bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Al-Tafsīr al-kabīr: An Investigation of al-Qushayrī’s Major Qur’an Commentary
Authors: Nguyen Martin 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The mystic and scholar of Nishapur, Abū l-Qāsim al-Qushayrī, is widely acclaimed for his important treatise on the Sufi Path, al-Risāla, and his Sufi commentary of the Qur’an, Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt. However, a commentary composed during his early career has been largely overlooked despite its wide attestation in the biographical literature. Called al-Tafsīr al-kabīr or “the Major Commentary,” this work may only survive in manuscript form. At the center of the present study are two manuscripts from Leiden and Istanbul that appear to partially preserve Qushayrī’s earliest work of Qur’anic exegesis. By examining the various authorities cited in the text and cross-referencing relevant works, this study works to date the commentary of each text, to identify their respective commentarial influences and authorities, and to draw possible conclusions concerning how the manuscripts relate to one another and ultimately to Qushayrī, the alleged author.
On the Subtleties of Method and Style in the Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt of al-Qushayrī
Authors: Sands Kristin Zahra 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt of Abū l-Qāsim al-Qushayrī (d. 465/1072) is a comprehensive, line-by-line mystical commentary on the Qur’an. In this article, an analysis of the comments on the first four sūras demonstrates how Qushayrī crafted a distinctively cohesive way of responding to the Qur’anic text that avoids any sharp or simplistic division of the exoteric and the mystical. This is partly accomplished by not addressing verses in an overly selective way, and partly by mirroring the shifting modes of discourse and content of the Qur’an itself. Qushayrī adeptly incorporates into his commentary the intellectual discourses of his time in exegesis, theology and mysticism, and then expands his rhetorical repertoire with the more emotive and aesthetic dimensions of poetry, rhymed prose and metaphor. Qushayrī’s methodology allows him to use tangible human experience to explain what might otherwise seem like otherworldly or abstract ideas, and to provide concrete advice for mystical aspirants. The esoteric and exoteric are seamlessly interwoven in his commentary through the ethos of adab, understood as a hermeneutic, a sensibility, and a life strategy for those seeking nearness with the divine.
Introduction: Al-Qushayrī and His Legacy
Authors: Nguyen Martin , Ingalls Matthew 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Qushayrī (d. 465/1072) is a pivotal figure in the development of the Sufi tradition. The articles that comprise the present issue of the Journal of Sufi Studies propose to shed new light on understudied areas in Qushayrī’s thought, corpus, and posthumous reception.
Influences of Qushayrī’s Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on Sufi Qur’anic Commentaries, Particularly Rūzbihān al-Baqlī’s ʿArāʾis al-bayān and the Kubrawi al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya
Authors: Godlas Alan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Although the significance of ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Qushayrī’s Qur’anic commentary, Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt, might appear limited, in fact its impact was widespread geographically and historically and was both obvious and hidden. This study demonstrates that eight tafsīrs, written from the twelfth to the nineteenth centuries and possessing a significant Sufi component, were all influenced by Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt and ranged from Morocco to Central Asia and India and included the Ottoman world, the Arab Middle East, and Iran. Using the previously recognized influence of Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on Maybudī’s Kashf al-asrār as a point of comparison for examining the degree, manner, and acknowledgment of influence, this study focuses on illuminating the impact of Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on the Qur’anic commentary of Rūzbihān al-Baqlī, ʿArāʾis al-bayān, and that of the Kubrawi school, al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya. One significant difference is that quotations from Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt were appended to and not integrated with Baqlī’s writing, whereas they were integrated into al-Taʾwīlāt. Most importantly, Qushayrī’s authorship is acknowledged in ʿArāʾis al-bayān but not in al-Taʾwīlāt. This discovery of the hidden influence of the Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya helps to clarify the latter’s problematic authorship, strengthening Paul Ballanfat’s argument that Najm-i Rāzī revised the text originally written by Najm al-Dīn Kubrā.
A New Mechanism of Droplet Size Distribution Broadening during Diffusional Growth
Authors: Korolev Alexei , Pinsky Mark , Khain Alex 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A new mechanism has been developed for size distribution broadening toward large droplet sizes. This mechanism may explain the rapid formation of large cloud droplets, which may subsequently trigger precipitation formation through the collision–coalescence process. The essence of the new mechanism consists of a sequence of mixing events between ascending and descending parcels. When adiabatically ascending and descending parcels having the same initial conditions at the cloud base arrive at the same level, they will have different droplet sizes and temperatures, as well as different supersaturations. Isobaric mixing between such parcels followed by further ascents and descents enables the enhanced growth of large droplets. The numerical simulation of this process suggests that the formation of large 30–40-μm droplets may occur within 20–30 min inside a shallow adiabatic stratiform layer. The dependencies of the rate of the droplet size distribution broadening on the intensity of the vertical fluctuations, their spatial amplitude, rate of mixing, droplet concentration, and other parameters are considered here. The effectiveness of this mechanism in different types of clouds is discussed.
The North Atlantic Oscillation Response to Large-Scale Atmospheric Anomalies in the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Drouard Marie , Rivière Gwendal , Arbogast Philippe 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Ingredients in the North Pacific flow influencing Rossby wave breakings in the North Atlantic and the intraseasonal variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are investigated using both reanalysis data and a three-level quasigeostrophic model on the sphere. First, a long-term run is shown to reproduce the observed relationship between the nature of the synoptic wave breaking and the phase of the NAO. Furthermore, a large-scale, low-frequency ridge anomaly is identified in the northeastern Pacific in the days prior to the maximum of the positive NAO phase both in the reanalysis and in the model. A large-scale northeastern Pacific trough anomaly is observed during the negative NAO phase but does not systematically precede it.
Then, short-term linear and nonlinear simulations are performed to understand how the large-scale ridge anomaly can act as a precursor of the positive NAO phase. The numerical setup allows for analysis of the propagation of synoptic waves in the eastern Pacific in the presence of a large-scale ridge or trough anomaly and their downstream impact onto the Atlantic jet when they break. The ridge acts in two ways. First, it tends to prevent the downstream propagation of small waves compared to long waves. Second, it deflects the propagation of the wave trains in such a way that they mainly propagate equatorward in the Atlantic. The two modes of action favor the anticyclonic wave breaking and, therefore, the positive NAO phase. With the trough, the wave train propagation is more zonal, disturbances are more meridionally elongated, and cyclonic wave breaking is more frequent in the Atlantic than in the ridge case.
The Twenty-first-Century Left in El Salvador and Nicaragua
Authors: Perla Héctor , Cruz-Feliciano Héctor 
Published: March 2013

For the first time, two former guerrilla organizations simultaneously hold power in Central America: the Salvadoran Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front and the Nicaraguan Sandinista National Liberation Front. Both parties’ preference for leftist policies is constrained by the lack of development of the productive forces in both countries and the imperatives of the neoliberal model under which they are forced to operate, often yielding behaviors that are ostensibly contradictory to their revolutionary origins. The apparent contradictions are best understood as the result of strategic party choices, diverging conceptions about the appropriate policies for the construction of socialism, and the transformation of the leftist agenda in the twenty-first century. Por primera vez, dos organizaciones de ex-guerrilleros tienen el poder simultáneamente en Centroamérica: el Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional en El Salvador y el Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional en Nicaragua. La preferencia de ambos partidos por una política izquierdista está limitada por la falta de desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas y por los imperativos del modelo neoliberal en el que se ven obligados a operar, a menudo dando lugar a comportamientos que aparentemente contradicen sus orígenes revolucionarios. Las aparentes contradicciones se entienden mejor como resultado de decisiones partidistas estratégicas, concepciones divergentes sobre las políticas adecuadas para construir el socialismo y la transformación de la agenda izquierdista en el siglo veintiuno.
Long‐term effectiveness of endoscopic screening on incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: A randomized trial
Authors: Thiis‐Evensen Espen , Kalager Mette , Bretthauer Michael , Hoff Geir 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundDue to few randomized trials, there is uncertainty about the long‐time effect of endoscopic screening on colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality.AimTo evaluate the long‐term effect of endoscopic screening on CRC incidence and mortality, we performed a population‐based randomized controlled trial in Norway.Materials and methodsIn 1983, 799 Norwegian men and women, age 50–59 years were drawn from the population registry and randomly assigned to flexible sigmoidoscopy screening (400 individuals), or no screening (399 individuals). Colonoscopy surveillance was offered after two and six years for all polyp‐bearers in the screening group. In 1996, both groups were offered colonoscopy. Only individuals with advanced adenomas at colonoscopy in 1996 were recommended surveillance. All individuals were followed through Norwegian registries until 2008. Hazard ratios (HR) for CRC incidence, and CRC and overall mortality rates were calculated.ResultsDuring 26 years of follow up (17,327 person‐years), 26 colorectal cancers were observed: seven in the screening group and 19 in the control group (HR in screening group 0.40, 95% CI 0.17–0.95, p  = 0.04). Eight individuals died of colorectal cancer; one in the screening group and seven in the control group (HR 0.16, 95% CI 0.02–1.28, p  = 0.08).ConclusionsThis first randomized trial on the long‐term effect of endoscopic screening shows reduced CRC incidence and mortality if screening is combined with rigorous surveillance for individuals with polyps. Colonoscopy screening without such surveillance may not be effective.
5'-Serial Analysis of Gene Expression studies reveal a transcriptomic switch during fruiting body development in Coprinopsis cinerea
Authors: Cheng Chi Keung , Au Chun Hang , Wilke Sarah K , Stajich Jason E , Zolan Miriam E , Pukkila Patricia J , Kwan Hoi Shan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
The transition from the vegetative mycelium to the primordium during fruiting body development is the most complex and critical developmental event in the life cycle of many basidiomycete fungi. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this process has long been a goal of research on basidiomycetes. Large scale assessment of the expressed transcriptomes of these developmental stages will facilitate the generation of a more comprehensive picture of the mushroom fruiting process. In this study, we coupled 5'-Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (5'-SAGE) to high-throughput pyrosequencing from 454 Life Sciences to analyze the transcriptomes and identify up-regulated genes among vegetative mycelium (Myc) and stage 1 primordium (S1-Pri) of Coprinopsis cinerea during fruiting body development.

Results
We evaluated the expression of >3,000 genes in the two respective growth stages and discovered that almost one-third of these genes were preferentially expressed in either stage. This identified a significant turnover of the transcriptome during the course of fruiting body development. Additionally, we annotated more than 79,000 transcription start sites (TSSs) based on the transcriptomes of the mycelium and stage 1 primoridum stages. Patterns of enrichment based on gene annotations from the GO and KEGG databases indicated that various structural and functional protein families were uniquely employed in either stage and that during primordial growth, cellular metabolism is highly up-regulated. Various signaling pathways such as the cAMP-PKA, MAPK and TOR pathways were also identified as up-regulated, consistent with the model that sensing of nutrient levels and the environment are important in this developmental transition. More than 100 up-regulated genes were also found to be unique to mushroom forming basidiomycetes, highlighting the novelty of fruiting body development in the fungal kingdom.

Conclusions
We implicated a wealth of new candidate genes important to early stages of mushroom fruiting development, though their precise molecular functions and biological roles are not yet fully known. This study serves to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of fruiting body development in the model mushroom C. cinerea.
Colonic involvement in disseminated histoplasmosis of an immunocompetent adult: case report and literature review
Authors: Yang Biwei , Lu Lixia , Li Dajiang , Liu Li , Huang Libin , Chen Liyu , Tang Hong , Wang Lichun 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Histoplasmosis is a common opportunistic fungal infection that is observed almost exclusively in immunodeficient patients, especially those with AIDS. Immunocompetent individuals that suffer from histoplasmosis are rarely reported, especially those with disseminated lesions, such as disseminated histoplasmosis. The observation of disseminated histoplasmosis with prominent gastrointestinal involvement, no respiratory symptoms (which is presumed to be the portal of infection), gastrointestinal pathological changes, and minor digestive system disorders make this case study exceedingly rare.

Case presentation
We report the case of a 33-year-old immunocompetent male who presented with fever and weight loss. Based on investigations, the patient showed pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow involvement and marked colonic involvement. Finally, disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed and confirmed by stained smears of fine needle aspirates and biopsy from lesions in the bone marrow and colon. The patient showed appreciable regression of lesions following prompt treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate, and was treated thereafter with oral itraconazole following discharge from hospital.

Conclusion
Disseminated histoplasmosis could be underestimated in immunocompetent patients. A high degree of clinical suspicion is essential in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, regardless of pulmonary symptoms, and whether in endemic or non-endemic areas. Early and accurate diagnosis is extremely important for the appropriate treatment of infection and to improve disease outcome.
A genome-wide search for common SNP x SNP interactions on the risk of venous thrombosis
Authors: Greliche Nicolas , Germain Marine , Lambert Jean-Charles , Cohen William , Bertrand Marion , Dupuis Anne-Marie , Letenneur Luc , Lathrop Mark , Amouyel Philippe , Morange Pierre-Emmanuel , Trégouët David-Alexandre 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Venous Thrombosis (VT) is a common multifactorial disease with an estimated heritability between 35% and 60%. Known genetic polymorphisms identified so far only explain ~5% of the genetic variance of the disease. This study was aimed to investigate whether pair-wise interactions between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could exist and modulate the risk of VT.

Methods
A genome-wide SNP x SNP interaction analysis on VT risk was conducted in a French case–control study and the most significant findings were tested for replication in a second independent French case–control sample. The results obtained in the two studies totaling 1,953 cases and 2,338 healthy subjects were combined into a meta-analysis.

Results
The smallest observed p-value for interaction was p = 6.00 10-11 but it did not pass the Bonferroni significance threshold of 1.69 10-12 correcting for the number of investigated interactions that was 2.96 1010. Among the 37 suggestive pair-wise interactions with p-value less than 10-8, one was further shown to involve two SNPs, rs9804128 (IGFS21 locus) and rs4784379 (IRX3 locus) that demonstrated significant interactive effects (p = 4.83 10-5) on the variability of plasma Factor VIII levels, a quantitative biomarker of VT risk, in a sample of 1,091 VT patients.

Conclusion
This study, the first genome-wide SNP interaction analysis conducted so far on VT risk, suggests that common SNPs are unlikely exerting strong interactive effects on the risk of disease.
Heme iron polypeptide for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nagaraju Shankar P , Cohn Adam , Akbari Ayub , Davis Janet L , Zimmerman Deborah L 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundAnemia secondary to iron deficiency is common in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (ND-CKD) but it is unclear if oral supplementation is as effective as intravenous (IV) supplementation in re-establishing iron stores. The purpose of this study was to determine if oral Heme Iron Polypeptide (HIP) is as effective as IV iron sucrose in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia for patients with ND-CKD.MethodsForty ND-CKD patients were randomized; 18 to HIP 11 mg orally 3 times per day and 22 to IV iron sucrose 200 mg monthly for 6 months. Baseline clinical and laboratory data were collected for all patients. The primary and secondary outcomes for the study were hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and iron indices [ferritin and percentage transferrin saturation (TSAT)] at the end of 6 months respectively. Adverse events were also compared.ResultsThe baseline demographic characteristics and laboratory values were similar for the two groups. After 6 months of treatment, Hb in the HIP group was 117 g/L and 113 g/L in the IV sucrose group (p = 0.37). The TSAT at 6 months was not different between the two groups {p = 0.82}but the serum ferritin was significantly higher in the IV iron sucrose group {85.5 ug/L in HIP and 244 ug/L; p = 0.004}. Overall adverse events were not different between the groups.ConclusionHIP is similar in efficacy to IV iron sucrose in maintaining hemoglobin in ND-CKD patients with no differences in adverse events over 6 months. It is unclear if the greater ferritin values in the IV iron sucrose group are clinically significant.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00318812
Potential effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine for cardiac syndrome X (CSX): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Jia-ying , Xiao Lu , Chen Jing , Zhai Jing-bo , Mu Wei , Mao Jing-yuan , Shang Hongcai 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Treatment of cardiac syndrome X with unknown pathological mechanism remains a big challenge for clinicians. Complementary and alternative medicine may bring a new choice for its management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine on cardiac syndrome X patients.

Methods
We systematically searched databases such as Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, CBM, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang and VIP, and handsearched relevant journals to identify randomized controlled trials. Following the steps of systematic review recommended by the Cochrane group, we assessed the quality of included studies, extracted valid data and undertook meta-analysis.

Results
Twenty one moderate-to low-quality randomized controlled trials involving 1143 patients were included. The results showed that traditional Chinese medicine could improve angina [OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.50], electrocardiogram (ECG), endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, prolong exercise duration in treadmill tests, and reduce angina frequency per week compared with routine treatment. No other side effect was reported except two cases of stomach pain.

Conclusion
Compared with conventional treatment, traditional Chinese medicine shows the potential of optimizing symptomatic outcomes and improving ECG and exercise duration. The efficacy of TCM may find explanation in its pharmacological activity of adjusting the endothelial function. TCM, as a kind of alternative and complementary medicine, may provide another choice for CSX patients.
An extension of generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials
Authors: Chen Si , Cai Yi , Luo Qiu-Ming 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Recently, Tremblay, Gaboury and Fugère introduced a class of the generalized Bernoulli polynomials (see Tremblay in Appl. Math. Let. 24:1888-1893, 2011). In this paper, we introduce and investigate an extension of the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials. We state some properties for these polynomials and obtain some relationships between the polynomials and Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials, Stirling numbers of the second kind, Jacobi polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, Hermite polynomials and generalized Bernoulli polynomials.

MSC:11B68, 11B73, 33C45.
Proposed new mechanism for food and exercise induced anaphylaxis based on case studies
Authors: Chen Jennifer Yan Fei , Quirt Jaclyn , Lee Kihyuk Jason 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We present two cases of food and exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FEIA) in patients with a diagnosis of oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to the implicated foods. Patient A had FEIA attributed to fresh coriander and tomato and Patient B to fresh celery. These food allergens have been implicated in OAS and have structural antigenic similarity to that of birch and/or grass. Both patients’ allergies were confirmed by fresh skin prick tests. In both cases, strenuous exercise was antecedent to the systemic anaphylaxis reaction and subsequent ingestion without exercise produced only local symptoms of perioral pruritus. We review the current proposed mechanisms for food and exercise induced anaphylaxis to oral allergens and propose a novel and more biologically plausible mechanism. We hypothesize that the inhibitory effects of exercise on gastric acid secretion decreases the digestion of oral allergens and preserves structural integrity, thereby allowing continued systemic absorption of the allergen whether it be profilins, lipid transfer proteins, or other antigenic determinants.