bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4.4.5 Systems Engineering Starting in the Middle of a Program
Authors: Armstrong James R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA process for application of systems engineering in the middle of a program has been described (Bahill and Briggs) that is based on analysis of the work breakdown structure to determine the scope of the program. The process provides general guidance and recommends specific reduced activities. This paper proposes a different start in the process to more thoroughly review the situation and determine where key information is missing. It also provides specifics and examples from several such applications of systems engineering and instances where it would have been beneficial.
5.4.3 ANSI/IEEE 1471 and Systems Engineering
Authors: Maier Mark W. , Emery David , Hilliard Rich 
Published: November 2014

AbstractANSI/IEEE Standard 1471–2000 is the Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software Intensive Systems, developed by the IEEE's Architecture Working Group (AWG) under the sponsorship of the Software Engineering Standards Committee of IEEE. ANSI/IEEE 1471 is the first formal standard addressing the content and organization of an architecture description document. As suggested by its title, ANSI/IEEE 1471 was conceived as a software standard, but applies essentially equally to broader systems. This article reviews the concepts of ANSI/IEEE 1471, the rationale for their selection, and their application to systems engineering.
5.4.5 Web‐based Process Documentation – Getting Over the “Paper Mentality” Hurdle
Authors: Pohlmann Lawrence D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe are in an era of extensive emphasis on process, process maturity, and process improvement. Up until only a few years also, most process documentation was paper based. Large volumes of detailed process descriptions occupied our bookshelves – and normally remained unused for long periods of time. Many companies are now using their intranets to host, manage, and distribute process documentation. Web‐based approaches can make process documentation both more accessible and more easily maintained. However, too often these process descriptions still exhibit a “paper mentality” in that they leave much of the real power of the internet largely untapped.This paper discusses a number of process documentation concepts that are beyond this paper mentality hurdle. The basic premise is that more advanced web‐based approaches allow integration of and easy navigation among sets of highly useful systems engineering process‐related information – which in turn facilitates more effective and efficient systems engineering.
1.5.5 Grand Systems Verification
Authors: Grady Jeffrey O. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe product system development process follows a three step sequence familiar to all system engineers: (1) define the problem you are trying to solve, (2) design and manufacture a solution to that problem, and (3) verify that the solution satisfies the requirements that drove it. Therefore, verification is a process for proving that the design of an entity satisfies the requirements for that entity that were crafted prior to the design of the entity. The common mode of verification is to compare an entity with some accepted standard of excellence. The entity can be a product or a process system or some element or combination thereof. This paper explores the fusion of several concepts, some new and some old, to build an enterprise environment within which all verification work can be accomplished within the same three step context noted above. This includes product verification but also enterprise common process verification and program process verification. The paper also challenges common responsibility assignments for this work.
2.5.2 Modeling and Simulation of Military System Architectures Using CORE®
Authors: Cropley David , Kirby Brendan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the analysis of a hypothetical command and control architecture for a proposed future land force conducting maneuver operations under various conditions. The Systems Engineering tool CORE® has been used to capture the user needs, and to develop a hierarchy of functions necessary to implement the proposed command and control system. CORE also facilitates behavioral modeling of the functional architecture. This paper shows how the tool can be used to analyze the performance of candidate physical architectures based on a common functional architecture. The models that are formed serve as valuable aids for the user to evaluate novel operational concepts, and for the system architects to determine productive areas for research into improving technological support for command and control.
3.5.3 Product Line Requirements Management
Authors: Sutherland Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProduct development organizations use design reuse strategies to build common subsystems for the complex systems they develop and the many customers these systems are delivered to. Sub‐systems are designed with an Architecture that will allow for strategic reuse. A base design for a sub‐system is designed, with some reasonable modifications for specific Applications, to meet the requirements of the systems the subsystem will be incorporated into.This paper provides details on a strategy for Requirement Management across Product Lines that has successfully been deployed within a large Product Development and Manufacturing organization.
5.5.1 Architectural Abstractions
Authors: Jorgensen Raymond W. , Philpott Ian W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractArchitectural constructs provide the basis for effective system design. A well conceived architecture also provides a foundation for a product definition that can be effectively adapted and reused across many different project instantiations. But what makes up a complete system architecture? Is one block diagram illustrating the arrangement of physical components “the architecture“? Or are there other dimensions of a system architecture that are needed to complete the picture? This paper explores some concepts of the “complete system architecture.” Multi‐dimensional views of architecting are examined to provide insight into what makes up a system architecture.
5.5.2 A Generic Methodology for Partitioning Product Architectures
Authors: Gaso Berislav , Whitcomb Clifford , Igenbergs Eduard , Schulz Armin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIndustrial companies can gain major competitive advantages if they possess the ability to bring products to market faster while at the same time fulfilling customer desire for greater variety. An effective way for achieving this advantage is to develop modular product architectures. This paper presents a repeatable methodology for designing modular products that explicitly considers multiple product attributes (as metrics) and customer preferences. Furthermore, it introduces external and internal metrics for architectures and combines them together with the functional analysis approach in an exceedingly powerful tool called Element Modeling Language (EML). Subsequently, it is shown how EML‐structures are translated into a system of binary and non‐binary matrices, called the Matrix Modularization System (MMS), which can be handled mathematically. Two type‐of clustering algorithms, based on heuristic methods and function flows as clustering parameters, are introduced.
5.5.3 Enabling Systems Architecture Tradeoffs Using a Systems Integration Framework
Authors: Kalathil Biju , Moore Douglas , Huggins Coleste 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems integration of large information enterprises involves integrating multiple heterogeneous database systems, client‐server platforms, web application technologies, and data warehousing solutions. Lockheed Martin Management and Data Systems (M&DS) is involved in systems integration for state, local, and federal government customers. We are currently developing a Systems Integration Framework (SIF) to assist in the architecture tradeoff and selection for large information enterprises. A SIF is an environment, which will assist in the rapid prototyping and testing of architectures, and specific instantiations of the architectures using commercial tools and platforms. Over the last four years we have developed and tested architectures for client‐server applications, web applications, mobile computing applications, data warehouses, and data mining applications. Performance metrics have been collected for web application servers and client‐server applications. This paper will describe how we utilized the SIF as a rapid prototyping and tradeoff environment to support systems engineering for state government customers in domains such as law enforcement, criminal justice, and airline operations.
5.5.4 Design of the concept of a new system, using ICDM ‐ Integrated, Customer Driven, Conceptual Design Method
Authors: Weiss Menachem P. , Hari Amihud , Zonnenshain Avigdor 
Published: November 2014

AbstractICDM, a practical and effective Integrated, Customer Driven, Conceptual Design Method has been introduced recently, for the design of New Products. The method has been evaluated, tested and successfully implemented by the Israeli high‐tech industry. ICDM is claimed and shown here to be practical and highly effective also for the design of New Complex Systems and complex high‐tech products. ICDM integrates proven techniques with original additions and can be adapted to the need of any industry.
1.6.1 A Strategy for Designing Optimal Complex Systems Solutions
Authors: Shell Tony 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, a strategy for the design of optimal systems solutions is developed and assessed. The main areas of investigation focus on the use of a formal approach, based on mathematical systems theory. A specific methodology for the ‘decomposition’ of system trade‐offs, for use in identification of optimal system solutions, is explored in detail. The practical difficulties of accurately identifying the best (optimal) system solution ‐ particularly for complex systems that are subject to imposed implementation constraints and are part of some extended hierarchical construct ‐ are also addressed. The paper concludes with recommendations with regard to a proposed strategy for complex systems optimisation.
2.6.5 Designing a Supply Chain Analysis Framework
Authors: Ludema Ir. Marcel W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAfter a customer has stated his need and a proper solution as been found, either by starting a design/engineering process or deliver a product from a stock position, several supply chain processes have to be aligned to eventually fulfill this customers need. Coordination between all supply chain organizations on strategic, tactical and operation levels will lead to more effective supply chains. This supply chain coordination processes is complex and practitioners need a systems thinking approach and broad understanding of topics that are related to the field of supply chain management. To fulfill this task supply chain managers have to speak the same language and understand the importance of possible problems. As part of the development of a professional course in supply chain management a supply chain analysis tool has been developed and tested during four courses in a realistic case situation. This supply chain analysis tool gives support in finding possible problems that should be tackled to optimize the supply chain. This tool is based on the two phases of a structured problem solving process that resembles the first phases of Systems Engineering approaches.
3.6.2 Managing Priorities: Deadline Pressure Control
Authors: Gilb Tom 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the means of determining the priority order for implementing system changes. It is concerned with the priority ranking of requirements.Most papers and books describing trade‐off analysis and multi‐dimensional priority evaluation methods refer to the use of allocating subjective, fixed numeric weightings to multiple system requirements (Daniels 2001, Keeney 1992, Saaty 1990, Gilb1976). I would like to argue that it is time we threw off the shackles of subjective weightings and gave practising system engineers something more useful and realistic as a tool for determining implementation priority.Priority determination should be:

an information‐based process, which makes full use of the available factual information and, is able to reuse this information.
a dynamic process, which uses feedback from the ongoing implementation and, is open to instigating and catering for changes in requirements and design ideas.
a resource‐focussed process, which considers Return on Investment (ROI) and takes into account resource availability.I would like in this paper to demonstrate how Planguage, a specification language and set of methods, which I have developed over many years, has the capability to address all these above aspects.
5.6.5 Advancing Systems Engineering for Systems‐Of‐Systems Challenges
Authors: Chen Pin , Clothier Jennie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEngineering activities in future organisation development including various information‐based systems vary but all result in evolutions of an organisation and its capabilities and systems. These evolutions occur in a context of Systems‐of‐Systems (SoS). This paper presents an understanding of SoS challenges to Systems Engineering (SE) and proposes a new approach to SE process management in order to cope with high complexity of SoS evolutions and improve architecture practice
6.6.1 A Systems Engineering Approach to Filling India's Telecommunications Gap
Authors: Barkley Scott G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe need of developing nations to increase information flow provides a commercial opportunity to extend modern telecommunications technologies and service offerings into new markets. This high‐level case study identifies the need for new systems in India to assist in filling telecommunications service gaps, with a strong emphasis on systems for rural populations. The United States is used as a basis of comparison. Existing systems and deficiencies, stakeholders, and evaluation criteria for potential alternatives are discussed. Several alternatives for local service delivery and national backbone networks are presented, drawn from current and planned offerings in India and worldwide. Application of the criteria to the candidate solutions indicates that no single one is preferable, but a combination of several would provide a suitable solution.
6.6.5 Performing Trade Studies in the CERCLA1 Environment
Authors: Borland M. , Rice P. , Jamison K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDuring almost any project, situations will arise that require project management and/or engineering personnel to make choices regarding project direction or product development. Often these choices are simply a part of the normal engineering development cycle (e.g., refinement or optimization of the product design). Frequently, on Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and other similar projects, trade studies are initiated to address concerns or issues raised by stakeholders (e.g., EPA, local and state governments, local tribes, public). Where CERCLA projects, by definition, deal with releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment, these trade studies must balance safety, risk and health issues, as well as cost and engineering viability. How these trade studies are carried out and documented/presented to the stakeholders involved can often be the difference between continued project progress and a “stalemate” leaving the project in limbo.This document describes a basic trade study process, which has proved successful in addressing stakeholder concerns while at the same time balancing the desires of the various parties involved.
2.5.5 A System Theoretic Framework for V&V
Authors: Wymore A. Wayne 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper begins with a discussion of the meaning of the words validation and verification in the systems engineering context; what should be validated, what should be verified and when. The system theoretic framework proposed for V&V is then described featuring the mathematical structure of the system test requirement. Finally, the specific V&V tasks are defined within the system theoretic framework.
5.1.3 Emergence : Applying the Principles ‐ using Genetic Algorithms to derive schedules
Authors: McConnell George R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRecognising the existence of the ‘other’ perspectives of a given situation results in improved understanding of the emergent properties of a system. This paper builds on a theoretical stance outlined in a paper at the INCOSE International Symposium in 2001 by providing an example of the application of a technique, Genetic Algorithms, which can assist in avoiding some of the biases introduced and incorrect assumptions made by everyone when solving a problem. The paper does not cover the details of the technique, concentrating instead on the use of the technique to solve a scheduling problem. A full description of the prototype solution is given and a brief overview of the differences between that prototype and the final version is provided.
1.2.2 Systems Engineering Modeling Useful in Combating Terrorism
Authors: LongPresident James , Mackey William F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFollowing the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, several members of INCOSE have become involved in international, regional, and local activities to respond to those events that have shaken the international community. As part of the newly formed INCOSE Anti‐Terrorism International Working Group (ATIWG) established in October 2001, efforts at the University of Maryland University College and Vitech Corporation have produced notable models and products useful to INCOSE. ATIWG meetings at the INCOSE Workshop held in Mesa, AZ, during January 2002 stimulated all who attended and generated still more useful views of the problem space. The ATIWG convened a special panel at INCOSE 2002 in Las Vegas, NV, under the theme documented in a companion paper entitled “The Role of Systems Engineering in Combating Terrorism.”This paper's thesis is that the multidisciplinary approach of systems engineering is useful in evaluating the terrorist threats, identifying system vulnerabilities, and reducing or eradicating international terrorism. In addition, the ability to model those events may assist in determining the functional design of the terrorist threat and perhaps permit insight into the physical design as well. The functional design (or modus operandi) is frequently unchanged from one terrorist activity to another, and only physical design changes. This then offers the potential to predict future terrorist acts. The authors are in the process of examining all facets of the issue by applying the multidisciplinary approach of systems engineering to the resolution of this meaningful international issue.
3.2.3 Modelling Uncertainty in Integrated Models
Authors: Whittle Steve , Dalton John , Rajabally Eshan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOne of the main aims of modelling is to ensure that customer requirements (stated in terms of property value constraints) will be met with a suitably high level of confidence. This paper introduces work ongoing jointly within BAE SYSTEMS and the University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne in the UK which, in part, introduces processes and techniques to enable this aim to be realised. Part of this work involves the creation of a modelling framework to represent property flow within an integrated modelling hierarchy to aid model and property traceability and to determine and propagate both subjective and quantitative model dependability (confidence we have in the output from models).The aim of the joint research is, in part, to determine the confidence we have in the values of the top level properties, to determine the critical lower level properties and to ease trade‐off studies.
3.2.4 A Methodology for Modeling VVT Risks and Costs
Authors: Engel Avner 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe cost of large systems' Verification, Validation, and Testing (VVT) is in the neighborhood of 40% of the total life cycle cost. The cost associated with systems' failures is even more dramatic, often exceeding 10% of industrial organizations turnover. There is a great potential benefit in streamlining and optimizing the VVT process. The first step in accomplishing this aim is to define a VVT strategy and then to quantify the cost and risk associated with carrying it out.This paper provides an overview of the methodologies for risk and cost monitoring for VVT and proposes a novel approach for modeling VVT strategies as decision problems. A quantitative VVT process and risk model is proposed. Due to the non‐deterministic nature of risk, simulation is used to generate distributions of possible costs, schedules and risk outcomes. These distributions represent a probabilistic approach and are analyzed in relation to impact events. The model provides means to explore different VVT strategies for optimizing relevant decision parameters.To demonstrate the proposed procedure the paper describes a case study depicting a planned avionics suite upgrade program for a fighter aircraft. Some simplified partial quantitative results are also presented.
4.2.1 Diagnosing reliability problems in Socio‐technical Systems: A Visualisation approach
Authors: Gregoriades Andreas , Sutcliffe Alistair 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a visualisation approach of socio‐technical system design evaluation based on human reliability. Bayesian Belief networks are used to assess human error and system failure (Sutcliffe et al. 1999) based on a variety of high‐level operational scenarios. The System Reliability Analyser tool automates the process by iteratively manipulating the BBN model, presenting the analyst with a three‐level visualisation of the results to diagnose the locus of reliability problems. A case study is presented on the evaluation of two alternative designs of the command and control room of an offshore patrol vessel.
5.2.1 Systems Engineering and the Semantic Web
Authors: Staker Roderick J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe rapid pace of technological development, combined with the changing nature of modern society, pose novel challenges for systems engineering in the 21st century. The effect of the first of these factors is that systems development needs to be highly agile in order to exploit the latest technological developments to their greatest possible potentials. The effect of the second is that it is becoming necessary to take into account the views of a wider range of stakeholders than may once have been the case. One way in which conventional systems engineering methods might be enhanced to better cope with such challenges is by the increased adoption of knowledge‐based methods. This paper will examine the role that a particular form of logic might play in such a knowledge‐based systems engineering approach, and its relation to the “Semantic Web”, the mooted next generation of the World‐Wide Web.