bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E
llis,
A
lbert (1913–2007)
Authors: Dryden Windy 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Albert Ellis was the founder of rational emotive behavior therapy (
REBT
), the first approach within the cognitive‐behavioral tradition of psychotherapy. Ellis's background in the years before he founded
REBT
in 1955 is presented. His unconventional approach and controversial personality are discussed and his theoretical and practical contributions to the field delineated.
American Association for Applied Psychology (
AAAP
)
Authors: Routh Donald K. , Cautin Robin L. , Farreras Ingrid G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The American Association for Applied Psychology (
AAAP
) grew out of a group called the New York Association of Consulting Psychologists, whose president, David Mitchell (1884–1956), was perhaps the first clinical psychologist who earned his living in private practice. From 1937 to 1945 the
AACP
served as the main home for American applied psychologists. It provided the organizational structure adopted the American Psychological Association in 1945, including divisions in clinical, consulting, educational, industrial/organizational, and military psychology.
American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP)
Authors: Routh Donald K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP) was founded in 1917 and lasted only 2 years. It was incorporated into the American Psychological Association in 1919 as the Clinical Section. Its founder was Leta Hollingworth (1886–1939), a prominent feminist and later a professor at Teachers College of Columbia University. Its membership included many of the first generation of clinical psychologists.
Operationalism
Authors: Haslam Nick , Kvaale Erlend 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Operationalism is a philosophical position that argues that concepts should be defined using explicit operations or procedures. It underlies the currently dominant approach to psychiatric classification. Beginning with

DSM‐III

, psychiatric diagnoses are made on the basis of strict rules applied to explicit behavioral criteria. Operationalism has been controversial in the mental health professions because, according to its critics, it distorts our understanding of mental disorders and may not have delivered the benefits for diagnostic reliability and validity that it promised.
Conversion Disorder/Functional Neurological Disorder
Authors: Stone Jon , Carson Alan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Conversion disorder (previously called hysteria) describes neurological symptoms such as paralysis, movement disorder, or sudden collapses that are genuine but not related to disease. Although affected patients may appear to have a neurological disease such as multiple sclerosis or epilepsy, no structural disease process is evident, nor are symptoms deliberately feigned. Instead, brain function is disordered; hence, current preference for the term “functional neurological disorder.” Conversion symptoms exist at the interface between neurology and psychiatry and remain a common cause of disability and distress. The conundrum of hysteria was essential to the development of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which today is only one of many competing hypotheses to explain these intriguing symptoms.
Enuresis
Authors: Friman Patrick C. , Christophersen Edward R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Enuresis involves chronic urinary accidents occurring after the age at which children typically attain continence. Misunderstood, misinterpreted, and harshly treated throughout much of history, enuresis is now (relatively) well understood, its misinterpretations have largely been discarded, and effective treatment derived from behavioral theory is now widely available. This entry presents information on diagnosis, prevalence, causal influences, and treatment; it concludes with two caveats pertaining to treatment.
Autonomy/Respect for Persons
Authors: Singh Jay P. , Hylton Tatiana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Autonomy, also referred to as respect for persons, is a fundamental ethical principle that guides the clinical practice and research of mental health professionals. The principle obligates professionals to allow their patients and participants the freedom to make their own choices after having been apprised of the choices' potential costs and benefits. Research suggests that individuals who perceive that their right to autonomy is respected while undergoing therapy experience more positive emotions and more frequently report having recovered from their illnesses after therapeutic contact has ceased. Conflict can occur between a psychologist's obligation to provide the best care possible and the individual's right to choose the course of treatment, resulting in an ethical dilemma wherein beneficence and autonomy must be balanced. Such balance is achieved in clinical contexts through clinical transparency, and, when necessary, via legal channels, and through the use of informed consent procedures in research contexts.
Encopresis
Authors: Wassom Matthew C. , Christophersen Edward R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEncopresis or fecal incontinence is the voluntary or involuntary passage of stools in inappropriate places after chronological age of 4 years. Subtypes of encopresis include functional constipation and incontinence (retentive) and nonretentive fecal incontinence (no history of constipation). Because encopresis that is associated with functional constipation is much more prevalent, this subtype is the focus of most empirical work. The prevalence, etiology, and evidence‐based assessment and treatment of this condition are reviewed.
M
enninger
C
linic
Authors: Allen Jon G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Menninger Clinic was founded in Topeka, Kansas, in 1925 by Charles F. Menninger and his two sons, Karl and William. It pioneered psychoanalytically oriented, long‐term hospital treatment. The clinic's 1940 recruitment of David Rapaport to direct psychology and research led to notable contributions in diagnostic psychological testing. The institution became the largest center for psychiatric training in the country, and included postdoctoral training in clinical psychology. Continuing its specialization in psychotherapeutic hospital treatment, the clinic relocated to Houston, Texas, in 2003, to affiliate with the Baylor College of Medicine.
Mental Health Courts or Therapeutic Courts
Authors: DeMatteo David , Davis Jennie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMental health courts are specialized courts that offer an alternative to standard prosecution for criminal offenders who have mental health problems. The goal of mental health courts is to prevent the incarceration of offenders with mental health problems by linking eligible offenders with community‐based mental health and substance use treatment services. Program participation is monitored through judicial status hearings, and sanctions and rewards are used to increase compliance with program requirements. Upon completion of the mental health program, offenders typically receive reduced sentencing or their charges may be dropped. Although eligibility requirements and court operations vary across jurisdictions, research suggests that mental health courts increase access to and provision of behavioral health services and reduce recidivism rates in a cost‐effective manner. There are nearly 200 mental health courts in the United States, with many more in the planning stages.
One‐with‐Many Design
Authors: Marcus David K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Most psychotherapy research uses a “one‐with‐many” (
OWM
) design in which each therapist treats multiple patients. Unfortunately, such a design runs the risk of violating the assumption of independence. The
OWM
model is an extension of the social relations model that resolves the problems associated with nonindependence. It also addresses theoretically meaningful and clinically relevant questions that have received limited empirical attention. For example, recent
OWM
studies of the therapeutic alliance have found low levels of consensus among patients treated by the same therapists. Instead, the quality of the therapeutic alliance is largely relational, specific to the unique therapist–patient combination. Although the few extant
OWM
model psychotherapy studies have focused on the therapeutic alliance, the
OWM
model can be applied to a variety of other psychotherapy research questions.
P
rep
, the Probability of Replicating an Effect
Authors: Killeen Peter R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

P
rep
, gives the probability that an equally powered replication attempt will provide supportive evidence—an effect of the same sign as the original, or, if preferred, the probability of a significant effect in replication.
P
rep
is based on a standard Bayesian construct, the posterior predictive distribution. It may be used in three modes: to evaluate evidence, to inform belief, and to guide action. In the first case the simple
p
rep
is used; in the second, it is augmented with estimates of realization variance and informed priors; in the third it is embedded in a decision theory.
P
rep
throws new light on replicability intervals, multiple comparisons, traditional α levels, and longitudinal studies. As the area under a diagnostic sensitivity versus specificity curve, it constitutes a criterion‐free measure of test quality.
Justice
Authors: Stiles Paul G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTraditionally, justice requires that everyone in a society attains what he or she is due from the society. Some simply assert that justice means “fairness.” There are a number of types of justice including retributive justice, where punishment can re‐establish an equilibrium of fairness, and distributive justice, where rights and scarce resources are allocated according to one or more systematic principles to ensure fairness. The American Psychological Association specifically lists justice in its list of general principles reflecting the need for psychologists to apply justice concepts in a variety of contexts including clinical decision making and research initiatives.
S
zasz,
T
homas
S
. (1920–2012)
Authors: Schaler Jeffrey A. , Vatz Richard E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Thomas S. Szasz (1920–2012) influenced psychiatry and other mental health professions by arguing that “mental illness” was an inaccurate and improper scientific and medical term to apply to the description and explanation of behaviors. Asserting that diseases refer only to cellular and histological abnormalities, not behaviors, Szasz influenced the way psychiatrists and laypeople think about the medicalization of socially deviant behavior. His primary values comprised promoting individual autonomy and interpreting behavior as motivated by conscious choices and therefore are the responsibility of the agent. Consistent with these values, Szasz fervently defended the Constitutional rights of people involuntarily committed to mental institutions; he also argued against attempts to absolve individuals of criminal responsibility through variations on the insanity defense.
Schema Therapy
Authors: Jacob Gitta , Arntz Arnoud 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Schema therapy (ST) is an extension of cognitive behavioral therapy developed for the treatment of personality disorders and other chronic psychological conditions. It integrates cognitive, emotional, and behavioral techniques derived from various therapeutic approaches, and emphasizes the role of a supportive “reparenting” therapeutic relationship. The original approach to ST focused mainly on early maladaptive schemas, but more recent versions utilize the concept of schema modes, which describe various emotional states associated with maladaptive schemas. Experiential treatment techniques, particularly imagery rescripting, are central to the treatment of negative schema‐related emotions. The effectiveness of ST has been demonstrated in the treatment of borderline personality disorder and six other personality disorders. Current research on ST is focused on the effectiveness of ST for patients with other chronic mental conditions, as a group therapy approach, and for forensic patients with personality disorders.
Diversion
Authors: DeMatteo David , Strohmaier Heidi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Diversion is a general term for all community‐based alternatives to standard prosecution that occur before a criminal offender has entered a plea or gone to trial. The goal of diversion is to balance society's interest in punishing offenders with the criminal justice system's interest in reducing recidivism in a cost‐effective manner. Diversion seeks to accomplish these objectives by addressing the underlying treatment needs of subsets of criminal offenders, including those who are drug involved and/or mentally ill. Various community‐based alternatives to incarceration have been designed to provide treatment, social services, and supervision to diverted offenders, and different forms of diversion are implemented along various “intercepts” or stages in the criminal justice process. These include a number of prebooking initiatives such as crisis intervention teams and co‐responder models, and postbooking initiatives such as mental health courts and drug courts.
M
illon
I
nventories (
MCMI
,
MACI
,
M
‐
PACI
,
MBMD
)
Authors: Millon(deceased) Theodore , Millon Carrie 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The theoretical grounding of the various Millon Inventories is presented in some detail. An evolutionary model is given a key role in explicating the distinctive
DSM
‐related personality disorders that serve as the foundation of these clinical assessment tools. Four popular and well‐regarded inventories are presented and discussed: the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐IV (MCMI‐IV), Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI), Millon Pre‐Adolescent Clinical Inventory (M‐PACI), and Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic inventory (MBMD).
P
rince,
M
orton (1854–1929)
Authors: Stephenson Hugh 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Morton Prince (1859–1929) was a pioneer in the study of psychopathology. He wrote early works on dissociation, the unconscious, multiple personality disorder, and treated hysterical patients. He taught medical students, employed hypnosis, and used patients in his lectures. He also founded the Harvard Clinic, an important early center for the study of personality.
Treatment Feedback Research
Authors: Lambert Michael J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTreatment feedback research is a relatively new field of study aimed at reducing treatment failure and nonresponse by measuring patient mental health functioning on a weekly basis and providing this information to clinicians and patients as they undergo psychological and psychopharmacological interventions. Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that patients have better treatment outcomes when such procedures are put into place, particularly when the feedback to clinicians and patients include alerts that a patient is not responding to treatment as expected. These interventions can be recommended for routine practice because they reduce deterioration rates by two thirds and double the proportion of patients who improve or recover, and they are easy and inexpensive to implement. Progress feedback with alerts is an evidence‐based practice.
Odds Ratio
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The odds ratio compares two probabilities,
p
1 and
p
2, defined as the ratio of the odds
p
1 / (1 −
p
1) to the odds
p
2 / (1 −
p
2). There are many advantages to using the odds ratio, including the facts that, in theory, the same parameter can be estimated from naturalistic, prospective, and retrospective sampling, and that modeling is often facilitated by the use of odds rather than probabilities. However, there are serious problems as well, because other than the null value (odds ratio = 1), it is difficult to interpret the magnitude of the odds ratio.
Dodo Bird Verdict in Psychotherapy
Authors: Elliott Katherine , Barker Keegan K. , Hunsley John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The dodo bird verdict is a debate in psychotherapy that has spanned nearly a century. Initially proposed by Rozenzweig (1936), it states that all psychotherapies are essentially equivalent and accomplish the same goal of human change. Although largely abandoned after the emergence of treatment‐outcome studies, it resurfaced in the mid 1970s as researchers began empirically examining the comparative effects of psychological treatments. In 1980, with the development of meta‐analysis, the debate peaked as researchers argued for or against the verdict, often citing the same empirical data. Today the argument continues but the debate is often focused on the research methodology used, both in conducting the research and interpreting findings.
Anti‐Anxiety and Anti‐Insomnia Medications
Authors: Lader Malcolm 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDrugs that lessen anxiety are calledanxiolytic,anti‐anxiety, or (minor)tranquilizers.Hypnoticsare taken to induce sleep. The main groups of medications relevant to anxiety and insomnia are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine and paroxetine), the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., venlafaxine and duloxetine), the benzodiazepines (BZDs) (e.g., diazepam and lorazepam), and others, including buspirone, pregabalin, and herbal remedies. Other hypnotic drugs are antihistamines, some sedative antidepressants, and melatonin antagonists. Each group of medications has shown some efficacy, at least in the short term. Adverse reactions are usually not severe, although theBZDscan cause dependence in the long term and withdrawal reactions with discontinuation of use.
Essentialism versus Nominalism
Authors: Kvaale Erlend , Haslam Nick 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Essentialism is the philosophical position that concepts are underpinned by fixed, identity‐determining essences. It is often contrasted with nominalism, the view that concepts are mental constructions that reflect social and linguistic conventions. This contrast is fundamental to several debates in clinical psychology, notably whether the concept of “mental disorder” should be understood in an essentialist way, whether particular disorders represent essence‐based “natural kinds,” and whether essentialist thinking about mental disorders among laypeople is linked to mental illness stigma. The implications of the essentialism versus nominalism distinction within these three domains are reviewed.
Child Pornography Offending
Authors: Ray James V. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Advancements in technology and the advent of the internet have resulted in a recent proliferation of child pornography (CP) offending. This growth in CP has captured the attention of law enforcement, clinicians, and researchers. This entry focuses on some of the key issues surrounding CP offending, including its conceptualization, etiology, offender characteristics, associated behaviors, prognosis, and treatment. A growing body of somewhat limited research provides a basis for better understanding CP offending. This entry presents some of the major limitations of research on CP offending, as well as promising avenues for future research.
Energy Meridian Therapies
Authors: Pignotti Monica 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Energy meridian therapies (
EMT
) propose to treat people for psychological distress by stimulating designated points on the body, usually by finger tapping. The two best known forms of
EMT
are thought field therapy (
TFT
) and the emotional freedom technique (
EFT
). Since the mid 1980s, proponents of
TFT
,
EFT
and other
EMTs
have made a number of extraordinary claims that these therapies can treat a wide variety of psychological and physical disorders successfully, often within minutes. The claims are based mainly on testimonials, anecdotes, and uncontrolled case reports. Extant controlled studies, published and conducted by proponents and mostly published in alternative therapy journals, did not employ a placebo sham control group. The two controlled studies that included sham control groups yielded null results, indicating that the positive effects were likely due to placebo and nonspecific treatment effects rather than tapping on energy meridian points. At present, the American Psychological Association does not consider
EMTs
to be empirically supported.
Jury Selection and Voir Dire
Authors: Blais Julie , Singh Jay P. , Pappas John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe right to a fair trial by an impartial jury of one's peers is guaranteed under the 6th and 14th Amendments of the United States' Constitution. Jury selection is accomplished through voir dire (“to speak the truth”), a process where potential jurors are questioned by attorneys and/or the judge in order to ascertain their suitability to serve on the jury. The goal of voir dire is to eliminate potential jurors who are ineligible due to statutory regulations, insurmountable biases, or refusal to apply the law as it is written. In the past 30 years, scientific jury selection (SJS), the process of applying scientific research methodology and psychological theory to jury selection, has become increasingly prevalent.
Combined Treatments (Medications plus Psychotherapy)
Authors: Dalrymple Kristy L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Research has sought to examine how medication and psychotherapy can be combined to produce better outcomes. For most of the major mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, the evidence supports the use of combined medication and psychotherapy in their acute treatment. However, there is less evidence to support the long‐term efficacy of combined treatment over either monotherapy. The current literature on the treatment of anxiety disorders in adults, and depression and anxiety in children and adolescents, also suggests that combined treatment is more efficacious in the short term relative to monotherapy. However, research in these areas also indicates that over the long term, psychotherapy alone is more efficacious compared to combined treatment or medication alone. Limitations of the current state of the evidence are highlighted, as well as areas in which additional research is needed to better determine the efficacy of combined treatment over either monotherapy.
Medical Child Abuse/Munchausen by Proxy
Authors: Roesler Thomas A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMedical child abuse (MCA) is the form of child maltreatment characterized by a child receiving unnecessary and harmful or potentially harmful medical care as the result of actions of a parent or caregiver. Previously known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy, pediatric condition falsification, or factitious disorder by proxy,MCAis similar to other forms of child maltreatment in many ways but differs in having the parent inflict harm by inserting false information in the medical treatment process. A parent can cause his or her child to have a symptom and then lie about it, falsify or exaggerate a symptom, or otherwise induce medical care providers to give care that is not necessary. Perpetrators may have many different motivations. Treatment consists of stopping the unnecessary care, reversing the harmful effects, and inducing the offending parent to interact with the medical care community in a healthy way.