bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scala tympani cochleostomy survey: A follow‐up study
Authors: Iseli Claire , Adunka Oliver F. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo reassess cochleostomy techniques among North American cochlear implant surgeons after a 6‐year period of widespread education and research on the topic.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsA multiple‐choice survey of cochlear implant techniques was distributed to surgeons attending the William House Cochlear Implant Study Group in 2006 and 2012. This survey contained questions regarding routine surgical access and cochleostomy techniques. Responses were anonymous, and >50% were repeat respondents. Statistical analysis sought changes in technique in the past 6 years.ResultsComparisons between 2006 and 2012 responses revealed no significant changes in the proportion of surgeons identifying the facial nerve or chorda tympani. By contrast, respondents in 2012 were more likely to drill off the round window niche overhang (P < .001), use a round window insertion (P < .001), or make a smaller cochleostomy (P = .003). In two images of a transfacial recess approach, there was a significant increase in the proportion choosing an inferior or anterior cochleostomy site over a superior location (image 1, 76% in 2006 to 92% in 2012, P = .003; image 3, 78% to 90%, respectively, P = .044).ConclusionsThis repeat survey documents a change in practice among cochlear implant surgeons. Specifically, scala tympani access techniques now appear to be more consistent with known anatomical relationships in the round window region. These findings may have resulted from the concerted education and research efforts over the past 6 years.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:1928–1931, 2014
Analytical solutions of a finite two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated poroelastic medium with compressible constituents
Authors: Li Peichao , Wang Keyong , Li Xiangui , Lu Detang 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYAn analytical solution is proposed for transient flow and deformation coupling of a fluid‐saturated poroelastic medium within a finite two‐dimensional (2‐D) rectangular domain. In this study, the porous medium is assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, and compressible. In addition, the point sink can be located at an arbitrary position in the porous medium. The fluid–solid interaction in porous media is governed by the general Biot's consolidation theory. The method of integral transforms is applied in the analytical formulation of closed‐form solutions. The proposed analytical solution is then verified against both exact and numerical results. The analytical solution is first simplified and validated by comparison with an existing exact solution for the uncoupled problem. Then, a case study for pumping from a confined aquifer is performed. The consistency between the numerical solution and the analytical solution confirms the accuracy and reliability of the analytical solution presented in this paper. The proposed analytical solution can help us to obtain in‐depth insights into time‐dependent mechanical behavior due to fluid withdrawal within finite 2‐D porous media. Moreover, it can also be of great significance to calibrate numerical solutions in plane strain poroelasticity and to formulate relevant industry norms and standards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of marginal structural models in pharmacoepidemiologic studies: a systematic review
Authors: Yang Shibing , Eaton Charles B. , Lu Juan , Lapane Kate L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeWe systematically reviewed pharmacoepidemiologic studies published in 2012 that used inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimation of marginal structural models (MSM) to estimate the effect from a time‐varying treatment.MethodsPotential studies were retrieved through a citation search within Web of Science and a keyword search within PubMed. Eligibility of retrieved studies was independently assessed by at least two reviewers. One reviewer performed data extraction, and a senior epidemiologist confirmed the extracted information for all eligible studies.ResultsTwenty pharmacoepidemiologic studies were eligible for data extraction. The majority of reviewed studies did not report whether the positivity assumption was checked. Six studies performed intention‐to‐treat analyses, but none of them reported adherence levels after treatment initiation. Eight studies chose an as‐treated analytic strategy, but only one of them reported modeling the multiphase of treatment use. Almost all studies performing as‐treated analyses chose the most recent treatment status as the functional form of exposure in the outcome model. Nearly half of the studies reported that the IPW estimate was substantially different from the estimate derived from a standard regression model.ConclusionsThe use of IPW method to control for time‐varying confounding is increasing in medical literature. However, reporting of the application of the technique is variable and suboptimal. It may be prudent to develop best practices in reporting complex methods in epidemiologic research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of patient‐reported warfarin dose in a prospective incident cohort study
Authors: Dumas Stephanie , Rouleau‐Mailloux Etienne , Barhdadi Amina , Talajic Mario , Tardif Jean‐Claude , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Perreault Sylvie 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeInconsistencies in the definition and the collection of warfarin dosing data could lead to bias in observational, clinical, and pharmacogenetic studies. The present study aims to assess the concordance between patient‐reported and prescribed warfarin doses among new warfarin users in the Quebec Warfarin Cohort (QWC) study.MethodsDemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected at cohort entry and each three months during a 1‐year follow‐up period among a subgroup of 219 patients from the prospective QWC study. We evaluated the differences between reported and prescribed warfarin doses overall and at each follow‐up period. Concordance was tested in a multivariate generalized linear mixed model and allowed to vary from 95% to 105% of the prescribed dose.ResultsOverall, there was no significant difference between reported and prescribed warfarin doses (p > 0.05, Pearson coefficient = 0.969, power = 100%). There was also no significant difference across each of four timepoints tested (p > 0.05). We found that 84.0% of the reported warfarin doses were concordant with the prescribed doses. Having a history of myocardial infarction was significantly associated with a low concordance (OR = 0.494; CI 95%: 0.286–0.852).ConclusionIn our population, we found that patient‐reported warfarin dose and prescribed warfarin dose were comparable for the conduct of observational and clinical studies as well as for the validation and implementation of warfarin dosing algorithms. Moreover, the effect was similar whether measured in new‐onset users of warfarin and after up to 12 months of use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant glycosylation in the human trabecular meshwork
Authors: Sienkiewicz Adam E. , Rosenberg Brandon N. , Edwards Genea , Carreon Teresia A. , Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo determine the difference in protein glycosylation and glycosylation enzyme levels between glaucomatous and control trabecular meshwork (TM).Experimental designGlaucomatous and normal donor (n = 12 each) TM tissues, lectin fluorescence, fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate analyses, and quantitative MS were used to determine the glycosylation levels. Primary TM cells and glycosylation inhibitors were used to determine their effect on cell shape and motility.ResultsIn contrast to elevated levels of glycoproteins determined by lectin fluorescence, simultaneous hyper‐ and hypo‐glycosylation in glaucomatous TM was revealed by fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate analyses. Analyses of enzymes showed elevation of beta‐glycosidase 1 and decrease in galactosyltransferase family 6 domain containing protein 1 in the glaucomatous TM. Quantitative MS identified select protein level changes between glaucomatous and normal TM. Primary TM cells were treated with inhibitors to elicit hypo‐glycosylation, which affected cell shape, motility, and fluorescent tracer transport across a layer of TM cells.Conclusions and clinical relevanceGlobal protein glycosylation is aberrant in glaucomatous TM compared to controls. The results presented here suggest that the alteration in global TM protein glycosylation encompassing cellular and extracellular matrix proteins contributes to glaucoma pathology likely mediated through changes in properties of TM cells.
Mispairs with Watson‐Crick base‐pair geometry observed in ternary complexes of an RB69 DNA polymerase variant
Authors: Xia Shuangluo , Konigsberg William H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent structures of DNA polymerase complexes with dGMPCPP/dT and dCTP/dA mispairs at the insertion site have shown that they adopt Watson‐Crick geometry in the presence of Mn2+ indicating that the tautomeric or ionization state of the base has changed. To see whether the tautomeric or ionization state of base‐pair could be affected by its microenvironment, we determined 10 structures of an RB69 DNA polymerase quadruple mutant with dG/dT or dT/dG mispairs at position n‐1 to n‐5 of the Primer/Template duplex. Different shapes of the mispairs, including Watson‐Crick geometry, have been observed, strongly suggesting that the local environment of base‐pairs plays an important role in their tautomeric or ionization states.
Whispering gallery modes in GaN microdisks, microrods and nanorods grown by MOVPE
Authors: Tessarek Christian , Heilmann Martin , Christiansen Silke 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSelf‐assembled GaN microdisks, micro‐ and nanorods were grown by a mask‐free and self‐catalyzed metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy method. The morphology of the structures is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. All rods have a hexagonal shape with smooth sidewall facets and sharp edges. Depending on the deposition of a GaN nucleation layer prior to growth of GaN rod structures the diameter of the rods can be adjusted. Nanorods with diameters down to 400 nm as well as microrods and disks with diameters up to 5 µm can be achieved. The optical properties of the rods are investigated utilizing a combined scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence system. Electron beam excitiation of GaN rods leads to a typical GaN spectrum showing GaN near band edge emission at 369 nm and broad yellow defect luminescence at 560 nm. Enhanced emission is located at the top of the rod. By fixing the focussed electron beam at a sidewall position of a single GaN rod, whispering gallery modes are observed in the cathodoluminescence spectrum. Depending on the diameter of the micro‐/nanorods the spectral position of the modes as well as the spectral distance between the modes can be adjusted. Quality factors up to 475 are measured. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Appropriate fabrication procedure for InAlN metal‐oxide‐semiconductor structures with atomic‐layer‐deposited Al2O3
Authors: Chiba Masahito , Nakano Takuma , Akazawa Masamichi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe fabrication‐procedure dependence of the electrical properties of the InAlN metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) structure with Al2O3 formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) was investigated. When the ALD Al2O3/InAlN interface was formed after ohmic‐contact annealing in nitrogen without the use of a cap layer, the electrical characteristics were poor with a small capacitance change in the capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) curve. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study indicated that the bare InAlN surface was oxidized during capless annealing presumably owing to the trace contamination in the furnace. High‐temperature ohmic‐contact annealing after Al2O3/InAlN interface formation, using the Al2O3 layer as a cap layer for surface protection, did not improve the interface properties, resulting in the interface state density Dit in the range of 1013 cm–2eV–1; this was highly likely related to the crystallization of Al2O3. When a SiNx layer was used as the cap layer during ohmic‐contact annealing prior to ALD, greatly improved characteristics of the MOS diode were achieved, indicating that Dit was suppressed to be in the range of 1012 cm–2eV‐1 near the conduction band. The obtained results indicate that an appropriate fabrication procedure leads to an improvement of the Al2O3/InAlN interface properties. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Instability of a hybrid module of antagonistic and mutualistic interactions
Authors: Mougi Akihiko , Kondoh Michio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMutualistic and antagonistic interactions coexist in nature. However, little is understood about their relative roles and interactive effects on multispecies coexistence. Here, using a three‐species population dynamics model of a resource species, its exploiter, and a mutualist species, we show that a mixture of different interaction types may lead to dynamics that differ completely from those of the isolated interacting pairs. More specifically, a combination of globally stable antagonistic and mutualistic subsystems can lead to unstable population oscillations, suggesting the potential difficulty in the coexistence of antagonism and mutualism. Mutualism‐induced instability arises from the indirect positive effect of mutualism on the exploiter. Furthermore, for a three‐species system with a stronger mutualistic interaction to persist stably, a weaker antagonistic interaction is required. Network studies of communities composed of one type of interaction may not capture the dynamics of natural communities.
Estimating the abundance of rare and elusive carnivores from photographic‐sampling data when the population size is very small
Authors: Gerber Brian D. , Ivan Jacob S. , Burnham Kenneth P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractConservation and management agencies require accurate and precise estimates of abundance when considering the status of a species and the need for directed actions. Due to the proliferation of remote sampling cameras, there has been an increase in capture–recapture studies that estimate the abundance of rare and/or elusive species using closed capture–recapture estimators (C–R). However, data from these studies often do not meet necessary statistical assumptions. Common attributes of these data are (1) infrequent detections, (2) a small number of individuals detected, (3) long survey durations, and (4) variability in detection among individuals. We believe there is a need for guidance when analyzing this type of sparse data. We highlight statistical limitations of closed C–R estimators when data are sparse and suggest an alternative approach over the conventional use of the Jackknife estimator. Our approach aims to maximize the probability individuals are detected at least once over the entire sampling period, thus making the modeling of variability in the detection process irrelevant, estimating abundance accurately and precisely. We use simulations to demonstrate when using the unconditional‐likelihoodM0(constant detection probability) closed C–R estimator with profile‐likelihood confidence intervals provides reliable results even when detection varies by individual. If each individual in the population is detected on average of at least 2.5 times, abundance estimates are accurate and precise. When studies sample the same species at multiple areas or at the same area over time, we suggest sharing detection information across datasets to increase precision when estimating abundance. The approach suggested here should be useful for monitoring small populations of species that are difficult to detect.
Racial/Ethnic Identity and Subjective Physical and Mental Health of Latino Americans: An Asset Within?
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Aisenberg Eugene , Weiss Saskia I. , Salazar Dulny 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSocial Identity Theory indicates that ethnic identity could benefit minority members in a society because of its promotion of a sense of belonging, or of its buffering of the damage of discrimination. Despite growing investigation about Latinos’ overall health, few studies have simultaneously examined the influence of multiple cultural strength factors, especially racial/ethnic identity, social support, and religious attendance, on these outcomes. Using the National Latino and Asian American Study, we examine the potential predictive value of these cultural strength factors on Latinos’ Self‐Rated Mental and Physical Health (SRMH and SRPH). Two separate two‐step regression models revealed significant positive effects of racial/ethnic identity on both mental and physical health of Latinos, above and beyond the effect of known demographic and acculturation factors, such as discrimination. Religious attendance had a positive effect on SRMH but not on SRPH. The deteriorating roles of discrimination, in mental health only, and that of Length in the US in both outcomes, however, was primarily not altered by entry of these cultural strength factors. The independent direct effect of racial/ethnic identity among Latinos nationwide may suggest that this cultural strength is an internalized protective asset. Longitudinal data is needed to explore its underlying mechanism and long‐term impact.
Assemblages and structure of ore minerals in intrusive traps of the western part of the Siberian Platform
Authors: Mazurov M.P. , Vasil’ev Yu.R. , Shikhova A.V. , Titov A.T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Phase compositions and microtextures of ore minerals in intrusive traps of the western part of the Siberian Platform have been studied using scanning electron microscopy. Oxide and sulfide solid solutions crystallize at the magmatic stage; their grain and aggregate shapes are determined by the cooling rate of magmatic bodies. We have revealed a gradual transition of oxides from fine-grained texture in the quenching zone, through skeleton, case, and frame forms, to isometric aggregates of mixed crystals in the holocrystalline silicate matrix. Sulfide spheroids (either associated with oxides or separated from them) are changed by dissemination and nests. The chemical compositions of both oxides and sulfides are correlated with the petrochemical types of rocks. Chrome-spinels or chrome-enriched ulvospinels crystallize first in the most magnesian dolerites. Iron and titanium oxides with Mn, V, Mg, and Al impurities prevail in the rest rock varieties. As temperature decreases, ilmenite, ulvospinel, and titanomagnetite crystallize after chrome-spinels. Exsolution structures are very intricate for titanium and iron oxides and depend on the oxidation conditions and on the assemblage of impurities and their quantities. The first exsolution particles of ilmenite are more magnesian, while the following ones are more manganese. Subsolvus exsolution is accompanied by the release of impurities, grain stripping, and rearrangement and natural enrichment of ore material. Conjugate transformation of silicates and ore minerals results in aggregate pseudomorphs and minerals, such as titanite, zircon, and baddeleyite. Nickel-containing sulfides formed at the magmatic stage prevail in more magnesian rocks. Copper minerals are more diverse. These are polymorphic modifications of chalcopyrite and cubanite in ore solid solutions formed at the magmatic stage, chalcopyrite in paragenesis with monoclinic pyrrhotite in zones of hydrothermal metasomatites, and chalcopyrite in solid solutions with bornite and chalcosine and in assemblage with low-temperature sulfides. The obtained data on mineral structures and assemblages can be used as indicators to classify the genesis and formation types of ores.
Approximation of a near-vertical boundary in the problems of pulsed electromagnetic soundings
Authors: Shtabel’ N.V. , Epov M.I. , Antonov E.Yu. , Korsakov M.A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We analyze the results of a mathematical simulation of pulsed electromagnetic fields in geologic media with dipping near-vertical boundaries as well as interpretations within approximating block models and a layered homogeneous conducting model. We consider the possibilities and limitations of these approaches to the inversion of data from pulsed soundings of actual geologic media.
Late Paleozoic geomagnetic-field estimates from studies of Permian lavas in northeastern Kazakhstan
Authors: Bazhenov M.L. , Van der Voo R. , Meert J.G. , Levashova N.M. , Ipat’eva I.S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Paleomagnetic studies of thick lava series are one of the most reliable sources of data on the ancient geomagnetic field. However, most of such data are younger than 5 Ma, with much fewer results on the rest of the Cenozoic and the Mesozoic. Two wholesome results are available for the Precambrian but none for the Paleozoic. Late Permian basalts and rhyolites from northeastern Kazakhstan were studied to obtain first estimates of the geomagnetic-field characteristics during that period. We present preliminary results on part of the collection (66 flows (sites)) from a section ~1600 m thick. The characteristic component of reversed polarity was isolated by stepwise demagnetization at all the sites with a slight error. This component is of prefolding age and, most likely, primary. No abnormal magnetization direction is observed in the data, and the average directions of the characteristic component at the sites are tightly clustered (D = 243.3°; I = − 57.0°; k = 79.1; α95 = 2.0°; 65 sites). As compared with the published data on Cenozoic and Mesozoic thick lava series, secular variation was much weaker in the Late Permian than in the Mesozoic or Cenozoic, and the geomagnetic field was less disturbed. Secular-variation models based on the Late Cenozoic data show even more dramatic differences.
Crystallization history of Paleozoic granitoids in the Ol’khon region, Lake Baikal (SHRIMP-II zircon dating)
Authors: Makrygina V.A. , Tolmacheva E.V. , Lepekhina E.N. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
At the Center of Isotope Studies of the A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, the structure and isotope composition of zircons from two granitoid complexes, the age of their sequential growth zones, and the hosted inclusions have been studied using a SHRIMP-II ion mass spectrometer. The zircons consist of deformed cores with crystalline melt inclusions and of shells: inner, with glassy, partly devitrified inclusions, and outer metamorphogene, with fluid inclusions. Judging from the zircon zoning, crystallization of melts of both complexes proceeded in several stages: (1) The generation of melts and the beginning of zircon core growth (505 and 493 Ma) were synchronous with the overthrusting in the Ol’khon region; (2) The rapid ascent of melts (the inner shell, 479 and 475 Ma) together with the host rocks was caused by upthrust faulting and shear dislocations; (3) The metamorphogene shell (456 Ma) reflects the second stage of metamorphism. At the same time, the Shara-Nur migmatite–granite complex corresponds in composition, structures, and textures to syncollisional K-granites, whereas the differentiated Khaidai gabbro-diorite–diorite–granodiorite–granite complex is close in geochemical features (similar to those of the Anga sequence metavolcanics) and the mantle (juvenile) source of substance to the recent island-arc magmatism. It is suggested that the Caledonian island-arc magmatism was close in time to the accretion of the sediments of back-arc basin (Ol’khon Group) to the continental margin, on the one hand, and to the island-arc block, on the other.