bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Maritime Features of the "Crude Petroleum" Problem
Authors: Edwards John R. 
Published: June 2014

Introductory-There are many interesting and important events connected withthe petroleum problem. The remarkable men who conceived 'the thought oftransporting petroleum by pipe line, conserving the by- products of thecommodity, and conducting extended investigation and research whereby the flashpoint of the oil was raised, its cost reduced and its supply assured, aredeserving of the gratitude of this nation.
It was primarily the success attained by Captain Lucas, after his comprehensivesearch for oil in Texas and Louisiana, that was the impelling cause whichprompted the Navy Department to conduct the extensive series of liquid fuel-oiltests that were made from 1901 to 1903. The sensational discovery of oil atSpindle top made a deep impression upon Rear Admiral George W. Melville, thenEngineer-in-Chief of the Navy, and the discovery of the vast oil field in Texasconvinced him that, within a generation, if not within a decade, crudepetroleum was going to play a very important part in warfare, and that thecommodity might possibly develop into a necessary munition of war.
The United States' Commanding Position as a Petroleum Producer. In the study ofthe various problems relating to the world's production of crude petroleum, theposition of the United States is one of commanding importance, whether viewedfrom the industrial or the military aspect.
The present yield of this country is practically double that of the rest of theworld, and, in view of the productive and prospective fields possessed byvarious countries, together with the comprehensive and exhaustive search thathas been made throughout the world for petroleum, it is extremely probable thatthis lead will be maintained for the next decade.
& regards the character of the crude-oil yield of different countries, America possesses the greater part of the supply that contains a paraffinebase, and therefore a considerable portion at least of the American productproduces the best illuminant. Of all the crude-oil distillates, kerosene is inmany respects the most important, and the Appalachian product for this purposeis favored, particularly in the Far East, above that of any other petroleumyield of the world.
AIME 048–53
Water Surfaces in the Oil Fields
Authors: Daly Marcel  R. 
Published: June 2014

(A contribution to the study of the conditions of equilibrium of the"free surface" of a water body inclosed in a porous medium.)
In a recent paper on Geologic Structure in the Cushing Oil and Gas Field, Oklahoma, Carl H. Beal has pointed out some interesting peculiarities in thedistribution of the hydrocarbons and the disposition of the "planes ofseparation" between the oil and the water (water surfaces). Mr. Beal'sprincipal statements on this matter may be summarized as follows:In every important dome in the Cushing field, which has not beencomplicated by folding along its sides, the oil area in each of the three oiland gas sands studied (Layton, Wheeler and Bartlesville) apparently extendsfarther down on the long axis of the dome than it does on the steeper sides.The result is that water is encountered at a lesser depth below datum plane(sea level) on the steep sides of the dome than along the ends where the bedsare more gently tilted.In the Layton and Wheeler sands (to which the detailed study of watersurfaces has been almost entirely confined), the water surface is not level, but dips at a gentle angle (maximum dip 100 ft. to the mile) away from thecenter of the structure. This inclination existed prior to development, and ithas been rendered greater by the rapid extraction of oil and gas.
To these statements, the following observations are added: The dominantstructural feature in the Cushing field is a broad north and south anticlinalfold, along whose axis the domes are distributed (Fig. 1, p. 897), and the moreimportant oil areas in each sand lie on the west side of the field. In manycases, gas has been forced to the east side of the structure, sometimes as faras the water line.
From the distribution of the oil and gas bodies, Mr. Beal concludes that thehydrocarbons in this region probably migrated from the west or thenorthwest.
AIME 059–50
Petroleum Hydrology Applied to Mid-Continent Field
Authors: Neal Roy O. 
Published: June 2014

There are two main sources of the water that floods productive oil or gassands. The water may rise from the lower depths of the producing stratum, or itmay come from beds above or below the oil-bearing formation. Usually therecovery of oil is decreased by water entering the oil sands, and mostoil-field waters, especially those of deep wells, tend to foster the formationof an emulsion, which is expensive to treat. This paper deals with a method ofdistinguishing between waters that encroach upon oil-bearing beds from sourcesin the same stratum and waters that reach the oil sands from horizonsabove.
In order to remedy effectually water difficulties in oil and gas wells, it isabsolutely necessary to determine the source of the invading water. Sometimesevidence such as the structural relations between the strata penetrated byneighboring wells and those found in the well under investigation is notadequate; also, data from drill logs and well records, from mechanical testsmade on the wells by plugs, testers, drilling tools, etc., and from tests bychemical indicators such as eosin and Venetian red, may be unsatisfactory, forsuch data may fail to locate the source of the infiltrating waters. As a resortin such cases, the application of chemical analyses, that is, the comparison ofan analysis of the water in question with that of typical waters from thevarious water horizons in that particular district has in certain instancesproved of value. This method has been used to advantage in the WestsideCoalinga field of California, where the source of water may be fairlydefinitely determined, from its composition.
The chief conclusions concerning the chemistry of the oil-field waters inCalifornia by G. S. Rogers are: Oil-field water is not necessarily salty, as isgenerally believed, and may not be even slightly salty to the taste. The degreeof concentration of chloride in such water is governed primarily by localconditions and is not affected by the position of the water in relation to oil.Sulfate diminishes in amount as the oil zone is approached and finallydisappears.
AIME 061–50
Natural-Gas Storage
Authors: Panyity L.S. 
Published: June 2014

The question of natural-gas supply is receiving careful consideration inmany parts of the country, as in the winter months it is quite a problem tohave on hand sufficient gas to satisfy the demand. Increasing the output ofwells by the application of vacuum has been tried with various results andlarge companies have attempted to keep up the supply with gas compressors. Thepossibility of storing natural gas in the sands of exhausted gas pools has beentried in a few instances with satisfactory results. This method may prove ofpractical value in solving the problem, especially in the case of towns thatformerly obtained gas from their immediate vicinity but now must search for newpools.
In all cases, only part of the available supply is utilized during the warmweather, so that many wells are shut-in, yet during the winter months, thesupply is not sufficient even with all the wells on the line; in such cases itwould be of great value if a large volume of stored gas were on hand, obtainedthrough wells that would have been standing idle during the summer.
Idle producing wells having considerable ?rock pressure? will force gas intothe exhausted, or storage wells, and this gas will be used only when theregular supply falls short (Fig. 1). If two gas wells of different pressuresare connected, the one having the greater pressure will feed the other, untilthe pressures are at an equilibrium. The same results will be obtained if anexhausted gas well is connected to a high-pressure gas line. High-pressurelines equipped with regulators near the town plant have considerable pressure, so that storage wells connected to such a line will receive gas from the lineas long as the line pressure is greater than the well pressure. During a periodof heavy consumption of gas, the pressure on the main line is greatly reduced, so that gas from the storage wells will flow into the lines. An arrangement ofthis kind will work automatically, the flow of gas into or from the storagewells depending on the pressure carried in the line.
It is advisable in most instances that the flow into and from the storage wellsbe regulated by means of gates, instead of automatically. In addition, thevolume of gas should be metered as it is forced into or passes from the wells;the pressure also should be noted. By properly charting the meter and pressurerecords, the characteristics of the individual wells may be determined.
AIME 061–55
Gaging and Storage of Oil in the Mid-Continent Field
Authors: Bradley O.U. 
Published: June 2014

The methods of handling the oil output of the Mid-Continent fields are notunlike those practised in other oil fields of the United States, and it is notexpected that this paper will present any entirely novel ideas. Some features of the practice of handling this oil may be of interest, however.

Wooden Gaging Tanks
Practically all of the oil sold to pipe lines and other purchasing agenciesthroughout the Mid-Continent field is gaged from wooden tanks. Steel gagingtanks are slowly coming into use, and are preferable in many ways - leakage andevaporation are reduced, and the strapping and recalculation of capacities areunnecessary. The wooden tanks are slightly coned to facilitate tightening thehoops. The sizes in common use are 250, 500, 800 and 1600 bbl. The number andthe capacity of the gaging tanks upon any producing oil property depend uponits production, and the facilities for disposing of the output. The 1600-bbl.size was the most common in the Cushing field, particularly during the periodof flush production.
The tanks are distributed over the leased premises in groups of two, three, andfour tanks each, and these are filled from flow tanks, or through direct pipeconnections with the heads of the wells. Flow tanks are merely temporaryreservoirs to facilitate the transfer of oil from the wells to the gagingtanks. They diminish fire risk, and are considered indispensable on smallproducing properties where water is pumped with the oil, as they permit therefuse and water to ‘settle out’ before the production is run to the gagingtanks.
Strapping and Calculations
After a gaging tank has been strapped (measured) and its contents computed, adeduction of 3 per cent. is made from its computed volume.
AIME 061–57
Oil Fields of Russia
Authors: Thompson A. Beeby , Madgwick T.G. 
Published: June 2014

For more than 2500 years, natural gas issues in the Surakhany district ofthe Apsheron peninsula were the object of pilgrimages by fire worshippers andHindoos from Burma and India. Even as late as 1890, Hindoo priests conductedceremonies in a temple at Surakhany, which probably replaced a more ancientone; but later, the visits of the pilgrims were prohibited in order to checkthe spread of Asiatic diseases in that region.
For centuries, limited supplies of oil have been abstracted from shallowexcavations in the Caspian oil belt and dispatched into the interior of Asiaand elsewhere for medicinal and industrial purposes. Statistics show a yield of37,400 bbl. in 1863, but only since 1869 has there been serious development; inthat year the yield was 203,000 bbl. At that time, hand digging was supplantedby drilling, and the enormous wells that resulted from tapping sources hithertobeyond the reach of operators completely demoralized the industry for a time, owing to inadequate outlets for the products.
The early activities in this area were greatly hindered by annoying taxation, monopolies, imperial land grants, etc., but when these were revoked oradjusted, in 1877, the industry sprang into prominence and, between 1898 and1901, the Baku fields produced practically one-half of the world's supply ofoil.
Within a few miles of Baku lie the two richest oil fields in the world; viz., the Balakhany-Saboontchy-Romany and the Bibi-Eibat, the latter constitutingalmost a suburb of the city. For many years the gasoline obtained in therefineries of the Baku area was burned in pits, being considered an undesirableproduct, and until 1870 the residue also was destroyed, its value as a fuel notbeing recognized. Kerosene was the main product sought by the refiners. It wasshipped across the Caspian Sea and up the Volga to the industrial centers ofRussia. Only on the completion of the Baku-Batoum railway did the Baku oilfields secure important commercial communication with the outside world throughthe medium of the Black Sea. The first tank steamer was successfully launchedon the Caspian in 1879, by Messrs. Nobels, for transporting oil in bulk insteadof in barrels. In 1905, an 8-in. pipe line to Batoum was completed; this wascapable of transporting to seaboard 8,000,000 bbl. of kerosene per annum.
AIME 065–07
Petroleum in the Philippines
Authors: Smith Warren DuPre 
Published: June 2014

It has been 5 years since the writer left the Philippine Islands and whilein that country his chief work did not lie in this field, though he has visitedall but one of the localities mentioned in this article. The principal fieldstudies relating to oil were made by his colleague, Mr. Wallace E. Pratt. Thewriter's investigations dealt with the general stratigraphy and paleontology ofthe Philippines. With the exception of the investigations made by Mr. Pratt andthe writer very little information on this subject is available.
A number of geologists in the employ of large oil companies have visited theIslands from time to time but, following the general rule, the public hasscarcely ever been permitted to learn anything of the results. The writer isindebted to the Bureau of Insular Affairs, Washington, for late informationregarding recent legislation in the Islands relating to petroleum.
All the known oil seeps, petroleum residues, such as ozocerite, and natural-gasemanations are associated with Tertiary sediments. The chief seeps and mostpromising prospects are located as follows:Bondoc Peninsula (lower end), Tayabas Province, Southeast Luzon.The west coast of the island of Cebu from Alegria north to, and perhapsbeyond, Toledo.Central Mindanao not far from Lake Lanao.The ozocerite veins on the Island of Leyte in the northwestern part in thevicinity of the town of Villaba.Natural gas from some deep wells in Tertiary shale formations on the easternflank of the Cordillera and extending out under the plain on the island ofPanay.
The first mention in geological literature, to the writer's knowledge, of gasor petroleum in the Philippines is found in the description of the Island ofPanay by the Spanish geologist, Abella, in the year 1890.
AIME 065–09
Oil-shales and Petroleum Prospects in Brazil
Authors: Willliams Horace E. 
Published: June 2014

In view of the frequent occurrence of petroleum in other parts of the world, it seems odd that so large an area as is contained within the borders of Brazilshould be without this product. This apparent deficiency may be due, however, to our ignorance of the regions in which it may exist. In some places, indications point to the probable existence of petroleum in ages gone by; andwhile the presence of petroleum pools may be problematic, in several regionsconditions not unfavorable to their occurrence exist.
Yet, Brazil has enormous oil resources in the rich oil-shales in differentparts of the country. Many of these shales are very rich and only suitableprocesses for the extraction of the oil are lacking. At the present time, onlya few small experimental plants are producing oil by distillation from theseshales. These plants have been the subject of recent investigations by theGeological and Mineralogical Survey, a preliminary report of which is in thehands of the printer. The only regions where studies have not been made are theupper Amazon, the Acre, the Rio Negro, and the Peruvian frontier, which reallyseems to be the most promising field for explorations of any in thecountry.
In the vast plateau region of the interior north of the 20th parallel oflatitude, granites, gneiss, mica schists, and very old metamorphosedsedimentaries predominate. Later, sedimentaries occupy a minor position and, where found in the interior, represent a thin veneering resting on the olderrocks. At several places near the coast they have a greater development andcontain considerable beds of oil-shale and may, in some cases, offer conditionsfavorable for the occurrence of oil. Such deposits are found in the Permianrocks of central and southern Maranhao; in the Tertiary and Cretaceous bedsalong the coast of Alagoas Sergipe, Bahia, and perhaps farther south inEspirito Santo; and in the Parahyba embayment north of Cape Frio and in theinterior Tertiary basin of eastern Sao Paulo.
AIME 065–11
International Aspects of the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Manning Van H. 
Published: June 2014

In substance, the international aspects of the petroleum industry, as theserelate to the United States, are as follows: The domestic production is notkeeping pace with the domestic demands; our best engineering talent warns us ofthe imminence of a decreased production by our oil wells, although more oil isneeded; and the only practical source whence this increasing demand can besupplied for some time to come will be the foreign fields. Other nations havegiven thought to the future and, in recent years, have shown a tendency toadopt strong nationalistic policies regarding their petroleum resources, policies that hinder or prevent the exploitation of these resources by othernationals. In consequence, we find that, facing a probable shortage of thedomestic supply, our nationals are excluded from foreign fields; and this inspite of the fact that foreign nationals have been permitted to enter into andexploit our own oil resources on an equality with American citizens and withouthindrance or restrictions. This country has supplied the larger part of thepetroleum consumed by the world and yet, with a failing supply imminent, itfinds that those countries that have been drawing upon our resources to supplytheir needs are showing a tendency to exclude us from their resources. In thisway we shall be transferred from a position of dominence to one of dependence;and only by sufferance of those countries that are now seeking financial orpolitical control of petroleum supplies, shall we be able to obtain the oil wewill need.

Importance of Petroleum
Petroleum has become, during recent years, one of the essentials of oursocial and industrial life. All civilized countries recognize that the world isdependent on petroleum as on nothing else except textiles, foodstuffs, coal, and iron. Today, the tendency is toward an ever-increasing consumption ofpetroleum and its products as new and more efficient uses are found for them.The utilization of petroleum is extending more and more into the structure ofour civilization.
AIME 065–12
Petroleum Resources of Kansas
Authors: Moore Raymond C. 
Published: June 2014

The oil-producing districts of Kansas comprise the northern portion of theso-called Mid-Continent field. As shown in the accompanying map, thesedistricts are located chiefly in the southeastern and south central parts ofthe state. A considerable area in southeastern Kansas, extending northwardnearly to Kansas City, has long been known as oil territory, the productivewells being distributed in patches or spots of irregular size and shape, thelocation of which is controlled by conditions of rock structure, and by thetexture and porosity of the ‘sands’ beneath the surface. In south centralKansas, there are a number of producing fields, the location of which appearsto be controlled chiefly by well-defined structure. The most importantdistricts are those in Butler County, especially that in the vicinity of ElDorado, which was for a time the most productive district in the entireMid-Continent field. Recently new production of importance has been brought inthe vicinity of Peabody and present development is active to the north acrossMarion County. Tests in the western parts of Kansas have not been successful infinding new petroleum fields.

History
The first well drilled for petroleum, in Kansas, was near the town of Paola, Miami Co., about 40 mi. southwest of Kansas City, in the summer of 1860, only afew months after the completion of the famous ?Colonel? Drake discovery well inPennsylvania. Kansas appears to be the second state to engage in a seriousattempt to find oil by drilling. The Civil War caused the temporary abandonmentof attempts at oil development in the state.
It was in the vicinity of Paola, where numerous oil seepages had been observed, that the first well producing oil in commercial quantities was drilled, wherealso gas was first piped to the city for commercial use.
AIME 065–14
Oil Fields of Kentucky and Tennessee
Authors: Glenn L.C. 
Published: June 2014

In the preparation of this paper the writer has drawn freely upon the writings of Orton, Munn, Shaw, Mather, Miller, Hoeing, St. Clair, Jillson, andothers, as well as upon his own personal knowledge of the fields of bothstates. It is to be regretted that certain data gathered by him and hisassistants last fall are not available for publication.

Oil in Tennessee
A few wells drilled for brine for salt making in Tennessee between 1820 and1840 obtained oil, but no definite search was made for oil until just after theclose of the Civil War. Active drilling was then begun in Overton and countiessouthwest of it on the eastern half of the Highland Rim. A number of strikeswere made at shallow depths in the basal part of the Mississippian but thewells were soon exhausted and abandoned. Drilling was revived, about 1892, whenthe Spurrier district in Pickett County was developed and was followed by theRiverton district in the same county in 1896. A pipe line was laid from theWayne County, Ky., fields and about 60,000 bbl. of oil were run before a veryheavy slump in the production, a failure to find an extension of the field, andexcessive local taxation caused the removal of the pipe line in 1906. There wasthen no production in Tennessee until the discovery, in 1911, of oil nearOneida, Scott Co., at about 950 ft. (289 m.) in fissures in the Newman or St.Louis limestone. This field, however, soon failed and was abandoned.
In 1916, oil was found at Glen Mary, Scott Co., in the Newman limestone at adepth of 1232 ft. (375 m.) A number of wells have since been drilled there, some of which were dry while others, close by, were producers. The largest oneyielded, at first, about 340 bbl. per day and produced for several months, whenit suddenly went dry. Several of the first wells began at 6 or 8 bbl. per dayand are still maintaining that output.
AIME 065–16