bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of medicine ball toss tests as clinical measures of core strength
Authors: Sell Mallory A. , Abt John P. , Sell Timothy C. , Keenan Karen A. , Allison Katelyn F. , Lovalekar Mita T. , Lephart Scott M. 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND: Core strengthening is a significant component of training programs utilized to optimize athletic performance, reduce injury, and facilitate return from injury. Reliable and valid clinical measures of core strength are necessary to determine the effectiveness of these programs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine the reliability and validity of three medicine ball toss tests (MBTs). METHODS: A total of 20 healthy, physically active individuals participated. Session one included isokinetic strength testing (trunk flexion/extension, and right/left rotation) and MBTs (forward, backward, and right/left rotation); session two included only the MBTs. Average peak torque during strength testing and the average distance of three MBTs in each direction were analyzed. Intraclass correlations were calculated to determine the reliability of the MBTs between sessions, while validity between MBTs and strength was assessed though Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Significant ICCs were observed between forward, backward, and right/left rotation MBTs (ICC = 0.835; ICC = 0.835; ICC = 0.870; ICC = 0.909; p< 0.001, respectively). No significant correlations were observed between the MBTs and corresponding measures of strength. CONCLUSION: Results illustrate that MBTs have excellent reliability but are not related to isokinetic strength as measured by average peak torque. This lack of relationship may be due to differences in muscles examined, contraction type, and/or motion performed.
Use of a variable-cam for strength training of the elbow flexors
Authors: Staniszewski Michaƚ , Urbanik Czesƚaw , Mastalerz Andrzej , Lutosƚawska Grażyna , Iwańska Dagmara , Madej Anna , Karczewska Magdalena , Tkaczyk Joanna 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND: Muscle strength depends among other factors on its length, i.e., the angular position of the joint it spans. However, these relationship is often neglected in the construction of training machines. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a variable-cam during strength training. METHODS: Thirty-two men divided into two groups participated in an 8-week intensive strength training of elbow flexors. One group (C) trained on a machine with a cam developed in the shape corresponding to the strength change characteristics of flexor muscles as a function of the angular position in the elbow joint. The second group (D) trained on a machine with a disc plate. The effects of the training were evaluated on the basis of changes in the value of PT measured under isokinetic conditions, anthropometric parameters, and CK activity. RESULTS: After the end of the training, a significant increase in the values of the PT and anthropometric parameters were observed only in group C. Weekly changes of CK activity appeared only in the group exercising with a cam, while in the group exercising on the machine with a disc plate, the two-day rest turned out to be too short for the elimination of the CK molecules from the blood to occur. CONCLUSIONS: Strength training using a machine with a muscle-specific adjusted cam is especially effective in the case of the elbow flexors.
Differences of activation pattern and damage in elbow flexor muscle after isokinetic eccentric contractions
Authors: Tsuchiya Yosuke , Kikuchi Naoki , Shirato Minayuki , Ochi Eisuke 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND: Eccentric contractions (ECC)-induced muscle damage and activation pattern are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activation level and damage in each muscle and site after ECC. METHODS: Eleven men performed 30 isokinetic ECC of the elbow flexors. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion of the elbow joint (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS), transverse relaxation time (T2), and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured immediately before, immediately after, and 1, 3, 5 days after ECC. RESULTS: MVC and ROM significantly decreased while DOMS significantly increased until 3 days after ECC. The CSA of the brachialis significantly increased after ECC. The T2 in biceps brachii and middle and distal brachialis increased significantly at post (p< 0.01) day 1 (middle; p< 0.01, distal; biceps brachii, p< 0.05, brachialis, p< 0.01), and day 3 (middle; p< 0.01, distal; biceps brachii, p< 0.05, brachialis, p< 0.01). In addition, after 5 days only the distal brachialis has shown a significant increase(p< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Following maximal ECC the activation pattern and muscle damage differ among the elbow flexors depending upon the individual muscle and site of recording.
Eccentric resistance training of the knee extensor muscle: Training programs and neuromuscular adaptations
Authors: Baroni Bruno Manfredini , Pinto Ronei Silveira , Herzog Walter , Vaz Marco Aurélio 
Published: August 2015

PURPOSE: This review is aimed at describing the methods used in knee extensor eccentric resistance training in healthy subjects and at evaluating the adaptations in strength, activation and structure of this muscle group. METHODS: Seventy-five studies were carefully analyzed and 30 are considered in this review. RESULTS: Training programs comprised of 1-4 sessions per week for a period ranging from four to 20 weeks with isokinetic dynamometers or conventional strength training machines were considered. Isokinetic eccentric training programs included 1-6 sets of 6-12 repetitions, while isotonic eccentric training programs consisted of 3-7 sets of 5-10 repetitions. Eccentric strength gains per training session (0.45-3.42%) were typically found to be greater compared to isometric (0.08-1.30%) and concentric (0.23-1.44%) strength gains. Quadriceps activation was improved in tests performed eccentrically and isometrically, but there is poor evidence of increased concentric activation and reduced co-activation of antagonistic muscles. Regarding muscle structure, significant hypertrophic responses have been demonstrated through increases in anatomical/physiological cross-sectional area, muscle thickness and fiber diameter. Most studies measuring muscle architectural changes reported increased fascicle lengths without changes in pennation angle. Adaptations in fiber type distribution were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Strength gains following knee extensor eccentric training are caused by neural and structural adaptations, and may contribute to physical fitness in healthy populations and health improvement in patients.
Analyzing usage: Visualizing end-user workflows to drive product development
Authors: Montagano Pierre 
Published: August 2015

Abstract This article illustrates the importance of harvesting usage analytics to improve user experience on a platform. In the shift from print to digital, user engagement has replaced content as the key contributor of growth. Visualizing end-user workflows through a content platform allows organizations to understand what features contribute to higher engagement or just clutter the interface and negatively affect usage.
The excavation of two short cist burials at Broomlands, Kelso
Authors: McLaren Dawn , Wilson Donald , Melikian Melissa , Hunter Fraser , Troalen Lore 
Published: August 2015

Two stone-built short cists were excavated in Broomlands, Kelso, by AOC Archaeology Group under the Historic Scotland Call-off Contract for Human Remains.A single poorly preserved adult inhumation was recovered from one cist, along with a small intrusive disc-shaped perforated oil shale object. The inhumation was dated to 2340–2120 cal BC. The second cist contained heavily damaged and fragmentary unburnt bones from two adults. Radiocarbon dates suggest one individual, the principal interment in the cist, dates to 2030–1750 BC and the second individual was interred much later, between 930 and 800 cal BC.
Etiopathogenesis of Basedow's disease
Authors: Leporati P. , Groppelli G. , Zerbini F. , Rotondi M. , Chiovato L. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBasedow's disease (BD) owes its name to the German physician Karl Adolph von Basedow, who described in 1840 the clinical picture of exophthalmic toxic goitre. More than one century after the seminal paper of Karl von Basedow, the ultimate cause of BD remains to be fully elucidated. In the last years, evidence was accumulated indicating that BD is a polygenic and multifactorial disease that develops as a result of a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental and endogenous factors, which leads to the loss of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens and in particular to the TSH receptor.Our aim is to review the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of BD. To this purpose, we will firstly focus our attention on the role of genetic factors (the HLA complex, the genes encoding for thyroglobulin, the TSH receptor, CD40, CTLA-4 and PTPN22), and of environmental factors (iodine, infections, psychological stress, gender, smoking, thyroid damage, vitamin D, selenium, immune modulating agents) as possible causes of BD. Taking advantage of the experimental animal models of BD, we will then focus on the immunological mechanisms leading to the loss of tolerance in BD. The pathogenic role played by the chemokine system will be also reviewed.
Biomarkers Associated with Vascular Calcification in Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Ramirez-Sandoval Juan C. , Casanova Ivan , Villar Alejandro , Gomez F. Enrique , Cruz Cristino , Correa-Rotter Ricardo 
Published: August 2015

Background Vascular calcification is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, some factors related to vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), magnesium, and phosphate clearance with vascular calcification in PD subjects, assessed by plain radiographs. Methods Simple vascular calcification scores (SVCS) obtained from plain X-rays of the pelvis and hands, and the Kauppila Index (KI) from lateral lumbar X-rays were assessed in 76 adults receiving PD for ≥ 6 months (43 women, median age 39 years, median time on PD 1.4 years). Levels of OPG, OPN, OCN, and FGF-23 were determined by luminometry. Results Serum OPG levels were higher in subjects with vascular calcification ( n = 22 with SVCS > 3; n = 19 with KI > 7) compared with those with less calcification ( p < 0.001). Spearman's correlation coefficients between OPG and SVCS and KI were r = 0.49 and r = 0.51, respectively (both p < 0.001). Subjects with vascular calcification had significantly lower renal phosphate clearance. Multiple regression analysis showed that vascular calcification assessed by SVCS was associated with age ( r = 0.2, p = 0.042), diabetes mellitus ( r = 2.4, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) ( r = 0.09, p = 0.037), and OPG ( r = 0.22, p = 0.001). Vascular calcification assessed by KI was associated with age ( r = 0.16, p < 0.001), time on PD ( r = 0.54, p = 0.001) and OPG ( r = 0.08, p = 0.04). Osteocalcin, OPN, FGF-23, and magnesium were not associated with vascular calcification. Conclusions Higher levels of OPG were consistently associated with vascular calcification in subjects on PD.
Volume-Based Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription Guide to Achieve Adequacy Targets
Authors: Akonur Alp , Firanek Catherine A. , Gellens Mary E. , Hutchcraft Audrey M. , Kathuria Pranay , Sloand James A. 
Published: August 2015

Background The use of automated and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (APD and CAPD) prescriptions (Rxs) to achieve adequate uremic toxin and fluid removal targets is important for attaining optimal patient outcomes. One approach for predicting such Rxs is the use of kinetic modeling. Methods Demographic data and peritoneal membrane characteristics derived from a peritoneal equilibration test (PET) were available from 1,005 patients in North American centers who participated in a national adequacy initiative in 1999. Twelve patient subgroups were identified according to peritoneal membrane transport type and tertiles of total body water, assumed equal to urea distribution volume (Vurea). Each patient was then modeled using PD Adequest 2.0 to be treated by 12 CAPD and 34 APD Rxs using both glucose and icodextrin solutions to achieve adequacy targets of weekly urea Kt/V of 1.7 and 1 L of daily ultrafiltration (UF). Residual kidney function (RKF) was assumed to be 0, 2, 4, and 6 mL/min. Feasible peritoneal dialysis (PD) Rxs were identified where: 1) the 95% confidence limit achieved the goal of meeting the targets for urea Kt/V, daily UF, and both in 85%, 75%, and 70% of patients, respectively; 2) average PD solution dextrose concentration was < 2.5%; and 3) the number of daytime exchanges was minimized. Results Feasible PD Rxs were similar when RKF was ≥ 2 mL/min, allowing condensed recommendations based on RKF ≥ 2 mL/min or < 2 mL/min. Individuals with lower or slower membrane transport required relatively greater 24-h solution volumes to achieve adequacy targets when RKF fell below 2 mL/min. With increasing Vurea, there was disproportionately greater dependence on RKF to achieve targets. While multiple Rxs achieving urea Kt/V and daily UF goals were identified for all membrane transport types, use of icodextrin in the long dwell reduced the need for a midday exchange in APD, glucose exposure, required fill and 24-h dwell volumes, irrespective of RKF and Vurea. While these benefits were most notable in high and high-average transporters, similar results were also seen in low and low-average transporters. Conclusions Kinetic modeling identified multiple APD and CAPD Rxs that achieved adequate uremic solute and fluid removal for patients, irrespective of RKF and Vurea. Use of icodextrin rather than glucose in the long dwell reduced the complexity of the PD regimen, total glucose exposure, and 24-h total treatment solution volumes. Irrespective of modeling, adequacy of any PD prescription should be based upon individual clinical evaluation both for volume and solute removal.
A new species and new records of Molophilus Curtis, 1833 (Diptera: Limoniidae) from the Western Palaearctic Region
Authors: Kolcsár Levente-Péter , Török Edina , Keresztes Lujza 
Published: August 2015

Molophilus Curtis, 1833 is the most species-rich Limoniidae genus with a total number of 1006 species and subspecies, from which 97 are recorded in the Western-Palaearctic region so far. However new species are still expected from less investigated regions, like the Balkans or the Eastern Europe.
In the present article, we desrcibe a new limonid crane fly species, Molophilus balcanicus Kolcsár sp. n. from the Central Balkan area (Bulgaria). This new taxa is closely related to M. serpentiger Edwards, 1938 and M. variispinus Starý​, 1971 based on the external male genital structures, but differs from its siblings mostly in the structure of the inner and outer gonostylus. Additionally, a number of species are reported for the first time from various European countries, like M. variispinus Starý, 1971 and M. occultus de Meijere, 1918 from Romania; M. crassipygus de Meijere 1918, M. obsoletus Lackschewitz, 1940 and M. medius de Meijere, 1918 from Greece; M. flavus Goetghebuer, 1920 from Andorra; M. cinereifrons de Meijere, 1920 from Bulgaria and M. corniger Meijere, 1920 from Spain.
Erythematous candidiasis leading to systemic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection with secondary syphilis: A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma
Authors: Suvirya Swastika , Gandhi Rahul , Agarwal Jyotsana , Patil Ranjitkumar 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThe intensification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and rising frequency of immunocompromised individuals have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections. The most common opportunistic oral fungal infection in HIV-positive individuals is oral candidiasis. The classical presentation is as white scrapable form called as thrush, which is easily diagnosed and treated. The clinician is presented with a diagnostic and management dilemma when these lesions appear in new facades such as erythematous candidiasis, the latter's prevalence with HIV and AIDS being well established. In this case report, we present a case of Erythematous Candidiasis, which was associated with type 1 HIV co-infected with syphilis. We highlight the diagnostic importance of a naive looking manifestation of the tongue which was followed by a series of challenging presentations of secondary syphilis. Since the patient had a negative Veneral Disease Research Laboratory and left us with a management dilemma, the article also features the importance of prozone phenomenon (seen in 2% cases of secondary syphilis), and it's higher association with HIV co-infected individuals. With confusing clinical oral manifestations associated with these diseases, the dentist might be the first person to encounter such lesions, who should be able to recognize erythematous candidiasis and correlate them with the underlying pathology.
Stress distribution of endodontically treated teeth with titanium alloy post and carbon fiber post with different alveolar bone height: A three-dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Singh S. Vijay , Bhat Manohar , Gupta Saurabh , Sharma Deepak , Satija Harsha , Sharma Sumeet 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Objective: A three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) on the stress distribution of endodontically treated teeth with titanium alloy post and carbon fiber post with different alveolar bone height. Materials and Methods: The 3D model was fabricated using software to represent an endodontically treated mandibular second premolar with post and restored with a full ceramic crown restoration, which was then analyzed using FEA using FEA ANSYS Workbench V13.0 (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A) software. Results: The FEA showed the maximum stresses of 137.43 Mpa in dentin with alveolar bone height of 4 mm when the titanium post was used, 138.48 Mpa when carbon fiber post was used as compared to 105.91 Mpa in the model with alveolar bone height of 2 mm from the cement enamel junction (CEJ) when the titanium post was used and 107.37 Mpa when the carbon fiber post was used. Conclusions: Stress was observed more in alveolar bone height level of 4 mm from CEJ than 2 mm from CEJ. Stresses in the dentin were almost similar when the carbon fiber post was compared to titanium post. However, stresses in the post and the cement were much higher when titanium post was used as compared to carbon fiber post.
Pulp tissue dissolution capacity of QMix 2in1 irrigation solution
Authors: Arslan Dilara , Guneser Mehmet Burak , Kustarci Alper , Er Kursat , Siso Seyda Herguner 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue dissolution efficacy of four root canal irrigation solutions (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], chlorhexidine gluconate [CHX], Octenidine [OCT], and QMix 2in1) on bovine pulp tissue. Materials and Methods: Fifty bovine pulp tissue samples, each weighing 6.55 mg, were prepared and randomly divided into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 10) according to the dissolution irrigants used: (1) 5.25% NaOCl group; (2) 2% CHX group; (3) OCT group; (4) QMix 2in1 group; and (5) control group (saline solution). These samples were then placed into special bovine dentin reservoir models and immersed for 1 h with each test solution (0.1 mL of each) at room temperature. The pulp samples were then blotted dry and weighed again. The percentage of weight loss was calculated. Statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests (P = 0.05). Results: Saline solution did not dissolve the bovine pulp tissue. All groups, except OCT, dissolved pulp samples more effectively than the control group (P < 0.05). The highest tissue dissolution was observed in 5.25% NaOCl group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the tissue-dissolving effect between QMix 2in1 and those of 2% CHX. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, NaOCl exhibited the best tissue-dissolving effect out of all solutions tested. CHX and QMix 2in1 were able to dissolve pulp tissue but less than NaOCl. OCT and saline solutions could not exhibit significantly tissue-dissolving effectiveness. This study shown that QMix 2in1 has little capacity to dissolve pulp tissue therefore used alone is not sufficient for this purpose.
Unusual intraosseous capillary hemangioma of the mandible
Authors: Dereci Omur , Acikalin Mustafa Fuat , Ay Sinan 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIntraosseous hemangioma is a benign vascular neoplasm, which is mostly seen in vertebrae, maxillofacial bones, and long bones. Intraosseous hemangioma is rarely seen on jaw bones compared to other skeletal bones and usually occurs in the cavernous form. Capillary intraosseous hemangioma of jaws is an uncommon form of intraosseous hemangioma and has not been thoroughly described so far. In this study, a case of capillary intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible was presented with relevant literature review.
Relationship between periodontal status and degree of visual impairment in institutionalized individuals
Authors: da Cunha Luana Dias , Proença Mariana Almeida Melo , Rodrigues Vandilson Pinheiro , Pereira Adriana Fátima Vasconcelos , Benatti Bruno Braga 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Objective: Periodontal disease is a set of inflammatory infections that affect the supporting structures of the dentition. Patients with visual impairment (VI) may have more difficulty in cleaning and maintaining oral health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between periodontal status and degree of VI in institutionalized individuals. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two visually impaired individuals were included in this cross-sectional study. The periodontal parameters assessed were clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and visible plaque index. The degree of VI was established as: Group 1 (mild or moderate VI), Group 2 (severe or profound VI), and Group 3 (completely blind); and the types of VI were considered as congenital and acquired. Fisher's exact, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Spearman correlation coefficient test were used. The level of significance was set at 5%. Result: Only plaque index was higher on proximal surfaces of subjects with mild/moderate VI when compared to the other degrees of VI (P = 0.01). Furthermore, we observed higher values for interproximal CAL (P = 0.01), total PD (P = 0.04), and interproximal PD in subjects with acquired VI when compared to subjects with congenital VI (P = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that periodontal status may be more related to the type of disability than with the degree of VI. Acquired VI people presented a worse periodontal health than the group with congenital VI.