bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974–1989): VI. Identification and Analysis of Yellow Organic Automotive Paint Pigments—Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, and Miscellaneous Yellows
Authors: Suzuki EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two yellow organic pigments, Benzimidazolone Yellow 3G and Benzimidazolone Yellow 4G, were identified in some U.S. automobile original (OEM) topcoats (1974–1989) in previous work in this study. The topcoats consisted of single layer finishes (monocoats) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints, and the pigments were identified in situ using infrared spectroscopy. The identification, analysis, and occurrence of other yellow organic pigments used in these finishes, including Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, and Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, are described here. Based on a spectral survey of Reference Collection yellow, orange, brown and green nonmetallic monocoats, absorptions of Isoindolinone Yellow 3R were observed in the spectra of approximately three dozen yellow monocoats and one dozen orange ones. Isoindoline Yellow was identified in a single orange nonmetallic enamel. This pigment is now more common since it was one of several replacements for Chrome Yellow—a popular lead-containing pigment which is no longer used in U.S. automobile OEM finishes—and it was identified in several recent yellow nonmetallic basecoat/clearcoat finishes. Weak absorptions of Anthrapyrimidine Yellow were identified in the spectrum of a single yellow nonmetallic enamel. Spectra of several other yellow organic automotive paint pigments are also presented and discussed.
Long PCR for VNTR Analysis
Authors: Richie KL , Goldsborough MD , Darfler MM , Benzinger EA , Lovekamp ML , Reeder DJ , O'Connell CD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the analysis of DNA from a variety of sources. With its sensitivity and ability to amplify degraded DNAs and small quantities of samples, coupled with fast turn-around-time, PCR is often the analytical method of choice for DNA profiling in forensic laboratories. RFLP methods, while requiring larger amounts of high molecular weight DNA and needing approximately 6–8 weeks of analytical time, still provide a higher power of discrimination per locus than that achieved using the loci currently available for PCR.
The combination of both RFLP and PCR would be advantageous for some applications. A new technique, Long PCR, allows for the effective amplification of long DNA targets from approximately 0.5 kb to &gt;20 kb of genomic DNA. Currently, several Long PCR systems are commercially available. Using a Taq/Pyrococcus DNA polymerase enzyme system and DNA isolated from bloodstains, we have successfully amplified 1–20 ng of Chelex-extracted DNA, an amount commonly used in Amp-FLP technology. The robustness of Long PCR in comparison to RFLP was also examined through the use of partially degraded blood samples. Long PCR was then used to amplify both D2S44 and D5S110 RFLP loci. Although all D2 and D5 alleles were detected, the larger alleles were amplified at significantly lower levels than the smaller alleles.
Comparative Identity and Homogeneity Testing of the mtDNA HV1 Region Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Steighner RJ , Tully LA , Karjala JD , Coble MD , Holland MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assay has been developed for comparative identity and homogeneity testing of the mtDNA HV1 region. A total of 49 pairs of sequences, each pair differing by a single unique polymorphism, were tested to verify the reliability of the assay. Discrimination between all pairings was achieved as judged by the resolution of the mismatch-containing heteroduplexes from the fully base-paired homoduplexes. In all but two pairings, resolution of the fully base-paired homoduplexes was also obtained. Sequence pairs differing by multiple polymorphisms were also tested and resulted in a greater separation between the homo- and heteroduplexes. Additional information derived from the technique includes the identification of co-amplifying contaminating or heteroplasmic samples in the independent samples lanes. Thirteen heteroplasmic samples, six at positions distinct from those analyzed in the pairwise comparison study, were analyzed and the heteroplasmic positions identified unambiguously by sequencing the excised bands. The technique constitutes a conceptually simple, accurate, and inexpensive test for determining whether two sequences match within the mtDNA HV1 region, while providing a more definitive control for the identification of co-amplifying contaminating or heteroplasmic sequences than is presently available.
Analysis of Ballpoint Pen Inks by Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sakayanagi M , Komuro J , Konda Y , Watanabe K , Harigaya Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Destructive identification of ballpoint pen ink was performed using field desorption mass spectrometry (FDMS) to determine the basic dyes in ballpoint pen ink. Seven different brands of black, blue, and red ballpoint pen inks (total: 21 samples) were examined in this study. A 1-mm section was cut from an ink line drawn on paper and used as the sample. Extraction was performed with methanol. Analysis of each extract by FDMS showed the molecular ion peak of each dye and the black, blue, and red inks were then classified into 6, 6, and 6 types, respectively, based on the ions detected. The results indicated that it was possible to distinguish between manufacturers of ballpoint pens. This analysis of ballpoint pen inks was found to be effective and the method was applied to the analysis of an actual forensic sample.
A Reevaluation of the Sex Prediction Accuracy of the Minimum Supero-Inferior Femoral Neck Diameter for Modern Individuals
Authors: Stojanowski CM , Seidemann RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of an independent test of the minimum supero-inferior femoral neck diameter as a sex predictor are presented. Seidemann et al. (1) generated discriminant functions for Caucasians, African-Americans, and a combined race sample from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection. Jackknifed classification matrices and the use of independent, random validation samples indicated a sex prediction accuracy in the 90% range. This, combined with a high rate of preservation, makes the femoral neck a significant measure for forensic applications. However, the method has not been evaluated on a truly modern sample.
Data were collected for 94 males and 49 females from the Documented Collection at the University of New Mexico. The sample consists of 94 Caucasians, 33 African Ameicans, three modern Native Americans, two Hispanics, and 11 individuals of unknown ancestry. All individuals were born after the turn of the century. We evaluate the accuracy of the discriminant functions generated from the Hamann-Todd control sample. For Caucasians, 83% were correctly classified, for African Americans 97% were correctly classified and for the combined race function 85% were correctly classified. This decrease in accuracy is the result of the increase in African American male and all female sample means. This effectively decreases the separation between males and females for the femoral neck diameter. We generate new discriminant functions from the modern data and jackknife the classification matrices. The Caucasian function was 84% accurate, the African-American function was 82% accurate and the combined sample function was 85% accurate. The femoral neck may provide a useful alternative to multivariate techniques for individuals who are poorly preserved.
Presenting Three-Dimensional Forensic Facial Simulations on the Internet Using VRML
Authors: Evison MP , Green MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Advances in graphical computing have led to the development of computerized simulation models for forensic facial reconstruction in three dimensions. As well as being rapid and repeatable, computerization also offers a flexible means of presenting finished reconstructions. Here we describe the presentation of virtual images of plastic reconstructions on the Internet using virtual reality modeling language (VRML) and the enhancement of the final images using a commercially available three-dimensional editing program. The Internet offers an additional medium for presenting images to the public which will complement the traditional methods. International round-the-clock accessibility to images is gained, combined with the facility to interact freely with the reconstruction in three dimensions. Use of the Internet will also facilitate an efficient internationally available service for computerized forensic facial reconstruction.
Interpolating Between Computerized Three-Dimensional Forensic Facial Simulations
Authors: Green MA , Evison MP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The shape of the skull is a limited predictor of facial appearance and facial reconstruction methods can offer at best a resemblance to the individual during life. Various unknown factors in addition to those relating to age, build, obesity, ethnic group, and the varying shape of the eyes, nose, and mouth mean that a variety of facial reconstructions could be produced from any single skull. A disadvantage of both traditional “plastic” facial reconstruction methods and existing computerized equivalents is that the finished reconstruction is fixed and substantial further work is required if a modified outcome is to be presented. An advantage of computerization is that if offers a greater potential for easy revision of images. Here we describe a method for interpolating or “morphing” between virtual images of facial reconstructions produced using the “plastic” technique which enables the interactive fattening of the face in three dimensions. Morphing is achieved using qmorf, a demonstration program, and using the interpolator node of virtual reality modeling language (VRML).
Validation of the Use of a Commercially Available Kit for the Identification of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Semen Stains
Authors: Simich JP , Morris SL , Klick RL , Rittenhouse-Diakun K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
PSA is currently being used to detect and monitor quantitatively the development of prostate cancer by serum levels of PSA and has also been found to be present in high concentrations in semen. Elegantly simple, sensitive, and reproducible methods have been developed for analysis of the presence of PSA, including the Tandem-E PSA Immunoenzymetric Assay. The most common procedures for the forensic identification of semen have focused on the microscopic detection of sperm, acid phosphatase activity, and immunoelectrophoretic methods for the detection of PSA. Although these methods have been used for many years, there are problems associated with each method. The Tandem-E PSA Immunoenzymetric Assay detected PSA in 100% of the forensic casework fabric samples, 80% of the forensic casework vaginal swabs and 100% of the vasectomized individuals tested. The cut-off values was determined to be 1.77 ng/mL. These results indicate that this method can be used to identify the presence of semen in forensically significant specimens.
Detection of Epithelial Cells in Dried Blood Stains by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Bauer M , Kraus A , Patzelt D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of menstrual blood stains can be improved by detection of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) specific for epithelial (endometrial) cells. RNA molecules, however, are believed to be unstable and require careful sample processing. In this study, we have investigated the extraction of RNA suitable for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from dried blood stains stored for up to six months. With a modified RNA isolation protocol, it was possible to obtain RNA from dried blood stains with at least 5 × 102 leukocytes. In an additional experiment, we evaluated the RNA isolation from mixed stains composed of leukocytes and T47D cells, a breast cancer-derived cell line with epithelial origin. Detection of 102 T47D cells in a total number of 105 leukocytes was possible by amplification of cytokeratin 19 mRNA and progesterone receptor-mRNA specific for hormonally regulated epithelial cells. In both experiments amplification results were not dependent on storage time with similar data from one day to six months. Furthermore, it was possible to identify dried menstrual blood samples by showing the presence of mRNA specific for epihelial cells. These results demonstrate for the first time, that RNA suitable for RT-PCR, can be isolated from forensic specimens stored up to at least six months, and that a small number of epithelial (endometrial) cells can be identified in dried blood specimens. Using this method, it will be possible to identify the origin of small and partially degraded blood samples which can be especially useful in forensic evaluation of cases with sexual offense.
TWGDAM Validation of a Nine-Locus and a Four-Locus Fluorescent STR Multiplex System
Authors: Micka KA , Amiott EA , Hockenberry TL , Sprecher CJ , Lins AM , Rabbach DR , Taylor JA , Bacher JW , Glidewell DE , Gibson SD , Crouse CA , Schumm JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Gene Print® PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin and FFFL Fluorescent STR Systems have been validated following the recommendations presented by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM). The PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin System supports simultaneous amplification of eight short tandem repeat loci and the Amelogenin gender identification marker. The loci D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and D5S818 are labeled with fluorescein (FL) while the loci CSF1PO, TP0X, TH01, vWA and Amelogenin are labeled with carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). The FFFL Multiplex System is composed of the loci F13A01, FESFPS, F13B, and LPL, each labeled with fluorescein. We have observed no overlap of alleles across loci labeled with an individual fluorescent dye. Samples of each system were amplified and labeled in a single reaction, separated by electrophoresis through a denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and amplified alleles detected using a Hitachi FMBIO® Fluorescent Scanner. Alterations from the standard amplification protocols in cycle number and annealing temperature generally produced excellent results. In experiments testing sensitivity as little as 0.2 ng of DNA template could be detected. As expected, different body fluids from the same individuals generated identical DNA profile results. Template DNA derived from bloodstrains deposited on a variety of matrix supports displayed robust amplification except for material derived from deposits on wood and Japanese orchid leaves. Mixtures of DNA templates could be interpreted with the minor component present in as little as ten percent of the total sample. Monoplex and multiplex amplifications produced identical amplified allele patterns, indicating that STR multiplex systems save template and increase efficiency in the amplification procedure without loss of quality. Analyses of genotype frequencies in African-American, Caucasian-American and Hispanic-American populations using all twelve loci were used to determine matching probabilities smaller than 1 in 1.14 × 108 and 1 in 2658 for the PowerPlex™ 1.1 and the FFFL Multiplex Systems, respectively. The matching probability achieved with the two systems combined is smaller than 1 in 3.03 × 1011. The independence of alleles within loci was generally demonstrated by applying the exact test to demonstrate Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. All of the studies performed indicate that the PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin and FFFL Multiplex Systems are powerful, robust, and reliable investigative tools that can be used in the analysis of forensic samples.
Data on the PCR Turkish Population Based Loci: LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and Gc
Authors: Ülküer MK , Ülküer Ü , Kesici T , Menevşe A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies for the five PCR-based loci were analyzed in 157 unrelated Turkish individuals. The five PCR-based loci included LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and Gc. The results of the chi-square and exact tests showed that the genotype distribution at the LDLR, GYPA, D7S8, and Gc loci did not significantly differ from the Hardy-Weinberg Expectation (HWE). However, the genotype distribution at the HBGG locus did not conform to HWE. Moreover, the genotype frequencies calculated in this study were compared with the published genotype frequencies of US African American and US Caucasian populations. The Turkish population was significantly different at the HBGG locus from the US Caucasian population. However, there were highly significant differences at the LDLR, HBGG, and Gc loci between the Turkish and African American populations.
Population Study of HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS Systems in Azores
Authors: Corte-Real F , Souto L , Anjos MJ , Carvalho M , Vieira DN , Carracedo A , Vide MC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The tetrameric short tandem repeat polymorphisms HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS were studied in blood stains obtained from a population of unrelated individuals from the Azores Archipelago (Portugal). Gene frequencies were determined and no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. However, the allelic independence test between loci showed linkage disequilibrium between HUMVWA31/A and HUMFES/FPS. A combined discrimination power and chance of exclusion of, respectively, 0.9999 and 0.9534, reveal the high forensic interest of the four systems. No differences with other caucasoid populations were found, but comparison with some asiatic, eskimo, and amerindian populations showed significant statistical differences.
Allele Frequencies of Six STR Loci in Argentine Populations
Authors: Tourret N , Camelo JL , Vidal-Rioja L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele frequencies of six short tandem repeat (STR) loci were determined in a Caucasian urban sample of La Plata city and three Amerindian sample populations of Argentina. Allele frequencies showed differences between urbans and Amerindians, and among Amerindians as well. The degree of genetic differentiation of subpopulations was mainly due to the Amerindian contribution. Mapuche, Mocovi, and pooled Amerindian populations showed little evidence of HW disequilibrium, and association of alleles. In the urban sample, there is no evidence of population substructuring. Forensic probabilities of exclusion and matching showed high differences between the population groups. Finally, La Plata sample did not show differences with Caucasians from other geographic regions.
A Systematic Analysis of Secondary DNA Transfer
Authors: Ladd C , Adamowicz MS , Bourke MT , Scherczinger CA , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Nature letter by R. van Oorschot and M. Jones (1) addressed two topics: the primary transfer of DNA from person to person or to various objects, and the secondary transfer of DNA through an intermediary. Forensic scientists have described the primary transfer of DNA and other biological evidence for many years. However, the authors also reported detecting secondary transfer of DNA from an object to a person's hands, which could adversely affect DNA typing in the forensic context. The prospect of secondary transfer raises questions of interest to both the legal and forensic communities. Therefore, we sought to evaluate parameters potentially leading to secondary DNA transfer. Our data do not support the conclusion that secondary transfer will compromise DNA typing results under typical forensic conditions.
Frequencies of D8S384 Alleles and Genotypes in European, African-American, Chinese, and Japanese Populations
Authors: Meng HY , Hou YP , Chen GD , Li YB , Wu J , Walter H , Prinz M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
D8S384 is a tetranucleotide tandem repeat locus. In order to evaluate the forensic validation of D8S384, the genotype distributions and allele frequencies in ten populations from three main ethnic groups were investigated, including Germans, Slovakians, African Americans, Japanese, and Chinese (Jilin, Guangzhou, Nanning, Hailaer, Dali, and Chengdu). A total of 1011 unrelated individuals, 41 pedigrees, 30 disputed paternity trios and three personal identification cases were analyzed for D8S384 by Amp-FLP technique. Many kinds of tissues, body fluids, secreta and stains have been tested. The alleles were determined by comparison with a human allele ladder. The results showed that D8S384 typing was both precise and reliable. There were eight alleles in these populations. The genotype distributions conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predictions. No mutation events were observed. With a maximum likelihood method, the mutation rate was indirectly estimated as 2.14 × 10−5. The heterozygosity was 0.704 ± 0.014 at D8S384 locus. All these results suggest that D8S384 locus is a useful marker for forensic identification and paternity analysis.
Population Data on the Thirteen CODIS Core Short Tandem Repeat Loci in African Americans, U.S. Caucasians, Hispanics, Bahamians, Jamaicans, and Trinidadians
Authors: Budowle B , Moretti TR , Baumstark AL , Defenbaugh DA , Keys KM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele distributions for 13 tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11, were determined in African American, United States Caucasian, Hispanic, Bahamian, Jamaican, and Trinidadian sample populations. There was little evidence for departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) in any of the populations. Based on the exact test, the loci that departed significantly from HWE are: D21S11 (p = 0.010, Bahamians); CSF1PO (p = 0.014, Trinidadians); TPOX (p = 0.011, Jamaicans and p = 0.035, U.S. Caucasians); and D16S539 (p = 0.043, Bahamians). After employing the Bonferroni correction for the number of loci analyzed (i.e., 13 loci per database), these observations are not likely to be significant. There is little evidence for association of alleles between the loci in these databases. The allelic frequency data are similar to other comparable data within the same major population group.
Preserving the Integrity of the Interview: The Value of Videotape
Authors: Pitt SE , Spiers EM , Dietz PE , Dvoskin JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article addresses the value of videotape in forensic mental health evaluations. Literature reviews were conducted using Medline and PsychInfo Databases. The authors briefly describe the general use of videotape, explore the use of videotape within the legal process, respond to opposition to videotape use, discuss confidentiality and consent issues, address possible exceptions to the use of videotape, and express their unwavering support for the use of videotape during forensic evaluations. The authors also provide a detailed set of instructions designed to assist professionals with establishing their own videotaping system. The authors conclude that videotape performs an essential function in the preservation of the integrity of forensic mental health evaluations.