bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitch angle distributions of electrons at dipolarization sites during geomagnetic activity: THEMIS observations
Authors: Wang Kaiti , Lin Ching‐Huei , Wang Lu‐Yin , Hada Tohru , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Turner Drew L. , Angelopoulos Vassilis 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChanges in pitch angle distributions of electrons with energies from a few eV to 1 MeV at dipolarization sites in Earth's magnetotail are investigated statistically to determine the extent to which adiabatic acceleration may contribute to these changes. Forty‐two dipolarization events from 2008 and 2009 observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probes covering the inner plasma sheet from 8 RE to 12 RE during geomagnetic activity identified by the AL index are analyzed. The number of observed events with cigar‐type distributions (peaks at 0° and 180°) decreases sharply below 1 keV after dipolarization because in many of these events, electron distributions became more isotropized. From above 1 keV to a few tens of keV, however, the observed number of cigar‐type events increases after dipolarization and the number of isotropic events decreases. These changes can be related to the ineffectiveness of Fermi acceleration below 1 keV (at those energies, dipolarization time becomes comparable to electron bounce time). Model‐calculated pitch angle distributions after dipolarization with the effect of betatron and Fermi acceleration tested indicate that these adiabatic acceleration mechanisms can explain the observed patterns of event number changes over a large range of energies for cigar events and isotropic events. Other factors still need to be considered to assess the observed increase in cigar events around 2 keV. Indeed, preferential directional increase/loss of electron fluxes, which may contribute to the formation of cigar events, was observed. Nonadiabatic processes to accelerate electrons in a parallel direction may also be important for future study.
Southern Ocean wind‐driven entrainment enhances satellite chlorophyll‐a through the summer
Authors: Carranza Magdalena M. , Gille Sarah T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDespite being the largest High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region, the Southern Ocean sustains phytoplankton blooms through the summer, when presumably there is sufficient light, but nutrients in the euphotic zone have been depleted. Physical processes that can potentially supply nutrients from subsurface waters to the euphotic zone, and promote phytoplankton growth in the summer, have not been fully explored at the large scale. By means of a correlation analysis, this study combines high‐resolution satellite observations of ocean color, winds and sea surface temperature, surface heat fluxes from reanalysis and Argo mixed‐layer depth (MLD) estimates to explore the role of the atmospheric forcing (i.e., winds and surface heat fluxes) on upper ocean processes that may help sustain high satellite chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) through the summer. Two physical processes that can supply nutrients to the euphotic zone are: MLD deepening, caused by wind‐mixing and/or surface cooling, and Ekman pumping driven by the wind stress curl. We find that high winds correlate with high Chl‐a over broad open ocean areas, suggesting that transient MLD deepening through wind‐mixing (i.e., wind‐driven entrainment) helps sustain high Chl‐a. Wind‐driven entrainment plays a dominant role on time scales associated with atmospheric synoptic storms (i.e., <10 days) and has a larger influence on surface Chl‐a than storm scale local Ekman pumping. Based on our analysis of statistically significant correlation patterns, we identify regions in the Southern Ocean where wind‐induced entrainment may play a role in sustaining summer phytoplankton blooms.
Accuracy and precision in the calculation of phenology metrics
Authors: Ferreira A. Sofia , Visser Andre W. , MacKenzie Brian R. , Payne Mark R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPhytoplankton phenology (the timing of seasonal events) is a commonly used indicator for evaluating responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. However, phenological metrics are vulnerable to observation‐(bloom amplitude, missing data, and observational noise) and analysis‐related (temporal resolution, preprocessing technique, and phenology metric) processes. Here we consider the impact of these processes on the robustness of four phenology metrics (timing of maximum, 5% above median, maximum growth rate, and 15% of cumulative distribution). We apply a simulation‐testing approach, where a phenology metric is first determined from a noise‐ and gap‐free time series, and again once it has been modified. We show that precision is a greater concern than accuracy for many of these metrics, an important point that has been hereto overlooked in the literature. The variability in precision between phenology metrics is substantial, but it can be improved by the use of preprocessing techniques (e.g., gap‐filling or smoothing). Furthermore, there are important differences in the inherent variability of the metrics that may be crucial in the interpretation of studies based upon them. Of the considered metrics, the 15% of cumulative distribution metric best satisfies the precision criteria. However, the 5% above median metric is comparable in terms of precision and exhibits more inherent variability. We emphasize that the choice of phenology metric should be determined by the specific nature of the question being asked. We believe these findings to be useful to the current discussion on phenology metrics of phytoplankton dynamics.
Total Synthesis and Structural Revision of (+)‐Uprolide G Acetate
Authors: Zhu Liangyu , Liu Yuan , Ma Renze , Tong Rongbiao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe first, asymmetric total synthesis of the proposed structure of (+)‐uprolide G acetate (UGA) is reported, and the spectral properties of the synthetic compound clearly differed from those reported for natural UGA. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of the NMR data, two possible structures for the natural UGA were proposed and their total synthesis achieved, thus leading to the identification and confirmation of the correct structure and absolute configuration of the natural UGA. This synthesis was enabled by development of a novel synthetic strategy, which revolved around three key cyclization reactions: an Achmatowicz rearrangement, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation/lactonization, and ring‐closing metathesis. These synthetic studies pave the way for further studies on this class of structurally unusual cytotoxic cembranolides.
Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Chiral Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives as Potent Anticancer Agents
Authors: Taşdemir Demet , Karaküçük‐İyidoğan Ayşegül , Ulaşli Mustafa , Taşkin‐Tok Tuğba , Oruç‐Emre Emİne Elçİn , Bayram Hasan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA series of new chiral thiosemicarbazones derived from homochiral amines in both enantiomeric forms were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against A549 (human alveolar adenocarcinoma), MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma), and HGC‐27 (human stomach carcinoma) cell lines. Some of compounds showed inhibitory activities on the growth of cancer cell lines. Especially, compound17bexhibited the most potent activity (IC504.6 μM) against HGC‐27 as compared with the reference compound, sindaxel (IC5010.3 μM), and could be used as a lead compound to search new chiral thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antiproliferative agents.Chirality 27:177–188, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Xhe2 is a member of the astacin family of metalloproteases that promotes Xenopus hatching
Authors: Hong Chang‐Soo , Saint‐Jeannet Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2014

SummaryTranscription factors Pax3 and Zic1 are among the earliest genes activated at the neural plate border. In Xenopus, they are necessary and sufficient to promote the formation of multiple neural plate border cell types, including the neural crest, cranial placodes, and hatching gland. Pax3 is especially critical for the formation of the hatching gland, a group of cells that produce proteolytic enzymes essential to digest the egg vitelline envelope and jelly coat in order to release the tadpole into the environment. In a screen designed to identify downstream targets of Pax3, we isolated a member of the astacin family of metalloproteases, related to Xenopus hatching enzyme (Xhe), that we named Xhe2. Xhe2 is exclusively expressed in hatching gland cells as they first emerge at the lateral edge of the anterior neural plate, and persists in this tissue up to the tadpole stage. Knockdown experiments show that Xhe2 expression depends entirely on Pax3 function. Gain‐of‐function studies demonstrate that Pax3 can induce premature hatching through the upregulation of several proteolytic enzymes including Xhe2. Interestingly, Xhe2 overexpression is sufficient to induce early hatching, indicating that Xhe2 is one of the key components of the degradation mechanism responsible for breaking down the vitelline membrane. genesis 52:946–951, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disgust sensitivity predicts political ideology and policy attitudes in the Netherlands
Authors: Brenner Corinne J. , Inbar Yoel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIndividual differences in disgust sensitivity have been linked to social attitudes and ideology, but the generalizability of this effect and the nature of the political issues implicated remain unclear. In two studies using large Dutch samples, we find that disgust sensitivity predicts political attitudes for issues in several domains related to physical/spiritual purity and pathogen risk. Sensitivity to disgust was significantly associated with attitudes for a general ‘physical and spiritual purity’ factor, as well as specific issue factors regarding sex and sexual minorities, immigration, and foreign outgroups. Additionally, disgust sensitivity was associated with greater likelihood of voting for the socially conservative “Freedom Party” (Partij Voor de Vrijheid). These results suggest that the tendency to experience disgust influences a specific subset of social and political attitudes across cultures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithological controls on soft cliff planshape evolution under high and low sediment availability
Authors: Carpenter Natasha E. , Dickson Mark E. , Walkden Mike , Nicholls Robert J. , Powrie William 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper addresses a series of geomorphic questions relating to large‐scale (> 1 km), long‐term (100 – 1,000 years) coastal planshape evolution. Previous research on soft‐cliff coasts has recognised the role of protective fronting beach volumes on reducing rates of cliff toe retreat. However, it is the maintenance of this critical threshold that ultimately determines two contrasting modes of shoreline behaviour: Mode A, in which there is little beach sediment and shoreline evolution is controlled by material strength; and, Mode B, when ample beach sediment means that shoreline evolution is controlled by longshore sediment transport. Here we use a numerical model (SCAPE) to investigate temporal and spatial changes in beach volume on a broader range of feedbacks than considered in previous models. The transition between Mode A and Mode B coasts is defined by relative sediment inputs to outputs and used to explore how these contrasting modes control the evolution of an initial linear frontage exhibiting longshore changes in cliff lithology (material resistance and the proportion of beach grade material in the eroded bedrock). Under Mode A, relative changes in material resistance result in long term heterogeneous rates of retreat, which result in the development of persistent headland and embayment features. However, under Mode B, feedbacks between coastal planshape, longshore sediment transport, beach volume and wave energy result in steady state retreat rates regardless of longshore variations in resistance. Results are compared and contrasted to previous simulations and site specific examples and a conceptual model of Mode A and Mode B interactions presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prehistoric social landscapes of the Arawe Islands, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gosden Chris 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper lays out a theoretical framework for interpreting a regional archaeological record in terms of the social formations which produced it. The central idea is that of the social landscape. Past social groups are seen to operate in the landscape in order to provide and sustain a social system, rather than reacting to the structure of their environment. The idea of a social landscape is employed to examine how groups organise themselves on a local regional scale to meet social goals and to link these forms of organisation to the archaeological record they leave behind. The central social principle explored here is that of debt, which enjoins dispersal of materials and sets up landscapes which are non‐accumulative. Data from the Arawe island group on the south coast of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea are presented to illustrate these ideas.
New Guinea II Cave: A Pleistocene site on the Snowy River, Victoria
Authors: Ossa Paul , Marshall Brendan , Webb Cathie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNew Guinea II Cave is a limestone shelter and cave complex on the Snowy River in Eastern Victoria. Human occupation has been intermittent for more than 20,000 radiocarbon years leaving behind a small but constant amount of lithic material and bone artefacts. Vertebrate faunal remains are abundant but mostly of non‐cultural origin. The character of the assemblage has similarities to Cloggs Cave in Buchan and together with Birrigai in the ACT they form a general signature for human use of the southeastern uplands during the Pleistocene. The signature shows non‐intensive use of caves and shelters and local faunal resources. In comparison, southwestern Tasmanian Pleistocene sites appear to have a different signature of cave occupation and the primacy of a single vertebrate resource.
Cyclical patterns in the Pleistocene human occupation of Southwest Tasmania
Authors: Holdaway Simon , Porch Nick 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOne hundred Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations from southwest Tasmanian archaeological sites are used to construct a moving sum of determinations every 500 years within periods spanning 1000 years. The resulting plot shows a cyclical pattern with an increasing amplitude through time. The cyclical pattern can be correlated with climatic indicators from Pulbeena Swamp (northwest Tasmania) and allows us to suggest that the archaeological sites were subject to relatively low levels of occupation during periods of cold and dry climate.
Faunal reduction at Puntutjarpa rockshelter, Warburton Ranges, Western Australia
Authors: Gould Richard A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Holocene faunal assemblage from Puntutjarpa Rockshelter in the Western Desert has always been problematic owing to the extreme fragmentation of bones and teeth there. This study examines alternative explanations for this fragmentation by looking closely at the Puntutjarpa material and also by controlled comparisons with late Holocene faunal materials from Intitjikula Rockshelter (James Range East), Northern Territory. The results of this analysis indicate that certain taphonomic factors probably account for extreme fragmentation of animal bones at both sites. But gross differences in fragmentation of macropod teeth at these two sites point to behavioral explanations related to dietary shortfalls of meat and meat‐related products resulting from variability in the biogeography of hunting in these two arid‐zone localities. An ethnographic‐behavioral model is proposed to account for differences in macropod tooth reduction at these two sites.
Sand tempers in indigenous Lapita and Lapitoid Polynesian Plainware and imported protohistoric Fijian pottery of Ha'apai (Tonga) and the question of Lapita tradeware
Authors: Dickinson William R. , Shutler Richard , Shortland Rob , Burley David V. , Dye Thomas S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Lapita site at Faleloa on Foa Island in the Ha'apai Group of central Tonga lies near the southeastern end of the belt of Lapita sites spread through island Melanesia and western Polynesia during the millennium 1500–500 BC. Temper sands in Faleloa Lapita sherds closely resemble modern placer sands on beaches of islands within Ha'apai, and document local manufacture without intrusion of tradeware. Other Lapita and Lapitoid (Polynesian Plainware) sherds from nearby islands in Ha'apai contain similar local tempers that differ only in reflecting lesser placer concentrations of ferromagnesian mineral grains. Imported protohistoric sherds from Fiji contain distinctly different temper sand clearly exotic to Tonga. Although suggestions that Lapita pottery was largely tradeware are not supported by available petrographic information, Lapita pottery transport should be tested further by additional study of sand tempers in other Lapita collections using systematic sampling strategies to select sherds for microscopic analysis. The varied geotectonic environment of different island groups within the Lapita region ensures that far‐travelled wares can be identified by temper analysis.
Reconstruction of dynamic image series from undersampled MRI data using data‐driven model consistency condition (MOCCO)
Authors: Velikina Julia V. , Samsonov Alexey A. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeTo accelerate dynamic MR imaging through development of a novel image reconstruction technique using low‐rank temporal signal models preestimated from training data.TheoryWe introduce the model consistency condition (MOCCO) technique, which utilizes temporal models to regularize reconstruction without constraining the solution to be low‐rank, as is performed in related techniques. This is achieved by using a data‐driven model to design a transform for compressed sensing‐type regularization. The enforcement of general compliance with the model without excessively penalizing deviating signal allows recovery of a full‐rank solution.MethodsOur method was compared with a standard low‐rank approach utilizing model‐based dimensionality reduction in phantoms and patient examinations for time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced angiography (CE‐MRA) and cardiac CINE imaging. We studied the sensitivity of all methods to rank reduction and temporal subspace modeling errors.ResultsMOCCO demonstrated reduced sensitivity to modeling errors compared with the standard approach. Full‐rank MOCCO solutions showed significantly improved preservation of temporal fidelity and aliasing/noise suppression in highly accelerated CE‐MRA (acceleration up to 27) and cardiac CINE (acceleration up to 15) data.ConclusionsMOCCO overcomes several important deficiencies of previously proposed methods based on pre‐estimated temporal models and allows high quality image restoration from highly undersampled CE‐MRA and cardiac CINE data. Magn Reson Med 74:1279–1290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conservative management for female urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse review 2013: Summary of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence
Authors: Dumoulin Chantale , Hunter Kathleen F. , Moore Katherine , Bradley Catherine S. , Burgio Kathryn L. , Hagen S. , Imamura M. , Thakar R. , Williams K. , Chambers T. 
Published: November 2014

AimsThe objective of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence (ICI) chapter on Adult Conservative Management was to review and summarize the new evidence on conservative management of urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in order to compile a current reference source for clinicians, health researchers, and service planners. In this paper, we present the review highlights and new evidence on female conservative management.MethodsRevision and updates of the 4th ICI Report using systematic review covering years 2008–2012.ResultsEach section begins with a brief definition and description of the intervention followed by a summary, where possible, of both the state and level of evidence for prevention and treatment, and ends with a “grade of recommendation.” The paper concludes with areas identified as requiring further research.ConclusionsFor UI, there are no prevention trials on lifestyle interventions. There are, however, few new intervention trials of lifestyle interventions involving weight loss and fluid intake with improved levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. Outside of pre‐ and post‐natal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) trials for the prevention of female UI, there is a dearth of PFMT prevention trials for women with UI. PFMT remains the first‐line treatment for female UI with high levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Bladder training levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are maintained. For POP, new evidence supports the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the treatment of POP and there are now improved levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:15–20, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The natural history of monoamniotic twin pregnancies: a case series and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Prefumo Federico , Fichera Anna , Pagani Giorgio , Marella Daria , Valcamonico Adriana , Frusca Tiziana 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the natural history of monoamniotic twin pregnancies in contemporary practice.MethodCohort study of monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies with two live fetuses diagnosed at less than 16 weeks and prospectively followed up between 2004 and 2013. A systematic review of the literature using Medline, Embase and Scopus to determine the perinatal mortality rate after 24 weeks of gestation in monoamniotic twins was also performed.ResultsTwenty pregnancies were analyzed. Four were terminated (in three cases as a result of fetal abnormalities). Another six miscarried spontaneously. Among ten pregnancies reaching viability, there was double intrauterine death in one, and both fetuses were alive at delivery in the other nine. There were no neonatal deaths. Overall survival for fetuses alive at the initial scan was 18/40 (45%; 95% CI 29 to 62%). At meta‐analysis of 13 studies (including the current series), the perinatal mortality rate after 24 weeks was 4.5% (95% CI 3.3 to 5.8%).ConclusionsDespite early diagnosis and intensive monitoring, of those fetuses alive before 16 weeks less than half survive until the neonatal period. Most losses are attributable to fetal abnormalities and spontaneous miscarriage and are therefore unlikely to be reduced by further improvements in fetal assessment and monitoring. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐beam RF aperture using multiplierless FFT approximation
Authors: Suarez D. , Cintra R. J. , Bayer F. M. , Sengupta A. , Kulasekera S. , Madanayake A. 
Published: November 2014

Multiple independent radio‐frequency (RF) beams find applications in communications, radio astronomy, radar and microwave imaging. An N‐point fast Fourier transform (FFT) applied spatially across an array of receiver antennas provides N‐independent RF beams at N/2 log2 N multiplier complexity. Here, a low‐complexity multiplierless approximation for the 8‐point FFT is presented for RF beamforming, using only 26 additions. The algorithm provides eight beams that closely resemble the antenna array patterns of the traditional FFT‐based beamformer albeit without using multipliers. The proposed FFT‐like algorithm was verified on‐chip using a Xilinx Virtex‐6 Lx240T field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The FPGA implementation indicated bandwidth of 369 MHz for each of the independent receive‐mode RF beams.