bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Ban on Seal Products on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A European Issue
Authors: Cambou Dorothée 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A ban on seal product for animal welfare concerns had been adopted by the EU Parliament in 2009. This article examines whether the ban can be contested on the grounds of its effect on indigenous rights. It will first be determined whether the directive encroaches on the rights of indigenous peoples, as proclaimed by the UN Declaration. Despite the clause that exempts the purchasing of seal products, of which the Inuit are benefactors of; it is still believed that the Declaration has been breached, and thus constitutes a violation of their cultural and economic rights. The second section examines how the Inuit have challenged the Directive Regulation on Seal product. Overall, through the examination of this case, the goal of this article is to highlight the legal challenges facing Europe vis-à-vis the development of indigenous peoples’ rights.
Securing the Rights: A Human Security Perspective in the Context of Arctic Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Hossain Kamrul 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In today’s world the state-centric approach of security has been extended to includea human-centric approach. Since individuals are the ultimate victims of any securitythreats, a state is not secure if insecure inhabitants reside within it. The insecurityof individuals arises from various sources of threats, such as from “fear” aswell as from “want”. While often the concept is confused with that of human rights,the concept of human security embraces policy choices in order for the better implementationof human rights. In a sense therefore, it complements both the conceptsof traditional security and human rights. This article addresses the concept in thecontext of the Arctic and its people, particularly in the context of its indigenouspeoples. Obviously, because of differing meanings of the concept, the human securitythreats of the Arctic cannot be seen as similar to those of the other regions ofthe global south. This article nevertheless explores various human security concernsfaced by the Arctic indigenous communities. In addressing the concept of humansecurity in the context of the Arctic, the article affirms the normative developmentoccurred relatively recently in the human rights regime – which today includes a setof group rights called third generation human rights. These broadly include amongothers; the right to environment and the right to development. The presence of thesecategories of rights are therefore argued to ensure human security for which in theArctic perspective a right to self-determination plays a pivotal role, particularly forits indigenous communities.
The Status of Unrecognized Indigenous Communities and Rural Old-Residents of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Zadorin Maxim 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Russian law on indigenous issues has been developing over the last 20 years. The process of liberalization in the indigenous legal sphere changed after 2000 when the State proclaimed a new energy policy. A critical problem for indigenous communities in Russia is an inflexible system of quotas for natural resources, an absence of private property rights to land for indigenous communities, and the procedure for a concrete indigenous group to obtain the official status of an “indigenous numerically- small people”. The article is dedicated to the problem of unrecognized indigenous communities and Arctic rural old-residents. Pros and cons of federal and regional policies are presented and analyzed.
Considerazioni preliminari sul ruolo della mousike nel santuario di Demetra Malophoros a Selinunte a partire dalle testimonianze archeologiche
Authors: Gasparri Laura 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIl presente contributo riguarda lamousikenella sfera sacra del rinomato santuario di DemetraMalophorosa Selinunte (Sicilia occidentale). Le testimonianze archeologiche di interesse “musicale” edite ed inedite, riunite per la prima volta in un corpus unitario, si presentano estremamente eterogenee sia dal punto di vista qualitativo che cronologico, inglobando tanto resti di alcuni strumenti musicali che la loro rappresentazione nel repertorio iconografico della ceramica e nelle tipologie della coroplastica votiva. Lo studio di questi significativi materiali offre dunque l’occasione per iniziare a delineare e a discutere il rapporto fra la musica ed i culti e i riti, ancora parzialmente noti, caratterizzanti il celebre luogo sacro.
Sephardic Intermediaries in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Tavim José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
With this article we aim to reflect upon the possibilities of Jewish personalities of Iberian origin to act as intermediaries with the West while residents in the Ottoman Empire and subjects of the Sultan. Unlike spying, a field where D. Yosef Nasi (c. 1520-1579), one of such personalities, excelled before, at the service of Portuguese Authorities, the visibility and centrality of their activity as middlemen near the Sublime Porte and some Sephardi groups, made difficult for them to act in cover activities. Conversely, were they not acting in a precarious equilibrium as intermediaries as they remained always dependent of the sultans’ favour, being seen frequently in Europe as biased towards their masters and employers?
The great alibi of these exponents of the Sephardi universe in Ottoman lands, men like D. Yosef Nasi and D. Salomon ibn Yaʿīš (1520-1603), resides precisely in the crystallisation of their western past in the Ottoman Empire—visible in a certain social and residential segregation from their communities of origin, despite having close ties with these—which enabled them to ease the fluidity of contacts between the West, from where they had come, and the Porte, their actual place of residence. Was not this western-ness kept strategically by them and supported by the sultans a “poisoned” mediation, that is, a pseudo-mediation whose ultimate end was their self-consecration as a different kind of zimmi near the Porte, and one hyper-active in its favour?
Fire influence on Pinus halepensis: wood responses close and far from the scars
Authors: Micco Veronica De , Zalloni Enrica , Balzano Angela , Battipaglia Giovanna 
Published: February 2014

Tree rings provide information about environmental change through recording stress events, such as fires, that can affect their growth. The aim of this study was to investigate wood growth reactions in Pinus halepensis Mill. trees subjected to wildfires, by analysing anatomical traits and carbon and oxygen isotope composition. The study area was Southern France where two sites were selected: one subjected to fires in the last 50 years, the other characterised by comparable environmental conditions although not affected by fire events (control site). We analysed whether wood growth depends on the tangential distance between developing xylem cells and the limit where the cambium was directly damaged by fire. In the burnt site, thick wood sections, including fire-scar, were taken from surviving plants. Digital photo-micrographs were analysed to measure early- and latewood width, wood density, and tracheid size. Anatomical and isotopic traits were analysed in two series of tree rings (5 rings before and 5 after the fire) selected at different positions along the circumference (close or far from the scar). Anatomical and isotopic traits were quantified also on tree rings of the same years from cored trees growing at the control site. Results showed different wood reaction tendencies depending on the distance from the scar. The comparison between plants from the two sites allowed to exclude possible climate interference.Our results are discussed in terms of two kinds of growth reactions: the local need to promptly compartmentalise the scarred cambial zone and sapwood after fire, and the general growth perturbations due to tree reaction to crown scorch during fire. Anatomical results, combined with dendrochronological and isotopic analysis, could provide an efficient way to distinguish between direct growth reactions due to heat-related damage on cambium and indirect outcomes related to defoliation.
Vaccination of sows against type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) before artificial insemination protects against type 2 PRRSV challenge but does not protect against type 1 PRRSV challenge in late gestation
Authors: Han Kiwon , Seo Hwi Won , Park Changhoon , Chae Chanhee 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the commercially available type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-based modified live vaccine against type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge in pregnant sows. Half of the sows in the study were vaccinated with a type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine 4 weeks prior to artificial insemination while the other half remained non-vaccinated. Sows were then challenged intranasally with type 1 or type 2 PRRSV at 93 days of gestation. The sows which received the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine followed by type 2 PRRSV challenge had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against type 2 PRRSV than they did against type 1 PRRSV. These same sows had higher frequencies of IFN-γ-secreting cells when stimulated with type 2 PRRSV compared to those stimulated with type 1 PRRSV. Subsequent virological evaluation demonstrated that the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine reduced the type 2 PRRSV load but not the type 1 PRRSV load present in the blood of the sows. Additionally, vaccination of pregnant sows with the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine effectively reduced the level of type 2 PRRSV nucleic acids observed in fetal tissues from type 2 PRRSV-challenged sows but did not reduce the level of type 1 PRRSV nucleic acid observed in fetal tissues from type 1 PRRSV-challenged sows. This study demonstrates that the vaccination of pregnant sows with the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine protects against type 2 PRRSV challenge but does not protect against type 1 PRRSV challenge.
Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge
Authors: Seo Hwi Won , Park Changhoon , Han Kiwon , Chae Chanhee 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets born from naturally PCV2-infected sows against postnatal PCV2 challenge. The experimental design was aimed at mimicking commercial swine rearing conditions to evaluate the response of the PCV2 vaccine on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. PCV2a (or 2b)-viremic piglets received a PCV2 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a PCV2b (or 2a) challenge at 49 days of age (28 days post vaccination). The PCV2 vaccines elicited a high level of humoral (as measured by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and neutralizing antibody titers) and cellular (as measured by the frequency of PCV2-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells) immune response in the PCV2-viremic piglets after vaccination even in the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). The initial infection of PCV2 in the pigs was not affected by PCV2 vaccination, however the challenging PCV2 was reduced by PCV2 vaccination on PCV2-viremic pigs. The results from this study demonstrate that the PCV2 vaccine used in this study is effective at reducing PCV2 viremia and lymphoid PCV2 DNA, even for PCV2-viremic pigs with passively acquired MDA at the time of vaccination.
Protective effect of S-adenosylmethionine on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during hepatectomy in HCC patients with chronic HBV infection
Authors: Liu Guo-yan , Wang Wei , Jia Wei-dong , Xu Ge-liang , Ma Jin-liang , Ge Yong-sheng , Yu Ji-hai , Sun Qi-kai , Meng Fan-long 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Although hepatectomy is often performed with the Pringle maneuver, the problem of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) can also be serious. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) on HIRI, especially for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and cirrhosis.

Methods
Eighty-one HCC patients with chronic HBV infection, undergoing partial hepatectomy with inflow occlusion, were divided into three groups. In the pretreatment group (PR group, n = 26), patients were given SAMe two hours before surgery. In the post-treatment group (PO group, n = 25), patients were given SAMe six hours after surgery. And in the control group (control group, n = 30), patients received partial hepatectomy without any SAMe. All pre-, intra- and postoperative blood samples were collected to measure the plasma levels of transaminases, bilirubin and cytokines. The results were compared among the three groups.

Results
There were no statistically significant intergroup differences observed in age, gender, hepatic inflow occlusion time and the results of liver function tests. Preoperative administration of SAMe (PR group) significantly reduced the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) as compared to the other two groups. In the PO group, TBIL and DBIL were significantly lower than in the control group. Significant differences were also seen in IL-6 and TNF-α between the PR group and the other groups. In all groups, postoperative liver reserve function in the PR group as revealed by ICGR15 (Post ICGR15) was at its best before abdominal closure. Compared to the control group, the risk of complications and the hospital stay after surgery were significantly meliorated in the PR group. Additionally, patients with cirrhosis had a more acute rate of change in ALT and AST than non-cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions
Taken together, our preliminary findings suggest that preoperative administration of SAMe is useful and safe for reducing the HIRI in partial hepatectomy, especially for HCC patients whose disease is associated with chronic HBV infection and cirrhosis.
Direct non-productive HIV-1 infection in a T-cell line is driven by cellular activation state and NFκB
Authors: Dahabieh Matthew S , Ooms Marcel , Brumme Chanson , Taylor Jeremy , Harrigan P Richard , Simon Viviana , Sadowski Ivan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundMolecular latency allows HIV-1 to persist in resting memory CD4+ T-cells as transcriptionally silent provirus integrated into host chromosomal DNA. Multiple transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for HIV-1 latency have been described in the context of progressive epigenetic silencing and maintenance. However, our understanding of the determinants critical for the establishment of latency in newly infected cells is limited.ResultsIn this study, we used a recently described, doubly fluorescent HIV-1 latency model to dissect the role of proviral integration sites and cellular activation state on direct non-productive infections at the single cell level. Proviral integration site mapping of infected Jurkat T-cells revealed that productively and non-productively infected cells are indistinguishable in terms of genomic landmarks, surrounding epigenetic landscapes, and proviral orientation relative to host genes. However, direct non-productive infections were inversely correlated with both cellular activation state and NFκB activity. Furthermore, modulating NFκB with either small molecules or by conditional overexpression of NFκB subunits was sufficient to alter the propensity of HIV-1 to directly enter a non-productive latent state in newly infected cells. Importantly, this modulatory effect was limited to a short time window post-infection.ConclusionsTaken together, our data suggest that cellular activation state and NFκB activity during the time of infection, but not the site of proviral integration, are important regulators of direct HIV-1 non-productive infections.
Biochemical characterization of a functional recombinant aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from Taiwanofungus camphorata
Authors: Ken Chuian-Fu , Chang Che-Chi , Wen Lisa , Huang Jenq-Kuen , Lin Chi-Tsai 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases (AADs) have been known to involve in the metabolism of aromatic compounds.

Results
One TcAAD cDNA (GenBank HQ453361) encoding a putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (AAD) was cloned from Taiwanofungus camphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved among the reported AADs. A 3-D structural model of the TcAAD has been created based on the known structure of voltage-dependent potassium channels subunit beta-2 (PDB code: 3EAU). To characterize the TcAAD, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His6-tagged TcAAD was overexpressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a band of approximately 39 kDa on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF is 40.58 kDa which suggests that the purified enzyme is a monomeric enzyme. Using veratraldehyde as a substrate, the K
M, Vmax of TcADD was determined at pH 6.0. Using benzyl alcohol derivatives as substrates, the oxidizing power of TcADD via NAD+ at pH 9.6 was studied.

Conclusions
The coding sequence of the TcAAD cDNA was introduced into an S. cerevisiae expression system and the active enzyme purified and characterized. Understanding the properties of this TcAAD will be beneficial for its potential in xenobiotic detoxification or production of natural flavors.
Establishment of hairy root lines and analysis of iridoids and secoiridoids in the medicinal plant Gentiana scabra
Authors: Huang Shih-Hung , Vishwakarma Rishi Kishore , Lee Tzu-Tai , Chan Hsiao-Sung , Tsay Hsin-Sheng 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background

Gentiana scabra is commonly known as ‘Longdan’ is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicines, commonly used for the treatment of inflammation, anorexia, indigestion and gastric infections. Iridoids and secoiridoids are main bioactive compounds which attributed to the pharmacological properties of this plant. The use of hairy root cultures as an excellent alternative for the production of pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time period with ensured quality of raw materials.

Results
An efficient hairy root culture system of Gentiana scabra and influence of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the production of gentiopicroside, swertiamarin and loganic acid constituents were described. Leaf explants were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which induced hairy roots up to 21%. The transformed hairy root lines were confirmed by PCR using rolB and rolC gene-specific primers. Among various solid and liquid media, B5 liquid medium resulted maximum root biomass (36- fold higher) in 4-weeks. Quantitative analysis showed loganic acid was 6.6- fold higher in the presence of zeatin (1 mg/l) and gentiopicroside accumulation was 1.8- fold higher in the presence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 1 mg/l), as compared to the roots of plants grown in greenhouse. On the other hand, 1.4- and 2.5- fold higher gentiopicroside and swertiamarin were observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/l NAA as compared to commercial Gentiana herb No. 2. The result also showed iridoid and secoiridoid contents affected greatly by age, physiology and growing environment of the plant.

Conclusions
The use of hairy root cultures is an excellent alternative to harvesting natural or in vitro grown plants to produce pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time with ensured quality.
Oil body‐associated hazelnut allergens including oleosins are underrepresented in diagnostic extracts but associated with severe symptoms
Authors: Zuidmeer‐Jongejan Laurian , Fernández‐Rivas Montserrat , Winter Marcel GT , Akkerdaas Jaap H , Summers Colin , Lebens Ans , Knulst André C , Schilte Piet , Briza Peter , Gadermaier Gabriele , van Ree Ronald 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundOil body‐associated allergens such as oleosins have been reported for important allergenic foods such as peanut, sesame and hazelnut. Here we investigate whether oil body associated proteins (OAPs) are linked with specific clinical phenotypes and whether they are represented in skin prick test (SPT) reagents.MethodsA hazelnut OAP fraction was characterized by mass‐spectrometry (MS) to identify its major constituents. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were generated against hazelnut OAPs. The presence of OAPs in commercially available hazelnut SPTs was studied by immunoblot and spiking experiments. OAP‐specific IgE antibodies were measured in sera from patients with a convincing history of hazelnut allergy by RAST (n = 91), immunoblot (n = 22) and basophil histamine release (BHR; n = 14).ResultsHazelnut OAPs were analysed by MS and found to be dominated by oleosins at ~14 and ~17 kDa, and a 27 kDa band containing oleosin dimers and unidentified protein. In 36/91 sera specific IgE against hazelnut OAPs was detected, and confirmed to be biologically active by BHR (n = 14). The majority (21/22) recognized the oleosin bands at 17 kDa on immunoblot, of which 11 exclusively. These OAP‐specific IgE responses dominated by oleosin were associated with systemic reactions to hazelnut (OR 4.24; p = 0.015) and negative SPT (χ2 6.3, p = 0.012). Immunoblot analysis using OAP‐specific rabbit antiserum demonstrated that commercial SPT reagents are virtually devoid of OAPs, sometimes (3/9) resulting in false‐negative SPT. Spiking of SPT reagents with OAP restored serum IgE binding of these false‐negative patients on immunoblot at mainly 17 kDa.ConclusionHazelnut allergens found in oil bodies dominated by oleosin are associated with more severe systemic reactions and negative SPT. Defatted diagnostic extracts are virtually devoid of these allergens, resulting in poor sensitivity for detection of IgE antibodies against these clinically relevant molecules.
House Divided? Evangelical Catholics, Mainstream Catholics, and Attitudes toward Immigration and Life Policies
Authors: Leal David L. , Patterson Jerod 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to contribute to the scholarly understanding of both Catholicism and Latino religious beliefs. Our approach is to look within the Catholic category to test whether differing theological approaches have political implications. Using a recent Texas survey with a range of religious questions and an oversample of Latino respondents, we test whether intra-Catholic religious orientations help to structure attitudes toward immigration and life policies for Latinos and Anglos. For each group, we compare two kinds of Catholics – “Evangelical Catholics” (those who report evangelical-charismatic-literalist beliefs) and “Mainstream Catholics” (those who do not). This builds on McDaniel and Ellison’s findings by asking whether ostensibly similar religious beliefs may have different effects by race and ethnicity. Our aggregate data provide some evidence that intra-Catholic differences can influence policy opinions, and that race-ethnicity can play a mediating role.
The Catholics and the Others: The Denominational Backdrop to Modern American Politics
Authors: Shafer Byron E. , Spady Richard H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper goes in search of the contribution of the five major religious families in American society to the ideological landscape for electoral conflict. Taking advantage of new methodological opportunities and a rich but underutilized dataset, it considers the distribution of political values within denominations, the link between these values and voting behavior, and the strategic landscape – plus strategic dilemmas – that results from that link. By considering these across the most recent quarter-century, it isolates an older world sometimes characterized as “the Protestant nation,” where Catholics offered additionally distinctive political behavior, and a new world in which the great denominations behave very differently, but where changes in Catholic behavior are arguably most critical to this change.