bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BUSINESS-OPERATIONAL CONTINUITY PLANNING
Authors: Epler Glenn F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
U.S. federal and state regulations require industry to develop and maintain detailed crisis and emergency response plans. These plans are, for the most part, well thought out and detailed. As a result, along with extensive training and exercise programs, industry preparedness is better than it has ever been to respond to and manage an emergency. But how well prepared is industry to handle the business or operational continuity aspects of a crisis or emergency? What plans are in place to deal with the requirement for continuing essential business functions in the face of a disaster? If a major incident occurs to a refinery, terminal, or offshore production platform that requires it to be taken off-line, or damages it beyond repair, are there plans in place to minimize the impacts on the rest of the organization and on the downstream customers? How will this be done simultaneously while managing the response?
This paper addresses those needs and discusses the requirements that companies in the oil and chemical industry should consider in developing business and operational continuity plans. It explains a multi-step planning process that is being used by many companies around the world to maintain their business edge when a crisis or disaster strikes. This planning process includes such functions as conducting a risk analysis and business impact analysis, developing mitigation and recovery strategies, drafting a continuity plan, developing an awareness program, and building a training and exercising program. The paper also looks at the similarities between business and operational continuity plans and a company's emergency or crisis management plan and address ways in which the plans may be integrated.
NEW SPACE-BORNE SENSORS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Fingas Mervin F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the next few years, several new satellite sensors will be launched by various national remote-sensing/earth observation agencies around the globe. It is hoped that these space-borne sensors will provide oil spill response personnel with more than just a synoptic overview of the spill scene. The state-of-the-art capabilities of these new sensors should provide responders with information that can be used in a tactical role as opposed to older-generation sensors that perform a strictly strategic role. Of primary use to spill response coordinators is the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor. The next generation of SAR satellites will have enhanced capabilities when compared to their predecessors. The enhancements include the addition of Polarimetric modes for satellites, including Envisat-1 and RADARSAT-2. RADARSAT-2 will be quad-polarimetric, with resolutions of 8 × 8 m in Polarimetric mode and down to 3 × 3 m in co- or cross-pole modes. The ASAR sensor on Envisat-1 will follow up the successful missions of the European Space Agencies ERS-1, −2 satellites. ASAR will have an alternating polarization mode, and transmit and receive polarization can be selected, thus allowing scenes to be imaged simultaneously in two polarizations. In addition to SAR satellites, several new optical satellites have been or will be launched over the next few years. While optical sensors often are plagued by periods of foul weather that frequently accompany oil spills, some of these sensors will provide valuable information that can be used in conjunction with the radar data in a corroborative fashion. The most useful of the new optical satellites might well be those used to collect data for weather forecasting.
This paper will review the operating characteristics and modes of recent and planned satellite sensors, with an eye toward their usefulness for tactical remote sensing of oil spills.
AIRBORNE OIL SPILL SENSOR TESTING: PROGRESS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Marois Richard , Fingas Mervin F. , Choquet Marc , Monchalin Jean-Pierre , Mullin Joseph V. , Goodman Ronald H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is now possible to measure the thickness of an oil slick on water by remote sensing. A laboratory sensor has been developed to provide this absolute oil slick thickness measurement. A joint project between Environment Canada, U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS), Imperial Oil Research Ltd., and Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research Council of Canada has led to the development of a prototype slick thickness measurement system, known as the Laser Ultrasonic Remote Sensing of Oil Thickness (LURSOT) sensor. This prototype was the first step in achieving the ultimate goal of providing an airborne sensor for the remote measurement of oil slick thickness on water. The LURSOT sensor employs three lasers to produce and measure the time-of-flight of ultrasonic waves in oil, hence providing a direct measurement of oil slick thickness. The successful application of this technology to the measurement of oil slick thickness will benefit (1) the scientific community as a whole by providing information about the dynamics of oil slick spreading and (2) the spill responder by providing a measurement of the effectiveness of spill countermeasures such as dispersant application.
The first part of this paper provides initial results from laboratory testing prior to a second round of airborne test flights of the modified LURSOT system. The second part of this paper provides details on a new generation of laser fluorosensor, known as Scanning Laser Environmental Airborne Fluorosensor (SLEAF). SLEAF recently has been installed on Environment Canada's DCS aircraft. SLEAF incorporates a high-power excimer laser, high-resolution range-gated intensified diode-array spectrometer, and a pair of variable speed and angular displacement scanning mirrors. These scanning mirrors provide SLEAF with the across-track sampling pattern needed to detect narrow bands of oil that can pile up along the high tide lines of beaches and shorelines.
Ground testing of SLEAF has now been underway for some time. This paper provides details of the sensor installation and testing program, and illustrates the operational capabilities of the new system. It is believed that this new sensor will provide prompt reliable detection and mapping of oil contamination in a variety of marine and terrestrial environments.
M/T Westchester Oil Spill: Shoreline Assessment and Cleanup Along the Lower Mississippi River
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Henry Charles B. , Thumm Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 28 November 2000, the M/T Westchester spilled 1,925 tonnes of Nigerian crude oil into the Mississippi River. An estimated 50 percent of the spilled oil was recovered during the response. Several factors contributed to this extraordinary recovery rate: deployment of booms within hours in locations where large volumes of oil were diverted out of the river and into sheltered holding areas for later recovery; the wind blew consistently from one direction piling the oil against one bank; the oil quickly emulsified thus spreading on the water surface was limited; the ambient air temperature was often below the oil's pour point so the oil formed thick accumulations that adhered to the shoreline; and the river levees provided good access to the shoreline in places. The spilled oil contaminated 35 kilometers of one bank of the river and sheens extended as far as 70 kilometers downriver of the release site. Oiled shoreline habitats included 22.5 km of riprap, 2.9 km of sand flats, 3.4 km of mud flats, and 5.4 km (1.38 acres) of freshwater marshes and sloughs. The shoreline assessment process supported operations in evaluating cleanup methods and developing operationally oriented cleanup endpoints.
Workers Safety & Health During Iguassu Oil Spill Response Oil Spill in Iguassu River – Araucaria, Parana, Brazil
Authors: Glitz Alexandre 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery. A total of 4,000 m3 of a light crude oil run down around two kilometers trough Saldanha creek, crossing and contaminating four wetlands. The oil discharged into Barigüi River, a tributary of Iguassu River contaminating 6 kilometers in Barigüi River and 60 in Iguassu River. An oil recovery and cleanup operation was mounted. Almost 3000 workers were hired in haste to clean and recover oil in the impacted wetlands area, as well as in the water streams. The accident happened on a Sunday afternoon, during one of the coldest (for Brazilian standards) winters in past years, with temperatures as low as − 6°C. At the start of the oil recovery work, a very important issue was worker's safety and health. Most of the workers were unskilled people, unemployed until the accident and among them a great number of illiterate persons. The paper describes the issues with regards to safety and health, the actions taken to protect worker's health during manual oil recovery in wetlands, the means used to reduce hydrocarbon vapor exposure and evaluation of worker's exposure to hydrocarbon vapors. The effort was successful, in nine days all the free oil was removed from the rivers. The cleaning of the riverbanks and inundation areas was completed in three months. The creek and wetland areas ascending Barigüi River held around 70 per cent of the spilled oil. In these areas the safety and health concerns where higher. All superficial oil was removed from the rivers and streams.
Environmental Damage Assessment - Canadian Style
Authors: Percy Roger , Dewis Sinclair , Hennigar Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Damage Assessment involves evaluating and monetizing damages for compensation purposes. This process is meant to compliment enforcement activities by providing a framework for securing funds for restorative and prevention measures. In recognition of the growing need to address the issue of restoration of and compensation for environmental damages incurred as a result of pollution incidents Environment Canada has undertaken an initiative to develop and implement a national approach to environmental damage assessment and restoration. This paper will describe the steps taken by Canada to establish a practical framework for an environmental damage assessment/restoration process. It will highlight steps taken to reach consensus and to educate stakeholders, identify available legal instruments, describe development of guidelines/protocols for scientific assessment as well as the mechanism for decision making.
Petrobras - Program for Excellence in Environmental and Operational Safety Management
Authors: Varella Carlos , Alves Rui Antonio Fonseca , Filho Jayme de Seta 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Petrobras management of safety, environment and health introduces in this paper its new strategy to reduce emissions, residues, effluents and to improve the prevention and control of accidents in all its units. With expected investments of more than US$ 1 billion from 2000 to 2003 the Program for Excellence in Environmental and Operational Safety Management is Petrobras’ strategy for becoming one of the best petroleum companies of the world, regarding safety and environmental protection.
Estimation of Shoreline Response Cost Factors
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Data analyses on shoreline responses to two major US oil spills were analyzed to derive preliminary factors for estimating shoreline cleanup costs based on oiling degree, sediment type, labor and equipment requirements, and disposal costs. Per-unit area cost factors are calculated for marsh cleanup of a heavy fuel oil spill. Cleanup of heavily oiled areas cost an average of $lll/m2 for labor, equipment, and waste disposal, while lightly oiled areas cost an average of $5/m2. Worker-day requirements for cleanup of crude oil from a variety of sediment types from rocky to sand (by length) were calculated. Additional analyses are required to extrapolate equipment and disposal costs for development of sediment- and oiling-specific cost factors from this data. Further analyses on this and other spill response data are required to develop comprehensive shoreline response cost factors as part of the development of a methodology to estimate response costs for evaluating cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses.
Conceptual Models for Assessing the Risk of Seafood Tainting During Oil Spills
Authors: Lord Christine , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Because there are no accepted international or federal criteria for oil-related contaminants in seafood, fisheries may be closed as a precautionary action, then remain closed until samples can be collected and analyzed, then interpreted as to the actual risk. Real and potential contamination of seafood can have substantial impacts on commercial and recreational fishing and subsistence seafood use. Therefore it is important to consider oil fate and pathways of exposure that lead to the contamination of seafood species. Many biological and ecological factors influence rates of uptake and elimination, such as differences in feeding strategies, habitat, and physiology, which ultimately determine the likelihood and duration of taint. Using data gathered from past spills and laboratory studies, conceptual models of exposure pathways for a range of spill conditions and oil types can be used in combination with spill conditions and ecological factors to predict oil exposure, uptake, and elimination of petroleum compounds in seafood species. These conceptual models may allow risk assessors to evaluate the risk of significant contamination of seafood and make decisions based on limited on-scene data.
U.S. Coast Guard Federal on Scene Coordinator Role in Vessel Salvage1
Authors: Moore Michael R. , Miller Thomas C. , Boone George L. , Farley Rendall B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Salvage operations must be conducted with the utmost concern for the safety of personnel, as well as protection of the marine environment, and property. Due to the highly dynamic circumstances involved in salvage operations, there is no standard or foolproof method for responding to a casualty. Therefore, contingency planning and pre-established relationships with industry become indispensable to ensure that informed decision making, maximum responder cooperation and optimum asset coordination. Inherent in contingency planning is having an understanding that the role of the Captain of the Port (COTP) / Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) during a salvage response is multifaceted. While the COTP/FOSC has federal responsibilities to protect people, property, and the environment, it is achieved only through close coordination of multiple responding agencies, the response/salvage community and their resources. This successful coordination is greatly facilitated through an understanding of FOSC roles and proper use of the Incident Command/Unified Command (ICS/UC) System. This paper also describes the assets and authorities available to the COTP/FOSC during a salvage response, the triggers and overriding issues that would initiate full or partial federalization.
Application of Remote Sensing Data for Oil Spill Monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Bentz Cristina , de Miranda Fernando Pellon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement. One Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and 15 Radarsat-1 images were acquired This paper describes the results obtained with the interpretation of the first three images acquired after the spill. The low frequency of acquisition and the prevailing cloud cover limited the use of visible and infrared spaceborne sensors. Image processing techniques were applied to highlight oil-covered areas on the water surface. Ambiguities in the oil detection were resolved with the aid of ancillary information such as location of knows sources of pollution; aerial inspection information and GPS controlled aerial photos taken from helicopters. The RADARSAT-1 images show clearly the area affected by the spill accident allowing the differentiation of oil-free water areas, fluvial discharge or effluents areas, and oil-covered water areas. One limitation to oil detection using the Landsat-5/TM image was the presence of clouds and haze near the spilled area. In order to improve the visual discrimination of patterns on the water surface related to oil, many RGB combinations of the seven TM bands were evaluated. A supervised classification procedure was applied resulting in the following classes: oil-free water, fluvial discharge, bay areas affected by haze and oil-covered water. The GIS integration of the classification results with ancillary information, such as location of knows sources of pollution; aerial inspection information and GPS controlled aerial photos acquired simultaneously with image acquisition, allowed the final selection of oil-covered areas. The results obtained helped PETROBRAS to optimize the emergency response procedures and subsequent cleaning efforts.
Continuing Long-Term Studies of the Tropics Panama Oil and Dispersed Oil Spill Sites
Authors: Ward Greg A. , Baca Bart , Cyriacks Wendy , Dodge Richard E. , Knap Anthony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The TROPICS (Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems) oil spill experiment was conducted on the Caribbean coast of Panama, near Bocas del Toro. In November 1984, crude and dispersed crude oil were released in two separate boom-enclosed areas representative of intertidal mangrove and subtidal seagrass/coral ecosystems. The present information is based on site visits over the past two years, including 2002. Following the degradation of oil over the past 18 years, sheen identified from the spilled oil in 1994 is still visible in non-dispersed Oil Site sediments. In mangroves, previously denuded areas exposed to crude oil are currently occupied by new seedlings and saplings, which are growing rapidly but with morphological prop-root deformations. Tree mortality occurred in both the Dispersed Oil and Reference Sites, but was non-localized and appeared as natural mortality in aged trees. Recent data have revealed an invasion of seagrass beds by finger coral at the Oil Site. Since treatment, percent coverage of corals at this site has grown from a pretreatment value of 33.5% in March 1984 to 67.5% in June 2001.
Spill Response Decision-Making in Relation to Wildlife Resources and Oil Spill Applied Technologies
Authors: Scholz Debra , Warren Steven R. , Stout Heidi , Hogue Gregory , Walker Ann Hayward , McGowan Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During a response to spilled oil or hazardous material, the protection, retrieval, and rehabilitation of affected wildlife is the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the US Department of Interior (DOI), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the affected state resource trustees. Only permitted and trained individuals (Qualified Wildlife Responders - QWR) are allowed to directly handle the affected wildlife. QWRs are familiar with a wide range of actions that can be taken to minimize the adverse effects of spilled oil on fish and wildlife resources and their habitats. However, decision-makers and QWRs are not always familiar with the effects that various oil spill products and technologies may have on different wildlife resources. Applied oil spill products and technologies are listed under the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule (40 CFR § 300.317) and are the focus of the Selection Guide for Oil Spill Applied Technologies. These applied oil spill products and technologies are relatively unknown and most decision-makers have limited experience in their use. To facilitate greater understanding of these products and technologies, the Selection Guide assists the decision-maker to evaluate the various spill response products and technologies for potential or suspected impacts to the environment, workers, and natural resources. Of particular interest is the evaluation of the use of various oil spill response
Use of Brine Shrimp (Artemia) In Dispersant Toxicity Tests: Some Caveats1
Authors: George-Ares Anita , Febbo Eric J. , Letinski Daniel J. , Yarusinsky Joseph , Safadi Regina S. , Aita Alice F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several Latin American countries currently use Artemia to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of dispersants. Test methods used to evaluate dispersant toxicity to Artemia are not uniform. The study reported here demonstrates how varying Artemia test conditions can significantly affect toxicity results for the dispersant Corexit® 9500.
The type of seawater used in Artemia toxicity tests affects 48 hour LC50 values for Corexit 9500 (lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms). Nominal LC50 values ranged from 35 to 147 ppm when natural seawater was used. Nominal LC50 values ranged from 29 to 39 ppm when a synthetic seawater prepared from Crystal Sea® Marinemix was used. Greater toxicity was observed when synthetic (reconstituted) seawater was prepared according to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1987) Artemia dispersant test guideline. Observed nominal LC50 values ranged from 8.4 to 14 ppm.
Age of the Artemia nauplii is another test variable that can significantly affect toxicity results. The 48 hour nauplii showed greater toxicity to Corexit 9500 than 24 hour old nauplii. In tests using two types of synthetic seawater (Coral Reef Red Sea Salt® and Crystal Sea® Marinemix at 20 °C, 20 ppt salinity), nominal LC50 values ranged from 29 to 68 ppm for 24 hour old nauplii; 48 hour old nauplii had LC50 values ranging from 9 to 27 ppm. Greater toxicity was also observed in 48 hour nauplii under different salinity and temperature (Red Sea, 25 °C, 33 to 35 ppt salinity). The LC50 values were 33 and 1.6 ppm for 24 and 48 hour nauplii respectively.