bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of G Protein‐Coupled Receptor 81 (GPR81) Protects Against Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Shen Zhe , Jiang Lei , Yuan Yang , Deng Tian , Zheng Yan‐Rong , Zhao Yan‐Yan , Li Wen‐Lu , Wu Jia‐Ying , Gao Jian‐Qing , Hu Wei‐Wei , Zhang Xiang‐Nan , Chen Zhong 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAimLactates accumulate in ischemic brains. G protein‐coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) is an endogenous receptor for lactate. We aimed to explore whether lactate is involved in ischemic injury via activating GPR81.MethodsN2A cells were transfected with GFP‐GPR81 plasmids 24 h previously, and then treated with GPR81 antagonist 3‐hydroxy‐butyrate (3‐OBA) alone or cotreated with agonists lactate or 3, 5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (3, 5‐DHBA) during 3 h of oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). Adult male C57BL/6J mice and primary cultured cortical neurons were treated with 3‐OBA at the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or OGD, respectively.ResultsThe GPR81 overexpression increased the cell vulnerability to ischemic injury. And GPR81 antagonism by 3‐OBA significantly prevented cell death and brain injury after OGD and MCAO, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of GPR81 reversed ischemia‐induced apoptosis and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling may be involved in the neuroprotection.ConclusionsG protein‐coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) inhibition attenuated ischemic neuronal death. Lactate may aggravate ischemic brain injury by activating GPR81. GPR81 antagonism might be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Comparison of osteogenic differentiation potential of human adult stem cells loaded on bioceramic‐coated electrospun poly (L‐lactide) nanofibres
Authors: Ardeshirylajimi A. , Mossahebi‐Mohammadi M. , Vakilian S. , Langroudi L. , Seyedjafari E. , Atashi A. , Soleimani M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo compare potential of four types of stem cell in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, osteogenic capacity of newly introduced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from buccal fat pads (BFP) (an adipose‐encapsulated mass of the oral cavity), was compared to those isolated from bone marrow (BM‐MSCs), adipose tissue (AT‐MSCs) and unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs). Cells were cultured on poly (l‐lactide) (PLLA) nanofibres, Bio‐Oss®‐coated PLLA (PLLA‐Bio), and culture plates (TCPS) as control.Materials and methodsCapacity of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells was investigated by MTT assay and common osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium mineral deposition and bone‐related genes.ResultsHighest proliferation level was observed in cells cultured on PLLA‐Bio, but with no significant difference between proliferation levels of the four types of stem cell. Over the period of study, BM‐MSCs cultured on PLLA‐Bio scaffolds exhibited greatest alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization with BFP‐MSCs having the next closest results. However, AT‐MSC had the lowest capacity for ALP activity and mineralization during osteogenic differentiation. Gene expression evaluation revealed that highest expression of three important bone‐related genes was observed in stem cells cultured on bioceramic‐coated nanofibrous scaffolds.ConclusionsResults indicated Bio‐Oss‐coated PLLA to compose most appropriate substrates to support proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro. BFP‐MSCs demonstrated the same osteogenic differentiation capacity as other stem cells tested and thus hold very promising potential for applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Axillary fine needle aspiration cytology is a sensitive and highly specific technique for the detection of axillary lymph node metastasis: a meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Yu Y.‐H. , Mo Q.‐G. , Zhu X. , Gao L.‐Q. , Liang C. , Huang Z. , Qin Q.‐H. , Wei W. , Jiang Y. , Bu K.‐P. , Wei C.‐Y. 
Published: December 2014

Background
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of axillary lymphadenopathy is a helpful tool in the pre‐operative diagnosis of breast cancer patients with axillary lymphadenopathy. To date, no published meta‐analysis or systematic review has been performed to assess its overall value. We therefore conducted a meta‐analysis to establish the overall diagnostic value of FNAC for axillary lymph node metastasis.
Methods
After a review and quality assessment of 31 studies, published either in Chinese or English, the sensitivity, specificity and other measurements of accuracy of FNAC of axillary lymphadenopathy were pooled using random‐effects models. A summary of the receiver‐operating characteristic curves was used to summarize overall accuracy.
Results
We provided the following estimated values for FNAC in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis: sensitivity, 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61–0.65]; specificity, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.99–0.99); positive likelihood ratio, 26.52 (95% CI, 18.42–38.18); negative likelihood ratio, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.29–0.40); diagnostic odds ratio, 76.73 (95% CI, 51.98–113.28).
Conclusions
FNAC has adequate sensitivity and high specificity in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis. A positive axillary FNA result could potentially alter disease management.
Human pressures predict species’ geographic range size better than biological traits
Authors: Di Marco Moreno , Santini Luca 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGeographic range size is the manifestation of complex interactions between intrinsic species traits and extrinsic environmental conditions. It is also a fundamental ecological attribute of species and a key extinction risk correlate. Past research has primarily focused on the role of biological and environmental predictors of range size, but macroecological patterns can also be distorted by human activities. Here, we analyse the role of extrinsic (biogeography, habitat state, climate, human pressure) and intrinsic (biology) variables in predicting range size of the world's terrestrial mammals. In particular, our aim is to compare the predictive ability of human pressure vs. species biology. We evaluated the ability of 19 intrinsic and extrinsic variables in predicting range size for 4867 terrestrial mammals. We repeated the analyses after excluding restricted‐range species and performed separate analyses for species in different biogeographic realms and taxonomic groups. Our model had high predictive ability and showed that climatic variables and human pressures are the most influential predictors of range size. Interestingly, human pressures predict current geographic range size better than biological traits. These findings were confirmed when repeating the analyses on large‐ranged species, individual biogeographic regions and individual taxonomic groups. Climatic and human impacts have determined the extinction of mammal species in the past and are the main factors shaping the present distribution of mammals. These factors also affect other vertebrate groups globally, and their influence on range size may be similar as well. Measuring climatic and human variables can allow to obtain approximate range size estimations for data‐deficient and newly discovered species (e.g. hundreds of mammal species worldwide). Our results support the need for a more careful consideration of the role of climate change and human impact – as opposed to species biological characteristics – in shaping species distribution ranges.
Association between family functioning and cognitive impairment among Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians
Authors: Wang Binyou , He Ping , Dong Birong 
Published: December 2014

AimWe explored the association between family functioning and cognitive impairment in the very elderly aged 90–108 years.MethodsThe present study comprised data from subjects included in the 2005 Project of Longevity and Aging in Dujiangyan, China. Sociodemographic and family functioning data were collected, and cognitive function was assessed in all subjects using the Mini‐Mental State Examination.ResultsData from 699 Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians were included. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 62.8%. The prevalence of family dysfunction was 52.2%, including 8.6% severe and 43.6% moderate dysfunction. There were significant differences among individuals with different family functioning level with regard to cognitive function scores (P = 0.005) or cognitive impairment prevalence (P = 0.012). Subjects with cognitive impairment had lower family functioning scores than those without cognitive impairment (P = 0.004). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that family functioning scores were correlated with Mini‐Mental State Examination scores (r = 0.13, P = 0.001). Multiple logistic regressions showed that severe family dysfunction was a risk factor for cognitive impairment. The effect remained after adjusting for sociodemographic status, life habits and metabolic indicators.ConclusionsFamily functioning was related to cognitive impairment among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. We found that the higher the family functioning scores, the higher the Mini‐Mental State Examination scores. Severe family dysfunction was associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1135–1142.
Buddhist social networks and health in old age: A study in central Thailand
Authors: Sasiwongsaroj Kwanchit , Wada Taizo , Okumiya Kiyohito , Imai Hissei , Ishimoto Yasuko , Sakamoto Ryota , Fujisawa Michiko , Kimura Yumi , Chen Wen‐ling , Fukutomi Eriko , Matsubayashi Kozo 
Published: December 2014

AimReligious social networks are well known for their capacity to improve individual health, yet the effects of friendship networks within the Buddhist context remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to compare health status and social support in community‐dwelling older adults according to their level of Buddhist social network (BSN) involvement, and to examine the association between BSN involvement and functional health among older adults.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was carried out among 427 Buddhist community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Data were collected from home‐based personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Health status was defined according to the measures of basic and advanced activities of daily living (ADL), the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale and subjective quality of life. Perceived social support was assessed across the four dimensions of tangible, belonging, emotional and information support. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis.ResultsOlder adults with BSN involvement reported better functional, mental and social health status, and perceived greater social support than those without BSN involvement. In addition, BSN involvement was positively associated with independence in basic and advanced ADL. After adjusting for age, sex, education, income, morbidity and depressive symptoms, BSN showed a strong association with advanced ADL and a weak association with basic ADL.ConclusionThe results show that involvement in BSN could contribute positively to functional health, particularly with regard to advanced ADL. Addressing the need for involvement in these networks by older adults might help delay functional decline and save on healthcare costs. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1210–1218.
1. INTRODUCTION: MULTIPLE TIMES AND THE WORK OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Authors: JORDHEIM HELGE 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn this essay, which introduces the History and Theory forum on Multiple Temporalities, I want to discuss how the existence of a plurality or a multiplicity of times has been conceptualized in the historiographical tradition, partly by entering into a dialogue with recent writers, historians, philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, and literary scholars, partly by returning to the eighteenth century, to the origin of “the modern regime of historicity” (Hartog). In these theoretical and historical investigations I aim to do two things: on the one hand, to explore and discuss different ways of conceptualizing multiple times, in terms of nonsynchronicities, layers of time, or natural and historical times; on the other hand, to trace how these multiple times have been compared, unified, and adapted by means of elaborate conceptual and material practices that I here call “practices of synchronization.” From the eighteenth century onward, these synchronizing practices, inspired by, but by no means reducible to, chronology have given rise to homogeneous, linear, and teleological time, often identified as modern time per se, or simply referred to as “progress.” In focusing on the practices of synchronization, however, I want to show how this regime of temporality during its entire existence, but especially at the moment of its emergence in the eighteenth century and at the present moment of its possible collapse, has been challenged by other times, other temporalities, slower, faster, with other rhythms, other successions of events, other narratives, and so on.
3. RADICALIZING TEMPORAL DIFFERENCE: ANTHROPOLOGY, POSTCOLONIAL THEORY, AND LITERARY TIME
Authors: HELGESSON STEFAN 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis article is an attempt to address on a theoretical level an antinomy in postcolonial approaches to the question of temporal difference. Current scholarship tends both to denounce the way in which the others of the Western self are placed notionally in another time than the West and not only analytically affirm but indeed valorize multiple temporalities. I elaborate on the two problematic temporal frameworks—linear developmentalism and cultural relativism—that belong to a colonial legacy and generate the antinomy in question, and then proceed to discuss possible alternatives provided by a Koselleck‐inspired approach to historical time as inherently plural. I thereby make two central claims: (1) postcolonial conceptions of multiple temporalities typically, if tacitly, associate time with culture, and hence risk reproducing the aporias of cultural relativism; (2) postcolonial metahistorical critique is commonly premised on a simplified and even monolithic understanding of Western modernity as an ideology of “linear progress.” Ultimately, I suggest that the solution lies in radicalizing, not discarding, the notion of multiple temporalities. Drawing on the Brazilian classic Os sertões as my key example, I also maintain that literary writing exhibits a unique “heterochronic” (in analogy with “heteroglossic”) potential, enabling a more refined understanding of temporal difference.
5. TIME GARDENS: HISTORICAL CONCEPTS IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: HÖLSCHER LUCIAN 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis article argues for the analysis of temporal concepts such as “age,” “century,” and “epoch,” “past,” “present,” and “future,” formed during the Enlightenment, as an approach to the study of the history of modern historiography. Starting from the basic distinction of “empty” and “embodied” time in Leibniz's and Newton's dispute of 1715 about the philosophical nature of time, it traces the episteme of the eighteenth century using the metaphor of a “time garden” for describing some basic features of enlightened historiography. Finally, the paper discusses the consequences of the increasing employment of concepts of embodied time for the future development of the historical sciences.
Chemical Strengthening of Soda Lime Silicate Float Glass: Effect of Small Differences in the KNO3 Bath
Authors: Sglavo Vincenzo M. 
Published: December 2014

Six slightly different KNO3 baths were considered in this work, for the chemical strengthening of soda lime silicate glass. Five of these were commercially available pure KNO3 salts for industrial or laboratory use and one was a salt from an unknown source that had been already used for at least 1000 h in Na–K ion exchange. Various amounts of sodium — the main impurity — calcium, and magnesium were measured in the six salts together with other more limited contaminants. Different strengthening effects associated with clearly dissimilar ion exchange efficiency were measured on glass treated in the different melts. The presence of Na — major impurity — in the salt was revealed to be not a critical aspect, at least up to concentration of about 0.5 wt%. Instead, the “blocking” effect caused by the presence of Ca and Mg in the KNO3 bath (also in amounts of few tens of ppm) is shown to be a major issue.
The TeO2‐Na2O System: Thermal Behavior, Structural Properties, and Phase Equilibria
Authors: Kavaklıoğlu Kutlu B. , Aydin Süheyla , Çelikbilek Miray , Ersundu A. Erçin 
Published: December 2014

Thermal behavior, structural properties, and phase equilibria of the (100−x)TeO2‐xNa2O system were studied in the 5 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol% composition range. Investigation of glass formation behavior in the binary system was realized, and the glass formation range was determined as 7.5 ≤ x ≤ 40 mol%. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques were used for thermal and structural characterization of the glasses. Influence of Na2O content on glass transition temperature (Tg), glass stability (∆T), density (ρ), molar volume (VM), oxygen molar volume (VO), and oxygen packing density (OPD) values of sodium tellurite glasses was evaluated considering the structural transformations in the glass network. For the phase equilibria studies, DTA, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM/EDS) techniques were utilized to characterize the heat‐treated samples. According to the phase equilibria studies, three eutectic regions were detected in the 0 < x < 50 mol% composition range of the (100−x)TeO2‐xNa2O system. A new invariant endothermic reaction was detected for the compositions between 40 ≤ x ≤ 45 mol%. Na2O.8TeO2 (11.11 mol% Na2O) compound that was claimed to exist in the binary system in the literature was found to be the metastable δ‐TeO2 phase.
Exercise gas transport determinants in elderly normotensive and hypertensive humans
Authors: Petrella R. J. , Cunningham D. A. , Paterson D. H. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis study examined the effect of the phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker verapamil, on resting left ventricular (LV) function and O2 uptake rate (V̇O2) during exercise at maximal and submaximal work rates. Nine older hypertensive (71 years; OH), 10 older sedentary normotensive (69 years; OS), 10 older active (71 years; OA) and 10 young (24 years; Y) individuals volunteered. Studies were completed in the control condition and 4–6 h following 240 mg verapamil SR per os. Resting LV systolic (fractional shortening; FS) and diastolic (early: late (E/A) flow velocity ratio and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT)) were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2,max) and, on subsequent test days, four transitions to and from a 6 min square wave exercise perturbation at a sub‐anaerobic threshold intensity of 40 W (OH, OS, OA) or 100 W (Y) for determination of V̇O2 kinetics were performed on a cycle ergometer. Breath‐by‐breath V̇O2 transients were fitted with a monoexponential equation, starting at phase 2 of the response, while heart rate (HR) was fitted from phase 1, for the determination of the time constant of V̇O2 (V̇O2) and HR (τHR). Baseline left ventricular FS was significantly greater in the OS (32 %), OA (34 %) and Y (34 %) than in the OH (23 %) groups, while E/A was significantly greater in the OA (1.16) and Y (2.34) than in the OH (0.9) and OS (082) groups (P < 0.05). Baseline V̇O2,max was higher and V̇O2 faster in the young (41.4 ml kg−1 min−1; 25.2 s) than in the older groups and in the OA (28.8 ml kg−1 min−1; 44.3 s) than in both OH (20.8 ml kg−1 min−1; 71.3 s) and OS (22.0 ml kg−1 min−1; 59.5 s) groups (P < 0.05). Heart rate kinetics showed similar differences to V̇O2 kinetics among the groups. After verapamil, no significant changes in FS, E/A or IVRT were observed in the OA and Y groups. In the OH group, FS (32%) and E/A (1.15) increased while IVRT decreased significantly (from 0.103 to 0.07; P < 0.05). In the OS group, only E/A increased significantly (0.82 to 1.0; P < 0.05). None of the exercise variables (V̇O2,max, V̇O2 or τHR) were altered for the OA or Y groups. V̇O2max increased (from 20.8 to 22.8 ml kg−1 min−1) in the OH and (from 220 to 24.1 ml kg−1 min−1) in the OS (P < 0.05). V̇O2 was accelerated from 71.3 to 49.2 s in the OH group and from 59.5 to 48.2 s in the OS group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that V̇O2 responses at maximal and submaximal work rates may be dependent upon the initial cardiac pump function of the study population.
Evolution of contractile and elastic properties of rat soleus muscle fibres under unloading conditions
Authors: Toursel T. , Stevens L. , Mounier Y. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYRats were submitted to 14 days of hindlimb suspension in order to examine the contractile and elastic properties of the soleus muscles under disuse conditions. The calcium/strontium activation properties, the maximal shortening velocity (V0), as well as the time behaviour of force transients following quick releases and the T1 curves characterizing the active part of the series elastic elements, were determined on single chemically skinned fibres. After the functional measurements, the fibres were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in order to analyse both the myosin heavy (MHC) and light (MLC) chain isoforms. According to the MHC and MLC composition, two groups of fibres were defined after hindlimb suspension: a group of slow fibres expressing the slow set of both MHC and MLC isoforms, and a group of fast fibres co‐expressing the slow and fast MHC and MLC isoforms with a predominant expression of the fast ones. For the first group, the contractile as well as the elastic properties were found to be close to those of control slow soleus fibres. For the second group, both contractile and elastic properties were modified insofar as they became close to those found in a fast muscle such as the extensor digitorum longus. We suggested that between the two populations found in the soleus muscle after hindlimb suspension the modifications in the contractile properties, as well as the alterations in the elastic characteristics, were concomitant to the changes in both MHC and MLC compositions.