bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feed supplemented with organic acids does not affect starch digestibility, nor intestinal absorptive or secretory function in broiler chickens
Authors: Ruhnke I. , Röhe I. , Goodarzi Boroojeni F. , Knorr F. , Mader A. , Hafeez A. , Zentek J. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe current study aimed to determine the impact of acidified feed on apparent ileal starch digestibility, intestinal transport and barrier function and intestinal glucose transporter expression. The experiment included a control group and a treatment group with broilers fed a standard diet without or with 1.5% of a commercial organic acid product (64% formic acid, 25% propionic acid, 11% water). Broilers were fed with the experimental diets from hatching until days 32–35. Starch digestibility was determined using 0.2% titanium dioxide as ingestible marker. Gene expressions of the intestinal sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT‐1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT‐2) were analysed using qPCR analysis. Additionally, SGLT‐1 function and chloride secretion were analysed in Ussing chamber experiments. Jejunal samples were sequentially exposed to 10 mm glucose, 100 μm phloridzin, 100 μm histamine and 100 μm carbachol. Apparent ileal starch digestibility (±SEM) of the control group (97.5 ± 0.35%) and the acid‐treated group (97.0 ± 0.59%) did not differ (p = 0.674). The mean tissue conductance of intestinal samples obtained from the control group and the treatment group was similar [10.6 mS/cm2 (±0.68) and 9.4 mS/cm2 (±0.80) respectively (p = 0.147)]. The mean short‐circuit currents (ΔIsc) of the samples exposed to glucose, phloridzin, histamine and carbachol did not differ (p > 0.05). Additionally, no differences in the expression of SGLT‐1 and GLUT‐2 could be observed (p = 0.942, p = 0.413). Based on this study, the consumption of feed supplemented with organic acids was not associated with effects on ileal starch digestibility and functional traits of jejunal tissues, indicating that these additives have no major impact on the small intestinal function in broilers.
Root hemiparasites in productive communities should attack competitive host, and harm them to make regeneration gaps
Authors: Lepš Jan , Těšitel Jakub 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDemey et al. (2015, this issue) present evidence that root hemiparasitic plants can affect their host community through selectively parasitizing the species within it (with large differences between host species within functional groups), and by promoting seedling establishment through creating gaps. The hemiparasite needs to maintain the host for its water and nutrient supply, but also limit competition for light.
Phylogenetic community ecology of soil biodiversity using mitochondrial metagenomics
Authors: Andújar Carmelo , Arribas Paula , Ruzicka Filip , Crampton‐Platt Alex , Timmermans Martijn J.T.N. , Vogler Alfried P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHigh‐throughput DNA methods hold great promise for the study of taxonomically intractable mesofauna of the soil. Here, we assess species diversity and community structure in a phylogenetic framework, by sequencing total DNA from bulk specimen samples and assembly of mitochondrial genomes. The combination of mitochondrial metagenomics and DNA barcode sequencing of 1494 specimens in 69 soil samples from three geographic regions in southern Iberia revealed >300 species of soil Coleoptera (beetles) from a broad spectrum of phylogenetic lineages. A set of 214 mitochondrial sequences longer than 3000 bp was generated and used to estimate a well‐supported phylogenetic tree of the order Coleoptera. Shorter sequences, including cox1 barcodes, were placed on this mitogenomic tree. Raw Illumina reads were mapped against all available sequences to test for species present in local samples. This approach simultaneously established the species richness, phylogenetic composition and community turnover at species and phylogenetic levels. We find a strong signature of vertical structuring in soil fauna that shows high local community differentiation between deep soil and superficial horizons at phylogenetic levels. Within the two vertical layers, turnover among regions was primarily at the tip (species) level and was stronger in the deep soil than leaf litter communities, pointing to layer‐mediated drivers determining species diversification, spatial structure and evolutionary assembly of soil communities. This integrated phylogenetic framework opens the application of phylogenetic community ecology to the mesofauna of the soil, among the most diverse and least well‐understood ecosystems, and will propel both theoretical and applied soil science.
Contemporary evolution of resistance at the major insecticide target site gene Ace‐1 by mutation and copy number variation in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Weetman David , Mitchell Sara N. , Wilding Craig S. , Birks Daniel P. , Yawson Alexander E. , Essandoh John , Mawejje Henry D. , Djogbenou Luc S. , Steen Keith , Rippon Emily J. , Clarkson Christopher S. , Field Stuart G. , Rigden Daniel J. , Donnelly Martin J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFunctionally constrained genes are ideal insecticide targets because disruption is often fatal, and resistance mutations are typically costly. Synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential neurotransmission enzyme targeted by insecticides used increasingly in malaria control. In Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, a glycine–serine substitution at codon 119 of the Ace‐1 gene confers both resistance and fitness costs, especially for 119S/S homozygotes. G119S in Anopheles gambiae from Accra (Ghana) is strongly associated with resistance, and, despite expectations of cost, resistant 119S alleles are increasing significantly in frequency. Sequencing of Accra females detected only a single Ace‐1 119S haplotype, whereas 119G diversity was high overall but very low at non‐synonymous sites, evidence of strong purifying selection driven by functional constraint. Flanking microsatellites showed reduced diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium and high differentiation of 119S, relative to 119G homozygotes across up to two megabases of the genome. Yet these signals of selection were inconsistent and sometimes weak tens of kilobases from Ace‐1. This unexpected finding is attributable to apparently ubiquitous amplification of 119S alleles as part of a large copy number variant (CNV) far exceeding the size of the Ace‐1 gene, whereas 119G alleles were unduplicated. Ace‐1 CNV was detectable in archived samples collected when the 119S allele was rare in Ghana. Multicopy amplification of resistant alleles has not been observed previously and is likely to underpin the recent increase in 119S frequency. The large CNV compromised localization of the strong selective sweep around Ace‐1, emphasizing the need to integrate CNV analysis into genome scans for selection.
Taking Godley's Ratios Seriously
Authors: Leite Fabrício Pitombo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis article derives the three ratios employed by Wynne Godley to argue that they can express a full stock‐flow consistent model. The strategy adopted here intends to explain the theoretical consequences of including the stock of wealth in a basic Keynesian scheme. It is demonstrated that the same steady‐state level of income emerges whether we treat private investment as an exogenous variable or we treat it as totally endogenous. It is also demonstrated that stability conditions and the possible patterns of a path approaching this steady‐state level can be examined before simulations.
Molecular detection of zoonotic bartonellae (B. henselae, B. elizabethae and B. rochalimae) in fleas collected from dogs in Israel
Authors: SOFER S. , GUTIÉRREZ R. , MORICK D. , MUMCUOGLU K. Y. , HARRUS S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFleas represent an acknowledged burden on dogs worldwide. The characterization of flea species infesting kennel dogs from two localities in Israel (Rehovot and Jerusalem) and their molecular screening for Bartonella species (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae) was investigated. A total of 355 fleas were collected from 107 dogs. The fleas were morphologically classified and molecularly screened targeting the Bartonella 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Of the 107 dogs examined, 80 (74.8%) were infested with Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), 68 (63.6%) with Ctenocephalides felis, 15 (14.0%) with Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) and one (0.9%) with Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Fleas were grouped into 166 pools (one to nine fleas per pool) according to species and host. Thirteen of the 166 flea pools (7.8%) were found to be positive for Bartonella DNA. Detected ITS sequences were 99–100% similar to those of four Bartonella species: Bartonella henselae (six pools); Bartonella elizabethae (five pools); Bartonella rochalimae (one pool), and Bartonella bovis (one pool). The present study indicates the occurrence of a variety of flea species in dogs in Israel; these flea species are, in turn, carriers of several zoonotic Bartonella species. Physicians, veterinarians and public health workers should be aware of the presence of these pathogens in dog fleas in Israel and preventive measures should be implemented.
Accuracy of alveolar bone measurements from cone beam computed tomography acquired using varying settings
Authors: Cook V. C. , Timock A. M. , Crowe J. J. , Wang M. , Covell D. A. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) measurements of buccal alveolar bone height (BBH) and thickness (BBT) using custom acquisition settings.Settings and Sample PopulationSchool of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University. Twelve embalmed cadavers.Materials and MethodsCadaver heads were imaged by CBCT (i‐CAT® 17–19, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) using a ‘long scan’ (LS) setting with 619 projection images, 360° revolution, 26.9 s duration, and 0.2 mm voxel size, and using a ‘short scan’ (SS) setting with 169 projection images, 180° rotation, 4.8 s duration, and 0.3 mm voxel size. BBH and BBT were measured with 65 teeth, indirectly from CBCT images and directly through dissection. Comparisons were assessed using paired t‐tests (p ≤ 0.05). Level of agreement was assessed by concordance correlation coefficients, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Bland–Altman plots.ResultsMean differences in measurements compared to direct measurements were as follows, LS 0.17 ± 0.12 (BBH) and 0.10 ± 0.07 mm (BBT), and SS 0.41 ± 0.32 (BBH) and 0.12 ± 0.11 mm (BBT). No statistical differences were found with any of BBH or BBT measurements. Correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots showed agreement was high between direct and indirect measurement methods, although agreement was stronger for measurements of BBH than BBT.ConclusionsCompared to the LS, the similarity in results with the reduced scan times and hence reduced effective radiation dose, favors use of shorter scans, unless other purposes for higher resolution imaging can be defined.
Characterization of short root anomaly in a Mexican cohort – hereditary idiopathic root malformation
Authors: Puranik C. P. , Hill A. , Henderson Jeffries K. , Harrell S. N. , Taylor R. W. , Frazier‐Bowers S. A. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to systematically characterize individuals with short root anomaly (SRA) without any history of orthodontic treatment. The long‐term objective of the study was to improve diagnosis and treatment planning and determine risk factors for developing SRA.Setting and Sample PopulationTwenty‐seven patients including two families and 16 unrelated individuals from (9–48 years) reported to orthodontic and/or dental practitioners within the USA.Materials and MethodsDigital panoramic and periapical films were analyzed to document pattern and frequency of SRA‐affected teeth. Crown‐to‐root (CR) ratios of the affected teeth were used to characterize the extent of malformation. Pedigree analysis by inspection was completed for one family to determine pattern of inheritance.ResultsTwenty‐six of the twenty‐seven individuals were of Latino descent, and one was of Filipino descent. Hard tissues including enamel, dentin, pulp chambers and canals, and surrounding soft tissues were normal. We found that 25 of 27 individuals had localized SRA and two Latino individuals had generalized SRA. Teeth were affected bilaterally with maxillary central incisors (~63%) and mandibular second premolars most commonly involved (~33%). Affected teeth had a distinct, similar radiographic appearance; in the generalized cases, there was a more severe affection with larger (~twice) CR ratios. Ninety‐four percent of affected individuals did not show a significant difference in the CR ratios at different ages. Pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in one family.ConclusionThis is the first report to show that SRA occurs more frequently in Latino individuals and has a predilection for anterior teeth. The occurrence of SRA in two families further confirms a hereditary component and supports a distinct nosology and nomenclature, hereditary idiopathic root malformation (HIRM) and warrants further investigation.
Infield masticatory muscle activity in subjects with pain‐related temporomandibular disorders diagnoses
Authors: Khawaja S. N. , McCall W. , Dunford R. , Nickel J. C. , Iwasaki L. R. , Crow H. C. , Gonzalez Y. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesPain‐related temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the most prevalent conditions among TMDs. There is contrasting evidence available for association of pain‐related TMD and masticatory muscle activity (MMA). The present investigation assesses the associations between MMA levels of masseter and temporalis muscles during awake and sleep among pain‐related TMD diagnostic groups.Setting and Sample PopulationThe department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, University at Buffalo. Twenty females and six males participated in this study.Material and MethodsUsing the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC‐TMDs), participants were diagnostically categorized. Subjects used a custom monitoring system, which recorded infield muscle activities. A factorial model tested for association between independent variable (muscle, time period, MMA level, and diagnostic group) effects and the logarithm of MMA. Greenhouse–Geisser test was used to determine any statistically significant associations (p ≤ 0.003).ResultsNo statistically significant association was found between four‐way, three‐way, and two‐way analyses. However, among the main effects, range of magnitudes was the only variable to be statistically significant. Although the data suggest a trend of increased masseter MMA in the pain‐related TMD diagnoses group both during awake and sleep time periods, such observation is not maintained for the temporalis muscle. In addition, temporalis MMA was found to be higher in the pain‐related TMD diagnoses group only at extreme activity levels (<25 and ≥80% ranges).ConclusionThis data support the association between masticatory muscle hyperactivity and painful TMD conditions.
Viscoelastic shear properties of porcine temporomandibular joint disc
Authors: Wu Y. , Kuo J. , Wright G. J. , Cisewski S. E. , Wei F. , Kern M. J. , Yao H. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the intrinsic viscoelastic shear properties in porcine TMJ discs.Materials and methodsTwelve fresh porcine TMJ discs from young adult pigs (6–8 months) were used. Cylindrical samples (5 mm diameter) with uniform thickness (~1.2 mm) were prepared from five regions of the TMJ disc. Torsional shear tests were performed under 10% compressive strain. Dynamic shear was applied in two methods: 1) a frequency sweep test over the frequency range of 0.1–10 rad/s with a constant shear strain amplitude of 0.05 rad and 2) a strain sweep test over the range of 0.005–0.15 rad at a constant frequency of 10 rad/s. Transient stress relaxation tests were also performed to determine the equilibrium shear properties.ResultsAs the frequency increased in the frequency sweep test, the dynamic shear complex modulus increased, with values ranging from 7 to 17 kPa. The phase angle, ranging from 11 to 15 degrees, displayed no pattern of regional variation as the frequency increased. The dynamic shear modulus decreased as the shear strain increased. The equilibrium shear modulus had values ranging from 2.6 to 4 kPa. The posterior region had significantly higher values for dynamic shear modulus than those in the anterior region, while no significant regional difference was found for equilibrium shear modulus.ConclusionOur results suggest that the intrinsic region‐dependent viscoelastic shear characteristics of TMJ disc may play a crucial role in determining the local strain of the TMJ disc under mechanical loading.
Personalized and precision orthodontic therapy
Authors: Iwasaki L. R. , Covell D. A. , Frazier‐Bowers S. A. , Kapila S. , Huja S. S. , Nickel J. C. 
Published: April 2015

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo bring together orthodontic stakeholders from academics, industry, and private practice for a series of thematically focused workshops to explore and develop the transfer of novel approaches into clinical orthodontic practice.Setting and sample populationTwenty‐seven invited speakers, eight poster presenters, and participants of the Consortium for Orthodontic Advances in Science and Technology (COAST) 2014 Innovators' Workshop at the Eaglewood Resort and Spa, Itasca, Illinois, September 11–14, 2014.Material and methodsFive themed sessions involving between 4–7 presentations followed by panel discussions were organized. The aims of the discussion sessions were to highlight important findings and consider the strength of evidence for these, indicate next steps and needed research or technological developments to move forward, and to weigh the expected benefits from these findings and steps to implement in clinical practice.ResultsAmong important areas for attention identified were need for multiscale and multispecies modeling and experimentation for interspecies translation of results; large‐scale collaborative efforts within the profession to address the need for adequate sample sizes for future genetic studies of complex traits such as malocclusion; a consortium approach to improve new technologies such as intra‐oral scanning and 3D imaging by establishing standards; and harnessing the growing body of knowledge about bone biology for application in orthodontics.ConclusionsWith increased awareness of the potential of current and emerging technologies, translation of personalized and precision approaches in the field of orthodontics holds ever‐increasing promise.
Clinical findings in 10 children with H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection
Authors: Kakuya Fujio , Kinebuchi Takahiro , Fujiyasu Hiroaki , Tanaka Ryosuke , Okubo Hitoshi , Kano Hiroki 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the clinical effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors against H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. A cluster of H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with cross‐resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir was detected among untreated community patients in Hokkaido, Japan, during the 2013–2014 influenza season.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study. Specimens from nasopharyngeal swabs underwent rapid testing and single‐nucleotide polymorphism identification on real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We collected clinical data from the H275Y group and a 275H wild‐type comparison group. All children were given one of four neuraminidase inhibitors.ResultsTwenty‐eight children infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were analyzed. Ten viruses had the H275Y substitution, while the other 18 had wild‐type 275H. Mean fever duration after treatment and after onset was 25.3 h (95%CI: 14.1–36.5) and 48.9 h (95%CI: 34.4–63.3) in the H275Y group, respectively, and 26.1 h (95%CI: 18.7–33.6) and 46.3 h (95%CI: 35.7–56.8) in the 275H group, respectively. In the H275Y group, three patients were treated with oseltamivir, one with peramivir, five with zanamivir, and one with laninamivir. All of them had mild symptoms and received only outpatient care. Fever duration was 7.5–21.0 h and 18.0–66.0 h after treatment and after onset, respectively, in the patients treated with oseltamivir and peramivir, and 20.5–42.0 h and 42.0–88.0 h, respectively, in those treated with zanamivir and laninamivir.ConclusionFever in the H275Y children treated with oseltamivir and peramivir resolved rapidly during the 2013–2014 influenza season.
Anticancer Drugs in End‐Stage Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Janus Nicolas , Launay‐Vacher Vincent 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe increased incidence of malignancies in patients with chronic kidney patients and especially in end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients has been discussed since the mid‐1970s. Consequently, oncologists, nephrologists, and pharmacists are increasingly facing challenging situations of cytotoxic drug handling in dialysis patients because of pharmacokinetic modifications. In these patients, two main issues must be considered. First, the absence of renal function in hemodialysis (HD) patients may necessitate drug dosage reduction. Therefore, drug prescription must be cautiously checked before administration with appropriate dosage adjustment whenever necessary to ensure efficacy while avoiding overdosage and related side effects. Second, drug clearance by dialysis session must be taken into account for appropriate chemotherapy timing administration to avoid drug removal, which may result in a loss of efficacy. These two main considerations must not be considered as a contra‐indication to chemotherapy in ESKD patients, but more as a need for an individualized prescription according to available recommendations.
Serum biochemical reference intervals for free‐living Sand Tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) from east Australian waters
Authors: Otway Nicholas M. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundSharks are top‐order predators in ocean food chains and the star attractions in aquaria worldwide. Unfortunately, blood biochemistry reference intervals (RI) have been determined for few species.ObjectiveThe study aims to establish serum biochemical RI for free‐living Sand Tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) off eastern Australia.MethodsThirty‐seven sharks were captured and their sex, length, weight, reproductive maturity, and health status were recorded. After blood collection, serum analytes were quantified using standard analytical and statistical methods. Reference intervals, means, medians, and 90% confidence intervals were generated. Physiologic data from live and necropsied sharks were used to enhance the study results.ResultsThirty healthy sharks were included in the study. Albumin could not be detected. With the exception of ALP activity, values were unaffected by sex, length, weight, age, and life‐history stage. The means (RI) were: sodium 258 (249–267) mmol/L, potassium 5.0 (4.3–5.7) mmol/L, chloride 242 (227–257) mmol/L, inorganic phosphate 1.8 (1.7–2.0) mmol/L, total calcium 3.9 (3.3–4.4) mmol/L, magnesium 1.9 (1.6–2.2) mmol/L, glucose 2.7 (2.2–3.2) mmol/L, urea 377 (360–394) mmol/L, ALP 20 (8–31) U/L, ALT 3 U/L (no RI), AST 29 (13–45) U/L, CK 42 (5–79) U/L, total protein 30 (24–36) g/L, triglyceride 0.3 (0.1–0.6) mmol/L, cholesterol 1.4 (0.9–2.1) mmol/L, creatinine 32 μmol/L (no RI), total bilirubin 1.5 μmol/L (no RI), and osmolarity 1082 (1027–1136) mmol/L.ConclusionsThese preliminary RI will assist with the clinical evaluation and treatment of captive and free‐living Sand Tiger sharks worldwide. Studies with more animals will increase the precision of upper and lower reference limits.