bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in air quality and tropospheric composition due to depletion of stratospheric ozone and interactions with changing climate: implications for human and environmental health
Authors: Madronich S. , Shao M. , Wilson S. R. , Solomon K. R. , Longstreth J. D. , Tang X. Y. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
UV radiation is an essential driver for the formation of photochemical smog, which includes ground-level ozone and particulate matter (PM). Recent analyses support earlier work showing that poor outdoor air quality is a major environmental hazard as well as quantifying health effects on regional and global scales more accurately. Greater exposure to these pollutants has been linked to increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in humans and is associated globally with several million premature deaths per year. Ozone also has adverse effects on yields of crops, leading to loss of billions of US dollars each year. These detrimental effects also may alter biological diversity and affect the function of natural ecosystems. Future air quality will depend mostly on changes in emission of pollutants and their precursors, but changes in UV radiation and climate will contribute as well. Significant reductions in emissions, mainly from the energy and transportation sectors, have already led to improved air quality in many locations. Air quality will continue to improve in those cities/states that can afford controls, and worsen where the regulatory infrastructure is not available. Future changes in UV radiation and climate will alter the rates of formation of ground-level ozone and photochemically-generated particulate matter and must be considered in predictions of air quality. The decrease in UV radiation associated with recovery of stratospheric ozone will, according to recent global atmospheric model simulations, lead to increases in ground-level ozone at most locations. If correct, this will add significantly to future ground-level ozone trends. However, the spatial resolution of these global models is insufficient to inform policy at this time, especially for urban areas. UV radiation affects the atmospheric concentration of hydroxyl radicals, ?OH, which are responsible for the self-cleaning of the atmosphere. Recent measurements confirm that, on a local scale, ?OH radicals respond rapidly to changes in UV radiation. However, on large (global) scales, models differ in their predictions by nearly a factor of two, with consequent uncertainties for estimating the atmospheric lifetime and concentrations of key greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Projections of future climate need to consider these uncertainties. No new negative environmental effects of substitutes for ozone depleting substances or their breakdown-products have been identified. However, some substitutes for the ozone depleting substances will continue to contribute to global climate change if concentrations rise above current levels.
Block Markov superposition transmission of convolutional codes with minimum shift keying signalling
Authors: Liu Xiying , Liang Chulong , Ma Xiao 
Published: November 2014

In this study, the authors’ present a scheme, denoted as BMST‐MSK, which combines the block Markov superposition transmission (BMST) with the minimum shift keying (MSK) signalling. The BMST‐MSK can be implemented in two forms – the BMST with recursive MSK (BMST‐RMSK) and the BMST with non‐recursive MSK (BMST‐NRMSK). The BMST‐MSK admits a sliding‐window decoding/demodulation algorithm, where two schedules with or without iterative processing between the BMST and MSK (referred to as outer iteration) are discussed. To analyse the asymptotic performance of BMST‐MSK, the authors’ first assume a genie‐aided decoder and then derive the union bound for the equivalent genie‐aided system. Numerical results show that the performances of the BMST‐MSK match well with the derived lower bounds in the low error rate regions. From simulations, the authors’ found that the outer iterations can provide performance improvement for the BMST‐RMSK, but not for the BMST‐NRMSK. Taking a (2,1,2) convolutional code with input length of 10 000 bits as the basic code, the BMST‐NRMSK achieves a bit‐error‐rate of 10−5 at Eb/N0 = 0.45 dB over additive white Gaussian noise channels, which is away from the Shannon limit about 0.25 dB.
High‐power‐factor electronic ballast zero voltage switching and low dv/dt with combination of charge pump and valley fill based on class DE
Authors: Thongkullaphat Sarayoot , Liutanakul Pisit , Chunkag Viboon 
Published: November 2014

In this study, for application of 36 W/220 Vrms/50 Hz fluorescent lamp, a high performance of high‐power‐factor and low line input current harmonics of electronic ballast is proposed. The proposed ballast has a structure based on a combination of charged pump and valley fill circuit. By adding paralleled capacitors to each power switch and setting the circuit parameters, operation modes of the inverter can be modified from single‐stage conventional class D to a class DE. Consequently, duty ratio can be reduced by up to 25% so that the voltage stress at power switch is lower when compared with the conventional class D inverter. Furthermore, switching power loss and dv/dt can also be reduced because of zero voltage switching condition. Details of design and circuit operation are described. The experimental results of prototype circuit, operated around 50 kHz of switching frequency at full power output, show that the proposed ballast has 94.48% of efficiency, 4.30% of THDi, 0.996 of input power factor and 1.38 of lamp current crest factor.
The Effects of Single-Level Instrumented Lumbar Laminectomy on Adjacent Spinal Biomechanics
Authors: Bisschop Arno , Holewijn Roderick M. , Kingma Idsart , Stadhouder Agnita , Vergroesen Pieter-Paul A. , van der Veen Albert J. , van Dieën Jaap H. , van Royen Barend J. 
Published: November 2014

Study Design Biomechanical study. Objective Posterior instrumentation is used to stabilize the spine after a lumbar laminectomy. However, the effects on the adjacent segmental stability are unknown. Therefore, we studied the range of motion (ROM) and stiffness of treated lumbar spinal segments and cranial segments after a laminectomy and after posterior instrumentation in flexion and extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). These outcomes might help to better understand adjacent segment disease (ASD), which is reported cranial to the level on which posterior instrumentation is applied. Methods We obtained 12 cadaveric human lumbar spines. Spines were axially loaded with 250 N for 1 hour. Thereafter, 10 consecutive load cycles (4 Nm) were applied in FE, LB, and AR. Subsequently, a laminectomy was performed either at L2 or at L4. Thereafter, load-deformation tests were repeated, after similar preloading. Finally, posterior instrumentation was added to the level treated with a laminectomy before testing was repeated. The ROM and stiffness of the treated, the cranial adjacent, and the control segments were calculated from the load-displacement data. Repeated-measures analyses of variance used the spinal level as the between-subject factor and a laminectomy or instrumentation as the within-subject factors. Results After the laminectomy, the ROM increased (+19.4%) and the stiffness decreased (−18.0%) in AR. The ROM in AR of the adjacent segments also increased (+11.0%). The ROM of treated segments after instrumentation decreased in FE (−74.3%), LB (−71.6%), and AR (−59.8%). In the adjacent segments after instrumentation, only the ROM in LB was changed (−12.9%). Conclusions The present findings do not substantiate a biomechanical pathway toward or explanation for ASD.
Sphericity and symmetry breaking in the formation of Frank–Kasper phases from one component materials
Authors: Lee Sangwoo , Leighton Chris , Bates Frank S. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Understanding how particles fill space has challenged mathematicians, scientists, and technologists since antiquity. This article rationalizes the spontaneous organization of single-component diblock copolymers into multimolecular nanoscale domains that order into a low-symmetry Frank–Kasper (FK) phase with short-range tetrahedral close packing and a giant unit cell that contains 30 particles. This class of crystal structures bridges conventional periodic crystals and low symmetry aperiodic crystals often termed “quasicrystals.” Surprising analogies are thus drawn between the heretofore unexplained formation of FK structures in soft materials, and in certain elemental metals (including manganese and uranium), alloys, and intermetallic compounds, highlighting opportunities to better understand space filling in hard and soft materials by investigation of block polymers with precisely tuned molecular architectures.
Field-induced superconducting phase of FeSe in the BCS-BEC cross-over
Authors: Kasahara Shigeru , Watashige Tatsuya , Hanaguri Tetsuo , Kohsaka Yuhki , Yamashita Takuya , Shimoyama Yusuke , Mizukami Yuta , Endo Ryota , Ikeda Hiroaki , Aoyama Kazushi , Terashima Taichi , Uji Shinya , Wolf Thomas , von Löhneysen Hilbert , Shibauchi Takasada , Matsuda Yuji 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The BCS-BEC (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer––Bose–Einstein-condensate) cross-over bridges the two important theories of bound particles in a unified picture with the ratio of the attractive interaction to the Fermi energy as a tuning parameter. A key issue is to understand the intermediate regime, where new states of matter may emerge. Here, we show that the Fermi energy of FeSe is extremely small, resulting in that this system can be regarded as an extraordinary “high-temperature” superconductor located at the verge of a BCS-BEC cross-over. Most importantly, we discover the emergence of an unexpected superconducting phase in strong magnetic fields, demonstrating that the Zeeman splitting comparable to the Fermi energy leads to a strong modification of the properties of fermionic systems in such a regime.
Sex ratio manipulation for insect population control.
Authors: Papathanos P. A. , Windbichler N. , Akbari O. S. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

The recent developments of molecular genetic engineering and insect transformation have now re-ignited an academic interest to overcome many of the problems that were previously intractable using standard genetic tools. This chapter focuses on the application of contemporary molecular and genetic techniques to manipulate the sex ratio of insect species. Three methods of sex ratio manipulation and their application to control insect populations (including plant pests) are described: segregation distortion, female killing and sex reversion to make phenotypic males. A detailed theoretical comparison of their relative field performance has shown that these methods can be more effective than sterile insect technique.
Conditional dominant lethals - RIDL.
Authors: Alphey L. , Koukidou M. , Morrison N. I. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on sterile insect technique (SIT) improvement through the use of conditional dominant lethal genes, which can be used for sterilization and/or sex separation. When these conditional lethal genes are transgenes, i.e. constructed using recombinant DNA methods with at least some exogenous DNA, they are invariably associated with heritable markers. The application of sterile-male method as part of an integrated pest management system and its role in resistance management are described. Field experiences with genetically engineered plant insect pests and mosquitoes are mentioned. The potential of conditional lethal systems as the basis for genetic control of a wide range of pest insects is shown. This is driven partly by the inherently attractive properties of sterile-male methods in terms of effectiveness and low environmental impact, and partly by the potential for genetics-based improvements to classical SIT available through modern methods, especially genetic engineering.
The traveltime holographic principle
Authors: Huang Yunsong , Schuster Gerard T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Fermat's interferometric principle is used to compute interior transmission traveltimes τpq from exterior transmission traveltimes τsp and τsq. Here, the exterior traveltimes are computed for sources s on a boundary B that encloses a volume V of interior points p and q. Once the exterior traveltimes are computed, no further ray tracing is needed to calculate the interior times τpq. Therefore this interferometric approach can be more efficient than explicitly computing interior traveltimes τpq by ray tracing. Moreover, the memory requirement of the traveltimes is reduced by one dimension, because the boundary B is of one fewer dimension than the volume V. An application of this approach is demonstrated with interbed multiple (IM) elimination. Here, the IMs in the observed data are predicted from the migration image and are subsequently removed by adaptive subtraction. This prediction is enabled by the knowledge of interior transmission traveltimes τpq computed according to Fermat's interferometric principle. We denote this principle as the ‘traveltime holographic principle’, by analogy with the holographic principle in cosmology where information in a volume is encoded on the region's boundary.
Reconstituting Labour Market Freedom: Corporate Governance and Collective Worker Counterbalance
Authors: Moore Marc T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Orthodox understandings of ‘free’ labour markets today tend to be premised on a particularly Hayekian, liberal-individualist conception of industrial relations. It generally follows from this ideological premise that employees and their employer firms can—and, moreover, should—contract with one another on a reciprocal and individually negotiable basis, in a manner not fundamentally dissimilar from any other standard incidence of market exchange. Accordingly, any form of collective mobilisation by employees vis-a-vis employer firms in the form of adversarial industrial action is typically viewed as a cause of allocative inefficiency for employer firms. The present article disputes this logic by demonstrating how, contrary to Hayekian logic, the common law employment relation does not comprise a set of discrete and reciprocally (re)negotiated contractual terms. Rather, it exhibits the peculiar dynamic of a diffuse extra-contractual command structure, whereby employer firms are vested with unilateral discretionary prerogative vis-a-vis employees. On this basis, the article highlights the structural imperative of effective adversarial counter-pressures (in favour of employees) in legitimising—and thereby sustaining—the resulting reciprocal power imbalance that is central to the employment relation. In particular, it argues that the continuing collective capacity of employees to mobilise their human capital via adversarial industrial action, as facilitated by underpinning labour law institutions, is fundamental to securing labour’s acquiescence in management’s possession and exercise of discretionary prerogative. In this way, a legally constituted system of collective employee adversarialism is conducive to securing continuing employee ‘buy-in’ to the employer’s unilaterally determined objectives and values, thereby preserving the inherent decisional power imbalance on which the administrative efficiency of the employment relation is contingent. This in turn has the crucial functional effect of mitigating agency costs in the employment relation, enabling employer firms to economise on their overall costs of production.
Infections in Infants Fed Formula Supplemented With Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membranes
Authors: Timby Niklas , Hernell Olle , Vaarala Outi , Melin Merit , Lönnerdal Bo , Domellöf Magnus 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Observational studies have shown that even in high‐income countries formula‐fed infants have a higher incidence of acute otitis media (AOM), and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections during the first year of life compared with breast‐fed infants. We hypothesized that components of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) may be responsible for some of these differences and that supplementation with bovine MFGM would decrease the infectious morbidity in formula‐fed infants.Methods:In a double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 160 formula‐fed infants received experimental formula (EF) supplemented with bovine MFGM (EF) or unsupplemented standard formula (SF) from <2 months until 6 months of age. A breast‐fed reference group consisted of 80 infants. Disease symptoms, health care contacts, and medication were recorded by the parents until 12 months of age. Serum immunoglobulin G for 10 pneumococcal serotypes was analyzed at 6 months of age.Results:The cumulative incidence of AOM during the intervention was lower in the EF group than in the SF group (1% vs 9%, P = 0.034), and did not differ from the breast‐fed reference group (0%, P = 1.0). The incidence (25% vs 43%, P = 0.021) and longitudinal prevalence (P = 0.012) of antipyretic use were significantly lower in the EF group than in the SF group. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations against pneumococcal serotypes 1, 5, and 14 were lower in the EF group than in the SF group.Conclusions:Supplementation of formula with bovine MFGM reduces the risk of AOM, decreases antipyretics use in formula‐fed infants, and has immunomodulatory effects on humoral response against pneumococcus vaccine.
Expanding Phenotypic and Allelic Heterogeneity of Tricho‐Hepato‐Enteric Syndrome
Authors: Monies Dorota M. , Rahbeeni Zuhair , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Naim Ewa A. , Al‐Younes Banan , Meyer Brian F. , Al‐Mehaidib Ali 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMolecular genetics studies are of increasing importance in the diagnosis and classification of congenital diarrheal disorders. We describe the molecular genetic basis of tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome in patients from Saudi Arabia with novel mutations of SKIV2L (c.3559_3579del, p.1187_1193del) and TTC37 (C4102T, p.Q1368X). Interestingly, the congenital presence of café‐au‐lait spots and their distribution in the pelvis and lower limbs were a unique and consistent clinical feature of these patients and may aid differential diagnosis of congenital diarrheal disorders. This study expands allelic and phenotypic heterogeneity of syndromic diarrhea/tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome.
Heterogeneous dividend preferences of Chinese individual and institutional investors
Authors: Chen Xin , Tang Lin , Hu Haiou 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine preferences of Chinese individual and institutional investors to cash dividends and stock dividends. Using categorized daily holding information from the TOPVIEW database, the authors test how percentage holdings of individuals and institutional investors change, respectively, around annual report dates and registration dates.Design/methodology/approach– The results show that individuals and institutional investors often express heterogeneous preferences to dividends. After controlling for firm size and market performance, the authors find that the higher the ratio of stock dividend is, the more likely institutional investors will increase their overall holdings of the stock-dividend-paying firm in the week after annual report date, but they do not prefer to do so around registration dates. Meanwhile, the higher the ratio of stock dividend is, the more likely individual investors will increase their overall holdings of the stock-dividend-paying firm in the week before registration date, but do not prefer to do so after annual report dates. Such patterns do not exist for cash-dividend-paying firms.Findings– The results imply that different types of investors chase high stock-dividend-paying firms at different stages of dividend events. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis of “price illusion,” but do not lend support to the signaling hypothesis of stock dividends.Originality/value– This paper uses categorized data of daily share holdings to test how different types of minority shareholders respond to stock dividends and cash dividends for the first time. It sheds lights on the on-going academic debate about the “stock dividend puzzle” in China.
An action framework for compliance and governance
Authors: O’Neill Allen 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for clinical governance, in particular, the compliance of data privacy in a healthcare organisation.Design/methodology/approach– The approach of the research was to highlight problem areas in compliance and governance risk management (governance, risk and compliance (GRC)) in general, and then identify knowledge in other domains that could be combined and applied to improve GRC management, and ultimately improve governance outcomes.Findings– There is a gap in the literature is respect of systems and frameworks to assist organisations in managing the complex minutiae associated with compliance. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a “compliance action framework” which builds on work existing in other domains in relation to education, process control and governance.Research limitations/implications– The present research provides a starting point for an implementation of the framework within a number of organisations, and opens questions for further research in the field.Originality/value– The GRC framework proposed in this paper contributes to the state of the art, by proposing processes for improving the governance capability and compliance outcomes within an organisation for governance of data privacy risk and data protection.