bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The physical foundation of FN = kh3/2 for conical/pyramidal indentation loading curves
Authors: Kaupp G. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryA physical deduction of the FN = kh3/2 relation (where FN is normal force, k penetration resistance, and h penetration depth) for conical/pyramidal indentation loading curves has been achieved on the basis of elementary mathematics. The indentation process couples the productions of volume and pressure to the displaced material that often partly plasticizes due to such pressure. As the pressure/plasticizing depends on the indenter volume, it follows that FN = FNp1/3  ·  FNV2/3, where the index p stands for pressure/plasticizing and V for indentation volume. FNp does not contribute to the penetration, only FNV. The exponent 2/3 on FNV shows that while FN is experimentally applied; only FN2/3 is responsible for the penetration depth h. Thus, FN = kh3/2 is deduced and the physical reason is the loss of FN1/3 for the depth. Unfortunately, this has not been considered in teaching, textbooks, and the previous deduction of numerous common mechanical parameters, when the Love/Sneddon deductions of an exponent 2 on h were accepted and applied. The various unexpected experimental verifications and applications of the correct exponent 3/2 are mentioned and cited. Undue mechanical parameters require correction not only for safety reasons. SCANNING 38:177–179, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Scanning published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Students’ Engagement in Literacy Tasks
Authors: Parsons Seth A. , Malloy Jacquelynn A. , Parsons Allison Ward , Burrowbridge Sarah Cohen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article offers insight into what makes literacy tasks engaging or disengaging based on observations of and interviews with students. In a yearlong study of a sixth‐grade classroom in a Title I school, students engaged in integrated literacy‐social studies instruction. Researchers studied the degree of task openness and the degree to which students of various ability levels engaged affectively, behaviorally, and cognitively. In highlighting the elements of the 10 most and least engaging of the 66 tasks observed, implications for designing highly engaged instruction are presented, as are lessons learned from student disengagement.
Power allocation and transmission scheduling for a network with bidirectional relaying links
Authors: Meshgi Hadi , Zhao Dongmei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study packet transmission scheduling for a network with bidirectional relaying links, where the relay station can use network coding to combine packets to multiple receivers and opportunistically decide the number of packets to be combined in each transmission. Two cases are considered, depending on whether nodes are allowed to overhear transmissions of each other. A constrained Markov decision process is first formulated with an objective to minimize the average delay of packet transmissions, subject to the maximum and average transmission power limits of the relay node. The complexity for solving the constrained Markov decision process (MDP) is prohibitively high, although the computational complexity for the no‐overhearing case can be greatly reduced. Heuristic schemes are then proposed, one applies to the general case, and another applies to only the no‐overhearing case. Numerical results demonstrate that the heuristic schemes can achieve close‐to‐optimum average packet transmission delay, and furthermore, the second scheme achieves lower maximum delay while keeping the same average packet transmission delay and relay node power consumption as the first one. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A refined tip correction based on decambering
Authors: Sørensen Jens N. , Dag Kaya O. , Ramos‐García Néstor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA new tip correction for use in performance codes based on the blade element momentum (BEM) or the lifting‐line technique is presented. The correction modifies the circulation by taking into account the additional influence of the induction of the vortices in the wake, using the so‐called decambering effect and thin‐airfoil theory. A limitation of the standard Prandtl tip correction is that it represents the surface loading by a line distribution that does not take into account the actual shape of the rotor blade. Thus, the chord distribution does not appear as a parameter in the model, and the loading in the proximity of the tip is generally found to be overestimated. The new tip correction is implemented as an additional correction in order to represent the surface loading by a line distribution. Comparing computations using the new model with standard BEM results and computations using a 3D panel code show that the inclusion of the correction greatly improves the results. The new model also explains some of the discrepancies that earlier on have been observed when using a BEM technique based alone upon standard tip corrections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Mixed‐Valent Copper Cyanido Complex and a New Copper(II) Acetato Complex, Prepared with an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Köckerling Martin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhen copper(II) acetate is treated with the ionic liquid n‐butylmethylimidazolium cyanide (BMIm‐CN), in ethanol solution, two new copper coordination compounds are obtained. (BMIm)2[Cu4(CN)7] comprises a 3D coordination polymer of cyanide bridged copper ions. This anionic coordination polymer contains CuI as well as CuII ions, i.e. it is a mixed‐valent compound. The polymer can be described as honeycomb structure with the BMIm+ cation being located in the cages. The second compound obtained from the chemical reaction is (BMIm)[Cu2(OAc)5][Cu(OAc)2(H2O)]2·C2H5OH, which can be described as double‐salt. The first unit (BMIm)[Cu2(OAc)5] contains paddle wheel copper(II) acetato moieties, which are bridged by additional acetato ligands and form infinite chains. The second part of the double salt is the neutral, [Cu(OAc)2(H2O)]2 complex. These two parts as well as the co‐crystallized ethanol molecule are connected through a network of hydrogen bridges.
Chelating Energetic Material Nickel Semicarbazide 2,4,6‐Trinitroresorcinol: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Behavior
Authors: Wang Qian‐You , Tong Wen‐Chao , Ma Chao , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Yang Li 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThrough a one‐pot reaction of NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·H2O, aminourea hydrochloride (SCZ·HCl) and 2,4,6‐trinitroresorcinol (TNR), a halogen‐free and lead‐free chelating energetic material (CEM) [Ni(SCZ)3]TNR was synthesized. We confirmed the structure of [Ni(SCZ)3]TNR by infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The complex is triclinic with P$\bar{1}$(2)/n space group. Cell parameters are: a = 1.04008(17) nm, b = 1.3719(2) nm, c = 1.4897(2) nm, V = 2.0337(6) nm3, Z = 4. The central nickel atom is six‐coordinate with three oxygen atoms of carbonyl groups and three terminal nitrogen atoms of the hydrazine groups from three SCZs to form a distorted octahedron. Differential scanning calorimetry and analysis applied to assess the thermal decomposition behavior. The DSC curve with a linear heating rate of 10 °C·min–1 shows that [Ni(SCZ)3]TNR is thermally stable with one exothermic peak temperatures of 78.8 °C and two exothermic peak temperatures of 216.8 °C and 308.1 °C. The kinetic parameters were obtained by non‐isothermal reaction kinetics. The equation can be expressed as lnk = 24.49–243.3 × 103/RT. Moreover, the values of the critical temperature of thermal explosion, ΔS≠, ΔH≠, ΔG≠, and the enthalpies of formation were obtained as 206.5 °C, –145.543 J·mol–1·K–1, 237.18 kJ·mol–1, 305.84 kJ·mol–1, and –2.65 MJ·kg–1, respectively.
ACCOUNT OF PROFITS FOR DISHONEST ASSISTANCE
Authors: Devonshire Peter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn Novoship (UK) Ltd. v Nikitin, a unanimous Court of Appeal held that an account of profits can be granted against a third party who dishonestly assists a breach of fiduciary duty. This raises fundamental questions as to the status of gain-based relief in relation to secondary wrongs. An account of profits reflects the imperatives of fiduciary duty and it is questionable whether the remedy should be extended to a stranger to that relationship. This article will analyse the spectrum of secondary liability and suggest an appropriate demarcation of compensation and disgorgement.
Naming Antarctica
Authors: Bulkeley Rip 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn a recent interesting contribution to this journal, G.A. Mawer suggested that Antarctica was first so named in 1890 (Mawer 2008). New evidence however reveals that Antarctica first received its modern one-word name as early as 1840 at a congress of Italian scientists. The new name was soon adapted for other languages, and its use in English can be traced from 1849. A hypothesis is advanced as to why alternative French and German names were coined later in the century. The first map to use the new place name was published in 1843, and the first map to show a complete outline of the continent, estimated from expedition reports, was produced in 1844. But nothing could become the settled name of the south polar continent until its existence was confirmed at the turn of the twentieth century.
The SUV39H1 inhibitor chaetocin induces differentiation and shows synergistic cytotoxicity with other epigenetic drugs in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Lai Y-S , Chen J-Y , Tsai H-J , Chen T-Y , Hung W-C 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEpigenetic modifying enzymes have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 by the methyltransferase G9a and SUV39H1 is associated with inhibition of tumor suppressor genes. We studied the effect of G9a and SUV39H1 inhibitors on viability and differentiation of AML cells and tested the cytotoxicity induced by combination of G9a and SUV39H1 inhibitors and various epigenetic drugs. The SUV39H1 inhibitor (chaetocin) and the G9a inhibitor (UNC0638) caused cell death in AML cells at high concentrations. However, only chaetocin-induced CD11b expression and differentiation of AML cells at non-cytotoxic concentration. HL-60 and KG-1a cells were more sensitive to chaetocin than U937 cells. Long-term incubation of chaetocin led to downregulation of SUV39H1 and reduction of H3K9 tri-methylation in HL-60 and KG-1a cells. Combination of chaetocin with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) or JQ (a BET (bromodomain extra terminal) bromodomain inhibitor) showed synergistic cytotoxicity. Conversely, no synergism was found by combining chaetocin and UNC0638. More importantly, chaetocin-induced differentiation and combined cytotoxicity were also found in the primary cells of AML patients. Collectively, the SUV39H1 inhibitor chaetocin alone or in combination with other epigenetic drugs may be effective for the treatment of AML.
Altitudinal patterns of diversity and functional traits of metabolically active microorganisms in stream biofilms
Authors: Wilhelm Linda , Besemer Katharina , Fragner Lena , Peter Hannes , Weckwerth Wolfram , Battin Tom J 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Resources structure ecological communities and potentially link biodiversity to energy flow. It is commonly believed that functional traits (generalists versus specialists) involved in the exploitation of resources depend on resource availability and environmental fluctuations. The longitudinal nature of stream ecosystems provides changing resources to stream biota with yet unknown effects on microbial functional traits and community structure. We investigated the impact of autochthonous (algal extract) and allochthonous (spruce extract) resources, as they change along alpine streams from above to below the treeline, on microbial diversity, community composition and functions of benthic biofilms. Combining bromodeoxyuridine labelling and 454 pyrosequencing, we showed that diversity was lower upstream than downstream of the treeline and that community composition changed along the altitudinal gradient. We also found that, especially for allochthonous resources, specialisation by biofilm bacteria increased along that same gradient. Our results suggest that in streams below the treeline biofilm diversity, specialisation and functioning are associated with increasing niche differentiation as potentially modulated by divers allochthonous and autochthonous constituents contributing to resources. These findings expand our current understanding on biofilm structure and function in alpine streams.
Crystallization seeds favour crystallization only during initial growth
Authors: Allahyarov E. , Sandomirski K. , Egelhaaf S.U. , Löwen H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCrystallization represents the prime example of a disorder–order transition. In realistic situations, however, container walls and impurities are frequently present and hence crystallization is heterogeneously seeded. Rarely the seeds are perfectly compatible with the thermodynamically favoured crystal structure and thus induce elastic distortions, which impede further crystal growth. Here we use a colloidal model system, which not only allows us to quantitatively control the induced distortions but also to visualize and follow heterogeneous crystallization with single-particle resolution. We determine the sequence of intermediate structures by confocal microscopy and computer simulations, and develop a theoretical model that describes our findings. The crystallite first grows on the seed but then, on reaching a critical size, detaches from the seed. The detached and relaxed crystallite continues to grow, except close to the seed, which now prevents crystallization. Hence, crystallization seeds facilitate crystallization only during initial growth and then act as impurities.
Rapid and retrievable recording of big data of time-lapse 3D shadow images of microbial colonies
Authors: Ogawa Hiroyuki , Nasu Senshi , Takeshige Motomu , Saito Mikako , Matsuoka Hideaki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe formerly developed an automatic colony count system based on the time-lapse shadow image analysis (TSIA). Here this system has been upgraded and applied to practical rapid decision. A microbial sample was spread on/in an agar plate with 90 mm in diameter as homogeneously as possible. We could obtain the results with several strains that most of colonies appeared within a limited time span. Consequently the number of colonies reached a steady level (Nstdy) and then unchanged until the end of long culture time to give the confirmed value (Nconf). The equivalence of Nstdy and Nconf as well as the difference of times for Nstdy and Nconf determinations were statistically significant at p < 0.001. Nstdy meets the requirement of practical routines treating a large number of plates. The difference of Nstdy and Nconf, if any, may be elucidated by means of retrievable big data. Therefore Nconf is valid for official documentation.
Radial Wettable Gradient of Hot Surface to Control Droplets Movement in Directions
Authors: Feng Shile , Wang Sijie , Tao Yuanhao , Shang Weifeng , Deng Siyan , Zheng Yongmei , Hou Yongping 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA radial wettable gradient was fabricated on the surface of graphite plate by a simple one-step anodic oxidation process. It was found that the direction and value of the wettable gradient could be easily controlled by adjusting current and oxidation time gradient. With the increase of surface temperature, droplets on surface not only exhibited the transition of boiling mode, but also showed the controlled radial spreading, evaporation and movement behaviors. These phenomena could be attributed to the cooperation of wettability force, hysteresis force and vapor pressure (Leidenfrost effect). Especially, the controlled radial convergence or divergence of droplets with high velocity were realized on the surfaces with either inside or outside radial gradient, which would have crucial applications in the design of microfluidic devices and the exploration of the biotechnology.
CfLec-3 from scallop: an entrance to non-self recognition mechanism of invertebrate C-type lectin
Authors: Yang Jialong , Huang Mengmeng , Zhang Huan , Wang Lingling , Wang Hao , Wang Leilei , Qiu Limei , Song Linsheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA C-type lectin (CfLec-3) from Chlamys farreri with three carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) was selected to dissect the possible mechanisms of PAMP binding and functional differentiation of invertebrate lectins. CfLec-3 distributed broadly and its mRNA expression in hemocytes increased significantly after stimulations with LPS, PGN or β-glucan, but not poly(I:C). The recombinant CfLec-3 (rCfLec-3) could bind PAMPs and several microbes. rCfLec-3 mediated hemocytes phagocytosis against Escherichia coli and encapsulation towards agarose beads. Obvious functional differentiation occurred among the three CRDs, as CRD1 exhibited higher activity to bind PAMPs, while CRD2/3 were expert in promoting hemocyte mediated opsonisation. The tertiary structural differences were suspected to be associated with such functional differentiation. PAMP binding abilities of CfLec-3 were determined by Ca2+-binding site 2 motif. When Pro in this motif of each CRD was mutated into Ser, their PAMP binding abilities were deprived absolutely. rCRD2 acquired mannan binding capability when its EPD was replaced by EPN, but lost when EPN in rCRD3 was changed into EPD. The Pro in Ca2+-binding site 2 was indispensable for PAMPs binding, while Asn was determinant for specific binding to mannan. It shed new insight into PAMPs binding mechanism of invertebrate C-type lectins and their functional differentiation.
Functional Characterization of Novel Sesquiterpene Synthases from Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album
Authors: Srivastava Prabhakar Lal , Daramwar Pankaj P. , Krithika Ramakrishnan , Pandreka Avinash , Shankar S. Shiva , Thulasiram Hirekodathakallu V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIndian Sandalwood, Santalum album L. is highly valued for its fragrant heartwood oil and is dominated by a blend of sesquiterpenes. Sesquiterpenes are formed through cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by metal dependent terpene cyclases. This report describes the cloning and functional characterization of five genes, which encode two sesquisabinene synthases (SaSQS1, SaSQS2), bisabolene synthase (SaBS), santalene synthase (SaSS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (SaFDS) using the transcriptome sequencing of S. album. Using Illumina next generation sequencing, 33.32 million high quality raw reads were generated, which were assembled into 84,094 unigenes with an average length of 494.17 bp. Based on the transcriptome sequencing, five sesquiterpene synthases SaFDS, SaSQS1, SaSQS2, SaBS and SaSS involved in the biosynthesis of FPP, sesquisabinene, β-bisabolene and santalenes, respectively, were cloned and functionally characterized. Novel sesquiterpene synthases (SaSQS1 and SaSQS2) were characterized as isoforms of sesquisabinene synthase with varying kinetic parameters and expression levels. Furthermore, the feasibility of microbial production of sesquisabinene from both the unigenes, SaSQS1 and SaSQS2 in non-optimized bacterial cell for the preparative scale production of sesquisabinene has been demonstrated. These results may pave the way for in vivo production of sandalwood sesquiterpenes in genetically tractable heterologous systems.
Impact of land use type conversion on carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China: A spatial-temporal perspective
Authors: Zhang Mei , Huang Xianjin , Chuai Xiaowei , Yang Hong , Lai Li , Tan Junzhong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOur work is the first study to explore the national and provincial composite carbon storage variations in terrestrial ecosystems of China caused by the entire flows of land use type conversion (LUTC). Only water body was excluded. The results indicated that terrestrial ecosystems of China lost 219 Tg-C due to LUTC from 1980 to 1995 and the amount was 60 Tg-C during the period 1995-2010. Despite the decrease in the total amount, carbon losses from LUTC intensified, but most of the losses were balanced by the opposite conversions. Our analyses also revealed that LUTCs in China were becoming detrimental to carbon reduction, mainly due to the insufficient increase of forest land to meet the growing demand for carbon absorption, the accelerating disappearance of grassland and the rapid expansion of settlements. More than 50% of the carbon storage variations for a single LUTC flow concentrated in several provinces. To improve China’s LUTC status from the aspect of low-carbon, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang and coastal regions, such as Shandong, Jiangsu and Liaoning, should be dealt with first according to their conditions. This study can be helpful to planners, policy makers and scholars concerned about carbon reduction in China.
A biochemical network can control formation of a synthetic material by sensing numerous specific stimuli
Authors: Hun Yeon Ju , Chan Karen Y. T. , Wong Ting-Chia , Chan Kelvin , Sutherland Michael R. , Ismagilov Rustem F. , Pryzdial Edward L. G. , Kastrup Christian J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDeveloping bio-compatible smart materials that assemble in response to environmental cues requires strategies that can discriminate multiple specific stimuli in a complex milieu. Synthetic materials have yet to achieve this level of sensitivity, which would emulate the highly evolved and tailored reaction networks of complex biological systems. Here we show that the output of a naturally occurring network can be replaced with a synthetic material. Exploiting the blood coagulation system as an exquisite biological sensor, the fibrin clot end-product was replaced with a synthetic material under the biological control of a precisely regulated cross-linking enzyme. The functions of the coagulation network remained intact when the material was incorporated. Clot-like polymerization was induced in indirect response to distinct small molecules, phospholipids, enzymes, cells, viruses, an inorganic solid, a polyphenol, a polysaccharide and a membrane protein. This strategy demonstrates for the first time that an existing stimulus-responsive biological network can be used to control the formation of a synthetic material by diverse classes of physiological triggers.
Neurological morphofunctional differentiation induced by REAC technology in PC12. A neuro protective model for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Maioli Margherita , Rinaldi Salvatore , Migheli Rossana , Pigliaru Gianfranco , Rocchitta Gaia , Santaniello Sara , Basoli Valentina , Castagna Alessandro , Fontani Vania , Ventura Carlo , Serra Pier Andrea 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResearch for the use of physical means, in order to induce cell differentiation for new therapeutic strategies, is one of the most interesting challenges in the field of regenerative medicine and then in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease (PD) included. The aim of this work is to verify the effect of the radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology on the PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line, as they display metabolic features of PD. PC12 cells were cultured with a REAC regenerative tissue optimization treatment (TO-RGN) for a period ranging between 24 and 192 hours. Gene expression analysis of specific neurogenic genes, as neurogenin-1, beta3-tubulin and Nerve growth factor, together with the immunostaining analysis of the specific neuronal protein beta3-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase, shows that the number of cells committed toward the neurogenic phenotype was significantly higher in REAC treated cultures, as compared to control untreated cells. Moreover, MTT and Trypan blue proliferation assays highlighted that cell proliferation was significantly reduced in REAC TO-RGN treated cells. These results open new perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases treatment, particularly in PD. Further studies will be needed to better address the therapeutic potential of the REAC technology.