bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Phytophthora palmivora Causing Fruit Rot of Fig (Ficus carica L.) in China
Authors: Zhang C. , Zhang W. , Ma H. Q. , Zhang G. Z. 
Published: April 2013

Fresh fig (Ficus carica L.) has been grown on a large scale in Beijing, China, since 2011. In late July 2012, a rot disease occurred on immature fruit of fig after a heavy rain (average daily rainfall 170 mm) in Fangshan District, Beijing, which caused about 30% incidence of green fruit on trees. The symptom first appeared as a water-soaked lesion that was covered with a white, fluffy mass of mycelia, followed by a soft, mushy rot of infected area on the fruit. To isolate the causal agent, mycelia and sporangia from 10 symptomatic fruits were suspended in sterile water, spread on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 25°C for 18 h. The isolates from each diseased fruit showed the same colonial characteristics. A single sporangium was isolated under a dissecting microscope and transferred onto PDA to obtain a pure culture. On carrot agar, the colony was white and homogeneous with tidy edge, with a few aerial hyphae. Sporangia were obpyriform with obvious papillae and measured 54.7 to 63.8 (59.3) × 26.5 to 36.3 (30.7) μm. The chlamydospores produced in culture were spherical. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora palmivora based on the morphological characteristics (3) and confirmed with ITS sequences by PCR amplification using rDNA universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The resulting sequence (Accession No. KC131229) had a 99% identity to that of P. palmivora (JQ354937) isolated from Pachira aquatica. Koch's postulates were conducted by inoculating six surface-sterilized figs with a PDA plug from a 7-day-old culture, with six noninoculated (PDA plugs only) fruits serving as controls. The inoculated fruits were incubated at room temperature in a plastic box covered with film. Symptoms similar to those on the naturally infected fruits began on wounded fruits 48 h after inoculation and on non-wounded fruits 60 h after inoculation, while the six control fruits remained healthy. P. palmivora was reisolated from the symptomatic fruit tissue. P. palmivora is one of the most severe pathogens on edible figs, being reported by Japanese in 1941 (2). Fruit rot of fig caused by the pathogen was reported in Florida in 1984 (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. palmivora leading to fruit rot on fig in China. References: (1) N. E. El-Gholl and S. A. Alfieri, Jr. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97:327, 1984. (2) Y. Nisikado et al. Ber. Ohara Inst. 8:427, 1941. (3) Y. N. Yu. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum: Peronosporales (in Chinese) Vol. 6. Science Press, Beijing, 1998.
Function Relaxation Followed by Diversifying Selection after Whole-Genome Duplication in Flowering Plants
Authors: Guo Hui , Lee Tae-Ho , Wang Xiyin , Paterson Andrew H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEpisodes of whole-genome duplication (WGD) followed by gene loss dominate the evolutionary history of flowering plants. Despite the importance of understanding gene evolution following WGD, little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of this process. In this study, we analyzed duplicated genes from three WGD events in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lineage using multiple data types. Most duplicated genes that have survived from the most recent WGD (α) are under purifying selection in modern Arabidopsis populations. Using the number of identified protein-protein interactions as a proxy for functional divergence, approximately 92.7% of α-duplicated genes were diverged in function from one another in modern Arabidopsis populations, indicating that their preservation is no longer explicable by dosage balance. Dosage-balanced retention declines with antiquity of duplication: 24.1% of α-duplicated gene pairs in Arabidopsis remain in dosage balance with interacting partners, versus 12.9% and 9.4% for the earlier β-duplication and γ-triplication. GO-slim (a cut-down version of gene ontologies) terms reinforce evidence from protein-protein interactions, showing that the putatively diverged gene pairs are adapted to different cellular components. We identified a group of α-duplicated genes that show higher than average single-nucleotide polymorphism density, indicating that a period of positive selection, potentially driving functional divergence, may have preceded the current phase of purifying selection. We propose three possible paths for the evolution of duplicated genes following WGD.
Cross‐Cultural Differences in Children's Beliefs About the Objectivity of Social Categories
Authors: Diesendruck Gil , Goldfein‐Elbaz Rebecca , Rhodes Marjorie , Gelman Susan , Neumark Noam 
Published: April 2013

The present study compared 5‐ and 10‐year‐old North American and Israeli children's beliefs about the objectivity of different categories (n = 109). Children saw picture triads composed of two exemplars of the same category (e.g., two women) and an exemplar of a contrasting category (e.g., a man). Children were asked whether it would be acceptable or wrong for people in a different country to consider contrasting exemplars to be the same kind. It was found that children from both countries viewed gender as objectively correct and occupation as flexible. The findings regarding race and ethnicity differed in the two countries, revealing how an essentialist bias interacts with cultural input in directing children's conceptualization of social groups.
Failure of Research to Address the Rangewide Conservation Needs of Large Carnivores: Leopards in South Africa as a Case Study
Authors: Balme Guy A. , Lindsey Peter A. , Swanepoel Lourens H. , Hunter Luke T.B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractScience and conservation are often driven by different agendas, partly because many researchers are reluctant to tackle applied topics perceived to be less competitive for publishing or too impractical to study. Consequently, research often fails to contribute meaningfully to conservation outcomes. We use leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa to illustrate this mismatch between research and conservation priorities. A review of the scientific literature showed that leopard studies in South Africa focused disproportionately on basic research, particularly on leopard feeding ecology inside protected areas. Academics were responsible for most articles but avoided applied studies, even though they were published in higher impact journals and took less time to undertake. An assessment of active leopard projects further demonstrated that studies were clumped in areas of low conservation concern and most failed to publish their findings. Many projects were also funded by commercial volunteer programs with financial incentives for conducting research. We recommend that leopard researchers in South Africa and carnivore researchers more widely engage with practitioners to ensure the most pressing issues are addressed. Scientists must also situate their research in a broader conservation context and evaluate the outcomes of management decisions. Finally, continued funding and permissions for research should at a minimum be contingent on research outputs being published in the peer‐reviewed literature.
Options Contracts with Overbooking in the Air Cargo Industry
Authors: Hellermann Rolf , Huchzermeier Arnd , Spinler Stefan 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn today's world economy, which is marked by intensified international trade, air cargo acts as a key facilitator. However, cargo airlines continue to struggle to be profitable because of very high asset costs and substantial demand uncertainty. To improve upon this situation, we propose an options contract. Our model captures the main features of cargo trade between an airline and a freight forwarder and allows us to derive an optimal reservation policy. We then go on to analyze the impact of overbooking on the profit of the cargo capacity provider. The model is subsequently applied to real‐life booking data provided by a major cargo carrier. This enables us to compare current contractual arrangements with the ones proven optimal in the model. A numerical study provides insights about the impact of overbooking on contract parameters and profitability. Managerial insights to be drawn conclude this study.
A Note on “Discrete Sequential Search with Group Activities”
Authors: Talla Nobibon Fabrice , Coolen Kris , Leus Roel 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis note comments on a paper published by Wagner and Davis [Decision Sciences (2001), 32(4), 557–573]. These authors present an integer‐programming model for the single‐item discrete sequential search problem with group activities. Based on their experiments, they conjecture that the problem can be solved as a linear program. In this note, we provide a counterexample for which the optimal value of the linear program they propose is different from the optimal value of the integer‐programming model, hence contradicting their conjecture for the specific linear program that they specify. To the best of our knowledge, the conjecture settled in this note was still an open question.
Implications of productivity and nutrient requirements on greenhouse gas balance of annual and perennial bioenergy crops
Authors: Cadoux Stephane , Ferchaud Fabien , Demay Charlotte , Boizard Hubert , Machet Jean‐Marie , Fourdinier Emilie , Preudhomme Matthieu , Chabbert Brigitte , Gosse Ghislain , Mary Bruno 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBiomass from dedicated crops is expected to contribute significantly to the replacement of fossil resources. However, sustainable bioenergy cropping systems must provide high biomass production and low environmental impacts. This study aimed at quantifying biomass production, nutrient removal, expected ethanol production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of six bioenergy crops: Miscanthus × giganteus, switchgrass, fescue, alfalfa, triticale, and fiber sorghum. Biomass production and N, P, K balances (input‐output) were measured during 4 years in a long‐term experiment, which included two nitrogen fertilization treatments. These results were used to calculate a posteriori ‘optimized’ fertilization practices, which would ensure a sustainable production with a nil balance of nutrients. A modified version of the cost/benefit approach proposed by Crutzen et al. (2008), comparing the GHG emissions resulting from N‐P‐K fertilization of bioenergy crops and the GHG emissions saved by replacing fossil fuel, was applied to these ‘optimized’ situations. Biomass production varied among crops between 10.0 (fescue) and 26.9 t DM ha−1 yr−1 (miscanthus harvested early) and the expected ethanol production between 1.3 (alfalfa) and 6.1 t ha−1 yr−1 (miscanthus harvested early). The cost/benefit ratio ranged from 0.10 (miscanthus harvested late) to 0.71 (fescue); it was closely correlated with the N/C ratio of the harvested biomass, except for alfalfa. The amount of saved CO2 emissions varied from 1.0 (fescue) to 8.6 t CO2eq ha−1 yr−1 (miscanthus harvested early or late). Due to its high biomass production, miscanthus was able to combine a high production of ethanol and a large saving of CO2 emissions. Miscanthus and switchgrass harvested late gave the best compromise between low N‐P‐K requirements, high GHG saving per unit of biomass, and high productivity per hectare.
Excellent long time survival for Swedish patients starting home‐hemodialysis with and without subsequent renal transplantations
Authors: Rydell Helena , Krützen Lena , Simonsen Ole , Clyne Naomi , Segelmark Mårten 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSurvival for patients on dialysis is poor. Earlier reports have indicated that home‐hemodialysis is associated with improved survival but most of the studies are old and report only short‐time survival. The characteristics of patient populations are often incompletely described. In this study, we report long‐term survival for patients starting home‐hemodialysis as first treatment and estimate the impact on survival of age, comorbidity, decade of start of home‐hemodialysis, sex, primary renal disease and subsequent renal transplantation. One hundred twenty‐eight patients starting home‐hemodialysis as first renal replacement therapy 1971–1998 in Lund were included. Data were collected from patient files, the Swedish Renal Registry and Swedish census. Survival analysis was made as intention‐to‐treat analysis (including survival after transplantation) and on‐dialysis‐treatment analysis with patients censored at the day of transplantation. Ten‐, twenty‐ and thirty‐year survival were 68%, 36% and 18%. Survival was significantly affected by comorbidity, age and what decade the patients started home‐hemodialysis. For patients younger than 60 years and with no comorbidities, the corresponding figures were 75%, 47% and 23% and a subsequent renal transplantation did not significantly influence survival. Long‐term survival for patients starting home‐hemodialysis is good, and improves decade by decade. Survival is significantly affected by patient age and comorbidity, but the contribution of subsequent renal transplantation was not significant for younger patients without comorbidities.
Tailoring Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotubes Interface to Optimize Mechanical Properties of Cf‐CNTs/SiC Composites
Authors: Hu Jianbao , Dong Shaoming , Wu Bin , Zhang Xiangyu , Zhou Haijun , Wang Zhen , Kan Yanmei 
Published: April 2013

Cf/SiC composites were fabricated using fiber coatings including CNTs and matrix infiltration using the polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process. Interface between fiber and CNTs (CF/CNTs) was tailored to optimize mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The tailored interphases, such as Pyrocarbon (PyC) and PyC/SiC, protect fibers from degradation during the growth of CNTs successfully. Hybrid composites with well‐tailored CF/CNTs interface displayed significantly increased mechanical strength (352 ± 21 MPa) compared with that (34 ± 3 MPa) of composites reinforced with CNTs, which grown on carbon fibers directly. The interfacial bonding strength of hybrid composites was improved and optimized by tailoring the CF/CNTs interface. Interfacial failure modes were studied, and a firm interface bonding at the joint where CNTs grown was observed.
Twins and the mystery of missing heritability: the contribution of gene–environment interactions
Authors: Kaprio J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSince 2006, the advent of increasingly larger genome‐wide association studies and their meta‐analyses have led to numerous, replicated findings of genetic polymorphisms associated with many diseases and traits. Early studies suggested that the identified loci generally accounted for a small fraction of the genetic variance estimated from twin and family studies. This led to the concept of ‘missing heritability’. Here, the progress in accounting for a greater proportion of the variance is reviewed. In particular, gene–environment interactions can, for some traits and in certain circumstances, explain part of this missing heritability.
Smoking and Chronic Pain Among People Aged 65 Years and Older
Authors: Jakobsson Ulf , Larsson Caroline 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo study the relationship between smoking and chronic pain among people aged 65+ years.DesignA cross‐sectional study.SampleThe study was carried out in 2011 and included a randomly selected (N = 2000, response rate 57%) sample of people aged 65 years and older, living in Sweden.MeasurementA postal questionnaire with questions about demographic data, living conditions, tobacco use (both smoking and moist snuff), subjective health, and chronic pain (eg, intensity, duration, location). Chronic pain was defined as a pain lasting for 3 months or longer.ResultsIn the total sample (n = 1141, aged 65 to 103 years), 53.6% were women, 38.5% reported chronic pain, and 9% were smokers. Among the smokers were 47.6% reporting chronic pain. When comparing smokers and nonsmokers, there was a significant difference only in pain intensity but not in prevalence. However, when the sample was divided by gender, significant differences were found in both prevalence and intensity among women, but only in intensity among men. No association was found between moist snuff and pain.ConclusionsThere was an association between smoking and chronic pain among older people, especially regarding pain intensity. This indicates that interventions to help people cease smoking may be one way (among other methods) to ease pain intensity among older people.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Strains of Coxsackievirus A7
Authors: Ylä-Pelto Jani , Koskinen Satu , Karelehto Eveliina , Sittig Eleonora , Roivainen Merja , Hyypiä Timo , Susi Petri 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
Genomes of three strains (Parker, USSR, and 275/58) of coxsackievirus A7 (CV-A7) were amplified by the long reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method and sequenced. While the sequences of Parker and USSR were identical, the similarities of 275/58 to the CV-A7 reference sequence, accession no. AY421765, were 82.6% and 96.2% for nucleotides and amino acids, respectively.
Performance-based assessments and demand for personal care in older Japanese people: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Suzuki Takao , Suzukawa Megumi , Makizako Hyuma , Doi Takehiko , Yoshida Daisuke , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Anan Yuya , Uemura Kazuki , Ito Tadashi , Lee Sangyoon , Park Hyuntae 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesTo identify appropriate clinical tests for determining the demand for personal care in older Japanese people.DesignCross-sectional observation study.SettingObu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly (Obu, Aichi) and Tsukui Ordered Useful Care for Health (241 day-care centres) cohorts in Japan.ParticipantsA total of 10 351 individuals aged 65 years or older (6791 with personal care and 3560 without personal care) participated in the study.MeasuresPhysical performance tests included grip strength, the chair stand test, walking speed at a comfortable pace, and the timed up-and-go test. Personal care was defined as participants who had been certified in the national social long-term care insurance in Japan.ResultsIndividuals who received personal care showed a significantly poorer performance than those without personal care for all physical performance tests (p<0.001). Gait speed was the most useful of the physical performance tests to determine the demand for personal care (receiver operating characteristic curve statistics: men, 0.92; women, 0.94; sensitivity: men, 86; women, 90; specificity: men, 85; women, 85). After adjustment for age, sex, cognitive impairment and other physical tests, all physical performance tests were individually associated with the demand for personal care. A slow gait speed (<1 m/s) was more strongly correlated with the demand for personal care than other performance measures (gait speed OR: 5.9; 95% CI: 5.0 to 6.9).ConclusionsClinical tests of physical performance are associated with the demand for personal care in older people. Preventive strategies to maintain physical independence may be required in older adults who show a gait speed slower than 1 m/s. Further research is necessary to confirm these preliminary results.
Quantity, not frequency, of alcohol use moderates the association between multiple sexual partners andTrichomonas vaginalisamong women attending an urban STD clinic
Authors: Scott-Sheldon Lori A J , Senn Theresa E , Carey Kate B , Urban Marguerite A , Carey Michael P 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to investigate alcohol use, sexual risk behaviour and trichomoniasis in a sample of low-income, largely minority, women patients at a publicly funded sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in the USA.MethodsBaseline data, collected as part of a clinical trial, were used. Patients (688 women, 46% of the overall sample) completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview that included questions about their alcohol use and sexual behaviours. Trichomoniasis was determined from vaginal swab specimens obtained during a standard clinical exam.ResultsWomen (n=580; 18–56 years of age; 64% African–American) who reported that they had consumed alcohol at least once in the past year were included in the analyses. Of the 580 women, 157 were diagnosed with an STD and 80 tested positive for trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis was associated with having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) but not with the number or proportion of unprotected sex events (p>0.05) in the past 3 months. Quantity of alcohol use (drinks per drinking day, drinks per week, and peak consumption) moderated the association between the number of sexual partners and trichomoniasis.ConclusionsThe number of sexual partners predicted the probability of trichomoniasis when women reported drinking large quantities of alcohol. Because having multiple sexual partners increases the risk for STD transmission, interventions designed for at-risk women should address the quantity of alcohol consumed as well as partner reduction to reduce the risk for trichomoniasis.
Quantitative Assessment of Aortic Elasticity With Aging Using Velocity-Vector Imaging and Its Histologic Correlation
Authors: Kim Sung-Ai , Lee Kyung Hye , Won Ho-Yeon , Park Sungha , Chung Ji Hyung , Jang Yangsoo , Ha Jong-Won 
Published: April 2013

Objective—
Velocity-vector imaging (VVI) represents a valuable new method for noninvasive quantification of vascular properties associated with aging. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlations between VVI parameters and histological changes with aging.

Approach and Results—
Fourteen mongrel dogs were classified as either young (n=7; age, 1–2 years; female; weighing 22–29 kg) or senescent (n=7; age, 8–12 years; female; weighing 36–45 kg). The short-axis image of the descending thoracic aorta was obtained for VVI analysis with transesophageal echocardiography. The location of the image was identified using fluoroscopic guidance, and the aortic tissue was extracted. After dividing the aortic wall into 6 segments, both regional and segmental tissue collagen and elastin contents were quantified and correlated with the aortic elastic properties. In the regional analysis, the M-mode–derived aortic dimensions and elastic moduli except for intima-media thickness were not significantly different between the groups, whereas the VVI-derived aortic area and fractional area changes showed more dilated and stiffer aorta in senescent dogs. Also, fractional area change was significantly correlated with the tissue collagen content unlike the M-mode–derived elastic moduli. In the segmental analysis, the radial velocity, circumferential strain, and strain rates of VVI were more reduced in senescent dogs than young dogs, and the radial velocity and circumferential strain showed independent associations with the collagen content of the corresponding aortic wall.

Conclusions—
VVI was a feasible method for direct quantification of aortic elastic properties with a significant histological correlation.
After We Deconstruct ‘Religion,’ Then What? A Case for Critical Realism
Authors: Schilbrack Kevin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Some scholars of religion have turned their attention from religion to “religion” and have then deconstructed the conceptual category, arguing that the concept of religion is an invention of the scholar that corresponds to nothing. In Schilbrack (2012), I used the work of Tim Fitzgerald to identify what such arguments get right and what they get wrong. In the present reply to Fitzgerald, I make a case for critical realism as a methodological stance for the study of religion that can learn from deconstructive approaches without abandoning the concept.