bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tool Laser Beam with New Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Kimme Thomas , Quellmalz Benjamin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHighly dynamic drives, e. g., piezo or voice coil drives, enable a high‐frequency deflection of the laser beam on the workpiece surface. Modern solid‐state lasers allow modulation of the specified laser power in frequencies of several kilohertz. If these possibilities are combined strictly synchronously, the result is previously unavailable technological advantage on the component to be processed: the programmable beam quality. Using the example of specific optical and machine solutions, the following describes how these possibilities have been realised for industrial use and proves the technological advantages on application examples in the processes of laser welding and laser powder cladding.
Fire Alters Vegetation and Soil Microbial Community in Alpine Meadow
Authors: Wang Changting , Wang Genxu , Wang Yong , Rafique Rashid , Ma Li , Hu Lei , Luo Yiqi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGrassland fire, as an important ecological factor, is quite influential in determining the structural and functional stability of ecosystem. In this work, the fire‐induced changes on the vegetation and soil microbial community were studied in alpine meadow. Microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and functional diversity was determined by Biolog EcoPlate method. Our results showed that burning caused a significant increase in plant functional group coverage, biomass of grasses, soil bulk density and the ratio of roots to soils. Fire also caused an increase in soil pH and a decrease in total soil nutrient contents and soil moisture. The average well colour development of soil microorganism, the microbial functional diversity and the number of carbon source utilisation were also significantly affected by fire. Total bacteria PLFA, Gram‐positive bacteria (G+) PLFA, Gram‐negative bacteria (G−) PLFA and total PLFA of the burnt sites all increased significantly in burnt soil. The BACT/FUNG, SAT/MONO and G+/G− ratio also appeared to be higher in burnt sites. The total PLFA, G+ PLFA and G− PLFA are closely related to the plant community quantitative characteristics and soil nutrients. The total PLFA, bacteria and G+ PLFA are significantly correlated with the soil total nutrients and available nutrients. These results suggest that the ability of soil microorganisms to use a single‐carbon substrate was increased after a fire event. Grassland fire not only has direct impacts on plant community structure and function but also indirectly alters the soil microbial properties because of fire‐induced changes in plant community. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Polyphosphazene Derivatives via Thiol‐ene Click Reactions in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Qian Yuecheng , Huang Xiaojun , Xu Zhikang 
Published: January 2015

A green route is reported for functionalizing polyphosphazene via the thiol‐ene click reaction in an aqueous medium. Poly[bis(allylamino)phosphazene] is used as the precursor polymer, which is easily dissolved in water containing 5% (v/v) phosphoric acid, but barely dissolved in other acidic aqueous solutions with the same pH value. Three thiol reagents, namely, 3‐mercapto‐1,2‐propanediol, 2‐mercaptoethoxy ethanol, and l‐cysteine, are then reacted with the precursor in the phosphoric acid aqueous solutions. 1H and 31P NMR analyses confirm that the allyl polyphosphazene can be quantitatively modified by the mercaptans without hydrolysis degradation during the synthesis and purification processes. Moreover, these polyphosphazenes exhibit higher regioselectivity than those functionalized in organic solvents. This method provides a facile route for the green synthesis of functional polyphosphazenes without organic solvents.
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Antisaccades and executive dysfunction in early drug‐naive Parkinson's disease: The discovery study
Authors: Antoniades Chrystalina A. , Demeyere Nele , Kennard Christopher , Humphreys Glyn W. , Hu Michele T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment is well recognized in Parkinson's disease (PD), but when it begins to develop is unclear. The aim of this study was to identify early signs of cognitive impairment along with abnormalities in saccadic behavior in newly diagnosed unmedicated PD patients.MethodsNineteen drug‐naive PD patients and 20 controls were examined using a battery of tests, including an antisaccade task, phonemic and semantic verbal fluencies, and a switching and rule finding task.ResultsWith simple tasks, no differences were found between the two groups. However, cognitive performance of the two groups diverged with more complex tasks, occurring independently of PD‐related motor impairment. Patients exhibited higher antisaccadic error rates and switch costs in the task switching test, and performed significantly worse in the rule finding task.ConclusionsCertain cognitive domains and saccadic parameters are already significantly impoverished in newly diagnosed Parkinson's patients, even before the initiation of medication. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
TMEM225: A possible protein phosphatase 1γ2 (PP1γ2) regulator localizes to the equatorial segment in mouse spermatozoa
Authors: Matsuura Minami , Yogo Keiichiro 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYTmem225 encodes a putative four‐transmembrane domain protein that has an RVxF motif, which is known to be a consensus site for interacting with serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). We previously identified Tmem225 as one of 53 spermatogenesis‐associated transmembrane protein genes, with no known physiological function. In this study, we investigated the expression and molecular characteristics of TMEM225 in mice. Tmem225 production was found to be specific to testicular germ cells, with expression increasing during spermatogenesis. In mature spermatozoa, TMEM225 is localized to the equatorial segment of the acrosome but not to the midpiece or tail. TMEM225 appears to be an outer and/or inner acrosomal membrane protein that is lost from the dorsal region of the acrosome after the acrosome reaction. TMEM225 interacts with PP1 in vivo, and a pull‐down assay revealed that the carboxy‐terminal region of TMEM225 can bind to PP1γ2, the predominant isoform of PP1 in male germ cells. In addition, TMEM225 inhibited PP1γ2 activity in vitro via its RVxF motif. Our results suggest that in mice, TMEM225 is involved in the differentiation and function of spermatozoa through the regulation of PP1γ2 activity, which is necessary for normal spermatogenesis as well as spermatozoa capacitation and motility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 139–148, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linear stability of one‐dimensional non‐Darcy flow in broken rocks
Authors: Zhao Moli , Wang Shaowei , Zhang Qiangyong , Li Shucai 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYConsidering the effect of non‐Darcy flow, the perturbation theory and normal mode method are introduced to analyze the linear stability of one‐dimensional non‐Darcy flow of gases in broken rocks. A stability criterion for linear systems is obtained theoretically when the steady states of pressure and velocity fields are perturbed, and the effects of the physical parameters on the linear governing system are studied theoretically and numerically. It is pointed out that the deviation coefficient from Darcy's law plays an important role in the governing system; the increasing absolute value of deviation coefficient from Darcy's law stabilizes the system, and the numerical results are shown graphically. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved metabolites of pharmaceutical ingredient grade Ginkgo biloba and the correlated proteomics analysis
Authors: Zheng Wen , Li Ximin , Zhang Lin , Zhang Yanzhen , Lu Xiaoping , Tian Jingkui 
Published: January 2015

Ginkgo biloba is an attractive and traditional medicinal plant, and has been widely used as a phytomedicine in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Flavonoids and terpene lactones are the major bioactive components of Ginkgo, whereas the ginkgolic acids (GAs) with strong allergenic properties are strictly controlled. In this study, we tested the content of flavonoids and GAs under ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) treatment and performed comparative proteomic analyses to determine the differential proteins that occur upon UV‐B radiation. That might play a crucial role in producing flavonoids and GAs. Our phytochemical analyses demonstrated that UV‐B irradiation significantly increased the content of active flavonoids, and decreased the content of toxic GAs. We conducted comparative proteomic analysis of both whole leaf and chloroplasts proteins. In total, 27 differential proteins in the whole leaf and 43 differential proteins in the chloroplast were positively identified and functionally annotated. The proteomic data suggested that enhanced UV‐B radiation exposure activated antioxidants and stress‐responsive proteins as well as reduced the rate of photosynthesis. We demonstrate that UV‐B irradiation pharmaceutically improved the metabolic ingredients of Ginkgo, particularly in terms of reducing GAs. With high UV absorption properties, and antioxidant activities, the flavonoids were likely highly induced as protective molecules following UV‐B irradiation.
Diffuse lung disease in infants less than 1 year of age: Histopathological diagnoses and clinical outcome
Authors: O'Reilly Ruth , Kilner David , Ashworth Michael , Aurora Paul 
Published: January 2015

SummaryIntroductionInterstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants is rare. Clinical and radiological features are often non‐specific, and overlap with growth disorders and infection. In infants with severe respiratory compromise, lung biopsy is often necessary to guide acute management, but the risk and diagnostic yield of this procedure is incompletely understood.AimsTo retrospectively review infants undergoing open lung biopsy for suspected ILD at a large referral center; to determine morbidity and mortality related to the procedure; and to describe subsequent diagnosis and outcome.MethodsLung biopsies performed in infants (aged <1 year) between January 1, 2005 and March 31, 2012 were identified and clinical data were collected. Biopsies were reclassified using the ChILD classification for diffuse lung disorders in infants.ResultsTwenty‐seven infants were identified, with the number of biopsies performed increasing each year over the study period. There was no mortality and negligible morbidity associated with biopsy. Diagnoses seen were similar to those reported by the ChILD network. Histopathological diagnosis was not compatible with life in the absence of lung transplant in 6/27 (22%) of infants. Of the 14 children longitudinally followed up (median 0.5 (0.4 – 5.81) years), only four continued to require supplemental oxygen.ConclusionLung biopsy in infants with suspected ILD is safe, and histopathological diagnosis frequently assists treatment decisions, particularly with regard to withdrawal of care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1000–1008. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Top‐ and bottom‐illumination of solar‐blind AlGaN metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors
Authors: Brendel Moritz , Helbling Markus , Knauer Arne , Einfeldt Sven , Knigge Andrea , Weyers Markus 
Published: January 2015

The spectral performance of solar‐blind AlxGa1–xN based metal–semiconductor–metal ultra‐violet photodetectors has been measured for top‐ as well as bottom‐illumination at different bias voltages. In the bottom‐illumination case the external quantum efficiency spectra can be tuned between a peak or a broad wavelength spectrum by adjusting absorber layer thickness and applied bias voltage. For thin absorber layers the external quantum efficiency is enhanced by a factor of three, reaching 20% quantum efficiency at 20 V bias, compared to the front‐illumination case. Results of two‐dimensional device simulations are well in agreement with the experimental findings. From these simulations it can be concluded, that the different spectral response for top‐ and bottom‐illumination results from the different overlap of optical carrier generation by absorption and carrier transport by the electric field.Spectra of external quantum efficiency of solar‐blind metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors upon top‐illumination (dashed) and bottom‐illumination (continuous) at 1 V, 5 V, and 20 V bias voltage. The Al0.5Ga0.5N absorber layers of different thickness dAbs were grown on AlN/sapphire templates.
Theory of semiconductor solid and hollow nano‐ and microwires with hexagonal cross‐section under torsion
Authors: Grundmann Marius 
Published: January 2015

The effect of torsion on ‐oriented wurtzite and ‐oriented zincblende nanowires with hexagonal cross‐section is discussed. The stresses (and strains) are determined via calculation of Prantl's stress function. The spatial variation of the valence band structure in the cross‐section is evaluated in the framework of the valence band Hamiltonian and deformation potential theory. The shear strain induced potential leads to additional localization of holes in the center of the facets. In wurtzite wires, torsion does not evoke piezoelectric charges or potentials and thus does not impact the signal in piezotronic sensors. In zincblende wires, the second order piezoelectric effect causes piezoelectric charges with threefold symmetry. The strain distribution in hexagonal nanowires with rounded corners depends on the curvature radius of the corners. For finite corner radius, the strain does no longer vanish at the corners. Also hexagonal nanotubes are discussed; here the inner and outer boundary exhibit different strain distributions.Visualization of the distribution of shear stress in the hexagonal cross‐section of a ‐oriented wurtzite nanowire under torsion.
Labeling opinions in the climate debate: a critical review
Authors: Howarth Candice C. , Sharman Amelia G. 
Published: January 2015

Labels play an important role in opinion formation, helping to actively construct perceptions and reality, and place individuals into context with others. As a highly complex issue, climate change invites a range of different opinions and dialogs about its causes, impacts, and action required. However, the polarized labels used in the climate change debate, such as skeptic or alarmist, are both reflecting and helping to frame the debate as antagonistic and combative. This paper critically reviews the literature on climate opinion labels, and the efforts taken within an academic context to categorize differences, create new taxonomies of more detailed sub‐labels, or create or argue for the use of new labels such as denier or contrarian. By drawing on research on typologies of climate opinions, problems with labeling constructs and discussions around context and the implications for science‐policy dialog, we argue that climate labels, both as constructed in the academic literature, and as applied in science and policy debates, are serving to isolate, exclude, ignore, and dismiss claims‐makers of all types from constructive dialog. It suggests that context has been inadequately considered by the literature and that an emphasis on labels is accentuating division and diverting attention away from a focus on underlying motivations, which may be more conducive toward increasing public understanding and encouraging communication across this polarized debate. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:239–254. doi: 10.1002/wcc.332This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Two Novel Dinuclear Complexes involving Lanthanide‐phenoxo Anion Radical
Authors: Liu Ruina , Liu Li , Fang Dong , Xu Jie , Zhao Sanping , Xu Weilin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTwo novel chelating anion nitronyl nitroxide radical bridged dinuclear lanthanide complexes [Tb2(hfac)4(NIT2PhO)2] (1) and [Ho2(hfac)4(NIT2PhO)2] (2) [hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NIT2PhO = 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide] were prepared and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Both complexes are dinuclear phenoxo‐O anion bridged with the oxygen atom of the N–O group coordinated to a single Ln(hfac)2 unit. The central Ln atoms exhibit a heptacoordinated environment, and the shape around the metal atom is capped octahedral. This structure is first reported in the lanthanide‐nitronyl nitroxide system. It provides an innovative approach to synthesize new dinuclear lanthanide‐nitroxide‐based complexes. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the two complexes are studied.
Two‐step Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structures of Three Tantalum Oxyfluoride Compounds with [M(phen)3]2+(M = Ru, Fe) Counter Ions
Authors: Yu Lan , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Qian Li‐Wen , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Bian Guo‐Qing , Dai Jie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree tantalum oxyfluoride compounds, [Fe(phen)3][Ta2OF10] (1), [Fe(phen)3][Ta2OF10]·2H2O (2), and [Ru(phen)3]2[Ta2OF10][TaF6]2 (3), were synthesized by a two‐step hydrothermal method and their crystal structures were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The unique characters of these compounds are the [M(phen)3]2+ cations. C–H···F interactions exist between cations and anions and O–H···F hydrogen bonds exist between the water molecules and anions. Photocurrent measurements reveal that compound 3 is the photoelectric responsive with the moderate current intensity.
K5Mn3O6and Rb8Mn5O10, New Charge OrderedQuasiOne‐Dimensional Oxomanganates (II, III)
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Dasari Prasad L. V. K. , Jansen Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractK5Mn3O6and Rb8Mn5O10have been synthesized via the azide/nitrate route from stoichiometric mixtures of MnO and KNO3/KN3, or RbNO3/RbN3, respectively. The two new members of manganese (II/III) mixed‐valent oxides have been studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility measurements and density functional theory calculations (DFT). Both crystal structures [K5Mn3O6:Pna21,Z= 4,a= 1632.43(7),b= 970.07(4),c= 616.48(3) pm,R1= 0.051; Rb8Mn5O10:P21/c,Z= 8,a= 1223(2),b= 2717(3),c= 1220(2) pm,β= 118.25(2)°,R1= 0.086] display quasi one‐dimensional [MnO2]n–chains, composed of edge sharing MnO4tetrahedra. Complete charge ordering of Mn2+and Mn3+is observed along the chain direction with repetition units [‐Mn3+―Mn2+―Mn2+‐] resulting for K5Mn3O6, and [‐Mn3+―Mn2+―Mn2+―Mn3+―Mn2+‐] for Rb8Mn5O10. Magnetic susceptibility data as well as DFT calculations indicate stronganti‐ferromagnetic intra‐chain coupling to be present already at ambient temperature, and above. Rb8Mn5O10features three‐dimensional spin ordering belowTN= 10.9 K, mediated by ferromagnetic coupling between the chains, while such a 3D coupling appears to be frustrated in K5Mn3O6.
The extent and costs of reproductive interference among four species of true bug
Authors: Shuker David M. , Currie Niall , Hoole Tara , Burdfield‐Steel Emily R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractReproductive interference arises when individuals of one species engage in reproductive activities with individuals of another, leading to fitness costs in one or both species. Reproductive interference (RI) therefore has two components. First, there must be mis‐directed mating interactions. Second, there must be costs associated with these mis‐directed interactions. Here we consider RI between four species of true bug in the family Lygaeidae, focusing in particular on the fitness consequences toLygaeus equestris. The species we consider vary in their relationships with each other, including species in the same or different genus, and with or without natural overlap in their geographic ranges. First we show that inter‐specific mating interactions, although not a certain outcome, are common enough to perhaps influence mating behaviour in these species (arising in up to 10 % of inter‐specific pairings). Second, we show that reproductive interference can seriously reduce female fitness inL.equestris. Importantly, different species impose different costs of RI onL.equestris, with interactions with maleSpilostethus pandurusinflicting fitness costs of similar magnitude to the costs of mating with con‐specifics. On the other hand, mating interactions with maleOncopeltus fasciatusappear to have no effect on female fitness. In a follow‐up experiment, when we allowed competition amongst just females ofS.pandurusandL.equestris, the fitness of the latter was not reduced, arguing more strongly for the role of reproductive interference. However, in our final experiments under mass mating conditions with extended ecological interactions (including scope for competition for resources and cannibalism), the costs of RI were less apparent. Our data therefore suggest that the costs of RI will be context‐specific and may act in concert with, or be swamped by, other ecological effects. We suggest that comparative studies of this sort that both mimic naturally occurring reproductive interference events, and also artificially generate new ones, will be necessary if we are to better understand the ecological and evolutionary significance of reproductive interference.
Interaction‐type diversity hypothesis and interaction strength: the condition for the positive complexity‐stability effect to arise
Authors: Kondoh Michio , Mougi Akihiko 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecently, a theoretical hypothesis was proposed that the coexistence of antagonism and mutualism may stabilize ecological community and even give rise to a positive complexity‐stability relationship (interaction‐type diversity hypothesis). This hypothesis was derived from an analysis of community model, which was developed based on two specific assumptions about the interaction strengths: those are, (i) different interaction types, antagonism and mutualism, have quantitatively comparable magnitude of effects to population growth; and (ii) interaction strength decreases with increasing interaction links of the same interaction type. However, those assumptions do not necessarily hold in real ecosystems, leaving unclear how robust this hypothesis is. Here, using a model with those two assumptions relaxed, we show (i) that the balance of interaction strength is necessary for the positive complexity effect to arise and (ii) that interaction‐type diversity hypothesis may still hold when interaction strength decreases with increasing links of all interaction type for some species.
Bioethanol production from the dry powder of Jerusalem artichoke tubers by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhou , Zou Shan-Mei , He Mei-Lin , Wang Chang-Hai 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
It has been found that recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6525 can produce high concentration of ethanol in one-step fermentation from the extract of Jerusalem artichoke tubers or inulin. However, the utilization rate of raw materials was low and the fermentation process was costly and complicated. Therefore, in this study, after the optimum processing conditions for ethanol production in fed-batch fermentation were determined in flask, the recombinant S. cerevisiae 6525 was first used to produce ethanol from the dry powder of Jerusalem artichoke tubers in 5-L agitating fermentor. After 72 h of fermentation, around 84.3 g/L ethanol was produced in the fermentation liquids, and the conversion efficiency of inulin-type sugars to ethanol was 0.453, or 88.6 % of the theoretical value of 0.511. This study showed high feasibility of bioethanol industrial production from the Jerusalem artichoke tubers and provided a basis for it in the future.