bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The climate of Myanmar: evidence for effects of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: D'Arrigo Rosanne , Ummenhofer Caroline C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe show evidence for the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on Myanmar's monsoonal hydroclimate using both instrumental and 20th century reanalysis data, and a tree‐ring width chronology from Myanmar's central Dry Zone. The ‘regime shifts’ identified in the instrumentalPDOfor the past century are clearly evident in the Myanmar teak. The teak record andPDOindex correlate most significantly and positively during December–May, atr = 0.41 (0.002,n= 109). We generated composite climate anomalies for southern Asia and adjacent ocean areas during negative and positivePDOphases and above/below average teak growth for the May–September wet monsoon season. They show that negative (positive)PDOphases correspond to dry (wet) conditions, due to reduced (enhanced) moisture flux into central Myanmar. Multitaper Method (MTM) and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) spectral analyses reveal considerable multidecadal variability over the past several centuries of the teak chronology, consistent with thePDO.
An analysis of the synoptic and climatological applicability of circulation type classifications for Ireland
Authors: Broderick Ciaran , Fealy Rowan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCirculation type classifications compiled as part of the COST733 Action, ‘Harmonisation and Application of Weather Type Classifications for European Regions’, were evaluated based on their ability to describe variations in surface temperature (maximum and minimum) and precipitation across the Irish landmass. In all 16 different classification schemes, representative of four general approaches in synoptic typing (leader algorithm, optimization scheme, predefined types, eigenvector analysis) were considered. Several statistical measures variously quantifying performance in arranging daily observations into clearly defined homogenous groups were employed. Based on the results it was not possible to identify a single optimum classification or general approach in synoptic typing. This is related to inconsistencies in performance with respect to the specific target variable and statistical measures used; the results were also shown to be conditional on the number of circulation types (CTs) as well as spatiotemporal dependencies in performance. However, the study did indicate that those typing schemes based on predefined thresholds (Litynski, GrossWetterTypes, Lamb Weather Type) – along with the Kruizinga and Lund classifications – were better able to resolve surface temperature. With respect to precipitation those classifications derived using some optimization procedure (simulated annealing, Self Organizing Maps, k‐means clustering) were consistently among the best‐performing schemes. In capturing the relationship between synoptic‐scale circulation and precipitation the importance of incorporating some measure of vorticity was highlighted; in contrast the inclusion of discrete directional patterns was shown to be important for resolving variations in local temperature. The classifications generally performed best for winter, reflecting the closer coupling between circulation and surface conditions during this period. Spatial patterns in the synoptic–climatological relationship were more apparent for precipitation. In this case those more westerly/south‐westerly stations open to zonal airflow exhibited a stronger response to circulation variability.
Supraspinatus tendon load during abduction is dependent on the size of the critical shoulder angle: A biomechanical analysis
Authors: Gerber Christian , Snedeker Jess G. , Baumgartner Daniel , Viehöfer Arnd F. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTShoulders with supraspinatus (SSP) tears are associated with significantly larger critical shoulder angles (CSA) compared to disease‐free shoulders. We hypothesized that larger CSAs increase the ratio of joint shear to joint compression forces (defined as “instability ratio”), requiring substantially increased compensatory supraspinatus loads. A shoulder simulator with simulated deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus/teres minor, and subscapularis musculotendinous units was constructed. The model was configured to represent either a normal CSA of 33° or a CSA characteristic of shoulders with rotator cuff tears (38°), and the components of the joint forces were measured. The instability ratio increased for the 38° CSA compared with the control CSA (33°) for a range of motion between 6° to 61° of thoracohumeral abduction with the largest differences in instability observed between 33° and 37° of elevation. In this range, SSP force had to be increased by 13–33% (15–23 N) to stabilize the arm in space. Our results support the concept that a high CSA can induce SSP overload particularly at low degrees of active abduction. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:952–957, 2014.
An Alternating Copolymer of a Tetrapeptide and a Tetrathiophene Prepared by a Click Reaction: A Study of the Synthesis and Assembly Behavior
Authors: Gong Ruiying , Guo Zongxia , Li Fei , Song Yubao , Mu Youbing , Li Ming , Wan Xiaobo 
Published: April 2014

Alternating copolymers of an oligopeptide (N3‐GVGV‐N3, where G: glycine; V: valine) and an oligothiophene (5,5′‐bis(ethynyl)‐3,3'‐dioctyltetrathiophene) are prepared by click chemistry. The experimental results discover that these copolymers exhibit strong molecular‐weight‐dependent self‐assembly behaviors. The copolymer P1 with the lowest weight‐average molecular weight ( = 7400 g mol−1), assembles into well‐ordered fibrous nanostructures. P3 ( = 16 980 g mol−1) assembles into nano­balls. P2, which has the medium between P1 and P3, ( = 14 800 g mol−1), exhibits more‐complicated self‐assembly behaviors, more like a transition state between the other two. All of the results suggest the self‐assembly ability of these oligopeptide segments might be the major reason for the nano‐structure evolution.
image
Visible‐Light‐Induced Controlled Polymerization of Hydrophilic Monomers with Ir(ppy)3 as a Photoredox Catalyst in Anisole
Authors: Ma Wenchao , Chen Haochuan , Ma Yuhong , Zhao Changwen , Yang Wantai 
Published: April 2014

With fac‐Ir(ppy)3 as photoredox catalyst and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as initiator, the homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in different solvents, such as N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, and anisole are run under irradiation of an LED lamp. The results show that anisole is a better solvent for the polymerization with regard to the polydispersity index (PDI). A well‐controlled polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) is demonstrated and the clean block copolymer of PMMA‐b‐PPEGMA is prepared with PDI less than 1.3; however, the 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) polymerization is poorly controlled. With the PMMA as macromolecular initiator, the block copolymer PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA can be prepared with PDI around 2.0.
image
Entrapment of Protein Using Electrosprayed Poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) Microspheres with a Porous Structure for Sustained Release
Authors: Paik Dong‐Hyun , Choi Sung‐Wook 
Published: April 2014

The entrapment of a protein in porous poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres is demonstrated through the closure of their outer surface pores for sustained delivery of the protein. The porous PLGA microspheres with less than 10 μm in size are prepared by electrospraying. Aqueous solutions containing fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran or bovine serum albumin (BSA) are penetrated into the inner pores as a result of vacuum treatment, and the outer surface pores of the porous PLGA microspheres are then closed using a solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) to ensure entrapment of the macromolecules. Confocal microscopy images confirm the presence of a large amount of the macromolecules inside the porous structure. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and release analysis reveal that BSA is entrapped without denaturation and released in a sustained manner for a period of over 2 months, respectively.
image
Multilevel Nonvolatile Flexible Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Memories Employing Polyimide Electrets with Different Charge‐Transfer Effects
Authors: Yu An‐Dih , Tung Wei‐Yao , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Liou Guey‐Sheng , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: April 2014

The electrical memory characteristics of the n‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) employing diverse polyimide (PI) electrets are reported. The synthesized PIs comprise identical electron donor and three different building blocks with gradually increasing electron‐accepting ability. The distinct charge‐transfer capabilities of these PIs result in varied type of memory behaviors from the write‐one‐read‐many (WORM) to flash type. Finally, a prominent flexible WORM‐type transistor memory is demonstrated and shows not only promising write‐many‐read‐many (WMRM) multilevel data storage but also excellent mechanical and retention stability.
image
Chain‐End‐Functionalized Polyphosphazenes via a One‐Pot Phosphine‐Mediated Living Polymerization
Authors: Wilfert Sandra , Henke Helena , Schoefberger Wolfgang , Brüggemann Oliver , Teasdale Ian 
Published: April 2014

A simple polymerization of trichlorophosphoranimine (Cl3P = N−SiMe3) mediated by functionalized triphenylphosphines is presented. In situ initiator formation and the subsequent polymerization progress are investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating a living cationic polymerization mechanism. The polymer chain lengths and molecular weights of the resulting substituted poly(organo)phosphazenes are further studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. This strategy facilitates the preparation of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and specific functional groups at the α‐chain end. Such well‐defined, mono‐end‐functionalized polymers have great potential use in bioconjugation, surface modification, and as building blocks for complex macromolecular constructs.
image
The Traffic Police Location and Schedule Assignment Problem
Authors: Adler Nicole , Hakkert Alfred Shalom , Raviv Tal , Sher Mali 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe traffic police routine patrol vehicle mission is to provide service to the public, primarily through enforcement of traffic laws and assistance to road users after accidents or other calls for service. An efficient traffic police location and schedule assignment (TPLSAP) across a road network ensures that the traffic police undertake their mission effectively. In the search for effective road network cover solutions, a multiple‐objective linear program is developed in the first stage with three distinct objectives. The objective functions maximize the following: (1) traffic police presence and conspicuousness; (2) police presence at blackspots where frequent traffic offences occur; and (3) the time available for proactive work. In the second stage of the TPLSAP formulation, distance and time halo effect integer linear programs produce a detailed, daily shift schedule across the planning horizon. Consequently, we formulate a routine traffic police schedule–location and activity problem, which incorporates road safety recommendations drawn from the literature, police policy and operational constraints. Finally, we apply the formulation to a case study of the interurban road network in Northern Israel, which highlights potential improvements over the current schedules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid look‐up table method for noise‐corrected curve fitting in the r2* mapping of iron loaded liver
Authors: Wang Changqing , He Taigang , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhong Shouming , Chen Wufan , Feng Yanqiu 
Published: April 2014

PurposeFitting the measured decay signal to the first moment in the presence of noncentral chi noise (M1NCM) can correctly address the effect of noise on the effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) relaxometry of iron loaded liver. However, this method requires intensive computation, which restricts its application to R2* mapping. This work aims to develop a rapid implementation of the M1NCM method for R2* mapping.MethodsThe computation of the confluent hypergeometric function in the M1NCM model was approximated using cubic spline interpolation with breakpoints and coefficients precalculated and stored in a look‐up table (M1NCM‐LUT). The performance of the proposed M1NCM‐LUT method was evaluated through simulation and based on in vivo liver R2* relaxometry data.ResultsIn both simulation and in vivo studies, the maximum absolute difference between R2* maps generated by the M1NCM and M1NCM‐LUT methods was nearly 10−3 s−1 or less, and the M1NCM‐LUT method obtained a R2* map in approximately 1 s and achieved an acceleration of approximately five orders of magnitude.ConclusionThe proposed M1NCM‐LUT method can significantly increase the speed of the liver R2* mapping using the M1NCM model. This development is important in promoting application of this R2* mapping technique for tissue iron quantification. Magn Reson Med 73:865–871, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General Practitioners' Views About an Orthopaedic Clinical Assessment Service
Authors: Burn Damon , May Stephen , Edwards Lindsay 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundGeneral practitioners' (GP) views about orthopaedic clinical assessment services (OCAS) managed by physiotherapists in the NHS have seldom been sought, yet GPs are likely to be key referrers to such a service.AimThis study aims to review GP views about an OCAS and how they believed the service could be improved.Design of the StudyFifteen consenting GPs were interviewed utilizing semi‐structured interviews and a standardized topic guide.MethodInterviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed for emergent themes. Interviews were analysed sequentially by date performed until saturation. Themes were discussed, and disagreements evaluated until agreement was found between the two main authors. The third author then analysed randomly selected interview transcripts and found no additional themes.ResultsThe study found GPs refer to specialist services, including this OCAS, because of wait times, locality, patient experience, GP experience and knowledge of available services. No GP identified they knew all possible orthopaedic referral routes.ConclusionGPs saw OCAS as another referral choice for patients suffering orthopaedic pathologies. GPs identified some difficulty in understanding the different services including the various professional roles involved. To assist with their understanding, they described requesting advertising of the different services and the clinicians involved or streamlining of services by provider services. Further detailed research addressing the limitations in this research design is indicated to investigate GP's thoughts and behaviours in relation to referral patterns especially as GPs in the UK took on commissioning for services from April 2013. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐growth annealing treatment of ZnO nanowires with arsenic and phosphorus sources
Authors: Zehani Emir , Hassani Said , Lusson Alain , Jomard François , Galtier Pierre , Sallet Vincent 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn attempt to incorporate dopants in ZnO nanowires grown using metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire substrates is presented. Diffusion of phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As) into the ZnO nanowires and ZnO substrates were carried out in vacuum sealed ampoules at temperatures ranging from 580 to 800 °C. Doping sources were Zn3P2 or Zn3sA2. The evolution of the wires morphology shows a dramatic degradation above 620–650 °C. SIMS analysis reveals the transport of P and As onto the sample surface. Mass profiling shows that the dopants do not diffuse significantly into bulk ZnO. This is confirmed by both Raman scattering and low temperature photoluminescence (PL) where no optical signatures related to the incorporation of P or As are observed. Surprisingly, PL experiments performed on nanowires processed at a temperature where the effect of annealing on the morphology start to be visible show an improved quality, and features commonly observables in high quality bulk samples. These results suggest that defects localised at the surface of the ZnO nanowires could be removed using post‐annealing in Zn rich atmosphere. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bottom‐up approach to control the photon outcoupling of a II‐VI quantum dot with a photonic wire
Authors: Cremel T. , Elouneg‐Jamroz M. , Bellet‐Amalric E. , Cagnon L. , Tatarenko S. , Kheng K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEpitaxially‐grown semiconductor quantum dots are promising as single‐photon sources due to their compatibility with manufacturing techniques and their ability to be integrated into compact devices. Efficient collection of emitted photons is required for practical use of such nano‐emitters. Here, we show the possibility to form photonic wires for efficient extraction of photons by covering nanowire quantum dots with a dielectric coating using atomic layer deposition. We experimentally obtain an Al2O3‐based photonic wire with a quantum dot precisely positioned along its axis. Using finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations of ZnO‐based photonic structures, we calculate the optimal wire geometry which leads to maximum emitted power along the wire axis. We obtain maximum values of 74% and 52% of the total emitted power for radial and a longitudinal dipoles respectively. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of ZnO/MgZnO multilayer films by sol‐gel dip method
Authors: Yasuda Takashi , Sakurai Takao , Kikawada Akihiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this work we have developed a computer controlled sol‐gel dip method using Zn‐acetate and/or Mg‐acetate as sources, which is designed for fabricating ZnO/MgZnO multilayer films automatically. The film thickness can be controlled precisely, by choosing sol‐gel source concentrations, pulling speeds of substrates, and stack numbers. High quality MgxZn1–xO films (x=0.18) have been synthesized using a sol‐gel source incorporated with 20% Mg‐acetate. The Mg content can be increased up to x=0.25, which exhibits the largest bandgap of 3.760 eV. We have successfully fabricated nano‐sized structures consisted of (ZnO(9nm)/Mg0.18Zn0.88O(6nm))10 on sapphire (001) substrates. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RRAMs based on anionic and cationic switching: a short overview
Authors: Clima Sergiu , Sankaran Kiroubanand , Chen Yang Yin , Fantini Andrea , Celano Umberto , Belmonte Attilio , Zhang Leqi , Goux Ludovic , Govoreanu Bogdan , Degraeve Robin , Wouters Dirk J. , Jurczak Malgorzata , Vandervorst Wilfried , Gendt Stefan De , Pourtois Geoffrey 
Published: April 2014

Abstractmagnified imageResistive random access memories are emerging as a new type of memory that has the potential to combine both the speed of volatile and the retention of nonvolatile memories. It operates based on the formation/dissolution of a low‐resistivity filament being constituted of either metallic ions or atomic vacancies within an insulating matrix. At present, the mechanisms and the parameters controlling the performances of the device remain unclear. In that respect, first‐principles simulations provide useful insights on the atomistic mechanisms, the thermodynamic and kinetics factors that modulate the material conductivity, providing guidance into the engineering of the operation of the device. In this paper, we review the current state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on the atomistic switching mechanisms driving the operation of copper‐based conductive bridge RRAM and HfOx valence change RRAM.magnified imageConceptual illustration of the RRAM device with the filament formation and disruption during its operation. AE/IM/CE are the active electrode/insulating matrix/ counterelectrode. The blue circles represent the conducting defects.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transmission control protocol performance enhancement for mobile broadband interactive satellite communication system: a cross‐layer approach
Authors: Liu Gang , Ji Hong , Li Yi , Li Xi , Wang Yongbin 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMobile broadband interactive satellite communication system is of great interest in both academic and industrial communities. However, the conventional strict‐layered protocol stack architecture and the standard TCP version perform poorly over satellite link. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive cross‐layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) optimization architecture while considering the main factors that affect the TCP performance. In our proposed architecture, we adopt two TCP split connection performance enhancing proxies to isolate the satellite link from the terrestrial part of the broadband satellite communication system. Then, based on the proposed cross‐layer architecture, we present an analytical model for the TCP throughput by taking the modulation and coding (ModCod) mode and the allocated bandwidth into account. In addition, we put forward a TCP‐driven bandwidth sharing and ModCod mode optimization algorithm to maximize the TCP throughput in satellite link. Extensive simulation results illustrate that our proposed comprehensive cross‐layer TCP optimization approach is able to improve the TCP throughput significantly. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex Containing A terpy‐like Fragment for Cu2+ Probing
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Tang Ning , Miao Kaicheng , Wang Fan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe dinuclear RuII complex [{Ru(bpy)2}2(μ2‐H2L)]4+ (bpy = 2,2'‐bipyridine, H2L = 2,6‐bis{4‐(1,10‐phenanthroline‐[5,6‐d]imidazol‐2‐yl)}pyridine) was synthesized and characterized. The effects of the cation on the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as the electrochemical properties of the complex were studied. It served as a fluorescent sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu2+ among 17 metal ions. The complex showed 2:1 binding ratio with Cu2+ in H2O/CH3CN solution (1:1, v/v) with a high binding constant of 2.69 × 1011 M–1.
Autoresonant excitation and control of nonlinear mode for ultrasonically assisted drilling
Authors: Li X. , Babitsky V. , Parkin R. , Meadows A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe application of high‐frequency vibration processes for intensification of machining requires a control technique for identification, excitation and stabilisation of the nonlinear resonant mode in machining systems with unpredictable variation of processing loads. Such a technique was developed with the use of a self‐exciting mechatronic system. This method of control is known as autoresonance. Autoresonant control of ultrasonically assisted drilling machine intended to improve machining process is thoroughly analysed and the simulation results of analysis for both mechanical feedback and electrical feedback are presented together with the application of different filters.