bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's in a Frame? How Professionals Assess Clients in Dutch Work Reintegration Practice
Authors: Eikenaar Teun , de Rijk Angelique E. , Meershoek Agnes 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWith the increased attention on labour market participation, the field of work reintegration support has grown dramatically. In order to improve professionals' performance, standards and performance measures are introduced in this field. We question whether this will improve the quality of their work. Closer scrutiny needs to be paid to the inherently normative and structuring role of professional judging. We applied the concept of ‘frames of reference’ to the process of professional judgement in work reintegration. This concept helped us to understand how a work reintegration professional structures a client's story through implicit rules that escape formalization and control mechanisms. On the basis of 24 in‐depth interviews with diverse work reintegration professionals in the Netherlands, we distinguish five of these frames: a procedural, a work‐focused, a caring, a learning and a facilitating frame of reference. Furthermore, we show that professionals differ widely in the images they have of clients, leading to a large variety in judgement of, and interaction with, clients. Though differences between professionals are inherent to a complex and dynamic field as work reintegration, the current variety in professional‐client contact in work reintegration seems to depend too much on arbitrary professional preferences. Therefore, reflection on these differences, both among professionals and by policymakers, is needed in order to improve the professional practice of work reintegration service.
Assessment of the FAO traditional land evaluation methods, A case study: Iranian Land Classification method
Authors: Bagheri Bodaghabadi M. , Martínez‐Casasnovas J. A. , Khakili P. , Masihabadi M. H. , Gandomkar A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLand evaluation is a critical step in land‐use planning. Although many methods have been developed since the formulation of the FAO framework for land evaluation, several of the more traditional approaches still remain in widespread use but have not been adequately evaluated. Contrary to more recent land evaluation systems, which need considerable data, these systems only require basic soil and landscape information to provide a general view of land suitability for major types of land use. As the FAO initially presented its qualitative framework for land‐use planning, based on two previous methods developed in Iran and Brazil, in this study we assessed the reliability and accuracy of a traditional land evaluation method used in Iran, called land classification for irrigation (LCI), comparing its results with several qualitative and quantitative methods and actual yield values. The results showed that, although simpler than more recently developed methods, LCI provided reliable land suitability classes and also showed good relationships both with other methods analysed and with actual yields. Comparisons between qualitative and quantitative methods produced similar results for common crops (a barley–alfalfa–wheat–fallow rotation). However, these methods performed differently for opportunist crops (such as alfalfa) that are more dependent on income and market conditions than on land characteristics. In this work, we also suggest that using the FAO method to indicate LCI subclasses could help users or managers to recognize limitations for land‐use planning.
Ebola virus disease – gaps in knowledge and practice among healthcare workers in Lagos, August 2014
Authors: Oladimeji Abisola M. , Gidado Saheed , Nguku Patrick , Nwangwu Iruoma Genevieve , Patil Nikhil D. , Oladosu Femi , Roberts Alero Ann , Waziri Ndadilnasiya E. , Shuaib Faisal , Oguntimehin Olukayode , Musa Emmanuel , Nasidi Abdulsalami , Adewuyi Peter , Olayinka Adebola , Odubanjo Oladoyin ,   N‐FELTP Residents, Poggensee Gabriele 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveHealthcare workers (HCWs) play pivotal roles in outbreak responses. Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak spread to Lagos, Nigeria, in July 2014, infecting 11 HCWs (case fatality rate of 45%). This study was conducted during the outbreak to assess HCWs' EVD‐related knowledge and practices.MethodsA health facility‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted among HCWs across Lagos State using stratified sampling technique. An interviewer‐administered questionnaire was administered to elicit respondents' socio‐demographic characteristics, knowledge and practices. A checklist assessing health facility's level of preparedness and HCWs' EVD‐related training was employed. HCWs' knowledge and practices were scored and classified as either good or poor. Multivariate analysis was performed with confidence interval set at 95%.ResultsA total of 112 health facilities with 637 HCWs were recruited. Mean age of respondents was 40.1 ± 10.9 years. Overall, 72.5% had good knowledge; doctors knew most. However, only 4.6% of HCWs reported good practices. 16.6% reported having been trained in identifying suspected EVD patient(s); 12.2% had a triaging area for febrile patients in their facilities. Higher proportions of HCWs with good knowledge and training reported good practices. HCWs with EVD‐related training were three times more likely to adopt good practices.ConclusionLagos State HCWs had good knowledge of EVD without a corresponding level of good practices. Training was a predictor of good practices.
Lifestyle, attitudes and needs of uncured XDR‐TB patients living in the communities of South Africa: a qualitative study
Authors: Senthilingam Meera , Pietersen Elize , McNerney Ruth , te Riele Julian , Sedres Pat , Wilson Ruth , Dheda Keertan 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectivePatient‐level data are required to inform strategies interrupting transmission and default in patients with extensively drug‐resistant TB (XDR‐TB) to improve models of care and identify potential routes of transmission. We therefore explored the experiences, lifestyle, attitudes and needs of patients with uncured XDR‐TB, who failed or interrupted therapy, living without treatment in the community.MethodsWe conducted in‐depth interviews with 12 community‐based patients from South Africa. Family members were interviewed when patients were unavailable. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsThe thematic experiences identified from the interviews were as follows: (i) living with but not being cured of XDR‐TB, (ii) altered lifestyle in the community, (iii) experiences with community health care, (iv) local community members, and (v) wants and needs. Patients identified mistrust in health care, futility of treatment regimens, a need for a purpose in life and subsistence as major concerns. Restriction of living in the community for patients whose treatment had failed resulted in self‐imposed isolation. Defaulters focused more on the never‐ending drug regimen and bad experiences with health care contributing to non‐adherence. Family members emphasised an under‐recognised experience of unforeseen burden, obligation, worry and discomfort. Lack of knowledge and lack of concern about transmission was evident.ConclusionCurrent models of care are not adequately meeting the needs of patients with uncured XDR‐TB and relatives. These data inform the need for community‐based palliative care, vocational facilities to improve economic opportunities, home‐based infection control and improved psychosocial support to increase patient adherence, reduce transmission, provide income and relieve the burden on family members.
Modelling chlorine residual decay as influenced by temperature
Authors: Monteiro Laura , Viegas Rui M.C. , Covas Dídia I.C. , Menaia José 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTemperature is one of the most important factors affecting chlorine decay rates in drinking water systems. In this article, temperature effect on chlorine decay rates in raw and treated waters was studied. Results show that temperature affects differently the fast and slow decay phases, the latter being more sensitive to temperature variations, as higher values of the activation energy parameter were obtained. Accordingly, an improvement to the temperature dependent two reactant model (a parallel second order model), in which the activation energies of each decay phase are distinct, is proposed and successfully used for chlorine decay modelling. In waters from transport and distribution systems, however, the fast decay phase is mostly negligible. In such cases, a single phase second‐order model in which the activation energy parameter is given by the slow phase reaction, is likely to describe temperature effect on chlorine decay accurately.
Modeling blurring effects due to continuous gantry rotation: Application to region of interest tomography
Authors: Cant Jeroen , Palenstijn Willem Jan , Behiels Gert , Sijbers Jan 
Published: May 2015

Purpose:Projections acquired with continuous gantry rotation may suffer from blurring effects, depending on the rotation speed and the exposure time of each projection. This leads to blurred reconstructions if conventional reconstruction algorithms are applied. In this paper, the authors propose a reconstruction method for fast acquisitions based on a continuously moving and continuously emitting x‐ray source. They study the trade‐off between total acquisition time and reconstruction quality and compare with conventional reconstructions using projections acquired with a stepwise moving x‐ray source.Methods:The authors introduce the algebraic reconstruction technique with angular integration concept, which models the angular integration due to the relative motion of the x‐ray source during the projection.Results:Compared to conventional reconstruction from projections acquired with pulsed x‐ray emission, the proposed method results in substantially improved reconstruction quality around the center of rotation. Outside this region, the proposed method results in improved radial resolution and a decreased tangential resolution. For a fixed reconstruction quality of this region of interest, the proposed method enables a lower number of projections and thus a faster acquisition.Conclusions:The modeling of the continuous gantry rotation in the proposed method substantially improves the reconstruction quality in a region of interest around the rotation center. The proposed method shows potential for fast region of interest tomography.
Determination of Appropriate Weight-Based Cutoffs for Empiric Cefazolin Dosing Using Data from a Phase 1 Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Cefazolin Administered for Surgical Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients Aged 10 to 12 Years
Authors: Schmitz Michael L. , Blumer Jeffrey L. , Cetnarowski Wes , Rubino Christopher M. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Despite over 40 years of worldwide usage, relatively few data have been published on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in pediatric surgical patients. The primary objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetics and safety of cefazolin in children 10 to 12 years of age (inclusive) receiving 1 or 2 g of cefazolin, based on body weight. This multiple-center, open-label study enrolled pediatric patients electively scheduled for surgical procedures who required cefazolin as part of their routine clinical management. Patients weighing ≥25 to <50 kg received a 1-g dose, and patients weighing ≥50 to ≤85 kg received a 2-g dose. Postdose pharmacokinetic and safety assessments were conducted following drug administration. Cefazolin concentration-time data were analyzed by using both noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetics methods. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify appropriate weight-based cutoffs for the dosing of children aged 10 to 17 years of age. Twelve patients were enrolled in this study and provided the requisite pharmacokinetic data. In general, cefazolin was well tolerated. The mean cefazolin terminal elimination half-life, clearance, and area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity in this population were 1.95 h, 0.804 ml/min/kg, and 607 mg · h/liter, respectively. Patients weighing 50 to 60 kg exhibited elevated cefazolin exposures. Observed pharmacokinetic parameters and simulation results indicated that a weight-based cutoff of 60 kg is predicted to provide cefazolin exposure consistent with that observed in normal, healthy adults at recommended doses for surgical prophylaxis. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01904357.)
A Sterilizing Tuberculosis Treatment Regimen Is Associated with Faster Clearance of Bacteria in Cavitary Lesions in Marmosets
Authors: Via Laura E. , England Kathleen , Weiner Danielle M. , Schimel Daniel , Zimmerman Matthew D. , Dayao Emmanuel , Chen Ray Y. , Dodd Lori E. , Richardson Mike , Robbins Katherine K. , Cai Ying , Hammoud Dima , Herscovitch Peter , Dartois Véronique , Flynn JoAnne L. , Barry Clifton E. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Shortening the lengthy treatment duration for tuberculosis patients is a major goal of current drug development efforts. The common marmoset develops human-like disease pathology and offers an attractive model to better understand the basis for relapse and test regimens for effective shorter duration therapy. We treated
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-infected marmosets with two drug regimens known to differ in their relapse rates in human clinical trials: the standard four-drug combination of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (HRZE) that has very low relapse rates and the combination of isoniazid and streptomycin that is associated with higher relapse rates. As early as 2 weeks, the more sterilizing regimen significantly reduced the volume of lung disease by computed tomography (
P
= 0.035) and also significantly reduced uptake of [
18
F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose by positron emission tomography (
P
= 0.049). After 6 weeks of therapy, both treatments caused similar reductions in granuloma bacterial load, but the more sterilizing, four-drug regimen caused greater reduction in bacterial load in cavitary lesions (
P
= 0.009). These findings, combined with the association in humans between cavitary disease and relapse, suggest that the basis for improved sterilizing activity of the four-drug combination is both its faster disease volume resolution and its stronger sterilizing effect on cavitary lesions. Definitive data from relapse experiments are needed to support this observation.
Splenic Retention of Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes To Block the Transmission of Malaria
Authors: Duez Julien , Holleran John P. , Ndour Papa Alioune , Loganathan Sasdekumar , Amireault Pascal , Français Olivier , El Nemer Wassim , Le Pioufle Bruno , Amado Inês F. , Garcia Sylvie , Chartrel Nathalie , Le Van Kim Caroline , Lavazec Catherine , Avery Vicky M. , Buffet Pierre A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium falciparum
is transmitted from humans to
Anopheles
mosquito vectors via the sexual erythrocytic forms termed gametocytes. Erythrocyte filtration through microsphere layers (microsphiltration) had shown that circulating gametocytes are deformable. Compounds reducing gametocyte deformability would induce their splenic clearance, thus removing them from the blood circulation and blocking malaria transmission. The hand-made, single-sample prototype for microsphiltration was miniaturized to a 96-well microtiter plate format, and gametocyte retention in the microsphere filters was quantified by high-content imaging. The stiffening activity of 40 pharmacological compounds was assessed in microtiter plates, using a small molecule (calyculin) as a positive control. The stiffening activity of calyculin was assessed in spleen-mimetic microfluidic chips and in macrophage-depleted mice. Marked mechanical retention (80% to 90%) of mature gametocytes was obtained in microplates following exposure to calyculin at concentrations with no effect on parasite viability. Of the 40 compounds tested, including 20 antimalarials, only 5 endoperoxides significantly increased gametocyte retention (1.5- to 2.5-fold; 24 h of exposure at 1 μM). Mature gametocytes exposed to calyculin accumulated in microfluidic chips and were cleared from the circulation of macrophage-depleted mice as rapidly as heat-stiffened erythrocytes, thus confirming results obtained using the microsphiltration assay. An automated miniaturized approach to select compounds for their gametocyte-stiffening effect has been established. Stiffening induces gametocyte clearance both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Based on physiologically validated tools, this screening cascade can identify novel compounds and uncover new targets to block malaria transmission. Innovative applications in hematology are also envisioned.
Anti-Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Antibody Response and CD5 B Lymphocyte Subsets
Authors: Moens Leen , Verbinnen Bert , Covens Kris , Wuyts Greet , Johnson Marina , Roalfe Lucy , Goldblatt David , Meyts Isabelle , Bossuyt Xavier 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The role of CD19
+
CD5
+
and CD19
+
CD5
−
B cell subpopulations in the antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (caps-PSs) is controversial. In the present study, we evaluated the role of human CD19
+
CD5
+
and CD19
+
CD5
−
cell populations in the serotype-specific antibody response to caps-PS. After vaccination of 5 healthy human adults with Pneumovax (23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PPV23]), IgG anti-caps-PS serotype 4 antibody-producing cells resided mainly in the CD19
+
CD5
−
B cell subset, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) analysis. Moreover, in a humanized SCID mouse model, CD19
+
CD5
−
B cells were more effective than CD19
+
CD5
+
cells in producing IgG anti-cap-PS antibodies. Finally, an association was found between the level of IgG anti-caps-PS antibodies and the number of CD19
+
CD5
−
B cells in 33 humans vaccinated with PPV23. Taken together, our data suggest that CD5 defines a functionally distinct population of B cells in humans in the anti-caps-PS immune response.
Comparison of Models for Bubonic Plague Reveals Unique Pathogen Adaptations to the Dermis
Authors: Gonzalez Rodrigo J. , Weening Eric H. , Lane M. Chelsea , Miller Virginia L. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Vector-borne pathogens are inoculated in the skin of mammals, most likely in the dermis. Despite this, subcutaneous (s.c.) models of infection are broadly used in many fields, including
Yersinia pestis
pathogenesis. We expand on a previous report where we implemented intradermal (i.d.) inoculations to study bacterial dissemination during bubonic plague and compare this model with an s.c. model. We found that i.d. inoculations result in faster kinetics of infection and that bacterial dose influenced mouse survival after i.d. but not s.c. inoculation. Moreover, a deletion mutant of
rovA
, previously shown to be moderately attenuated in the s.c. model, was severely attenuated in the i.d. model. Lastly, based on previous observations where a population bottleneck from the skin to lymph nodes was observed after i.d., but not after s.c., inoculations, we used the latter model as a strategy to identify an additional bottleneck in bacterial dissemination from lymph nodes to the bloodstream. Our data indicate that the more biologically relevant i.d. model of bubonic plague differs significantly from the s.c. model in multiple aspects of infection. These findings reveal adaptations of
Y. pestis
to the dermis and how these adaptations can define the progression of disease. They also emphasize the importance of using a relevant route of infection when addressing host-pathogen interactions.
Infection of Interleukin 17 Receptor A-Deficient C3H Mice with Borrelia burgdorferi Does Not Affect Their Development of Lyme Arthritis and Carditis
Authors: Lasky Carrie E. , Jamison Kara E. , Sidelinger Darcie R. , Pratt Carmela L. , Zhang Guoquan , Brown Charles R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Recently, a number of studies have reported the presence of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in patients with Lyme disease, and several murine studies have suggested a role for this cytokine in the development of Lyme arthritis. However, the role of IL-17 has not been studied using the experimental Lyme borreliosis model of infection of C3H mice with
Borrelia burgdorferi
. In the current study, we investigated the role of IL-17 in the development of experimental Lyme borreliosis by infecting C3H mice devoid of the common IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL-17RA) and thus deficient in most IL-17 signaling. Infection of both C3H and C3H IL-17RA
−/−
mice led to the production of high levels of IL-17 in the serum, low levels in the heart tissue, and no detectable IL-17 in the joint tissue. The development and severity of arthritis and carditis in the C3H IL-17RA
−/−
mice were similar to what was seen in wild-type C3H mice. In addition, development of antiborrelia antibodies and clearance of spirochetes from tissues were similar for the two mouse strains. These results demonstrate a limited role for IL-17 signaling through IL-17RA in the development of disease following infection of C3H mice with
B. burgdorferi
.
Interaction analysis of the new pooled cohort equations for 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimation: a simulation analysis
Authors: Schiros Chun G , Denney Thomas S , Gupta Himanshu 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the individual and interacting impacts of the continuous variables (age, total cholesterol (total-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and systolic blood pressure(BP)) on 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and better understand the pattern of predicted 10-year risk with change of each variable using recently published new pooled cohort equations.DesignSimulation analysis was performed across the whole range of the boundary limits suggested for the continuous variables for groupings based on race and gender in the pooled cohort 10-year risk equations.SettingComputer-based simulation analysis.ParticipantsData were generated by simulation using prespecified variable ranges.InterventionData simulation and visual display of the hazard analysis.Main outcome measuresInteractions of age with other variables were analysed using multidimensional visualisation and hazard analysis.ResultsIn African–American females, due to the interaction of age with HDL-C, treated BP and untreated BP, increasing age may not always increase 10-year risk. Furthermore, in the same cohort, increasing HDL-C level may result in higher 10-year risk for older individuals. For Caucasian females, due to square of Ln (age) term in the equation, the age-risk curve does not monotonically increase with age. The vertex is within the given age range of 40–79 years for a certain range of total-C and HDL-C, indicating that age may not always result in increased predicted 10-year risk.ConclusionsThe new pooled cohort equations are sophisticated as they take into account the interactions of the continuous variables in predicting 10-year risk. We find situations where the estimated 10-year risk does not follow the general secular trends. The impact of such interesting patterns may be substantial and therefore further exploration is needed as it has direct implications in clinical management for primary prevention.