bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial lightweight aggregate made from alternative and waste raw materials, hardened using the hybrid method
Authors: Stempkowska Agata , Gawenda Tomasz 
Published: July 2024

AbstractLightweight aggregates are a material used in many industries. A huge amount of this material is used in construction and architecture. For the most part, lightweight construction aggregates are obtained from natural resources such as clay raw materials that have the ability to swell at high temperatures. Resources of these clays are limited and not available everywhere. Therefore, opportunities are being sought to produce lightweight artificial aggregates that have interesting performance characteristics due to their properties. For example, special preparation techniques can reduce or increase the water absorption of such an aggregate depending on the needs and application. The production of artificial lightweight aggregate using various types of waste materials is environmentally friendly as it reduces the depletion of natural resources. Therefore, this article proposes a method of obtaining artificial lightweight aggregate consolidated using two methods: drum and dynamic granulation. Hardening was achieved using combined methods: sintering and hydration, trying to maintain the highest possible porosity. Waste materials were used, such as dust from construction rubble and residues from the processing of PET bottles, as well as clay from the Bełchatów mine as a raw material accompanying the lignite overburden. High open porosity of the aggregates was achieved, above 30%, low apparent density of 1.23 g/cm3, low leachability of approximately 250 µS. The produced lightweight aggregates could ultimately be used in green roofs.
Robust fisheries management strategies under deep uncertainty
Authors: Conradt Jan , Funk Steffen , Sguotti Camilla , Voss Rudi , Blenckner Thorsten , Möllmann Christian 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFisheries worldwide face uncertain futures as climate change manifests in environmental effects of hitherto unseen strengths. Developing climate-ready management strategies traditionally requires a good mechanistic understanding of stock response to climate change in order to build projection models for testing different exploitation levels. Unfortunately, model-based projections of fish stocks are severely limited by large uncertainties in the recruitment process, as the required stock-recruitment relationship is usually not well represented by data. An alternative is to shift focus to improving the decision-making process, as postulated by the decision-making under deep uncertainty (DMDU) framework. Robust Decision Making (RDM), a key DMDU concept, aims at identifying management decisions that are robust to a vast range of uncertain scenarios. Here we employ RDM to investigate the capability of North Sea cod to support a sustainable and economically viable fishery under future climate change. We projected the stock under 40,000 combinations of exploitation levels, emission scenarios and stock-recruitment parameterizations and found that model uncertainties and exploitation have similar importance for model outcomes. Our study revealed that no management strategy exists that is fully robust to the uncertainty in relation to model parameterization and future climate change. We instead propose a risk assessment that accounts for the trade-offs between stock conservation and profitability under deep uncertainty.
Contribution of anthropogenic influence to the 2022-like Yangtze River valley compound heatwave and drought event
Authors: Chen Dong , Qiao Shaobo , Yang Jie , Tang Shankai , Zuo Dongdong , Feng Guolin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn August 2022, an unprecedented compound heatwave and drought event (CHDE) lasting 24 days occurred in the Yangtze River valley (YRV), leading to a severe reduction of the crop, fresh water, and power supply. We constructed a joint cumulative probability distribution of heatwave and drought intensity, and found that the lowest probability-based index (PI) of 0.06 in 2022 was estimated as a 1-in-662-year event over the 1961–2022 climate. We then detected the fingerprint of greenhouse gas forcing to the observed PI in a generalized extreme value framework, but not the aerosol forcing, suggesting the leading contribution of greenhouse gas forcing on such extreme CHDE. Furthermore, anthropogenic influence had increased the probability of such CHDE by more than 10 times compared to the counterfactual climate. Also, the PI decreased from about 0.30 at the present climate to about 0.14 at the 3 °C global warming level, indicating that CHDE will become more extreme over YRV.
Hidden flaws behind expert-level accuracy of multimodal GPT-4 vision in medicine
Authors: Jin Qiao , Chen Fangyuan , Zhou Yiliang , Xu Ziyang , Cheung Justin M. , Chen Robert , Summers Ronald M. , Rousseau Justin F. , Ni Peiyun , Landsman Marc J. , Baxter Sally L. , Al’Aref Subhi J. , Li Yijia , Chen Alexander , Brejt Josef A. , Chiang Michael F. , Peng Yifan , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRecent studies indicate that Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 with Vision (GPT-4V) outperforms human physicians in medical challenge tasks. However, these evaluations primarily focused on the accuracy of multi-choice questions alone. Our study extends the current scope by conducting a comprehensive analysis of GPT-4V’s rationales of image comprehension, recall of medical knowledge, and step-by-step multimodal reasoning when solving New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Image Challenges—an imaging quiz designed to test the knowledge and diagnostic capabilities of medical professionals. Evaluation results confirmed that GPT-4V performs comparatively to human physicians regarding multi-choice accuracy (81.6% vs. 77.8%). GPT-4V also performs well in cases where physicians incorrectly answer, with over 78% accuracy. However, we discovered that GPT-4V frequently presents flawed rationales in cases where it makes the correct final choices (35.5%), most prominent in image comprehension (27.2%). Regardless of GPT-4V’s high accuracy in multi-choice questions, our findings emphasize the necessity for further in-depth evaluations of its rationales before integrating such multimodal AI models into clinical workflows.
Manipulating the crystallization kinetics of halide perovskites for large-area solar modules
Authors: Wang Zhaojin , Duan Xiao , Zhang Jing , Yuan Wenbin , Qu Dinghao , Chen You , He Lijuan , Wang Haoran , Yang Guang , Zhang Wei , Bai Yang , Cheng Hui-Ming 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the last decade, laboratory-scale single-junction perovskite solar cells have achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency exceeding 26.1%. However, the transition to industrial-scale production has unveiled a significant efficiency gap. The central challenge lies in the difficulty of achieving uniform, high-quality perovskite films on a large scale. To tackle this issue, various innovative strategies for manipulating crystallization have emerged in recent years. Based on an in-depth fundamental understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms in large-area perovskite films prepared through blade/slot-die coating methods, this review offers a critical examination of crystallization manipulation strategies for large-area perovskite solar modules. Lastly, we explore future avenues aimed at enhancing the efficiency and stability of large-area PSMs, thereby steering the field toward commercially viable applications.
Aficamten is a small-molecule cardiac myosin inhibitor designed to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hartman James J. , Hwee Darren T. , Robert-Paganin Julien , Chuang Chihyuan , Chin Eva R. , Edell Samantha , Lee Ken H. , Madhvani Roshni , Paliwal Preeti , Pernier Julien , Sarkar Saswata Sankar , Schaletzky Julia , Schauer Kristine , Taheri Khanha D. , Wang Jingying , Wehri Eddie , Wu Yangsong , Houdusse Anne , Morgan Bradley P. , Malik Fady I. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited disease of the sarcomere resulting in excessive cardiac contractility. The first-in-class cardiac myosin inhibitor, mavacamten, improves symptoms in obstructive HCM. Here we present aficamten, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of cardiac myosin that diminishes ATPase activity by strongly slowing phosphate release, stabilizing a weak actin-binding state. Binding to an allosteric site on the myosin catalytic domain distinct from mavacamten, aficamten prevents the conformational changes necessary to enter the strongly actin-bound force-generating state. In doing so, aficamten reduces the number of functional myosin heads driving sarcomere shortening. The crystal structure of aficamten bound to cardiac myosin in the pre-powerstroke state provides a basis for understanding its selectivity over smooth and fast skeletal muscle. Furthermore, in cardiac myocytes and in mice bearing the hypertrophic R403Q cardiac myosin mutation, aficamten reduces cardiac contractility. Our findings suggest aficamten holds promise as a therapy for HCM.
System transferability of Raman-based oesophageal tissue classification using modern machine learning to support multi-centre clinical diagnostics
Authors: Blake Nathan , Gaifulina Riana , Isabelle Martin , Dorney Jennifer , Rodriguez-Justo Manuel , Lau Katherine , Ohrel Stéphanie , Lloyd Gavin , Shepherd Neil , Lewis Aaran , Kendall Catherine A. , Stone Nick , Bell Ian , Thomas Geraint 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background
The clinical potential of Raman spectroscopy is well established but has yet to become established in routine oncology workflows. One barrier slowing clinical adoption is a lack of evidence demonstrating that data taken on one spectrometer transfers across to data taken on another spectrometer to provide consistent diagnoses.

Methods
We investigated multi-centre transferability using human oesophageal tissue. Raman spectra were taken across three different centres with different spectrometers of the same make and model. By using a common protocol, we aimed to minimise the difference in machine learning performance between centres.

Results
61 oesophageal samples from 51 patients were interrogated by Raman spectroscopy at each centre and classified into one of five pathologies. The overall accuracy and log-loss did not significantly vary when a model trained upon data from any one centre was applied to data taken at the other centres. Computational methods to correct for the data during pre-processing were not needed.

Conclusion
We have found that when using the same make and model of spectrometer, together with a common protocol, across different centres it is possible to achieve system transferability without the need for additional computational instrument correction.
Identification of amino acids restricting HBV receptor function in porcine NTCP
Authors: Jeske Samuel D. , Wettengel Jochen M. , Gegenfurtner Florian , Fischer Konrad , Moosmüller Judith , Chakraborty Anindita , Ko Chunkyu , Burwitz Benjamin J. , Schnieke Angelika , Protzer Ulrike 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWith 254 million chronically infected patients, hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a severe health threat. While animal models play a crucial role in developing new therapies, the availability of preclinical HBV models is very limited. Therefore, novel in vivo infection models are urgently needed. The bona fide HBV receptor, sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), determines HBV’s species and cell-type specificity. Recent studies have indicated that the expression of human NTCP is the only limiting factor for HBV infection in selected species, such as macaques or pigs. Here, we confirm HBV infection of pig hepatocytes expressing human NTCP and show that porcine NTCP does not support HBV binding. By gradually humanizing porcine NTCP and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified amino acids 158 and 167 in porcine NTCP, limiting HBV interaction. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we showed that the expression of porcine NTCP with humanized amino acids 157-167 renders primary porcine hepatocytes fully susceptible to HBV. These results pave the way for generating transgenic pigs with humanized porcine chimeric NTCP as a novel, fully immunocompetent infection model for developing and validating new curative HBV therapies.
Element abundances of galactic RGB stars in the APO-K2 catalogue
Authors: Valle G. , Dell’Omodarme M. , Prada Moroni P. G. , Degl’Innocenti S. 
Published: July 2024

Aims. We conducted an investigation on the chemical abundances of 4316 stars in the red giant branch (RGB) phase from the recently released APO-K2 catalogue. Our aim was to characterize the abundance trends of the single elements with [α/Fe], mainly focusing on C, N, and O, which are the most relevant for the estimation of stellar ages.
Methods. The chemical analysis of the RGB sample involved cross-matching data from the APO-K2 catalogue with individual element abundances from APOGEE DR17.
Results. The analysis detected a statistically significant difference in the [(C+N+O)/Fe]–[α/Fe] trend with respect to the simple α-enhancement scenario. This difference remained robust across different choices for the reference solar mixture and potential zero-point calibrations of C and N abundances. The primary discrepancy was a steeper increase in [O/Fe] with [α/Fe], reaching a 0.1 dex difference at [α/Fe] = 0.3. Notably, the impact on the evolutionary timescale of such oxygen over-abundance with respect to the commonly adopted uniform α-enhancement is rather limited. We verified that stellar models computed using an ad hoc O-rich mixture sped up the evolution by only 1% at [α/Fe] = 0.3, due to the counterbalancing effects of O enrichment on both the evolutionary timescale and the Z-to-[Fe/H] relationship.
Planck data revisited: Low-noise synchrotron polarization maps from the WMAP and Planck space missions
Authors: Delabrouille Jacques 
Published: July 2024

Context. Observations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization, essential for probing a potential phase of inflation in the early Universe, suffer from contamination by polarized emission from the Galactic interstellar medium.
Aims. This work combines existing observations from the WMAP and Planck space missions to make a low-noise map of polarized synchrotron emission that can be used to clean forthcoming CMB observations.
Methods. We combine DR5 K, Ka and Q WMAP maps with PR4 30 and 44 GHz Planck LFI maps, using weights that near-optimally combine the observations as a function of sky direction, angular scale, and polarization orientation.
Results. We publish well-characterized maps of synchrotron Q and U Stokes parameters at ν = 30 GHz and an angular resolution of 1 degree. A statistical description of uncertainties is provided with Monte-Carlo simulations of additive and multiplicative errors.
Conclusions. Our maps are the most sensitive full-sky maps of synchrotron polarization to date, and are made available to the scientific community on a dedicated website.
Long gamma-ray burst light curves as the result of a common stochastic pulse–avalanche process
Authors: Bazzanini L. , Ferro L. , Guidorzi C. , Angora G. , Amati L. , Brescia M. , Bulla M. , Frontera F. , Maccary R. , Maistrello M. , Rosati P. , Tsvetkova A. 
Published: July 2024

Context. The complexity and variety exhibited by the light curves of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) enclose a wealth of information that has not yet been fully deciphered. Despite the tremendous advance in the knowledge of the energetics, structure, and composition of the relativistic jet that results from the core collapse of the progenitor star, the nature of the inner engine, how it powers the relativistic outflow, and the dissipation mechanisms remain open issues.
Aims. A promising way to gain insights is describing GRB light curves as the result of a common stochastic process. In the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) era, a stochastic pulse avalanche model was proposed and tested through the comparison of ensemble-average properties of simulated and real light curves. Here our aim was to revive and further test this model.
Methods. We applied it to two independent datasets, BATSE and Swift/BAT, through a machine learning approach: the model parameters are optimised using a genetic algorithm.
Results. The average properties were successfully reproduced. Notwithstanding the different populations and passbands of both datasets, the corresponding optimal parameters are interestingly similar. In particular, for both sets the dynamics appear to be close to a critical state, which is key to reproducing the observed variety of time profiles.
Conclusions. Our results propel the avalanche character in a critical regime as a key trait of the energy release in GRB engines, which underpins some kind of instability.
Non-linear torsional Alfvén waves evolving in stratified viscous plasmas: Coronal hole plumes
Authors: Hejazi S. M. , Vasheghani Farahani S. , Hajisharifi K. , Mehdian H. 
Published: July 2024

Aims. We model solar atmospheric structures characterised by parallel structuring. We focus on Alfvén waves in the weakly non-linear regime to highlight the efficiency of non-linear wave steepening when dissipative effects are prominent. We also consider the local and equilibrium conditions involved in shock formation and the shock’s contributions to coronal seismology.
Methods. Coronal plumes were modelled analytically by implementing the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory in cylindrical geometry. Here, the stratification and viscosity are present internal to the plume, whilst effects of the external medium, together with equilibrium conditions, are implied where the magnetic fields are parallel to the plume axis. We implemented a second-order thin flux tube approximation to obtain a wave equation that points to effects tied to non-linear, dissipative, and stratification terms, as well as terms representing atmospheric conditions.
Results. The impact of shear viscosity on non-linear Alfvén waves extracted by the Cohen-Kulsrud-Burgers-type equation proves more efficient when propagated to higher altitudes. The dissipative effects linked to the dimensionless viscosity indicate that the dissipative effects are not linear. Meanwhile, the delay in shock formation enables energy conversions at higher altitudes, thereby maintaining coronal heating at higher levels. The efficiency of parallel structuring and viscous damping is enhanced by such transverse structuring, as it is directly proportional to the external plasma-β. It is observed that Alfvén pulses may undergo a backward shock, either in the lower levels of coronal plasma or as they propagate toward higher regions, implying a conversion of energy occurring at various altitudes. A peak was observed, indicating that the interplay reverses at heights around 1.5 solar radii. Such effects are shown to play a key role in the context of coronal seismology.
The 2024 KIDA network for interstellar chemistry
Authors: Wakelam V. , Gratier P. , Loison J.-C. , Hickson K. M. , Penguen J. , Mechineau A. 
Published: July 2024

Context. The study of the chemical composition of the interstellar medium (ISM) requires a strong synergy between laboratory astrophysics, modeling, and observations. In particular, astrochemical models have been developed for decades now and include an increasing number of processes studied in the laboratory or theoretically. These models follow the chemistry both in the gas phase and at the surface of interstellar grains. Since 2012, we have provided complete gas-phase chemical networks for astrochemical codes that can be used to model various environments of the ISM.
Aims. Our aim is to introduce the new up-to-date astrochemical network kida.uva.2024 together with the ice chemical network and the fortran code to compute time dependent compositions of the gas, the ice surface, and the ice mantles under physical conditions relevant for the ISM.
Methods. The gas-phase chemical reactions, as well as associated rate coefficients, included in kida.uva.2024 were carefully selected from the KIDA online database and represent the most recent values. The model predictions for cold core conditions and for when considering only gas-phase processes were computed as a function of time and compared to the predictions obtained with the previous version, kida.uva.2014. In addition, key chemical reactions were identified. The model predictions, including both gas and surface processes, were compared to the molecular abundances as observed in the cold core TMC1-CP.
Results. Many gas-phase reactions were revised or added to produce kida.uva.2024. The new model predictions are different by several orders of magnitude for some species. The agreement of this new model with observations in TMC-1 (CP) is, however, similar to the one obtained with the previous network.
Distribution of the number of peaks within a long gamma-ray burst: The full Fermi/GBM catalogue
Authors: Maccary R. , Maistrello M. , Guidorzi C. , Sartori M. , Amati L. , Bazzanini L. , Bulla M. , Camisasca A. E. , Ferro L. , Frontera F. , Tsvetkova A. 
Published: July 2024

Context. The dissipation process responsible for the long gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission and the kind of dynamics that drives the release of energy as a function of time are still key open issues. We recently found that the distribution of the number of peaks per GRB is described by a mixture of two exponentials, suggesting the existence of two behaviours that turn up as peak-rich and peak-poor time profiles.
Aims. Our aims are to study the distribution of the number of peaks per GRB of the entire catalogue of about 3000 GRBs observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and to make a comparison with previous results obtained from other catalogues.
Methods. We identified GRB peaks using the MEPSA code and modelled the resulting distribution following the same procedure that was adopted in the previous analogous investigation.
Results. We confirm that only a mixture of two exponentials can model the distribution satisfactorily, with model parameters that fully agree with those found from previous analyses. In particular, we confirm that (21 ± 4)% of the observed GRBs are peak-rich (8 ± 1 peaks per GRB on average), while the remaining 80% are peak-poor (2.12 ± 0.10 peaks per GRB on average).
Conclusions. We confirm the existence of two different components, peak-poor and peak-rich GRBs, that make up the observed GRB populations. Together with previous analogous results from other GRB catalogues, these results provide compelling evidence that GRB prompt emission is governed by two distinct regimes.