bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The soybean (Glycine max) nodulation‐suppressive CLE peptide, GmRIC1, functions interspecifically in common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but not in a supernodulating line mutated in the receptor PvNARK
Authors: Ferguson Brett J. , Li Dongxue , Hastwell April H. , Reid Dugald E. , Li Yupeng , Jackson Scott A. , Gresshoff Peter M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryLegume plants regulate the number of nitrogen‐fixing root nodules they form via a process called the Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON). Despite being one of the most economically important and abundantly consumed legumes, little is known about the AON pathway of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). We used comparative‐ and functional‐genomic approaches to identify central components in the AON pathway of common bean. This includes identifying PvNARK, which encodes a LRR receptor kinase that acts to regulate root nodule numbers. A novel, truncated version of the gene was identified directly upstream of PvNARK, similar to Medicago truncatula, but not seen in Lotus japonicus or soybean. Two mutant alleles of PvNARK were identified that cause a classic shoot‐controlled and nitrate‐tolerant supernodulation phenotype. Homeologous over‐expression of the nodulation‐suppressive CLE peptide‐encoding soybean gene, GmRIC1, abolished nodulation in wild‐type bean, but had no discernible effect on PvNARK‐mutant plants. This demonstrates that soybean GmRIC1 can function interspecifically in bean, acting in a PvNARK‐dependent manner. Identification of bean PvRIC1, PvRIC2 and PvNIC1, orthologues of the soybean nodulation‐suppressive CLE peptides, revealed a high degree of conservation, particularly in the CLE domain. Overall, our work identified four new components of bean nodulation control and a truncated copy of PvNARK, discovered the mutation responsible for two supernodulating bean mutants and demonstrated that soybean GmRIC1 can function in the AON pathway of bean.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Treatment with Low‐Dose Oral Fluconazole with an Excellent Cosmetic Result
Authors: Aerts Olivier , Duchateau Nathalie , Willemse Peter , Lambert Julien 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe report the successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 6‐year‐old girl who presented with a solitary lesion on the cheek. A low dose of 3 mg/kg/day of fluconazole was used, with remarkable improvement at 6 weeks and complete regression at 12 weeks, excellent cosmetic results, and no relapse during a follow‐up of 1 year.
Examining the Efficacy and Safety of Squaric Acid Therapy for Treatment of Recalcitrant Warts in Children
Authors: Pandey Shaily , Wilmer Erin N. , Morrell Dean S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the safety and efficacy of squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADBE) therapy on the treatment of recalcitrant warts in children. This retrospective chart review examined 72 patients treated using SADBE from July 2002 to December 2012. Patients were followed for 6 months to 11 years. Patients were treated at a pediatric dermatology outpatient clinic at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Seventy‐two children with verrucae who failed initial treatment for warts were selected for the study. Full long‐term follow‐up was obtained in 48 patients. Four patients discontinued the use of SADBE because of adverse effects. The primary study outcome was efficacy of SADBE treatment. Adverse effects, dosages administered, type of wart, other cutaneous disease present, and level of immunosuppression were measured. Forty of 48 (83%) patients in whom treatment outcomes could be obtained reported complete resolution of their warts. Seventy percent of patients used a maximum concentration of 0.4% SADBE and 60% of patients reported no adverse effects. The majority of patients treated with SADBE reported complete resolution of warts. Most patients reported no adverse effects even while receiving doses as high as 2% daily. This study shows that SADBE is a safe and effective treatment for recalcitrant warts in children.
Racial disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation in New Zealand
Authors: Grace Blair S. , Kara Tonya , Kennedy Sean E. , McDonald Stephen P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRacial disparities in transplantation rates and outcomes have not been investigated in detail for NZ, a country with unique demographics. We studied a retrospective cohort of 215 patients <18 yr who started renal replacement therapy in NZ 1990–2012, using the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). Primary outcomes were time to first kidney transplant, death‐censored graft survival, and retransplantation after loss of primary graft. Europeans and Asians were most likely to receive a transplant (92% and 91% transplanted within five yr, respectively), and Pacific and Māori patients were less likely to receive a transplant than Europeans (51% and 46%, respectively), reflecting disparities in live donor transplantation. Pacific patients were more likely to have glomerulonephritis and FSGS. Pacific patients had five‐yr death‐censored graft survival of 31%, lower than Māori (61%) and Europeans (88%). No Pacific patients who lost their grafts were re‐transplanted within 72 patient‐years of follow‐up, whereas 14% of Māori patients and 36% of European and Asian patients were retransplanted within five yr. Current programs to improve live and deceased donation within Māori and Pacific people and management of recurrent kidney disease are likely to reduce these disparities.
How Not to Read Philosophical Investigations: McDowell and Goldfarb on Wittgenstein on Understanding
Authors: Brandt Stefan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn a recent article, John McDowell has criticised Warren Goldfarb for attributing an anti‐realist conception of linguistic understanding to Wittgenstein. 1 I argue that McDowell is right to reject Goldfarb's anti‐ realism, but does so for the wrong reasons. I show that both Goldfarb's and McDowell's interpretations are vitiated by the fact that they do not pay attention to Wittgenstein's positive claims about understanding, in particular his claim that understanding is a kind of ability. The cause of this oversight lies in their endorsement of an excessively anti‐systematic or “therapeutic” reading of Wittgenstein.
Clarifying the sequential processes involved in a cued continuous performance test
Authors: Karamacoska Diana , Barry Robert J. , Steiner Genevieve Z. , de Blasio Frances M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe aimed to clarify sequential processes for cue and imperative stimuli (targets/nontargets) in a continuous performance test (CPT), and how the preparatory contingent negative variation (CNV) affects physiological and behavioral responses. Single‐trial event‐related potentials (ERPs) obtained from 70 participants during a cued CPT were baselined to the cue (BtC) to include the CNV, or to the imperatives (BtI) to remove the CNV. Principal components analysis obtained cue and imperative ERP components, and congruence coefficients (rc) evaluated similarities. The cue and imperative components were comparable, more so for the BtI‐ than BtC‐imperative components (rc = .85). N1, PN, P2, N2c, and SW components were similar, but not the N2b and P3s. Imperative ERPs were largely unaffected by the resolving CNV. Similar cue and imperative components suggest similar sequential processes, while preparatory CNV activity enhanced physiological and behavioral responses.
Vegetation Recovery in Slash‐Pile Scars Following Conifer Removal in a Grassland‐Restoration Experiment
Authors: Halpern Charles B. , Antos Joseph A. , Beckman Liam M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA principal challenge to restoring tree‐invaded grasslands is the removal of woody biomass. Burning of slash piles to reduce woody residues from forest restoration practices generates intense, prolonged heating, with adverse effects on soils and vegetation. In this study, we examined vegetation responses to pile burning following tree removal from conifer‐invaded grasslands of the Oregon Cascades. We quantified the longevity and magnitude of fire effects by comparing ground conditions and the cover and richness of plant species in burn‐scar centers (higher‐intensity fire) and edges (lower‐intensity fire) with adjacent unburned vegetation 7 years after treatment. We interpreted patterns of recovery through the responses of species with differing growth forms, habitat affinities, and clonality. Cover of bare ground remained elevated at the centers, but not at the edges of scars; however, much of this effect was due to gopher disturbance. Total plant cover, consisting entirely of native species, was comparable in and adjacent to scars. However, richness remained depressed at the scar centers. Cover of grass, meadow, and non‐clonal species was comparable in and adjacent to scars, but cover of forb, sedge, residual forest, and clonal species was reduced at the centers. Although scar centers had a simpler community structure (fewer but more abundant species) than the adjacent vegetation, they remained free of exotics and recovered quickly, aided by the soil‐disturbing activities of gophers and the regenerative traits of native, disturbance‐adapted species. Pile burning can be a viable and efficient approach to fuel reduction in the absence of exotics.
US Security Strategy and the Gains from Bilateral Trade
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Elia Leandro , Sekeris Petros G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe explore the geo‐strategic determinants of bilateral trade flows between the USA and the rest of the world. We develop a three‐party model of security and trade patterns and use data on military assistance and troop deployments over the 1950–2009 period to validate its predictions. We find that security assistance has significant, positive impacts on the shares of bilateral trade between the USA and the recipient country, results that are robust to issues of reverse causality and hold across different sectors.
Endotoxemia in End‐Stage Kidney Disease
Authors: Wong Jonathan , Vilar Enric , Farrington Ken 
Published: July 2014

AbstractChronic unexplained inflammation remains a prevalent and clinically significant problem for patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), especially in the dialysis population. The causes of persistent inflammation are likely to be multifactorial, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Endotoxins are reported to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in patients with ESKD. However, blood endotoxin measurement with the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is difficult with current detection systems. The reported degree and prevalence of endotoxemia varies in the literature. There are questions as to whether endotoxemia is truly present; whether the varied findings are due to methodological issues with the LAL assay and whether any endotoxemia that might be present plays a role in chronic inflammation frequently observed in ESKD patients. This review will discuss the challenges of accurate blood endotoxin detection, the potential source of blood endotoxins, and the significance of endotoxemia to patient with ESKD.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) response to diammonium phosphate and potassium sulphate under saline–sodic conditions
Authors: Hussain Z. , Khattak R. A. , Irshad M. , Mahmood Q. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSalinity and sodicity are prime threats to land resources resulting in huge economic and associated social consequences in several countries. Nutrient deficiencies reduce crop productivity in salt‐affected regions. Soil fertility has not been sustainably managed in salt‐affected arid regions. Few researchers investigated the crop responses to phosphorus and potassium interactions especially in saline–sodic soils. A research study was carried out to explore the effect of diammonium phosphorus (DAP) and potassium sulphate (K2SO4) on sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) grown in a saline–sodic field located inKohat district ofPakistan. The crop was irrigated with ground water withECiwvalue of 2.17–3.0 dS/m. Three levels each of K2O (0, 75 and 150 kg/ha) as K2SO4and P2O5(0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) as DAP were applied. The application of P significantly affected fresh beet and shoot yield while K fertilizers had significant effect on fresh beet yield and ratio of beet:shoot, while non‐significant effects on the fresh shoot were observed. The application of K1and K2promoted sugar beet shoot yield by 49.2 and 49.2% at P1and 64.4 and 59.7% at P2, respectively over controls. In comparison with controls, fresh beet yield was increased (%) by 15 and 51, 45 and 84, and 50 and 58 for corresponding K1and K2at P0, P1and P2, respectively. Addition of P1and P2increased beet yield by 37 and 47% over control. The shoot [P] (mmol/kg) were achieved as 55.2, 73.6 and 84.3 at P0, P1and P2, respectively. The shoot [Mg] and [SO4] tended to decrease with increasing P levels, while [SO4] was markedly reduced at P2. The effect of P on leaf [Na] was non‐significant, but increasing levels of K decreased [Na] substantially at P0and P1, but there was no difference in the effect of K level on [Na] at P2. Consequently, K application reduced leaf Na:K ratios. Fresh shoot yield was weakly associated with leaf [P] (R2 = 0.53). The leaf Na:K ratio showed a negative relationship (R2 = 0.90) with leaf [K]. A strongly positive relationship (R2 = 0.75) was observed between leaf [K] and fresh beet yield. The addition of K2SO4also enhanced [SO4] and SO4:P ratios in leaf tissues. The ratio of Na:K in the shoot decreased with increasing K application. These results demonstrated that interactions of K and P could mitigate the adverse effects of salinity and sodicity in soils. This would contribute to the efficient management of soil fertility system in arid‐climate agriculture.
Hypertension and treatment outcomes in Palestine refugees in United Nations Relief and Works Agency primary health care clinics in Jordan
Authors: Khader A. , Farajallah L. , Shahin Y. , Hababeh M. , Abu‐Zayed I. , Zachariah R. , Kochi A. , Kapur A. , Harries A. D. , Shaikh I. , Seita A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveIn six United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) primary health care clinics in Jordan serving Palestine refugees diagnosed with hypertension, to determine the number, characteristics, programme outcomes and measures of disease control for those registered up to 30 June, 2013, and in those who attended clinic in the second quarter of 2013, the prevalence of disease‐related complications between those with hypertension only and hypertension combined with diabetes mellitus.MethodRetrospective cohort study with programme and outcome data collected and analysed using E‐Health.ResultsThere were 18 881 patients registered with hypertension with females (64%) and persons aged ≥40 years (87%) predominating. At baseline, cigarette smoking was recorded in 17%, physical inactivity in 48% and obesity in 71% of patients. 77% of all registered patients attended clinic in the second quarter of 2013; of these, 50% had hypertension and diabetes and 50% had hypertension alone; 9% did not attend the clinics and 10% were lost to follow‐up. Amongst those attending clinic, 92% had their blood pressure measured, of whom 83% had blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. There were significantly more patients with hypertension and diabetes (N = 966, 13%) who had disease‐related complications than patients who had hypertension alone (N = 472, 6%) [OR 2.2, 95% CI 2.0–2.5], and these differences were found for both males [18% vs. 10%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6–2.2] and females [11% vs. 5%, OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1–2.9].ConclusionLarge numbers of Palestine refugees are being registered and treated for hypertension in UNRWA primary health care clinics in Jordan. Cohort analysis and E‐Health can be used to regularly assess caseload, programme outcomes, clinic performance, blood pressure control and cumulative prevalence of disease‐related complications. Current challenges include the need to increase clinic attendance and attain better control of blood pressure.
Exploring genetic variation in the tomato (Solanum section Lycopersicon) clade by whole‐genome sequencing
Authors:   The 100 Tomato Genome Sequencing Consortium, Aflitos Saulo , Schijlen Elio , de Jong Hans , de Ridder Dick , Smit Sandra , Finkers Richard , Wang Jun , Zhang Gengyun , Li Ning , Mao Likai , Bakker Freek , Dirks Rob , Breit Timo , Gravendeel Barbara , Huits Henk , Struss Darush , Swanson‐Wagner Ruth , van Leeuwen Hans , van Ham Roeland C.H.J. , Fito Laia , Guignier Laëtitia , Sevilla Myrna , Ellul Philippe , Ganko Eric , Kapur Arvind , Reclus Emannuel , de Geus Bernard , van de Geest Henri , te Lintel Hekkert Bas , van Haarst Jan , Smits Lars , Koops Andries , Sanchez‐Perez Gabino , van Heusden Adriaan W. , Visser Richard , Quan Zhiwu , Min Jiumeng , Liao Li , Wang Xiaoli , Wang Guangbiao , Yue Zhen , Yang Xinhua , Xu Na , Schranz Eric , Smets Erik , Vos Rutger , Rauwerda Johan , Ursem Remco , Schuit Cees , Kerns Mike , van den Berg Jan , Vriezen Wim , Janssen Antoine , Datema Erwin , Jahrman Torben , Moquet Frederic , Bonnet Julien , Peters Sander 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWe explored genetic variation by sequencing a selection of 84 tomato accessions and related wild species representative of the Lycopersicon, Arcanum, Eriopersicon and Neolycopersicon groups, which has yielded a huge amount of precious data on sequence diversity in the tomato clade. Three new reference genomes were reconstructed to support our comparative genome analyses. Comparative sequence alignment revealed group‐, species‐ and accession‐specific polymorphisms, explaining characteristic fruit traits and growth habits in the various cultivars. Using gene models from the annotated Heinz 1706 reference genome, we observed differences in the ratio between non‐synonymous and synonymous SNPs (dN/dS) in fruit diversification and plant growth genes compared to a random set of genes, indicating positive selection and differences in selection pressure between crop accessions and wild species. In wild species, the number of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exceeds 10 million, i.e. 20‐fold higher than found in most of the crop accessions, indicating dramatic genetic erosion of crop and heirloom tomatoes. In addition, the highest levels of heterozygosity were found for allogamous self‐incompatible wild species, while facultative and autogamous self‐compatible species display a lower heterozygosity level. Using whole‐genome SNP information for maximum‐likelihood analysis, we achieved complete tree resolution, whereas maximum‐likelihood trees based on SNPs from ten fruit and growth genes show incomplete resolution for the crop accessions, partly due to the effect of heterozygous SNPs. Finally, results suggest that phylogenetic relationships are correlated with habitat, indicating the occurrence of geographical races within these groups, which is of practical importance for Solanum genome evolution studies.
Exchange Rate, External Orientation of Firms and Wage Adjustment
Authors: Nucci Francesco , Pozzolo Alberto Franco 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe estimate the effect of exchange rate movements on firm‐level wages, using a representative panel of Italian manufacturing firms. We show that the direction and size of wage adjustment is shaped by the international exposure of each firm on both the sale and cost side of the balance sheet, similar to the response of employment documented in (Nucci and Pozzolo, Journal of International Economics 2010; 82: 112.). Through the revenue side, wages tend to rise after a currency depreciation and the effect is more pronounced the higher is the firm's exposure to sales from exports. Through the expenditure side, a depreciation induces a cut in the firm's wages, and the effect is larger the higher is the incidence of imported inputs in total production costs. For a given degree of external orientation, both these effects are larger for firms with a lower market power. Moreover, we document that the effect of exchange rates on wages is shaped by the extent of sectoral import penetration in the domestic market.
Parallel testing of plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations to detect systemic inflammation in hospitalized horses
Authors: Corradini Ignacio , Armengou Lara , Viu Judit , Rodríguez‐Pozo Maria L. , Cesarini Carla , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo determine if plasma iron concentration is different between horses with and without systemic inflammation (SI) and to assess the accuracy for the detection of SI by assaying plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations, individually or combined. To assess the prognostic value of plasma iron concentration and to describe the progression of plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations during hospital follow‐up, and its relation to SI and survival.DesignProspective observational study evaluating plasma iron and fibrinogen.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsEquine patients greater than 30 days of age.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsPlasma iron and fibrinogen concentration was prospectively determined in hospitalized horses. Horses were classified into 2 groups: SI and non‐SI. Horses were also classified according to clinical outcome. A group of control healthy horses was also included. A total of 135 horses were included in the study. Plasma iron concentration was significantly lower and fibrinogen concentration was higher in the SI group. Nonsurvivors had a mean plasma fibrinogen concentration significantly higher than survivors. The combination of plasma iron and fibrinogen has a high degree of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for the detection of SI in horses. Follow‐up measurements were obtained in 48 horses. Surviving horses normalized plasma iron concentration during follow‐up examination whereas nonsurviving horses had persistently low plasma iron concentrations.ConclusionsPlasma iron concentration alone is an accurate marker of SI in hospitalized horses. Alteration of both plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations improves the specificity and positive predictive value for diagnosis of SI. Alteration of either one of both increases sensitivity and negative predictive value. Surviving horses normalized plasma iron concentrations during follow‐up period. The combination of plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations may help in the detection of SI. Follow‐up of plasma iron concentrations may provide useful prognostic information.
Characterization of a Melamino Nitroheterocycle as a Potential Lead for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Giordani Federica , Buschini Annamaria , Baliani Alessandro , Kaiser Marcel , Brun Reto , Barrett Michael P. , Pellacani Claudia , Poli Paola , Gilbert Ian H. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

This paper reports an evaluation of a melamino nitroheterocycle, a potential lead for further development as an agent against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Studies on its efficacy, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, and potential for toxicity are described. The compound previously had been shown to possess exceptional activity against
Trypanosoma brucei
in
in vitro
assays comparable to that of melarsoprol. Here, we demonstrate that the compound also was curative in the stringent acute mouse model
T. brucei rhodesiense
STIB 900 when given intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg of body weight. Nevertheless, activity was only moderate when the oral route was used, and no cure was obtained when the compound was tested in a stage 2 rodent model of infection. Genotoxic profiling revealed that the compound induces DNA damage by a mechanism apparently independent from nitroreduction and involving the introduction of base pair substitutions (Ames test), possibly caused by oxidative damage of the DNA (comet test). No significant genotoxicity was observed at the chromosome level (micronucleus assay). The lack of suitable properties for oral and central nervous system uptake and the genotoxic liabilities prevent the progression of this melamine nitroheterocycle as a drug candidate for HAT. Further modification of the compound is required to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule and to separate the trypanocidal activity from the toxic potential.