bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights from high‐precision radiocarbon wiggle‐match dating
Authors: Xu Jiandong , Pan Bo , Liu Tanzhuo , Hajdas Irka , Zhao Bo , Yu Hongmei , Liu Ruoxin , Zhao Ping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractChangbaishan volcano in northeast China, previously dated to have erupted around the mid‐10th century A.D., is renowned for producing one of the largest eruptions in history (magnitude 6.8) and thus speculated to have substantial climatic impact. Here we report a new high‐precision 14C wiggle‐match age of A.D. 946 ± 3 obtained from a 264 year old tree trunk (with bark) killed during the eruption, using the OxCal's Bayesian modeling approach with 27 sequentially sampled annual rings of decadal intervals. The new chronology conforms well to the calendar date of A.D. 946 for the eruption inferred from historical documentary evidence. We find no stratospherically loaded sulfate spike that might be associated with the A.D. 946 eruption in the global volcanism record from the GISP2 ice core, suggesting the stratospheric sulfate aerosols produced during the eruption were not transported to the arctic region, due probably to its relatively low stratospheric sulfur emission and the seasonal effects of the atmospheric circulation at the time of the eruption that likely occurred in the winter of A.D. 946–947. Since the stratospheric volcanic sulfates are the main cause of large‐scale climate perturbations, this finding indicates that the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano might have limited regional climatic effects, rather than global or hemispheric impact as implied by its magnitude.
Two‐dimensional hybrid simulations of quasi‐perpendicular collisionless shock dynamics: Gyrating downstream ion distributions
Authors: Ofman L. , Gedalin M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractQuasi‐perpendicular collisionless shocks undergo structural changes with the increase of the Mach number. These changes are related to the increasing role of the reflected ions, which have a highly nongyrotropic distribution. Eventually, it is expected that the shock front becomes nonstationary. At low and moderate Mach numbers, the fraction of reflected ions is small, yet recent observations show the existence of a well‐pronounced structure of the postshock magnetic field in the close vicinity of the transition layer. Large amplitude oscillations were earlier interpreted as waves generated by the shock front or passing through the shock in the downstream direction. Here we show, using two‐dimensional hybrid simulations of quasi‐perpendicular shocks, that the gyration of the directly transmitted ions downstream of the ramp produces the spatial pressure variations, which are accompanied with the observed magnetic oscillations due to the momentum conservation. In a wide range of the upstream ion temperatures, the low and moderate‐Mach‐number shocks remain stationary and one‐dimensional, so that the magnetic and electric field depend only on the coordinate along the shock normal. The downstream ion distributions gradually gyrotropize due to the collisionless mixing of gyrophases. Nonstationary effects in these shocks do not affect noticeably the ion dynamics. However, we find that with the increase of the Mach number, shocks form rippled fronts in the low‐β and moderate‐β regimes.
Circulation in Drake Passage revisited using new current time series and satellite altimetry: 2. The Ona Basin
Authors: Ferrari Ramiro , Provost Christine , Sennéchael Nathalie , Lee Jae‐Hak 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTime series of horizontal velocities were obtained at four mooring sites across the Ona Basin, southern Drake Passage, during 26 months (February 2006 to April 2008). The moorings were located under the Jason satellite ground‐track #104, allowing precise comparisons with various other altimetry products. Velocities as high as 0.5 m s–1 at 500 m depth were observed during current pulses. Mean velocity amplitudes at 500 m reached 0.22 m s–1 at 58.5°S and 0.15 m s–1 at 60°S, but were smaller at 59°S and 60.5°S. Mean velocities at 2500 m depth varied between 0.05 and 0.10 m s–1 and were westward on two of the moorings, suggesting recirculation in the center of the basin. Mean velocities were consistent with a general cyclonic circulation in the Ona Basin. The mean velocity vectors were observed to rotate with depth, the sense of rotation depending upon mooring sites. Standard deviation ellipses were close to circular except on the continental slope (60.5°S) where they were stretched in the direction of isobaths. The southernmost mooring was under sea ice in winter, and velocity variations were reduced in amplitude during that period. The horizontal velocities were highly coherent in the vertical. Altimetrically derived surface geostrophic velocities compared well with the in situ velocities and were used to investigate further the flow over the West Scotia Ridge and in the center of the Ona Basin to the East of the highest part of the Shackleton Ridge, which provides some shelter from the eastward flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Contractors for flows
Authors: Garijo Delia , Goodall Andrew , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: December 2012

We answer a question raised by Lovász and B. Szegedy [Contractors and connectors in graph algebras, J. Graph Theory 60:1 (2009)] asking for a contractor for the graph parameter counting the number of

B
B

-flows of a graph, where

B
B

is a subset of a finite Abelian group closed under inverses. We prove our main result using the duality between flows and tensions and finite Fourier analysis.
Influence of the Type of Sagittal Profile on Clinical Results of Lumbar Total Disk Replacement After a Mean Follow-Up of 39 Months
Authors: Strube Patrick , Hoff Eike K. , Perka Carsten F. , Gross Christian , Putzier Michael 
Published: December 2012

Study Design:
Retrospective analysis of clinical and radiologic data of a prospective cohort study.

Objective:
To research the clinical differences after lumbar total disk replacement (TDR) with respect to the preoperative global and the adaptation at the local sagittal profile (SP) of the spine.

Summary of Background Data:
It was suggested that facet loads and degeneration are dependent on epidemiologically defined types of SP. Moreover, the success of TDR was related to segmental facet joint loads. The influences of the preoperative SP or of the changes of the local SP after TDR on the clinical outcome after TDR remain unclear.

Methods:
Fifty-two patients included in a prospective cohort study regarding lumbar single-level TDR L4/5 (n=22) or L5/S1 (n=30) because of degenerative disk disease (Modic ≤2 degrees) were clinically (visual analog scale for back, leg, and overall pain; Oswestry Disability Index) and radiologically (extension-flexion radiographs, plain-spine, and whole-spine lateral radiographs in upright standing position) reevaluated after a minimum follow-up of 24 (24–69) months. On the basis of preoperative plain radiographs in upright standing position, patients were retrospectively assigned to 4 groups according to the individual sagittal profile type (SPT). In patients with persistent back pain, a facet infiltration at the index level was performed.

Results:
For all patients, an SPT could be defined. Global SP did not change compared with the preoperative state. All groups improved clinically over follow-up. At the last follow-up, types 1 and 4 demonstrated significantly inferior scores for pain and function. TDR-induced changes at the superior adjacent segment and the posterior disk height at the index level were also correlated to inferior clinical results. Infiltration test was positive in type 1–4: 67%, 40%, 33%, and 75%, respectively, of the symptomatic patients.

Conclusions:
We suggest SPTs 1 and 4 to represent a contraindication for lumbar TDR of levels L4/5 or L5/S1. Local adaptation in the adjacent segment to TDR may influence the clinical outcome as well.
Effects of Anterior Plating on Clinical Outcomes of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Snyder Laura A. , Kalb Samuel , Kakarla Udaya K. , Porter Randall W. , Kaibara Taro , Dickman Curtis A. , Theodore Nicholas 
Published: December 2012

Study Design:
Retrospective review.

Objective:
To compare surgical outcomes of patients who have undergone anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with and without plating.

Summary of Background Data:
In biomechanical testing, ALIF constructs supplemented with plating (ALIFP) reduce range of motion and increase construct stiffness compared with ALIF alone. However, whether ALIFP constructs translate into improved clinical outcomes over ALIF alone is unknown.

Methods:
From 2004 through 2010, 231 patients underwent ALIF with (146) or without (85) plating. Eight patients lost to follow up were excluded from final evaluation. Patients’ records were evaluated retrospectively for demographics, complications, and outcomes.

Results:
At a mean follow-up of 13.7 months (range, 1–108 mo), the mean Economic, Functional, and Total Prolo scores for ALIF patients were 4.23, 3.63, and 7.87, respectively. The mean Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was 24%. At a mean follow-up of 11.2 months (range, 1–93 mo), the mean Economic, Functional, and Total Prolo scores for ALIFP patients were 4.28, 3.67, and 7.95, respectively. The mean ODI was 22.9%. There was no significant difference between rate of complications or Prolo scores or ODI between the 2 groups (t test). Neither diabetes, hypertension, smoking, sex, nor age older than 55 years was significantly related to whether patients had higher Prolo scores with or without plating. Patients with a normal body mass index and ALIF had significantly better Prolo Economic scores and total scores than patients with a normal body mass index and ALIFP (P=0.04 and 0.02, independent samples t test). Patients were also stratified by surgical indication for surgery, and there was no significant difference in Prolo scores or ODI for patients who underwent ALIF alone versus ALIFP.

Conclusions:
Even when stratified by indication for surgery, anterior plating does not seem to improve Prolo scores or ODI, suggesting that not all patients undergoing ALIF require plating.
Proteome Analysis in Arabidopsis Reveals Shoot- and Root-Specific Targets of Cytokinin Action and Differential Regulation of Hormonal Homeostasis
Authors: Žd'árská Markéta , Zatloukalová Pavlína , Benítez Mariana , Šedo Ondrej , Potě¡il David , Novák Ondřej , Svačinová Jana , Pe¡ek Bedřich , Malbeck Jiří , Va¡íčková Jana , Zdráhal Zbyněk , Hejátko Jan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The plant hormones cytokinins (CKs) regulate multiple developmental and physiological processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Responses to CKs vary in different organs and tissues (e.g. the response to CKs has been shown to be opposite in shoot and root samples). However, the tissue-specific targets of CKs and the mechanisms underlying such specificity remain largely unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis proteome responds with strong tissue and time specificity to the aromatic CK 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and that fast posttranscriptional and/or posttranslational regulation of protein abundance is involved in the contrasting shoot and root proteome responses to BAP. We demonstrate that BAP predominantly regulates proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism in the shoot as well as protein synthesis and destination in the root. Furthermore, we found that BAP treatment affects endogenous hormonal homeostasis, again with strong tissue specificity. In the shoot, BAP up-regulates the abundance of proteins involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and the ABA response, whereas in the root, BAP rapidly and strongly up-regulates the majority of proteins in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. This was further corroborated by direct measurements of hormone metabolites, showing that BAP increases ABA levels in the shoot and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the rate-limiting precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, in the root. In support of the physiological importance of these findings, we identified the role of proteins mediating BAP-induced ethylene production, METHIONINE SYNTHASE1 and ACC OXIDASE2, in the early root growth response to BAP.
Intraguild predation in winter wheat: prey choice by a common epigeal carabid consuming spiders
Authors: Davey Jeffrey S. , Vaughan Ian P. , Andrew King R. , Bell James R. , Bohan David A. , Bruford Michael W. , Holland John M. , Symondson William O. C. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Predators can provide a valuable ecosystem service by suppressing crop pests. However, intraguild predation, where predators compete for the same prey resource whilst consuming each other, may destabilize population dynamics and increase the risk of pest outbreaks. Very little is known about intraguild predation in open fields or the strengths of trophic links between predators which may negatively affect pest control.

We tested the null hypothesis that predation by the epigeal predator Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on different spiders is species‐independent (proportional to density). A combination of population monitoring in winter wheat, molecular identification of juvenile spiders, molecular analysis of predator gut contents and a Monte Carlo simulation model were used to analyse prey choice.

Pterostichus melanarius were pitfall‐trapped over three months, and 622 individuals were screened for the remains of four spider species. Predation rates on spiders were 43·6% in June and 33·3% in August and showed clear evidence of prey choice.

Predation on the web‐dependent Tenuiphantes tenuis (Linyphiidae) was significantly greater than predicted from a random choice model, while predation on Bathyphantes gracilis (Linyphiidae) was significantly lower. The beetles may be selecting the most abundant species disproportionately (switching) or responding in some cases to spatial niche separation (T. tenuis locate their webs marginally lower than B. gracilis). However, two itinerant hunters, Erigone spp. (Linyphiidae) and Pachygnatha degeeri (Tetragnathidae), were consumed in proportion to their density.

Synthesis and applications. High levels of intraguild predation were revealed using molecular diagnostics. The gut analysis approach provided invaluable data that will inform the future design of appropriate pest management and integrated farming strategies that encourage these predators. The data showed strong evidence of prey choice. Managers can, however, probably encourage high densities of all these known aphid predators (spiders and carabids) because disproportionately high rates of predation on the most common spiders at our field sites (T. tenuis) were not sufficient to prevent strong growth in the density of this species between June and August (adults increased × 1·6 and juveniles × 8·6). Such work is essential if we are to reveal the processes behind functional biodiversity in crops.
Multiple promoters and targeted microRNAs direct the expressions of HMGB3 gene transcripts in dairy cattle
Authors: Li Liming , Huang Jinming , Ju Zhihua , Li Qiuling , Wang Changfa , Qi Chao , Zhang Yan , Hou Qinlei , Hang Suqin , Zhong Jifeng 
Published: December 2012

SummaryHMGB3 (high‐mobility group box 3) is an X‐linked member of a family of sequence‐independent chromatin‐binding proteins and functions as a universal sentinel for nucleic acid–mediated innate immune responses. The splice variant expression, promoter characterization and targeted microRNAs of the bovine HMGB3 gene were investigated to explore its expression pattern and possible regulatory mechanism. The results revealed that the expression of HMGB3 transcript variants 1 and 2 (HMGB3‐TV1 and HMGB3‐TV2) mRNA in the mastitis‐infected mammary gland tissues was up‐regulated by 8.46‐ and 5.31‐fold respectively compared with that in healthy tissues (P < 0.05). HMGB3‐TV1 was highly expressed in the mammary gland tissues, whereas HMGB3‐TV2 was expressed primarily in liver. Functional analyses indicated that HMGB3 transcription is regulated by three distinct promoters – promoters 1, 2 and 3 (P1, P2 and P3) – resulting in two alternative transcripts with the same 3′‐untranslated region. Promoter luciferase activity analysis suggested that the core sequences of P1 and P2 were mapped in the region of g.1535 to ~g.2076 and g.2074 to ~g.2491 respectively. The g.5880C>T SNP in P3 affected its base promoter activity, and different genotypes were associated with the bovine somatic count score. The expression of targets bovine miR‐17‐5p, miR‐20b and miR‐93 of the HMGB3 gene was down‐regulated 1.56‐, 1.72‐ and 2.94‐fold respectively in mammary gland tissues as compared with that in healthy tissues (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that HMGB3 expression is under complex transcriptional and post‐transcriptional control by alternate promoter usage, alternative splicing mechanism and microRNAs in dairy cattle.
Treatment of the bronchial tree from beginning to end: targeting small airway inflammation in asthma
Authors: van den Berge M. , ten Hacken N. H. T. , van der Wiel E. , Postma D. S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAsthma is a chronic respiratory disease, characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation. Increasing evidence shows that the small airways contribute significantly to the clinical expression and severity of asthma. Traditionally, high levels of disease activity are thought to be necessary before symptoms occur in the small airways because of their large reserve capacity. However, this concept is being challenged and increasing evidence shows small airway disease to be associated with symptoms, disease severity, and bronchial hyper‐responsiveness. Particle size and distribution are of key importance when developing inhaled treatments for small airway disease. The availability of small‐particle aerosols such as HFA‐ciclesonide and HFA‐beclomethasone dipropionate (HFA‐BDP) enables a higher drug deposition into the peripheral lung and potentially provides additional clinical benefits compared with large‐particle treatment. However, improved methods are needed to monitor and assess small airway disease and its response to treatment because conventional spirometry mainly reflects large airway function. This remains a challenging area requiring further research. The aim of the current manuscript is to review the clinical relevance of small airway disease and the implications for the treatment of asthma.
Paediatric emergencies
Authors: McDougall R. J. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe care of sick children can be challenging for the anaesthetist who is only involved in the occasional care of paediatric patients. This paper outlines the care of medical and surgical paediatric emergencies for which an anaesthetist working at a district general hospital or equivalent may encounter. Conditions discussed include paediatric respiratory emergencies, sepsis, status epilepticus, the acute abdomen in the newborn, intussusception, the bleeding tonsil, trauma and the child with burns.
Organisation and planning of anaesthesia for emergency surgery
Authors: Gray L. D. , Morris C. G. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPatients presenting for emergency surgery represent a category at high risk of complications, with substantial morbidity and mortality, whose management may be extremely challenging. In this first of two articles we consider the identification and evaluation of high risk emergency patients, the provision of critical care support, the management of sepsis, common postoperative complications and in‐theatre death.
Paediatric bone and joint infections are more common in boys and toddlers: a national epidemiology study
Authors: Grammatico‐Guillon L , Maakaroun Vermesse Z , Baron S , Gettner S , Rusch E , Bernard L 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimLittle is known about bone and joint infections (BJIs) in children, despite the risk of growth disturbance. This study examined BJIs epidemiology using the French National Hospital Discharge Database (HD).MethodsAny child <15 years hospitalized with an HD diagnosis of BJI, alone or in combination with sepsis or orthopaedic procedure, was included. The majority of BJIs (96%) were haematogenic infections. We conducted descriptive analyses to evaluate epidemiological and economic outcomes of paediatric haematogenic BJIs.ResultsThere were 2592 paediatric patients with 2911 BJI hospitalizations and an overall incidence of 22 per 100 000. BJIs occurred more frequently in boys than girls (24 vs 19 per 100 000) and in toddlers. Septic arthritis (52%) and osteomyelitis (44%) were the most frequent infections, 16.6% of patients had a micro‐organism coded (61% were Staphylococci) and 13% of had comorbidities. The mean hospital stay was 8.6 days, costing approximately €5200 per BJI stay.ConclusionThis national study of paediatric BJIs in France showed a higher prevalence in toddlers and boys and demonstrated that the HD database can be used to study BJIs. However, the number of BJI cases was maybe overestimated by coding reactive arthritis as septic arthritis in the absence of bacterial evidence.
Have the boundaries of the ‘grey zone’ of perinatal resuscitation changed for extremely preterm infants over 20 years?
Authors: Condie J , Caldarelli L , Tarr L , Gray C , Rodriquez T , Lantos J , Meadow W 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimTo determine the boundaries of the grey zone of discretionary resuscitation over the past 20 years.BackgroundAs the likelihood of survival improves over time, the BW‐ and GA‐specific boundaries of discretionary nonresuscitation should fall.HypothesisBetween 1988 and 2008 reductions in BW‐ and GA‐specific mortality would drive a parallel reduction in BW and GA boundaries of discretionary resuscitation.MethodsWe determined the likelihood of resuscitation and survival to NICU discharge for all infants born <700 g or <26 gestational weeks from 1988 to 2008. In addition, for 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008, we determined the BW and GA for the 10 smallest infants who were resuscitated, and the 10 largest infants who were not resuscitated. We excluded any infant born with congenital anomaly.ResultsMortality fell from 80% in 1988 to 28% in 2008, and as expected, the percentage who were resuscitated rose from 63% in 1988–93 to 95% in 2004–2008. However, unexpectedly, over the 20‐year study period, the smallest infants who were resuscitated despite extreme immaturity did not change (450–550 g and 23–24 weeks) and the largest infants not resuscitated did not change (600–700 g and 23–24 weeks.ConclusionNeither the BW nor GA boundaries of the grey zone of discretionary resuscitation have fallen over the past 20 years. Factors guiding resuscitation at the border of viability are complex and incompletely understood.