bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INITIAL AGING OF FUEL OIL FILMS OF SEA WATER
Authors: Smith Craig L. , MacIntyre William G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The process of aging or weathering of nos. 2, 4, and 6 fuel oil films on sea water has been studied both in laboratory apparatus and at sea. Loss of oil components by evaporation and dissolution was considered to be the main mechanism of the initial weathering. The rates of evaporation of each oil type and comparison of the relative importance of evaporation and dissolution are reported. During the initial weathering period, the rate of evaporative loss of weight of a given fuel oil was found to be proportional to the percentage of volatile compounds (ie. with boiling points less than 270°C) in the oil. The experiments showed that the medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons comprise the greatest proportion of the dissolved compound in the sea water. Predominant are the methyl- and the dimethyl- naphthalenes. The dissolution of the lower molecular weight aromatics seems to be offset by their high rate of evaporation, while the high molecular weight aromatics are limited by their solubility. Saturated hydrocarbons were not found in detectable amounts. At sea, the onset of whitecapping and breaking waves was shown to produce large accelerations of evaporative loss of compounds with boiling points less than 270°C.
PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE SPREAD OF OIL ON A WATER SURFACE
Authors: Fay James A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Formulae are recommended for calculating the extent of the spread of oil slicks on water as a function of time. They are based on empirical measurements of spreading rates and analytical and theoretical studies of the physical processes which accelerate or retard the spread of a film Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional (axisymmetric) slicks are treated. Comparisons of the recommended formulae are made with the limited number of field observations, both for the rate of spread and the maximum slick size.
EVALUATION OF SELECTED EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT FOR THE RESTORATION OF OIL-CONTAMINATED BEACHES
Authors: Sartor James D. , Foget Carl R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Research studies were conducted to evaluate the use of selected earthmoving equipment in oil-contaminated beach-restoration operations and to determine the cost and effectiveness of such equipment Specifically, the objectives were to:Determine modifications and cost required to improve the capacity of selected equipment.Develop optimum operating procedures for each method.Determine, through field testing, the operating cost of each method evaluated.
These objectives were accomplished in two phases. Phase I: reviewed procedures utilized in previous beach-restoration operations, plus surveyed and evaluated commercially available earthmoving equipment. Phase II: conducted full-scale tests to demonstrate the restoration procedures developed and to determine the efficiency with which each procedure/equipment item collects oil-contaminated material The flexibility and performance characteristics of the equipment were tested under a variety of beach conditions.
The oil removal effectiveness was greater than 98% for all restoration procedures. The highest effectiveness was achieved using the motorized grader and motorized elevating scraper working in combination. The tracked front end loaders were least effective. On beaches possessing low shear strength, flotation tires or steel-belted half-tracks on the motorized grader and a non-self-propelled elevating scraper with a tracked prime mover should be used. Conveyor-screening systems can be effectively utilized to load oil-contaminated material into trucks for transport to disposal areas, separate oil-sand pellets from clean sand, and partially separate oil-contaminated debris (i.e., straw, kelp, seaweed) from oil-contaminated sand
The beach-restoration operations evaluated in this study were successfully utilized in the restoration of oil-contaminated beaches resulting from the recent San Francisco Bay oil spill incident.
This study was conducted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-811 between The Federal Water Quality Office, and The URS Research Company.
A HOT WATER FLUIDIZATION PROCESS FOR CLEANING OIL-CONTAMINATED BEACH SAND
Authors: Mikolaj Paul G. , Curran Edward J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A pilot device capable of cleaning one ton per hour of oil-contaminated beach sand was built and tested. The processing scheme was a variation of the hot water method used in the Athabasca Tar Sand Deposits and utilized liquid fluidization to effect the oil-sand separation. Tests performed with a sand mixture containing 1 to 2 percent of a 23° API crude oil showed that upwards of 95 percent of the oil could be removed. Operation with a 14° API residual oil was less satisfactory.
The hot water fluidization process is judged to be a technically feasible concept although there appear to be definite limitations as to its general applicability. These limitations are concerned primarily with the range of sand particle sizes that can be fluidized without excessive elutriation. Additional experimentation is needed to further delineate the range of potential application.
REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Catoe Clarence E. , Orthlieb Frederick L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A prerequisite for the control of coastal oil pollution is the development of surveillance techniques which are capable of monitoring large areas of the ocean surface to detect the presence of oil slicks. The U.S. Coast Guard Office of Research and Development is currently engaged in basic and applied research to determine the feasibility of various remote sensing techniques for the detection and identification of oil slicks. To date, several remote detection techniques have shown promise for the detection and surveillance of oil slicks; these were tested in a series of airborne measurements of controlled oil spills.
EMBROILED IN OIL
Authors: Bernard Harold 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The fate of used automotive crankcase oils are analyzed. It appears that current methods for handling waste oils dispose of about 0.5 billion gallons per year directly to the environment. Burning tests using the waste oils for fuel oil produced mixed results. Some tests indicated a 3:1 dillution ratio could provide adequate results; other tests indicated coking of fire tubes and clogging of burner nozzels. A novel rerefining flow sheet which uses vacuum distillation without clay treatment or chemicals to produce a No. 2 and No. 4 fuel oil is presented. Additional research and development is required, but the process has a potential for about an 85–90% yield without producing any solid or liquid pollution.
The Development of an Experimental Airborne Laser Oil Spill Remote Sensing System
Authors: Fantasia J. F. , Ingrao H. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental airborne laser oil spill remote sensing system has been developed. Operating from a U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Aircraft, the system is expected to have the capability of remote detection, coarse oil classification (heavy, medium and light weight) and under certain conditions quantification of oil spills in the marine environment. The system concept is based on a recent investigation at TSC of laser stimulated oil fluorescence as a technique for the remote sensing of oil spills, including laboratory and field measurements. The development and laboratory tests results of the experimental system are described.
Techniques for Analysis of Paraffin Hydrocarbons and for Interpretation of Data to Assess Oil Spill Effects in Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Jr. Robert C. Clark, , Finley John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Normal paraffin hydrocarbons are one of the major groups of compounds in crude oil and petroleum products. Since these compounds can be readily separated from aquatic organisms using solvent extraction and liquid-solid chromatography and identified by gas-liquid chromatography, the normal paraffins can serve as indicators of petroleum pollution in the aquatic environment. It is necessary, however, to differentiate between natural (or biogenic) hydrocarbons and those assimilated by the organisms from pollution sources by comparing the natural hydrocarbon content and pattern (n-C14 to n-C37) of organisms from areas of pollution with those of organisms from relatively “unpolluted” areas.
The paper suggests techniques for obtaining and analyzing petroleum hydrocarbon data which can lead to a standard method for detecting and following the biological uptake of oil by living organisms from the aquatic environment.
Determination of N-Alkane and Methylnaphthalene Compounds in Shellfish
Authors: Blaylock J. W. , O'Keefe P. W. , Roehm J. N. , Wildung R. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the course of investigations to determine the possible toxicity of petroleum to marine biota, it became evident that quantitative estimates of the petroleum components in water and biota would assist in meaningful interpretation of the results of bioassays. However, published procedures for estimation of n-alkanes in marine biota were largely qualitative, and even less effort had been afforded the measurement of aromatic petroleum residues. A method originally utilized for determination of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods was therefore adapted for the digestion of tissue and extraction of hydrocarbons from shellfish exposed to petroleum during bioassays. Tissue extracts were partitioned into saturate and aromatic fractions by column chromatography. Using gas-liquid chromatography, the n-alkanes of carbon numbers 12 to 19, and the methyl substituted naphthalenes were identified in the saturate and aromatic fractions, respectively. Both groups of compounds were quantitated by reference to an internal standard.
The procedure allowed recovery of over 70 percent of n-alkanes and methylnaphthalenes applied to the tissues prior to digestion. Minimum detectable levels for n-alkanes and methylnaphthalenes were approximately 0.08 to 0.15 and 0.03 to 0.04 µg/g of wet tissue, respectively.
Spill Prevention — Phase II
Authors: Van Cleave Henry D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the enactment of the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 considerable progress has been made in contingency planning and spill response. Of the estimated 10,000 oil spills which occur annually, actions have been taken in the majority of the cases to remove the spilled oil from the environment. However, the actual amount recovered is still small compared with the estimated spillage rate of ten million gallons per year. Improved cleanup technology can reduce the amount of oil remaining in the environment but only through implementation of Phase II — Spill Prevention will the number of incidents be reduced.
This paper discusses the EPA prevention program as it relates to national oil spill problems. The national program revolves around the spill prevention, control and countermeasure (SPCC) concept which incorporates contingency planning, spill response and prevention into one single comprehensive program. This approach permits flexibility in design and encourages innovation so that each facility may develop an optimum plan to eliminate spills. It is recognized that a facility's age, location and function must be evaluated to determine the best balance between prevention measures and effective spill response. The first phase of this program has been initiated through special provisions of the Refuse Act Permit Program. The program will be expanded with the promulgation of the oil prevention regulation which is being developed in accordance with Section 11(j)(l)(C) of the FWPC* Act as amended.
In-Situ Measurements of Oil Barrier Shape and Loads due to Current Action
Authors: Brown George A. , Barilett Stephen , Lamb Wilson 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In-situ measurements have been made of oil barrier shape and loads created by current action. A commercial cylinder and skirt type barrier with a 100 foot length was used in these studies. The barrier was located in Narragansett Bay near the Jamestown Bridge so that the bridge could be used for certain measurements in this experimental program. The barrier shape was obtained by taking transit readings from the Jamestown Bridge on painted target areas located at various spots along the barrier's cylindrical floatation members. Pictures of the barrier also were taken from the bridge. The barrier was instrumented with two recording load cells — one at each end of the barrier—and two accelerometers located near the mid-point of the barrier for obtaining vertical and horizontal accelerations. Direct current measurements were made in the vicinity of the barrier by the drifting drogue technique. Wave data were taken with a capacitance wave staff located on the Jamestown Bridge. Local wind speed and direction were noted aboard the accompanying research vessel.
The shape, load and current data were used to calculate effective and base coefficients for the barrier. The observed shape was used with several drag coefficient calculations to calculate a predicted drag force on the barrier. The calculated results from these studies are in reasonable agreement with model barrier data taken in laboratory facilities.
Coast Guard Transfer Monitoring Program
Authors: Leotta J. V. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper will discuss a pilot program conducted in the Seattle area. The program has shown that Coast Guard monitoring of significant bulk petroleum transfers has a positive effect on the prevention of intentional and accidental discharges. The six month study placed Coast Guard personnel at the site of 90% of the major transfer operations occurring in the Puget Sound area. The monitors observed transfer operations to insure that all applicable regulations were being observed.
The pilot program had a beneficial impact on both the Coast Guard and the industry. Coast Guard personnel were able to develop expertise in petroleum transfer techniques and related environmental concerns involving the Coast Guard. The resulting degree of professionalism favorably affected other areas of Coast Guard involvement in waterfront activities and provided a closer relationship with industry and a mutual appreciation of responsibilities. A marked decline in unknown source discharges indicated that monitoring was also effective in educating owners and operators of responsibilities in reporting discharges under the FW PCA, as amended.
The major benefit to industry was the assurance that its personnel were observing proper transfer procedures. In addition, training needs were more easily established, and the effectiveness of company training programs evaluated. Finally, employee morale improved with the realization of the importance and responsibility of their jobs.
The paper discusses the establishment of a monitoring program nationwide. Insights gained in the Seattle effort will be related to the implementation of an effective discharge prevention program with a minimal burden on industry.
Tropical Storm Agnes Pennsylvania's Torrey Canyon
Authors: Kaiser Robert , Jones Donald , Lamp'l Howard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the “Agnes Story” disaster as related to the largest inland oil spill experienced in the history of the U.S. and actions taken by EPA in coping with the problem. Contrasted to the massive oceanic spill of the TORREY CANYON, other major ship oil pollution disasters, the Santa Barbara and Gulf of Mexico offshore platform oil spills, the oil pollution resulting from the flooding produced by Tropical Storm Agnes required unprecedented actions by many governmental agencies. The inland rivers of the Middle Atlantic area experienced spills of petroleum products ranging from over 3,000,000 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil, gasoline and kerosene from storage tanks in Big Flats / Elmira, N.Y. (just north of the Pennsylvania border) to 6,000,000–8,000,000 gallons of black, highly metallic waste oil and sludge from an oil reclamation plant on the Schuylkill River.
The aftermath of this gigantic inland oil spill was oil and gasoline soaked fields, oil coated trees, farm houses, homes, factories, an airport, and hundreds of stranded oil puddles, ponds and lagoons as the rivers receded to normal levels. The record setting flood stage along several miles of both the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers and their tributaries was recorded vividly ashore on trees and buildings as if by a black grease pencil, drawing attention to the most widespread property damage suffered from the most devastating storm in recorded U.S. history.
Cleanup of the spilled oil in the midst of other rescue and restorative actions by Federal, State and Municipal agencies was fraught with emergency response problems including: identification of major impact points, availability of resources for response actions, coordination of response actions, activation of cleanup contractors, meeting administrative requirements, and the structure for making command decisions. Along with these requirements were technical decisions to be made concerning methods of physical removal procedures, containment systems, chemical treating agents and, very importantly, protecting and restoring the environment.
Major spill effects and significant cleanup operations, problems encountered, and lessons learned are presented so that future responses can be better and more efficiently dealt with in an inland oil spill disaster comparable to the “Agnes Oil Spill”.
An Effective Oil Spill Containment-Recovery System for High Seas Use
Authors: Glaeser John L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The development and testing of a now operational oil spill containment-recovery system is discussed.
Unique designs incorporated into the system include: (1) an oil spill containment harrier utilizing a “Bottom Tension” concept to increase containment effectiveness and survival strength; and (2) a wave compensating, weir type skimmer system utilizing a droplet formation process to recover high viscosity emulsions.
A testing program has described the operational characteristics of the system. The results of this program are presented. A typical operational “package” using the basic boom and skimmer components is discussed.
Use of the Massachusetts Dip Oil Skimmer on Free Slicks in the Casco Bay (Portland) Spill
Authors: Bianchi Ralph A. , Johanson Edward E. , Farrell James H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 22, 1972, the tanker Tamano, carrying a full load of No. 6 fuel oil, sustained a ruptured tank and reportedly spilled on the order of 100,000 gallons of oil in Casco Bay. For two weeks following the accident, the Tamano was anchored and surrounded by containment booms while its cargo was off-loaded and cleanup operations were performed. This paper describes the role that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' newly developed Dynamic Inclined Plane (DIP) Skimmer played in the cleanup operation and presents observations and evidence of the need for, and effectiveness of, a mobile skimmer in large spill situations. The paper also discusses the necessity of testing an operating plan especially as it relates to the cleanup hardware to be used.
The feasibility of skimming free slicks is discussed in the paper and demonstrated in a film. The role of support vessels in maintaining the skimming operation and handling the collected liquids and solids is examined. The effective use of skimmers is demonstrated over a wide range of environmental conditions and the full range of oil debris conditions from the newly spilled, relatively clean oil to the weathered straw-seaweed-debris-laden material that exists after several days.
The oil skimmer was secured to the side of several different vessels and used in a sweeping mode to collect heavy, weathered No. 6 oil, oily straw, oily seaweed, and debris. Several conditions are presented including harvesting of windrows of oil and debris, harvesting thick oil in a free slick (in seas several feet high), and harvesting both thick oil and sheen leaking from a boom. The effectiveness of these operations is explored in terms of both pickup and transfer.
There are a number of important observations and conclusions to be gained from this experience and from the experiences of other large spills.
Skimming operations can be effective, not only at the outset of a spill, but also during all phases of the cleanup operation. Development work is needed if skimmers are to handle the large volumes of solids as well as oil present.
Skimming of free slicks, and leaks from boomed areas, is not only effective, but necessary, to reduce the environmental and economic impact of the spill.
There is an urgent need to provide mobile storage to handle the high volumes of heavy oil and debris which can be recovered by second-generation skimmers.
Prevention is Best
Authors: Hemmen G. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There are many things that have been developed or brought into use as a result of a desire by petroleum marketers to reduce the frequency of incidents related to the escape of petroleum products underground.
Programs, products and equipment currently in use in service stations, bulk plants and terminals can be credited with substantially reducing the total volume of products released into the soil.
The paper reviews the history of the development of fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks, tank testing equipment, line leak detectors, pre-engineered cathodic protection systems and wrapping. An indication of the extent of usage by marketers together with pros and cons will be reviewed.
Various approaches directed towards the safe disposition of waste oils will be reviewed along with a description of the joint industry efforts underway to find new and better ways of achieving ecologically sound means of handling this problem.
In addition to the preventive type of action, a brief discussion of emergency procedures will be given.
(These subjects may be expanded into two papers.)
Terrestrial Oil Spills in Alaska: Environmental Effects and Recovery
Authors: Hunt P. G. , Rickard W. E. , Deneke F. J. , Koutz F. R. , Murrman R. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Damage and natural recovery of terrestrial ecosystems affected by refined petroleum spills along the Haines to Fairbanks military pipeline in Alaska have been investigated. Since the 20-cm-diameter, 1007-km-long pipeline was opened in 1956, there have been 40 reported ruptures along it. Mosses and trees were completely killed, and vegetation is now sparse in the drier portions of the spill areas. Some new vegetation is growing in drainage pathways. The dead organic mat has provided adequate insulation, and only a few instances of slope instability, where slopes exceed 20 percent, have occurred. Through laboratory studies on the rates of microbial respiration in Fairbanks silt containing 15 percent Prudhoe crude, it has been determined that microbial activity is increased by inoculation with mixed-culture oil-degrading microorganisms, increased pH, and phosphorus additions. Microbial activity also responds positively to nitrogen addition after an initial negative response. The negative response varied with treatments, and was not caused by either ammonia or nitrite toxicity. These observations were tested in the field along the pipeline where nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied in several rate combinations to small plots in a selected automotive gasoline spill area. In addition the plots were seeded with a commercial grass mixture. The objective of this experiment was to determine if microbial degradation of the fuel and revegetation could be enhanced by the addition of fertilizer. There was a positive response in terms of microbial activity and plant growth in the treated plots. It has not been determined at this point if the increase in vegetation response was solely a fertilizer response or related to the increased rate of petroleum degradation.