bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturation of biomass‐to‐biofuels conversion technology pathways for rapid expansion of biofuels production: a system dynamics perspective
Authors: Vimmerstedt Laura J. , Bush Brian W. , Hsu Dave D. , Inman Daniel , Peterson Steven O. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Biomass Scenario Model (BSM) is a system‐dynamics simulation model intended to explore the potential for rapid expansion of the biofuels industry. The model is not predictive — it uses scenario assumptions based on various types of data to simulate industry development, emphasizing how incentives and technological learning‐by‐doing might accelerate industry growth. The BSM simulates major sectors of the biofuels industry, including feedstock production and logistics, conversion, distribution, and end uses, as well as interactions among sectors. The model represents conversion of biomass to biofuels as a set of technology pathways, each of which has allowable feedstocks, capital and operating costs, allowable products, and other defined characteristics. This study and the BSM address bioenergy modeling analytic needs that were identified in recent literature reviews. Simulations indicate that investments are most effective at expanding biofuels production through learning‐by‐doing when they are coordinated with respect to timing, pathway, and target sector within the biofuels industry. Effectiveness metrics include timing and magnitude of increased production, incentive cost and cost effectiveness, and avoidance of windfall profits. Investment costs and optimal investment targets have inherent risks and uncertainties, such as the relative value of investment in more‐mature versus less mature pathways. These can be explored through scenarios, but cannot be precisely predicted. Dynamic competition, including competition for cellulosic feedstocks and ethanol market shares, intensifies during times of rapid growth. Ethanol production increases rapidly, even up to Renewable Fuel Standards‐targeted volumes of biofuel, in simulations that allow higher blending proportions of ethanol in gasoline‐fueled vehicles. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts, Biorefining published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
World's largest biofuel and pellet plants – geographic distribution, capacity share, and feedstock supply
Authors: Kuparinen Katja , Heinimö Jussi , Vakkilainen Esa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBiomass can be used for energy purposes by either combustion to heat and power or refining into solid and liquid biofuels. The majority of biomass is used for residential purposes in developing countries. Modern biomass use in industrialized countries is increasing, and more and more biomass is also traded to be used for energy purposes. The purpose of this paper is to locate the 15 largest ethanol, biodiesel, and wood pellet plants. Facilities generating heat, steam and electricity were left out. Secondly it is not generally known what share of biomass users are large plants. Also an effort is made to find out how much these large‐scale biomass refining plants use imported feedstock. For the most part, very large industrial processing facilities are found in a small number of countries. The largest ethanol mills are found almost exclusively in the United States, with one very large plant in the Netherlands. The distribution of biodiesel and wood pellet plants is more dispersed. The countries with the most large biodiesel plants include the USA, Brazil, Spain, and the Netherlands. The countries with the most very large wood pellet plants include the USA, Canada, Russia, and Germany. Torrefaction and pyrolysis technologies are still rarely used on industrial scale. Ethanol and wood pellet plants tend to be sourced from local feedstocks, while biodiesel plants are much more likely to use imported feedstocks or a mix of imports and local biomass. All of these fuels are increasingly traded through the international market. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fluorescent dye ProteoStat to detect and discriminate intracellular amyloid‐like aggregates in Escherichia coli
Authors: Navarro Susanna , Ventura Salvador 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe formation of amyloid aggregates is linked to the onset of an increasing number of human disorders. Thus, there is an increasing need for methodologies able to provide insights into protein deposition and its modulation. Many approaches exist to study amyloids in vitro, but the techniques available for the study of amyloid aggregation in cells are still limited and non‐specific. In this study we developed a methodology for the detection of amyloid‐like aggregates inside cells that discriminates these ordered assemblies from other intracellular aggregates. We chose bacteria as model system, since the inclusion bodies formed by amyloid proteins in the cytosol of bacteria resemble toxic amyloids both structurally and functionally. Using confocal microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and flow cytometry, we show that the recently developed red fluorescent dye ProteoStat can detect the presence of intracellular amyloid‐like deposits in living bacterial cells with high specificity, even when the target proteins are expressed at low levels. This methodology allows quantitation of the intracellular amyloid content, shows the potential to replace in vitro screenings in the search for therapeutic anti‐amyloidogenic compounds, and might be useful for identifying conditions that prevent the aggregation of therapeutic recombinant proteins.
The Effects of Negative Images on Young People's Willingness to Help Elderly People
Authors: van Leeuwen Esther , Jongh Lennert 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examined the effect of confronting young people with an image depicting them as unhelpful on their willingness to help elderly people. As expected, helpfulness increased when this image reflected the elderly's view of young people but decreased when it reflected objective information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ultrasound and Microwaves on Selective Reduction: Catalyst Preparation and Reactions
Authors: Wu Zhilin , Borretto Emily , Medlock Jonathan , Bonrath Werner , Cravotto Giancarlo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reduction of organic compounds through catalytic hydrogenation is an important transformation in organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis of fine chemicals, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. This review mainly focuses on the selective reduction of substrates with multiple functional groups. Literature from the last two decades has proved the pivotal role that ultrasound and microwaves can play not only in the preparation of environmentally friendly, efficient catalysts but also in their use in catalytic reactions. Owing to the specific selective activation of the solid catalyst surface, dielectric heating and acoustic cavitation may dramatically enhance the reaction rate and selectivity. A thorough literature survey was the first step in the MAPSYN project (EU 7th Framework Program) and has the goal of the industrial demonstration of selective hydrogenations intensified by microwaves and ultrasound. Both techniques are irreplaceable tools in heterogeneous catalysis and can be expected to bring even greater success in the near future as processes are scaled up with suitable flow reactors equipped with on‐line analytical monitoring.
Feasibility of a Co Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Air Separation: Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Authors: Wang Kun , Yu Qingbo , Qin Qin , Duan Wenjun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChemical looping air separation (CLAS) is based on the chemical looping principle: oxygen carriers release oxygen to carrier gas in a reduction reactor and absorb oxygen from air in an oxidation reactor. High oxygen transport capacity, high reactivity in reduction and oxidation reactions, and resistance to attrition and agglomeration are some of the criteria that feasible oxygen carrier materials should fulfill. Thermodynamic analysis was applied to prove the potential of Co3O4 as oxygen carrier. ZrO2 served as binder to improve the anti‐sintering property and reactivity. Kinetic experiments were performed to determine the reaction rate and conversion of the oxygen carrier. Stability and durability of the oxygen carrier were characterized before and after cyclic experiments. The Co/Zr oxygen carrier proved to be a suitable candidate for the CLAS process.
Using Coal Fly Ash and Wastewater for Microwave Synthesis of LTA Zeolite
Authors: Behin Jamshid , Bukhari Syed Salman , Dehnavi Vahid , Kazemian Hossein , Rohani Sohrab 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reuse of industrial wastes from a coal‐fired power plant and a plasma electrolytic oxidation process was attempted to realize a zero discharge. The batch composition was adjusted by adding sodium hydroxide and sodium aluminate. A single‐mode microwave oven equipped with reflux condenser was used for crystallization under atmospheric pressure. The synthesized samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, BET, thermogravimetric analysis, and cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) measurement. Analytical results indicated that Na‐A zeolite with a defined maximum crystallinity could be successfully synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of fly ash with wastewater. Due to the high CEC, the product can be applied for gas purification and soil remediation processes.
Mechanistic Studies of Gd3+‐Based MRI Contrast Agents for Zn2+ Detection: Towards Rational Design
Authors: Bonnet Célia S. , Caillé Fabien , Pallier Agnès , Morfin Jean‐François , Petoud Stéphane , Suzenet Franck , Tóth Éva 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA series of novel pyridine‐based Gd3+ complexes have been prepared and studied as potential MRI contrast agents for Zn2+ detection. By independent assessment of molecular parameters affecting relaxivity, we could interpret the relaxivity changes observed upon Zn2+ binding in terms of variations of the rotational motion.
Enhanced Thermal Oxidation Stability of Reduced Graphene Oxide by Nitrogen Doping
Authors: Sandoval Stefania , Kumar Nitesh , Sundaresan A. , Rao C. N. R. , Fuertes Amparo , Tobias Gerard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐doped RGO) samples with a high level of doping, up to 13 wt. %, have been prepared by annealing graphene oxide under a flow of pure ammonia. The presence of nitrogen within the structure of RGO induces a remarkable increase in the thermal stability against oxidation by air. The thermal stability is closely related with the temperature of synthesis and the nitrogen content. The combustion reaction of nitrogen in different coordination environments (pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic) is analyzed against a graphene fragment (undoped) from a thermodynamic point of view. In agreement with the experimental observations, the combustion of undoped graphene turns out to be more spontaneous than when nitrogen atoms are present.
Secondary malignant neoplasms among children, adolescents, and young adults with osteosarcoma
Authors: Lee Jean S. , DuBois Steven G. , Boscardin W. John , Wustrack Rosanna L. , Goldsby Robert E. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDAs patients with osteosarcoma become long‐term survivors, increasing attention has turned to the burden of late effects. The goal of the current study was to describe the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in this population.METHODSPatients aged birth to 40 years at time of primary diagnosis with osteosarcoma and reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program between 1973 and 2010 were eligible for inclusion in the cohort. Competing risks methods were used to estimate the cumulative incidence of SMNs and potential risk factors for developing an SMN. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and overall survival after an SMN were estimated.RESULTSThe SEER database included 3379 patients who were diagnosed with osteosarcoma as their first malignancy. Of these, 89 patients were diagnosed with an SMN. The cumulative incidence of any SMN was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.6%‐2.7%) at 10 years, 4.0% (95% CI, 3.1%‐5.1%) at 20 years, and 7.4% (95% CI, 5.6%‐9.5%) at 30 years. The median time from the primary diagnosis to an SMN diagnosis was 6.0 years. The SIR for SMNs for survivors of osteosarcoma compared with the general population was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.0‐2.5) for patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma from 1973 through 1985 and 4.7 (95% CI, 3.3‐6.4) for patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma from 1986 through 2010, with a 34‐fold increased risk of leukemia in this most recent era. The overall survival rate at 5 years for patients with SMNs after a diagnosis of osteosarcoma was 44.5%.CONCLUSIONSSurvivors of osteosarcoma are at an increased risk of developing SMNs compared with the baseline population, with an increased risk noted in patients treated in the more recent era. Cancer 2014;120:3987–3993 © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Interobserver reproducibility and accuracy of p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stain cytology in cervical cancer screening
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Fetterman Barbara , Tokugawa Diane , Schiffman Mark , Castle Philip E. , Wood Shannon N. , Stiemerling Eric , Poitras Nancy , Lorey Thomas , Kinney Walter 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDDual‐stain cytology for p16 and Ki‐67 has been proposed as a biomarker in cervical cancer screening. The authors evaluated the reproducibility and accuracy of dual‐stain cytology among 10 newly trained evaluators.METHODSIn total, 480 p16/Ki‐67–stained slides from human papillomavirus‐positive women were evaluated in masked fashion by 10 evaluators. None of the evaluators had previous experience with p16 or p16/Ki‐67 cytology. All participants underwent p16/Ki‐67 training and subsequent proficiency testing. Reproducibility of dual‐stain cytology was measured using the percentage agreement, individual and aggregate κ values, as well as McNemar statistics. Clinical performance for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN2+) was evaluated for each individual evaluator and for all evaluators combined compared with the reference evaluation by a cytotechnologist who had extensive experience with dual‐stain cytology.RESULTSThe percentage agreement of individual evaluators with the reference evaluation ranged from 83% to 91%, and the κ values ranged from 0.65 to 0.81. The combined κ value was 0.71 for all evaluators and 0.73 for cytotechnologists. The average sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CIN2+ among novice evaluators was 82% and 64%, respectively; whereas the reference evaluation had 84% sensitivity and 63% specificity, respectively. Agreement on dual‐stain positivity increased with greater numbers of p16/Ki‐67–positive cells on the slides.CONCLUSIONSGood to excellent reproducibility of p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stain cytology was observed with almost identical clinical performance of novice evaluators compared with reference evaluations. The current findings suggest that p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stain evaluation can be implemented in routine cytology practice with limited training. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:914–920. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Expression profile analysis of vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons in young–Middle‐Aged Ts65Dn mice
Authors: Alldred Melissa J. , Lee Sang Han , Petkova Eva , Ginsberg Stephen D. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTDown syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent cause of intellectual disability (ID). Individuals with DS show a variety of cognitive deficits, most notably in hippocampal learning and memory, and display pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with neurodegeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of neuropathology has been assessed via gene expression analysis in a relevant animal model, termed the Ts65Dn mouse. The Ts65Dn mouse is a segmental trisomy model of DS that mimics DS/AD pathology, notably age‐related cognitive dysfunction and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). To determine expression level changes, molecular fingerprinting of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons was performed in adult (4–9 month‐old) Ts65Dn mice, at the initiation of BFCN degeneration. To quantitate transcriptomic changes during this early time period, laser capture microdissection (LCM), terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification, custom‐designed microarray analysis, and subsequent validation of individual transcripts by qPCR and protein analysis via immunoblotting was performed. The results indicate significant alterations within CA1 pyramidal neurons of Ts65Dn mice compared with normal disomic (2N) littermates, notably in the downregulation of neurotrophins and their cognate neurotrophin receptors among other classes of transcripts relevant to neurodegeneration. The results of this single‐population gene expression analysis at the time of septohippocampal deficits in a trisomic mouse model shed light on a vulnerable circuit that may cause the AD‐like pathology invariably seen in DS that could help to identify mechanisms of degeneration, and provide novel gene targets for therapeutic interventions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:61–74, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxivities: Investigations of Ultrahigh‐Spin Lanthanide Clusters from 10 MHz to 1.4 GHz
Authors: Machado Julyana R. , Baniodeh Amer , Powell Annie K. , Luy Burkhard , Krämer Steffen , Guthausen Gisela 
Published: August 2014

AbstractParamagnetic relaxation enhancement is often explored in magnetic resonance imaging in terms of contrast agents and in biomolecular nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structure determination. New ultrahigh‐spin clusters are investigated with respect to their NMR relaxation properties. As their molecular size and therefore motional correlation times as well as their electronic properties differ significantly from those of conventional contrast agents, questions about a comprehensive characterization arise. The relaxivity was studied by field‐dependent longitudinal and transverse NMR relaxometry of aqueous solutions containing FeIII10DyIII10 ultrahigh‐spin clusters (spin ground state 100/2). The high‐field limit was extended to 32.9 T by using a 24 MW resistive magnet and an ultrahigh‐frequency NMR setup. Interesting relaxation dispersions were observed; the relaxivities increase up to the highest available fields, which indicates a complex interplay of electronic and molecular correlation times.
Seasonal and annual variation in transpiration of a dominant desert species, Haloxylon ammodendron, in Central Asia up‐scaled from sap flow measurement
Authors: Zheng Chaolei , Wang Quan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTranspiration in plants is a critical eco‐hydrological process linking plant–atmosphere interactions and is very important in the arid environment because the surface runoff is of no practical importance in terms of the hydrological budget. Investigations on transpiration in arid land species under natural conditions have not been comprehensive, however. We present here the long‐term transpiration of Haloxylon ammodendron, a dominant species growing at the southern edge of the Gurbantünggüt Desert, China, during the growing seasons from 2009 to 2011 using up‐scaled sap flow monitoring with the thermal dissipation probe method. The sap flux density averaged 1·86 m3 m−2 day−1 during the measurement period for 3 years, and the transpiration per day based on ground area (EC) ranged from 0·05 to 0·27 mm day−1 and averaged 0·14 mm day−1, lower than that of other species largely because of the extremely arid environment. The canopy stomatal conductance averaged 16·75 mmol m−2 s−1 and maintained a constant low value under high vapour pressure deficit, which is essential for maintaining low transpiration compared with other species. High seasonal variation in EC was exhibited because of the plant's response to environmental factors at seasonal scale. EC showed much less variability at annual scale, however, because of the constant balance between the evaporative demand of the atmosphere and plant factors. These results contribute to a better understanding of the plant's transpiration in arid land and its response and adaptation to climatic changes at annual and seasonal scales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure Cycloalkylglycines by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of a Chiral Nitrone to Cycloalkenes
Authors: Abda Heithem , Aouadi Kaïss , Perrin Lionel , Msaddek Moncef , Praly Jean‐Pierre , Vidal Sébastien 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe design of cyclic analogues of 4‐hydroxyisoleucine, a natural remedy used by type‐2 diabetic patients, can provide putative hypoglycemic drugs. To this end, the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of a (–)‐menthone‐derived nitrone to cycloalkenes afforded isoxazolidines in high yields and with high stereoselectivity. The cycloadducts led to α‐amino lactones after a one‐pot cleavage of the N–O, amide, and N–C–N bonds. Subsequent base‐catalyzed hydrolysis provided enantiopure cycloalkylglycine derivatives in good overall yields (>40 %) in three simple synthetic steps from the menthone‐based chiral nitrone. The conformational analysis of these analogues by DFT calculations highlight some interesting features of the volume occupied by the cycloalkyl residues in comparison to that occupied by the natural 4‐hydroxyisoleucine.
Individual differences make a difference: On the use and the psychometric properties of difference scores in social psychology
Authors: Gollwitzer Mario , Christ Oliver , Lemmer Gunnar 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMuch social psychological research is concerned with the question whether and how behavior changes because of a “treatment” (e.g., a situation that triggers a psychological reaction). One easy way to investigate such changes would be to analyze intraindividual differences before (Time 1) and after the treatment (Time 2). Interestingly, many scholars refrain from using difference scores because they think they are inherently unreliable. However, the bad reputation of difference scores is, in many cases, unwarranted: difference scores can be sufficiently reliable when standard deviations differ between measurement occasions, and standard deviations are likely to differ between measurement occasions because of differential treatment effects (i.e., interindividual differences in responsiveness to a treatment) and/or “strong situation” treatments. In the present article, we will (1) summarize classic and current arguments regarding the reliability of difference scores, (2) discuss the use of residual change scores as an alternative to difference scores, and (3) argue that latent difference score models are a particularly useful tool that social psychologists should consider using more frequently. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Third Generation ATP Sensor with Enzymatic Analyte Recycling
Authors: Yarman Aysu , Schulz Christopher , Sygmund Cristoph , Ludwig Roland , Gorton Lo , Wollenberger Ulla , Scheller Frieder W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor the first time the direct electron transfer of an enzyme ‐ cellobiose dehydrogenase, CDH ‐ has been coupled with the hexokinase catalyzed competition for glucose in a sensor for ATP. To enhance the signal output for ATP, pyruvate kinase was coimmobilized to recycle ADP by the phosphoenolpyruvate driven reaction. The new sensor overcomes the limit of 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the sequential or competitive conversion of ATP by effective enzymatic recycling of the analyte. The anodic oxidation of the glucose converting CDH proceeds at electrode potentials below 0 mV vs. Ag|AgCl thus potentially interfering substances like ascorbic acid or catecholamines do not influence the measuring signal. The combination of direct electron transfer of CDH with the enzymatic recycling results in an interference‐free and oxygen‐independent measurement of ATP in the lower µmolar concentration range with a lower limit of detection of 63.3 nM (S/N=3).