bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in multiple breath washout measures after raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression maneuvers in infants
Authors: Subbarao Padmaja , Lu Zihang , Kowalik Krzysztof , Brown Meghan , Balkovec Susan , Gustafsson Per , Lou Wendy , Ratjen Felix 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYMultiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) measurements in infants are performed supine and often obtained under sedation and thus are combined with other lung function tests such as raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RVRTC). In this study, we sought to determine the effects of RVRTC maneuvers on MBW measures. Compared with tests performed prior to RVRTC, MBW measured after RVRTC was associated with a small reduction in functional residual capacity and a more pronounced decrease in cumulative expired volume in both healthy children and children with obstructive lung disease (cystic fibrosis or recurrent wheeze) indicating a more efficient washout after the raised volume maneuvers. Lung Clearance Index (LCI) decreased significantly in infants with respiratory disease (change in LCI of −0.24 units post RVRTC; standard error (SE) ± 0.07 units; P = 0.0004), but not in healthy infants (change in LCI of −0.08 units; SE ± 0.11 units; P = 0.44). As the RVRTC maneuver affects MBW measurements in infants, the timing of testing procedures needs to be standardized in longitudinal studies. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:183–188. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatic MED12 mutations in prostate cancer and uterine leiomyomas promote tumorigenesis through distinct mechanisms
Authors: Kämpjärvi Kati , Kim Nam Hee , Keskitalo Salla , Clark Alison D. , von Nandelstadh Pernilla , Turunen Mikko , Heikkinen Tuomas , Park Min Ju , Mäkinen Netta , Kivinummi Kati , Lintula Susanna , Hotakainen Kristina , Nevanlinna Heli , Hokland Peter , Böhling Tom , Bützow Ralf , Böhm Jan , Mecklin Jukka‐Pekka , Järvinen Heikki , Kontro Mika , Visakorpi Tapio , Taipale Jussi , Varjosalo Markku , Boyer Thomas G. , Vahteristo Pia 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDMediator is a multiprotein interface between eukaryotic gene‐specific transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Mutations in exon 2 of the gene encoding MED12, a key subunit of the regulatory kinase module in Mediator, are extremely frequent in uterine leiomyomas, breast fibroadenomas, and phyllodes tumors. These mutations disrupt kinase module interactions and lead to diminished Mediator‐associated kinase activity. MED12 mutations in exon 26, resulting in a substitution of leucine 1224 to phenylalanine (L1224F), have been recurrently observed in prostate cancer.METHODSTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis in prostate cancer, we analyzed global interaction profiles of wild‐type and L1224F mutant MED12 with quantitative affinity purification‐mass spectrometry (AP‐MS). Immunoprecipitation and kinase activity assay were used to further assess the interactions between Mediator complex subunits and kinase activity. The presence of L1224F mutation was analyzed in altogether 877 samples representing prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and various tumor types in which somatic MED12 mutations have previously been observed.RESULTSIn contrast to N‐terminal MED12 mutations observed in uterine leiomyomas, the L1224F mutation compromises neither the interaction of MED12 with kinase module subunits Cyclin C and CDK8/19 nor Mediator‐associated CDK activity. Instead, the L1224F mutation was shown to affect interactions between MED12 and other Mediator components (MED1, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED17, and MED24). Mutation screening revealed one mutation in a Finnish (Caucasian) prostate cancer patient, whereas no mutations in any other tumor type were observed.CONCLUSIONSSpecific somatic MED12 mutations in prostate cancer and uterine leiomyomas accumulate in two separate regions of the gene and promote tumorigenesis through clearly distinct mechanisms. Prostate 76:22–31, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microshear bond strength of preheated silorane‐ and methacrylate‐based composite resins to dentin
Authors: Demirbuga Sezer , Ucar Faruk Izzet , Cayabatmaz Muhammed , Zorba Yahya Orcun , Cantekin Kenan , Topçuoğlu Hüseyin Sinan , Kilinc Halil Ibrahim 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of preheating on microshear bond strength (MSBS) of silorane and methacrylate‐based composite resins to human dentin. The teeth were randomly divided into three main groups: (1) composite resins were heated upto 68 °C; (2) cooled to 4 °C; and (3) control [room temperature (RT)]. Each group was then randomly subdivided into four subgroups according to adhesive system used [Solobond M (Voco), All Bond SE (Bisco), Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) (Kuraray), Silorane adhesive system (SAS) (3M ESPE)]. Resin composite cylinders were formed (0.9 mm diameter × 0.7 mm length) and MSBS of each specimen was tested. The preheated groups exhibited the highest MSBS (p < 0.001) and the groups cooled to 4 °C exhibited the lowest MSBS (p < 0.001). The CSE showed higher MSBS than the other adhesives (p < 0.001). This study concludes that preheating of composite resins may be an alternative way to increase the MSBS of composites on dentin. SCANNING 38:63–69, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
My pipes say I am powerful: belonging and class as constructed through our sewers
Authors: Morales Margaret C. 
Published: September 2015

This review examines the social and political roots and ongoing implications of centralized, waterborne sewerage. This system has served as a marker of class, a signal of wealth and political power, and a mechanism of social reform. As sewerage networks ballooned in the mid‐19th century throughout Europe and North America in response to a growing public health movement, their use and attendant hygiene practices served to intertwine physical and moral hygiene. The new infrastructure prioritized a felt distance between the user and their excreta, particularly signaled by the absence of odor, access to privacy, and the disassociation of users from any part of the management process beyond the flush of the toilet. Furthermore, the resource intensive system advertised affluence, and emphasized emerging notions of the networked urban space, which had the potential to tame and control Nature. This infrastructure model and its social and political underpinnings were exported to many cities under colonial influence throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, and were used to justify class differentiation and racialized agendas. Differential sewerage access in municipal centers of the Global South today continues to serve as a marker of class distinction, and many modern scholars explore how lack of sewerage renders the urban poor politically invisible. Ultimately, consideration of the social and political legacy of the linear sewerage system may offer new ways forward in addressing urban sanitation crises faced across the globe today, including problems posed by aging, unsustainable, and insufficient infrastructure. WIREs Water 2016, 3:63–73. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1108This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Value of Water
Particle tracers and image analysis for surface flow observations
Authors: Tauro Flavia 
Published: September 2015

Traditional observational methodologies have proved insufficient to thoroughly characterize the hydrological response of natural environments. In this context, recent efforts have fostered unprecedented observational methodologies for hydrological processes at the interface of multiple engineering and scientific fields and water science. This overview outlines latest advancements in the observation of surface flows through a novel methodology based on the combined use of high‐visibility tracer particles and digital image acquisition and processing. This low‐cost measurement system has been designed and tested in laboratory settings and natural environments, such as rill flow in natural hillslopes and riverine ecosystems. Comparison of this novel flow sensing method to traditional tracing systems has suggested that the use of multidisciplinary and unintended technology can greatly contribute to advance standard practice in environmental monitoring and to open novel research avenues in water science. WIREs Water 2016, 3:25–39. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1116This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
Mechanisms underlying the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: González Federico , Huangfu Danwei 
Published: September 2015

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology, modeling diseases, and therapeutic applications. The simplest approach so far to generate human PSC lines is through reprogramming of somatic cells from an individual by defined factors, referred to simply as reprogramming. Reprogramming circumvents the ethical controversies associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and nuclear transfer hESCs (nt‐hESCs), and the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) retain the same basic genetic makeup as the somatic cell used for reprogramming. Since the first report of iPSCs by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Cell 2006, 126:663–676), the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been extensively investigated. A better mechanistic understanding of reprogramming is fundamental not only to iPSC biology and improving the quality of iPSCs for therapeutic use, but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity, pluripotency, and plasticity. Here, we summarize the genetic, epigenetic, and cellular events during reprogramming, and the roles of various factors identified thus far in the reprogramming process. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:39–65. doi: 10.1002/wdev.206This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease
Enhanced Structuring of Fat with Reduced Saturates Using Mixed Molecular Compounds
Authors: Sibbald A. N. , Carney J. R. , Marangoni A. G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMolecular compound formation between multicomponent triacylglyceride (TAG) mixtures was characterized using palm oil mid fraction enriched in sn‐1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (cPOP) and a commercial fraction enriched in sn‐1,3‐dioleyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol containing a wide range of TAGs (cOPO). Compound formation occurred at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio of cPOP to cOPO corresponding to an equal parts ratio of two different families of TAGs. One family of TAGs consisted of a grouping of all TAGs composed of a saturated–oleic–saturated (StUSt) positioning of fatty acids. The second family consisted of a grouping of all TAGs composed of all oleic–saturated–oleic and saturated–saturated–oleic fatty acids (UStU, StStU). An increase in solid fat content, peak melting temperature, and crystalline domain size and a change in crystalline microstructure were observed at this ratio corresponding to an overall equality in the amount of cPOP to cOPO. This indicates that it is possible to achieve that same level of solid fat content and hardness as a mixture containing more saturates, simply by slightly decreasing the saturates and substituting an oleic monounsaturated fatty acid containing TAG mixture such that a molecular compound is formed. The increase in full‐width at half‐maximum indicated a decrease in crystalline order and/or decrease in crystal domain size. The characteristic spherulitic crystalline microstructure of OPO changed to small granular crystals upon addition of cPOP. This discovery may allow for the incorporation of a larger proportion of healthy monounsaturated fats into foods while decreasing the use of saturated and trans fats.
Out of Hours Emergency Computed Tomography Brain Studies: Comparison of Standard 3 Megapixel Diagnostic Workstation Monitors with the iPad 2
Authors: Salati Umer , Leong Sum , Donnellan John , Kok Hong Kuan , Buckley Orla , Torreggiani William 
Published: September 2015

Purpose The purpose was to compare performance of diagnostic workstation monitors and the Apple iPad 2 (Cupertino, CA) in interpretation of emergency computed tomography (CT) brain studies. Methods Two experienced radiologists interpreted 100 random emergency CT brain studies on both on-site diagnostic workstation monitors and the iPad 2 via remote access. The radiologists were blinded to patient clinical details and to each other's interpretation and the study list was randomized between interpretations on different modalities. Interobserver agreement between radiologists and intraobserver agreement between modalities was determined and Cohen kappa coefficients calculated for each. Performance with regards to urgent and nonurgent abnormalities was assessed separately. Results There was substantial intraobserver agreement of both radiologists between the modalities with overall calculated kappa values of 0.959 and 0.940 in detecting acute abnormalities and perfect agreement with regards to hemorrhage. Intraobserver agreement kappa values were 0.939 and 0.860 for nonurgent abnormalities. Interobserver agreement between the 2 radiologists for both diagnostic monitors and the iPad 2 was also substantial ranging from 0.821-0.860. Conclusions The iPad 2 is a reliable modality in the interpretation of CT brain studies in them emergency setting and for the detection of acute and chronic abnormalities, with comparable performance to standard diagnostic workstation monitors.
The intermittency boundary in stratified plane Couette flow
Authors: Deusebio Enrico , Caulfield C. P. , Taylor J. R. 
Published: September 2015

We study stratified turbulence in plane Couette flow using direct numerical simulations. Two external dimensionless parameters control the dynamics, the Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}=Uh/{\it\nu}$ and the bulk Richardson number $\mathit{Ri}=g{\it\alpha}_{V}Th/U^{2}$, where $U$ and $T$ are half the velocity and temperature difference between the two walls respectively, $h$ is the half channel depth, ${\it\nu}$ is the kinematic viscosity and $g{\it\alpha}_{V}$ is the buoyancy parameter. We focus on spatio-temporal intermittency due to stratification and we explore the boundary between fully developed turbulence and intermittent flow in the $\mathit{Re}{-}\mathit{Ri}$ plane. The structures populating the intermittent flow regime show coexistence between laminar and turbulent patches, and we demonstrate that there are qualitative differences between the previously studied low-$\mathit{Re}$ low-$\mathit{Ri}$ intermittent regime and the high-$\mathit{Re}$ high-$\mathit{Ri}$ intermittent regime. At low-$\mathit{Re}$ low-$\mathit{Ri}$, turbulent regions span the entire gap, whereas at high-$\mathit{Re}$ high-$\mathit{Ri}$, turbulence is confined vertically with complex dynamics arising from interacting turbulent layers. Consistent with a previous investigation of Flores & Riley (Boundary-Layer Meteorol., vol. 129 (2), 2010, pp. 241–259), we present evidence suggesting that intermittency in the asymptotic regime of high-$\mathit{Re}$ Couette flows appears for $L^{+}<200$, where $L^{+}=Lu_{{\it\tau}}/{\it\nu}$, with $L$ being the Monin–Obukhov length scale, $L=u_{{\it\tau}}^{3}/C_{{\it\kappa}}q_{w}$, $q_{w}$ the wall heat flux, $C_{{\it\kappa}}$ the von Kármán constant and $u_{{\it\tau}}=\sqrt{{\it\tau}_{w}/{\it\rho}_{0}}$ the friction velocity determined from the wall shear stress ${\it\tau}_{w}$, where ${\it\rho}_{0}$ is the constant background density. We also consider the mixing as quantified by various versions of the flux Richardson number $\mathit{Ri}_{f}$, defined as the ratio of the conversion rate from kinetic to potential energy to the turbulent kinetic energy injection rate due to shear. We investigate how laminar and turbulent regions separately contribute to the overall mixing. Remarkably, we find that although fluctuations are greatly suppressed in the laminar regions, $\mathit{Ri}_{f}$ does not change significantly compared with its value in turbulent regions. As we observe a tight coupling between the mean temperature and velocity fields, we demonstrate that both Monin–Obukhov self-similarity theory (Monin & Obukhov, Contrib. Geophys. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR, vol. 151, 1954, pp. 163–187) and the explicit algebraic model of Lazeroms et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 723, 2013, pp. 91–125) predict the mean profiles well. We thus use these models to trace out the boundary between fully developed turbulence and intermittency in the $\mathit{Re}{-}\mathit{Ri}$ plane.
Dynamic Stall Analysis of S809 Pitching Airfoil in Unsteady Free Stream Velocity
Authors: Karbasian H. R. , Moshizi S. A. , Maghrebi M. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper, the dynamic stall of S809 airfoil that widely used in horizontal axis wind turbine, in different reduced frequencies is investigated. The simulation was carried out numerically handling Navier-Stokes equations. For this purpose, the segregated solver with SIMPLE algorithm was chosen to solve the momentum equations. The effect of turbulence on the flow field is taken into account using Shear Stress Transport (SST)K-ωturbulence model. The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental and a few numerical results. The results indicate that theK-ωSST model is in good agreement with experimental results for both steady and unsteady conditions. Furthermore, a non-dimensional parameter, relating the acceleration of unsteady free stream velocity and acceleration of pitch motion (known as reduced frequency), is also investigated. In addition, the results show that any increase in the reduced frequency increases the instantaneous aerodynamic characteristics of oscillating airfoil.
Vitamin D status is associated with cardiometabolic markers in 8–11-year-old children, independently of body fat and physical activity
Authors: Petersen Rikke A. , Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Sørensen Louise B. , Hjorth Mads F. , Andersen Rikke , Tetens Inge , Krarup Henrik , Ritz Christian , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim F. , Mølgaard Christian , Damsgaard Camilla T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractVitamin D status has been associated with cardiometabolic markers even in children, but the associations may be confounded by fat mass and physical activity behaviour. This study investigated associations between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk profile, as well as the impact of fat mass and physical activity in Danish 8–11-year-old children, using baseline data from 782 children participating in the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study. We assessed vitamin D status as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and measured blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, homoeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, plasma lipids, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and physical activity by 7 d accelerometry during August–November. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 60·8 (sd18·7) nmol/l. Each 10 mmol/l 25(OH)D increase was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (−0·3 mmHg, 95 % CI −0·6, −0·0) (P=0·02), total cholesterol (−0·07 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·10, −0·05), LDL-cholesterol (−0·05 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·08, −0·03), TAG (−0·02 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·03, −0·01) (P≤0·001 for all lipids) and lower metabolic syndrome (MetS) score (P=0·01). Adjustment for fat mass index did not change the associations, but the association with blood pressure became borderline significant after adjustment for physical activity (P=0·06). In conclusion, vitamin D status was negatively associated with blood pressure, plasma lipids and a MetS score in Danish school children with low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and apart from blood pressure the associations were independent of body fat and physical activity. The potential underlying cause–effect relationship and possible long-term implications should be investigated in randomised controlled trials.
Lean and obese dietary phenotypes: differences in energy and substrate metabolism and appetite
Authors: Clamp Louise , Hehir Anthony P. J. , Lambert Estelle V. , Beglinger Christoph , Goedecke Julia H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study aimed to characterise lean and obese phenotypes according to diet and body composition, and to compare fasting and postprandial appetite and metabolic profiles following a high-fat test meal. A total of ten lean (BMI<25 kg/m2) high-fat (LHF), ten lean low-fat (LLF; >40 and <30 % energy from fat) and ten obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) high-fat consumers (OHF; >40 % energy from fat) were recruited. Before and following the test meal (4727 kJ (1130 kcal), 77 % fat, 20 % carbohydrate (CHO) and 3 % protein), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), RER, RMR and subjective appetite ratings (AR) were measured for 6 h. Thereafter, subjects consumed a self-selected portion of a standardised post-test meal (40 % fat, 45 % CHO and 15 % protein) and reported AR. Fasting (P=0·01) and postprandial (P<0·001) fat oxidation was significantly higher in LHF than in LLF but was not different between LHF and OHF. Although similar between the lean groups, fasting and postprandial energy expenditures were significantly higher in OHF compared with LHF (P<0·01). Despite similar AR across groups, LLF consumed a relatively greater quantity of the post-test meal than did LHF (7·87 (sd 2·96) v. 7·23 (sd 2·67) g/kg, P=0·013). The lean groups showed appropriate changes in plasma ghrelin and PYY following the test meal, whereas the OHF group showed a blunted response. In conclusion, the LHF phenotype had a greater capacity for fat oxidation, which may be protective against weight gain. OHF individuals had a blunted appetite hormone response to the high-fat test meal, which may subsequently increase energy intake, driving further weight gain.
Epidemiological features of influenza in Canadian adult intensive care unit patients
Authors: TAYLOR G. , ABDESSELAM K. , PELUDE L. , FERNANDES R. , MITCHELL R. , McGEER A. , FRENETTE C. , SUH K. N. , WONG A. , KATZ K. , WILKINSON K. , MERSEREAU T. , GRAVEL D. ,   the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP)
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYTo identify predictive factors and mortality of patients with influenza admitted to intensive care units (ICU) we carried out a prospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza in adult ICUs in a network of Canadian hospitals between 2006 and 2012. There were 626 influenza-positive patients admitted to ICUs over the six influenza seasons, representing 17·9% of hospitalized influenza patients, 3·1/10 000 hospital admissions. Variability occurred in admission rate and proportion of hospital influenza patients who were admitted to ICUs (proportion range by year: 11·7–29·4%; 21·3% in the 2009–2010 pandemic). In logistic regression models ICU patients were younger during the pandemic and post-pandemic period, and more likely to be obese than hospital non-ICU patients. Influenza B accounted for 14·2% of all ICU cases and had a similar ICU admission rate as influenza A. Influenza-related mortality was 17·8% in ICU patients compared to 2·0% in non-ICU patients.