bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of high‐resolution idealized simulations of thunderstorms to horizontal resolution and turbulence parametrization
Authors: Verrelle A. , Ricard D. , Lac C. 
Published: March 2014

Idealized simulations of deep moist convection are performed with the Meso‐NH model at kilometric scales to assess the impact of the horizontal grid spacing (4 km, 2 km, 1 km and 500 m) and turbulence scheme (one‐dimensional (T1D) versus three‐dimensional (T3D) turbulence). The simulations generate one cell which splits into two convective systems: a leftward‐moving multicellular system and a rightward‐moving supercell.Objective criteria based on statistical properties and bulk quantities are examined for both systems to characterize the convection. They show that the accumulated rainfall and corresponding surface area increase with increasing resolution, as does the area covered by the updraughts, while the 90th quantile of the intensity of updraught cores decreases. The 4 km horizontal grid spacing is set apart, as it clearly under‐resolves the convective motions, but the difference between 2 and 1 km horizontal resolutions is larger than between 1 km and 500 m, suggesting the beginning of convergence at 500 m. Also, 1 km appears to represent the deep convective structures more correctly than 2 km for a practical weather forecast of organized convective systems.T3D induces more mixing and enhances the microphysical processes compared with T1D, producing larger amounts of cloud cover and precipitation. Also, the magnitude of the pressure anomaly on the southeastern flank of the supercell is stronger, accentuating the path curvature. The difference between T1D and T3D becomes perceptible at 2 km, pointing out the necessity to deal with horizontal turbulent fluxes at kilometric resolutions. Although a stronger numerical diffusion added to T1D allows the necessary damping to be introduced at the spectral energy tail, it removes a part of the physical mixing and still misses some variance at larger scales.The ratio between resolved and total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) decreases with increasing resolution for both T1D and T3D, which is unexpected. The main explanation is insufficient turbulent mixing inside convective clouds, more pronounced at coarser resolution, which is also confirmed by the vertical velocity spectra. At 500 m horizontal resolution, the subgrid TKE is mainly due to dynamical processes, with maxima located at the upper level of the convective systems in areas of stronger potential temperatures associated with downdraughts. However, thermal production is mostly negative, underlying the lack of entrainment at the cloud edges.
Structural characterization of arabinoxylans from two African plant species Eragrostis nindensis and Eragrostis tef using various mass spectrometric methods
Authors: Plancot Barbara , Vanier Gaëtan , Maire Florian , Bardor Muriel , Lerouge Patrice , Farrant Jill M. , Moore John , Driouich Azeddine , Vicré‐Gibouin Maïté , Afonso Carlos , Loutelier‐Bourhis Corinne 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEThe arabinoxylans are one of the main components of plant cell walls and are known to play major roles in plant tissues properties depending in particular on their structural features. It has been recently shown that one of the strategies developed by resurrection plants to overcome dehydration is based on cell wall composition. For this purpose, the structural characterization of arabinoxylans from desiccation‐tolerant grass Eragrostis nindensis (E. nindensis) was compared with its close relative, the desiccation‐sensitive Eragrostis tef (E. tef) in order to further understand mechansism of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plants.METHODSIon mobility spectrometry coupled to mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) in combination with the conventional mass spectrometric approaches, including matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS), electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), were used to characterize arabinoxylan fragments obtained after endo‐xylanase digestion of leave extracts from E. nindensis and E. tef.RESULTSWhole fingerprinting by MALDI‐MS analysis showed the presence of various arabinoxylan fragments within leaves of E. nindensis and E. tef. The monosaccharide composition and some linkage information were determined by GC/MS experiments. Information regarding the branching and sequence details was obtained by ESI‐MSn experiments after sample permethylation. The presence of structural isomeric ions with different collision cross sections was evidenced by IM‐MS which could be differentiated using ESI‐MSn.CONCLUSIONSWe have shown that an orthogonal approach, and especially IM‐MS associated to ESI‐MSn (n = 2 to 4) and GC/MS allowed characterization of arabinoxylan fragments of E. nindensis and E. tef and revealed the presence of isomeric structures. The same arabinoxylan structures were identified for both species but in different relative abundance. Moreover, this work illustrated that IM‐MS can efficiently separate isomeric structures and advantageously complements the conventional mass spectrometric methodologies used for arabinoxylan structural characterization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperspatial Remote Sensing of Channel Reach Morphology and Hydraulic Fish Habitat Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): A First Assessment in the Context of River Research and Management
Authors: Tamminga A. , Hugenholtz C. , Eaton B. , Lapointe M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we assess the capabilities of an unmanned/uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) to characterize the channel morphology and hydraulic habitat of a 1‐km reach of the Elbow River, Alberta, Canada, with the goal of identifying the advantages and challenges of this technology for river research and management. Using a small quadcopter UAV to acquire overlapping images and softcopy photogrammetry, we constructed a 5‐cm resolution orthomosaic image and digital elevation model (DEM). The orthomosaic was used to map the distribution of geomorphic and aquatic habitat features, including bathymetry, grain sizes, undercut banks, forested channel margins, and large wood. The DEM was used to initialize and run River2D, a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, and resulting depth and velocity distributions were combined with the mapped physical habitat features to produce refined estimates of available habitat in terms of weighted usable area. Based on 297 checkpoints, the vertical root‐mean‐squared error of the DEM was 8.8 cm in exposed areas and 11.9 cm in submerged areas following correction of the DEM for overprediction of elevations as a result of the refractive effects of water. Overall, we find several advantages of UAV‐based imagery including low cost, high efficiency, operational flexibility, high vertical accuracy, and centimetre‐scale resolution. We also identify some challenges, including vegetation obstructions of the ground surface, turbidity, which can limit bathymetry extraction, and an immature regulatory landscape, which may slow the adoption of this technology for operational measurements. However, by enabling dynamic linkages between geomorphic processes and aquatic habitat to be established, we believe that the advantages of UAVs make them ideally suited to river research and management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical network meta‐analysis models to address sparsity of events and differing treatment classifications with regard to adverse outcomes
Authors: Warren Fiona C. , Abrams Keith R. , Sutton Alex J. 
Published: March 2014

Meta‐analysis for adverse events resulting from medical interventions has many challenges, in part due to small numbers of such events within primary studies. Furthermore, variability in drug dose, potential differences between drugs within the same pharmaceutical class and multiple indications for a specific treatment can all add to the complexity of the evidence base.This paper explores the use of synthesis methods, incorporating mixed treatment comparisons, to estimate the risk of adverse events for a medical intervention, while acknowledging and modelling the complexity of the structure of the evidence base.The motivating example was the effect on malignancy of three anti‐tumour necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) drugs (etanercept, adalimumab and infliximab) indicated to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Using data derived from 13 primary studies, a series of meta‐analysis models of increasing complexity were applied. Models ranged from a straightforward comparison of anti‐TNF against non‐anti‐TNF controls, to more complex models in which a treatment was defined by individual drug and its dose. Hierarchical models to allow ‘borrowing strength’ across treatment classes and dose levels, and models involving constraints on the impact of dose level, are described.These models provide a flexible approach to estimating sparse, often adverse, outcomes associated with interventions. Each model makes its own set of assumptions, and approaches to assessing goodness of fit of the various models will usually be extremely limited in their effectiveness, due to the sparse nature of the data. Both methodological and clinical considerations are required to fit realistically complex models in this area and to evaluate their appropriateness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical and numerical evaluation of the design shear resistance of reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Belletti Beatrice , Damoni Cecilia , Hendriks Max A. N. , de Boer Ane 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe aim of this research is to compare the predictions of the design load‐carrying capacity of slabs obtained with simplified analytical and numerical procedures which can be readily used by analysts in the current design process. The research fits into a research programme initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment for the re‐examination of the load‐carrying capacity of existing bridges and viaducts, and the beams and slabs they include, through the use of non‐linear finite‐element analyses. The behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to concentrated loads close to their supports is investigated in this contribution. Three tests from a series of 18 slabs with a total of 108 tests, tested at Delft University of Technology, were selected as case studies and analysed with non‐linear finite‐element analyses and analytical models either proposed by design codes or available in the literature. The research agrees well with the philosophy of the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, which offers different analytical and numerical calculation methods for evaluating the design shear resistance of reinforced concrete members according to different levels of approximation. For the three slabs investigated in this study, it indeed pays to use higher levels of approximation. The highest level (level IV) based on non‐linear finite element analysis gives the highest design load resistance, but still well below the resistance obtained experimentally.
Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay
Authors: Guilherme Sofia , Santos Maria A. , Gaivão Isabel , Pacheco Mário 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTriclopyr‐based herbicides are broadly used worldwide for site preparation and forest vegetation management. Thus, following application, these agrochemicals can inadvertently reach the aquatic ecosystems. Garlon® is one of the most popular commercial denominations of this group of herbicides, considered as highly toxic to fish, even by its manufacturer. Although DNA is frequently regarded as a target of pesticide toxicity, the genotoxic potential of Garlon® to fish remains completely unknown. Hence, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of Garlon® and its active ingredient (triclopyr), clarifying the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the comet assay, implemented as the standard procedure, with an extra step involving DNA lesion‐specific repair enzymes (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and endonuclease III), was used to identify DNA damage in blood cells of Anguilla anguilla L. Short‐term exposures (1 and 3 days) to Garlon® and triclopyr were carried out, adopting environmentally realistic concentrations (67.6 and 270.5 µg L−1 Garlon® and 30 and 120 µg L−1 triclopyr). The results concerning the nonspecific DNA damage proved the risk of the herbicide Garlon® and its active ingredient triclopyr in both tested concentrations and exposure lengths. In addition, the higher genotoxic potential of the formulation, in comparison with the active ingredient, was demonstrated. When the additional breaks corresponding to net enzyme‐sensitive sites were considered, none of the conditions revealed significant levels of oxidative damage. This identification of the genotoxic properties of triclopyr‐based herbicides to fish highlights the need to develop less hazardous formulations, as well as the adoption of mitigation measures related to the application of these agrochemicals in the framework of forestry and agriculture sustainable management. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1073–1081, 2015.
A test of the Swainson's warbler habitat suitability index model
Authors: Reiley Bryan M. , Bednarz James C. , Brown Jeremy D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWe tested a recent Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model proposed for the Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypus swainsonii; a species of conservation concern in the southeastern United States) using data on habitat, bird occupancy, and abundance collected at White River National Wildlife Refuge, Saint Francis National Forest, and Big Island in Arkansas between 2005 and 2010. The Swainson's warbler HSI includes a combination of 6 variables: landform, landcover, successional age class, forest patch size, proportion forest in a 1‐km radius, and small‐stem density (<2.5 cm diam breast ht; these variables are combined to produce scores ranging 0–1, representing unsuitable to optimal habitat. Mean HSI scores were significantly lower ( = 0.65, n = 99) for sites occupied by Swainson's warblers compared with unoccupied locations ( = 0.78, n = 177) at White River National Wildlife Refuge and Big Island, contrary to our expectation for a useful model. We also found that Swainson's warbler abundances were not correlated with HSI scores both at Saint Francis National Forest and at White River National Wildlife Refuge. Our tests of the current Swainson's warbler HSI model demonstrate that it was not an effective predictor of Swainson's warbler occupancy and was not a reliable indicator of warbler habitat at the scale of our study areas. We propose a new suitability function called proportion elevation that takes relative elevation into account at potential sample locations that may improve the model. Specifically, this function should index the likelihood a site is infrequently flooded and should support the development of a thick understory, a habitat feature that has been demonstrated to be important to Swainson's warblers. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of trap type on small mammal richness, diversity, and mortality
Authors: Stephens Ryan B. , Anderson Eric M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWhen evaluating richness and diversity of small mammal communities, it is important to consider the impact that trap efficacy may have on these indices. The objectives of our study were to determine species‐specific trap efficacy relative to Sherman traps and pitfall traps, assess the impact of trap efficacy on measures of species richness and diversity, and compare mortality rates between trap types and whether pitfall covers reduce trap mortality. In the summers of 2009 and 2010, we trapped throughout Wisconsin, USA, in 5 vegetation communities. We used 180 transects (190 m long) of 20 Sherman live traps spaced every 10 m and 10 pitfall traps spaced every 20 m for 4 consecutive nights. We trapped 3,261 small mammals of 23 species in 34,235 combined trap‐nights. Pitfall traps were more effective at capturing shrews and voles, whereas Sherman traps captured more mice (Peromyscus spp.) and squirrels. Irrespective of vegetation community, both trap types together captured significantly higher species richness and diversity than either trap type captured independently. Covers significantly reduced mortality of Peromyscus spp., but not for voles or shrews, and covers reduced overall captures of voles. Our results indicate that Sherman and pitfall traps capture different portions of the small mammal community and, regardless of the vegetation community, should be used in combination when assessing species richness and diversity. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Mitochondria targeting Photocytotoxic Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Curcumin and (Acridinyl)dipyridophenazine in Visible Light
Authors: Banerjee Samya , Prasad Puja , Khan Imran , Hussain Akhtar , Kondaiah Paturu , Chakravarty Akhil R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes, [VO(acac)(L)Cl] (1), [VO(cur)(L)Cl] (2), and [VO(scur)(L)Cl] (3) {acac = acetylacetonate, cur = curcumin monoanion, scur = diglucosylcurcumin monoanion, L = 11‐(9‐acridinyl)dipyrido[3, 2‐a:2',3'‐c]phenazine (acdppz)}, were prepared and characterized. The complexes are non‐electrolytic in DMF and 1:1 electrolytic in aqueous DMF. The one‐electron paramagnetic complexes showed a d‐d band near 725 nm in aqueous DMF and green emission near 520 nm in aqueous DMSO. The complexes exhibited an irreversible VIV/VIII redox response near –0.85 V versus SCE in aqueous DMF. The complexes showed good binding strengths to calf thymus DNA (Kb: 3.1 × 105–9.6 × 105 M–1) and efficient pUC19 DNA photocleavage activity in red light of 705 and 785 nm by singlet oxygen (1O2) pathway. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibited significant photocytotoxicity (IC50: 0.1–1.0 μM) in visible light (400–700 nm) with low dark toxicity (IC50: >20 μM) in HeLa and HaCaT cells. Complex 3 was cytotoxic in both light and dark. DNA ladder formation experiments indicated cell death via apoptotic pathway. Confocal microscopy done with 1 and 2 revealed primarily cytosolic localization of the complexes with significant presence of the complex in the mitochondria as evidenced from the imaging data using mitotracker red.
Intermetallic Compounds with Multiple Yttrium Sites – An 89Y Solid State NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Höting Christoph , Eckert Hellmut , Haarmann Frank , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: March 2014

Abstract The intermetallic compounds Y2RuB6, Y2ReB6, Y2RhSi3, YRh2Si, and YPdSi were synthesized from the elements by arc‐melting and subsequent annealing in sealed silica ampoules. The samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction on powders. The structures of Y2RuB6 and Y2RhSi3 were refined from single crystal diffraction data: Y2ReB6 type, Pbam, a = 916.3(2) pm, b = 1150.3(3) pm, c = 364.37(9) pm, wR2 = 0.1056, 942 F2 values, 38 variables for Y2RuB6 and Er2RhSi3 type, a = 812.6(2), c = 787.2(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0682, 369 F2 values, 17 variables for Y2RhSi3. The five compounds are characterized by two or three (YPdSi), crystallographically independent yttrium sites, which were all well resolved in 89Y solid state NMR spectra. The NMR signal shifts were correlated with the density of states of the s electrons at the Fermi level, resulting in a non‐ambiguous assignment of the NMR signals to the various sites in the crystal structures.
Development of an industrializable fermentation process for propionic acid production
Authors: Stowers Chris C , Cox Brad M , Rodriguez Brandon A 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPropionic acid (PA) is a short-chain fatty acid with wide industrial application including uses in pharmaceuticals, herbicides, cosmetics, and food preservatives. As a three-carbon building block, PA also has potential as a precursor for high-volume commodity chemicals such as propylene. Currently, most PA is manufactured through petrochemical routes, which can be tied to increasing prices and volatility due to difficulty in demand forecasting and feedstock availability. Herein described are research advancements to develop an industrially feasible, renewable route to PA. Seventeen Propionibacterium strains were screened using glucose and sucrose as the carbon source to identify the best platform strain. Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4875 was selected as the platform strain and subsequent fermentation optimization studies were performed to maximize productivity and yield. Fermentation productivity was improved three-fold to exceed 2 g/l/h by densifying the inoculum source. Byproduct levels, particularly lactic and succinic acid, were reduced by optimizing fermentor headspace pressure and shear. Following achievement of commercially viable productivities, the lab-grade medium components were replaced with industrial counterparts to further reduce fermentation costs. A pure enzymatically treated corn mash (ECM) medium improved the apparent PA yield to 0.6 g/g (PA produced/glucose consumed), but it came at the cost of reduced productivity. Supplementation of ECM with cyanocobalamin restored productivity to near lab-grade media levels. The optimized ECM recipe achieved a productivity of 0.5 g/l/h with an apparent PA yield of 0.60 g/g corresponding to a media cost &lt;1 USD/kg of PA. These improvements significantly narrow the gap between the fermentation and incumbent petrochemical processes, which is estimated to have a manufacturing cost of 0.82 USD/kg in 2017.
Effects of a Diet Rich in n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Beta‐Oxidation in Mice
Authors: Bargut Thereza C. Lonzetti , Frantz Eliete D. C. , Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda Carlos A. , Aguila Marcia Barbosa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHere, we investigate whether a diet rich in fish oil can lead to the development of hepatic alterations associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To achieve this goal, we provided, for 8 weeks, four different diets to 3‐month‐old C57BL/6 mice: (a) standard‐chow diet (SC; 40 g soybean oil/kg diet, 10 % of the total energy content from lipids), (b) fish oil diet (FO; 4 g soybean oil and 36 g fish oil/kg diet, 10 % of the total energy content from lipids), (c) high‐fat diet (HF; 40 g soybean oil and 238 g lard/kg diet, 50 % of the total energy content from lipids), and (d) high‐fish oil diet (HFO; 40 g soybean oil and 238 g fish oil/kg diet, 50 % of the total energy content from lipids). Biochemical analyses, stereology, western‐blotting and RT‐qPCR were used. In the HF group, we found evidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and liver damage, along with hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic insulin resistance, and steatosis. On the other hand, the HFO group did not present these alterations and remained similar to the controls. The changes observed in the animals fed the HF diet were accompanied by an increase in hepatic lipogenesis and a decrease in beta‐oxidation; meanwhile, in the HFO group, the opposite results were found, that is, reduced lipogenesis and elevated beta‐oxidation, were most likely responsible for the prevention of deleterious hepatic alterations and liver damage. In conclusion, a diet rich in fish oil has beneficial effects on hepatic insulin resistance, lipogenesis and beta‐oxidation and prevents hepatic tissue from liver damage and NAFLD.