bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemokines as Novel and Versatile Reagents for Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting
Authors: Le Brocq Michelle L. , Fraser Alasdair R. , Cotton Graham , Woznica Kerry , McCulloch Clare V. , Hewit Kay D. , McKimmie Clive S. , Nibbs Robert J. B. , Campbell John D. M. , Graham Gerard J. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cell therapy regimens are frequently compromised by low-efficiency cell homing to therapeutic niches. Improvements in this regard would enhance effectiveness of clinically applicable cell therapy. The major regulators of tissue-specific cellular migration are chemokines, and therefore selection of therapeutic cellular populations for appropriate chemokine receptor expression would enhance tissue-homing competence. A number of practical considerations preclude the use of Abs in this context, and alternative approaches are required. In this study, we demonstrate that appropriately labeled chemokines are at least as effective in detecting their cognate receptors as commercially available Abs. We also demonstrate the utility of biotinylated chemokines as cell-sorting reagents. Specifically, we demonstrate, in the context of CCR7 (essential for lymph node homing of leukocytes), the ability of biotinylated CCL19 with magnetic bead sorting to enrich for CCR7-expressing cells. The sorted cells demonstrate improved CCR7 responsiveness and lymph node–homing capability, and the sorting is effective for both T cells and dendritic cells. Importantly, the ability of chemokines to detect CCR7, and sort for CCR7 positivity, crosses species being effective on murine and human cells. This novel approach to cell sorting is therefore inexpensive, versatile, and applicable to numerous cell therapy contexts. We propose that this represents a significant technological advance with important therapeutic implications.
Interannual variation in biomass burning and fire seasonality derived from geostationary satellite data across the contiguous United States from 1995 to 2011
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Kondragunta Shobha , Roy David P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWildfires exhibit a strong seasonality that is driven by climatic factors and human activities. Although the fire seasonality is commonly determined using burned area and fire frequency, it could also be quantified using biomass consumption estimates that directly represent biomass loss (a combination of the area burned and the fuel loading). Therefore, in this study a data set of long‐term biomass consumed was derived from geostationary satellite data to explore the interannual variation in the fire seasonality and the possible impacts of climate change and land management practices across the Contiguous United States (CONUS). Specifically, daily biomass consumed data were derived using the fire radiative power retrieved from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites series with a pixel size of 4–10 km from 1995 to 2011. Annual fire seasonality metrics including the fire season duration, the timing of the start, peak, and end of the fire season, and interannual variation and trends were derived from the 17 year biomass consumed record. These metrics were associated with climatic factors to examine drivers and mediators of fire seasonality. The results indicate that biomass consumed significantly increased at a rate of 2.87 Tg/yr; however, the derived fire season duration exhibited a shortening trend in various states over the western CONUS and no significant trend in most other regions. This suggests that the frequency of extreme fire events has increased, which is perhaps associated with an observed increase of extreme weather conditions. Further, both the start and the end of the fire season exhibited an early shift (1.5–5 d/yr) in various eastern states although a late shift occurred in Arizona and Oregon. The interannual variation and trend in the fire seasonality was more strongly related to temperature in the western CONUS and to precipitation in the southeast. The Palmer Drought Severity Index was found to effectively reflect interannual variations in total biomass consumed although it was poorly correlated to the fire seasonality metrics. The results indicate that across the CONUS, the spatial patterns of the start, peak, and end of the fire season shift regularly in various regions in response to latitudinal gradients of temperature variation.
Marine CDOM accumulation during a coastal Arctic mesocosm experiment: No response to elevated pCO2 levels
Authors: Pavlov Alexey K. , Silyakova Anna , Granskog Mats A. , Bellerby Richard G.J. , Engel Anja , Schulz Kai G. , Brussaard Corina P.D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA large‐scale multidisciplinary mesocosm experiment in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard; 78°56.2′N) was used to study Arctic marine food webs and biogeochemical elements cycling at natural and elevated future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. At the start of the experiment, marine‐derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dominated the CDOM pool. Thus, this experiment constituted a convenient case to study production of autochthonous CDOM, which is typically masked by high levels of CDOM of terrestrial origin in the Arctic Ocean proper. CDOM accumulated during the experiment in line with an increase in bacterial abundance; however, no response was observed to increased pCO2 levels. Changes in CDOM absorption spectral slopes indicate that bacteria were most likely responsible for the observed CDOM dynamics. Distinct absorption peaks (at ~ 330 and ~ 360 nm) were likely associated with mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs). Due to the experimental setup, MAAs were produced in absence of ultraviolet exposure providing evidence for MAAs to be considered as multipurpose metabolites rather than simple photoprotective compounds. We showed that a small increase in CDOM during the experiment made it a major contributor to total absorption in a range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and, therefore, is important for spectral light availability and may be important for photosynthesis and phytoplankton groups composition in a rapidly changing Arctic marine ecosystem.
Levinson's Activity Types and Grammar
Authors: Betz Emma 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

This entry introduces Levinson's notion of
activity type
and its usefulness in connecting micro‐ and macrolevel descriptions of discourse. Research in this area views language forms as embedded in discourse and activity contexts. Grammar is connected to activity types because communicative activity types are enacted as well as constituted through the use of language. Examples are drawn from research on the formation of questions and answers in different contexts (classroom teaching, medical consultation), on situated requests, and on storytelling sequences.
Morley, Joan
Authors: Silberstein Sandra 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Over a career spanning more than fifty years, (H.) Joan Morley has been a preeminent expert in teaching pronunciation and aural/oral skills to English‐language learners. She has published nine textbooks, four edited volumes, several monographs and manuals for teachers, and six dozen articles and chapters and has given over 100 plenary or keynote addresses worldwide. At the time of her 2004 retirement from the University of Michigan, the combined sales of all of her textbooks exceeded one million copies.
Teaching Signed Languages
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Haug Tobias , Kollien Simon , Quinto‐Pozos David 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA signed language that is acquired naturally by a deaf or hearing child, for instance within a family or a Deaf school setting, can typically be described as a first language (L1) for the child; such a language could be labeled assigned language L1, orSL1. The acquisition of a signed language can also consist in learning that takes place after a deaf or hearing person has already acquired an L1; hereafter we refer to a language acquired in such a way assigned language L2, orSL2. Unlike in the case of SL1 learning, a number of SL2 curricula are available for different signed languages.
Assessment for Learning in Theory and Practice in
L2
Classrooms
Authors: Colby‐Kelly Christian 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

This entry will focus on the assessment for learning (AFL) approach to teaching and learning in second language (L2) classrooms. AFL puts students at the center of classroom learning and encourages them to take more responsibility for their learning, while teachers monitor, provide feedback, and guide learners in identifying areas in need of improvement. AFL is essentially a philosophy of how to use formative assessment (classroom assessment used
for
learning purposes) in a manner best suited to enhance learner motivation and learning outcomes.
Characterization of Rapidly Solidified Nd–Al and Nd–Ag Eutectic Alloys in Drop Tube
Authors: Büyük Uğur , Erol Mustafa , Volkmann Thomas , Herlach Dieter M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNd–14.2 at%Al and Nd–20.0 at%Ag eutectic alloys were containerlessly solidified in an 8 m drop tube. The droplets were undercooled during the free fall in about 1 s under reduced gravity condition in He atmosphere. The cooling rates at the solidification temperature were computed as a function of droplet size by making use of heat balance calculations. They were ranging between 40 × 103 and 0.8 × 103 K s−1 for droplets in size range of 100–900 μm diameters. Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers of the droplets were calculated. Microstructures of the alloys were analyzed and eutectic spacings were determined. Microhardnesses of the droplets with different sizes were measured to reveal a dependence on the cooling rates with which the droplets are solidified.
Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia
Authors: Cheung Tyler , Noecker Angela M. , Alterman Ron L. , McIntyre Cameron C. , Tagliati Michele 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo create a data‐driven computational model that identifies brain regions most frequently influenced by successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GP) for advanced, medication‐resistant, generalized dystonia.MethodsWe studied a retrospective cohort of 21 DYT1 primary dystonia patients treated for at least 1 year with bilateral pallidal DBS. We first created individual volume of tissue activation (VTA) models utilizing neuroimaging and postoperative stimulation and clinical data. These models were then combined into a standardized probabilistic dystonia stimulation atlas (DSA). Finally, we constructed a candidate target volume from electrodes demonstrating at least 75% improvement in contralateral symptoms, utilizing voxels stimulated by least 75% of these electrodes.ResultsPallidal DBS resulted in a median contralateral hemibody improvement of 90% (mean = 83%, standard deviation [SD] = 20) after 1 year of treatment. Individual VTA models of the 42 active electrodes included in the study demonstrated a mean stimulation volume of 501mm ([SD] = 284). The resulting DSA showed that areas most frequently stimulated were located squarely in the middle of the posterior GP, with a common target volume measuring 153mm3.InterpretationOur results provide a map of the region of influence of therapeutic DBS for dystonia and represent a potential target to refine current methods of surgical planning and stimulation parameters selection. Based on their role in alleviating symptoms, these regions may also provide anatomical and physiological information relevant to disease models of dystonia. Further experimental and clinical studies will be needed to validate their importance. Ann Neurol 2014;76:22–30
Nucleation and Growth Synthesis of Siloxane Gels to Form Functional, Monodisperse, and Acoustically Programmable Particles
Authors: Shields C. Wyatt , Sun Danping , Johnson Kennita A. , Duval Korine A. , Rodriguez Aura V. , Gao Lu , Dayton Paul A. , López Gabriel P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNucleation and growth methods offer scalable means of synthesizing colloidal particles with precisely specified size for applications in chemical research, industry, and medicine. These methods have been used to prepare a class of silicone gel particles that display a range of programmable properties and narrow size distributions. The acoustic contrast factor of these particles in water is estimated and can be tuned such that the particles undergo acoustophoresis to either the pressure nodes or antinodes of acoustic standing waves. These particles can be synthesized to display surface functional groups that can be covalently modified for a range of bioanalytical and acoustophoretic sorting applications.
Polymerization of Ethylene through Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT)
Authors: Dommanget Cédric , D'Agosto Franck , Monteil Vincent 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe present paper reports the first example of a controlled radical polymerization of ethylene using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) in the presence of xanthates (Alkyl‐OC(S)S‐R) as controlling agents under relative mild conditions (70 °C, <200 bars). The specific reactivity of the produced alkyl‐type propagating radicals induces a side fragmentation reaction of the stabilizing O‐alkyl Z group of the controlling agents. This fragmentation, rarely observed in RAFT, was proven by NMR analyses. In addition, semicrystalline copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate were also prepared with a similar level of control.
Electrochemical Monitoring of the Early Events of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Mitochondria
Authors: Suraniti Emmanuel , Ben‐Amor Salem , Landry Pauline , Rigoulet Michel , Fontaine Eric , Bottari Serge , Devin Anne , Sojic Neso , Mano Nicolas , Arbault Stéphane 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMitochondria consume oxygen in the respiratory chain and convert redox energy into ATP. As a side process, they produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose physiological activities are still not understood. However, current analytical methods cannot be used to monitor mitochondrial ROS quantitatively and unambiguously. We have developed electrochemical biosensors based on peroxidase‐redox polymer‐modified electrodes, providing selective detection of H2O2 with nanomolar sensitivity, linear response over five concentration decades, and fast response time. The release of H2O2 by mitochondria was then monitored under phosphorylating or inhibited respiration conditions. We report the detection of two concomitant regimes of H2O2 release: large fluxes (hundreds of nM) under complex III inhibition, and bursts of a few nM immediately following mitochondria activation. These unprecedented bursts of H2O2 are assigned to the role of mitochondria as the hub of redox signaling in cells.
Preparation of novel dendritic flame‐retardant polymer and its application in EPDM composites
Authors: Wen Zhao , Jincheng Wang , Kai Sun , Yi Zhao 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTFlame‐retardant polymer, dendritic tetramethylolphosphonium chloride (FR‐DTHPC), was prepared by condensation polymerization between THPC, the monomer we prepared, and boric acid. It was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometer. This FR‐DTHPC was used in the preparation of flame‐retardant ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites. Different types of EPDM/FR‐DTHPC composites were prepared with different amounts of FR‐DTHPC. Then, the cure characteristic, tensile properties, flame‐retardance, and thermal stability were researched and compared. Results showed that the addition of this novel additive can improve some mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of EPDM composites. Mechanisms of reinforcing and flame‐retardance were proposed. The dendritic polymer may reduce the amount and size of voids in EPDM composites, and thus may increase their tensile properties. Meanwhile, the degradation products from nitrogen, phosphorus, and boric acid in FR‐DTHPC can increase the amount of carbonaceous layers, and thus can inhibit the pyrolysis degree of EPDM composites during burning and improve their flame‐retardant performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40855.
Structure‐specific sorbent based on nanostructures for selective recognition of cimetidine from its structural analogues
Authors: Sooraj M. P. , Mathew Beena 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTSynthetic molecular units for cimetidine recognition (MWCNT‐MIP) were fabricated at the vinyl functionalized surface of MWCNT (MWCNT‐CH=CH2). The products and intermediates were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, PXRD, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and tunneling electron microscope techniques. The well fit curve of Langmuir adsorption isotherm clearly indicated the increased homogeneity of MWCNT‐MIP (R2 = 0.998) as compared to the bulk MIP (R2 = 0.966). The rebinding process was found to follow a second‐order kinetics with a rapid adsorption rate and decreased time period which suggested the enhancement of recognition sites on the surface of MWCNT‐MIP. The maximum saturated binding capacity (Qmax) showed a 31.73% increase after the incorporation of MWCNT on MIPs. The relative selectivity coefficient (k') of MWCNT‐MIP (6.82) was higher than that of the bulk MIP (4.23). In addition, reusability of bulk and MWCNT‐MIPs was demonstrated. It was found that MWCNT‐MIP showed five repeated cycles without any loss in performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40947.
Effect of ionic strength on the reactivity ratios of acrylamide/acrylic acid (sodium acrylate) copolymerization
Authors: Riahinezhad Marzieh , Kazemi Niousha , McManus Neil , Penlidis Alexander 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe ionic strength (IS) of polyelectrolyte solutions plays an important role in influencing reaction kinetics. The largely unstudied effect of IS on monomer reactivity ratios and copolymerization rates of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc), in the form of sodium acrylate (NaAc), is investigated. Salt addition affects the nature of overall charges of the polyelectrolyte solution and diminishes the electrostatic repulsions between reacting chains. Therefore, changing the IS of the solution by incorporating salts affect not only the point estimates of the monomer reactivity ratios but also the overall behavior of the copolymerization (with a transition to azeotropic behavior). Experimental results on copolymerization rates confirm the observed trends in reactivity ratio behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40949.
Characterization of a novel cytochrome P450 from Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149 for hydroxylation of lovastatin
Authors: Zong Hong , Zhuge Bin , Lu Xinyao , Huo Xiaoyu , Fang Huiying , Song Jian , Sun Jin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWuxistatin, a novel and potent statin, is converted from lovastatin by Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149. In the bioconversion, lovastatin is firstly hydroxylated to 3‐hydroxymethyl lovastatin (product I) by a hydroxylase. In the current study, a novel hydroxylase gene p450lov was isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149 by degenerate PCR and self‐formed adaptor PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene encodes a 403‐amino‐acid protein with a molecular weight of 44.8 kDa and was designated as a new member of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 105 family, CYP105A44. Meanwhile, a lovastatin catalytic in vitro system was established, and an optimal hydroxylation reaction system contained 30 µM lovastatin, 600 µM NADH, 120 µM ferredoxin, 0.04 U ferredoxin−nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase, and 100 µM CYP105A44 in a final volume of 200 µL Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). These would be helpful for further studies on the hydroxylation of statins.
Modeling of cell culture damage and recovery leads to increased antibody and biomass productivity in CHO cell cultures
Authors: Naderi Saeideh , Nikdel Ali , Meshram Mukesh , McConkey Brendan , Ingalls Brian , Budman Hector , Scharer Jeno 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe development of an efficient and productive cell‐culture process requires a deep understanding of intracellular mechanisms and extracellular conditions for optimal product synthesis. Mathematical modeling provides an effective strategy to predict, control, and optimize cell performance under a range of culture conditions. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for the investigation of cell damage of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture secreting recombinant anti‐RhD monoclonal antibody (mAb). Irreversible cell damage was found to be correlated with a reduction in pH. This irreversible damage to cellular function is described mathematically by a Tessier‐based model, in which the actively growing fraction of cells is dependent on an intracellular metabolic product acting as a growth inhibitor. To further verify the model, an offline model‐based optimization of mAb production in the cell culture was carried out, with the goal of minimizing cell damage and thereby enhancing productivity through intermittent refreshment of the culture medium. An experimental implementation of this model‐based strategy resulted in a doubling of the yield as compared to the batch operation and the resulting biomass and productivity profiles agreed with the model predictions.
Reaction and catalyst engineering to exploit kinetically controlled whole‐cell multistep biocatalysis for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization
Authors: Schrewe Manfred , Julsing Mattijs K. , Lange Kerstin , Czarnotta Eik , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe oxyfunctionalization of unactivated CH bonds can selectively and efficiently be catalyzed by oxygenase‐containing whole‐cell biocatalysts. Recombinant Escherichia coli W3110 containing the alkane monooxygenase AlkBGT and the outer membrane protein AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 have been shown to efficiently catalyze the terminal oxyfunctionalization of renewable fatty acid methyl esters yielding bifunctional products of interest for polymer synthesis. In this study, AlkBGTL‐containing E. coli W3110 is shown to catalyze the multistep conversion of dodecanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) via terminal alcohol and aldehyde to the acid, exhibiting Michaelis–Menten‐type kinetics for each reaction step. In two‐liquid phase biotransformations, the product formation pattern was found to be controlled by DAME availability. Supplying DAME as bulk organic phase led to accumulation of the terminal alcohol as the predominant product. Limiting DAME availability via application of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEHP) as organic carrier solvent enabled almost exclusive acid accumulation. Furthermore, utilization of BEHP enhanced catalyst stability by reducing toxic effects of substrate and products. A further shift towards the overoxidized products was achieved by co‐expression of the gene encoding the alcohol dehydrogenase AlkJ, which was shown to catalyze efficient and irreversible alcohol to aldehyde oxidation in vivo. With DAME as organic phase, the aldehyde accumulated as main product using resting cells containing AlkBGT, AlkL, as well as AlkJ. This study highlights the versatility of whole‐cell biocatalysis for synthesis of industrially relevant bifunctional building blocks and demonstrates how integrated reaction and catalyst engineering can be implemented to control product formation patterns in biocatalytic multistep reactions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1820–1830. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.