bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T102C polymorphism of serotonin 2A type receptor gene confers susceptibility to (early onset) schizophrenia in Han Chinese: An association study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ni Jianliang , Lu Weihong , Wu Zhiguo , Chen Jun , Yi Zhenghui , Zhang Chen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionSeveral lines of evidence have indicated that serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. One functional polymorphism in HTR2A (T102C) has been widely investigated; however, the results have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between HTR2A T02C polymorphism and schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population.MethodsWe performed a case‐control study, using an early onset sample, which may be an attractive subgroup for genetic studies. In addition, we performed a meta‐analysis of the combined sample groups in Han Chinese.ResultsOur study, based on 385 schizophrenic patients and 399 controls, found a significant genotype‐wise association of T102C and schizophrenia (P = 0.02). After applying stratified analyses, the dominant model for T allele produced significant association (OR = 1.60, 95%CI = 1.11–2.30, P = 0.01). In the meta‐analysis including all of the published population‐based association studies in Han Chinese and the present association study, the pooled genotype‐wise result in a dominant model was statistically significant with a summary OR of 1.25 (95%CI = 1.04–1.50, P = 0.02).DiscussionOur results suggest that the HTR2A T102C polymorphism may confer susceptibility to schizophrenia in Han Chinese.
On Session Frequency and Analytic Method
Authors: Mizen Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay differentiates ways the word ‘psychoanalysis’ has been used. Freud's () clinical method required analysts' ‘evenly suspended attention’ and patients' ‘free associations’. Importantly, the direct application of prior knowledge, in the clinical situation, is regarded as an impediment to understanding for both analyst and patient as such ‘knowledge’ may support intellectual, obsessional defences against overwhelming emotional experiences. Frequent sessions over a long time are therefore required in order to understand patients' defences and the anxieties and affective states which led to their creation. The need to discover anew each patient's emotional states as they are lived in the transference–countertransference relationship may be impaired by recourse to prior knowledge.The optimal employment of this method is subject to limitations, however, imposed by a variety of factors, internal and external, to both analysts and patients. Freud (), recognizing this, acknowledged that the discoveries made by psychoanalysts undertaking ‘unalloyed’ analysis had created a body of prior knowledge which might be legitimately used therapeutically to undertake modified treatments of a more directive kind. Unalloyed analysis might need to be combined with ‘the copper of suggestion’ to provide ‘applied’ analytically informed treatments more widely than would otherwise be the case, for example, less frequently. However, having used the word ‘psychoanalysis’ to describe both unalloyed analysis and analysis alloyed, Freud also used the term in a polemical manner and as a kind of ‘brand‐name’.This paper confines itself to these rather different uses Freud made of the term psychoanalysis often without distinction, and the confusions and contradictions which have arisen as a result. These different uses may be largely uncommented upon but have exerted, and continue to exert, an important influence upon both the historical and contemporary analytic discourse.
Impact of Clostridium difficile colitis following closure of a diverting loop ileostomy: results of a matched cohort study
Authors: Wilson M. Z. , Hollenbeak C. S. , Stewart D. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimPrevious reports describing Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) developing after the closure of a loop ileostomy suggest it is severe. In this study the incidence of CDC following ileostomy closure and its effect on the postoperative outcome have been studied.MethodPatients undergoing closure of loop ileostomy from 2004 to 2008 were analysed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients who developed postoperative CDC (n = 217) were matched 10:1 to a propensity‐score‐matched cohort of patients without CDC (n = 13 245). Linear and logistic regression were used to examine the effect of CDC on hospital cost (US dollars), length of stay and mortality rates. Population resampling was performed using nearest neighbour bootstrapping to confirm the validity of the results.ResultsThe incidence of CDC following ileostomy closure was 16 per 1000 patients. The mean length of stay was 11.5 days longer among CDC patients (P < 0.0001), with a greater cost of hospitalization of US$21 240 (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in mortality between the cohorts.ConclusionCDC following ileostomy closure is an uncommon, costly and morbid complication. Patients undergoing stoma closure are at high risk for an adverse outcome if they have CDC. Should it develop they should be aggressively treated.
Neonatal posterior cerebral artery stroke: clinical presentation, MRI findings, and outcome
Authors: van der Aa Niek E , Dudink Jeroen , Benders Manon J N L , Govaert Paul , van Straaten Henrica L M , Porro Giorgio L , Groenendaal Floris , de Vries Linda S 
Published: January 2013

AimTo report the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and follow‐up data of newborn infants with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA).MethodData on 18 newborn infants from three neonatal intensive care units (11 males, seven females) with an MRI‐confirmed PCA stroke were analysed and reported. Infants were born at a mean gestational age of 38.7 weeks (SD 3.4) with a mean birthweight of 3244g (SD 850).ResultsFourteen infants presented with clinical seizures. Five of these had associated hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, four had hypoglycaemia, and five had neither hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy nor hypoglycaemia. Subclinical seizures were present in one infant with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and one with meningitis. One preterm infant presented with apnoeas and one had hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy without seizures. Neurodevelopmental follow‐up of 17 children at a median age of 36 months (SD 28, range 12–120mo) showed five with a global delay. Two children with additional injury developed postneonatal epilepsy and one child with extensive injury developed hemiplegia. A visual field defect was observed in nine children (six hemianopia, three quadrantanopia). In the 11 children with a second MRI at 3 months, the asymmetry of the optic radiation correlated with the development of a visual field deficit.InterpretationOutcome after PCA stroke is fairly good, depending on additional brain injury. Follow‐up is required, as subsequent visual field defects are frequently observed. Further research will be needed to clarify the role of hypoglycaemia in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke.
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects
Authors: Bhaya Maneesha , Mutluer Ferit Onur , Mahan Edward , Mahan Luke , Hsiung Ming C. , Yin Wei–Hsian , Wei Jeng , Tsai Shen–Kou , Zhao Guang–Yu , Yin Wei–Hsian , Pradhan Manish , Beniwal Rajesh , Joshi Deepak , Nabavizadeh Fatemeh , Singh Amitoj , Nanda Navin C. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesThis study assessed the ability of live/real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) in measuring (1) atrial septal defect (ASD) maximum dimension, area, and adjacent rim size, (2) ASD occluder left and right atrial disk size, (3) length of contact between the left atrial (LA) disk and the aorta, and in (4) assessing device related complications such as residual shunt, device embolization, and device encroachment upon adjacent cardiac structures.Materials and Methods3DTEE images acquired during percutaneous ASD closure by the Amplatzer Septal Occluder in 15 adult patients were retrospectively analyzed. Offline analysis was done using both the Philips 5500 ultrasound system and Philips QLAB software. 3D color flow Doppler images were used to assess residual ASD shunting.ResultsThe Philips 5500 and Philips QLAB measurements correlated well for ASD maximum dimension and area measurements. The Philips QLAB 3DTEE disk size measurements also correlated well with the manufacturer obtained sizes. The aortic rim was deficient in 7 of the 15 patients, and the mean ASD occluder device size was 4 mm greater than the mean ASD maximum dimension. The LA occluder disk was in contact with the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle in 12 of the 15 patients, and the LA occluder disk size correlated significantly with the contact length with the aorta.ConclusionMost of the patients demonstrated contact between the LA occluder disk and the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle. 3DTEE may be useful in identifying patients at greater risk for aortic erosion.
Dopamine suppresses persistent network activity via D1‐like dopamine receptors in rat medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Mayne Elizabeth W. , Craig Michael T. , McBain Chris J. , Paulsen Ole 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCortical networks display persistent activity in the form of periods of sustained synchronous depolarizations (‘UP states’) punctuated by periods of relative hyperpolarization (‘DOWN states’), which together form the slow oscillation. UP states are known to be synaptically generated and are sustained by a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition, with fast ionotropic glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory conductances increasing during the UP state. Previously, work from our group demonstrated that slow metabotropic GABA receptors also play an important role in terminating the UP state, but the effects of other neuromodulators on this network phenomenon have received little attention. Given that persistent activity is a neural correlate of working memory and that signalling through dopamine receptors has been shown to be critical for working memory tasks, we examined whether dopaminergic neurotransmission affected the slow oscillation. Here, using an in vitro model of the slow oscillation in rat medial entorhinal cortex, we showed that dopamine strongly and reversibly suppressed cortical UP states. We showed that this effect was mediated through D1‐like and not D2‐like dopamine receptors, and we found no evidence that tonic dopaminergic transmission affected UP states in our model.
Decline of nest site availability and nest density of underground bees along a distance gradient from human settlements
Authors: Xie Zhenghua , Qiu Jianshen , Chen Xiaoming 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbances have caused pollinator decline by affecting the abundance and diversity of foraging plants. Anthropogenic disturbances are also thought to drive pollinator decline by reducing nest site availability, but the exact mechanisms by which human activities influence nest site availability are not currently well understood. In this study, we investigated nesting site preference of underground bee Andrena camellia Wu in two orchards. Principal component analysis of environmental factors (bulk density, penetration resistance, water content and temperature) indicated that A. camellia preferred loose, moist and low‐temperature habitats. The favored habitats were located at the bases of the foothills a long distance from human settlements. At the bases, favored nesting substrates decreased along the distance gradient, and nest densities of digger bees increased along the distance gradient. On the summit, however, nesting substrates were compacted, dried with high temperature regardless of distance from human settlements, and the nest densities were all low along the distance gradient. In summary, anthropogenic soil disturbances in the vicinity of human settlements threaten digger bees by altering soil characteristics. The conservation of the soil substrates is addressed in terms of its role in governing the population of digger bee A. camellia.
Genomic islands of divergence and their consequences for the resolution of spatial structure in an exploited marine fish
Authors: Bradbury Ian R. , Hubert Sophie , Higgins Brent , Bowman Sharen , Borza Tudor , Paterson Ian G. , Snelgrove Paul V. R. , Morris Corey J. , Gregory Robert S. , Hardie David , Hutchings Jeffrey A. , Ruzzante Daniel E. , Taggart Christopher T. , Bentzen Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs populations diverge, genomic regions associated with adaptation display elevated differentiation. These genomic islands of adaptive divergence can inform conservation efforts in exploited species, by refining the delineation of management units, and providing genomic tools for more precise and effective population monitoring and the successful assignment of individuals and products. We explored heterogeneity in genomic divergence and its impact on the resolution of spatial population structure in exploited populations of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, using genome wide expressed sequence derived single nucleotide polymorphisms in 466 individuals sampled across the range. Outlier tests identified elevated divergence at 5.2% of SNPs, consistent with directional selection in one‐third of linkage groups. Genomic regions of elevated divergence ranged in size from a single position to several cM. Structuring at neutral loci was associated with geographic features, whereas outlier SNPs revealed genetic discontinuities in both the eastern and western Atlantic. This fine‐scale geographic differentiation enhanced assignment to region of origin, and through the identification of adaptive diversity, fundamentally changes how these populations should be conserved. This work demonstrates the utility of genome scans for adaptive divergence in the delineation of stock structure, the traceability of individuals and products, and ultimately a role for population genomics in fisheries conservation.
The impact of natural selection on health and disease: uses of the population genetics approach in humans
Authors: Vasseur Estelle , Quintana‐Murci Lluis 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInvestigations of the legacy of natural selection in the human genome have proved particularly informative, pinpointing functionally important regions that have participated in our genetic adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, genetic dissection of the intensity and type of selection acting on human genes can be used to predict involvement in different forms and severities of human diseases. We review here the progress made in population genetics studies toward understanding the effects of selection, in its different forms and intensities, on human genome diversity. We discuss some outstanding, robust examples of genes and biological functions subject to strong dietary, climatic and pathogen selection pressures. We also explore the possible relationship between cancer and natural selection, a topic that has been largely neglected because cancer is generally seen as a late‐onset disease. Finally, we discuss how the present‐day incidence of some diseases of modern societies may represent a by‐product of past adaptation to other selective forces and changes in lifestyle. This perspective thus illustrates the value of adopting a population genetics approach in delineating the biological mechanisms that have played a major evolutionary role in the way humans have genetically adapted to different environments and lifestyles over time.
Effects of diversity‐dependent colonization–extinction dynamics on the mid‐domain effect
Authors: Keith S. A. , Connolly S. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimWe incorporate diversity‐dependent colonization and extinction rates into process‐based models of species geographic range dynamics to explore their effects on species richness gradients, and on extent and occupancy of species ranges. In particular, we investigate whether diversity dependence promotes or inhibits the emergence of mid‐domain effects (MDEs) in homogeneous environments.LocationA theoretical one‐dimensional domain.MethodsWe formulated diversity‐independent (DI) and diversity‐dependent (DD) models that simulated colonization, local extinction and speciation within a homogenous domain. In theDDmodel, colonization and extinction probabilities were functions of diversity, whereas in theDImodel, they were constants. For a wide range of parameter values, we examined local and regional species richness gradients and species range size frequency distributions (RSFDs).ResultsIn contrast to theDImodel, for whichMDEsonly occurred in a very narrow parameter range, theDDmodel generated aMDEin regional richness (range overlap) that was robust to colonization and extinction parameters, over a broad range of speciation rates. However, neither model could produce gradients in local richness (patch occupancy). TheDDmodel also produced more realisticRSFDsthan theDImodel. In the latter, all species generally either became highly pandemic or went globally extinct, depending on the balance of colonization and extinction probabilities.Main conclusionsDiversity‐dependent colonization and extinction rates can have strong effects on species richness gradients and distributions of range extent and occupancy. Models with such diversity dependence amplifyMDEsin regional richness, but largely eliminateMDEsin local richness, relative toDImodels.DDmodels also generate more realisticRSFDs. These findings suggest that diffuse species interactions can strongly influence patterns of range size and overlap, but also that environmental gradients are likely to be necessary to explain many species richness patterns in nature, which exhibit both local and regional diversity gradients.
Expression of multidrug resistance 1 gene in B‐cell lymphomas: association with follicular dendritic cells
Authors: Yagi Keiko , Yamamoto Kouhei , Umeda Shigeaki , Abe Shinya , Suzuki Shiho , Onishi Iichiroh , Kirimura Susumu , Fukayama Masashi , Arai Ayako , Kitagawa Masanobu , Kurata Morito 
Published: January 2013

Aims:  Multidrug resistance (MDR) in B‐cell lymphomas still constitutes a major obstacle to the effectiveness of chemotherapy even in the anti‐CD20 antibody therapy era. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of MDR‐associated molecules in reactive lymphadenopathy (RL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods and results:  The expression of mRNA for ABC‐transporter family genes was determined by real‐time RT‐PCR in lymph nodes from RL, FL, and DLBCL cases. MDR1 exhibited significantly stronger expression in RL, FL, and DLBCL than Raji B‐cell lymphoma cells. RL and FL showed significantly higher expression than DLBCL. Immunohistochemically, MDR1 positive cells were localized in the germinal centers of RL and center of the nodular lesions of FL showing associations with CD21 positive follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Raji cells were co‐cultured with FDC sarcoma‐derived cells and the expression of MDR1 and drug resistance were analyzed. The co‐culture of Raji cells with FDCs induced strong expression of MDR1 and introduced resistance to doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis.Conclusions:  These results suggest that FDCs induce MDR1 expression in reactive as well as neoplastic B‐cells. Inhibition of the interaction of FDCs with B‐cells may provide a novel strategy for treating the chemotherapy resistant fraction.
House flies delay fungal infection by fevering: at a cost
Authors: ANDERSON ROBERT D. , BLANFORD SIMON , THOMAS MATTHEW B. 
Published: January 2013

1. Many ectothermic species have evolved the ability to invoke a ‘behavioural fever’ when infected with a pathogen. The relative costs and benefits of this response, however, have rarely been quantified.2. The aim of this study was investigate the nature and consequences of behavioural fever in the house fly, Musca domestica L., in response to infection with a possible biocontrol agent, the fungal entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin.3. It was found that infected flies preferred higher temperatures and allocated more effort to thermoregulation than uninfected flies. Flies could not overcome infection but the altered thermal behaviour allowed infected flies to extend their survival and to lay more eggs relative to infected flies maintained under constant conditions. However, flies allowed to fever had lower egg viability suggesting a possible cost.4. Under the present experimental conditions, the putative costs and benefits fever balanced one another resulting in no net change in fitness. Fever did not, therefore, limit the control potential of the fungus. We discuss whether the costs and benefits of behavioural fever might differ in other ecological contexts.
Catchment context and the bottom‐up regulation of the abundance of specialist semi‐aquatic weevils on water hyacinth
Authors: RAGHU S. , PURCELL MATTHEW F. , WRIGHT ANTHONY D. 
Published: January 2013

1. Bottom‐up regulation is prevalent in plant–herbivore interactions and is thought to be particularly important in the case of aquatic plants and their specialist insect herbivores.2. Recently published mesocosm studies have shown that the abundance of specialist Neochetina weevils, N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae, on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) are principally under the influence of nutrients in plant tissues.3. We examined historical patterns of the abundance of these species of semi‐aquatic weevils in two water bodies from catchments with significantly different nutrient loads in subtropical Australia to test the validity of the published conceptual model of bottom‐up regulation.4. Our results revealed that these weevils are indeed under bottom‐up regulation under field conditions. However, the nature of this regulation appears to be influenced by the broader catchment context of the water hyacinth‐infested water body, with plant tissue nutrients influencing weevil abundance more in the catchment with lower nutrient run‐offs.5. Our findings reaffirm the importance of bottom‐up regulation in plant–insect interactions, add to the growing evidence of indirect effects spanning terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and inform management of water hyacinth using these weevils as biocontrol agents.
Maintenance of body‐size variation and host range in the orange‐tip butterfly: evidence for a trade‐off between adult life‐history traits
Authors: DAVIES W. JAMES , SACCHERI ILIK J. 
Published: January 2013

1. The evolution of host range and preference in phytophagous insects is driven by a female's oviposition choice impacting her offspring's fitness. Analysis of the fitness of progeny on different host plants has commonly been restricted to the performance of immature stages. However, since host use can affect adult size, it is important to measure the ongoing effects of host choice on the resulting imagines.2. The orange‐tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, shows a strong preference for two host plants in Britain, Alliaria petiolata and Cardamine pratensis, which affect body size. Whilst females exhibit a strong positive size–fecundity relation, the impact of body‐size alteration is unknown in males. In this study, fitness effects of host plant choice for male A. cardamines were examined.3. Males reared on C. pratensis were smaller and emerged earlier than those reared on A. petiolata, and early‐season males were smaller than late‐season ones in the field. Interestingly, regression analysis indicated that the earlier emergence of small males was a host‐mediated rather than a size‐mediated effect. Small size was associated with reduced male dispersal in a semi‐isolated wild population over a 3‐year period.4. It is proposed that the earlier emergence associated with C. pratensis has evolved in response to depressed dispersal in isolated/semi‐isolated populations associated with this patchily distributed host. We suggest that adult life‐history traits are important for the maintenance of host range in this species, and offer a critique of Courtney's earlier hypothesis that host range is maintained by time‐limited oviposition behaviour.