bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PETROLEUM SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE MOLLUSKS MODIOLUS DEMISSUS AND CRASSOTREA VIRGINICA1
Authors: Lake James L. , Hershner Carl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The in situ recovery of the mussel Modiolus demissus and the oyster Crassostrea virginica from successive small experimental dosings of No. 2 fuel oil was examined to determine the retention and release of petroleum hydrocarbons and petro-sulfur compounds from these marine mollusks. Extracts were obtained from the organisms over a four-month recovery period, and were analyzed by flame ionization detection (FID) and flame photometric detection (FPD) gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Results showed a large majority of the petroleum compounds that were present in these organisms’ after two weeks of recovery were lost by the 15th week. Both mollusks showed an enrichment of aromatic (releative to saturated) hydrocarbons during the first portion of recovery. As the recovery time lengthened, the aromatics were lost more rapidly than the saturates. Mussels showed relative increases in some individual aromatic hydrocarbons during the recovery period. The oysters, however, appeared to non-selectively depurate the aromatic hydrocarbons. The higher molecular weight petro-sulfur compounds were retained for the longest time periods. During the study period these compounds appeared to be lost from the mollusks at rates similar to those observed for the aromatic hydrocarbons.
UPTAKE OF NAPHTHALENES BY THE CLAM, RANGIA CUNEATA, IN THE VICINITY OF AN OIL SEPARATOR PLATFORM IN TRINITY BAY, TEXAS
Authors: Fucik K. W. , Armstrong H. W. , Neff J. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In three separate experiments, the clam, Rangia cuneata was exposed under and near an oil separator platform in Trinity Bay, Texas for periods of approximately 100 days. The greatest naphthalenes uptake was in those clams exposed beneath the platform. Clams exposed at distances of 150-1,000 m from the platform showed little or no uptake of naphthalenes. In clams returned to the lab and allowed to depurate, most of the accumulated naphthalenes were released though detectable levels remained in some of the clams after 47 days. There was good correlation between the rates of naphthalenes uptake by the clams and naphthalenes levels in the sediments at the different stations. However, clams analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques showed high levels of weathered hydrocarbons suggesting that the sediments are a source of hydrocarbons accumulated by the clams. The results are discussed in relation to the physical features of Trinity Bay which is a very shallow, semi-enclosed body of water with a high suspended sediment load.
THE STORY OF A SUCCESSFUL OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE: THE CORPUS CHRISTI AREA OIL SPILL CONTROL ASSOCIATION
Authors: Franklin Harry L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Corpus Christi Area Oil Spill Control Association, founded in 1970 as a nonprofit Texas corporation to provide the Coastal Bend area of South Texas with a reasonable capability to contain and harvest oil spills on the area's shallow waters, can be considered a successful cooperative for two primary reasons.
The first is the smooth blending of industry with federal, state, and local governments to create a working entity. The association, originally funded by each of these partners, is governed by a five-man board with a representative from each. Its operating budget is shared by government and industry alike on a 50-50 basis.
The second reason is the low average cleanup cost, 40 cents per gallon. To date the association has cleaned up 167 assorted spills with the first occurring in November 1971. The largest spill amounted to 8,000 barrels, covering approximately 10 miles of ship channel area; the smallest spill was less than one barrel.
The association has been commended by the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Coast Guard, the State of Texas, and industry groups. It is the recipient of the Gold Medal Award from the National Sports Foundation and has been assigned the use of EPA's unique beach sand cleaner.
INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF THE TANKER INDUSTRY
Authors: Gray W. O. , Carven C. J. , Becker G. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Viewpoints regarding the effectiveness of international regulations for safety of ships and crews and for pollution prevention cover a broad spectrum. The authors believe that the basic framework for effective and enforceable regulations to control safety and protect the environment already exists in a “family” of IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization) conventions, supplemented by voluntary industry programs. Though many individual elements are not yet in force, the nations of the world have before them the opportunity to implement this coordinated set of measures, thereby taking a major step towards achieving the safety and environmental protection which all desire. Alternate, fragmented, nation-by-nation approaches promise to produce only a mosaic of conflicting requirements which could undermine the efficient international flow of oil. It is the authors’ hope to stimulate support for the “family” of IMCO conventions and related industry measures. Description of industry activities is believed to support their belief that responsible tanker owners are vitally concerned, not only with safe and environmentally acceptable operation of their own tankers, but also with the implementation of effective, enforceable international regulations to assure that all ships adhere to uniform standards.
A DYNAMIC INTERNATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Corbett C. R. , Beckett C. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The mere development of a pollution contingency plan will not provide for adequate, and certainly not ideal, organizational response to a spill unless it is coupled with a conscious and deliberate effort by cognizant agencies and people to communicate with and to know each other. A practical method of eliminating organizational problems while at the same time improving operational capabilities is to identify specialized projects which will involve all concerned with the plan and response. This paper tells of an international contingency plan and how its parties from Canada and the United States approached this problem when a major oil spill occurred in the St. Lawrence River on June 23, 1976.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OFFSHORE OIL POLLUTION FUND1
Authors: Beck Donald A. , Moeller Paul J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Title III of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 creates a scheme of strict liability and compensation for the economic consequences of oil spilled as a result of activities on the outer continental shelf and establishes a federally administered fund to provide compensation for losses which are not otherwise compensated. This paper describes four major topics: scope of damages; methods and procedures for adjudication and settlement of claims; limits of liability and methods of establishing the financial responsibility of firms operating on the outer continental shelf A discussion of these areas includes implementing procedures by the Coast Guard in its attempt to provide a fair, reasonable and judicious system.
VLCC LIGHTERING OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Wolfson Marc W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The large number of oil refineries in Southern California, lack of deepwater port facilities for very large crude carriers, and the large amount of crude oil now available from the Alaska pipeline have necessitated the development of a full-time lightering operation in the lee of San Clemente Island. The three companies presently involved—Shell, Chevron, and Coastal States Gas Corporation—have submitted operation manuals for lightering and contingency plans for handling emergency situations and oil spills. The Southern California Pollution Contingency Organization, an oil cleanup cooperative based in Long Beach, has been contracted by the lightering companies to respond in the event of an oil spill. Each lightering operation consists of a number of phases and requires expert lightering masters and an experienced crew. Since the first lightering on July 22, 1976, Coast Guard boarding teams from both the Los Angeles Captain of the Port Office and the San Diego Marine Safety Office have boarded and monitored more than 70 lighterings. The safety record has been impressive: there have been no major spills and relatively few deficiencies uncovered during tankship examinations.
MAJOR SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING FOR TANKER OPERATIONS
Authors: Kazmierczak Leon J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many spill response plans are formulated for given locations such as an individual dock, harbor, anchorage or similar situation. However, when the problem is planning for an accident involving any vessel which is part of an operating fleet, the plan must be quite different. Instead of being location-oriented, it must be focused on mobilization, logistics, and people. If the people involved can be properly instructed in their roles beforehand, they will be prepared to be mobilized at the scene wherever it may be and to participate directly in a cleanup operation.
This paper discusses in detail a plan whereby the duties, responsibilities and other activities are identified. They are then described and the overall plan is pieced together. The essence of this particular planning process is that the people assigned to various jobs know who they are, what their jobs are, what will be required of them and have some idea of the resources that may be available to them.
The plan contains job assignments, job descriptions, government contacts, contractors, co-operatives, equipment suppliers and locations, alerting diagrams, the basic organization, and a general description. The plan covers the Gulf and East Coasts of the United States. The approach can be adapted to a geographical area of almost any size.
THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL CLEANUP OPERATIONS–AN OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION, CONTROL, AND EVALUATION OF THE CLEANUP TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED
Authors: Bellier (CEDRE) Pierre , Massart (CEDRE-CNEXO) Georges 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The organization used for work on the Amoco Cadiz oil spill, and the changes in this organization required by the size of the disaster, are explained and details are provided on the techniques used in the cleanup. These techniques had as their goals: protection of selected areas; pumping of oil where possible; and cleanup of the beaches, the shingle shores, rocky areas, and harbors, and disposal of the oily debris. The spill involved some 223,000 tons of oil spilled along 400 kilometers of coast. Almost 10,000 persons worked on the project during the busiest period. As a result, almost 200,000 tons of oil and debris were pumped and gathered. However, less than 20,000 tons of oil was finally retrieved after separation from the total mass of material obtained from the coastal zone.
ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS FROM AMOCO CADIZ ON PELAGIC COMMUNITIES—PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Samain J. F. , Moal J. , Daniel J. Y. , Boucher J. , Lefevre J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
First results on distribution and changes of biomass (dry weight and total soluble proteins), physiology (amylase, trypsin) and faunal composition of zooplankton are reported for the two months following the Amoco Cadiz spill on the northern Brittany coast. A shortage of biomass in the A ber area is attributed to hydrocarbons. The low level of the mean value of biomass on the north coasts, and the peculiarities at the estuarine station on Lannion Bay and the Trieux area are reported and discussed.
ROLE OF DYNAMIC COASTAL PROCESSES IN THE IMPACT AND DISPERSAL OF THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL (MARCH 1978) BRITTANY, FRANCE
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Gundlach Erich R. , D'Ozouville Laurent 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Between 60,000 and 65,000 tons of the Amoco Cadiz oil came ashore along approximately 70 km of the shoreline of Brittany during the first few weeks of the spill (March 16–30, 1978). A prevailing westerly wind pushed the oil against west-facing headlands and into shoreline embayments as it moved east. A wind reversal in early April moved the oil in the opposite direction, contaminating previously untouched areas and transporting the oil as far southwest as Pointe du Raz (southwest of Brest). At the end of April, the total volume of oil onshore was reduced to approximately 10,000 tons but by that time more than 300 km of shoreline had been contaminated.
The details of oil erosion and burial were determined by resurveying 19 permanent beach profiles established during the first few days of the spill. These stations, plus an additional 147 beach observation stations, were revisited one month after the spill.
Coastal processes and geomorphology played a major role in the dispersal and accumulation of the oil once it came onshore. For example, oil accumulated at the heads of crenulate bays and on tombolos (sand spits formed in the lee of offshore islands). Local sinks, such as scour pits around boulders, bar troughs (runnels), marsh pools, and joints and crevasses in rocks, tended to trap oil.
Classification of the coastal environments of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill site, according to an oil spill vulnerability index (scale of 1–10 on basis of potential oil spill damage), revealed a good correlation with earlier findings at the Metula and Urquiola oil spill sites. For example, exposed rocky coasts and wave-cut platforms (stations 1 and 2) were cleaned of extremely heavy doses of oil within a few days. Sheltered rocky coasts (station 8), sheltered tidal flats (station 9) and estuarine marsh systems (station 10) proved to be the most vulnerable of all coastal environments to oil spill damage. These observations provide encouragement and incentive to continue to apply the vulnerability index to areas in the United States threatened by potential oil spills. The Brittany coastline is particularly analogous to the coastline of Maine and parts of southern Alaska.
TARGETING SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL TRAINING TO THE RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL
Authors: Oberholtzer George R. , Acuff James T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1975, a contract was initiated between the Energy Research and Development Administration (now incorporated into the Department of Energy) and Texas A&I University at Corpus Christi (now Corpus Christi State University) to develop a training program for a broad-based cross section of citizens in oil spill control and cleanup. Development of course materials was completed and the first class held in October 1977; this one week course is presented about 20 times a year at Corpus Christi, Texas. This paper addresses the methods determined to be most efficient to train persons involved in various levels of an organization. Factors which in our experience may influence the effectiveness of this training include: location, methods of presentation, and composition of the class. The final portion of the paper relates these findings to our training program and the response of the students to this learning experience. These concepts may prove useful to management in efficiently allocating their resources so as to provide the highest level of expertise possible. In the final analysis, this should result in better pollution prevention or, when required, reduced costs of spill cleanup.
CLEAN ATLANTIC ASSOCIATES: AN OIL SPILL CLEANUP COOPERATIVE FOR THE ATLANTIC OFFSHORE AREA
Authors: Hubbard J. F. , Allen T. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean Atlantic Associates was established by the petroleum operating companies with oil and gas leases in the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic areas of the outer continental shelf. As lease sales are held in other Atlantic OCS areas, Clean Atlantic Associates will expand into these areas. The purpose of this association is to provide a stockpile of equipment for member companies to use in the event of an oil spill emergency, and to provide trained manpower to maintain and operate the equipment. To date, about $1.4 million has been spent for containment and cleanup equipment for the Mid-Atlantic area. Another $2.9 million has been authorized for the purchase of additional equipment for the North and South Atlantic lease areas. A base has been established at Davisville, Rhode Island, for the Mid-Atlantic equipment already purchased. Additional bases will be established as needed. The organizational structure of Clean Atlantic Associates and the description and operation of the equipment stockpiled are discussed. New open-sea containment booms, boat spray systems, and modified skimming systems are described in detail. Also discussed are the contingency manual prepared to assist member companies in their planning and training programs, and the training programs held to help assure the availability of trained manpower.
CLEAN GULF ASSOCIATES - SIX YEARS LATER
Authors: Shipman E. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean Gulf Associates, an organization representing approximately 60 oil and gas operators and 99% of the production in the U.S. portion of the Gulf of Mexico, continues to improve and add to its stockpile of equipment for containment and cleanup of oil spills. A separate Cost Participation Area off the Texas Coast was established over two years ago; material and equipment is stockpiled and available at two bases on the Texas coast. Additions to the equipment stockpile include a versatile radio communication system designed for use during cleanup operations, and a new self-propelled skimmer for use in shallow-water cleanup operations. During the past year, approximately 50 training sessions on oil spill containment and cleanup with CGA equipment were held.
OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES—A RATIONAL SYSTEM FOR SELECTION AND SIZING OF EQUIPMENT
Authors: Fraser J. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A system for rational selection and sizing of oil spill countermeasure equipment has been developed. The system involves: Assessment of oil spill risk, including types, maximum sizes, and probable location of spills plus detailing of environmental considerations such as river or ocean currents, sea states, weather and geography, Development of oil spill scenarios to assist in realistic appraisal of the problems of logistics, deployment, and operation of equipment, and Selection and sizing of equipment to match the needs and environmental problems already identified.
This system for selection and sizing of equipment is equally applicable if the choice is to contain and recover the oil or if the choice is to use dispersants. Computer programs are discussed which can be helpful in the assessment of risk, in development of scenarios, and in the selection and sizing of equipment. It is not essential that these computer programs be used, but they can be helpful in developing oil spill countermeasures.
COMPUTER SEARCHING FOR POLLUTION CLEANUP EQUIPMENT1
Authors: Imbrie Robert J. , Karwan Kirk R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of an inventory of spill cleanup and containment equipment for the United States by the Coast Guard. Increased public awareness of the need for prompt and efficient containment and cleanup during pollution emergencies has highlighted the need for reliable information on existing resources available from the private and public sectors. In July 1977, the Coast Guard began developing an information retrieval system that would provide persons involved in oil spill emergencies with comprehensive lists of equipment available to them. The Spill Cleanup Inventory System was implemented in April 1978.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OIL SPILLS: RIVERSPILL—A RIVER SIMULATION MODEL
Authors: Tsahalis Demos T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simulation model, Riverspill, has been developed for the prediction of transport, spreading, and associated land contamination of oil spills on rivers. The effects of volume and type of oil, use of Oil Herder® or not, type, location, and time of occurrence of the oil spill, geometry and hydrographic characteristics of the river and wind speed and direction are taken into account. The model is capable of operating in either deterministic or stochastic mode. When the model is used in the deterministic mode, it predicts the path and associated land contamination of a specific oil spill as a function of time. When the model is used in the stochastic mode, it estimates the probability that an oil spill will be transported into a specific region after an accidental discharge within another specified region. In the present study the model is specifically applied to the lower Mississippi River. However, the model is general and can be applied to any river. The predictions of the model are in very good agreement with the observed behavior of actual oil spills on the Mississippi River.
MEDITERRANEAN OIL POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL: TECHNICAL AND POLICY ISSUES1
Authors: Boxer Baruch 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An ambitious intergovernmental program of oil spill contingency and response planning is underway in the Mediterranean Sea region under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). This paper assesses technical and institutional problems of bringing national needs and capabilities into line with international obligations of Mediterranean coastal states in keeping with the recently ratified 1976 Barcelona Convention. Problems include: definition of the coordinating role of the Malta-based UNEP-supported and IMCO-administered Regional Oil Combating Center for the Mediterranean Sea (ROCC); difficulties in applying the results of oil and petroleum hydrocarbon monitoring in regional spill prevention and contingency planning; jurisdictional questions relating to coastal state regulation and enforcement rights; and lack of consensus on technical aspects of planning and response due to diverse national standards and pollution control objectives.
Through the establishment of the ROCC, UNEP and IMCO have introduced a new element in international attempts to plan for and respond to major spills. The extent to which the ROCC is able to achieve its treaty-defined goals in the Mediterranean is a measure of the potential for international agency contributions to contingency and response planning. This is important in light of UNEP attempts in other “regional seas” areas to establish similar institutional mechanisms for intergovernmental coordination.
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF OIL SPILL FINGERPRINTING1
Authors: Bentz Alan P. , Smith Stanley L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In several recent court cases, evidence of an oil “fingerprint” has been used to identify the source of an oil spill. As a result, those responsible for the spill have been required to pay a civil penalty and to reimburse the United States for the cost of cleaning up the oil. The use of such evidence in court supports the conclusion that the U.S. Coast Guard's oil spill identification system is both scientifically and legally sound.