bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geometry of PLS1 explained properly: 10 key notes on mathematical properties of and some alternative algorithmic approaches to PLS1 modelling
Authors: Indahl Ulf G. 
Published: January 2014

The insight from, and conclusions of this paper motivate efficient and numerically robust ‘new’ variants of algorithms for solving the single response partial least squares regression (PLS1) problem. Prototype MATLAB code for these variants are included in the Appendix. The analysis of and conclusions regarding PLS1 modelling are based on a rich and nontrivial application of numerous key concepts from elementary linear algebra. The investigation starts with a simple analysis of the nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) PLS1 algorithm variant computing orthonormal scores and weights.A rigorous interpretation of the squared P‐loadings as the variable‐wise explained sum of squares is presented. We show that the orthonormal row‐subspace basis of W‐weights can be found from a recurrence equation. Consequently, the NIPALS deflation steps of the centered predictor matrix can be replaced by a corresponding sequence of Gram–Schmidt steps that compute the orthonormal column‐subspace basis of T‐scores from the associated non‐orthogonal scores.The transitions between the non‐orthogonal and orthonormal scores and weights (illustrated by an easy‐to‐grasp commutative diagram), respectively, are both given by QR factorizations of the non‐orthogonal matrices. The properties of singular value decomposition combined with the mappings between the alternative representations of the PLS1 ‘truncated’ X data (including PtW) are taken to justify an invariance principle to distinguish between the PLS1 truncation alternatives. The fundamental orthogonal truncation of PLS1 is illustrated by a Lanczos bidiagonalization type of algorithm where the predictor matrix deflation is required to be different from the standard NIPALS deflation.A mathematical argument concluding the PLS1 inconsistency debate (published in 2009 in this journal) is also presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adding semantics to internet of things
Authors: Su Xiang , Riekki Jukka , Nurminen Jukka K. , Nieminen Johanna , Koskimies Markus 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications can be facilitated by encoding the meaning of the data in the messages sent by IoT nodes, but the constrained resources of these nodes challenge the common Semantic Web solutions for doing this. In this article, we examine enabling technologies for adding semantics to the IoT. Especially, we analyze data formats, which enable IoT applications consume semantic IoT data in a straightforward and general fashion, and evaluate resource usage of different alternatives with a sensor system. Our experiment illustrates encoding and decoding of different data formats and shows how big a difference a data format can make in energy consumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic group‐based fault tolerance technique for reliable resource management in mobile cloud computing
Authors: Park JiSu , Yu HeonChang , Kim Hyongsoon , Lee Eunyoung 
Published: January 2014

SummaryResearches on utilizing mobile devices as resources in mobile cloud environments have gained attentions recently because of the enhanced computing power of mobile devices such as the advent of quad‐core chips. However, mobile devices have several problems of the availability and the mobility. Especially, the availability and the mobility of mobile devices cause system faults more frequently due to dynamic changes, and system faults prevent applications using mobile devices from being processed reliably. Therefore, we classify mobile devices into groups according to the availability and the mobility in order to manage reliable mobile resource. Because information of mobile devices is constantly changing, grouping should consider the dynamic environment. We also provide dynamic group‐based mobile cloud computing that applies fault tolerance techniques using checkpoints or replication in each group. The experimental result shows that our algorithm performs dynamic grouping, which is more suitable for the dynamic environment of mobile devices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H‐SOFT: a heuristic storage space optimisation algorithm for flow table of OpenFlow
Authors: Ge Jingguo , Chen Zhi , Wu Yulei , E Yuepeng 
Published: January 2014

SummaryOpenFlow has become the key standard and technology for software defined networking, which has been widely adopted in various environments. However, the global deployment of OpenFlow encountered several issues, such as the increasing number of fields and complex structure of flow entries, making the size of flow table in OpenFlow switches explosively grows, which results in hardware implementation difficulty. To this end, this paper presents the modelling on the minimisation for storage space of flow table and proposes a Heuristic Storage space Optimisation algorithm for Flow Table (H‐SOFT) to solve this optimisation problem. The H‐SOFT algorithm degrades the complex and high‐dimensional fields of a flow table into multiple flow tables with simple and low‐dimensional fields based on the coexistence and conflict relationships among fields to release the unused storage space due to blank fields. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that the H‐SOFT algorithm can effectively reduce the storage space of flow table. In particular, with frequent updates on flow entries, the storage space compression rate of flow table is stable and can achieve at ~70%. Moreover, in comparison with the optimal solution, the H‐SOFT algorithm can achieve the similar compression rate with much lower execution time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Two‐Photon Properties of Multi‐Branched Fluorophores Composed of Ladder‐Type Conjugated Cores and Functionalized Diquinoxalinylamino Peripheries
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chau , Li Mei‐Ling , Liu Che‐Yu , Tsai Ming‐Yu , Lee Ying‐Hsuan , Febriani Yuyun , Lin Ja‐Hon , Shen Yu‐Kai 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTwo multipolar fluorophores using ladder‐type oligo‐(p‐phenylene) units as the central π‐bridges and functionalized diquinoxalinylamino moieties as the peripheral groups have been synthesized and experimentally shown to manifest strong two‐photon absorption (2PA) and medium‐high up‐converted emission properties in the near‐IR (NIR) spectral region under the irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses. Tentative analysis of the structure–2PA property revealed that in the presented structural combination, diquinoxalinylamino units are useful 2PA‐enhancing subunits when properly incorporated. The π‐conjugation length of the central oligo‐(p‐phenylene) components was also found to be one of the key parameters that relates to the magnitude of the overall molecular 2PA properties in the studied molecular system, and this structural motif provides access to highly efficient two‐photon absorbers with large two‐photon action cross‐section values.
The Alternative Route to Enantiopure Multicomponent Reaction Products: Biocatalytic or Organocatalytic Enantioselective Production of Inputs for Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Moni Lisa , Riva Renata 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo access enantiopure multicomponent reaction (MCR) products, the two most convenient approaches are (1) the development of an asymmetric catalytic version of the MCR, starting from achiral substrates; and (2) the use of chiral, enantiomerically pure inputs by taking advantage of the substrate‐controlled diastereoselection achieved during the MCR step. In this microreview we will focus on the second alternative strategy and, more specifically, on the generation of chiral inputs through biocatalytic or organocatalytic methodologies.
Rapid Access to Multiple Classes of Peptidomimetics from Common γ‐AApeptide Building Blocks
Authors: Wu Haifan , Teng Peng , Cai Jianfeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHerein we report a highly efficient new method for preparing γ‐AApeptides capable of theoretically containing any functionality; the method uses a few common N‐alloc γ‐AApeptide building blocks. More importantly, using the same approach, new classes of peptidomimetics bearing novel backbone scaffolds can also be readily generated. Our results not only demonstrate the versatility of this new synthetic method, but also highlight the possibility that the resulting novel peptidomimetics may find discrete biomedical/biomaterial applications in the future.
Cortical Porosity Identifies Women With Osteopenia at Increased Risk for Forearm Fractures
Authors: Bala Yohann , Zebaze Roger , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Iuliano Sandra , Peterson James M , Amin Shreyasee , Bjørnerem Åshild , Melton L Joseph , Johansson Helena , Kanis John A , Khosla Sundeep , Seeman Ego 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Most fragility fractures arise among the many women with osteopenia, not the smaller number with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Thus, most women at risk for fracture assessed only by measuring areal bone mineral density (aBMD) will remain untreated. We measured cortical porosity and trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of the ultradistal radius (UDR) using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, aBMD using densitometry, and 10-year fracture probability using the country-specific fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in 68 postmenopausal women with forearm fractures and 70 age-matched community controls in Olmsted County, MN, USA. Women with forearm fractures had 0.4 standard deviations (SD) higher cortical porosity and 0.6 SD lower trabecular BV/TV. Compact-appearing cortical porosity predicted fracture independent of aBMD; odds ratio (OR) = 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–3.33). In women with osteoporosis at the UDR, cortical porosity did not distinguish those with fractures from those without because high porosity was present in 92% and 86% of each group, respectively. By contrast, in women with osteopenia at the UDR, high porosity of the compact-appearing cortex conferred an OR for fracture of 4.00 (95% CI 1.15–13.90). In women with osteoporosis, porosity is captured by aBMD, so measuring UDR cortical porosity does not improve diagnostic sensitivity. However, in women with osteopenia, cortical porosity was associated with forearm fractures. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
N2O and CH4 emission from soil amended with steam‐activated biochar
Authors: Fungo Bernard , Guerena David , Thiongo Margaret , Lehmann Johannes , Neufeldt Henry , Kalbitz Karsten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSteam‐activation increased CH4 emission of stover biochar but decreased it for wood biochar by 14%–70%. Biochar generally increased CH4 emission but reduced N2O emission by 10%–41%. Emission of N2O was 17% lower for maize‐stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar, and 3% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. Emission of CH4 was 21% higher for activated stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar and 10% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. No difference in net CO2 equivalent was observed among biochar grades.
Mechanisms Through Which Reciprocal Filial Values Protect Wellbeing of Chinese Adult‐Child Caregivers in the US
Authors: Hsueh Kuei‐Hsiang , Bachman Jean A. , Richardson Lloyd I. , Cheng Wen‐Yung , Zimmerman Rick S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of reciprocal filial values in protecting the wellbeing of Chinese adult‐child caregivers in the US. Using survey data obtained from 137 Chinese adult‐child caregivers living in seven US cities, we tested a latent variable model using structural equation modeling. In this model, informed by role theory, social exchange theory and stress‐coping theory, reciprocal filial values affect caregiver wellbeing in the face of caregiver role strain, both directly and indirectly through protective effects of role rewards and coping. In the final model, reciprocal filial values had both direct and indirect protective effects on caregivers' wellbeing, offering evidence to address culturally sensitive issues in family caregivers with similar filial values. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives, practices and prospects of public affairs in Central and Eastern Europe: a lobbying future anchored in an institutional context
Authors: Millar Carla C. J. M. , Köppl Peter 
Published: January 2014

‘Public Affairs’ is not a term most people in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) will recognise and associate with interest representation and lobbying as ways of linking business, society and government. The term may be seen as a euphemism for corruption‐inspired ‘lobbying’, an artificial and confusing umbrella term or a public relations creation. It is a term in transition for a subject in transition in a part of Europe in transition.Even as part of the European Union, CEE is still different, in transition, finding its own feet like a phoenix arising from the ashes of 50 years of communism, but slowly, in bursts, réculer pour mieux sauter and very different from country to country.Which are the features and values of the 50 years of communism that will disappear, fast more slowly, which ones will linger on? What are the institutions in CEE countries that public affairs will have to deal with, and what is the view on transparency and transparency regulation in CEE? To add understanding, values, cultural differences, institutional context and other factors affecting the public affairs environment are examined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing metastabilities in Cu(In,Ga)Se2/(CBD)Zn(S,O,OH)/i‐ZnO‐based solar cells
Authors: Buffière Marie , Barreau Nicolas , Arzel Ludovic , Zabierowski Pawel , Kessler John 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChemical bath deposited (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) is among the alternatives to (CBD)CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGSe)‐based devices. Nevertheless, the performances reached by devices buffered with (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) vary strongly from one sample to another and from one laboratory to another, indicating that parameters of minority impact with (CBD)CdS‐buffered devices have major influence when buffered with (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH). Moreover, the literature reports, but not systematically, the requirement of substituting the standard resistive intrinsic ZnO by (Zn,Mg)O and/or soaking the devices in ultraviolet‐containing light in order to reach optimal device operation. The present study investigates the impact of the three following parameters on the optoelectronic behavior of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/(CBD)Zn(S,O,OH)/i‐ZnO‐based solar cells: (i) CIGSe surface composition; (ii) (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) layer thickness; and (iii) i‐ZnO layer resistivity. The first conclusion of this study is that all of these parameters are observed to influence the electrical metastabilities of the devices. The second conclusion is that the light soaking time needed to achieve optimal photovoltaic parameters is decreased by (i) using absorbers with Cu content close to stoichiometry, (ii) increasing the buffer layer thickness, and (iii) increasing the resistivity of i‐ZnO. By optimizing these trends, stable and highly efficient Zn(S,O,OH)‐buffered CIGSe solar cells have been fabricated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of Four Stream Substratum Restoration Techniques Concerning Interstitial Conditions and Downstream Effects
Authors: Pander J. , Mueller M. , Geist J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStream substratum plays a key role for many riverine species and has become a focus topic in the context of structural habitat improvements. There is a lack of studies that compare the effectiveness of different substratum restoration measures. Herein, we compare four restoration techniques (two different gravel introductions, substratum raking and sickle‐formed constrictor) that were carried out in six replicate rivers. Each measure was monitored for changes in physicochemical substratum quality and the effects of the construction work on downstream sites. Generally, the effects on physicochemical substratum quality were highly variable between restoration types and rivers and strongly decreased within 1 year. Most pronounced changes of substratum quality were detected for the gravel introductions. Substratum raking and the sickle‐formed constrictor had the smallest effects, which were dependent on the original substratum composition of the restored sites. At the same time, substratum raking caused an average fine sediment deposition of 17 kg m−2 on downstream sites, being sixfold higher than for the other measures. Consequently, all of the investigated substratum restoration techniques are confined to short‐term improvement of substratum quality. This finding, together with the observed damage on downstream sites, suggests that a rethinking of the currently applied restoration techniques is required, better considering catchment and natural substratum dynamics in river restoration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis and aggregation of multiple published prediction models
Authors: Debray Thomas P.A. , Koffijberg Hendrik , Nieboer Daan , Vergouwe Yvonne , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Moons Karel G.M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPublished clinical prediction models are often ignored during the development of novel prediction models despite similarities in populations and intended usage. The plethora of prediction models that arise from this practice may still perform poorly when applied in other populations. Incorporating prior evidence might improve the accuracy of prediction models and make them potentially better generalizable. Unfortunately, aggregation of prediction models is not straightforward, and methods to combine differently specified models are currently lacking. We propose two approaches for aggregating previously published prediction models when a validation dataset is available: model averaging and stacked regressions. These approaches yield user‐friendly stand‐alone models that are adjusted for the new validation data. Both approaches rely on weighting to account for model performance and between‐study heterogeneity but adopt a different rationale (averaging versus combination) to combine the models. We illustrate their implementation in a clinical example and compare them with established methods for prediction modeling in a series of simulation studies. Results from the clinical datasets and simulation studies demonstrate that aggregation yields prediction models with better discrimination and calibration in a vast majority of scenarios, and results in equivalent performance (compared to developing a novel model from scratch) when validation datasets are relatively large. In conclusion, model aggregation is a promising strategy when several prediction models are available from the literature and a validation dataset is at hand. The aggregation methods do not require existing models to have similar predictors and can be applied when relatively few data are at hand. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling, verification and investigation of behaviour of circular CFST columns
Authors: Gupta Pramod K. , Ahuja Ashok K. , Khaudhair Ziyad A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to provide a detailed procedure for the finite element modelling and simulation of concrete‐filled steel tubular (CFST) columns subjected to axial compression using the commercial software package ANSYS 12. A modified material model for modelling the concrete core is described and explained. Composite action is modelled between the concrete core and the steel tube and the procedure is presented with the recommended properties for modelling such behaviour. The proposed model is then validated by comparing its numerical results with selected experimental results available in the literature. The proposed model is used to investigate numerically the load transfer mechanism of CFST columns filled with different grades of concrete in order to study the effect of this parameter – i.e. compressive strength of concrete core – on the load transfer mechanism in such columns. Further, the proposed model has been employed for investigating the confining pressure provided by the steel tube on the concrete core along the length of the CFST column.
Effect of welding heat on precast steel composite hollow columns
Authors: Won Deok Hee , Park Woo Sun , Yi Jin‐Hak , Han Sang‐Hun , Han Taek Hee 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSteel composite hollow columns have been studied in order to ease their construction. Welding or bolting are mostly used for connecting the steel tubes of precast steel composite hollow columns. However, welding generally results in temperatures of about 20000 °C in the welding zone and 1300 °C around the welding zone. Thus, the strength of the concrete in regions close to a welding zone is reduced. In this paper, the effects of arc welding and electro‐slag welding – two widely used methods for connecting the column modules of steel composite hollow columns – on the temperature change in the welding zone are studied by performing heat transfer analysis. The changes in the strength of the concrete are investigated for each welding method. The rate of decrease in concrete strength due to electro‐slag welding was greater than that due to arc welding. In addition, an effective method using ceramic fibres is suggested for preventing strength reduction in concrete due to welding heat.
Stochastic fracture‐mechanical parameters for the performance‐based design of concrete structures
Authors: Strauss Alfred , Zimmermann Thomas , Lehký David , Novák Drahomír , Keršner Zbyněk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe experimental results for quasi‐brittle materials such as concrete and fibre‐reinforced concrete exhibit high variability due to the heterogeneity of their aggregates, additives and general composition. An accurate assessment of the fracture‐mechanical parameters of such materials (e.g. compressive strength fc and specific fracture energy Gf) turns out to be much more difficult and problematic than for other engineering materials. The practical design of quasi‐brittle material‐based structures requires virtual statistical approaches, simulations and probabilistic assessment procedures in order to be able to characterize the variability of these materials. A key parameter of non‐linear fracture mechanics modelling is the specific fracture energy Gf and its variability, which has been a research subject for numerous authors although we will mention only [1, 2] at this point. The aim of this contribution is the characterization of stochastic fracture‐mechanical properties of four specific, frequently used classes of concrete on the basis of a comprehensive experimental testing programme.