bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Orientalist Suggestions on the Origins of Islam
Authors: Steenbrink Karel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAfter the quite shocking new theories on early Islam in the 1970s (Patricia Crone, John Wansbrough), a new wave of theories arose after 2000, this time mostly by German scholars. Many of the new theories are contradictory and did not find broad support among academic scholars, but some have drawn broad public attention. This contribution gives a summary of the major new theories and concludes with a critical analysis, giving priority to serious research about Qur’an manuscripts and interpretation.
Nervous Shock: Is it Available in The Islamic Law of Tort?
Authors: Mohamad Abdul Basir bin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs we know from the discussions amongst Muslim jurists in their writings, they normally highlight the law of qisas and diya as well as ta‘zir for dealing with cases of death and injury resulting from physical tort such as beating, punching, whipping, kicking, slashing, stabbing, snapping, etc. But a question may arise as to death or injury resulting from non‐physical or immaterial torts or, in current legal terminology, nervous shock. Could the case be settled by Islamic law? Nervous shock can also cause mental illness, mental retardation, morbid depression, mental shock, or, in modern terms, psychiatric damage or psychiatric illness, and in that way can also cause someone to suffer a physical injury or death. To resolve this, we have to refer to kinds of law as a yardstick to measure the tortuous liability. It surely falls under human law, even though it is combined with divine law, but human law prevails here. The Muslim jurists have exemplified this law by relating it to qisas and diya in the case of punishment for murder, injury, and wounding. As such, the cases of nervous shock are certainly included in the discussion of qisas and diya in general. In the first part of this paper the discussion on nervous shock focuses on the English law of tort and is then followed by the exploration in Islamic law of tort. As we know, the rule of nervous shock has been practiced and applied intensively in English law over a long period of time, and at the same time the discussion clearly shows that the rule of nervous shock appears in Islam and is not alien to the Islamic law of tort.
Why the Modern Intellectual Cannot Attain the Truth?
Authors: Farook Aadil 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe body-soul duality has confused some of the most sophisticated minds since antiquity. The spiritual masters of all traditions claim that the soul, too, has organs. Let us look at what Western philosophy calls the mind-body problem. Neuroscientists claim the mind-brain duality is true; the mind is to the soul what the brain is to the body. The mind is a “spiritual” brain distinct from the biological brain. To understand how they interact, we will look at computer technology as an analogy. Intelligence itself is part of the software, but it cannot perform its function without its information processor, i.e. the hardware. The intelligence is the software whereas the brain is the hardware. Furthermore, in both cases, the former is non-material whereas the latter is material.Perhaps the two most fascinating scientific discoveries in the last few years are the following. First, the biological heart, which was viewed for centuries as being nothing more than a pump, is actually a great deal more - it is an intelligent organ. Secondly, there is a duality in the heart as well: in addition to the biological heart, there is also a spiritual heart. But the mystery goes much deeper than that and, if it had been understood properly in the modern period, would not have given birth to so many “isms.” The history of Western thought is full of false prophets who claim to lead humankind out of darkness. Is it not amazing how some of the most educated and intelligent people can become completely foolish when it comes to religion? People who can design highly complex integrated circuits can still fail to understand the simple teachings of religious scriptures.This article deals with the major philosophical and spiritual implications of the new insights brought to us by science on a much larger scale than anticipated by those who explored them.
Martial Arts and Combat Sports – Similarities and Differences in Terms of the Basic Activities of a Coach
Authors: Bujak Zbigniew , Gierczuk Dariusz , Litwiniuk Stefan 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Introduction. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that different approaches to the training process in the selfdefense and martial arts, reflected the hierarchical structure of the basic activities of a coach. Materials and methods. Opinions of 159 trainers with many years of experience in capoeira (n=16), taekwon-do ITF version (n=95) and wrestling (n=48) were collected. Diagnostic survey method was used, and the instrument was a questionnaire developed by Tumanian [7] and modified by Januszewski and Sterkowicz [8]. Results. Capoeira and wrestling trainers did not agree as to the status of any of the 20 coach's activities. The biggest differences were in assessing the significance of instructing trainees during competitions, developing planning process and first aid giving. Rsp ranks correlation coefficient = 0.66, p<0.01. Capoeira and taekwon-do coaches had consistent opinions in case of five activities. The largest differences occurred in terms of organizing and judging the competition and instructing trainees during competitions. Rsp rank correlation coefficient = 0.50, p<0.05. The opinions of taekwon-do and wrestling coaches were in line for two activities and the two activities were given different ranks. Rsp rank correlation coefficient = 0.71, p<0.001. Conclusions. Managing technical and physical preparation of trainees, as well as their training process and body control, were the most important activities of a coach in three combat variations. Scientific-methodical research was considered unimportant. None of the surveyed coaches agreed with others on the importance of professional activities, and their rank does not differentiate representatives of the three types of combat.
Fun and Games as a Form of Physical Culture in the Traditional Religious and Social Rituals of the Lemkos. the Ethnomethodological Approach
Authors: Cieśliński Ryszard , Szum Ernest 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article presents the Lemkos games and fun as popular forms of physical culture of the Lemko community living in former areas of south-eastern Poland. It presents them as part of the intangible culture of the vanishing ethnic group. The traditional elements of physical culture of the Lemko community, especially fun and games have been presented on the basis of the general characteristics of this ethnic group, and the entire history of the presence of the Lemkos in Poland. Folk fun and games, as a form of physical activity are presented in the broad sense of physical and cultural system and the Lemko community located within the cultural system. The need for such a study is due to the fact that there are no other ethnological or cultural anthropology studies on physical culture of this ethnic group.
Physical Activity of Warsaw's Six Year old Children and Its Correlation with Physical Fitness
Authors: Trzcińska Dorota , Tabor Piotr , Olszewska Elżbieta 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Introduction. Physical activity and physical fitness are among the positive measures of health. Their assessment is justified from the point of view of prevention of many civilization diseases. The aim of this paper is to describe the physical activity of six year old children in Warsaw and to determine its relationship to physical fitness. Material and methods. The study was conducted in two series - in the spring of 2011 and 2012. Data were collected for 742 children from selected pre-school institutions in Warsaw. The average age of the children born in 2005 (2011 edition) and 2006 (2012 edition) was 5.84 ± 0.31 years. The numbers in both categories were equal, and amounted to 371 girls and boys. The choice of educational institutions was such, as to ensure that the sample was representative. In order to assess the children's physical activity, the method of diagnostic survey was used (questionnaire). The questionnaire addressed to the parents included questions about the participation of their children in pre-school, extracurricular and family forms of physical activity and the amount of time spent on passive leisure activities. To evaluate the physical fitness we used a test consisting of five motor trials (bend while sitting down, sit up from the lying position 30 s, long jump from stationary position, run 10x5 m, 1 kg medicine ball throw forward). Mathematical analysis of the material utilised selected methods of descriptive statis- 2 tics (including cluster analysis), standardization of data and the χ2 test. Results. In the both gender subgroups three clusters were formed, corresponding to the above-average, average, and reduced physical fitness. Parents of children with the highest level of motor skills often declared significant participation of their children in family and extracurricular forms of physical activity and less time spent in front of TV or computer. Conclusions. In the population of six year old children in Warsaw positive relationship were found between the claimed physical activity and physical fitness
An analysis of the welding-induced deformation of ship panels using a statistical tool
Authors: Batista Huggo S. , Graczyk Tadeusz 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper proposes a practical way to predict the welding-induced deformation of 5-mm-thick steel ship panels prefabricated in a Polish shipyard, developed by means of a number of experiments and a body of data collected on the butt welding line using the submerged arc welding technique. The program of the experiments was so designed as to test different welding energy conditions as well as pressure values generated by the devices used during the welding. Subsequently, different welding trials were carefully carried out and data collected to find the most important parameters which contribute to welding deformation. The data obtained were analysed using the Design-ExpertR statistical software, and consideration was given to the data arrangement method that would allow for the most appropriate description of the welding deformation. As a result of the foregoing efforts, an approach to predicting the welding deformation, based on a numerical equation including the main welding parameters, was developed. The accuracy of the equation was partially evaluated and the results turned out to be satisfactory, as the actual and the predicted values were comparable. Another important advantage achieved was the arrangement of data used to compute the welding deformation.
The Information Society in Europe: Policies to Stem the Digital Divide
Authors: Armas Quintá Francisco José , Macía Arce José Carlos 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A Digital Agenda for Europe is one of the seven flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The main objective of this initiative consists of promoting ICT, especially the Internet, as a strategic tool to improve business, healthcare services, transport and social activity in a better global standard-of-living context. The Europe 2020 Strategy recommends broadband access for all European citizens by 2013 and higher Internet speeds (30 Mbps or above) by 2020. Nevertheless, what is the real position in the European regional and urban context? This article attempts to describe and explain the current situation and trends in relation to the Europe 2020 Strategy initiative.
Core and Periphery of Information Society: Significance of Geospatial Technologies
Authors: Werner Piotr A. , Opach Tomasz 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The paper attempts to identify important factors significant for global information society development and to determine the significance of geospatial (geo-information) technologies. The starting point is international measures of the development level of information & communication technologies (ICT) and information society (IS). The relevance of the particular factors was defined using the general segmentation of the milieu, taking into account social, technological, economic, environmental, political, legal and ethical factors and also estimating the global spatial dimension of ICT and IS development. The diagnosis serves as the context of considerations concerning the contribution of geographers and cartographers to IS.
Territorial Identity of Countryside Residents in the Suburban Areas of Łódź, Poland
Authors: Wójcik Marcin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Social studies of suburban villages have important implications for modern human geography. To a large extent, they relate to a broader problem, which is a change in the value system of Polish society and the needs met in the countryside environment. It is worth considering how a society with specific needs changes the space of the contemporary suburban village. The knowledge of those processes is necessary to further develop spatial policies and local development of gminas (communes) in Poland, especially in the case of rapidly transforming villages in the vicinity of large cities. The primary objective of this paper is to identify differences in the territorial identity and social perception of rural space expressed by immigrant and local groups of long-term residents.
Prospects for the Development of Equity Release Products in Poland – Reverse Mortgage from a Cultural Perspective
Authors: Zbrojewski Piotr 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
At the time of crisis, which involves state funded benefits as well as an increase in public debt, the members of the European Union are forced to consolidate their budgetary expenses. The social cost, however, is extremely high, as the general public is unwilling to accept it. Demographic experts predict a decrease in the amount of people at an economically productive age, not to mention the continuously growing life expectancy. This fact will have serious economic consequences in Poland. That is why the pension system reform was initiated. The inevitable cuts in spending on welfare benefits might cause a situation in which one of the possibilities of increasing retirement benefits leads to the use of the most valuable and long-lasting assets that can be found in households - real estate. A financial instrument called reverse mortgage enables the gradual liberalization of the value of real estate and, thereby, can be used as an additional source of retirement income.
In Poland, the lack of verification by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority and legislative regulations as far as contractors and consumers are concerned, may pose a potential risk. There are two main problems, namely, the legal status of companies that offer reverse mortgages (in the case of possible bankruptcy and debt vindication) as well as issues concerning cyclic value changes on real estate markets. Because of the lack of a reverse mortgage bill, there is no institution which can control the financial situation of contractors, thereby guaranteeing the safety of potential customers.
The goal of this article is to determine the prospects of the development of reverse mortgage in Poland from a cultural perspective in terms of potential client preferences by carrying out a survey among people aged 18 to 30 (mostly students from different cities) and senior citizens over the age of 60. The other aim is to assess the influence of cultural determinants on the perception of equity release products. The author poses a question: In what way does ownership and inheritance attitude influence the volume of reverse mortgage sales?
Calendar Effects on the Real Estate Market
Authors: Brzezicka Justyna , Wiśniewski Radosław 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Social and economic phenomena that rely on "soft" factors to explain the market reality supply highly valuable observations. Behavioral elements should not be omitted in analyses of the real estate market because the latest developments in behavioral sciences significantly contribute to our understanding of this market.
The popularity of behavioral research in social and economic sciences provokes an examination of the significance of behavioral analyses on the real estate market. As an object of social and economic inquiry, the property market can benefit from recent achievements in behavioral sciences which expand the explanatory potential of studies based on the neoclassical model.
This paper analyzes calendar anomalies, generally referred to as calendar effects, on the real estate market. This phenomenon has been observed on the capital market and has been investigated and described by behavioral finance. The research hypothesis tested in this study is that calendar effects are present on the real estate market.
This paper aims to:
1) review calendar effects as model phenomena on the real estate market,
2) determine whether calendar effects occur on the real estate market and, if so, identify those anomalies,
3) determine whether and to what extent the real estate market is governed by seasonal diversity,
4) explain the significance of calendar effects to the real estate market. Research goals were pursued based on analyses of real estate transactions conducted in Olsztyn between 2004 and 2011.
Level of Foreign Direct Investments and Transparency of Polish and Global Real Estate Market
Authors: Czechowska Karolina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The article aimed to present the dependencies between the transparency of the real estate market and the level of foreign investments realized on it. For developers on the real estate market, a key element, other than potential profits, may be the market’s transparency. The main feature of a transparent real estate market is easy access to credible data concerning supply and demand, rent, property prices, transactions, vacant houses and capitalization rates that could be the basis for analysis. Market transparency does not guarantee the success of an investment, but considerably influences investment decisions and the level of risk connected with them.
Land Administration Systems Development Trends – A Case Study
Authors: Dawidowicz Agnieszka , Voß Winrich , Leonard Bernd 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Land management is aimed at generating optimal social, economic and environmental benefits while promoting sustainable development principles. An essential element of this process is the knowledge of the geospatial situation to support public decision-making at different levels: local, regional, national and global. Hence, there is a need for rapid access to complete and updated information about the physical characteristics of a property, rights, restrictions, responsibilities and interrelations. This information is provided by land administration systems (LAS). LAS are built and maintained by governments. The core of LAS is a multi-purpose cadastral system integrated with other spatial information systems and public registers.
In this paper, the authors present the functional architecture and the assumptions of land administration systems built in Poland and Germany. The analysis results show the specificity of the systems' design in relation to socio-economic conditions.
An attempt of integrating the systematic of urban soils into the new Russian soil classification system
Authors: Prokof'eva Tatiana , Gerasimova Maria , Lebedeva Irina , Martynenko Irina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
An attempt to incorporate the popular systematic of urban soils proposed by Marina Stroganova with colleagues into the new Russian soil classification system is presented. It was facilitated by the coincidence of approaches in both systems: priority of diagnostic horizons and their combinations as criteria to identify soil types being the main units in all Russian classifications. The central image of urban soils . urbanozem . in Stroganova.s system found its due place in the order of stratozems (urbostratozem type) owing to its diagnostic horizon . urbic, which combines artificial and natural properties, and to its simultaneous formation with the parent material.
Two new species of the genus Cletus STÅL from India (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Gupta Rashmi , Singh Devinder 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Two new species belonging to the family Coreidae, i.e. Cletus tashiae sp. n. and Cletus pygophorus sp. n., are described from northern India. Species belonging to the genus Cletus STÅL are distributed principally in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions, with seven species reported from India so far.
Biting midges of the subgenus Trichohelea of Forcipomyia in Poland, with keys for the determination of Polish subgenera (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Alwin Alicja , Szadziewski Ryszard 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Forcipomyia chaetoptera REMM, 1962 of the subgenus Trichohelea is reported for the first time in the Polish fauna. As a result the total number of biting midges recorded in Poland has increased to 219. Three species of this subgenus present in Poland (F. eques JOHANNSEN, 1908, F. tonnoiri GOETGHEBUER, 1920 and F. chaetoptera REMM, 1962) are diagnosed and illustrated, and a key for the identification of adults is proposed. Illustrated keys for the identification of the 11 subgenera of Forcipomyia occurring in Poland are also provided.
Etyka, hermeneutyka i myśl słaba. Vattimo, Rovatti, Dal / Ethics, Hermeneutics , and ‘Weak Thought’: Gianni Vattimo, Pier Aldo Rovatti, Alessandro Dal Lago
Authors: Zawadzki Andrzej 
Published: July 2013

Summary
As ethics has acquired an increasingly prominent place in modern hermeneutics, this article attempts to show how ethical aspects of a broadly conceived process of interpretation function in the area of ‘weak thought’ (pensiero debole), which is one of the main developments - not just in Italy - in contemporary hermeneutics. A discussion of the concept of communication (crucial in the hermeneutic ethics of the founder of the ‘weak thought’ Gianni Vattimo, but no less significant in the work of Heidegger, Derrida and Gadamer) is followed by an examination of the contributions of Pier Aldo Rovatti and Alessandro Dal Lago. The latter have developed a distinctly ethical strand of ‘weak thought’ by concentrating on the issues of subjectivity (‘weakening’ of the subject as an ethical gesture) and language (ethical relinquishment of the quest for an absolutely clear and unequivocal manner of expression in favour of eg. metaphors, especially in philosophical discourse).
Kłopot z istnieniem Henryka Elzenberga a tradycja polskiej intymistyki modernistycznej (Brzozowski, Koniński, Kamieńska)
Authors: Kantner Katarzyna 
Published: July 2013

Summary
This article tries to position Henryk Elzenberg’s Problem of Existence within the tradition of Polish modernist private diary writing. Elzenberg’s diary and occasional writings is in many ways exceptional and yet it has many parallels and links with the autobiographical works of Stanisław Brzozowski, Karol Ludwik Koniński and Anna Kamieńska. It is even possible to claim that all those texts constitute a distinct modernist subgenre, defined by its form and tone used to address issues ranging from religion and rationality to the possibility of constructing a new system of thought or finding a vocabulary capable of expressing its philosophical argument.
Proza epoki Marca i wokół Marca’68 / The Political Crisis of March 1968 in Polish Fiction
Authors: Buryła Sławomir 
Published: July 2013

Summary
The article examines the representation in Polish fiction of the atmosphere of the political protests of March 1968. The relevant texts can be divided into two groups, those that were written about the time of the crisis and those that focused on the March events, as they came to be known, in retrospect. The former includes the anti-Semitic short stories and novels written by Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski and Roman Bratny - works whose profile makes them exceptional in postwar Polish fiction. The latter is made up of an assortment of fiction and memoirs.