bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing attitudinal and situational measures of self‐control among felony offenders
Authors: Bouffard Jeff , Craig Jessica M. , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundHirschi recently revised the measurement of self‐control to include the number and salience of costs an individual considers in an offending situation. Evidence is mixed on its predictive utility relative to other self‐control measures but suffers from different studies operationalising the measure in different ways and mostly examining it with non‐offenders.AimsThis study aimed to investigate Hirschi's reconceptualisation of self‐control. Our research question was whether the number and salience of Hirschi's ‘costs’ are independently related to offending.MethodsData on self‐perceptions of likelihood of driving while drunk and various self‐control and social control measures were collected by researchers during an orientation class for convicted offenders newly received into correctional facilities – one for men and one for women – during January to May 2011.ResultsEight hundred and nineteen men and 194 women completed the ratings. Both attitudinal and situational self‐control measures were independently associated with self‐rated likelihood of driving while drunk. These findings were confined to the male offenders.ConclusionsFindings revealed mixed support for Hirschi's conceptualisation of self‐control and its relevance. Situational and attitudinal measures of self‐control share some common ground but relate differently to offending according to gender. Further research is needed to find out if these results are generalisable to other crime types and whether race/ethnicity could modify the findings. Even among convicted offenders whose crimes are serious and/or frequent enough to result in imprisonment, high self‐control may inhibit offending. This has implications for intervention programmes. This is the first study to compare attitudinal and self‐control measures in relation to offending among a sample of incarcerated offenders and across gender. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid
Authors: Lu Xu , Leung Dennis Y. C. , Wang Huizhi , Leung Michael K. H. , Xuan Jin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis Review provides an overview of electrochemical techniques that are implemented in addressing gaseous CO2 towards the synthesis of a particular fuel (i.e. formic acid). The electrochemical reaction mechanism, as well as the advancement of electrodes, catalyst materials, and reactor designs are reviewed and discussed. To date, the electrolytic cell is the dominant reaction site and, based on which, various catalysts have been proposed and researched. In addition, relevant work regarding reactor design optimization for the purpose of alleviating restrictions of the current CO2 electrochemical reduction system are summarized, including low reactant‐transfer rate, high reaction overpotential, and low product selectivity. The use of microfluidic techniques to build microscale electrochemical reactors is identified to be highly promising to largely increase the electrochemical performance. Finally, future challenges and opportunities of electrochemical reduction of CO2 are discussed.
3D multiwavelet based block coding algorithm for compression of volumetric medical images
Authors: Sudha V. K. , Sudhakar R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThree dimensional (3D) medical images possess some specific characteristics that should be utilized by an efficient compression scheme. In this article, one such compression scheme for volumetric 3D medical image data is presented. Two processes involved in this scheme are decorrelation and encoding. Decorrelation of the 3D data is realized through 3D multiwavelet transform with apt prefiltering so as to give good representation of the image which could be exploited by the encoder. Encoding is done through proposed Block Coding Algorithm, which is embedded, block based, and wavelet transform coding algorithm without maintaining any list structures. The idea behind this algorithm is to sort the 3D transform coefficients in to a 1D array with respect to declining thresholds and to use state table to keep track of the blocks and coefficients that has been coded. In the experiment conducted on various 3D magnetic resonance and computed tomography images of human brain with multiwavelets such as Geronimo–Hardin–Massopust, Chui‐Lian, and orthogonal symmetric/antisymmetric (SA4), efficiency of the proposed scheme was weighed against the state of art encoders such as 3D Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees, 2D Set Partitioned Embedded BloCK Coder, and No List SPIHT. Attributes used for performance measurements are peak signal to noise ratio, bit rate, and structural similarity index of reconstructed image with respect to original image. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 182–192, 2014
Survey and analysis of various image fusion techniques for clinical CT and MRI images
Authors: Tamilselvan Kumaravel Subramaniam , Murugesan Govindasamy 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe research and development of biomedical imaging techniques requires more number of image data from medical image acquisition devices, like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission technology, and single photon emission computed tomography. Multimodal image fusion is the process of combining information from various images to get the maximum amount of content captured by a single image acquisition device at different angles and different times or stages. This article analyses and compares the performance of different existing image fusion techniques for the clinical images in the medical field. The fusion techniques compared are simple or pixel‐based fusion, pyramid‐based fusion, and transform‐based fusion techniques. Four set of CT and MRI images are used for the above fusion techniques. The performance of the fused results is measured with seven parameters. The experimental results show that out of seven parameters the values of four parameters, such as average difference, mean difference, root mean square error, and standard deviation are minimum and the values of remaining three parameters, such as peak signal to noise ratio, entropy, and mutual information are maximum. From the experimental results, it is clear that out of 14 fusion techniques taken for survey, image fusion using dual tree complex wavelet transform gives better fusion result for the clinical CT and MRI images. Advantages and limitations of all the techniques are discussed with their experimental results and their relevance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 193–202, 2014.
Recurrence of nonfamilial cardiac myxoma in the left ventricle: A case report
Authors: Song Xiaole , Tang Li , Yang Jun , Li Nan 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA left atrial myxoma was found and removed in a 47‐year‐old woman admitted for acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, without family history of cardiac tumor. Follow‐up echocardiography, 15 months later, demonstrated a new myxoma in the left ventricle. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:576–577, 2014
Thirty‐day mortality risk associated with the postoperative nonresumption of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors: A retrospective study of the veterans affairs healthcare system
Authors: Mudumbai Seshadri C. , Takemoto Steven , Cason Brian A. , Au Selwyn , Upadhyay Anjali , Wallace Arthur W. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDAngiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐Is) are a widely used class of cardiovascular medication. However, limited data exist on the risks of postoperative nonresumption of an ACE‐I.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the factors and 30‐day mortality risks associated with the postoperative nonresumption of an ACE‐I.DESIGNA retrospective cohort study.SETTINGVeterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System.PATIENTSA total of 294,505 admissions in 240,978 patients with multiple preoperative prescription refills (>3) for an ACE‐I who underwent inpatient surgery from calendar years 1999 to 2012.INTERVENTIONNone.MEASUREMENTSWe classified surgical admissions based upon the timing of postoperative resumption of an ACE‐I prescription from the day of surgery through postoperative days 0 to 14 and 15 to 30, and collected 30‐day mortality data. We evaluated the relationship between 30‐day mortality and the nonresumption of an ACE‐I from postoperative day 0 to 14 using proportional hazard regression models, adjusting for patient‐ and hospital‐level risk factors. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using more homogeneous subpopulations and propensity score models.RESULTSTwenty‐five percent of our cohort did not resume an ACE‐I during the 14 days following surgery. Nonresumption of an ACE‐I within postoperative day 0 to 14 was independently associated with increased 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio: 3.44; 95% confidence interval: 3.30‐3.60; P < 0.001) compared to the restart group. Sensitivity analyses maintained this relationship.CONCLUSIONSNonresumption of an ACE‐I is common after major inpatient surgery in the large VA Health Care System. Restarting of an ACE‐I within postoperative day 0 to 14 is, however, associated with decreased 30‐day mortality. Careful attention to the issue of timely reinstitution of chronic medications such as an ACE‐I is indicated. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:289–296. 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Drop the Small Talk When Establishing Baseline Behaviour in Interviews
Authors: Ewens Sarah , Vrij Aldert , Jang Minhwan , Jo Eunkyung 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe present experiment investigated the behavioural patterns of interviewees when comparing their baseline behaviour, prior to the interview, with their behaviour during the investigative interview. Similar to what has been advised in the police literature, the truthful baseline behaviour was established prior to the interview through non‐threatening questions. The investigative part of the interview then followed in which the interviewee was aware that they would be assessed on whether they were lying. During the investigative part, interviewees either discussed the job that they had (truth tellers, n = 128) or pretended to have (liars, n = 115). Findings revealed that both liars and truth tellers' behavioural patterns differed between the baseline behaviour and the investigative part of the interview. The findings suggest small talk should not be used as a baseline comparison with the investigative part of the interview when determining if the interviewee is being deceitful. An alternative way of using a baseline lie detection method, the comparable truth method, is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological and functional changes in pituitary‐thyroid axis following prolonged exposure of female rats to constant light
Authors: Miler Marko , Šošić‐Jurjević Branka , Nestorović Nataša , Ristić Nataša , Medigović Ivana , Savin Svetlana , Milošević Verica 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLight regulates numerous physiological functions and synchronizes them with the environment, in part by adjusting secretion of different hormones. We hypothesized that constant light (CL) would disturb pituitary‐thyroid axis. Our aim was to determine morphological and functional changes in this endocrine system in such extreme conditions and, based on the obtained results, to propose the underlying mechanism(s). Starting from the thirtieth postnatal day, female Wistar rats were exposed to CL (600 lx) for the following 95 days. The controls were maintained under the regular laboratory lighting conditions. After decapitation, pituitaries and thyroids were prepared for further histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence examinations. Concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total T4 and T3 (TH) were determined. Thyroid tissue of light‐treated rats was characterized by microfollicular structure. We detected no change in total thyroid volume, localization and accumulation of thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, and sodium‐iodide symporter in the follicular epithelium of CL rats. The volume of follicular epithelium and activation index were increased, while volume of the colloid and serum levels of TH decreased. In the pituitary, the relative intensity of TSH β‐immunofluorescence signal within the cytoplasm of thyrotrophs increased, but their average cell volume and the relative volume density decreased. Serum TSH was unaltered. We conclude that exposure of female rats to CL induced alterations in pituitary‐thyroid axis. Thyroid tissue was characterized by microfollicular structure. Serum TH levels were reduced without accompanying increase in serum TSH. We hypothesize that increased secretion and clearance of TH together with unchanged or even decreased hormonal synthesis, resulted in decreased serum TH levels in CL group. We assume this decrease consequently led to increased synthesis and/or accumulation of pituitary TSH. However, decreased average TSH cell volume and relative volume density, together with unchanged serum TSH, point to additional, negative regulation of thyrotrophs. J. Morphol. 275:1161–1172, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pectoral fin morphology of batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea): Explaining phylogenetic variation with geometric morphometrics
Authors: Franklin Oliver , Palmer Colin , Dyke Gareth 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe diverse cartilaginous fish lineage, Batoidea (rays, skates, and allies), sister taxon to sharks, comprises a huge range of morphological diversity which to date remains unquantified and unexplained in terms of evolution or locomotor style. A recent molecular phylogeny has enabled us to confidently assess broadscale aspects of morphology across Batoidea. Geometric morphometrics quantifies the major aspects of shape variation, focusing on the enlarged pectoral fins which characterize batoids, to explore relationships between ancestry, locomotion and habitat. A database of 253 specimens, encompassing 60 of the 72 batoid genera, reveals that the majority of morphological variation across Batoidea is attributable to fin aspect‐ratio and the chordwise location of fin apexes. Both aspect‐ratio and apex location exhibit significant phylogenetic signal. Standardized independent linear contrast analysis reveals that fin aspect‐ratio can predict locomotor style. This study provides the first evidence that low aspect‐ratio fins are correlated with undulatory‐style locomotion in batoids, whereas high aspect‐ratio fins are correlated with oscillatory locomotion. We also show that it is phylogeny that determines locomotor style. In addition, body‐ and caudal fin‐locomotors are shown to exhibit low aspect‐ratio fins, whereas a pelagic lifestyle correlates with high aspect‐ratio fins. These results emphasize the importance of phylogeny in determining batoid pectoral fin shape, however, interactions with other constraints, most notably locomotor style, are also highlighted as significant. J. Morphol. 275:1173–1186, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of heat treatment on the enzymatic stability of grass carp skin collagen and its ability to form fibrils in vitro
Authors: Yang Huan , Wang Haibo , Zhao Yan , Wang Haiyin , Zhang Hanjun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe molecular configuration, molecular weight distribution and thermal transition enthalpy (ΔH) of grass carp skin (GCS) collagens after heat treatment under different conditions were measured using circular dichroism, gel filtration chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The enzymatic stability of collagen was evaluated using different enzymes, while the ability to form fibrils in vitro was assessed by morphological observation of collagen fibrils and turbidity testing.RESULTSThe ΔH values, in‐solution molecular aggregation and the stability to enzymatic hydrolysis of GCS collagen decreased irreversibly and progressively with the duration of heat treatment at 33 °C, which was the onset endothermic temperature obtained from the DSC curve. A strong positive linear correlation between the enzymatic sensitivity of collagen and the degree of thermal denaturation was found. A decrease in fibril diameter and D‐periodicity length with denaturation could also be observed in the SEM and TEM images.CONCLUSIONThe onset endothermic temperature (To) rather than the denaturation temperature (Td) is the threshold temperature for configurational stability of GCS collagen in acidic solution, and the biological properties would obviously change if the collagen was heat treated at this temperature. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of methyl jasmonate on the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of blueberries during cold storage
Authors: Huang Xiaojie , Li Jing , Shang Hongli , Meng Xin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe effects of postharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) fumigation on total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAs), individual anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of blueberries stored at 1 °C for 28 days were evaluated. Prior to storage, the blueberries were fumigated with 0.05 mmol L−1 MeJA for 12 h. Control blueberries were subjected to the same conditions but were not exposed to MeJA.RESULTSMeJA treatment had no adverse effect on TSS and TA and inhibited the decrease in ascorbic acid during storage. MeJA treatment induced an enhancement in TPC on day 21; TPC decreased thereafter. Similarly, a significant increase in TMAs and individual anthocyanins was observed 21 days after MeJA treatment. TPC, TMAs and individual anthocyanins increased in control fruits on day 7 and decreased thereafter. Moreover, MeJA treatment maintained higher levels of antioxidant activity during the entire storage period.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that cold storage enhances TPC, TMAs and individual anthocyanin content during short‐term storage. However, postharvest application of MeJA to blueberries enhances TPC, TMAs and individual anthocyanin content during long‐term storage. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The Complex Crystalline Structure of Polyethylene/Polycarbonate Microfibril Blends in a Secondary Flow Field
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Chao , Zhang Quan‐Ping , Wang Long , Feng Jian‐Min , Yang Ming‐Bo 
Published: May 2014

A mass of stretched molecular chains in the entire thickness direction of gas‐assisted injection molding (GAIM) composites is induced due to the redistribution and amplification of the shear flow caused by the introduction of polycarbonate (PC) microfibril under intense shear stress. In the vicinity of the PC microfibrils, stretched chains are either absorbed by PC microfibrils with a large diameter to form a transcrystallinity, or captured by ultrafine PC microfibrils to firstly form shish nuclei and finally form hybrid shish‐kebab structures. Typical shish‐kebab superstructures are formed in the zone with the absence of PC microfibrils. In summary, multi­form crystalline superstructures across the thickness direction are successfully obtained by the GAIM. Thus, this work can open a new way for the preparation of high‐performance polymer composites in industrial processing.
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Glass‐Transition‐, Melting‐, and Decomposition Temperatures of Tailored Polyacrylates and Polymethacrylates: General Trends and Structure–Property Relationships
Authors: Fleischhaker Friederike , Haehnel Alexander P. , Misske Andrea M. , Blanchot Mathieu , Haremza Sylke , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: May 2014

The glass‐transition‐, melting, and onset decomposition temperatures of a series of tailored polymethacrylates and polyacrylates are systematically investigated. Application fields of the investigated polymers include coatings, adhesives, textile, paper, cosmetics, electronics, lubricants, fuel additives, and oil‐field or construction chemicals. The present study focuses on linear alkyl, branched alkyl, and amino, as well as ether polymethacrylates and polyacrylates. Novel polymers are introduced with branched C9, C13, C17, and C21 ester, Lupragen, or glyco­pyranoside ester groups. The thermal characteristics of the novel polymers are analyzed and placed into the context of the thermal data of known polymers fitting into the homologous series. General trends providing a comprehensive and concise overview of the determined thermal properties are derived. Structure–property relationships are established and a detailed physicochemical rationale is provided. The study may even allow for a rapid empirical estimation of thermal data of not yet assessed polymer systems.
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Reach bleibt und hat Folgen
Authors: Lahl Uwe , Metzger Jürgen O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWie gut funktioniert die europäische Chemikaliengesetzgebung? Kommen kleine und mittlere Unternehmen damit zurecht? Was bleibt zu tun? Wirkt Europa auf die USA? Eine Standortbestimmung der Marktteilnehmer.
H als Abgangsgruppe
Authors: Gulder Tanja , Gulder Tobias A. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNur eine sorgfältige Balance zwischen Reaktivität und Selektivität führt zur erfolgreichen C‐H‐Funktionalisierung in der Naturstofftotalsynthese. Eine vielversprechende Methode, um komplexe Naturstoffe aufzubauen, ist die direkte Pd‐katalysierte Arylierung nicht aktivierter C(sp3)‐H‐Bindungen.
Toward high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells with a photoanode fabricated via a simple water‐based formulation
Authors: Lupitskyy Robert , Vendra Venkat Kalyan , Jasinski Jacek , Amos Delaina A. , Sunkara Mahendra K. , Druffel Thad 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn aqueous formulation containing commercially available P25 nanoparticles and a water‐soluble precursor—titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide (TALH) has been developed and optimized for fabricating photoanodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells. An optimal formulation achieved a power conversion efficiency of 9.2%. Solar cell performance is significantly influenced by precursor concentration impacting the porosity and electron transport of the thin film. The use of TALH during processing is shown to enhance the electron transport in the resulting titanium dioxide nanoparticle network using transient decay measurements. Bridging between neighboring nanoparticles is confirmed using transmission electron microscopy explaining the enhanced electron transport. The developed formulation has several advantages, as it is water‐based, composed of inexpensive, non‐hazardous components, is easy to make, and does not require special handling. The formulation has great potential for industrial applications, in particular for DSC manufacturing using roll‐to‐roll technology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conserved symmetries in noncommutative quantum mechanics
Authors: Kupriyanov V.G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider a problem of the consistent deformation of physical system introducing a new features, but preserving its fundamental properties. In particular, we study how to implement the noncommutativity of space‐time without violation of the rotational symmetry in quantum mechanics or the Lorentz symmetry in field theory. Since the canonical (Moyal) noncommutativity breaks the above symmetries one should work with more general case of coordinate‐dependent noncommutative spaces, when the commutator between coordinates is a function of these coordinates. First we describe in general lines how to construct the quantum mechanics on coordinate‐dependent noncommutative spaces. Then we consider the particular examples: the Hydrogen atom on rotationally invariant noncommutative space and the Dirac equation on covariant noncommutative space‐time.