bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conscientious objection to provision of legal abortion care
Authors: Johnson Brooke R. , Kismödi Eszter , Dragoman Monica V. , Temmerman Marleen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDespite advances in scientific evidence, technologies, and human rights rationale for providing safe abortion, a broad range of cultural, regulatory, and health system barriers that deter access to abortion continues to exist in many countries. When conscientious objection to provision of abortion becomes one of these barriers, it can create risks to women's health and the enjoyment of their human rights. To eliminate this barrier, states should implement regulations for healthcare providers on how to invoke conscientious objection without jeopardizing women's access to safe, legal abortion services, especially with regard to timely referral for care and in emergency cases when referral is not possible. In addition, states should take all necessary measures to ensure that all women and adolescents have the means to prevent unintended pregnancies and to obtain safe abortion.
Design of broadband microstrip‐to‐CPW transition
Authors: Tao Ziwen , Wang Jianpeng , Dou Yan 
Published: December 2013

A broadband microstrip‐to‐CPW transition is presented. In the proposed structure, the upper microstrip ring is vertically coupled to the central conductor of the lower circular CPW via electromagnetic coupling. To obtain a wide bandwidth of operation, a short‐ended stub is introduced. The introduced short‐ended stub combined with the open‐ended microstrip ring constructs a quarter‐wavelength resonator. A sample transition has been designed and measured. Experimental results indicate that over 129% bandwidth with better than 10 dB return loss and below 1.7 dB insertion loss can be obtained.
Evidence for soft bounds in Ubuntu package sizes and mammalian body masses
Authors: Gherardi Marco , Mandrà Salvatore , Bassetti Bruno , Cosentino Lagomarsino Marco 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Not unlike a big city, a large software project grows in a complex way, involving many developers and even more users, but a predictive framework to understand these temporal patterns is lacking. We focus on software size and analyze the changes of the Ubuntu open source operating system, finding two quantitative laws. First, growth is driven by changes in scale rather than by addition–subtraction; second, evolution toward larger sizes between two consecutive releases is limited by bounds that depend on the starting size of a package. Strikingly, a stochastic model that implements these two laws is predictive. Finally, we provide evidence that similar principles could be in place for the evolution of body mass in mammals.
Whole chromosome gain does not in itself confer cancer-like chromosomal instability
Authors: Valind Anders , Jin Yuesheng , Baldetorp Bo , Gisselsson David 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Aneuploidy, denoting cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a common phenomenon in cancer. Another common finding in cancer cells is chromosomal instability, a condition in which cells change their chromosomal content at a high rate. It is clear that chromosomal instability can lead to aneuploidy, but whether the opposite is true has been much debated in the field of cancer biology. The concept that aneuploidy automatically triggers chromosomal instability has been propagated in the scientific literature in recent years. Here, we show that aneuploidy does not, on its own, lead to chromosomal instability, even when cells acquire chromosome alterations typical of cancer. This has important implications for understanding the role of aneuploidy in cancer development.
Long-term effect of September 11 on the political behavior of victims’ families and neighbors
Authors: Hersh Eitan D. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
This study sheds light on how 9/11 catalyzed long-term changes in the political behaviors of victims’ families and neighbors. Political changes among associates of victims are important because system shocks like 9/11 can lead to rapid policy shifts, and relatives of victims often become leaders advocating for such shifts. I build upon prior research on the behavioral effects of tragic events by using a unique method of analysis. Rather than utilizing surveys, I link together individual-level government databases from before and after 9/11, and I measure the changes in the affected populations relative to similar populations that did not lose a relative or neighbor. The method I outline may prove useful in future studies of human behavior.
Resolution doubling in fluorescence microscopy with confocal spinning-disk image scanning microscopy
Authors: Schulz Olaf , Pieper Christoph , Clever Michaela , Pfaff Janine , Ruhlandt Aike , Kehlenbach Ralph H. , Wouters Fred S. , Großhans Jörg , Bunt Gertrude , Enderlein Jörg 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Fluorescence microscopy is an enormously powerful tool for investigating structural organization and dynamical processes on the cellular level because of its noninvasiveness, sensitivity, and specificity. However, classical fluorescence microscopy is limited in resolution by the diffraction of light. In recent years, structural illumination microscopy has succeeded in doubling this resolution without requiring any special sample preparation or labeling dyes. However, it is technically very challenging and complex. Here, we present an alternative that achieves the same resolution enhancement by using a standard confocal spinning-disk microscope with minimal modifications. This method, in principle, allows one to double the resolution of any existing confocal microscope.
Transition state and ground state properties of the helix–coil transition in peptides deduced from high-pressure studies
Authors: Neumaier Sabine , Büttner Maren , Bachmann Annett , Kiefhaber Thomas 
Published: December 2013

Significance
High pressure unfolds proteins due to a larger volume of the native state compared with the unfolded state, but the molecular origin of the volume changes is still under debate. Virtually no information is available on volume changes associated with secondary structure formation. We reveal that α-helices become stabilized with increasing pressure, which explains the commonly observed residual helical structure in pressure-unfolded proteins. The transition state for the helix–coil transition has a larger volume than both the helical and the coil state. Thus, addition or removal of a helical residue proceeds through a transitory high-energy state with a large volume, possibly due to the presence of unsatisfied hydrogen bonds, although steric effects may also be involved.
Foxp3+ Treg cells in humoral immunity
Authors: Wing James B. , Sakaguchi Shimon 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTreg cells are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In humoral immune responses, loss of Treg cell function causes increased levels of serum autoantibodies, hyper-IgE, spontaneous generation of germinal centres, and enhanced numbers of specialised T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) controlled by the lineage-defining transcription factor BCL-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6). Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of Treg cells [T follicular regulatory (Tfreg) cells] are able to co-opt the follicular T-cell program by gaining expression of BCL-6 and travelling to the follicle where they have an important role in the control of expansion of Tfh cells and the germinal centre reaction. However, the mechanisms by which they exert this control are still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the effects of Treg cells on humoral immunity and the mechanisms by which they exert their regulatory function.
A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain
Authors: Aviv Gili , Tsyba Katherine , Steck Natalie , Salmon‐Divon Mali , Cornelius Antje , Rahav Galia , Grassl Guntram A, , Gal‐Mor Ohad 
Published: December 2013

SummaryOf all known Salmonella enterica serovars, S. Infantis is one of the most commonly isolated and has been recently emerging worldwide. To understand the recent emergence of S. Infantis in Israel, we performed extensive comparative analyses between pre‐emergent and the clonal emergent S. Infantis populations. We demonstrate the fixation of adaptive mutations in the DNA gyrase (gyrA) and nitroreductase (nfsA) genes, conferring resistance to quinolones and nitrofurans, respectively, and the carriage of an emergent‐specific plasmid, designated pESI. This self‐transferred episome is a mosaic megaplasmid (∼280 kb), which increases bacterial tolerance to environmental mercury (mer operon) and oxidative stress, and provides further resistance to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, most likely due to the presence of tetRA, sulI and dfrA genes respectively. Moreover, pESI carries the yersiniabactin siderophore system and two novel chaperone‐usher fimbriae. In vitro studies established that pESI conjugation into a plasmidless S. Infantis strain results in superior biofilm formation, adhesion and invasion into avian and mammalian host cells. In vivo mouse infections demonstrated higher pathogenicity and increased intestinal inflammation caused by an S. Infantis strain harboring pESI compared with the plasmidless parental strain. Our results indicate that the presence of pESI that was found only in the emergent population of S. Infantis in Israel contributes significantly to antimicrobials tolerance and pathogenicity of its carrier. It is highly likely that pESI plays a key role in the successful spread of the emergent clone that replaced the local S. Infantis community in the short time of only 2–3 years.
Improvements in Health Status after Massachusetts Health Care Reform
Authors: VAN DER WEES PHILIP J. , ZASLAVSKY ALAN M. , AYANIAN JOHN Z. 
Published: December 2013

ContextMassachusetts enacted health care reform in 2006 to expand insurance coverage and improve access to health care. The objective of our study was to compare trends in health status and the use of ambulatory health services before and after the implementation of health reform in Massachusetts relative to that in other New England states.MethodsWe used a quasi‐experimental design with data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 2001 to 2011 to compare trends associated with health reform in Massachusetts relative to that in other New England states. We compared self‐reported health and the use of preventive services using multivariate logistic regression with difference‐in‐differences analysis to account for temporal trends. We estimated predicted probabilities and changes in these probabilities to gauge the differential effects between Massachusetts and other New England states. Finally, we conducted subgroup analysis to assess the differential changes by income and race/ethnicity.FindingsThe sample included 345,211 adults aged eighteen to sixty‐four. In comparing the periods before and after health care reform relative to those in other New England states, we found that Massachusetts residents reported greater improvements in general health (1.7%), physical health (1.3%), and mental health (1.5%). Massachusetts residents also reported significant relative increases in rates of Pap screening (2.3%), colonoscopy (5.5%), and cholesterol testing (1.4%). Adults in Massachusetts households that earned up to 300% of the federal poverty level gained more in health status than did those above that level, with differential changes ranging from 0.2% to 1.3%. Relative gains in health status were comparable among white, black, and Hispanic residents in Massachusetts.ConclusionsHealth care reform in Massachusetts was associated with improved health status and the greater use of some preventive services relative to those in other New England states, particularly among low‐income households. These findings may stem from expanded insurance coverage as well as innovations in health care delivery that accelerated after health reform.
Medical Home Implementation: A Sensemaking Taxonomy of Hard and Soft Best Practices
Authors: HOFF TIMOTHY 
Published: December 2013

ContextThe patient‐centered medical home (PCMH) model of care is currently a central focus of U.S. health system reform, but less is known about the model's implementation in the practice of everyday primary care. Understanding its implementation is key to ensuring the approach's continued support and success nationally. This article addresses this gap through a qualitative examination of the best practices associated with PCMH implementation for older adult patients in primary care.MethodsI used a multicase, comparative study design that relied on a sensemaking approach and fifty‐one in‐depth interviews with physicians, nurses, and clinic support staff working in six accredited medical homes located in various geographic areas. My emphasis was on gaining descriptive insights into the staff's experiences delivering medical home care to older adult patients in particular and then analyzing how these experiences shaped the staff's thinking, learning, and future actions in implementing medical home care.FindingsI found two distinct taxonomies of implementation best practices, which I labeled “hard” and “soft” because of their differing emphasis and content. Hard implementation practices are normative activities and structural interventions that align well with existing national standards for medical home care. Soft best practices are more relational in nature and derive from the existing practice social structure and everyday interactions between staff and patients. Currently, external stakeholders are less apt to recognize, encourage, or incentivize soft best practices.ConclusionsThe results suggest that there may be no standardized, one‐size‐fits‐all approach to making medical home implementation work, particularly for special patient populations such as the elderly. My study also raises the issue of broadening current PCMH assessments and reward systems to include implementation practices that contain heavy social and relational components of care, in addition to the emphasis now placed on building structural supports for medical home work. Further study of these softer implementation practices and a continued call for qualitative methodological approaches that gain insight into everyday practice behavior are warranted.
Self, Career and Nationhood: The contrasting aspirations of British and French elite graduates
Authors: Power Sally , Brown Phillip , Allouch Annabelle , Tholen Gerbrand 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the emergence of a ‘global middle class’ in which high achieving young graduates increasingly look to develop careers that transcend national boundaries. This paper explores this issue through comparing and contrasting the aspirations and orientations of two ‘elite’ cohorts of graduates. Interviews with students at the University of Oxford, England, and Sciences‐Po, France, reveal very different ambitions and allegiances. Our Oxford respondents portray their futures as projects of self‐fulfilment as they build portfolio careers by moving from job to job and from country to country with limited social allegiances – epitomizing the nomadic worker of the transnational elite. Our Parisian respondents, on the other hand, display strong allegiances to the nation, state and civic duty. Their projects of the self involve reconciling their personal aspirations with strong allegiances to France. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of these differences. It argues that the enduring role of education in the formation of national identities should not be overlooked and that more detailed research is needed on the contextual specifity of transnationalism and the (re)production of elites.
Menstrual and fertility outcomes following the surgical management of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review
Authors: Doumouchtsis SK , Nikolopoulos K , Talaulikar VS , Krishna A , Arulkumaran S 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundUterine‐sparing surgical interventions have long been practiced as an alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH); however, the risks of impairment of subsequent fertility from such procedures are unclear.ObjectiveTo evaluate the menstrual and fertility outcomes following radiological or conservative surgical interventions for severe PPH.Search strategyA systematic review of English and non‐English articles using the Cochrane Library 2012, PubMed (1950–2012), Embase (1980–2012), and the National Research Register. The keywords used for our search included ‘fertility’, ‘reproductive outcome’, ‘postpartum haemorrhage’, ‘embolisation’, ‘hypogastric artery ligation’, ‘B‐Lynch suture’, ‘stepwise uterine devascularisation’, ‘tamponade’, and ‘uterine compression sutures’.Selection criteriaStudies including human female subjects with at least five cases.Data collection and analysisIndependent extraction of articles by two authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators.Main resultsWe identified 402 publications and after exclusions, 28 studies were included in the systematic review. Seventeen studies (675 women) reported on the fertility outcomes after uterine artery embolisation, five studies (195 women) reported on the fertility outcomes after uterine devascularisation, and six studies (125 women) reported on the fertility outcomes following uterine compression sutures. Overall, 553 out of 606 (91.25%) women resumed menstruation within 6 months of delivery. One hundred and eighty‐three out of 235 (77.87%) women who desired another pregnancy achieved conception.Author's conclusionsUterine‐sparing radiological and surgical techniques for the management of severe PPH do not appear to adversely affect the menstrual and fertility outcomes in most women; however, the number of studies and the quality of the available evidence is of concern.
A selective sweep in a microsporidian parasite Nosema‐tolerant honeybee population, Apis mellifera
Authors: Huang Q. , Lattorff H. M. G. , Kryger P. , Le Conte Y. , Moritz R. F. A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryNosema is a microsporidian parasite of the honeybee, which infects the epithelial cells of the gut. In Denmark, honeybee colonies have been selectively bred for the absence of Nosema over decades, resulting in a breeding line that is tolerant toward Nosema infections. As the tolerance toward the Nosema infection is a result of artificial selection, we screened chromosome 14 for a selective sweep with microsatellite markers, where a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) had been identified to be involved in the reduction in Nosema spores in the honeybees. By comparing the genetic variability of 10 colonies of the selected honeybee strain with a population sample from 22 unselected colonies, a selective sweep was revealed within the previously identified QTL region. The genetic variability of the swept loci was not only reduced in relation to the flanking markers on chromosome 14 within the selected strain but also significantly reduced compared with the same region in the unselected honeybees. This confirmed the results of the previous QTL mapping for reduced Nosema infections. The success of the selective breeding may have driven the selective sweep found in our study.
Children under the age of seven with diabetes are increasing their cardiovascular risk by their food choices
Authors: Sundberg F. , Augustsson M , Forsander G , Cederholm U , Axelsen M 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimEarly‐onset diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the eating habits of children under 7 years of age with diabetes to see whether their diet increased that risk even further.MethodsA total of 24 children with type 1 diabetes (mean age 4.5 years) and 27 healthy controls (mean age 4.6 years) participated in this cross‐sectional study. Food intake was assessed by two 4‐day food records.ResultsChildren with type 1 diabetes had a higher energy intake from protein (18 vs 15%, p < 0.05) and fat (35 vs 31%, p < 0.05) but lower intake from carbohydrates (47 vs 54%, p < 0.05), than the healthy control group. Intake of saturated fat was higher than recommended in both groups, and consumption of fruit and vegetables was lower than recommended, but similar, in both the diabetes and control groups (191 vs 207 g per day). Total intake of fat was negatively correlated with intake of fruit and vegetables (r = −0.74 p < 0.05) in children with type 1 diabetes.ConclusionChildren under 7 years of age with type 1 diabetes eat too much saturated fat and not enough fruit and vegetables. Their diet should be improved to reduce their cardiovascular risk.
Procedure for microbial identification based on Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization‐Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry from screening‐positive urine samples
Authors: March Rosselló Gabriel A. , Gutiérrez Rodríguez María P. , de Lejarazu Leonardo Raúl Ortiz , Orduña Domingo Antonio , Bratos Pérez Miguel A. 
Published: December 2013

Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization‐Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry is a widely used proteomic technique in clinical microbiology laboratories, and enables microbial identification directly from clinical samples. This study seeks to establish a protocol for bacterial identification from monomicrobial urine samples that have tested positive in the screening with Sysmex UF‐1000i (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan). Sysmex UF‐1000i counts ≥1 × 107 bacteria/mL indicate a sufficient bacterial concentration to allow direct identification from urine, with 87.5% sensitivity. Microbial identification from urine with Sysmex UF‐1000i counts between 1 × 105 and 1 × 107 bacteria/ml requires preincubation to obtain the adequate amount of bacteria needed for analysis, and 91.7% sensitivity thus being achieved.
Antibody therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Gasiorowski Robin E. , Clark Georgina J. , Bradstock Kenneth , Hart Derek N. J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryNovel therapies with increased efficacy and decreased toxicity are desperately needed for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The anti CD33 immunoconjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), was withdrawn with concerns over induction mortality and lack of efficacy. However a number of recent trials suggest that, particularly in AML with favourable cytogenetics, GO may improve overall survival. This data and the development of alternative novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have renewed interest in the area. Leukaemic stem cells (LSC) are identified as the subset of AML blasts that reproduces the leukaemic phenotype upon transplantation into immunosuppressed mice. AML relapse may be caused by chemoresistant LSC and this has refocused interest on identifying and targeting antigens specific for LSC. Several mAb have been developed that target LSC effectively in xenogeneic models but only a few have begun clinical evaluation. Antibody engineering may improve the activity of potential new therapeutics for AML. The encouraging results seen with bispecific T cell‐engaging mAb‐based molecules against CD19 in the treatment of B‐cell acute lymphobalstic leukaemia, highlight the potential efficacy of engineered antibodies in the treatment of acute leukaemia. Potent engineered mAb, possibly targeting novel LSC antigens, offer hope for improving the current poor prognosis for AML.