bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THOMAS CHALMERS, THE ‘GODLY COMMONWEALTH’, AND CONTEMPORARY WELFARE REFORM IN BRITAIN AND THE USA
Authors: SMYTH JAMES J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCurrent prescriptions for welfare reform and increased reliance on the voluntary sector often base their appeal on the lessons of history, in particular the apparent successes of Victorian philanthropy in combating ‘pauperism’. This article looks at how this message has become influential in the USA and the UK among the ruling parties of right and left through the particular prism of the neo-conservative appreciation of the work of Thomas Chalmers, the early nineteenth-century Scottish churchman and authority on poverty. The attraction of Chalmers, both to the Charity Organization Society then and neo-conservatives today, lies in the practical application of his idea of the ‘godly commonwealth’ in Glasgow and Edinburgh where voluntary effort, organized through the church, replaced the statutory obligations of the poor law. While Chalmers, and his followers, declared his ‘experiments’ to be great successes, modern Scottish historians have revealed these claims to be false and his efforts failures. Only by completely ignoring the evidence presented by this historiography and continuing to rely on Chalmers's own writings and earlier hagiographies can the neo-conservative approbation of Chalmers be sustained. Such wilful neglect raises questions both about their approach to history and their proposed remedies for tackling poverty today.
PARTING COMPANIES: THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, COMPANY POWER, AND IMPERIAL MERCANTILISM
Authors: PETTIGREW WILLIAM A. , VAN CLEVE GEORGE W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article revisits the late seventeenth-century histories of two of England's most successful overseas trading monopolies, the East India and Royal African Companies. It offers the first full account of the various enforcement powers and strategies that both companies developed and stresses their unity of purpose in the seventeenth century. It assesses the complex effects that the ‘Glorious Revolution’ had on these powers and strategies, unearthing much new material about the case law for monopoly enforcement in this critical period and revising existing accounts that continue to assert the Revolution's exclusively deregulating effects and that miss crucial subtleties in the case law and related alterations in company behaviour. It asks why the two companies parted company as legal and political entities and offers an explanation that connects the fortunes of both monopoly companies to their public profile and differing constituencies in the English empire and the varying non-European political contexts in which they operated.
First report of the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus indica associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense
Authors: Ferreira T. , van Reenen C.A. , Tailliez P. , Pagès S. , Malan A.P. , Dicks L.M.T. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense is considered a promising agent in the biocontrol of insects. However, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with the nematode. In this study, we have identified the only available bacterial strain (157-C) isolated from S. yirgalemense, as a member of the species Xenorhabdus indica. Identification was based on 16S rDNA, recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB gene sequence analyses. The relatedness of strain 157-C to the type strain of X. indica (DSM 17 382) was confirmed with DNA–DNA hybridization. The phenotypic characteristics of strain 157-C are similar to those described for the type strain of X. indica. This is the first report associating X. indica with S. yirgalemense.
Parasitization of juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp.: pathobiology, seasonality and its potential effects on commercial fisheries
Authors: SMITH AMANDA L. , HIRSCHLE LUCY , VOGAN CLAIRE L. , ROWLEY ANDREW F. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThis study reports on the prevalence and severity of infections caused by the parasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium in juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) found in 2 intertidal survey sites (Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay) in the Bristol Channel, UK. Crabs were assessed for the presence and severity of Hematodinium infections by the histological examination of infected tissues. Such infections were found to exhibit a seasonal trend in the 2 study areas with high numbers of animals (ca. 30%) infected in the spring to summer but with low severity. Conversely, in November only ca. 10% of crabs were infected but these animals had large numbers of parasites in their haemolymph and other tissues. At this time, the carapace and underlying tissues of infected crabs had the chalky, pinkish-orange appearance that is characteristic of this disease. Hematodinium-infected crabs ranged in size from 12 to 74 mm carapace width. Overall, it is concluded that the high prevalence of infection of juvenile crabs in this area may have implications for the sustainability of the edible crab fishery in the Bristol Channel.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for drug use disorder: a population-based follow-up and co-relative study
Authors: Sundquist J. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: August 2014

Background.Although the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug use disorder (DUD) is well documented, it is unclear whether it is causal or results from familial confounding.Method.In this study we included all 551 164 individuals born in Sweden between 1991 and 1995 and used linked data from multiple nationwide registries to identify those with ADHD prior to age 15 years (1.71%). We used Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the future risk for DUD as a function of an ADHD registration and then compared the results from the entire population with the results from a co-relative design. Using the Swedish Multi-Generation Register, we identified all full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin pairs discordant for ADHD.Results.In the population sample, ADHD had a substantially increased risk for future DUD with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.34 after accounting for gender and parental education. Examining discordant cousin pairs, discordant half-siblings and discordant siblings, those with ADHD had HRs for DUD of 3.09, 2.10 and 2.38 respectively. Controlling for the number of ADHD registrations, ADHD patients with and without stimulant treatment were similarly associated with later DUD risk.Conclusions.ADHD diagnosed before 15 years of age was strongly related to future risk for DUD. The magnitude of this association was modestly reduced in relative pairs discordant for ADHD, suggesting that the ADHD–DUD association is partly causal and partly a result of familial confounding. We found no evidence to suggest that this association resulted from stimulant treatment.
Improving retirement outcomes: the role of resources, pre-retirement planning and transition characteristics
Authors: MURATORE ALEXA MARIE , EARL JOANNE KAA 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTRetirement is an inherently complex process due to the multitude of variables that influence it. The present article proposes that by combining our understanding of retirement phases (a conceptual framework) with a theory that specifies a general mechanism for retirement adaptation (a theoretical framework), we can improve how we research retirement. Accordingly, this study proposes and tests a model exploring the antecedents and consequences of the retirement process across three stages: Pre-retirement, Transition and Adaptation, using data collected from 550 Australian retirees. Multiple outcomes are explored, including adjustment, wellbeing and life satisfaction, as well as variables including planning, perception of wealth, resources and mastery. The model showed a significant influence of resources on both phases and outcomes, with mastery showing the strongest relationships of all the resources. Results suggest that outcomes in retirement may be improved by promoting retirement planning, improving exit conditions and building key resources, in particular, mastery. Overall, the model demonstrates the value of combining theory and conceptual frameworks to inform the specification of statistical models to research retirement. Research implications and alternative models are discussed.
IT STRATEGIC PLANNING IN HOSPITALS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Authors: Jaana Mirou , Teitelbaum Mari , Roffey Tyson 
Published: August 2014

Objectives: To date, IT strategic planning has been mostly theory-based with limited information on “best practices” in this area. This study presents the process and outcomes of IT strategic planning undertaken at a pediatric hospital (PH) in Canada.Methods: A five-stage sequential and incremental process was adopted. Various tools / approaches were used including review of existing documentation, internal survey (n = 111), fifteen interviews, and twelve workshops.Results: IT strategic planning was informed by 230 individuals (12 percent of hospital community) and revealed consistency in the themes and concerns raised by participants (e.g., slow IT projects delivery rate, lack of understanding of IT priorities, strained communication with IT staff). Mobile and remote access to patients’ information, and an integrated EMR were identified as top priorities. The methodology and used approach revealed effective, improved internal relationships, and ensured commitment to the final IT strategic plan. Several lessons were learned including: maintaining a dynamic approach capable of adapting to the fast technology evolution; involving stakeholders and ensuring continuous communication; using effective research tools to support strategic planning; and grounding the process and final product in existing models.Conclusions: This study contributes to the development of “best practices” in IT strategic planning, and illustrates “how” to apply the theoretical principles in this area. This is especially important as IT leaders are encouraged to integrate evidence-based management into their decision making and practices. The methodology and lessons learned may inform practitioners in other hospitals planning to engage in IT strategic planning in the future.
Influences of forest structure and landscape features on spatial variation in species composition in a palm community in central Amazonia
Authors: Rodrigues Lilian Figueiredo , Cintra Renato , Castilho Carolina Volkmer , de Sousa Pereira Ocírio , Pimentel Tânia P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:The mechanisms that maintain palm species diversity in tropical rain forests are still debated. Spatial variation in forest structure produces small-scale environmental heterogeneity, which in turn can affect plant survival and reproductive performance. An understanding of how palms respond to variation in forest heterogeneity may help to explain the diversity and structure of their assemblages. We used multivariate ordination statistics and multiple linear models to analyse how palm assemblages are affected by forest structure and landscape features in central Amazonia. In 72 (250×4 m) forest plots distributed over an area of 64 km2, we recorded all seedling and adult palms, and measured topographic and soil variables, and components of forest structure and tree abundance. We found 16976 adults and 18935 seedlings of 46 palm species and five varieties including two morphological forms making a total of 50 botanical entities. Results show that landscape features (altitude, slope, proportions of soil sand and clay) and various components of forest structure (such as degree of forest openness, abundance of forest trees, logs and snags, and leaf litter mass), influence spatial variation in richness, abundance and species composition of palms, creating ecological gradients in palm community composition. Despite the statistically significant effects of environmental variables, most species occurred throughout the full range of the ecological gradients we studied, indicating that there is either relatively weak niche specialization in the palms, or that the competition between the species is mediated by diffuse demographic processes that cannot be evaluated only through studies of species distributions.
Use of linked electronic health records to assess mortality and length of stay associated with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at a UK teaching hospital
Authors: Smith C. , Curran M. D. , Roddick I. , Reacher M. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYEffective use of data linkage is becoming an increasingly important focus in the new healthcare system in England. We linked data from the results of a multiplex PCR assay for respiratory viruses for a population of 230 inpatients at a UK teaching hospital with their patient administrative system records in order to compare the mortality and length of stay of patients who tested positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with those positive for another influenza A virus. The results indicated a reduced risk of death among influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients compared to other influenza A strains, with an adjusted risk ratio of 0·25 (95% confidence interval 0·08–0·75,P = 0·01), while no significant differences were found between the lengths of stay in the hospital for these two groups. Further development of such methods to link hospital data in a routine fashion could provide a rapid means of gaining epidemiological insights into emerging infectious diseases.
Specific antibody binding to the APP672–699 region shifts APP processing from α- to β-cleavage
Authors: Li S , Deng J , Hou H , Tian J , Giunta B , Wang Y , Sawmiller D , Smith A , Sanberg P R , Obregon D , Mori T , Tan J 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as a progressive loss of synapses and neurons in the brain. The major pertinacious component of amyloid plaques is Aβ, a variably sized peptide derived from the integral membrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP). The Aβ region of APP locates partly within its ecto- and trans-membrane domains. APP is cleaved by three proteases, designated as α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Processing by β- and γ-secretase cleaves the N- and C-terminal ends of the Aβ region, respectively, releasing Aβ, whereas α-secretase cleaves within the Aβ sequence, releasing soluble APPα (sAPPα). The γ-secretase cleaves at several adjacent sites to yield Aβ species containing 39–43 amino acid residues. Both α- and β-cleavage sites of human wild-type APP are located in APP672–699 region (ectodomain of β-C-terminal fragment, ED-β-CTF or ED-C99). Therefore, the amino acid residues within or near this region are definitely pivotal for human wild-type APP function and processing. Here, we report that one ED-C99-specific monoclonal antibody (mAbED-C99) blocks human wild-type APP endocytosis and shifts its processing from α- to β-cleavage, as evidenced by elevated accumulation of cell surface full-length APP and β-CTF together with reduced sAPPα and α-CTF levels. Moreover, mAbED-C99 enhances the interactions of APP with cholesterol. Consistently, intracerebroventricular injection of mAbED-C99 to human wild-type APP transgenic mice markedly increases membrane-associated β-CTF. All these findings suggest that APP672–699 region is critical for human wild-type APP processing and may provide new clues for the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.
Structure and aggregation in model tetramethylurea solutions
Authors: Gupta Rini , Patey G. N. 
Published: August 2014

The structure of model aqueous tetramethylurea (TMU) solutions is investigated employing large-scale (32 000, 64 000 particles) molecular dynamics simulations. Results are reported for TMU mole fractions, Xt, ranging from infinite dilution up to 0.07, and for two temperatures, 300 and 330 K. Two existing force fields for TMU-water solutions are considered. These are the GROMOS 53A6 united-atom TMU model combined with SPC/E water [TMU(GROMOS-UA)/W(SPC/E)], and the more frequently employed AMBER03 all-atom force field for TMU combined with the TIP3P water model [TMU(AMBER-AA)/W(TIP3P)]. It is shown that TMU has a tendency towards aggregation for both models considered, but the tendency is significantly stronger for the [TMU(AMBER-AA)/W(TIP3P)] force field. For this model signs of aggregation are detected at Xt = 0.005, aggregation is a well established feature of the solution at Xt = 0.02, and the aggregates increase further in size with increasing concentration. This is in agreement with at least some experimental studies, which report signals of aggregation in the low concentration regime. The TMU aggregates exhibit little structure and are simply loosely ordered, TMU-rich regions of solution. The [TMU(GROMOS-UA)/W(SPC/E)] model shows strong signs of aggregation only at higher concentrations (Xt ≳ 0.04), and the aggregates appear more loosely ordered, and less well-defined than those occurring in the [TMU(AMBER-AA)/W(TIP3P)] system. For both models, TMU aggregation increases when the temperature is increased from 300 to 330 K, consistent with an underlying entropy driven, hydrophobic interaction mechanism. At Xt = 0.07, the extra-molecular correlation length expected for microheterogeneous solutions has become comparable with the size of the simulation cell for both models considered, indicating that even the systems simulated here are sufficiently large only at low concentrations.
Plasmonic nanoparticle scattering for color holograms
Authors: Montelongo Yunuen , Tenorio-Pearl Jaime Oscar , Williams Calum , Zhang Shuang , Milne William Ireland , Wilkinson Timothy David 
Published: August 2014

Significance
In this work, we demonstrate a multicolor hologram based on plasmonic scattering of nanoparticles that is capable of encoding more information than the spatial bandwidth dictates. This device is designed based on the fundamental concept of diffraction produced by the scattering of arrays of nanoparticles. Hence, when multiple arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles are multiplexed without coupling, they carry independent information such as polarization and wavelength to the far field. The device shown is unique because, to our knowledge, this is the first multichannel diffractive element produced from a single thin film that simultaneously controls two wavelengths in-plane and within subwavelength distances. These results will lead to a new range of applications in diffractive optics, information storage, and 3D displays.
Hampered long-term depression and thin spine loss in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-dependent rats
Authors: Spiga Saturnino , Talani Giuseppe , Mulas Giovanna , Licheri Valentina , Fois Giulia R. , Muggironi Giulia , Masala Nicola , Cannizzaro Carla , Biggio Giovanni , Sanna Enrico , Diana Marco 
Published: August 2014

Significance
This paper examines the intimate neuroarchitecture of the nucleus accumbens shell region and how it affects synaptic plasticity in alcohol-dependent rats. To do so, a simultaneous morphometrical/immunofluorescence method was applied to visualize various types of dendritic spines and patch-clamp techniques to detect changes in synaptic currents. Using these tools, we show a selective loss of “long thin” spines accompanied by an impaired long-term depression (LTD) in alcohol-dependent rats. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling are similarly altered. The results highlight the role of long thin dendritic spines in the genesis of LTD in alcohol dependence.
Relationships Between Fatty Acid Contents of Barley Grain, Malt, and Wort with Malt Quality Measurements
Authors: Cozzolino Daniel , Roumeliotis Sophie , Eglinton Jason 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough lipids and fatty acids (FA) represent only 1–3% of the grain weight, they can play an important role in regulating, modulating, and determining several chemical and physical properties of the grain and corresponding malts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the content of FA in grain, malt, and wort with malt quality characteristics such as hot water extract (HWE) and apparent attenuation limit (AAL) in different commercial malting barley varieties. High and positive correlations were found between myristic acid and HWE (r = 0.71) and between stearic acid and AAL (r = 0.76), with intermediate correlations between palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids and AAL (r = >0.50) in grain. High and negative correlations were found between stearic acid and HWE (r = –0.66), and high and negative correlations were found between palmitic (r = −0.74) and linoleic (r = −0.60) acids and AAL in the wort. Results from this study showed that lipids, as well as the combination of unsaturated and saturated FA, might play a role in determining differences in HWE and AAL between the barley varieties analyzed. No clear evidence on HWE was observed when grain and malt samples from the same variety were compared. These results indicated that lipids and FA should be considered together with starch properties to explain differences between HWE and AAL.
Child Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Relation Between Parent Responses to Pain and Disability in Youth With Functional Abdominal Pain
Authors: Cunningham Natoshia R. , Lynch‐Jordan Anne , Barnett Kimberly , Peugh James , Sil Soumitri , Goldschneider Kenneth , Kashikar‐Zuck Susmita 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Functional abdominal pain (FAP) in youth is associated with substantial impairment in functioning, and prior research has shown that overprotective parent responses can heighten impairment. Little is known about how a range of parental behaviors (overprotection, minimizing, and/or encouragement) in response to their child's pain interact with child coping characteristics (eg, catastrophizing) to influence functioning in youth with FAP. In this study, it was hypothesized that the relation between parenting factors and child disability would be mediated by children's levels of maladaptive coping (ie, pain catastrophizing).Methods:Seventy‐five patients with FAP presenting to a pediatric pain clinic and their caregivers participated in the study. Youth completed measures of pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), and disability (Functional Disability Inventory). Caregivers completed measures of parent pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), and parent responses to child pain behaviors (Adult Responses to Child Symptoms: Protection, Minimizing, and Encouragement/Monitoring subscales).Results:Increased functional disability was significantly related to higher child pain intensity, increased child and parent pain catastrophizing, and higher levels of encouragement/monitoring and protection. Parent minimization was not related to disability. Child pain catastrophizing fully mediated the relation between parent encouragement/monitoring and disability and partially mediated the relation between parent protectiveness and disability.Conclusions:The impact of parenting behaviors in response to FAP on child disability is determined, in part, by the child's coping style. Findings highlight a more nuanced understanding of the parent–child interaction in determining pain‐related disability levels, which should be taken into consideration in assessing and treating youth with FAP.