bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Beweislastumkehr der § 477 Abs. 1, Abs. 2 BGB – wie umgehen (mit Waren) mit digitalen Elementen und deren Aktualisierungen?
Authors: Lang David , Rösch Kevin 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
§ 477 BGB wurde mit der s.g. „Schuldrechtsreform 2022“ grundlegend neu gefasst. Während der bis dahin geltende Regelungsinhalt sich - allerdings mit entscheidenden Änderungen und Ergänzungen - im neuen ersten Absatz der Norm wiederfindet, kennt der zweite Absatz zu einer besonderen Beweislastumkehr für dauerhaft bereitzustellende digitale Elemente keinen Vorläufer. Beiden Absätzen gemein ist hingegen, dass sie die Aktualisierungspflicht für Waren mit digitalen Elementen nicht erwähnen. Nichtsdestoweniger wird in beiden Absätzen als Voraussetzung der Beweislastumkehr auf Abweichungen vom (u.a.) nach § 475b BGB geschuldeten Zustand abgestellt - und damit eben doch auf die Verletzung der in § 475b Abs. 2, Abs. 3 Nr. 2, Abs. 4 Nr. 2 (i.V.m. § 433 Abs. 1 S. 2) BGB normierte Aktualisierungspflicht.
Neuere Versorgungsstrukturen im ambulanten Bereich — Zukunft der ambulanten Versorgung – Sicht der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen
Authors: Braun Karsten , Molière Maja 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Entwurf zum Gesundheitsversorgungsstärkungsgesetz vom 21.3.2024 brachte mit Gesundheitskiosken, Primärversorgungszentren und Gesundheitsregionen neue Strukturen in die ambulante Versorgung mit beabsichtigter Stärkung der Kommunen. Diese sind im aktuellen Gesetzesentwurf nicht mehr enthalten, sollen aber im laufenden Gesetzgebungsverfahren zumindest in Teilen ggf. wieder einfließen. Mit dem Entwurf für das Krankenhausversorgungsverbesserungsgesetz ergeben sich Schnittmengen durch sektorenübergreifende Versorgungseinrichtungen und erweiterte Möglichkeiten zur Teilnahme von Krankenhäusern an der ambulanten Versorgung. Auch die Flexibilisierung der Telemedizin im Digitalgesetz wird die Versorgung verändern. Der Aufsatz stellt die besorgniserregenden Auswirkungen des zunehmend staatsmedizinisch geprägten Versorgungsansatzes aus Sicht einer Kassenärztlichen Vereinigung dar und stellt Forderungen zum Erhalt einer leistungsfähigen wohnortnahen ambulanten Versorgung.
(Über-)lange Verfahrensdauern bei der Quellensteuerentlastung
Authors: Beinert Stefanie 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Fehlende Kapazitäten beim Bundesamt für Steuern (BZSt) führen seit einiger Zeit zu (über)langen Verfahrensdauern bei der Quellensteuerentlastung. Daraus erwächst insbesondere die Frage, ob die Freistellungs- und Erstattungsmodalitäten des Abzugsverfahrens noch dem unionsrechtlichen Effektivitätsgrundsatz genügen oder ob hier nicht unionsrechtliche Zinsansprüche im Besteuerungsverfahren geltend gemacht werden können. Daneben stellt sich die Frage nach der Amtshaftung/unionsrechtlicher Staatshaftung. Bis zur Umsetzung der Einigung im Rat zu FASTER vom 14.5.2024 kann nicht zugewartet werden.
Der zivilprozessuale Öffentlichkeitsgrundsatz im Zeitalter digitaler Kommunikation
Authors: Odrig Josephine 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Virtuelle Gerichtsverfahren sind längst kein Hirngespinst der Zukunft mehr. Doch um die Vorteile der Digitalisierung auch in der Justiz zu nutzen, müssen etliche Anforderungen beachtet werden. Nicht zuletzt stellt sich die Frage, wie die Öffentlichkeit am digitalen Verfahren beteiligt werden soll. Der Beitrag möchte in der Diskussion um digitale Gerichtsöffentlichkeit, „Gerichts- TV“ & Co. den Blick darauf lenken, dass der Zivilprozess von anderen Umständen bestimmt wird als Straf- oder Verwaltungsprozesse und klarstellen, welche Auswirkungen dieser Unterschied auf die Ausgestaltung der zivilprozessualen Gerichtsöffentlichkeit haben muss.
Work‐related spirometric restriction in flavoring manufacturing workers
Authors: Kreiss Kathleen 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundFlavoring‐exposed workers are at risk for occupational lung disease.MethodsWe examined serial spirometries from corporate medical surveillance of flavoring production workers to assess abnormality compared to the U.S. population; mean decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC); and excessive declines in FEV1.ResultsOf 106 workers, 30 had spirometric restriction, 3 had obstruction, 1 had both, and 13 (of 70, 19%) had excessive declines in FEV1. The adjusted prevalence of restriction was 3.7 times expected. Employees with higher potential for flavorings exposure had 3.0 times and 2.4 times greater average annual declines in FEV1 and FVC respectively, and had 5.8 times higher odds of having excessive FEV1 declines than employees with lower potential for exposure.ConclusionExposure‐related spirometric abnormalities consistent with a restrictive process evolved during employment, suggesting that exposures in flavoring production are associated with a range of pathophysiology. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:129–137, 2014. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Carbohydrate metabolism during vertebrate appendage regeneration: What is its role? How is it regulated?
Authors: Love Nick R. , Ziegler Mathias , Chen Yaoyao , Amaya Enrique 
Published: November 2013

We recently examined gene expression during Xenopus tadpole tail appendage regeneration and found that carbohydrate regulatory genes were dramatically altered during the regeneration process. In this essay, we speculate that these changes in gene expression play an essential role during regeneration by stimulating the anabolic pathways required for the reconstruction of a new appendage. We hypothesize that during regeneration, cells use leptin, slc2a3, proinsulin, g6pd, hif1α expression, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote glucose entry into glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thus stimulating macromolecular biosynthesis. We suggest that this metabolic shift is integral to the appendage regeneration program and that the Xenopus model is a powerful experimental system to further explore this phenomenon.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Biomaterial and cellular properties as examined through atomic force microscopy, fluorescence optical microscopies and spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Kainz Birgit , Oprzeska‐Zingrebe Ewa A. , Herrera José L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractColloids, polymers, gels, and biological materials are widely used for numerous technological applications. The design, fabrication, and understanding of the physico‐chemical properties of such (bio)materials, however, represent a challenge for scientists and technologists. This review is a concise update of the latest achievements in surface and bulk analytical techniques applied to biomaterials and soft matter systems. Specific emphasis is devoted to their structural, mechanical, surface, and chemical properties. The review introduces the basics of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and discusses its combination with optical microscopies and spectroscopic techniques. In particular, we report the AFM combination with fluorescence, confocal microscopy, stimulated emission depletion, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. The review highlights the impact and the potential applications of the combination of such experimental techniques on current problems and questions related to material and polymer science, cell biology, biochemical engineering, and protein chemistry. This review is an accessible introduction to AFM for the newcomer and a source of new experimental information for the experienced researcher.
Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications
Authors: Gaharwar Akhilesh K. , Peppas Nicholas A. , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHydrogels mimic native tissue microenvironment due to their porous and hydrated molecular structure. An emerging approach to reinforce polymeric hydrogels and to include multiple functionalities focuses on incorporating nanoparticles within the hydrogel network. A wide range of nanoparticles, such as carbon‐based, polymeric, ceramic, and metallic nanomaterials can be integrated within the hydrogel networks to obtain nanocomposites with superior properties and tailored functionality. Nanocomposite hydrogels can be engineered to possess superior physical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties. This review focuses on the most recent developments in the field of nanocomposite hydrogels with emphasis on biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In particular, we discuss synthesis and fabrication of nanocomposite hydrogels, examine their current limitations and conclude with future directions in designing more advanced nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 441–453. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloud resource orchestration within an open‐source component‐based platform as a service
Authors: Petcu Dana , Panica Silviu , Crăciun Ciprian , Neagul Marian , Şandru Calin 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn the growing market of cloud computing dominated by proprietary solutions, the adoption of open‐source and deployable middleware that hides the service heterogeneity and ensure code portability can provide important benefits for the fast development of new services. Therefore, this paper exposes the mechanisms for orchestrating cloud‐enabled hardware and software resources supported by a recently developed open‐source platform as a service.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation‐based Web service orchestration in cloud computing: A survey
Authors: Mármol Félix Gómez , Kuhnen Marcus Quintino 
Published: November 2013

SummaryCloud computing is no longer the future but the present. Every day, more and more companies and service providers transfer their businesses and operations to the cloud, benefiting from its multiple advantages. Moreover, the flexibility offered by many cloud services allows to easily build sophisticated services by just composing simpler ones, rather than creating them from zero. Yet, to mitigate potential security threats and keep the maximum performance at any time, a smart selection of those composite services constitutes a key aspect. In this paper, we introduce the reader to the problem of Web service selection based on their reputation scores and subsequently present a survey on some of the most relevant reputation‐based Web service orchestration schemes for cloud computing in the literature. For each one of these approaches, a thorough analysis of their pros and cons has been performed, providing a comprehensive comparison amongst all of them leading to the conclusion that, to the best of our knowledge, there is no one single model elegantly fitting to each and every situation that could occur in such a dynamic environment like cloud computing. Finally, we present some current challenges and future research trends in the field of reputation‐based service orchestration in cloud computing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of body effect in translinear topologies by means of the general translinear principle
Authors: Carrasco‐Robles Manuel , Serrano Luis 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThis paper describes how to analyse translinear topologies whose response is modified by the body effect by means of the general translinear principle. It proposes two different strategies for obtaining the translinear loop equations from each closed translinear set. Both strategies are tested analysing three topologies, one of them including some transistors in triode. From the results of such analysis, a fast analysis method for topologies with all transistor bodies connected to the same potential is also proposed. Simulated results are given showing good agreement with theoretical expressions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infant stress exposure produces persistent enhancement of fear learning across development
Authors: Quinn Jennifer J. , Skipper Rachel A. , Claflin Dragana I. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn recent years, it has become increasingly clear that early life stress experiences persistently impact subsequent physiological, cognitive, and emotional responses. In cases of trauma, these early experiences can result in anxiety disorders such as phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder. In the present paper, we examined the effects of infant footshock stress exposure at postnatal day (PND) 17 on subsequent contextual fear conditioning at postnatal days 18 (Experiment 1), 24 (Experiment 2), or 90 (Experiment 3). In each experiment, PND17 footshock stress exposure enhanced later fear conditioning, indicating that the stress enhancement of fear learning (SEFL) persists throughout development. Memory for the original stress exposure context was gradually forgotten, with significant fear expression evident at PND20, and a complete lack of fear expression in that same context at PND90. These data suggest that the stress‐enhancing component of infant fear learning is dissociable from the infant contextual fear memory per se. In other words, early life stress produces persistent effects on subsequent cognition that are independent of the memory for that early life event. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1008–1016, 2014.
Conductivity, Structures, Spectra, and Thermal Properties of Lithium and Sodium Tetracyanidoborates with Crown Ether Encapsulated Cations: Isolated Ions in [AI(12‐crown‐4)2][B(CN)4] and 1D Chains in [AI (15‐crown‐5)][B(CN)4] (AI = Li, Na)
Authors: Kopplin Georg , Bernsdorf Arne , Köckerling Martin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn research activities toward new electrolyte materials for energy devices, the new tetracyanidoborates [Li(C8H16O4)2][B(CN)4] (1), [Na(C8H16O4)2][B(CN)4] (2), [Li(C10H20O5)][B(CN)4] (3), and [Na(C10H20O5)][B(CN)4] (4), which contain lithium and sodium metal cations coordinated by macrocyclic polyether molecules, were synthesized and characterized. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. Compounds 1 and 2 form orthorhombic crystals built up from isolated ion pairs. The alkaline metal cation is coordinated by eight oxygen atoms of two 12‐crown‐4 (12Cr4) crown ether molecules. Compounds 3 and 4 crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system and are constructed from salt chains that extend in one direction. The Na compound has double rows of approximately face‐to‐face oriented complex cations, which are bridged by two CN groups of each tetracyanidoborate anion. The Li compound contains single strands. In both cases, each anion has two coordinated and two uncoordinated CN groups. The different bonding situations in all four compounds are characterized by IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. Electrochemical spectroscopy was performed to obtain the overall specific conductivity of 1 and 3. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed melting points below 200 °C and decomposition temperatures above 230 °C.
1,3,2‐Dioxaphospholanes with an Annelated 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) Unit: Formation and Dimerization
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBy using 1,2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) and the corresponding dilithium salt [1,2‐(LiO)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10] for the synthesis of 1,3,2‐dioxaphospholanes, it was shown that these species are short‐lived with few exceptions. The phosphorus halides undergo disproportionation reactions towards phosphite derivatives, whereas the P‐organo‐substituted five‐membered rings dimerize to give ten‐membered rings. Even the P‐diethylamino and the P‐ethoxy compounds dimerize slowly. Dimerization is the favored process when using the dilithium salt together with ether. The reactions were monitored by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, 31P NMR). The gas‐phase structures were optimized by DFT methods [B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory], and NMR spectroscopic parameters were calculated. One dimer was characterized by X‐ray analysis. All products were found to be sensitive to hydrolysis and oxidation. Thus, crystals of 1‐[(1,1‐dimethylethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) could be isolated and characterized by X‐ray analysis, as well as the starting material 1,2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) (with HNEt2/HCl). In all three solid‐state structures, the C–C(carborane) bond lengths are elongated with respect to all other neutral ortho‐carborane derivatives bearing second‐row substituents at one or both carbon atoms.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Bicyclic Thiazolidinethiones and Oxazolidinones in Water
Authors: Stalling Timo , Pauly Jan , Schmidtmann Marc , Martens Jürgen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA powerful three‐component reaction for the synthesis of bicyclic thiazolidinethiones and oxazolidinones at room temp. in water, starting from readily available amines, chloroacetaldehyde, and CS2/CO2, is described. A simple one‐pot procedure allows the construction of two new cyclic systems and four new bonds, with all reactants being efficiently utilized in this transformation. KHCO3 is used as a productive source of CO2. Broad potential for derivatization is demonstrated.
Phenanthro‐Annelated [5.5.6.6]‐ and (Broken) [6.5.6]Fenestranes
Authors: Bredenkötter Björn , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Kuck Dietmar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe construction of the polycyclic frameworks of phenanthro‐annelated all‐cis‐[5.5.6.6]fenestrane, cis,cis,trans,cis‐[5.5.6.6]fenestrane, and a related “broken” [6.5.6]fenestrane is reported for the first time. On the basis of our established synthesis of benzoannelated fenestrindanes, spirocyclic di(9‐phenanthryl)methyl‐1,3‐indanediols were prepared with complete stereocontrol and subjected to cyclodehydration. Surprisingly, the 9‐phenanthrylmethyl residues underwent preferential “peri” attack, rather than “ortho” attack, to generate 1,10‐phenanthro rather than 9,10‐phenanthro units. In this way, the cyclodehydration of 2,2‐di(9‐phenanthryl)methyl‐1,3‐indanediol gives rise to two new six‐membered rings with the [6.5.6]fenestrane skeleton. The cyclodehydration of the related trans‐ and cis‐diphenanthryl spiro(cyclohexane‐1,2′‐indanediols) generated one new five‐ and one new six‐membered ring stereospecifically to afford the respective all‐cis‐ and cis,cis,trans,cis‐benzodiphenanthro[5.5.6.6]fenestranes in good yields. The crucial constitutional and stereochemical features of the new fenestranes were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis and variable‐temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy.
Reaction to fire and water vapour resistance performance of treated wood specimens containing TiO2and clay nanoparticles
Authors: Fufa Selamawit Mamo , Steen‐Hansen Anne , Jelle Bjørn Petter , Hovde Per Jostein 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThe effect of TiO2and/or clay nanoparticles on water vapour permeability and the reaction to fire performance of coated and impregnated spruce wood were studied. Water vapour permeability properties were used to assess the moisture transfer properties and durability of the specimens using the cup test. The reaction to the early stage fire development properties of the specimens was analysed using a small scale cone calorimeter test. Comparisons between the different treated and untreated specimens on the moisture and reaction to fire performances were performed. The results revealed poor reaction to fire and water vapour resistance of specimens treated with TiO2and/or clay nanoparticles containing treatments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parsing pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Forensic chemistry, receptor models, and source control policy
Authors: O'Reilly Kirk T , Pietari Jaana , Boehm Paul D 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A realistic understanding of contaminant sources is required to set appropriate control policy. Forensic chemical methods can be powerful tools in source characterization and identification, but they require a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach. Atmospheric receptor models, such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s chemical mass balance (CMB), are increasingly being used to evaluate sources of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments. This paper describes the assumptions underlying receptor models and discusses challenges in complying with these assumptions in practice. Given the variability within, and the similarity among, pyrogenic PAH source types, model outputs are sensitive to specific inputs, and parsing among some source types may not be possible. Although still useful for identifying potential sources, the technical specialist applying these methods must describe both the results and their inherent uncertainties in a way that is understandable to nontechnical policy makers. The authors present an example case study concerning an investigation of a class of parking-lot sealers as a significant source of PAHs in urban sediment. Principal component analysis is used to evaluate published CMB model inputs and outputs. Targeted analyses of 2 areas where bans have been implemented are included. The results do not support the claim that parking-lot sealers are a significant source of PAHs in urban sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:279–285. © 2013 SETAC
Key Points
Receptor models can be useful tools for evaluating contaminant sources, but careful consideration of each model's underlying assumption is critical. These include that all potential sources have been identified and their chemical profiles are known and stable. Given the variability within and similarity among pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) source types, receptor models may not be able to accurately estimate their individual contributions. When used to support source control policy decisions, the inherent uncertainties in the results of receptor models must be described in a way that are understandable to nontechnical policy makers. In a case study, a multiple-lines-of-evidence evaluation did not support the receptor model based claim that parking-lot sealers are a significant source of PAHs in urban sediments.
Human Keloid Cell Characterization and Inhibition of Growth with Human Wharton's Jelly Stem Cell Extracts
Authors: Fong Chui‐Yee , Biswas Arijit , Subramanian Arjunan , Srinivasan Akshaya , Choolani Mahesh , Bongso Ariff 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTKeloids are firm rubbery growths that grow beyond the boundaries of human wounds and their treatment has met with limited success. Their properties and growth behavior have not been properly characterized and it has been suggested that a benign neoplastic stem cell‐like phenotype in an altered cytokine microenvironment drives their uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modification of the stem cell niche may be an attractive approach to its prevention. We studied the growth behavior, stemness, and tumorigenic characteristics of keloid cells in prolonged culture. Since human Wharton's jelly stem cells (hWJSCs) secrete high levels of cytokines and have anti‐tumorigenic properties we explored its role on the inhibition of keloid growth in vitro. Keloid cells grew readily in both adherent and sphere culture and expressed high levels of mesenchymal CD and tumor‐associated fibroblast (TAF) markers up to passage 10. When they were exposed to repeat doses of hWJSC conditioned medium (hWJSC‐CM) and lysate (hWJSC‐CL) every 72 h up to 9 days their growth was inhibited with a reduction in CD and TAF marker expression. On Days 3, 6, and 9 treated keloid cells showed linear decreases in cell proliferation (BrdU), increases in Annexin V‐FITC and TUNEL‐positive cells, interruptions of the cell cycle and inhibition of migration in scratch‐wound assays. Immunocytochemistry and qRT‐PCR confirmed a significant downregulation of TAF and anti‐apoptotic‐related gene (SURVIVIN) expression and upregulation of autophagy‐related (BAX, ATG5, ATG7, BECLIN‐1) gene expression. The results suggest that hWJSCs or molecules secreted by them may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of keloids. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 826–838, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.