bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving the role of femtosecond heated electrons in ultrafast spin dynamics
Authors: Mendil J. , Nieves P. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O. , Walowski J. , Santos T. , Pisana S. , Münzenberg M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMagnetization manipulation is essential for basic research and applications. A fundamental question is, how fast can the magnetization be reversed in nanoscale magnetic storage media. When subject to an ultrafast laser pulse, the speed of the magnetization dynamics depends on the nature of the energy transfer pathway. The order of the spin system can be effectively influenced through spin-flip processes mediated by hot electrons. It has been predicted that as electrons drive spins into the regime close to almost total demagnetization, characterized by a loss of ferromagnetic correlations near criticality, a second slower demagnetization process takes place after the initial fast drop of magnetization. By studying FePt, we unravel the fundamental role of the electronic structure. As the ferromagnet Fe becomes more noble in the FePt compound, the electronic structure is changed and the density of states around the Fermi level is reduced, thereby driving the spin correlations into the limit of critical fluctuations. We demonstrate the impact of the electrons and the ferromagnetic interactions, which allows a general insight into the mechanisms of spin dynamics when the ferromagnetic state is highly excited and identifies possible recording speed limits in heat-assisted magnetization reversal.
Fine-tuned Bee-Flower Coevolutionary State Hidden within Multiple Pollination Interactions
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Dohzono Ikumi , Nakaji Masayoshi , Roff Derek A. , Miller III Donald G. , Osato Sara , Yajima Takuya , Niitsu Shûhei , Utsugi Nozomu , Sugawara Takashi , Yoshimura Jin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRelationships between flowers and pollinators are generally considered cases of mutualism since both agents gain benefits. Fine-tuned adaptations are usually found in the form of strict one-to-one coevolution between species. Many insect pollinators are, however, considered generalists, visiting numerous kinds of flowers and many flower species (angiosperms) are also considered generalists, visited by many insect pollinators. We here describe a fine-tuned coevolutionary state of a flower-visiting bee that collects both nectar and pollen from an early spring flower visited by multiple pollinators. Detailed morphology of the bee proboscis is shown to be finely adjusted to the floral morphology and nectar production of the flower. Behavioral observations also confirm the precision of this mutualism. Our results suggest that a fine-tuned one-to-one coevolutionary state between a flower species and a pollinator species might be common, but frequently overlooked, in multiple flower-pollinator interactions.
Temperature dependence of abnormal grain growth and high magnetostriction in Goss-oriented Fe-Al thin sheets
Authors: Na Suok-Min , Flatau Alison B. 
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we investigate grain growth behaviors in Fe-Al-NbC rolled sheets annealed under a sulfur atmosphere at temperatures of 1000–1300 °C for NbC additions of 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. In Fe80Al20 sheet plus 0.75% NbC, abnormal grain growth (AGG) occurred at higher temperature than 1150 °C. Large single (011) grains that covered 74%–90% of sample surface were fully grown at temperatures of 1200–1300 °C. For these samples, the remaining 10%–26% of the surface was comprised of small isolated island-like grains that were dispersed throughout the single grain Goss matrix. The single-grain-oriented Fe-Al sheet sample annealed at 1250 °C for 5 h exhibited magnetostriction of 133 ppm along the rolling direction (RD). A maximum magnetostriction value of 143 ppm along the RD was obtained in samples annealed at 1200 °C for 24 h. Of particular interest is that the magnetostriction response along ⟨100⟩ in these samples shows 177 ppm, approaching ∼94.4% of the magnetostrictive performance of single crystal at 19.5 at. % Al. In addition, we observed that the temperature at which the onset of AGG occurred increased with increasing the NbC content, which can be explained by an enhanced particle pinning force.
A disulfide tether stabilizes the block of sodium channels by the conotoxin μO§-GVIIJ
Authors: Gajewiak Joanna , Azam Layla , Imperial Julita , Walewska Aleksandra , Green Brad R. , Bandyopadhyay Pradip K. , Raghuraman Shrinivasan , Ueberheide Beatrix , Bern Marshall , Zhou H. Mimi , Minassian Natali A. , Hagan Rebecca H. , Flinspach Mack , Liu Yi , Bulaj Grzegorz , Wickenden Alan D. , Olivera Baldomero M. , Yoshikami Doju , Zhang Min-Min 
Published: February 2014

Significance
A biochemically unique cone snail venom peptide has been characterized that may be used to probe unexplored but important features of the diverse voltage-gated Na channel isoforms that underlie electrical signaling in the nervous system. This peptide has a unique posttranslational modification (S-cysteinylated cysteine) and blocks sodium channels by forming a disulfide bond with the channel at a distinctive binding site. Because block by the peptide is prevented when specific β-subunits are coexpressed, this neurotoxin has potential for assessing which β-subunits are present in native Na channels. Peptide activity depends on the oxidation state of extracellular Cys residues on the channel. Thus, this peptide can also be used to monitor the oxidation state of the targeted Na channels.
Rate of Healthcare Worker–Patient Interaction and Hand Hygiene Opportunities in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Goodliffe Laura , Ragan Kelsey , Larocque Michael , Borgundvaag Emily , Khan Sophia , Moore Christine , McCreight Liz , Coleman Brenda L. , McGeer Allison J. ,   Mount Sinai Infection Control Team
Published: February 2014

Objective.Identify factors affecting the rate of hand hygiene opportunities in an acute care hospital.Design.Prospective observational study.Setting.Medical and surgical in-patient units, medical-surgical intensive care unit (MSICU), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and emergency department (ED) of an academic acute care hospital from May to August, 2012.Participants.Healthcare workers.Methods.One-hour patient-based observations measured patient interactions and hand hygiene opportunities as defined by the “Four Moments for Hand Hygiene.” Rates of patient interactions and hand hygiene opportunities per patient-hour were calculated, examining variation by room type, healthcare worker type, and time of day.Results.During 257 hours of observation, 948 healthcare worker-patient interactions and 1,605 hand hygiene opportunities were identified. Moments 1, 2, 3, and 4 comprised 42%, 10%, 9%, and 39% of hand hygiene opportunities. Nurses contributed 77% of opportunities, physicians contributed 8%, other healthcare workers contributed 11%, and housekeeping contributed 4%. The mean rate of hand hygiene opportunities per patient-hour was 4.2 for surgical units, 4.5 for medical units, 5.2 for ED, 10.4 for NICU, and 13.2 for MSICU (P < .001). In non-ICU settings, rates of hand hygiene opportunities decreased over the course of the day. Patients with transmission-based precautions had approximately half as many interactions (rate ratio [RR], 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.80]) and hand hygiene opportunities per hour (RR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29-0.77]) as did patients without precautions.Conclusions.Measuring hand hygiene opportunities across clinical settings lays the groundwork for product use-based hand hygiene measurement. Additional work is needed to assess factors affecting rates in other hospitals and health care settings.
Complete enumeration of elementary flux modes through scalable demand-based subnetwork definition
Authors: Hunt Kristopher A. , Folsom James P. , Taffs Reed L. , Carlson Ross P. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Elementary flux mode analysis (EFMA) decomposes complex metabolic network models into tractable biochemical pathways, which have been used for rational design and analysis of metabolic and regulatory networks. However, application of EFMA has often been limited to targeted or simplified metabolic network representations due to computational demands of the method.
Results: Division of biological networks into subnetworks enables the complete enumeration of elementary flux modes (EFMs) for metabolic models of a broad range of complexities, including genome-scale. Here, subnetworks are defined using serial dichotomous suppression and enforcement of flux through model reactions. Rules for selecting appropriate reactions to generate subnetworks are proposed and tested; three test cases, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic network models, verify the efficacy of these rules and demonstrate completeness and reproducibility of EFM enumeration. Division of models into subnetworks is demand-based and automated; computationally intractable subnetworks are further divided until the entire solution space is enumerated. To demonstrate the strategy’s scalability, the splitting algorithm was implemented using an EFMA software package (EFMTool) and Windows PowerShell on a 50 node Microsoft high performance computing cluster. Enumeration of the EFMs in a genome-scale metabolic model of a diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, identified ∼2 billion EFMs. The output represents an order of magnitude increase in EFMs computed compared with other published algorithms and demonstrates a scalable framework for EFMA of most systems.
Availability and implementation: http://www.chbe.montana.edu/RossC.
Contact: rossc@erc.montana.edu or kristopher.hunt@erc.montana.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplemental materials are available at Bioinformatics online.
Religion
Authors: Green M. Christian , Witte John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the relation between religion and human rights. It analyses the contribution of religion to human rights and identifies the religious sources of human rights. It provides a comparative analysis of the development of human rights beliefs and norms in different religions including Islam, Judaism and Christianity. This article contends that religions must attend to human rights to affirm human dignity and that human rights need religious sources to survive and flourish.
Moral Philosophy
Authors: van Duffel Siegfried 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines long-standing debates in moral philosophy that are relevant to international human rights law. It discusses the political conception of human rights and the four challenges to moral philosophy which include the notion that no particular religious tradition or particular comprehensive doctrine (or morality) grounded human rights and the belief that natural rights theories end up misrepresenting and narrowing the scope of human rights. This article also highlights the importance of the work of moral philosophers to the understanding of contemporary human rights and explains that the traditions of natural rights theories still influence contemporary human rights language in profound ways.
Biological Foundations of Human Rights
Authors: Robinson Chris A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines biological theories and evidence about the evolution of human traits that are relevant for the development of human rights law. It highlights the human potential for violent and aggressive acts and discusses the emergence of a biological capacity for altruism. It evaluates the hypothesis about the capacity of groups of animals to maintain cooperative and altruistic behaviours despite competition for resources. This article also considers biological adaptations that have enabled humans to engage regularly in altruistic behaviours towards those outside of their family and immediate group.
Anthropology and the Grounds of Human Rights
Authors: Goodale Mark 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the relation between the history of anthropology and human rights. It explains that anthropology first became connected with human rights in 1947 when the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) asked the American Anthropological Association (AAA) to write an advisory opinion on human rights during the drafting of what would become the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also contends that the history of anthropology�s relationship to human enables a better understanding of how and why human rights developed as they did.
Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes
Authors: de Wet Erika 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the relation between jus cogens and erga omnes obligations in the context of international human rights law. It discusses the content of jus cogens and its relevance within the domestic legal order and explains the relevant provisions of Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (VCLT). This article highlights the increasing formal recognition in state practice and doctrine of a hierarchy of norms in international law in the form of jus cogens which indicates increased recognition of core values throughout the international community of states.
Positive and Negative Obligations
Authors: Shelton Dinah , Gould Ariel 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the development of positive and negative obligations in international human rights law. It analyses the textual bases and jurisprudence regarding these obligations and considers the issue of due diligence standard of care. It discusses how due diligence emerged alongside and as the standard for judging state compliance with positive obligations to ensure or secure guaranteed human rights and predicts that positive obligations, negative obligations and due diligence may further develop into effective and detailed legal standards that protect individuals from human rights violations, whether committed by state or non-state actors.
Roles and Responsibilities of Non-State Actors
Authors: Weissbrodt David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the roles and responsibilities of non-state actors in the implementation of international human rights law. It describes the specific role of different non-state actors including non-governmental or civil society organizations, transnational corporations and other business entities and armed irregular groups in the protection and violation of human rights. It explains that each type of state actor has unique standards regarding human rights governing their behavior and stresses the need for international bodies to continue to identify and close gaps in the protection of human rights relating to non-state actors.
Judaism and Music
Authors: Kligman Mark 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses music in Jewish contexts from the Bible until the present day. Music in Jewish religious life historically and at present includes cantillation of the Bible, the chanting of prayers, and synagogue song. Various forms of liturgical music developed among Ashkenazic Jews (Jews who lived in Europe) with nusach, modal chanting of prayers that was led by the chazzan. The artistically embellished prayer known as chazzanut is a unique musical and liturgical development. Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews (Jews whose heritage is in the Mediterranean and Middle East) adopted a range of musical styles from their surroundings. The adaptation of a known song in this region to religious poetry is known as piyyutim, a well established practice for hundreds of years. Comments on modern trends on a variety of issues conclude this chapter.
Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia Utilizing a Combination of Electroencephalographic and Standard Measures
Authors: Schneider Gerhard , Jordan Denis , Schwarz Gerhard , Bischoff Petra , Kalkman Cornelis J. , Kuppe Hermann , Rundshagen Ingrid , Omerovic Adem , Kreuzer Matthias , Stockmanns Gudrun , Kochs Eberhard F. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
For decades, monitoring depth of anesthesia was mainly based on unspecific effects of anesthetics, for example, blood pressure, heart rate, or drug concentrations. Today, electroencephalogram-based monitors promise a more specific assessment of the brain function. To date, most approaches were focused on a “head-to-head” comparison of either electroencephalogram- or standard parameter–based monitoring. In the current study, a multimodal indicator based on a combination of both electro encephalographic and standard anesthesia monitoring parameters is defined for quantification of “anesthesia depth.”

Methods:
Two hundred sixty-three adult patients from six European centers undergoing surgery with general anesthesia were assigned to 1 of 10 anesthetic combinations according to standards of the enrolling hospital. The anesthesia multimodal index of consciousness was developed using a data-driven approach, which maps standard monitoring and electroencephalographic parameters into an output indicator that separates different levels of anesthesia from awake to electroencephalographic burst suppression. Obtained results were compared with either a combination of standard monitoring parameters or the electroencephalogram-based bispectral index.

Results:
The anesthesia multimodal index of consciousness showed prediction probability (PK) of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95 to 0.97) to separate different levels of anesthesia (wakefulness to burst suppression), whereas the bispectral index had significantly lower PK of 0.80 (0.76 to 0.81) at corrected threshold P value of less than 0.05. At the transition between consciousness and unconsciousness, anesthesia multimodal index of consciousness yielded a PK of 0.88 (0.85 to 0.91).

Conclusion:
A multimodal integration of both standard monitoring and electroencephalographic parameters may more precisely reflect the level of anesthesia compared with monitoring based on one of these aspects alone.
The Burden of Inappropriate Emergency Department Pediatric Visits: Why Italy Needs an Urgent Reform
Authors: Vedovetto Alessio , Soriani Nicola , Merlo Emanuela , Gregori Dario 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo better understand the issue of inappropriate pediatric Emergency Department (ED) visits in Italy, including the impact of the last National Health System reform.Study DesignA retrospective cohort study was conducted with five health care providers in the Veneto region (Italy) in a 2‐year period (2010–2011). ED visits were considered “inappropriate” by evaluating both nursing triage and resource utilization, as addressed by the Italian Ministry of Health in 2007. Factors associated with inappropriate ED visits were identified. The cost of each visit was calculated.Principal FindingsIn total, 134,358 ED visits with 455,650 performed procedures were recorded in the 2‐year period; of these, 76,680 (57.1 percent) were considered inappropriate ED visits. Patients likely to make inappropriate ED visits were younger, female, visiting the ED during night or holiday, when the primary care provider (PCP) is not available.ConclusionThe National Health System reform aims to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and costs by opening PCP offices 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. This study highlights the need for a deep reorganization of the Italian Primary Care System not only providing a larger time availability but also treating the parents' lack of education on children's health.
Smurf2 regulates hematopoietic stem cell self‐renewal and aging
Authors: Ramkumar Charusheila , Kong Yahui , Trabucco Sally E. , Gerstein Rachel M. , Zhang Hong 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe age‐dependent decline in the self‐renewal capacity of stem cells plays a critical role in aging, but the precise mechanisms underlying this decline are not well understood. By limiting proliferative capacity, senescence is thought to play an important role in age‐dependent decline of stem cell self‐renewal, although direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is largely lacking. We have previously identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 as a critical regulator of senescence. In this study, we found that mice deficient in Smurf2 had an expanded hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment in bone marrow under normal homeostatic conditions, and this expansion was associated with enhanced proliferation and reduced quiescence of HSCs. Surprisingly, increased cycling and reduced quiescence of HSCs in Smurf2‐deficient mice did not lead to premature exhaustion of stem cells. Instead, HSCs in aged Smurf2‐deficient mice had a significantly better repopulating capacity than aged wild‐type HSCs, suggesting that decline in HSC function with age is Smurf2 dependent. Furthermore, Smurf2‐deficient HSCs exhibited elevated long‐term self‐renewal capacity and diminished exhaustion in serial transplantation. As we found that the expression of Smurf2 was increased with age and in response to regenerative stress during serial transplantation, our findings suggest that Smurf2 plays an important role in regulating HSC self‐renewal and aging.
Assessment of in situ adipose tissue inflammation by microdialysis
Authors: Langkilde Anne , Andersen Ove , Henriksen Jens H. , Langberg Henning , Petersen Janne , Eugen‐Olsen Jesper 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundInflammation, and specifically adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, is part of the pathophysiology of obesity and HIV‐associated lipodystrophy. Local AT protein assessment methods are limited, and AT inflammation studies have therefore primarily examined inflammatory gene expression. We therefore investigated the utility of microdialysis to study in situ AT interstitial inflammatory protein levels.Material and MethodsAbdominal subcutaneous AT microdialysis was performed in six healthy men, six HIV‐infected men with lipodystrophy and six without lipodystrophy using the internal references 51Cr‐EDTA and 125I‐human serum albumin. We measured 41 inflammatory proteins in microdialysis samples by Luminex technology, as well as systemic levels in 14 subjects. Furthermore, in vitro studies of the internal reference technique for microdialysis recovery of inflammatory proteins were made.ResultsWe detected in situ AT interstitial levels of 14 inflammatory proteins by microdialysis, while the 27 other inflammatory proteins assessed were only detected sporadically. Initial levels of IL‐6 and IL‐8 were undetectable. Insertion trauma affected IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemotactic factor (MCP)‐1, IP‐10, G‐CSF, growth‐related oncogene (GRO), macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β levels, while fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 was not affected. Systemic and AT interstitial levels were poorly correlated. The microdialysis recovery of smaller proteins was higher than for larger, and the internal references improved microdialysis by accounting for variation in perfusion across the membrane.ConclusionInterstitial inflammatory proteins can be sampled in situ using microdialysis. Use of internal references improves the microdialysis technique. However, insertion trauma hampers the use of microdialysis to study AT inflammatory levels, except for FGF‐2. Still, microdialysis gives unique insight to in situ AT interstitial concentrations.