bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardization of High-Wide Load Measurement Using Laser-Based Technology
Authors: Reinsmith Alexander , Schlake Bryan W. 
Published: June 2015

Each year, thousands of open-top loads are shipped across North America over the Class I railroad network. Many of these loads are high-value, high-risk shipments, presenting considerable operational challenges for the carriers due to special handling requirements. Shipments that extend beyond a standard geometric envelope, denoted by various “plates” in the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Open Top Loading Rules (OTLR), are considered to be over dimensional, or High-Wide Loads (HWLs). Historically, railroad mechanical personnel have measured HWLs manually using a tape measure, plumb line, level, and various homemade devices. Measurement methodologies and philosophies can vary widely among mechanical inspectors. As a result, railroads have recently sought out new technologies to standardize the measurement process, resulting in greater safety, efficiency, accuracy and documentation. Taking the lead in this effort, Norfolk Southern Corp. (NS), BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad have all worked closely with InfraMeasure, Inc. in their development of a patent pending, portable, laser-based measurement system known as SafeLoad®. This paper documents the development of this technology, including the completion of successful repeatability tests and the training of dozens of car inspectors from multiple railroads on the use of the system.
In 2014, laser-based measurement technology was deployed across the entire NS network and was also used extensively by Union Pacific Railroad. In addition, BNSF and other Class I railroads began testing with the thought of implementing in the near future. Repeatability tests performed among newly trained employees indicated high levels of precision, with field measurements deviating by no more than 0.25 inches among various inspectors. Additional field testing confirmed a reduction in labor time and personnel required to measure HWLs by as much as one half while significantly improving measurement accuracy and reducing fall related risks by eliminating the need to climb on HWLs. In addition to these immediate benefits, the early stages of implementation have highlighted a potential long-term need for standardized measurement training within the industry. Anticipating the growing knowledge gap left by attrition, railroad mechanical departments are placing greater emphasis on training new car inspectors to assume the safety critical task of HWL measurement. This paper explores the current state of HWL measurement in the US railroad industry and identifies potential solutions, using technology, to further standardize both the practice of measuring HWLs and the training of new inspectors.
Effects of Different Models on Natural Frequencies of Short Span Bridges Used in High Speed Rail
Authors: Nour Said I. , Issa Mohsen A. 
Published: June 2015

The natural frequencies of vibration of short span bridges used in high-speed rail were investigated. Three different models of increasing complexity were evaluated and their effects on the vibration frequency were compared to the first basic model of simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam.
In the second and third cases, the bridge was modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam supported at its two ends by identical spring elements with an equivalent vertical stiffness to simulate elastomeric bearings and soil foundation. The boundary value problem was solved numerically to extract the bridge eigenfrequencies. In the case of Euler-Bernoulli beam, curve fitting techniques were used to deduce accurate simple empirical formulae to calculate the first six natural frequencies of an elastically supported bridge. In the case of a Timoshenko beam, graphical solutions were proposed to compute the fundamental frequency. Results confirmed that the use of Timoshenko beam theory reduces the natural frequency and the consideration of flexible supports further decreases the natural frequency.
In the fourth model, the interaction of the track and the bridge was included. The bridge was modeled as an elastically supported beam and the track was modeled as a spring-damper element with an equivalent vertical stiffness resulting from track components like rail pads, cross-ties and ballast. A parametric study was performed to analyze the effects of the track stiffness on the natural frequencies of the bridge. Graphical solutions were presented to quantify the change of the normalized natural frequencies of the system with the increase in the track modulus. Results indicated that the changes in the track modulus have no significant effects in models with rigid supports. A decrease in the fundamental frequency was noticeable with softer track modulus as the support flexibility increased.
A Method to Verify Railroad Interconnect With Highway Traffic Signal Systems
Authors: Moore Adam , Zebell Paul , Koonce Peter , Meusch Jon 
Published: June 2015

In response to increasing concern about railroad grade crossing safety, the Federal Railroad Administration and Department of Transportation issued Safety Advisory 2010-02 recommending in part “...that railroads conduct comprehensive joint inspections of highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnection with State and local highway authorities...” 2010-02 also recommends recording devices at interconnected highway-rail grade crossings.
This paper addresses a method to facilitate these goals by enabling the highway authority to independently verify that rail equipment is functioning properly, and just as importantly, enabling the railroad to independently verify that the highway traffic signal equipment is providing adequate clearance time in advance of the arrival of the train in the crossing. The method involves adding two circuits between the rail equipment and the traffic signal equipment: a crossing island circuit, and a start of the traffic clearance phase indicator from the traffic signal to the rail equipment. This system has been implemented at two intersections in Portland, Oregon, with plans for further implementation.
Crashworthiness and Puncture Protection Analyses of Liquified Natural Gas Tenders
Authors: Kirkpatrick Steven W. , Northrup Claudia 
Published: June 2015

The extensive North American freight rail network is currently operated with diesel as the sole fuel source. However, the Class 1 railways have recently started to explore Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel source, which has a lower environmental impact and could provide fuel cost savings compared to diesel. The efforts to develop industry standards for fuel tenders is being led under the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Natural Gas Fuel Tender (NGFT) Technical Advisory Group (TAG), a joint effort of the AAR Locomotive, Tank Car, and Equipment Engineering Committees, with multiple participants from industry.
A significant section of the standards for LNG tenders are the performance requirements to ensure safety in collisions. As part of this effort, the NGFT TAG has been working in partnership with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to define a suitable set of collision load cases and associated safety performance requirements. In support of these efforts, a series of analyses have been performed for the various collision load cases to support the development of suitable methodologies to evaluate the load cases and inform the NGFT TAG and other stakeholders related to the safety performance of NGFT designs. Results from these efforts are described in this paper.
Bioactivity and Safety of IL13Rα2-Redirected Chimeric Antigen Receptor CD8+ T Cells in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma
Authors: Brown Christine E. , Badie Behnam , Barish Michael E. , Weng Lihong , Ostberg Julie R. , Chang Wen-Chung , Naranjo Araceli , Starr Renate , Wagner Jamie , Wright Christine , Zhai Yubo , Bading James R. , Ressler Julie A. , Portnow Jana , D'Apuzzo Massimo , Forman Stephen J. , Jensen Michael C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Purpose: A first-in-human pilot safety and feasibility trial evaluating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–engineered, autologous primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) targeting IL13Rα2 for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM).
Experimental Design: Three patients with recurrent GBM were treated with IL13(E13Y)-zetakine CD8+ CTL targeting IL13Rα2. Patients received up to 12 local infusions at a maximum dose of 108 CAR-engineered T cells via a catheter/reservoir system.
Results: We demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing sufficient numbers of autologous CTL clones expressing an IL13(E13Y)-zetakine CAR for redirected HLA-independent IL13Rα2-specific effector function for a cohort of patients diagnosed with GBM. Intracranial delivery of the IL13-zetakine+ CTL clones into the resection cavity of 3 patients with recurrent disease was well-tolerated, with manageable temporary brain inflammation. Following infusion of IL13-zetakine+ CTLs, evidence for transient anti-glioma responses was observed in 2 of the patients. Analysis of tumor tissue from 1 patient before and after T-cell therapy suggested reduced overall IL13Rα2 expression within the tumor following treatment. MRI analysis of another patient indicated an increase in tumor necrotic volume at the site of IL13-zetakine+ T-cell administration.
Conclusions: These findings provide promising first-in-human clinical experience for intracranial administration of IL13Rα2-specific CAR T cells for the treatment of GBM, establishing a foundation on which future refinements of adoptive CAR T-cell therapies can be applied. Clin Cancer Res; 21(18); 4062–72. ©2015 AACR.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПІСЛЯ ІНФАРКТНОГО РЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СЕРЦЯ НА ХРОНІЧНЕ ОБСТРУКТИВНЕ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ ЛЕГЕНЬ ТА АРТЕРІАЛЬНУ ГІПЕРТЕНЗІЮ
Authors: Гребеник М. В. 
Published: June 2015

Вивчено особливості післяінфарктного ремоделювання серця у 159 чоловіків, хворих на хронічне обструктивне захворювання (ХОЗЛ), у 81 з них виявлено гіпертонічну хворобу (АГ).Отримані результати порівнювали із даними 78 хворих на інфаркт міокарда (ІМ) та ХОЗЛ та 138 хворими на ІМ. без ХОЛ, 92 з яких мали анамнез АГ. Встановлена залежність процесів післяінфарктного ремоделювання серця від локалізації ІМ., наявності супутніх ХОЗЛ та АГ. Наявність АГ впливала переважно на процеси ремоделювання лівих камер серця і правого шлуночка та стінок міокарда у хворих із переднім ІМ і характеризувалась переважною дилатацією лівого передсердя, зменшенням товщини стінок, більш вираженими порушеннями діастолічної функції міокарда при відносному збереженні сумарної скоротливості лівого шлуночка. ХОЗЛ справляло більший вплив на ремоделювання серця у хворих із нижнім ІМ., яке проявлялось переважною дилатацією шлуночків, зменшенням показника відносно товщини стінок, маси міокарда і зниженням фракції викиду. Поєднання ХОЗЛ із АГ, навпаки, супроводжувалось збереженням товщини стінок або розвитком компенсаторної гіпертрофії інтактних кардіоміоцитів із збільшенням індексу маси міокарда. Таким чином, помірна гіпертрофія міокарда у хворих на АГ у випадках розвитку ІМ. забезпечувала кращі умови для функціонування геодинаміки в процесі формування післяінфарктного серця та певною мірою стримувала негативні тенденції ремоделювання серця на тлі супутнього ХОЗЛ
In harm’s way: tobacco industry revenues from sales to underage tobacco users in India
Authors: Lal Pranay , Goel Sonu , Sharma Deepak 
Published: June 2015

Background: In 2010, the global adult tobacco survey (GATS) for India revealed that nearly 40% of current smokers and 42% of current chewers had initiated tobacco use before they were of the legal age (18 years old or over). Global evidence shows that those who initiate earlier have a lower probability of quitting the use of tobacco during their lifetime. In order to sustain its profits, the tobacco industry will make every effort to recruit underage users who become lifelong users of their products. Aims and objectives: We estimate the consumer expenditure on tobacco products by underage users in India. Methodology: Using nationally representative data we estimated the number of daily underage tobacco users for a year and their annual expenditure on different types of smoked and chewed tobacco products. Results: There are nearly 4.4 million underage daily tobacco users (age group 15–17 years old) in India. Approximately 7.2% of the population in the 15–17 age group are current daily users of tobacco (0.1% cigarette smokers, 0.5% bidi smokers and 6.6% tobacco chewers). Underage users spend nearly US$16.9 million and US$270.8 million respectively on smoking and chewing tobacco products. Conclusion: There is a substantial expenditure on tobacco products by underage individuals in India. A significant number of new users are added every year that provide an estimate for the size and nature of the future of the tobacco epidemic, one on which the tobacco industry depends on for its sustenance. The government of India’s efforts to reduce sale to underage users has had limited effect and needs to be strengthened.
Chosen Aspects Of Investigations Of Solar Cells With The Laser Beam Induced Current Technique
Authors: Chrobak Łukasz Bartłomiej , Madej Wiesław Ryszard , Maliński Mirosław Andrzej 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This paper presents maps of spatial distributions of the short circuit current Isc(x,y) and the open circuit voltage Uoc(x,y) of the investigated low cost solar cells. Visible differences in values of these parameters were explained by differences in the serial and shunt resistances determined for different points of solar cells from measurements of I–V characteristics. The spectral dependence of the photo voltage of solar cell is also shown, discussed and interpreted in the model of amorphous and crystal silicon.
Open-Path FTIR Spectral Radiation Intensity Of Hot Combustion Gases – Measurement And Interpretation
Authors: Cięszczyk Sławomir 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Spectral remote sensing is a very popular method in atmospheric monitoring. The paper presents an approach that involves mid-infrared spectral measurements of combustion processes. The dominant feature in this spectral range is CO2 radiation, which is used to determine the maximum temperature of nonluminous flames. Efforts are also made to determine the temperature profile of hot CO2, but they are limited to the laboratory conditions. The paper presents an analysis of the radiation spectrum of a non-uniform-temperature gas environment using a radiative transfer equation. Particularly important are the presented experimental measurements of various stages of the combustion process. They allow for a qualitative description of the physical phenomena involved in the process and therefore permit diagnostics. The next step is determination of a non-uniform-temperature profile based on the spectral radiation intensity with the 8 m optical path length.
A new route for the synthesis of 4-arylacetamido-2-aminothiazoles and their biological evaluation
Authors: V. Madhura , Revankar Hrishikesh M. , Kulkarni Manohar V. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A series of 4-arylacetamido-2-amino- and 2-arylamino-1,3-thiazoles (4a–o) were synthesized in a single step in high yields from ω-bromoacetoacetanilides and thiourea/phenyl thioureas and were characterized by spectral and analytical methods. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial antifungal and antioxidant activities. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of these compounds indicated their specificity towards Gram-positive species. p-Tolyl and m-chlorophenyl substituents on the arylamino moiety (compounds 4b and 4g) exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration values. The other compounds exhibited promising antimicrobial and moderate antioxidant activity.
Reducing Side Reactions Using PF6-based Electrolytes in Multivalent Hybrid Cells
Authors: Proffit Danielle L. , Lipson Albert L. , Pan Baofei , Han Sang-Don , Fister Timothy T. , Feng Zhenxing , Ingram Brian J. , Burrell Anthony K. , Vaughey John T. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe need for higher energy density batteries has spawned recent renewed interest in alternatives to lithium ion batteries, including multivalent chemistries that theoretically can provide twice the volumetric capacity if two electrons can be transferred per intercalating ion. Initial investigations of these chemistries have been limited to date by the lack of understanding of the compatibility between intercalation electrode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. This work describes the utilization of hybrid cells to evaluate multivalent cathodes, consisting of high surface area carbon anodes and multivalent nonaqueous electrolytes that are compatible with oxide intercalation electrodes. In particular, electrolyte and current collector compatibility was investigated, and it was found that the carbon and active material play an important role in determining the compatibility of PF6-based multivalent electrolytes with carbon-based current collectors. Through the exploration of electrolytes that are compatible with the cathode, new cell chemistries and configurations can be developed, including a magnesium-ion battery with two intercalation host electrodes, which may expand the known Mg-based systems beyond the present state of the art sulfide-based cathodes with organohalide-magnesium based electrolytes.
L’agentivité en question : étude des pratiques discursives des femmes enceintes sur les forums de discussion
Authors: Marignier Noémie 
Published: June 2015

Sur les forums doctissimo.fr sur l’accouchement, les participantes produisent des discours d’opposition au pouvoir médical ; elles estiment être privées de leur capacité d’agir par la normalisation et la technicisation de l’accouchement. Elles développent alors des pratiques discursives collectives pour élaborer une puissance d’agir dans un but de réappropriation du processus de la naissance. L’étude de ces pratiques par lesquelles les femmes enceintes sur les forums utilisent, construisent et parfois refusent leur agentivité permet de comprendre comment les rapports de pouvoirs genrés sont construits ou déstabilisés dans les discours. Je mènerai une étude qualitative de messages recueillis sur les forums doctissimo. fr concernant la naissance en croisant les perspectives de l’anthropologie linguistique, de l’analyse du discours et des études de genre. Après avoir proposé une conception de l’agentivité qui réunisse matérialité linguistique et pensée des rapports de domination, je montrerai comment les internautes construisent et performent en ligne des pratiques langagières de résistance au pouvoir médical et de réappropriation du corps. Cette agentivité doit cependant être nuancée par l’importance accordée dans leurs discours à la naturalité du processus de l’accouchement : des entités comme le bébé, le corps ou la nature sont également dotés d’une puissance d’agir par ces femmes. Le concept d’agentivité, considéré dynamiquement au sein des interactions, permet d’étudier les processus discursifs de création collective de pouvoirs mais aussi les mécanismes d’intériorisation et de reproduction des dominations.
Se raconter en situation de marginalisation : genre et langage dans des récits de migration d’employées de maison péruviennes
Authors: Mick Carola 
Published: June 2015

Dans leurs récits de migration (interne), des employées de maison péruviennes à Lima construisent un univers intrinsèquement genré et sexué, sans que la dimension du genre devienne pour autant un objet de leur méta-réflexion discursive. Cet article explore la manière dont la dimension discursive du genre marque les structures linguistiques et narratives déployées par les narratrices et s’entremêle avec les autres dimensions discursives de classe, race et espace. Une analyse du contenu caractérise les discours genrés partagés par les locutrices et les contextualise socio-historiquement. Elle permettra de mettre en évidence, ensuite, le positionnement individuel de plusieurs récits face à la problématique du genre. Pour ce faire, les particularités de la mise en mots seront reconstruites en prêtant spécifiquement attention à l’utilisation créative du genre grammatical dans le corpus. L’analyse démontre la subtilité avec laquelle la langue véhicule des représentations de genre dans les formes autant que dans le contenu, et pointe les possibilités des locutrices de les remettre en question par une agentivité langagière – notamment la réappropriation sémantique du genre grammatical – et narrative.
Les « péri-parents » : à la recherche d’un statut spécifique après une mort périnatale
Authors: Giraud Anne-Sophie 
Published: June 2015

En France, depuis les années 1980 et 1990, un certain nombre de pratiques institutionnelles et privées autour de la mort périnatale tendent désormais à ménager au fœtus mort une existence dans l’espace public et juridique, allant dans le sens d’une « humanisation » de cet être et contraignant le droit à certaines inflexions (inscription à l’état civil, obsèques, etc.). Derrière ces changements, donnant la fausse impression d’une institution de la personne du fœtus, se profilent en réalité non seulement la volonté de reconnaître la souffrance autrefois déniée des couples endeuillés, mais aussi la volonté qu’ils fassent leur deuil. Mais les enjeux sont bien plus complexes pour ces derniers : donner à cette mort une juste place et s’instituer « parents » en constituant le fœtus comme un enfant, tout en maintenant une certaine spécificité à la mort périnatale.
L’adoption en contexte de protection de l’enfance : profils et trajectoires d’enfants pris en charge à la naissance
Authors: Chateauneuf Doris 
Published: June 2015

La prise en charge d’un nouveau-né par les services de protection de l’enfance constitue une mesure d’intervention exceptionnelle qui comporte des enjeux majeurs sur le plan familial et juridique. En se penchant plus spécifiquement sur le modèle de famille d’accueil « Banque-mixte » (à vocation adoptive) développé par les services québécois de protection de l’enfance, le présent article s’intéresse à l’historique de placement et à la trajectoire familiale d’enfants placés dès leur naissance et pour lesquels un projet d’adoption a rapidement été envisagé. En s’appuyant sur une approche par étude de cas, l’auteure discute des balises cliniques et juridiques relatives à l’adoption et des défis que ces situations comportent en termes d’intervention sociale.
Gérer le stigmate. Les politiques intimes de la parentalité rom en Italie
Authors: Sarcinelli Alice Sophie 
Published: June 2015

À partir d’une recherche doctorale sur l’anthropologie de l’enfance et de la parentalité roms en Italie, cet article s’intéresse au vécu des parents roms, entre contraintes structurelles, effets de la stigmatisation et processus de subjectivation. Il sera question de l’« économie morale » et politique des sentiments des parents roms et des tactiques qu’ils adoptent pour exercer au mieux le métier de parent et, plus particulièrement, celui de mère. J’avance l’hypothèse que ces sentiments doivent être lus à la lumière des rapports sociaux de sexe, d’âge et de parenté intracommunautaires dans leur interaction complexe avec les rapports sociaux de race et de classe avec la société extracommunautaire.