bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realism, Romanticism, Modernism
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter lays out a theory of modern literary history as a series of linked responses to the modern world-view. Far from designating the concrete reactions that govern any specific and historical human community, the logical qualities of the responses aim to describe the empty slots and possibilities that necessarily obtain in relation to all propositions, and hence to all human communities in which propositions are made. The responses are generally described in relation to the general modern world-view outlined so far. The Realistic, Romantic, and Modernist modes are discussed.
Six Variables, Three Modes
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the connection between the six variables and three modes set out in the preceding chapters. Together, the variables and the modes describe the history of a set of representational norms, and connect those norms to the social forces that they helped register and conceive. None of this means that the work of art always “discovers” society or the world, that it is invariably ahead of the imaginative curve whereby the social comes to be represented to (versions of) itself. We can only say that the artwork encodes and makes legible a set of relations that are expressions of a world-view in whose origin, conceptualization, development, consolidation, and transcendence works of art themselves play a vital role—and to which, through the commitment to making, the aesthetic will have a privileged and shared relationship. What emerges neither asserts art's reflective epiphenomenality nor illustrates its subordination to or illustration of history. It demonstrates art's coevality and engagement with the historical, and confirms its imaginative power and its verdant, social force.
Effective Volume of Ropivacaine 0.75% through a Catheter Required for Interscalene Brachial Plexus Blockade
Authors: Vandepitte Catherine , Gautier Philippe , Xu Daquan , Salviz Emine A. , Hadzic Admir 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
Ultrasound guidance during peripheral nerve blocks has allowed for reduction in dose and volume of local anesthetic required to accomplish successful blockade using multiple injections through a needle. The authors undertook this study to determine the minimal effective volume required to accomplish successful interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) through the catheter.

Methods:
After obtaining institutional ethics committee approval and written informed consent, patients aged 18–75 yr and scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery under ISB were enrolled. All patients using a step-up/step-down method and the starting dose of 15 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine received an ultrasound-guided ISB catheter. The injection volume was increased or decreased by 1 ml in case of block failure or block success, respectively.

Results:
The authors found that the proportion of patients with successful blockade increased sharply from approximately 57% at 6 ml to 100% by 7 ml, indicating that a small increase in volume of ropivacaine 0.75% markedly affects the success rate. A total of 12 ISB with injection volume less than 7 ml resulted in successful anesthesia within 30 min, yielding an ED95 of 7 ml (95% CI 6.8–7.2) ropivacaine 0.75%. For the group as a whole, the median (min–max) sensory block onset time was 5 (5–20) min, the median (min–max) motor blocks for the biceps and the deltoid muscles were 7.5 (5–15) min and 10 (5–15) min, respectively. The median (min–max) block duration was 8.9 (3–15) h.

Conclusions:
An injection of a minimum of 7 ml of ropivacaine 0.75% through the catheter is required for success rate and timely onset of surgical anesthesia with ISB.
Targeted multiplex next‐generation sequencing: advances in techniques of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing for population genomics
Authors: Hancock‐Hanser Brittany L. , Frey Amy , Leslie Matthew S. , Dutton Peter H. , Archer Frederick I. , Morin Phillip A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) is emerging as an efficient and cost‐effective tool in population genomic analyses of nonmodel organisms, allowing simultaneous resequencing of many regions of multi‐genomic DNA from multiplexed samples. Here, we detail our synthesis of protocols for targeted resequencing of mitochondrial and nuclear loci by generating indexed genomic libraries for multiplexing up to 100 individuals in a single sequencing pool, and then enriching the pooled library using custom DNA capture arrays. Our use of DNA sequence from one species to capture and enrich the sequencing libraries of another species (i.e. cross‐species DNA capture) indicates that efficient enrichment occurs when sequences are up to about 12% divergent, allowing us to take advantage of genomic information in one species to sequence orthologous regions in related species. In addition to a complete mitochondrial genome on each array, we have included between 43 and 118 nuclear loci for low‐coverage sequencing of between 18 kb and 87 kb of DNA sequence per individual for single nucleotide polymorphisms discovery from 50 to 100 individuals in a single sequencing lane. Using this method, we have generated a total of over 500 whole mitochondrial genomes from seven cetacean species and green sea turtles. The greater variation detected in mitogenomes relative to short mtDNA sequences is helping to resolve genetic structure ranging from geographic to species‐level differences. These NGS and analysis techniques have allowed for simultaneous population genomic studies of mtDNA and nDNA with greater genomic coverage and phylogeographic resolution than has previously been possible in marine mammals and turtles.
Infection‐related hospital admissions after transrectal biopsy of the prostate
Authors: Sanders Andrew , Buchan Nicholas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundUrosepsis is the most common complication requiring hospital admission after transrectal biopsy of the prostate. This study aims to assess the local incidence and causative organisms of hospital admissions with urosepsis after transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate (TRUS) biopsy. As morbidity is high, treatment must be commenced empirically prior to cultures. A review of bacterial antibiotic susceptibilities was undertaken to guide optimal treatment of post‐biopsy urosepsis.MethodsA total of 1421 patients underwent TRUS biopsy in a single city over a 2‐year period. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics prior to the procedure. A retrospective review of a prospectively collated database was performed in all patients admitted to Christchurch Hospital, the only acute admitting hospital in Christchurch, with infection within 30 days after biopsy. Hospital admission records were reviewed, including urine and blood culture results.ResultsForty patients (2.8%) were admitted with infection after the biopsy, the majority occurring within the first week after procedure and four required intensive care unit (ICU) admission (10%). The most common organism isolated on urine and blood cultures was Escherichia coli. Significant E. coli resistance was seen to fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin and trimethoprim.ConclusionRates of infection after TRUS biopsy and antibiotic resistance are increasing internationally. Treatment for urosepsis should be aggressive as 10% of those patients admitted required ICU admission. TRUS biopsy with ciprofloxacin prophylaxis led to infectious complications comparable with other international reports and appears to remain an appropriate prophylactic antibiotic of choice. Infections requiring hospital admission were all susceptible to a combination of ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and would be an effective initial antibiotic of choice.
Paediatric Crohn disease patients with stricturing behaviour exhibit ileal granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibody production and reduced neutrophil bacterial killing and GM-CSF bioactivity
Authors: Jurickova I , Collins M H , Chalk C , Seese A , Bezold R , Lake K , von Allmen D , Frischer J S , Falcone R A , Trapnell B C , Denson L A 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies are associated with stricturing behaviour in Crohn disease (CD). We hypothesized that CD ileal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) would produce GM-CSF autoantibodies and peripheral blood (PB) samples would contain GM-CSF neutralizing capacity (NC). Paediatric CD and control PBMC and ileal biopsies or LPMC were isolated and cultured and GM-CSF, immunoglobulin (Ig)G and GM-CSF autoantibodies production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Basal and GM-CSF-primed neutrophil bacterial killing and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) tyrosine phosphorylation (pSTAT5) were measured by flow cytometry. GM-CSF autoantibodies were enriched within total IgG for LPMC isolated from CD ileal strictures and proximal margins compared to control ileum. Neutrophil bacterial killing was reduced in CD patients compared to controls. Within CD, neutrophil GM-CSF-dependent STAT5 activation and bacterial killing were reduced as GM-CSF autoantibodies increased. GM-CSF stimulation of pSTAT5 did not vary between controls and CD patients in washed PB granulocytes in which serum was removed. However, GM-CSF stimulation of pSTAT5 was reduced in whole PB samples from CD patients. These data were used to calculate the GM-CSF NC. CD patients with GM-CSF NC greater than 25% exhibited a fourfold higher rate of stricturing behaviour and surgery. The likelihood ratio (95% confidence interval) for stricturing behaviour for patients with elevation in both GM-CSF autoantibodies and GM-CSF NC was equal to 5 (2, 11). GM-CSF autoantibodies are produced by LPMC isolated from CD ileal resection specimens and are associated with reduced neutrophil bacterial killing. CD peripheral blood contains GM-CSF NC, which is associated with increased rates of stricturing behaviour.
Block Allograft Technique versus Standard Guided Bone Regeneration: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Amorfini Leonardo , Migliorati Marco , Signori Alessio , Silvestrini‐Biavati Armando , Benedicenti Stefano 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the potential of deproteinized bovine bone added to autologous bone or corticocancellous allograft block with or without the addition of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (rhPDGF‐BB) to regenerate mandibular atrophic ridges.Materials and MethodsTrial design: parallel, allocation ratio of 1:1 using a split‐mouth model. Eligibility criteria for patients: adult patients; bilateral atrophic edentulous areas in the posterior area of the mandible; a preoperatory cone beam computed tomography scan; and absence of systemic diseases affecting the bone metabolism. Bone graft intervention for control group consisted of bone chips collected with a scraper mixed with deproteinized bovine bone covered with a resorbable membrane. Bone graft intervention for test group consisted of a corticocancellous allograft block, shaped before surgery, and protected with a collagen membrane. In addition, both groups received rhPDGF‐BB or a saline solution as control. As primary outcome quantity, bone variation after a 1‐year healing period was considered. A p‐value of.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsSixteen patients were enrolled in this trial. A total of 50 implants and 32 bone grafts were placed. All patients concluded the study (no dropouts). Change at 1 year in bone volume was not significantly different between the two groups (p‐value = .25). Effect of treatment in terms of change in bone volume at 1 year was not significant (p‐value = .89) when saline solution was used while was at limit of significance when rhPDGF‐BB was used (p‐value = .052). After 1 year, all the implants were successfully integrated.ConclusionsThe block allograft and the standard regenerative procedure showed similar results in terms of regenerated bone volume after 1 year of functional loading. The rhPDGF‐BB positively influenced soft‐tissue healing.
The prevalence of right‐sided colonic diverticulosis and diverticular haemorrhage
Authors: Faucheron J.‐L. , Roblin X. , Bichard P. , Heluwaert F. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe study was performed to determine the prevalence of right‐sided diverticular disease in a western population and whether it is more likely to bleed than disease on the left side.MethodFrom January 2004 to June 2005, 796 consecutive patients were referred for total colonoscopy to 17 physicians. Data obtained included age, gender, and presence and localization of diverticula. This population was compared with a cohort of 133 consecutive patients who were admitted for colonic diverticular bleeding.ResultsThree‐hundred and eighteen (40%) of the 796 patients presented with noncomplicated diverticulosis. Of these, 103 (32.4%) had right‐sided diverticula. In univariate analysis, the presence of right diverticula in patients admitted for diverticular bleeding was about twice as frequent as in patients who had diverticula with no bleeding (65.2% vs 32.4%; P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the right localization of the diverticulosis was associated with a risk of bleeding, which was independent of the patients' age (P = 0.0001, OR = 3.6).ConclusionThe prevalence of colonic diverticula increased from < 10% in adults under 40 years of age to about 75% in those over 75 years of age. Of these patients, nearly one‐third presented with right‐sided involvement. Right‐sided localization was associated with a significant risk of bleeding, which was independent of the patients' age.
Impact of a multidisciplinary team training programme on rectal cancer outcomes in Spain
Authors: Ortiz H. , Wibe A. , Ciga M. A. , Lujan J. , Codina A. , Biondo S. ,   the Spanish Rectal Cancer Project
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe Spanish Rectal Cancer Project was established in 2006, inspired by the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Project. It consisted of an educational project aiming to introduce mesorectal excision surgery to surgeons, pathologists and radiologists. Its effect on local recurrence (LR) was compared with the Norwegian Project.MethodAn observational cohort study was carried out including all patients (4700) with rectal cancer from a population of 19 329 992 inhabitants operated on in 51 Spanish hospitals between March 2006 and June 2010. Curative resection was defined as a resection with an uninvolved circumferential margin in patients without distant metastases and without intra‐operative rectal perforation. The effectiveness of the programme was measured by a central registry with feedback to participating institutions of their own results compared with the national average. The main outcome measures were LR and adverse effects in curative resections.ResultsOf the 4700 patients, 3213 had a resection considered to be curative. LR rates were 4.7% (95% CI 0.03–0.59), metastasis rate was 16% (95% CI 0.14–0.17) and overall survival was 87.8% (95% CI 0.86–0.89). Multivariate analysis showed that advanced TNM stage and decreasing distance of the tumour from the anal verge had a negative influence on LR.ConclusionThis study shows that the results obtained in Norway have been reproduced in a larger population in Spain applying a similar methodology.
Netherton’s syndrome and lepromatous leprosy: a mere coincidence?
Authors: de Oliveira Felipe Ladeira , Vasconcellos Bruna Obeica , de Morais Thais Schiavo , Nascimento Mayara Brito , Teles Renata , da Costa Nery José Augusto , Miranda Marcos José Sumrell , Azulay‐Abulafia Luna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectives  Netherton’s syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition, first described in 1958, which involves a complex immunological dysfunction, ichthyosiform dermatitis, and erythroderma, characteristic defects of the hair shaft and atopy. Recurrent bacterial infection in the skin of patients with NS is frequent.Methods  This paper represents the first case report of leprosy and concurrent NS.Discussion  This case merits discussion among doctors in endemic and non‐endemic areas to evaluate the chronic use of systemic corticosteroids as a risk factor for leprosy. The present patient came from an endemic area of leprosy and was treated chronically with systemic corticosteroids for erythroderma. This treatment, along with the immunodeficiency related to the syndrome and caused by a genetic mutation in SPINK5, may be a facilitating factor for the infection.
Actinobaculum schaalii, a commensal of the urogenital area
Authors: Olsen Anne B. , Andersen Pernille K. , Bank Steffen , Søby Karen Marie , Lund Lars , Prag Jørgen 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Actinobaculum schaalii is considered to be a part of the normai flora in the genital and urinary tract area. It has been associated to urinary tract infection (UTI), sepsis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and Foumier's gangrene. So far it has mainly been isolated from urine, blood and pus, and predominantly in elderly patients.
This study examined the habitat of A. schaalii by collecting samples from skin and urine in patients with kidney or ureter stones before and after treatment with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Additionally faeces and vaginal swabs from routine specimen in patients not undergoing ESWL and without known urinary calculi were also analysed.
The study does not find A. schaalii in faeces but shows it to be presents on skin and mucosa in the genital area. A. schaalii is also shown a possible pathogen in the stone‐patient group undergoing ESWL.
Objective
To study the habitat of Actinobaculum schaalii by examing groin swabs, faeces samples and vaginal swabs, and to determine whether it is a common uropathogen in patients with kidney or ureter stones.
Patients and Methods
A quantitative real‐time PCR assay was used to analyse all samples, which were collected between 2010 and 2011.
A total of 38 patients (24 men and 14 women), with kidney or ureter stones and undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), provided urine samples and had groin swabs taken. In addition, 30 faecal samples and 19 vaginal swabs that had been sent for routine microbiological examinations from patients outside the ESWL group were analysed.
A chi‐squared test was used to analyse the differences between patient groups, studying samples from urine, faeces samples, groin swabs and vaginal swabs.
Results
Actinobaculum schaalii was found in the urine samples from 14 (37%) patients undergoing ESWL, and in both urine and groin swabs from seven (18%) patients.
Actinobaculum schaalii was not found in faeces samples but it was found in six (32%) of the vaginal swabs, predominantly in patients >50 years (P = 0.06).
Conclusion
The study indicates that A. schaalii is a commensal found on skin, urine and vaginal mucosa in the human urogenital area and supports other investigations in its finding that the elderly are at greatest risk of being colonized with A. schaalii.
The Persistent Effects of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Laws on Drinking Patterns Later in Life
Authors: Plunk Andrew D. , Cavazaos‐Rehg Patricia , Bierut Laura J. , Grucza Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundExposure to permissive minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws not only affects young adults in the short term, but also later in life; for example, individuals who could legally purchase alcohol before the age of 21 are more likely to suffer from drinking problems as older adults, long after the laws had been changed. However, it is not known how permissive MLDA exposure affects specific drinking behavior. This present study uses changes in MLDA laws during the 1970s and 1980s as a natural experiment to investigate the potential impact of permissive MLDA exposure on average alcohol consumption, frequency of drinking, and patterns of binging and more moderate, nonheavy drinking.MethodsPolicy exposure data were paired with alcohol use data from the 1991 to 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey and the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Past‐year drinkers born between 1949 and 1972 (n = 24,088) were included. Average daily intake, overall drinking frequency, and frequency of both binge episodes (5+ drinks) and days without a binge episode (nonheavy drinking) for the previous year at the time of interview were tracked for each respondent.ResultsExposure to permissive MLDAs was associated with higher odds to report frequent binging and lower odds to report any moderate drinking; these associations were largely driven by men and those who did not attend college. Overall drinking frequency and average alcohol consumption were not affected by MLDA exposure.ConclusionsThe ability to legally purchase alcohol before the age of 21 does not seem to increase overall drinking frequency, but our findings suggest that it is associated with certain types of problematic drinking behaviors that persist into later adulthood: more frequent binge episodes and less frequent nonheavy drinking. We also propose that policymakers and critics should not focus on college drinking when evaluating the effectiveness of MLDAs.
Analysis of Masseter Activity Patterns Using TP Values during Chewing of Foods with Different Shapes and Textural Properties
Authors: Miyaoka Y. , Ashida I. , Tamaki Y. , Kawakami S. , Iwamori H. , Yamazaki T. , Ito N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present study examined the ability of physiological parameters of chewing to discriminate between six foods of differing shapes and textural properties. Parameters were measured from masseter electromyograms, which were recorded from healthy and young subjects while they chewed the test foods. Analysis of conventional parameters showed that the number of chewing cycles dropped by 8.8 cycles upon a 100‐kPa increase in food fracturability and by 6.6 cycles upon a 5.0‐kJ/m3 increase in food adhesiveness. Analysis of the newly developed parameters showed that a 100‐kPa increase in food hardness increased the T25, T50 and T75 values by 0.015, 0.020 and 0.021 points, respectively, whereas a 100‐kPa increase in the food fracturability decreased the T25 and T50 values by 0.061 and 0.070 points, respectively. The results suggest that combining several physiological parameters will enhance discrimination between foods because individual parameters are sensitive to different food properties.Practical ApplicationsTogether with other measures, analyzing the activity of the masseter, a muscle responsible for closing the jaw, can provide objective information about food texture. The present study used electromyography to examine the quantitative relationships between various physiological parameters associated with masseter activity during chewing and the textural properties of food. The study focused on everyday foods rather than the model foods that are usually tested in laboratory studies. In addition to analyzing the textural properties (such as hardness and adhesiveness) using conventional physiological parameters, we also developed new parameters, TP values, to assess the masseter activity patterns specifically. The combined use of these physiological parameters is expected to aid clinicians and the food industry in their interactions with individuals who, owing to their age and sequelae of cerebrovascular diseases, have particular difficulty verbalizing their experience of chewing foods.