bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Structures and Conformational Dynamics of 1,3,5‐Tris(3″‐ethynylbi­phen­yl‐2′‐yl)benzene Derivatives
Authors: Trawny Daniel , Quennet Marcel , Rades Nadine , Lentz Dieter , Paulus Beate , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFollowing a route described by Müllen et al. we improved the preparation of 1,2,3‐tris(3″‐iodobiphenyl‐2′‐yl)benzene (4). During the required iododesilylation with iodine monochloride the unexpected formation of a mono‐chlorinated compound 6 as major product was observed, when an excess of the iodination reagent was employed. The reaction mechanism for the formation of this compound involving an oxidizing process is discussed. X‐ray crystallography of the subsequent alkynylated product 7 proves the location of the chlorine atom at the central benzene ring. The related compound 5 was likewise investigated by X‐ray analysis revealing a preferred solid‐state conformation (“2‐up‐1‐down”) different from that of the chlorinated compound (“propeller” conformation). Compound 7 showed remarkable conformational dynamics in solution as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Temperature‐dependent measurements allowed the calculation of an energy difference of two major conformers of ca. 2 kJ/mol and a rotational barrier ΔGrot of ca. 77 kJ/mol. These values were convincingly confirmed by DFT calculations. A subsequent Sonogashira reaction of 4 with a suitable bipyridine derivative provided a unique trivalent bipyridine derivative.
What outcome measures are commonly used for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome clinical trials? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Grieve S. , Jones L. , Walsh N. , McCabe C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveComplex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition, often triggered by trauma to a limb and characterized by sensory, motor, autonomic and trophic changes within the affected limb. Due to the multi‐faceted nature of the condition there are a wide range of potential health outcome measures for use within CRPS related clinical trials. This aim of this systematic literature review was to identify which patient or health professional questionnaire format outcome measures have been used in CRPS specific clinical trials, and which of these have been developed specifically for use in CRPS populations. Information gained from this review will inform an international consortium project to define a Core Outcome measurement set for CRPS Clinical trials.Databases and data treatmentThe electronic databases EMBASE, Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and LILACS were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2014.ResultsOne hundred and four full text papers were obtained with 68 questionnaire outcome measures identified. Five of these outcome measures were validated for CRPS. Of those outcome measures used since 2000, those addressing physical functioning were most prevalent.ConclusionsCurrently, CRPS clinical trials use a wide range of outcome measures making the potential to synthesize evidence problematic. There is no internationally agreed core measurement set. This diversity of outcome measures demonstrates a clear need for the development of a core measurement set to be used in CRPS clinical trials.
Life history traits and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in Lymantria dispar L. (lepidoptera, lymantriidae) larvae exposed to benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Ilijin Larisa , Mrdaković Marija , Todorović Dajana , Vlahović Milena , Gavrilović Anja , Mrkonja Aleksandra , Perić-Mataruga Vesna 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Increased presence of benzo[a]pyrene in the environment underlines the need for development of sensitive biomarkers for monitoring. Antioxidative enzymes could be used as early-warning signals because of their sensitivity and applicability. The activity of 2 antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were measured in midgut tissues of fifth instar Lymantria dispar larvae exposed to different concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene: 2 ng, 10 ng, 20 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, and 2000 ng benzo[a]pyrene/g dry food weight. Larval development, larval mass, and relative growth rate were also monitored. The authors detected prolonged larval development, as well as reduced larval mass and relative growth rate in larvae exposed to all benzo[a]pyrene concentrations. The L. dispar midgut SOD activity was significantly increased, and 2 SOD isoforms were detected on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in larvae fed on artificial diet supplemented with benzo[a]pyrene. In contrast, the control group had only 1 isoform. Catalase activity was significantly increased in all benzo[a]pyrene-treated larvae. Native gel electrophoresis showed that a switch in active CAT isoforms occurred after benzo[a]pyrene treatment. Thus, SOD and CAT in polyphagous herbivorous L. dispar larvae are very sensitive to low concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene. Therefore, they could be used as biomarkers for exposure and effects of this toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2618–2624. © 2015 SETAC
TOEFL Junior® Design Framework
Authors: So Youngsoon , Wolf Mikyung Kim , Hauck Maurice C. , Mollaun Pamela , Rybinski Paul , Tumposky Daniel , Wang Lin 
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the theoretical and empirical foundations of the TOEFL Junior® assessment and its development process. The TOEFL Junior test was developed to address the increasing need for objective measures of English language proficiency for young adolescent learners, who are being introduced to English as a second or foreign language at a much younger age than ever before.This paper presents the test purposes and intended uses, target population, target language use domains, and test constructs of the TOEFL Junior test. Also included is a description of the overall test structure and scoring system, which demonstrates how the constructs are operationalized. Finally, we outline research topics to support the interpretive argument of the use of the test. This document is expected to serve as a reference point during investigations of validity evidence to support the intended test uses over time.
Coordinating ecological restoration options analysis and risk assessment to improve environmental outcomes
Authors: Kapustka Lawrence A , Bowers Keith , Isanhart John , Martinez-Garza Cristina , Finger Susan , Stahl Ralph G , Stauber Jenny 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Ecological risk assessment as currently practiced has hindered consideration of ecosystem services endpoints and restoration goals in the environmental management process. Practitioners have created barriers between procedures to clean up contaminated areas and efforts to restore ecosystem functions. In this article, we examine linkages between contaminant risk assessment approaches and restoration efforts with the aim of identifying ways to improve environmental outcomes. We advocate that project managers and other stakeholders use an ecological planning framework, with restoration options included upfront in the risk assessment. We also considered the opportunities to incorporate ecosystem services as potential assessment endpoints in the Problem Formulation stages of a risk assessment. Indeed, diverse perspectives of stakeholders are central to understand the relevance of social, cultural, economic, and regional ecology as influences on future use options for the landscape being restored. The measurement endpoints used to characterize the existing ecological conditions for selected ecosystem services can also be used to evaluate restoration success. A regional, landscape, or seascape focus is needed throughout the risk assessment process, so that restoration efforts play a more prominent role in enhancing ecosystem services. In short, we suggest that practitioners begin with the question of “how can the ecological risk assessment inform the decision on how best to restore the ecosystem?” Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:253–263. © 2015 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC
Key Points
Limitations of ERA as currently practiced have hindered consideration of ecosystem services endpoints and restoration goals in the environmental management process. Ecological restoration options should be brought to the front of the problem formulation phase of the risk framework. A regional, landscape, or seascape focus is needed throughout the risk assessment process so that restoration efforts play a more prominent role in enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., provision of habitat).
High‐efficiency Silicon Solar Cells: A Review
Authors: Lee Youngseok , Park Cheolmin , Balaji Nagarajan , Lee Youn‐Jung , Dao Vinh Ai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOver the past few decades, crystalline silicon solar cells have been extensively studied due to their high efficiency, high reliability, and low cost. In addition, these types of cells lead the industry and account for more than half of the market. For the foreseeable future, Si will still be a critical material for photovoltaic devices in the solar cell industry. In this paper, we discuss key issues, cell concepts, and the status of recent high‐efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells.
A Two‐Stage Approach to Spatio‐Temporal Analysis with Strong and Weak Cross‐Sectional Dependence
Authors: Bailey Natalia , Holly Sean , Pesaran M. Hashem 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAn understanding of the spatial dimension of economic and social activity requires methods that can separate out the relationship between spatial units that is due to the effect of common factors from that which is purely spatial even in an abstract sense. The same applies to the empirical analysis of networks in general. We use cross‐unit averages to extract common factors (viewed as a source of strong cross‐sectional dependence) and compare the results with the principal components approach widely used in the literature. We then apply multiple testing procedures to the de‐factored observations in order to determine significant bilateral correlations (signifying connections) between spatial units and compare this to an approach that just uses distance to determine units that are neighbours. We apply these methods to real house price changes at the level of Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA, and estimate a heterogeneous spatio‐temporal model for the de‐factored real house price changes and obtain significant evidence of spatial connections, both positive and negative. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and performance of PVDF TIPS microfiltration hollow fiber membranes prepared from PVDF/DBP/DOP systems for industrial application
Authors: Zhou Qianhua , Wang Zhan , Shen Haijun , Zhu Zhongya , Liu Liping , Yang Libin , Cheng Lina 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis research focused on the impacts of different dibutyl phthalate (DBP)/dioctyl phthalate (DOP) weight ratios on the surface morphology and the properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) microfiltration hollow fiber membranes. The phase diagrams of PVDF/DBP/DOP systems were determined and the optimum weight ratio DBP/DOP in the liquid–liquid region of the binary phase diagram was chosen to form a membrane with interconnected sponge‐like structure. Optimum processing temperature was determined based on analysis of the phase diagrams and industrial applications. In addition, the morphology and properties of the membranes were characterized as well as the performance of the membrane modules.RESULTSSuitable processing temperature range for the PVDF TIPS process was from 430 to 493 K. A PVDF concentration of 35 wt% and weight ratio DBP/DOP of 1/2 provided the most appropriate membrane for industrial application.CONCLUSIONSThe optimum processing temperature range for the PVDF TIPS process was determined. The weight ratio DBP/DOP in PVDF/DBP/DOP systems played an important role in preparing PVDF TIPS microfiltration hollow fibers with superior properties giving membranes suitable for industrial application. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A cascade‐connected neural model for improved 2D DOA estimation of an EM signal
Authors: Stoilkovic Marija , Stankovic Zoran , Milovanovic Bratislav 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis article proposes a neural network‐based approach to increase accuracy of two‐dimensional direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of an electromagnetic signal. The proposed method combines two neural networks developed using simulated and small amount of empirical data, respectively. The output of the simulation‐based neural network represents approximate information on DOAs. It is then considered as a priori knowledge for the small empirical network that is crucial for obtaining more accurate DOA estimates. The developed cascade‐connected model is validated using real data from a rectangular antenna array. Improvements in terms of accuracy and reliability are obtained and compared with the MUSIC algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social exchange spillover in leader–member relations: A multilevel model
Authors: Chen Ying , Chen Zhen Xiong , Zhong Lifeng , Son Jooyeon , Zhang Xiujuan , Liu Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2015

SummaryDrawing on role theory and the cultural theory of collectivism, we developed and tested a multilevel model of social exchange spillover in leader–member relations in the Chinese context. In Mplus analyses of a sample of 213 subordinates from 47 groups, we found that, at the individual level, a dimension of leader–member guanxi (LMG), leader–member personal life inclusion (LMG‐P), which is defined as the extent to which leaders and members include each other in their personal or family lives, can spill over to affect subordinates' contextual performance (i.e., interpersonal facilitation and job dedication); furthermore, this effect was moderated by subordinates' horizontal collectivism orientation, such that LMG‐P spilled over to affect contextual performance only for those who were low in horizontal collectivism orientation. At the group level, the variance of LMG‐P within a group, which is referred to as LMG‐P differentiation, was related negatively to group performance when the supervisors had a low horizontal collectivism orientation. At the cross level, LMG‐P differentiation moderated the relationship between LMG‐P and job dedication, such that the relationship was positive only when LMG‐P differentiation was low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘What I Really Needed Was the Truth’. Exploring the Information Needs of People with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: Grieve Sharon , Adams Jo , McCabe Candida 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundUK guidelines indicate that individuals with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) require information and education to support self‐management. The present qualitative study explored the specific information requirements of patients with CRPS and provides insight into how health professionals can best provide this.MethodsFollowing informed consent, eight semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with adults living with CRPS. Participants were asked about their experience of receiving information since diagnosis and the information that they would prefer to receive. Interviews were transcribed and data analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsTwo themes related to individuals' experience of receiving information. These were: ‘Facing the unknown’, which describes how participants reported that little information was available and the impact of this; and ‘The need to be an expert’, which describes how they needed to be proactive to seek this information themselves. Three themes related to the information that the individual would choose to receive. These were: ‘Seeking the truth’, which describes the need for knowledge – particularly accurate, honest information; ‘The shared experience’, which describes the positive and negative aspects of sharing information with others experiencing CRPS; and ‘Access to expertise’, which describes the need for access to reliable information, resources and expertise.ConclusionThe reported lack of information resulted in a struggle for participants to understand their condition, and access professional expertise and appropriate treatments. Health professionals require access to accurate information in order to share this with individuals with CRPS in a timely manner. Easily accessible and high‐quality patient resources to facilitate early referral for expertise are required. A central resource to identify local expertise would be valuable.
An incremental energy minimization state update algorithm for 3D phenomenological internal‐variable SMA constitutive models based on isotropic flow potentials
Authors: Artioli E. , Bisegna P. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAn incremental energy minimization approach for the solution of the constitutive equations of 3D phenomenological models for shape memory alloys (SMA) is presented. A robust algorithm for the solution of the resulting nonsmooth constrained minimization problem is devised, without introducing any regularization in the dissipation or chemical terms. The proposed algorithm is based on a thorough detection of the singularities relevant to the incremental energy formulation, in conjunction with a Newton–Raphson method equipped with a Wolfe line search dealing with regular solutions. The saturation constraint on the transformation strain is treated by means of an active set strategy, thus avoiding any need for a two‐stage return‐mapping algorithm. A parametrization of the saturation constraint manifold is introduced, thus reducing the problem dimensionality, with improved computational performance. Finally, an efficient algorithm for the computation of the dissipation function in terms of Haigh–Westergaard invariants is presented, allowing for a quite general choice of deviatoric transformation functions. Numerical results confirm the robustness and consistency of the proposed state update algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of non‐uniform fine lines in silicon solar cell front metal grid design
Authors: Wong Johnson , Shanmugam Vinodh , Cunnusamy Jessen , Zahn Michael , Zhou Andrew , Yang Rado , Chen Xiao , Aberle Armin G. , Mueller Thomas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhile it is well known that the typical printed silver fingers on a silicon solar cell have profile striations, bottle‐necks, and line breaks, the impact of these imperfections have not been assessed in calculations of front grid related power losses. This study uses detailed finite element modeling to show that when the realistic effects of non‐uniform line conductance is accounted for; the simulated cell efficiency can be significantly lower than under the assumption of uniform lines, becoming closer to measured trends. The study also explores the incorporation of additional interconnecting fingers to the parallel grid finger in the H pattern, concluding that they are typically of no benefit to improving the cell efficiency. As an auxiliary observation, it was found that the efficiency calculated by simple ohmic power loss formulae is typically underestimated by 0.1–0.2% absolute, a margin that should be accounted for in cell optimization and analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peak weight velocity in infancy is negatively associated with lung function in adolescence
Authors: Claudia Flexeder , Thiering Elisabeth , von Berg Andrea , Berdel Dietrich , Hoffmann Barbara , Koletzko Sibylle , Bauer Carl‐Peter , Koletzko Berthold , Heinrich Joachim , Schulz Holger 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYBackground: Rapid weight gain during infancy increases childhood asthma risk, which might be related to impaired lung function. This study investigated associations between peak weight velocity (PWV) during the first two years of life and spirometric lung function indices at 15 years of age. Methods: Data from 1842 children participating in the GINIplus German birth cohort who underwent spirometry at age 15 were analysed. PWV was calculated from weight measurements obtained between birth and two years of age. Generalised additive models were fitted after adjustment for potential confounding factors (birth weight, height, and age at lung function testing). Results are presented per interquartile range increase (3.5 kg/year) in PWV. Results: PWV was negatively associated with pre‐bronchodilation flow rates after extensive adjustment for potential confounders including asthma: forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50) decreased by 141 ml/s (95%CI = [−225;−57]), FEF75by 84 ml/s [−144;−24] and FEF25–75by 118 ml/s [−192;−44]. FEV1/FVC was also negatively associated with PWV (−0.750% [−1.273;−0.226]) whereas forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were not. Similar results were found for measurements post‐bronchodilation. Conclusion: Early life weight gain was negatively associated with flow indices in adolescence, suggesting structural changes in peripheral lungs.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:147–156.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradoxical tuberculosis‐associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Van Rie Annelies , Sawry Shobna , Link‐Gelles Ruth , Madhi Shabir , Fairlie Lee , Verwey Charl , Mahomed Nasreen , Murdoch David , Moultrie Harry 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundParadoxical tuberculosis (TB)‐associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) is a common complication of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) initiation in adults residing in resource‐limited regions. Little is known about the burden and presentation of TB‐IRIS in children initiating cART while receiving TB treatment.MethodsProspective cohort study of South African children initiating cART while on TB treatment. Children were assessed clinically and by chest x‐ray before starting cART and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post cART initiation. All children who presented with any signs or symptoms suggestive of paradoxical TB‐IRIS were classified according to the consensus adult TB‐IRIS case definition developed by the International Network for Study of HIV‐associated IRIS (INSHI) and reviewed by an independent expert panel.ResultsIn 7 of the 104 children enrolled in the cohort, symptoms and/or clinical or radiological signs suggestive of paradoxical TB‐IRIS developed after a median of 14 days of cART. In two of these cases, there was agreement between the INSHI case definition and the expert panel. In an additional 3 cases, the INSHI criteria were fulfilled but the expert panel made an alternative diagnosis of pneumonia (n = 2) and poor adherence to cART (n = 1).ConclusionsThe burden of paradoxical TB‐IRIS in children with underlying TB initiating cART is low. Including response to antibiotic treatment for pneumonia as a criterion for an alternative diagnosis may improve the specificity of the INSHI case definition. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:157–164. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.