bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ibaraki Virus, an Agent of Epizootic Disease of Cattle Resembling Bluetongue
Authors: Omori Tuneyoshi , Inaba Yuji , Morimoto Tomiaki , Tanaka Yoshio , Ishitani Ruizo , Kurogi Hiroshi , Munakata Kozo , Matsuda Kazuo , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOutbreaks of an acute febrile disease of cattle occurred in Japan in 1959 and 1960. Its occurrence was limited in late summer and autumn, and in Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu roughly south of 37 degrees north latitude, suggesting a close correlation of the incidence with the climatic conditions, hence a possibility of the presence of arthropod vector. The disease was characterized by fever and lesions affecting the mucous membrane and skin, musculature and vascular system. Degeneration of striated muscles was observed in the esophagus, larynx, pharynx, tongue and skeletal muscular system. Edema and hemorrhage were marked in the mouth, lips, abomasum, coronets etc., occasionally followed by degeneration of the epithelium leaving erosions or ulcerations. Severe lesions affecting the esophageal and laryngopharyngeal musculature caused deglutitive difficulty which in turn resulted in dehydration and emaciation, and occasionally in aspiration pneumonia, constituting the major causes of death of the affected animals. These findings indicate that the disease resembles bluetongue in sheep and cattle. The clinical materials obtained from natural cases induced a clinical illness when inoculated into calves, and the disease was transmitted serially in calves by intravenous inoculation of the blood obtained at the height of febrile reaction. The experimentally produced disease was clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the natural disease.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Mitsuhashi Susumu , Kono Megumi , Sagawa Mozo , Mori Hiromichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInduction of chloramphenicol (CM) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by using several CM derivatives. It was found that dl‐threo‐1‐p‐nitrophenyl‐2‐dichloroacetamino‐1,3‐dichloropropane has high antibacterial activity but low activity of induction for CM resistance. In spite of low antibacterial activity, induction of CM resistance occurred after prior treatment with dl‐threo‐1‐p‐nitrophenyl‐2‐dichloroacetamino‐3‐chloropropane‐1‐ol. It was found that dl‐chloramphenicol di‐acetate, dl‐threo‐1‐p‐nitrophenyl‐2‐dichloroacetamino‐3‐bromopropane‐1‐ol and dl‐threo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐dichloroacetamino‐1,3‐propanediol have induction ability in spite of the absence of antibacterial activity. Other derivatives were classified into two groups; (1) low antibacterial activity and induction of CM resistance and (2) loss of both activities.
Distribution of R Factors among Shigella Strains Isolated in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Tokumitsu , Nagai Yutaka , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTShigella strains isolated in Japan from 1965 to 1967 were surveyed for drug resistance and distribution of R factors. Of 5,875 strains tested, 5,429 were resistant to either one or various combinations of four drugs, tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM) and sulfanilamide (SA). Among these resistant strains, 80.3, 1.8, 2.2, and 15.7% were quadruply, triply, doubly and singly resistant, respectively. Fifty percent of these resistant strains were found to carry R factors which are capable of conjugal transfer. More than 50% of TC or CM resistant strains carried R factors, but in the remaining resistance type, R factors were rarely isolated. Only 3 and 17% carried R factors among SA and SM.SA resistant strains, respectively. The strains resistant to drugs other than the aforementioned four were very few; 0.9, 0.7 and 0.01% being resistant to aminobenzyl‐penicillin (APC), nalidixic acid (NA) and kanamycin (KM), respectively. Conjugally transmissible NA resistance was not found among strains so far isolated and examined. About one third of APC resistance was transmissible. Among 9,635 strains examined, one R factor possessing the KM resistance marker and 28 R factors possessing the APC resistance marker were demonstrated. The R factor possessing the KM resistance marker was multiply resistant to 8 drugs; TC, CM, SM, SA, APC, KM, fradiomycin and paromomycin.
Integration of Chloramphenicol Resistance Gene of an R Factor on Escherichia coli Chromosome
Authors: Iyobe Shizuko , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn unstable mutant R factor conferring only chloramphenicol (CM) resistance was obtained by spontaneous segregation. After storage in broth culture, a stable CM‐resistant mutant was obtained and its CM‐resistance could not be cured by treatment with acriflavine or transduced to a recombination‐deficient strain of Escherichia coli K12. Recombinational analysis indicated that the cml gene governing CM resistance had been integrated into the E. coli chromosome and closely linked with met B locus. The cml gene was co‐transduced with both met and arg markers by phage P1, and the linkage order was considered to be mtl‐cml‐met‐arg‐thi. When the strain carrying this chromosomal CM‐resistance was infected with a transferable R (TC) factor capable of conferring tetracycline (TC) resistance, the CM‐resistance became transferable by conjugation. This mechanism is considered to account for the formation of the recombinant R (TC.CM) factor.
Demonstration of R Factors in Enteric Bacteria Isolated at the Boston City Hospital
Authors: Egawa Ryuki , Hara Yoshihiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu , Cohen Stephen N. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFifty‐one strains of enteric bacteria isolated in 1966 from patients at the Boston City Hospital were studied for the distribution of R factors. Twenty strains were found to carry transmissible drug‐resistance factor “R”. The strains harboring R factors included Escherichia coli, Aerobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus and Serratio. This report confirms similar studies in suggesting that R factors are widely distributed in enteric bacteria isolated in the United States.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Serum Antibodies Formed in Response to Natural Infections with Myxo‐ and Pseudomyxoviruses among Infants and Children
Authors: Sekiguchi Hiroshi , Numazaki Yoshio , Yano Namio , Homma Morio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of immunoglobulin classes of serum antibody in response to natural infections with myxo‐ and pseudomyxoviruses among infants and children was investigated. Two types of the 19S antibody response have been demonstrated. In the first type, in which are included the measles and mumps virus infections, the 19S antibody appeared dominantly as a primary response to the virus infection. In the second type, which includes the influenza, parainfluenza and RS virus infections, the 19S antibody was either not detectable or produced in a limiting amount in infants even at an early stage of the illnesses. A possibility was discussed that production of the 19S antibody in response to the infection with myxo‐ and pseudomyxoviruses may be primarily determined by the nature of virus infection itself, particularly the presence or absence of a viremia.
Experimental Salmonellosis Immunizing Effect of Live Vaccine Prepared from Various Mutants of Salmonella Having Different Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Nakata Hisako , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTImmunizing potencies of vaccines prepared from various strains of Salmonella were graded by comparing the mortality rate of immunized mice after challenge with highly virulent strains of either Salmonella enteritidis or S. typhimurium. The resistance against this challenge infection was shown to be conferred by joint immunization with a specific factor, which was represented by O specific lipopolysaccharide of smooth strains, and cross‐protection factor, which was a major potent factor in live vaccine. The distribution of this cross‐protection factor in rough mutants of S. typhimurium was found to be limited to strains which possessed a polysaccharide chain longer than that of glucose1‐less mutant. The potency conferring cross‐resistance was found to be maintained partly in formalin‐killed cells and cell walls of the strains harboring cross‐protection factor but not in lipopolysaccharide extracted from such strains.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Sunayama Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to identify the antigenic determinant groups of the mannan of C. albicans serotype A, six kinds of manno‐oligosaccharides of up to 7 units in chain‐length connected by α1→2 linkages were prepared from the partial acetolysate of the parent mannan. In the precipitation‐inhibition test of anti‐C. albicans serotype A serum with its homologous mannan, inhibitory power of the oligosaccharides was of the following order: heptaose→: hexaose>pentaose>tetraose>triose> biose, and the amounts for 50%‐inhibition of the former four oligosaccharides were 0.08, 0.10, 0.50 and 3.0 μmole respectively, and the inhibitory power of the latter two oligomers at 0.5 μmole were 8 and 5% respectively. On the other hand, the cross‐inhibition test of anti‐C. albicans serotype A serum with the heterologous mannan of C. albicans serotype B afforded the result that the order of inhibitory activities was hexaose>heptaose>pentaose>tetraose>triose> biose, and that the amounts for 50%‐inhibition were 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.45, 0.50 and 3.0μmole respectively. Furthermore, the results of inhibition test on the anti‐C. albicans serotype A serum absorbed with the mannan of C. albicans serotype B revealed that the biose, triose and tetraose did not show significant inhibitory power in the range employed, whereas the pentaose, hexaose and heptaose did not significantly affect the inhibitory activities. Thus, it was concluded that the antigenic determinants of the mannan of C. albicans serotype A are α1→2 linked hexaose or heptaose moieties. Based on the above facts, the serological differences between two antigenic mannans of C. albicans serotype A and B may reside at least in the length of the antigenic determinants in which the former is longer than the latter considering the length of the α‐D‐manno‐pyranosyl residue.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Kitamura Kouichi , Akama Kiyoto , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation was extracted with phenol from the spleens of guinea pigs immunized with diphtheria toxoid. Antibody‐carrying cells were detected by immunocyte adhesion as rosette‐forming cells. When germ‐free rats, conventional guinea pigs or mice were injected intraperitoneally with this preparation, the rosette‐formers were detected in either peritoneal exudate cells or spleen cells, whereas serum antibodies were unable to be detected thus far in such animals. Two injections with this preparation did not cause any remarkable increase in the number of rosette‐formers, and serum antibody was also not detectable. By contrast, a high titer of serum antibody was demonstrated and the number of rosette‐formers increased shortly after an injection of a small amount of diphtheria toxoid into guinea pigs which had previously received an injection with immune RNA. This reaction indicates a secondary response of antibody formation. However, secondary responses were not induced by injections of immune RNA preparations in guinea pigs primed with either diphtheria toxoid or immune RNA preparation. These facts suggest that immune RNA preparations did not contain antigens or fragments thereof and the immune response induced by RNA preparation is not the same as that induced by stimulation by the antigen itself. These results moreover can be accounted for by the notion that the immune RNA preparation is able to induce “memory” cells capable of responding to a secondary stimulus with an antigen and producing a high titer of serum antibody.
Nalidixic Acid Cetrimide Agar
Authors: Goto Sachiko , Enomoto Seiji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAttempts were made to modify the formula devised by Brown and Lowbury (1965) for more effective selection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An improved formula was devised by the authors as follows: Peptone (Eiken) 2.0%, dipotassium phosphate 0.03%, magnesium sulfate (anhydrous) 0.03%, cetrimide 0.02%, nalidixic acid 15 μg/ml, agar 1.5%, with a final pH 7.4–7.6. On this media the growth and pigment production of Ps. aeruginosa was nearly equal to that of Brown‐Lowbury's composition. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella, Proteus and Providencia were strongly suppressed on the author's medium although some of them showed a moderate growth on Brown‐Lowbury's medium.
Determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Biochemical Test Methods
Authors: Arai Taketoshi , Enomoto Seiji , Goto Sachiko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new synthetic medium consisting of 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.01% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5% NaCl, 0.05% (NH4)2SO4 and 1.0% Tween 80 was devised by the authors as a means of differentiating between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species of gram‐negative rods. One loopful of an overnight nutrient agar culture of a test strain was inoculated into 1 ml of this media, and incubated at 37 C for 24 hr. All of the 38 test strains of P. aeruginosa showed visible growth in this media, being capable of utilizing Tween 80 as a sole carbon source, whereas strains of Aeromonas, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Achromobacter sp., Proteus sp., Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. could not grow within a 24 hr incubation period, although longer incubation yielded a visible growth with some strains. A strain of P. fluorescens did not show any visible growth at 37 C, but did show a moderate growth after a 48 hr incubation at 18 C. Strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter showed only slight growth after incubation at 37 C for 24 hr.
RNA‐Induced Interference with Animal Virus Infection
Authors: Matsuyama Masako , Kawade Yoshimi , Fukada Tetsuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSome RNAs, including both single‐ and double‐stranded RNAs, when incubated with chick embryo cell culture induce cellular resistance against viruses. Evidence was now obtained indicating that the induction of cellular resistance by RNA depends on the cellular metabolic activity, especially on the synthesis of cellular RNA and protein. Thus, inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, were found to inhibit the development of an antiviral state when added before, or during the relatively early period of, incubation of the cells with RNA. In the course of induction of cellular resistance, three stages may be distinguished, the priming stage, the developing stage, and the established resistant stage.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Saito Kazuko , Osawa Nobutaka , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extractable from the spleen cells of mice hyperimmunized with live vaccine of Salmonella enteritidis. The RNA was capable of inducing cellular immunity and developing cellular antibody in the peritoneal macrophages of mice injected with this agent. It was found that cellular immunity was detectable even 90 days after injection in the peritoneal macrophages of mice which had received an intraperitoneal injection with this agent. Results of serial passive transfers of cellular immunity through immune RNA led us to the conclusion that this agent does not contain antigen or fragment thereof and may replicate actively in the recipient cells, although the mechanism still remains to be elucidated. The development of cellular immunity by immune RNA was inhibited by puromycin but not by actinomycin D. However, serial passive transfers of cellular immunity through immune RNA was inhibited by treatment of recipient mouse with actinomycin D, implying the role of DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase in the processing of immune RNA in recipient cells. Using these results, the role of immune RNA and the possible mechanisms of immune RNA replication are discussed.
Purified K‐Agglutinogen of Bordetella pertussis and Its Properties
Authors: Nakase Yasukiyo , Kasuga Tadayoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe attempted to purify the K‐agglutinogen of Bordetella pertussis by mild procedures. From the supernatant of sonic treated cells, the K‐agglutinogen was separated by a successive use of O‐diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)‐cellulose column chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation and O‐carboxymethyl (CM)‐cellulose column chromatography. The specific activity of purified K‐agglutinogen increased 64–128 fold without damaging either the L or S antigens, and recovery was about 86%. A fraction containing mainly S‐agglutinogen, was also obtained. The K‐agglutinogen, which was a simple protein with an S value of 2.5, was confirmed to be in a highly purified state by a gel‐diffusion test, K‐antibody production and physicochemical tests, and was also found to be free from other biologically active substances of B. pertussis: namely heat labile toxin, hemagglutinin, histamine‐sensitizing factor and O‐antigen. No protective activity was found in the purified K‐agglutinogen or against intracerebral challenge with B, pertussis in mice.
Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov.
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji , Gane N. F. F. , Mills A. , King L. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA number of rapid‐growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from the sputum specimen of Rhodesian patients with pulmonary disease and recognized as a new species. This was given the name Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov. A comparison between M. rhodesiae, M. parafortuitum, M. aurum and M. vaccae was done, and distinguishing characters serving for differentiation between these 4 species of rapid‐growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria were described.
The Germination Requirements of Spores of Clostridium botulinum Type E
Authors: Ando Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe requirements for, and conditions influencing, the germination of spores of Clostridium botulinum type E were studied in chemically defined media. Spores of this organism germinated rapidly and completely in various combinations of L‐alanine and one of such carbon sources as sugars, lactate, and ribosides in the presence of bicarbonate. The most effective compounds tested were glucose, L‐ and D‐lactate, and inosine. The formation of lactic acid was found to occur during germination of spores in a combination of L‐alanine and glucose. Furthermore, the germination in this medium was strongly inhibited by fluoride or iodoacetate. The germination of spores was also initiated with high concentrations (100 mM or more) of L‐alanine or certain other amino acids alone in the presence of bicarbonate at pH 9.0. The spores germinating in L‐alanine alone and those in L‐alanine plus other compounds were compared as to the minimal concentration of L‐alanine required, pH optimum, temperature optimum for heat‐activation, bicarbonate requirement, and effects of various inhibitors. Significant differences among these characteristics led to a conclusion that different metabolic pathways, operating selectively each germinative compound used, might be involved in the germination of spores of the organism. The mode of action of combination in stimulating germination by the different germinative compounds has been discussed.
The Multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in Mouse Foot‐Pads and the Ambient Temperatures
Authors: Matsuo Yoshiyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe influence of fluctuation of the environmental temperatures on the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in mouse foot‐pads was investigated. After infection with 104 M. leprae into the foot‐pads, mice were divided into the following 4 groups: Group 1, mice were housed in a room maintaining the air temperature at 20 C with thermoregulatory devices throughout the experiment; Group 2, kept at 20 C for the first 16 weeks, and at a regular animal room where the air temperatures fluctuated seasonally and diurnally for the next 15 weeks and then returned to the 20 C room; Group 3, kept at 20 C for the first 16 weeks and thereafter at the regular animal quarters; Group 4, kept at the regular animal room throughout the experiment. In the mice in Group 1, M. leprae increased as expected. Acid‐fast bacilli also multiplied in the mice kept under fluctuation of air temperatures at the regular animal quarters but distinctly more slowly than in those kept at 20 C. Acid‐fast bacilli rose in the mice transferred to the 20 C room from the regular ones, suggesting that viability of M. leprae is not significantly affected by ordinary fluctuation of air temperatures.
Specific Establishment of Lactobacilli in the Digestive Tract of Germ‐Free Chickens
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Mitsuoka Tomotari , Kaneuchi Choji , Yamamoto Shutaro , Ogata Manabu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEstablishment of lactobacilli in the digestive tract of germ‐free chicks was studied using the organisms isolated from chickens, human infants and sour milk and those received from the American Type Culture Collection. In the case of monocontamination, intestinal lactobacilli such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. salivarius and L. fermenti except L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 and non‐intestinal lactobacilli such as L. plantarum and L. casei were well established in the digestive tract of germ‐free chicks regardless of their origins, although the bacterial numbers of the established strains varied considerably in different parts of the gut. On the contrary, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 of human origin and L. jugurti, L. helveticus and L. brevis which originated from non‐intestinal materials failed to be established in the gut of germ‐free chicks. In the case of dicontamination, L. acidophilus from an infant was shown to disappear after administration together with Escherichia coli or L. salivarius from chickens. L. plantarum and L. casei disappeared or showed a suppressed growth in the presence of L. acidophilus or Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens from chickens.
The Augmenting Effect of Antibody on the Induction of an Immune Response
Authors: Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Kitagawa Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPrimary and secondary antigenic stimuli were given in the presence of antibody in order to study the role of antibody in the induction of the subsequent immune response. Primed cells immunized with crystalline bacterial α‐amylase (BαA) and crystalline Taka‐amylase A (TAA) were more effectively stimulated by antigen bearing cells which had been previously prepared by exposure to the two antigens in the presence of anti‐BαA or anti‐TAA than in the absence of the antibodies. The augmenting effect of the antibody was specific in relation to the antibody added. The primary antibody responses to BαA and TAA were also specifically augmented by the presence of the corresponding antibody, when two antigens were mixed with the antibody and injected intravenously into normal mice. When dinitrophenyl (DNP) residues were introduced to BaA, the immune response stimulated by DNP‐BαA was also augmented by anti‐DNP antibody. Although specificity of the response augmented by anti‐hapten or anti‐carrier antibody may be determined on a cellular level, the specificity of response augmented by either of these antibodies extended to the hapten as well as the carrier‐determinants. Thus, the presence of antibody directed against any of determinants on an antigen, might result in widening the spectrum of responsiveness of the animal to other antigenic determinants.