bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulations and measurements of in‐mold melt flow during the injection molding of polystyrene
Authors: Bress Thomas J. , Dowling David R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSimulations are often used to model polymer flow during injection molding to design molds and select processing parameters. It is difficult to determine the accuracy of these simulations due to a lack of experimentally measured in‐mold velocimetry and melt‐front progression data. This article compares the results from commercial mold‐filling simulation software to experimental data obtained via particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a special optical‐access mold with a rectangular cavity. Moldflow was used to simulate the mold filling by a polystyrene melt in the experimental configuration, and these simulated results are compared to the appropriately averaged time‐varying velocity field measurements. Simulated results for melt‐front progression are also compared with experimentally observed flow fronts. The ratio of the experimentally measured average velocity magnitudes to the simulation magnitudes was found on average to be 0.99 with a standard deviation of 0.25, and the difference in velocity orientations was found to be 0.9° with a standard deviation of 3.2°. The corner area opposite the gate was most problematic for the simulation. The region behind the front also had a relatively high simulation error, though not as severe as that in the corner. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Barriers and facilitators to BRCA genetic counseling among at‐risk Latinas in New York City
Authors: Sussner Katarina M. , Jandorf Lina , Thompson Hayley S. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundDespite underuse of genetic services for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer risk among Latinas (including counseling and testing for BRCA mutations), there is little known about the barriers and facilitators to BRCA genetic counseling among this group. It is imperative to first understand factors that may impede Latinas seeking BRCA genetic counseling, as it is considered a prerequisite to testing.MethodsQuantitative telephone interviews (N = 120) were conducted with at‐risk Latinas in New York City to investigate interest, barriers, and beliefs about BRCA genetic counseling. Statistical analyses examined predictors of intention to undergo BRCA genetic counseling.ResultsDespite moderate levels of awareness, Latinas held largely positive beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about BRCA genetic counseling. Perceived barriers included logistic concerns (e.g., where to go, cost/health insurance coverage), emotional concerns (e.g., fear, distress), and competing life concerns (e.g., too many other things to worry about, too busy taking care of children or family members). Multivariate results showed that the strongest predictor of intention to undergo BRCA genetic counseling was competing life concerns; Latinas with more competing life concerns were less likely to intend to undergo BRCA genetic counseling (p = 0.0002). Other significant predictors of intention included perceived risk of carrying a BRCA mutation (p = 0.01) and referral by their physician (p = 0.02).ConclusionEducational efforts to promote BRCA genetic counseling among at‐risk Latinas and increase referrals by their physicians should incorporate discussion of perceived barriers to counseling, such as competing life concerns that Latinas may need to overcome in order to seek genetic counseling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppressing Hydrogen Evolution by Aqueous Silicon Powder Dispersions by Controlled Silicon Surface Oxidation
Authors: Tichapondwa Shepherd M. , Focke Walter W. , Del Fabbro Olinto , Muller Elmar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAqueous silicon dispersions are used to produce pyrotechnic time delay compositions. The propensity of silicon to react with water and to produce hazardous hydrogen gas must be suppressed. To this end, the effect of air heat treatment temperature on the rate of corrosion of silicon was investigated. It was found that four hour heat treatments at temperatures below 350 °C provided significant passivation. This is attributed to the removal of the hydroxyl groups present on the SiO2 surface scale layer. It was found that thickening the silica layer, by heat treatment at higher temperatures, causes a further reduction in the amount of hydrogen released. However, differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies showed that excessive silicon surface oxidation increased the ignition temperature and reduced the heat release of a near‐stoichiometric silicon‐lead chromate pyrotechnic composition.
Ballistic Modification of Nitramine Propellants with Special Reference to NG‐PE‐PCP‐Based High Energy Propellants
Authors: Pande Shrikant M. , Sadavarte Vaibhav S. , Bhowmik Debdas , Gaikwad Dashrath D. , Singh Haridwar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe burning rate pressure relationship is one of the important criteria in the selection of the propellant for particular applications. The pressure exponent (η) plays a significant role in the internal ballistics of rocket motors. Nitramines are known to produce lower burning rates and higher pressure exponent (η) values. Studies on the burning rate and combustion behavior of advanced high‐energy NG/PE‐PCP/AP/Al‐ and NG/PE‐PCP/HMX/AP/Al‐based solid rocket propellants processed by a conventional slurry cast route were carried out. The objective of present study was to understand the effectiveness of various ballistic modifiers viz. iron oxide, copper chromite, lead/copper oxides, and lead salts in combination with carbon black as a catalyst on the burning rate and pressure exponent of these high‐energy propellants. A 7–9 % increase in the burning rates and almost no effect in pressure exponent values of propellant compositions without nitramine were observed. However, in case of nitramine‐based propellants as compared to propellant compositions without nitramines, slight increases of the burning rates were observed. By incorporation of ballistic modifiers, the pressure exponents can be lowered. The changes in the calorimetric values of the formulations by addition of the catalysts were also studied.
Modification of W/O Emulsions by Demilitarized Composition B
Authors: Němec Ondřej , Jungová Marcela , Zeman Svatopluk 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA series of W/O emulsion explosives containing 30–50 wt‐% of the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT (Composition B 50/50) was prepared. Detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths of these mixtures were determined and their detonation characteristics were calculated according to the EU standard methods for commercial explosives. Thermal reactivities of the most reactive components of these W/O mixtures were examined by means of differential thermal analysis and outputs were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivities, expressed as the Ea ⋅ R−1 slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlate with the squares of the detonation velocities of the corresponding explosive mixtures. It was found that fortification of the W/O emulsions by the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT allows modification of detonation velocities of the resulting emulsion explosives within relatively broad limits. However, the effect of this admixture on the relative explosive strength is not well defined. Nevertheless, fortification in this sense can give rock‐blasting explosives with a performance on the level of industrial powdered amatols.
Influence of group III and group V partial pressures on the size and density of InGaN quantum dots in MOVPE
Authors: Kadir Abdul , Bellmann Konrad , Simoneit Tino , Pristovsek Markus , Kneissl Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractInGaN quantum dots (QDs) were grown on GaN templates in the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode at 675 °C via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Typically, QDs with overall density of 109 cm−2, an average diameter 50 nm and average height of 7 nm were obtained. A systemic investigation on the influence of group III and group V partial pressure on the size and distribution of the InGaN QDs is reported. A higher growth rate and/or higher V/III ratio increases the mean height and the density of QDs. The distribution of the dots is found to scale with growth rate and the V/III ratio. This is attributed to a reduction in the surface diffusion of adatoms as the results of increase in partial pressure of the precursor in the reactor.
Multivariate probabilistic forecasting using ensemble Bayesian model averaging and copulas
Authors: Möller Annette , Lenkoski Alex , Thorarinsdottir Thordis L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe propose a method for post‐processing an ensemble of multivariate forecasts in order to obtain a joint predictive distribution of weather. Our method utilizes existing univariate post‐processing techniques, in this case ensemble Bayesian model averaging (BMA), to obtain estimated marginal distributions. However, implementing these methods individually offers no information regarding the joint distribution. To correct this, we propose the use of a Gaussian copula, which offers a simple procedure for recovering the dependence that is lost in the estimation of the ensemble BMA marginals. Our method is applied to 48 h forecasts of a set of five weather quantities using the eight‐member University of Washington mesoscale ensemble. We show that our method recovers many well‐understood dependencies between weather quantities and subsequently improves calibration and sharpness over both the raw ensemble and a method which does not incorporate joint distributional information. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The Slenderness Ratio of the Filter Used in the Process of Liquid Steel Filtration as the Additional Parameter of the Filter Form
Authors: Janiszewski Krystian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe propose in this publication the introduction of new, additional definition describing the multiple orifice ceramic filters used in research works on the liquid steel filtrations, calling this the filter slenderness ratio. In order to confirm the theoretical assumptions we have performed a series of the laboratory scale experiments (for the filter slenderness ratio SF1 λ = 1.67 and SF2 λ = 3.34). The influence of the filter slenderness on the filtration process efficiency has been determined through variations in quantities and surface shares of the non‐metallic inclusions in the filtrated steel in relation to the non‐filtered steel. We present also the results of researches on the separating surfaces between the liquid steel and the ceramic filter material, which in form of photos and scanning microscope microanalyses are put together in the publication.
Absolute geomagnetic intensity determinations on Formative potsherds (1400–700 BC) from the Oaxaca Valley, Southwestern Mexico
Authors: Pétronille Marie , Goguitchaichvili Avto , Morales Juan , Carvallo Claire , Hueda-Tanabe Yuki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNew Thellier-Coe archeointensity determinations have been measured on 15 potsherds from the Oaxaca Valley belonging to three of the four Formative Periods (Pre-Classical) of Mesoamerica, spanning 1400–700 BC. Seven of these are considered to be reliable and indicate a geomagnetic field strength of about 30 μT. This value is some 75% of the present geomagnetic field strength but is in agreement with the absolute intensities predicted from global models for this time and location, and consistent with coeval published determinations. These data thus provide significant evidence for the geomagnetic field strength in an area and for a time that was previously poorly constrained, thus providing an important contribution towards establishing a local master curve for the last 3500 yr. When established, such a curve would be a useful dating tool and also enable establishing for field strength correlations with climatic events and civilization evolutions in a region that is particularly strong in archeological and geological features. Such potential is examined for aridity events, although such observations can only be considered tentative at this stage.
Acoustic velocities of pure and iron‐bearing magnesium silicate perovskite measured to 25 GPa and 1200 K
Authors: Chantel Julien , Frost Daniel J. , McCammon Catherine A. , Jing Zhicheng , Wang Yanbin 
Published: September 2012

Ultrasonic interferometry measurements in conjunction with in situ X‐ray techniques have been used to measure compressional and shear wave velocities and densities of MgSiO3perovskite (Mg‐Pv) and Mg0.95Fe0.042+Fe0.013+SiO3perovskite ((Mg, Fe)‐Pv) in the multianvil at pressures up to 25 GPa and temperatures to 1200 K. Data for Mg‐Pv are consistent with previous studies and the (Mg, Fe)‐Pv sample has almost identical shear properties to Mg‐Pv. The adiabatic bulk modulus,Ks, for (Mg, Fe)‐Pv, however, is found to be substantially lower than Mg‐Pv, with a refined value of 236 GPa and a pressure derivative of 4.7. It is proposed that this lowKSvalue result from a change in the elasticity of Fe‐bearing perovskite at low pressures <30 GPa. High temperature data are consistent with recent models and it is shown that the obtained elastic properties of (Mg, Fe)‐Pv are not inconsistent with a lower mantle of bulk silicate Earth composition.
Seismic scatterers within subducting slab revealed from ambient noise autocorrelation
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Shiomi Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2012

We reconstructed new migrated images from autocorrelation functions of ambient noise at seismic stations in northeastern Japan. During the analysis period, the autocorrelation functions, having a frequency range of 0.5–2 Hz, showed some coherent signals at large lapse times of 10–50 s as well as at small lapse times of less than 10 s. These signals were also coherent in space along cross sections across the Japan subduction zone. The migrated images show seismic scatterers within the subducting Pacific Slab at the depth range of 50–150 km. The distribution of the scatterers within the subducting slab is comparable to the double seismic zone in the subduction zone; in particular, the thickness of the distribution of the seismic scatterers is consistent with that of two planes of the double seismic zone. This indicates inhomogeneities in the seismic velocity structure around the upper and lower planes of the seismicity. The new migrated images suggest that seismic scatterers, such as fluid from dehydration reactions of the hydrated metamorphosed mantle, exist in the lower as well as upper plane of the seismicity in the double seismic zone; this fluid may act as a scatterer within the subducting slab.
Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections
Authors: Derksen C. , Brown R. 
Published: September 2012

Analysis of Northern Hemisphere spring terrestrial snow cover extent (SCE) from the NOAA snow chart Climate Data Record (CDR) for the April to June period (when snow cover is mainly located over the Arctic) has revealed statistically significant reductions in May and June SCE. Successive records for the lowest June SCE have been set each year for Eurasia since 2008, and in 3 of the past 5 years for North America. The rate of loss of June snow cover extent between 1979 and 2011 (−17.8% decade−1) is greater than the loss of September sea ice extent (−10.6% decade−1) over the same period. Analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model output shows the marked reductions in June SCE observed since 2005 fall below the zone of model consensus defined by +/−1 standard deviation from the multi‐model ensemble mean.
MESSENGER observations of a flux‐transfer‐event shower at Mercury
Authors: Slavin James A. , Imber Suzanne M. , Boardsen Scott A. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Sundberg Torbjorn , Sarantos Menelaos , Nieves‐Chinchilla Teresa , Szabo Adam , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Raines Jim M. , Johnson Catherine L. , Winslow Reka M. , Killen Rosemary M. , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: September 2012

Analysis of MESSENGER magnetic field observations taken in the southern lobe of Mercury's magnetotail and the adjacent magnetosheath on 11 April 2011 indicates that a total of 163 flux transfer events (FTEs) occurred within a 25 min interval. Each FTE had a duration of ∼2–3 s and was separated in time from the next by ∼8–10 s. A range of values have been reported at Earth, with mean values near ∼1–2 min and ∼8 min, respectively. We term these intervals of quasiperiodic flux transfer events “FTE showers.” The northward and sunward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field during this shower strongly suggests that the FTEs observed during this event formed just tailward of Mercury's southern magnetic cusp. The point of origin for the shower was confirmed with the Cooling model of FTE motion. Modeling of the individual FTE‐type flux ropes in the magnetosheath indicates that these flux ropes had elliptical cross sections, a mean semimajor axis of 0.15RM (where RM is Mercury's radius, or 2440 km), and a mean axial magnetic flux of 1.25 MWb. The lobe magnetic field was relatively constant until the onset of the FTE shower, but thereafter the field magnitude decreased steadily until the spacecraft crossed the magnetopause. This decrease in magnetic field intensity is frequently observed during FTE showers. Such a decrease may be due to the diamagnetism of the new magnetosheath plasma being injected into the tail by the FTEs.
Reproducing early Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure by modeling the formation of Mg‐Fe‐Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops on Mars
Authors: van Berk Wolfgang , Fu Yunjiao , Ilger Jan‐Michael 
Published: September 2012

The well defined composition of the Comanche rock's carbonate (Magnesite0.62Siderite0.25Calcite0.11Rhodochrosite0.02) and its host rock's composition, dominated by Mg‐rich olivine, enable us to reproduce the atmospheric CO2partial pressure that may have triggered the formation of these carbonates. Hydrogeochemical one‐dimensional transport modeling reveals that similar aqueous rock alteration conditions (including CO2partial pressure) may have led to the formation of Mg‐Fe‐Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops (Gusev Crater) and also in the ultramafic rocks exposed in the Nili Fossae region. Hydrogeochemical conditions enabling the formation of Mg‐rich solid solution carbonate result from equilibrium species distributions involving (1) ultramafic rocks (ca. 32 wt% olivine; Fo0.72Fa0.28), (2) pure water, and (3) CO2partial pressures of ca. 0.5 to 2.0 bar at water‐to‐rock ratios of ca. 500 molH2O mol−1rock and ca. 5°C (278 K). Our modeled carbonate composition (Magnesite0.64Siderite0.28Calcite0.08) matches the measured composition of carbonates preserved in the Comanche rocks. Considerably different carbonate compositions are achieved at (1) higher temperature (85°C), (2) water‐to‐rock ratios considerably higher and lower than 500 mol mol−1 and (3) CO2partial pressures differing from 1.0 bar in the model set up. The Comanche rocks, hosting the carbonate, may have been subjected to long‐lasting (>104 to 105 years) aqueous alteration processes triggered by atmospheric CO2partial pressures of ca. 1.0 bar at low temperature. Their outcrop may represent a fragment of the upper layers of an altered olivine‐rich rock column, which is characterized by newly formed Mg‐Fe‐Ca solid solution carbonate, and phyllosilicate‐rich alteration assemblages within deeper (unexposed) units.
Si surface passivation by SiOx : H films deposited by a low-frequency ICP for solar cell applications
Authors: Zhou H P , Wei D Y , Xu S , Xiao S Q , Xu L X , Huang S Y , Guo Y N , Khan S , Xu M 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Hydrogenated silicon suboxide (SiO
x
: H) thin films are fabricated by a low-frequency inductively coupled plasma of hydrogen-diluted SiH4 + CO2 at a low temperature (100 °C). Introduction of a small amount of oxygen into the film results in a predominantly amorphous structure, wider optical bandgap, increased H content, lower conductivity and higher activation energy. The minority carrier lifetime in the SiO
x
: H-passivated p-type Si substrate is up to 428 µs with a reduced incubation layer at the interface. The associated surface recombination velocity is as low as 70 cm s−1. The passivation behaviour dominantly originates from the H-related chemical passivation. The passivation effect is also demonstrated by the excellent photovoltaic performance of the heterojunction solar cell with the SiO
x
: H-based passivation and emitter layers.
Effect of Diamel in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study (Diamel对代谢综合征患者的影响：一项随机双盲安慰剂对照研究)
Authors: Cabrera‐Rode Eduardo , Orlandi Neraldo , Padrón Yaneysi , Arranz Celeste , Olano Raysa , Machado Mayra , Hernández‐Yero Arturo , Calderín Raúl , Domínguez Emma 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of Diamel, marketed as a food supplement by Catalysis Laboratories (Madrid, Spain) could improve any of the components of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as insulin resistance and sensitivity.MethodsIn all, 100 patients with MS (19–70 years of age) who satisfied the World Health Organization criteria for MS were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either oral Diamel or a placebo (while maintaining a diet appropriate to their weight and physical activity) at a dose of two capsules before each of the three main meals each day for 1 year. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) were determined. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed and three indirect indices were used to calculate insulin sensitivity (IS).ResultsCompared with placebo, Diamel improved fasting insulin concentrations, IS, and IR and reduced UA concentrations from 6 months until the end of treatment (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, after 12 months treatment with Diamel, significant changes from baseline were seen for mean fasting insulin (P < 0.05), UA (P < 0.05), IR (P < 0.001), and IS (P < 0.001), whereas no such changes were seen in the placebo‐treated group. Improvements were noted in body mass index, IR, and IS in both groups.ConclusionsLong‐term Diamel treatment, combined with lifestyle changes, was beneficial for IR and IS, and reduced serum UA levels in patients with MS.
Enhancing pigmentation via activation of A3 adenosine receptors in B16 melanoma cells and in human skin explants
Authors: Madi Lea , Rosenberg‐Haggen Bianca , Nyska Abraham , Korenstein Rafi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA3 adenosine receptor, A3AR, belongs to the Gi proteins coupled receptors. Activation of A3AR by its agonist, IB‐MECA, decreases cAMP and was expected to reduce melanin level. Unexpectedly, B16 melanoma cells exposed to IB‐MECA increased melanin levels in a dose‐dependent manner. Human skin explants exposed to IB‐MECA showed an increase in DOPA positive cells and in melanin deposition in keratinocytes. The agonist induced AKT phosphorylation, leading to a rapid translocation of the transcription factor MiTF towards the nucleus. DOPA oxidase activity and melanin levels induced by IB‐MECA were further enhanced by PD98509, an inhibitor ERK signalling pathway. Our study shows that IB‐MECA decreases cAMP while inducing melanogenesis. The proposed mechanism involves activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by β/γ subunits of the G protein coupled to A3AR. The increase in melanin level in human skin explants suggests that IB‐MECA may be a potential candidate to the treatment of hypopigmentation of skin.