bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of Adult Horses with Botulism Treated at a Veterinary Hospital: 92 Cases (1989–2013)
Authors: Johnson A.L. , McAdams‐Gallagher S.C. , Aceto H. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundThere are no studies evaluating a large population of adult horses treated for botulism. Reported survival rates in outbreak situations are low; however, many horses in outbreaks do not receive treatment.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThat adult horses treated at a veterinary hospital would have improved survival compared to outbreak situations. Additional aims included identification of predictors of nonsurvival.AnimalsAll horses greater than 6 months of age with a final diagnosis of botulism admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital between 1989 and 2013 were included.MethodsRetrospective study. Historical, admission, and hospitalization data were retrieved from medical records and associations between variables and nonsurvival were identified using logistic regression. Two multivariable models were developed pertaining to (1) information available at admission and (2) clinical findings during hospitalization.ResultsNinety‐two records met inclusion criteria. Retained variables for the two models indicated that higher rectal temperature (OR, 1.94; CI, 1.19–3.17) and dysphagia (OR, 4.04; CI, 1.01–16.17) observed at admission increased the odds of survival, as did treatment with antitoxin (OR, 121.30; CI, 9.94–1,480.65). Horses with abnormal respiratory effort or inability to stand had decreased odds of survival. Overall survival was 48% but was significantly higher (67%,P = .011) for horses that arrived standing, and even higher (95%,P < .001) for horses that remained able to stand throughout hospitalization. Complications occurred in 62% of horses but were not associated with nonsurvival.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHorses that lose the ability to stand have a poor chance of survival. Complications are common in treated horses but do not reduce survival.
Association between Estrus and Onset of Seizures in Dogs with Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Van Meervenne S.A.E. , Volk H.A. , Van Ham L.M.L. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundCatamenial epilepsy in humans is defined as changes in seizure frequency over the course of the menstrual cycle. Three hormonally based patterns of seizure exacerbation have been determined.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between onset of seizures and the estrous cycle in intact bitches with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy and whether a pattern to the onset of seizures could be recognized.AnimalsForty‐five intact female dogs from a hospital population with a presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy.MethodsIn a retrospective study, the database of a small animal hospital in Sweden was searched for medical records of intact female dogs diagnosed with epilepsy or seizures. The stage of the estrous cycle as reported either by the owner or the veterinarian at the time of the first seizure was noted.ResultsOf the 45 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, 17 (38%) had their first seizure when in heat and six dogs (13%) had their first seizure 1–3 months after heat. Nine dogs (20%) had seizures reoccurring in relation to their estrous cycle.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese findings suggest an association between estrus and onset of seizures in intact bitches with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy. Two hormonally based patterns could be recognized: one during heat and one during a specific time point at the end of diestrus. This could be explained by the proconvulsive effects of estrogen or loss of protective effect against seizures of progesterone, respectively.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and subcutaneous cefovecin in alpacas
Authors: Cox S. , Sommardahl C. , Seddighi R. , Videla R. , Hayes J. , Pistole N. , Hamill M. , Doherty T. 
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cefovecin after intravenous and subcutaneous dose of 8 mg/kg to alpacas. Bacterial infections requiring long‐term antibiotic therapy such as neonatal bacteremia, pneumonia, peritonitis, dental, and uterine infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this species. However, few antimicrobials have been evaluated and proven to have favorable pharmacokinetics for therapeutic use. Most antimicrobials that are currently used require daily injections for many days. Cefovecin is a long‐acting cephalosporin that is formulated for subcutaneous administration, and its long‐elimination half‐life allows for 14‐day dosing intervals in dogs and cats. The properties of cefovecin may be advantageous for medical treatment of camelids due to its broad spectrum, route of administration, and long duration of activity. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of antimicrobial drugs in camelids is essential for the proper treatment and prevention of bacterial disease, and to minimize development of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains due to inadequate antibiotic concentrations. Cefovecin mean half‐life, volume of distribution at steady‐state, and clearance after intravenous administration were 10.3 h, 86 mL/kg, and 7.07 mL·h/kg. The bioavailability was 143%, while half‐life, Cmax, and Tmaxwere 16.9 h, 108 μg/mL, and 2.8 h following subcutaneous administration. In the absence of additional microbial susceptibility data for alpaca pathogens, the current cefovecin dosage regimen prescribed for dogs (8 mg/kg SC every 14 days) may need to be optimized for the treatment of infections in this species.
Crystal chemistry of merrillite from Martian meteorites: Mineralogical recorders of magmatic processes and planetary differentiation
Authors: Shearer C. K. , Burger P. V. , Papike J. J. , McCubbin F. M. , Bell A. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMerrillite is a ubiquitous accessory phase in a variety of Martian meteorite lithologies. The Martian merrillites exhibit a positive correlation between Mg# and Na and a negative correlation between Mg# and both Mn and vacancies in the octahedral Na‐site. Their REE patterns are varied and range from LREE‐depleted to LREE‐enriched. The dominant cation substitutions in the Martian merrillites are Fe2+VI Mg‐site⇔Mg2+VI Mg‐site and Ca2+VI Na‐site + □VI Na‐site⇔2Na+VI Na‐site. The REE substitution into the 8‐fold coordinated Ca‐site is accommodated by the coupled substitution CaVIII Ca‐site + (Na)VI Na‐site ⇔(Y3+ + REE3+)VIII Ca‐site + □VI Na‐site. The REE substitution is significantly more prevalent in lunar merrillite and can be used as a “fingerprint” to distinguish lunar from Martian meteorites. The substitution of OH− (whitlockite) and/or F− (bobdownsite) for O2− on one of the phosphate tetrahedrons appears to be rather insignificant. The correlations among Na, Mg#, Mn, and Na‐site vacancies are linked to the premerrillite crystallization history of the melt and the crystal chemical behavior of the Mg‐ and Na‐sites. The former reflects the sequence and extent of plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization. The differences in REE pattern shapes among the merrillites reflect source regions for the Martian basalts and the shapes are not greatly perturbed by the crystallization history. The occurrence of merrillite does not imply low‐volatile component in the Martian magmas. However, the low whitlockite and bobdownsite contents suggest that these samples were not altered by hydrothermal fluids and therefore not reset owing to aqueous fluid interactions. Consequently, the young ages of the shergottites are probably true igneous crystallization ages.
Revisiting the Rochechouart impact structure, France
Authors: Sapers Haley M. , Osinski Gordon R. , Banerjee Neil R. , Ferrière Ludovic , Lambert Philippe , Izawa Matthew R. M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Rochechouart impact structure, south‐central France (45o50′N, 0o46′E), is a partly eroded, approximately 200 Myr, complex impact structure. The impactite suite at Rochechouart provides an excellent example of gradational boundaries and transitional lithologies that have been historically difficult to classify with standard impactite nomenclature. Here, we present the first detailed scanning electron microscopy‐based description of the Rochechouart impactites integrated with hand‐sample and petrographic observations with the goal of understanding the clast‐matrix relationships of transitional lithologies. Three main impact‐generated hydrothermal alteration assemblages are also recognized: (1) argillic‐like, (2) carbonate, and (3) oxide. Our results support the existence of a continuum between clast‐rich impact melt rocks and glass‐rich clastic breccias (suevites) that must be represented in universal classification schemes. This suite of impactites from the Rochechouart impact structure is used as a test case for a recently published classification scheme based on the nature of the groundmass setting a precedent for classification of impactites with limited to no geological context such as deeply eroded terrestrial impact structures and future sample return missions. The re‐evaluation of the melt‐bearing Rochechouart impactites questions the currently accepted size of the crater, suggesting a much larger original crater diameter.
US evidence‐based dietary guidelines: The history and the process
Authors: Rowe S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSince 1980, the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture have published the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) for the purpose of promoting the health of the American public. Based on the scientific findings from a select group of scientists known as the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC), as well as public input, the DGA are the cornerstone of federal food and nutrition policy and education in the United States. The DGAC is formed and their work is governed by a transparent, consistent, systematic process. Topic formation influences expertise solicited for the DGAC, and the DGAC expertise and perspectives influence the interpretation of the best available evidence. The evidence considered by the DGAC can be submitted by the public, but must be published in peer‐reviewed journals, and is systematically reviewed for quality before inclusion in the Nutrition Evidence Library. The DGAC report informs the formation of the DGA, which is the US nutrition policy document. The 2010 DGA influence remains apparent through high‐profile initiatives such as ‘Let's Move!’ and ‘MyPlate’. The effects of the DGA are pervasive in American life, even if not well recognised, through both federal and non‐profit food and nutrition programmes, as well as a broad range of nutrition education initiatives.
Wnt5A promotes an adaptive, senescent‐like stress response, while continuing to drive invasion in melanoma cells
Authors: Webster Marie R. , Xu Mai , Kinzler Kathryn A. , Kaur Amanpreet , Appleton Jessica , O'Connell Michael P. , Marchbank Katie , Valiga Alexander , Dang Vanessa M. , Perego Michela , Zhang Gao , Slipicevic Ana , Keeney Frederick , Lehrmann Elin , Wood William , Becker Kevin G. , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Frederick Dennie T. , Flaherty Keith T. , Xu Xiaowei , Herlyn Meenhard , Murphy Maureen E. , Weeraratna Ashani T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe have previously shown that Wnt5A drives invasion in melanoma. We have also shown that Wnt5A promotes resistance to therapy designed to target the BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma. Here, we show that melanomas characterized by high levels of Wnt5A respond to therapeutic stress by increasing p21 and expressing classical markers of senescence, including positivity for senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal), senescence‐associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), H3K9Me chromatin marks, and PML bodies. We find that despite this, these cells retain their ability to migrate and invade. Further, despite the expression of classic markers of senescence such as SA‐β‐gal and SAHF, these Wnt5A‐high cells are able to colonize the lungs in in vivo tail vein colony‐forming assays. This clearly underscores the fact that these markers do not indicate true senescence in these cells, but instead an adaptive stress response that allows the cells to evade therapy and invade. Notably, silencing Wnt5A reduces expression of these markers and decreases invasiveness. The combined data point to Wnt5A as a master regulator of an adaptive stress response in melanoma, which may contribute to therapy resistance.
Tick salivary cystatin sialostatin L2 suppresses IFN responses in mouse dendritic cells
Authors: Lieskovská J. , Páleníková J. , Širmarová J. , Elsterová J. , Kotsyfakis M. , Campos Chagas A. , Calvo E. , Růžek D. , Kopecký J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryType I interferon (IFN), mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs), is critical in the host defence against tick‐transmitted pathogens. Here, we report that salivary cysteine protease inhibitor from the hard tick Ixodes scapularis, sialostatin L2, affects IFN‐β mediated immune reactions in mouse dendritic cells. Following IFN receptor ligation, the Janus activated kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is activated. We show that sialostatin L2 attenuates phosphorylation of STATs in spleen dendritic cells upon addition of recombinant IFN‐β. LPS‐stimulated dendritic cells release IFN‐β which in turn leads to the induction of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISG) through JAK/STAT pathway activation. The induction of two ISG, interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF‐7) and IP‐10, was suppressed by sialostatin L2 in LPS‐stimulated dendritic cells. Finally, the interference of sialostatin L2 with IFN action led to the enhanced replication of tick‐borne encephalitis virus in DC. In summary, we present here that tick salivary cystatin negatively affects IFN‐β responses which may consequently increase the pathogen load after transmission via tick saliva.
Silencing of OPR3 in tomato reveals the role of OPDA in callose deposition during the activation of defense responses against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Scalschi Loredana , Sanmartín Maite , Camañes Gemma , Troncho Pilar , Sánchez‐Serrano José J. , García‐Agustín Pilar , Vicedo Begonya 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCis‐(+)‐12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is likely to play signaling roles in plant defense that do not depend on its further conversion to the phytohormone jasmonic acid. To elucidate the role of OPDA in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plant defense, we have silenced the 12‐oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) gene. Two independent transgenic tomato lines (SiOPR3‐1 and SiOPR3‐2) showed significantly reduced OPR3 expression upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, SiOPR3 plants are more susceptible to this pathogen, and this susceptibility is accompanied by a significant decrease in OPDA levels and by the production of JA‐Ile being almost abolished. OPR3 silencing also leads to a major reduction in the expression of other genes of the jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling pathways after infection. These results confirm that in tomato plants, as in Arabidopsis, OPR3 determines OPDA availability for JA biosynthesis. In addition, we show that an intact JA biosynthetic pathway is required for proper callose deposition, as its pathogen‐induced accumulation is reduced in SiOPR3 plants. Interestingly, OPDA, but not JA, treatment restored basal resistance to B. cinerea and induced callose deposition in SiOPR3‐1 and SiOPR3‐2 transgenic plants. These results provide clear evidence that OPDA by itself plays a major role in the basal defense of tomato plants against this necrotrophic pathogen.
p115–SNARE Interactions: A Dynamic Cycle of p115 Binding Monomeric SNARE Motifs and Releasing Assembled Bundles
Authors: Wang Ting , Grabski Robert , Sztul Elizabeth , Hay Jesse C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTethering factors regulate the targeting of membrane‐enclosed vesicles under the control of Rab GTPases. p115, a golgin family tether, has been shown to participate in multiple stages of ER/Golgi transport. Despite extensive study, the mechanism of action of p115 is poorly understood. SNARE proteins make up the machinery for membrane fusion, and strong evidence shows that function of p115 is directly linked to its interaction with SNAREs. Using a gel filtration binding assay, we have demonstrated that in solution p115 stably interacts with ER/Golgi SNAREs rbet1 and sec22b, but not membrin and syntaxin 5. These binding preferences stemmed from selectivity of p115 for monomeric SNARE motifs as opposed to SNARE oligomers. Soluble monomeric rbet1 can compete off p115 from coat protein II (COPII) vesicles. Furthermore, excess p115 inhibits p115 function in trafficking. We conclude that monomeric SNAREs are a major binding site for p115 on COPII vesicles, and that p115 dissociates from its SNARE partners upon SNAREpin assembly. Our results suggest a model in which p115 forms a mixed p115/SNARE helix bundle with a monomeric SNARE, facilitates the binding activity and/or concentration of the SNARE at prefusion sites and is subsequently ejected as SNARE complex formation and fusion proceed.
Parallel Pump-Controlled Multi-Chamber Cylinder
Authors: Niemi-Pynttäri Olli , Linjama Matti , Laamanen Arto , Huhtala Kalevi 
Published: November 2014

This study focused on the use of fixed displacement pumps in parallel connection to control the velocity of a multi-chamber cylinder piston. The system’s basic principle was to combine the discrete flow supply control of parallel pumps with the discrete effective area control of a multi-chamber cylinder to produce a speed control resolution high enough for accurate velocity tracking and positioning. Some throttling was used in the return line to control the system with overrunning loads.
The properties of the system were tested with a 1-DOF boom mockup mimicking a medium-sized mobile machine boom. The test system revealed a feature that caused load acceleration to drop when the effective cylinder area was reduced during movement. Additionally, some delay was observed in accelerating the piston against the load force. These two system properties along with the discrete control method resulted in mediocre speed and position tracking in the system when movement was directed against the load force. The system was able to control restricting and overrunning loads as well as a large inertia mass with a low load force. The system’s energy losses were low considering that no pressure accumulators were used, but the throttling losses in the return line and the lack of energy recuperation leave room for improvement.
Shape‐based motion correction in dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI for quantitative assessment of renal function
Authors: Liu Wenyang , Sung Kyunghyun , Ruan Dan 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:To incorporate a newly developed shape‐based motion estimation scheme into magnetic resonance urography (MRU) and verify its efficacy in facilitating quantitative functional analysis.Methods:The authors propose a motion compensation scheme in MRU that consists of three sequential modules: MRU image acquisition, motion compensation, and quantitative functional analysis. They designed two sets of complementary experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. In the first experiment, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR images were acquired from three sedated subjects, from which clinically valid estimates were derived and served as the “ground truth.” Physiologically sound motion was then simulated to synthesize image sequences influenced by respiratory motion. Quantitative assessment and comparison were performed on functional estimates of Patlak number, glomerular filtration rate, and Patlak differential renal function without and with motion compensation against the ground truth. In the second experiment, the authors acquired a temporal series of noncontrast MR images under free breathing from a healthy adult subject. The performance of the proposed method on compensating real motion was evaluated by comparing the standard deviation of the obtained temporal intensity curves before and after motion compensation.Results:On DCE‐MR images with simulated motion, the generated relative enhancement curves exhibited large perturbations and the Patlak numbers of the left and right kidney were significantly underestimated up to 35% and 34%, respectively, compared with the ground truth. After motion compensation, the relative enhancement curves exhibited much less perturbations and Patlak estimation errors reduced within 3% and 4% for the left and right kidneys, respectively. On clinical free‐breathing MR images, the temporal intensity curves exhibited significantly reduced variations after motion compensation, with standard deviation decreased from 30.3 and 38.2 to 8.3 and 11.7 within two manually selected regions of interest, respectively.Conclusions:The developed motion compensation method has demonstrated its ability to facilitate quantitative MRU functional analysis, with improved accuracy of pharmacokinetic modeling and quantitative parameter estimations. Future work will consider performing more intensive clinical verifications with sophisticated pharmacokinetic models and generalizing the proposed method to other quantitative DCE analysis, such as on liver or prostate function.
Organ localization: Toward prospective patient‐specific organ dosimetry in computed tomography
Authors: Segars W. P. , Rybicki K. , Norris Hannah , Frush D. , Samei E. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:With increased focus on radiation dose from medical imaging, prospective radiation dose estimates are becoming increasingly desired. Using available populations of adult and pediatric patient phantoms, radiation dose calculations can be catalogued and prospectively applied to individual patients that best match certain anatomical characteristics. In doing so, the knowledge of organ size and location is a required element. Here, the authors develop a predictive model of organ locations and volumes based on an analysis of adult and pediatric computed tomography (CT) data.Methods:Fifty eight adult and 69 pediatric CT datasets were segmented and utilized in the study. The maximum and minimum points of the organs were recorded with respect to the axial distance from the tip of the sacrum. The axial width, midpoint, and volume of each organ were calculated. Linear correlations between these three organ parameters and patient age, BMI, weight, and height were determined.Results:No statistically significant correlations were found in adult patients between the axial width, midpoint, and volume of the organs versus the patient age or BMI. Slight, positive linear trends were found for organ midpoint versus patient weight (max r2 = 0.382, mean r2 = 0.236). Similar trends were found for organ midpoint versus height (max r2 = 0.439, mean r2 = 0.200) and for organ volume versus height (max r2 = 0.410, mean r2 = 0.153). Gaussian fits performed on probability density functions of the adult organs resulted in r2‐values ranging from 0.96 to 0.996. The pediatric patients showed much stronger correlations overall. Strong correlations were observed between organ axial midpoint versus age, height, and weight (max r2 = 0.842, mean r2 = 0.790; max r2 = 0.949, mean r2 = 0.894; and max r2 = 0.870, mean r2 = 0.847, respectively). Moderate linear correlations were also observed for organ axial width versus height (max r2 = 0.772, mean r2 = 0.562) and for organ volume versus height (max r2 = 0.781, mean r2 = 0.601).Conclusions:Adult patients exhibited small variations in organ volume and location with respect to height and weight, but no meaningful correlation existed between these parameters and age or BMI. Once adulthood is reached, organ morphology and positioning seem to remain static. However, clear trends are evident between pediatric organ locations versus age, height, and weight. Such information can be incorporated into a matching methodology that may provide the highest probability of representing the anatomy of a patient undergoing a clinical exam to prospectively estimate the radiation dose.