bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Neonatal Thymectomy on Immunity of Mice against Salmonella Infection
Authors: Saito Kazuko , Takami Mamoru , Kawakami Masaya , Mitsuhashi Susumu , Fukai Kohji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTLowered peripheral lymphocyte count, reduced serum antibody response and partially reduced protection against infection with virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis after immunization with live vaccine of S. enteritidis were observed in mice thymectomized at birth. However, the cellular resistance, which was observed in vitro in peritoneal macrophages from immunized animals, was not found to be reduced by neonatal thymectomy of mice. From these facts, the immunological dependence of cellular immunity on thymus in neonatal life was discussed.
Establishment of Candida albicans in the Alimentary Tract of the Germ‐Free Mice and Antagonism with Escherichia coli after Oral Inoculation
Authors: Nishikawa Takeji , Hatano Hitoshi , Ohnishi Nobuhiko , Sasaki Shogo , Nomura Tatsuji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTo solve the problems of the multiplication and invasion of Candida albicans in the alimentary tract, germ‐free mice were orally inoculated with C. albicans and the antagonistic effect of superinfection with Escherichia coli was examined. C. albicans could easily be established in the alimentary tract of germ‐free mice by inoculation with less than 10 organisms, whereas in the alimentary tract of the SPF mice, having normal bacterial flora, C. albicans could not establish even after inoculation with an overwhelming dose. In germ‐free mice large numbers of the inoculated Candida were excreted in the feces throughout the observation period of 130 days, without affecting the conditions of the mice. By histopathological examination of these mice only one mouse showed microabscesses with leukocytic infiltration accompanied by hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in the epithelium of the forestomach. However even in this mouse no invasion of Candida cells into the acanthotic squamous cell layer was seen. After inoculation of the mice who had already E. coli in their gut as a monocontaminant with C. albicans, or even after inoculation of E. coli to the mice harboring Candida as a monocontaminant, E. coli always outnumbered C. albicans. In the former case Candida were even completely eliminated from the mice within few days. Thus, it appeared that in the alimentary tract of the mice, E. coli have the capacity to antagonize to C. albicans.
Cross Immunity of Mouse Mononuclear Phagocytes Induced by Immunization and by Transfer Agent
Authors: Saito Kazuko , Kurashige Satonori , Osawa Nobutaka , Kato Eisuke , Kawakami Masaya , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPeritoneal macrophages from mice, which had received an RNA fraction extracted from spleens of mice immunized with live vaccine of Salmonella enteritidis, were found to resist in vitro infection with heterologous species of Salmonella as well as the homologous one, but were susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cellular antibody demonstrated in peritoneal exudate cells from the immunized mice and from the immune RNA‐treated mice was shown to react to these Salmonella but not to M. tuberculosis. The relation of cellular resistance and antibody in the restricted cross‐protection of immunized mice in experimental salmonellosis is thusly demonstrated.
Development and Transduction of Rsistance to Novobiocin and Nikkol‐SNP 7.5 A (an Anionic Surfactant) in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Onodera Toshinao , Ishihara Keizo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe susceptibility to Novobiocin (NB) and Nikkol‐SNP 7.5 A (NS), an anionic surfactant, was studied in 458 strains of coagulase‐positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sources. Twenty three (4.9%) of these strains were resistant to NB with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 1.6 μg per ml or more, 97 (21.2%) resistant to NS with MIC of 6.25 mg per ml or more, and 17 (3.7%) resistant to both drugs. Cross‐resistance to NB and NS was found in 74 per cent of 23 NB‐resistant strains and 17.5 per cent of 97 NS‐resistant strains. Nearly one half of NS‐resistant strains belonged to phase group I, while the remainder were non‐typable. The majority of the NB‐resistant strains were not phage typable. In S. aureus strain PS 53 used for propagating phage 53, resistance to 25 mg per ml of NS was attained rapidly by single step without accompanying that to NB, whereas resistance to 25 μg per ml of NB developed gradually by three successive steps and was accompanied by a rapid development of resistance to NS first by two steps. The transduction experiments in strain PS 53 showed that resistance to NB and NS was jointly transduced and the genetic loci responsible for resistance to both drugs are closely linked.
In vivo Uncoating of Tobacco Mosaic Virus after Infection of Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Maghida Haruhiko , Hayashi Takaharu , Abe Tetsuya , Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn vivo uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was studied. As Shaw had reported, initiation of uncoating reaction takes place very efficiently. Coat protein is removed from the virus as a peptide which is precipitable with trichloroacetic acid. Short rod particles with partly exposed RNA are thus formed. Further uncoating to coat protein‐free TMV‐RNA (28S) seems to take place with very low efficiency which is comparable to that of formation of local lesions on the inoculated leaf. From the data on the intracellular distribution of these products of uncoating reaction, mechanisms and significance of these reactions are discussed.
Isolation and Properties of Two New RNA Phages SP and FI
Authors: Miyake Tadashi , Shiba Tadayoshi , Sakurai Toshizo , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNew RNA phages were isolated from feces of Siamang Gibbon and infants, and their characters were investigated. These phages, SP and FI were serologically unrelated to any of known RNA phages (group I, II and III) and were classified into groups IV and V. Several other characters, such as filtration and elution patterns through membrane filters, buoyant densities in CsCl, and UV sensitivities of SP and FI were similar to those of the group III phages, suggesting that a certain similarity between group III and IV or V might exist. Peculiar phage‐host relations found in phages of FI group were also discussed. From these results, we propose new possible schemata for the grouping of RNA phages.
Determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Biochemical Test Methods
Authors: Arai Taketoshi , Enomoto Seiji , Kuwahara Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new test method was devised for microbial gluconate oxidation, using an ammonium molybdate reagent. One loopful (about 2 mg wet wt.) of the test organism, grown on a nutrient agar plate for 18 hr, is transferred into 1 ml of the test liquid medium consisting of (NH4)2SO4 0.5 mg, potassium gluconate 10 mg, NaCl 5 mg, KH2PO4 2 mg, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 mg, and 1 ml of distilled water, incubated at 37 C for 6 hr without shaking, and then mixed with 3 ml of 1% aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate and 0.2 ml of glacial acetic acid. The mixture is heated in boiling water for 5 min, followed by abrupt cooling with running water. A deep blue colour appears in a positive result. A total of 39 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed positive results by this method, whereas Aeromonas, Vibrio, Proteus group, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter A group were all negative. Though some strains of Enterobacter B group showed a weak blue colour, it could be easily differentiated from the deep blue colour of Pseudomonas. Longer incubation of test microbes in the test medium, and longer heating of the reaction mixture gave unsatisfactory results.
Relationship between Immunity and Interferon Production in Macrophages
Authors: Azuma Masanobu , Yamada Morihide , Nishioka Rikichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of antiserum on the interferon (IF) production in macrophages by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been studied. Completely neutralized NDV lost its IF‐inducing ability, but under‐neutralized NDV revealed an enhanced IF‐inducing capability. This enhancement of IF production by unneutralized NDV was also observed in antiserum‐treated cells. Enhancement phenomena appeared to be based on immunological specificity. Under‐neutralized NDV was also adsorbed more rapidly and at a higher rate to normal cells than unneutralized NDV. Unneutralized NDV also adsorbed more efficiently to antiserum‐treated cells and to cells derived from immunized mice than to normal cells. The significance of these phenomena is discussed in relation to the induction mechanism of IF in macrophages.
Genetic Properties of a T Factor and T‐r Recombinants
Authors: Kameda Mitsuo , Suzuki Mitsue , Nakajima Takashi , Harada Kenji , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic studies have shown that one of the transfer (T) factors, T95, carries the following genetic properties: autonomous replication (rep+), conjugal transmission (tra+), transmission of the host chromosome (mat+), inhibition of F‐mating (ifm+) or fi+), inhibition of superinfection with R factor (irs−), and suppression of phage proliferation (spp−). An Escherichia coli K12 strain carrying T95factor is insensitive to male phages (f1 and f2). These facts indicated that the T95 factor is a sex factor but different from the F factors. By the interaction between T95 factor and the non‐transferable resistance determinants; r31(tet) for tetracycline resistance and r3 (kan) for kanamycin resistance, recombinants, T‐tet, T‐kan, and T‐tet‐kan, factors were obtained. These are capable of conferring drug‐resistance and are conjugally transmissible as a single genetic unit. E. coli K12 strains carrying T95 or T‐tet factor were insensitive to male phages and T‐tet (probably T95) factor was transmitted sexually at about 10−5 transmission frequency after 1 hr of mixed culture. On the contrary, E. coli K12 strains carrying T‐kan or T‐tet‐kan factor were found to become sensitive to male phages and their transmission frequency was 102 to 103‐fold higher than that of T‐tet factor. As a result of these findings, we concluded that the pili formation of T95 or T‐tet factor is in a repressed state but the formation of a recombinant between T95 (or T‐tet) and r3(kan) determinants results in the derepression of pili formation.
Ibaraki Virus, an Agent of Epizootic Disease of Cattle Resembling Bluetongue
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Ishii Sukemitsu , Morimoto Tomiaki , Sato Kunihiko , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTReplication of Ibaraki virus was not inhibited by 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, indicating that the virus is an RNA virus. The virus was resistant to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate, sensitive to trypsin, very labile at acidic pH but stable at pH 6.4 or higher, and was resistant to repeated freezing and thawing. The virus was readily inactivated at 56 C or higher, was fairly stable at 37 C, and very stable at 4 C, while it rapidly lost infectivity when stored frozen at —20 C. The virus was readily sedimented by centrifugation at 40 000Xg for 60 min. It readily passed through membrane filters of 200 mμ pore size, passed through 100 μfilters but only with some titer loss and did not through 50 mμ filters. In these tests, the bluetongue virus used as a control behaved in the same manner as Ibaraki virus. These findings provide additional evidence for the similarity of Ibaraki virus to bluetongue virus which had been previously demonstrated on the basis of seasonal incidence, symptomatology and pathology of the diseases caused by these viruses and the behavior of the viruses in cell cultures, embryonated eggs and laboratory animals. The present study, however, provided no evidence for any serological relation between these two viruses. More Information is needed to reach a final decision on the classification of Ibaraki virus, particularly regarding the morphology of the virion, the doublestrandedness of the viral RNA and other basic features.
Autolytic Enzyme System of Clostridium botulinum
Authors: Kawata Tomio , Takumi Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIsolated cell walls of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L released an autolysin during autolysis of the cell walls. The autolysin was isolated from the cell walls, and partially purified 18.6‐fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose and gel filtration through Sephadex G‐100. The purified preparation of the autolysin showed 2 major and 2 minor protein bands on Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some properties of the autolysin were examined using SDS‐treated cell walls of the organisms as a substrate. The autolysin was active over a pH range of 6 to 8, with a maximum near pH 6.8. The lytic activity was stimulated by 10−4 M each of Co++, Mg++ and Ca++ in the order, whereas it was inhibited markedly by Cu++. Mercaptoethanol (10−4–10−3 M) significantly activated the lytic action. Trypsin and nagarse (10 μg/ml) also stimulated the lytic activity. The lytic spectrum of the autolysin toward the SDS‐treated cell walls obtained from various types of C. botulinum and C. perfringens indicated a relatively high specificity. After treatment with hot formamide the cell walls of C. botulinum increased in susceptibility to the autolysin.
Genetic Mapping of aro, pyr, and pur Markers in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Tazaki Tadakatu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVarious aro, pyr, pur, and two other markers were located on the genetic linkage map of Klebsiella pneumoniae by employing a mating system in which genetic material was transferred by conjugation. These markers are widely scattered on the chromosome, and their locations were found to be similar to those of Escherichia coli. Biochemical and genetic investigations suggested that in K. pneumoniae, as well as in E. coli, the biosynthesis of 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonic acid‐7‐phosphate was catalyzed by 3 isozymes. A revised genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae including these markers has been presented.
Replication and Transfer of the R Factor in a Synchronized Culture of Escherichia coli
Authors: Yabe Yoriko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAccording to mutation mapping after nitrosoguanidine treatment of successive samples obtained from a synchronized culture of Escherichia coli K12 carrying an R factor, it was found that the majority of mutations of the R factor were produced after a maximum peak of galactose mutant production. According to the order of the chromosome replication and the initiation point of the replication, these facts suggest that the replication of the R factor occurs after the replication of the galactose gene. The transfer frequency of the R factor from a synchronized donor culture to the nonsynchronized recipient was the highest after the replication of the chloramphenicol gene on the R factor, probably after the replication of the R factor genome. The recipient ability of the R factor in a synchronized recipient culture from a nonsynchronized donor was the highest after a maximum peak of the galactose mutation, and probably after the cell division in the recipient.
Decrease in Accumulation of Macrolide Antibiotics as a Mechanism of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Yamagishi Saburo , Nakajima Yoshinori , Inoue Matsuhisa , Oka Yoko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA marked difference of levels of accumulation of macrolide antibiotics (Mac) was found between Mac‐sensitive (E642‐1 and 209P) and Mac‐resistant (MS642, MS57, U9, and 606) strains of Staphylococcus aureus by means of qualitative and quantitative bioassay methods. Though the levels of accumulation of the antibiotics in cells of Mac‐resistant strains were only one‐tenth that of the Mac‐sensitives, satisfactory evidence for a relationship between the accumulation of the antibiotics and the degree of sensitivity to those drugs was established in a physiological sense from a kinetic measurement of Ks and ν in the accumulation reaction of the antibiotics in the cells. The experiments with tritiated erythromycin or josamycin also support these results. It is suspected, by estimation of the accumulation in heated or UV‐irradiated cells, that levels of accumulation of the antibiotics in cells of S. aureus could be reflected by a binding affinity of their ribosomes for these antibiotics. There was no system for inactivating the antibiotics seen in the cells of the Mac‐resistants, i.e., MS642, 606, and U9.
Rapid Formation of Protoplasts of Streptomyces griseoflavus and Their Fine Structure
Authors: Sagara Yasunobu , Fukui Komei , Ota Fusao , Yoshida Nagayuki , Kashiyama Tatsuo , Fujimoto Michimasa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGlycine, at a concentration of 5–10%, inhibited the growth of Streptomyces griseoflavus. The lysozyme sensitivities of the cell walls of the organisms cultured with and without glycine were the same. However, lysozyme caused 40% lysis of whole cells from cultures with glycine but had no effect on cells from cultures without glycine. The cell walls of organisms grown with and without glycine contained glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and DAP. Lysine and DAP were present in equimolar amounts. Very small amounts of asparagine, threonine and serine were found in both cell walls. Protoplasts were obtained in a high yield by treating cells from cultures containing glycine with 10mg/ml of lysozyme in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 MgSO4 and 1 M sucrose for 3 hr. The protoplasts were spherical and were surrounded by cytoplasmic membranes. The nucleoplasm appeared less dense with a clear network of nuclear fibers and mesosomes, abundant in whole cells, were scarcely seen. Rod‐shaped forms without cell wall materials were sometimes observed under the electron microscope.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Mikami Hirokazu , Kawakami Masaya , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRibonucleic acid fractions extracted from spleens of immunized mice were shown to convert non‐immune spleen cells to antibody‐forming cells. RNA fractions which possessed the converting activity appeared in the spleen 3 to 5 days after immunization. Sucrose density gradient separation of crude RNA revealed that most of the active materials were in the 8 to 12S fraction and not in other fractions. In methylated‐albumin‐Kieserguhr‐column chromatography, the activity was also recovered in a limited molecular size range. Specific activity of the RNA fractions was increased by purification procedures.
Enhancement of 32P Incorporation into Phospholipids in Cultured Cells by Sendai Virus of Parainfluenza Type 1
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi , Yamaura Koichi , Hirano Koichi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSendai virus infection induced enhancement of 32P incorporation into phospholipids in chick embryo, monkey kidney and bovine kidney cells, as previously observed in chorioallantoic membranes of chick embryos. These findings indicate that phospholipid synthesis is enhanced upon Sendai virus infection. Ultraviolet irradiation abolished the ability of the virus to induce the enhanced synthesis of phospholipids, a fact suggesting that the phenomenon depends upon infectivity of the virus. Gamma irradiation of host cells little affected the enhanced 32P labeling of cellular phospholipids, suggesting that the function of host cell DNA may not be directly involved in the phenomenon.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Kono Megumi , O'Hara Koji , Nagawa Masatoshi , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInduction of chloramphenicol (CM) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using 166 CM derivatives and analogues. It was found that 18 compounds of the samples used were able to induce resistance to CM in Staphylococcus aureus S1477 harboring an inducible CM‐resistance determinant. Most of the samples which had a nitrophenyl moiety and a D‐ or DL‐threo isomer in its steric configuration were found to have inducer activity for CM resistance. Competent inducers are D‐isomer CM derivatives which have another substituent in place of the hydroxyl group at carbon atom 3 in the propanediol of the drug.
Biochemical and Immunological Studies on Aspergillus
Authors: Azuma Ichiro , Kimura Hamako , Hirao Fumio , Tsubura Eiro , Yamamura Yuichi , Misaki Akira 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo kinds of polysaccharides, glucan and glycopeptide (galactomannan‐peptide), were obtained from Aspergillus fumigatus (IFO 5840) by extraction with 50% pyridine and were purified by fractional precipitation with acetone, by a column chromatography on Dowex‐50 and DEAE‐cellulose and by the gel filtration on Sephadex G‐50 and G‐200. The glycopeptide, designated APSK‐66 fraction, showed both an Arthus and delayed type (tuberculin type) skin reactions in sensitized rabbits and guinea pigs. By treatment with proteolytic enzymes, the delayed type skin reactivity of APSK‐66 fraction was reduced but the Arthus type skin reactivity was not affected. However, the Arthus type skin reactivity of APSK‐66 fraction was completely lost by periodate oxidation, and the delayed type skin reactivity of APSK‐66 fraction was retained. The APSK‐66 fraction showed precipitation, complement fixation and passive hemagglutination reactions with rabbit antisera against A. fumigatus. Glucan, designated as APSK‐33 fraction, did not show any immunological activity when tested in the present experiment. The chemical structures of the glucan and galactomannan were discussed.
Genetic Studies of Kanamycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chin Yiu‐Man , Harmon Shirley A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAttempts to isolate directly kanamycin resistant transductants in Staphylococcus aureus were unsuccessful, although genes determining heme synthesis could be transduced. Use of the replica plating method, however, gave evidence that kanamycin resistance had been co‐transduced along with the genes controlling the production of heme‐containing enzymes of the electron transport system. In the presence of kanamycin, bacteriophage was unable to produce plaques on phage‐susceptible cells, and this antiphage effect of kanamycin was probably a reason why the direct transduction of kanamycin resistance was not detected, although many attempts and variations in the procedure were made. Treatment of a kanamycin resistant culture of S. aureus with acridine orange or ethidium bromide indicated that kanamycin resistance was conferred by a chromosomal factor.
Double Infection, Recombination, and Segregation of Two R Factors, R 100 and Rts1, and Their Possible Bearing on the Genetic Structure of R 100
Authors: Yoshikawa Masanosuke , Sakai Katsuko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTApplying the observation by Yokota et al (1969) that a cell doubly harboring an R factor (R100) and a temperature sensitive R factor (Rts1) produces segregant R factors with various resistance patterns, a total of 271 segregant R factors were obtained. There were 163 resistant to (sul, str, kan), 39 resistant to (sul, str, cml, kan), 62 resistant to (sul, str, tet, kan) and finally 7 resistant to (tet, kan). More than 90% of the former 3 segregants were fi+ and the remainder, including all of the (tet, kan) segregants, were fi−. Some fi− segregants with the former 3 resistance patterns and all of the (tet, kan) segregants were nontransmissible. All of these segregants were still temperature sensitive. Based upon the results of three experiments; (a) the growth at 43 C to observe linked loss of the kan gene and the genes derived from R 100, (b) a conjugal analysis of the relevant resistant markers, and (c) a transductional analysis of these same markers, several conclusions were made. The 2 R factors both consisting of a circle were supposed to have recombined to form a larger circle which then further resulted in the final formation of smaller circles. The possible bearing of these observations and conclusions on the genetic structure of R 100 was discussed.