bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of hop‐limited epidemic routing in DTN with limited forwarding times
Authors: Wu Yahui , Deng Su , Huang Hongbin 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBecause of the uncertainty of transmission opportunity in delay tolerant networks (DTN), routing algorithms in DTN often need nodes to serve as relays for others to carry and forward messages. One classic policy is the Epidemic routing (ER) algorithm. To reduce the overhead, the hop‐limited ER protocol is proposed. This method can get better performance through controlling the message hop count. However, because of the energy constraint or other factors, each node may forward only limited times, that is, both the message hop count and the forwarding times may be limited. This paper proposes a unifying framework to evaluate the performance of ER with the aforementioned constraints. Simulations based on both synthetic and real motion traces show the accuracy of the framework. In addition, we explore the impact of many parameters (e.g., message hop count) through extensive numerical results. For example, numerical results show that both the message hop count and the forwarding times can have certain impact on the routing performance, but their impact is related with many other factors (e.g., the number of nodes). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cost of forgiveness: Observers prefer victims who leave unfaithful romantic partners
Authors: J. Smith Heather , Goode Chris , Balzarini Rhonda , Ryan Desiree , Georges Marissa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNinety‐six male fraternity members (Study 1), 112 female voters (Study 2), and 219 undergraduates (Study 3) read scenarios in which a group representative forgave, retaliated, or left a romantic partner after the partner's sexual infidelity was publically revealed. Observers rated a victim who forgave his or her partner to be as mature as a victim who ended the relationship, but also as weaker and less competent. They rated a victim who forgave to be more mature but almost as weak and incompetent as a victim who retaliated. Symbolic concerns that the victim's behavior violated shared values (all three studies) or damaged the group's power/status (Study 3) mediated the relationship between victim behavior and victim ratings. These data demonstrate how the symbolic concerns that shape observers' judgments of an offender can extend to observers' judgments of the victim. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Examination of Serial Homicide in South Africa: The Practice to Research Link
Authors: Labuschagne Gérard N. , Gabrielle Salfati C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, South African serial homicide cases will be used to illustrate how practice can inform research and how research can aid practice by highlighting key questions that need to be answered and practice‐based assumptions that need to be empirically tested. The cases will also be used to highlight some of the unique features of series in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
South African Serial Homicide: A Victim‐Focused Behavioural Typology
Authors: Horning Amber M. , Salfati C. Gabrielle , Labuschagne Gerard N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis current study assessed the value of the Interpersonal Model in differentiating serial homicide offences in South Africa, notably in terms of how the offender may display behavioural patterns that are indicative of them dealing with the victim as a Person, an Object, or a Vehicle. The sample consisted of 302 offences committed by 33 offenders that occurred from 1953 to 2007 in South Africa. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to test the Interpersonal Model and results indicated that crime themes did not directly correspond to the threefold model. Instead, two crime scene types were present: Victim as Object (where the focus was on tangible gains, interaction with the victim throughout the phases of the crime was limited, and victims included men and live women) and Victim as Vehicle (where the victim might be construed as a conduit through whom the offender could realise their specific psychological needs, the interaction was extensive, and victims tended to be vulnerable). South African serial homicides did not appear to have a specific sub‐theme of Victim as Person, suggesting that the themes engaged in centred more on instrumentally focused actions but in qualitatively different ways. However, victim types were integral to the overall behavioural model. Using the Victim as Object/Vehicle dichotomy, 85.7% of the offences could be seen to engage dominantly in one of the two patterns at the crime scene. This not only supported the results of a twofold model, but having these many offenders showing a dominant crime scene type also shows that the model is an excellent representation of serial homicide offending in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mass elevation effect of the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for Alpine treelines
Authors: Yao Yonghui , Zhang Baiping 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe immense and towering Tibetan Plateau (TP) acts as a heating source and shapes the climate of not only the Eurasian continent but also the entire world. The mass elevation effect of the TP was first observed in the 1950s; however, due to the scarcity of meteorological observation stations and limited climatic data, little information on the mass elevation effect of the plateau and its implications for the position of Alpine treelines in the southeastern part of the TP is quantitatively known. This paper compares monthly mean air temperature differences at elevations of 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 and 6000 m between the main plateau, the Qilian Mts. in the northeastern corner of the plateau and the Sichuan Basin to the east of the plateau to quantify the mass elevation effect of the plateau. The TP air temperature data are retrieved from Terra moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST), and the free‐air temperatures over the westernmost Sichuan Basin are estimated using the measured lapse rate from Mt. Emei, which is located in the western portion of the Sichuan Basin. The results demonstrate the following important characteristics. (1) Owing to the mass elevation effect, air temperatures gradually increase from the eastern edge to the interior main TP. The monthly mean air temperature in the interior main plateau is approximately 2–7 °C higher than in the surrounding mountains and adjacent lowland areas. At an elevation of 4500 m (corresponding to the mean altitude of the TP), the monthly mean temperature differences between the plateau and the Sichuan Basin range from 3.58 °C (April) to 6.63 °C (June); the monthly temperature differences between the plateau and the Qilian Mts. range from 1.6 °C (July) to 7.7 °C (March). (2) The mass elevation effect of the plateau pushes the 10 °C isotherm upward in the warmest month and is indicative of a warmth index of 15 °C month up to elevations of 4600–4700 m, which enables the treeline altitude in the interior TP 500–1000 m higher than along the eastern edge. Therefore, mass elevation effect contributes to the occurrence of the highest treeline in the Northern Hemisphere, which is present on the southeastern TP.
Three‐Dimensional Block Copolymer Nanostructures by the Solvent‐Annealing‐Induced Wetting in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates
Authors: Chu Chiang‐Jui , Chung Pei‐Yun , Chi Mu‐Huan , Kao Yi‐Huei , Chen Jiun‐Tai 
Published: August 2014

Block copolymers have been extensively studied over the last few decades because they can self‐assemble into well‐ordered nanoscale structures. The morphologies of block copolymers in confined geometries, however, are still not fully understood. In this work, the fabrication and morphologies of three‐dimensional polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane (PS‐b‐PDMS) nanostructures confined in the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates are studied. It is discovered that the block copolymers can wet the nanopores using a novel solvent‐annealing‐induced nanowetting in templates (SAINT) method. The unique advantage of this method is that the problem of thermal degradation can be avoided. In addition, the morphologies of PS‐b‐PDMS nanostructures can be controlled by changing the wetting conditions. Different solvents are used as the annealing solvent, including toluene, hexane, and a co‐solvent of toluene and hexane. When the block copolymer wets the nanopores in toluene vapors, a perpendicular morphology is observed. When the block copolymer wets the nanopores in co‐solvent vapors (toluene/hexane = 3:2), unusual circular and helical morphologies are obtained. These three‐dimensional nanostructures can serve as naontemplates for refilling with other functional materials, such as Au, Ag, ZnO, and TiO2.
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Purification of Active Myrosinase from Plants by Aqueous Two‐Phase Counter‐Current Chromatography
Authors: Wade Kristina L. , Ito Yoichiro , Ramarathnam Aarthi , Holtzclaw W. David , Fahey Jed W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionMyrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.147), is a plant enzyme of increasing interest and importance to the biomedical community. Myrosinase catalyses the formation of isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane (from broccoli) and 4‐(α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (from moringa), which are potent inducers of the cytoprotective phase‐2 response in humans, by hydrolysis of their abundant glucosinolate (β‐thioglucoside N‐hydroxysulphate) precursors.ObjectiveTo develop an aqueous two‐phase counter‐current chromatography (CCC) system for the rapid, three‐step purification of catalytically active myrosinase.MethodsA high‐concentration potassium phosphate and polyethylene glycol biphasic aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) is used with a newly developed CCC configuration that utilises spiral‐wound, flat‐twisted tubing (with an ovoid cross‐section).ResultsMaking the initial crude plant extract directly in the ATPS and injecting only the lower phase permitted highly selective partitioning of the myrosinase complex before a short chromatography on a spiral disk CCC. Optimum phase retention and separation of myrosinase from other plant proteins afforded a 60‐fold purification.ConclusionCatalytically active myrosinase is purified from 3‐day broccoli sprouts, 7‐day daikon sprouts, mustard seeds and the leaves of field‐grown moringa trees, in a CCC system that is predictably scalable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient nonisocyanate route to polyurethanes via thiol‐ene self‐addition
Authors: Calle Mariola , Lligadas Gerard , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA novel and efficient strategy for the synthesis of nonisocyanate polyurethanes has been developed via thiol–ene self‐photopolymerization. An aliphatic thiol–ene carbamate monomer (allyl(2‐mercaptoethyl)carbamate, AMC) was synthesized by a one‐step synthesis procedure, from cysteamine and allyl chloroformate. The urethane group was therefore incorporated directly into the monomer precursor, avoiding the problems associated to toxic isocyanates. AMC was successfully stabilized with the radical inhibitor pyrogallol (1% wt). In addition, the use of phenyl phosphonic acid as coadditive allowed its stabilization for lower concentrations of pyrogallol (0.1% wt). AMC was directly transformed into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) through thiol–ene photopolymerization by UV‐irradiation at 365 nm. The obtained TPU presented semi‐crystalline nature and very high thermal stability (T5% ∼325 °C). It was found that high concentrations of pyrogallol decreased the reaction rate and final conversion of photopolymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3017–3025
Discordance among patient preferences, caregiver preferences, and caregiver predictions of patient preferences regarding disclosure of terminal status and end‐of‐life choices
Authors: Shin Dong Wook , Cho Juhee , Kim So Young , Chung Ik Joo , Kim Sam Soo , Yang Hyung Kook , Ahn Eunmi , Park Bo Ram , Seo Hongwan , Park Jong‐Hyock 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe complexity of end‐of‐life (EOL) communication in cancer care is often increased by family caregivers, who frequently affect the information and decision‐making process. We assessed cancer patient preferences (PP), family caregiver preferences (FCP), and family caregiver predictions of patient preferences (FCPPP) regarding the disclosure of terminal status, family involvement in the disclosure process, and EOL choices, and we evaluated the concordances among them.MethodsA national, multicenter, cross‐sectional survey of 990 patient‐caregiver dyads (participation rate = 76.2%) was performed. A set of paired questionnaires was independently administered to patients and their caregivers.ResultsWhile patients and family caregivers had wide spectra of preferences, patients significantly preferred disclosure, direct disclosure by a physician, and palliative care options (all P < 0.001). Family caregiver predictions were similar to PP with regard to terminal disclosure (P = 0.35) but significantly different with regard to family involvement in the disclosure process and EOL choices (P < 0.001). The concordances of PP and FCP (κ = 0.08–0.13), and those of PP and FCPPP (κ = 0.09–0.17), were poor. The concordances of FCP and FCPPP were fair to moderate (κ = 0.35–0.67). Discrepancies between PP and FCP and between PP and FCPPP were associated with dysfunctional family communication.ConclusionsFamily caregivers do not generally concur with patients in their preferences, nor do they reliably predict PP. Open dialogue between patient and family caregivers would reduce the discrepancy. More emphasis on incorporating family caregivers in EOL communication is needed from clinical, research, and training perspectives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass Dispersal of Terrestrial Organisms During First Flush Events in a Temporary Stream
Authors: Rosado J. , Morais M. , Tockner K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTemporary streams expand and contract seasonally, forming a complex mosaic of aquatic, amphibic and terrestrial habitats. We studied the terrestrial arthropod fauna at the surface of the dry river bed as well as the fauna of Coarse Particulate Organic Matter (CPOM) deposits 0, 5 and 10 days after first flush events (years 2004–2006) along the Pardiela stream (SE Portugal). During the dry period, large amounts of organic material accumulated at the surface of the dry bed, colonized by abundant terrestrial arthropods (mean density: 13.3 ± 15.29 Ind g DM (Dry Mass of CPOM)). Arthropod density peaked in fresh flood deposits (mean density: 35.8 ± 33.4 Ind g DM), and subsequently decreased within time. Concurrently, the relative composition of the arthropod community changed from Day 0 to Day 10. The present results demonstrated that the dry bed of temporary streams served as a major habitat for terrestrial arthropods. During the first flush events, a mass dispersal of terrestrial arthropods, rafting on floating CPOM, occurred, subsequently forming distinct deposits along the channel margin. These deposits may constitute critical habitats, refugia and food resources for local and regional terrestrial arthropod assemblages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Stream Temperature Response to Non‐Uniform Groundwater Discharge in a Danish Lowland Stream
Authors: Matheswaran K. , Blemmer M. , Thorn P. , Rosbjerg D. , Boegh E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNon‐uniform groundwater discharge into streams influences temperature, a vital stream physical property recognized for its dominant controls on biological processes in lotic habitats at multiple scales. Understanding such spatially heterogeneous processes and their effects is difficult on the basis of stream temperature models often calibrated with discrete temperature measurements. This study focused on examining the effect of groundwater discharge on stream temperature using a physically based stream temperature model calibrated on spatially rich high‐resolution temperature measurements. A distributed temperature sensing (DTS) system with a 1.8‐km fibre optic cable was used to collect temperature measurements for every 1 m of the reach length at 3‐min temporal resolution in the stream Elverdamsåen. The groundwater inflow locations identified using DTS data and 24‐h temperature measurements (14:00 h 6 May 2011 to 14:00 h 7 May 2011) were used for further calibration of the stream temperature model. With 19 inflow locations, the model simulated temperature trends closely mirroring the observed DTS profile with a root mean square error of 0.85 °C. The aggregation of inflows at specific locations forced the model to simulate stepwise inflow signals and small change in downstream temperature. In turn, the DTS data exemplified spiked signals with no change in downstream temperature, a typical characteristic of lowland streams. In spite of the difference in modelled and measured inflow signals, the results indicate that the represented groundwater inflows imperatively controlled the spatial variations of temperature within the study reach, creating three unique thermal zones. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Drought on Diatom Communities and the Consequences for the use of Diatom Index Values in the River Maureillas (Pyrénées‐Orientales, France)
Authors: Barthès A. , Leflaive J. , Coulon S. , Peres F. , Rols J.‐L. , Ten‐Hage L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the context of climate change, with an increase in the incidence of seasonally dry streambeds, we examined the impact of drought, and its duration, on the structure of diatom communities and the consequences of this on diatom index values (Biological Diatom Index; Specific Polluosensitivity Index) in the Mediterranean river Maureillas. The effects of several durations of droughts or low flow events (1, 2 and 4 weeks) on diatom‐dominated biofilms were studied by removing pebbles from the river and comparing the growing communities after rewetting with those of control biofilms (pebbles left in the streambed) and with those of newly formed biofilms (cleaned‐up pebbles). Sampling was performed six times during the 28‐day rewetting phase. We determined the specific composition of diatom communities, the mortality rate after rewetting, and the Biological Diatom Index and Specific Polluosensitivity Index scores for each sample, distinguishing between potentially living diatoms (full frustules with chloroplasts) and dead diatoms (empty frustules). Our results showed a notable and durable impact of even short drought on diatom communities. The different trajectories of biofilm communities observed between the types of pebbles showed the importance of the biofilm history for the community structure. This should be taken into account to improve the sampling practices used for monitoring. We also observed a stable mortality rate whatever the drought duration was. Diatom index values were stable despite the observed impact of treatment on diatom communities. These results emphasize the reliability of the diatom index to evaluate biological quality according to European requirements. In addition, the distinction of empty and full frustules did not induce significant differences, but it may reduce biases in interpretation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIRT1 Directly Regulates SOX2 to Maintain Self-Renewal and Multipotency in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yoon Dong Suk , Choi Yoorim , Jang Yeonsue , Lee Moses , Choi Woo Jin , Kim Sung-Hwan , Lee Jin Woo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
SOX2 is crucial for the maintenance of the self-renewal capacity and multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); however, the mechanism by which SOX2 is regulated remains unclear. Here, we report that RNA interference of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in human bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs leads to a decrease of SOX2 protein, resulting in the deterioration of the self-renewal and differentiation capacities of BM-MSCs. Using immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated direct binding between SIRT1 and SOX2 in HeLa cells overexpressing SOX2. We further discovered that the RNA interference of SIRT1 induces the acetylation, nuclear export, and ubiquitination of SOX2, leading to proteasomal degradation in BM-MSCs. SOX2 suppression by trichostatin A (TSA), a known histone deacetylase inhibitor, was reverted by treatment with resveratrol (0.1 and 1 µM), a known activator of SIRT1 in BM-MSCs. Furthermore, 0.1 and 1 µM resveratrol reduced TSA-mediated acetylation and ubiquitination of SOX2 in BM-MSCs. SIRT1 activation by resveratrol enhanced the colony-forming ability and differentiation potential to osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in a dose-dependent manner. However, the enhancement of self-renewal and multipotency by resveratrol was significantly decreased to basal levels by RNA interference of SOX2. These results strongly suggest that the SIRT1-SOX2 axis plays an important role in maintaining the self-renewal capability and multipotency of BM-MSCs. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence for positive SOX2 regulation by post-translational modification in BM-MSCs through the inhibition of nuclear export and subsequent ubiquitination, and demonstrate that SIRT1-mediated deacetylation contributes to maintaining SOX2 protein in the nucleus. Stem Cells 2014;32:3219–3231
S‐1 vs. Gemcitabine as an Adjuvant Therapy after Surgical Resection for Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Shima Yasuo , Iwata Jun , Morita Sojiro , Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Kozuki Akihito , Tokumaru Teppei , Iiyama Tatsuo , Kosaki Takuhiro , Kobayashi Michiya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground
Pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy remains the only curative treatment option for pancreatic cancer. There is no clear consensus on what type of adjuvant therapy should be used for patients with pancreatic cancer.ObjectiveOur objective was to retrospectively evaluate whether postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using S‐1 is clinically beneficial in managing resectable pancreatic cancer.Methods
Patients were divided into three groups: those undergoing surgery alone, those receiving gemcitabine infusion, and those receiving S‐1 orally.ResultsOf 189 studied patients, the median overall survival was 15.0 months after surgery alone, 33.0 months in the gemcitabine group, and 45.0 months in patients receiving S‐1. A multivariate analysis identified regional lymph node metastasis, positive surgical margins, and absence of adjuvant chemotherapy as independent negative prognostic factors. S‐1 was not inferior to gemcitabine in terms of survival outcomes and showed a favorable hazard ratio compared with gemcitabine in the subsets of patients with positive vascular invasion.ConclusionsThere was no difference between adjuvant chemotherapy with S‐1 and gemcitabine in overall survival for patients with curative pancreatic cancer. Our results suggested that S‐1 can be used as a second agent to gemcitabine after surgical resection for ordinary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.