bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biophysical Controlling Factors in Upper Catchments and Braided Rivers in Drylands: The Case of a Marginal Graben of the Ethiopian Rift Valley
Authors: Demissie Biadgilgn , Frankl Amaury , Haile Mitiku , Nyssen Jan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Raya Graben is a marginal graben of the Ethiopian Rift Valley located in North Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of biophysical factors in the headwater catchments on the morphology of braided rivers in the graben bottom over the period between 1972 and 2010. In this study, 20 representative catchments on the escarpment were selected to analyse the relationship between the morphology (length and area) of the braided rivers in the graben bottom and the biophysical controls in upper catchments (vegetation cover, extremely degraded land, catchment area, compactness, and slope gradient in both the steep upper catchments and the gentle graben bottom). Landsat imagery was used to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and to map vegetation cover and the total length of the braided rivers. Spot imagery available from Google Earth was used to quantify the total area of the braided rivers in 2005. In regression analyses, both length of braided rivers in the graben bottom (p < 0·0001, R2 = 0·549, n = 100) and area occupied by the braided rivers in the graben bottom (p = 0·0001, R2 = 0·585, n = 20) were positively correlated with upper catchment area. The NDVI in the upper catchments shows an increasing trend (R2 = 0·73, p = 0·067) over the last 40 years. The trend in the NDVI and the length of the braided rivers shows an inverse relationship. Hence, upper catchment area and vegetation cover are important factors of the morphology of braided rivers in drylands. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Stabilizer on the Mechanical Response of Double‐Emulsion‐Templated Polymersomes
Authors: Jang Woo‐Sik , Park Seung Chul , Kim Miju , Doh Junsang , Lee Daeyeon , Hammer Daniel A. 
Published: December 2014

Recent studies have shown that polymersomes templated by microfluidic double‐emulsion possess several advantages such as high monodispersity and encapsulation efficiency compared with those generated based on thin‐film rehydration and electroformation. Stabilizers, including bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), have been used to enhance the formation and stability of double emulsions that are used as templates for the generation of polymersomes. In this work, the effect of stabilizers on the mechanical response of double‐emulsion‐templated polymersomes using micropipette aspiration is investigated. It is demonstrated that the existence of stabilizers results in the inelastic response in poly­mersomes in the early stage of solvent removal. However, aged polymersomes that have little residual solvent show elastic behavior. Polymersomes prepared from PVA‐stabilized double emulsions have noticeably lower area expansion moduli than polymersomes prepared from stabilizer‐free and BSA‐stabilized double emulsions, suggesting that PVA is incorporated in the bilayer membrane of polymersomes.
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Der russische Kohlenbergbau im Jahr 2014
Authors: Hartlieb‐Wallthor Peter v. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDer Russland‐Ukraine‐Konflikt, dem sich auch deutsche Bergbauzulieferer nicht entziehen können, sorgt weiter für Verunsicherung. Für viele deutsche Bergbauzulieferer sind russischen Bergbaukonzerne und Schachtanlagen als gute Kunden seit vielen Jahren von besonderer Bedeutung. Die gute Nachricht ist, dass die dortige Kohleindustrie weiterhin einer nachhaltigen Aufrüstung und Modernisierung entgegensieht. Der Anteil der Kohle an der russischen Stromerzeugung beträgt 2014 über 25 %, Tendenz stark steigend. Russlands Technologiebedarf im Bergbaubereich kann für die deutschen Bergbauzulieferer eine gute Geschäftsgrundlage sein. Deutsche Bergbauconsultants und Fachfirmen kamen in der Vergangenheit als Lieferanten häufiger zum Zuge, wenn es um ganzheitliche Ansätze oder um technisch anspruchsvolle Lösungen ging.
Factors Associated with the Referral of Anxious Children to Mental Health Care: the Influence of Family Functioning, Parenting, Parental Anxiety and Child Impairment
Authors: Jongerden Loes , Simon Ellin , Bodden Denise H. M. , Dirksen Carmen D. , Bögels Susan M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study aims to identify factors that predict the mental health care referral of anxious children. In total, 249 children and families, aged 8–13 years, participated: 73 children were referred with anxiety disorders to mental health care [mean (M) age =10.28, standard deviation (SD) =1.35], 176 non‐referred anxious children recruited in primary schools (M age =9.94, SD =1.22). Child anxiety and other disorders were assessed with semi‐structured interviews. Child anxiety symptoms, behavioural problems, parental anxiety, the parenting styles overprotection, autonomy encouragement, rejection, and the family functioning dimensions control and relational functioning, were assessed with child, father and mother report on questionnaires. The summed interference rating of children's anxiety disorders was a predictor of referral, consistent over child and parent reports, but not comorbidity. Most family and parenting variables did not predict referral, nor differed between the referred and non‐referred sample. Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal self‐reported anxiety decreased the odds of referral and child reported parental autonomy granting increased, while child reported overprotection decreased the odds of referral. The impairment for the child due to the number and severity of their anxiety disorder(s) is, based on child, mother and father report associated with referral. This indicates that those who need it most, receive clinical treatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of Flavonoids and Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Alphitonia Neocaledonica and Evaluation of their Anti‐oxidant, Anti‐tyrosinase and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Muhammad Dima , Hubert Jane , Lalun Nathalie , Renault Jean‐Hugues , Bobichon Hélène , Nour Mohammed , Voutquenne‐Nazabadioko Laurence 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroductionAlphitonia neocaledonica (Rhamnaceae) is an endemic tree of New Caledonia. Although three flavonoids have been identified in the leaves, the secondary metabolite profile of the fruits has never been investigated.ObjectivePhytochemical investigation of A. neocaledonica fruits and evaluation of their anti‐oxidant, anti‐tyrosinase and cytotoxic activities.MethodsA hydromethanolic extract was fractionated by liquid–liquid extraction to obtain ethyl acetate and n‐butanolic fractions. The ethyl‐acetate‐soluble part was purified by silica‐gel column chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The n‐butanol‐soluble part was fractionated by centrifugal partition extraction (CPE) and the collected fractions were further purified by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and HPLC. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.ResultsThree triterpenoids and one flavonoid were isolated from the ethyl‐acetate‐soluble part. Fractions enriched in triterpenoids, flavonoids and catechin derivatives were obtained from the n‐butanol‐soluble part. Gallocatechin and flavonoids were obtained as pure compounds by further CPC and HPLC purification. The n‐butanolic‐soluble part showed anti‐oxidant and anti‐tyrosinase activities due to the presence of tannins and gallocatechin. The triterpenoid alphitolic acid showed a moderate cytotoxic activity against KB cell line (median inhibition concentration = 8.5 μM).ConclusionsNine known compounds including three triterpenes, five flavonoids and (+) gallocatechin, as well as a new 3‐O‐(6‐E‐feruloyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐]α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐quercetin, were isolated from A. neocaledonia fruits. The hydromethanolic extract possesses a potential cytotoxic activity due to the presence of triterpenes, and it can also be valuable as a cosmetic ingredient for its anti‐oxidant and anti‐tyrosinase activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Potentilla fulgens Roots by NMR, Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation with Time‐of‐Flight MS, Electrospray Ionisation MS/MS and HPLC/UV
Authors: Choudhary Alka , Radhika Manukonda , Chatterjee Anupam , Banerjee Uttam Chand , Singh Inder Pal 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroductionPotentilla fulgens is a commonly used folk medicine by natives of northeast India, Nepal and Bhutan and is rich in polyphenolic and triterpene constituents.ObjectiveTo identify chemomarkers in the roots of P. fulgens by an interplay of 13C‐NMR, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation with time‐of‐flight (MALDI/TOF) MS, electrospray ionisation (ESI) MS/MS and HPLC/UV.Material and methodsThe 13C‐NMR spectrum of crude methanolic extract was recorded in deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide. For MALDI/TOF/MS analysis, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid was used as the matrix. For determination of chemical constituents, two independent simple isocratic HPLC/UV methods for monomeric/oligomeric flavanols and triterpene acids were developed and validated.ResultsThe 13C‐NMR spectrum of the methanolic extract indicated the presence of B‐type oligomeric polyphenolics containing mainly epicatechin/catechin (epicat/cat) and epiafzelechin/afzelechin (epiafz/afz) as the monomeric units. Several isobaric monomeric and oligomeric flavanols and triterpenoids were tentatively identified by MALDI/TOF/MS and ESI/MS/MS. Fourteen compounds (four monomeric and five dimeric flavanols and five triterpene acids) were isolated using repeated column chromatography and semi‐preparative HPLC, and were quantitated using HPLC/UV.ConclusionIt is evident from these analyses that roots of P. fulgens contain flavans, including oligomeric flavanols, as major constituents followed by triterpene acids. The methods described can be applied to other Potentilla species to identify their constituents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic conductivity probed in main chain liquid crystalline azobenzene polyesters
Authors: Nardele Chinmay G. , Dhavale Vishal M. , Sreekumar K. , Asha S. K. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThree main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) azobenzene polymers were synthesized using the azobenzene twin molecule (P4P) having the structure Phenylazobenzene‐tetraethyleneglycol‐Phenylazobenzene as the AA monomer and diols like diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol (TEG), and hexaethylene glycol as the BB comonomer. Terminal C(O)OMe units on P4P facilitated transesterification with diols to form polyesters. All polymers exhibited stable smectic mesophases. One of the polymers, Poly(P4PTEG) was chosen to prepare composite polymer electrolytes with LiCF3SO3 and ionic conductivity was measured by ac impedance spectroscopy. The polymer/0.3 Li salt complex exhibited a maximum ionic conductivity in the range of 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature (25 °C), which increased to 10−4 S cm−1 above 65 °C. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity was compared with the phase transitions occurring in the sample and it was observed that the glass transition had a higher influence on the ionic conductivity compared to the ordered LC phase. Reversible ionic conductivity switching was observed upon irradiation of the polymer/0.3 Li salt complex with alternate UV and visible irradiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 629–641
Exploring the folding pathway of green fluorescent protein through disulfide engineering
Authors: Pitman Derek J. , Banerjee Shounak , Macari Stephen J. , Castaldi Christopher A. , Crone Donna E. , Bystroff Christopher 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe have introduced two disulfide crosslinks into the loop regions on opposite ends of the beta barrel in superfolder green fluorescent protein (GFP) in order to better understand the nature of its folding pathway. When the disulfide on the side opposite the N/C‐termini is formed, folding is 2× faster, unfolding is 2000× slower, and the protein is stabilized by 16 kJ/mol. But when the disulfide bond on the side of the termini is formed we see little change in the kinetics and stability. The stabilization upon combining the two crosslinks is approximately additive. When the kinetic effects are broken down into multiple phases, we observe Hammond behavior in the upward shift of the kinetic m‐value of unfolding. We use these results in conjunction with structural analysis to assign folding intermediates to two parallel folding pathways. The data are consistent with a view that the two fastest transition states of folding are "barrel closing" steps. The slower of the two phases passes through an intermediate with the barrel opening occurring between strands 7 and 8, while the faster phase opens between 9 and 4. We conclude that disulfide crosslink‐induced perturbations in kinetics are useful for mapping the protein folding pathway.
Control of periodic sampling systems subject to actuator saturation
Authors: Yang Hongjiu , Li Zhiwei , Shi Peng , Hua Changchun 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn this paper, the control problem of linear systems with periodic sampling period subject to actuator saturation is considered via delta operator approach. Using periodic Lyapunov function, sufficient conditions of local stabilization for periodic sampling systems are given. By solving an optimization problem, we derive the periodic feedback control laws and the estimate of the domain of attraction. As the saturation function sat(·) belongs to the sector [0,1], sufficient conditions are derived by constructing saturation‐dependent Lyapunov functions to ensure that the periodic sampling system is globally asymptotically stable. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault detection in finite frequency domains for multi‐delay uncertain systems with application to ground vehicle
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jian , Yang Guang‐Hong 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the actuator fault detection (FD) problem in finite frequency domains for multi‐delay systems subject to time‐varying affine uncertainties. Because of the existence of time‐varying uncertain parameters, the generalized Kalman–Yakubovic–Popov lemma based finite frequency FD filter design approaches cannot be applied. To tackle this difficulty, a new delay‐dependent bounded real lemma (BRL) is established by using Lyapunov theory and Parseval's theorem to characterize the finite frequency disturbance attenuation and fault sensitivity performances. Moreover, via the obtained BRL, convex FD filter design conditions are then derived by constructing a hyperplane tangent. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed FD method are illustrated through a simulation example on a ground vehicle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term frequency response of power systems with high non‐synchronous penetration levels
Authors: Ruttledge Lisa , Flynn Damian 
Published: December 2014

In addition to the generation and transmission of electricity, the reliable and secure operation of power systems also relies upon various ancillary support services supplied by power plant and loads. The portfolio of required support services has historically been well understood. However, as conventional power plant are displaced by modern variable renewable generation, such as wind and solar, so too are those traditional ancillary support services. As a result, new support services are required and changes in operational behavior are necessary. The impact of increased variable generation levels on one such support service category, short‐term system frequency response, is considered here. The evolution of power system behavior with respect to this service is assessed, with potential solutions to the associated challenges explored, and pertinent future questions in this area highlighted.WIREs Energy Environ2015, 4:452–470. doi: 10.1002/wene.158This article is categorized under:Energy Infrastructure > Economics and PolicyEnergy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
‘Mediator‐ing’ messenger RNA processing
Authors: Huang Yan , Yao Xiao , Wang Gang 
Published: December 2014

Pre‐messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, generally including capping, mRNA splicing, and cleavage‐polyadenylation, is physically and functionally associated with transcription. The reciprocal coupling between transcription and mRNA processing ensures the efficient and regulated gene expression and editing. Multiple transcription factors/cofactors and mRNA processing factors are involved in the coupling process. This review focuses on several classic examples and recent advances that enlarge our understanding of how the transcriptional factors or cofactors, especially the Mediator complex, contribute to the RNA Pol II elongation, mRNA splicing, and polyadenylation. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:257–269. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1273This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
The continuum disordered pinning model
Authors: Caravenna Francesco , Sun Rongfeng , Zygouras Nikos 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAny renewal processes on $${\mathbb {N}}_0$$

N
0

with a polynomial tail, with exponent $$\alpha \in (0,1)$$

α
∈
(
0
,
1
)

, has a non-trivial scaling limit, known as the $$\alpha $$
α
-stable regenerative set. In this paper we consider Gibbs transformations of such renewal processes in an i.i.d. random environment, called disordered pinning models. We show that for $$\alpha \in \left( \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) $$

α
∈

1
2

,
1

these models have a universal scaling limit, which we call the continuum disordered pinning model (CDPM). This is a random closed subset of $${\mathbb {R}}$$
R
in a white noise random environment, with subtle features:

Any fixed a.s. property of the $$\alpha $$
α
-stable regenerative set (e.g., its Hausdorff dimension) is also an a.s. property of the CDPM, for almost every realization of the environment.

Nonetheless, the law of the CDPM is singular with respect to the law of the $$\alpha $$
α
-stable regenerative set, for almost every realization of the environment.

The existence of a disordered continuum model, such as the CDPM, is a manifestation of disorder relevance for pinning models with $$\alpha \in \left( \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) $$

α
∈

1
2

,
1

.
Population response to environmental productivity throughout the annual cycle in a migratory songbird
Authors: Pillar Andrew G. , Wilson Scott , Flood Nancy J. , Reudink Matthew W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEnvironmental factors affect migratory animal populations in every phase of their annual cycle and have significant impacts on breeding success and survival. The Breeding Bird Survey provides a long‐term database for examining population trends in North American birds, allowing us to examine large‐scale environmental factors that influence population abundance. We examined plant productivity as measured by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over a 24‐year period from 1983–2006 in bird conservation regions (BCRs) that overlapped Bullock's oriole (Icterus bullockii) breeding, moult, and wintering ranges to ask whether plant productivity in 1 year influences population abundance in the subsequent breeding season. Bullock's orioles have a moult‐migration strategy, with a stopover moult in the Mexican monsoon region, which necessitates examining each stationary phase of the bird's annual cycle to understand the impacts of environmental factors on population abundance. Our results show increased breeding abundance in three (Great Basin, Coastal California and Shortgrass Prairies) of the six BCRs in which the species breeds following years with high NDVI values. We did not detect a response of breeding abundance to high NDVI values in the previous year in either the moulting region or in their primary over‐wintering area in central Mexico. Our results demonstrate that large‐scale annual variation in primary productivity on the breeding grounds can have an impact on breeding abundance in the following season, but further studies on migratory connectivity and on ecological mechanisms during the non‐breeding seasons are needed to understand why we did not detect an influence of productivity during these periods.
Plasmodesmata of brown algae
Authors: Terauchi Makoto , Nagasato Chikako , Motomura Taizo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular connections in plants which play roles in various developmental processes. They are also found in brown algae, a group of eukaryotes possessing complex multicellularity, as well as green plants. Recently, we conducted an ultrastructural study of PD in several species of brown algae. PD in brown algae are commonly straight plasma membrane-lined channels with a diameter of 10–20 nm and they lack desmotubule in contrast to green plants. Moreover, branched PD could not be observed in brown algae. In the brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma, PD are produced during cytokinesis through the formation of their precursor structures (pre-plasmodesmata, PPD). Clustering of PD in a structure termed “pit field” was recognized in several species having a complex multicellular thallus structure but not in those having uniseriate filamentous or multiseriate one. The pit fields might control cell-to-cell communication and contribute to the establishment of the complex multicellular thallus. In this review, we discuss fundamental morphological aspects of brown algal PD and present questions that remain open.
Mobility of signaling molecules: the key to deciphering plant organogenesis
Authors: Kawade Kensuke , Tanimoto Hirokazu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Signaling molecules move between cells to form a characteristic distribution pattern within a developing organ; thereafter, they spatiotemporally regulate organ development. A key question in this process is how the signaling molecules robustly form the precise distribution on a tissue scale in a reproducible manner. Despite of an increasing number of quantitative studies regarding the mobility of signaling molecules, the detail mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling is still unclear. We here review the potential advantages of plant development to address this question, focusing on the cytoplasmic continuity of plant cells through the plasmodesmata. The plant system would provide a unique opportunity to define the simple transportation mode of diffusion process, and, hence, the mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling. Based on the advances in the understanding of intercellular signaling at the molecular level and in the quantitative imaging techniques, we discuss our current challenges in measuring the mobility of signaling molecules for deciphering plant organogenesis.