bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism, and the Liberal State
Authors: Berger Benjamin 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLes tribunaux canadiens sont de plus en plus confrontés au défi de réconcilier une politique laïque libérale avec la protection de la liberté de religion de la Charte. Les approches traditionnelles envers le libéralisme et la laïcité ont rendu cette réconciliation particulièrement difficile, en promouvant une vision insatisfaisante, sur le plan conceptuel, d'un espace public areligieux, hyper-rationnel et dénué d'engagements moraux. En même temps, les théoriciens libéraux n'ont pas apprécié entièrement la nature et les demandes de la conscience religieuse. Cet article aborde les notions de libéralisme, de sécularisme et de conscience religieuse et suggère une compréhension de la relation entre les trois qui impliquerait un pluralisme arbitré sur la base des prémisses d'un langage de valeurs civiques. À l'aide d'une analyse de la jurisprudence canadienne, l'auteur montre que cette forme de réconciliation est déjà tacitement à l'œuvre. Cette approche est la manière la plus cohérente pour tracer les limites de la conscience religieuse au Canada et donne de la substance à la liberté religieuse tout en respectant le bien commun et les acquis du libéralisme séculier.
Theories of Categorization: A Case Study of Cheques
Authors: Hamilton Jonnette Watson 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa catégorisation, bien que primordiale au raisonnement juridique, est un aspect sous-théorisé du droit, particulièrement dans les systèmes de droit commun. Cet article décrit deux théories de catégorisation utilisées par la législation canadienne régissant l'usage des chèques. Les règles de droit régissant l'usage des chèques ordinaires sont d'application connue et relativement prévisible. Toutefois, lorsque appliquées à des catégories spécifiques de chèques – chèques certifiés, post-dates et double-dates – les mêmes règles offrent des résultats forts imprévisibles. Selon l'auteur, ces disparités résultent de la théorie de catégorisation mise en place par la Loi sur les lettres de change, principale source de droit en la matière. Cette loi présume que la notion de chèque peut être définie in abstracto, en référence à une liste exhaustive de critères établis. Toutefois, cette théorie ne peut expliquer les pratiques du droit corporatif et du droit de la consommation. Une théorie de catégorisation faisant usage de prototypes est nécessaire pour expliquer ces disparités: ce sont des elaborations systématiques et cohérentes du modèle central qui ne sont ni arbitraires, car définies par le prototype, ni prévisibles. La théorie de catégorisation proposée par la loi voile la complexité et la fluidité d'une catégorie en apparence simple, soit les chèques. Une théorie prototype de catégorisation, au contraire, permet d'expliquer à la fois la structure de la catégorie, ainsi que ses disparités, et les causes du non-déterminisme de la loi.
FromTerra Nulliusto Affirmation: Reconciling Aboriginal Rights with the Canadian Constitution
Authors: Asch Michael 
Published: August 2014

RésuméL'État canadien se présente comme tolérant, anti-colonial et auto-critique. Cependant, la justification légale de la Couronne pour acquérir souveraineté et juridiction sur les Peuples autochtones et leurs terres s'appuie sur la doctrine coloniale de laterra nulliusqui est fondée sur le postulat que les peuples indigènes étaient inférieurs au point de permettre à la Couronne de présumer que leurs terres étaient inoccupées. L'article analyse comment la doctrine de laterra nulliusa fini par s'appliquer en droit canadien et ses limites en tant que proposition acceptable dans la contemporanéité. Dans un second temps, il évalue des alternatives proposées dans des milieux variés pour déterminer si la conceptualisation et la mise en œuvre d'une relation politique et légale entre les Premières nations et le Canada qui serait post-coloniale dans sa perspective et pratique, est possible.
Raven's Garden: A Discussion about Aboriginal Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues
Authors: Napoleon Val 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa thèse de cet article est que les principes des ordres juridiques autochtones, prévalant avant le contact avec les Européens, concernant les droits individuels et collectifs peuvent être articulés de manière à s'appliquer aux questions contemporaines d'orientation sexuelle et de transgenre dans les communautés autochtones. Selon le cadre d'analyse proposé (1) les sociétés autochtones avant contact acceptaient en général une diversité d'orientations sexuelles ainsi que les phénomènes de transgenre; (2) l'intolérance envers la diversité sexuelle est une conséquence du colonialisme; (3) des contestations récentes et l'action politique ont initié un débat sur ces enjeux dans les sociétés autochtones; et (4) les Autochtones peuvent s'appuyer sur des ordres juridiques avant contact et une approche pragmatique et critique pour construire des nations autonomes non oppressives. Le conflit entre droits collectifs et individuels est au fond une fausse dichotomie, selon l'auteur. Le défi posé est d'imaginer comment des systèmes juridiques autochtones et occidental peuvent coexister tout en maintenant l'intégrité de chaque culture et en protégeant les droits de gays, de lesbiennes et de transgenre autochtones.
Le Rapport Arthurs vingt ans plus tard: «commentaire sur les commentaires»
Authors: Lajoie Andrée 
Published: August 2014

Invitée à «commenter les commentaires» de Constance Backhouse et de Roderick A. Macdonald sur le Rapport Arthurs, j'avais bien sûr prévu de leur part une évaluation critique de son influence sur l'enseignement et la recherche en droit, mais je ne m'attendais pas vraiment à des commentaires convergents aussi nettement négatifs … J'essayerai de voir si le tableau est aussi noir partout au Canada, pour tenter ensuite à mon tour une analyse des causes et des remèdes de ce mal-être que vivent les descendants d'Harry Arthurs.Des diagnostiques négatifs convergents: Sur l'enseignement, surtout au niveau du baccalauréat, Constance Backhouse estime que rien n'a vraiment changé dans les curricula ou, si peu, dans certaines Facultés où l'offre de cours s'est diversifiée pour accueillir les perspectives sociales recommandées par le Rapport, mais où les étudiants boudent ces cours en faveur de ceux qui se rapprochent davantage de la formation professionnelle. Roderick A. Macdonald va dans le même sens en insistant sur le maintien du même découpage traditionnel des sous-disciplines juridiques inspirées de la pratique du droit, des mêmes formules pédagogiques, même au niveau des études supérieures, où il estime que peu de Facultés offrent en fait des cours spécifiques à l'enseignement supérieur, notamment au niveau doctoral. Il ajoute que le peu de théorie qui s'y enseigne est souvent superficiel, et que cette carence se reflète dans l'absence presque totale de stagiaires post-doctoraux dans les Facultés de droit. Sur le plan de l'accessibilité aux études, la communauté juridique a également régressé depuis le Rapport, compte tenu de l'augmentation phénoménale des frais de scolarité dans certaines Facultés, notamment à l'Université de Toronto.
Dossier on the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning: A Reaction from University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM)
Authors: Côté René 
Published: August 2014

Two years ago, while preparing a one week seminar for law professors at the Université nationale du Rwanda in Butare, I had the occasion to revisit the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning. I remember that my reaction was: how did things change so significantly since the Report was published?That is why I was very interested to receive my new issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society that announced a complete dossier on the Report. After I read the first two articles by esteemed colleagues Roderick A. Macdonald and Constance Backhouse, I was shocked. How could there be such a gap between my perception and theirs? I was nevertheless relieved to see that Andrée Lajoie, in her “comments on the comments”, was as astonished as I was. I then decided to write my own comments in order to reflect a bit more the situation of the Civil Law faculties in Quebec and in particular the vision of the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). I will limit my comments to three topics: the study of law at the undergraduate and graduate levels and the state of legal scholarship.
Historian and Courts:R. v. Marshall and Mi'kmaqTreaties on Trial
Authors: Harris Douglas C. 
Published: August 2014

In September, 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) released its decision inR v. Marshall. Donald Marshall Jr., no stranger to Canadian law, had been convicted of catching eels out of season, without a licence, and selling them, contrary to the federalFisheries Act. He admitted the offences, but appealed his conviction to the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal and then to the SCC on the grounds that the 1760–61 treaties between the Mi'kmaq and the British recognized his right, as a Mi'kmaq, to catch and sell fish, and that this right was protected under the guarantee of Aboriginal and treaty rights in the Canadian constitution. Justice Binnie, writing for the majority of the SCC, overturned the convictions. The Mi'kmaq, he held, did have treaty rights based on the 1760–61 treaties to catch and sell fish, including eels.The Mi'kmaq were delighted. After many years and many appearances before Canadian judges (R. v. Syliboy, R. v. Issac, andR. v. Simon), it appeared that the courts were finally prepared to recognize what the Mi'kmaq had long believed: that the eighteenth century treaties were the foundation of their relationship with Canada, that the treaties were still in force, and that they guaranteed commercial hunting and fishing rights in their traditional territories.
Dual Legal systems and the Basic Structure Doctrine or Constitutions: The Case of India
Authors: Buss Andreas 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa constitution indienne de 1950 était dans l'ensemble une création de l'esprit occidental, surimposée à une société héritière d'un système légal traditionnel complexe. Mais les constitutions sont plus que de simples textes légaux, elles sont aussi des portraits ou des miroirs d'un héritage culturel. Ce fait est illustré ici par l'analyse de l'histoire tortueuse de la doctrine des principes structurants dans le contexte constitutionnel indien. Bien que cette doctrine, élaborée par Carl Schmitt à l'époque de Weimar en Allemagne, ait été introduite en Inde par la Cour Suprême pour réduire la marée des amendements constitutionnels, elle a bientôt subi des réinterprétations majeures, et plus tard elle réfère à des principes englobants de la constitution. Par ce truchement la constitution a été rendue perméable à des concepts légaux traditionnels qui survivent toujours. Un appendice fournit une comparaison avec les principes non écrits de la constitution canadienne. À la différence de la situation en Inde, les principes non écrits canadiens n'ont aucune ‘superlégalité’ par rapport au texte écrit de la constitution. Des amendements constitutionnels, réalisés conformément à la procédure prescrite, sont légaux, et aucun principe supérieur ne peut assurer la continuité légale.
Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Yimin , Wu Kejian , Zheng Jusheng , Zuo Ruiting , Li Duo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to use the meta-analysis method to assess the relationship between coffee drinking and all-cause mortality.DesignCategorical and dose–response meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models.SettingWe systematically searched and identified eligible literature in the PubMed and Scopus databases.SubjectsSeventeen studies including 1 054 571 participants and 131 212 death events from all causes were included in the present study.ResultsSeventeen studies were included and evaluated in the meta-analysis. A U-shaped dose–response relationship was found between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality (Pfor non-linearity <0·001). Compared with non/occasional coffee drinkers, the relative risks for all-cause mortality were 0·89 (95 % CI 0·85, 0·93) for 1–<3 cups/d, 0·87 (95 % CI 0·83, 0·91) for 3–<5 cups/d and 0·90 (95 % CI 0·87, 0·94) for ≥5 cups/d, and the relationship was more marked in females than in males.ConclusionsThe present meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies indicated that light to moderate coffee intake is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes, particularly in women.
Micro Structure Analysis of the Ovaries of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L. Inhabiting a Polluted Reservoir, Umiam in Meghalaya, India
Authors: Massar Bashida , Dey Sudip , Dutta Karabi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe study uses microscopy to analyze damage caused to the ovaries of a fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio L., owing to its exposure to municipal wastes in a polluted reservoir, Umiam in Meghalaya, India. Histological analysis of the ovary showed atretic oocytes, detached ovarian wall, detached follicular linings, and necrosis of nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed deformed oocytes with a rough and distorted surface. Transmission electron microscopy showed a poorly developed chorion, presence of relatively less electron-dense materials as compared with control, multinucleation in some cells surrounding the oocytes, and distorted and condensed mitochondria. The importance of microscopy in its different forms in analyzing histological, surface microstructural and fine structural damage to fish ovaries in response to environmental pollution owing to municipal wastes and city garbage is discussed with the help of available literature.
Streptococcus agalactiae clones infecting humans were selected and fixed through the extensive use of tetracycline
Authors: Da Cunha Violette , Davies Mark R. , Douarre Pierre-Emmanuel , Rosinski-Chupin Isabelle , Margarit Immaculada , Spinali Sebastien , Perkins Tim , Lechat Pierre , Dmytruk Nicolas , Sauvage Elisabeth , Ma Laurence , Romi Benedetta , Tichit Magali , Lopez-Sanchez Maria-José , Descorps-Declere Stéphane , Souche Erika , Buchrieser Carmen , Trieu-Cuot Patrick , Moszer Ivan , Clermont Dominique , Maione Domenico , Bouchier Christiane , McMillan David J. , Parkhill Julian , Telford John L. , Dougan Gordan , Walker Mark J. ,   DEVANI Consortium, Melin Pierette , Decheva Antoaneta , Petrunov Bogdan , Kriz Paula , Berner Reinhard , Büchele Anna , Hufnagel Markus , Kunze Mirjam , Creti Roberta , Baldassarri Lucilla , Orefici Graziella , Berardi Alberto , Rodriguez Granger Javier , De La Rosa Fraile Manuel , Afshar Baharak , Efstratiou Androulla , Holden Matthew T. G. , Poyart Claire , Glaser Philippe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStreptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a commensal of the digestive and genitourinary tracts of humans that emerged as the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infections in Europe and North America during the 1960s. Due to the lack of epidemiological and genomic data, the reasons for this emergence are unknown. Here we show by comparative genome analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of 229 isolates that the rise of human GBS infections corresponds to the selection and worldwide dissemination of only a few clones. The parallel expansion of the clones is preceded by the insertion of integrative and conjugative elements conferring tetracycline resistance (TcR). Thus, we propose that the use of tetracycline from 1948 onwards led in humans to the complete replacement of a diverse GBS population by only few TcR clones particularly well adapted to their host, causing the observed emergence of GBS diseases in neonates.
Accuracy of School Screenings in the Identification of Minimal Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Dodd-Murphy Jeanne , Murphy Walter , Bess Fred H. 
Published: August 2014

PurposeThe goal of this study was to investigate how the use of a 25 dB HL referral criterion in school screenings affects the identification of hearing loss categorized as minimal sensorineural hearing loss (MSHL).MethodA retrospective study applied screening levels of 20 and 25 dB HL at 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in each ear to previously obtained pure-tone thresholds for 1,475 school-age children. In a separate prospective study, 1,704 children were screened at school under typical conditions, and a subsample had complete audiological evaluations. Referral rates, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each screening level.ResultsReferral rates varied by grade and criterion level, with comparable results between the two data sets. In both studies, when the screening level increased, the sensitivity to MSHL declined markedly, whereas specificity increased in the prospective study.ConclusionsScreening at 25 dB yields poor sensitivity to MSHL. Converging evidence from these diverse populations supports using the 20 dB level to help identify MSHL. Multistage screening is recommended to limit referral rates. Even at 20 dB HL, cases of MSHL may be missed. Audiologists should encourage parents, educators, and speech–language pathologists to refer children suspected of hearing difficulty for complete audiological evaluations even if they pass school screenings.
Gap Detection and Temporal Modulation Transfer Function as Behavioral Estimates of Auditory Temporal Acuity Using Band-Limited Stimuli in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Shen Yi 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
Gap detection and the temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) are 2 common methods to obtain behavioral estimates of auditory temporal acuity. However, the agreement between the 2 measures is not clear. This study compares results from these 2 methods and their dependencies on listener age and hearing status.

Method
Gap detection thresholds and the parameters that describe the TMTF (sensitivity and cutoff frequency) were estimated for young and older listeners who were naive to the experimental tasks. Stimuli were 800-Hz-wide noises with upper frequency limits of 2400 Hz, presented at 85 dB SPL. A 2-track procedure (Shen & Richards, 2013) was used for the efficient estimation of the TMTF.

Results
No significant correlation was found between gap detection threshold and the sensitivity or the cutoff frequency of the TMTF. No significant effect of age and hearing loss on either the gap detection threshold or the TMTF cutoff frequency was found, while the TMTF sensitivity improved with increasing hearing threshold and worsened with increasing age.

Conclusion
Estimates of temporal acuity using gap detection and TMTF paradigms do not seem to provide a consistent description of the effects of listener age and hearing status on temporal envelope processing.
Psychobiological Stress Reactivity and Personality in Persons With High and Low Stressor-Induced Extralaryngeal Reactivity
Authors: Dietrich Maria , Verdolini Abbott Katherine 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to determine whether persons who responded with high stressor-induced extralaryngeal muscle activity in a stress reactivity protocol differed from those with low muscle activity on measures of emotional and autonomic cardiovascular reactivity and personality.

Method

Thirty-six vocally healthy women (18–35 years) were assigned to high and low extralaryngeal groups based on submental (SM) and infrahyoid (IH) surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings obtained during a stress reactivity protocol (high vs. low sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
,
n
= 18 per subgroup; Dietrich & Verdolini Abbott, 2012). Measures included assessments of basic fear and fear of public speaking, rumination, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and personality.

Results

The high sEMG
IH
group reported significantly greater basic fear across experimental phases than did the low sEMG
IH
group (
p
= .036). However, the high sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
versus low sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
groups did not differ on fear of public speaking, rumination, or SBP across phases. Both high sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
groups were characterized by significantly lower scores on
Extraversion
(
p
< .001).

Conclusion

In combination with the authors' previous findings (Dietrich & Verdolini Abbott, 2012), the present findings provided robust evidence that low
Extraversion
was linked to stressor-induced changes in extralaryngeal functioning and that perceived fear played a contributing role.
Wulfstan
Authors: Wilcox Jonathan 
Published: August 2014

Wulfstan (d. 28 May 1023) was a major ecclesiastical figure and writer in early medieval England. Bishop of London from 996 to 1002 and then archbishop of York from 1002 to 1023, while in part simultaneously bishop of Worcester (from 1002 to 1016), Wulfstan was prominent in high political circles. He formulated the late law codes of King Æthelred (r. 978–1013, 1014–1016) and those of King Cnut (r. 1016–1035), and he has been credited with a role in turning the latter from Viking invader to model Christian ruler. Wulfstan wrote an extensive body of homilies in which he deploys a distinctive rhythmical prose and characteristic wording and phrasing. He signed six homilies and the Latin version of one law code with the nom de plume Lupus, Latin for wolf; other works can be attributed to him based on his distinctive prose style and through manuscript associations. Wulfstan inveighed against the sins of his time in both law codes and homilies, addressing what he saw as the approaching apocalypse and the consequent need to reform by restating Christian verities and moral imperatives. The Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, a sermon from 1014, is Wulfstan’s most famous work, in which he describes Viking attacks and English pusillanimity in ear-catching detail to argue the need for reform and repentance. Much of Wulfstan’s writing stresses the need for an ordered Christian society and this is seen most fully in his political treatise, Institutes of Polity, in which he places particular stress on the importance and responsibilities of leaders of the church. Wulfstan’s works as a whole give a powerful sense of a nation in crisis, along with suggested remedies, conveyed in an almost hypnotic rhetorical style. Wulfstan is a somewhat common name in early medieval England and so it is useful to distinguish Wulfstan the homilist (fl. 996–1023) from his various near-contemporary namesakes. He is the second archbishop of York by that name (hence, Archbishop Wulfstan II of York) but the first of two bishops of Worcester with the same name (hence, Bishop Wulfstan I of Worcester), where his namesake successor, Bishop Wulfstan II of Worcester, who held office from 1062 to 1095, acquired particular prominence since he became a saint. Wulfstan the homilist is also not to be confused with an approximately contemporary Latin writer generally known as Wulfstan the Cantor (fl. 996) in view of the office he held at Winchester.