bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival and behavioural responses of the predatory ladybird beetle,Eriopis connexapopulations susceptible and resistant to a pyrethroid insecticide
Authors: Spíndola A.F. , Silva-Torres C.S.A. , Rodrigues A.R.S. , Torres J.B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe ladybird beetle,Eriopis connexa(Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is one of the commonest predators of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the cotton agroecosystem and in many other row and fruit crops in Brazil, and has been introduced into other countries such as the USA for purposes of aphid control. In addition, the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandisBoheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most serious cotton pest where it occurs, including Brazil. Controlling boll weevils and other pests such as cotton defoliators still tends to involve the intense application of insecticides to secure cotton production. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is commonly used, but this compound is not effective against aphids; hence, a desirable strategy would be to maintainE. connexapopulations in cotton fields where LCT is applied. Using populations ofE. connexaresistant (Res) and susceptible (Sus) to LCT, we compared behavioural responses on treated cotton plants and under confinement on partially and fully treated surfaces, and assessed the insects' survival on treated plants compared with that of the boll weevil. TheE. connexaresistant population caged on treated plants with 15 and 75 g a.i. ha−1exhibited ≫82% survival for both insecticide concentrations compared with ≪3% and ≪17% survival for susceptibleE. connexapopulations and boll weevils, respectively. The response ofE. connexaRes and Sus populations when released, either on the soil or on the plant canopy, indicated avoidance towards treated plants, as measured by elapsed time to assess the plant. When compared with susceptible individuals, resistant ones took longer time to suffer insecticide knockdown, had a higher recovery rate after suffering knockdown, and spent more time in the plant canopy. Based on behavioural parameters evaluated in treated arenas, no ladybird beetles exhibited repellency. However, irritability was evident, with the susceptible population exhibiting greater irritability compared with the resistant population and a subgroup comprising resistant individuals that had recovered from knockdown. The outcomes for theE. connexaRes population indicate a promising strategy for its maintenance when using the insecticide LCT in integrated pest management schemes to control boll weevil or other non-target pest of ladybird beetles in cotton fields.
Towards a sustainable future for Nunavik
Authors: Rodon Thierry , Schott Stephan 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe predominantly Inuit Arctic region of Nunavik in the Province of Québec, Canada, currently needs to address major challenges and opportunities. The region needs to develop more employment and wealth creation opportunities without sacrificing the vital land-based subsistence sector that provides food security, sustains cultural identity and provides social and economic stability. A decision about a new direction needs to be taken soon as major mining projects are developing at a rapid pace. In this paper we first assess existing socioeconomic and living conditions data to evaluate the state of social well-being in the region. In addition we report and analyse information from an economic forum in Kuujjuaq, Nunavik in April 2010. The purpose of the forum was to provide an opportunity for regional and local stakeholders to obtain information on specific economic opportunities for Nunavik and to discuss their merit for the communities. Based on our data evaluation and the outcomes at the forum we identify a possible sustainable development feedback envisioning process and discuss possible sustainable development directions for Nunavik.
Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication of [k] in the Qaṣīmī dialect
Authors: al-Rojaie Yousef 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of linguistic and social factors (age, gender, and level of education) on the patterns of variation in the affrication of [] for [k] in the stem and suffix in the informal speech of 72 speakers of Qaṣīmī, a local dialect of Najdi Arabic, spoken in the Qaṣīm province in central Saudi Arabia. Findings indicate that affrication is significantly favored in the phonological context of front vowels, particularly the high front ones. Whereas suffix-based affrication is categorically used as [-], stem affrication is strongly correlated with the age, educational level, and gender of the speaker. In particular, older uneducated speakers from both sexes tend to maintain the use of the local variant [], whereas younger and middle-aged educated speakers, particularly women, increasingly shift toward the use of the supralocal variant [k]. The present findings are suggestive of patterns of variation that are typical in regional-dialect leveling, wherein the supralocal variant(s) associated with the major city dialect is (are) diffusing outward, at the expense of traditional and socially marked variant(s), by speakers of smaller towns' dialects. The substantial socioeconomic changes that Saudi Arabia has undergone in the last half century are suggested to have triggered and accelerated the linguistic shift.
Variation in English auxiliary realization: A new take on contraction
Authors: MacKenzie Laurel 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEnglish auxiliary contraction has received much attention in the linguistic literature, but our knowledge of this variable has remained limited due to the absence of a thorough corpus study. This paper examines contraction of six auxiliaries in two corpora, considering three distinct phonological shapes in which they occur and the implications for an analysis of the grammatical processes that underlie the surface alternation in form. I argue that the data best support a two-stage analysis of contraction, one under which variation in the morphology is followed by phonetic and phonological processes. Moreover, I show that this particular analysis explains a number of patterns in the data that would otherwise be accidental. In this way, I underscore the importance of approaching the study of variable phenomena with both quantitative data and formal analysis.
Remodeling the age variable: Number concord in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Naro Anthony Julius , Scherre Maria Marta Pereira 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe analyze change in variable subject/verb and noun phrase concord in Rio de Janeiro Portuguese using trend samples from 1980 and 1999/2000. Plural marked forms exhibit increased frequency in this period, reversing earlier trends toward loss or stability in a development typical of flows and counterflows in the community. The directionality of most structural and social dimensions does not change, but age patterns shift. Our aim is to investigate how groups of speakers evolve over time. Comparison of same-age groups at different moments does not yield insight and is not conducive to apprehending patterns of evolution because speakers move from one age group to another. We set up age cohorts so as to sample virtually the same universes. Examining age cohorts, we see increased frequency of number concord, although the original pattern of relative usage is preserved. Speakers are on the move, but constrained by social patterns in which they are situated. The pattern is broken precisely by those who were not in it, the unborn in the 1980s, who reverse direction dramatically toward increased usage of concord.
Individual effects in variation analysis: Model, software, and research design
Authors: Paolillo John C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIndividual-level variation is a recurrent issue in variationist sociolinguistics. One current approach recommends addressing this via mixed-effects modeling. This paper shows that a closely related model with fixed effects for individual speakers can be directly estimated using Goldvarb. The consequences of employing different approaches to speaker variation are explored by using different model selection criteria. We conclude by discussing the relation of the statistical model to the assumptions of the research design, pointing out that nonrandom selection of speakers potentially violates the assumptions of models with random effects for speaker, and suggesting that a model with fixed effects for speakers may be a better alternative in these cases.
MODELLING THE EFFECT OF VACCINATION ON THE MENINGOCOCCAL B EPIDEMIC IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: SIMPSON J. L. , ROBERTS M. G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA nation-wide vaccination campaign began in New Zealand in 2004 with the aim of stopping the epidemic of meningococcal B disease. Approximately 80% of those under 20 years of age when the campaign was launched were vaccinated with three doses of a tailor-made vaccine. We propose a framework for a mathematical model based on the susceptible–carrier–infectious–removed (SCIR) structure. We show how the model could be used to calculate the predicted yearly incidence of infection in the absence of vaccination, and compare this to the effect that vaccination had on the course of the epidemic. Our model shows that vaccination led to a considerable decrease in the incidence of infection compared to what would have been seen otherwise. We then use our model to explore the potential effect of alternative vaccination schemes, and show that the one that was implemented was the best of all the possibilities we consider.
Feeding a population with smaller scale and alternate system production: An examination of farm requirements with a multi-species pasture system to feed 10 million people
Authors: Meeh Daimon C. , Rowntree Jason E. , Hamm Michael W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCurrent agricultural and food systems literature suggests multiple opportunities for improving systemic sustainability. Especially in the popular press, many authors have conceptualized a return to smaller scale diversified production as a strategy to feed America sustainably. This study explores this notion for components of our meat supply using approaches reported in one of the most popular of these books, Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma, as a touchstone. We examine the land footprint and number of farms required to produce beef, chicken and eggs for the state of Michigan (a population just under 10,000,000) using similar production strategies to those outlined in Pollan's book. To feed Michigan's population at a scale of production demonstrated on the highlighted farm in Pollan's book, and an average level of Midwest intake for beef, chicken and eggs would require approximately 3600 farms and 6.5 million acres of farmland to produce 100% of the beef, 100% of the eggs and about 50% of the broiler chickens for this population. The strategy is discussed in reference to existing farms and acreage in Michigan and put in the context of sustainability within our food supply.
Standardising the ‘after‐school’ period for children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour
Authors: Arundell Lauren , Salmon Jo , Veitch Jenny , O'Connell Eoin , Hinkley Trina , Hume Clare 
Published: March 2013

Issue addressedStudies examining children's after‐school physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) often use arbitrary times to signify the period start and end. A standardised time is required for future research examining this period. The aim of the present study was to compare children's after‐school behaviour using three definitions of the after‐school period, namely (1) end of school to 6 pm; (2) end of school to dinner time; and (3) end of school to sunset, to determine the extent of variability in PA and SB during the after‐school period depending on the definition used.MethodsChildren (n = 308; aged 8 years) from the Melbourne Transform‐Us! intervention wore an accelerometer and a subsample (n = 112) wore an activPAL inclinometer in 2010. The end of school bell time was obtained from the child's school, parents completed a 2‐day log reporting their child's dinner time and sunset times were obtained from Geoscience Australia. ActiGraph accelerometers assessed the proportion of time spent sedentary (SED) and that spent in light (LPA), moderate (MPA) and moderateto‐vigorous (MVPA) PA during the three time periods; activPAL inclinometers assessed the proportion of time spent sitting (SIT).ResultsApart from the end of school time (3:30 pm), dinner (range 3:30 pm‐8:40 pm) and sunset (range 5:07 pm‐7:34 pm) times varied. Despite this, there were no significant differences in estimates of the proportions of time children spent in SED, LPA, MPA, MVPA or SIT between the three after‐school periods examined.ConclusionGiven the small differences in SED, PA and SIT during the after‐school period regardless of the definition (6 pm, sunset or dinner time), it appears that applying a standardised definition of end of school to 6 pm is acceptable for defining children's PA and SB during the after‐school period.So what?The use of a standardised after‐school definition (end of school to 6 pm), will enable future studies exploring children's after‐school PA and SB to be more comparable.
Enterocyte loss of polarity and gut wound healing rely upon the F-actin–severing function of villin
Authors: Ubelmann Florent , Chamaillard Mathias , El-Marjou Fatima , Simon Anthony , Netter Jeanne , Vignjevic Danijela , Nichols Buford L. , Quezada-Calvillo Roberto , Grandjean Teddy , Louvard Daniel , Revenu Céline , Robine Sylvie 
Published: March 2013

Significance
Intestinal epithelium damage is common but becomes recurrent in chronic intestinal disorders. Healing implies cell migration, which necessitates extensive cellular reorganization. We demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cells completely disassemble their apical actin-based microvilli upon migration, and we identify the protein villin and its actin-severing function as responsible for this physiological process. We show that this apical pole effacement is required for the acquisition of a motile phenotype and efficient wound healing. These findings demonstrate how intestinal epithelial cells acquired a mechanism at the level of the actin cytoskeleton to convert efficiently from a highly differentiated to a motile polarity.
Rhetoric of Doom and Redemption: Reverend Jermain Loguen's Jeremiadic Speech Against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Authors: Minifee Paul 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
In his monumental speech protesting the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Rev. Jermain W. Loguen urges his fellow townsmen of Syracuse, NY, an “open city” to fugitives, to defy the new federal legislation by protecting the city's fugitives from federal marshals en route to apprehend them. My analysis of Loguen's speech examines his use of American and African American jeremiadic strategies to convince his audience of primarily white Christian abolitionists that their unified resistance against the new law was part of God's providential plan to redeem the nation of the sin of slavery. My study also reveals how Loguen's appeals to manhood, through associating divine punishment with the emasculation of American men, as well as his establishment of “identification” around shared religious and political values, proved effective in rallying Syracuse's citizens to defend their God-given freedom.
The Stylistic Virtues of Clarity and Obscurity in Augustine of Hippo's De doctrina christiana
Authors: Camper K. Martin 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
In antiquity, rhetorical treatises generally identified clarity and obscurity as positive and negative qualities of style, respectively. But in the fifth century, Augustine developed a valuation such that both clarity and obscurity could potentially function as equally viable resources for persuasion. While previous rhetorical treatises acknowledged that standards of perspicuity varied with genre, Augustine's stipulations for variability are tied much more closely to the particulars of the rhetorical situation. In a bold vision of the potency of style, Augustine demonstrates how a principle like clarity can be adjusted according to the rhetorical situation.
Impact of Present-on-admission Indicators on Risk-adjusted Hospital Mortality Measurement
Authors: Dalton Jarrod E. , Glance Laurent G. , Mascha Edward J. , Ehrlinger John , Chamoun Nassib , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background:
Benchmarking performance across hospitals requires proper adjustment for differences in baseline patient and procedural risk. Recently, a Risk Stratification Index was developed from Medicare data, which used all diagnosis and procedure codes associated with each stay, but did not distinguish present-on-admission (POA) diagnoses from hospital-acquired diagnoses. We sought to (1) develop and validate a risk index for in-hospital mortality using only POA diagnoses, principal procedures, and secondary procedures occurring before the date of the principal procedure (POARisk) and (2) compare hospital performance metrics obtained using the POARisk model with those obtained using a similarly derived model which ignored the timing of diagnoses and procedures (AllCodeRisk).

Methods:
We used the 2004–2009 California State Inpatient Database to develop, calibrate, and prospectively test our models (n = 24 million). Elastic net logistic regression was used to estimate the two risk indices. Agreement in hospital performance under the two respective risk models was assessed by comparing observed-to-expected mortality ratios; acceptable agreement was predefined as the AllCodeRisk-based observed-to-expected ratio within ±20% of the POARisk-based observed-to-expected ratio for more than 95% of hospitals.

Results:
After recalibration, goodness of fit (i.e., model calibration) within the 2009 data was excellent for both models. C-statistics were 0.958 and 0.981, respectively, for the POARisk and AllCodeRisk models. The AllCodeRisk-based observed-to-expected ratio was within ±20% of the POARisk-based observed-to-expected ratio for 89% of hospitals, which was slightly lower than the predefined limit of agreement.

Conclusion:
Consideration of POA coding meaningfully improved hospital performance measurement. The POARisk model should be used for risk adjustment when POA data are available.
Predicting Acute Pain after Cesarean Delivery Using Three Simple Questions
Authors: Pan Peter H. , Tonidandel Ashley M. , Aschenbrenner Carol A. , Houle Timothy T. , Harris Lynne C. , Eisenach James C. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background:
Interindividual variability in postoperative pain presents a clinical challenge. Preoperative quantitative sensory testing is useful but time consuming in predicting postoperative pain intensity. The current study was conducted to develop and validate a predictive model of acute postcesarean pain using a simple three-item preoperative questionnaire.

Methods:
A total of 200 women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under subarachnoid anesthesia were enrolled (192 subjects analyzed). Patients were asked to rate the intensity of loudness of audio tones, their level of anxiety and anticipated pain, and analgesic need from surgery. Postoperatively, patients reported the intensity of evoked pain. Regression analysis was performed to generate a predictive model for pain from these measures. A validation cohort of 151 women was enrolled to test the reliability of the model (131 subjects analyzed).

Results:
Responses from each of the three preoperative questions correlated moderately with 24-h evoked pain intensity (r = 0.24–0.33, P < 0.001). Audio tone rating added uniquely, but minimally, to the model and was not included in the predictive model. The multiple regression analysis yielded a statistically significant model (R
2 = 0.20, P < 0.001), whereas the validation cohort showed reliably a very similar regression line (R
2 = 0.18). In predicting the upper 20th percentile of evoked pain scores, the optimal cut point was 46.9 (z =0.24) such that sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.67 were as balanced as possible.

Conclusions:
This simple three-item questionnaire is useful to help predict postcesarean evoked pain intensity, and could be applied to further research and clinical application to tailor analgesic therapy to those who need it most.
Anesthesia for In Utero Repair of Myelomeningocele
Authors: Ferschl Marla , Ball Robert , Lee Hanmin , Rollins Mark D. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Recently published results suggest that prenatal repair of fetal myelomeningocele is a potentially preferable alternative when compared to postnatal repair. In this article, the pathology of myelomeningocele, unique physiologic considerations, perioperative anesthetic management, and ethical considerations of open fetal surgery for prenatal myelomeningocele repair are discussed. Open fetal surgeries have many unique anesthetic issues such as inducing profound uterine relaxation, vigilance for maternal or fetal blood loss, fetal monitoring, and possible fetal resuscitation. Postoperative management, including the requirement for postoperative tocolysis and maternal analgesia, are also reviewed. The success of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair relies on a well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach. Fetal surgery is an important topic for anesthesiologists to understand, as the number of fetal procedures is likely to increase as new fetal treatment centers are opened across the United States.
Global Health Implications of Preanesthesia Medical Examination for Ophthalmic Surgery
Authors: Phillips Michael B. , Bendel Rick E. , Crook Julia E. , Diehl Nancy N. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background:
Preanesthesia medical examination is a common procedure performed before ophthalmic surgery. The frequency and characteristics of new medical issues and unstable medical conditions revealed by ophthalmic preanesthesia medical examination are unknown. We conducted a prospective observational study to estimate the proportion of patients with new medical issues and unstable medical conditions discovered during ophthalmic preanesthesia medical examination. Secondary aims were to characterize abnormal findings and assess surgical delay and adverse perioperative events, in relation to findings.

Methods:
Patients having preanesthesia medical examination, before ophthalmic surgery, were enrolled over a period of 2 years. A review was conducted of historical, physical examination, and test findings from the preanesthesia medical examination.

Results:
From review of medical records of 530 patients, 100 patients (19%; 95% CI, 16–23%) were reported by providers to have abnormal conditions requiring further medical evaluation. Of these, 12 (12%) had surgery delayed. Retrospective review of examination results identified an additional 114 patients with abnormal findings for a total of 214 (40%; 95% CI, 36–45%) patients. Among the 214 patients, primary findings were cardiovascular (139, 26%), endocrine (26, 5%), and renal (24, 5%). Complications occurred in 49 (9%; 95% CI, 7–12%) patients within 1 month of surgery.

Conclusions:
Ophthalmic preanesthesia medical examination frequently detects new medical issues or unstable existing conditions, which do not typically alter conduct of perioperative procedures or outcomes. However, these conditions are relevant to long-term patient health and should be conveyed to primary care physicians for further evaluation.