bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of Law in the Common Law
Authors: Lamond Grant 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the topic of sources of law from a common law analytical jurisprudential perspective. It sketches the ideas of Salmond, Hart, and Raz on sources before examining the idea of a source of law in detail. It argues that a source of law is best understood as the materials or practices from which legal considerations are directly derived, rather than other candidates, such as the author of the materials, the activities by which the material is created, or the norms empowering the author to create the material. The chapter goes on to argue that: (1) what makes a source a legal source is its treatment as authoritative by the officials in a system—officials regard there to be merit-independent reasons for using the source; (2) what distinguishes sources from each other is their mode of creation and/or their mode of existence (ie how they can be modified or extinguished); (3) what are often known as ‘persuasive’ sources are very varied, and essentially amount to ‘non-binding’ sources, differing significantly in their relevance; and (4) sources can be classified from a legal philosophical perspective as ‘official’ or ‘unofficial’ depending on the legal status of a source in the system to which it belongs, and the actual use of the source.
Legal Interpretation
Authors: Brunet Pierre , Poggi Francesca 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter enquires the main issues involved in legal interpretation, showing how they have been addressed in civilian legal theory. First, there are ontological questions: what does legal interpretation amount to? Is legal interpretation a matter of cognition (cognition of what?), a matter of decision or volition (will theory), or both (and if so, which aspect is dominant)? Second, there are epistemological questions: are there correct criteria for legal interpretation and, if so, what are they? Is legal interpretation concerned solely with the ordinary meaning of language, or are there peculiarly legal criteria? Do these legal criteria vary from one legal culture to another? Third, there are conceptual questions about the distinction between the creation and the application of law: is legal interpretation a matter of pure discretion, of strict determinacy, or is there a third way? The chapter is not meant to provide a definitive answer to the problems mentioned above, but to clarify them, grasping their complexity and showing the variety of ways in which they have been addressed and solved in civil law countries.
Legal Norms and Normative Relevance
Authors: Navarro Pablo E , Rodríguez Jorge L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Legal norms highlight as relevant certain circumstances for the qualification of actions as obligatory, prohibited, or permitted. But, in so doing, they disregard the relevance of many other circumstances, some of which could be significant if we look at the full spectrum of the reasons at stake. However, if legal norms are interpreted and applied as if they were completely ‘transparent’ concerning our evaluation of the full balance of all the relevant reasons in each case, legal norms as such would be useless tools. Thus, the use of legal norms for the solution of practical problems seems to lead to the following dilemma: either we accept the orientation they offer to us, which would ultimately result in a form of disqualification in advance of certain potentially relevant factors and, consequently, a form of irrationality, or we leave aside the guide offered by legal norms and concentrate on the particularities of each situation to decide how to act following the full plexus of reasons, in which case legal norms would become irrelevant. This well-known dilemma, and an answer in terms of the alleged defeasible character of legal norms, will be taken as the central axis for the evaluation of important tenets of contemporary legal theory. In particular, the notion of normative relevance, legal gaps, and axiological gaps. We will also try to show that a proper understanding of these issues requires the incorporation of analytical tools (ie a distinction between a logic of norms and a logic of norm-propositions) that have not been systematically explored in Anglo-Saxon legal theory.
Reconstruction and the Supreme Court, 1862–1880
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the Supreme Court during the period of Reconstruction. It cites the cataclysmic end of slavery by 1865. The period of Reconstruction revolves around the American people’s attempt to create a society based on some measure of racial equality. With some hesitancy, Republicans and their party leader, Abraham Lincoln, embraced antebellum antislavery constitutional ideas that outlined the contours of freedom and equality. The chapter explains that Congress adopted the Thirteenth Amendment, which swept away the remaining slavery in the United States as of December 1865. However, the Thirteenth Amendment remains racially coded despite prohibiting the enslavement of any racial group.
Redemption Redux, 1972–2015
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the second Redemption, which had been a dismaying echo of the first. In the second Redemption, the Supreme Court repeated the pattern of behavior by protecting structural racism that is the current avatar of racial inequality in America. The chapter elaborates on how American society is filled with structural racism. The second Reconstruction rested on the foundations of concern for discrete and insular minorities and the commitment to equality found in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. The chapter also considers how issues of family composition and integrity became more tangled after racial considerations influenced judicial choices.
The Science of Change
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Change is ephemeral if it occurs at all. The Science of Change is about the quest for sustained, desired change. It uses 58 years of research from many fields on the multilevel fractal Intentional Change Theory (ICT). The ICT process has five phases with tipping points of the Positive or Negative Emotional Attractors (PEA and NEA) that move or stop the process. They are Ideal Self (shared vision), Real Self (norms), learning agenda, experimentation/practice, and resonant relationships. PEA and NEA are combinations of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, Default Mode and Task Positive Neural Networks, and positive and negative affect. Each of these components are antagonistic to the other. As a fractal theory, ICT proposes within its 10 principles that resonant leadership and social identity groups move information and emotions across levels. Each phase and principle is examined with research and cases of sustained, desired change for individuals, dyads, teams, organizations, community, and country. Based on longitudinal behavior change, fMRI, and hormonal studies, a few highlights are that the Ideal Self and shared vision are the drivers of change, not discrepancies with the Real Self or current norms. Goal setting and problem solving suppress openness to new ideas and people in the early phases of any change process. Resonant relationships are characterized by a degree of shared vision (hope), shared compassion (caring and gratitude), and shared energy (activation).
A Path to My/Our Dreams: Joyful Planning and Preparation (Principle 5)
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 is about planning and preparation as it relates to Intentional Change Theory (ICT). The third phase of ICT is articulation of a learning agenda and plan to use one’s strengths to move closer to the Ideal Self while possibly working on developing one to two weaknesses. It is a joyful exploration of possibilities. For most people, setting specific goals prematurely limits options, but later in the change process specific goals can help focus attention toward the new thoughts or behavior. The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) is key to instrumental thinking during goal setting. When the Task Positive Network is activated along with the FPCN, the Default Mode Network is suppressed. Specific goals can also cause a person to focus on the wrong things. The Ought Self invokes the Negative Emotional Attractor and further inhibits sustained effort, and also moves the person away from their own desires. When the challenge is not routine or task defined, learning-oriented goals, a growth mindset, and promotion self-regulatory focus help sustained, desired change. People with a relatively high Need for Achievement like specific goals. For most people, domain and direction planning may be a more effective form of planning.
Assessment of interstitial lung disease in a systemic sclerosis patient cohort using photon-counting detector CT with ultra-high resolution and a 1024-pixel image matrix
Authors: Jungblut Lisa , Sartoretti Thomas , Landsmann Anna , Nakhostin Dominik , Rabadi Toni , Mergen Victor , Jordan Suzana , Mihai Carmen-Marina , Dister Oliver , Frauenfelder Thomas , Martini Katharina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study assessed the potential of ultra-high resolution (UHR) and a 1024-matrix in photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT) for evaluating interstitial lung disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.

Methods
Sixty-six SSc patients who underwent ILD-CT screening on a first-generation PCD-CT were retrospectively included. Scans were performed in UHR mode at 100 kVp with two different matrix sizes (512×512 and 1024x1024) and reconstructed at slice thicknesses of 1.5 and 0.2 mm. Image noise, subjective image quality, and ILD changes (ground glass opacities and reticulations) were evaluated on a 5-point Likert-scale by two independent readers.

Results
Interreader agreement for subjective image quality ranged from fair to almost perfect (Krippendorff-Alpha: 0.258-0.862). Overall image quality was highest for 1.5 mm/1024 matrix images [(reader 1: 4(4.4), reader 2: 5(4.5)]. Image sharpness was rated significantly better in 0.2 mm images (P &lt; .001). Regarding ILD changes, 0.2 mm slice thickness outperformed 1.5 mm slice thickness significantly (P &lt; .001), while there was no significant difference between the two matrix sizes. A 1024-matrix size demonstrated superiority in evaluating coarse reticulations compared to 512-matrix size.

Conclusion
UHR mode with a 0.2 mm slice thickness showed enhanced image sharpness and improved visibility of ILD changes compared to standard reconstructions. This has the potential to enable the early detection of subtle disease manifestations.

Advances in knowledge
With the invention of PCD-CT different reconstruction algorithms need to be evaluated for specific pathologies. In our study ILD UHR mode with 0.2 mm slice thickness showed to be beneficial in the detection of parenchymal changes in patients with scleroderma.
Regulation of Ptbp1-controlled alternative splicing of pyruvate kinase muscle by liver kinase B1 governs vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity in vivo
Authors: Cai Zhaohua , Satyanarayana Ganesh , Song Ping , Zhao Fujie , You Shaojin , Liu Zhixue , Mu Jing , Ding Ye , He Ben , Zou Ming-Hui 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Aims
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) plasticity is a state in which VSMCs undergo phenotypic switching from a quiescent contractile phenotype into other functionally distinct phenotypes. Although emerging evidence suggests that VSMC plasticity plays critical roles in the development of vascular diseases, little is known about the key determinant for controlling VSMC plasticity and fate.

Methods and results
We found that smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of Lkb1 in tamoxifen-inducible Lkb1flox/flox;Myh11-Cre/ERT2 mice spontaneously and progressively induced aortic/arterial dilation, aneurysm, rupture, and premature death. Single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging-based lineage tracing showed that Lkb1-deficient VSMCs transdifferentiated gradually from early modulated VSMCs to fibroblast-like and chondrocyte-like cells, leading to ossification and blood vessel rupture. Mechanistically, Lkb1 regulates polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (Ptbp1) expression and controls alternative splicing of pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isoforms 1 and 2. Lkb1 loss in VSMC results in an increased PKM2/PKM1 ratio and alters the metabolic profile by promoting aerobic glycolysis. Treatment with PKM2 activator TEPP-46 rescues VSMC transformation and aortic dilation in Lkb1flox/flox;Myh11-Cre/ERT2 mice. Furthermore, we found that Lkb1 expression decreased in human aortic aneurysm tissue compared to control tissue, along with changes in markers of VSMC fate.

Conclusion
Lkb1, via its regulation of Ptbp1-dependent alterative splicing of PKM, maintains VSMC in contractile states by suppressing VSMC plasticity.
A four-party evolutionary game analysis of carbon emission reduction behavioral strategies in the shipping industry
Authors: Zhang Suyong , Zhang Wei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Global warming and the urgency of environmental issues have brought the issue of carbon emissions in the shipping industry to the forefront. Taking the government, port enterprises, shipping companies, and social and environmental organizations as research subjects, this study delves into the key challenges of carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry. By constructing a complex and dynamic evolutionary game model and conducting data simulations with the help of MATLAB 2016b, we analyze in detail the strategic choices of each party on the emission reduction issue and explore the impact of these choices on the evolution of the system. In this study, we find that the government plays a crucial role in emission reduction regulation. Regulatory strategy and intensity have far-reaching impacts on the development of the whole system, and a flexible and intelligent regulatory system will promote active emission reduction by all parties. In addition, the reputation mechanism of social and environmental organizations plays a significant role in motivating all parties to take the initiative to adopt emission reduction strategies. In terms of economic incentives, we find that the government needs to provide differentiated support according to the characteristics of different enterprises, so that all parties can work together to move towards the emission reduction target. Through this study, we present a comprehensive game analysis of carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry and propose practical recommendations that are valuable to the shipping industry and environmental managers. These findings provide strong policy and action support for realizing the decarbonization of the shipping industry.
Smart urban progress as a tool to assess urban and environmental sustainability: a case study of Zhenjiang, China
Authors: Ma Min 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The proliferation of urban areas has led to significant economic and environmental challenges, prompting urban experts to seek effective strategies to address these issues. Over recent decades, various localized solutions have been proposed. However, in the late 20th century, the concept of smart urban growth emerged as a comprehensive strategy to combat environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. A “smart city” leverages information and communication technologies (ICTs) to optimize service delivery to its residents. This research aims to explore the regional smart city metrics in Zhenjiang, China. Utilizing descriptive and analytical methodology, the study is both practical and exploratory in nature. Data collection was conducted through library research and surveys involving 25 IT specialists, city managers, and professors. To ensure the reliability of the survey questions, Cronbach’s alpha and hybrid alpha were employed. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and Smart PLS software through structural equation modeling. The findings indicate that the smart economy has the most substantial impact, with a path coefficient of 0.689, followed by smart people at 0.419, and smart government at 0.292. These results validate the outcomes of the survey. The study discusses the potential implementation of smart city components to foster the adoption of smart city initiatives in Zhenjiang and its potential contributions to environmental and sustainability objectives.
Technical note: assessing GPS sensor accuracy using real-time kinematic device for livestock tracking
Authors: Zhao Biquan , McDermott Rebecca L , Erickson Galen E , Xiong Yijie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The technical aspects of global positioning system (GPS) sensors have been improved substantially over the years, making them valuable and popular tools for livestock tracking. Using GPS sensors allows producers and researchers to locate grazing livestock, monitor their behavior and distribution, and gather referencing information about the health status of the animals and pastures. However, interpreting the behavior of grazing livestock, such as cattle, from GPS data can be difficult due to positioning inaccuracies. Without knowing the positioning accuracy range of GPS sensors, achieving high-level confidence in determining grazing densities and identifying abnormal livestock movement patterns is challenging. In this study, the positioning accuracy of 3 different types of commercial GPS sensors was assessed using a survey-grade real-time kinematics (RTK) device. We outlined the procedures and essential equations and compared the recorded locations from the GPS sensors with reference locations collected from the RTK device. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in positioning accuracy between different types of GPS sensors. The circular error probable (CEP) at 95% probability levels (CEP95) of the 3 sensors ranged from 2.46 to 11.06 m. This accuracy varied among individual sensors within the same brand and across different brands, which underscores the importance of evaluating the positioning accuracy of GPS sensors in livestock tracking. This study provides significant insights for animal scientists, ecologists, and livestock producers engaged in GPS sensor-related research and practices.
Effects of Kinesio Tape on Vascularity, Pliability, and Height of the Hypertrophic Scar in Burns Patients: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: Albuquerque Ana Karlla Bandeira , Lima Cláudia Fonsêca de , Ribeiro Edlene Lima , Maia Juliana Netto , Rezende Guilherme de Sousa , Souza Alex Sandro Rolland 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Deep burns damage the reticular dermis and may lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars. Compression therapy reduces local vascularity and realigns collagen fibers, resulting in esthetic and functional improvements. This study evaluated the effect of Kinesio tape compression with maximum mechanical tension on vascularity, pliability, and the height of hypertrophic scars following deep burns. A single-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial was carried out. The elastic compression of Kinesio tape was applied at maximum stretch in the intervention group (n = 11) and no stretch in the sham group (n = 11). Vascularity, pliability, and height (the primary outcomes) were evaluated at 0, 45, and 90 days using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). The association between the VSS scores, the intervention and the evaluation moment were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression models, while comparisons of means between the groups were performed using the Student’s t-test. Significance was set at 5%. The mean VSS scores were similar between the groups. Significant improvement occurred in both groups when posttreatment and baseline scores were compared. No further improvement was found in the vascularity, pliability, or height of hypertrophic scars resulting from deep burns when an elastic compression of Kinesio tape was used at maximum tension compared to lesser mechanical tension.
Potential insect threats to pennycress, Thlaspi arvense (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), an emerging oilseed cover crop
Authors: Adjeiwaa Ellen O , Ribeiro Arthur V , Koch Robert L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is an annual plant in temperate regions that often grows as a weed. Pennycress is being domesticated as a new winter cover crop and oilseed crop for incorporation in the Midwest United States corn-soybean rotation, where it could offer economic and environmental benefits. While pennycress is gaining attention as a promising new crop, there remains a significant gap in understanding its interaction with insect communities and agroecosystems. This review compiles available information on insect herbivores (potential pests) and beneficial insects associated with pennycress growing in the wild (natural areas) or as a weed in agricultural areas. The limited knowledge on the response of pennycress to stressors (defoliation, stem injury and stand loss) similar to injury that could be caused by insects is also compiled here. By shedding light on the insects associated with pennycress and how pennycress might respond to injury from insect pests, this review sets the stage for further research and development of integrated pest management programs for insect pests of this new crop.
Integrative multi-omics characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hispanic patients
Authors: Das Debodipta , Wang Xiaojing , Chiu Yu-Chiao , Bouamar Hakim , Sharkey Francis E , Lopera Jorge E , Lai Zhao , Weintraub Susan T , Han Xianlin , Zou Yi , Chen Hung-I H , Zeballos Torrez Carla R , Gu Xiang , Cserhati Matyas , Michalek Joel E , Halff Glenn A , Chen Yidong , Zheng Siyuan , Cigarroa Francisco G , Sun Lu-Zhe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma among Hispanic individuals in the United States are much higher than in non-Hispanic White people. We conducted multi-omics analyses to elucidate molecular alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma among Hispanic patients.

Methods
Paired tumor and adjacent nontumor samples were collected from 31 Hispanic hepatocellular carcinomas in South Texas for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling. Serum lipids were profiled in 40 Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients with or without clinically diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma.

Results
Exome sequencing revealed high mutation frequencies of AXIN2 and CTNNB1 in South Texas Hispanic hepatocellular carcinoma patients, suggesting a predominant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. TERT promoter mutations were also statistically significantly more frequent in the Hispanic cohort (Fisher exact test, P &lt; .05). Cell cycles and liver function were positively and negatively enriched, respectively, with gene set enrichment analysis. Gene sets representing specific liver metabolic pathways were associated with dysregulation of corresponding metabolites. Negative enrichment of liver adipogenesis and lipid metabolism corroborated with a significant reduction in most lipids in serum samples of hepatocellular carcinoma patients (paired t test, P &lt; .0001). Two hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes from our Hispanic cohort were identified and validated with the Cancer Genome Atlas liver cancer cohort. Patients with better overall survival showed higher activity of immune and angiogenesis signatures and lower activity of liver function–related gene signatures. They also had higher levels of immune checkpoint and immune exhaustion markers.

Conclusions
Our study revealed specific molecular features of Hispanic hepatocellular carcinoma and potential biomarkers for therapeutic management. It provides a unique resource for studying Hispanic hepatocellular carcinoma.