bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S100A7 in the Fallopian tube: a comparative study
Authors: Teijeiro Juan M , Marini Patricia E. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe oviduct is a dynamic organ in which final gamete maturation, fertilization and early embryo development take place. It is considered to be a sterile site; however the mechanism for sterility maintenance is still unknown. S100A7 is an anti-microbial peptide that has been reported in human reproductive tissues such as prostate, testicle, ovary, normal cervical epithelium and sperm. The current work reports the presence of S100A7 in the Fallopian tube and its localization at the apical surface of epithelial cells. For comparison, porcine S100A7 was used for antibody development and search for peptide in reproductive tissues. Although present in boar seminal vesicles and seminal plasma, S100A7 was not detected on female porcine organs. Also, in contrast with the human protein, porcine S100A7 did not show anti-microbial activity under the conditions tested. Phylogenetic analyses showed high divergence of porcine S100A7 from human, primate, bovine, ovine and equine sequences, being the murine sequence at a most distant branch. The differences in sequence homology, Escherichia coli-cidal activity, detectable presence and localization of S100A7 from human and pig, suggest that there are possible different functions in each organism.
Will the damage be done before we feel the heat? Infectious disease emergence and human response
Authors: Kock R. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe global political economy is facing extreme challenges against a backdrop of large-scale expansion of human and domestic animal populations and related impacts on the biosphere. Significant global socio-ecological changes have occurred in the period of a single lifetime, driven by increased technology and access to physical and biological resources through open markets and globalization. Current resource consumption rates are not sustainable and ecological tipping points are being reached and one of the indicators of these may be a changing balance between hosts and pathogens. A period of extraordinary progress in reducing infection risk and disease impact on humans and domestic animals in the 20th Century is reversing in the 21st, but not always and not everywhere. Drivers for this shift are discussed in terms of demographics, agroecology, biodiversity decline and loss of resilience in ecosystems, climate change and increasing interconnectedness between species globally. Causality of disease emergence remains highly speculative, but patterns and data are emerging to commend a precautionary approach, while reassessing our global political, social and economic systems.
The climate change–infectious disease nexus: is it time for climate change syndemics?
Authors: Heffernan Claire 
Published: October 2013

AbstractConceptualizing climate as a distinct variable limits our understanding of the synergies and interactions between climate change and the range of abiotic and biotic factors, which influence animal health. Frameworks such as eco-epidemiology and the epi-systems approach, while more holistic, view climate and climate change as one of many discreet drivers of disease. Here, I argue for a new paradigmatic framework: climate-change syndemics. Climate-change syndemics begins from the assumption that climate change is one of many potential influences on infectious disease processes, but crucially is unlikely to act independently or in isolation; and as such, it is the inter-relationship between factors that take primacy in explorations of infectious disease and climate change. Equally importantly, as climate change will impact a wide range of diseases, the frame of analysis is at the collective rather than individual level (for both human and animal infectious disease) across populations.
Discovery and Development of Ganetespib
Authors: Ying Weiwen 
Published: October 2013

Ganetespib is a potent second-generation inhibitor of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), structurally consisting of a resorcinol moiety and a triazolone core. Ganetespib has shown robust anticancer activity against a broad variety of tumor cell lines where exposure resulted in the degradation of many well-known Hsp90 client proteins. In solid and hematological xenograft models of oncogene addiction, ganetespib has demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy both as a single agent and in combination with a number of widely used cancer therapeutics. Evaluation of the microregional activity of ganetespib in tumor xenografts showed that ganetespib efficiently distributed throughout tumor tissue, including hypoxic regions &gt;150 μm from the microvasculature, to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Pre-clinical results with ganetespib have shown a reduction of levels of hypoxia induced factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), suggesting that the compound can reduce or disrupt new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and the emergence of new lesions (metastases). Ganetespib possesses an excellent safety profile and shows no evidence of cardiac, liver or ocular toxicity. Ganetespib is being evaluated in a number of clinical trials including lung and breast cancers. In a Phase IIb global, randomized, multi-center study of ganetespib in combination with docetaxel in lung adenocarcinoma patients, a favorable safety profile as well as meaningful improvements in overall survival have been observed. Noteworthy clinical benefits have also been seen in additional clinical trials using ganetespib as monotherapy.
Simple procedure for optimal sizing and location of a single photovoltaic generator on radial distribution feeder
Authors: Al‐Sabounchi Ammar , Gow John , Al‐Akaidi Marwan 
Published: October 2013

Unlike traditional distribution generation (DG) units, the production of photovoltaic DG (PVDG) units is non‐dispatchable and largely driven by the rates of solar irradiance fall on its PV array. In this work, a suitable procedure for optimal sizing and location of single PVDGs on radial distribution feeders has been developed. It goes along with the current trend of interfacing renewable energy generators with the grid due to global warming concern. The procedure applies single PVDG unit at points on the feeder while allowing reverse power flow (RPF) within the feeder line sections. The optimisation objective is to minimise the accumulated line power loss over the day (line energy loss) along the feeder, while keeping the voltage profile along the feeder within permissible limits. A method has been applied to rate the line energy loss considering one time interval, namely feasible optimisation interval. The procedure has been applied to an actual 11 kV feeder in Abu Dhabi city. The application showed obvious benefits in terms of line loss reduction and improvement of the voltage profile. The procedures also resulted in alternative feasible solutions in case the optimal solution cannot be applied for any reason – like inconvenience/limitation of land or investment.
The impact of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) fasting glucose diagnostic criterion on the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese women
Authors: Liao S. , Mei J. , Song W. , Liu Y. , Tan Y.‐D. , Chi S. , Li P. , Chen X. , Deng S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsThe International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) proposed that a one‐time value of fasting plasma glucose of 5.1 mmol/l or over at any time of the pregnancy is sufficient to diagnose gestational diabetes. We evaluated the repercussions of the application of this threshold in pregnant Han Chinese women.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 5360 (72.3% of total) consecutively recruited pregnant Han Chinese women in one centre from 2008 to 2011. These women underwent a two‐step gestational diabetes diagnostic protocol according to the previous American Diabetes Association criteria. The IADPSG fasting plasma glucose criterion was used to reclassify these 5360 women. The prevalence, clinical characteristics and obstetric outcomes were compared among the women classified as having gestational diabetes by the previous American Diabetes Association criteria (approximately 90% were treated), those reclassified as having gestational diabetes by the single IADPSG fasting plasma glucose criterion (untreated), but not as having gestational diabetes by the previous American Diabetes Association criteria, and those with normal glucose tolerance.ResultsThere were 626 cases of gestational diabetes defined by the previous American Diabetes Association criteria (11.7%) and these cases were associated with increased risks of maternal and neonatal outcomes when compared with the women with normal glucose tolerance. With the IADPSG fasting plasma glucose criterion, another 1314 (24.5%) women were reclassified as having gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes classified by the IADPSG fasting plasma glucose criterion was associated with gestational hypertension (P = 0.0094) and neonatal admission to nursery (P = 0.035) prior to adjustment for maternal age and BMI, but was no longer a predictor for adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjustment.ConclusionThe simple IADPSG fasting plasma glucose criterion increased the Chinese population with gestational diabetes by 200%. The increased population with gestational diabetes was not significantly associated with excess obstetric and neonatal morbidity.
Influence of Racial Differences on Outcomes after Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mishra Nishant K. , Mandava Pitchaiah , Chen Christopher , Grotta James , Lees Kennedy R. , Kent Thomas A. 
Published: October 2013

Background The National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the European Co-operative Acute Stroke III trials enrolled a largely Caucasian population, but the results are often extrapolated onto non-Caucasians. A limited number of nonrandomized studies have proposed that non-Caucasian patients show differential response to tissue plasminogen activator. Aims and/or hypothesis We examined if non-Caucasian patients of mixed national origin within the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archives neuroprotection trials responded differently to tissue plasminogen activator compared with Caucasians. Methods We matched patients within each race-subtype for age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales, and diabetes status, and excluded outliers. We tested for an interaction of race ethnicity with tissue plasminogen activator on predicting outcomes at α = 0·05. We compared 90-day ordinal outcome (modified Rankin Scale; primary analysis) and dichotomized outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 0–1; modified Rankin Scale 0–2; survival) within individual race ethnicity. Results One thousand nine hundred forty-six thrombolysed patients (125 Blacks, 39 Asians, and 1821 Caucasians) were matched with 1946 non-thrombolysed patients in each race ethnicity group. Postmatching, there were no imbalances in baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales and age between the groups ( P > 0·05). The interaction of tissue plasminogen activator with race ethnicity was nonsignificant in ordinal ( P = 0·4) and in dichotomized outcome models ( P > 0·05). Ordinal odds for improved outcomes were 1·5 for all patients ( P < 0·05). Ordinal odds for Caucasians were 1·5 ( P < 0·05); for Blacks, 2·1 ( P < 0·05); and for Asians, 1·2 ( P > 0·05; 1·6 after 1:2 matching with nonthrombolysed, because of small numbers). Dichotomized functional outcomes improved after thrombolysis overall, in Caucasians, in Blacks (modified Rankin Scale 0–2 only), and in Asians (after 1:2 matching; P > 0·05). Odds for survival were consistent across all groups. Conclusions These results do not suggest a differential response to tissue plasminogen activator based on race ethnicity. Among Asians, data were particularly sparse, and results should be interpreted with caution.
Recycling Rates of Aluminum in the United States
Authors: Chen Wei‐Qiang 
Published: October 2013

SummaryRecycling rates of aluminum are defined in different (sometimes inconsistent) ways and poorly quantified. To address this situation, the definitions and calculation methods of four groups of indicators are specified for the United States: (1) indicators used to measure recycling efficiencies of old aluminum scrap at the end‐of‐life (EOL) stage, including EOL collection rate (CR), EOL processing rate, EOL recycling rate, and EOL domestic recycling rate; (2) indicators used to compare generation or use of new with old scrap, including new to old scrap ratio, new scrap ratio (NSR), and old scrap ratio; (3) indicators used to compare production or use of primary aluminum with secondary aluminum, including four recycling input rates (RIRs); and (4) indicators used to track the sinks of aluminum metal in the U.S. anthroposphere. I find that the central estimate of EOL CR varies between 38% and 65% in the United States from 1980 to 2009 and shares a relatively similar historical trend with the primary aluminum price. The RIR is shown to be significantly reduced if excluding secondary aluminum produced from new scrap resulting from the relatively high NSR. In 2003, a time when approximately 73% of all of the aluminum produced globally since 1950 was considered to still be “in service,” approximately 68% to 69% of all metallic aluminum that had entered the U.S. anthroposphere since 1900 was still in use: 67% in domestic in‐use stock and 1% to 2% exported as scrap. Only 6% to 7% was definitely lost to the environment, although the destination of 25% of the aluminum was unknown. It was either exported as EOL products, was currently hibernating, or was lost during collection.
Anatomical comparison of sciatic nerves between adults and newborns: clinical implications for ultrasound guided block
Authors: Reinoso‐Barbero Francisco , Saavedra Barbara , Segura‐Grau Elena , Llamas Alfonso 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe sciatic nerve (SN) is easily blocked under ultrasound guidance by identifying either the SN common trunk or its two components: the tibial nerve (TN) and the common peroneal nerve (CPN). The authors investigate whether there are anatomical differences between newborns and adults. The SN, TN and CPN of both lower extremities in 24 (11 neonatal and 13 adults) formolized cadavers were dissected. Distances were measured from the origin of the SN (passing under the piriformis muscle) to its division into TN and CPN, and from there to the popliteal crease. The sciatic/thigh coefficient (proportion relating SN length to thigh length) and the variation coefficient for the SN were calculated. The distance from the popliteal crease to the SN division was significantly shorter in neonates than in adults (1.04 ± 0.9 cm vs. 5.6 ± 5.1 cm, P = 0.0003). In addition, the neonatal SN divided at a proportionally more distal position in the thigh than it did in adults (86 ± 13 vs. 74 ± 15%, P = 0.0059). However, the coefficient of variation between the SN‐division distances was not statistically different in infants and adults (12.8 vs. 18.2%, P = 0.4345). The variations in the point of SN division seen in the adult SN are already seen in the neonatal period, but in newborns the SN divided in a more distal position in relation to the thigh than in adults, so this finding of anatomical variability in neonates suggests that ultrasound guidance can be useful when performing a SN block in these small patients.
In vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Arthrographis kalrae, a poorly known opportunistic fungus
Authors: Sandoval‐Denis Marcelo , Giraldo Alejandra , Sutton Deanna A. , Fothergill Annette W. , Guarro Josep 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin were evaluated by a broth microdilution technique against 22 isolates of Arthrographis kalrae of clinical origin. TRB showed the highest activity, followed by the azoles, particularly posaconazole. AMB exerted low activity whereas the echinocandins showed almost no antifungal activity.
Understanding the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of chronic pain
Authors: Sui Bing-dong , Xu Tian-qi , Liu Jie-wei , Wei Wei , Zheng Chen-xi , Guo Bao-lin , Wang Ya-yun , Yang Yan-ling 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chronic pain is a major public health problem. Mitochondria play important roles in a myriad of cellular processes and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders. This review aims to provide an insight into advances in understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. The results show that the five major mitochondrial functions (the mitochondrial energy generating system, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, apoptotic pathways and intracellular calcium mobilisation) may play critical roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Therefore, protecting mitochondrial function would be a promising strategy to alleviate or prevent chronic pain states. Related chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, as well as the spectral characteristics of current fluorescent probes to detect mitochondria in pain studies, are also discussed.
The Neighborhood Where You Live Is a Risk Factor for Stroke
Authors: Balamurugan Appathurai , Delongchamp Robert , Bates Joseph H. , Mehta Jawahar L. 
Published: October 2013

Background—
The excess stroke mortality in the southeastern states of the United States (stroke-belt states) is well known; however, the factors associated with this pattern have not been fully elucidated. We measured the contribution of several demographic factors by analyzing stroke mortality data (2005–2009) at the census block group (BG) level in the state of Arkansas.

Methods and Results—
Census BGs were used as proxies for neighborhoods. BGs were stratified using 5 census measures: poverty (percent of population below federal poverty level), population density (population per square mile), education (percent of population aged >25 years who did not graduate from high school), population mobility (percent of population who resided at the same address 1 year ago), and the percent of non-Hispanic blacks (percent of population that is black). Generalized additive models were used to estimate the variation in stroke mortality among BGs and to assess the impact of different demographic variables. From 2005 to 2009, there were 8930 stroke deaths in Arkansas. There was considerable variation in the relative risk even between adjacent BGs within a single county. The geographically weighted regression analyses indicated that 4.5% to 9% of deviance in stroke mortality among BGs could be explained by poverty, education, population density, and population mobility. Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic blacks) explains <2% of the deviance in stroke mortality among BGs.

Conclusions—
Our study shows that primordial risk factors such as poverty and education drive disparities in stroke mortality among neighborhoods in Arkansas.
Surface Energy Balance and Buoyancy Response to Shallow Cumulus Shading
Authors: Lohou Fabienne , Patton Edward G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The interactions surrounding the coupling between surface energy balance and a boundary layer with shallow cumuli are investigated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s large-eddy simulation code coupled to the Noah land surface model. The simulated cloudy boundary layer is based on the already well-documented and previously simulated 21 June 1997 case at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains central facility. The surface energy balance response to cloud shading is highly nonlinear, leading to different partitioning between sensible and latent heat flux compared to the surface not impacted by cloud. The evaporative fraction increases by about 2%–3% in the presence of shallow cumuli at the regional scale but can increase by up to 30% at any individual location. As expected, the cloud’s reduction of solar irradiance largely controls the surface’s response. However, the turbulence and secondary circulations associated with the cloud dynamics increases the surface flux variability. Even though they are less than 1 km in horizontal scale, the cloud-induced surface heterogeneities impact the vertical flux of heat and moisture up to approximately 20% of the height of the subcloud layer zsl, higher than the surface layer’s typical extent. Above 0.2zsl, the cloud root tends to amplify the drying and the cooling of the subcloud layer. Near the entrainment zone, the cloud-induced latent heat flux increase and sensible heat flux decrease compensate each other with respect to total buoyancy and therefore do not significantly modify the subcloud-layer entrainment rate over large time scales.
Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology
Authors: Baarsma Hoeke A , Bos Sophie , Meurs Herman , Visser Kim H , Smit Marieke , Schols Annemie MWJ , Langen Ramon C , Kerstjens Huib AM , Gosens Reinoud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively active kinase that regulates multiple signalling proteins and transcription factors involved in a myriad of cellular processes. The kinase acts as a negative regulator in β-catenin signalling and is critically involved in the smad pathway. Activation of both pathways may contribute to pulmonary features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods
In the present study, we investigated the effect of the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 on pulmonary pathology in a guinea pig model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced COPD. Guinea pigs were instilled intranasally with LPS or saline twice weekly for 12 weeks and pre-treated with either intranasally instilled SB216763 or corresponding vehicle 30 min prior to each LPS/saline challenge.

Results
Repeated LPS exposures activated β-catenin signalling, primarily in the airway epithelium and submucosa. LPS also induced pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodelling as indicated by inflammatory cell influx, increased pulmonary fibronectin expression and enhanced small airway collagen content. Inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 did not affect LPS-induced inflammatory cell influx, but prevented the small airway remodelling and, unexpectedly, inhibited the activation of β-catenin in vivo. LPS or SB216763 treatment had no effect on the airway smooth muscle content and alveolar airspace size. However, GSK-3 inhibition prevented LPS-induced right ventricle hypertrophy.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that GSK-3 inhibition prevents LPS-induced pulmonary pathology in guinea pigs, and that locally reduced LPS-induced β-catenin activation appears in part to underlie this effect.