bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting the social networks of homeless people
Authors: Joly Louise , Cornes Michelle , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Homelessness often results from the loss of social networks and individuals are tested in being able to sustain or develop new positive social networks necessary to rebuild lives. The purpose of this paper is to present findings from an exploratory study which investigated how different agencies and professionals support people experiencing multiple exclusion homelessness (MEH) to develop and maintain their social networks amid other competing priorities, such as reducing substance misuse and re-offending.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study was undertaken in England 2010-2011 in three case study sites. Data were collected in 76 interviews with practitioners and managers, from disciplines including housing support, social work, criminal justice, mental health and substance misuse services. Totally, 56 interviews and five focus groups were also undertaken with people with experiences of MEH. Data were analysed thematically. Data from one site in particular permitted a focus on personal relationships and social networks which were seen as beneficial but also potentially problematic. These data are drawn upon to reflect on the implications for housing providers and practitioners.

Findings
– While multiple factors had often led to the loss of social networks among homeless people, findings revealed that practitioners working with homeless people may be able to promote existing social networks, such as partnerships, help develop new ones, and support people withdrawing from less positive relationships. The authors conclude that practitioners should be alert to structural changes that threaten social networks and may need to enhance skills in creating opportunities to foster existing positive relationships in direct work with their clients and in collaboration with other professionals. The need to be careful of blurring professional boundaries is also observed.

Practical implications
– This paper suggests approaches that may encourage practitioner reflection and commissioning practice in achieving good outcomes for people with experiences of MEH by highlighting the importance of social networks and the potential for practitioners to foster supportive relationships.

Originality/value
– This paper considers the often under-researched area of day-to-day engagement with social networks and the implications of working to support these as part of the role of homelessness services. While drawing primarily on recent research in England the themes raised will have wider relevance to housing and care services generally.
Approaches to evaluation of homelessness interventions
Authors: Pauly Bernie , Wallace Bruce , Perkin Kathleen 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide rationale, methodological guidance and clarity in the use of case study designs and theory driven approaches to evaluation of interventions to end homelessness.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using an evaluation of a transitional shelter program aiming to support permanent exits from homelessness as an example, the authors show how case study designs and theory driven evaluation is well suited to the study of the effectiveness of homelessness interventions within the broader socio-political and economic context in which they are being implemented.

Findings
– Taking account of the context as part of program evaluation and research on homelessness interventions moves away from blaming programs and individuals for systemic failures to better understanding of how the context influences successes and failures. Case study designs are particularly useful for studying implementation and the context which influences program outcomes. Theory driven evaluations and the use of realist evaluation as an approach can provide a broader understanding of how homelessness interventions work particularly for whom and under what conditions. These methodological and theoretical approaches provide a consistent strategy for evaluating programs aimed at ending homelessness.

Originality/value
– There is a need for greater capacity in the homelessness sector to apply approaches to evaluation that take into account the broader socio-political and economic context in which programs are being implemented. Through the use of a case example, the authors provide guidance for application of case study design and theory driven approaches as a strategy for approaches programs aimed at ending homelessness.
Using Trauma-Informed Care to provide therapeutic support to homeless people with complex needs: a transatlantic search for an approach to engage the “non-engaging”
Authors: Prestidge Joanne 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to share knowledge and observations of the Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) approach being used to engage “chronically” homeless people in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper describes a placement with an organisation in New York City observing how the TIC approach is being implemented across outreach, housing and support services. The author then reflects on the lessons, for the work in the UK context.

Findings
– TIC empowers staff and clients to understand psychological trauma and its effects and to use this knowledge to create safe, supportive environments for all involved; improving relationships and nurturing recovery. It appears that clients use services more effectively, with staff stating that they behave more appropriately and move towards independence more quickly. Staff consider the emotional needs of the individuals they support and it was reported that they are less reliant on managers and have a higher tolerance to their clients.

Research limitations/implications
– TIC is an easily replicable and seemingly cost-effective way of empowering frontline staff to deliver holistic services to survivors of trauma.

Practical implications
– Psychologically informed practice is gaining momentum within the homelessness sector in the UK, and whilst TIC has many similarities to it, this approach specifically focuses on providing a pre-therapy approach for trauma survivors to prepare them to engage appropriately with mainstream services.

Originality/value
– Although there is no quantifiable data, it seems that the approach improves the well-being of service users and may ultimately reduce the cost in public spending of ineffective service use.
Marinated in violence: therapeutic intervention for victims of domestic abuse
Authors: Pizzey Erin 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to recount the author's experience of developing the first ever refuges for domestic violence, and the lessons learned about working with “violence-prone” people.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a first hand, narrative account, interspersed with observations and commentary on the lessons learned.

Findings
– The author first identifies the author's own experience, as the child of several generations of violent parents, as central to the author's ability to empathise and work with women with similar histories. Learning together, and refusing to take responsibility away from the mothers, becomes central to the approach. Recognising the roots of violence requires in-depth, long-term relationship building with peers. The concept of “therapeutic chaos” sums up the way the spontaneous turmoil of the households seems to match and manage the cathartic expression of the residents’ world.

Research limitations/implications
– As a first hand account, this reportage challenges the assumption that constructive practice must all be based on someone else's prior, “evidence based”, practice.

Originality/value
– The refuge and network that arose from the work at Chiswick Women's aid was a pioneer in addressing domestic violence. This is a unique voice, and an opportunity to place this personal account in the record for future work on inter-generational emotional damage, addictive violence and social-environmental therapeutic treatments.
Assessing the reliability of the Outcomes Star in research and practice
Authors: Mackeith Joy 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a pilot to test an approach to measuring inter-rater reliability of the Outcomes Star suite of tools. The intention, in publishing this account, is to show transparency in on-going development of the tool, and to invite further co-operative development.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 24 workers, trained to use the first edition Family Star, scored a tested case study. Scoring was analysed using two metrics on the ten-point scale and the underlying five-point Journey of Change. The case study approach and metrics were evaluated for validity and accessibility.

Findings
– This initial evaluation suggests this edition of the Family Star has good inter-rater reliability for the five-point Journey of Change, reaching the accepted threshold of 0.8 for the inter-rater reliability coefficient when three outlying workers are excluded. The reliability for the full ten point scale was moderate.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample size of 24 raters is small, though sufficient for an initial test of the approach, which will now be applied to larger samples, using other versions of the Outcomes Star.

Practical implications
– The findings indicate that it is important that service providers test worker understanding of the scales to ensure consistency of use. The second edition of the Family Star incorporates more precise definitions of the ten-point scales to help improve the reliability.

Originality/value
– The case study method and metrics provide an accessible measure of reliability, both for Star development and to enable managers to assess the reliability of an organisation's client data for internal and external purposes.
Metabolic remodelling in obesity and type 2 diabetes: pathological or protective mechanisms in response to nutrient excess?
Authors: Connor Timothy , Martin Sheree D , Howlett Kirsten F , McGee Sean L 
Published: November 2014

SummaryAltered metabolism in tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is observed in metabolic diseases characterized by nutrient excess and energy imbalance, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These alterations in metabolism can include resistance to the hormone insulin, lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and transcriptional remodelling of major metabolic pathways. The underlying assumption has been that these same alterations in metabolism are fundamental to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. An alternative view is that these alterations in metabolism occur to protect cell and tissue viability in the face of constant positive energy balance. This speculative review presents evidence that many of the metabolic adaptations that occur in metabolic diseases characterized by nutrient excess can be viewed as protective in nature, rather than pathogenic per se for disease progression. Finally, we also briefly discuss the usefulness and potential pitfalls of therapeutic approaches that attempt to correct these same metabolic defects when energy balance is not altered, and the potential links between metabolic survival responses and other chronic diseases such as cancer.
Sidestream dark field videomicroscopy for in vivo evaluation of vascularization and perfusion of mammary tumours in HER2/neu transgenic mice
Authors: Damiani Elisa , Pierpaoli Elisa , Orlando Fiorenza , Donati Abele , Provinciali Mauro 
Published: November 2014

SummaryAngiogenesis plays a key role in tumour growth and the formation of metastases. Angiogenesis inhibitors and antivascular agents may prove useful in the treatment of breast cancer. A comprehensive characterization of the vasculature and perfusion of mammary tumours is a prerequisite for developing new specific drugs. We used sidestream dark field videomicroscopy to evaluate in vivo the vascular network of spontaneous mammary tumours in HER2/neu transgenic mice. The tumour masses showed higher vessel density compared with the healthy mammary gland (median (interquartile range) total vessel density 16.8 (13.4–20.5) vs 9.1 (8.1–10.9) mm/mm2, respectively; P < 0.001). Tumor vessel density was reduced in mice treated with the anti‐angiogenesis agent berberine, 12.1 (10.6–13.1) mm/mm2. Sidestream dark field imaging is a versatile technique that may be useful for understanding the role of angiogenesis in the progression of breast cancer and its relationship with outcome. It may represent a valuable tool for dynamic monitoring of the effects of new anti‐angiogenesis therapies.
Neoliberalization of Istanbul's Nightlife: Beer or Champagne?
Authors: Eder Mine , Öz Özlem 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article shows how the transformation of Istanbul's entertainment industry and of Beyoğlu, Istanbul's oldest, largest and the most diverse entertainment district, represents and reproduces spatial and economic divisions in the city. We argue that these differences also become compounded and intertwined with distinctions in consumption and taste. Taking a simultaneous look at thespatial,economicandsymbolictransformations of the entertainment industry enables us to understand how and why these intense divisions emerge, and what kind of contestations, rationalizations and resistance strategies are at work in this transformation. A major contribution of this article is to document and discuss the political economy of the process of urban transformation in the city through the lens of the entertainment industry, providing an interesting case of ‘neoliberalism on the ground'. Examining the neoliberalization of nightlife in a relatively understudied context, Istanbul, also reveals that its segmentation and spatial inequality are not just determined by political economy but are also constitutive of it. By adding the concept of ‘image consumption' and taste distinctions into the analysis, the article also uncovers the symbolic nature of the ongoing transformations. Finally, exploring Beyoğlu as a district in transition with persistent contestations contributes, in turn, to the right to the city debate.
Identification of heat shock cognate protein 70 gene (Alhsc70) of Apolygus lucorum and its expression in response to different temperature and pesticide stresses
Authors: Sun Yang , Zhao Jing , Sheng Yang , Xiao Ying‐Fang , Zhang Yong‐Jun , Bai Li‐Xin , Tan Yongan , Xiao Liu‐Bin , Xu Guang‐Chun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHeat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is a very important stress‐resistance protein of insects against environmental stresses. We employed fluorescent real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western‐blot techniques to analyze the transcriptional and translational expression profiles of AlHSC70 under extreme temperature (4°C and 40°C) or 4 pesticide stresses in Apolygus lucorum. The results showed that the expression of AlHSC70 were significantly induced by cyhalothrin or extremely high temperature (40°C) in both transcriptional and translational levels (P < 0.05), while the transcriptional and translational level of AlHSC70 decreased significantly in treatments of chlorpyrifos or extreme cold temperature (4°C) (P < 0.05). Moreover, after Apolygus lucorum treated by imidacloprid or emamectin benzoate, the expression of AlHSC70 was only up‐regulated significantly at the transcriptional level (P < 0.05), although obviously up‐regulated at the translational level of AlHSC70. Therefore, this study confirmed that the Alhsc70 gene played important roles in response to both temperature and pesticide stresses, especially for cyhalothrin or extremely high temperature (40°C). In addition, the significant polynomial regression correlations between temperature and the Alhsc70 expression level were shown in all the nymph and adult stages (P < 0.01), indicating temperature was an important factor to affect the relative expression of Alhsc70.
The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation
Authors: Shajib M. S. , Khan W. I. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSerotonin or 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that contributes to the regulation of various physiological functions by its actions in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the respective organ systems. Peripheral 5‐HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These gut‐resident cells produce much more 5‐HT than all neuronal and other sources combined, establishing EC cells as the main source of this biogenic amine in the human body. Peripheral 5‐HT is also a potent immune modulator and affects various immune cells through its receptors and via the recently identified process of serotonylation. Alterations in 5‐HT signalling have been described in inflammatory conditions of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease. The association between 5‐HT and inflammation, however, is not limited to the gut, as changes in 5‐HT levels have also been reported in patients with allergic airway inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on searches for terms such as ‘5‐HT’, ‘EC cell’, ‘immune cells’ and ‘inflammation’ in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of 5‐HT in biological functions with a particular focus on immune activation and inflammation.
Thiopurine dose intensity and treatment outcome in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia: the influence of thiopurine methyltransferase pharmacogenetics
Authors: Lennard Lynne , Cartwright Cher S. , Wade Rachel , Vora Ajay 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe impact of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype on thiopurine dose intensity, myelosuppression and treatment outcome was investigated in the United Kingdom childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) trial ALL97. TPMT heterozygotes had significantly more frequent cytopenias and therefore required dose adjustments below target levels significantly more often than TPMT wild‐type patients although the average dose range was similar for both genotypes. Event‐free survival (EFS) for patients heterozygous for the more common TPMT*1/*3A variant allele (n = 99, 5‐year EFS 88%) was better than for both wild‐type TPMT*1/*1 (n = 1206, EFS 80%, P = 0·05) and TPMT*1/*3C patients (n = 17, EFS 53%, P = 0·002); outcomes supported by a multivariate Cox regression analysis. Poor compliance without subsequent clinician intervention was associated with a worse EFS (P = 0·02) and such non‐compliance may have contributed to the poorer outcome for TPMT*1/*3C patients. Patients prescribed escalated doses had a worse EFS (P = 0·04), but there was no difference in EFS by dose intensity or duration of cytopenias. In contrast to reports from some USA and Nordic trials, TPMT heterozygosity was not associated with a higher rate of second cancers. In conclusion, TPMT*1/*3A heterozygotes had a better EFS than TPMT wild‐type patients. Thiopurine induced cytopenias were not detrimental to treatment outcome.
Practical management of cumulative anthropogenic impacts with working marine examples
Authors: Wright Andrew J. , Kyhn Line A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHuman pressure on the environment is expanding and intensifying, especially in coastal and offshore areas. Major contributors to this are the current push for offshore renewable energy sources, which are thought of as environmentally friendly sources of power, as well as the continued demand for petroleum. Human disturbances, including the noise almost ubiquitously associated with human activity, are likely to increase the incidence, magnitude, and duration of adverse effects on marine life, including stress responses. Stress responses have the potential to induce fitness consequences for individuals, which add to more obvious directed takes (e.g., hunting or fishing) to increase the overall population‐level impact. To meet the requirements of marine spatial planning and ecosystem‐based management, many efforts are ongoing to quantify the cumulative impacts of all human actions on marine species or populations. Meanwhile, regulators face the challenge of managing these accumulating and interacting impacts with limited scientific guidance. We believe there is scientific support for capping the level of impact for (at a minimum) populations in decline or with unknown statuses. This cap on impact can be facilitated through implementation of regular application cycles for project authorization or improved programmatic and aggregated impact assessments that simultaneously consider multiple projects. Cross‐company collaborations and a better incorporation of uncertainty into decision making could also help limit, if not reduce, cumulative impacts of multiple human activities. These simple management steps may also form the basis of a rudimentary form of marine spatial planning and could be used in support of future ecosystem‐based management efforts.
Building Cognition: The Construction of Computational Representations for Scientific Discovery
Authors: Chandrasekharan Sanjay , Nersessian Nancy J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNovel computational representations, such as simulation models of complex systems and video games for scientific discovery (Foldit, EteRNA etc.), are dramatically changing the way discoveries emerge in science and engineering. The cognitive roles played by such computational representations in discovery are not well understood. We present a theoretical analysis of the cognitive roles such representations play, based on an ethnographic study of the building of computational models in a systems biology laboratory. Specifically, we focus on a case of model‐building by an engineer that led to a remarkable discovery in basic bioscience. Accounting for such discoveries requires a distributed cognition (DC) analysis, as DC focuses on the roles played by external representations in cognitive processes. However, DC analyses by and large have not examined scientific discovery, and they mostly focus on memory offloading, particularly how the use of existing external representations changes the nature of cognitive tasks. In contrast, we study discovery processes and argue that discoveries emerge from the processes of building the computational representation. The building process integrates manipulations in imagination and in the representation, creating a coupled cognitive system of model and modeler, where the model is incorporated into the modeler's imagination. This account extends DC significantly, and we present some of the theoretical and application implications of this extended account.
A model to investigate the mechanisms underlying the emergence and development of independent sitting
Authors: O'Brien Kathleen M. , Zhang Jing , Walley Philip R. , Rhoads Jeffrey F. , Haddad Jeffrey M. , Claxton Laura J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhen infants first begin to sit independently, they are highly unstable and unable to maintain upright sitting posture for more than a few seconds. Over the course of 3 months, the sitting ability of infants drastically improves. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the development of sitting posture, a single‐degree‐of‐freedom inverted pendulum model was developed. Passive muscle properties were modeled with a stiffness and damping term, while active neurological control was modeled with a time‐delayed proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller. The findings of the simulations suggest that infants primarily utilize passive muscle stiffness to remain upright when they first begin to sit. This passive control mechanism allows the infant to remain upright so that active feedback control mechanisms can develop. The emergence of active control mechanisms allows infants to integrate sensory information into their movements so that they can exhibit more adaptive sitting.