bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strength behaviour of soil blended with two waste materials-fly ash and tire crumbs with cement
Authors: Barman P , Singh B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The rapid development in the economy has led to a growing need for electricity and automobiles, leading to the production of large quantities of fly ash (FA) and discarded tires. The safe disposal of these materials has become a significant problem. FA and scrap tyre derived material has some useful properties which can be beneficially used for enhancing the engineering properties of soil. Therefore, the study investigates the combined impact of FA and scrap tire-derived material on the stress-strain-strength behaviour of a fine-grained residual lateritic soil, incorporating a cementing agent. The research involves compaction tests followed by triaxial compression tests, where FA content added at an increment of 15% starting from 20% by weight of soil. The maximum FA content used in the mix is 50% by weight of soil. Tyre crumb (TC) which is a scrap tire-derived material, is also included in the study, with TC content ranging from 5% to 10% by weight. Additionally, 2% by weight of cement is added to each soil mix as a binding agent. Specimens are compacted in accordance with specific compaction parameters and subsequently cured for duration of up to 28 days. Strength tests are then carried out on those specimens to analyse their strength behaviour. This research primarily examines the shear strength characteristics of soil blended with FA, cement, and TC, emphasizing their geotechnical performance. Addition of 5% TC increases the peak deviator stress of cemented mix having 50% FA content from 1351 kPa to 2710 kPa at 300 kPa confining pressure and 28 days curing period. The inclusion of TC to soil-FA-cement blends is noted to significantly enhance shear strength when compared to mixes without tire crumb. Also, the stress-strain behaviour of soil is significantly influenced by addition of FA and cement in the presence of TC. Therefore, there is an ample scope of utilization of soil-fly ash-cement-TC mixes in geotechnical applications.
The effect of waste tire oil and pertamina dex oil blends on compression ignition engine performance
Authors: Khairil  , Kurniawan A F , Ali M , Sofyan S E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The improper disposal of waste tires is widely recognized as a significant environmental hazard, posing risks to both human health and safety. To address this issue, an effective approach is the transformation of waste tire into an essential product, namely Waste Tire Oil (WTO). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of blending WTO and Pertamina Dex oil on the performance of compression ignition (CI) engines. The Yanmar TF 65 R diesel engine, featuring a single cylinder, 6.5 HP of power, and a net output of 2200 rpm, was used for the experiment. The analysis was performed on various compositions of WTO and Pertamina Dex oil blends. Specifically, WTO-10 which indicated the addition of 10% volume percentage of WTO to Pertamina Dex oil, WTO-20, and WTO-30, were examined. WTO-10 indicates that a 10% volume percentage of waste tire oil was added to Pertamina Dex oil. Subsequently, the power, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency of the CI engine were analyzed. The results showed that the output power significantly increased with high rotation speed. It was also discovered that adding WTO to Pertamina Dex oil did not significantly reduce CI engine power at the same running speed. Furthermore, engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 1900 rpm at a lower rate indicated a decrease in specific fuel consumption as engine speed increased. In contrast, the range 2100 rpm to 2500 rpm showed an increase in specific fuel consumption, indicating a decrease in thermal efficiency by approximately 5.6%. Based on the results of this research was suggested that WTO potensial added to pertamina dex oil as a fuel for diesel engine withoud any modification.
Greenhouse gas mitigation and yield production of Thai fragrant rice cultivation under alternate wetting and drying water management
Authors: Sriphirom P , Rossopa B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management is being promoted to replace continuous flooding (CF) water regime in rice cultivation for agricultural countries, including Thailand, to achieve the net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cope with drought. However, its adoption in different areas yielding variable results that requires the careful approaches to prevent negative impacts on rice yield, particularly the aroma of fragrant rice, along with mitigating GHG emissions, mainly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This study aims to assess the impacts of AWD on CH4 and N2O emissions, productivity, water use, and soil characteristics of fragrant rice cultivation in Thailand. Khao Dawk Mali (KDML) 105 cultivar was cultivated in the wet season and Pathum Thani (PTT) 1 cultivar was planted in the dry season under CF and AWD at different dry levels of 10 cm (AWD10), 15 cm (AWD15), and 20 cm (AWD20) below the soil surface. The emissions of GHG and water use were measured throughout the study period using closed-chamber technique and water meter equipment, respectively. Rice yields and soil properties were analyzed after crop harvesting. The results showed that rice cultivation under AWD in both wet and dry seasons reduced CH4 emissions (18.4%–27.6%) but stimulated N2O emissions (11.8%–15.0%). However, its global warming potential (GWP) was lower than CF, lowered by an average of 17.7%, 26.8%, and 25.5% under the AWD10, AWD15, and AWD20, respectively. Relative to CF, unsuccessful AWD in the wet season did not change rice yield quantity and aroma (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: 2AP) of KDML 105. Conversely, successful AWD10 and AWD15 in the dry season promoted rice grain yield and 2AP (0.27–0.33 ppm) of PTT1, while AWD20 did not alter rice yield amount but increased rice aroma (0.47 ppm). AWD can save irrigation water in the range of 12.8%–23.0% and 15.5%–18.7% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. AWD water regime did not importantly change the soil characteristics after crop harvest. This study concludes that AWD, especially AWD15 and AWD20, has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without affecting the quantity and quality of rice yield, along with saving water.
Life cycle analysis of a network of small modular reactors
Authors: Vinoya Carlo L , Ubando Aristotle T , Culaba Alvin B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Small modular reactors are highly-touted as the next-generation nuclear reactors that can provide alternatives to baseload energy sources such as coal and gas. Lesser dependence on these energy resources may enable faster development in poorer countries. The small modular reactors’ modularity allows for faster construction times vis-à-vis large reactors. Together with this, as more of the same reactors are constructed, costs are expected to decrease with learnings made from the experience of producing the previous one. From a technological point of view, Small modular reactors are capable of generating energy at a lower cost compared to large reactors due to the lesser capital costs that arise from faster construction times. However, it is important to understand the overall environmental impact of small modular reactors when used as a network of reactors to generate energy. Life-cycle analysis is an accepted methodology to assess various environmental impacts of technology from cradle to grave. In this work, a case study of the development of a network of small modular reactors with a unique supply chain is presented. Since small modular reactors can be sited separately, and with its comparatively higher number of reactors and plants, the same network of small modular reactors has a higher carbon footprint than a single large reactor. However, this result should be carefully considered together with other criteria that affect the decision-making in the construction and development of small modular reactors or large reactors as these may outweigh marginally higher carbon footprints, such as economic, social, and political benefits.
The influence of variations in salinity levels on the biocementing process on soil improvement of liquefaction potential
Authors: Diana N. A. , Soemitro R. A. A. , Ekaputri J. J. , Satrya T. R. , Warnana D. D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article presents an innovative method of soil improvement cementing to increase the shearing strength of very loose sand with 10% relative density (Dr) in saline conditions. Salt in saline soils destroys the stability of stable soils. In contrast, the salt content reduces the level of homogenization of unstable soils, causes technical problems in calcareous soils, and affects their stability, especially if the salt content is more than 3.0%. The variations in salinity levels can determine the optimal percentage of salt levels in the stabilized soil. The application of biocementation to saline soil can drastically increase the shear strength of soil in soil with potential liquefaction in coastal areas due to earthquakes. Calcium carbonate deposition (MICP) in the microbial-induced biocementing process is a new method that utilizes the metabolic processes of microorganisms in this study using Bacillus sp. In the MICP process, microbes need Ca2+ ions obtained from fly ash, which can produce SiO2 and CaO to produce CaCO3 for binding between particles. Soil improvement was carried out by combining initial soil, fly ash, mycobacteria, and variations in salinity obtained from NaCl with varying percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3,4% after testing at curing times 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The research samples from the UCS and direct shear tests showed that the shear and UC strength that were treated increased. The highest increase in shear strength was at 3,4% salinity at 28 days of 80.9°. CaCO3 production resulting from the binding between particles in the biocementing reaction can be seen from the results of SEM tests. Soil improvement using biocementing in this study resulted in an effective increase in the strength of loose sand soil in salinity condition.
Cooling performance study of a new cooling system in subway tunnel based on field measurement and CFD simulation
Authors: Wang Y L , Zhang L , Qu Y S , Meng X , Pang H , Wang H Y 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Some cities’ subways were constructed early and have been in operation for a long time. A large amount of heat accumulates in the rocks around the subway tunnels, causing the phenomenon of heat accumulation. This situation leads to the inadequate cooling capability of train air-conditioning systems, which, may even cease to function under extreme conditions. Currently, few solutions are available to address this issue. Therefore, this study proposes a new cooling system in subway tunnel. Considering the dusty environment inside the tunnel, the terminal equipment mainly consists of natural convection copper tube finless heat exchangers and a self-flushing device without fans, which cool using piston wind. By comparing field measurements of two tunnels with and without the cooling system in similar locations, the results show that the air temperature in the tunnels is reduced after the cooling system is installed. The results indicate that the average temperature in the tunnels decreases from 30.93 °C to 19.80 °C, marking a reduction of 11.13 °C after the cooling system runs for 24 hours. The temperature change in the tunnel is a long-term process, and actual measurements require significant time consumption. In this study, the long-term effect is predicted using CFD simulation in tunnels. The accuracy and credibility of the CFD simulation have been confirmed through its reasonable agreement with experimental data, with the final temperature after 24 hours achieving a relative error of less than 0.26%. Through the simulation, the temperature at a depth of 10 cm inside the tunnel wall after 24 hours is determined to be 27.56 °C, indicating a reduction of 3.44 °C compared to the initial temperature of 31 °C. This study can provide a reference for other subway tunnel cooling systems and serves as a basis for CFD simulations to verify cooling effects.
Effectiveness of using hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in creating a sunscreen formula
Authors: Francisco K M , Allam S T , Caldona A K , De Jesus M D , Lubaton N , Sandoval S , Baylon I , Tugade C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wearing sunscreen products protects human skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract as additional raw materials in creating a sunscreen formula. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of the sunscreen formulation in terms of determining its sun protection factor using UV-vis spectrophotometry, ability to remain on the surface using water resistance testing, and shelf life using a stability chamber. The methodology begins with obtaining a modified hydrophobic silica aerogel classified as cosmetic grade. The sunscreen formulation has a combination of 2 wt. % of hydrophobic silica aerogel, 3 wt.% of grape seed oil, and other ingredients using thermal procedures. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in sunscreen formulation exhibits satisfactory UV protection attaining an SPF value of 28.17073 which indicates a medium sun protection factor according to the standardized category of SPF values. On the contrary, the sunscreen without the active ingredients has an SPF value of 4.762. Additionally, both sunscreen’s water resistance was assessed by testing a total of 60 minutes in both tap water and salt water. The findings showed that both samples of sunscreens in tap water were more resistant compared to saltwater. Furthermore, the sunscreen with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract stayed intact and did not dissolve in tap water after a 40-minute exposure time, but it did gradually disintegrate after 20 minutes in salt water since salt water has a higher density than tap water. In stability testing of both sunscreen formulations, the results revealed that the moisture content of the sunscreen formulation with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract does not exceed 10% which indicates a low presence of oil. Hence, it proves its stability under the controlled conditions of 40°C and 75% relative humidity examined over one (1) month since it had a high moisture content of 78.98% obtained using the gravimetric method. For the sunscreen without these ingredients, the total moisture content under the same conditions and method is 29.07%. Thus, it indicates a high presence of oil and does not attain the standard moisture content for sunscreens. Overall, the evaluated performance of adding the hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract to the sunscreen formulation ensures its efficacy regarding its SPF, water resistance, and shelf life.
Analysis of gauze pad made from coconut tree fiber infused with guava derived phenolic compounds
Authors: Suarez R , Peñamante E , Carrillo L , Delfin R , Gotostos T M , Patingan J , Provido A V , Ramos C M , Tugade C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Gauze pad wound dressing plays a crucial role in protecting the wound and preventing it from factors that can prolong the healing process. However, due to the porous nature of gauze pads, it cannot completely block microbes from getting into the wound. This study analyzes coconut tree fiber as a gauze pad infused with guava derived phenolic compounds, known for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The research assesses the extract’s effectiveness, focusing on phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial effects. By employing the disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, the study reveals that both 50% and 30% extracts exhibit inhibitory activity, with mean zones of inhibition at 8.5 mm and 8.33 mm, respectively, showing the antimicrobial property for both 50% and 30% extracts. The samples also demonstrated notable DPPH radical scavenging capacities for concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 1.27 (%w/v) for the 50% extract sample and from 0.006 to 1.25 for the 30% extract sample, ranging from 1.98% to 68.5% and 7.94% to 69.5%, respectively, indicating antioxidant property for both samples. The researchers have determined that there is no significant difference (p-value = 0.9187, α = 0.05) between the scavenging activity of both 50% and 30% extract. Furthermore, a minimal disparity in total phenolics was observed, with the former containing 1.25 and the latter 1.24 weight percent gallic acid. To determine if there is any negative skin reaction, a patch test was conducted in collaboration with a dermatologist using Stanford Health Care Medicine Standard. The test revealed no adverse skin reactions after three days of no removal usage of the coconut tree fiber gauze pad infused with phenolic compounds, as compared to a commercially available gauze pad. This study underscores the promise of guava extract and its antibacterial properties, particularly against skin pathogens, and its safe application when integrated with coconut fiber. This combination holds potential as a natural antimicrobial agent with diverse applications.
Generating synthetic building electrical load profiles using machine learning based on the CRISP-ML(Q) framework
Authors: Magdaong J B , Culaba A B , Ubando A T , Lopez N S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study presents a machine learning application for generating synthetic building electrical load profiles. The implementation followed the Cross Industry Standard Process for the development of Machine Learning Applications with Quality assurance methodology, or CRISP-ML(Q) framework, to ensure a systematic machine learning development process. The model training performance was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RSME), and coefficient of determination (R2) which were observed to be 0.0739, 0.1119, and 0.5728, respectively. These metrics remained consistent during the model testing phase, suggesting robust model performance. During the initial simulation experiment, the MAE and RMSE of the generated synthetic load profile were found to be 0.014 and 0.016, respectively, underscoring high model accuracy. Additional evaluation experiments showed that the developed machine learning application can generate realistic building load profiles using high-level parameters such as building type, average daily load, and peak demand. This study can aid in the development of demand-side management strategies and building energy management systems by providing realistic building electrical load profiles especially when real-world data is limited. For future work, researchers can consider integrating additional model features, refining data processing methods, and developing an agile version of the CRISP-ML(Q) framework.
Challenging factors across industry players in implementing the green building concept in Malaysia
Authors: Wei C L , Shakur E S A , Othman M , Wai C W , Sulaiman Z , Cheng E H , Thing A F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examines the obstacles to implementing the green building concept in Greater Kuala Lumpur, a relatively novel concept in Malaysia. The country currently lacks awareness regarding existing green building technologies. In 2007, a Zero Energy Building in Kuala Lumpur, constructed based on the Green Building Concept, faced challenges, ultimately unable to effectively reduce energy consumption after three years of efforts. The research focuses on evaluating internal factors and external factors that pose challenges to the Green Building Concept among industry players in Greater Kuala Lumpur. The study involved 100 respondents in the property and construction field, utilizing a cluster sampling technique. Survey results revealed that both external and internal factors act as barriers to the implementation of the green building industry in Malaysia. The Relative Important Index identified high cost and pricing factors as significant external challenges, with relative importance indices of 0.946 and 0.936, respectively. Internally, the lack of consumer demand emerged as the most formidable obstacle, boasting a high relative importance index of 0.936. Additionally, the study highlighted the lack of incentive support as a notable internal factor, with a relative importance index of 0.934. To address these challenges, the study recommends collective responsibility among all stakeholders in the property and construction industry, including architects, property agents, the government, universities, and clients. Establishing a collaborative ecosystem can foster the growth of the green building industry in Malaysia, promoting sustainability and contributing to economic development.
Green stock investment preferences among adult investors in east Malaysia
Authors: Eaw H C , Loebiantoro I Y , Jap K P , Shakur E S A , Voon A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In light of increasing concerns about environmental issues and a heightened focus on green stocks prompted by global warming and the COVID-19 pandemic, this research study aims to analyse the determinants influencing the investment intentions of working adults in Sarawak, Malaysia, regarding green stocks. This study emphasises comprehending how factors such as attitudes, social influences, affect, and perceived customer effectiveness impact the investment intentions of working adults in green stocks. This research adopts a quantitative methodology, employing hypothesis testing to analyse data obtained from 150 respondents in East Malaysia, who were selected using a convenience sampling technique and responded through a Google Form. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27, with a comprehensive assessment of variable validity and reliability through various tests. Six hypotheses were formulated to establish a significant correlation between the dependent variable intention to invest in green stocks and the independent variables’ social factors, attitude, affect, perceived customer effectiveness, and financial literacy. Four independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable when investing in green stocks. Further, perceived customer effectiveness directly impacts investors’ intentions. Thus, financial literacy indirectly influences the intention to invest in green stocks through its mediation with attitude. The findings result in practical implications related to the determinants of green stock investment intention among working-age adults in Sarawak. To begin with, this study contributes to the body of knowledge concerning green investments by investigating the factors influencing the Sarawak residents’ intention to invest in green stocks, utilising the theory of interpersonal behaviour. Previous research has predominantly relied on the theory of reasoned action and the “theory of planned behaviour” to elucidate the factors impacting green investment intention. Therefore, this study’s adoption of the theory of interpersonal behaviour offers a special perspective and potential reference for future researchers. The knowledge gained from this study is pertinent to a broad spectrum of stakeholders, encompassing policymakers, government, professionals, and educators. It offers valuable insights that can shape decision-making and the development of strategic initiatives within green investments.