bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerised cognitive testing of individuals with Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gutman Michael , Moskovic Ethan , Jeret Joseph S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is present by age 40 years, in Down's syndrome, ante‐mortem diagnosis is difficult. No standard for cognitive assessment is well established or easy to administer.MethodWe used a simple, widely available computerised test (NeuroTrax Moderate to Severe Impairment Assessment Battery, Mindstreams, Newark, NJ) to evaluate 14 patients in this population. Orientation, memory, executive function, verbal function and visual spatial function were evaluated every 6 months for 18 months.ResultsMean scaled scores in this longitudinal study were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of variance. Memory, executive function, verbal function and visual spatial function scores did not significantly change. There was no significant depression or anxiety on self‐reported measures.ConclusionsReproducibility of test results supports the reliability of this battery to quantify function and prospectively follow performance in this population over an 18‐month period.
Endogenous recovery after brain damage: molecular mechanisms that balance neuronal life/death fate
Authors: Tovar‐y‐Romo Luis B. , Penagos‐Puig Andrés , Ramírez‐Jarquín Josué O. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNeuronal survival depends on multiple factors that comprise a well‐fueled energy metabolism, trophic input, clearance of toxic substances, appropriate redox environment, integrity of blood–brain barrier, suppression of programmed cell death pathways and cell cycle arrest. Disturbances of brain homeostasis lead to acute or chronic alterations that might ultimately cause neuronal death with consequent impairment of neurological function. Although we understand most of these processes well when they occur independently from one another, we still lack a clear grasp of the concerted cellular and molecular mechanisms activated upon neuronal damage that intervene in protecting damaged neurons from death. In this review, we summarize a handful of endogenously activated mechanisms that balance molecular cues so as to determine whether neurons recover from injury or die. We center our discussion on mechanisms that have been identified to participate in stroke, although we consider different scenarios of chronic neurodegeneration as well. We discuss two central processes that are involved in endogenous repair and that, when not regulated, could lead to tissue damage, namely, trophic support and neuroinflammation. We emphasize the need to construct integrated models of neuronal degeneration and survival that, in the end, converge in neuronal fate after injury.
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Under neurodegenerative conditions, endogenously activated mechanisms balance out molecular cues that determine whether neurons contend toxicity or die. Many processes involved in endogenous repair may as well lead to tissue damage depending on the strength of stimuli. Signaling mediated by trophic factors and neuroinflammation are examples of these processes as they regulate different mechanisms that mediate neuronal demise including necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. In this review, we discuss recent findings on balanced regulation and their involvement in neuronal death.
Differential mRNA expression profiling in ovarian endometriotic tissue with versus without leuprolide acetate treatment
Authors: Kiba Atsushi , Banno Kouji , Yanokura Megumi , Asada Mari , Nakayama Yusuke , Aoki Daisuke , Watanabe Tatsuya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimLeuprolide acetate, an analog of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), regresses endometriotic tissue and reduces pain, resulting in clinical improvement upon treatment. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regression of endometriotic tissue, however, remain to be elucidated. In this study, we performed genome‐wide gene expression profiling of clinical specimens of ovarian endometrioma to obtain insight into the effects of leuprolide acetate treatment.MethodsWe obtained clinical samples from nine normal eutopic endometrium tissues, eight ovarian endometriotic tissues, and 12 leuprolide acetate‐treated endometriotic tissues. We compared the gene expression profiles of the three groups using Affymetrix GeneChip Human genome arrays and bioinformatic analysis, including molecular concept analysis.ResultsLeuprolide acetate‐treated endometriotic tissue showed downregulated genes associated with the biological functions of steroid hormone regulation, cell proliferation, inflammation, and intracellular signaling. These genes included PTGDS, GRP, APLP2, PLTP, and FGFRL1. In contrast, genes upregulated by leuprolide acetate treatment were associated with cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. These genes included CARD11 and USP18.ConclusionsThese preliminary results based on GeneChip analysis suggest that leuprolide acetate treatment induces a modulation of gene expression that allows for cooperative alterations in disease state. This study gives new insight into the effects of leuprolide acetate treatment. Further investigations with quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry are needed to validate this study and to explore new therapeutic targets and biomarkers of endometriosis.
Multilingual Miami: Current Trends in Sociolinguistic Research
Authors: Carter Phillip M. , Lynch Andrew 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss current trends in sociolinguistic work focusing on language in metropolitan Miami, an area we contend is underrepresented in the sociolinguistics literature given the unique contact situation that has arisen there during the past half century. We focus our attention on four main areas of theoretical and empirical concern: (1) Spanish–English bilingualism, (2) issues related to the varieties of Spanish spoken in Miami, (3) issues related to the varieties of English spoken in Miami, and (4) an overview of languages other than English and Spanish spoken in the region, with particular attention to Haitian Creole. We conclude with suggestions for future sociolinguistic work in all of these areas.
Transcription in space – environmental vs. genetic effects on differential immune gene expression
Authors: Lenz Tobias L. 
Published: September 2015

Understanding how organisms adapt to their local environment is one of the key goals in molecular ecology. Adaptation can be achieved through qualitative changes in the coding sequence and/or quantitative changes in gene expression, where the optimal dosage of a gene's product in a given environment is being selected for. Differences in gene expression among populations inhabiting distinct environments can be suggestive of locally adapted gene regulation and have thus been studied in different species (Whitehead & Crawford ; Hodgins‐Davis & Townsend ). However, in contrast to a gene's coding sequence, its expression level at a given point in time may depend on various factors, including the current environment. Although critical for understanding the extent of local adaptation, it is usually difficult to disentangle the heritable differences in gene regulation from environmental effects. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Stutz et al. () describe an experiment in which they reciprocally transplanted three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) between independent pairs of small and large lakes. Their experimental design allows them to attribute differences in gene expression among sticklebacks either to lake of origin or destination lake. Interestingly, they find that translocated sticklebacks show a pattern of gene expression more similar to individuals from the destination lake than to individuals from the lake of origin, suggesting that expression of the targeted genes is more strongly regulated by environmental effects than by genetics. The environmental effect by itself is not entirely surprising; however, the relative extent of it is. Especially when put in the context of local adaptation and population differentiation, as done here, these findings cast a new light onto the heritability of differential gene expression and specifically its relative importance during population divergence and ultimately ecological speciation.
Reduced INF2 expression in nephrotic syndrome is possibly related to clinical severity of steroid resistance in children
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Nakazato Hitoshi , Kuraoka Shohei , Yoneda Kaori , Takahashi Wataru , Endo Fumio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimMutations of the inverted formin 2 gene (INF2), which encodes a member of the formin family, cause autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease‐associated FSGS. However, their role in idiopathic FSGS remains unclear. This study investigated INF2 localization in the normal adult kidney and its expression in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.MethodsWe generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody against the conjugated peptide from human INF2 and studied the glomerular expression of INF2 and synaptopodin using normal human adult kidney tissues and tissues from children with glomerular diseases such as minimal change disease (MCD), FSGS, IgA nephropathy (IgAN), non‐IgA mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (non‐IgAN), and Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN).ResultsThe anti‐INF2 antibody detected an approximately 140‐kD fragment isolated from adult mature glomeruli by western blotting. Immunohistochemically, INF2 was detected in podocytes and renal arteries. Among 56 patients, INF2 in glomeruli was expressed at a similar level in patients with MCD, IgAN, non‐IgAN, or HSPN and controls. In FSGS patients, INF2 expression in glomeruli was either decreased or absent. There was a relationship between decreased INF2 expression and the clinical severity of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).ConclusionWe propose that examination of INF2 expression may help to differentiate MCD from FSGS and evaluate the clinical severity of SRNS in children.
New insights into the genetic basis of natural chilling and cold shock tolerance in rice by genome‐wide association analysis
Authors: Lv Yan , Guo Zilong , Li Xiaokai , Ye Haiyan , Li Xianghua , Xiong Lizhong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn order to understand cold adaptability and explore additional genetic resources for the cold tolerance improvement of rice, we investigated the genetic variation of 529 rice accessions under natural chilling and cold shock stress conditions at the seedling stage using genome‐wide association studies; a total of 132 loci were identified. Among them, 12 loci were common for both chilling and cold shock tolerance, suggesting that rice has a distinct and overlapping genetic response and adaptation to the two stresses. Haplotype analysis of a known gene OsMYB2, which is involved in cold tolerance, revealed indica–japonica differentiation and latitude tendency for the haplotypes of this gene. By checking the subpopulation and geographical distribution of accessions with tolerance or sensitivity under these two stress conditions, we found that the chilling tolerance group, which mainly consisted of japonica accessions, has a wider latitudinal distribution than the chilling sensitivity group. We conclude that the genetic basis of natural chilling stress tolerance in rice is distinct from that of cold shock stress frequently used for low‐temperature treatment in the laboratory and the cold adaptability of rice is associated with the subpopulation and latitudinal distribution.
The Role of Conceptus–maternal Signalling in the Acquisition of Uterine Receptivity to Implantation in Mammals
Authors: de Ruijter‐Villani M , Stout TAE 
Published: September 2015

ContentsImplantation is a pivotal step in the establishment of mammalian pregnancy. Although implantation strategies vary between species, many aspects of conceptus–maternal signalling necessary to induce uterine receptivity to implantation are conserved. The temporal ‘window’ for the initiation of implantation is short and precisely controlled by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. An invariable prerequisite for the development of uterine receptivity to implantation is continuous exposure of the endometrium to progesterone which, after a species‐specific interval, downregulates progesterone receptor (PGR) expression in the epithelium and stimulates the production of progestamedins. Uterine receptivity involves temporal changes in the expression of genes, leading to modifications in surface, extracellular matrix and secretory characteristics that support growth, proliferation, migration and attachment of the conceptus. Moreover, a complex interplay between endometrial progestamedins and estramedins and conceptus‐derived oestrogens, cytokines and interferons (INFs), prostaglandins (PGs) and cortisol is crucial to the preparation for implantation. Understanding the individual roles and combined actions of conceptus and endometrial autocrine and paracrine factors in the development of uterine receptivity to implantation is essential for translational research into strategies to reduce pregnancy loss in man and animals.
Identification of a novel allele: DQB1*06:127 in Hispanic sisters
Authors: Crawford T. L. , Weimer E. T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNewly identified allele, HLA‐DQB1*06:127, differs from DQB1*06:02:01 by the single nucleotide substitution 426C‐A at codon 110 in exon 3.
Sex‐related differences in small intestinal transit and serotonin dynamics in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obesity in mice
Authors: France Marion , Skorich Emmalee , Kadrofske Mark , Swain Greg M. , Galligan James J. 
Published: September 2015

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Are the sex differences in the effects of obesity on serotonin signaling mechanisms in the small intestine?
What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate that small intestinal transit is altered in male and female obese mice. We found sex differences in intestinal 5‐HT signalling in the jejunum of male and female obese mice that may underlie the altered intestinal transit. Our results reveal important sex differences in 5‐HT‐linked intestinal dysfunction in obesity.
Obesity alters gastrointestinal (GI) motility and 5‐HT signalling. Altered 5‐HT signalling disrupts control of GI motility. Levels of extracellular 5‐HT depend on enterochromaffin (EC) cell release and serotonin transporter (SERT) uptake. We assessed GI transit and 5‐HT signalling in the jejunum of normal and obese mice. Male and female mice were fed a control diet (CD; 10% of kilocalories as fat) or a high‐fat diet (HFD; 60% of kilocalories as fat). Gastrointestinal transit was increased in male HFD‐fed and female CD‐fed compared with male CD‐fed mice. The 5‐HT3 receptor blocker, alosetron, increased gastric emptying in male CD‐fed mice, but decreased transit in female CD‐fed mice. The 5‐HT‐induced jejunal longitudinal muscle contractions in vitro were similar in all mice. In contrast to male CD‐fed mice, 5‐HT uptake (measured using continuous amperometry in vitro) in male HFD‐fed mice was fluoxetine insensitive, yet sensitive to cocaine and the dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker GBR 12909. Immunoreactivity for DAT was present in the mucosa, and protein levels were greater in male HFD‐fed compared with CD‐fed mice. Extracellular 5‐HT and mucosal 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HT metabolite) were similar in male HFD‐fed compared with CD‐fed mice. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine uptake was fluoxetine sensitive in all females. Greater SERT protein, decreased extracellular 5‐HT and greater mucosal 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid were observed in female HFD‐fed compared with CD‐fed mice. Mucosal 5‐HT and EC cell numbers were similar in CD‐fed and HFD‐fed mice of both sexes; female 5‐HT and EC cell numbers were increased compared with males. The HFD did not alter plasma sex hormone levels in any mice. Overall, obesity alters GI transit and 5‐HT signalling in a sex‐dependent manner.
Physical Activity With and Without TV Viewing: Effects on Enjoyment of Physical Activity and TV, Exercise Self-Efficacy, and Barriers to Being Active in Overweight Adults
Authors: Steeves Jeremy A. , Bassett David R. , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Raynor Hollie , Cho Chi , Thompson Dixie L. 
Published: September 2015

Background:Physical activity (PA) is enjoyable, but there are barriers to participation. TV viewing is highly enjoyable with limited barriers. Exercising while viewing TV may impact enjoyment, exercise self-efficacy, and barriers to PA, compared with exercising without TV.Methods:58 sedentary, overweight adults were randomized to 1 of 2 PA prescriptions: one that increased PA during TV viewing (TV Commercial Stepping), and another that focused solely on PA (Walking). Random effects models tested changes in enjoyment of TV and PA, exercise self-efficacy, and barriers to PA across time (baseline, 3, and 6 months) and PA prescription during a 6-month PA intervention.Results:At baseline, TV was more enjoyable than PA. Over the 6-month intervention, enjoyment of TV viewing did not change, but enjoyment of PA and exercise self-efficacy significantly increased, while barriers to PA significantly decreased for both groups compared with baseline (P < .05).Conclusions:While enjoyment of TV viewing remained constant, PA became more enjoyable, confidence to exercise increased, and barriers to being active were reduced for previously sedentary adults participating in a behavioral PA intervention. These findings highlight the importance of encouraging inactive adults to engage in some form of PA, whether it occurs with or without TV viewing.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Avian Polyomavirus Isolated from Gouldian Finch
Authors: Heenemann Kristin , Sieg Michael , Rueckner Antje , Vahlenkamp Thomas W. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

A novel polyomavirus was identified in a fatally diseased Gouldian finch (
Erythrura gouldiae
). The new polyomavirus, strain VL 1209, was detected using a broad-spectrum nested PCR.
Genome Sequences of the Race 1 and Race 4 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Strains CFBP 1869 and CFBP 5817
Authors: Bolot Stéphanie , Cerutti Aude , Carrère Sébastien , Arlat Matthieu , Fischer-Le Saux Marion , Portier Perrine , Poussier Stéphane , Jacques Marie-Agnes , Noël Laurent D. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Xanthomonas campestris
pv. campestris is the causal agent of black rot on
Brassicaceae
. The draft genome sequences of strains CFBP 1869 and CFBP 5817 have been determined and are the first ones corresponding to race 1 and race 4 strains, which have a predominant agronomic and economic impact on cabbage cultures worldwide.
Genome Sequence of a Novel Iflavirus from mRNA Sequencing of the Pupa of Bombyx mori Inoculated with
Cordyceps militaris
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro , Takeshima Yoshino , Mikamoto Toshiyuki , Saeki Jun-David , Kato Tatsuya , Park Enoch Y. , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Dohra Hideo 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

We discovered a novel iflavirus from the transcriptome of the
Bombyx mori
pupa inoculated with the insect-pathogenic fungus
Cordyceps militaris
. The assembled iflavirus genome has 10,119 nucleotides, with a 3′-polyadenylated tail, and it encodes a polyprotein composed of 3,004 amino acids.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Environmental Isolate
Chryseobacterium
sp. Hurlbut01
Authors: Couger M. B. , Hurlbut Allison , Murphy Chelsea L. , Budd Connie , French Donald P. , Hoff Wouter D. , Elshahed Mostafa S. , Youssef Noha H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

We report here the draft genome sequence of the environmental isolate
Chryseobacterium
sp. Hurlbut01, isolated from a light switch surface in Stillwater, OK, as part of the Student-Initiated Microbial Discovery (SIMD) project. The genome has a size of 3,899,838 bp and a contig
N
50
of 321 kb.
Colletotrichum orbiculare FAM1
Encodes a Novel Woronin Body-Associated Pex22 Peroxin Required for Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection
Authors: Kubo Yasuyuki , Fujihara Naoki , Harata Ken , Neumann Ulla , Robin Guillaume P. , O’Connell Richard 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

The cucumber anthracnose fungus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
forms specialized cells called appressoria for host penetration. We identified a gene,
FAM1
, encoding a novel peroxin protein that is essential for peroxisome biogenesis and that associates with Woronin bodies (WBs), dense-core vesicles found only in filamentous ascomycete fungi which function to maintain cellular integrity. The
fam1
disrupted mutants were unable to grow on medium containing oleic acids as the sole carbon source and were nonpathogenic, being defective in both appressorium melanization and host penetration. Fluorescent proteins carrying peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs) were not imported into the peroxisomes of
fam1
mutants, suggesting that
FAM1
is a novel peroxisomal biogenesis gene (peroxin).
FAM1
did not show significant homology to any
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
peroxins but resembled conserved filamentous ascomycete-specific Pex22-like proteins which contain a predicted Pex4-binding site and are potentially involved in recycling PTS receptors from peroxisomes to the cytosol.
C. orbiculare
FAM1 complemented the peroxisomal matrix protein import defect of the
S. cerevisiae
pex22 mutant. Confocal microscopy of Fam1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-Fam1 antibodies showed that Fam1 localized to nascent WBs budding from peroxisomes and mature WBs. Association of Fam1 with WBs was confirmed by colocalization with WB matrix protein CoHex1 (
C. orbiculare
Hex1) and WB membrane protein CoWsc (
C. orbiculare
Wsc) and by subcellular fractionation and Western blotting with antibodies to Fam1 and CoHex1. In WB-deficient
cohex1
mutants, Fam1 was redirected to the peroxisome membrane. Our results show that Fam1 is a WB-associated peroxin required for pathogenesis and raise the possibility that localized receptor recycling occurs in WBs.

IMPORTANCE
Colletotrichum orbiculare
is a fungus causing damaging disease on
Cucurbitaceae
plants. In this paper, we characterize a novel peroxisome biogenesis gene from this pathogen called
FAM1
. Although no genes with significant homology are present in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
,
FAM1
contains a predicted Pex4-binding site typical of Pex22 proteins, which function in the recycling of PTS receptors from peroxisomes to the cytosol. We show that
FAM1
complements the defect in peroxisomal matrix protein import of
S. cerevisiae
pex22 mutants and that
fam1
mutants are completely defective in peroxisome function, fatty acid metabolism, and pathogenicity. Remarkably, we found that this novel peroxin is specifically localized on the bounding membrane of Woronin bodies, which are small peroxisome-derived organelles unique to filamentous ascomycete fungi that function in septal pore plugging. Our finding suggests that these fungi have coopted the Woronin body for localized receptor recycling during matrix protein import.