bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workplace and leadership perceptions between men and women
Authors: Kiser Angelina I. T. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudinal differences between men and women with respect to work issues and leadership and the implications that these outlooks have in the US (USA) workforce. While studies have been conducted to show how men and women differ in the work and leadership styles, attitudes can affect how workers and leaders are treated and may explain why people behave the way that they do.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using data from the 2010-2012 World Values Survey (WVS-6), comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test to determine if there were significant differences in attitudes and perceptions of work and leadership between men and women in the USA based on five questions concerning attitudes toward men and women in the workforce. The sample consisted of 1,070 males and 1,139 females who responded to questions using a Likert scale-rating system.

Findings
– There were significant differences between males and females at the p
<
0.01 level for four of the five questions. Men were more likely to believe that men have more rights to jobs when jobs are scarce. Women believed more than men that having a job was the best way for a woman to be independent. Men believed that they made better political leaders. Men also believed that they made better business executives. However, there was no significant difference in the question about women making more than men. Neither felt strongly that a woman earning more money than her husband would cause problems.

Originality/value
– The research provides insight into factors that might affect how men and women perceive both their own group and the other group. It is important to ensure that gender perceptions are evaluated to address issues that may still persist and contribute to gender inequality in the workplace and how behaviors and attitudes of each gender affect roles and norms.
Thermal survival limits of young and mature larvae of a cold stenothermal chironomid from the Alps (Diamesinae: Pseudodiamesa branickii [Nowicki, 1873])
Authors: Lencioni Valeria , Bernabò Paola 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe threats posed by climate change make it important to expand knowledge concerning cold and heat tolerance in stenothermal species from habitats potentially threatened by temperature changes. Thermal limits and basal metabolism variations were investigated in Pseudodiamesa branickii (Diptera: Chironomidae) under thermal stress between ‐20 and 37 °C. Supercooling point (SCP), lower (LLTs) and upper lethal temperatures (ULTs), and oxygen consumption rate were measured in overwintering young (1st and 2nd instar) and mature (3rd and 4th instar) larvae from an Alpine glacier‐fed stream. Both young and mature larvae were freezing tolerant (SCPs = ‐7.1 °C and ‐6.4 °C, respectively; LLT100 <SCP and > ‐20 °C) and thermotolerant (ULT50 = 31.7 ± 0.4, 32.5 ± 0.3, respectively). However, ontogenetic differences in acute tolerance were observed. The LLT50 calculated for the young larvae (= ‐7.4 °C) was almost equal to their SCP (= ‐7.1 °C) and the overlapping of the proportion of mortality curve with the CPIF curve highlighted that the young larvae are borderline between freezing tolerance and freezing avoidance. Furthermore, a lower ULT100 in the young larvae (of ca. 1 °C), suggests that they are less thermotolerant than mature larvae. Finally, young larvae exhibit a higher oxygen consumption rate (mgO2/gAFDM/h) at any temperature tested and are overall less resistant to oxygen depletion compared to mature larvae at ≥10 °C. These findings suggest that mature larvae enter into a dormant state by lowering their basal metabolism until environmental conditions improve in order to save energy for life cycle completion during stressful conditions.
Paradoxical association of dairy intake between men and women with the incidence of hypertension: A three‐year follow up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Mirmiran Parvin , Golzarand Mahdieh , Bahadoran Zahra , Ataee Maryam , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimGender differences in the association between dairy intake and the incidence of hypertension (HTN) are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the association of total dairy and dairy products intake, between men and women with the incidence of HTN in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study after a three‐year follow up.MethodsIn this prospective study of 1087 normotensive adults, information about dairy intake was collected using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and again after three years of follow up. The association between the three‐year incidence of HTN and dairy intake was assessed by a logistic regression model, adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsIn men, the three‐year incidence of HTN increased in the highest quartile of total dairy compared with the lowest quartile (1.89, 95% CI: 1.01–3.57), whereas in women this incidence significantly decreased in the highest quartile of total dairy and low‐fat dairy compared with the lowest quartile (0.53, 95% CI: 0.31–0.90 and 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.92, respectively). Incidence of HTN was increased in the highest quartile of milk compared with the lowest quartile only in men (2.39, 95% CI: 1.28–4.45).ConclusionsOur findings indicated that higher consumption of total dairy and low‐fat dairy was inversely associated with the three‐year incidence of HTN in women, whereas higher intakes of total dairy significantly increased the risk of HTN in men. In addition, intake of milk in men and cheese in women was positively associated with HTN.
Disentangling Contributions of Bar Attendance, Drinking, and Other Factors to Elevated Acute Alcohol Problems on the U.S.–Mexico Border
Authors: Mills Britain A. , Caetano Raul , Vaeth Patrice A. C. , Reingle Gonzalez Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundLevels of drinking are unusually elevated among young adults on the U.S.–Mexico border, and this elevation can be largely explained by young border residents' unusually high frequency of bar attendance. However, this explanation complicates interpretation of high alcohol problem rates that have also been observed in this group. Because bar environments can lower the threshold for many types of problems, the extent to which elevated alcohol problems among young border residents can be attributed to drinking per se—versus this common drinking context—is not clear.MethodsData were collected from multistage cluster samples of adult Mexican Americans on and off the U.S.–Mexico border (current drinker N = 1,351). After developing structural models of acute alcohol problems, estimates were subjected to path decompositions to disentangle the common and distinct contributions of drinking and bar attendance to problem disparities on and off the border. Additionally, models were estimated under varying degrees of adjustment to gauge the sensitivity of the results to sociodemographic, social‐cognitive, and environmental sources of confounding.ResultsConsistent with previous findings for both drinking and other problem measures, acute alcohol problems were particularly elevated among young adults on the border. This elevation was entirely explained by a single common pathway involving bar attendance frequency and drinking. Bar attendance did not predict acute alcohol problems independently of drinking, and its effect was not moderated by border proximity or age. The common indirect effect and its component effects (of border youth on bar attendance, of bar attendance on drinking, and of drinking on problems) were surprisingly robust to adjustment for confounding in all parts of the model (e.g., fully adjusted indirect effect: b = 0.11, SE = 0.04, p < 0.01).ConclusionsBar attendance and associated increases in drinking play a key, unique role in the high levels of acute alcohol problems among the border's young adult population that cannot be entirely explained by sociodemographic or social‐cognitive characteristics of young border residents, by contextual effects of bars on problems, or by broader neighborhood factors. Bar attendance in particular may represent an early modifiable risk factor that can be targeted to reduce alcohol problem disparities in the region.
Applied scope of practice of oral health therapists, dental hygienists and dental therapists
Authors: Teusner DN , Amarasena N , Satur J , Chrisopoulos S , Brennan DS 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundOral health therapists (OHTs) are an emerging workforce whose training incorporates the skills of dental hygienists (DHs) and dental therapists (DTs). There are concerns that OHTs are underutilized. This study compares the employment characteristics and applied practice scope of OHTs with those of DTs and DHs.MethodsMembers of two professional associations representing DHs, DTs and OHTs, were surveyed by mail. Data collected included demographic and employment characteristics and clinical activity on a typical practice day. Applied practice scope was described by calculating the proportion of practitioners that had provided ≥1 of a selected range of key services. Log binomial regression was used to compare OHTs to DTs and DHs.ResultsThe response rate was 60.6% (n = 1083) and of these 90.9% were employed. Preventive services dominated service provision. The proportion of OHTs that provided fluoride applications (77%) was higher than the proportion of DTs (53%, p < 0.05), and was not significantly different from the proportion of DHs (70%). The proportion of OHTs that provided (48%) fissure sealants was lower than the proportion of DTs (70%) and substantially higher than the proportion of DHs (10%, p > 0.05).ConclusionsOverall, the applied practice scope of OHTs appeared to differ from DTs and DHs.
Allergic manifestation 15 years after early intervention with hydrolyzed formulas – theGINIStudy
Authors: von Berg A. , Filipiak‐Pittroff B. , Schulz H. , Hoffmann U. , Link E. , Sußmann M. , Schnappinger M. , Brüske I. , Standl M. , Krämer U. , Hoffmann B. , Heinrich J. , Bauer C.‐P. , Koletzko S. , Berdel D. ,   the GINIplus study group
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundData on the long‐term impact of hydrolyzed formulas on allergies are scarce.ObjectiveTo assess the association between early intervention with hydrolyzed formulas in high‐risk children and allergic outcomes in adolescence.MethodsGINItrial participants (n = 2252) received one of four formulas in the first four months of life as breastmilk substitute if necessary: partial or extensive whey hydrolyzate (pHF‐W,eHF‐W), extensive casein hydrolyzate (eHF‐C) or standard cow′s milk formula (CMF) as reference. Associations between these formulas and the cumulative incidence and prevalence of parent‐reported physician‐diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and eczema, as well as spirometric indices and sensitization, were examined using generalized linear models.ResultsBetween 11 and 15 years, the prevalence of asthma was reduced in theeHF‐C group compared toCMF(odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.89), which is consistent with the spirometric results. The cumulative incidence ofARwas lower ineHF‐C (risk ratio (RR) 0.77, 95%CI0.59–0.99]) and theARprevalence inpHF‐W (OR0.67, 95%CI0.47–0.95) andeHF‐C (OR0.59, 95%CI0.41–0.84). The cumulative incidence of eczema was reduced inpHF‐W (RR0.75, 95%CI0.59–0.96) andeHF‐C (RR0.60, 95%CI0.46–0.77), as was the eczema prevalence between 11 and 15 years ineHF‐C (OR0.42, 95%CI0.23–0.79). No significant effects were found in theeHF‐W group on any manifestation,nor was there an effect on sensitization with any formula.ConclusionIn high‐risk children, early intervention using different hydrolyzed formulas has variable preventative effects on asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema up to adolescence.
Randomised clinical trial: transoral incisionless fundoplication vs. sham intervention to control chronic GERD
Authors: Håkansson B. , Montgomery M. , Cadiere G. B. , Rajan A. , Bruley des Varannes S. , Lerhun M. , Coron E. , Tack J. , Bischops R. , Thorell A. , Arnelo U. , Lundell L. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundUntil recently only two therapeutic options have been available to control symptoms and the esophagitis in chronic gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), i.e. lifelong proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy or anti‐reflux surgery. Lately, transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) has been developed and found to offer a therapeutic alternative for these patients.AimTo perform a double‐blind sham‐controlled study in GERD patients who were chronic PPI users.MethodsWe studied patients with objectively confirmed GERD and persistent moderate to severe GERD symptoms without PPI therapy. Of 121 patients screened, we finally randomised 44 patients with 22 patients in each group. Those allocated to TIF had the TIF2 procedure completed during general anaesthesia by the EsophyX device with SerosaFuse fasteners. The sham procedure consisted of upper GI endoscopy under general anaesthesia. Neither the patient nor the assessor was aware of the patients' group affiliation. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission after 6‐month follow‐up. Secondary outcomes were: PPI consumption, oesophageal acid exposure, reduction in Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale scores and healing of reflux esophagitis.ResultsThe time (average days) in remission offered by the TIF2 procedure (197) was significantly longer compared to those submitted to the sham intervention (107), P < 0.001. After 6 months 13/22 (59%) of the chronic GERD patients remained in clinical remission after the active intervention. Likewise, the secondary outcome measures were all in favour of the TIF2 procedure. No safety issues were raised.ConclusionTransoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF2) is effective in chronic PPI‐dependent GERD patients when followed up for 6 months.Clinicaltrials.gov: CT01110811
Establishment and evaluation of a stable steroidogenic goat Leydig cell line
Authors: Zhou Jinhua , Dai Rui , Lei Lanjie , Lin Pengfei , Lu Xiaolong , Wang Xiangguo , Tang Keqiong , Wang Aihua , Jin Yaping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLeydig cells play a key role in synthesizing androgen and regulating spermatogenesis. The dysfunction of Leydig cells may lead to various male diseases. Although primary Leydig cell cultures have been used, their finite lifespan hinders the assessment of long‐term effects. In the present study, primary goat Leydig cells (GLCs) were immortalized via the transfection of a plasmid containing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. The expressions ofhTERTand telomerase activity were evaluated in transduced GLCs (hTERT‐GLCs). These cells steadily expressed thehTERTgene and exhibited longer telomere lengths at passage 55 that were similar to those of HeLa cells. The hTERT‐GLCs at passages 30 and 50 expressed genes that encoded key proteins, enzymes and receptors that are inherent to normal Leydig cells, for example, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side‐chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and LH‐receptor (LH‐R). Additionally, the immortalized goat Leydig cells secreted detectable quantities of testosterone in response to hCG stimulation. Furthermore, this cell line appeared to proliferate more quickly than the control cells, although no neoplastic transformation occurredin vitro. We concluded that the GLCs immortalized with hTERT retained their original characteristics and might provide a useful model for the study of Leydig cell function.
The Association Between Common Labor Drugs and Suckling When Skin‐to‐Skin During the First Hour After Birth
Authors: Brimdyr Kajsa , Cadwell Karin , Widström Ann‐Marie , Svensson Kristin , Neumann Monica , Hart Elaine A. , Harrington Sarah , Phillips Raylene 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundIntrapartum drugs, including fentanyl administered via epidural and synthetic oxytocin, have been previously studied in relation to neonatal outcomes, especially breastfeeding, with conflicting results. We examined the normal neonatal behavior of suckling within the first hour after a vaginal birth while in skin‐to‐skin contact with mother in relation to these commonly used drugs. Suckling in the first hour after birth has been shown in other studies to increase desirable breastfeeding outcomes.MethodProspective comparative design. Sixty‐three low‐risk mothers self‐selected to labor with intrapartum analgesia/anesthesia or not. Video recordings of infants during the first hour after birth while being held skin‐to‐skin with their mother were coded and analyzed to ascertain whether or not they achieved Stage 8 (suckling) of Widström's 9 Stages of newborn behavior during the first hour after birth.ResultsA strong inverse correlation was found between the amount and duration of exposure to epidural fentanyl and the amount of synthetic oxytocin against the likelihood of achieving suckling during the first hour after a vaginal birth.ConclusionsResults suggest that intrapartum exposure to the drugs fentanyl and synthetic oxytocin significantly decreased the likelihood of the baby suckling while skin‐to‐skin with its mother during the first hour after birth.
Stability and predictiveness of multiple trigger and episodic viral wheeze in preschoolers
Authors: van Wonderen K. E. , Geskus R. B. , van Aalderen W. M. C. , Mohrs J. , Bindels P. J. E. , van der Mark L. B. , ter Riet G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundIn 2008, the European Respiratory Society Task Force proposed the terms multiple‐trigger wheeze (MTW) and episodic (viral) wheeze (EVW) for children with wheezing episodes. We determined MTW and EVW prevalence, their 24‐month stability and predictiveness for asthma.MethodsIn total, 565 preschoolers (1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds) in primary care with respiratory symptoms were followed until the age of 6 years when asthma was diagnosed. MTW status and EVW status were determined using questionnaire data collected at baseline and after one and 2 years. We distinguished 3 phenotypes and determined their 24‐month stability, also accounting for treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Logistic regression was used to analyse the phenotypes’ associations with asthma.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐one children had complete information. MTW and EVW were stable in 10 of 281 (3.6%) and 24 of 281 (8.5%), respectively. The odds of developing asthma for children with stable MTW and stable EVW were 14.4 (1.7–119) and 3.6 (1.2–11.3) times greater than those for children free of wheeze (for at least 1 year). ICS was associated with increased stability of MTW and EVW.ConclusionsStable multiple‐trigger and stable episodic viral wheeze are relatively uncommon. However, 1‐ to 3‐year‐olds with stable MTW are at much increased risk of asthma.
Anti‐OX40L alone or in combination with anti‐CD40L and CTLA4Ig does not inhibit the humoral and cellular response to a major grass pollen allergen
Authors: Gattringer M. , Baranyi U. , Pilat N. , Hock K. , Klaus C. , Ramsey H. E. , Wrba F. , Valenta R. , Wekerle T. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundIgE‐mediated allergy is a common disease characterized by a harmful immune response towards otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Induction of specific immunological non‐responsiveness towards allergens would be a desirable goal. Blockade of costimulatory pathways is a promising strategy to modulate the immune response in an antigen‐specific manner. Recently, OX40 (CD134) was identified as a costimulatory receptor important in Th2‐mediated immune responses. Moreover, synergy between OX40 blockade and ‘conventional’ costimulation blockade (anti‐CD40L, CTLA4Ig) was observed in models of alloimmunity.ObjectiveWe investigated the potential of interfering with OX40 alone or in combination with CD40/CD28 signals to influence the allergic immune response.MethodsThe OX40 pathway was investigated in an established murine model of IgE‐mediated allergy where BALB/c mice are repeatedly immunized with the clinically relevant grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Groups were treated with combinations of anti‐OX40L, CTLA4Ig and anti‐CD40L. In selected mice, Tregs were depleted with anti‐CD25.ResultsBlockade of OX40L alone at the time of first or second immunization did not modulate the allergic response on the humoral or effector cell levels but slightly on T cell responses. Administration of a combination of anti‐CD40L/CTLA4Ig delayed the allergic immune response, but antibody production could not be inhibited after repeated immunization even though the allergen‐specific T cell response was suppressed in the long run. Notably, additional blockade of OX40L had no detectable supplementary effect. Immunomodulation partly involved regulatory T cells as depletion of CD25+ cells led to restored T cell proliferation.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceCollectively, our data provide evidence that the allergic immune response towards Phl p 5 is independent of OX40L, although reduction on T cell responses and slightly on the asthmatic phenotype was detectable. Besides, no relevant synergistic effect of OX40L blockade in addition to CD40L/CD28 blockade could be detected. Thus, the therapeutic potential of OX40L blockade for IgE‐mediated allergy appears to be ineffective in this setting.
Mobilization without immune depletion fails to restore immunological tolerance or preserve beta cell function in recent onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Haller M J , Atkinson M A , Wasserfall C H , Brusko T M , Mathews C E , Hulme M , Cintron M , Shuster J , McGrail K , Posgai A , Schatz D 
Published: October 2015

Summary
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been used to restore immune competence following chemoablative cancer therapy and to promote immunological tolerance in certain settings of autoimmunity. Therefore, we tested the potential of G-CSF to impact type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression in patients with recent-onset disease [n = 14; n = 7 (placebo)] and assessed safety, efficacy and mechanistic effects on the immune system. We hypothesized that pegylated G-CSF (6 mg administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks for 12 weeks) would promote regulatory T cell (Treg) mobilization to a degree capable of restoring immunological tolerance, thus preventing further decline in C-peptide production. Although treatment was well tolerated, G-CSF monotherapy did not affect C-peptide production, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) or insulin dose. Mechanistically, G-CSF treatment increased circulating neutrophils during the 12-week course of therapy (P &lt; 0·01) but did not alter Treg frequencies. No effects were observed for CD4+ : CD8+ T cell ratio or the ratio of naive : memory (CD45RA+/CD45RO+) CD4+ T cells. As expected, manageable bone pain was common in subjects receiving G-CSF, but notably, no severe adverse events such as splenomegaly occurred. This study supports the continued exploration of G-CSF and other mobilizing agents in subjects with T1D, but only when combined with immunodepleting agents where synergistic mechanisms of action have previously demonstrated efficacy towards the preservation of C-peptide.