bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immersed boundary method for unsteady kinetic model equations
Authors: Pekardan Cem , Chigullapalli Sruti , Sun Lin , Alexeenko Alina 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPredicting unsteady flows and aerodynamic forces for large displacement motion of microstructures requires transient solution of Boltzmann equation with moving boundaries. For the inclusion of moving complex boundaries for these problems, three immersed boundary method flux formulations (interpolation, relaxation, and interrelaxation) are presented. These formulations are implemented in a 2‐D finite volume method solver for ellipsoidal‐statistical (ES)‐Bhatnagar‐Gross‐Krook (BGK) equations using unstructured meshes. For the verification, a transient analytical solution for free molecular 1‐D flow is derived, and results are compared with the immersed boundary (IB)‐ES‐BGK methods. In 2‐D, methods are verified with the conformal, non‐moving finite volume method, and it is shown that the interrelaxation flux formulation gives an error less than the interpolation and relaxation methods for a given mesh size. Furthermore, formulations applied to a thermally induced flow for a heated beam near a cold substrate show that interrelaxation formulation gives more accurate solution in terms of heat flux. As a 2‐D unsteady application, IB/ES‐BGK methods are used to determine flow properties and damping forces for impulsive motion of microbeam due to high inertial forces. IB/ES‐BGK methods are compared with Navier–Stokes solution at low Knudsen numbers, and it is shown that velocity slip in the transitional rarefied regime reduces the unsteady damping force. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building blocks of a fish head: Developmental and variational modularity in a complex system
Authors: Lehoux Caroline , Cloutier Richard 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTEvolution of the vertebrate skull is developmentally constrained by the interactions among its anatomical systems, such as the dermatocranium and the sensory system. The interaction between the dermal bones and lateral line canals has been debated for decades but their morphological integration has never been tested. An ontogenetic series of 97 juvenile and adultAmia calva(Actinopterygii) was used to describe the patterning and modularity of sensory lateral line canals and their integration with supporting cranial bones. Developmental modules were tested for the otic canal and supratemporal commissure by computing correlations in the branching sequence of groups of pores. Landmarks were digitized on 25 specimens to test a priori hypotheses of variational and developmental modularity at the level of canals and dermal bones. Branching sequence suggests a specific patterning supported by significant positive correlations in the sequence of appearance of branches between bilateral sides. Differences in patterning between the otic canal and the supratemporal commissure and tests of modularity with geometric morphometrics suggest that both canals form distinct modules. The integration between bones and canals was insufficient to detect a module. However, both components were not independent. Groups of pores tended to disappear without affecting other groups of pores suggesting that they are quasi‐independent units acting as modules. This study provides evidence of a hierarchical organization for the modular sensory system that could explain variation of pattern of canals among species and their association with dermal bones.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 614–628, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Propranolol and venlafaxine for vestibular migraine prophylaxis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Salviz Mehti , Yuce Turgut , Acar Hurtan , Karatas Abdullah , Acikalin R. Murat 
Published: July 2015

Objectives/HypothesisWe compared the effectiveness of venlafaxine and propranolol for the prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (VM).Study DesignProspective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.MethodsSixty‐four subjects with definite VM were enrolled. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive propranolol (group P, n = 33) or venlafaxine (group V, n = 31) for VM prophylaxis. Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) scores, the Vertigo Severity Score (VSS), and the number of vertiginous attacks were recorded before and 4 months after treatment. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were also recorded to monitor the resolution of psychiatric symptoms.ResultsAt 4 months after treatment, the DHI total score decreased from 55.8 ± 2.7 to 31.3 ± 3.7 and from 50.9 ± 2.5 to 19.9 ± 2.9 (P < .001), the mean number of total vertiginous attacks decreased from 12.6 ± 1.8 to 1.9 ± 0.7 and from 12.2 ± 1.8 to 2.6 ± 1.1 (P < .001), and VSS decreased from 7.3 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.4 and from 7.9 ± 0.3 to 1.8 ± 0.5 (P < .001) in groups P and V, respectively. However, the treatment effects were similar in both groups (P > .05). BAI scores significantly decreased in both groups, whereas BDI scores decreased only in group V.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence that venlafaxine and propranolol show equal effectiveness as prophylactic drugs for ameliorating vertiginous symptoms in VM patients. However, venlafaxine may be superior to propranolol in ameliorating depressive symptoms.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 126:169–174, 2016
Familial risk of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Orb Quinn , Curtin Karen , Oakley Gretchen M. , Wong Jathine , Meier Jeremy , Orlandi Richard R. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: July 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the risk of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in relatives of children with a diagnosis of CRS.Study DesignRetrospective observational cohort study with population‐based matched controls.MethodsA unique genealogical database linked to medical records was used to identify subjects ≤12 years old with a diagnosis of CRS from 1996 to 2011. The familial recurrence risks of CRS in first‐ through fifth‐degree relatives of probands were calculated using Cox models and compared to controls randomly selected from the Utah population and matched 10:1 on sex and birth year.ResultsWe identified 496 pediatric patients with CRS. Siblings of patients with CRS demonstrated a 57.5‐fold increased risk (P < 10−8) of also having pediatric CRS. First cousins had a 9.0‐fold increased risk (P < 10−3) and second cousins had a 2.9‐fold increased risk (P = .002) of pediatric CRS. First‐degree relatives, second‐degree relatives, and first cousins of pediatric cases demonstrated a significant increased risk of having adult CRS. Parents of probands demonstrated a 5.6‐fold increased risk (P < 10−15). Fifty‐five probands had one affected parent versus three probands with two affected parents.ConclusionsIn the largest population study to date of children with CRS, a significant familial risk is confirmed. Parents of probands were also at increased risk, although it was much more likely for one parent to be affected than both, suggesting a genetic component of the disease. Further understanding of the genetic basis of CRS and its interplay with environmental factors could clarify the etiology and lead to more effective targeted treatments.Level of Evidence3b Laryngoscope, 126:739–745, 2016
Do otolaryngology residency applicants relocate for training?
Authors: Gebhard Grant M. , Hauser Leah J. , Dally Miranda J. , Weitzenkamp David A. , Cabrera‐Muffly Cristina 
Published: July 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine whether there is an association between the geographic location of an applicant's undergraduate school, medical school, and residency program among matched otolaryngology residency applicants.Study DesignObservational.MethodsOtolaryngology residency program applications to our institution from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed. The geographic location of each applicant's undergraduate education and medical education were collected. Online public records were queried to determine the residency program location of matched applicants. Applicants who did not match or who attended medical school outside the United States were excluded. Metro area, state, and region were determined according to US Census Bureau definitions.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2013, 1,089 (78%) of 1,405 applicants who matched into otolaryngology residency applied to our institution. The number of subjects who attended medical school and residency in the same geographic region was 241 (22%) for metropolitan area, 305 (28%) for state, and 436 (40%) for region. There was no difference in geographic location retention by gender or couples match status of the subject. United States Medical Licensing Exam step 1 scores correlated with an increased likelihood of subjects staying within the same geographic region (P = .03).ConclusionsMost otolaryngology applicants leave their previous geographic area to attend residency. Based on these data, the authors recommend against giving weight to geography as a factor when inviting applicants to interview.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 126:829–833, 2016
Characterization of retentive capacity of the subpericranial pocket in cochlear implants with and without a pedestal
Authors: Papsin Blake C. , Cushing Sharon L. , Hubbard Bradley J. , Wong Daniel D. E. , Gordon Karen A. 
Published: July 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo quantify the retentive capacity (RC) of the subpericranial pocket (SpP) in children undergoing cochlear implantation (CI) and measure improvements in RC with the addition of a pedestal to the device base. Retention of a CI in an SpP relies on the integrity of surrounding tissues to determine device position and resist movement from external forces. We hypothesize that device position can be controlled and resistance to movement can be improved with placement of a small pedestal on the base of the CI receiver stimulator.Study DesignAnalysis of prospectively assembled data.MethodsNinety‐seven patients (145 devices) underwent CI (48 bilateral, 49 unilateral). Intraoperatively, a force gauge measured the displacement force on a template Nucleus 5 (Cochlear Corporation, Sydney, Australia) implant placed in an SpP prior to routine suture fixation of a standard device. In 47 patients (64 devices), displacement forces were also measured for a custom template Nucleus 5 implant with pedestal.ResultsAverage RC of the SpP for the standard device was 5.59 N ± 2.73 standard deviation (SD), which increased to 9.401 N ± 4.6267 SD with a pedestaled device. Resistance to displacement decreased significantly across trials in both groups (P <.0001). Retentive capacity of the SpP increased significantly with the addition of a pedestaled device (P < .0001). The interaction between device and trial was also found to be significant (P = .05).ConclusionsThe RC of the SpP in children and the ability to resist device migration in the absence of fixation may improve with the addition of a pedestal attached to the device.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 126:1175–1179, 2016
Development of a novel larynx pacemaker multichannel array electrode: In vivo animal analysis
Authors: Faenger Bernd , Schumann Nikolaus P. , Arnold Dirk , Grassme Roland , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando , Scholle Hans‐Christoph 
Published: July 2015

Objectives/HypothesisElectrical stimulation of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle offers a physiological approach to retain the function of the paralyzed larynx muscle after paralysis. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a durable, biocompatible, and atraumatic array electrode for inclusion in a larynx pacemaker. In addition to developing the electrode array, an evaluation methodology using in vivo multichannel electromyography was assessed.Study DesignIn vivo test procedures for material evaluation: an animal model.MethodsOver the research period, 42 array electrodes representing nine different prototypes were implanted in the triceps brachii muscle of 21 rats. Biocompatibility and atraumatic functions were evaluated via observation. Electrode function and durability were determined by comparison of daily electromyographic measurements of the muscle activity of the front leg (triceps brachii muscle) during locomotion.ResultsThe used animal model demonstrated electrode material problems that could not be material evaluation from in vitro tests alone. Through use of this in vivo method, it was found that an array tip that is durable, biocompatible, and atraumatic should consist of many small electrode plates cast in flexible silicone. The connecting wires to the individual electrode plates should be Litz wire, which consists of multiple strands.ConclusionsThe here demonstrated in vivo test method was a suitable animal model for designing and evaluating electrodes to be further developed for inclusion in human implants.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 126:429–436, 2016
Impact of ToxigenicClostridium difficileColonization on the Risk of SubsequentC. difficileInfection in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Tschudin-Sutter Sarah , Carroll Karen C. , Tamma Pranita D. , Sudekum Madeleine L. , Frei Reno , Widmer Andreas F. , Ellis Brandon C. , Bartlett John , Perl Trish M. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in hospitalized patients is generally attributed to the current stay, but recent studies reveal highC. difficilecolonization rates on admission.OBJECTIVETo determine the rate of colonization with toxigenicC. difficileamong intensive care unit patients upon admission as well as acquired during hospitalization, and the risk of subsequent CDI.METHODSProspective cohort study from April 15 through July 8, 2013. Adults admitted to an intensive care unit within 48 hours of admission to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, were screened for colonization with toxigenicC. difficile. The primary outcome was risk of developing CDI.RESULTSAmong 542 patients, 17 (3.1%) were colonized with toxigenicC. difficileon admission and an additional 3 patients were found to be colonized during hospitalization. Both colonization with toxigenicC. difficileon admission and colonization during hospitalization were associated with an increased risk for development of CDI (relative risk, 10.29 [95% CI, 2.24–47.40],P=.003; and 15.66 [4.01–61.08],P<.001, respectively). Using multivariable analysis, colonization on admission and colonization during hospitalization were independent predictors of CDI (relative risk, 8.62 [95% CI, 1.48–50.25],P=.017; and 10.93 [1.49–80.20],P=.019, respectively), while adjusting for potential confounders.CONCLUSIONSIn intensive care unit patients, colonization with toxigenicC. difficileis an independent risk factor for development of subsequent CDI. Further studies are needed to identify populations with higher toxigenicC. difficilecolonization rates possibly benefiting from screening or avoidance of agents known to promote CDI.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;36(11):1324–1329
Knowledge sharing success and resistance in an engineering department: A case study
Authors: Gardiner Claire M 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe centrality of knowledge sharing to organizations’ sustainability has been established. This research explores and illustrates the influences for individual professionals and paraprofessionals – specifically civil engineers and design drafters – to share their deep, personally constructed knowledge, in a public sector provider of railways infrastructure. It investigates the extent to which: (i) knowledge sharing will be positively influenced by the professional identity, values and knowledge culture to achieve organizational and project goals; and (ii) sharing of deep personal expertise will be influenced by the quality of relational capital among individuals and individual perspectives. It finds that knowledge sharing develops within frameworks established through the alignment among sector, profession and organization values. However, individual behavior is found to be most strongly influenced by the presence and quality of relational capital and individuals’ personal perspectives.
Modeling workplace contact networks: The effects of organizational structure, architecture, and reporting errors on epidemic predictions
Authors: POTTER GAIL E. , SMIESZEK TIMO , SAILER KERSTIN 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFace-to-face social contacts are potentially important transmission routes for acute respiratory infections, and understanding the contact network can improve our ability to predict, contain, and control epidemics. Although workplaces are important settings for infectious disease transmission, few studies have collected workplace contact data and estimated workplace contact networks. We use contact diaries, architectural distance measures, and institutional structures to estimate social contact networks within a Swiss research institute. Some contact reports were inconsistent, indicating reporting errors. We adjust for this with a latent variable model, jointly estimating the true (unobserved) network of contacts and duration-specific reporting probabilities. We find that contact probability decreases with distance, and that research group membership, role, and shared projects are strongly predictive of contact patterns. Estimated reporting probabilities were low only for 0–5 min contacts. Adjusting for reporting error changed the estimate of the duration distribution, but did not change the estimates of covariate effects and had little effect on epidemic predictions. Our epidemic simulation study indicates that inclusion of network structure based on architectural and organizational structure data can improve the accuracy of epidemic forecasting models.
Some Realism About New Legal Realism: What's New, What's Legal, What's Real?
Authors: AUGSBERG INO 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCurrent endeavours to develop a ‘realistic’ concept of international law should take into account that there is not only one reality. It does not suffice to admit that reality can be perceived from different angles. Rather, a realistic account of modern society has to acknowledge that we can no longer speak of the ‘world’ or ‘reality’ as a singular entity. Perspectives matter; they construct their own, distinct objects of cognition. A ‘New Legal Realism’ is deliberately new, legal, and realistic only insofar as it is conceived as an understanding of how (international) law creates its own realities.
Voltage and Dopant Concentration Measurements of Semiconductors using a Band-Pass Toroidal Energy Analyzer Inside a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Srinivasan Avinash , Khursheed Anjam 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper presents experimental results obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) second-order focusing toroidal electron energy analyzer attachment. The results demonstrate that the analyzer can be used to obtain high signal-to-noise voltage and dopant concentration measurements on semiconductors in the presence of different electric field conditions at the sample. The experimentally calculated relative error of measurement typically varies from 31 to 63, corresponding to secondary electron (SE) signal mean shifts of 9–18 mV. The millivolt accuracy of these results is over one order of magnitude better than earlier quantitative dopant concentration measurements made by a retarding field analyzer.
Phylogenetic analysis of wheat cultivars in Kazakhstan based on the wheat 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism array
Authors: Turuspekov Yerlan , Plieske Joerg , Ganal Martin , Akhunov Eduard , Abugalieva Saule 
Published: July 2015

The recent introduction of Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays is an important step towards comprehensive genome-wide studies of genetic diversity in wheat. In this study, 90 cultivars of hexaploid spring wheat growing in Kazakhstan were genotyped using the high-density wheat 90 K Illumina SNP array. The analysis allowed the identification of 30,288 polymorphic SNPs. A subset of 3541 high-quality SNPs were used for a comparison of 690 wheat accessions representing landraces and varieties, including those from Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, Kazakhstan, USA and other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clear separation of wheat cultivars according to their geographic origin. In the phylogenetic tree, accessions from Kazakhstan and the USA formed two neighbouring clusters with a common node, and they were distinct from accessions from other regions of the world, including Europe. The results provide important new insights into the genetic relationships between diverse wheat accessions.
Psychometric validation of the Italian version of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS)
Authors: Pingani L. , Evans-Lacko S. , Luciano M. , Del Vecchio V. , Ferrari S. , Sampogna G. , Croci I. , Del Fatto T. , Rigatelli M. , Fiorillo A. 
Published: July 2015

Background.Many instruments have been developed and validated to assess the stigma associated with mental disorders and its various domains across different populations. To our knowledge, the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) is the only validated questionnaire to analyse the presence of reported and intended stigmatising/discriminatory behaviours towards people with mental health problems in the general population. The aims of the study presented herein are to translate and validate the RIBS in Italian language and to adapt it to the Italian socio-cultural background (RIBS-I).Method.The RIBS considers reported and intended behaviours across four different domains: (1) living with, (2) working with, (3) living nearby and (4) continuing a relationship with someone with a mental health problem. The validation process included four phases: (1) translation/back translation of the questionnaire from English to Italian and vice versa; (2,3) face validity and reliability of RIBS-I; (4) description of model fit through confirmatory factor analysis. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of the general public via distribution in public places such as shopping centres, markets, squares, cinemas and other gathering places. Questionnaires were administered by trained mental health professionals.Results.A total of 447 lay respondents were recruited. The mean age was 38.08 (s.d. = ±14.74) years. Fifty-seven per cent of the sample (n = 257) were female. The Cronbach alpha of RIBS-I was 0.83. All indices of model fit were above the reference values: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.987 (GFI > 0.9); Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.975 (AGFI > 0.9); Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.994 (CFI > 0.9); and Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.023 (RMSEA < 0.05). The χ2 = 23.60 (df = 19; p = 0.21) and χ2/df = 1.24 supported the model.Conclusions.The RIBS-I demonstrated good psychometric properties and it can be considered a useful tool to: (1) assess stigmatising (actual or potential) behaviours in the general population; (2) test the efficacy of anti-stigma campaigns and actions; (3) design further studies to better understand the relationship between the three different components of stigmatisation: knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.
Actin nucleation by WH2 domains at the autophagosome
Authors: Coutts Amanda S. , La Thangue Nicholas B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAutophagy is a catabolic process whereby cytosolic components and organelles are degraded to recycle key cellular materials. It is a constitutive process required for proper tissue homoeostasis but can be rapidly regulated by a variety of stimuli (for example, nutrient starvation and chemotherapeutic agents). JMY is a DNA damage-responsive p53 cofactor and actin nucleator important for cell survival and motility. Here we show that JMY regulates autophagy through its actin nucleation activity. JMY contains an LC3-interacting region, which is necessary to target JMY to the autophagosome where it enhances the autophagy maturation process. In autophagosomes, the integrity of the WH2 domains allows JMY to promote actin nucleation, which is required for efficient autophagosome formation. Thus our results establish a direct role for actin nucleation mediated by WH2 domain proteins that reside at the autophagosome.