bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contending for a Claim on Civilization: The Sino-Siamese Struggle to Control Overseas Chinese Education in Siam
Authors: Wongsurawat Wasana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the mid-19th to early 20th century, the ancient ethnocentric concept of Chinese Civilization was challenged by European — and Japanese — imperialist conquests. The West, in particular, came with the mission of bringing enlightenment; “civilization” seemed no longer seated in the Middle Kingdom for “all under heaven” to come and admire. Even the Chinese were leaving China in great numbers to seek wealth in foreign lands and Chinese rulers felt the need to reestablish the confidence of their people — at home and in faraway lands — in the worthiness of Chinese Civilization. This is a study of the conflict between the KMT and Siamese governments over the development and control of Chinese education in Siam during the early 20th century. It will investigate how Chinese nationalism, as manifested in the KMT policy toward overseas Chinese education, infringed upon Siam's sovereignty, and how Siam, through its own desperate attempt to avoid being colonized by the Europeans, was making its own claim on Civilization through the establishment of a modern educational system for its own citizens and the overseas Chinese minority.
The Zheng Communities and the Formation of a Transnational Lineage
Authors: Song Ping 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTransnational business networks and entrepreneurship should not be regarded as the only major theme of Chinese contemporary transnationalism. The transnationalization of traditional social and cultural institutions and the social practices engaged in by agencies facilitated by the networks deserve our attention as well. By narrating the case of a transnational lineage, this article describes how the lineage was constructed historically in a broader structure of relations across borders, how the major concern of the lineage has been revived since the liberalization in China, and how these social and cultural practices are revealing a dynamic process of identity-making of people who are involved in the transnational space.
State, Myth, and Agency in the Construction of Chinese South African Identities, 1948–1994
Authors: Park Yoon Jung 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBased on the author's PhD research, this article focuses on the fluid and contested nature of the identities — racial, ethnic, and national — of people of Chinese descent in South Africa in the apartheid and post-apartheid eras. The research focuses on the approximately 12,000-strong community of second-, third-, and fourth-generation South African-born Chinese South Africans. It reveals that Chinese South Africans played an active role in identity construction using Chinese history, myths and culture, albeit within the constraints established by apartheid. During the latter part of apartheid, movement up the socio-economic ladder and gradual social acceptance by white South Africa propelled them into nebulous, interstitial spaces; officially they remained “non-white” but increasingly they were viewed as “honorary whites.” During the late 1970s and 1980s, the South African state attempted to redefine Chinese as “white” but these attempts failed because Chinese South Africans were unwilling to sacrifice their unique ethnic identity, which helped them to survive the more dehumanizing aspects of life under apartheid.
The Malayan Communist Party and the Indonesian Communist Party: Features of Co-operation
Authors: Fujio Hara 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis is an analysis of the relations between the Malayan Communist Party and the Indonesian Communist Party in several areas. It will begin with a discussion of the mutual support between the PKI leaders and the Kesatuan Melayu Muda prior to the declaration of Emergency in 1948, followed by an examination of their cooperation immediately after World War II. The second part will look at the activities of the MCP members in Indonesia up to the establishment of the Representative Office of the Malayan National Liberation League in Jakarta. There will be an account of the overt activities of the Representative Office and its covert activities after its closure. The article will also ascertain the actual relations between the two based on a close examination of the official documents of the two parties.
Vancouver Chinatown in Transition
Authors: Li Eva Xiaoling , Li Peter S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMuch has been written about Chinatowns in North America as a self-sustained community with fairly complete social institutions. Chinatowns emerged under an era of racism and discrimination and offered some degrees of protection and opportunity to the Chinese. Historically, Vancouver’s Chinatown suffered from a public image of an unhygienic and immoral neighborhood where Chinese resided and where Chinese shops and businesses congregated. This image began to change in the 1930s as the Chinese reshaped Chinatown to suit the racial ideology of a culturally exotic neighborhood that offered Oriental cuisine and festivities to Canadians. As more Chinese immigrated to Canada after World War II, a new Chinese middle class began to emerge. Although Vancouver Chinatown continued to grow and to retain the image of a tourist attraction, it has ceased to be the choice residential and business location for the Chinese. In contrast, Richmond south of Vancouver has developed into a vibrant and affluent business and residential enclave for middle-class Chinese. This article argues that the emergence and decline of Vancouver’s Chinatown have been shaped by the nature of race formation in society as well as the internal composition and social organization of the Chinese community.
Chinatown Sydney: A Window on the Chinese Community
Authors: Inglis Christine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChinatowns have long constituted one of the most visible social indicators of overseas Chinese communities. Their origins owe as much to the enforcement of segregation by majority groups and colonial governments as they do to the desire of Chinese immigrants to maintain their cultural links to the homeland and provide for their own welfare. Yet, changes since the 19th century mean that such analyses fail to adequately reflect the new circumstances and situation of Chinese minorities in a globalizing and transnational world where the very nature of minority incorporation has been undergoing extensive change. This paper examines the changing nature and role of Chinatown among the Sydney Chinese. In doing so, it questions the extent to which the metaphor of Chinatown or the alternative model of ethnoburb to describe Chinese settlement in North America necessarily captures the reality of Chinese patterns of settlement in Sydney with its relatively large and diverse Chinese population.
The Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Decline of the Left in Singapore
Authors: Cheng Yinghong 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Represented by the Barisan party and mainly participated in by ethnic Chinese, the leftist movement in Singapore was the thrust behind the island’s independence (1965) and the major political opposition to the ruling PAP (People’s Action Party). But within several years after independence, the movement disappeared as the PAP’s one-party regime grew in strength. Based on the leftist publications of that period, this article argues that Maoist China’s influence, the Cultural Revolution in particular, significantly contributed to the decline of the movement. The radicalization and dissolution of Singapore’s leftist movement was one example of the destructive impact of Maoism and the Cultural Revolution on overseas Chinese politics in the 1960s.
Over de betekenis van het werk van Jan van Scorel omstreeks 1530 voor oudere en jongere tijdgenoten (I)
Authors: Bruyn J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 1966 (Note 3) the writer tentatively identified the author of a small group of paintings, done between 1515 and around 1525 (Fig. 1), as the Haarlem painter Cornelis Willemsz., who according to Van Mander was the first teacher of both Jan van Scorel and Maerten van Heemskerck, probably around 1510. Confirmation of this hypothesis can hardly be expected to come from stylistic similarities between the works of the older artist and those produced by Scorel and Heemskerck around 1530, influenced as these latter are by contemporary Italian art. To the works of'Cornelis Willemsz.' may now be added two altar-wings and a St. Mary Magdalene (Figs. 2 and 4, present whereabouts of both unknown) dating from the years around 1530 and clearly exhibiting different phases of the influence of the St. Mary Magdalene Jan van Scorel executed in Haarlem when he worked there in 1527 and subsequent years (Fig.3). These pictures clearly demonstrate that the new style Scorel introduced in Haarlem had its impact not only on young artists of his own generation - such as Maerten van Heemskerck - but also on an older artist, who had possibly been his teacher. The latter's St. Mary Magdalene, clumsy as it is, must have won a certain appreciation among younger artists (cf. Figs. 5 and 6, Notes 10 and II).
Processes Influencing Rain-Field Growth and Decay after Tropical Cyclone Landfall in the United States
Authors: Matyas Corene J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study measured rain-field sizes for tropical cyclones (TCs) after U.S. landfall and related changes in size to the diurnal cycle and extratropical transition (ET). For 45 TC landfalls, the spatial properties of the rain fields were calculated through an analysis of radar reflectivity returns within a geographic information system. Variables representing the conditions of the atmosphere and storm attributes were examined at three times and as changes over two time periods to account for lags between condition onset and change in raining-area sizes. Mann–Whitney U tests illustrated which of these variables had significantly different median values when the total raining area or high-reflectivity regions increased or decreased in areal extent over two 12-h periods after landfall. Results indicate that the diurnal cycle influenced changes in rain-field size. Rain-field growth occurred during the late morning and early afternoon, which is between the times for peak areal extent of oceanic- and land-based precipitation in the tropics. The rain fields of TCs completing an ET within 74 h of landfall increased in areal extent during the first 12 h after landfall and decayed during the second 12-h period as they neared the completion of ET. The availability of moisture, which was not related to either the diurnal cycle or processes associated with ET, was also important to rain-field growth or decay. In addition, it was discovered that, for the United States, landfall times have shifted from a peak before midnight during 1950–96 to after midnight during 1995–2008.
Weather Pattern Classification to Represent the Urban Heat Island in Present and Future Climate
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Schlünzen K. Heinke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA classification of weather patterns (WP) is derived that is tailored to best represent situations relevant for the urban heat island (UHI). Three different types of k-means-based cluster methods are conducted. The explained cluster variance is used as a measure for the quality. Several variables of the 700-hPa fields from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) were tested for the classification. The variables as well as the domain for the clustering are chosen in a way to explain the variability of the UHI as best as possible. It turned out that the combination of geopotential height, relative humidity, vorticity, and the 1000–700-hPa thickness is best suited. To determine the optimal cluster number k several statistical measures are applied. Except for autumn (k = 12) an optimal cluster number of k = 7 is found. The WP frequency changes are analyzed using climate projections of two regional climate models (RCM). Both RCMs, the Regional Model (REMO) and Climate Limited-Area Model (CLM), are driven with the A1B simulations from the global climate model ECHAM5. Focusing on the periods 2036–65 and 2071–2100, no change can be found of the frequency for the anticyclonic WP when compared with 1971–2000. Since these WPs are favorable for the development of a strong UHI, the frequency of strong UHI days stays the same for the city of Hamburg,Germany. For other WPs changes can be found for both future periods. At the end of the century, a large increase (17%–40%) in the frequency of the zonal WP and a large decrease (20%–26%) in the southwesterly WP are projected.
Differences in the Potential Hydrologic Impact of Climate Change to the Athabasca and Fraser River Basins of Canada with and without Considering Shifts in Vegetation Patterns Induced by Climate Change
Authors: Kerkhoven E. , Gan T. Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe research objectives are to estimate differences between the potential impact of climatic change to the Athabasca River basin (ARB) and Fraser River basin (FRB) of Canada with and without considering shifts in vegetation patterns induced by climate change and how much the difference will depend on vegetation types and climate. The hydrologic effects of vegetation shifts on ARB and FRB were estimated by applying the Mapped Atmosphere–Plant–Soil System (MAPSS) simulated results based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s First and Second Assessment Report general circulation model (GCM) scenarios to the modified Interaction Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere (MISBA) scheme. According to MAPSS, vegetation shifts in mountainous regions of FRB are expected to be dominated by conifer/broadleaf competition, while in ARB, climate projections of MAPSS predicted a southern expansion of the boreal forest. Because of differences in sublimation, there is a tendency for more snow to accumulate in open grassland than forests. Furthermore, changes to simulated mean annual maximum snowpack, runoff, and basin area covered by grassland are positively correlated to each other. Generally, a 4% increase in snow water equivalent (SWE) results in a 1% increase in mean annual runoff. These relationships hold true in both basins over a wide range of GCM-projected climate conditions and vegetation responses, suggesting that most changes in mean annual flow can be attributed to changes in SWE. Because of the different modeling approaches between MAPSS and MISBA, it seems that the treatment of these processes in vegetation and hydrologic models should be similar before conclusions can be drawn from various stand-alone simulations. Ideally, a land surface scheme should be coupled with a vegetation model in future studies.
Assessment of Otolaryngic Knowledge in Primary Care Residents
Authors: Error Marc E. , Wilson Kevin F. , Ward P. Daniel , Gale Derrick C. , Meier Jeremy D. 
Published: January 2013

Objectives(1) Determine the amount of exposure to otolaryngology in medical training of non‐otolaryngology residents. (2) Evaluate the general otolaryngic knowledge in these residents.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsA 10‐question multiple‐choice quiz was given to residents in family practice, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and internal medicine during scheduled educational conferences. Residents were also asked if they ever participated in an otolaryngology rotation during medical school or residency. Medical students and otolaryngology residents completed the quiz to act as controls.ResultsA total of 98 examinations were analyzed (49 non‐otolaryngology residents, 10 otolaryngology residents, and 39 second‐year medical students). Only 24% of the non‐ otolaryngology residents had an otolaryngology rotation during medical school. The same amount (24%) had a rotation during residency. The average percentage correct on the quiz was 48%, 56%, and 92% for medical students, non‐otolaryngology, and otolaryngology residents, respectively (P < 0.05). Questions with surprising results included one with an endoscopic image of the middle turbinate and examinees asked to identify the structure (non‐otolaryngology residents = 18% correct). A laryngectomy stoma was shown and participants asked what would happen if the stoma was occluded for 10 minutes (non‐otolaryngology residents = 20% correct).ConclusionIn this sample of non‐otolaryngology residents, a minority experienced a clinical rotation in otolaryngology during medical school or residency. This nonvalidated questionnaire also suggested significant deficiencies in basic otolaryngic knowledge in these residents. Identifying mechanisms to improve exposure to otolaryngology in the medical training curriculum is needed.
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Haghighi Afshin Borhani , Mahmoodi Mojtaba , Edgell Randall C. , Cruz-Flores Salvador , Ghanaati Hosein , Jamshidi Mohammad , Zaidat Osama O. 
Published: January 2013

Background: Endovascular treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) includes pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis. Methods: The authors searched the English literature on CVST from 1990 to 2012 for all case reports or case series of mechanical thrombectomy. Results: A total of 64 patients were treated in all published studies. The techniques for mechanical thrombectomy included rheolytic thrombectomy with an AngioJet device (46.9%), clot retraction with the Penumbra system (4.7%), clot retraction with a Fogarty catheter (1.6%), clot retraction with a microsnare (3.1%), balloon venoplasty without stenting (18.7%), balloon venoplasty with stenting (4.7%), and an amalgam of techniques (18.7%). Nine (16.1%) patients died. At the most recent follow-up, 40 (62.5%) patients had no disability or minor disability and 7 (10.9%) patients had major disability. Conclusion: Randomized multiinstitutional clinical trials with larger number of participants are needed to sufficiently compare the effect of intrasinus thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy to standard-of-care anticoagulation therapy.
Shoulder Instability in Professional Football Players
Authors: LeClere Lance E. , Asnis Peter D. , Griffith Matthew H. , Granito David , Berkson Eric M. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: January 2013

Background: Shoulder instability is a common problem in American football players entering the National Football League (NFL). Treatment options include nonoperative and surgical stabilization. Purpose: This study evaluated how the method of treatment of pre-NFL shoulder instability affects the rate of recurrence and the time elapsed until recurrence in players on 1 NFL team. Design: Retrospective cohort. Methods: Medical records from 1980 to 2008 for 1 NFL team were reviewed. There were 328 players included in the study who started their career on the team and remained on the team for at least 2 years (mean, 3.9 years; range, 2-14 years). The history of instability prior to entering the NFL and the method of treatment were collected. Data on the occurrence of instability while in the NFL were recorded to determine the rate and timing of recurrence. Results: Thirty-one players (9.5%) had a history of instability prior to entering the NFL. Of the 297 players with no history of instability, 39 (13.1%) had a primary event at a mean of 18.4 ± 22.2 months (range, 0-102 months) after joining the team. In the group of players with prior instability treated with surgical stabilization, there was no statistical difference in the rate of recurrence (10.5%) or the timing to the instability episode (mean, 26 months) compared with players with no history of instability. Twelve players had shoulder instability treated nonoperatively prior to the NFL. Five of these players (41.7%) had recurrent instability at a mean of 4.4 ± 7.0 months (range, 0-16 months). The patients treated nonoperatively had a significantly higher rate of recurrence ( P = 0.02) and an earlier time of recurrence ( P = 0.04). The rate of contralateral instability was 25.8%, occurring at a mean of 8.6 months. Conclusion: Recurrent shoulder instability is more common in NFL players with a history of nonoperative treatment. Surgical stabilization appears to restore the rate and timing of instability to that of players with no prior history of instability.
New microbiological strategies that enable the selective recovery and recycling of metals from acid mine drainage and mine process waters
Authors: Ňancucheo I. , Hedrich S. , Johnson D. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractApproaches currently used for remediating acid mine drainage (chiefly active chemical treatment and passive bioremediation systems) have a number of major detractions, including their failure to recover potentially valuable metals from these waters. Bioremediation strategies that utilize reactor-housed microorganisms can circumvent this problem, but have tended not to be widely used due to their relatively high costs. We have devised innovative approaches for remediating mine waters that use acidophilic bacteria to remove metals either as oxidized or reduced phases, using modular bioreactors that are designed to operate at minimal cost and to generate products that have commercial value. A composite system is described that combines microbial oxidation of ferrous iron with abiotic precipitation of ferric iron as schwertmannite, a mineral that has commercial value as an absorbent of arsenate and other environmental pollutants, and as a pigment. Sulfidogenic bioreactors maintained at acidic pH values are used to selectively precipitate metal sulfides, such as CuS. Tests with synthetic mine drainage containing mixtures of soluble metals confirmed that these systems can generate relatively pure mineral deposits from complex acid waters. The units are designed to be configured differently, according to the nature of the mine water requiring treatment.