bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Fatal Airway Obstruction in Police Officers Feloniously Killed in the Line of Duty: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Fisher Laura A. , Callaway David W. , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundAccording to US military data, airway obstruction is the third leading cause of possibly preventable death in combat. In the absence of law enforcement-specific medical training, military experience has been translated to the law enforcement sector. The purpose of this study was to determine whether airway obstruction represents a significant cause of possibly preventable death in police officers, and whether current military combat lifesaver training programs might have prevented these fatalities.MethodsDe-identified, open-source US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Report Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data for the years 1998-2007 were reviewed. Cases were included if officers were on duty at the time of fatal injury and died within one hour from time of wounding from penetrating face or neck trauma. After case identification, letters requesting autopsy reports were sent to the departments of victim officers. Reports were abstracted into a Microsoft Excel database.ResultsDuring the study period, 42 of 533 victim officers met inclusion criteria. Departmental response rate was 85.7%. Autopsy reports were provided for 29 officers; 23 (54.8%) cases remained in the final analysis. All officers died from gunshot wounds. No coroner specifically identified airway obstruction as either a direct cause of death or contributing factor. Based upon autopsy findings, three of 341 officers possibly succumbed to airway trauma (0.9%; 95% CI, 0.0%-1.9%). Endotracheal intubation was the most common advanced airway management technique utilized during attempted resuscitation.ConclusionThe limited LEOKA data suggests that acute airway obstruction secondary to penetrating trauma appears to be a rare cause of possibly preventable death in police officers. Based upon the nature of airway trauma, nasopharyngeal airways would not be expected to be an effective lifesaving intervention. This study highlights the requirement for a comprehensive mortality and “near miss” database for law enforcement officers.FisherL,CallawayD,SztajnkrycerM.Incidence of fatal airway obstruction in police officers feloniously killed in the line of duty: a 10-year retrospective analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(5):1-5.
A Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Approach to Analyzing Large Volumes of Tissue to Detect Nanoparticles
Authors: Kempen Paul J. , Thakor Avnesh S. , Zavaleta Cristina , Gambhir Sanjiv S. , Sinclair Robert 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe use of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer requires the complete characterization of their toxicity, including accurately locating them within biological tissues. Owing to their size, traditional light microscopy techniques are unable to resolve them. Transmission electron microscopy provides the necessary spatial resolution to image individual nanoparticles in tissue, but is severely limited by the very small analysis volume, usually on the order of tens of cubic microns. In this work, we developed a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) approach to analyze large volumes of tissue for the presence of polyethylene glycol-coated Raman-active-silica-gold-nanoparticles (PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs). This approach utilizes the simultaneous bright and dark field imaging capabilities of STEM along with careful control of the image contrast settings to readily identify PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs in mouse liver tissue without the need for additional time-consuming analytical characterization. We utilized this technique to analyze 243,000 μm3 of mouse liver tissue for the presence of PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs. Nanoparticles injected into the mice intravenously via the tail vein accumulated in the liver, whereas those injected intrarectally did not, indicating that they remain in the colon and do not pass through the colon wall into the systemic circulation.
If formulation is the heart of cognitive behavioural therapy, does this heart rule the head of CBT therapists?
Authors: Zivor Michael , Salkovskis Paul M. , Oldfield Victoria B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an empirically grounded approach which typically relies on formulation to guide the shape and course of therapy. Cognitive formulation is widely advocated but poorly understood at an empirical level. This study aimed to characterize how clinicians understand the structure and uses of formulation and how they report on using it in their clinical practice relative to an expert reference group. A total of 124 clinicians in routine clinical practice completed a questionnaire, which assessed their clinical use and understanding of formulation. For some aspects of the questionnaire a comparison with a reference group, 15 highly specialist CBT therapists, was used. High levels of self-rated expertise were noted and at levels comparable to that of the highly specialist group. Participants rated themselves as less capable in terms of their formulation skills relative to their self-rating in CBT overall. Formulation is typically rated as important by those with some professional commitment to CBT. There may be some gaps in the way formulation is applied in clinical practice that should be addressed at the level of training and supervision.
The role of business in armed violence reduction and prevention
Authors: Wennmann Achim 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article looks at business activities in violent and fragile environments through an armed violence lens and explores the role of business in armed violence reduction and prevention (AVRP) strategies. The article argues that the transformation of armed violence patterns over the last decade requires a new optic on a subject that has traditionally been discussed in the context of ‘business and peace’ or ‘business and conflict’, and of armed violence related to inter- or intra-state armed conflict. The article sets out to better understand how different constituencies have dealt with the role of the private sector in reducing armed violence, and to connect the dots between various scholarly and practice communities to identify entry points for AVRP strategies across sectors and institutions. The article suggests that such entry points exist in relation to the costing of armed violence and civic observatories.
Phase compensation communication technique against time reversal for ultra‐wideband channels
Authors: Dezfooliyan Amir , Weiner Andrew M. 
Published: August 2013

Phase compensation (PC) prefiltering is experimentally investigated for multipath channels over the frequency band spanning 2–12 GHz, a topic which to the best of the authors knowledge has not been studied in the literature on ultra‐wideband (UWB) communications. The authors emphasis is to assess the capabilities of PC compared to time reversal (TR) prefilters over indoor UWB channels regarding multipath suppression, channel hardening, noise sensitivity and high‐speed data transmission. Experiments were carried out for PC and TR prefilters in both line‐of‐sight (LOS) and non‐LOS (NLOS) environments. The multipath compression effectiveness is characterised by computing the root‐mean‐square delay spread and peak‐to‐average power ratio for actual measured channels and for the IEEE 802.15.4(a) UWB model. The authors study suggests PC outperforms TR considerably in mitigating the multipath channel dispersion. Bit‐error‐rate (BER) curves have been simulated for data rates in the range of 125–4000 Mbps based on the measured channel responses. The BER simulations suggest that while the TR performance is prohibitively saturated by its residual intersymbol interference for data rates of 500 Mbps and above (especially in NLOS), PC can be used for high‐speed data transmissions as fast as 2 Gbps in both LOS and NLOS environments.
An empirical framework of financial characteristics and outperformance in troubled economic times
Authors: Hua Nan , Xiao Qu , Yost Elizabeth 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the financial characteristics associated with outperformance of US public restaurant firms in challenging economic times and the empirical measure of outperformance proposed herein.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes a Logit model and considers the relevant financial variables in annual deviation forms to explore an empirical model that explains financial outperformance in troubled economic times for the restaurant industry.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that larger market share, asset turnover, and profit margin, combined with lower leverage, BM, earnings variance, and size, in addition to franchise utilization, appear to produce collectively a fine balance for success in difficult economic times.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not address the fine balance between short‐term financial performance and long‐term sustainability. Further, the employed contemporaneous modeling framework may limit generality of findings of this paper.Originality/valueThis study provides systematic evidence on an empirical framework linking financial characteristics and outperformance of restaurant firms in difficult economic times. Its results have timely and significant implications for practitioners, researchers and other parties of interest.
The influence of the number of presented symptoms in product‐claim direct‐to‐consumer advertising on behavioral intentions
Authors: Nikki Lee‐Wingate Sooyeon , Xie Ying 
Published: August 2013

PurposeIn order to improve the effectiveness of product‐claim direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA), the current research examines the effect of a presentational element – the number of treatable symptoms for the advertised medical condition featured in the ad – on consumers' intentions to seek treatment.Design/methodology/approachNinety‐five participants recruited at a mall in the northeastern US provided data on behavioral and attitudinal intentions regarding a product‐claim print DTCA for an antidepressant.FindingsFeaturing a high (vs low) number of symptoms improved the effectiveness of the product‐claim DTCA. Seeing more symptoms led to heightened perceptions of informativeness, lower persuasive intent, and higher intentions to discuss the advertised ailment and the advertised drug with the doctor. Perceptions of disease prevalence mediated this influence. The perceived impact of each symptom featured in the DTCA was controlled across experimental conditions.Research limitations/implicationsThis research contributes to the healthcare marketing literature by demonstrating how managing a presentational element in DTCA influences consumers' metacognitive processing of the health information and consequently their intentions to engage in health‐related behaviors.Practical implicationsWithin the regulatory boundaries, pharmaceutical marketers may wish to increase the number of treatable symptoms to feature in their product‐claim DTCA in order to improve the effectiveness.Social implicationsWithin the regulatory boundaries, pharmaceutical marketers may wish to increase the number of treatable symptoms to feature in their product‐claim DTCA in order to improve the effectiveness.Originality/valueThis research builds on the extant literature of examining consumer perceptions of DTCA, and suggests a practical and metacognitive means to improve consumer perceptions to ultimately enhance DTCA effectiveness.
Understanding, attitude and environment
Authors: Walsh Elaine , Anders Katie , Hancock Sally 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThis paper is written to add to current knowledge of the views of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) discipline early career researchers (ECRs) about creativity. It aims to explore their understandings of and attitudes towards creativity, as well as their perceptions of which environmental factors facilitate creative research. By discussing the findings in the context of earlier work, the paper seeks to challenge developers to re‐examine current practice in developing creativity by suggesting a broader and deeper approach than is currently often taken.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reports on a qualitative study which collected data from semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with STEM researchers. A thematic analysis was performed on the data.FindingsThis research demonstrates that young researchers have a complex range of perceptions of creativity, and that negative attitudes towards it are common in the STEM environment. Three key environmental facilitators of creativity were also uncovered which are: a positive research environment; sufficient constructive communication; and time and space to be creative. It is argued that more emphasis should be placed upon optimising the environment for creative work to occur.Originality/valueWhereas most previous work has focussed on experienced scientists, this paper outlines the complex and important issue of creativity in the context of STEM ECRs. It offers those who wish to support such researchers an accessible summary and recommendations of how to improve practice in the development of creativity. In particular, the paper argues that placing a greater emphasis upon optimising the environment will enhance the impact of creativity development efforts.
Intelligent performance measures for condition‐based maintenance
Authors: Juuso Esko K. , Lahdelma Sulo 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive approach to efficiently integrate maintenance and operation by combining process and condition monitoring data with performance measures.Design/methodology/approachIntelligent stress, condition and health indicators have been developed for control and condition monitoring by combining generalised moments and norms with efficient nonlinear scaling. The data analysis resulting nonlinear scaling functions can also be used to handle performance measures used for management. The generalised norms provide limits for an advanced statistical process control.FindingsThe data‐driven analysis methodology demonstrates that management‐oriented indicators can be presented in the same scale as intelligent condition and stress indices. Control, condition monitoring, maintenance and performance monitoring are represented as interactive feedback loops.Practical implicationsPerformance analysis can be based on real‐time information by using various stress, condition and health indices as inputs. Similar approaches can be used for outputs: quality indices, harmonised indices, key performance indicators, process capability indices and overall equipment effectiveness. Since consistent linguistic explanations based on nonlinear scaling are available for all these indices, the analysis can be further deepened with LE modelling. Efficient monitoring with intelligent indices provides a good basis for control and condition‐based maintenance and performance monitoring.Originality/valueThe paper extends the nonlinear scaling methodology and linguistic equations to intelligent performance measures. The methodology provides a consistent way to also represent all information with linguistic terms.
Organizational learning culture and leader‐member exchange quality
Authors: Islam Talat , ur Rehman Khan Saif , Norulkamar Ungku Bt. Ahmad Ungku , Ahmed Ishfaq 
Published: August 2013

PurposeIn this global era every organization aims to retain its key workers through salary, incentives, rewards and recognition. Organizational learning culture and leaders' support are amongst those aspects that have not been focused on extensively by organizations to retain their key employees. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational learning culture, leader‐member exchange quality, organizational commitment and turnover intention.Design/methodology/approachA total of 415 employees working in Malaysian banks were approached on the basis of convenience sampling. Respondents were asked about leader‐member exchange, organizational learning culture, organizational commitment and their intention to leave the organization through a questionnaire‐based survey.FindingsLeader‐member exchange, organizational learning culture and organizational commitment are found to correlate with each other. Furthermore, structural equation modeling confirms that organizational commitment performs the role of mediator between organizational learning culture and turnover intention.Research limitations/implicationsHR managers should know the importance of leaders' support and learning environment, as these affect employees' level of commitment, which ultimately reduces their intentions to leave the organization. Limitations are also discussed.Originality/valueThe current study elucidates the importance of learning culture for both employers and employees. It produces several unique findings and managerial takeaways for building a better organizational environment for employees to learn and stay with the organization.
Natural regeneration potential of abandoned agricultural land in the southern Gadarif Region, Sudan: implications for conservation
Authors: Sulieman Hussein M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe present study seeks to provide a contribution to the understanding of vegetation regrowth on abandoned agricultural land by investigating the impacts of the previous cultivation period and the duration of the fallow on the subsequent natural regeneration in terms of vegetation composition, structure and diversity. The results of the study show that both factors have significant effects on the subsequent regeneration of plant species and thus the vegetation development in the southern Gadarif Region, Sudan. The oldest abandoned farmlands were recolonized by tree/shrub species, whereas recently abandoned ones are covered with herbaceous vegetation. There is a general tendency regarding the number of species to decrease with an increase in the period of cultivation. The plant species diversity pattern shows domination of herbaceous species with some scattered woody species. Vegetation changes due to land abandonment may have implications for the conservation of plant species diversity and composition of fauna harboured in the region. Although natural regeneration could be recommended as means of restoring natural vegetation that previously dominated that region, the current regeneration capacity might not be sufficient to reach the climax vegetation except for some pockets, which received more regenerative resources.
Corporate Transparency and Firm Performance: Evidence from Venture Firms Listed on the Korean Stock Market
Authors: Kim Younghwan , Lee Jungwoo , Yang Taeyong 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study proposes a new corporate transparency index comprising four sub‐indices: financial, governance, operational, and social transparency. Using our index, we examine the effects of corporate transparency on firm value and the profitability of 162 Korean venture firms. Results show that corporate transparency is positively associated with firm profitability. Financial transparency is positively related to firm profitability and negatively associated with firm value. Firms with a greater level of governance transparency have a higher firm value and a lower return on assets. Operational transparency is negatively related to firm value. Social transparency is positively associated with firm value and profit.
Fire and gap dynamics over 300 years in an old‐growth temperate forest
Authors: McEwan Ryan W. , Pederson Neil , Cooper Adrienne , Taylor Josh , Watts Robert , Hruska Amy 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the long‐term patterns of wildfire occurrence and gap dynamics in an old‐growth deciduous forest? Are there temporal patterns in fire and gap dynamics over the last ca. 300 yrs? How is drought related to fire occurrence? Are there temporal interactions between gap dynamics and fire?LocationLilley Cornett Woods Appalachian Research Station, Southeastern Kentucky,USA.LCW; 37°05′ N, 83°00′ W.MethodsWe cross‐dated and analysed annually‐resolved tree‐ring data from 35 tree cross‐sections in an old‐growth deciduous forest to reconstruct historical fire and canopy disturbance and explore connections among these processes. Canopy disturbance patterns as indicated by tree growth release within this collection [fire history collection: (FHC)] were compared to cores from 26 trees collected in 1983 for the purposes of climate reconstruction [climate collection: (CC)].ResultsInitiation dates in theFHCranged from ca. 1670 to 1925. Thirty‐three fire scars were identified from 1678 to 1956. The mean interval between fire events was 9.3 yrs, and there were many more fires after 1800 than before that date. Gap dynamics, as reconstructed through growth release detection, were relatively constant through theFHCrecord and were supported by a similar result in theCC. The mean number of years between detected release events was 5.2 yrs. Many individual trees, and the mean growth chronology for theFHC, indicate that many oak trees exhibit growth release after long periods of suppression and, after a final release, exhibit a step‐change in growth rate suggesting canopy accession.ConclusionsFire and gap dynamics occurred through much of the last ca. 350 yrs in this old‐growth forest. There was not evidence to support that these two processes were temporally linked – gap dynamics were ostensibly independent of fire occurrence. Even so, we posit that these two processes may have a synergistic effect on long‐term dynamics, wherein fire ‘filters’ the seedling pool and gap openings provide canopy accession opportunities. We also note several instances where release events are associated with stand‐wide growth increases suggesting large‐scale canopy accession. These events could influence the overstorey composition of the forest for centuries.
5‐Lipoxygenase mRNA and Protein Isoforms
Authors: Ochs Meike J. , Suess Beatrix , Steinhilber Dieter 
Published: August 2013

Abstract5‐Lipoxygenase (5‐LO) catalyses the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a group of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. An increased level of leukotrienes is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma or atherosclerosis. In this MiniReview, we focus on recent findings regarding alternative splice variants of 5‐LO with a special emphasis on two potential protein isoforms expressed in human B‐lymphocytes which might be of interest as new drug targets.