bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PTHrP Is Endogenous Relaxant for Spontaneous Smooth Muscle Contraction in Urinary Bladder of Female Rat
Authors: Nishikawa Nobuyuki , Kanematsu Akihiro , Negoro Hiromitsu , Imamura Masaaki , Sugino Yoshio , Okinami Takeshi , Yoshimura Koji , Hashitani Hikaru , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Acute bladder distension causes various morphologic and functional changes, in part through altered gene expression. We aimed to investigate the physiologic role of PTHrP, which is up-regulated in an acute bladder distension model in female rats. In the control Empty group, bladders were kept empty for 6 hours, and in the Distension group, bladders were kept distended for 3 hours after an artificial storing-voiding cycle for 3 hours. In the Distention group bladder, up-regulation of transcripts was noted for 3 genes reported to be up-regulated by stretch in the cultured bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro. Further transcriptome analysis by microarray identified PTHrP as the 22nd highest gene up-regulated in Distension group bladder, among more than 27 000 genes. Localization of PTHrP and its functional receptor, PTH/PTHrP receptor 1 (PTH1R), were analyzed in the untreated rat bladders and cultured bladder cells using real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting, which revealed that PTH1R and PTHrP were more predominantly expressed in smooth muscle than in urothelium. Exogenous PTHrP peptide (1-34) increased intracellular cAMP level in cultured bladder smooth muscle cells. In organ bath study using bladder strips, the PTHrP peptide caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous contraction but caused only modest suppression for carbachol-induced contraction. In in vivo functional study by cystometrogram, the PTHrP peptide decreased voiding pressure and increased bladder compliance. Thus, PTHrP is a potent endogenous relaxant of bladder contraction, and autocrine or paracrine mechanism of the PTHrP-PTH1R axis is a physiologically relevant pathway functioning in the bladder.
Excess Androgens in Utero Alters Fetal Testis Development
Authors: Connolly Fiona , Rae Michael T. , Bittner Lilli , Hogg Kirsten , McNeilly Alan S. , Duncan W. Colin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Prenatal androgenization induces a polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype in adult female offspring, which is associated with alterations that can be detected in the fetal ovary, suggesting gestational origins of this condition. We therefore investigated whether increased prenatal androgen exposure also altered testicular development using ovine animal models. Biweekly maternal testosterone propionate (TP; 100 mg) from day 62 to day 70/day 90 of gestation altered male developmental trajectory. In male fetuses serum LH was decreased (P &lt; .01), and testicular STAR, CYP11, and CYP17 abundance were reduced. Coincident with this, basal testicular T synthesis was decreased in vitro (P &lt; .001). Leydig cell distribution was severely perturbed in all testes prenatally exposed to TP (P &lt; .001). To examine the contribution of estrogens, fetuses were injected with TP (20 mg), the potent estrogen agonist, diethylstilbestrol (DES; 20 mg), or vehicle control at day 62 and day 82 and assessed at day 90. The effects of fetal (direct) TP treatment, but not DES, paralleled maternal (indirect) TP exposure, supporting a direct androgen effect. Cessation of maternal androgenization at day 102 returned Leydig cell distribution to normal but increased basal T output, at day 112, demonstrating Leydig cell developmental plasticity. Earlier maternal androgen exposure from day 30 similarly influenced Leydig cell development at day 90 but additionally affected the expression of Sertoli and germ cell markers. We show in this study that increased prenatal androgen exposure alters development and function of Leydig cells at a time when androgen production is paramount for male development. This supports the concept that gestational antecedents associated with polycystic ovary syndrome may have effects on the male fetus.
A 5′-Flanking Region of Gonadotropin-Regulated Testicular RNA Helicase (GRTH/DDX25) Gene Directs Its Cell-Specific Androgen-Regulated Gene Expression in Testicular Germ Cells
Authors: Kavarthapu Raghuveer , Tsai-Morris Chon-Hwa , Fukushima Masato , Pickel James , Dufau Maria L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25) is a posttranscriptional regulator of genes that are essential for spermatid elongation and completion of spermatogenesis. It also prevents Leydig cells (LCs) from gonadotropin overstimulation of androgen production. In transgenic (Tg) mice carrying deletions of the GRTH 5′-flanking regions, we previously demonstrated that the −1085 bp to ATG contains the elements for basal and androgen-induced LC-specific expression. No expression in germ cells (GCs) was found with sequences extended up to −3.6 kb. To define regulatory regions of GRTH required for expression in GC, Tg mice were generated with 5′-flanking sequence 6.4 kb (6.4Kb-Tg) and/or deletion using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter gene in the present study. GFP was expressed in all lines. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that 6.4Kb-Tg directed GFP expression in both GCs and LCs. Deletion of the sequence −205 bp to −3.6 kb (6.4Kb/del-Tg) directs GFP expression only in meiotic and haploid GCs. This indicated that the distal region −6.4 kb/−3.6 kb is required for GRTH cell-specific expression in GC. Also, it inhibits the expression of GRTH in LC directed by the 205-bp promoter, an effect that is neutralized by the −3.6-kb/−205-bp sequence. Androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide treatment prevents GFP/GRTH expression in Tg lines, demonstrating in vivo direct and indirect effects of endogenous androgen on LCs and GCs, respectively. Our studies have generated and characterized Tg lines that can be used to define requirements for cell-specific expression of the GRTH gene and to further advance our knowledge on the regulation of GRTH by androgen in GCs.
Estrogen Receptor-α Variant, ER-α36, is Involved in Tamoxifen Resistance and Estrogen Hypersensitivity
Authors: Zhang XianTian , Wang Zhao-Yi 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Antiestrogens such as tamoxifen (TAM) provided a successful treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer for the past four decades. However, most breast tumors are eventually resistant to TAM therapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying TAM resistance have not been well established. Recently, we reported that breast cancer patients with tumors expressing high concentrations of ER-α36, a variant of ER-α, benefited less from TAM therapy than those with low concentrations of ER-α36, suggesting that increased ER-α36 concentration is one of the underlying mechanisms of TAM resistance. Here, we investigated the function and underlying mechanism of ER-α36 in TAM resistance. We found that TAM increased ER-α36 concentrations, and TAM-resistant MCF7 cells expressed high concentrations of ER-α36. In addition, MCF7 cells with forced expression of recombinant ER-α36 and H3396 cells expressing high concentrations of endogenous ER-α36 were resistant to TAM. ER-α36 down-regulation in TAM-resistant cells with the short hairpinRNA method restored TAM sensitivity. We also found that TAM acted as a potent agonist by activating phosphorylation of the AKT kinase in ER-α36-expressing cells. Finally, we found that cells with high concentration of ER-α36 protein were hypersensitive to estrogen, activating ERK phosphorylation at picomolar range. Our results thus demonstrated that elevated ER-α36 concentration is one of the mechanisms by which ER-positive breast cancer cells escape TAM therapy and provided a rational to develop novel therapeutic approaches for TAM-resistant patients by targeting ER-α36.
Safety of Electric Blasting Systems in Mining Industry
Authors: Петров  , Petrov Yu. 
Published: April 2013

Probabilistic models of galvanic, inductive and capacitor influences of extraneous power sources on electric blasting system
are considered. Statistical modeling algorithm (Monte-Carlo algorithm) for analysis of electric blasting system electromagnetic compatibility is offered and realized. Specific recommendations for increasing of electric blasting works safety are formulated on the ground of obtained results.
Oil Waste Processing by Using of Electrodispersion
Authors: Таранцев  , Tarantsev K. , Коростелева  , Korosteleva A. 
Published: April 2013

Methods of oil waste neutralization and processing are considered. It is shown that oil waste burning is the most extended of
these methods now. However devices based on electro-hydrodynamic dispersion method of working are most effective for creation
of fuel emulsions. The technological scheme of fuel emulsion creation in black oil boiler conditions, allowing resolve a problem of effective neutralization of the water polluted by oil products is offered.
Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber at the germination stage: Root development and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies
Authors: de la Rosa Guadalupe , López-Moreno Martha Laura , de Haro David , Botez Cristian E. , Peralta-Videa José R. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Past reports indicate that some nanoparticles (NPs) affect seed germination; however, the biotransformation of metal NPs is still not well understood. This study investigated the toxicity on seed germination/root elongation and the uptake of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Seeds were treated with ZnO NPs at 0&ndash;1600 mg L&ndash;1 as well as 0&ndash;250 mg L&ndash;1 Zn2+ for comparison purposes. Results showed that at 1600 mg L&ndash;1 ZnO NPs, germination in cucumber increased by 10 %, and alfalfa and tomato germination were reduced by 40 and 20 %, respectively. At 250 mg Zn2+ L&ndash;1, only tomato germination was reduced with respect to controls. The highest Zn content was of 4700 and 3500 mg kg&ndash;1 dry weight (DW), for alfalfa seedlings germinated in 1600 mg L&ndash;1 ZnO NPs and 250 mg L&ndash;1 Zn2+, respectively. Bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicated that ZnO NPs were probably biotransformed by plants. The edge energy positions of NP-treated samples were at the same position as Zn(NO3)2, which indicated that Zn in all plant species was as Zn(II).
A New Model to Decrease Time-to-Appointment Wait for Gastroenterology Evaluation
Authors: Di Guglielmo Matthew D. , Plesnick Joanne , Greenspan Jay S. , Sharif Iman 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the implementation and evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to increase new-patient access and decrease time-to-appointment wait for gastroenterology care.

METHODS:
We used a new model of care for gastroenterology evaluation. For specified clinical complaints, we offered new-patient appointments that were scheduled with a general pediatrician as an alternative to a subspecialist. A nurse navigator assisted in triaging patients. We analyzed all patient encounters over an 8-month period. To verify decreased time-to-appointment wait, mystery shoppers made semimonthly calls to centralized scheduling. We surveyed parents/families after visits with the pediatrician or subspecialists regarding satisfaction.

RESULTS:
The “access” pediatrician evaluated and treated ∼40% of all new patients presenting to the division during the study period. Approximately 10% of new patients evaluated by the pediatrician (4% overall) were referred on to the subspecialist; fewer patients were reevaluated by the pediatrician in follow-up. The pediatrician ordered a minimal number of procedures. Semimonthly sampling revealed that overall new-patient access improved from an average time-to-appointment wait of 25 days to &lt;1 day. Parent/family satisfaction was high for the patients evaluated by the pediatrician.

CONCLUSIONS:
Embedding a general pediatrician within a subspecialty division, and navigating patients to this provider, can increase access to treatment of new low- to moderate-complexity patients. The access pediatrician can maintain patient satisfaction, provide high-quality care, and decrease need for subspecialist evaluation. The model, in the setting of a large academic medical center, may provide a solution for barriers to patient care such as lengthy time-to-appointment wait.
Influence of “GERD” Label on Parents’ Decision to Medicate Infants
Authors: Scherer Laura D. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Fagerlin Angela , Tarini Beth A. 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND:
The factors that drive overtreatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are not well understood, but it has been proposed that the use of the “GERD” disease label could perpetuate use of medication in otherwise healthy infants.

METHODS:
To determine if use of the disease label GERD influences parents’ perceived need to medicate an infant, we surveyed parents in a general pediatric clinic. Parents were given a hypothetical clinical scenario describing an infant who cries and spits up excessively but is otherwise healthy. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, parents were randomized to receive a scenario in which the doctor either gave a diagnosis of GERD or did not provide a disease label; additionally, half of parents were told that existing medications are probably ineffective, whereas the rest were not given any effectiveness information. We measured parent interest in medication, perception of illness severity, and appreciation of medication offer.

RESULTS:
Parents who received a GERD diagnosis were interested in medicating their infant, even when they were told that the medications are likely ineffective. However, parents not given a disease label were interested in medication only when medication effectiveness was not discussed (and hence likely assumed).

CONCLUSIONS:
Labeling an otherwise healthy infant as having a “disease” increased parents’ interest in medicating their infant when they were told that medications are ineffective. These findings suggest that use of disease labels may promote overtreatment by causing people to believe that ineffective medications are both useful and necessary.
Medicaid Policy Statement
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON CHILD HEALTH FINANCING, Chiu Thomas , Hudak Mark L. , Snider Iris Grace , Long Thomas F. , Helm Mark , Libby Russell Clark , Racine Andrew D. , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Berkelhamer Jay E. , Harbaugh Norman Chip , Chiu Thomas , Hudak Mark L. , Snider Iris Grace , Long Thomas F. , Chiu Thomas , Helm Mark , Libby Russell Clark , Racine Andrew D. , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Berkelhamer Jay E. , Harbaugh Norman “Chip” , Zimmerman Edward P. , Walter Dan , Hall Robert 
Published: April 2013

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064088.
Medicaid insures 39% of the children in the United States. This revision of the 2005 Medicaid Policy Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics reflects opportunities for changes in state Medicaid programs resulting from the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as upheld in 2012 by the Supreme Court. Policy recommendations focus on the areas of benefit coverage, financing and payment, eligibility, outreach and enrollment, managed care, and quality improvement.
Nanoarchitectures constructed with single crystalline Co3O4 spheres and MWCNTs: Temperature effect on the growth and supercapacitors
Authors: Xiao Yuanhua , Cao Yongbo , Zhang Aiqin , Jia Dianzeng , Li Feng 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTNanoarchitectures consisting of single crystalline Co3O4 spheres and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been constructed successfully. The effect of reaction temperature on the morphology of the products reveal that the growth rate dictates the shape and size of Co3O4 beads on and around MWCNTs. Single crystalline Co3O4 spheres around MWCNTs can be produced in large scale by elevating reaction temperature for the increased growth rate. The electrochemical properties of the hybrid materials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The supercapacitors made with the nanoarchitectures show high specific capacitance of 445 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g and exhibit excellent cycling stability.
Poly (acrylic acid) - mediated soft template synthesis of Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based conducting polymer nanostructures for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Basnayaka Punya A. , Ram Manoj K. , Stefanakos Lee , Kumar Ashok 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn the present study, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanostructures were obtained by oxidative polymerization of monomer ‘3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene’ in the presence of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) in FeCl3as an oxidizing agent. The PEDOT nanostructures were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques respectively. The morphology of PEDOT nanostructures revealed flowerlike-shape agglomerates with an increase in the concentrations of PAA. The SEM, TEM and FTIR studies revealed that the presence of PAA could only induce a change in morphology during polymerization, but could not influence the molecular structure of the PEDOT nanostructures. The synthesized PEDOT nanostructures were used as electrode material for supercapacitor. The electrochemical capacitive properties of the PEDOT nanostructures were investigated with the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in the three-electrode cell system. The capacitance of the PEDOT electrode was measured in 0.1M LiClO4and 2M H2SO4electrolytes. The highest specific capacitance value of 215F/g for a PEDOT nanostructured electrode was calculated in 1 M H2SO4electrolyte.
Facebook use among early-career veterinarians in Ontario, Canada (March to May 2010)
Authors: Weijs Cynthia A. , Coe Jason B. , Christofides Emily , Muise Amy , Desmarais Serge 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To explore the nature and content of information publicly posted to Facebook by early-career veterinarians.
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sample—352 early-career veterinarians.
Procedures—Publicly accessible Facebook profiles were searched online from March to May 2010 for profiles of early-career veterinarians (graduates from 2004 through 2009) registered with the College of Veterinarians of Ontario, Canada. The content of veterinarians’ Facebook profiles was evaluated and then categorized as low, medium, or high exposure in terms of the information a veterinarian had publicly posted to Facebook. Through the use of content analysis, high-exposure profiles were further analyzed for publicly posted information that may have posed risks to an individual's or the profession's public image.
Results—Facebook profiles for 352 of 494 (71%) registered early-career veterinarians were located. One-quarter (25%) of profiles were categorized as low exposure (ie, high privacy), over half (54%) as medium exposure (ie, medium privacy), and 21% as high exposure (ie, low privacy). Content analysis of the high-exposure profiles identified publicly posted information that may pose risks to an individual's or the profession's reputation, including breaches of client confidentiality, evidence of substance abuse, and demeaning comments toward others.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Almost a quarter of veterinarians’ Facebook profiles viewed in the present study contained publicly available content of a questionable nature that could pose a risk to the reputation of the individual, his or her practice, or the veterinary profession. The increased use of Facebook and all types of social media points to the need for raised awareness by veterinarians of all ages of how to manage one's personal and professional identities online to minimize reputation risks for individuals and their practices and to protect the reputation and integrity of the veterinary profession.
Safety and efficacy of spinosad chewable tablets for treatment of flea infestations of cats
Authors: Paarlberg Tandy E. , Wiseman Scott , Trout Candace M. , Kee Elizabeth A. , Snyder Daniel E. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare safety and efficacy of spinosad and selamectin and determine effects of those products on flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) in cats.
Design—Randomized clinical trial.
Animals—211 client-owned cats.
Procedures—Cats with ≥ 5 fleas evaluated at 8 veterinary clinics were allocated to receive spinosad (50 to 100 mg/kg [22.7 to 45.5 mg/lb], PO; n = 139) or selamectin (≥ 6 mg/kg [≥ 2.7 mg/lb], topically; 72) once per month. Flea comb counts and FAD scores were determined on day −1, between days 27 and 33, and between days 85 and 95 (evaluations 1, 2, and 3, respectively); day 0 was the first day of drug administration.
Results—The most common adverse event was vomiting (14.3% and 2.4% of spinosad- and selamectin-treated cats, respectively). Evaluation 2 and 3 geometric mean flea counts for spinosad-treated cats were significantly lower than those for selamectin-treated cats. Percentage reductions in flea counts for the spinosad and selamectin groups were 97.5% and 88.8% (evaluation 2) and 99.3% and 97.7% (evaluation 3), respectively. At evaluations 2 and 3, 70.6% and 92.6% of spinosad-treated cats and 29.4% and 64.7% of selamectin-treated cats were free of fleas, respectively. Weighted FAD scores for spinosad- and selamectin-treated cats decreased 94.2% and 80.0% during the study, respectively. Spinosad tablets were successfully administered during 98.1% of treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated spinosad and selamectin both reduced flea counts and FAD scores for cats, although spinosad was more effective. Monthly oral administration of spinosad may be practical for treatment of flea infestations and FAD in cats.