bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independent and joint effects of prenatal maternal smoking and maternal exposure to second‐hand smoke on the development of adolescent obesity: A longitudinal study
Authors: Wang Liang , Mamudu Hadii M , Alamian Arsham , Anderson James L , Brooks Billy 
Published: June 2014

AimTo examine associations of prenatal maternal smoking and second‐hand smoke (SHS) exposure with the development of adolescent obesity.MethodsLongitudinal data (1991–2007) from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development involving mothers that smoked and or exposed to SHS during the year before birth were analysed. Adolescent obesity in ages 12.0–15.9 years was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used for the analyses.ResultsObesity was more prevalent among adolescents whose mothers smoked or had SHS exposure than those that did not smoke or exposed to SHS. After adjusting for maternal and child factors, GEE models showed that odds of adolescent obesity increased with prenatal maternal smoking (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.03–2.39) and SHS exposure (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04–2.27). The odds for obesity increased more than two times among adolescents exposed to both maternal smoking and SHS (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.56) compared with those without exposure. Additionally, not breastfeeding, maternal obesity, and longer screen viewing hours per day were associated with increased odds of obesity.ConclusionsThere is possibly a long‐term joint effect of prenatal maternal smoke (smoking and SHS) exposure on obesity among adolescent offspring, and the effect is independent of birthweight. These findings suggest that adolescent obesity could possibly be curtailed with the development and promotion of smoking cessation programmes for families during the year before birth.
The effect of eye size on discriminating faces: Can infants recognize facial uncanniness?
Authors: Sakuta Yuiko , Sato Kazuki , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInfants' ability to recognize uncanny human faces increases during the first year of life. In turn, their ability to recognize faces of other species declines at almost the same period (perceptual narrowing). In the current study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between the perception of uncanniness of faces and perceptual narrowing in infants and adults. We used the “uncanny valley task,” in which the participants were required to discriminate the faces of humans and monkeys by different eye size. Results showed that 3‐ to 5‐month‐old infants could not discriminate either monkey or human faces by eye size, whereas 6‐ to 8‐month olds could. Adults showed higher discrimination performance for human than monkey faces and perceived the human faces with extremely large or small eyes as exceedingly eerie. Our results suggest that perception of uncanniness of faces is formed after perceptual narrowing.
The mediating role of feelings of guilt in the relationship between burnout and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol
Authors: Olivares‐Faúndez Víctor E. , Gil‐Monte Pedro R. , Figueiredo‐Ferraz Hugo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEarlier studies have shown that feelings of guilt appear to be involved in the burnout process. However, the exact nature of the relationship between burnout, feelings of guilt, and tobacco and alcohol use is unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of feelings of guilt in the relationship between burnout and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Role conflict, Role clarity, and Feedback were included as predictors of burnout. The sample of this cross‐sectional study consisted of 260 Chilean administration and customer service workers. Hypotheses were tested using a path model. The hypothesized model (i.e., Indolence to guilt to tobacco/alcohol use) showed an adequate data fit, including a mediator role of feelings of guilt in the relationship between burnout and alcohol use. The results of this study recommending taking into consideration the evaluation of feelings of guilt as a symptom of burnout in order to develop a more reliable diagnosis of burnout syndrome and its consequences.
Does human pedestrian behaviour influence risk assessment in a successful mammal urban adapter?
Authors: Bateman P. W. , Fleming P. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOptimal escape theory predicts that animals should moderate their flight responses according to the level of risk represented by a potential predator. This theory should apply even when organisms are habituated to disturbance, and how animals respond to human presence is likely to determine their success exploiting urban habitats. Therefore, urban animals should be sensitive to cues that inform them about levels of risk, allowing them to reduce costs by not overreacting to innocuous stimuli, while ensuring that they are nevertheless reactive to genuinely threatening stimuli. We tested this at a highly urbanized site in New York City, where eastern grey squirrels appear to pay little attention to humans. Squirrels were approached tangentially on a trajectory that took the observer within ∼2 m of them and we measured alert distance, flight initiation distance (FID), and distance fled for each focal individual. Squirrels showed little sign of being alerted to the pedestrian if he remained on the footpath and did not look at them (only 5% of individuals moved away), but 90% of squirrels moved away, with longer FID and flight distance, when approached by a pedestrian that moved off the footpaths and looked at them. Squirrels therefore modulate their reactions when pedestrians behave in a predictable manner (i.e. remaining on the footpaths) and are also sensitive to the direction of attention of humans, reducing unnecessary responses, and are thereby likely to be increasing their ability to persist in this urban environment. Previous studies have emphasized the behavioural plasticity of successful urban wildlife species. In this study, we emphasize the importance of disturbance monitoring by successful urban exploiters, allowing them to vary their behavioural responses according to the level of risk to which they are exposed.
Risk factors for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital‐based case–control study
Authors: Lee Ban Seok , Cha Byung Hyo , Park Eun‐Cheol , Roh Jaehoon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsPerihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is the most common form of bile duct cancer, arising from cholangiocytes at the confluence of hepatic ducts. Given the diversity of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) aetiology according to the location, and the scarcity of studies on the aetiology of pCCA, we aimed to identify the risk factors for pCCA.MethodsA total of 81 patients diagnosed with pCCA between July 2007 and December 2013, and 162 controls matched 2:1 for age, sex and date of diagnosis were included in this hospital‐based case–control study. Potential risk factors were retrospectively investigated through clinical records, and the associations with pCCA were studied by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) using conditional logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn the univariate model, the prevalence of choledocholithiasis (OR: 14.00, P = 0.014), hepatolithiasis (OR: 12.00, P = 0.021) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR: 2.74, P = 0.005) was higher in pCCA patients than in controls. Heavy smoking and cirrhosis were marginally significant risk factors for pCCA (P < 0.1). Multivariate analysis revealed an association between pCCA and hepatolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, DM, and heavy smoking, each, with adjusted ORs of 16.47, 9.39, 3.36 and 2.52 respectively. DM, heavy smoking, hepatolithiasis and choledocholithiasis accounted for about 22.5%, 17.1%, 8.5% and 4.8% of pCCA risk respectively (population attributable risk percentage).ConclusionOur data showed that DM, heavy smoking, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis were risk factors for pCCA development, implying that pCCA may share some aetiological factors with intrahepatic CCA although it has been classified as extrahepatic CCA.
High prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Chinese – results from the Hong Kong liver health census
Authors: Fung James , Lee Cheuk‐Kwong , Chan Monica , Seto Wai‐Kay , Lai Ching‐Lung , Yuen Man‐Fung ,   the Hong Kong Liver Health Census Study Group
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the general Chinese population is not clear, as there have been few large population studies focussing on healthy individuals. We aim to determine the prevalence and risk factors of NAFLD in a healthy Westernized Chinese population.MethodsThis is a prospective cross‐sectional study of 2493 volunteers recruited from the general population and the Red Cross Transfusion Center in Hong Kong. All underwent comprehensive questionnaire survey, blood test, abdominal ultrasound and transient elastography.ResultsThe prevalence of NAFLD was 42%. Gender, age, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting cholesterol and glucose levels were significant factors. The relative risk of NAFLD in those with high waist circumference, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia was 2.99, 2.01, 1.79 and 1.54 respectively. The degree of steatosis increased with levels of fasting glucose, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and waist circumference (all P < 0.001). The optimal waist circumference was found to be 84 and 74 cm for male and females respectively, with a relative risk of 5.16 for those above this limit. In total, 1.2% and 0.002% with NAFLD had advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis respectively.ConclusionNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was found to be highly prevalent in the Chinese population. Increasing levels of risk factors were associated with increasing severity of NAFLD. Lower cut‐off levels of waist circumference to predict NAFLD should be adopted for Chinese population.
Testing variations within the Tagish Lake meteorite—II: Whole‐rock geochemistry of pristine samples
Authors: Blinova Alexandra I. , Herd Christopher D. K. , Duke M. John M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFour pristine specimens of the Tagish Lake C2 chondrite meteorite were previously determined through mineralogy, petrology, and organic chemistry to have been affected by aqueous alteration in the order (from least to most altered) TL5b < TL11h < TL11i, and TL11v as a mixture of the other specimens (Herd et al. ; Blinova et al. ). Here, we report the whole‐rock data for a total of 65 elements for the same four Tagish Lake samples as determined by ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES (utilizing the Parr bomb digestion method on small samples, approximately 50 mg), and by INAA. Our data demonstrate that the determined aqueous alteration sequence has a positive correlation with trace elements, such as K and Br that are mobile during aqueous alteration, which appear to be controlled by an increase of phyllosilicates from least to most altered samples. Yet, the homogeneity of other elements suggests that elemental mass transfer occurred on a localized scale and aqueous alteration was isochemical for these elements, similar to other primitive carbonaceous chondrites. By plotting data from three samples (TL5b, TL11h, and TL11i) on a Zn/Mn versus Sc/Mn diagram, we also confirm that the Tagish Lake meteorite is not a simple mixture of CI and CM material.
Sylvite and halite on particles recovered from 25143 Itokawa: A preliminary report
Authors: Noguchi T. , Kimura M. , Hashimoto T. , Konno M. , Nakamura T. , Zolensky M. E. , Tsuchiyama A. , Matsumoto T. , Matsuno J. , Okazaki R. , Uesugi M. , Karouji Y. , Yada T. , Ishibashi Y. , Shirai K. , Abe M. , Okada T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe observed cross sectional ultra‐thin sections near the surface of 12 particles recovered from the S‐type asteroid Itokawa by the Hayabusa spacecraft in 2010, using spherical aberration–corrected STEM and conventional TEM. Although their mineralogy is almost identical to the equilibrated LL chondrites and therefore basically anhydrous, micrometer‐to‐submicrometer‐sized sylvite was identified on the surface of Itokawa particle RA‐QD02‐0034. Separately, micrometer‐sized halite was also identified on the surface of Itokawa particle RA‐QD02‐0129. Detailed inspection of the sample processing procedures at the JAXA's Planetary Materials Sample Curation Facility and textural observation of the sylvite and halite indicate that they were clearly present on two Itokawa particles before they were removed from Clean Chamber #2 at JAXA. However, there is no direct evidence for their extraterrestrial origin at present. If the sylvite and halite are extraterrestrial, their presence suggests that they may be more abundant on the surface of S‐type asteroids than previously thought.
Critical Voices: The Reactions of Rahner and Ratzinger to “Schema XIII” (Gaudium et Spes)
Authors: Peterson Brandon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSchema XIII (eventually Gaudium et Spes) occasioned somewhat of a split within the “progressive majority” at Vatican II. This article considers one side of this divide via the contributions and objections of Karl Rahner and Joseph Ratzinger, two of the text's most salient critics. After reviewing the history of Schema XIII, I demonstrate that both theologians reacted to it with very similar concerns which centered upon the issue of nature and grace. However, their differing approaches to anthropology and Christology caused their proposed remedies for the schema's shortcomings to diverge significantly.
Extrinsic Grace and Eccentric Existence
Authors: McAnnally‐Linz Ryan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCatherine Pickstock has critiqued David Kelsey's Eccentric Existence for, among other things, adopting the position on the relation of nature to grace that has become known as “extrinsicism”. Pickstock's critique of Kelsey parallels the criticism that both she and John Milbank have leveled against extrinsicism. This paper considers the merits of Pickstock's charges of extrinsicism and supposedly related theological ills against Kelsey. Finding that they fall short, I suggest that Kelsey's “three narrative” anthropology and its “multiple teleology” are potentially valuable resources for ongoing theological debates concerning nature and grace.
The postoperative management of pain from intracranial surgery in pediatric neurosurgical patients
Authors: Shay Joanne E. , Kattail Deepa , Morad Athir , Yaster Myron 
Published: June 2014

SummaryPain following intracranial surgery has historically been undertreated because of the concern that opioids, the analgesics most commonly used to treat moderate‐to‐severe pain, will interfere with the neurologic examination and adversely affect postoperative outcome. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence, primarily in adult patients, has revealed that moderate‐to‐severe pain is common in neurosurgical patients following surgery. Using the neurophysiology of pain as a blueprint, we have highlighted some of the drugs and drug families used in multimodal pain management. This analgesic method minimizes opioid‐induced adverse side effects by maximizing pain control with smaller doses of opioids supplemented with neural blockade and nonopioid analgesics, such nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, corticosteroids, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, α2‐adrenergic agonists, and/or anticonvulsants (gabapentin and pregabalin).
Complete Coverage of Phantom Limb and Stump Pain with Constant Current SCS System: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bunch Jennifer R. , Goldstein Heidi V. , Hurley Robert W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundSpinal cord stimulator (SCS) technology has advanced over the past several years. However, our literature review revealed a lack of well‐documented cases of successful treatment of phantom limb pain with percutaneous revision of previously placed systems.Case ReportWe present the case of a patient who suffered from debilitating bilateral lower extremity phantom limb pain despite having a SCS with a constant voltage system. We used fluoroscopy to successfully guide a percutaneous octapolar paddle lead to the right of the existing surgical paddle lead and a cylindrical quadrapolar lead in between. Finally, the older paddle lead was connected to an extension to make it compatible with the updated constant current system. The revised constant current SCS system provided bilateral coverage of the patient's pain, and at 1‐year postoperative, the patient reported he had sustained coverage from his bilateral phantom limb pain. Our patient had complete coverage of his phantom limb pain after his previously placed SCS was changed from a constant voltage to a constant current system, and percutaneous leads were connected to his system. Adding percutaneous leads or switching generator types may benefit patients whose pain patterns have expanded since original SCS system placement. This case reports the complete coverage of phantom limb pain with a change from a constant voltage to a constant current SCS system and the addition of percutaneous leads to an existing SCS system.
Mosaic Tetrasomy 13q and Phylloid Hypomelanosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Myers Joseph N. , Davis Loretta , Sheehan Daniel , Kulharya Anita S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA 6‐year‐old girl presented for evaluation of skin discoloration. Examination revealed oval and oblong hypopigmented macules on her trunk and extremities. Cytogenetic studies and immunohistochemistry of biopsies from normally pigmented and hypopigmented skin revealed mosaicism for partial tetrasomy for 13q with low melanocyte levels in lesional skin. The patient was diagnosed with phylloid hypomelanosis (PH), a distinct clinical entity linked to abnormalities in chromosome 13. This article reviews the literature regarding PH and supports the notion that mosaicism of the melanocyte region of chromosome 13q is responsible for PH.
Trichoderma species fungemia after high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: a case report
Authors: Festuccia M. , Giaccone L. , Gay F. , Brunello L. , Maffini E. , Ferrando F. , Talamo E. , Boccadoro M. , Serra R. , Barbui A. , Bruno B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present a case of Trichoderma fungemia with pulmonary involvement in a multiple myeloma patient, who was severely immunocompromised and heavily treated with high‐dose melphalan, and underwent autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of proven Trichoderma fungemia, defined by published criteria, successfully treated with voriconazole.
Screening of blood donors for chronic Coxiella burnetii infection after large Q fever outbreaks
Authors: Slot Ed , Hogema Boris M. , Molier Michel , Zaaijer Hans L. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe Netherlands experienced major Q fever outbreaks from 2007 through 2009. An increasing number of human chronic Q fever cases has been reported in the affected area. Blood donors unaware of chronic Coxiella burnetii infection might be infectious for transfusion recipients. Local blood donations were screened for serologic signs of chronic Coxiella infection.Study Design and MethodsFrom August 2012 through January 2013, a total of 2490 serum samples were collected from all consenting blood donors in the most affected Q fever outbreak area and screened for Phase II anti‐Coxiella immunoglobulin G antibodies using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (Phase II antibodies are considered indicative for resolved or ongoing Coxiella infection.) Reactive samples were confirmed by quantitative immunofluorescent Phase I and II antibody testing. A Phase I antibody titer of at least 1024 was considered indicative for chronic Coxiella infection. For 179 donors archived samples from 2009 and 2010 were available to study the long‐term course of Coxiella antibodies.ResultsA total of 110 of 2490 donors were confirmed positive for Phase II Coxiella antibodies (4.4%; 95% confidence interval, 3.7%‐5.3%), of which 79 were reactive for Phase I antibodies, with a maximum titer of 256. In 15 of 24 donors (62.5%), testing positive for Phase II antibodies in 2009 and 2010, ELISA reactivity had declined to negativity in 2012 and 2013.ConclusionAfter large Q fever outbreaks in the Netherlands, no sign of potentially infectious chronic Coxiella infection was found among blood donors in the most affected area. Using an ELISA for detection, Coxiella antibodies in previously exposed donors waned quickly.
Nonneutralizing Functional Antibodies: a New “Old” Paradigm for HIV Vaccines
Authors: Excler Jean-Louis , Ake Julie , Robb Merlin L. , Kim Jerome H. , Plotkin Stanley A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAnimal and human data from various viral infections and vaccine studies suggest that nonneutralizing antibodies (nNAb) without neutralizing activityin vitromay play an important role in protection against viral infectionin vivo. This was illustrated by the recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, which demonstrated that HIV-specific IgG-mediated nNAb directed against the V2 loop of HIV type 1 envelope (Env) were inversely correlated with risk for HIV acquisition, while Env-specific plasma IgA-mediated antibodies were directly correlated with risk. However, tier 1 NAb in the subset of responders with a low level of plasma Env-specific IgA correlated with decreased risk. Nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge studies suggest that Env-mediated antibodies are essential and sufficient for protection. A comparison of immune responses generated in human efficacy trials reveals subtle differences in the fine specificities of the antibody responses, in particular in HIV-specific IgG subclasses. The underlying mechanisms that may have contributed to protection against HIV acquisition in humans, although not fully understood, are possibly mediated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or other nonneutralizing humoral effector functions, such as antibody-mediated phagocytosis. The presence of such functional nNAb in mucosal tissues and cervico-vaginal and rectal secretions challenges the paradigm that NAb are the predominant immune response conferring protection, although this does not negate the desirability of evoking neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Instead, NAb and nNAb should be looked upon as complementary or synergistic humoral effector functions. Several HIV vaccine clinical trials to study these antibody responses in various prime-boost modalities in the systemic and mucosal compartments are ongoing. The induction of high-frequency HIV-specific functional nNAb at high titers may represent an attractive hypothesis-testing strategy in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials.
Acute Mastoiditis in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era
Authors: Tamir Sharon Ovnat , Roth Yehudah , Dalal Ilan , Goldfarb Abraham , Marom Tal 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFollowing the introduction of the 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, we observed an inverse relationship between the increasing rate of immunized children and the proportion of middle ear fluid cultures collected during acute mastoiditis episodes that tested positive forStreptococcus pneumoniaeamong a subset of children 0 to 6 years old who had initially presented with severe acute otitis media and had bacterial cultures collected during tympanocentesis or from spontaneous otorrhea.