bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise improves adipose function and inflammation and ameliorates fatty liver disease in obese diabetic mice
Authors: Haczeyni Fahrettin , Barn Vanessa , Mridha Auvro R. , Yeh Matthew M. , Estevez Emma , Febbraio Mark A. , Nolan Christopher J. , Bell‐Anderson Kim S. , Teoh Narci C. , Farrell Geoffrey C. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveAdipose inflammation and dysfunction underlie metabolic obesity. Exercise improves glycemic control and metabolic indices, but effects on adipose function and inflammation are less clear. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that exercise improves adipose morphometry to reduce adipose inflammation in hyperphagic obese mice.MethodsAlms1 mutant foz/foz mice housed in pairs were fed an atherogenic or chow diet; half the cages were fitted with a computer‐monitored wheel for voluntary exercise. Insulin‐induced AKT‐phosphorylation, adipocyte size distribution, and inflammatory recruitment were studied in visceral versus subcutaneous depots, and severity of fatty liver disease was determined.ResultsExercise prevented obesity and diabetes development in chow‐fed foz/foz mice and delayed their onset in atherogenic‐fed counterparts. Insulin‐stimulated phospho‐AKT levels in muscle were improved with exercise, but not in adipose or liver. Exercise suppressed adipose inflammatory recruitment, particularly in visceral adipose, associated with an increased number of small adipocyte subpopulations, and enhanced expression of beige adipocyte factor PRDM16 in subcutaneous fat. In atherogenic‐fed foz/foz mice liver, exercise suppressed development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and related liver fibrosis.ConclusionsExercise confers metabo‐protective effects in atherogenic‐fed hyperphagic mice by preventing early onset of obesity and diabetes in association with enhanced muscle insulin sensitivity, improved adipose morphometry, and suppressed adipose and liver inflammation.
Organocatalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Ketones and Sulfonyl Fluorides by Fluoroform under a Superbase System
Authors: Okusu Satoshi , Hirano Kazuki , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFluoroform (HCF3, HFC‐23) is a side product in the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). Despite its attractive properties, taming HCF3 for trifluoromethylation is quite problematic owing to its low acidity and the lability of the naked trifluoromethyl carbanion generated from HCF3. Herein we report the organic‐superbase‐catalyzed trifluoromethylation of ketones and arylsulfonyl fluorides by HCF3. The reactions were carried out by using a newly developed “superbase organocatalyst system” consisting of catalytic amounts of P4‐tBu and N(SiMe3)3. A series of aryl and alkyl ketones were converted into the corresponding α‐trifluoromethyl carbinols in good yields under the organocatalysis conditions in THF. The superbase organocatalytic system can also be applied to the trifluoromethylation of arylsulfonyl fluorides for biologically important aryl triflones in THF or DMF in good yields. Protonated P4‐tBu, H[P4‐tBu]+, is suggested to be crucial for the catalytic process. This new catalytic methodology using HCF3 is expected to expand the range of synthetic applications of trifluoromethylation.
Multi‐response optimisation of ultrasound‐assisted extraction for recovery of flavonoids from red grape skins using response surface methodology
Authors: Tomaz Ivana , Maslov Luna , Stupić Domagoj , Preiner Darko , Ašperger Danijela , Karoglan Kontić Jasminka 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroductionFor the characterisation of grape cultivars, the profile and content of flavonoids are important because these compounds impact grape and wine quality. To determine the correct profile and content of flavonoids, the use of robust, sensitive and reliable methods is necessary.ObjectiveThe object of this research is to develop a new ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) method for the recovery of flavonoids from grape skins using response surface methodology.MethodOptimisation of UAE was performed using a complementary study combining a Box‐Behnken experimental design with qualitative analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsOptimal extraction conditions were obtained using the extraction solvent composed of acetonitrile:water:formic acid (26:73:1, v/v/v) at an extraction temperature of 50°C, an extraction time of 15 min in a single‐extraction step and with a solid‐to‐solvent ratio of 1:80 g/mL. The calculated relative standard deviations for the optimal extraction method were very low, measuring less than 5%.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that numerous factors have strong effects on the extraction efficiency, including the type of organic modifier and its percentage in the extraction solvent, the number of extraction steps, the solid‐to‐solvent ratio, the extraction time and temperature and, finally, the particular nature of analyte and their position within the grape skin cell. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommended pre‐test counseling points for noninvasive prenatal testing using cell‐free DNA: a 2015 perspective
Authors: Sachs Amy , Blanchard Leah , Buchanan Amanda , Norwitz Errol , Bianchi Diana W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNoninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell‐free DNA is being offered to an increasing number of women. Comprehensive pre‐test counseling is complicated by emerging information about the benefits and limitations of testing, as well as the potential to detect incidental findings. Genetic counselors are trained to facilitate informed decision‐making; however, not all centers have access to these professionals. To aid in the informed consent process, we have summarized key points to be included in discussions with patients who are considering NIPT. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ambiguous anti‐fouling surfaces: Facile synthesis by light‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Pester Christian W. , Poelma Justin E. , Narupai Benjaporn , Patel Shrayesh N. , Su Gregory M. , Mates Thomas E. , Luo Yingdong , Ober Christopher K. , Hawker Craig J. , Kramer Edward J. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to create a polymer brush‐based platform for the systematic study for anti‐biofouling surfaces, the benefits of surface initiated, visible light‐mediated radical polymerization are utilized to fabricate well‐defined, chemically ambiguously patterned surfaces. A variety of analytical tools are used to illustrate the precise tuning of surface chemistry and thoroughly characterize spatially well‐defined, hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces composed of poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) and poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate) with chemical definition on the micron scale. Advantages of both visible light‐mediated photopolymerization and traditional copper‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization are combined to achieve both high spatial control and expanded monomer tolerance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 253–262
Synthesis of water‐soluble zwitterionic polysiloxanes
Authors: Skinner Matthew , Selhorst Ryan , Emrick Todd 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA series of water‐soluble siloxane polymers with pendent phosphorylcholine (PC) and sulfobetaine (SB) zwitterions was prepared using thiol‐ene “click” chemistry. Specifically, well‐defined vinyl‐substituted siloxane homopolymers and block copolymers were functionalized with small molecule zwitterionic thiols at room temperature. Rapid and quantitative substitution of the pendent vinyl groups was achieved, and zwitterionic polysiloxanes of narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained. The PC‐ and SB‐substituted polymers were found to be readily soluble in pure, salt‐free water. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of these polymers in water were measured using a pyrene fluorescence probe, with CMC values estimated to be <0.01 g/L. Polymer aggregates were studied by dynamic light scattering, and the micelles generated from the PC block copolymers were visualized, after drying, by transmission electron microscopy. Aqueous solutions of these zwitterionic polysiloxanes significantly reduced the oil‐water interfacial surface tension, functioning as polymer amphiphiles that lend stability to oil‐in‐water emulsions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 127–134
Synthesis and liquid crystalline behavior of bulky poly(methacrylamide)s
Authors: Manning Kylie B. , Shtukenberg Alexander G. , Nichols Shane M. , Kahr Bart , Weck Marcus 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTN‐(Bis(4‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)phenyl)(phenyl)‐methyl)methacrylamide was synthesized and polymerized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The chain‐transfer agent (4‐cyano‐4‐(phenylcarbonothioylthio) pentanoic acid (CPADB)), combined with a chiral additive, and a radical initiator yielded polymers with dispersities between 1.2 and 1.4. At low concentrations, the polymers are soluble in hexanes and chloroform while at higher concentrations they swell in these solvents. Characterization of the polymers by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) revealed an interplanar distance of 19.0 Å. The WAXS data combined with polarized optical microscopy support a lamellar crystallization and lyotropic liquid crystalline behavior in hexanes and chloroform. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2563–2568
Synthesis and characterization of polymer electrolytes based on cross‐linked phenoxy‐containing polyphosphazenes
Authors: Tsao Chih‐Hao , Ueda Mitsuru , Kuo Ping‐Lin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA new method to prepare the polymer electrolytes for lithium‐ion batteries is proposed. The polymer electrolytes were prepared by reacting poly(phosphazene)s (MEEPP) having 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy and 2‐(phenoxy)ethoxy units with 2,4,6‐tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]‐1,3,5‐triazine (CYMEL) as a cross‐linking agent. This method is simple and reliable for controlling the cross‐linking extent, thereby providing a straightforward way to produce a flexible polymer electrolyte membrane. The 6 mol % cross‐linked polymer electrolyte (ethylene oxide unit (EO)/Li = 24:1) exhibited a maximum ionic conductivity of 5.36 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 100 °C. The 7Li linewidths of solid‐state static NMR showed that the ionic conductivity was strongly related to polymer segment motion. Moreover, the electrochemical stability of the MEEPP polymer electrolytes increased with an increasing extent of cross‐linking, the highest oxidation voltage of which reached as high as 7.0 V. Moreover, phenoxy‐containing polyphosphazenes are very useful model polymers to study the relationship between the polymer flexibility; that is, the cross‐linking extent and the mobility of metal ions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 352–358
Gels as Energy Dissipation Media for Energetic Materials Desensitization
Authors: Weitz Amir , Korogodsky Gady , Tsoglin Alex , Grinstein Dan , Gottlieb Levi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe hypothesis that gels, which have a variety of dissipation mechanisms in response to external forces can provide efficient energy deflection media protecting sensitive energetic materials from accidental initiation is explored. Entrapment of explosives, with an emphasis on peroxide materials, in gels is demonstrated as a general method to substantially lower explosives sensitivity diverting stimuli from the sensitive materials to the gel. Friction is a more difficult stimulus to dissipate in comparison to impact. The desensitization method developed, is with minimal material manipulations. Practical considerations as mode of application, solubility, and controlling speed of gelation determine that the method of choice is a sol‐gel process using a mixture of three alkylalkoxysilanes, RnSi(OR′)4–n, producing a hybrid organic‐inorganic gel enabling complete triacetone triperoxide (TATP) desensitization at 20–25 % v/v concentrations.
Impacts of process safety time on layer of protection analysis
Authors: Barnard Geoffrey , Creel William 
Published: August 2015

The ability of an Independent Protection Layer (IPL) to achieve a given level of risk reduction is dependent upon its fulfillment of several core attributes. A key provision for any IPL to be considered effective and functionally adequate is its capability to respond to a process demand quickly enough to stop the propagation of the hazard scenario it was designed to prevent. While this seems obvious and reasonable, the estimation of Process Safety Time and the specification of IPL Response Times are more complex, and often deferred or overlooked altogether.What is Process Safety Time? How is it determined? When? And by whom? This article examines the relationship between Process Safety Time and IPL Response Times, essential variables for the justification of IPL effectiveness, and their impacts on the success of Layer of Protection Analysis. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 383–388, 2015
Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing
Authors: Bennett Gary W , Gondhalekar Ameya D , Wang Changlu , Buczkowski Grzegorz , Gibb Timothy J 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMultifamily housing facilities serving low‐income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building‐wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early‐stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non‐chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Hole injection contribution to transport mechanisms in metal/p−/p++ and metal/oxide/p−/p++ diamond structures
Authors: Muret P. , Eon D. , Traoré A. , Maréchal A. , Pernot J. , Gheeraert E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHeterostructures such as Schottky diodes and metal/oxide/ semiconductor structures are the building blocks of diamond electronic devices. They are able to carry large current densities, up to several kA cm, if a heavily boron‐doped layer (p) is included in the semiconducting stack, thus affording a metallic reservoir of mobile holes close to the lightly doped layer (p). In this work, hole injection effects are evidenced experimentally in the two previously mentioned devices and also simulated numerically. Although the potential barrier height at metal/semiconductor interfaces is a fundamental parameter, a more general approach consists in defining the current density from the product of an effective velocity and carrier concentration at interface. In accordance with experimental results, such a view permits to describe both depletion and accumulation regimes, which indeed can exist at the metallic or oxide interface, and to take into account the increase of the hole concentration above the thermal equilibrium one in the p layer. The lower the temperature, the larger is this second effect. For sufficiently thin p layers, typically below 2 m, this effect frees device operation from the limitation due to incomplete ionization of acceptors and allows a strong decrease of the specific resistance and forward losses while preserving breakdown voltages in the range of 1.4–2 kV.
Dynamic shear force amplification in regular frame–wall systems
Authors: Kazaz İlker , Gülkan Polat 
Published: August 2015

SummaryA parametric study is conducted to investigate the dynamic shear amplification factor (DAF) in low‐to‐mid‐rise frame–wall systems in which the reinforcement curtailment along the height matches the required code strength. The level of frame–wall interaction is varied by changing the wall index, defined as the ratio of the total wall area to the floor plan area, in a generic frame–wall system, and its correlation with the DAF is investigated. Wall index values ranging in the 0.2% to 2% interval are selected. Walls with lengths of 3m , 5 m and 8 m are used in the design of model buildings of 4, 8 and 12 stories. Shear–flexure beam continuum formulation is used in design and modeling. The global behavior is analyzed using nonlinear response history procedure using spectrum compatible ground motions. It is found that the primary source of amplification is the level of inelastic demand on the system. Walls designed for code‐specified force reduction factor R = 6 experienced an average base shear force amplification in the order of 1.64 with standard deviation of 0.19 with respect to design shear force. Amplification diminishes with decreasing R. An expression for the dynamic amplification factor as a function of the number of stories and force reduction factor R is proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal default and liquidation with tangible assets and debt renegotiation
Authors: Goto Makoto , Suzuki Teruyoshi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe propose a pricing model for corporate securities issued by a levered firm with the possibility of debt renegotiation, where the firm's earnings follow a geometric Brownian motion with stochastic collaterals. While equity holders can default the firm when the earnings become insufficient, they may liquidate it by repaying the face value of debt when the value of collaterals becomes sufficiently high. Unlike the existing models, the bivariate structure enables us to distinguish strategic default, liquidity default and ordinary liquidation, which makes the contribution of strategic debt service to credit spreads lower than that obtained in the previous models.
4. “Biphasic” histology is associated with the non-WNT/SHH molecular subtype of medulloblastoma
Authors: Dunham C. , Foster C. , Triscott J. , Dunn S. 
Published: August 2015

IntroductionIn 2007, Ellison et al coined the term “biphasic” medulloblastoma (B-MB) to characterize histology that mimicked the desmoplastic nodular (DN) variant on routine staining, but which lacked internodular reticulin deposition. Via interphase FISH, and utilizing markers for 9q22 and chromosome 17 alterations (ie, -17p and i17q), Ellison et al. suggested that B-MB and DN-MB were genetically different.MethodsWe performed a clinicopathologic review of MBs treated at BCCH from 1986-2011. Using nanoString’s n Counter Analysis System (nCAS), each tumor was molecularly subtyped (ie, WNT, SHH, group 3 or group 4). All original glass slides were reviewed to determine WHO histologic subtype [ie, classic, large cell anaplastic (LCA), DN, MB with extensive nodularity (MBEN)]. Tumors were also evaluated for nodularity (scattered vs. frequent) and advanced neuronal differentiation. Reticulin staining was assessed on all cases.Results20 B-MB were identified; by WHO definition, most of these resided within the classic category (N=19), while one was LCA. 13 of 20 B-MB displayed ‘scattered” nodules; by molecular subtype, these included eight group 4, four group 3 and one WNT tumors. Seven of the 20 B-MB exhibited “frequent” nodules; by molecular subtype, these included six group 4 and one group 3 tumors. Statistical analysis confirmed this non random distribution of B-MB across molecular subtypes.ConclusionOur data confirm the work of Ellison et al. that suggested B-MB is genetically different than DN-MB. In particular, B-MB resides in the non-WNT/SHH molecular category, but especially amongst group 4 when nodularity is “frequent”.
6. Surfen, a proteoglycan antagonist, reduces lysolecithin-induced demyelination with related effects on macrophage function
Authors: Warford J. , Madara L. , Hoskin D.W. , Easton A.S. 
Published: August 2015

Proteoglycans are components of the extracellular matrix and have roles in brain development and responses to injury. Connective tissue components are known to be major inhibitors of remyelination in mouse models of demyelination and are found at the border of active demyelinating lesions in Multiple Sclerosis. Surfen (bis 2-methyl, 4- amino, 6-quinolyl amide) is a small molecule antagonist previously shown to bind preferentially to heparan sulfate and related proteoglycans.We have previously reported that surfen reduces T cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Here we report the effects of surfen on an in vivo model of demyelination and its effects on macrophage function in vitro. Demyelination was induced by injecting the detergent lysolecithin into the spinal cord dorsal columns of adult C57Bl/6 mice. Relative to vehicle treated mice, co-injection of surfen (100 μM) with lysolecithin reduced total lesion area seven days post-injection. Because macrophages dominate these lesions and influence remyelination, murine bone marrow derived macrophages were assessed using assays of chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Macrophages chemotaxis was increased in response to surfen (10 μM) relative to vehicle by approximately 15% (p<0.05). Phagocytosis of E. coli was not affected by surfen.These effects of surfen on experimental demyelination and macrophage function suggest that proteoglycan binding may promote aspects of myelin repair relevant to Multiple Sclerosis.
8. Maturation of the Fetal Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Sarnat Harvey B. 
Published: August 2015

The olfactory bulb exhibits architecture unique amongst laminar cortices, lacking molecular and subplate zones and having superficial synaptic glomeruli. Its ontogenesis also is unique because neuroblasts do not migrate radially but stream in from the rostral telencephalon; an ependymal-lined olfactory ventricle is transitory. The olfactory is the only sensory system to not project to the thalamus but incorporates a thalamic equivalent. It is a repository of progenitor cells in the mature brain. The aim was to define olfactory bulb development in the human foetus: synaptogenesis and cellular maturation.Immunoreactivity in paraffin sections of synaptophysin, NeuN, calretinin, vimentin and nestin was examined at autopsy in olfactory bulb in 20 foetuses, 9-40wks gestation. Synaptophysin reactivity was seen around the somata of mitral and tufted neurons at 9wks, synaptic glomeruli at 13wks. The granule cell layer in the core exhibited NeuN-reactive nuclei in cells of the outer half at 20wks; 60% of granular neurons reacted by term. Synaptophysin reactivity in the granular layer initiates at 15wk. GABAergic calretinin-reactive neurons and neurites and synaptic glomeruli appeared at 13wks. Nestin- and vimentin-reactive bipolar progenitor cells were shown at all gestational ages, mainly in the granular layer, the ratio to other cells remaining constant. Synapses form in the small accessory olfactory bulb of the nervus terminalis earlier than in the main bulb. Development of synaptic vesicles in the human fetal olfactory bulb is precise both spatially and temporally, but not yet fully mature at term.In brain malformations and congenital metabolic and genetic diseases, the olfactory bulb may be affected and provide additional neuropathological data. Therapeutic autologous transplantation of olfactory progenitor cells focus renewed interest in the olfactory bulb.