bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes via the Vinylogous Michael Addition of Alkylidenemalononitriles to 2‐(1,3‐Dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2(3H)‐ylidene)malononitrile
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Sedighian Hadi , Yasub Hosseini Seyed , Zhu Long‐Guan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn efficient synthesis for polysubstituted benzenes was successfully developed by the reaction of ninhydrin (=2,2‐dihydroxyindane‐1,3‐dione), malononitrile (=propanedinitrile), and alkylidenemalononitrile. The method involves vinylogous Michael addition of alkylidenemalononitrile to 2‐(1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2(3H)‐ylidene)malononitrile, which formed by condensation of malononitrile and ninhydrin in the presence of Et3N, and the alcoholic solvent has participated in the reaction as a reagent. The method has the advantages of good yields and of not requiring a metal catalyst. The structures were confirmed spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS) and by elemental analyses, and, in the case of 2c, by X‐ray crystallography. A plausible mechanism for this reaction is proposed (Scheme).
A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)‐(6S,9R,10R)‐Bovidic Acid
Authors: Wadavrao Sachin B. , Ghogare Ramesh S. , Venkat Narsaiah A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA straightforward strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of (+)‐bovidic acid has been developed in eleven steps with an overall yield of 8.85%. The synthesis started from commercially available nonanal, and the key reactions involved were Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Grignard reaction, and CoreyBakshiShibata reduction.
Boyd Group Electronegativity Influence on the Parr Global Electrophilicity of Vilsmeier Reagent‐Derived Imidates: New Insights toward Improving Mitsunobu Chemistry
Authors: Carr Jeremy M. , Tschumper Gregory S. , Paige Lathem A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReactivities of 19 methylated imidate analogs were examined using B3LYP and M06‐2X DFT methods. The resulting HOMO and LUMO energies of each optimized structure were used to calculate corresponding Parr global electrophilicity (ω) values. When the resulting quantities were compared against Boyd group electronegativity (XG) values, a clear correlation was observed, suggesting that electron‐withdrawing effects influence the reactivity of imidates. These findings represent an important first step in developing a novel method toward improving traditional Mitsunobu functionalization reactions.
Base‐Catalyzed Formation of Isoxazoles from Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates and 2‐Nitroacetophenones
Authors: Sadegh‐Samiei Sepehr , Yavari Issa , Skoulika Stavroula 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe reaction of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates with 1‐aryl‐2‐nitroethanones in the presence of pyridine leads to dialkyl 5‐aryloyl‐isoxazole‐3,4‐dicarboxylates through a novel mechanism, which involves a [2+2] cycloaddition/ring opening/cyclization sequence.
Intracystic mural nodules of the breast: benign versus malignant; a multidisciplinary imaging and management approach
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis case report illustrates the presence of intracystic mural nodules within the breast, a benign proliferative disorder associated with the fibrocystic spectrum: papillary apocrine metaplasia. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physical and histological attributes of benign intracystic mural nodules, and the ability to distinguish these from a malignant papilloma and carcinoma. Also, the technical and patient considerations, as well as the appropriate imaging and interventional methods required to ensure correct patient management pathway are discussed, extending into an analysis of the psychological effects felt by patients undergoing assessment.
Dynamics behavior of flat glass panels under impact conditions: Experiments and numerical modeling
Authors: Chaparala Satish , Xue Liang , Yu Da , Park Seungbae 
Published: April 2015

AbstractResponse of brittle plate‐like structures such as glass panels to impact loads has been the subject of many research studies. Different compositions of glass are used in wide variety of applications in daily life. Of interest in this study are the glass panels that are used in consumer electronics devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and televisions that help to protect the displays from every day wear and tear. Therefore, the requirement of this glass to resist scratches, drop impacts, and bumps from everyday use leads to the importance of investigation of the glass response under dynamic impact loading. Ball drop test is a widely accepted test for impact reliability in the industry. The test specifies the impact energy threshold as a qualification and prediction metric. Use of energy as the key parameter in impact testing is limited, because it does not account for the time spent in contact during the impact event. This study attempts to establish a reliable metric for impact testing based on a momentum change. The deformation and the strain of the glass will be obtained by the digital image correlation system, while the rebound velocity will be measured with the high‐speed cameras. The global and local measurements are conducted to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. Finite element analysis is conducted using ABAQUS to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic response of the glass. Constitutive relationship for a tape, a hyperelastic material, is developed in this study. Good correlation in deflection time history is obtained between the measurements and predictions.
Numerical prediction of temperature elevation induced around metallic hip prostheses by traditional, split, and uniplanar gradient coils
Authors: Zilberti Luca , Bottauscio Oriano , Chiampi Mario , Hand Jeffrey , Lopez Hector Sanchez , Brühl Rüdiger , Crozier Stuart 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe paper presents a computational study for the estimation of the temperature elevation occurring in a human subject carrying metallic hip prostheses when exposed to the magnetic field produced by gradient coils.MethodsThe simulations are performed through validated numerical codes, which solve the electromagnetic and thermal equations applied to a high‐resolution anatomical human model. Three different sets of gradient coils (traditional, split and uniplanar) are considered to evaluate the maximum steady‐state temperature elevation in the human body. This result is then rescaled to take into account the waveform of the signal, the duty‐cycle and the duration of the scan.ResultsSeveral exposure situations obtained by changing the patient's position are analyzed, finding temperature elevations on the order of some degrees.ConclusionThe results are of possible concern and provide evidence of the need for further specific investigations aimed at assuring the safety of potential patients carrying metallic hip implants. Magn Reson Med 74:272–279, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Offshore validation of a 3 km ERA‐Interim downscaling—WRF model's performance on static stability
Authors: Barstad Idar 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn the evaluation of performance of numerical models, static stability has gained less interest and attention than many other atmospheric parameters. Nevertheless, this parameter may in fact have rather large implications as it controls such features as gravity waves and turbulence. In this paper, a closer look has been taken at the behavior of static stability in a 3 km gridded numerical downscaling of the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The simulation performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model has been nudged towards large scale analysis (spectral nudging) and satellite‐derived ocean surface winds (Quick Scatterometer). The validation of low‐level static stability was conducted in the North Sea using data from the FINO1 mast for year 2008, and a deeper part of the atmosphere was validated using the Ekofisk oil platform radiosonde data for years 2007–2010. The offshore mast comparison shows that the model over‐predicts the number of unstable cases and that the unstable cases are not unstable enough. The model simulated a clear dependency between vertical wind shear and static stability; however, this was not the case in the observations. The model produced too few events with weak turbulence, but rather put the emphasis on intermediate turbulent intensities. With the radiosonde data measuring the static stability over a deeper part of the atmosphere, similar results as for lower levels showed. In addition, the temperature gradient across the inversion at the boundary layer top was too shallow in the model, potentially letting too much wave energy escape the boundary layer. © 2015 The Authors Wind Energy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Can Facebook Informational Use Foster Adolescent Civic Engagement?
Authors: Lenzi Michela , Vieno Alessio , Altoè Gianmarco , Scacchi Luca , Perkins Douglas D. , Zukauskiene Rita , Santinello Massimo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe findings on the association between Social Networking Sites and civic engagement are mixed. The present study aims to evaluate a theoretical model linking the informational use of Internet‐based social media (specifically, Facebook) with civic competencies and intentions for future civic engagement, taking into account the mediating role of civic discussions with family and friends and sharing the news online. Participants were 114 Italian high school students aged 14–17 years (57 % boys). Path analysis was used to evaluate the proposed theoretical model. Results showed that Facebook informational use was associated with higher levels of adolescent perceived competence for civic action, both directly and through the mediation of civic discussion with parents and friends (offline). Higher levels of civic competencies, then, were associated with a stronger intention to participate in the civic domain in the future. Our findings suggest that Facebook may provide adolescents with additional tools through which they can learn civic activities or develop the skills necessary to participate in the future.
THE ROLE OF REASONS IN EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe notion of a reason often plays a central role in epistemological theories. Justification is often explained in terms of the having of appropriate reasons, and a variety of epistemological distinctions are most naturally explained, it seems, by adverting to reasons. This paper examines the extent to which we may, instead, make do without appeal to such a notion. It is argued that the extent to which the notion of a reason should play an important role in epistemological theorizing will depend on how our psychological theories of belief acquisition and belief change are best conceptualized.
Morphologically rich Urdu grammar parsing using Earley algorithm
Authors: ABBAS QAISER 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis work presents the development and evaluation of an extended Urdu parser. It further focuses on issues related to this parser and describes the changes made in the Earley algorithm to get accurate and relevant results from the Urdu parser. The parser makes use of a morphologically rich context free grammar extracted from a linguistically-rich Urdu treebank. This grammar with sufficient encoded information is comparable with the state-of-the-art parsing requirements for the morphologically rich Urdu language. The extended parsing model and the linguistically rich extracted-grammar both provide us better evaluation results in Urdu/Hindi parsing domain. The parser gives 87% of f-score, which outperforms the existing parsing work of Urdu/Hindi based on the tree-banking approach.
Identification of RIP1 as a critical mediator of Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of glioblastoma cells for Drozitumab-induced apoptosis
Authors: Cristofanon S , Abhari B A , Krueger M , Tchoghandjian A , Momma S , Calaminus C , Vucic D , Pichler B J , Fulda S 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study aims at evaluating the combination of the tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2)-specific antibody Drozitumab and the Smac mimetic BV6 in preclinical glioblastoma models. To this end, the effect of BV6 and/or Drozitumab on apoptosis induction and signaling pathways was analyzed in glioblastoma cell lines, primary glioblastoma cultures and glioblastoma stem-like cells. Here, we report that BV6 and Drozitumab synergistically induce apoptosis and reduce colony formation in several glioblastoma cell lines (combination index<0.1). Also, BV6 profoundly enhances Drozitumab-induced apoptosis in primary glioblastoma cultures and glioblastoma stem-like cells. Importantly, BV6 cooperates with Drozitumab to suppress tumor growth in two glioblastoma in vivo models including an orthotopic, intracranial mouse model, underlining the clinical relevance of these findings. Mechanistic studies reveal that BV6 and Drozitumab act in concert to trigger the formation of a cytosolic receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1/Fas-associated via death domain (FADD)/caspase-8-containing complex and subsequent activation of caspase-8 and -3. BV6- and Drozitumab-induced apoptosis is blocked by the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk, pointing to caspase-dependent apoptosis. RNA interference-mediated silencing of RIP1 almost completely abolishes the BV6-conferred sensitization to Drozitumab-induced apoptosis, indicating that the synergism critically depends on RIP1 expression. In contrast, both necrostatin-1, a RIP1 kinase inhibitor, and Enbrel, a TNFα-blocking antibody, do not interfere with BV6/Drozitumab-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that apoptosis occurs independently of RIP1 kinase activity or an autocrine TNFα loop. In conclusion, the rational combination of BV6 and Drozitumab presents a promising approach to trigger apoptosis in glioblastoma, which warrants further investigation.
NOX1-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in abdominal fat-derived mesenchymal stromal cells impinges on long-term proliferation
Authors: Sela M , Tirza G , Ravid O , Volovitz I , Solodeev I , Friedman O , Zipori D , Gur E , Krelin Y , Shani N 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent and can be derived from different adult tissues including fat. Our repeated attempts to produce long-term proliferative cultures of rat abdominal adipose stem cells (aASCs) under normal oxygen concentration (21%) were unsuccessful. We set to examine the events controlling this cytostasis of aASCs and found that it resulted from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that led to apoptosis. ROS overproduction in aASCs was accompanied by increased expression of NOX1 but not of NOX2 or NOX4. NOX family members are an important source of intracellular ROS pointing to NOX1 involvement in ROS accumulation. This was verified when aASCs that were grown under 3% oxygen conditions expanded long term, displaying reduced NOX1 expression and decreased ROS accumulation. NOX1 involvement in aASC cytostasis was reaffirmed when cells that were expanded under normoxic conditions in the presence of a specific NOX1 inhibitor, ML171, demonstrated reduced ROS accumulation, reduced apoptosis and long-term expansion. aASC expansion arrest was accompanied also by a weak fat differentiation and migratory potential, which was enhanced by NOX1 inhibition. This suggests an inhibitory role for NOX1-induced ROS overproduction on aASCs, their fat differentiation and migratory potential. In contrast to aASCs, similar cells produced from subcutaneous fat were easily expanded in normoxic cultures, exhibiting low ROS concentrations, a low number of apoptotic cells and improved fat differentiation and migration. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, that NOX1-induced ROS accumulation halts ASC expansion and reduces their differentiation and migratory potential under normoxic conditions. Importantly, this phenotype comprises a tissue-specific signature as it was evident in aASCs but not in subcutaneous ASCs. NOX-induced ROS accumulation and cytokine production by fat are part of the metabolic syndrome. The similarity of this phenomenon to aASC phenotype may indicate that they arise from similar molecular mechanisms.
ADP-ribose/TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling is essential for cytolytic degranulation and antitumor activity of natural killer cells
Authors: Rah So-Young , Kwak Jae-Yong , Chung Yun-Jo , Kim Uh-Hyun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are essential for immunosurveillance against transformed cells. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel gated by ADP-ribose (ADPR). However, the role of TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the antitumor response of NK cells has not been explored. Here, we show that ADPR-mediated Ca2+ signaling is important for cytolytic granule polarization and degranulation but not involved in target cell recognition by NK cells. The key steps of this pathway are: 1) the activation of intracellular CD38 by protein kinase A following the interaction of the NK cell with a tumor cell results in the production of ADPR, 2) ADPR targets TRPM2 channels on cytolytic granules and 3) TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling induces cytolytic granule polarization and degranulation, resulting in antitumor activity. NK cells treated with 8-Br-ADPR, an ADPR antagonist, as well as NK cells from Cd38−/− mice showed reduced tumor-induced granule polarization, degranulation, granzyme B secretion and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Furthermore, TRPM2-deficient NK cells showed an intrinsic defect in tumoricidal activity. These results highlight CD38, ADPR and TRPM2 as key players in the specialized Ca2+ signaling system involved in the antitumor activity of NK cells.
Molecular basis for mid-region amyloid-β capture by leading Alzheimer's disease immunotherapies
Authors: Crespi Gabriela A. N. , Hermans Stefan J. , Parker Michael W. , Miles Luke A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSolanezumab (Eli Lilly) and crenezumab (Genentech) are the leading clinical antibodies targeting Amyloid-β (Aβ) to be tested in multiple Phase III clinical trials for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease in at-risk individuals. Aβ capture by these clinical antibodies is explained here with the first reported mid-region Aβ-anti-Aβ complex crystal structure. Solanezumab accommodates a large Aβ epitope (960 Å2 buried interface over residues 16 to 26) that forms extensive contacts and hydrogen bonds to the antibody, largely via main-chain Aβ atoms and a deeply buried Phe19-Phe20 dipeptide core. The conformation of Aβ captured is an intermediate between observed sheet and helical forms with intramolecular hydrogen bonds stabilising residues 20–26 in a helical conformation. Remarkably, Aβ-binding residues are almost perfectly conserved in crenezumab. The structure explains the observed shared cross reactivity of solanezumab and crenezumab with proteins abundant in plasma that exhibit this Phe-Phe dipeptide.
Design and assessment of composite civil moderate code structure for efficient global positioning system L2 civil signal acquisition
Authors: Li Hong , Lu Mingquan 
Published: April 2015

In global positioning system modernisation, a new civil signal namely L2C signal has been broadcast since 2005. Compared with the widely used C/A code signal, although the new signal provides lots of advantages such as better acquisition and tracking performances, the used civil moderate (CM) code and civil long code have much longer periods than C/A code and they make L2C signal acquisition challengeable. Although previous acquisition methods are effective, their computational complexities are still high. To this end, in the study, a composite CM (CCM) code structure is developed by reconstructing the previous return‐to‐zero CM (RZCM) code through the previous folding technique. Then the CCM code is comprehensively assessed. Compared with the RZCM code, the developed CCM code has following advantages. It can be implemented by small scale FFT block, which is desirable for resource‐limited L2C receivers; it is more robust against navigation data and carrier Doppler, and performs more reliable detection performance; for normally received L2C signal, which is usually not <42 dBHz, it spends less time on acquisition. Theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the advantages.
Commodity Storage under Backwardation: Does the Working Curve Still Work?
Authors: Joseph Kishore , Irwin Scott H. , Garcia Philip 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe investigate storage in the presence of backwardation and the existence of the Working curve for Chicago Board of Trade corn, soybeans, and wheat markets and the Kansas City Board of Trade wheat market using 1990–2010 data. Two spread measures—the futures‐spot and futures‐futures—are matched with deliverable stocks on the first Friday of delivery. To account for grade and location aggregation issues, the futures‐spot spreads are measured using the lowest spot bid and highest futures price. Storage in the presence of backwardation is pervasive both in terms of the percentage of observations and the magnitude of the stockholdings. The Working curve emerges most clearly in KCBT wheat and soybeans. Convenience yield is also supported by the negligible holdings of delivery shipping certificates in backwardations. Overall, the results show that the Working curve does indeed still work today. When evaluating policy proposals to deal with heightened price volatility in agricultural markets it is important that models incorporate this well‐established relationship.
The Politics of Economic Distress in the Aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1702
Authors: Waddell Brodie 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The economic problems of the 1690s spurred an extraordinary surge in politicised debates and complaints about commercial, financial and other material affairs. This article begins by examining the magnitude of the shift that occurred in economic fortunes between the reigns of James II (1685–8) and William III (1689–1702), highlighting the main sources of concern: wartime disruption to trade, rising taxes, the currency crisis associated with the recoinage of 1696, and the high food prices of 1693–9. More significantly, it then assesses the nature and extent of the public response. Trade, finance and fiscal impositions became increasingly pervasive topics of public conversation and printed debate, as evidenced both by anecdotal reports and an approximate but telling analysis of published titles. Moreover, national political divisions—between Williamites and Jacobites, Whigs and Tories, Court and Country, anti-French and anti-Dutch—were central to this economic discourse. Perceptions of the monarch and parliamentary leaders were directly linked to how people interpreted the hardships of this decade. This manifested itself in innumerable short tracts, broadside ballads, seditious conversations, riotous protests and many other modes of public communication. Finally, through comparisons with earlier and later periods such as the 1540s, 1590s, 1640s and the early eighteenth century, this article demonstrates that the tumult of the 1690s had a long-term impact and has been unjustly neglected in the historiography of economic crisis and political conflict.