bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between Cationic and Anionic Surfactants: Detergency and Foaming Properties of Mixed Systems
Authors: Wang Ruitao , Li Yunling , Li Yuan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe micellar and interfacial behavior of mixtures of the anionic surfactant (alcohol ether sulfate, AES) with quaternary ammonium type cationic surfactants dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyl‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHDAC), dodecyl‐di(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐methyl ammonium chloride (DHHAC) were investigated by means of surface tension measurements. Various physicochemical properties such as surface activity parameters (CMC, γCMC, Гmax, Amin), the micellar and interfacial compositions (x1m, x1σ), interaction parameters (βm, βσ), and activity coefficients (, , , ) were evaluated. The influence of the hydroxyethyl groups of cationic surfactant component on the physicochemical properties of mixed systems has been analyzed. It is observed that the CMC values of the three mixed systems decrease with increases in the number of hydroxyethyl groups of the cationic surfactant component. From the results of βσ and βm values, the interactions between molecules for the three surfactant mixtures at the air/liquid interface increase in the following order DHHAC/AES < DHDAC/AES < DTAC/AES, but it is the opposite for the interactions in mixed micelles. The detergency and foaming properties of mixed systems were also studied. As expected, complex surfactant systems exhibit good detergency and foaming properties.
Interaction Study of Anionic Surfactant with Aqueous Non‐Ionic Polymers from Conductivity, Density and Speed of Sound Measurements
Authors: Chauhan Suvarcha , Singh Ram , Sharma Kundan , Kumar Kuldeep 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn the present study, we have investigated in detail the interactions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and various PEG + PVP mixtures at 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K by applying conductivity, density and speed of sound techniques. From experimentally measured data, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values, standard free energy of micellization (ΔGmo), standard enthalpy of micellization (ΔHmo), standard entropy of micellization (ΔSmo), isentropic compressibilities (κs), apparent molar volumes (ϕv) and apparent molar isentropic compressions (ϕk) of SDS in aqueous polymer mixtures have been calculated. The nature of the process of micellization has been evidenced from the magnitude of ΔGmo, ΔHmo and ΔSmo values. The trends of variations obtained in the various parameters have been explained in terms of the electrostatic as well as hydrophobic interactions pertaining in SDS−PEG/PVP−water systems.
MALDI‐TOF Fingerprinting of Seminal Plasma Lipids in the Study of Human Male Infertility
Authors: Camargo Mariana , Intasqui Paula , Bruna de Lima Camila , Montani Daniela Antunes , Nichi Marcílio , Pilau Eduardo Jorge , Gozzo Fabio Cesar , Lo Turco Edson Guimarães , Bertolla Ricardo Pimenta 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study proposed lipid fingerprinting of human seminal plasma by mass spectrometry as an analytical method to differentiate biological conditions. For this purpose, we chose infertile men as a model to study specific conditions, namely: high and low seminal plasma lipid peroxidation levels (sub‐study 1.1), high and low sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation (sub‐study 1.2), and intervention status: before and after subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy (study 2). Study 1 included 133 patients, of which 113 were utilized for sub‐study 1.1 and 89 for sub‐study 1.2. Study 2 included 17 adult men submitted to subinguinal varicocelectomy, before and 90 days after varicocelectomy. Lipids were extracted from seminal plasma and submitted to Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Quadrupole‐Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry in the positive ionization mode. Spectra were processed using Waters® MassLynx, and MetaboAnalyst online software was used for statistical analyses. For sub‐studies 1.1 and 1.2, and study 2, univariate analysis revealed 8, 87 and 34 significant ions, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed through PCA and PLS‐DA. PCA generated 56, 32 and 34 components respectively for each study and these were submitted to logistic regression. A ROC curve was plotted and the area under the curve was equal to 97.4, 92.5 and 96.5 %. PLS‐DA generated a list of 19, 24 and 23 VIP ions for sub‐studies 1.1 and 1.2, and study 2, respectively. Therefore, this study established the lipid profile and comparison of patterns altered in response to specific biological conditions.
Enhanced Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of γ‐Tocotrienol Using a Self‐Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS)
Authors: Alqahtani Saeed , Alayoubi Alaadin , Nazzal Sami , Sylvester Paul W. , Kaddoumi Amal 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of γ‐tocotrienol (γ‐T3) incorporated in a self‐emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) and to compare its enhanced performance to a commercially available product, namely Tocovid Suprabio™ (hereafter Tocovid), containing tocotrienols. The solubilization of γ‐T3 was tested in a dynamic in vitro lipolysis model followed by in vitro cellular uptake study for the lipolysis products. In addition, in vitro uptake studies using Caco2 cells were conducted at different concentrations of γ‐T3 prepared as SEDDS, Tocovid, or mixed micelles. γ‐T3 incorporated in SEDDS or Tocovid was orally administered to rats at different doses and absolute oral bioavailability from both formulations were determined. The dynamic in vitro lipolysis experiment showed about two fold increase in the solubilization of γ‐T3 prepared as SEDDS compared to Tocovid, which correlated with higher cellular uptake in the subsequent uptake studies. In vitro cellular uptake and in vivo oral bioavailability studies have shown a twofold increase in the cellular uptake and oral bioavailability of γ‐T3 incorporated in SEDDS compared to Tocovid as a result of improvement in its solubility and passive uptake as confirmed by in vitro studies. In conclusion, incorporation of γ‐T3 in SEDDS formulation enhanced γ‐T3 solubilization and passive permeability, thus its cellular uptake and oral bioavailability when compared to Tocovid.
Nanotribological studies using nanoparticle manipulation: Principles and application to structural lubricity
Authors: Dietzel Dirk , Schwarz Udo D. , Schirmeisen André 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The term “structural lubricity” denotes a fundamental concept where the friction between two atomically flat surfaces is reduced due to lattice mismatch at the interface. Under favorable circumstances, its effect may cause a contact to experience ultra-low friction, which is why it is also referred to as “superlubricity”. While the basic principle is intriguingly simple, the experimental analysis of structural lubricity has been challenging. One of the main reasons for this predicament is that the tool most frequently used in nanotribology, the friction force microscope, is not well suited to analyse the friction of extended nanocontacts. To overcome this deficiency, substantial efforts have been directed in recent years towards establishing nanoparticle manipulation techniques, where the friction of nanoparticles sliding on a substrate is measured, as an alternative approach to nanotribological research. By choosing appropriate nanoparticles and substrates, interfaces exhibiting the characteristics needed for the occurrence of structural lubricity can be created. As a consequence, nanoparticle manipulation experiments such as in this review represent a unique opportunity to study the physical conditions and processes necessary to establish structural lubricity, thereby opening a path to exploit this effect in technological applications.
Retardation of fetal dendritic development induced by gestational hyperglycemia is associated with brain insulin/IGF‐I signals
Authors: Jing Yu‐Hong , Song Yan‐Feng , Yao Ya‐Ming , Yin Jie , Wang De‐gui , Gao Li‐Ping 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHyperglycemia is an essential risk factor for mothers and fetuses in gestational diabetes. Clinical observation has indicated that the offspring of mothers with diabetes shows impaired somatosensory function and IQ. However, only a few studies have explored the effects of hyperglycemia on fetal brain development. Neurodevelopment is susceptible to environmental conditions. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effects of maternal hyperglycemia on fetal brain development and to evaluate insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) signals in fetal brain under hyperglycemia or controlled hyperglycemia. At day 1 of pregnancy, gestational rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozocin (60 mg/kg). Some of the hyperglycemic gestational rats were injected with insulin (20 IU, two times a day) to control hyperglycemia; the others were injected with saline of equal volume. The gestational rats were sacrificed at days 14, 16, and 18 of embryo development. The dendritic spines of subplate cortex neurons in the fetal brain were detected by Golgi–Cox staining. The mRNA levels of insulin receptors (IRs) and IGF‐IR in the fetal brain were measured using qRT‐PCR. The protein levels of synaptophysin, IR, and IGF‐IR in the fetal brain were detected by western blot. No significant difference in fetal brain formation was observed between the maternal hyperglycemic group and insulin‐treated group. By contrast, obvious retardation of dendritic development in the fetus was observed in the maternal hyperglycemic group. Similarly, synaptophysin expression was lower in the fetus of the maternal hyperglycemic group than in that of the insulin‐treated group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of IRs in the fetal brain were higher in the hyperglycemic group than in the insulin‐treated group. By contrast, the levels of IGF‐IR in the brain were lower in the fetus of the maternal hyperglycemic group than in that of the insulin‐treated group. These results suggested that maternal hyperglycemia can retard dendritic development in the fetal brain and that these changes partially resulted from abnormal insulin/IGF‐I signaling in the fetal brain.
Outcomes of minimally invasive suburethral slings with and without concomitant pelvic organ prolapse surgery
Authors: Naidu Madhu , Thakar Ranee , Sultan Abdul H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess subjective outcomes among patients who underwent minimally invasive suburethral sling (MIS) surgery for stress urinary incontinence with or without concurrent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery.MethodsIn a prospective study between 2002 and 2010, patients who underwent MIS surgery with or without concomitant POP surgery at Croydon University Hospital, UK, completed the ICIQ‐FLUTS and ICIQ‐LUTSqol questionnaires on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life before and 12 months after surgery.ResultsOverall, 203 patients underwent MIS surgery alone and 91 underwent concomitant POP and MIS surgery. At 12 months, the response rate was 64.3%. Before surgery, there was no significant difference between the groups in any domain of ICIQ‐FLUTS and ICIQ‐LUTSqol, except for in the incontinence domain of ICIQ‐FLUTS, for which scores were significantly worse in the MIS group (P = 0.018). All domains of ICIQ‐FLUTS and ICIQ‐LUTSqol had improved after 1 year in both groups, except for the voiding domain of the ICIQ‐FLUTS in the MIS group (P = 0.054). After surgery, there was no difference between the groups in any domain (P > 0.05). Complication rates were low in both groups.ConclusionMIS with concomitant POP surgery is as safe and effective as MIS surgery alone.
Role of permanent cardiac pacing for vasovagal syncope
Authors: Sumiyoshi Masataka 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe role of pacemaker therapy for vasovagal syncope (VVS) is still controversial. The ISSUE 3 study led to reappraisal of pacing therapy (using DDD pacing with the rate‐drop response algorithm) for reducing syncope recurrence in a highly selected patient group (age, ≥40 years) with asystolic VVS clinically documented by implantable loop recorder. However, the role of pacemaker treatment for young (age, <40 years) VVS patients remains to be established. Psychological sequelae and the burden of the long‐term implanted device should be considered. DDD pacing with closed‐loop stimulation seems to be a promising algorithm; however, we need more data to determine the best pacing algorithm. Multicenter, prospective mega trials with a randomized and controlled design are needed to resolve these issues.
Incidence of esophageal injury after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with a low body mass index and esophageal temperature monitoring at a 39 °C setting
Authors: Kiuchi Kunihiko , Okajima Katsunori , Shimane Akira , Kanda Gaku , Yokoi Kiminobu , Teranishi Jin , Aoki Kousuke , Chimura Misato , Tsubata Hideo , Miyata Taishi , Matsuoka Yuuki , Toba Takayoshi , Ohishi Shogo , Sawada Takahiro , Tsukishiro Yasue , Onishi Tetsuari , Kobayashi Seiichi , Taniguchi Yasuyo , Yamada Shinichiro , Yasaka Yoshinori , Kawai Hiroya , Harada Takashi , Ohsawa Masato , Azumi Yasutomo , Nakamoto Mitsuharu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal injury following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is reported to occur in 35% of patients. Even with a low energy setting (20–25 W), lesions develop in 10% of patients. Body mass index (BMI) has been reported to be a predictor of esophageal injury, indicating that patients with a low BMI (<24.9 kg/m2) are at a higher risk. We hypothesized that catheter ablation with a lower energy setting of 20 W controlled by esophageal temperature monitoring (ETM) at 39 °C could prevent esophageal injury even in patients with a BMI <24.9 kg/m2.MethodsTwenty patients with AF were included (age, 63±8 years; BMI, 22.9±1.3 kg/m2, left atrium diameter, 44±11 mm). If the esophageal temperature probe registered a temperature of >39 °C, radiofrequency (RF) application was stopped immediately. RF application could be performed in a “point by point” manner for a maximum of 20 s. Endoscopy was performed 1–5 days after ablation.ResultsEsophageal mucosal injury was not observed in any patient in the study.ConclusionsCatheter ablation using ETM reduced the incidence of esophageal injuries, even in patients with a low BMI.
A variational derivation of the geostrophic momentum approximation
Authors: Oliver Marcel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that the shallow water semigeostrophic equations arise from a degenerate second-order Hamilton principle of very special structure. The associated Euler–Lagrange operator factors into a fast and a slow first-order operator; restricting to the slow part yields the geostrophic momentum approximation as balanced dynamics. While semigeostrophic theory has been considered variationally before, this structure appears to be new. It leads to a straightforward derivation of the geostrophic momentum approximation and its associated potential vorticity law. Our observations further affirm, from a different point of view, the known difficulty in generalizing the semigeostrophic equations to the case of a spatially varying Coriolis parameter.
Healthcare and Warfare. Medical Space, Mission and Apartheid in Twentieth Century Northern Namibia
Authors: Nord Catharina 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn the year 1966, the first government hospital, Oshakati hospital, was inaugurated in northern South-West Africa. It was constructed by the apartheid regime of South Africa which was occupying the territory. Prior to this inauguration, Finnish missionaries had, for 65 years, provided healthcare to the indigenous people in a number of healthcare facilities of which Onandjokwe hospital was the most important. This article discusses these two agents’ ideological standpoints. The same year, the war between the South-West African guerrillas and the South African state started, and continued up to 1988. The two hospitals became involved in the war; Oshakati hospital as a part of the South African war machinery, and Onandjokwe hospital as a ‘terrorist hospital’ in the eyes of the South Africans. The missionary Onandjokwe hospital was linked to the Lutheran church in South-West Africa, which became one of the main critics of the apartheid system early in the liberation war. Warfare and healthcare became intertwined with apartheid policies and aggression, materialised by healthcare provision based on strategic rationales rather than the people’s healthcare needs. When the Namibian state took over a ruined healthcare system in 1990, the two hospitals were hubs in a healthcare landscape shaped by missionary ambitions, war and apartheid logic.
Elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic geochemistry of the basalts and microgabbros in the Shuanggou ophiolite, SW China: implication for the evolution of the Palaeotethys Ocean
Authors: HU WEN-JUN , ZHONG HONG , ZHU WEI-GUANG , HE XIAO-HU 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Early Palaeozoic Shuanggou ophiolite is the best-preserved part of the Ailaoshan ophiolite belt. The microgabbros (basaltic dykes) and basalts (basaltic lavas) show distinct characteristics in geochemistry, implying that their genetic mechanisms are different. With Al2O3 contents ranging from 14.7% to 17.0%, the microgabbros belong to low-alumina type. They exhibit normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt (N-MORB) -like trace elemental characteristics with positive εNd(t) values (9.7–11.6) and slightly variable (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.7036–0.7046). In contrast, the basalts have high Al2O3 contents (19.5–23.2%), therefore belonging to high-alumina type. A plagioclase-accumulation model is used to account for the high alumina contents. Moreover, the basalts have enriched MORB (E-MORB) -like trace element characteristics with lower εNd(t) values (6.4–8.0) and (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.7032–0.7036). Their incompatible element ratios exhibit linear correlation with the isotopic data, which is probably related to the contribution of a mixed lithosphere–asthenosphere source. In summary, a two-stage model is proposed to explain the formation of the Shuanggou ophiolite: (1) at the continent–ocean transition stage, the basalts were generated by low-degree partial melting of the mixed mantle near a slow-spreading embryonic centre; and (2) at the mature stage of the Ailaoshan Ocean, the microgabbros were produced by moderate-degree partial melting of the depleted asthenospheric mantle.
Acquired subglottic stenosis: aetiological profile and treatment results
Authors: Pookamala S , Thakar A , Puri K , Singh P , Kumar R , Sharma S C 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectives:To analyse the aetiological profile and surgical results of patients with acquired chronic subglottic stenosis, and formulate a surgical scheme based on an audit of various surgical procedures.Methods:Thirty patients were treated by 65 procedures (31 endoscopic and 34 external) between 2004 and 2009.Results:Isolated subglottic stenosis was noted as unusual in the majority (27 cases), demonstrating contiguous tracheal or glottic involvement. The major aetiologies were intubation injury (n = 8) and external injury (n = 21) (i.e. blunt trauma, strangulation or penetrating injury). Vocal fold immobility and cartilage framework involvement were frequent with external injury and infrequent with intubation injury. Luminal restoration was achieved by endoscopic procedures in 2 cases, external procedures in 19 cases, and external plus adjuvant endoscopic procedures in 8 cases. The preferred surgical options were: endoscopic procedures, restricted to short, recent, grade I or II mucosal stenosis cases; and external procedures for all other stenosis situations, including isolated subglottic (anterior cricoid split plus cartilage graft), subglottic and glottic or high subglottic (anterior plus posterior cricoid split with cartilage graft), and subglottic and tracheal (cricotracheal resection with anastomosis).Conclusions:External injury stenosis has a worse profile than intubation injury stenosis. Anatomical categorisation of subglottic stenosis guides surgical procedure selection. Endoscopic procedures have limited indications as primary procedures but are useful adjunctive procedures.
RIGHT AND WRONG: THE MUSIC OF ANDREW HAMILTON
Authors: Sarsfield Donal 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article is the first extended analytical study of the music of the Irish composer Andrew Hamilton. It explores the aesthetic ideas that inform Hamilton's music, which often have as much in common with the work of contemporary visual artists and writers as they do with that of other composers. It discusses the particular sense of humour underlying many of his pieces, as well as his music's use of common and supposedly simple materials, which are put in the service of new and original aims.
The forward kinematics of the 6-6 parallel manipulator using an evolutionary algorithm based on generalized generation gap with parent-centric crossover
Authors: Rolland Luc , Chandra Rohitash 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, a fast and efficient evolutional algorithm, called the G3-PCX has been implemented to solve the forward kinematics problem (FKP) of the general parallel manipulators being modeled by the 6-6 hexapod, constituted by a fixed and mobile platforms being non planar and non-symmetrical. The two platforms are connected by six linear actuators, each of which is located between one ball joint and one universal joint. Forward kinematics are formulated using Inverse Kinematics applying one position based equation system which is converted into an objective function by expressing the sum of squared error on kinematics chain lengths and mobile platform distances. In less than one second, the 16 unique real solutions are computed with improved accuracy when compared to previous methods.
Loveis hard to understand: the relationship between transitivity and caused events in the acquisition of emotion verbs
Authors: HARTSHORNE JOSHUA K. , POGUE AMANDA , SNEDEKER JESSE 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFamously,dog bites manis trivia whereasman bites dogis news. This illustrates not just a fact about the world but about language: to know who did what to whom, we must correctly identify the mapping between semantic role and syntactic position. These mappings are typically predictable, and previous work demonstrates that young children are sensitive to these patterns and so could use them in acquisition. However, there is only limited and mixed evidence that children do use this information to guide acquisition outside of the laboratory. We find that children understand emotion verbs which follow the canonical CAUSE–VERB–PATIENT pattern (Mary frightened/delighted John) earlier than those which do not (Mary feared/liked John), despite the latter's higher frequency, suggesting children's generalization of the mapping between causativity and transitivity is broad and active in acquisition.
The third and fourth pluricanonical maps of threefolds of general type
Authors: XU JINSONG 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor a nonsingular projective threefold of general typeXover the field of complex numbers, we show that the fourth pluricanonical map ϕ4is not birational onto its image if and only ifXis birationally fibred by (1,2)-surfaces, provided that vol(X) ≥ 303. We also have similar characterization of birationality of ϕ3.