bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jus Ad Bellum, Values, and the Contemporary Structure of International Law
Authors: Murphy Sean D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn “Religion, Violence, and Human Rights: Protection of Human Rights as Justification for the Use of Armed Force,” James Johnson discusses an important dilemma for contemporary society: when should transnational military force be permitted to protect human rights? Professor Johnson uses the relatively recent doctrine of a “responsibility to protect” as the centerpiece of his paper, characterizing it as a reaction to legal concepts that emerged in the “Westphalian system.” Yet the doctrine, at least as it relates to the use of military force, is not a reaction to that system but, rather, to the relatively recent system of the UN Charter, particularly its relegation to the Security Council of the exclusive authority to determine when military force should be used for purposes other than self‐defense. When the Cold War ended and the Security Council failed to act to protect human rights, the doctrine was born.
Virtue Ethics, Social Difference, and the Challenge of an Embodied Politics
Authors: Dunn Shannon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFollowing the revival of virtue theory, some moral theorists have argued that virtue ethics can provide the basis for a radical politics. Such a politics essentially departs from the liberal model of the moral agent as an autonomous reason‐giver. It instead privileges an understanding of the agent as conditioned by her community, and in the case of social oppression and marginalization, communal virtues may become a vehicle for social change. This essay compares political appropriations of virtue theory by Christian theologian Stanley Hauerwas and secular feminist thinkers Lisa Tessman and Margaret Urban Walker. Hauerwas and feminist theorists both embrace a kind of embodied vulnerability as a political virtue, arguing that it enables more genuine social recognition. The virtue feminist critique is more robust than Hauerwas's, however, insofar as it understands mutual recognition to involve acknowledgment of social difference and the concomitant pursuit of justice.
In Defense of the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Glanville Luke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay responds to Esther Reed's recent critique of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle in this journal. It argues that Reed fundamentally misunderstands and misrepresents R2P. Her critique of R2P would have served well as a critique of the earlier concept of humanitarian intervention had it been penned in the late 1990s. But most of the problems and dangers that Reed identifies are in reality the very problems and dangers that R2P seeks to overcome, and I suggest that it does overcome them quite successfully. R2P does not impose Western ideals on the rest of the world, weaken the legal restrictions on the use of force, or promote abusive interventionism. Rather, it offers a bold but carefully constructed framework that holds the promise of promoting the protection of vulnerable populations from mass atrocities.
Evaluation of a Forward Operator to Assimilate Cloud Water Path into WRF-DART
Authors: Jones Thomas A. , Stensrud David J. , Minnis Patrick , Palikonda Rabindra 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Assimilating satellite-retrieved cloud properties into storm-scale models has received limited attention despite its potential to provide a wide array of information to a model analysis. Available retrievals include cloud water path (CWP), which represents the amount of cloud water and cloud ice present in an integrated column, and cloud-top and cloud-base pressures, which represent the top and bottom pressure levels of the cloud layers, respectively. These interrelated data are assimilated into an Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF) 40-member ensemble with 3-km grid spacing using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble Kalman filter. A new CWP forward operator combines the satellite-derived cloud information with similar variables generated by WRF. This approach is tested using a severe weather event on 10 May 2010. One experiment only assimilates conventional (CONV) observations, while the second assimilates the identical conventional observations and the satellite-derived CWP (PATH).
Comparison of the CWP observations at 2045 UTC to CONV and PATH analyses shows that PATH has an improved representation of both the magnitude and spatial orientation of CWP compared to CONV. Assimilating CWP acts both to suppress convection in the model where none is present in satellite data and to encourage convection where it is observed. Oklahoma Mesonet observations of downward shortwave flux at 2100 UTC indicate that PATH reduces the root-mean-square difference errors in downward shortwave flux by 75 W m−2 compared to CONV. Reduction in model error is generally maximized during the initial 30-min forecast period with the impact of CWP observations decreasing for longer forecast times.
Oscillation theorems for second-order superlinear neutral differential equations
Authors: Baculíková Blanka , Li Tongxing , Džurina Jozef 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the oscillation of the second-order neutral differential equations of the form (E)$$
(r(t)|z'(t)|^{\alpha - 1} z'(t))' + q(t)|x(\sigma (t))|^{\alpha - 1} x(\sigma (t)) = 0,
$$ where z(t) = x(t) + p(t)x(τ(t)). The obtained comparison principles essentially simplify the examination of the studied equations. Further, our results extend and improve the results in the literature.
Eyes on 3D‐Current 3D Biomimetic Disease Concept Models and Potential Applications in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Feigl Beatrix , Hutmacher Dietmar 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThree‐dimensional cellular models that mimic disease are being increasingly investigated and have opened an exciting new research area into understanding pathomechanisms. The advantage of 3D in vitro disease models is that they allow systematic and in‐depth studies of physiological and pathophysiological processes with less costs and ethical concerns that have arisen with animal models. The purpose of the 3D approach is to allow crosstalk between cells and microenvironment, and with cues from the microenvironment, cells can assemble their niche similar to in vivo conditions. The use of 3D models for mimicking disease processes such as cancer, osteoarthritis etc., is only emerging and allows multidisciplinary teams consisting of tissue engineers, biologist biomaterial scientists and clinicians to work closely together. While in vitro systems require rigorous testing before they can be considered as replicates of the in vivo model, major steps have been made, suggesting that they will become powerful tools for studying physiological and pathophysiological processes. This paper aims to summarize some of the existing 3D models and proposes a novel 3D model of the eye structures that are involved in the most common cause of blindness in the Western World, namely age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).
Is it all the X: Familial learning dysfunction and the impact of behavioral aspects of the phenotypic presentation of XXY?
Authors: Samango‐Sprouse Carole A. , Stapleton Emily , Sadeghin Teresa , Gropman Andrea L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe behavioral phenotype of children with XXY has not been extensively studied until recently and this research has been confounded by insufficient study populations and ascertainment biases. The aim of the study was to expand the behavioral aspect of the XXY phenotype as well as investigate the role of existing familial learning disabilities (FLD) on behavioral problems. Behavioral phenotype of XXY includes social anxiety, ADHD, social communication, and atypical peer interactions. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) were completed by the parents of 54 boys with XXY who had not received hormonal replacement prior to participation. Our findings suggest fewer behavioral deficits and lower severity in the general 47,XXY population than previously published and found significant differences between the groups with a positive FLD on the behavioral assessments. Findings demonstrate that boys with FLD exhibit an increased incidence and severity of behavioral problems. Our study expands on the findings of Samango‐Sprouse et al. [Samango‐Sprouse et al. (2012b) J Intellect Disabil Res] and the significant influence that FLD has on not only neurodevelopment, but also behavioral deficits. Our study suggests that part of the XXY phenotypic profile may be modulated by FLD. Further study is underway to examine the interaction between the many salient factors effecting behavioral and neurodevelopmental progression in XXY and variant forms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BIS impulsivity and acute nicotine exposure are associated with discounting global consequences in the Harvard game
Authors: Hogarth Lee , Stillwell David J. , Tunney Richard J. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveThe Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) provides a transdiagnostic marker for a number of psychiatric conditions and drug abuse, but the precise psychological trait(s) tapped by this questionnaire remain obscure.MethodTo address this, 51 smokers completed in counterbalanced order the BIS, a delay discounting task and a Harvard game that measured choice between a response that yielded a high immediate monetary payoff but decreased opportunity to earn money overall (local choice) versus a response that yielded a lower immediate payoff but afforded a greater opportunity to earn overall (global choice).ResultsIndividual level of BIS impulsivity and self‐elected smoking prior to the study were independently associated with increased preference for the local over the global choice in the Harvard game, but not delay discounting.ConclusionsBIS impulsivity and acute nicotine exposure reflect a bias in the governance of choice by immediate reward contingencies over global consequences, consistent with contemporary dual‐process instrumental learning theories. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory mechanism of the light‐activable allosteric switch LOV–TAP for the control of DNA binding: A computer simulation study
Authors: Peter Emanuel , Dick Bernhard , Baeurle Stephan A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe spatio‐temporal control of gene expression is fundamental to elucidate cell proliferation and deregulation phenomena in living systems. Novel approaches based on light‐sensitive multiprotein complexes have recently been devised, showing promising perspectives for the noninvasive and reversible modulation of the DNA‐transcriptional activity in vivo. This has lately been demonstrated in a striking way through the generation of the artificial protein construct light‐oxygen‐voltage (LOV)–tryptophan‐activated protein (TAP), in which the LOV‐2‐Jα photoswitch of phototropin1 from Avena sativa (AsLOV2‐Jα) has been ligated to the tryptophan‐repressor (TrpR) protein from Escherichia coli. Although tremendous progress has been achieved on the generation of such protein constructs, a detailed understanding of their functioning as opto‐genetical tools is still in its infancy. Here, we elucidate the early stages of the light‐induced regulatory mechanism of LOV–TAP at the molecular level, using the noninvasive molecular dynamics simulation technique. More specifically, we find that Cys450‐FMN‐adduct formation in the AsLOV2‐Jα‐binding pocket after photoexcitation induces the cleavage of the peripheral Jα‐helix from the LOV core, causing a change of its polarity and electrostatic attraction of the photoswitch onto the DNA surface. This goes along with the flexibilization through unfolding of a hairpin‐like helix‐loop‐helix region interlinking the AsLOV2‐Jα‐ and TrpR‐domains, ultimately enabling the condensation of LOV–TAP onto the DNA surface. By contrast, in the dark state the AsLOV2‐Jα photoswitch remains inactive and exerts a repulsive electrostatic force on the DNA surface. This leads to a distortion of the hairpin region, which finally relieves its tension by causing the disruption of LOV–TAP from the DNA. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal structure of 6‐guanidinohexanoyl trypsin near the optimum pH reveals the acyl‐enzyme intermediate to be deacylated
Authors: Masuda Yosuke , Nitanai Yasushi , Mizutani Ryuta , Noguchi Shuji 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe force driving the conversion from the acyl intermediate to the tetrahedral intermediate in the deacylation reaction of serine proteases remains unclear. The crystal structure of 6‐guanidinohexanoyl trypsin was determined at pH 7.0, near the optimum reaction pH, at 1.94 Å resolution. In this structure, three water molecules are observed around the catalytic site. One acts as a nucleophile to attack the acyl carbonyl carbon while the other two waters fix the position of the catalytic water through a hydrogen bond. When the acyl carbonyl oxygen oscillates thermally, the water assumes an appropriate angle to catalyze the deacylation. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotion and the moral lives of adolescents: Vagaries and complexities in the emotional experience of doing harm
Authors: Wainryb Cecilia , Recchia Holly E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFar from being unthinking energies or irrational impulses that control or push people around, emotions are intricately connected to the way people perceive, understand, and think about the world. As such, emotions are also an inextricable part of people's moral lives. As people go about making moral judgments and decisions, they do not merely apply abstract principles in a detached manner. Their emotions—their loves and sympathies, angers and fears, grief and sadness, guilt and shame—are inseparable from how they make sense of and evaluate their own and others' actions, the way things are, and the ways things ought to be. While this is not to say that emotions have a privileged role in morality, it does mean that emotions cannot be reasonably sidelined from the study of people's moral lives. Thus, an important part of formulating a theory of moral development is to articulate a framework for capturing children's relevant emotional experiences in the context of morally laden events. Such a framework should also help us understand how these sometimes turbulent or bewildering experiences inform, enrich, and change children's thinking about what is right and wrong and about themselves as moral agents. This article considers the research on the relation between emotion and moral thinking, offers a perspective that aims to broaden and elaborate our understanding of the connections between emotion and morality in adolescence, and sets a new agenda for research on this topic.
Eosinophil activation and novel mediators in the aspirin‐induced nasal response in AERD
Authors: Choi G.‐S. , Kim J.‐H. , Shin Y.‐S. , Ye Y.‐M. , Kim S.‐H. , Park H.‐S. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryBackgroundEosinophil activation is the key feature of upper and lower airway inflammation in aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD).ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of eosinophil activation and identify novel inflammatory mediators using proteomics.MethodsThirty‐two asthmatic subjects were enrolled: 18 AERD patients who showed positive responses to the lysine‐aspirin nasal provocation test (L‐ASA NPT) and 14 aspirin‐tolerant asthma (ATA) patients who showed negative responses to the L‐ASA NPT (control group). Nasal lavage fluid (NLF) was collected before (baseline), at 10, 30 and 60 min (early response), and at 3 h (late response) after the L‐ASA NPT. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and cysteinyl leucotriene (CysLT) levels were measured using an ImmunoCAP system and ELISA respectively. To identify proteins involved in AERD, comparative proteomics was applied using NLFs collected before and after L‐ASA NPTs in AERD patients. The clinical relevance of identified novel proteins was evaluated by ELISA using NLFs from the AERD and ATA groups.ResultsEosinophil cationic protein and CysLT levels both increased significantly during the early response in AERD. ECP levels increased until the late response in AERD, while CysLT levels were not significantly increased during the late response. Proteomic analysis showed up‐regulation of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), α2‐macroglobulin (α2M) and ceruloplasmin (CP), with significant increases in NLF of AERD patients, which was significantly higher in AERD patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Significant correlations were noted between ECP and CysLT, ApoA1, α2M and CP levels during the early response in AERD patients.ConclusionEosinophil activation occurred in early and late responses after L‐ASA NPT in upper airway mucosa of AERD patients, where ApoA1, α2M and CP as well as CysLT may be involved in eosinophilic inflammation.
Tumor biology and pre‐transplant locoregional treatments determine outcomes in patients with T3 hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: Kim Peter T. W. , Onaca Nicholas , Chinnakotla Srinath , Davis Gary L. , Jennings Linda W. , McKenna Greg J. , Ruiz Richard M. , Levy Marlon F. , Goldstein Robert , Klintmalm Goran B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLiver transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis. This study was conducted to determine the impact of pre‐transplant locoregional therapy (LRT) on HCC and our institution's experience with expansion to United Network of Organ Sharing Region 4 T3 (R4T3) criteria. Two hundred and twenty‐five patients with HCC (176 meeting Milan and 49 meeting R4T3 criteria) underwent liver transplantation from 2002 to 2008. Compared with the Milan criteria, HCCs in R4T3 criteria displayed less favorable biological features such as higher median alpha‐fetoprotein level (21.9 vs. 8.5 ng/mL, p = 0.01), larger tumor size, larger tumor number, and higher incidence of microvascular invasion (22% vs. 5%, p = 0.002). As a result, patients meeting Milan criteria had better five‐yr survival (79% vs. 69%, p = 0.03) and a trend toward lower HCC recurrence rates (5% vs. 13%, p = 0.05). Pre‐transplant LRT did not affect post‐transplant outcomes in patients meeting Milan criteria but did result in lower three‐yr HCC recurrence (7% vs. 75%, p < 0.001) and better three‐yr survival (p = 0.02) in patients meeting R4T3 criteria. Tumor biology and pre‐transplant LRT are important factors that determine the post‐transplant outcomes in patients with HCC who meet R4T3 criteria.
Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer: a meta‐analysis of controlled studies
Authors: Ferwana M. , Firwana B. , Hasan R. , Al‐Mallah M. H. , Kim S. , Montori V. M. , Murad M. H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsPioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, was approved for treatment of Type 2 diabetes. However, several observational studies suggest an association of pioglitazone with an increased risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes. Therefore, we sought to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the magnitude of this association and the quality of the supporting evidence.MethodsElectronic databases were queried to identify controlled studies of pioglitazone that measured the risk of bladder cancer.ResultsSix studies involving 215 142 patients using pioglitazone were included, with a median period of follow‐up of 44 months. The hazard of developing bladder cancer was significantly higher in patients using pioglitazone (hazard ratio 1.23; 95% CI 1.09–1.39; I2 = 0%) compared with control groups. The risk of bias was moderate across the six studies. Considering an incidence rate of 20.8 per 100 000 person years, the number needed to harm was five additional cases of bladder cancer per 100 000 person years.ConclusionsPatients treated with pioglitazone have a slight increased risk of bladder cancer compared to general population. Patient involvement and weighing treatment benefits versus risks should be discussed with patient toward shared decision. Patients with type 2 diabetes with risk factors, such as family history, smoking, or exposure to certain forms of chemotherapy may need to consider other anti‐hyperglycemic agents. Also, pioglitazone should be discontinued in type 2 diabetes patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer.
Anthropogenic changes to seawater buffer capacity combined with natural reef metabolism induce extreme future coral reef CO2 conditions
Authors: Shaw Emily C. , McNeil Ben I. , Tilbrook Bronte , Matear Richard , Bates Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOcean acidification, via an anthropogenic increase in seawater carbon dioxide (CO2), is potentially a major threat to coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. However, our understanding of how natural short‐term diurnal CO2 variability in coral reefs influences longer term anthropogenic ocean acidification remains unclear. Here, we combine observed natural carbonate chemistry variability with future carbonate chemistry predictions for a coral reef flat in the Great Barrier Reef based on the RCP8.5 CO2 emissions scenario. Rather than observing a linear increase in reef flat partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in concert with rising atmospheric concentrations, the inclusion of in situ diurnal variability results in a highly nonlinear threefold amplification of the pCO2 signal by the end of the century. This significant nonlinear amplification of diurnal pCO2 variability occurs as a result of combining natural diurnal biological CO2 metabolism with long‐term decreases in seawater buffer capacity, which occurs via increasing anthropogenic CO2 absorption by the ocean. Under the same benthic community composition, the amplification in the variability in pCO2 is likely to lead to exposure to mean maximum daily pCO2 levels of ca. 2100 μatm, with corrosive conditions with respect to aragonite by end‐century at our study site. Minimum pCO2 levels will become lower relative to the mean offshore value (ca. threefold increase in the difference between offshore and minimum reef flat pCO2) by end‐century, leading to a further increase in the pCO2 range that organisms are exposed to. The biological consequences of short‐term exposure to these extreme CO2 conditions, coupled with elevated long‐term mean CO2 conditions are currently unknown and future laboratory experiments will need to incorporate natural variability to test this. The amplification of pCO2 that we describe here is not unique to our study location, but will occur in all shallow coastal environments where high biological productivity drives large natural variability in carbonate chemistry.