bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , Cilio Maria Roberta , Cross Helen , Fernandez‐Ruiz Javier , French Jacqueline , Hill Charlotte , Katz Russell , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Jutras‐Aswad Didier , Notcutt William George , Martinez‐Orgado Jose , Robson Philip J. , Rohrback Brian G. , Thiele Elizabeth , Whalley Benjamin , Friedman Daniel 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTo present a summary of current scientific evidence about the cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD) with regard to its relevance to epilepsy and other selected neuropsychiatric disorders. We summarize the presentations from a conference in which invited participants reviewed relevant aspects of the physiology, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and data from studies with animal models and human subjects. Cannabis has been used to treat disease since ancient times. Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) is the major psychoactive ingredient and CBD is the major nonpsychoactive ingredient in cannabis. Cannabis and Δ9‐THC are anticonvulsant in most animal models but can be proconvulsant in some healthy animals. The psychotropic effects of Δ9‐THC limit tolerability. CBD is anticonvulsant in many acute animal models, but there are limited data in chronic models. The antiepileptic mechanisms of CBD are not known, but may include effects on the equilibrative nucleoside transporter; the orphan G‐protein‐coupled receptor GPR55; the transient receptor potential of vanilloid type‐1 channel; the 5‐HT1a receptor; and the α3 and α1 glycine receptors. CBD has neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects, and it appears to be well tolerated in humans, but small and methodologically limited studies of CBD in human epilepsy have been inconclusive. More recent anecdotal reports of high‐ratio CBD:Δ9‐THC medical marijuana have claimed efficacy, but studies were not controlled. CBD bears investigation in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction, and neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. However, we lack data from well‐powered double‐blind randomized, controlled studies on the efficacy of pure CBD for any disorder. Initial dose‐tolerability and double‐blind randomized, controlled studies focusing on target intractable epilepsy populations such as patients with Dravet and Lennox‐Gastaut syndromes are being planned. Trials in other treatment‐resistant epilepsies may also be warranted.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
A hypothetical, aetiological relationship between the horse's bit, nasopharyngeal asphyxia and negative pressure pulmonary oedema
Authors: Cook W. R. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTentative explanations for the aetiology of soft palate instability and dorsal displacement at exercise are based on the proposition that it is caused by one or more, as yet unidentified, neuromuscular or inflammatory diseases. As judged by reviews, none of the treatments based on these assumptions are entirely satisfactory. Most researchers agree that their cause is unknown. In 1999, Cook proposed that they were caused by the bit breaking what should be an airtight lip seal. The present article describes a development of this hypothesis – loss of oral compartment subatmospheric pressure. The feral horse is an obligate nose‐breather and runs with a closed mouth and no air in the oral cavity and oropharynx. Evacuation of air from these compartments is proposed as the primary mechanism, strengthened by the cohesive force of surface tension, whereby the soft palate resists the elevating force of negative pressure on inspiration. It is suggested that subatmospheric pressure in the oral compartment is generated by a single swallow before running. Poll extension supplements the rigidity of the nasopharyngeal tube and reinforces the ostium intrapharyngium seal. In the domesticated horse, the lip seal is broken by a bit and bit‐induced poll flexion, jaw and tongue movement often breaks the ostium seal. Oral atmospheric pressure is proposed as the mechanism for nasopharyngeal asphyxia. It is considered that negative pressure pulmonary oedema – currently known as exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage and conventionally thought to be a separate problem – is one of its clinical signs. It is suggested that the bit is the most common cause of nasopharyngeal asphyxia and that this, in turn, results in a cascade of dynamic obstructions in the larynx and cervical trachea, leading ultimately to pulmonary oedema and ‘bleeding.’ It is concluded that these are sequelae to rules in many disciplines that mandate bit usage.
Development of a Watershed‐Based Geospatial Groundwater Specific Vulnerability Assessment Tool
Authors: Baloch Mansoor A. , Sahar Liora 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study assesses and characterizes the vulnerability of unregulated groundwater systems to microbial contamination in 18 counties in the state of Georgia using a contamination risk screening strategy based on watershed characteristics and elements of the Safe Drinking Water Act's Wellhead Protection program. Environmental data sources analyzed include septic systems, elevation, land use and land cover data, soil, vegetation coverage, demographics, and livestock. A geospatial overlay/index modeling approach was developed to identify areas of higher vulnerability for groundwater pollution by taking into consideration watershed land use, hydrology, and topography (LHT). Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of model variables. The results of the model were validated by using field data and output from U.S. EPA's DRASTIC model, a widely used intrinsic vulnerability assessment tool. The validation showed a higher risk of microbial contamination for wells located in a high to medium LHT vulnerability zones. LHT provided a clear distribution of satisfactory and unsatisfactory wells in the three vulnerability zones; however, the majority of wells (>75%), with both satisfactory and unsatisfactory test results, are located in medium DRASTIC vulnerability zone. This difference between LHT and DRASTIC can be attributed to the microbial contamination specific factors incorporated into LHT index. It is concluded that although inclusion of potential contamination sources on adjacent land uses in the vulnerability assessment framework adds to the complexity of the processes involved in a vulnerability assessment, such inclusion provides a meaningful perspective to groundwater protection efforts as an effective screening tool.
Tetracycline‐ and Furazolidone‐containing Quadruple Regimen as Rescue Treatment for Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Single Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhang Yuemiao , Gao Wen , Cheng Hong , Zhang Xuezhi , Hu Fulian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveEradication rate of Helicobacter pylori decreases worldwide, while antibiotics resistance rates of H. pylori increase rapidly in recent years. In most cases, H. pylori would be resistant to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and quinolone if these antibiotics had been used as component of eradication regimen. H. pylori strains resistant to both tetracycline and furazolidone are rare. The aim of our study was to evaluate efficacy and side effects of tetracycline‐ and furazolidone‐containing quadruple regimen as rescue treatment.MethodsPatients with H. pylori infection given RTFB (rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. + tetracycline 750 mg b.i.d. +furazolidone 100 mg b.i.d. + colloidal bismuth subcitrate 200 mg b.i.d.) regimen for 14 days as rescue treatment were enrolled in this retrospective study. Eradication status was evaluated by 13C‐urea breath test, and side effects were collected.ResultsOne hundred and nine patients were enrolled. The intention‐to‐treat eradication rate was 91.74% (100 of 109) and 95.24% (100 of 105) per protocol analysis. Side effects including fever, palpitation, and skin rash occurred in 35 patients.ConclusionsThe 14‐day tetracycline‐ and furazolidone‐containing quadruple regimen can achieve a relatively high eradication rate as rescue treatment. Some side effects including fever may occur during the treatment.
Factors associated with sustained virological response in 24‐week telaprevir‐based triple therapy for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b patients with the IL28B minor genotype
Authors: Abe Hiroshi , Tsubota Akihito , Shimada Noritomo , Atsukawa Masanori , Kato Keizo , Takaguchi Koichi , Asano Toru , Chuganji Yoshimichi , Sakamoto Choitsu , Toyoda Hidenori , Kumada Takashi , Ide Tatsuya , Sata Michio , Aizawa Yoshio 
Published: May 2014

AimSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) near the interleukin‐28B (IL28B) gene affect the outcome of 24‐week telaprevir‐based triple therapy with telaprevir, pegylated interferon‐α and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b patients. We aimed to identify factors associated with treatment outcomes in patients with the unfavorable minor IL28B SNP genotype, who have poor response to combination therapy.MethodsPretreatment and on‐treatment factors associated with sustained virological response (SVR) for 24‐week telaprevir‐based triple therapy were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis in 106 HCV genotype 1b patients with the minor IL28B SNP rs8099917 genotype (non‐TT).ResultsOf the 106 non‐TT patients, 62 (58.5%) achieved SVR. Of the 44 remaining patients, 22 experienced relapse, 13 experienced viral breakthrough and nine were non‐responders. Pretreatment factors such as treatment‐naïve/prior treatment response (P = 0.0041), high fasting serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentration (P = 0.0068) and low serum HCV RNA levels (P = 0.0088) were significantly and independently associated with SVR. On‐treatment factors such as achievement of rapid virological response (RVR) were significantly and independently associated with SVR (P = 0.0001). For both pre‐ and on‐treatment factors, treatment‐naïve/prior treatment response (P = 0.0018), low pretreatment serum fasting LDL‐C (P = 0.0062) and achieving RVR (P = 0.0021) were significantly and independently associated with SVR.ConclusionIn HCV genotype 1b patients with the minor IL28B SNP rs8099917 genotype, evaluating prior treatment response and achieving RVR and pretreatment serum fasting LDL‐C concentrations were useful for predicting SVR achievement after 24‐week telaprevir‐based triple therapy.
Intrahepatic triglyceride measurement and estimation of viability in rat fatty livers by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fudaba Yasuhiro , Oshita Akihiko , Tashiro Hirotaka , Ohdan Hideki 
Published: May 2014

AimThis study investigated the features of fatty livers using near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and validated the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy for the measurement of intrahepatic triglyceride (TG) contents and evaluation of viability in fatty livers.MethodsIn vitro, we examined specific spectra for each purified TG fraction by NIR. In vivo, the differences between the spectra obtained from normal and fatty livers before warm ischemia and the differences between the spectra obtained from each rat liver before and after warm ischemia were subjected to multicomponent analysis.ResultsIn vitro experiments revealed a specific peak at 925 nm in major TG fractions, and NIR spectroscopy precisely detected changes in TG volume. In vivo experiments revealed that NIR spectroscopy detected TG content changes in rat fatty livers induced by a choline‐deficient diet following the addition of purified TG spectrum for NIR spectroscopic analysis in least square curve fitting. The TG level in the fatty livers measured by NIR spectroscopy significantly correlated with the morphometric measurement of lipid content in the livers. NIR spectroscopy also revealed decreased levels of total hemoglobin (Hb) and oxidized Hb and maintenance of homeostasis in cytochrome redox states in fatty livers under normal condition. However, NIR spectroscopy showed irreversible deterioration of hepatic microcirculation, Hb oxygenation and homeostasis of the cytochrome redox states in fatty livers after 60‐min warm ischemia reperfusion.ConclusionThese studies demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy can quantitatively measure the intrahepatic TG content in addition to simultaneously evaluating microcirculation and Hb oxygenation.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Cretaceous A‐type granites in the Laoshan granitic complex, eastern China
Authors: Yan Quanshu , Shi Xuefa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMajor element and trace element compositions, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions for postcollisional granites from the Laoshan granitic complex, in the eastern side of the Triassic suture between the South China and North China tectonic blocks were determined. The granites are alkaline, A‐type and can be further classified as A1 granites. The trace element composition of these granites is transitional between those of oceanic island basalt and enriched mid‐oceanic ridge basalt, with depletions in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti that can be ascribed to mineral fractionation and enrichments in Cs, Rb, Th and U possibly resulted from the involvement of slab fluids. The isotopic signature of Laoshan granites represent a mixture between an enriched mantle type 1 (EMI)‐like end‐member and lower continental crust (LCC). We propose that the magmas that formed the Laoshan A1 granites are a mixture between those derived from the EMI‐like delaminated eclogitic rocks (subsequently enriched by fluids released from Mesozoic Pacific subducted slab) and those derived from the LCC, which consists of granulites or metamorphic residues from the prior generation of I‐type granites in the region. The mixed magmas then experienced a strongly alkali feldspar‐dominated fractionation prior to their emplacements as A‐type granites in the Laoshan granitic complex.
Critical process parameter of alcoholic yeast fermentation: speed of sound and density in the temperature range 5–30 °C
Authors: Hoche Sven , Hussein Mohamed A. , Becker Thomas 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTo implement process analytical technology in beer manufacturing, a systematic study of the ternary system water–maltose–ethanol with respect to the critical process parameters, density, speed of sound and temperature was performed. The results are presented in the form of temperature and mass‐fraction‐dependent polynomial expressions. On average, a variation of 1% mass fraction maltose results in variations of 3.548 m s−1ultrasound velocity and 0.0041 g cm−³ density, whereas in the case of ethanol, the variations are 8.060 m s−1and −0.0018 g cm−3. Indeed, the relations are strictly nonlinear. Nevertheless, the determined data show the feasibility to predict online, concentrations of multicomponent mixtures of polar liquids by determining density and ultrasound velocity. With <0.1% error, the measured data show excellent agreement with reference data of binary mixtures as given in literature.
Effect of a novel induction food‐processing device in improving frying oil quality
Authors: Wenstrup Michael J. , Plans Marçal , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis E. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryProducing quality fried snacks involves monitoring the chemical processes that occur during frying to control oil degradation. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a Novel Induction Food‐Processing Device (NIFPD) on the quality indices of frying oil. Under standard frying conditions, vegetable oil samples (corn and canola) were collected during a standardised frying cycle to test oxidative stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate and classify samples during the frying time, and standard reference methods used to monitor the oil stability included p‐anisidine value, free fatty acid content and CIELAB colour. The induction technology decreased the rate of free fatty acid and aldehyde formation. Tests also showed a marked effect on total colour difference between control and treatment (NIFPD), reducing colour degradation. Overall, our results showed that a patented induction device slows the rate of lipid degradation, resulting 7–20% reduction in formation rate of key quality parameters and significantly longer utilisation of frying oil.
Application of a theoretical framework to foster a cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme
Authors: Wu C.‐J. (Jo) , Chang A.M. 
Published: May 2014

AimThis paper analyses and illustrates the application of Bandura's self‐efficacy construct to an innovative self‐management programme for patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.BackgroundUsing theory as a framework for any health intervention provides a solid and valid foundation for aspects of planning and delivering such an intervention; however, it is reported that many health behaviour intervention programmes are not based upon theory and are consequently limited in their applicability to different populations. The cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme has been specifically developed for patients with dual conditions with the strategies for delivering the programme based upon Bandura's self‐efficacy theory. This patient group is at greater risk of negative health outcomes than that with a single chronic condition and therefore requires appropriate intervention programmes with solid theoretical foundations that can address the complexity of care required.Sources of EvidenceThe cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme has been developed incorporating theory, evidence and practical strategies.DiscussionThis paper provides explicit knowledge of the theoretical basis and components of a cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme. Such detail enhances the ability to replicate or adopt the intervention in similar or differing populations and/or cultural contexts as it provides in‐depth understanding of each element within the intervention.ConclusionKnowledge of the concepts alone is not sufficient to deliver a successful health programme. Supporting patients to master skills of self‐care is essential in order for patients to successfully manage two complex, chronic illnesses.Implications for Nursing Practice or Health PolicyValuable information has been provided to close the theory‐practice gap for more consistent health outcomes, engaging with patients for promoting holistic care within organizational and cultural contexts.
Enhanced High‐Frequency Properties of NiZn Ferrite Ceramic with Co2Z‐Hexaferrite Addition
Authors: Zheng Zongliang , Zhang Huaiwu , Yang Qinghui , Jia Lijun 
Published: May 2014

Significantly enhanced dielectric and loss characteristics have been observed in Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite with various Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) addition (x). Compared with pure NiZn and Co2Z ferrites, the composite ceramics obtain much refined grains and notable high‐frequency characteristics. With the introduction of Co2Z into NiZn ferrite matrix, the resistivity is largely increased from the order of 106 Ω cm to the order of 108 Ω cm and the frequency stability of permittivity is dramatically enhanced. Co2Z addition obviously improves the magnetic quality factor Q and reduces the dielectric loss of the ceramics at high frequency. For the samples with x = 20−30 wt%, permittivity ε′ is almost unchanged from 1 MHz to 1 GHz, Q is greater than 10 in a wide frequency range, and dielectric loss tan δε is observed to be of the order of 10−3 at 100 MHz, which is lower by two orders of magnitude compared with pure NiZn and Co2Z ferrites. These characteristics are all desirable for magneto‐dielectric ferrites in high‐frequency applications.
Identifying the Key Concerns of Irish Persons with Intellectual Disability
Authors: García Iriarte Edurne , O'Brien Patricia , McConkey Roy , Wolfe Marie , O'Doherty Siobhain 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundInternationally, people with intellectual disability are socially marginalized, and their rights under the United Nations Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) are often ignored.AimsThis paper aims to define the key concerns of adults with an intellectual disability in relation to their participation in society using an inclusive research strategy for both data gathering and data analysis.MethodsA national study involving 23 focus groups and 168 persons was conducted on the island of Ireland with people with intellectual disability as co‐facilitators.FindingsA thematic content analysis was undertaken of the verbatim transcripts initially by university co‐researchers, and 19 themes were identified. Co‐researchers with intellectual disability joined in identifying the eight core themes. These were as follows: living options, employment, relationships, citizenship, leisure time, money management, self‐advocacy, and communication.DiscussionThe concerns are discussed within the framework of the CRPD, and implications for transforming service policy are drawn.Accessible AbstractWhy we did the researchIn many countries, people with intellectual disability have difficulties doing things other people without disabilities do, for example to study, to get a job or to live independently. They also find that their rights are not respected under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the Convention).We did this study to

Learn what are the main issues for adults with intellectual disability in Ireland.

Do research with people with intellectual disability.

How we did the researchPeople with intellectual disability and their supporters worked with university researchers to plan and do the research. We met with people in groups and 168 people told us about things important to them.What we found outWe found that there were very important things that people talked about in the groups.We chose the most important: living options, employment, relationships, rights, leisure, money, self‐advocacy, and communication. We talk about the Convention and why things people told us are important for services.