bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nascent Entrepreneur
Authors: Carter Nancy M. , Han JungYun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNascent entrepreneurs are individuals actively trying, either alone or with others, to start a new business. The process of organization emergence involves four stages such as (i) start‐up intentions; (ii) gestation; (iii) infancy; and (iv) adolescence; and four transition points such as (i) conception; (ii) discontinuance; (iii) firm birth; and (iv) firm growth. All of these stages and transitions are affected by the social, political, and economic context where emergence is occurring. Nascent entrepreneurs are the primary actors in the first two stages and the first three transition points in the model. Because firm ownership may involve another business – non‐persons – a set of criteria including participation, current involvement, ownership, and autonomy is required to determine who is a nascent entrepreneur, or a team of nascent entrepreneurs. Identifying and locating nascent entrepreneurs is neither easy nor inexpensive. Because these individuals are responsible for such a significant social and economic phenomenon efforts to determine who they are and to track their start‐up process is an investment well spent.
Opportunity
Authors: Venkataraman Sankaran , Harting Troy 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The nature of entrepreneurial opportunity is explored together with its defining role in entrepreneurship as a process. Entrepreneurship is conceptualized as occurring the nexus of opportunity and the individual. Key macro forces that give rise to opportunities are specified. The importance of the individual, original mind is stressed, and the associated tendency for the same set of conditions to be recognized, interpreted and approached as an opportunity differently by any two individuals. Other factors affecting the opportunity‐individual nexus, including luck, are identified. It is concluded that entrepreneurial opportunity transcends purely subjective and purely objective notions.
Risk
Authors: Folta Timothy B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Entrepreneurship has long been linked with the concept of risk. In this article, we challenge whether such an association is warranted. Common definitions of risk are discussed and associated with the context of entrepreneurship. It is clarified that to be “at risk”, entrepreneurs need to have their own resources committed or opportunities constrained. Finally, it is argued that increased risk propensity or decreased risk perceptions are neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for entrepreneurs to start ventures, but will certainly impact new venture formation.
Reputations, Entrepreneurial
Authors: Rindova Violina P. , Petkova Antoaneta P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The development of entrepreneurial reputation is associated with a number of unique challenges, not encountered by established firms. New ventures have to overcome three cognitive hurdles in order to build their reputations: attracting attention, gaining legitimacy, and earning positive evaluations. Overcoming each of these hurdles leads to developing the three constituent elements of entrepreneurial reputations: prominence, legitimacy, and competitive superiority. Entrepreneurial symbolic, social, and human capital contribute to the accumulation of entrepreneurial reputation.
Succession Planning
Authors: Sharma Pramodita , Chua Jess H. , Chrisman James J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Management succession in family firms is different from that in non family firms. First, the age and experiential gaps between the incumbent and successor are counted in decades rather than years. Second, the incumbent who retires and family candidates not selected to be the CEO can continue to have a long‐term influence on the business through their family membership and potential co‐ownership. Therefore, management succession planning in the family firm must also be different. This article highlights seven important issues that must be considered by the controlling family as part of the succession planning process if it is the family's intention to have a family member in the next generation take over the leadership of the business.
Sustainability and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Dean Thomas J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The intersection of entrepreneurship and sustainable development represents an exciting domain that promises to apply the innovative power of entrepreneurship to some of the most intractable problems of our time. Sustainable entrepreneurship emphasizes the processes of innovation and venture creation, and may be viewed as the process of discovering, evaluating, and exploiting economic opportunities present in the transition to a more ecologically and socially sustainable economy. Coined as a result of increasing belief in the transformative power of entrepreneurship and the need for sustainable development, sustainable entrepreneurship is viewed by many as the means by which society will achieve intergenerational equity and preserve the productive capacity of the earth and its human societies.
Time and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Schindehutte Minet 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this article, we examine the role of Time in three decades of entrepreneurship research, both the highlights and some of the challenges. We first refract the field through the prism of Time, specifically eight different perspectives – (1) subjective; (2) chronological; (3) evolutionary; (4) kairotic; (5) cyclical; (6) embedded; (7) dialectical; and (8) life course – and then fuse insights about different manifestation of Time in entrepreneurship's phenomena in a map with time‐based themes. A systematic analysis of important linkages between, and gaps within, each theme evokes exciting possibilities for future research. It also points towards four requirements – new thinking, new theories, new methodologies, and new questions – that are critical for advancement of a research agenda centered on Time in entrepreneurship. Importantly, our review uncovers the “event” as a neglected, yet essential, complement to the two dominant ontological domains: subject and object. (Re)surfacing the “event” as a conceptual tool suggests that the entrepreneurial opportunity is both time‐dependent and context‐dependent, and not trans‐temporal or trans‐situational as current treatments of it assume. The transient existence of its central constructs stresses the temporal exigency of entrepreneurship.
Undercapitalization
Authors: Fried Vance H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Undercapitalization as a problem in entrepreneurial ventures is investigated. Comparisons are drawn between entrepreneurial firms and larger, established organizations in terms of the undercapitalization problems they experience, and the different causal factors that lead to undercapitalization. The causes are organized into three primary categories when it comes to the entrepreneurial. Implications are drawn for operating challenges and organizational performance.
Contrarian Trading Strategies
Authors: Galariotis Emilios C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractContrarian trading is a form of active portfolio management that seeks to profit from collective limitations in human behavior that lead to predictable patterns in investment returns. Relevant to these patterns, contrarian investors anticipate performance reversals, thereby taking long positions in past losers and short positions in past winners to exploit them. The returns of contrarian traders seem to be abnormal, although there have been evidence to the contrary, yet not universal.
Equity and Debt as Options
Authors: McColgan Patrick 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article explains how debt and equity contracts can be considered as options on the firm's assets. Treating interest and principal repayments on a debt instrument as the equivalent of the strike price on an option contract allows for a more detailed understanding of the payoffs to debt and equity investors conditional on future cash flows from the firm's assets. This treatment also allows for an improved understanding of the incentives of equity investors to take on financial risk by gearing up their firms in a limited liability environment for equity investors.
Panel Data: A Methodology for Model Specification and Testing
Authors: Pindado Julio , Requejo Ignacio 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this article, we provide guidance to financial economists on the choice of the proper panel data estimator for research. We first explain why the panel data methodology should be used if the unobservable heterogeneity problem arises. Additionally, we describe the alternative estimators that address the unobservable heterogeneity problem and that control for the endogeneity problem. Given that the latter problem is mitigated using an IV method, we explain the strategy to choose the right instrument set. The article also explains why the panel data methodology is particularly well suited to model specification and testing. Finally, we compare the different panel data estimators and offer researchers the key to choosing the most suitable one.
Rights Issues
Authors: Capstaff John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A rights issue is a method by which listed firms raise additional equity finance. The new shares are offered first to the existing shareholders, who are given the rights to buy the shares in proportion to the shares they already hold. As the new issues are invariably offered at a discount to the current market price, the rights protect the current shareholders against a transfer of value to new investors. In addition, rights issues generally incur lower flotation costs than other issue methods. Despite these benefits, rights issues are rarely used in the United States and are in steady decline in several other countries with rights issues traditions. This is something of a puzzle to capital market researchers who have searched for explanations, mainly related to the direct and indirect costs of alternative issue methods.
Portfolio Performance Measurement
Authors: Blake David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The purpose of portfolio performance measurement is to assess how well a fund manager has performed relative to a benchmark. In order to do this, we need to calculate the ex post returns on the portfolio and then adjust these returns for the risk exposure assumed by the fund manager. These risk‐adjusted returns can then be compared against the benchmark. We can also identify to principal sources of the fund manager's performance, namely the return from market timing and the return from stock selection.
Project Financing
Authors: Aggarwal Reena , Leal Ricardo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Project finance is an alternative to fund power projects, transport facilities, and other infrastructure around the world, particularly in emerging markets. In project financing the cash flows of the project and its assets are directly linked to any loans or securities associated to the project. The sponsors of project finance may prefer this off‐balance sheet modality because it will not affect their credit ratings, as the credit risk of the sponsor and of the project are appraised independently. Other reasons are the, financial, legal and other advantages available only to the project, but not to the sponsors. Sponsors must carefully analyze several project specific issues involving economic, technological, political, environmental, and legal needs.
Scrip Dividend
Authors: Lasfer Meziane 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Scrip (or stock) dividends is a way of paying dividends in the form of shares rather than cash. Amongst the benefits of this decision are the ability of the firm to retain cash for future investments and the transaction costs savings by investors who want to reinvest their dividends. However, the practice is still controversial as, if used excessively, firms will end up issuing many shares and diluting their earnings per shares. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of the issues surrounding this strategy.
Share Repurchases
Authors: Lasfer Meziane 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Share repurchases are increasingly becoming the dominant method of returning cash to shareholders. However, this practice is most common in the United States, whereas in Europe and Asia, it is still not popular, partly because of cultural and legal concerns. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of the methods used in practice to buyback shares and the drivers underlying this decision.
Threshold Models
Authors: Tsay Ruey S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Nonlinearity is common in time‐series application and forecasting. Threshold autoregressive model is a widely applicable simple nonlinear time series model. It can adequately describe many nonlinear features commonly observed in practice. In this article, we briefly introduce the concept of threshold autoregressive models and discuss their applications in finance. The same idea applies to many other scientific fields.
Valuing Flexibility
Authors: Triantis Alexander 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Flexibility in production allows a firm to switch between alternative “states” of operation in order to respond to uncertainty in input and output product markets. Examples include real options to shut down, expand, or contract, or to switch between different inputs, outputs, or global production locations. Financial techniques based on contingent claims pricing, or options valuation, are able to quantity the value of flexibility. These real options valuation techniques allow firms to appropriately weigh the benefits of production flexibility against the significant costs associated with purchasing or developing such flexibility. Real options analysis can also determine the optimal switching policy, i.e. how a firm should optimally use its flexibility. This formal link between production strategy and financial valuation is important to establish. The value of flexibility depends on several factors including the volatilities and the correlations of the underlying uncertainties, as well as the life of the flexible capital, and the ease and frequency of switching between alternative modes. Complexities in valuation include specifying the processes for uncertainly resolution, accounting for the noise in observing the underlying variables, and addressing the presence of agency problems in making decisions about exercising flexibility.
Venture Capital
Authors: Schell Charles 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Venture capital generally describes medium‐term equity investment in private enterprises. This term is used to describe both the investment activity and the industry, although much of the venture capital industry is also described as private equity. Venture capital investment is undertaken through both formal and informal channels; institutional venture capital is provided by firms that manage funds raised from institutional investors. Informal venture capital may also be provided directly by wealthy individual investors. This article provides a summary of the nature and varieties of venture capital, the process of venture capital investment, and the nature of the industry. It concludes with a brief discussion of the future of the industry.
Employing the Older Worker
Authors: Kooij Dorien T.A.M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Since workers are aging across the world, organizations face the challenge of how to manage and motivate their older workers. This article addresses three issues related to employing older workers. First, what is an older worker? Second, how do work motivation and performance change with age? Third, what are the implications of changes in work motives and performance for the management (i.e.,
HR
practices) of aging workers? Finally, future research avenues on these three issues are discussed.
Biographical History Inventories
Authors: Russell Craig J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Biographical information (biodata) inventories and a brief history of their development into one of the most powerful predictors in personnel selection systems are described. Linked to the basis of the popular book and movie Moneyball, methods of theoretical and non‐theory (empirically) based item generation and scoring are described. Cutting edge biodata applications in the growing arena of online personnel selection systems have grown quickly because of its ability to work in non‐proctored testing environments.
Costing Human Resources
Authors: Cascio Wayne F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The costs of human resources vary across industries, but in knowledge organizations, they typically comprise more than half of total operating costs. The costs of benefits and overhead easily can add another 75 percent to base pay. Although organizations incur HR costs in a number of key areas, one of the most common ones is employee absenteeism. The total cost absenteeism is comprised of three broad categories of costs: those associated with absentees themselves, the costs of managing absenteeism problems, and all other relevant costs. Free, Web – based software is available to do these calculations.
Delayering
Authors: Dunford Richard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDelayering is the reduction in the number of hierarchical levels in an organization. It is often driven by a belief that, a flatter structure will improve organizational performance through such factors as speeding decision‐ making, improving the accuracy of communication, cutting costs, increasing employee motivation, encouraging the use of initiative, and improving the quality of customer service. However, a counter‐argument holds that, delayering can have a detrimental effect on performance through such factors as an extended span of control means that, managers are spreading their efforts too thinly to maintain quality.
Diversity Management
Authors: Greene Anne‐Marie 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Diversity management (
DM
) is the most prevalent contemporary label for organizational policy making in the equality arena. The language of DM (or managing diversity) is now commonly used to talk about issues that once would have fallen under labels such as equal opportunities (
EO
). The central tenets of DM are presented, namely the primacy of the business case, a focus on individual differences, and the need for organizational transformation. A critical presentation of research on the practice of DM within organizations is given, identifying the lack of evidence of distinctive DM approaches, difficulties of understanding of the concept by organizational stakeholders, problems with making a business case for DM, and lack of shared participation in and responsibility for DM. Finally areas for future research are identified.
Employee Attitudes/Attitude Surveys
Authors: Ravlin Elizabeth C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEmployee attitudes and their measurement using survey methodology continue to be important topics in both the study and practice of management. Because job attitudes relate to important organizational outcomes such as absenteeism, turnover, and performance, their evaluation is used both as an organizational assessment tool and as a critical component of research on antecedents to employee behavior. Attitudinal structure, antecedents, processes, and consequences all play key roles in our understanding of how employees act and react at work. Cross‐cultural and levels‐of‐analysis issues in conceptualization and measurement must also be considered in both practice and research.
Equal Opportunities
Authors: Greene Anne‐Marie 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Equal opportunities (EO) is a label for policies and practices in employment based on a principle of non‐discrimination. It is commonly used in the UK, and is directly comparable to Equal Employment Opportunity in the USA, and Employment Equity in Australia. The identity groups usually covered are women, black, and minority ethnic people, disabled people, lesbian and gay people, and younger and older people (under 25 and over 45 years). The liberal and radical models of EO are presented, distinguishing between approaches based around sameness or difference, groups or individuals, and equality of opportunity or outcome. Various associated policy formations are discussed including positive action, affirmative action, and positive discrimination. The main debates within the literature offering a critique of EO are also highlighted.
Human Resource Accounting
Authors: Dewe Philip 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Human resource accounting a process designed to express in financial accounting terms the costs, and more particularly, the benefits that determine the value of human resources in an organization is accompanied by a rich history of debate and at times controversy. Exploring this rich history suggests that accounting for people has passed through at least three phases as it develops and captures the essence of the ever changing social, economic, political and financial environment. These three phase include a human asset accounting phase, a human resource accounting phase and a human resource costing and accounting phase. As these phases progress researchers and practitioners are encouraged to go beyond the more narrow framework of human resources as “assets” and adopt a more multidisciplinary approach that reflects the idea of intellectual capital. While the idea of intellectual capital has been robustly debated as a way forward it offers the opportunity to develop innovative and creative ways to measure and express individual growth and development and value creation of individuals in organizations. Such an approach merits attention and perhaps best expresses the nature of contemporary organizations.
HRMand Ethics
Authors: Greenwood Michelle 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHuman resource management (HRM) – as a field of research, study, and practice – has been immersed in ethical issues from its inception. By its very nature, the management of humans as resources raises ethical considerations. Surprisingly, ethical analyses of HRM have been limited in scope and prominence. Traditionally, ethical examinations of HRM have tended to focus at the microlevel: justice‐based principles of fairness and equity have been applied to specific HRM practices (e.g., recruitment and remuneration) and rights‐based principles have been considered with respect to employment issues (e.g., privacy and whistle‐blowing). In contrast, attempts at macrolevel ethical analyses of HRM have developed critiques of “soft” and “hard” HRM and advanced a pragmatic pluralist approach using stakeholder theory. More recently, internationalization of labor markets, shifts in employment (and concomitant employee experiences), and the prevalence ofstrategic human resource management(SHRM) have brought about a rejuvenation of interest in the ethical analysis of HRM. Future research is likely to focus on the experiences of HR practitioners; the role, meaning, and position of HR in the organization; the relationship between HRM and local/global society; and the interplay among these.
Job Crafting
Authors: Ghitulescu Brenda E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Job crafting refers to the actions employees take to shape or redefine their jobs and focuses on the self‐started, proactive changes employees make to their jobs. Despite evidence from a range of empirical studies that job crafting is a common and widespread phenomenon, there is little theory developed about this concept. This article reviews the key antecedents and outcomes of job crafting and the empirical evidence supporting them. More research is needed to understand the conditions under which job crafting has a positive or negative impact on job performance, co‐workers, and the organization. Job crafting theory recognizes the value of employees' proactivity at work and reveals a variety of ways that employees shape their jobs from the bottom‐up, providing a complementary view to the top‐down job design theory. Current trends in the world of work such as greater use of distributed work and self‐managing teams support an increased relevance of job crafting in the future.