bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous Findings Mistaken for Physical Abuse: Present but Not Pervasive
Authors: Schwartz Kimberly A. , Metz James , Feldman Kenneth , Sidbury Robert , Lindberg Daniel M. ,   the ExSTRA Investigators
Published: February 2014

AbstractIncorrect diagnoses during child abuse evaluations are serious. Because skin lesions are common in abuse, it is important to consider cutaneous mimics of physical abuse. The current study prospectively identified cutaneous mimics in a cohort of children evaluated for possible physical abuse. This is a secondary analysis of data from the Examining Siblings To Recognize Abuse research network's prospective, observational, cross‐sectional study involving 20 U.S. child abuse teams. Subjects were younger than 10 years old and were evaluated by child abuse physicians (CAPs) for concerns of physical abuse. CAPs prospectively documented whether mimics were identified during their physical abuse evaluations. Details of each patient with cutaneous mimics were evaluated to determine the types of mimics, which part of the evaluations identified mimics, and the perceived abuse likelihood. Of 2,890 children evaluated for physical abuse, 137 had at least one mimic identified and 69 had some cutaneous mimic components. Although 985 of 2,753 (39%) subjects without mimics had high levels of abuse concern, only 9 of 137 (6%) children with mimics had high levels of abuse concern (p < 0.001). Of 69 children with cutaneous mimics, 56 (81%) were diagnosed by history and physical examination. Cutaneous abuse mimics were identified in 2.4% of children evaluated for physical abuse. Although it was eventually determined that there was little or no concern for abuse in 84% of children with cutaneous mimics, a small number were physically abused. CAP evaluation may be valuable in recognizing children with cutaneous mimics who also were abused.
A Mixed Methods Evaluation of an International Service Learning Program in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Curtin Alicia J. , Martins Diane C. , Schwartz‐Barcott Donna 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the impact of an international service learning experience (ISL) using a quantitative and qualitative approach.Design and SampleA descriptive study was used to explore the impact of an ISL experience on global awareness, professional and personal growth with 11 baccalaureate nursing students in the Dominican Republic.InterventionStudents participated in a three credit ISL program in the Dominican Republic which included pre‐ and postexperience seminars and a 2‐week, on‐site immersion experience.MeasuresThe International Education Survey (IES) was used as the quantitative measure. Content analysis of Critical Reflective Inquiry (CRI) narratives was used as the qualitative method.ResultsStudents reported a high overall impact (M = 5.9) using the IES with high means for the Professional Student Nurse Role (M = 6.10, SD: 0.74), Personal Development (M = 6.08, SD: 0.76), International Perspectives (M = 6.03, SD: 0.71), and a lower mean for Intellectual Development (M = 5.40, SD: 0.69). CRI narratives revealed specific areas of impact, for example, increased empathy and ability to communicate effectively with patients from life situations very different from their own.ConclusionsFurther exploration of the usefulness of various evaluation tools and methodological designs is warranted to understand this type of pedagogy and its' impact on student learning outcomes short‐ and long‐term.
Probing the sensory effects of involuntary attention change by ERPs to auditory transients
Authors: Horváth János 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn auditory selective attention set allows one to enhance the processing of goal‐relevant sound events, which is reflected by the enhancement of the N1 event‐related potential (ERP). The present study investigated whether the sensory consequences of distraction (i.e., involuntary attention changes triggered by infrequent sensory events) can be revealed as the removal of this attentional ERP enhancement. Continuous tones featuring occasional gaps were presented, and participants performed a gap‐detection task. Independently from gaps, abrupt pitch changes (glides) were introduced, either rarely or frequently, in separate conditions. Whereas rare glides preceding gaps by 150 ms strongly impacted gap‐detection performance and gap‐related N1 amplitudes, their impact on gaps following rare glides by 650 ms was significantly smaller in both measures. This result demonstrates the utility of N1 in probing the sensory impact of auditory distraction.
Event‐related potential N270 delayed and enhanced by the conjunction of relevant and irrelevant perceptual mismatch
Authors: Bennett Matthew A. , Duke Philip A. , Fuggetta Giorgio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEvent‐related potential studies using delayed match‐to‐sample tasks have demonstrated the presence of two components, N270 and N400, possibly reflecting the sequential processing of multiple sources of endogenous mismatch. To date, studies have only investigated mismatch between a single cue and target. In this study, we used distractor stimuli to investigate the effect of a secondary source of mismatch distinct from the task‐relevant stimulus. Subjects performed two paradigms in which the cue and target could match or mismatch. In one paradigm, task‐irrelevant distractors were added—producing a source of task‐irrelevant perceptual mismatch. A mismatch‐triggered negativity was elicited in both paradigms, but was delayed and enhanced in magnitude in the distractors present paradigm. It is suggested that the distractors may differentially affect mismatch responses through the generation of a task‐irrelevant mismatch response.
Spatial conceptual associations between music and pictures as revealed byN400 effect
Authors: Zhou Linshu , Jiang Cunmei , Delogu Franco , Yang Yufang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe processing of extramusical meaning can be reflected inN400 effects of theERP. However, how conceptual representations can be activated in music still needs to be specified. We investigated the activation of iconic meaningful representations in music by using a cross‐modal semantic priming paradigm with an implicit task. Pictures of spatial scenes were semantically congruent or incongruent to preceding music in three stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions. The results revealed that the semantically incongruent target pictures elicited largerN400 amplitude than the congruent target pictures. Moreover, the semantic priming effect was modulated by theSOAs. TheN400 effect was observed in the 200‐ms and 800‐msSOAconditions, but not in the 1,200‐msSOAcondition. These results suggest that extramusical meaning purely due to iconic sign quality can be activated, and that the conceptual activation in music can be rapid and automatic.
Cell-Type-Specific Effects of RNase L on Viral Induction of Beta Interferon
Authors: Banerjee Shuvojit , Chakrabarti Arindam , Jha Babal Kant , Weiss Susan R. , Silverman Robert H. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral state is mediated in part by the 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system. 2-5A, produced from ATP by OAS proteins in response to viral double-stranded RNA, binds to and activates RNase L. RNase L restricts viral infections by degrading viral and cellular RNA, inducing autophagy and apoptosis, and producing RNA degradation products that amplify production of type I interferons (IFNs) through RIG-I-like receptors. However, the effects of the OAS/RNase L pathway on IFN induction in different cell types that vary in basal levels of these proteins have not been previously reported. Here we report higher basal expression of both RNase L and OAS in mouse macrophages in comparison to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In MEFs, RNase L gene knockout decreased induction of IFN-β by encephalomyocarditis virus infection or poly(rI):poly(rC) (pIC) transfection. In contrast, in macrophages, RNase L deletion increased (rather than decreased) induction of IFN-β by virus or pIC. RNA damage from RNase L in virus-infected macrophages is likely responsible for reducing IFN-β production. Similarly, direct activation of RNase L by transfection with 2-5A induced IFN-β in MEFs but not in macrophages. Also, viral infection or pIC transfection caused RNase L-dependent apoptosis of macrophages but not of MEFs. Our results suggest that cell-type-specific differences in basal levels of OAS and RNase L are determinants of IFN-β induction that could affect tissue protection and survival during viral infections.

IMPORTANCE
Type I interferons (IFNs) such as IFN-β are essential antiviral cytokines that are often required for animal survival following infections by highly pathogenic viruses. Therefore, host factors that regulate type I IFN production are critically important for animal and human health. Previously we reported that the OAS/RNase L pathway amplifies antiviral innate immunity by enhancing IFN-β production in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in virus-infected mice. Here we report that high basal levels of OAS/RNase L in macrophages reduce, rather than increase, virus induction of IFN-β. RNA damage and apoptosis caused by RNase L were the likely reasons for the decreased IFN-β production in virus-infected macrophages. Our studies suggest that during viral infections, the OAS/RNase L pathway can either enhance or suppress IFN production, depending on the cell type. IFN regulation by RNase L is suggested to contribute to tissue protection and survival during viral infections.
Single Clinical Isolates from Acute Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Are Representative of Dominant
In Situ
Populations
Authors: Willner Dana , Low Serene , Steen Jason A. , George Narelle , Nimmo Graeme R. , Schembri Mark A. , Hugenholtz Philip 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most commonly acquired bacterial infections in humans, and uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
strains are responsible for over 80% of all cases. The standard method for identification of uropathogens in clinical laboratories is cultivation, primarily using solid growth media under aerobic conditions, coupled with morphological and biochemical tests of typically a single isolate colony. However, these methods detect only culturable microorganisms, and characterization is phenotypic in nature. Here, we explored the genotypic identity of communities in acute uncomplicated UTIs from 50 individuals by using culture-independent amplicon pyrosequencing and whole-genome and metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Genus-level characterization of the UTI communities was achieved using the 16S rRNA gene (V8 region). Overall UTI community richness was very low in comparison to other human microbiomes. We strain-typed
Escherichia
-dominated UTIs using amplicon pyrosequencing of the fimbrial adhesin gene,
fimH
. There were nine highly abundant
fimH
types, and each UTI sample was dominated by a single type. Molecular analysis of the corresponding clinical isolates revealed that in the majority of cases the isolate was representative of the dominant taxon in the community at both the genus and the strain level. Shotgun sequencing was performed on a subset of eight
E. coli
urine UTI and isolate pairs. The majority of UTI microbial metagenomic sequences mapped to isolate genomes, confirming the results obtained using phylogenetic markers. We conclude that for the majority of acute uncomplicated
E. coli
-mediated UTIs, single cultured isolates are diagnostic of the infection.

IMPORTANCE
In clinical practice, the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) are based on analysis of a single bacterial isolate cultured from urine, and it is assumed that this isolate represents the dominant UTI pathogen. However, these methods detect only culturable bacteria, and the existence of multiple pathogens as well as strain diversity within a single infection is not examined. Here, we explored bacteria present in acute uncomplicated UTIs using culture-independent sequence-based methods.
Escherichia coli
was the most common organism identified, and analysis of
E. coli
dominant UTI samples and their paired clinical isolates revealed that in the majority of infections the cultured isolate was representative of the dominant taxon at both the genus and the strain level. Our data demonstrate that in most cases single cultured isolates are diagnostic of UTI and are consistent with the notion of bottlenecks that limit strain diversity during UTI pathogenesis.
Efficacy and Safety of Auriculopressure for Primary Care Patients with Chronic Non-Specific Spinal Pain: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Vas Jorge , Modesto Manuela , Aguilar Inmaculada , Gonçalo Camila da Silva , Rivas-Ruiz Francisco 
Published: February 2014

Background Chronic uncomplicated musculoskeletal pain in the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar) is highly prevalent and may severely limit the daily activities of those affected by it. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with auriculopressure applied to patients with non-specific spinal pain. Methods A multicentre randomised controlled trial with two parallel arms (true auriculopressure (TAP) and placebo auriculopressure (PAP)) was performed. The intervention phase lasted 8 weeks and outcomes were measured 1 week after the last intervention (T1) and 6 months after baseline (T2). The primary outcome measure was change in pain intensity according to a 100 mm visual analogue scale (pain VAS) at T1. Secondary outcome measures were the Lattinen index, the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the SF-12 health-related quality of life scale (Spanish version in every case). Results There were 265 participants (TAP group, n=130; PAP group, n=135). Pain was most frequently located in the upper back (55.1%, n=146), followed by the lower back (25.3%, n=67) and the dorsal area (12.5%, n=33). Nineteen patients (7.2%) reported pain affecting the entire spine. There were statistically significant differences between TAP and PAP in the change in the pain VAS at T1 of 10 mm (95% CI 2.8 to 17.3, p=0.007) and in the change in the pain VAS at T2 of 7.2 mm (95% CI 0.02 to 14.3, p=0.049) in favour of TAP. We also observed a statistically significant difference of 3.4 points in the physical component of the SF-12 in favour of TAP at T2 (95% CI 0.45 to 6.3, p=0.024). No severe adverse effects were detected or reported during treatment. Conclusions The application of auriculopressure in patients with non-specific spinal pain in primary healthcare is effective and safe, and therefore should be considered for inclusion in the portfolio of primary healthcare services. Trial Registration Number ISRCTN01897462.
Men's and women's experiences of violence and traumatic events in rural Côte d'Ivoire before, during and after a period of armed conflict
Authors: Hossain Mazeda , Zimmerman Cathy , Kiss Ligia , Kone Drissa , Bakayoko-Topolska Monika , Manan K A David , Lehmann Heidi , Watts Charlotte 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveWe assessed men's and women's experiences of gender based violence and other traumatic events in Côte d'Ivoire, a West African conflict-affected setting, before, during and after a period of active armed conflict (2000–2007).DesignCross-sectional, household survey.Setting12 rural communities directly impacted by the Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire, spanning regions controlled by government forces, rebels and UN peacekeepers in 2008.Participants2678 men and women aged 15–49 years.Primary outcome measuresViolence exposures measured since age 15. Questions included intimate partner physical and sexual violence; physical and sexual violence by others (including combatants) and exposure to traumatic events before, during and after the Crisis period (2000–2007).ResultsPhysical and/or sexual violence since age 15 was reported by 57.1% women and 40.2% men (p=0.01); 29.9% women and 12.3% men reported exposure to any violence in the past year. Nearly 1 in 10 women (9.9%) and 5.9% men (p=0.03) were forced to have sex by a non-partner since age 15, and 14.8% women and 3.3% men (p=0.00) reported their first sexual experience was forced. Combatants were rarely reported as sexual violence perpetrators (0.3% women). After the Crisis, intimate partner physical violence was the most frequently reported form of violence and highest among women (20.9% women, 9.9% men, p=0.00). Fearing for their life was reported by men and women before, during and after the Crisis.ConclusionsSexual violence in conflict remains a critical international policy concern. However, men and women experience different types of violence before, during and after conflict. In many conflict settings, other forms of violence, including intimate partner violence, may be more widespread than conflict-related sexual violence. Alongside service provision for rape survivors, our findings underscore the need for postconflict reconstruction efforts to invest in programmes to prevent and respond to intimate partner violence and trauma.
Methodological characteristics and treatment effect sizes in oral health randomised controlled trials: Is there a relationship? Protocol for a meta-epidemiological study
Authors: Saltaji Humam , Armijo-Olivo Susan , Cummings Greta G , Amin Maryam , Flores-Mir Carlos 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionIt is fundamental that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are properly conducted in order to reach well-supported conclusions. However, there is emerging evidence that RCTs are subject to biases which can overestimate or underestimate the true treatment effect, due to flaws in the study design characteristics of such trials. The extent to which this holds true in oral health RCTs, which have some unique design characteristics compared to RCTs in other health fields, is unclear. As such, we aim to examine the empirical evidence quantifying the extent of bias associated with methodological and non-methodological characteristics in oral health RCTs.Methods and analysisWe plan to perform a meta-epidemiological study, where a sample size of 60 meta-analyses (MAs) including approximately 600 RCTs will be selected. The MAs will be randomly obtained from the Oral Health Database of Systematic Reviews using a random number table; and will be considered for inclusion if they include a minimum of five RCTs, and examine a therapeutic intervention related to one of the recognised dental specialties. RCTs identified in selected MAs will be subsequently included if their study design includes a comparison between an intervention group and a placebo group or another intervention group. Data will be extracted from selected trials included in MAs based on a number of methodological and non-methodological characteristics. Moreover, the risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Effect size estimates and measures of variability for the main outcome will be extracted from each RCT included in selected MAs, and a two-level analysis will be conducted using a meta-meta-analytic approach with a random effects model to allow for intra-MA and inter-MA heterogeneity.Ethics and disseminationThe intended audiences of the findings will include dental clinicians, oral health researchers, policymakers and graduate students. The aforementioned will be introduced to the findings through workshops, seminars, round table discussions and targeted individual meetings. Other opportunities for knowledge transfer will be pursued such as key dental conferences. Finally, the results will be published as a scientific report in a dental peer-reviewed journal.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE THE KEY ATTRIBUTES OF THE CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Authors: Cameron Dee , Johnston Bridget 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe Scottish Government recognises the importance of quality, person-centred healthcare, and current worldwide events have forced an examination of the nursing contribution to this agenda. This increasing requirement to demonstrate quality, person-centred care has resulted in the use of patient reported outcome measurement (PROMs) becoming essential, especially in palliative care.AimThe aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire (PROM), the Palliative Nursing Quality Measure (PNQM), and undertake initial validation. The PNQM aims to measure the quality of care provided by palliative care Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs), from the patient's perspective.MethodHumanistic Nursing Theory provided a theoretical foundation to this study. In addition, Johnston's Expert Palliative Nurse Model provided an evidence-based framework on which to develop the questionnaire. The process of questionnaire development had six phases; including systematic literature review; questionnaire formation, advisory group of patients, expert panel review and initial testing with patients; which contributed to the questionnaire's face and content validity.ResultsThe development phases identified that input from CNSs contributes significantly to the quality of care given to palliative patients. Patients benefit from the personal and professional interaction with the CNS. This includes the provision of emotional support, the CNSs expert knowledge, practical help and advice, together with on-going review of their condition and symptom management. The personal qualities of the CNS, their ability to communicate effectively and spend time with patients were deemed most important and valuable to patients.ConclusionThe PNQM will be presented with recommendations for further testing to establish reliability and concurrent validity. In addition, recommendations for use of this questionnaire will be discussed.
DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF A THEORY BASED GOAL SETTING FRAMEWORK FOR USE IN PALLIATIVE CARE (G-AP-PC)
Authors: Boa Sally , Duncan Edward , Haraldsdottir Erna , Letford Anne , Brabin Elinor , Wyke Sally 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundRehabilitation and goal setting can support one of the key principles of palliative care, to help people live actively until they die. However no theory based practice framework exists. A framework for goal setting in palliative care (G-AP-PC) was developed and implemented systematically in a hospice through 4 phases.AimsDevelop and implement Goal setting and Action planning for Palliative Care [G-AP PC],) to guide and support patient-centred goal setting in practice.MethodsPhase 1: Gathering Information about goal setting practice through a structured literature review and observation of practice in one hospice.Phase 2: Identifying and applying theories which could underpin a goal setting framework and support patient-centred goal setting.Phase 3: Use of a participatory approach, based on Normalization Process Theory (NPT) to develop and implement a framework for goal setting.Phase 4 Evaluation of the impact of implementing GAP-PC, using interviews (patients/ professionals), a questionnaire (professionals) and case note analysis.ResultsG-AP PC was successfully implemented. It helped professionals to work as a team; shift their attention fromsymptoms/problems/riskto patient'sgoals; act on what patients wanted to achieve, within short timescales and provide written evidence that patients were working towards goals. Patients reported that use of G-AP PC allowed them to focus on goals that were important to them. There was also evidence that goal setting helped increase their motivation and self-efficacy.ConclusionsUse of an explicit, theory based goal setting framework provides a mechanism for ensuring that individual based and patient centred goals are established, documented and reviewed, thus making the goal setting and the work towards achieving and adjusting (as appropriate and necessary) patients goals more focused and explicit. Implementation of this type of framework is not without its challenges, but use of NPT provides a structure to anticipate potential difficulties.