bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of healing abutments of different size and anatomic shape placed immediately in extraction sockets on peri‐implant hard and soft tissues. A pilot study in foxhound dogs
Authors: López‐López Patricia J. , Mareque‐Bueno Javier , Boquete‐Castro Ana , Aguilar‐Salvatierra Raya Antonio , Martínez‐González José M. , Calvo‐Guirado José L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this animal study was to compare the effects of narrow, concave–straight and wide anatomic healing abutments on changes to soft tissues and crestal bone levels around implants immediately placed into extraction sockets in foxhound dogs.Materials and MethodsForty‐eight titanium implants (Bredent Medical GMBH, Germany) of the same dimensions were placed in six foxhound dogs. They were divided into two groups (n = 24): test (implants with anatomic abutment) and control (implants with concave–straight abutment). The implants were inserted randomly in the post extraction sockets of P2, P3, P4, and M1 bilaterally in six dogs. After eight and twelve weeks, the animals were sacrificed and samples extracted containing the implants and the surrounding soft and hard tissues. Soft tissue and crestal bone loss (CBL) were evaluated by histology and histomorphometry.ResultsAll implants were clinically and histologically osseointegrated. Healing patterns were examined microscopically at eight and twelve weeks. After eight and twelve weeks, for hard tissues, the distance from the implant shoulder to the first bone‐to‐implant contact (IS‐C) was higher for control group in the lingual aspect with statistical significance (P < 0.05). For soft tissues (STL), the distance from the top of the peri‐implant mucosa to the apical portion of the junction epithelium (PM‐Je) was significantly less on the lingual aspect in the test group (with wider abutment) at eight and twelve weeks (P < 0.05). The distance from the top of the apical portion of the junction epithelium to the first bone‐to‐implant contact (Je‐C) was significantly higher in the test group (wider abutment) in the lingual aspect at eight and twelve weeks (P < 0.05). There was no connective tissue contact with any abutment surface.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this animal study, anatomic healing abutments protect soft and hard tissues and reduce crestal bone resorption compared with concave–straight healing abutments.
Benefits of integrating complementarity into priority threat management
Authors: Chadés Iadine  , Nicol Sam  , van Leeuwen Stephen  , Walters Belinda  , Firn Jennifer  , Reeson Andrew  , Martin Tara G.  , Carwardine Josie  
Published: October 2014

AbstractConservation decision tools based on cost‐effectiveness analysis are used to assess threat management strategies for improving species persistence. These approaches rank alternative strategies by their benefit to cost ratio but may fail to identify the optimal sets of strategies to implement under limited budgets because they do not account for redundancies. We devised a multiobjective optimization approach in which the complementarity principle is applied to identify the sets of threat management strategies that protect the most species for any budget. We used our approach to prioritize threat management strategies for 53 species of conservation concern in the Pilbara, Australia. We followed a structured elicitation approach to collect information on the benefits and costs of implementing 17 different conservation strategies during a 3‐day workshop with 49 stakeholders and experts in the biodiversity, conservation, and management of the Pilbara. We compared the performance of our complementarity priority threat management approach with a current cost‐effectiveness ranking approach. A complementary set of 3 strategies: domestic herbivore management, fire management and research, and sanctuaries provided all species with >50% chance of persistence for $4.7 million/year over 20 years. Achieving the same result cost almost twice as much ($9.71 million/year) when strategies were selected by their cost‐effectiveness ranks alone. Our results show that complementarity of management benefits has the potential to double the impact of priority threat management approaches.
Increasing the Scientific Evidence Base in the “High Conservation Value” (HCV) Approach for Biodiversity Conservation in Managed Tropical Landscapes
Authors: Senior Michael J. M. , Brown Ellen , Villalpando Paulina , Hill Jane K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLand‐use change is a major driver of tropical biodiversity declines. The “High Conservation Value” (HCV) approach aims to protect critical environmental and social values in production landscapes, and is a common feature of many voluntary certification schemes (e.g., Forest Stewardship Council, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil). Despite the popularity of the HCV approach within forestry and agriculture production systems, it is little known in academia and the scientific evidence base supporting it is not well developed. By raising the profile of the HCV approach, we hope to instigate new research to examine the impact of the HCV approach on biodiversity conservation. We argue for better knowledge exchange between scientists, policy makers, and HCV users, sharing of information, and consideration of the practical constraints within which HCV users and commodity producers operate. Given the continuing loss and degradation of tropical rainforests, such strategies are required urgently to reduce biodiversity losses in production landscapes.
Therapeutically interchangeable? A study of real‐world outcomes associated with switching basal insulin analogues among US patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using electronic medical records data
Authors: Levin P. , Wei W. , Miao R. , Ye F. , Xie L. , Baser O. , Gill J. 
Published: October 2014

AimsTo evaluate real‐world clinical outcomes for switching basal insulin analogues [insulin glargine (GLA) and insulin detemir (DET)] among US patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsUsing the GE Centricity Electronic Medical Records database, this retrospective study examined two cohorts: cohort 1, comprising patients previously on GLA and then either switching to DET (DET‐S) or continuing with GLA (GLA‐C); and cohort 2, comprising patients previously on DET and then either switching to GLA (GLA‐S) or continuing with DET (DET‐C). Within each cohort, treatment groups were propensity‐score‐matched on baseline characteristics. At 1‐year follow‐up, insulin treatment patterns, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, hypoglycaemic events, weight and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated.ResultsThe analysis included 13 942 patients: cohort 1: n = 10 657 (DET‐S, n = 1797 matched to GLA‐C, n = 8860) and cohort 2: n = 3285 (GLA‐S, n = 858 matched to DET‐C, n = 2427). Baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment groups in each cohort. At 1‐year follow‐up, in cohort 1, patients in the DET‐S subgroup were significantly less persistent with treatment, more likely to use a rapid‐acting insulin analogue, had higher HbA1c values, lower HbA1c reductions and lower proportions of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0 or <8.0% compared with patients in the GLA‐C subgroup, while hypoglycaemia rates and BMI/weight values and change from baseline were similar in the two subgroups. In cohort 2, overall, there were contrasting findings between patients in the GLA‐S and those in the DET‐C subgroup.ConclusionsThis study showed contrasting results when patients with T2DM switched between basal insulin analogues, although these preliminary results may be subject to limitations in the analysis. Nevertheless, this study calls into question the therapeutic interchangeability of GLA and DET, and this merits further investigation.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 analogue LY2405319 lowers blood glucose in streptozotocin‐induced insulin‐deficient diabetic mice by restoring brown adipose tissue function
Authors: Kim J.‐H. , Bae K.‐H. , Choi Y.‐K. , Go Y. , Choe M. , Jeon Y.‐H. , Lee H.‐W. , Koo S.‐H. , Perfield J. W. , Harris R. A. , Lee I.‐K. , Park K.‐G. 
Published: October 2014

AimTo investigate the effects of LY2405319, an analogue of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), on glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced insulin‐deficient mice (STZ mice).MethodsNine‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg). One week later, after confirmation of hyperglycaemia, saline or LY2405319 (5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously daily for 4 weeks. Changes in glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function were assessed.ResultsThe STZ mice had elevated blood glucose and reduced plasma FGF21 levels, impaired glucose uptake in the BAT, and BAT mitochondria with absent or swollen cristae and fewer lipid vacuoles. LY2405319 significantly reduced blood glucose levels and this was associated with increased BAT glucose uptake and changes in gene expression and morphology, indicating improved mitochondrial lipid metabolism in the BAT. Importantly, the ability of LY2405319 to lower blood glucose in STZ mice was compromised after removing interscapular BAT.ConclusionsOur results show that LY2405319 reduces blood glucose levels in insulin‐deficient diabetes by improving BAT metabolism. Additional studies investigating the therapeutic potential of FGF21 for the treatment of type 1 diabetes are warranted.
Platinum and high‐dose cytarabine‐based regimens are efficient in ultra high/high‐risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter's syndrome: results of a French retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Durot Eric , Michallet Anne‐Sophie , Leprêtre Stéphane , Le Quoc‐Hung , Leblond Véronique , Delmer Alain 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUltra high‐risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Richter's syndrome (RS) usually display a poor prognosis. Platinum and cytarabine‐based regimens have not been evaluated in large cohorts of patients with CLL or RS. This retrospective study was aimed to assess the efficacy of these regimens in 75 patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL or RS. Forty‐seven patients had R/R CLL (including 36 ultra high‐risk CLL) and 28 had RS. Median age was 62 years (range, 18–79 years). Median number of previous therapies was 3 (range, 1–7), including fludarabine‐based regimens (75%) and alemtuzumab (32%), and 61% of patients were refractory to their last treatment. Deletions of chromosomes 17p and 11q were found in 40% and 39% of cases, respectively. The overall response rates were 60% with 24% complete response (CR) in CLL, and 43% with 25% CR in RS. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 11 and 14.6 months, respectively. Fludarabine refractoriness and 17p deletion were not associated with a poorer outcome. The only factors predicting shorter survival were performance status ≥2 (P = 0.04) and albumin level <3.5 g/dL (P = 0.0004). Toxicities were mainly myelosuppression and infectious complications. Platinum and high‐dose cytarabine‐based regimens provide high response rates in high‐risk CLL and in RS. However, these results will be challenged by the new arriving agents at least in non‐transformed CLL.
Evidence for a role of corrective eye movements during gaze fixation in saccade planning
Authors: Pérez Zapata Laura , Solé Puig María , Aznar‐Casanova Jose Antonio , Supèr Hans 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn a three‐dimensional (3D) world most saccades are made towards visual targets that are located at different distances. We previously demonstrated that gaze shifts within 3D space consist of two stages: a target saccade followed by a corrective saccade during gaze fixation that directs the eyes to the physical target location. We proposed that, by accurately positioning the eyes on the visual object, the visual system maintains an orderly representation of the visual world. In this study we used a double saccade experiment to assess the function of corrective saccades in humans. We found that, when a corrective eye movement occurred during fixation on the first target point, the direction of the second saccade towards the next target point was accurate. When a corrective saccade was absent, a directional error of the second target saccade was observed. This finding, which cannot be explained by current models of eye movement control, supports the idea of a two‐step model in saccade programming. We suggest that the motor system sends a corollary discharge when programming a corrective saccade for maintaining an orderly representation of the visual world. In conclusion, our results indicate that corrective saccades have a role in programming target saccades within 3D space.
Historians as rooted cosmopolitans: their potentials and limitations
Authors: SAITO HIRO 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the 1990s, the so‐called ‘history problem’ began to escalate in East Asia as the result of mutually reinforcing nationalist commemorations in Japan, South Korea and China. In response, historians from the three countries organized joint historical research and textbook projects. In this article, I examine the extent to which these joint projects succeeded in promoting the cosmopolitan logic of historiography that challenged nationalist commemorations. Specifically, I compare governmental and non‐governmental projects and illustrate structural and dispositional mechanisms that facilitated the cosmopolitan logic of historiography. However, at the same time, I show that the joint projects have had only a limited impact on official and public commemorations because of the absence of any formal institutional links between historians' activities, governments and the public. Thus, while historians have the potential to act as rooted cosmopolitans and to mobilize transnational epistemic networks in East Asia, they have been unable effectively to counteract nationalist commemorations.
Raising cosmopolitans: localized educational strategies of international families in Shanghai
Authors: FARRER JAMES , GREENSPAN ANNA 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis qualitative research documents the educational strategies of international migrants to Shanghai who are attempting to raise their children as cosmopolitans through immersion in local Chinese schools. We distinguish this localizing educational strategy from the established network of international schools designed to serve the families of corporate expatriates. Instead, our research subjects consist of self‐initiated expatriates, or ‘middling transnationals’, who have chosen to prioritize immersion in the language and culture of China by sending their children to local schools. This localized, or Sinocentric, model exposes non‐Chinese children to a challenging and nationalistic Chinese curriculum. Our analysis of these practices as a form of cosmopolitan education challenges both the goal of teaching a universal and placeless ethical cosmopolitanism and the assumption that a meaningful cosmopolitan education must take place in the idealized setting of a liberal cosmopolitan school system. We also highlight the difficulties families face in this approach, describing this as an ‘entangled cosmopolitanism’, an enriching but uncomfortable engagement with both local and home‐country educational cultures.
Effect of BioAggregate on osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption in vivo
Authors: Zhang J. , Zhu L. , Peng B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate the effect of BioAggregate (Innovative Bioceramix, Vancouver, BC, Canada) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced bone destruction in vivo and to compare its performance with that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA).MethodologyMouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were primary cultured and treated with several concentrations of BioAggregate and MTA extracts. Cell viability was measured with a Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, whilst in vitro osteoclast differentiation was evaluated with tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. LPS‐induced mouse calvarial bone destruction model was established to assess the effect of BioAggregate and MTA extracts in vivo. Mice were killed on day 7, and calvarial bones were prepared for microcomputed tomography scanning, histologic analysis and double‐immunofluorescence staining. Statistical tests used were one‐way anova followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test.ResultsBioAggregate extracts displayed no obvious cytotoxicity to BMMs and significantly inhibited (P < 0.01) the differentiation of RANKL‐stimulated BMMs. Comparable effects were induced by MTA. BioAggregate and MTA extracts markedly reduced (P < 0.01) osteoclast numbers and attenuated (P < 0.05) bone resorption in LPS‐challenged mouse calvaria. The expression levels of osteoclastogenic cathepsin K and its upstream regulator nuclear factor of activated T‐cell cytoplasmic 1 and c‐Fos were also decreased by BioAggregate and MTA extracts.ConclusionsBioAggregate and MTA showed comparable inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption in vivo.
Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: López‐Hernández R. , Valdés M. , Campillo J. A. , Martínez‐García P. , Salama H. , Bolarin J. M. , Martínez H. , Moya‐Quiles M. R. , Minguela A. , Sánchez‐Torres A. , Botella C. , Salgado G. , Miras M. , Carballo F. , Muro M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryAnti‐inflammatory cytokines have an important role in disease, tumour and transplant processes. Alterations in the regulation of several cytokines have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders, including IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) [Crohn′s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)]. Cytokine polymorphisms are also known to affect the level of gene expression. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cytokine polymorphisms and the IBD pathologies in a Spanish population. Polymorphisms analysis was performed using PCR‐SSOP using a microbeads luminex assay. The following polymorphisms were determined: TNFα [−238G/A (rs361525) and −308G/A (rs1800629)], IFNγ [+874A/T (rs62559044)], TGFβ [+869C/T (rs1982073) and +915G/C (rs1800471)], IL10 [−1082A/A (rs1800896), −592A/C (rs1800872), −819C/T (rs1800871)], IL6 [−174C/G (rs1800795)], IL12p40 [3′UTR −1188A/C (rs3212227)], IL1α [−889C/T (rs1800587)], IL1β [−511C/T (rs1143634) and +3962C/T (rs1143633)], IL1R [Pst‐1 1970C/T] and IL1RA [Mspa‐1 11100C/T]. No statistical differences in TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ, IL10, IL6, IL1α, IL1β, IL1R and IL1Ra genotypes and allele distributions between the IBD groups and healthy controls were found. However, we observed significant differences in the 3′UTR −1188A/C polymorphism of IL12p40. So −1188A allele was increased in patients with UC and the −1188C allele (high IL12p40 production) was increased in patients with CD with respect to controls. These data are in concordance with the fact that CD has been shown to be associated with a Th1 T‐cell‐mediated inflammation model and high IL12/IFNγ production at histological affected sites. These data suggest that cytokine polymorphisms in TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ, IL10, IL6 and IL1α, IL1β, IL1R and IL1Ra cytokine gene do not seem to be relevant in IBD susceptibility and IL12p40 3′UTR −1188A/C polymorphism seems to be associated with a differential IBD development.
‘Because of the circumstances, we cannot develop our role’: Norwegian community pharmacists’ perceived responsibility in role development
Authors: Svensberg Karin , Kälvemark Sporrong Sofia , Håkonsen Helle , Toverud Else-Lydia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Objective
The development of more patient-centred care is not always visible in community pharmacies. The aim of this study was to explore Norwegian pharmacists' motivation and perceived responsibility regarding role development and involvement in patient-centred care.

Methods
A semi-structured interview guide was developed. Four focus group interviews were conducted with a heterogeneous sample of 21 community pharmacists and transcribed verbatim. An inductive analysis was performed, supplemented with an agent perspective.

Key findings
Two main categories and nine subcategories were identified, with the main categories being ‘reality vs. vision’ and the overall ‘agent’ category. A gap was found between what the pharmacists said they were doing in their day-to-day work and what they expressed as their ideal tasks in the pharmacy. The pharmacists seem to transfer the need for their role as active medicine experts in patient-centred care to other agents such as authorities and pharmacy chains.

Conclusions
There is a gap between what the Norwegian community pharmacists express as their vision and current practice. The identified agent relationships appear to hamper the pharmacists' perceived ability to be active and take full responsibility in their role development and further implementation of patient-centred care. Adopting a fairly inactive position when it comes to increasing patient-centred care might be a result of a traditional product-focused pharmacy culture.
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: A comprehensive and updated review
Authors: Tsuzuki Toyonori 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntraductal carcinoma of the prostate is characterized by prostatic carcinoma cells growing within ducts and/or acini. These tumors are usually associated with a high‐grade Gleason score, large tumor volume and advanced stage. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is also a well‐known adverse independent prognostic factor regardless of treatment. Recent studies have shown that intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a distinctive disease entity that is different from invasive prostate carcinoma, which is generally invasive. Although the Gleason score does not consider intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, some cribriform prostate carcinomas graded as pattern 4 could be considered as intraductal carcinomas. The definition of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is not unified, because it can occur with or without invasive prostate carcinoma. Furthermore, diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive prostate carcinoma by needle biopsy is crucial, but is a rare event. Differential diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate includes several pathologies. This is especially true for high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, although its distinction is not always straightforward. The present review discusses the concept of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, and also describes its morphological characteristics, molecular features and clinical outcome. Given the current state of knowledge, the presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate should be evaluated and documented correctly in both radical prostatectomy and needle biopsy, and the clinical implications should be taken into consideration during treatment and follow up.