bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
neuer substituierter ƞ5 -Cyclopentadienyl-ruthenium-carbonyl-Kationen / Syntheses and Spectral Data of New Substituted ƞ5 -Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Carbonyl Cations
Authors: Jungbauer Anton , Behrens Helmut 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The syntheses and the IR and 1H NMR spectra of the new cations [ƞ5-C5H5Ru(CO)2L]+(L=CH3CN, propene, cyclohexene, PPh3, PEt3, NH3,CNCH3) , {[ƞ5-C5H5Ru(CO)2]2PP}2+ and [ƞ5-C5H5Ru(CO)PP]+ (PP=Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) are described.
Notizen: Convenient Preparation and Vibrational Spectra of Cyclodecasulfur, S10, and of the Adduct S6 · S10 [1]
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Steidel Jürgen , Sandow Torsten , Schuster Fritz 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Thermal decomposition of S6O2 and S7O, respectively, in CH2Cl2 or CS2 solution at temperatures between 20 and 5 °C yields SO2, polymeric sulfur and S10 which was obtained as pure single crystals in yields of 7-11% with regard to the starting materials S6 and S7, respectively. Infrared and Raman spectra of S10 as well as of the new molecular addition compound S6 · S10 are reported.
Sonolysis of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide and Methane in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Henglein A. 
Published: March 2015

Water was irradiated with ultrasonic waves under an argon atmosphere which contained small amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or methane. The yield of the products was measured as a function of the composition of the gas atmosphere. Maximum yields were observed at a few per cent of the added polyatomic gas. No chemical effects occurred in the irradiation under an atmosphere of pure CO2 , N2O or CH4. It is concluded that the gas mixture in the tiny gas bubbles, in which the chemical effects are brought about, is not in Henry’s equilibrium with the aqueous gas solution.
The main product of the sonolysis of CO2 is CO, a small amount of formic acid also being formed. The sonolysis is explained by both the attack of H atoms from the sonolysis of water and direct decomposition of CO2 due to the high temperatures existing in compressed gas bubbles. The main products of the sonolysis of N2O are nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate. N2O enhances the rate of various oxidations such as that of iodide, nitrite and propanol-2. In the methane containing solution, a lot of hydrogen is produced, the main oxidation products being ethane, ethylene, C3- and C4-hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. A mechanism is postulated which involves both the attack on methane by radicals from the decomposition of water and thermal decomposition of methane. The local radical concentrations are so high that a methane molecule may undergo multiple radical attack. The similarity between sonolytic reactions and reactions occurring in flames is emphasized
Synthese eines Hexadecker-Sandwichkomplexes/Synthesis of a Hexadecker Sandwich Complex
Authors: Kuhlmann Thomas , Siebert Walter 
Published: March 2015

Two routes have been studied to obtain the first hexadecker sandwich complexes 4. The reaction between the η3-allyl tetradecker 2b and the cobalt sandwich 3b in refluxing mesitylene leads to red-violet diamagnetic 4bb in 7% yield.
Bis(allyl)nickel and the cyclopentadienylcobalt(2,3-dihydro-1,3-diborol) 3b form the tripledecker η3-allylnickel(μ, η5-dihydro-1,3-diborolyl)-cobalt(η5-cyclopentadienyl) 9b, which reacts at 160 °C with the bis(2,3-dihydro-1,3-diborol)nickel sandwich 10c to give 4bc (21%) and the tetradecker 7b (69%). The constitution of the new complexes is derived from NMR and mass spectra.
Reactions of the Hexafluorothioacetone Dimer with Cyanides of Phosphorus, Arsenic and Germanium
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Dhathathreyan Kaveripatnam S. , Noltemeyer Mathias , Sheldrick George M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cyanides such as P(CN)3 , As(CN)3 , PhP(CN)2 , ButAs(CN)2 and Ge(CN)4 react with [(CF3)2CS]2 (1) by insertion of the carbon atom of the iso-nitrile isomer into the four-membered [CS]2 ring to give compounds PR′3 (2), AsR′3 (3), FP(S)R′2 (4), PhP(S)R′2 (5), ButAsR′2 (6) and GeR′4 (7) respectively, where R′ is the novel heterocyclic ligand[xxx]. The crystal structures of 3 and 7 are reported.
Cyaninfarbstoffe durch [2+2]-Photocycloaddition substituierter 4-Dimethylamino-α-halogenstilbene / Cyanine Dyes with [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Substituted 4-Dimethylamino-α-halogenostilbenes
Authors: Pulst M. , Weißenfels M. , Dietz F. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The results of the Vilsmeier-Haack-Arnold-reaction with β-4-Dimethylamino-desoxybenzoins are not the expected chloro-formyl-stilbene derivatives but 4-dimethylamino-α-chloro-stilbenes. These compounds undergo a [2+2]photocycloaddition reaction in solid state or fixed on a cellu-lose matrix yielding unstable substituted dichlorotetraphenyl-cyclobutane derivatives, which spontaneously eliminate two molecules of HCl in a following thermal reaction. In this way coloured species - cyanine dyes with a bridged polymethine chain - are formed.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von cyclo-Nonaschwefeloxid (S9O) und von cyclo-Dekaschwefeloxid (S10O) [1] / Preparation and Properties of cyclo-Nonasulfuroxide (S9O) and of cyclo-Decasulfuroxide (S10O) [1]
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Sandow Torsten , Steidel Jürgen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The homocyclic oxides S9O (m.p. 33 °C, dec.) and S10O (m.p. 51 °C, dec.) have been prepared by oxidation of the corresponding sulfur rings S9 and S10 , respectively, by trifluoroperoxy acetic acid (molar ratio 1:2-3) in a carbon disulfide/methylene chloride mixture. According to infrared and Raman spectra, both compounds contain an exocyclic oxygen atom. S9O and S10O decompose at 25 °C to give SO2 and a polysulfuroxide SnO with >10 but both can be stored at -78 °C without decomposition. The SS bond distances are discussed on the basis of the Raman spectra. In addition, the Raman spectrum of solid S9 has been recorded for the first time. It shows that S9 crystallizes as two allotropes (α-and β-S9) both consisting of cyclic molecules of either C1 or C2 symmetry with bond distances of between 203 and 209 pm.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von und Reaktionen mit metallhaltigen Heterocyclen, XLVII [1]. Einschiebungsreaktionen von phasentransferkatalytisch in situ erzeugten Dihalocarbenen in P-haltige Manganacycloalkane – Struktur und chemisches Verhalten der Reaktionsprodukte / Preparation and Properties of and Reactions with Metal-Containing Heterocycles, XLVII [1]. Insertion Reactions of Phase-Transfer-Catalytically in situ Generated Dihalocarbenes into P-Containing Manganacycloalkanes – Structure and Chemical Behaviour of the Reaction Products
Authors: Lindner Ekkehard , Zinßer Fritz , Mayer Hermann August , Hiller Wolfgang , Fawzi Riad 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The phase-transfer-catalytically in situ generated dihalocarbenes CCl2 and CBr2 are inserted into a β-C-H bond of the five-and six-membered phosphamanganacycloalkanes (OC)4[xxx] (1a, b) [n = 1(a), 2(b)] to give the functionalized metallacycles (OC)4[xxx](2a, a′, b, b′) [X = Cl: n = 1(a), 2(b); X = Br: n = 1(a′), 2(b′)]. 2b crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with Z = 8 and has a distorted chair conformation with equatorial position of the CHCl2 group. The envelope conformation of 2a in solution was elucidated by means of 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopic investigations.
Polyine, V [1]. Synthese von (1,3-Alkadiinyl)thioether / Polyynes, V [1]. Synthesis of (1,3-Alkadiynyl)thioethers
Authors: Barz Michael , Himbert Gerhard 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Lithium 4-thiobutadiynides, Ethynylation, Diacetylenic Thioethers By the reaction of (3,4,4-trichloro-3-buten-1-ynyl)thioethers 2 or of (pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)thioethers 4 with the twofold or the threefold equimolar amount of n-butyllithium the corresponding lithium butadiynides 5 are prepared. The treatment of these acetylides 5 with water, with the halides of some organyl groups or with chloral, phenylisocyanate, cyclohexyl-isothiocyanate and water furnishes the (butadiynyl)thioethers 6 a-f and 7 a-c. The reaction of the lithium butadiynide 5 a with cyanogen bromide and morpholine leeds via the bromoacetylene 8 to the (4-morpholinobutadiynyl)phenylthioether 9.
Some Reactions with 4-(p-CinnamoylaniIino)quinolines
Authors: Kamel M. M. , Gadalla K. Z. , El-Hamouly W. S. , El-Wassimi M. T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
For possible biological activity, the title compounds were prepared and allowed to condense with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, hydroxylamine HCl, urea and thiourea to give the pyrazolines 3, isoxazolines 4, oxo and thioxopyrimidines 5, respectively.
Isolierung und Strukturidentifizierung eines Cyclopropan-haltigen Triterpens aus Euphorbia lactae / Isolation and Structure Identification of a Triterpenoid with a Cyclopropane Moiety from Euphorbia lactae
Authors: Lücke Jürgen , Khan Mohammad Attaulah , Voelter Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
4-Methylcyclo-art-22-ene-3,25-diol was isolated from Euphorbia lactae and its structure identified by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy.
Studien zum Vorgang der Wasserstoffübertragung, 75 [1]. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen von S-und P-vergiftetem Raney-Nickel (Ra—Ni) und Versuche zu dessen Reaktivierung / Studies on the Occurrence of Hydrogen Transfer, 75 [1]. Electrochemical Investigation of Raney-Nickel (Ra—Ni) Poisoned with S and P and Experiments for the Reactivation
Authors: Horner Leopold , Franz Christoph 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Ra-Ni with an artificial rest potential of -1000 mV (vs SCE) is shifted with different rates to more positive values after the addition of thioethers and carbon disulfide. Only with Na2S·9H2O a potential of -1100 mV (constant) is observed. Ra-Ni poisoned with sulfur is not reactivated neither cathodically nor anodically nor by the corrosive degradation at constant pH.
Hydrogen structurally incorporated into the lattice of Ra-Ni (structural bonded hydrogen) is consumed by poisoning with thioethers and trivalent phosphorus compounds in a stoichiometric way.
Ra-Ni-powder stepwise corrosively degradated up to 30% shows the same degree of desulfuri-zation as the original Ra-Ni. Desactivated Ra-Ni (loss of structural bonded hydrogen) is reacti-vated (56%) by cathodical treatment.
In competing reactions the P-S, C-S, and C -P-bond in thiophosphinic esters, thioethers and trivalent P-compounds are hydrogenolyzed by Ra-Ni, the C-P-bond faster than the C-S-bond.
4,2′-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybiphenyl, a New Phenol from the Wood of Salix caprea L.
Authors: Malterud Karl E. , Sandanger Dugstad Eva K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The title substance has been isolated in a 0.0003% yield from wood of Salix caprea L. which, after felling, had been kept outdoors for one year. Its structure has been elucidated by spectroscopical and chemical methods.
Dibenzo[b,g]heterocin-5,7-dione / Dibenzo[b.g] heterocine-5,7-diones
Authors: Hellwinkel Dieter , Ittemann Peter , Bohnet Siegbert 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Dibenzo[b,g]heterocine-5,7-diones are synthesized by intramolecular ester condensations. Ring inversions of their distorted boat conformations occur with activation barriers of 10-15(42-62) kcal(kJ)/mole.
Synthese und Struktur von [Mo(CO)4(TeC6H5)]2 / Synthesis and Structure of [Mo(CO)4(TeC6H5)]2
Authors: Vogt Thomas , Strähle Joachim 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The reaction of Mo(CO)6 with Ph2Te2 in toluene yields a black amorphous precipitate of Mo„(TePh)3n-3(CO)6 (n ~ 4) as the main product besides smaller amounts of Mo2(CO)8(TePh)2 which can be obtained from the solution as black crystals. They crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with the lattice parameters a = 1872.0 pm, b = 751.9 pm, c = 1741.6 pm, β = 103.14°, Z = 4. In the dinuclear complexes of symmetry Q the Mo atoms are bridged by two TePhligands. The octahedral coordination of each Mo atom is completed by four CO groups. Mo -Mo interaction is indicated by a distance of Mo-Mo = 311.4 pm and a small bond angle Mo - Te - Mo = 69.14°
Pyridin-Addukte von Cyclothiazeno-Vanadiumdichlorid Die Kristallstruktur von [VCl2(N3S2)(C5H5N)] / Pyridine Adducts of Cyclo-thiazeno Vanadium Dichloride The Crystal Structure of [VCl2(N3S2)(C5H5N)]
Authors: Christophersen Ruth , Klingelhöfer Paul , Müller Ulrich , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The pyridine complexes of cyclo-thiazeno vanadium dichloride, [VCl2(N3S2)py] and [VCl2(N3S2)(py)2] were synthesized by reactions of polymeric VCl2(N3S2) with varying amounts of pyridine in CH2Cl2. The compounds were characterized by their IR spectra as well as by their 51V NM R spectra. The crystal structure of [VCl2(N3S2)(C5H5N)] was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (1582 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.031). Crystal data: orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 1372, b - 2261, c - 1068 pm, Z = 12. In the lattice there are two monomeric, crystallographically independent molecules [VCl2(N3S2)(C5H5N)], which differ only slightly. The vanadium atoms have a trigonal bipyramidal coordination with the N atom of the pyridine molecule and one chlorine atom in apical positions, and with one chlorine atom and the N atoms of the cyclo-thiazeno ligand in equatorial positions. The VN bond lengths of the planar VN3S2 ring of 174 pm correspond to double bonds
Lineare Oligophosphaalkane, XII [1] PH-funktionelle Methylenbisphosphane — eine Quelle für Phosphinidene und Phosphoratome in Clustern und Fe4P-Spiroverbindungen / Linear Oligophosphaalkanes, XII [1] PH-Functional Methylenebisphosphanes — a Source of Phosphinidenes and Phosphorus Atoms in Clusters and Fe4P Spiro Compounds
Authors: Brauer David J. , Hietkam Sibbele , Sommer Herbert , Stelzer Othmar 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
On reacting PH-functional m ethylenebisphosphanes (iPr)HPCH2PH2 (1) and RHPCH2PR2 (R = CH2Ph) with excess Fe2(CO)9 P -C -P-bond cleavage occurs. As a result β-phosphido bridged clusters e.g. Fe3(CO)8(μ2-PRCH2PR2)(μ3-PR)(μ2-H) (11) and Fe4(μ4-P) spiro com pounds with naked phosphorus atoms Fe4(CO)13(μ4-P)(μ2-PRCH2PR2) (10) or Fe4(CO)14(μ4-P)(μ2-P(/Pr)Me) (6) are obtained. Uptake of one molecule of CO by 11 and ametallation of one CH2Ph substituent within the PR2 donor group yields 12. Compound 10 • CH2C12 crystallizes in the space group C21/c with a = 36.357(7), b = 10.752(2), c = 22.879(5) Å , β - 112.45(1)°, Z = 8 {R = 0.050 for 5213 reflections). Both the phosphido atoms of the μ2- PRCH2PR2 group and the μ4-P atom span the Fe1 -Fe2 bond of a Fe2(CO)6 species while only the μ4-P atom spans the Fe3 -Fe4 bond of a (CO)4FeFe(CO)3 fragment. In addition, the Fe(CO)3 part of the latter unit is bonded to the tertiary P atom of the μ2-PRCH2PR2 group. Compounds 11 and 12 cocrystallize in the space group P1 with a = 11.541(2), b = 17.739(2), c - 19.284(2) Å , a = 78.01(1), β = 78.68(1), y = 90.36(1)°, Z = 2 of each (R = 0.051 for 10234 reflections). A(CO)3Fe -Fe(CO)2-Fe(CO)3 core having an acute Fe11-Fe12 -Fe13 angle of 77.46(3)° at the Fe(CO)2 group is found for 11. The Fe12 - Fe13 bond is bridged by both the ,μ3-PR group and the hydride ligand. The Fe 11 -Fe 13 contact is spanned by the μ3-PR ligand and the ,μ2-P atom of the ,m2-PRCH2PR2 species. Three Fe(CO)3 groups are bridged by the μ3-PR ligand in 12. Only two of the Fe(CO)3 groups appear to be directly bonded. Fe21 -Fe23 is bridged by the μ2-P atom of the ,μ2-PRCH 2PRCHPh ligand while Fe22 -Fe23 displays a novel Fe22 - P - C -Fe23 linkage
Die Fluoreszenzlöschung von oberflächenadsorbierten Farbstoffen durch Sauerstoff kann von der Viskosität des Mediums vor der Oberfläche unabhängig sein / Fluorescence Quenching of Dyes Adsorbed on Surfaces by O2 May be Independent on the Viscosity of the Medium in Front of the Surface
Authors: Burkhard Oswald , Barnikol Wolfgang K. R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The application of v. Smoluchowski’s theory concerning diffusion controlled reactions to the O2 quenching of fluorescent dyes adsorbed on surfaces predicts that the viscosity of the medium in front of the surface has a considerable influence on the fluorescence intensity. We have studied pyrene adsorbed on polystyrene grains and got the experimental result that changing the medium in front of the surface from a gas phase to water is not accompanied by a change of the quenching behaviour. This result is clearly in contrast to the theoretical predictions. In our opinion the discrepancy may be explained by the special conditions the dye molecule at the surface experiences. We assume that the pyrene molecules are situated in some small groves of the polystyrene grains and that the properties of the medium within those groves are responsible for fluorescence quenching by O2. The medium in front of the surface cannot get into the groves
Diels- Aider- Addukte des Diphosphens F3CP = PCF3 / Diels-Alder Adducts of the Diphosphene F3P =PCF3
Authors: Grobe Joseph , Van Duc Le , Schulze Joachim 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The heterocycles 3 to 6 are formed in a one-pot procedure by reacting trifluoromethyl phosphorus diiodide F3CPI2 with tin dichloride SnCl2 in the presence of the corresponding 1,3-dienes. The reactions proceed via [2+4] cycloaddition of the diphosphene intermediate F3CP = PCF3 (1) as suggested by the high yields obtained (50 to 100%) and the formation of the cyclic tetraphosphane (F3CP)4 (2) as the only by-product. Cycloreversion occurs at moderate temperatures as demonstrated by the reaction of 6 with 2,3-dimethylbutadiene to give 3 and cyclohexadiene. The products have been characterized by NMR and mass spectra
Metallkomplexe mit Hexamethylentetramin als Ligand, V II [1] Kristallstrukturen des Zinkchlorid-Adduktes ZnCl2 • C6H12N4 und des Zinkbromid-Adduktes ZnBr2-C6H12N4 / Metal Complexes with Hexamethylenetetramine as a Ligand, V II [1] Crystal Structures of the Zinc Chloride Adduct ZnCl2 • C6H12N4, and the Zinc Bromide Adduct ZnBr2 • C6H12N4
Authors: Pickardt Joachim , Droas Pamela 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
By reaction of zinc chloride and zinc bromide with hexamethylenetetramine in water/methanol crystals of the adducts ZnCl2 • C6H12N4 and ZnBr2 • C6H12N4, resp. were obtained. The compounds are isotypic, they crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P21am (non-standard setting of space group Pmc21, No. 26), Z = 2. The lattice parameters of the zinc chloride adduct are a = 1168.0(4), b = 685.7(4), and c = 601.1(4) pm, of the zinc bromide adduct a - 1188.9(6), b = 721.5(5), and c = 602.3(4) pm. The adducts are polymeric, they form parallel chains in the crystal. The zinc atoms are bonded to two halogen atoms and, via nitrogen atoms, to two hexamethylenetetramine molecules, which act as bidentate ligands. The coordination of the zinc atoms is approximately tetrahedral
Sonochemical synthesis of reactive boron nanomaterials and their combustion properties
Authors: Purdy Andrew P. , Epshteyn Albert , Weismiller Michael 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe have demonstrated the synthesis of highly reactive boron nanomaterials by alkali metal reduction of BCl3 under sonication, followed by annealing. Unlike ordinary boron powders, these materials combust completely and release close to their theoretical energy content (based on elemental analysis) in polymer protected bomb calorimetry experiments. We have scaled up the synthesis using a commercial (Columbia International CIT-UHiPR-U1000V600) ultrasonic hi-pressure reactor. The synthesis reactions exhibit a scale problem, where they yield diminishes considerably on scale up, probably a result of alkali metals becoming trapped inside a mass of salts and rendered unable to react. We measured the combustion properties of the materials by bomb calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), and report elemental analyses on selected samples.
An idealized wave–ice interaction model without subgrid spatial or temporal discretizations
Authors: Bennetts Luke G. , O’Farrell Siobhan , Uotila Petteri , Squire Vernon A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new numerical implementation is proposed for a wave-ice interaction model. It is applied to an idealized transect geometry. Wave attenuation due to ice floes and wave-induced ice fracture are both included in the model. The new method alleviates the need for subgrid spatial or temporal discretizations, thereby facilitating future integration of wave-ice interactions into large-scale coupled models.
Theoretical study of zonal differences of electron density at midlatitudes with GITM simulation
Authors: Wang Hui , Ridley Aaron J. , Zhu Jie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study investigated various physical processes responsible for the longitudinal modulation of electron density (Ne) at midlatitudes by employing the global ionosphere‐thermosphere model (GITM). The good agreements between GITM outputs and CHAMP observations indicate that the model is a suitable tool to perform the theoretical study. Nine runs were carried out to determine the effects from geomagnetic field geometry, zonal wind, meridional wind, high‐latitude activity, migrating tides from the lower atmosphere, and solar illumination in quantitative ways. Distinct features were discussed as follows. It was crucial that the geomagnetic and geographical axes were offset for the development of the longitudinal difference of Ne. The zonal wind contributes to about 80% of the fraction of the observed longitudinal dependence of Ne. The meridional wind effect is out of phase with the zonal wind over North America and Southern Ocean regions, which trims the fraction of the longitudinal difference to 65%. Over the South Pacific Ocean, the nighttime Ne maintains at a higher level because of in‐phase effects from both zonal and meridional winds. The solar illumination was important in the formation of the background longitudinal pattern of the electron density. The migrating tide from the lower atmosphere could enhance the longitudinal difference of Ne by 15% over North America. Enhanced activities at high latitudes could alter the longitudinal pattern of Ne by transporting thermospheric composition disturbances to midlatitudes.
Digital Imaging: An Introduction to Image Processing
Authors: Kriss Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFrom 2000 through 2010, the digital imaging era almost completely replaced a magnificent silver halide technology as thede factomeans of capturing, storing, and viewing images. The motion picture industry is well on its way to replacing film despite some of its superior imaging characteristics. What probably few saw was the complete dominance of the cell phone camera where the combination of a “smart” phone linked to the global network and many application packages to ease the total navigation of our complex world and a camera that took reasonably good images. This transformation over such a short period of time is a testimony of the power of technology and marketing. In this chapter, the focus will be on the digital camera, be it a simple “point‐and‐shoot,” a sophisticated single‐lens reflex digital camera with 24‐million pixels, or large format camera with untold pixels. All the cameras are based on an imaging sensor, CCD or CMOS, technology. Each camera has to find ways to prevent color aliasing introduced by the need of a color filter array, CFA, improving color reproduction, adjusting for different illuminants, reducing noise, and improving the sharpness of the final image. There are no limits to the technologies incorporated into all digital cameras including face detection, automatic red eye removal, and stabilizing mechanisms that remove “jitter” from camera motion. Here, the focus will be six the major aspects of digital imaging: sampling and aliasing, image sharpness and enhancement, noise in digital cameras, noise reduction methods within and outside of the camera, exposure latitude, and, finally, the concept of ISO speed for a camera and a sensor.