bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPROXIMATE BREGMAN NEAR NEIGHBORS IN SUBLINEAR TIME: BEYOND THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY
Authors: ABDULLAH AMIRALI , MOELLER JOHN , VENKATASUBRAMANIAN SURESH 
Published: July 2014

Bregman divergences are important distance measures that are used extensively in data-driven applications such as computer vision, text mining, and speech processing, and are a key focus of interest in machine learning. Answering nearest neighbor (NN) queries under these measures is very important in these applications and has been the subject of extensive study, but is problematic because these distance measures lack metric properties like symmetry and the triangle inequality. In this paper, we present the first provably approximate nearest-neighbor (ANN) algorithms for a broad sub-class of Bregman divergences under some assumptions. Specifically, we examine Bregman divergences which can be decomposed along each dimension and our bounds also depend on restricting the size of our allowed domain. We obtain bounds for both the regular asymmetric Bregman divergences as well as their symmetrized versions. To do so, we develop two geometric properties vital to our analysis: a reverse triangle inequality (RTI) and a relaxed triangle inequality called μ-defectiveness where μ is a domain-dependent value. Bregman divergences satisfy the RTI but not μ-defectiveness. However, we show that the square root of a Bregman divergence does satisfy μ-defectiveness. This allows us to then utilize both properties in an efficient search data structure that follows the general two-stage paradigm of a ring-tree decomposition followed by a quad tree search used in previous near-neighbor algorithms for Euclidean space and spaces of bounded doubling dimension. Our first algorithm resolves a query for a d-dimensional (1 + ε)-ANN in [Formula: see text] time and O(n log d-1 n) space and holds for generic μ-defective distance measures satisfying a RTI. Our second algorithm is more specific in analysis to the Bregman divergences and uses a further structural parameter, the maximum ratio of second derivatives over each dimension of our allowed domain (c0). This allows us to locate a (1 + ε)-ANN in O( log n) time and O(n) space, where there is a further (c0)d factor in the big-Oh for the query time.
Wreath products by a leavitt path algebra and affinizations
Authors: Alahmadi Adel , Alsulami Hamed 
Published: July 2014

We introduce ring theoretic constructions that are similar to the construction of wreath product of groups [M. Kargapolov and Y. Merzlyakov, Fundamentals of the Theory of Groups (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979)]. In particular, for a given graph Γ = (V, E) and an associate algebra A, we construct an algebra B = A wr L(Γ) with the following property: B has an ideal I, which consists of (possibly infinite) matrices over A, B/I ≅ L(Γ), the Leavitt path algebra of the graph Γ. Let W ⊂ V be a hereditary saturated subset of the set of vertices [G. Abrams and G. Aranda Pino, The Leavitt path algebra of a graph, J. Algebra 293(2) (2005) 319–334], Γ(W) = (W, E(W, W)) is the restriction of the graph Γ to W, Γ/W is the quotient graph [G. Abrams and G. Aranda Pino, The Leavitt path algebra of a graph, J. Algebra 293(2) (2005) 319–334]. Then L(Γ) ≅ L(W) wr L(Γ/W). As an application we use wreath products to construct new examples of (i) affine algebras with non-nil Jacobson radicals, (ii) affine algebras with non-nilpotent locally nilpotent radicals.
Somatostatin Negatively Regulates Parasite Burden and Granulomatous Responses in Cysticercosis
Authors: Khumbatta Mitra , Firozgary Bahrom , Tweardy David John , Weinstock Joel , Firozgary Gohar , Bhatena Zal , Bulsara Tushar , Siller Ricardo , Robinson Prema 
Published: July 2014

Cysticercosis is an infection of tissues with the larval cysts of the cestode,Taenia  solium. While live parasites elicit little or no inflammation, dying parasites initiate a granulomatous reaction presenting as painful muscle nodules or seizures when cysts are located in the brain. We previously showed in theT. crassicepsmurine model of cysticercosis that substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, was detected in early granulomas and was responsible for promoting granuloma formation, while somatostatin (SOM), another neuropeptide and immunomodulatory hormone, was detected in late granulomas; SOM’s contribution to granuloma formation was not examined. In the current studies, we used somatostatin knockout (SOM−/−) mice to examine the hypothesis that SOM downmodulates granulomatous inflammation in cysticercosis, thereby promoting parasite growth. Our results demonstrated that parasite burden was reduced 5.9-fold in SOM−/−mice compared to WT mice (P<0.05). This reduction in parasite burden in SOM−/−mice was accompanied by a 95% increase in size of their granulomas (P<0.05), which contained a 1.5-fold increase in levels of IFN-γand a 26-fold decrease in levels of IL-1β(P<0.05for both) compared to granulomas from WT mice. Thus, SOM regulates both parasite burden and granulomatous inflammation perhaps through modulating granuloma production of IFN-γand IL-1β.Corrigendum to “Somatostatin Negatively Regulates Parasite Burden and Granulomatous Responses in Cysticercosis”
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Polyps: Systematic Review
Authors: Shah Reena , Jones Emma , Vidart Victoire , Kuppen Peter J.K. , Conti John A. , Francis Nader K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
There is growing interest in early detection of colorectal cancer as current screening modalities lack compliance and specificity. This study systematically reviewed the literature to identify biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer and polyps. Literature searches were conducted for relevant papers since 2007. Human studies reporting on early detection of colorectal cancer and polyps using biomarkers were included. Methodologic quality was evaluated, and sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value (PPV) were reported. The search strategy identified 3,348 abstracts. A total of 44 papers, examining 67 different tumor markers, were included. Overall sensitivities for colorectal cancer detection by fecal DNA markers ranged from 53% to 87%. Combining fecal DNA markers increased the sensitivity of colorectal cancer and adenoma detection. Canine scent detection had a sensitivity of detecting colorectal cancer of 99% and specificity of 97%. The PPV of immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) is 1.26%, compared with 0.31% for the current screening method of guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT). A panel of serum protein biomarkers provides a sensitivity and specificity above 85% for all stages of colorectal cancer, and a PPV of 0.72%. Combinations of fecal and serum biomarkers produce higher sensitivities, specificities, and PPVs for early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomas. Further research is required to validate these biomarkers in a well-structured population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1712–28. ©2014 AACR.
Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Transfemoral Aortic Valve Implantation Under General Versus Local Anesthesia
Authors: Oguri Atsushi , Yamamoto Masanori , Mouillet Gauthier , Gilard Martine , Laskar Marc , Eltchaninoff Helene , Fajadet Jean , Iung Bernard , Donzeau-Gouge Patrick , Leprince Pascal , Leguerrier Alain , Prat Alain , Lievre Michel , Chevreul Karine , Dubois-Rande Jean-Luc , Chopard Romain , Van Belle Eric , Otsuka Toshiaki , Teiger Emmanuel 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) performed under local anesthesia (LA) is becoming increasingly common. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes in patients who underwent transfemoral-TAVI under general anesthesia (GA) and LA.

Methods and Results—

Data from 2326 patients in the French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2 (FRANCE 2) registry who underwent transfemoral-TAVI were analyzed. During the study period, the percentage of LA procedures increased gradually from 14% in January 2010 to 59% in October 2011. The clinical outcomes for GA (n=1377) and LA (n=949) were compared. Numerous baseline characteristics differed between the 2 groups, and the use of transesophageal echocardiographic guidance was more common in GA than in LA (76.3% versus 16.9%;
P
<0.001). Device success and cumulative 30-day survival rates were similar in the 2 groups (97.6% versus 97.0%;
P
=0.41 and 91.6% versus 91.3%;
P
=0.69, respectively), whereas the incidence of postprocedural aortic regurgitation≥mild was significantly lower in GA than in LA (15.0% versus 19.1%;
P
=0.015). The groups were also analyzed using a propensity-matching model, including transesophageal echocardiographic usage (GA [n=401] versus LA [n=401]). This model indicated that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the rates of 30-day survival (GA [91.4%] versus LA [89.3%];
P
=0.27] and postprocedural aortic regurgitation≥mild (GA [12.7%] versus LA [16.2%];
P
=0.19).

Conclusions—
The less invasive transfemoral-TAVI under LA is preferred in clinical settings and seems to be acceptable; however, the higher incidence of postprocedural aortic regurgitation is emphasized. Therapeutic efforts should be made to reduce such complications during transfemoral-TAVI under LA.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women
Authors: Bavry Anthony A. , Thomas Fridtjof , Allison Matthew , Johnson Karen C. , Howard Barbara V. , Hlatky Mark , Manson JoAnn E. , Limacher Marian C. 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Conclusive data about cardiovascular toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are sparse. We hypothesized that regular NSAID use is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women, and that this association is stronger with greater cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 when compared with cox-1 inhibition.

Methods and Results—

Postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative were classified as regular users or nonusers of nonaspirin NSAIDs. Cox regression examined NSAID use as a time-varying covariate and its association with the primary outcome of total cardiovascular disease defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary analyses considered the association of selective cox-2 inhibitors (eg, celecoxib), nonselective agents with cox-2>cox-1 inhibition (eg, naproxen), and nonselective agents with cox-1>cox-2 inhibition (eg, ibuprofen) with the primary outcome. Overall, 160 801 participants were available for analysis (mean follow-up, 11.2 years). Regular NSAID use at some point in time was reported by 53 142 participants. Regular NSAID use was associated with an increased hazard for cardiovascular events versus no NSAID use (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.15;
P
<0.001). Selective cox-2 inhibitors were associated with a modest increased hazard for cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.13; 1.04–1.23;
P
=0.004 and celecoxib only: HR, 1.13; 1.01–1.27;
P
=0.031). Among aspirin users, concomitant selective cox-2 inhibitor use was no longer associated with increased hazard for cardiovascular events. There was an increased risk for agents with cox-2>cox-1 inhibition (HR, 1.17; 1.10–1.24;
P
<0.001 and naproxen only: HR, 1.22; 1.12–1.34;
P
<0.001). This harmful association remained among concomitant aspirin users. We did not observe a risk elevation for agents with cox-1>cox-2 inhibition (HR, 1.01; 0.95–1.07;
P
=0.884 and ibuprofen only: HR, 1.00; 0.93–1.07;
P
=0.996).

Conclusions—
Regular use of selective cox-2 inhibitors and nonselective NSAIDs with cox-2>cox-1 inhibition showed a modestly increased hazard for cardiovascular events. Nonselective agents with cox-1>cox-2 inhibition were not associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000611.
Thrombolysis in Experimental Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and the Risk of Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Reuter Björn , Grudzenski Saskia , Chatzikonstantinou Eva , Meairs Stephen , Ebert Anne , Heiler Patrick , Schad Lothar R. , Staufenbiel Matthias , Hennerici Michael G. , Fatar Marc 
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most adverse event of thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy increases the risk for spontaneous lobar ICH. Although thrombolysis may be performed in cerebral amyloid angiopathy–affected patients, there is still little knowledge available on the risk for secondary ICH.

Methods—
We investigated the effect of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator on experimental ischemic stroke in APP23 transgenic mice (n=18) and wild-type littermates (n=15). Focal ischemic stroke was induced in 26-month-old mice by temporal middle cerebral artery occlusion (filament model), followed by treatment with 10 mg/kg recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Twenty-four hours later, a functional score was assessed and the mice were euthanized for histological analysis. ICH was classified as grades 1 to 3 depending on severity.

Results—

The groups did not differ regarding mortality (
P
=0.67) and functional deficit (
P
=0.18). Compared with wild-type mice, the APP23 genotype was associated with a higher appearance for ICH in the infarct area (
P
=0.05). ICH severity grades 2 and 3 correlated significantly with infarct size (
P
=0.004 and 0.008, respectively).

Conclusions—
The APP23 genotype was not associated with increased mortality or worse functional outcome. Our results suggest an increased risk for ICH in the cerebral amyloid angiopathy–affected brain; however, no ICH was observed outside the ischemic area.
Community-Based Stroke System of Care for Chinese Rural Areas
Authors: He Mingli , Wang Jin’e , Gong Ling , Dong Qing , Ji Niu , Xing Houxun , Zhou Yuan , Qin Sizhou , Wang Huizheng , Zhang Huamin , Hui Rutai , Wang Yibo 
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—
Stroke system of care plays key roles both in providing effective therapies and in improving the overall outcome of patients with stroke. Our purpose was to develop and evaluate the system in Chinese rural areas.

Methods—
A stroke system of care was developed from November 2009 to November 2010 in 3 townships in Ganyu County. An additional 3 matched townships were invited as controls. We first investigated stroke management in these townships and then implemented stroke system of care and an education campaign in the 3 intervention townships. The effectiveness of the system was then evaluated.

Results—

There were 1036 patients with new stroke among 344 345 subjects in the 6 rural communities. The incidence of stroke in the rural areas was 301/100 000, and the mortality rate was 55/100 000. The proportions significantly increased in the intervention communities after the implementation of the stroke system of care and education campaign when compared with the control communities, including patients presenting at rural hospitals within 3 hours of symptom onset (13.6% versus 8.7%;
P
=0.017), diagnosed by computed tomographic scanning within 24 hours of admission (65.3% versus 58.5%;
P
=0.034), and received thrombolytic treatment (3.9% versus 1.7%;
P
=0.038). During the 1-year follow-up, 32 (6.5%) patients with stroke in the intervention communities and 48 (10.1%) in the control communities died. The disability rate of stroke was significantly reduced in the intervention communities at postintervention (38.4% versus 48.1%;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions—
A stroke system of care would be reliable and practical in Chinese rural areas.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.chictr.org
. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-RCH-13003408.
Family History as a Risk Factor for Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Khaleghi Mahyar , Isseh Iyad N. , Jouni Hayan , Sohn Sunghwan , Bailey Kent R. , Kullo Iftikhar J. 
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—
We investigated whether family history of stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD) is associated with presence of carotid artery stenosis (CAS).

Methods—
The study cohort included 864 patients (72±8 years; 68% men) with CAS and 1698 controls (61±11 years; 55% men) referred for noninvasive vascular testing. CAS was defined as ≥70% stenosis in the internal carotid artery on ultrasound or history of carotid revascularization. Controls did not have CAS or history of cerebrovascular disease or CHD. Family history of stroke and CHD was defined as having ≥1 first-degree relative who had stroke or CHD before age 65 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate whether family history of stroke or CHD was associated with presence of CAS, independent of conventional risk factors.

Results—
Family history of stroke and CHD was present more often in patients with CAS than in controls, with a resulting odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.02 (1.61–2.53) and 2.01 (1.70–2.37), respectively. The associations remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; odds ratios: 1.41 (1.06–1.90) and 1.69 (1.35–2.10), respectively. A greater number of affected relatives with stroke or CHD was associated with higher odds of CAS; adjusted odds ratios: 1.25 (0.91–1.72) and 1.46 (1.14–1.89) versus 2.65 (1.35–5.40) and 2.13 (1.57–2.90) for patients with 1 and ≥2 affected relatives with stroke and CHD, respectively.

Conclusions—
Family history of stroke and of CHD were each associated with CAS, suggesting that shared genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of CAS.
The Potential Roles of Background Surface Wind in the SST Variability Associated with Intraseasonal Oscillations
Authors: Kanemaru Kaya , Masunaga Hirohiko 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe current study is aimed at exploring the potential roles of the seasonally altering background surface wind in the seasonality of the intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) with a focus on the sea surface temperature (SST) variability. A composite analysis of the ocean mixed layer heat budget in term of ISO phases with various satellite data is performed for boreal winter and summer. The scalar wind is found to be a dominant factor that accounts for the ocean surface heat budget, implying that the background surface wind as well as its anomaly is important for the SST variability. An easterly anomaly to the east of convection diminishes scalar wind, and thus latent heat flux, when superposed onto a background westerly wind, implying that the presence of basic westerly wind is important for the development of a warm SST anomaly ahead of the ISO convection. On the other hand, an easterly anomaly in combination with basic easterly wind magnifies scalar wind and latent heat flux and cancels out the shortwave heat flux anomaly. The seasonal migration of the background westerly wind, which is confined to a southern equatorial belt in boreal winter but spread across the northern Indian Ocean in boreal summer, may offer a mechanism that partly accounts for the seasonal characteristics of ISO propagation. The northward propagation of the SST variability associated with the boreal summer ISO is found to also involve a similar mechanism with the meridional wind modulation of scalar wind.
Utilization of Specific Attenuation for Tropical Rainfall Estimation in Complex Terrain
Authors: Wang Yadong , Zhang Pengfei , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Zhang Jian , Chang Pao-Liang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
To improve the accuracy of quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) in complex terrain, a new rainfall rate estimation algorithm has been developed and applied on two C-band dual-polarization radars in Taiwan. In this algorithm, the specific attenuation A is utilized in the rainfall rate R estimation, and the parameters used in the R(A) method were estimated using the local drop size distribution (DSD) and drop shape relation (DSR) observations. In areas of complex terrain where the lowest antenna tilt is completely blocked, observations from higher tilts are used in radar QPE. Correction of the vertical profile of rain rate estimated by the R(A) algorithm (VPRA) is applied to account for the vertical variability of rain. It has been found that the VPRA correction improved the accuracy of estimated rainfall in severely blocked areas. The R(A)–VPRA scheme was tested for different precipitation cases including typhoon, stratiform, and convective rain. Compared to existing rainfall estimation algorithms such as rainfall–reflectivity (R–Z) and rainfall–specific differential phase (R–KDP), the new method is able to provide accurate and robust rainfall estimates when the radar reflectivity is miscalibrated or significantly biased by attenuation or when the lower tilt of the radar beam is significantly blocked.
Numerical Simulations of Lightning and Storm Charge of the 29–30 May 2004 Geary, Oklahoma, Supercell Thunderstorm Using EnKF Mobile Radar Data Assimilation
Authors: Calhoun Kristin M. , Mansell Edward R. , MacGorman Donald R. , Dowell David C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Results from simulations are compared with dual-Doppler and total lightning observations of the 29–30 May 2004 high-precipitation supercell storm from the Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning Experiment (TELEX). The simulations use two-moment microphysics with six hydrometeor categories and parameterizations for electrification and lightning while employing an ensemble Kalman filter for mobile radar data assimilation. Data assimilation was utilized specifically to produce a storm similar to the observed for ancillary analysis of the electrification and lightning associated with the supercell storm. The simulated reflectivity and wind fields well approximated that of the observed storm. Additionally, the simulated lightning flash rates were very large, as was observed. The simulation reveals details of the charge distribution and dependence of lightning on storm kinematics, characteristics that could not be observed directly. Storm electrification was predominately confined to the updraft core, but the persistence of both positive and negative charging of graupel in this region, combined with the kinematic evolution, limited the extent of charged areas of the same polarity. Thus, the propagation length of lightning flashes in this region was also limited. Away from the updraft core, regions of charge had greater areal extent, allowing flashes to travel farther without termination due to unfavorable charge potential. Finally, while the simulation produced the observed lightning holes and high-altitude lightning seen in the observations, it failed to produce the observed lightning initiations (or even lightning channels) in the distant downstream anvil as seen in the observed storm. Instead, the simulated lightning was confined to the main body of the storm.