bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amine‐Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of 3,4‐Diunsubstituted Coumarins
Authors: Wei Jia , Wang Pengcheng , Jia Qianfa , Huang Jiaoyao , Du Zhiyun , Zhang Kun , Wang Jian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe disclose an efficient route to synthesize 3,4‐diunsubstituted coumarins through a cascade organocatalytic reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by using of a combination of benzylamine (10 mol‐%) and triethylamine (10 mol‐%). Various salicylaldehydes were tested, and the corresponding coumarin products were obtained in good to high yields under mild and metal‐free reaction conditions.
The effect of pH on the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to Folsomia candida in amended field soil
Authors: Waalewijn-Kool Pauline L. , Ortiz Maria Diez , Lofts Stephen , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The effect of soil pH on the toxicity of 30 nm ZnO to Folsomia candida was assessed in Dorset field soils with pHCaCl2 adjusted to 4.31, 5.71, and 6.39. To unravel the contribution of particle size and dissolved Zn, 200 nm ZnO and ZnCl2 were tested. Zinc sorption increased with increasing pH, and Freundlich kf values ranged from 98.9 (L/kg)1/n to 333 (L/kg)1/n for 30 nm ZnO and from 64.3 (L/kg)1/n to 187 (L/kg)1/n for ZnCl2. No effect of particle size was found on sorption, and little difference was found in toxicity between 30 nm and 200 nm ZnO. The effect on reproduction decreased with increasing pH for all Zn forms, with 28-d median effective concentrations (EC50s) of 553 mg Zn/kg, 1481 mg Zn/kg, and 3233 mg Zn/kg for 30 nm ZnO and 331 mg Zn/kg, 732 mg Zn/kg, and 1174 mg Zn/kg for ZnCl2 at pH 4.31, 5.71, and 6.39, respectively. The EC50s based on porewater Zn concentrations increased with increasing pH for 30 nm ZnO from 4.77 mg Zn/L to 18.5 mg Zn/L, while for ZnCl2 no consistent pH-related trend in EC50s was found (21.0–63.3 mg Zn/L). Porewater calcium levels were 10 times higher in ZnCl2-spiked soils than in ZnO-spiked soils. The authors' results suggest that the decreased toxicity of ZnCl2 compared with 30 nm ZnO based on porewater concentrations was because of a protective effect of calcium and not a particle effect. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2349–2355. © 2013 SETAC
Unique pattern of molt leads to low intraindividual variation in feather mercury concentrations in penguins
Authors: Brasso Rebecka L. , Drummond Bridgette E. , Borrett Stuart R. , Chiaradia André , Polito Michael J. , Rey Andrea Raya 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The authors hypothesized that the catastrophic annual molt of penguins (Sphenisciformes) would lead to reduced intraindividual variation of mercury concentrations in body feathers. While mean mercury concentrations varied significantly among 8 penguin species, intraindividual variability did not differ among species and was 3 times lower than values observed in other seabirds. The findings of the present study suggest that a single body feather collected at random per individual can be adequate to estimate mercury exposure at the population level in penguins. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2331–2334. © 2013 SETAC
Effects of fluoride on growth, body composition, and serum biochemical profile in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Chen Jianjie , Cao Jinling , Wang Jundong , Jia Ruhui , Xue Wenjuan , Li Yundong , Luo Yongju , Xie Lingtian 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Fluoride is ubiquitously distributed in natural waters. Elevated fluoride may cause histopathological changes and induce oxidative stress in the gills of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The present study further evaluates the effects of fluoride on growth performance, body composition, and biochemical measurements of C. carpio. The results showed that food intake, growth, serum osmolality, body composition, and biochemical measures in the blood were affected by fluoride. Weight gain rate and specific growth rate in the exposed fish decreased compared with those of the control fish. Levels of crude protein and crude lipids were reduced in the fluoride-exposed fish. The major ion levels in the sera of fluoride-exposed fish were severely disturbed, resulting in a lower osmolality. All the biochemical parameters measured in the blood were affected by the exposure to fluoride. Total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose in fish exposed to 63.6 mg/L, 77.7 mg/L, and 124.4 mg/L were lower than those in the control fish. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were markedly increased in exposed fish compared with control. Taken together, the data showed that exposure to fluoride caused a suite of detrimental effects in C. carpio, which might lead to a decrease in growth and food utilization efficiency. The results of the present study indicated that high levels of fluoride could pose a threat to carp in the field. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2315–2321. © 2013 SETAC
Lanthanide‐Catalyzed Selective Addition of Diethyl Phosphite to Chalcones
Authors: Zhang Aijiao , Cai Lijian , Yao Zhigang , Xu Fan , Shen Qi 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTLanthanide‐catalyzed addition of diethyl phosphite with chalcones was achieved under mild conditions. The reaction exhibited good product selectivity using different catalysts. γ‐Oxophosphonates were obtained in high yields in the reactions catalyzed by Yb(OAr)3(THF)2, while those catalyzed by [(Me3Si)2N]3La(μ‐Cl)Li(THF)3 afforded 1,2‐oxaphospholane‐5‐phosphonates as the main products in moderate to good yields. This methodology provides facile and practical approaches to the corresponding organophosphorus compounds with biological interest.
Transcription‐coupled DNA supercoiling in defined protein systems and inE. coli topAmutant strains
Authors: Fulcrand Geraldine , Zhi Xiaoduo , Leng Fenfei 
Published: June 2013

SummaryTranscription by RNA polymerases can stimulate (−) DNA supercoiling bothin vitroand inEscherichia coli topAstrains. This phenomenon has been successfully explained by a “twin‐supercoiled‐domain” model of transcription in which (+) supercoils are produced in front of the transcribing RNA polymerase and (−) supercoils behind it. Previously, it has been shown that certain sequence‐specific DNA‐binding proteins potently stimulate transcription‐coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) in anin vitroprotein system. These results are consistent with a topological barrier model where certain nucleoprotein complexes can form topological barriers that impede the diffusion and merger of independent chromosomal supercoil domains. Indeed, recent biochemical and single‐molecule results demonstrated the existence of nucleoprotein‐based DNA topological barriers, which are capable of dividing a DNA molecule into different topological domains. Additionally, recentin vivostudies showed that a transcriptional ensemble (including the transcribing RNA polymerase and the RNA transcript) alone is sufficient to cause a change in local DNA superhelicity. This topological change in local chromosome structure should have a great impact on the conformation and function of critical DNA sequence elements, such as promoters and DNA replication origins. In this article, we will also review recent progress by which TCDS is a critical stimulating force to activate transcription initiation from weak promoters, such as theSalmonella typhimurium leu‐500promoter. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(7):615–622, 2013.
Limitations of Global Morphometry in Predicting Trabecular Bone Failure
Authors: Stauber Martin , Nazarian Ara , Müller Ralph 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Efforts in finding independent measures for accurate and reliable prediction of trabecular bone failure have led to the development of a number of morphometric indices characterizing trabecular bone microstructure. Generally, these indices assume a high homogeneity within the bone specimen. However, in the present study we found that the variance in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in a single bone specimen can be relatively large (CV = 9.07% to 28.23%). To assess the limitations of morphometric indices in the prediction of bone failure for specimens in which the assumption of homogeneity is not met, we harvested 13 cadaveric samples from a single human spine. We tested these cylindrical samples using image-guided failure assessment (IGFA), a technique combining stepwise microcompression and time-lapsed micro–computed tomography (µCT). Additionally, we computed morphometric indices for the entire sample as well as for 10 equal subregions along the anatomical axis. We found that ultimate strength was equally well predicted by BV/TV of the entire sample (R2 = 0.55) and BV/TV of the weakest subregion (R2 = 0.57). Investigating three-dimensional animations of structural bone failure, we showed that two main failure mechanisms determine the competence of trabecular bone samples; in homogeneous, isotropic trabecular bone samples, competence is determined by a whole set of trabecular elements, whereas in inhomogeneous, anisotropic bone samples a single or a missing trabeculae may induce catastrophic failure. The latter failure mechanism cannot be described by conventional morphometry, indicating the need for novel morphometric indices also applicable to the prediction of failure in inhomogeneous bone samples. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Predictors of Fracture While on Treatment With Oral Bisphosphonates: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Pagès-Castellà Aina , Wallace Gemma , Javaid M Kassim , Judge Andrew , Nogués Xavier , Arden Nigel K , Cooper Cyrus , Diez-Perez Adolfo 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Although oral bisphosphonates (BPs) are highly effective in preventing fractures, some patients will fracture while on treatment. We identified predictors of such fractures in a population-based cohort of incident users of oral BPs. We screened the Sistema d‘Informació per al Desenvolupament de l‘Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAP) database to identify new users of oral BPs in 2006–2007. SIDIAP includes pharmacy invoice data and primary care electronic medical records for a representative 5 million people in Catalonia (Spain). Exclusion criteria were the following: Paget disease; &lt;40 years of age; and any antiosteoporosis treatment in the previous year. A priori defined risk factors included age, gender, body mass index, vitamin D deficiency, smoking, alcohol drinking, preexisting comorbidities, and medications. Fractures were considered if they appeared at least 6 months after treatment initiation. “Fractures while on treatment” were defined as those occurring among participants persisting for at least 6 months and with an overall high compliance (medication possession ratio ≥80%). Fine and Gray survival models accounting for competing risk with therapy discontinuation were fitted to identify key predictors. Only 7449 of 21,385 (34.8%) participants completed &gt;6 months of therapy. Incidence of fracture while on treatment was 3.4/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1–3.7). Predictors of these among patients persisting and adhering to treatment included: older age (subhazard ratio [SHR] for 60 to &lt;80 years, 2.18 [95% CI, 1.70–2.80]; for ≥80 years, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.82–3.43]); previous fracture (1.75 [95% CI, 1.39–2.20] and 2.49 [95% CI, 1.98–3.13], in the last 6 months and longer, respectively); underweight, 2.11 (95% CI, 1.14–3.92); inflammatory arthritis, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.02–2.10); use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 1.22 (95% CI, 1.02–1.46); and vitamin D deficiency, 2.69 (95% CI, 1.27–5.72). Even among high compliers, 3.4% of oral BP users will fracture every year. Older age, underweight, vitamin D deficiency, PPI use, previous fracture, and inflammatory arthritides increase risk. Monitoring strategies and/or alternative therapies should be considered for these patients. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide with a three‐dimensional rotating cylinder electrode
Authors: González Pérez Omar , Bisang José M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work analyzes the synthesis of H2O2 from dilute NaOH solutions under 0.1 MPa O2 using a batch reactor with a three‐dimensional rotating cylinder electrode. The centrifugal force produces a radial co‐current flow of the gas and liquid phases. Thus, good mass transfer conditions are achieved and the O2 reduced to H2O2 is easily replenished in the liquid phase.RESULTSExperiments with a glassy carbon rotating disc electrode identified 0.5 mol L‐1 NaOH at 30°C as suitable operating conditions. Galvanostatic experiments with three‐dimensional rotating electrodes concluded that the best performance was obtained for a reticulated vitreous carbon structure of 100 ppi, at 40 mA cm‐2 of macrokinetic current density and 1000 rpm rotation speed. Long‐term experiments showed 79% current efficiency and 8.2 kWh kg‐1 specific energy consumption until 6 h of electrolysis, with 8.4 g L‐1 H2O2 concentration. However, the current efficiency decreases for longer electrolysis times and consequently the specific energy consumption is increased. Thus after 10 h electrolysis the concentrations were H2O2 10.4 g L‐1 and NaOH 1.41 mol L‐1.CONCLUSIONA reactor having a three‐dimensional rotating cylinder electrode with co‐current oxygen and liquid flows inside the structure showed promising performance for H2O2 production. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Beneficial metal stabilization mechanisms using simulated sludge incineration ash for ceramic products
Authors: Tang Yuanyuan , Liu Chengshuai , Shih Kaimin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study explored the feasibility of a waste to resource strategy by using incineration ash of sewage/waste‐water treatment sludge as part of the raw materials for ceramic processing. Reactions between metal oxides (CuO, ZnO), common metal containing form in incineration ash, and kaolinite based ceramic raw materials (kaolinite, mullite) were observed. The metal incorporation behavior was determined using quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis.RESULTSThe optimal sintering temperature for copper incorporation was 1000°C, with CuAl2O4 phase dominating the system. For zinc incorporation, ZnAl2O4 and Zn2SiO4 formed in competition, with ZnAl2O4 found to predominate at temperatures higher than 1150°C. To determine the preferred phases for long‐term metal stability, a prolonged toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was carried out to quantify metal leaching performance and explore the leaching behavior. Metal leaching following incorporation in spinel leachates was significantly lower than those in oxide and silicate leachates, and the surface leaching behavior was also analyzed for the consideration of long‐term metal stability.CONCLUSIONThe overall results indicate that spinel formation is a preferred metal stabilization mechanism when incorporating sludge incineration ash into ceramic products and is also a key control step to safely implement this waste to resource strategy for a more sustainable engineering solution. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Bacterial contamination of healthcare workers' uniforms: A randomized controlled trial of antimicrobial scrubs
Authors: Burden Marisha , Keniston Angela , Frank Maria G. , Brown Carrie A. , Zoucha Jeff , Cervantes Lilia , Weed Diane , Boyle Kathy , Price Connie , Albert Richard K. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUNDHealthcare workers' (HCWs) uniforms become contaminated with bacteria during normal use, and this may contribute to hospital‐acquired infections. Antimicrobial uniforms are currently marketed as a means of reducing this contamination.OBJECTIVETo compare the extent of bacterial contamination of uniforms and skin when HCWs wear 1 of 2 antimicrobial scrubs or standard scrubs.DESIGNProspective, randomized, controlled trial.SETTINGUniversity‐affiliated, public safety net hospitalPARTICIPANTSHospitalist physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, housestaff, and nurses (total N = 105) working on internal medicine units.INTERVENTIONSubjects were randomized to wear standard scrubs or 1 of 2 antimicrobial scrubs.MEASUREMENTSBacterial colony counts in cultures taken from the HCWs' scrubs and wrists after an 8‐hour workday.RESULTSThe median (interquartile range) total colony counts was 99 (66–182) for standard scrubs, 137 (84–289) for antimicrobial scrub type A, and 138 (62–274) for antimicrobial scrub type B (P = 0.36). Colony counts from participants' wrists were 16 (5–40) when they wore standard scrubs and 23 (4–42) and 15 (6–54) when they wore antimicrobial scrubs A and B, respectively (P = 0.92). Resistant organisms were cultured from 3 HCWs (4.3%) randomized to antimicrobial scrubs and none randomized to standard scrubs (P = 0.55). Six participants (5.7%) reported side effects to wearing scrubs, all of whom wore antimicrobial scrubs (P = 0.18).CONCLUSIONSWe found no evidence that either antimicrobial scrub product decreased bacterial contamination of HCWs' uniforms or skin after an 8‐hour workday. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:380–385. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Studies on Polythiophene–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Organic Blend Films Sensitized with a Low‐Bandgap Polymer
Authors: Löslein Heiko , Ameri Tayebeh , Matt Gebhard J. , Koppe Markus , Egelhaaf Hans J. , Troeger Anna , Sgobba Vito , Guldi Dirk M. , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecently, the concept of near‐infrared sensitization is successfully employed to increase the light harvesting in large‐bandgap polymer‐based solar cells. To gain deeper insights into the operation mechanism of ternary organic solar cells, a comprehensive understanding of charge transfer–charge transport in ternary blends is a necessity. Herein, P3HT:PCPDTBT:PCBM ternary blend films are investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. Hole transfer from PCPDTBT‐positive polarons to P3HT in the P3HT:PCPDTBT:PCBM 0.9:0.1:1 blend film can be visualized. This process evolves within 140 ps and is discussed with respect to the proposed charge‐generation mechanisms.magnified image
Facile Synthesis of Free‐Standing Polymer Brush Films Based on a Colorless Polydopamine Thin Layer
Authors: Kohri Michinari , Shinoda Yoshihiro , Kohma Hiroto , Nannichi Yuri , Yamauchi Mitsuaki , Yagai Shiki , Kojima Takashi , Taniguchi Tatsuo , Kishikawa Keiki 
Published: June 2013

A free‐standing polymer brush film with tailored thicknesses based on a colorless polydopamine (PDA) thin layer is prepared and characterized. The surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is performed on a PDA layer with thickness of ca. 6 nm, which generated an optically transparent and colorless free‐standing PHEMA brush film (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm). Because the cross‐linked PDA layer is used as the base for the polymer brushes, the reported method does not require cross‐linking the polymer brushes. The free‐standing film thicknesses of ≈16–75 nm are controlled by simply changing the ATRP reaction time. The results show that the free‐standing PHEMA brush film transferred onto a plate exhibits a relatively smooth surface and is stable in any solvent.
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Steinkohle in Deutschland 2012
Authors: van de Loo Kai , Sitte Andreas‐Peter 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIm Jahr 2012 war international, aber auch national ein Zuwachs des Steinkohlenverbrauchs zu verzeichnen. Weltweit ist die Steinkohle weiterhin der Energieträger Nr. 1 in der Stromerzeugung, was zu einem steigenden Bedarf an Kraftwerkskohle führt. In Deutschland nahm die Steinkohlenverstromung in diesem Jahr ebenfalls zu. Dagegen war die Kokskohlen‐ und Koksnachfrage der Stahlindustrie konjunkturell bedingt rückläufig. Der erhöhte Einsatz der Kohle zur Stromerzeugung hierzulande erklärte sich neben dem Rückgang der Kernkraft aus einem relativ schlechten “Windjahr” sowie gesunkenen Einfuhrpreisen und niedrigen CO2‐Preisen, die zusammen einen deutlichen Preisvorteil für die Kohle gegenüber dem Kraftwerkseinsatz von Erdgas begründeten. Dahinter stand vor allem der Preisdruck billiger US‐Kohle, die auf ihrem Heimatmarkt teilweise durch die Expansion des Shale Gas verdrängt wurde und sich ein Absatzventil in Europa suchte. Die heimische Steinkohle hat ihren Anpassungs‐ und Auslaufprozess planmäßig fortgeführt, weitere zwei von bis dahin noch fünf deutschen Bergwerken sind 2012 stillgelegt worden. Die RAG Aktiengesellschaft, die den Steinkohlenbergbau hierzulande betreibt, beginnt mit den Vorbereitungen auf die Nachbergbauzeit.Hard coal in Germany 2012Coal consumption increased internationally in 2012, and also in Germany. Coal remains the leading source of energy for electricity generation, which led to increasing demand for coal for power stations. Germany also saw increased coal consumption in power stations this year. In contrast, the demand for coking coal and coke for the steel industry fell in line with reduced production. The increased use of coal for electricity generation in Germany can be explained not only by the reduction of atomic power but also by a relatively poor “wind year” and lower import prices and low CO2 prices, which combined to give coal a considerable price advantage over gas for use in power stations. This is due above all to the influence on prices of cheaper US coal, which has been partially displaced in its home market by the expansion of shale gas and found an outlet in Europe. Coal production in Germany has continued the process of adaptation and phasing out, with a further two of the five German mines being closed in 2012. The RAG AG, which operates coal mines in Germany, is already preparing for the era without coal mines.
Relaxation and gas drainage boreholes for high performance longwall operations in low permeability coal seams
Authors: Imgrund Thomas , Bauer Frank 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWith an increasing depth of cover, gas emission control and gas outbursts prevention has become an increasingly important issue in coal mining. Deep multi‐seam mining often requires operation in an environment characterised by a high gas content and gas pressure. Control of gas related risks has to be realised during heading and close to the longwall by proper risk assessment and flexible drilling schemes. These cover exploration and relaxation drilling, in‐seam drilling for pre‐drainage and cross measure drilling for drainage of roof and the floor gas emissions. DMT provides comprehensive solutions based on a scientific background. These solutions are engineered considering their technical feasibility. Hazemag Mining offers a large number of complete machinery including tools systems for the implementation of those solutions.
FAB‐Länderworkshop – Rohstoffpartnerschaft und ‐kooperation
Authors: Wedig Martin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAm 19. und 20. März 2013 hat die Fachvereinigung Auslandsbergbau und internationale Rohstoffaktivitäten in der Vereinigung Rohstoffe und Bergbau e.V. in Berlin einen Länderworkshop zum Thema “Rohstoffpartnerschaft und ‐kooperation” veranstaltet. Mehr als 45 Teilnehmer aus unterschiedlichen Geschäftsbereichen waren der Einladung gefolgt und trugen zu außerordentlich interessanten Diskussionsrunden zu den jeweiligen Vorträgen bei. Der folgende Bericht spiegelt die Aspekte der Rohstoffpartnerschaften aus den Bereichen der Politik und Verwaltung, der Wirtschaft und der Wissenschaft wider und fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse des Workshops zusammen.
Ohne Braunkohle kein Fortschritt
Authors: Pasche Eckart 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDer Einladung des Deutschen Braunkohlen‐Industrie‐Vereins (Debriv) folgten am 16. Mai 2013 rund 450 Fachleute aus Politik, Industrie und Organisationen. Das Motto “Braunkohle – Partner und Impulsgeber” deutet schon auf die lokale und regionale Verankerung der deutschen Braunkohlenindustrie hin. So stellten alle Redner Partnerschaft, Kooperation und Akzeptanz als Mittelpunkt ihres unternehmerischen Handelns heraus.