bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incident at Tuol Chrey: Pathologic and Toxicologic Examinations of a Casualty After Chemical Attack
Authors: Stahl CJ , Green CC , Farnum JB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of the pathologic and toxicologic examinations of specimens from a casualty who died several weeks after a chemical attack in Kampuchea are discussed. While the effects of tricothecene mycotoxins have been described in domestic and experimental animals, there is a paucity of information about the pathologic effects of these toxins in humans. The possible effects of endemic diseases such as falciparum malaria, viral hepatitis, and nutritional deficiencies. as well as of the sudden, unexpected death syndrome among refugees from Southeast Asia, have been reviewed. If the results of the histologic examinations in this case are considered alone, it is not possible to establish a cause-effect relationship. However, the circumstances of injury, the relationship of pathologic findings to the studies of experimental animals, and the results of the toxicologic examinations of environmental and biologic specimens indicate that the combinations of tricothecene mycotoxins detected are not consistent with natural occurrence and provide evidence that the pathologic effects are related to a toxic agent.
Use of Bacillus subtilis var. aterrimus in a New Method of Tagging
Authors: Davidson LS , Best WS , Oliver JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study describes a new method of tagging in which a nonpathogenic, black pigmented bacterium. Bucillus subtilis var. aterrimus, is employed as the tagging agent. Articles composed of various materials, including paper, glass, metal, and plastic, were sprayed with cell suspensions of the bacterium. Detection of the tagging agent was accomplished through recovery of black pigmented bacterial colonies from tagged articles. This procedure has advantages over conventional tagging methods in that the bacteria are not visible after application and are easily detected without special equipment. The procedure is inexpensive to perform and does not require specially trained personnel.
Mechanical Failure of a Mitral Valve Prosthesis: An Unusual Case of Sudden Unexpected Death
Authors: Clark MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sudden unexpected death caused by the failure of a cardiac valve prosthesis is a rare occurrence. A 45-year-old female suddenly died three years following mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral stenosis. At autopsy, death was determined to be due to a metallic fatigue of the mitral valve prosthesis.
Deaths as a Result of a Combination of Codeine and Glutethimide
Authors: Havier RG , Lin R-l 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Toxicological findings are described in 16 medical examiner cases directly related to the combination of codeine and glutethimide. The cases described represent a six-month period, July through December 1982, showing the epidemic rate of abuse of this drug combination, most prominent in the Newark, NJ area since the late 1970s. Concentrations of codeine and glutethimide, measured by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), in the blood averaged 0.62 and 4.07 mg/L, respectively. Similarly determined urine concentrations averaged 38.06 and 12.68 mg/L, respectively. Specific concentrations of each drug in most cases were in the high therapeutic range, suggesting a possible toxic synergistic effect.
Application of Dynamic Headspace Analysis to Laboratory and Field Arson Investigations
Authors: Saferstein R , Park SA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A dynamic headspace procedure has been adopted to meet the special needs of the forensic scientist engaged in detecting and identifying trace accelerants present in physical evidence recovered from fire scenes. For common accelerants, sorbent trap concentration followed by thermal desorption directly onto a gas chromatographic column enhanced sensitivity by two orders in a magnitude over a static headspace technique. The procedure reduced negative findings 38% and inconclusive determinations 60% relative to static headspace analysis. Air at fire scenes can be drawn through a trap with a portable pump to allow monitoring for trace amounts of organic substances. The trap is then forwarded to the laboratory for analysis. Special precautions in sampling methods, transportation, and storage will be discussed as they relate to assuring the integrity of the collection and analysis of a fire scene atmosphere.
A Review of The Analysis of Explosives
Authors: Washington WD , Brunelle RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors present a monograph to serve as a reference book for chemists in analytical and forensic science laboratories and as a textbook for graduate students studying analytical chemistry and the forensic sciences. This text is truly needed and welcomed by explosives chemists, especially those who work in the forensic sciences. While the book is partially intended as a text for graduate students, the reviewers believe that junior and senior level undergraduate students could also benefit significantly from the subject material. Overall, the theory, subject matter, references, and discussion of methods and instrumental techniques are comprehensive and well presented and should be easily understood by advanced forensic and graduate chemistry students.
Misclassification Probability of Dental Discrimination Functions for Sex Determination
Authors: Owsley DW , Webb RS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Misclassification probability of dental discriminant functions for sexing American whites was evaluated using three verification procedures. These validation techniques involved sample resubstitution, jackknife classification, and use of a holdout sample. Resulting discriminant score distributions yielded correct classifications ranging between 65 and 81% depending upon the particular tooth combinations selected. Dental discriminant functions are applicable to forensic science cases if used with caution.
Creencias sobre la relación familia-escuela. Cambios en el futuro profesorado tras recibir formación específica || Beliefs about family-school relationships. Changes in pre-service teachers after receiving specific training
Authors: Vázquez Cristina , López-Larrosa Silvia 
Published: August 2015

Las creencias sobre la relación familia-escuela de los docentes varían en un continuo según el papel atribuido a padres y docentes, y el poder que tienen unos y otros. Los futuros docentes también tienen creencias sobre esta relación y su competencia para desarrollarla. En este trabajo participaron dos grupos de futuros docentes, alumnos de segundo curso. Un grupo recibió formación específica sobre la relación familia-escuela y su mejora (116 alumnos del grado de Educación Infantil, que constituyen el grupo experimental, GE). El otro grupo no recibió dicha formación (92 alumnos del grado de Educación Primaria, que constituyen el grupo control, GC).Se elaboró el Cuestionario de creencias sobre las relaciones familia-escuela (CCR) y se aplicó antes y después del entrenamiento del GE. Los resultados indican que los alumnos del GE incrementaron sus creencias sobre la colaboración familia-escuela en el post-test y redujeron las creencias sobre la subordinación y dejación de los padres y sobre la autoridad de los docentes. Los alumnos del GC mantuvieron sus creencias, significativamente más basadas en la autoridad de los profesores y la subordinación y dejación de los padres con respecto al GE. La competencia percibida para relacionarse con las familias no cambió significativamente en ambos grupos. No obstante, se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre las creencias y la competencia percibida, que evidencian la importancia de trabajar con los futuros docentes las creencias basadas en la colaboración familia-escuela.
Preparation of 6N grade silicon ingot by combined purification processes from waste silicon cutting sludge
Authors: Oh Jung-Min , Kim Hyekyoung , Chang Hankwon , Lee Back-Kyu , Jang Hee Dong , Lim Jae-Won 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study is aimed at fabricating ultrahigh-purity silicon ingots from silicon cutting sludge – a byproduct of the ingot for solar cells cutting process. Firstly, silicon powder from the silicon cutting sludge was recovered by 1st purification, such as ultrasonication, centrifugation, and acid treatment before preparation of the silicon ingots. After the 1st purification, the silicon cutting sludge yielded silicon powder with a purity of 99.7612 %. The 1st-purified silicon powder was subjected to 2nd purification – 3 cycles hydrogen plasma arc melting (HPAM), resulting in ultrahigh-purity silicon ingot with a purity of 99.9999 %. HPAM has been verified to be an effective process for removal of B and P – the major impurities of silicon for semiconductors and solar cells – to levels of total ≤ 0.3 ppm.
Piezo-absorbing effect of microwave absorbing composites with carbonyl iron particles as the filler
Authors: Zhang Chengmao , Liu Ting , Xu Yonggang 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new piezo-absorbing composite was fabricated with silicone rubber and spherical or flaky carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The complex permittivity and permeability of the composites, under variable compressive strain, were measured using a vector network analyzer in the frequency of 2–18 GHz and the reflection loss (RL) calculated to test the piezo-absorbing effect. The results show that, under compressive strain, the complex permittivity decreased slightly because of the breakdown of the original conductive network, whereas the complex permeability increased, but the enhancement mechanism was different. In the case of spherical CIPs/rubber composite, this was caused by the surface effect of the absorbents, and in the case of flaky CIPs/rubber composite by the orientation of the flaky particles. As the compressive strain was applied, the RL value and the absorbing band changed slightly with thickness of 1 mm or 2 mm. As the applied strains decreased the thickness of the composites, the absorption band (RL < −10 dB) broadened and the minimum RL decreased.
Large‐scale identification of membrane proteins with properties favorable for crystallization
Authors: Kim Jared , Kagawa Allison , Kurasaki Kellie , Ataie Niloufar , Cho Il Kyu , Li Qing X. , Ng Ho Leung 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMembrane protein crystallography is notoriously difficult due to challenges in protein expression and issues of degradation and structural stability. We have developed a novel method for large‐scale screening of native sources for integral membrane proteins that have intrinsic biochemical properties favorable for crystallization. Highly expressed membrane proteins that are thermally stable and nonaggregating in detergent solutions were identified by mass spectrometry from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Sus scrofa cerebrum. Many of the membrane proteins identified had been crystallized previously, supporting the promise of the approach. Most identified proteins have known functions and include high‐value targets such as transporters and ATPases. To validate the method, we recombinantly expressed and purified the yeast protein, Yop1, which is responsible for endoplasmic reticulum curvature. We demonstrate that Yop1 can be purified with the detergent dodecylmaltoside without aggregating.
The double‐edged effect of knowledge acquisition: How contracts safeguard pre‐existing resources
Authors: Zanarone Giorgio , Lo Desmond (Ho‐Fu) , Madsen Tammy L. 
Published: August 2015

Research summary: Acquiring knowledge on a partner's pre‐existing resources plays an important yet ambiguous role in collaborative relationships. We formally model how contracts trade off productive and destructive uses of knowledge in a buyer‐supplier relationship. We show that, when the buyer's pre‐existing resources are vulnerable to the revelation of sensitive knowledge, the supplier overinvests in knowledge acquisition as it expects to use the knowledge as a threat in price negotiations. A non‐renegotiable closed‐price contract prevents such overinvestment and reduces the supplier's ability to expropriate the buyer ex post. Our results extend to the cases of renegotiable closed‐price contracts, repeated interactions between a buyer and a supplier, and the use of nondisclosure policies. We draw theoretical, empirical, and managerial implications from our model.Managerial summary: This study yields new insights regarding the use of contract design in protecting pre‐existing, nonrelationship specific assets in buyer‐supplier arrangements. Anecdotal examples illustrate the “dark side” of these arrangements where opportunistic suppliers exploit knowledge of buyers' pre‐existing resources to seek rent and appropriate value. When a supplier is likely to act harmfully, a closed‐price contract that specifies the price of the supplier's component upfront may reduce the supplier's incentives to overinvest in acquiring and exploiting knowledge of the buyer's pre‐existing resources. As such, when a buyer's pre‐existing resources are highly valuable, and thus more vulnerable to use by the supplier outside of the arrangement, a non‐renegotiable closed‐price contract is more efficient. Additionally, limited disclosure policies and informal agreements based on repeated interactions complement indirect governance via price contracts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraversion and the West African EPA Development Programme: realising the development dimension of ACP–EU trade?
Authors: Langan Mark , Price Sophia 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWest African elites have successfully argued for an Economic Partnership Agreement Development Programme (EPADP) as part of free trade negotiations with the European Commission. ECOWAS officials state that the EPADP is necessary to realise the ‘development dimension’ of trade. In particular, they have (re)articulated Europe's own narratives relating to Aid for Trade and private sector development – insisting that the European Commission delivers on its promises. Accordingly, European negotiators have conceded the principle of the EPADP, stating that around €6·5 billion will be delivered. This article, however, examines the likely (in)capacity of the EPADP to meaningfully marry trade and development in the context of premature liberalisation under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). Crucially, it argues that West Africanextraversionin terms of EPADP resources may entrench predatory elites while locking-in ECOWAS states into inequitable trade structures that re-embed poverty in the region.
Leviathan and the Myograph: Hermann Helmholtz's “Second Note” on the Propagation Speed of Nervous Stimulations
Authors: Schmidgen Henning 
Published: August 2015

ArgumentIn the winter of 1849–1850 in Königsberg, German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) conducted pioneering measurements concerning the propagation speed of stimulations in the living nerve. While recent historians of science have paid considerable attention to Helmholtz's uses of the graphic method, in particular his construction of an instrument called “myographion,” this paper draws attention to theinscription surfacesthat he used in effective ways for capturing and transmitting his findings. Against the background of recent archival findings, I show that Helmholtz used isinglass copies of his graphical recordings in order to communicate the basic principle of previous measurements to the academic public. As the correspondence with his Berlin-based friend and colleague Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) and the subsequent development of the myographion make clear, these curves were not meant as measurements but functioned as demonstrations. In other words, Helmholtz's curves did provide “images of precision” (Olesko and Holmes 1993) – but they were not precise images.
PDZ interaction of Vangl2 links PSD-95 and Prickle2 but plays only a limited role in the synaptic localisation of Vangl2
Authors: Nagaoka Tadahiro , Tabuchi Katsuhiko , Kishi Masashi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPostsynaptic density-95/Discs large/Zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain-mediated protein interactions play pivotal roles in various molecular biological events, including protein localisation, assembly and signal transduction. Although the vertebrate regulator of planar cell polarity Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) was recently described as a postsynaptic molecule with a PDZ-binding motif, the role of its PDZ interaction at the synapse is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that the PDZ interaction was dispensable for the normal cluster formation of Vangl2 and not absolutely required for the synapse-associated localisation of Vangl2 in cultured hippocampal neurons. We further showed that the synaptic localisation of Vangl2 was categorised into two types: overlapping co-localisation with postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 or highly correlated but complementary pattern of association with PSD-95. Only the former was significantly sensitive to deletion of the PDZ-binding motif. In addition, the PDZ interaction enhanced the protein interactions between PSD-95 and Prickle2, which is another planar cell polarity factor that is localised at the postsynaptic density. Taken together with our recent report that the density of PSD-95 clusters was reduced in Vangl2-silenced neurons, these results suggest that Vangl2 determines the complex formation and clustering of postsynaptic molecules for synaptogenesis in mammalian brains.
PPARα and AP-2α regulate bombesin receptor subtype 3 expression in ozone-stressed bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Tan Yu-rong , Qin Xiao-qun , Xiang Yang , Yang Tao , Qu Fei , Wang Yue , Liu Hui-jun , Weber H. Christian 
Published: August 2015

Previously, we found that bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) significantly increased in an ozone-stressed airway hyperresponsiveness animal model and resulted in induced wound repair and protection from acute lung injury. In the present study, we determined molecular mechanisms of BRS-3 regulation in human BECs (bronchial epithelial cells) in response to ozone stress. Ten oligonucleotide probes corresponding to various regions of the BRS-3 promoter were used in EMSA (electrophoretic mobilityshift assays). Four were found to have an enhanced mobility shift with extracts from ozone-stressed cells. On the basis of the assay of mutated probes binding with extracts and antibody supershift, they were verified as MTF-1 (metal-regulatory-element-binding transcription factor-1), PPARα (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α), AP-2α (activator protein 2α) and HSF-1 (heat-shock factor 1). Next, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay, site-directed mutagenesis technology and antisense oligonucleotide technology were used to observe these transcription factors associated with the BRS-3 promoter. Only AP-2α and PPARα increased ozone-inducible DNA binding on the BRS-3 promoter and BRS-3 expression. The time courses of AP-2α and PPARα activation, followed by BRS-3 expression, were also examined. It was shown that ozone-inducible BRS-3 expression and AP-2α- and PPARα-binding activity correlated over a 48 h period. The translocation of PPARα was observed by immunofluorescence assay, which showed that PPARα nuclear translocation increased after ozone exposure. Our data suggest that AP-2α and PPARα may be especially involved in this ozone-inducible up-regulation mechanism of BRS-3 expression.
Oncogene dependency and the potential of targeted RNAi-based anti-cancer therapy
Authors: Yan Ruiyang , Hallam Andrew , Stockley Peter G. , Boyes Joan 
Published: August 2015

Cancers arise through the progression of multiple genetic and epigenetic defects that lead to deregulation of numerous signalling networks. However, the last decade has seen the development of the concept of ‘oncogene addiction’, where tumours appear to depend on a single oncogene for survival. RNAi has provided an invaluable tool in the identification of these oncogenes and oncogene-dependent cancers, and also presents great potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against them. Although RNAi therapeutics have demonstrated effective killing of oncogene-dependent cancers in vitro, their efficacy in vivo is severely limited by effective delivery systems. Several virus-based RNAi delivery strategies have been explored, but problems arose associated with high immunogenicity, random genome integration and non-specific targeting. This has directed efforts towards non-viral formulations, including delivery systems based on virus-like particles, liposomes and cationic polymers, which can circumvent some of these problems by immunomasking and the use of specific tumour-targeting ligands. This review outlines the prevalence of oncogene-dependent cancers, evaluates the potential of RNAi-based therapeutics and assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to targeted RNAi delivery.
Purification and staining of intact yeast DNA chromosomes and real-time observation of their migration during gel electrophoresis
Authors: GURRIERI Sergio , BUSTAMANTE Carlos 
Published: August 2015

In the past few years, fluorescence microscopy has been used successfully to characterize the motion of intermediate-size DNA molecules (50–500 kbp) during steady- and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. However, experimental difficulties had prevented the application of this technique to the direct observation of longer DNA chromosomes (1–2 Mbp). In the present study a particular procedure was followed for the purification and staining of chromosomal yeast DNA to protect it from shear forces. Also, a new highly fluorescent DNA-labelling dye, YOYO-1, was employed to improve brightness and contrast. Finally, the motion of such long DNA molecules (1–2 Mbp) was characterized under steady-field electrophoresis conditions. An accurate description of the molecular mechanisms of motion of such long molecules should provide the basis for a detailed analysis of the mechanisms responsible for DNA trapping.
Binding of glutathione and an inhibitor to microsomal glutathione transferase
Authors: SUN Tie-Hua , MORGENSTERN Ralf 
Published: August 2015

Microsomal glutathione transferase is an abundant liver protein that can be activated by thiol reagents. It is not known whether the activation is associated with changed binding properties of the enzyme. Therefore the binding of GSH and an inhibitor to rat liver microsomal glutathione transferase was studied by use of equilibrium dialysis and equilibrium partition in a two-phase system. The radioactive substrate glutathione and an inhibitor (glutathione sulphonate) give hyperbolic binding isotherms with a stoichiometry of 1 mol per mol of enzyme (i.e. 1 molecule per homotrimer). Glutathione had an equilibrium binding constant of 18 μM. Competition experiments involving glutathione sulphonate showed that it could effectively displace GSH. These and kinetic studies showed that the Kd and Ki for glutathione sulphonic acid are close to 10 μM. No change in these parameters was obtained after N-ethylmaleimide activation of the enzyme. Thus activation does not result from changes in binding affinity to GSH.