bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problem of religious evil
Authors: KODAJ DANIEL 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe article argues that evils perpetrated in the name of God (‘religious evils') generate a special version of the problem of evil, and a concomitant evidential argument, that cannot be solved by any of the current defences and theodicies. The article draws on historical examples to clarify the concept of religious evil, it shows that religious evil is a candidate defeater of theism, and it claims that the resulting evidential argument cannot be defused by defences and theodicies currently on offer. The last section outlines a solution.
The Italo-Libyan Relationship between 1969 and 1976
Authors: Toaldo Mattia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBased on the papers of former Italian statesman Aldo Moro and on several secondary sources, this article investigates the Italo-Libyan relationship between the rise to power of Qadhafi in 1969 and the mid-1970s. Qadhafi initially pursued a policy of confrontation with the former colonial power: he expelled the remaining Italian citizens in Libya, asked for post-colonial compensations and a revision of the 1956 treaty.Gradually, however, a new relationship developed: Italy badly needed Libyan oil, especially in view of the closing of the Suez Canal because of the Arab-Israeli wars, while Qadhafi needed to secure a fixed amount of oil revenues in order to build up domestic and international support for his revolution. Italian companies were also granted public works which were meant to improve Libyan infrastructure while Libyan oil profits could be invested in Italian stocks. Finally, Italy would provide Qadhafi with weapons and support for his regime, as the revelations about the ‘Hilton Assignment’ demonstrate. The author argues that this relationship gave both actors a wide freedom of manoeuvre within the context of the Cold War.
The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2012: the sixth season of excavations in the Haua Fteah cave
Authors: Rabett Ryan , Farr Lucy , Hill Evan , Hunt Chris , Lane Ross , Moseley Hazel , Stimpson Christopher , Barker Graeme 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe paper reports on the sixth season of fieldwork of the Cyrenaican Prehistory Project (CPP) undertaken in September 2012. As in the spring 2012 season, work focussed on the Haua Fteah cave and on studies of materials excavated in previous seasons, with no fieldwork undertaken elsewhere in the Gebel Akhdar. An important discovery, in a sounding excavated below the base of McBurney's 1955 Deep Sounding (Trench S), is of a rockfall or roof collapse conceivably dating to the cold climatic regime of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (globally dated to c. 190–130 ka) but more likely the result of a seismic event within MIS 5 (globally dated to c. 130–80 ka). The sediments and associated molluscan fauna in Trench S and in Trench D, a trench being cut down the side of the Deep Sounding, indicate that this part of the cave was at least seasonally waterlogged during the accumulation, probably during MIS 5, of the ~6.5 m of sediment cut through by the Deep Sounding. Evidence for human frequentation of the cave in this period is more or less visible depending on how close the trench area was to standing water as it fluctuated through time. Trench M, the trench being cut down the side of McBurney's Middle Trench, has now reached the depth of the latest Middle Stone Age or Middle Palaeolithic (Levalloiso-Mousterian) industries. The preliminary indications from its excavation are that the transition from the Levalloiso-Mousterian to the blade-based Upper Palaeolithic or Late Stone Age Dabban industry was complex and perhaps protracted, at a time when the climate was oscillating between warm-stage stable environmental conditions and colder and more arid environments. The estimated age of the sediments, c. 50–40 ka, places these oscillations within the earlier part of MIS 3 (globally dated to 60–24 ka), when global climates experienced rapid fluctuations as part of an overall trend to increasing aridity and cold.
Use of laboratory reports as predictors of West Nile virus disease cases, Texas, 2008–2012
Authors: YENDELL S. J. , TAYLOR J. , BIGGERSTAFF B. J. , TABONY L. , STAPLES J. E. , FISCHER M. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYWe evaluated laboratory reports as early indicators of West Nile virus (WNV) disease cases in Texas. We compared WNV laboratory results in the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System Base System (NBS) to WNV disease cases reported to the state health department from 2008 to 2012. We calculated sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of NBS reports, estimated the number of disease cases expected per laboratory report, and determined lead and lag times. The sensitivity and PPV of NBS laboratory reports were 86% and 77%, respectively. For every 10 positive laboratory reports, we expect 9·0 (95% confidence interval 8·9–9·2) reported disease cases. Laboratory reports preceded case reports with a lead time of 7 days. Electronic laboratory reports provided longer lead times than manually entered reports (P < 0·01). NBS laboratory reports are useful estimates of future reported WNV disease cases and may provide timely information for planning public health interventions.
Exploring family relationships through associations of comfort, relatedness states, and life closure in hospice patients: A pilot study
Authors: Hansen Dana M. , Higgins Patricia A. , Warner Camille Beckette , Mayo M. Murray 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:Research at the end of life tends to focus on the dying patient's symptoms, often overlooking issues associated with family interactions. However, many families struggle just to maintain or initiate these valuable connections. The purpose of our pilot study was to explore family relationships at the end of life and investigate associations among perceived comfort, relatedness states, and life closure.Method:This descriptive study used a cross-sectional design, and a convenience sample (n = 30; 18 women; mean age = 71 years) was recruited from patients admitted to a large not-for-profit hospice in northeastern Ohio. In-person interviews using the Hospice Comfort Questionnaire, Relatedness States Visual Analog Scales, and the Life-Closure Scale provided data for analyses.Results:Family interactions that were not associated with the physical tasks of caregiving were related to life closure (r = 0.36, p = 0.001), and life closure and comfort were highly correlated (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Participants residing in an inpatient setting had higher levels of involvement (t[18] = –2.07, p = 0.05) and comfort in relationships (t[28] = –2.06, p = 0.05) than those in the home setting.Significance of Results:This is the first known study investigating the associations among comfort, relatedness, and life closure at the end of life. The majority of participants had high levels of involvement and comfort in their relationships, and they preferred interactions that required minimal effort. Studies that focus on both patients' and family members' perceptions of relationships are needed as well as outcome studies that test simple interventions.
Meanings and experiential outcomes of bodily care in a specialist palliative context
Authors: Håkanson Cecilia , Öhlén Joakim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to enhance the depth of existing knowledge about meanings and experiential outcomes of bodily care in the context of an inpatient specialist palliative setting.Method:Interpretative phenomenology was chosen as the study sought to explore individuals' lived experiences related to bodily care. Nine participants (five women, four men) of various ages and with various metastasized cancers and bodily-care needs, all from one specialist palliative care ward, participated. Data were collected with repeated narrative interviews and supplementary participating observations. Analysis was informed by van Manen's approach.Results:The following meanings and experiential outcomes of bodily care were revealed by our study: maintaining and losing body capability, breaching borders of bodily integrity, being comforted and relieved in bodily-care situations, and being left in distress with unmet needs. These meanings overlap and shape the nature of each other and involve comforting and distressing experiences related to what can be described as conditional dimensions: the particular situation, one's own experiences of the body, and healthcare professionals' approaches.Significance of results:The results, based on specialist palliative care patients' experiences, outline the meanings and outcomes that relate to the quintessence and complexity of palliative care, deriving from dying persons' blend of both basic and symptom-oriented bodily-care needs. Moreover, the results outline how these two dimensions of care equally influence whether comfort and well-being are facilitated or not. Considering this, specialist palliative care may consider how to best integrate and acknowledge the value of skilled basic nursing care as part of and complementary to expertise in symptom relief during the trajectories of illness and dying.
Sozialer Kontext und antizipierter Alkoholkonsum bei Leistungssportlern
Authors: Ohlert Jeannine , Kleinert Jens 
Published: April 2014

Fragestellung: Alkoholkonsum im Leistungssport ist keine Seltenheit. Soziale Einflüsse für oder gegen dieses Verhalten kommen hierbei sowohl von der Trainerseite als auch von den Mannschaftskollegen. Die zentrale Frage der vorliegenden Studie war, inwiefern die Anwesenheit des eigenen Trainers bzw. der Mannschaftskollegen den Alkoholkonsum bei Leistungssportlern beeinflusst. Methodik: Insgesamt 466 LeistungssportlerInnen (43 % Frauen, 57 % Männer; Alter M = 22.0 Jahre) nahmen an einer Online-Befragung teil. Über Vignetten wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Alkoholkonsums bei angenommener Anwesenheit des Trainers oder der Mannschaft erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Anwesenheit des Trainers ging mit einem Abfall, Anwesenheit von Mannschaftskollegen mit einem Anstieg der Wahrscheinlichkeit für Alkoholgenuss einher. Ein weiterer signifikanter Einflussfaktor war die Gruppenkohäsion der Mannschaft. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Trinkverhalten von Leistungssportlern orientiert sich vermutlich daran, welche Personen in der jeweiligen Situation anwesend sind. Ist die Mannschaft oder Trainingsgemeinschaft zugegen, spielt zusätzlich die Gruppenkohäsion eine Rolle.
Quenching ilmenite with a high-temperature and high-pressure phase using super-high-energy ball milling
Authors: Hashishin Takeshi , Tan Zhenquan , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Qiu Nan , Kim Jungeum , Numako Chiya , Naka Takashi , Valmalette Jean Christophe , Ohara Satoshi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe mass production of highly dense oxides with high-temperature and high-pressure phases allows us to discover functional properties that have never been developed. To date, the quenching of highly dense materials at the gramme-level at ambient atmosphere has never been achieved. Here, we provide evidence of the formation of orthorhombic Fe2TiO4 from trigonal FeTiO3 as a result of the high-temperature (>1250 K) and high-pressure (>23 GPa) condition induced by the high collision energy of 150 gravity generated between steel balls. Ilmenite was steeply quenched by the surrounding atmosphere, when iron-rich ilmenite (Fe2TiO4) with a high-temperature and high-pressure phase was formed by planetary collisions and was released from the collision points between the balls. Our finding allows us to infer that such intense planetary collisions induced by high-energy ball milling contribute to the mass production of a high-temperature and high-pressure phase.
California Niño/Niña
Authors: Yuan Chaoxia , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe present study shows the existence of intrinsic coastal air-sea coupled phenomenon in the coastal ocean off Baja California and California in boreal summer for the first time. It contributes significantly to the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies there. An initial decrease/increase in the equatorward alongshore surface winds weakens/strengthens the coastal upwelling and raises/lowers the coastal SSTs through oceanic mixed-layer processes. The resultant coastal warming/cooling, in turn, heats/cools the overlying atmosphere anomalously, decreases/increases the atmospheric pressure in the lower troposphere, generates an anomalous cross-shore pressure gradient and thus reinforces or maintains the alongshore surface wind anomalies. The regional air-sea coupled phenomenon seems to be analogous to the well-known El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific but with much smaller time and space scales and may be referred to as California Niño/Niña in its intrinsic sense.
A model for the generation and transmission of variations in evolution
Authors: Rivoire Olivier , Leibler Stanislas 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceFew things are excluded in biology if they are not physically impossible, but some have been advocated to be, for instance, the absence of reverse flow of information from phenotype to genotype, often assimilated to Lamarckism. Regardless of the question of whether this prohibition is universally true or not, could any such prohibition logically result from natural selection? We introduce a mathematical model to examine this question and, more generally, the conditions under which various mechanisms for generating and transmitting variations in evolving populations may be favored or suppressed by natural selection.
Charge gradient microscopy
Authors: Hong Seungbum , Tong Sheng , Park Woon Ik , Hiranaga Yoshiomi , Cho Yasuo , Roelofs Andreas 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Polarization charges of ferroelectric materials are screened by an equal amount of surface charges with opposite polarity in ambient condition. Here we show that scraping, collecting, and quantifying the surface screen charges reveals the underlying polarization domain structure at high speed, a technique we call charge gradient microscopy. The scraped charge, measured as a current that scales with scraping rate, induces a charge gradient which leads to the immediate relocation or refill of the screen charges from the vicinity of the probe, making this method a reliable tool to study the complex dynamics of domain nucleation and growth induced by a biased tip in the absence of surface screen charges.
Estimating second language productive vocabulary size
Authors: Williams Joy , Segalowitz Norman , Leclair Tatsiana 
Published: April 2014

This study provides validity evidence for the Capture-Recapture (CR) method, borrowed from ecology, as a measure of second language (L2) productive vocabulary size (PVS). Two separate “captures” of productive vocabulary were taken using written word association tasks (WAT). At Time 1, 47 bilinguals provided at least 4 associates to each of 30 high-frequency stimulus words in English, their first language (L1), and in French, their L2. A few days later (Time 2), this procedure was repeated with a different set of stimulus words in each language. Since the WAT was used, both Lex30 and CR PVS scores were calculated in each language. Participants also completed an animacy judgment task assessing the speed and efficiency of lexical access.
Results indicated that, in both languages, CR and Lex30 scores were significantly positively correlated (evidence of convergent validity). CR scores were also significantly larger in the L1, and correlated significantly with the speed of lexical access in the L2 (evidence of construct validity). These results point to the validity of the technique for estimating relative L2 PVS. However, CR scores are not a direct indication of absolute vocabulary size. A discussion of the method’s underlying assumptions and their implications for interpretation are provided.
Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?
Authors: Costello Joseph T. , Bieuzen Francois , Bleakley Chris M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study is to estimate the ratio of male and female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research. Original research articles published in three major Sports and Exercise Medicine journals (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, British Journal of Sports Medicine and American Journal of Sports Medicine) over a three‐year period were examined. Each article was screened to determine the following: total number of participants, the number of female participants and the number of male participants. The percentage of females and males per article in each of the journals was also calculated. Cross tabulations and Chi‐square analysis were used to compare the gender representation of participants within each of the journals. Data were extracted from 1382 articles involving a total of 6,076,580 participants. A total of 2,366,968 (39%) participants were female and 3,709,612 (61%) were male. The average percentage of female participants per article across the journals ranged from 35% to 37%. Females were significantly under‐represented across all of the journals (χ2 = 23,566, df = 2, p < 0.00001). In conclusion, Sports and Exercise Medicine practitioners should be cognisant of sexual dimorphism and gender disparity in the current literature.
Use of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension–Specific Therapy in Overweight or Obese Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Shujaat Adil , Bellardini Jason , Girdhar Ankur , Bajwa Abubakr A. 
Published: April 2014

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in overweight or obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be multifactorial. The effect of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH)‐specific drugs on PH and exercise capacity in such patients is unknown. We performed a retrospective review of overweight or obese patients with OSA and PH who were treated with PAH‐specific therapy in our PH clinic. We identified 9 female and 2 male patients. The mean age ± SD was 54.9 ± 9.3 years. The mean pulmonary artery pressure at the time of diagnosis of PH was 39.8 ± 16.1 mmHg. The right atrial pressure was 11.1 ± 4.5 mmHg, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was 14.1 ± 2.9 mmHg, the cardiac index was 2.6 ± 0.5 L/min/m2, and the pulmonary vascular resistance index was 10.6 ± 7.1 Wood units/m2. The indications for use of PAH‐specific therapy were dyspnea in association with right heart failure (n = 4), persistent PH despite compliance with nocturnal positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy (n = 4), or inability to tolerate PAP therapy (n = 3). PH was treated with an endothelin receptor antagonist (n = 8) or a phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor (n = 3). The 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) improved significantly, from 234 ± 49.7 to 258 ± 54.6 m (24 m [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.5–341.5 m]; P = 0.014) over a period of 4.4 ± 1.8 months (n = 8) and from 241.7 ± 48.5 to 289.9 ± 91 m (48 m [95% CI: 5.5–90.8 m]; P = 0.033) in those with a longer follow‐up period of 12.1 ± 6.4 months (n = 7). The systolic pulmonary artery pressure dropped significantly, from 64 ± 25.2 to 42 ± 10.4 mmHg (22 mmHg [95% CI: 4–40 mmHg]; P = 0.024) over a period of 6.1 ± 4.1 months (n = 7). In conclusion, PAH‐specific therapy resulted in significant improvement in both PH and 6MWD.
Circular RNAs are depleted of polymorphisms at microRNA binding sites
Authors: Thomas Laurent F. , Sætrom Pål 
Published: April 2014

Motivation: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an abundant class of highly stable RNAs that can affect gene regulation by binding and preventing microRNAs (miRNAs) from regulating their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets. Mammals have thousands of circRNAs with predicted miRNA binding sites, but only two circRNAs have been verified as being actual miRNA sponges. As it is unclear whether these thousands of predicted miRNA binding sites are functional, we investigated whether miRNA seed sites within human circRNAs are under selective pressure.
Results: Using SNP data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we found a significant decrease in SNP density at miRNA seed sites compared with flanking sequences and random sites. This decrease was similar to that of miRNA seed sites in 3' untranslated regions, suggesting that many of the predicted miRNA binding sites in circRNAs are functional and under similar selective pressure as miRNA binding sites in mRNAs.
Contact: pal.satrom@ntnu.no
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
kdetrees: non-parametric estimation of phylogenetic tree distributions
Authors: Weyenberg Grady , Huggins Peter M. , Schardl Christopher L. , Howe Daniel K. , Yoshida Ruriko 
Published: April 2014

Motivation: Although the majority of gene histories found in a clade of organisms are expected to be generated by a common process (e.g. the coalescent process), it is well known that numerous other coexisting processes (e.g. horizontal gene transfers, gene duplication and subsequent neofunctionalization) will cause some genes to exhibit a history distinct from those of the majority of genes. Such ‘outlying’ gene trees are considered to be biologically interesting, and identifying these genes has become an important problem in phylogenetics.Results: We propose and implement kdetrees, a non-parametric method for estimating distributions of phylogenetic trees, with the goal of identifying trees that are significantly different from the rest of the trees in the sample. Our method compares favorably with a similar recently published method, featuring an improvement of one polynomial order of computational complexity (to quadratic in the number of trees analyzed), with simulation studies suggesting only a small penalty to classification accuracy. Application of kdetrees to a set of Apicomplexa genes identified several unreliable sequence alignments that had escaped previous detection, as well as a gene independently reported as a possible case of horizontal gene transfer. We also analyze a set of Epichloë genes, fungi symbiotic with grasses, successfully identifying a contrived instance of paralogy.Availability and implementation: Our method for estimating tree distributions and identifying outlying trees is implemented as the R package kdetrees and is available for download from CRAN.Contact: ruriko.yoshida@uky.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Source and processing effects on noise correlations
Authors: Fichtner Andreas 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We quantify the effects of spatially heterogeneous noise sources and seismic processing on noise correlation measurements and their sensitivity to Earth structure. Using numerical wavefield simulations and adjoint techniques, we calculate interstation correlations and sensitivity kernels for arbitrarily distributed noise sources where—as in the real Earth—different frequencies are generated in different locations. While both heterogeneous noise sources and processing can have profound effects on noise correlation waveforms, narrow-band traveltime measurements are less affected, in accord with previous analytical studies. Sensitivities to Earth structure depend strongly on the source distribution and the processing scheme, and they reveal exotic frequency dependencies that go beyond the well-known frequency scaling of the Fresnel zone width. Our results indicate that modern full waveform inversion applied to noise correlations is not possible unless one of the following measures is taken: (1) properly account for noise source distribution and processing, or (2) limit measurements to phase or time shifts in narrow frequency bands. Failure to do so can lead to erroneous misfits, tomographic artefacts, and reduced resolution.