bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of bacteriuria in dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract infection presenting for elective surgical procedures
Authors: McGhie JA , Stayt J , Hosgood GL 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of bacteriuria in dogs presenting for elective surgery, to compare the frequency of bacteriuria in dogs presenting for orthopaedic (non‐neurological) procedures to that of dogs presenting for soft tissue procedures and to measure the agreement of microscopic visualisation of bacteria in urine sediment with the occurrence of bacterial growth on culture.MethodsProspective cohort study of 140 client‐owned dogs. Urine was collected via prepubic cystocentesis prior to or immediately after induction of anaesthesia. Urine was submitted for quantitative bacteriological culture and urinalysis. The dogs' age, sex, weight and breed were recorded, as well as the surgical procedure performed.ResultsIn total, 80 orthopaedic and 60 soft tissue surgical cases were included in the study; 3 dogs (2.1%) returned bacterial growth on culture (positive urine culture) and 19 (13.6%) recorded urine sediment with pyuria and/or bacteriuria on urinalysis (positive urinalysis). All dogs with positive urine culture were female and two of them underwent orthopaedic procedures. Each bitch had growth ofEscherichia coli>105 CFU/mL. The agreement between positive urinalysis and positive urine culture was poor (κ = 0.15).ConclusionsThe prevalence of bacteriuria in dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract infection in this population was low (2.1%). An at‐risk population could not be identified because of the small number of positive outcomes. A positive urinalysis showed poor agreement with urine culture results and therefore the decision to treat without performing a urine culture is not advised.
An efficient approach for glomerular filtration rate assessment in older adults
Authors: Martus Peter , Ebert Natalie , van der Giet Markus , Jakob Olga , Schaeffner Elke S. 
Published: January 2014

AimsAssessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is crucial because the GFR value defines the stage of chronic kidney disease and determines the adjustment of drug dosage. The aim was to investigate a new method for the accurate determination of GFR in older adults based on the combination of an exogenous filtration marker, iohexol, and an endogenous marker, serum creatinine or cystatin C.MethodsWe combined variables for the estimation of GFR with a reduced set of measurements of the marker iohexol. In a population‐based sample of 570 subjects (≥70 years old) from the Berlin Initiative Study (BIS), we investigated the following: (i) the BIS1 and BIS2 equations based on age, gender and serum creatinine with or without serum cystatin C; (ii) equations based on one or two iohexol measurements; and (iii) equations based on the combination of variables from BIS1 or BIS2 with iohexol measurements. The reference standard was based on eight iohexol measurements. The cut‐off value of 60 ml min−1 (1.73 m)−2 was chosen to assess accuracy. Equations were constructed using a learning sample (n = 285) and an independent validation sample (n = 285).ResultsMisclassification rates were 17.2% (BIS1), 11.6% (BIS2), 14.7% [iohexol measurement at 240 min (iohexol240)], 7.0% (iohexol240 combined with variables included in BIS1) and 6.7% (iohexol240 combined with variables included in BIS2). Misclassification rates did not decrease significantly after inclusion of two or three iohexol measurements.ConclusionsCombined strategies for the determination of GFR lead to a relevant increase of diagnostic validity.
The role of cognitive abilities in children's inferences about social atypicality and peer exclusion and inclusion in intergroup contexts
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Rutland Adam , Palmer Sally B. , Pelletier Joseph , Ferrell Jennifer , Lee Samantha 
Published: January 2014

Children aged 6–7 years judged a loyal and a partially disloyal member of a school in terms of how typical they are within the school group and their likely acceptance by peers from the same school and a different school. Second‐order mental‐state understanding (SOMSU) predicted whether children thought atypical members would be included differently in the two groups. Counterfactual reasoning ability, multiple classification ability, and working memory ability did not predict children's judgements of group members. Moreover, as predicted by the developmental subjective group dynamics model, only children with higher levels of SOMSU and who discerned differences in the typicality of normative and deviant ingroup members inferred that peers would differently include atypical individuals from the same and different groups.
Open‐mindedness can decrease persuasion amongst adolescents: The role of self‐affirmation
Authors: Good Anna , Harris Peter R. , Jessop Donna , Abraham Charles 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesSelf‐affirmation (e.g., by reflecting on important personal values) has been found to promote more open‐minded appraisal of threatening health messages in at‐risk adults. However, it is unclear how self‐affirmation affects adolescents and whether it has differential effects on the impact of these messages amongst those at relatively lower and higher risk. The current study explored moderation by risk.DesignParticipants were randomly assigned to either a self‐affirmation or a control condition before receiving a health message concerning physical activity.MethodsOlder adolescents (N = 125) completed a self‐affirmation or control writing task before reading about the health consequences of not meeting recommendations to be physically active for at least 60 min daily. Most of the sample did not achieve these levels of activity (98%, N = 123). Consequently, the message informed these participants that – unless they changed their behaviour – they would be at higher risk of heart disease. Participants completed measures of responses to the message and behaviour‐specific cognitions (e.g., self‐efficacy) for meeting the recommendations.ResultsFor relatively inactive participants, self‐affirmation was associated with increased persuasion. However, for those who were moderately active (but not meeting recommendations), those in the self‐affirmation condition were less persuaded by the message.ConclusionsWhilst self‐affirmation can increase message acceptance, there are circumstances when the open‐mindedness it induces may decrease persuasion. The evidence provided in this study suggests that caution may be needed when recommendations are challenging and it could be considered reasonable to be sceptical about the need to change behaviour.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Self‐affirmation can facilitate open‐mindedness and sensitivity to whether health messages suggest high or low risk on the basis of current behaviour.

What does this study add?

Demonstrates that self‐affirmation effects can be moderated by the extent of failure to meet recommendations.

Shows that self‐affirmation can be associated with less persuasion when challenging health guidelines are used.
A brief intervention changing oral self‐care, self‐efficacy, and self‐monitoring
Authors: Schwarzer Ralf , Antoniuk Agata , Gholami Maryam 
Published: January 2014

Background and aimThe roles of self‐efficacy and self‐monitoring as proximal predictors of dental flossing frequency are studied in the context of an oral health intervention.Materials and methodsA study among 287 university students, aged 19 to 26 years, compared an intervention group that received a brief self‐regulatory treatment, with a passive and an active control group. Dental flossing, self‐efficacy, and self‐monitoring were assessed at baseline and 3 weeks later.ResultsThe intervention led to an increase in dental flossing regardless of experimental condition. However, treatment‐specific gains were documented for self‐efficacy and self‐monitoring. Moreover, changes in the latter two served as mediators in a path model, linking the intervention with subsequent dental flossing and yielding significant indirect effects.ConclusionsSelf‐efficacy and self‐monitoring play a mediating role in facilitating dental flossing. Interventions that aim at an improvement in oral self‐care should consider using these constructs.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The adoption and maintenance of oral self‐care can be facilitated by a number of social‐cognitive variables.

Interventions that include planning, action control, or self‐efficacy components have been shown to improve dental flossing.

In one recent study on flossing in adolescent girls, planning intervention effects were mediated by self‐efficacy.

What does this study add?

Self‐monitoring is associated with better oral self‐care.

A 10‐min intervention improves self‐efficacy and self‐monitoring.

Self‐efficacy and self‐monitoring operate as mediators between treatment and flossing.
Review of appendiceal onlay flap in the management of complex ureteric strictures in six patients
Authors: Duty Brian D. , Kreshover Jessica E. , Richstone Lee , Kavoussi Louis R. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty for repairing complex right proximal and mid‐ureteric strictures.Patients and MethodsBetween August 2006 and August 2012 four women and two men (mean age 34.2 years) underwent right laparoscopic appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty. The mean stricture length was 2.5 cm. Stricture formation was secondary to impacted ureteric stones in three patients and failed pyeloplasty for congenital pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction in the remaining three. Each patient had ipsilateral flank pain before surgery.ResultsThe mean operating time, estimated blood loss and hospital stay were 244 min, 175 mL and 3.2 days, respectively. No intra‐ or peri‐operative complications were noted. The objective success rate was 100% (all patients had radiographic and/or endoscopic resolution of their ureteric strictures). The subjective success rate was 66%, (two patients developed recurrent discomfort, which upon exploration was found to be attributable to fibrosis away from the appendiceal onlay graft, where the gonadal vessels crossed the ureter). Both patients with recurrent pain underwent laparoscopic ureterolysis and bladder advancement flap proximal to the appendiceal onlay, which markedly improved one patient's pain but the other patient continued to have discomfort, ultimately resulting in a laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.ConclusionsAppendiceal onlay ureteroplasty is a viable treatment option for patients with complex right proximal and mid‐ureteric strictures, while minimising the potential morbidity of appendiceal and ileal interposition.
Fluctuation in prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) score in men undergoing first or repeat prostate biopsies
Authors: De Luca Stefano , Passera Roberto , Cappia Susanna , Bollito Enrico , Randone Donato Franco , Milillo Angela , Papotti Mauro , Porpiglia Francesco 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the variability in prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) score over time in men with elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels who are undergoing first or repeat prostate biopsy.Patients and MethodsA total of 360 men from two Italian institutions who had undergone at least two PCA3 assessments were selected. Of these, 97.5% were scheduled for first or repeat prostate biopsy because of elevated PSA level and/or positive digital rectal examination (DRE). We compared the PCA3 scores in men with a negative biopsy (normal parenchyma, benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH], chronic prostatitis, high‐grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia [HG‐PIN]) with those in men with a positive biopsy. We evaluated PCA3 repeated measures biological variability and its possible association with basic patient characteristics (age, family history of prostate cancer, DRE, prostate volume, BPH, prostatitis and HG‐PIN). Three different thresholds were used to evaluate the possible changes in risk class: the standard threshold (a PCA3 score of 35), a US Food and Drug Administation‐approved PCA3 threshold of 25 and a threshold selected based on our previous research which was a PCA3 score of 50.ResultsThe PCA3 scores varied significantly (P < 0.001) when comparing men with a negative biopsy with those with a positive biopsy (median [range] PCA3 score: 25 [2–276] vs 43 [7–331]). There was no significant difference in PCA3 scores in men with chronic prostatitis and HG‐PIN compared with other men with negative biopsies. The median (range) time between the two PCA3 assessments was 16.2 (3–53.7) months. No association was found between PCA3 repeated measures modifications and age, family history of prostate cancer, DRE, BPH, prostatitis, HG‐PIN and use of 5‐α‐reductase inhibitors. The variability of PCA3 scores on repeated measures confirmed the risk class for about 80% of patients; of the remaining 20% of patients, the risk class was upgraded in two thirds and downgraded in one third.ConclusionPCA3 score can be considered a stable marker over time in most cases but there is a group of men among whom there is clinically notable risk class change. Further investigation is required to determine the genesis of this phenomenon.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of alvespimycin in mice and extrapolation to rats and humans
Authors: Hu Zhe‐Yi , Lu Jingtao , Zhao Yuansheng 
Published: January 2014

Background and PurposeAlvespimycin, a new generation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor in clinical trial, is a promising therapeutic agent for cancer. Pharmacokinetic models of alvespimycin would help in the understanding of drug disposition, predicting drug exposure and interpreting dose–response relationship. In the present study we aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alvespimycin in mice and evaluate the utility of the model for predicting alvespimycin disposition in other species.Experimental ApproachA literature search was performed to collect pharmacokinetic data for alvespimycin. A PBPK model was initially constructed to demonstrate the disposition of alvespimycin in mice, and then extrapolated to rats and humans by taking into account the interspecies differences in physiological‐ and chemical‐specific parameters.Key ResultsA PBPK model, employing a permeability‐limited model structure and saturable tissue binding, was built in mice. It successfully characterized the time course of the disposition of alvespimycin in mice. After extrapolation to rats, the model simulated the alvespimycin concentration‐time profiles in rat tissues with acceptable accuracies. Likewise, a reasonable match was found between the observed and simulated human plasma pharmacokinetics of alvespimycin.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe PBPK model described here is beneficial to the understanding and prediction of the effects of alvespimycin in different species. It also provides a good basis for further development, which necessitates additional studies, especially those needed to clarify the in‐depth mechanism of alvespimycin elimination. A refined PBPK model would benefit the understanding of dose–response relationships and optimization of dosing regimens.
Salidroside exerts angiogenic and cytoprotective effects on human bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and MAPK signalling pathways
Authors: Tang Yubo , Vater Corina , Jacobi Angela , Liebers Cornelia , Zou Xuenong , Stiehler Maik 
Published: January 2014

Background and PurposeWith the increase of age, increased susceptibility to apoptosis and senescence may contribute to proliferative and functional impairment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether salidroside (SAL) can induce angiogenic differentiation and inhibit oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis in bone marrow‐derived EPCs (BM‐EPCs), and if so, through what mechanism.Experimental ApproachBM‐EPCs were isolated and treated with different concentrations of SAL for up to 4 days. Cell proliferation, migration and tube formation ability were detected by DNA content quantification, transwell assay and Matrigel‐based angiogenesis assay. Gene and protein expression were assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blot respectively.Key ResultsTreatment with SAL promoted cellular proliferation and angiogenic differentiation of BM‐EPCs, and increased VEGF and NO secretion, which in turn mediated the enhanced angiogenic differentiation of BM‐EPCs. Furthermore, SAL significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced cell apoptosis, reduced the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential of BM‐EPCs. Moreover, SAL stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin and p70 S6 kinase, as well as ERK1/2, which is associated with cell migration and capillary tube formation. Additionally, SAL reversed the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK induced by H2O2 and suppressed the changes in the Bax/Bcl‐xL ratio observed after stimulation with H2O2.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings identify novel mechanisms that regulate EPC function and suggest that SAL has therapeutic potential as a new agent to enhance vasculogenesis as well as protect against oxidative endothelial injury.
Breakout of squeezed stocks: dispersal of roof fragments, source of extrusive salt and interaction with regional thrust faults
Authors: Dooley T. P. , Jackson M. P. A. , Hudec M. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe used seven scaled physical models to explore the near‐surface structural evolution of shallowly buried, actively rising salt stocks. The models consisted of dry sand, ceramic microspheres and silicone. Previously dormant stocks rose because of lateral squeezing or pumping of salt from below. The pressure of rising salt created a dynamic bulge in the crest of the diapir, which arched the overlying roof sediments. Eventually this dynamic bulge collapsed and its overlying roof broke into rafts along subradial grabens. The rafts were dispersed outwards by shear traction of spreading salt, surmounting an upturned collar of country rock and eventually grounding at the front of the extrusive flow. Flow of salt around these stranded fragments created a lobate extrusion front, common in submarine salt sheets in the Gulf of Mexico and subaerial salt glaciers in Iran. Stock geometry, regional dip and roof density affected extrusion rates and spreading directions. Stocks leaning seaward extruded salt faster and farther than did upright stocks. Dense roofs foundered and plugged the vent, limiting surface extrusion. In tilted models, broad salt sheets spread asymmetrically downslope. Stock contents were inverted within the extruded salt sheet: successively deeper parts of the stock's core rose to the surface and overran salt extruded from the shallower parts of the diapir. As shortening continued, salt from the source layer reached the surface after being driven out by thrusting. A central thrust block, or primary indenter, moved ahead of surrounding thrust blocks, impinging against and squeezing the stock into an elliptical planform. After high shortening, secondary indenters converged obliquely into the salt stock, expelling salt from the periphery of the diapir. The models shed light on (1) the origin and fate of large rafts or carapace blocks atop allochthonous salt, (2) cuspate margins of salt sheets and (3) interaction of thrusting, diapir pinch‐off and emplacement of allochthonous salt sheets.
Rapid outer marginal collapse at the rift to drift transition of passive margin evolution, with a Gulf of Mexico case study
Authors: Pindell J. , Graham R. , Horn B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInterpretation of long‐offset 2D depth‐imaged seismic data suggests that outer continental margins collapse and tilt basinward rapidly as rifting yields to seafloor spreading and thermal subsidence of the margin. This collapse post‐dates rifting and stretching of the crust, but occurs roughly ten times faster than thermal subsidence of young oceanic crust, and thus is tectonic and pre‐dates the ‘drift stage’. We term this middle stage of margin development ‘outer margin collapse’, and it accords with the exhumation stage of other authors. Outer continental margins, already thinned by rifting processes, become hanging walls of crustal‐scale half grabens associated with landward‐dipping shear zones and zones of low‐shear strength magma at the base of the thinned crust. The footwalls of the shear zones comprise serpentinized sub‐continental mantle that commonly becomes exhumed from beneath the embrittled continental margin. At magma‐poor margins, outer continental margins collapse and tilt basinward to depths of about 3 km subsea at the continent–ocean transition, often deeper than the adjacent oceanic crust (accreted later between 2 and 3 km). We use the term ‘collapse’ because of the apparent rapidity of deepening (<3 Myr). Rapid salt deposition, clastic sedimentation (deltaic), or magmatism (magmatic margins) may accompany collapse, with salt thicknesses reaching 5 km and volcanic piles 1525 km. This mechanism of rapid salt deposition allows mega‐salt basins to be deposited on end‐rift unconformities at global sea level, as opposed to deep, air‐filled sub‐sea depressions. Outer marginal collapse is ‘post‐rift’ from the perspective of faulting in the continental crust, but of tectonic, not of thermal, origin. Although this appears to be a global process, the Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example because regional stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that the pre‐salt rift basin was filled to sea level by syn‐rift strata, which helps to calibrate the rate and magnitude of collapse. We examine the role of outer marginal detachments in the formation of East India, southern Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico, and how outer marginal collapse can migrate diachronously along strike, much like the onset of seafloor spreading. We suggest that backstripping estimates of lithospheric thinning (beta factor) at outer continental margins may be excessive because they probably attribute marginal collapse to thermal subsidence.
Daily smoking and 4‐year caries increment in Finnish adults
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Delgado‐Angulo Elsa K. , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Aromaa Arpo , Suominen Anna L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesAlthough the harmful effects of smoking on periodontal disease and oral cancer are now indisputable, its effect on dental caries is less well known. This study assessed whether daily smoking predicts caries increment in adults over 4 years.MethodsData from 955 adults who participated in both the Health 2000 Survey and the Follow‐Up Study of Finnish Adults' Oral Health were analysed. At baseline, participants provided information on demographic characteristics, education and dental behaviours. The 4‐year net increment in the numbers of decayed (DT), filled (FT) and missing (MT) teeth and the DMFT index were calculated using the data from baseline and follow‐up clinical oral examinations.ResultsDaily smoking was not associated with net DMFT increment. In subsequent analysis by components, daily smoking was associated with net DT increment, but not with net FT or MT increments. When daily smokers were split into two groups by consumption level (1–19 and 20+ cigarettes/day) and compared to nondaily smokers, a significant dose–response relationship was additionally found between levels of tobacco consumption and net DT increment. Although daily smokers reported less favourable behaviours than nonsmokers, these associations only explained partially the effect of daily smoking on net DT increment.ConclusionsDaily smoking was independently related to caries development (net DT increment) in adults over 4 years, but not to caries treatment (net FT and MT increments) or caries experience (net DMFT increment).