bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language learning in mindbodyworld: A sociocognitive approach to second language acquisition
Authors: Atkinson Dwight 
Published: April 2013

Based on recent research in cognitive science, interaction, and second language acquisition (SLA), I describe a sociocognitive approach to SLA. This approach adopts anon-cognitivistview of cognition: Instead of an isolated computational process in which input is extracted from the environment and used to build elaborate internal knowledge representations, cognition is seen asadaptive intelligence,enabling our close and sensitivealignmentto our ecosocial environment in order to survive in it. Mind, body, and world are thus functionally integrated from a sociocognitive perspective instead of radically separated.Learning plays a major part in this scenario: If environments are ever-changing, then adaptation to them is continuous. Learning is part of our natural ability to so adapt, while retaining traces of that adaptation in the integrated mind-body-world system. Viewed in this way, SLA is adaptation to/engagement with L2 environments.Interactionalso plays a central role in sociocognitive SLA: We learn L2s through interacting with/in L2 environments. Founded on innate, universal skills which evolutionarilyprecededlanguage and make it possible, interaction supports SLA at every turn. Having presented this argument, I illustrate it by analyzing a video clip of an EFL tutoring session, indicating various ‘sociocognitive tools’ for interactive alignment which undergird L2 development.
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
Authors: Romei Andrea , Ruggieri Salvatore 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination phenomena. Data analysis techniques have been proposed in the last 50 years in the economic, legal, statistical, and, recently, in the data mining literature. This is not surprising, since discrimination analysis is a multidisciplinary problem, involving sociological causes, legal argumentations, economic models, statistical techniques, and computational issues. The objective of this survey is to provide a guidance and a glue for researchers and anti-discrimination data analysts on concepts, problems, application areas, datasets, methods, and approaches from a multidisciplinary perspective. We organize the approaches according to their method of data collection as observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies. A fourth line of recently blooming research on knowledge discovery based methods is also covered. Observational methods are further categorized on the basis of their application context: labor economics, social profiling, consumer markets, and others.
New insights into the aspects of pulmonary diffusing capacity in Fontan patients
Authors: Idorn Lars , Hanel Birgitte , Jensen Annette S. , Juul Klaus , Reimers Jesper I. , Nielsen Kim G. , Søndergaard Lars 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground: Patients with a functionally univentricular heart, palliated a.m. Fontan, consequently have non-pulsatile pulmonary blood flow and are known to have a reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity. However, the cause of this reduction remains unclear. We aimed to assess the possible determinants in the aetiology of a reduced diffusing capacity and also to assess whether it could be increased. Furthermore, we aimed to search for predictors of a reduced diffusing capacity.Material and methods: A total of 87 Fontan patients (mean age 16.3 ± 7.6 years) performed advanced pulmonary function tests and maximal cycle ergometer tests. A total of 10 Fontan patients and nine matched controls performed a supine pulmonary function test after a supine rest.Results: In the sitting pulmonary function test, the mean z-scores were: diffusing capacity, 2.38 ± 1.20; pulmonary capillary blood volume, 2.04 ± 0.80; and alveolar capillary membrane diffusing capacity, 0.14 ± 0.84. In the supine compared with the sitting pulmonary function test, the diffusing capacity increased by 51.7 ± 11.9% in the Fontan group and by 23.3 ± 17.7% in the control group (p < 0.001); moreover, the pulmonary capillary blood volume increased by 48.3 ± 17.4% in the Fontan group and by 20.2 ± 13.9% in the control group (p = 0.001). In a multiple linear regression analysis including the explanatory variables of surgical data and exercise data at rest and peak exercise, the resting cardiac index was an independent predictor of the diffusing capacity (regression coefficient: 0.18, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The pulmonary diffusing capacity was reduced in Fontan patients because of a reduced pulmonary capillary blood volume, whereas the alveolar capillary membrane diffusing capacity was preserved. The diffusing capacity was highly increasable in Fontan patients compared with controls, and the resting cardiac index was an independent predictor of the diffusing capacity.
Naturalized Phenomenology: A Desideratum or a Category Mistake?
Authors: Zahavi Dan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIf we want to assess whether or not a naturalized phenomenology is a desideratum or a category mistake, we need to be clear on precisely what notion of phenomenology and what notion of naturalization we have in mind. In the article I distinguish various notions, and after criticizing one type of naturalized phenomenology, I sketch two alternative takes on what a naturalized phenomenology might amount to and propose that our appraisal of the desirability of such naturalization should be more positive, if we opt for one or both of the latter alternatives.
Phenomenology, Naturalism and the Sense of Reality
Authors: Ratcliffe Matthew 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPhenomenologists such as Husserl, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty reject the kind of scientific naturalism or ‘scientism’ that takes empirical science to be epistemologically and metaphysically privileged over all other forms of enquiry. In this paper, I will consider one of their principal complaints against naturalism, that scientific accounts of things are oblivious to a ‘world’ that is presupposed by the intelligibility of science. Focusing mostly upon Husserl's work, I attempt to clarify the nature of this complaint and state it in the form of an argument. I conclude that the argument is effective in exposing naturalism's reliance upon impoverished conceptions of human experience, and that it also weakens the more general case for naturalism.
Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological critique of natural science
Authors: Baldwin Thomas 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn his Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty maintains that our own existence cannot be understood by the methods of natural science; furthermore, because fundamental aspects of the world such as space and time are dependent on our existence, these too cannot be accounted for within natural science. So there cannot be a fully scientific account of the world at all. The key thesis Merleau-Ponty advances in support of this position is that perception is not, as he puts it, ‘an event of nature’. He argues that it has a fundamental intentionality which configures the perceived world as spatio-temporal in ways which are presupposed by natural science and which cannot therefore be explained by natural science.This is a striking and original claim. When one looks in detail at the considerations Merleau-Ponty advances in support of it, however, these turn out to be either inconclusive or to draw on idealist presumptions which a contemporary naturalist will reject. So while there is much of interest and value in Merleau-Ponty's critical discussion of naturalism, he does not succeed in establishing his central claim.
Nutrient intake and dietary patterns of relevance to dental health of 12-year-old Libyan children
Authors: Huew Rasmia , Maguire Anne , Waterhouse Paula , Moynihan Paula 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveThere are few data on the dietary intake of children in Libya, and none on free sugars intake. The present study aimed to report the intake of macronutrients and eating habits of relevance to dental health in a group of Libyan schoolchildren and to investigate any gender differences for these variables.DesignDietary information was obtained from a randomly selected sample using an estimated 3 d food diary. Dietary data were coded using food composition tables and entered into a Microsoft®Access database. Intakes of energy, macronutrients, sugars and the amount of acidic items consumed were determined using purpose-written programs.SettingBenghazi, Libya.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 12 years.ResultsOne hundred and eighty children (ninety-two boys and eighty-eight girls) completed the study. Their mean age was 12·3 (sd0·29) years. The average daily energy intake was 7·01 (sd1·54) MJ/d. The percentage contributions to energy intake from protein, fat and carbohydrate were 16 %, 30 % and 54 %, respectively. Total sugars contributed 20·4 % of the daily energy intake, and free sugars 12·6 %. The median daily intake of acidic items was 203 g/d, and of acidic drinks was 146 g/d. There were no statistically significant differences in nutrient intakes between genders. Intake of acidic items was higher in girls (P< 0·001).ConclusionsThe contribution to energy intake from macronutrients was in accordance with global nutrition guidelines. The acidic drinks intake was low compared with other populations, while free sugars intake was above the recommended threshold of 10 % of energy intake.
Increased alcohol consumption in rats after subchronic antidepressant treatment
Authors: Alén Francisco , Orio Laura , Gorriti Miguel Á , de Heras Raquel Gómez , Ramírez-López María Teresa , Pozo Miguel Ángel , de Fonseca Fernando Rodríguez 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe use of antidepressants for alcoholism in humans has been a matter of controversy in recent years. Despite the existence of an important co-morbidity for depression and alcoholism, some studies suggest that the use of antidepressants could worsen the prognosis of alcoholism. However, there is a lack of studies in animal models exploring this phenomenon. In the present study, we show how the 15-d treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (50 mg/kg) affected alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) and subsequent alcohol consumption. Initially, fluoxetine reduced ADE and venlafaxine did not affect it. However, in the following days, both antidepressants increased alcohol consumption, an effect that was found to last at least 5 wk. Fluoxetine treatment was shown to cause a locomotor sensitized response to a challenge dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), indicating the presence of a supersensitive dopaminergic transmission. In summary, antidepressant treatment may increase alcohol consumption in rats after a period of alcohol deprivation and this could be related to alterations in the reward circuitry. This finding confirms in an animal model previous reports in humans that may limit the use of antidepressants for alcoholism.
Prenatal immune activation interacts with stress and corticosterone exposure later in life to modulate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor synaptic function and plasticity
Authors: Burt Melissa A. , Tse Yiu Chung , Boksa Patricia , Wong Tak Pan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Prenatal infection is an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia while later in life, stressful events have been associated with the onset and severity of psychosis. Recent findings on the impact of stress on the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), of which hypofunctioning is implicated in schizophrenia, suggest changes in stress-induced regulation of the glutamatergic system may be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our study aimed to test whether prenatal immune activation could interact with stress at adolescence to alter NMDAR function. We used offspring from rat dams administered bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during pregnancy (gestational days 15 and 16), an animal model expressing schizophrenia-related behavioural phenotypes. Using electrophysiological techniques, we investigated effects of stress and the stress hormone corticosterone (Cort) on NMDAR-mediated synaptic function and long-term depression (LTD) in hippocampal CA1 slices from these adolescent (aged 28–39 d) male offspring. In prenatal LPS offspring, NMDAR-mediated synaptic function and LTD were reduced and abolished, respectively, compared to prenatal saline controls. Notably, in vivo stress and in vitro Cort treatment facilitated LTD in slices from prenatal LPS rats but not prenatal saline controls. Finally, Cort enhanced NMDAR-mediated synaptic function in slices from prenatal LPS rats only. We conclude that prenatal immune activation results in NMDAR hypofunction in the hippocampus of adolescent rats but also increases responsiveness of NMDAR-mediated synaptic function and LTD towards stress. Prenatal infection could confer susceptibility to schizophrenia through modification of hippocampal NMDAR function, with hypofunction in resting conditions and heightened responsiveness to stress, thus impacting the development of the disorder.
Associations between prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid concentration and the tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2 gene, a panic disorder risk allele in women
Authors: Preuss Nora , Salehi Basira , van der Veen Jan Willem , Shen Jun , Drevets Wayne C. , Hodgkinson Colin , Goldman David , Hasler Gregor 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAssociations between the central serotonergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems play key roles in the prefrontal cortical regulation of emotion and cognition and in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of highly prevalent psychiatric disorders. The goal of this study was to test the effects of common variants of the tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2 (TPH2) gene on GABA concentration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this study involving 64 individuals, we examined the associations between prefrontal cortical GABA concentration and 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the TPH2 gene, including rs4570625 (−703 G/T SNP), a potentially functional TPH2 polymorphism that has been associated with decreased TPH2 mRNA expression and panic disorder. Our results revealed a significant association between increased GABA concentration in the PFC and the T-allele frequencies of two TPH2 SNPs, namely rs4570625 (−703 G/T) and rs2129575 (p⩽0.0004) and the C-allele frequency of one TPH2 SNP, namely rs1386491 (p = 0.0003) in female subjects. We concluded that rs4570625 (−703 G/T), rs2129575 and rs1386491 play a significant role in GABAergic neurotransmission and may contribute to the sex-specific dysfunction of the GABAergic system in the PFC.
Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy affects gene expression and immunolocalization of intestinal nutrient transporters in rats
Authors: Pinheiro Daniela F. , Pinheiro Patricia F. F. , Buratini José , Castilho Anthony C. S. , Lima Paula F. , Trinca Luiza A. , Vicentini-Paulino Maria de Lourdes M. 
Published: April 2013

Intrauterine dietary restriction may cause changes in the functioning of offspring organs and systems later in life, an effect known as fetal programming. The present study evaluated mRNA abundance and immunolocalization of nutrient transporters as well as enterocytes proliferation in the proximal, median and distal segments of small intestine of rats born to protein-restricted dams. Pregnant rats were fed hypoproteic (6% protein) or control (17% protein) diets, and offspring rats were evaluated at 3 and 16 weeks of age. The presence of SGLT1 (sodium–glucose co-transporter 1), GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2), PEPT1 (peptide transporter 1) and the intestinal proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemical techniques and the abundance of specific mRNA for SGLT1, GLUT2 and PEPT1 was assessed by the real-time PCR technique. Rats born to protein-restricted dams showed higher cell proliferation in all intestinal segments and higher gene expression of SGLT1 and PEPT1 in the duodenum. Moreover, in adult animals born to protein-restricted dams the immunoreactivity of SGLT1, GLUT2 and PEPT1in the duodenum was more intense than in control rats. Taken together, the results indicate that changes in the small intestine observed in adulthood can be programmed during the gestation. In addition, they show that this response is caused by both up-regulation in transporter gene expression, a specific adaptation mechanism, and intestinal proliferation, an unspecific adaptation mechanism.
Emerging Perspectives on the Study of Social Exclusion
Authors: DeWall C. Nathan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
From its beginning, the field of psychology emphasized the importance of social connections. Whether it was monkeys who preferred terrycloth mothers to wired ones, therapists who gave their clients unconditional positive regard, or establishing social relationships as a means of enabling self-actualizing, dominant psychological theories highlighted the need to have few positive and lasting relationships. Yet systematic research on the need to belong remained sparse over several decades. The past 15 years have seen the most active period of research on the need to belong in the history of psychology. This chapter outlines emerging perspectives from this pioneering period.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Interpersonal Acceptance and Rejection
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Cottrell Catherine A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Establishing and maintaining relationships with other people was among the most crucial tasks faced by our evolutionary ancestors. As a result, human beings possess adaptations not only to seek acceptance by other people and to respond adaptively to threats of social rejection but, ironically, to avoid and reject individuals who are judged to be poor relational partners and group members. This chapter examines the interplay of these opposing inclinations, the evolved adaptations that may underlie them, and implications of an evolutionary perspective for understanding emotional and behavioral reactions to interpersonal rejection.
The Multi-Motive Model of Responses to Rejection-Related Experiences
Authors: Richman Laura Smart 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes a multimotive model of responses to rejection-related experiences. Social exclusion, like other forms of rejection, represents a threat to our need to be valued and accepted by others. In response to social exclusion, people often experience three sets of motives that promote competing behaviors: to aggress against the source of rejection, repair the relationship, and withdraw. According to the multimotive model, the ways in which the exclusion is construed determines when each of these behaviors are most likely to occur. The various construals are described in the context of different rejection-related experiences, and the model is applied to understand some of the long-term mental and physical health consequences of unrestored belonging.
The Dark Side of Divorce
Authors: Sbarra David A. , Mason Ashley E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews research linking marital separation and divorce to three important outcomes in adults: mental health problems, physical health outcomes, and relational violence, including risk for homicide at the hands of an ex-partner. Following marital separation and divorce, most adults experience transient distress that abates relatively quickly over time; however, for a small percentage of people, the end of marriage represents a life-altering negative experience. This chapter catalogs a range of adverse outcomes with a focus on the potential mechanisms linking marital status and mental and physical health. The outcomes in question are discussed in terms of an overarching model for why social separations have the potential to be a particularly distressing class of negative life events, as well as methodological research highlighting the need to distinguish between social selection and social causation when considering the putative effects of marital separation and divorce.
How and When Exclusion Motivates Social Reconnection
Authors: Molden Daniel C. , Maner Jon K. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Because fulfilling needs for social connection is so fundamental to health and well-being, people should be highly motivated to restore social connections when they are threatened. This chapter begins by discussing three ways in which people seek to reconnect with others after experiencing social exclusion: (1) ingratiating social behavior, (2) attention toward and sensitivity for social cues, and (3) the activation, exaggeration, and even invention of perceived relationships to important individuals or groups. The chapter then considers how social anxiety and broader concerns with security can heighten people’s focus on self-protection and suppress their willingness to pursue reconnection. The chapter concludes by discussing important directions for future research on how people balance motivations for reconnection and self-protection, as well as on how people regulate their level of social connection more generally.
Perceived Social Isolation within Personal and Evolutionary Timescales
Authors: Hawkley Louise C. , Cacioppo John T. , Correll Joshua 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Evolutionary time and evolutionary forces operate at such a different scale of organization than we experience in everyday life that personal experience is not sufficient to understand the role of loneliness in human existence. Research over the past decade suggests a very different view of loneliness than suggested by personal experience, one in which loneliness serves a variety of adaptive functions in specific habitats. We outline an evolutionary theory of loneliness, with an emphasis on its potential adaptive value in an evolutionary timescale.