bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lived experience of family caregivers who provided end-of-life care to persons with advanced dementia
Authors: Peacock Shelley , Duggleby Wendy , Koop Priscilla 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:Dementia is a terminal illness, and family caregivers play a vital role in providing end-of-life care to their relative. The present study begins to address the paucity of research regarding end-of-life caregiving experience with dementia.Method:This study utilized Munhall's methodology for interpretive phenomenology. Seven women and four men were interviewed two to three times within a year of their relative's death; interviews were transcribed verbatim and hermeneutically analyzed.Results:Findings reveal two essential aspects of end-of-life dementia caregiving:being-withandbeing-there. Further findings are organized according to the existential life worlds. Examination of the life worlds demonstrates that 1)spatialityprovided a sense or lack of feeling welcome to provide end-of-life care; 2)temporalitywas an eternity or time melting away quickly, or the right or wrong time to die; 3)corporealityrevealed feelings of exhaustion; and 4)relationalitywas felt as a closeness to others or in tension-filled relationships.Significance of results:An understanding from bereaved caregivers’ perspectives will help healthcare practitioners better support and empathize with family caregivers. Further research is warranted that focuses on other places of death and differences in experience based on gender or relationship to the care receiver.
Occupational functioning in early non-affective psychosis: the role of attributional biases, symptoms and executive functioning
Authors: Fornells-Ambrojo M. , Craig T. , Garety P. 
Published: March 2013

Aims.Occupational functioning is severely impaired in people with psychosis. Social cognition has recently been found to be a stronger predictor of functioning than neurocognition. This study is the first to investigate if externalizing attributional biases that are typically associated with psychosis play a role in the vocational pathways of people with early psychosis.Methods.A cross-sectional design was used. Fifty participants with early psychosis were recruited from a cohort of 144 participants of the Lambeth Early Onset randomized control trial at 18-month follow-up. Information on occupational functioning was obtained using case notes and interview. Severity of symptoms was assessed and participants completed measures on attributional style and executive functioning.Results.Although executive functioning and positive symptoms were associated with poor occupational functioning, an externalizing attributional style for failures and reduced engagement in occupational activities during the previous 18 months emerged as the only predictors of poor occupational functioning at 18-month follow-up.Conclusions.An externalizing attributional bias is associated with poor occupational functioning. Further research is needed to investigate the direction of this relationship and whether attributional biases mediate the impact of symptoms and cognitive impairment on functioning.
Transient protonation changes in channelrhodopsin-2 and their relevance to channel gating
Authors: Lórenz-Fonfría Víctor A. , Resler Tom , Krause Nils , Nack Melanie , Gossing Michael , Fischer von Mollard Gabriele , Bamann Christian , Bamberg Ernst , Schlesinger Ramona , Heberle Joachim 
Published: March 2013

Significance
It was always a dream to control cells and living animals by light. Discovery of channelrhodopsin turned the dream into reality because this light-activated cation channel is able to elicit action potentials with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. To unravel the underlying molecular mechanism, we have applied time-resolved IR spectroscopy, and we suggest how the observed proton transfer and the protein conformational changes lead to opening of the cation channel. Our results will not only contribute to the rational design of channelrhodopsin variants with improved properties, but also help to decipher the temporal sequence in the gating of ion channels.
Channel Catfish Hatchery Production Efficiency Using a Vertical-Lift Incubator (the See-Saw) at Various Egg Loading Rates
Authors: Torrans Les , Ott Brian , Jones Robert “Shorty” , Jones Robert 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus spawns are typically incubated in 0.25-in-mesh baskets suspended in water that is agitated with paddles positioned between the baskets. We previously tested a vertical-lift incubator (the “See-Saw”) using Channel Catfish spawns. When loaded with spawns at rates higher than recommended for traditional paddle-type incubators, as often occurs during the peak of the spawning season, survival to the swim-up stage was significantly (2.3 times) higher with the See-Saw than with traditional incubators. This project examined the effect of spawn loading rate and added oxygen on fry production with the See-Saw. In study 1, See-Saws were loaded with 15.0 ± 0.1 lb (mean ± SE; 219,825 eggs), 30.1 ± 0.1 lb (446,055 eggs), 45.1 ± 0.1 lb (668,206 eggs), or 60.1 ± 0.1 lb (891,157 eggs) of spawns per trough. Water flow averaged 2.1 gal/min—roughly 40% of the rate recommended for paddle-type incubators. Swim-up fry production increased in proportion to egg loading density up to 45 lb/trough, with the 15-, 30-, and 45-lb loading rate treatments producing 132,658, 263,828, and 429,422 swim-up fry, respectively. However, the 60-lb treatment produced only 417,237 swim-up fry. Survival to the swim-up stage in the 15-, 30-, and 45-lb treatments averaged 60 ± 9, 59 ± 6, and 64 ± 4%, respectively, but survival to swim-up in the 60-lb treatment averaged only 46 ± 8%. In study 2, the addition of purified oxygen to See-Saw incubators loaded with 36 spawns/trough (∼45 lb/trough) increased the DO concentration by 4.0 ppm (to 125% air saturation) but had no effect on survival to swim-up. The See-Saw incubator can effectively incubate up to 45 lb of spawns (670,000 eggs)—up to three times as many eggs as traditional paddle-type incubators—while using less than half the water; thus, the See-Saw incubator can provide significant savings in space, water, and energy use.
Decreased Hatchery Rearing Density Improves Poststocking Harvest and Return to Spawning of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Wipf Matthew M , Domenici Nola R , Kummer Wendy M , Hanten Robert P 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Juvenile landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were coded-wire-tagged and reared in 1.8-m-diameter circular tanks at a low or high density for up to 52 d prior to stocking in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, during late May of 1999, 2003, and 2004. Final hatchery rearing densities ranged from 7.29 to 11.72 kg/m3 for the low-density tanks and from 15.02 to 25.22 kg/m3 for the high-density tanks, with the higher densities being at least double the lower densities in each year. Flows were adjusted to maintain similar loadings (kg·L−1·min−1) between the treatments each year. The fish used in this study came from spawns collected during the October prior to stocking; TL at the end of hatchery rearing ranged from 103 mm in 1999 to 124 mm in 2004. In each year-class, the percentage of fish that were harvested by anglers or that returned to spawn was significantly greater for the lower-density treatment than for the higher-density treatment. Angler harvest primarily consisted of age-3 fish, with a small number of age-4 fish harvested as well. Feed conversion ratios were significantly improved in the lower-density tanks relative to the higher-density tanks in 1999 and 2003, and fish from the lower-density tanks were also significantly longer just prior to stocking in 1999 and heavier prior to stocking in 2003. To maximize poststocking survival for landlocked fall Chinook Salmon, lower rearing densities are recommended.
Ezekiel
Authors: Lapsley Jacqueline , Marzouk Safwat 
Published: March 2013

The book of Ezekiel, with its forty-eight chapters, is the third of the so-called Major Prophets (after Isaiah and Jeremiah). Ezekiel was a priest and a prophet in the years leading up to and following the Babylonian invasion of Judah in the early 6th century bce. The events surrounding the invasion—that is, the subsequent deportation of people to Babylon, and the destruction of the temple and the city of Jerusalem—provoked an unparalleled theological crisis in Israel’s life, the depth of which is everywhere evident in Ezekiel. The temple was widely understood in several of Israel’s dominant religious traditions to be the unique locus of God’s presence, and its destruction was thus tantamount to God’s total abandonment of Israel. For Ezekiel, as a priest, the destruction of the temple seemed to signify both the end of his own identity and, more importantly, the end of Israelites as God’s covenantal people. The prophecies in the book are generally dated to the period 593–571 bce, though they do not follow an entirely clear chronological pattern within the book. Having been deported from Jerusalem with the first wave of exiles in 597, Ezekiel has been in Babylon for several years by 593, when the first text can be dated. And by its own dating, the final vision of a glorious temple in chapters 40–48 dates to about 571. The book appears on the surface to fall neatly into three parts (God’s judgment of Israel, chapters 1–24; God’s judgment of the nations, chapters 25–32; God’s restoration of Israel, chapters 33–48), but within that threefold structure it resists easy organization. The following bibliographic entries are not meant to be comprehensive, but merely illustrative of the resources available.
Paul's Opponents
Authors: Sumney Jerry L. 
Published: March 2013

Beginning with some of the earliest, interpreters have sought to identify the teaching of those Paul opposed in his letters. At first, this investigation was done so that the interpreters could identify their own adversaries with those Paul opposes. In the era of critical interpretation, identifying these opponents of Paul has been seen as an important part of specifying the historical setting of the letters and thus as a part of the interpretive context. However, considerable disagreement exists about the identity of these opponents. Some argue that all of Paul’s letters address the same front of opposition, and others argue that multiple kinds of teachers opposed the work of Paul or that he told his congregations to reject. Modern critical study of Paul’s opponents begins with F. C. Baur. His foundational work has shaped the work on this issue since the late nineteenth century. He maintained that all of Paul’s letters are intended to oppose teachers who maintain that Gentile and Jewish church members must be Torah-observant, thus requiring Gentiles to receive circumcision and begin to keep the Sabbath and dietary regulations of Judaism. This single front of opposition was demanded by Baur’s Hegelian understanding of history. Even without that presupposition, some see a single type of opponent in Paul’s letters. While some continue to see those who demand Torah observance for Gentiles (often, and anachronistically, called Judaizers) as the single type of opposition, others see Gnostics as the single source of opposition. Most interpreters, however, find multiple types of ideas or practices that Paul opposes in his different letters. Part of the reason for the continuing disagreement about the identity of Paul’s opponents is that interpreters gave little attention to proper method for identifying them until the latter quarter of the twentieth century. Interpretive differences will continue to produce different hypotheses, but the attention given to method can help explain differences in hypotheses and give ways to move forward toward more agreement. Even the turn in Pauline studies toward more literary investigations has not slowed studies of opponents because they can contribute to our understanding of the Pauline mission and the shape of the earliest church.
Candrakīrti
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: March 2013

Candrakīrti (b. c. 570–d. c. 650) is an important commentator and author whose works influenced the development of Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy in India and in Tibet. He wrote major commentaries on Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikāḥ (Middle way stanzas), Yuktiṣaṣṭikā (Sixty stanzas on logical reasoning), and Śūnyatāsaptati (Seventy stanzas on emptiness) and on Āryadeva’s Catuḥśataka (Four hundred verses). His most important independent work, Madhyamakāvatāra (Introduction to the middle way), and its extensive autocommentary introduce the Madhyamaka school’s ideas on the ten stages of the bodhisattva path, which correlate with ten “perfect virtues” (pāramitā) to be mastered before reaching the goal of buddhahood. Candrakīrti’s works were translated into Tibetan in the 11th century and are preserved in the Tibetan Buddhist canon. According to medieval Tibetan historians’ accounts, Candrakīrti was born in South India, entered a monastery where he studied the works of Nāgārjuna and Āryadeva with students of the two rival interpreters of Madhyamaka thought, Bhāviveka (b. c. 500–d. c. 570) and Buddhapālita (b. c. 470–d. c. 540), and eventually became abbot of Nalanda, the great Buddhist university. In his commentaries, Candrakīrti criticizes the views of Bhāviveka as well as the views of the Buddhist epistemologists and the Vijñānavādins. Jayānanda’s twelfth commentary on the Madhyamakāvatāra indicates revived interest in his work in India, which spread to Tibet through the efforts of Jayānanda, who worked extensively in Tibet, and Patshab Nyima grags, who translated many of Candrakīrti’s works into Tibetan. Candrakīrti’s works remain important not only as sources for the history and development of Indian and Tibetan Buddhist philosophy but also because they still form part of the curriculum of present-day Tibetan Buddhist monasteries.
Political Thought
Authors: Jurdjevic Mark 
Published: March 2013

Early modern European political thought is notable for its considerable variety and complexity. The broad range of arguments and themes developed between c. 1350 and c. 1650 reflect the particularly swift rate of change in Europe’s political, religious, and geographical landscape. In the 14th century, as the monarchies north and west of the Alps began a process of political consolidation that gradually ended feudalism, the city-states of Italy began to develop systematic theories of popular sovereignty and celebrations of active citizenship. The optimism of humanist political thought suffered a major setback during the French invasion of Italy and ensuing Italian wars, a traumatic context that gave rise to the pessimistic realism of Machiavelli and Guicciardini. In the 16th century, humanism’s political assumptions spread north and were further developed by Christian humanists such as Thomas More and Erasmus. Initially an Italian phenomenon, humanism became an important aspect of western European political culture concurrent with the 16th-century Reformation. Political thought of the Reformation era, guided at first by bellicose figures such as Luther, Calvin, and Loyola, initially stressed obedience and uniformity, even as embattled French Calvinists began to develop theories of political resistance and German and Dutch Anabaptists began to champion voluntary religion, pacifism, and the separation of church and state. The apparent intractability of religious conflict led many political thinkers to seek order in a new absolutist vision of a powerful centralized state. In the 17th century and in France, most successfully, self-styled absolutist monarchs made yet more ambitious and unbounded claims to power. Such claims did not go uncontested, however. In England, the apparent encroaching absolutism of the Stuart dynasty led to a twenty-year conflict between royalists and parliamentarians that saw the trial and execution of Charles I and the sudden urgency of arguments by radical political groups such as the Ranters, Levellers, and Fifth Monarchists for community of goods, sexual freedom, and religious toleration. Concurrent and frequently intersecting with these political upheavals was the European discovery of the New World, the enslavement of Central and South America’s indigenous peoples, and the establishment of trading colonies in the Americas, which led to the reinterpretation of ancient theories of slavery and empire and the emergence of international law by thinkers such as Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Authors: Dougherty M.V. 
Published: March 2013

The Renaissance philosopher Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (b. 1463–d. 1494) is best known today for his Oratio de hominis dignitate, a speech often touted as an emblematic expression of the Renaissance. Originally, however, the Oratio was intended to open a debate in Rome where Pico had hoped to dispute his Conclusiones nongentae, a work of nine hundred theses covering a vast array of philosophical, theological, and esoteric topics that Pico had published in late 1486. A papal prohibition by Innocent VIII, however, canceled the planned disputation, and Pico was excommunicated after he authored in 1487 his Apologia, a sharp defense of thirteen of the nine hundred theses that had been identified as doctrinally problematic by an ecclesiastical commission. Pico was only fully rehabilitated in 1493 by the new pope Alexander VI. Pico’s other extant works testify to his wide-ranging interests and training. In addition to studying ancient and scholastic philosophy, Pico learned Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic, and he was one of the first to use Kabbalah to support points of Christian doctrine. He had a life-long interest in reconciling philosophers of the past, arguing that the main oppositions between Platonic and Aristotelian metaphysics were simply verbal, and he intended to publish a work titled Concordia Platonis Aristotelisque. He had an early epistolary debate with Ermolao Barbaro on the relationship of philosophy and rhetoric, wrote on metaphysics in De ente et uno, engaged in biblical exegesis in the Heptaplus, and criticized astrology in his longest book, the unfinished Disputationes. Pico enjoyed the protection of Lorenzo de’ Medici and his intellectual contacts included Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano, and Girolamo Savonarola. Much of Pico’s work was published posthumously in 1496 by his nephew and literary executor, Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola. Pico was introduced to an English audience in the early 16th century by Thomas More, who produced an abbreviated English rendering of Gianfrancesco’s biography of his uncle, along with translations of three letters and several short spiritual writings by Pico.
Slave Rebellions
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: March 2013

The importance and meaning of slave rebellions for our understanding of slavery has changed. During the first half of the 20th century, when the historiography of United States slavery was dominated by and then emerging from the genteel racism of the U. B. Phillips school, slave rebellions provided evidence to refute claims that Africans and African Americans happily accepted their enslaved status. The historiography of other American plantation regions, especially the Caribbean, was dominated by concerns with colonialism and decolonization, which produced an analogous focus on heroic black resistance as part of a broader struggle for human liberation and progress. Among those writing about the United States, Herbert Aptheker famously catalogued hundreds of episodes of slave unrest in his effort to show that black Americans fought for their freedom just as did other oppressed people (see Aptheker 1983, cited under British North America and the United States). C. L. R. James’s work on the Haitian Revolution (see James 1989, cited under French) also placed black rebellion at the heart of an international struggle for freedom. Historians writing about slave uprisings continued to do so within progressive narratives—sometimes Marxian and sometimes liberal—until the combination of the fall of state socialism and the rise of postmodernism dealt a body blow to confidence in progressive narratives. Historians have not responded by turning away from slave rebellions, but they have begun to write about them differently. In a cultural environment in which no one professes to believe that slaves accepted enslavement, and in which fewer and fewer are confident that history is moving in an identifiable direction, historical analyses of individual slave rebellions fit much less securely into a single pattern. Sometimes historians analyze slave rebellions as evidence of the resilience of the enslaved in the face of their oppression. Others turn to rebellions because they produce unusually rich, if unquestionably problematic, sources with which to explore the often undocumented ideas and aspirations of slaves. Still others see traditions of slave resistance that culminated in uprisings as important evidence of the kinds of persistent pressure from below that postmodernism has—wrongly in their eyes—removed from center stage.
John Smith
Authors: Boelhower William 
Published: March 2013

Captain John Smith (b. 1580–d. 1631) won honors and experience as a volunteer soldier on the continent before joining the first group of Virginia colonists who founded James Fort in 1607. If this colony survived to become England’s first permanent settlement in the Americas, it was largely due to the initiative, cunning, and military discipline of Smith, who became president of the colony, its major author, and a legendary figure of early modern letters. Although his achievements as “cape merchant” (trader) at James Fort and diplomatic liaison between Powhatan and the colony are universally acknowledged, his self-fashioned and contested reputation is due in large part to his own writings and rewritings, beginning with the autobiographical letter A True Relation (1608), written in Jamestown, and followed by later works such as Map of Virginia (1612), New England’s Trials (1620), the ambitious magnum opus The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624), and the comprehensive autobiographical True Travels published a year before his death in 1631. Smith filled many roles and played many parts in his enterprising lifetime: soldier of fortune, slave, world traveler, sailor, adventurer, president of the Jamestown colony, diplomat to the Algonquian tribes in Tidewater Virginia, historian, geographer/cartographer, ethnographer, linguist, promoter of colonization to New England, compiler, and autobiographer. Such a rich and complex life has led scholars and critics to portray him in contradictory ways: epic hero versus romantic failure, exemplary Elizabethan versus prototypical American, or soldier and man of action versus thinker and fabulator.