bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Belated Debate
Authors: Allen Nicholas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe three televised leaders’ debates dominated the 2010 general election campaign. The House of Lords Communications Committee report on Broadcast General Election Debates is the product of a welcome but belated public inquiry into their organisation and conduct. The report is supportive of the view that ‘broadcast general election debates should take place during future campaigns’ and makes a number of cautious recommendations to the broadcasters. At the time of writing it was unclear whether the format proposed by the broadcasters for 2015 would be an improvement on that for 2010—or even if there would be any debates at all.
Back to the Future? Warnings from History for a Future UK Constitutional Convention
Authors: Evans Adam 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmid the fallout from the Scottish independence referendum, a UK constitutional convention has been proposed as a mechanism to take stock not only of the referendum, but also of the past fifteen years of devolution. However, despite longstanding conceptions of British constitutional development, a constitutional convention would not herald a brave new world for the UK's constitution. As the article highlights, in the past hundred years there have been two attempts to treat the territorial constitution in the round: the Speaker's Conference on Devolution, 1919–1920 and the Royal Commission on the Constitution, 1969–1973. This article examines both of these forums, arguing that they provide clear warnings for a future UK constitutional convention, in particular the threat of internal division that any such forum risks facing. A danger that this article highlights is heightened by the associated difficulty of reaching agreement across the UK's ‘state of unions’.
The Coalition and the Politics of the English Question
Authors: Hayton Richard 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFor much of the 2010–15 Parliament the English Question was not a conspicuous feature of political debate in the UK. However, the issue of English votes for English laws (EvfEl) was thrust to centre stage by Prime Minister David Cameron in the aftermath of the Scottish independence referendum, when he announced that fulfilment of the promise of further devolution to Scotland must be accompanied by an answer to the West Lothian Question at Westminster. This article analyses these events and explores their possible consequences. It argues that a reform of parliamentary procedures along the lines outlined in the report of the McKay Commission looks increasingly likely, but that this will not mark a resolution of the broader English Question, and the future of the Union remains in doubt.
Journalism, Intelligence and the New York Times: Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Harrison E. Salisbury and the CIA
Authors: Jones Matthew 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article examines the tensions brought to the relationship between two of the major figures of post‐war American journalism, Cyrus L. Sulzberger and Harrison E. Salisbury, during the late 1970s by the accusation that Sulzberger had been a long‐standing ‘asset’ of the CIA. The relentless efforts of Salisbury to pursue the story during the research for his 1980 book Without Fear or Favor, which dealt with the recent history of the New York Times, brought his previous friendship with Sulzberger to a breaking point, but also produced the revelation that Salisbury himself had once been regarded by the CIA as a willing and cooperative source of information on the communist bloc. This personal story serves to bring out the wider themes of the ambiguous relationship between journalism and intelligence and the connections between the CIA and the media that began to be exposed during the 1970s.
The Housewife, the Vigilante and the Cigarette‐Smoking Man: TheCIAand Television, 1975–2001
Authors: McCrisken Trevor 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReeling from the revelations about its operations in the 1970s, theCIAset up anOffice ofPublicAffairs to improve its public image. Among its activities was greater engagement with television producers, but it largely failed to lead to moreUSdrama series portraying theCIAin a better light. This article, however, analyses those fewTVdramas that did characterize theCIAin the 1980s and 1990s –Scarecrow andMrsKing,TheEqualizerandTheX‐Files. Each series gave a critique of theCIAand its practices while offering alternative pathways to redeeming the organization so that it could better serveUSsecurity and domestic safety. They are examples of how television dramas can ask questions, engage with critical issues in contemporary society, and push the boundaries of what we expect to see in our televisual entertainment. They may not have offered very much insight into what theCIAwas actually doing globally, but their storylines did confront the public image of theCIA, question its ethos and its methods, and offer some alternative viewpoints on how theAgency might develop its role and approach. Each series attempted to push beyond stereotypes of theCIAand its agents, upset the usual balance between gender roles and refused to give the kind of closed, unambiguous viewpoints that so manyUStelevision dramas offered their audiences during the period. They contributed significantly to the cultural representation of theCIAas theColdWar drew to a close.
Investigating Change in Adolescent Self‐Efficacy of Food Safety Through Educational Interventions
Authors: Beavers Amy S. , Murphy Lindsay , Richards Jennifer K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA successfully targeted intervention can influence food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, as well as encourage participants to recognize their own responsibility for safe food handling. This acknowledgement of an individual's responsibility and capacity to address food safety can be understood as self‐efficacy of food safety (SEFS). This study investigated the impact of a specific educational intervention, Hands On: Real‐World Lessons for Middle School Classrooms, curriculum on SEFS in adolescents and was guided by two research questions: (1) to what extent can an existing food safety curriculum impact students’ SEFS, and (2) to what extent does a relationship exist between changes in self‐efficacy and changes in food safety behavior, particularly when controlling for knowledge gains. A total sample of 424 students across 6 states participated in this study. Teachers were trained to implement the Hands On program in their classrooms and then students were administered a pre‐ and posttest to measure the impact of the program on knowledge, food safety‐related behaviors, and SEFS. The data indicated that there is a strong predictive relationship between SEFS and positive behavior change. Additionally, the Hands On program was effective at increasing students’ SEFS.
Project‐Based Learning Involving Sensory Panelists Improves Student Learning Outcomes
Authors: Lee Yee Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProject‐based, collaborative learning is an effective teaching method when compared to traditional cognitive learning. The purpose of this study was to assess student learning after the completion of a final meal project that involved a group of sensory panelists. A paper survey was conducted among 73 senior nutrition and dietetics students enrolling in Experimental Food Science, Spring 2013 and 2014. The survey comprised of qualitative and quantitative questions about students’ perceived learning outcomes. The project required students to prepare a 4‐course meal in 90 min, in groups of 4. Eighteen sensory panelists consisting of faculty and graduate students from the Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management Department and administrative staff from the college evaluated the foods, asked students several food science‐related questions, and completed a survey about their involvement in the project. Students reported that this project reinforced class material (4.7 ± 0.6), and was enjoyable (4.6 ± 0.6) yet challenging (4.4 ± 0.7); numerous skills were developed, including team‐building (4.7 ± 0.5), food preparation (4.6 ± 0.5), and time management (4.4 ± 0.5). Students perceived that the involvement of sensory panelists was beneficial in terms of providing constructive feedback for improvement and motivating them to prepare high‐quality foods. It also prepared them for serving foods to individuals from different cultural backgrounds. However, some students found the experience stressful. For the sensory panelists, the project helped them to venture out of their areas of expertise. In conclusion, a meal project involving sensory panelists can result in positive learning outcomes.
Geographic Variation in Zygomaxillary Suture Morphology and its Use in Ancestry Estimation
Authors: Maddux Scott D. , Sporleder Alexandria N. , Burns Casey E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAngled/curved zygomaxillary suture coding is widely employed in cranial assessments of ancestry. However, the efficacy of this method has not been extensively evaluated across diverse populations. In this study, zygomaxillary suture morphology was assessed on a total of 411 human crania from six populations (European, Native American, African, Asian, Arctic Circle, and Aboriginal Australian) using a novel 3D coordinate landmark method. Our results indicate a predominance of angled sutures among native peoples of the Arctic and North America (85–86%), a prevalence of curved sutures among Africans and Aboriginal Australians (77–81%), and essentially equal proportions of both configurations in Asians and Europeans (50–56%). Statistically, angled/curved coding generally discriminates poorly between groups, except when populations with antithetically high frequencies of the two configurations (e.g., African vs. Native American) are compared. Moreover, comparisons across previous studies reveal conflicting frequencies for many populations, further suggesting limited utility of this trait in ancestry estimation.
Free and Bound Volatile Chemicals in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.)
Authors: Chen Liang , Zhang Xiaoxu , Jin Qing , Yang Lili , Li Jingming , Chen Feng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) is a popular and desirable fruit that is widely cultivated in China. Despite its popularity, the free volatile chemicals and glycosidically bound volatiles (GBVs) of mulberry have been minimally studied. To this end, we have investigated these compounds in 4 mulberry cultivars via solid phase extraction (SPE) and headspace solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS). A total of 55 free volatile chemicals and 57 GBVs were identified and quantified. In 3 of the cultivars (“YFS,” “T10,” and “D10”), the GBVs were found in higher amounts than their free counterparts, corresponding to a ratio of 1.2 to 1.8. The characteristic aromas were determined by their odor activity values (OAVs) and by generating an aroma series (AS). A total of 20 volatile compounds had OAVs ≥ 1.0. In particular, ethyl butanoate, hexanal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal (E)‐2‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, and eugenol had relatively high OAVs and were considered to be the key aromas contributing to the mulberry flavor. Consequently, mulberry was characterized by a variety of herbaceous scents having a background of sweet, spicy, fruity, and floral notes. The free volatiles exhibited strong herbaceous notes, whereas the GBVs were responsible for the sweet and spicy qualities of the fruit. Based on our results, 2 cultivars (“YFS” and “D10”) are proposed to be good candidates suitable for the further development of mulberry‐based food products due to their complex and desirable aromas.
Does increased adherence to medications change health care financial burdens for adults with diabetes?
Authors: Miller G. Edward , Sarpong Eric M. , Hill Steven C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate increased out‐of‐pocket drug costs and financial burdens of achieving adherence to oral antidiabetic medications and medications for prevalent comorbidities.MethodsConcurrent adherence to medications, out‐of‐pocket drug costs, and financial burdens were measured among non‐elderly adults with diabetes in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. “Financial burden” was defined as spending on health care exceeding 10% of family income. This study simulated the increased out‐of‐pocket drug costs and financial burdens that would result if non‐adherent adults in our sample had obtained sufficient medications to be adherent. For each adult, for all therapeutic classes in which they were non‐adherent, we calculated the additional days supplied required to become adherent, as well as out‐of‐pocket spending on these additional days supplied.ResultsApproximately one‐quarter adhered to all required medications. Among non‐adherent adults with employer‐sponsored insurance and public insurance, the mean annual out‐of‐pocket drug costs of achieving adherence were US$171 and US$68, respectively, which was generally affordable. However, 35.6% of the uninsured lived in families that spent 10% or more of their income on health care. Mean simulated additional out‐of‐pocket drug costs of achieving adherence were US$310 for the uninsured. These additional drug costs would increase those spending 10% or more of income to 39.6% of the uninsured.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce the costs faced by the uninsured and insured will make adherence more affordable and, therefore, more attainable for some adults with diabetes.
Does lower lifetime fluoridation exposure explain why people outside capital cities have poor clinical oral health?
Authors: Crocombe LA , Brennan DS , Slade GD 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundAustralians outside state capital cities have greater caries experience than their counterparts in capital cities. We hypothesized that differing water fluoridation exposure was associated with this disparity.MethodsData were the 2004–06 Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health. Examiners measured participant decayed, missing and filled teeth and DMFT Index, and lifetime fluoridation exposure was quantified. Multivariable linear regression models estimated differences in caries experience between capital city residents and others, with and without adjustment for fluoridation exposure.ResultsThere was greater mean lifetime fluoridation exposure in state capital cities (59.1%, 95% confidence interval = 56.9, 61.4) than outside capital cities (42.3, confidence interval = 36.9, 47.6). People located outside capital city areas had differing sociodemographic characteristics and dental visiting patterns, and a higher mean DMFT (capital cities = 12.9, non‐capital cities = 14.3, p = 0.02), than people from capital cities. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and dental visits, DMFT of people living in capital cities was less than non‐capital city residents (regression coefficient = 0.8, p = 0.01). The disparity was no longer statistically significant (regression coefficient = 0.6, p = 0.09) after additional adjustment for fluoridation exposure.
Review article: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – bacteriology, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors and prevention
Authors: Dever J. B. , Sheikh M. Y. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe and often fatal infection in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.AimTo review the known and changing bacteriology, risk factors, ascitic fluid interpretation, steps in performing paracentesis, treatment, prophylaxis and evolving perspectives related to SBP.MethodsInformation was obtained from reviewing medical literature accessible on PubMed Central. The search term ‘spontaneous bacterial peritonitis’ was cross‐referenced with ‘bacteria’, ‘risk factors’, ‘ascites’, ‘paracentesis’, ‘ascitic fluid analysis’, ‘diagnosis’, ‘treatment’, ‘antibiotics’, ‘prophylaxis’, ‘liver transplantation’ and ‘nutrition’.ResultsGram‐positive cocci (GPC) such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus as well as multi‐resistant bacteria have become common pathogens and have changed the conventional approach to treatment of SBP. Health care‐associated and nosocomial SBP infections should prompt greater vigilance and consideration for alternative antibiotic coverage. Acid suppressive and beta‐adrenergic antagonist therapies are strongly associated with SBP in at‐risk individuals.ConclusionsThird‐generation, broad‐spectrum cephalosporins remain a good initial choice for SBP treatment. Levofloxacin is an acceptable alternative for patients not receiving long‐term flouroquinolone prophylaxis or for those with a penicillin allergy. For uncomplicated SBP, early oral switch therapy is reasonable. Alternative antibiotics such as pipercillin–tazobactam should be considered for patients with nosocomial SBP or for patients who fail to improve on traditional antibiotic regimens. Selective albumin supplementation remains an important adjunct in SBP treatment. Withholding acid suppressive medication deserves strong consideration, and discontinuing beta‐adrenergic antagonist therapy in patients with end‐stage liver disease and resistant ascites is standard care. Liver transplant evaluation should be undertaken for patients who develop SBP barring contraindications.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis: outcome by intensity of conditioning
Authors: Veys Paul A. , Nanduri Vasanta , Baker K. Scott , He Wensheng , Bandini Giuseppe , Biondi Andrea , Dalissier Arnaud , Davis Jeffrey H. , Eames Gretchen M. , Egeler R. Maarten , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Fischer Alain , Jürgens Herbert , Krance Robert , Lanino Edoardo , Leung Wing H. , Matthes Susanne , Michel Gérard , Orchard Paul J. , Pieczonka Anna , Ringdén Olle , Schlegel Paul G. , Sirvent Anne , Vettenranta Kim , Eapen Mary 
Published: March 2015

SummaryPatients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) refractory to conventional chemotherapy have a poor outcome. There are currently two promising treatment strategies for high‐risk patients: the first involves the combination of 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine and cytarabine; the other approach is allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here we evaluated 87 patients with high‐risk LCH who were transplanted between 1990 and 2013. Prior to the year 2000, most patients underwent HSCT following myeloablative conditioning (MAC): only 5 of 20 patients (25%) survived with a high rate (55%) of transplant‐related mortality (TRM). After the year 2000 an increasing number of patients underwent HSCT with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC): 49/67 (73%) patients survived, however, the improved survival was not overtly achieved by the introduction of RIC regimens with similar 3‐year probability of survival after MAC (77%) and RIC transplantation (71%). There was no significant difference in TRM by conditioning regimen intensity but relapse rates were higher after RIC compared to MAC regimens (28% vs. 8%, P = 0·02), although most patients relapsing after RIC transplantation could be salvaged with further chemotherapy. HSCT may be a curative approach in 3 out of 4 patients with high risk LCH refractory to chemotherapy: the optimal choice of HSCT conditioning remains uncertain.
Identification and optimization of 2‐aminobenzimidazole derivatives as novel inhibitors of TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels
Authors: Zhu Yingmin , Lu Yungang , Qu Chunrong , Miller Melissa , Tian Jinbin , Thakur Dhananjay P , Zhu Jinmei , Deng Zixin , Hu Xianming , Wu Meng , McManus Owen B , Li Min , Hong Xuechuan , Zhu Michael X , Luo Huai‐Rong 
Published: March 2015

Background and PurposeTransient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels play important roles in a broad array of physiological functions and are involved in various diseases. However, due to a lack of potent subtype‐specific inhibitors the exact roles of TRPC channels in physiological and pathophysiological conditions have not been elucidated.Experimental ApproachUsing fluorescence membrane potential and Ca2+ assays and electrophysiological recordings, we characterized new 2‐aminobenzimidazole‐based small molecule inhibitors of TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels identified from cell‐based fluorescence high‐throughput screening.Key ResultsThe original compound, M084, was a potent inhibitor of both TRPC4 and TRPC5, but was also a weak inhibitor of TRPC3. Structural modifications of the lead compound resulted in the identification of analogues with improved potency and selectivity for TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels. The aminobenzimidazole derivatives rapidly inhibited the TRPC4‐ and TRPC5‐mediated currents when applied from the extracellular side and this inhibition was independent of the mode of activation of these channels. The compounds effectively blocked the plateau potential mediated by TRPC4‐containing channels in mouse lateral septal neurons, but did not affect the activity of heterologously expressed TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPV1 or TRPV3 channels or that of the native voltage‐gated Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels in dissociated neurons.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe TRPC4/C5‐selective inhibitors developed here represent novel and useful pharmaceutical tools for investigation of physiological and pathophysiological functions of TRPC4/C5 channels.
Interleukin-2 treatment reverses effects of cAMP-responsive element modulator α-over-expressing T cells in autoimmune-prone mice
Authors: Ohl K , Wiener A , Schippers A , Wagner N , Tenbrock K 
Published: March 2015

SummarySystemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are often characterized by a failure of self-tolerance and result in an uncontrolled activation of B cells and effector T cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 critically maintains homeostasis of regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells in the periphery. Previously, we identified the cAMP-responsive element modulator α (CREMα) as a major factor responsible for decreased IL-2 production in T cells from SLE patients. Additionally, using a transgenic mouse that specifically over-expresses CREMα in T cells (CD2CREMαtg), we provided in-vivo evidence that CREMα indeed suppresses IL-2 production. To analyse the effects of CREMα in an autoimmune prone mouse model we introduced a Fas mutation in the CD2CREMαtg mice (FVB/Fas–/–CD2CREMαtg). Overexpression of CREMα strongly accelerated the lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in the FVB/Fas–/– mice. This was accompanied by a massive expansion of double-negative (DN) T cells, enhanced numbers of interferon (IFN)-γ-producing T cells and reduced percentages of Tregs. Treatment of FVB/Fas–/–CD2CREMαtg mice with IL-2 restored the percentage of Tregs and reversed increased IFN-γ production, but did not affect the number of DNTs. Our data indicate that CREMα contributes to the failure of tolerance in SLE by favouring effector T cells and decreasing regulatory T cells, partially mediated by repression of IL-2 in vivo.