bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal movements and dispersal patterns: Implications for recruitment and management of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)
Authors: Hörnell‐Willebrand Maria , Willebrand Tomas , Smith Adam A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated the general patterns of movements in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) populations. We analyzed data from 300 radiocollared willow ptarmigan from 3 study areas in the Swedish mountain range, and from 2 previous studies of recoveries of wing‐tagged chicks from 3 areas in southern Norway. We found that 80% of juvenile females dispersed more than 5 km from their natal area, whereas only 25% of juvenile males established a summer range more than 5 km from the area where they were caught as chicks. Mean dispersal distances of juvenile females were 3 times longer (10.4 km) than those of juvenile males (2.4 km). Movement differences within sexes were not associated with apparent female breeding success or ptarmigan density in the natal area, and adult females migrated between wintering areas used as juveniles and their first breeding site. We found no differences in dispersal distances between the Norwegian and Swedish populations. Movements of adult and juvenile females during spring were similar in all respects. At scales of more than 5 km, the movements of juveniles and adult females play a role in redistributing birds within landscape units, and represent important inter‐population movements. The results of this study explain the apparent contradiction between non‐compensatory mortality based on data from radio‐marked ptarmigan, and the almost complete compensation based on annual counts. Estimating the extent of immigration into areas with high local mortality is difficult because of predation or harvest under conditions of high, fixed emigration and immigration dependent on local conditions. This represents a problem if dispersal distances include areas that are considerably larger than the size of the study area. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Monitoring gray wolf populations using multiple survey methods
Authors: Ausband David E. , Rich Lindsey N. , Glenn Elizabeth M. , Mitchell Michael S. , Zager Pete , Miller David A. W. , Waits Lisette P. , Ackerman Bruce B. , Mack Curt M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe behavioral patterns and large territories of large carnivores make them challenging to monitor. Occupancy modeling provides a framework for monitoring population dynamics and distribution of territorial carnivores. We combined data from hunter surveys, howling and sign surveys conducted at predicted wolf rendezvous sites, and locations of radiocollared wolves to model occupancy and estimate the number of gray wolf (Canis lupus) packs and individuals in Idaho during 2009 and 2010. We explicitly accounted for potential misidentification of occupied cells (i.e., false positives) using an extension of the multi‐state occupancy framework. We found agreement between model predictions and distribution and estimates of number of wolf packs and individual wolves reported by Idaho Department of Fish and Game and Nez Perce Tribe from intensive radiotelemetry‐based monitoring. Estimates of individual wolves from occupancy models that excluded data from radiocollared wolves were within an average of 12.0% (SD = 6.0) of existing statewide minimum counts. Models using only hunter survey data generally estimated the lowest abundance, whereas models using all data generally provided the highest estimates of abundance, although only marginally higher. Precision across approaches ranged from 14% to 28% of mean estimates and models that used all data streams generally provided the most precise estimates. We demonstrated that an occupancy model based on different survey methods can yield estimates of the number and distribution of wolf packs and individual wolf abundance with reasonable measures of precision. Assumptions of the approach including that average territory size is known, average pack size is known, and territories do not overlap, must be evaluated periodically using independent field data to ensure occupancy estimates remain reliable. Use of multiple survey methods helps to ensure that occupancy estimates are robust to weaknesses or changes in any 1 survey method. Occupancy modeling may be useful for standardizing estimates across large landscapes, even if survey methods differ across regions, allowing for inferences about broad‐scale population dynamics of wolves. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Increased flexibility for modeling telemetry and nest‐survival data using the multistate framework
Authors: Devineau Olivier , Kendall William L. , Doherty Paul F. , Shenk Tanya M. , White Gary C. , Lukacs Paul M. , Burnham Kenneth P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough telemetry is one of the most common tools used in the study of wildlife, advances in the analysis of telemetry data have lagged compared to progress in the development of telemetry devices. We demonstrate how standard known‐fate telemetry and related nest‐survival data analysis models are special cases of the more general multistate framework. We present a short theoretical development, and 2 case examples regarding the American black duck and the mallard. We also present a more complex lynx data analysis. Although not necessary in all situations, the multistate framework provides additional flexibility to analyze telemetry data, which may help analysts and biologists better deal with the vagaries of real‐world data collection. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Conventional oil and gas development alters forest songbird communities
Authors: Thomas Emily H. , Brittingham Margaret C. , Stoleson Scott H. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTEnergy extraction within forest habitat is increasing at a rapid rate throughout eastern North America from the combined presence of conventional oil and gas, shale gas, and wind energy. We examined the effects of conventional oil and gas development on forest habitat including amounts of core and edge forest, the abundance of songbird species and guilds, species diversity, and community similarity within and between mixed hardwood and oak forest types at both individual wells (local scale) and at the 25‐ha scale at differing levels of well density: reference (0 wells/site, 0 wells/km2), low (1–5 wells/site, 4–20 wells/km2), and high (10–15 wells/site, 40–60 wells/km2). Amount of cleared area, length of roads, and amount of edge increased with increasing well density, whereas amount of core forest declined. At high well densities, 85% of the study site remained forested, but the mean amount of core forest declined from 68% to 2%. Specific changes to forest structure associated with oil and gas development included decreases in basal area and canopy cover within 20 m of individual wells and with increasing well density. Of 19 species analyzed, 5 species, including ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), Blackburnian warbler (Setophaga fusca), and black‐throated green warbler (Setophaga virens), had lower abundance at well sites than reference sites at either the local or 25‐ha scale. Six species including American robin (Turdus migratorius), chestnut‐sided warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica), and brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were more abundant at well than reference sites. Eight species did not differ in abundance between well and reference sites. All 3 songbird guilds showed distinct patterns of abundance in relation to habitat differences resulting from oil and gas development that were consistent with known fragmentation effects. Forest interior species were less abundant at well sites than reference sites and showed a declining trend with increasing well density. In contrast, the guilds of early successional species and synanthropic species were more abundant at well sites than reference sites as was species richness (alpha diversity). Avian communities differed between northern hardwood and oak forest types at reference sites but became more similar when wells were present at both scales, suggesting biotic homogenization or a loss of beta diversity occurred as similar species were attracted to well sites in both forest types. The bird communities associated with northern hardwoods and oaks still retained their unique characteristics at low well densities but became similar at high well densities suggesting a threshold somewhere between the low and high well density sites. Consequently, we recommend that if well development is to occur in extensively forested landscapes, conventional oil and gas well development be limited to a maximum of 20 wells/km2to minimize impacts to forest birds. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Accounting for unsearched areas in estimating wind turbine‐caused fatality
Authors: Huso Manuela M.P. , Dalthorp Dan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWith wind energy production expanding rapidly, concerns about turbine‐induced bird and bat fatality have grown and the demand for accurate estimation of fatality is increasing. Estimation typically involves counting carcasses observed below turbines and adjusting counts by estimated detection probabilities. Three primary sources of imperfect detection are 1) carcasses fall into unsearched areas, 2) carcasses are removed or destroyed before sampling, and 3) carcasses present in the searched area are missed by observers. Search plots large enough to comprise 100% of turbine‐induced fatality are expensive to search and may nonetheless contain areas unsearchable because of dangerous terrain or impenetrable brush. We evaluated models relating carcass density to distance from the turbine to estimate the proportion of carcasses expected to fall in searched areas and evaluated the statistical cost of restricting searches to areas near turbines where carcass density is highest and search conditions optimal. We compared 5 estimators differing in assumptions about the relationship of carcass density to distance from the turbine. We tested them on 6 different carcass dispersion scenarios at each of 3 sites under 2 different search regimes. We found that even simple distance‐based carcass‐density models were more effective at reducing bias than was a 5‐fold expansion of the search area. Estimators incorporating fitted rather than assumed models were least biased, even under restricted searches. Accurate estimates of fatality at wind‐power facilities will allow critical comparisons of rates among turbines, sites, and regions and contribute to our understanding of the potential environmental impact of this technology. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Factors influencing survival of Canada geese breeding in Southern Quebec
Authors: Pilotte Catherine , Reed Eric T. , Rodrigue Jean , Giroux Jean‐François 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTemperate nesting Canada geese are considered a nuisance in many regions of eastern North America. In southern Quebec, a breeding population became established 20 years ago and has grown steadily since that time. Because of the long‐lived nature of geese, understanding the factors that influence annual survival is critical to the management of these populations. Our objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of the harvest of Canada geese that breed in southern Quebec, determine how year, sex, and age affect survival rates, and to evaluate the effects of hatch date and body condition near fledging on juvenile survival. We conducted mixed live recapture and dead recovery capture‐mark‐recapture analyses using data from birds banded as pre‐fledged juveniles between 2003 and 2009 (n = 3,972). Recoveries were distributed near the breeding area and along the east coast of the United States. Juveniles were mainly recovered in Quebec and yearlings in the United States. Harvest during the special early hunting season in Quebec represented only 9% of the total harvest. Annual survival rates were similar for both males and females, but varied among years for each age class. Survival averaged 0.82 (95% CI 0.76–0.87) for juveniles, 0.76 (0.69–0.82) for yearlings, and 0.82 (0.75–0.87) for adults. We observed a negative relationship between hatch date and juvenile survival but did not find significant effects of body condition and age at banding on survival. In addition to a short migration, a possible explanation for the high survival of juveniles includes the use by family groups predominantly of areas that are not open to hunting. The use of rural habitats where susceptibility to hunting is high, combined with the behavior of molt migration could explain the lower survival rates of yearlings than juveniles. We argue that high survival rates for all age classes contribute significantly to the growth of this population. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Contrasting past and current numbers of bears visiting Yellowstone cutthroat trout streams
Authors: Teisberg Justin E. , Haroldson Mark A. , Schwartz Charles C. , Gunther Kerry A. , Fortin Jennifer K. , Robbins Charles T. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSpawning cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) were historically abundant within tributary streams of Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park and were a highly digestible source of energy and protein for Yellowstone's grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus). The cutthroat trout population has subsequently declined since the introduction of non‐native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and in response to effects of drought and whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis). The trout population, duration of spawning runs, and indices of bear use of spawning streams had declined in some regions of the lake by 1997–2000. We initiated a 3‐year study in 2007 to assess whether numbers of spawning fish, black bears, and grizzly bears within and alongside stream corridors had changed since 1997–2000. We estimated numbers of grizzly bears and black bears by first compiling encounter histories of individual bears visiting 48 hair‐snag sites along 35 historically fished streams. We analyzed DNA encounter histories with Pradel‐recruitment and Jolly‐Seber (POPAN) capture‐mark‐recapture models. When compared to 1997–2000, the current number of spawning cutthroat trout per stream and the number of streams with cutthroat trout has decreased. We estimated that 48 (95% CI = 42–56) male and 23 (95% CI = 21–27) female grizzly bears visited the historically fished tributary streams during our study. In any 1‐year, 46 to 59 independent grizzly bears (8–10% of estimated Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem population) visited these streams. When compared with estimates from the 1997 to 2000 study and adjusted for equal effort, the number of grizzly bears using the stream corridors decreased by 63%. Additionally, the number of black bears decreased between 64% and 84%. We also document an increased proportion of bears of both species visiting front‐country (i.e., near human development) streams. With the recovery of cutthroat trout, we suggest bears that still reside within the Lake basin will readily use this high‐quality food resource. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Model‐Based Characterization and Monitoring of Runoff and Soil Erosion in Response to Land Use/land Cover Changes in the Modjo Watershed, Ethiopia
Authors: Gessesse Berhan , Bewket Woldeamlak , Bräuning Achim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Modjo watershed has experienced significant land use/land cover (LULC) change and soil erosion. This study examines changes in surface runoff generation and soil erosion in response to the LULC dynamics. To simulate runoff and sediment yield, the geographic information system‐interfaced Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used. Model sensitivity, calibration and validation analyses were carried out, and the efficiency of the model was evaluated using simulated and measured discharge data. The two scenario model simulation goodness‐of‐fit measures verified that the SWAT model performed very well during calibration and validation periods for daily and monthly time steps (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0·79 and root mean square error–observation standard deviation ratio < 0·4). Although the computed values of per cent bias fulfilled a satisfactory standard (greater than −11·8%), the model results tended to overestimate discharge. Consequent to the LULC change, an overall increase in the amount of surface runoff (14·2%) and sediment yield (37%) was observed relative to the baseline (1973) simulation scenario. Mean annual soil loss rate was estimated at 24·2 Mg ha−1 y−1. Nearly 95·2% of the watershed is experiencing moderate to severe soil loss rates ranging from 14·7 to 37·5 Mg ha−1 y−1. In the remaining parts of the watershed, soil loss rates range from 4·4 to 14·7 Mg ha−1 y−1. Surface runoff generation and soil erosion varied widely by soil, LULC types and slope positions. The observed environmental change would lead to further land degradation, with negative implications on the livelihoods of local people unless appropriate conservation measures are implemented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land‐Use Type Effects on Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Properties in a Semi‐arid Region of Northeast Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Ana Carolina Câmara , Leite Luiz Fernando Carvalho , de Araújo Ademir Sérgio Ferreira , Eisenhauer Nico 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLand‐use change is one of the most important anthropogenic environmental change drivers affecting the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems. However, there is limited knowledge of the consequences for soil processes in many regions around the globe. The Brazilian semi‐arid ecosystem known as Caatinga has experienced the transformation from native forest into agricultural land, with heretofore unknown effects on soil processes and microbial properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of five land‐use changes (to maize and cowpea cropland, grape orchard, and cut and grazed pasture) on total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) stocks and soil microbial properties of Ultisol from Caatinga. Soil samples (0–10 and 10–20 cm depth) were collected during the wet and dry periods. Split–split plot analysis of variance was used to test the effects of land use, soil depth, season and the interaction between land‐use and soil depth on soil microbial properties, TOC and TN stocks. Land‐use effects were more pronounced in the top soil layer than in the lower layer, while the pattern was less consistent in soil microbial properties. Land conversion from native forest to cropland may cause C losses from the soil, but conversion to pastures may even increase the potential of soils to function as C sinks. Grazed pastures showed not only high C and N stocks but also the highest soil microbial biomass and lowest respiratory quotients, all indications for elevated soil C sequestration. Thus, grazed pastures may represent a land‐use form with high ecosystem multifunctionality in Caatinga. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Enclosure on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Alpine Desert Rangeland
Authors: Shang Zhanhuan , Cao Jingjuan , Guo Ruiying , Henkin Zalmen , Ding Luming , Long Ruijun , Deng Bo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEnclosures have been set‐up in rangelands in China since about 1980 to control grazing. This was performed in order to favour the recovery of degraded vegetation and soil. Alpine desert rangeland is an important ecosystem in China, and enclosure was considered a means of rangeland restoration for long‐term grazing. Soil properties were studied in a 6‐year enclosure experiment, which found that without grazing, vegetation cover and aboveground plant biomass increased significantly. A positive, but not significant, trend in soil bulk density was also found. However, the storage of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) decreased insignificantly after 6 years of enclosure. The ratio of C:N and C:P of soil increased in the (0–10)‐cm and (10–20)‐cm layers but decreased in the (20–30)‐cm layer. In conclusion, prevention of grazing for 6 years did not significantly improve soil quality or potential carbon sequestration in the alpine desert rangelands. We recommend the removal of fences intended for rangeland and biodiversity protection from such landscapes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a necessary aspect for the Riesz basis property for indefinite Sturm‐Liouville problems
Authors: Kostenko Aleksey 
Published: February 2014

In 1996, H. Volkmer observed that the inequality

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201300104:equation:mana201300104-math-0001is satisfied with some positive constant for a certain class of functions f on [ − 1, 1] if the eigenfunctions of the problem

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201300104:equation:mana201300104-math-0003form a Riesz basis of the Hilbert space . Here the weight is assumed to satisfy a.e. on ( − 1, 1).We present two criteria in terms of Weyl–Titchmarsh m‐functions for the Volkmer inequality to be valid. Note that one of these criteria is new even for the classical HELP inequality. Using these results we improve the result of Volkmer by showing that this inequality is valid if the operator associated with the spectral problem satisfies the linear resolvent growth condition. In particular, we show that the Riesz basis property of eigenfunctions is equivalent to the linear resolvent growth if r is odd.
Diastereoselective Additive Trifluoromethylation/Halogenation of Isoxazole Triflones: Synthesis of All‐Carbon‐Functionalized Trifluoromethyl Isoxazoline Triflones
Authors: Kawai Hiroyuki , Sugita Yutaka , Tokunaga Etsuko , Sato Hiroyasu , Shiro Motoo , Shibata Norio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHighly functionalized 5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazoline derivatives featuring a triflyl (SO2CF3) group at the 4‐position were successfully synthesized via diastereoselective trifluoromethylation and halogenation of isoxazole triflones using the Ruppert– Prakash reagent. The trifluoromethylation is quite general in terms of the substrates including 3,5‐diaryl isoxazole triflones and 3‐aryl‐5‐styrylisoxazole triflones to provide products in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. The highly functionalized 5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazoline derivatives are expected to be a new class of antiparasiticides. Thus the triflyl group both activates isoxazoles and the 4‐postion of CF3 adducts, and has a potential biological function.
Detailed in utero ultrasound description of 30 cases of congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Picone O. , Teissier N. , Cordier A. G. , Vauloup‐Fellous C. , Adle‐Biassette H. , Martinovic J. , Senat M. V. , Ayoubi J. M. , Benachi A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe aim of this research was to describe precisely prenatal ultrasound (US) features in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the US descriptions of cases of congenital CMV infection between 2004 and 2013.ResultsIn 69 congenital CMV infections, related US abnormalities were reported in 30 cases (43.5%). There were both extracerebral and cerebral abnormalities in 16 cases, purely abnormal brain features in ten, and purely extracerebral features in two. About 19/30 cases presented extracerebral features of 11 different sorts of abnormalities, mainly hyperechogenic bowel (ten cases) and intrauterine growth retardation (nine cases). About 24/30 cases presented cerebral features of 13 different sorts, mainly brain calcifications (12 cases) and occipital horn cavity (11 cases).The main US findings in our series are not specific to CMV infection. However, a frequent finding attracted our attention: the anechogenic cavity located on the extremity of the occipital horn, a region which contains numerous proliferating and differentiating germinal cells.ConclusionsBy improving knowledge of US findings linked to CMV infection, US sensitivity may be improved. Understanding why CMV leads to lesions of the occipital horn may help clarify the pathophysiology of congenital infection. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.