bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Level of disclosure of the impairment by Brazilian Banks: An Application of Content Analysis based on Notes
Authors: Lucena Wenner Glaucio Lopes , Fernandes Maria Sueli Arnoud , França José Antonio de , Capelletto Lucio Rodrigues 
Published: September 2014

A crescente necessidade de reconhecer, evidenciar e evidenciar as imparidades dos ativos faz com que diversos setores econômicos, inclusive o financeiro, se deparem com constantes conflitos para realizar tais processos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar empiricamente o processo de evidenciação das informações sobre impairment na estrutura das Notas Explicativas dos doze maiores bancos no Brasil. Para tal, analisou-se o conteúdo das fontes externas nas Notas Explicativas de cada banco, com base em classificações previamente estabelecidas na metodologia. Para direcionar a análise, foram apresentadas três tabelas que serviram de base para apresentar os resultados que evidenciam o Impairment Test. Os resultados evidenciaram semelhança entre os doze bancos no que concerne à insuficiência de informação para aplicação do teste de imparidade. Há indícios de que existem ativos (financeiro e não financeiro) avaliados por valor superior ao valor de recuperação financeira, com exceção de um que declara contemplar o procedimento na avaliação dos seus ativos. Cabe salientar que os bancos brasileiros estão em processo de adoção das normas relacionadas à recuperação de ativos e ainda aguardam pronunciamentos mais detalhados do Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) para a devida utilização do critério. Não obstante, constatou-se o esforço de alguns bancos para evidenciar o impairment em suas notas explicativas.
Dermoscopic characteristics of nodular squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma
Authors: Lin Matthew J. , Pan Yan , Kelly John W. 
Published: September 2014

Background: Nodular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and keratoacanthoma (KA) may mimic a variety of other benign and malignant non-pigmented nodules.
Objectives: To analyze the dermoscopic characteristics of nodular SCC and KA.
Patients/Methods: Retrospective analysis of 50 nodular SCCs and 8 KAs collected from a tertiary dermatology referral center and a private dermatology practice in Melbourne, Australia, between 1 September 2009 and 1 October 2012. All lesions were nodules; defined as firm, elevated, round, palpable tumors with a diameter of 5 mm or more. Clinical and dermoscopic images were evaluated by two examiners in consensus.
Results: Signs of keratinization were frequently observed and included keratin crust/scale (90% of SCCs, 100% of KAs), central keratin mass (32% of SCCs, 88% of KAs), white structureless areas (66% of SCCs, 50% of KAs), white circles (32% of SCCs, 38% of KAs) and white keratin pearls (14% of SCCs, 12% of KAs). Hemorrhage was present in 72% of SCCs and 88% of KAs and preferentially occurred centrally and in areas of keratinization. For nodular SCCs and KAs, we observed glomerular vessels (42% and 25% respectively), linear irregular vessels (36% and 25% respectively), atypical vessels (30% and 38% respectively) and hairpin vessels (30% and 25% respectively).
Conclusions: Hemorrhage, keratinization and vascular features (glomerular, hairpin and linear irregular morphologies) are useful in diagnosing both nodular SCC and KA. Further research on the comparative dermoscopic characteristics of a range of amelanotic nodules is important in order to improve diagnosis of these clinically challenging tumors.
Papulonecrotic tuberculid—clinicopathologic and molecular features of 12 Indian patients
Authors: Tirumalae Rajalakshmi , Yeliur Inchira K. , Antony Meryl , George Geojith , Kenneth John 
Published: September 2014

Background: Papulonecrotic tuberculid (PNT) is said to be a hypersensitivity reaction to M. tuberculosis. Some reports indicate that organisms are demonstrable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Methods: We describe 12 patients with PNT over 6 years. We reviewed the histopathologic features, clinical data and follow-up. PCR for M. tuberculosis DNA was done in all cases.
Results: There were 7 men and 5 women. The ages ranged from 3-58 years. Upper limbs were commonly involved (8 cases). All patients had multiple papulonodular lesions, 5 showed ulceration and scarring. Mantoux test was strongly positive in all. Seven patients had systemic tuberculosis.
On microscopy, necrosis was seen in 11 cases, varying from minimal to extensive. Epithelioid granulomas were common, except for 1 case with palisading and interstitial patterns. The infiltrate showed mostly lymphocytes, while 3 cases showed eosinophils. Vasculitis was seen in 8 cases. Two cases had dermal mucin, one also with interface dermatitis. This patient had concurrent LE. Mycobacterial DNA was detectable by PCR in 3 cases. Seven patients showed improvement/resolution of lesions on treatment.
Conclusions: PNT is a rare disease. A positive PCR reiterates the question whether these are “tuberculids”. PNT may be better classified as true cutaneous tuberculosis and patients screened for systemic disease.
Nodular melanoma: five consecutive cases in a general practice with polarized and non-polarized dermatoscopy and dermatopathology
Authors: Rosendahl Cliff , Hishon Matthew , Cameron Alan , Barksdale Sarah , Weedon David , Kittler Harald 
Published: September 2014

Background: The incidence of nodular melanoma (NM) has been consistently described as at least 10-15% of total melanomas for over 15 years despite advances in diagnostic algorithms and medical technology. NMs are strongly correlated with faster rates of growth and poorer prognosis and thus provide clinicians with a challenge for early recognition.
Objective: To evaluate diagnostic clues of consecutive histopathologically proven NMs in one general practice with particular emphasis on dermatoscopic characteristics and compare this to the published literature.
Method: A retrospective observational study was performed of five consecutive histologically proven NM, from a total of 212 consecutive melanomas from a general practice in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Dermatoscopic images, both polarized and non-polarized, which appears to be a unique resource, and dermatopathologic slides were available for all lesions.
Results: All of the NMs in this series were pigmented although one was hypomelanotic. Two of them were symmetrical. The most highly sensitive clues to NM were gray or blue structures and polarizing-specific white lines.
Limitations: Due to the small number of NMs in this report no statistical significance can be attributed to the observational findings.
Conclusion: This small series supports what is already known: that a significant proportion of NMs may be dermatoscopically symmetrical but that known clues to melanoma are frequently present.Nodular lesions, pigmented or non-pigmented, should be excised to exclude NM if there is any clue to malignancy, regardless of symmetry, unless a confident specific benign diagnosis can be made.
Keratoacanthoma versus invasive squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison of dermatoscopic vascular features in 510 cases
Authors: Pyne John H. , Windrum Graham , Sapkota Devendra , Wong Jian Cheng 
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Keratoacanthoma (KA) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are keratinocytic tumors displaying vascular features, imaged using dermatoscopy.
Objective: Compare the dermatoscopy vascular features of KA to SCC.
Methods: This prospective study examined consecutive cases of 100 KA and 410 invasive SCC in a single private practice in Sydney, Australia. Vascular features were recorded in vivo direct from patients using a non-polarized Delta 20 Heine dermatoscope. These vascular features were: linear, branching, serpentine, hairpin, glomerular and dot vessels, the presence or absence of large diameter tumor vessels, vessel presence in central verses peripheral tumor areas and tumor pink areas in different proportions. Following full excision, all cases were submitted for histopathologic diagnosis.
Results: Branching vessels were the only vessel morphology that varied, with a significant incidence in KA (25.0%), compared to SCC (10.7%), P < 0.01. Large vessels were identified in 20.0% of KA, compared to 12.4% in SCC, P = 0.05. No vessels were observed in the central tumor areas in 43.4 % of KA compared to 58.0% of SCC, P = 0.01. Other data comparing the central versus peripheral tumor areas for vessels present did not reveal any distinctive associations. There were no significant differences between KA and SCC when reviewing the selected proportions of pink within the tumor.
Limitations: The vascular features may be confounded by tumor depth in KA. Polarized dermatoscopy may not produce the same findings.
Conclusion: This study found branching vessels to have a higher incidence in KA compared to invasive SCC. Although not statistically significant, large diameter vessels were also more frequent in KA. Proportions of pink within the tumor or central verses peripheral tumor vessel distribution were not useful diagnostic features separating KA from SCC using dermatoscopy.
Infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma: dermoscopic findings and histologic correlation
Authors: Roldán-Marín Rodrigo , Leal-Osuna Sergio , Lammaglia-Ordiales Lorena , Toussaint-Caire Sonia 
Published: September 2014

Infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma is a rare variant. It was first described in 1987 and proposed as a new basal cell carcinoma (BCC) subtype by Ackerman and Walsh in 1990. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that allows prompt identification of many types of BCC. However, dermoscopic findings for the infundibulocystic variant have not been reported. In our patient the dermoscopic findings were maple leaf-like areas in the periphery of the tumor, multiple scattered blue-gray dots and globules, short, fine telangiectasia and chrysalis or white-shiny streaks. All these structures had an underlying anatomopathological correlation.
Conclusion: According to our case report, dermoscopy findings may aid to clearly diagnose this unusual BCC variant with proper histopathological correlation.
Mobile phones to support adherence to antiretroviral therapy: what would it cost the Indian National AIDS Control Programme?
Authors: Rodrigues Rashmi , Bogg Lennart , Shet Anita , Kumar Dodderi Sunil , De Costa Ayesha 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionAdherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is critical to maintaining health and good clinical outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS. To address poor treatment adherence, low‐cost interventions using mobile communication technology are being studied. While there are some studies that show an effect of mobile phone reminders on adherence to ART, none has reported on the costs of such reminders for national AIDS programmes. This paper aims to study the costs of mobile phone reminder strategies (mHealth interventions) to support adherence in the context of India's National AIDS Control Program (NACP).MethodsThe study was undertaken at two tertiary level teaching hospitals that implement the NACP in Karnataka state, South India. Costs for a mobile phone reminder application to support adherence, implemented at these sites (i.e. weekly calls, messages or both) were studied. Costs were collected based on the concept of avoidable costs specific to the application. The costs that were assessed were one‐time costs and recurrent costs that included fixed and variable costs. A sequential procedure for costing was used. Costs were calculated at national‐programme level, individual ART‐centre level and individual patient level from the NACP's perspective. The assessed costs were pooled to obtain an annual cost per patient. The type of application, number of ART centres and number of patients on ART were varied in a sensitivity analysis of costs.ResultsThe Indian NACP would incur a cost of between 79 and 110 INR (USD 1.27–1.77) per patient per year, based on the type of reminder, the number of patients on ART and the number of functioning ART centres. The total programme costs for a scale‐up of the mHealth intervention to reach the one million patients expected to be on treatment by 2017 is estimated to be 0.36% of the total five‐year national‐programme budget.ConclusionsThe cost of the mHealth intervention for ART‐adherence support in the context of the Indian NACP is low and is facilitated by the low cost of mobile communication in the country. Extending the use of mobile communication applications beyond adherence support under the national programme could be done relatively inexpensively.
In Vivo Electrophysiological Recording Techniques for the Study of Neuropathic Pain in Rodent Models
Authors: Zhao Fei‐Yue , Jeggo Ross , Wei Haifeng , Whyment Andrew , Fang Xin , Spanswick David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNeuropathic pain develops following nerve injury, and is a chronic pain syndrome that can persist long after repair of a wound or removal of the neurological insult. This condition remains poorly treated, not least because of a lack of mechanism‐based therapeutics. Clinically, neuropathic pain is characterized by three major symptoms: thermal or mechanical allodynia (pain sensation in response to previously non‐noxious stimuli); hyperalgesia (enhanced pain sensation to noxious stimulation); and spontaneous, ongoing pain. These clinical symptoms can be modeled in rodent neuropathic pain models using behavioral and electrophysiological readouts. This unit describes techniques designed to record pathophysiological electrical activity associated with neuropathic pain at the level of the periphery, in single fibers of primary sensory neurons, and from wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These techniques can be employed in both naïve animals and in animal models of neuropathy to investigate fundamental mechanisms contributing to the neuropathic pain state and the site, mode, and mechanism of action of putative analgesics. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:11.15.1‐11.15.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The DEN and CCl4‐Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation‐Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Uehara Takeki , Pogribny Igor P. , Rusyn Ivan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often as a complication of fibrosis or cirrhosis. While most human studies of HCC provide crucial insights into the molecular signatures of HCC, seldom do they address the etiology of HCC. Mouse models are essential tools for investigating the pathogenesis of HCC; however, the overwhelming majority of cancer models in rodents do not feature liver fibrosis. Detailed in this unit is a protocol for an experimental mouse model of HCC that arises in association with advanced liver fibrosis. The disease model is induced by a single injection of N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) followed by repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A dramatic potentiation of liver tumor incidence is observed following administration of DEN and CCl4, with100% of mice developing liver tumors at 5 months of age. This model can be employed for studying the molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis and HCC development, and in cancer hazard/chemotherapy testing of drug candidates. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:14.30.1‐14.30.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid Depletion of Budding Yeast Proteins via the Fusion of an Auxin‐Inducible Degron (AID)
Authors: Nishimura Kohei , Kanemaki Masato T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe auxin‐inducible degron (AID) system allows the rapid and reversible proteolysis of proteins of interest, and enables the generation of conditional mutants of budding yeast. The construction of budding yeast AID mutants is simple, and the effect of depletion of essential proteins on proliferation can be confirmed by analyzing their phenotype. In this protocol, we describe a procedure to generate AID mutants of budding yeast via a simple transformation using PCR‐amplified DNA. We also describe methods to confirm the depletion of proteins of interest that are required for proliferation by serial‐dilution and liquid‐culture assays. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:20.9.1‐20.9.16. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Annual sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf
Authors: Cross Jessica N. , Mathis Jeremy T. , Frey Karen E. , Cosca Catherine E. , Danielson Seth L. , Bates Nicholas R. , Feely Richard A. , Takahashi Taro , Evans Wiley 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHigh‐resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO2(sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea‐air CO2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area from April to December were calculated, and contributions of physical and biological processes to observed monthly sea‐air pCO2 gradients (ΔpCO2) were investigated. Net efflux of CO2 was observed during November, December, and April, despite the impact of sea surface cooling on ΔpCO2. Although the Bering Sea was believed to be a moderate to strong atmospheric CO2 sink, we found that autumn and winter CO2 effluxes balanced 65% of spring and summer CO2 uptake. Ice cover reduced sea‐air CO2 fluxes in December, April, and May. Our estimate for ice‐cover corrected fluxes suggests the mechanical inhibition of CO2 flux by sea‐ice cover has only a small impact on the annual scale (<2%). An important data gap still exists for January to March, the period of peak ice cover and the highest expected retardation of the fluxes. By interpolating between December and April using assumptions of the described autumn and winter conditions, we estimate the Bering Sea shelf area is an annual CO2 sink of ∼6.8 Tg C yr−1. With changing climate, we expect warming sea surface temperatures, reduced ice cover, and greater wind speeds with enhanced gas exchange to decrease the size of this CO2 sink by augmenting conditions favorable for greater wintertime outgassing.
A surface roughness model for predicting alluvial cover and bed load transport rate in bedrock channels
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPartial alluvial cover in bedrock channels influences downcutting rates and mountain river morphodynamics. Flume experiments have demonstrated that a wide range of stable cover fractions are possible for a given ratio of sediment supply to transport capacity. Existing cover models impose different unique relationships between cover fraction and reach‐scale transport variables (e.g., slope, discharge, sediment supply, and grain size). Individually, these models cannot predict the range of cover behaviors observed experimentally, suggesting that additional variables may be important. I propose a 1‐D model in which bedrock surface roughness is a control on partial alluvial cover. In the model, surface roughness affects both shear stresses and thresholds of grain motion and therefore sediment transport capacity. The roughness of the combined bedrock‐alluvial bed surface varies with the cover fraction. Model trends are reasonably consistent with previous experiments over ranges of roughness, slope, and shear stress. When bedrock roughness is much greater than grain size, cover increases approximately linearly with the ratio of sediment supply to transport capacity. When bedrock roughness is much less than the sediment diameter, the model tends to predict abrupt shifts between complete bedrock exposure and alluvial cover. This runaway alluviation occurs for model solutions that are unstable to perturbations in supply, which is the case when transport capacity decreases as alluvial cover increases. In addition, a model variant in which sediment supply is controlled by the amount of sediment on the bed suggests that a linear cover relation may be sufficient for modeling sediment flux‐dependent erosion at landscape scales.
Investigating high‐latitude ionospheric turbulence using global positioning system data
Authors: Mezaoui H. , Hamza A. M. , Jayachandran P. T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStatistical properties of the amplitude and phase of GPS L1 signals sampled at 50 Hz are investigated to understand the turbulent behavior of the polar region ionosphere. Wavelet detrended amplitude and phase data are used to construct the probability distribution function (PDF) of the amplitude and phase fluctuations of the signal. Turbulent behavior of the ionosphere is quantified using the skewness and kurtosis of the PDF. It is found that these two independent moments are related through a parabolic relationship, which was also reported in the case of turbulent neutral fluids and turbulent laboratory plasmas.
Simulation of Van Allen Probes plasmapause encounters
Authors: Goldstein J. , Pascuale S. De , Kletzing C. , Kurth W. , Genestreti K. J. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A. , Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. , Spence H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe use anE×B‐driven plasmapause test particle (PTP) simulation to provide global contextual information for in situ measurements by the Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)) during 15–20 January 2013. During 120 h of simulation time beginning on 15 January, geomagnetic activity produced three plumes. The third and largest simulated plume formed during enhanced convection on 17 January, and survived as a rotating, wrapped, residual plume for tens of hours. To validate the simulation, we compare its output with RBSP data. Virtual RBSP satellites recorded 28 virtual plasmapause encounters during 15–19 January. For 26 of 28 (92%) virtual crossings, there were corresponding actual RBSP encounters with plasmapause density gradients. The mean difference in encounter time between model and data is 36 min. The mean model‐data difference in radial location is 0.40 ± 0.05 RE. The model‐data agreement is better for strong convection than for quiet or weakly disturbed conditions. On 18 January, both RBSP spacecraft crossed a tenuous, detached plasma feature at approximately the same time and nightside location as a wrapped residual plume, predicted by the model to have formed 32 h earlier on 17 January. The agreement between simulation and data indicates that the model‐provided global information is adequate to correctly interpret the RBSP density observations.
Seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the western Pacific subarctic gyre: Control by light availability within the mixed layer
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Honda Makio C. , Sasaoka Kosei , Wakita Masahide , Kawakami Hajime , Watanabe Shuichi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA distinct seasonal variation of primary production was revealed from shipboard observations conducted from 2005 to 2013 at time series station K2 in the western Pacific subarctic gyre (WSG). The mean depth‐integrated primary production was highest (569 ± 162 mg C m−2 d−1) in summer and lowest (101 ± 16 mg C m−2 d−1) in winter. Strong winter mixing enriched the mixed layer (ML) with nutrients that were not fully consumed during the remainder of the year, the result being that the WSG was a high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) region. The deep ML reduced primary production by reducing light availability in winter, whereas primary production was enhanced by strong light availability in the shallower ML as summer progressed. However, primary production was often attenuated by a reduction of light availability attributable to dense sea fog in summer. We found a significant relationship between primary production and light availability in this HNLC region. However, chlorophyll a was less variable seasonally than primary production. The highest depth‐integrated chlorophyll a was observed in summer (54.6 ± 13.4 mg m−2), but chlorophyll a remained high in winter (45.3 ± 7.7 mg m−2). Reduced light availability depressed primary production, but a reduction of the chlorophyll a concentration was prevented by a relaxation of grazing in the deep ML during winter. We found that light availability exerted an important control on the seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the WSG.