bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of psychosis on the course of cognition: a prospective, nested case-control study in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis
Authors: Carrión R. E. , McLaughlin D. , Auther A. M. , Olsen R. , Correll C. U. , Cornblatt B. A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundAlthough cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia are rooted early in development, the impact of psychosis on the course of cognitive functioning remains unclear. In this study a nested case-control design was used to examine the relationship between emerging psychosis and the course of cognition in individuals ascertained as clinical high-risk (CHR) who developed psychosis during the study (CHR + T).MethodFifteen CHR + T subjects were administered a neurocognitive battery at baseline and post-psychosis onset (8.04 months, s.d. = 10.26). CHR + T subjects were matched on a case-by-case basis on age, gender, and time to retest with a group of healthy comparison subjects (CNTL, n = 15) and two groups of CHR subjects that did not transition: (1) subjects matched on medication treatment (i.e. antipsychotics and antidepressants) at both baseline and retesting (Meds-matched CHR + NT, n = 15); (2) subjects unmedicated at both assessments (Meds-free CHR + NT, n = 15).ResultsAt baseline, CHR + T subjects showed large global neurocognitive and intellectual impairments, along with specific impairments in processing speed, verbal memory, sustained attention, and executive function. These impairments persisted after psychosis onset and did not further deteriorate. In contrast, CHR + NT subjects demonstrated stable mild to no impairments in neurocognitive and intellectual performance, independent of medication treatment.ConclusionsCognition appears to be impaired prior to the emergence of psychotic symptoms, with no further deterioration associated with the onset of psychosis. Cognitive deficits represent trait risk markers, as opposed to state markers of disease status and may therefore serve as possible predictors of schizophrenia prior to the onset of the full illness.
Fusion energy using avalanche increased boron reactions for block-ignition by ultrahigh power picosecond laser pulses
Authors: Hora Heinrich , Korn Georg , Giuffrida Lorenzo , Margarone Daniele , Picciotto Antonino , Krasa Josef , Jungwirth Karel , Ullschmied Jiri , Lalousis Paraskevas , Eliezer Shalom , Miley George H. , Moustaizis Stavros , Mourou Gérard 
Published: July 2015

AbstractExceptionally high reaction gains of hydrogen protons measured with the boron isotope 11 are compared with other fusion reactions. This is leading to the conclusion that secondary avalanche reactions are happening and confirming the results of high-gain, neutron-free, clean, safe, low-cost, and long-term available energy. The essential basis is the unusual non-thermal block-ignition scheme with picosecond laser pulses of extremely high powers above the petawatt range.
Beat wave excitation of electron plasma wave by coaxial cosh-Gaussian laser beams in collisional plasma
Authors: Singh Arvinder , Gupta Naveen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a scheme for beat wave excitation of an electron plasma wave (EPW) by cross-focusing of two intense cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser beams in an under dense collisional plasma. The plasma wave is generated on account of beating of two ChG laser beams of frequencies ω1 and ω2. Starting from Maxwell's equations, coupled differential equations governing the evolution of spot size of laser beams with distance of propagation have been derived by using Moment theory approach in Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation. The collisional nonlinearity depends not only on the intensity of first laser beam, but also on that of second laser beam. Therefore, dynamics of first laser beam affects that of other and hence cross-focusing of the two laser beams takes place. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effect of laser as well as plasma parameters on cross-focusing of laser beams and further its effect on power of excited EPW. It has been found that decentered parameters of the two laser beams have significant effect on power of EPW.
Radiation of high-power ultrawideband pulses with elliptical polarization by four-element array of cylindrical helical antennas
Authors: Andreev Yu.A. , Efremov A.M. , Koshelev V.I. , Kovalchuk B.M. , Plisko V.V. , Sukhushin K.N. , Zorkaltseva M.Yu. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA high-power source of ultrawideband radiation with elliptical polarization of the field has been created. The source includes a monopolar pulse generator, a bipolar pulse former, a wave transformer with the power divider, and a four-element array of cylindrical helical antennas. The array was excited by bipolar pulses of the length 1 ns and amplitude 225 kV. In the experiments, the pulses of the elliptically polarized radiation with the effective potential of 440 kV and high stability at a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz were obtained.
EVIDENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR REIMBURSEMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALS ACROSS EUROPE
Authors: Oyebode Oyinlola , Garrett Zoe , George Elizabeth , Cangini Agnese , Muscolo Luisa Anna Adele , Warren Simone , Nemeth Bertalan , Földesi Csenge , Heislerová Marcela , Gajdošová Eva 
Published: July 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare evidence requirements for health technology assessment of pharmaceuticals by national agencies across Europe responsible for reimbursement decisions focusing specifically on relative effectiveness assessment.Methods: Evidence requirements from thirty-three European countries were requested and twenty-nine national agencies provided documents to review. Data were extracted from national documents (manufacturer's submission templates and associated guidance) into a purpose-made framework with categories covering information about the health condition, the technology, clinical effectiveness and safety.Results: The level of detail in the required evidence varies considerably across countries. Some countries include specific questions while others request information under general headings. Some countries include all information in a single document, which may or may not include guidance on how to complete the template. Others have specific guidance documents or methods and process manuals that help with the completion of the submission templates. Despite differences in quantity and detail, the content of the evidence requirements is broadly similar. All countries ask for information on the health technology, target disease, and clinical effectiveness and safety. However, one country only requests clinical effectiveness information as part of cost-effectiveness analyses. We found twenty-six evidence requirements for which generic answers may apply across borders and nineteen in which countries requested nationally specific information.Conclusions: This work suggests that it would be possible to put together a minimum set of evidence requirements for HTA to support reimbursement decisions across Europe which could facilitate collaboration between jurisdictions.
Increase in paratyphoid fever cases in Japanese travellers returning from Cambodia in 2013
Authors: SAITOH T. , MORITA M. , SHIMADA T. , IZUMIYA H. , KANAYAMA A. , OISHI K. , OHNISHI M. , SUNAGAWA T. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYIn 2013, an unusual increase of paratyphoid fever cases in travellers returning from Cambodia was reported in Japan. From December 2012 to September 2013, 18 cases ofSalmonellaParatyphi A infection were identified. Microbiological analyses revealed that most isolates had the same clonal identity, although the epidemiological link between these cases remains unclear. It was inferred that the outbreak was caused by a common and persistent source in Cambodia that was likely to have continued during 2014. The information of surveillance and laboratory data from cases arising in travellers from countries with limited surveillance systems should be timely shared with the country of origin.
New-onset cardiac rhabdomyoma beyond infancy in a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Thatte Nikhil M. , Guleserian Kristine J. , Veeram Reddy Surendranath R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCardiac rhabdomyomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex are usually detected antenatally or during infancy, with subsequent stabilisation or spontaneous regression. Development of a new cardiac rhabdomyoma beyond infancy is very rare. We report a male child who needed resection of a large rhabdomyoma in neonatal life, and then developed a new-onset rhabdomyoma at 2 years of age in a different location, needing another resection. Routine surveillance for cardiac rhabdomyomas in asymptomatic patients with tuberous sclerosis is essential.
Folate and folic acid in the periconceptional period: recommendations from official health organizations in thirty-six countries worldwide and WHO
Authors: Gomes Sandra , Lopes Carla , Pinto Elisabete 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize the recommendations on folate intake and folic acid supplementation and fortification in the periconceptional period, aimed at prevention of neural tube defects (NTD), provided by official health organizations in different countries worldwide and WHO.DesignInformation on recommendations for folate and folic acid intake in the periconceptional period was gathered from the websites of official national health organizations of several countries worldwide and from the WHO website.SettingWHO, selected developed countries and emerging economies, totalling thirty-six countries worldwide (some European, BRICS, G8, Asian Tiger/Asian Dragon and Australia).ResultsRecommendations differ between countries, although the majority (69·4 %) recommend a healthy diet plus a folic acid supplement of 400 µg/d from preconception (4–12 weeks) until the end of the first trimester of pregnancy (8–12 weeks). The same recommendation is issued by the WHO. Dosages for women at high risk of NTD are up to 4–5 mg/d (for 41·7 % of studied countries). The recommended intake for folate is in the range of 300–400 µg/d for women of childbearing age and 500–600 µg/d for pregnant women in different countries and WHO. Five countries emphasize the importance of a healthy diet rendering supplementation needless. By contrast, five others advise a healthy diet and supplementation plus mandatory fortification. Only one mentions the importance of ensuring an adequate folate status and refers to checking with a health-care provider on the need for supplements.ConclusionsDifferent recommendations regarding folate and folic acid, seeking NTD prevention, are available worldwide; however, most countries and WHO focus on a healthy diet and folic acid supplementation of 400 µg/d periconceptionally.
An integrated approach to identifying and characterising resilient urban food systems to promote population health in a changing climate
Authors: James Sarah W , Friel Sharon 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine key points of intervention in urban food systems to improve the climate resilience, equity and healthfulness of the whole system.DesignThe paper brings together evidence from a 3-year, Australia-based mixed-methods research project focused on climate change adaptation, cities, food systems and health. In an integrated analysis of the three research domains – encompassing the production, distribution and consumption sectors of the food chain – the paper examines the efficacy of various food subsystems (industrial, alternative commercial and civic) in achieving climate resilience and good nutrition.SettingGreater Western Sydney, Australia.SubjectsPrimary producers, retailers and consumers in Western Sydney.ResultsThis overarching analysis of the tripartite study found that: (i) industrial food production systems can be more environmentally sustainable than alternative systems, indicating the importance of multiple food subsystems for food security; (ii) a variety of food distributors stocking healthy and sustainable items is required to ensure that these items are accessible, affordable and available to all; and (iii) it is not enough that healthy and sustainable foods are produced or sold, consumers must also want to consume them. In summary, a resilient urban food system requires that healthy and sustainable food items are produced, that consumers can attain them and that they actually wish to purchase them.ConclusionsThis capstone paper found that the interconnected nature of the different sectors in the food system means that to improve environmental sustainability, equity and population health outcomes, action should focus on the system as a whole and not just on any one sector.
Fruit-related terms and images on food packages and advertisements affect children’s perceptions of foods’ fruit content
Authors: Heller Rebecca , Martin-Biggers Jennifer , Berhaupt-Glickstein Amanda , Quick Virginia , Byrd-Bredbenner Carol 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether food label information and advertisements for foods containing no fruit cause children to have a false impression of the foods’ fruit content.DesignIn the food label condition, a trained researcher showed each child sixteen different food label photographs depicting front-of-food label packages that varied with regard to fruit content (i.e. real fruitv. sham fruit) and label elements. In the food advertisement condition, children viewed sixteen, 30 s television food advertisements with similar fruit content and label elements as in the food label condition. After viewing each food label and advertisement, children responded to the question ‘Did they use fruit to make this?’ with responses of yes, no or don’t know.SettingSchools, day-care centres, after-school programmes and other community groups.SubjectsChildren aged 4–7 years.ResultsIn the food label condition,χ2analysis of within fruit content variation differences indicated children (n58; mean age 4·2 years) were significantly more accurate in identifying real fruit foods as the label’s informational load increased and were least accurate when neither a fruit name nor an image was on the label. Children (n49; mean age 5·4 years) in the food advertisement condition were more likely to identify real fruit foods when advertisements had fruit images compared with when no image was included, while fruit images in advertisements for sham fruit foods significantly reduced accuracy of responses.ConclusionsFindings suggest that labels and advertisements for sham fruit foods mislead children with regard to the food’s real fruit content.
Community-based educational intervention improved the diversity of complementary diets in western Kenya: results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Waswa Lydiah M , Jordan Irmgard , Herrmann Johannes , Krawinkel Michael B , Keding Gudrun B 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveLack of diversity is a major factor contributing to inadequate nutrient intakes among children during the complementary feeding period in many rural areas in developing countries. This has been attributed to inadequate feeding practices and nutrition knowledge among their caregivers. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of an educational intervention on children’s dietary diversity and nutrition knowledge of caregivers.DesignCluster randomization was applied and twenty matched village pairs were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. The nutrition education intervention consisted of four sessions comprising of group trainings and cooking demonstrations that were conducted over a period of 5 months.SettingHouseholds in rural communities in Bondo and Teso South sub-counties, western Kenya.SubjectsCaregivers with children aged 6–17 months receiving nutrition education.ResultsThe children’s dietary diversity scores (CDDS) and nutrition knowledge scores of the caregivers improved significantly in the intervention group at endline. The treatment effect on CDDS was positive and significant (P=0·001). The CDDS rate of the children in the intervention group was 27 % larger than it would have been without the treatment effect. The intervention also had a significant effect on the caregivers’ nutrition knowledge scores (incidence rate ratio=2·05;P<0·001). However, the nutrition knowledge of the caregivers did not have a significant effect on CDDS (P=0·731).ConclusionsThe nutrition education intervention led to improvements in children’s dietary diversity and nutrition knowledge of the caregivers.
Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Ni Mhurchu Cliona , Brown Ryan , Jiang Yannan , Eyles Helen , Dunford Elizabeth , Neal Bruce 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the nutrient profile of packaged supermarket food products available in Australia and New Zealand. Eligibility to carry health claims and relationship between nutrient profile score and nutritional content were also evaluated.DesignNutritional composition data were collected in six major Australian and New Zealand supermarkets in 2012. Mean Food Standards Australia New Zealand Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion (NPSC) scores were calculated and the proportion of products eligible to display health claims was estimated. Regression analyses quantified associations between NPSC scores and energy density, saturated fat, sugar and sodium contents.ResultsNPSC scores were derived for 23 596 packaged food products (mean score 7·0, range −17 to 53). Scores were lower (better nutrient profile) for foods in Australia compared with New Zealand (mean 6·6 v. 7·8). Overall, 45 % of foods were eligible to carry health claims based on NPSC thresholds: 47 % in Australia and 41 % in New Zealand. However, less than one-third of dairy (32 %), meat and meat products (28 %) and bread and bakery products (27·5 %) were eligible to carry health claims. Conversely, >75 % of convenience food products were eligible to carry health claims (82·5 %). Each two-unit higher NPSC score was associated with higher energy density (78 kJ/100 g), saturated fat (0·95 g/100 g), total sugar (1·5 g/100 g) and sodium (66 mg/100 g; all P values<0·001).ConclusionsFewer than half of all packaged foods available in Australia and New Zealand in 2012 met nutritional criteria to carry health claims. The few healthy choices available in key staple food categories is a concern. Improvements in nutritional quality of foods through product reformulation have significant potential to improve population diets.
Fish and fish-liver oil consumption in adolescence and midlife and risk of CHD in older women
Authors: Haraldsdottir Alfheidur , Torfadottir Johanna E , Valdimarsdottir Unnur A , Aspelund Thor , Harris Tamara B , Launer Lenore J , Gudnason Vilmundur , Steingrimsdottir Laufey 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association of fish and fish-liver oil consumption across the lifespan with CHD later in life among Icelandic women, with special emphasis on the effects of consumption in adolescence.DesignPrevalence association study. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of CHD according to fish or fish-liver oil exposure. Models were adjusted for age, education, concurrent diet and other known risk factors.SettingThe study was nested within the AGES-Reykjavik Study, conducted in Reykjavik, Iceland.SubjectsParticipants were 3326 women aged 66–96 years, with available information on CHD status at entry to the study and information on fish and fish-liver oil consumption during midlife and adolescence. Dietary habits were assessed retrospectively using a validated FFQ.ResultsCHD was identified in 234 (7·9 %) women. Compared with women with no intake of fish-liver oil in adolescence or midlife, women who consumed fish-liver oil at least three times weekly in adolescence or in midlife had a decreased risk of CHD (OR=0·62; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·85 and OR=0·68; 95 % CI 0·50, 0·94, respectively). No associations were observed between fish intake (>2 portions/week v. ≤2 portions/week) in adolescence or midlife and CHD in this population with high fish intake.ConclusionsFish-liver oil consumption, from early life, may reduce the risk of CHD in older women. Lifelong nutrition may be of importance in the prevention of CHD in older women.
Adolescents’ awareness and use of menu labels in eating establishments: results from a focus group study
Authors: Evans Alexandra E , Weiss Samantha R , Meath Kerry J , Chow Sherman , Vandewater Elizabeth A , Ness Roberta B 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveMenu labelling has been identified as a potential strategy to help individuals make healthier choices when eating out. Although adolescents eat out often, little research involving menu labelling has been conducted with this population. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) gather qualitative information from adolescents regarding use of menu labels when eating out; (ii) gather adolescents’ suggestions for optimal ways to design menu labels; and (iii) examine differences between adolescents living in communities of different socio-economic status.DesignQualitative. Five focus groups of five to ten participants.SettingAustin, TX, USA, 2012.SubjectsForty-one adolescents living in diverse communities recruited using a snowballing technique at public and private recreation centres (twenty-four females; twenty-two African American).ResultsParticipants reported that menu labelling, in general, does not influence food selections when eating out. Among participants living in low-income communities, food purchases were based on price, taste and familiarity. Among participants living in high-income areas, food purchases were based on quality and ability to satiate (among boys). According to participants, effective ways to present menu labels are by matching calorie levels with physical activity equivalents or through simple graphics.ConclusionsFor adolescents, providing menu labels in their current format may not be an effective strategy to increase healthy food selection. Given that the current menu label format has been set by federal policy in the USA cannot be easily changed, research to determine how this format can be best presented or enhanced so that it can have an impact on all US sub-populations is warranted.