bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Policy for Sign Languages
Authors: Reagan Timothy 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Language policy efforts related to sign languages have been concentrated on a number of concerns: efforts to achieve official recognition of sign languages, the provision of bilingual education programs for deaf students, and the teaching of sign languages to hearing individuals as foreign languages. There has been considerable controversy related to beliefs and attitudes about the nature of sign languages and as to whether they count as “real” languages. Also relevant in considerations about the role of sign languages, both socially and educationally, are the related issues of linguicism and language rights—both, topics on which there are extensive bodies of literature. This entry will discuss the legal and constitutional status of sign languages and then explore the nature, role, and purposes of language policy with respect to sign languages, with a focus on the impact of ideological beliefs on linguistic judgments and policies.
Learner Dictionaries
Authors: Ranalli Jim , Nurmukhamedov Ulugbek 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe phraselearner dictionaryis typically used to describe monolingual lexical reference tools designed for learners of a second or foreign language (L2). Such dictionaries have been created to support the learning of a number of European and Asian languages, but the best known and most influential learner dictionaries are produced in English, by major publishers in the United Kingdom and, more recently, in the United States. In contrast to bilingual dictionaries, which have been used by language learners for hundreds of years, monolingual learner dictionaries—also known aspedagogical,ELT(English‐language teaching), orEFL(English as a foreign language)dictionaries—are a relatively recent development, spurred by the global demand for English instruction in the 20th century.
Placement Testing
Authors: Crusan Deborah 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Placement testing is defined as testing that separates students into groups on the basis of their ability in a specific area (for the purposes of this entry, the ability of interest is a linguistic one and it is in reading, writing, speaking, and listening). Placement is connected with larger ethical issues of assessment; specifically with the need to assess ability in order to produce a fair and accurate placement. This entry provides a brief summary of placement, its purposes, and the issues related to placement testing; an overview of the types of tests used for placement; and a discussion of what can be expected in the future concerning placement. It focuses on placement testing in English for academic purposes (EAP) in US contexts.
Qualitative Research Interviews in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Williams Serena , Menard‐Warwick Julia 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The interview is a spoken (and written) genre popular in news, politics, and entertainment across the contemporary world, and also employed for varied purposes in social science and humanities research. Within the field of second language acquisition (SLA), qualitative interview research has examined the following: how groups of speakers structure language within an interview; the linguistic features of second language (L2) speech; the ideas about language or language learning represented in interviews; and the attitudes and social structures that L2 speakers invoke through language. Since we particularly hope that this entry can be informative for the novice SLA researcher, we follow our discussion of the uses of interviews outlined above with an exploration of L2 interview data from two studies in progress prepared by PhD students.
Repetition in Incidental Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Webb Stuart 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The number of times that unknown vocabulary is encountered affects whether or not it will be learned. Generally, the more frequently words are encountered, the more likely they are to be learned. However, research has revealed that there is a lot of variation in the number of encounters necessary for vocabulary learning. Many factors may affect the degree to which frequency affects learning, and there is no specific number of encounters that ensures acquisition. The results of empirical studies of repetition have been valuable because they indicate that incidental vocabulary learning is typically a function of how often words occur in language; higher‐frequency words are likely to be learned before words of a lower‐frequency level. The findings in studies examining repetition have also been usefully applied to corpus‐driven research to indicate how many words might be learned by encountering different amounts of language.
Transcribing Interactions
Authors: Song Juyoung 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Communication is a multifaceted social phenomenon; talk involves complex activities in situ such as verbal interaction, prosody, pause, gestures, eye gaze, and so forth. To investigate features of social actions during interaction, researchers make audio and video recordings of the interaction. Then they analyze certain aspects of the interaction through transcription that transforms audible data into text‐based documents.
Frontier Words:L1andL2Partial Knowledge of Vocabulary
Authors: Zareva Alla 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe acquisition of knowledge in almost any domain proceeds through a state known as partial knowledge. Similarly, knowing a word is not an either/or state of affairs; rather, the development of vocabulary knowledge takes place incrementally and, respectively, it is subject to partial knowledge. Between the two extremes (where every word is either known or unknown), there is an intermediate level of partially familiar vocabulary (also called “frontier words”) that has not been clearly operationalized in L1 and L2 research. However, having a better understanding of the status of those words in L1 and L2 users' minds would allow us to get a better understanding of the relationship between the L1 and L2 lexicon. Pedagogically, the goal should be to make L2 users aware of what partial word familiarity entails (in terms of its consequences) and help them move such vocabulary from the status of frontier to the status of known.
Teaching Speaking
Authors: De Jong Nivja H. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The entry starts with a definition of speaking ability in order to identify components of speaking that learners will need to acquire to become successful speakers. Six types of knowledge, ranging from lexical knowledge to knowledge about problem solving in speaking, are identified. Alongside these types of knowledge, a learner must master the accompanying skills to access the knowledge fast as speaking is a skill that must always be performed under time pressure. The entry then exemplifies how certain types of activities would foster speaking and what the role of the teacher in these activities would be. Finally, the methods of teaching speaking are situated in influential models of second language acquisition and it is shown how these theories reflect the two perspectives of “speaking to learn” and “learning to speak.”
Visible‐Light‐Induced Annihilation of Tumor Cells with Platinum–Porphyrin Conjugates
Authors: Naik Anu , Rubbiani Riccardo , Gasser Gilles , Spingler Bernhard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite the extensive use of porphyrins in photodynamic therapy (PDT), tetraplatinated porphyrins have so far not been studied for their anticancer properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of such novel platinum–porphyrin conjugates as well as their photophysical characterization and in vitro light‐induced anticancer properties. These conjugates showed only minor cytotoxicity in the dark, but IC50 values down to 19 nM upon irradiation with light at 420 nm.These values correspond to an excellent phototoxic index (PI=IC50 in the dark/IC50 in light), which reached 5000 in a cisplatin‐resistant cell line. After incubation with HeLa cells, nuclear Pt concentrations were 30 times higher than with cisplatin. All of these favorable characteristics imply that tetraplatinated porphyrin complexes are worthy of exploration as novel PDT anticancer agents in vivo.
Beobachtung von Nano‐Entnetzung bei der Trocknung kolloidaler Kristalle
Authors: Muldarisnur Mulda , Marlow Frank 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDer Trocknungsprozess kolloidaler Kristalle ist mit einem kontinuierlichen Schrumpfen verbunden. Jedoch scheint das System einige Minuten nach Beginn der Trocknung noch einen Atemzug zu nehmen, bevor es bis zu seinem Endzustand, der nach ungefähr einem Tag erreicht wird, kontinuierlich schrumpft. Dieser kurze Zeitabschnitt wird aufgrund der Kurvenform für die Gitterkonstante “v‐Ereignis” genannt: Einem Abfall folgt ein nicht intuitiver Anstieg, der nach einer Stunde endet. Dieses Ereignis kann in zeitabhängigen optischen Spektren beobachtet werden. Es wird dem Beginn eines Nano‐Entnetzungsprozesses der kolloidalen Partikel zugeschrieben.
Assembly of BaTiO3 Nanocrystals into Macroscopic Aerogel Monoliths with High Surface Area
Authors: Rechberger Felix , Heiligtag Florian J. , Süess Martin J. , Niederberger Markus 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAerogels with their low density and high surface area are fascinating materials. However, their advantageous morphology is still far from being fully exploited owing to their limited compositional variety and low crystallinity. Replacing the sol–gel process by a particle‐based assembly route is a powerful alternative to expand the accessible functionalities of aerogels. A strategy is presented for the controlled destabilization of concentrated dispersions of BaTiO3 nanoparticles, resulting in the assembly of the fully crystalline building blocks into cylindrically shaped monolithic gels, thereby combining the inherent properties of ternary oxides with the highly porous microstructure of aerogels. The obtained aerogels showed an unprecedentedly high surface area of over 300 m2 g−1.
Observation of Nano‐Dewetting in Colloidal Crystal Drying
Authors: Muldarisnur Mulda , Marlow Frank 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe drying of colloidal crystals is connected with a continuous shrinkage process. However, several minutes after starting the drying, the system seems to take a breath before it shrinks monotonously until its final state after about one day. This short period we call “v”‐event because of the shape of the curve characterizing the lattice constant: a decrease followed by a counter‐intuitive increase which ends after one hour. This event is found in time‐dependent optical spectra. It is assigned to the start of a nano‐dewetting process occurring at the colloidal particles.
Preparation of a chitosan‐based flame‐retardant synergist and its application in flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Xiao Youyou , Zheng Yuying , Wang Xie , Chen Zhijie , Xu Zhe 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA novel flame‐retardant synergist, chitosan/urea compound based phosphonic acid melamine salt (HUMCS), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 31P‐NMR. Subsequently, HUMCS was added to a fire‐retardant polypropylene (PP) compound containing an intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system to improve its flame‐retardant properties. The PP/IFR/HUMCS composites were characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests (UL‐94 tests), microscale combustion calorimetry tests, and thermogravimetric analysis to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The addition of 3 wt % HUMCS increased the LOI from 31.4 to 33.0. The addition of HUMCS at a low additive amount reduced the peak heat‐release rate, total heat release, and heat‐release capacity obviously. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs of char residues revealed that HUMCS could prevent the IFR–PP composites from forming a dense and compact multicell char, which could effectively protect the substrate material from combusting. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40845.
Nano‐dimensional self assembly of regioregular poly (3‐hexylthiophene) in toluene: Structural, optical, and morphological properties
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi , Prakash Rajiv 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents the optimization and systematic analysis of the growth kinetics of fiber formation of the regio‐regular poly (3‐hexylthiophene), rr‐P3HT. In addition to it a comparative study of as‐prepared fiber with fresh, quenched (at −7°C) and commercial rr‐P3HT formed in toluene solvent. The rr‐P3HT (Mw ≈ 5340; polydispersity ≈ 1.22) is synthesized using a well known Grignard metathesis reaction and characterized by 1HNMR and FTIR techniques. The films obtained by the ageing of rr‐P3HT solution for 20 days contain nanostructured fiber with 6–10 nm thickness. However, it acquires a nanostructured globular shape when same concentration of solution is sudden quenched at −7°C. A saturation point for the growth of nano fiber is observed under UV–visible study and it is found that 10 days are sufficient for fiber growth. The concentration dependent free exciton band width of fiber growth is studied by Frank–Condon principle and correlated with AFM morphological studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40931.
Synthesis of amine‐functionalized block copolymers for nanopollutant removal from water
Authors: Qureshi Ziyauddin S. , DSouza Roshan , Mallampati Ramakrishna , Valiyaveettil Suresh 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPolyamines are rare in literature owing to increased reactivity, sensitivity to air and moisture, low stability, and processing difficulties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of highly processable polyamines and use them for the removal of dissolved metallic nanoparticles from water. Three amphiphilic block polyamines such as poly(N‐aminoethyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene), poly(N‐aminopropyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene), and poly(N‐aminoxylyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene) have been synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization of ethyl acrylate and styrene followed by aminolysis of the acrylic block. The polymerization and properties of the polymers are studied using different physicochemical techniques. Surface morphology of films prepared from these block copolymers by dissolving in different solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and N,N‐dimethylformamide, and drop‐casting polymers on a glass substrate show interesting porous films and spherical nanostructures. In addition, the amine‐functionalized block copolymers have been used for the removal of nanoparticles from water and show high extraction efficiency toward silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. All three amine‐functionalized block copolymers show higher extraction capacities (Qe) toward Au NPs (50–109 mg g−1) and Ag NPs (99–117 mg g−1). Our approach allows us to make amine‐functionalized block copolymers which are stable in air and can be easily processed in nonpolar solvents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40943.
ChemInform Abstract: Superconductivity in a Layered Ta4Pd3Te16 with PdTe2 Chains.
Authors: Jiao Wen‐He , Tang Zhang‐Tu , Sun Yun‐Lei , Liu Yi , Tao Qian , Feng Chun‐Mu , Zeng Yue‐Wu , Xu Zhu‐An , Cao Guang‐Han 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTa4Pd3Te16 crystals are prepared by a self‐flux method from mixtures of the elements in an atomic ratio of Ta:Pd:Te = 2:3:15 (quartz ampule, 1223 K, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Low Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide‐Doped BaTiO3 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Culver Sean P. , Stepanov Viktor , Mecklenburg Matthew , Takahashi Susumu , Brutchey Richard L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNanocrystals of BaTiO3 doped with up to 2 mol% Dy or La are prepared by the vapor diffusion sol—gel method from solutions of Ln(acac)3 (Ln: Dy, La) and BaTi(O‐CH2‐CH(Me)‐OMe)6 in BuOH/2‐methoxypropanol under a flow of N2/HCl/H2O vapor (25 °C, 72 h; 68—76% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Layered Iron Arsenide Superconductor: (Ca, Pr)FeAs2.
Authors: Yakita Hiroyuki , et al. et al. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract(Ca0.73Pr0.27)FeAs2 is prepared by solid state reaction of FeAs, PrAs, Ca, As, and CaO (evacuated quartz tube, 1000—1200 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: First Stable Nitrate‐Encapsulated Sandwich Type Polyoxometalate: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Performance.
Authors: Farsani Mostafa Riahi , Yadollahi Bahram , Rudbari Hadi Amiri , Amini Akbar , Caradoc‐Davis Tom , Price Jason R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNa4K5 [K3Cu3(NO3) (PW9O34)2] is synthesized from an aqueous solution of Na2WO4, Na2HPO4, Cu(NO3)2, and HCl (pH 7.5, 90 °C, 1 h followed by addition of KCl; 79% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Polyanionic Nets in RbAu4.01(2)Ga8.64(5) and CsAu5Ga9: The Role of Cations in the Formation of New Polar Intermetallics.
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Corbett John D. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of the new title compounds are prepared from the elements (Ta ampules, 300 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium‐Rich Octanuclear Iridium Clusters with Mixed‐Valent Selenium Ligands in the Densest Known Packing of Ellipsoids.
Authors: Stolze Karoline , Guenther Anja , Hoffmann Herbert C. , Ruck Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDark‐red air‐stable crystals of Ir8Se28Br14·2H2O are synthesized by reaction of Ir with an excess of Se and SeBr4 (silica ampule, 300 °C, 7 d, 80% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the Superconducting Cage Compound Ba3Ge16Ir4.
Authors: Duong Nguyen Hong , Prots Yurii , Schnelle Walter , Boehme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Paschen Silke , Grin Yuri 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe title compound is prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of BaGe, Ge, and Ir (Ar atmosphere, glassy carbon crucible, 910 °C, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐, Diastereo‐, and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Acyclic β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Liu Wen‐Bo , Reeves Corey M. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe first regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective allylic alkylation of acyclic β‐ketoesters to form vicinal tertiary and all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Cyclic β‐Amino Acid Derivatives with Quaternary Carbon Center via a Radical Addition‐Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Miyata Okiko , Takeda Norihiko , Ueda Masafumi , Kajisa Seiko , Matsuno Kenji , Naito Takeaki 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new method is applied for the construction of α,α‐disubstituted cyclic β‐amino acid derivatives via the sulfanyl radical addition‐cyclization reaction of oxime ether connected with acrylate.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Promoted Metal‐Free C—H Activation: Diarylketone‐Catalyzed Selective Benzylic Mono‐ and Difluorination.
Authors: Xia Ji‐Bao , Zhu Chen , Chen Chuo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn operationally simple method for the direct conversion of benzylic C—H groups into C—F groups is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Method for the Efficient α‐Oxidation of tert‐Alkylamines Using Bis(2,2,2‐trichloroethyl) Azodicarboxylate.
Authors: Sugihara Takumichi , Honzawa Shinobu , Uchida Mitsuaki 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe protecting group of amines is playing a crucial role.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Compounds Through Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Bromides or Benzyl Halides with Thienyl and Pyridyl Aluminum Reagents.
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhou Lingmin , Li Yimei , Xie Tao , Zhou Shuangliu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn efficient method for synthesis of useful biaryl building blocks containing thienyl or pyridyl moieties is provided through cross‐coupling reactions of freshly prepared heteroaryl aluminum reagents with aryl bromides or benzyl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Accelerated ortho‐C—H Alkylation of Arylcarboxylic Acids Using Alkyl Boron Reagents.
Authors: Thuy‐Boun Peter S. , Villa Giorgio , Dang Devin , Richardson Paul , Su Shun , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA protocol for the Pd(II)‐catalyzed ortho‐C—H alkylation of phenylacetic and benzoic acids using alkylboron reagents is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano Copper(I) Oxide—Zinc Oxide Catalyzed Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones, Secondary Amines, and Terminal Alkynes in Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Hosseini‐Sarvari Mona , Moeini Fatemeh 
Published: May 2014

Abstractas an efficient and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of propargylamines (32 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Mediated Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrocarboxylation of Enynes.
Authors: Li Wenbo , Zhang Junliang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPhosphine‐catalyzed addition of O‐nucleophiles to yne‐enones furnishes polysubstituted 1,3‐dienes in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Activated Cyclopropanes with NIS/NaN3: Synthesis of C‐1 Linked Pseudodisaccharides.
Authors: Haveli Shrutisagar Dattatraya , Roy Sudipta , Gautam Vibha , Parmar Ketan C. , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDonor‐acceptor‐substituted cyclopropanes react with a mixture of NIS and NaN3 to yield 1‐iodo‐3‐azido propane derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Olefins Utilizing gem‐ and vic‐Diborylated Vinylsilanes Prepared by Silylborylation of an Alkynylboronate and Diborylation of Alkynylsilanes.
Authors: Jiao Jiao , Hyodo Keita , Hu Hao , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Nishihara Yasushi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis protocol serves as a general synthetic method toward regio‐ and stereodefined multisubstituted olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethylaminoalkyl Chalcogenolate Palladium(II) Complexes as an Efficient Copper‐ and Phosphine‐Free Catalyst for Sonogashira Reaction.
Authors: Khairnar Bhikan J. , Dey Sandip , Jain Vimal K. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractN,N‐Dimethylaminoalkyl chalcogenolate Pd(II) complexes are investigated as robust, moisture‐ and air‐stable catalysts for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in the absence of copper and phosphine ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Radical Trifluoromethylation of Unsaturated Potassium Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Presset Marc , Oehlrich Daniel , Rombouts Frederik , Molander Gary A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe title reaction allows a simple and mild access to a wide range of unsaturated trifluoromethylated compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Primary Amines by Transfer Hydrogenative Reductive Amination of Ketones by Using Cyclometalated IrIII Catalysts.
Authors: Talwar Dinesh , Salguero Noemi Poyatos , Robertson Craig M. , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn easy way to prepare primary amines is demonstrated by direct reductive amination of various ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: An (Aminopyrimidinato)titanium Catalyst for the Hydroamination of Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Brahms Christian , Tholen Patrik , Saak Wolfgang , Doye Sven 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn efficient catalyst for intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes and intramolecular hydroamination of alkenes [e.g. (XIV)] is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C‐Catalyzed Direct Formylation of Aromatic Iodides to Aryl Aldehydes Using Carbon Dioxide as a C1 Resource.
Authors: Yu Bo , Zhao Yanfei , Zhang Hongye , Xu Jilei , Hao Leiduan , Gao Xiang , Liu Zhimin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA novel and practical method for the direct conversion of aromatic iodides into corresponding benzaldehyde derivatives using CO2 as carbon source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Arene C—H Bonds with Benzylic Ethers as Acyl Equivalents.
Authors: Han Sangil , Sharma Satyasheel , Park Jihye , Kim Mirim , Shin Youngmi , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Bae Jong Jin , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of arene C—H bonds with benzylic ethers via C—H bond activation is described.