bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent Phenotypes of Human Regulatory T Cells Expressing the Receptors TIGIT and CD226
Authors: Fuhrman Christopher A. , Yeh Wen-I , Seay Howard R. , Saikumar Lakshmi Priya , Chopra Gaurav , Zhang Lin , Perry Daniel J. , McClymont Stephanie A. , Yadav Mahesh , Lopez Maria-Cecilia , Baker Henry V. , Zhang Ying , Li Yizheng , Whitley Maryann , von Schack David , Atkinson Mark A. , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Brusko Todd M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in counteracting inflammation and autoimmunity. A more complete understanding of cellular heterogeneity and the potential for lineage plasticity in human Treg subsets may identify markers of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the development of optimized cellular therapeutics. To better elucidate human Treg subsets, we conducted direct transcriptional profiling of CD4+FOXP3+Helios+ thymic-derived Tregs and CD4+FOXP3+Helios− T cells, followed by comparison with CD4+FOXP3−Helios− T conventional cells. These analyses revealed that the coinhibitory receptor T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) was highly expressed on thymic-derived Tregs. TIGIT and the costimulatory factor CD226 bind the common ligand CD155. Thus, we analyzed the cellular distribution and suppressive activity of isolated subsets of CD4+CD25+CD127lo/− T cells expressing CD226 and/or TIGIT. We observed TIGIT is highly expressed and upregulated on Tregs after activation and in vitro expansion, and is associated with lineage stability and suppressive capacity. Conversely, the CD226+TIGIT− population was associated with reduced Treg purity and suppressive capacity after expansion, along with a marked increase in IL-10 and effector cytokine production. These studies provide additional markers to delineate functionally distinct Treg subsets that may help direct cellular therapies and provide important phenotypic markers for assessing the role of Tregs in health and disease.
Evaluation of universal newborn hearing screening in South African primary care
Authors: Khoza-Shangase Katijah , Harbinson Shannon 
Published: May 2015

Background: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHC) is the gold standard toward early hearing detection and intervention, hence the importance of its deliberation within the South African context.Aim: To determine the feasibility of screening in low-risk neonates, using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs), within the Midwife Obstetric Unit (MOU) three-day assessment clinic at a Community Health Centre (CHC), at various test times following birth.Method: Within a quantitative, prospective design, 272 neonates were included. Case history interviews, otoscopic examinations and Distortion Product OAEs (DPOAEs) screening were conducted at two sessions (within six hours and approximately three days after birth). Data were analysed via descriptive statistics.Results: Based on current staffing profile and practice, efficient and comprehensive screening is not successful within hours of birth, but is more so at the MOU three-day assessment clinic. Significantly higher numbers of infants were screened at session 2, with significantly less false-positive results. At session 1, only 38.1% of the neonates were screened, as opposed to more than 100% at session 2. Session 1 yielded an 82.1% rate of false positive findings, a rate that not only has important implications for the emotional well-being of the parents; but also for resource-stricken environments where expenditure has to be accounted for carefully.Conclusion: Current findings highlight the importance of studying methodologies to ensure effective reach for hearing screening within the South African context. These findings argue for UNHS initiatives to include the MOU three-day assessment to ensure that a higher number of neonates are reached and confounding variables such as vernix have been eliminated.
Otra Plaza Cataluña: la relevancia del subsuelo en la ciudad contemporánea
Authors: Vinyes Ballbé Rosina 
Published: May 2015

El uso del subsuelo en nuestras ciudades era, hasta hace apenas un siglo, muy limitado. Durante el siglo XX, los avances técnicos, el incremento de las necesidades y el confort urbano han conducido a incrementarlo hasta tal punto que hoy en día cualquier capital europea construye tanto bajo rasante como sobre ésta. El cambio que esto representa en la constitución de la ciudad actual es muy radical y sus consecuencias afectan a aspectos urbanísticos que ofrecen un campo abierto al conocimiento y a la reflexión sobre la ciudad contemporánea. En Barcelona, si bien la parte visible de la ciudad ha sido ampliamente dibujada y estudiada, lo invisible y bajo rasante no ha tenido la misma atención. A través del dibujo del subsuelo construido se detectan rasgos característicos desconocidos de la ciudad. Por ejemplo, en ciertos fragmentos de la Barcelona oculta, la ocupación en subsuelo es destacadamente superior a la de sobre rasante. Se trata de espacios con una intensidad singular, tal como se puede apreciar al observar las características, retos y oportunidades de uno de ellos, el subsuelo de Plaza de Cataluña. Bajo este espacio hay una diversidad de usos destacada, y una diversidad morfológica excepcional, es un espectáculo único de formas, promiscuidad compositiva, desorden y sacrificio de espacios. Mientras que en superficie hay un cuidado especial en la composición urbana, en subsuelo el desorden formal y funcional no está a la altura de su centralidad. Su dibujo volumétrico saca a la luz espacios expectantes que son oportunidades para superar las grandes incomodidades que sufren los ciudadanos que discurren por el subsuelo de esta plaza, a la vez que nuevos posibles espacios en un lugar central, atractivo y codiciado.
The use of the subsoil in our cities was limited until more or less a century ago. The technological advances of the twentieth century and the increased need for greater urban comfort has led to intensive building both above and below ground-level. This constitutes a radical change in the way we understand cities today. In the case of Barcelona, a city that has been amply studied in terms of its buildings and city planning, very little has been said about what gets built below ground level.
Plaça Catalunya is a unique example where it is possible to observe the features and challenges that looking at the subsoil pose. This space has multiple uses and an exceptional urban morphology that combines a spectacle of new forms, composition, disorganization along with the sacrifice of available spaces. The lack of a more balanced approach that gives equal importance to both below and above levels is needed. The subsoil of Plaça Catalunya sheds light on new spaces that provide opportunities to overcome the inconveniences of this area for citizens who have to use and get around beneath the square. In addition, this perspective provides new possibilities for planning one of the most central and sought after spaces in the city.
Gottfried Semper en lengua castellana
Authors: Armesto Aira Antonio 
Published: May 2015

Tras una larga elaboración ha salido a la luz, en las pasadas navidades, una antología conteniendo los escritos fundamentales de Gottfried Semper (1803-1876) traducidos al castellano desde los textos alemanes originales. Esta compilación contiene lo esencial del pensamiento de este arquitecto que, al obligarse a conjugar el ejercicio de su oficio con la reflexión crítica sobre él se vio comprometido en una penetrante meditación teórica sobre la naturaleza de la arquitectura y del arte. Para dar una visión comprensiva de sus ideas, junto a escritos principales como Observaciones preliminares sobre la policromía (1834), Los cuatro elementos de la arquitectura (1851), Ciencia, industria y arte (1853) y otros, esta antología incluye también una selección de la extensa obra en la que se dedicó a desentrañar el complejo fenómeno del estilo en arquitectura (Der Stil) de 1860 y 1863. Vista en perspectiva, la descomunal empresa que Semper afronta y desarrolla a lo largo de cuatro décadas —entre 1830 y 1870 aproximadamente—, constituye una indagación en profundidad sobre cuáles son las formas propias de la arquitectura, su origen, las modalidades de su combinación, y cuáles los dinamismos que intervienen en la transformación de su apariencia a través del tiempo.
The anthology Escritos fundamentales de Gottfried Semper. El fuego y su protección (Editing and foreword by Antonio Armesto. Fundación Arquia, Barcelona, 2014. Translation by Manuel García Roig) has been published at the end of 2014, a collection of Semper’s main writings (1809-1876), including a selection of extracts from his most extensive work, Der Stil, translated into Spanish from the German originals for the first time. Among them are included: Preliminary Remarks on Polychromy (1834), The Four Elements of Architecture (1851) and Science, Industry and Art (1853).
The expression in the subtitle, fire and its preservation, comes from the introduction of the third (unpublished) volume of Der Stil and summarizes Semper’s theory based on which architecture originates when the means for the preservation of fire -the driving force of sociability amongst individuals- are provided. The hearth is the moral element, and the other three: the mound, the enclosure and the roof, are the bounds that offer protection from enemies, which derive from the three dimensions of space. These bounds are crafted with technical arts or artisanry, the same used to make ordinary tools (textile arts, ceramics, carpentry or tectonic, stereotomy and metalwork), so architecture largely owes them its style features.
The Spanish version of the two known volumes of Der Stil (1860-1836) were published in Argentina in 2013, so this anthology comes to complete a body of written works that definitely brings Sempers’s theoretic reflections closer to Spanish-speaking readers. The fact that at the 2014 Venice Biennale, Rem Koolhas attempted to offer an updated (and somewhat naive) version of the elements by raising its number to fifteen, might perhaps be interpreted as a symptom of its validity.
Crustal anisotropy across northern Japan from receiver functions
Authors: Bianchi I. , Bokelmann G. , Shiomi K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNorthern Japan is a tectonically active area, with the presence of several volcanoes, and with frequent earthquakes among which the destructive Mw = 8.9–9.0 Tohoku‐oki occurred on 11 March 2011. Tectonic activity leaves an imprint on the crustal structures, on both the upper and the lower layers. To investigate the crust in northern Japan, we construct a receiver function data set using teleseismic events recorded at 58 seismic stations belonging to the Japanese National (Hi‐net) network. We isolate the signals, in the receiver function wavelet, that witness the presence of anisotropic structures at depth, with the aim of mapping the variation of anisotropy across the northern part of the island. This study focuses on the relation among anisotropy detected in the crust, stresses induced by plate convergence across the subduction zone, and the intrinsic characteristics of the rocks. Our results show how a simple velocity model with two anisotropic layers reproduces the observed data at the stations. We observe a negligible or small amount of signal related to anisotropy in the eastern part of the study area (i.e., the outer arc) for both upper and lower crust. Distinct anisotropic features are observed at the stations on the western part of the study area (i.e., the inner arc) for both upper and lower crust. The symmetry axes are mostly E‐W oriented. Deviation from the E‐W orientation is observed close to the volcanic areas, where the higher geothermal gradient might influence the deformation processes.
Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NOx production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5
Authors: Liaskos Christina E. , Allen Dale J. , Pickering Kenneth E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to the source strength of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by lightning (LNOx) is analyzed for September through November 2007 using the NASA GEOS‐5 model constrained by MERRA fields, with full GMI stratospheric‐tropospheric chemistry and an LNOx algorithm that is appropriate for use in a climate modeling setting; satellite retrievals from OMI, TES, and OMI/MLS; and in situ measurements from SHADOZ ozonesondes. Global mean LNOx production rates of 0 to 492 mol NO flash−1 and the subsequent responses of NOx, ozone (O3), hydroxyl radical (OH), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and NOy (NOx + HNO3 + PAN) are investigated. The radiative implications associated with LNOx‐induced changes in tropospheric O3 are assessed. Increasing the LNOx production rate by a factor of 4 (from 123 to 492 mol flash−1) leads to tropical upper tropospheric enhancements of greater than 100% in NOx, OH, HNO3, and PAN. This increase in LNOx production also leads to O3 enhancements of up to 60%, which subsequently yields a factor‐of‐three increase in the mean net radiative flux at the tropopause. An LNOx source of 246 mol flash−1 agrees reasonably well with measurements, with an approximate factor‐of‐two uncertainty due to the short length of the study, inconsistencies in the observational data sets, and systematic biases in modeled LNOx production. Further research into the regional dependencies of lightning flash rates and LNOx production per flash, along with improvements in satellite retrievals, should help resolve the discrepancies that currently exist between the model and observations.
Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Köster Ulli , Haddad Ferid , Chouin Nicolas , Davodeau François , Chatal Jean‐François , Barbet Jacques , Kraeber‐Bodéré Françoise 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNuclear medicine covers all medical applications of ionizing radiation where the radiation emitters are introduced into the human body in the form of open sources. This includes the imaging modalities, planar scintigraphy,SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography), andPET(positron emission tomography) as well as therapeutic applications using radionuclides either in elemental form or bound to molecules (antibodies, peptides, small molecules, etc.) capable of selectively seeking the sites to be treated.The required radioisotopes are produced by neutron‐induced reactions in research reactors or by charged‐particle‐induced reactions in dedicated accelerators. Imaging applications are still dominated by theSPECTisotope technetium‐99m and thePETisotope fluorine‐18, but longer‐lived (copper‐64, zirconium‐89, iodine‐124) and generator‐producedPETisotopes (gallium‐68, rubidium‐82, scandium‐44) open new applications.For therapeutic applications, the trend goes from first generation isotopes (iodine‐131, yttrium‐90) to β‐emitters with shorter electron range (lutetium‐177, etc.) and α‐emitters (astatine‐211, bismuth‐213, radium‐223, etc.) with the capability to target individual cancer cells.
Supernovae and their Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Thielemann Friedrich‐Karl , Liebendörfer Matthias 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Supernovae belong to the most powerful explosions in galaxies (only γ‐ray bursts seem to be more energetic). They are also the dominant sources of the elements in the Universe, as the Big Bang led only to the formation of H, He, and Li. Heavier elements (in astronomical terms, metals) are to some extent due to stellar winds, which contribute to C, N, O, and some fraction of the heavy elements from Fe to Bi. Supernovae are responsible for all other elements and come in two different kinds, both similar in their output of kinetic energy close to 10
51
erg. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are related to the explosion and complete disruption of a white dwarf in a binary stellar system, which – due to mass transfer from the companion star – exceeds its maximum stable mass (the Chandrasekhar mass, 1.4,M
⊙
) and contracts. This leads to the ignition of C‐ and O‐burning in an explosive manner, causing a nuclear burning front that disrupts the entire star and ejects about 0.6,M
⊙
of Ni/Fe, smaller amounts of intermediate mass elements from Si through Ca, and some unburned C and O into the interstellar medium. As these objects start from very similar initial conditions (a 1.4,M
⊙
white dwarf), they emit close to identical light outbursts, which turns them into standard light candles to measure distances in the Universe (this property was the basis for the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics). While stars with an original mass of less than 8,M
⊙
end their stellar evolution as white dwarfs (after having finished H‐ and He‐burning and losing significant amounts of mass in stellar winds), more massive stars pass through advanced nuclear burning stages, also encountering C‐, Ne‐, O‐, and Si‐burning and end with a central Fe‐core more massive than the Sun. This core consists of matter with the highest binding energy per nucleon and no further nuclear burning can prevent the core collapse up to nuclear densities, causing the formation of a hot so‐called protoneutron star. The release of the gained gravitational binding energy of about 10
53
erg in the form of neutrinos of all types, plus possibly the winding of magnetic fields due to rotation, permits the ejection of the outer layers with a total kinetic energy of about 10
51
erg, similar to SNe Ia.
Fusion Energy by Magnetic Confinement
Authors: Wagner Friedrich 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFusion is the energy source of the universe. The local conditions in the core of the sun allow the transfer of mass into energy, which is finally released in the form of radiation. Technical fusion melts deuterons and tritons to helium, releasing large amounts of energy per fusion process. Because of the conditions for fusion, which will be deduced, the fusion fuel is in the plasma state. Here, we report on the confinement of fusion plasmas by magnetic fields. Different confinement concepts – tokamaks and stellarators – are introduced and described. The first fusion reactor,ITER, and the most modern stellarator,Wendelstein7‐X, are under construction. Their basic features and objectives are presented. In addition, the fusion technology program is discussed along with safety and proliferation issues of fusion electricity production. Finally, the question of whether the application of fusion, which cannot penetrate the electricity market before 2050, will come too late or be too expensive is answered.
Positive and Negative Affect in Loss Aversion: Additive or Subtractive Logic?
Authors: Tang Hui , Liang Zhe , Zhou Kun , Huang Gui‐Hai , Rao Li‐Lin , Li Shu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrevious studies explain loss aversion as the result of a situation in which the expected negative emotions derived from a potential loss exceed the expected positive emotions derived from a potential gain (subtractive logic). We questioned this view and proposed additive logic, in which a linear combination between negative and positive emotions can be used as summed anticipatory affect intensity (SAAI) to explain loss aversion. By disproving two implicit hypotheses of subtractive logic, Study 1 showed that the additive logic of expected positive and negative affect was more effective than the subtractive logic in predicting loss aversion. Study 2 used real monetary gains and losses to verify the conclusion in Study 1. Using state‐trait theory to comprehensively consider the state and trait aspects of affect intensity, we further deduced that the immediate expected affect intensity might originate from the difference of an individual trait in affect intensity. Study 3 proved this hypothesis and showed that SAAI plays an intermediary role between affect intensity and loss aversion. Furthermore, Study 4 used real gamblers in casinos in Macau as its sample and obtained the same conclusion regarding loss aversion in real life as was found in the laboratory. Finally, we explained the effect of SAAI on loss aversion and indicated the contribution and significance of this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future of host cell protein (HCP) identification during process development and manufacturing linked to a risk‐based management for their control
Authors: Bracewell Daniel G. , Francis Richard , Smales C. Mark 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe use of biological systems to synthesize complex therapeutic products has been a remarkable success. However, during product development, great attention must be devoted to defining acceptable levels of impurities that derive from that biological system, heading this list are host cell proteins (HCPs). Recent advances in proteomic analytics have shown how diverse this class of impurities is; as such knowledge and capability grows inevitable questions have arisen about how thorough current approaches to measuring HCPs are. The fundamental issue is how to adequately measure (and in turn monitor and control) such a large number of protein species (potentially thousands of components) to ensure safe and efficacious products. A rather elegant solution is to use an immunoassay (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) based on polyclonal antibodies raised to the host cell (biological system) used to synthesize a particular therapeutic product. However, the measurement is entirely dependent on the antibody serum used, which dictates the sensitivity of the assay and the degree of coverage of the HCP spectrum. It provides one summed analog value for HCP amount; a positive if all HCP components can be considered equal, a negative in the more likely event one associates greater risk with certain components of the HCP proteome. In a thorough risk‐based approach, one would wish to be able to account for this. These issues have led to the investigation of orthogonal analytical methods; most prominently mass spectrometry. These techniques can potentially both identify and quantify HCPs. The ability to measure and monitor thousands of proteins proportionally increases the amount of data acquired. Significant benefits exist if the information can be used to determine critical HCPs and thereby create an improved basis for risk management. We describe a nascent approach to risk assessment of HCPs based upon such data, drawing attention to timeliness in relation to biosimilar initiatives. The development of such an approach requires databases based on cumulative knowledge of multiple risk factors that would require national and international regulators, standards authorities (e.g., NIST and NIBSC), industry and academia to all be involved in shaping what is the best approach to the adoption of the latest bioanalytical technology to this area, which is vital to delivering safe efficacious biological medicines of all types. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1727–1737. © 2015 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.