bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaemotional Intentionality
Authors: Howard Scott Alexander 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article argues against two theories that obscure our understanding of emotions whose objects are other emotions. Thetripartite modelof emotional intentionality holds that an emotion's relation to its object is necessarily mediated by an additional representational state; I argue that metaemotions are an exception to this claim. Thehierarchical modelpositions metaemotions as stable, epistemically privileged higher‐order appraisals of lower‐level emotions; I argue that this clashes with various features of complex metaemotional experiences. The article therefore serves dual purposes, offering metaemotions as a counterexample to an intuitive thesis about emotional intentionality, and examining their intentional structure in its own right.
DWARF overexpression induces alteration in phytohormone homeostasis, development, architecture and carotenoid accumulation in tomato
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jing , Chen Xiao‐Juan , Guo Xie , Yin Ling‐Ling , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Xu Chang‐Jie , Chen Kun‐Song , Liu Chao‐Chao , Xia Xiao‐Jian , Shi Kai , Zhou Jie , Zhou Yan‐Hong , Yu Jing‐Quan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBrassinosteroids (BRs) play a critical role in plant growth, development and stress response; however, genetic evidence for the BR‐mediated integrated regulation of plant growth still remains elusive in crop species. Here, we clarified the function of DWARF (DWF), the key BR biosynthetic gene in tomato, in the regulation of plant growth and architecture, phytohormone homeostasis and fruit development by comparing wild type, d^im, a weak allele mutant impaired in DWF, and DWF‐overexpressing plants in tomato. Results showed that increases in DWF transcripts and endogenous BR level resulted in improved germination, lateral root development, CO2 assimilation and eventually plant growth as characterized by slender and compact plant architecture. However, an increase in DWF transcript down‐regulated the accumulation of gibberellin, which was associated with decreases in leaf size and thickness. BRs positively regulated lateral bud outgrowth, which was associated with decreased transcript of Aux/IAA3, and the ethylene‐dependent petiole bending and fruit ripening. Notably, overexpression of DWF did not significantly alter fruit yield per plant; however, increases by 57.4% and 95.3% might be estimated in fruit yield per square metre in two transgenic lines due to their compact architecture. Significantly, BR level was positively related with the carotenoid accumulation in the fruits. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BRs are actively involved in the regulation of multiple developmental processes relating to agronomical important traits.
Variations in nitrogen use efficiency reflect the biochemical subtype while variations in water use efficiency reflect the evolutionary lineage of C4 grasses at inter‐glacial CO2
Authors: Pinto Harshini , Powell Jeff R. , Sharwood Robert E. , Tissue David T. , Ghannoum Oula 
Published: September 2015

AbstractC4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times in diverse lineages. Most physiological studies comparing C4 plants were not conducted at the low atmospheric CO2 prevailing during their evolution. Here, 24 C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide malic enzyme (NAD‐ME), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate malic enzyme (NADP‐ME)] and six major evolutionary lineages were grown under ambient (400 μL L−1) and inter‐glacial (280 μL L−1) CO2. We hypothesized that nitrogen‐related and water‐related physiological traits are associated with subtypes and lineages, respectively. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were constrained by the shared lineage, while variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N per area, plant dry mass and plant water use efficiency were influenced by the subtype. Subtype and lineage were equally important for explaining variations in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE). CO2 treatment impacted most parameters. Overall, higher LMA and leaf N distinguished the Chloridoideae/NAD‐ME group, while NADP‐ME and PCK grasses were distinguished by higher PNUE regardless of lineage. Plants were characterized by high photosynthesis and PWUE when grown at ambient CO2 and by high conductance at inter‐glacial CO2. In conclusion, the evolutionary and biochemical diversity among C4 grasses was aligned with discernible leaf physiology, but it remains unknown whether these traits represent ecophysiological adaptation.
Television watching, diet and body mass index of school children in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alghadir Ahmad H , Gabr Sami A , Iqbal Zaheen A 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundWatching television has been widely associated with various health and psychological outcomes in children. Excessive intake of carbonated, sweetened beverages and fast foods, inadequate intake of fruit and dairy products; and reduced levels of physical activity also pose a risk to healthy lifestyle among youth. Limited literature is available, however, on the cross‐cultural aspects of duration of television viewing, diet preferences and their effect on weight in school children in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia. We conducted an online survey in school children in Saudi Arabia (age 12–16 years) to determine whether there is any association between duration of daily television watching, body mass index (BMI), eating habits and diet preferences.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was uploaded online and the link was sent to school children, inviting them to participate in the study. It included questions on demographic data; family medical status; daily routine in and after school; number of hours of daily TV watching, self‐perception of health and daily diet habits and preferences.ResultsA total of 220 children aged between 12 and 16 years participated in the present study. There was a higher duration of television viewing, and higher consumption of high‐fat fast foods and high‐sugar drinks, and this was significantly associated with BMI (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe availability of television in children's bedrooms, and of high‐fat foods and drinks at school and in other cafeterias in Saudi Arabia seems to be the major cause of the association between sedentary lifestyle and dietary habits, which needs to be checked and limited. Parents and teachers need to be trained because they can play a major role in its prevention. Saudi Arabia is a growing country banking on its youth. Their awareness can prevent the incidence and lower the prevalence of such ill health habits among them.
Risk factors for specific causes of death following pediatric heart transplant: An analysis of the registry of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Authors: Vanderlaan R. D. , Manlhiot C. , Edwards L. B. , Conway J. , McCrindle B. W. , Dipchand A. I. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe sought to determine temporal changes in COD and identify COD‐specific risk factors in pediatric primary HTx recipients. Using the ISHLT registry, time‐dependent hazard of death after pediatric HTx, stratified by COD, was analyzed by multiphasic parametric hazard modeling with multivariable regression models for risk factor analysis. The proportion of pediatric HTx deaths from each of cardiovascular cause, allograft vasculopathy, and malignancy increased over time, while all other COD decreased post‐HTx. Pre‐HTx ECMO was associated with increased risk of death from graft failure (HR 2.43; p < 0.001), infection (HR 2.85; p < 0.001), and MOF (HR 2.22; p = 0.001), while post‐HTx ECMO was associated with death from cerebrovascular events/bleed (HR 2.55; p = 0.001). CHD was associated with deaths due to pulmonary causes (HR 1.78; p = 0.007) or infection (HR 1.72; p < 0.001). Non‐adherence was a significant risk factor for all cardiac COD, notably graft failure (HR 1.66; p = 0.001) and rejection (HR 1.89; p < 0.001). Risk factors related to specific COD are varied across different temporal phases post‐HTx. Increased understanding of these factors will assist in risk stratification, guide anticipatory clinical decisions, and potentially improve patient survival.
The plant‐specific protein FEHLSTART controls male meiotic entry, initializing meiotic synchronization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Junhua , Dukowic‐Schulze Stefanie , Lindquist Ingrid E. , Farmer Andrew D. , Kelly Bridget , Li Tao , Smith Alan G. , Retzel Ernest F. , Mudge Joann , Chen Changbin 
Published: September 2015

SummaryMeiosis marks the transition from the sporophyte to the gametophyte generation in the life cycle of flowering plants, and creates genetic variations through homologous recombination. In most flowering plants, meiosis is highly synchronized within each anther, which is significant for efficient fertilization. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of entry into meiosis and exit from it, and only a few genes in Arabidopsis have been characterized with a role in regulating meiotic progression. In this study, we report the functional characterization of a plant‐specific basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein, FEHLSTART (FST), a defect in which leads to premature meiotic entry and asynchronous meiosis, and results in decreased seed yield. Investigation of the time course of meiosis showed that the onset of leptotene, the first stage of prophase I, frequently occurred earlier in fst‐1 than in the wild type. Asynchronous meiosis followed, which could manifest in the disruption of regular spindle structures and symmetric cell divisions in fst‐1 mutants during the meiosis I/II transition. In accordance with frequently accelerated meiotic entry, whole‐transcriptome analysis of fst‐1 anthers undergoing meiosis revealed that 19 circadian rhythm genes were affected and 47 pollen‐related genes were prematurely expressed at a higher level. Taken together, we propose that FST is required for normal meiotic entry and the establishment of meiotic synchrony.
Coagulation profile after plasma exchange using albumin as a replacement solution measured by thromboelastometry
Authors: Blasi A. , Cid J. , Beltran J. , Taurà P. , Balust J. , Lozano M. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundSignificant decrease in fibrinogen and other coagulation proteins is observed after plasma exchange when albumin is used as a replacement fluid. Little is known about how those changes impact on thromboelastometry (TEM). The aim of this study was to describe the changes in TEM after performing plasma exchange procedures using 5% albumin as a replacement fluid and its correlation with the standard coagulation tests.Study Design and MethodsConsecutive patients treated with plasma exchange were prospectively recorded. We performed laboratory and TEM assays extrinsec patway [EXTEM and fibrin‐based TEM (fibTEM)] from patient's blood sampled immediately before starting and immediately after finishing each procedure. Bleeding events during and after the procedure were monitored. Mann–Whitney U‐test and Spearman's correlation test were used when needed.ResultsAfter plasma exchange, all TEM parameters decreased under normal limits, especially the clotting time (CT): 62% reduction (range: 35–84%) and the fibTEM: 50% (range: 62–27%); maximum clot firmness (MCF) decreased to a lesser extent, 23% (range: 29–21%). Main TEM parameters showed a strong correlation with fibrinogen values: CT, r = −0·81; MCF, r = 0·85; and fibTEM, r = 0·79. No bleeding complications were observed.ConclusionA profound derangement of TEM parameters was observed after PE, evidenced by delay in the clot formation and reduction in the clot firmness. More studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical implications of derangement in TEM parameters in patients without concomitant coagulopathy.
Caudal Mandibular Bone Height and Buccal Cortical Bone Thickness Measured by Computed Tomography in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Soukup Jason W. , Drees Randi , Tabone Tom J. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo characterize bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness of the caudal mandible of healthy dogs.Study DesignProspective original study.Sample PopulationClient‐owned dogs (n = 36).MethodsDogs were distributed by weight into 3 groups (<10, 10–20, >20 kg). Thirteen transverse plane computed tomography images were selected for each dog based on anatomic landmarks from the 4th premolar (PM4) through the 2nd molar. On each image, bone thickness was measured along the buccal surface of both mandibles from the alveolar margin to the ventral border in 3 mm increments. The number of 3 mm increments were recorded as an estimation of mandibular height.ResultsBuccal bone was generally thicker ventrally in the area studied with decreasing bone thickness over both roots of PM4 and the mesial root of the 1st molar (M1). Cortical bone thickness of <2.0 mm was measured across all groups at most locations 3 mm ventral from the alveolar margin. Mandibular bone height demonstrated significantly fewer (P < .05) 3 mm increments over the distal root of M1 in dogs >10 kg compared with the number of observations at the immediately mesial and distal locations.ConclusionThin cortical bone overlying the mesial and distal roots of PM4 and the mesial root of M1 limits use of these areas for application of monocortical anchorage devices. Decreased mandibular bone height at mandibular M1 may create a stress riser at this location, which along with thin cortical bone may explain why this is a common area for mandibular fracture.
Beneficial effect of a nitric oxide donor in an ex vivo model of pig‐to‐human pulmonary xenotransplantation
Authors: Park Hee Sue , Kim Ji‐Eun , You Hyun Ju , Gu Jayoon , Yoo Byungsu , Lee Saebom , Lee Hyun Joo , Hwang Ho Young , Hwang Yoohwa , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Young Tae 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundNitric oxide (NO) can reduce platelet adhesion and vascular resistance. Tempol can scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce tissue injury. As xenograft rejection attenuates endogenous NO production and generates ROS, we evaluated the potential effect of an NO donor (SIN‐1, 3‐morpholinosydnonimine) and tempol on hyperacute xenograft dysfunction using an ex vivo porcine lung perfusion model.MethodsFor the evaluation of von Willebrand factor (vWF) secretion, human endothelial cells were stimulated with thrombin. Porcine lungs were perfused with either fresh human whole blood (unmodified control group [n = 4]), SIN‐1 (n = 4), or SIN and tempol (n = 4).ResultsSIN‐1 and tempol significantly inhibited vWF secretion from endothelial cells in vitro. However, they did not suppress xenogeneic complement activation. In an ex vivo pulmonary perfusion model, SIN‐1 improved pulmonary xenograft function by reducing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), inhibiting complement activation, and inhibiting thrombin generation. Combined treatment with tempol and SIN‐1 potentiated PVR reduction, but slightly enhanced complement activation.ConclusionsAn NO donor is expected to improve pulmonary xenograft function through inhibition of vWF secretion, vasoconstriction, thrombin generation, and indirectly through inhibition of complement activation. The additional effects of tempol on an NO donor were not considered significant in an ex vivo xenograft system.
Justifying clinical trials for porcine islet xenotransplantation
Authors: Ellis Cara E. , Korbutt Gregory S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe development of the Edmonton Protocol encouraged a great deal of optimism that a cell‐based cure for type I diabetes could be achieved. However, donor organ shortages prevent islet transplantation from being a widespread solution as the supply cannot possibly equal the demand. Porcine islet xenotransplantation has the potential to address these shortages, and recent preclinical and clinical trials show promising scientific support. Consequently, it is important to consider whether the current science meets the ethical requirements for moving toward clinical trials. Despite the potential risks and the scientific unknowns that remain to be investigated, there is optimism regarding the xenotransplantation of some types of tissue, and enough evidence has been gathered to ethically justify clinical trials for the most safe and advanced area of research, porcine islet transplantation. Researchers must make a concerted effort to maintain a positive image for xenotransplantation, as a few well‐publicized failed trials could irrevocably damage public perception of xenotransplantation. Because all of society carries the burden of risk, it is important that the public be involved in the decision to proceed. As new information from preclinical and clinical trials develops, policy decisions should be frequently updated. If at any point evidence shows that islet xenotransplantation is unsafe, then clinical trials will no longer be justified and they should be halted. However, as of now, the expected benefit of an unlimited supply of islets, combined with adequate informed consent, justifies clinical trials for islet xenotransplantation.
Voltage‐gated Ca2+ influx through L‐type channels contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ loading in skeletal muscle
Authors: Robin Gaëlle , Allard Bruno 
Published: September 2015

Key points
Muscle contraction is triggered by Ca2+ ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to depolarization of skeletal muscle fibres. Muscle activation is also known to be associated with a voltage‐activated trans‐sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx.
Because removal of external Ca2+ does not impede fibres from contracting, a negligible role has been initially attributed to this Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, it is not clearly established whether Ca2+ exclusively flows through L‐type channels.
By monitoring the quenching of fura‐2 fluorescence resulting from Mn2+ influx in voltage‐controlled mouse and zebrafish muscle fibres, we show that the L‐type current is the only contributor to Ca2+ influx during long‐lasting depolarizations.
Calibration of the Mn2+ quenching signal allowed us to estimate an Mn2+ current of 0.31 A F–1 flowing during a train of action potentials.
Measurements of SR Ca2+ changes with fluo‐5N in response to depolarization indicated that voltage‐activated Ca2+/Mn2+ influx contributes to SR Ca2+/Mn2+ loading.
AbstractMuscle contraction is triggered by Ca2+ ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to depolarization of skeletal muscle fibres. Muscle activation is also associated with a voltage‐activated trans‐sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx early identified as a current flowing through L‐type Ca2+ channels. Because removal of external Ca2+ does not impede fibres from contracting, a negligible role was given to this voltage‐activated Ca2+ entry, although the decline of Ca2+ release is more pronounced in the absence of Ca2+ during long‐lasting activation. Furthermore, it is not clearly established whether Ca2+ exclusively flows through L‐type channels or in addition through a parallel voltage‐activated pathway distinct from L‐type channels. Here, by monitoring the quenching of fura‐2 fluorescence resulting from Mn2+ influx in voltage‐controlled mouse and zebrafish isolated muscle fibres, we show that the L‐type current is the only contributor to Ca2+ influx during long‐lasting depolarizations in skeletal muscle. Calibration of the Mn2+ quenching signal allowed us to estimate a mean Mn2+ current of 0.31 ± 0.06 A F–1 flowing through L‐type channels during a train of action potentials. Measurements of SR Ca2+ changes with fluo‐5N in response to depolarization revealed that an elevated voltage‐activated Ca2+ current potentiated SR Ca2+ loading and addition of external Mn2+ produced quenching of fluo‐5N in the SR, indicating that voltage‐activated Ca2+/Mn2+ influx contributes to SR Ca2+/Mn2+ loading.
Local respiratory motion correction for PET/CT imaging: Application to lung cancer
Authors: Lamare F. , Fayad H. , Fernandez P. , Visvikis D. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:Despite multiple methodologies already proposed to correct respiratory motion in the whole PET imaging field of view (FOV), such approaches have not found wide acceptance in clinical routine. An alternative can be the local respiratory motion correction (LRMC) of data corresponding to a given volume of interest (VOI: organ or tumor). Advantages of LRMC include the use of a simple motion model, faster execution times, and organ specific motion correction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of LMRC using various motion models for oncology (lung lesion) applications.Methods:Both simulated (NURBS based 4D cardiac‐torso phantom) and clinical studies (six patients) were used in the evaluation of the proposed LRMC approach. PET data were acquired in list‐mode and synchronized with respiration. The implemented approach consists first in defining a VOI on the reconstructed motion average image. Gated PET images of the VOI are subsequently reconstructed using only lines of response passing through the selected VOI and are used in combination with a center of gravity or an affine/elastic registration algorithm to derive the transformation maps corresponding to the respiration effects. Those are finally integrated in the reconstruction process to produce a motion free image over the lesion regions.Results:Although the center of gravity or affine algorithm achieved similar performance for individual lesion motion correction, the elastic model, applied either locally or to the whole FOV, led to an overall superior performance. The spatial tumor location was altered by 89% and 81% for the elastic model applied locally or to the whole FOV, respectively (compared to 44% and 39% for the center of gravity and affine models, respectively). This resulted in similar associated overall tumor volume changes of 84% and 80%, respectively (compared to 75% and 71% for the center of gravity and affine models, respectively). The application of the nonrigid deformation model in LRMC led to over an order of magnitude gain in computational efficiency of the correction relative to the application of the deformable model to the whole FOV.Conclusions:The results of this study support the use of LMRC as a flexible and efficient correction approach for respiratory motion effects for single lesions in the thoracic area.