bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endosperm Carbohydrate Composition and Kernel Characteristics of shrunken2‐intermediate (sh2‐i/sh2‐i Su1/Su1) and shrunken2‐intermediate–sugary1‐reference (sh2‐i/sh2‐i su1‐r/su1‐r) in Sweet Corn
Authors: Dodson‐Swenson Hallie G. , Tracy William F. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe Shrunken2 (Sh2) gene in maize (Zea mays L.) codes for ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase. Corn homozygous for the shrunken2‐reference (sh2‐r) allele does not produce ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, resulting in greatly reduced starch production and increased sugar in the endosperm. The shrunken2‐intermediate (sh2‐i) allele produces some enzyme and more starch than sh2‐r. The sugary1‐reference (su1‐r) allele results in endosperm with large amounts of water‐soluble polysaccharide (WSP), which gives sweet corn good mouth feel. The combination of endosperm WSP and sugar content determines sweet corn quality. We tested the hypothesis that double mutant sh2‐i/sh2‐i su1‐r/su1‐r results in increased amounts of endosperm WSP and sugar than sh2‐r/sh2‐r Su1/Su1, Sh2‐r/Sh2‐r su1‐r/su1‐r, or sh2‐r/sh2‐r su1‐r/su1‐r. Carbohydrate content was measured in kernels of near‐isogenic inbreds and hybrids of sh2‐i and sh2‐r in Su1 and su1‐r. The lines and hybrids were grown in field trials in 2009 and 2010. Carbohydrate content was determined using enzymatic procedures and quantified with a spectrophotometer. The WSP content in the double mutant sh2‐i su1‐r was greater than in sh2‐r and sh2‐r su1‐r. Sugar content in the double mutant sh2‐i su1‐r was greater than in su1‐r or sh2‐i. The WSP/starch ratio is an important determinant of mouth feel or texture. The sh2‐i/sh2‐i su1‐r/su1‐r hybrids had quality factors that exceed both sh2‐r and su1‐r commercial hybrids.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Secondary School-Aged Male Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Pan Chien-Yu , Tsai Chia-Liang , Chu Chia-Hua , Sung Ming-Chih , Ma Wei-Ya , Huang Chu-Yang 
Published: September 2015

Background
Recent evidence suggests that childhood obesity is increasing in children with typical development (TD) and in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The associations between physical activity (PA) levels and physical fitness components have not yet been objectively examined in this population but may have clinical implications for the development of secondary health complications.

Objective
The aims of this study were: (1) to compare PA and physical fitness between secondary school-aged male students with ASD and their peers with TD and (2) to assess possible interrelationships between PA and physical fitness levels in each group.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
Physical activity was recorded every 10 seconds by using accelerometry in 70 male students with (n=35) and without (n=35) ASD for up to 5 weekdays and 2 weekend days. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test was used to assess physical fitness.

Results
The primary findings were: (1) participants with ASD were less physically active overall and engaged in moderate-to-vigorous PA for a lower percentage of time compared with participants with TD during weekdays; (2) participants with ASD had significantly lower scores on all physical fitness measures, except body composition; and (3) group-dependent relationships existed between physical fitness profiles and PA levels.

Limitations
The study design limits causal inference from the results.

Conclusion
Specific interventions for maximizing PA and physical fitness levels in secondary school-aged male students with ASD are urgently needed.
Flowering Behaviour and Seed Yield of French Bean as Affected by Variety
Authors: Kakon S.S. , Bhuiya M.S.U. , Hossain S.M.A. , Sultana N. 
Published: September 2015

The effect of flowering pattern and floral abscission on the yield and yield attributed characters of French bean varieties were studied in a field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur. There nine varieties were treated- (1) BARI Jharsheem-1 (2) BARI Jharsheem-2 (3) Sylhet local-1 (4) Sylhet local-2 (5) Sylhet local-3 (6) Sylhet local-4 (7) Sylhet local-5 (8) Sylhet local-6 and (9) Sylhet local-7. Among the treatments, the highest number of flower was recorded within 5 to 8 days in BARI Jharsheem-2 although, the maximum flower opened within 5 to 8 days and following ceased within 15 to 20 days after first flowering. The total number of flowers per plant varied between 19.36 to 45.06 and 22.0 to 47.20 in two consecutive years while percentage of pod abscission varied between 70.53 to 82.26 and 73.46 to 80.75 in two consecutive years. The maximum yield of French bean was obtained from BARI Jharsheem-1, however identical yield was obtained from BARI Jharsheem-2 treatment. The flowering pattern and percent abscission as well greater number of pod were found to be the influential character for the highest yield of French bean. In addition, seed yield was strongly correlated to the number of opened flowers as well as number of mature pods. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 483-489
DNA extraction technique for different rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kapilan Ranganathan 
Published: September 2015

Extraction of DNA is very important nowadays in bio-molecular researches. Extracted DNA should be purified and the quality of DNA should also be very high. The objective of the study was to develop a simple efficient method to isolate DNA from the rice varieties in an open laboratory environment, and to eliminate the usage of expensive chemicals and tools. The DNA extraction methods developed by the DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN, Cheng et al., Doyle et al. and Michiels et al. were applied to five different rice varieties grown in different parts of Sri Lanka. Based on the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA tested by measuring the absorbance of DNA at 260 nm using Nanodrop® ND-1000 spectrophotometer and measuring the ratio of A260 / A280 and gel running on agarose, the efficiency of the extraction method chosen varied among rice varieties. Among the methods used, the methods introduced by DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN and Cheng et al, yielded good and amplifiable quality DNA with satisfactory concentration for all the rice varieties tested. Therefore the modified method of Cheng et al, 1987 could be used to extract DNA from rice varieties instead of the commercially available expensive and hazardous DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 398-401
Studies on the Enhancement of Chebulinic Acid Using the Composition of Medicinal Herbs by Baker’s Yeast
Authors: Prakash D.V. Surya , Vangalapati Meena 
Published: September 2015

Chebulinic acid is a phenolic compound, commonly found in the Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Dimocarpus longan species etc. The enhancement of Chebulinic acid was obtained from the composition of medicinal herbs by using Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) under fermentation process. The optimum results were observed for the effect of % inoculum, substrate wt, incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were 2.0ml, 6g, 48hr, 30oC, 4.0, sucrose and yeast extract respectively. The Chebulinic acid concentration enhanced from 3.4 to 6.8mg/ml for the optimised conditions. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 439-442
A Comparative Study of Bioethanol Production from Aquatic Weeds
Authors: Sunil Kodichetty Ramaiah , John Merin , Girish Venkatachalapathi , Girisha Sirangala Thimappa 
Published: September 2015

A greatest challenge for society in the 21st century is to meet energy demand, where biomass is subjected for pre-treatment and converted into biofuel (alcohol). Aquatic weeds are potential bio resources which are easily available for biofuel production. Aquatic weeds like Alternanthera sessilis, Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Baccopa monnieri, Ipomoea aquatica and Pistia stratiotes are estimated for carbohydrates content. Highest content of reducing sugar was observed in Alternanthera sessilis (296.8µg/ml), total sugar in Ipomoea aquatic (880.00mg/ml), starch in Alternanthera sessilis (57.13mg/ml), cellulose in Pistia stratiotes and Typha latifolia (280.00mg/ml), hemicellulose in Typha latifolia (26.85mg/ml); high cellulosic aquatic weeds were subjected to pre-treatment methods like physical, chemical and enzymatic method.Meanwhile different yeast strains from the fruits of Manilkara zapota, Cucumis melo, Musa paradisiaca, Citrullus lanatus, Punica granatum and Ananas comosus were isolated yeast of Citrullus lanatus shows highest amount of alcohol production (307µg/ml), which is inoculated to pre-treated hydrolysate, where Alternanthera sessilis and Typha latifolia shows high amount of alcohol in physical method (160.5 and 115.4µg/ml). In chemical method in acid hydrolysis it shows 387.1 and 69.63µg/ml and in alkali hydrolysis 62 and 170µg/ml, so these two weeds were taken for enzymatic method for alcohol production, on seventh day Alternanthera sessilis shows highest alcohol production (113.33µg/ml), hence among six weeds Alternanthera sessilis and the yeast of Citrullus lanatus produces more amount of alcohol than others and it also shows that enzymatic method of pre-treatment is best in hydrolysis of biomass than physical and chemical method. The study revealed the possibility of producing alcohol from locally available fruits using simple, cheap and adaptable technology with biochemically characterized yeast strains.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 446-451
Scenario of Entomological Research in Legume Crops in Nepal
Authors: Neupane Bishnu Prasad , Shrestha Jiban 
Published: September 2015

This review paper highlights scenario of entomological research in grain legumes in Nepal into headings of the monitoring, survey and surveillance, insect pest management, existing problem and future strategies. A survey study on yield loss assessment of chickpea due to Helicoverpa pod borer under field condition has been recorded up to 75% in the year 1996-1998 at Banke and Bardiya district. While monitored Helicoverpa armigera through pheromone trap, during the 2nd week of March, peak catches of 91 male moths were recorded at Rampur, while it was the maximum (42 male moths) during the 3rd week of March. Synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin used at 0.01% concentration (a.i.), were effective in controlling the chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Genotypes NCH-18, NCH -31, NCH-138 and ICC 3075 WR were found resistant. Ripcord 10%@0.05% was found to be superior and effective chemical insecticides to control stem fly and soybean hairy caterpillar. The late sowing date December, 10 showed significantly higher percentage of chickpea pod borer damage with lower grain yield. Inter crops combinations of Chickpea +wheat (2:1) ratio was found effective against Helicoverpa armigera damage (1.2%) followed by chickpea+barley (2.36%) and Chickpea+linseed (2:1) ratio (3.7%). Bakaino (Melia azederach L.) was identified as the best indigenous pesticides to check the normal growth of hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta kollar) under laboratory condition. Metarhizium anisopliae was found effective for the management of Helicoverpa armigera that caused maximum mortality (94.67%), infection (45.33%) within 7.49 days (LT50). Similarly, Beauveria bassiana caused maximum mortality (98.67%), infection (80.00%) with the least LT50 value (5 days). Crop sprayed with HaNPV had the lowest pod damage (0.3%) and the highest in Racer (2.2%). This review work provided a lot of information to conduct entomological research activity conducted in grain legumes and opens the door for future research and strategy.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 367-372
Efficiency of Traditional Water Treatment Plant and Compact Units in Removing Viruses
Authors: Osman Yehia A. , El-Senousy Waled M. , El-Morsi Adel A. , Rashed Mohammed K. 
Published: September 2015

The fecal bacteria have been taken as the gold standard for water industry. However, the spread of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water have given a momentum to a recent push by microbiologists to consider viruses as important pollution indicator as fecal bacteria. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the efficiency of two types of water purification systems: the traditional water treatment plant and two types compact units. Both systems produced drinking waters free of bacteria, chemical contaminants and mostly viruses free. However, recent advances in molecular biology techniques, such as RT-PCR have detected Rotaviruses in chlorinated drinking waters resulted from all systems. The frequency of Rotaviruses since October 2010 till September 2012 in Shark El-Mansoura WTP in drinking water samples was 12.5% similar to raw water. While the compact unit at Depo Awam (American design) the frequency of Rotavirus was 16.6% in both raw and drinking water samples. On the other hand the virus frequency in the raw and drinking water sample in El-Danabik unit (Egyptian design) were 12.5% and 4.16% respectively. Signifying failure of the chlorination process in removing viruses completely. However, detection of Rotavirus genome in the drinking water samples does not means the presence of its infectivity. The infectious ability of the rotaviruses was confirmed by CC-RT-PCR in all positive samples, where viral RNA was not detected in the collected drinking water samples. In conclusion RT-PCR and CC-RT-PCR techniques high lightened the need to include viruses as mandatory pollution indicator in water treatment plants. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 528-536
Growth and Yield Characters of Potato Genotypes Grown in Drought and Irrigated Conditions of Nepal
Authors: Luitel Binod Prasad , Khatri Bhim Bahadur , Choudhary Duryodhan , Paudel Bishnu Prasad , Jung-Sook Sung , Hur On- Sook , Baek Hyung Jin , Cheol Ko Ho , Yul Ryu Kyoung 
Published: September 2015

This experiment was conducted to assess the genotypic variation for the growth, yield and yield components of potato grown under drought and irrigated conditions at Hattiban Research Farm, Khumaltar during the summer cropping season (Feb.-May) of the two consecutive years (2013 and 2014). The results revealed that canopy cover, stem height and number of leavers were more sensitive to drought and the effect was more pronounced in early cultivar Desiree. Stem height and leaf number of plant were more (36% and 45%, respectively) reduced in Desiree than other genotypes. Mean tuber number decreased by 55% under drought condition. Drought stress reduced marketable tuber number by 79% as compared to irrigated treatment. Drought stress reduced the marketable tuber yield from 70% to 87%. The clones CIP 392242.25 and LBr-40 had relatively lower yield loss, and less drought susceptibility index under drought indicating their tolerance to drought in field condition. Further experiment is recommended to study the physiological parameters of these genotypes under different water and soil conditions. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 513-519
Flexing test of HDPE/EPR filled CNT radiated nanocomposites for sport shoe soles
Authors: Khalit Muhammad Ilham Bin , Anuar Hazleen Binti , Shaffiar Norhashimah Mohd 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the flexing of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) blends and HDPE/EPR filled carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites. The blends are compression molded into the soles of shoes before exposed to EB irradiation. Radiated and non-radiated matrixes as well as nanocomposites were subjected to single force and flexed at specified angles of 90º according to ISO 17707 for flexing test. The flexes were more for samples that were exposed to EB irradiation. Moreover, samples filled with CNT showed a lower flex number.
The impact of the output stereometry and absorbent coating on the efficiency of ablative laser texturing of iron alloy 100CrMnSi6-4
Authors: Napadłek Wojciech 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The present publication presents an analysis of the impact of surface stereometry and the absorption coating on the efficiency of ablative laser texturing of 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel. Using different variants of surface development and an absorbent resulted, under the same process conditions, in micro-trays differing from each other in geometrical structure (diameter, depth). In the experimental studies, a pulsed Yb:YAG laser with λ = 1.07 µm and a maximum power of 30 W was used. The diameter of the laser beam ranged between 15 and 60 µm, the repetition frequency was 20 kHz and the laser radiation exposure time ranged between 0.5 and 100ns. In the zone adjacent to the trays, fine crystalline martensitic, martensitic-bainitic and bainitic microstructures were found. These microstructures formed as a result of ultrafast phase transformations occurring, among others, during the crystallization of the alloy Fe-C-Cr-Mn-Si liquid phase and the very fast heating and cooling of the surface layer of steel in the solid state. Use of the absorption coating and developing the exposed steel surfaces improve the absorptivity of the laser radiation. With the increase of surface roughness, the efficiency of the laser texturing process was also increased. The results from these tests are promising and may be used, among others, in the production processes of roller bearings, such as in the ablative surface texturing of treadmill roller bearings.
Effects of magnesium chloride polluted soils on underground Q235 steel pipelines
Authors: Han Pengju , Chen Y. Frank , Bai Xiaohong , He Bin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of soils polluted with different magnesium chloride (MgCl2) contents on the corrosion of Q235 low-carbon steel pipelines. The material has a yield strength of 235 MPa. The following major parameters were considered in the experimental study to analyze MgCl2 polluted soils: degree of saturation Sr, electrical resistivity ρs, oxidation reduction potential Eh7 and corrosion potential Ecorr. The corrosion properties of Q235 steel samples buried in soils, such as corrosion behavior of macrographs and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) photos, chemical elements components of corrosive products by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), corrosion weight loss mcor, corrosion rate vcor, and dynamic equation of mcor, were studied in detail. Based on the statistical analysis results obtained from this study, MgCl2 has a significant impact on ρs, while MgCl2 has lesser effects on other parameters. Corrosion macro and micro behaviors of Q235 steel were revealed. The vcor of Q235 steel decreases with the increase of corrosion time (t), while it increases with MgCl2 contents. The dynamic equation for mcor and the pollution impact factor β for Q235 steel in MgCl2 polluted soils are proposed. Lastly, a developed multi-linear regression equation for vcor is recommended.
Surface roughness during the turning process of a 50CrV4 (SAE 6150) steel and ANN based modeling
Authors: Ozkan Murat Tolga 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This study presents experimental and ANN modelling work to determine machining parameters and achieve better surface roughness in turning operation using coated and uncoated cermet cutting inserts (CCCT and UCCT). 50CrV4 (SAE 6150) material (Brinell hardness (HB) 311) was machined on CNC lathe. Processing parameters were determined using experimental design techniques. Cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tip radius and type of cutting inserts were defined as turning processes parameters. During the machining processes cutting forces and then surface roughness were measured. Multiple regression and ANOVA analysis were performed and significant process parameters defined. An ANN model was also developed on the basis of experimental study results. The model is used for prediction of surface roughness and cutting forces achieving a very close agreement with experimental results.
Mechanical properties, microstructure and toughness assessment of a X70 pipeline steel
Authors: Baig Muneer , El-Danaf Ehab , Soliman Mahmoud , Almajid Abdulhakim , Alshalfan Waleed , Alhajeri Khaled 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This study was performed to fully characterize the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of API X70 steel in terms of tensile and compressive responses and toughness. The toughness was studied using a compact-tension specimen that was machined in three directions. The variations in the toughness values along three orientations were studied and revealed almost similar high values of 124 ± 4 MPa√m. Compression experiments were performed over a wide range of strain-rates. A compression split Hopkinson pressure bar (SPHB) was used for performing dynamic experiments. API X70 exhibited positive strain-rate sensitivity of 0.01. Electron back scattered diffraction and optical microscopy revealed a grain size of 2.4 µm with an average misorientation angle of 30°. Texture study revealed high orientation density values around the γ-fiber. The results suggest that the present steel exhibits high strength, elongation and toughness.
Effect of welding parameters on the mechanical properties of GMA-welded HY-80 steels
Authors: Durmusoglu Şenol , Türker Mehmet , Tosun Murat 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this publication, investigations of HY-80 steels joined by gas metal arc welding by using different welding parameters are described. Different samples obtained from the welded joints were subjected to mechanical testing by means of tensile, hardness and impact toughness tests. The tensile test results showed that the strength of weld metal and heat affected zone were higher than of base metal. Similar Charpy impact toughness test results were obtained for weld metal and heat affected zone. Weld metal hardness was almost similar to the base metal hardness, nevertheless, the heat affected zone indicated higher values. The base metal has ferritic-perlitic structure with fine grains. Martensite needles and bainite are seen in the heat affected zone. Weld metal has martensite needles, partial bainite and residual austenite.
Neopterin plasma concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with infection and long-term outcome
Authors: Azurmendi Leire , Degos Vincent , Tiberti Natalia , Kapandji Natacha , Sanchez-Peña Paola , Sarrafzadeh Asita , Puybasset Louis , Turck Natacha , Sanchez Jean-Charles 
Published: September 2015

OBJECT
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The main predictor for the poor outcome is the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale. However, this scale does not take into account proinflammatory events, such as infection occurring after the aSAH, which could modify the long-term status of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate neopterin as an inflammatory biomarker for outcome and infection prediction in aSAH patients.

METHODS
Plasma concentrations of neopterin were measured in 61 aSAH patients (22 male and 39 female; mean age [± SD] 52.8 ± 11.8 years) using a commercial ELISA kit. Samples were collected daily for 10 days. Outcome at 12 months was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and dichotomized as poor (GOS score 1, 2, or 3) or good (GOS score 4 or 5). Infection was determined by the presence of a positive bacterial culture.

RESULTS
Patients with poor outcome at 12 months had higher concentrations of neopterin than patients with good outcome. In the same way, patients who had an infection during the hospitalization had significantly higher concentrations of neopterin than patients without infection (p = 0.001). Moreover, neopterin concentrations were significantly (p < 0.008) elevated in infected patients 2 days before infection detection and antibiotic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Neopterin is an efficient outcome predictor after aSAH. Furthermore, it is able to differentiate between infected and uninfected patients as early as 2 days before clinical signs of infection, facilitating earlier antibiotic therapy and better management.