bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigration
Authors: Seglow Jonathan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe movement of people across the world is as old as human history, but immigration – leaving one's state and entering another – is a more modern phenomenon. Large‐scale migrations began in the mid‐nineteenth century; more recent ones occurred in the years after World War II. Immigration has only recently received much attention from moral and political philosophers, however, and in the past few years there has been a modest but steady stream of scholarly work on this “normatively complex phenomenon” (Bauböck 2009: 28) – a stream that may well grow in size. Here I aim to provide an overview of this recent work.
Frege–Geach Objection
Authors: van Roojen Mark 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Frege–Geach objection is a problem for non‐cognitivist metaethical theories that posit a non‐descriptive semantics for moral or normative domains of discourse. Such theories typically focus in the first instance on simple indicative sentences or utterances. They say of these sentences that their meaning is importantly different from the meaning of similar sentences employing non‐normative predicates (seeNon‐Cognitivism; Semantics, Moral). Early emotivists (seeEmotivism), for example, suggested that simple moral sentences expressed non‐cognitive attitudes toward their objects rather than beliefs that predicate a property of their objects. Most early non‐cognitivist accounts had little to say about more complicated and non‐indicative sentences. The Frege–Geach objection (or problem), as highlighted by Peter Geach (1956) and John Searle (1962), can be seen as the problem of supplementing the account provided for simple sentences so as to cover other, more complex constructions containing moral language. And it is part of that problem that the extension should meet certain conditions of adequacy. Among these conditions are: (1) generating a meaning for the complexes that fits with their ordinary use to express attitudes; (2) explaining how the meanings of the more complex constructions are a function of the meanings of their parts; and (3) doing this in a way that preserves and explains the logical relations that intuitively hold between moral sentences. Let's call these conditions (1) semantic completeness; (2) compositionality; and (3) logical adequacy.
Common Good
Authors: Mansbridge Jane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe common good has traditionally been the keystone of normative political theory, but its meaning has also been contested. The balance between different meanings has changed over time, with aggregative meanings (i.e., the common good as the sum of individual goods) becoming more frequent from the eighteenth century on. In the twentieth century, empirical social scientists joined some philosophers to argue both that a single conception of the common good was inappropriate for a pluralist society and that the common good could not be known. In response, deliberative theorists, civic republicans, and communitarians have argued that the uncertainty and contest regarding its meaning should not prevent individuals or communities from trying to act for the common good or from developing a politics in which the common good, conceived always as contested, plays a central role.
On the Immersion Testing of Degradable Implant Materials in Simulated Body Fluid: Active pH Regulation Using CO2
Authors: Schinhammer Michael , Hofstetter Joëlle , Wegmann Christian , Moszner Frank , Löffler Jörg F. , Uggowitzer Peter J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPredictions of in vivo degradation behavior derived from laboratory experiments are of great importance in the development of biodegradable materials. A key issue is the simulation of the physiological conditions found in living organisms. Generally, the testing solution and in particular the pH buffer have a significant influence on the outcome of degradation experiments. This study presents results obtained from immersion tests in SBF buffered with gaseous CO2. The control of the pH value by means of CO2 has the advantage of better reflecting physiological conditions, and allows the carrying out of in vitro experiments which are closer to the in vivo situation.
Surface Nanocrystalline of Martensite Steel Induced by Sandblasting at High Temperature
Authors: Fu Licai , Li Dongyang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe mechanical and tribological properties were conducted to investigate surface nanocrystalline of martensite steel with hardness of 5 GPa by using sandblasting technique at 500 °C. The average grain size of surface is 30 nm. In contrast, the average grain size of the martensite steel surface, which processed by sandblasting at room temperature and post‐annealing at 500 °C, is 112 nm. Fine grains and Fe3C phase in situ form during sandblasting at 500 °C that is favor for producing nanoscale structure of the martensite steel. The nanostructure surface of the martensite steel has higher hardness and better wear resistance.
Influence of Low Level Ag Additions on Mg‐Alloy AZ91
Authors: Gusieva K. , Sato T. , Sha G. , Ringer S. P. , Birbilis N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe influence of low‐level silver (Ag) additions (0.12 and 0.5 wt%) to magnesium alloy AZ91 were studied in terms of electrochemical response and hardness. These properties were reconciled with microstructural analyses, indicating that 0.12 wt% Ag was capable of imparting an increment in hardness, with no significant increase in electrochemical corrosion kinetics, whilst 0.5 wt% Ag resulted in formation of an Mg4Ag phase which increased cathodic kinetics concomitant with lowered alloy hardness.
Upper Limb Tendinitis and entrapment neuropathy in coal miners
Authors: Özdolap Şenay , Emre Ufuk , Karamercan Ayşe , Sarikaya Selda , Köktürk Fürüzan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt is well‐known that work‐related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, particularly tendinitis and nerve entrapment, remain a difficult and costly problem in industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate tendinitis and entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb of Turkish coal miners.MethodsEighty coal miners and 43 age‐matched clerical workers were included in the study. The evaluation procedures included collection of personal and clinical data, physical examination and bilateral electrodiagnostic testing. Subjects were examined to diagnose tendinitis and nerve entrapment of the upper limb. Bilateral median and ulnar nerves conduction tests were performed on all subjects. Data were collected between August 2011 and December 2011.ResultsThere were 33 subjects with lateral epicondylitis, 10 with medial epicondylitis, and 22 with De Quervain's disease among the coal miners. There were seven subjects with lateral epicondylitis, eight with medial epicondylitis, and four with De Quervain's disease in the control group. The two groups significantly differed in the prevalences of lateral epicondylitis and De Quervain's disease (P = 0.024 and P = 0.029, respectively). Sixteen subjects in the coal miners and 12 subjects in the controls had carpal tunnel syndrome (P = 0.66). Thirty‐seven subjects in the coal miners had ulnar neuropathy of the elbow (UNE), while four subjects in the controls had UNE; this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionLateral epicondylitis, De Quervain disease, and ulnar neuropathy are common work‐related upper limb disorders among coal miners. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:569–575, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis and 47,XXY
Authors: Simpson Joe Leigh , Samango‐Sprouse Carole 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this contribution, we consider detection of 47,XXY by a variety of available methods. These include traditional invasive procedures, screening with maternal serum analytes and fetal ultrasound, and most recently cell‐free fetal DNA. Since its introduction in the late 1960s, prenatal genetic diagnosis has evolved greatly. Serendipitious detection of 47,XXY was not infrequent when prenatal genetic diagnosis routinely involved testing by the invasive procedures CVS and amniocentesis. In 2013 this is much less common and relatively few pregnancies in the U.S. and Europe are tested without prior screening protocols, traditionally maternal serum analyte and fetal ultrasound (NT). These protocols are not designed to identify 47,XXY or other X‐chromosome aneuploides and with screening by analysis of cell‐free DNA in maternal blood, this situation may or may not be altered. Increased numbers of cases could be detected if intake increases and vendors offer information on 47,XXY. A further consideration is that ability of array CGH to detect microdeletions or microduplications below resolution of a karyotype could make return to direct testing using an invasive procedure attractive. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Differences in multijoint symptomatic osteoarthritis phenotypes by race and sex: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
Authors: Nelson Amanda E. , Golightly Yvonne M. , Renner Jordan B. , Schwartz Todd A. , Kraus Virginia B. , Helmick Charles G. , Jordan Joanne M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine differences in the phenotypes (patterns) of multiple‐joint symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) involvement by race and sex.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of symptomatic OA phenotypes was performed in a community‐based cohort, comprising subjects for whom data were collected from 4 sites of symptomatic OA involvement (the hands, knees, hips, and lumbosacral [LS] spine) at a single visit (2003–2010). Mutually exclusive phenotypes describing all combinations of these 4 sites were compared by race and by sex, using Fisher's exact tests. For those phenotypes occurring in >40 subjects, logistic regression was performed, with adjustments for race, sex, age, and body mass index (BMI), and interactions of race and sex were assessed.ResultsThe sample included 1,650 participants, of whom 36% were men and 32% were African American. The mean age of the subjects was 66 years, and the mean BMI was 31 kg/m2. Overall, in this sample, 13% of subjects had symptomatic hand OA, 25% had symptomatic knee OA, 11% had symptomatic hip OA, and 28% had symptomatic LS spine OA. African Americans, as compared with Caucasians, were less likely to have involvement of symptomatic OA in the hand only, or in some combination of the hand and other sites, but were more likely to have involvement of the knee only. Men, as compared to women, were less likely to have involvement of the hand only, but were more likely to have involvement of the LS spine only.ConclusionThere are differences in the phenotypes of multiple‐joint symptomatic OA involvement by race and by sex that may influence the definitions of multiple‐joint, or generalized, OA.
Atmospheric blocking in a high resolution climate model: influences of mean state, orography and eddy forcing
Authors: Berckmans Julie , Woollings Tim , Demory Marie‐Estelle , Vidale Pier‐Luigi , Roberts Malcolm 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn underestimate of atmospheric blocking occurrence is a well‐known limitation of many climate models. This article presents an analysis of Northern Hemisphere winter blocking in an atmospheric model with increased horizontal resolution. European blocking frequency increases with model resolution, and this results from an improvement in the atmospheric patterns of variability as well as a simple improvement in the mean state. There is some evidence that the transient eddy momentum forcing of European blocks is increased at high resolution, which could account for this. However, it is also shown that the increase in resolution of the orography is needed to realise the improvement in blocking, consistent with the increase in height of the Rocky Mountains acting to increase the tilt of the Atlantic jet stream and giving higher mean geopotential heights over northern Europe. Blocking frequencies in the Pacific sector are also increased with atmospheric resolution, but in this case the improvement in orography actually leads to a decrease in blocking Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown copyright, Met Office.
Role of 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in hemozoin‐induced lysozyme release from human adherent monocytes
Authors: Polimeni Manuela , Valente Elena , Aldieri Elisabetta , Khadjavi Amina , Giribaldi Giuliana , Prato Mauro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNatural hemozoin (nHZ), a lipid‐bound ferriprotoporphyrin IX crystal produced by Plasmodium parasites after hemoglobin catabolism, seriously compromises the functions of human monocytes, and 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐HETE) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), two nHZ lipoperoxidation products, have been related to such a functional impairment. nHZ was recently shown to promote inflammation‐mediated lysozyme release from human monocytes through p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐ (MAPK)‐ and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐dependent mechanisms. This study aimed at identifying the molecule of nHZ lipid moiety that was responsible for these effects. Results showed that 15‐HETE mimicked nHZ effects on lysozyme release, whereas 4‐HNE did not. 15‐HETE‐enhanced lysozyme release was abrogated by anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐IL‐1β‐blocking antibodies and mimicked by recombinant cytokines; on the contrary, MIP‐1α/CCL3 was not involved as a soluble mediator of 15‐HETE effects. Moreover, 15‐HETE early activated p38 MAPK and NF‐κB pathways by inducing p38 MAPK phosphorylation; cytosolic I‐κBα phosphorylation and degradation; NF‐κB nuclear translocation and DNA‐binding. Inhibition of both routes through chemical inhibitors (SB203580, quercetin, artemisinin, and parthenolide) prevented 15‐HETE‐dependent lysozyme release. Collectively, these data suggest that 15‐HETE plays a major role in nHZ‐enhanced monocyte degranulation. © 2013 BioFactors, 2013
Highly efficient production of the Alzheimer's γ‐Secretase integral membrane protease complex by a multi‐gene stable integration approach
Authors: Alattia Jean‐René , Matasci Mattia , Dimitrov Mitko , Aeschbach Lorène , Balasubramanian Sowmya , Hacker David L. , Wurm Florian M. , Fraering Patrick C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInefficient production of membrane‐embedded multi‐protein complexes by conventional methods has largely prevented the generation of high‐resolution structural information and the performance of high‐throughput drug discovery screens for this class of proteins. Not exempt from this rule is γ‐secretase, an intramembrane‐cleaving protease complex regulating a multitude of signaling pathways and biological processes by influencing gene transcription. γ‐Secretase is also implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and several types of cancer. As an additional challenge, the reconstitution of the protease complex in its active form requires an intricate assembly and maturation process, including a highly regulated endoproteolytic processing of its catalytic component. In this article we report the application of a transposon‐mediated multigene stable integration technology to produce active γ‐secretase in mammalian cells in amounts adequate for crystallization studies and drug screening. Our strategy is expected to help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of intramembrane proteolysis. It is further expected to be widely used for the production of other multi‐protein complexes for applications in structural biology and drug development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1995–2005. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remote delivery of hydroxyl radicals via secondary chemistry of a nonthermal plasma effluent
Authors: Plimpton S. Reed , Gołkowski Mark , Mitchell Deborah G. , Austin Chad , Eaton Sandra S. , Eaton Gareth R. , Gołkowski Czeslaw , Voskuil Martin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to observe hydroxyl radicals produced by an atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma device at distances greater than 1 m from the discharge. The plasma device is an indirect treatment setup with closed loop airflow and hydrogen peroxide additives that is effective in deactivating bacteria on time scales of seconds. The generation of the detected hydroxyl radicals is shown to occur in secondary chemical processes near the point of delivery of the plasma treated air stream. The production of hydroxyl radicals is correlated with humidity of the air stream and ability to lyse bacterial membranes. The overall mechanisms of bacteria inactivation are found to be a combinatorial effect of effluent species. The results indicate the feasibility of selective plasma induced free radical delivery for biomedical applications even in the case of short‐lived species like the hydroxyl radical. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1936–1944. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colorimetric and Highly Selective Fluorescence "Turn‐on" Detection of Cr3+ by Using a Simple Schiff Base Sensor
Authors: Yang Yunxu , Xue Huimin , Chen Laicheng , Sheng Ruilong , Li Xuqin , Li Kun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA simple 8‐quinolinecarboxaldehyde derived antipyrine Schiff base (QA) was synthesized and characterized, which exhibited high selectivity to Cr3+ over other metal cations. The Cr3+ recognition of QA could be achieved by means of fluorescense and absorption spectra, moreover, the obvious color change from colorless to yellowish is easily observed by naked‐eyes. The binding constant of QA to Cr3+ was evaluated by spectral titration and the binding model was in 1:1 stoichiometry measured by Job's plot.
A Silicon‐based Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Iodide Source for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Wenjun , Zhang Xiaoyu , Hu Yue , Jin Bin , Hua Jianli 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRoom temperature molten salt 1‐methyl‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)methyl‐imidazolium iodide (MSII) was used for iodide sources in dye‐sensitized solar cells with an organic sensitizer 2‐cyano‐3‐[5‐[4‐[3‐[4‐(4‐(N,N‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl]‐2,5‐di‐n‐butyl‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione]phenyl]furan‐2‐yl] acrylic acid (DPP‐I) as light harvester. With an optimized electrolyte (MSII:I2:BI:GuNCS24:2:2:0.4, BI and GuCNS are short for benzimidazole and guanidine thiocyanate, respectively), photovoltaic parameters (Jsc, Voc, and ff) of device are 8.97 mA·cm−2, 600 mV and 0.61, respectively, yielding a maximum overall photo‐to‐energy conversion ef?ciency (η) of 3.23%. And then the charge‐transfer mechanism of devices was deeply analyzed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the dark.
Proteolytic Enzymes as Biomarkers of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Jambunathan Kalyani , Welsh Gavin I. , Kodukula Krishna , Saleem Moin A. , Galande Amit K. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Proteases play an important role in many cellular functions and represent promising biomarkers in addition to being targets for many diseases ranging from cardiovascular and neurological disorders to respiratory problems and cancer. Sensitive and robust methods are necessary to quantify proteolytic activities in complex biological samples, e.g., serum and plasma to compliment existing techniques. We have previously utilized a combinatorial library of internally quenched fluorogenic probes to map the proteolytic profiles of guinea pig serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The technique was extended to identify disease‐specific proteolytic activity in guinea pig BALF infected with invasive aspergillosis. Here, the library was utilized to map the global proteolytic specificities of plasma samples obtained from patients with the nephrotic syndrome, known as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). FSGS compromises both native and transplanted kidneys and has limited treatment options due to poorly understood pathophysiology. The circulating factor hypothesis suggests that some factor (or lack thereof) within the blood causes FSGS and recent research points to proteases as one of these. Comparison of the global proteolytic profiles of FSGS and healthy plasma samples identified many peptide motifs that were cleaved only in FSGS or in healthy plasma samples. The observed results reveal not only the protease specificities of plasma samples but also potential targets that can be pursued further to understand the role of proteases in FSGS pathology.
A rat in the labyrinth of anorexia nervosa: Contributions of the activity‐based anorexia rodent model to the understanding of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Gutierrez Emilio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractActivity‐based anorexia (ABA) is an analogous animal model of anorexia nervosa where food‐restricted rats develop excessive running activity when given free access to a running wheel; their body weight sharply decreases, and finally self‐starvation and death ensue unless animals are removed from the experimental conditions. The parallel of this animal model with major signs in the human disorder has been the focus of much attention from researchers and clinicians as a platform for translational research. The paper reviews the historical antecedents of ABA, research characterizing its occurrence, and its main limitations and strengths as a model of AN. As a symptomatic model of AN, the ABA model can provide clinicians with innovative and alternative routes for improving the treatment of AN. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
The effects of acute tryptophan depletion on impulsivity and mood in adolescents engaging in non‐suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Fikke Linn T. , Melinder Annika , Landrø Nils I. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveNon‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is associated with impaired emotion regulation and impulsivity. Low serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine) function is associated with NSSI, impaired emotion regulation and impulsivity. We investigated the effects of experimentally lowered 5‐hydroxytryptamine activity, via acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), on impulsive action, reflection impulsivity and mood in female adolescents engaging in NSSI.MethodsThirty‐two female adolescents engaging in NSSI participated in a parallel group ATD study. Following ATD, impulsive action was assessed using the Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs Version. Reflection impulsivity was assessed using the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Mood‐lowering was examined using the Profile of Mood States.ResultsFollowing ATD, the participants showed an impulsive response style (as reflected in their low β) and increased attentional capacity (as reflected in their elevated d′). ATD did not affect reflection impulsivity or mood.ConclusionsAcute tryptophan depletion caused an impulsive response style and increased attentional capacity. Importantly, the findings suggest that low serotonin function is a vulnerability among female adolescents for engaging in NSSI when in emotional distress. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.