bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus content on ileal lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen of laying hens that were or were not orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Bai Shi P. , Huang Yong , Luo Yu H. , Wang Lei L. , Ding Xue M. , Wang Jian P. , Zeng Qiu F. , Zhang Ke Y. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) content on ileal lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen of hens that were or were not inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium.
ANIMALS 64 Salmonella-free hens.
PROCEDURES Hens were fed a diet with 0.22% (control; n = 32) or 0.42% (high-P; 32) NPP for 6 weeks and then orally inoculated with S Typhimurium (5 × 107 CFUs) or PBSS. Tissues were obtained from 8 S Typhimurium–inoculated and 8 PBSS-inoculated hens from each group at 2 and 7 days postinoculation (DPI). Percentages of ileal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR assays.
RESULTS For S Typhimurium–inoculated hens, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration was decreased in hens fed the high-P diet, compared with values in hens fed the control diet. Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation caused an increase in the percentage of ileal CD8+ lymphocytes and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ, IL-12, and IL-18 in the cecal tonsils and spleen and a decrease in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in the cecal tonsils. Hens fed the high-P diet had significantly increased splenic expression of interferon-γ at 2 DPI and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 at 7 DPI, compared with hens fed the control diet.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested there was a T-helper 1 cytokine reaction in the cecal tonsils and spleen of S Typhimurium–inoculated hens, and dietary NPP content altered calcium regulation hormone concentrations and affected splenic cytokine expression.
Personal Perspectives on Enablers and Barriers to Accessing Care for Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ackerman Ilana N. , Livingston Jenni A. , Osborne Richard H. 
Published: July 2015

Background
Despite increasing demand for joint replacement surgery and other health services for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), barriers and enablers to individual access to care are not well understood. A comprehensive understanding of drivers at all levels is needed to inform efforts for improving access.

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore perceived barriers and enablers to receiving conservative (nonsurgical) and surgical treatment for hip and knee OA.

Design
This was a qualitative study using directed content analysis.

Methods
Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted, with 33 participants randomly sampled from an Australian population-based survey of hip and knee OA. Each interview covered factors contributing to receiving treatment for OA and perceived barriers to accessing care. Interview transcripts were coded and organized into themes.

Results
Key barriers to accessing care for OA included medical opinions about saving surgery for later and the appropriate age for joint replacement. Other common barriers included difficulty obtaining referrals or appointments, long waiting times, work-related issues, and limited availability of primary and specialist care in some areas. Several participants perceived a lack of effective treatment for OA. Private health insurance was the most frequently cited enabler and was perceived to support the costs of surgical and conservative treatments, including physical therapy, while facilitating faster access to surgery. Close proximity to services and assistance from medical professionals in arranging care also were considered enablers.

Conclusions
People with hip or knee OA experience substantial challenges in accessing treatment, and these challenges relate predominantly to health professionals, health systems, and financial factors. Private health insurance was the strongest perceived enabler to accessing care for OA.
Reactive Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke: Biomechanical Factors Related to Perturbation-Induced Backward Falling
Authors: Salot Pooja , Patel Prakruti , Bhatt Tanvi 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundAn effective compensatory stepping response is the first line of defense for preventing a fall during sudden large external perturbations. The biomechanical factors that contribute to heightened fall risk in survivors of stroke, however, are not clearly understood. It is known that impending sensorimotor and balance deficits poststroke predispose these individuals to a risk of fall during sudden external perturbations.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of fall risk in survivors of chronic stroke when exposed to sudden, slip-like forward perturbations in stance.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.MethodsFourteen individuals with stroke, 14 age-matched controls (AC group), and 14 young controls (YC group) were exposed to large-magnitude forward stance perturbations. Postural stability was computed as center of mass (COM) position (XCOM/BOS) and velocity (ẊCOM/BOS) relative to the base of support (BOS) at first step lift-off (LO) and touch-down (TD) and at second step TD. Limb support was quantified as vertical hip descent (Zhip) from baseline after perturbation onset.ResultsAll participants showed a backward balance loss, with 71% of the stroke group experiencing a fall compared with no falls in the control groups (AC and YC groups). At first step LO, no between-group differences in XCOM/BOS and ẊCOM/BOS were noted. At first step TD, however, the stroke group had a significantly posterior XCOM/BOS and backward ẊCOM/BOS compared with the control groups. At second step TD, individuals with stroke were still more unstable (more posterior XCOM/BOS and backward ẊCOM/BOS) compared with the AC group. Individuals with stroke also showed greater peak Zhip compared with the control groups. Furthermore, the stroke group took a larger number of steps with shorter step length and delayed step initiation compared with the control groups.LimitationsAlthough the study highlights the reactive balance deficits increasing fall risk in survivors of stroke compared with healthy adults, the study was restricted to individuals with chronic stroke only. It is likely that comparing compensatory stepping responses across different stages of recovery would enable clinicians to identify reactive balance deficits related to a specific stage of recovery.ConclusionsThese findings suggest the inability of the survivors of stroke to regain postural stability with one or more compensatory steps, unlike their healthy counterparts. Such a response may expose them to a greater fall risk resulting from inefficient compensatory stepping and reduced vertical limb support. Therapeutic interventions for fall prevention, therefore, should focus on improving both reactive stepping and limb support.
Using theCommon European Framework of Reference for Languagesto Teach Sign Language to Parents of Deaf Children
Authors: Snoddon Kristin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract:No formal Canadian curriculum presently exists for teaching American Sign Language (ASL) as a second language to parents of deaf and hard of hearing children. However, this group of ASL learners is in need of more comprehensive, research-based support, given the rapid expansion in Canada of universal neonatal hearing screening and the corresponding need for enhanced, early intervention service provision to families with deaf children. Inspired by parent sign language courses that have been developed in the Netherlands, the article outlines the rationale for and first steps toward developing a Canadian parent ASL curriculum framework that is aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The CEFR and its proficiency levels hold much promise for innovation in second language teaching and learning, as they are based in conceptions of the language learner as a social agent who develops general and particular communicative competences while achieving everyday goals.
Temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with nonlesional MRI and normal memory: an SEEG study
Authors: Suresh Suraj , Sweet Jennifer , Fastenau Philip S. , Lüders Hans , Landazuri Patrick , Miller Jonathan 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in the absence of MRI abnormalities and memory deficits is often presumed to have an extramesial or even extratemporal source. In this paper the authors report the results of a comprehensive stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) analysis in patients with TLE with normal MRI images and memory scores.

METHODS
Eighteen patients with medically refractory epilepsy who also had unremarkable MR images and normal verbal and visual memory scores on neuropsychological testing were included in the study. All patients had seizure semiology and video electroencephalography (EEG) findings suggestive of TLE. A standardized SEEG investigation was performed for each patient with electrodes implanted into the mesial and lateral temporal lobe, temporal tip, posterior temporal neocortex, orbitomesiobasal frontal lobe, posterior cingulate gyrus, and insula. This information was used to plan subsequent surgical management.

RESULTS
Interictal SEEG abnormalities were observed in the mesial temporal structures in 17 patients (94%) and in the temporal tip in 6 (33%). Seizure onset was exclusively from mesial structures in 13 (72%), exclusively from lateral temporal cortex and/or temporal tip structures in 2 (11%), and independently from mesial and neocortical foci in 3 (17%). No seizure activity was observed arising from any extratemporal location. All patients underwent surgical intervention targeting the temporal lobe and tailored to the SEEG findings, and all experienced significant improvement in seizure frequency with a postoperative follow-up observation period of at least 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates 3 important findings: 1) normal memory does not preclude mesial temporal seizure onset; 2) onset of seizures exclusively from mesial temporal structures without early neocortical involvement is common, even in the absence of memory deficits; and 3) extratemporal seizure onset is rare when video EEG and semiology are consistent with focal TLE.
Localized Store-Operated Calcium Influx Represses CD95-Dependent Apoptotic Effects of Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin B Lymphomas
Authors: Vacher Pierre , Vacher Anne-Marie , Pineau Raphael , Latour Simon , Soubeyran Isabelle , Pangault Celine , Tarte Karin , Soubeyran Pierre , Ducret Thomas , Bresson-Bepoldin Laurence 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The anti-CD20 mAb, rituximab, is routinely used to treat B cell malignancies. However, a majority of patients relapse. An improvement in the complete response was obtained by combining rituximab with chemotherapy, at the cost of increased toxicity. We reported that rituximab induced the colocalization of both the Orai1 Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC) and the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 with CD20 and CD95 into a cluster, eliciting a polarized store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). We observed that blocking this Ca2+ entry with downregulation of Orai1, pharmacological inhibitors, or reducing calcemia with hypocalcemic drugs sensitized human B lymphoma cell lines and primary human lymphoma cells to rituximab-induced apoptosis in vitro, and improved the antitumoral effect of rituximab in xenografted mice. This revealed that Ca2+ entry exerted a negative feedback loop on rituximab-induced apoptosis, suggesting that associating CRAC channel inhibitors or hypocalcemic agents with rituximab may improve the treatment of patients with B cell malignancies. The calcium-dependent proteins involved in this process appear to vary according to the B lymphoma cell type, suggesting that CRAC-channel targeting is likely to be more efficient than calcium-dependent protein targeting.
Identification of a New Exo-Endocytic Mechanism Triggered by Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Mast Cells
Authors: Balseiro-Gomez Santiago , Flores Juan A. , Acosta Jorge , Ramirez-Ponce M. Pilar , Ales Eva 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The key role of mast cells (MC), either in development of inflammatory pathologies or in response to environmental stress, has been widely reported in recent years. Previous studies have described the effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released from inflamed tissues by cellular stress signals, on MC degranulation, a process possibly driven by selective secretion of mediators (piecemeal degranulation). In this study, we introduce a novel granular exo-endocytic pathway induced by CRH on peritoneal MC. We found that CRH triggers substantial exocytosis, which is even stronger than that induced by Ag stimulation and is characterized by large quantal size release events. Membrane fluorescence increases during stimulation in the presence of FM1-43 dye, corroborating the strength of this exocytosis, given that discrete upward fluorescence steps are often observed and suggesting that secretory granules are preferentially released by compound exocytosis. Additionally, the presence of a depot of large tubular organelles in the cytoplasm suggests that the exocytotic process is tightly coupled to a fast compound endocytosis. This CRH-stimulated mechanism is mediated through activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase of cAMP and intracellular Ca2+, as evidenced by the fact that the effect of CRH is mimicked by forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP. Thus, these outcomes constitute new evidence for the critical role of MC in pathophysiological conditions within a cellular stress environment and an alternative membrane trafficking route mediated by CRH.
Primary versus secondary achalasia: New signs on barium esophagogram
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Debi Uma , Sinha Saroj Kant , Prasad Kaushal Kishor 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAim: To investigate new signs on barium swallow that can differentiate primary from secondary achalasia. Materials and Methods: Records of 30 patients with primary achalasia and 17 patients with secondary achalasia were reviewed. Clinical, endoscopic, and manometric data was recorded. Barium esophagograms were evaluated for peristalsis and morphology of distal esophageal segment (length, symmetry, nodularity, shouldering, filling defects, and "tram-track sign"). Results: Mean age at presentation was 39 years in primary achalasia and 49 years in secondary achalasia. The mean duration of symptoms was 3.5 years in primary achalasia and 3 months in secondary achalasia. False-negative endoscopic results were noted in the first instance in five patients. In the secondary achalasia group, five patients had distal esophageal segment morphology indistinguishable from that of primary achalasia. None of the patients with primary achalasia and 35% patients with secondary achalasia had a length of the distal segment approaching combined height of two vertebral bodies. None of the patients with secondary achalasia and 34% patients with primary achalasia had maximum caliber of esophagus approaching combined height of two vertebral bodies. Tertiary contractions were noted in 90% patients with primary achalasia and 24% patients with secondary achalasia. Tram-track sign was found in 55% patients with primary achalasia. Filling defects in the distal esophageal segment were noted in 94% patients with secondary achalasia. Conclusion: Length of distal esophageal segment, tertiary contractions, tram-track sign, and filling defects in distal esophageal segment are useful esophagographic features distinguishing primary from secondary achalasia.
Rhetorical and Real
Authors: Zager Sarah V. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper argues that Moses Mendelssohn's largely ignored political philosophy is a fertile source for pluralist theories of political judgment. To do this, I argue that his theory of rhetorical publicness offers an important corrective to the theory of political judgment described in Hannah Arendt's Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. Unlike Arendt's version, Mendelssohn's politics is based on an effort to preserve, and perhaps even celebrate, intersubjective differences. In this way, I suggest that the endemic misinterpretation of Mendelssohn's thought (both by Arendt herself, as well as by contemporary scholars) is more than a historical accident; instead, it provides an instructive historical as well as political theoretical case study.
Sibley and the Limits of Everyday Aesthetics
Authors: Davies David 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Sherri Irvin has claimed that “our everyday lives have an aesthetic character that is thoroughgoing and available at every moment, should we choose to attend to it.” She defends this claim by appeal to a modified Deweyan conception of the aesthetic. I bring Irvin’s discussion into dialogue with Frank Sibley’s reflections on the limits of the aesthetic in his posthumously published “Tastes, Smells, and Aesthetics.” Sibley uses standing debates on the aesthetic dimensions of tastes and smells as a way of exploring the different conceptions of the “aesthetic” that fund such debates. I use Sibley’s structural analysis of debates about the scope of the aesthetic to call into question the ways in which Irvin uses her modified Deweyan view to extend the notion of the aesthetic to embrace everyday experiences. I argue that, in modifying Dewey’s own account, she effectively eliminates some distinctions that are necessary if the concept of the aesthetic is to play the role accorded to it more generally in sorting our experiences and their objects. I further suggest how we might defend Irvin’s more general claims in terms of a Sibleyan conception of the scope of the aesthetic.
The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Advancing International Criminal Justice
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor 
Published: July 2015

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Advancing International Criminal Justice
This article examines the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advancing international criminal justice. I argue that NGOs have had considerable impact by contributing, among other things, to the global struggle against impunity through advocacy for the creation of more robust institutional mechanisms to prosecute those who perpetrate such crimes. This ranges from supporting the processes that led to the creation of several ad hoc international tribunals for Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, all the way through to their support for the establishment of an independent permanent international penal court based in The Hague. The crux of my claim is that a historically sensitive approach to evaluating the role of NGOs in international governance shows that these entities are not only willing, but also capable of enhancing the protection of human rights and international criminal justice especially but not exclusively in less developed regions of the world.
ИТ БУДУЋНОСТ КОЈА ЈЕ ВЕЋ ПОЧЕЛА
Authors: Novaković Nataša , Mićunović Gordana , Stefanović Goran 
Published: July 2015

Са развојем информационих технологија и њиховим упливом у све области живота и рада човечанство се брзо и неповратно мења. Данас готово да нема послова који могу да се обаве без коришћења различитих сајтова, програма и апликација. Стручњаци за вештачку интелигенцију у компанији Google, предвиђају да ће до 2029. рачунари бити паметнији од људи, да ће у наредних 15 година постајати све интелигентнији и да ће моћи да разумеју шта говоримо, уче из искуства, шале се, причају приче, па чак и флертују. Медијске организације и новинарство траже начине да се прилагоде новим условима дистрибуције медијског садржаја. Медији, као кључни актери јавне сфере, значајно доприносе квалитету друштвених односа и имају удела у општем, демократском развоју. Њихову улогу су у првој деценији двадесетог века све чешће и све више преузимали експерти организација односа с јавношћу. Најновија искуства великих компанија доносе новине у комуникацији с јавношћу у којима се практично губи улога традиционалних медија. За потребе овог рада спроведено је истраживање медју студентима Учитељског факултета, којима ће, по завршетку школовања, бити поверена нова генерација „дигиталних домородаца“, деце која проводе и по десетак сати дневно за рачунаром.
Partial Sums of Certain Classes of Meromorphic Functions Related to the Hurwitz-Lerch Zeta Function
Authors: Srivastava H. M. , Gaboury S. , Ghanim F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the present paper, we give sufficient conditions for a function f to be in the subclasses ΣS*a,s(A. B, α, β) and ΣKa,s(A, B, α, β) of the class Σ of meromorphic functions which are analytic in the punctured unit disk U*. We further investigate the ratio of a function related to the Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function and its sequence of partial sums.
Correlation of Hemorrhage Near Developing Opossum Skull With Pulsed Ultrasound Exposure Parameters
Authors: Kumar Viksit , Bigelow Timothy A. , Mullin Kathleen , Sakaguchi Donald S. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used noninvasively for therapeutic applications. Before HIFU can be used therapeutically on a human fetus, the bioeffects related to HIFU must be studied, and the mechanism causing the bioeffects should be understood. Previous studies have shown that HIFU, when targeted on fetal rat and mice bones. resulted in hemorrhage. However, the mechanism responsible has not been identified. In this study, we looked at ultrasound parameters related to hemorrhage in an effort to better understand the mechanism.MethodsBrazilian opossum pups (7–8 postnatal days) were exposed to a 1.1‐MHz f/1 spherically focused transducer (6.3 cm focal length). Four treatment groups of n = 14 and a control group of n = 14 were exposed to rarefactional pressures of 3.6 to 6 MPa with spatial‐peak temporal average intensity values of 5.4 to 10.8 W/cm2. The pulse repetition frequency was varied from 500 to 1000 Hz with exposure durations of 1 to 4 minutes.ResultsFour groups with sample sizes of 14 had hemorrhage percentages of 43%, 36%, 29%, and 36%, respectively. Hemorrhage occurrence and size were found to correlate strongly with the nonlinear product of energy density and number of pulses, with correlation values of 0.92 and 0.97, respectively.ConclusionsThe dependence of hemorrhage on energy density and the number of pulses suggests that the hemorrhage may be due to high‐stress, low‐cycle mechanical fatigue damage. Hence, for therapeutic applications, the product of energy density and number of pulses should not exceed a certain predetermined limit.