bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of clinicians’ experiences and attitudes towards telephone triage mental health assessments
Authors: Jones Elizabeth A. , Bale Hazell L. , Morera Tirma 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis qualitative study investigated clinicians’ experiences and attitudes towards conducting mental health assessments over the telephone in an IAPT service. Nine participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire and data were evaluated using a Thematic Analysis model. Participants were largely apprehensive about telephone working, but many reported positive experiences. Telephone assessments were felt to be structured, focused and comprehensive, and therapeutic rapport was able to be established. However, concerns persisted around whether risk assessments could be adequately conducted over the telephone. Reports of spontaneous feedback from patients during telephone triage suggested that there was appreciation for this method of assessment and that it increased access to the service. Further research is needed to better understand what, for clinicians, contributes to acceptable assessment of complex and subjective situations, such as risk and feeling states, over the telephone.
Correlation of X-Ray Vector Radiography to Bone Micro-Architecture
Authors: Schaff Florian , Malecki Andreas , Potdevin Guillaume , Eggl Elena , Noël Peter B. , Baum Thomas , Garcia Eduardo Grande , Bauer Jan S. , Pfeiffer Franz 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBesides the overall mass density, strength of trabecular bone depends significantly on its microstructure. However, due to dose constraints in medical CT imaging, it is impossible to gain sufficient information about very fine bone structures in vivo on the micrometer scale. Here we show that a recently developed method of X-ray vector radiography (XVR), an imaging method which uses X-ray scattering information to form an image, allows predictions on the bone microstructure without the explicit need to spatially resolve even individual trabeculae in the bone. We investigated thick human femoral bone samples and compared state-of-the-art μCT data with XVR imaging. A model is presented which proves that XVR imaging yields information directly correlated with the trabecular microstructure. This opens up possibilities of using XVR as a tool to help early diagnosis of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Orbital-specific Tunability of Many-Body Effects in Bilayer Graphene by Gate Bias and Metal Contact
Authors: Fukidome Hirokazu , Kotsugi Masato , Nagashio Kosuke , Sato Ryo , Ohkochi Takuo , Itoh Takashi , Toriumi Akira , Suemitsu Maki , Kinoshita Toyohiko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGraphene, a 2D crystal bonded by π and σ orbitals, possesses excellent electronic properties that are promising for next-generation optoelectronic device applications. For these a precise understanding of quasiparticle behaviour near the Dirac point (DP) is indispensable because the vanishing density of states (DOS) near the DP enhances many-body effects, such as excitonic effects and the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe (AOC) which occur through the interactions of many conduction electrons with holes. These effects renormalize band dispersion and DOS and therefore affect device performance. For this reason, we have studied the impact of the excitonic effects and the AOC on graphene device performance by using X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy on an actual graphene transistor in operation. Our work shows that the excitonic effect and the AOC are tunable by gate bias or metal contacts, both of which alter the Fermi energy and are orbital-specific.
Negative Interactions and Feedback Regulations Are Required for Transient Cellular Response
Authors: Mobashir Mohammad , Madhusudhan Thati , Isermann Berend , Beyer Tilo , Schraven Burkhart 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSignal transduction is a process required to conduct information from a receptor to the nucleus. This process is vital for the control of cellular function and fate. The dynamics of signaling activation and inhibition determine processes such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, it is important to understand the factors modulating transient and sustained response. To address this question, by applying mathematical approach we have studied the factors which can alter the activation nature of downstream signaling molecules. The factors which we have investigated are loops (feed forward and feedback loops), cross-talk of signal transduction pathways and the change in the concentration of the signaling molecules. Based on our results we conclude that among these factors feedback loop and the cross-talks which directly inhibit the target protein dominantly controls the transient cellular response.
Disturbances in the murine hepatic circadian clock in alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis
Authors: Zhou Peng , Ross Ruth A. , Pywell Cameron M. , Liangpunsakul Suthat , Duffield Giles E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo investigate the role of the circadian clock in the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver disease we examined livers of mice chronically alcohol-fed over 4-weeks that resulted in steatosis. Here we show time-of-day specific changes in expression of clock genes and clock-controlled genes, including those associated with lipid and bile acid regulation. Such changes were not observed following a 1-week alcohol treatment with no hepatic lipid accumulation. Real-time bioluminescence reporting of PERIOD2 protein expression suggests that these changes occur independently of the suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker. Further, we find profound time-of-day specific changes to the rhythmic synthesis/accumulation of triglycerides, cholesterol and bile acid and the NAD/NADH ratio, processes that are under clock control. These results highlight not only that the circadian timekeeping system is disturbed in the alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis state, but also that the effects of alcohol upon the clock itself may actually contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis.
Substrate interaction dynamics and oxygen control in the active site of thymidylate synthase ThyX
Authors: Becker Hubert F. , Djaout Kamel , Lamarre Isabelle , Ulmer Jonathan E. , Schaming Delphine , Balland Véronique , Liebl Ursula , Myllykallio Hannu , Vos Marten H. 
Published: January 2014

Thymidylate synthase ThyX, required for DNA synthesis in many pathogenic bacteria, is considered a promising antimicrobial target. It binds FAD and three substrates, producing dTMP (2′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate) from dUMP (2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate). However, ThyX proteins also act as NADPH oxidase by reacting directly with O2. In the present study we investigated the dynamic interplay between the substrates and their role in competing with this wasteful and potentially harmful oxidase reaction in catalytically efficient ThyX from Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus-1. dUMP binding accelerates the O2-insensitive half-reaction between NADPH and FAD by over four orders of magnitude to ~30 s−1. Thus, although dUMP does not have a direct role in FAD reduction, any turnover with molecular O2 requires its presence. Inversely, NADPH accommodation accelerates dUMP binding ~3-fold and apparently precedes dUMP binding under physiological conditions. In the oxidative half-reaction, excess CH2H4folate (N5,N10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate) was found to re-oxidize FADH2 within 1 ms, thus very efficiently competing with FADH2 oxidation by O2 (1.5 s−1 under aerobic conditions). The resulting reaction scheme points out how the interplay between the fast reactions with the native substrates, although not rate-limiting for overall catalysis, avoids NADPH oxidase activity in aerobic micro-organisms, including many pathogens. These observations also explain why ThyX proteins are also present in aerobic micro-organisms.
The light-induced transcriptome of the zebrafish pineal gland reveals complex regulation of the circadian clockwork by light
Authors: Ben-Moshe Zohar , Alon Shahar , Mracek Philipp , Faigenbloom Lior , Tovin Adi , Vatine Gad D. , Eisenberg Eli , Foulkes Nicholas S. , Gothilf Yoav 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Light constitutes a primary signal whereby endogenous circadian clocks are synchronized (‘entrained’) with the day/night cycle. The molecular mechanisms underlying this vital process are known to require gene activation, yet are incompletely understood. Here, the light-induced transcriptome in the zebrafish central clock organ, the pineal gland, was characterized by messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing (mRNA-seq) and microarray analyses, resulting in the identification of multiple light-induced mRNAs. Interestingly, a considerable portion of the molecular clock (14 genes) is light-induced in the pineal gland. Four of these genes, encoding the transcription factors dec1, reverbb1, e4bp4-5 and e4bp4-6, differentially affected clock- and light-regulated promoter activation, suggesting that light-input is conveyed to the core clock machinery via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, we show that dec1, as well as the core clock gene per2, is essential for light-entrainment of rhythmic locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae. Additionally, we used microRNA (miRNA) sequencing (miR-seq) and identified pineal-enhanced and light-induced miRNAs. One such miRNA, miR-183, is shown to downregulate e4bp4-6 mRNA through a 3′UTR target site, and importantly, to regulate the rhythmic mRNA levels of aanat2, the key enzyme in melatonin synthesis. Together, this genome-wide approach and functional characterization of light-induced factors indicate a multi-level regulation of the circadian clockwork by light.
Incorporation of thio-pseudoisocytosine into triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids for enhanced recognition of RNA duplexes
Authors: Devi Gitali , Yuan Zhen , Lu Yunpeng , Zhao Yanli , Chen Gang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have been developed for applications in biotechnology and therapeutics. There is great potential in the development of chemically modified PNAs or other triplex-forming ligands that selectively bind to RNA duplexes, but not single-stranded regions, at near-physiological conditions. Here, we report on a convenient synthesis route to a modified PNA monomer, thio-pseudoisocytosine (L), and binding studies of PNAs incorporating the monomer L. Thermal melting and gel electrophoresis studies reveal that L-incorporated 8-mer PNAs have superior affinity and specificity in recognizing the duplex region of a model RNA hairpin to form a pyrimidine motif major-groove RNA2–PNA triplex, without appreciable binding to single-stranded regions to form an RNA–PNA duplex or, via strand invasion, forming an RNA–PNA2 triplex at near-physiological buffer condition. In addition, an L-incorporated 8-mer PNA shows essentially no binding to single-stranded or double-stranded DNA. Furthermore, an L-modified 6-mer PNA, but not pseudoisocytosine (J) modified or unmodified PNA, binds to the HIV-1 programmed −1 ribosomal frameshift stimulatory RNA hairpin at near-physiological buffer conditions. The stabilization of an RNA2–PNA triplex by L modification is facilitated by enhanced van der Waals contacts, base stacking, hydrogen bonding and reduced dehydration energy. The destabilization of RNA–PNA and DNA–PNA duplexes by L modification is due to the steric clash and loss of two hydrogen bonds in a Watson–Crick-like G–L pair. An RNA2–PNA triplex is significantly more stable than a DNA2–PNA triplex, probably because the RNA duplex major groove provides geometry compatibility and favorable backbone–backbone interactions with PNA. Thus, L-modified triplex-forming PNAs may be utilized for sequence-specifically targeting duplex regions in RNAs for biological and therapeutic applications.
Orthography and the Early History of Phonetics
Authors: MacMahon Michael K. C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPhonetics has a long narrative history, stretching back through the Middle Ages and the Graeco-Roman period to the work of Sanskritic grammarians nearly 3,000 years ago. In the Middle and Far East, similar scholarly studies were undertaken, from the early Middle Ages onwards. The connection between the interpretation of aspects of Sanskritic literature and religious ritual and phonetics was paralleled in some medieval Arabic work on the interpretation of the Qur’an. The application of phonetic concepts in proposals for orthographic reforms in various languages, especially from the seventeenth century CE onwards, led to a varied series of proposals for change, some more practicable than others. Often however, at the same time it revealed the authors’ subjective awareness of the usefulness of the phonemic concept. Phonetics was to benefit, especially in the nineteenth century CE and afterwards, from the development of physiological and acoustic instrumentation in medicine and physics.
From Semitic to Afro-Asiatic
Authors: Lipiński Edward 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter sketches the development of Semitic linguistics. It opens with a presentation of Semitic languages and of the larger Afro-Asiatic phylum, to which Semitic belongs along with ancient Egyptian, Libyco-Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic. After recording the cuneiform lexicographic and grammatical work of the third and second millennia BC, the survey presents grammatical research on Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew from the medieval period onwards. Ethiopian studies started in the sixteenth century, dealing first with Ge‘ez and Amharic, and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries other Ethio-Semitic languages. The discovery and study of South Arabian started in the same period. The decipherment first of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and of the Akkadian cuneiform script, then of South Arabian and Ugaritic inscriptions was followed by grammatical studies which had a great impact on the linguistic analysis and perception of the Semitic languages. Ethio-Semitic relations with Cushitic languages extended the research field of Semitics to African languages. The formal similarity of verbal paradigms of Akkadian, Ethio-Semitic, and Libyco-Berber increased the attention paid to the Berber dialects of North Africa and to their affinity with Semitic idioms. There is a much weaker link with the Chadic languages. Polotsky’s studies on Egyptian grammar resulted in a deeper understanding of the difference between ancient Egyptian and Semitic, while Diakonov’s discovery of ergative characteristics in Libyco-Berber led to the perception of similar features in the other Afro-Asiatic languages. Recent Bohas’ studies of the Arabic and Hebrew roots provide a better understanding of the formation of the lexicon.
From Plato to Priscian
Authors: Atherton Catherine , Blank David 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA literary canon remained the core of élite education in Classical Antiquity for centuries, while the discipline of grammar emerged to produce correct texts, explain, and evaluate it. But it was to philosophy that grammarians owed, not merely powerful theories of language’s origins, functions, constituents, and structures, all formulated in a rich meta-language, but the very conception of linguistic phenomena – as constituting a fundamentally rational system – that makes expert or scientific knowledge of them possible. Grammatical interests, whether accounting for (apparent) departures from formal or syntactic regularity, determining both the correct reading of a disputed Homeric verse and the correct rules for such a procedure, or defining the parts of speech in a school primer, of course ousted the original philosophical contexts and purposes: when the Stoic Chrysippus advised using nannies who spoke pure Greek, his aim, probably, was to improve their charges’ souls, not their economic or social prospects.
Functional and Cognitive Grammars
Authors: Siewierska Anna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the work that could be characterized as the functional-cognitive paradigm in linguistics. Separate sections are dedicated to functionally oriented theories on the one hand, and cognitively oriented theories on the other hand. The former type focuses on the use of language as the ultimate factor that defines its shape. The latter type starts out from the assumption that the human language should be understood from the perspective of human cognition in general. From both areas, three theories are discussed in somewhat more detail: SFG, FG, and RRG from the functional, and CC, CG, and RCG from the cognitive persuasion. A comparison is made between the respective theories in each of the two categories, in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. It is argued that, although there are apparent differences between the two approaches to grammar, there seems to be no fundamental reason why they could not be merged into one encompassing paradigm.
Lexical Semantics from Speculative Etymology to Structuralist Semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter contains an overview of the development of word meaning research up to and including the era of structuralist semantics: after a brief introduction to the pre-nineteenth-century traditions, the chapter has a closer look at historical–philological semantics, and at structuralist semantics. Within the latter, the chapter distinguishes between three main approaches: lexical field theory, componential analysis, and relational semantics.
Meaning in Texts and Contexts
Authors: Waugh Linda R. , Valencia José Aldemar Álvarez , Do Tom Hong , Michelson Kristen , Thomas M'Balia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter traces twentieth-century interest within linguistics and other disciplines in the analysis of meaning in texts and contexts. Early approaches equated meaning with lexical meaning, although some differentiated sense and referent (Ogden and Richards) and analyzed the various senses of a word (Wittgenstein, prototype theory). Two groups differentiated themselves from the structuralist mainstream: Prague functional-structuralism (Mathesius, Jakobson, Troubetzkoy) and the London School (Firth) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday). This set the stage for the analysis of linguistic use and the development of the multidisciplinary area called discourse analysis. While there were earlier approaches in rhetoric and oratory, work on spoken language came from linguistics (information flow, deixis, spoken vs. written language), sociology (conversational analysis, variation studies, oral narrative, interactional sociolinguistics, Goffman), anthropology (ethnography of communication, focus on performance, language in verbal art and performance), and philosophy (pragmatics). For the written language, there was early interest in stylistics, and within linguistics work on text linguistics and critical discourse analysis, in addition to approaches influenced by literary studies (narratology/text semiotics, literary stylistics, genre analysis, and text pragmatics). The conclusion is that the turn to language in use has led to a dialogical, pluralistic, dynamic, and integrative view of how speakers, contexts, and meaning interplay.
Global Diversity Management
Authors: Özbilgin Mustafa , Jonsen Karsten , Tatli Ahu , Vassilopoulou Joana , Surgevil Olca 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWith increased globalization of the competitive business environment, companies must adjust their operating practices to accommodate the cultural styles, norms, and preferences of the regions of the world in which they operate. This chapter reviews theories and research related to global diversity management (GDM). In addition, a framework for studying the meaning, operation, and management of diversity across national borders is presented. In particular, the shift of emphasis from normative and process-based approaches to a contextual and multifaceted understanding of GDM is explored. The chapter also explores key challenges and contradictions facing GDM. Finally, future directions in research and practice are discussed.
Feminist Organizing: What’s Old, What’s New? History, Trends, and Issues
Authors: Ewig Christina , Ferree Myra Marx 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article introduces the concept of feminist organizing, which refers to the efforts of women to explicitly challenge their subordination to men. It differentiates feminist organizing from women’s movements and feminism and tries to understand the shifts where organizing occurs, the factors that influence these shifts, and the consequences for feminist objectives. The article studies the history of feminist organizing from the nineteenth century until the present and then emphasizes two critical issues in feminist organizing, namely, how solidarity is constructed and how the organizational form of feminist mobilization varies as political opportunities change. It also challenges the claims that feminism is declining and demobilized.
Introduction: Gender and Politics: A Gendered World, a Gendered Discipline
Authors: Celis Karen , Kantola Johanna , Waylen Georgina , Weldon S. Laurel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the gendered nature of politics (as practice) and political science (as an academic discipline). It studies the sex-typing characteristic of most institutions in the modern world and describes how gender shapes the ways people organize, think, and know about the world. The article then identifies the changes that have occurred in politics and political science over the last hundred years and examines the politics and gender scholarship. Finally, it presents an understanding of the evolution of the gender and politics subfield as well as some of the challenges that remain.
Italy, Germany, Japan
Authors: Boltho Andrea 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the last six decades, economic developments in the three countries that were defeated in World War II look strikingly similar. First came rapid reconstruction. Then followed the economic miracles of the Golden Age. The years that went from the first oil shock to the mid-1990s still saw fairly robust, and relatively similar, economic developments. Finally, during the last 15 years, the three countries held the dubious record of having the lowest output growth rates in the OECD area. The chapter looks primarily at Italy, using the examples of Germany and Japan to search for parallels and contrasts. Among the similarities, the main one lies in overall macroeconomic trends. The main differences are in economic policies (where Germany and Japan followed a much more orthodox stance than Italy), in labor market relations (with much greater conflict in Italy than in the other two countries), and in regional developments (where Italy was handicapped by the Mezzogiorno). Indeed, had Italy's government institutions, labor market relations and regional differentials been less problematic, Italy's growth performance might well have been superior to that of Germany and Japan.