bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Język Polaków na Bukowinie Karpackiej
Authors: Krasowska Helena 
Published: September 2015

The language of Polish people in Carpathian BukovinaThe Polish group which was settling in Bukovina since 18th century was various as far as the place of origin is concerned. These are comers from Galicia, Lesser Poland and the region of Czadca in Slovakia. In this article the author presented linguistic situation in particular villages according to the division of Polish community which varies regarding the origin and present place of residence.In the Polish language of Bukovina – according to the research – relatively faint traces of the dialect of Lesser Poland can be found. The speech of comers from lesser Poland weakened due to the prestige of the speech of settlers from Eastern Galicia which developed mainly in conditions of Polish-Ukrainian bilinguism as well as Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian trilinguism or even Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian–German polylinguism.The author circumstantiated linguistic contacts of the Polish group in Kaczyka, Nowy Sołoniec, Paltynoasa, Plesza, Pojana Mikuli (in Southern Bukovina) as well as in Stara Huta, Dolne Piotrowce, Tereblecze (in Northern Bukovina) and Czerniowce, Storożyniec and Panka. The most important linguistic features were named in the article.As a result, the Polish community in the Southern Bukovina region can be divided into four groups varying as far as the language and origin are concerned: the dialect of Kaczyka village, dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders; dialect of Ruda village; dialect of Bulaj and Michoweny villages. There is the Polish language, so called all-Bukovinian which is a variation of the Polish language of South-Eastern borderland and the dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders (with different features than the mentioned above).
Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego zapomniany Słownik synonimów polskich i jego poprzednicy
Authors: Jankowiak Lucyna Agnieszka , Kędelska Elżbieta 
Published: September 2015

On Adam Stanisław Krasiński’s forgotten Słownik synonimów polskich and its predecessorsThe paper consists of two parts. The first one covers characteristics of dictionaries (dated from XVIth to XIXth century), groups of synonyms regarding mainly the Latin (e.g. Gradus ad Parnassum), which also include equivalents of national languages (especially the Calagius three-language dictionary was examined and Czech-Latin dictionaries of synonyms dated XVIth century). The second part of the paper is a discussion over methodology of the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms (Słownik synonimów polskich [Dictionary of Polish Synonyms]) by A. S. Krasiński. Not-elaborated in details so far (in the subject-matter literature) the dictionary combines a few types of dictionaries (apart from the dictionary of synonyms): general dictionary of Polish language, dictionary of phrasal verbs, language correctness dictionary, book of quotations and proverbs and translational dictionary.
Z badań nad rękopisem wielkopolskiej księgi ziemskiej. Problem transliteracji
Authors: Trawińska Maria 
Published: September 2015

Researching the manuscript of Wielkopolska Land Book: a transliteration problemThe paper discusses the fourteenth century use of minuscule in Polish and Latin records. The present analysis of the book’s excerpts shows that the use of majuscule letters is, generally speaking, determined by the individual writing style. One of the authors employed the letters at the beginning of proper names, but at the same time there was a group of records that did not follow the rule, these being proper names written in lower-case letters and common nouns written in upper-case letters. The matter looks quite different in another author who clearly favored miniscule letters, as he used them in the most of proper names. This varied use of majuscule letters by various judiciary writers ought to be faithfully rendered in the transliteration of the manuscript.
The German heritage in Balkan languages
Authors: Schaller Helmut Wilhelm 
Published: September 2015

The German heritage in Balkan languagesAll Balkan languages show some German elements in their vocabulary, beginning with Old Bulgarian Bible texts up to modern Balkan languages, including Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian, Romanian and Modern Greek. Etymologies of Balkan words and German words must be distinguished. Loanwords in Balkan languages are confined to words which are traceable back to Germanic languages, e. g. Gothic, Old and Middle High German and contemporary German. Not only the word store but also onomastics were occasionally influenced by German languages, but it is not possible to speak of a German substrat or adstrat in the way we can speak of a Thracian or Illyrian substrat, or Greek or Romance adstrat. Dziedzictwo germańskie w językach bałkańskichW słownictwie każdego z języków bałkańskich występują pewne germańskie elementy, poczynając od starobułgarskich tekstów biblijnych, a kończąc na współczesnych językach bałkańskich, jakimi są: bułgarski, macedoński, serbski, albański, rumuński i nowogrecki. W badaniach nad etymologią należy wyraźnie rozgraniczać dwa nurty rozwojowe: germański i bałkański. Katalog zapożyczeń ograniczamy do wyrazów obecnych w językach bałkańskich, których etymologię możemy prześledzić wstecz do gockiego, staro- i środkowo-wysoko-niemieckiego oraz współczesnego niemieckiego. Nie tylko słownictwo, lecz także onomastyka wykazują okazjonalnie wpływy niemieckie, jednak w żadnym razie nie ma podstaw, by mówić o germańskim substracie czy adstracie w takim sensie, w jakim mówimy o substracie trackim czy iliryjskim, bądź adstracie romańskim lub greckim.
Надградени показатели на динамичните просторни релации во македонскиот јазик (во балкански контекст)
Authors: Марковиќ [Markovikj] Марјан [Marjan] 
Published: September 2015

Dominant exponents of dynamic spatial relations in the Macedonian language (in a Balkan context)In the Macedonian language, 'doubling' of prepositions is well documented in grammars and monographs, but now we can witness increased use of prepositional sequences both in the modern Macedonian standard and in dialects. The need for more precise spatial determination became necessary, and this is precisely where the role of the (secondary) complex prepositions are used: nasred, nakaj, dokaj, otkaj, etc. However, Macedonian has so-called double prepositions (prepositional sequences), whose main function is more precise spatial determination (od pred, od zad, od pod, do pred, za pred, za vo, za na, etc.). The first preposition in those sequences becomes the dominant exponent of dynamic spatial relation (ablative or adlative) while the second preposition becomes part of the prepositional phrase – the localizer.The high frequency of prepositional sequences is common not only in modern Macedonian but also exists in western peripheral dialects which have had closer contacts within the Balkan linguistic environment.It can be concluded that the balkanised structure of Macedonian language allows certain Balkan tendencies to expand and evolve in some new directions and still retain the primary goal – more transparent and clearer communication among the speakers of the language. Nadrzędne wykładniki dynamicznych relacji przestrzennych w języku macedońskim (w kontekście bałkańskim)Występowanie podwójnych przyimków w języku macedońskim jest dobrze udokumentowane, tak w gramatykach, jak i w odrębnych monografiach. Teraz jednak jesteśmy świadkami niebywałego wzrostu liczby takich konstrukcji we współczesnym macedońskim standardzie oraz w dialektach macedońskich. Powstaje w związku z tym potrzeba bardziej precyzyjnego zdefiniowania relacji przestrzennych, i w tym właśnie punkcie rola (sekundarnych) złożonych przyimków typu: nasred, nakaj, dokaj, otkaj itp. okazuje się przydatna. Jednakże w macedońskim występują również podwójne przyimki (sekwencje przyimków), których główną funkcją jest bardziej precyzyjne nazwanie relacji przestrzennej (od pred, od zad, od pod, do pred, za pred, za vo, za na itp.). Pierwszy przyimek sekwencji jest dominującym wykładnikiem dynamicznej przestrzennej relacji (ablatywnej lub adlatywnej), podczas gdy drugi przyimek stanowi część wyrażenia przyimkowego – lokalizatora.Wysoka frekwencja sekwencji przyimkowych jest cechą nie tylko współczesnego języka macedońskiego, lecz także peryferyjnych zachodnich dialektów, które znajdują się w ścisłym kontakcie z innymi bałkańskimi językami.Można zatem zakładać, że silnie zbałkanizowana struktura języka macedońskiego otwiera się na ekspansję niektórych bałkańskich tendencji i ewoluuje w kierunku bardziej precyzyjnego, dosłownego przekazywania treści.
Delineating the Barotropic and Baroclinic Mechanisms in the Midlatitude Eddy-Driven Jet Response to Lower-Tropospheric Thermal Forcing
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang , Yang Xiu-Qun 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Observations and climate models have shown that the midlatitude eddy-driven jet can exhibit an evident latitudinal shift in response to lower-tropospheric thermal forcing (e.g., the tropical SST warming during El Niño or extratropical SST anomalies associated with the atmosphere–ocean–sea ice coupling). In addition to the direct thermal wind response, the eddy feedbacks—including baroclinic mechanisms, such as lower-level baroclinic eddy generation, and barotropic mechanisms, such as upper-level wave propagation and breaking—can all contribute to the atmospheric circulation response to lower-level thermal forcing, but their individual roles have not been well explained. In this study, using a nonlinear β-plane multilevel quasigeostrophic channel model, the mechanisms through which the lower-level thermal forcing induces the jet shift are investigated. By diagnosing the finite-amplitude wave activity budget, the baroclinic and barotropic eddy feedbacks to the lower-level thermal forcing are delineated. Particularly, by examining the transient circulation response after thermal forcing is switched on, it is shown that the lower-level thermal forcing affects the eddy-driven jet rapidly by modifying the upper-level zonal thermal wind distribution and the associated meridional wave propagation and breaking. The anomalous baroclinic eddy generation, however, acts to enhance the latitudinal shift of the eddy-driven jet only in the later stage of transient response. Furthermore, the barotropic mechanism is explicated by overriding experiments in which the barotropic flow in the vorticity advection is prescribed. Unlike the conventional baroclinic view, the barotropic eddy feedback, particularly the irreversible PV mixing through barotropic vorticity advection and deformation, plays a major role in the atmospheric circulation response to the lower-level thermal forcing.
Delivering education to the poor: investigating the role of self-motivation in Brazil
Authors: Andrews Christina W. , Rezende Simone , Almeida Wilson M. 
Published: September 2015

In this multiple-case study, which involved seven municipalities in Brazil, we argue that good education is a by-product from educators’ commitment, which in turn is explained through self-determination theory. The research findings suggest that the support provided by local officials to teachers, their social status in small municipalities, and the lack of externally imposed educational targets all contributed to the fulfilment of educators’ needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, thereby enabling the emergence of self-motivation, and, as a consequence, of commitment. It is also argued that these practices enhanced educators’ engagement in prosocial behaviour, which explains why they went a step further to help their poorest students. The authors suggest that the insights provided by self-determination theory can offer an alternative view to the carrot-and-stick approach in educational policies. The article closes with suggestions for further research on the role of motivation and prosocial behaviour on public service effectiveness. Points for practitioners Administrative practices associated with social policies have often avoided clarifying their theoretical assumptions, failing to state the implications that these may have on human motivation. By examining the case of education in poor municipalities, the study shows not only that commitment is a key factor for achieving policy goals but also that self-determination theory provides the theoretical explanations for this commitment. The knowledge of theoretical principles related to self-motivation can assist practitioners in social policy design, where the long-term goals are more relevant than short-term targets. Policy-makers can find creative alternatives to deal with specific contexts when instructed by overarching theories on motivation such as self-determination theory.
Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and response to treatment in hepatitis C patients in Egypt
Authors: Bassiony MM , Yousef A , Youssef U , Salah El-Deen GM , Abdelghani M , Al-Gohari H , Fouad E , El-Shafaey MM 
Published: September 2015

Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and associated correlates of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in hepatitis C virus patients before and after treatment and to investigate the relationship between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and treatment response. Methods A total of 116 consecutive hepatitis C virus patients from hepatitis C virus treatment center in Zagazig city, Egypt, were included in the study and divided into treated group ( N = 58) and untreated group ( N = 58). All hepatitis C virus patients were screened for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder using hospital anxiety and depression scale, and those who screened positive were interviewed to confirm the diagnosis of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder using DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. These measures were done at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment or observation. Results At baseline, 3.5% and 12.1% of hepatitis C virus patients (treated group) had major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment 37.9% of hepatitis C virus patients (treated group) had major depressive disorder and 46.6% had generalized anxiety disorder. There was a significant statistical difference between hospital anxiety and depression scale scores for depression (3.3 ± 2.3 vs. 6.4 ± 3.2, t = 9.6, p = 0.001) and for anxiety (4.6 ± 2.4 vs. 7.3 ± 3.0, t = 10.2, p = 0.001) before and after treatment. There was also significant statistical difference between treated group and untreated group regarding hospital anxiety and depression scale scores after treatment and observation (depression, treated group 6.4 ± 3.2 vs. untreated group 4.0 ± 2.4, t = 3.7, p = 0.001; anxiety, treated group 7.3 ± 3.0 vs. untreated group 4.5 ± 2.3, t = 4.4, p = 0.001). There was no association between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and treatment response. Conclusions Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are common in hepatitis C virus patients after treatment with interferon and ribavirin and were not related to treatment response.
The Public Health Impact of Pediatric Deep Neck Space Infections
Authors: Adil Eelam , Tarshish Yael , Roberson David , Jang Jisun , Licameli Greg , Kenna Margaret 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThere is little consensus about the best management of pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSIs) and limited information about the national disease burden. The purpose of this study is to examine the health care burden, management, and complications of DNSIs from a national perspective.Study DesignRetrospective administrative data set review.SettingNational pediatric admission database.Subjects and MethodsPediatric patients diagnosed with a parapharyngeal space and/or retropharyngeal abscess were identified from the 2009 KIDS’ Inpatient Database. Patient demographic, hospital, and clinical characteristics were compared between patients who received surgical and nonsurgical management. All results for the analyses were weighted, clustered, and stratified appropriately according to the sampling design of the KIDS’ Inpatient Database.ResultsThe prevalence of DNSIs was 3444 in 2009, and the estimated incidence was 4.6 per 100,000 children. The total hospital charges were >$75 million. The patients who were drained surgically had a 22% longer length of stay (mean = 4.19 days) than that of those who were managed without surgery (mean = 3.44 days). Mean hospital charges for patients who were drained surgically were almost twice those of patients who were managed medically ($28,969 vs $17,022); 165 patients (4.8%) had a complication.ResultsThere are >3400 admissions for pediatric DNSIs annually, and they account for a significant number of inpatient days and hospital charges. A randomized controlled trial of management may be indicated from a public health perspective.
Head and Neck Reconstruction with Chimeric Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap
Authors: Lawson Bradley R. , Moreno Mauricio A. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveChimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps are composed of multiple skin paddles or muscular components that allow for the reconstruction of complex 3‐dimensional defects. We present our experience with the technique and applications for various head and neck defects.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsSubjects include 24 consecutive patients undergoing reconstruction with a chimeric anterolateral thigh free flap by a single surgeon. Our algorithm for pharyngeal reconstruction with this technique is described. Data include demographics, indications, comorbidities, operative findings, and surgical outcomes.ResultsThe most frequent defects were pharyngocutaneous (n = 12, 50%) and skull base (n = 6, 25%). The flap consisted of a double skin paddle in 11 cases (45.3%) and a skin paddle with an independent component of vastus lateralis muscle in 13 cases (54.7%). Revision surgery was required in 4 cases and was associated with malnutrition (P =. 022). There were no total flap losses, but partial loss (distal skin paddle in all the cases) was observed in 3 patients and was related to severe congestive heart failure (P =. 021) and malnutrition (P =. 021). All except 1 patient who underwent pharyngeal reconstruction resumed oral diet and achieved alaryngeal speech.ConclusionChimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps represent an excellent option for reconstruction of complex head and neck defects. Modifications to the technique are proposed in patients at high risk of surgical complications.
Psychometric properties of carer-reported outcome measures in palliative care: A systematic review
Authors: Michels Charlotte TJ , Boulton Mary , Adams Astrid , Wee Bee , Peters Michele 
Published: September 2015

Background: Informal carers face many challenges in caring for patients with palliative care needs. Selecting suitable valid and reliable outcome measures to determine the impact of caring and carers’ outcomes is a common problem. Aim: To identify outcome measures used for informal carers looking after patients with palliative care needs, and to evaluate the measures’ psychometric properties. Design: A systematic review was conducted. The studies identified were evaluated by independent reviewers (C.T.J.M., M.B., M.P.). Data regarding study characteristics and psychometric properties of the measures were extracted and evaluated. Good psychometric properties indicate a high-quality measure. Data sources: The search was conducted, unrestricted to publication year, in the following electronic databases: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and Sociological Abstracts. Results: Our systematic search revealed 4505 potential relevant studies, of which 112 studies met the inclusion criteria using 38 carer measures for informal carers of patients with palliative care needs. Psychometric properties were reported in only 46% ( n = 52) of the studies, in relation to 24 measures. Where psychometric data were reported, the focus was mainly on internal consistency ( n = 45, 87%), construct validity ( n = 27, 52%) and/or reliability ( n = 14, 27%). Of these, 24 measures, only four (17%) had been formally validated in informal carers in palliative care. Conclusion: A broad range of outcome measures have been used for informal carers of patients with palliative care needs. Little formal psychometric testing has been undertaken. Furthermore, development and refinement of measures in this field is required.
Education, implementation, and policy barriers to greater integration of palliative care: A literature review
Authors: Aldridge Melissa D , Hasselaar Jeroen , Garralda Eduardo , van der Eerden Marlieke , Stevenson David , McKendrick Karen , Centeno Carlos , Meier Diane E 
Published: September 2015

Background: Early integration of palliative care into the management of patients with serious disease has the potential to both improve quality of life of patients and families and reduce healthcare costs. Despite these benefits, significant barriers exist in the United States to the early integration of palliative care in the disease trajectory of individuals with serious illness. Aim: To provide an overview of the barriers to more widespread palliative care integration in the United States. Design and data sources: A literature review using PubMed from 2005 to March 2015 augmented by primary data collected from 405 hospitals included in the Center to Advance Palliative Care’s National Palliative Care Registry for years 2012 and 2013. We use the World Health Organization’s Public Health Strategy for Palliative Care as a framework for analyzing barriers to palliative care integration. Results: We identified key barriers to palliative care integration across three World Health Organization domains: (1) education domain: lack of adequate education/training and perception of palliative care as end-of-life care; (2) implementation domain: inadequate size of palliative medicine–trained workforce, challenge of identifying patients appropriate for palliative care referral, and need for culture change across settings; (3) policy domain: fragmented healthcare system, need for greater funding for research, lack of adequate reimbursement for palliative care, and regulatory barriers. Conclusion: We describe the key policy and educational opportunities in the United States to address and potentially overcome the barriers to greater integration of palliative care into the healthcare of Americans with serious illness.