bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence of mild and severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sulfonylureas: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schopman J. E. , Simon A. C. R. , Hoefnagel S. J. M. , Hoekstra J. B. L. , Scholten R. J. P. M. , Holleman F. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using sulfonylurea derivatives or insulin may experience hypoglycaemia. However, recent data regarding the incidence of hypoglycaemia are scarce. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that experience hypoglycaemia when treated with sulfonylurea or insulin.We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials that compared incretin‐based drugs to sulfonylureas or insulin and assessed hypoglycaemia incidence in the latter therapies. Subgroup and meta‐regression analyses were performed to study possible associations with potential risk factors for hypoglycaemia.Data of 25 studies were extracted, 22 for sulfonylurea and 3 for insulin. Hypoglycaemia with glucose ≤3.1 mmol/L or ≤2.8 mmol/L was experienced by 10.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.3–13.8%] and 5.9% (95% CI 2.5–13.4%) of patients with any sulfonylurea treatment. Severe hypoglycaemia was experienced by 0.8% (95% CI 0.5–1.3%) of patients. Hypoglycaemia with glucose ≤3.1 mmol/L and severe hypoglycaemia occurred least frequently with gliclazide: in 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4%) and 0.1% (95% CI 0–0.7%) of patients, respectively. None of the risk factors were significant in a stepwise multivariate meta‐regression analysis. Too few studies had insulin as comparator, so these data could not be meta‐analysed.The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on sulfonylurea therapy in clinical trials remain free of any relevant hypoglycaemia. Gliclazide was associated with the lowest risk of hypoglycaemia. Because participants in randomized controlled trials differ from the general population, care should be taken when translating these data into clinical practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced insulin action following subcutaneous co‐administration of insulin and C‐peptide in rats
Authors: Kubota M. , Sato Y. , Khookhor O. , Ekberg K. , Chibalin A. V. , Wahren J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis study was undertaken to examine if C‐peptide (C) may interact with hexameric insulin and facilitate its disaggregation into the physiologically active monomeric form.MethodsRegular insulin (I) or an insulin analogue (IA) were injected s.c. in rats together with C or its C‐terminal pentapeptide (PP). I or IA and C or PP were administered either as a physical mixture or into two separate s.c. depots. Whole body glucose utilization was evaluated using the euglycemic clamp technique. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and GSK in liver and skeletal muscles and 86Rb+ uptake by L6 cells were measured.ResultsS.c. injection of a mixture of I and C or I and PP resulted in a 30–55% greater (P < 0.01–0.001) and 15–27% (P < 0.05–0.001) longer stimulation of whole body glucose utilization than after separate injections. Insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt/PKB in liver increased 35% more after injection of I and C in mixture compared with after separate injections. Phosphorylation of GSK3 was augmented by 50% (P < 0.05) following the injection of I and C in mixture compared with separate injections. Stimulation of myotubes with premixed I and C (1 nM) elicited 20% additional increase in ouabain‐sensitive 86Rb+ uptake (P < 0.05) in comparison with the effect when I and C were added separately.ConclusionsSubcutaneous co‐administration of insulin and C results in augmented insulin bioactivity at the level of tissue glucose uptake, intracellular signalling, and enzyme activation. These effects may be attributed to augmented C mediated disaggregation of hexameric insulin into its physiologically active monomeric form. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive structural and compositional changes over two decades in forest fragments near Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Bulafu C. , Baranga D. , Mucunguzi P. , Telford R. J. , Vandvik V. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPrivate forests harbor considerable biodiversity, however, they are under greater threat than reserved areas, particularly from urbanization, agriculture, and intense exploitation for timber and fuel wood. The extent to which they may act as habitats for biodiversity and how level of protection impacts trends in biodiversity and forest structure over time remain underresearched. We contribute to filling this research gap by resampling a unique data set, a detailed survey from 1990 of 22 forests fragments of different ownership status and level of protection near Kampala, Uganda. Eleven of the 22 fragments were lost over 20 years, and six of the remnants reduced in size. Forest structure and composition also showed dramatic changes, with six of the remnant fragments showing high temporal species turnover. Species richness increased in four of the remaining forests over the resample period. Forest ownership affected the fate of the forests, with higher loss in privately owned forests. Our study demonstrates that ownership affects the fate of forest fragments, with private forests having both higher rates of area loss, and of structural and compositional change within the remaining fragments. Still, the private forests contribute to the total forest area, and they harbor biodiversity including IUCN “vulnerable” and “endangered” species. This indicates the conservation value of the fragments and suggests that they should be taken into account in forest conservation and restoration.
Real world navigation independence in the early blind correlates with differential brain activity associated with virtual navigation
Authors: Halko Mark A. , Connors Erin C. , Sánchez Jaime , Merabet Lotfi B. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTNavigating is a complex cognitive task that places high demands on spatial abilities, particularly in the absence of sight. Significant advances have been made in identifying the neural correlates associated with various aspects of this skill; however, how the brain is able to navigate in the absence of visual experience remains poorly understood. Furthermore, how neural network activity relates to the wide variability in navigational independence and skill in the blind population is also unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neural correlates of audio‐based navigation within a large scale, indoor virtual environment in early profoundly blind participants with differing levels of spatial navigation independence (assessed by the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale). Performing path integration tasks in the virtual environment was associated with activation within areas of a core network implicated in navigation. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scores and activation within right temporal parietal junction during the planning and execution phases of the task. These findings suggest that differential navigational ability in the blind may be related to the utilization of different brain network structures. Further characterization of the factors that influence network activity may have important implications regarding how this skill is taught in the blind community. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2768–2778, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrainsular functional connectivity in human
Authors: Almashaikhi Talal , Rheims Sylvain , Ostrowsky‐Coste Karine , Montavont Alexandra , Jung Julien , De Bellescize Julitta , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Keo Kosal Pascal , Guénot Marc , Bertrand Olivier , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe anatomical organization of the insular cortex is characterized by its rich and heterogeneous cytoarchitecture and its wide network of connections. However, only limited knowledge is available regarding the intrainsular connections subserving the complex integrative role of the insular cortex. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional connectivity within‐ and across‐insular subregions, at both gyral and functional levels.Experimental designWe performed intracerebral electrical stimulation in 10 patients with refractory epilepsy investigated with depth electrodes, 38 of which were inserted in the insula. Bipolar electrical stimulation, consisting of two series of 20 pulses of 1‐ms duration, 0.2‐Hz frequency, and 1‐mA intensity, was delivered at each insular contact. For each stimulated insular anatomical region, we calculated a rate of connectivity, reflecting the proportion of other insular contacts, showing significant evoked potentials.ResultsStatistically significant evoked potentials were recorded in 74% of tested connections, with an average latency of 26 ± 3 ms. All insular gyri were interconnected, except the anterior and posterior short gyri. Most connections were reciprocal, showing no clear anterior to posterior directionality. No connection was observed between the right and the left insula.ConclusionsThese findings point to specific features of human insula connectivity as compared to non‐Human primates, and remain consistent with the complex integration role devoted to the human insula in many cognitive domains. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2779–2788, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Women and Weight: A Treatment Programme for Both Normal and Overweight Women Preoccupied by Eating and Related Issues
Authors: Ryan Beth , Roughan Penny 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper a guide to group therapy for women with chronic concerns about overweight, body image and eating behaviour is described. The first level of therapy constitutes a ten‐week course designed to help women break obsessional preoccupation with eating, weight and body image. A dilemma is posed so that women see themselves struggling paradoxically for social conformity for thinness on the one hand and to provide nurture and food on the other. The contributions of social environment, early learning and family tradition, present family structure and inappropriate treatment modalities are examined.The second level of treatment is designed for severely obese women who have succeeded in breaking the obsessional concern with eating behaviour. This level focuses on family of origin restraints as well as on current family and particularly marital restraints to weight loss. The preliminary outcome studies have been encouraging but long‐term results are not yet available.
Evaluation of Family Therapy: A Comparison of Therapists' and Clients' Views**
Authors: Heilberg R. M. , Firestone A. F. , O'Connell B. 
Published: September 2013

In this evaluation of therapy experience for 82 families by brief therapy at Bouverie Clinic to 1976–1977, therapists' and clients' rating of outcome were obtained.After termination of therapy both therapists and clients reported high improvement rates in the presenting problem(s) as well as in the quality of family relationships and in the family's ability to deal with further problems. High agreement was found between therapist’ and clients' ratings of outcomes.Therapists were more favorable than clients in their ratings of change in the presenting problem and in their ratings of change in the quality of family relationships, but not in assessing the change in family's further problem solving ability.At follow‐up clients were predominantly satisfied with their therapy experience.In addition, therapists' ability to predict outcome accurately, after the second of therapy, was strongly supported by our finding.
Marital Therapy — Practical Approaches to Longstanding Problems*
Authors: White Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper details a practical guide to the therapy of certain longstanding marital problems. Bateson's (1972) notions of schismogenesis and restraint provide the basis for an understanding of these problems and their presentation for therapy in terms of a classification of processes.A series of hypotheses, derived from this classification of processes, is developed for highly competitive marriages, dominant/submissive marriages and for marriages with closeness/distance problems. These hypotheses enable the therapist to avoid inadvertently participating with couples in ways that perpetuate these problems.Intervention procedures that enable the therapist to participate with couples in ways that favour a more mutually satisfying resolution of such problems are discussed.
‘Bad Therapy’ as a Training Technique: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cross Darryl G. , Gaffney Lisa Rosenthal 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to gather empirical data to examine the usefulness of an intriguing training technique called “bad therapy”. The technique, developed by Lang (1980, 1982), is utilized in a role‐play setting for experienced therapists who are having difficulty with specific clients showing little improvement. The therapist is instructed to disregard his or her usual style of treatment, and instead, within a role‐play format with a colleague who plays the part of a client, to try an alternative style of treatment. This new treatment, termed “bad therapy”, instructs the therapist to try to make the client worse rather than better. Interestingly, reports from both the role‐play therapist and client indicate that the “bad therapy” session was considered more beneficial than the therapist's usual mode of treatment. As well as empirically investigating Lang's assertion, the present study also attempted to look at different perspectives of bad therapy. Is “bad therapy” a directive to be harmful and destructive, or is it a suggestion to be more daring and to take more risks? Subjects were 56 therapists who formed twenty eight pairs of therapist‐client dyads. First, each pair conducted a “session” where the therapist performed his or her typical therapy. Then, therapists in one group (N= 11) were given directives to try to make their clients worse rather than better (“destructive” set), while therapists in another group (N=11) were told to say and do things that they wished to, but never dared (“daring” set). Finally, six therapists were told to simply repeat their usual type of therapy (“control” set). Results indicated that clients perceived the destructive and daring groups differently with the daring group being perceived more favourably, yet more authoritarian. Similarly, therapists perceived the daring and control groups more positively than the destructive group. The results are discussed in terms of training techniques and current trends in psychotherapy.
Metaphor: Complete or Incomplete*
Authors: Martin Graham 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUsing metaphor in therapy, both in the process of joining with a family and as a process in itself within which interventions are delivered, can lead to extraordinary and sometimes unexpected behavioural change. Yet for the therapist beginning to consider the use of therapeutic metaphor the prospect must be daunting when, with a few notable exceptions, the literature suggests the ideal as a complex, isomorphic and often elegant story. This paper attempts to broaden yet simplify technique using clinical example to examine the use of metaphor in language and action in family therapy.
STRESS‐Responsive Deacetylase SIRT3 is Up‐Regulated by Areca Nut Extract‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Oral Keratinocytes
Authors: Chen I‐Chieh , Chiang Wei‐Fan , Chen Pei‐Fen , Chiang Hung‐Che 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAreca chewing is an important environmental risk factor for development of oral premalignant lesions and cancer. Epidemiological evidence indicates that areca chewing is tightly linked to oral carcinogenesis. However, the pathogenetic impacts of areca nut extract (ANE) on normal human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) are unclear and possibly involve oxidative stress via redox imbalance. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins that play an important role in regulating cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Recent studies have confirmed that ANE and other areca ingredients can induce ROS. In this study, we examined the role of SIRT3 in the regulation of ANE‐induced ROS in HOK cells. We examined HOK cell viability following treatment with various ANE concentrations. ANE‐induced cytotoxicity increased in a dose‐dependent manner and was approximately 48% at a concentration of 50 μg/ml after 24 h. SIRT3 expression and enzyme activity were up‐regulated in HOK cells by ANE‐induced oxidative stress. Additionally, we identified that SIRT3 controls the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial proteins, such as forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) transcription factor and antioxidant‐encoding gene superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), by deacetylation in HOK cells. Moreover, SIRT3‐mediated deacetylation and activation of Foxo3a promotes nuclear localization in vivo. These findings suggest that SIRT3 is an endogenous negative regulator in response to ANE‐induced oxidative stress and demonstrate an essential role for redox balance in HOK cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 328–339, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruption of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Factor 5 Exacerbates Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
Authors: Bian Zhouyan , Dai Jia , Hiroyasu Nakano , Guan Hongjing , Yuan Yuan , Gan Lihua , Zhou Heng , Zong Jing , Zhang Yan , Li Fangfang , Yan Ling , Shen Difei , Li Hongliang , Tang Qizhu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe cytoplasmic signaling protein tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐associated factor 5 (TRAF5), which was identified as a signal transducer for members of the TNF receptor super‐family, has been implicated in several biological functions in T/B lymphocytes and the innate immune response against viral infection. However, the role of TRAF5 in cardiac hypertrophy has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TRAF5 on the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by transthoracic aorta constriction (TAC) and further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Cardiac hypertrophy and function were evaluated with echocardiography, hemodynamic measurements, pathological and molecular analyses. For the first time, we found that TRAF5 deficiency substantially aggravated cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in response to pressure overload after 4 weeks of TAC compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. Moreover, the mitogen‐activated protein/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway was more activated in TRAF5‐deficient mice than WT mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that as an intrinsic cardioprotective factor, TRAF5 plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the negative regulation of the MEK‐ERK1/2 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 349–358, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Umlagerungen vinyloger Carbonsäurechloride, VII1) Die cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung als Konkurrenzreaktion der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoff‐Verschiebung und der Pyron‐Bildung
Authors: Roedig Alfred , Märkl Gottfried , Ruch Werner 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie cis‐Konfiguration von Pentadiensäuren und Pentadienalen wird durch Halogensubstituenten in α‐β‐Stellung stabilisiert. cis‐3H‐Tetrachlorpentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (1) ist im Gegensatz zu trans‐1 zur thermischen Pyron‐Bildung befähigt. cis1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (7a) weicht dem Pyron‐Ringschluß durch Isomerisierung zu trans‐7a aus. cis‐1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐al‐(5) (9) ist der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung nicht zugänglich, da es sich bereits bei Raumtemperatur in trans‐9 umlagert.
Einwirkung freier Radikale auf Diazoalkane, III1) Zweifache “Homologisierung” von 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl mit Diazomethan
Authors: Rieker Anton , Renner Rudi , Müller Eugen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractÜberschüssiges Diazomethan (1) wandelt 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butylphenoxyl (2) im Dunkeln unter Ringerweiterung in den Cyclohexadienyl‐cyclootatrienyl‐äther 3 und das Cyclohexadienyl‐norcarenyl‐methan 4 um. Die Strukturen von 3 und 4 werden aus den NMR‐Spektren und chemischen Spaltreaktionen abgeleitet. Der Mechanismus der Bildung von 3 und 4 wird als Radikalreaktion von 1 gedeutet.
Zur Stabilität von 1.3‐Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐Diradikalen. Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentan‐5‐spiro‐cyclopropan
Authors: Roth Wolfgang R. , Enderer Klaus 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDer Vergleich der Aktivierungsparameter für die exo ⇋ endo‐Isomerisierung des Bicyclo [2.1.0]pentan‐5‐spiro‐cyclopropans (6) mit denen des Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentans (4) zeigt, daß die intermediär gebildeten 1.3‐Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐Diradikale keine nennenswerte Resonanzstabilisierung erfahren.
Über die Spaltung von Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐phenyl‐äther mit Alkalimetallen
Authors: Maercker Adalbert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDas aus Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐phenyl‐äther (5) mit Lithium primär neben Lithiumphenolat entstehende Cyclopropylcarbinyllithium wird nach der Umlagerung in Allylcarbinyllithium vom Ausgangsmaterial (5) protoniert, wobei Buten‐(1) und o‐Cyclopropylmethoxy‐phenyllithium (6) gebildet werden. Anisol liefert entsprechend o‐Methoxy‐phenyllithium (10), im Gegensatz zu Allyl‐phenyl‐äther (1), bei dem diese o‐Metallierung unterbleibt.
Darstellung und stereochemische Identifizierung der Isomeren sekundärer mono‐, di‐ und trisubstituierter Chlor‐ und Brom‐biscyclopropyle
Authors: Schrumpf Gerd , Lüttke Wolfgang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDurch schrittweise Reduktion von 2.2.2′.2′‐Tetrahalogen‐biscyclopropylen werden alle theoretisch möglichen isomeren Mono‐, Di‐und Trihalogenbiscyclopropyle dargestellt sowie in ihrer Konfiguration chemisch und durch Kernresonanzmessungen charakterisiert. In der Reihe der Brom‐substituierten Biscyclopropyle bestätigt ein zweiter Syntheseweg die getroffene stereochemische Zuordnung der Isomeren.
Photodimerisation von Inden
Authors: Metzner Wolfgang , Wendisch Detlef 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPhotosensibilisiert und bei direkter Anregung dimerisiert Inden unspezifisch zu den vier möglichen Cyclodimeren 2, 3, 4 und 5. Im Gegensatz zur sensibilisierten sind für die unsensibilisierte Photodimerisation angeregtes Triplett‐ und Singulett‐Inden verantwortlich. Letzteres liefert bevorzugt das syn‐Kopf‐Kopf‐Cyclobut[a]diinden (4). Die NMR‐spektroskopischen Parameter der Diindene werden diskutiert.
Über unsymmetrische Diacylsulfide und ihre Spaltung mit Chlor oder Brom
Authors: Böhme Horst , Steudel Hans‐Peter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDurch Umsetzung von Carbonsäurechloriden mit Alkalisalzen von Monothiocarbonsäuren oder O‐Alkyl‐monothiokohlensäuren sind unsymmetrische Diacylsulfide (3, 7) zugänglich, deren “Symmetrisierung” und thermische Zersetzung untersucht werden. Durch Spaltung mit Halogenen, insbesondere Chlor, entstehen Acyl‐schwefelhalogenide (12, 13, 16, 27, 30), die sehr reaktionsfähig sind. Von ihren weiteren Umsetzungsprodukten werden bisher nicht bekannte Alkyl‐ oder Aryl‐acyl‐disulfide bzw. ‐trisulfide (18, 23), unsymmetrische Diacyl‐disulfide (21, 22) sowie Acyl‐dischwefelhalogenide (17, 24) beschrieben.
Neuartige Cyanine, V1) Unsymmetrische Pyridinium‐betain‐cyanine
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Nordmann Heinz Georg 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDas Pyridinium‐aldehydbetain 4 (n = 1, 2) reagiert in Acetanhydrid/Triäthylamin mit zahlreichen aktiven Methylenverbindungen zu neuartigen, unsymmetrischen Pyridinium‐betain‐cyaninen 7.