bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerson, Martí, and a Cosmopolitanism for the Americas
Authors: Donahue Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Readings of José Martí’s engagement with Ralph Waldo Emerson’s writing have long tended to assume that the Cuban writer was drawn to an Emerson of subjective and ontological stability. And yet an engagement with a dynamic Emerson shapes the literary form and political outlook of several of Martí’s major works. In journal entries and notebook fragments, as well as in Martí’s essay “Emerson” (1882), we find a textual enactment of a dynamic Emersonian subjectivity and a means by which Martí claims a cosmopolitan perspective and reconceptualizes world-literary space. Similarly, in “Nuestra América” (1891), Martí casts the boundaries of the eponymous transnational community as ever-shifting, in a way that forestalls an alignment with imperialist discourses of Latinamericanism and remains open to new configurations of hemispheric politics. The chapter thus finds in Martí’s writing an ethically significant mode of cosmopolitanism and pushes against interpretations of Emerson’s thought as a colonizing force.
Emerson’s Muses, Poets, and Persons from The Dial to The Atlantic Monthly
Authors: Richards Eliza 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Studies of Emerson’s political engagements often slight his poetry, while studies of Emerson’s poetry typically slight his political engagements. This chapter bridges this divide by attending to the poems Emerson published in The Dial—an outlet that explicitly eschewed political or social commentary in favor of more abstruse meditation—and The Atlantic Monthly, which would reach a massive readership and broadcasted political, scientific, and socioeconomic opinion with every issue. In the former publications, Emerson struggles with his own conceptions of the poet who is inadequate to channel the higher truths of the muse. But in his Atlantic poems, Emerson redirects his poetic compositions to address the nation’s struggles concerning sectionalism, racial injustice, and the violence of the Civil War. Even so, Emerson reveals himself unable fully to recognize and thus to verse the agency and heroism of Black people in the United States.
“Fleeing to Fables”
Authors: West Kristina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Emerson regularly employs the figure of the child in his essays, poems, and personal writings as he works to define what man is and should be, with childhood frequently in opposition as both the status that man has (or should have) left behind and an ideal state to which man might aspire (or return). While such oppositions have rarely been explored in any sustained depth in Emersonian criticism, writers of children’s literature have returned to Emerson over the last 150 years in ways that call for deeper investigation. This chapter considers portrayals of Emerson in the works of Louisa May Alcott, L. M. Montgomery, and Ransom Riggs, analyzing Emerson’s construction for an assumed child audience; how such constructions reflect, relate to and trouble his works; and how Emersonian philosophies of childhood are both ratified and destabilized to prompt new readings of Emerson’s own question in Nature: “What is a child?”
Child Adaptations to the Phases of EMDR therapy
Authors: Adler-Tapia Robbie , Settle Carolyn 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a foundation with the references, and resources for implementing EMDR therapy with children in developmentally appropriate and child-friendly ways. The chapter includes a table reviewing the eight phases of EMDR therapy within the context of child development with modifications for the application of treatment. Also discussed is the important of adhering to the eight phases of EMDR therapy while integrating creative and innovative techniques. These techniques may include art, play, sandtray, and other expressive activities that are predictive of successful outcomes with children. Additionally, considerations in determining if a parent should be included in the EMDR sessions are explored. And finally, child resources are incorporated into the chapter including a table listing and describing the core texts of EMDR therapy with children and a table referencing a variety of inventive methods designed to obtain and organize EMDR targets with children. EMDR therapy can be utilized with children of all ages and various symptom presentations. This chapter demonstrates how to adapt the eight phases to meet the child’s needs while being creative and flexible and maintaining fidelity to phases of EMDR therapy.
Commensal Models in Island Archaeology
Authors: Collins Catherine , Gosling Anna L. , Matisoo-Smith Elizabeth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Throughout time, humans have moved across landscapes, traveling with plants and animals that were important and even critical for survival. In island environments, where many of these plant co-travelers were not able to self-disperse, the phylogeography and genetic relationships of these species can be used to infer the origins and interactions of the humans carrying them. This is the basis of the “commensal model.” This chapter describes considerations for designing a study using the commensal model, illustrated with examples of its application. Aspects of the settlement of the Pacific and the transported landscapes carried by Pacific peoples are presented as a case study of the commensal approach.
French in North America
Authors: Bullock Barbara E. , Gess Randall 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the diversity of French in North America. Laurentian French is a stable system in Quebec with its own internal, geographic, and sociolinguistic diversity. Most of the diversity found in Acadian French relates to the early, catastrophic upheaval that affected its speakers, patterns of resettlement, and contact with English and other varieties of French. Some distinctive features can be traced back to settler origins. Elsewhere where French is spoken in North America, it is an unstable system that undergoes a number of effects of contact with English and in some cases with other varieties of French, including normative Reference French through education. The chapter looks briefly at Laurentian French west of Quebec, and then at French in the United States, namely in New England and Louisiana.
Morphology and Syntax
Authors: McLaughlin Mairi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of French morphology and syntax. Morphology concerns the internal structure of words, and syntax concerns how they are combined to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. The approach adopted is primarily descriptive, focusing on what linguistic scholarship has uncovered about both Standard French and its many different varieties. Particular emphasis is placed on both spoken French and on speakers, varieties, and communicative contexts which have so far been underrepresented in scholarly research. As well as showing what we know about the workings of French morphology and syntax, this chapter underscores where there are gaps and discord as well as how the research fields are changing today. In this way, the chapter points to many future possible directions for scholarly research.
French Language and Literature in the Middle Ages
Authors: Marnette Sophie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the language of French literary texts in the Middle Ages. Medieval French literature evolved substantially, from its sparse early texts couched in rare manuscripts alongside Latin to the multitude and diversity of textual production in the late-fifteenth century, as the printing press was taking over. As literary genres developed and evolved, from verse to prose, from being performed or read aloud to being read silently, so did the ways of telling stories and the language they were told in, which reflected diatopic, diastratic, diaphasic, and diamesic variation. This evolution was accompanied by a developing alertness as to what this language should be and how it reflected the different ideologies portrayed in various literary genres by increasingly self-aware authors and intellectuals.
Contemporary French Language and Literature
Authors: Rosier Laurence 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the language of contemporary literature in French. It explores the literary field from a sociostylistic perspective. The analysis takes into account both social and technological influence on the language of literature, literary style, and the production of works of literature. This involves treating the polysemiotic dimensions of digital writing and its role in the fictional matrix and materialities. The chapter examines a number of specific stylistic forms. It focuses in particular on oral style, the style of reported speech, and the poetic dimension of language. The question of genre is one which cuts across all of the literary examples discussed.
Keywords
Literature; literacy; technology; genre; style; orality; lexis; reported speech; politics; feminism
French Language and Vocal Music
Authors: Lesacher Claire 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the status and use of the French language in vocal music through a study of Montreal rap. Focusing on a local genre that is often characterized as multilingual, this chapter explores the different ways that rappers draw on their linguistic repertoire in their artistic work. It examines what is at stake in the use of French and its various varieties in rap music. The metalinguistic discourse of female rappers is used to show the extent to which the different choices and ideologies are motivated by aesthetic questions related to rap music, while also being influenced by the socio-historical and political context in Quebec which is, in turn, shaped by the artistic characteristics of the music.
Sustainable Development
Authors: Chowdhury Nupur , Moosa Haaris 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the inflection points and undercurrents in the evolution of the principle of sustainable development starting from the Brundtland Commission report. The jurisprudential evolution of the principle of sustainable development from the Supreme Court and carried on by the High Courts and the National Green Tribunal is surveyed through the matrices of environment protection, the imperatives of economic and social development and indeterminacy. Also analysed is the impact that natural disasters have on environmental decision making. The interplay of the principle of sustainable development with the reality of social development and the resultant policy formulations are also analysed in the backdrop of the balancing act of environmental protection and economic development.
Rights of Nature
Authors: Jolly Stellina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 2017, through two judgments (Mohammed Salim v State of Uttarakhand and Lalit Miglani v State of Uttarakhand), the High Court of Uttarakhand declared the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna and glaciers, respectively, as legal persons enjoying all the rights and duties of a living entity. The decisions proved impactful in articulating the legal personality of animals and other natural entities in subsequent cases. These decisions can be seen in the background of similar legal initiatives in other jurisdictions granting rights of nature, which constitutes a significant development in environmental law. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning the normative foundation and implementation mechanisms, and implications of recognizing the rights of nature. This chapter considers the main characteristics of the rights of nature with a focus on the rights of rivers and analyses its potential to shape the contemporary narrative and change the way in which environmental protection is envisaged.
International Environmental Law and its Interface with India’s Domestic Law
Authors: Desai Bharat H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a glimpse into the advent and growth of the body of international environmental law and its role in national law-making in India. It seeks to make sense of the interface between international treaty-making process and the Indian adherence to international environmental obligations, the interaction of international institutions with the domestic institutions, how international environmental law has contributed to the shaping of environmental law in India and how India has contributed to the shaping international environmental law. It examines which lessons can be drawn from the transposition of international environmental law in the Indian domestic law in a context where it has become even more relevant in the context of formal recognition of the Anthropocene epoch on 21 May 2019 based on an ‘unmistakable imprint of human activities’ on planet Earth.
Protecting the Coastal and Marine Environment
Authors: Puthucherril Tony George 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The coastal and marine environment performs several key functions—regulating the climate, sequestering carbon dioxide, and sustaining essential biological processes. With close to a quarter of the world’s population living in coastal and adjacent areas and millions depending on coastal and marine ecosystems and resources for their livelihood and sustenance, the health of the marine and coastal environment is critical. Despite this, the coastal and marine environment is fast deteriorating, the degradation set to accelerate rapidly with climate change and sea level rise. This chapter provides an understanding of these developments and the current state of the law on the protection of the marine and coastal environment in India evaluating its capacity to respond to these challenges. In this regard, the focus will be on India’s coastal law and the attempts to operationalize integrated coastal zone management which has global recognition as the primary pathway to secure sustainable coastal development.
Forest Management and Conservation Regime
Authors: Lele Sharachchandra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Forest conservation involves ensuring sustainability in use-priority areas, preservation in biodiversity-priority areas, and regulation of the conversion of forests to non-forests. But forests provide multiple benefits to multiple stakeholders at multiple scales, and hence trade-offs between these benefits result in tradeoffs between stakeholders. Forest governance therefore requires addressing questions relating to the use, preservation and conversion of forests while incorporating the interests of multiple stakeholders. This chapter describes how these questions were resolved under the statist forest governance regime that prevailed during the colonial and post-colonial epoch, till the passage of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. An overview of the basic legal framework is followed by a description of key variations, nuances, and shifts over time in each. An assessment of this governance regime is then presented in terms of the fairness of priorities chosen for forest management, including attention to customary rights and social justice, effectiveness, sustainability and transparency and accountability in functioning.
Water Quality and Water Pollution
Authors: Sharma Aviram 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on regulations, policies, and laws developed in India to deal with water quality and water pollution over the last seven decades. It traces the roots of the historical developments of regulatory and legal measures and chalks out the fundamental systemic challenges, such as weak institutions, ambiguous and conflicting goals, procedural inefficiencies, lack of coordination among institutions, and shifting goals, which create hurdles in the development of an effective regulatory and legal system to deal with water pollution and water quality concerns. In addition, the chapter discusses the emerging regulatory, judicial, and legal responses which are being devised to deal with the existing and emerging issues and challenges relating to water pollution and water quality regulation.
Water Disputes and the Environment
Authors: Chokkakula Srinivas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter presents a historical perspective of India’s transboundary relationships to engage with water disputes and environmental risks. This offers a nuanced understanding of India’s engagement with the narratives about its role as a hydrohegemon and its preference for bilateralism. Additionally, despite the uneven responses to the UN Watercourses Convention, 1997, the evolving water disputes case law shows an encouraging trend of accommodating for climate change and other environmental risks. Building on these strands and the emerging context of transboundary environmental risks surrounding India, the chapter posits that India’s development interests and the collective concerns of transboundary environmental risks in South Asia align. This allows for building a case for an incremental evolution of regional institutional architecture, beginning with a pursuit of disaster resilience in South Asia. The new rationalities of transboundary environmental risks may be the basis for addressing the structural deficiencies and rebuilding the existing dormant regional institutions.
National Green Tribunal and the Environment
Authors: Gill Gitanjali Nain 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The establishment of specialised environmental courts or tribunals as specialist adjudicatory forums is shaping the normative interpretation of environmental law. India stands as an exemplar for developing nations through the establishment of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2010. This was a bold and innovative initiative. Its working practices encompass judges working alongside scientific experts with environmental knowledge as joint decision-makers, participatory mechanisms that express equal opportunity for an aggrieved party, and expansive procedural powers. However, new challenges have arisen that question the effectiveness and efficiency of the Tribunal. These include availability and independence of a specialist range of scientific knowledge, the exercise of its jurisdictional power, and controversial self-expansionist powers. This chapter suggests the need for an evaluation of membership, timeframes, outreach, transparency and outcomes. The awareness and willingness to review, reform, and change are hallmarks of a successful tribunal thereby reinforcing its legitimacy and trust across India.
Environmental Movements and Law
Authors: Chaudhuri Nairita Roy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Environmental movements in India are grassroots-based calls for just political conditions for sustaining subsistence living. Such movements have a long history dating back to British rule, including peasant revolts in 1859–63 against indigo plantations and 1893 agitations against the commercialization of forests and Adivasis’ lands; to post-Independence movements against dam-building, seed capitalism, and mining, and the farmers’ movements against agricultural neoliberalization. This chapter takes a socio-legal approach by borrowing heterogeneous concepts and sources from social sciences to critically examine the substantive field of law, development, and environmental movements in the context of India’s post-coloniality. Through a description of some key post-Independence movements, the chapter shows how they engage in confrontational and non-confrontational strategies to resist the colonial legacy and neoliberal ideology of development, the ontological duality that separates nature and culture and the Westphalian state’s legal and political domination over local sovereignty, and their negative ecological and social consequences.
Evaluation of public perceptions on nanotechnology regulation in Costa Rica
Authors: Vega-Baudrit José , Camacho Melissa , Araya Andrea , León Hannia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the perspectives of individuals, primarily Costa Ricans, on the necessity of implementing regulations for nanotechnology. Through a survey-based methodology, our findings reveal that approximately 98 per cent of respondents consider such regulation essential. The consensus on the need for regulation is significantly influenced by age, occupation, and field of expertise. Participants predominantly identified the health and environmental sectors as those most likely to benefit from advancements in nanotechnology. Despite the widespread agreement on the necessity for regulation, there was a divergence of opinion regarding which institution should oversee these regulations, with the National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LANOTEC) at the High Technology National Center (CENAT) being the most frequently chosen. This study underscores the importance of establishing regulatory frameworks for nanotechnology in Costa Rica. However, it also highlights the need for broader discussions to determine the most effective regulatory practices and the most appropriate institution for their implementation and oversight.
The Impact of Health Status on Health Care Utilization of Children in Foster Care
Authors: McLeigh Jill D. , Singh Gunjan , Huang Rong 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT:

Objectives:
This study sought to understand the health status of children in foster care; the relationship between their health status and health care utilization; and demographic and placement factors associated with health care utilization.

Methods:
To estimate relationships between health status and health care utilization, this study used electronic health records from 4976 children in foster care seen at a children's hospital in the southwestern United States, 2017 to 2020. An algorithm classified patients' health status as nonchronic, noncomplex chronic, or complex chronic. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patients and utilization. The χ2, Kruskal-Wallis, and pairwise comparison post hoc tests were used to examine relationships between health status and health care utilization. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression further estimated relationships between health status and health care utilization while factoring in demographic and placement characteristics.

Results:
Within the sample, 35.6% had complex chronic health status. Significant differences were found among health status groups in age, gender, ethnicity, and maltreatment exposure. Both nonparametric pairwise comparisons and the ZINB regression model showed that having complex chronic health was associated with higher utilization of all hospital resources: emergency, admission, primary and specialty care, and various therapies, relative to having noncomplex chronic and nonchronic health.

Conclusion:
A high percentage of children in foster care had complex chronic health, and these patients used significantly more resources. This study suggests that hospital-based health clinics focused on children in foster care and care coordination may be warranted.