bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved detection of pancreatic islets in vivo using double contrast
Authors: Herynek Vít , Berková Zuzana , Dovolilová Eva , Jirák Daniel , Kříž Jan , Girman Peter , Saudek František , Hájek Milan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe transplantation of pancreatic islets containing β‐cells, which produce insulin, is an alternative approach to the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The non‐invasive visualization of transplanted islets can be performed using MRI; however, this requires labeling of the islets with a suitable contrast agent prior to transplantation. The detection of islets labeled by iron oxide‐based contrast agents and transplanted into the liver tissue can be significantly improved using the intravenous administration of a suitable gadolinium contrast agent prior to MRI. The applied contrast agent not only improves the contrast‐to‐noise ratio, but also eliminates artifacts that may lead to an overestimation of the number of hypointense spots and their area; thus it improves the accuracy of automated and semi‐automated procedures used for transplanted islet segmentation and quantification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening young adult cancer survivors for distress with the Distress Thermometer: Comparisons with a structured clinical diagnostic interview
Authors: Recklitis Christopher J. , Blackmon Jaime E. , Chang Grace 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDThe validity of the Distress Thermometer (DT) as a screen for psychological distress in young adult cancer survivors was assessed by comparing it with the results of a psychiatric diagnostic interview, the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM‐IV) (SCID), to evaluate the accuracy of the DT and identify optimal cutoff scores for this population.METHODSA total of 247 survivors aged 18 to 40 years completed the DT and SCID. Based on the SCID, participants were classified as having: 1) ≥ 1 SCID diagnoses; 2) significant symptoms, but no SCID diagnosis; or 3) no significant SCID symptoms. Receiver operating characteristic analyses determined the sensitivity and specificity of all possible DT cutoff scores for detecting survivors with a SCID diagnosis, and subsequently for survivors with significant SCID symptoms or a SCID diagnosis.RESULTSThe recommended DT cutoff score of ≥5 failed to identify 31.81% of survivors with a SCID diagnosis (sensitivity of 68.18% and specificity of 78.33%), and 32.81% of survivors with either significant SCID symptoms or a SCID diagnosis. No alternative DT cutoff score met the criteria for acceptable sensitivity (≥85%) and specificity (≥75%).CONCLUSIONSThe DT does not reliably identify young adult cancer survivors with psychiatric problems identified by a “gold standard” structured psychiatric interview. Therefore, the DT should not be used as a stand‐alone psychological screen in this population. Cancer 2016;122:296–303. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
The expanding utility of microdosing
Authors: Lappin Graham 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe concept of microdosing has been around for more than a decade. It consists of the subpharmacologic administration of an investigational drug (1% of the pharmacologic dose or 100 µg, whichever is lower) to human subjects to attain pre–phase 1 pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans. The major concern with microdosing has been the potential for nonlinear PK between doses, but methods are emerging to evaluate the potential for nonlinear PK prior to conducting a study. Currently, approximately 80% of drugs tested by the oral route and 100% by the intravenous route have exhibited scalable PK between a microdose and a therapeutic dose (within a factor of 2). Over the past few years microdosing has found utility in pediatrics, protein‐based therapeutics, and a new application known as intra‐arterial microdosing that focuses more on localized pharmacodynamics than PK. Compared with other PK predictive methods, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, allometry, and in vitro–in vivo extrapolation, microdosing appears to provide a significantly better understanding of PK prior to phase 1, albeit within what is currently a limited database.
Green computing on graphics processing units
Authors: Magoulès Frédéric , Ahamed Abal‐Kassim Cheik , Suzuki Atsushi 
Published: October 2015

SummaryTo answer the question ‘How much energy is consumed for a numerical simulation running on Graphic Processing Unit?’, an experimental protocol is here established. The current provided to a graphic processing unit (GPU) during computation is directly measured using amperometric clamps. Signal processing on the intensity of the current of the power supplied to a GPU, with noise reduction technique, gives precise timing of GPU states, which allow establishing an energy consumption model of the GPU. Energy consumption of each operation, memory copy, vector addition, and element wise product is precisely measured to tune and validate the energy consumption model. The accuracy of the proposed energy consumption model compared to measurements is finally illustrated on a conjugate gradient method for a problem discretized by a finite element method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing probable maximum loss in catastrophe reinsurance portfolios on multi‐core and many‐core architectures
Authors: Burke Neil , Rau‐Chaplin Andrew , Varghese Blesson 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn the reinsurance market, the risks natural catastrophes pose to portfolios of properties must be quantified, so that they can be priced, and insurance offered. The analysis of such risks at a portfolio level requires a simulation of up to 800 000 trials with an average of 1000 catastrophic events per trial. This is sufficient to capture risk for a global multi‐peril reinsurance portfolio covering a range of perils including earthquake, hurricane, tornado, hail, severe thunderstorm, wind storm, storm surge and riverine flooding, and wildfire. Such simulations are both computation and data intensive, making the application of high‐performance computing techniques desirable.In this paper, we explore the design and implementation of portfolio risk analysis on both multi‐core and many‐core computing platforms. Given a portfolio of property catastrophe insurance treaties, key risk measures, such as probable maximum loss, are computed by taking both primary and secondary uncertainties into account. Primary uncertainty is associated with whether or not an event occurs in a simulated year, while secondary uncertainty captures the uncertainty in the level of loss due to the use of simplified physical models and limitations in the available data. A combination of fast lookup structures, multi‐threading and careful hand tuning of numerical operations is required to achieve good performance. Experimental results are reported for multi‐core processors and systems using NVIDIA graphics processing unit and Intel Phi many‐core accelerators. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitates originating from tungsten crucible parts in AlN bulk crystals grown by the PVT method
Authors: Langhans Frank , Kiefer Stefan , Hartmann Carsten , Markurt Toni , Schulz Tobias , Guguschev Christo , Naumann Martin , Kollowa Sandro , Dittmar Andrea , Wollweber Jürgen , Bickermann Matthias 
Published: October 2015

In order to evaluate the possible involvement of crucible materials in the growth of AlN bulk crystals grown by physical vapor transport, we applied growth conditions with a high vertical thermal gradient and hence high supersaturation of aluminum vapor. Under these conditions, precipitates formed causing diffuse grayish substructures at the initial growth interface and in the crystal body, decorating dislocations. Electron microscopy studies revealed that the precipitates are elongated, single‐phase particles with sizes of 50–500 nm of commensurate structure, oriented along the <110> direction. Chemical analysis of the precipitates showed tungsten as well as carbon and oxygen. The lattice parameters of the precipitates are in close agreement to hexagonal tungsten hemicarbide (W2C). The possible transport from the tungsten parts and its conversion into tungsten hemicarbide precipitates is discussed. We thus conclude that the W2C precipitates may contribute to the decoration of dislocations, even in growth with moderate thermal gradients.
In Situ‐Grown ZnCo2O4 on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Air Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Wu , Yan Pengfei , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Cao Ruiguo , Bowden Mark E. , Engelhard Mark H. , Wang Chong‐Min , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe development of highly efficient catalysts is critical for the practical application of lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries. Nanosheet‐assembled ZnCo2O4 (ZCO) microspheres and thin films grown in situ on single‐walled carbon nanotube (ZCO/SWCNT) composites as high‐performance air electrode materials for Li–O2 batteries are reported. The in situ grown ZCO/SWCNT electrodes delivered high discharge capacities, decreased the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction by 0.9 V during the charging process, and led to longer cycling stability. These results indicate that in situ grown ZCO/SWCNT composites can be used as highly efficient air electrode materials for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. The enhanced catalytic activity displayed by the uniformly dispersed ZCO catalyst on nanostructured electrodes is expected to inspire further development of other catalyzed electrodes for Li–O2 batteries and other applications.
Development of a Steel‐Slag‐Based, Iron‐Functionalized Sorbent for an Autothermal Carbon Dioxide Capture Process
Authors: Tian Sicong , Jiang Jianguo , Hosseini Davood , Kierzkowska Agnieszka M. , Imtiaz Qasim , Broda Marcin , Müller Christoph R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe propose a new class of autothermal CO2‐capture process that relies on the integration of chemical looping combustion (CLC) into calcium looping (CaL). In the new process, the heat released during the oxidation of a reduced metallic oxide is utilized to drive the endothermic calcination of CaCO3 (the regeneration step in CaL). Such a process is potentially very attractive (both economically and technically) as it can be applied to a variety of oxygen carriers and CaO is not in direct contact with coal (and the impurities associated with it) in the calciner (regeneration step). To demonstrate the practical feasibility of the process, we developed a low‐cost, steel‐slag‐based, Fe‐functionalized CO2 sorbent. Using this material, we confirm experimentally the feasibility to heat‐integrate CaCO3 calcination with a FeII/FeIII redox cycle (with regards to the heat of reaction and kinetics). The autothermal calcination of CaCO3 could be achieved for a material that contained a Ca/Fe ratio of 5:4. The uniform distribution of Ca and Fe in a solid matrix provides excellent heat transfer characteristics. The cyclic CO2 uptake and redox stability of the material is good, but there is room for further improvement.
Modular design of QCA carry flow adders and multiplier with reduced wire crossing and number of logic gates
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Lv Hongjun , Du Huakun , Huang Cheng , Liu Shuai , Xie Guangjun 
Published: October 2015

SummaryQuantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging technology with the rapid development of low‐power high‐performance digital circuits. In order to reduce the wire crossings and the number of logic gates in QCA circuits, this paper proposes a full adder named Tile full adder based on a 3 × 3 grid module, a Tile bit‐serial adder based on the new full adder and a Diverse Clock Tile bit serial adder (DC Tile bit‐serial) adder based on the new full adder and a DC multiplier network. Based on previously mentioned circuit units an improved carry flow adder (CFA) named Tile CFA and two types of carry delay multiplier (CDM) named Tile CDM and DC Tile CDM (DC Tile CDM) with different sizes are presented. All of the proposed QCA circuits are designed and simulated with QCADesigner. Simulation results show that these circuit designs not only implement the logic functions correctly but also achieve a significant performance improvement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cochrane in context: Hypothermia for neuroprotection in children after cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Scholefield Barnaby R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCochrane Review: Hypothermia for neuroprotection in children after cardiopulmonary arrest Scholefield B, Duncan H, Davies P, Gao Smith F, Khan K, Perkins GD, Morris K. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in children after cardiopulmonary arrest. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD009442. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009442.pub2This companion piece to the review, “Hypothermia for neuroprotection in children after cardiopulmonary arrest,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of the review
A commentary from one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt the review was an important one to produce
A review of clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Paediatric Society and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), United Kingdom
Some other recently published references on this topic
Editor's note on this review, by Ricardo Fernandes:The Editorial Board's rationale for selecting this review was that this is a “classical” case of an important uncertainty in child health. There is a relatively strong rationale for this practice in adults but in pediatrics the underlying condition differs, so extrapolation is controversial. The authors highlight in the abstract that there are ongoing trials, and also mention nonrandomized evidence, all of which is helpful to the reader.
Evolution along the Great Rift Valley: phenotypic and genetic differentiation of East African white‐eyes (Aves, Zosteropidae)
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Borghesio Luca , Newmark William D. , Day Julia J. , Lens Luc , Husemann Martin , Ulrich Werner 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe moist and cool cloud forests of East Africa represent a network of isolated habitats that are separated by dry and warm lowland savannah, offering an opportunity to investigate how strikingly different selective regimes affect species diversification. Here, we used the passerine genusZosterops(white‐eyes) from this region as our model system. Species of the genus occur in contrasting distribution settings, with geographical mountain isolation driving diversification, and savannah interconnectivity preventing differentiation. We analyze (1) patterns of phenotypic and genetic differentiation in high‐ and lowland species (different distribution settings), (2) investigate the potential effects of natural selection and temporal and spatial isolation (evolutionary drivers), and (3) critically review the taxonomy of this species complex. We found strong phenotypic and genetic differentiation among and within the three focal species, both in the highland species complex and in the lowland taxa. Altitude was a stronger predictor of phenotypic patterns than the current taxonomic classification. We found longitudinal and latitudinal phenotypic gradients for all three species. Furthermore, wing length and body weight were significantly correlated with altitude and habitat type in the highland speciesZ. poliogaster. Genetic and phenotypic divergence showed contrasting inter‐ and intraspecific structures. We suggest that the evolution of phenotypic characters is mainly driven by natural selection due to differences in the two macro‐habitats, cloud forest and savannah. In contrast, patterns of neutral genetic variation appear to be rather driven by geographical isolation of the respective mountain massifs. Populations of theZ. poliogastercomplex, as well asZ. senegalensisandZ. abyssinicus, are not monophyletic based on microsatellite data and have higher levels of intraspecific differentiation compared to the currently accepted species.
Compact three‐degree‐of‐freedom planar actuator with two sets of three‐phase currents capable of driving over large displacements in yaw direction
Authors: Ueda Yasuhito , Ohsaki Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe present a three‐degree‐of‐freedom planar actuator that can position a mover over a wide range of locations in the yaw and translational directions. In conventional planar actuators, which have multiple pairs of permanent magnets and armature coils, the mover cannot be displaced by large amounts unless the planar actuator has numerous armature coils. Furthermore, the movable area of conventional planar actuators in the yaw direction is quite narrow because of the interference between the different pairs of permanent magnets and armature currents that occurs due to the yaw displacements. The proposed planar actuator has only six stationary armature conductors for two sets of three‐phase currents. The mover constantly faces all the armature conductors, and hence, it can be subjected to driving forces for three‐degree‐of‐freedom movement anywhere on a plane parallel to the stator surface. Therefore, the movable area of the actuator can be easily expanded by increasing the length of the armature conductors. However, the driving forces depend on the yaw angle, and large yaw displacements impede the generation of sufficiently strong driving forces. In this paper, we present the results of experiments conducted to determine the movable area of our proposed planar actuator in the yaw direction. The experimental results indicate that sufficient torques in the yaw direction can be generated when the yaw displacement is less than 26°. The driving force acting on the mover is a function of the yaw angle and is periodic with a 90° period due to the central symmetry of the actuator. The experimental results also indicate that the mover can travel over 90° displacements in the yaw direction. Thus, we successfully demonstrate the three‐degree‐of‐freedom large movement of the planar actuator by controlling two sets of three‐phase currents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 51–61, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21208
A study on voltage rise control effect by leading power factor operation of PVs considering tap change of distribution transformer
Authors: Ishimaru Masaaki , Tamachi Hideki , Komami Shintaroh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe voltage rise problem in distribution networks has been discussed as the foremost concern against the penetration of large amounts of photovoltaics (PVs). As a solution of such a problem, using voltage regulation facilities such as SVC (Static Var Compensator) or Loop power flow controller has been proposed. However, this might require major investments in the distribution network and that means the cost would be imposed on the nation. In this paper, the authors focus on the latent ability of the present distribution network and PVs to find solutions to the problem and propose a low‐cost solution to mitigate the voltage rise by using constant leading power factor operation of PVs. The distribution voltages are calculated in the case of increasing highly penetrated PVs, where it is very important to make an aggregated model of the distribution networks including loads and PVs. The authors aggregate many loads and PVs by using an aggregation method called “Y‐connection.” As a result of simulation with the aggregated realistic model of distribution networks, the authors confirmed that using a combination of leading power factor operation with $Q = - 0.2P$ and the LDC of the distribution transformer makes it possible to maintain adequate voltage without voltage regulation facilities such as SVC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 46–54, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21276
Effect of patiromer on reducing serum potassium and preventing recurrent hyperkalaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease on RAAS inhibitors
Authors: Pitt Bertram , Bakris George L. , Bushinsky David A. , Garza Dahlia , Mayo Martha R. , Stasiv Yuri , Christ‐Schmidt Heidi , Berman Lance , Weir Matthew R. 
Published: October 2015

AimsWe evaluated the effects of patiromer, a potassium (K+)‐binding polymer, in a pre‐specified analysis of hyperkalaemic patients with heart failure (HF) in the OPAL‐HK trial.Methods and resultsChronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) with serum K+ levels ≥5.1 mEq/L to <6.5 mEq/L (n = 243) received patiromer (4.2 g or 8.4 g BID initially) for 4 weeks (initial treatment phase); the primary efficacy endpoint was mean change in serum K+ from baseline to week 4. Eligible patients (those with baseline K+ ≥5.5 mEq/L to <6.5 mEq/L and levels ≥3.8 mEq/L to <5.1 mEq/L at the end of week 4) entered an 8‐week randomized withdrawal phase and were randomly assigned to continue patiromer or switch to placebo; the primary efficacy endpoint was the between‐group difference in median change in the serum K+ over the first 4 weeks of that phase. One hundred and two patients (42%) had heart failure (HF). The mean [± standard error (SE)] change in serum K+ from baseline to week 4 was −1.06 ± 0.05 mEq/L [95% confidence interval (CI), −1.16,−0.95; P < 0.001]; 76% (95% CI, 69,84) achieved serum K+, 3.8 mEq/L to <5.1 mEq/L. In the randomized withdrawal phase, the median increase in serum K+ from baseline of that phase was greater with placebo (n = 22) than patiromer (n = 27) (P < 0.001); recurrent hyperkalaemia (serum K+, ≥5.5 mEq/L) occurred in 52% on placebo and 8% on patiromer (P < 0.001). Mild‐to‐moderate constipation was the most common adverse event (11%); hypokalaemia occurred in 3%.ConclusionIn patients with CKD and HF who were hyperkalaemic on RAASi, patiromer was well tolerated, decreased serum K+, and, compared with placebo, reduced recurrent hyperkalaemia.
Manganese Detection Using Stencil‐printed Carbon Ink Electrodes on Transparency Film
Authors: Berg Kathleen E. , Adkins Jaclyn A. , Boyle Sarah E. , Henry Charles S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMn concentrations were determined using square‐wave cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) with inexpensive, stencil‐printed carbon ink electrodes generated on polypropylene transparency films. Using an optimized pH 5 ammonium acetate buffer and addition of 1,4‐benzoquinone, a detection limit as low as 500 nM (30 ppb) was achieved. Addition of 1,4‐benzoquinone improved peak potential reproducibility and height, while addition of 3.5 % w/w sodium chloride to the background solution approximately doubled the sensitivity (μA/ppm). Tolerance tests with interfering metals were conducted and the method was found to be resilient to chromium(VI), iron(III), magnesium(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II), but susceptible to aluminum(III), copper(II), iron(II), and lead(II) at concentration ratios at or below one. This technique was successfully used to measure Mn levels in yerba mate and green tea samples as an example application.
Low Impedance Functionalised Carbon Nanotube Electrode Arrays for Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Clark James , Chen Ying , Silva S. Ravi P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStudying electrical and chemical signals of individual cells in situ requires the use of electrodes with ≤20 µm diameter. However, electrodes of this size generally produce high impedance thus perturbing recording of signals released from individual cells. Here, we substantially improve on commercial impedance values for electrodes of 20 µm diameter by using functionalised nanoscale carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the electrode material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reports an impedance of 2.43±0.45 kΩ at 1 kHz for functionalised CNT electrodes. This is a 10‐fold improvement on commercial electroplated Pt electrodes of the same size and will allow increased sensitivity of detection.