bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microradiography and microcomputed tomography comparative analysis in human bone cores harvested after maxillary sinus augmentation: a pilot study
Authors: Soardi Carlo Maria , Clozza Emanuele , Turco Gianluca , Biasotto Matteo , Engebretson Steven P. , Wang Hom‐Lay , Zaffe Davide 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare microradiography (MR) and microcomputed tomography (μCT) analysis of bone samples following maxillary sinus augmentation at different time periods and determine the relationships between measured area and volume fractions.Materials and methodsLateral window sinus grafts were performed on 10 patients using a mineralized human bone allograft (MHBA). At implant placement, 5–13 months after surgery, 10 bone core biopsies were harvested. Prior to histologic sectioning, bone samples were evaluated with μCT. The morphometric parameters computed by MR and μCT were compared using Pearson's correlation and Bland and Altman analysis and included hard tissue fraction (HV/TV:%), soft tissue fraction (SV/TV:%), vital bone fraction (BV/TV:%) and residual graft fraction (GV/TV:%).ResultsStrong positive correlation between MR and μCT was found for HV/TV and SV/TV and BV/TV [r = 0.84, 0.84 and 0.69, respectively] but weak for GV/TV [r = 0.10].ConclusionμCT technology shows promising potential as an indicator of bone morphology changes; however, caution should be used in interpreting morphometric parameters, as the different methods reveal important biases.
Where Do Features Come From?
Authors: Hinton Geoffrey 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIt is possible to learn multiple layers of non‐linear features by backpropagating error derivatives through a feedforward neural network. This is a very effective learning procedure when there is a huge amount of labeled training data, but for many learning tasks very few labeled examples are available. In an effort to overcome the need for labeled data, several different generative models were developed that learned interesting features by modeling the higher order statistical structure of a set of input vectors. One of these generative models, the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), has no connections between its hidden units and this makes perceptual inference and learning much simpler. More significantly, after a layer of hidden features has been learned, the activities of these features can be used as training data for another RBM. By applying this idea recursively, it is possible to learn a deep hierarchy of progressively more complicated features without requiring any labeled data. This deep hierarchy can then be treated as a feedforward neural network which can be discriminatively fine‐tuned using backpropagation. Using a stack of RBMs to initialize the weights of a feedforward neural network allows backpropagation to work effectively in much deeper networks and it leads to much better generalization. A stack of RBMs can also be used to initialize a deep Boltzmann machine that has many hidden layers. Combining this initialization method with a new method for fine‐tuning the weights finally leads to the first efficient way of training Boltzmann machines with many hidden layers and millions of weights.
Dysanaptic growth of lung and airway in children with post‐infectious bronchiolitis obliterans
Authors: Mosquera Ricardo A. , Hashmi Syed S. , Pacheco Susan E. , Reverdin Alexandra , Chevallier Justyna , Colasurdo Giuseppe N. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRationalePost‐infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PBO) is a rare form of chronic obstructive lung disease associated with small airway fibrosis following a severe insult to the lower respiratory tract. It has been suggested that PBO is a non‐progressive disease. However, evidence supporting this statement is limited. In this case series, we sought to determine the changes of pulmonary function tests (PFT) over time in children with PBO.MethodsSeven children with PBO, ages 6–15 years old, were retrospectively studied between 1994 and 2012. Spirometry and lung volumes tests were performed in accordance with American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines and were monitored over time. The average rate of change was calculated using generalized linear mixed models.ResultsThe median baseline values for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC ratio and forced expiratory flow 25%–75% (FEF25%–75%) were 57%, 50%, 87% and 29%, respectively. FVC increased at a rate of 1.8% per year (P = 0.008). There was no significant change in FEV1 over time (P = 0.112). However, the FEV1/FVC ratio decreased by 2.6% per year (P < 0.001).ConclusionPFT in childhood PBO was characterized by significant airway obstruction. Over time, FVC (lung parenchyma) increased and FEV1 (airway) remained stable, but FEV1/FVC ratio declined more than expected, suggesting a mismatch in the growth of the airway and lung parenchyma (dysanaptic growth). Further studies in larger populations are needed to validate these observations.
Spirometric reference values for healthy nonsmoking Saudi adults
Authors: Al Ghobain Mohammed O. , Alhamad Esam H. , Alorainy Hassan S. , Al Hazmi Manal , Al Moamary Mohamed S. , Al‐Hajjaj Mohamed S. , Idress Majdy , Al‐Jahdali Hamdan , Zeitouni Mohammed 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo derive prediction equations of spirometric values of healthy Saudi adults and to compare the derived equations with equations reported in selected population.MethodsCross‐sectional study of healthy nonsmoking men and women Saudi adults. The measured spirometric values were the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced mid‐expiratory flow (FEF 25%–75%).ResultsA total of 621 spirometric tests were done. The prediction equations were derived using the following formula: Predicted spirometric value = constant + (b1 × age) + (b2 × height (cm)), where b1 and b2 represent the regression coefficients for age and height, respectively.

Variable
Constant
Age (years)
Height (cm)
Variable
Constant
Age (years)
Height (cm)

Males (n = 292)

Females (n = 175)

FVC
−2.933
−0.018
0.046
FVC
−3.470
−0.016
0.045

FEV1
−1.886
−0.019
0.036
FEV1
−2.482
−0.018
0.036

FEV1/FVC (%)
98.41
−0.095
−0.068
FEV1/FVC (%)
100.67
−0.142
−0.072

PEF
17.274
−1.243
3.471
PEF
−226.648
−0.499
4.076

FEF25%–75%
0.100
−0.024
0.027
FEF25%−75%
−1.337
−0.021
0.031

The means of the measured FVC and FEV1 were significantly lower than the predicted values derived by the American equations of −7.2% and −4.6% among males, respectively (P value < 0.00001), and −4.7%, and −5.26% among females, respectively (P value < 0.00001).ConclusionThe reference spirometric values derived in our study were significantly lower than the predicted values derived by the American equations.
Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Analysis of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Functions of Young Elite Athletes with Eccentric and Concentric Type of Cardiac Remodeling
Authors: Simsek Ziya , Hakan Tas M. , Degirmenci Husnu , Gokhan Yazıcı A. , Ipek Emrah , Duman Hakan , Gundogdu Fuat , Karakelleoglu Sule , Senocak Huseyin 
Published: June 2013

AimsIn individuals who exercise regularly and for extended periods of time, some structural alterations in the heart, called the athlete's heart, develop in time. These alterations vary in type, can be eccentric or concentric, depending on the nature of exercise. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel, angle‐independent method that accurately and reliably measures systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle (LV) with considerably lower inter‐operator variability.Methods and ResultsTwenty‐two marathon runners, 24 wrestlers, and 20 healthy sedentary individuals were included in the study. The average age of subjects is 17.5 ± 2.2 in marathon runners, 16.8 ± 1.9 in wrestlers, and 16.4 ± 1.8 in control group. The parameters of LV longitudinal strain (S), LV longitudinal strain rate systolic (SRS), LV longitudinal strain rate diastolic early filling (SRE), and longitudinal strain rate diastolic late filling (SRA) were evaluated by apical two‐, three‐, and four‐chamber grayscale imaging using the global longitudinal strain (GLS) and GLS rate (GLSR). Conventional echocardiographic parameters demonstrated increased LV diameters and wall thickness in the marathon runners and increased wall thickness without increased LV diameters in the wrestlers. Systolic and diastolic functions were comparable between the marathon runners and wrestlers with conventional echocardiography. Analysis with STE, however, yielded higher systolic strain and strain rates in the athletes. Normalized GLS parameters and end‐diastolic volume (EDV) were shown to be correlated.ConclusionOverall, conventional echocardiography can detect some differences between young athletes with eccentric and concentric type of athlete's heart but it is incapable of revealing differences in intrinsic myocardial functions. However, analysis using STE demonstrated increased systolic functions in athletes commensurate with increased load, with unaltered diastolic functions.
Adverse events of surgical extrusion in treatment for crown–root and cervical root fractures: a systematic review of case series/reports
Authors: Elkhadem Ahmed , Mickan Sharon , Richards Derek 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundCrown–root and cervical root fractures constitute a restorative challenge due to sub‐gingival position of the fracture margin. Surgical tooth extrusion is one of the treatment options. There is uncertainty regarding the prognosis of such treatment modality.ObjectiveTo assess adverse events of surgical tooth extrusion in the treatment for crown–root and cervical root fractures in permanent teeth.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched through 15th of June 2012. Search was limited to English and Arabic languages. Reference list of relevant studies were hand‐searched. Grey literature was searched using Open Grey. Two review authors independently extracted data, while only one assessed trial quality using 8‐point methodological index for non‐randomized studies (MINORS) scale. A sensitivity analysis was performed to exclude studies with suspected patients' duplicates.ResultsEleven case reports and eight case series involving 226 patients with 243 teeth were identified. No randomized controlled trials were found. The mean quality score for all case series was 9 suggesting a fair quality, while that of all case reports was 5 suggesting poor quality. Non‐progressive root resorption is the most common finding following surgical extrusion with an event rate of 30% (95% CI 24.6–36.7%). This is followed by low event rates of tooth loss (5%), slight mobility (4.6%), marginal bone loss (3.7%), and progressive root resorption (3.3%). No ankylosis occurred to any extruded tooth, while severe tooth mobility showed negligible overall event rate of 0.4%.ConclusionThe available evidence suggests that surgical tooth extrusion is a valid technique in management of crown–root and cervical root fracture of permanent teeth. Minimal adverse events and good prognosis are expected. Further, surgical extrusion can be considered as a treatment option in teeth suffering sub‐gingival decay.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 substrates in mood disorders and schizophrenia
Authors: Cole Adam R. 
Published: June 2013

The dominant genetic and environmental causes of mood disorders and schizophrenia have not been forthcoming, so alternative approaches are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these diseases and to develop improved treatments for use in the clinic. Pharmacological evidence implicates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) as a key target of current therapeutics, and this is well supported by genetic studies in animal models. Several upstream regulators of GSK3 are also genetically associated with mood disorders and schizophrenia, further suggesting convergence on GSK3 signalling. Whereas pathways upstream of GSK3 are being elucidated, relatively little progress has been made in identifying targets downstream of GSK3 that mediate its functional effects. This is important, because these substrates themselves could become next‐generation therapeutic targets that are more potent and specific than current therapeutics targeting GSK3. Here, a few likely candidates and their connection to mood disorders and schizophrenia are discussed.
Geography and Biopolitics
Authors: Rutherford Stephanie , Rutherford Paul 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article is the second of a two‐part exploration of the question of biopolitics and its importance to social geography. First, this paper examines two main threads—biopolitical geopolitics and vital geographies—to think about the different ways this analytical register has been applied. Next, we draw on our own research and that of others to suggest the possibilities for an affirmative biopolitics. Finally, we contend that geography is well‐placed to continue pushing the boundaries of biopolitical research, with particular reference to an area that has received little attention thus far: biopolitics and the non‐human.
University Governance, Leadership and Management in a Decade of Diversification and Uncertainty
Authors: Shattock Michael 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe last decade has seen an acceleration of change in the way British universities have been governed, led and managed. This has substantially been driven by the instability of the external environment, which has encouraged a greater centralisation of decision‐making leading to less governance and more management, but it is also a consequence of the growing convergence of the governance and management models of the pre‐ and post‐1992 universities. The article identifies a rise in ‘the executive’ at the expense of the traditional components of university governance, governing bodies, senates, academic boards and faculty boards, and a growing tendency to push academic participation to the periphery. It describes the dangers implicit in such developments and suggests that they may lead to a loss in academic vitality and distinctiveness.
Re‐inventing Shared Governance: Implications for Organisational Culture and Institutional Leadership
Authors: Stensaker Bjørn , Vabø Agnete 
Published: June 2013

AbstractShared governance has been a key historical characteristic of higher education although this form of governance has come under increased pressure in recent decades. It is often argued that shared governance is less relevant for tackling the challenges related to a more dynamic environment of the sector. This paper discusses underlying premises for the current conceptions of shared governance and analyses how a sample ofNordic universities perceives the place and role of governance in their strategic development. It is found that most universities emphasise leadership and leadership development as a key measure to strengthen their governance capacity and it is argued that most universities seem to overlook the cultural and symbolic aspects of governance along the way. This may have serious consequences for the internal legitimacy and trust when universities enter into demanding change processes.
Governance of Governance in Higher Education: Practices and lessons drawn from the Portuguese case
Authors: Magalhães Antonio , Veiga Amélia , Amaral Alberto , Sousa Sofia , Ribeiro Filipa 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe implementation of the governance reform of Portuguese higher education has been developed under the influence of ‘new public management’ resulting in the loss of collegial governance. Additionally, the need for meta‐governance of the higher education system and institutions to monitor institutional performance against policy objectives has become evident. By examining the implementation of the legal framework for higher education on the basis of document analysis covering the period from 2007 to 2011 the ‘new governance’ perspective allows a broader interpretation of the governance reform outcomes. This has implications for the enhancement of institutional autonomy induced by governance reforms impacting on European higher education systems and highlights the tools approach in public management.
Parents' decision making and access to preventive healthcare for young children: applying Andersen's Model
Authors: Alexander Karyn E. , Brijnath Bianca , Mazza Danielle 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveImplementing preventive health care for young children provides the best chance of improving health and changing a child's life course. In Australia, despite government support for preventive health care, uptake of preventive services for young children is low. Using Andersen's behavioural model of health‐care utilization, we aimed to understand how parents conceptualized their children's preventive health care and how this impacted on access to preventive health‐care services.DesignSemi‐structured telephone interviews conducted between May and July 2011.Setting and participantsTwenty‐eight parents of children aged 3–5 years from three diverse socio‐economic areas of Melbourne, Australia.ResultsThematic analysis showed parents' access to child preventive health care was determined by birth order of their child, cultural health beliefs, personal health practices, relationship with the health provider and the costs associated with health services. Parents with more than one child placed their own experience ahead of professional expertise, and their younger children were less likely to complete routine preventive health checks. Concerns around developmental delays required validation through family, friends and childcare organizations before presentation to health services.ConclusionsTo improve child preventive health requires increased flexibility of services, strengthening of inter‐professional relationships and enhancement of parents' knowledge about the importance of preventive health in early childhood. Policies that encourage continuity of care and remove point of service costs will further reduce barriers to preventive care for young children. Recent reforms in Australia's primary health care and the expansion of child preventive health checks into general practice present a timely opportunity for this to occur.
Respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and adults in Lao PDR
Authors: Sentilhes Anne‐Charlotte , Choumlivong Khamla , Celhay Olivier , Sisouk Thongchanh , Phonekeo Darouny , Vongphrachanh Phengta , Brey Paul , Buchy Philippe 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundAcute respiratory infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a major burden of disease in developing countries. The relative contribution of viruses in acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) is, however, poorly documented in Lao PDR.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to investigate the etiology of ALRI in patients of all ages in two hospitals of Laos.MethodsMultiplex PCR/RT‐PCR methods were used to target 18 major common respiratory viruses. Between August 2009 and October 2010, samples from 292 patients presenting with ALRI were collected.Results and conclusionViruses were detected in 162 (55%) samples. In 48% (140/292) of the total ALRI cases, a single virus was detected while coinfections were observed in 8% (22/292) of the samples. The most frequent viruses were rhinovirus/enterovirus (35%), human respiratory syncytial virus (26%), and influenza viruses (13%). Parainfluenza viruses were detected in 9%, adenovirus in 6%, human metapneumovirus in 4%, coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) in 4%, and bocavirus in 3% of ALRI specimens. Most viral infections occurred in patients below 5 years of age. The distribution of viruses varied according to age‐groups. No significant correlation was observed between the severity of the disease and the age of patients or the virus species. This study provides the description of viral etiology among patients presenting with ALRI in Lao PDR. Additional investigations are required to better understand the clinical role of the different viruses and their seasonality in Laos.
Vacuum‐assisted closure therapy for vascular graft infection (Szilagyi grade III) in the groin—a 10‐year multi‐center experience
Authors: Verma Himanshu , Ktenidis Kiriakos , George Robbie K , Tripathi Ramesh 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the benefit of vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) therapy in the management of deep, alloplastic graft infections (Szilagyi grade III) in the groin. From 2000 to 2009, we identified and included in our study 72 deep inguinal infections in 68 patients, involving native as well as synthetic graft or patch material. There were 29 early graft infections (<30 days after implantation) and 43 late infections (≥30 days after implantation). Among these, 17 cases involved native grafts/patches (12 grafts and 5 patches), while 55 cases involved non‐native grafts/patches [26 polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) grafts and 24 Dacron grafts (Haemashield, Meadox Medical, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, NY; Gelsoft graft, Vascutek, Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK; Intervascular, Mahwah, NJ); INVISTA, and 5 Vascu‐Guard™ bovine pericardial patches; Synovis Surgical Innovation]. All patients were treated with multiple wound debridements, graft salvage, sartorius myoplasty, intravenous antibiotics and VAC therapy until thorough surface healing was achieved. Exclusion criteria were an alloplastic graft infection with proximal expansion above the inguinal ligament, blood culture positive for septicaemia or septic anastomotic herald or overt bleeding. Nine months after initiation of therapy, overall, graft/patch salvage was achieved in 61 of 72 (84·7%) cases. Of the native graft/patch group, infected graft material was replaced with an autogenous great saphenous vein graft or patch in four patients (23·5%). In the non‐native group, vein or synthetic graft preservation without revision was achieved in 48 of 55 (87·3%) patients. The mean duration of VAC therapy was 16 ± 7·7 days, and postoperative mean hospital stay was 25·3 ± 8·5 days. In 23 of 72 (31·9%) cases, a secondary closure of the wound was achieved; in the other 49 cases, wound healing was achieved by meshed split‐thickness skin grafting. Mean wound healing time for all wounds was 24·3 ± 12·5 days. Specific complications during VAC therapy were wound fluid retention in 2 cases and an increased need for analgesics in 12 cases (16·66%). Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been reported to be useful in the treatment of severe wound infections. Even in the presence of synthetic vascular graft material, NPWT can greatly simplify challenging wound‐healing problems leading to wound dehiscence and its sequelae. Our long‐term experience demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of VAC therapy in the management of deep graft infections.