bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Radiotherapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lal Punita , Swain Prakash Kumar 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Differentiated thyroid cancers (i.e. papillary or follicular) account for majority of thyroid malignancies. Even though surgery has been the mainstay for these tumors, use of radioactive iodine (I131) therapy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is common in most of these tumors in adjuvant setting. Radiotherapy is indicated in the presence of, gross residual disease after surgery, extra-capsular extension, and extensive lymph node involvement. As thyroid gland is located at the root of neck, sometimes with retrosternal extension and surrounded by critical structures, it is difficult to adequately cover the entire target volume with conventional radiotherapy technique. IMRT is a useful technique in these tumors, since it provides good dose distribution along with sparing of spinal cord while treating thyroid bed in adjuvant setting, and therefore it needs to be further standardized. Additionally palliative radiotherapy is effective in brain and bone metastasis. To conclude, external beam radiotherapy is an established and effective mode of therapy both in curative and palliative settings.

How to cite this article
Lal P, Swain PK. Role of Radiotherapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3): 71-75.
Evaluation and Treatment of Inherited Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy
Authors: Thompson Alison E , James Benjamin C , Saunders Brian David 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Pheochromocytomas represent a rare, but potentially devastating, cause of hypertension among pregnant patients. Inherited predisposition to these tumors requires vigilant screening, especially in women of child-bearing age. We present an illustrative case of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A patient who was successfully surgically treated for a pheochromocytoma during pregnancy. A review of the existing, English-language literature and screening guidelines was undertaken. Pheochromocytomas presenting during pregnancy, can be safely and effectively treated with laparoscopic surgery, allowing the maintenance of a normal pregnancy. Screening of patients with inherited endocrinopathies that predispose to adrenal medullary tumors must be adapted to maximize the opportunity to detect a pheochromocytoma in the pregravid state. More frequent testing and a lower threshold for biochemical or radiologic investigation are suggested for women in their reproductive years.
Abbreviation: MEN—multiple endocrine neoplasia; RET—rearranged during transfection; MRI—magnetic resonance imaging.

How to cite this article
Thompson AE, James BC, Saunders BD. Evaluation and Treatment of Inherited Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3):82-84.
Intranasal Pleomorphic Adenoma
Authors: Patil Rashmi Mallanagouda , Kushtagi Anirudha Vasant 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor arising from major salivary glands and also has been reported in salivary glands of palate rarely in nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx and lacrimal glands. We report a case pleomorphic adenoma of nasal septum and discuss the clinical features, management along with review of literature.How to cite this articlePatil VM, Patil RM, Kushtagi AV. Intranasal Pleomorphic Adenoma. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):164-165.
Extranasopharyngeal Angiofibroma from Nasal Vestibule: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Malipatil Sharanabasappa Rudragouda 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe term extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma has been applied to vascular, fibrous nodules occurring outside the nasopharynx. These rare benign neoplasms characterized by a different biological history and clinical features with respect to nasopharyngeal tumors and, for these reasons, they should be regarded as atypical clinical entity.A 60-year-old male presented to us with a mass in the left nasal cavity since last 1 year. Examination revealed an irregular, pinkish mass arising from the lateral aspect of left nasal vestibule. The mass was excised and sent for histopathological reporting which confirmed angiofibroma. This case is reported for its atypicality being the rarest site of origin with no case reported so far in medical literature.How to cite this articleMalipatil SR. Extranasopharyngeal Angiofibroma from Nasal Vestibule: A Rare Presentation. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):169-172.
Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: A Rarity
Authors: Sonawane Heena , Karjodkar Freny R , Sansare Kaustubh , Prakash Nimish 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTOrthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) was first identified as the rare variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) for its different histopathology and rare recurrence which was reclassified by WHO in 2005. The orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst is a distinct clinicopathologic entity and is histologically characterized by a thin, uniform, epithelial lining with orthokeratinization and a subjacent granular cell layer. The basal cells are usually cuboidal or flattened. OOC in maxilla is rare. This article presents a case of 56-years-old male patient with OOC in left maxilla. The clinical, radiographic and histological features of the cyst are discussed in this case report.How to cite this articleSonawane H, Karjodkar FR, Sansare K, Prakash N. Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: A Rarity. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):182-186.
Reconsidering a Science of Psychology Built on Laws
Authors: Beach Lee Roy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
At one time, psychologists aspired to build a science composed of interrelated descriptive laws and the theories that explain them--a nomothetic science. For various reasons this goal was abandoned. In its place, we have a collection of theories that, for the most part, are organized by topic and subdiscipline or by themes and shared language (e.g., characterization of cognition in terms of information processing, which is neither a law nor a rigorous theory but a viewpoint or approach). As things stand, although our theories and research are scientific, we have failed to create a coherent science. In this article the nomothetic goal is reconsidered, and an example of how we might begin to achieve it is described.
Real-Life Decision Making in College Students I: Consistency Across Specific Decisions
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. , Wiener Hillary J. D. , Tandler Jane M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
First-year undergraduates participated in a short-term longitudinal study of real-life decision making over their first 14 months of college. They were surveyed about 7 different decisions: choosing courses for an upcoming term (3 different terms), choosing an academic major (twice), planning for the upcoming summer, and planning for sophomore-year housing. Participants showed moderate levels of consistency in the options they considered and in the criteria they used to decide between options, with about half of the options or criteria being used at 2 different points on the decision repeatedly studied. Participants varied somewhat in structural consistency, the tendency to consider the same number of options or criteria across decisions. They also varied in the way they integrated information across decision-making tasks. We suggest that people attempt to keep the information demands of the task within workable limits, sometimes sacrificing consistency as a result.
Guidance to Detect Deception with the Aberdeen Report Judgment Scales: Are Verbal Content Cues Useful to Detect False Accusations?
Authors: Sporer Siegfried L. , Masip Jaume , Cramer Michael 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In 2 studies we evaluated the efficiency of training raters with a short version of the Aberdeen Report Judgment Scales (ARJS-STV-S) in assessing the truthfulness of transcribed accounts. Participants told both truthful and deceptive accounts of either illegal or immoral actions. In the truthful accounts, the participants described their own misdeeds honestly (true confessions). In the deceptive accounts, the participants also described their own misdeeds but attributed them to someone else (false accusations). In Study 1, guided (n = 32) and unguided (n = 32) raters evaluated 64 transcribed accounts (16 per rater). Only a few ARJS-STV-S criteria differed significantly between false and true accounts. In Study 2 (N = 29), guided raters evaluated the same transcripts using only the most promising criteria of Study 1. Judgments in Study 2 were less biased (in terms of signal detection theory), and the classification of deceptive accounts was significantly better compared with a no-guidance control group and the guided group of Study 1. A Brunswikian lens model analysis showed that with the smaller set of cues there is a better correspondence between the ecological validities and the subjective utilities, which may explain the higher accuracy rates. When the criteria have little or no diagnostic value, or when true and false stories are very similar, providing raters with a larger set of truth criteria does not increase accuracy but instead may bias raters toward making truth judgments. Practical implications for content-based training programs are outlined.
A Survey of the Relationship Between Serum Cholesterol and Triglyceride to Glaucoma: A Case Control Study
Authors: Mohammad Hossien Davari  , Toba Kazemi  , Azame Rezai  
Published: February 2014

Purpose/Aim: primary Open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an asymptomatic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by enlarging optic disc cupping and visual field loss. POAG is a major cause of blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Regarding the fact that dyslipidemia has a relationship with some ophthalmic diseases such as cataract,it sounds that the same relationship also exists with POAG. Therefore, it was decided to study the relationship between serum cholesterol and triglyceride to POAG.
Methods: The present study was done on 40 primary Open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (cases) and 40 healthy individuals (controls). In order to diagnose POAG, Intra ocular pressure (IOP) was measured by means of Applanation tonometry, and then was confirmed through perimetry and ophthalmoscopes. The controls were patients’ attendants who had referred to Birjand Valli-e-asr clinics but did not have POAG. After a fasting of 12 hours, blood samples were derived to determine serum level of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Then, the results of the tests together with the participants’ demographic information were individually registered in a questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (version 15) and statistical tests including T-test and Chi- square.
Results: Mean levels of cholesterol (211.18± 51.91mg/dl in cases, 162.38±39.56 mg/dl in controls) and triglyceride (165.92±88.58 mg/dl in cases, 99.46± 43.08 mg/dl in control) were significantly higher in cases than in controls. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly higher in the cases compared with the controls. There was a positive association between POAG and dyslipidemia (OR=7.14 [95% CI: 2.3-22.2] for Hypercholesterolemia and OR=16.9 [95% CI: 2.1-14.8] for hypertriglyceridemia.
Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia can be a risk factor of getting POAG.
Vesta surface thermal properties map
Authors: Capria M. T. , Tosi F. , De Sanctis M. C. , Capaccioni F. , Ammannito E. , Frigeri A. , Zambon F. , Fonte S. , Palomba E. , Turrini D. , Titus T. N. , Schröder S. E. , Toplis M. , Li J.‐Y. , Combe J.‐P. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe first ever regional thermal properties map of Vesta has been derived from the temperatures retrieved by infrared data by the mission Dawn. The low average value of thermal inertia, 30 ± 10 J m−2 s−0.5 K−1, indicates a surface covered by a fine regolith. A range of thermal inertia values suggesting terrains with different physical properties has been determined. The lower thermal inertia of the regions north of the equator suggests that they are covered by an older, more processed surface. A few specific areas have higher than average thermal inertia values, indicative of a more compact material. The highest thermal inertia value has been determined on the Marcia crater, known for its pitted terrain and the presence of hydroxyl in the ejecta. Our results suggest that this type of terrain can be the result of soil compaction following the degassing of a local subsurface reservoir of volatiles.
Diurnal cycle of lake methane flux
Authors: Podgrajsek E. , Sahlée E. , Rutgersson A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAir‐lake methane flux (FCH4) and partial pressure of methane in the atmosphere (pCH4a) were measured using the eddy covariance method over a Swedish lake for an extended period. The measurements show a diurnal cycle in both FCH4 and pCH4a with high values during nighttime (FCH4 ≈ 300 nmol m−2 s−1, pCH4a ≈ 2.5 µatm) and low values during day (FCH4 ≈ 0 nmol m−2 s−1, pCH4a ≈ 2.0 µatm) for a large part of the data set. This diurnal cycle persist in all open water season; however, the magnitude of the diurnal cycle is largest in the spring months. Estimations of buoyancy in the water show that high nighttime fluxes coincide with convective periods. Our interpretation of these results is that the convective mixing enhances the diffusive flux, in analogy to previous studies. We also suggest that the convection may bring methane‐rich water from the bottom to the surface and trigger bubble release from the sediment. A diurnal cycle is not observed for all convective occasions, indicating that the presence of convection is not sufficient for enhanced nighttime flux; other factors are also necessary. The observed diurnal cycle of pCH4a is explained with the variation of FCH4 and a changing internal boundary layer above the lake. The presence of a diurnal cycle of FCH4 stresses the importance of making long‐term continuous flux measurements. A lack of FCH4 measurements during night may significantly bias estimations of total CH4 emissions from lakes to the atmosphere.
Aromatic Homologation by Non‐Chelate‐Assisted RhIII‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization of Arenes with Alkynes
Authors: Pham Manh V. , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLarger condensed arenes are of interest owing to their electro‐ and photochemical properties. An efficient synthesis is the catalyzed aromatic annulation of a smaller arene with two alkyne molecules. Besides difunctionalized starting materials, directed CH functionalization can be used for such aromatic homologation. However, thus far the requirement of either pre‐functionalized substrates or suitable directing groups were limiting this approach. Herein, we describe a rhodium(III)‐catalyzed method allowing the use of completely unbiased arenes and internal alkynes. The reaction works best with copper(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate and decabromodiphenyl ether as the oxidant combination. This aromatic annulation tolerates a variety of functional groups and delivers homologated condensed arenes. Aside from simple benzenes, naphthalenes and higher condensed arenes provide access to highly substituted and highly soluble acenes structures having important electronic and photophysical properties.
Catalytic, Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐anti‐Diols by Asymmetric Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: Hartung John , Grubbs Robert H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn enantioselective method for the synthesis of 1,2‐anti‐diols has been developed. A cyclometalated chiral‐at‐ruthenium complex catalyzes the asymmetric ring‐opening/cross‐metathesis of dioxygenated cyclobutenes, thus resulting in functionally rich synthetic building blocks. Syntheses of the insect pheromone (+)‐endo‐brevicomin and monosaccharide ribose demonstrate the synthetic utility of the 1,2‐anti‐diol fragments generated in the title reaction.
Engineering of P450pyr Hydroxylase for the Highly Regio‐ and Enantioselective Subterminal Hydroxylation of Alkanes
Authors: Yang Yi , Liu Ji , Li Zhi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTerminal‐selective cytochrome P450pyr has been successfully engineered through directed evolution for the subterminal hydroxylation of alkanes with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity. A sensitive colorimetric high‐throughput screening (HTS) assay was developed for the measurement of both the regioselectivity and the enantioselectivity of a hydroxylation reaction. By using the HTS assay and iterative saturation mutagenesis, sextuple‐mutant P450pyrSM1 was created for the hydroxylation of n‐octane (1) to give (S)‐2‐octanol (2) with 98 % ee and >99 % subterminal selectivity. The engineered P450 is the first enzyme for this type of highly selective alkane hydroxylation, being useful for the CH activation and functionalization of alkanes and the preparation of enantiopure alcohols. Molecular modeling provided structure‐based understanding of the fully altered regioselectivity and the excellent enantioselectivity. Another sextuple‐mutant P450pyrSM2 catalyzed the hydroxylation of propylbenzene (3) to afford (S)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propanol (4) with 95 % ee and 98 % subterminal selectivity.
Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 13 by Activated Protein C in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage Chondrocytes
Authors: Jackson Miriam T. , Moradi Babak , Smith Margaret M. , Jackson Christopher J. , Little Christopher B. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveLevels of activated protein C (APC) are elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and increased APC levels are correlated with the levels of active matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2). This study sought to investigate whether APC is a relevant protein for activation of MMPs in the degradation of human OA cartilage, and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.MethodsHuman articular cartilage was cultured with or without interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), in the presence or absence of APC or protein C, and an MMP or serine proteinase inhibitor. Aggrecan and collagen release and chondrocyte gene expression levels were quantified. Aggrecanase and MMP cleavage of aggrecan was examined with neoepitope‐specific antibodies, and MMP activity was measured using gelatin zymography and fluorogenic peptide assay.ResultsIn human OA cartilage, APC induced aggrecan and collagen release, whereas in non‐OA cartilage, costimulation with IL‐1α was required. Inhibition of MMP activity reduced APC‐induced cartilage proteolysis, and MMP‐induced aggrecanolysis was confirmed by Western blotting. In cultures with APC alone, the activity of MMPs 2, 9, and 13 was significantly increased in OA cartilage, although APC could not directly activate MMPs 2 or 9. Expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, TIMP1, and TIMP3 was not altered by APC in OA cartilage. Human OA chondrocytes expressed messenger RNA for protein C, endothelial protein C receptor, thrombomodulin, and protease‐activated receptor 1, but these were unaltered or down‐regulated by APC. The induction of MMP activation and cartilage degradation by APC was dependent on its serine protease activity.ConclusionAPC is a physiologically relevant activator of MMPs and cartilage breakdown in human OA. The effects of APC are dependent on its proteolytic activity and as‐yet‐undefined cell and/or cartilage matrix factors, and inhibition of this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target to halt the progression of cartilage damage in OA.
Epigenome‐Wide Scan Identifies a Treatment‐Responsive Pattern of Altered DNA Methylation Among Cytoskeletal Remodeling Genes in Monocytes and CD4+ T Cells From Patients With Behçet's Disease
Authors: Hughes Travis , Ture‐Ozdemir Filiz , Alibaz‐Oner Fatma , Coit Patrick , Direskeneli Haner , Sawalha Amr H. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveThe pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD), an inflammatory disease with multisystem involvement, remains poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate whether there are DNA methylation abnormalities in BD that might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.MethodsWe examined genome‐wide DNA methylation patterns in monocytes and CD4+ T cells from 16 male patients with untreated BD and age, sex, and ethnicity–matched healthy controls. Additional samples were collected from 12 of the same BD patients after treatment and achievement of disease remission. Genome‐wide DNA methylation patterns were assessed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array, which includes >485,000 individual methylation sites across the genome.ResultsWe identified 383 CpG sites in monocytes, and 125 in CD4+ T cells, that were differentially methylated between BD patients and controls. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a pattern of aberrant DNA methylation among genes that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, suggesting that aberrant DNA methylation of multiple classes of structural and regulatory proteins of the cytoskeleton might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD. Further, treatment of BD modified the differences in DNA methylation observed in patients compared to controls; indeed, among CpG sites that were differentially methylated after disease remission versus before treatment, there was widespread reversal of the direction of aberrant DNA methylation observed between the patient and control groups.ConclusionThe results of this epigenome‐wide study—the first such study in BD—provide strong evidence that epigenetic modification of cytoskeletal dynamics underlies the pathogenesis of BD and its response to treatment.
Structure and Function of Renal Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Lupus‐Prone Mice
Authors: Sahu Ranjit , Bethunaickan Ramalingam , Singh Satwinder , Davidson Anne 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo characterize renal macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in 2 murine models of lupus nephritis.MethodsWe used a bead‐based enrichment step followed by cell sorting to isolate populations of interest from young mice and nephritic mice. Cell morphology was examined by microscopy. Arginase and nitrite production was examined using biochemical assays. The antigen‐presenting functions of the cells were determined using mixed lymphocyte reactions. Selected cytokine, chemokine, and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) profiles were examined using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsWe identified 2 populations of macrophages and 3 populations of DCs in both of our murine models of lupus (NZB/NZW and [NZW × BXSB]F1 mice). F4/80high macrophages, which were resident in normal kidneys and found to be increased in number during nephritis, did not produce either arginase or nitrite upon cytokine stimulation and acquired a mixed proinflammatory and antiinflammatory functional phenotype during nephritis that resembles the constitutively activated phenotype of gut F4/80high macrophages. The various cell types differed in their expression of chemokine receptors and TLRs, consistent with variability in their renal location. Resident renal CD103+ DCs were the best antigen‐presenting cells and could easily be distinguished from CD11chigh myeloid DCs that accumulated in large numbers during nephritis.ConclusionOur study highlights the heterogeneity of the macrophage/DC infiltrate in chronic lupus nephritis and provides an initial phenotypic and functional analysis of the different cellular components that can now be used to define the role of each cell subset in nephritis progression or amelioration. Of note, the dominant macrophage population that accumulates during nephritis has an acquired phenotype that is neither M1 nor M2 and may reflect failure of resolution of inflammation.