bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creep and Creep-rupture Behavior of 2124-T851 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Jiang Yu-Qiang , Lin Y.C. , Phaniraj C. , Xia Yu-Chi , Zhou Hua-Min 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHigh temperature creep and useful creep life behavior of Al-Cu-Mg (2124-T851 aluminum) alloy was investigated by conducting constant stress uniaxial tensile creep tests at different temperatures (473–563 K) and at stresses ranging from 80 to 200 MPa. It was found that the stress and temperature dependence of minimum creep rate could be successfully described by the power-law creep equation. The power-law stress exponent, n = 5.2 and the activation energy for secondary creep, Q = 164 kJ mol−1, which is close to that observed for self diffusion of aluminum (~140 kJ mol−1). The observed values of n and Q suggest that the secondary creep of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy is governed by the lattice diffusion controlled dislocation climb process. A Monkman-Grant type relationship between minimum creep rate and time for reaching 1.5% creep strain is proposed and could be employed for predicting the useful creep life of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy.
Forge and Heat-treatments in Microalloyed Steels – A Review
Authors: Raj A. , Goswami B. , Kumar S.B. , Ray A.K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractImproved designs, mostly for lightweight component manufacturer, have been made for improvement of forging and heat-treatment techniques. Low temperature precipitation strengthening and resistance to austenite grain size coarsening at reheat temperature for forging have been property improvement technique in these microalloyed steels. Studies of peak strain and flow stress at 1123–1423 K have shown increase in peak strain, peak stress and increment in mean flow stress in austenite phases in presence of vanadium. Partial vanadium alloying (1 part V substitute for 2 parts Mo) by substituting molybdenum has improved hardenability properties of conventional steels. Ultrafine grained steels have shown strain hardening effects from severe deformation by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by annealing. The strain induced precipitation of nano-metric sizes have pinned dislocations for strain hardening. Estimation of remaining life for reactor components have been done by simulated experiments under similar conditions as the service exposure. Vanadium in ferritic stainless steel has shown competitive performance, e.g. chloride environment. This has shown equivalent effects like nickel. In welding of microalloyed steel inter-critical grain coarsened heat affected zone (IC GC HAZ) has martensite austenite (M-A) blisters to yield poorest toughness.
Determination of Photochemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Efficiencies in a Photoelectrocatalytic Reactor
Authors: Marugán Javier , van Grieken Rafael , Pablos Cristina , Adán Cristina , Timmers Ruud 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The relation between the amount of incident photons, absorbed photons, oxidant species, reaction products and electrons in the external circuit should be analyzed individually to determine the step limiting the efficiency of the global photoelectrocatalytic processes. This work discusses the evaluation of three different titania electrodes for the oxidation of methanol in a photoelectrocatalytic reactor. The electrode prepared with three titania coating cycles shows a high efficiency in terms of photochemical (photons to product molecules), electrochemical (product molecules to electrons) and photoelectrochemical (photons to electrons) what explain its high activity for the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.
Efficient Synthesis of 1-Acetylpyrene Using [Bmim]Cl–FeCl3 Ionic Liquid as Dual Catalyst and Solvent
Authors: Chen Min , Pan Aixia , He Tong , Xu Lulu , Fang Yu , Li Huaming , Xie Jimin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Friedel–Crafts acylation of pyrene with acetic anhydride to 1-acetylpyrene catalyzed by three metal chloride and three Lewis acidic ionic liquids (ILs) containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and different metal chloride was investigated. ILs were prepared and tested for the acylation to explore the effects of Lewis acidity of ILs on the synthesis of 1-acetylpyrene. [Bmim]Cl–FeCl3 was found to be the most suitable catalyst, and the possible pathway for the acylation of pyrene with acetic anhydride catalyzed by [Bmim]Cl–FeCl3-IL was discussed. Pure 1-acetylpyrene was obtained and its structure was identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectra.
CT Dimensioning for Single Slope Biased Differential Protection: Balancing Stability with Sensitivity
Authors: Khanna Abhishek 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper demonstrates a systematic and objective approach for dimensioning of current transformers (CT) for biased differential relay. The paper proposes some mathematical formulae which allow protection engineers to dimension CT for meeting requirements imposed by sensitivity, and yet maintain stability for through fault. The formulae can be extended to CT with antiremanence magnetic paths. The suitability for the method is demonstrated for various sensitivity objectives and system conditions. The paper also discusses the implementation for different measurement algorithms.
Water Absorption and Temperature Changes in Poultry Carcasses during Chilling by Immersion
Authors: Paolazzi Elisa Delazeri , Noreña Caciano P. , Brandelli Adriano 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The temperature profile and water absorption of chicken carcasses during the chilling process by immersion was investigated. The experiments were realized in a slaughterhouse that uses a pre-chiller and chiller operating by the immersion–rotation system in counter flow. Temperature gradients, in the entrance of the coolers, were higher in the pre-chiller than in the chiller, and the rates of heat exchange decreased as the carcass moves forward in each cooler. The influence of the immersion time (18, 22, and 27 min), period interval of ice addition (3 and 5 min) and the number of turbines used in the injection of air (1 or 2) on the temperature of carcasses leaving the pre-chiller was evaluated through a factorial design. The results indicated that the immersion time and the number of turbines were significant factors influencing the final temperature of the carcasses. Interactions among the time interval to ice addition with the time of immersion and this last with the number of turbines were also significant. The percentages of water absorption in the pre-chiller were between 2.0 and 4.5%. The best conditions were: 27 min for immersion time, 5 min time interval to ice addition, and injection of air through two turbines, which corresponded to 14.6°C and 4.1% of water absorption. In this condition, the temperature and water absorption of the carcasses leaving the chiller were 5.4°C and 6.8%, respectively. Refrigeration of poultry carcasses is one of the most important factors to reduce the growth of spoilage microorganisms and prolongs the shelf life of the product. Investigation of optimal conditions for chilling carcasses is an aspect of utmost relevance for meat quality.
Quality Properties of Crispy Winter jujube Dried by Explosion Puffing Drying
Authors: He Xinyi , Liu Jinfu , Cheng Li-li , Wang Bu-jiang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Explosion puffing drying was investigated as potential means for drying winter jujube. The sample was dried by hot air to dehydrate some amount of internal free water prior to explosion puffing drying to final moisture of less than 7% (wet bases). Physical properties (shrinkage, color, porosity, density, texture, and rehydration ratio) of crispy winter jujube dried by this method were evaluated and compared with those dried by convectional hot air drying alone, freeze-drying alone, combination of freezing drying and hot air drying, respectively. The comparison showed that crispy winter jujube dried by this method exhibited very close rehydration capacity, texture, density, porosity with those of the combination of freeze-drying and hot air drying. The sample dried by this method showed the more attractive crispness than those dried by freeze-drying and convectional hot air drying.
Effect of Some Hydrolytic Parameters in the Action of Subtilisin and Pancreatin on Whey Protein Concentrate
Authors: Silvestre Marialice P.C. , Afonso Wendel O. , Lopes Junior Carlos O. , Silva Viviane D.M. , Souza Mariana W.S. , R. Silva Mauro 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In this work, the influence of some reactional parameters in the hydrolysis of whey protein concentrate (WPC) was evaluated, in terms of the nutritional quality of peptide profiles of the hydrolysates as well as the reduction of costs for scaling-up the process. Two enzymes (subtilisin and pancreatin) were used for preparing 18 hydrolysates, using different E:S ratios and reaction times, and the distribution of peptides according to chain length was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography. The studied parameters affected the peptide profiles of WPC hydrolysates and the best result was similar for subtilisin and pancreatin, both using an E:S ratio of 4:100, after 5 h and 10 h, respectively. In these conditions, these enzymes gave rise to the smallest large peptide contents (12.28% and 12.34%, respectively) and one of the highest amount of di- and tripeptides (13.34% and 13.00%, respectively) as well as of free amino acids (45.56% and 47.26%, respectively). However, in terms of number of samples the action of pancreatin was more advantageous than subtilisin, since among the nine hydrolysates, four showed appropriate peptide profiles (P1, P2, P5, and P6), from the nutritional point of view, while the same happened only with one hydrolysate prepared by using subtilisin (S3). Also, the economical advantage of using smaller E:S ratio and reaction time was observed in several cases for both enzymes.
Modeling the outcome of language contact in the speech of German-Spanish and Catalan-Spanish bilingual children
Authors: Lleó Conxita , Cortés Susana 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on phonological aspects of bilingualism and includes two approaches: internal linguistic and sociolinguistic. The former approach is based on internal variables (markedness, frequency, complexity, uniformity), and the latter on external variables (age, school, family language, language of the peer-group). The article comprises two parts. First, we analyze spontaneous data produced by German-Spanish bilingual children and try to model the contact-language situation of that group characterized by family bilingualism and societal monolingualism. The external variables are relatively homogeneous for those children, as they receive Spanish from the mother and German from the father, and from the broad German-speaking community in Hamburg. These cases of individual bilingualism mainly receive the impact of internal variables, which can be weighed against one another. This leads to the following hierarchy of variables from those having more to less impact: frequency > markedness > uniformity > language of the environment. Second, we analyze and compare the elicited speech of Catalan-Spanish bilingual children in two districts of Barcelona, which differ in the degree of Spanish dominance. Here, the emphasis is on external factors. School and the peer-group seem to play the most important role, as they have more predictive power than the language spoken at home.
Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of ethanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Ishola Ismail O. , Awodele Olufunsho , Oreagba Ibrahim A. , Murtala Abdulahi A. , Chijioke Micah C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background:
Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional African medicine in the treatment of rheumatic afflictions, ulcer, conjunctivitis, leprosy and skin diseases. This study sought to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties of the ethanol root extract of S. hispidus.

Methods: Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests in mice. The carrageenan- and egg albumin-induced rat paw edema tests were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory actions, whereas the antiulcer activity was investigated using ethanol-, HCl- and pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer models in rats.

Results:
S. hispidus [100–800 mg/kg orally (po)] produced significant (p<0.05) inhibition of writhing reflex with peak effect of 74.13% inhibition observed at 800 mg/kg. Similarly, S. hispidus significantly (p<0.05) attenuated formalin-induced early and late phase of nociception with peak effect of 61.84% and 89.43%, respectively, at 200 mg/kg. S. hispidus (25–800 mg/kg po) caused significant (p<0.05) inhibition of edema development in the carrageenan and egg albumin models with peak effect (93.40% and 90.10% inhibition of edema formation) observed at 50 mg/kg. With respect to antiulcer activity, S. hispidus (100–800 mg/kg) showed potent antiulcer activity with respective peak effects of 96% (ethanol-induced), 99% (HCl-induced) and 70.60% inhibition of ulcer.

Conclusions: The findings in this study suggest that the ethanol root extract of S. hispidus possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities. This justifies the use of the extract in folklore medicine for the treatment of ulcer and inflammatory disorders.
Plane elasticity solution for a half-space weakened by a circular hole and loaded by a concentrated force
Authors: Proskura Alexei V. , Freidin Alexander B. , Kolesnikova Anna L. , Morozov Nikita F. , Romanov Alexei E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present a complete analytical solution for the plane elasticity problem of a concentrated force acting on a half-space weakened by a circular hole. The solution is based on the algorithm proposed by G.B. Jeffery in 1920 for elasticity problems, using bipolar coordinates to characterize the geometry. We found the biharmonic stress function describing stresses and strains in the half-space and the associated biharmonic function that allows determining the displacement field. Both functions are given in the form of Fourier series with quite compact coefficients. Particular attention is paid to the displacements at the plane boundary of the half-space. It is discussed how these displacements can be used in an inverse procedure for the identification of a circular hole diameter and position.
Rhythmic structure effects on glottalisation: A study of different speech styles in Polish and German
Authors: Malisz Zofia , Żygis Marzena , Pompino-Marschall Bernd 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe present paper examines glottal stops and the glottalisation of word-initial vowels in Polish and German. The presence of glottal marking is studied depending on speech style (‘speech’ vs. ‘dialogue’), prominence, phrasal position, speech rate, word type, preceding segment, and following vowel height. A question is also posed about the extent to which glottal marking might be dependent on the rhythmic structure of a given language or style. We analyzed recordings of 18 Polish and German speakers. The results point to significant differences between the two languages. In German, glottal marking occurs significantly more often (63.4%) than in Polish (45%). Whereas in both languages (and both styles) the majority of prominent vowels are more often glottally marked than non-prominent vowels, in German word-initial non-prominent syllables are also marked relatively often. Regarding phrase position, glottal marking occurs significantly more often at the phrase-initial position compared to phrase-medial position in Polish, while no such difference has been found in German. In addition, it is shown that in both languages glottal marking is strongly dependent on the tongue height of the marked vowel: low vowels are more frequently glottalised than non-low vowels. Finally, glottal marking in Polish is more likely to occur when rhythmic variability shifts towards the ‘indeterminate’, strengthening the hypothesis that glottal marking facilitates perceptual grouping.
The phonetics of hyper-active feet: Effects of stress priming on speech planning and production
Authors: Shaw Jason A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study employs a stress priming paradigm to investigate sensitivity to metrical structure in speech planning and production in Australian English. Target words with iambic stress were preceded by primes with either congruent or incongruent stress and also embedded in metrical contexts biased towards either persistent foot types (Experiment 1) or variable foot types (Experiment 2). Both naming latency, the time from stimulus presentation to the onset of speech, and phonetic patterns showed sensitivity to metrical manipulations. The paradigm produced stress errors, iambic targets produced as trochees, and variation in vowel formants and syllable duration as a function of metrical context. Patterns in the reaction time data indicated sensitivity to global metrical biases calculated over feet. When the metrical bias was toward persistent feet, iambs were produced more quickly in the congruent stress context. When the metrical bias was reversed, iambs were produced more quickly in the incongruent stress context. This pattern of results supports a speech production model that represents metrical structure and allows competition at the metrical level to influence phonetic variability.
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Disabilities: Case Law Review
Authors: Maydosz Ann , Maydosz Diane 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Despite the fact that disability has been recognized as “a natural part of the human experience” (Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000) and that the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and its later reauthorizations as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) should have served as an unbiased manifesto to address all students’ disabilities, a further reality is that students with disabilities who also have cultural and linguistic differences remain poorly served in today’s schools. In fact, while years of litigation and legislation have created improvement for some students with disabilities, it appears that a historic segregation may remain for culturally and linguistically diverse students with disabilities. This paper will examine case law and law review journals regarding students with disabilities who also have cultural and linguistic differences and their contact with the evaluation and placement phases of the special education process.
Citizens, Nonprofits and Climate Change Policy
Authors: Bies Angela L. , Lee Deanna G. , Lindsey Charles , Stoutenborough James W. , Vedlitz Arnold 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe issue of climate change and its potential effects on natural and human systems is becoming more prevalent on citizen and policymaker agendas. Studies of the factors framing citizen levels of concern about climate change and potential policy reactions to it are mainly framed around traditional causal explanations like socioeconomic status, political ideology, personal vulnerability, and knowledge. The present study, building on Stern et al.’s (1999) Value-Belief-Norm theory, expands this analysis by looking at the impact of nonprofit organization influences on citizen orientations to climate change as a problem. Controlling for traditional variables, this study seeks to isolate the effects of nonprofit organizations as potential attitude and policy framers in this policy realm. Using a national public opinion survey of American citizens, the role of nonprofit organizations in framing levels of concern about, and policy reactions to, climate change are found to be more complex than once thought. It appears that environmental organization membership per se is less important than is citizen trust in environmental organizations.
Trinitätstheologische und ekklesiologische Probleme im Horizont hermeneutischer Prioritäten
Authors: Haudel Matthias 
Published: May 2013

Zusammenfassung
Trinitätstheologische Prioritäten und Engführungen, die sich in ekklesiologischen Gewichtungen widerspiegeln, resultieren aus unterschiedlichen hermeneutischen Prioritäten. Das betrifft nicht nur offenbarungstheologische und philosophisch-theologische Prägungen, sondern auch mentalitätsbedingte Orientierungen. Anhand der Theologiegeschichte in Ost- und Westkirche und am Beispiel aktueller theologischer Konzeptionen der großen konfessionellen Strömungen wird aufgezeigt, wie sich unterschiedliche hermeneutische Schwerpunkte entwickelt haben und welchen Einfluss sie auf trinitätstheologische Konzeptionen nehmen, die wiederum nachweislich ekklesiologische Ansätze prägen. Es wird erörtert, wie die neunizänisch-kappadozische Trinitätslehre, die sich im Ökumenischen Bekenntnis von Nizäa-Konstantinopel (381) niederschlug, eine gemeinsame hermeneutisch-offenbarungstheologische, trinitätstheologische und ekklesiologische Basis bietet. Von ihr lassen sich Differenzierungen ableiten, die zur Lösung des Filioque-Problems ebenso beitragen wie zur Eröffnung gemeinsamer trinitätstheologischer Perspektiven, welche die Überwindung der grundlegenden Differenzen im Amts- und Kirchenverständnis ermöglichen.
Proton conducting polymer electrolytes based on PVdF-PVA with NH4NO3
Authors: Muthiah Muthuvinayagam , Chellasamy Gopinathan , Natarajan Rajeswari , Subramanian Selvasekarapandian , Chinnappa Sanjeeviraja 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Conducting polymer electrolyte films were prepared based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by using a solution casting technique. The optimized PVdF-PVA polymer blend ratio was doped with different concentrations of NH4NO3 and polymer blend electrolytes were prepared. The increase in amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and optical microscopic studies. The complex formation between the polymers and the salt was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The ac impedance studies were performed to evaluate the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte membranes in the range 303–333 K and the highest ionic conductivity was found to be 2.91×10-4 S/cm at ambient temperature for PVdF-PVA-NH4NO3 (80:20:25 MWt%) polymer electrolyte, with activation energy Ea=0.7 eV. The dielectric behavior of the electrolytes was also studied.
Tetrahydrobiopterin protects soluble guanylate cyclase against oxidative inactivation
Authors: Schmidt Kurt , Werner Ernst R. , Mayer Bernd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a major endogenous vasoprotective agent that improves endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and scavenging of superoxide and peroxynitrite. Accordingly, administration of BH4 is considered as a promising therapy of cardiovascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In a recent study we identified a novel function of BH4 that might contribute to the beneficial vascular effects of the pteridine. As demonstrated with cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells, oxidative inactivation of soluble guanylate cyclase with nitroglycerin or the heme-site inhibitor ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one) resulted in a decrease in NO-induced cGMP accumulation that was insensitive to scavengers of reactive oxygen species but prevented upon supplementation of the cells with BH4. Tetrahydroneopterin had the same effect and virtually identical results were obtained with RFL-6 fibroblasts, suggesting that our observation reflects a general feature of tetrahydropteridines that is unrelated to NO synthase function and not limited to endothelial cells. Protection of soluble guanylate cyclase against oxidative inactivation may contribute to the known beneficial effects of BH4 in cardiovascular disorders associated with oxidative stress.