bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO COMPARE OIL SPILL RISK FOR SINGLE & DOUBLE HULLED FPSOS
Authors: Cavaye Nicholas , Waibl Gina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recent years, following a number of high profile oil spills internationally, there has been an increased focus on improving the safety of oil tankers to prevent the environmental damage caused by oil spills. Regulations developed focus on replacing single hulled trading tankers with a double hulled configuration. However, many of the risks associated with trading tankers do not apply to Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels (FPSOs).
The risk assessment undertaken for this report compares single with double hull FPSOs, with respect to events causing serious environmental impact. The study considers external and on-board causes of events which may cause serious oil spills including fire, explosion, accidental discharge, grounding, collision and hull failure.
The risk assessment comprises a limited quantitative analysis using data from the literature and observations from experience, which are consistently applied to each of the hazardous events identified as relevant. The report also looks at the wider environmental factors associated with single versus double hull FPSOs in order to inform policy makers.
The findings indicate that risk profiles of oil tankers are markedly different from FPSOs, and that there is a strong argument that overall environmental risks from a single hull FPSOs are lower than those for a double hulled F?SO. A single sided hull has potentially better structural performance; no risk of inter-hull formation of volatile explosive mixtures; delivers environmental benefits; and has simpler operational requirements than a double sided FPSO. The main advantage for using a double sided hull is the higher collision impact energy it can withstand without releasing oil into the environment.
PERSPECTIVES ON ICS TRAINING FROM THE TRAINER'S POINT OF VIEW: STREAMLINING THE PROCESS
Authors: DeCola Peter N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The promulgation of Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-5) has resulted in a significant training mandate for the Department of Homeland Security and the Coast Guard. An outstanding effort has been put forth to roll out the current training regime. Since training is an iterative process of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE), equal emphasis must be placed on all phases of the process, including analysis. In the haste to roll out training to meet an immediate need, little, if any analysis was conducted. The author suggests that the time may be right to conduct the analysis needed to streamline the current program and provide better training for Coast Guard personnel conducting contingency response operations.
THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ON THE PRIVATE SECTOR
Authors: McGrath Gabrielle 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the National Incident Management System (NIMS) Document dated March 1, 2004, all federal, state, local, tribal, private sector and non-governmental personnel with a direct role in emergency management and response were required to be NIMS and Incident Command System (ICS) trained. National standards for qualification and certification of emergency response personnel were established under NIMS to ensure that personnel possess the minimum knowledge, skills, and experience necessary to execute incident management and emergency response activities safely and effectively. Most recently documented in the National Response Framework, all mid-level managers of federal, state, and local governmental personnel are encouraged to complete ICS-300 and ICS-400 training in fiscal year 2007. Although these standards will greatly improve the ability for governmental personnel to respond in emergencies, private sector personnel are not regulated to participate in the same qualification and certification process. At this time, NIMS has no legal authority to place these requirements on industry personnel, such as members of oil spill management teams. The resulting imbalance of qualification and certification requirements between these two groups could severely hinder oil spill response efforts in the near future by causing miscommunication in the Unified Command during critical points in the response, including when setting response objectives and sharing resources. However, the solution cannot be to pass further governmental regulations on an already highly-regulated community. The NIMS Integration Center should consider utilizing the existing partnerships in individual regions, particularly through the Area Committee and the Area Maritime Security Committee, to solve this issue before it becomes a significant problem in the middle of a large-scale response effort.
DISPERSANT MISSION PLANNER, DMP2
Authors: Dale Dean H. , Allen Alan A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The most recent release of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Dispersant Mission Planner, DMP2, is a valuable tool for the estimation of system performance involving the application of chemical dispersants on oil spills. The assessment of system performance is critical for both planning and realtime operational use. The DMP2 can be used for the assessment of fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and vessels as platforms for the application of dispersants, allowing the user to compare and optimize the performance of each system. The Mission Planner can also be used to calculate the Effective Daily Application Capacity (EDAC) for a specified application system operating from a pre-designated staging location. The DMP2 provides a user-friendly tool for the determination of any dispersant application system'S EDAC as currently required by U.S. Coast Guard regulations for a given Captain of the Port (COTP) Zone. The authors (and developers of the DMP2) describe the underlying logic of the model and illustrate its use with a number of examples.
SUMMARY OF STUDIES OF COREXIT DISPERSANT DROPLET IMPACT BEHAVIOR INTO OIL SLICKS AND DISPERSANT DROPLET EVAPORATION1,2
Authors: Ebert Timothy A. , Downer Roger , Clark James , Huber Charles A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of two related studies concerning the aerial application of dispersants. The first study characterized the interactions of various sized Corexit 9500 and 9527 dispersant droplets with oil films of from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm thickness. A film thickness of 0.1 mm was selected as the end point since this is the thinnest oil film recommended for the application of dispersants. The results of the high speed video droplet impact analysis showed that droplet diameters of 1,000 microns will not pass through an oil slick of 0.1 mm and mix with the underlying water column and that slick thickness of 0.2 mm or more will prevent even 2,000 micron diameter droplets from passing through the slick. These droplet sizes are considerably larger than the current ASTM Standard recommended droplet size of 300–500 microns for dispersant application. Additionally, it was shown that droplets that do pass through an oil slick will in whole or in part rise back up to the oil water interface.
The second study characterized and compared the evaporation rates of Corexit 9500 and 9527 droplets with water over a 20 minute period under varying conditions of humidity and temperature. Under high evaporative conditions of high temperature (90° F) and low humidity (40%), droplets ranging from 0.25 to 1 uL showed 2–10% evaporative loss for Corexit 9500, 28–35% evaporative loss for Corexit 9527, and complete evaporative loss for water. When tested at low evaporative conditions of low temperature (40° F) and high humidity (95%), no evaporative loss was recorded for droplets of either 9500 or 9527, and water lost 18%.
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTING ON CHEMICAL FLOATERS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Authors: Koh Claudia , Tan Freddie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the growing interest and focus on Hazardous Noxious Substance (HNS) spill worldwide, Oil Spill Response & East Asia Response Ltd (OSRL/EARL) has embarked on an HNS spill response study. One important part of the study is to consider the appropriate type of response strategies for HNS spills. As this study focuses mainly on petrochemical floaters, two strategies are short listed, namely, containment and recovery, and dispersants application. This paper will discuss in depth the latter. Dispersants application during oil spills is common, but it has not been tested (nor practiced) to date on a Hazardous Noxious Substance (HNS) spill.
Dispersants, which are composed of solvents and surfactants, work by lowering the interfacial tension between oil and water. Theoretically, dispersants work on hydrocarbons that are poorly soluble in water. Dispersants application may also be the preferred strategy because it minimizes contact between responders and the spilled chemicals, thus minimizing the associated human exposure risks.
With this objective in mind, OSRL/EARL has collaborated with a test laboratory to conduct lab-scale experiments on effectiveness of dispersants on floating chemical slicks. This paper will be discussing the development of the experimental procedures and findings from these experiments.
Apart from the effectiveness of dispersants on chemical slicks, one major concern resulting from dispersing chemicals into the water column would be the environmental and ecological effects of doing so. There will also be a brief discussion on the usage of common pollution indicators (such as aquatic toxicity, waterfowl toxicity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and lethal concentration (LC50)) if dispersants are applied.
EFFECT OF VARIABLES ON PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE WASHING AGENTS UNDER A NEWLY DEVELOPED TESTING PROTOCOL
Authors: Luedeker Christopher C. , Koran Karen M. , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surface washing agents (SWAs) can be used following an oil spill event to enhance the removal of stranded oil from shorelines and other surfaces. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a testing protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of SWAs in the laboratory. Using this protocol, the effects of substrate type, substrate hydration, and SWA-to-oil ratio (SOR) on the ability of SWAs to remove crude oil were evaluated. Experiments were conducted using Prudhoe Bay Crude (PBC) oil applied to three substrates under wet and dry conditions. Oil recovery efficiencies were similar for substrates made up of sand and the smaller of two gravels, while a decrease in efficiency was observed for the larger, more heterogeneous gravel. For the controls without SWA, after we compared dry and wet substrates, we decided dry substrates would be preferable for purposes of the protocol because variability was much lower and differences between treated and control samples were greater. To determine the effect of SOR, four SWAs were evaluated at three SORs and two dilutions for their efficiency in removing PBC from dry sand. Oil recovery efficiency as a function of SOR was lower at the low SOR ratios (1:1 &lt;2:1 &lt;10:1). Application of equivalent volumes of 50% and 100% SWA solutions to PBC revealed that efficiency increased with applied mass of SWA. However, when equal masses of SWA were applied at 10:1 SOR, similar efficiencies were achieved regardless of dilution. This suggests that, except at the highest application rate, total applied mass is a more critical variable than dilution for these SWAs. IFO180 Fuel Oil was also evaluated under these conditions. Preliminary data suggest lower SWA efficiencies were observed with this heavier weight oil.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION
Authors: Jacobi Michele , Kinner Nancy E. , Braswell Bobby H. , Schwehr Kurt D. , Newman Kimberly S. , Merten Amy A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), a partnership between the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and NOAA'S Office of Response and Restoration (ORR), is leading an effort to develop a data platform capable of intefacing both static and real-time data sets accessible simultaneously to a command post and assets in the field with an open source internet mapping server. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA™) is designed to give responders and decision makers ready access to geographically specific data useful during spill planning/drills, incident response, damage assessment and site restoration. In addition to oil spill and chemical release response, this website can be relevant to other environmental incidents and natural disasters, responses and regional planning efforts. The platform is easy to operate, without the assistance of Information Technology or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) specialists. It allows users to access individual data layer values, overlay relevant data sets, and zoom into segments of interest. The platform prototype is being developed specifically for Portsmouth Harbor and the Great Bay Estuary, NH. The prototype demonstrates the capabilities of an integrated data management platform and serves as the pilot for web-based GIS platforms in other regions.
UTILIZING SURFACE DRIFTER DATA TO IMPROVE OIL SPILL RESPONSE EFFORTS
Authors: McGrath Gabrielle G. , Comerma Eric 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During an oil spill or search and rescue response, time is of the essence. Trajectory models, such as OILMAP and SARMAP developed by Applied Science Associates, Incorporated, are used in these situations to provide rapid predictions of the movement of oil or drifting objects (vessels, persons, containers), respectively. However, these models can only be as accurate as the environmental data they use for each simulation. One vital piece of this environmental data is the current field. Utilizing a typical hydrodynamic data set, such as the MERA-11 Reanalysis data developed by Mercator Ocean, a French operational oceanographic organization, does not provide the precision needed for an emergency response. Hydrodynamic data capture the mean flow but cannot capture transient features due to its heavy reliance on satellite altimetry data. These transient features are critical in predicting the movement of oil particles or missing vessels, particularly in a near-shore environment. In the event of an incident, several standardized World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifting buoys drogued to 15 meters or less could be deployed to capture the movement of water at the surface in the vicinity of the response site. At a cost of less than $2000 per drifting buoy, the benefit of acquiring this real-time hydrodynamic data far outweighs the cost of inaccurate response efforts, such as deploying protective booming at sensitive areas that will not be impacted or conducting aerial reconnaissance search patterns in locations where the lost vessel or person would not have a chance of being located. These buoys can be purchased and pre-staged in large port regions by federal, state, or local agencies or the private sector for rapid deployment. Employing trajectory models is a well-known practice in both the oil and search and rescue response communities. However, by implementing a method for capturing accurate, real-time current data, the precision of these model simulations can be improved significantly.
INTEGRATING STATE-OF-THE-ART SHORELINE INTERACTION KNOWLEDGE INTO SPILL MODELING
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Michel Jacqueline , McCay Deborah French , Boufadel Michel , Li Hailong 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An understanding of the complex interaction between oil and shoreline sediments in nearshore areas after an oil spill is essential for more accurate oil spill risk analysis modeling. In particular, an estimation of the degree to which shoreline sediments hold and retain oil during the 10–30 days after a spill is required for modeling the fate and trajectory of oil as it impacts a shoreline and either strands on or penetrates into the sediment or refloats to be deposited elsewhere. A comprehensive literature review of empirical studies, laboratory research, and oil-shoreline modeling was conducted. For a spill risk model to be applied in a stochastic manner, a relatively simple and practical method to estimate the oil holding capacity of shoreline sediments based on shoreline type and oil properties was derived from empirical shoreline cleanup assessment team (SCAT) data and a theoretical hydraulics model. The suggested methodology can be applied by spill modelers needing a way to estimate the amount of oil held by a shoreline upon impact to allow a trajectory model to more accurately project the total spread of oil.
AN INTEGRATED PROJECT TO ANALYZE AND DETERMINE THE CONSEQUENCES OF A CHEMICAL SPILL ON THE WEST COAST OF FRANCE: AN OPERATIONAL POINT OF VIEW THROUGH THE ECEIncident
Authors: Gouriou Vincent , loch Stephane Le F , Aprin Laurent , Tena-Chollet Florian , Lazure Pascal , Pous Stíphane , James Alice , Daniel Pierre 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Within a few decades, the European coasts and seas endured major environmental incidents of chemical pollution. For example, the “Ievoli Sun” incident, October 31, 2000, which was transporting 4,000 tonnes of styrene or the “Ece” incident, February 01, 2006 in the Channel, with a cargo of 10,000 tonnes of phosphoric acid.
When a disaster occurs, authorities aspire to a faster and more effective management of pollution to limit the consequences. To this end, French authorities which take response measures for health or economic protection during a marine pollution incident need efficient software tools to assess the risks related to marine pollution. This allows them to quickly set up a relevant safety area, the aim being to protect the populations and the environment, to mobilize the appropriate response tools and to anticipate the situation in the short or medium term.
It is in this particular and significant context of crisis management of marine pollution that the CLARA (“Calculation related to accidental releases in seawater”) project was developed. This project, funded by the French Research Ministry, has been carried out, since November 2003, by the Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Cedre, Ifremer, Mítío-France and Ineris, in order to jointly simulate
EMERGENCY PIPELINE SOURCE CONTROL & REPAIR
Authors: Bethune Fred , Duncklee Frank 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil Spill response and clean up generally involves deployment of personnel and equipment to contain and recover product. Seldom do response teams get involved in stopping the release of product from the source of the leak. This is due to the specialized nature of the task and the risk that is involved. However the possibility of a leak with discharge pressures of several hundred pounds is a reality on most pipelines around the world. This is due to the elevation changes as it traverses hills and valleys. There are valves to protect the line and minimize spill volume, however there is still the possibility of high static pressure after the line is shut in. This paper gives a brief review of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and changes that were made in the response plan to be able to better deal with controlling the source of a spill caused by a sabotage incident in 2001. It will give a brief description of equipment that is now used to minimize the safety risk and stop a leak quickly.
RESPONSE STRATEGIES TO A REMOTE INLAND OIL SPILL AND FUEL TRANSFER AFTER A HURRICANE
Authors: Ewing J. T. , Grimes Wm. D. , Baccigalopi Michael , McElroy Amy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Hurricanes present unique and difficult challenges for coastal oil spill responders. Hurricane Rita made landfall on the Texas/Louisiana border in September 2005 and was the first Category 3 hurricane to strike the upper Texas coast in over 20 years. The storm surge mobilized a 54-foot diameter by 30-foot tall steel storage tank reportedly containing 100,000 gallons of marine diesel fuel and deposited the tank over 1.5 miles from its original location. It'S new location was in an estuarine marsh on Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge, part of the USFWS'S Texas Chenier Plain Refuge Complex. The construction of a temporary, flexible polyethylene pipeline over 2 miles in length was deployed to decant the remaining diesel/water mixture. A tracked marsh excavator was used to dismantle the steel tank structure, and airboats transported the entire structure, piece-by-piece to a staging area off the refuge for recycling. Finally, state and federal regulatory agencies coordinated emergency mitigation and restoration of the response impacts under the Corps of Engineers (COE) Nationwide Permit (NWP) 20 before demobilization.
OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE - THE ROLE OF AN OIL INDUSTRY SPILL RESPONSE CO-OPERATIVE
Authors: R.D. Holland , R.A. James , S. Coates , M. Clements , H. Nijkamp 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During an oil spill, public attention is focussed on animal welfare and care, primarily channelled through powerful media imagery and comment. Traditionally, animal welfare organisations are tasked to provide the manpower and resources to manage the rehabilitation and response effort, with Government and industry providing financial and administrative support on an ad hoc basis as the incident dictates. A novel response model has now been developed between the oil industry'S international response group, Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Ltd (OSRL/EARL), and the wildlife response community. OSRL/EARL working in co-operation with the independent Sea Alarm Foundation (SAF) have collectively addressed oiled wildlife response issues and married their individual strengths, capabilities and resources to bring a new approach to oiled wildlife response. Preparedness and response activities to oiled wildlife will be enhanced and improved globally via the establishment of a database of Country Wildlife Response Profiles, a pool of specialist experts for wildlife response, equipment stockpiles at an aviation secure base and development of wildlife response plans in co-operation with recognised international groups. This poster details how these activities will benefit oiled wildlife response globally.
California Marine Oil Spill Fisheries Closure: Key Processes of the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) During a Fisheries Closure Event
Authors: Klasing Susan A. , Brodberg Robert K. , Faurot-Daniels Ellen R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, California, legislation was enacted to provide for the closure of fisheries by the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) after oil spills in marine waters. This legislation (DFG Code Section 5654) facilitated a partnership between the state's primary oil spill responder, the Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (DFG/OSPR), and the state's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), the agency responsible for determining whether fish caught in California waters can be safely consumed. A fisheries closure protocol established as a result of the statute stipulates the role of staff at both agencies, from the initial spill responders to data evaluation and reopening of a closed fishery.
OEHHA staff is required to assess the need for fisheries closure following a spill event. When a fisheries closure is deemed necessary for more than 48 hours, OEHHA will select species and chemicals for analysis, determine sampling strategies, conduct a risk assessment on the safety of fish and shellfish consumption, and work with DFG/OSPR to modify closure boundaries, if indicated. Relevant case study information from California spills, including the T/V Dubai Star is shown.