bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice-Based Research: Another Pathway for Closing the Research–Practice Gap
Authors: Crooke Pamela J. , Olswang Lesley B. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
Practice-based research is proposed as an additional way to bridge the divide between research and practice.

Method
The article compares the traditional, laboratory-based research with research that is generated from practice: practice-based research. The defining features of each are described, with an emphasis on contrasting internal and external validity. Retrospective and prospective practice-based studies are described. Guidelines for designing a retrospective study are provided along with a specific example from practice focusing on social communication learning. Last, the authors discuss the value of information generated from practice-based research for contributing to the knowledge base of not only a practice, but also a discipline.

Conclusion
The argument is made that approaching research from more than one perspective is necessary for ultimately improving the quality of client and patient care. Practice-based research acknowledges the value of understanding clinical decision making in everyday contexts as an important complement to evidence generated in laboratories. This article is intended to invigorate interest in the uniqueness of practice-based research as a way of encouraging the talents of researchers and practitioners as they work together to gather evidence for improving the lives of individuals with communication disorders.
Implementation Science: Buzzword or Game Changer?
Authors: Douglas Natalie F. , Campbell Wenonah N. , Hinckley Jacqueline J. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this supplement article is to provide a resource of pertinent information concerning implementation science for immediate research application in communication sciences and disorders.

Method
Key terminology related to implementation science is reviewed. Practical suggestions for the application of implementation science theories and methodologies are provided, including an overview of hybrid research designs that simultaneously investigate clinical effectiveness and implementation as well as an introduction to approaches for engaging stakeholders in the research process. A detailed example from education is shared to show how implementation science was utilized to move an intervention program for autism into routine practice in the public school system. In particular, the example highlights the value of strong partnership among researchers, policy makers, and frontline practitioners in implementing and sustaining new evidence-based practices.

Conclusions
Implementation science is not just a buzzword. This is a new field of study that can make a substantive contribution in communication sciences and disorders by informing research agendas, reducing health and education disparities, improving accountability and quality control, increasing clinician satisfaction and competence, and improving client outcomes.
The extension of variability properties in gamma-ray bursts to blazars
Authors: Wu Qingwen , Zhang Bing , Lei Wei-Hua , Zou Yuan-Chuan , Liang En-Wei , Cao Xinwu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Both gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and blazars have relativistic jets pointing at a small angle from our line of sight. Several recent studies suggested that these two kinds of sources may share similar jet physics. In this work, we explore the variability properties for GRBs and blazars as a whole. We find that the correlation between minimum variability time-scale (MTS) and Lorentz factor, Γ, as found only in GRBs by Sonbas et al. can be extended to blazars with a joint correlation of MTS∝Γ−4.7±0.3. The same applies to the $\rm MTS\propto \it L_{\gamma }^{\rm -1.0\pm 0.1}$ correlation as found in GRBs, which can be well extended into blazars as well. These results provide further evidence that the jets in these two kinds of sources are similar despite of the very different mass scale of their central engines. Further investigations of the physical origin of these correlations are needed, which can shed light on the nature of the jet physics.
Increased Rates of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Older Adults in US Emergency Departments, 2009-2010
Authors: Albrecht Jennifer S. , Hirshon Jon Mark , McCunn Maureen , Bechtold Kathleen T. , Rao Vani , Simoni-Wastila Linda , Smith Gordon S. 
Published: October 2015

Objective:
To estimate rates of emergency department (ED) visits for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) among older adults. We defined possible mild TBI cases to assess underdiagnoses.

Design:
Cross-sectional.

Setting:
National sample of ED visits in 2009-2010 captured by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Participants:
Aged 65 years and older.

Measurements:
Mild TBI defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes (800.0x-801.9x, 803.xx, 804.xx, 850.xx-854.1x, 950.1x-950.3x, 959.01) and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or more or missing, excluding those admitted to the hospital. Possible mild TBI was defined similarly among those without mild TBI and with a fall or motor vehicle collision as cause of injury. We calculated rates of mild TBI and examined factors associated with a diagnosis of mild TBI.

Results:
Rates of ED visits for mild TBI were 386 per 100 000 among those aged 65 to 74 years, 777 per 100 000 among those aged 75 to 84 years, and 1205 per 100 000 among those older than 84 years. Rates for women (706/100 000) were higher than for men (516/100 000). Compared with a possible mild TBI, a diagnosis of mild TBI was more likely in the West (odds ratio = 2.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-5.24) and less likely in the South/Midwest (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.96) than in the Northeast.

Conclusions:
This study highlights an upward trend in rates of ED visits for mild TBI among older adults.
Sports-Related Concussion Results in Differential Expression of Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Genes in Peripheral Blood During the Acute and Subacute Periods
Authors: Gill Jessica , Merchant-Borna Kian , Lee Hyunhwa , Livingston Whitney S. , Olivera Anlys , Cashion Ann , Wang Dan , Bazarian Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2015

Objective:
To determine changes in global gene expression in peripheral leukocytes in the acute and subacute periods following a sports-related concussion in athletes.

Setting:
Samples were collected at 2 universities in Rochester, New York.

Participants:
Fifteen contact sport athletes who experienced a sports-related concussion, and 16 nonconcussed teammates served as controls.

Design:
Blood samples were collected at the start of the season (baseline), within 6 hours of injury (acute), and at 7 days (subacute) postinjury. Differential gene expression was measured using the GeneChip 3' in vitro transcription Expression kit and Affymetrix microarrays, and genes with fold difference of 2 or more were identified using Partek.

Main Measures:
Whole genome differential gene expression, and cognitive and balance measures to asses for clinical symptoms pre- and postinjury.

Results:
In the concussed athletes, we observed 67 downregulated and 4 upregulated genes in the acute period and 63 downregulated and 2 upregulated genes in the subacute period compared with baseline. Of these, there were 28 genes from both time points involved in the inflammatory response. No significant differences in gene expression were detected in the control group.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that recovery from sports-related concussion relates to modulation of inflammation through cytokine and chemokine gene pathways, which can contribute to future development of personalized therapeutic agents.
On the distribution and function of synaptic clusters in dendrites
Authors: Cazé Romain D. , Foust Amanda J. , Clopath Claudia , Schultz Simon R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLocal non-linearities in dendrites render neuronal output dependent on the spatial distribution of synapses. A neuron will activate differently depending on whether active synapses are spatially clustered or dispersed. While this sensitivity can in principle expand neuronal computational capacity, it has thus far been employed in very few learning paradigms. To make use of this sensitivity, groups of correlated neurons need to make contact with distinct dendrites, and this requires a mechanism to ensure the correct distribution of synapses contacting from distinct ensembles. To address this problem, we introduce the requirement that on a short time scale, a pre-synaptic neuron makes a constant number of synapses with the same strength on a post-synaptic neuron. We find that this property enables clusters to distribute correctly and guarantees their functionality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a change in the input statistics can reshape the spatial distribution of synapses. Finally, we show under which conditions clusters do not distribute correctly, e.g. when cross-talk between dendrites is too strong. As well as providing insight into potential biological mechanisms of learning, this work paves the way for new learning algorithms for artificial neural networks that exploit the spatial distribution of synapses.
Bivariate spatial point patterns in the retina: a reproducible review
Authors: Eglen Stephen J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article I present a reproducible review of recent research to investigate the spatial positioning of neurons in the nervous system. In particular, I focus on the relative spatial positioning of pairs of cell types within the retina. I examine three different cases by which two types of neurons might be arranged relative to each other. (1) Cells of different type might be effectively independent of each other. (2) Cells of one type are randomly assigned one of two labels to create two related populations. (3) Interactions between cells of different type generate functional dependencies. I show briefly how spatial statistic techniques can be applied to investigate the nature of spatial interactions between two cell types. Finally, I have termed this article a ‘reproducible review’ because all the data and computer code are integrated into the manuscript so that others can repeat the analysis presented here. I close the review with a discussion of this concept.
A preferred curvature-based continuum mechanics framework for modeling embryogenesis with application toDrosophilamesoderm invagination
Authors: Khairy K. , Lemon W. , Amat F. , Keller P. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMechanics plays a key role in the development of higher organisms. However, working towards an understanding of this relationship is complicated by the fact that it has proven difficult to model the link between local forces generated at the subcellular level, and tissue deformation at the whole-embryo level. Here we propose an approach first developed for lipid bilayers and cell membranes, in which force-generation at the cytoskeletal level only enters the shape mechanics calculation in the form of local changes in preferred tissue curvature. This allows us to formulate the continuum mechanics problem purely in terms of tissue strains. Relaxing the system by lowering its mechanical energy yields global morphogenetic predictions that accommodate the tendency towards this local preferred curvature, without explicitly modeling force-generating mechanisms at the molecular level. Our computational framework, which we call SPHARMMECH, extends a three-dimensional spherical harmonics parameterization known as SPHARM to combine this level of abstraction with a sparse shape representation. The integration of these two principles allows computer simulations to be performed in three dimensions, on highly complex shapes, gene expression patterns, and mechanical constraints.We demonstrate our approach by modeling mesoderm invagination in the fruit-fly embryo, where local forces generated by the acto-myosin meshwork in the region of the future mesoderm lead to formation of a ventral tissue fold. The process is accompanied by substantial changes in cell shape and long-range cell movements. Applying SPHARM-MECH to whole-embryo live imaging data acquired with light-sheet microscopy reveals significant correlation between calculated and observed tissue movements. Our analysis predicts the observed cell shape anisotropy on the ventral side of the embryo and suggests an active mechanical role of mesoderm invagination in supporting the onset of germ-band extension.
Temperature‐associated habitat selection in a cold‐water marine fish
Authors: Freitas Carla , Olsen Esben M. , Knutsen Halvor , Albretsen Jon , Moland Even 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Habitat selection is a complex process, which involves behavioural decisions guided by the multiple needs and constraints faced by individuals. Climate‐induced changes in environmental conditions may alter those trade‐offs and resulting habitat use patterns.

In this study, we investigated the effect of sea temperature on habitat selection and habitat use of acoustically tagged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at the Norwegian Skagerrak coast.

Significant relationships between ocean temperature and habitat selection and use were found. Under favourable sea temperature thresholds (<16 °C), cod selected vegetated habitats, such as eelgrass and macroalgae beds, available in shallow areas. Selection for those habitats was especially high at night, when cod tended to ascend to shallower areas, presumably to feed. Selection and use of those habitats decreased significantly as temperature rose. Under increased sea surface temperature conditions, cod were absent from vegetated shallow habitats, both during the day and night, and selected instead non‐vegetated rocky bottoms and sand habitats, available in deeper, colder areas.

This study shows the dynamic nature of habitat selection and strongly suggests that cod in this region have to trade off food availability against favourable temperature conditions. Future increases in ocean temperature are expected to further influence the spatial behaviour of marine fish, potentially affecting individual fitness and population dynamics.
Resource type influences the effects of reserves and connectivity on ecological functions
Authors: Yabsley Nicholas A. , Olds Andrew D. , Connolly Rod M. , Martin Tyson S. H. , Gilby Ben L. , Maxwell Paul S. , Huijbers Chantal M. , Schoeman David S. , Schlacher Thomas A. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Connectivity is a pivotal feature of landscapes that affects the structure of populations and the functioning of ecosystems. It is also a key consideration in conservation planning. But the potential functional effects of landscape connectivity are rarely evaluated in a conservation context.

The removal of algae by herbivorous fish is a key ecological function on coral reefs that promotes coral growth and recruitment. Many reef herbivores are harvested and some use other habitats (like mangroves) as nurseries or feeding areas. Thus, the effects of habitat connectivity and marine reserves can jointly promote herbivore populations on coral reefs, thereby influencing reef health.

We used a coral reef seascape in eastern Australia to test whether seascape connectivity and reserves influence herbivory. We measured herbivore abundance and rates of herbivory (on turf algae and macroalgae) on reefs that differed in both their level of connectivity to adjacent mangrove habitats and their level of protection from fishing.

Reserves enhanced the biomass of herbivorous fish on coral reefs in all seascape settings and promoted consumption of turf algae. Consumption of turf algae was correlated with the biomass of surgeonfish that are exploited outside reserves. By contrast, both reserve status and connectivity influenced herbivory on macroalgae. Consumption of macroalgae was greatest on fished reefs that were far from mangroves and was not strongly correlated with any fish species.

Our findings demonstrate that landscape connectivity and reserve status can jointly affect the functioning of ecosystems. Moreover, we show that reserve and connectivity effects can differ markedly depending on resource type (in this case turf algae vs. macroalgae). The effectiveness of conservation initiatives will therefore depend on our ability to understand how these multiple interactive effects structure the distribution of ecological functions. These findings have wider implications for the spatial conservation of heterogeneous environments and strengthen the case that the impact of conservation on ecosystem functioning is contingent on how reserves are positioned in landscapes.
The role of maternal nutrition, metabolic function and the placenta in developmental programming of renal dysfunction
Authors: Richter VFI , Briffa JF , Moritz KM , Wlodek ME , Hryciw DH 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe intrauterine environment is critical for the development of the foetus. Barker and colleagues were the first to identify that adverse perturbations during foetal development are associated with an increased risk of developing diseases in adulthood, including cardiorenal disease. Specifically for the kidney, perturbations in utero can lead to nephron deficits and renal dysfunction by a number of mechanisms. Altered programming of nephron number is associated with an increased risk of developing kidney disease via glomerular hypertrophy and reduced vasodilative capacity of the renal blood vessels; both of which would contribute to hypertension in adulthood, with males being more susceptible to disease outcomes. Additionally, alterations in the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) such as an upregulation or downregulation of specific receptors, depending on the nature of the insult, have also been implicated in the development of renal dysfunction. Sex‐specific differences in the expression of the RAS during late gestation and in the early postnatal environment have also been identified. Extensive research has demonstrated that both uteroplacental insufficiency and maternal malnutrition alter renal development in utero. Equally, exposure to maternal diabetes and maternal obesity during development are also associated with an increased risk of developing renal disease, however, the mechanism behind this association is poorly understood. Therefore, identifying the link between an adverse intrauterine environment and the programmed kidney disease risk in adulthood may facilitate the development of strategies to alleviate the epidemics of cardiorenal disease worldwide, in addition to understanding why males are more susceptible to adult‐onset cardiovascular diseases.
Navigating the field of temporally framed care in the Danish home care sector
Authors: Tufte Pernille , Dahl Hanne Marlene 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe organisational and temporal framing of elderly care in Europe has changed in the wake of new public management reforms and standardised care services, the strict measurement of time and work schedules have become central aspects of care work. The article investigates the crafting of care in this framing: how care workers approach the services specified in their rotas and navigate between needs, demands and opportunities in the daily performance of duties. Applying feminist theory on time and anthropological theory on social navigation, it examines the practice of home care work in two Danish municipalities. Data are derived predominantly from participant observation. The article identifies two overarching temporal dilemmas in different home care situations: one where process time prevails over clock time and another where the care workers balance the two. Focusing on how care workers respond to these dilemmas in practice, the article identifies various navigation tactics, including leaving time outside, individualised routinisation, working on different paths simultaneously and postponing tasks. By assessing care workers' performance in the temporal framing of work and focusing on care workers' mediation between different time logics, this study provides an in‐depth perspective on the broader feminist literature on the dilemmas of care.
Shedding light on microbial dark matter: a TM6 bacterium as natural endosymbiont of a free‐living amoeba
Authors: Delafont Vincent , Samba‐Louaka Ascel , Bouchon Didier , Moulin Laurent , Héchard Yann 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe TM6 phylum belongs to the so‐called microbial dark matter that gathers uncultivated bacteria detected only via DNA sequencing. Recently, the genome sequence of a TM6 bacterium (TM6SC1) has led to suggest that this bacterium would adopt an endosymbiotic life. In the present paper, free‐living amoebae bearing a TM6 strain were isolated from a water network. The amoebae were identified as Vermamoeba vermiformis and the presence of a TM6 strain was detected by polymerase chain reaction and microscopy. The partial sequence of its 16S rRNA gene showed this strain to be closely related to the sequenced TM6SC1 strain. These bacteria displayed a pyriform shape and were found within V. vermiformis. Therefore, these bacteria were named Vermiphilus pyriformis. Interactions studies showed that V. pyriformis was highly infectious and that its relation with V. vermiformis was specific and highly stable. Finally, it was found that V. pyriformis inhibited the encystment of V. vermiformis. Overall, this study describes for the first time an endosymbiotic relationship between a TM6 bacterium and a free‐living amoeba in the environment. It suggests that other bacteria of the TM6 phylum might also be endosymbiotic bacteria and may be found in other free‐living amoebae or other organisms.
Disturbance of the bacterial cell wall specifically interferes with biofilm formation
Authors: Bucher Tabitha , Oppenheimer‐Shaanan Yaara , Savidor Alon , Bloom‐Ackermann Zohar , Kolodkin‐Gal Ilana 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn nature, bacteria communicate via chemical cues and establish complex communities referred to as biofilms, wherein cells are held together by an extracellular matrix. Much research is focusing on small molecules that manipulate and prevent biofilm assembly by modifying cellular signalling pathways. However, the bacterial cell envelope, presenting the interface between bacterial cells and their surroundings, is largely overlooked. In our study, we identified specific targets within the biosynthesis pathways of the different cell wall components (peptidoglycan, wall teichoic acids and teichuronic acids) hampering biofilm formation and the anchoring of the extracellular matrix with a minimal effect on planktonic growth. In addition, we provide convincing evidence that biofilm hampering by transglycosylation inhibitors and D‐Leucine triggers a highly specific response without changing the overall protein levels within the biofilm cells or the overall levels of the extracellular matrix components. The presented results emphasize the central role of the Gram‐positive cell wall in biofilm development, resistance and sustainment.