bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilising emulsion‐based colloidal structures with mixed food ingredients
Authors: Dickinson Eric 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe physical scientist views food as a complex form of soft matter. The complexity has its origin in the numerous ingredients that are typically mixed together and the subtle variations in microstructure and texture induced by thermal and mechanical processing. The colloid science approach to food product formulation is based on the assumption that the major product attributes such as appearance, rheology and physical stability are determined by the spatial distribution and interactions of a small number of generic structural entities (biopolymers, particles, droplets, bubbles, crystals) organised in various kinds of structural arrangements (layers, complexes, aggregates, networks). This review describes some recent advances in this field with reference to three discrete classes of dispersed systems: particle‐stabilised emulsions, emulsion gels and aerated emulsions. Particular attention is directed towards explaining the crucial role of the macromolecular ingredients (proteins and polysaccharides) in controlling the formation and stabilisation of the colloidal structures. The ultimate objective of this research is to provide the basic physicochemical insight required for the reliable manufacture of novel structured foods with an appealing taste and texture, whilst incorporating a more healthy set of ingredients than those found in many existing traditional products. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a source of bioactive compounds: the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on steviol glycoside content and antioxidant properties
Authors: Tavarini Silvia , Angelini Luciana G 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study was aimed at identifying the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on the no‐calorie sweetener steviol glycosides (SG) and on the antioxidant properties of stevia leaf extracts. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons at two sites in the northeastern plain of Italy.ResultsThe results showed that all analysed factors played an important role in defining the SG profile and the antioxidant properties of stevia extracts. A high level of phenols (78.24 mg GAE g−1 DW by Folin–Ciocalteu method) and high antioxidant activity (812.6 µmol Fe2+ g−1 DW by FRAP assay) were observed. The inhibition of DPPH free radicals was evaluated and an IC50 mean value of 250 µg mL−1 was obtained. Significant relationships among the total antioxidant capacity and the analysed compounds were found.ConclusionThe results showed the possibility of obtaining, in the tested environments, very high SG yields thanks to the long‐day conditions during the spring/summer season. The harvest time played a key role in determining the stevia quality, influencing the rebaudioside A/stevioside ratio. The strong antioxidant properties make very interesting the possibility of using stevia extracts to improve functional food properties. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) versus α‐tocopheryl acetate as dietary supplements for enhancing the oxidative stability of eggs enriched with very‐long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Botsoglou Evropi N , Govaris Alexandros K , Ambrosiadis Ioannis A , Fletouris Dimitrios J 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDNinety‐six brown Lohmann laying hens were equally assigned into four groups with six replicates. Hens within the control group were given a corn/soybean‐based diet supplemented with 30 g kg−1 fish oil. Two other groups were given the same diet further supplemented with olive leaves at 5 (OL5) and 10 (OL10) g kg−1 respectively, while the diet of the fourth group was supplemented with α‐tocopheryl acetate (TOC) at 200 mg kg−1. Eggs were analysed for lipid hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, fatty acid profile, α‐tocopherol content and susceptibility to iron‐induced lipid oxidation.RESULTSNeither OL nor TOC supplementation affected (P > 0.05) the fatty acid composition. Dietary supplementation with OL10 or TOC reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the lipid hydroperoxide content but exerted no (P > 0.05) effect on the MDA content of fresh eggs compared with controls. Eggs submitted to iron‐induced lipid oxidation from the OL5 group presented higher (P ≤ 0.05) MDA levels than the control but lower (P ≤ 0.05) than the OL10 group. Eggs from the TOC group presented lower (P ≤ 0.05) MDA levels compared with all groups at all incubation time points.CONCLUSIONThe results of this study suggested that dietary supplementation with both OL10 and TOC could protect n‐3 fatty acids in eggs from deterioration.
Laser interstitial thermotherapy of small breast fibroadenomas: Numerical simulations
Authors: Marqa Mohamad Feras , Mordon Serge , Betrouni Nacim 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundLaser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) is potentially a novel method to treat small breast fibroadenoma, without the need for surgical removal. Dosimetry planning and conformation of the treated area of tumor remain major issues, especially for a moving organ such as the breast. Pre‐treatment simulation planning of this therapy is an effective method to predict the final thermal damage. In this study, a mathematical model is elaborated to simulate the heat distribution and the thermal damage.MethodsThe mathematical model was based on finite element method (FEM) to solve the light distribution, bioheat, and thermal damage equations. Six simulations were performed with the following powers: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 W (λ = 980 nm), and for an irradiation time of 125 seconds, with a 50°C iso‐damage temperature. To validate these simulations, six turkey breast samples were irradiated with parameters used for simulations. Volumes of thermal damage were calculated by using formulas: spherical, Elliptical, and Carlsson volumes and compared to the simulated volumes.ResultsDifferences between volumes were from 0.01 to 1 cm3. Interpolations between volumes from ex vivo experiments with corresponding powers were established. The relationship between the volume of the thermal damage and the laser power was described by a polynomial equation (R2 = 0.99).The power estimated by the interpolation to obtain 1 cm3 of thermal damage was 7.4 W (922 J) and the maximum corresponding temperature was 90°C.ConclusionIn this study, a good correlation was established between simulation and ex vivo experiments of LITT for fibroadenoma breast cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 832–839, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using phenothiazine derivatives as photosensitizers against Leishmania braziliensis
Authors: Barbosa Artur F. , Sangiorgi Bruno B. , Galdino Suely L. , Barral‐Netto Manoel , Pitta Ivan R. , Pinheiro Antônio L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are diseases characterized by skin or mucosal manifestations. In the new world, Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, condition that may evolve to the mucocutaneous form. The therapeutic arsenal routinely employed to treat infected patients is unsatisfactory, especially for pentavalent antimonials, treatment recommended by the WHO, as they are often highly toxic, poorly tolerated and of variable effectiveness. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy as a new approach for the treatment of leishmaniasis.Materials and MethodsA laser (λ = 660 nm, 40 mW, 4.2 J/cm2, and 8.4 J/cm2, CW) associated to phenothiazine's derivatives (5 and 10 µg/ml, toluidine blue O, methylene blue, or phenothiazine) on the promastigote forms of L. braziliensis in a single session. Samples were removed and analyzed in a hemocytometer 72 hours after PACT and viability of the parasites was assessed in quadruplicates.ResultsAn important decrease in the number of viable parasites on all treated groups in comparison to their controls was observed as all tested compounds lead to significant parasite lethality being the highest lethality achieved with 10 µg/ml of TBO. No lethality was observed on groups treated with laser or with any of the compounds separately.ConclusionsTBO presented higher parasite lethality in comparison to MB with impressive reduction from 1 hour to 5 minutes of pre‐incubation time. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 850–855, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreasing 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D levels account for portion of the effect of increasing body mass index on breast cancer mortality
Authors: Morton Matthew L. , Thompson Cheryl L. 
Published: November 2012

ScopeIncreased body mass index (BMI) and decreased serum vitamin D are both known to be associated with increased mortality from breast cancer. However, vitamin D levels are lower in obese individuals in general. Recent studies have sought to determine whether serum vitamin D levels can account for some of the association between higher BMI and increased risk for breast cancer and found that low vitamin D levels in the overweight and obese account for up to 40% of the BMI‐attributable risk of developing breast cancer.Methods and resultsHere we reviewed the literature to determine if a similar relationship exists between vitamin D, BMI, and breast cancer mortality. Utilizing previously reported independent associations of low vitamin D and high BMI to increases in breast cancer mortality, as well as the known decrement in vitamin D per unit increase in BMI, we estimated that low vitamin D levels may be responsible for roughly 16% of the increased mortality from breast cancer in overweight and obese patients.ConclusionAlthough this is a relatively small proportion of the effect of obesity, supplements to increase serum vitamin D levels may represent a way to reduce obesity‐associated disparities in breast cancer mortality.
Paraneoplastic neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Sharp Lydia , Vernino Steven 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Paraneoplastic neurological disorders are rare autoimmune conditions that can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nervous system. These disorders are associated with certain types of cancer, and the peripheral nervous system dysfunction often precedes the symptoms from the cancer itself. Methods: This investigation was undertaken as a topic review. Conclusions: Learning to recognize paraneoplastic neuromuscular disorders, the associated antibodies and their implications, and the appropriate screening modalities can, in some cases, lead to an earlier diagnosis of cancer. Eliminating the cancer, if present, and immunomodulation can potentially improve the symptoms and clinical outcome. Muscle Nerve, 2012
High‐throughput RNA sequencing of a formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded autopsy lung tissue sample from the 1918 influenza pandemic
Authors: Xiao Yong‐Li , Kash John C , Beres Stephen B , Sheng Zong‐Mei , Musser James M , Taubenberger Jeffery K 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMost biopsy and autopsy tissues are formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded (FFPE), but this process leads to RNA degradation that limits gene expression analysis. The RNA genome of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus was previously determined in a 9‐year effort by overlapping RT‐PCR from post‐mortem samples. Here, the full genome of the 1918 virus at 3000× coverage was determined in one high‐throughput sequencing run of a library derived from total RNA of a 1918 FFPE sample after duplex‐specific nuclease treatments. Bacterial sequences associated with secondary bacterial pneumonias were also detected. Host transcripts were well represented in the library. Compared to a 2009 pandemic influenza virus FFPE post‐mortem library, the 1918 sample showed significant enrichment for host defence and cell death response genes, concordant with prior animal studies. This methodological approach should assist in the analysis of FFPE tissue samples isolated over the past century from a variety of diseases.
A review of oral glucose tolerance tests at the Borders General Hospital
Authors: Chandy Edward , Rolph Natalie , O'Donnell John , Scott Jacqui , Wilson Justin , Herlihy Olive 
Published: November 2012

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in prevalence and is associated with increasing obesity and reduced physical activity. Currently, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to detect diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in those with impaired fasting glycaemia as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).The results of all OGTTs performed in the Scottish Borders in 2009 were reviewed and a database constructed tabulating the results and the indication for performing the test. All patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus were excluded. A total of 874 OGTTs were reviewed.Twenty percent (171) of the OGTTs performed were prompted by a fasting glucose between 6.1–6.9mmol/L, or impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG). A further 20% (177) of tests were prompted by a previous diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or IFG, and 60% (526) were prompted for other reasons (glycosuria, investigation of reactive hypoglycaemia, family history of diabetes, random plasma glucose, inappropriate fasting glucose). Of all the OGTTs performed only 39.8% were indicated by WHO criteria and 60% of all tests performed were not done under standard WHO conditions.This review highlights the significant number of OGTTs being performed in the community that are not adhering to current recommendations or standards. It also raises the question of the most appropriate screening tool for the diagnosis of diabetes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Pregnancy outcome in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus at a district general hospital in Australia
Authors: Basu Abhijit , Parghi Sneha 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe global incidence of pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) is on the increase. Pregnancy outcome in these women is much worse compared to those without diabetes, from higher rates of miscarriage, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality. This small audit is a retrospective case note analysis of women with PGDM birthing over 12 months at a health facility in Australia serving a high‐risk and migrant multicultural population.The local prevalence of PGDM was high (0.63%). A large number (56.5%) of the 23 women whose case notes were analysed were older (>30 years) and, of these, 77% were non‐Caucasians. Six women were pregnant for the first time. Many (69%) were on preconception folate supplementation. Data on satisfactory pre‐pregnancy glycaemic control (HbA1c > 6.1% [43mmol/mol]) were found in two women and, though HbA1c was >7.1% (54mmol/mol)‐ in some, HbA1c readings in all three trimesters were not identified for each woman. Nine women used metformin and insulin was prescribed in the vast majority (82.6%). Overall, vaginal birth rate was 43% which was even higher (58.8%) among those who attempted vaginal birth, seemingly higher than national figures. Mean gestation at delivery was 37 weeks with four macrosomic (>4.5kg) babies. There was one stillbirth and the neonatal morbidities were in keeping with average. Breastfeeding rates were compatible with the baby‐friendly status of the hospital.Following this audit, the provision of antenatal care for this high‐risk pregnancy group has been changed in order to improve the quality of care. This is due for re‐audit in due course. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Liraglutide‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Narayana S Koppa , Talab SK , Elrishi MA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractType 2 diabetes is a progressive disease characterised by insulin resistance and pancreatic beta‐cell dysfunction. It eventually leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia.Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone playing a role in glucose homeostasis which is rapidly degraded and eliminated, because of a short half‐life. Liraglutide is an acylated GLP‐1 analogue with a prolonged half‐life. It has a plasma half‐life of 13 hours after subcutaneous administration. The side effects reported with liraglutide are gastrointestinal: mainly nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and heartburn. These effects are more frequent when starting on treatment and usually stop with persistent treatment with liraglutide.We present two type 2 diabetes patients who developed renal impairment after liraglutide therapy that reversed to normal after stopping the drug and adequate hydration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescence properties of poly(fluorenevinylene benzobisthiazoles)
Authors: Intemann Jeremy J. , Mike Jared F. , Cai Min , Barnes Charles A. , Xiao Teng , Roggers Robert A. , Shinar Joseph , Shinar Ruth , Jeffries‐EL Malika 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA series of vinylene‐linked copolymers based on electron‐deficient benzobisthiazole and electron‐rich fluorene moieties were synthesized via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons polymerization. Three different polymers P1, P2, and P3, were prepared bearing octyl, 3,7‐dimethyloctyl, and 2‐(2‐ethoxy)ethoxyethyl side chains, respectively. The polymers all possessed moderate molecular weights, good solubility in aprotic organic solvents, and high fluorescence quantum efficiencies in dilute solutions. P2, which bore branched 3,7‐dimethyloctyl side chains, exhibited better solubility than the other polymers, but also exhibited the lowest thermal decomposition temperature of all polymers. Overall, the impact of the side chains on the polymers optical properties in solution was negligible as all three polymers gave similar absorption and emission spectra in both solution and film. Guest‐host light‐emitting diodes using dilute blends of the polymers in a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) host gave blue‐green emission with P2 exhibiting the highest luminous efficiency, 0.61 Cd/A at ∼500 nm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Optical and electronic properties of fluorene‐based copolymers and their sensory applications
Authors: Ibrahimova Vüsala , Eda Kocak Meliha , Önal Ahmet M. , Tuncel Dönüs 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA series of novel, fluorene‐based conjugated copolymers, poly[(9,9‐bis{propenyl}‐9H‐fluorene)‐co‐(9,9‐dihexyl‐9H‐fluorene)] (P1), poly[(9,9‐bis{carboxymethylsulfonyl‐propyl}fluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐co‐(9,9‐dihexyl‐9H‐fluorene)] (P2) and poly[(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)‐co‐alt‐(9,9‐bis‐(6‐azidohexyl)fluorene)] (P3), are synthesized by Suzuki coupling reactions and their electrochemical properties, in the form of films, are investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The results reveal that the polymer films exhibit electrochromic properties with a pseudo‐reversible redox behavior; transparent in the neutral state and dark violet in the oxidized state. Among the three polymers, P2 possesses the shortest response time and the highest coloration efficiency value. These polymers emit blue light with a band gap value of around 2.9 eV and have high fluorescent quantum yields. Their metal ion sensory abilities are also investigated by titrating them with a number of different transition metal ions; all of these polymers exhibit a higher selectivity toward Fe3+ ions than the other ions tested with Stern–Volmer constants of 4.41 × 106M−1, 3.28 × 107M−1, 1.25 × 106M−1, and 6.56 × 106M−1 for P1, P2, water soluble version of P2 (P2S) and P3, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Characterization of a‐SiNx:H layer: Bulk properties, interface with Si and solar cell efficiency
Authors: Lamers Machteld , Butler Keith , Vullum Per Erik , Harding John , Weeber Arthur 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper two front‐side a‐SiNx:H layers that can be used in the solar cell industry are extensively characterized and related to solar cell efficiency. Variations in layer build up, atomic density, optical properties, bulk passivation and surface passivation are discussed. The build up of these two layers are considered against a background of over 80 SiNx:H layers. These layers differ in stoichiometry, atomic content, optical properties and surface passivation, as the refractive index is varied between 1.8 and 3.0. Additionally, comparable data output of different characterization equipment is discussed on validity. On solar cells, the effect of different layer build up is investigated and it is found that a wide process window is allowed for similar cell efficiencies regarding the optical transmission, bulk and surface passivation.
Quantum reduced fidelity and quantum phase crossover in a spin ladder system with four‐spin exchange
Authors: Sun Z. Y. , Huang H. L. , Wang B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe quantum phase crossover in a spin ladder model with four‐spin exchange is investigated. Previous studies show that the crossover cannot be detected by the singularity or finite‐size analysis of ground‐state observables for finite ladders. In this work, we find that the first‐excited‐state fidelity shows a sudden drop exactly at the crossover point, regardless of the length of the ladder. It suggests that the excited‐state fidelity for finite systems is very effective in detecting the crossover in infinite systems. The underlying mechanism is understood through the analysis of re‐construction of the low‐lying energy levels of the systems.
Centralized group key management mechanism for VANET
Authors: Guo Ming‐Huang , Liaw Horng‐Twu , Deng Der‐Jiunn , Chao Han‐Chieh 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a novel wireless network and suffers security threats as other networks. Information exchanged in the network might be stolen by malicious users, and some secure mechanisms are needed to provide the privacy. In VANET, the vehicles can be separated to different groups. When vehicles in the same group want to communicate with others, they can use the group key to protect the messages, and the privacy in the group communication is preserved. In this paper, we propose a group key management method with centralized key management scheme for VANET. In each group, there is a group leader, and the group leader will manage the members and the keys. By managing the group keys properly, the communication in the group can be secure. In the performance evaluation and analysis, our proposal provides better rekey mechanisms to related works and also achieves the forward secrecy and backward secrecy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Hairpin Stabilization on a Hydrophobic Surface
Authors: Kastantin Mark , Schwartz Daniel K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDNA hybridization in the vicinity of surfaces is a fundamental process for self‐assembled nanoarrays, nanocrystal superlattices, and biosensors. It is widely recognized that solid surfaces alter molecular forces governing hybridization relative to a bulk solution, and these effects can either favor or disfavor the hybridized state depending on the specific sequence and surface. Results presented here provide new insights into the dynamics of DNA hairpin‐coil conformational transitions in the vicinity of hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and hydrophobic trimethylsilane (TMS) surfaces. Single‐molecule methods are used to observe the forward and reverse hybridization hairpin‐coil transition of adsorbed species while simultaneously measuring molecular surface diffusion in order to gain insight into surface interactions with individual DNA bases. At least 35 000 individual molecular trajectories are observed on each type of surface. It is found that unfolding slows and the folding rate increases on TMS relative to OEG, despite stronger attractions between TMS and unpaired nucleobases. These rate differences lead to near‐complete hairpin formation on hydrophobic TMS and significant unfolding on hydrophilic OEG, resulting in the surprising conclusion that hydrophobic surface coatings are preferable for nanotechnology applications that rely on DNA hybridization near surfaces.