bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of non-exhaust traffic emission and its collection systems
Authors: Mangrulkar Dipak G. , Pawade Prashant Y. , Bhorkar M. P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The urban environment has a problem with non-exhaust particulate matter, which is linked to a number of health problems. The pavement characteristics that control the emission due to abrasion wear of studded tyres, as well as due to wear of the tyres and brakes, are related to non-exhaust PM10 emissions. Resuspension of surface-accumulated road dust is a significant additional impact. In light of this, the goal of the paper is to provide a summary of road dust sources, non-exhaust PM10 emissions, the consequences of road dust on the well-being and the efforts made by various researchers to collect the road dust using dust accumulators. It is observed that exposure to road dust was damaging to the human body, particularly the respiratory system.
A Comparative Analysis of Brick Powder and Limestone as Reactive Media in Permeable Reactive Barriers for Remediation of Fluoride Contamination: Insights from Column Study
Authors: Budania Ravindra , Bhadula Prashant , Dangayach Sanyam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Groundwater quality degradation due to natural and human-induced contamination is a pressing concern. Globally, fluoride concentration exceeding the WHO recommendation of 1.5 mg/l in drinking water necessitates effective remediation for safe consumption. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are explored, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional pump and treatment methods. This study investigates the potential of brick powder and limestone for efficient fluoride remediation. Column studies assess material, column height (20-60 cm), and flow rate (1.5-5 ml/min) impacts fluoride removal efficiency via breakthrough curves. Findings demonstrate prolonged column-internal residence times at reduced flow rates, enhancing material efficacy. BDST model parameter was also studied based on the breakthrough point and revealed notably lower brick powder adsorption coefficients than limestone. Brick powder requires a greater critical depth than limestone, affecting PRB’s economic feasibility. Microscopic analyses (SEM, XRD, and FTIR) provide insights into optimal mixture microstructure, phase arrangement, and composition.
Innovative components of Smart Cities with a special focus of Water Distribution Systems Challenges and Opportunities: A Review
Authors: Rathi Shweta , Gola Vijay Kumar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Smart cities are becoming a topic of significant interest as cities are continuously growing, facing numerous challenges in different sectors such as Environmental, Water Resources, Transportation, Structural aspects and others. Cities are facing increasing demand for resources and experiences new challenges related to sustainability, reliability and resilience in all the domains. Thus, smart cities concept is considered as an emerging way to urbanization and other challenges worldwide, using technology like the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, mining and artificial intelligence (AI), etc. to analyse data for intelligent choices to improve urban life and sustainability. In this study, six innovative components of smart cities are defined and critical review of all the components i.e. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), Water management (WM), Sustainable Environment (SE), Green Infrastructure (GI), Structure health monitoring (SHM) and Governance and Citizens Participation are provided. Many studies are focused to define the city to be smart but still there are many consensuses are there to define the term “Smart City”. The focus of the study is to discuss the challenges and opportunities inwater distribution systems (WDS), one of the crucial components of water supply systems Also, to highlights the recommended solutions to the growing challenges in WDSs.
Cancer cell migration depends on adjacent ASC and adipose spheroids in a 3D bioprinted breast cancer model
Authors: Horder Hannes , Böhringer David , Endrizzi Nadine , Hildebrand Laura S , Cianciosi Alessandro , Stecher Sabrina , Dusi Franziska , Schweinitzer Sophie , Watzling Martin , Groll Jürgen , Jüngst Tomasz , Teßmar Jörg , Bauer-Kreisel Petra , Fabry Ben , Blunk Torsten 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Breast cancer develops in close proximity to mammary adipose tissue and interactions with the local adipose environment have been shown to drive tumor progression. The specific role, however, of this complex tumor microenvironment in cancer cell migration still needs to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, a 3D bioprinted breast cancer model was developed that allows for a comprehensive analysis of individual tumor cell migration parameters in dependence of adjacent adipose stroma. In this co-culture model, a breast cancer compartment with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells embedded in collagen is surrounded by an adipose tissue compartment consisting of adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) or adipose spheroids in a printable bioink based on thiolated hyaluronic acid. Printing parameters were optimized for adipose spheroids to ensure viability and integrity of the fragile lipid-laden cells. Preservation of the adipogenic phenotype after printing was demonstrated by quantification of lipid content, expression of adipogenic marker genes, the presence of a coherent adipo-specific extracellular matrix, and cytokine secretion. The migration of tumor cells as a function of paracrine signaling of the surrounding adipose compartment was then analyzed using live-cell imaging. The presence of ASC or adipose spheroids substantially increased key migration parameters of MDA-MB-231 cells, namely motile fraction, persistence, invasion distance, and speed. These findings shed new light on the role of adipose tissue in cancer cell migration. They highlight the potential of our 3D printed breast cancer-stroma model to elucidate mechanisms of stroma-induced cancer cell migration and to serve as a screening platform for novel anti-cancer drugs targeting cancer cell dissemination.
State Capitalism(s) Redux?
Authors: Alami Ilias , Dixon Adam D 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The current proliferation of social scientific signifiers old and new, such as ‘geoeconomic world order’, ‘political capitalism’, ‘post-neoliberal statism’, to name but a few, both testify to turbulent material transformations in the modalities of state intervention, and to the vitality of scholarly attempts at theorizing them. Arguably, none of these terms embodies this intellectual effervescence more than the ‘new state capitalism’, a rubric which has gained increasing traction across the social sciences as well as in business and political commentary to register the enhanced role of the state in capitalist economy and society. In setting up the scene for the remainder of the book, this introductory chapter presents a wealth of data points to illustrate the magnitude of this expansion. It then briefly reviews how the term state capitalism has recently been used in both academic and policymaking circles and notes some important conceptual and definitional problems. Despite the latter, which are explored at length in the book, an extremely lively and promising pluri-disciplinary research agenda has coalesced around the rubric state capitalism, demonstrating its potential for focusing scholarly efforts on the changing role of the state in present-day capitalism, and the drastic reconfiguration of its role as promoter, supervisor, and owner of capital. As such, the chapter contends that state capitalism deserves the attention of political economists, economic geographers, political scientists, international business and strategic management analysts, development studies scholars, and other social scientists. The chapter then offers an overview of the argument and chapter outline of the book.
Attrition and exhaustion
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Two of the more frequently used military strategies are attrition and exhaustion. Attrition means reducing an adversary’s physical capacity to fight; exhaustion entails wearing down the opponent’s willingness to do so. Both strategies can mean long wars, imposing heavy burdens on a nation’s population and economy, meaning they are not always culturally acceptable or economically practical. The Allies’ strategy in the Second World War is a modern example of attrition. A strategy of exhaustion can take several forms: blockades, sieges, guerrilla warfare, and “scorched earth” policies that destroy the physical ground an attacker might use. Physical and political geographies in the region will affect the implementation of either strategy.
Deterrence and compellence
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Compellence simply means compelling adversaries to do something, while deterrence is dissuading opponents from doing something. Together, these strategies constitute the fundamental dynamic driving most peacetime and wartime situations, at the highest echelons of diplomacy as well as the lowest levels of tactics. From the standpoint of military strategy, it is rarely sufficient to compel one’s foes to do something; usually one must also deter them from doing something else. Both strategies require similar conditions for success: reliable knowledge of one’s opponent, credible military power, active monitoring, and some shared communications and expectations. Without the latter two especially, both deterrence and compellence are vulnerable to unanticipated events.
Introduction
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
What are pandemics? The National Institutes of Health proposed pandemics must meet eight criteria: wide geographic extension, disease movement, high attack rates and explosiveness, minimal population immunity, novelty, infectiousness, contagiousness, and severity. The introduction explains that much of the way we confront pandemics now has been shaped by the past history of pandemic and epidemic disease. There is a clear relationship between disease and social conditions, conditions that vary across time and space and that will not be alleviated with biomedicine. The question of susceptibility—who gets a disease and why—is also important. Epidemics and pandemics cannot occur without a dense and mobile population.
Tuberculosis
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emerged in Africa about seventy thousand years ago. It accompanied modern humans on their migrations out of Africa, across the Indian Ocean, and then into Eurasia. Tuberculosis affects almost all parts of the body. Its most common and deadly form, carried in tiny droplets through the air from person to person and highly infectious, is pulmonary tuberculosis. It thrives in densely packed places. ‘Tuberculosis’ outlines the spread of the disease, early attempts to combat it, Robert Koch’s identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882, the development of the BCG vaccine in 1908, the use of antibiotics, and the growing multi-drug-resistant TB problem. Especially important is the relationship between HIV/AIDS and TB.
Surveillance technologies in context
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the significance of surveillance in the modern world and today’s digital times. It considers the smartphone as a universal symbol of connectivity and surveillance since millions of people handily carry one whenever and wherever. Even though people often think of new kinds of society being produced by technology, new technologies are also the product of specific social, economic, and political arrangements. The chapter looks into surveillance technologies from different perspectives, which includes Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) as a mode of remote policing and the key symbol of surveillance. It also explains how surveillance technologies mediate social relationships, which includes the huge role that social media plays in today’s social life.
378 Revolutionizing occupational hygiene – exploring the future of real-time monitoring, remote control monitoring, and data analysis
Authors: Badenhorst Casper 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Real-time occupational hygiene measurements are revolutionizing the field by providing organizations with the ability to monitor and respond to workplace health hazards in real-time. This proactive approach allows for immediate action to be taken, minimizing the potential for harm to employees. One of the key benefits of real-time monitoring is improved employee health and safety. By continuously collecting data on factors such as air quality, noise levels, and temperature, organizations can identify potential risks and address them promptly. This not only reduces the likelihood of exposures, accidents and injuries but also improves overall employee well-being and satisfaction.
The adoption of real-time monitoring systems brings about various benefits, including improved employee health and safety, increased productivity, compliance with regulations, cost savings, and a positive reputation within the community.
The practical implementation and integration of real-time occupational hygiene measurements however require expertise in different domains and jurisdictions. In this keynote, I will explore the key factors for success when incorporating real-time monitoring and delve into its advantages and benefits. Additionally, I will address the challenges and limitations that must be considered. The aim is to provide a strategic framework and potential roadmap for the long-term integration of real-time monitoring within the practice of occupational hygiene.
44 MUST - A user-friendly tool for the calculation of measurement uncertainty for methods of workplace exposure
Authors: Wippich Cornelia , Rissler Jörg , Dospil Jana 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
What is measurement uncertainty? Why does it need to be calculated for measurement methods of workplace exposure/ workplace air? How is the expanded measurement uncertainty calculated for these methods? These questions are an important part of the quality assurance for each method validation. The “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) has basically laid the foundations for uncertainty calculation but the application of these mathematical methods is often obstructed my misunderstandings and various interpretations in several standards. The chemical laboratories at the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Germany have targeted to solve the misunderstandings and create a mathematical framework for different measurement methods to achieve a situation, where the declaration of uncertainty is a real benefit: one can show compliance, improve the methods, and rely on results based on quantitative data. For this purpose firstly influence factors on the result of a measurement, their systematic and random effects, as well as their sensitivity coefficients must be determined for both: sampling and analytical methods. In a next step a mathematical model must be created. Models for three different measurement methods of air monitoring (sampling with subsequent thermodesorption, extraction methods or metals in inhalable or respirable dust fractions) were calculated and are now conveniently dealt with in the background of a user-friendly open-source software. With this software the expanded measurement uncertainty can be calculated for various concentrations and it can be determined how strongly the individual effects of influence factors are involved.
55 Dissolution of inorganic lead compounds in synthetic sweat to assess workplace risk of dermal exposure
Authors: Niemeier Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Over 1.4 million U.S. workers have dermal exposures to iPb compounds.. Studies suggest that these dermal exposures could increase blood lead levels (BLLs) by as much as 6.3 µg/dl. However, little data is available on the dissolution of iPb compounds in skin surface film liquids (SSFLs) to determine the potential for Pb ion formation. Dissolution measures ion formation in SSFLs and can be influenced by interactions with the components in SSFLs. Dissolution data is useful for modeling bioavailability via dermal absorption using the concentration of ions in sweat and the permeation rate (Kp) through the skin.
The study objectives were: 1) determine the pH-dependent static dissolution and kinetics of iPb compounds in SSFLs: Pb2+ nitrate (PbN), Pb2+ acetate (PbA), Pb2+ oxide (PbO), Pb2+/4+ red oxide (PbRO); and 2) provide screening estimates of the potential impact of these compounds on BLLs. Estimated concentration of Pb ions available was used along with available Kp values to provide an understanding of the potential dermal bioavailability of these compounds.
The iPb compounds are bioaccessible in SSFLs; dissolution of PbN and PbA at 8 h was 36.4–61.1% compared to 0.01–2.5% for PbO and PbRO. Screening estimates suggest that BLLs may be increased by 0.7–8 µg/dL for these iPb compounds. The screening level estimates based on this model suggest that the impact on BLLs warrants a more comprehensive assessment. More research is needed including dissolution of iPb particles from industrial settings and the impact of particle size on dissolution.
90 Measurements of benzene exposure in the oil and gas industry – comparison between passive and active sampling
Authors: Graff Pål , Olsen Raymond 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Exposure to benzene is still an occupational hazard in the oil and gas industry. The Norwegian occupational exposure limit (OEL) for benzene has recently been reduced to 0.2 ppm – which, according to the Norwegian legislation gives an OEL of 0.12 ppm for 12h shifts used in the oil and gas industry. Thus, raising the need to more up to date exposure assessment and also to measure exposure on tasks which previously might have been overlooked due to presumed low exposure.
Air sampling of benzene was performed with TD tubes (Carbopac X) both with passive sampling and active sampling (20 mL/min). For the passive sampling the TD-tubes were equipped with a diffusive cap and for the active sampling TD-tubes with a diffusion lock was used to prevent contamination.
In total 426 workers, both at offshore facilities and land-based facilities within the oil and gas industry participated in the study. Resulting in 390 active and 425 passive samples of benzene with a total of 385 measurements where both active and passive sampling were performed on the same worker.
There was no statistically significant difference in measured air concentrations of benzene offshore compared to onshore. A slightly higher benzene concentration was measured using passive air sampling compared to active air sampling, however, no statistically significant difference between active and passive air sampling was found.
99 Protecting workers from respirable crystalline silica exposure: Validity and reliability assessment of dust control climate questionnaire
Authors: Anlimah Frederick , Gopaldasani Vinod , MacPhail Catherine , Davies Brian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aim
This research aims to assess and improve the management of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposure among workers in Australian tunnelling projects by introducing and measuring the “dust control climate.”

Problem or Situation
Tunnelling projects contribute towards infrastructure development but expose workers to RCS, leading to silicosis, lung cancer, and other health issues. Despite existing control measures, RCS exposure remains a concern. Previous research has identified factors affecting RCS exposure control in tunnelling but lacks worker input. Additionally, while safety climate studies are common, little focus is given to occupational hygiene, particularly RCS exposure.

Methods
Based on the NOSACQ-50 safety climate questionnaire, the concept of dust control climate is defined as workers’ perceptions and awareness of dust prevention and control strategies. The adapted tool contained 52 items and has been reviewed by tunnelling experts for content validity. After administering the questionnaire on a tunnelling project, the psychometric properties of the dust control climate tool were tested.

Results
The questionnaire yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93, and factor analysis revealed robust inter-component relationships, affirming its reliability and validity in assessing dust control climate.

Conclusion
A tool was developed to measure dust control climate using the NOSACQ-50 safety climate tool as a foundation. Its reliability and validity were established by applying and analysing the tool’s constructs. This tool holds promise for enhancing dust control practices in tunnelling and various industries, as it considers the perspectives of workers and management.
106 Variability of within- and between-worker exposure to chemical agents in France: information from the Colchic occupational exposure database
Authors: Emili Andrea , Mater Gautier 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The well-cited work of Kromhout et al. (1993) was the first large-scale study reporting workplace exposure variability and its within- and between-worker components. Few other studies are available on this central topic of exposure assessment. Here we present information on workplace exposure variability obtained from the Colchic occupational exposure database, which contains more than one million measurements for over 700 chemicals, collected since 1987 in French workplaces. We defined Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs) on the basis of occupation, task, and chemical agent and we evaluated the within- and between-worker components of exposure variability on a “by establishment” basis for the period 2010-2022. Data selection criteria included at least two workers per establishment and at least three personal measurements per worker, including measurements taken in the same or in different days. Measurements duration was comprised between 30 and 540 minutes. We evaluated variability using the total worker geometric standard deviation (GSDt) and its within- (GSDw) and between- (GSDb) components, as estimated by ANOVA. In addition, we calculated the rho heterogeneity coefficient and the R ratio. Median values for GSDt, GSDw and GSDb were 2.27, 1.92, and 1.28, respectively. Rho values were comprised between 0 and 0.92, with a median of 0.18. The R ratio was comprised between 1 and 1627, with a median of 3 and a 75th percentile of 10. Our results are similar to those published by Kromhout et al. (1993) and show that “monomorphic groups” with an R ratio ≤ 2 represent 42% of the 383 SEGs identified.