloodstains may serve as a forensic marker for menstrual blood.
Analysis of Artificial Fireplace Logs by High Temperature Gas Chromatography
Authors: Kuk RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
High temperature gas chromatography is used to analyze the wax of artificial fireplace logs (firelogs). Firelogs from several different manufacturers are studied and compared. This study shows that the wax within a single firelog is homogeneous and that the wax is also uniform throughout a multi-firelog package. Different brands are shown to have different wax compositions. Firelogs of the same brand, but purchased in different locations, also have different wax compositions. With this information it may be possible to associate an unknown firelog sample to a known sample, but a definitive statement of the origin cannot be made.
Psychotropic Drugs in Developmental Mushrooms: A Case Study Review
Authors: Gross ST 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroom development can be useful when receiving evidence from illicit mushroom growing operations. Exhibits from three separate cases were submitted to the drug analysis section of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Forensic Science Laboratory. Each case contained different stages of developing mushrooms. This report describes the evidence in each case, the sample preparation, the sample analysis and the final report that was written.
Utilized Coefficient of Friction During Walking: Static Estimates Exceed Measured Values
Authors: Powers CM , Burnfield JM , Lim P , Brault JM , Flynn JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study compared utilized coefficient of friction (COF) measured during nonslip pedestrian gait to estimated utilized COF values calculated using anthropometric (i.e., leg length) and stride characteristic data (i.e., impact angle, step length). Twenty healthy adults walked at slow, medium, and fast speeds with kinematic and kinetic data recorded simultaneously. Estimated and measured impact angle varied with walking speed, with greater angles evident with faster speeds (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). The estimated impact angle was greater than the mea-sured impact angle (p &lt; 0.05). Estimated and measured peak utilized COF values varied with walking speed, with higher utilized COF values evident with faster speeds (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Estimated utilized COF values were 86, 118, and 131% greater than measured peak utilized COF values for slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Higher estimated utilized COF values varied moderately with increased measured peak utilized COF values (r = 0.522; p &lt; 0.001). These data suggest that impact angle and step length alone cannot be used to accurately assess the utilized COF on level walking surfaces.
Using Pre- and Post-Surgical Foot and Ankle Radiographs for Identification
Authors: Rich J , Tatarek NE , Powers RH , Brogdon B.G. , Lewis BJ , Dean DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An evaluation of the effect of surgical intervention on foot and ankle radiographic comparisons was performed. In this study, 34 sets of pre-surgical (“premortem”) and post-surgical (“postmortem”) foot and ankle radiographs were retrospectively evaluated simulating a postmortem identification. In each radiographic set, the films were separated by a surgical event to reproduce the effects of an alteration in the anatomy. The radiographs included both matches and mismatches. This study also presents a numerical representation of the reliability of a radiographic match following a surgical procedure. Results indicate that surgical intervention with subsequent healing does not preclude positive identification in foot and ankle radiographic comparisons.
Effect of Temperature on Development of Liopygia (= Sarcophaga) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Its Forensic Implications
Authors: Grassberger M , Reiter C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The temperature-dependent development of the forensically important flesh fly Liopygia (Thomsonea) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy) (= Sarcophaga argyrostoma) was studied at six constant temperature regimes in the laboratory. Total developmental time of L. argyrostoma from larviposition to adult emergence was 54.9 ± 1.45, 31.3 ± 1.1, 22.2 ± 0.67, 16.3 ± 0.54, and 14.9 ± 0.4 days (±S.D.) when reared at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively. At 8°C, larval development was not completed. From linear regression of development rates of five of the six studied constant temperature regimes, it was determined that the minimum development threshold (tL) for total immature development is 7.4°C, and the overall thermal constant (K) for L. argyrostoma is 396.4 ± 19.18 (mean ± S.D.) day-degrees (DD) above the threshold.
Spontaneous Fractures in the Differential Diagnosis of Fractures in Children
Authors: Torwalt CR , Balachandra AT , Youngson C , de Nanassy J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A four-year-old male with cerebral palsy and spasticity, as a result of a non-accidental head injury sustained when he was two years old, died of pneumonia. Postmortem full body X-rays revealed fractures of varying ages of the left humerus and both femora, tibiae, and fibulae. This led to a thorough investigation of the case by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Child abuse, accidents, metabolic bone disorders, other primary or secondary diseases of the bones, and pathological fractures were ruled out. The final diagnosis was spontaneous fractures secondary to osteopenia. The term spontaneous fractures is used to define fractures that occur without any known external cause, especially in cerebral palsy patients with spasticity.
The Case of Jeffrey Dahmer: Sexual Serial Homicide from a Neuropsychiatric Developmental Perspective
Authors: Silva JA , Ferrari MM , Leong GB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sexual serial homicidal behavior has received considerable attention during the last three decades. Substantial progress has been made in the development of methods aimed at identifying and apprehending individuals who exhibit these behaviors. In spite of these advances, the origins of sexual serial killing behavior remain for the most part unknown. In this article we propose a biopsychosocial psychiatric model for understanding the origins of sexual serial homicidal behavior from both neuropsychiatric and developmental perspectives, using the case of convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer as the focal point. We propose that his homicidal behavior was intrinsically associated with autistic spectrum psychopathology, specifically Asperger's disorder. The relationship of Asperger's disorder to other psychopathology and to his homicidal behavior is explored. We discuss potential implications of the proposed model for the future study of the causes of sexual serial homicidal crime.