bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operation performance and microbial community dynamics of phosphorus removal sludge with different electron acceptors
Authors: Lv Xiaomei , Shao Mingfei , Li Chaolin , Li Ji , Liu Dongyang , Gao Xinlei , Xia Xue 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Operation performances of phosphorus removal sludge with different electron acceptors in three parallel SBRs were firstly compared in the present study, and the effect of post-aeration on denitrifying phosphorus removal was also studied. Moreover, community dynamics of different phosphorus removal sludge was systematically investigated with high-throughput sequencing for the first time. TP removal rates for nitrate-, nitrite-, and oxygen-based phosphorus removal sludge were 84.8, 78.5, and 87.4 %, with an average effluent TP concentration of 0.758, 0.931, and 0.632 mg/l. The average specific phosphorus release and uptake rates were 20.3, 10.8, and 21.5, and 9.43, 8.68, and 10.8 mgP/(gVSS h), respectively. Moreover, electron utilization efficiency of denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge with nitrate as electron acceptor was higher than nitrite, with P/e− were 2.21 and 1.51 mol-P/mol-e−, respectively. With the assistance of post-aeration for nitrate-based denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge, settling ability could be improved, with SVI decreased from 120 to 80 and 72 ml/g when post-aeration time was 0, 10, and 30 min, respectively. Moreover, further phosphorus removal could be achieved during post-aeration with increased aeration time. However, the anoxic phosphorus uptake was deteriorated, which was likely a result of shifted microbial community structure. Post-aeration of approximately 10 min was proposed for denitrifying phosphorus removal. Nitrate- and nitrite-based denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge exhibited similar community structure. More phosphorus accumulating organisms were enriched under anaerobic–aerobic conditions, while anaerobic–anoxic conditions were favorable for suppressing glycogen-accumulating organisms. Significant differences in pathogenic bacterial community profiles revealed in the current study indicated the potential public health hazards of non-aeration activated sludge system.
Extraspinal ossifications after implantation of vertical expandable prosthetic titanium ribs (VEPTRs)
Authors: Zivkovic Vanja , Büchler Philippe , Ovadia Dror , Riise Rolf , Stuecker Ralf , Hasler Carol 
Published: April 2014

Introduction Though developed for thoracic insufficiency syndrome, the spinal growth-stimulating potential and the ease of placement of vertical expandable titanium ribs (VEPTRs) has resulted in their widespread use for early-onset spine deformity. Observation of implant-related ossifications warrants further assessment, since they may be detrimental to the function-preserving non-fusion strategy. Patients and methods Radiographs (obtained pre and post index procedure, and at 4-year follow-up) and the records of 65 VEPTR patients from four paediatric spine centres were analysed. Ossifications were classified as type I (at anchor points), type II (along the central part) or type III (re-ossification after thoracostomy). Results The average age at the index procedure was 6.5 years (min 1, max 13.7). The most prevalent spine problem was congenital scoliosis (37) with rib fusions (34), followed by neuromuscular and syndromic deformities (13 and 8, respectively). Idiopathic and secondary scoliosis (e.g. after thoracotomy) were less frequent (3 and 4, respectively). Forty-two of the 65 (65 %) patients showed ossifications, half of which were around the anchors. Forty-five percent (15/33) without pre-existing rib fusions developed a type II ossification along the implant. Re-ossifications of thoracostomies were less frequent (5/34, 15 %). The occurrence of ossifications was not associated with patient-specific factors. Conclusions Implant-related ossifications around VEPTR are common. In contrast to harmless bone formation around anchors, ossifications around the telescopic part and the rod section are troublesome in view of their possible negative impact on chest cage compliance and spinal mobility. This potential side effect needs to be considered during implant selection, particularly in patients with originally normal thoracic and spinal anatomy.
FREE GROUPS AND AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS OF INFINITE STRUCTURES
Authors: LÜCKE PHILIPP , SHELAH SAHARON 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGiven a cardinal$\lambda $with$\lambda =\lambda ^{\aleph _0}$, we show that there is a field of cardinality$\lambda $whose automorphism group is a free group of rank$2^\lambda $. In the proof of this statement, we develop general techniques that enable us to realize certain groups as the automorphism group of structures of a given cardinality. They allow us to show that analogues of this result hold for free objects in various varieties of groups. For example, the free abelian group of rank$2^\lambda $is the automorphism group of a field of cardinality$\lambda $whenever$\lambda $is a cardinal with$\lambda =\lambda ^{\aleph _0}$. Moreover, we apply these techniques to show that consistently the assumption that$\lambda =\lambda ^{\aleph _0}$is not necessary for the existence of a field of cardinality$\lambda $whose automorphism group is a free group of rank$2^\lambda $. Finally, we use them to prove that the existence of a cardinal$\lambda $of uncountable cofinality with the property that there is no field of cardinality$\lambda $whose automorphism group is a free group of rank greater than$\lambda $implies the existence of large cardinals in certain inner models of set theory.
Survey of current Swiss pig feeding practices and potential for ammonia emission reduction
Authors: Spring P. , Bracher A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryControlling potentially harmful and polluting emissions from farms is important in the developed world, where legislation exists in many countries limiting emissions such as ammonia and controlling how manure is disposed of from intensive farming operations. In Switzerland, there are legal agreements concerning controls of ammonia emissions, most especially from farms. Ammonia production from pig farms can be controlled by dietary intervention, such as reducing protein levels, which in turn reduces excretion, mainly via urine. The following paper surveys current practices for nitrogen use on Swiss pig farms, and how feeding strategies may assist in controlling ammonia production from pig production systems. The survey found that 70-75% of all feeds used for pigs of all categories were reduced in protein and nitrogen, with 90% being reduced in protein in high animal density areas. Regression analysis showed that CP levels explained up to 49% of the nitrogen efficiency, suggesting that other factors are important in pollution control. Although piglet diets are more tightly regulated in terms of controlling N input, excessive protein levels in so-called reduced protein diets for finisher pigs and dry sows are common in the market. Hence, there is considerable potential to reduce N-input and ammonia emissions from Swiss pig production, which could be implemented at no or minimal extra cost.
X.—The Factorial Analysis of Multiple Item Tests
Authors: Lawley D. N. 
Published: April 2014

Summary6. The expected score of an individual on a test consisting of a large number of items is assumed to be given by a formula involving the ability of the individual and also two quantities constant for the test. An expression is then derived for the covariance between two tests measuring different abilities. It appears that if a factorial analysis is performed on a set of tests of unequal difficulty, using the matrix of variances and covariances, a spurious factor will tend to be introduced depending mainly on the differences in difficulty. The effect of this is removed by transforming the variances and covariances to a new set of coefficients. A numerical example of the process is given.In conclusion I should like to thank the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for a grant to cover the cost of the setting and printing of mathematical formulæ in a paper previously published in the Society's Proceedings (LXI, A, 1943, 273–287).
Loss of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Impairs Lung Endothelial Cell Barrier Function and Increases Susceptibility to Microvascular Damage from Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Brown Mary Beth , Hunt William R. , Noe Julie E. , Rush Natalia I. , Schweitzer Kelly S. , Leece Thomas C. , Moldobaeva Aigul , Wagner Elizabeth M. , Dudek Steven M. , Poirier Christophe , Presson Robert G. , Gulbins Erich , Petrache Irina 
Published: April 2014

Abnormal lung microvascular endothelial vascular barrier function may contribute to pulmonary inflammation, such as that occurring during inhalation of cigarette smoke (CS). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel expressed in both epithelial and endothelial cells, regulates the organization of tight junctions between epithelial cells and has also been implicated in the transport of sphingosine‐1 phosphate (S1P), a vascular barrier–enhancing sphingolipid. Because CS has been shown to affect CFTR function, we hypothesized that CFTR function contributes to lung endothelial cell barrier and that CFTR dysfunction worsens CS‐induced injury. CFTR inhibitors GlyH‐101 or CFTRinh172 caused a dose‐dependent increase in pulmonary or bronchial endothelial monolayer permeability, which peaked after 4 hours. CFTR inhibition was associated with both intercellular gaps and actin stress fiber formation compared with vehicle‐treated cells. Increasing endothelial S1P, either by exogenous treatment or by inhibition of its degradation, significantly improved the barrier function in CFTR‐inhibited monolayers. Both cultured lung endothelia and the lung microcirculation visualized in vivo with intravital two‐photon imaging of transgenic mice deficient in CFTR showed that CFTR dysfunction increased susceptibility to CS‐induced permeability. These results suggested that CFTR function might be required for lung endothelial barrier, including adherence junction stability. Loss of CFTR function, especially concomitant to CS exposure, might promote lung inflammation by increasing endothelial cell permeability, which could be ameliorated by S1P.
A subadditive property of the error function
Authors: Alzer Horst , Kwong Man 
Published: April 2014

We prove the following subadditive property of the error function:
\[

erf

(
x
)
=

2

π

∫
0
x

e

−

t
2

d
t

(
x
∈

R

)

.

\mbox {erf}\,(x)=\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}\int _0^x e^{-t^2}dt \quad {(x\in \mathbf {R})}.

\]
Let

a
a

and

b
b

be real numbers. The inequality
\[

erf

(

(
x
+
y

)
a

)

b

>

erf

(

x
a

)
b

+

erf

(

y
a

)
b

\mbox {erf}\,\bigl ((x+y)^a\bigr )^b> \mbox {erf}\,(x^a)^b + \mbox {erf}\,(y^a)^b

\]
holds for all positive real numbers

x
x

and

y
y

if and only if

a
b
≤
1

ab\leq 1

.
Enumeration of certain varieties over a finite field
Authors: Friedlander John , Shparlinski Igor 
Published: April 2014

Let

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

be a finite field of

q
q

elements. E. Howe has shown that there is a natural correspondence between the isogeny classes of two-dimensional ordinary abelian varieties over

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

which do not contain a principally polarized variety and pairs of positive integers

(
a
,
b
)

(a,b)

satisfying

q
=

a
2

+
b

q = a^2 + b

, where

gcd
(
q
,
b
)
=
1

\gcd (q,b)=1

and all prime divisors

ℓ
\ell

of

b
b

are in the arithmetic progression

ℓ
≡
1

(
mod

3
)

\ell \equiv 1 \pmod 3

. This arithmetic criterion allows us to give good upper bounds, and for many finite fields good lower bounds, for the frequency of occurrence of isogeny classes of varieties having this property.
Parasites and genetic diversity in an invasive bumblebee
Authors: Jones Catherine M. , Brown Mark J. F. 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Biological invasions are facilitated by the global transportation of species and climate change. Given that invasions may cause ecological and economic damage and pose a major threat to biodiversity, understanding the mechanisms behind invasion success is essential.

Both the release of non‐native populations from natural enemies, such as parasites, and the genetic diversity of these populations may play key roles in their invasion success.

We investigated the roles of parasite communities, through enemy release and parasite acquisition, and genetic diversity in the invasion success of the non‐native bumblebee, Bombus hypnorum, in the United Kingdom.

The invasive B. hypnorum had higher parasite prevalence than most, or all native congeners for two high‐impact parasites, probably due to higher susceptibility and parasite acquisition. Consequently parasites had a higher impact on B. hypnorum queens’ survival and colony‐founding success than on native species. Bombus hypnorum also had lower functional genetic diversity at the sex‐determining locus than native species. Higher parasite prevalence and lower genetic diversity have not prevented the rapid invasion of the United Kingdom by B. hypnorum. These data may inform our understanding of similar invasions by commercial bumblebees around the world.

This study suggests that concerns about parasite impacts on the small founding populations common to re‐introduction and translocation programs may be less important than currently believed.
African American women's preventative care usage: the role of social support and racial experiences and attitudes
Authors: Pullen Erin , Perry Brea , Oser Carrie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResearch suggests that African Americans are less likely to utilise preventative care services than Americans of European descent, and that these patterns may contribute to racial health disparities in the United States. Despite the persistence of inequalities in preventative care utilisation, culturally relevant factors influencing the use of these gateway health services have been understudied among marginalised groups. Using a stratified sample of 205 low‐income African American women, this research examines the predictors of receiving a physical exam, with a particular emphasis on how differing levels of social support from friend and family networks and experiences of racial discrimination and cultural mistrust shape utilisation. The findings underscore the importance of traditional predictors of utilisation, including insurance status and having a usual physician. However, they also indicate that supportive ties to friendship networks are associated with higher predicted rates of having an annual physical exam, while social support from family and sentiments of cultural mistrust are associated with lower rates of utilisation. Broadly, the findings indicate that even as traditional predictors of help‐seeking become less relevant, it will be critical to explore how variations in discrimination experiences and social relationships across marginalised groups drive patterns of preventative care utilisation.
Creeping edgework: carnivalesque consumption and the social experience of health risk
Authors: Cronin James M. , McCarthy Mary , Collins Alan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article contributes to an understanding of voluntary health risk based on the regular, excessive intake of food and alcohol in the micro‐cultural setting. By drawing on and extending edgework theory our aim is to conceptualise the riskiness of carnivalesque consumption as a medium for expression and performance in two separate community contexts. Using ethnographic research methods, we explore the consumption of calorie‐dense, low nutrient food for gamers and the use of alcohol for hipsters. Our findings are reported over four key themes. The first and last consider how carnivalesque consumption provides sensations for multi‐sensory loss of self and a shared emancipation from day‐to‐day moderation. The second and third explore how community members prepare and exercise control over their consumption to manage risks related to an ‘immediate edge’. We discuss how carnivalesque behaviour, when ritualised, establishes a trajectory that creeps towards a more ‘distant edge’ characterised by longer term health consequences. We argue that the transcendental experiences that are part and parcel of edgework can be enacted by products that are traditionally conceptualised as mundane and that the risks of consuming them are largely accumulative rather than instantaneous. Implications for health interventions are included.
The contribution of non‐timber forest products towards sustainable rural development: The case of Candelilla wax from the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico
Authors: Arato Miguel , Speelman Stijn , Van Huylenbroeck Guido 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe promotion of development projects based on the commercialization of non‐timber forest products has increased in recent decades, showing a positive contribution to rural development; yet it has led to controversial approaches in resource preservation. This paper examines the case of Candelilla wax from the Chihuahuan Desert in northern Mexico, identifying its potential contribution to poverty alleviation in marginal areas, and its unique opportunity to access potential markets of a wide variety of industries all around the world. In this paper, the authors base their analysis on three main aspects: social, economic and environmental. Potential benefits that could be obtained from the collaboration of private institutions, development organizations, policymakers and rural producers through integrated rural development projects are featured.
EarthSciencesComparativeMatrix: A Comparative Method for Geoheritage Assessment
Authors: WHITE SUSAN , WAKELIN‐KING GRESLEY A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGeological heritage is insufficiently recognised inAustralia; it should be considered in its own right, not as an addendum to other heritage values. The lack of a suitable robust and repeatable methodology has seriously constrained the assessment of geological sites suitable for the National Heritage List (NHL). A desktop assessment ofAustralian desert landscapes required intrinsic natural values of a diverse group of sites, spread over a vast area, to be assessed againstNHLcriteria. The Earth Sciences Comparative Matrix (ESCoM) was developed for this study. In theESCoM, sites are grouped in process themes. Each is assessed againstNHLcriteria then compared with other similar places, according to degree of unusualness, integrity, and authenticity. A site scoring well across multiple themes has increased heritage significance. The overall values of a site are quantified, leading to a qualitative judgement on whether it achieves the threshold of outstanding heritage value. Examples of assessment using this method are given. In this methodology, significance determination is based on rigorous comparisons of specific values. It is semi‐quantitative, repeatable, and robust. It differs from other geoheritage assessment methods in its combination of process‐based groupings (facilitating the separation of site type from heritage criteria), matrix structure (minimising complexities of scale or diversity), and use of numerical rankings as an aid in decision‐making. While the study for whichESCoMwas developed was focused on landforms, it can be used for other types of geoheritage (e.g. fossils, tectonic processes), with modification of matrix theme headings.
Noninvasive individual and species identification of jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in Belize, Central America using cross‐species microsatellites and faecalDNA
Authors: Wultsch Claudia , Waits Lisette P. , Kelly Marcella J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere is a great need to develop efficient, noninvasive genetic sampling methods to study wild populations of multiple, co‐occurring, threatened felids. This is especially important for molecular scatology studies occurring in challenging tropical environments whereDNAdegrades quickly and the quality of faecal samples varies greatly. We optimized 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and assessed their utility for cross‐species amplification. Additionally, we tested their reliability for species and individual identification usingDNAfrom faeces of wild felids detected by a scat detector dog across Belize in Central America. All microsatellite loci were successfully amplified in the three target species, were polymorphic with average expected heterozygosities ofHE = 0.60 ± 0.18 (SD) for jaguars,HE = 0.65 ± 0.21 (SD) for pumas andHE = 0.70 ± 0.13 (SD) for ocelots and had an overallPCRamplification success of 61%. We used this nuclearDNAprimer set to successfully identify species and individuals from 49% of 1053 field‐collected scat samples. This set of optimized microsatellite multiplexes represents a powerful tool for future efforts to conduct noninvasive studies on multiple, wild Neotropical felids.
Fifty years' development and future perspectives of psychiatric register research
Authors: Munk‐Jørgensen P. , Okkels N. , Golberg D. , Ruggeri M. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThis article illustrates the development of psychiatric register research and discusses the strengths, limitations, and possible directions for future activities.MethodExamples illustrating the development from the post‐World War II introduction of psychiatric register research until today are selected.ResultsThe strengths of register research are seen especially within health service. Until recently, when starting linking registers to biobanks, register research had limited value in cause‐seeking. Register research benefits from the possibilities for following identifiable persons over long time (lifelong) and the possibilities for linking to other registers and databases. Important limitations of register research are the heterogeneity and questionable validity of the clinical data collected.ConclusionFuture register research can go in the direction of big is beautiful collecting data from all possible sources creating giga‐registers. In that case, low data quality will still be an unsolved problem. Or it can take the direction of smaller local clinical databases which has many advantages, for example, integrating clinical knowledge and experience into register research. However, in that case, registers will not be able to deal with rare conditions and diseases.
Jointness through vessel capacity input in a multispecies fishery
Authors: Hansen Lars Gårn , Jensen Carsten Lynge 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe success of regulations of multispecies fisheries may depend critically on understanding output dependencies correctly. An example is purse seine fisheries that target several species over the season but are specialized in the sense that each species are targeted individually. Such fisheries are typically modeled as either independent single species fisheries or using standard multispecies functional forms characterized by jointness in inputs. We argue that production of each species is essentially independent but that jointness may be caused by competition for fixed but allocable input of vessel capacity. We develop a fixed but allocatable input model of purse seine fisheries capturing this particular type of jointness. We estimate the model for the Norwegian purse seine fishery and find that it is characterized by nonjointness, while estimations for this fishery using the standard models imply jointness.