bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loránd Eötvös
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The history of Eötvös Loránd University represents the history of Hungarian universitas. Loránd Eötvös was a physicist whose achievements in classical physics paved the way to Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The beginnings of higher education in Hungary reach back to medieval times with emphasis on theology and gradually extending toward philosophy and the humanities, medicine, and natural sciences. Mathematics has occupied a special place of world-renowned excellence in Hungarian science. The memorabilia include, among many others, those for the political theorist István Bibó, the philosopher György (Georg) Lukács, the chemist George de Hevesy, and the mathematicians Pál (Paul) Erdős, Lipót (Leopold) Fejér, Kornél (Cornelius) Lánczos, Alfréd Rényi, Frigyes Riesz, and Pál Turán.
Theodore von Kármán
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The aerodynamicist, engineer, and innovator Theodore von Kármán studied and started his research career in Budapest. Similarly, many other celebrated Hungarian engineers and inventors trained at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics and its predecessors. The Nobel laureate George A. Olah excelled in basic chemical research, others excelled in river regularization, the electrification of the railways, innovations of the internal combustion engine, and many more. Our coverage includes memorabilia of the Nobel laureate Georg von Békésy, Zoltán Bay, who produced and detected echoes of radar waves from the Moon, the British inventors James Watt and George Stephenson, the American pioneer of the personal computer Steve Jobs, Ernő Rubik’s Magic Cube, the inventor of the ball-point pen, and many others representative of Hungarian and international contributors to technology and engineering.
Gedeon Richter
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The founder of the Hungarian pharmaceutical industry, Gedeon Richter, and a pioneer of incandescent lamp research and industry, Imre Bródy, were among the victims of the Hungarian Holocaust. Hungary enacted its first anti-Jewish legislation as early as 1920, severely limiting the number of Jewish students at its universities. During the quarter-century period between the two world wars, Jews did not receive professorial appointments and were not elected to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Nicholas Horthy’s anti-Semitic regime enacted harsh anti-Jewish legislation in the late 1930s and early 1940s, followed by the physical annihilation of more than half a million Hungarian Jews in 1944. There are moving memorials to the Hungarian Holocaust, to Raoul Wallenberg, Gábor Sztehlo, and others who saved Jews and among them future luminaries of science. Alas, there are no specific memorials of the scientist-martyrs of the Holocaust.
States and Operators
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter sets out the second-quantisation treatment for systems of identical bosons or fermions. Key features such as the symmetrisation principle and super-selection rules are presented. Orthogonality and completeness requirements for mode functions are set out, and Fock states are defined in terms of mode occupancy, leading to the definitions of mode annihilation and creation operators and the determination of their commutation (bosons) or anticommutation (fermions) rules. Important two-mode states such as binomial states and relative-phase eigenstates are considered. Field creation and annihilation operators are defined and related to multi-particle position eigenstates. The Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of both mode operators and field operators, state dynamics being treated via Liouville–von Neumann, master or Matsubara equations for the density operator. Normal ordering is introduced and applied to expressions for the vacuum state projector. Multi-particle position probabilities are considered and related to normally ordered quantum correlation functions.
Application to Few-Mode Systems
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents three examples of applying of phase space methods in systems with only a few important modes. The boson application is to interferometry in two-mode Bose–Einstein condensates, as in a double-well potential. The fermion application is to Cooper pairing in a four-mode system involving two spin-1/2 fermions, initially occupying states with opposite spins and momenta. The one-atom two-level Jaynes–Cummings model provides an example combining a one-mode bosonic system (the cavity mode) with a two-mode fermionic system (the two atomic states). Fokker–Planck equations are derived in each case. In the first two cases, Ito stochastic differential equations are determined. These describe dephasing effects in the boson interferometry case, and are solved to demonstrate Cooper pairing in the fermion case. For the combined case, the Fokker–Planck equations are solved directly—the distribution function shown to give the well-known Jaynes–Cummings model results.
Distribution Functionals in Quantum Atom Optics
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter formally presents the representation of the quantum density operator by phase space distribution functionals of phase space fields, leading to expressions for quantum correlation functions in terms of phase space functional integrals, where the field functions—complex fields for bosons, Grassmann fields for fermions—replace field annihilation and creation operators. The emphasis is on double-phase-space normally ordered (positive P type) normalised distribution functionals, with distinct fields for annihilation and creation field operators; however, symmetrically ordered (Wigner type) distribution functionals are also considered, along with unnormalised B distribution functionals, which lead to phase space functional integrals for Fock position state populations and coherences. Characteristic functionals are first defined and then shown to be related to distribution functionals via phase space functional integrals. The existence of the distribution functionals is demonstrated from previous results for equivalent distribution functions by using mode expansions.
Functional Fokker–Planck Equations
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with deriving functional Fokker–Planck equations (FFPEs) that govern the behaviour of phase space distribution functionals (normalised and unnormalised) for boson and fermion systems due to dynamical or thermal evolution. The approach used is to derive correspondence rules, which map changes in the density operator when multiplied from left or right by field annihilation or creation operators (as in evolution equations) onto corresponding changes in distribution functionals, these being functional differentiations and/or multiplications by field functions (left or right for fermions). Derivations are carried out by applying mode expansions to previously established results for distribution functions. Specific forms are obtained for FFPEs relating drift vector and diffusion matrix elements in the FFPE to corresponding quantities in equivalent Fokker–Planck equations and to sums over mode functions. Symmetry (bosons) and antisymmetry (fermions) properties of the diffusion matrix are established. Results are generalised to treat cases with several sets of field operators.
Further Developments
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The final chapter, on further developments, provides a brief survey of developments in phase space theory that are both recent and beyond the scope of the present book. References are given to research papers outlining these developments. These include the gauge P method, involving the introduction of an extra phase space variable, the Gaussian projector method, where the density operator is written in terms of Gaussian rather than Bargmann state projectors, and various hybrid methods, where modes or field operators are divided into two sets and hybrid distribution functions are introduced which have different characteristics (typically positive P and Wigner) for each set.
A New Audience for Greece and Rome
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chapter 1 asks how ideas about Greek and Roman culture were shaped by the Palace’s new audience, and assesses verbal and visual representations of this new ‘mass’ constituency. Examining the writings of a working-class male autobiographer and a middle-class female diarist, and a range of illustrated press engravings depicting visitors, it uncovers for the first time these new encounters with antiquity at the Palace, highlighting differing ideals of cultural engagement across class and gender. The chapter explores how the Crystal Palace’s unusual combination of leisure and learning might complicate Pierre Bourdieu’s study of cultural preference as a means of achieving social distinction. It draws on theories of audience response developed across the humanities and social sciences, which suggest the importance of response in generating the meaning of a (broadly defined) text. The responses of Palace visitors form a compelling alternative to Tony Bennett’s ‘exhibitionary complex’, which has dominated museum studies.
Reproducing Greece and Rome
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chapter 3 unpicks the debates about presenting the past to a mass audience stimulated by the Palace’s 1850s reconstructions of Greek and Roman sculpture and architecture. It examines the changing status of the Palace’s plaster cast replicas alongside developments in archaeological knowledge and changing ideas about authenticity, 1854–1936, and considers its place among new modes of imagining antiquity; mass tourism to archaeological sites, increasing artistic reconstructions of Greece and Rome by painters such as Lawrence Alma Tadema, and technologies of photography, stereography, and film. Reconstructions and the idea of ‘heritage industry’ were widely debated from the late 1980s. The idea that the past might become a recreational space has been greeted with hostility; critics align mass audiences with inauthenticity, and marginalize the deep engagements with the past that ‘heritage’ might constitute. Chapter 3 provides a nineteenth-century take on this industry.
Greek Sculpture and Nineteenth-century Commerce
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chapter 4 contributes a classical focus to recent scholarship on the contested relationships between visual art and industry in Victorian culture. At the Crystal Palace, classical sculpture was not a refuge from industrial modernity, but a means of enhancing manufacture. The first part establishes the Sydenham Palace as a significant location for the design reform movement usually associated with the South Kensington Museum. It examines the roles that Palace architects Matthew Digby Wyatt and Owen Jones hoped Greek sculpture might play in reforming art manufacture, and subsequently the British economy. The second section analyses the successes and failures of the connections fostered between classical art and industry at Sydenham, focusing on the Ceramic Court and the Crystal Palace Art-Union. It concludes by analysing the changing relationship between ‘high art’, design, labour, and commerce in the context of the Arts and Crafts movement in the later nineteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The conclusion situates the Sydenham Palace alongside the Millennium Dome/O2 arena, comparing the criticisms of mass audiences, authenticity, and exhibitionary strategies at 2008’s Tutankhmun Exhibition to the 1850s critics at Sydenham. Museums now seem the only suitable environment for antiquities; the Crystal Palace stands as a counter narrative, an example of the wide range of mid-nineteenth-century exhibitions of and engagements with classical sculpture—and of the changing approaches to these objects throughout the Palace’s lifespan into the twentieth century.
Approaches to statistical inference
Authors: McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIf your data does not require statistical analysis, then you are probably not doing ecology. In an environment that can be very variable, and where data are usually expensive or difficult to collect, statistics is necessary to extract a signal from noisy data. This chapter introduces some basic concepts in probability that underpin much of statistics. It then describes the major approaches to statistical inference in ecology, covering null hypothesis significance testing, calculation of effect sizes and confidence intervals, and non-parametric, likelihood, information theoretic and Bayesian methods. In many cases, inference from these different approaches is very similar if the results are interpreted appropriately. Therefore, debates in ecology about the most appropriate statistical method can overlook a larger issue—the appropriate use and reporting of statistical results regardless of the method chosen. The chapter concludes with points that should be heeded when using statistical inference in ecology: avoid nil null hypotheses; failure to reject a null hypothesis is not evidence that it is true; statistical significance is different from biological significance; p-values do not indicate replicability; and effect sizes and intervals around them should be reported and interpreted.
Likelihood and model selection
Authors: Richards Shane A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEcologists study systems in which the biological patterns of interest are usually the result of complex webs of interactions. In such cases, many hypotheses may be proposed that might account for the patterns observed, and the problem is to determine which hypotheses are indeed consistent with the data. This chapter introduces the concept of a likelihood function, which is a way of formalizing a biological hypothesis as a mathematical model and linking it to a sampling design. It then explains how likelihood functions can be used to select among competing models, focusing on the information-theoretic approach to model selection. Examples are provided that illustrate key concepts, and demonstrate good practice when performing model selection.
What you don’t know can hurt you
Authors: Fox Gordon A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCensored and truncated data are ubiquitous in ecology. Censored data are values for which we know only inequalities (e.g., some data are recorded as 0 because instruments have limited sensitivity, or because study subjects live beyond the time of a study). With truncated data sets we have no information on data in some range (e.g., we do not know if there are patches of an invasive plant smaller than some limit). Both can lead to inconsistent estimates—they do not converge to the true value even with large samples. This chapter reviews techniques for estimating means and regression models for both censored and truncated data. These techniques lead to consistent estimates. Much of the chapter uses simulated data—the “true” values are known from the simulation, so readers can easily assess the importance of using the techniques discussed here. R code is provided, and the chapter includes a discussion of how data sets should be structured for these analyses.
Statistical approaches to the problem of phylogenetically correlated data
Authors: Lajeunesse Marc J. , Fox Gordon A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAnalyzing data from multiple species is a problem for conventional regression methods because they violate some of the most basic assumptions of these statistics. Examples of multi-species data sets with these problems include: comparisons of parental care and egg size across related bird species, and analyses on how herbivory relates to the taxonomic identity of neighboring plants. This chapter aims to answer why such data sets violate statistical assumptions like independence of samples and homogeneity of variance by comparing the error rates of conventional and phylogenetically-informed regression models. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the chapter begins with an exploration on how sampling error and phylogenetic correlations challenge what statistical inferences can be made with a simple linear regression. Simulations are then extended to show: (1) how inferences with multi-species data can be improved when phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models are applied, and (2) how adopting a phylogenetic perspective can significantly expand the scope of statistical, ecological, and evolutionary inferences from these data. The chapter ends with a brief survey of approaches that can help facilitate applications of phylogenetic information to regression models, and outlines practical instructions on how to interpret results from these analyses.
Mixture models for overdispersed data
Authors: Rhodes Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEcological data often do not conform to the assumptions of standard probability distributions and this has important implications for the validity of statistical inference. A common reason for this is that the variability of ecological data is often much higher than can be accounted for by the standard probability distributions that underpin most statistical inference in ecology. This leads to an underestimation of variances and bias in statistical tests unless the overdispersion is accounted for. Consequently, having methods for dealing with overdispersion is an essential component of the ecologist’s statistical toolbox. This chapter introduces statistical methods known as mixture models that can deal with overdispersion. Mixture models are powerful because not only can they account for overdispersion, but they can also help to identify the actual ecological or observation processes that drive overdispersion. The chapter begins by discussing the causes and consequences of overdispersion in ecological data and how overdispersion can be identified. Mixture models are then described and illustrated using two different case studies from survival analysis and the analysis of population abundance. The chapter ends with a discussion of some of the limitations of mixture models and pitfalls to look out for.
Agriculture Afforestation for Carbon Sequestration Under Carbon Markets in the United States: Leakage Behavior from Regional Allowance Programs
Authors: Haim David , White Eric M. , Alig Ralph J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study quantifies how leakage behavior from afforesting agricultural land affects the intensification of agricultural production. In particular, we examine the leakage percentage from carbon offset allowance at specific southern regions in the United States as a part of a carbon market. We use the Forest and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model‐Greenhouse Gases model to examine responses between sectors as part of the regional afforestation policy analysis. Regional characteristics and a policy's time frame are found to play important roles in achieving net gains, in terms of greenhouse gases stored, from such regional policies. In some cases, however, leakage greater than 100% is evident.
High Viral Load and Respiratory Failure in Adults Hospitalized for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Authors: Lee Nelson , Chan Martin C. W. , Lui Grace C. Y. , Li Ran , Wong Rity Y. K. , Yung Irene M. H. , Cheung Catherine S. K. , Chan Eugenia C. Y. , Hui David S. C. , Chan Paul K. S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A prospective study among adults hospitalized for polymerase chain reaction–confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infections (n = 123) showed frequent occurrence of lower respiratory-tract complications causing respiratory insufficiency (52.8%), requirement for assisted ventilation (16.3%), and intensive care unit admission/death (12.2%). High viral RNA concentration was detected at time of hospitalization, including in patients who presented later than 2 days of illness (day 1–2, 7.29 ± 1.47; day 3–4, 7.28 ± 1.41; day 5–8, 6.66 ± 1.87 log10 copies/mL). RNA concentration was independently associated with risk of complications and respiratory insufficiency (adjusted odds ratio 1.40 per log10 copies/mL increase, 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.90; P = .034). Our data indicate the need and provide a basis for clinical research on antiviral therapy in this population.
Antimicrobial activity and skin permeation of iodine present in an iodine-impregnated surgical incise drape
Authors: Casey A. L. , Karpanen T. J. , Nightingale P. , Conway B. R. , Elliott T. S. J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The antimicrobial efficacy of an iodine-impregnated incise drape against MRSA was evaluated in a skin model. The permeation of iodine from this drape into the skin was also assessed.

Methods
The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated in ex vivo studies following application of the surgical incise drape for various times on the surface of donor skin, which was inoculated with either 1 × 103 or 1 × 106 cfu MRSA/cm2 skin and mounted on Franz diffusion cells. In some experiments the MRSA-inoculated skin was pre-incubated for 18 h at room temperature prior to applying the drape. Permeation of iodine into the skin using this model was also determined following application of the incise drape for 6 h.

Results
The iodine-impregnated drape demonstrated antimicrobial activity compared with the non-use of drape. This reached significance when a high inoculum of MRSA was applied with no pre-incubation period and when a low inoculum of MRSA was applied with a pre-incubation period (P = 0.002 and P = 0.014, respectively). Furthermore, in experiments wherein a high inoculum of MRSA was applied with no pre-incubation period, the iodine-impregnated drape demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity compared with the use of a non-antimicrobial drape (P &lt; 0.001). MIC and MBC values of iodine were attained to 1500 μm below the skin surface.

Conclusions
The iodine-impregnated surgical incise drape had detectable antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, iodine penetrated into the deeper layers of the skin. This property should suppress microbial regrowth at and around a surgical incision site, making its use preferable to the use of a standard drape or non-use of a drape.