bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated stress response is critical for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Palam L R , Gore J , Craven K E , Wilson J L , Korc M 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with marked chemoresistance and a 5-year survival rate of 7%. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a cytoprotective pathway initiated in response to exposure to various environmental stimuli. We used pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) that are highly resistant to gemcitabine (Gem) and an orthotopic mouse model to investigate the role of the ISR in Gem chemoresistance. Gem induced eIF2 phosphorylation and downstream transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP in PCCs, and these effects occurred in an eIF2α-S51 phosphorylation-dependent manner as determined using PANC-1 cells, and wild type and S51 mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts. Blocking the ISR pathway in PCCs with the ISR inhibitor ISRIB or siRNA-mediated depletion of ATF4 resulted in enhanced Gem-mediated apoptosis. Polyribosomal profiling revealed that Gem caused repression of global translation and this effect was reversed by ISRIB or by expressing GADD34 to facilitate eIF2 dephosphorylation. Moreover, Gem promoted preferential mRNA translation as determined in a TK-ATF4 5′UTR-Luciferase reporter assay, and this effect was also reversed by ISRIB. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Gem upregulated eIF2 and Nrf2 pathways, and that ISRIB significantly inhibited these pathways. Gem also induced the expression of the antiapoptotic factors Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2a1, whereas ISRIB reduced their expression. In an orthotopic tumor model using PANC-1 cells, ISRIB facilitated Gem-mediated increases in PARP cleavage, which occurred in conjunction with decreased tumor size. These findings indicate that Gem chemoresistance is enhanced by activating multiple ISR-dependent pathways, including eIF2, Nrf2, Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2A1. It is suggested that targeting the ISR pathway may be an efficient mechanism for enhancing therapeutic responsiveness to Gem in PDAC.
Single-cell RNA-Seq resolves cellular complexity in sensory organs from the neonatal inner ear
Authors: Burns Joseph C. , Kelly Michael C. , Hoa Michael , Morell Robert J. , Kelley Matthew W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the inner ear, cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia utilize grossly similar cell types to transduce different stimuli: sound and acceleration. Each individual sensory epithelium is composed of highly heterogeneous populations of cells based on physiological and anatomical criteria. However, limited numbers of each cell type have impeded transcriptional characterization. Here we generated transcriptomes for 301 single cells from the utricular and cochlear sensory epithelia of newborn mice to circumvent this challenge. Cluster analysis indicates distinct profiles for each of the major sensory epithelial cell types, as well as less-distinct sub-populations. Asynchrony within utricles allows reconstruction of the temporal progression of cell-type-specific differentiation and suggests possible plasticity among cells at the sensory–nonsensory boundary. Comparisons of cell types from utricles and cochleae demonstrate divergence between auditory and vestibular cells, despite a common origin. These results provide significant insights into the developmental processes that form unique inner ear cell types.
Elevation of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuates PTEN-deficiency Induced Endometrial Cancer Development through Regulation of COX-2 and PGE2 Production
Authors: Pan Jinshun , Cheng Lixian , Bi Xinyun , Zhang Xin , Liu Shanshan , Bai Xiaoming , Li Fanghong , Zhao Allan Z. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEndometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-mutation is frequently identified in endometrial cancer patients. Although high dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer, the underlying mechanisms is still unknown. To this end, we evaluated the impact of ω-3 PUFAs using several endometrial cancer cellular and animal models. While ~27% and 40% of heterozygotic PTEN mutant mice developed endometrial cancer and atypical complex hyperplasia, respectively, none of the PTEN+/− mice developed cancer when we overexpressed an mfat-1 transgene, which allowed endogenous production of ω-3 PUFAs. Fish oil-enriched diet or expression of mfat-1 transgene significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor derived from RL95-2 cells bearing a PTEN null mutation. At cellular level, ω-3 PUFAs treatment decreased the viability of RL95-2 cells, AKT phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. These molecular events are primarily mediated through reduction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Exogenous PGE2 treatment completely blunted the impact of ω-3 PUFAs on endometrial cancer. Thus, we revealed the direct inhibitory effects of ω-3 PUFAs on endometrial cancer development and the underlying mechanisms involving reduction of COX-2 and PGE2.
Key evidence of the role of desertification in protecting the underlying permafrost in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Xie Shengbo , Qu Jianjun , Lai Yuanming , Xu Xiangtian , Pang Yingjun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPrevious research has shown that the temperature of underlying permafrost decreases after the ground surface is covered with sand. No significant conclusions have yet been drawn that explain why this happens, because the heat transfer mechanism effects of the sand layer on the underlying permafrost remain unclear. These mechanisms were studied in the present work. We found that the upward shortwave radiation flux of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ground surface with a sand layer covering was higher than that of the surface without sand; thus, the atmospheric heat reflected by the sand layer is greater than that reflected by the surface without sand. Therefore, the net radiation of the surface with the sand layer is lower than that of the surface without sand, which reduces the heat available to warm the sand layer. Because sand is both a porous medium and a weak pervious conductor with poor heat conductivity, less heat is conducted through the sand layer to the underground permafrost than in soil without the sand deposition layer. This phenomenon results in a decrease in the ground temperature of the permafrost under the sand layer, which plays a key role in protecting the permafrost.
Microwave field frequency and current density modulated skyrmion-chain in nanotrack
Authors: Ma Fusheng , Ezawa Motohiko , Zhou Yan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions are promising candidates as information carriers for the next-generation spintronic devices because of their small size, facile current-driven motion and topological stability. The controllable nucleation and motion of skyrmions in magnetic nanostructures will be essential in future skyrmionic devices. Here, we present the microwave assisted nucleation and motion of skyrmion-chains in magnetic nanotrack by micromagnetic simulation. A skyrmion-chain is a one-dimensional cluster of equally spaced skyrmions. A skyrmion-chain conveys an integer bit n when it consists of n skyrmions. A series of skyrmion-chains with various lengths is generated and moved in the nanotrack driven by spin-polarized current. The period, length and spacing of the skyrmion-chains can be dynamically manipulated by controlling either the frequency of the microwave field or the time dependent spin-polarized current density. A skyrmion-chain behaves as a massless particle, where it stops without delay when the current is stopped. Their velocity is found to be linearly dependent on the current density and insensitive to the frequency and amplitude of the excitation microwave field. Uniform motion of trains of skyrmion-chains in nanotrack offers a promising approach for spintronic multi-bit memories containing series of skyrmion-chains to represent data stream.
Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Socio-Economic Factors of Bacillary Dysentery at County Level in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Ma Yue , Zhang Tao , Liu Lei , Lv Qiang , Yin Fei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBacillary dysentery (BD) remains a big public health problem in China. Effective spatio-temporal monitoring of BD incidence is important for successful implementation of control and prevention measures. This study aimed to examine the spatio-temporal pattern of BD and analyze socio-economic factors that may affect BD incidence in Sichuan province, China. Firstly, we used space-time scan statistic to detect the high risk spatio-temporal clusters in each year. Then, bivariate spatial correlation and Bayesian spatio-temporal model were utilized to examine the associations between the socio-economic factors and BD incidence. Spatio-temporal clusters of BD were mainly located in the northern-southern belt of the midwest area of Sichuan province. The proportion of primary industry, the proportion of rural population and the rates of BD incidence show statistically significant positive correlation. The proportion of secondary industry, proportion of tertiary Industry, number of beds in hospitals per thousand persons, medical and technical personnel per thousand persons, per capital GDP and the rate of BD incidence show statistically significant negative correlation. The best fitting spatio-temporal model showed that medical and technical personnel per thousand persons and per capital GDP were significantly negative related to the risk of BD.
Characteristics of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in cerebral small vessel disease: Diffuse and sustained
Authors: Guo Zhen-Ni , Xing Yingqi , Wang Shuang , Ma Hongyin , Liu Jia , Yang Yi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCerebral small vessel disease is a major cause of stroke and vascular dementia; however, the pathogenesis is largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the impairment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) in lacunar infarction patients. Seventy-one lacunar infarction patients were enrolled in the study, including 46 unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory stroke patients and 25 unilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory stroke patients. Each group of patients was randomly divided into two subgroups. Group 1 underwent dCA assessments in the bilateral MCAs and Group 2 underwent dCA assessments in the bilateral PCAs. All patients were followed up for 6 months. Transfer function analysis was applied to derive the autoregulatory parameters of gain and phase difference. In the unilateral MCA territory stroke patients, impairments of dCA were observed in both the MCAs and PCAs and the same results were observed in the unilateral PCA territory stroke patients. These impairments remained unchanged during the 6-month follow-up. In lacunar infarction, which is most prevalent type of cerebral small vessel disease, though patients with unilateral MCA territory/PCA territory stroke, the impairments of dCA were global and sustained. This finding suggests that the physiological changes associated with lacunar infarction were diffuse.
Structure and Properties of Silica Glass Densified in Cold Compression and Hot Compression
Authors: Guerette Michael , Ackerson Michael R. , Thomas Jay , Yuan Fenglin , Bruce Watson E. , Walker David , Huang Liping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSilica glass has been shown in numerous studies to possess significant capacity for permanent densification under pressure at different temperatures to form high density amorphous (HDA) silica. However, it is unknown to what extent the processes leading to irreversible densification of silica glass in cold-compression at room temperature and in hot-compression (e.g., near glass transition temperature) are common in nature. In this work, a hot-compression technique was used to quench silica glass from high temperature (1100 °C) and high pressure (up to 8 GPa) conditions, which leads to density increase of ~25% and Young’s modulus increase of ~71% relative to that of pristine silica glass at ambient conditions. Our experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide solid evidences that the intermediate-range order of the hot-compressed HDA silica is distinct from that of the counterpart cold-compressed at room temperature. This explains the much higher thermal and mechanical stability of the former than the latter upon heating and compression as revealed in our in-situ Brillouin light scattering (BLS) experiments. Our studies demonstrate the limitation of the resulting density as a structural indicator of polyamorphism and point out the importance of temperature during compression in order to fundamentally understand HDA silica.
Rapid three dimensional two photon neural population scanning
Authors: Schuck Renaud , Quicke Peter , Copeland Caroline , Garasto Stefania , Annecchino Luca A. , Hwang June Kyu , Schultz Simon R. ,   EMBS Member
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecording the activity of neural populations at high sampling rates is a fundamental requirement for understanding computation in neural circuits. Two photon microscopy provides one promising approach towards this. However, neural circuits are three dimensional, and functional imaging in two dimensions fails to capture the 3D nature of neural dynamics. Electrically tunable lenses (ETLs) provide a simple and cheap method to extend laser scanning microscopy into the relatively unexploited third dimension. We have therefore incorporated them into our Adaptive Spiral Scanning (SSA) algorithm, which calculates kinematically efficient scanning strategies using radially modulated spiral paths. We characterised the response of the ETL, incorporated its dynamics using MATLAB models of the SSA algorithm and tested the models on populations of Izhikevich neurons of varying size and density. From this, we show that our algorithms can theoretically at least achieve sampling rates of 36.2Hz compared to 21.6Hz previously reported for 3D scanning techniques.
Osmophoresis – a possible mechanism for vesicle trafficking in tip-growing cells
Authors: Lipchinsky Andrei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA mechanism for polarized transport of vesicles by means of osmotic propulsions is proposed and substantiated for tip-growing cells. An analysis is presented which shows that in pollen tubes the gradient of cytosolic water potential can drive vesicle movement either in the anterograde or retrograde direction, depending on the vesicle position, its radius and the phase of growth oscillation. The importance of transcellular water flow for cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility is highlighted.
Supply risk management and competitive advantage: a misfit model
Authors: Gualandris Jury , Kalchschmidt Matteo 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of congruence for the management of supply risk that is easy to apply, but also accurate. The authors also aim at providing empirical evidence about the relationship between misfit – i.e. the incongruence between a firm’s preparedness in (supply) risk management and the potential riskiness characterising the context – and competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach
– In line with the purpose, literature and field interviews were used to develop a model of congruence in the context of supply risk management (SRM) and operationalise it within a questionnaire. Then, the authors collected survey data to validate the model.

Findings
– Results show that competitive advantage decreases when the firm’s preparedness in SRM does not match to the pattern of risk conditions (i.e. environmental vulnerabilities).

Research limitations/implications
– The model of congruence here developed is simple to apply but offer effective decisions support. This study, thus, stimulates future research on the assessment and management of supply chain risk. This study, also, fosters the attention to the non-linear relationship between risk management and business performance.

Practical implications
– This study develops a model that can be used by practitioners to configure an optimal adoption of SRM practices. Also, the analysis allows to draw some specific recommendations for supply chain managers aiming at improving their preparedness in SRM.

Originality/value
– By relying on SRM literature, the balanced-resilience logic and the theoretical framework of contingency theory, this study develops and test a model of congruence that shows how companies can gain competitive advantage through the management of supply risk.
Creating fen initiation conditions: a new approach for peatland reclamation in the oil sands region of Alberta
Authors: Borkenhagen Andrea , Cooper David J. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Reclaiming peatland ecosystems is challenging our understanding of how to rebuild functioning landscapes. Assisted succession may provide a practical approach to guide the reestablishment of peatlands in denuded landscapes. In Alberta, the majority of peatlands began as fens during the paludification process. This research focuses on creating fen initiation conditions to establish fen moss species on mineral sediment as an approach for peatland reclamation in the oil sands region.

In a field mesocosm experiment, we evaluated the establishment of five common fen mosses (Drepanocladus aduncus, Ptychostomum (Bryum) pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Tomentypnum nitens and Aulacomnium palustre) introduced in equal proportions to clay loam. To determine the optimal hydrologic conditions for the establishment of each species, we tested four water levels (0, −10, −20 and −30 cm). We created vegetation types similar to those identified at the peat–mineral interface in peat profiles to determine the effect of herbaceous plant, low shrub and wood‐strand mulch cover treatments on moss establishment.

Three seasons after introduction, total moss cover averaged 40% and was greatest under all cover treatments and at the 0 cm water level. Total moss biomass averaged 95·5 g m−2 in moss introduction mesocosms and was greatest under low shrubs and herbaceous plants and at the 0 and −30 cm water levels. Fen moss species distribution was significantly influenced by water‐table depth. Drepanocladus aduncus and Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum were most common at 0 cm and Aulacomnium palustre and Tomentypnum nitens at −30 cm.

In this approach, we created vegetation types similar to those found on mineral sediments at the base of Alberta peat cores and successfully established distinct fen moss communities along a water‐table gradient and under shade cover. Introducing a suite of fen moss species that inhabit a range of hydrologic niches under low shrubs or herbaceous plants improves moss establishment.

Synthesis and applications. Our research shows that it is possible to create fen initiation conditions on clay loam sediment by introducing foundation moss and vascular plant species at optimal water levels. Restoring the community structure and biomass accumulation that occurs in the initial stages of fen development appears to be a suitable target for peatland reclamation. These methods introduce a practical strategy to reclaim peatlands in the heavily impacted oil sands region of Alberta.
REVIEW: A mechanistic framework to improve understanding and applications of push‐pull systems in pest management
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Birch A. Nicholas E. , Lindzey Summer , Meadow Richard , Snyder William E. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPush‐pull or stimulo‐deterrent cropping systems combine a trap crop or other attractant or arrestant stimulus distant from the crop and a deterrent or repellent near or within the target crop, to divert pests, reducing their populations on the target crop. Although the concept is decades old, there are few successful applications in pest management.In this article, we address this shortcoming by offering a mechanistic conceptual framework of push‐pull systems, based on the cues, sensory modalities, pest behaviours and spatial ranges over which they can occur during host selection and that can influence pest distribution.We review published work on push‐pull systems in the light of this framework, finding that the literature tends to focus on longer‐range stimulo‐deterrence strategies rather than the full range of cues involved and modalities that can come into play, with imperfect understanding of cues involved in most systems.The imbalance in research emphasis and incomplete understanding of push‐pull mechanisms suggest opportunities to improve and broaden the palette of potential push‐pull technologies.The framework also helps clarify other aspects important for achieving success with push‐pull methods, including the role of synergy, deployment geometry, intraspecific variability and the wider arthropod community in these systems.Synthesis and applications. A conceptual and mechanistic framework is provided for the development of push‐pull or stimulo‐deterrent pest management approaches. This framework informs a proposed research agenda for designing push‐pull technologies. That agenda involves including all cues and modalities, exploiting synergies, tuning deployment geometry in accordance with these factors. It also considers pest and crop dynamics and the arthropod community of the system. The framework can benefit managers by helping them to consider more fully the behaviour of the target pests when creating crop and non‐crop geometries to achieve push‐pull benefits. Research‐based push‐pull systems will be better implemented and modified by producers if they understand how insects respond to sources of push and pull in the system, allowing effective monitoring and fine‐tuning to increase effectiveness of this specialized component of integrated pest management.