bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just War Reasoning in an Age of Risk
Authors: Reed Esther D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe classic, theological tradition of just war reasoning (JWT) is not exhausted but needed more than ever in the shadow of global risks, when facing “hybrid” war, and when the difference between war and peace is said to be blurring. The tradition does not speak with one voice but debate within the tradition about the (un)acceptability of military action under conditions of uncertainty sheds light, in at least three ways, on ways of approaching the range of unorthodox tactics threated in conflict today:
1.How to be fearful. Fear and anxiety in an age of risk are potential threats to reason. The JWT has resources with which to consider “how to fear” wisely.2.How to grapple with issues of classification, including what constitutes an attack equivalent to an “armed attack” under UN Charter Art 51. When, for instance, are cyber-attacks better dealt with under civilian, international commercial law, and when the laws of war?3.How to approach new challenges in a principled manner. Are different principles or criteria needed to govern action (e.g., the criterion of intensity) or do immediacy and necessity remain the most critically important principles in our moral arsenal?
Presence in Mediterranean hotspots and floral symmetry affect speciation and extinction rates in Proteaceae
Authors: Reyes Elisabeth , Morlon Hélène , Sauquet Hervé 
Published: December 2014

Summary

The Proteaceae is a large angiosperm family displaying the common pattern of uneven distribution of species among genera. Previous studies have shown that this disparity is a result of variation in diversification rates across lineages, but the reasons for this variation are still unclear. Here, we tested the impact of floral symmetry and occurrence in Mediterranean climate regions on speciation and extinction rates in the Proteaceae.

A rate shift analysis was conducted on dated genus‐level phylogenetic trees of the Proteaceae. Character‐dependent analyses were used to test for differences in diversification rates between actinomorphic and zygomorphic lineages and between lineages located within or outside Mediterranean climate regions.

The rate shift analysis identified 5–10 major diversification rate shifts in the Proteaceae tree. The character‐dependent analyses showed that speciation rates, extinction rates and net diversification rates of the Proteaceae were significantly higher for lineages occurring in Mediterranean hotspots. Higher speciation and extinction rates were also detected for zygomorphic species, but net diversification rates appeared to be similar in actinomorphic and zygomorphic Proteaceae.

Presence in Mediterranean hotspots favors Proteaceae diversification. In contrast with observations at the scale of angiosperms, floral symmetry is not a trait that strongly influences their evolutionary success.
Measuring the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Kim Seok Eun , Kim You Hyun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractScholars have examined the effects of various environmental factors on the nonprofit sector to elucidate the role of nonprofits in modern society. However, researchers report a paucity of information on nonprofit growth using longitudinal data, especially outside the United States. This article analyzes 40 years of political, economic, and sociodemographic data in South Korea to test theories of nonprofit growth and to determine whether the concepts and theories developed for Western societies can be successfully applied in South Korea. The results show that demand‐ and supply‐side economic theories account for variations in nonprofit growth, but the existing socioeconomic explanations fail to recognize the political influences on nonprofit development. Nonprofit organizations have emerged from social and economic necessity but have also been nurtured within a political framework.
Clearing of psoriasis documented by laser Doppler perfusion imaging contrasts remaining elevation of dermal expression levels of CD31
Authors: Hendriks A. G. M. , van de Kerkhof P. C. M. , de Jonge C. S. , Lucas M. , Steenbergen W. , Seyger M. M. B. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundVascular modifications represent a key feature in psoriatic plaques. Previous research with Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in the cutaneous perfusion within homogenous‐appearing psoriatic lesions. Insights in the relation between perfusion during treatment and related biological changes are lacking.ObjectivesTo study the effect of calcipotriol‐betamethasone dipropionate ointment on the microcirculation and the expression levels of immunohistochemical markers in psoriatic lesions compared to the distant uninvolved skin.MethodsPsoriatic lesions of fourteen patients were treated once a day during 8 weeks. Clinical SUM scores and the perfusion intensity by means of LDPI were assessed every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks, a biopsy from the target lesion and one from the distant uninvolved skin were taken and stained for psoriasis‐related markers, like IL‐17 and CD31.ResultsAfter 8 weeks, seven patients reached a SUM score of 0 or 1, and were classified as good‐responders. The other patients were classified moderate‐responders. The perfusion intensity decreased in all lesions during therapy. In the good‐responders, all investigated psoriasis‐related proteins within the treated lesions reached the expression level found within the distant uninvolved skin. The expression of CD31, however, was significantly higher in the treated lesions as compared to the distant uninvolved skin (p = 0.0156). In the moderate responders, almost all expression levels remained significantly elevated compared to the uninvolved skin.ConclusionsIn the skin of good‐responders the expression of dermal CD31+ endothelium remains significantly elevated within the treated lesions compared with the distant uninvolved skin, whereas a marked reduction in the perfusion intensity and SUM score was found. This indicates that clinical improvement might outrun endothelial changes.
Final Report on the Development of a Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Turbine Cycle for Power Generation
Authors: Bannister Ronald L. , Newby Richard A. , Yang Wen-Ching 
Published: December 2014

Through its New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) the Japanese government is sponsoring the World Energy Network (WE-NET) Program. WE-NET is a 28-year global effort to define and implement technologies needed for hydrogen-based energy systems. A critical part of this effort is the development of a hydrogen-fueled combustion turbine system to efficiently convert the chemical energy stored in hydrogen to electricity when hydrogen is combusted with pure oxygen.
A Rankine cycle, with reheat and recuperation, was selected by Westinghouse as the general Reference System. Variations of this cycle have been examined to identify a Reference System having maximum development feasibility, while meeting the requirement of a minimum of 70.9% low heating value (LHV) efficiency. The strategy applied by Westinghouse was to assess both a near-term and long-term Reference Plant. The near-term plant requires moderate development based on extrapolation of current steam and combustion turbine technology. In contrast, the long-term plant requires more extensive development for an additional high-pressure reheat turbine, and is more complex than the near-term plant with closed-loop steam cooling and extractive feedwater heating. Trade-offs between efficiency benefits and development challenges of the near-term and long-term reference plant are identified. Results of this study can be applied to guide the future development activities of hydrogen-fueled combustion turbine systems.
The Advanced Turbogenerator Project — A Total Technology Education Experience for Engineering Undergraduate Students
Authors: Pullen K. R. , Court A. W. , Besant C. B. 
Published: December 2014

The preparation of engineering students for industrial careers after graduating is a vital part of the education process at university. It is the responsibility of the university to teach sound foundations of engineering science but this on its own is not sufficient preparation. The subject of design has been identified as a valuable means by which engineering science can be applied at advanced levels but at the same time teach students skills which are necessary for successful careers in industry.
Three years ago, five senior engineers from UK industry were appointed as Visiting Professors in Engineering Design with the support of the Royal Academy of Engineering. In was decided after discussions with academics at the college to undertake a project entitled the Advanced Turbogenerator project (ATG). The project was to be conducted by a large team of undergraduates with the aim of producing a design and finally an actual small gas turbine of 50 kW output. Applications for the small gas turbine include the highly topical hybrid vehicle propulsion powertrain and compact low emissions generator sets.
The paper describes the progress made in the project in two years which has involved over 30 final year engineering students in the Mechanical, Electrical, Aeronautical and Materials Science Departments. The students have found the project very challenging but have experienced an unusually high level of motivation and commitment to the work. They have been provided with state of the art software and have demonstrated that realistic designs can be produced with the guidance of experienced gas turbine engineers. The project has been reviewed by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and both have expressed the highest support for the programme. It is intended to continue the project next year with the intention of turning the design into prototype hardware.
Measurement and Calculation of Nozzle Guide Vane End Wall Heat Transfer
Authors: Harvey Neil W. , Rose Martin G. , Coupland John , Jones Terry 
Published: December 2014

A 3-D steady viscous finite volume pressure correction method for the solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations has been used to calculate the heat transfer rates on the end walls of a modern High Pressure Turbine first stage stator.
Surface heat transfer rates have been calculated at three conditions and compared with measurements made on a model of the vane tested in annular cascade in the Isentropic Light Piston Facility at DERA, Pyestock. The NGV Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers and geometry are fully representative of engine conditions. Design condition data has previously been presented by Harvey and Jones (1990). Off-design data is presented here for the first time.
In the areas of highest heat transfer the calculated heat transfer rates are shown to be within 20% of the measured values at all three conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of wall functions in the calculations with which relatively coarse grids (of around 140,000 nodes) can be used to keep computational run times sufficiently low for engine design purposes.
Prediction and Measurement of Rotating Stall Cells in an Axial Compressor
Authors: Saxer-Felici H. M. , Saxer A. P. , Inderbitzin A. , Gyarmathy G. 
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a parallel numerical and experimental study of rotating stall cells in an axial compressor. Based on previous theoretical and experimental studies stressing the importance of fluid inertia and momentum exchange mechanisms in rotating stall, a numerical simulation using the Euler equations is conducted. Unsteady 2-D solutions of rotating stall behavior are obtained in a one-stage low subsonic axial compressor. The structure and speed of propagation of one fully developed rotating stall cell together with its associated unsteady static pressure and throughflow field distributions are presented. The numerical capture of a stalled flow region starting from a stable high-flow operating point with an axisymmetric flow distribution and evolving at a reduced mass flow operating point into a rotating stall pattern is also discussed.
The experimental data (flow visualization, time-averaged and unsteady row-by-row static pressure measurements) acquired in a four-stage water model of a subsonic axial compressor covers a complete characteristic line ranging from high mass flow in the stable regime to zero throughflow. Stall inception is presented together with clearly marked different operating zones within the unstable regime.
For one operating point in the unstable regime, the speed of propagation of the cell as well as the static pressure spikes at the front and rear boundaries of the rotating stall cell are compared between computations, measurements and an idealized theory based on momentum exchange between blade rows entering and leaving the stalled cell. In addition, the time-evolution of the pressure trace at the rotor/stator interface is presented.
This study seems to support the assumption that the cell structure and general mechanism of full-span rotating stall propagation are essentially governed by inertial effects and momentum exchange between the sound and stalled flow at the cell edges.
Uncertainty in Gas Turbine NOx Emission Measurements
Authors: Hung Wilfred S. Y. , Campbell Alan 
Published: December 2014

The advent of dry, low-emissions combustion systems for gas turbine applications and the trend towards requiring emissions monitoring and lower NOx limits by regulatory agencies, have created renewed interests in the uncertainty of NOx emissions measurements. This paper addresses the uncertainty of measuring NOx emissions from gas turbines in the field, including gas turbines equipped with conventional combustion systems, with or without water injection, with dry, low-emissions combustion systems and with exhaust clean-up systems.
The sources of errors, using current state-of-the-art instruments, in field emissions testing or continuous emission monitoring of gas turbines to meet specific emission (ppmvd @ 15% O2) as well as mass emission rate (kg/hr) limits are identified. The uncertainty of measuring NOx emissions from gas turbines is estimated and compared with Geld data. The effect of NOx emission levels on measurement uncertainty is also addressed. The minimus NOx measurement uncertainty is determined and is in good agreement with what is currently allowed by regulatory agencies.
Achieving Acoustical and Structural Requirements for Gas Turbine Packages While Reducing Costs, Pressure Losses, and Weight
Authors: Marcussen J. M. Anders 
Published: December 2014

The Norwegian Offshore Market has shown itself to be a market leader in introducing new requirements and technological innovations in the gas turbine packages used on new installations.
This paper will review the changes that Altair Norge A/S has been a party to in the areas of “acoustics”, “reduction in pressure losses”, “reductions in weight”,” and an overall effort to reduce the “costs”.
The systems effected by the above changes are Inlets, Ventilation, Enclosures, and Exhausts. The time span of this review is from 1981 to the present; with the emphasis on the last 5 years.
It will be shown how the requirements generated by the authorities to protect the employees offshore generate benefits technologically.
Correlations of the Convective Heat Transfer in Annular Channels With Rotating Inner Cylinder
Authors: Jakoby Ralf , Kim Soksik , Wittig Sigmar 
Published: December 2014

In the internal air system of gas turbine engines or generators, a large variety of different types of annular channels with rotating cylinders are found. Even though the geometry is very simple, the flow field in such channels can be completely three-dimensional and also unsteady. From the literature it is well-known, that the basic two-dimensional flow field breaks up into a pattern of counter-rotating vortices, as soon as the critical speed of the inner cylinder is exceeded. The presence of a superimposed axial flow leads to a helical shape of the vortex pairs, which are moving through the channel.
For the designer of cooling air systems there are several open questions. Does the formation of a Taylor-vortex flow field significantly affect the convective heat transfer behaviour of the channel flow? Is there a stability problem even for high axial Reynolds-numbers and where is the location of the stability boundary? After all, the general influence of rotation on the heat transfer characteristics has to be known.
By the results of flow field and heat transfer measurements, the impact of rotation and the additional influence of Taylor-vortex formation on the heat transfer characteristics in annular channels with axial throughflow will be discussed. The flow field was investigated by time-dependant LDA-measurements, which revealed detailed information about the flow conditions. By a spectral analysis of the measured data, the different flow regimes could be identified. Based on these results, the heat transfer from the hot gas to the rotating inner shaft was determined with a steady-state method. Thus, the influence of the different physical phenomena such as rotation with and without Taylor-vortex formation or the flow development could be separated and quantified. Finally, correlations of the measured results were derived for technical applications.
Development of a Combustor Liner Composed of Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC)
Authors: Nishio Kozi , Igashira Ken-ichiroh , Take Koji , Suemitsu Takeshi 
Published: December 2014

The Research Institute of Advanced Materials Gas-Generator (AMG), which is a joint effort by the Japan Key Technology Center and 14 firms in Japan, has, since fiscal year 1992, been conducting technological studies on an innovative gas generator that will use 20% less fuel, weigh 50% less, and emit 70% less NOx than the conventional gas generator through the use of advanced materials.
Within this project, there is an R&D program for applying ceramic matrix composite (CMC) liners to the combustor, which is a major component of the gas generator.
In the course of R&D, continuous SiC fiber-reinforced SiC composite (SiCF/SiC) was selected as the most suitable CMC for the combustor liner because of its thermal stability and formability.
An evaluation of the applicability of the SiCF/SiC composite to the combustor liner on the basis of an evaluation of its mechanical properties and stress analysis of a SiCF/SiC combustor liner was carried out, and trial SiCF/SiC combustor liners, the largest of which was 500mm in diameter, were fabricated by the filament winding and PIP (polymer impregnation and pyrolysis) method.
Using a SiCF/SiC liner built to the actual dimensions, a non-cooling combustion test was carried out and even when the gas temperature was raised to 1873K at outlet of the liner, no damage was observed after the test. Through our studies we have confirmed the applicability of the selected SiCF/SiC composite as a combustor liner.
In this paper, we describe the present state of the R&D of a CMC combustor liner.
Heat Transfer in a Rotating Cavity With a Stationary Stepped Casing
Authors: Mirzaee Iraj , Quinn Paul , Wilson Michael , Owen J. Michael 
Published: December 2014

In the system considered here, corotating “turbine” discs are cooled by air supplied at the periphery of the system. The system comprises two corotating discs, connected by a rotating cylindrical hub and shrouded by a stepped, stationary cylindrical outer casing. Cooling air enters the system through holes in the periphery of one disc, and leaves through the clearances between the outer casing and the discs.
The paper describes a combined computational and experimental study of the heat transfer in the above system. In the experiments, one rotating disc is heated, the hub and outer casing are insulated, and the other disc is quasi-adiabatic. Thermocouples and fluxmeters attached to the heated disc enable the Nusselt numbers, Nu, to be determined for a wide range of rotational speeds and coolant flow rates.
Computations are carried out using an axisymmetric elliptic solver incorporating the Launder-Sharma low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model. The flow structure is shown to be complex and depends strongly on the so-called turbulent flow parameter, λT, which incorporates both rotational speed and flow rate. For a given value of λT, the computations show that Nu increases as Reϕ, the rotational Reynolds number, increases. Despite the complexity of the flow, the agreement between the computed and measured Nusselt numbers is reasonably good.
A Viscous Transonic Inverse Design Method for Turbomachinery Blades: Part I — 2D Cascades
Authors: Tiow W. T. , Zangeneh M. 
Published: December 2014

An inverse design methodology is presented for the design of turbomachinery blades using a cell-vertex finite volume time-marching algorithm in transonic viscous flow. In this method the blade shape is designed subject to a specified distribution of pressure loading (the difference in pressure across the blade) and thickness distribution. The difference between specified pressure loading and the pressures on the initial blade shape results in a normal velocity through the blade, which is then used to update the blade shapes. Viscous effects are represented by using a distributed body force.
A simple and fast iterative scheme is proposed for automatically finding a suitable pressure loading that will provide a specified flow turning (or specific work). The method, therefore, can be applied to the design of new blade geometry without any need to supply information on the initial blade geometry or the blade loading corresponding to an existing design.
The Euler solver is first validated by using experimental data for a turbine stage. The accuracy of the inverse procedure is then verified by designing the stator blade from the computed pressure loading. Finally the method is applied to the design of an axial transonic turbine stator and an axial compressor rotor and stator blade.
Advanced Aeroderivative Gas Turbines in Coal-Based High Performance Power Systems (HIPPS)
Authors: Robson F. L. , Seery D. J. 
Published: December 2014

The Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC) is sponsoring the Combustion 2000 Program aimed at introducing clean and more efficient advanced technology coal-based power systems in the early 21st century. As part of this program, the United Technologies Research Center has assembled a seven member team to identify and develop the technology for a High Performance Power Systems (HIPPS) that will provide in the near term, 47% efficiency (HHV), and meet emission goals only one-tenth of current New Source Performance Standards for coal-fired power plants. In addition, the team is identifying advanced technologies that could result in HIPPS with efficiencies approaching 55% (HHV).
The HIPPS is a combined cycle that uses a coal-fired High Temperature Advanced Furnace (HITAF) to preheat compressor discharge air in both convective and radiant heaters. The heated air is then sent to the gas turbine where additional fuel, either natural gas or distillate, is burned to raise the temperature to the levels of modern gas turbines. Steam is raised in the HITAF and in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator for the steam bottoming cycle. With state-of-the-art frame type gas turbines, the efficiency goal of 47% is met in a system with more than two-thirds of the heat input furnished by coal. By using advanced aeroderivative engine technology, HIPPS in combined-cycle and Humid Air Turbine (HAT) cycle configurations could result in efficiencies of over 50% and could approach 55%.
The following paper contains descriptions of the HIPPS concept including the HITAF and heat exchangers, and of the various gas turbine configurations. Projections of HIPPS performance, emissions including significant reduction in greenhouse gases are given. Application of HIPPS to repowering is discussed.