bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of cold‐crystallization on the AC and DC conductive properties of polylactide biocomposites with carboxylic or neat large aspect ratio MWCNT
Authors: Laredo Estrella , Bello Alfredo , Diaz Jonas , Grimau Mario , Martinez‐Tong Daniel , Wu Defeng , Wu Liang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAfter DC and AC conductivity measurements, percolation parameters, universality, and time‐temperature‐concentration superposition are evaluated in biocomposites based on poly(lactide) loaded with multiwalled carbon nanotubes either carboxylic, PLA/c‐CNT, or pure but with a larger aspect ratio, PLA/LAR‐CNT, in weight concentrations up to 7%. The polymer matrix is either 100% amorphous or cold‐crystallized. Wide angle X‐ray scattering is used to extract the crystallinity at each temperature. The nucleating effect for the cold crystallization of the PLA is greater for the LAR‐CNT than for the carboxylic ones. DC and AC conductivities are measured in broad frequency and temperature ranges, from 1 mHz to 1 MHz and from 133 to 378 K, respectively. The critical percolation value increases for c‐CNTs (from 1.8 to 2.4 vol%) upon cold crystallization of the PLA matrix as the formation of a conductive path is hindered by the existence of a crystalline phase, which is dominant over the reduction of the amorphous regions. No significant changes upon crystallization were found in the critical concentration value (0.6 vol%) for the LAR composites, where the conductive path is 2D. The universal scaling found here for different concentrations is lost when temperature varies. However, time‐temperature superposition is present for each concentration of LAR or carboxylic CNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Epoxy/anhydride networks modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Montero Belén , Serra Angels , Ramírez Carmen , Ramis Xavier 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEpoxy/anhydride networks were modified, in the presence of benzyldimethylamine as catalyst, with two polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), whose inorganic framework had a compact and stable Si‐O core and an organic substituent shell. The influence of the content and type of POSS during curing and on the properties of the thermosets was investigated by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The curing kinetics was analyzed by means of an integral isoconversional nonisothermal procedure. When the POSS modifier was added, the storage modulus in the rubbery plateau increased and the glass transition temperature decreased because of the presence of the flexible organic moieties and the influence in the crosslinking density. The presence of these POSS structures hardly affected the thermodegradation behavior of cured materials. The dispersion of the POSS structures in the epoxy/anhydride matrix was good, but some submicron‐sized POSS agglomerates could be observed by transmission electron microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Functionalized carbon nanotubes with oligomeric intumescent flame retardant for reducing the agglomeration and flammability of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Guoyong , Cheng Jinyang , Wu Huiyan , Lin Zhongqing , Zhang Yuchuan , Wang Hu 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA novel oligomeric phosphorous–nitrogen‐containing intumescent flame retardant poly (2,6‐diaminopyridine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PDSPB) is synthesized, and subsequently multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)‐grafted oligomeric intumescent flame retardant, MWNT‐g‐PDSPB, is fabricated via chemical grafting reaction and characterized. The grafting reaction was characterized by FTIR, NMR, and XPS. After high‐density PDSPB (88 wt%) were attached to the MWNTs, core‐shell nanostructures with MWNTs as the hard core and PDSPB as the soft shell were formed. The resultant MWNT‐g‐PDSPB was soluble and stable in polar solvents, such as DMF and DMSO. MWNT‐g‐PDSPB has excellent thermal stability and charring ability. The TEM results showed that the functionalized MWNTs could achieve better dispersion in poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix. The residue char of MWNT‐g‐PDSPB is as high as 70 wt%, and the grafting of intumescent flame retardant of PDSPB can improve both the dispersion of MWNTs in polymer matrix and flame retardancy of the nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fluorescent‐tagged maleic anhydride‐allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer as an environmentally benign inhibitor for calcium phosphate in industrial cooling systems
Authors: Huang Jingyi , Liu Guangqing , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Yang Yong , Wang Huchuan , Ling Lei , Cao Ke , Liu Yahui , Wu Wendao , Sun Wei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAllyloxy polyethoxy ether (APEG) and succinic anhydride were used to prepare allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate (APEL). 8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PY) was reacted with allyl chloride to produce fluorescent monomer 8‐allyloxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PA). APEL and PA were copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to synthesize PA tagged no phosphate and nitrogen‐free calcium phosphate inhibitor POLY(MA–APEL–PA). Structures of PA, APEG, APEL, and POLY(MA–APEL–PA) were carried out by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. Different MA : APEL mole ratios were employed for the manufacture of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) to study the effect of mole ratio on performance of POLY(MA–APEL–PA). Relationship between POLY(MA–APEL–PA)'s fluorescent intensity and its dosage was studied. The results indicate that capability of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) is heavily depended on the mole ratio of MA : APEL. Correlation coefficient r of POLY(MA–APEL–PA)'s fluorescent intensity and its dosage is 0.9999, and detection limit of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) is 0.86 mg/L. POLY(MA–APEL–PA) can be used to accurately measure polymer consumption on line besides providing excellent calcium phosphate inhibition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced polymer filling and uniform shrinkage of polymer and mold in a hot embossing process
Authors: He Yong , Fu JianZhong , Zhao Peng , Chen Zi Chen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLow filling efficiency and large thermal stress are two important problems that limit the wide use of hot embossing especially in fabricating high aspect ratio patterns. Two types of flow barriers, the first being an accessorial slot on the mold (SFB), the other was a block on the hot embossing machine (BFB), were designed to enhance polymer filling and their performances were simulated with the finite element method. The numerical simulation results show that two kinds of flow barriers can also accelerate the polymer filling speed and improve filling efficiency. The BFB has a better promoting effect and can be easily used as a quasi close‐die embossing process. The shrinkage of the polymer and mold is made uniform with a designed polymer grip holder to minimize the thermal stress. The polymer was clipped at a temperature in a cooling step and its deformation was fixed; thus, the shrinkage of the polymer can be equal to the mold at a special temperature. An improved hot embossing machine was designed and the hot embossing process was modified to satisfy these requirements. At last successful fabrication of the light guide plate verified the improvements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal stability of epoxidized soybean oil and its absorption and migration in poly(vinylchloride)
Authors: Sun Bin , Chaudhary Bharat Indu , Shen Chun‐Yin , Mao Di , Yuan Dong‐Ming , Dai Gan‐Ce , Li Bin , Cogen Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThermal analyses of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were conducted and showed that it was stable up to temperatures as high as 240–260°C in air‐free environment. The solubility and transport characteristics of ESO in poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) were also investigated under various conditions. The absorption study showed that the resin had a void volume of ∼0.3 cm3/g. Furthermore, ESO was found to be sufficiently soluble in the PVC matrix to function as an effective plasticizer, with equilibrium solubility of 72 g/100 g PVC at 80°C and 163 g/100 g PVC at 120°C. The absorption of ESO in PVC grains was a three step process comprising “induction,” “swelling,” and “saturation” periods. Torque rheometer studies showed that higher mixer temperature and/or speed facilitated uptake of plasticizer in PVC and ultimate fusion. Migration studies of plasticized and stabilized PVC compositions showed no change in mass at 40°C, but increasingly greater mass loss as the temperature was raised up to 120°C. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications
Authors: Sun Yiqing , Shi Gaoquan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGraphene has wide potential applications in energy‐related systems, mainly because of its unique atom‐thick two‐dimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel derived Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3−xCuO ceramics
Authors: Li Jun , Sun Xiaojian , Zhang XiaoShan , Chen Qiang , Peng ZhiHang , Yu Ping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBa0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 powders were synthesized by sol–gel processing and Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3−xCuO piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using the as‐prepared powders. Microstructures and electric properties of the ceramics were studied, especially, the effects of CuO additive on the sintering characteristics and electric properties. Both the performance and the sintering behaviour of BCTZ ceramics are improved by using as‐prepared Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 powders and CuO as a sintering aid. BCTZ ceramic with 1.5 mol% CuO exhibits good electric properties: εr ∼ 5338 (10 kHz), tan δ ∼ 0.014 (10 kHz), d33 ∼ 670 pC N−1 and kp ∼ 57.8% at room temperature.
Impact of hydrogen on electrical levels and luminescence of dislocation network at the interface of hydrophilically bonded silicon wafers
Authors: Loshachenko Anton , Bondarenko Anton , Vyvenko Oleg , Kononchuk Oleg 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe hydrogen penetration and its impact on electro‐physical properties of dislocation network (DN) at the interface of directly bonded silicon wafers located close to the surface of semiconductor are investigated. The evolution of spectra of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) after low temperature reverse bias annealing (RBA) procedure was monitored. It is established that DN resists the penetration of hydrogen ions into the bulk of silicon wafer. The dependence of amount of penetrated hydrogen on of dislocation density in DN is obtained and the model of its explanation is suggested. It is demonstrated that the hydrogenation did not reduce the concentration of shallow dislocation‐related levels and that the amount of hydrogen introduced by wet chemical etching is sufficient to eliminate detrimental action of deep levels. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocation formation during laser processing of silicon solar cell materials
Authors: Weng Y. , Kedjar B. , Ohmer K. , Köhler J. R. , Werner J. H. , Strunk H. P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLaser processing, increasingly used for solar cell production, induces defects when choosing inappropriate process parameters. Besides the shape and the pulse energy of the laser, also the surface orientation of silicon substrate has a great influence on the defect formation. By applying a laser beam with a line focus exceeding the critical values such as line width and laser pulse energy, the development of dislocations is observed on (111)‐oriented wafers by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a result, the formed dislocations are arranged practically parallel to each other in planes parallel to the (111) surface. Their Burgers vectors lie within this plane too. Thus classical concepts of epitaxy hardly explain the dislocation formation. Alternative explanations have to take into account the excessively high temperature close to the melting point, the short time frames given by the laser pulse duration (100 ns) and the not yet analyzed inhomogeneous stress distribution. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cryptanalysis of MICKEY family of stream ciphers
Authors: Ding Lin , Guan Jie 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTMICKEY 2.0 is a synchronous hardware‐oriented stream cipher designed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd in 2006. It was submitted to eSTREAM and became one of the seven eSTREAM finalists. MICKEY‐128 2.0 is a variant version with 128‐bit secret key. In this paper, we present a weakness in the initialization of MICKEY family of stream ciphers (i.e., MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐128 2.0). With this weakness, we apply a slide resynchronization attack to them, which finds for any K with k0 = d and for any IV with ivn = d, there is a (K′, IV′) pair with probability 2− 1 that generates 1‐bit shifted keystream, where d ∈ {0, 1} is a constant. Furthermore, we propose related key attacks on MICKEY family of stream ciphers. Our attacks can break these two ciphers in real time on a PC when 65 and 113 related (K, IV) pairs for MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐128 2.0 are obtained, respectively. The success probabilities of our attacks on MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐1282.0 are 0.9835 and 0.9714, respectively. This is the first paper presenting a weakness in MICKEY family of stream ciphers, and the results show that MICKEY family of stream ciphers are extremely weak against related key attacks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Conductive Carbon Nanotube Matrix Accelerates Developmental Chloride Extrusion in Central Nervous System Neurons by Increased Expression of Chloride Transporter KCC2
Authors: Liedtke Wolfgang , Yeo Michele , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Yiding , Gignac Michelle , Miller Sara , Berglund Ken , Liu Jie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractExceptional mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted neuroscientists and neural tissue engineers aiming to develop novel devices that interface with nervous tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), the perinatal chloride shift represents a dynamic change that forms the basis for physiological actions of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, a process of fundamental relevance for normal functioning of the CNS. Low intra‐neuronal chloride concentrations are maintained by a chloride‐extruding transporter, potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2). KCC2's increasing developmental expression underlies the chloride shift. In neural injury, repressed KCC2 expression plays a co‐contributory role by corrupting inhibitory neurotransmission. Mechanisms of Kcc2 up‐regulation are thus pertinent because of their medical relevance, yet they remain elusive. Here, it is shown that primary CNS neurons originating from the cerebral cortex, cultured on highly‐conductive few‐walled‐CNT (fwCNT) have a strikingly accelerated chloride shift caused by increased KCC2 expression. KCC2 upregulation is dependent on neuronal voltage‐gated calcium channels (VGCC) and, furthermore, on calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II, which is linked to VGCC‐mediated calcium‐influx. It is also demonstrated that accelerated Kcc2 transcription in brain‐slices prepared from genetically‐engineered reporter mice, in which Kcc2 promoter drives luciferase, when the cerebral cortex of these mice is exposed to fwCNT‐coated devices. Based on these findings, whether fwCNT can enhance neural engineering devices for the benefit of neural injury conditions associated with elevated neuronal intracellular chloride concentration—such as pain, epilepsy, traumatic neural injury and ischemia—can now be addressed. Taken together, our novel insights illustrate how fwCNTs can promote low neuronal chloride in individual neurons and thus inhibitory transmission in neural circuits.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Twinning of the Isotypic Rare‐Earth Metal Bromide Ortho‐Oxidomolybdates LaBrMoO4 and CeBrMoO4
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Henning Harald , Schleid Thomas , Schustereit Tanja , Strobel Sabine 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSolid‐state reactions of La2O3, LaBr3, and MoO3 in molar ratios of 1:1:3 lead to single crystals of LaBrMoO4 among a few by‐products, which emerge from redox reactions of Br– with hexavalent molybdenum. To obtain the analogous cerium compound, Ce2O3 was synthesized in situ by using CeO2 and Ce in a 3:1 molar ratio. The two rare‐earth metal bromide ortho‐oxidomolybdates(VI) REBrMoO4 (RE = La and Ce) crystallize isotypically in the monoclinic space group Pc (a = 982 – 977 pm, b ≈ 581 pm, c = 810 – 803 pm, β ≈ 90°, Z = 4). In the crystal structure, two crystallographically unique RE3+ cations are present, both with similar coordination environments of three plus one Br– and six O2– anions in the shape of distorted tetracapped trigonal prisms. The two distinguishable Br– anions both display coordination spheres of three plus one RE3+ cations each, building up distorted tetrahedra. These are fused together via four common edges to form anti‐PbO‐type 2∞{[BrRE$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$]2+} layers (e = edge‐connecting) parallel to the (100) plane. Two crystallographically different oxidomolybdate(VI) units are also found in the structure, which can be best described as strands of apically vertex‐shared [MoO5]4– trigonal bipyramids along [001] represented by the formula 1∞{[MoO$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$O$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$]2–} (v = vertex‐connecting, t = terminal). The aforementioned 2∞{[BrRE$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$]2+} layers and the 1∞ {[MoO$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$O$\rm^{e}_{4/4}$]2–} chains are alternately stacked along the a axis. The peculiarity of this structure is expressed by the position of the Mo6+ cations, which are not situated in the center of the bipyramids, but reside offset in a trigonal pyramid. Since both the (Mo1)6+ and the (Mo2)6+ cations are located in the same partial tetrahedron, relative to the triangular plane of the trigonal bipyramid, a structure description in a non‐centrosymmetric space group is immanent. Both title compounds display a twinned crystal structure with strong similarities to those of the chloride homologues REClMoO4 (RE = La – Pr) and LaClWO4.
Cancer cachexia prevention via physical exercise: molecular mechanisms
Authors: Gould Douglas W. , Lahart Ian , Carmichael Amtul R. , Koutedakis Yiannis , Metsios George S. 
Published: December 2012

Cancer cachexia is a debilitating consequence of disease progression, characterised by the significant weight loss through the catabolism of both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, leading to a reduced mobility and muscle function, fatigue, impaired quality of life and ultimately death occurring with 25–30 % total body weight loss. Degradation of proteins and decreased protein synthesis contributes to catabolism of skeletal muscle, while the loss of adipose tissue results mainly from enhanced lipolysis. These mechanisms appear to be at least, in part, mediated by systemic inflammation. Exercise, by virtue of its anti‐inflammatory effect, is shown to be effective at counteracting the muscle catabolism by increasing protein synthesis and reducing protein degradation, thus successfully improving muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in patients with non‐cancer‐related cachexia. Therefore, by implementing appropriate exercise interventions upon diagnosis and at various stages of treatment, it may be possible to reverse protein degradation, while increasing protein synthesis and lean body mass, thus counteracting the wasting seen in cachexia.
ON -LIKE RADICALS OF RINGS
Authors: FRANCE-JACKSON H. , KHULAN T. , TUMURBAT S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLet$\alpha $be any radical of associative rings. A radical$\gamma $is called$\alpha $-like if, for every$\alpha $-semisimple ring$A$, the polynomial ring$A[x] $is$\gamma $-semisimple. In this paper we describe properties of$\alpha $-like radicals and show how they can be used to solve some open problems in radical theory.
POROSITY OF CERTAIN SUBSETS OF LEBESGUE SPACES ON LOCALLY COMPACT GROUPS
Authors: AKBARBAGLU I. , MAGHSOUDI S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLet $G$ be a locally compact group. In this paper, we show that if $G$ is a nondiscrete locally compact group, $p\in (0, 1)$ and $q\in (0, + \infty ] $, then $\{ (f, g)\in {L}^{p} (G)\times {L}^{q} (G): f\ast g\text{ is finite } \lambda \text{-a.e.} \} $ is a set of first category in ${L}^{p} (G)\times {L}^{q} (G)$. We also show that if $G$ is a nondiscrete locally compact group and $p, q, r\in [1, + \infty ] $ such that $1/ p+ 1/ q\gt 1+ 1/ r$, then $\{ (f, g)\in {L}^{p} (G)\times {L}^{q} (G): f\ast g\in {L}^{r} (G)\} $, is a set of first category in ${L}^{p} (G)\times {L}^{q} (G)$. Consequently, for $p, q\in [1+ \infty )$ and $r\in [1, + \infty ] $ with $1/ p+ 1/ q\gt 1+ 1/ r$, $G$ is discrete if and only if ${L}^{p} (G)\ast {L}^{q} (G)\subseteq {L}^{r} (G)$; this answers a question raised by Saeki [‘The ${L}^{p} $-conjecture and Young’s inequality’, Illinois J. Math. 34 (1990), 615–627].
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND EARLY GROWTH OF FOUR CACAO GENOTYPES AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT SHADE REGIMES UNDER WEST AFRICAN DRY AND WET SEASON CONDITIONS
Authors: ACHEAMPONG K. , HADLEY P. , DAYMOND A. J. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThe physiological performance of four cacao clones was examined under three artificial shade regimes over the course of a year in Ghana. Plants under light shade had significantly higher photosynthetic rates in the rainy seasons whereas in the dry season there was a trend of higher photosynthetic rates under heavy shade. The results imply that during the wet seasons light was the main limiting factor to photosynthesis whereas in the dry season vapour pressure deficit was the major factor limiting photosynthesis through stomatal regulation. Leaf area was generally lower under heavier shade but the difference between shade treatments varied between clones. Such differences in leaf area allocation appeared to underlie genotypic differences in final biomass production in response to shade. The results suggest that shade for young cacao should be provided based on the current ambient environment and genotype.