bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core‐shell latex synthesized by emulsion polymerization using an alkali‐soluble resin as sole surfactant
Authors: Wang Muli , Ma Zhijun , Zhu Dong , Zhang Dongyang , Yin Wu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA series of alkali‐soluble resins were prepared from esterification reaction of styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) and four fatty alcohols having different alkyl chains. The critical aggregates concentration of the prepared hemiester was lower than SMA, indicating that modification of SMA resin with long alkyl chains could improve their emulsification efficiency. The detailed experiments of emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate using these hemiesters as sole surfactants showed that SMA‐C12‐75, SMA‐C14‐70, and SMA‐C16‐65 were good surfactants. In the end, we successfully prepared stable latexes using above three good surfactants with relatively low surfactant concentration and high solid content. Characterization of latexes by Zetasizer and transmission electron microscopy revealed that particles of these latexes have core‐shell nanostructure with average particle size below 60 nm. Compared with SMA, the improvement of emulsification efficiency of its hemiesters may come from the better hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance and steric stabilization after incorporation of long alkyl chain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of 1,3‐bis(diphenylsilyl)‐2,2,4,4‐tetraphenylcyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes
Authors: Lv Zhen , Zheng Yan , Zhang Zhijie , Xie Zemin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNew and effective approaches to the synthesis of 1,3‐bis(diphenylsilyl)‐2,2,4,4‐tetraphenylcyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes (P1 and P2) were developed. P1 was obtained by polycondensation of cyclodisilazane lithium salt and chloroterminated polydimethylsiloxane. P2 was produced by hydrosilylation of vinyl‐terminated cyclodisilazane and hydrogen‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane. The polycondensation completed quickly at room temperature, while the hydrosilylation was facile and did not require cumbersome air‐sensitive operations. P1 and P2 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA). TGA revealed the outstanding thermal properties of P1 and P2 with 5% weight loss temperatures (Td5) higher than 450°C. IGA proved their better thermal stability at 450°C for 800 min, compared to polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that silicone rubbers made from cyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes could have a maximum tan δ value as high as 1.13 and had good prospects for damping material applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparing Similar Ground‐penetrating Radar Surveys Under Different Moisture Conditions at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios, Cyprus
Authors: Rogers Michael , Leon Jeffrey F. , Fisher Kevin D. , Manning Sturt W. , Sewell David 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTWater is known as being a dominant factor in ground‐penetrating radar reflection and transmission from subsurface interfaces. Before embarking on a multi‐season, large‐scale survey of late Bronze Age cities in Cyprus we wanted to empirically identify the impact of seasonal moisture on ground‐penetrating radar transmission and reflection from buried Late Bronze Age architecture to determine the optimum time of the year to conduct our surveys. Having conducted preliminary surveys under dry conditions to support a grant proposal we were then in a position to return to the site during wet conditions after receiving our funding and before beginning our full‐scale project. We report here a comparison of the ground‐penetrating radar results at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios during a drought year (summer 2008, 54% normal) versus a roughly average year (spring 2010, 109% normal) conditions, which identified drier conditions as providing the best data for interpreting Late Bronze Age urban planning given the methods employed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A10LaCdSb9 (A=Ca, Yb): A Highly Complex Zintl System and the Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Wang Jian , Xia Sheng‐Qing , Tao Xu‐Tang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTwo new Zintl compounds A10LaCdSb9 (A=Ca, Yb), namely, Ca9.81(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.23(1)Sb9 and Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9, have been designed and synthesized by applying the Zintl concept. Although both compounds are isoelectronic with their Ca11InSb9 and Yb11InSb9 analogues, they crystallize in a new structure type with the orthorhombic space group Ibam (No.72) and feature very complex anion structures, which are composed of unique [Cd2Sb6]12− clusters, dumbbell‐shaped [Sb2]4− dimers, and isolated [Sb]3− anions. For Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9, an extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.29 W m−1 K−1 was observed at 875 K, which almost approaches the lowest reported limit of nonglassy or nonionically conducting bulk materials. According to thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, both compounds show very good thermal stability and no melting or phase transition processes were found below 1173 K. Although related thermoelectric property studies on Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9 only present a maximum ZT of 0.11 at 920 K, owing to its low Seebeck coefficients, these materials are still very promising for their high temperature stability and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, as mixed cations exist with different charges, it makes this system very flexible in tuning the related electrical properties.
RNA isolation from fetal and adult human tissues for transcriptional profiling
Authors: Votteler Miriam , Layland Shannon L. , Lill Georgia , Brockbank Kelvin G. M. , Horke Alexander , Schenke‐Layland Katja 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInvestigations involving rare human tissues that are difficult to acquire due to their scarcity are highly challenging. The need to verify microarray analysis data by additional methods such as immunohistochemical staining and quantitative PCR creates an even greater demand for these valuable tissues. Furthermore, since rare human tissues may come from different sources and may have been processed by variable methods, the comparability of these samples must be verified. The aim of this study was to determine and validate a processing method that allows the analysis of human fetal and adult cardiovascular tissues from different sources that were preserved using varying methods. Due to restricted access to fresh human tissues and the need to accumulate these samples over an extended period of time, we used formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues for gene expression analyses. We analyzed RNA levels from four different age groups: fetal first and second trimester, adolescents, and adults. In this study, we present an improved standard processing procedure for tissue sample processing and analysis of rare human cardiovascular tissues.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes between 4‐Alkoxystilbazoles and Fluorophenols: Solid‐State Structures and Liquid Crystallinity
Authors: Wong Joanna P.‐W. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Bruce Duncan W. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract48 new hydrogen‐bonded complexes have been prepared by combining 16 fluorophenols of general formula C6FnH5−nOH with three different alkoxystilbazoles (butyloxy‐, octyloxy‐ and dodecyloxy‐). Single‐crystal X‐ray structures were obtained for 10 of the 16 complexes of octyloxystilbazole from which it was found that most of the structures could be collected into one of two groups according to both the motif shown by the complex and by the solid‐state packing. Because all but one crystallised in the P$\bar 1$ space group, meaningful comparisons could be drawn and it was observed that six structures were extremely close in nature so that significant molecular overlap was found. On this basis, doubt is cast on the significance of some of the weaker intermolecular contacts found in the solid state. 40 of the new complexes showed liquid‐crystal properties and it was found that although complexes of butyloxystilbazole were all nematic, almost all of those with dodecyloxystilbazole showed a smectic A (SmA) phase. Complexes of octyloxystilbazole showed a mixture of both. Structure/property correlations showed that clearing points were independent of the pKa of the phenol. The most stable mesophases were found when the fluorophenol contained a fluorine at the 2‐position, which was interpreted in terms of the formation of an intramolecular H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bond to give a six‐membered ring linking the two components into a stable, coplanar conformation. The least stable mesophases were found when no such ring formation was possible and the phenol was relatively free to move.
Sequential design for computer experiments with a flexible Bayesian additive model
Authors: Chipman Hugh , Ranjan Pritam , Wang Weiwei 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn computer experiments, a mathematical model implemented on a computer is used to represent complex physical phenomena. These models, known as computer simulators, enable experimental study of a virtual representation of the complex phenomena. Simulators can be thought of as complex functions that take many inputs and provide an output. Often these simulators are themselves expensive to compute, and may be approximated by “surrogate models” such as statistical regression models. In this paper we consider a new kind of surrogate model, a Bayesian ensemble of trees (Chipman, George, & McCulloch, 2010), with the specific goal of learning enough about the simulator that a particular feature of the simulator can be estimated. We focus on identifying the simulator's global minimum. Utilizing the Bayesian version of the expected improvement criterion (Jones, Schonlau, & Welch, 1998), we show that this ensemble is particularly effective when the simulator is ill‐behaved, exhibiting nonstationarity or abrupt changes in the response. A number of illustrations of the approach are given, including a tidal power application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 663–678; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on respiratory infection: Causal inference for a discretely observed continuous time non‐stationary Markov process
Authors: Zhang Mingyuan , Small Dylan S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the effect of vitamin A deficiency on respiratory infection using a longitudinal data set from a study of young Indonesian children. For this study, it is reasonable to assume that everything happens in continuous time but is only observed at discrete times, and that the treatment level is only coarsely observed. We model the data as discrete time observations from a continuous time Markov model. We have designed an MCMC algorithm with data augmentation to estimate the model. A simulation study shows that the estimation algorithm works well. From the model, we find that vitamin A deficiency has a strong effect on respiratory infection. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 646–662; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
The Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation in Yellow River Delta National Natural Reserve
Authors: Liang Chen , Li Xiaowen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBased on the grid analysis of GIS, with the combination of habitat suitability assessment and human interference analysis, the ecological sensitivity evaluation model was established. Firstly, the endangered water‐birds in Yellow River Delta NNR were prioritized as a database according to IUCN 2007 Red List, and the habitat preference was identified and evaluated through literatures review and field survey. By establishing GIS‐based 200 × 200 m grid system, the existing habitat was evaluated on landscape‐level, and a comprehensive habitat suitability index (CHSI) was developed and calculated by habitat suitability assessment model. Based on CHSI, the habitat suitability was evaluated and graded. Secondly, the typical species cranes was selected from the established database as indicator species and the habitat loss rate of indicator species associated with anthropogenic interference (roads and oil wells) was also analyzed on 200 × 200 m grids by GIS. Finally, on the basis of results from habitat suitability evaluation and human interference analysis, ecological sensitivity analysis was conducted by overlying operation. The results showed that: the ecological sensitivity of study area was quite high on the whole; the overall distribution was high in the coastal region while low in the inland region, ranking in five classes. In the area, extreme sensitivity zone and fair sensitivity zone accounted for about 55.74%, the moderate sensitivity zone was about 16.2%, the sensitivity zone and no sensitivity zone constituted 22.81 and 5.19%, respectively. In addition, compared with existing function zones, related suggestions for adjusting function zones were proposed aiming at enhancing the conservation efficacy of critical habitats.
A Review of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization as Affected by Water and Salt in Coastal Wetlands: Issues and Methods
Authors: Bai Junhong , Gao Haifeng , Xiao Rong , Wang Junjing , Huang Chen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe availability of soil nutrients can have significant influence on water quality and wetland productivity. Nitrogen mineralization is the important process transferred from organic nitrogen to plant‐available inorganic forms by soil animals and microorganism. Soil nitrogen mineralization processes in coastal wetlands will be greatly impacted by the significant changes of soil water and salt conditions caused by global climate change in the future. However, further studies concerning the effects of water and salt on soil nitrogen mineralization is still needed. The influences of other soil physical–chemical properties and plant community on soil nitrogen mineralization processes are also concluded. The influencing mechanism of soil nitrogen mineralization can be explained using the laboratory incubation, whereas the in situ incubation can contribute to reflecting the real nitrogen mineralization information in the field. The laboratory and in situ incubation methods combined with 15N tracing‐isotope technique should be combined and applied to better reflect and explain soil nitrogen mineralization processes. Moreover, the applications of modern molecular biology techniques are also very necessary to quantitatively and accurately study nitrogen mineralization.
Lagrangian analysis of hemodynamics data from FSI simulation
Authors: Duvernois Vincent , Marsden Alison L. , Shadden Shawn C. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYWe present the computation of Lagrangian‐based flow characterization measures for time‐dependent, deformable‐wall, finite‐element blood flow simulations. Applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated in a fluid–structure interaction simulation of blood flow through a total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan procedure), and results are compared with a rigid‐vessel simulation. Specifically, we report on several important Lagrangian‐based measures including flow distributions, finite‐time Lyapunov exponent fields, particle residence time, and exposure time calculations. Overall, strong similarity in Lagrangian measures of the flow between deformable and rigid‐vessel models was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural networks as thermodynamic systems
Authors: Hartonen Tuomo , Annila Arto 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNatural networks are considered as thermodynamic systems that evolve from one state to another by consuming free energy. The least‐time consumption of free energy is found to result in ubiquitous scale‐free characteristics. The network evolution will yield the scale‐independent qualities because the least‐time imperative will prefer attachment of nodes that contribute most to the free‐energy consumption. The analysis of evolutionary equation of motion, derived from statistical physics of open systems, reveals that evolution of natural networks is a path‐dependent and nondeterministic process. Despite the noncomputability of evolution, many mathematical models of networks can be recognized as approximations of the least‐time process as well as many measures of networks can be appreciated as practical assessments of the system's thermodynamic status. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
A novel low‐spur DDFS utilizing the twice second‐order high‐pass error feedback architecture
Authors: Jeng Shiann‐Shiun , Lin Hsing‐Chen , Jhuang Wei‐Sheng , Lee Yen‐Ching 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the twice second‐order high‐pass error feedback (EF) (twice second‐order high‐pass EF (HPEF)) utilizing re‐feedback process and phase‐bit splitting technique in the second‐order HPEF to design a simplified low‐spur direct digital frequency synthesizer is proposed. The proposed method performs phase‐bit splitting technique and re‐feedback process in order to make the phase change tremendously and scramble the periodicity of the phase sequences violently in the original feedback path. In addition, the noise spectrum power is spread more uniformly in order to effectively suppress the spurs due to phase‐truncated error effect. Thus, the twice second‐order HPEF is implemented on a field programmable gate array development board, the Altera Stratix II EP2S60. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively achieve better spectrum performance, such as spurious‐free dynamic range, as compared to basic phase truncation, first‐order HPEF and second‐order HPEF architectures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric determination of stem/progenitor content in epithelial tissues: An example from nonsmall lung cancer and normal lung
Authors: Donnenberg Vera S. , Landreneau Rodney J. , Pfeifer Melanie E. , Donnenberg Albert D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSingle cell analysis and cell sorting has enabled the study of development, growth, differentiation, repair and maintenance of “liquid” tissues and their cancers. The application of these methods to solid tissues is equally promising, but several unique technical challenges must be addressed. This report illustrates the application of multidimensional flow cytometry to the identification of candidate stem/progenitor populations in non‐small cell lung cancer and paired normal lung tissue. Seventeen paired tumor/normal lung samples were collected at the time of surgical excision and processed immediately. Tissues were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated into single cell suspension and stained with a panel of antibodies used for negative gating (CD45, CD14, CD33, glycophorin A), identification of epithelial cells (intracellular cytokeratin), and detection of stem/progenitor markers (CD44, CD90, CD117, CD133). DAPI was added to measure DNA content. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples were stained with key markers (cytokeratin, CD117, DAPI) for immunofluorescent tissue localization of populations detected by flow cytometry. Disaggregated tumor and lung preparations contained a high proportion of events that would interfere with analysis, were they not eliminated by logical gating. We demonstrate how inclusion of doublets, events with hypodiploid DNA, and cytokeratin+ events also staining for hematopoietic markers reduces the ability to quantify epithelial cells and their precursors. Using the lung cancer/normal lung data set, we present an approach to multidimensional data analysis that consists of artifact removal, identification of classes of cells to be studied further (classifiers) and the measurement of outcome variables on these cell classes. The results of bivariate analysis show a striking similarity between the expression of stem/progenitor markers on lung tumor and adjacent tumor‐free lung. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Label‐free somatic cell cytometry in raw milk using acoustophoresis
Authors: Grenvall Carl , Folkenberg Jacob Riis , Augustsson Per , Laurell Thomas 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA microfluidic system for cell enumeration in raw milk was developed. The new method, preconditions the milk sample using acoustophoresis that removes lipid particles which are larger than a few micrometers. The acoustophoretic preprocessing eliminates the need for conventional sample preparation techniques, which include chemical solvents, cell labeling and centrifugation, and facilitates rapid cell enumeration using microscopy or coulter counter measurements. By introducing an acoustic standing wave with three pressure nodes in a microchannel at the same time as the milk sample is laminated to the channel center, lipids are acoustically driven to the closest pressure antinode at each side of the channel center and the cells in the milk sample are focused in the central pressure node. The extracted center fraction with cells becomes sufficiently clean from lipid vesicles to enable enumeration of somatic cells without any labeling step either by direct light microscopy or by coulter counting. Obtained lipid free milk fractions clearly revealed the cell fraction when analyzed by Coulter Counting. Cell counting as measured by a Coulter Counter after acoustophoretic lipid depletion aligned with the corresponding data obtained by reference measurements based on fluorescence staining and subsequent flow cytometer analysis. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Equine cellular therapy—from stall to bench to bedside?
Authors: Burk Janina , Badylak Stephen F. , Kelly Jeremy , Brehm Walter 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPioneering clinical stem cell research is being performed in the horse, a recipient of cutting edge veterinary medicine as well as a unique animal model, paving the way for human medical applications. Although demonstrable progress has been made on the clinical front, in vitro characterization of equine stem cells is still in comparatively early stages. To translate the promising results of clinical stem cell therapy in the horse, advances must be made in the characterization of equine stem cells. Aiming to improve communication between veterinarians and other natural scientists, this review gives an overview of veterinary “bedside” achievements, focusing on stem cell therapies in equine orthopedics as well as the current state of in vitro characterization of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and equine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry