bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes
Authors: Peplinski B. , Adam C. , Adamczyk B. , Müller R. , Schadrack R. , Michaelis M. , Emmerling F. , Reuther H. , Menzel M. 
Published: November 2013

Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the ‘as received’ SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators.
Crystalline domain size and faulting in the new NIST SRM 1979 zinc oxide
Authors: Cline J. P. , Leoni M. , Black D. , Henins A. , Bonevich J. E. , Whitfield P. S. , Scardi P. 
Published: November 2013

A NIST SRM certified to address the issue of crystallite size measurement through a line profile analysis has been under development for several years. In order to prepare the feedstock for the SRM, nano-crystalline zinc oxide was produced from thermal decomposition of zinc oxalate. The thermal processing parameters were chosen to yield particles in two size ranges, one with a distribution centered at approximately 15 nm and another centered at 60 nm. Certification data were collected on a NIST-built diffractometer equipped with a Johansson incident beam monochromator and scintillation detector. Data were analyzed using whole powder pattern modeling to determine microstructural data. The analysis shows domains to be in the form of discs of a fairly small aspect ratio. While both materials exhibit the effects of stacking faults through broadening of specific hkl reflections, their presence in the 60 nm is more difficult to discern. Images of the crystallites obtained with transmission electron microscopy are consistent with the results from the X-ray diffraction analyses.
The medaka mutation tintachina sheds light on the evolution of V-ATPase B subunits in vertebrates
Authors: Müller Claudia , Maeso Ignacio , Wittbrodt Joachim , Martínez-Morales Juan R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVacuolar-type H+ ATPases (V-ATPases) are multimeric protein complexes that play a universal role in the acidification of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. We have isolated the recessive medaka mutation tintachina (tch), which carries an inactivating modification of the conserved glycine residue (G75R) of the proton pump subunit atp6v1Ba/vatB1. Mutant embryos show penetrant pigmentation defects, massive brain apoptosis and lethality before hatching. Strikingly, an equivalent mutation in atp6v1B1 (G78R) has been reported in a family of patients suffering from distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), a hereditary disease that causes metabolic acidosis due to impaired kidney function. This poses the question as to how molecularly identical mutations result in markedly different phenotypes in two vertebrate species. Our work offers an explanation for this phenomenon. We propose that, after successive rounds of whole-genome duplication, the emergence of paralogous copies allowed the divergence of the atp6v1B cis-regulatory control in different vertebrate groups.
Selective feeding by pelagic fish in the Belgian part of the North Sea
Authors: Van Ginderdeuren Karl , Vandendriessche Sofie , Prössler Yves , Matola Hakimu , Vincx Magda , Hostens Kris 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPelagic fish and their planktonic prey are susceptible to a changing climate, giving rise to mismatches and planktonic bottlenecks. A detailed examination of the feeding ecology of pelagic fish can provide valuable insights in the causes and consequences of these phenomena. The present study investigated the diets of both juvenile and adult herring, sprat, horse mackerel, and adult mackerel in the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS) in relation to the distribution of zooplankton and ambient abiotic conditions. A study sampling pelagic fish and zooplankton simultaneously every month during consecutive years, and spanning nearshore to offshore sampling locations, is unprecedented in the southern North Sea. In all, 71 prey taxa were found in 725 stomachs of fish gathered at ten stations, sampled monthly in 2009 and 2010. The proportion of fish with empty stomachs was low (11%), and the number of prey species ranged from 0 to 21 sp. per stomach. The diet of herring and sprat was dominated by calanoid copepods, but herring stomachs also contained many decapod larvae, amphipods, cumaceans, and mysids. Mackerel added sandeels to an otherwise planktivorous diet. Horse mackerel consumed both benthic and pelagic prey. The highest frequency of occurrence in the stomachs was observed for the calanoid copepods Temora longicornis (33 408 of all 55 004 prey items identified) and Centropages hamatus (5003 times found). The fullness index ranged between 0 and 20.6, and averaged highest for sprat (0.86), followed by herring (0.60), horse mackerel (0.26), and mackerel (0.24). We observed a different composition of zooplankton species and life stages in the plankton samples compared with those in the fish stomachs. More adult and female copepods were eaten than the plankton samples would suggest. Also, the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi, the most common calanoid species in the BPNS, was barely eaten, as was the case for fish eggs and larvae, and for common planktonic species known to be preyed upon elsewhere (e.g. Oikopleura dioica, Evadne nordmanni, Euterpina acutifrons). Additionally, plankton densities averaged highest in spring and at midshore (20–30 km from shore) stations, but fullness index was highest nearshore (<12 km from shore) and (apart from sprat) in summer. A significant correlation between fullness index and total density of planktonic prey species was not observed, indicating that zooplankton densities were not restrictive. Yet the fact that more than 100 plankton species occurred in the plankton samples and just two of these (T. longicornis and C. hamatus) accounted for nearly three-quarters of all ingested prey items leads us to conclude that even minor changes in the ecology or phenology of these dominant zooplankters could have profound effects on pelagic fish stocks.
The short-term impacts of implementing catch quotas and a discard ban on English North Sea otter trawlers
Authors: Condie Harriet M. , Catchpole Thomas L. , Grant Alastair 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A key objective of the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy reforms is the elimination of discards and a reduction in unwanted catches. Combining a discard ban with catch quotas, where all fish, independent of size, count towards quotas could create economic incentives for more selective fishing, reducing unwanted catches. We use fishing activities data from English North Sea otter trawlers to examine the impact of these measures on this fleet. Initial impacts depend on the scale of increase and distribution of quotas and are unevenly distributed, depending on catch and discard characteristics of vessels. Selective fishing will be rewarded as vessels that currently have low discards could increase catches and profits. Fishing by less selective vessels will be curtailed, reducing profits by 1–14%. This could be partially mitigated through reducing regulated catches but will require changes to fishing patterns as using currently available selective fishing gears may impact on profitability. So, catch quotas and a discard ban create strong incentives for more selective fishing practices, but also for non-compliance with full documentation of catches. A high level of monitoring and enforcement will be required to ensure that fishers improve profitability through more selective fishing practices rather than illegal discarding.
A Kozai-resonating Earth quasi-satellite
Authors: Connors M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The recently discovered asteroid 2013 LX28 is in 1:1 resonance with Earth, but has large eccentricity and inclination. These lead to unusual dynamics in which the Kozai resonance plays a large role on long time-scales, while interaction with the terrestrial planets causes shorter term orbital changes. For the nominal orbit, an interaction with Venus changed the nature of the Kozai resonance and injected the asteroid into resonance with Earth. Despite frequent planetary encounters, the nominal orbit shows remarkable stability. Recovery prospects for this object are excellent, so that investigation of its remarkable properties should be able to proceed on a firmer observational base in future.
Constraining new fundamental physics with multiwavelength astrometry
Authors: Egorov Pavel , Guzinin Maxim , Hakobyan Hayk , Troitsky Sergey 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
While the deflection of light is achromatic in General Relativity, it is not always so in several new-physics models (e.g. certain quantum-gravity and string-inspired models, models with non-minimal photon–gravity coupling or with massive photon, etc.). We discuss how parameters of these models may be constrained by precise astrometry at different wavelengths. From published observations of the gravitational lens MG J2016+112, we obtain world-best limits on chromatic gravitational deflection of light (and the unique limit on the photon mass relevant for distance scales &gt;Mpc). We also outline prospects for further improvement of these limits.
Indications of a sub-linear and non-universal Kennicutt–Schmidt relationship
Authors: Shetty Rahul , Kelly Brandon C. , Rahman Nurur , Bigiel Frank , Bolatto Alberto D. , Clark Paul C. , Klessen Ralf S. , Konstandin Lukas K. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
We estimate the parameters of the Kennicutt–Schmidt (KS) relationship, linking the star formation rate (ΣSFR) to the molecular gas surface density (Σmol), in the Survey Toward Infrared-Bright Nearby Galaxies sample of nearby disc galaxies using a hierarchical Bayesian method. This method rigorously treats measurement uncertainties, and provides accurate parameter estimates for both individual galaxies and the entire population. Assuming standard conversion factors to estimate ΣSFR and Σmol from the observations, we find that the KS parameters vary between galaxies, indicating that no universal relationship holds for all galaxies. The KS slope of the whole population is 0.76, with the 2σ range extending from 0.58 to 0.94. These results imply that the molecular gas depletion time is not constant, but varies from galaxy-to-galaxy, and increases with the molecular gas surface density. Therefore, other galactic properties besides just Σmol affect ΣSFR, such as the gas fraction or stellar mass. The non-universality of the KS relationship indicates that a comprehensive theory of star formation must take into account additional physical processes that may vary from galaxy to galaxy.
Waterbirds increase more rapidly in Ramsar‐designated wetlands than in unprotected wetlands
Authors: Kleijn David , Cherkaoui Imad , Goedhart Paul W. , van der Hout Jasper , Lammertsma Dennis 
Published: November 2013

Summary

There is a general lack of information on how international conservation treaties affect biodiversity. The Ramsar convention on the protection of internationally important wetlands is such an international conservation policy. It initiated the world‐wide establishment of over 2000 protected areas currently covering more than 200 million ha. The convention came into force in 1975, but to date, it remains unknown whether it actually produces biodiversity benefits.
We analysed 21 years of survey data from a wide range of waterbird species in over 200 Moroccan wetlands and examined whether Ramsar designation as well as a national protected areas programme Sites d'IntérêtBiologique et Ecologique (SIBE) positively affected bird abundance. Furthermore, habitat characteristics of wetlands in protected areas and control sites were compared and bird abundance was related to habitat characteristics.
After designation, waterbird species richness and abundance increased more rapidly in Ramsar wetlands than in non‐designated wetlands. In SIBE sites, increases in bird abundance were intermediate.
Waterbird abundance was significantly related to habitat characteristics, most importantly cover of water or bare ground. Compared to control sites, Ramsar sites had significantly higher cover of habitat types favoured by most waterbird species. It remained unclear, however, whether these differences were caused by conservation management or were already present prior to conservation designation.
Surprisingly, waterbird population trends in Moroccan wetlands were markedly positive. Trends were found to be related to precipitation levels in the Sahel which may have caused changes in migratory strategies.
Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates a powerful approach to systematically evaluating biodiversity responses to major international conservation policies. The results highlight that data on management and habitat quality are critical for reaching general conclusions about the effectiveness of conservation instruments. Site managers or conservation authorities should be encouraged to collect standardized data on conservation actions to help interpret the mechanisms behind population responses and thus extrapolate findings beyond the study system. These findings represent a first small step towards unravelling the contribution of international conservation tools towards global policy objectives of halting the biodiversity decline.
The King of Norway: negative individuation, the hero myth and psychopathic narcissism in extreme violence and the life of Anders Behring Breivik
Authors: Virtanen Harri 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe paper discusses negative individuation and the hero myth as developmental concepts. It is suggested that in negative individuation healthy psychological development is hindered and goes astray. Aggression then becomes the central psychic system. Repressed anger is the core element in psychopathic narcissism (Diamond) and malignant narcissism (Kernberg). Both Diamond and Kernberg extend narcissistic personality structure to antisocial, psychopathic personality in an effort to better understand extreme violence. According to Freud, love (libido) and hate (the death drive) are the major motivational systems in the human psyche. In contrast to Freud, Jung sees libido as a life force in general, not simply as a sexual drive. Jung writes about evil and the shadow but does not present a comprehensive theory of the negative development of an individual's life. The concept of negative individuation connects the shadow and the death drive with psychopathology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. In this paper, I explore these concepts in the light of contemporary affect theory according to Kernberg. I also ask how ideology is tied to extreme violence and how it is possible that narcissistic personality structures can lead to such radically different outcomes as were manifested in the lives of Anders Behring Breivik and Steve Jobs.
‘Bundling up the Sun‐Beams': Burning Mirrors in Eighteenth‐Century Knowledge and Culture
Authors: LYNALL GREGORY 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries an array of optical inventions appeared that could be employed to generate intense heat from the sun's rays. This article explores the dissemination and appropriation of these burning devices, particularly in literary and visual cultures. In so doing, it argues that the symbolic power of scientific objects can contribute to both the social circulation of natural knowledge and the act of knowledge‐making itself.
The Colonial Picturesque and the Medical Utility of Landscape Aesthetics
Authors: SENIOR EMILY 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe new sciences of medical geography and topography developed at the end of the eighteenth century and coincided with the literary and artistic fashion for the picturesque representation of landscape. This article explores the relationship between medical geography and the literary picturesque in the colonial Caribbean. It argues that literature and medicine borrowed formal and thematic qualities from one another, and reveals the influence of aesthetic ideals on the production of medical knowledge.
Selling Beautiful Knowledge: Amateurship, Botany and the Market‐Place in Late Eighteenth‐Century France
Authors: EASTERBY‐SMITH SARAH 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article examines how botany was made attractive to broader audiences in France in the 1770s and 1780s. Two transitions significantly defined the nature of public participation: developing ideas about botanical amateurship, and expanding consumer culture. Although these have rarely been considered in relation to each other, both determined how the French public engaged with natural knowledge. Drawing evidence from commercial advertisements and books on botany and horticulture, this article considers the cultural resources used to engage readers, which implicitly defined who might botanise. This cultural construction of botany both reflected and actively determined its social place in eighteenth‐century France.
Making and Unmaking Local Knowledge in Greater New England
Authors: ZILBERSTEIN ANYA 
Published: November 2013

AbstractScholars have drawn attention to the crucial role of local knowledge in natural history. This essay argues that naturalists describing early New England focused on its ordinary and domesticated rather than its exotic and wild qualities because they believed that natural history and ‘improvement’ were complementary pursuits. Their emphasis on the economic development of nature was part of a transatlantic culture of improvement, in which Americans sought to be undifferentiated participants. Although they claimed that their expertise was grounded in local experiences, ultimately they aimed to reduce local peculiarities and, as a result, the provinciality of their knowledge claims.
Cystogram use and outcomes in colorectal surgery involving bladder repair: a clinical audit
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Pal Atanu , Sargen Kevin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe role of routine cystograms after bladder repair during colorectal surgery is unclear so we aimed to evaluate this in our department.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective audit of colorectal surgical patients who had an operation and subsequent cystogram between 2006 and 2011 at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital. Data on patient characteristics, operative procedures and findings, and cystogram results were collected from electronic discharge summaries, operative notes and radiological records.ResultsA total of 59 operations were included and 92% had documented bladder involvement. The most common indications for surgery were diverticular disease (49%) and neoplastic disease (39%). Operations evaluated included high anterior resection, anterior resection, Hartmann's procedures and sigmoid colectomy. Although all patients had at least one post‐operative cystogram, only 46% of cases had instructions documented in the operative note for a cystogram to be arranged. Out of the 59 operations, 4 (7%) had cystograms that showed a leak. Repeat cystography in these cases showed no leak or smaller leak and no additional procedures were required. Two of the leaks occurred in cases that had extensive bladder involvement or bladder wall sepsis, and two occurred in cases where the operative findings revealed less major bladder pathology.ConclusionsOur results suggest that majority of cystograms are negative. More studies are needed to evaluate if selective use of cystogram should be performed to reduce unnecessary the risks associated with radiation exposure and contrast exposure.
Conventional adverse features do not predict response to adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer
Authors: Peng Sze‐Lin , Thomas Michelle , Ruszkiewicz Andrew , Hunter Andrew , Lawrence Matthew , Moore James 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer is unclear. Current guidelines recommend adjuvant chemotherapy for high‐risk patients, although the benefit demonstrated to date is small. Our study examined if adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved cancer‐specific survival in high‐risk patients with stage II colon cancer.MethodsA retrospective review was performed on patients with stage II (T3‐4N0M0) colon cancer in a multi‐institutional database from 1999 to 2007. Additionally, histology slides were reviewed and cancer‐specific survival data were obtained from the state cancer registry. Adverse features examined were perforation, obstruction, T4 disease, poor differentiation, nodal yield less than 12, lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression.ResultsThere were 458 patients in the study, with a median follow‐up of 5.2 years. Four patients (0.8%) were lost to follow‐up. There were 290 (63%) high‐risk patients, defined as having at least one adverse feature. Patients who had adjuvant chemotherapy were significantly younger (median 61 years versus 72 years, P < 0.001) but had comparable ASA score (median 2 versus 2, P = 0.3). There was no significant survival benefit observed associated with any one factor or when grouped. In high‐risk patients the 5‐year cancer specific survival with adjuvant chemotherapy was 84.8% (95% CI 78.7–91.9) compared to surgery alone 92.7% (95% CI 88.5–96.1), P = 0.85).ConclusionAdjuvant chemotherapy did not significantly improve cancer‐specific survival in patients with stage II colon cancer with adverse features. Other markers for selecting appropriate patients for adjuvant treatment are required.
The political economy of tariff protection in China: evidence from the WTO accession
Authors: Hong Chang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe analyze China's tariff rates at WTO accession using a political economy approach. A model drawing on Branstetter and Feenstra is used to derive an optimal tariff rate for each industry. The model predicts that a government would set a high tariff rate if an industry is of large state‐owned enterprise (SOE) share, multinational share, or small foreign import share. From the model we reveal the Chinese government's preference towards different interest groups under the binding tariff constraint from the WTO commitments. The estimated structural parameters imply that the political weights on both the SOE profits and consumer income diminish with the economic opening. More important, the government still favours SOEs over consumer income. Our findings are consistent with the special features of China's economy.
Redistribution, state trading enterprises and ‘politically optimal’ tariffs
Authors: McCorriston Steve , MacLaren Donald 
Published: November 2013

AbstractState trading enterprises (STEs) are widely used and can be viewed as instruments of trade policy. We analyse two aspects: the first is their potential trade distorting effect; the second is how they modify the case for the ‘politically optimal’ tariff. We show that the STE can reduce the need for a tariff designed for domestic redistribution. This result introduces some ambiguity about how STEs are interpreted: from a multilateralist perspective, they should be dealt with in the same way as other non‐tariff barriers; from a nationalistic perspective, they can reduce the need for ‘politically optimal.’