bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some reasonable but uncomfortable questions about social marketing
Authors: Spotswood Fiona , French Jeff , Tapp Alan , Stead Martine 
Published: September 2012

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the scope of social marketing by re-examining some of its core concepts: the balance between the “wants” of individuals with the “needs” of society; the nature of exchange; the inclusion of techniques not explicitly considered part of the panoply of marketing; techniques available to social marketing, such as “nudge” style techniques, regulation or behavioural conditioning; the view that behaviour change must be its definitive goal; the ethical and political dimensions of social marketing; and the definition of social marketing.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors pose seven questions based on these concepts which they debate.

Findings
– The authors conclude that a more inclusive view of what constitutes social marketing is required: one that avoids absolutism or defining the field in terms of the tactics it employs. The paper calls for a set of ethical codes which would enable social marketers to better defend approaches that deploy more implicit and strongly persuasive techniques common in the commercial world but unacknowledged in social marketing.

Originality/value
– The paper questions some of the settled views of the field, such as the focus on “behaviour change” and the notion of “exchange” and “voluntary” behaviour change. The paper debates the ethical implications of using “invisible” or coercive techniques, and the nature of customer-centricity. The paper also debates the politics of social marketing and encourages debate about interventions which go beyond rational exchange.
The UEMS Section/Board of Pathology, Chapter 6: Requirement for Recognition of Postgraduate Training in Pathology: a presentation of the Paris Document
Authors: Tötsch M. , Cuvelier C. , Vass L. , Fassina A. ,   on behalf of the participants of the UEMS Section/Board of Pathology meeting in Paris 2012
Published: September 2012

M. Tötsch, C. Cuvelier, L. Vass and A. Fassina and on behalf of the participants of the UEMS Section/Board of Pathology meeting in Paris 2012  The UEMS Section/Board of Pathology, Chapter 6: Requirement for Recognition of Postgraduate Training in Pathology: a presentation of the Paris DocumentAfter more than five years discussion the UEMS Section/Board of Pathology agreed a specification of requirements for recognition of post‐graduate training in pathology, which is the key to the future of our discipline. The document published here, subject to ratification by UEMS Council, was voted on and accepted by the Pathology Board at the UEMS Paris meeting of 9 June 2012. Cytopathology is regarded as integral part of pathology: in general, training in pathology takes five years and maintains a common trunk of four (minimum three) years where surgical pathology, autopsy pathology and basic knowledge of neuropathology, dermatopathology and cytopathology are adequately trained and assessed. Training in so‐called ‘areas of interests’ covers the remaining 12–24 months. Certificates of ‘advanced level of competence’ remain within the authority of national boards.As senior members of its Executive Board, we believe that the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) should take responsibility for establishing 1) standards in the quality of cytopathology training, 2) training guidelines and qualification for advanced levels of competence in cytopathology, 3) manpower planning, 4) tutorials for pathologists and cytotechnologists and 4) standards of cytotechnologist training.
A specific combination of zeaxanthin, spermidine and rutin prevents apoptosis in human dermal papilla cells
Authors: Carelli Stephana , Hebda Danuta M. , Traversa Maria V. , Messaggio Fanuel , Giuliani Giammaria , Marzani Barbara , Benedusi Anna , Di Giulio Anna M. , Gorio Alfredo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHair follicle (HF) regression is characterized by the activation of apoptosis in HF cells. Dermal papilla cells play a leading role in the regulation of HF development and cycling. Human follicular dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) were used to investigate the protective activities of rutin, sperimidine and zeaxanthine. HFDP cell incubation with staurosporine caused apoptosis, which was completely inhibited by exposure to rutin (2.2 μm), spermidine (1 μm) and zeaxanthin (80 μm). These agents were much less effective when applied as single compounds. Moreover, treatment preserved the expression of anti‐apoptotic molecules such as Bcl‐2, MAP‐kinases and their phosphorylated forms. In conclusion, the investigated agents may represent an effective treatment for the prevention of apoptosis, one of the leading events involved in hair bulb regression.
Strain ratcheting and stress relaxation around interference‐fitted single‐holed plates under cyclic loading: experimental and numerical investigations
Authors: CHAKHERLOU T. N. , AJRI M. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTLongitudinal strain ratcheting and stress relaxation in interference‐fitted single‐holed plates were investigated both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental part single‐holed plates made from Al‐alloy 7075‐T6 were force‐fitted with oversized pins to create 1% and 2% nominal interference fit sizes. Then these plates (specimens) were instrumented with dynamic strain gauges in longitudinal direction around the hole to measure the strain during interference fit and strain ratcheting during subsequent cyclic loading. In the numerical part, 2D finite element code has been written to simulate the interference fit process and subsequent cyclic loading to obtain strains and stresses around the force fitted hole. To predict the strain ratcheting, Ohno–Wang kinematic hardening model was applied for simulation of stress/strain path. The strain ratcheting predicted from the finite element code and experimental test results were compared. The results showed that there is a good agreement between the measured and numerically evaluated strains, and the strain ratcheting is bigger for higher cyclic load level, but it is smaller for larger interference size.
Effects of ship‐induced waves on littoral benthic invertebrates
Authors: GABEL FRIEDERIKE , GARCIA XAVIER F. , SCHNAUDER INGO , PUSCH MARTIN T. 
Published: September 2012

Summary1. Ship‐induced waves can affect the physical characteristics of lake and river shorelines, and laboratory studies have shown effects on littoral invertebrates. Here, we explored whether these effects could be observed under field conditions along a natural lake shore affected by wave sequences (trains) produced by boats.2. Individuals of five invertebrate species (Bithynia tentaculata, Calopteryx splendens, Dikerogammarus villosus, Gammarus roeselii, Laccophilus hyalinus) were exposed to waves with increasing shear stress in five habitats differing in structural complexity.3. Detachment of invertebrates increased with increasing shear stress and was best modelled using sigmoid response curves. Habitat structural complexity mitigated the effects of shear stress, and detachment rate was influenced more by habitat type than by species. A threshold (90% of the individual invertebrates unaffected) stress level of 0.64 N m−2 was found for a structurally complex reed habitat, compared to 0.37 N m−2 for a simple sand habitat.4. Shear stress associated with wave trains created by recreational boating at a distance of 35 m from the shore and at a speed of 11 km h−1 resulted in 45% detachment of littoral invertebrates. Decreasing the boat‐to‐shore distance to 20 m increased wave shear stress by 30% and invertebrate detachments up to 75%.5. Disturbance of littoral habitats and invertebrate assemblages are widespread in inland waters used for recreational and/or commercial navigation. Our findings show that the integrity of littoral zones of navigable surface waters could be much improved by implementing management measures such as physically protecting complex habitats with dense reed belts and tree roots, and reducing boat speeds and increasing their minimum shoreline distance.
Uncertainty in soil carbon accounting due to unrecognized soil erosion
Authors: Sanderman Jonathan , Chappell Adrian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe movement of soil organic carbon (SOC) during erosion and deposition events represents a major perturbation to the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite the recognized impact soil redistribution can have on the carbon cycle, few major carbon accounting models currently allow for soil mass flux. Here, we modified a commonly used SOC model to include a soil redistribution term and then applied it to scenarios which explore the implications of unrecognized erosion and deposition for SOC accounting. We show that models that assume a static landscape may be calibrated incorrectly as erosion of SOC is hidden within the decay constants. This implicit inclusion of erosion then limits the predictive capacity of these models when applied to sites with different soil redistribution histories. Decay constants were found to be 15–50% slower when an erosion rate of 15 t soil ha−1 yr−1 was explicitly included in the SOC model calibration. Static models cannot account for SOC change resulting from agricultural management practices focused on reducing erosion rates. Without accounting for soil redistribution, a soil sampling scheme which uses a fixed depth to support model development can create large errors in actual and relative changes in SOC stocks. When modest levels of erosion were ignored, the combined uncertainty in carbon sequestration rates was 0.3–1.0 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1. This range is similar to expected sequestration rates for many management options aimed at increasing SOC levels. It is evident from these analyses that explicit recognition of soil redistribution is critical to the success of a carbon monitoring or trading scheme which seeks to credit agricultural activities.
Evaluating litter decomposition in earth system models with long‐term litterbag experiments: an example using the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4)
Authors: Bonan Gordon B. , Hartman Melannie D. , Parton William J. , Wieder William R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDecomposition is a large term in the global carbon budget, but models of the earth system that simulate carbon cycle‐climate feedbacks are largely untested with respect to litter decomposition. We tested the litter decomposition parameterization of the community land model version 4 (CLM4), the terrestrial component of the community earth system model, with data from the long‐term intersite decomposition experiment team (LIDET). The LIDET dataset is a 10‐year study of litter decomposition at multiple sites across North America and Central America. We performed 10‐year litter decomposition simulations comparable with LIDET for 9 litter types and 20 sites in tundra, grassland, and boreal, conifer, deciduous, and tropical forest biomes using the LIDET‐provided climatic decomposition index to constrain temperature and moisture effects on decomposition. We performed additional simulations with DAYCENT, a version of the CENTURY model, to ask how well an established ecosystem model matches the observations. The results show large discrepancy between the laboratory microcosm studies used to parameterize the CLM4 litter decomposition and the LIDET field study. Simulated carbon loss is more rapid than the observations across all sites, and nitrogen immobilization is biased high. Closer agreement with the observations requires much lower decomposition rates, obtained with the assumption that soil mineral nitrogen severely limits decomposition. DAYCENT better replicates the observations, for both carbon mass remaining and nitrogen, independent of nitrogen limitation. CLM4 has low soil carbon in global earth system simulations. These results suggest that this bias arises, in part, from too rapid litter decomposition. More broadly, the terrestrial biogeochemistry of earth system models must be critically tested with observations, and the consequences of particular model choices must be documented. Long‐term litter decomposition experiments such as LIDET provide a real‐world process‐oriented benchmark to evaluate models.
The use of data‐mining to identify indicators of health‐related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Penny Kay I , Smith Graeme D 
Published: September 2012

Aim.  To examine the health‐related quality of life in a cohort of individuals with irritable bowel syndrome and to explore the use of several data‐mining methods to identify which socio‐demographic and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms are most highly associated with impaired health‐related quality of life.Background.  Health‐related quality of life can be adversely affected by irritable bowel syndrome. Little is presently known about the predictive factors that may influence the quality of life in these patients.Design.  Cross‐sectional survey design involving the general population of the UK.Methods.  Individuals with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome were recruited to a longitudinal cohort survey via a UK‐wide newspaper advert. Health‐related quality of life was measured using a battery of validated questionnaires. Several data‐mining models to determine which factors are associated with impaired health‐related quality of life are considered in this study and include logistic regression, a classification tree and artificial neural networks.Results.  As well as irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity, results indicate that psychological morbidity and socio‐demographic factors such as marital status and employment status also have a major influence on health‐related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome.Conclusion.  Health‐related quality of life is impaired in community‐based individuals in the UK with irritable bowel syndrome. Although not always as easily interpreted as logistic regression, data‐mining techniques indicate subsets of factors that are highly associated with impaired quality of life. These models tend to include subsets of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and psychosocial factors.Relevance to clinical practice.  Identification of the role of psychological and socio‐demographic factors on health‐related quality of life may provide more insight into the nature of irritable bowel syndrome. Greater understanding of these factors will facilitate more flexible and efficient nursing assessment and management of this patient group.
Patient satisfaction in home health care
Authors: Abusalem Said , Myers John A , Aljeesh Yousef 
Published: September 2012

Aims and objectives.  To assess the current use of patient satisfaction measures in home health care and to examine the reliability and validity of current measures of patient satisfaction in home health care.Background.  Patient satisfaction has been one of the widely used measures in home health care as an indicator of quality of care. A few efforts have been made to develop psychometrically sound patient satisfaction scales for use in home health care.Design.  A critical review of the literature.Methods.  Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify the studies or publications that measured and addressed patient satisfaction and its measurement in home health care.Results.  The review of the literature showed that patient satisfaction measures have been used in the evaluation of care programmes including rehabilitation programmes, discharge and home follow‐up programmes, care process and management practices. Also, patient satisfaction measures were used to evaluate new care protocols and treatments.Conclusions.  Home healthcare agencies need valid and reliable patient satisfaction scales. Frameworks of patient satisfaction are still in their early developmental stage. Only some of the variables related to patient satisfaction are explained by many frameworks.Relevance to clinical practice.  Home healthcare mangers and researchers need to take in consideration the reliability and validity of measures and tools of patient satisfaction.
The Careful Nursing philosophy and professional practice model
Authors: Meehan Therese C 
Published: September 2012

Aims and objectives.  To present the Careful Nursing philosophy and professional practice model which has its source in the skilled practice of 19th century Irish nurses and to propose that its implementation could provide a relevant foundation for contemporary nursing practice.Background.  Nursing models are widely considered not relevant to nursing practice. Alarming instances of incompetent and insensitive nursing practice and experiences of powerlessness amongst nurses are being reported. Professional practice models that will inspire and strengthen nurses in practice and help them to address these challenges are needed. Nursing history has been suggested as a source of such models.Design.  Discursive.Methods.  Content analysis of historical documents describing the thinking and practice of 19th century Irish nurses. Identification of emergent categories and subcategories as philosophical assumptions, concepts and dimensions of professional nursing practice.Results.  A philosophical approach to practise encompassing the nature and innate dignity of the person, the experience of an infinite transcendent reality in life processes and health as human flourishing. A professional practice model constructed from four concepts; therapeutic milieu, practice competence and excellence, management of practice and influence in health systems and professional authority; and their eighteen dimensions.Conclusion.  As a philosophy and professional practice model, Careful Nursing can engage nurses and provide meaningful direction for practice. It could help decrease incidents of incompetent and insensitive practice and sustain already exemplary practice. As a basis for theory development, it could help close the relevance gap between nursing practice and nursing science.Relevance to clinical practice.  Careful Nursing highlights respect for the innate dignity of all persons and what this means for nurses in their relationships with patients. It balances attentive tenderness in nurse–patient relationships with clinical skill and judgement. It helps nurses to establish their professional practice boundaries and take authoritative responsibility for their practice.
Frontline healthcare providers’ views of depression and its prevention in older adults
Authors: Lu Li‐Ching , Hsieh Pei‐Ling 
Published: September 2012

Aims and objectives. To describe healthcare providers’ views on depression and its prevention in older people.Background. There is an urgent need to develop public health approaches to depression prevention in older adults because of the growing older population and the high rate of depression among community‐dwelling older adults in Taiwan. Prior studies have focused on the prevalence of and risk factors for depression in Taiwanese community‐dwelling older adults. Research from the viewpoints of prevention and healthcare providers is needed to guide these approaches.Design. A qualitative study involving semi‐structured interviews.Methods. A purposive sample of 25 healthcare providers was recruited from a city in northern Taiwan. Data were collected through in‐depth individual interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.Results. Results were embedded within four major themes: lack of children’s support, maladaptation to distressing life circumstances in late life, innate vulnerability in the individuals and being unaware of or reluctant to accept an illness.Conclusions. Participants’ accounts of depression and its prevention were conceptualised within the family and socio‐cultural contexts older adults lived in. Lack of children’s support was reported as a main contributor to depression in older adults. Society was reported as the main context in which depression prevention intervention should take place. Communal activities were described as important for mental wellness and depression prevention.Relevance to clinical practice. Study findings show how family, Chinese culture and socio‐economic circumstances influence accounts of depression and its prevention in older adults. Attention to the cultural construction of meanings may help extend our vision beyond a focus on the biomedical discourse and promote innovative ways of tackling depression that match the policy goals with the needs of older adults and community.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents and quality of school life
Authors: Sagawa Toshihiko , Okamura Shinichi , Kakizaki Satoru , Zhang Yajing , Morita Kyoko , Mori Masatomo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimThe prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) in adolescents and their relationship to quality of school life (QOSL) are not fully understood. This study investigated the relationship between FGID and QOSL.MethodsAdolescents (10–17 years) were recruited from 40 schools. FGID diagnoses were based on the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms‐Rome III version (QPGS‐RIII). QOSL was evaluated by a questionnaire and calculated as the QOSL score.ResultsFive hundred and fifty‐two of the 3976 students (13.9%) met the FGID criteria for one or more diagnoses according to the QPGS‐RIII: 12.3% met the criteria for one, 1.5% for two or more. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was the most common diagnosis (5.9%) followed by functional abdominal pain (3.1%). The prevalence of FGID was significantly higher in the female students in comparison to male students (P < 0.01). The prevalence of FGID was 9.5% in elementary school, 15.4% in junior high school, 26.0% in high school students, respectively. The prevalence of FGID was significantly increased with age (P < 0.01). The QOSL score of the patients with FGID was 10.9 ± 4.5 and that without FGID was 8.2 ± 2.8, respectively. The QOSL score of the patients with FGID was significantly worse than those without FGID (P < 0.01). The QOSL scores with IBS, aerophagia, and cyclic vomiting syndrome were significantly worse among the FGID (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe prevalence of FGID in adolescents was relatively high. The presences of FGID worsen the QOSL score. Medical intervention and/or counseling are needed for such students to improve the QOSL.