bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Emergence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following a Single Exposure to a Terrorist Related Crime: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Khan Huma Riaz , Ibrahim Ahmed Usman 
Published: August 2024

AimsTo quantify and evaluate the gender differences regarding the development of PTSD. This meta-analysis calculates (a) the difference between males and females who develop PTSD, and (b) the difference in gendered relative risk of PTSD development.MethodsStudy selection criteria included participant mean age above 18 years, single and direct exposure to a terrorism related traumatic event, and a confirmed diagnosis based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition. Data extraction included year and location of terrorist event, the total number of participants in the study, the total numbers of males and females diagnosed with PTSD, and time (in months) of diagnosis following the traumatic event. The number of males and females affected by PTSD was pooled using random effects inverse variance weighted meta-analysis and relative risks (95% confidence interval) were calculated.ResultsTwenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria of which five had significant information to be included in the meta-analysis. The total number of males in the pooled sample size was 328, and the total number of females was 354 out which a total number of 34 males and 66 females met the PTSD criteria. The mean average of males and females affected by PTSD was 6 and 11, respectively. An independent samples Mann Whitney U test rejected the null hypothesis (p < 0.05) and concluded that the distribution of PTSD between males and females was significantly different. The meta-analysis found an overall relative risk of a diagnosis of PTSD in females to be 1.82 (95% CI 1.25–2.65) compared with males.ConclusionThis meta-analysis found females to have an elevated risk of developing PTSD following a single terrorism traumatic event. The results of our study are supported by previously published research, which has found females to be at higher risks of developing PTSD. However, such research has proposed gender differences secondary to the types of stressful events experienced, which does not apply to our meta-analysis given the uniformity of the traumatic event we explore. Other factors, therefore, need investigating to understand this phenomenon.We acknowledge that researching psychological consequences in communities affected by terrorism is complicated and limited by lack of healthcare access, trained clinicians, cultural diversity in the expression and articulation of a community's traumatic experience and of course, the instability of the ground fabric. Other limitations of the included studies are the binary of gender reporting, which limits a fuller understanding of a minoritized community.
Predictors of the Course of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Physical Injury Over Two Years
Authors: Kim Jae-Min 
Published: August 2024

AimsThe course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is complex and remains an area of active investigation, as analyses aimed at identifying predictors of PTSD outcomes often produce variable and inconsistent results. This particular study delves into the progression and patterns of PTSD over a two-year period, focusing on individuals who are in the recovery phase from severe physical injuries. The research aims to understand the different trajectories that PTSD can take and to identify the factors that may influence these pathways, with the goal of enhancing our understanding and treatment of this challenging and multifaceted condition.MethodsPatients were recruited from a trauma center at a university hospital in South Korea between June 2015 and January 2021. At baseline, 1142 patients underwent evaluations encompassing trauma and PTSD-related measures, socio-demographic characteristics, pre-trauma characteristics, and peri-trauma assessments. They were subsequently followed up for PTSD using the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The analyzed sample consisted of 1014 patients who were followed up at least once after the baseline and 3-month evaluations. Latent class growth analysis was employed to identify distinct trajectory groups, and logistic regression models to ascertain predictors associated with each trajectory.ResultsThe study identified five unique trajectories of PTSD progression among the patients: resilient, worsening/recovery, worsening, recovery, and chronic groups. The "worsening/recovery” trajectory, which indicates patients whose symptoms initially worsened but later improved, was predominantly associated with individuals who had experienced previous traumatic events and those who had sustained injuries from traffic accidents. On the other hand, the "worsening” trajectory, where patients' symptoms continuously deteriorated over time, was linked to individuals with higher education levels and elevated depressive symptoms. The "recovery” trajectory, characterized by a gradual improvement in symptoms, was more common in female patients and those with a history of childhood abuse, traffic-related injuries, a dissociative subtype of PTSD, and higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Lastly, the "chronic” trajectory, where patients experienced persistently severe symptoms, was predicted by the presence of a dissociative subtype of PTSD and heightened anxiety symptoms. These findings illustrate the diverse paths PTSD can take and highlight the importance of various factors in influencing these trajectories.ConclusionThese findings highlighted the heterogeneity of PTSD symptom development and thus the importance of considering individual characteristics when assessing and addressing PTSD following severe physical injuries.
Point-of-Care Blood Testing in Severe Mental Illness: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation
Authors: Lyman Monty , Fanshawe Jack , Brewin Josh , Fanshawe Thomas , Turner Philip 
Published: August 2024

AimsThere is a significant mortality gap between the general population and people with SMI. This is especially prominent in those with psychotic disorders, underpinned by an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. Identifying patients at risk early in their psychotic disorder is of key importance to reduce this mortality gap. Despite the recognised importance of regular physical health assessments in this group, completion rates are suboptimal. Point-of-care testing (POCT) to screen for diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, providing a result from a fingerprick sample in under 10 minutes presents a potential solution to enhance delivery of physical health checks and improve health outcomes in a proactive manner.We introduced POCT across EIP teams in Southeast of England and evaluated the impact on physical health check completion rates and the quality of clinician-patient interactions in EIP teams.MethodsA stepped wedge study was performed, introducing Abbot Afinion-2 machines across 30 EIP teams in all eight Mental Health Trusts in South East England (2021–2022). Numbers of completed physical health checks, and HBA1C and lipids blood tests completed in six months before and six months after introduction of POCT were collected from individual patients. Data were compared with those from the South West, which acted as a control region. Data were analysed from National Clinical Audit of Psychosis (NCAP) over comparable date range (2021–2022) to corroborate the findings. Clinician questionnaires were administered at three timepoints (after training, two-months, and eight-months), capturing training experiences, device usability and impacts on patient interactions.ResultsIn Southeast England, the rate and quality of physical health checks increased after introduction of POCT HbA1c testing OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.17 to 3.49), lipids 2.38 (1.43 to 3.97), and total completed health checks 3.61 (1.94 to 7.94). These increases were not seen in the Southwest region that did not introduce the machines. A post-hoc review of national audit data also showed a greater improvement of health checks in the intervention group compared with the comparator group over an overlapping timescale. Findings from the questionnaires evidenced improved patient engagement, clinician empowerment and the preference of POCT over traditional blood tests in this setting.ConclusionPOCT is associated with improvements in the rate and quality of physical health checks, and this study emphasizes the potential of POCT in reducing health inequalities and enhancing holistic care for individuals living with severe mental illness.
ComPASSION: A Screening Tool for Type 1 Diabetes and Disordered Eating (T1DE)
Authors: Major Benjamin , Partridge Helen , Zaidman Sebastian , Nicholson Eveleigh , Figueiredo Carla 
Published: August 2024

AimsBackground: In 2018, NHS England funded a one-year project of a combined approach for physical and mental health services to support those with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders – ComPASSION Project. Part of this project looked to develop a questionnaire screening tool to improve early recognition of those at risk of T1DE.Aims: To assess the effectiveness of an adapted questionnaire in identifying patients at risk of T1DE in a routine diabetes clinic. To this end, we focussed on two main aspects:
1.Discussion around weight and body image – patient discussion topic.2.Diabetes distress score.MethodsData from a modified questionnaire was collected retrospectively from diabetes clinics across two hospital sites July 2019–March 2020 with a total study size of 300 patients. Questionnaire responses from those with T1DE were compared with those without.ResultsThe questionnaire screening tool is an effective screening tool identifying Type 1 diabetic patients at risk of disordered eating. Patients with T1DE were more likely to raise concerns regarding weight and/or body image. Diabetes distress scores were significantly greater in T1DE patients.ConclusionHealthcare professionals should be alert to patients with Type 1 diabetes at risk of disordered eating. Early identification of patients with T1DE is possible when using patient discussion topics and assessing the diabetes distress score. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of this questionnaire screening tool on a larger population.
Gender Differences Amongst First-Time Admitted Psychiatric Inpatients in Palestine
Authors: Marzouqa Nizar , Alhroob Thaer , Alnammourah Wala , Awwad Asala , Oweina Layth 
Published: August 2024

AimsBethlehem Psychiatric Hospital is the only psychiatric hospital in the West Bank. Gender differences aren't widely studied in medical Palestinian research, therefore, data on it is very scarce. This study aims to study gender-based patterns of clinical and demographic characteristics amongst patients admitted for the first time at Bethlehem Psychiatric Hospital over a year.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bethlehem Psychiatric Hospital, reviewing the medical records of patients admitted for the first time between October 2022 and October 2023. First, data collection was conducted manually by residents transferring information from paper-based files to an Excel sheet. Next, sociodemographic and clinical variables were selected. Finally, the 21st version of IBM SPSS was used to analyze the role of gender factors.ResultsFor the 140 patients admitted for the first time to the psychiatric hospital between October 2022 and October 2023, the majority (70%) were male, with a mean age of 31.6 for males and 35 for females.Most variables showed no significant differences between male and female patients. Of the variables that showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher occurrence in male patients were imprisonment, physical aggression (78.6% of males, 61.9% of females), smoking (84.4% of males, 14.3% of females), and substance use (36.7% of males, 2.3% of females). However, length of stay, clozapine prescription, and parents' consanguinity were significantly higher in women.ConclusionThis is the first study conducted about gender differences in Palestinian psychiatric inpatients. Some elements pointing to antisocial traits (like imprisonment and substance use) were more common in males, while women stayed longer at the hospital. Studying these measures and their etiology is crucial for better understanding and management.There is a need for more research on gender differences, and Palestinian psychiatry as a whole, integrating social-economic, cultural, and medical views, to provide better equitable care for patients, and be able to advocate better for them.
Comparison of Temperament and Cognitive Function Between Basketball and Baseball Players
Authors: Kim Kun Jung , Han Doug Hyun , Kim Sun Mi , Min Kyung Joon 
Published: August 2024

AimsThe purpose of this study was investigating the differences in temperament, personality, and cognitive function among athletes and non-athletes, as well as differences within athlete groups participating in different-paced sports like baseball and basketball.MethodsA total of 57 professional basketball players, 51 professional baseball players, and 44 non-athletes subjected to temperament and characteristics inventory assessments and computerized neurocognitive function test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the average differences in demographic characteristics, temperament, personality traits, and cognitive functions among the three groups, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. Comparisons between starters and non-starters within the athlete groups were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsIn the analysis of temperament, the basketball and baseball player groups exhibited higher reward dependence and persistence compared with the control group. Additionally, in the assessment of personality traits, both basketball and baseball player groups scored higher in self-directedness and cooperativeness compared with the control group, whereas self-transcendence scores were lower. In cognitive ability assessments, baseball and basketball players outperformed the control group in emotional perception tests. Both baseball and basketball players showed lower card movement counts compared with the control group.ConclusionThis study compared the differences in temperament, personality, and cognitive abilities between professional basketball and baseball players and non-athletes. These results provide valuable insights into the temperament, personality, and cognitive abilities of professional athletes, contributing important information for athlete development and coaching goals in the future.
Evaluation of the TRANSFORM Pilot Training Program for Community Health Workers and Traditional and Faith-Based Healers in Bangladesh
Authors: Soron Tanjir Rashid , Azmery Kazi Shammin , Akter Farzana , Rana Belaluzzaman , Rahman Maksudur 
Published: August 2024

AimsIn the densely populated Korail slum of Bangladesh, there is a critical gap in mental health care provision and utilization that was revealed in our ethnographic study. We observed the pivotal role of Community Health Workers (CHWs), Medicine Sellers, and Traditional and Faith-Based Healers (TFHs) in the existing health care service delivery. Moreover, we explored the opportunity to collaborate with them to ensure universal access to biomedical care for serious mental disorders in this slum. As a part of this collaborative approach, we aimed to train these 4 key stakeholders through co-designed training programs that were codeveloped through extensive community engagement including 5 co-designing workshops and 2 writing workshops with them. Furthermore, we refined the initial training program by an expert committee and stakeholders. This training program was piloted to find out the acceptability, feasibility, impact, challenges and areas of improvement.MethodsWe followed mixed-methods approach to evaluate the 3-day pilot training with 20 participants at Mirpur, Dhaka. In quantitative part of evaluation we used a) pre and post test assessment that has been carefully designed to assess knowledge, skills, communication, attitudes and motivation, b) session specific questionnaire to find out feedback of the content, activities and time sensitivity of the session, anonymous feedback forms.In the qualitative part, we conducted a) focus group discussions (FGDs) after completion of training with each group, b) observational notes from each session for deeper understanding.ResultsThe pilot training engaged a diverse group of 20 participants and their age ranged from 24 to 52 years, representing 11 different organizations. Though most of the participants were working in the health sector for a long time, we found more than 10% of the participants believed there was no effective biomedical care for the serious mental disorder during pretesting. However, their perception changed during the training. The role playing and case scenario was the most engaging and enjoyable part. We found the participants considered their knowledge regarding the mental health increased up to 80% from their baseline. Our research team also found the increased number of referrals to the biomedical care from the community after the pilot training.ConclusionThe increased motivation and sense of responsibility reported by participants underscore the training program's effectiveness and the experience and learning from this pilot helped us to further refinements of the training program for the traditional and faith based healer, community health workers and medicine to transform the mental health scenario in Bangladesh.
Menopause and Risk-Taking Behaviours: A Cross-Sectional, Online Survey
Authors: Reisel Dan , Kamal Aini , Glynne Sarah , Newson Louise 
Published: August 2024

AimsLimited data suggest that negative mood symptoms in the menopause transition may be associated with a higher prevalence of alcohol misuse and other risk-taking behaviours in menopausal women. Excessive alcohol consumption can exacerbate menopausal symptoms, reduce quality of life and is associated with chronic morbidity that overlaps with the consequences of long-term oestrogen deficiency (such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease). The aim of this survey was to explore the impact of mental ill-health on alcohol consumption and gambling habits in menopausal women.MethodsWe constructed an anonymous survey consisting of multiple-choice and free-text questions. The survey was distributed online via social media channels on the 22 August 2023 and was open for 6 weeks. All perimenopausal and menopausal women were invited to participate. Responses were collected using the Qualtrics survey platform and analysed in Excel for descriptive statistics.Results1,178 responses were submitted. One in three women reported drinking more alcohol during the perimenopause/menopause; 15% of women drink more than the recommended maximum of 14 units per week, and 24% (286) are spending up to £50 per week on alcohol. 70% (332) cited anxiety, stress, and/or depression as the reason for their increased alcohol consumption, whilst 29% (135) said they drank to alleviate menopause symptoms. Further, 5% (54) of respondents admitted gambling more since the onset of perimenopause/menopause; 43% (27) said it was due to anxiety, stress, and/or depression, whilst 13% (9) said they do so to help manage their menopause symptoms.ConclusionThis anonymous, cross-sectional survey found evidence of an association between menopause and addiction. Increased awareness of this association should facilitate earlier recognition and more timely access to support and effective treatment for addiction, including hormone replacement therapy to treat menopausal symptoms that may underlie and/or exacerbate unhealthy lifestyle behaviours.
Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) on Negative and Cognitive Symptoms in Schizophrenia – a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rudrappa Roopa , Cavanna Andrea , Rickards Hugh , Ul Haq Katshu Mohammad Zia 
Published: August 2024

AimsTraditional antipsychotic treatment improves positive symptoms in schizophrenia but has little impact on negative and cognitive symptoms. TMS is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique which has been suggested to impact negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. This systematic review critically appraised the research evaluating the effect of TMS on negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we carried out a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of the effect of TMS on negative symptoms in schizophrenia.MethodsSystematic review was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. Cochrane Library, Ovid Medline, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched for relevant studies using the search terms: “transcranial magnetic stimulation” OR “TMS” OR “repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation” OR “r-TMS” OR “theta burst stimulation” OR “TBS” AND “negative symptoms” OR “cognitive dysfunction” OR “cognitive impairment” AND “schizophrenia” OR “psychosis”. Only randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of TMS (rTMS or iTBS, intermittent theta burst) on negative and/or cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia were selected. Thirty-three studies were included in the systematic review. The Standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each study and pooled across studies using an inverse variance random effect model.ResultsSixteen studies demonstrated significant improvement in negative symptoms with a superior effect of TMS compared with sham intervention. Eight studies showed improvement in certain domains of cognition and one study showed a delayed effect on negative symptoms. Studies which showed positive effects on negative symptoms have used similar TMS parameters such as 10 Hz over L-DLPFC (Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) except for a few studies. Ten studies reported negative results for negative and/or cognitive symptoms, TMS parameters and duration of treatment used varied among these studies. Overall, SMD for SANS (Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms) was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.46–1.32, P < 0.00001) and for PANSS-N (Positive and Negative Syndrome scale-negative) was 0.67 (95%CI: 0.22–1.12, P < 0.00001), both in favour of TMS. The heterogeneity of the included studies was high, I2- 85% for SANS and 92% for the PANSS-N subscale with a small to moderate risk of publication bias.ConclusionHigh-frequency rTMS is more effective than sham in improving negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Our results suggest the need for well-designed randomised controlled trials with larger sample sizes and standard harmonised cognitive assessments to assess the effect of TMS on negative and cognitive symptoms to provide sufficient evidence for inclusion in routine clinical practice.