bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiostratigraphy and age structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: MacGregor Joseph A. , Fahnestock Mark A. , Catania Ginny A. , Paden John D. , Prasad Gogineni S. , Young S. Keith , Rybarski Susan C. , Mabrey Alexandria N. , Wagman Benjamin M. , Morlighem Mathieu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeveral decades of ice‐penetrating radar surveys of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have observed numerous widespread internal reflections. Analysis of this radiostratigraphy has produced valuable insights into ice sheet dynamics and motivates additional mapping of these reflections. Here we present a comprehensive deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne deep ice‐penetrating radar data collected over Greenland by The University of Kansas between 1993 and 2013. To map this radiostratigraphy efficiently, we developed new techniques for predicting reflection slope from the phase recorded by coherent radars. When integrated along track, these slope fields predict the radiostratigraphy and simplify semiautomatic reflection tracing. Core‐intersecting reflections were dated using synchronized depth‐age relationships for six deep ice cores. Additional reflections were dated by matching reflections between transects and by extending reflection‐inferred depth‐age relationships using the local effective vertical strain rate. The oldest reflections, dating to the Eemian period, are found mostly in the northern part of the ice sheet. Within the onset regions of several fast‐flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams, reflections typically do not conform to the bed topography. Disrupted radiostratigraphy is also observed in a region north of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream that is not presently flowing rapidly. Dated reflections are used to generate a gridded age volume for most of the ice sheet and also to determine the depths of key climate transitions that were not observed directly. This radiostratigraphy provides a new constraint on the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
When do plants modify fluvial processes? Plant‐hydraulic interactions under variable flow and sediment supply rates
Authors: Manners Rebecca B. , Wilcox Andrew C. , Kui Li , Lightbody Anne F. , Stella John C. , Sklar Leonard S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFlow and sediment regimes shape alluvial river channels; yet the influence of these abiotic drivers can be strongly mediated by biotic factors such as the size and density of riparian vegetation. We present results from an experiment designed to identify when plants control fluvial processes and to investigate the sensitivity of fluvial processes to changes in plant characteristics versus changes in flow rate or sediment supply. Live seedlings of two species with distinct morphologies, tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and cottonwood (Populus fremontii), were placed in different configurations in a mobile sand‐bed flume. We measured the hydraulic and sediment flux responses of the channel at different flow rates and sediment supply conditions representing equilibrium (sediment supply = transport rate) and deficit (sediment supply < transport rate). We found that the hydraulic and sediment flux responses during sediment equilibrium represented a balance between abiotic and biotic factors and was sensitive to increasing flow rates and plant species and configuration. Species‐specific traits controlled the hydraulic response: compared to cottonwood, which has a more tree‐like morphology, the shrubby morphology of tamarisk resulted in less pronation and greater reductions in near‐bed velocities, Reynolds stress, and sediment flux rates. Under sediment‐deficit conditions, on the other hand, abiotic factors dampened the effect of variations in plant characteristics on the hydraulic response. We identified scenarios for which the highest stem‐density patch, independent of abiotic factors, dominated the fluvial response. These results provide insight into how and when plants influence fluvial processes in natural systems.
Decadal simulation and comprehensive evaluation of CESM/CAM5.1 with advanced chemistry, aerosol microphysics, and aerosol‐cloud interactions
Authors: He Jian , Zhang Yang , Glotfelty Tim , He Ruoying , Bennartz Ralf , Rausch John , Sartelet Karine 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEarth system models have been used for climate predictions in recent years due to their capabilities to include biogeochemical cycles, human impacts, as well as coupled and interactive representations of Earth system components (e.g., atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice). In this work, the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with advanced chemistry and aerosol treatments, referred to as CESM‐NCSU, is applied for decadal (2001–2010) global climate predictions. A comprehensive evaluation is performed focusing on the atmospheric component—the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 (CAM5.1) by comparing simulation results with observations/reanalysis data and CESM ensemble simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The improved model can predict most meteorological and radiative variables relatively well with normalized mean biases (NMBs) of −14.1 to −9.7% and 0.7–10.8%, respectively, although temperature at 2 m (T2) is slightly underpredicted. Cloud variables such as cloud fraction (CF) and precipitating water vapor (PWV) are well predicted, with NMBs of −10.5 to 0.4%, whereas cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and cloud optical thickness (COT) are moderately‐to‐largely underpredicted, with NMBs of −82.2 to −31.2%, and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) is overpredictd by 26.7%. These biases indicate the limitations and uncertainties associated with cloud microphysics (e.g., resolved clouds and subgrid‐scale cumulus clouds). Chemical concentrations over the continental U.S. (CONUS) (e.g.,
, Cl−, OC, and PM2.5) are reasonably well predicted with NMBs of −12.8 to −1.18%. Concentrations of SO2,
, and PM10 are also reasonably well predicted over Europe with NMBs of −20.8 to −5.2%, so are predictions of SO2 concentrations over the East Asia with an NMB of −18.2%, and the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) over the globe with an NMB of −3.5%. Most meteorological and radiative variables predicted by CESM‐NCSU agree well overall with those predicted by CESM‐CMIP5. The performance of LWP and AOD predicted by CESM‐NCSU is better than that of CESM‐CMIP5 in terms of model bias and correlation coefficients. Large biases for some chemical predictions can be attributed to uncertainties in the emissions of precursor gases (e.g., SO2, NH3, and NOx) and primary aerosols (black carbon and primary organic matter) as well as uncertainties in formulations of some model components (e.g., online dust and sea‐salt emissions, secondary organic aerosol formation, and cloud microphysics). Comparisons of CESM simulation with baseline emissions and 20% of anthropogenic emissions from the baseline emissions indicate that anthropogenic gas and aerosol species can decrease downwelling shortwave radiation (FSDS) by 4.7 W m−2 (or by 2.9%) and increase SWCF by 3.2 W m−2 (or by 3.1%) in the global mean.
The Origin of “Space Weather”
Authors: Cade William B. , Chan‐Park Christina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlthough “space weather” is a fairly recent term, there is a rich history of similar terms being used beginning in the middle to late 1800s. “Solar meteorology,” “magnetic weather,” and “cosmic meteorology” all appeared during that time frame. The actual first appearance of space weather can be attributed to the publication Science News Letter in 1957 (with the first modern usage in 1959) and was possibly coined by the editor at the time, Watson Davis.
Biotransformation of Linoleic Acid into Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Carboxylic Acids Using a Linoleate Double Bond Hydratase as Key Enzyme
Authors: Oh Hye‐Jin , Kim Sae‐Um , Song Ji‐Won , Lee Jung‐Hoo , Kang Woo‐Ri , Jo Ye‐Seul , Kim Kyoung‐Rok , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Oh Deok‐Kun , Park Jin‐Byung 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHydroxy fatty acids are used as starting materials for the production of secondary metabolites and signalling molecules as well as in the manufacture of industrial fine chemicals. However, these compounds are usually difficult to produce from renewable biomass by chemical means. In this study, linoleate double bond hydratases of Lactobacillus acidophilus NBRC 13951 were cloned for the first time. These enzymes were highly specific for the hydration of the C‐9 or the C‐12 double bond of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid). Thereby, the enzymes allowed the selective production of hydroxy fatty acids such as 13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid and 10‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid from linoleic acid. In addition, the hydroxy fatty acids were further converted into industrially relevant carboxylic acids (e.g., 12‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐dodecenoic acid, α,ω‐tridec‐9‐enedioic acid) and lactones (i.e., δ‐decalactone, γ‐dodecelactone) via whole‐cell biocatalysis using an enzyme cascade. This study thus contributes to the preparation of hydroxy fatty acids, unsaturated carboxylic acids, and lactones from renewable unsaturated fatty acids.magnified image
Direct and Site‐Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐7 Acylation of Indolines with Aldehydes
Authors: Shin Youngmi , Sharma Satyasheel , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Han Sangil , Park Jihye , Oh Hyunji , Ha Jimin , Yoo Hyunwu , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed oxidative acylation of indolines at the C‐7 position with aldehydes or alcohols via CH bond activation is described. This protocol represents a facile access to 7‐acylated indolines, which can be readily transformed into 7‐acylated indoles with diverse biological properties.magnified image
In Situ Preparation of Polypyrrole Nanorod Composite in the Presence of Phosphorylated Polyvinyl Alcohol
Authors: Zang Limin , Qiu Jianhui , Sakai Eiichi , Yang Chao 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAttapulgite/polypyrrole (ATP/PPy) nanocomposite, which is well defined with nanoscale rod‐like morphology, was prepared in the presence of phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PPVA–ATP/PPy) by chemical oxidative polymerization. PPVA functioned as both the dopant and the dispersant in this work. The composites possess good dispersion stability, high electrical conductivity at room temperature, and weak temperature dependence of the conductivity. Moreover, it was found that their dispersion stabilities in water increased with the increasing feeding ratio of PPVA. In addition, the thermal stability of conductivity PPVA–ATP/PPy composites was also enhanced by PPVA.
Terminal versus Internal Diiodobenzyl Alcohol Derivatives via Regioselective Metal–Iodine Exchange of 1,2,3‐Triiodoarenes: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Al‐Zoubi Raed M. , Al‐Zoubi Mazhar S. , Abazid Ayham H. , McDonald Robert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA wide range of unique diiodobenzyl alcohol building blocks have been synthesized by regioselective metal‐iodine exchange (MIE) reactions using isopropylmagnesium chloride is reported. Remarkably, the regioselectivity of the MIE reaction is easily controlled by both the aldehydes and the 1,2,3‐triiodoarenes to provide either the internal or the terminal products in good yields and in a highly regioselective fashion. The synthesized diiodobenzyl alcohols were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive strains, Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 934) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), and two Gram‐negative strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 27117). The biological data clearly shows that all tested diiodobenzyl alcohols have selective antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive strains and no activity against Gram‐negative ones. This report discloses a facile protocol for the synthesis of hitherto unknown ortho‐diiodobenzyl alcohol and 2,3‐diiodobenzyl alcohol derivatives in only one step that is quite general in scope and scalable, with products that are hard to make by any other means.
β‐Strand Mimetic Foldamers Rigidified through Dipolar Repulsion
Authors: German Elizabeth A. , Ross Jonathan E. , Knipe Peter C. , Don Michaela F. , Thompson Sam , Hamilton Andrew D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMany therapeutically relevant protein–protein interactions contain hot‐spot regions on secondary structural elements, which contribute disproportionately to binding enthalpy. Mimicry of such α‐helical regions has met with considerable success, however the analogous approach for the β‐strand has received less attention. Presented herein is a foldamer for strand mimicry in which dipolar repulsion is a central determinant of conformation. Computation as well as solution‐ and solid‐phase data are consistent with an ensemble weighted almost exclusively in favor of the desired conformation.
A D‐Peptide Ligand of Nicotine Acetylcholine Receptors for Brain‐Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Wei Xiaoli , Zhan Changyou , Shen Qing , Fu Wei , Xie Cao , Gao Jie , Peng Chunmei , Zheng Ping , Lu Weiyue 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLysosomes of brain capillary endothelial cells are implicated in nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)‐mediated transcytosis and act as an enzymatic barrier for the transport of peptide ligands to the brain. A D‐peptide ligand of nAChRs (termed DCDX), which binds to nAChRs with an IC50 value of 84.5 nM, was developed by retro–inverso isomerization. DCDX displayed exceptional stability in lysosomal homogenate and serum, and demonstrated significantly higher transcytosis efficiency in an in vitro blood–brain barrier monolayer compared with the parent L‐peptide. When modified on liposomal surface, DCDX facilitated significant brain‐targeted delivery of liposomes. As a result, brain‐targeted delivery of DCDX modified liposomes enhanced therapeutic efficiency of encapsulated doxorubicin for glioblastoma. This study illustrates the importance of ligand stability in nAChRs‐mediated transcytosis, and paves the way for developing stable brain‐targeted entities.
Direct dual layer spinning of aminosilica/Torlon® hollow fiber sorbents with a lumen layer for CO2 separation by rapid temperature swing adsorption
Authors: Labreche Ying , Fan Yanfang , Lively Ryan. P. , Jones Christopher W. , Koros William J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe direct dual layer spinning of Torlon®/silica hollow fibers with a neat Torlon® lumen layer is reported here for the first time. The dual layer fibers containing a porous Torlon®/silica main structure and a dense, pure Torlon® polymer bore‐side coating provide a simplified, scalable platform from which to construct hollow fiber amine sorbents for postcombustion CO2 capture. After fiber spinning, an amine infusion process is applied to incorporate PEI into the silica pores. After combining dilute Neoprene treatment followed by poly(aramid)/PDMS treatment, a helium permeance of the fiber sorbents of 2 GPU with a He/N2 selectivity of 7.4 is achieved. Ten of the optimized amine‐containing hollow fibers are incorporated into a 22‐inch long, 1/2 inch OD shell‐and‐tube module and the module is then exposed on the shell side to simulated flue gas with an inert tracer (14 mol % CO2, 72 mol % N2, 14 mol % He [at 100% R.H.]) at 1 atm and 35°C in a RTSA system for preliminary CO2 sorption experiments. The fibers are found to have a breakthrough and equilibrium CO2 capacity of 0.8 and 1.2 mmol/g‐ dry fiber sorbent, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41845.
Sensitivity of PMMA nanoindentation measurements to strain rate
Authors: Jin Tao , Zhou Zhiwei , Liu Zhenguo , Xiao Gesheng , Yuan Guozheng , Shu Xuefeng 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate the effects of strain rate on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanoindentation measurements. Nanoindentation experiments were used to characterize the mechanical properties of PMMA. A wide range of strain rates were employed to examine strain rate sensitivity of PMMA. The test results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness of PMMA are strain‐rate‐dependent. In addition, both the elastic modulus and hardness of PMMA exhibit increases with increasing strain rate. However, the elastic modulus became a stable value until strain‐rate of 0.2 s−1. Creep behavior of PMMA under the condition of high strain rate is more obvious than that experience a low strain rate. Moreover, the effects of strain rate on the PMMA nanomechanical properties are detailed analyzed by discussing each stage of the indentation process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41896.
When the Primary Caregiver is Missing: Investigating Proximal and Distal Variables Involved in Institutionalised Children's Adjustment
Authors: Barone Lavinia , Dellagiulia Antonio , Lionetti Francesca 
Published: January 2015

Institutional rearing and structural neglect represent a primary caregiver deprivation experience and fall outside the range of the average expected typical childhood environment. Research indicates that variables related to proximal processes, such as the quality of care, rather than only distal variables, such as the duration of institutionalisation, may affect the adjustment of institutionalised children. The present study involved 100 Ukrainian children aged four‐ to eight‐years old (39 institution reared and 61 family reared) and investigated children's adjustment as a function of two distal variables and one proximal variable: age at admission and the duration of institutionalisation; and the current quality of care, as represented by favourite caregivers' perceived helplessness in the caring task. Attachment shortcomings and cognitive impairments were reported for institutionalised children, independently of the duration of institutionalisation. Low scores for professional caregivers' helplessness were associated with better scores for indiscriminate friendliness and non‐verbal reasoning in children. We conclude that caregiving variables matter and attention needs to be paid to them in order to improve the wellbeing of children in potentially neglectful contexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘The present study involved 100 Ukrainian children aged four‐ to eight‐years old’Key Practitioner Messages

Institutionalisation is a structural neglect condition, increasing the risk for children's social‐emotional and cognitive impairment.
Professional caregivers often lack information on how to support children and are faced with challenging working conditions, resulting in an emotionally distant caregiving.
The study showed that institutionalised children's attachment and cognitive development are two compromised domains.
Transforming growth factor‐beta differently regulates urokinase type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression in mouse macrophages; analysis of intracellular signal transduction
Authors: Mojsilović Sonja S. , Santibanez Juan F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTransforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) modulates capacity of macrophages to produce urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP9). uPA and MMP9 actively participate in extracellular matrix reorganization and influence macrophages chemotaxis and cell migration. Although, TGF‐β regulates uPA and MMP9 macrophages expression, the underlying intracellular signal mechanisms are not well elucidated so far. Here we have investigated the implication of TGF‐β signaling in the regulation of uPA and MMP9 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The expression of uPA and MMP9 was assessed by zymography, Western blotting and RT‐PCR. The involvement of Smad, MAPK or NFκB signaling pathways was evaluated by using specific inhibitors. Our results indicated that TGF‐β simultaneously increased uPA and reduced MMP9 expression. The Smad3, ERK1,2, and JNK1,2 signaling pathways seem to be the main mechanisms that mediate TGF‐β‐induced uPA expression. Whereas TGF‐β‐reduced MMP9 expression appears to be regulated independently by JNK1,2 activation and by NFκB signaling inhibition. Thus, our results suggested that, in murine macrophages, TGF‐β differentially regulates uPA and MMP9 expressions through different intracellular signaling mechanisms. In addition, presented data may help in understanding the role of TGF‐β in macrophages proteases regulation in inflammatory diseases.
Induction of chondrogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic mesenchymal stem cells through an in vitro pellet model
Authors: Wa Qingde , Gao Manman , Dai Xuejun , Yu Ting , Zhou Zhiyu , Xu Dongliang , Zou Xuenong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study employed transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF‐β3) induction of the C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line to construct an in vitro chondrogenic differentiation model for MSCs. A C3H10T1/2 MSC cell line was cultured, amplified, and the seventh generation of cells was centrifuged to construct pellets, which were divided into a non‐induced group and an induced group (treated with TGF‐β3, vitamin C, dexamethasone, and ITS). Specimens were taken after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days under non‐induced and induced culture to compare these two groups by Alcian Blue staining, collagen type II immunohistochemical staining, and transmission election microscopy (TEM) on days 21 and 42. Cell pellets in the non‐induced group were smaller than those in the induced group on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 with the pellet morphology of the induced group being more regular and nearly spherical. Alcian blue staining in the induced group was consistently stronger than that in non‐induced group across all time points, and type II collagen immunohistochemical IOD values were significantly higher in the induced group over the non‐induced group across all time points. On days 21 and 42, TEM revealed that the induced group displayed greater karyokinesis and a higher euchromatin ratio compared to the non‐induced group. This specially constructed pellet model treated with TGF‐β3‐containing chondrogenic medium can effectively promote chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 MSC cells in vitro. This in vitro pellet model should be of value in providing a preliminary cell model reference for further studies of the mechanism of chondroblast differentiation of stem cells.
Gene network of a phosphoglycerate mutase in muscle wasting in mice
Authors: Wang Lishi , Jiao Yan , Sun Shuqiu , Jarrett Harry W. , Sun Dianjun , Gu Weikuan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe previously identified the insertion of an intracisternal A‐particle retrotransposons (IAPs) sequence in a gene, 9630033F20Rik, that contains domains involved in glycolysis from a mouse model called lethal wasting (lew). However, because both IAP insertion and the muation of vesicle‐associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1) were discovered from lew, the impact of the IAP insertion and Vamp1 on the lew mouse phenotype needs further investigation. In this study, the effect of the 9630033F20Rik and Vamp1 on glycolysis and muscle‐wasting genes in heart, muscle, and brain tissues was further investigated using data of gene expression profiles in these tissues. Our data indicated that the expression levels of 9630033F20Rik and Vamp1 are not associated with each other. While 9630033F20Rik affects the expression of several key genes in pathways of glycolysis and muscle wasting, Vamp1 affects a different set of genes, with fewer numbers. In situ hybridization indicated that the expression of 9630033F20Rik is different in musculoskeletal tissues between the muscle‐wasting mouse model and the wild‐type model. Our data indicated that 9630033F20Rik may play an important role in muscle wasting and that it has a distinguished characterization of gene network. Our data also suggest that both 9630033F20Rik and Vamp1 play functional roles in muscle development and lead to the muscle‐wasting phenotype when they are mutated.