bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tidal Range
Authors: Baldock Andrew J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The idea of extracting significant, utility‐scale energy from the difference in sea level height between high and low tides (the tidal range) has been actively considered for around a century. As well as being a low carbon technology, the scale of the resource is significant, particularly for certain countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Korea.
However, tidal range power schemes also present complex challenges, most notably the economics and (particularly more recently) environmental aspects, which are connected. The economics of tidal power schemes is very strongly dependent on the discount rate applied to the cost of energy (CoE) calculation because of the long construction period and the very long life of the main structure, which may represent ca. 50% of the overall costs. Historically, ebb generation has been focused on, as this was expected to have the lowest CoE. However, effective ebb generation, optimized for CoE, generally means that the tidal range within the impounded basin is around 50% of the natural tidal range, and one of the key issues is quantifying the loss of intertidal habitat and its relative impacts, as well as how compensatory habitats could be created. More recently, dual mode generation has been focused on as a means to reduce some of the undesirable environmental impacts of ebb generation, as the tidal range more closely matches the natural tidal range; in addition, the power output may be smoother and therefore easier to absorb onto the grid.
As tidal range schemes must have a reasonably significant effect on the natural tidal cycle in order to extract useful energy, mathematical modeling of the tides and associated aspects is required to allow an understanding of both the operation of the tidal range scheme, especially its energy output, and its impacts on aspects such as water levels, currents, sedimentation, and water quality.

Although various tidal range schemes have been under development for around a century, only two significant utility‐scale schemes have been built, both being ca. 250
MW
. The La Rance barrage in France has been operating for ca. 50 years, and the technology has been well proven. Few significant tidal range schemes are under active development outside the United Kingdom and South Korea; and the United Kingdom's Swansea Bay lagoon scheme in particular may determine the success of the sector in France, the United Kingdom, and Canada over the next few decades. This project attempts to address some of the key economic and environmental constraints that have hampered the sector.
Internal Combustion Engine Simulation
Authors: Shuai Shijin , Wang Zhi , Xu Hongming 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe underlying reasons why energy may be stored are outlined. The full range of both thermal and electrical energy storage systems are considered in a strategic overview of technology choices. The key characterises of each technology are outlined. Particular attention is given to the system context within which particular energy storage technologies may be beneficial. The main technical, economic and application‐specific criteria that determine the selection and subsequent sizing are specified. It is demonstrated that a clear appreciation of the life cycle costs of energy storage is a prerequisite for overseeing the viability and competencies of stored energy.
Germany's “Energiewende” as a Role Model for Reaching Sustainability of National Energy Systems? History, Challenges, and Success Factors
Authors: Nippa Michael , Meschke Stephan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFor various reasons, the world is well advised to change its energy generation systems from fossil and nuclear to renewable energy resources. Hence, a couple of countries all over the world are starting or are fostering reforms of their national energy policy aiming at more clean energy and sustainability. The economic powerhouseGermany stands in the forefront of a fundamental transition or turnaround of a national energy system through claiming and pursuing the “Energiewende”. An important question is, however, whether such a highly developed and industrialized country with its huge demand for energy will be able to successfully rebuild its energy system. IfGermany succeeds, it will be a role model for other governments and economies—if it fails, others may profit from analyzing and learning from it, anyhow. This article does not aim at assessing theGerman “Energiewende” regarding its efficiency and likelihood to succeed. Rather, we attempt to inspire readers to make up their own mind based on a variety of information regarding the historical background, current challenges, and possible success factors ofGermany's energy transition.
Development and Validation of an Ecosystem Sustainability Indicator for Metropolitan Areas: A Case Study
Authors: Rastan Soheil , Larocque Hugo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

This article addresses energy systems from an ecological perspective with a particular emphasis on landscapes. As a measure of ecosystem sustainability an indicator is developed and tested to gauge the extent of change in three components of landscapes: land cover class, road length, and population count. Other components covering aspects of air, water, and soil will be added in the future. Mimicking the concept of “potential energy” in energy systems, the indicator developed in this study is a proxy for the “potential capacity” of landscapes. That is, the potential capacity of landscapes in provisioning ecosystem goods and services. The indicator is designed with a particular emphasis on metropolitan areas. The metropolitan area of Montréal, Canada, is selected as the case study. The indicator is based on processing binary signals, a nonparametric approach toward a composite indicator, where each signal represents either a change or no change in one or more components and elements of the landscape. In this case study, changes between 2001 and 2011 are examined. The potential capacity of landscapes in 2001 is used as the baseline. Macro‐ and microscale measures are assigned to landscapes from different sources of data including satellite‐interpreted land cover data and two census‐based administrative records, the road network and population data. The addition of road network and population data adds to the intensities of signals that may have been underestimated by the satellite‐based land cover data alone. Estimates are wholly and partly validated using higher resolution land cover data and images for ground truthing. Results indicate that between 2001 and 2011 landscapes within a 25‐km diameter encircling the metropolitan area of Montréal have been experiencing different levels of depletions in their potential capacities. An upper limit estimate generated by the methodology applied suggests that the potential ecological capacity of landscapes in the study area has been depleting at a rate of 22 km
2
per year. The estimates presented are considered proof‐of‐concept and are not intended for use as official statistics.
Energy Conservation in Industry: Steam Energy Fingerprint of Paper Machine
Authors: Lindberg Carl‐Fredrik , Bhutani Naveen , Starr Kevin , Horton Robert 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

There is a large value in making the industry more energy efficient. The benefit is not only energy savings and reduction of

CO
2

emissions, but the industry also becomes more competitive because of lower costs for energy and, often, also improved production rate and product quality because of positive side effects when processes are made more efficient. Several factors influence efficiency; the most important ones are presented, as well as advices for an assessment and actions for improvements.

As an example, a steam energy fingerprint of a paper machine is discussed. In the assessment, energy flows are quantified, energy users in the paper machine benchmarked, and actions for improving efficiency suggested.
Finance and Investments in Renewable Energy in Asia
Authors: Gubbi Sagar , Lillis Maura C. , Li Jia , Tharakan Pradeep 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Access to clean sources of energy is essential for countries in developing Asia to promote economic growth, strengthen energy and national security, confront global climate change, and ensure environmental sustainability. Countries in developing Asia largely recognize the benefits of investing in renewable energy and clean technologies but vary in their ability to create enabling environments conducive to private sector investment in their clean energy sectors. Significant financing for clean technology in the region exists in the form of long‐term debt, multilateral and bilateral development finance, venture capital and private equity funding, and carbon funding which could all be scaled up to facilitate investment in national clean technology sectors. These mechanisms will be most effective in countries where strong, flexible, and transparent regulatory environments are in place and enforced.
Thermal Energy Storage Materials Challenges and Availability
Authors: Fernández Ana Inés , Barreneche Camila , Martínez Mònica , Segarra Mercè , Martorell Ingrid , Cabeza Luisa F. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Energy consumption is growing up in several important sectors such as industry and buildings (homes and services) and it is actually a crucial matter that all policy makers and governments are taking into consideration today. Thermal energy storage (
TES
) is presented in the new scenario as a key solution in order to reduce the peak consumption periods by reducing the gap between energy supply and energy demand. Three different methods are used to store thermal energy: sensible heat storage (
SHTES
), latent heat storage (
LHTES
), and thermochemical heat storage (
TCTES
). However, the materials used in these methods present requirements, constrains, and challenges which are presented here. Moreover, the availability of these materials is an important issue and it is taken into account in this article.
Advancements in Biomass and Waste Gasification for Power Generation
Authors: Kerdsuwan Somrat , Laohalidanond Krongkaew 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Nowadays, the world energy consumption is depending on fossil fuel, whose reserves are still decreasing, but on the contrary whose prices are still increasing. Hence, the world has promoted the utilization of nonfossil fuel and has set the target of using it to replace fossil fuel. However, the consumption of nonfossil fuel is still behind the use of fossil energy sources as its use has faced many challenges in terms of high capital expenditure, low energy conversion efficiency, and high environmental impacts. Among the different nonfossil energy sources, biomass and waste have been considered as the main contributors to power production. There are many conversion pathways for power generation from biomass and waste; however, the gasification process is considered as one of the suitable technologies because it can be applied to a variety of biomass and waste feedstock and can produce high quality gaseous products. Emphasizing small‐scale power generation for distributed power generation, downdraft gasification technology has been proven to be a promising technology. The system should consist of a downdraft gasifier, a gas cleaning unit, and a gas engine generator. However, a biomass and waste feedstock preparation process, for example, drying, sizing, or densification process, is required. From lab‐scale tests, it was found that the high density biomass and waste feedstock has higher potential for energy production than low density biomass in terms of the heating value of the producer gas and the cold gas efficiency. The prototype scale tests indicate that the heating value of the producer gas of more than 6
MJ
/Nm
3
and the cold gas efficiency of 80% can be achieved from downdraft gasification of biomass and waste. The overall power production efficiency of 16–20% can be reached.
Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Melaina Marc W. , Penev Michael , Zuboy Jarett 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSurplus renewable energy can be converted to hydrogen by way of electrolysis. In some cases, injection of the resulting hydrogen as renewable gas into the natural gas pipeline system may result in increased social and environmental benefits at lower overall costs than delivering additional renewable energy as electricity. The result would be increased utilization of installed renewable generation capacity, such as wind or solar facilities. This article reviews key issues related to the option of injecting hydrogen into natural gas pipeline systems, including impact on end‐use systems, safety, material durability and integrity management, leakage, and downstream extraction.
First‐Generation Biofuels
Authors: Naqvi Muhammad , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Global energy demand is primarily dependent on the fossil fuel resources, and the energy consumption is growing significantly that will cause increased concentration of greenhouse gases (
GHGs
) in the atmosphere and depletion of known non‐renewable energy resources that will cause threat to future energy security. The fossil resources are regarded as unsustainable in terms of economy, ecology, and environmental perspective. The increased utilization of biomass can play a significant role in replacing conventional fossil‐based fuels and reducing emissions due to strict regulations for reducing
GHG
emissions. Biomass‐based fuels can contribute as additional energy resource in the global energy mix. This article has discussed first‐generation biofuel, concept of biorefineries, first‐generation‐feedstock‐derived biofuels, global first‐generation‐biofuel‐producing countries/regions and major sustainability challenges. The most common first‐generation biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas derived mainly from corn, sugarcane, soybean, vegetable oil, palm oil, wastes, and so on. From the sustainability perspective, first‐generation biofuels face numerous sustainability challenges including food and fuel competition, change in land use, potential increased
GHG
emissions due to fossil fuel utilization in the upstream processes. First‐generation biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. The economic aspects of first‐generation biofuel largely depend on the type of feedstock and region where the feedstock has been cultivated and produced. Food prices will be affected because of increased production of energy crops that potentially compete with food crops for land use. In addition, the substantial production of biomass and conversion of biomass feedstock to biofuel may create new jobs and increase revenue from the agricultural sector.
Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Hueso Karina Beatriz , Palomares Verónica , Singh Gurpreet , Armand Michel , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSodium–sulfur (Na–S) battery technology has high potential for energy storage and load leveling in power systems, and it is one of the most developed types of high temperature battery. Owing to outstanding energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge, low materials cost, and cycle life of up to 15 years, Na–S batteries are attractive for their use in relatively large‐scale energy storage system applications. However, there are several challenges to overcome for the safe operation of Na–S batteries, mostly related to the high operation temperatures. In this sense, the development of new solid electrolytes that possess high ionic conductivities at intermediate or room temperature is crucial. β‐Alumina andNASICONstructure electrolytes are revised, and new alternatives, such as ceramic/polymer composites, are also gathered. There also exists novel focus on Na–S technology in order to increase the obtained capacity and cyclability consisting of using nanostructured carbon to host sulfur or to bind it to a polymer. In addition, hybrid technologies combining Na–S withZEBRAor oxygen rocking‐chair batteries are currently arising as alternative storage devices. As Na–S technology was introduced in the mid‐1970s, a number of different patents have been developed. Trends observed in the new patents are twofold: on the one hand, they aim to integrate these batteries into the electrical grid in order to compensate the fluctuations of renewable energies; on the other hand, they show battery component improvements in order to obtain lower operating temperatures.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Alkyltrifluoroborate Salts to Imines
Authors: Lee Sumin , Lee Woo Lim , Yun Jaesook 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAn efficient rhodium‐catalyzed addition of potassium alkyltrifluoroborate salts to imines is presented. In this reaction, secondary alkyltrifluoroborate salts were coupled with N‐sulfonylimines in the presence of bis[(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)(hydroxy)rhodium] {[Rh(OH)(cod)]2} in good yields under mild reaction conditions, and the γ‐amino ester products could be converted to β,γ‐substituted lactams via cyclization. It was shown that the addition of enantiomerically enriched substrates to imines proceeded with excellent enantiospecificity and stereoretention without β‐hydride elimination.magnified image
Assisted Tandem Catalysis: Metathesis Followed by Asymmetric Hydrogenation from a Single Ruthenium Source
Authors: Renom‐Carrasco Marc , Gajewski Piotr , Pignataro Luca , de Vries Johannes G. , Piarulli Umberto , Gennari Cesare , Lefort Laurent 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHere we report the first example of a tandem metathesis–asymmetric hydrogenation protocol where the prochiral olefin generated by metathesis is hydrogenated with high enantioselectivity by an in situ formed chiral ruthenium catalyst. We show that either the ruthenium metathesis catalysts or the ruthenium species formed during the metathesis reaction can be converted into an efficient asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst upon addition of a chiral ligand and an alcohol. The performance in asymmetric hydrogenation appears to be very dependent on the solvent, the chiral ligand, and the prochiral substrate.magnified image
Nasal nitric oxide as a marker of sinus mucosal health in patients with nasal polyposis
Authors: Lee John M. , McKnight Carmen L. , Aves Theresa , Yip Jonathan , Grewal Amandeep S. , Gupta Samir 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundReduced nasal nitric oxide (nNO) has been shown in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) but its clinical significance remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to measure nNO changes in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for CRS and to explore its relationship to clinical measures of sinus mucosal health postoperatively.MethodsThis was a prospective study of CRS patients undergoing ESS. Patients had the following measurements at baseline and at 1 and 6 months post‐ESS: nNO levels, Lund‐Kennedy Endoscopy Score (LKES), and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) score. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.ResultsThirty‐nine patients were enrolled, of these 84.6% had CRS with nasal polyps. Baseline Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) score was 16.9 ± 5.1. There was a statistically significant increase in nNO levels from baseline to 1 month and 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The SNOT‐22 and LKES followed a similar trend with a significant and sustained improvement at 1 month and 6 months post‐ESS (p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis revealed that changes in nNO were driven by the polyp cohort because nonpolyp patients had no significant changes in their nNO postoperatively. No correlation was found between nNO levels and SNOT‐22. However, a significant negative correlation was found between nNO and LKES (p < 0.0001), suggesting healthier sinus mucosa was associated with higher nNO levels.ConclusionThis is the first study to show that nNO levels may be a marker of sinus mucosal health following ESS in patients with polyps. This has important implications for nNO in its potential etiologic role in mediating ongoing sinus inflammation.
Chiral Carbonaceous Nanotubes Modified with Titania Nanocrystals: Plasmon‐Free and Recyclable SERS Sensitivity
Authors: Qiu Bocheng , Xing Mingyang , Yi Qiuying , Zhang Jinlong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractChiral carbonaceous nanotubes (CNT) were successfully used in plasmon‐free surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the first time. Further modification of TiO2 nanocrystals on the chiral CNTs successfully realized the recycling of SERS substrate as chiral CNT/TiO2 hybrids. The high SERS sensitivity of methylene blue (MB) over the chiral CNT/TiO2 hybrids is ascribed to the laser‐driven birefringence induced by the helical structure, which provides much more opportunities for the occurrence of Raman scattering. The TiO2 nanocrystals highly dispersed on the surface and inside the hollow cavity of chiral CNTs can completely degrade the MB under the solar light irradiation, leading to the self‐cleaning of SERS substrate. The present research opens a new way for the application of chiral inorganic materials in plasmon‐free SERS detection.
Structure, mechanical, and electrical properties of high‐density polyethylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotube composites processed by compression molding and blown film extrusion
Authors: Xiang Dong , Harkin‐Jones Eileen , Linton David , Martin Peter 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe structure and properties of melt mixed high‐density polyethylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (HDPE/MWCNT) composites processed by compression molding and blown film extrusion were investigated to assess the influence of processing route on properties. The addition of MWCNTs leads to a more elastic response during deformations that result in a more uniform thickness distribution in the blown films. Blown film composites exhibit better mechanical properties due to the enhanced orientation and disentanglement of MWCNTs. At a blow up ratio (BUR) of 3 the breaking strength and elongation in the machine direction of the film with 4 wt % MWCNTs are 239% and 1054% higher than those of compression molded (CM) samples. Resistivity of the composite films increases significantly with increasing BURs due to the destruction of conductive pathways. These pathways can be recovered partially using an appropriate annealing process. At 8 wt % MWCNTs, there is a sufficient density of nanotubes to maintain a robust network even at high BURs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42665.
Efficient Transformation of Anisole into Methylated Phenols over High‐Silica HY Zeolites under Mild Conditions
Authors: Meng Qinglei , Fan Honglei , Liu Huizhen , Zhou Huacong , He Zhenhong , Jiang Zhiwei , Wu Tianbin , Han Buxing 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTransformation of anisole (methoxybenzene), a typical component of bio‐oil, into phenol and methylated phenols was studied over HY zeolites with framework Si/Al ratios of 5, 15, 25, and 35. It was demonstrated that the amounts of Brønsted acid and Lewis acid sites, the ratio of Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites, and the textural properties of the zeolites were all crucial parameters that influenced the catalytic performance. The Brønsted acid and Lewis acid sites of the zeolites catalyzed the reaction cooperatively and efficiently promoted the transmethylation. The hierarchical channel system with fully open micropore–mesopore connectivity was favorable to reduce the amount of coke generated.