bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper No 16.3: Low‐Operation Voltage, High Aspect Ratio, Position‐Controlled Transfer Mold Carbon Nanotube Field Emitter Arrays
Authors: Nakamoto Masayuki , Moon Jonghyun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLow operation voltage, high aspect ratio, and position‐controlled Transfer Mold carbon nanotube (CNT) FEAs have been developed by the combination of the Transfer Mold FEAs and CNTs to realize highly efficient, reliable, and high performance displays. The Transfer Mold FEAs have the highest uniform and the most reliable field emission characteristics compared with the conventional FEAs such as CNT FEAs having the nonuniform and unstable emission characteristics, because the Transfer Mold FEAs can give the uniform emitter morphology and can decide the uniform emission sites. Moreover, if the nonuniform emission happens in a pixel, it is difficult to make uniform electron beam in a pixel even by using focusing electrode. However, the emission points of Transfer Mold FEAs are uniformly distributed in a pixel. Transfer Mold CNT FEAs can improve the emission characteristics by combining the Transfer Mold FEAs and CNTs, because Transfer Mold CNT FEAs have the higher aspect ratio than those of Transfer Mold FEAs. The turn‐on fields of Transfer Mold CNT FEAs and Transfer Mold Ni FEAs are 12.5 V/μm and 14.9 V/μm, respectively; these represent one of the lowest turn‐on voltages obtained to date. The turn‐on voltages are reduced by about 16% due to the high aspect ratio of Transfer Mold CNT FEAs. Both values of the turn‐on voltages, 12.5 and 14.9 V/µm, are lower than those of other conventional FEAs such as CNTs FEAs of 50−100 V/µm at the short distance less than 10 μm. Therefore, Transfer Mold CNT FEAs can operate at low voltages and are applicable for fabricating uniform and reliable FEDs and other vacuum nanoelectronic devices.
Paper No 17.2: Head‐Tracked Dynamic Exit Pupil Multiuser Autostereoscopic Display
Authors: Surman Phil , Day Sally , Selviah David R. , Willman Eero , Miranda Matheus 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper, a glasses‐free (autostereoscopic) display is described where the controlled illumination for a liquid crystal display (LCD) backlight is derived from a laser source where the laser is used not for its coherence properties but for its ability to have close control on its direction. This allows light exiting the LCD to be directed to the left and right eyes of several viewers who can move freely in both the X and Z directions. Light directions are determined by a spatial light modulator (SLM) that is controlled by a multiuser head tracker. This paper is principally concerned with the SLM and the Gabor superlens screen that is used to provide the angular magnification required to give a sufficiently wide viewing field,
Trust and reputation management in cognitive radio networks: a survey
Authors: Ling Mee Hong , Yau Kok‐Lim Alvin , Poh Geong Sen 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCognitive radio (CR), which is the next generation wireless communication system, enables unlicensed users or secondary users (SUs) to exploit underutilized spectrum (called white spaces) owned by the licensed users or primary users (PUs) so that bandwidth availability improves at the SUs, which helps to improve overall spectrum utilization. Collaboration is an intrinsic characteristic of CR to improve network performance. For instance, in collaborative spectrum sensing, SU hosts generate sensing outcomes, and collaborate amongst themselves through making final decisions at a decision fusion center in order to improve the accuracy of spectrum sensing. The requirement to collaborate has inevitably opened doors to various forms of attacks by malicious SUs, and this critical issue can be addressed using trust and reputation management (TRM), and so this is the focus of this article. Generally speaking, TRM detects malicious SUs, including honest SUs that turn malicious. Hence, TRM is of paramount importance in most kinds of schemes that require collaboration in CR networks. Our contribution in this article is as follows. This article provides an extensive survey on the application of TRM in various schemes in CR networks in order to ameliorate the effects of malicious SUs in collaboration. The discussion is presented with respect to a TRM taxonomy, various approaches to achieve TRM, various attack models, as well as the challenges and characteristics associated with TRM. Because of the significance of TRM in collaboration, this article presents a wide range of open issues to warrant further research in this area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BMP4 Promotes EMT and Mesodermal Commitment in Human Embryonic Stem Cells via SLUG and MSX2
Authors: Richter Anne , Valdimarsdottir Lena , Hrafnkelsdottir Helga Eyja , Runarsson Johann Frimann , Omarsdottir Arna Run , Oostwaard Dorien Ward-van , Mummery Christine , Valdimarsdottir Gudrun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) initiate differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) but the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate here that SLUG and MSX2, transcription factors involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transitions, essential features of gastrulation in development and tumor progression, are important mediators of BMP4-induced differentiation in hESCs. Phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 colocalized with the SLUG protein at the edges of hESC colonies where differentiation takes place. The upregulation of the BMP target SLUG was direct as shown by the binding of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 to its promoter, which interrupted the formation of adhesion proteins, resulting in migration. Knockdown of SLUG by short hairpin RNA blocked these changes, confirming an important role for SLUG in BMP-mediated mesodermal differentiation. Furthermore, BMP4-induced MSX2 expression leads to mesoderm formation and then preferential differentiation toward the cardiovascular lineage. Stem Cells 2014;32:636–648
Concise Review: Leukemia Stem Cells in Personalized Medicine
Authors: Guzman Monica L. , Allan John N. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Despite increased comprehension of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) pathogenesis, current treatment strategies have done little to improve upon standard induction chemotherapy to induce long-term remissions. Since the identification of the leukemic stem cell, efforts have been placed on identifying therapeutically actionable pathways that distinguish this increasingly important cellular compartment. With the advent of increased genome sequencing efforts and phenotypic characterization, opportunities for personalized treatment strategies are rapidly emerging. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of leukemic stem cell biology and their potential for translation into clinically relevant therapeutics. NF-kappa B activation, Bcl-2 expression, oxidative and metabolic state, and epigenetic modifications all bear their own clinical implications. With advancements in genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic profiling, personalized strategies may be feasible in the near future to improve outcomes for AML patients. Stem Cells 2014;32:844–851
Stress Hematopoiesis Is Regulated by the Krüppel-Like Transcription Factor ZBP-89
Authors: Li Xiangen , Romain Rachael D. , Park Dongsu , Scadden David T. , Merchant Juanita L. , Arnaout M. Amin 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ZBP-89 (Zfp148) plays a critical role in erythroid lineage development, with its loss at the embryonic stage causing lethal anemia and thrombocytopenia. Its role in adult hematopoiesis has not been described. We now show that conditional deletion of ZBP-89 in adult mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) causes anemia and thrombocytopenia that are transient in the steady state, but readily uncovered following chemically induced erythro/megakaryopoietic stress. Unexpectedly, stress induced by bone marrow transplantation of ZBP89−/− HSPC also resulted in a myeloid-to-B lymphoid lineage switch in bone marrow recipients. The erythroid and myeloid/B lymphoid lineage anomalies in ZBP89−/− HSPC are reproduced in vitro in the ZBP-89-silenced multipotent hematopoietic cell line FDCP-Mix A4, and are associated with the upregulation of PU.1 and downregulation of SCL/Tal1 and GATA-1 in ZBP89-deficient cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays show that ZBP-89 is a direct repressor of PU.1 and activator of SCL/Tal1 and GATA-1. These data identify an important role for ZBP-89 in regulating stress hematopoiesis in adult mouse bone marrow. Stem Cells 2014;32:791–801
Rearrangement of the dendritic morphology of the neurons from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after subthalamic lesion in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Camacho‐Abrego Israel , Tellez‐Merlo Gullermina , Melo Angel I. , Rodríguez‐Moreno Antonio , Garcés Linda , De La Cruz Fidel , Zamudio Sergio , Flores Gonzalo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSeveral studies in rodents have suggested the inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) as an alternative strategy to Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. The STN is part of the basal ganglia and plays an important role in the motor function; however, recent data suggest that this structure has a critical role in the cognitive function of the limbic system. The STN receives direct projection from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), structure interconnected with the hippocampus and both structures send excitatory projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Here, we determined whether and which changes occurred 4 weeks after a STN lesion in the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons of the layers 3 and 5 of the PFC and basolateral amygdala, neurons of the ventral hippocampus, and the medium spiny neurons of the NAcc and caudate‐putamen. Dendritic morphology was measured using the Golgi‐Cox procedure followed by Sholl analysis. We also evaluated the effects of STN lesion on locomotor behavior assessed by an open field test, social interaction, acoustic startle response, prepulse inhibition, and locomotor activity induced by a novel environment and amphetamine. We found that STN damage induced a deficit in locomotion measured by open field test with neuronal hypertrophy in PFC (layer 5) and reduced spinogenesis in CA1 ventral hippocampus and PFC (layer 3). Taken together, these data suggest that the behavioral and morphological effects of STN lesion are, at least partially, mediated by limbic subregions with possible consequences for cognitive‐related behaviors observed in PD treatment. Synapse 68:114–126, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methods to estimate distribution and range extent of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Bjornlie Daniel D. , Thompson Daniel J. , Haroldson Mark A. , Schwartz Charles C. , Gunther Kerry A. , Cain Steven L. , Tyers Daniel B. , Frey Kevin L. , Aber Bryan C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe distribution of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population has expanded into areas unoccupied since the early 20th century. Up‐to‐date information on the area and extent of this distribution is crucial for federal, state, and tribal wildlife and land managers to make informed decisions regarding grizzly bear management. The most recent estimate of grizzly bear distribution (2004) utilized fixed‐kernel density estimators to describe distribution. This method was complex and computationally time consuming and excluded observations of unmarked bears. Our objective was to develop a technique to estimate grizzly bear distribution that would allow for the use of all verified grizzly bear location data, as well as provide the simplicity to be updated more frequently. We placed all verified grizzly bear locations from all sources from 1990 to 2004 and 1990 to 2010 onto a 3‐km × 3‐km grid and used zonal analysis and ordinary kriging to develop a predicted surface of grizzly bear distribution. We compared the area and extent of the 2004 kriging surface with the previous 2004 effort and evaluated changes in grizzly bear distribution from 2004 to 2010. The 2004 kriging surface was 2.4% smaller than the previous fixed‐kernel estimate, but more closely represented the data. Grizzly bear distribution increased 38.3% from 2004 to 2010, with most expansion in the northern and southern regions of the range. This technique can be used to provide a current estimate of grizzly bear distribution for management and conservation applications. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
miRNA regulation in the context of functional protein networks: principles and applications
Authors: Alshalalfa Mohammed 
Published: November 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding endogenous regulatory RNAs that fine‐tune gene expression in a wide range of biological processes and diseases. miRNAs exert their function by targeting mRNAs to trigger their degradation or inhibit protein translation. The proteins encoded by the genes targeted by miRNAs may act as key components of cellular networks, thus the use of biological molecular network information for the purposes of elucidating the role of miRNAs in molecular disease mechanism is a key objective in systems biomedicine. The crosstalk layer between miRNA–target networks and functional protein is rich sources of information to explore the function of miRNAs at the system level. Characterizing the influence of miRNAs in the context of the target (protein interactors of the target) is in the early stages with potential to help better understand how miRNAs function within the cellular networks. In this article, the latest research on the cross‐talk between miRNAs and protein networks, particularly physical protein interactions and gene regulatory networks is summarized. This article also covers recent research on understanding the biology of miRNAs at the system level and defines principles of miRNA regulation of protein and gene regulatory networks. The second part of the article highlights the promise of considering the protein context of the miRNA target when searching for functional miRNA–target interactions. Some of the applications of integrating protein networks with miRNA–targets that have clinical and functional utility are described. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:189–199. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1251This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Macromolecular Interactions, Methods
Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
Laboratory Methods and Technologies > RNA Methods
Systems biology‐embedded target validation: improving efficacy in drug discovery
Authors: Vandamme Drieke , Minke Benedikt A. , Fitzmaurice William , Kholodenko Boris N. , Kolch Walter 
Published: November 2013

The pharmaceutical industry is faced with a range of challenges with the ever‐escalating costs of drug development and a drying out of drug pipelines. By harnessing advances in ‐omics technologies and moving away from the standard, reductionist model of drug discovery, there is significant potential to reduce costs and improve efficacy. Embedding systems biology approaches in drug discovery, which seek to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms of potential drug targets in a network context, will reduce attrition rates by earlier target validation and the introduction of novel targets into the currently stagnant market. Systems biology approaches also have the potential to assist in the design of multidrug treatments and repositioning of existing drugs, while stratifying patients to give a greater personalization of medical treatment. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:1–11. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1253This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Therapeutic Methods
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Clubfoot Care in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries: From Clinical Innovation to a Public Health Program
Authors: Harmer Luke , Rhatigan Joseph 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundClubfoot occurs in nearly 1 in every 1,000 live births worldwide, representing a significant burden of disease. In high‐income countries, an evidence‐based treatment protocol utilizing sequential casting was pioneered by Ponseti and has resulted in excellent outcomes among children treated for this condition. However, treatment methods and results of treatment vary greatly across low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Our goal was to create a framework for understanding how effective programs that treat clubfoot in LMICs choose and organize their activities.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted using the keywords “developing countries” and “clubfoot.” A public health analysis model known as the Care Delivery Value Chain (CDVC) was applied to discover public health practices that would optimize value over the entire course of a patient’s life.ResultsThe literature review yielded 32 unique results, seven of which met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Review of the bibliographies yielded two additional papers for a total of nine papers. We identified seven vital steps in the clubfoot cycle of care and constructed a CDVC.ConclusionsThe analysis of this CDVC model suggests six best practices that are essential to successfully scaling up clubfoot treatment programs and ensuring excellent clinical outcomes: (1) diagnosing clubfoot early; (2) organizing high‐volume Ponseti casting centers; (3) using nonphysician health workers; (4) engaging families in care; (5) addressing barriers to access; (6) providing follow‐up in the patient’s community. These practices must be adapted to each context. Applying them will optimize outcomes when designing public health programs that deliver clubfoot care in LMICs.
Improvement of alkali stability and thermostability of Paenibacillus campinasensis Family-11 xylanase by directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis
Authors: Zheng Hongchen , Liu Yihan , Sun Mingzhe , Han Yang , Wang Jianling , Sun Junshe , Lu Fuping 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The extreme process condition of high temperature and high alkali limits the applications of most of natural xylanases in pulp and paper industry. Recently, various methods of protein engineering have been used to improve the thermal and alkalic tolerance of xylanases. In this work, directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to obtain a mutant xylanase improved both on alkali stability and thermostability from the native Paenibacillus campinasensis Family-11 xylanase (XynG1-1). Mutant XynG1-1B43 (V90R/P172H) with two units increased in the optimum pH (pH 7.0–pH 9.0) and significant improvement on alkali stability was selected from the second round of epPCR library. And the further thermoduric mutant XynG1-1B43cc16 (V90R/P172H/T84C-T182C/D16Y) with 10 °C increased in the optimum temperature (60–70 °C) was then obtained by introducing a disulfide bridge (T84C-T182C) and a single amino acid substitution (D16Y) to XynG1-1B43 using site-directed mutagenesis. XynG1-1B43cc16 also showed higher thermostability and catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) than that of wild-type (XynG1-1) and XynG1-1B43. The attractive improved properties make XynG1-1B43cc16 more suitable for bioleaching of cotton stalk pulp under the extreme process condition of high temperature (70 °C) and high alkali (pH 9.0).
DyP-type peroxidases: a promising and versatile class of enzymes
Authors: Colpa Dana I , Fraaije Marco W , van Bloois Edwin 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
DyP peroxidases comprise a novel superfamily of heme-containing peroxidases, which is unrelated to the superfamilies of plant and animal peroxidases. These enzymes have so far been identified in the genomes of fungi, bacteria, as well as archaea, although their physiological function is still unclear. DyPs are bifunctional enzymes displaying not only oxidative activity but also hydrolytic activity. Moreover, these enzymes are able to oxidize a variety of organic compounds of which some are poorly converted by established peroxidases, including dyes, β-carotene, and aromatic sulfides. Interestingly, accumulating evidence shows that microbial DyP peroxidases play a key role in the degradation of lignin. Owing to their unique properties, these enzymes are potentially interesting for a variety of biocatalytic applications. In this review, we deal with the biochemical and structural features of DyP-type peroxidases as well as their promising biotechnological potential.
Exploring Empowerment in Settings: Mapping Distributions of Network Power
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper brings together two trends in the empowerment literature—understanding empowerment in settings and understanding empowerment as relational—by examining what makes settings empowering from a social network perspective. Specifically, extending Neal and Neal's (Am J Community Psychol 48(3/4):157–167,2011) conception of network power, an empowering setting is defined as one in which (1) actors have existing relationships that allow for the exchange of resources and (2) the distribution of network power among actors in the setting is roughly equal. The paper includes a description of how researchers can examine distributions of network power in settings. Next, this process is illustrated in both an abstract example and using empirical data on early adolescents’ peer relationships in urban classrooms. Finally, implications for theory, methods, and intervention related to understanding empowering settings are explored.
Long-term Efficacy of Occupational Lifestyle Redesign Programme for Strokes
Authors: Ng Serena S.W. , Chan Dora Y.L. , Chan Marko K.L. , Chow Kathy K.Y. 
Published: November 2013

Objective/Background To devise an Occupational Lifestyle Redesign Programme (OLSR), in addition to the existing conventional therapy programme, in a local rehabilitation hospital in order to help stroke outpatients improve their self-efficacy and commitment in self-management after a stroke attack using goal-oriented, challenging, and well-being building activities. The long-term effect on the poststroke quality of life (QOL) and community integration has to be explored. Methods This is a retrospective study performed to compare two groups of matched samples of participants (25 each) who have or have not joined the OLSR programme. A telephonic interview was performed to gather the participants’ responses. Self-reported outcome measures, including sickness impact [Stroke Adapted Sickness Impact Profile-30 (SA-SIP30)], motivation for general activity [General Activity Motivation Measure (GAMM)], community integration (Community Integration Questionnaire), and subjective well-being [World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5)] scores were assessed. Results Subjective well-being measures had significantly higher scores in the OLSR group (F = 5.52; p = .023). The OLSR group also reported a significantly better score in social integration (F = 4.302; p = .043). The SA-SIP30 mean score of the OLSR group [mean = 6.64; standard deviation (SD) = 4.35] was much lower, however, with significant difference in Mobility (F = 4.47; p = .04) and Household Management (F = 6; p = .015) subscores. The mean score of GAMM was also high in the OLSR group (mean = 41.32; SD = 11.98; p = .06). Improving “productive activity,” “social interaction,” “home management,” and “emotion” scores (based on factor analysis) are important goals to be achieved in a stroke rehabilitation programme so as to extend its scope from just physical restoration to building a better poststroke life. Conclusion The positive effect of OLSR programme has been shown to be effective in filling the gap of psychosocial adaptation in conventional stroke rehabilitation programmes. The patients in the OLSR programme had improved motivation levels and predicted better QOL in long term.