bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Sensitivity of Complement to Salmonella typhimurium Accounts for the Difference in Natural Resistance to Murine Typhoid between A/J and C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Nakano Akira , Kita Eiji , Kashiba Shuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe difference in natural resistance to Salmonella typhimurium between S. typhimurium‐resistant A/J mice and S. typhimurium‐susceptible C57BL/6 mice was analyzed. In both strains, the growth of S. typhimurium was controlled in the spleen until 48 hr of infection, while serum C3b levels were increased in A/J mice immediately after infection but not in C57BL/6 mice. Incubation of A/J mouse serum with S. typhimurium or its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) generated sufficient amounts of C3b, but that of C57BL/6 mouse serum with them did not. A/J macrophages had higher intracellular killing activity in vitro than did C57BL/6 cells against S. typhimurium pre‐opsonized with each corresponding fresh serum. However, the cells from both mice exhibited a similar level of killing activity against S. typhimurium pre‐opsonized with fresh A/J serum or rabbit complement. The resistance of C57BL/6 mice was significantly increased by opsonizing S. typhimurium with fresh A/J serum or rabbit complement before inoculation. The serum level of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in A/J mice was 2.7 times as high as in C57BL/6 mice at 48 hr post‐infection. Recombinant murine IFN‐γ enhanced the intracellular killing activity of macrophages from both mice when S. typhimurium was pre‐opsonized with fresh A/J serum but not with fresh C57BL/6 serum. These findings suggest that A/J macrophages exhibit maximal killing activity against A/J serum‐opsonized S. typhimurium in vivo when the cells are activated with IFN‐γ. Therefore, the rapid and sufficient activation of complement by Salmonella LPS may render A/J mice more resistant against murine typhoid.
Cellular Lipid and Fatty Acid Compositions of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Isolated from Human and Environment in Viet Nam
Authors: Van Phung Le , Chi Tran Thi Bich , Hotta Hisako , Yabuuchi Eiko , Yano Ikuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractViet nam is known as an endemic area of melioidosis but its etiologic agent originated in Viet nam was not extensively studied. For the first time, we analyzed the cellular lipid and fatty acid compositions of 15 Vietnamese isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei, 10 from humans and 5 from the environment. Cellular lipid compositions were analyzed by two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography on silica gel G plates. Cellular fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major lipids in all the isolates were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), two forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE‐1 and PE‐2), and two forms of ornithine‐containing lipid (OL‐1 and OL‐2). PE‐1 contained non‐hydroxy fatty acids at both sn‐1 and −2 positions, while PE‐2 possessed 2‐hydroxy fatty acids and non‐hydroxy fatty acids in a ratio of 1: 1. Since snake venom phospholipase A2 digestion of PE‐2 liberated 2‐hydroxy fatty acids, it was confirmed that these acids are at the sn‐2 position of glycerol moiety. In both OL‐1 and OL‐2, amide‐linked fatty acid was 3‐hydroxy palmitic acid (3‐OH‐C16: 0), while ester‐linked fatty acids were non‐hydroxy acids in OL‐1 and 2‐hydroxy acids in OL‐2. The total cellular fatty acid compositions of the test strains were characterized by the presence of 2‐hydroxy palmitic (2‐OH‐C16: 0), 2‐hydroxy hexadecenoic (2‐OH‐C16: 1), 2‐hydroxy octadecenoic (2‐OH‐C18: 1), 2‐hydroxy methylene octadecanoic (2‐OH‐C19CPA), 3‐hydroxy myristic (3‐OH‐C14: 0) and 3‐hydroxy palmitic (3‐OH‐C16: 0) acids. There were significant differences in the concentration of hexadecenoic (C16: 1), methylene hexadecanoic (C17CPA), octadecenoic (C18: 1) and methylene octadecanoic (C19CPA) acids among the Vietnamese isolates of B. pseudomallei. However, no significant difference was observed in cellular lipid and fatty acid components between strains of human and environmental origins.
T Cell‐Dependent Activation of Macrophages and Enhancement of Their Phagocytic Activity in the Lungs of Mice Inoculated with Heat‐Killed Cryptococcus neoformans: Involvement of IFN‐γ and Its Protective Effect against Cryptococcal Infection
Authors: Kawakami Kazuyoshi , Kohno Shigeru , Kadota Jun‐ichi , Tohyama Masaki , Teruya Katsuji , Kudeken Norifumi , Saito Atsushi , Hara Kohei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrevious investigations have demonstrated that macrophages play a critical role in the first‐line cellular defense mechanism against infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. In the present study, to elucidate the way in which anticryptococcal activity of macrophages is regulated at the site of infection, pulmonary intraparenchymal macrophages were directly analyzed for expression of their surface molecules and their phagocytic activities against the organism, and the effects of depletion of T cells and endogenous IFN‐γ in vivo on these parameters were examined. In the lungs of mice intratracheally inoculated with heat‐killed C. neoformans, macrophages were activated, as indicated by augmented expression of MHC class II, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and Fc receptor (FcR), and about two‐thirds of macrophages were found to have ingested an average of 3.77 ± 0.12 yeast cells per macrophage. In mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by injecting the specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or anti‐IFN‐γ mAb, not only augmentation of the expression of macrophage activation markers but also phagocytosis of C. neoformans was significantly reduced. These results suggest that anticryptococcal activity of macrophages is regulated by IFN‐γ endogenously produced by T cells. Additionally, treatment with IFN‐γ were shown to significantly prolong the survival time of mice infected with viable C. neoformans. Additionally, preimmunization with heat‐killed C. neoformans significantly prolonged the survival time of mice which received the following infection.
Evaluation of Two Assay Kits for Thermostable Direct Hemolysin (TDH) as an Indicator of TDH‐Related Hemolysin (TRH) Produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Yoh Myonsun , Kawakami Nobuhiro , Funakoshi Yasunobu , Okada Keishi , Honda Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits with beads (Bead‐ELISA) are commercially available in Japan to detect the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. We evaluated whether these kits can be used to assay the pathogenic toxin, TDH‐related hemolysin (TRH), produced by some so‐called Kanagawa phenomenon‐negative V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. Our results showed that the two kits, RPLA and Bead‐ELISA, can detect TRH, although they were originally developed for detection of TDH. This may be due to the use of polyclonal anti‐TDH antisera that cross react with TRH. Although the sensitivity for TDH detection by RPLA and Bead‐ELISA differed tenfold, that for TRH detection was essentially equal. The minimum concentration of TRH required for detection by the two assay kits was about 10 ng/ml.
In Vivo Production of Various Cytokines in Splenocytes of Sheep Erythrocyte‐Immunized Mice after Intravenous Administration of Bacterial Lipid A
Authors: Mashimo Jun‐ichi , Mita Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of an intravenous administration of lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide on the in vivo production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐6 in the spleens of mice intravenously immunized with sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen were investigated. The increased number of antigen‐specific IgM antibody‐producing cells and the titer of the IgM serum antibody were measured using the plaque‐forming cell (PFC) assay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Simultaneous injections of SRBC antigen and lipid A adjuvant enhanced IgM‐PFC number on days 3 and 4 and the serum IgM titer on days 4 and 5 after the immunization. We found that the enhanced IL‐4 and IL‐5 levels correlated with the PFC number and IgM titer. When lipid A was injected intravenously 2 days after immunization with SRBC, the PFC number in lipid A‐treated groups were similar to those in controls 3 and 4 days after the immunization. However, it was found that a twofold increase in the IgM titer in serum was induced by lipid A 5 days after immunization. In relation to this increase, lipid A stimulated the production of only IL‐5 among the cytokines tested.
Nucleotide Sequence of the SrRNA Gene of Entamoeba gingivalis: Applications for Construction of a Species‐Specific DNA Probe and Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Yamamoto Ayako , Kikuta Noriko , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Oyaizu Hiroshi , Goto Nobuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe small subunit ribosomal RNA (SrRNA) gene of Entamoeba gingivalis was amplified by PCR and the product of 1.9‐kbp sequence was cloned into a plasmid vector pUC18. Four clones were isolated and sequenced. The insert DNAs were 1918‐ to 1921‐bp long and A+T rich (65.5%). The four SrRNA sequences of E. gingivalis were found to be aligned with those of nine related protozoans while searching for E. gingivalis‐specific sequences. A sequence of 28 oligonucleotides was chosen, chemically synthesized, and labeled with digoxigenin for use as a DNA probe. The probe thus constructed was shown to hybridize only with either the SrRNA‐coding DNAs or the cells of the two E. gingivalis strains and not with those of other protozoans or oral fungi tested. A representative SrRNA‐sequence was analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor‐joining (NJ) method. Among the protists examined, E. gingivalis was placed next to Entamoeba histolytica as expected from the traditional taxonomy.
Malaria Antigens Stimulate Neopterin Secretion by PBMC and U937 Cells
Authors: Facer Christine A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLysates of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized human erythrocytes stimulate U937 cells to secrete neopterin during a 48 hr co‐culture period. Neopterin secretion by U937 cells was enhanced by the addition of human interferon gamma (IFN‐γ). Several P. falciparum antigens, ‘FC27’ (a synthetic ‘S’ antigen), Ag16 (a recombinant ‘S’ antigen) and Ag44/RHOP3 (a recombinant merozoite rhoptry protein), also activated U937 cells to neopterin secretion and produced a similar effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 2 of 3 normal healthy donors cultured with the antigens for 7 days. Plasma from six Nigerian malaria patients contained high neopterin concentrations ranging from 5.06 to 14.17 ng/ml. This preliminary pilot study lends support for further investigation incorporating a larger number of malaria patients and further culture experiments with U937 cells and PBMC with the aim of defining the cause and source of the large quantities of plasma neopterin produced in this infection.
Analysis of the NH2‐Terminal 83rd Amino Acid of Escherichia coli GyrA in Quinolone‐Resistance
Authors: Yonezawa Minoru , Takahata Masahiro , Banzawa Naoko , Matsubara Nobuyuki , Watanabe Yasuo , Narita Hirokazu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractArtificial mutations of Gyrase A protein (GyrA) in Escherichia coli by site‐directed mutagenesis were generated to analyze quinolone‐resistant mechanisms. By genetic analysis of gyrA genes in a gyrA temperature sensitive (Ts) background, exchange of Ser at the NH2‐terminal 83rd position of GyrA to Trp, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Ala, Val, and Ile caused bacterial resistance to the quinolones, while exchange to Gly, Asn, Lys, Arg and Asp did not confer resistance. These results indicate that it is the most important for the 83rd amino acid residue to be hydrophobic in expressing the phenotype of resistance to the quinolones. These findings also suggest that the hydroxyl group of Ser would not play a major role in the quinolone‐gyrase interaction and Ser83 would not interact directly with other amino acid residues.
Chromatographic Study of Spirosin by Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Spirosin of Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Yamato Masayuki , Tomotake Hiroyuki , Shiomoto Yasuhisa , Ota Fusao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with spirosins from Enterobacteriaceae were obtained in a course of screening MAbs to spirosin from Yersinia enterocolitica SYT‐11‐72 (YE72). The antibodies were designated MAbs‐S44 and S50. They were IgG2b and IgG2a, respectively, both with k light chains. On Western blotting after limited proteolysis of YE72 spirosin with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, they reacted markedly with peptide fragments of 27 and 35 kDa, suggesting the presence of an antigenic determinant on the fragments. When supernatant cell lysate from Escherichia coli K12 was chromatographed on DEAE‐cellulose and Sepharose CL‐6B columns successively, a 96‐kDa protein with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was always associated with reactivity to MAb‐S50. These findings combined with N‐terminal amino acid sequences clearly indicate the identity of spirosin to ADH in E. coli.
Extracellular Antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 in Severe Alveolar Bone Loss Patients Studied by Two‐Dimensional Electrophoresis and Western Blots
Authors: Tani Yoshiko , Tani Masahiko , Yamada Takeshi , Kato Ihachi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe human immune response to extracellular substances (ES) from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 were analyzed. Twenty‐nine periodontal patients with generalized severe alveolar bone loss and 13 healthy volunteers were examined for serum IgG antibody titers against ES. Among the patients, 17 had higher antibody titers than healthy individuals (high‐titer patients) but the remainder (low‐titer patients) did not. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and Western blots demonstrated that two proteins (40 and 37 kDa) and three smeared substances reacted with IgGs from high‐titer patients, but not with IgGs from healthy volunteers. The low‐molecular‐mass smear at the acid side reacted with over 90% of all patients. This smear reacted with anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) monoclonal antibody which recognized LPS from each A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype. The high molecular mass smear at the acid side might be serotype‐specific O‐antigens of LPS. Another high molecular mass smear which located from the alkaline to the neutral side reacted with anti‐serotype‐b‐specific capsular polysaccharide monoclonal antibody. Moreover, the 40‐ and 37‐kDa proteins reacted with this anti‐capsular polysaccharide antibody. This results suggested that 40‐and 37‐kDa proteins which reacted with 100% or 88% of high‐titer patients might be glycoproteins linked with capsular polysaccharide.
Acute and Chronic Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in the Rat. Response to Systemic Treatment with Recombinant Rat Interferon‐Gamma
Authors: Revelli Silvia , Davila Hector , Ferro Maria E. , Romero‐Piffiguer Marta , Musso Orlando , Valenti Jose , Bernabo Jorge , Falcoff Ernesto , Wietzerbin Jeanne , Bottasso Oscar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined the effects of recombinant rat inteferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) injections on the parasitologic, serologic, immunologic and histopathologic features of acute and chronic experimental Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infections in “l” rats. Upon infection at weaning, two rat groups were allocated to receive a 20‐day cycle of IFN‐γ injections, 20,000 IU/rat each, which started at 1, and 7 days post‐infection (pi). Treatment with IFN‐γ, initiated at either 1 or 7 days pi, resulted in comparatively lower peak parasitemias (P<0.02) but in similar levels of anti‐T. cruzi circulating antibodies and serum IFN‐γ activities. The latter appeared significantly increased during acute infection whereas biologically active tumor necrosis factor was virtually undetectable in serum from infected rats regardless of whether they had been given IFN‐γ or not. The prevalence of chronic focal myocarditis in IFN‐γ‐treated infected rats showed no differences with respect to the one recorded in control‐infected counterparts. The inverse CD4/CD8 ratio of spleen and lymph node T cells that usually accompanies chronic infection was reversed by IFN‐γ. Mononuclear cells carrying class III‐A and I‐E molecules, that were found to have increased at both compartments, appeared also modified upon IFN‐γ treatment with an overincrease of I‐A‐positive cells, and a normalization of I‐E‐bearing cells.
Electron Microscopic Examination of Factors Influencing the Expression of Filamentous Surface Structures on Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria
Authors: Kirov Sylvia M. , Jacobs Irene , Hayward Laura J. , Hapin Rosario H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStrains of Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria isolated from clinical and environmental sources were examined for their expression of surface structures under a variety of culture conditions. When grown on solid media at 37 C, more than 95% of bacteria from the majority of strains isolated from human diarrheal feces and chicken carcasses were non‐piliated or expressed only a few pili of long, flexible morphology per cell. Strains isolated from water or other foods were much more likely to express pili. Heavily piliated strains (all sources) possessed pili of several morphological types, including long, flexible pili of varying widths and rigid pili of varying lengths. Expression of pili was favored by growth at temperatures ca. 20 C and below and growth in liquid medium. Most fecal strains expressed some pili under these conditions. In addition, other surface structures (fibrillar aggregates, fibrillar networks, bundle‐forming pili) were seen on some strains from most sources. These were also seen most frequently when bacteria were grown in liquid media at temperatures ca. 20 C and below. Pili expression was not dramatically influenced by growth under anaerobic conditions, or in iron‐depleted media, or by combinations of the above conditions. The role of the above surface structures in Aeromonas pathogenicity remains to be elucidated.
Sheep Red Blood Cell Instillation at Palatine Tonsil Effectively Induces Specific IgA Class Antibody in Saliva in Rabbits
Authors: Fukuizumi Takaki , Inoue Hiromasa , Anzai Yuichi , Tsujisawa Toshiyuki , Uchiyama Choji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have shown that the palatine tonsil effectively incorporates exogenous foreign substances instilled at its surface. It is not clear whether antigen‐specific IgA can be induced by the instillation. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were instilled at the palatine tonsil every three days as the antigen, and the agglutination titer of specific IgA in saliva was examined. Nasal or intragastric administration, which have been shown to induce specific antibody in saliva, were done as control experiments. Anti‐SRBC antibody in saliva from the tonsillar instillation group was detected in the second week, and the agglutination titer reached a maximum in the 6th week after the instillation. The maximum titers in the tonsillar instillation group and nasal administration group were 16 (P<0.01, n=7) and 4 times (P<0.01, n = 7) higher, respectively, than that in the intragastric administration group. In the tonsillar instillation group, the number of specific antibody‐producing cells per 105 lymphocytes was the highest in the parotid glands compared with the lymphoid tissues such as the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, nasal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, cervical lymph nodes, palatine tonsil and spleen. In the nasal administration group, the number of lymphocytes was the highest in the nasal mucosa. The results indicate that tonsillar instillation was more effective than nasal administration in inducing specific IgA in saliva.
A Flow Cytometric Assay Reveals a Suppression of Phagocytosis by Rabbit Defensin NP‐3A in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Ichinose Mitsuyuki , Sawada Masashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled polystyrene microparticles by peritonea] macrophages from thioglycollate‐elicited mice was examined by means of flow cytometry (FCM). This assay revealed that rabbit defensin NP‐3A suppressed the phagocytosis in a dose‐dependent manner. The present results suggest that NP‐3A released from neutrophils is one of the mediators which modulates the activity of macrophages in response to infection.
Distribution of Virulence Factors in Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine of Cystitis Patients
Authors: Yamamoto Shingo , Tsukamoto Teizo , Terai Akito , Kurazono Hisao , Takeda Yoshifumi , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe distribution of 7 urovirulence factors, such as type 1 pilus (pil), pilus associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin I (afaI), hemolysin (hly), aerobactin (aer) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) was examined by a DNA colony hybridization test among 194 Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urine of cystitis patients and in 80 strains isolated from the stool specimens of healthy adults. All virulence factors examined, except pil, were significantly more frequently detected among the cystitis isolates than among the fecal isolates. When individual virulence factors were analyzed against the others, an association was discernible which was not apparent when all 7 virulence factors were considered collectively. There was an apparent correlation between the genotypes and serotypes of the E. coli strains from the cystitis patients. From the data presented, it was proposed that genetic detection of virulence factors would be useful for rapid diagnosis of cystitis, especially in patients without severe pyuria or bacteriuria.
Isolation of Cytopathic Small Round Virus (Aichi Virus) from Pakistani Children and Japanese Travelers from Southeast Asia
Authors: Yamashita Teruo , Sakae Kenji , Kobayashi Shinichi , Ishihara Yuichi , Miyake Takashi , Mubina Agboatwalla , Isomura Shin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAichi virus was isolated in Vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 Pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. Aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 Japanese travelers returned from tours to Southeast Asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport in Japan. Of 5 Japanese travelers, 3 were returning from Indonesia, and 2 from Thailand or Malaysia. These results indicate that Aichi virus or a similar agent is endemic in Southeast Asian countries and is a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in children in these areas or in Japanese travelers who visit there.
The Release of Outer Membrane Vesicles from the Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Wai Sun Nyunt , Takade Akemi , Amako Kazunobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe clinically isolated heat labile enterotoxin (LT)‐producing strains of Escherichia coli can be separated into two groups, namely spontaneous LT‐releasing strain and non‐spontaneous LT‐releasing strain, based on their phenotypes of spontaneous release of LT into the culture medium. The phenotype of spontaneous LT release was observed to correlate closely with the phenotype of the release of numerous small vesicles into the culture medium. Both morphological and biological examinations of the vesicle showed that the vesicle was released from the outer membrane. It can, therefore, be assumed that LT may be released from the cell at the time the vesicles form.