bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in childhood malignancy
Authors: Mayer Stephanie W. , Mayer Braden K. , Mack Aldridge J. , Urbaniak James R. , Fitch Robert D. , Lark Robert K. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose Children undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment of malignancies have up to a 9 % incidence of osteonecrosis. The purpose of this article is to determine the time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in this patient population. Methods A retrospective review of the records of 18 patients (29 hips) under 21 years of age with both a diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and childhood onset malignancy was undertaken to determine the time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Results Mean time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of pain was 18.8 months (8.0–49.1). The mean time from development of pain to diagnosis of osteonecrosis was 3.9 months (−13.1 to 25). The mean overall time from initiation of chemotherapy to diagnosis of osteonecrosis was 22.7 months (9.0–54.1). 11/18 patients had bilateral disease. 16/18 patients (21/29 hips) had already progressed to stage 4 osteonecrosis at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions There was a high incidence of stage 4 or greater osteonecrosis at the time of diagnosis. Providers caring for these patients should be aware of the potential for osteonecrosis, and the need for prompt diagnosis and referral to an orthopedic surgeon. Screening with advanced imaging studies may be warranted for children undergoing chemotherapeutic regimens for childhood malignancy to prevent delay in the diagnosis and management of this process so that joint preservation therapies remain an option.
Binary mass ratios: system mass not primary mass
Authors: Goodwin Simon P. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Binary properties are usually expressed (for good observational reasons) as a function of primary mass. It has been found that the distribution of companion masses – the mass ratio distribution – is different for different primary masses. We argue that system mass is the more fundamental physical parameter to use. We show that if system masses are drawn from a log-normal mass function, then the different observed mass ratio distributions as a function of primary mass, from M-dwarfs to A-stars, are all consistent with a universal, flat, system mass ratio distribution. We also show that the brown dwarf mass ratio distribution is not drawn from the same flat distribution, suggesting that the process which decides upon mass ratios is very different in brown dwarfs and stars.
The supernova-regulated ISM – II. The mean magnetic field
Authors: Gent F. A. , Shukurov A. , Sarson G. R. , Fletcher A. , Mantere M. J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The origin and structure of the magnetic fields in the interstellar medium of spiral galaxies is investigated with 3D, non-ideal, compressible magnetohydrodynamic simulations, including stratification in the galactic gravity field, differential rotation and radiative cooling. A rectangular domain, 1 × 1 × 2 kpc3 in size, spans both sides of the galactic mid-plane. Supernova explosions drive transonic turbulence. A seed magnetic field grows exponentially to reach a statistically steady state within 1.6 Gyr. Following Germano (1992), we use volume averaging with a Gaussian kernel to separate magnetic field into a mean field and fluctuations. Such averaging does not satisfy all Reynolds rules, yet allows a formulation of mean-field theory. The mean field thus obtained varies in both space and time. Growth rates differ for the mean-field and fluctuating field and there is clear scale separation between the two elements, whose integral scales are about 0.7 and 0.3 kpc, respectively.
Multiple stellar-mass black holes in globular clusters: theoretical confirmation
Authors: Sippel Anna C. , Hurley Jarrod R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
While tens or hundreds of stellar-remnant black holes (BHs) are expected to form in globular star clusters, it is still unclear how many of those will be retained upon formation, and how many will be ejected through subsequent dynamical interactions. No such BHs have been found in any Milky Way globular cluster until the recent discovery of stellar-mass BHs in the globular cluster M22 (NGC 6656) with now an estimated population of 5–100 BHs. We present a direct N-body model of a star cluster of the same absolute and dynamical age as M22. Imposing an initial retention fraction of ≈10 per cent for BHs, 16 stellar-remnant BHs are retained at a cluster age of 12 Gyr, in agreement with the estimate for M22. Of those 16 BHs, two are in a binary system with a main-sequence star each while also one pure BH binary is present. We argue that multiple BHs can be present in any Milky Way cluster with an extended core radius, such as M22 or the model presented here.
A Political Theory of Populism
*
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Egorov Georgy , Sonin Konstantin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
When voters fear that politicians may be influenced or corrupted by the rich elite, signals of integrity are valuable. As a consequence, an honest politician seeking reelection chooses “populist” policies—that is, policies to the left of the median voter—as a way of signaling that he is not beholden to the interests of the right. Politicians that are influenced by right-wing special interests respond by choosing moderate or even left-of-center policies. This populist bias of policy is greater when the value of remaining in office is higher for the politician; when there is greater polarization between the policy preferences of the median voter and right-wing special interests; when politicians are perceived as more likely to be corrupt; when there is an intermediate amount of noise in the information that voters receive; when politicians are more forward-looking; and when there is greater uncertainty about the type of the incumbent. We also show that soft term limits may exacerbate, rather than reduce, the populist bias of policies.
RAPIDLY ENLARGING CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Authors: Walia Harpreet S. , Shah Sejal D. , Walia Sandeep S. , Pavan Peter R. , Margo Curtis E. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to describe a case of a rapidly enlarging choroidal melanoma that necessitated perioperative adjustment in treatment.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Results:
A 48-year-old white woman presented with decreased vision and floaters and was found to have a choroidal melanoma in her left eye. After discussion of risks and benefits of treatment, the patient elected radioactive plaque insertion. Intraoperative examination revealed that the choroidal melanoma had increased in height precluding plaque treatment.

Conclusion:
This case highlights the importance of intraocular examination and an informed consent that provides contingency therapies at the time of surgery.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS IN DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
Authors: Haug Sara , Randhawa Sandeep , Fu Arthur , McDonald H. Richard 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report a case of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the setting of dyskeratosis congenita.

Methods:
Case report and literature review.

Results:
A 23-year-old woman who had peripheral occlusive retinal vasculopathy and neovascularization as a result of pancytopenia caused by bone marrow failure also developed cytomegalovirus retinitis. She had been diagnosed with dyskeratosis congenita, which had caused the bone marrow failure and pancytopenia.

Conclusion:
Dyskeratosis congenita is a multisystem disorder that causes bone marrow failure. It can have retinal manifestations in the form of peripheral proliferative retinopathy and retinitis.
PARASITE IN A YOUNG GIRL FROM VIETNAM PRESENTING AS A GOLDEN FOVEAL LESION
Authors: Khatibi Azadeh , Amini Payam , Goldbaum Michael H. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:
To report a case of likely subretinal foveal parasite, either ophthalmomyiasis from botfly infestation, Angiostrongylus or Gnathostoma.

Methods:
Observational case report of a patient with decreased vision in the left eye since age 4, with examination showing a golden subretinal foveal lesion. She was monitored up to age 24.

Results:
A young woman originally from Vietnam presented at age 11 with vision loss in the left eye since age 4 after a severe febrile illness. Fundus examination revealed a subretinal golden foveal lesion. History, angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed the possibility of parasitic infestation with an entrance site.

Conclusion:
In patients with focal lesions of unknown etiology, careful history, exam, angiography and OCT may indicate a parasitic organism and the entrance site.
Diagnostic value of serum concentrations of high‐mobility group‐box protein 1 and soluble hemoglobin scavenger receptor in brucellosis
Authors: Ayarcı Ayşe Oğuz , Yılmaz Emel , Sığırlı Deniz , Budak Ferah , Göral Güher , Oral Haluk Barbaros 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBoth cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes play key roles in immunity to Brucella, in part because they secrete interferon (IFN)‐γ and activate bactericidal functions in macrophages. Therefore, use of markers of macrophage activation may have diagnostic and prognostic significance. High‐mobility group‐box 1 protein (HMGB1), a late‐onset pro‐inflammatory cytokine, is secreted by activated macrophages. Soluble hemoglobin scavenger receptor (sCD163) is a specific marker of anti‐inflammatory macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of HMGB1 and sCD163 concentrations in brucellosis and its various clinical forms. Serum HMGB1 and sCD163 concentrations in 49 brucellosis patients were compared with those in 52 healthy control subjects. Both serum HMGB1 and sCD163 concentrations were significantly higher in brucellosis patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in serum concentrations of HMGB1 and sCD163 between cases of acute, subacute and chronic brucellosis. Additionally, serum HMGB1 concentrations were positively correlated with sCD163 concentrations, whereas neither HMGB1 nor sCD163 concentrations were correlated with C‐reactive protein concentrations, white cell counts or erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Therefore, serum concentrations of HMGB1 and sCD163 may be diagnostic markers for brucellosis, but neither can be used to differentiate the three different forms of this disease (acute, subacute and chronic).
The relationship between carbon dioxide uptake and canopy colour from two camera systems in a deciduous forest in southern England
Authors: Mizunuma Toshie , Wilkinson Matthew , L. Eaton Edward , Mencuccini Maurizio , I. L. Morison James , Grace John 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Carbon dioxide flux measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) methodology have helped researchers to develop models of ecosystem carbon balance. However, making reliable predictions of carbon fluxes is not straightforward due to phenological changes and possible abiotic/biotic stresses that profoundly influence tree functioning.

To assess the influence of canopy phenological state on CO2 flux, we installed two different digital camera systems at different viewing angles (an outdoor webcam with a near‐horizontal view and a commercial ‘fisheye’ digital camera with a downward view) on a flux measurement tower in southern England and tracked the visual change of the canopy in this oak‐dominated (Quercus robur L.) forest over two growing seasons.

Changes in the setting of the camera's white balance substantially affected the quality of the webcam images. However, the timing of the onset of greening and senescence was, nevertheless, detectable for the individual trees as well as the overall canopy for both years. The greening‐up date assessed from the downward images from a hemispherical lens was ∼5 days earlier than from the horizontal‐view images, because of ground vegetation development (not visible in the horizontal view).

The effects of a late air frost in 2010 were evident in the canopy greenness, and these led to reductions in daily gross primary productivity (GPP). The cameras recorded differences between individual tree crowns, showing their different responses to the late frost.

A major new finding from this work is the strong relationship between GPP and Hue, which was stronger than the relationship between GPP and NDVI.
Quantitative Assessment of the Sternal Rib End Morphology and Implications for Its Application in Aging Human Remains
Authors: Nikita Efthymia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIntercostal and age differences in the sternal rib end morphology of documented female skeletons fromSpitalfields andSt.Bride's are examined. The morphology was captured using three‐dimensional morphometrics and the statistical analyses employed included parametric and nonparametricMANOVA,discriminantanalysis, andmultilinearregressions. It was found that the quantified morphology of the sternal rib end was statistically significantly different between rib four and all other ribs except for the third one and that the morphological characteristics of all ribs varied with age. However, due to the inherent variability in sternal rib end morphology, nonstatistically significant results were obtained among the various age groups and neither disciminant nor multilinear regression analysis could be used for the estimation of the age of an individual based on digitized coordinates of the sternal rib end of individuals of known age, raising some concern as to the rigorousness of the fourth rib aging method.
Perceptions of fishers to sea turtle bycatch, illegal capture and consumption in the San Ignacio‐Navachiste‐Macapule lagoon complex, Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: AGUILAR‐GONZÁLEZ Myrna E. , LUNA‐GONZÁLEZ Antonio , AGUIRRE Alonso , ZAVALA‐NORZAGARAY Alan A. , MUNDO‐OCAMPO Manuel , GONZÁLEZ‐OCAMPO Héctor A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this study, 10% of all registered fishermen in the coastal towns of Navachiste in Sinaloa, in northwestern Mexico, answered a survey designed to collect data on their perceptions of the following topics: the impact of turtle meat consumption; human health; bycatch; illegal turtle fishing; the illegal sea turtle market; the local economy; pollution; environmental education; the success of protective legislation; and sea turtle‐based ecotourism. Perceptions were analyzed using the fuzzy logic method through classification into 5 fuzzy membership sets: VL, very low; L, low; M, moderate; H, high; VH, very high. The 9 topics generated decision areas upon applying fuzzy inference that revealed the membership level of the answers in each fuzzy set. The economic potential of sea turtle‐based ecotourism and the economic profitability of the illegal turtle meat market were perceived as VL. Conservation legislation was perceived as H, although inefficiently applied due to corruption. Ecotourism and impacts on sea turtles were perceived as VL, because they were deemed unprofitable activities at the individual and community levels. Environmental education was perceived as L, because it centers on nesting, hatching and releasing turtles and is directed at elementary and middle‐school students. While fishers perceive a serious negative impact of fishing activities on sea turtles in the San Ignacio‐Navachiste‐Macapule area, they do not see themselves individually as part of the problem. Achieving sea turtle conservation in this region requires: suitable ecotourism infrastructure, government investments in promotion, and studies to estimate the minimum number of tourists needed to assure profitability.
Environmental ethics: an overview, assessing the place of bioscientists in society, supplemented with selected Australian perspectives
Authors: BUCKERIDGE John 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEthics deals with moral behavior in a professional context; ideally, it leads to a set of governing principles through which the appropriateness of any activity may be determined or assessed. Environmental ethics specifically deals with how humans interact with the biosphere. It is clear, however, that, as a species, we are failing in our duty of environmental stewardship. The encroachment of human activity into the natural environment is inexorable, and almost always deleterious. Any response to mitigate loss of taxa or ecosystems will have economic implications, and these are often considerable. In finding effective solutions, a process soon becomes political. In light of this we must reflect upon the leadership role that biologists have, especially our impact on policy development that pertains to natural resource management. Although our track record is no worse than any other professional group, biologists by way of training usually have a greater understanding of natural processes and must be prepared to articulate these publically. We have an ethical mandate to question decisions, policies and legislation that impact negatively upon biological systems: a mandate guided through logic, grounded in empirical science, and hopefully coupled with a deep understanding of the true value of both the living world and the physical world which sustains it. This paper uses Australian examples to demonstrate the frequent clashes between economics and biology, in anticipation that we should strive to achieve the underlying principles of sustainability, environmental stewardship and resource management in both daily decision‐making and in long‐term planning.
Size and dispersion of urticating setae in three species of processionary moths
Authors: PETRUCCO TOFFOLO Edoardo , ZOVI Daniel , PERIN Chiara , PAOLUCCI Paolo , ROQUES Alain , BATTISTI Andrea , HORVATH Helmuth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLarvae of the processionary moths of the Palaearctic region bear urticating setae that are released against vertebrate predators, especially insectivorous birds. A few species are pests of forest and urban trees and, consequently, may threaten human and animal health during outbreaks, causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis and respiratory distress. Although some studies provide detailed information about the setae, particularly those of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa, there is little knowledge on the morphological traits of the setae and their release by the larvae. In the present study we identify major traits of the setae of 3 species of processionary moth, T. pityocampa, T. pinivora and T. processionea, which are potentially helpful in the understanding of setae dynamics in the environment: (i) diameter and length of setae and (ii) analysis of dynamical properties of the setae in the airborne state. Setae are highly variable in size, with bimodal distribution in T. pityocampa and T. pinivora; in these 2 species, short and long setae are interspersed within the integument fields where they occur. The difference in the seta size has important consequences in dispersion, as smaller setae can spread 5 times further than their bigger counterparts. This information is relevant for a full understanding of the defensive importance of larval setae against natural enemies of the processionary moths, as well for elucidating the importance of the processionary setae as air pollutants, both close to the infested trees and at longer distances.
Improving environmental and biodiversity monitoring in the Baltic Sea using DNA barcoding of Chironomidae (Diptera)
Authors: Brodin Y. , Ejdung G. , Strandberg J. , Lyrholm T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs for many other regions, environmental and biodiversity monitoring of the brackish Baltic Sea suffers from low species resolution for several taxa. One such case is the benthic larvae of midges Chironomidae (Diptera), which are estimated to constitute about 30% of the macrozoobenthos species of the Baltic Sea and are important indicators of environmental quality. We assessed the usefulness of COI (cytochrome oxidase I) gene barcoding to improve species resolution and its potential for implementation in monitoring programmes. Neighbour‐Joining, Maximum parsimony and Bayesian‐inference analyses all provided high congruency with morphological analyses of adult males for almost all 42 species studied. Barcoding was helpful to elucidate some cases of taxonomical difficulties, such as synonyms. In contrast to the high identification accuracy when using our local database, there were a number of cases where matching with GenBank and BOLD provided puzzling results. For reliable species identification at least 15–30 specimens from 5–10 well‐distributed sites within the geographical range of the species might be needed in a database to adequately cover the intraspecific variability of chironomids. Implementation of DNA barcoding, as applied here, in monitoring would result in an increase from at present less than 10% to more than 90% successful chironomid species identification of Baltic Sea benthic samples, as it also would for many nearby lakes. Routine monitoring of benthic environmental samples based on Next‐Generation sequencing techniques would provide a cost effective way to obtain a taxonomically much more complete assessment of environmental quality and biodiversity, as required by EU directives and national legislation.
Hippocampal neurogenesis protects against cocaine‐primed relapse
Authors: Deschaux Olivier , Vendruscolo Leandro F. , Schlosburg Joel E. , Diaz‐Aguilar Luis , Yuan Clara J. , Sobieraj Jeffery C. , George Olivier , Koob George F. , Mandyam Chitra D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccumulating evidence demonstrates a functional role for the hippocampus in mediating relapse to cocaine‐seeking behavior and extinction‐induced inhibition of cocaine seeking, and dentate gyrus neurogenesis in the hippocampus may have a role. Here, we tested the hypothesis that disruption of normal hippocampal activity during extinction alters relapse to cocaine‐seeking behavior as a function of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. Adult rats were trained to self‐administer cocaine on a fixed‐ratio schedule, followed by extinction and cocaine‐primed reinstatement testing. Some rats received low‐frequency stimulation (LFS; 2 Hz for 25 minutes) after each extinction session in the dorsal or ventral hippocampal formation. All rats received an injection of the mitotic marker 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label developing dentate gyrus neurons during self‐administration, as well as before or after extinction and LFS. We found that LFS during extinction did not alter extinction behavior but enhanced cocaine‐primed reinstatement. Cocaine self‐administration reduced levels of 24‐day‐old BrdU cells and dentate gyrus neurogenesis, which was normalized by extinction. LFS during extinction prevented extinction‐induced normalization of dentate gyrus neurogenesis and potentiated cocaine‐induced reinstatement of drug seeking. LFS inhibition of extinction‐induced neurogenesis was not due to enhanced cell death, revealed by quantification of activated caspase3‐labeled cells. These data suggest that LFS during extinction disrupts hippocampal networking by disrupting neurogenesis and also strengthens relapse‐like behaviors. Thus, newly born dentate gyrus neurons during withdrawal and extinction learning facilitate hippocampal networking that mediates extinction‐induced inhibition of cocaine seeking and may play a key role in preventing relapse.