bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Examination
Authors: O'Brien Kathleen M. , Stolz Lori A. , Amini Richard , Gross Austin , Stolz Uwe , Adhikari Srikar 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and predominant location of isolated free fluid in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) on focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examinations of adult patients with trauma presenting to the emergency department.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of adult patients with positive FAST results for free fluid in the abdomen at 2 academic emergency departments. Eligible FAST examinations were reviewed for the presence of fluid in the LUQ and exact location of free fluid within the LUQ.ResultsA total of 100 FAST examinations with free fluid in the abdomen that met inclusion criteria were identified during the study period. Overall 32 of 100 (32%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5%–41.6%) of patients with positive FAST results were found to have free fluid in the LUQ. Only 6 of 100 (6%; 95% CI, 2.5%–11.9%) patients with positive FAST results had free fluid isolated to the LUQ. Of these 6 patients with isolated LUQ free fluid, none had free fluid isolated to the splenorenal fossa alone; 1 had free fluid isolated to the subphrenic space (above the spleen/below the diaphragm); and 4 had free fluid visible only in the left paracolic gutter/inferior to the spleen. Twenty‐seven of 32 patients (84%; 95% CI, 69.1%–93.8%) with free fluid anywhere in the LUQ were also found to have fluid in the left paracolic gutter.ConclusionsFree fluid isolated to the LUQ occurs in a clinically significant number of adult patients with trauma and positive FAST results. Isolated fluid accumulation was often seen within the left paracolic gutter.
Revisit of relationship between geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancements and magnetic storms
Authors: Kim Hee‐Jeong , Lyons Larry , Pinto Victor , Wang Chih‐Ping , Kim Kyung‐Chan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe find evidence that magnetic storms are not only unnecessary for geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancements but also not directly relevant to the electron enhancements even if the enhancements are accompanied by magnetic storms. What is crucial for electron enhancements at geosynchronous orbit are sustained south‐oriented or north‐south fluctuating interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz that drives sufficiently large substorm activity and small solar wind density Nsw that likely leads to low loss rate of relativistic electrons to the ionosphere and/or to the magnetopause for an extended time period. Specifically, almost all the abrupt, large electron increases in our data set took place under the condition of average AE > 235 nT and average Nsw ≤ 5 cm−3. Examination of detailed time profiles clearly shows that electron flux starts to increase quite immediately with arrival of the right IMF and solar wind conditions, regardless of a magnetic storm, leaving the accompanied magnetic storms merely coincident.
Simulation of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and its impacts on the climate over eastern China during the last millennium
Authors: Peng Youbing , Shen Caiming , Cheng Hai , Xu Ying 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and its impacts on precipitation over eastern China during the last millennium are investigated through analyzing two 1000 year global climate model simulations. Results show that the model does not simulate a prolonged period of negative IPO before A.D. 1300 suggested by the proxy reconstruction, although it does simulate centennial periods of negative and positive IPO. The simulated IPO exhibits several low‐frequency oscillations, including 10–23, 30–33, 35–70, and 85–110 years. However, it remains an open question whether simulated IPO oscillations longer than bidecadal mode can be or not be considered as essentially internal modes of variability. The simulations indicate that precipitation over eastern China is associated with the IPO. When the strongest IPO signal of 53–77 year oscillation occurs, the summer precipitation goes of opposite sign over North China (NC) and the middle and lower Yangtze River Vally (MLYRV), i.e., dipole mode such as the “flood‐in‐south and drought‐in‐north” pattern that occurs during the positive IPO episodes and vice versa. While coherent mode is dominant when the relatively weak IPO signal occurs, and warm phases of the IPO coincide with coherent drought and vice versa. The association between 53–77 year oscillation of the IPO and precipitation in NC is more marked than that in the MLYRV. Our results suggest that the internal variability of climate system like the IPO may play an important role in precipitation over eastern China, at least on the 53–77 year oscillation.
Sources of seasonal variability in tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor and ozone: Inferences from the Ticosonde data set at Costa Rica
Authors: Schoeberl Mark R. , Selkirk Henry B. , Vömel Holger , Douglass Anne R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present an analysis of joint balloonsonde profiles of water vapor and ozone made at Costa Rica from 2005 to 2011 using compositing techniques, tracer‐tracer diagrams, and back trajectory methods. Our analysis reveals important seasonal differences in structure in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Water vapor amounts in boreal winter at Costa Rica are much lower than expected from local ice saturation temperatures. The boreal summer data show both higher average water vapor amounts and a much higher level of variability than the winter data. To understand this seasonal contrast, we consider three sources of tracer variability: wave‐induced vertical motion across strong vertical gradients (“wave variability”), differences in source air masses resulting from horizontal transport (“source variability”), and changes induced along parcel paths due to physical processes (“path variability”). The winter and summer seasons show different mixes of these three sources of variability with more air originating in the tropical western Pacific during winter.
Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecast/Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system to MODIS LAI, FPAR, and albedo
Authors: Ran Limei , Gilliam Robert , Binkowski Francis S. , Xiu Aijun , Pleim Jonathan , Band Larry 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study aims to improve land surface processes in a retrospective meteorology and air quality modeling system through the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation and albedo products for more realistic vegetation and surface representation. MODIS leaf area index (LAI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and albedo are incorporated into the Pleim‐Xiu land surface model (PX LSM) used in a combined meteorology and air quality modeling system. The current PX LSM intentionally exaggerates vegetation coverage and LAI in western dry lands so that its soil moisture nudging scheme is more effective in simulating surface temperature and mixing ratio. Reduced vegetation coverage from the PX LSM with MODIS input results in hotter and dryer daytime conditions with reduced ozone dry deposition velocities in much of western North America. Evaluations of the new system indicate greater error and bias in temperature, but reduced error and bias in moisture with the MODIS vegetation input. Hotter daytime temperatures and reduced dry deposition result in greater ozone concentrations in the western arid regions even with deeper boundary layer depths. MODIS albedo has much less impact on the meteorology simulations than MODIS LAI and FPAR. The MODIS vegetation and albedo input does not have much influence in the east where differences in vegetation and albedo parameters are less extreme. Evaluation results showing increased temperature errors with more accurate representation of vegetation suggests that improvements are needed in the model surface physics, particularly the soil processes in the PX LSM.
Modeling and mechanisms of polar winter upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere disturbances in WACCM
Authors: Greer K. R. , Thayer J. P. , Harvey V. L. , Peck E. D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis work focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere (USLM) disturbances in the polar winter as simulated by a free‐running 40 year run of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4. USLM disturbances have been shown to precede the development of every major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), thus potentially increasing the predictability of SSWs. WACCM4 is shown to internally and spontaneously generate polar USLM disturbances that are consistent with an established USLM climatology based on the UK Meteorological Office stratospheric assimilation. Arctic USLM disturbances in WACCM4 occur on average 2.65 times per winter season; are most frequently generated in the months of December, January, and February; and are preferentially located in the longitude band between 30°E and 120°E, poleward of 40° latitude, all in good agreement with observations. Analysis of composite USLM events corroborates the underlying mechanism responsible for their formation as planetary wave breaking between ~45 km and 65 km that decelerates the mean flow, induces vertical air motion, and causes regions of adiabatic heating in a limited longitude band. These conditions are suitable for the growth of a baroclinic instability at the stratopause level. Using the Trenberth localized three‐dimensional Eliassen‐Palm flux along with the Charney‐Stern criteria, a WACCM4 case study of an independent USLM event implicates baroclinic instability as a critical process in the development of the USLM thermal structure.
Modeling actual evapotranspiration with routine meteorological variables in the data‐scarce region of the Tibetan Plateau: Comparisons and implications
Authors: Ma Ning , Zhang Yinsheng , Xu Chong‐Yu , Szilagyi Jozsef 
Published: July 2015

AbstractQuantitative estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) by in situ measurements and mathematical modeling is a fundamental task for physical understanding of ETa as well as the feedback mechanisms between land and the ambient atmosphere. However, the ETa information in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been greatly impeded by the extremely sparse ground observation network in the region. Approaches for estimating ETa solely from routine meteorological variables are therefore important for investigating spatiotemporal variations of ETa in the data‐scarce region of the TP. Motivated by this need, the complementary relationship (CR) and Penman‐Monteith approaches were evaluated against in situ measurements of ETa on a daily basis in an alpine steppe region of the TP. The former includes the Nonlinear Complementary Relationship (Nonlinear‐CR) as well as the Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration (CRAE) models, while the latter involves the Katerji‐Perrier and the Todorovic models. Results indicate that the Nonlinear‐CR, CRAE, and Katerji‐Perrier models are all capable of efficiently simulating daily ETa, provided their parameter values were appropriately calibrated. The Katerji‐Perrier model performed best since its site‐specific parameters take the soil water status into account. The Nonlinear‐CR model also performed well with the advantage of not requiring the user to choose between a symmetric and asymmetric CR. The CRAE model, even with a relatively low Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value, is also an acceptable approach in this data‐scarce region as it does not need information of wind speed and ground surface conditions. In contrast, application of the Todorovic model was found to be inappropriate in the dry regions of the TP due to its significant overestimation of ETa as it neglects the effect of water stress on the bulk surface resistance. Sensitivity analysis of the parameter values demonstrated the relative importance of each parameter in the corresponding model. Overall, the Nonlinear‐CR model is recommended in the absence of measured ETa for local calibration of the model parameter values.
The azimuthally averaged boundary layer structure of a numerically simulated major hurricane
Authors: Abarca Sergio F. , Montgomery Michael T. , McWilliams James C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis work examines the azimuthally averaged boundary layer structure of a numerically simulated hurricane. We nominally define the hurricane boundary layer as the layer in which the effects of surface friction are associated with significant departures from gradient wind balance. The boundary layer in the intensifying primary and forming secondary eyewalls is found to be nonlinear. At large radii, exterior to the eyewalls, Ekman‐like balance as traditionally defined, is found to hold true. Where significant departures from Ekman‐like balance are found, the departures are characterized by large vertical advection of horizontal velocity through the depth of the boundary layer. Shock‐like structures are not found to be prominent in the azimuthally averaged view of the vortex boundary layer, with the largest azimuthally averaged radial gradients of the radial and tangential velocities being on the order of only a few meters per second per kilometer. Also, in the radial regions of the eyewalls, at the height where the averaged tangential wind is a maximum, the radial advection of radial velocity is an order of magnitude smaller than the agradient force per unit mass. Some physical implications of these findings are discussed.
Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Fan Ying , Lawrence David M. , Adam Jennifer C. , Bolster Diogo , Gochis David J. , Hooper Richard P. , Kumar Mukesh , Leung L. Ruby , Mackay D. Scott , Maxwell Reed M. , Shen Chaopeng , Swenson Sean C. , Zeng Xubin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany of the scientific and societal challenges in understanding and preparing for global environmental change rest upon our ability to understand and predict the water cycle change at large river basin, continent, and global scales. However, current large‐scale land models (as a component of Earth System Models, or ESMs) do not yet reflect the best hydrologic process understanding or utilize the large amount of hydrologic observations for model testing. This paper discusses the opportunities and key challenges to improve hydrologic process representations and benchmarking in ESM land models, suggesting that (1) land model development can benefit from recent advances in hydrology, both through incorporating key processes (e.g., groundwater‐surface water interactions) and new approaches to describe multiscale spatial variability and hydrologic connectivity; (2) accelerating model advances requires comprehensive hydrologic benchmarking in order to systematically evaluate competing alternatives, understand model weaknesses, and prioritize model development needs, and (3) stronger collaboration is needed between the hydrology and ESM modeling communities, both through greater engagement of hydrologists in ESM land model development, and through rigorous evaluation of ESM hydrology performance in research watersheds or Critical Zone Observatories. Such coordinated efforts in advancing hydrology in ESMs have the potential to substantially impact energy, carbon, and nutrient cycle prediction capabilities through the fundamental role hydrologic processes play in regulating these cycles.
Water balance‐based actual evapotranspiration reconstruction from ground and satellite observations over the conterminous United States
Authors: Wan Zhanming , Zhang Ke , Xue Xianwu , Hong Zhen , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study is to produce an observationally based monthly evapotranspiration (ET) product using the simple water balance equation across the conterminous United States (CONUS). We adopted the best quality ground and satellite‐based observations of the water budget components, i.e., precipitation, runoff, and water storage change, while ET is computed as the residual. Precipitation data are provided by the bias‐corrected PRISM observation‐based precipitation data set, while runoff comes from observed monthly streamflow values at 592 USGS stream gauging stations that have been screened by strict quality controls. We developed a land surface model‐based downscaling approach to disaggregate the monthly GRACE equivalent water thickness data to daily, 0.125° values. The derived ET computed as the residual from the water balance equation is evaluated against three sets of existing ET products. The similar spatial patterns and small differences between the reconstructed ET in this study and the other three products show the reliability of the observationally based approach. The new ET product and the disaggregated GRACE data provide a unique, important hydro‐meteorological data set that can be used to evaluate the other ET products as a benchmark data set, assess recent hydrological and climatological changes, and terrestrial water and energy cycle dynamics across the CONUS. These products will also be valuable for studies and applications in drought assessment, water resources management, and climate change evaluation.
Methodological Challenges When Comparing Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of International Observational Registries
Authors: Verstappen Suzanne M. M. , Askling Johan , Berglind Niklas , Franzen Stefan , Frisell Thomas , Garwood Christopher , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Holmqvist Marie , Horne Laura , Lampl Kathy , Michaud Kaleb , Nyberg Fredrik , Pappas Dimitrios A. , Reed George , Symmons Deborah P. M. , Tanaka Eiichi , Tran Trung N. , Yamanaka Hisashi , Ho Meilien 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveComparisons of data from different registries can be helpful in understanding variations in many aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study aim was to assess and improve the comparability of demographic, clinical, and comorbidity data from 5 international RA registries.MethodsUsing predefined definitions, 2 subsets of patients (main cohort and subcohort) from 5 international observational registries (Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Registry [CORRONA], the Swedish Rheumatology Quality of Care Register [SRR], the Norfolk Arthritis Register [NOAR], the Institute of Rheumatology Rheumatoid Arthritis cohort [IORRA], and CORRONA International) were evaluated and compared. Patients ages >18 years with RA, and present in or recruited to the registry from January 1, 2000, were included in the main cohort. Patients from the main cohort with positive rheumatoid factor and/or erosive RA who had received ≥1 synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), and switched to or added another DMARD, were included in the subcohort at time of treatment switch.ResultsAge and sex distributions were fairly similar across the registries. The percentage of patients with a high Disease Activity Score in 28 joints score varied between main cohorts (17.5% IORRA, 18.9% CORRONA, 24.7% NOAR, 27.7% CORRONA International, and 36.8% SRR), with IORRA, CORRONA, and CORRONA International including more prevalent cases of RA; the differences were smaller for the subcohort. Prevalence of comorbidities varied across registries (e.g., coronary artery disease ranged from 1.5% in IORRA to 7.9% in SRR), partly due to the way comorbidity data were captured and general cultural differences; the pattern was similar for the subcohorts.ConclusionDespite different inclusion criteria for the individual RA registries, it is possible to improve the comparability and interpretability of differences across RA registries by applying well‐defined cohort definitions.
Systemic emphysema accompanying marked undernutrition
Authors: Takano Yuichi , Tanaka Hiroaki , Kawamo Michiari , Sasaki Jun , Hayashi Munetaka 
Published: July 2015

CaseA 38‐year‐old mentally retarded woman was transported to the emergency room for marked undernutrition. Two months prior, she had developed tooth decay and her food intake decreased severely. Over 2 months, her weight decreased from 47 to 31 kg (−16 kg). Computed tomography (CT) revealed extensive subcutaneous, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal emphysema. She was hospitalized and treatment with central venous hyperalimentation and antibiotics was initiated. CT performed 3 weeks after hospitalization showed that the systemic emphysema had completely disappeared.OutcomeShe progressed favorably and was transferred to a specialized psychiatric hospital for further treatment.ConclusionRegardless of the cause, this rare complication must be taken into account when treating patients suffering from long‐term starvation or undernutrition. Whole‐body management including nutritional management and careful follow‐up observations are appropriate for treating this condition.
Discovery of a Single Monooxygenase that Catalyzes Carbamate Formation and Ring Contraction in the Biosynthesis of the Legonmycins
Authors: Huang Sheng , Tabudravu Jioji , Elsayed Somayah S. , Travert Jeanne , Peace Doe , Tong Ming Him , Kyeremeh Kwaku , Kelly Sharon M. , Trembleau Laurent , Ebel Rainer , Jaspars Marcel , Yu Yi , Deng Hai 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of natural products with important biological activities. The discovery and characterization of the multifunctional FAD‐dependent enzyme LgnC is now described. The enzyme is shown to convert indolizidine intermediates into pyrrolizidines through an unusual ring expansion/contraction mechanism, and catalyze the biosynthesis of new bacterial PAs, the so‐called legonmycins. By genome‐driven analysis, heterologous expression, and gene inactivation, the legonmycins were also shown to originate from non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). The biosynthetic origin of bacterial PAs has thus been disclosed for the first time.
SLAP: Small Labeling Pair for Single‐Molecule Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Wieneke Ralph , Raulf Anika , Kollmannsperger Alina , Heilemann Mike , Tampé Robert 
Published: July 2015

AbstractProtein labeling with synthetic fluorescent probes is a key technology in chemical biology and biomedical research. A sensitive and efficient modular labeling approach (SLAP) was developed on the basis of a synthetic small‐molecule recognition unit (Ni‐trisNTA) and the genetically encoded minimal protein His6‐10‐tag. High‐density protein tracing by SLAP was demonstrated. This technique allows super‐resolution fluorescence imaging and fulfills the necessary sampling criteria for single‐molecule localization‐based imaging techniques. It avoids masking by large probes, for example, antibodies, and supplies sensitive, precise, and robust size analysis of protein clusters (nanodomains).
The Nature of Bonding between Argon and Mixed Gold–Silver Trimers
Authors: Shayeghi Armin , Johnston Roy L. , Rayner David M. , Schäfer Rolf , Fielicke André 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe controversial nature of chemical bonding between noble gases and noble metals is addressed. Experimental evidence of exceptionally strong AuAr bonds in Ar complexes of mixed AuAg trimers is presented. IR spectra reveal an enormous influence of the attached Ar atoms on vibrational modes, particularly in Au‐rich trimers, where Ar atoms are heavily involved owing to a relativistically enhanced covalency. In Ag‐rich trimers, vibrational transitions of the metal framework predominate, indicating a pure electrostatic character of the AgAr bonds. The experimental findings are analyzed by means of DFT calculations, which show how the relativistic differences between Au and Ag are manifested in stronger AuAr binding energies. Because of the ability to vary composition and charge distribution, the trimers serve as ideal model systems to study the chemical nature of the bonding of noble gases to closed‐shell systems containing gold.