bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engaging the private sector to improve antimicrobial use in the community: experience from accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania
Authors: Valimba Richard , Liana Jafary , Joshi Mohan P , Rutta Edmund , Embrey Martha , Bundala Maganga , Kibassa Bryceson 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Objectives
A public-private partnership in Tanzania launched the accredited drug dispensing outlet (ADDO) program to improve access to quality medicines and pharmaceutical services in rural areas. ADDO dispensers play a potentially important role in promoting the rational use of antimicrobials, which helps control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The study objectives were to 1) improve dispensing practices of antimicrobials, 2) build ADDO dispensers’ awareness of the consequences of misusing antimicrobials, and 3) educate consumers on the correct use of antimicrobials through the use of printed materials and counseling.

Methods
Our intervention targeted ADDO dispensers and community members in Kilosa district. We promoted AMR awareness using posters hung in public places, health facilities, and ADDOs; sensitizing 84 health care providers on AMR issues; and providing training and on-site support for 124 ADDO dispensers to increase their AMR knowledge and dispensing skills. Baseline and endline assessments included direct observation of dispensers’ practices; interviews with ADDO dispensers (71 at baseline and 68 at endline) regarding dispensing experiences; 230 exit interviews with ADDO customers regarding use of antimicrobials during monitoring visits; and review of ADDO records. Indicators were based on product availability, dispensing practices, customers’ knowledge of how to take their medicines, and dispenser and public awareness of the AMR threat.

Results
Availability of tracer antimicrobials increased by 26% (p = 0.0088), and the proportion of ADDOs with unauthorized items decreased from 53% to 13% (p = 0.0001). The percentage of ADDO dispensers following good dispensing practices increased from an average of 67% in the first monitoring visit to an average of 91% during the last visit (p = 0.0001). After the intervention, more dispensers could name more factors contributing to AMR and negative consequences of inappropriate antimicrobial use, and over 95% of ADDO customers knew important information about the medicines they were dispensed.

Conclusions
Providing educational materials and equipping ADDO dispensers with knowledge and tools helps significantly improve community medicine use and possibly reduces AMR. The number of community members who learned about AMR from ADDO dispensers indicates that they are an important source of information on medicine use.
Association of hypertension with coronary artery disease onset in the Lebanese population
Authors: Milane Aline , Abdallah Jad , Kanbar Roy , Khazen Georges , Ghassibe-Sabbagh Michella , Salloum Angelique K , Youhanna Sonia , Saad Aline , El Bayeh Hamid , Chammas Elie , Platt Daniel E , Hager Jörg , Gauguier Dominique , Zalloua Pierre , Abchee Antoine ,   FGENTCARD Consortium
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The onset of coronary artery disease (CAD) is influenced by cardiovascular risk factors that often occur in clusters and may build on one another. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between hypertension and CAD age of onset in the Lebanese population.
This retrospective analysis was performed on data extracted from Lebanese patients (n = 3,753). Logistic regression examined the association of hypertension with the age at CAD diagnosis after controlling for other traditional risk factors. The effect of antihypertensive drugs and lifestyle changes on the onset of CAD was also investigated.
Results showed that hypertension is associated with late onset CAD (OR=0.656, 95% CI=0.504-0.853, p=0.001). Use of antihypertensive drugs showed a similar association with delayed CAD onset. When comparing age of onset in CAD patients with traditional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking and family history of CAD, the age of onset was significantly higher for patients with hypertension compared to those with any of the other risk factors studied (p < 0.001).
In conclusion, hypertension and its treatment are associated with late coronary atherosclerotic manifestations in Lebanese population. This observation is currently under investigation to clarify its genetic and/or environmental mechanisms.
Tokyo Rosalie? A Franco-Japanese Envoy and Entrepreneur in the South Pacific, 1890-1959
Authors: Denton Chad B. 
Published: September 2014

The unlikely story of Berthe Rosalie Kitazawa Fouque, a Franco-Japanese businesswoman active in New Caledonia from 1937 to 1941, offers a novel way to connect the economic, political, and social histories of the Second World War in the South Pacific. Her story also illustrates a largely forgotten episode of French colonial history: the successful assimilation and integration of a New Caledonian Japanese community from 1892 to 1941. As the unlikely emissary for one of Japan’s most powerful industrial interests, Kitazawa Fouque temporarily acted as a privileged intermediary between the Japanese military-industrial complex, the French colonial administration, and the New Caledonian Japanese population. The reasons for her initial success and ultimate failure illuminate the shifting boundaries of race, gender, ethnicity, nationality, and class in the Franco-Japanese cultural encounter.
L’histoire improbable de Berthe Rosalie Kitazawa Fouque, une femme d’affaires franco-japonaise active en Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1937 à 1941, propose une nouvelle façon de relier les histoires économiques, politiques et sociales de la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans le Pacifique Sud. Son histoire illustre aussi un épisode en grande partie oubliée de l’histoire coloniale française : l’assimilation et l’intégration réussie d’une communauté japonaise dans la Nouvelle-Calédonie entre 1892 et 1941. Comme l’émissaire improbable de l’un des intérêts industriels les plus puissants du Japon, Kitazawa Fouque a temporairement agi en tant qu’intermédiaire privilégié entre le complexe militaro-industriel japonais, l’administration coloniale française et la population japonaise de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les raisons de son succès initial et son ultime échec éclairent les changements dans la perception de la race, du sexe, de l’ethnie, de la nationalité et de la classe dans la rencontre culturelle franco-japonaise.
French Feminisms, 1848-1949
Authors: Pedersen Jean Elisabeth 
Published: September 2014

This review article considers the history and historiography of French feminism by discussing eight recent English- and French-language books that collectively analyze this important topic over the key period from the Revolution of 1848 and the political exclusion of women at the foundation of the Second Republic through the Second World War and the political inclusion of women at the foundation of the Fourth Republic. The books under review consider French feminisms not only on their own but also in comparison with the feminisms of other countries, especially England and Germany; not only with reference to the European continent but also with consideration of the French colonies, especially those in Africa and the Antilles; not only as a development in the history of gender but also as a development in the histories of race, class, religion, region, nation, and empire. Special topics include women’s suffrage; women’s honor; feminism and neo-Malthusianism; feminism and syndicalism; feminisms in France, Germany, and Alsace-Lorraine; feminism, colonialism, and anticolonialism; and women, feminism, and photography. The review both assesses the current state of the field and raises a series of new questions for further research.
Ce compte-rendu collectif adresse l’histoire et l’historiographie du féminisme français par la discussion de huit ouvrages anglophones et francophones parus entre 2009 et 2012. Lus dans leur ensemble, ces livres analysent les féminismes français pendant la période clef qui durait des Révolutions de 1848 jusqu’à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, une période qui s’ouvrait avec l’exclusion politique des femmes à la fondation de la Deuxième République et se terminait avec l’inclusion politique des femmes à la fondation de la Quatrième République. Ces ouvrages approchent l’histoire des féminismes français non seulement dans leur cadre national mais aussi en comparaison avec les féminismes d’autres pays, surtout l’Angleterre et l’Allemagne ; non seulement par rapport à l’Europe mais aussi aux colonies françaises, surtout celles de l’Afrique et des Antilles ; non seulement comme un développement qui fait partie de l’histoire du genre, mais aussi comme un développement qui fait partie des histoires de la race, des classes, des religions, des régions, de la nation, et de l’empire. Leurs sujets comprennent le suffrage des femmes ; l’honneur des femmes ; le féminisme et le néo-malthusianisme ; le féminisme et le syndicalisme ; les féminismes en France, en Allemagne, et en Alsace-Lorraine ; le féminisme, le colonialisme, et l’anticolonialisme ; et les femmes, le féminisme, et la photographie. Le compte-rendu offre non seulement un bilan de l’état des recherches contemporaines sur l’histoire des féminismes français mais également une série de nouvelles questions pour inspirer des recherches additionnelles sur ce riche sujet.
A Drastic Difference in Photoluminescent Behavior between Cysteinato and Penicillaminato Gold(III) Complexes with a Phenylpyridinato Ligand
Authors: Kuwamura Naoto , Hayashida Kouhei , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Yoshinari Nobuto , Konno Takumi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The reactions of [Au(ppy)Cl2] (Hppy: 2-phenylpyridine) with d-penicillamine (d-H2pen) and l-cysteine (l-H2cys) in a 1:1 ratio gave mononuclear gold(III) complexes, [Au(ppy)(d-pen-N,S)] and [Au(ppy)(l-cys-N,S)], respectively, which were both structurally characterized to have a square-planar cis(N)-CN2S geometry. While the l-cys complex was nonemissive, the d-pen complex was found to exhibit orange emission in the solid state.
Improving reproductive outcomes in the modern dairy cow — getting it right part 1
Authors: Whitfield Lisa 
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Lisa Whitfield reports back in two parts on the Ceva 2014 reprodAction BRED Workshop presented by R Pursley, P Fricke and A Valenza in May. Part 1 looks at the physiology of the reproductive cycle, anovulatory conditions, heat detection systems.
Der kosmische Christus bei Rudolf Steiner und Teilhard de Chardin
Authors: Thiede Werner 
Published: September 2014

Abstract Der vor 150 Jahren geborene Rudolf Steiner, promovierter Philosoph, wurde 1902 zur führenden Gestalt der Theosophie in Deutschland und begann sich in den Folgejahren von der internationalen Theosophischen Gesellschaft mit ihrer eher östlich geprägten Perspektive durch seine Betonung der Christus-Gestalt innerlich und schließlich auch äußerlich abzusetzen. Das führte zum Bruch mit der Zentrale in Adyar und zur Entstehung der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft. Dass der französische Priester und Naturwissenschaftler Pierre Teilhard de Chardin mit seinem Konzept des »kosmischen Christus« sowohl begrifflich als auch inhaltlich an Steiner anknüpfte, lässt sich auf Grund starker Indizien annehmen. Diese Bezüge auf eine nicht-kirchlich geprägte kosmische Christologie erklären zum Teil die Probleme, mit denen sich Teilhard im kirchlichen Raum konfrontiert sah, und nicht zuletzt die Akzeptanz, die er gerade im esoterischen Raum fand.
English as an International Language: A Review of the Literature
Authors: García Raúl Enrique 
Published: September 2014

This article critically reviews and discusses English as an International Language (EIL) as an alternative to the traditional models of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL). The author suggests that the model of EIL is an alternative worthdiscussing in the Colombian context. The article is divided into four different sections: a) EIL, ownership of English and native-speakerism, b) attitudes towards EIL, c) EIL described: What does it look like? and d) EIL and English teaching. The review of the literature evidences that there are still many heated debates on the sociocultural aspect of EIL, that one of the greatest challenges of EIL is the attitudes of English teachers and speakers towards the use and legitimization of non-standard varieties, that there is still much to be done in terms of the description of EIL and that adopting an EIL perspective would imply transforming the ways English is taught. The article concludes with an invitation to the ELT community to initiate the discussion of the potential application of EIL in the Colombian context.
The Conceptualisation of Pro Bono in Singapore
Authors: Whalen-Bridge Helena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract“Pro bono” is a familiar phrase in North American jurisdictions that generally refers to a lawyer’s provision of free legal services to indigent persons. The phrase “pro bono” has also come to imply a particular approach to a lawyer’s relationship to indigent persons, one that stresses the obligatory as opposed to the charitable nature of the services provided. To what extent has this phrase, and its conceptualisation of a lawyer’s role, been used in Asian jurisdictions? This article examines how one Asian jurisdiction, Singapore, conceptualises a lawyer’s relationship to indigent persons by examining newspaper usage of phrases describing legal services for indigent persons. The article argues that changes in usage over time, from free legal services and legal aid to inclusion of pro bono, coupled with increased discussions of access to justice, represent a shift to a more obligatory concept of indigent legal services. An obligatory conceptualisation potentially exerts greater pressure on lawyers to provide indigent legal services, but can also exert pressure to revise the historical lack of broad-based government funded criminal legal aid in Singapore.
Intensification of waste cooking oil transformation by transesterification and esterification reactions in oscillatory baffled and microstructured reactors for biodiesel production
Authors: Mazubert Alex , Aubin Joelle , Elgue Sébastien , Poux Martine 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The transformation of waste cooking oils for fatty acid methyl ester production is investigated in two intensified technologies: microstructured Corning® and oscillatory baffled NiTech® reactors, compared to a reference batch reactor to quantify the process intensification provided by each technology. Both reactors achieve high conversions in shorter times. For transesterification, 96 wt.% of esters are obtained in 1.4 min at 97°C in the Corning® reactor and 92.1 wt.% of esters in 6 min at 44°C in the NiTech® reactor, compared with 94.8 wt.% of esters in 10 min at 60°C in the batch reactor. For esterification, 92% conversion is obtained in 2.5 min in the Corning® reactor at 75°C compared with 20–30 min in the batch reactor at 60°C, and at 40°C, 96.8% conversion is achieved in 13.3 min in the NiTech® reactor, compared with 30 min in the batch reactor. The advantage of the Corning® reactor is that it can operate at higher pressures (1–20 bar) and temperatures (100°C), thereby providing faster kinetics than the NiTech® reactor. However, oils with a high free fatty acid level (73%) cause the Corning® reactor channels to be blocked. A wider range of operating conditions could be obtained in NiTech® with a pressure-resistant material.
Experimental study on the mechanical behavior and microstructural assessment of Kevlar/epoxy composites at liquid nitrogen temperature
Authors: Sethi Sanghamitra , Ray Bankim Chandra 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe present investigation emphasized the understanding of the mechanical behavior and progressive failure modes of Kevlar/epoxy-reinforced laminated composites subjected to a three-point bend test at liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperature (77 K). The tests were conducted on the woven fabric laminates with different loading speeds and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of LN2 temperature on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of Kevlar/epoxy composites with various loading speeds was observed. The results indicate that the values of ILSS were increased at higher crosshead speeds compared to ambient temperature. The fibrillation progression and matrix failure (riverline marking) was observed by SEM. A change in crosshead speed may result in the variation of failure modes.
Systematic position and taxonomy of Pipistrellus deserti (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Benda Petr , Andriollo Tommy , Ruedi Manuel 
Published: September 2014

Abstractis a small, pale-coloured bat occurring in the most arid parts of the Sahara, in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan, and marginally also in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most authors consider
The synthesis of styrene acrylate emulsion and its application in xerographic paper
Authors: Chen Yunzhi , Zheng Jin’an , Li Hu , Zhang Zheng Jian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
During xerographic printing processes, the electric charge properties of the paper surface are essential to obtain effective toner transfer and high image quality. Surface and volume resistance are indispensable to the accumulation of the surface charge and different resistance values generate different electrical fields with optical drum, and have a significant effect on toner transfer efficiency. In this paper, surface sizing was investigated to improve the surface properties for better toner transfer and image quality. Styrene acrylate emulsion (SAE) latex was successfully synthesized and fully characterized with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, a laser particle analyzer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that under the conditions of emulsifier dosage at 3 wt%, initiator concentration at 0.5 wt% and the reaction temperature at 80°C, the monomer conversion can reach 80%. The effects of various factors including initiator dosage, emulsifier dosage and monomer ratio on the sizing performance were studied. The effects of different ratios of SAE to starch on surface and volume resistance of paper were also systematically investigated. The differences in electric properties of various paper samples were quantified and their influence on paper-toner adhesion and print quality was clarified. Relationships between electrical properties of paper and paper-toner adhesion force, and thus print quality were established. Strategies to improve printing performance through effective control of paper electrical properties were also developed. It is concluded that the best printing quality and toner adhesion were achieved when the ratio of SAE to starch is between 1:10 and 2:10.
Designing, characterization, and thermal behavior of triazine-based dendrimers
Authors: Gajjar Dhaval G. , Patel Rinkesh M. , Patel Hema N. , Patel Pravinkumar M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Different generations of dendritic architecture with piperazine in core moiety and hydroxyl groups on the periphery were designed by divergent method. 1,4-biz(4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)piperazine was synthesized as a core for dendrimer synthesis. Dendrimer was then grown to G3 from core compound using diethanolamine and cyanuric chloride as branching units. Dendrimer generations were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy [Fourier transform IR (FTIR)], 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and elemental analysis. The thermal behavior of both full- and half-generation dendrimers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA study revealed that dendrimer generations had a moderate thermal stability. Chlorine-terminated half-generation dendrimers were thermally more stable than hydroxyl-terminated full-generation dendrimers. The DSC technique was employed to determine the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of dendrimer generations. It was observed that the glass transition temperatures of synthesized dendrimer generations were of low value, which is similar to the values reported for the polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer of the same generation. It was also observed that, with the increase in the molecular weight or generation number of dendrimer, the glass transition temperature was also increased.
La Escala de Identidad Etnica Multigrupo (EIEM) en el contexto costarricense 1
Authors: Smith-Castro Vanessa 
Published: September 2014

El presente artículo describe las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para la medición de la identidad étnica y sus componentes en jóvenes costarricenses: la “Escala de Identidad Etnica Multigrupo” (EIEM) desarrollada por Phinney (1992). En el estudio participaron 287 jóvenes afrocostarricenses, 768 jóvenes “blancos” o mestizos y 120 jóvenes de procedencia étnica mixta. Análisis factoriales confirmatorios demuestran que la escala mide dos componentes de la identidad étnica altamente relacionados en todos los grupos estudiados: afirmación e identificación étnica y exploración étnica. Análisis de confiabilidad revelan índices de consistencia interna (Alfas de Cronbach) satisfactorios para todos los grupos. La escala muestra relaciones moderadas con mediciones de orientaciones hacia los colectivos de referencia y conductas intergrupales como las actitudes hacia la aculturación y está positivamente relacionada con índices de autoestima e identidad del yo.
Dibujo infantil y comprensión escénica: análisis crítico hermenéutico desde un enfoque psicoanalítico
Authors: Sanabria León Jorge 
Published: September 2014

El artículo indaga sobre el desarrollo de la capacidad para dibujar y las representaciones simbólicas prelingüísticas ante el advenimiento del lenguaje. Se examina cómo los y las infantes logran dibujar y hablar sobre experiencias de la vida cotidiana, al focalizarse en detalles de los modelos interactivos en sus propias creaciones espontáneas. A partir de la teoría de la socialización y del desarrollo del símbolo de Lorenzer, este estudio reflexiona sobre la comprensión escénica que favorece la labor analítica. Asimismo, una combinación particularmente importante de habilidades emocionales, cognitivas y simbólicas está involucrada tanto en los procesos de la individuación como en la adquisición de referentes culturales. Por tanto, el análisis contrasta también investigaciones y críticas comparativas.