bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleic Acid Technology (NAT) testing for blood screening: impact of individual donation and Mini Pool – NAT testing on analytical sensitivity, screening sensitivity and clinical sensitivity
Authors: Shyamala V. 
Published: December 2014

Globally, in a number of countries the donated blood is screened for serology markers for the Human immunodeficiency diseases‐1/2, the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Several medium human development index (HDI) countries with reasonably high percentage of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) are evaluating nucleic acid technology (NAT) assays to detect these viruses. Serology assays are performed on individual samples, while NAT is performed on either the individual donation (ID) or on a wide array of minipool (MP)‐NAT testing formats. The limit of detection of ID‐NAT assays equals the analytical sensitivity and that of pool testing reflects the pool size dependent decreased sensitivity also known as screening sensitivity. To many end users, it is not obvious that pool testing will have less sensitivity. In this review, mathematically predicted pool size dependent increase in risk days which is applicable to assays of all technologies is substantiated with published experimental results with NAT standards, clinical NAT only detected yields and detection misses by MP‐NAT. In the second half, the blood banking system in India, the donor base, and the variables in serology testing are discussed to explain the wide range of reported NAT yields at 1/300 to 1/17 753. Currently, NAT is not mandated in India, and the cost–benefit value of NAT is being seriously debated. As <5 IU/ml of HIV‐1 and HBV have resulted in TTIs, and nearly 83% of the HBV NAT yields in India have <20 IU/ml viral load, the most sensitive assay in the most sensitive format needs to be practiced to ensure maximum blood safety.
Dissociable Effects of Motivation and Expectancy on Conflict Processing: An fMRI Study
Authors: Soutschek Alexander , Stelzel Christine , Paschke Lena , Walter Henrik , Schubert Torsten 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Previous studies suggest that both motivation and task difficulty expectations activate brain regions associated with cognitive control. However, it remains an open question whether motivational and cognitive determinants of control have similar or dissociable impacts on conflict processing on a neural level. The current study tested the effects of motivation and conflict expectancy on activity in regions related to processing of the target and the distractor information. Participants performed a picture–word interference task in which we manipulated the size of performance-dependent monetary rewards (level of motivation) and the ratio of congruent to incongruent trials within a block (level of conflict expectancy). Our results suggest that motivation improves conflict processing by facilitating task-relevant stimulus processing and task difficulty expectations mainly modulate the processing of distractor information. We conclude that motivation and conflict expectancy engage dissociable control strategies during conflict resolution.
Working Memory Delay Activity Predicts Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Unsworth Nash , Fukuda Keisuke , Awh Edward , Vogel Edward K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A great deal of prior research has examined the relation between estimates of working memory and cognitive abilities. Yet, the neural mechanisms that account for these relations are still not very well understood. The current study explored whether individual differences in working memory delay activity would be a significant predictor of cognitive abilities. A large number of participants performed multiple measures of capacity, attention control, long-term memory, working memory span, and fluid intelligence, and latent variable analyses were used to examine the data. During two working memory change detection tasks, we acquired EEG data and examined the contralateral delay activity. The results demonstrated that the contralateral delay activity was significantly related to cognitive abilities, and importantly these relations were because of individual differences in both capacity and attention control. These results suggest that individual differences in working memory delay activity predict individual differences in a broad range of cognitive abilities, and this is because of both differences in the number of items that can be maintained and the ability to control access to working memory.
Training-induced Changes in the Dynamics of Attention as Reflected in Pupil Dilation
Authors: Willems Charlotte , Damsma Atser , Wierda Stefan M. , Taatgen Niels , Martens Sander 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
One of the major topics in attention literature is the attentional blink (AB), which demonstrates a limited ability to identify the second of two targets (T1 and T2) when presented in close temporal succession (200–500 msec). Given that the effect has been thought of as robust and resistant to training for over two decades, one of the most remarkable findings in recent years is that the AB can be eliminated after a 1-hr training with a color-salient T2. However, the underlying mechanism of the training effect as well as the AB itself is as of yet still poorly understood. To elucidate this training effect, we employed a refined version of our recently developed pupil dilation deconvolution method to track any training-induced changes in the amount and onset of attentional processing in response to target stimuli. Behaviorally, we replicated the original training effect with a color-salient T2. However, we showed that training without a salient target, but with a consistent short target interval, is already sufficient to attenuate the AB. Pupil deconvolution did not reveal any posttraining changes in T2-related dilation but instead an earlier onset of dilation around T1. Moreover, normalized pupil dilation was enhanced posttraining compared with pretraining. We conclude that the AB can be eliminated by training without a salient cue. Furthermore, our data point to the existence of temporal expectations at the time points of the trained targets posttraining. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that temporal expectations arise as a result of training.
Submeso Motions within the Stable Boundary Layer and Their Relationships to Local Indicators and Synoptic Regime in Moderately Complex Terrain
Authors: Hoover Joshua D. , Stauffer David R. , Richardson Scott J. , Mahrt Larry , Gaudet Brian J. , Suarez Astrid 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo better understand the physical processes of the stable boundary layer and to quantify “submeso motions” in moderately complex terrain, exploratory case-study analyses were performed using observational field data supplemented by gridded North American Regional Reanalysis data and Pennsylvania State University real-time Weather Research and Forecasting Model output. Submeso motions are nominally defined as all motions between the largest turbulent scales and the smallest mesoscales. Seven nighttime cases from August and September of 2011 are chosen from a central Pennsylvania [“Rock Springs” (RS)] network of eight ground-based towers and two sound detection and ranging (sodar) systems . The observation network is located near Tussey Ridge, ~15 km southeast of the Allegheny Mountains. The seven cases are classified by the dominant synoptic-flow direction and proximity to terrain to assess the influence of synoptic conditions on the local submeso and mesogamma motions. It is found that synoptic winds with a large crossing angle over nearby Tussey Ridge can generate mesogamma wave motions and larger-magnitude submeso temperature and wind fluctuations in the RS network than do winds from the direction of the more distant Allegheny Mountains. Cases with synoptic winds that are nearly parallel to the topographic contours or are generally weak exhibit the smallest fluctuations. Changes in the magnitude of near-surface submeso temperature and wind fluctuations in response to local indicator variables are also analyzed. The observed submeso wind and temperature fluctuations are generally larger when the low-level wind speed and thermal stratification, respectively, are greater, but the synoptic flow and its relation to the terrain also play an important role.
A Preliminary Study toward Consistent Soil Moisture from AMSR2
Authors: Parinussa Robert M. , Holmes Thomas R. H. , Wanders Niko , Dorigo Wouter A. , de Jeu Richard A. M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A preliminary study toward consistent soil moisture products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) is presented. Its predecessor, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), has provided Earth scientists with a consistent and continuous global soil moisture dataset. A major challenge remains to achieve synergy between these soil moisture datasets, which is hampered by the lack of an overlapping observation period of the sensors. Here, observations of the multifrequency microwave radiometer on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite were used to improve consistency between AMSR-E and AMSR2. Several scenarios to achieve synergy between the AMSR-E and AMSR2 soil moisture products were evaluated. The novel soil moisture retrievals from C-band observations, a frequency band that is lacking on board the TRMM satellite, are also presented. A global comparison of soil moisture retrievals against ERA-Interim soil moisture demonstrates the need for an intercalibration procedure. Several different scenarios based on filtering were tested, and the impact on the soil moisture retrievals was evaluated against two independent reference soil moisture datasets (reanalysis and in situ soil moisture) that cover both individual observation periods of the AMSR-E and AMSR2 sensors. Results show a high degree of consistency between both satellite products and two independent reference products for the soil moisture products retrieved from X-band observations. Care should be taken in the interpretation of the presented soil moisture products, and future research is needed to further align the AMSR2 and AMSR-E sensor calibrations.
Towards dialogues with and within silence in psychotherapy processes: Why the person of the therapist and the client matters?
Authors: Lehmann Olga V 
Published: December 2014

A clinical practice, when seen as a cultural setting, acts as a social regulator of both talk and silence. Taking the paper of Martínez et al. as a starting point, I suggest an integrative understanding of the psychotherapeutic process as a discursive genre highlighting the possible implications that the focus on silence can have in the dynamics of different I-positions. Furthermore, I hypothesize that generalization in psychotherapy research from the perspective of Semiotic Cultural Psychology and Dialogical Self Theory is to contemplate the tension between the uniqueness and sameness of specific: (a) psychotherapeutic approaches; (b) emotional tonalities of both therapist and client; (c) trajectories of the psychotherapeutic process; and (d) understandings of dialogue, meeting/encounter, and awareness.
The molecular biology of the olive fly comes of age
Authors: Sagri Efthimia , Reczko Martin , Tsoumani Konstantina T , Gregoriou Maria-Eleni , Harokopos Vaggelis , Mavridou Anna-Maria , Tastsoglou Spyros , Athanasiadis Konstantinos , Ragoussis Jiannis , Mathiopoulos Kostas D 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundOlive cultivation blends with the history of the Mediterranean countries since ancient times. Even today, activities around the olive tree constitute major engagements of several people in the countryside of both sides of the Mediterranean basin. The olive fly is, beyond doubt, the most destructive pest of cultivated olives. The female fly leaves its eggs in the olive fruit. Upon emergence, the larvae feed on the olive sap, thus destroying the fruit. If untreated, practically all olives get infected. The use of chemical insecticides constitutes the principal olive fly control approach. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), an environmentally friendly alternative control method, had been tried in pilot field applications in the 1970's, albeit with no practical success. This was mainly attributed to the low, non-antagonistic quality of the mixed-sex released insects. Many years of experience from successful SIT applications in related species, primarily the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata, demonstrated that efficient SIT protocols require the availability of fundamental genetic and molecular information.ResultsAmong the primary systems whose understanding can contribute towards novel SIT approaches (or its recently developed alternative RIDL: Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal) is the reproductive, since the ability to manipulate the reproductive system would directly affect the insect's fertility. In addition, the analysis of early embryonic promoters and apoptotic genes would provide tools that confer dominant early-embryonic lethality during mass-rearing. Here we report the identification of several genes involved in these systems through whole transcriptome analysis of female accessory glands (FAGs) and spermathecae, as well as male testes. Indeed, analysis of differentially expressed genes in these tissues revealed higher metabolic activity in testes than in FAGs/spermathecae. Furthermore, at least five olfactory-related genes were shown to be differentially expressed in the female and male reproductive systems analyzed. Finally, the expression profile of the embryonicserendipity-αlocus and the pre-apoptotichead involution defectivegene were analyzed during embryonic developmental stages.ConclusionsSeveral years of molecular studies on the olive fly can now be combined with new information from whole transcriptome analyses and lead to a deep understanding of the biology of this notorious insect pest. This is a prerequisite for the development of novel embryonic lethality female sexing strains for successful SIT efforts which, combined with improved mass-reared conditions, give new hope for efficient SIT applications for the olive fly.
Hydrothermal synthesis of 3D hollow porous Fe3O4 microspheres towards catalytic removal of organic pollutants
Authors: Wang Xiansong , Huang He , Li Guoqing , Liu Yi , Huang Jiale , Yang Da-Peng 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Three-dimensional hollow porous superparamagnetic Fe3O4 microspheres were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process. A series of characterizations done with X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the production of Fe3O4 microspheres possessed good monodispersity, uniform size distribution, hollow and porous structural characters, and strong superparamagnetic behavior. The obtained Fe3O4 microspheres have a diameter of ca. 300 nm, which is composed of many interconnected nanoparticles with a size of ca. 20 nm. The saturation magnetization is 80.6 emu·g-1. The as-prepared products had promising applications as novel catalysts to remove organic pollutants (methylene blue) from wastewater in the presence of H2O2 and ultrasound irradiation.
Dislocation luminescence in GaN single crystals under nanoindentation
Authors: Huang Jun , Xu Ke , Fan Ying Min , Wang Jian Feng , Zhang Ji Cai , Ren Guo Qiang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This work presents an experimental study on the dislocation luminescence in GaN by nanoindentation, cathodoluminescence, and Raman. The dislocation luminescence peaking at 3.12 eV exhibits a series of special properties in the cathodoluminescence measurements, and it completely disappears after annealing at 500°C. Raman spectroscopy shows evidence for existence of vacancies in the indented region. A comprehensive investigation encompassing cathodoluminescence, Raman, and annealing experiments allow the assignment of dislocation luminescence to conduction-band-acceptor transition involving Ga vacancies. The nanoscale plasticity of GaN can be better understood by considering the dislocation luminescence mechanism.
Clinical outcomes following ankle fracture: a cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Segal Ganit , Elbaz Avi , Parsi Alon , Heller Ziv , Palmanovich Ezequiel , Nyska Meir , Feldbrin Zeev , Kish Benjamin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the current study was to examine objective and subjective differences between three severity groups of ankle fractures patients compared to healthy controls.MethodsThis was a case‐controlled study. 92 patients with an ankle fracture injury of which 41 patients were eligible to participate in the study. 72 healthy people served as controls. All patients underwent a computerized gait test, completed self‐assessment questionnaires (The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and the SF‐36), evaluated with the American Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) form and completed the 6‐min walk test. The control group performed a computerized gait test and completed the SF‐36 health survey.ResultsAll ankle fracture patients presented compromised gait patterns and limb symmetry compared to controls (p < 0.05). Ankle fracture patients also had lower SF‐36 scores compared to controls (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the unimalleolar group compared to the bimalleolar and trimalleolar groups in most parameters, except for the FAOS scores. There were no significant differences between the bimalleolar fracture group and the trimalleolar fracture groups.ConclusionsAlthough all fracture severity classification groups presented a compromised gait pattern and worse clinical symptoms compared to controls, it seems that patients with a unimalleolar fracture is a different group compared to bimalleolar and trimalleolar fracture. Furthermore, it seems that bimalleolar fracture and trimalleolar fracture affect the gait pattern and clinical symptoms to an equal extent, at least in the short‐term.Trial registrationNCT01127776.
Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human microbiome
Authors: Flores Gilberto E , Caporaso J Gregory , Henley Jessica B , Rideout Jai Ram , Domogala Daniel , Chase John , Leff Jonathan W , Vázquez-Baeza Yoshiki , Gonzalez Antonio , Knight Rob , Dunn Robert R , Fierer Noah 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background
It is now apparent that the complex microbial communities found on and in the human body vary across individuals. What has largely been missing from previous studies is an understanding of how these communities vary over time within individuals. To the extent to which it has been considered, it is often assumed that temporal variability is negligible for healthy adults. Here we address this gap in understanding by profiling the forehead, gut (fecal), palm, and tongue microbial communities in 85 adults, weekly over 3 months.

Results
We found that skin (forehead and palm) varied most in the number of taxa present, whereas gut and tongue communities varied more in the relative abundances of taxa. Within each body habitat, there was a wide range of temporal variability across the study population, with some individuals harboring more variable communities than others. The best predictor of these differences in variability across individuals was microbial diversity; individuals with more diverse gut or tongue communities were more stable in composition than individuals with less diverse communities.

Conclusions
Longitudinal sampling of a relatively large number of individuals allowed us to observe high levels of temporal variability in both diversity and community structure in all body habitats studied. These findings suggest that temporal dynamics may need to be considered when attempting to link changes in microbiome structure to changes in health status. Furthermore, our findings show that, not only is the composition of an individual’s microbiome highly personalized, but their degree of temporal variability is also a personalized feature.
Rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibody positivity, but not level, are associated with increased mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from two large independent cohorts
Authors: Humphreys Jennifer H , van Nies Jessica AB , Chipping Jackie , Marshall Tarnya , van der Helm-van Mil Annette HM , Symmons Deborah PM , Verstappen Suzanne MM 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Introduction
This study aimed to investigate rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status and levels as predictors of mortality in two large cohorts of patients with early inflammatory arthritis (EIA).

Methods
Data from the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) and Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic (EAC) cohorts were used. At baseline, patients had demographic data and smoking status recorded; RF, ACPA and inflammatory markers were measured in the local laboratories. Patients were flagged with national death registers until death or censor date. Antibody status was stratified as negative, low or high positive by RF and ACPA levels individually. In addition, patients were grouped as seronegative, RF positive, ACPA positive or double antibody (RF and ACPA) positive. Cox regression models explored associations between antibody status and mortality adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, inflammatory markers and year of enrolment.

Results
A total of 4962 patients were included, 64% were female. Median age at onset was 56 (NOAR) and 54 (EAC) years. In NOAR and EAC respectively, 35% and 42% of patients were ACPA/RF positive. When antibody status was stratified as negative, low or high positive, there were no consistent findings between the two cohorts. Double antibody positivity was associated with excess mortality in both cohorts compared to seronegative patients: NOAR and EAC respective adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) 1.35 (1.09 to 1.68) and 1.58 (1.16 to 2.15).

Conclusions
Patients with EIA who are seropositive for both RF and ACPA have increased mortality compared to those who are single positive or seronegative. Antibody level in seropositive patients was not consistently associated with excess mortality.
Preparation of superhydrophobic and transparent micro-nano hybrid coatings from polymethylhydroxysiloxane and silica ormosil aerogels
Authors: Nagappan Saravanan , Park Jin Joo , Park Sung Soo , Ha Chang-Sik 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Superhydrophobic and transparent polymethylhydroxysiloxane (PMHOS)/silica ormosil aerogel hybrids were prepared successfully by mixing of PMHOS with various weight percentages of silica ormosil aerogels (as synthesized from methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) precursors) in separate seal perfume glass vials. The hybrids were spin coated on glass substrate at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds and used for further analysis. The surface morphology and chemical compositions of the hybrids were analyzed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, adsorption and desorption isotherm, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transparency, thermal decomposition and static contact angle (SCA) of each sample were measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, TGA and drop shape analysis system, respectively. The spin coated substrates showed good superhydrophobic properties, thermal stability as well as transparency on the glass substrates.