bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Fishbone SAGD Well Pair: An Integrated Approach to Efficiently Unlock the Resource Potential in Canadian Oil Sands Play
Authors: Ozdemirtas M. , McGinn T. , Mejia J. , McLennan R. , Lopez J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Surmont Project operated by ConocoPhillips with 50% partnership of Total E&P Canada is located in the Athabasca region of Northern Alberta. An in-situ thermal development method - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) technology is used to extract the bitumen from the oil sand. Steam is injected into a horizontal injector well to heat up the bitumen so that it will flow with the support of gravity drainage and get produced from a horizontal well immediately below the injector (Butler 1991; Donnely 1997; Farouq 1997; Pirson et al. 1958). Surmont Phase 2 development consists of 11 pads each designed to accommodate 12 producer and injector wells. The full field design of 11 pads require a distance between lateral trajectories of one well pair and the build sections of wells on the other pad in order avoid the wellbore collision. Representing significant OOIP potential to the project, these buffer zones are larger than the average well spacing, but anticollision concerns with the drilling trajectories of the offsetting pads, do not allow for a regular SAGD well pair to be drilled into the zone. Through the multidisciplinary approach between joint venture partners, an innovative “Fishbone Infill Well Pair” concept was developed for the buffer zone between Pad #1 and Pad #5.
In the normal SAGD well pair design, the injector well lateral section is planned 5 meters vertically directly above the producer lateral section. In this case, due to the close proximity of the Pad #1 build sections, the fishbone injector lateral section was planned to be offset laterally a distance of 90 meters and a vertical distance of 21 meters to the fishbone producer well. The producer well, drilled under the build sections of Pad #5, has 6 fishbones which will establish the thermal connection with the injectors. The injector fishbone well, drilled over the built sections of Pad #5, was designed to have 2 fishbones towards producer well, and the toe of the main bore was directionally drilled towards the producer well. Significant anti-collision risks were minimized by utilizing active ranging technologies. All fishbones were sidetracked and drilled with a great success in the poorly consolidated McMurray oil sand formation. Special techniques were in place to avoid collapse risk in sidetrack junction points. Pre-selected fishbones both in producer and injector wells by subsurface team were lined with slotted liners. This paper focuses on the planning, design, drilling execution and lessons learned along the process of realization of this fishbone well pair, which is the first design of its kind in the Canadian oil sands.
Successful Use of Aluminum Drill Pipe with Steerable Mud Motors: Case Study in Shale Plays
Authors: Menand S. , Lehner Jeffry K. , Evans Nigel , Palmer Aaron , Metcalfe Arthur 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
High strength-to-weight aluminum alloy drill pipe is a powerful torque and drag reduction tool for deviated wells. The aluminum alloy drill pipe enables achieving strength to weigh ratios equivalent to 160 ksi yield strength steels and is typically 30-50% lighter than similar steel drill pipe. An operator has recently tested aluminum alloy drill pipe in a complex and highly deviated well profile.
This paper presents the key findings regarding the benefits of drilling using aluminum drill pipes in a mixed aluminum-steel string compared to a string using only steel pipes. Firstly, the innovative drill pipe design is presented, followed by lessons learned during rig operations regarding pipe handling practices, rig compatibility and pipe inspection. Then, the paper presents results of multiple advanced torque, drag and buckling simulations taking into account the rigorous mechanical characteristics of aluminum drill pipe. In the well planning phase, sensitivity analysis enabled optimisation of aluminum drill pipe placementalong the mixed aluminum-steel drill string according to the well profile and to predict anticipated torque, drag and loads on pipes while drilling. Through extensive modeling and field data interpretation, the paper presents a comparison of the overall drilling performances between steel only and aluminum-steel drill pipe strings and provides metrics in terms of torque and drag reduction. These results were then used to challenge horizontal and extended reach drilling well profiles where the utilization of only steel drill pipes has shown its limitation.
Deadman/Autoshear: Managing Precharge Pressure and Temperature Uncertainty
Authors: Cole Edward H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
As offshore drilling plans increase drill pipe sizes and push into deeper water, emergency accumulator systems for BOP control are also being pushed to maximum performance conditions. Recently some systems have failed subsea deadman/autoshear testing despite shore calculations that predicted they should work. Changing the accumulator precharge led to success in each case, but at the expense of costly stack pulls. This paper explores the causes of these failures and provides a new strategy to help prevent similar avoidable downtime events.
Optimization of subsea BOP lower stack deadman/autoshear accumulators should include consideration of temperature and pressure uncertainties that are inherent in the process of setting precharge pressure. For each well application, calculations typically compute an optimum precharge which provides the maximum usable fluid for the emergency function sequence. For single function sequences, this theoretically produces a subsea condition in which all of the fluid in the accumulators is usable. Precharge pressures below this optimum will provide more fluid, but the usable portion of this fluid gradually diminishes as precharge pressure is reduced. Precharge pressures above the optimum rapidly diminish the total amount of fluid (and thus usable fluid) in the accumulators. The usable volume penalty is therefore much higher for precharging above optimum than for precharging below optimum. As systems are pushed to maximum performance conditions, the margin between an optimum condition and a failing condition can be within normally accepted tolerances.
If temperature and pressure uncertainties involved in setting the precharge according to plan are considered, the most practical precharge plan will target slightly below the mathematical optimum. This will balance the asymmetric effects of uncertainties in the precharge settings. Correct calibration of the precharge pressure gauge and correct adjustments of precharge pressure for ambient temperature are both critical for reduction of precharge condition uncertainties. Adjustment of precharge to a specified plan is inherently difficult in practice for several reasons; therefore training of rig personnel and awareness of the effects of precharge condition uncertainty by planners on shore can prevent costly downtime.
In multi-function emergency sequences, accumulator precharge pressures are typically optimized to balance the needs of all functions. The same thought process described for single function sequences can be applied to multi-function sequences to keep the band of precharge uncertainty within the operating limits for all functions in the sequence.
Freeing Differential Stuck-Pipe with Nitrogen Reduces Significantly Lost-In-Hole Drill Strings
Authors: Heitmann Norbert , Burgos Elias Chamat 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Terminally Differential Stuck Pipe accounts for more than 500 MIO USD/year of losses to the industry on Lost-In-Hole of Bottom Hole Drilling Assemblies (BHA) and consequential wellbore construction recovery work.
This document presents an innovative and rapid recovery solution to free terminally differential Stuck Pipe – to be applied when conventional freeing procedures are not available or insufficient, likely unsuccessful or have failed. This new method was recently applied in the Heavy Oil Faja Orinoco Belt, Venezuela, and saved several drill strings with MWD/LWD BHAs and averted wellbore loss of the openhole section drilled. The deployed Nitrogen assisted U-tubing process accomplishes the needed hydrostatic mud pressure reduction beyond currently available and generally applied procedures and sets new standards to recover from the all-times present Differential Stuck Pipe risks, when entering under-pressured permeable zones and depleted oil & gas reservoirs. This pioneering solution is rapid, requires only minimum standard pumping equipment, is in-expensive, is minimum invasive & disrupting, and is in conformance with industry set forth Well Control Standards.
An inter-active and integrated engineering tool kit (software) was developed to aid in the forces and pressure calculations and to model the required hydrostatic pressure reductions and fluid movements to lift-off the drill string, safe well control margins, drill string forces and for calculating the needed amount of Nitrogen - to lower sufficiently the hydrostatic pressure while retaining hole stability and well integrity within the safe working envelope.
Geo-Stopping Using Deep Directional Resistivity LWD: A New Method for Well Bore Placement Using Below-the-Bit Resistivity Mapping
Authors: Upchurch Eric R. , Saleem Saad , Russell Ken , Viandante Mauro G. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Wheatstone LNG Project in Western Australia utilizes subsea big-bore gas wells for producing the Wheatstone and Iago gas accumulations. These wells employ a 9-5/8” production conduit from the top of the gas pay zone to gas the ocean floor to maximize their productive capacity. A critical design requirement is that the 9-5/8” production conduit must be set as close as possible to the gas pay zone (i.e., within 3m or less) without actually penetrating into the productive core of the gas zone. The wells must also intersect the horizontal top of the gas zone at inclinations (inc) of 45-60°. These design requirements impose a significant challenge to the efficient execution of a Wheatstone well. Traditional “ahead-of-the-bit” logging-while-drilling (LWD) solutions are capable of detecting resistivity fluctuations up to 1m in front of the drill bit. This, however, was considered an insufficient look-ahead distance to prevent premature penetration of the gas reservoir. Alternative solutions, such as pilot holes and biostratigraphic analysis of drilled cuttings, were also considered but found to be either too expensive and/or operationally impractical.
During an exhaustive search for a potential solution to this dilemma, the Wheatstone Project team reviewed a new Reservoir Mapping-While-Drilling technology being field tested1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10,11,12 for in-zone steering of horizontal wells and/or landing such wells at shallow angles of incidence relative to formation bedding (i.e., &lt; 13°). That technology, based on Deep Directional Resistivity (DDR) technology, was recognized as a potential solution by the Wheatstone Project team – assuming it would work in an application for which it was neither designed nor intended (i.e., angles of incidence as high as 30-45°). Ultimately, the technology was successfully tested at Wheatstone, and is now the Project's default method for landing all big-bore gas wells to the exacting level of accuracy described above.
This paper details (1) the safety and well design drivers that precipitated the need for using DDR technology, (2) the physics and logic of this LWD system, (3) the new concept for applying the system in non-horizontal applications and (4) the observed results from the six wells that have, so far, been drilled at Wheatstone.
From Influx Management to Well Control; Revisiting the MPD Operations Matrix
Authors: Bacon William , Sugden Catherine , Gabaldon Oscar 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Managed Pressures Drilling (MPD) offers the capability to detect very small influxes when compared to using conventional rig equipment. Furthermore, the potential exists to control and circulate out the influx with the MPD equipment, without shutting in and performing conventional well control. When executed appropriately, this approach to managing an influx represents a higher degree of safety and enormous cost savings. However, managing an influx with MPD, particularly when a subsea BOP is in place, is quite different to conventional well control. A critical part of implementing MPD is to ensure that there is a clearly defined procedure for determining when MPD influx management must cease, and well control be initiated.
A typical approach, regulated in some regions and voluntarily followed in others, is to create an MPD Operations Matrix before the operation begins, which outlines procedures that should be followed based on identifiable parameters following an influx. This matrix clearly identifies when it is appropriate to carry on with normal MPD operations, perform specific MPD influx control strategies, or shift to conventional well control. Forming the MPD Operations Matrix, however, can be challenging and has frequently been created inappropriately for the situations in which its use is intended. Development of a good understanding of how the well pressures and flow rates behave during MPD influx management is critical to ensuring a seamless handover between MPD influx management and Well Control.
In this work, extensive transient multiphase simulation is used to demonstrate the sensitivity of surface pressures to well, drilling and influx characteristics and their resulting importance in the development of an operations protocol. Particular attention is given to influx volume, intensity and dispersion within a water based drilling fluid. Also considered are multiple wellbore geometries with primary focus on deepwater applications, oil based drilling fluid, pump rate and drilling fluid density and rheology. Where possible, findings are validated using recorded field data.
This paper discusses and defines the transition between MPD influx management and conventional well control. The key parameters for calculating the boundaries of MPD influx management are determined and a protocol developed for smooth handover to well control operations. The protocol enables guidance to varying levels of influx management ranging from full influx detection and removal using the MPD equipment, to assisted shut in.
Planting Rate and Depth Effects on Tifton 85 Bermudagrass Establishment using Rhizomes
Authors: Baseggio Matheus , Newman Yoana , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Fraisse Clyde , Obreza Thomas 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAs with stolons, planting rate of rhizomes is important for successful establishment of cultivar Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). Planting depth is another aspect to be considered when establishing rhizomes in soils with low moisture retention. Shallow planting can increase sprouting and emergence; but if rhizomes are placed too shallow they may dry out without irrigation. The overall objective was to evaluate the effect of rhizome planting rate and depth on establishment success. Treatments were the factorial combinations of three planting rates (Low–2.6 m3 ha–1, Medium–5.2 m3 ha–1, and High–10.4 m3 ha–1) and two planting depths (6 and 12 cm). High planting rate increased Tifton 85 frequency, ground cover, and herbage dry matter (DM), independent of planting depth. In both years, the High rate resulted in 100% grass frequency and ground cover before 120 d after planting. Also, this treatment produced more than 2300 kg DM ha–1 in the establishment year, and this was greater than the Medium and Low rates (1230 and 900 kg ha–1, respectively) when planted at 6 cm, or than the Low rate planted at 12 cm (1430 kg ha–1). When using Low or Medium rates, planting at a 12‐cm depth, improved overall performance compared with 6 cm. Medium rhizome planting rate of ∼5 m3 ha–1 at a 12‐cm depth provided satisfactory ground cover and herbage DM at lower cost than High and thus is recommended for the sandy soils in the Suwanee River basin.
Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the IESBA ED Release (August 14, 2014), Proposed Changes to Certain Provisions of the Code Addressing the Long Association of Personnel with an Audit or Assurance Client
Authors: Gist Willie E. , Anderson Urton L. , Janvrin Diane J. , Pitman Marshall K. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY
On August 14, 2014 the International Ethics Standard Board for Accountants (IESBA) requested public comments to its Exposure Draft (ED) (IFAC 2014a) on proposed changes to the 2014 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (IFAC 2014b). The proposal aims to enhance the independence provisions of the Code to respond to threats that may be created by using the same audit firm personnel for audit or assurance engagements over an extended period of time. Among other things, the amendments would require (1) strengthened general provisions for all audits threatened by a long association of firm personnel, and (2) an increase in the mandatory “cooling-off” period, from two to five years, for the engagement partner on the audit of a public interest entity. The comment period ended November 12, 2014. This commentary summarizes the contributors' views on selected proposals in the ED.
Data Availability: The Exposure Draft and related request for specific comments are available at: http://www.ethicsboard.org. Paragraph referencing in the ED is extracted from the Code, set out in the 2014 Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, available at: https://www.ifac.org/ethics/iesba-code/.
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Compromises Balance During Daily Activities
Authors: Brown Steven J. , Handsaker Joseph C. , Bowling Frank L. , Boulton Andrew J.M. , Reeves Neil D. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVE
Patients with diabetes with peripheral neuropathy have a well-recognized increased risk of falls that may result in hospitalization. Therefore this study aimed to assess balance during the dynamic daily activities of walking on level ground and stair negotiation, where falls are most likely to occur.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Gait analysis during level walking and stair negotiation was performed in 22 patients with diabetic neuropathy (DPN), 39 patients with diabetes without neuropathy (D), and 28 nondiabetic control subjects (C) using a motion analysis system and embedded force plates in a staircase and level walkway. Balance was assessed by measuring the separation between the body center of mass and center of pressure during level walking, stair ascent, and stair descent.

RESULTS
DPN patients demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.05) maximum and range of separations of their center of mass from their center of pressure in the medial-lateral plane during stair descent, stair ascent, and level walking compared with the C group, as well as increased (P &lt; 0.05) mean separation during level walking and stair ascent. The same group also demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.05) maximum anterior separations (toward the staircase) during stair ascent. No differences were observed in D patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Greater separations of the center of mass from the center of pressure present a greater challenge to balance. Therefore, the higher medial-lateral separations found in patients with DPN will require greater muscular demands to control upright posture. This may contribute to explaining why patients with DPN are more likely to fall, with the higher separations placing them at a higher risk of experiencing a sideways fall than nondiabetic control subjects.
Other-initiated repair across languages: towards a typology of conversational structures
Authors: Dingemanse Mark , Enfield N. J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis special issue reports on a cross-linguistic study of other-initiated repair, a domain at the crossroads of language, mind, and social life. Other-initiated repair is part of a system of practices that people use to deal with problems of speaking, hearing and understanding. The contributions in this special issue describe the linguistic resources and interactional practices associated with other-initiated repair in ten different languages. Here we provide an overview of the research methods and the conceptual framework. The empirical base for the project consists of corpora of naturally occurring conversations, collected in fieldsites around the world. Methodologically, we combine qualitative analysis with a comparative-typological perspective, and we formulate principles for the cross-linguistic comparison of conversational structures. A key move, of broad relevance to pragmatic typology, is the recognition that formats for repair initiation form paradigm-like systems that are ultimately language-specific, and that comparison is best done at the level of the constitutive properties of these formats. These properties can be functional (concerning aspects of linguistic formatting) as well as sequential (concerning aspects of the interactional environment). We show how functional and sequential aspects of conversational structure can capture patterns of commonality and diversity in conversational structures within and across languages.
Surgical Outcomes of Primary and Revision Augmentation Rhinoplasty using a Processed Fascia Lata
Authors: Kim Yoo Suk , Park Do Yang , Shin Dong Hyun , Yang Seok Min , Seong Sang Yeob , Yoon Joo-Heon , Kim Chang-Hoon 
Published: March 2015

Background Dorsal augmentation is the most commonly performed procedure in rhinoplasty for Asian patients. Due to the anatomic features of the Asian nose, the use of nonautologous materials to obtain a proper degree of augmentation is inevitable in most cases. Because the use of nonautologous materials possesses a higher risk of complications, surgeons are concerned about selecting suitable materials for the procedure, especially in revision rhinoplasty. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the suitability and usefulness of a homologous material, Tutoplast-processed fascia lata (TPFL), in revision augmentation rhinoplasty. Methods Retrospective analysis of 104 rhinoplasty patients (primary, 86; revision, 18) who had undergone dorsal augmentation using TPFL was conducted. The comparison of surgical outcomes between primary and revision surgery was made using objective [dorsal height (DH) and radix height (RH), complication rate] and subjective (patient satisfaction) parameters. Results The degree of augmentation represented by DHand RH was comparable between primary and revision rhinoplasty using TPFL. In comparing the rate of postoperative complications, only minor incidents were noted, in six cases after primary surgery and in one case after revision surgery. Patient satisfaction was measured in both primary and revision augmentation, with a significant difference observed between the two groups (40.57 ∓ 9.25 versus 31.48 ∓ 7.59; p < 0.05). Conclusion TPFL is a feasible implant material that delivers suitable augmentation and patient satisfaction with minimal morbidity in both primary and revision rhinoplasty.