bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐form versions of theParental‐CaregiversPerceptionsQuestionnaire and theFamilyImpactScale
Authors: Thomson William Murray , Foster Page Lyndie A. , Gaynor Wanda N. , Malden Penelope E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo develop short‐form versions of theParental‐CaregiversPerceptionsQuestionnaire (P‐CPQ) andFamilyImpactScale (FIS).MethodsPretest/post‐test clinical studies involved parent‐completed questionnaires (theP‐CPQand theFIS) before and some weeks after dental care (under general anaesthesia) for early childhood caries (ECCs) in consecutive clinical samples fromWellington andAuckland. Deriving the short‐form versions used only the baseline data from theWellington sample (N = 195), whereas their evaluation used both baseline and follow‐up data from theAuckland sample (N = 144 followed up). Item impact analysis was used to identify the 8 and 16 items with the greatest impact. An eight‐item short‐formFISversion was obtained in the same way.ResultsIn theWellington sample,Cronbach's α for the full, 16‐ and 8‐itemP‐CPQscales was 0.92, 0.89 and 0.82, respectively, and it was 0.88 and 0.85 for the full and eight‐itemFIS. Cross‐sectional concurrent validity in theWellington sample was acceptable for all short forms. Examining their responsiveness in theAuckland sample, large decreases post‐treatment were observed in the short‐formP‐CPQscores which were similar in relative magnitude to those seen with the full version. The full and short‐formFISscale scores showed moderate decreases.ConclusionsThe reliability, validity and responsiveness of the short‐form versions were acceptable in these settings with children suffering from severeECC; however, before they can be treated as definitive measures for use in health services research to determine the effects of clinical interventions forECC, their test‐retest reliability should be examined and further validation undertaken.
Interleukin‐27 promotes inflammatory and neuroprotective responses in microglia
Authors: Kawanokuchi Jun , Takeuchi Hideyuki , Sonobe Yoshifumi , Mizuno Tetsuya , Suzumura Akio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesInterleukin‐27 (IL‐27) is released by antigen‐presenting cells including macrophages, dendritic cells and microglia, and negatively regulates IL‐17‐producing T helper (Th17) cells, which play key pathogenic roles in multiple sclerosis. As the effects of IL‐27 on cells in the central nervous system are unclear, we have examined the effects of IL‐27 on microglia to uncover the roles of IL‐27 in immune responses of the central nervous system.MethodsThe effects of IL‐27 on microglial production of cytokines, neurotrophic factors and antigen‐presentation related molecules were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The effects of IL‐27 on microglial antigen‐presenting function were also assessed using coculture assays of microglia and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55‐specific T cells.ResultsWe showed that IL‐27 induces inflammatory and neuroprotective responses effects in microglia. IL‐27 enhanced the production of nitric oxide and such pro‐inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐6 in lipopolysaccharide‐activated microglia; these effects were not observed in unstimulated microglia, suggesting that IL‐27 acts as an amplifier rather than an initiator of microglial neuroinflammation. IL‐27 also enhanced microglial antigen presentation to promote Th1 polarization and suppress Th17 cell development by increasing IL‐12 levels and reducing IL‐23 levels. Furthermore, IL‐27 increased microglial production of nerve growth factor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor.ConclusionsOur data suggest the therapeutic potential of IL‐27 and microglia for multiple sclerosis through Th17 cell suppression and neurotrophic factor production.
Corneal endothelial changes after selective laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Ong Keith , Ong Lillian , Ong Leonard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundWhitish spots are sometimes noted in the corneal endothelium after selective laser trabeculoplasty. To evaluate the corneal endothelium after selective laser trabeculoplasty, corneal specular microscopy was performed.DesignProspective observational study in a private practice.ParticipantsFifteen consecutive patients with open‐angle glaucoma undergoing selective laser trabeculoplasty in February 2012 had their corneal endothelium examined with specular microscopy before and after treatment.MethodsSelective laser trabeculoplasty was done with 50 ± 5 shots to 180 degrees of meshwork using 0.3–0.9 mJ of power to achieve the reaction of a hint of microbubbles in 80% of laser shots.Main Outcome MeasuresCorneal specular microscopy photographs (0.25 × 0.54 mm) were taken prior to, immediately after and 1 month after selective laser trabeculoplasty. These photographs were assessed and graded.ResultsOf the 15 patients, three showed numerous, four showed few and eight showed no increase of dark spots after selective laser trabeculoplasty. All the dark spots resolved by 1 month.ConclusionThe effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty on the corneal endothelium may be transient, and long‐term effects are probably negligible in normal corneas. However, in compromised corneas and corneas with pigment deposits on endothelium, there may be a risk of corneal endothelial compromise, especially after repeated selective laser trabeculoplasty. Larger and longer term studies with histopathological evaluation would be useful to evaluate the effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty on normal and subnormal corneal endothelium. Until further studies are done, it would be wise to minimize the number and energy of laser shots.
Giant cell arteritis incidence: analysis by season and year in mid‐Atlantic United States
Authors: Kisza Krystian , Murchison Ann P , Dai Yang , Bilyk Jurij R , Eagle Ralph C , Sergott Robert , Savino Peter J 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundEvaluate the incidence of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis for seasonal or annual variability in the Mid‐Atlantic United States.DesignRetrospective chart review of all patients undergoing temporal artery biopsy from 1994 to 2011.ParticipantsThe charts of 744 patients were reviewed, and 215 patients were diagnosed with giant cell arteritis based on positive temporal artery biopsy results.MethodsAll results between 1994 and 2011 were reviewed. Giant cell arteritis incidence data were evaluated by year, season and month for any trends or cyclic patterns.Main Outcome MeasureIncidence of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis.ResultsThe majority of patients were female (74%) and over the age of 60 (98.6%). The diagnosis of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis was found in 215 of 744 (28.9%) patients. The incidence of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis by year varied, with the peak incidence in 1996. The monthly incidence peaked in July and had a trough in October. However, Poisson regression analysis did not show any statistically significant trend over time or cyclic pattern to the incidence by year, season or month.ConclusionsThe incidence of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis in the population studied did not have any significant cyclic pattern over the last 17 years. The highest incidence by month was noted in July with a trough in October. However, this was not a significant pattern by month or season to support infectious or periodic environmental factors inciting giant cell arteritis.
FGF18 accelerates osteoblast differentiation by upregulating Bmp2 expression
Authors: Nagayama Tomoko , Okuhara Shigeru , Ota Masato S. , Tachikawa Noriko , Kasugai Shohei , Iseki Sachiko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in skeletal development. Among total 22 FGFs, it is suggested that FGF18 functions in promotion of osteoblast differentiation. In order to elucidate the mechanism of FGF18‐dependent acceleration of osteogenesis, we implanted rhFGF18 soaked beads over mouse fetal coronal sutures using ex‐utero surgery. The coronal suture area comprises the peripheries of the developing frontal and parietal bones, separated by the sutural mesenchyme. rhFGF18 accelerated osteogenesis by promoting connection of the frontal and parietal bone domains, resulting in elimination of the sutural mesenchyme. Expression of Fgf receptors, Fgfr1, ‐2 and ‐3 involved in skeletal development, was maintained or upregulated in the developing bone domains, consistent with enhanced osteogenesis. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) 2 was specifically upregulated in the skeletogenic layer and the application of Bmp antagonist, rmNoggin, inhibited rhFGF18‐dependent upregulation of osteoblast markers. These results suggest that FGF18 accelerates osteogenesis by upregulation of Bmp2 as well as maintenance or upregulation of Fgfr1, ‐2 and ‐3 expression in osteoblasts.
The forensic analysis of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the age of whole‐genome sequencing
Authors: Wilson Mark R. , Allard Marc W. , Brown Eric W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe forensic evaluation of bacterial pathogens presents new challenges to the forensic science community. This review examines bacterial pathogens as objects of forensic comparison, focusing on their nucleic acid sequences as an important aspect of the comparison process. Because of the clonal propagation of most bacterial pathogens, a phylogenetic approach to understanding the diversity and using this understanding to address common forensic questions is explored. As a general phylogenetic framework is now employed in human mitochondrial DNA analysis, we will use the relevant concepts and approaches common in this area to develop this approach further. We also address the impact of the current ease and prevalence of whole‐genome DNA sequence analysis in the forensic comparison process.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of histopathological factors influencing the risk of lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer
Authors: Beaton C. , Twine C. P. , Williams G. L. , Radcliffe A. G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimLymph node (LN) metastases are present in up to 17% of early colorectal cancers (pT1). Identification of associated histopathological factors would enable counselling of patients regarding this risk.MethodPubmed and Embase were employed utilizing the terms ‘early colorectal cancer’, ‘lymph node metastasis’, ‘submucosal invasion’, ‘lymphovascular invasion’, ‘tumour budding’ and ‘histological differentiation’. Analysis was performed using REVIEW MANAGER 5.1.ResultsTwenty‐three cohort studies including 4510 patients were analysed. There was a significantly higher risk of LN metastasis with a depth of submucosal invasion > 1 mm than with lesser degrees of penetration (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.50–10.00, P = 0.005). Lymphovascular invasion was significantly associated with LN metastasis (OR 4.81, 95% CI 3.14–7.37, P < 0.00001). Poorly differentiated tumours had a higher risk of LN metastasis compared with well or moderately differentiated tumours (OR 5.60, 95% CI 2.90–10.82, P < 0.00001). Tumour budding was found to be significantly associated with LN metastasis (OR 7.74, 95% CI 4.47–13.39, P < 0.001).ConclusionMeta‐analysis of the current literature demonstrates that in early colorectal cancer a depth of submucosal invasion by the primary tumour of > 1 mm, lymphovascular invasion, poor differentiation and tumour budding are significantly associated with LN metastasis.
Is a liquid‐based cytology more sensitive than a conventional Pap smear?
Authors: Sigurdsson K. 
Published: January 2013

K. Sigurdsson  Is a liquid‐based cytology more sensitive than a conventional Pap smear?Background:  The comparative sensitivity of liquid‐based cytology (LBC) test and conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears is controversial.Material and methods:  This study analyses the distribution of cytology, histology, colposcopy and large loop excision of the transformation zone among women screened in Iceland with LBC at the Cancer Detection Clinic in Reykjavik and with a conventional Pap smear outside the Detection Clinic in 2007–2011. The study material included 42 654 LBC tests from 20 439 women and 103 909 Pap smears from 61 574 women. The period 2000–2004 is used to correct for potential bias as a result of unequal distribution of the studied parameters between the study sites before the introduction of LBC.Results:  The observed results indicated that women screened with an LBC sample had significantly decreased detection rates of inadequate smears, increased detection of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)/atypical cytology and referrals to colposcopy, and an increased detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) irrespective of age. LBC increased significantly the detection rates of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse (HSIL+) cytology and CIN3+ histology only in women under 40 years of age. Taking into consideration the unequal prevalence of the studied parameters between the study sites in 2000–2004 indicated, however, that LBC only affected the rate of inadequate and low‐grade cytology tests under the age of 40 years. Positive predictive values for CIN2+ were not significantly different between the tests.Conclusions:  The study results support the view that LBC is no more sensitive than Pap smears for the detection of HSIL+ and CIN2+ irrespective of age. LBC decreased the rate of inadequate smears, but increased the rate of low‐grade cytology under the age of 40 years and decreased the total rate of abnormal smears over the age of 40 years.
Physical function measurements predict mortality in ambulatory older men
Authors: De Buyser Stefanie L. , Petrovic Mirko , Taes Youri E. , Toye Kaatje R. C. , Kaufman Jean‐Marc , Goemaere Stefan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo assess and compare the predictive value of physical function measurements (PFMs) for all‐cause mortality in older men and to evaluate the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) as a predictor in subjects with underlying comorbidity.DesignObservational study of a population‐based sample of 352 ambulatory older men aged 71–86 at study baseline. The Rapid disability rating scale‐2, 36‐Item short form health survey, Grip strength, Five times sit‐to‐stand test, Standing balance, and TUG were determined at baseline. Associations with all‐cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard analyses. Age, Body mass index (BMI), smoking status, education, physical activity and cognitive status were included as confounders. Follow‐up exceeded 15 years. Comorbidity status was categorized into cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus.ResultsAll examined PFMs were associated with all‐cause mortality. TUG was the best predictor (adjusted HR per SD increase = 1·58, 95% CI = 1·40–1·79, P < 0·001) for global mortality and continued to be predictive in subjects with cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR per SD increase = 1·80, 95% CI = 1·40–2·33, P < 0·001).ConclusionsThe assessment of physical functioning is important in the evaluation of older persons. We encourage the use of the TUG as a reliable, quick and feasible screening tool in clinical settings.
Rapid loss of response after withdrawal of treatment with azacitidine: a case series in patients with higher‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Voso Maria Teresa , Breccia Massimo , Lunghi Monia , Poloni Antonella , Niscola Pasquale , Finelli Carlo , Bari Alessia , Musto Pellegrino , Zambello Renato , Fianchi Luana , Alimena Giuliana , Leone Giuseppe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), the likelihood of having a sustained response to azacitidine is increased by maximizing treatment duration. This is important as prognosis postrelapse is poor. There is also the concern that early termination of treatment may result in rapid disease progression. We reviewed outcomes in 13 patients who discontinued azacitidine (decitabine in one patient) while still responding to the treatment. Most patients rapidly relapsed; median time to progression was 5.4 months. Reasons for treatment discontinuation included comorbidities, infections, and patient choice. These findings illustrate the risk of prematurely terminating azacitidine therapy in MDS.
The fine structure of the dopaminergic innervation of area 10 of macaque prefrontal cortex
Authors: Martin Kevan A. C. , Spühler Isabelle A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn common with other areas of the prefrontal cortex, activity in frontopolar area 10 is probably modulated by dopamine. We studied the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal area 10 by immunostaining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies. TH‐positive axons in layer 3 were examined by electron microscopy of series of ultrathin sections. TH‐positive boutons containing vesicles were sparse (2 × 10−4 per μm3) and the majority (94%, n = 52) had no identifiable synaptic specialization, which supports the hypothesis that dopamine is released non‐synaptically and raises the question of whether the local microenvironment surrounding the boutons is special. Compared with unlabelled boutons TH‐positive boutons had a higher proportion of their perimeter in contact with dendritic shafts and were more often in continuous contact with pairs of pre‐ and postsynaptic structures. However, this may result from exclusion from sites preferred by glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses as the density of all synapses in the closer vicinity was no different from any randomly selected site in the neuropil. This quantitative ultrastructural study presents basic features of the dopaminergic innervation in prefrontal area 10 and provides a more detailed understanding of the structural basis of dopamine signalling in the cortex.
The use of a tongue tie alters laryngohyoid position in the standing horse
Authors: Chalmers H. J. , Farberman A. , Bermingham A. , Sears W. , Viel L. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe use of tongue ties in racing is common, yet there are few data to support their efficacy. In order to make appropriate recommendations for clinical practice and policy on tongue ties, data documenting their effect on upper airway structure are necessary.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of a tongue tie on the resting laryngohyoid position of the standing horse.Study designExperimental study.MethodsTwelve normal Standardbred horses were subjected to ultrasonographic measures of laryngohyoid position during 3 phases of tack application: Phase I – halter and lead; Phase II – bit, bridle, harness and check applied; and Phase III – as in Phase II but with the tongue tie added.ResultsCompared to Phase I, during Phase III with the application of a tongue tie a significant difference between lingual process position was noted both rostrally and caudally (P<0.001 and P<0.001), such that the tongue tie resulted in an increase in lingual process depth. The tongue tie in Phase III resulted in a decrease in depth of the thyroid cartilage and basihyoid bone compared to the Phase I location (P = 0.007 and P = 0.0047).ConclusionThe use of a tongue tie has a significant effect on the basihyoid and thyroid cartilage positions in the standing horse.Potential relevanceThis is the first report documenting a difference in laryngohyoid morphology following the application of a tongue tie, providing evidence that the use of a tongue tie has a measurable effect on upper airway structure. The functional implications of this finding are yet to be elucidated.
Inhibition of UV‐induced uric acid production using Allopurinol prevents suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response
Authors: Leighton Sarah , Kok Lai‐Fong , Halliday Gary M. , Byrne Scott N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractExposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation suppresses adaptive immune responses. This contributes to skin carcinogenesis but may protect from some autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular changes occurring within UV‐exposed skin that precipitate the downstream events leading to immune suppression are not fully understood. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo mouse models, we have discovered that UV induces significant cutaneous production of immune suppressive uric acid. The ability of UV‐induced uric acid to inhibit a contact hypersensitivity response was successfully blocked by the gout‐treating drug Allopurinol. Up‐regulation of NLRP3 mRNA by UV was also found to be dependent on UV‐induced uric acid. This suggested that the target of UV‐induced uric acid included proteins involved in the formation and activation of the NLRP3‐inflammasome. However, in contrast to NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC, which is required for formation of the NLRP3‐inflammasome, was significantly down‐regulated. Furthermore, this down‐regulation was not dependent on UV‐induced uric acid production because Allopurinol treatment failed to prevent the reduction in ASC. Hence, our results identify uric acid as an important molecule involved in sterile UV‐induced inflammation and immune suppression. UV‐induced uric acid may therefore offer a unique therapeutic target for preventing and treating skin cancer.
Unfolding dynamics of the mucin SEA domain probed by force spectroscopy suggest that it acts as a cell‐protective device
Authors: Pelaseyed Thaher , Zäch Michael , Petersson Åsa C. , Svensson Frida , Johansson Denny G. A. , Hansson Gunnar C. 
Published: January 2013

MUC1 and other membrane‐associated mucins harbor long, up to 1 μm, extended highly glycosylated mucin domains and sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin (SEA) domains situated on their extracellular parts. These mucins line luminal tracts and organs, and are anchored to the apical cell membrane by a transmembrane domain. The SEA domain is highly conserved and undergoes a molecular strain‐dependent autocatalytic cleavage during folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, a process required for apical plasma membrane expression. To date, no specific function has been designated for the SEA domain. Here, we constructed a recombinant protein consisting of three SEA domains in tandem and used force spectroscopy to assess the dissociation force required to unfold individual, folded SEA domains. Force–distance curves revealed three peaks, each representing unfolding of a single SEA domain. Fitting the observed unfolding events to a worm‐like chain model yielded an average contour length of 32 nm per SEA domain. Analysis of forces applied on the recombinant protein revealed an average unfolding force of 168 pN for each SEA domain at a loading rate of 25 nN·s−1. Thus, the SEA domain may act as a breaking point that can dissociate before the plasma membrane is breached when mechanical forces are applied to cell surfaces.