bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Desistance from Juvenile Offending
Authors: Laub John H. , Boonstoppel Sarah L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the current state of knowledge and perspectives on desistance from juvenile offending. It begins by locating juvenile delinquency and desistance within the context of adolescent development and then describes the conceptual and methodological challenges of studying desistance from juvenile offending. There is a small but growing body of research focusing on desistance during adolescence. The review of literature reflects that rather than pathological or abnormal behavior, delinquency is a normative aspect of adolescent development. Finally, the article highlights some of the gaps in both theory and research on desistance during adolescence, and offers suggestions for how juvenile justice policy might benefit from desistance research. What is required is to think of ways to restructure people's response to juvenile delinquency, especially by the formal system of justice, in order to allow for the possibility of desistance from crime and other behavioral change to take effect.
The Elusive Juvenile Court
Authors: Tanenhaus David S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article traces the ideological origins and legal foundations of the juvenile court. It examines juvenile courts at work in the early twentieth century, their guiding principles, and the later development of federal juvenile justice in the 1930s. It also assesses the U.S. Supreme Court's due process revolution that introduced more procedural requirements as well as lawyers into juvenile court during the 1960s, but simultaneously undercut one of the rationales (i.e., “the rehabilitative ideal”) for having a separate justice system for juveniles. It further focuses on the “get tough” era of the 1980s and 1990s, a time when most states made it easier to prosecute adolescents in the criminal justice system. Finally, it gives a brief discussion of future of the juvenile court. Despite jurisdictional changes, procedural reforms, and the erosion of the rehabilitative ideal, the juvenile court remains a flawed but resilient fixture in modern American governance.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Delinquency and Justice System Responses
Authors: Bishop Donna M. , Leiber Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses racial and ethnic differences in delinquency and justice system responses. It begins by reviewing national data on the minority presence in the juvenile justice system from arrest to post dispositional confinement. It then examines research bearing on the “differential offending” thesis. Following this, the article reviews the research literature on race bias in justice processing. The reviews reflect that overall assessment states that racial disparities in processing are attributable in part to differences in offending; yet race differences in offending alone are insufficient to account for minority over-representation in the juvenile justice system. Also, there is some truth to both the “differential offending” and “differential treatment” arguments. Finally, the article attempts to explore implications for justice policy in a preliminary way.
The Front End of the Juvenile Court
Authors: Mears Daniel P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article is focused on front-end processing in the juvenile court. The front end of juvenile justice refers to initial court decisions about how to process cases. The article discusses how the traditional mission of the juvenile court, which emphasizes punishment, treatment and services, and individualized attention, contributes to the goals and structure of front-end decision-making. Following this, it reveals two critical front-end activities: screening and assessment and informal and formal processing encompassing the roles of intake officers and prosecutors in these activities and how they comport with the juvenile court's traditional mission. Furthermore, it explores the stakes involved in front-end decision-making, including the potential impacts on how cases are processed and describes the implications of front-end processing for policy and practice. It concludes with a call for better monitoring of and research on front-end juvenile court processing and its impacts on recidivism, juvenile crime rates, and other outcomes.
Trends in Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice
Authors: Bishop Donna M. , Feld Barry C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the last century, the juvenile justice system has strayed far, opposed of its foundational ideals. Attentiveness to children's needs has given way to concentration on the offense. Emphasis on punishment and accountability has overshadowed the social welfare model. This article examines trends in juvenile justice policy and practice. It opens with a brief overview of the early juvenile court, its philosophical underpinnings and historic mission. Following this, the article scans the due process revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and assesses its intended and unintended consequences. It focuses on punitive shifts in the 1980s and 1990s, their structural and political origins, and their impact on the juvenile justice landscape. Finally it takes a look at a number of policies and programs that have emerged in the past decade. It concludes by calling for a much-needed correction to the punitive excesses to shift toward more sensible and humane practices.
Integration
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article explains different aspects of the integration of musicals. The ideal integration in the Broadway musical, which includes the European imports of the 1980s and 1990s, led to the super-integrated musical that has generated a split between critical and popular acclaim. The principles of integration that are suggested by Hammerstein and Rodgers include that the songs advance the plot, the songs flow directly from the dialogue, and the songs express the characters who sing them. Other principles include that the dances advance the plot and enhances the dramatic meaning of the songs that precede them and the orchestra, through accompaniment and underscoring, parallels, complements, or advances the action. Scholars have explained that integration is actually present in musicals formerly dismissed for alleged incongruities between dialogue and song. The work of Stephen Sondheim demonstrates that it is possible to write “integrated” musical scores without paying allegiance to a Wagnerian ideal characterized by continuous orchestral underscoring beneath a through-sung melodic language that is neither recitative nor aria. Film historian John Mueller emphasizes the importance of the “Night and Day” dance sequence to the integration in the Broadway show Gay Divorce (1932), starring Fred Astaire, and soon thereafter in the Astaire and Ginger Rogers film adaptation with its less scandalous title, The Gay Divorcee (1934).
Class and Culture
Authors: Savran David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Historians have reported that the defined hierarchy cultural forms did not become established in the United States until the end of the nineteenth century. The words “highbrow” and “lowbrow” were coined during that period. The former, first used in the 1880s, describes intellectual or aesthetic superiority and the latter, first used shortly after 1900, means someone or something neither “highly intellectual” nor “aesthetically refined”. These terms were used to accentuate the differences between a European-inspired, morally and spiritually uplifting art and an allegedly primitive, vulgar, commercialized art and the culture of the intellectual and economic elites versus that of the working classes. The older elite used the division between highbrow and lowbrow as a tool to organize and rationalize the social and economic realms and to buttress their own power. European concert music, opera, literary classics, and paintings by the old masters defined a highbrow culture at odds with an indigenous, turn-of-the-century popular culture. The musical theater that is positioned between highbrow and lowbrow and between art theater and variety entertainments has for almost a century represented the culture called middlebrow, an elastic category into which a great many artifacts belongs. The categorization of musical theater as a middlebrow art is related to the fact that it was long ignored or derided by University Theater and music departments.
Labor Supply and Human Capital Formation in Professional Team Sports
Authors: Gerrard Bill 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter uses a variety of economic models to examine the success of teams in the Football Association (FA) Premier League in England. A short review of the relevant literature on coaching efficiency and the resource-based view of the firm and a multidimensional human capital model of team performance is presented. Additionally, an initial empirical application of the multidimensional human capital model is provided by exploring labor supply and human capital formation in the FA Premier League in England, the leading domestic soccer league globally in financial terms. The chapter then offers a summary of the principal theoretical and empirical findings, some discussion of the limitations of the proposed model, and suggestions for future research. It has been shown that the English Premiership has the highest penetration rate by foreign players among the top European soccer leagues. European soccer coaches continue to place value on home-grown talent.
Prejudice and Progress in Baseball
Authors: Walters Stephen J. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the organized baseball's racial record as far back as the 1880s, when segregation took root in baseball, through Branch Rickey's hiring of Jackie Robinson in 1947, up to the present day. It describes how baseball became segregated and segregation's feedback effects on black players' labor supply decisions. It presents data on black-white earning differences prior to reintegration of the sport. It addresses why reintegration took so long and how it ultimately occurred. Robinson's breakthrough and its immediate aftermath, and the empirical literature on the post-integration period are evaluated. The existence of an active market for baseball memorabilia has enabled researchers to test for fan bias in the form of a willingness to pay more for products featuring white (black) players, ceteris paribus. Baseball has taught a great deal about how complicated and persistent are racial bias' effects, and about the short- and long-term economic consequences of discrimination.
The Production Technology of Major League Baseball
Authors: Krautmann Anthony C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines some of the seminal papers found in the literature pertaining to the production of wins in Major League Baseball (MLB). It also addresses a number of different specifications of the talent vector, and compares the impact on winning of the different inputs. It includes a number of additional considerations that should impact the transformation of talent-inputs into winning-output. A test of the coefficients on on-base percent (OBP) and slugging percent (SLG) rejected the null that the two inputs have an equal effect on total wins (WINS). Pitching has a greater impact on WINS in the American League (AL) than in the National League (NL); and two, earned-run average (ERA) has one of the largest effects on winning of all the inputs. Fielding efficiency appears to have a greater impact in the NL than the AL.
Overview of the Impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified and Limitations of Knowledge
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSeveral disorders have been classified together in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.; DSM-IV) as impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified. These impulse control disorders have been grouped together based on perceived similarities in clinical presentation and hypothesized similarities in pathophysiologies. The question exists whether these disorders belong together or whether they should be categorized elsewhere. Examination of the family of impulse control disorders generates questions regarding the distinct nature of each disorder: whether each is unique or whether they represent variations of each other or other psychiatric disorders. Neurobiology may cut across disorders, and identifying important intermediary phenotypes will be important in understanding impulse control disorders and related entities. The distress of patients with impulse control disorders highlights the importance of examining these disorders. More comprehensive information has significant potential for advancing prevention and treatment strategies for those who suffer from disorders characterized by impaired impulse control.
Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality
Authors: Padhi Ashwini K. , Mehdi Ali M. , Craig Kevin J. , Fineberg Naomi A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImpulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral inhibition. Clinical data are increasingly pointing toward an etiological association between some ICDs, such as pathological gambling and addiction, and others, such as trichotillomania and compulsive disorders. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common, and hints at overlapping psychobiological processes across several diagnostic groups. The results of neurocognitive studies suggest that impulsivity is multidimensional and comprises dissociable cognitive and behavioral indices governed by separate underlying neural mechanisms. For example, trichotillomania may primarily involve motor impulsivity, whereas problem gambling may involve reward impulsivity and reflection impulsivity. Exploring neurocognitive changes in individuals with ICDs and other mental disorders characterized by poor impulse control, and among their family members, may help to elucidate the underpinning neurocircuitry and clarify their nosological status.
Psychology of Impulsivity
Authors: Patton Jim H. , Stanford Matthew S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Impulsive behavior is generally viewed as counterproductive by society, and individual differences in impulsivity have been found to be related to a number of socially relevant behaviors. Yet, there are times when acting quickly and without thinking may seem desirable, even adaptive. With the possible exception of intelligence, no other personality dimension or trait so broadly influences various areas of human endeavor: interpersonal relationships, education, fiscal responsibility, personal moral behavior, business ethics and entrepreneurship, aggression, and criminality. This chapter gives an overview of impulsivity from a personality theory perspective. Topics discussed include the historical development of the construct, the place of impulsivity in a broader personality theory, self-report and behavioral assessment, and the role of impulsiveness in impulse control disorders.
Legal Aspects of Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImpulse control disorders present unique legal issues for the criminal justice system.These behaviors require that the courts differentiate an uncontrolled act from an uncontrollable act. Kleptomania is by definition a disorder linked to illegal behaviors, whereas pathological gambling and compulsive sexual behavior are two impulse control disorders that are often associated with illegal activities for some individuals. Can and should a psychiatric disorder be used as a defense for criminal responsibility? This chapter will discuss the legal aspects of certain impulse control disorders and how courts have struggled to understand these complex behaviors from the criminal justice perspective.
Archaeology in Guatemala
Authors: Chinchilla Mazariegos Oswaldo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe historiography of archaeology in Guatemala is still in its infancy. Accounts of Maya archaeology are mostly concerned with the development of ideas in North America and Europe, where strong traditions of Maya research developed since the nineteenth century. Few authors delve into the sociopolitical events that have conditioned the work of foreign scholars in the country, their interaction with Guatemalan students, and the intellectual currents that have influenced the latter. Guatemalan archaeology has also been overlooked in general surveys of Latin American archaeology. This article describes selected stages in the history of Guatemalan archaeology, based on previous overviews.
The Archaeology of Belize in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Awe Jaime J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLocated on the southeastern corner of the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize is the second smallest country in Central America. In spite of its size, however, the country has an incredibly rich and diverse cultural heritage that includes the remains of pioneering preceramic cultures, numerous prehistoric cities that reflect the grandeur of Maya civilization, the ruins of several “Visita” churches that represent the failed efforts of sixteenth-century Spanish entradas, and various historic sites of the British colonial period. This article provides a brief history of the management of archaeological resources in Belize, a summary of archaeological investigations during the last two hundred years, and the present direction of archaeological research in the country.
Ice Age Hunter-Gatherers and the Colonization of Mesoamerica
Authors: Ochoa Guillermo Acosta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of Ice Age hunter-gatherers and the colonization of Mesoamerica. Data currently available indicate that the land bridge known as Beringia linked Asia with the Americas when the sea level dropped during the Pleistocene. To date, this appears to have been the most viable route for the first inhabitants of the New World, who may have followed game that migrated to the new continent. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether this migration occurred over land or along the coast and how early the process began. One theory suggests that initial colonization occurred through coastal routes from the Pacific Northwest. This model allows for the possibility that the first Americans gradually colonized coastal ice-free areas along the coast of Beringia and the Pacific Northwest via boats. The model is supported by studies that indicate that the coast of Beringia could have included ecosystems richer in resources than inland areas, suggesting a habitable migratory corridor along the continental landmass. This model also appears to be the most parsimonious theory for explaining the technological diversity observed toward the end of the Pleistocene era, in both Middle America and the rest of the New World.
Interaction among the Complex Societies of Classic-Period Mesoamerica
Authors: Chávez Sergio Gómez , Spence Michael W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of interactions among the complex societies of Mesoamerica in the Classic period. All of the Classic-period (250–900 ad) societies of Mesoamerica carried on trade and diplomatic exchanges with their neighbors, but some were also involved in direct contacts over much greater distances. Long-distance exchange was structured to a considerable degree by the diversity of natural environments and the variety of ecological niches existing in Mesoamerica, particularly the contrast between highlands and lowlands. Cotton, cacao, rubber, salt, marine shell, and copal sap were desirable lowland and coastal products, while obsidian, nopal and maguey products, basalt, jadeite, and various semiprecious stones were primarily highland items. Other goods (e.g., decorated ceramics) acquired their value from the input of highly skilled labor. In many cases the goods and routes of these exchange systems had developed much earlier, for example, the movement of highland Guatemalan obsidian throughout the Maya region. In the Early Classic era they expanded and intensified, reflecting the growing formal relationships among the rulers and nobles of the various states—alliances sustained by intermarriage, reciprocal visits, frequent gift exchanges, and perhaps tribute.
The Classic Maya Collapse
Authors: Webster David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the collapse of the Classic Mayan civilization of southern and eastern Mesoamerica. Archaeologists now commonly recognize that there are several dimensions to this general collapse: the disappearance of royal dynasties and their ideological underpinnings; the dissolution of larger sociopolitical patterns, most importantly the disappearance of nonroyal elites; and a demographic collapse that greatly reduced populations or eliminated them altogether. All these things were once commonly assumed to be closely linked, but it is increasingly evident that each one must be treated independently.
The Aztec Empire
Authors: Smith Michael E. , Sergheraert Maëlle 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Aztec Empire was created within a setting of competing city-states ( altepetl) that covered the landscape of central Mexico starting around 1100 ad. These small polities, ruled by kings ( tlatoani) and a council of nobles, consisted of a modest urban center and the surrounding farmland. In a dynamic political setting, tlatoque (plural of tlatoani) sought to expand their areas of control, and by 1400 ad several small empires had been formed through conquest. Rebellions happened each time a subjected people had the feeling that the empire was weakened (e.g., at times of tlatoque succession). But the Aztecs were fast to respond and always put down these rebellions. The arrival of the Spaniards in 1519 presented a new occasion for some of the subjected people to rebel against the Aztecs, uniting themselves with the Spanish forces, and this time, they were stronger. The Aztec Empire fell at the hands of its Spanish and native enemies on August 13, 1521.
Aztec Boundary Interactions
Authors: Ohnersorgen Michael A. , Venter Marcie L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInteractions at the Aztec imperial edges varied considerably, with some marked by a general congruence of political, economic, and symbolic domains, suggesting that border-like conditions shaped interactions, while other boundary areas were more permeable frontiers where cultural domains overlapped and were interconnected, but differently bounded. Most previous characterizations of Aztec boundary interactions come from documents of the sixteenth-century Basin of Mexico or late sixteenth-century Relaciones Geográficas. Data from recent archaeological projects complement the rich ethnohistorical record, and several of these studies explicitly frame Aztec provincial relationships as a dynamic process of negotiation. This article presents summaries of this information for the western, southern, and eastern margins of the Aztec Empire.