bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An outline of the geology of Mexico
Authors: Cserna Zoltan de 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the geology of Mexico for members of the international geological community unfamiliar with the geology of the southern border region of the North American continent and adjacent parts of northern Central America. The main geologic features are presented by morphotectonic provinces, including the adjacent sea floor, accompanied by relevant references, primarily in English. Since most of the geological information is of reconnaissance nature, regional interpretations necessarily involve speculations and resulting controversial issues. These have been avoided, for their objective presentation would have exceeded the predetermined number of pages for this chapter.
The first geological map of Mexico was prepared by the staff of Comisión Geológica Nacional, the starting organization of the Mexican Geological Survey, under the direction of Antonio del Castillo (1889a); the explanatory text constitutes the first geological synthesis of the country, the Bosquejo geológico de México, and was published with the participation and coordinating efforts of Aguilera (1896). The pioneer descriptions of the geology of the Yucatán Peninsula(Heilprin, 1891; Sapper, 1896), Chiapas and Tabasco(Böse, 1905)and northern Central America(Sapper, 1899)allowed the presentation of a regional tectonic synthesis during the 8th International Geographical Congress in Washington, D.C. (Sapper, 1905). On the occasion of the 10th session of the IGC, held in Mexico in 1906, a set of 31 field trip guidebooks was edited, presenting the country’s geology in a very objective way. The so-called Bailey Willis geological map of North America was distributed to the participants, although it was published formally by the U.S. Geological Survey (Willis, 1912), whileAguilera (1906)presented an overview on the tectonics and volcanism in Mexico. The first description of the physiography of Mexico according to physiographic provinces is credited toThayer (1916);the first book on the geology of Mexico, which was published in Berlin, is credited toFreudenberg (1921).
The northeast Pacific Ocean and Hawaii
Authors: Winterer Edward L. , Atwater Tanya M. , Decker Robert W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter highlights salient aspects of the geology of the northeast Pacific basin and its interactions with the rim of North America. We include all the Pacific from the equator northward to the Aleutians, and from the North American continental margin westward to longitude 165ŶE—an area about twice that of North America. The treatment is thus necessarily summary; for a more complete and balanced coverage, and for more complete lists of the works that have contributed to our knowledge of the northeast Pacific region, see Winterer and others (1989).
There has been a veritable explosion of knowledge about the northeast Pacific in the 25 years since the appearance of Menard’s (1964) Marine Geology of the Pacific. Since then, the major features of the magnetic anomaly pattern have been mapped, and can be interpreted in the framework of plate tectonics; an extensive web of seismic reflection lines and cores from a network of about 150 deep-sea drill holes provides the data and samples for dating, correlating and interpreting the oceanic sedimentary cover, the constitution of the oceanic crust, and the tectonics of the continental margins. New swathmapping techniques and near-bottom observations and sampling using deep-towed instruments and manned submersibles have opened a window into the processes of crustal accretion and hydrothermal activity along active spreading centers, and modern instrumentation has provided a rich new data base for interpretation of active volcanism in Hawaii.
To synthesize the new findings, we have organized this chapter into two topical sections and one geographic section;
The seismic structure of the continental crust and upper mantle of North America
Authors: Mooney Walter D. , Braile Lawrence W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle provides critical information regarding lithospheric composition and evolution. There are large variations in fundamental properties such as crustal thickness, crustal and upper-mantle velocity structure, and the depth to the lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary, which are interpretable in terms of processes that have formed and modified the lithosphere. Much of what we know about the seismic structure of the lithosphere has been accumulated over the past 30 years from seismic refraction profiles and surface-wave studies. Modern seismic refraction studies use denser arrays of seismic sources and recorders, improving the resolution and reliability of crustal models. Within the last 15 years, the deep-seismic reflection technique has been widely applied and has provided fundamental new insights into the structure and physical properties of the crust. Recently, seismic investigations have provided a fresh look at the properties of the Moho and the upper mantle where we may discover the “driving forces” of continental tectonics.
In this discussion we define the lithosphere as the crust and the portion of the upper mantle above the seismic low-velocity layer (asthenosphere) that occurs at a depth of 60 to 200 km and is generally more evident in the shear-wave structure than in the compressional-wave structure. The low-velocity layer contrasts with the base of the crust (Moho), which is very pronounced in compressional-wave structure and is defined as the depth below which the seismic velocity (measured on a reversed seismic refraction profile) is greater than 7.6 km/s. Where the crust/mantle boundary has been examined in detail, it appears to consist of a laminated transition zone with a thickness of 2 to 5 km. The thickness of the Earth’s crust is highly variable; typical oceanic crust has a thickness of about 7 + 3 km (excluding the water column), and continental crust typically has a thickness of 25 to 50 km.
Identification of inadequate maternal progesterone concentrations in nulliparous dairy heifers and treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin
Authors: King S. G. , Dobson H. , Royal M. D. , Christley R. M. , Murray R. D. , Routly J. E. , Smith R. F. , Mann G. E. 
Published: October 2013

Plasma progesterone concentrations were estimated for 381 nulliparous dairy heifers from eight farms on days 4–6 after insemination. Heifers were synchronised using two treatments of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 11 days apart. Alternate heifers were treated with 1500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) at the time of sampling, and the pregnancy status assessed ∼35 days after insemination. Heifers with no corpus luteum (CL; n‐30) at the second PGF2α had lower progesterone concentrations (P<0.001) and pregnancy rates (PR; P=0.001) compared with heifers with CL (n=351, defined as cyclic). The risk of no CL increased in heifers <15 months of age (OR=7.5, P<0.001) and with body condition score <2.5 (OR=4.5, P=0.001). Those with no CL were removed from further analysis. The 20 per cent cyclic control heifers with progesterone concentrations ≤2 ng/ml on days 4–6 had lower PRs compared with those with higher concentrations (42 per cent vs 64 per cent, OR=0.3, P=0.01). There was no overall effect of hCG on PR compared with controls (51 per cent vs 60 per cent, P=0.10). However, heifers with high progesterone on days 4–6 (>2 ng/ml) had a lower PR after treatment (51 per cent vs 64 per cent, OR=0.6, P=0.02). Heifers inseminated with sexed (n=18) compared with conventional (n=333) semen had a decreased PR (33 per cent vs 57 per cent, OR=0.2, P=0.01). This study demonstrates that higher plasma progesterone concentrations as early as days 4–6 after insemination have a positive effect on first insemination PR, but there was no beneficial effect of hCG treatment on these days in dairy heifers.
Explaining Variance in the Cumulus Mammographic Measures That Predict Breast Cancer Risk: A Twins and Sisters Study
Authors: Nguyen Tuong L. , Schmidt Daniel F. , Makalic Enes , Dite Gillian S. , Stone Jennifer , Apicella Carmel , Bui Minh , MacInnis Robert J. , Odefrey Fabrice , Cawson Jennifer N. , Treloar Susan A. , Southey Melissa C. , Giles Graham G. , Hopper John L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Background: Mammographic density, the area of the mammographic image that appears white or bright, predicts breast cancer risk. We estimated the proportions of variance explained by questionnaire-measured breast cancer risk factors and by unmeasured residual familial factors.
Methods: For 544 MZ and 339 DZ twin pairs and 1,558 non-twin sisters from 1,564 families, mammographic density was measured using the computer-assisted method Cumulus. We estimated associations using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and studied familial aspects using a multivariate normal model.
Results: The proportions of variance explained by age, body mass index (BMI), and other risk factors, respectively, were 4%, 1%, and 4% for dense area; 7%, 14%, and 4% for percent dense area; and 7%, 40%, and 1% for nondense area. Associations with dense area and percent dense area were in opposite directions than for nondense area. After adjusting for measured factors, the correlations of dense area with percent dense area and nondense area were 0.84 and −0.46, respectively. The MZ, DZ, and sister pair correlations were 0.59, 0.28, and 0.29 for dense area; 0.57, 0.30, and 0.28 for percent dense area; and 0.56, 0.27, and 0.28 for nondense area (SE = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively).
Conclusions: Under the classic twin model, 50% to 60% (SE = 5%) of the variance of mammographic density measures that predict breast cancer risk are due to undiscovered genetic factors, and the remainder to as yet unknown individual-specific, nongenetic factors.
Impact: Much remains to be learnt about the genetic and environmental determinants of mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(12); 2395–403. ©2013 AACR.
Tanning Bed Use Is Not Associated with Internal Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Large Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Mingfeng , Song Fengju , Hunter David J. , Qureshi Abrar A. , Han Jiali 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Background: Increased risk of skin cancer by indoor tanning has drawn public attention. However, there are arguments that tanning bed use increases vitamin D production, which may therefore prevent internal cancers.
Methods: We followed 73,358 female nurses for 20 years (1989–2009) in the Nurses' Health Study II and investigated the frequency of tanning bed use during high school/college and at ages 25 to 35 in relation to the incidence of total cancers (excluding skin cancers). We used multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of total cancers and each individual major cancer with more than 100 cases.
Results: During follow-up, a total of 4,271 internal cancer–related cases were diagnosed. No association was found between tanning bed use and risk of total cancers (multivariable-adjusted HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04 for every 4 times/y use on average during high school/college and at ages 25–35). In addition, no association was found for the risk of any individual major cancers, such as breast cancer, thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or endometrial cancer.
Conclusions: Our data do not suggest any association between the use of tanning beds and risk of internal cancers.
Impact: On the basis of the strong evidence of increase in skin cancer risk and no evidence of reduction in internal cancer risk by tanning bed use, it is important to warn the public against indoor tanning. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(12); 2425–9. ©2013 AACR.
Improved Detection of Silent Atrial Fibrillation Using 72-Hour Holter ECG in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Grond Martin , Jauss Marek , Hamann Gerhard , Stark Erwin , Veltkamp Roland , Nabavi Darius , Horn Markus , Weimar Christian , Köhrmann Martin , Wachter Rolf , Rosin Ludger , Kirchhof Paulus 
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose—
Adequate diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF), including paroxysmal AF, is an important part of stroke workup. Prolonged ECG monitoring may improve the detection of paroxysmal, previously undiagnosed AF (unknown AF). Therefore, we evaluated systematic 72-hour Holter ECG monitoring to detect unknown AF for the workup of patients with stroke.

Methods—
Unselected survivors of a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) without known AF were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter cohort study of 72-hour Holter ECG monitoring in 9 German secondary and tertiary stroke centers between May 2010 and January 2011. In addition to standardized workup of stroke pathogenesis according to the German Stroke Unit protocol, all patients underwent 72-hour Holter ECG monitoring directly after admission. All ECGs were centrally analyzed by 2 independent observers. We determined the proportion of unknown AF and compared the detection rates of 72- and 24-hour monitoring.

Results—
A total of 1135 patients were enrolled (mean age, 67 years [SD, 13.1 years], 45% women, 29% TIA). Unknown AF was detected in 49 out of 1135 patients (4.3%, [95% confidence interval, 3.4–5.2%]) by 72-hour ECG monitoring. Unknown AF was diagnosed in 29 patients (2.6%) within the first 24 hours of ECG monitoring, and in 20 more patients only by 72 hours of ECG monitoring. The number needed to screen by 72-hour ECG was 55 patients (95% confidence interval [35–123]) for each additional AF diagnosis. Patients with unknown AF were significantly older and had more often a history of previous stroke. Patients with unknown AF were equally distributed within categories of pathogenesis according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification.

Conclusions—
In unselected survivors of stroke or TIA, 72-hour ECG monitoring is feasible and improves the detection rate of silent paroxysmal AF.
Correction and addition to “Contribution to the knowledge of the Polia praecipua (Staudinger, 1895) species complex with description of a new species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Hadenini)”
Authors: STÜNING DIETER , SALDAITIS AIDAS 
Published: October 2013

In our recent Correspondence on Polia systematics, we omitted some essential changes during the proofing stage, and present these here. The changes all apply to the account for Polia sublimis on page 599. That text should be amended as follows, with changes in boldface italic and our explanations for the changes following in square brackets...
Cloud Microphysical Properties Retrieved from Downwelling Infrared Radiance Measurements Made at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (2006–09)
Authors: Cox Christopher J. , Turner David D. , Rowe Penny M. , Shupe Matthew D. , Walden Von P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe radiative properties of clouds are related to cloud microphysical and optical properties, including water path, optical depth, particle size, and thermodynamic phase. Ground-based observations from remote sensors provide high-quality, long-term, continuous measurements that can be used to obtain these properties. In the Arctic, a more comprehensive understanding of cloud microphysics is important because of the sensitivity of the Arctic climate to changes in radiation. Eureka, Nunavut (80°N, 86°25′W, 10 m), Canada, is a research station located on Ellesmere Island. A large suite of ground-based remote sensors at Eureka provides the opportunity to make measurements of cloud microphysics using multiple instruments and methodologies. In this paper, cloud microphysical properties are presented using a retrieval method that utilizes infrared radiances obtained from an infrared spectrometer at Eureka between March 2006 and April 2009. These retrievals provide a characterization of the microphysics of ice and liquid in clouds with visible optical depths between 0.25 and 6, which are a class of clouds whose radiative properties depend greatly on their microphysical properties. The results are compared with other studies that use different methodologies at Eureka, providing context for multimethod perspectives. The authors’ findings are supportive of previous studies, including seasonal cycles in phase and liquid particle size, weak temperature–phase dependencies, and frequent occurrences of supercooled water. Differences in microphysics are found between mixed-phase and single-phase clouds for both ice and liquid. The Eureka results are compared with those obtained using a similar retrieval technique during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment.
Storm Track Shifts under Climate Change: What Can Be Learned from Large-Scale Dry Dynamics
Authors: Mbengue Cheikh , Schneider Tapio 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Earth’s storm tracks are instrumental for transporting heat, momentum, and moisture and thus strongly influence the surface climate. Climate models, supported by a growing body of observational data, have demonstrated that storm tracks shift poleward as the climate warms. But the dynamical mechanisms responsible for this shift remain unclear. To isolate what portion of the storm track shift may be accounted for by large-scale dry dynamics alone, disregarding the latent heat released in phase changes of water, this study investigates the storm track shift under various kinds of climate change in an idealized dry general circulation model (GCM) with an adjustable but constant convective stability. It is found that increasing the mean surface temperature or the convective stability leads to poleward shifts of storm tracks, even if the convective stability is increased only in a narrow band around the equator. Under warming and convective stability changes roughly corresponding to a doubling of CO2 concentrations from a present-day Earthlike climate, storm tracks shift about 0.8° poleward, somewhat less than but in qualitative agreement with studies using moist GCMs. About 63% (0.5°) of the poleward shift is shown to be caused by tropical convective stability variations. This demonstrates that tropical processes alone (the increased dry static stability of a warmer moist adiabat) can account for part of the poleward shift of storm tracks under global warming. This poleward shift generally occurs in tandem with a poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation; however, the Hadley circulation expansion does not always parallel the storm track shift.
Family teacher and parent perceptions of youth needs and preparedness for transition upon discharge from residential care
Authors: Trout Alexandra L , Hoffman Steven , Epstein Michael H , Thompson Ronald W 
Published: October 2013

Summary The purpose of this study was to compare parent ( N = 51) and family teacher ( N = 102) ratings of perceptions of aftercare for youth reintegrating into the home and community settings following a stay in residential care. Findings The results show large differences between treatment providers and parents as to the level of youth preparedness for transition. Applications Youth leaving residential care facilities struggle to maintain the gains they make during their time in treatment. Understanding what residential care providers and parents of youth perceive to be most important for youth during this transition period is essential to the youth’s long-term success.
Simulation of zero-day worm epidemiology in the dynamic, heterogeneous Internet
Authors: Tidy Luc , Woodhead Steve , Wetherall Jodie 
Published: October 2013

The cost of a single zero-day network worm outbreak on the global Internet has been estimated at US$2.6 billion. In addition, zero-day network worm outbreaks have been observed that spread at a significant pace across the Internet, with an observed infection proportion of more than 90% of vulnerable hosts within 10 minutes. The threat posed by such fast-spreading malware to defence systems and national security is therefore significant, particularly given the fact that network operator/administrator intervention is not likely to take effect within the typical epidemiological timescale of such infections. An accepted technology that is used to research the security threat presented by zero-day worms is that of simulation systems; however, only a subset of these focus on the Internet and issues persist regarding how representative these are of the Internet. The design of a novel simulator developed to address these issues, the Internet Worm Simulator (IWS), is presented along with experimental results for a selection of previous worm outbreaks compared against observed, empirical data and hypothetical outbreak scenarios. Based on a finite state machine for each network host, the IWS incorporates the dynamic, heterogeneous characteristics of the Internet and, on a single workstation, is able to simulate an IPv4-sized network. Based on the analysis presented, the authors conclude that the IWS has the capability to simulate zero-day worm epidemiology on the dynamic, heterogeneous Internet for a variety of scenarios. These include simulating previous worm outbreaks that demonstrate random-scanning and hit list behaviour, as well as hypothetical scenarios that include a large susceptible populous and stealth-like behaviour.
Linkage mapping and expression analysis of miRNAs and their target genes during fiber development in cotton
Authors: Chen Xuemei , Gao Wenhui , Zhang Jinfa , Zhang Xianlong , Lin Zhongxu 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenously expressed, non-coding RNA molecules involved in gene transcription and expression that combine with specific mRNA site of target genes to inhibit protein synthesis or degrade mRNA. Since the first plant miRNA was reported in 2002, numerous new miRNAs and their targets have been discovered via high-throughput sequencing and computational approaches. However, the genetic variation of miRNA genes is poorly understood due to the lack of miRNA-specific DNA markers.

Results
To study the genetic variation and map miRNAs and their putative target genes in cotton, we designed specific primers based on pre-miRNAs and published putative target genes. A total of 83 pre-miRNA primers and 1,255 putative target gene primers were surveyed, and 9 pre-miRNA polymorphic loci were mapped on 7 of the 26 tetraploid cotton chromosomes. Furthermore, 156 polymorphic loci of the target genes were mapped on the cotton genome. To map more miRNA loci, miRNA-based SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers were used to map an additional 54 polymorphic loci on the cotton genome with the exception of Chr01, Chr22, and Chr24. Finally, a network between miRNAs and their targets was constructed. All pre-miRNAs and 98 putative target genes were selected for RT-PCR analysis, revealing unique expression patterns across different fiber development stages between the mapping parents.

Conclusions
Our data provide an overview of miRNAs, their putative targets, and their network in cotton as well as comparative expression analyses between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. These data provide a foundation for understanding miRNA regulation during cotton fiber development.