bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review investigating the reporting of comorbidities and medication in randomized controlled trials of people with dementia
Authors: Smith Toby , Maidment Ian , Hebding Jennifer , Madzima Tairo , Cheater Francine , Cross Jane , Poland Fiona , White Jacqueline , Young John , Fox Chris 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objectives: dementia is a debilitating condition characterised by global loss of cognitive and intellectual functioning, which reduces social and occupational performance. This population frequently presents with medical co-morbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The CONSORT statement outlines recommended guidance on reporting of participant characteristics in clinical trials. It is, however, unclear how much these are adhered to in trials assessing people with dementia. This paper assesses the reporting of medical co-morbidities and prescribed medications for people with dementia within randomised controlled trial (RCT) reports.
Design: a systematic review of the published literature from the databases AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Clinical Trial Registry from 1 January 1997 to 9 January 2014 was undertaken in order to identify RCTs detailing baseline medical co-morbidities and prescribed medications . Eligible studies were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) RCT appraisal tool, and descriptive statistical analyses were calculated to determine point prevalence.
Results: nine trials, including 1474 people with dementia, were identified presenting medical co-morbidity data. These indicated neurological disorders (prevalence 91%), vascular disorders (prevalence 91%), cardiac disorders (prevalence 74%) and ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (prevalence 53%) were most frequently seen.
Conclusions: published RCTs poorly report medical co-morbidities and medications for people with dementia. Future trials should include the report of these items to allow interpretation of whether the results are generalisable to frailer older populations.
PROSPERO Registration: CRD42013006735.
The third law of thermodynamics for Kerr black holes
Authors: Okamoto Isao , Kaburaki Osamu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
At first the thermodynamic and evolutionary properties of Kerr black holes are clarified using the M–J plane, where M is the hole’s mass and J is its angular momentum. In this plane Schwarzschild black holes with h = 0 are distributed along the M-axis and extreme Kerr holes with h = 1 lie on the line J = M2, where $h \equiv J/4S$ is a non-dimensional parameter and S is the entropy. Taking into account possible accretion processes, we then derive the condition under which the third law of black-hole thermodynamics for Kerr holes is not violated. The condition is given in the form of as $\alpha \ge 1$, where the rate of change of a hole’s state, dh/dM, is proportional to $(1-h)^\alpha$ in the neighbourhood of $h \simeq 1$. If the rate is proportional to the vanishing surface gravity, gH, with which the hole has to accrete matter and angular momentum, α is given by $\alpha= 1+2/C$, where $dh/dM=Cg_\text H=C(1-h^2)/4M$, and C is a proportionality constant. In this case M, J and S diverge to infinity as a power law for $h \to 1$, and therefore no Kerr holes can reach the extreme Kerr state with the absolute zero temperature by accreting finite amounts of mass and angular momentum.
Random complex networks
Authors: Small Michael , Hou Lvlin , Zhang Linjun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExactly what is meant by a ‘complex’ network is not clear; however, what is clear is that it is something other than a random graph. Complex networks arise in a wide range of real social, technological and physical systems. In all cases, the most basic categorization of these graphs is their node degree distribution. Particular groups of complex networks may exhibit additional interesting features, including the so-called small-world effect or being scale-free. There are many algorithms with which one may generate networks with particular degree distributions (perhaps the most famous of which is preferential attachment). In this paper, we address what it means to randomly choose a network from the class of networks with a particular degree distribution, and in doing so we show that the networks one gets from the preferential attachment process are actually highly pathological. Certain properties (including robustness and fragility) which have been attributed to the (scale-free) degree distribution are actually more intimately related to the preferential attachment growth mechanism. We focus here on scale-free networks with power-law degree sequences—but our methods and results are perfectly generic.
Nonfluoroscopic Catheter Visualization in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: Sommer Philipp , Rolf Sascha , Piorkowski Christopher , Gaspar Thomas , Huo Yan , Piedra Carlos , Richter Sergio , Bollmann Andreas , Arya Arash , Hindricks Gerhard 
Published: July 2014

Background—
A technological platform (MediGuide) has been recently introduced for nonfluoroscopic catheter tracking. No data on the safety of this technology are yet available in a large cohort of patients.

Methods and Results—

Data from a prospective ablation registry were analyzed. All patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation procedures supported by nonfluoroscopic catheter visualization technology were included. Patient characteristics and procedural data and complications within the first 3 months were recorded. Between May 2012 and February 2014, a total of 375 patients underwent atrial fibrillation ablation using nonfluoroscopic catheter visualization technology. The patients were predominantly men (68%); the majority were ablated for the first time (71%); left atrium was 43±6 mm; and left ventricular function was normal (59±9%). The median ablation procedure time was 135 (113–170) minutes, median fluoroscopy time 2.8 (1.5–4.4) minutes, and median radiation dose 789 (470–1466) cGy*cm
2
. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant decrease of fluoroscopy time, dose, and procedure time. To confirm the result and show overall changes, the initial 50 cases (group 1) to the last 50 cases (group 2) of the series were compared: fluoroscopy time decreased from 6.0 (4.1–10.3) minutes in group 1 to 1.1 (0.7–1.5) minutes in group 2 and radiation dose from 2363 (1413–3475) to 490 (230–654) cGy*cm
2
, respectively. Ten patients (2.7%) experienced complications: 5 cardiac tamponades (1.4%), 4 pseudoaneurysms (1.1%), and 1 stroke (0.3%).

Conclusions—
Atrial fibrillation ablation using the nonfluoroscopic catheter visualization technology is safe with a rate of complications of 2.7%. Procedure time (135 minutes) is not prolonged. A dramatic reduction in fluoroscopy time and dose was achieved.
Large-diameter titanium dioxide nanotube arrays as a scattering layer for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Liu Xiaolin , Guo Min , Cao Jianjun , Lin Jia , Tsang Yuen Hong , Chen Xianfeng , Huang Haitao 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Large-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays with an outer diameter of approximately 500 nm have been successfully synthesized by potentiostatic anodization at 180 V in a used electrolyte with the addition of 1.5 M lactic acid. It is found that the synthesized large-diameter TiO2 nanotube array shows a superior light scattering ability, which can be used as a light scattering layer to significantly enhance the efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticle-based dye-sensitized solar cells from 5.18% to 6.15%. The remarkable light scattering ability makes the large-diameter TiO2 nanotube array a promising candidate for light management in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Kinetic study by UV Spectrophotometry of Carzol degradation in aqueous medium
Authors: Bakhti Hayet , Ben Hamida Najib 
Published: July 2014

This paper deals with the kinetic hydrolysis in aqueous media of Carzol or (E) 3-dimethylamino- methyleneaminophenyl-N-methylcarbamate hydrochloride. The Carzol is a bifunctional compound which belongs to the chemical families formamidine and carbamate. This work is carried out by UV Spectrophotometry. The successive determination of 3-aminophenyl-N-methylcarbamate and 3-aminophenol, as the mainproducts of the formamidine and the carbamate groups of Carzol hydrolysis gives evidence for the significant reactivity of this insecticide-acaricide in aqueous media. The obtained negative activation entropy Î”Sâ‰ = - 32.39 J mol-1K-1 indicates a BAC2 mechanism involving bimolecular collapse of the formamidine group of Carzol. While, the obtained positive activation entropy Î”Sâ‰ = +100.24J mol-1 K-1and the absence of basic general catalysis indicate an E1cB mechanism involving unimolecular collapse of the carbamate group of Carzol via a methylisocyanate intermediate.
The ISUP system of staging, grading and classification of renal cell neoplasia
Authors: Samaratunga Hemamali , Gianduzzo Troy , Delahunt Brett 
Published: July 2014

There have been significant changes in the staging, classification and grading of renal cell neoplasia in recent times. Major changes have occurred in our understanding of extra-renal extension by renal cell cancer and how gross specimens must be handled to optimally display extra-renal spread. Since the 1981 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal tumors, in which only a handful of different entities were reported, many new morphological types have been described in the literature, resulting in 50 different entities reported in the 2004 WHO classification. Since 2004, further new entities have been recognized and reported necessitating an update of the renal tumor classification. There have also been numerous grading systems for renal cell carcinoma with Fuhrman grading, the most widely used system. In recent times, the prognostic value and the applicability of the Fuhrman grading system in practice has been shown to be, at best, suboptimal. To address these issues and to recommend reporting guidelines, the International Society of Urological pathology (ISUP) undertook a review of adult renal neoplasia through an international consensus conference in Vancouver in 2012. The conduct of the conference was based upon evidence from the literature and the current practice amongst recognized experts in the field. Working groups selected to deal with key topics evaluated current data and identified points of controversy. A pre-meeting survey of the ISUP membership was followed by the consensus conference at which a formal ballot was taken on each key issue. A 65% majority vote was taken as consensus. This review summarizes the outcome and recommendations of this conference with regards to staging, classification and grading of renal cell neoplasia.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Substituted‐3‐amino‐4‐cyano‐isoquinoline‐1(2H)‐ones by the Reaction of N‐Substituted‐2‐iodobenzamides with Malononitrile
Authors: Liu Yeye , Zeng Runsheng , Pan Jie , Zou Jianping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA novel Cu(OAc)2·H2O catalyzed coupling reaction of N‐substituted‐2‐iodobenzamides with malononitrile to afford N‐substituted‐3‐amino‐4‐cyano‐isoquinoline‐1(2H)‐ones is described. The reaction proceeded in DMSO at 90°C for 5 h in nitrogen without external ligands.
Imine‐Linked Covalent Organic Framework on Surface for Biosensor
Authors: Wang Peiyuan , Kang Mengmeng , Sun Shumin , Liu Qiang , Zhang Zhihong , Fang Shaoming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractImine‐linked covalent organic framework on amino functionalized silicon substrate was constructed via a step‐wise reaction between 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxaldehyde and 1,4‐diaminobenzene. The obtained material was used as biosensor for bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption and probe DNA immobilization, which extended the application of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to a new field.
CuBr‐Promoted Tandem Cyclization/Trifluoromethylation of 2‐Alkynylanilines: Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Trifluoromethylindoles
Authors: Ge Guangcun , Huang Xiaojun , Ding Changhua , Li Hao , Wan Shili , Hou Xuelong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new efficient strategy for the synthesis of 3‐trifluoromethyl‐indoles was developed through tandem cyclization/trifluoromethylation of 2‐alkynylanilines and Umemoto's reagent under effect of CuBr. The reaction features the use of cheap copper salt, mild reaction conditions and high yield of products. The preliminary mechanism study indicates the solvent dimethylacetamide acts as the role of dealkylation.
Catalyst‐Free Reaction in Water: Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydroindole Derivatives via Three‐Component Domino Reaction
Authors: Feng Xian , Wang Jianjun , Lin Wei , Zhang Juanjuan , Huang Zhibin , Shi Daqing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn environmentally benign and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of functionalized tetrahydroindole derivatives in aqueous media under catalyst‐free conditions, by simply combining a phenylglyoxal monohydrate, an enaminone, and a barbituric acid. The advantages of this method are that it is catalyst free, has an easy workup, provides good yields, and uses water as solvent, which make this procedure facile and practical.
AgF‐Mediated Dialkylation of Activate Alkenes: An Efficient Access to Nitrile‐Containing Spirooxindoles
Authors: Wu Liang , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA novel Ag‐mediated dialkylation reaction of alkenes was disclosed, in which AgF was essential to activate CH bond of acetonitrile. This reaction provided an efficient way to nitrile‐containing spirooxindoles from readily available (1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methanamine derivatives.
Increased Nuclearity of Salen‐Type Transition Metal Complexes by Incorporation of O‐Alkyloxime Functionality
Authors: Akine Shigehisa , Nabeshima Tatsuya 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of incorporation of O‐alkyloxime functionality in the salen‐type tetradentate ligand was investigated from a viewpoint of complexation behavior with cobalt(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II). The complexation of salamo ligands (H2salamo = 1,2‐bis(salicylideneaminooxy)ethane) with zinc(II) and cobalt(II) afforded trinuclear complexes [M3L2(OAc)2] (M = ZnII, CoII; L = salamo, 3‐MeOsalamo). The phenoxo groups of the two [ML] units coordinate to the third MII, which results in the trinuclear structure. Upon complexation with nickel(II) acetate, the parent H2salamo gave a trinuclear complex [Ni3(salamo)2(OAc)2(EtOH)2], whereas H2(3‐MeOsalamo) produced a mononuclear complex [Ni(3‐MeOsalamo)(H2O)2]. The salamo complexes described here are similar to the corresponding complexes with N,N′‐disalicylidene‐1,4‐diaminobutane (H2salbn), indicating that the difference between the –OCH2CH2O– and –(CH2)4– groups has a small influence on the structural features of the complexes. However, this difference affects the complexation process with zinc(II) acetate. The trinuclear complex [Zn3(3‐MeOsalamo)2(OAc)2] was formed cooperatively, whereas the imine analog [Zn3(3‐MeOsalbn)2(OAc)2] was not.
Le Paragraphe dans le
Discours de la méthode
Authors: van de Velde Daan Johan 
Published: July 2014

Résumé

Le paragraphe est un niveau textuel qui n'est pas souvent analysé en stylistique. La présente étude aborde la question de savoir comment le paragraphe peut constituer une unité textuelle dans le
Discours de la méthode
de Descartes. Tout d'abord, une comparaison entre différentes éditions du
Discours
de l'époque, et de différentes autres publications de son imprimeur original, Joannes Maire à Leyde, montre que la mise en paragraphe a été voulue par l'auteur. Dans l'édition originale, le paragraphe est matériellement soutenu par le retrait. Une analyse en termes de cohérence de discours suggère que l'auteur organise le paragraphe selon un seul arc de raisonnement menant à une conclusion. Le début du paragraphe suivant se rapporte au paragraphe précédent dans sa totalité et non uniquement à sa dernière phrase. Ainsi, les phrases au milieu du paragraphe ne s'enchaînent pas de la même manière que les phrases autour du retrait. Présentes dans presque chaque phrase, les conjonctions sont utilisées de façon plus générale au début du paragraphe qu'au milieu, où elles ont plutôt une sémantique qui s'insère dans la chaîne de raisonnement. Nous concluons que le paragraphe dans le
Discours
est une unité textuelle utilisée par Descartes afin de soutenir son raisonnement.
The Source Counts from the 4C Survey
Authors: Gower J. F. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The source counts derived from the fourth Cambridge catalogue of radio sources (4C) are presented and are combined with previously published results to give the number/flux density (log N/log S) curve over the range of flux density 0.27 &lt; S &lt; 35 × 10−26(c/s)−1.
The correction necessary to take account of confusion is deterrnined by a Monte Carlo process and the corrections for angular diameters of sources and source clustering are also discussed.
On the assumption that the form of the source counts can be explained by density variation with epoch, forms of this density variation are derived which would be consistent with the latest derivation of the luminosity distribution function.
On the Possibility of Determining the Distances and Masses of Stars from the Gravitational Lens Effect
Authors: Refsdal S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
It is shown that the distance and the mass of a star which acts as a gravitational lens can be determined if the lens effect can be observed from the Earth and from at least one distant space observatory. The distance from the Earth to the space observatory will usually have to be of the order of 5% of one astronomical unit or more.
A search for inhomogeneities in the Lyman α forest
Authors: Webb J. K. , Barcons X. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We use a sample of intermediate resolution QSO spectra is used to search for inhomogeneities in the Lyman α forest distribution. Within the errors, it is found that neighboring absorption system rest equivalent widths are not correlated on scale lengths of 300 to 10000 km $\text s^{-1}$. This result is used to derive upper limits on pressure fluctuations in the IGM within the framework of pressure confined clouds. The redshift clustering properties of these objects are reexamined using two statistical tests, and no significant clustering on the same scales is found.
The main result is that if Lyman α clouds are pressure confined, the confining IGM is extremely homogeneous, with 2σ upper limits on pressure fluctuations of $(\Delta P/P)\lesssim 0.14$ on any scales over the above range.
Aligning sequence from molecular inversion probes
Authors: Pedersen Brent S. , Murphy Elissa , Yang Ivana V. , Schwartz David A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTSummaryMolecular inversion probes (MIP’s) allow efficient enrichment of genomic regions of interest for the purpose of targeted sequencing. To date, there is a paucity of simple-to-use software to align sequences derived from this method. Here, we describe a single program that performs mapping, arm removal, and deduplication before outputting alignments in SAM format.Availabilitybwa-mipsis available athttps://github.com/brentp/bwa-mipsunder the MIT license.Contactbpederse@gmail.com
Welding Equipment under the Energy‐related Products Directive
Authors: Schischke Karsten , Nissen Nils F. , Lang Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: July 2014

SummaryA broad range of energy‐using products have been analyzed to shape the eco‐design requirements for the European market under the Ecodesign Framework Directive 2009/125/EC in the last several years. Only recently, this approach also addressed production equipment, including ovens, furnaces, machine tools, and related machinery. Welding equipment has been subject to such an analysis as part of the study on machine tools. This article summarizes the individual steps of this technical, economic, and environmental analysis to facilitate the understanding of the policy intentions: The study followed a standardized methodology and identified, through this approach, a significant energy savings potential of 7.6 petajoules per year and suitable policy options. The article discusses these options, addressing in particular the challenges faced by industrial equipment. Some shortcomings of the methodology to be used have to be stated. These are time and resource constraints to develop policy measures with adequate resources, uncertain market evidence, and the challenge to forecast the effect of engineering options not yet implemented in a product. Under these conditions, the findings are a compromise between feasibility and scientific robustness.
Understanding sodium versus lithium intercalation potentials of electrode materials for alkali-ion batteries
Authors: Arroyo-De Dompablo M. Elena 
Published: July 2014

Differences in average voltages for the alkali ion intercalation ( Li , Na ) in a variety of electrode materials are investigated. The average Li and Na insertion potentials in the cavities of ◻ ReO 3-perovskite, ramsdellite-◻ Ti 2 O 4, layered-◻2 A 2 Ti 3 O 7 ( A = Li , Na ) and NASICON-◻ Na 3 Ti 2( PO 4)3 have been calculated by first principles calculations at the density functional theory level. The results identify the type of site occupied by the inserted ion as the relevant structural parameter. Occupation of large sites (c.n. = 12, 8) might yield Na insertion voltages higher than Li ones. On the other extreme, occupation of tetrahedral sites raises the Li insertion voltage as much as 0.8 V above the Na one. For octahedral sites the higher polarizing character of Li ions vs. Na ions acts as a key-factor to bring the Li intercalation voltage above that of Na intercalation.
A Metabonomics Profiling Study on Phlegm Syndrome and Blood‐Stasis Syndrome in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Using Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Linlin , Wan Ling , Qiu Xinjian , Li Ruomeng , Liu Shimi , Wang Dongsheng 
Published: July 2014

A metabonomics approach based on liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐Q‐TOF/MS) was utilized to obtain potential biomarkers of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and investigate the ZHENG types differentiation in CHD patients. The plasma samples of 20 CHD patients with phlegm syndrome, 20 CHD patients with blood‐stasis syndrome, and 16 healthy volunteers were collected in the study. 26 potential biomarkers were identified in the plasma of CHD patients and 19 differential metabolites contributed to the discrimination of phlegm syndrome and blood‐stasis syndrome in CHD patients (VIP > 1.5; P < 0.05) which mainly involved purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism. This study demonstrated that metabonomics approach based on LC‐MS was useful for studying pathologic changes of CHD patients and interpreting the differentiation of ZHENG types (phlegm and blood‐stasis syndrome) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).