bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Serum by Molecular Hybridization
Authors: Shimizu Yoshitaka , Ida Setsuko , Matsukura Toshihiko , Yuasa Tazuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was detected by direct spotting of alkali‐denatured serum on a nitrocellulose filter and molecular hybridization with cloned HBV DNA as the probe. Measurement of the autoradiographic signals as the intensity of hybridization allowed the quantitation of HBV DNA content in serum specimens in reference to cloned HBV DNA. Direct spotting of denatured serum was approximately three times as sensitive as the conventional method in which proteinase‐treated serum was extracted with phenol‐chloroform. The intensity of hybridization with 25 specimens of HB virion concentrates correlated well with DNA polymerase activity (r = 0.89, P < 0.01).
Cross Wall Synthesis and the Arrangement of the Wall Polymers in the Cell Wall of Staphylococcus spp.
Authors: Amako Kazunobu , Umeda Akiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe growing process and the fine structure of the cross wall of Staphylococcus were investigated by electron microscopy. Examination of the tangentially sectioned cross wall revealed that it was initially synthesized as a thin cell wall layer by an invaginated cytoplasmic membrane. The wall thickness soon increased by additional synthesis of the wall from the cytoplasmic membrane located at the side region of the cross wall. Scanning electron microscopic observation of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐treated and mechanically separated cross walls revealed that the outer surface of the cross wall exhibits regular circular structures and the inner surface showed has an irregular surface. This indicates that cell wall materials were arranged in a regular circular manner in the initially synthesized thin layer. It is conceivable that in Staphylococcus spp. two cell wall synthesizing systems are present: wall‐elongation synthesis in which wall materials are arranged in a regular circular manner and wall‐thickening synthesis in which wall materials are arranged in an irregular manner.
Enhancement of Endotoxicity and Reactivity with Carbocyanine Dye by Sonication of Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiyuki , Kanoh Seizaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe specificity of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in the carbocyanine dye reaction was investigated, and then a stoichiometric study of the dye‐LPS interaction was conducted with attention to the relationship of biological activities of LPS to the reactivity with the dye. Absorption maxima of some bacterial components in the dye reaction were as follows; LPS from both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lipid A from E. coli LPS, 465 nm; Shigella flexneri LPS, 460 nm; Salmonella minnesota R595 glycolipid, 470 nm; polysaccharide from E. coli LPS, 650 nm; yeast RNA, 620 nm; streptococcal M protein and pyrogenic exotoxin, 610 nm; and free fatty acids, 445–450 nm. The absorbance at 465 nm was increased approximately threefold by sonicating LPS for 1–3 min, which roughly paralleled the decrease in turbidity of the LPS aqueous solution. The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) gelation activity of LPS increased 10‐fold when LPS was sonicated for 0.5–5 min, but it decreased to the control level after further treatment. This decrease, however, was overcome by sonication in the presence of 5 mmol of L‐ascorbic acid used as an antioxidant. The LAL gelation activity of LPS was inactivated in parallel with an increase in the ratio (w/w) of dye to LPS from 1.73 to 6.90 in the dye‐LPS mixture. Pyrogenicity of LPS was also clearly inactivated when the ratio was over 1.73. The ratios of the height of the β band at 465 nm (dye‐LPS complex) to that of the α band at 510 nm (free dye) were increased by sonicating LPS, indicating that the binding character, or stacking tendency, was increased by sonicating LPS.
Colonial Morphology of Treponemes Observed by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Umemoto Toshihiko , Namikawa Isamu , Yamamoto Mituhito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe colonial morphology of three strains of cultivable, nonpathogenic treponemes including a human oral treponeme was examined by light and electron microscopy. Treponema phagedenis strains Kazan and Reiter produced large white colonies on the surface of solid media composed of sterility test broth, 0.9 to 3.1% agar, rifampin, and 12.5% rabbit or horse serum. A human oral treponeme, strain G7201, grew as diffused white zones on 0.9 to 3.1% agar plates. Under the cultural conditions employed agar concentrations slightly affected the time of appearance of colonies of the three strains of treponemes.When the colonies of these three strains were viewed by scanning electron microscopy, differences in their colonial morphology were observed. The 11‐day‐old colonies of human oral strain G7201 were very small, 5 to 15 μm in diameter, and had a slight irregular border. Kazan treponemes developed circular, entire and low convex colonies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the colonies of Reiter treponemes contained spherical forms almost up to 5 μm in diameter, each consisting of an outer membrane and a treponemal main body. They were very similar to the spherical bodies produced by strain G7201 in sucrose‐containing broth.
Role of Serum Factors in the Phagocytosis of Weakly or Heavily Encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans Strains by Guinea Pig Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Ikeda Reiko , Shinoda Takako , Kagaya Keiko , Fukazawa Yoshimura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated the opsonic activity of the serum factors affecting phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro to elucidate the role of humoral factors in the host defense mechanisms against cryptococcosis. Two strains of C. neoformans, one heavily and one weakly encapsulated, were used. Guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were used for phagocytosis. The viable weakly encapsulated cells were ingested effectively by PBLs, in the presence of guinea pig normal fresh serum, while the heavily encapsulated cells were not ingested. Neither immune serum, its IgG fraction alone, nor heated serum promoted the phagocytosis of either the weakly or heavily encapsulated strain. On the other hand, immune serum promoted adherence of PBLs to viable cells of the heavily encapsulated strain, forming rosettes in the presence of fresh serum. A substantial amount of C3b component was detected on yeast cells when weakly encapsulated cells were incubated with human fresh serum, or heavily encapsulated cells were incubated with rabbit immune serum together with human fresh serum. Serum chelation experiments also indicated that the factors involved in the alternative complement pathway are opsonins for the weakly encapsulated strain. These results suggest that the alternative pathway plays an important normal opsonic role for weakly encapsulated strains and that specific antibody plays an immune opsonic role for heavily encapsulated strains of C. neoformans via the classical pathway of complement activation.
Demonstration of T Antigens on the Surface of Cells Transformed with Primate Polyoma Viruses
Authors: Ohno Tadayoshi , Yamaguchi Nobuo , Uchida Seijiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrimate polyoma virus‐transformed hamster, mouse, and rat cell lines were examined by indirect immunofluorescence staining for cell surface‐associated T antigens, by using a rabbit antiserum prepared against sodium dodecyl sulfate‐denatured large T antigen of simian virus 40 (anti‐SV40‐SDS‐T serum). Positive surface staining was shown not only on SV40‐transformed cells, but also on BK and JC virus‐transformed cells. In contrast, normal cells and cells transformed with mouse polyoma‐, human adeno‐, and murine sarcoma viruses were negative. The data on SV40‐transformed cells confirmed the reports of others demonstrating the cell surface location of SV40 large T antigen, and the data on BK and JC virus‐transformed cells proved that these cells have cell‐surface T antigens that cross‐react with anti‐SV40‐SDS‐T serum.
Germinability and Heat Resistance of Spores of Clostridium difficile Strains
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Izumi Junko , Nakashio Satoshi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOut of 111 Clostridium difficile strains, 108 produced spores in numbers of more than 105/ml and the remaining three did not produce any spores in brain heart infusion medium. The germination frequency in the medium without lysozyme varied widely from strain to strain, ranging from less than 10−8 to 100, and in 77 of the 108 strains the germination frequency was 10−5 or less. The spores, when treated with sodium thioglycollate and then inoculated into the medium containing lysozyme, germinated in all of the 108 strains at a frequency of 10−0.5 or more. The spores of two strains germinated at a frequency of more than 10−0.5 in all methods. Spores of C. difficile strains were fairly highly heat‐resistant; D100C values ranged from 2.5 to 33.5 min.
Inhibition of Cortex Hydrolysis during Spore Germination by CdCl2
Authors: Nakatani Yoshihiro , Imagawa Masayoshi , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen the spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 (ATCC 12872) were incubated with 5 mM CdCl2 at 30 C, they underwent the early germination events, such as loss of heat resistance and release of calcium dipicolinate, in the same way as when they were germinated by glucose+KNO3. However, germination by CdCl2 caused no increase in the reducing groups in the cortex and no excretion of glucosamine‐containing materials due to the hydrolysis of the cortex peptidoglycan. Addition of CdCl2 at any time during germination by glucose + KNO3 inhibited the release of glucosamine‐containing materials from the spores, whereas removal of cadmium from the CdCl2‐germinated spores by treatment with cysteine restored the hydrolysis of peptidoglycan.These results suggested that CdCl2 caused the early events of spore germination but prevented the spores from undergoing the events following germination by inhibiting the enzymatic lysis of the cortex peptidoglycan. The conclusion from the study is that cortex degradation is not always required for the initiation of germination.
Lateral Flagellar Antigen of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi: Existence of Serovars Common to the Two Species
Authors: Shinoda Sumio , Nakahara Noriko , Uchida Emiko , Hiraga Michie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe antigenicity of lateral (L‐) flagella of two marine vibrios, Vibrio alginolyticus and V. harveyi, was studied, and the two species were found to have common antigenicity of their flagella. Antisera against L‐flagella were prepared by immunizing rabbits with highly purified L‐flagellar filaments. H‐Agglutination tests with the anti‐L‐flagella antisera showed that four H‐serovars existed in these species and that two of them were shared by the two species. Cross reactivity between H‐serovars of these two species and other vibrios having lateral flagella, such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii, V. proteus, or V. fluvialis, was not observed in the H‐agglutination test, although partial common antigenicity was observed in the gel diffusion test with flagellin monomers. These observations suggest that surface antigenic determinants of the lateral flagella of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi are specific to these two species but internal antigenic determinants buried in the flagellar filaments are partially shared with other vibrio species.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1
Authors: Miyazaki Takashige , Koga Hironobu , Nakashima Manabu , Tomonaga Akimitsu , Kohno Shigeru , Hirota Masaki , Saito Atsushi , Hara Kohei , Watanabe Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour monoclonal antibodies to Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia 1 were produced by the fusion of immunized BALB/c lymphocytes to a murine myeloma cell line. Two (Lpl‐1 and Lpl‐3) of the four monoclonal antibodies reacted with 14 L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains, and the other (Lpl‐2 and Lpl‐4) reacted with only three out of 20 strains tested. These four monoclonal antibodies did not bind to any strains of L. pneumophila serogroup 2–7 and other Legionella species. In addition, it has been shown that these monoclonal antibodies may be useful not only for subserotyping of L. pneumophila but also for retrospective diagnosis using immunopathological methods.
Fatty Acid Composition and Shwartzman Activity of Lipopolysaccharides from Oral Bacteria
Authors: Mashimo Jun‐Ichi , Yoshida Michiko , Ikeughi Kuniko , Hata Seiichi , Arata Satoru , Kasai Nobuhiko , Okuda Katsuji , Takazoe Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe composition and the nature of the linkage of fatty acids and the Shwartzman activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations derived from oral gram‐negative bacteria including Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides loesheii, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were examined. 3‐Hydroxylated and nonhydroxy fatty acids of various chain lengths were found in all of the LPS preparations. All nonhydroxy fatty acids were found to be ester‐bound, and part of the 3‐hydroxy fatty acids in the LPS of B. gingivalis, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans were shown to be involved in ester linkage. It was also suggested that the hydroxy group of the ester‐bound 3‐hydroxy fatty acid of the LPS of F. nucleatum and A, actinomycetemcomitans is at least partly substituted by another fatty acid, but in the LPS of B. gingivalis and E. corrodens it is not. The main amide‐linked fatty acid of the LPS of B. gingivalis, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans was 3‐hydroxyheptadecanoic, 3‐hydroxydodecanoic, 3‐hydroxyhexadecanoic, and 3‐hydroxytetradecanoic acid, respectively. The results of the Shwartzman assay showed that the E. corrodens LPS was the most active among the preparations tested, and that the Shwartzman toxicity of Bacteroides LPS is extremely low.
Gene Structures of Low‐Neurovirulent Vaccinia Virus LC16m0, LC16m8, and Their Lister Original (LO) Strains
Authors: Sugimoto Masanobu , Yasuda Atsushi , Miki Keizaburo , Morita Michio , Suzuki Kazuyoshi , Uchida Nobuyuki , Hashizume Soh 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVaccinia viruses LC16m0 and LC16m8 are temperature‐sensitive and low‐neurovirulent variants derived from the Lister (Elstree) (LO) strain. Analyses of genome DNAs by digestion with restriction endonucleases and cross‐hybridization of the digested fragments revealed that LC16m0 and LC16m8 possess a new XhoI site in addition to the 14 XhoI sites of LO. This new site is located at about 12 × 106 daltons from the right terminal end. There was no significant difference in the genome structures between the LC16 variants and LO except the new XhoI site and their terminal fragments which were not identified in LO owing to their heterogeneity. With HindIII digested fragments, there was no difference among the three viruses. This complete mapping raised the possibility that the putative gene responsible for temperature sensitivity and neurovirulence is located at the region of the XhoI site found in LC16m0 and LC16m8.
Actinomyces viscosus Cell‐Free Synthesis of Extracellular Slime Polysaccharide
Authors: Ooshima Takashi , Kuramitsu Howard K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA cell‐free extract of Actinomyces viscosus T14Av catalyzed the synthesis of extracellular N‐acetylglucosamine‐rich slime polysaccharide. The activity was localized in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction and required the presence of ADP‐glucose and UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine. Maximal activity was demonstrated at pH 7.5 and also required the presence of divalent cations such as Mg2+ or Mn2+. Extracellular slime appeared to serve as a primer for slime biosynthesis. The antibiotic tunicamycin acted as an inhibitor of slime formation. However, another glucosamine analogue, amphomycin, as well as the antibiotic bacitracin produced moderate stimulatory effects on slime biosynthesis.
Detection of Mucosal and Serum Antibodies Specific for the Capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae Type b by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Harada Teruhiko , Sakakura Yasuo , Shimura Keishiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with rough‐surfaced glass beads used as the solid phase was developed for detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (HITB‐CP). A successful method for indirect coating of glass bead surfaces with HITB‐CP, and parameters affecting the specificity and sensitivity of the assay are described. This ELISA system proved to be 100 times as sensitive as the standard indirect fluorescent‐antibody assay. The assay was applied to the measurement of antibodies to HITB‐CP in serum and nasal secretions and proved to be a useful tool in the evaluation of immunological response to HITB infection.
Formation of Varicella‐Zoster Virus Antigens in Infected Vero Cells
Authors: Takayama Michiko , Oya Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe formation of varicella‐zoster (V‐Z) virus‐associated antigens was studied in V‐Z virus‐infected Vero cells by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Early antigen (EA) was first detected inside V‐Z virus‐infected Vero cells 4 to 6 hr after infection, whereas surface membrane antigen (SMA) was expressed on the outer surface of infected cells 2 to 3 hr later than EA, and intranuclear late antigen (LA) was detected several hours later than SMA antigen. EA expression was not inhibited by cytosine arabinoside (Ara‐C) treatment, whereas LA formation was completely blocked by Ara‐C. The presence of two components of SMA early SMA (ESMA) and late SMA (LSMA), was suggested by this difference in susceptibility to Ara‐C. The formation of all viral antigens, EA, SMA, and LA, was blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis.
Mycoplasma pulmonis Arthritis in Mice: Microbiological and Immunological Features
Authors: Kono Masako , Yoshioka Morimasa , Imai Miki , Hirose Shunichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMycoplasma pulmonis m53 was inoculated intraarticularly in the bilateral hind footpads and bilateral knee joints of BALB/c mice. Mycoplasmas were recovered from the affected joints over 20 weeks accompanying acute or subacute inflammation. Intensive deposition of immunoglobulins, a complement (C3) and mycoplasma cell antigens occurred in synovial and adjacent connective tissues. The histopathologically intact kidneys, brain, and lungs showed deposition of IgG and the complement on the endothelial cells of blood vessels. An IgG‐rheumatoid factor like substance (RFLS) was detected in the serum of the mice by an enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay. Persistence of mycoplasma cells and immune complexes in the articular tissues might cause the prolongation of inflammatory responses in murine mycoplasmal arthritis.
Collapse of Cortex Expansion during Germination of Bacillus megaterium Spores
Authors: Nakatani Yoshihiro , Tanida Ikuko , Koshikawa Tomihiko , Imagawa Masayoshi , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 12872 were incubated with CdCl2, they germinated without decomposition of the cortex. Moreover, the volume ratio of cortex to protoplast‐plus‐cortex, C/(P + C), of the CdCl2‐germinated spores was reduced. Incubation of isolated cortex with the divalent compounds Cd2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ reduced the gel volume to about 1/5 but incubation with a nonionic compounds, glucose, did not. The spores with reduced C/(P+C) were observed in the early period of glucose‐induced germination. The time required for a 50% change in cortex morphology to occur was 2.5 min, which corresponds well with the time for 50% loss of heat resistance. This time was shorter than that necessary for release of peptidoglycan fragments and hydrolysis of cortex glycan chains. These data indicate that cortex hydrolysis is not related to the initiation of germination. 50% of the dipicolinic acid, calcium and magnesium were released at 3.4, 4.0, and 2.4 min, respectively. These results suggest that collapse of cortex expansion by the interaction of cortex with dipicolinic acid and cations released from the core, or exogenous ionic germinants is an important step in the initiation of germination.
Formation of a Hexagonal Lattice Structure by an R‐Form Lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella: Relationship between Lattice Formation and Uniform Salt Forms
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Naito Setsuko , Kuno Tsuneharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVarious uniform salt forms of an R‐form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Klebsiella strain LEN‐111 (O3‐:K1‐) were prepared and their ultra‐structure was examined. The LPS, which was extracted by the phenol‐water method, freed from contamination with RNA by treatment with RNase, and precipitated by addition of two volumes of 10 mM MgCl2‐ethanol, was used as the original preparation for uniform salt forms. The original LPS preparation formed a hexagonal lattice structure with a lattice constant of 14.9±0.2 nm. The LPS after electrodialysis retained the ability to form a hexagonal lattice structure, although its lattice constant was large (18.7±0.5 nm) and the lattice structure of the electro‐dialyzed LPS was labile at pH 8.0 in contrast to that of the original LPS preparation. The magnesium salt form of the LPS formed essentially the same ordered hexagonal lattice structure (lattice constant of 15.0±0.2 nm) as that of the original LPS preparation. The calcium and ammonium salt forms formed a hexagonal lattice structure, but the lattice constants of the calcium and ammonium salt forms were larger (18.6±0.6nm and 19.3±0.4nm, respectively) than that of the magnesium salt form. The sodium and potassium salt forms consisted of freely branching ribbon‐like structures with an average width of 13 nm and an average thickness of 9 nm. The triethylamine salt form consisted principally of short rods (10 nm × 9–13 nm).
Comparison of Murine B Cell Clonal Expansions by Synthetic Lipid A and Muramyl Dipeptide Analogs
Authors: Saito‐Taki Tatsuo , Nakano Masayasu , Kiso Makoto , Hasegawa Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDirect stimulations of murine B lymphocytes with synthetic lipid A analogs and synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives were studied using a limiting dilution assay system. Synthetic lipid A analogs, GLA‐27 and GLA‐40, when conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) had the ability to induce B cell clonal expansion of a single B cell from the spleen or bone‐marrow. Their activities were almost the same as those of naturally obtained lipid A, but were lower than that of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Addition of dextran sulfate (DXS) enhanced the effect of lipid A analogs. In contrast, synthetic MDP and its derivatives, although they had many biological and immunological activities in experimental animals, could not stimulate a single B cell to induce clonal expansion regardless of the presence or absence of DXS. These results suggested that lipid A analogs can directly cause the proliferation of B cells, but MDPs can not.