bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the evidence for climate change?
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘What is the evidence for climate change?’ considers both past and recent climate change through changes in temperature, precipitation, and relative global sea level to show that significant changes in climate have been recorded. These include a 0.74°C increase in average global temperatures over the last 100 years, sea-level rise of over 40mm, significant shifts in the seasonality and intensities of precipitation, changing weather patterns, and significant retreat of Arctic sea ice and nearly all continental glaciers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report states that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal and there is very high confidence that this warming is due to human activity.
Solutions
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Solutions’ examines two types of solution to global warming. First is adaptation, as we already know that there will be climate change even if we reduce our emissions back to 1990 levels. Second is mitigation, which is concerned with reversing this trend and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists believe a cut of between 60% and 80% in carbon dioxide emissions is required to prevent the worst effects of global warming. This will require regulatory, technological, and economic solutions. Fossil fuels need to be replaced with renewable or alternative energy sources — biomass fuels, geothermal energy, hydroenergy, nuclear fusion and fission, solar energy, wave power, and wind power.
Magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Magic: A Very Short Introduction describes the many manifestations of magic — the supernatural, superstition, simple illusions, religious miracles, and fantasies of the imagination. It explores the ways in which magic, as an idea and a practice, has been understood and employed over the millennia. The controversy, conflict, and debate magic has caused is highlighted and the relationship between magic and science is examined. This VSI concludes that magic is perhaps an inherent aspect of being human, that we all have engaged at some point in ‘magical thinking’, and that magic continues to pervade the popular imagination — and will do for the foreseeable future.
Anthropologies of magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In ‘Anthropologies of magic’ thinkers such as Marx, Hegel, Frazer, Durkheim, Douglas, Mauss, and Spence address the place of magic in modern Europe. Debates rage over whether magic pre-dates religion or magic gives rise to religion. Darwin' Origin of Species places science at the pinnacle of human achievement — and magic comes to represent its most primitive depths. The importance of the symbolic, the psychological, and gender are also hotly contested. Anthropologists become important to the study of magic as they ask Why does magic work for some people? What is a magical worldview? Is magic just about envy? Do limited-good societies explain the power of magic?
Writing magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Writing magic’ asks, Are words magical? Magic is mentioned in most of the world's sacred religious texts; universal access to these texts is relatively recent — historically, they could be used to support, destroy, or make, magic. In the Christian tradition, Moses is associated with magic, but why? When does the recitation of Koranic verses tip over from devotion to magic incantation? All religions with a written tradition find their words being used in amulets and talismans, worn for protection and luck. Some Hebraic or Arabic letters are deemed to have magical power or to attract it. Books of magic and the history of grimoires, handbooks of magic, are discussed.
Practising magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
You have to ‘do’ magic — it's a practical action. In ‘Practising magic’ magical actions, such as the sympathetic magic (voodoo dolls), the doctrine of signatures (powerful plants), and contagious magic (passing on magic via objects) are examined. Magicians use magic to serve the needs of people, and there are two types of magician: religious and lay. In North Africa marabout interpret the Koran for the benefit of others, in Europe Catholic priests performed exorcisms. These people were at the centre of societies. Lay magicians (fortune tellers, healers, witch-finders) were denounced as cunning, what they did was often against the law, and they were on the margins of society.
Magic and the modern world
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Magic and the modern world’ looks at the return to magic. The Victorian middle classes embraced spiritualism and the Theosophical movement. Mechanisation, urbanisation and pollution prompted nostalgia for a nature-centred past. Freemasonry ritualised Judaeo-Christian magic, originally formulated in medieval Europe. Paganism acquired a Romantic appeal and poets and artists sung its praises. New inventions, such as the camera, provide artefacts — photographs — that are used for magic rituals and incantations. In Africa the mobile phone has facilitated the sale of spells and charms via specially created apps. What constitutes ‘magical thinking’ and ‘magical experience’ in the 21st century? Anthropologists now think that magical thinking helps us to cope with stress and trauma.
Saying everything
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Saying everything’ argues that contemporary fiction matters because it is how we work out who we are now, today. The novel is the best way of doing this. Of all the arts, the novel is the most thoughtful, the closest, and the most personal. It can be about anything, and can take any form or forms it chooses. The novel, like the human species, is now global and the form is still coming to terms with this deep and recent change. In the absence of any real agreement about when ‘contemporary’ is, this VSI takes it to mean the last ten years or so.
Genre
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Genre’ discusses one of the most important ideas in contemporary fiction. Genres mark out, or name, ‘lines of descent’, with previous novels influencing any piece of contemporary writing. Genre enables people to shape their thoughts, feelings, ideas, and interests, both as writers and as readers. It has also been intimately connected to ideas about literary value, with unfavourable comparisons being drawn between, say, historical novels, thrillers or science fiction and literary fiction. While ‘genre fiction’ is no longer considered inferior, it is nevertheless limited. In a sense, it risks betraying what literature can do. Whereas literature allows one to say anything, a work of genre fiction has limits and rules.
The present
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘The present’ argues that, whether or not a novel chooses to focus on something in the present, it will inescapably be in some way about the time of its writing. The novel is an indispensable marker of what it is to be alive and human today. It can point out, enact, and make intelligible the significance of our lives. However, the novel form looks weak in comparison to the weight of power, suffering, exploitation, and destruction in the world. A recurring theme in contemporary fiction is that the novel can no longer compete with politics on political terms, leading to a new humility about what it can do.
Conclusion: ‘Hey everyone, look at that beautiful thing’ / ‘Yes, but …’
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Conclusion defines literary criticism, looks at the role of the author, and discusses the extent to which criticism should be given and taken. The novel, as with other forms of art, needs not only creators but also what Martin Heidegger calls ‘preservers’. People who write novels ‘in the tradition of’ or reproduce generic types of fiction fulfil this role, and so do critics. The task of the critic is to make works intelligible and understood and to think about the role of the novel in the wider world. Novels are beautiful and important.
Introduction
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
What would a life without trust be like? We would be paralysed by inaction. We trust different types of people, from casual acquaintances, such as the milkman to the man on the radio telling us the news. We also trust strangers and institutions. Trust is essential to life as we can't do everything for ourselves. The Introduction asks: is distrust essential as well? Why might we buy organic food? Is it because we distrust the big producers' claims that the food they produce is safe to eat? Why do we lock our front doors? Why don't we let young children choose what to eat for breakfast?
Knowledge and expertise
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We need more than good intentions to trust. We also need competence. The knowledge aspect of trust is less morally weighted than the honesty aspect of trust. ‘Knowledge and expertise’ looks in detail at this side of trust. Does trustworthiness always require expertise? Self-knowledge of what commitments can be fulfilled and honesty in what can be achieved play important roles in trustworthiness. However, sometimes we are prone to over-estimating our ability. Most of us consider ourselves to be above average. Are we free to choose who we trust? What damage do we cause ourselves if we choose not to trust?
Trust on the internet
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Internet is well-known for its fakes and frauds. These exist in the real world too, but the Internet amplifies and changes what is possible, for both better and worse. The many ways in which we use the Internet raises many different issues abut trust. We trust so much of what is on the Internet. ‘Trust on the internet’ discusses three case studies: Wikipedia,, online dating, and customer reviews. When can you trust what is read on Wikipedia or customer reviews on Amazon? How does a company seek to gain, and how much can it lose, from posting false reviews about its goods or services?
Institutions, conspiracies, and nations
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
How does our attitude to trust and distrust apply to our relationships with institutions, public figures, or social groups? What is the difference between trusting a politician and trusting the government? We generally distrust politicians, journalists, newsreaders, scientists, and doctors, in that order. Honesty is a personal character trait which holds moral weight. ‘Institutions, conspiracies, and nations’ examines issues related to trusting public figures and public groups, conspiracy theories, and trust in international relations. The boundaries of ‘professional capacity’ can be blurry when someone acts as a professional and speaks for a profession. How do we decide who to trust in the public eye?
Conclusion The importance of being trustworthy
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
What is more important: trust or trustworthiness? Is trustworthiness valuable for its own sake, or only when it attracts the trust of others? The practice of living up to our commitments, being considerate about what we take on and then following through, is a form of trustworthiness that has inherent value. This also goes for living up to our commitments in what we say, being thoughtful about what we choose to discuss, being honest, and not representing ourselves as more knowledgeable than we are. This sort of trustworthiness attracts further trust. The importance of being trustworthy is central to many areas of life.
Dialysis Initiation: What's the Rush?
Authors: Rosansky Steven J. , Cancarini Giovanni , Clark William F. , Eggers Paul , Germaine Michael , Glassock Richard , Goldfarb David S. , Harris David , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Imperial Edwina Brown , Johansen Kirsten L. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar , Moist Louise M. , Rayner Brian , Steiner Robert , Zuo Li 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe recent trend to early initiation of dialysis (at eGFR >10 ml/min/1.73 m2) appears to have been based on conventional wisdoms that are not supported by evidence. Observational studies using administrative databases report worse comorbidity‐adjusted dialysis survival with early dialysis initiation. Although some have concluded that the IDEAL randomized controlled trial of dialysis start provided evidence that patients become symptomatic with late dialysis start, there is no definitive support for this view. The potential harms of early start of dialysis, including the loss of residual renal function (RRF), have been well documented. The rate of RRF loss (renal function trajectory) is an important consideration for the timing of the dialysis initiation decision. Patients with low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may have sufficient RRF to be maintained off dialysis for years. Delay of dialysis start until a working arterio‐venous access is in place seems prudent in light of the lack of harm and possible benefit of late dialysis initiation. Prescribing frequent hemodialysis is not recommended when dialysis is initiated early. The benefits of early initiation of chronic dialysis after episodes of congestive heart failure or acute kidney injury require further study. There are no data to show that early start benefits diabetics or other patient groups. Preemptive start of dialysis in noncompliant patients may be necessary to avoid complications. The decision to initiate dialysis requires informed patient consent and a joint decision by the patient and dialysis provider. Possible talking points for obtaining informed consent are provided.
Numerical and Experimental Comparison of a Tandem and Single Vane Deswirler Used in an Aero Engine Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Wilkosz Benjamin , Schmidt Johannes , Guenther Christian , Schwarz Philipp , Jeschke Peter , Smythe Caitlin 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The present work is part of the research project at the Institute of Jet Propulsion and Turbomachinery at the RWTH Aachen University in collaboration with GE Aviation. The subject is the numerical and experimental analysis of two blading strategies used in the diffusion system of an aero engine centrifugal compressor. The transonic centrifugal compressor investigated contains a close-coupled impeller and passage diffuser, followed by a deswirler system. The deswirler redirects the flow towards the combustion chamber, while decreasing swirl and recovering pressure. It is characterized by a high aerodynamic loading, due to a moderate inlet Mach number of 0.35, in combination with a required flow redirection of 70 deg in circumferential and 135 deg in meridional direction. For this purpose, two different blading strategies are investigated, both retaining the same meridional flow path and integral chord length. The first design is a tandem configuration with 30 vanes in the first row and 60 vanes in the second row. In principal, this approach benefits from the small wetted surface, the short and thereby stable boundary layers as well as the positive blade interaction due to the close alignment. The second design contains one row of 75 vanes. The higher solidity is needed to compensate for the longer boundary layers. The two deswirlers investigated are compared to a less compact baseline deswirler with simple prismatic vanes. Experimental and numerical data shows that both new configurations have very similar stage efficiency. The single row design shows a higher static pressure recovery, resulting in a +0.2%-points total-to-static isentropic efficiency increase compared to the tandem design. Detailed flow analysis in the deswirler system shows different characteristics in terms of losses, loss mechanisms and pressure build-up. Due to the required high turning, both designs suffer from flow separation. Nevertheless, the single row design shows its robustness under the impact of 3D flow, whereas the tandem suffers from end wall induced losses. The results show that the classical mechanisms making a tandem favorable for high flow turning in 2D flow are counteracted by 3D flow mechanisms caused by the spanwise pressure gradient. The low aspect ratio even increases the effect of 3D end wall mechanisms. These results, combined with a higher manufacturing effort, show that a tandem configuration is not necessarily the superior design for highly 3D flow conditions.
Genes Required for Aerial Growth, Cell Division, and Chromosome Segregation Are Targets of WhiA before Sporulation in Streptomyces venezuelae
Authors: Bush Matthew J. , Bibb Maureen J. , Chandra Govind , Findlay Kim C. , Buttner Mark J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWhiA is a highly unusual transcriptional regulator related to a family of eukaryotic homing endonucleases. WhiA is required for sporulation in the filamentous bacteriumStreptomyces, but WhiA homologues of unknown function are also found throughout the Gram-positive bacteria. To better understand the role of WhiA inStreptomycesdevelopment and its function as a transcription factor, we identified the WhiA regulon through a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray transcriptional profiling, exploiting a new model organism for the genus,Streptomyces venezuelae, which sporulates in liquid culture. The regulon encompasses ~240 transcription units, and WhiA appears to function almost equally as an activator and as a repressor. Bioinformatic analysis of the upstream regions of the complete regulon, combined with DNase I footprinting, identified a short but highly conserved asymmetric sequence, GACAC, associated with the majority of WhiA targets. Construction of a null mutant showed thatwhiAis required for the initiation of sporulation septation and chromosome segregation inS. venezuelae, and several genes encoding key proteins of theStreptomycescell division machinery, such asftsZ,ftsW, andftsK, were found to be directly activated by WhiA during development. Several other genes encoding proteins with important roles in development were also identified as WhiA targets, including the sporulation-specific sigma factor σWhiGand the diguanylate cyclase CdgB. Cell division is tightly coordinated with the orderly arrest of apical growth in the sporogenic cell, andfilP, encoding a key component of the polarisome that directs apical growth, is a direct target for WhiA-mediated repression during sporulation.IMPORTANCESince the initial identification of the genetic loci required forStreptomycesdevelopment, all of thebldandwhidevelopmental master regulators have been cloned and characterized, and significant progress has been made toward understanding the cell biological processes that drive morphogenesis. A major challenge now is to connect the cell biological processes and the developmental master regulators by dissecting the regulatory networks that link the two. Studies of these regulatory networks have been greatly facilitated by the recent introduction ofStreptomyces venezuelaeas a new model system for the genus, a species that sporulates in liquid culture. Taking advantage ofS. venezuelae, we have characterized the regulon of genes directly under the control of one of these master regulators, WhiA. Our results implicate WhiA in the direct regulation of key steps in sporulation, including the cessation of aerial growth, the initiation of cell division, and chromosome segregation.
Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission
Authors: Meyer Nanna L , Sundgot-Borgen Jorunn , Lohman Timothy G , Ackland Timothy R , Stewart Arthur D , Maughan Ronald J , Smith Suzanne , Müller Wolfram 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundSuccessful performers in weight-sensitive sports are characterised by low body mass (BM) and fat content. This often requires chronic energy restriction and acute weight loss practices.AimTo evaluate current use of body composition (BC) assessment methods and identify problems and solutions with current BC approaches.MethodsA 40-item survey was developed, including demographic and content questions related to BC assessment. The survey was electronically distributed among international sporting organisations. Frequencies and χ2analyses were computed.Results216 responses were received, from 33 countries, representing various institutions, sports and competitive levels. Of the sample, 86% of respondents currently assess BC, most frequently using skinfolds (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK): 50%; non-ISAK, conventional: 40%; both: 28%), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (38%), bioelectrical impedance (29%), air displacement plethysmography (17%) and hydrostatic weighing (10%). Of those using skinfolds, more at the international level used ISAK, whereas conventional approaches were more reported at regional/national level (p=0.006). The sport dietitian/nutritionist (57%) and physiologist/sports scientist (54%) were most frequently the professionals assessing BC, followed by MDs and athletic trainers, with some reporting coaches (5%). 36% of 116 respondents assessed hydration status and more (64%) did so at international than regional/national level (36%, p=0.028). Of 125 participants answering the question of whether they thought that BC assessment raised problems, 69% said ‘yes’, with most providing ideas for solutions.ConclusionsResults show high use of BC assessment but also a lack of standardisation and widespread perception of problems related to BM and BC in sport. Future work should emphasise standardisation with appropriate training opportunities and more research on BC and performance.