bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addition of boranes to (E)-(η5-C5H5)2Zr(CH=CHPh)Cl
Authors: Ferland Patrick , Prosser Kathleen , Bourque Jeremy , Edwards Ian , Hamilton Nathan , Joyce Lori , Finniss Mathew , Yorke Scott , Vogels Christopher , Fontaine Frédéric-Georges , Decken Andreas , Westcott Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In this study, the addition of boranes to (E)-(η5-C5H5)2Zr(CH=CHPh)Cl (3) has been examined in order to investigate the regioselectivity of these ‘hydroboration’ reactions. We have found that these additions proceed with remarkable selectivity to give exclusive formation of a saturated organic molecule where one carbon atom has both the boron and the zirconium fragments. These reactions do not proceed via a conventional hydroboration reaction, but instead go through an initial transmetalation step to generate (E)-(η5-C5H5)2Zr(H)Cl (1) and the corresponding alkenyl boron intermediate, whereupon subsequent hydrozirconation of this latter species gives the geminal products. An x-ray diffraction study has been conducted on gem-(η5-C5H5)2Zr(CH(Bpin)CH2Ph)Cl (pin = 1, 2-O2C2Me4) (2). Crystals of 2 were orthorhombic with a = 18.545(3) Å, b = 15.713(3) Å, c = 16.157(3) Å in the space group Pccn. An x-ray diffraction study has also been conducted on the trinuclear zirconium oxide species (η5-C5H5)2ZrO2[ZrCl(η5-C5H5)2]2(4). Crystals of 4 were orthorhombic with a = 13.6000(8) Å, b = 14.2252(8) Å, c = 17.6500(10) Å in the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1).
The use of mass spectrometry in obstetric and gynecology
Authors: Ilia Gheorghe , Crasmareanu Eleonora , Pascut Dan , Darabanti Laura , Simulescu Vasile 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The present review shows the utility of using mass spectrometry (MS) in obstetrics and gynecology. In this review different gas chromatography / mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry methods developed before to be used in obstetrics and gynecology are described. These methods are very useful to determine different hormones in pregnancy, fatty acids esters (related to the use of ethanol) in human meconium and toxic compounds in umbilical cord (as ethanol, steroids, morphine, cocaine, methadone and other drugs). It is also shown in this review the progress during last decades in the field of using mass spectrometry in obstetrics and gynecology (for screening in utero exposure of the child to alcohol, drugs and other toxic compounds). In the field of using mass spectrometry in obstetrics and gynecology are still many problems to solve. For example, the detection of fatty acids esters in meconium has several limitations, which affects the results. One limitation is multiple births. Also in fetal distress, meconium may be passed before birth, and in this case, the collection is impossible. Moreover the meconium is formed starting from the fourth month of pregnancy, so the fetal exposure at any toxic compounds during the first three months cannot be detected at all. To solve all of these, the best would be to combine the results obtained from meconium, with other results obtained from pregnancy serum, placenta or umbilical cord. The main reason for using MS in obstetrics and gynecology is that MS is a noninvasive and a complementary method. It offers the results at a very early point in time, even before the act of birth. Sometimes the use of mass spectrometry is the only alternative. This shows that these methods are of great interest for the future and need to be developed further.
Direct Alloreactivity Is More Susceptible to Regulation by Natural Regulatory T Cells Than Indirect Alloreactivity
Authors: Noël Grégory , Belghith Meriam , Bélanger Benoit , Leduc Caroline , Daniel Claude 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The contribution of natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) in controlling graft rejection and the mechanism used remain controversial. Using the duality of the 2.102 TCR Ag recognition, we were able to study, for the first time to our knowledge, the involvement of nTregs in the two pathways of allorecognition in a murine adoptive transfer model in which TCR-transgenic nTregs were or were not depleted before transplantation. We show that nTregs used at a physiological ratio were able to delay graft rejection after direct alloreactivity by controlling proliferation and differentiation of alloreactive CD4+ conventional T cells in draining lymph nodes. In contrast, similar results were found in the indirect alloreactivity pathway only when nTregs were used in high numbers. In the latter pathway, nTregs used at a physiological ratio failed to delay graft rejection and to control proliferation of conventional T cells. These results support recent therapeutic approaches aimed at producing and using in vitro Ag-specific Foxp3+ nTregs to control graft rejection in transplantation. Finally, late inhibition of Th1 differentiation was shown in indirect alloreactivity, but this suppression could also be mediated by Foxp3+-induced Tregs.
Delta-like Ligand 4 Identifies a Previously Uncharacterized Population of Inflammatory Dendritic Cells That Plays Important Roles in Eliciting Allogeneic T Cell Responses in Mice
Authors: Mochizuki Kazuhiro , Xie Fang , He Shan , Tong Qing , Liu Yongnian , Mochizuki Izumi , Guo Yajun , Kato Koji , Yagita Hideo , Mineishi Shin , Zhang Yi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) reflects an exaggerated inflammatory allogeneic T cell response in hosts receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Inhibition of pan-Notch receptor signaling in donor T cells causes reduction of GVHD. However, which Notch ligand(s) in what APCs is important for priming graft-versus-host reaction remains unknown. We demonstrate that δ-like ligand-4 (Dll4) and Dll4-positive (Dll4high) inflammatory dendritic cells (i-DCs) play important roles in eliciting allogeneic T cell responses. Host-type Dll4high i-DCs occurred in the spleen and intestine of HSCT mice during GVHD induction phase. These Dll4high i-DCs were CD11c+B220+PDCA-1+, resembling plasmacytoid dentritic cells (pDCs) of naive mice. However, as compared with unstimulated pDCs, Dll4high i-DCs expressed higher levels of costimulatory molecules, Notch ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2, and CD11b, and produced more Ifnb and Il23 but less Il12. In contrast, Dll4-negative (Dll4low) i-DCs were CD11c+B220−PDCA-1−, and had low levels of Jagged1. In vitro assays showed that Dll4high i-DCs induced significantly more IFN-γ– and IL-17–producing effector T cells (3- and 10-fold, respectively) than Dll4low i-DCs. This effect could be blocked by anti-Dll4 Ab. In vivo administration of Dll4 Ab reduced donor-alloreactive effector T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in GVHD target organs, leading to reduction of GVHD and improved survival of mice after allogeneic HSCT. Our findings indicate that Dll4high i-DCs represent a previously uncharacterized i-DC population distinctive from steady state DCs and Dll4low i-DCs. Furthermore, Dll4 and Dll4high i-DCs may be beneficial targets for modulating allogeneic T cell responses, and could facilitate the discovery of human counterparts of mouse Dll4high i-DCs.
Loss of T Cell Progenitor Checkpoint Control Underlies Leukemia Initiation in Rag1-Deficient Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Yui Mary A. , Feng Ni , Zhang Jingli A. , Liaw Chen Yee , Rothenberg Ellen V. , Longmate Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
NOD mice exhibit major defects in the earliest stages of T cell development in the thymus. Genome-wide genetic and transcriptome analyses were used to investigate the origins and consequences of an early T cell developmental checkpoint breakthrough in Rag1-deficient NOD mice. Quantitative trait locus analysis mapped the presence of checkpoint breakthrough cells to several known NOD diabetes susceptibility regions, particularly insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility genes (Idd)9/11 on chromosome 4, suggesting common genetic origins for T cell defects affecting this trait and autoimmunity. Genome-wide RNA deep-sequencing of NOD and B6 Rag1-deficient thymocytes revealed the effects of genetic background prior to breakthrough, as well as the cellular consequences of the breakthrough. Transcriptome comparison between the two strains showed enrichment in differentially expressed signal transduction genes, prominently tyrosine kinase and actin-binding genes, in accord with their divergent sensitivities to activating signals. Emerging NOD breakthrough cells aberrantly expressed both stem cell–associated proto-oncogenes, such as Lmo2, Hhex, Lyl1, and Kit, which are normally repressed at the commitment checkpoint, and post–β-selection checkpoint genes, including Cd2 and Cd5. Coexpression of genes characteristic of multipotent progenitors and more mature T cells persists in the expanding population of thymocytes and in the thymic leukemias that emerge with age in these mice. These results show that Rag1-deficient NOD thymocytes have T cell defects that can collapse regulatory boundaries at two early T cell checkpoints, which may predispose them to both leukemia and autoimmunity.
Anthemus and Hippias: The Policy of Amyntas I
Authors: Xydopoulos I. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe offer of the Anthemus region to the expelled Athenian tyrant Hippias by the king of Macedon, Amyntas I, illuminates aspects of the latter’s policy in the last decade of the sixth century B.C.E. This policy was connected with the interpersonal relationship between Amyntas and the Pisistratids as well as with the Persian presence in Thrace (Macedon was a client kingdom to Persia since 513-512 B.C.E.). By making this offer and by helping a prominent Athenian who had pro-Persian leanings, Amyntas was clearly showing his loyalty to Persia, hoping to get the maximum benefit for his kingdom.
Cockfighting and the Iconography of Panathenaic Amphorae
Authors: Eckerman Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article offers a new interpretation of the ’enigmatic’ cock columns on Panathenaic amphorae, suggesting that the vases portray votive monuments celebrating victories in cockfights. In support of this interpretation, the author uses an epigram of Callimachus, which describes such a monument, contemporary Athenian and non-Athenian votive monuments, which include victory monuments, iconographic analogues, as well as the historical importance of cockfighting in Athenian life. This interpretation stresses the symbolic congruence between the decoration and function of Panathenaic amphorae.
Plutarch on the Statesman: Stability, Change, and Regret
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores Plutarch’s views of consistent and inconsistent behavior, suggesting that he finds the latter deeply problematic, particularly in the context of the Lives, where statesmen ought to have educated themselves properly before entering into public life; the Moralia offer a more "philosophical" paradigm, in which improvement can be valued as part of a maturation process. After summarizing Plutarch’s beliefs about the formation and deformation of character, I examine several Lives in which the protagonist is seen as inconsistent (Coriolanus, Themistocles, Demosthenes, Cicero, and Alcibiades), showing Plutarch’s different strategies for compensating for what he sees as a character flaw.
Agesilaus and the Case of the Lame Dancer
Authors: Sansone David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe works of Plutarch contain two anecdotes (Moralia 18d and 191f = 219e) concerning an otherwise unknown Spartan named Damonidas. Each of these anecdotes is found elsewhere applied to a variety of other named individuals, including Agesilaus (Xen. Ages. 2.17). The relationships among these anecdotes are examined and the conclusion is drawn that, in each case, the likelihood is that the other versions are derivative of the version concerning Damonidas. Acceptance of the argument entails a renewed questioning of the authenticity of Xenophon’s Agesilaus.
Imperial and Rhetorical Hunting in Pliny’sPanegyricus
Authors: Manolaraki Eleni 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Hellenistic cultures, hunting is the royal sport par excellence. To the Romans, however, it is a potentially self-indulgent distraction for any uir militaris. Pliny addresses the topic in his Panegyricus to infuse positive biographical, political, and cultural meaning into Trajan’s favorite pastime. By redefining hunting, Pliny neutralizes potential criticism of the emperor’s sport, alchemizes personal anecdote into political metaphor, and adds volume and biographical originality to his portrait of the optimus princeps.
Inpatient health care utilization by children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney involvement
Authors: Tanzer Marie , Tran Cheryl , Messer Kassandra L. , Kroeker Amber , Herreshoff Emily , Wickman Larysa , Harkness Courtney , Song Peter , Gipson Debbie S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate inpatient health care utilization for children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with and without kidney disease.MethodsThe Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for the years 2000, 2003, and 2006 was used for this analysis. SLE hospitalizations from the 2006 cohort were identified and classified as those with versus without kidney involvement by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Analyses were performed to examine determinants of hospitalization charges and changes in charges over time.ResultsIn the US, 7,390 SLE‐related pediatric hospitalizations generated $267 million in total charges in 2006. Of these, 4,193 discharges had kidney involvement. The average hospitalization charge was greater for SLE patients with kidney involvement compared to those without kidney involvement ($43,100 versus $28,500; P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, kidney involvement remained a significant predictor of hospitalization charges, independent of demographic and hospital characteristics (P < 0.0001). SLE‐associated acute kidney failure, transplant, and end‐stage kidney disease resulted in greater hospitalization charges than SLE without kidney involvement by $74,900 (P < 0.0001), $32,700 (P = 0.0002), and $27,400 (P < 0.0001), respectively.ConclusionIn the US, >7,000 hospitalizations occurred in 2006 among children with SLE, with nearly 57% demonstrating kidney involvement. Kidney involvement is a major determinant of hospitalization charges for these children. This study represents one of the first large‐scale assessments of in‐hospital health care utilization by children with SLE.
In Situ Qualitative Inspection of Hole Exit Delamination at Bottom‐Ply during Drilling of Woven CFRP Epoxy Composite Laminates
Authors: Faraz Ali , Biermann Dirk 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExploiting very high speed digital videography, an in situ examination of the hole exit delamination at the bottom‐most ply during drilling holes in the selected woven CFRP epoxy laminates is presented. At the beginning, a rotating elastic bulge of the carbon fibers at the bottom‐ply, which is just the impression of the protruding drill chisel edge, was always observed. Following the elastic bulging, a few, initial cracks along the weak fiber/matrix interfaces appeared. Thereafter, tensile failures in the carbon fibers were seen. The exact location of the initiation of these fiber failures specifically depends on the actual drill‐hole position with respect to the woven configuration of the bottom‐ply. A visual model for the weak interstitial or undulated regions at the bottom‐ply is also proposed in this paper, showing the undulating fibers, which are susceptible to mostly tensile failures under the drilling loads. During a sub‐completion drilling‐phase at the bottom‐ply, various cracks were seen to be propagating mostly via linear paths. Also, the exit delamination at the bottom‐ply during a sub‐completion drilling‐phase was always observed as to be divided into various small, independent localized contours—each of which propagated almost independently through within several individual warps/wefts during drill‐feed. Also, the shape of each such tiny contour within a single warp/weft was identified as elliptic, which is observed around an entire drill‐hole in unidirectional (UD) composites as reported in literature. It was also observed that the overhanging cantilever‐like fibers at the bottom‐ply are really difficult to cut, once their base‐location or their exit delamination contour reaches outside the hole nominal diameter. Moreover, by referring to some very basic cutting angle configurations for the orthogonal trimming of UD‐composites as found rarely in archival literature, an illustrative model diagram is also proposed for the drilling of the selected laminate material. This idea is also approximately validated via a few visual observations. The proposed visual model is generally an attempt in correlating the observed peripheral hole quality (delamination) with various instantaneous tool/fiber engagement configurations occurring across the entire drill‐hole periphery at the bottom‐ply, during the very last drilling‐phase.
Dynamic Doping in Planar Ionic Transition Metal Complex‐Based Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Meier Sebastian B. , van Reenen Stephan , Lefevre Bastien , Hartmann David , Bolink Henk J. , Winnacker Albrecht , Sarfert Wiebke , Kemerink Martijn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUsing a planar electrode geometry, the operational mechanism of iridium(III) ionic transition metal complex (iTMC)‐based light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) is studied by a combination of fluorescence microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). Applying a bias to the LECs leads to the quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) in between the electrodes and to a sharp drop of the electrostatic potential in the middle of the device, far away from the contacts. The results shed light on the operational mechanism of iTMC‐LECs and demonstrate that these devices work essentially the same as LECs based on conjugated polymers do, i.e., according to an electrochemical doping mechanism. Moreover, with proceeding operation time the potential drop shifts towards the cathode coincident with the onset of light emission. During prolonged operation the emission zone and the potential drop both migrate towards the anode. This event is accompanied by a continuous quenching of the PL in two distinct regions separated by the emission line.
Short Synthetic β‐Sheet Forming Peptide Amphiphiles as Broad Spectrum Antimicrobials with Antibiofilm and Endotoxin Neutralizing Capabilities
Authors: Ong Zhan Yuin , Gao Shu Jun , Yang Yi Yan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough naturally occurring membrane lytic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their analogs hold enormous promise for antibiotics‐resistant infectious disease therapies, significant challenges such as systemic toxicities, long peptide sequences, poor understanding of structure‐activity relationships, and the potential for compromising innate host defense immunity have greatly limited their clinical applicability. To improve the clinical potential of AMPs, a facile approach is adopted to design a series of short synthetic β‐sheet folding peptide amphiphiles comprised of short recurring (X1Y1X2Y2)n‐NH2 sequences, where X1 and X2: hydrophobic residues (Val, Ile, Phe or Trp), Y1 and Y2: cationic residues (Arg or Lys), and n: number of repeat units; with systematic variations to the cationic and hydrophobic residues to obtain optimized AMP sequences bearing minimal resemblance to naturally occurring sequences. The designed β‐sheet forming peptides exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activities against various clinically relevant microorganisms, including Gram‐positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast Candida albicans, with excellent selectivities for microbial membranes. Optimal synthetic peptides with n = 2 and n = 3 repeat units, i.e., (IRIK)2‐NH2 and (IRVK)3‐NH2, efficiently inhibit sessile biofilm bacteria growth leading to biomass reduction. Additionally, sequences with n = 3 repeat units effectively neutralize endotoxins while causing minimal cytotoxicities. Taken together, these findings clearly demonstrate that the rationally designed synthetic β‐sheet folding peptides are highly selective, non‐cytotoxic at antimicrobial levels and have tremendous potential for use as broad spectrum antimicrobial agents to overcome multidrug resistance in a wide range of localized, systemic, or external therapeutic applications.
Effects of social status and stress on patterns of gastrointestinal parasitism in wild white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Gillespie Thomas R. , Barelli Claudia , Heistermann Michael 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough gibbons (family Hylobatidae) are typically monogamous, polyandrous groups occur regularly. Stress associated with elevated intragroup competition among males in polyandrous groups may increase susceptibility to infectious disease. To better understand this interplay, as well as to provide the first comprehensive assessment of parasitism in free‐ranging gibbons, we characterized the richness of gastrointestinal parasites and examined their prevalence in males from 14 groups (10 pair‐living, 4 multi‐male) of white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. From September 2008 to May 2009, 324 fecal samples were collected from 23 individually recognizable male gibbons and screened for gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa after isolation via fecal floatation, sedimentation, and immunofluorescent antibody detection. A total of 10 parasite species recovered, including seven nematodes, two protozoans, and one trematode. Parasite richness and species‐specific prevalence were examined relative to social organization (pair‐living vs. multi‐male), male status (primary vs. secondary), age (subadult, adult, senior), fecal glucocorticoid levels, and time of the year. No relationship was found between parasite richness and sociodemographic or physiological factors. Similarly, prevalence of infection with parasite species was not associated with the majority of sociodemographic factors; however, Ternidens sp. and Balantidium coli varied seasonally and Trichuris sp. decreased with increasing age. Moreover, observational data suggest that competition is low in this gibbon population, and our findings are consistent with those observations in that cooperative defense may offset stress and reduce susceptibility to infection. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:602–608, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.