bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Maltose on Glucan Synthesis by Glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Fukui Kazuhiro , Moriyama Takafumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of added maltose on the activities of a preparation of crude glucosyltransferases (GTases) and purified dextransucrase (DS) were investigated to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of maltose on the synthesis of water‐insoluble glucan (ISG) in Streptococcus mutans HS‐6. Tri‐ and tetra‐saccharides produced by crude GTases from sucrose in the presence of maltose were identified as panose (4‐α‐isomaltosylglucose) and 4‐α‐isomaltotriosylglucose which were responsible for the activity of DS involved in crude GTases. Kinetic studies on crude GTases in the presence of maltose showed similar results to those of DS except that the synthesis of ISG in the crude GTases was inhibited. Comparative studies of soluble products of crude GTases and DS in the presence of maltose were performed employing gel filtration on Sephadex G‐15. The existence of oligosaccharides above hexasaccharide was revealed as the products of DS but not of crude GTases. These findings were interpreted in terms of the previously proposed mechanism of ISG sythesis by S. mutans, i.e., ISG should be synthesized from the preformed soluble glucan. It was indicated that oligosaccharides above hexasaccharide are utilized for ISG synthesis in the crude GTases system. From these results, the inhibitory mechanism of added maltose on ISG synthesis by crude GTases is considered as follows: DS synthesizes a series of 4‐α‐isomaltodextrinylglucose from sucrose and maltose, and the increase of added maltose results in the decrease of oligosaccharides responsible for synthesis of ISG.
A Family Study of IgG Subclasses in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Outschoorn Ingrid M. , Natta Clayton 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThree siblings with sickle cell anemia were studied immunologically and hematologically. Their patterns of Protein A‐Sepharose chromatography distribution showed considerable heterogeneity, particularly with respect to the IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses, even though their hematological make up was similar. An attempt was made to correlate their IgG2: IgG1 subclass ratios with their clinical history of recurrent bacterial infections, as well as a possible compensatory IgG3 heterogeneity.
A Selective Medium for Isolation and Presumptive Identification of the Bacteroides fragilis Group
Authors: Ushijima Tsutomu , Takahashi Megumi , Tatewaki Kenichi , Ozaki Yoshikatsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new selective medium, Bacteroides fragilis ammonium‐sulfate gentamicin (BFAG) agar, for isolation and presumptive identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group is presented in this paper. This semisynthetic medium includes 0.2 g of ammonium sulfate, 0.7 g of lactose, 10 mg of gentamicin, 0.1 mg of aminobenzylpenicillin, 60 units of bacitracin, 20 mg of sodium cholate and 1 mg of sodium azide per 100 ml of medium. Stock cultures of the B. fragilis group grew well on this medium. None of the other 126 gram‐positive or negative strains belonging to 40 aerobic or 45 anaerobic species tested grew on this medium. Three of the seven specimens in the clinical trials yielded colonies of only the B. fragilis group on BFAG agar plates. Also BFAG agar plates inoculated with human feces and contents of the alimentary tract (stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon) of mice gave rise to colonies of only the B. fragilis group. The high selectivity and good plating efficiency of BFAG agar enabled us to isolate the B. fragilis group rapidly from various clinical specimens.
Antigenic and Biochemical Characterization of Poliovirus Type 1 Isolates of Non‐Vaccine Origin
Authors: Hara Minora , Hagiwara Akio , Yoneyama Tetsuo , Saito Yoshiko , Shimojo Hiroto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDuring the past 15 years, five poliovirus type 1 strains with non‐vaccinelike antigenicity have been isolated in Japan. Of these isolates, two were from paralytic poliomyelitis patients not associated with the use of Sabin vaccine, and three were apparently introduced from abroad. All the isolates could be readily distinguished from the corresponding Sabin type 1 vaccine strain by oligonucleotide mapping of the viral RNA and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins. The oligonucleotide map of the virulent Mahoney strain which has non‐vaccine‐like antigenicity was very similar to the map of Sabin type 1 strain. These data indicate that none of the isolates were derived from Sabin type 1 vaccine or its parental Mahoney strain. In addition, some isolates had close antigenic relationship with one another. It is probable that all these strains were introduced from foreign lands where wild poliovirus strains are prevalent.
Isolation and Characterization of the Serotype g Carbohydrate Moiety from an Enzyme Lysate of Streptococcus mutans 6715 Cell Walls
Authors: Hamada Shigeyuki , Torii Mitsuo , Okahashi Nobuo , Kotani Shozo , Kato Keijiro , Kawata Shigeo , Yokogawa Kanae , Michalek Suzanne M. , McGhee Jerry R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe serotype‐specific carbohydrate moiety of Streptococcus mutans was isolated by mild degradation of purified cell walls with a cell‐wall lytic enzyme. Cell walls of serotype g S. mutans strain 6715 were digested with M1 enzyme, an endo‐N‐acetylmuramidase purified from culture supernatants of Streptomyces globisporus strain 1829. The enzyme lysate of the cell walls was applied to a CM Sephadex C‐25 column to remove the M1 enzyme from the cell wall lysate and then subjected to Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography. Carbohydrate antigens with serotype g specificity, designated M1g, and a peptidoglycan—polysaccharide complex lacking serotype specificity (M1PG) were separated. Purified serotype g antigen was also obtained by autoclaving the S. mutans 6715 whole cells in saline at 120 C for 30 min. The extract was applied to a DEAE Sephadex A‐25 column to remove nucleic acids and teichoic acids. The unbound peak fraction was concentrated and re‐chromatographed on a Bio‐Gel P‐100 column. The void volume fraction contained serotype g carbohydrate and was designated RRg antigen. M1g and RRg antigens formed a band of identity with anti‐serotype g serum by immunodiffusion. These antigens were composed mainly of galactose, glucose, and rhamnose at an approximate weight ratio of 8 : 4 : 1, while constituent sugars of M1PG consisted of rhamnose and glucose, with no detectable galactose. M1g also contained peptidoglycan residues other than threonine, an interpeptide bridge component of the native cell wall peptidoglycan. Marked inhibition of the quantitative precipitin reaction between M1g and anti‐serotype g serum was obtained with melibiose and galactose, which suggests that the immunodeterminant of the serotype g carbohydrate is an α‐linked galactose‐glucose terminal linkage.
Chemical and Ultrastructural Differences in Endotoxic Glycolipids from Salmonella Minnesota Re Mutant Extracted with Various Solvent Systems
Authors: Amano Ken‐Ichi , Fukushi Kazue 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEndotoxic glycolipids (ReGl) extracted from the whole cells (WC) and cell walls of heptose‐less Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota with hot phenol‐water (PW), phenol‐chloroform‐petroleum ether (PCP), and chloroform‐methanol (CM) were analyzed chemically and examined with an electron microscope. ReGl‐PW‐(WC) contained mannose and proteins as contaminants, ReGl‐PCP(WC) consisted of an excess amount of amino compound (cadaverine), and ReGl‐CM(WC) consisted of proteins and cadaverine, in addition to the ReGl constituents.The ultrastructure of ReGl‐PW(WC) resembled onions when stained with uranyl formate, and was spherical when stained with uranyl acetate, sodium phosphotungstate and ammonium molybdate, whereas those of ReGl‐PCP(WC) and ReGl‐CM(WC) were shaped like ribbons. However, the shadowed ultrastructures of ReGl‐PCP(WC) and ReGl‐CM(WC) showed small pieces of flat and wide sheets, respectively. ReGl‐PCP(WC) re‐extracted by the PW method was found to be converted into the onion‐like structure which was similar to that of ReGl‐PW(WC), while an intermediate form (fingerprint‐like) was observed after re‐extraction of ReGl‐PW(WC) with PCP. It was strongly suggested that the ultrastructural arrangement of ReGl was dependent on the solvent systems used for extraction.
Electron Microscopic Studies of Endotoxins Treated with Alkaline and Acid Reagents
Authors: Amano Ken‐Ichi , Fukushi Kazue 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEndotoxins extracted from Salmonella minnesota wild strain and R mutants (Ra to Re) were treated with two different alkaline reagents. Treatment with diluted sodium hydroxide, which caused partial removal of O‐ester linked fatty acids, changed the ultrastructures of endotoxins from an onion‐like structure to monolayer particles (approximately 100 Å in diameter) except for endotoxic glycolipids from Rd2 and Re mutants which showed mixed ultrastructures of untreated and treated endotoxins. Treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine, which caused liberation of all O‐ester linked fatty acids, changed the ultrastructures of all endotoxins to monolayer particles. The results suggested that the ultrastructures of alkaline‐treated endotoxins were dependent on the degree of their hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the micrographs of acid treated endotoxins did not show a constant structure because of the high hydrophobicity.
Isolation and Characterization of a Filamentous Phage, Vf33, Specific for Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Taniguchi Hatsumi , Sato Kiyoshi , Ogawa Midori , Udou Takezo , Mizuguchi Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhage Vf33, a filamentous phage about 1,400 nm long and 7 nm wide, specific for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated and characterized. The buoyant density of Vf33 in CsCl was 1.292 g/cm3. As with other filamentous phages, the lytic activity of Vf33 was resistant to heating below 80 C and to treatment with diethylether, acetone or methanol but sensitive to chloroform. The nucleic acid of this phage is single‐stranded circular DNA 8.4 kb in size. The viral genome was converted to a double‐stranded replicative form in the host cell. Among the strains tested, only V. parahaemolyticus strains possessing K38 antigen was sensitive to the phage.
Immunochemical Characteristics of Streptococcus mutans Serotype h Carbohydrate Antigen
Authors: Okahashi Nobuo , Nishida Yasukuni , Koga Toshihiko , Hamada Shigeyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSerotype A carbohydrate antigen was prepared from cell walls of Streptococcus mutans strain MFe28 of monkey origin. The h antigen was extracted from the cell walls with 5% trichloroacetic acid at 4 C, and purified by DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 ion exchange chromatography followed by Sephacryl S‐300 gel filtration. The purified antigen was composed of galactose (75%), glucose (16%), and rhamnose (3%). Although the antiserum against whole cells of S. mutans MFe28 gave a strong cross reaction with serotype d S. mutans, serotype h‐specific antiserum could be obtained by adequate adsorption. The precipitin reaction and hapten inhibition test using serotype h‐specific antiserum showed that galactose, glucose, and their derivative sugars were markedly potent inhibitors. It was concluded that the serotype h antigen is immunologically distinguishable from the known serotypes of S. mutans, although it is closely related to serotype d antigen of S. mutans.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Anti‐Sendai Virus Antibody Detected by ELISA in Infected Nude Mouse Serum
Authors: Iwai Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Ryoji , Otsuka Yuko , Ueda Katsumoto , Saito Muneo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSendai virus‐infected nude mouse sera obtained on the seventh day after infection or later, in which anti‐Sendai virus antibodies were undetectable by hemagglutination‐inhibition and neutralization tests, were found to be reactive with the virus antigen by ELISA using horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated anti‐mouse IgG rabbit IgG. The reactivity was blocked by rabbit anti‐Sendai virus antiserum and was not observed against influenza virus which served as a control antigen. Anti‐Sendai virus antibody activity of fractions from Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration was detected in the IgM fraction when anti‐mouse μ chain‐specific antiserum was used and in both IgG and IgM fractions when heavy and light chain‐specific anti‐mouse IgG serum was employed in ELISA. ELISA of the fractions from protein A‐Sepharose affinity chromatography of Sendai virus‐infected nude mouse sera showed that the eluates at pH 6.0 and pH 3.5 contained IgG1 and IgG2b anti‐Sendai virus antibodies, respectively, and that the eluate at pH 4.5 contained both IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies.
Sugar Synthesis in Leptospira
Authors: Yanagihara Yasutake , Kobayashi Susumu , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe presence and some properties of the key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase (threo‐Ds‐isocitrate glyoxylate‐lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (L‐malate glyoxylate‐lyase (CoA‐acetylating) EC 4.1.3.2), were investigated in Leptospira biflexa.Isocitrate lyase activity was found for the first time in the organism. The enzyme was induced by ethanol but not by acetate. The optimum pH was 6.8. The activity was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, a specific inhibitor of isocitrate lyase.The optimum pH of malate synthase of L. biflexa was about 8.5. The Km value for glyoxylate was 3.0 × 10−3 M and the activity was inhibited by glycolate, the inhibitor.The results strongly suggested the presence of a glyoxylate cycle in Leptospira. The possibility that the glyoxylate cycle plays an essential role in the synthesis of sugars, amino acids and other cellular components as an anaplerotic pathway of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Leptospira was discussed.
Chemical Compositions of Cell Walls and Polysaccharide Fractions of Spirochetes
Authors: Yanagihara Yasutake , Kamisango Kei‐Ichi , Yasuda Seiji , Kobayashi Susumu , Mifuchi Ichiji , Azuma Ichiro , Yamamura Yuichi , Johnson Russell C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCellular polysaccharide fractions of various representative members of genera of the family Spirochaetaceae were obtained by the ammonium hydroxide extraction method. The sugar composition of the polysaccharide preparations was complex and many kinds of sugars such as rhamnose, fucose, ribose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose were detected in all of the spirochetes tested. Of particular interest was the presence of 4‐O‐methylmannose as a constituent polysaccharide in members of the genus Leptospira. This sugar was not detected in the polysaccharides of Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema.The chemical compositions of cell wall fractions were also examined. 4‐O‐Methylmannose was detected in the cell wall polysaccharides of the genus Leptospira but not in cell walls prepared from the Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema. The diaminopimelic acid present in cell wall peptidoglycans of the genus Leptospira was meso‐diaminopimelic acid (A2pm). The molar ratios of alanine, glutamic acid, A2pm, glycine, muramic acid, and glucosamine in leptospiral cell walls were found to be approximately 2: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1. In contrast to the Leptospira, the peptidoglycans of genera Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema contained ornithine (Orn) but not A2pm. Since 4‐O‐methylmannose and A2pm were found in the cell wall fractions of genus Leptospira but not in Spirochaeta, Borrelia, or Treponema, it was suggested that the chemical compositions of the cell wall might become an important criterion for the chemotaxonomy of Spirochaetales.
Phospholipases of Leptospira
Authors: Yanagihara Yasutake , Taniyama Tadayoshi , Misaki Hideo , Suzuki Yasuo , Matsumoto Makoto , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and trioleoylglycerol by Leptospira biflexa strain Urawa was studied in vitro.Phospholipase A1 was identified by the formation of 32P‐ and 14C‐labeled lyso‐derivatives from 32P‐phosphatidylcholine, 32P‐phosphatidylethanolamine, or 1‐acyl‐2‐[1‐14C]oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine. Phospholipase A1 activity was independent of lipase in the microorganism since 14C‐labeled trioleoylglycerol was scarcely attacked under the same conditions in which the phospholipids were hydrolyzed.Lysophospholipase activity was also demonstrated using 32P‐ and non‐labeled lysophosphatidylcholine.The activity of phospholipase A1 was found in a broad range of pH but no optimal pH was determined. The pH optimum of lysophospholipase was 8.0. Both enzymes were labile to heat.Phospholipase C activity, however, could not be detected because no radioactive di‐ and monoacylglycerol was found in the experiment with 1‐acyl‐2‐[1‐14C]‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine as the substrate.It was inferred that phosphatidylethanolamine, which was the major component of phospholipids in leptospirae, was hydrolyzed serially by phospholipase A (A1 and/or A2?) and lysophospholipase to glycerophosphorylethanolamine via 2‐acyl‐type‐lyso‐derivative as one metabolic pathway of the substrate.
Slow Development of Measles Virus (Edmonston Strain) Infection in the Brain of Nude Mice
Authors: Ohuchi Reiko , Ohuchi Masanobu , Mifune Kumato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Edmonston strain of measles virus caused neurologic disease in athymic nude mice by intracerebral inoculation. The incubation periods of the disease, however, were extremely long, ranging from 59 to 140 days when the mice were inoculated with 104 plaque forming units (PFU) of the virus. The Edmonston strain was highly infectious in the nude mouse brain since virus infection was established even with 1 PFU of the virus. Virus titers in the brains of infected mice increased with the time of incubation. These results indicate that the extremely long incubation period of the disease is ascribed to very slow development of virus infection in the mouse brain. On the other hand, the incubation periods of the Biken strain of SSPE virus were very short (generally within 2 weeks) even with inoculations of 1 PFU of the virus. However, the extent of the dissemination of infection in brains was not significantly different between the two viruses as examined by immunofluorescent staining.
Differentiation of Mycobacterial Species by Investigation of Petroleum Ether‐Soluble Sulfolipids Using Thin‐Layer Chromatography after Incubation with [35S]Sulfate
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji , Toyama Haruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe method of detecting petroleum ether‐soluble sulfolipids by thin‐layer chromatography after incubation with [35S]sulfate is useful for differentiation between mycobacterial species. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, including two subspecies of Mycobacterium chelonei, were differentiated by this method. Most species of slowly growing mycobacteria were characterized by the pattern of distribution of radioactive sulfolipids in the thin‐layer chromatograms. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum was clearly differentiated from Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium triviale by the presence of a sulfolipid. The latter two did not contain any significant amount of sulfolipids. Mycobacterium avium contained a large amount of sulfolipids, whereas Mycobacterium scrofulaceum did not contain any detectable sulfolipid. Rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, except for Mycobacterium flavescens, did not contain any remarkable amounts of sulfolipids.
A New Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing an Antigen of Human Lymphocytes Similar or Identical to Tac Antigen
Authors: Tanaka Yuetsu , Tozawa Hideki , Koyanagi Yoshio , Yamamoto Naoki , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new mouse monoclonal antibody (HIEI, IgG1 type) that reacts with a cell surface glycoprotein of human lymphocytes was isolated. Membrane immunofluorescence assay showed that HIEI, like the anti‐Tac monoclonal antibody, reacted preferentially with activated normal human T‐cells and adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) virus (ATLV)‐carrying human T‐ and B‐cell lines. However, an interesting difference between HIEI and anti‐Tac antibody was that HIEI did not react with ATLV‐transformed simian cell lines or those cultured with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), whereas the anti‐Tac antibody did. The immunoprecipitation assay showed that both HIEI and anti‐Tac antibody precipitated a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 60,000 daltons (gp60) from activated normal T‐cells and ATLV‐positive T‐ and B‐cells, and also gp53 from MT‐2 and MT‐2‐related T‐cell lines transformed with ATLV in vitro by the MT‐2 cocultivation method. HIEI inhibited the Independent proliferation of normal T‐cells, but its inhibitory effect was much weaker than that of the anti‐Tac antibody. The anti‐Tac antibody interfered with the binding of HIEI to target cells, but HIEI did not block binding of the anti‐Tac antibody to the cells. These observations indicate that HIEI antibody recognizes a new antigenic determinant of the human Tac antigen.
Isotype Specificity and Heterogeneity of Fcγ‐Receptors on Guinea Pig Splenic B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki , Koyama Jiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe isotype specificity of Fc‐receptors for IgG (Fcγ‐Rs) on normal guinea pig splenic B and T cells was determined by a rosette assay using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with either homologous IgG1 or IgG2 anti‐sheep erythrocyte antibody [EA(IgG1) or EA(IgG2)]. Approximately 70% of the lymphocytes in the highly purified B‐cell fraction could form rosettes with EA(IgG2), and 55% of the cells with EA(IgG1). Inhibition experiments with soluble complexes of IgG1 or IgG2 antibody with ovalbumin demonstrated that approximately 20% of the EA(IgG2) rosette‐forming B cells bore the Fcγ‐R monospecific for IgG2, whereas 80% of the cells had two distinct Fcγ‐Rs simultaneously; one monospecific for IgG2 and the other bispecific for IgG1 and IgG2. The existence of a B cell bearing the Fcγ‐R monospecific for IgG1 was not definitively demonstrated in the B‐cell fraction. In the T cell‐enriched fraction, approximately 40% of the cells could form rosettes with EA(IgG2). The EA(IgG1)rosette‐forming cells, however, comprised only 6% of the total cells, indicating that most of the EA(IgG2) rosette‐forming T cells bear essentially the Fcγ‐R monspecific for IgG2 alone.The results obtained revealed that guinea pig splenic lymphocytes bear two distinct Fcγ‐Rs, which are not equally distributed on the B‐ and T‐cell populations and also on their respective subsets.
Serological Cross‐Reactivities of Murine and Human Class II Antigen Determined by Murine Xeno Anti‐Human Class II Antibody
Authors: Aosai Fumie , Yui Katsuyuki , Shigematsu Hidekazu , Yano Akihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMurine anti‐human class II antibodies were shown to cross‐react with polymorphic determinants of murine class II antigens. The cross‐reacting antibodies were raised in B10.S(9R) mice by immunizing with human nylon wool adherent cells (Ad cells) from peripheral blood leukocytes. The B10.S(9R) anti‐human Ad cell antiserum bound to the molecules consisting of two chains with molecular weights of 35K and 28K dimers which were purified with a lentil‐lectin column. The B10.S (9R) anti‐human class II antiserum was also revealed to contain two distinct cross‐reacting antibodies with polymorphic determinants of murine class II antigens coded for by the I‐A subregion of the H‐2. One is specific for a determinant of class II molecules coded for by I‐Ab,d,q, and the other seems to be specific for class II molecules coded for by I‐Aa,k,r.