bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Neuromusculoskeletal Ultrasound Documentation of Brachial Plexus/Thoracic Outlet Compression during Elevated Arm Stress Testing
Authors: Fried Scott M. , Nazarian Levon N. 
Published: May 2013

Background The diagnosis and validation of thoracic outlet syndrome/brachial plexopathy (TOS) remains a difficult challenge for surgeons, neurologists, and radiologists. This is due to the fact that the responses of standard elevated arm stress tests can be considered somewhat subjective and can vary. Therefore, non-vascular TOS cases are presently diagnosed clinically, and any objective diagnosis has been controversial. Methods This is a technique paper describing the use of dynamic neuromusculoskeletal ultrasound to assist in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet/brachial plexus pathology. We propose a new way to observe the brachial plexus dynamically, so that physical verification of nerve compression between the anterior and middle scalene muscles can be clearly made at the onset of clinical symptoms. This gives away to objectively identify clinically significant brachial plexus compression. Results Dynamic testing can add objective analysis to tests such as the elevated arm stress tests and can correlate the onset of symptoms with plexus compression between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. With this, the area of pathologic compression can be identified and viewed while performing the dynamic testing. If compression is seen and the onset of symptoms ensues, this is a positive confirmatory test for the presence of TOS and a clinically significant disease. Conclusions This paper offers a simple, objective, and visual diagnostic test that can validate the presence or absence of brachial plexus compression during arm elevation in patients with brachial plexus injury and thoracic outlet syndrome. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11552-013-9523-8) contains a video.
Raphael Cilento in Medicine and Politics
Authors: Finnane Mark 
Published: May 2013

At the end of his working life as a medical bureaucrat, Raphael Cilento twice tried his hand at Australian federal politics. After an initial joust at a Senate seat, he was encouraged by the fledgling Australian Democratic Union to try the House of Representatives. His choice of electorate was heroic. The seat of McPherson (Qld) was held by Arthur Fadden, one time prime minister and perennial member for this Darling Downs electorate. Standing as an ‘Independent Democrat’, Cilento targeted the Italian community in Stanthorpe, a district where he picked up half the vote in his otherwise unsuccessful campaign. His candidature attracted some notice. Brisbane's Truth described Sir Raphael as ‘the most distinguished Queenslander to ever enter the Federal political arena’. This might seem a little hyperbolic, but seen in the larger context of Cilento's national and international work, it was a defensible proposition. Seen literally, it is slightly less defensible since Cilento was not Queensland born. Rather, he came to adopt Queensland — and to seek to advance its standing as an example of successful white settlement of the tropics.
‘HOT MONEY’: GENDER AND THE POLITICS OF NEGOTIATION AND CONTROL OVER INCOME IN WEST AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Somé Batamaka 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTMost development interventions targeting rural women's economic empowerment measure success through returns from women's on-farm or off-farm activities and the income they generate. This article suggests that special emphasis needs to be laid on income control, not just its generation, in order to take account of the more or less subtle socio-cultural obstacles and other structures of constraint hindering women in this regard. The article draws from ethnographic case studies conducted for a doctoral dissertation project in south-west Burkina Faso to show how women in cotton-farming zones strategize to circumvent customary rules and control their on-farm incomes. The context is an organic cotton-farming project targeting women. I argue that understanding these constraints and strategies provides policy makers and development practitioners with tools for a better grasp of the social landscape – and that this, in turn, enables them to reach empowerment goals.
SURVIVAL STRATEGIES AND CITIZENSHIP CLAIMS: YOUTH AND THE UNDERGROUND OIL ECONOMY IN POST-AMNESTY NIGER DELTA
Authors: Ugor Paul U. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTFocusing on Gbekebor, a small rural community in Burutu Local Government Area in Delta State, this article examines the rise of small-scale artisanal oil refineries in the oil-rich Niger Delta area in south-eastern Nigeria. Mostly owned and run by unemployed youth in the Delta region, this informal underground oil economy is a classic example of the ways in which the mass of disgruntled youth in Nigeria have now evolved their own new survival strategies in the face of inauspicious social and economic conditions in everyday life. In the article, therefore, I argue that the growth of illegal refineries in the Niger Delta region represents ordinary people's desperate search for economic and social justice for themselves and their communities when the state and superordinate economic regimes (oil corporations) operating in the Delta area have connived to deny ordinary people their social and economic rights as citizens.
EXTRACTION OFFSHORE, POLITICS INSHORE, AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Authors: Campos-Serrano Alicia 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTRecent economic and socio-political dynamics in the territories that form Equatorial Guinea are related, in different ways, to the extraction of hydrocarbons from its Exclusive Economic Zone since the mid-1990s. These transformations are strongly mediated by specific social groups, especially the family that has held power since 1968 and transnational oil companies, whose relationships are central to the exclusive political configuration in the country. The article analyses this particular form of extraversion of power as part of a broader history of the region, in which the role of the state's sovereignty as articulated during decolonization is shown to be instrumental in the allocation of rights and the political economy of oil today. The article also discusses the spaces that the new political economy of oil has opened for alternative transnational connections around the country.
An evolutionary and developmental perspective on the loss of regionalization in the limbs of derived ichthyosaurs
Authors: MAXWELL ERIN E. , SCHEYER TORSTEN M. , FOWLER DONALD A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIchthyosaurs, a lineage of extinct Mesozoic marine reptiles, have garnered attention in both the palaeontological and developmental literature for the unique limb morphology seen in derived genera. These morphologies include an increase in the number of phalanges per digit (hyperphalangy) and in the number of digits (hyperdactyly), but most interestingly also a shift in element identity. Elements distal to the stylopodium acquire characteristics of mesopodial elements, such as a rounded, nodular shape and a loss of perichondral bone on the anterior and posterior surfaces. Here, we examine numerous aspects of the loss of proximodistal identity in ichthyosaur limbs including phylogenetic progression of the loss of perichondral bone, histology and microstructure of the elements retaining perichondral bone in derived taxa, and correlates of intraspecific variation in degree of perichondral bone reduction in a derived ichthyosaur,Stenopterygius quadriscissus. Results show that loss of limb element identity occurred progressively over ichthyosaurian evolution, and the notches seen on the anterior surface of limb elements in derived ichthyosaurs are homologous to the long bone shafts in terrestrial tetrapods. Variation in the number of notches inS. quadriscissuscan best be explained through delayed ossification of the anterior perichondrium, indicating a heterochronic component to the loss of identity. We propose a developmental mechanism – gradual expansion of the polyalanine region of HoxD13 over ichthyosaurian evolution – to explain the progressive loss of limb regionalization as well as the heterochronic delay in perichondral ossification.
UNDERSTANDING A LANGUAGE OF ‘ARISTOCRACY’, 1700–1850
Authors: GOODRICH AMANDA 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article engages with current debates about linguistic usage in a new way. It examines linguistic change, the shifts in frequency of usage of ‘aristocracy’, both qualitatively and quantitatively, at specific moments and over time, in print during the period 1700 to 1850. Digital resources are utilized to provide broad quantitative evidence not previously available to historians. The potential use and value of digitized sources is also explored in calculating the volume and frequency of keyword appearance within a broad set of genres. This article also examines qualitatively usage of ‘aristocracy’ by contemporaries and historians and concludes that historians have often used the term anachronistically. It reveals that for much of the eighteenth century ‘aristocracy’ was entirely a political term confined primarily to the educated elite but that by 1850 it had become a common social descriptor of an elite class. It also compares the trajectory of usage of ‘aristocracy’ with that of ‘democracy’ and accounts for the divergence in such usage. It is argued here that analysing the prevalence and usage of ‘aristocracy’ in contemporary contexts reveals an important narrative of linguistic changes that parallel shifts in political and social culture.
INFRASTRUCTURAL GLOBALIZATION: LIGHTING THE CHINA COAST, 1860s–1930s
Authors: BICKERS ROBERT 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article calls for attention to be paid to the infrastructures that underpinned nineteenth-century globalization, and the use of better-known technological developments and global patterns of professional migration. It does so by outlining the work of the Marine Department of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service after 1868, focusing on its development of a network of lighthouses along the coast of China in its political and comparative contexts. These lights were at once local sites and nodes within a developing national and global system, and evolving practices around circulation of data and best practice, accepted international standards, technology transfer, and maritime safety. The Customs Service was a Chinese government agency, albeit within the British orbit of influence, but acted as a buffer between China and foreign interests and pressures.
CONSIGNING JUSTICE TO HISTORY: TRANSITIONAL TRIALS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors: PRIEMEL KIM CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article reviews recent historical investigations of transitional trials held after the Second World War. It identifies three main strands of historiography. One group of studies has been dominated by the trials' participants who have shaped the perception of the trials' scope, their achievements, and their shortcomings, and pursued political, legal, or biographical agendas. A second group has treated the trials as a mere epilogue to the history of the deceased regimes. A third, more profound approach has conceptualized the trials as places where collective memory was assembled, configured, and shaped. This notion opens the debate to an analysis of how law and history on the one hand, jurisdiction, jurisprudence, and historiography on the other interact and how they impact on one another. The article compares and evaluates the benefits drawn from this research. It finds that historical analyses which take seriously the epistemological premises of the law as well as the courtroom's performativity manage to bypass well-trodden paths of interpretation which either deplore the limited, inadequate punishment meted out, or celebrate the triumphant march from Nuremberg to The Hague. The article concludes that such interdisciplinary readings help to avoid widespread disillusionment with the results of transitional trials.
Impact of grazing intensity on herbage quality, feed intake and live weight gain of sheep grazing on the steppe of Inner Mongolia
Authors: MÜLLER K. , DICKHOEFER U. , LIN L. , GLINDEMANN T. , WANG C. , SCHÖNBACH P. , WAN H. W. , SCHIBORRA A. , TAS B. M. , GIERUS M. , TAUBE F. , SUSENBETH A. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe grassland steppe of Inner Mongolia is traditionally used for sheep grazing. However, overgrazing reduced vegetation cover in winter, thereby increasing soil erosion and consequently, degradation of the steppe vegetation. Grazing intensity (GI) is still the most important factor in pasture management. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of GI on grassland and sheep performance. A grazing experiment was conducted from July until September in 2005, 2006 and 2007 in which six different GI ranging from very light (GI 1), light (GI 2), light-moderate (GI 3), moderate (GI 4) and heavy (GI 5) to very heavy (GI 6) were tested. Each GI treatment comprised two adjacent plots that were alternately used for grazing or hay-making each year. Variables measured included herbage mass (HM) and chemical composition, digestibility of ingested organic matter (dOM), organic matter intake (OMI) and live weight gain (LWG) of sheep. The HM decreased significantly with increasing GI from 1·01 t (GI 1) to 0·45 t dry matter (DM)/ha (GI 6). There were only minor effects of GI on chemical composition and digestibility of standing herbage. Moreover, dOM, OMI and hence, digestible OMI did not differ between GI. Across all study years, LWG of sheep was not influenced by GI so that LWG per hectare increased with increasing GI, reaching a maximum of 730 g/d at GI 6 compared with 181 g/d at GI 1. However, a strong decrease in LWG per sheep with increasing stocking rate was found in 2005 when annual rainfall was less than half of the long-term average, resulting in a similar LWG per hectare across the range of tested stocking rates. The results therefore show that intensive grazing does not reduce growth of individual animals in most years, but increases LWG per unit of land area and thus, income of farmers. The alternating use of pastures for grazing or hay-making might have mitigated the negative effects of heavy grazing on herbage and animal performance. Nevertheless, high GI may negatively affect grassland productivity in the long term and the lack of HM on offer on heavy grazed pastures in dry years will require supplement feeding at the end of the vegetation period or the untimely sale of animals.
Telltale Tails: A New Approach to Estimating Unique Market Information Shares
Authors: Grammig Joachim , Peter Franziska J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe trading of securities on multiple markets raises the question of each market’s share in the discovery of the informationally efficient price. We exploit salient distributional features of multivariate financial price processes to uniquely determine these contributions, thereby resolving the main drawback of the widely used Hasbrouck (1995) methodology, which merely provides upper and lower bounds of a market’s information share. We show how tail dependence of price changes, which may emerge as a result of differences in market design, can be exploited to estimate unique information shares. Two empiricalapplications illustrate the practical use of the new methodology.
Corporate Governance and Risk Taking in Pension Plans: Evidence from Defined Benefit Asset Allocations
Authors: Phan Hieu V. , Hegde Shantaram P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBased on theoretical advice and empirical evidence suggesting that risk taking in asset allocation enhances pension returns, we evaluate empirically whether good corporate governance leads to a larger allocation of pension assets to risky securities as compared to safe investments. Our findings suggest that firms with good external and internal corporate governance take more risk by investing heavily in equities and allocating a smaller share of the plan assets to cash, government debt, and insurance company accounts. The main underlying mechanisms appear to be higher investment returns and better pension funding status associated with higher equity and lower safe asset allocations.
Dynamics of laser induced micro-shock waves and hot core plasma in quiescent air
Authors: Leela Ch. , Bagchi Suman , Kumar V. Rakesh , Tewari Surya P. , Kiran P. Prem 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present our results on spatio-temporal evolution of laser plasma produced shockwaves (SWs) and hot core plasma (HCP) created by focused second harmonic (532 nm, 7 ns) of Nd-YAG laser in quiescent atmospheric air at f/#10 focusing geometry. Time resolved shadowgraphs imaged with the help of an ICCD camera with 1.5 ns temporal resolution revealed the presence of two co-existing sources simultaneously generating SWs. Each of the two sources independently led to a spherical SW following Sedov-Taylor theory along the laser propagation direction with a maximum velocity of 7.4 km/s and pressure of 57 MPa. While the interaction of SWs from the two sources led to a planar SW in the direction normal to the laser propagation direction. The SW detaches from the HCP and starts expanding into the ambient air at around 3 µs indicating the onset of asymmetric expansion of the HCP along the z-axis. The asymmetric expansion is observed till 10 µs beyond which the SW leaves the field of view followed by a deformation of the irradiated region in the XY-plane due to the penetration of surrounding colder air in to the HCP. The deformation in the XY-plane lasts till 600 µs. The dynamics of rapidly expanding HCP is observed to be analogous to that of cavitation bubble dynamics in fluids.
Characterization of a dual-gas multi-jet gas puff target for high-order harmonic generation using extreme ultraviolet shadowgraphy
Authors: Wachulak P.W. , Wegrzynski L. , Bartnik A. , Fok T. , Jarocki R. , Kostecki J. , Szczurek M. , Fiedorowicz H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCharacterization measurements and modes of operation of a novel, dual-gas multi-jet target, developed for experiments on high-order harmonic generation, are presented. The target has been formed by pulsed injection of argon through a nozzle in a form of linearly oriented small orifices. The argon jets were separated with the helium jets formed by injection of helium through alternate orifices in the nozzle. The targets have been characterized by extreme ultraviolet backlighting at 13.5 nm wavelength. Density profiles for this type of targets have been obtained, to our knowledge, for the first time.
Should International Law Ensure the Moral Acceptability of War?
Authors: DILL JANINA 
Published: May 2013

AbstractJeff McMahan's challenge to conventional just-war theory is an attempt to apply to the use of force between states a moral standard whose pertinence to international relations (IR) is decreasingly contestable and the regulation of which international law (IL) is, therefore, under pressure to afford: the preservation of individual rights. This compelling endeavour is at an impasse given the admission of many ethicists that it is currently impossible for international humanitarian law (IHL) to regulate killing in war in accordance with individuals’ liability. IHL's failure to consistently protect individual rights, specifically its shortfall compared to human rights law, has raised questions about IHL's adequacy also among international lawyers. This paper identifies the features of war that ground the inability of IL to regulate it to a level of moral acceptability and characterizes the quintessential war as presenting what I call an ‘epistemically cloaked forced choice’ regarding the preservation of individual rights. Commitment to the above moral standard, then, means that IL should not prejudge the outcome of wars and must, somewhat paradoxically, diverge from morality when making prescriptions about the conduct of hostilities. In showing that many confrontations between states inevitably take the form of such epistemically cloaked forced choices, the paper contests the argument by revisionist just-war theorists like McMahan that the failure of IL to track morality in war is merely a function of contingent institutional desiderata. IHL, with its moral limitations, has a continuing role to play in IR.
Azimuthal Projections: Data Rotation and Projection Switching in Real Time
Authors: Nolze Gert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPole figures are often used to present crystal orientation data. The huge number of single orientation measurements acquired by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) poses a challenge for pole figure representation due to the large number of calculations required. This significantly reduces the speed at which the data may be rotated and affects the ability to switch between different projection types. In the present work, it will be shown that satisfactory representation of orientation data in different projection types can generally be achieved by an imaging of a spherical projection. With this approach, explicit calculation of the projections is no longer required, allowing for both real-time dataset rotation and real-time switching between all projection types relevant to materials science. The technique can be applied to any other directional property distribution, for example, not only for EBSD orientation presentation.
A VARIANT OF HOFSTADTER’S SEQUENCE AND FINITE AUTOMATA
Authors: ALLOUCHE JEAN-PAUL , SHALLIT JEFFREY 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFollowing up on a paper of Balamohan et al. [‘On the behavior of a variant of Hofstadter’s $q$-sequence’, J. Integer Seq. 10 (2007)], we analyze a variant of Hofstadter’s $Q$-sequence and show that its frequency sequence is 2-automatic. An automaton computing the sequence is explicitly given.
Interferon-gamma release assays in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection.
Authors: Ajit Lalvani Ajit Lalvani , Manish Pareek Manish Pareek 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

This chapter describes the worldwide burden and methods of diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection. The clinical performance of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in different populations, including immunocompetent and immunocompromised (HIV, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases) persons, and the predictive value of IGRAs for progression to active tuberculosis are reviewed. The incorporation of IGRAs into international public health guidelines and its use in treatment monitoring and future directions are discussed.
Role of phenotypic methods for drug susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis isolates in the era of MDR and XDR epidemics.
Authors: Heifets L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

This chapter discusses the role of phenotypic methods for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in timely detection and management of patients with multiple drug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. The different methods and their combinations, as well as their affordability/cost, are described.
Measuring gene expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Authors: Honeyborne I. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

This chapter discusses the need for molecular-based quantification of bacterial load in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the reasons for a lack of a molecular assay for enumeration of M. tuberculosis in sputum. Measuring gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine bacterial load in sputum samples is described.
The identification of 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylates (ATCs) as a new class of tuberculosis agent: a lesson in 'HIT' identification.
Authors: Coxon G. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

This chapter discusses the strategies to find new tuberculosis drug scaffolds and the validated drug targets for mycobacterial killing. The rationale, design and synthesis of the thiazole ring scaffold which led to the identification of methyl 2-amino-5-benzylthiazole-4-carboxylate and methyl 2-(2-bromoacetamido)-5-(3-chlorophenyl) thiazole-4-carboxylate are described.