bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eddy‐topography interactions and the fate of the Persian Gulf Outflow
Authors: Vic C. , Roullet G. , Capet X. , Carton X. , Molemaker M. J. , Gula J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Persian Gulf feeds a warm and salty outflow in the Gulf of Oman (northern Arabian Sea). The salt climatological distribution is relatively smooth in the Gulf of Oman, and the signature of a slope current carrying salty waters is difficult to distinguish hundreds of kilometers past the Strait of Hormuz, in contrast to other outflows of the world ocean. This study focuses on the mechanisms involved in the spreading of Persian Gulf Water (PGW) in the Gulf of Oman, using a regional primitive equation numerical simulation. The authors show that the dispersion of PGW occurs through a regime that is distinct from, for example, the one responsible for the Mediterranean outflow dispersion. The background mesoscale eddy field is energetic and participates actively to the spreading of PGW. Remotely formed eddies propagate into the Gulf of Oman and interact with the topography, leading to submesoscales formation and PGW shedding. Eddy‐topography interactions are isolated in idealized simulations and reveal the formation of intense frictional boundary layers, generating submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs). Interactions take place at depths encompassing the PGW depth, thus SCVs trap PGW and contribute to its redistribution from the boundaries to the interior of the Gulf of Oman. The overall efficiency of these processes is confirmed by a strong contribution of eddy salt fluxes in the interior of the basin, and is quantified using particle statistics. It is found to be a highly dispersive regime, with an approximated eddy diffusivity of
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The impact of geoengineering on vegetation in experiment G1 of the GeoMIP
Authors: Glienke Susanne , Irvine Peter J. , Lawrence Mark G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSolar Radiation Management (SRM) has been proposed as a mean to partly counteract global warming. The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) has simulated the climate consequences of a number of SRM techniques. Thus far, the effects on vegetation have not yet been thoroughly analyzed. Here the vegetation response to the idealized GeoMIP G1 experiment from eight fully coupled Earth system models (ESMs) is analyzed, in which a reduction of the solar constant counterbalances the radiative effects of quadrupled atmospheric CO2 concentrations (abrupt4 × CO2). For most models and regions, changes in net primary productivity (NPP) are dominated by the increase in CO2, via the CO2 fertilization effect. As SRM will reduce temperatures relative to abrupt4 × CO2, in high latitudes this will offset increases in NPP. In low latitudes, this cooling relative to the abrupt4 × CO2 simulation decreases plant respiration while having little effect on gross primary productivity, thus increasing NPP. In Central America and the Mediterranean, generally dry regions which are expected to experience increased water stress with global warming, NPP is highest in the G1 experiment for all models due to the easing of water limitations from increased water use efficiency at high‐CO2 concentrations and the reduced evaporative demand in a geoengineered climate. The largest differences in the vegetation response are between models with and without a nitrogen cycle, with a much smaller CO2 fertilization effect for the former. These results suggest that until key vegetation processes are integrated into ESM predictions, the vegetation response to SRM will remain highly uncertain.
Modeling NAPL dissolution from pendular rings in idealized porous media
Authors: Huang Junqi , Christ John A. , Goltz Mark N. , Demond Avery H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe dissolution rate of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) often governs the remediation time frame at subsurface hazardous waste sites. Most formulations for estimating this rate are empirical and assume that the NAPL is the nonwetting fluid. However, field evidence suggests that some waste sites might be organic wet. Thus, formulations that assume the NAPL is nonwetting may be inappropriate for estimating the rates of NAPL dissolution. An exact solution to the Young‐Laplace equation, assuming NAPL resides as pendular rings around the contact points of porous media idealized as spherical particles in a hexagonal close packing arrangement, is presented in this work to provide a theoretical prediction for NAPL‐water interfacial area. This analytic expression for interfacial area is then coupled with an exact solution to the advection‐diffusion equation in a capillary tube assuming Hagen‐Poiseuille flow to provide a theoretical means of calculating the mass transfer rate coefficient for dissolution at the NAPL‐water interface in an organic‐wet system. A comparison of the predictions from this theoretical model with predictions from empirically derived formulations from the literature for water‐wet systems showed a consistent range of values for the mass transfer rate coefficient, despite the significant differences in model foundations (water wetting versus NAPL wetting, theoretical versus empirical). This finding implies that, under these system conditions, the important parameter is interfacial area, with a lesser role played by NAPL configuration.
Chronic enzyme replacement therapy ameliorates neuropathology in alpha‐mannosidosis mice
Authors: Damme Markus , Stroobants Stijn , Lüdemann Meike , Rothaug Michelle , Lüllmann‐Rauch Renate , Beck Hans Christian , Ericsson Annika , Andersson Claes , Fogh Jens , D'Hooge Rudi , Saftig Paul , Blanz Judith 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe lysosomal storage disease alpha‐mannosidosis is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal acid hydrolase alpha‐mannosidase (LAMAN) leading to lysosomal accumulation of neutral mannose‐linked oligosaccharides throughout the body, including the brain. Clinical findings in alpha‐mannosidosis include skeletal malformations, intellectual disabilities and hearing impairment. To date, no curative treatment is available. We previously developed a beneficial enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) regimen for alpha‐mannosidase knockout mice, a valid mouse model for the human disease. However, humoral immune responses against the injected recombinant human alpha‐mannosidase (rhLAMAN) precluded long‐term studies and chronic treatment.MethodsHere, we describe the generation of an immune‐tolerant alpha‐mannosidosis mouse model that allowed chronic injection of rhLAMAN by transgenic expression of a catalytically inactive variant of human LAMAN in the knockout background.ResultsChronic ERT of rhLAMAN revealed pronounced effects on primary substrate storage throughout the brain, normalization of lysosomal enzyme activities and morphology as well as a decrease in microglia activation. The positive effect of long‐term ERT on neuronal lysosomal function was reflected by an improvement of cognitive deficits and exploratory activity. in vivo and in vitro uptake measurements indicate rapid clearance of rhLAMAN from circulation and a broad uptake into different cell types of the nervous system.InterpretationOur data contribute to the understanding of neurological disorders treatment by demonstrating that lysosomal enzymes such as rhLAMAN can penetrate into the brain and is able to ameliorate neuropathology.
Diselenophosphate‐Induced Conversion of an Achiral [Cu20H11{S2P(OiPr)2}9] into a Chiral [Cu20H11{Se2P(OiPr)2}9] Polyhydrido Nanocluster
Authors: Dhayal Rajendra S. , Liao Jian‐Hong , Wang Xiaoping , Liu Yu‐Chiao , Chiang Ming‐His , Kahlal Samia , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Liu C. W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA polyhydrido copper nanocluster, [Cu20H11{Se2P(OiPr)2}9] (2H), which exhibits an intrinsically chiral inorganic core of C3 symmetry, was synthesized from achiral [Cu20H11{S2P(OiPr)2}9] (1H) of C3h symmetry by a ligand‐exchange method. The structure has a distorted cuboctahedral Cu13 core, two triangular faces of which are capped along the C3 axis, one by a Cu6 cupola and the other by a single Cu atom. The Cu20 framework is further stabilized by 9 diselenophosphate and 11 hydride ligands. The number of hydride, phosphorus, and selenium resonances and their splitting patterns in multinuclear NMR spectra of 2H indicate that the chiral Cu20H11 core retains its C3 symmetry in solution. The 11 hydride ligands were located by neutron diffraction experiments and shown to be capping μ3‐H and interstitial μ5‐H ligands (in square‐pyramidal and trigonal‐bipyramidal cavities), as supported by DFT calculations on [Cu20H11(Se2PH2)9] (2H′) as a simplified model.
Syntheses and Structures of F6XeNCCH3 and F6Xe(NCCH3)2
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Haner Jamie , Mercier Hélène P. A. , Schrobilgen Gary J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAcetonitrile and the potent oxidative fluorinating agent XeF6 react at −40 °C in Freon‐114 to form the highly energetic, shock‐sensitive compounds F6XeNCCH3 (1) and F6Xe(NCCH3)2⋅CH3CN (2⋅CH3CN). Their low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray structures show that the adducted XeF6 molecules of these compounds are the most isolated XeF6 moieties thus far encountered in the solid state and also provide the first examples of XeVIN bonds. The geometry of the XeF6 moiety in 1 is nearly identical to the calculated distorted octahedral (C3v) geometry of gas‐phase XeF6. The C2v geometry of the XeF6 moiety in 2 resembles the transition state proposed to account for the fluxionality of gas‐phase XeF6. The energy‐minimized gas‐phase geometries and vibrational frequencies were calculated for 1 and 2, and their respective binding energies with CH3CN were determined. The Raman spectra of 1 and 2⋅CH3CN were assigned by comparison with their calculated vibrational frequencies and intensities.
Cyanoalkylation: Alkylnitriles in Catalytic CC Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: López Rosa , Palomo Claudio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlkylnitriles are one of the most ubiquitous nitrogen‐containing chemicals and are widely employed in reactions which result in nitrile‐group conversion into other functionalities. Nevertheless, their use as carbon pronucleophiles in carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions has been hampered by difficulties associated mainly with the catalytic generation of active species, that is, α‐cyano carbanions or metalated nitriles. Recent investigations have addressed this challenge and have resulted in different modes of alkylnitrile activation. This review illustrates these findings, which have set the foundation for the development of practical and conceptually new catalytic, direct cyanoalkylation methodologies.
Electrochemical Measurements of Optogenetically Stimulated Quantal Amine Release from Single Nerve Cell Varicosities in Drosophila Larvae
Authors: Majdi Soodabeh , Berglund E. Carina , Dunevall Johan , Oleinick Alexander I. , Amatore Christian , Krantz David E. , Ewing Andrew G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe nerve terminals found in the body wall of Drosophila melanogaster larvae are readily accessible to experimental manipulation. We used the light‐activated ion channel, channelrhodopsin‐2, which is expressed by genetic manipulation in Type II varicosities to study octopamine release in Drosophila. We report the development of a method to measure neurotransmitter release from exocytosis events at individual varicosities in the Drosophila larval system by amperometry. A microelectrode was placed in a region of the muscle containing a varicosity and held at a potential sufficient to oxidize octopamine and the terminal stimulated by blue light. Optical stimulation of Type II boutons evokes exocytosis of octopamine, which is detected through oxidization at the electrode surface. We observe 22700±4200 molecules of octopamine released per vesicle. This system provides a genetically accessible platform to study the regulation of amine release at an intact synapse.
Properties characterisation of polycarbonate and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composites prepared by solution technique
Authors: Thaithae Wachirawut , Antonio Christian , Wattanachai Piyachat 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPolycarbonate (PC) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) composites were prepared by solution method where 0–20% w/w MWNTs were added into two types of PC solutions, i.e. a low and a high molecular weight solution. The composites were processed into plastic sheets using a compression moulding technique in order to study their mechanical, electrical, physical, and rheological properties. The results showed that addition of MWNTs at 1% w/w enhanced the tensile strength and modulus by up to 23 and 75%, respectively, and reduced their electrical resistivity significantly from being an insulator (1 × 1016 − 1 × 1017 Ω‐cm) to a semi‐conductor (8 × 108 Ω‐cm), indicating a percolation threshold. A slight improvement in the mechanical properties was observed at up to 4% w/w MWNTs; however, the volume resistivity remained unchanged. As the amount of MWNTs increased >4% w/w, the mechanical properties drastically deteriorated because of the MWNTs agglomerating and segregating onto the surfaces. The segregation of the agglomerates was also supported by the surface resistivity and shear viscosity results, which decreased as MWNTs increased. MWNTs were found to interact better with the low molecular weight PC matrix and produced more homogeneous composites. The studies of composite colour and MWNTs dispersion confirmed the findings of both mechanical and electrical properties. This research demonstrates the possibility of preparation of PC and MWNTs composites at high MWNTs concentrations, which can be very useful for a master batch process. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How the TRPA1 receptor transmits painful stimuli: Inner workings revealed by electron cryomicroscopy
Authors: Brewster Monique S. J. , Gaudet Rachelle 
Published: September 2015

A new high‐resolution structure of a pain‐sensing ion channel, TRPA1, provides a molecular scaffold to understand channel function. Unexpected structural features include a TRP‐domain helix similar to TRPV1, a novel ligand‐binding site, and an unusual C‐terminal coiled coil stabilized by inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). TRP‐domain helices, which structurally act as a nexus for communication between the channel gates and its other domains, may thus be a feature conserved across the entire TRP family and, possibly, other allosterically‐gated channels. Similarly, the TRPA1 antagonist‐binding site could also represent a druggable location in other ion channels. Combined with known TRPA1 functional properties, the structural role for IP6 leads us to propose that polyphosphate unbinding could act as a molecular kill switch for TRPA1 inactivation. Finally, although packing of the TRPA1 membrane‐proximal region hints at a mechanism for electrophile sensing, the details of how TRPA1 responds to noxious reactive electrophiles and temperature await future studies.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Delineation of somatosensory finger areas using vibrotactile stimulation, an ECoG study
Authors: Wahnoun Rémy , Benson Michelle , Helms‐Tillery Stephen , Adelson P. David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn surgical planning for epileptic focus resection, functional mapping of eloquent cortex is attained through direct electrical stimulation of the brain. This procedure is uncomfortable, can trigger seizures or nausea, and relies on subjective evaluation. We hypothesize that a method combining vibrotactile stimulation and statistical clustering may provide improved somatosensory mapping.MethodsSeven pediatric candidates for surgical resection underwent a task in which their fingers were independently stimulated using a custom designed finger pad, during electrocorticographic monitoring. A cluster‐based statistical analysis was then performed to localize the elicited activity on the recording grids.ResultsMid‐Gamma clusters (65–115 Hz) arose in areas consistent with anatomical predictions as well as clinical findings, with five subjects presenting a somatotopic organization of the fingers. This process allowed us to delineate finger representation even in patients who were sleeping, with strong interictal activity, or when electrical stimulation did not successfully locate eloquent areas.ConclusionsWe suggest that this scheme, relying on the endogenous neural response rather than exogenous electrical activation, could eventually be extended to map other sensory areas and provide a faster and more objective map to better anticipate outcomes of surgical resection.
Using Small Molecules to Dissect Non‐apoptotic Programmed Cell Death: Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Pyroptosis
Authors: Dong Ting , Liao Daohong , Liu Xiaohui , Lei Xiaoguang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGenetically programmed cell death is a universal and fundamental cellular process in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis and necroptosis, two common forms of programmed cell death, play vital roles in maintenance of homeostasis in metazoans. Dysfunction of the regulatory machinery of these processes can lead to carcinogenesis or autoimmune diseases. Inappropriate death of essential cells can lead to organ dysfunction or even death; ischemia–reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative disorders are examples of this. Recently, novel forms of non‐apoptotic programmed cell death have been identified. Although these forms of cell death play significant roles in both physiological and pathological conditions, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying them are still poorly understood. Here, we discuss progress in using small molecules to dissect three forms of non‐apoptotic programmed cell death: necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
The use of the AVERT system to limit contrast volume administration during peripheral angiography and intervention
Authors: Prasad Anand , Ortiz‐Lopez Carolina , Kaye David M. , Byrne Melissa , Nanayakkara Shane , Ahmed S. Hinan , Bailey Steven R. , Mehran Roxana , Sethi Salil , Banerjee Avantika , Eng Marvin 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe AVERTTM Contrast Modulation System (AVERT) (Osprey Medical, MN) is designed to reduce contrast volume administration during angiography. The AVERT provides an adjustable resistance circuit which decreases the pressure head delivering contrast towards the patient. The AVERT has not been previously studied in patients undergoing peripheral digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate contrast savings with the AVERT and (2) to evaluate the ability to generate clinically acceptable DSA images in the process. To better define the mechanism of action in the peripheral circulation, we also developed a bench model to study the effects of the AVERT on the hydrodynamics of contrast delivery.MethodsPatients undergoing lower extremity DSA (diagnostic or intervention, sheath or catheter) were studied. The following variables were recorded for each injection: starting control syringe contrast volume, contrast volume injected towards patient, contrast volume returned to AVERT reservoir, net contrast administered to the patient and % savings. The AVERT resistance was adjusted manually based on operator's discretion—balancing image quality and contrast savings.ResultsAbout 408 DSA angiographic sequences were obtained in 22 patients undergoing 29 procedures. Almost 68% of the patients had chronic kidney disease. An 82% presented with critical limb ischemia, 18% had claudication. There was an overall 37% ± 14% savings of contrast (31% for diagnostic DSA, 40% for interventional procedures). Overall 91% of all images were acceptable for clinical decision making. Specifically, 94% of diagnostic and 87% of interventional images were acceptable. Injection through a 4 Fr catheter (77% acceptable) resulted in poorer image quality as compared to a 5 Fr catheter (96% acceptable). Image quality for 5, 6, and 7 Fr sheath injections was 86%, 91%, 98%, respectively. The bench model of peripheral angiography demonstrated a significant reduction in reflux of contrast proximal to the end of the catheter without loss of antegrade image quality – confirming the in vivo findings.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that the use of the AVERT device during peripheral angiography results in significant contrast savings without compromising image quality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General Route to Cyclobutadiene Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Perekalin Dmitry S. , Shvydkiy Nikita V. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Kudinov Alexander R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCyclobutadiene rhodium complexes bear high potential for applications in organometallic synthesis and catalysis. We have found that the cyclobutadiene complexes with substitutionally labile p‐xylene ligands [(C4R4)Rh(p‐xylene)]+ can be synthesized in one step from the commercially available bis(ethylene) complex [{(C2H4)2RhCl}2], p‐xylene, and internal alkynes. The replacement of p‐xylene by various ligands provides a general access to other [(C4R4)Rh] compounds, such as [(C4R4)RhCl]x, [(C4R4)RhL3]+, [(C4R4)Rh(C5H5)], and [(C4R4)Rh(arene)]+. Complex [(C4Et4)Rh(p‐xylene)]+ also catalyzes an unusual cycloisomerization of a 1,11‐dien‐6‐yne into a bicyclic diene.
Dekker's mutual exclusion algorithm made RW‐safe
Authors: Buhr Peter A. , Dice David , Hesselink Wim H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryDekker's algorithm was thought to be safe in an environment without atomic reads or writes where bits flicker or scramble during simultaneous operations. A counter‐example is presented showing Dekker's algorithm is unsafe without atomic read. A modification to the original algorithm is presented making it RW‐safe, allowing threaded systems to be built on low cost/power hardware without atomic read/write. Correctness is verified by means of invariants and UNITY logic. A performance comparison is made for several two‐thread software mutual‐exclusion algorithms to see if the RW‐safe Dekker is competitive. A subset of the two‐thread solutions are then compared in two N‐thread tournament algorithms. The performance results show that the additional checks in the RW‐safe Dekker do not disadvantage the algorithm in comparison with other two‐thread algorithms. The RW‐safe N‐thread tournament algorithms are competitive with the hardware‐assisted Mellor‐Crummey and Scott algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Resolution Limit of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: Modelling Fifth‐Order Signals with Overlapping Pulses
Authors: Fumero Giuseppe , Batignani Giovanni , Dorfman Konstantin E. , Mukamel Shaul , Scopigno Tullio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFemtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) spectroscopy is a powerful pump–probe technique that can track electronic and vibrational dynamics with high spectral and temporal resolution. The investigation of extremely short‐lived species, however, implies deciphering complex signals and is ultimately hampered by unwanted nonlinear effects once the time resolution limit is approached and the pulses overlap temporally. Using the loop diagrams formalism we calculate the fifth‐order response of a model system and address the limiting case where the relevant dynamics timescale is comparable to the pump–pulse duration and, consequently, the pump and the probe overlap temporally. We find that in this regime, additional diagrams that do not contribute for temporally well separated pulses need to be taken into account, giving rise to new time‐dependent features, even in the absence of photoinduced dynamics and for negative delays.