bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chondroitin sulfate: extraction, purification, microbial and chemical synthesis
Authors: Shi Yu‐gang , Meng Yue‐cheng , Li Jian‐rong , Chen Jie , Liu Yu‐hua , Bai Xue 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChondroitin sulfate, a type of acid mucopolysaccharide possessing a variety of bioactivities, has attracted tremendous interest due to its use in the relief of joint diseases. It has been widely applied in different fields, such as medicine, biotechnology, pharmacy, textiles, food and cosmetics. This mini‐review focuses on the main methods of its extraction and purification, and recent advances in bio‐syntheses and chemical synthesis of such molecules. In addition, further studies in these aspects are proposed based on current research. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of Amur honeysuckle invasion and removal on white‐footed mice
Authors: Shields Joshua M. , Jenkins Michael A. , Zollner Patrick A. , Saunders Michael R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAmur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is an exotic shrub that has invaded many forests throughout the United States. Although effects on native plants and birds have been documented, little is known about the influence of Amur honeysuckle on small mammals. We examined the short‐term effects of removing Amur honeysuckle and other exotic shrubs on the abundance of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus; a generalist rodent species found throughout North America), in 6 hardwood forests of Indiana. We cut and removed exotic shrubs from treatment (removal) areas in fall and winter of 2010–2011. We used mark‐release‐recapture (MRR) methods by trapping mice for 6 nights in the summer of 2010 and 4 nights in the fall of 2010 (before exotic shrub removals), and again during the summer and fall of 2011 (after removals). For both trapping seasons, mean abundance of mice increased from 2010 to 2011 in both removal and reference areas, but the magnitude of increase within removal areas was substantially greater (permutation P ≤ 0.05 for removal areas). For the feasible subset of mice, we calculated mean squared distance (MSD) as an index of space use and investigated how environmental variables influenced space use by individuals. For mice captured in the summer, percent cover of leaf litter was the most important predictor (relative variable importance = 0.94) of MSD, whereas canopy cover and mouse abundance were the most important predictors of MSD for mice captured in the fall (canopy cover relative variable importance = 0.71, mouse abundance relative variable importance = 0.74). Our results indicate that management efforts to control the spread of Amur honeysuckle and other exotic shrubs may lead to short‐term increases in the abundance of generalist rodents such as white‐footed mice. Furthermore, factors such as leaf litter cover, canopy cover, and abundance may influence space use by individual mice within invaded habitats. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Epistaxis caused by a dural AV‐fistula at the cribriform plate
Authors: van Dijk J. Marc C. , Korsten‐Meijer Astrid G. W. , Mazuri Aryan 
Published: June 2014

Objectives/HypothesisA dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with cortical venous reflux (CVR) is a dangerous neurovascular entity. A DAVF at the cribriform plate is typically silent until its inevitable presentation with intracranial hemorrhage.Case SummaryA 67‐year‐old male presented with severe epistaxis. Following unsuccessful conventional measures and a surgical exploration, a catheter angiography showed a DAVF at the cribriform plate, with its nidus extending into the nasal cavity. The DAVF was treated via a small craniotomy.ConclusionIn case of atypical or unexplained nosebleeds, the possibility of a DAVF or other neurovascular pathology should be excluded by MRI/MRA or catheter angiography. Laryngoscope, 124:2476–2477, 2014
Thyroid ala perichondrial flaps for subglottic reconstruction
Authors: Prosser J. Drew , Bush Carrie M. , Postma Gregory N. , Weinberger Paul M. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTechniques available for reconstruction of the cricotracheal region in adults are currently suboptimal. We sought to 1) understand the anatomic basis for the thyroid ala perichondrial flap, 2) describe the technique of harvesting and intraluminal placement, and 3) learn the limitations of defects for which it can be used.Study DesignCadaveric anatomical study.MethodsIn fresh cadaveric specimens, the perichondrium of the outer layer of the thyroid cartilage was elevated by tracing the superior, medial, and lateral borders of each thyroid cartilage ala. The inferiorly based flap was then placed into the airway through the cricothyroid membrane. The extent of coverage was measured.ResultsA total of 10 flaps were performed (6 male and 4 female). The average length of thyroid perichondrial flaps obtained was 1.67 cm. All flaps were able to completely cover the cricoid cartilage and extended to but did not cover the first tracheal ring. Once placed intraluminally, the flaps extended 2.4 cm below the vocal cords. Using both flaps enabled coverage of the entire anterior 180 degrees of the airway lumen in all specimens. There were no significant differences in male/female or right‐sided/left‐sided flaps.ConclusionsThe thyroid ala perichondrial flap is technically feasible and can provide coverage of anterior airway defects up to approximately 2.4 cm below the true vocal cords. This flap could enable transfer of vascularized tissue to aid in cricotracheal reconstruction.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope 124:2368–2370, 2014
Otologic characteristics of individuals with deletions of distal 18q
Authors: Perry Brian P. , Cody Jannine D. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo fully describe the otologic features seen in individuals with deletions of the distal long arm of chromosome 18 (distal 18q‐).Study DesignCross‐sectional/observational.MethodsMore than 200 individuals with deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 underwent a complete otologic and audiologic examination. In addition, chromosome microarray analysis to determine the chromosome copy number was completed for all participants. Overall, 113 subjects had clinical and audiological data to be reported here.ResultsSixty‐six percent of this population had aural stenosis or atresia. No subject had microtia. In the 53 individuals for whom serial data was available, enlargement of ear canal diameter was seen in 48% of ears with stenosis, examined over time. Abnormalities of the palate were seen in nearly 18% of patients and included complete or incomplete clefts of the palate, submucous clefts, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. A conductive hearing impairment was identified in 112 ears (49.5%), and sensorineural hearing loss was identified in 28%. Eustachian tube dysfunction was common and found in 78% of ears examined.ConclusionsThe otologic phenotype varies widely among individuals with distal 18q‐. External auditory canal stenosis without microtia is a hallmark of the disease. Hearing impairment is also very common, with both sensorineural losses and conductive losses contributing to morbidity. Moreover, the critical region for sensorineural hearing loss will aid in the identification of the gene responsible for this aspect of the distal 18q‐ phenotype.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:2606–2609, 2014
Plasmonic switch based on composite interference in metallic strip waveguides
Authors: Wang Yulin , Li Tao , Wang Lei , He Hao , Li Lin , Wang Qianjin , Zhu Shining 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe optical switch is a key component in photonic integrations that plays an important role in routing the optical signal within a photonic circuit. In this work, compact switches were proposed and demonstrated based on the interference of surface plasmons polaritons (SPP) on free metal surfaces and in waveguides. Thanks to the constructive and destructive interferences implemented in strip waveguides, 2 × 2 ports switch devices with a small footprint were achieved with a maximum modulation depth of about 80%. Moreover, an interesting composite interference was observed and analyzed in the waveguide device, which is considered to arise from a transmission/reflection interference and field superposition interference. The samples of Bragg gratings and slits with different parameters were investigated in detail, which provided convincing evidence supporting the composite interference model. This revealed that the mechanism would possibly inspire new designs and instructions in nanophotonic integrations.
Basics of EHL for practical application
Authors: Spikes Hugh 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTElastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is present in all lubricated components whose elements roll together, including gears, rolling bearing, cams and constant velocity joints. These are characterised by having very localised and thus very high pressure contact, of order 1 to 3 GPa, between the elements.Two important practical properties of EHL contacts are the lubricant film thickness and the friction, and lubricant and machine designers and users need to be able to predict both of these. In principle, they can be determined from full numerical solution of the elastohydrodynamic problem. However, this is quite difficult and time‐consuming and requires detailed knowledge of the rheology of the lubricant film at high pressure and shear rate. This paper is aimed at practising engineers and describes alternative approaches, i.e. how EHL can be applied to predict film thickness and friction in practical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–Performance Relationship for Dialkyldimethoxysilane as an External Donor in Stopped‐Flow Propylene Polymerization Using a Ziegler–Natta Catalyst
Authors: Poonpong Supawadee , Dwivedi Sumant , Taniike Toshiaki , Terano Minoru 
Published: June 2014

The structure–performance relationship for dialkyldimethoxysilane external donors is studied at the level of active sites by stopped‐flow propylene polymerization combined with temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and density functional theory calculations. The impact of the molecular structure of various dialkyldimethoxysilanes on the catalyst activity and polymer stereoregularity is investigated. It is revealed that the bulkiness of the hydrocarbon groups cannot simply explain the obtained performance. The conformation detail of the hydrocarbon groups around the active sites is important. Dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane gives the highest catalyst activity and stereospecificity, based on strong adsorption on the MgCl2 surface and a sterically hindering conformation of dicylopentyl groups around the active sites, respectively. The way of the contact between the alkoxysilane and the catalyst does not affect the kind of newly formed isospecific sites, rather it affects the efficiency of their formation.
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1,2,3‐Triazolium‐Based Poly(ionic liquid)s Obtained Through Click Chemistry Polyaddition
Authors: Abdelhedi‐Miladi Imen , Obadia Mona M. , Allaoua Imène , Serghei Anatoli , Romdhane Hatem Ben , Drockenmuller Eric 
Published: June 2014

A series of four 1,2,3‐triazolium‐based poly(ionic liquid)s (TPILs) is synthesized from the polyaddition of different tailor‐made α‐azide‐ω‐alkyne monomers by copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), followed by quaternization with methyl iodide and subsequent anion exchange with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Whereas the chemical structures of the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide counter anion and the N‐3 methyl group are common to all TPILs, the structural features of the repeating units, i.e., triethylene glycol or undecanoyl spacers with either ester or ether linkages, are varied and compared. Their impact on the physical and ion‐conducting properties of the obtained TPILs is established based on 1H NMR, DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and broadband di­electric spectroscopy (BDS) characterization techniques. Most importantly, the replacement of an ether by an ester group at the C‐4 position of the 1,2,3‐triazolium ring significantly decreases the thermal stability and ionic conductivity of TPILs, whereas the chemical nature of the triethylene glycol or undec­anoyl spacers has little influence on the materials properties.
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Colony morphology and transcriptome profiling of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and its mutants deficient in alginate or all EPS synthesis under controlled matric potentials
Authors: Gulez Gamze , Altıntaş Ali , Fazli Mustafa , Dechesne Arnaud , Workman Christopher T. , Tolker‐Nielsen Tim , Smets Barth F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPseudomonas putida is a versatile bacterial species adapted to soil and its fluctuations. Like many other species living in soil, P. putida often faces water limitation. Alginate, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by P. putida, is known to create hydrated environments and alleviate the effect of water limitation. In addition to alginate, P. putida is capable of producing cellulose (bcs), putida exopolysaccharide a (pea), and putida exopolysaccharide b (peb). However, unlike alginate, not much is known about their roles under water limitation. Hence, in this study we examined the role of different EPS components under mild water limitation. To create environmentally realistic water limited conditions as observed in soil, we used the Pressurized Porous Surface Model. Our main hypothesis was that under water limitation and in the absence of alginate other exopolysaccharides would be more active to maintain homeostasis. To test our hypothesis, we investigated colony morphologies and whole genome transcriptomes of P. putida KT2440 wild type and its mutants deficient in synthesis of either alginate or all known EPS. Overall our results support that alginate is an important exopolysaccharide under water limitation and in the absence of alginate other tolerance mechanisms are activated.
The Semiology of Tics, Tourette's, and Their Associations
Authors: Ganos Christos , Münchau Alexander , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a prototypical neuropsychiatric disorder breaking the boundary of disciplinary dualism between neurology and psychiatry. The diagnosis ofGTSis clinical and, in most cases, straightforward. Tics as a hallmark ofGTSare usually easy to recognize and distinguish from other movement disorders as fragmented, repetitive, exaggerated movements resembling normal motor behavior, but appearing out of context. In complex cases, knowledge on additional characteristics and signs as, for example, tic distribution, suggestibility, voluntary tic inhibition, and presence of echo‐ or paliphenomena might further aid clinical diagnosis. However, although definingGTS, tics are rarely the main issue. The presence of comorbidities and coexisting psychopathologies often hampers normal development and negatively affects quality of life. Their recognition and treatment is paramount. Here, we review existing literature and provide a comprehensive update on the multifarious aspects of the movement disorder and neuropsychiatry ofGTS. We also provide a list of associated movement disorders known to occur inGTSpatients and discuss differential diagnoses to be considered in atypical cases. We finally comment on available treatment options.
Zustandsüberwachung von Schneidwerkzeugen zur schneidenden Gewinnung von Festgesteinen mithilfe der Emissionsanalyse
Authors: Nienhaus Karl , Kuchinke Christoph , Büschgens Christoph , Röllinger Dennis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn der schneidenden Gewinnung sind während des Werkzeugeingriffs in das Gebirge Veränderungen in einem Wirkungsdreieck, gebildet aus Maschine, Gestein und Werkzeug, zu beobachten, die z.B. als Emissionen in Form von Staub, Hörschall und Vibrationen ausgeprägt sind. Weiterhin sind auch Veränderungen zu beobachten, die nicht direkt als Emissionen bezeichnet werden können, wie alle Rückwirkungen des Schneidprozesses auf die Gewinnungsmaschine und insbesondere den Antrieb sowie darüber hinaus Veränderungen der Werkzeuggeometrie oder eine Verschiebung der Partikelgrößenverteilung des gelösten Haufwerks. Entsprechend dem Wirkungszusammenhang enthalten diese Veränderungen Informationen über den aktuellen Prozesszustand und werden unter dem Begriff “Informationsträger” zusammengefasst. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Artikels werden einige Ansätze dargestellt, welche Informationsträger des Prozesses nutzbar gemacht werden können und welche Informationen über den aktuellen Zustand des Schneidprozesses enthalten sind. Dazu wurden im Versuchsfeld des Instituts für Maschinentechnik der Rohstoffindustrie der RWTH Aachen (IMR) unter Laborbedingungen Schneidversuche mit Schneidkantenmeißel durchgeführt. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden diskutiert.Emission analysis for state description of cutting tools in hard rock cuttingUsing the method of cutting extraction, changes within an effect triangle formed by machinery, material and cutting tool can be observed when the cutting tool interacts with the material. These changes can be expressed inter alia as emissions like dust, audible sound and vibrations. Additionally, there are also changes that cannot be described directly as emissions like all reactions of the cutting process affecting the extraction machine as well as the powertrain in particular. Furthermore, changes concerning tool geometry or a shift of the particle size distribution of the loosened material can be noticed. According to the causal relationship, all these changes contain information about the current process state and are summarized as “information carriers”. In the context of this article, a few approaches are presented how information carries can be utilised for process monitoring and which information is contained concerning the current cutting process. The results of cutting tests with cutting edge picks which were carried out under laboratory conditions in the laboratory of the Institute for Mining and Metallurgical Machinery at RWTH Aachen University are discussed.
Steinkohle in Deutschland 2013
Authors: van de Loo Kai , Sitte Andreas‐Peter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInternational wie auch national war 2013 für die Steinkohle eine Aufwärtsentwicklung zu verzeichnen. Weltweit nahmen Nachfrage, Produktion und Handel von Steinkohle bei insgesamt moderater Preisentwicklung weiter zu. In Deutschland führte ein relativ kräftiger Anstieg der Stromerzeugung aus Steinkohle zu einem insgesamt spürbaren Mehrverbrauch gegenüber dem Vorjahr. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür war der anhaltende deutliche Preisvorteil der Kraftwerkskohle gegenüber dem Erdgas als Energieträger in der Stromerzeugung. Da die Förderung heimischer Steinkohle aufgrund der kohlepolitischen Vorgaben planmäßig gegenüber dem Vorjahr abermals zurückgeführt wurde, weiteten sich die deutschen Steinkohlenimporte deutlich aus.Hard coal in Germany 2013In Germany and internationally, coal showed upward development in 2013. All over the world, demand, production and sales of hard coal grew, with altogether moderate price development. In Germany, a relatively strong increase in the use of black coal for electricity generation led to a noticeable increase of consumption compared to the previous year. One essential reason for this was the continued clear price advantage of coal against natural gas for power generation. Since the production of mined coal in Germany was reduced in line with the planned policy, there was a considerable increase in coal imports into Germany.
Die deutsche Braunkohlenindustrie im Jahr 2013
Authors: Maaßen Uwe , Schiffer Hans‐Wilhelm 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDie inländische Braunkohlengewinnung hat sich von 185,4 Mio. t im Jahr 2012 um 1,5 % auf 182,7 Mill. t im Jahr 2013 verringert. Von der im Jahr 2013 realisierten Fördermenge, die einem Heizwert von 56,5 Mio. t SKE entspricht, wurden mit 163,8 Mio. t rund 90 % in Kraftwerken der allgemeinen Versorgung eingesetzt. Das waren 1,5 % weniger als im Vorjahr. 15,4 Mio. t sind in den Fabriken des Braunkohlenbergbaus zur Herstellung fester Produkte eingesetzt worden. 2,5 Mio. t wurden zur Stromerzeugung in Grubenkraftwerken genutzt. Auf sonstigen Rohkohlenabsatz und Bestandsveränderungen entfielen knapp 1,0 Mio. t. Zur gesamten Stromerzeugung in Deutschland hat die Braunkohle im Jahr 2013 mit 25,6 % beigetragen.
Effects of obesity/fatty acids on the expression of GPR120
Authors: Rodriguez‐Pacheco Francisca , Garcia‐Serrano Sara , Garcia‐Escobar Eva , Gutierrez‐Repiso Carolina , Garcia‐Arnes Juan , Valdes Sergio , Gonzalo Montserrat , Soriguer Federico , Moreno‐Ruiz Francisco J. , Rodriguez‐Cañete Alberto , Gallego‐Perales Jose L. , Martinez‐Ferriz Abelardo , Rojo‐Martínez Gemma , Garcia‐Fuentes Eduardo 
Published: June 2014

ScopeThe effects that fatty acids (FAs) exert on G protein‐coupled receptor‐120 (GPR120) levels, a receptor for FAs, are still unknown. We analyzed the association between GPR120 and obesity, and the FA effects on its expression.Methods and resultsGPR120 levels were analyzed in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from nonobese and morbidly obese subject. VAT GPR120 mRNA and protein levels were lower in morbidly obese subjects (p = 0.004). After, these subjects underwent a high‐fat meal. GPR120 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the fasting state was lower in morbidly obese subjects (p = 0.04), with a decrease 3 h after a high‐fat meal only in morbidly obese subjects (p = 0.043). Also, incubations of visceral adipocytes from these subjects were made with different FAs. In nonobese subjects, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and docosahexaenoic acids produced an increase in GPR120 mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05). In morbidly obese subjects, only linoleic acid produced an increase in GPR120 mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05).ConclusionMorbidly obese subjects had lower GPR120 mRNA and protein levels in VAT and a lower mRNA expression after a high‐fat meal in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The FAs effect on GPR120 mRNA and protein levels in visceral adipocytes was lower in morbidly obese subjects.
A new class of multi‐bandgap high‐efficiency photovoltaics enabled by broadband diffractive optics
Authors: Wang Peng , Dominguez‐Caballero Jose A. , Friedman Daniel J. , Menon Rajesh 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA semiconductor absorber with a single bandgap is unable to convert broadband sunlight into electricity efficiently. Photons with energy lower than the bandgap are not absorbed, whereas those with energy far higher than the bandgap lose energy via thermalization. In this Article, we demonstrate an approach to mitigate these losses via a thin, efficient broadband diffractive micro‐structured optic that not only spectrally separates incident light but also concentrates it onto multiple laterally separated single‐junction semiconductor absorbers. A fully integrated optoelectronic device model was applied in conjunction with a nonlinear optimization algorithm to design the optic. An experimental demonstration is presented for a dual‐bandgap design using GaInP and GaAs solar cells, where a 20% increase in the total electric power is measured compared with the same cells without the diffractive optic. Finally, we demonstrate that this framework of broadband diffractive optics allows us to independently design for the number of spectral bands and geometric concentration, thereby enabling a new class of multi‐bandgap photovoltaic devices with ultra‐high energy conversion efficiencies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.