bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE AGED OFFENDER: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND TWO CURRENT STUDIES FROM THE NEW YORK STATE DIVISION OF PAROLE
Authors: Hays David S. , Wisotsky Morris 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA review of the literature on criminality among the aged discloses a paucity of research in this important area. The few studies reported have focused on offenses associated with the psychological or psychopathological aspects of aging. Since there are scarcely any data on older men with a history of chronic delinquency, the present study was designed to meet this deficiency. It involved an investigation of offenders chronologically aged beyond 60 years, but whose crimes were committed in various periods of their lives, some even in childhood or adolescence.The sample consisted of 36 males drawn at random from the population of aged parolees in the New York State Division of Parole. Data were chiefly obtained by means of a social‐data form developed by the writers and completed by the parole officers of the aged parolees. This form elicited information about personal identifying data, family history, criminal background and present life adjustment. A psychiatric examination also was made in half the cases. The findings led to the following conclusions: These aged parolees do not appear to be especially influenced by any religious, ethnic or familial factors. As a group they are relatively active, self‐supporting, and fairly well adjusted to their work and parole. Pathological disturbances are not as common or as severe as in Hay's study of elderly offenders drawn from a Mental Hygiene Unit population. The basic loneliness of aged offenders was strongly confirmed in regard to marital status (most had no spouse) and living arrangements. A subsidiary study of men who had committed less than three offenses showed a tendency to better mental health and a greater likelihood of marriage and employment as compared with men who had committed more than three offenses.
PRINCIPLES, RULES OF THUMB, OR WAYS OF LOOKING AT JOBS WITH LONG‐TERM PATIENTS*
Authors: Thompson Prescott W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHomes and other institutions for the aged should be places for living, not just dying. The characteristics of such a facility include stress on the individual identity of each patient, provision for individual preferences, no deprivations unless strictly necessary, and encouragement of patients in fulfilling their aspirations. The staff members should have a deep understanding of their patients. Psychiatrically trained nurses and social workers are a great asset. The psychiatrist as a consultant to the administration is a valuable additional to the staff. The job of caring for geriatric long‐term patients can be a challenge to provide ways for helping them to accomplish the tasks of the later years, so that their lives may have meaning until the very end.
LARGE CARCINOID TUMOR OF THE TRANSVERSE COLON
Authors: Case Thomas C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA case is reported of an unusually large (8 cm × 6 cm) carcinoid tumor of the transverse colon. The patient had marked anemia but no severe symptoms of obstruction although the bowel lumen proved to be almost completely occluded. Since the pathologist found no evidence of malignancy in the tumor nor of metastasis in the fourteen lymph nodes examined, surgical removal may prove to be curative.
CORTICAL BONE MINERAL DENSITY VERSUS CORTICAL THICKNESS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS: A ROENTGENOLOGIC‐DENSITOMETRIC STUDY*
Authors: MEEMA H. E. , MEEMA SYLVIA 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: Cortical bone mineral density (porosity) values were compared to minimum combined cortical thickness values (for the radius) in normal and in osteoporotic men and women. The normal group consisted of 211 men and 301 women whose ages ranged from 21 to 91 years. The abnormal groups included: (a) 27 men and 35 women with osteoporosis (vertebral compression) whose ages ranged from 31 to 85 years, and (b) 10 women with hyperparathyroidism or osteomalacia whose average age was 53 years.Both cortical bone mineral density and cortical thickness decreased significantly with aging, but there were many individual variations.The type of cortical bone loss differed somewhat between the sexes, especially in the early stages of its development when porosity was relatively more marked in men whereas thinning prevailed in women. Thus early bone loss in most men and in some women cannot be diagnosed by the simple measurement of cortical thickness; more elaborate methods of bone mineral analysis are required. However, in the oldest age groups the degree of cortical thinning frequently paralleled that of porosity, and in women cortical thinning tended to be predominant. Therefore, cortical thickness measurements usually are adequate for the diagnosis of pronounced osteoporosis.The average values for mineral density of cortical bone in normal young adults were similar to the values for ash weight per volume of cortical bone reported by other investigators. Since this ash content appears to be relatively constant in different mammals and in different bones of the same individual, the in vivo roentgenologic‐densitometric method of determining bone mineral density can be used to show deviations from normal such as occur in a significant proportion of cases of metabolic bone disease.
A GERIATRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SURVEY
Authors: TURKEL WITOLD V. , STONE MARTIN L. , NAPP E. EDWARD 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: Findings of a geriatric gynecological survey at Bird S. Coler Hospital, New York, reflect the increased life expectancy of American females and thus the greater number of geriatric gynecological problems. This hospital cares for 750–800 female patients (average age, 71.5 years) who are admitted chiefly for chronic disabling disorders. The two phases of their gynecological care are: 1) routine screening examination, and 2) consultative services. Details are described. Candidates for surgery first must receive a medical clearance and a gynecological examination. Of the patients screened, 3.5 per cent were medically cleared for surgery; in these cases, surgery was successful in 57 per cent.The present survey of 775 patients, as compared with a survey made ten years previously showed: 1) the incidence of senile vulvitis had decreased from 95.8 to 1.6 per cent, of atrophic vaginitis from 98.5 to 20.8 per cent, and of cystocele from 17 per cent to less than 1 per cent; and 2) the incidence of uterine fibroids, adnexal masses, uterine prolapse, rectocele and post‐hysterectomy conditions had remained relatively unchanged. In the present series, Papanicolaou tests showed a high percentage of normal cytology in the vaginal smears. In a significant percentage of patients who had received digitalis (but no estrogen) for more than a year, the vaginal smear showed an estrogenic effect as compared with the controls.
EXAMINATION OF GERIATRIC PATIENTS FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: RESULTS OF SURGICAL THERAPY
Authors: STERN FRANCIS H. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: The carpal tunnel syndrome may be found in elderly patients who work at jobs entailing repetitive use of the hands. In a series of 13 such patients, after failure of corticosteroid therapy, surgical therapy (transection of the anterior carpal ligament) produced complete relief of symptoms in 8 cases, 75 per cent relief in 2 cases, 50 per cent relief in 1 case, and no relief in 2 cases.The occupational cause of carpal tunnel syndrome is frequently overlooked in favor of sometimes hasty diagnoses of cervical disease.
CHRONIC SUBDURAL HAEMATOMA IN THE AGED
Authors: LAVY S. , HERISHIANU Y. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: Fifteen elderly patients with chronic subdural haematoma were studied by various clinical and laboratory methods, including lumbar puncture, roentgenography, electroencephalography, echo‐encephalography, air studies and exploratory craniotomy. A history of head injury was obtained in only 6 of the 15 cases.Two mechanisms seem to account for the neurological picture: 1) disturbed cerebral arterial circulation owing to direct pressure of the haematoma on the main artery of the hemisphere, and 2) progressive cerebral edema owing to impaired venous return. Since the condition of the patient may vary, the signs and symptoms may be confused with those of transient cerebral ischemic attacks. With early diagnosis and treatment of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly, the prognosis is excellent.
THE CENTENARIANS: SOME FINDINGS AND CONCEPTS REGARDING THE AGED
Authors: LERNER JOSEPH 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: There is no simple solution to the problems of the aged in our culture. Since the aged differ in their needs, the current generalizations fail to achieve adequate solutions.Our study concerned 267 centenarians under Social Security in the United States. Among them were a judge and a former slave who still enjoyed life beyond age 100. However, for the great majority of these very old people, their longevity had little value or meaning. Most of them had no feeling of participation in their environment, either because of psychological factors or organic factors (or both). These centenarians as a group had withdrawn from life and were simply existing. In general, the picture of old age as a highly rewarding or golden period of life for “senior citizens” is not confirmed by these findings.
THE ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE AND OTHER BLOOD TESTS IN TERMINAL CANCER
Authors: Mead John , Larson Daniel L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract400 cases of advanced metastatic disease were reviewed; in 100, the patient had either a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (61 cases) or a normal level of lactic acid dehydrogenase (39 cases). In these 100 selected cases the values for serum total protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus were usually normal. Two‐thirds of the patients had anemia.Thus our present screening tests—erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactic acid dehydrogenase activity—for the presence of occult or advanced metastatic disease are often inadequate.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A SCALE FOR ASSESSING THE FUNCTIONING OF GERIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Plutchik R. , Conte H. , Lieberman M. , Bakur M. , Grossman J. , Lehrman N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA simple, objective rating scale for geriatric patients was developed and used to evaluate a sample of 207 patients at Bronx State Hospital. Evaluations were made mainly by ward attendants. Interjudge reliability based on independent assessments was +.87. Female patients were significantly older than male patients; however, there was no difference between males and females with regard to their impairment scores. Geriatric patients had significantly higher impairment scores than non‐geriatric patients. Clinical ratings by psychiatrists of the average level of ward functioning correlated closely with the mean rating scores. The scale appears to be a highly reliable and relatively valid measuring instrument for assessing the status of geriatric patients.
CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND CROSS CURRENTS IN NURSING HOME CARE, 1968–1969*
Authors: MILLER MICHAEL B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:Objective evidence is cited of substantial progress in nursing home legislation, care of the patients, new construction, and a healthier attitude on the part of society for the continued care of the chronically ill aged. However, these are countered by many cross currents at all levels in the medico‐social revolution of medical care.Although there is much progress, the uncertainty of the future in all areas of our society provides little room for complacency. Creative ideas are abundant, but stability remains elusive.
THE ROLE OF THE STATE HOSPITAL IN THE CARE OF THE ELDERLY*
Authors: KOBRYNSKI BORYS , MILLER ALAN D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:Advances in psychiatry and new attitudes of society toward the mentally ill have been instrumental in the transformation of the mental hospital from an asylum for deviants into an active therapeutic center for mental illnesses. Also a new approach has crystallized towards the geriatric group who until recently were placed indiscriminantly in mental hospitals.In New York State mental hospitals the new selective admission policy for elderly patients showed in nine months more than a 30 per cent reduction of geriatric admissions and a significantly decreased mortality rate in the geriatric group. The use of newer therapeutic techniques has shown good promise and has changed the outlook for geriatric patients who previously received custodial care only. The release of elderly patients who improved to the extent of being able to live outside the hospital has been rather slow because of shortages in facilities and services in the communities. The Department of Mental Hygiene gives high priority to the funding of community programs for the elderly which will serve as alternatives more desirable than placement in a mental hospital. It is expected that when these programs are fully implemented the release of elderly patients from mental hospitals will be accelerated.
INCIDENCE OF SILENT POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY EMBOLI IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: STERNLIEB CHERYL M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:In an attempt to ascertain the incidence of post‐operative pulmonary emboli (including early small emboli) in the elderly, 50 surgical patients (age range, 21–91) were studied both preoperatively and postoperatively by means of the following: lung scintiscanning (four views), electrocardiograms, chest roentgenograms, and determinations of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin. These tests were performed twice postoperatively at one‐week and two‐week intervals.In 4 cases the postoperative lung scan findings were compatible with recent pulmonary emboli, although the patients were asymptomatic. There was no consistent correlation with serum enzyme elevations, nor with the sex of the patient, type of operation, type of anesthesia, or diabetic status. All 4 patients with indications of postoperative emboli were over 40 years of age, and 3 of them had undergone their operations in the lithotomy position. The overall incidence of positive findings with postoperative lung scanning was 8 per cent, but in patients over 40 years of age it was 10 per cent.In view of the significant incidence of postoperative pulmonary emboli and the possible age correlation, further study is needed to ascertain the feasibility of prophylactic postoperative anticoagulation therapy in elderly patients.
PHASING OUT MEDICARE: CHANGING DEFINITIONS OF SKILLED NURSING CARE AND CUSTODIAL CARE*
Authors: Miller Michael B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIncreasingly restrictive definitions of skilled nursing care versus custodial (or non‐covered) care by the Social Security Administration with respect to the Medicare program are now being implemented by fiscal intermediaries. If continued, the constructive intentions of Congress in behalf of the ill aged will be effectively frustrated and, in the name of economy, the national health care program for the aged will soon disappear.The new synthetic definitions require evaluation and reappraisal in clinical terms if the welfare of the ill aged is to be served.
THE PROBLEM OF DEATH AND DYING IN THE GERIATRIC PATIENT*
Authors: Wolff Kurt 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe attitude of geriatric patients toward aging and death was studied in: (a) 90 psychiatric patients classified according to six personality types, and (b) 340 psychiatric patients (chronic brain syndrome or schizophrenic reaction) who were in contact with reality and could express their ideas coherently. The attitudes of these patients toward death ranged from lack of any special concern (in the passive‐dependent and schizoid personalities) to a great fear (in the other four personality groups). In 85 per cent of the 340 patients in the second study, the problems of death and dying played an important role in their emotions; moreover, 92 per cent were uncertain about their goals and values in life.The psychiatrist has the task of helping to change the image of aging not only in the elderly but in our society. Old people need assistance in identifying or changing their life values. More important to the patient than “life hereafter” is his belief that he has not lived and is not now living in vain. This perception of self‐esteem engenders a feeling of serenity. The psychiatrist's therapeutic goal should be to convey hope, re‐establish confidence, and thus counteract the fear of death.
PENTAZOCINE INTRAMUSCULARLY FOR CONTROL OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS
Authors: Befeler David , Giattini Joseph F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe analgesic efficacy and the safety of parenteral pentazocine therapy were evaluated in 210 postoperative orthopedic patients (106 males and 104 females) whose ages ranged from 14 to 91 years. At intervals of three to four hours, pentazocine was injected intramuscularly in doses ranging from 15 to 60 mg. In 41 cases the dosage schedule was variable. After omission of these cases, the observations on pain relief in relation to dosage were evaluated in 169 patients. The 15–20 mg group of 13 patients was too small a sample to serve as a basis for drawing conclusions. Thus the evaluation was based on the effects of a consistent dosage of 30, 45, 50 or 60 mg administered intramuscularly every three to four hours in 156 patients. Of these, 89 per cent reported excellent or good analgesia. The most commonly used dosage was 30 mg; with this, 91 per cent of 128 patients had excellent or good relief of pain. The drug was particularly effective in the elderly. The usual duration of therapy was one week.Adverse reactions directly related to pentazocine occurred in 4 per cent of the 210 patients, but necessitated discontinuation of the drug in only 1 per cent. These untoward effects were usually mild and transient. Not one of the 45 patients in the 70–91 age group had an adverse reaction.It is concluded that pentazocine administered intramuscularly is a well tolerated and effective analgesic for relieving postoperative pain in orthopedic patients.
ADDISON'S DISEASE DUE TO RETICULUM‐CELL SARCOMA APPARENTLY CONFINED TO THE ADRENALS
Authors: Sparagana Mario 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA 71‐year‐old diabetic white male was admitted with weakness, weight loss, fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and postural hypotension. At first he was treated with digitalis and diuretics for congestive heart failure. However, he became worse and increasing signs of adrenal insufficiency appeared although there was no hyperpigmentation. Urinary steroid values before and after administration of ACTH, and the responses to fluorohydrocortisone and cortisone acetate supported the diagnosis of Addison's disease. After initial improvement, myocardial infarction, vasomotor collapse and pneumonia intervened. Despite increased dosages of steroids and the administration of antibiotics, oxygen and vasopressors, the patient died. At necropsy, the adrenals were found to be completely replaced by reticulum‐cell sarcoma. The tumor had invaded the upper pole of both kidneys, but no tumor tissue was found in the lymph nodes or in any other location. Presumably the tumor arose within the adrenals.
THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF CONEY ISLAND HOSPITAL: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS IN A TWELVE‐MONTH PERIOD*
Authors: Bohensky Frederick B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract737 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit of Coney Island Hospital during a twelve‐month period, at the rate of about 60 per month. The data are analyzed regarding sex, age, race, duration of illness, monthly admission rate, condition of the patient on admission, working diagnoses, length of hospital stay, effectiveness of treatment, final disposition, mortality rate, hour of death, and number of consultations. Of the 737 patients admitted, 269 died (130 of them being classified for the purposes of this study as D.O.A. because they were in the unit for less than twelve hours before death). For the remaining 468 patients, records of disposition were available on only 453; of these, 444 were transferred to the wards after improvement, and 9 were discharged. Contrary to the general impression, the number of deaths was no greater during the 11:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m. shift than at other times. For the patients receiving treatment in this intensive care unit, the mortality rate was 18.7 per cent—which seems quite low in view of the severity of the diseases, the poor prognosis, and the relatively advanced age of the patient (average age, 66 years).The medical intensive care unit, though handicapped by the scarcity of qualified physicians and nurses, is an important element in good hospital care. Every effort should be made to improve and enhance such facilities.
THE PHENACETIN ENIGMA
Authors: Pribe Walter A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe unregulated sale of phenacetin‐containing anodynes frequently has led to abuse of this drug by consumers. The demonstration of renal papillary necrosis in persons who habitually use excessive amounts (3.5 kg or more as the cumulative lifetime dose) has been corroborated in extensive animal studies. It is not known whether phenacetin itself or one of its metabolites causes the damage. The mechanism of damage is probably inhibition of cellular enzymes and direct anoxia induced by interference with hemoglobin metabolism. The clinical diagnosis is difficult, but is aided by alertness for a history of phenacetin ingestion, even in the remote past. Further study can be expected to demonstrate an association between phenacetin ingestion and several renal disease processes of obscure etiology.
ORAL METASTASIS FROM HYPERNEPHROMA*
Authors: Carmen Benjamin V. Del , Korbitz Bernard C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA case of hypernephroma (renal‐cell carcinoma) with oral metastasis is presented. The patient was a 77‐year‐old man who returned to his physician with a painful mass on his tongue three weeks after a left nephrectomy. He was subsequently referred to the authors with a tentative diagnosis of squamous‐cell carcinoma of the tongue. The mass could have been mistaken for another primary tumor but biopsy revealed metastatic hypernephroma. The reporting of cases such as this may help the clinician in the diagnosis of unusual metastatic lesions.
MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS IN THE ELDERLY*
Authors: Seneca Harry 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis survey includes discussion on: 1) the physiological and pathological characteristics of the elderly, particularly regarding their reactions to infections; 2) how the required specificity of antimicrobial therapy is achieved in cases of infection; 3) how antimicrobial therapy has affected mortality rates; 4) adverse drug reactions in the aged, 5) general principles of chemotherapy, and 6) the limitations of use for prophylaxis. The guiding principle for the therapeutic use of antibiotics and antibacterials is that the drug should be specific, i.e., chosen on the basis of its effect on the pathogens in susceptibility tests. A close watch should be kept for adverse effects.
IRREVERSIBLE BRAIN DAMAGE AND RELATED PROBLEMS: PRONOUNCEMENT OF DEATH
Authors: Ivan L. P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIrreversible brain damage in respirator‐treated coma patients is discussed from both the theoretical and practical points of view. In relation to postmortem organ transplantation, certain problems arise: 1) the conflicting interests between donor and recipient teams, 2) what constitutes the best possible care of the patient, 3) the criteria for the diagnosis of irreversible brain damage, 4) explaining the situation to the relatives, and 5) the pronouncement of death. The author proposes some helpful criteria that involve the “time of death by consultation” followed by the phase of “postmortem maintenance of organs.”