bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Electron Transfer by Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms by using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Babauta Jerome T. , Beasley Christopher A. , Beyenal Haluk 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBoth the short‐ and long‐term electron‐transfer processes of electrode‐respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms are demonstrated by using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM monitors the frequency shift from the initial resonant frequency (background) in real time, while the current increases, because of biofilm growth. In the short term, the frequency shift is linear with respect to current for the biofilm. In long‐term biofilm growth up to the exponential phase, a second linear region of frequency shift with respect to current is observed. In addition to the frequency shift response at constant polarization, the frequency shift response is coupled to cyclic voltammetry experiments. During cyclic voltammetry, a reproducible, negative increase in frequency shift is observed at oxidizing potentials. The results suggest that a QCM can be used in applications in which it is useful to find the most efficient current producer.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Cu/CuO Core/Shell Catalysts
Authors: Lan Yangchun , Gai Chao , Kenis Paul J. A. , Lu Jiaxing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe investigate the electrochemical behavior of different loadings of a Cu(core)/CuO(shell) catalyst in a standard three‐electrode cell, which reveals transformations between Cu, CuI, and CuO species. The electroreduction of CO2 on the catalyst is performed in an aqueous solution within a flow reactor. CO and HCOOH are the main products, with H2 as a byproduct. When the catalyst loading is 1.0 mg cm−2, the faradaic efficiencies of CO and HCOOH are higher than those with other catalyst loadings, with a short reaction time. This paper also focuses on the experimental and kinetic details of the electroreduction process of CO2 to CO and HCOOH when using the Cu/CuO catalyst. Reactions are modeled by using an in‐series, first‐order reaction, and the models are verified to reasonably describe the two products formed during the electroreduction of CO2. According to the kinetic analysis, the rate constant for HCOOH production is higher than that of CO.
Thermoresponsive Copolymer/SiO2 Nanoparticles with Dual Functions of Thermally Controlled Drug Release and Simultaneous Carrier Decomposition
Authors: Li Aihua , Zhang Jizhen , Xu Yuanhong , Liu Jingquan , Feng Shengyu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe preparation of thermoresponsive drug carriers with a self‐destruction property is presented. These drug carriers were fabricated by incorporation of drug molecules and thermoresponsive copolymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide), into silica nanoparticles in a one‐pot preparation process. The enhanced drug release was primarily attributed to faster molecule diffusion resulting from the particle decomposition triggered by phase transformation of the copolymer upon the temperature change. The decomposition of the drug carriers into small fragments should benefit their fast excretion from the body. In addition, the resulting drug‐loaded nanoparticles showed faster drug release in an acidic environment (pH 5) than in a neutral one. The controlled drug release of methylene blue and doxorubicin hydrochloride and the self‐decomposition of the drug carriers were successfully characterized by using TEM, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy. Together with the nontoxicity and excellent biocompatibility of the copolymer/SiO2 composite, the features of controlled drug release and simultaneous carrier self‐destruction provided a promising opportunity for designing various novel drug‐delivery systems.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 1‐{3‐[1‐(5‐Organylsilylfuran‐2‐yl)silinan‐1‐yl]propyl}amines and Some Trimethylgermyl Analogues
Authors: Ignatovich Luba , Romanovs Vitalijs , Muravenko Velta , Sleiksha Ilze , Popelis Jury , Shestakova Irina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNew highly cytotoxic 1‐{3‐[1‐(5‐organylsilyl‐furan‐2‐yl)silinan‐1‐yl]propyl}amines and some trimethylgermyl analogues (IC50 1–7 μg mL−1) have been synthesized by a hydrosilylation reaction of aliphatic and heterocyclic N‐allylamines in the presence of Speier’s catalyst. The effects of the silacycle, the element‐organic substituent in position 5 of the furan ring, and the structure of the amine on the cytotoxicity of the new compounds have been studied.
Ultrathin Hexagonal Hybrid Nanosheets Synthesized by Graphene Oxide‐Assisted Exfoliation of β‐Co(OH)2 Mesocrystals
Authors: Deng Suzi , Thomas Cherian Christie , Liu Xiao li , Tan Hui Ru , Yeo Li Hsia , Yu Xiaojiang , Rusydi Andrivo , Chowdari B. V. R. , Fan Hai Ming , Sow Chorng Haur 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the present study, we report the synthesis of a high‐quality, single‐crystal hexagonal β‐Co(OH)2 nanosheet, exhibiting a thickness down to ten atomic layers and an aspect ratio exceeding 900, by using graphene oxide (GO) as an exfoliant of β‐Co(OH)2 nanoflowers. Unlike conventional approaches using ionic precursors in which morphological control is realized by structure‐directing molecules, the β‐Co(OH)2 flower‐like superstructures were first grown by a nanoparticle‐mediated crystallization process, which results in large 3D superstructure consisting of ultrathin nanosheets interspaced by polydimethoxyaniline (PDMA). Thereafter, β‐Co(OH)2 nanoflowers were chemically exfoliated by surface‐active GO under hydrothermal conditions into unilamellar single‐crystal nanosheets. In this reaction, GO acts as a two‐dimensional (2D) amphiphile to facilitate the exfoliation process through tailored interactions between organic and inorganic molecules. Meanwhile, the on‐site conjugation of GO and Co(OH)2 promotes the thermodynamic stability of freestanding ultrathin nanosheets and restrains further growth through Oswald ripening. The unique 2D structure combined with functionalities of the hybrid ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanosheets on rGO resulted in a remarkably enhanced lithium‐ion storage performance as anode materials, maintaining a reversible capacity of 860 mA h g−1 for as many as 30 cycles. Since mesocrystals are ubiquitous and rich in morphological diversity, the strategy of the GO‐assisted exfoliation of mesocrystals developed here provides an opportunity for the synthesis of new functional nanostructures that could bear importance in clean renewable energy, catalysis, photoelectronics, and photonics.
Development of a New Benzylating Reagent Spontaneously Releasing Benzyl Cation Equivalents at Room Temperature
Authors: Yamada Kohei , Tsukada Yuichi , Karuo Yukiko , Kitamura Masanori , Kunishima Munetaka 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new O‐benzylating reagent, that is, 4‐(4,6‐diphenoxy‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐benzylmorpholinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DPT‐BM), has been developed. Benzyl cation equivalents are generated from DPT‐BM by dissolving the compound in a solvent at room temperature under non‐acidic conditions. The benzylation of various alcohols by using a combination of DPT‐BM and magnesium oxide provided the benzyl ethers in good yields.
Chemical Preparation of Ferroelectric Mesoporous Barium Titanate Thin Films: Drastic Enhancement of Curie Temperature Induced by Mesopore‐Derived Strain
Authors: Suzuki Norihiro , Jiang Xiangfen , Salunkhe Rahul R. , Osada Minoru , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMesoporous barium titanate (BT) thin films are synthesized by a surfactant‐assisted sol–gel method. The obtained mesoporous BT thin films show enhanced ferroelectricity due to the effective strains induced by mesopores. The Curie temperature (Tc) of the mesoporous BT reaches approximately 470 °C.
Dihaloimidazolidinediones as Versatile Halodehydrating Agents
Authors: Moerdyk Jonathan P. , Bielawski Christopher W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDihaloimidazolidinediones containing geminal dibromides, dichlorides, or diiodides were synthesized and used to transform various alcohols to their corresponding alkyl halides in high yields and under mild conditions. High functional group tolerance and, in many cases, high selectivities were observed. Efforts toward elucidating the mechanism revealed that significant charge build‐up may occur at the eventual halogen containing carbon nucleus prior to substitution.
One‐Pot Method for Synthesizing Spherical‐Like Metal Sulfide–Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Powders with Superior Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Gi Dae , Choi Seung Ho , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA facile, one‐pot method for synthesizing spherical‐like metal sulfide–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite powders by spray pyrolysis is reported. The direct sulfidation of ZnO nanocrystals decorated on spherical‐like RGO powders resulted in ZnS–RGO composite powders. ZnS nanocrystals with a size below 20 nm were uniformly dispersed on spherical‐like RGO balls. The discharge capacities of the ZnS–RGO, ZnO–RGO, bare ZnS, and bare ZnO powders at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 300 cycles were 628, 476, 230, and 168 mA h g−1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity retentions measured after the first cycles were 93, 70, 40, and 21 %, respectively. The discharge capacity of the ZnS–RGO composite powders at a high current density of 4000 mA g−1 after 700 cycles was 437 mA h g−1. The structural stability of the highly conductive ZnS–RGO composite powders with ultrafine crystals during cycling resulted in excellent electrochemical properties.
Single‐Molecule Localization Microscopy using mCherry
Authors: Winterflood Christian M. , Ewers Helge 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate the potential of the commonly used red fluorescent protein mCherry for single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging. mCherry can be driven into a light‐induced dark state in the presence of a thiol from which it can recover spontaneously or by irradiation with near UV light. We show imaging of subcellular protein structures such as microtubules and the nuclear pore complex with a resolution below 40 nm. We were able to image the C‐terminus of the nuclear pore protein POM121, which is on the inside of the pore and not readily accessible for external labeling. The photon yield for mCherry is comparable to that of the latest optical highlighter fluorescent proteins. Our findings show that the widely used mCherry red fluorescent protein and the vast number of existing mCherry fusion proteins are readily amenable to super‐resolution imaging. This obviates the need for generating novel protein fusions that may compromise function or the need for external fluorescent labeling.
Improved Ionization Energies for the Two Isomers of Phenylpropargyl Radical
Authors: Holzmeier Fabian , Lang Melanie , Hemberger Patrick , Fischer Ingo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe ionization of two resonantly stabilized radicals, namely 1‐phenylpropargyl (1PPR) and 3‐phenylpropargyl (3PPR) are reinvestigated applying vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation and threshold photoelectron spectroscopy. Ionization energies of 7.24±0.02 and 7.25±0.01 eV are obtained for 1 and 3PPR respectively, which compare well with ab initio calculations. The quality of the spectra are significantly improved mostly due to the application of a new high‐photon‐flux grating available at the VUV‐beamline of Swiss Light Source. Resolved vibrational features are assigned according to a Franck–Condon approach.
Combinatorial Search of Magnetostrictive Materials for Sensors
Authors: Maetani Takuya , Nakamitsu Yutaka , Sakurai Junpei , Nakagawa Shigeki , Hata Seiichi 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYCombinatorial search is one of the useful methods that could search for optimal composition of alloy materials or novel alloy materials. Combinatorial sputtering provides sample group (library) having different compositions in a limited place. Then, the properties of the samples can be scanned in an efficient way. In this research, magnetostrictive material with high magnetostriction, relative permeability, and resistivity was studied. Desired value of magnetostriction is more than 20 × 10−6, relative permeability is more than 4000, and resistivity is more than 100 μΩ·cm. As a result, composition that Cr content is less than 14 at.% fill the desired value of relative permeability, and more than 10 at.% fill the desired value of resistivity. There is possibility to fill the desired value of magnetostriction.
Fabrication of Stainless‐Steel Microcoils and Mesh Pipes Using Lithography
Authors: Sakabe Hiroshi , Horiuchi Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYPrecise microcoils and mesh pipes with outer and inner diameters of 100 μm and 60 μm were fabricated using laser‐scan lithography and electrolytic etching. Non‐magnetizable stainless‐steel (SUS304) pipes were coated with resist films, and helical patterns were delineated using a laser‐scan exposure system. Positive resist PMER P‐LA900 was used for fabricating microcoils, and negative resist PMER N‐CA3000 was used for fabricating micromesh pipes. Mesh patterns were formed by doubly delineating helical patterns coiled in opposite directions each other. Widths of resist patterns used for fabricating mesh patterns were also controlled by stitching two helical patterns. Because space widths of coils and sizes of mesh holes became larger than space widths and hole sizes of resist patterns caused by undercut in etching process, widths of resist patterns were adjusted by considering the undercut depths. As a result, pipe specimens were suitably etched in a solution of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride in water, and microcomponents with homogeneous widths were successfully fabricated.
Investigating the ‘Jumping to Conclusions’ Bias in People with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: McKenna Gráinne , Fox John R. E. , Haddock Gillian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract‘Jumping to conclusions’ (JTC) is an established reasoning bias in people with psychosis and delusion proneness. Research investigating the JTC bias in other clinical populations remains in its infancy. This study investigated whether individuals with anorexia (AN) displayed the JTC bias compared with healthy controls and, if so, whether the bias was greater in relation to emotionally salient information. The study also investigated whether delusionality was correlated with the JTC bias. JTC was measured using the ‘beads task’. Three versions were employed: the standard version and two emotionally salient tasks. Results indicated that a majority (55.6%) of people with AN (n = 26) displayed poor insight into their eating disorder beliefs but did not display an elevated JTC compared with healthy controls (n = 33) on any task. The level of delusionality in the AN group was not correlated with JTC bias. Findings suggest that although a majority of people with AN demonstrated limited insight, they did not display the JTC bias. This may suggest that poor insight in eating disorders has different characteristics to that found in psychotic disorders, which may suggest that differences are needed in relation to how they are treated using psychological means. However, this was a small study, and study replication is required. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
High‐order discontinuous Galerkin spectral element methods for transitional and turbulent flow simulations
Authors: Beck Andrea D. , Bolemann Thomas , Flad David , Frank Hannes , Gassner Gregor J. , Hindenlang Florian , Munz Claus‐Dieter 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, we investigate the accuracy and efficiency of discontinuous Galerkin spectral method simulations of under‐resolved transitional and turbulent flows at moderate Reynolds numbers, where the accurate prediction of closely coupled laminar regions, transition and developed turbulence presents a great challenge to large eddy simulation modelling. We take full advantage of the low numerical errors and associated superior scale resolving capabilities of high‐order spectral methods by using high‐order ansatz functions up to 12th order. We employ polynomial de‐aliasing techniques to prevent instabilities arising from inexact quadrature of nonlinearities. Without the need for any additional filtering, explicit or implicit modelling, or artificial dissipation, our high‐order schemes capture the turbulent flow at the considered Reynolds number range very well. Three classical large eddy simulation benchmark problems are considered: a circular cylinder flow at ReD=3900, a confined periodic hill flow at Reh=2800 and the transitional flow over a SD7003 airfoil at Rec=60,000. For all computations, the total number of degrees of freedom used for the discontinuous Galerkin spectral method simulations is chosen to be equal or considerably less than the reported data in literature. In all three cases, we achieve an equal or better match to direct numerical simulation results, compared with other schemes of lower order with explicitly or implicitly added subgrid scale models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NOTE ON THE ADJUSTMENT OF FOURFOLD TABLES FOR “CURVILINEARITY”
Authors: Cliff Norman 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn Psychometric Methods Guilford reports a method of correcting fourfold tables for “curvilinearity” for the purpose of computing tetrachoric correlations. It is pointed out here that the notion of correcting such tables is erroneous in view of the restrictions on the table and the nature of the tetrachoric correlation. It is also demonstrated that the “correction” can, and in common cases will, have a profound effect on the value of the observed correlation.
RESPONSE STYLE AND CONTENT MEASURES FROM PERSONALITY INVENTORIES1
Authors: Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the respective contributions to personality inventory scales of consistent responses to item content on one hand and of the response styles of acquiescence and desirability on the other, factor analysis was applied to intercorrelations among content scales and stylistic measures as a potential means of separating distinct, but possibly correlated, dimensions of content and style. “True” and “false” items were scored separately for ten relatively homogeneous content scales and a measure of defensiveness. A factor analysis of intercorrelations among these 22 scores yielded eight factors – three large ones, together accounting for about two‐thirds of the common variance, and five small ones. Two measures each of the tendencies to acquiesce and to respond desirably were subsequently projected into the factor space by extension, in order to identify stylistic dimensions. Of the three large factors, two were attributable to the response styles of desirability and acquiescence, and the third, which appeared to represent a second‐order content dimension of impulsive unconventionality vs. controlled conventionality, was also related to desirability variables. Some of the smaller factors were attributed to specific content dimensions, since “true” and “false” parts of single content scales dominated the loadings.
BISERIAL ESTIMATES OF CORRELATION
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe statistic λ is compared with the usual biserial‐r with respect to efficiency for estimating the true correlation in the population from which the sample was drawn. Both statistics are designed for the case where one of the observed variables is assumed to result from the dichotomizing of a continuous variable. When the true correlation exceeds .50, the statistic λ appears to be more efficient than is biserial‐r.
FACTORS IN JUDGMENTS OF WRITING ABILITY
Authors: Diederich Paul B. , French John W. , Carlton Sydell T. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to serve as a stepping stone toward closer agreement among judges of student writing at the point of admission to college by revealing common causes of disagreement. It was expected and found that more than half the variability in grades of a large number of judges on the same set of papers was due to “error” (random variation) or the idiosyncratic preferences of individual readers. In the variability that was not random or idiosyncratic, it was expected and found that there was a substantial core of common agreement on the general merit of the papers and that a small number of “schools of thought” would account for most of the systematic differences in grading standards. Factor analysis of correlations among the grades of 53 distinguished readers, representing six different fields, on 300 papers written by college freshmen of widely varying ability revealed just five such “schools of thought,” emphasizing:
Ideas: relevance, clarity, quantity, development, persuasiveness;
Form: organization and analysis;
Flavor: style, interest, sincerity;
Mechanics: specific errors in grammar, punctuation, etc.;
Wording: choice and arrangement of words.
No standards or criteria for judging the papers were suggested to the readers. Instead, they were told to use “whatever hunches, intuitions, or preferences you normally use in deciding that one paper is better than another.” They sorted the papers into nine piles in order of “general merit.” The only restriction was that all nine piles must be used, with not less than 4% of the papers in any pile.The five reader‐factors or “schools of thought” were identified by a “blind” classification of 11,018 comments written on 3,557 papers that were graded high (7–8–9) or low (1–2–3) by the three highest and three lowest readers on each factor. The person who classified the comments did not know the standing of any reader on any factor. In addition to the reader factors, three College Board tests taken by these students formed a separate “test‐factor” that had practically zero correlations with all reader‐factors except Mechanics (.50) and Wording (.45).It was not the purpose of this study to achieve a high degree of unanimity among the readers but to reveal the differences of opinion that prevail in uncontrolled grading–both in the academic community and in the educated public. To that end, the readers included college English teachers, social scientists, natural scientists, writers and editors, lawyers, and business executives. None the less, it was disturbing to find that 94% of the papers received either seven, eight, or nine of the nine possible grades; that no paper received less than five different grades; and that the median correlation between readers was 31. Readers in each field, however, agreed slightly better with the English teachers than with one another.
SEPARATE SET AND CONTENT SCORES FOR PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDE SCALES1
Authors: Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTHelmstadter's (1957) formulas for obtaining separate set and content components of a test score were modified for use with personality and attitude scales. The revised formulas for scoring content (C) and set (S) are
urn:x-wiley:13889842:ets200894:equation:ets200894-math-0001
where RA is the number of items keyed A that are marked A by the respondent, RB, is the number of items keyed B and marked B, and NA and NB are the number of items keyed A and B, respectively.