bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nothing is more open than a closed text: The case of Oedipus
Authors: Pezzini Isabella 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis essay develops the multiple “passional” implications implied within every act of reading. Texts have the potential power to elicit the passions of the reader through various textual strategies that, in turn, enable the reader to become emotionally or passionally involved in the narration and, furthermore, to share in the emotions of the characters. The second part of this essay presents a reading of a story by Friedrich Durrenmatt, “The Dying of the Pythia,” which appeared not long before Eco’s work, Lector in Fabula, 1979.
Spherical Coordinates for Plotting the Positions of Powder Residues
Authors: Smith C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The idea of the “Reconstruction of the Crime” as an aid to its solution was first succintly expressed and practiced by Alphonse Bertillon [1] toward the latter part of the nineteenth century. Since that time investigators have aimed at ever more detailed descriptions and reconstructions. The phases of description and reconstruction employ procedures very similar to those employed in the compilation of maps. The mapping quality is the basis for the experiments to be described in this paper.
A Baccalaureate Program in Toxicology
Authors: Lynch VdeP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In June 1968 the Bureau of Health Manpower of the United States Public Health Service awarded a grant to the College of Pharmacy of St. John's University, Jamaica, N.Y., for the purpose of establishing a four-year undergraduate training program leading to the B.S. degree with a major in toxicology. The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the rationale and curriculum for this program, as well as to discuss experiences with the program over that period.
Dangerous Drugs: Adulterants, Diluents, and Deception in Street Samples
Authors: Johnson DW , Gunn JW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Caveat emptor is not just an old proverb. “Let the buyer beware” is sound advice that the user of illicit drugs would be wise to heed. The buyer of these drugs—most of them clandestinely made—does not know what he is getting.
Computer Related Crime
Authors: Parker DB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Computer crimes are acts resulting in losses, injuries, or damages that involve the use of information processing systems and come to the attention of law enforcement agencies. An information processing system includes at least one internally programmed digital computer as its chief component. The system may include input/output equipment such as punch-card readers, memory or storage devices, a communications network connecting other computers and devices, computer programs and data, materials, supplies, and human operators. Such systems are highly sophisticated, automated tools and repositories of information and data.
An Empirical Study of Gunpowder Residue Patterns
Authors: Barnes FC , Helson RA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The muzzle-to-target distance is often a factor of critical importance in incidents involving gunshot wounds. The degree of concern is dependent on the wound severity and the facts of the event, those facts being of greatest moment in a possible homicide/suicide without witnesses and diminishing in importance in a nonfatal accidental shooting with witnesses. The testimony of an expert witness will attempt, through his experimentation, to establish the minimum distance from muzzle to projectile contact point based on the presence or absence of powder residue patterns on the victim or his garments. It should be understood that in casework, the powder residue examined by the laboratory is seldom the total pattern originally blown into the skin or clothing of the victim, but rather that surviving the victim's fall, first aid ministrations, the physician's examination, and, finally, the investigative and packaging efforts of law enforcement. In some instances, portions of the latent elements can be reconstructed by chemical or infrared techniques. To avoid errors of interpretation the investigator must be aware of the variations in pattern imprints, the causative factors, and their significance as related to distance.
A Review of “The Use of X-Ray Techniques in Forensic Investigation”
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In his preface the author states that this is the first attempt to collate applications o X-ray techniques in forensic investigations. Besides methods of others, a number of the procedures presented have been developed by the author himself. Thus, he has compiled a survey of what he considers to be the state of the art as applied to forensic science.
Identification of Work from a Selectric II Typewriter
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
On July 31, 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric or Model 72 typewriter. This machine constituted a radical departure from the conventional typewriter. It was designed as a high speed printer and was developed in part as a print out unit for IBM computers. The conventional type bars wers completely eliminated, and in their place a type element consisting of a removable type ball was substituted. The machine has proven to be a high quality typewriter giving excellent service and producing unusually uniform work. In September 1971 IBM introduced the Selectric II, an advanced model of their Selectric machine.
Duplicate Analysis of Blood Ethanol by Injection onto Two Parallel Gas Chromotographic Columns in Rapid Succession
Authors: Siek TJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Methods for analyzing blood ethanol prior to 1967 have been reviewed by Anders and Mannering [1]. Gas chromatographic approaches involving injection of vapors trapped above blood samples in sealed bottles have been presented recently by Biasotti and Bradford [2], Glendening and Harvey [3], and by Van Stekelenburg and De Bruyn [4]. More recently, the Perkin-Elmer Company marketed an automated vapor phase injector to chromatograph large numbers of samples daily.
"On Time and Discipline in Islam" (Analysis Towards Purpose of Islamic Education)
Authors: Amir Dinasril 
Published: July 2015

This article contains elucidation about punctuality issues and discipline in educational perspective. From the discussion that has been done it can be said that punctuality problems and discipline are very important and vital in building good and advanced of human life, because it is related to the basic, function and purpose of education as well as the teachings of Islam. Punctuality and discipline are a fundamental goal of the educational efforts and Islamic Shari'ah. In Islam, there are many concepts related to punctuality and discipline. They are obedience, self-control and behavior, submission and obedience, as well as support for the values and rules of the understanding, comprehension, awareness and responsibility. Being punctuality and discipline have to be owned and improved in education and life, and in turn, the family, society and the environment should support it in order to achieve the progress. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Evidence for climate-induced range shift in Brachystegia (miombo) woodland
Authors: Pienaar Brenden , Thompson Dave I. , Erasmus Barend F.N , Hill Trevor R. , Witkowsk Ed T.F. 
Published: July 2015

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. is the dominant component of miombo, the sub-tropical woodlands which cover 2.7 million km2 of south-central Africa and which is coincident with the largest regional centre of endemism in Africa. However, pollen records from the genus Brachystegia suggest that miombo has experienced rapid range retraction (~450 km) from its southernmost distributional limit over the past 6000 years. This abrupt biological response created an isolated (by ~200 km) and incomparable relict at the trailing population edge in northeast South Africa. These changes in miombo population dynamics may have been triggered by minor natural shifts in temperature and moisture regimes. If so, B. spiciformis is likely to be especially responsive to present and future anthropogenic climate change. This rare situation offers a unique opportunity to investigate climatic determinants of range shift at the trailing edge of a savannah species. A niche modelling approach was used to produce present-day and select future B. spiciformis woodland ecological niche models. In keeping with recent historical range shifts, further ecological niche retraction of between 30.6% and 47.3% of the continuous miombo woodland in Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique is predicted by 2050. Persistence of the existing relict under future climate change is plausible, but range expansion to fragmented refugia in northeast South Africa is unlikely. As Brachystegia woodland and associated biota form crucial socio-economic and biodiversity components of savannas in southern Africa, their predicted further range retraction is of concern.
Linear vs. Radial Boundary-Dominated Flow: Implications for Gas-Well-Decline Analysis
Authors: Vardcharragosad Pichit , Ayala Luis F. , Zhang Miao 
Published: July 2015

Summary
Linear flow is a fundamental reservoir-flow geometry typically associated with production from unconventional resources stimulated by means of hydraulic fracturing. Recently, linear flow has been intensively studied following the fast pace of development of unconventional resources. Previous studies have mainly focused on early transient behavior and behavior of composite linear-flow systems. In this work, a density-based analysis method is extended to study decline behavior of the linear-flow system in boundary-dominated flow (BDF). In this study, we first discuss traditional approaches used to model linear flow in gas reservoirs. Second, we show the applicability of the density-based method for gas linear flow both analytically and numerically. Next, late-time solutions are discussed, and the analytical forecasting solution that best describes the BDF behavior is selected for long-term decline-behavior studies. Previously reported results on radial flow as well as early transient-flow effect are also incorporated to provide a more complete understanding of decline behavior and the impact of flow geometry. We show that boundary-dominated responses in linear-flow scenarios fully develop at much later stages of reservoir depletion compared with radial-flow scenarios. As a result, and in marked contrast with radial flow, purely hyperbolic decline behavior may be completely lost in linear-flow scenarios during boundary-dominated conditions. It is demonstrated that most of the recoverable hydrocarbons are produced during the early transient period for linear-flow conditions, whereas most of them are recovered during the BDF period for radial flow. These results suggest that the availability of accurate early transient models is much more critical for the formulation of linear-flow-decline models than had been traditionally necessary for radial-flow-decline models.
O processo AD(EO)D – um novo conceito.
Authors: Pedrazzi Cristiane , Muguet Marcelo Coelho dos Santos , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Gomide José Lívio 
Published: July 2015

Nesse estudo, investigaram-se cozimentos da madeira até números kappa 17 e 14 por um processo cineticamente modificado, eliminação da deslignificação com oxigênio da linha de fibras, e aplicação das técnicas AD(EO)D e AD(PO)D para polpa de kappa 17 e AD(EO)D e DHT(EPO)DP para polpa de kappa 14 para o branqueamento até 90% ISO. Como referências, foram realizados cozimentos até números kappa 17 e 14, deslignificação com oxigênio em simples estágio e branqueamento convencional pelas seqüências A/D(EO)D, A/D(EPO)D, A/D(EO)DP e A/D(EPO)DP para a polpa de kappa 17 e deslignificação com oxigênio em simples estágio e branqueamento convencional pela seqüência DHT(EPO)DP para polpa de kappa 14. Para a polpa de kappa 17, concluiu-se que os processos AD(EO)D e AD(PO)D produzem polpa de alvura 90% ISO com boa viscosidade e estabilidade de alvura, utilizando TAC´s (Cloro Ativo Total) relativamente baixos, e dispensam completamente a deslignificação com oxigênio. Dentre esses dois processos, o primeiro se mostrou mais atrativo para atingir o nível de alvura de 90% ISO. Porém, comparativamente aos processos de referência, contendo a deslignificação com oxigênio, ex. O-A/D(EPO)DP, o processo AD(EO)D resulta em aumento do custo operacional da ordem de US$7-8/tas, inclusos madeira e reagentes. Para a polpa de número kappa 14, o processo AD(EO)D também se mostrou atrativo, sendo que a seqüência DHT(EPO)DP foi a que utilizou o menor TAC`s, porém quando comparada com a referência (O-DHT(EPO)DP) resultou num aumento de custo operacional da ordem de US$4/tas. Portanto, pode se concluir que o processo alternativo, sem a deslignificação com oxigênio, é viável somente para polpas de números kappa mais baixos.
Ensaio acelerado de laboratório de chapas OSB de seringueira submetidas ao ataque de fungos apodrecedores
Authors: Okino Esmeralda Yoshico Arakaki , Silva Marcus Vinícius da , Teixeira Divino Eterno , Souza Mário Rabelo de , Santana Marcos Antonio , Menezzi Cláudio Henrique Soares Del 
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resistência natural de chapas de partículas orientadas (OSB) confeccionadas com partículas de Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg. aderidas com as resinas sintéticas uréia-formaldeído (UF) e fenol-formaldeído (FF), a 5% e 8%, expostas a fungos xilófagos em condições de laboratório. No ensaio acelerado de laboratório as amostras foram submetidas ao ataque dos fungos de podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. : Fr.) Murril, Coniophora puteana (Schumach. : Fr.) P. Karst., Meruliporia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill e também aos fungos de podridão-branca, Fomes annosus (Fr. : Fr.) Cooke, Trametes versicolor (L. : Fr.) Pilát, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers. : Fr.) P. Karst. e Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. Dentre os fungos de podridão-parda, o Gloeophyllum trabeum causou a maior perda de massa nos corpos-de-prova testados. Dentre os fungos de podridão-branca, Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium e Ganoderma applanatum causaram as maiores perdas de massa, sem diferença significativa para o Gloeophyllum trabeum. A resina FF proporcionou maior resistência à ação dos fungos nas chapas OSB, o mesmo fato ocorrendo com o maior teor de resina. O fungo Coniophora puteana foi altamente sensível ao tipo de resina aplicado, enquanto o Bjerkandera fumosa demonstrou reduzida ação nas concentrações mais altas de ambas as resinas. O fungo Fomes annosus apresentou degradação insignificante para todos os tratamentos de chapas OSB.
Effect of Amide Functionalization and Precuring on Tensile Properties of MWCNT/Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Judawisastra Hermawan , Harito Christian , Abdullah Akbar H. Dawam 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe development of multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)‐epoxy nanocomposites, for structural polymeric composites, has various problems that could decrease their mechanical properties above 2 wt % of MWCNT. One of the major problems is the interface bonding between MWCNT and epoxy. In this research, functionalization and precuring were carried out to strengthen the interface bonding. The effect of treatments on tensile properties of MWCNT‐epoxy nanocomposites, with 1 wt% and 5 wt% MWCNT, were studied. MWCNT were prepared by purification process followed by acrylamide functionalization, later varied by the precuring treatment. MWCNT‐epoxy nanocomposites, varied from 1 to 5 wt% MWCNT, were produced by solution casting method, continued with compression molding. Characterization of the functionalization was conducted by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The tensile properties of nanocomposites were determined by tensile test. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to examine the interfacial strength of MWCNT in nanocomposites. The results showed that the tensile properties improved significantly on 5 wt % MWCNT nanocomposites as compared to the untreated nanocomposites. The combination of functionalization and precuring exhibited the most significant improvement in tensile properties. The modulus of elasticity increased 78 times higher than untreated nanocomposites, while the tensile strength was 10 times. The improvements on the tensile properties of nanocomposites were due to the enhancement of interface bonding strength by functionalization and precuring treatments.
Improvements of Tensile Properties and Durability of Chitosan Fiber Using Methanol Drying Treatment
Authors: Judawisastra Hermawan , Hadyiswanto Indra O. C. , Sitohang Ramona D. R. , Winiati­ Wiwin 
Published: July 2015

SummaryChitosan fiber is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that is potentially suitable as absorbable suture. One approach to improve mechanical properties of chitosan fiber is application of chemical modification. This study aims to improve the tensile properties and durability of chitosan fibers, in terms of biodegradation resistance, at various deacetylation degrees using methanol drying treatment. The fibers were made of chitosan with deacetylation degrees (%DD) of 67.4% and 70.6% using wet spinning method and dried using aq. 30% methanol for 4 h. Examinations were carried out by means of X‐ray diffraction, physical properties characterization, tensile test and in vitro degradation test.Results show that methanol drying treatment could decrease fiber's diameter, while increasing fiber's density, tensile strength, and biodegradation resistance, but did not always increase fiber's maximum elongation. The expected higher elongation was achieved for 70.6%DD fiber, however the more significant improvement of durability was obtained for 67.4%DD fiber. Methanol drying affected those fibers' characteristics due to the increase in degree of crystallinity as a result of chitosan fiber's chemical structure change from hydrated to anhydrous structure. According to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) standard, the fibers produced could be categorized as absorbable suture number 0 and 1.
The Effect of Temperature on the Grafting of Acrylic Acid onto Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Anah Lik , Astrini Nuri , Haryono Agus 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe grafted copolymer CMC‐g‐PAA has been prepared by graft copolymerization reaction using 10% w/w carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid (AA), 2.5% w/w benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator, 3.75% w/w methylenbisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent in distilled water at 30, 50, 70, and 90 °C during reaction periods of 30 to 300 min and composited with 10% w/w montmorillonite for 5 h.The grafted copolymer CMC‐g‐PAA and homopolymer were dried in the oven at 40 °C, then washed with distilled water and aceton. After that the hydrogel material was dried, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction with dioxane to separate the homopolymer, poly(acrylic acid), from the graft copolymer, CMC‐g‐PAA. The water absorption capacities and grafting values of grafted CMC were also determined. The graft copolymer CMC‐g‐PAA obtained at 30 °C has high conversion rate of AA (87.6%). The maximum grafting yield (99.181%) and the lowest of homopolymer formation (0.819%) were obtained at 50 °C. It was observed that polyacrylic acid‐grafted CMC produced at 90 °C had the highest water retention capacity (55.03%). The graft copolymer was characterized by infra‐red spectroscopy to determine the structure of the graft chains.
The type of feto‐placental aneuploidy detected by cfDNA testing may influence the choice of confirmatory diagnostic procedure
Authors: Grati Francesca Romana , Bajaj Komal , Malvestiti Francesca , Agrati Cristina , Grimi Beatrice , Malvestiti Barbara , Pompilii Eva , Maggi Federico , Gross Susan , Simoni Giuseppe , Ferreira Jose Carlos P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesCell‐free DNA (cfDNA) screening can provide false positive/negative results because the fetal fraction originates primarily from trophoblast. Consequently, invasive diagnostic testing is recommended to confirm a high‐risk result. Currently, there is debate about the most appropriate invasive method. We sought to estimate the frequency in which a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) performed after a high‐risk cfDNA result would require a follow‐up amniocentesis due to placental mosaicism.MethodsAnalyses of the frequencies of the different types of mosaicism involving cytotrophoblasts, for trisomies 21 (T21), 18 (T18), 13 (T13) and monosomy X (MX) among 52 673 CVS karyotypes obtained from cytotrophoblast, mesenchyme and confirmatory amniocentesis.ResultsAfter a high‐risk cfDNA result for T21, 18, 13 and MX, the likelihood of finding CVS mosaicism and need for amniocentesis is, respectively, 2%, 4%, 22% and 59%. When mosaicism is detected by CVS, the likelihood of fetal confirmation by amniocentesis is, respectively, 44%, 14%, 4% and 26%.ConclusionsIn cases of high‐risk cfDNA results for T21/T18, CVS (combining cytotrophoblast and mesenchyme analysis) can be considered, but with the caveat of 2–4% risk of an inconclusive result requiring further testing. In high‐risk results for MX/T13, amniocentesis would appear to be the most appropriate follow‐up diagnostic test, especially in the absence of sonographic findings. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with teaching and applying process appraisals at a university
Authors: De Man Jozef 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSoftware development mainly happens in small and very small enterprises. Establishing process improvement initiatives in such organizations is challenging because prevailing software improvement frameworks are perceived to be expensive and oriented towards larger companies. Much research has been done in adapting the standard frameworks to make them more suitable for small organizations. Lightweight techniques have been developed to reduce the cost of appraisals. In this paper, we report experience with teaching and applying a lightweight appraisal approach in a university context. Focus has been on educational aspects, but we believe that the approach can also be deployed in small and very small enterprises. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When the grass isn’t greener: a case series of young children with accidental marijuana ingestion
Authors: Murray Derek , Olson Joshua , Lopez Ana Sofia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMarijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in Canada, with 10% of the general population admitting to its use in the past year. This high prevalence increases risk of accidental ingestion in young children.We report four pediatric cases of accidental marijuana ingestion who presented to our local emergency department with altered mental status. Three patients had extensive testing, including one patient who underwent lumbar puncture and empirical treatment for meningitis. To our knowledge, this is the first Canadian case series since McNabb et al., published over 2 decades ago.The case series aims to highlight the importance of considering acute marijuana intoxication in the differential diagnosis when assessing young children with altered level of consciousness.