bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
En quoi les marchés du travail corporatistes diffèrent‐ils? Régimes du marché du travail et chômage dans les pays de l'OCDE
Authors: STURN Simon 
Published: July 2013

Résumé.Les études empiriques relatives aux effets des institutions du marché du travail sur le chômage donnent des résultats contradictoires. Une explication est que ces institutions affectent différemment le chômage selon le régime dans lequel elles opèrent. Elles ont des effets spécifiques dans les régimes corporatistes grâce à de bonnes relations professionnelles, des complémentarités institutionnelles et des compromis entre flexibilité interne et externe. S'appuyant sur un panel de vingt pays de l'OCDE entre 1985 et 2008, l'auteur constate que sur les marchés du travail corporatistes une protection rigoureuse de l'emploi réduit le chômage et que les allocations de chômage n'ont pas d'effet négatif. Il montre aussi que lors des récessions le chômage est aggravé par des taux d'intérêt réels élevés, une faible accumulation du capital et l'austérité budgétaire.
Las curvas de Beveridge y de Phillips en la zona del euro ante la crisis
Authors: SELL Friedrich L. , REINISCH David C. 
Published: July 2013

Resumen.Ante las numerosas críticas contra la economía convencional por su incapacidad para predecir y evitar la crisis económica mundial, los autores verifican la eficacia empírica de las curvas de Phillips y de Beveridge ante la crisis con datos de panel sobre once países de la zona del euro para 2007–2010. Tras confirmar la fiabilidad de ambas relaciones (desempleo y vacantes, y desempleo e inflación, respectivamente), los autores estudian la correlación entre inflación y vacantes. Las tres relaciones apuntan a la necesidad de combinar políticas de la oferta y políticas de la demanda para reducir el desempleo.
Productividad, desindicalización y comercio: efectos sobre el salario y la participación de la renta del trabajo
Authors: JUDZIK Darío , SALA Héctor 
Published: July 2013

Resumen.Suponiendo una relación de uno a uno entre salarios y productividad, hasta ahora se han estudiado sobre todo los efectos sobre el salario y el empleo de las «hostiles» instituciones laborales. Aquí se analizan más bien los efectos del crecimiento de la productividad, la desindicalización y el comercio internacional a largo plazo –entre 1980 y 2010– en España, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Francia, Italia, Japón, Reino Unido y Suecia. Tras neutralizar la variable productividad, se observa una tendencia descendente de los salarios asociada con una menor densidad sindical y una mayor exposición al comercio internacional, además de una erosión de la participación de la renta del trabajo en la renta total.
Metarreglamentación de las relaciones laborales en Europa: dinámicas de poder y competencia entre normativas nacionales
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS Theodoros , ROUMPAKIS Antonios 
Published: July 2013

Resumen.El término «metarreglamentación» describe un modo de gobernanza transnacional surgido en un intento de resolver el conflicto entre las normativas laborales y la libertad de provisión de servicios y de desplazamiento de trabajadores en toda la Unión Europea. Se sustenta en el principio de competencia, no solo entre trabajadores de diversos Estados miembros, sino también entre sus normativas laborales. Basándose en los conceptos de poder estructural y campo social, el artículo examina casos empíricos que ilustran la metarreglamentación paulatina de las relaciones laborales en la UE y demuestran que la asimetría que caracteriza las relaciones de poder entre trabajo y capital se está ampliando a favor de este último.
Efectos del desempleo a corto y largo plazo en la tasa de mortalidad en Europa
Authors: BENDER Keith A. , ECONOMOU Athina , THEODOSSIOU Ioannis 
Published: July 2013

Resumen.Las investigaciones recientes sobre la relación entre desempleo y mortalidad arrojan resultados contradictorios. En este estudio se distingue entre efectos del desempleo inmediatos y a largo plazo, y se estima la relación utilizando datos agregados de 11 países europeos para el periodo 1971–2001. Los resultados revelan que los estudios anteriores según los cuales el aumento del desempleo conduce a un descenso de la mortalidad se referían a sus efectos inmediatos y que, a largo plazo, el desempleo se asocia con un aumento de la mortalidad de mucha mayor envergadura. Estos resultados son aplicables a casi todas las causas de mortalidad contempladas.
Empleo y salarios en Alemania tras la desreglamentación del trabajo temporal por agencia en 2004
Authors: GARZ Marcel 
Published: July 2013

Resumen.A partir de datos empíricos, se examina cómo la desreglamentación del trabajo temporal por agencia en Alemania en 2004 afectó al empleo y a los salarios, controlando efectos macroeconómicos y características personales y del puesto de trabajo. Se constata un aumento del trabajo temporal tras la reforma, sin efecto en el total de empleo, lo que apunta a efectos de sustitución. La brecha salarial entre trabajadores de plantilla y temporales aumentó (posible recurso a estos últimos para reducir costos laborales), aunque la diferencia salarial parece deberse sobre todo a determinadas características personales, más frecuentes entre los trabajadores temporales que entre los de plantilla.
Alterations in innate and adaptive immune leukocytes are involved in paediatric obesity
Authors: Inzaugarat M. E. , Billordo L. A. , Vodánovich F. , Cervini G. M. , Casavalle P. L. , Vedire C. , Cherñavsky A. C. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Circulating immune cells such as monocytes and T cells infiltrate adipose tissue in the context of obesity.
Plasma leptin and free fatty acid levels are usually elevated in obesity.
Apart from the involvement of the innate immune response in obesity, the role of adaptive immunity is now beginning to be unravelled.
What this study adds
Circulating monocytes and T cells are committed to a pro‐inflammatory state regardless of their entry into the adipose tissue of obese children.
Leptin and linoleic acid effects on monocytes contribute to the promotion of inflammation in obesity.
An increased Th1 and cytotoxic commitment and a higher leptin‐mediated up‐regulation of interferon gamma in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are observed in obese children.
BackgroundAdipose tissue is the main source of the cytokines and adipokines that are increased in the context of obesity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by circulating immune cells can be regulated by these pro‐inflammatory factors even before infiltration into adipose tissue.ObjectiveTo investigate the alterations that can occur in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes in paediatric obesity.MethodsIn this study, 54 paediatric obese patients and 30 age‐matched metabolically healthy individuals were enrolled. Intracellular cytokines were analyzed after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or leptin plus PMA stimulation of lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured using dichlorofluorescein‐diacetate. Both a ‘stimulation index’ and a ‘fold of increase’ were calculated for statistical purposes.ResultsBoth interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) production by circulating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and ROS production by monocytes following PMA stimulation were increased in obese patients. Leptin induced an increased production of IFN‐γ in both subsets of T cells and tumour necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, and linoleic acid induced a higher ROS production in monocytes.ConclusionsThe distinct functional responses of circulating cells suggest that alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the maintenance of low‐grade inflammation in paediatric obesity.
Effects of connectivity, dispersal directionality and functional traits on the metacommunity structure of river benthic diatoms
Authors: Liu Jing , Soininen Janne , Han Bo‐Ping , Declerck Steven A. J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimDendritic ecological networks (DENs), such as river systems, combine features that challenge the traditional conceptual views and empirical approaches applied to metacommunities. As a result of their dendritic branching geometry and stream flow directionality, they are strongly hierarchical and asymmetrical. We analysed the metacommunity structure of benthic diatoms in a large‐scale river system with the aim of evaluating the importance of potential causal influences. Furthermore, we hypothesized that metacommunities of diatoms that are strongly attached to their substrata show a different spatial structure than metacommunities of other, more weakly attached diatoms.LocationThe study was carried out in the Dong River, a 32,275 km2 subtropical river network located in southern China.MethodsWe surveyed benthic diatom communities during three seasons (dry, intermediate and wet). Using partial redundancy analysis, we partitioned community variation among environmental models and different spatial eigenfunction models to evaluate the influence of alternative dispersal pathways (overland versus water course dispersal), stream directionality, man‐made dams and diatom functional traits on diatom metacommunity structure.ResultsModels based on hydrological connections and water directionality represent spatial patterns better than overland distances, suggesting that the dynamics of benthic diatom metacommunities are mainly confined to the river network and influenced by the prevailing water flow. We found significant effects of man‐made dams on the spatial structure of important limnological variables and diatom metacommunity structure. The metacommunity of strongly attached diatoms also showed a weaker signature of flow directionality than that of other growth forms, especially in seasons with high water levels.Main conclusionsWe conclude that the consideration of among‐site connectivity, flow directionality and species traits is key to a better understanding of the spatial ecology of passively dispersing microbial organisms in river systems.
Susceptibility to Cry proteins of a Spanish Ostrinia nubilalis glasshouse population repeatedly sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis formulations
Authors: Crava C. M. , Bel Y. , Ferré J. , Escriche B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOstrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major pest of corn in temperate climates, can feed on other crops due to its polyphagous behaviour. In particular, this species became a serious problem in some sweet pepper commercial glasshouses in south‐eastern Spain repeatedly sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products to control Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The susceptibility of an O. nubilalis colony established from individuals collected in these Bt‐sprayed glasshouses was compared with a reference laboratory colony. Differences in susceptibility between the two colonies to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa proteins were found. However, our results indicate that the O. nubilalis control failure in the glasshouse was not due to selection for resistance. Intraspecific variation probably accounts for differences between the glasshouse‐derived population and the laboratory strain. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence: the glasshouse‐derived population retained its susceptibility to a Bt standard product and to most of its individual components (both in the form of protoxins and in the form of activated toxins), and it did not respond to laboratory selection with high doses of Cry1Ab.
Effects of Temperature and Mixer Speed Rotation on Rheological Properties of Spreads with Maltitol
Authors: Petković Marko , Pajin Biljana , Tomić Jelena 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSucrose‐free spreads containing different share of maltitol (100, 70 and 30% as a bulking agents) are investigated with the aim to improve energy. Spreads with maltitol were produced in ball mill. The quality of produced spread mass is determined by moisture, size of the largest cocoa particle, yield stress and Casson plastic viscosity. The lowest energy values have spreads containing 100% maltitol. Spreads with maltitol do not have hygroscopic nature (moisture parameters are constant). Regardless of the sweetener type, spreads produced at maximum mixer speed rotation (50 r/min) have the lowest size of largest particle. Spreads containing 100% maltitol have greater plastic viscosity and significant viscous properties. Dynamic oscillatory measurements showed the spreads with different maltitol share are the viscoelastic solids, with dominate elastic component. The viscous component is dominant at lower frequencies (frequency <2 Hz). According to the rheology parameters, the best and the worst solution is if sucrose is replaced with maltitol, as a bulking agent, 100 and 30%, respectively.Practical ApplicationSugar‐free confectionary products have become very popular nowadays. The energy value of spreads could be improved by selection of appropriate sweetener (maltitol). Hence, the maltitol share in this study would benefit the reducing energy value of spreads. It would be also useful for the future research to find the optimal maltitol share in spreads under different process conditions. The results confirm that rheology properties of spreadable food play important role in consumers' acceptability, because they indicate the moment that system starts to flow.
Different context, different results: venous ulcer healing and the use of two high‐compression technologies
Authors: Nelson E Andrea , Harrison Margaret B ,   Canadian Bandage Trial Team
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectivesTo update the evidence for the relative effectiveness of the four‐layer and short‐stretch compression technologies used for the treatment of venous ulcers.BackgroundCompression bandages are the most effective method for venous ulcer healing. Both four‐layer and short‐stretch compression are effective but the relative benefit of one over the other is not fully understood.DesignMeta‐analysis of data from randomised trials of short‐stretch and four‐layer compression bandages.MethodsWe conducted a hazards ratio meta‐analysis that combined the results from the existing review evidence with the latest randomised trial.ResultsPrior to inclusion of the Canadian Bandaging Trial, the meta‐analysis of the available evidence from four trials indicated that short‐stretch bandaging was associated with a lower chance of healing than four‐layer bandaging. Adding this trial to the meta‐analysis however, the relative benefit for the four‐layer bandaging did not persist.ConclusionsAddition of the largest trial of compression technologies attenuated the apparent relative benefit for four‐layer bandaging over short‐stretch seen in the previous systematic reviews. This may be because the latest trial was large and found no difference in healing rates, attributed to the fact that both technologies were in common use in the trial centres, rather than being a trial of a new bandaging technology over an existing technology.Relevance to clinical practiceThis analysis indicates that the choice of a compression system can be safely made with equal regard to clinician choice, patient preference and economic considerations as these technologies appear comparable in terms of healing rates.
Influence of growth hormone on circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in humans
Authors: Lundberg J. , Höybye C. , Krusenstjerna‐Hafstrøm T. , Bina H. A. , Kharitonenkov A. , Angelin B. , Rudling M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveFindings from animal studies indicate that growth hormone (GH) may stimulate the production of the putative metabolic regulator fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We investigated whether circulating FGF21 levels are altered in patients with GH deficiency and characterized how levels of this growth factor are influenced by acute and long‐term administration of GH, and the potential relationship between FGF21 and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs).Design and settingGH‐deficient patients (n = 9) were studied prior to and during 1 year of replacement with GH. Healthy subjects (n = 8) received an intravenous bolus of GH with or without concomitant oral glucose. Healthy subjects and patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (n = 23) were monitored following increasing doses of GH for 3 weeks. The main outcome measures were serum FGF21 and NEFA levels. Studies were performed at two academic centres.ResultsGH‐deficient patients had FGF21 levels within the normal range, and GH replacement did not influence circulating FGF21 or NEFA concentrations. Acute GH administration to healthy control subjects did not change FGF21 levels, whereas an oral glucose load increased serum FGF21 by 25% and reduced NEFA levels by 48%. Similar effects were seen on administration of glucose together with GH. However, FGF21 levels increased dose dependently up to 3.7‐fold in control subjects treated with GH for 3 weeks; simultaneously NEFA levels were increased by 47%.ConclusionsGH is not critical for the maintenance of basal serum FGF21 levels in humans, but circulating FGF21 levels increase following administration of GH to healthy individuals. There is no correlation between plasma NEFA and circulating FGF21 levels.
The ability ofH1orH2receptor antagonists or their combination in counteracting the glucocorticoid‐induced alveolar bone loss in rats
Authors: Ezzat Bassant A. , Abbass Marwa M.S. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to compare between three possible osteoporotic treatments in prevention of glucocorticoid‐induced alveolar bone loss.MethodsFifty adult female Wistar rats with an average weight 150–200 g were randomized into five groups: group I (control) was intraperitoneally injected with saline. The other experimental groups (II&III,IV& V) were intraperitoneally injected with 200 µg/100 g body weight dexamethasone. The experimental groupsIII,IVand V received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg/day pheniramine maleate (H1 receptor antagonist), ranitidine hydrochloride (H2 receptor antagonist) and concomitant doses of both H1 & H2 receptor antagonists respectively. After 30 days, the rats have been sacrificed. The mandibles were examined histologically, histochemically and histomorphometrically. The bone mineral density was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA).ResultsHistopathologically the glucocorticoid group showed wide medullary cavities with wide osteocytic lacunae. These marrow cavities were reduced in the prophylactic groups (III, IV) but increased in group V. Bone histomorphometric analysis revealed improvement in static bone parameters in groups III and IV and deterioration in group V in comparison to group II. TheDEXArevealed significant reduction in the bone mineral density in all experimental groups compared to the control group.ConclusionsIn a rat model, the administration ofH1 orH2 receptor antagonists separately could minimize the alveolar bone loss caused by the administration of glucocorticoids while concomitant administration of bothH1 andH2 receptor antagonists deteriorated the bone condition.
The role of Toll‐like receptor 2 and 4 in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Promsudthi A. , Poomsawat S. , Limsricharoen W. 
Published: July 2013

Background and ObjectiveDiabetes is one important risk factor of chronic periodontitis. However, the roles of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, which are implicated in the inflammatory process in both chronic periodontitis and diabetes, have not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether TLR2 and TLR4 might be involved in the relationship between chronic periodontitis and diabetes by examining TLR2 and TLR4 expression in gingival tissues from subjects with chronic periodontitis without diabetes (CP) and with diabetes (CP+DM) and from periodontally healthy subjects without diabetes (PH) and with diabetes (PH+DM).Material and MethodsGingival tissues were collected from 23 CP subjects, 21 CP+DM subjects, 22 PH subjects and 20 PH+DM subjects. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in gingival tissues was determined using an immunohistochemical method. In gingival epithelium, staining patterns and intensity levels of TLR2 and TLR4 expression were studied. In connective tissues, the percentages of TLR2‐ and TLR4‐positive cells were calculated. The intensity levels and the percentages of positive cells were statistically analyzed.ResultsChronic periodontitis or diabetes showed no significant effect on TLR2 expression in the oral epithelium. However, diabetes increased the expression of TLR2 in sulcular epithelium and changed the pattern of TLR2 expression in gingival epithelium. Chronic periodontitis decreased the expression of TLR4 in gingival epithelium. In connective tissue under sulcular epithelium, CP+DM subjects showed statistically significant higher percentages of TLR2‐ and TLR4‐positive cells compared with PH and PH+DM subjects.ConclusionOur results suggest that hyperglycemia and chronic periodontitis had effects on TLR2 and TLR4 expression in gingival tissue. The differences in TLR2 and TLR4 expression could contribute to a greater inflammatory response, leading to periodontal disease initiation and progression.
Embodied Cognition, Representationalism, and Mechanism: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Spackman Jonathan S. , Yanchar Stephen C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEmbodied cognition has attracted significant attention within cognitive science and related fields in recent years. It is most noteworthy for its emphasis on the inextricable connection between mental functioning and embodied activity and thus for its departure from standard cognitive science's implicit commitment to the unembodied mind. This article offers a review of embodied cognition's recent empirical and theoretical contributions and suggests how this movement has moved beyond standard cognitive science. The article then clarifies important respects in which embodied cognition has not departed fundamentally from the standard view. A shared commitment to representationalism, and ultimately, mechanism, suggest that the standard and embodied cognition movements are more closely related than is commonly acknowledged. Arguments against representationalism and mechanism are reviewed and an alternative position that does not entail these conceptual undergirdings is offered.
The Impact of Multinationals on the Size of the Banking System
Authors: Schoenmaker Dirk , Werkhoven Dewi 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAfter the global financial crisis, the size of the banking sector has become a hotly debated topic. To measure the size of the banking system a country's banking assets divided by the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is commonly applied as a general yardstick. This paper shows that this yardstick does not take into account differences in financial needs. In particular, countries differ with regard to the number and size of multinational enterprises. In a cross‐country empirical study, we find a statistically significant relationship between the presence of large banks and the presence of multinationals, after controlling for the size of the country. That is why we develop an additional specific yardstick for firm specific financial needs.