bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transforming Southeast Asian language habitats
Authors: LEITNER GERHARD 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSoutheast Asia is marked by high levels of diversity that carry over into its linguistic habitats. Located at sea routes that connect East Asia, East Africa, the Middle East and Europe, it was a part of major trade network between the 7th and 17th centuries and a geo‐political hub that enabled the exchange of political systems and power, goods and services, cultures and religions, languages and people. Its language habitats were marked by high levels of contact and change. Today Southeast Asia is more than a transit region. It is a geo‐political entity that is pursuing its own priorities. This paper focuses on the growth and current status of English within different national environments and the developing regional or ASEAN context. It pursues three objectives: (i) to outline the history of English in the context of existing habitats so as to develop research questions; (ii) to highlight linguistic developments which unite or, alternatively, distinguish different varieties of English in the region; and (iii) to raise some implications for educational policies, which are referred to briefly in the conclusion.
Multidecadal Evaluation of WRF Downscaling Capabilities over Western Australia in Simulating Rainfall and Temperature Extremes
Authors: Andrys Julia , Lyons Thomas J. , Kala Jatin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe authors evaluate a 30-yr (1981–2010) Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model regional climate simulation over the southwest of Western Australia (SWWA), a region with a Mediterranean climate, using ERA-Interim boundary conditions. The analysis assesses the spatial and temporal characteristics of climate extremes, using a selection of climate indices, with an emphasis on metrics that are relevant for forestry and agricultural applications. Two nested domains at 10- and 5-km resolution are examined, with the higher-resolution simulation resolving convection explicitly. Simulation results are compared with a high-resolution, gridded observational dataset that provides daily rainfall, minimum temperatures, and maximum temperatures. Results show that, at both resolutions, the model is able to simulate the daily, seasonal, and annual variation of temperature and precipitation well, including extreme events. The higher-resolution domain displayed significant performance gains in simulating dry-season convective precipitation, rainfall around complex terrain, and the spatial distribution of frost conditions. The high-resolution domain was, however, influenced by grid-edge effects in the southwestern margin, which reduced the ability of the domain to represent frontal rainfall along the coastal region. On the basis of these results, the authors feel confident in using the WRF Model for regional climate simulations for the SWWA, including studies that focus on the spatial and temporal representation of climate extremes. This study provides a baseline climatological description at a high resolution that can be used for impact studies and will also provide a benchmark for climate simulations driven by general circulation models.
Novel Tornado Detection Using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System with S-Band Polarimetric Weather Radar
Authors: Wang Yadong , Yu Tian-You 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTornado debris signatures (TDS) exhibited in polarimetric measurements have the potential to facilitate tornado detection. The upgrade of the network of S-band Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) to dual polarization was completed recently. Therefore, it is timely to develop a tornado detection algorithm that capitalizes on TDS and integrates with other existing signatures observed in the velocity (shear signature) and Doppler spectrum (spectral signature) fields. In this work, the analysis indicates that TDS are not always present with shear and spectral signatures. A neuro-fuzzy tornado detection algorithm (NFTDA) using the Sugeno fuzzy inference system is developed to consider the strength of different tornado signatures that are characterized by operationally available data of differential reflectivity, cross-correlation coefficient, velocity difference, and spectrum width with the goal of reliable and robust detection. The performance is further optimized using a training procedure based on a neural network. The performance of NFTDA is evaluated using polarimetric WSR-88D data from 17 tornadoes with enhanced Fujita (EF) scale ratings ranging from EF-0 to EF-4 and distance from 16 to 133 km to the radar. NFTDA performs well with the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) of 86%, 11%, and 78%, respectively. Moreover, a computationally efficient method is introduced to analyze the sensitivity of the tornado signatures. It is demonstrated that even though TDS play a less important role than the other two signatures, TDS can help improve the detection, especially during the later stage of a tornado, when the shear and spectral signatures become weaker.
Strong convergence theorem for quasi-Bregman strictly pseudocontractive mappings and equilibrium problems in Banach spaces
Authors: Ugwunnadi Godwin C , Ali Bashir , Idris Ibrahim , Minjibir Maaruf S 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new iterative scheme by a hybrid method and prove a strong convergence theorem of a common element in the set of fixed points of a finite family of closed quasi-Bregman strictly pseudocontractive mappings and common solutions to a system of equilibrium problems in reflexive Banach space. Our results extend important recent results announced by many authors.

MSC:47H09, 47J25.
Design of an international multicentre RCT on group schema therapy for borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wetzelaer Pim , Farrell Joan , Evers Silvia MAA , Jacob Gitta A , Lee Christopher W , Brand Odette , van Breukelen Gerard , Fassbinder Eva , Fretwell Heather , Harper R Patrick , Lavender Anna , Lockwood George , Malogiannis Ioannis A , Schweiger Ulrich , Startup Helen , Stevenson Teresa , Zarbock Gerhard , Arntz Arnoud 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and highly prevalent mental disorder. Schema therapy (ST) has been found effective in the treatment of BPD and is commonly delivered through an individual format. A group format (group schema therapy, GST) has also been developed. GST has been found to speed up and amplify the treatment effects found for individual ST. Delivery in a group format may lead to improved cost-effectiveness. An important question is how GST compares to treatment as usual (TAU) and what format for delivery of schema therapy (format A; intensive group therapy only, or format B; a combination of group and individual therapy) produces the best outcomes.Methods/DesignAn international, multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted with a minimum of fourteen participating centres. Each centre will recruit multiple cohorts of at least sixteen patients. GST formats as well as the orders in which they are delivered to successive cohorts will be balanced. Within countries that contribute an uneven number of sites, the orders of GST formats will be balanced within a difference of one. The RCT is designed to include a minimum of 448 patients with BPD. The primary clinical outcome measure will be BPD severity. Secondary clinical outcome measures will include measures of BPD and general psychiatric symptoms, schemas and schema modes, social functioning and quality of life. Furthermore, an economic evaluation that consists of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses will be performed using a societal perspective. Lastly, additional investigations will be carried out that include an assessment of the integrity of GST, a qualitative study on patients’ and therapists’ experiences with GST, and studies on variables that might influence the effectiveness of GST.DiscussionThis trial will compare GST to TAU for patients with BPD as well as two different formats for the delivery of GST. By combining an evaluation of clinical effectiveness, an economic evaluation and additional investigations, it will contribute to an evidence-based understanding of which treatment should be offered to patients with BPD from clinical, economic, and stakeholders’ perspectives.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial RegisterNTR2392. Registered 25 June 2010.
Proteins and amino acids are fundamental to optimal nutrition support in critically ill patients
Authors: Weijs Peter JM , Cynober Luc , DeLegge Mark , Kreymann Georg , Wernerman Jan , Wolfe Robert R 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProteins and amino acids are widely considered to be subcomponents in nutritional support. However, proteins and amino acids are fundamental to recovery and survival, not only for their ability to preserve active tissue (protein) mass but also for a variety of other functions. Understanding the optimal amount of protein intake during nutritional support is therefore fundamental to appropriate clinical care. Although the body adapts in some ways to starvation, metabolic stress in patients causes increased protein turnover and loss of lean body mass. In this review, we present the growing scientific evidence showing the importance of protein and amino acid provision in nutritional support and their impact on preservation of muscle mass and patient outcomes. Studies identifying optimal dosing for proteins and amino acids are not currently available. We discuss the challenges physicians face in administering the optimal amount of protein and amino acids. We present protein-related nutrition concepts, including adaptation to starvation and stress, anabolic resistance, and potential adverse effects of amino acid provision. We describe the methods for assessment of protein status, and outcomes related to protein nutritional support for critically ill patients. The identification of a protein target for individual critically ill patients is crucial for outcomes, particularly for specific subpopulations, such as obese and older patients. Additional research is urgently needed to address these issues.
5-Iodo-4-thio-2′-deoxyuridine: Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Hui , Yin Hong-Yan , Trigiante Giuseppe , Brem Reto , Karran Peter , Pitak Mateusz B , Coles Simon J , Xu Yao-Zhong 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The novel nucleoside 5-iodo-4-thio-2′-deoxyuridine (4) was synthesized and fully characterized by IR, NMR, and MS. Its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 4 absorbs strongly at 346 nm and is minimally toxic to human tumour cells, but its cytotoxicity is substantially enhanced by low dose UVA radiation. The combined use of 4 and UVA offers a promising route to selectively and effectively kill proliferating cells.
A commonly overlooked motor neuron disease mimicker
Authors: Ghosh Manas , Bhattacharya Ambarish , Ghosh Kaushik , Chatterjee Atri , Chakraborty Sisir , Jatua Sanat Kumar 
Published: November 2014

Summary
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a progressive devastating neurodegenerative disease, which universally progresses towards death. Hence, every attempt should be made to find out if there are any treatable conditions, which can mimic MND. Herein, we describe a case of hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism confused as MND and subsequently cured with parathyroid surgery.

Learning points

Any patient with neurological disorder should have a screening of all the common electrolytes including calcium as electrolyte imbalance can present with paralysis (e.g. hypokalaemia) to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (e.g. hypercalcaemia).

No patient should be stamped as having MND without having a proper work-up of all its differentials as there might be a treatable condition masquerading as MND.
Recollection of endemic species Barleria stocksii T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) in Karnataka State, India, after 140 years
Authors: Kambhar Sidanand Vitthal , Harihar Nagabhushan Siddappa , Katrahalli Kotresha Shekharppa 
Published: November 2014

Barleria stocksii T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) is recollected from Kappat hills, Gadag district, Karnataka, after a gap of more than 140 year. A detailed description and photographs are provided.
First-order systems of linear partial differential equations: normal forms, canonical systems, transform methods
Authors: Toparkus Heinz 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this paper we consider first-order systems with constant coefficients for two real-valued functions of two real variables. This is both a problem in itself, as well as an alternative view of the classical linear partial differential equations of second order with constant coefficients. The classification of the systems is done using elementary methods of linear algebra. Each type presents its special canonical form in the associated characteristic coordinate system. Then you can formulate initial value problems in appropriate basic areas, and you can try to achieve a solution of these problems by means of transform methods.
Association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in Polish rowers
Authors: Jastrzebski Zbigniew , Leonska-Duniec Agata , Kolbowicz Marek , Tomiak Tomasz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ACTN3 R577X polymorphism has been associated with an elite athlete status. Several studies have determined that the R allele is connected with power-oriented athletic performance, whereas the nonfunctional XX genotype may give some beneficial effect for endurance performance. The main aim of the study was to determine the possible interaction between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and an endurance athlete status in a group of Polish rowers in comparison with sedentary individuals.121 male Polish rowers, members of academic sports clubs, and 115 unrelated volunteers were recruited for the study. Genotyping for the R577X variant was performed by PCR-RFLP.The genotype distribution amongst the rowers (52.06% RR, 38.85% RX, 9.09% XX) was significantly different from that amongst sedentary individuals (RR-33.5%; RX- 49.60%; XX-17,35%; P = 0.024). A significant excess of the R allele was noted in the rowers (71.48%, P = 0.008) when comparing with the controls (60.0%).The obtained results show that the ACTN3 X allele and XX genotype are underrepresented in Polish rowers and they are not advantageous for the endurance-type athletes in the studied population. On the contrary, the R allele seems to be useful for a top-level rower. However, additional studies are needed to clarify this problem.
Investment strategy of sovereign wealth funds from emerging markets: the case of China
Authors: Cieślik Ewa 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Chinese sovereign wealth funds SWFs continue to expand rapidly and have become increasingly active in real-time strategic transactions recently. They have focused not only on financial markets in developed countries, but they also concentrate on commodity investment in emerging markets (mainly in African or Central Asian markets). The main goal of this paper is to examine investment patterns and performance of two large Chinese sovereign wealth funds: the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Investment Company (SAFE IC) and the China Investment Corporation (CIC). In the absence of official data on the activities of the funds, the article is based largely on press releases relating to the operation of funds and corporate reports of the companies invested in by the Chinese SWFs. The paper presents sectoral and geographical directions of China’s SWFs investment and tries to describe how the investment strategy of the aforementioned vehicles changed until mid-2013. The main limitation of the adopted methodology derives from the lack of information and poor transparency of the analysed vehicles. Moreover to obtain the correct information on the details of fund investments (size, value, date) each press release requires extensive verification.
Geographical context of energy prices in the European Union Member States with special emphasis on the Slovak Republic
Authors: Mačanga Martin , Plešivčák Martin 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The issue of energy prices presents an extremely topical subject with a major impact on human society. Energy demand is constantly increasing and most regions of the world are facing serious difficulties in ensuring sufficient energy supplies. However, not only global events affect energy prices in the particular country. National energy markets are highly specific and some local factors may also prove significant. In our contribution we focus on the Slovak Republic and try to analyze the major political and economic factors affecting the final price of energy, particularly of gas and electricity. We pay attention to the period from the accession of the country to the European Union in 2004 until 2011 characterised by ‘third liberalisation package’ that is associated with a wide range of major changes. Largely monopolized energy market has been gradually opening up to competition and the countries with regulated prices have been facing the increasing pressure to let the free market decide. Progressive liberalisation of energy markets enables consumers to use the energy services offered by various private companies. This new element operating in the energy sector is largely reflected in final energy prices. Thus, the main goal of this study is to highlight the price disparities between different energy commodities in European Union member states since we are at present witnesses to of significant regional disparities in energy prices. We try to analyze current energy prices with respect to GDP (regarding purchasing power parity as well) to ensure that resulting comparison would reflect the financial potential of the population. Demonstrating the effects of the economic crisis on energy prices in different countries will be another important aspect of this contribution.
Telecommunication traffic: global disparities and international flows
Authors: Nagirnaya Anastasia 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
New information and communication technologies (ICTs) have shrunk geographical space and time more than ever. But do people fully use the opportunities provided by the newest ICTs? How intensively do they communicate with each other on the international level? And what are the global disparities in the level of telecommunicativeness and international communicative openness? To answer these questions a study of global telecommunication traffic and the specificity of its spatial organisation has been undertaken based on the official statistics on different types of ICT traffic (postal service, fixed telephone, mobile phone and the Internet) over the last two decades. Indicators in the sphere of telecommunicativeness and international communicative openness are presented. This study expands the understanding of international integration and globalisation processes in their communication aspects.
Transformations of traditional land use and settlement patterns of Kosarysche Ridge (Chornohora, Western Ukraine)
Authors: Nowak Agnieszka , Tokarczyk Natalia 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The traditional character of Hutsul villages and their spatial development has been changing slowly but inevitably over the course of time. Historically, single farmsteads were built separately and were mostly self-sufficient, the distance between them being considerable. Nowadays, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic transformation brought along many changes, among these the fact that depopulation is taking place and alterations in spatial development are occurring again. The localisation of secluded farmsteads, situated far away from each other is no longer as important as it used to be. Reasons for the abandonment of farmsteads were examined, and factors such as altitude, distance from the village centre and the administration affiliation were taken into account. Land use changes were analysed in relation to the slope inclination. Some of the most important factors influencing the intensity and direction of these processes are high prices of land, improvement in living conditions, better access to services and the general ‘westernisation’ of lifestyles. The depopulation rate has been seen to increase in correlation with the rising altitude and distance from the village centre. On the other hand, there was no unambiguous link between the abandonment of farmsteads and administration affiliation. Mowed areas were localised on the slopes with the smallest inclination. Animal breeding has become unprofitable due to a lack in demand and low product prices, which has led to an increasing number of meadows and pastures lying fallow.
The role of geography in the analysis of industrial development strategies within the spatial organisation of a region
Authors: Wali Ayad Ayid 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Through presenting the main axes in this study, it is clear that identifying a precise concept of industrial development is related to a wider idea of development. Despite that, the geographical view gives a wider and more comprehensive concept of the industrial development. Moreover, balanced spatial development is closely related to industrial and agricultural development within the space of a geographical region. Industry and agriculture represent productive activities which form the economic basis for a region. Industrial development is the most important tool which is used in developing rural areas. Moreover, industrial development has a great role in developing other activities, especially services in a region. This is done through the capability of industry to provide requirements of other activities and absorb labour force surplus from other economic sectors. In addition, the industry sector increases economic revenues for the region and raises the individuals’ incomes.
Strategies of achieving industrial development spatially differ from region to region. This relates to a group of variables, such as political and economic conditions in a region, its development, as well as size of industrial investments. However, accomplishing industrial development spatially requires putting appropriate developmental strategies which conform with a region’s development level and available industrial investments, particularly, in underdeveloped regions with limited financial resources. These regions need to be identified as the most underdeveloped ones in order to attract industrial investments according to the unparalleled spatial development model. What should be taken into consideration is focus on adopting the modern technological development of industry in the field of spatially achieved industrial development through providing appropriate spatial elements. This should be followed by the distribution of modern industrial projects of large production capacity which exploit ideally the available geographical qualifications to attain big economic revenues that supports and develop other economic activities. This is reflected positively in the balanced spatial development of a geographical region