bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intricate interplay between astrocytes and motor neurons in ALS
Authors: Phatnani Hemali P. , Guarnieri Paolo , Friedman Brad A. , Carrasco Monica A. , Muratet Michael , O’Keeffe Sean , Nwakeze Chiamaka , Pauli-Behn Florencia , Newberry Kimberly M. , Meadows Sarah K. , Tapia Juan Carlos , Myers Richard M. , Maniatis Tom 
Published: February 2013

Significance
Although ALS is a motor neuron disease, processes within glial cells contribute significantly to motor neuron-specific degeneration. Using a mouse model of ALS, we identified cell autonomous and nonautonomous changes in gene expression in motor neurons cocultured with glia. We also found a remarkable concordance between the cell culture data and expression profiles of whole spinal cords and acutely isolated spinal cord cells during disease progression in this model. We identified changes in the expression of specific genes and signaling pathways that may contribute to motor neuron degeneration in ALS, among which are TGF-β signaling pathways.
How to Manage Data to Enhance Their Potential for Synthesis, Preservation, Sharing, and Reuse—A Great Lakes Case Study
Authors: Kolb Tracy L , Blukacz-Richards E Agnes , Muir Andrew M , Claramunt Randall M , Koops Marten A , Taylor William W , Sutton Trent M , Arts Michael T , Bissel Ed 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
Proper data management (applying coordinated standards and structures to data collection, maintenance, retrieval, and documentation) is essential for complex projects to ensure data accuracy and accessibility. In this article, we used a recent project evaluating changes in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) growth, condition, and recruitment in the Great Lakes as a case study to illustrate how thoughtful data management approaches can enhance and improve research. Data management best practices described include dedicating personnel to data curation, setting data standards, building a relational database, managing data updates, checking for and trapping errors, extracting data, documenting data sets, and coordinating with project collaborators. The data management actions taken ultimately resulted in a rich body of scientific publication and a robust database available for future studies. Investing in data management allowed this project to serve as a model for taking the first steps toward a common goal of sharing, documenting, and preserving data that are collected and reported during the scientific research process.
RESUMEN
en proyectos complejos, un manejo apropiado de datos (aplicación coordinada de estándares y estructuras a recolección, mantenimiento, recuperación y documentación) resulta esencial para asegurar la precisión y accesibilidad de los mismos. En la presente contribución se utiliza un proyecto de evaluación de los cambios en el crecimiento, condición y reclutamiento del coregono en los Grandes Lagos, como caso de estudio para ilustrar cómo un manejo adecuado de datos puede incrementar y mejorar la investigación. Las mejores prácticas en cuanto a manejo de datos incluyen: dedicar personal a la curación de datos, fijar estándares en los datos, construcción de una base de datos relacional, manejo de actualización de datos, revisión y filtro de errores en los datos, extracción de datos, documentación de bases de datos y coordinación con colaboradores del proyecto. Las acciones de manejo de datos que se tomaron resultaron en la producción de un cuerpo importante de publicaciones y en una base de datos robusta, disponible para investigaciones futuras. Los recursos invertidos en el manejo de datos permitieron que este proyecto sirviera de modelo para tomar los primeros pasos hacia el objetivo común de compartir, documentar y preservar datos que son recolectados y reportados durante el proceso de una investigación científica.
The impact of breathing on HRV measurements: Implications for the longitudinal follow‐up of athletes
Authors: Saboul Damien , Pialoux Vincent , Hautier Christophe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the present work was to compare daily variations of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters between controlled breathing (CB) and spontaneous breathing (SB) sessions during a longitudinal follow‐up of athletes. HRV measurements were performed daily on 10 healthy male runners for 21 consecutive days. The signals were recorded during two successive randomised 5‐minutes sessions. One session was performed in CB and the other in SB. The results showed significant differences between the two respiration methods in the temporal, nonlinear and frequency domains. However, significant correlations were observed between CB and SB (higher than 0.70 for RMSSD and SD1), demonstrating that during a longitudinal follow‐up, these markers provide the same HRV variations regardless of breathing pattern. By contrast, independent day‐to‐day variations were observed with HF and LF/HF frequency markers, indicating no significant relationship between SB and CB data over time. Therefore, we consider that SB and CB may be used for HRV longitudinal follow‐ups only for temporal and nonlinear markers. Indeed, the same daily increases and decreases were observed whatever the breathing method employed. Conversely, frequency markers did not provide the same variations between SB and CB and we propose that these indicators are not reliable enough to be used for day‐to‐day HRV monitoring.
The Effect of Food Store Access and Income on Household Purchases of Fruits and Vegetables: A Mixed Effects Analysis
Authors: Kyureghian Gayaneh , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Bhattacharya Suparna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper combines national‐level retail food availability information with data on actual purchases to determine the effect that availability of different types of food stores and income have on fruit and vegetable purchases. The results of our mixed effects analysis suggest that the densities of supermarkets and other retail outlets in metropolitan statistical areas do not have significant effects on household fruit and vegetable purchases. Income, however, has a positive significant effect on fruit and vegetable purchases. Results also indicate that while neither food access nor income account for the variability in fruit and vegetable purchases, the interaction of these terms has a small but significant impact indicating that policy actions designed to address access and affordability issues in isolation are not likely to succeed.
Vav1 regulates MHCII expression in murine resting and activated B cells
Authors: Jux Bettina , Staratschek-Jox Andrea , Penninger Josef M. , Schultze Joachim L. , Kolanus Waldemar 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases, which is exclusively expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition to its well-documented GEF activity, it was suggested to have other functions due to the presence of multiple domains and nuclear localization signals in its protein structure. Although GEF-dependent and GEF-independent functions of vav have been implicated in T-cell development and T-cell receptor signaling, the role of vav1 in antigen-presenting cells is poorly understood. We found that vav1 is an important regulator of MHCII expression and transport. Microarray analysis of unstimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed a novel role of vav1 in transcriptional regulation of the MHCII locus, possibly by indirect means. Primary immune cells from vav1-deficient mice had a significantly lower constitutive surface expression of MHCII with the strongest impact observed on splenic and peritoneal B cells. Impaired MHCII expression resulted in a diminished capacity for T-cell activation. Using 6-thio-GTP, a specific inhibitor of the GEF function of vav1, we were able to show that the GEF activity is required for MHCII upregulation in B cells after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, our data show that vav1 not only affects transcription of the MHCII locus but also is an important regulator of MHCII protein transport to the cell surface.
Moral theories and moral truths
Authors: Callender John S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt seems difficult to support claims for the objectivity of moral values. Moral irrealism has some important advantages. It allows flexibility in our normative decision-making by avoiding commitment to one theoretical position and the rigidities that arise from this. Subjectivism captures the ambivalence that many people feel in situations in which moral theories throw up opposing answers. The risk that subjectivism will lead to an ‘anything goes’ attitude may be overstated. As discussed in previous chapters, we have innate tendencies to sympathy, blame, fellow feeling, respect, and resentment. Furthermore, we can all derive benefits from living in a moral community and therefore have a selfish interest in its maintenance.There are many interpretations as to what we do when we make moral judgments and a range of opinions on the nature of these judgments. When all of the debate about realism, cognitivism, subjectivism, and the rest is said and done, we still have to find ways of living together. Standards have to be set, rules made, and mechanisms put in place to ensure adherence to these rules. Standards and rules have to be justified by reference to a system of values. Once they are in place they have an objective reality. No one is imprisoned or fined subjectively. Nevertheless, the value systems that form the basis for laws and standards are not objective facts about the world. Instead, they are human creations that have arisen from a combination of feeling, intellect, and our innate dispositions.
Oleosin of Subcellular Lipid Droplets Evolved in Green Algae
Authors: Huang Nan-Lan , Huang Ming-Der , Chen Tung-Ling L. , Huang Anthony H.C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In primitive and higher plants, intracellular storage lipid droplets (LDs) of triacylglycerols are stabilized with a surface layer of phospholipids and oleosin. In chlorophytes (green algae), a protein termed major lipid-droplet protein (MLDP) rather than oleosin on LDs was recently reported. We explored whether MLDP was present directly on algal LDs and whether algae had oleosin genes and oleosins. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that MLDP in the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was associated with endoplasmic reticulum subdomains adjacent to but not directly on LDs. In C. reinhardtii, low levels of a transcript encoding an oleosin-like protein (oleolike) in zygotes-tetrads and a transcript encoding oleosin in vegetative cells transferred to an acetate-enriched medium were found in transcriptomes and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The C. reinhardtii LD fraction contained minimal proteins with no detectable oleolike or oleosin. Several charophytes (advanced green algae) possessed low levels of transcripts encoding oleosin but not oleolike. In the charophyte Spirogyra grevilleana, levels of oleosin transcripts increased greatly in cells undergoing conjugation for zygote formation, and the LD fraction from these cells contained minimal proteins, two of which were oleosins identified via proteomics. Because the minimal oleolike and oleosins in algae were difficult to detect, we tested their subcellular locations in Physcomitrella patens transformed with the respective algal genes tagged with a Green Fluorescent Protein gene and localized the algal proteins on P. patens LDs. Overall, oleosin genes having weak and cell/development-specific expression were present in green algae. We present a hypothesis for the evolution of oleosins from algae to plants.
Socio‐economic status and language acquisition: children's performance on the new Reynell Developmental Language Scales
Authors: Letts Carolyn , Edwards Susan , Sinka Indra , Schaefer Blanca , Gibbons Wendy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies in recent years have indicated a link between socio‐economic status (SES) of families and children's language development, including studies that have measured children's language through formal standardized test procedures. High numbers of children with low performance have been found in lower socio‐economic groups in some studies. This has proved a cause for concern for both clinicians and educationalists.AimsTo investigate the relationship between maternal education and postcode‐related indicators of SES, and children's performance on the New Reynell Developmental Scales (NRDLS).Methods & ProceduresParticipants were 1266 children aged between 2;00 and 7;06 years who were recruited for the standardization of a new assessment procedure (NRDLS). Children were divided into four groups reflecting years of maternal education, and five groups reflecting SES Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintiles for the location of participating schools and nurseries. Groups were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age as a covariate, in order to identify which might be affected by the two SES variables. Where relationships were found between SES and performance on the scales, individual children's standard scores were looked at to determine numbers potentially at risk for language delay.Outcomes & ResultsAn effect of years of maternal education on performance was found such that children whose mothers had minimum years performed less well than other children in the study, this effect being stronger for younger children. Children attending schools or nurseries in IMD quintile 1 areas performed less well in language production. Higher than expected numbers with language delay were found for younger children whose mothers had minimum years of education, and for children in quintile 1 schools and nurseries; however, numbers were not as high as noted in some other studies.Conclusions & ImplicationsCharacteristics of the participant sample and measures used for language and SES may explain these results and are important considerations when interpreting results of studies or developing policies for intervention. The usefulness of commonly used categories of language delay is questioned.
Bird community comparisons of four plantations and conservation concerns in South China
Authors: ZOU Fasheng , YANG Qiongfang , LIN Yongbiao , XU Guoliang , GREENBERG Russell 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlantations of non‐native, fast‐growing trees are increasing in the tropics and subtropics, perhaps with negative consequences for the native avifauna. We studied bird diversity in 4 types of plantations in South China to determine which plantation types are especially detrimental, and compared our findings with studies in nearby natural forests to assess the magnitude of the negative impact. A total of 57 species was recorded. The mean capture rate of understory birds was 1.7 individuals 100‐net‐h–1. Bird richness and capture rate were lower in plantations than in nearby natural forests. Babblers (Timaliidae), primarily forest‐dependent species in South China, were particularly under‐represented in plantations. Species richness, composition and bird density, particularly of understory birds, differed between plantation types. Plantations of Schima, which is native to South China, had the highest species richness according to point count data. Plantations of Acacia (non‐native) supported the highest understory species richness and produced the highest capture rate of understory birds, probably because of their complex structure and high arthropod abundance. If bird diversity is to be considered, we strongly recommend that future re‐afforestation projects in South China should, as far as possible, use mixed native tree species, and especially Schima, ahead of the other species.
A New Antiarrhythmic Drug in the Treatment of Recent‐Onset Atrial Fibrillation: Vernakalant
Authors: Vizzardi Enrico , Salghetti Francesca , Bonadei Ivano , Gelsomino Sandro , Lorusso Roberto , D'Aloia Antonio , Curnis Antonio 
Published: February 2013

SummaryVernakalant is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently approved in Europe for the rapid cardioversion of recent‐onset atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking early‐activating K+ atrial channels and frequency‐dependent atrial Na+ channels, prolonging atrial refractory periods and rate‐dependent slowing atrial conduction, without promoting ventricular arrhythmia. Preclinical and clinical trials showed good toleration of this drug. The main purpose of our review is to describe all the trials that led to the incorporation of vernakalant into the current European atrial fibrillation guidelines.
Differences in Acute Response to Alcohol Between African Americans and European Americans
Authors: Pedersen Sarah L. , McCarthy Denis M. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundResponse to alcohol is a widely studied risk factor and potential endophenotype for alcohol use disorders. Research on African American response to alcohol has been limited despite large differences in alcohol use between African Americans and European Americans. Extending our previous work on the African American portion of this sample, the current study examined differences in acute subjective response to alcohol between African Americans and European Americans. Additionally, we tested whether the association between response to alcohol and past month drinking behavior and alcohol‐related problems differed across race.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐eight participants (mean age = 21.87, SD = 1.23; 57% African American) who were moderate to heavy social drinkers completed an alcohol administration study in a laboratory setting, receiving a moderate dose of alcohol (0.72 g/kg alcohol for men, 0.65 g/kg for women). Acute alcohol response was measured at 8 time points (i.e., baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes).ResultsLatent growth curve models showed that African Americans experienced sharper increases in stimulation on the ascending limb compared to European Americans. African American women experienced sharper increases in sedation on the ascending limb compared to European American women. Change in sedation on the ascending limb was associated with past month drinking behavior. Stimulation on the ascending limb was related to alcohol problems for African Americans but not European Americans.ConclusionsWe found differences in response to alcohol across racial groups: African Americans showed a stronger response to alcohol. Future studies are needed to incorporate response to alcohol into a larger model of African American alcohol use.
Toll‐like receptor 3 activation in retinal pigment epithelium cells – Mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways of cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion
Authors: Klettner Alexa , Koinzer Stefan , Meyer Tim , Roider Johann 
Published: February 2013

Abstract.Purpose:  Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor of the innate immune system, recognizing double‐stranded RNA. TLR3 can lead to cytokine release or apoptosis and has recently been associated with the development of geographical atrophy via cytotoxic effects on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The current study was conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of TLR3 effects in the RPE.Methods:  TLR3 activation via polyinosinic acid/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was investigated in primary porcine RPE cells, focussing on cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Primary cells were stimulated with different concentrations of Poly I:C. Cell death was investigated in trypan blue exclusion assay and cell death detection ELISA. VEGF and IFN‐ß secretion were also detected in ELISA. As Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) play an important part in TLR3‐mediated signal transduction, we investigated the influence of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 on cell death and VEGF secretion, using commercially available inhibitors.Results:  Activation of TLR3 by Poly I:C induced concentration‐dependent cell death, partly mediated by JNK. ERK1/2 was activated and exerted some protection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of Poly I:C increased VEGF secretion after 4 and 24 hr, which was independent of MAPK.Conclusion:  The induction of cell death in RPE cells by TLR3 activation confirms possible involvement of TLR3 activation in GA. As cell death is partly mediated by JNK, more studies should be conducted investigating the role of JNK in RPE cell death to evaluate whether its inhibition might be a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of geographical atrophy. Additionally, effects on VEGF secretion can be found.
Improving assessment of paediatric acute breathing difficulties in medical education: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Manikam Logan , Blackwell Nicholas , Banerjee Jaydip , Nightingale Peter , Lakhanpaul Monica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimImpact assessment of an adjunct to standard teaching on knowledge gain and self‐assessed confidence for students undertaking their paediatric attachment and evaluation of an acute breathing difficulties (ABDs) learning package.MethodsPragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial involving 248 UK medical undergraduates within six paediatric clinical rotations. Intervention groups received an online ABD learning package consisting of symptom‐based decision‐making pathways underpinned by a ratified ABD evidence‐based guideline. Control groups received an online dummy package. Outcome measures were a pre‐ and post‐intervention multiple choice question assessment and confidence questionnaire utilising 5‐point Likert scales.ResultsSignificant knowledge gain in the intervention group (mean 6.84, 95% CI 5.56‐8.12) versus no such difference in the control group, significant improvement in self‐assessed confidence in intervention group versus no such difference in control group and significant confidence differences in ABD‐specific statements were noted. In the satisfaction questionnaire, the learning content was noted to be new to only 16% participants.ConclusionSupplementation of standard teaching with an interactive delivery method resulted in cognitive gain and self‐assessed confidence improvement in interaction with children with ABDs. This indicates that a well‐designed tool can help prepare students for direct interaction with sick children as a junior clinician. Trial Registration: ISRCTN27499282.
Anthracyclines during induction therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Teuffel Oliver , Leibundgut Kurt , Lehrnbecher Thomas , Alonzo Todd A. , Beyene Joseph , Sung Lillian 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThis systematic review and meta‐analysis compared the efficacy of different anthracyclines and anthracycline dosing schedules for induction therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia in children and adults younger than 60 years of age. Twenty‐nine randomized controlled trials were eligible for inclusion in the review. Idarubicin (IDA), in comparison to daunorubicin (DNR), reduced remission failure rates (risk ratio (RR) 0·81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0·66–0·99; P = 0·04), but did not alter rates of early death or overall mortality. Superiority of IDA for remission induction was limited to studies with a DNR/IDA dose ratio <5 (ratio <5: RR 0·65; 95% CI, 0·51–0·81; P < 0·001; ratio ≥5: RR 1·03; 95% CI, 0·91–1·16; P = 0·63). Higher‐dose DNR, compared to lower‐dose DNR, was associated with reduced rates for remission failure (RR 0·75; 95% CI, 0·60–0·94; P = 0·003) and overall mortality (RR 0·83; 95% CI, 0·75–0·93; P < 0·001), but not for early death. Comparisons of several other anthracycline derivates did not reveal significant differences in outcomes. Survival estimates in adults suggest that both high‐dose DNR (90 mg/m2 daily × 3 or 50 mg/m2 daily × 5) and IDA (12 mg/m2 daily × 3) can achieve 5‐year survival rates of between 40 and 50 percent.