bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropology and the Making of Billy Graham: Evangelicalism and Anthropology in the 20th‐Century United States
Authors: Howell Brian M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn theorizing the relationship between Christianity (or religion) and anthropology, scholars have often emphasized the “incommensurability,” tension, or distance between two seemingly opposed epistemological frameworks. In this article, I take the case of Billy Graham, one of the most famous Christian leaders of the 20th century, as well as an undergraduate anthropology major, to illustrate how anthropology was imagined to serve Christian purposes, defined by the theological categories of religion. In the modernist Christianity of Graham's 20th‐century evangelicalism, anthropology could be comfortably subsumed under Christian categories. Rather than seeing anthropology, or any science, as being a product of, or coterminous with, secularism, Graham, and his college professors before him, understood anthropology to be fully amenable to Christian uses, so long as secular or atheistic influences were expunged. [Christianity, evangelicalism, secularism, science, race]
Resistin‐like molecule‐β (RELM‐β) targets airways fibroblasts to effect remodelling in asthma: from mouse to man
Authors: Fang C. L. , Yin L. J. , Sharma S. , Kierstein S. , Wu H. F. , Eid G. , Haczku A. , Corrigan C. J. , Ying S. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundRELM‐β has been implicated in airways inflammation and remodelling in murine models. Its possible functions in human airways are largely unknown. The aim was to address the hypothesis that RELM‐β plays a role in extracellular matrix deposition in asthmatic airways.MethodsThe effects of RELM‐β gene deficiency were studied in a model of allergen exposure in mice sensitised and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus (Af). RELM‐β expression was investigated in bronchial biopsies from asthmatic patients. Direct regulatory effects of RELM‐β on human lung fibroblasts were examined using primary cultures and the MRC5 cell line in vitro.ResultsSensitisation and challenge of wild‐type mice with Af‐induced release of RELM‐β with a time course coincident with that of procollagen in the airways. Af‐induced expression of mRNA encoding some, but not all ECM in the lung parenchyma was attenuated in RELM‐β−/− mice. RELM‐β expression was significantly increased in the bronchial submucosa of human asthmatics compared with controls, and its expression correlated positively with that of fibronectin and α‐smooth muscle actin. In addition to epithelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells formed the majority of cells expressing RELM‐β in the submucosa. Exposure to RELM‐β increased TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, collagen I, fibronectin, smooth muscle α‐actin, laminin α1, and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (Hapl1) production as well as proliferation by human lung fibroblasts in vitro. These changes were associated with activation of ERK1/2 in MRC5 cells.ConclusionThe data are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated RELM‐β expression in asthmatic airways contributes to airways remodelling at least partly by increasing fibroblast proliferation and differentiation with resulting deposition of extracellular matrix proteins.
Vitamin D supplementation and testosterone concentrations in male human subjects
Authors: Heijboer Annemieke C. , Oosterwerff Mirjam , Schroten Nicolas F. , Eekhoff Elisabeth M.W. , Chel Victor G.M. , de Boer Rudolf A. , Blankenstein Marinus A. , Lips Paul 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjectiveA possible association between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and testosterone levels has been reported; however, contradictory results have emerged.DesignTo investigate a causal link between vitamin D and testosterone status, we studied the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum testosterone concentrations in three independent intervention studies including male patients with heart failure (study 1), male nursing home residents (study 2) and male non‐Western immigrants in the Netherlands (study 3).MethodsIn study 1, 92 subjects were randomized to either vitamin D (2000 IU cholecalciferol daily) or control. Blood was drawn at baseline, after 3 and 6 weeks. In study 2, 49 vitamin D deficient subjects received either vitamin D (600 IU daily) or placebo. Blood was drawn at baseline, after 8 and 16 weeks. In study 3, 43 vitamin D deficient subjects received either vitamin D (1200 IU daily) or placebo. Blood was drawn at baseline, after 8 and 16 weeks. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured using LC‐MS/MS or radioimmunoassay. Testosterone levels were measured using a 2nd generation immunoassay.ResultsSerum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels significantly increased in all treatment groups (median increase of 27, 30 and 36 nmol/l in studies 1, 2 3, respectively) but not in the control groups. The documented increase in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels, however, did not affect mean testosterone concentrations at the end of the study (median increase of 0, 0·5 and 0 nmol/l in studies 1, 2 and 3, respectively).ConclusionsIn this post hoc analysis of three small clinical trials of limited duration in men with normal baseline testosterone concentrations, vitamin D supplementation was not associated with an increase in circulating testosterone concentrations.
Time course of clinical and neuroradiological effects of delayed‐release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kappos L. , Giovannoni G. , Gold R. , Phillips J. T. , Arnold D. L. , Hotermans C. , Zhang A. , Viglietta V. , Fox R. J. ,   the DEFINE and CONFIRM study investigators
Published: January 2015

Background and purposeDelayed‐release dimethyl fumarate (DMF, also known as gastro‐resistant DMF), demonstrated efficacy and safety in relapsing−remitting multiple sclerosis in the 2‐year, randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM trials. A post hoc analysis of integrated data from DEFINE and CONFIRM was conducted to determine the temporal profile of the clinical and neuroradiological effects of DMF.MethodsEligible patients were randomized to receive placebo, DMF 240 mg twice (BID) or three times (TID) daily or glatiramer acetate (GA; reference comparator; CONFIRM only) for up to 96 weeks. Patients in the GA group were excluded from this analysis.ResultsA total of 2301 patients were randomized and received treatment with placebo (n = 771) or DMF BID (n = 769) or TID (n = 761). DMF significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate beginning in weeks 0–12 (BID, P = 0.0159; TID, P = 0.0314); the proportion of patients relapsed beginning at week 10 (BID, P = 0.0427) and week 12 (TID, P = 0.0451); and the proportion of patients with 12‐week confirmed disability progression beginning at week 62 (BID, P = 0.0454) and week 72 (TID, P = 0.0399), compared with placebo. These effects were sustained throughout the 2‐year study period. DMF significantly reduced the odds of having a higher number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions by 88% (BID) and 75% (TID) and the mean number of new or enlarging T2 lesions by 72% (BID) and 67% (TID), from the first post‐baseline magnetic resonance imaging assessment at 24 weeks (all P < 0.0001 versus placebo).ConclusionsIn phase 3 clinical trials, DMF demonstrated rapid and sustained clinical and neuroradiological efficacy in relapsing−remitting multiple sclerosis.
Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) consumption by marine birds during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Authors: Bishop Mary Anne , Watson Jordan T. , Kuletz Kathy , Morgan Tawna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFollowing the 1989 MV Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) and subsequent herring population collapse in Alaska's Prince William Sound (PWS), the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) fishery was closed. In the 25 yr since EVOS, herring and several herring‐dependent marine bird species have failed to reach pre‐spill population levels. One hypothesis is that intense predation pressure may be inhibiting herring recovery. To inform herring modeling efforts, this study estimated marine bird consumption of juvenile and adult herring in PWS for 10 winters over an 18‐yr period (1989–90 through 2006–2007). Total estimated herring consumption by wintering marine birds averaged 2409 ± 950 t, indicating that avian consumption represents a substantial and inter‐annually variable source of herring mortality. Common murre (Uria aalge) consumed the greatest portion (16–80%) of herring in all years among marine bird species. Juvenile herring biomass consumed annually by common murre was greater than murre consumption of adult herring biomass. Time lag analyses showed that marine bird consumption of adult herring is negatively correlated with the amount of herring spawn observed in subsequent years, but such effects were not observed more than 2 yr. Our models indicate that during years in which herring recruitment is low or bird populations are particularly large, marine birds can consume up to 10% of the annual adult herring biomass. Our results highlight the importance of herring to wintering PWS birds. We propose that future management of herring stocks seeks to reduce negative impacts on marine birds that prey on herring.
Flow‐Through Stream Modeling with MODFLOW and MT3D: Certainties and Limitations
Authors: Ben Simon Rose , Bernard Stéphane , Meurville Charles , Rebour Vincent 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper aims to assess MODFLOW and MT3D capabilities for simulating the spread of contaminants from a river exhibiting an unusual relationship with an alluvial aquifer, with the groundwater head higher than the river head on one side and lower on the other (flow‐through stream). A series of simulation tests is conducted using a simple hypothetical model so as to characterize and quantify these limitations. Simulation results show that the expected contaminant spread could be achieved with a specific configuration composed of two sets of parameters: (1) modeled object parameters (hydraulic groundwater gradient, hydraulic conductivity values of aquifer and streambed), and (2) modeling parameters (vertical discretization of aquifer, horizontal refinement of stream modeled with River [RIV] package). The influence of these various parameters on simulation results is investigated, and potential complications and errors are identified. Contaminant spread from stream to aquifer is not always reproduced by MT3D due to the RIV package's inability to simulate lateral exchange fluxes between stream and aquifer. This paper identifies the need for a MODFLOW streamflow package allowing lateral stream‐aquifer interactions and streamflow routine calculations. Such developments could be of particular interest for modeling contaminated flow‐through streams.
Thermal Influence of an Alpine Deep Hydrothermal Fault on the Surrounding Rocks
Authors: Dzikowski Marc , Josnin Jean Yves , Roche Nicolas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMajor fault zones in mountain areas are often associated with cold‐water circulations and hydrothermal pathways. Compared with the massif as a whole, the deep groundwater flows in these high hydraulic‐conductivity zones modify the thermal state of the surrounding rock. This paper examines the thermal effects of groundwater flow in the area around the steeply dipping La Léchère deep fault zone (LFZ, French Alps) and associated shallow decompressed zone. We used a 3D numerical model drawn up from groundwater circulation data to investigate the La Léchère hydrothermal system and the thermal state of the rock in the valley sides. Hydrothermal simulations showed that convective flow into the LFZ cools the valley sides and creates a thermal upwelling under the valley floor. An unsteady thermal regime that continues for about 10,000 years is also needed to obtain the temperatures currently found under the valley floor in the LFZ. Temperature‐depth profiles around the LFZ show disturbances in the thermal gradients in the valley sides and the valley floor. Convective heat transfer into the LFZ and the decompressed zone, and conductive heat transfer in the surrounding rocks produce an unsteady, asymmetric thermal state in the rock on both sides of the LFZ.
New insights into the lymphovascular microanatomy of the colon and the risk of metastases in pT1 colorectal cancer obtained with quantitative methods and three‐dimensional digital reconstruction
Authors: Brown Peter J , Toh Eu‐Wing , Smith Katherine J E , Jones Pamela , Treanor Darren , Magee Derek , Burke Dermot , Quirke Phil 
Published: January 2015

AimsUK faecal occult blood test screening has tripled the proportion of pT1 colorectal cancers. The risk of metastasis is predicted by depth of invasion, suggesting that access to deep lymphovascular vessels is important. The aim of this study was to quantify the distribution and size of the submucosal vasculature, and generate a novel three‐dimensional (3D) model to validate the findings.Methods and resultsThirty samples of normal large bowel wall were immunostained with CD31, a vascular endothelium marker, to identify blood vessels, which were quantified and digitally analysed for their number, circumference, area and diameter in the deep mucosa and submucosa (Sm1, Sm2, and Sm3). The model required serial sections, a double immunostain (using CD31 and D2‐40), and 3D reconstruction. Significant differences were shown between submucosal layers in the number, circumference and area of vessels (P < 0.001). Blood vessels were most numerous in the mucosa (11.79 vessels/0.2 mm2) but smaller [median area of 247 μm2, interquartile range (IQR) 162–373 μm2] than in Sm2, where they were fewer in number (6.92 vessels/0.2 mm2) but considerably larger (2086 μm2, IQR 1007–4784 μm2). The 3D model generated novel observations on lymphovascular structures.ConclusionsThe number and size of blood vessels do not increase with depth of submucosa, as hypothesized. The distribution of vessels suggests that we should investigate the area or volume of submucosal invasion rather than the depth.
Epstein–Barr virus‐positive plasmacytoma in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Loghavi Sanam , Khoury Joseph D , Medeiros L Jeffrey 
Published: January 2015

AimsExtramedullary plasmacytomas are often localized, clinically indolent neoplasms, and affected patients usually respond to radiation therapy or limited cycles of chemotherapy. In contrast, plasmablastic lymphomas are clinically aggressive neoplasms composed of immunoblastic or plasmablastic cells and associated with more mature plasma cells in some cases. Patients with plasmablastic lymphoma usually have a poor prognosis despite aggressive chemotherapy. Evidence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is uncommon in plasmacytoma, but common in plasmablastic lymphoma, and is therefore helpful in differential diagnosis. The aim of this study is to describe four cases of plasmacytoma arising in immunocompetent individuals that were diffusely positive for Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded small RNA as shown by in‐situ hybridization.Methods and resultsWe describe the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic findings of four EBV‐positive plasmacytomas arising in immunocompetent patients. These tumours were characterized by diffuse proliferation of mature‐appearing plasma cells intermixed with a briskly reactive, CD8‐positive, TIA‐1‐positive cytotoxic T‐cell infiltrate. Long‐term follow‐up was available for all patients, and all were alive and free of disease at last follow‐up (median 43.4 months).ConclusionsWe suggest the term EBV‐positive plasmacytoma in immunocompetent patients for these lesions. It is essential to distinguish these tumours from plasmablastic lymphoma, as the latter diagnosis is associated with a much poorer prog‐nosis, and patients require much more aggressive therapy.
Decreased expression of thymus‐specific proteasome subunit β5t in Down syndrome patients
Authors: Tomaru Utano , Tsuji Takahiro , Kiuchi Shizuka , Ishizu Akihiro , Suzuki Akira , Otsuka Noriyuki , Ito Tomoki , Ikeda Hitoshi , Fukasawa Yuichiro , Kasahara Masanori 
Published: January 2015

AimsThe majority of patients with Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, have morphologically abnormal thymuses and present with intrinsic immunological abnormalities affecting mainly the cellular immune response. The aim of this study was to examine whether the expression of functionally important molecules is altered in thymic stromal cells in patients with DS.Methods and resultsWe analysed thymic tissues from patients with trisomy 13 (n = 4), trisomy 18 (n = 14) and trisomy 21 (n = 13) for histological alterations, and for the expression of functionally important molecules such as β5t, a thymoproteasome subunit, and cathepsins L and S. In patients with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18, the thymus was morphologically normal or showed only mild depletion of cortical thymocytes. In contrast, the thymus showed variable histological changes in patients with trisomy 21; six of 13 cases showed severe depletion of thymocytes accompanied by the disappearance of thymic lobular architecture. In such thymuses, spindle‐shaped keratin‐positive cells were densely distributed, and expression of β5t, but not of cathepsin L, was markedly decreased.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that abnormal thymic architecture and decreased expression of functionally important molecules in thymic stromal cells may be involved in immunological abnormalities in DS patients.
Tumour‐to‐tumour metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation to lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation: the utility of mutation‐specific antibodies
Authors: Katsuya Yuki , Yoshida Akihiko , Watanabe Shun‐ichi , Tsuta Koji 
Published: January 2015

AimsTumour‐to‐tumour metastasis is a rare event. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the utility of mutation‐specific antibodies to prove the occurrence of metastatic papillary thyroid cancer donor into lung adenocarcinoma recipient.Methods and resultsWe report the case of an 80‐year‐old woman who had a papillary thyroid carcinoma with a v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 mutation that metastasized into a lung adenocarcinoma with an epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Immunohistochemical analysis with mutation‐specific antibodies not only clearly revealed two components, but also revealed their gene mutation statuses.ConclusionsAs a component of multimodal diagnostic tools, immunohistochemistry can avoid some pitfalls involved in the molecular diagnosis of complicated cases (such as our own) and can help to ensure that patients receive optimal treatments.
Abundance and abundance change in the world's parrots
Authors: Marsden Stuart J. , Royle Kay 
Published: January 2015

Estimates of population density and abundance change (differences in density or encounter rates across land uses or time periods) form the cornerstone of much of our knowledge of species' responses to environmental conditions, extinction risks and potential conservation actions. Gathering baseline data on abundance of the world's c. 10 000 bird species and monitoring trends in the light of rapidly changing environmental and harvest pressures is a daunting prospect. With this in mind, we review literature on population densities and abundance changes across habitats in one of the world's largest and most threatened bird families, the parrots (Psittaciformes), to identify gaps in knowledge, model phylogenetic and other influences on abundance, and seek patterns that might guide thinking for data‐deficient taxa and situations. Density estimates were found for only 25% of 356 parrot species. Abundance change data were similarly limited and most came from logged forest, with very few comparisons across different anthropogenic habitats. Threatened species were no more likely to have a density estimate than non‐threatened species, and were less likely to have estimates of abundance change. Exploratory generalized linear mixed models indicated that densities are most influenced by genus, and are generally higher within protected areas than outside. It is unclear whether the latter effect stems from habitat protection, a reduction in poaching or both, but protected areas appear to be beneficial for parrots. Individual members of the ‘parakeet’ genera (e.g. Pyrrhura and Eos) were predictably abundant, whereas within larger‐bodied genera such as Ara (macaws), species were predictably uncommon (< 10 individuals per km2) and there was a long tail of extreme rarity. Responses of parrots to habitat change were highly variable, with natural variation in parrot abundance across different primary forests as great as that between primary forest and human‐altered forests. The speed at which environmental change is affecting the world's parrots far outstrips that of our current capacity to track their abundance and we assess the likely scale of data deficiency in this and other bird groups. Developments in survey and analysis methods such as variants of distance sampling and the integration of niche modelling with point density estimation may increase our effectiveness in monitoring parrots and other important and threatened bird groups.
Widespread supplementary feeding in domestic gardens explains the return of reintroduced Red KitesMilvus milvusto an urban area
Authors: Orros Melanie E. , Fellowes Mark D. E. 
Published: January 2015

Reintroductions are commonly used to mitigate biodiversity loss. One prominent example is that of the Red KiteMilvus milvus, a charismatic raptor of conservation concern. This species has been reintroduced across theUKover the last 25 years following its near extinction after centuries of persecution. The species was not expected to recolonize urban areas; its historical association with human settlements is attributed to scavenging on human waste and refuse, a resource now greatly reduced on the streets of modern European cities. However, the species has become a common daytime visitor to a large conurbation centred on the town of Reading, southern England, approximately 20 km from the first English reintroduction site. Given a near‐absence of breeding and roost sites, we investigated foraging opportunities and habitat associations that might explain use by Red Kites of this urban area. Surveys of discarded human foods and road‐kill suggested that these could support at most 13–29 Kites per day. Face‐to‐face surveys of a cross‐section of residents revealed that 4.5% (equivalent to 4349 households) provided supplementary food for Red Kites in their gardens. Using estimates of per‐household resource provision from another study, we calculated that this is potentially sufficient to feed 142–320 Kites, a substantial proportion of the total estimated to visit the conurbation each day (between 140 and 440). Road transects found positive associations between Red Kites and residential areas. We suggest that the decision made by thousands of householders to provide supplementary food for Red Kites in their gardens is the primary factor explaining their daytime abundance in this urban area.
Al‐doped Ni/YSZ Anode Material with Improved Electrical Conductivity for MS‐SOFC Fabrication by Cosintering
Authors: Satardekar Pradnyesh , Sglavo Vincenzo M. , Montinaro Dario 
Published: December 2014

The effect of Al doping on Ni‐YSZ anode sintering in metal‐supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS‐SOFC) was studied in the current work.The electrical conductivity of the Al‐doped anode was found to increase considerably. Such result may be attributed to the inhibited sintering of insulating YSZ caused by the segragation of Al2O3 at grain boundaries. It was found that the addition of Al to the anode accounts for a finer grained YSZ matrix, thus coating the conducting Ni grains to a lesser extent. 5 wt% Al‐doped NiO used for Ni‐YSZ anode material gave the finest microstucture and the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature although it showed the lowest bulk density. Overall, Al‐doped Ni‐YSZ anode material was found to be a suitable material for the anode in MS‐SOFC produced by cosintering.