bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender in top management research
Authors: Mensi-Klarbach Heike 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to offer a multi-layered approach to gender topics in top management team research.Design/methodology/approach– Recent empirical work on the role of gender diversity in top management teams will be reviewed and contrasted with gender and diversity theory.Findings– The results show that gender diversity has often been operationalized and defined in a highly stereotypical fashion, strongly rooted in assumed biological traits (in particular male/female skills and aptitudes). This very simplistic assumption that men and women behave differently does not take into account gender and diversity theories, but simply reproduces gender stereotypes. As a result, a framework is presented that takes societal, organizational, group and individual variables into account to understand the impact of gender in top management positions.Research limitations/implications– The paper is a conceptual paper aiming at enriching scholarly work on gender and top management teams by considering several potentially gendered processes on different layers: society, organizations, groups and individuals.Originality/value– This concept is the first to offer a fresh perspective on the intensively researched topic of gender and performance in top management. By overcoming the stereotypical view that the contributions of female and male managers are inherently different, the paper aims to enrich the scholarly debate on relevant top management characteristics, and furthermore ensure that discriminatory ascriptions to female and male managers are not reproduced through academic work.
Using a network modularity analysis to inform management of a rare endemic plant in the northern Great Plains, USA
Authors: Larson Diane L. , Droege Sam , Rabie Paul A. , Larson Jennifer L. , Devalez Jelle , Haar Milton , McDermott‐Kubeczko Margaret 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Analyses of flower‐visitor interaction networks allow application of community‐level information to conservation problems, but management recommendations that ensue from such analyses are not well characterized. Results of modularity analyses, which detect groups of species (modules) that interact more with each other than with species outside their module, may be particularly applicable to management concerns.

We conducted modularity analyses of networks surrounding a rare endemic annual plant, Eriogonum visheri, at Badlands National Park, USA, in 2010 and 2011. Plant species visited were determined by pollen on insect bodies and by flower species upon which insects were captured. Roles within modules (network hub, module hub, connector and peripheral, in decreasing order of network structural importance) were determined for each species.

Relationships demonstrated by the modularity analysis, in concert with knowledge of pollen species carried by insects, allowed us to infer effects of two invasive species on E. visheri. Sharing a module increased risk of interspecific pollen transfer to E. visheri. Control of invasive Salsola tragus, which shared a module with E. visheri, is therefore a prudent management objective, but lack of control of invasive Melilotus officinalis, which occupied a different module, is unlikely to negatively affect pollination of E. visheri. Eriogonum pauciflorum may occupy a key position in this network, supporting insects from the E. visheri module when E. visheri is less abundant.

Year‐to‐year variation in species' roles suggests management decisions must be based on observations over several years. Information on pollen deposition on stigmas would greatly strengthen inferences made from the modularity analysis.

Synthesis and applications: Assessing the consequences of pollination, whether at the community or individual level, is inherently time‐consuming. A trade‐off exists: rather than an estimate of fitness effects, the network approach provides a broad understanding of the relationships among insect visitors and other plant species that may affect the focal rare plant. Knowledge of such relationships allows managers to detect, target and prioritize control of only the important subset of invasive species present and identify other species that may augment a rare species' population stability, such as E. pauciflorum in our study.
Assessment of various second‐line medications in addition to inhaled corticosteroid in asthma patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rajanandh Muhasaparur Ganesan , Nageswari Arcot Deenadayalu , Ilango Kaliappan 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMany patients with persistent asthma cannot achieve the treatment goal for asthma with a single controller medication. The aim of the present study was to assess lung function and rescue medication use in asthma patients receiving four different categories of drugs in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. Patients recruited to the study were randomized into four groups to receive budesonide with either formoterol, doxofylline, montelukast or tiotropium for a period of 3 months. Lung function (i.e. forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)) and rescue medication use were determined at baseline and on Day 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 of treatment. A total of 297 patients completed the study. At baseline, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in any of the outcome measures. Significant within‐group improvement in FEV1 was observed in all groups. On Day 90, between‐group differences showed that the improvement in FEV1 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for patients receiving budesonide + formoterol, followed by budesonide + montelukast and budesonide + doxofylline, and least for those receiving budesonide + tiotropium. Similarly, within‐ and between‐group comparisons showed significant (P < 0.05) reductions in rescue medication use in all groups. However, the magnitude of the decrease was greater in the budesonide + formoterol group, followed by the budesonide + montelukast, budesonide + doxofylline and budesonide + tiotropium groups. Based on our findings, among the second‐line treatment regimens, budesonide with either montelukast or doxofylline was found to be better than budesonide + tiotropium in patients with mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. Further studies with a longer duration are likely to be useful.
Diversity and genomic insights into the uncultured Chloroflexi from the human microbiota
Authors: Campbell Alisha G. , Schwientek Patrick , Vishnivetskaya Tatiana , Woyke Tanja , Levy Shawn , Beall Clifford J. , Griffen Ann , Leys Eugene , Podar Mircea 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMany microbial phyla that are widely distributed in open environments have few or no representatives within animal‐associated microbiota. Among them, the Chloroflexi comprises taxonomically and physiologically diverse lineages adapted to a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. A distinct group of uncultured chloroflexi related to free‐living anaerobic Anaerolineae inhabits the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and includes low‐abundance human oral bacteria that appear to proliferate in periodontitis. Using a single‐cell genomics approach, we obtained the first draft genomic reconstruction for these organisms and compared their inferred metabolic potential with free‐living chloroflexi. Genomic data suggest that oral chloroflexi are anaerobic heterotrophs, encoding abundant carbohydrate transport and metabolism functionalities, similar to those seen in environmental Anaerolineae isolates. The presence of genes for a unique phosphotransferase system and N‐acetylglucosamine metabolism suggests an important ecological niche for oral chloroflexi in scavenging material from lysed bacterial cells and the human tissue. The inferred ability to produce sialic acid for cell membrane decoration may enable them to evade the host defence system and colonize the subgingival space. As with other low abundance but persistent members of the microbiota, discerning community and host factors that influence the proliferation of oral chloroflexi may help understand the emergence of oral pathogens and the microbiota dynamics in health and disease states.
Impact of introducing Practical Obstetric Multi‐Professional Training (PROMPT) into maternity units in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Shoushtarian M , Barnett M , McMahon F , Ferris J 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the introduction of Practical Obstetric Multi‐professional Training (PROMPT) into maternity units and evaluate effects on organisational culture and perinatal outcomes.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingMaternity units in eight public hospitals in metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia.PopulationStaff in eight maternity units and a total of 43 408 babies born between July 2008 and December 2011.MethodsRepresentatives from eight Victorian hospitals underwent a single day of training (Train the Trainer), to conduct PROMPT. Organisational culture was compared before and after PROMPT. Clinical outcomes were evaluated before, during and after PROMPT.Main outcome measuresThe number of courses run and the proportion of staff trained were determined. Organisational culture was measured using the Safety Attitude Questionnaire. Clinical measures included Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes (Apgar 1 and Apgar 5), cord lactate, blood loss and length of baby's stay in hospital.ResultsSeven of the eight hospitals conducted PROMPT. Overall about 50% of staff were trained in each year of the study. Significant increases were found in Safety Attitude Questionnaire scores representing domains of teamwork (Hedges’ g 0.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.13–0.41), safety (Hedges’ g 0.28, 95% CI 0.15–0.42) and perception of management (Hedges’ g 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.31). There were significant improvements in Apgar 1 (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.91), cord lactates (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.85–0.99) and average length of baby's stay in hospital (Hedges’ g 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.05) during or after training, but no change in Apgar 5 scores or proportion of cases with high blood loss.ConclusionPROMPT can be introduced using the Train the Trainer model. Improvements in organisational culture and some clinical measures were observed following PROMPT.
Effectiveness of peroral endoscopic myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: A pilot trial in Chinese Han population with a minimum of one‐year follow‐up
Authors: Ling Ting Sheng , Guo Hui Min , Yang Tian , Peng Chun Yan , Zou Xiao Ping , Shi Rui Hua 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the outcomes of Chinese Han patients who underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia.MethodsPatients undergoing POEM for achalasia at the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School were prospectively enrolled in this study, with a follow‐up duration of at least one year. Their outcomes were evaluated by analyzing esophageal manometry, timed barium esophagogram and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), which were performed before surgery, 5 days after surgery and at the last follow‐up. Patients' symptom relief was considered the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, esophageal emptying, patients' quality of life (QoL) and procedure‐related complications.ResultsEighty‐seven patients were included in the study. Eckardt score after POEM was remarkably lower than the preoperative score (0.4 ± 0.7 vs 7.1 ± 2.1, P = 0.001). The preoperative LES pressure was 32.4 ± 15.3 mmHg, which was decreased to 3.8 ± 3.9 mmHg immediately after surgery. The height of the barium column at 1 min after barium swallow was significantly reduced after treatment (11.7 ± 1.2 cm vs 3.2 ± 1.6 cm, P < 0.001). The patients' QoL was also improved, as indicated by obviously increased physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS) scores of the SF‐36. Complications occurred during POEM included cutaneous emphysema, mucosal injury and pneumothorax.ConclusionPOEM is an effective approach for treating achalasia, which can relieve the symptoms of achalasia by improving esophageal emptying and lowering LES pressure.
How does four‐dimensional computed tomography spare normal tissues in non‐small cell lung cancer radiotherapy by defining internal target volume?
Authors: Bai Tong , Zhu Jian , Yin Yong , Lu Jie , Shu Huazhong , Wang Lin , Yang Bo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate how the four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) technique spares normal tissues in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) radiotherapy by defining individualized internal target volume (ITV).Materials and MethodsGross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) were contoured on all 10 respiratory phases of 4DCT scans in 10 patients with peripheral NSCLC. Both 3D and 4D treatment plans were performed for each patient using planning target volume (PTV)3D (derived from a single CTV plus conventional margins) and PTV4D (derived from 4D internal target volume, which included all 10 CTVs plus setup margins). Dose volume histogram and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values were compared for the lung, heart, and spinal cord between 3D and 4D treatment plans.ResultsThe average PTV of the 4D (127.56 ± 70.79) was less than the 3D plans (147.65 ± 76.89). The 4D spared more surrounding normal tissues than the 3D plans, especially in the lung. Compared with 3D plans, V5, V10, V20 and V30 of the total lung decreased from 41.25%, 37.75%, 24.25%, 17.00% to 38.13%, 33.00%, 21.25%, 15.13%, respectively. Without increasing the NTCP of the lung significantly, the 4D plans allowed us to increase the average prescription dose from 60 Gy to 66.00 ± 4.62 Gy.Conclusions4DCT based plans can reduce the target volumes, spare more normal tissues, and allow dose escalation compared with 3D plans in NSCLC radiotherapy.
Continuous positive airway pressure/pressure support pre‐oxygenation of morbidly obese patients
Authors: HARBUT P. , GOZDZIK W. , STJERNFÄLT E. , MARSK R. , HESSELVIK J. F. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundMorbidly obese patients are more prone to desaturation of arterial blood during apnea with induction of anesthesia than are non‐obese. This study aimed to assess the effect of low‐pressure continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with pressure support ventilation (PSV) during pre‐oxygenation on partial oxygen pressure in arterial blood (PaO2) immediately after tracheal intubation (post‐intubation PaO2).MethodsForty‐four adult patients scheduled for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were pre‐oxygenated with 80% O2 for 2 min, randomized either to CPAP 5 cm H2O + PSV 5 cm H2O (CPAP/PSV, n = 22) or neutral‐pressure breathing without CPAP/PSV (control, n = 22). Anesthesia was induced in a rapid‐sequence protocol and the trachea was intubated without prior mask ventilation. Arterial blood gases were measured before pre‐oxygenation, before induction of anesthesia, and immediately following intubation, before the first positive pressure breath.ResultsAfter pre‐oxygenation, partial carbondioxide pressure was significantly lower in the CPAP/PSV group (4.9 ± 0.5 kPa), (mean ± standard deviation) than in the control group (5.2 ± 0.7 kPa) (P = 0.025). Post‐preoxygenation PaO2 did not differ between the groups, but post‐intubation PaO2 was significantly higher in the CPAP/PSV group (32.2 ± 4.1 kPa) than in the control group (23.8 ± 8.8 kPa) (P < 0.001). In the control group, nadir oxygen saturation was lower (median 98%, range 83–99%) than in the CPAP/PSV group (median 99%, range 97–99%, P = 0.011).ConclusionsIn morbidly obese patients, low‐pressure CPAP combined with low‐pressure PSV during pre‐oxygenation resulted in better oxygenation, compared with neutral‐pressure breathing, and prevented desaturation episodes.
Influence of Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) infected leaves of Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae) on the preference of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Rizvi Syed Z M , Raman Anantanarayanan , Wheatley Warwick , Cook Geoffrey , Nicol Helen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHerbivorous insects use sensory cues to choose their host plants for feeding and/or oviposition by assessing host quality. Olfactory, contact and visual cues of the host mediate such choices. The right‐host choice for oviposition by a lepidopteran is essential for the performance of its progeny. In natural conditions, plants are often and concurrently attacked by both herbivorous insects and pathogenic fungi. In such a three‐way relationship, the interaction between the plant and insect is usually influenced by the fungal population, and such an influence can be either mutualistic or antagonistic. In the present study, we tested the three‐way relationship using the system, Epiphyas postvittana–Vitis vinifera–Botrytis cinerea. We sought answers to the questions: (1) whether the females of E. postvittana prefer to oviposit on V. vinifera leaves infected by B. cinerea; and (2) whether the larvae of E. postvittana prefer to feed on V. vinifera leaves infected by B. cinerea. We found that the host‐seeking gravid females of E. postvittana ‘tested’ the infection status of the host plant using olfactory, visual, and tactile cues; in consequence, they laid significantly fewer eggs on the moderately (30–60%) and intensely (90–100%) infected leaves of V. vinifera. The neonate larvae preferred to feed on mildly (5–10%) and moderately (30–60%) infected leaves, as against the uninfected (control) leaves, and showed no preference for intensely (90–100%) infected leaves. External and internal examination of the larvae established that the larvae fed on B. cinerea‐infected leaf because viable conidia of B. cinerea occurred on the body surface and within the gut of the neonate larvae.
The dynamics of herpesvirus reactivations during and after severe drug eruptions: their relation to the clinical phenotype and therapeutic outcome
Authors: Ishida T. , Kano Y. , Mizukawa Y. , Shiohara T. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundDrug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) represent contrasting poles of severe drug eruptions, and sequential reactivations of several herpesviruses have exclusively been demonstrated in the former. No previous studies, however, were extended beyond the acute stage. We sought to investigate whether herpesvirus reactivations could also be observed in SJS/TEN and beyond the acute stage of both diseases.MethodsPatients with SJS (n = 16), SJS/TEN overlap (n = 2), TEN (n = 10), and DIHS/DRESS (n = 34) were enrolled. We performed a retrospective analysis of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA loads sequentially determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction during a 2‐year period after onset.ResultsPersistently increased EBV loads were detected in SJS during the acute stage and long after resolution, but not in others. In contrast, high HHV‐6 loads were exclusively detected in DIHS/DRESS during the acute stage. The dynamics of herpesvirus reactivation varied in DIHS/DRESS according to the use of systemic corticosteroids: While EBV loads were higher in patients not receiving systemic corticosteroids, CMV and HHV‐6 loads were higher in those receiving them.ConclusionsDistinct patterns of herpesvirus reactivation according to the pathological phenotype and to the use of systemic corticosteroids were observed during the acute stage and follow‐up period, which may contribute, at least in part, to the difference in the clinical manifestations and long‐term outcomes. Systemic corticosteroids during the acute stage may improve the outcomes in DIHS/DRESS.
Cardiovascular autonomic function testing under non‐standardised and standardised conditions in cardiovascular patients with type‐2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Keet S. W. M. , Bulte C. S. E. , Sivanathan A. , Verhees L. , Allaart C. P. , Boer C. , Bouwman R. A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAutonomic function tests require standardised test conditions. We compared testing under non‐standardised and standardised conditions and investigated the agreement between heart and pulse rate variability in 30 subjects with diabetes mellitus. Deep breathing, Valsalva manoeuvre and quick standing tests showed non‐standardised reproducibility intraclass correlations (95% CI) of 0.96 (0.82–0.99), 0.96 (0.81–0.99) and 0.75 (−0.98 to 0.94), respectively. Intraclass correlations for sustained handgrip and quick standing were poor. Heart and pulse rate variability showed high‐frequency band intraclass correlations (95% CI) of 0.65 (−0.07 to 0.89) and 0.47 (−0.88 to 0.85) for the very low‐frequency band, respectively, 0.68 (0.00−0.90) and 0.70 (−0.09 to 0.91) for the low‐frequency band, and 0.86 (0.57−0.95) and 0.82 (0.39−0.95) for the high‐frequency band. Reproducibility under standardised conditions was comparable. The mean difference (95% limits of agreement) between heart and pulse rate variability was 0.99 (0.80−1.22) for very low frequency, 1.03 (0.88−1.21) for low frequency and 1.35 (0.84−2.16) for high frequency, with a Spearman's correlation coefficient of 1.00, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. We demonstrated a high agreement between heart and pulse rate variability and acceptable reproducibility with most autonomic function tests, heart and pulse rate variability.
Evaluation of a large‐scale donation of Lifebox pulse oximeters to non‐physician anaesthetists in Uganda
Authors: Finch L. C. , Kim R. Y. , Ttendo S. , Kiwanuka J. K. , Walker I. A. , Wilson I. H. , Weiser T. G. , Berry W. R. , Gawande A. A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPulse oximetry is widely accepted as essential monitoring for safe anaesthesia, yet is frequently unavailable in resource‐limited settings. The Lifebox pulse oximeter, and associated management training programme, was delivered to 79 non‐physician anaesthetists attending the 2011 Uganda Society of Anaesthesia Annual Conference. Using a standardised assessment, recipients were tested for their knowledge of oximetry use and hypoxia management before, immediately following and 3–5 months after the training. Before the course, the median (IQR [range]) test score for the anaesthetists was 36 (34–39 [26–44]) out of a maximum of 50 points. Immediately following the course, the test score increased to 41 (38–43 [25–47]); p < 0.0001 and at the follow‐up visit at 3–5 months it was 41 (39–44 [33–49]); p = 0.001 compared with immediate post‐training test scores, and 75/79 (95%) oximeters were in routine clinical use. This method of introduction resulted in a high rate of uptake of oximeters into clinical practice and a demonstrable retention of knowledge in a resource‐limited setting.