bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Thermal Diffusivity of Austenitic Steel Using Pulsed Infrared Thermography
Authors: Kochanowski K. , Oliferuk W. , Płochocki Z. , Adamowicz A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The simple method of determining thermal diffusivity of solid materials at room temperature using the pulsed infrared thermography (IRT) is proposed. The theoretical basis of the method and experimental results are presented. The study was conducted on austenitic steel 316L. Theobtained results show that the thermal diffusivity value of the tested steel determined by means of pulsed infrared thermography is very approximate to the values given in the literature, obtained by using more complicated methods. The differences between these values are 0.5%.
Vanadium Influence on Iron Based Intermetallic Phases in AlSi6Cu4 Alloy
Authors: Bolibruchová D. , Žihalová M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Negative effect of iron in Al-Si alloys mostly refers with iron based intermetallic phases, especially Al5FeSi phases. These phases are present in platelet-like forms, which sharp edges are considered as main cracks initiators and also as contributors of porosity formation. In recent times, addition of some elements, for example Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, V, is used to reduce influence of iron. Influence of vanadium in aluminium AlSi6Cu4 alloy with intentionally increased iron content is presented in this article. Vanadium amount has been graduated and chemical composition of alloy has been analysed by spectral analysis. Vanadium influence on microstructural changes was evaluated by microstructural analysis and some of intermetallic particles were reviewed by EDX analysis.
The Effect of Nanostructure Modification on the Silicate Binder on Its Binding Characteristics and Functional Properties
Authors: Izdebska-Szanda I. , Baliński A. , Angrecki M. , Palma A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A method for the chemical modification of silicate binder (hydrated sodium silicate) affecting the distribution of its nanostructure elements was disclosed. The effect of silicate binder modification on the resulting technological properties of moulding sands, determined under standard conditions and at elevated temperatures in the range from 1000C to 9000C, was discussed. Modification of this type is done on inorganic binders in order to reduce their unfavourable functional properties. It is particularly important when moulding sands with the silicate binder are used for casting of low-melting alloys. Therefore special attention was paid to the impact that modification of inorganic binders may have on the knocking out properties of sands prepared with these binders, when they are used in the process of casting non-ferrous alloys.
Thermo-Physical Properties of Selected Inconel
Authors: Krajewski P.K. , Piwowarski G. , Buraś J. , Krajewski W.K. , Rutkowski P. , Szeliga D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The paper brings results of examinations of main thermo-physical properties of selected Inconel alloys, i.e. their heat diffusivity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, measured in wide temperature range of 20 – 900 oC. Themathematical relationships of the above properties vs. temperature were obtained for the IN 100 and IN 713C alloys. These data can be used when modelling the IN alloys solidification processes aimed at obtaining required structure and properties as well as when designing optimal work temperature parameters.
The Effect of Alloying on Mechanical Properties of Advanced High Strength Steels
Authors: Kučerová L. , Jirková H. , Mašek B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Quenching and partitioning process with incorporated incremental deformation was optimized for six high strength steels with various contents of carbon (0.4-0.6%), manganese (0.6-1.2), silicon (2-2.6%) and chromium (0.8-1.3%). The optimization was gradually done for each steel with respect to the final microstructures and properties. The effect of cooling rate, quenching and partitioning temperature on microstructure development was further investigated. Interesting combinations of mechanical properties were obtained, with tensile strength in the region of 1600-2400 MPa and ductility of 6-20%.
Optimization of the Q-P Process Parameters for Low Alloyed Steels with 0.2% C
Authors: Jirková H. , Kučerová L. , Aišman D. , Mašek B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In steels which are treated by the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process, carbon content is one of the crucial parameters because carbon contributes greatly to stabilization of retained austenite and strengthens the material. In the present study, the Q&P process was gradually optimised for two low-alloyed steels with 0.2 % carbon content and with and without Cr addition. The results show that the cooling rate, as well as the austenitizing temperature, has a pronounced effect on microstructure evolution. The strength and elongation in the Mn, Si and Cr-alloyed steel was approx. 900 MPa and more than 30 %, respectively.
Nanostructured Bainite-Austenite Steel for Armours Construction
Authors: Burian W. , Marcisz J. , Garbarz B. , Starczewski L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Nanostructured bainite-austenite steels are applied in the armours construction due to their excellent combination of strength and ductility which enables to lower the armour weight and to improve the protection efficiency. Mechanical properties of the bainite-austenite steels can be controlled in the wide range by chemical composition and heat treatment. In the paper the results of investigation comprising measuring of quasi - static mechanical properties, dynamic yield stress and firing tests of bainite-austenite steel NANOS-BA® are presented. Reported results show that the investigated bainite-austenite steel can be used for constructing add-on armour and that the armour fulfils requirements of protection level 2 of STANAG 4569. Obtained reduction in weight of the tested NANOS-BA® plates in comparison with the present solutions is about 30%.
Effectiveness of Straw Mulch on Infiltration, Splash Erosion, Runoff and Sediment in Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Gholami Leila , Banasik Kazimierz , Sadeghi Seyed Hamidreza , Khaledi Darvishan Abdulvahed , Hejduk Leszek 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Mulches have extraordinary potential in reducing surface runoff, increasing infiltration of water into the soil and decreasing soil erosion. The straw mulches as a biological material, has the ability to be a significant physical barrier against the impact of raindrops and reduce the detachment of soil aggregates. The present study is an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch as conservation treatment in changes in the splash erosion, time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, infiltration coefficient, time-to-drainage, drainage coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss. The laboratory experiments have been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from deforested area, about 15 km of Warsaw west, Poland under lab conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 60 and 120 mmh–1, in 4 soil moistures of 12, 25, 33 and 40% and the slope of 9%. Compared with bare treatments, results of straw mulch application showed the significant conservation effects on splash erosion, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss and significant enhancement effects on infiltration and drainage. The results of Spearman-Rho correlation showed the significant (p < 0.05) correlation with r = –0.873, 0.873, 0.878 and 0.764 between rainfall intensity and drainage coefficient, downstream splash, sediment concentration and soil loss and with r = –0.976, 0.927 and –0.927 between initial soil moisture content and time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient and infiltration coefficient, respectively.
Neutrophils in atherosclerosis
Authors: Roig C. , Daemen M. , Lutgens E. , Soehnlein O. , Hartwig H. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall and the continuous infiltration of leukocytes into the plaque enhances the progression of the lesion. Because of the scarce detection of neutrophils in atherosclerotic plaques compared to other immune cells, their contribution was largely neglected. However, in the last years studies have accumulated pointing towards the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis. In addition, studies are emerging implying a role for neutrophils in advanced atherosclerosis and/or plaque destabilization. Thus, this brief review delivers an overview of the role of neutrophils during early and late stage atherosclerosis.
Where and when will we observe cloud changes due to climate warming?
Authors: Chepfer H. , Noel V. , Winker D. , Chiriaco M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClimate models predict that the geographic distribution of clouds will change in response to anthropogenic warming, though uncertainties in the existing satellite record are larger than the magnitude of the predicted effects. Here we argue that cloud vertical distribution, observable by active spaceborne sensors, is a more robust signature of climate change. Comparison of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project present day and +4 K runs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 shows that cloud radiative effect and total cloud cover do not represent robust signatures of climate change, as predicted changes fall within the range of variability in the current observational record. However, the predicted forced changes in cloud vertical distribution (directly measurable by spaceborne active sensors) are much larger than the currently observed variability and are expected to first appear at a statistically significant level in the upper troposphere, at all latitudes.
A storm in a shelf sea: Variation in phosphorus distribution and organic matter stoichiometry
Authors: Davis Clare E. , Mahaffey Claire , Wolff George A. , Sharples Jonathan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOrganic matter (OM) plays an important role in productive shelf seas and their contribution to global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles. We investigated the impact of storm mixing on OM dynamics in the seasonally stratified Celtic Sea. After the storm, OM production was decoupled from consumption in the euphotic layer. Over the 15 day study, dissolved OM (DOM) became phosphorus (P) rich relative to C, whereas particulate OM (POM) became P‐deplete relative to C. Upward diapycnal phosphate fluxes were accompanied by reciprocal downward mixing of dissolved organic P (DOP) and particulate P (PPhos). Transfer of DOP and PPhos below the thermocline accounts for 22% and 26%, respectively, of the upward phosphate flux. Given the changes in stoichiometry of POM and DOM after the storm, the form in which OM is transferred below the thermocline has important implications for the efficiency of elemental transfer, impacting C cycling and storage in the ocean.
Man‐induced low‐frequency seismic events in Italy
Authors: Latorre Diana , Amato Alessandro , Cattaneo Marco , Carannante Simona , Michelini Alberto 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnconventional seismic events in Italy are detected by scanning three years of continuous waveforms recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network. Cross correlation of signal templates with continuous seismic records has evidenced unusual events with similar low‐frequency characteristics in several Italian regions. Spectral analysis and spatiotemporal distribution of these events, some of which are previously interpreted as tectonic long‐period transients, suggest that they are not natural, but produced by huge cement factories. Since there are at least 57 full‐cycle cement plants operating in Italy, each affecting areas of about 1250 to 2800 km2, we argue that significant portions of the Italian territory (23% to 51%) can be affected by this man‐made noise. Seismic noise analyses, such as those used for microzonation or crustal structure investigations, as well as data mining techniques used to retrieve anomalous transient signals, should thus take into account this peculiar and pervasive source of seismic waves.
The magnitudes of the regions 1 and 2 Birkeland currents observed by AMPERE and their role in solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Coxon J. C. , Milan S. E. , Clausen L. B. N. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper we present the first large‐scale statistical study of the influence of magnetic reconnection on the magnitude of the regions 1 and 2 Birkeland field‐aligned currents (FACs). While previous studies have employed single spacecraft measurements to construct a statistical picture of the location and density of the Birkeland currents, it has hitherto been difficult to compare in situ measurements of the solar wind with instantaneous global field‐aligned current measurements. To that end, we utilize the Active Magnetosphere Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE), which yields field‐aligned current density in both hemispheres at a cadence of 10 min. We quantify the amount of current flowing in the regions 1 (R1) and 2 (R2) FACs, and we compare these with the dayside reconnection rate ΦD deduced from interplanetary parameters from the OMNI data set and with the AL index to examine whether magnetic reconnection is responsible for driving currents in the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. We find that current magnitudes are strongly correlated with both ΦD and AL index. We also find that R1 currents tend to be higher than R2 currents during periods of magnetic reconnection, suggesting leakage of current across the polar cap or an association with the substorm current wedge.
Exploring remote earthquake triggering potential across EarthScopes' Transportable Array through frequency domain array visualization
Authors: Linville Lisa , Pankow Kristine , Kilb Debi , Velasco Aaron 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo better understand earthquake source processes involved in dynamically triggering remote aftershocks, we use data from the EarthScope Transportable Array (TA) that provide uniform station sampling, similar recording capabilities, large spatial coverage, and, in many cases, repeat sampling at each site. To avoid spurious detections, which are an inevitable part of automated time domain amplitude threshold detection methods, we develop a frequency domain earthquake detection algorithm that identifies coherent signal patterns through array visualization. This method is tractable for large data sets, ensures robust catalogs, and delivers higher resolution observations than what are available in current catalogs. We explore seismicity rate changes local to the TA stations following 18 global main shocks (M ≥ 7) that generate median peak dynamic stress amplitudes of 0.001–0.028 MPa across the array. From these main shocks, we find no evidence of prolific or widespread remote dynamic triggering in the continental U.S. within the main shock's wave train or following main shock stress transients within 2 days. However, limited evidence for rate increases exist in localized source regions. These results suggest that for these data, prolific, remote earthquake triggering is a rare phenomenon throughout a wide range of observable magnitudes. We further conclude that within the lower range of previously reported triggering thresholds, surface wave amplitude does not correlate well with observed cases of dynamic triggering. We propose that other characteristics of the triggering wavefield, in addition to specific conditions at the site, will drive the occurrence of triggering at these amplitudes.
Effects of temperature and CO2 on the frictional behavior of simulated anhydrite fault rock
Authors: Pluymakers Anne M.H. , Samuelson Jon E. , Niemeijer André R. , Spiers Christopher J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe frictional behavior of anhydrite‐bearing faults is of interest to (a) the safety and effectiveness of CO2 storage in anhydrite‐capped reservoirs, (b) seismicity induced by hydrocarbon production, and (c) natural seismicity nucleated in evaporite formations. We performed direct shear experiments on simulated anhydrite fault gouges, at a range of temperatures (80–150°C) and sliding velocities (0.2–10 µm s−1), under a fixed effective normal stress of 25 MPa. Four types of experiments were conducted (1) dry experiments, (2) experiments pressurized with water, (3) dry experiments pressurized with CO2, and (4) wet experiments pressurized with CO2. Fluid pressures of 15 MPa were used when applied. Over the temperature range investigated water‐saturated samples were found to be up to 15% frictionally weaker than dry equivalents. Wet samples containing CO2 were also up to 15% weaker than CO2‐free equivalents. Dry sample strength without CO2 was independent of temperature, whereas wet samples without CO2 strengthened 10% from 80 to 150°C. Samples containing CO2 weakened by 4% (dry) and 10% (wet) from 80 to 150°C. Under the P‐T conditions investigated, only dry anhydrite fault gouge showed velocity‐weakening behavior above 120°C, required for faults to potentially generate earthquakes. Assuming natural fault gouges are wet in situ, seismicity is unlikely to nucleate in anhydrite‐rich faults, though the presence of dolomite or (reaction‐produced) calcite may change seismic potential. CO2 penetration into wet anhydrite‐rich faults may trigger slip on critically stressed faults due to the observed short‐term CO2 weakening effects (excluding possible formation of secondary minerals), but is not expected to influence slip stability.
Accuracy of ground surface broadband shortwave radiation monitoring
Authors: Vuilleumier L. , Hauser M. , Félix C. , Vignola F. , Blanc P. , Kazantzidis A. , Calpini B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe uncertainty of broadband shortwave radiation monitoring is determined for direct, diffuse, and global irradiance for measurements obtained at the Payerne (Switzerland) station of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). The uncertainty estimates include sources that reflect realistic long‐term operation conditions. The uncertainties are derived using the methodology specified by the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement.” The differences between redundant determinations of direct, diffuse, and global irradiance are analyzed and are shown to be compatible with the uncertainties. In addition, the signatures of some uncertainty sources are sought within the error statistics to find out if corrections can be applied and what their magnitude is. The global and diffuse irradiance uncertainties range from 1.8% to 2.4% without correction and are less than 1.8% with corrections. These uncertainties are close to or satisfy the BSRN targets for large signals (global: 1000 W m−2, diffuse: 500 W m−2). For small signals (50 W m−2), the targets are not achieved, mainly as a result of uncertainties associated with the data acquisition electronics (DAQ). The direct irradiance uncertainty is ~1.5%, 3 times larger than the BSRN uncertainty target. An accuracy gain can also be achieved at the DAQ level, but even without considering the DAQ uncertainty, the target is exceeded by a factor of about 2. The direct irradiance uncertainty remains ~1% even using an absolute cavity radiometer as transfer standard for correcting the pyrheliometer sensitivity. Thus, the direct irradiance accuracy target of 0.5% is probably not achievable with the best commercially available technology.
Application of the Schumann resonance spectral decomposition in characterizing the main African thunderstorm center
Authors: Dyrda Michał , Kulak Andrzej , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Ostrowski Michał , Kubisz Jerzy , Michalec Adam , Nieckarz Zenon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper we present a new method for quantifying the main tropical thunderstorm regions based on extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic wave measurements from a single station—the Hylaty ELF station in Central Europe. Our approach is based on Schumann resonance (SR) measurements, which we apply as an example to thunderstorms in Africa. By solving the inverse problem, using the SR power spectrum templates derived analytically, we calculate distances to the most powerful thunderstorm centers and present simplified 1‐D thunderstorm lightning activity “maps” in absolute units C2m2/s. We briefly describe our method of SR power spectrum analysis and present how this method is used with real observational data. We obtained the monthly lightning activity maps of the African storm centers with a spatial resolution of 1° and temporal resolution of 10 min for January and August 2011. This allowed us to study the varying location and intensities of the African storm centers in different seasons of the year. A cross check of the obtained lightning activity maps with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite data recorded by the Lightning Imaging Sensor and the derived correlation coefficients between SR and optical data were used to validate the proposed method. We note that modeling a maximum possible number of resonance modes in the SR power spectra (in our case, seven resonances) is essential in application of the proposed approach.
Isotopic evidence for divergent diets and mobility patterns in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 900–1450)
Authors: Santana‐Sagredo Francisca , Lee‐Thorp Julia A. , Schulting Rick , Uribe Mauricio 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe decline of the Tiwanaku state saw the emergence of two new cultures—Pica‐Tarapacá and Atacama—during the Late Intermediate Period in northern Chile. Archeological evidence suggests that both groups practised maize agriculture and pastoralism, but that their interaction zones differed significantly. Marine resources are common at Pica‐Tarapacá sites, even those far from coast, while Atacama sites in the desert oases and precordilleran area seem to have directed their networks towards the highlands. Here we apply stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope analysis on human bone and enamel to test dietary patterns and residential mobility at two sites, Pica 8 and Quitor 6, representing the Pica‐Tarapacá and Atacama cultures, respectively. Our results show that diet at the two sites indeed differed: significant but variable consumption of marine resources and maize is indicated at Pica 8, despite being an inland site, while diet at Quitor 6 was based mainly on terrestrial resources. The use of seabird guano and llama dung as fertilizers and extreme aridity may have contributed to the high nitrogen isotope values observed in Pica 8 humans. The δ18O values in Pica 8 individuals are generally lower than for Quitor in spite of its greater distance from the Andes. All three isotopes suggest the presence of at least five nonlocals in the 30 measured at Pica 8. This evidence for human mobility is consistent with the high levels of trade and interaction observed in the archeological record, and begins to quantify the degree of movement of specific individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:374–387, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Green‐Solvent‐Processed Molecular Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Xiaofen , Liu Xiaofeng , Burgers Mark A. , Huang Ye , Bazan Guillermo C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHigh‐efficiency bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of more than 5 % can be fabricated using the green solvent 2‐MeTHF. The active layers comprise a blend of a molecular semiconductor donor with intermediate dimensions (X2) and the soluble fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyricacidoctylester (PC61BC8). A switch of the processing solvent from chloroform to 2‐MeTHF leads to no negative impacts on the morphology and charge‐transport properties of optimally performing BHJ films. Examinations by absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering reveal no significant modification of morphology. These results show that green solvents can be excellent alternatives for large‐area printing of high‐performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and thus open new opportunities for sustainable mass production of organic solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.