bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuroinflammation by protecting against traumatic spinal cord injury through the histone deacetylase 3/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator pathway
Authors: He Lijiang , Ye Jingfang , Zhuang Xunrong , Shi Jinnan , Wu Wenhua 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) attenuate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system, leading to neuroprotective effects. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has neuroprotective effects after spinal cord injury (SCI) through the SIRT1 pathway, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of SCI are complex and the interactions between ω-3 PUFAs and organelles remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neuroinflammation through the HDAC3/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1ɑ pathway after SCI. To this end, a contusion-induced SCI rat model was established to evaluate the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on ER stress-mediated inflammation in SCI. ER stress was rapidly induced in spinal cord lesions after SCI and was significantly reduced after ω-3 PUFA treatment. Consistent with reduced ER stress, HDAC3 expression levels and inflammatory responses were decreased, and PGC-1ɑ expression levels were increased after SCI. We found that ω-3 PUFA treatment attenuated ER stress through HDAC3 inhibition, thereby reducing SCI-induced inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest a role for ω-3 PUFA in protecting against SCI-induced neuroinflammation and promoting neurological functional recovery by regulating the histone deacetylase 3/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator pathway.
Abundance and diversity of the culturable nectar mycobiome in Rhododendron catawbiense varies with elevation
Authors: Barker Daniel A , Khan Ayesha , Kaverina Ekaterina , Martel Carlos , Arceo-Gómez Gerardo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The nectar microbiome can influence pollinator choice and plant fitness. Previous research has shown that changes in environmental conditions at large spatial scales can influence nectar microbiome composition. However, little is known about how changes in climate with increasing elevation affect nectar microbiome abundance and composition. Here, we describe the culturable nectar mycobiome (CNMB) of Rhododendron catawbiense (Ericaceae) by quantifying colony abundance, identity and richness of fungal genera. We further evaluate how the CNMB abundance, diversity and composition (i.e. the fungal species within the nectar microbiome) varies at two different elevations. Nectar samples were collected from R. catawbiense individuals at a high and low elevation and were cultured on yeast agar with 0.01% chloramphenicol media. Fungal colonies were categorized morphologically, quantified and then identified using DNA barcoding. In total, 2822 fungal colonies were recorded belonging to six genera across both elevations. Elevation did not influence CNMB diversity (Simpson’s diversity index) or genera richness per flower, however only three genera were found at the high elevation while six were found at the low elevation. Elevation had a significant effect on colony abundance with a 95% increase in the number of colonies in nectar samples at low compared with the high elevation. Variation in abundance and the overall genera composition of fungal colonies across elevations may have the potential to affect nectar quantity and quality and ultimately pollination success. This study adds to our understanding of the drivers of CNMB composition across spatial scales and its potential implications for plant–pollinator interactions.
Interpretation of Convention and gap-filling
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the interpretation of the CISG, as described in Article 7. Article 7 contains two rules which are simple in principle, but may be problematic when applied in certain cases. Although serving different purposes, there is some overlap between paragraphs 1 and 2. Article 7(1) seeks to ensure an autonomous interpretation of the provisions of the CISG and its general principles. Article 7(2) addresses gap-filling. Both paragraphs are relevant for adapting the Convention to new technological and economic developments not foreseen by its drafters. In principle, Article 7 is of great theoretical and practical importance. Unfortunately, from a practical perspective, some of the noisiest debates surrounding Article 7 are not productive and do not contribute to the objectives of the provision.
Offer (including incorporation of standard terms)
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 14. Article 14 governs essential requirements for the first of the two building blocks for a contract’s formation, the offer (offre, oferta). Article 14’s central role is underlined by its position as the first provision in Part II of the Convention. The existence of an offer that fulfils the requirements of Article 14 is not an indispensable prerequisite for a contract’s formation, because sales contracts can, at least in theory, also be concluded under the Sales Convention in ways other than by offer and acceptance. In practice, such alternative ways of contract formation have nevertheless been rare. An offer can be (and in practice usually is) made through a declaration, but may also be expressed by mere conduct of the offeror. It is not subject to any form requirements (Article 11) and may therefore also be made implicitly, as long as it meets the minimum requirements listed in Article 14. The content of an offer has to be determined by way of interpretation in accordance with Article 8.
Withdrawal of acceptance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to Article 22, which authorizes the offeree (acceptor) to withdraw their acceptance before it has reached the offeror. If such a withdrawal occurs in time, it prevents the contract from being formed. The rule in Article 22 differs from Common Law and its ‘mailbox rule’ by not focusing on the dispatch of declarations of offer and acceptance, but on their receipt by the respective addressee. A comparable provision governing the withdrawal of offers can be found in Article 15(2). In fact, Article 22 has correctly been regarded as expression of a general principle also underlying Article 15(2).
Third party claims in general
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the rules of third party claims in Article 47. Third party rights include the sale of third party goods, rights in personam and in rem, public law encumbrances, and intellectual property rights. Uniform law departs from the rule in many domestic legal systems that make liability subject to the existence of the third party’s right. Moreover, the buyer should not be expected to have to deal with a third party. Article 41 is based on the assumption that the seller must be responsible for third party rights or claims that originate from circumstances before delivery and the scope of the seller’s risk.
Third party claims based on intellectual property
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the third party claims based on industrial or intellectual property. The CISG exclusively governs the relationship between buyer and seller. The chapter notes intellectual property as the intangible property rights, encompassing both copyright and industrial property. Domestic law applicable under the rules of private international law of the forum determines whether third-party industrial or intellectual property rights or remedies exist in relation to the goods. Additionally, the seller’s rights and claims are included in Article 42. The third-party right existing at the time of the conclusion of the contract does not give rise to liability because the seller may discharge the right before delivery.
Buyer’s excuse for not giving notice
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the reasonable excuses of buyers for not giving appropriate notification in line with Article 44. It explains how the failure to give notice does not allow the right to require delivery of substitute goods or repair, the right to avoid the contract, and the right to claim damages for loss of profit. The mitigation of the consequences of a failure to give notice under Article 44 only applies when the buyer has failed to observe the time limits. The chapter highlights the importance of understanding and leniency in relation to the discretion of reasonable excuses. It also includes the consequences such as price reduction and seller’s right to cure defects.
Price fixed by weight
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with contracts under which the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods. Article 56 states that in the case of such a price determination, the price is to be determined by the net weight. This rule of interpretation applies only if the parties have neither expressly nor impliedly agreed otherwise and are not bound by any usage or any practice to the contrary. Article 56 will also not apply if the price is fixed per unit, even if the weight of the units is given for purposes of specification. The chapter underscores that net weight means the weight of the goods without packaging material unless the contract specifies otherwise. Furthermore, it discusses the dispute whether the net weight shall be determined at the place of delivery or at the place where the risk passes to the buyer.
Seller’s right to avoid contract
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses when the seller may exercise the right to declare the contract avoided: if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or the Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with Article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed. The chapter also tackles some scenarios wherein the seller would not lose the right to declare the contract avoided even if the buyer has paid the price. Furthermore, the discussion explains the effects of contract avoidance.
Introduction to Articles 66–70 CISG: General questions regarding the passing of risk
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the passing of risk. It emphasizes that goods, from the beginning of their existence, are exposed to risks such as physical damage, import and export bans, and loss due to theft, among others. The purpose of the applicable rules on passing of risks is to determine the effects of this event on the seller-buyer relationship. Nonetheless, these rules do not address economic risks. The chapter also offers comparative law considerations on the problem of passing of risk before shedding light on the principles of how the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) addresses it. The CISG uses the handing-over approach as the starting point and requires identification of the goods for risk to pass. Furthermore, the chapter differentiates price risk from performance risk. The former means that the buyer, after passing of risk, must pay the full price despite loss of or damage to the goods. The latter, on the other hand, means that the seller must deliver a second quantity of the goods without additional pay, if the first is lost or damaged before risk has passed.
Passing of risk when sale involves carriage
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the passage of risk when a sale involves the carriage of goods. Article 67 stresses that if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. On the other hand, if the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk. Nevertheless, the chapter highlights that the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer, or otherwise.
Interest and benefits in case of restitution
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces Articles 85 to 88, which lay down that the parties are obliged to take care of the goods if they are rejected or not taken over by the buyer. It looks at the cases that involved Articles 85 to 88 that may be unclear whether the buyer’s complaints are rightful. If the liability for the preservation of the goods depends on this question, both parties could be tempted to leave the goods to their own fate. The chapter explains the rules in Articles 85 to 88 that prevent such tactics by obliging the seller or the buyer, respectively, to preserve the goods even if the other side is wrong. It has been suggested that, in terms of dogma, at least some of the requirements laid down in Articles 85 et seq should be regarded not as obligations but as mere legal requirements to act.
Right to deposit preserved goods in warehouse
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 88, which grants to a party under an obligation to preserve the goods the right to sell the goods, which is also known as ‘self-help sale.’ It explains how the party is obliged to sell or have an emergency sale if the conditions are met. In both cases, the purpose of Article 88 is to avoid unnecessary expense. The chapter emphasizes that Article 88 is applicable only if the party performing the self-help or emergency sale is obliged to preserve the goods according to Articles 85 or 86. It cannot be applied if there is no such obligation, such as because the buyer has rightfully rejected the goods or wants to reject the goods already delivered without cause.
Signature, ratification and accession
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about Article 91 that governs the different means of States to express their consent to be bound by the Sales Convention, with the goal to becoming a CISG Contracting State. It considers Article 91 as a purely diplomatic clause as its interpretation has no impact on the Sales Convention’s everyday application to individual sales contracts. The draft version of Article 91 in the 1977 Secretariat Draft was modelled on Articles 41–43 of the 1974 Limitation Convention. The chapter explains how Article 91 added ‘approval’ and ‘acceptance’ as alternative means of treaty consent, mirroring Article 11 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The agreed wording reflected today’s Article 91(1) with minor drafting changes and was adopted in the Plenary without discussion or dissent.
Multi-territorial States
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 93 that contains a standard final provision found in many uniform law making conventions that is commonly referred to as ‘federal State clause’ or ‘federal clause’. It describes the background of Article 93, which is the customary international law rule reflected in Article 29 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. By providing an exception to this rule, Article 93 corresponds to the difficulty of some multi-territorial States where the central government lacks the necessary treaty power to assume an unqualified obligation in international law to apply the Sales Convention to contracts. The chapter elaborates how Article 93 allows federal and other multi-territorial States to limit the Sales Convention’s application to only some of its territories. An Article 93 declaration affects the territories’ status as ‘Contracting State’ territory under Article 1(1).
Induction of Heat Shock Proteins 27, 60, 70, and 90 in the Cerebellum of Rats After Hyperthermia During Postnatal Development
Authors: Kandil Banu , Bayraktaroglu Alev Gürol 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced in response to stressful stimuli and play an important role in cell repair and protection. This study, using immunohistochemistry, aimed to determine whether HSPs are induced in the cerebellum of rats subjected to hyperthermia during postnatal development (PND). The results showed that unlike HSP27 and HSP70, HSP60 and HSP90 were constitutively expressed in the cerebellum of rats. However, hyperthermia induced HSP27 in the white matter (WM) and HSP70 in the Bergmann glial cells, the internal granule layer (IGL), and the WM. In the WM, HSP27 induction was only observed on days PND20, PND25, and PND30, and HSP27 expression was higher on day PND30 compared with days PND20 and PND25 (p &lt; 0.001). In the Bergmann glial cells, HSP70 induction was only observed on days PND5, PND10, and PND20, and HSP70 expression was greater on days PND5 and PND10 compared with day PND20 (p &lt; 0.001). In the IGL and the WM, HSP70 expression was higher on days PND20, PND25, and PND30 compared with days PND5 and PND10 (p &lt; 0.001). These findings indicate that unlike HSP60 and HSP90, HSP27 and HSP70 have different expression patterns in the cerebellum of rats after hyperthermia during PND.
Protective Role of Melatonin Against Abamectin-Induced Biochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Alterations in the Testicular Tissues of Rats
Authors: Adiguzel Caglar , Karaboduk Hatice , Uzunhisarcikli Meltem 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Abamectin is one of the most widely used pesticides due to its strong insecticidal and anthelmintic activities. Melatonin is a neurohormone with potent antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of melatonin against abamectin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: control group (1 mL/kg/day corn oil), melatonin-treated group (10 mg/kg/day), abamectin-treated group (0.5 mg/kg/day), and melatonin plus abamectin-treated group. Test substances were administered via oral gavage once daily for 28 days. While MDA and 8-OHdG levels increased in the testicular tissue of rats treated with abamectin, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST enzyme activities decreased significantly. While interleukin-17 levels, TNF-α, and caspase3 expression increased in the testicular tissue, acetylcholinesterase activity decreased. At the same time, serum gonadotropins (luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones) and testosterone levels decreased. Light microscope examinations of testicular tissues revealed severe histopathological changes, such as atrophic hyalinized seminiferous tubules, basement membrane irregularity, degeneration, spermatogenic cell loss, and necrosis. Electron microscopy examinations revealed large vacuoles in Sertoli and spermatogenic cells, swelling and vacuolization in mitochondria, lysosomal structures, and increased pyknotic nuclei. In contrast, melatonin supplementation significantly ameliorated abamectin-induced testicular toxicity in rats through antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Solid Metal Chemical and Thermal Injury Management
Authors: Kemp Bohan Phillip M , Coulthard Stacy L , Yelon Jay A , Bass Gary A , Decoteau Mary A , Cannon Jeremy W , Kaplan Lewis J 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Solid metals may create a variety of injuries. White phosphorous (WP) is a metal that causes both caustic and thermal injuries. Because of its broad use in munitions and smoke screens during conflicts and wars, all military clinicians should be competent at WP injury identification and acute therapy, as well as long-term consequence recognition.

Materials and Methods
English-language manuscripts addressing WP injuries were curated from PubMed and Medline from inception to January 31, 2024. Data regarding WP injury identification, management, and sequelae were abstracted to construct a Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles guideline-consistent narrative review.

Results
White phosphorous appears to be ubiquitous in military conflicts. White phosphorous creates a characteristic wound appearance accompanied by smoke, a garlic aroma, and spontaneous combustion on contact with air. Decontamination and burning prevention or cessation are key and may rely on aqueous irrigation and submersion or immersion in substances that prevent air contact. Topical cooling is a key aspect of preventing spontaneous ignition as well. Disposal of all contaminated clothing and gear is essential to prevent additional injury, especially to rescuers. Long-term sequelae relate to phosphorous absorption and may lead to death. Chronic or repeated exposure may induce jaw osteonecrosis. Tactical Combat Casualty Care recommendations do not currently address WP injury management.

Conclusions
Education and management regarding WP acute injury and late sequelae is essential for acute battlefield and definitive facility care. Resource-replete and resource-limited settings may use related approaches for acute management and ignition prevention. Current burn wound management recommendations should incorporate specific WP management principles and actions for military clinicians at every level of skill and environment.
Horizontal Gene Transfer of a key Translation Factor and its Role in Polyproline Proteome Evolution
Authors: Brewer Tess E , Wagner Andreas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Prolines cause ribosomes to stall during translation due to their rigid structure. This phenomenon occurs in all domains of life and is exacerbated at polyproline motifs. Such stalling can be eased by the elongation factor P (EF-P) in bacteria. We discovered a potential connection between the loss of ancestral EF-P, the appearance of horizontally transferred EF-P variants, and genomic signs of EF-P dysfunction. Horizontal transfer of the efp gene has occurred several times among bacteria and is associated with the loss of highly conserved polyproline motifs. In this study, we pinpoint cases of horizontal EF-P transfer among a diverse set of bacteria and examine genomic features associated with these events in the phyla Thermotogota and Planctomycetes. In these phyla, horizontal EF-P transfer is also associated with the loss of entire polyproline motif-containing proteins, whose expression is likely dependent on EF-P. In particular, three proteases (Lon, ClpC, and FtsH) and three tRNA synthetases (ValS, IleS1, and IleS2) appear highly sensitive to EF-P transfer. The conserved polyproline motifs within these proteins all reside within close proximity to ATP-binding-regions, some of which are crucial for their function. Our work shows that an ancient EF-P dysfunction has left genomic traces that persist to this day, although it remains unclear whether this dysfunction was strictly due to loss of ancestral EF-P or was related to the appearance of an exogenous variant. The latter possibility would imply that the process of “domesticating” a horizontally transferred efp gene can perturb the overall function of EF-P.