bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The primacy of conscious decision making
Authors: Shanks David R. , Newell Ben R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe target article sought to question the common belief that our decisions are often biased by unconscious influences. While many commentators offer additional support for this perspective, others question our theoretical assumptions, empirical evaluations, and methodological criteria. We rebut in particular the starting assumption that all decision making is unconscious, and that the onus should be on researchers to prove conscious influences. Further evidence is evaluated in relation to the core topics we reviewed (multiple-cue judgment, deliberation without attention, and decisions under uncertainty), as well as priming effects. We reiterate a key conclusion from the target article, namely, that it now seems to be generally accepted that awareness should be operationally defined as reportable knowledge, and that such knowledge can only be evaluated by careful and thorough probing. We call for future research to pay heed to the different ways in which awareness can intervene in decision making (as identified in our lens model analysis) and to employ suitable methodology in the assessment of awareness, including the requirements that awareness assessment must be reliable, relevant, immediate, and sensitive.
The role of maternal input in the development ofwh-question comprehension in autism and typical development
Authors: GOODWIN ANTHONY , FEIN DEBORAH , NAIGLES LETITIA 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTSocial deficits have been implicated in the language delays and deficits of children with autism (ASD); thus, the extent to which these children use language input in social contexts similarly to typically developing (TD) children is unknown. The current study investigated how caregiver input influenced the development ofwh-question comprehension in TD children and language-matched preschoolers with ASD. Children were visited at four-month intervals over 1.5 years; mother–child play sessions at visits 1–2 were coded for maternalwh-question use. At visits 3–5 children watched videos in the Intermodal Preferential Looking paradigm, to assess their comprehension of subject and objectwh-questions. Mothers' use ofwh-questions with verbs and complexwh-questions positively predictedwh-question comprehension in the TD group; in contrast, mothers' use ofwh-questions with ‘be’ as the main verb negatively predictedwh-question comprehension in the ASD group. Thus, TD children and children with ASD appear to use their linguistic input differently.
The acquisition of SV order in unaccusatives: manipulating the definiteness of the NP argument
Authors: VERNICE MIRTA , GUASTI MARIA TERESA 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn two sentence repetition experiments, we investigated whether four- and five-year-olds master distinct representations for intransitive verb classes by testing two syntactic analyses of unaccusatives (Burzio, 1986; Belletti, 1988). Under the assumption that, with unaccusatives, the partitive case of the postverbal argument is realized only on indefinites (Belletti, 1988), we tested whether children used indefiniteness as a feature to assign the partitive case to the verb's argument. In the sentences, we manipulated whether the subject preceded or followed the (unaccusative or unergative) verb and whether the subject was expressed by means of a definite or indefinite NP. With unaccusatives, children tended to place the subject in the postverbal position when the subject NP was indefinite, whereas, when the sentence presented a definite postverbal subject, children preferred to place the definite subject in the preverbal position. Definiteness exerted an effect only with unaccusatives, suggesting that children treated unergatives and unaccusatives differently.
Rietveld texture analysis from synchrotron diffraction images. I. Calibration and basic analysis
Authors: Lutterotti Luca , Vasin Roman , Wenk Hans-Rudolf 
Published: January 2014

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction images are increasingly used to characterize not only structural and microstructural features of polycrystalline materials, but also crystal preferred orientation distributions. Diffraction data can be analyzed quantitatively and efficiently with the Rietveld method and here the detailed procedure is reported from the experiment to the calibration of the two-dimensional detector and full analysis of the sample. In particular, we emphasize the advantage of doing the calibration inside the Rietveld least-squares fitting instead of a preliminary graphical calibration. Then the procedure is described to quantify crystal preferred orientations with the Rietveld method implemented in software “Materials Analysis Using Diffraction”. The process is illustrated for a US “nickel” coin, a 75 at.% copper 25 at.% nickel alloy with face-centered cubic structure and a strong cube texture.
ON MENELAUS'SPHERICSIII.5 IN ARABIC MATHEMATICS, I: IBN ʿIRĀQ
Authors: Rashed Roshdi , Papadopoulos Athanase 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is the first paper in a series in which we provide critical editions of four texts written between the eleventh and the thirteenth century concerning Proposition III.5 of Menelaus'Spherics. The first paper contains introductory material on the work of Ibn ʿIrāq on spherical geometry and a critical edition of his two texts on the rectification of Proposition III.5, together with translations and historical and mathematical commentaries. The second paper contains critical editions of the texts by Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī and Ibn Abī Jarrāda on the same subject, again with translations and historical and mathematical commentaries.
IBN BĀJJA ONTAṢAWWURANDTAṢDĪQ: SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Forcada Miquel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs is well known,taṣawwurandtaṣdīq,conceptualization and assent, are essential notions in the epistemology of Arabo-Islamic philosophy. Conceptualization amounts to the definition of an object of knowledge, and assent to the recognition,viasome kind of reasoning, that this definition is true. One of the authors who dealt with both topics in greatest depth was al-Fārābī, whoseoeuvreexerted a profound influence on Ibn Bājja. This article analyzes the materials ontaṣawwurandtaṣdīqfound in Ibn Bājja's notes regarding al-Fārābī's writings on logic and scientific method, namely the glosses toKitāb al-Burhān. The analysis shows, on the one hand, that he understood perfectly the importance of both terms in al-Fārābī's construal of Aristotle's scientific method; and on the other, that he used them to deal with human thought processes. Indeed, conceptualization and assent were essential notions for Ibn Bājja, and underlie some of his best-known works.
Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität von kleinwüchsigen Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Rohenkohl Anja Christine , Bullinger Monika , Dörr Helmuth-Günther , Jakisch Bele , Noeker Meinolf , Partsch Carl-Joachim , Stahnke Nikolaus , Willig Rolf Peter , Wüsthof Achim , Quitmann Julia 
Published: January 2014

Der Zugewinn an Körpergröße ist für die Lebensqualität vieler heranwachsender Menschen von Bedeutung–eine geringe Körpergröße kann die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen beeinträchtigen. Weil krankheitsspezifische Instrumente zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität kleinwüchsiger Kinder und Jugendlicher bisher fehlen, wurde der international entwickelte QoLISSY Fragebogen in einer deutschen Stichprobe psychometrisch überprüft. Der QoLISSY Fragebogen wurde von 69 Kindern und Jugendlichen (8 bis 18 Jahre) mit diagnostiziertem Idiopatischen Kleinwuchs (ISS) oder Wachstumshormonmangel (GHD) ausgefüllt. Es wurden interne Konsistenzen und Test-Retest Reliabilitäten berechnet. Die konvergente Validität wurde über Korrelationen mit dem generischen KIDSCREEN 52 Fragebogen geprüft. Zudem wurden Gruppenunterschiede entsprechend klinischer und soziodemografischer Daten geprüft. Die Reliabilitäten der QoLISSY Skalen und des Gesamtwertes fielen zufriedenstellend aus, mit Cronbachs α von .77 bis .94 und akzeptablen Test-Retest Reliabilitäten (r) von .53 bis .87. Korrelationen mit inhaltlich ähnlichen Konzepten des KIDSCREEN 52 wiesen auf konvergente Validität hin. Mit dem QoLISSY Fragebogen können die subjektiven Auswirkungen des Kleinwuchses auf die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität der jungen Betroffenen abgebildet werden. Das Instrument ist klinisch für ein präventives Belastungs-Screening, als Outcome-Kriterium in der Therapieforschung und als psychosozialer Indikator in epidemiologischen Studien einsetzbar.
Benefits of, and Barriers to, Moderate Physical Activity Across Stages of Change in Older German Family Caregivers
Authors: Budnick Andrea , Kotb Katja Amin , Dräger Dagmar , Blüher Stefan 
Published: January 2014

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the benefits of, and barriers to, moderate physical activity across stages of change in a sample of 103 caregivers in Germany, aged 50 years and older (Mage = 63.95 years, SD = 9.39, age range 50 – 83 years, 82.5 % female). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a two-factor structure encompassing perceived benefits and barriers. While both perceived benefits and barriers were significantly related to stages of change with regard to levels of activity, perceived benefits showed a stronger positive relationship. Thus, interventions that promote moderate physical activity in older family caregivers should consider strategies that maximize the perceived advantages of activity rather than refuting the disadvantages.
Succession of cable bacteria and electric currents in marine sediment
Authors: Schauer Regina , Risgaard-Petersen Nils , Kjeldsen Kasper U , Tataru Bjerg Jesper J , B Jørgensen Bo , Schramm Andreas , Nielsen Lars Peter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Filamentous Desulfobulbaceae have been reported to conduct electrons over centimetre-long distances, thereby coupling oxygen reduction at the surface of marine sediment to sulphide oxidation in sub-surface layers. To understand how these ‘cable bacteria’ establish and sustain electric conductivity, we followed a population for 53 days after exposing sulphidic sediment with initially no detectable filaments to oxygen. After 10 days, cable bacteria and electric currents were established throughout the top 15 mm of the sediment, and after 21 days the filament density peaked with a total length of 2 km cm−2. Cells elongated and divided at all depths with doubling times over the first 10 days of &lt;20 h. Active, oriented movement must have occurred to explain the separation of O2 and H2S by 15 mm. Filament diameters varied from 0.4–1.7 μm, with a general increase over time and depth, and yet they shared 16S rRNA sequence identity of &gt;98%. Comparison of the increase in biovolume and electric current density suggested high cellular growth efficiency. While the vertical expansion of filaments continued over time and reached 30 mm, the electric current density and biomass declined after 13 and 21 days, respectively. This might reflect a breakdown of short filaments as their solid sulphide sources became depleted in the top layers of the anoxic zone. In conclusion, cable bacteria combine rapid and efficient growth with oriented movement to establish and exploit the spatially separated half-reactions of sulphide oxidation and oxygen consumption.
Assembly of Nanoions via Electrostatic Interactions: Ion-Like Behavior of Charged Noble Metal Nanoclusters
Authors: Yao Qiaofeng , Luo Zhentao , Yuan Xun , Yu Yue , Zhang Chao , Xie Jianping , Lee Jim Yang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe assembly of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) is of interest to both basic and applied research as it facilitates the determination of cluster structures and the customization of cluster physicochemical properties. Here we present a facile and general approach to assemble noble metal NCs by selectively inducing electrostatic interactions between negatively-charged metal NCs and divalent cations. The charged metal NCs, which have well-defined sizes, charges and structures; and behave similarly to multivalent anions, can be considered as nanoions. These nanoions exhibit step-like assembly behavior when interacting with the counter cations – assembly only occurs when the solubility product (Ksp) between the carboxylate ions on the NC surface and the divalent cations is exceeded. The assembly here is distinctively different from the random aggregation of colloidal particles by counter ions. The nanoions would assemble into fractal-like monodisperse spherical particles with a high order of regularity that mimic the assembly of ionic crystals.
Combined TRPC3 and TRPC6 blockade by selective small-molecule or genetic deletion inhibits pathological cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Seo Kinya , Rainer Peter P. , Shalkey Hahn Virginia , Lee Dong-ik , Jo Su-Hyun , Andersen Asger , Liu Ting , Xu Xiaoping , Willette Robert N. , Lepore John J. , Marino Joseph P. , Birnbaumer Lutz , Schnackenberg Christine G. , Kass David A. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in response to sustained hormonal and mechanical stress are sentinel features of most forms of heart disease. Activation of non–voltage-gated transient receptor potential canonical channels TRPC3 and TRPC6 may contribute to this pathophysiology and provide a therapeutic target. Effects from combined selective inhibition have not been tested previously. Here we report the capability of highly selective TRPC3/6 inhibitors to block pathological hypertrophic signaling in several cell types, including adult cardiac myocytes. We show in vivo redundancy of each channel; individual gene deletion was not protective against sustained pressure overload, whereas combined deletion ameliorated the response. These data strongly support a role for both channels in cardiac disease and the utility of selective combined inhibition.
A Review of Urban Water Body Challenges and Approaches: (1) Rehabilitation and Remediation
Authors: Hughes Robert M , Dunham Susie , Maas-Hebner Kathleen G , Yeakley J Alan , Schreck Carl , Harte Michael , Molina Nancy , Shock Clinton C , Kaczynski Victor W , Schaeffer Jeff 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We review how urbanization alters aquatic ecosystems, as well as actions that managers can take to remediate urban waters. Urbanization affects streams by fundamentally altering longitudinal and lateral processes that in turn alter hydrology, habitat, and water chemistry; these effects create physical and chemical stressors that in turn affect the biota. Urban streams often suffer from multiple stressor effects that have collectively been termed an “urban stream syndrome,” in which no single factor dominates degraded conditions. Resource managers have multiple ways of combating the urban stream syndrome. These approaches range from whole-watershed protection to reach-scale habitat rehabilitation, but the prescription must be matched to the scale of the factors that are causing the problem, and results will likely not be immediate because of lengthy recovery times. Although pristine or reference conditions are far from attainable, urban stream rehabilitation is a worthy goal because appropriate actions can provide ecosystem improvements as well as increased ecosystem service benefits for human society.
RESUMEN
se hace una revisión de cómo la urbanización altera los ecosistemas acuáticos, así como también de las acciones que los administradores pueden tomar para remediar el problema de las aguas urbanas. La urbanización afecta los ríos a través de la alteración de procesos longitudinales y laterales que, a su vez, modifican la hidrología, hábitat y química del agua; estos efectos crean factores químicos y físicos de estrés que perturban la biota. Los ríos urbanos suelen estar sujetos a múltiples factores de estrés que colectivamente se conocen como “síndrome del río urbano” en el cual no existe dominancia de un solo factor de degradación. Los administradores de recursos naturales tienen diversas formas de combatir este síndrome. Estos enfoques van desde protección de cuencas enteras hasta rehabilitación de hábitats a gran escala, pero la prescripción debe ser consistente con la escala de los factores que están causando el problema, y es probable que los resultados no sean inmediatos dado que los tiempos de recuperación son prolongados. A pesar de que se está lejos de poder reconstruir las condiciones prístinas o de referencia, la rehabilitación de los ríos urbanos es un objetivo digno de perseguir ya que la toma de acciones adecuadas pueden lograr mejoras a los ecosistemas así como también un incremento en los beneficios que la sociedad humana obtiene de ellos.
Pumping Performance of a Modified Commercial Paddlewheel Aerator for Split-Pond Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Brown Travis W , Tucker Craig S 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The split-pond aquaculture system consists of a small fish holding basin that is connected to a waste treatment lagoon by two conduits. Split ponds require large water volumes circulated between the two basins (10,000–20,000 gal/min for 5–10-acre ponds) to remove fish waste and provide oxygenated water to the fish. Farmers producing ictalurid catfish in the USA have rapidly adopted this new technology to improve production efficiency. The original split-pond design used large, slow-rotating paddlewheels to circulate water; in this study, we evaluated paddlewheel aerators as pumps for split ponds. Pumping performance was evaluated at rotational speeds of 25–66 rotations/min and paddle submergence depths of 4.0, 6.8, and 9.5 in. Water flow rates ranged from 8,240 to 25,069 gal/min. Flows increased with increasing rotational speed and paddle submergence depth. Power input varied directly with flow rate and ranged from 1.08 to 8.28 hp. Water discharge per unit power input (i.e., pumping efficiency) ranged from 3,026 to 10,824 gal·min−1·hp−1; pumping efficiency decreased as water flow rate increased and as paddle submergence depth decreased. Placement of the paddlewheel at the channel inlet (with water being pushed through the channel) produced flow rates three times greater than placement at the outlet (with water being pulled through the channel). Our results show that commercial paddlewheel aerators can be modified, operated, and located to provide the water flows needed in commercial-sized split ponds. Although they are more expensive to operate than slow-rotating paddlewheels (which are specifically designed as water pumps), paddlewheel aerators offer the advantages of lower investment cost, greater availability, and easy maintenance. Long-term studies are underway to compare operational issues and costs associated with the use of various pump types, including paddlewheel aerators, in split-pond aquaculture.
The cost of a gelatinous future and loss of critical habitats in the Mediterranean
Authors: Kontogianni A. D. , Emmanouilides C. J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper investigates the economic valuations individuals make about the degradation of the marine ecosystem in the Gulf of Lion, in the western Mediterranean. A choice experiment has been conducted to quantify in monetary terms the social costs associated with two key aspects of degradation of the marine ecosystem: (i) the loss of critical habitats, and (ii) the risk of jellyfish outbreaks. We apply choice models to analyse the preference structure of residents and visitors for alternative ecosystem resilience scenarios. The focus of the modelling approach is on inference about welfare valuations and their relationship to the characteristics of the participants in the choice experiment, their perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services, attitudes to tourism, and trust in environmental policy-making institutions. We detected a number of significant linear and non-linear effects, and discuss the implications of our findings for marine environment protection policies.
Stepwise assembly of multiple Lin28 proteins on the terminal loop of let-7 miRNA precursors
Authors: Desjardins Alexandre , Bouvette Jonathan , Legault Pascale 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Lin28 inhibits the biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs through direct interactions with let-7 precursors. Previous studies have described seemingly inconsistent Lin28 binding sites on pre-let-7 RNAs. Here, we reconcile these data by examining the binding mechanism of Lin28 to the terminal loop of pre-let-7g (TL-let-7g) using biochemical and biophysical methods. First, we investigate Lin28 binding to TL-let-7g variants and short RNA fragments and identify three independent binding sites for Lin28 on TL-let-7g. We then determine that Lin28 assembles in a stepwise manner on TL-let-7g to form a stable 1:3 complex. We show that the cold-shock domain (CSD) of Lin28 is responsible for remodelling the terminal loop of TL-let-7g, whereas the NCp7-like domain facilitates the initial binding of Lin28 to TL-let-7g. This stable binding of multiple Lin28 molecules to the terminal loop of pre-let-7g extends to other precursors of the let-7 family, but not to other pre-miRNAs tested. We propose a model for stepwise assembly of the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 pre-let-7g/Lin28 complexes. Stepwise multimerization of Lin28 on pre-let-7 is required for maximum inhibition of Dicer cleavage for a least one member of the let-7 family and may be important for orchestrating the activity of the several factors that regulate let-7 biogenesis.
Folding a stable RNA pseudoknot through rearrangement of two hairpin structures
Authors: Wu Yi-Ju , Wu Cheng-Han , Yeh Athena Yi-Chun , Wen Jin-Der 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Folding messenger RNA into specific structures is a common regulatory mechanism involved in translation. In Escherichia coli, the operator of the rpsO gene transcript folds into a pseudoknot or double-hairpin conformation. S15, the gene product, binds only to the pseudoknot, thereby repressing its own synthesis when it is present in excess in the cell. The two RNA conformations have been proposed to exist in equilibrium. However, it remained unclear how structural changes can be achieved between these two topologically distinct conformations. We used optical tweezers to study the structural dynamics and rearrangements of the rpsO operator RNA at the single-molecule level. We discovered that the two RNA structures can be interchanged spontaneously and the pseudoknot can exist in conformations that exhibit various levels of stability. Conversion from the double hairpin to a pseudoknot through potential hairpin–hairpin interactions favoured the high-stability conformation. By contrast, mutations that blocked the formation of a hairpin typically resulted in alternative low-stability pseudoknots. These results demonstrate that specific tertiary interactions of RNA can be established and modulated based on the interactions and rearrangements between secondary structural components. Our findings provide new insight into the RNA folding pathway that leads to a regulatory conformation for target protein binding.