bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘I will perpetuate your memory through all generations’1: Institutionalization of collective memory by law in Israel
Authors: Tirosh Noam , Schejter Amit 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
If in the past, memory has been understood to be a biological phenomenon relating to the individual and his cognition, today it is clear that memory is a social construction effected by political and cultural processes. This study describes the laws used by the state of Israel in order to form its official memory. It describes how collective memory building is interwoven within the legislation that directs the undertakings of the country’s cultural institutions: the educational system, the national symbols, national holidays and memorial days, memory of the Holocaust, preservation of heritage through the erection of museums and physical monuments, commemoration of leaders, and the prevention of certain symbols from entering the public sphere. It demonstrates how the legal apparatus in Israel was mobilized to establish a nationalized collective memory by bridging the ‘essential’ and ‘epochal’ elements of nationbuilding and how law can be both a mnemonic practice and an enabler of mnemonic practices. The study of this process provides us with a general lesson on the role of law in collective memory building, with a particular understanding of elements in Israeli nation-building processes.
A mediated assessment of Samuel Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilizations’: The cultural framing hypothesis
Authors: Bantimaroudis Philemon 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The current article explores a ‘cultural framing hypothesis’, the notion that the media have attributed significance to Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilization’ theory, while rendering it salient in the public mind. Media framing theory has been utilized to assess Huntington’s visibility both in elite newspapers, as well as in web search engines. Huntington’s theory, despite its diminishing attention, remains salient almost five years after Huntington’s death, which seems to be affecting its overall visibility. The current article concludes: the media attribute significance to Huntington’s theory, despite its diminishing visibility. There is a co-variation between mainstream media coverage and web searching trends of Huntington’s theory. The diminishing salience of the Clash of Civilizations may indicate a shift towards alternative explanations of global conflicts.
The Nazi treatment: Press coverage of Barack Obama and Bernard Madoff from 2008 to 2009
Authors: Mandell Hinda 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 2008, opponents of US President Barack Obama painted Hitler moustaches on his photographic likeness, and victims of Ponzi schemer Bernard Madoff likened him to Hitler for the way he destroyed lives. This article examines how the ‘Holocaust theme and metaphor’ has emerged through media coverage of significant events in the United States from 2008 to 2009, through an analysis of newspaper articles. This study is situated within the broader context of Holocaust memory in American life. The metaphoric memory involving the Holocaust has less to do with factual, historic events of the Holocaust and more to do with the intended invocation of fear and a strong reaction from the public. This research concludes that references to the ‘Holocaust’ and ‘Hitler’ in news coverage of current events represents a rhetorical device to trigger an emotional reaction from the public, to warn the public against looming danger and to bolster support for their ideological position.
Economic Valuation of Hypothetical Paratransit Retrofitting
Authors: Huda Naili , Hassall Kim Peter , Kaleg Sunarto - , Hapid Abdul - 
Published: August 2015

This paper describes a feasibility analysis of conventional and retrofitted paratransits, comparing economic performance of conventional paratransit with those using lead acid and lithium batteries. Research object is Dago-Kalapa paratransit in Bandung, West Java, travelling the distance of 11 km in town, under 8 peak hour operation. After calculating the estimated annual cost and benefit; net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) then were quantified to provide feasibility description of those three paratransits. In addition, a sensitivity analysis regarding discount rate, gasoline price and battery price is given to offer broader sense of factors embraced. It is found that both gasoline and lead acid paratransit have big NPVs with only slight differences, while lithium paratransit has negative NPV. This phenomenon applies to their PBPs and IRRs as well. Only when gasoline costs reaches IDR 15,000 will electric paratransit prevails over conventional one. Thus, it can be inferred that at the moment, paratransit runs with gasoline is still the most cost effective compared to its counterparts. However, starting retrofitting from now is endorsed due to its environmental benefit.
ITRS lithography roadmap: 2015 challenges
Authors: Neisser Mark , Wurm Stefan 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the past few years, novel methods of patterning have made considerable progress. In 2011, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography was the front runner to succeed optical lithography. However, although EUV tools for pilot production capability have been installed, its high volume manufacturing (HVM) readiness continues to be gated by productivity and availability improvements taking longer than expected. In the same time frame, alternative and/or complementary technologies to EUV have made progress. Directed self-assembly (DSA) has demonstrated improved defectivity and progress in integration with design and pattern process flows. Nanoimprint improved performance considerably and is pilot production capable for memory products. Maskless lithography has made progress in tool development and could have an α tool ready in the late 2015 or early 2016. But they all have to compete with multiple patterning. Quadruple patterning is already demonstrated and can pattern lines and spaces down to close to 10-nm half pitch. The other techniques have to do something better than quadruple patterning does to be chosen for implementation. DSA and NIL promise a lower cost. EUV promises a simpler and shorter process and the creation of 2-D patterns more easily with much reduced complexity compared to multiple patterning. Maskless lithography promises to make chip personalization easy and to be particularly cost effective for low-volume chip designs. Decision dates for all of the technologies are this year or next year.
On Preservation of Positivity in Some Finite Element Methods for the Heat Equation
Authors: Chatzipantelidis Panagiotis , Horváth Zoltan , Thomée Vidar 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We consider the initial boundary value problem for the homogeneous
heat equation, with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary
conditions. By the maximum principle the solution is
nonnegative for positive time if the initial data are nonnegative.
We complement in a number of ways earlier studies of the
possible extension of this fact to spatially semidiscrete and
fully discrete piecewise linear
finite element discretizations, based on the standard Galerkin method,
the lumped mass method, and the finite volume element method.
We also provide numerical examples that illustrate our findings.
Cesarean delivery among women with prolonged labor induction
Authors: Highley Louise L. , Previs Rebecca A. , Dotters-Katz Sarah K. , Brancazio Leo R. , Grotegut Chad A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to determine characteristics associated with cesarean delivery among women with labor induction lasting over 24 h.Study design:Women with live singleton pregnancies without prior cesarean delivery undergoing a labor induction lasting >24 h between September 2006 and March 2009 at Duke University Hospital were identified. Collected variables were compared between subjects by mode of delivery. A multivariate logistic regression model for the outcome cesarean delivery was constructed separately for nulliparous and parous women.Results:There were 303 women who met inclusion criteria. The overall cesarean delivery rate was 57% (n=172) and remained constant with time (P=0.15, test-for-trend). Nulliparous women having a cesarean delivery were more likely to be obese [adjusted OR (aOR) 2.00; 95% CI 1.05, 3.80] and have a larger fetus [aOR 1.11 (aOR for every 100 g increase in birthweight), 95% CI 1.03, 1.20] compared to those having a vaginal delivery.Conclusion:Increasing BMI and birthweight were independent predictors of cesarean delivery among nulliparous women with prolonged labor induction. Despite this, after 24 h of labor induction, the overall mean cesarean delivery rate remained constant at 57%, and did not change with time. Among women having a vaginal delivery following a prolonged labor induction, we saw high rates of shoulder dystocia, operative vaginal delivery and severe perineal laceration.
Profile of adult acute cholinesterase inhibitors
substances poisoning – a 30 years analysis
Authors: Gazzi Eugen N. , Sorodoc Victorita , Jaba Irina M. , Lionte Catalina , Bologa Cristina , Lupusoru Catalina E. , Lupusoru Raoul , Sorodoc Laurentiu , Petris Ovidiu 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to
assess the pattern and outcome of acute cholinesterase
inhibitors substances (CIS) poisoning cases, in a
cohort from a regional tertiary care hospital. Methods:
cases admitted in the Toxicology Clinic of “Sf. Spiridon”
Emergency Clinic Hospital Iasi, Romania between 1983
and 2013 were studied. Results: a total number of 606
patients were included. The reason for exposures was
intentional in 70% of cases and the commonest route of
poisoning was oral in 92.2%. The highest percent of cases
was females (56.4), the age group 20-29 (25.4%) and the
majority (66.7%) coming from rural areas, 28.2% being
agricultural workers. 36.6% of cases were severe clinical
forms. Overall mortality rates were 3.8%, more than half
of the death patients (65.2%) had concomitant alcohol
intake. It was a significant statistical association between
decrease level of serum cholinesterase on admittance and
severe forms (p 0.000) and between survival and deaths
groups (p 0.000). The pattern of poisoning described by
our retrospective study suggests that CIS poisoning are
mainly preventable. The main effective goals for prevention
are restriction in free accessibility to toxic pesticides,
together with sustained efforts in education concerning
the life-threatening danger of pesticide poisoning.
Differences of plasma IL-1 and TNF-α in healthy
Chinese Population
Authors: Yuan Jintao , Wang Lan , Lin Yijin , Chen Jianhong , Hu Jianghong 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ple iotropic proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-
1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), involved
in the regulations of various immune responses, inflammatory
processes and hematopoiesis. In the present study,
the expression levels of IL-1 and TNF-α were detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following
the cytokine blockade as a successful clinical therapy for
autoimm une diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, the
patients are more susceptible to a variety of opportunistic
infections. IL-1 and TNF-α may be useful predictive biomarkers
of diseases and offer potential targets for therapeutic
intervention of inflammatory diseases. However,
our results showed that the plasma IL-1 level was significantly
higher in women compared to men (69.5 ± 19.8 pg/
ml in men and 80.1 ± 19.5 pg/ml in women, respectively);
the plasma levels of TNF-α were higher in men than
women (20.8 ± 4.9 pg/ml and 18.7 ± 7.1 pg/ml, respectively).
The significant gender difference of plasma interleukin-1
(IL-1) and TNF-α levels present in healthy adults in Jiangsu
Province, China (P=0.002 and P=0.015, respectively), and
may be as a hint for sex differences of susceptibility to
many diseases and elementary immune response.
TVT-Exact and midurethral sling (SLING-IUFT)
operative procedures: a randomized study
Authors: Aniuliene Rosita , Aniulis Povilas , Skaudickas Darijus 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare
results, effectiveness and complications of TVT exact and
midurethral sling (SLING-IUFT) operations in the treatment
of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods: A single center nonblind, randomized study of
women with SUI who were randomized to TVT-Exact and
SLING-IUFT was performed by one surgeon from April
2009 to April 2011. SUI was diagnosed on coughing and
Valsalva test and urodynamics (cystometry and uroflowmetry)
were assessed before operation and 1 year after
surgery. This was a prospective randomized study. The
follow up period was 12 months. 76 patients were operated
using the TVT-Exact operation and 78 patients – using the
SLING-IUFT operation. There was no statistically significant
differences between groups for BMI, parity, menopausal
status and prolapsed stage (no patients had cystocele
greater than stage II).

Results: Mean operative time was significantly shorter in
the SLING-IUFT group (19 ± 5.6 min.) compared with the
TVT-Exact group (27 ± 7.1 min.). There were statistically
significant differences in the effectiveness of both procedures:
TVT-Exact – at 94.5% and SLING-IUFT – at 61.2%
after one year. Hospital stay was statistically significantly
shorter in the SLING-IUFT group (1. 2 ± 0.5 days) compared
with the TVT-Exact group (3.5 ± 1.5 days). Statistically significantly
fewer complications occurred in the SLINGIUFT
group.

Conclusion: the TVT-Exact and SLING-IUFT operations
are both effective for surgical treatment of female stress
urinary incontinence. The SLING-IUFT involved a shorter
operation time and lower complications rate., the TVTExact
procedure had statistically significantly more complications
than the SLING-IUFT operation, but a higher
effectiveness.
The Identification of Impurities in Illicit Methamphetamine Exhibits by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kram TC , Kruegel AV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methamphetamine, a drug frequently abused in the United States, is often manufactured illicitly. One method commonly employed for this purpose is the Leuckart reaction, which is initiated with methyl benzyl ketone (IV) and either methylamine (I) and formic acid (II) or N-methylformamide (III), producing N-formylmethamphetamine (IX) as an intermediate [1]. Hydrolysis of IX with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid produces methamphetamine (VI). (See Table 1 for a list of abbreviations and Fig. 1 for corresponding structures.) As the synthesis proceeds, various impurities are accumulated: reactants, byproducts, and intermediates, as well as contaminants arising from within the reagents themselves. The identification of such impurities thus far encountered in this laboratory by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy will be the subject of this discussion.
Automatic Reduction of Multicolumn Chromatographic Data
Authors: Gross JM , Porter LJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An approach is given using the Perkin-Elmer PEP-2 chromatographic Data System [1] to combine data from both columns in a gas chromatograph. The Interactive Programming Module (IPM) option [2] is required. Program language is Interactive Programming Language (IPL). The component of interest is not always separated adequately from interfering substances in a single column analysis. Thus, a sample is frequently analyzed under more than one set of chromatographic conditions. The component of interest must be identified on each column to give a positive result. When sample volume is large it is convenient to have on-line data processing, such as the PEP-2 dedicated system. A printout of computed results from each column is quantitatively superior to manual chromatogram evaluation techniques. Combining all results for a sample in one report is the approach applied by the authors to a dual column configuration described by Adams [3]. If a drug is identified on both columns, further confirming analyses are pursued.
The Spatial Distribution of Zinc and Cobalt in Single Human Head Hairs
Authors: Maes D , Pate BD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a previous publication [1], which contained a full bibliography, data were presented on the concentration patterns of copper in individual human head hairs. Concentration fluctuations were observed between adjacent 2-mm long segments of the hair shaft, while for many subjects there was a general increase of concentration from the root to the distal end of the hair plus local regions of increased and decreased concentration.
The Absorption of Arsenic into Single Human Head Hairs
Authors: Maes D , Pate BD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The study of arsenic in human head hair has long been of considerable interest as a potential index of arsenic poisoning. Two accounts are found in the literature of the mechanism by which arsenic becomes desposited in hair. In one, ingested arsenic is incorporated into the growing hair shaft via the follicle [1]; the location at specific distances from the hair root of regions of increased concentrations of arsenic in hair taken from subjects after the ingestion of arsenic [2] (for example, from Napoleon Bonaparte at various times before his death [3,4]) were interpreted as indicative of the time before plucking at which arsenic ingestion had occurred, under assumptions as to the rate of growth of hair.
Age and Sex Determination of Subadult Skeletons
Authors: Sundick RI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic anthropologists who work in the medicolegal area are frequently requested to examine the partial or complete remains of individuals, with the goal generally being the identification of the individual in regard to age, sex, race, and stature. These data may then be used in an attempt to learn the identity of the individual or individuals. The condition of the material available for analysis varies tremendously. Complete skeletons with or without soft tissue should present the fewest problems. Those bodies which are less complete, consisting of parts of a skeleton only, present more problems in identification and in many instances may not be identifiable at all, although there are instances on record of individuals being identified on the basis of a few teeth and fragments of a mandible or maxilla.
Sudden and Unexpected Deaths After the Acute Onset of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Sturner WQ , Coe JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sudden unexpected death after the acute onset of diabetes mellitus is relatively rare. Diabetes usually presents with the classical symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and loss of weight, but in some instances diabetic coma may be the initial symptom. If the cause of the coma is not diagnosed before death or if the individual dies without medical attendance, these instances may be referred to the medical examiner. Herein are presented four such deaths; three occurred at home while the fourth occurred in a hospital. In none of these cases was the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus made prior to demise.
Intravenous Abuse of Propylhexedrine
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Benzedrex® nasal inhaler is an over-the-counter device used for the symptomatic treatment of nasal congestion resulting from head colds and hay fever. The active ingredient is propylhexedrine, a local vasoconstrictor. While only two deaths due to propylhexedrine are in the medical literature [1], abuse of the drug occurs with greater frequency than realized. Since 1974, the Dallas County Criminal Investigation Laboratory has detected propylhexedrine in syringes in twelve cases submitted by local police agencies. In a recent six-month period, the Office of the Medical Examiner for Dallas County has encountered three deaths resulting from intravenous injection of propylhexedrine as well as two deaths from other causes in which the deceased had been injecting this drug. Two of the individuals dying of propylhexedrine abuse showed vascular changes in the lungs, apparently caused by chronic intravenous injection of this drug.
Determination of the Age of Bloodstains Using Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Rajamannar K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The study of the behavior of serum proteins in dried bloodstains is a subject of considerable forensic interest. Kind et al [1] estimated the age of dried bloodstains by a spectrophotometric method. Kind and Watson [2] estimated the age of bloodstains by ammoniacal bloodstain extracts. This paper reports on the determination of the age of a given bloodstain by using the technique of immunoelectrophoresis.
Subjective Responses and Excretion Patterns of Dextroamphetamine After the Administration of Therapeutic Doses
Authors: Evans MA , Wimbish G , Griffis L , Martz R , Brown DJ , Rodda BE , Lemberger L , Forney RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Amphetamine, a potent sympathomimetic amine, is widely misused [1–5]. It is also employed therapeutically in the treatment of certain childhood behavioral disorders. Urinary amphetamine concentrations of 2 mg/100 ml or greater which occur after the use of large intravenous doses are readily detected by routine toxicological examination. The estimation of the drug in body fluids following orally administered therapeutic doses Can also be important in forensic medicine [6–8].
Metabolite Sensitivity in the Methaqualone Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Keppler BR , Manders WW , Dominguez AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) as a method capable of detecting nanogram-per-millilitre (ng/ml) quantities of methaqualone in biological specimens has been described previously [1,2]. Several authors have shown, by using gas chromatography or mass spectrometry, or both, that the principal products of methaqualone metabolism, as they appear in the urine, are primarily the monohydroxy derivatives [3–5]. These derivatives have been found to be conjugated mainly with glucuronic acid. In this study the relative sensitivity of methaqualone and its metabolites to the RIA assay was investigated.
Changing Slant: Is It the Only Change?
Authors: Regent J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The examination of handwriting for identification purposes provides many interesting and thought-provoking problems. One of the most commonly encountered challenges arises when an individual consciously attempts to change, alter, or otherwise disguise the presence and appearance of normal, natural handwriting characteristics. Included among these mindful attempts are capital letter style changes, alteration of normal writing slant, and use of the awkward hand, to name just a few [1]. Throughout all such attempts, the fundamental axiom remains that the writing is not completely natural. However, while such attempts are a contrived, forced effort, in many cases they still contain those unique and individual characteristics upon which an identification or elimination can be based.
A Review of Keratins. Their Composition, Structure and Biosynthesis
Authors: Sensabaugh GF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The forensic analysis of hair and feather usually begins and ends on the stage of a microscope. Accordingly, the forensic scientist often knows little more about these materials than their gross and comparative morphology. In this book, hair and nail, feather and scale are viewed from a completely different perspective; they are described at the molecular level.