bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Function Situational Awareness Observation Tool
Authors: Ward Sarah , Jacobsen Kristen 
Published: December 2014

John, an 8th grader, is dismissed from class and leisurely walks towards his locker while, at the same time, the peers around him are moving quickly towards their own lockers. He tries to catch the attention of his peers, but many just give a quick dismissive smile and hurry to gather their belongings before the bell rings. Once at his locker, John starts to talk eagerly to the boy next to him, but he does not initiate gathering his class materials. The boy is quickly exchanging one set of binders for another and gives John a few head nods that are clearly sending nonverbal signals that he does not want to talk right now because he is focused on arriving to class on time. Regardless, John keeps talking and then the bell rings. He seems almost startled by the bell and shoves one book in his locker before absentmindedly grabbing another book and spiral notebook. With an unhurried pace, he heads to his next class and is the last to arrive. All of the other students have out on their desks a textbook, pencil and composition notebook. John walks to the back of the class, flips through the newest science magazine on the teacher's desk, then sits down and drops his books to the floor. Upon being prompted by the teacher to take out his book, he suddenly realizes he does not have the right book with him.
Class ends at 9:50. At 9:45, students are told they need to get ready to leave class. Sam stays focused on his worksheet and does not notice his classmates getting up and moving about in the class. Peers start putting away laptops and books in the computer cabinet and class locker and begin packing up their personal belongings. Sam did not appear to notice these subtle changes in the pace and movement of the class, and instead, stays focused on his worksheet. The teacher then announces to the class, “2 minute warning to save, finish up and store your materials. Then, take out your grade sheets.” Sam still does not respond. At this point, all the other students are packed up and ready to go and have blue cardstock grade sheets out for the teacher to write on. The teacher cues Sam, “Sam. Pack up please.” Sam still does not respond. The teacher approaches his desk and says, “Sam you are running out of time.” Sam replies, “UhHuh.” However, he does not change his behavior but remains focused on the worksheet, although he is not actually writing on it. All of the students have left the classroom when Sam finally stops working, leaves his worksheet on the desk and walks out of the classroom.
Reduced darunavir dose is as effective in maintaining HIV suppression as the standard dose in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Moltó José , Valle Marta , Ferrer Elena , Domingo Pere , Curran Adrian , Santos José Ramón , Mateo María Gracia , Di Yacovo María Silvana , Miranda Cristina , Podzamczer Daniel , Clotet Bonaventura ,   on behalf of the DRV600 Study Group, Clotet Bonaventura , Coll Josep , Gel Silvia , Llibre Josep Maria , Miranda Cristina , Moltó José , Mothe Beatriz , Negredo Eugenia , Pérez-Álvarez Nuria , Santos José Ramón , Sirera Guillem , DiYacovo María Silvana , Ferrer Elena , Podzamczer Daniel , Rozas Nerea , Vila Antonia , Domingo Pere , Del Mar Gutiérrez María , Mateo Gracia , Valle Marta , Burgos Joaquín , Curran Adrian , Navarro Jordi , Ribera Esteban 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Maximizing ART efficiency is of growing interest. This study assessed the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and economics of a darunavir dose-reduction strategy.

Methods
This was a multicentre, randomized, open-label clinical trial in HIV-infected patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL while receiving triple ART including 800 mg of darunavir once daily. Participants were randomized to continue 800 mg of darunavir (DRV800) or to 600 mg of darunavir (DRV600), both once daily. Treatment failure was defined as two consecutive HIV-1 RNA determinations &gt;50 copies/mL or discontinuation of study treatment by week 48. The study was registered at https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu (trial number 2011-006272-39).

Results
Fifty participants were allocated to each arm. The mean (SD) CD4+ T cell count at baseline was 562 (303) cells/mm3 and HIV-1 RNA had been &lt;50 copies/mL for a median (IQR) of 106.9 (43.4–227.9) weeks before enrolment. At week 48 no treatment failure had occurred in 45/50 (90%) DRV600 patients and in 47/50 (94%) DRV800 patients (difference –4%; 95% CI lower limit, –12.9%). When only patients with virological data were considered, that endpoint was met by 45/48 (94%) in the DRV600 arm and 47/49 (96%) in the DRV800 arm (difference –2.2%; 95% CI lower limit, –9.6%). Darunavir exposure was similar in the two arms. The average reduction in annual cost per successfully treated DRV600-arm patient was US$7273.

Conclusions
The efficacy of a darunavir daily dose of 600 mg seemed to be similar to the efficacy of the standard 800 mg dose in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients on triple ART. This strategy can potentially translate to substantial savings in the cost of care of HIV-infected patients.
Distinguishing oil and water layers by interpreting acoustic logging data with changing well diameters
Authors: Zhang Xueang , Wang Zhuwen 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTDuring surveys, water layers may interfere with the detection of oil layers. In order to distinguish between oil and water layers, research on the properties of well diameters and oil and water layers and their relation to acoustic logging rules is essential. Using Hudson's crack theory, we simulated oil and water layers with different well diameters or crack parameters (angle and number density). We found that when the well radius increases from 0.03 m to 0.05 m, the variation ratio of compressional wave amplitude for the oil layer is less than that for the water layer. The difference of Stoneley wave amplitude between the crack parameters (angle and number density) is greater in the case of the water layer than in the case of the oil layer. The response sensitivity of wave energy is greater for the water layer than that for the oil layer. When the well radius increases from 0.05 m to 0.14 m, the maximum excitation intensity for oil layer is greater than that for the water layer. We conclude that the propagation of an elastic wave is affected by medium composition and well diameter, and the influence has certain regularity. These results can guide further reservoir logging field exploration work.
Indirect effects of global change accumulate to alter plant diversity but not ecosystem function in alpine tundra
Authors: Farrer Emily C. , Ashton Isabel W. , Spasojevic Marko J. , Fu Shiyang , Gonzalez David J. X. , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryEnvironmental change can affect species directly by altering their physical environment and indirectly by altering the abundance of interacting species. A key challenge at the interface of community ecology and conservation biology is to predict how direct and indirect effects combine to influence response in a changing environment. In particular, little is known about how direct and indirect effects on biodiversity develop over time or their potential to influence ecosystem function.We studied how nitrogen (N), winter precipitation (snow) and warming influenced diversity and ecosystem function over 6 years in alpine tundra. We used path analyses to partition direct effects of environmental manipulations from indirect effects due to changes in the abundance of two dominant plants. We hypothesize that (i) indirect effects will develop more slowly but will become stronger than direct effects over time and (ii) after 6 years, indirect effects will more strongly influence diversity while direct effects will influence ecosystem function.Indirect effects of N on diversity were consistently stronger than direct effects and actually developed quickly, prior to direct effects. Direct effects of snow on diversity were detected in year 2 but then subsequently were reversed, while indirect effects were detected in year 4 and grew stronger over time. Overall in year 6, indirect effects were much stronger than direct effects on diversity.Direct effects predominated for three of four ecosystem functions we measured (productivity, N mineralization, winter N availability). The only indirect effects we found were that N and snow indirectly affected microbial biomass N by influencingGeumabundance. Across all four ecosystem measures, indirect effects were infrequent and weaker than direct effects.Synthesis. Increasing indirect effects on diversity over time indicate that short‐term experiments or monitoring of natural systems may underestimate the full magnitude of global change effects on plant communities. Moreover, explicitly accounting for changes in dominant plant abundance may be necessary for forecasting plant community response to environmental change. Conversely, weak indirect effects for ecosystem processes suggest that predicting ecosystem function without knowledge of plant responses to global change may be possible.
Exploring the critiques of the social model of disability: the transformative possibility of Arendt's notion of power
Authors: Owens Janine 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe social model of disability has demonstrated political success for disabled people in society. At the same time, it has been labelled an outdated ideology in need of further development. While the social model of disability has been used successfully for political activism, it has simultaneously created conflict and tensions in disability studies, sociology and the sociology of the body. This article sheds light on the confusion surrounding the social model of disability by discussing the historical emergence of its different forms. It then proceeds to analyse and evaluate key criticisms of the social model of disability. The article then goes on to explore the relevance of different forms of power to the current discourse on disability before proceeding to explore in depth what might be gained from the approach of one particular theorist on power; Hannah Arendt. It suggests that there may be merit in drawing on Arendt and illustrates some of the benefits of a more nuanced idea of a pluralistic body and experiences.
Benefits of a rice mix on glycaemic control in Asian people with type 2 diabetes: A randomised trial
Authors: Zhang Zhuoshi , Kane Jessica , Liu Amy Yee , Venn Bernard J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimThe objective of this study was to assist individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) better manage blood glucose control using food. Given that white rice is a commonly consumed staple food for Asian cultures, the aim of this study was to develop a nutritious and easy‐to‐prepare alternative meal using culturally tailored ingredients.MethodsA ‘rice mix’ comprising 60% white rice and 40% a mix of legumes, nuts and seeds was developed. Eighty‐one participants of Asian ethnicity and with T2D were screened with 13 subjects randomised and given the rice mix or white rice (control) as an evening meal. Blood glucose responses were compared between meals and to the American Diabetes Association guidelines together with responses to satiety and desire‐to‐eat questions.ResultsOver a 3‐hour period following consumption, blood glucose concentrations were 21% (95% CI: 6, 36) lower for the rice mix compared with white rice (P < 0.001). The mean length of time that blood glucose exceeded 10 mmol/L was 30 minutes (95% CI: 6, 54) less; and the maximum glycaemic increment above 10 mmol/L was 1.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.3, 2.5) less; for the rice mix compared with the white rice. There was no effect on appetite as satiety was not different between meals, although there was a lesser desire to eat fatty foods after consuming the rice mix (P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe rice mix as an alternative to white rice could be a practical self‐help approach to improve blood glucose control in people with T2D. Using education and culturally tailored ingredients may help overcome barriers to dietary change.
Prenatal Screening: Current Practice, New Developments, Ethical Challenges
Authors: de Jong Antina , Maya Idit , van Lith Jan M.M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPrenatal screening pathways, as nowadays offered in most Western countries consist of similar tests. First, a risk‐assessment test for major aneuploides is offered to pregnant women. In case of an increased risk, invasive diagnostic tests, entailing a miscarriage risk, are offered. For decades, only conventional karyotyping was used for final diagnosis. Moreover, several foetal ultrasound scans are offered to detect major congenital anomalies, but the same scans also provide relevant information for optimal support of the pregnancy and the delivery.Recent developments in prenatal screening include the application of microarrays that allow for identifying a much broader range of abnomalities than karyotyping, and non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) that enables reducing the number of invasive tests for aneuploidies considerably. In the future, broad NIPT may become possible and affordable.This article will briefly address the ethical issues raised by these technological developments. First, a safe NIPT may lead to routinisation and as such challenge the central issue of informed consent and the aim of prenatal screening: to offer opportunity for autonomous reproductive choice. Widening the scope of prenatal screening also raises the question to what extent ‘reproductive autonomy’ is meant to expand. Finally, if the same test is used for two different aims, namely detection of foetal anomalies and pregnancy‐related problems, non‐directive counselling can no longer be taken as a standard. Our broad outline of the ethical issues is meant as an introduction into the more detailed ethical discussions about prenatal screening in the other articles of this special issue.
Psychometric properties of two measures of childhood internalizing problems in a Bangladeshi sample
Authors: Deeba Farah , Rapee Ronald M. , Prvan Tania 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesIn order to assist mental health services in developing countries, a key issue is the availability of psychometrically sound, brief, and cost‐effective measures that have been tested within the relevant context. The present study was designed to evaluate within a young Bangladeshi population, the psychometric properties of two widely used Western measures of internalizing distress in young people: the short form of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire.MethodThe sample included 1,360 children and adolescents aged 9–17 years (M = 12.3 years, SD = 2.12) recruited from six districts of Bangladesh, including both community and emotionally at‐risk participants. A total of 179 children were re‐tested on the measures within 3–4 weeks.ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses showed single‐factor structures for both scales in the total sample and in both community and at‐risk participants separately. Multiple group analyses across gender and age‐group within the at‐risk and community samples showed that the single‐factor structure was suitable regardless of subgroup. Analyses also indicated acceptable internal consistency, test–retest reliability and construct validity for both scales.ConclusionThe two measures show promise as brief, reliable, and valid instruments for the assessment of internalizing distress among young people from Bangla‐speaking communities.Practitioner pointsPositive clinical implications

These two measures of internalizing distress in young people showed solid psychometric properties within samples collected from various parts of Bangladesh. The measures can therefore be used to assess anxiety and depression in Bangla‐speaking youth.

These measures should be of value in both clinical settings and at a community level to assess the need for services.

Cautions and limitations

Resource limitations did not allow comparison against diagnostic criteria and therefore cut‐off scores to indicate clinical status among Bangladeshi youth will require further research.
Children Use Nonverbal Cues to Make Inferences About Social Power
Authors: Brey Elizabeth , Shutts Kristin 
Published: December 2014

Four studies (N = 192) tested whether young children use nonverbal information to make inferences about differences in social power. Five‐ and six‐year‐old children were able to determine which of two adults was “in charge” in dynamic videotaped conversations (Study 1) and in static photographs (Study 4) using only nonverbal cues. Younger children (3–4 years) were not successful in Study 1 or Study 4. Removing irrelevant linguistic information from conversations did not improve the performance of 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children (Study 3), but including relevant linguistic cues did (Study 2). Thus, at least by 5 years of age, children show sensitivity to some of the same nonverbal cues adults use to determine other people's social roles.
Infant Attachment Security and Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition Interact to Predict Adolescent Social Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Lewis‐Morrarty Erin , Degnan Kathryn A. , Chronis‐Tuscano Andrea , Pine Daniel S. , Henderson Heather A. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: December 2014

Insecure attachment and behavioral inhibition (BI) increase risk for internalizing problems, but few longitudinal studies have examined their interaction in predicting adolescent anxiety. This study included 165 adolescents (ages 14–17 years) selected based on their reactivity to novelty at 4 months. Infant attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation. Multimethod BI assessments were conducted across childhood. Adolescents and their parents independently reported on anxiety. The interaction of attachment and BI significantly predicted adolescent anxiety symptoms, such that BI and anxiety were only associated among adolescents with histories of insecure attachment. Exploratory analyses revealed that this effect was driven by insecure‐resistant attachment and that the association between BI and social anxiety was significant only for insecure males. Clinical implications are discussed.
Low‐cycle fatigue delamination initiation and propagation in fibre metal laminates
Authors: Mazaheri F. , Hosseini‐Toudeshky H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to develop an elastic–plastic‐damage constitutive law and a tool for simulation of delamination initiation and propagation in fibre metal laminates (FMLs) under low‐cycle fatigue loading regime. In the previous studies, the significance of plasticity in delamination growth and modelling of FMLs was not considered. Hence, cohesive zone law that combines the damage evolution with plasticity is developed. The new fatigue damage model is implemented as user‐written subroutines that links with ansys based on the cohesive finite element method. The cohesive zone model constitutive law has been verified by modelling of the delaminated adhesively bonded aluminium joint under normal and shear loadings and compared with the available results in the literature. The developed procedure and tool have been used for the analyses of DCB and ENF specimens under uniform and variable loadings. The obtained results for progressive damage and delamination and stress–strain curves are discussed in this paper.
Redemption of the formalism of segmented linearity: multiscaling of non‐equilibrium and non‐homogeneity applied to fatigue crack growth
Authors: Sih G. C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAt the risk of being presumptuous, the influence of non‐equilibrium and non‐homogeneity (NENH) is the key to explain the conundrums of today's physics and mechanics on the basis of the NENH Mechanics of Multiscaling (NNMM). Corrective measures have been used to correct errors caused by the neglect of NENH and multiscaling. The separate conservation of mass and energy is a case in point. The inclusion of NENH leads to the simultaneous conservation of mass and energy as a product. The revised conservation law depends on the degree of system inhomogeneity. The aforementioned vouches the credibility for applying NNMM to resolve the impasse of the misinterpreted fatigue crack growth (FCG) data using monoscale concepts.The new paradigm is fundamental to contrast the difference between deterministic and non‐deterministic. The phenomena of turbulence and instability in general are determinable when the thresholds are related to the appropriate physical mechanism at the temporal–spatial scale. The correct experiments depend on identifying the role with which NNMM plays in the physical phenomenon. The same applies to FCG.To reiterate, the aim is not to develop new theories but rather to offer corrective measures by including NENH and multiscaling to show that the understanding of FCG is no less challenging than some of the conundrums of physics and mechanics of today.
Liver‐related deaths in HIV‐infected patients between 1995 and 2010 in France: the Mortavic 2010 study in collaboration with the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS) EN 20 Mortalité 2010 survey
Authors: Rosenthal E , Roussillon C , Salmon‐Céron D , Georget A , Hénard S , Huleux T , Gueit I , Mortier E , Costagliola D , Morlat P , Chêne G , Cacoub P ,   the Mortalité 2010 and GERMIVIC study groups
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the proportion of liver‐related diseases (LRDs) as a cause of death in HIV‐infected patients in France and to compare the results with data from our five previous surveys.MethodsIn 2010, 24 clinical wards prospectively recorded all deaths occurring in around 26 000 HIV‐infected patients who were regularly followed up. Results were compared with those of previous cross‐sectional surveys conducted since 1995 using the same design.ResultsAmong 230 reported deaths, 46 (20%) were related to AIDS and 30 (13%) to chronic liver diseases. Eighty per cent of patients who died from LRDs had chronic hepatitis C, 16.7% of them being coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among patients who died from an LRD, excessive alcohol consumption was reported in 41%. At death, 80% of patients had undetectable HIV viral load and the median CD4 cell count was 349 cells/μL. The proportion of deaths and the mortality rate attributable to LRDs significantly increased between 1995 and 2005 from 1.5% to 16.7% and from 1.2‰ to 2.0‰, respectively, whereas they tended to decrease in 2010 to 13% and 1.1‰, respectively. Among liver‐related causes of death, the proportion represented by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dramatically increased from 5% in 1995 to 40% in 2010 (p = 0.019).ConclusionsThe proportion of LRDs among causes of death in HIV‐infected patients seems recently to have reached a plateau after a rapid increase during the decade 1995−2005. LRDs remain a leading cause of death in this population, mainly as a result of hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, HCC representing almost half of liver‐related causes of death.