bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“They Were Only Joking”: Efforts to Decrease LGBTQ Bullying and Harassment in Seattle Public Schools
Authors: Hillard Pamela , Love Lisa , Franks Heather M. , Laris B. A. , Coyle Karin K. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSeattle Public Schools has implemented policies and programs to increase safety, family involvement, and student achievement for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. This case study examines students' perceptions of bullying and harassment in the school environment, and teacher intervention when these problems arise in the presence of strong district policies and programs aimed at reducing LGBTQ bullying and harassment in schools.METHODSWe surveyed students in Gay‐Straight Alliance (GSA) groups at 13 secondary schools (N = 107). We also conducted focus groups with GSA students and students not involved in the GSAs in 7 of 13 schools (N = 16 groups, including 154 students).RESULTSGSA students who were lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning (LGBQ) were significantly more likely than straight students to experience several types of harassment. On the basis of student report, the 2 most common intervention strategies by teachers for verbal harassment included stopping the harassment and explaining why it is wrong; teachers intervened in physical harassment by trying to stop the harassment. Students provided input on how to strengthen teacher interventions, including the need for more consistency in responding and following up. Students also noted a need for more focus on educating those who harass, rather than just asking them to stop.CONCLUSIONSSeattle Public Schools has made great strides in creating safe and welcoming schools for LGBTQ students, but still have to work further toward reaching this goal. Data from students on how they experience their school environment can help identify areas for improvement.
Citizenship and Voting: Experiences of Persons With Intellectual Disabilities in Sweden
Authors: Kjellberg Anette , Hemmingsson Helena 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn Sweden, citizenship and participation in society have been emphasized as important for persons with intellectual disabilities for over four decades. The aim of the study was to describe, from a longitudinal perspective, how persons with intellectual disabilities experience citizenship and voting. The characteristics of becoming and being a voter were also identified. Thirteen women and seven men, aged 22–55 years on the first interview occasion in 1998, were interviewed three times more in regard to general elections in Sweden during the period 1998–2006. A constant comparative method was used in the data analysis. Two‐thirds of the participants voted in at least one of the three elections and a group of seven people did not vote at all. Age and significant persons were the most crucial factors for voting. The characteristics of a voter were having the idea and belief that one should vote as a citizen and having experience of voting so that one knew how to do it. In both these cases, significant persons and age were of importance. The authors suggest that the development of Swedish social policy may have influenced the voting behavior as people born during the 1940s and 1950s voted more often than people born during the 1960s and 1970s. Additionally, their social networks may enable persons with intellectual disabilities to make full use of their right to exercise political citizenship and to vote.
Testing the link between community structure and function for ectomycorrhizal fungi involved in a global tripartite symbiosis
Authors: Walker Jennifer K. M. , Cohen Hannah , Higgins Logan M. , Kennedy Peter G. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Alnus trees associate with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and nitrogen‐fixing Frankia bacteria and, although their ECM fungal communities are uncommonly host specific and species poor, it is unclear whether the functioning of Alnus ECM fungal symbionts differs from that of other ECM hosts.

We used exoenzyme root tip assays and molecular identification to test whether ECM fungi on Alnus rubra differed in their ability to access organic phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) when compared with ECM fungi on the non‐Frankia host Pseudotsuga menziesii.

At the community level, potential acid phosphatase (AP) activity of ECM fungal root tips from A. rubra was significantly higher than that from P. menziesii, whereas potential leucine aminopeptidase (LA) activity was significantly lower for A. rubra root tips at one of the two sites. At the individual species level, there was no clear relationship between ECM fungal relative root tip abundance and relative AP or LA enzyme activities on either host.

Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that ECM fungal communities associated with Alnus trees have enhanced organic P acquisition abilities relative to non‐Frankia ECM hosts. This shift, in combination with the chemical conditions present in Alnus forest soils, may drive the atypical structure of Alnus ECM fungal communities.
Gestational weight gain in relation to offspring obesity over the life course: a systematic review and bias‐adjusted meta‐analysis
Authors: Mamun A. A. , Mannan M. , Doi S. A. R. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryGestational weight gain (GWG) is considered one of the risk factors for future obesity in the offspring. However, the direction and strength of this association at different periods of offspring life is relatively unknown. This study investigates whether excess or inadequate maternal GWG during pregnancy influences the risk of offspring obesity at different stages in life. A systematic review of published articles was undertaken after a comprehensive search of different databases, and extracted data were meta‐analysed. To quantify offspring obesity estimates in relation to GWG, we stratified obesity estimates within three life stages of the offspring age: <5 years, 5 to <18 years and 18+ years. Our meta‐analysis showed that, compared with offspring of women with adequate GWG, offspring of women who gained inadequate gestational weight were at a decreased risk of obesity (relative risk [RR]: 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78–0.94), and offspring of women who gained excess weight were at an increased risk of obesity (RR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.23–1.59). These relationships were similar after stratification by life stage. Findings of this study therefore suggest that excess GWG does influence offspring obesity over the short‐ and long‐term, and should therefore be avoided.
Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease
Authors: Cekici Ali , Kantarci Alpdogan , Hasturk Hatice , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility to periodontitis appears to be determined by the host response; specifically, the magnitude of the inflammatory response and the differential activation of immune pathways. The purpose of this review was to delineate our current knowledge of the host response in periodontitis. The role of innate immunity, the failure of acute inflammation to resolve (thus becoming chronic), the cytokine pathways that regulate the activation of acquired immunity and the cells and products of the immune system are considered. New information relating to regulation of both inflammation and the immune response will be reviewed in the context of susceptibility to, and perhaps control of, periodontitis.
Influence of sex steroids on inflammation and bone metabolism
Authors: Shiau Harlan J. , Aichelmann‐Reidy Mary E. , Reynolds Mark A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSex steroids are central to sexual development and reproduction, exerting pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues and organs throughout the lifespan of humans. Sex steroids are fundamental to skeletal development, bone homeostasis and immune function. The composite effect of sex‐specific genetic architecture and circulating levels of sex‐steroid hormones closely parallels differences in the immune response and may account for corresponding sex‐related differences in risk for chronic periodontitis, with men exhibiting greater susceptibility than women. Age‐associated reductions in sex steroids also provide insight into apparent temporal increases in susceptibility to periodontitis and alveolar bone loss, particularly among women. Chronic infection and inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal disease, provide a unique platform for exploring the interface of sex steroids, immunity and bone metabolism.
Down syndrome and neurofibromatosis: a case report
Authors: Schaffer Rebecca , Goss Lindsay , Romer Maureen Munnelly , Kalamchi Sabah 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe dental management of a patient presenting with both Down syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has not previously been described well in the dental literature.Case DescriptionA 20‐year‐old male with both of these genetic anomalies sought comprehensive treatment at the Special Needs Dental clinic at the Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health. He presented with multiple decayed surfaces, retained primary teeth, and intra/extra oral soft tissue tumors. Dental extractions and tumor reduction surgery took place at a private dental office due to the need for intravenous sedation for patient management. At the conclusion of the patient's ­treatment, while his oral health was improved, there was little improvement in the facial aesthetics of his case.Clinical ImplicationsCoordinating care among health care providers in a patient with Trisomy 21 and NF1 is essential for a reliable and predictable outcome. However, as neurofibromas are often known to recur, the treatment risks and advantages should be reviewed prior to surgical intervention.
Condition Monitoring With Wind Turbine SCADA Data Using Neuro-Fuzzy Normal Behavior Models
Authors: Schlechtingen Meik , Santos Ilmar Ferreira 
Published: December 2013

This paper presents the latest research results of a project that focuses on normal behavior models for condition monitoring of wind turbines and their components, via ordinary Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) data. In this machine learning approach Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) models are employed to learn the normal behavior in a training phase, where the component condition can be considered healthy. In the application phase the trained models are applied to predict the target signals, e.g. temperatures, pressures, currents, power output, etc.
The behavior of the prediction error is used as an indicator for normal and abnormal behavior, with respect to the learned behavior. The advantage of this approach is that the prediction error is widely decoupled from the typical fluctuations of the SCADA data caused by the different turbine operational modes.
To classify the component condition Fuzzy Interference System (FIS) structures are used. Based on rules that are established with the prediction error behavior during faults previously experienced and generic rules, the FIS outputs the component condition (green, yellow and red). Furthermore a first diagnosis of the root cause is given. In case of fault patterns earlier unseen the generic rules allow general statements about the signal behavior which highlight the anomaly.
Within the current research project this method is applied to 18 onshore turbines of the 2 MW class operating since April 2009. First results show that the proposed method is well suited to closely monitor a large variety of signals, identify anomalies and correctly classify the component condition. The accuracy of the normal behavior models developed is high and small signal behavior changes become recognizable. The result of the automatic analysis is given in graphical and text format. Within the paper examples of real faults are provided, showing the capabilities of the method proposed. The method can be applied both to existing and new built turbines without the need of any additional hardware installation or manufacturers input.
Application of Metallographic Evaluation for Repair of FSX 414: 1st Stage Nozzle Segments
Authors: Shejale Girish M. 
Published: December 2013

The 1st stage nozzle segments experience damage such as creep, fatigue, high temperature corrosion and foreign object damage in service. Amongst the other gas turbine components the 1st stage nozzle segments needs to be refurbished or repaired after stipulated number of running hours. The decision on the extent of repairs for the 1st stage nozzle segments are based on incoming inspection observations. There are various stages of incoming inspection which includes visual, dimensional and non-destructive testing methods. Metallographic evaluation is one of the most important incoming inspection method based on which the extent or class of repairs can be decided.
The 1st stage nozzle segment material is FSX 414, which is a cobalt based alloy. It is critical to estimate the microstructural condition of the nozzle segments in the as received condition. As a part of incoming inspection sections at various locations are taken on the nozzle segments for metallographic evaluation. The microstructures are examined in the as received condition and after solution annealing heat treatment. Microstructural transformations and damages in terms of overheating, oxidation and hot corrosion can be identified at ease. The microstructural condition of the nozzle segments can thus be assessed after stipulated running hours. It is concluded that metallographic evaluation is effective in assessing the microstructural damage and proves to be vital in deciding the category of repairs. Typical microstructural evaluation case studies of 1st stage nozzle segments from Frame 5, 6001B and 7001EA gas turbine units are presented and discussed in this paper.
Effects of Environments and Shot Peening on Creep and Creep-Fatigue Behaviors of Ni-Fe-Base Superalloy Inconel®Alloy 706
Authors: Yoshioka Yomei , Saito Daizo , Sumiya Rie , Ishibashi Kazutoshi , Ito Shoko , Kobayashi Daisuke , Itou Akihiro , Miyabe Masamichi , Kagiya Yukio 
Published: December 2013

Fleet leader machines with non-shot-peened discs made of Inconel® alloy 706 were experienced to have cracks in the first stage gas turbine wheels. These were inter-granular cracking and observed to be highly stressed locations with less potential for oxidation, which is thought to be quasi-brittle inter-granular cracking due to stress induced atmospheric oxygen penetration, so called, hold-time cracking. To recognize this phenomenon, creep and creep-fatigue tests with smooth and notched specimens were conducted at 600 and 650°C in air and vacuum and confirmed the environmental effects on those lives and fracture modes.
The effectiveness of shot peening which was used as one of the countermeasures for this phenomenon was verified by using the creep-fatigue tests. The durability was also evaluated by thermal and stress aging tests at 450 and 500°C up to around 104 hours. Little relaxations were observed during the thermal agings after the initial rapid relaxation of the surface residual stress, but the effects of the loading stresses were observed above the yielding stress at each temperature.
Contribution to the Understanding of Cold Pulsating Flow Influence in the Efficiency of Small Radial Turbines for Turbochargers
Authors: Serrano J. R. , Climent H. , Fajardo P. , Reyes-Belmonte M. A. , Vidal Fabrice 
Published: December 2013

In the present paper an unsteady approach to determine the performance of a small radial inflow turbine working under cold pulsating flow is presented. It has been concluded that a reasonably good characterization of turbine behavior working with pulsating flow can be obtained using in a quasi-steady way models of the turbine isentropic efficiency and turbocharger mechanical efficiency. Both models have been fitted using data obtained from a steady flow characterization procedure.
Turbocharger measured parameters from the cold pulsating flow campaign have been compared with the ones obtained from one-dimensional gas-dynamics computational modeling. The modeling approach is based on quasi-steady isentropic and mechanical efficiency models. Reasonably good accuracy in compressor and turbine variables prediction has been obtained for most of the operative conditions. Influence of amplitude and frequency of the pulsating flow over the instantaneous and average turbine efficiency has been studied to put some light on the analysis of the involved physical phenomena. The main conclusion is that the biggest effect of unsteady flow on turbine efficiency is through the influence on blade jet to speed ratio. It has been also concluded that for the same average blade to jet speed ratio pulses amplitude does not influence turbine efficiency when it is closed but yes at other VGT positions. The effect of pulses frequency is less evident and only influences VGT performance at the highest VGT openings.
Development and Implementation of Alternative Repair Processes for Reconditioning of W501FD, Row 1 Vanes
Authors: Miglietti Warren , Crotty Kelly , Summerside Ian , Stampfli Matthias , Hoevel Simone 
Published: December 2013

The W501FD (SGT6-5000F) engine, an “F” class machine has been in operation for more than a decade now. There are over 200 W501F’s in operation globally. Of importance to operators/users and owners of this gas turbine engine is the ability to recondition the turbine “hot-end section” components, in order to support maintenance requirements. The row 1 vane endures the highest temperature after combustion takes place and experiences severe thermal fatigue cracking. As a consequence, the row 1 vanes when compared to the other three rows of vanes, exhibits the worst degradation and is therefore a focus point of reconditioning for those in the industry. The technical objective is to develop a repair scheme for the row 1 vane, since this component has the highest frequency of replacement, when compared to the other three rows of vanes. Special processes have been developed for these components repairs, including but not limited to:
a) Machining off of the damaged and oxidized leading edge.
b) GTAW and GMAW of new leading edge coupons.
c) Optimizing elevated temperature solution heat treatments.
d) High frequency GTA weld repair of sidewall (platform) and airfoil cracks.
e) Vacuum diffusion braze repair of airfoil and sidewall (platform) craze-cracks.
f) Braze or Weld repair of damaged inward airfoil U-Groove/Channel (depending on severity of distress).
g) Straightening of ID and OD platforms.
h) Closure of air cooling holes via diffusion brazing and re-EDM’ing of a new cooling hole configuration.
i) Application of superior MCrAlY and TBC coating to that of the OEM.
This technical paper describes the all in-house reconditioning process development and implementation of the different stages of the repair schemes that resulted in a rapid turn-time, with high quality and achieved 100% repair yield. In addition this paper highlights the metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of the repaired regions of the component.
Evaluating Materials and Fuels Using an Atmospheric-Pressure Low-Velocity Burner Rig: Factors to Consider to Avoid Unintended Consequences
Authors: Shifler David A. , Aprigliano Louis F. , Groghan Dan 
Published: December 2013

The availability of petroleum-derived fuels is declining and the cost of petroleum can fluctuate wildly from $60 to $140 per barrel. These factors are causing a global desire to develop and use alternative fuels. While hydrogen, ethanol, and other non-hydrocarbon fuels are practical alternative fuels for the commercial sector, only liquid hydrocarbons meet the stringent needs of the military in terms of energy content, safety, handling and multi-platform use over the full range of operational conditions. Synthetic fuels will need to meet the current Naval petroleum-based physical, combustion, and chemistry specifications. Therefore, these fuels must be certified to meet Navy requirements and not have an adverse impact on current engine lives or performance.
It has been established that low-velocity, atmospheric-pressure burner rigs, when operated properly, simulate the corrosion and degradation of materials operating in Navy shipboard gas turbines. To evaluate new fuels to determine whether or not they will cause accelerated corrosion in a gas turbine, the corrosion of standard coated superalloys representative of materials in the hot section of gas turbines are exposed to the combustion gaseous products of the new fuels or fuel blends in the burner rig and compared to that of a standard Navy fuel. The control of parameters in all tests is critical if proper evaluation and interpretation is to be achieved. Failure to control the parameters leads to questions that could require more testing or deliver unsupportable, indeterminate conclusions. Two case studies will be presented on how these principles were used to conduct successful burner rig tests and how the learning from those cases were applied to make a decision as to how to conduct an alternate fuels test in a third case.
Design and Investigations of a Micro-Turbine Flow Part
Authors: Kosowski Krzysztof , Piwowarski Marian , Stępień Robert , Włodarski Wojciech 
Published: December 2013

The co-generative micro-power plant with the HFE7100 as a working medium was designed and built for experimental investigations. The heat output of the plant was assumed equal to 20 kW, while the electric output amounted to about 3kW.
In the paper a multi-stage micro-turbine with partial admission of all the stages is described in detail and the results of the particular experimental investigations and numerical calculations are shown, followed by an appropriate discussion and conclusions. The flow calculations were performed using ANSYS package and finally the axial multistage turbine was chosen. This allowed to apply typical nozzle and blade profiles. The turbine consists of 5 similar (almost identical) stages with constant section blades, the only difference being the increase of the admission arc (number of nozzles) in the successive stages. The rotor speed was assumed equal to 8000 rpm, mean rotor diameter −100 mm and blade height −10 mm. The stream lines, pressure and temperature distribution in the nominal and off-design conditions are presented and discussed in the paper. The micro-turbine was built and tested experimentally. The turbine performance was calculated for HFE7100 but also for air and nitrogen as a working medium for testing purposes. In the first stage of experiments the turbine behaviour was checked using these gases and the results were compared with the calculation data. The results of the experiments correspond very well with the appropriate CFD calculation data.
Novel Wind Turbine for Catabatic Winds
Authors: Jericha H. , Göttlich E. , Sanz W. 
Published: December 2013

On many sea shores around the world high speed winds fall down from mountains and flow horizontally over the sea surface close to the shore. A new wind turbine design is presented which is able to catch this energy. The engine is intended to be mounted on a bridge between two ship bodies similar to a catamaran.
Wind enters horizontally — the wind turbine resembling a very large jet engine — and is reduced in speed by a diffuser. The blade arrangement is similar to a last stage steam turbine ahead of a condenser. Power is produced by this single stage reaction turbine. The deficiency of flow power at the turbine outlet is counteracted by energy from the surrounding air flow by feeding bypass air into the outlet area behind the rotor blades.
The now increased flow carries sufficient flow power to pass through the outlet diffuser and to reach the pressure conditions behind the wind turbine. The wind turbine rotor drives the electrical power generator via a planetary gear box. Hydrogen and Oxygen generated by electrolysers are proposed to be used as energy storage.