bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser all‐ceramic crown removal—A laboratory proof‐of‐principle study—Phase 1 material characteristics
Authors: Rechmann Peter , Buu Natalie C.H. , Rechmann Beate M.T. , Le Charles Q. , Finzen Frederick C. , Featherstone John D.B. 
Published: August 2014

Background and ObjectivesThe removal of all‐ceramic crowns is a time consuming and destructive procedure in the dental office. The removal of all‐ceramic crowns using Er:YAG lasers has not been previously described in the scientific literature. The objective of this laboratory proof‐of‐principle study was to evaluate whether with regards to absorption and transmission characteristics of bonding cements and ceramics all‐ceramic crowns can be removed from natural teeth using an Erbium laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used on flat ceramic samples (IPS Empress Esthetic (EE), E.max CAD, and E.max ZirCAD) to assess which infrared laser wavelengths transmit through the ceramics. Additionally, FTIR spectra for four bonding cements (Variolink Veneer, Variolink II, Multilink Automix, and SpeedCEM) were obtained. The Er:YAG laser energy transmission (wavelength 2,940 nm, 10 Hz repetition rate, pulse duration 100 µs at 126 mJ/pulse to 300 µs at 508 mJ/pulse) through different ceramic thicknesses was measured. Ablation thresholds for bonding cements were determined. Cement samples were directly irradiated or laser light was transmitted through ceramic samples.ResultsWhile the ceramics did not show any characteristic water absorption bands in the FTIR, all bonding cements showed a broad H2O/OH absorption band. Some cements exhibited a distinct absorption peak at the Er:YAG laser emission wavelength. Depending on the ceramic thickness, EE and E.max CAD ceramics transmitted between 21 and 60% of the incident Er:YAG energy, with E.max CAD transmitting more energy than EE at comparable thicknesses. In contrast, E.max ZirCAD transmitted only 5–10% of the incident energy. Initial signs of cement deterioration occurred at 1.3–2.6 J/cm2. Multilink Automix, SpeedCEM, and Variolink II started ablation at 4.4–4.7 J/cm2. Variolink Veneer needed 44% less energy for ablation.ConclusionEr:YAG laser energy can be transmitted through all‐ceramic materials and those transmitted energies are sufficient for ablation of bonding cements. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:628–635, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Porous Polymers Based on Aryleneethynylene Building Blocks
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F. , Seehafer Kai , Geyer Florian L. , Bender Markus , Braun Ingo , Smarsly Emanuel , Freudenberg Jan 
Published: August 2014

Porous conjugated polymers are synthesized by metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions. The progress for porous polymers when planar or tetrahedral building blocks are connected by alkyne units into novel materials is highlighted. The most prominent reaction for the buildup of the microporous alkyne‐bridged polymers is the Sonogashira reaction, connecting alkynes to aromatic iodides or bromides. The availability of the building blocks and the potency of the Sonogashira reaction allow preparing a large variety of intrinsically porous polymeric materials, in which rigid struts connect multipronged centers. The microporous polymers are used as catalysts and as storage materials for gases and sensors. Postfunctionalization schemes, understanding of structure‐property relationships, and the quest for high porosity are pertinent.
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Metabolism in HD: Still a relevant mechanism?
Authors: Duan Wenzhen , Jiang Mali , Jin Jing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe polyglutamine expansion within huntingtin is the causative factor in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Although the underlying mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin causes neuronal dysfunction and degeneration have not been fully elucidated, compelling evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and compromised energy metabolism are key players in HD pathogenesis. Longitudinal studies of HD subjects have shown reductions in glucose utilization before the disease clinical onset. Preferential striatal neurodegeneration, a hallmark of HD pathogenesis, also has been associated with interrupted energy metabolism. Data from genetic HD models indicate that mutant huntingtin disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevents adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, implying altered energy metabolism as an important component of HD pathogenesis. Here we revisit the evidence of abnormal energy metabolism in the central nervous system of HD patients, review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal metabolism induced by mutant huntingtin, and discuss the promising therapeutic development by halting abnormal metabolism in HD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Low energy ion scattering: surface preparation and analysis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Téllez Helena , Druce John , Hall Allen , Ishihara Tatsumi , Kilner John , Rockett Angus 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) single‐crystal epitaxial films have been analyzed by low energy ion scattering, which is sensitive to exactly the outermost surface atomic layer, to determine the surface chemistry as a function of preparation conditions. The samples were grown by a hybrid sputtering and evaporation method on cation (A) or anion (B) terminated (111) GaAs substrates and had smooth surfaces. The samples were exposed to excited atomic oxygen or hydrogen beams or were sputtered with 500 eV Ar+ ions. Atomic O* treatment resulted in an otherwise clean, oxidized surface including all film constituents. Atomic H* resulted in strong enhancement of the surface Ga population, probably due to a preexisting Ga native oxide in the outermost atomic layer. Sputtering produced a clean surface that was closest to the bulk composition of the film as measured by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Possibility of Autoxidation of TEX – A DFT Study
Authors: Türker Lemi , Variş Serhat 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTEX is an explosive with interesting isowurtzitane cage structure. It exhibits successful explosion performance and good sensitivity. Herein, the tendency of TEX to form hydroperoxide structure under storage conditions was examined by density functional treatment. Additionally the possible decomposition products of the hydroperoxides were investigated. Moreover, the detonation performance values for TEX itself and two isomeric hydroperoxide derivatives were calculated. Detonation products and explosive power index values were investigated and the effect of O2 molecule on sensitivity and detonation properties was studied.
Compacted Modified Propellant Blocks as Traveling Charge in the Hybrid Shot Scheme
Authors: Ermolaev Boris Sergeevich , Romankov Alexander V. , Sulimov Alexey A. , Crowley Anna B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe burning of compacted modified propellant charges applied as a traveling charge in the hybrid shot scheme was studied. The block charges were manufactured by pressing fine propellant grains coated by a thin film of polyvinyl butyral. A stick from several pressed pellets was insulated over its lateral surface by a thin layer of silicon paste, glued to the back of the projectile and inserted into the barrel of the 23‐mm smooth‐bore laboratory gun. The loose‐packed accelerator charge was placed in the breech. Combustion was initiated by an igniter plug placed between the traveling and breech charges. A set of piezo‐quartz gauges placed in the breech and along the barrel, as well as a frame‐target device were used for recording characteristics of the firings. It is shown that blocks of this type, applied as the traveling charge, provide a stable burning process resulting in high ballistic performance. The block traveling charge preserves its integrity in the course of its motion along the barrel, and burning envelopes its total mass when pressure in the breach passes the maximum value. The descending portion of the pressure diagram demonstrates appreciable transformation, with convex or secondary hump sections. The shape of spatial pressure profiles behind the moving projectile is also transformed, and the pressure at the projectile butt end may be higher than the pressure in the breech. Compared to the conventional charges at the same maximum pressures the muzzle velocity increment attains 340 m s−1 (or 23 %) for a light 35‐g projectile and 200 m s−1 (or 19 %) for a heavy 104‐g projectile.
Finding optimal parameters of tuned mass dampers
Authors: Özsarıyıldız Şaban S. , Bozer Ali 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn this paper, optimum design of tuned mass damper for seismically excited structures is discussed. In the design process, a benchmark multi‐degree of freedom system is considered, and the performance measure of the optimization criterion is selected as the H2 and H∞ norms of the transfer function of the combined tuned mass damper and building system. Differential evolution algorithm is then utilized to minimize these objective functions. The objective function choice on performance and the effectiveness of differential evolution optimization algorithm in comparison with other algorithms in the literature are investigated through numerical simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teachers' knowledge structures for nature of science and scientific inquiry: Conceptions and classroom practice
Authors: Bartos Stephen A. , Lederman Norman G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResearch on nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry (SI) has indicated that a teacher's knowledge of each, however well developed, is not sufficient to ensure that these conceptions necessarily manifest themselves in classroom practice (Lederman & Druger, 1985; Lederman, 2007). In light of considerable research that has examined teachers' subject matter knowledge structures and their classroom practices (e.g., Gess‐Newsome & Lederman, 1993, 1995), what was conspicuously absent was an assessment of teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI. The current investigation inferred the classroom practice knowledge structures for NOS and SI for four physics teachers. These results were then compared to responses communicated through theKnowledge Structures for NOS and SI (KS4NS)questionnaire and subsequent interview. The degree of congruence between the two knowledge structures was gauged at the level of included concepts, connections between concepts, and for other organizational or thematic elements. The results indicated limited congruence between teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI and those espoused in their classroom practice. Most notable was the dearth of connections evidenced between constituent aspects in the latter. The necessity of having teacher candidates explicitly reflect on the structure of the subject matter they are learning for teaching is reiterated through the findings of the current study. The utility of the KS4NS as tool to foster such reflections specifically regarding conceptualization of NOS and SI independent of, or in conjunction with, traditional subject matter also warrants further investigation, particularly in light of the recently releasedNext Generation Science Standardsand their highly integrative conception of science. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1150–1184, 2014
Does metarepresentation make human mental time travel unique?
Authors: Redshaw Jonathan 
Published: August 2014

Recent neurological evidence suggests that rats can mentally represent novel spatial trajectories and then are more likely to follow these paths in the future. Consequently, it has been proposed that human and nonhuman mental time travel capacities may differ in degree rather than kind. As of yet, however, there is no evidence for the crucial and qualitatively distinct component of metarepresentation in any nonhuman animal, not even our closest great ape relatives. Metarepresentation allows humans to represent the relationship between current reality and mere representations of reality—including those of the future. Drawing on parallels with dreaming and mind‐wandering, I outline the future‐oriented benefits associated with uncontextualized (non‐metarepresentational) representations of past and novel events, but propose that further, immense benefits flowed from the addition of metarepresentational insight. I critique previous behavioral paradigms used to assess mental time travel in animals and suggest how future‐oriented metarepresentation might possibly be demonstrated nonverbally. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:519–531. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1308This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Psychology > Memory
Body perception, awareness, and illusions
Authors: Costantini Marcello 
Published: August 2014

Perceiving a body is a phenomenal experience completely different from experiencing a body as one's own body. Visual presentation of bodies or body parts recruits several occipitotemporal regions in the brain. Are these activations sufficient in order to change the phenomenal status of a body in one's own body? In this paper, I will review consolidated experimental evidence showing that the feeling of owning a body is not limited to the vision of a body, rather it is the result of a complex interaction between interoception, exteroception, and pre‐existing body templates. To illustrate this complex interplay, I will take advantage of the so‐called bodily illusions, referring to controlled illusory generation of unusual bodily feeling. These feelings include having a supernumerary limb, or lacking an arm, or feeling like you do not really have a body, or feeling that you do not really control a certain part of your body, or that your body is not really yours. In the last 15 years more than 150 empirical studies on body illusions have been published (Source: Pubmed, June 2014). These studies, using different technologies, are largely responsible for contributed our current understanding of bodily self‐consciousness. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:551–560. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1309This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Philosophy > Consciousness
Neuroscience > Behavior
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Density of Neat Fatty Acids and Esters
Authors: Knothe Gerhard , Steidley Kevin R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDensity is one of the most important physical properties of a chemical compound, affecting numerous applications. An application in the case of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) is that density is specified in some biodiesel standards. In the present work, the density of fatty acid methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters as well as triacylglycerols in the C8–C24 range was determined in the range of 15–40 °C with a densitometer utilizing the oscillating U‐tube technique. Literature data on density are compiled and compared, showing that data for these compounds are incomplete with discrepancies existing in some cases. Besides known effects such as density decreasing with increasing chain length and increasing saturation, it is shown that trans fatty compounds exhibit lower density than cis fatty compounds. Density data for several saturated odd‐numbered, C18, as well as C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty esters are reported for the first time. The density contribution of compounds with high melting points is predicted. An equation is given for the calculation of the density of mixtures.
Ichnology of the Goradongar Formation, Goradongar Hill Range, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India
Authors: Patel Satish J. , Joseph Jaquilin K. , Bhatt Nishith Y. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
The middle Jurassic Goradongar Formation exposed in Goradongar hill represents a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession with shales and limestones. They contain a large number of well preserved trace fossils. Total 44 ichnospecies of 31 ichnogenera; representing diverse ethology, were grouped in five ichnoassemblages (Planolites, Palaeophycus, Gyrochorte, Rhizocorallium and Arenicolites assemblage). These recurring ichnoassemblages represent the Cruziana ichnofacies and occasionally a mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies. Patterns of diversity and density of the trace fossils reveal changes in bathymetry, oxygen level, trophic level and the sub-strate conditions at the time of deposition. These paleoenvironment and palaeo-oceanography changes are co-relatable to world-wide Bathonian-Callovian (middle Jurassic) deposits.
Preliminary Magnetic Susceptibility Characteristics of the Bharati Promontory (Grovness Peninsula), Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay Region, East Antarctica
Authors: Pandit Manoj K. , De Wall Helga 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
The coastal tract of the Prydz Bay region in the East Antarctica exposes Archean to Late Proterozoic magmatic and medium- to high grade (amphibolite – granulite facies) metamorphic rocks. The para- and ortho gneisses from the Bharati promontory (Grovness Peninsula) forming a part of the Larsemann Hills in the southern segment of Prydz Bay were investigated for magnetic characterization. In this small peninsula the upper amphibolite facies gneisses occur as NE-trending bands. The para-gneisses show a range of mineral assemblages (± cordierite ± sillimanite ±garnet) while ortho-gneiss mineralogy includes quartz, feldspar, biotite, garnet. All the lithological units in Bharati promontory contain ubiquitous magnetite, however, with wide variation in the volume proportions. This has resulted in a wide range in magnetic susceptibility (10−4 to 10−2 SI). Magnetic foliations show a correspondence with the general trend of lithounits (050° NE) and define a resulting geometry of mainly D1 and D2 foliations. The magnetic lineations show a preferred orientation with moderate easterly plunge (mean vector 093/36). The findings have implications for the magnetic field survey because such fabrics would impart a strong horizontal component of induced magnetization.
Risk factors for preterm premature rupture of membranes in Chinese women from urban cities
Authors: Zhou Qiongjie , Zhang Weiyuan , Xu Huan , Liang Huan , Ruan Yan , Zhou Shufeng , Li Xiaotian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in urban areas in China and examine the associated risk factors.MethodsA population‐based, prospective study was undertaken in 14 cities in China between January 1, 2011, and January 31, 2012. Women were recruited at their first prenatal‐care visit, when maternal characteristics were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance.ResultsOf 112 439 women included in analyses, 3077 (2.7%) had PPROM. Univariate analysis showed an increased risk of PPROM before 28 weeks of pregnancy in migrant women (odds ratio [OR] 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–3.30; P < 0.001), in those with a history of recurrent induced abortions (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.66–4.56; P < 0.001), and in those with a history of preterm birth (OR 3.90; 95% CI 0.77–19.61; P < 0.001). The associations were maintained in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).ConclusionMigration as a result of urbanization, high rates of induced abortion, and preterm birth are potential risk factors for PPROM in Chinese women.
The General Comments on HIV adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights as a tool to advance the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Africa
Authors: Durojaye Ebenezer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present article examines the contents and importance of the General Comments adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights on Article 14 (1) (d) and (e) of the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa as a tool for advancing women's rights in the context of HIV. Given that discriminatory practices in all facets of life have continued to limit African women's enjoyment of their sexual and reproductive rights and render them susceptible to HIV infection, it becomes vital that African governments adopt appropriate measures to address this challenge. The provisions of the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa present great opportunities for this to be realized. The radical and progressive provisions of the Protocol will be of no use to women unless policymakers and other stakeholders have a clear understanding of them and are able to implement them effectively. The adoption of the General Comments is a welcome development, and states and civil society groups must maximize it to advance women's rights.
Effect of spaced training with a box trainer on the acquisition and retention of basic laparoscopic skills
Authors: Akdemir Ali , Zeybek Burak , Ergenoglu Ahmet M. , Yeniel Ahmet O. , Sendag Fatih 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether basic laparoscopic skills acquired via structured spaced training on a box trainer persist after 6 months.MethodsIn a prospective study undertaken at the Ege University School of Medicine (Izmir, Turkey) between January 1, 2012, and June 1, 2013, 22 gynecology residents without previous laparoscopy experience were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive training with a box trainer (1 hour per week for 4 weeks) or to a control group. At baseline and at 5 weeks, residents’ performance was assessed via the salpingectomy module of LapSim. The box trainer group was reassessed for skills retention 6 months later.ResultsThe box trainer group performed significantly better than the control group in time (P = 0.01) and economy of movement (P = 0.001) at the final test. Error scores did not differ significantly. Deterioration between final and retention tests in the box trainer group were recorded in time (P = 0.041), instrument path length (P = 0.013), and instrument angular path (P = 0.075). However, time and economy of movement scores were better at the retention assessment than at baseline (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003, respectively).ConclusionStructured training with a box trainer improved laparoscopic skills, but deterioration was evident within 6 months. This deterioration should be considered when planning laparoscopic training programs.