bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxide Films on Stainless Steels★
Authors: RHODIN THOR N. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Oxide films on stainless steels have been classified into three types according to film thickness, film structure, film composition, and influence of the film on resistance to corrosion.
Compositional properties of oxide films isolated from surfaces of stainless steels were studied using specially developed microanalytical techniques. Properties of passive films on stainless steel were evaluated and the effects of alloy composition and surface treatment on other types of films on Types 304, 316, and 347 stainless steels were studied.
The influence of corrosion in various media was correlated with film compositional properties. Composition of films after immersion in acids was found to be related to film composition prior to immersion. The effect of immersion depended on the nature and intensity of corrosion and was reflected most sensitively by the iron and silicon contents of the films.
The conclusion was made that film properties indicate strongly the capacity of austenitic stainless alloys to develop corrosion-resistant surfaces in certain environments.
A Laboratory Method for the Evaluation of Oil Production Corrosion Inhibitors★
Authors: BOIES DAVID B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A test method used to screen and evaluate oil production corrosion inhibitors is described. Laboratory conditions are made to approximate field conditions as closely as possible with 20 ga mild steel (SAE 1010) as the test specimen. The effects on inhibitor performance of such variables as temperature, oil-brine ratio, aromatic content of oil blend, and composition of gas phase are shown graphically. 2.3.4
Attack of Scaling-Resistant Materials by Vanadium Pentoxide And Effect of Various Alloying Elements Thereon★
Authors: FITZER E. , SCHWAB J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Investigation into possibilities of developing metallic materials able to stand up under the attack by the combustion gases in crude-oil fired gas turbines is described. Preliminary comparative scaling tests were conducted on metallic copper, nickel, iron, and on chromium steels in pure oxygen, V2O5-saturated oxygen, and in oxygen coupled with intermittent immersion into molten V2O5. V, Mo, and W were found to be harmful elements. An explanation is given of action of V2O5. Other oxides and mixtures of oxides causing accelerated oxidation also are considered.
An account is given of the development of a rapid test which would determine resistance to attack by V2O5. Test data are given on numerous steels and alloys known to be scaling resistant. Nature of V2O5 attack upon iron-base alloys is compared with that for nickel and Ni alloys. Numerical data are given on effect of Cr, Ni, and Si on scaling by V2O5. It is concluded that a metallurgical approach can partly solve the corrosion problem involved in V2O5 scaling. 3.5.9
High Temperature Sulfide Corrosion In Catalytic Reforming of Light Naphthas★,—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Task Group T-5B-2 on Sulfide Corrosion at High Temperatures and Pressures in the Petroleum Industry from Humble Oil and Refining Co., Baytown, Texas*
Authors: PHILLIPS CECIL 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
When a catalytic reformer at Humble Oil & Refining Company's Baytown, Texas plant showed alarming pressure drop across the reactors after about 50 days' operation principally as a result of plugging with iron sulfide scale, immediate steps were taken to investigate the source of scale and the importance of metal losses occurring in the system. Over 600 pounds of iron dust was removed from the reactor and the unit put back in operation. In a month's time it was necessary to screen the catalyst again.
Heavy scale was found in the first exchanger on the reactor effluent stream both from the tubes and deposited from piping upstream. Catalyst was channeled and plugged.
When it became apparent the scaling was the result of sulfide attack and possibly severe corrosion in the furnace tubes and other components a testing program was begun. Several materials were tested at various locations in the stream by the electrical resistance method. Hydrogen sulfide content of the naphtha charge and recycle gas was determined.
Corrosion rates during operation on heavy naphtha varied from 0.15 to 0.4-inch on carbon steel and chrome alloys but the rate on 18-8 was about one-tenth that of the other metals. Chromium alloys through 12 percent in many instances showed corrosion rates higher than those of carbon steels.
In a laboratory pilot unit, tests indicated that aluminized steel generally showed good resistance and that hydrogen sulfide concentrations under 0.008 mol percent did not cause appreciable damage at temperatures about 1000 F. Humble plans to install a hydrofining unit to reduce sulfur content of the naphtha to about 40 ppm before it is charged to the naphtha reforming process. 3.2.2
Artificial Insulating Joints for Stray Current Mitigative Measurements★
Authors: CANTWELL G. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In making electrical measurements pertinent to determining stray current mitigative measures, it is often desirable to determine the effect of a proposed insulating joint at a predetermined location. By applying a direct current source between the structure and the earth in the manner described in this paper, simulation of an insulating joint is achieved. Since the method is entirely electrical, the placing of temporary insulating joints for test purposes is eliminated. This method can be applied to any structure carrying stray DC earth currents.
In addition to simulating an insulating joint, the associated current and potential measurements are used to determine (1) the resistance to earth of the structure on each side of the point of application, (2) the potential to earth that would exist on each side of a permanent insulating joint, (3) the potential across the permanent insulating joint. They also provide data for determining the resistance and current carrying capacity for a bridging resistor. 4.5.3
Polarization in the Corrosion of Ice Breakers
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Measurement of polarization characteristics of steel coupons subjected to the usual treatments given ship plating indicate that cathodic depolarization is the major factor influencing the corrosion observed. At low temperatures in oxygenated water considerable anodic polarization occurred which would tend to mitigate corrosion in low temperature oxygenated waters. Results are discussed in terms of observed corrosion patterns on the hulls of vessels operating in ice. 8.9.5
Coatings for Crude Oil Tank Bottoms★
Authors: CARTER R. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Corrosion in the bottoms of field-erected tanks handling crude oil continues to be a problem, especially in areas where the oil contains aromatics or other elements that rapidly deteriorate the hot coal tar coatings generally used. New epoxy resin combinations and other coating innovations have brought forth materials that promise to withstand the more troublesome environments and to compete with the older bottom coatings for general use. However, the array of new brand names, chemical terms, unrelated service claims, etc., can become confusing to the operating man faced with the problem of selecting a protective coating for his particular tank.
This paper describes a method successfully used to screen promising materials in the laboratory. It also discusses field conditions, application problems, and other factors that affect the selection and use of successful coatings. 7.5.5
Effect of Variables in Laboratory Testing Of Corrosion Inhibitors for Refined Petroleum Products★
Authors: BOIES DAVID B. , BREGMAN J. I. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In testing corrosion inhibitors for use in refined petroleum products, very careful consideration must be given to the effect of the environmental conditions on the performance of the inhibitors. Only by a careful study of the variables encountered in any specific corrosion problem can an intelligent selection of the appropriate inhibitor be made. Variables studied in this work include the degree of agitation, the concentration of dissolved solids in the water phase, the pH, the temperature, oxygen content, and the nature of the hydrocarbon phase. A brief discussion of testing procedures also is included.
Results for a commercial automotive gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet fuel and a No. 2 fuel oil are discussed. It is shown that some inhibitors which are effective with sea water under dynamic conditions may be completely in-effective with sea water under static conditions. Some inhibitors which are very effective at room temperature may be required at double the concentration at 100 F and may be ineffective at 140 F at five times the room temperature concentration. The concentration of inhibitor required to protect under any specified set of environmental conditions may vary considerably with different refined products. This also may be true for different supplies of products of the same type (e.g., different gasolines). 5.8.1
Coal Tar Coatings for Protection Of Underground Structures★
Authors: SHIDELER NORMAN T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The history of the use of coal tar coatings for the protection of underground structures is discussed briefly. Specifications. are given for the following hot applied coatings: narrow range enamel, moderate range enamel, wide range enamel, AWWA enamel C 203-4 and hot pipeline enamel. Temperature ranges at which these coatings can best be used are shown graphically. Recommendations are made regarding the selection of a coating for a given underground condition.
Specifications are given for a cold applied coal tar coating which has been used successfully by the Bureau of Yards and Docks and by the Bureau of Reclamation. The coating has a variety of names in industry and is a thick, almost non-flowing, thixo-tropic material produced basically from a coal digestion pitch. 5.4.5
Shipboard Evaluation of Zinc Galvanic Anodes Showing the Effect Of Iron, Aluminum and Cadmium on Anode Performance
Authors: REICHARD E. C. , LENNOX T. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A commercial zinc anode with desirable long term galvanic performance characteristics has been developed. Aluminum plus cadmium added to zinc has produced this improved anode.
The tolerance for iron in zinc anodes has been increased by the aluminum plus cadmium addition. Less adherent corrosion products and uniform anode attrition also have been achieved without adverse effects on anode current efficiency. Improved zinc anode performance obtained with the aluminum plus cadmium addition is independent of anode current density or electrolyte temperature.
In the absence of other constituents, controlling the iron content at 0.0014 percent does not give a zinc anode with optimum galvanic properties. Best performance is obtained when the iron content is on the order of 0.0002 percent.
Barrier shields serve no useful purpose on the faying surface of zinc anodes installed on steel ship hulls.
Long term performance tests on five active ships and quiescent marine exposures, using commercial size zinc anodes, provide the basis for these conclusions. 5.2.2
Failure of Steel-Admiralty Duplex Condenser Tubes By Hydrogen Penetration★
Authors: HONKALA H. E. , WRIGHT E. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The cause of rapid failure of steel-admiralty duplex condenser tubes in propane condensers was found to be due to the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the steel tubes. These tubes were exposed to a considerable quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas and sufficient pressure was built up between the outer tube and the liner to cause the liners to collapse. These failures occurred within four weeks after the units were put into service. Tests were conducted to duplicate these failures in the laboratory. Tests also were made to study the pressure build-up rate of a “volumeless” cell in various corrosive atmospheres. 3.5.6
A Kinetic Study of Acid Corrosion of Cadmium
Authors: WEAVER HENRY , LYNCH CECIL C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with cadmium metal, molded, electroplated on brass, and dipped on brass, have been investigated by means of calibrated conductance measurements. The effect of annealing molded cadmium samples was to reduce the corrosion rate. Changing the speed of spinning the cylindrical sample increased the rate with increase in rotational velocity, up to a constant value at high velocities. The reaction rate at three acid concentrations and at three temperatures were determined. The activation energy is small, between one and two kilocalories per mole of cadmium reacting. In all cases the reaction was zero order over 90 percent of the reaction process. The rate controlling step has been estimated as that of diffusion through the layer surrounding the cadmium surface. 3.8.4
Compilation and Correlation Of High Temperature Catalytic Reformer Data—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Technical Group Committee T-8*,, ★
Authors: SORELL G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this survey report on high temperature catalytic reformer corrosion, published and privately transmitted corrosion data are compiled and summarized. The data, contributed by 15 petroleum refining companies, comprise results obtained from laboratory, pilot plant, and commercial plant corrosion studies, as well as inspection measurements on operating equipment. Correlations directly applicable to equipment design are presented.
The corrosion is attributed to small quantities of hydrogen sulfide present in the hot hydrogen rich gas mixtures. The principal variables affecting the rate of attack are temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. Other factors such as pressure, hydrogen content, time of exposure, cycling conditions and scale properties also are discussed in relation to their effect on corrosion.
The data show conclusively that carbon and chrome-moly steels are equally susceptible to sulfide attack. The intermediate straight chrome steels (11 percent to 16 percent Cr) show a moderate but generally unreliable degree of improvement. The austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels have good resistance. Aluminum coatings applied by dipping, spraying or diffusion methods exhibit outstanding corrosion resisting properties, provided the coating is continuous and remains firmly bonded to the steel.
The paper concludes with a general review of catalytic reformer corrosion problems, including a brief discussion of corrosion mitigation by hydrogen sulfide removal (amine treating) or catalytic desulfurization of the feed. 8.4.3
Structural Features of Corrosion Of Aluminum Alloys in Water at 300 C
Authors: CARLSEN KURT M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A number of aluminum alloy specimens were immersed in distilled water heated to 300 C and a study made of the structural features of corrosion. Samples were of the following general types: Al-Ni alloys, Al-Fe alloys, Al-Ni-Fe alloys, Al-Cu alloys and Al-Ni-Si alloys. After exposure samples were examined by means of a metallographic microscope. In a number of cases the specimens were ground on a metallographic polishing wheel to reveal structural details of the corrosion process. Photomicrographs of both polished and unpolished specimens are included with the paper. 6.4.2
Reinforced Plastics For Corrosion Control★
Authors: SEVERANCE W. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Test results are shown which illustrate the versatility of reinforced plastics in solving corrosion problems. Special study has been made of resistance to solvents, organic acids, and concentrated inorganic acids, which may be termed “fringe” applications for plastics. The objective is to illustrate the differences between various polyesters and epoxies in specific chemicals.
A series of tests in wet chlorine at 210 F shows wide variations in the resistance of different brands of polyesters. Indications are that the compounds showing best resistance should be worthy of extensive field testing.
Physical test values are given for laminates used in chemical service. Laminates should be designed for maximum chemical resistance ; this does not always parallel maximum strength. Factors used in engineering reinforced plastic structures also are given. Numerous photos show the variety of equipment that can be fabricated of reinforced plastics. 6.6.8
Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption, Desorption And Permeation of Metals
Authors: OWE BERG T. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The reaction mechanisms for the absorption of hydrogen by metals from moist hydrogen gas and dilute acid solutions, for the desorption from metals of dissolved hydrogen in the presence of water and for hydrogen solubility and permeation under those conditions are discussed. Their kinetics are also given. Formulae are derived for rates and equilibria. These are compared with experimental data. The migration of H atoms in the metal is concluded to be associated with zero or nearly zero activation energy. Diffusion is rapid enough to maintain almost uniform distribution of H atoms in the metal during absorption and desorption under ordinary conditions. 3.8.4
A Polarographie Study of the Corrosion Of Iron and Some Ferrous Alloys by Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: BOWEN F. J. , GROPP A. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A study was made of the manner in which sulfur dioxide attacks iron and ferrous alloys. A polarographic method was used to follow the changes in the sulfur dioxide concentration. Tests were made on one pure iron and seven low alloy steels exposed to sulfur dioxide over 12-hour periods. Extensive data are reported on the rate of consumption of sulfur dioxide by the various test samples.
A corrosion mechanism involving the reduction of sulfurous acid by iron to give the sulfide is discussed. 4.3.2
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel—Effect of Temperature and pH★
Authors: SCHARFSTEIN L. R. , BRINDLEY W. F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Overstressed U-bends of Types 304 and 347 stainless steels were exposed to water containing chloride ions to determine the susceptibility of these steels to stress corrosion cracking between the temperatures of 165 F and 200 F. The pH was controlled at 6.5 to 7.5 and 10.6 to 11.2 for the tests. At the high pH, cracks appeared at the edges with little evidence of pitting. At the neutral pH, cracks were found at the edges and associated with pits. Sensitized Type 304 had longer and deeper cracks than annealed Types 304 and 347 in the same exposure time. Conclusion is made that chloride stress corrosion cracking of these steels in the temperature range of 165 F to 200 F is less severe than that experienced at 500 F and that specific conditions are required for corrosion cracking to occur at all. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Metals in Tropical Environments (Part 1—Five Non-Ferrous Metals and a Structural Steel)★
Authors: FORGESON B. W. , SOUTHWELL C. R. , ALEXANDER A. L. , MUNDT H. W. , THOMPSON L. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An extensive investigation has been in progress since 1940 in the Panama Canal Zone to study the corrosion rates and characteristics of fifty different metals and alloys exposed to five natural tropical environments for periods of one, two, four, eight, and sixteen years. Up to the present, specimens through the eight year period have been removed and examined. The report describes the corrosion rate of aluminum, lead, nickel, zinc, and copper along with structural steel. Corrosion data for these metals as observed in the five environments have been obtained from weight loss and pitting measurements, visual inspection and physical property studies. Corrosion rates for these metals in the tropics are related to corrosion rates previously reported for these metals in temperate latitudes. 2.2.2
Effect of Inhibitors in Fuming Nitric Acid On Corrosion and Oxidation
Authors: YEE TIN BOO 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A procedure has been developed by which an inhibitor for fuming nitric acid can be selected in order to give good inhibition to corrosion and, at the same time, increase the oxidizing power of the fuming nitric acid. The inhibitors used in this study are KI, KIO3, I2, I2O5, CaF2, HF, NH4F, NaF, and Na3AlF6.The following inhibitors (0.5 percent) were found to increase the oxidizing power of the acid: I2, I2O5, KI, CaF2, NE4F, and HF, whereas the following inhibitors decreased the oxidizing power of the acid: 1 percent KI, 0.5 percent KIO3, 5 percent HF, 1 percent HF, 0.5 percent NaF and 0.5 percent Na3AlF6. However, KI, KIO3, I2 and I2O5 were found to be among the best corrosion inhibitors in this study. 4.3.2
Cathodic Protection of Lead Cable Sheath In the Presence of Alkali from Deicing Salts★
Authors: BRUCKNER WALTER H. , LICHTENBERGER W. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
It had been shown previously that complete protection of sheath could be effected in a constant current system even in the presence of high salt content and pH. The relationship of protective potentials to pH and salt concentration has now been established for commercial lead sheath alloy composition and is shown to be substantially the same as given in the Pourbaix diagram for pure lead.
The use of a potential gradient for lead cathodes was developed to provide simulated duct tests. The data from the gradient tests provided information on the effects of salt concentration, pH and potential on the corrosion behaviorism of lead when fully immersed and partially immersed. The criteria for effective cathodic protection are shown to be different for the portions of the lead cathode below, at and above the water line. The most severe corrosion conditions at the air-solution interface require a more negative voltage for protection than below the interface. The distribution of potential along the gradient as a function of salt content, type of salt and current input to the cell shows some important aspects to be considered in the field as possible regions of corrosion hazard. 7.7
Coal Tar Creosote Studies (Part 1–A Method for the Accelerated Evaluation Of Marine Wood Preservatives)
Authors: SWEENEY T. R. , PRICE T. R. , SAUNDERS R. A. , MILLER SIGMUND M. , WALTON SMITH F. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A method is presented for comparing the marine borer resistance of creosoted wood with that of wood treated with fractions of creosote obtained by distillation, solvent extraction, etc. The test method is accelerated by the use of test panels having a high surface-volume ratio and by leaching replicates of panels prior to exposure to borer attack
The mechanism of leaching in sea water and in accelerated leaching medium was studied by subjecting creosoted panels to four different treatments. The rate of leaching of material from the panels and the change in composition of the residual or leached creosote brought about by the differential diffusion of constituents from the wood were studied. Changes in composition were studied by means of distillation, average molecular weight and oxygen determinations, and infrared spectrophotometry.
The standard accelerated leaching of creosoted panels brings about a differential loss of creosote constituents comparable to the loss of constituents occurring during leaching in sea water, but at a more rapid rate. The material remaining in creosoted panels after nine months of leaching at ordinary temperature had almost the same distillation pattern as the material remaining after one day of leaching at 80 C, both leachings being conducted in flowing water. Upon extrapolation, this correspondence equates 16 days of accelerated leaching with 12 years of leaching at ordinary temperature. 2.3.2