bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warranted religion: answering objections to Alvin Plantinga's epistemology
Authors: MCNABB TYLER DALTON 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlvin Plantinga over the decades has developed a particular theory of warrant that would allow certain beliefs to be warranted, even if one lacked propositional arguments or evidence for them. One such belief that Plantinga focuses on is belief in God. There have been, however, numerous objections both to Plantinga's theory of warrant and to the religious application that he makes of it. In this article I address an objection from both of these categories. I first tackle an objection that attempts to show that proper function isn't a necessary condition for warrant. After tackling this, I move on to interact with the Pandora's Box Objection. This objection argues that Plantinga's epistemology is weakened by the fact that all sorts of serious religious beliefs could be warranted by using his system.
A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond
Authors: Kennicutt M.C. , Chown S.L. , Cassano J.J. , Liggett D. , Peck L.S. , Massom R. , Rintoul S.R. , Storey J. , Vaughan D.G. , Wilson T.J. , Allison I. , Ayton J. , Badhe R. , Baeseman J. , Barrett P.J. , Bell R.E. , Bertler N. , Bo S. , Brandt A. , Bromwich D. , Cary S.C. , Clark M.S. , Convey P. , Costa E.S. , Cowan D. , Deconto R. , Dunbar R. , Elfring C. , Escutia C. , Francis J. , Fricker H.A. , Fukuchi M. , Gilbert N. , Gutt J. , Havermans C. , Hik D. , Hosie G. , Jones C. , Kim Y.D. , Le Maho Y. , Lee S.H. , Leppe M. , Leitchenkov G. , Li X. , Lipenkov V. , Lochte K. , López-Martínez J. , Lüdecke C. , Lyons W. , Marenssi S. , Miller H. , Morozova P. , Naish T. , Nayak S. , Ravindra R. , Retamales J. , Ricci C.A. , Rogan-Finnemore M. , Ropert-Coudert Y. , Samah A.A. , Sanson L. , Scambos T. , Schloss I.R. , Shiraishi K. , Siegert M.J. , Simões J.C. , Storey B. , Sparrow M.D. , Wall D.H. , Walsh J.C. , Wilson G. , Winther J.G. , Xavier J.C. , Yang H. , Sutherland W.J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAntarctic and Southern Ocean science is vital to understanding natural variability, the processes that govern global change and the role of humans in the Earth and climate system. The potential for new knowledge to be gained from future Antarctic science is substantial. Therefore, the international Antarctic community came together to ‘scan the horizon’ to identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond. Wide consultation was a fundamental principle for the development of a collective, international view of the most important future directions in Antarctic science. From the many possibilities, the horizon scan identified 80 key scientific questions through structured debate, discussion, revision and voting. Questions were clustered into seven topics: i) Antarctic atmosphere and global connections, ii) Southern Ocean and sea ice in a warming world, iii) ice sheet and sea level, iv) the dynamic Earth, v) life on the precipice, vi) near-Earth space and beyond, and vii) human presence in Antarctica. Answering the questions identified by the horizon scan will require innovative experimental designs, novel applications of technology, invention of next-generation field and laboratory approaches, and expanded observing systems and networks. Unbiased, non-contaminating procedures will be required to retrieve the requisite air, biota, sediment, rock, ice and water samples. Sustained year-round access to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean will be essential to increase winter-time measurements. Improved models are needed that represent Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Earth System, and provide predictions at spatial and temporal resolutions useful for decision making. A co-ordinated portfolio of cross-disciplinary science, based on new models of international collaboration, will be essential as no scientist, programme or nation can realize these aspirations alone.
Prevalence of iodine inadequacy in Switzerland assessed by the estimated average requirement cut-point method in relation to the impact of iodized salt
Authors: Haldimann Max , Bochud Murielle , Burnier Michel , Paccaud Fred , Dudler Vincent 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the iodine status of Swiss population groups and to evaluate the influence of iodized salt as a vector for iodine fortification.DesignThe relationship between 24 h urinary iodine and Na excretions was assessed in the general population after correcting for confounders. Single-day intakes were estimated assuming that 92 % of dietary iodine was excreted in 24 h urine. Usual intake distributions were derived for male and female population groups after adjustment for within-subject variability. The estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method was applied as guidance to assess the inadequacy of the iodine supply.SettingPublic health strategies to reduce the dietary salt intake in the general population may affect its iodine supply.SubjectsThe study population (1481 volunteers, aged ≥15 years) was randomly selected from three different linguistic regions of Switzerland.ResultsThe 24 h urine samples from 1420 participants were determined to be properly collected. Mean iodine intakes obtained for men (n705) and women (n715) were 179 (sd68·1) µg/d and 138 (sd57·8) µg/d, respectively. Urinary Na and Ca, and BMI were significantly and positively associated with higher iodine intake, as were men and non-smokers. Fifty-four per cent of the total iodine intake originated from iodized salt. The prevalence of inadequate iodine intake as estimated by the EAR cut-point method was 2 % for men and 14 % for women.ConclusionsThe estimated prevalence of inadequate iodine intake was within the optimal target range of 2–3 % for men, but not for women.
The non-cell-autonomous component of ALS: new in vitro models and future challenges
Authors: Ferraiuolo Laura 
Published: September 2014

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor nerves. At present, there is no effective therapy for this devastating disease and only one Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, riluzole, is known to moderately extend survival. In the last decade, the field of ALS has made a remarkable leap forward in understanding some of the genetic causes of this disease and the role that different cell types play in the degenerative mechanism affecting motor neurons. In particular, astrocytes have been implicated in disease progression, and multiple studies suggest that these cells are valuable therapeutic targets. Recent technological advancements have provided new tools to generate astrocytes from ALS patients either from post-mortem biopsies or from skin fibroblasts through genetic reprogramming. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and the newly developed induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) have created unprecedented exciting opportunities to unravel the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and initiate high-throughput drug screenings.
Generation of orange pulse laser in waterproof fluoride glass fibre with graphene thin film
Authors: Fujimoto Y. , Suzuki T. , Ochante R.A.M. , Hirayama T. , Murakami M. , Shiraga H. , Yoshida M. , Ishii O. , Yamazaki M. 
Published: September 2014

Orange laser pulses were successfully generated in a Pr‐doped waterproof fluoride glass fibre (Pr:WPFGF) using a graphene thin film as a saturable absorber (SA). Two pulse generation modes were observed: a continuous mode with 0.47 µs pulse duration with a 2.61 µs repetition period and a single giant pulse mode with 9.7 ns pulse duration. The peak wavelength was 603 nm. This result shows that a graphene thin film can be effective as an SA in the visible region, and in the future a visible ultra‐short pulse laser with a modelocking technique may be demonstrated.
Verb position in early Germanic main clauses
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter represents an attempt to put the methodology for syntactic reconstruction outlined in the previous chapter into practice. The focus throughout is on the position of the finite verb in declarative main clauses. Section 3.2 focuses particularly on the V2/V3 alternation that has often been observed, arguing that it is information-structurally conditioned and can be reconstructed for Proto-Northwest Germanic. In section 3.3 it considers V1 main clauses. section 3.4 it discusses ‘verb-late’ main clauses, which have so far resisted insightful analysis. After demonstrating the presence of such clauses in all the early West Germanic languages, it proposes an account based on the discourse status of these clauses. Section 3.5 is an attempt to integrate Gothic into the picture.
Null arguments in early Germanic
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the occurrence of null arguments in early Germanic. In 5.2 it presents data on the occurrence of null arguments from five key early Germanic languages, including new quantitative studies of Gothic, Old Norse, Old English, and Old Saxon. Section 5.3 analyses these data within a generative framework, assessing the applicability of different theories. It argues that the theory of identification of null subjects by rich verbal agreement is not sufficient to explain the range of null arguments attested in early Germanic; a topic-drop analysis is also ruled out. It is argued the early Northwest Germanic languages were ‘partial’ null argument languages. In 5.4 these languages are looked at from a diachronic perspective, and it is argued that the restriction to main clauses found in Northwest Germanic is an innovation, and that we can tentatively reconstruct Proto-Germanic (like Gothic) as a canonical null subject language.
Expressive Performance in Contemporary Concert Music
Authors: Clarke Eric , Doffman Mark 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The majority of recent empirical research on performance has focused on material from common practice repertoires, rather than on contemporary music, much of which is marked by radical changes in compositional style, greater flexibility in performance, and increased uncertainty for listeners. This chapter examines how the perceptuo-motor organization of expression may be disturbed or compromised by complex musical materials, but moves beyond a purely psychological approach to consider the influence of histories and style, suggesting ways in which often radical features of notation, composition, and performance practice participate in changing attitudes and approaches to expression. It also examines the significance of developments such as extended techniques and electro-acoustic music in considering what it means to be technically accomplished and expressively appropriate in contemporary performance, and it suggests some implications and future directions for the empirical investigation of expression in new music.
Expressiveness in Jazz Performance
Authors: Bauer William R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways performers use jazz as an immediate, dynamic communicative medium, and personalize elements of a stylistic vocabulary by manipulating them to form expressive gestures. Featuring passages in which Louis Armstrong achieves heightened emotional expression, the case studies illustrate schemata and techniques that individual soloists use to convey meaning to experienced listeners and dancers. Two salient features of jazz performance practice are highlighted—a particular variety of swing that results from cross-tempo, and oral–syntactical phrasing, through which soloists generate large-dimension narratives out of recurrent “multiforms” and their variation. Jazz’s rich history and prehistory continue to inform current performance practices, and historical sources show that defining elements of instrumental practices, such as swing and phrasing, pre-existed in African-American vocal practices. In key respects, these correlate with deeply embedded African musical and linguistic practices, which early jazz musicians enculturated to African-American oral traditions extended.
Audience Response and Expressive Pitch Inflections in a Live Recording of Legendary Singer Kesar Bai Kerkar
Authors: van der Meer Wim 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines several “snapshots” from a recording by the legendary singer Kesar Bai Kerkar (1892–1977), in which the customary audience response to a concert of classical Hindustani music, in the form of appreciative verbal interjections, is clearly audible. These responses identify “special” moments in the performance, which can be considered particularly expressive. Praat software was used to generate pitch-lines, which elucidate what is happening in the performance at these selected moments. The analyses must be understood within the framework of the music being performed and the ideas about aesthetics of expression. A brief outline of expressivity in the context of Hindustani music is given. The recording is from one genre, a particular period, and one school, and the introductory sketch about expression of emotion and the role of raga in the context of Hindustani music is necessarily a brief synopsis of a vast subject.
Quantitative Methods
Authors: Goebl Werner , Dixon Simon , Schubert Emery 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to developing and state-of-the-art tools for measuring musical expressivity. It summarizes recent quantitative measurement and analysis techniques of three domains of musical expressiveness: body motion, musical sound, and listeners’ continuous response to musical sound. It outlines computational methods to quantitatively assess expressive aspects of the body movements of the performing musicians, to extract expressive information from the musical sound itself, and to examine the perception of expressiveness through self-report continuous response methods. The chapter highlights the critical philosophical implications of making measurements of expressiveness, specifically in distinguishing between the measurement of physical aspects, such as motion and musical characteristics, and experiential aspects—the actual sensation of expressiveness experienced by the perceiver. The key philosophical point that unifies the chapter is that each of these aspects is understood through the world of ideas, definitions, and, most importantly, instruments for measuring physical and psychometric signals.
Implications for Music Studies
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
To speak of the expressivity of music is to refocus attention from musical artefacts such as scores towards the experience of music as performed: rather than the expressivity of the performance adding to that of the work, the listener's concern is with the total expressiveness of what is heard. This refocusing of attention represents a radical reconstruction of the object of musical study—one that does not entail forgetting about scores, but rather seeking to understand the role that they play in the culture of music as performance. Seen in this perspective, musicology is able to draw on the tradition of cross-disciplinary research, ranging from cultural to computational perspectives. It might indeed become the first field to deliver on the potential for productive interaction between traditional and digital approaches to the humanities.
Implications for Empirical Expressive Music Performance Research
Authors: Davidson Jane W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of the issues discussed in the current volume for future empirical expressive music performance enquiry. It argues for the continued development of diverse approaches to capture quantifiable as well as qualitative factors leading to the generation of musical expression, acknowledging that such research is not easy, but is necessary to balance previous work that adopted a predominantly cognitive stance, ignoring socio-cultural context. Inevitably, mixed methods involve techniques such as juxtaposing objective measurements of one variable (e.g. the degree of bodily movement according to an intended expressive intention) against observed qualitative data that may seems less justifiable within the more scientific framework of quantitative techniques, but which offer rich interpretation and inference. Prospects for the future involve finding methodological and theoretical paradigms to extend and deepen current empirical findings and to maintain a sense of critical reflection on what remains to be understood.
Introduction: Why Should We Care?
Authors: Cook Roy T 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter argues for the importance of the Yablo paradox, and motivates the chapters to follow. Particular attention is paid to the thought that our theorizing, up to now, regarding semantic paradox has been somewhat narrow in that it has focused for the most part on the manifestly circular Liar paradox, and that as a result new insights and lessons can be obtained by focusing on other sorts of construction— the Yablo paradox being a central, and promising, such example.
Origins and Mathematics
Authors: Cook Roy T 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents the origin, history, and mathematics of the Yablo paradox. Careful formulations of the paradox within both arithmetic and a pointer semantics-based language are presented, as well as a number of formal results and philosophical observations that will be critical in the chapters to follow (e.g. the fact that the Yablo paradox, formulated in Peano arithmetic with a truth predicate, is not inconsistent, but merely ω-inconsistent). This chapter also provides a partial solution to the Characterization Problem (for the pointer semantics language) and shows how this problem is equivalent to an outstanding problem in the theory of directed graphs— that of determining whether a directed graph has a kernel.
Generalizing the Yablo Paradox
Authors: Cook Roy T 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Generalizability Question, focusing on Roy Sorensen’s idea that the pattern found in the Yablo paradox will allow for a general purge of self-reference by providing us with a non-circular version of every well-known circular paradox. After examining the most promising method for carrying our such a purge— unwindings— and showing that the project looks somewhat promising for the case of the pointer semantics developed in Chapter 1, the chapter concludes by showing that the answer to the Generalizability Question must in the end be 𠄜no𠄝, since unwindings in more expressively rich contexts, such as arithmetic, tend to collapse into infinite sequences of sentences that are, in fact, circular.
The Curry Generalization
Authors: Cook Roy T 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This short concluding chapter examines the connections between the Yablo paradox, the Liar paradox involving negation, and the Curry paradox involving the material conditional. A Yablo–Curry hybrid is presented that incorporates the interesting and problematic aspects of the Yablo and Curry paradoxes into a single construction. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the difficulties facing any detailed examination similar to the one undertaken in previous chapters using graph theory and related techniques, of this more general Curry–Yablo construction (and variants and generalizations of it).
The Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Elman Howard C. , Silvester David J. , Wathen Andrew J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter concerns the statement and properties of the steady Navier–Stokes equations and the corresponding weak formulation. This includes discussion of stability theory, bifurcation and nonlinear iteration. This is followed by a description of finite element discretization and error analysis of discrete solutions.
Quantum error correction
Authors: Chuang I. L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter treats the subject of quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation. In particular, it presents the various representations of open-system quantum dynamics, insisting on the indistinguishability between different unravelings. Quantum error correction with discrete gates reacting to discrete error syndromes obtained from projective measurement can be seen as a form of quantum feedback that stabilizes a whole manifold of quantum states rather than a single one. The chapter gives a useful general introduction to the theory of stabilizers, which is key to the understanding of error correcting codes. It explains in full detail the principles behind the size of the overhead needed to make the entire quantum processor fault-tolerant, not just its memory.
Exploring the quantum world with photons trapped in cavities and Rydberg atoms
Authors: Raimond J.-M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of the latest achievements in cavity quantum electrodynamics with Rydberg atoms. In particular, it illustrates an example of quantum feedback, which is the stabilization of a Fock state in the cavity against spontaneous emission. The feedback process involves the rapid measurement of atoms passing through the cavity and performing a quantum nondemolition measurement of its photon number. The information is fed to a processor that in real time computes the right classical signal to send to the cavity to re-pump it in the right way.
SQUID amplifiers
Authors: Clarke J. , Devoret M. H. , Kamal A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter treats the concrete example of the microwave SQUID, a practical quantum-limited amplifier. The appeal of the SQUID is that it is sufficiently sophisticated to be used in a variety of applications, yet sufficiently simple to allow a detailed analysis of the origin of noise and its processing through the active elements of the device. In particular, the noise of the SQUID can be understood as the mixed-down counterpart of the Johnson noise of the SQUID resistors in the vicinity of the Josephson frequency and its harmonics. The ultimate performances of the microwave SQUID amplifier are discussed.
Tomography schemes for characterizing itinerant microwave photon fields
Authors: Eichler C. , Bozyigit D. , Lang C. , Steffen L. , Fink J. , Wallraff A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the analysis of propagating microwave signals by splitters and amplifiers and shows that one can recover enough information to reconstruct the Wigner function of a microwave quantum field emitted by a qubit.