bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VLBI observations of bright AGN jets with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA): Evaluation of imaging capability
Authors: Niinuma Kotaro , Lee Sang-Sung , Kino Motoki , Sohn Bong Won , Akiyama Kazunori , Zhao Guang-Yao , Sawada-Satoh Satoko , Trippe Sascha , Hada Kazuhiro , Jung Taehyun , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Dodson Richard , Koyama Shoko , Honma Mareki , Nagai Hiroshi , Chung Aeree , Doi Akihiro , Fujisawa Kenta , Han Myoung-Hee , Kim Joeng-Sook , Lee Jeewon , Lee Jeong Ae , Miyazaki Atsushi , Oyama Tomoaki , Sorai Kazuo , Wajima Kiyoaki , Bae Jaehan , Byun Do-Young , Cho Se-Hyung , Choi Yoon Kyung , Chung Hyunsoo , Chung Moon-Hee , Han Seog-Tae , Hirota Tomoya , Hwang Jung-Wook , Je Do-Heung , Jike Takaaki , Jung Dong-Kyu , Jung Jin-Seung , Kang Ji-Hyun , Kang Jiman , Kang Yong-Woo , Kan-ya Yukitoshi , Kanaguchi Masahiro , Kawaguchi Noriyuki , Kim Bong Gyu , Kim Hyo Ryoung , Kim Hyun-Goo , Kim Jaeheon , Kim Jongsoo , Kim Kee-Tae , Kim Mikyoung , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Kono Yusuke , Kurayama Tomoharu , Lee Changhoon , Lee Jung-Won , Lee Sang Hyun , Minh Young Chol , Matsumoto Naoko , Nakagawa Akiharu , Oh Chung Sik , Oh Se-Jin , Park Sun-Youp , Roh Duk-Gyoo , Sasao Tetsuo , Shibata Katsunori M. , Song Min-Gyu , Tamura Yoshiaki , Wi Seog-Oh , Yeom Jae-Hwan , Yun Young Joo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Korean very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) network (KVN) and VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) Array (KaVA) is the first international VLBI array dedicated to high-frequency (23–43 GHz bands) observations in East Asia. Here, we report the first imaging observations of three bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs) known for their complex morphologies: 4C 39.25, 3C 273, and M 87. This is one of the initial results of KaVA's early operation. Our KaVA images reveal extended outflows with complex substructures such as knots and limb brightening, in agreement with previous Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations. Angular resolutions are better than 1.4 and 0.8 mas at 23 and 43 GHz, respectively. KaVA achieves a high dynamic range of ∼ 1000, more than three times the value achieved by VERA. We conclude that KaVA is a powerful array with a great potential for the study of AGN outflows, at least comparable to the best existing radio interferometric arrays.
Binary formation in planetesimal disks. II. Planetesimals with a mass spectrum
Authors: Kominami Junko D. , Makino Junichiro 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Many massive objects have been found in the outer region of the solar system. How they were formed and evolved has not been well understood, although there have been intensive studies of the accretion process of terrestrial planets. One of the mysteries is the existence of binary planetesimals with near-equal mass components and highly eccentric orbits. These binary planetesimals are quite different from the satellites observed in the asteroid belt region. The ratio of the Hill radius to the physical radius of the planetesimals is much larger for the outer region of the disk, compared to the inner region of the disk. The Hill radius increases with the semimajor axis. Therefore, planetesimals in the outer region can form close and eccentric binaries, while those in the inner region would simply collide. In this paper, we carried out N-body simulations in different regions of the disk and studied whether binaries form in the outer region of the disk. We found that large planetesimals tend to form binaries. A significant fraction of large planetesimals are components of binaries. Planetesimals that become the components of binaries eventually collide with a third body, through three-body encounters. Thus, the existence of binaries can enhance the growth rate of planetesimals in the trans-Neptunian object region.
Reversal of Dabigatran Effects in Models of Thrombin Generation and Hemostasis by Factor VIIa and Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
Authors: Hoffman Maureane , Volovyk Zoya , Monroe Dougald M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract
Using a cell-based coagulation model, the ability of either prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa to restore hemostasis in the presence of dabigatran depends on the dose of procoagulant used and the level of dabigatran present and may explain the inconsistency of effects in different models and when used off label for treating bleeding.

Background:
The oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran has the drawbacks that it does not have a validated antidote. Data from animal studies and plasma coagulation assays suggest that prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant factor VIIa (FVIIa) might reverse dabigatran anticoagulation.

Methods:
Cellular elements make a significant contribution to hemostasis. Our goals were to (1) test the hypothesis that both FVIIa and a 4-factor PCC improve parameters of thrombin generation in the presence of dabigatran in a cell-based model; and (2) determine whether results in a cell-based model correlate with hemostasis in vivo.

Results:
PCC reversed dabigatran effects on the rate, peak, and total amount of thrombin but did not shorten the lag (n = 6 experiments in triplicate). By contrast, FVIIa shortened the lag, increased the rate and peak, but did not improve total thrombin (n = 6). Effects of PCC were seen at both therapeutic and markedly supratherapeutic dabigatran levels, whereas beneficial effects of FVIIa decreased as the dabigatran level increased. The PCC effect was reproduced by adding prothrombin, factor X, and factor IX. At therapeutic dabigatran levels, both PCC and FVIIa normalized hemostasis time in a mouse saphenous vein bleeding model.

Conclusions:
A cell-based model reflects the effects on thrombin generation of clinically relevant levels of FVIIa and PCC in the presence of dabigatran. Enhancing the rate of thrombin generation and peak thrombin level appear to correlate best with hemostasis in vivo. The ineffectiveness of FVIIa at supratherapeutic dabigatran levels may explain conflicting reports of its efficacy in dabigatran reversal.
Differential expression analysis of miRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with non‐segmental vitiligo
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Keyu , Liang Jianhua , Yang Hong , Dang Ningning , Yang Xi , Kong Yi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractVitiligo is a common depigmentary skin disease that may follow a pattern of multifactorial inheritance. The essential factors of its immunopathogenesis is thought to be the selective destruction of melanocytes. As a new class of microregulators of gene expression, miRNA have been reported to play vital roles in autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases and cancer. This study sought to characterize the different miRNA expression pattern in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with non‐segmental vitiligo (NSV) and healthy individuals and to examine their direct responses to thymosin α1 (Tα1) treatment. The miRNA expression profile in the PBMC of patients with NSV was analyzed using Exiqon's miRCURY LNA microRNA Array. The differentially expressed miRNA were validated by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found that the expression levels of miR‐224‐3p and miR‐4712‐3p were upregulated, and miR‐3940‐5p was downregulated in the PBMC. The common clinical immune modulator Tα1 changed the miRNA expression profile. Our analysis showed that differentially expressed miRNA were associated with the mechanism of immune imbalance of vitiligo and that Tα1 could play an important role in changing the expression of these miRNA in the PBMC of patients with NSV. This study provided further evidence that miRNA may serve as novel drug targets for vitiligo therapeutic evaluation.
3‐Chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) in Soy Sauce: A Review on the Formation, Reduction, and Detection of This Potential Carcinogen
Authors: Lee Bai Qin , Khor Sook Mei 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSoy sauce, a dark‐colored seasoning, is added to enhance the sensory properties of foods. Soy sauce can be consumed as a condiment or added during the preparation of food. There are 3 types of soy sauce: fermented, acid‐hydrolyzed vegetable protein (acid‐ HVP), and mixtures of these. 3‐Chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) is a heat‐produced contaminants formed during the preparation of soy sauce and was found to be a by‐product of acid‐HVP‐produced soy sauce in 1978. 3‐MCPD has been reported to be carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, and reproductively toxic in laboratory animal testing and has been registered as a chemosterilant for rodent control. 3‐MCPD is classified as a possible carcinogenic compound, and the maximum tolerated limit in food has been established at both national and international levels. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the detection of 3‐MCPD in soy sauce, its toxic effects, and the potential methods to reduce its concentration, especially during the production of acid‐HVP soy sauce. The methods of quantification are also critically reviewed with a focus on efficiency, suitability, and challenges encountered in analysis.
2,6‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods
Authors: Nieva‐Echevarría Bárbara , Manzanos María J. , Goicoechea Encarnación , Guillén María D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract2,6‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐hydroxytoluene (BHT, E‐321) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant which has been widely used as an additive in the food, cosmetic, and plastic industries for the last 70 y. Although it is considered safe for human health at authorized levels, its ubiquitous presence and the controversial toxicological data reported are of great concern for consumers. In recent years, special attention has been paid to these 14 metabolites or degradation products: BHT‐CH2OH, BHT‐CHO, BHT‐COOH, BHT‐Q, BHT‐QM, DBP, BHT‐OH, BHT‐OOH, TBP, BHQ, BHT‐OH(t), BHT‐OH(t)QM, 2‐BHT, and 2‐BHT‐QM. These derived compounds could pose a human health risk from a food safety point of view, but they have been little studied. In this context, this review deals with the occurrence, origin, and fate of BHT in foodstuffs, its biotransformation into metabolites, their toxicological implications, their antioxidant and prooxidant properties, the analytical determination of metabolites in foods, and human dietary exposure. Moreover, noncontrolled additional sources of exposure to BHT and its metabolites are highlighted. These include their carryover from feed to fish, poultry and eggs, their presence in smoke flavorings, their migration from plastic pipelines and packaging to water and food, and their presence in natural environments, from which they can reach the food chain.
Combination of UV‐C Treatment and Metschnikowia pulcherrimas for Controlling Alternaria Rot in Postharvest Winter Jujube Fruit
Authors: Guo Dongqi , Zhu Lixia , Hou Xujie 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe potential of using antagonistic yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrimas alone or in combination with ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) treatment for controlling Alternaria rot of winter jujube, and its effects on postharvest quality of fruit was investigated. The results showed that spore germination of Alternaria alternata was significantly inhibited by each of the 3 doses (1, 5, and 10 kJ m−2) in vitro. In vivo, UV‐C treatment (5 kJ m−2) or antagonist yeast was capable of reducing the percentage of infected wounds and lesion diameter in artificially inoculated jujube fruits, however, in fruit treated with combination of UV‐C treatment and M. pulcherrima, the percentage of infected wounds and lesion diameter was only 16.0% and 0.60 cm, respectively. The decay incidence on winter jujube fruits treated with the combination of UV‐C treatment and M. pulcherrima was 23% after storage at 0 ± 1 °C for 45 d followed by 22 °C for 7 d. None of the treatments impaired quality parameters of jujube fruit. Thus, the combination of UV‐C radiation and M. pulcherrima could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest Alternaria rot of winter jujube.
Maternal Asian ethnicity and the risk of anal sphincter injury
Authors: Davies‐Tuck Miranda , Biro Mary‐Anne , Mockler Joanne , Stewart Lynne , Wallace Euan M , East Christine 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between maternal Asian ethnicity (South Asian and South East/East Asian) and anal sphincter injury.DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional study, comparing outcomes for Asian women with those of Australian and New Zealand women.SettingA large metropolitan maternity service in Victoria, Australia.PopulationAustralian/New Zealand, South Asian and South East/East Asian women who had a singleton vaginal birth from 2006 to 2012.MethodsThe relation between maternal ethnicity and anal sphincter injury was assessed by logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.Main outcome measuresAnal sphincter injury was defined as a third or fourth degree tear (with or without episiotomy).ResultsAmong 32 653 vaginal births there was a significant difference in the rate of anal sphincter injury by maternal region of birth (p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders, nulliparous women born in South Asian and South East/East Asia were 2.6 (95% confidence interval 2.2–3.3; p < 0.001) and 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.7–2.5; p < 0.001) times more likely to sustain an anal sphincter injury than Australian/New Zealand women, respectively. Parous women born in South Asian and South East/East Asia were 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.8–3.2; p < 0.001) and 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.5–2.7; p < 0.001) times more likely to sustain an anal sphincter injury than Australian/New Zealand women, respectively.ConclusionThere are ethnic differences in the rates of anal sphincter injury not fully explained by known risk factors for such trauma. This may have implications for care provision.
N‐acetylaspartate normalization in bipolar depression after lamotrigine treatment
Authors: Croarkin Paul E , Thomas M Albert , Port John D , Baruth Joshua M , Choi Doo‐Sup , Abulseoud Osama A , Frye Mark A 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to examine N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), a general marker of neuronal viability, and total NAA (tNAA), the combined signal of NAA and N‐acetylaspartylglutamate, in bipolar depression before and after lamotrigine treatment. Given that NAA is synthesized through direct acetylation of aspartate by acetyl‐coenzyme A‐l‐aspartate‐N‐acetyltransferase, we hypothesized that treatment with lamotrigine would be associated with an increase in NAA level.MethodsPatients with bipolar depression underwent two‐dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate at baseline (n = 15) and after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment (n = 10). A group of age‐matched healthy controls (n = 9) underwent scanning at baseline for comparison.ResultsAt baseline, patients with bipolar depression had significantly lower NAA [mean standard deviation (SD) = 1.13 (0.21); p = 0.02] than controls [mean (SD) = 1.37 (0.27)]. Significant increases in NAA [mean (SD) = 1.39 (0.21); p = 0.01] and tNAA [mean (SD) = 1.61 (0.25); p = 0.02] levels were found after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment.ConclusionsThese data suggest an NAA deficit in bipolar depression that is normalized after lamotrigine treatment. Future research is warranted to evaluate whether baseline NAA level is a potential biomarker for identifying lamotrigine response patterns and whether this functional brain change has an associated clinical response.
Neither public nor private: The efficacy of mixed model public service delivery in two Canadian municipalities
Authors: Ohemeng Frank L. K. , Grant John K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe New Public Management emerged in the 1980s, and with it, alternative service delivery (ASD) mechanisms, which removed service delivery from the public bureaucracy and separated policy making from policy implementation. Most western governments implemented measures including privatization or contracting out of service delivery to the private sector. By the mid‐1990s, many governments started reversing ASD policies and sought new ways to deliver services, leading to a mixed model approach to service delivery, which combines the benefits of the public and private sectors. We examine the adoption of the model in the Canadian municipalities of Hamilton and Ottawa to determine if and how it enhances competition, cost‐savings, efficiency, effectiveness, and good governance in the delivery of public services, during an era of fiscal constraint. Our findings indicate the model is better in enhancing the five variables when compared to solely public or private services delivery.
799. METASTELMA ANEGADENSE
Authors: Goyder David , Linsky Jean , Bárrios Sara , Hamilton Martin , Woodfield‐Pascoe Nancy , Clubbe Colin 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMetastelma anegadense is a twining perennial vine endemic to the British Virgin Islands, with its largest populations on the low‐lying coralline island of Anegada. It is vulnerable in all sites to changes in land use for tourism and development, grazing pressures, and to elevated sea levels and more intensive hurricanes which are likely with global climate change. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered, the IUCN's highest level threat of extinction.
TLR4 and NALP3 inflammasome in the development of endothelial dysfunction in uraemia
Authors: Martin‐Rodriguez Susana , Caballo Carolina , Gutierrez Gabriela , Vera Manel , Cruzado Josep M. , Cases Aleix , Escolar Gines , Diaz‐Ricart Maribel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe increased cardiovascular risk present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related to the development of endothelial dysfunction, whose mechanisms are still unclear. Accumulation of toxins and proinflammatory cytokines may constitute danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMP) to which endothelial cells are continuously exposed. Potential involvement of mechanisms recognizing DAMP, such as TLR and inflammasomes, has been explored.Materials and methodsEndothelial cells in culture were exposed to sera samples collected from patients with CKD: (i) stages 4–5 not on dialysis (PreD), (ii) on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) and (iii) peritoneal dialysis (PD). Changes in TLR4 and ICAM‐1 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and TLR4 signalling were explored. Assembly of NALP3 inflammasome components was also investigated.ResultsTLR4 was expressed at the cell surface and increased significantly in response to PreD, HD and PD sera, paralleling with the activation of the cell stress protein Akt and the inflammation‐related transcription factor NFκB, with elevated surface ICAM‐1 expression and ROS production. TLR4 blockade partially decreased these effects. Exposure of cells to uraemic sera induced assembly of NALP3 components, with caspase‐1 activation, especially in response to HD and PD sera.ConclusionsTLR4 and NALP3 inflammasomes, crucial elements of innate immunity, contribute to the development and perpetuation of endothelial dysfunction in response to the uraemic toxicity. These mechanisms constitute potential therapeutic targets to improve endothelial dysfunction and to reduce the increased cardiovascular risk in CKD.
Effects of experimental warming on survival, phenology, and morphology of an aquatic insect (Odonata)
Authors: MCCAULEY SHANNON J. , HAMMOND JOHN I. , FRANCES DACHIN N. , MABRY KAREN E. 
Published: December 2014

1. Organisms can respond to changing climatic conditions in multiple ways including changes in phenology, body size or morphology, and range shifts. Understanding how developmental temperatures affect insect life‐history timing and morphology is crucial because body size and morphology affect multiple aspects of life history, including dispersal ability, whereas phenology can shape population performance and community interactions.2. It was experimentally assessed how developmental temperatures experienced by aquatic larvae affected survival, phenology, and adult morphology of dragonflies [Pachydiplax longipennis(Burmeister)]. Larvae were reared under three environmental temperatures: ambient, +2.5, and +5 °C, corresponding to temperature projections for our study area 50 and 100 years in the future, respectively. Experimental temperature treatments tracked naturally‐occurring variation.3. Clear effects of temperature were found in the rearing environment on survival and phenology: dragonflies reared at the highest temperatures had the lowest survival rates and emerged from the larval stage approximately 3 weeks earlier than animals reared at ambient temperatures. There was no effect of rearing temperature on overall body size. Although neither the relative wing nor thorax size was affected by warming, a non‐significant trend towards an interaction between sex and warming in relative thorax size suggests that males may be more sensitive to warming than females, a pattern that should be investigated further.4. Warming strongly affected survival in the larval stage and the phenology of adult emergence. Understanding how warming in the developmental environment affects later life‐history stages is critical to interpreting the consequences of warming for organismal performance.
Feasibility and acceptability of cognitive adaptation training for first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Allott Kelly A. , Killackey Eoin , Sun Pamela , Brewer Warrick J. , Velligan Dawn I. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimCognitive and functioning impairments are present early in the course of psychotic disorder and remain one of the greatest treatment challenges. Cognitive adaptation training (CAT) is a compensatory approach to psychosocial intervention that is underpinned by a model that incorporates the role of cognition in daily functioning. CAT has established effectiveness in chronic schizophrenia but has received limited investigation in first‐episode psychosis (FEP). The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of CAT in young people with FEP.MethodsThis was a single‐arm feasibility study of CAT conducted at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre, Melbourne, Australia. Five FEP participants received manually guided CAT from a fully trained CAT therapist. A range of feasibility and acceptability measures were recorded throughout the study, including participant and case manager satisfaction ratings.ResultsAll participants completed the CAT intervention and session attendance rates were very high (95.3%). Participants and their case managers indicated strong satisfaction with CAT as indicated by positive mean ratings on all satisfaction items, although there was a greater range in the participant ratings. Importantly, CAT did not have a negative effect on existing case management, with case managers reporting that CAT enhanced their treatment.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that CAT is a highly feasible and acceptable intervention in FEP, which may be easily integrated within existing services. The effectiveness of CAT in improving functional outcomes in FEP is worthy of investigation in a larger trial.