bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite-observed SST and chlorophyll reveal contrasting dynamical-biological effects of mesoscale eddies in the North Atlantic
Authors: Han Guiyan , Quartly Graham D , Chen Ge , Yang Jie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The influence of mesoscale eddies on chlorophyll (Chl) has received significant attention due to Chl being a proxy for phytoplankton, which plays a crucial role in marine ecosystems. Solely relying on the analysis of satellite-observed Chl poses challenges in determining the phytoplankton response to mesoscale eddies. To address this, our study takes a collaborative approach, utilizing satellite-derived sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and chlorophyll anomalies (CHLA) to comprehensively investigate the dynamical-biological processes associated with eddies in the subtropical and mid-latitude North Atlantic. In the subtropics, the patterns in CHLA and SSTA predominantly exhibit a dipole nature, with the dipole component providing more than 70% of the explained variance (EV). This suggests that eddy stirring is the dominant mechanism driving the observed anomaly patterns. Conversely, in the mid-latitudes, the monopole components (TM
) explain more than 60% of the EV, implying a more influential role for eddy trapping and vertical modulations. The signs of the TM
of eddy SSTA persist throughout their lifetime, being consistent with the lowering (raising) of isopycnals within AEs (CEs). However, the subtropical CHLA response is higher in AEs than CEs, indicating additional factors, such as eddy-induced Ekman pumping and/or mixing to a deeper level may be important. This finding is also corroborated by subsurface observations from Argo floats. At mid-latitudes, there is a clear inverse correspondence between the CHLA and mixed layer depth. In contrast, no significant correlation is observed in the subtropics, except during winter when a positive relationship emerges. These patterns suggest that phytoplankton exhibit highly diverse responses to the physical dynamics associated with eddies. Our work offers a method to estimate eddy dynamical-biological impacts on phytoplankton using satellite products, compensating for the limitations of in-situ observations. It also reveals potential contributions to marine primary production, global carbon cycles, and the development of biogeochemical models.
Decoherence of a charged Brownian particle in a magnetic field: an analysis of the roles of coupling via position and momentum variables
Authors: Bhattacharjee Suraka , Mandal Koushik , Sinha Supurna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study of decoherence plays a key role in our understanding of the transition from the quantum to the classical world. Typically, one considers a system coupled to an external bath which forms a model for an open quantum system. While most of the studies pertain to a position coupling between the system and the environment, some involve a momentum coupling, giving rise to an anomalous diffusive model. Here we have gone beyond existing studies and analyzed the non-Markovian master equation, involving the quantum Langevin dynamics of a harmonically oscillating charged Brownian particle in the presence of a magnetic field and coupled to Ohmic (s = 1), sub-Ohmic (s < 1) and super-Ohmic (s > 1) heat baths via both position and momentum couplings. The presence of both position and momentum couplings leads to a stronger interaction with the environment, resulting in a faster loss of coherence compared to a situation where only position coupling is present. The rate of decoherence can be tuned by controlling the relative strengths of the position and momentum coupling parameters. In addition, the magnetic field results in the slowing down of the loss of information from the system, irrespective of the nature of coupling between the system and the bath. A faster decoherence rate is observed for higher values of the Ohmicity parameter ‘s’. Our results can be experimentally verified by designing a suitable ion trap setup.
Excellent NO2 sensor based on porous Pd-ZnO nanorods prepared by a facile hydrothermal method
Authors: Luu Hoang Minh , Pham Thi Thuy Thu , Nguyen Van Duy , Pham Van Tong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) decorated on the surface of semiconducting metal oxides to enhance the gas-sensitive properties of sensing materials have attracted considerable interest from numerous researchers worldwide. Here, we introduce an effective method to decorate Pd NPs on the surface of porous ZnO nanorods to improve NO2 gas-sensing performance. Porous ZnO nanorods were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method without surfactant. Surface decoration of porous ZnO nanorods with Pd NPs was performed through in situ reduction of PdCl2 using Pluronic as the reducing agent. The gas-sensing properties of porous Pd-ZnO nanorods were evaluated toward NO2 toxic gas in a concentration range of 0.1–2 ppm at various operating temperatures of 25 °C–250 °C. Pd NPs decorated on the surface of porous ZnO nanorods not only improve the sensor response (3-folds) and reproducibility but also reduce the optimal operating temperature. The improvement in gas-sensing activity is attributed to the modulation of the depletion layer via oxygen adsorption and the formation of the Schottky potential barrier between Pd and ZnO through chemical and electronic mechanisms.
Race in nature stewardship: an autoethnography of two racialised volunteers in urban ecology
Authors: Scott Jacqueline L , Tenneti Ambika 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Urban nature stewardships can connect people to nature in their neighbourhood, foster a sense of belonging and citizenship, and increase well-being and place-making. This article examines how race intersects with urban nature stewardship, via a critical autoethnography by two co-authors who are racialised volunteers, Black and South Asian, in stewardship projects. Race is centered as a unit of analysis. In Toronto, Canada, racialised people are the majority of the population but are noticeable by their absence in nature stewardships and the broader environmentalism. Most urban nature stewardships operate on a colour-blind approach which masks how systemic racial inequities shape stewardship projects at the personal, place-making, and ecological levels. The article is illustrated by stewardship in tree planting and community gardens as urban ecology restoration projects. It concludes with some recommendations on how to engage racialised volunteers in nature stewardship.
Incidence of post-operative delirium increases as severity of frailty increases
Authors: Ehrlich April , Oh Esther S , Psoter Kevin J , Bettick Dianne , Wang Nae-Yuh , Gearhart Susan , Sieber Frederick 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
The surgical population is ageing and often frail. Frailty increases the risk for poor post-operative outcomes such as delirium, which carries significant morbidity, mortality and cost. Frailty is often measured in a binary manner, limiting pre-operative counselling. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between categorical frailty severity level and post-operative delirium.

Methods
We performed an analysis of a retrospective cohort of older adults from 12 January 2018 to 3 January 2020 admitted to a tertiary medical center for elective surgery. All participants underwent frailty screening prior to inpatient elective surgery with at least two post-operative delirium assessments. Planned ICU admissions were excluded. Procedures were risk-stratified by the Operative Stress Score (OSS). Categorical frailty severity level (Not Frail, Mild, Moderate, and Severe Frailty) was measured using the Edmonton Frail Scale. Delirium was determined using the 4 A’s Test and Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit.

Results
In sum, 324 patients were included. The overall post-operative delirium incidence was 4.6% (15 individuals), which increased significantly as the categorical frailty severity level increased (2% not frail, 6% mild frailty, 23% moderate frailty; P &lt; 0.001) corresponding to increasing odds of delirium (OR 2.57 [0.62, 10.66] mild vs. not frail; OR 12.10 [3.57, 40.99] moderate vs. not frail).

Conclusions
Incidence of post-operative delirium increases as categorical frailty severity level increases. This suggests that frailty severity should be considered when counselling older adults about their risk for post-operative delirium prior to surgery.
Obesity management in the pediatric patient
Authors: Matson Kelly L , Fenn Norman E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this review is to discuss treatment modalities for obesity in children and adolescents, including nonpharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical interventions.

Summary
The prevalence of pediatric obesity has dramatically risen, with rates of 20.7% and 22.2% among children and adolescents, respectively. Obesity is a complex medical condition with multifactorial risk factors, including diet and exercise, social determinants of health, and environmental and genetic factors. The management approach among children and adolescents with obesity includes nutrition counseling, increased physical activity, and readiness for behavioral change. Pharmacotherapy may be recommended, yet the literature has not elucidated the most appropriate first-line treatment. Metformin and orlistat have been studied and may be considered in pediatric patients with comorbid complications, including type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Phentermine and topiramate in combination, as well as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have provided modest benefits in weight reduction among youth. Setmelanotide has a unique mechanism of action and may be considered for those with obesity due to genetic disorders. Bariatric surgery should be reserved for adolescents meeting criteria for severe obesity.

Conclusion
Treatment for obesity in children and adolescents includes a comprehensive approach with structured lifestyle programs, mental health support, and mitigation of social determinants of health. Pharmacotherapy may also be considered, yet no medication is recommended over another, giving flexibility for shared decision-making with the patient and family regarding comorbidities and potential drug interactions. Adolescents with severe obesity who meet specified criteria may also be referred for surgical evaluation.
Three-dimensional dose prediction based on deep convolutional neural networks for brain cancer in CyberKnife: accurate beam modelling of homogeneous tissue
Authors: Miao Yuchao , Ge Ruigang , Xie Chuanbin , Dai Xiangkun , Liu Yaoying , Qu Baolin , Li Xiaobo , Zhang Gaolong , Xu Shouping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Accurate beam modelling is essential for dose calculation in stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), such as CyberKnife treatment. However, the present deep learning methods only involve patient anatomical images and delineated masks for training. These studies generally focus on traditional intensity-modulated radiation therapy (RT) plans. Nevertheless, this paper aims to develop a deep CNN-based method for CyberKnife plan dose prediction about brain cancer patients. It utilized modelled beam information, target delineation, and patient anatomical information.

Methods
This study proposes a method that adds beam information to predict the dose distribution of CyberKnife in brain cases. A retrospective dataset of 88 brain and abdominal cancer patients treated with the Ray-tracing algorithm was performed. The datasets include patients’ anatomical information (planning CT), binary masks for organs at risk (OARs) and targets, and clinical plans (containing beam information). The datasets were randomly split into 68, 6, and 14 brain cases for training, validation, and testing, respectively.

Results
Our proposed method performs well in SRT dose prediction. First, for the gamma passing rates in brain cancer cases, with the 2 mm/2% criteria, we got 96.7% ± 2.9% for the body, 98.3% ± 3.0% for the planning target volume, and 100.0% ± 0.0% for the OARs with small volumes referring to the clinical plan dose. Secondly, the model predictions matched the clinical plan’s dose-volume histograms reasonably well for those cases. The differences in key metrics at the target area were generally below 1.0 Gy (approximately a 3% difference relative to the prescription dose).

Conclusions
The preliminary results for selected 14 brain cancer cases suggest that accurate 3-dimensional dose prediction for brain cancer in CyberKnife can be accomplished based on accurate beam modelling for homogeneous tumour tissue. More patients and other cancer sites are needed in a further study to validate the proposed method fully.

Advances in knowledge
With accurate beam modelling, the deep learning model can quickly generate the dose distribution for CyberKnife cases. This method accelerates the RT planning process, significantly improves its operational efficiency, and optimizes it.
Calcineurin inhibition prevents synaptic plasticity deficit induced by brain-derived tau oligomers
Authors: Scaduto Pietro , Marcatti Michela , Bhatt Nemil , Kayed Rakez , Taglialatela Giulio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the accumulation and aggregation of tau protein, with the most toxic aggregates being in the form of oligomers. This underscores the necessity for direct isolation and analysis of brain-derived tau oligomers from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, potentially offering novel perspectives into tau toxicity. Alzheimer’s brain-derived tau oligomers are potent inhibitors of synaptic plasticity; however, the involved mechanism is still not fully understood. We previously reported a significantly reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in ageing humans chronically treated with a Food and Drug Administration–approved calcineurin inhibitor, FK506 (tacrolimus), used as an immunosuppressant after solid organ transplant. Using a combination of electrophysiological and RNA-sequencing techniques, we provide here evidence that FK506 has the potential to block the acute toxic effect of brain-derived tau oligomers on synaptic plasticity, as well as to restore the levels of some key synaptic mRNAs. These results further support FK506 as a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Structural generation by inverse transformation using principal component analysis enhances conformational sampling of protein
Authors: Morita Rikuri , Shigeta Yasuteru , Harada Ryuhei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are frequently used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying protein behavior. Based on a conformational search with MD simulations, protein structures rich in high-dimensional data can be quantitatively evaluated in free-energy landscapes (FELs). Generally, FELs are defined in low-dimensional subspaces spanned by reaction coordinates to characterize biological functions. When calculating FELs of proteins, principal component analysis (PCA) is particularly useful for capturing large-amplitude motions via dimensionality reduction into low-dimensional subspaces. In this study, to efficiently calculate FELs, a simple and convenient method is proposed by accelerating conformational search in a PCA subspace, which is achieved by quick generation of protein configurations. Specifically, inverse transformation driven by PCA facilitates the quick generation of diverse protein configurations from arbitrary grids in a defined PCA subspace. In our conformational search, a set of newly generated configurations serves as initial structures for multiple MD simulations, enabling one to calculate FELs of proteins by building Markov state models from their multiple trajectories. In conclusion, the conformational search from protein configurations broadly distributed in a PCA subspace accelerates FEL calculations, which supports a comprehensive approach to understanding collective protein dynamics.
‘Do no harm’: mass supervision and the ruse of carceral humanism
Authors: Kurti Zhandarka 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In recent years, scholarship has chronicled the role of probation in the rise of mass incarceration and has concluded that community supervision is a trap that routinely punishes the poor under the threat of incarceration. Starting in 2010, under a reform-minded new commissioner, the New York City Department of Probation (DOP) sought to roll back probation’s punitive role. In sharp contrast to the tough-on crime approach of previous decades, the DOP adopted the motto ‘Do no harm, do more good, and do it in the community’, and became the first probation department in the nation to spearhead a local justice reinvestment project. Its signature initiative was the decentralization of probation into a series of store front offices known as the Neighbourhood Opportunity Network, which embedded the agency more deeply into poor and working-class communities of colour. Relying on ethnographic research with probation officers, systems involved youth of colour, and non-profit organizations in the South Bronx, this article examines the limits of carceral humanism as a growing trend in recent criminal justice reform efforts.
Capturing and reporting topical treatment use in childhood eczema: lessons for data collection in eczema trials
Authors: Memory Katherine E , MacNeill Stephanie J , Thomas Kim S , Santer Miriam , Ridd Matthew J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Emollients and topical corticosteroids (TCS) prevent and treat flares in eczema. However, topical treatment use is poorly recorded and reported in clinical trials. There is no clear consensus of how best to capture and summarize topical treatment use.

Objectives
To explore different ways of capturing and reporting topical treatment use in childhood eczema.

Methods
This was a secondary data analysis using 450 participants from the Best Emollients for Eczema (BEE) trial. Participants were allocated to use one type of emollient (lotion, cream, gel or ointment) ‘twice daily and when required’ for 16 weeks. Otherwise, clinical management remained unchanged. Parents completed weekly questions about topical therapy use and eczema symptoms. Two versions of topical treatment use questionnaires were used. The first (n = 202, 44.9%) asked parents to report treatment use on days 1–7, starting completion on the day they were randomized. The second (n = 248, 55.1%) reported use by day of the week (Monday to Sunday), starting completion the first Monday after randomization. Both underwent patient and public involvement review but the second version was tested more thoroughly using cognitive interviewing techniques, following parent feedback that questions on the first version were confusing. Descriptive statistics compared questionnaire completion and differences in emollient and TCS use.

Results
Overall, questionnaire completion for both emollient and TCS use decreased with time, but at weeks 1 and 16, it was 84.7% (381/450) and 58.9% (265/450) for emollient use, and 94.2% (424/450) and 80.4% (362/450) for TCS use, respectively. Fewer emollient use questionnaires were completed with the first (33.5%, 1082/3232 patient-weeks) than the second (87.9%, 3489/3968 patient-weeks) version (P &lt; 0.001). TCS use questionnaire completion were similar for both (84.9%, 2744/3232 patient-weeks and 87.4%, 3468/3968 patient-weeks, P = 0.002). We present different ways of summarizing topical treatment use.

Conclusions
Although questionnaire completion was similar for TCS use, emollient-use data completeness was higher in the second version. When designing questionnaires, balancing the detail and complexity of questions is important, especially if being collected as a secondary outcome measure. Numerous ways of summarizing the same data can provide different information. Future collection and reporting of treatment use should reflect specific trial aims.
Anuran communities increase aggregations of conspecific calls in response to aircraft noise
Authors: Zhao Longhui , Deng Ke , Wang Tongliang , Guo Rui , Cui Jianguo , Wang Jichao 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Noise pollution has been shown to affect wild animals in various ways, but little is known about its consequences at the community level. Investigating animals’ overall vocal responses to noise across multiple sympatric species can reveal the complex nature of noise impacts but is challenging. In this study, we employed social network analysis (SNA) to evaluate how anuran communities and populations vary their calling behaviors in response to aircraft noise. SNA of anuran communities revealed that conspecific individuals increase the aggregation of their spectral (i.e., minimum frequency, maximum frequency, and dominant frequency), temporal (call duration, call rate, and call effort), and overall spectral–temporal features as an airplane passes through. SNA of populations also revealed that anurans could increase the interindividual similarity of multiple call characteristics in response to airplane noise. Furthermore, our network analysis of multiple species and multiple call traits revealed an effect of noise in species whose calling behavior did not change in previous separate analyses of each species and single traits. This study suggests that noise pollution may change the pattern of combined acoustic properties at the community level. Our findings highlight the importance of integrated methods and theories for understanding the ecological consequences of noise pollution in future studies.
Case report: arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse syndrome—are risk factors underdiagnosed?
Authors: Steinmaurer Martina , Sandmeyer Jakob , Sinner Moritz F , Lu Kun , Hagl Christian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse syndrome (ARMV) is a recognized but underdiagnosed disease pattern. Risk factors for ARMV are established but not very well known, and the association of the structural abnormality with ventricular arrhythmias is incompletely understood.

Case summary
Here, we present the case of a young man who presented at our hospital for radiofrequency catheter ablation and mitral valve surgery after two episodes of survived sudden cardiac arrest. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that were used. We shine light on the risk factors for ARMV and why early identification is crucial. We address the topic of primary prevention and its limitations. Finally, we discuss different treatment modalities for patients with ARMV.

Discussion
More awareness for ARMV is crucial. A consensus statement on clinical management exists, but scientific gaps in prospective data for primary prevention need to be filled and there is a need for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of ARMV.