bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple linear epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV expressed in recombinant MVA as multiple epitope vaccine induces a protective immune response
Authors: Wang Fengjuan , Feng Xiuli , Zheng Qisheng , Hou Hongyan , Cao Ruibing , Zhou Bin , Liu Qingtao , Liu Xiaodong , Pang Ran , Zhao Jin , Deng Wenlei , Chen Puyan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEpitope-based vaccination might play an important role in the protective immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the immune characteristics of recombinant MVA carrying multi-epitope gene of JEV (rMVA-mep). The synthetic gene containing critical epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pGEM-K1L, and the rMVA-mep was prepared. BALB/c mice were immunized with different dosages of purified rMVA-mep and the immune responses were determined in the form of protective response against JEV, antibodies titers (IgG1 and IgG2a), spleen cell lymphocyte proliferation, and the levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokines. The results showed that live rMVA-mep elicited strongly immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and the highest level of immune responses was observed from the groups immunized with 107TCID50rMVA-mep among the experimental three concentrations. There were almost no difference of cytokines and neutralizing antibody titers among 107TCID50rMVA-mep, recombinant ED3 and inactivated JEV vaccine. It was noteworthy that rMVA-mep vaccination potentiates the Th1 and Th2-type immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and was sufficient to protect the mice survival against lethal JEV challenge. These findings demonstrated that rMVA-mep can produce adequate humoral and cellular immune responses, and protection in mice, which suggested that rMVA-mep might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing JEV infection.
Enteroviruses isolated from herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Korean children
Authors: Park KwiSung , Lee BaeckHee , Baek KyoungAh , Cheon DooSung , Yeo SangGu , Park JoonSoo , Soh JaeWan , Cheon HaeKyung , Yoon KyungAh , Choi YoungJin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina are commonly prevalent illness in young children. They are similarly characterized by lesions on the skin and oral mucosa. Both diseases are associated with various enterovirus serotypes. In this study, enteroviruses from patients with these diseases in Korea in 2009 were isolated and analyzed. Demographic data for patients with HFMD and herpangina were compared and all enterovirus isolates were amplified in the VP1 region by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Among the enterovirus isolates, prevalent agents were coxsackievirus A16 in HFMD and coxsackievirus A5 in herpangina. More prevalent months for HFMD were June (69.2%) and May (11.5%), and June (40.0%) and July (24.0%) for herpangina. Age prevalence of HFMD patients with enterovirus infection was 1 year (23.1%), 4 years (19.2%), and over 5 years (19.2%). However, the dominant age group of herpangina patients with enterovirus infection was 1 year (48.0%) followed by 2 years (28.0%). Comparison of pairwise VP1 nucleotide sequence alignment of all isolates within the same serotypes revealed high intra-type variation of CVA2 isolates (84.6–99.3% nucleotide identity). HFMD and herpangina showed differences in demographic data and serotypes of isolated enteroviruses, but there was no notable difference in amino acid sequences by clinical syndromes in multiple comparison of the partial VP1 gene sequence.
Reengineering of subtilisin Carlsberg for oxidative resistance
Authors: Vojcic Ljubica , Despotovic Dragana , Maurer Karl-Heinz , Zacharias Martin , Bocola Marco , Martinez Ronny , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Mild bleaching conditions by in situ production of hydrogen peroxide or peroxycarboxylic acid is attractive for pulp, textile, and cosmetics industries. The enzymatic generation of chemical oxidants is often limited by enzyme stability. The subtilisin Carlsberg variant T58A/L216W/M221 is a promiscuous protease that was improved in producing peroxycarboxylic acids. In the current article, we identified two amino acid positions (Trp216 and Met221) that are important for the oxidative resistance of subtilisin Carlsberg T58A/L216W/M221. Site-saturation mutagenesis at positions Trp216 and Met221, which are located close to the active site, resulted in variants M4 (T58/W216M/M221) and M6 (T58A/W216L/M221C). Variants M4 (T58/W216M/M221) and M6 (T58A/W216L/M221C) have a 2.6-fold (M4) and 1.5-fold (M6) increased oxidative resistance and 1.4-fold increased k
cat values for peroxycarboxylic acid formation, compared with wild-type subtilisin Carlsberg.
Gingipain aminopeptidase activities in Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Veillard Florian , Potempa Barbara , Poreba Marcin , Drag Marcin , Potempa Jan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Bestatin, a specific inhibitor of metalloaminopeptidases, inhibits the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. To identify its target enzyme, a library of fluorescent substrates was used but no metalloaminopeptidase activity was found. The aminopeptidase activity of P. gingivalis was bestatin-insensitive and directed exclusively toward N-terminal arginine and lysine substrates. Class-specific inhibitors and gingipain-null mutants showed that gingipains were the only enzymes responsible for this activity. The kinetic constants obtained for Rgps were comparable to those of human aminopeptidases but Kgp aminopeptidase activity was weaker. This finding reveals a new role for gingipains as aminopeptidases in the degradation of proteins and peptides in P. gingivalis.
The sensor kinase DcuS of Escherichia coli: two stimulus input sites and a merged signal pathway in the DctA/DcuS sensor unit
Authors: Witan Julian , Monzel Christian , Scheu Patrick D. , Unden Gottfried 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The membrane-integral sensor kinase DcuS of Escherichia coli consists of a periplasmically located sensory PASP domain, transmembrane helices TM1 and TM2, a cytoplasmic PASC domain and the kinase domain. Stimulus (C4-dicarboxylate) binding at PASP is required to stimulate phosphorylation of the kinase domain, resulting in phosphoryl transfer to the response regulator DcuR. PASC functions as a signaling device or a relay in signal transfer from TM2 to the kinase. Phosphorylated DcuR induces the expression of the target genes. Sensing by DcuS requires the presence of the C4-dicarboxylate transporter DctA during aerobic growth. DctA forms a sensor unit with DcuS, and a short C-terminal sequence of DctA forming the putative helix 8b is required for interaction with DcuS. Helix 8b contains a LDXXXLXXXL motif that is essential for function and interaction. DcuS requires the PASC domain for signal perception from DctA. Thus, DcuS and DctA form a DctA/DcuS sensory unit, and DcuS perceives stimuli from two different sites (PASP and DctA). The signal transfer pathways are supposed to merge at PASC. The fumarate/succinate antiporter DcuB takes over the role as a co-sensor of DcuS under anaerobic growth conditions.
Toward Greater Understanding of Practical
Theology
Authors: Miller-McLemore Bonnie J. 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung:
In diesem Beitrag antwortet Bonnie Miller-McLemore noch
einmal auf die Antworten der unterschiedlichen Autorinnen und Autoren auf
ihren Vortrag des IAPT-Kongresses in Amsterdam und setzt sich dazu differenziert
und pointiert in Beziehung zu den unterschiedlichen Positionen.
Processing and characterization of mechanically alloyed immiscible metals
Authors: Suryanarayana Challapalli , Liu Jinling 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A number of metal systems exhibit positive heat of mixing between the constituent elements and consequently they are immiscible and cannot form alloys. Some classical examples of these systems are Ti–Mg, Zr–Nb, W–Cu, Ni–Ag, and Cu–Fe. We have investigated the alloying behavior of the Ni–Ag, Ti–Mg, and Zr–Nb systems through two solid-state non-equilibrium processing techniques, viz., mechanical alloying and high-pressure torsion. Increases in solid solubility limits have been achieved in all the systems, although the magnitude of the increase is different in the different alloy systems. The results obtained are also different depending on the technique employed and the lattice strain introduced into the system. The extent of increase in solid solubility limits has been rationalized in terms of the heat of mixing between the constituent metals and it is shown that the solid solubility limit is higher the smaller the positive heat of mixing.
Compositional features of bulk metallic glasses analyzed with a tetrahedral composition diagram from s-, p-, d- and f-blocks
Authors: Takeuchi Akira , Inoue Akihisa 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The compositional features of bulk metallic glasses were statistically analyzed with an s–dEf–dLpM–pMLD tetrahedral composition diagram comprising s-, p-, d- and f-blocks in the periodic table, early- and late-transition metals and Metal–Metalloid. The s–dEf–dLpM–pMLD diagram was filled with 25 BMGs with critical diameter over half-inch (∼12.7 cm), 264 BMGs with the critical diameter ranging 0.2–12 mm, 6150 amorphous alloys from 351 ternary systems and 35400 compounds. The analysis revealed that BMGs as well as the ternary amorphous alloys are principally plotted on s–dEf–dLpM and dEf–dLpM–pMLD faces and their edges and vertices, whereas no plots are seen in s–pMLD edge and deep inside the diagram of each component of s, dEf, dLpM or pMLD ≥10 at.%. The s–dEf–dLpM–pMLD tetrahedral composition diagram is a useful tool for alloy design of bulk metallic glasses.
Cooling conditions for the generation of bulk metallic glasses by droplet deposition
Authors: Meyer Christoph , Ellendt Nils , Srivastava Vikas C. , Uhlenwinkel Volker 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The cooling rate during material processing until glass transition rate is the key parameter for the production of bulk metallic glasses. But in the past, little attention has been paid to advanced production techniques such as deposition of molten metal sprays or spray forming, which offer elevated cooling rates. In this work, cooling conditions during spray forming were investigated due to its utmost importance for producing amorphous structures. Spray forming is treated in this work as a three step cooling process consisting of droplet flight phase, splat phase and deposit phase. All cooling steps were simulated for different droplet sizes. The surface temperature of the deposit was found to play an important role in the production of metallic glasses via spray forming. The simulation model can be used to find suitable spray conditions for the generation of bulk metallic glasses.
Hydrothermal synthesis of MoO3 micro-belts
Authors: Zhu Bingying , Li Changsheng , Cao Kesheng , Liang Jiaqing , Tang Hua , Yang Feng 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper we report the synthesis of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) microstructures via acidification of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4). The structure and morphology of the products were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. It is found that as-synthesized micro-belts were pure orthorhombic structured MoO3 grown along [010], with length up to more than 10 μm and width ranging from 200 to 500 nm. On the basis of the experimental facts, a mechanism for the growth of the MoO3 belts is proposed.
Development of an atomic mobility database for disordered and ordered fcc phases in multicomponent Al alloys: focusing on binary systems
Authors: Liu Dandan , Zhang Lijun , Du Yong , Cui Senlin , Jie Wanqi , Jin Zhanpeng 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
An atomic mobility database for binary disordered and ordered fcc phases in multicomponent Al-Cu-Fe–Mg-Mn–Ni–Si–Zn alloys was established based on a critical review of diffusion data in various constituent binary systems via the DICTRA (DIffusion Controlled TRAnsformation) software package. The mobility parameters for self-diffusion in the metastable fcc structure were determined through a semi-empirical method. An effective strategy, which takes the homogeneity range and defect concentration into account, was used to optimize the atomic mobilities of L12 phase in the Fe–Ni system. Comprehensive comparisons between various calculated and measured diffusivities show that most of the experimental data can be well reproduced by the presently obtained atomic mobilities. The general agreement between the model-predicted concentration profiles and the experimental ones in the Al-Ni–Si, Al-Mg-Zn and Cu-Mn–Ni–Zn diffusion couples validates the potential application of the present atomic mobility database to predict the concentration profiles in higher order systems. An 8-elemental diffusion couple was also simulated with the present database.
Effects of BN content on the structural and mechanical properties of a-SiBN ceramics
Authors: Liao Ningbo , Xue Wei , Zhou Hongming , Zhang Miao 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
SiBN has the advantages of Si3N4 at high temperature and also presents good mechanical properties. Understanding the structural and mechanical properties of SiBN is essential in order to control the properties under fabrication. In this paper, the effects of BN content on structural and mechanical properties of SiBN ceramics were investigated using atomistic simulation. Phase separation of the SiN-rich region and the BN-rich region was observed for all the three compositions. With BN content increases, the BN-rich regions tend to be larger and the SiN-rich regions become smaller. Interestingly, Si3B3N7 shows different structural and mechanical properties compared with Si3BN5 and Si3B5N9: 1) sharper and narrower peaks for pair distribution functions and angular distribution. 2) larger values but less stability for Young's moduli at high temperatures. The larger Young's modulus of Si3B3N7 is attributed to the network structure of BN and SiN phase.
Book Reviews
Authors: Beattie James , Tucker Richard , Triner Gail D. , Doyle Barry M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Tom Brooking, Eric Pawson et al., Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand (James Beattie)
Timo Myllyntaus, ed., Thinking through the Environment: Green Approaches to Global History (Richard Tucker)
Thomas D. Rogers, The Deepest Wounds: A Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil (Gail D. Triner)
Geneviève Massard-Guilbaud and Richard Rodger (eds.), Environmental and Social Justice in the City: Historical Perspectives (Barry M. Doyle)
Shelf-life of Dahi (Yogurt) with or without potato mash
Authors: Amin M R , Islam M N , Habib M A , Islam F 
Published: September 2012

Four different types of Dahi (Yogurt) were prepared and kept at room and refrigeration temperatures with different concentrations of potato mash (0, 5, 10 and 15%). These Dahi samples were analyzed for smell and taste, body and consistency, colour, texture and acidity and pH at pre and post storage period. The quality of Dahi deteriorated quickly at room temperature than at refrigeration temperature. With (5%) or without potato mash keeping quality was preserved for up to three days but at refrigeration temperature they were suitable up to 12 days. Addition of 10% and 15% potato mashes were suitable for keeping Dahi up to two days at room temperature while in refrigeration temperature it was acceptable up to ten and eight days, respectively. Preparation of Dahi in incorporating potato mash may be economically feasible without compromising it qualities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i1.11886 Bangl. vet. 2012. Vol. 29, No. 1, 22-30
Exotic Earthworm Communities Within Upland Deciduous Forests of National Wildlife Refuges in the Upper Midwest
Authors: Shartell Lindsey M. , Corace R. Gregory , Storer Andrew J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe invasion of exotic earthworms into forests of the Upper Midwest region of the United States is a considerable management issue due to the ability of earthworms to act as ecosystem engineers and modify existing ecosystems. Earthworm taxa differ in their biology and behavior, such that earthworm abundance and community composition can be related to the type and degree of alteration expected to occur. Many National Wildlife Refuges of the Upper Midwest have enabling legislation that identifies migratory birds as a specific management priority, and past studies have indicated that earthworm-modified forests provide lower quality habitat for migratory, ground-nesting birds. We quantified exotic earthworm community composition, abundance, and variability within and among upland deciduous forest stands at six of these refuges (Horicon, Ottawa, Rice Lake, Seney, Shiawassee, and Tamarac), providing a baseline for estimating the status of earthworm invasion. Analyses revealed a significant difference in mean earthworm biomass among upland deciduous forest stands sampled (ANOVA, F5,52  =  2.81, P  =  0.03) and indicated significant differences in earthworm community composition (multiresponse permutation procedure, T  =  −12.57, A  =  0.24, P &lt; 0.001) at each refuge. Based upon existing theories regarding earthworm invasion, we suggest that the stage, and impact, of earthworm invasion is varied across the region. Continued research and monitoring of earthworm communities should test this theory and seek to elucidate drivers of earthworm invasion patterns and impacts to forest ecosystems.
Inter- and intra-observer reliability of experienced and inexperienced observers for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment in dairy cattle
Authors: Bokkers EAM , de Vries M , Antonissen ICMA , de Boer IJM 
Published: September 2012

AbstractQualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) is part of the Welfare Quality® protocol for dairy cattle, although its inter- and intra-observer reliability have not been reported. This study evaluated inter- and intra-observer reliability of the QBA for dairy cattle in experienced and inexperienced observers using videos. Eight experienced observers performed the QBA (20 descriptors) twice for 16 video clips (60 s per clip; series 1) showing 4-17 animals. They assessed another 11 video clips showing herds (4 shots of 30 s per clip; series 2). Ten inexperienced observers performed the QBA on both video series one time. Inter-observer reliability of experienced observers ranged from slight to moderate (both assessments of series 1), and from low to high (series 2) for descriptors, and from slight to moderate for the QBA score. Inter-observer reliability of inexperienced observers ranged from low to moderate (series 1), and from low to high (series 2) for descriptors, and was moderate (both series) for the QBA score. Intra-observer correlations varied largely per descriptor and observer. They were both negative and positive, and ranged from low to very high. High correlations, however, were not necessarily associated with low paired differences. Values of half of the descriptors and the QBA score differed amongst experienced and inexperienced observers. The QBA appears insufficiently reliable as a tool for welfare assessment in dairy cattle.
Applying welfare training in global commercial settings
Authors: Butterworth A , Whittington P , Hammond-Seaman A 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAround the world, people who care for animals as stock-keepers, stockmen, farmers, producers are placed in a position where they can greatly influence the quality of life of the animals they manage. A stock-keeper's viewpoint on animal welfare and animal care will be enormously influenced by their cultural frame, how animals are viewed in the society where they live, and how much ‘permission to care’ the individual stockman sees as being granted to them in the place where they work. Sometimes the capacity to care is subsumed by commercial production pressures, lack of time, lack of motivation, perceived lack of resources, perceived lack of ‘value’ for individual animals, lack of perception of animal issues, or sometimes through a lack of knowledge or exposure to concepts of animal care and welfare. The extent and focus of animal welfare training is moulded by the needs of the audience, the company, the retailer or the legislator. For these reasons ‘one size fits all’ training is not usually appropriate, although there may be some general rules which can be applied to nearly all welfare training. These general rules include: do not start by importing values and technology/procedures which those trained cannot use; understand why the people you train do what they do; the initial training should be sympathetic to local knowledge and resources; engage with the industry and its affiliates and if at all possible, obtain government, professional and academic support and involvement; and beware that in the absence of knowledge and training, new technologies and new procedures can create new welfare problems.
Investigation of In Situ and Conventional Post‐Weld Heat Treatments on Dual‐Laser‐Beam‐Welded γ‐TiAl‐Based Alloy
Authors: Liu Jie , Ventzke Volker , Staron Peter , Schell Norbert , Kashaev Nikolai , Huber Norbert 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper describes a way to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of welding seams by in situ and conventional post‐weld heat treatments for laser beam welding of the Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2C–0.2B alloy. The seams are crack‐free with reduced longitudinal residual stress and higher elongation to fraction after post‐weld heat treatment. The welding zone consists of α2 after welding, transforms to a massive γ during in situ post‐weld heat treatment, and finally forms a convoluted microstructure after conventional heating. The phase composition across the welding zone is discussed.
Enhanced Omnidirectional Photovoltaic Performance of Solar Cells Using Multiple‐Discrete‐Layer Tailored‐ and Low‐Refractive Index Anti‐Reflection Coatings
Authors: Yan Xing , Poxson David J. , Cho Jaehee , Welser Roger E. , Sood Ashok K. , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. Fred 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn optimized four‐layer tailored‐ and low‐refractive index anti‐reflection (AR) coating on an inverted metamorphic (IMM) triple‐junction solar cell device is demonstrated. Due to an excellent refractive index matching with the ambient air by using tailored‐ and low‐refractive index nanoporous SiO2 layers and owing to a multiple‐discrete‐layer design of the AR coating optimized by a genetic algorithm, such a four‐layer AR coating shows excellent broadband and omnidirectional AR characteristics and significantly enhances the omnidirectional photovoltaic performance of IMM solar cell devices. Comparing the photovoltaic performance of an IMM solar cell device with the four‐layer AR coating and an IMM solar cell with the conventional SiO2/TiO2 double layer AR coating, the four‐layer AR coating achieves an angle‐of‐incidence (AOI) averaged short‐circuit current density, JSC, enhancement of 34.4%, whereas the conventional double layer AR coating only achieves an AOI‐averaged JSC enhancement of 25.3%. The measured reflectance reduction and omnidirectional photovoltaic performance enhancement of the four‐layer AR coating are to our knowledge, the largest ever reported in the literature of solar cell devices.