bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated One‐Flow Synthesis of Heterocyclic Thioquinazolinones through Serial Microreactions with Two Organolithium Intermediates
Authors: Kim Heejin , Lee Hyune‐Jea , Kim Dong‐Pyo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds via short‐lived intermediates in a microreactor is attractive, because of the fast flow and high throughput. Additionally, intermediates can be utilized sequentially to efficiently build up a library in a short time. Here we present an integrated microfluidic synthesis of biologically active thioquinazolinone libraries. Generation of o‐lithiophenyl isothiocyanate and subsequent reaction with aryl isocyanate is optimized by controlling the residence time in the microreactor to 16 ms at room temperature. Various S‐benzylic thioquinazolinone derivatives are synthesized within 10 s in high yields (75–98 %) at room temperature. These three‐step reactions involve two organolithium intermediates, an isothiocyanate‐functionalized aryllithium intermediate, and a subsequent lithium thiolate intermediate. We also demonstrate the gram‐scale synthesis of a multifunctionalized thioquinazolinone in the microfluidic device with a high yield (91 %) and productivity (1.25 g in 5 min).
Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbene (CAAC) Ruthenium Complexes as Remarkably Active Catalysts for Ethenolysis
Authors: Marx Vanessa M. , Sullivan Alexandra H. , Melaimi Mohand , Virgil Scott C. , Keitz Benjamin K. , Weinberger David S. , Bertrand Guy , Grubbs Robert H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn expanded family of ruthenium‐based metathesis catalysts bearing cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands was prepared. These catalysts exhibited exceptional activity in the ethenolysis of the seed‐oil derivative methyl oleate. In many cases, catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) of more than 100 000 were achieved, at a catalyst loading of only 3 ppm. Remarkably, the most active catalyst system was able to achieve a TON of 340 000, at a catalyst loading of only 1 ppm. This is the first time a series of metathesis catalysts has exhibited such high performance in cross‐metathesis reactions employing ethylene gas, with activities sufficient to render ethenolysis applicable to the industrial‐scale production of linear α‐olefins (LAOs) and other terminal‐olefin products.
Comprehensive experiment—clinical biochemistry: Determination of blood glucose and triglycerides in normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Jiao Li , Xiujuan Shi , Juan Wang , Song Jia , Lei Xu , Guotong Xu , Lixia Lu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFor second year medical students, we redesigned an original laboratory experiment and developed a combined research‐teaching clinical biochemistry experiment. Using an established diabetic rat model to detect blood glucose and triglycerides, the students participate in the entire experimental process, which is not normally experienced during a standard clinical biochemistry exercise. The students are not only exposed to techniques and equipment but are also inspired to think more about the biochemical mechanisms of diseases. When linked with lecture topics about the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, the students obtain a better understanding of the relevance of abnormal metabolism in relation to diseases. Such understanding provides a solid foundation for the medical students' future research and for other clinical applications. © 2014 The Authors Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(1):47–51, 2015.
Verification and classification bias interactions in diagnostic test accuracy studies for fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Schmidt Robert L. , Walker Brandon S. , Cohen Michael B. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDReliable estimates of accuracy are important for any diagnostic test. Diagnostic accuracy studies are subject to unique sources of bias. Verification bias and classification bias are 2 sources of bias that commonly occur in diagnostic accuracy studies. Statistical methods are available to estimate the impact of these sources of bias when they occur alone. The impact of interactions when these types of bias occur together has not been investigated.METHODSWe developed mathematical relationships to show the combined effect of verification bias and classification bias. A wide range of case scenarios were generated to assess the impact of bias components and interactions on total bias.RESULTSInteractions between verification bias and classification bias caused overestimation of sensitivity and underestimation of specificity. Interactions had more effect on sensitivity than specificity. Sensitivity was overestimated by at least 7% in approximately 6% of the tested scenarios. Specificity was underestimated by at least 7% in less than 0.1% of the scenarios.CONCLUSIONSInteractions between verification bias and classification bias create distortions in accuracy estimates that are greater than would be predicted from each source of bias acting independently.Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)2014. ©2014 American Cancer Society.Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)2015;123:193–201.©2014 American Cancer Society.
Single‐Molecule Methods to Study Membrane Receptor Oligomerization
Authors: Fricke Franziska , Dietz Marina S. , Heilemann Mike 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMembrane receptors control fundamental cellular processes. Binding of a specific ligand to a receptor initiates communication through the membrane and activation of signaling cascades. This activation process often leads to a spatial rearrangement of receptors in the membrane at the molecular level. Single‐molecule techniques contributed significantly to the understanding of receptor organization and rearrangement in membranes. Here, we review four prominent single‐molecule techniques that have been applied to membrane receptors, namely, stepwise photobleaching, Förster resonance energy transfer, sub‐diffraction localization microscopy and co‐tracking. We discuss the requirements, benefits and limitations of each technique, discuss target labeling, present a selection of applications and results and compare the different methodologies.
Colorectal Cancer Screening and State Health Insurance Mandates
Authors: Hamman Mary K. , Kapinos Kandice A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly cancer in the USA. CRC screening is the most effective way to prevent CRC death, but compliance with recommended screenings is very low. In this study, we investigate whether CRC screening behavior changed under state mandated private insurance coverage of CRC screening in a sample of insured adults from the 1997 to 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). We present difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences (DDD) estimates that compare insured individuals age 51 to 64 to Medicare age‐eligible individuals (ages 66 to 75) in mandate and non‐mandate states over time. Our DDD estimates suggest endoscopic screening among men increased by 2 to 3 percentage points under mandated coverage among 51 to 64 year olds relative to their Medicare age‐eligible counterparts. We find no clear evidence of changes in screening behavior among women. DD estimates suggest no evidence of a mandate effect on either type of CRC screening for men or women. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization and Phase Segregation of Multifunctional Multiblock Copolymers in Spin Coated Thin Films Altered by Diurethane Junction Units
Authors: Fang Liang , Yan Wan , Zierke Michael , Richau Klaus , Behl Marc , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: December 2014

SummaryA multiblock copolymer named PDC is composed of crystallizable oligo(p‐dioxanone) (OPDO) and oligo(ε‐caprolactone) (OCL) as hard and switching segments. PDC has been synthesized via connecting two oligomeric macrodiols using a diisocyanate linker such as 2,2(4), 4‐trimethyl‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI) or 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). In this work, the surface morphologies of spin coated thin films from two PDCs (PDC‐HDI and PDC‐TMDI) were investigated via in‐situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine how the diisocyanate linkers affect the balance between crystallization and phase segregation behavior. The results demonstrated that in PDC‐HDI, the crystallization of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) crystals provoked a “break out” from the phase segregated morphology. On contrary, the crystallization of PCL crystals in PDC‐TMDI was strictly confined in the phase segregated morphology.
The Aeromonas caviae AHA0618 gene modulates cell length and influences swimming and swarming motility
Authors: Lowry Rebecca C. , Parker Jennifer L. , Kumbhar Ramhari , Mesnage Stephane , Shaw Jonathan G. , Stafford Graham P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAeromonas caviae is motile via a polar flagellum in liquid culture, with a lateral flagella system used for swarming on solid surfaces. The polar flagellum also has a role in cellular adherence and biofilm formation. The two subunits of the polar flagellum, FlaA and FlaB, are posttranslationally modified by O‐linked glycosylation with pseudaminic acid on 6–8 serine and threonine residues within the central region of these proteins. This modification is essential for the formation of the flagellum. Aeromonas caviae possesses the simplest set of genes required for bacterial glycosylation currently known, with the putative glycosyltransferase, Maf1, being described recently. Here, we investigated the role of the AHA0618 gene, which shares homology (37% at the amino acid level) with the central region of a putative deglycosylation enzyme (HP0518) from the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which also glycosylates its flagellin and is proposed to be part of a flagellin deglycosylation pathway. Phenotypic analysis of an AHA0618 A. caviae mutant revealed increased swimming and swarming motility compared to the wild‐type strain but without any detectable effects on the glycosylation status of the polar flagellins when analyzed by western blot analysis or mass spectroscopy. Bioinformatic analysis of the protein AHA0618, demonstrated homology to a family of l,d‐transpeptidases involved in cell wall biology and peptidoglycan cross‐linking (YkuD‐like). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy analysis of the wild‐type and AHA0618‐mutant A. caviae strains revealed the mutant to be subtly but significantly shorter than wild‐type cells; a phenomenon that could be recovered when either AHA0618 or H. pylori HP0518 were introduced. We can therefore conclude that AHA0618 does not affect A. caviae behavior by altering polar flagellin glycosylation levels but is likely to have a role in peptidoglycan processing at the bacterial cell wall, consequently altering cell length and hence influencing motility.
Clinical and histopathologic predictors of reoperation due to recurrence of leiomyoma after laparotomic myomectomy
Authors: Şükür Yavuz E. , Kankaya Duygu , Ateş Can , Sertçelik Ayşe , Cengiz Sevim D. , Aytaç Ruşen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess clinical and histopathologic risk factors for reoperation after laparotomic myomectomy due to leiomyoma recurrence.MethodsA case–control study was conducted of patients who underwent their first myomectomy for leiomyoma without receiving gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues at Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, between January 2000 and December 2004. Medical records and histopathologic samples were reviewed, and participants completed a telephone interview. Patients in the case group had undergone reoperation within 5 years; those in the control group had not required further surgery.ResultsThere were 51 patients in the case group and 61 controls. The number of women who had given birth after the index surgery was lower among cases than controls (4 [7.8%] vs 13 [21.3%]; P = 0.048), as was the median size of the largest leiomyoma removed (4 cm [range 3–10] vs 5 cm [range 3–25]; P = 0.009). Reoperation was more likely among patients aged at least 40 years at index surgery (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.18–7.78; P = 0.021) and those with myxoid change (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.07–55.41; P = 0.043). The number of leiomyomas removed was negatively associated with reoperation (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.58–0.93; P = 0.012).ConclusionYoung age, removal of many or large leiomyomas, and pregnancy after myomectomy decreased reoperation risk, whereas myxoid change increased risk.
Vitamin D decreases the secretion of eotaxin and RANTES in nasal polyp fibroblasts derived from Taiwanese patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Wang Ling‐Feng , Chien Chen‐Yu , Tai Chih‐Feng , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Chen Jeff Yi‐Fu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEosinophils are important inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Vitamin D and its derivatives, in addition to their classic role as regulators of electrolytes homeostasis, have modulatory effects in immunological and inflammatory responses. Such properties suggest that vitamin D might also play a role in inflammatory airway diseases such as CRSwNP. In this study, we investigated the effect of vitamin D derivatives (calcitriol and tacalcitol) on the secretion of eotaxin and Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), the two major eosinophil chemoattractants, in fibroblasts derived from the polyps of Taiwanese CRSwNP patients. Patients diagnosed with eosinophilic CRSwNP but without malignancies or asthma and undergoing elective endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited. Three primary fibroblast cultures were established using the polyp specimens obtained from these patients. The third to eighth passages of the fibroblasts were used for in vitro studies. Nasal polyp‐derived fibroblasts were stimulated with IL‐1β (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours, followed by replacement with media alone or with calcitriol or tacalcitol (10μM) and incubation for another 24 hours. After the treatments, the levels of secreted eotaxin and RANTES were evaluated by ELISA assays. The results showed that IL‐1β could substantially stimulate the secretion of eotaxin (p < 0.01) and RANTES (p < 0.01) in nasal polyp‐derived fibroblasts. More importantly, this stimulatory effect was significantly suppressed by adding calcitriol (p ≤ 0.002 for eotaxin and p ≤ 0.008 for RANTES) or tacalcitol (p ≤ 0.009 for eotaxin and p ≤ 0.02 for RANTES). Therefore, the inhibitory effect of vitamin D derivatives on eotaxin and RANTES secretion might shed light not only on the disease mechanism, but also on the potential use of vitamin D in pharmacotherapy of Taiwanese patients with CRSwNP.
Are equities good inflation hedges? A frequency domain perspective
Authors: Ciner Cetin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBy using industry level data, we examine the relation between equity returns and inflation in a frequency dependent framework. Our analysis shows that a positive relation in fact exists between equity returns and high frequency inflation shocks for commodity and technology related industries. Since higher frequency shocks are independent from trend and are transitory in nature, our findings imply a positive relation between stock returns and the unexpected component of inflation. Furthermore, we show that the results are robust to firm‐level data by using a sample from the oil industry. Hence, our study provides a new look at the impact of inflation on equities by showing the sensitivity of conclusions in prior work to frequency dependence in data.
Archaeological Heritage Legislation and Indigenous Rights in Latin America: Trends and Challenges
Authors: Endere Maria Luz 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:The recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples has been on the political agenda in Latin America since the 1980s, although it has not always been reflected in the legal systems of the countries in the region. Most of them have passed laws that grant legal recognition to indigenous communities and have recognized their rights in the national constitutions. However, these rules do not always refer to some particular aspects of the indigenous culture, such as those related to their cultural heritage. In general, the archaeological remains are ruled by specific laws that do not consider, or vaguely mention, the indigenous peoples’ rights and their participation in the decision-making process. As a result of the lack of consistency between the indigenous and cultural heritage laws in most countries, the participation of indigenous peoples in heritage management is still exceptional.
Monumentalizing the Ruins of Korean Antiquity: Early Travel Photography and Itinerary of Seoul’s Heritage Destinations
Authors: Pai Hyung Il 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:This study introduces the oldest photographs of Seoul’s ruins, which have been recycled for more than a century in a wide variety of print sources, such as travelogues, postcards, museum catalogs, and guidebooks. Regardless of the medium, the aesthetic, disciplinary, and cultural biases practiced by the first generation of globe-trotters, diplomats, and commercial photographers to arrive in the Korean peninsula resulted in the mass distribution of the most “picturesque” monuments, such as Buddhist art and architecture, palaces, and fortress gates targeting the “tourist gaze.” By analyzing a select number of stock images of architectural landscapes, which have served as the “scenic” backdrop for framing “native types,” currently part of museum collections and photographic archives, the article will illustrate how such exoticized and romanticized visions of the conquered “Hermit Kingdom” trapped in time and space have continued to impact the trajectory of heritage management policies and the hierarchical ranking system of national treasures and famous places in postwar South Korea.
Wirksamkeit eines gestuften, Internetvermittelten Ansatzes zur Prävention von Essstörungen bei Schülern der 7. bis 10. Klasse
Authors: Lindenberg Katajun , Kordy Hans 
Published: December 2014

Essstörungen sind schwerwiegende Erkrankungen, die vorwiegend Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene betreffen. Eine effektive Prävention ist dringend gewünscht. Das individuelle Risiko kann oft nur unscharf eingeschätzt werden. Daher bieten sich gestufte Strategien wie das Internet-vermittelte Programm YoungEs[s]prit an. In der hier vorgestellten prospektiven, randomisiert-kontrollierten Interventionsstudie wurde die Wirksamkeit von YoungEs[s]prit geprüft. In einem adaptiven Design wurde die Studie in zwei Wellen durchgeführt. Hauptzielkriterium war die kumulierte Inzidenzrate (nach DSM-IV Kriterien) in einem 12-Monatszeitraum. Die statistische Prüfung erfolgte mit Hilfe survival-analytischer Methoden. In der 1.Welle (n=896) zeigte sich die präventive Wirksamkeit von YoungEs[s]prit (Log Rank χ2=4,29, df=1, p=0,038, 2-seitig) mit einem hazard ratio von 1,67. Die kumulierte Inzidenzrate der aktiven Kontrollgruppe lag bei 9,6 % verglichen mit 5,9 % in der YoungEs[s]prit Gruppe. In der 2.Welle (n=771) konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen gefunden werden (4,8 % vs. 5,6 %, Logrank χ2=0,27, df=1, p=0,600, 2-seitig). In der Gesamtbewertung wurde der Nachweis für die Wirksamkeit daher nicht erbracht (p1*p2=0,0228 >cα=0,0087). Während die Rate der 1. Welle mit 9,6 % der in der Literatur berichteten Größenordnung von etwa 10 % entsprach, lag die Rate in der 2. Welle mit 4,8 % ungewöhnlich niedrig. Daher wurde exploriert, inwieweit (1) die unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung der Stichproben, z. B. der größere Anteil von Mädchen in der 2. Welle, (2) die größere Nähe zu Einrichtungen der Versorgung in der 2. Welle oder (3) die gestiegene Aufmerksamkeit für Essstörungen durch die 1. Untersuchungswelle zu dieser niedrigen kumulierten Inzidenzrate beigetragen haben könnten.
Structural reorganization of cylindrical nanoparticles triggered by polylactide stereocomplexation
Authors: Sun Liang , Pitto-Barry Anaïs , Kirby Nigel , Schiller Tara L. , Sanchez Ana M. , Dyson M. Adam , Sloan Jeremy , Wilson Neil R. , O’Reilly Rachel K. , Dove Andrew P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCo-crystallization of polymers with different configurations/tacticities provides access to materials with enhanced performance. The stereocomplexation of isotactic poly(L-lactide) and poly(D-lactide) has led to improved properties compared with each homochiral material. Herein, we report the preparation of stereocomplex micelles from a mixture of poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) and poly(D-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) diblock copolymers in water via crystallization-driven self-assembly. During the formation of these stereocomplex micelles, an unexpected morphological transition results in the formation of dense crystalline spherical micelles rather than cylinders. Furthermore, mixture of cylinders with opposite homochirality in either THF/H2O mixtures or in pure water at 65 °C leads to disassembly into stereocomplexed spherical micelles. Similarly, a transition is also observed in a related PEO-b-PLLA/PEO-b-PDLA system, demonstrating wider applicability. This new mechanism for morphological reorganization, through competitive crystallization and stereocomplexation and without the requirement for an external stimulus, allows for new opportunities in controlled release and delivery applications.
Prediction of antibiotic resistance by gene expression profiles
Authors: Suzuki Shingo , Horinouchi Takaaki , Furusawa Chikara 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlthough many mutations contributing to antibiotic resistance have been identified, the relationship between the mutations and the related phenotypic changes responsible for the resistance has yet to be fully elucidated. To better characterize phenotype–genotype mapping for drug resistance, here we analyse phenotypic and genotypic changes of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains obtained by laboratory evolution. We demonstrate that the resistances can be quantitatively predicted by the expression changes of a small number of genes. Several candidate mutations contributing to the resistances are identified, while phenotype–genotype mapping is suggested to be complex and includes various mutations that cause similar phenotypic changes. The integration of transcriptome and genome data enables us to extract essential phenotypic changes for drug resistances.
Targeting β-catenin signaling for therapeutic intervention in MEN1-deficient pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Jiang Xiuli , Cao Yanan , Li Feng , Su Yutong , Li Yanli , Peng Ying , Cheng Yulong , Zhang Changxian , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractInactivatingMEN1mutations are the most common genetic defects present in sporadic and inherited pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs). The lack of interventional therapies prompts us to explore the therapeutic approach of targeting β-catenin signalling inMEN1-mutant PNETs. Here we show theMEN1-encoded scaffold protein menin regulates phosphorylation of β-catenin. β-catenin signalling is activated inMEN1-mutant human and mouse PNETs. Conditional knockout of β-catenin suppresses the tumorigenesis and growth ofMen1-deficient PNETs, and significantly prolongs the survival time in mice. Suppression of β-catenin signalling by genetic ablation or a molecular antagonist inhibits the expression of proproliferative genes in menin-null PNETs and potently improves hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia in mice. Blockade of β-catenin has no adverse effect on physiological function of pancreatic β-cells. Our data demonstrate that β-catenin signalling is an effective therapeutic target forMEN1-mutant PNETs. Our findings may contribute to individualized and combined medication treatment for PNETs.