bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elite Athletes and Worker Status
Authors: O’Leary Leanne , Seltmann Maximillian , Smokvina Vanja 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Recent research regarding the working conditions of elite athletes in Olympic sports in the European Union, Norway and the UK shows that most athletes are not in an employment relationship with a sports stakeholder such as a National Olympic Committee, sports governing body or club because legislation at a national level or the terms of a contract preclude their status as employees or workers. Elite athletes who are excluded from employee or worker status do not have access to valuable social and employment benefits and protections, for example, a pension entitlement or maternity benefits. This article highlights the complex contractual situation of elite athletes who are integrated into a national elite sports programme and the regulatory and legal frameworks in which they provide services during an athletic career and posits that elite athletes are workers irrespective of an athlete’s legal status designated under national law or contract.
From crisis to cure: harnessing the potential of mycobacteriophages in the battle against tuberculosis
Authors: Bin Yahia Noura M , Shan Minghai , Zhu Yue , Yang Yuma , Zhang Sihan , Yang Yanhui 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious and fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The World Health Organization reported an estimated 1.30 million TB-related deaths in 2022. The escalating prevalence of Mtb strains classified as being multi-, extensively, extremely, or totally drug resistant, coupled with the decreasing efficacies of conventional therapies, necessitates the development of novel treatments. As viruses that infect Mycobacterium spp., mycobacteriophages may represent a strategy to combat and eradicate drug-resistant TB. More exploration is needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of mycobacteriophages and their genome structure, which could pave the way toward a definitive treatment for TB. This review focuses on the properties of mycobacteriophages, their potential in diagnosing and treating TB, the benefits and drawbacks of their application, and their use in human health. Specifically, we summarize recent research on mycobacteriophages targeted against Mtb infection and newly developed mycobacteriophage-based tools to diagnose and treat diseases caused by Mycobacterium spp. We underscore the urgent need for innovative approaches and highlight the potential of mycobacteriophages as a promising avenue for developing effective diagnosis and treatment to combat drug-resistant Mycobacterium strains.
Analysis of 132 submandibular salivary glands using the Randox Evidence Investigator and Randox DOA ULTRA WB array
Authors: Adamczyk Jessica L , Prahlow Joseph A , Grieger-Nimmo Roberta , Kundu Rajeswari , Jones Prentiss 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Occasionally, obtaining an adequate or acceptable postmortem blood specimen for drug analysis is not possible due to factors such as decomposition, exsanguination, or embalming. Submandibular salivary gland tissue, one of three major types of salivary gland tissue in the oral cavity of humans, has been reported to be a viable alternative postmortem specimen for toxicological testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the Randox Evidence Investigator instrument and Randox DOA (Drugs of Abuse) Ultra Whole Blood Array for the semi-quantitative determination of 21 immunoassays in an alternative matrix, submandibular salivary gland tissue. We analyzed 132 submandibular salivary gland tissue specimens and compared the generated results to concomitantly collected postmortem whole blood specimen results. Oxycodone 2, meprobamate, barbiturate, benzodiazepine assay 1, zolpidem, and buprenorphine all showed perfect agreement (Cohen’s kappa score = 1.00) between the submandibular salivary gland tissue results and the postmortem whole blood results; dextromethorphan, fentanyl, benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine, tricyclic antidepressants, oxycodone 1, and opiate showed an almost perfect agreement (Cohen’s kappa score = 0.81–0.99); methadone, generic opioids, and amphetamine exhibited substantial agreement (Cohen’s kappa score = 0.61–0.80). Tramadol demonstrated fair agreement (Cohen’s kappa score = 0.41–0.60). The lowest measure of agreement was observed with cannabinoids, meeting criteria for slight agreement (Cohen’s kappa score = 0.01–0.20). An application of the techniques described in this study could be implemented in postmortem toxicology laboratories as well as medical examiners offices to provide preliminary drugs of abuse test results that can be used to direct additional testing. This study highlights the successful integration of a novel specimen matrix and an “off-label” use of an established analytical technique.
Generative Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security in Central Banking
Authors: Aldasoro Iñaki , Doerr Sebastian , Gambacorta Leonardo , Notra Sukhvir , Oliviero Tommaso , Whyte David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (gen AI) introduces novel opportunities to strengthen central banks’ cyber security but also presents new risks. This article uses data from a unique survey among cyber security experts at major central banks to shed light on these issues. Responses reveal that most central banks have already adopted or plan to adopt gen AI tools in the context of cyber security, as perceived benefits outweigh risks. Experts foresee that AI tools will improve cyber threat detection and reduce response time to cyber attacks. Yet gen AI also increases the risks of social engineering attacks and unauthorized data disclosure. To mitigate these risks and harness the benefits of gen AI, central banks anticipate a need for substantial investments in human capital, especially in staff with expertise in both cyber security and AI programming. Finally, while respondents expect gen AI to automate various tasks, they also expect it to support human experts in other roles, such as oversight of AI models.
Eosinophils as modulators of host defense during parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral infections
Authors: Gazzinelli-Guimaraes Pedro H , Jones Shelby M , Voehringer David , Mayer-Barber Katrin D , Samarasinghe Amali E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Eosinophils, traditionally associated as central innate effector cells with type 2 immunity during allergic and helminth parasitic diseases, have recently been revealed to have important roles in tissue homeostasis as well as host defense in a broader variety of infectious diseases. In a dedicated session at the 2023 biennial conference of the International Eosinophil Society titled “Eosinophils in Host Defense,” the multifaceted roles eosinophils play against diverse pathogens, ranging from parasites to fungi, bacteria, and viruses, were presented. In this review, the session speakers offer a comprehensive summary of recent discoveries across pathogen classes, positioning eosinophils as pivotal leukocytes in both host defense and pathology. By unraveling the intricacies of eosinophil engagement in host resistance, this exploration may provide valuable insights not only to understand specific underpinnings of eosinophil functions related to each class of pathogens but also to develop novel therapeutics effective against a broad spectrum of infectious diseases.
E-cigarette vapor extract alters human eosinophil gene expression in an effect mediated by propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine
Authors: Hogan Nicholas T , Castaneda-Castro Francisco Emmanuel , Logandha Ramamoorthy Premlal Ashmitaa , Brickner Howard , Mondal Monalisa , Herrera-De La Mata Sara , Vijayanand Pandurangan , Crotty Alexander Laura E , Seumois Gregory , Akuthota Praveen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
E-cigarette use has become widespread, and its effects on airway inflammation and disease are not fully delineated. E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE) profoundly affects neutrophil function. We hypothesized that EVE also alters eosinophil function and thus could impact allergic airway disease. We employed RNA sequencing to measure the ex vivo effect of EVE components on human eosinophil transcription. Blood eosinophils from 9 nonvaping subjects without asthma were isolated by negative selection. Cells were incubated for 48 h with EVE consisting of glycerin, propylene glycol, and nicotine (EVE+), EVE without nicotine (“EVE–”), air-exposed media termed extract buffer (EB), or untreated media. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the EB, EVE–, and EVE+ conditions showed highly variable gene expression with respect to no treatment and each other. Differential gene expression analysis comparing a combination of EVE+, EVE–, and EB revealed 3,030 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with an adjusted P value &lt;0.05 and log2 fold change &gt;0.5 or &lt;0.5. There were 645 DEGs between EB and EVE–, 1,713 between EB and EVE+, and 404 between EVE– and EVE+. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that DEGs between both EVE+ and EVE– and the EB control were positively enriched for heme metabolism and apoptosis and negatively enriched tumor necrosis factor α signaling, interferon γ signaling, and inflammatory response. Thus, EVE significantly alters eosinophil metabolic and inflammatory pathways, mediated by propylene glycol and glycerin, with both enhancing and unique effects of nicotine. This study motivates further research into the pathogenic effects of vaping on airway eosinophils and allergic airways disease.
Current treatments for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and the move towards molecular therapy
Authors: Elmi Mitra , Dass Joshua H , Dass Crispin R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
In this review, we discuss oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treatment options with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of OPSCC in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and head and neck cancers (HNCs). Treatment can be radical intent (aim for cure) or palliative intent (aim for disease control and symptom management). OPSCC is a prominent subset of HNSCCs in Australia and the Western World.

Method
We looked at the current conventional treatment options with an overview of recent advances and future endeavours.

Key findings
We identified that radiotherapy is the primary management for OPSCC in most countries, including the USA, UK, NZ, and Australia. In contrast, surgery is only considered for superficial OPSCC or neck surgery. If surgery is incomplete, then definitive management still requires radiotherapy.

Conclusion
Molecular therapy is largely at the preclinical stage, with cetuximab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, Lenvatinib, and bevacizumab being tested clinically currently.
Massive cellular angiofibroma of the vulva: a case report
Authors: Mahfoud Hounaida , Bensrhir Ibtissam , Abbouch Meryem , Mustapha Eid Chourouq , Meziane Mariame , Sassi Samia , Lamalmi Najat , Zeraidi Najia , Baidada Aziz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cellular angiofibroma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor, typically occurring in the vulvar region of middle-aged women. This report highlights the importance of histological analysis in diagnosing this uncommon condition and emphasizes its benign nature and straightforward management. We present a case of a 58-year-old North African woman who had a large, well-defined mass in the left labia majora, which had been evolving over 2 years. MRI confirmed the resectability of the tumor by delineating its boundaries. The tumor, despite its slow growth leading to delayed diagnosis, was effectively treated with wide surgical excision. Diagnosis was confirmed through histological and immunohistochemical evaluations, revealing spindle cell proliferation with thick-walled vessels. Cellular angiofibroma, although initially alarming due to its size, is generally managed successfully with surgery and prognosis is favorable with a low risk of recurrence.
Covenant and Wisdom: Arguing with a Premiss from Absence
Authors: Dell Katharine J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The absence of covenant ideas from wisdom literature is a well-founded scholarly conclusion, but the time is ripe to question it. This article re-examines the evidence and looks at both sides of the debate. There are found to be connections of covenant with wisdom, especially when defined in terms of relationship, with Wisdom personified, and with Solomon. Crucially, it links up with the concept of God as creator, recalling the Noachic covenant. The discussion includes four key passages that mention the word ברית (Prov. 2:17; Job 5:22–3; Job 31:1, and Job 41:4).
Expectant Casualty Care Training Needs for Future Conflicts
Authors: Cole Rebekah , Keenan Sean , Tadlock Matthew D , Grover Shawna , Givens Melissa , Rudinsky Sherri L 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduct ion
The demands of future large-scale combat operations may require medics and corpsmen to increasingly perform expectant casualty care (ECC). However, no detailed guidelines currently exist for providing ECC within military medicine. To guide the development of education and training guidelines and advance team training of both medics and non-medics, an in-depth understanding is first needed regarding caregivers’ experiences providing ECC in recent conflicts as well as perceived training gaps. Therefore, this study explored the experiences of medics and physicians providing ECC and investigated their perceptions of training needs in this area for future conflicts characterized by large-scale combat operations and prolonged casualty care operational settings.

Materials and Methods
We conducted an engaged qualitative phenomenological study to explore ECC training needs for future conflicts. We interviewed 9 senior health care professionals (medics and physicians) who had extensive combat and deployment experiences and served primarily in the Role 1 environment. The interviews averaged 45 min each and were conducted via phone. To analyze this interview data, we reviewed the interview transcripts and then noted terms, phrases, and concepts within the interview transcripts that we found to be salient to answering the research question. Our team then met to review these codes and grouped them into categories. These categories served as the themes of this study that illustrated the participants’ perceptions and experiences.

Results
Five themes emerged from our data: (1) There is a current gap in ECC training for enlisted Role 1 caregivers throughout the military; (2) ECC training is needed to shift organizational culture; (3) ECC training should be comprehensive; (4) ECC training should be deliberate; and (5) Time is the greatest challenge to implementing ECC training. Our participants noted that developing guidelines and filling training gaps is not only critical for preparing Role 1 providers for effective and ethical military medical decision-making but also for addressing death and dying on the battlefield and building moral resilience across the medical corps.

Conclusion
Our results provide direction for development of ECC clinical guidance and collective team training recommendations. Following these guidelines may increase life-saving capabilities on the far-forward battlefield and equip medical directors and medics to provide ethical and compassionate care to those who cannot be saved in the setting of limited resources and evacuation opportunities.
Annelid Comparative Genomics and the Evolution of Massive Lineage-Specific Genome Rearrangement in Bilaterians
Authors: Lewin Thomas D , Liao Isabel Jiah-Yih , Luo Yi-Jyun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The organization of genomes into chromosomes is critical for processes such as genetic recombination, environmental adaptation, and speciation. All animals with bilateral symmetry inherited a genome structure from their last common ancestor that has been highly conserved in some taxa but seemingly unconstrained in others. However, the evolutionary forces driving these differences and the processes by which they emerge have remained largely uncharacterized. Here, we analyze genome organization across the phylum Annelida using 23 chromosome-level annelid genomes. We find that while many annelid lineages have maintained the conserved bilaterian genome structure, the Clitellata, a group containing leeches and earthworms, possesses completely scrambled genomes. We develop a rearrangement index to quantify the extent of genome structure evolution and show that, compared to the last common ancestor of bilaterians, leeches and earthworms have among the most highly rearranged genomes of any currently sampled species. We further show that bilaterian genomes can be classified into two distinct categories—high and low rearrangement—largely influenced by the presence or absence, respectively, of chromosome fission events. Our findings demonstrate that animal genome structure can be highly variable within a phylum and reveal that genome rearrangement can occur both in a gradual, stepwise fashion, or rapid, all-encompassing changes over short evolutionary timescales.
Highly efficient and stable binary and ternary organic solar cells using polymerized nonfused ring electron acceptors
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Wei Nan , Chen Ya-nan , Ran Guangliu , Zhang Andong , Lu Hao , Wei Zhengdong , Liu Yahui , Zhang Wenkai , Bo Zhishan 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
This study reports the successful design and synthesis of two novel polymerized nonfused ring electron acceptors, P-2BTh and P-2BTh-F, derived from the high-performance nonfused ring electron acceptor, 2BTh-2F. Prepared via Stille polymerization, these polymers feature thiophene and fluorinated thiophene as π-bridge units. Notably, P-2BTh-F, with difluorothiophene as the π-bridge, exhibits a more planar backbone and red-shifted absorption spectrum compared with P-2BTh. When employed in organic solar cells (OSCs) with PBDB-T as the donor material, P-2BTh-F-based devices demonstrate an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 11%, exceeding the 8.7% achieved by P-2BTh-based devices. Furthermore, all-polymer solar cells utilizing PBDB-T:P-2BTh-F exhibit superior storage stability. Additionally, P-2BTh-F was explored as a functional additive in a high-performance binary system, enhancing stability while maintaining comparable PCE (19.45%). This strategy offers a cost-effective approach for fabricating highly efficient and stable binary and ternary organic solar cells, opening new horizons for cost-effective and durable solar cell development.
The Association Between Serum Mature and Precursor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurocognitive Function in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Michael Henry U , Rapulana Antony M , Smit Theresa , Xulu Njabulo , Danaviah Sivapragashini , Ramlall Suvira , Oosthuizen Frasia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundDespite antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated neurocognitive impairment persists. We investigated the association between serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF), precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), and neurocognitive changes over time among adults with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, seeking to elucidate the interplay between neurotrophic factors and neurocognitive outcomes post-ART.MethodsUtilizing data from the ACTG 5199 study in Johannesburg and Harare, serum mBDNF and proBDNF levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neurocognitive performance was assessed at baseline and 24, 48, and 96 weeks using neuropsychological tests. The Friedman test and linear mixed-effects models were used to assess changes in mBDNF, proBDNF, and neurocognitive performance over time, accounting for individual variability and adjusting for multiple comparisons.ResultsAmong 155 participants, there were significant cognitive improvements (P &lt; .001) and a rise in mBDNF levels from baseline to 96 weeks. The proBDNF levels initially remained stable (P = .57) but notably increased by 48 weeks (P = .04). Higher mBDNF levels were positively associated with enhanced neurocognitive performance at 48 weeks (β = .16, P = .01) and 96 weeks (β = .32, P &lt; .001). Similarly, higher proBDNF levels were positively associated with neurocognitive performance at 96 weeks (β = .25, P &lt; .001).ConclusionsThis study highlights the significant association between serum BDNF levels and neurocognitive improvement post-ART in adults with HIV. However, more research is needed to replicate these findings, establish causal relationships, and explore whether BDNF-enhancing activities can improve neurocognitive outcomes in people with HIV.
Spiral magnetic fields and their role on accretion dynamics in the circumnuclear disk of Sagittarius A*: Insight from λ = 850 μm polarization imaging
Authors: Sato Kazuki , Shinnaga Hiroko , Furuya Ray S , Suzuki Takeru K , Kakiuchi Kensuke , Ott Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We showcase a study on the physical properties of the circumnuclear disk (CND) surrounding the supermassive black hole (SMBH) Sgr A* of the Galactic Center, emphasizing the role of magnetic field ($\boldsymbol {B}$ field) with $0.50\,$pc spatial resolution. Based on the sensitive $\lambda = 850\, \mu$m polarization data taken with the JCMT SCUBA2/POL2 (James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2), we analyzed ancillary datasets: CS $J = 2$–1 emission taken with ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), continuum emissions taken at $\lambda = 6\,$cm and at $\lambda = 37\, \mu$m taken with the VLA (Very Large Array) and SOFIA (the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy telescope). The $\boldsymbol {B}$ field within the CND exhibits a coherent spiral pattern. Applying the model described by Wardle and Königl (1990, ApJ, 362, 12; the WK model) to the observed $\boldsymbol {B}$ field pattern, it favors gas-pressure-dominant models without dismissing a gas-and-$\boldsymbol {B}$ field comparable model, leading us to estimate the $\boldsymbol {B}$-field strength in the ionized cavity around Sgr A* as $0.24^{+0.06}_{-0.04}\,$mG. Analysis based on the WK model further allows us to derive representative $\boldsymbol {B}$-field strengths for the radial, azimuthal, and vertical components as $(B_r, B_\phi , B_z) = (0.4 \pm 0.1, -0.7 \pm 0.2, 0.2 \pm 0.05)\,$mG, respectively. A key finding is that the $|B_\phi |$ component is dominant over $B_r$ and $B_z$ components, consistent with the spiral morphology, indicating that the CND’s $\boldsymbol {B}$-field is predominantly toroidal, possibly shaped by accretion dynamics. Considering the turbulent pressure, estimated plasma $\beta$ values indicate that the effective gas pressure should surpass the magnetic pressure. Assessing the CND of our MWG in the toroidal-and-vertical stability parameter space, we propose that such an “effective” magneto-rotational instability (MRI) may likely be active. The estimated maximum unstable wavelength, $\lambda _{\rm max} = 0.1 \pm 0.1\,$pc, is smaller than the CND’s scale height ($0.2 \pm 0.1\,$pc), which indicates the potential for the effective MRI intermittent cycles of $\sim 10^6\,$yr, which should profoundly affect the CND’s evolution, considering the estimated mass accretion rate of $10^{-2} M_{\odot }\,$yr$^{-1}$ to the SMBH.