bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axial Oscillation Tool Significantly Mitigates the Vibration Level and Enhances Drilling Performance in Conjunction With Standard RSS Systems
Authors: Altamimi Ibrahim M. , Mokrani Samir , Zulkaf Ahmed H. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Since the beginning of directional drilling, static friction between the drill string and the wall of the wellbore has played a critical role in increasing the overall cost of the drilling operation. This is caused by the waste of energy due to poor weight on bit transfer or downhole tool's damages due to high vibration levels encountered.
High friction of the drill string against the wellbore has become a major concern in the process of drilling, whether it is in directional or horizontal drilling application. This source of additional torque and drag will lead to lower rates of penetration, poor tool face control, induced torsional vibration, instable drilling operation and higher rates of nonproductive rig time.
This paper presents the benefits of utilizing the axial oscillation tool in conjunction with standard RSS drive systems in directional drilling applications, whereby the mechanism of axially oscillating the BHA or drill string has substantially reduced drag and friction, resulting in improved weight transfer, more consistent torque, and therefore, more consistent reactive torque. This provides a significant reduction in stick slip vibration levels and more stable drilling operation in all modes of drilling.
With reference to the offset data, this paper also illustrates actual field runs that highlights the significant improvement in WOB transfer, ROP and torsional vibration mitigation, encountered to utilizing the Axial Oscillation Tool in conjunction with standard RSS system, which has led to more stable and cost effective drilling operation.
Better Decision Making in an Ever More Complex World
Authors: Sweatman Jill 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has the opportunity to guide its collective intellects in innovative practices that grow sustainable industries. Thinking differently can further contribute to world economies and communities.
This paper is intended to stimulate debate, raise some intriguing questions and encourage in each of us the willingness to do and see things a little differently. Three key areas are discussed in the context of making better decisions in an ever more complex world: Why we need to ask the right questionsWhy we need to discipline distractionsWhy we need to create a conducive environment for decision making.
The result of multitasking, heavy multimedia usage and our world of ubiquitous distractions is having a negative impact on thinking. It takes effort to make the time to think deeply and to discipline our distractions. It is at our peril that we ignore the evidence and merely accept the velocity of our professional worlds and demanding lifestyles.
The complex and the ambiguous abound in the petroleum industry. These elements dictate a depth of thinking and intellectual dexterity that can inspire creativity and capitalize on technology. Research shows that despite sophisticated technology, the human brain remains pivotal in interpreting the practical and the nuanced. The field of neuroscience proves taking care of our most important asset, our brain, is imperative to being more effective in decision making. There are some simple actions we can all take, like walking briskly, that will improve judgment and outcomes.
Our brain may be changing due to the constant use of technology and the distractions it provides. Studies show workers are interrupted every 11 minutes, they self-interrupt 44% of the time and handle interruptions immediately 73% of the time. Such disruptions come at a high cost to ourselves and our business, especially when risk mitigation is compromised. Choosing how and when to be interrupted is necessary if we are working on an important task so that mistakes can be mitigated. We are immersed in an environment that is data-rich yet attention-impoverished. We need to be judicious about the interruptions we allow and how we deal with them. Aspects are explored with recommendations for daily practice that will improve decision making.
Development and Application of Bottomhole Pressure Intermittent Reducing Tool
Authors: Longlian Cui , Haige Wang , Fucheng Zhang , Hong Li , Guodong Ji , Lubin Zhuo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In this paper, Bottomhole pressure intermittent reducing tool (BPIRT) was introduced. The tools can enhance rate of penetration (ROP) and prolong bit footage, and ultimately improve drilling efficiency. The tool can be used in vertical wells, directional wells and horizontal wells. It can be used either with downhole motor or be used alone.
Bottomhole pressure intermittent reducing tool consists of a turbine, rotary sealing valves, and hydraulic shock damping system. The rotary sealing valves are driven by the turbine. Rotation of the rotary valves opens and closes the flow path ways and turns the continuous mud flow into periodic flow. As the periodic mud flow jets from bit nozzles, the bottomhole pressure is reduced periodically, which alter the stress state of the bottomhole rock and reduces the rock breaking energy. Hydraulic shock damping system contains a piston. The upward face of the piston is excreted by periodic mud flow, and the downward face is hydraulically connected with the annulus by 4 pores. Pressure loss of bit and hydraulic shock system provide a constant force on the piston. Typically, this force is designed to be greater than WOB with 20-30KN. The piston also provides additionally a periodically varying force (0-40KN, 10-35HZ) on bit. In normal drilling process, the piston is set at the lower restricted point. When bit jumping occurs, the tool allows the piston to move upward 5-8mm automatically, which can protect bit and drilling string.
The advantages of bottomhole pressure intermittent reducing tool as following: 1) reduce the bottomhole pressure intermittently, alter the stress state of the rock, reduce the rock breaking energy; 2) change the distribution of cuttings bed in the bottomhole, improve the cuttings upward velocity from bottomhole rock matrix, and avoid the cuttings of repeated broken; 3) provide bit additional impact energy, improve rock breaking efficiency; 4) decrease bit jumping, protect bit and drilling string; 5) stable directional drilling tool face, improve drilling efficiency.
Bottomhole pressure intermittent reducing tool has been used over 30 wells, the total footages over 35000m. The ROP is improved by 26.32%-132.18%, total 200 days drilling cycle and 30 millions drilling costs are saved. The tool has simple structure, reliable performance and long service life. Bottomhole pressure intermittent reducing tool as an effective approach to improve ROP, has great application potential in China.
As mentioned in advantages, the tool can reduce the bottomhole pressure intermittently, alter the stress state of the rock, reduce the rock breaking energy, improve the cuttings upward velocity from bottomhole rock matrix, provide bit additional impact energy and also can decrease bit jumping.
Water-oil Relative Permeability and CO2 Injection Process at Full Reservoir Conditions in an H2S Oil Bearing Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Alawi Nidhal , Kalam Zubair , Al Sahn Hani , Bhushan Yatindra , Al-Shabibi Tariq 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Assessing CO2 EOR in different areas of a field with different rock and fluid properties requires proper dynamic reservoir modelling. Good SCAL data is a key input to the dynamic model. Consequently a comprehensive SCAL program was designed for a super giant carbonate reservoir, onshore Abu Dhabi, for modeling CO2 EOR process in secondary & tertiary conditions. A careful selection of the core material based on a Petrophysical Group (PG) review was performed to make the experiments representative of key areas of the field in which CO2 flood is planned or studied.
Laboratory experiments were designed at full reservoir conditions with H2S oil bearing, and to assess possible impact of H2S on displacement efficiency. Water-oil relative permeability tests showed insignificant impact of H2S, compared with non-H2S tests on cores of different PG's. Injectivity issues and importance of brine composition on water mobility were identified. Trapped gas to water and oil were also mapped successfully.
The comparative analysis of CO2 EOR flooding scenarios using long composite cores with continuous CO2 injection and CO2 WAG were also performed. They indicate higher displacement efficiency with continuous CO2 injection. Tests were also conducted on composites with non-H2S live crude, representative of reservoir zones with little or insignificant presence of H2S.
This study indicated for the first time in the published literature, the impact of H2S in water-oil relative permeabilities of carbonates at full reservoir conditions. The gas process displacement efficiency tests also verified negligible impact of H2S (up to 12%) in CO2 EOR 1D core floods.
Improving Mega Project Economics Through the Use of Early Production
Authors: Volker James A. , Bond Adam J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A key aspect of the Project under discussion is the use of minimal Initial Production Facilities to achieve significant early production from each of the four (4) pre-constructed artificial islands. The Initial Production Facilities leverage the utilization of the spare processing capacity on the existing adjacent satellite platforms to allow production from each of the islands to occur during the 4 year period between when the first wells are completed until completion and start-up of the Permanent Production Facilities.
The Initial Production Facilities associated with each artificial island comprise (1) the on-island Facilities that consist of wellhead flowlines, production and test headers, basic hydraulic wellhead control panels, a chemical injection skid, a hydrocarbon drain tank package, and a temporary equipment room containing distribution panels and the basic control system, (2) a riser platform containing a pig launcher, (3) a short subsea pipeline that connects the island to the existing adjacent satellite platform, and (4) the minor brownfield tie-ins on the existing adjacent satellite platform. The riser platform, short subsea pipeline, and the minor brownfield tie-ins will remain as part of the long term Permanent Production Facilities, while the on-island Initial Production Facilities are for use only during the Initial Production Phase of the Project and will be de-commissioned.
It is anticipated that the Initial Production Facilities will be in production for 4 years and during that period will achieve production from more than 60 total wells on the four (4) islands. A sequenced design and start-up approach has been utilized to align with the drilling program and to provide maximum flexibility in the final installed Initial Production Facilities at an optimum cost for each island. Wells will continue to be progressively tied into the Initial Production Facilities on each island for the life of the Facility until it is decommissioned following the start-up of the Permanent Production Facilities.
The key challenges for the Initial Production scope were (1) the high degree of simultaneous operations, (2) design and installation of the Initial Production Facilities to minimize interference with ongoing drilling operations and construction of Permanent Production Facilities, and (3) achieving safe operability while minimizing capital expenditure to maintain a low cost economic model that makes sense for an Initial Production Facility that will only be in operation for a short period of time.
Use of the Initial Production Facilities enhances the overall Project economics and also provides a valuable mitigation for any schedule delays that may be incurred in completion of the Permanent Production Facilities.
Enhancing Emergency Response Readiness and Crisis Management Effectiveness Through Predictive Advanced Modeling Tools
Authors: Scataglini L. , Buffagni M. , Petrone A. , Aiello G. , Iazeolla G. , Cassina L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Emergency preparedness and Crisis Management represent one of the key elements when it comes to deal with Major Accidents both for onshore and offshore facilities. Wherever process complexity (highly congested areas, simultaneous operations, presence of high H2S concentrations) and context features (desert areas, deep waters) are experienced, there is a high potential to hinder an effective response, especially in the unfortunate case that the emergency extends beyond the asset boundaries. Considerations above lead to develop an integrated approach to Emergency Response and Crisis Management, which can rely not only on management systems, plans and procedures but also on advanced tools to model critical accident scenarios. The biggest challenge in these terms is posed by the reliability of existing tools; in fact, most of the commercial package models available in the market may not be exhaustive enough to describe in detail both the near-field and far-field impact of major events like blowouts and toxic gas dispersions, taking into account the real meteocean conditions in a region of interest. The near-field results shall be used to support the emergency response processes (securing of areas, evacuation and short-term business continuity) which on the other hand need to be supported by the far-field impact assessment that provides useful info to manage potential long-term exposure of population. Yet far-field/long-term impacts to natural/societal unprotected environments cannot be exclusively evaluated with short-term modeling but needs to be treated with a dynamic approach, using advanced modeling tools to simulate the evolution of HC release or toxic dispersion events.

Method, Procedures, Process
This paper describes a number of proprietary tools developed within the Company to predict the extent of areas affected by major accidents under analysis, in particular blowouts and toxic dispersions, and their far-field effects, along with their use in real time to support the response and take immediate and appropriate actions in case of a real emergency. Benchmark with results obtained applying other commercial tools are also provided.

Results, Observation, Conclusions
The paper presents crucial elements to support an effective Emergency Response and Crisis Management both internally and externally. Integrated Environmental monitoring through the application of remote sensing satellite images, sensor and fixed station, and Web-GIS application that constitute powerful instruments to examine the composition of critical accident scenarios and their consequences in surrounding areas around industrial complexes.
Soft Sensing in Deep Wells Within Artificial Gas Lift Technology
Authors: Hammadih M. L. , Al Hosani K. , Boiko I. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Artificial gas lift technology is used in the oil industry to enhance oil recovery. Controlling this process is considered as a vital task by many researchers in the field. Solution of this problem would improve process performance and stabilize system operation. However, most of the control methodologies found in the literature and oil-field practice use only such process variables as on-surface flow and pressure measurements.
The proposed approach offers soft sensing of process variables in the well that are unavailable for measurement due to technical constraints. For instance, measuring the flow rate of gas or liquid at the depth of a few kilometres would be unfeasible, given that the existing instruments cannot endure huge pressures and high temperatures at this depth. The proposed methodology provides soft sensing of these variables by utilizing a sliding mode observer (state estimator). Sliding mode observers are widely used for acquiring good estimates of unmeasured process variables in a dynamical system. This proposed soft sensing is primarily intended for control purpose. For that reason the estimator must provide computational efficiency with acceptable rate of accuracy, since the observer must be working in real-time to be a part of the control system. By linearizing the nonlinear model of the artificial gas lift dynamics, we reduce the complexity of implementation to simple arithmetic operations that must be realized within an estimator. In this case, computational efficiency of these operations would be higher than that involving solution of complex functions and algebraic equations that are involved with the nonlinear model of the gas lift. Therefore, the proposed linear estimator is simple, higly efficient in term of computation, and it satisfies the requirement for real-time operation.
We developed a simple version of sliding mode observer through linearization principle applied in a number of points. The highly nonlinear gas lift system was linearized at different points which were selected as corresponding to different opening of the valve. This method is applicable for this scenario as the linearization of the model is valid around each point. Incorporating multiple sliding mode observers was achieved by utilizing the interpolation principle.
This novel approach was tested with the nonlinear gas lift model and simulation results was obtained for 10-point and 20-point observers. The resulting estimates tracks the actual values with insignificant error. By checking the percentage error of our estimates, we conclude that the designed observer provides good and reliable results. This would permit further enhancements in the gas lift technology with less cost, by utilizing these estimates to control the nonlinear process using some advanced control techniques such as model predictive control.
Driving Innovation With Red Zone Vehicles
Authors: Perrono Fabrice , Shah Vishal , Kannan Rajagopal , Basile Girolamo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In line with ADNOC Codes of Practice, areas where fatal H2S concentrations could exist must be classified as ‘Red Zones'. Personnel in these zones should always be under air. Al Hosn Gas facilities in the Shah field have large areas categorized as Red Zones. This presents a challenge as personnel working in these areas have to traverse long distances under air and on foot from the Red Zone perimeter to the units within, and back.
Al Hosn Gas has overcome this challenge with the development and implementation of an innovative Red Zone Vehicle. These specialized vehicles are suitable for all terrain movement and have been fitted with breathing air cylinders that can provide up to 1 hour of breathing air for up to 5 occupants, a gas monitoring screen that displays various parameters in real time, a flammable gas permissive start option and a permanent monitoring system that continuously compares the flammability of surrounding air with stored calibrated air to de-energise vehicle if a certain limit (i.e. 10% LEL) is breached, a special valve to automatically shut-off the air intake to the diesel engine if the engine accelerates rapidly in flammable atmospheres, a spark arrestor and flashing strobes & beacons which activate upon toxic or flammable gas detection.
With the implementation of the above innovation and safeguards, travel time in the plant Red Zone has been reduced by 82% (also reducing heat exposure) and up to 71% breathing air is now conserved and available to personnel in their personal SCBA sets when travelling the longest route in the Red Zone (approximately 1.5km). The breathing air system and the flammable gas protection systems are relatively inexpensive to install and are easy to upgrade individually as and when newer technologies are made available. This would not require replacement or a complete overhaul of the existing vehicle. Further, the same systems have been fitted across a wider range of industrial vehicles e.g. cranes, forklifts, trucks, etc. thus enabling an increased range of safe maintenance activities in the Red Zone.
At present, 20 existing vehicles (consisting of pick-ups, cranes, fork-lifts, cherry pickers, and a delivery truck) in the Shah Gas Plant have been successfully converted into Red Zone vehicles to allow for safe, efficient movement and smooth maintenance activities within the red zones.
Application of Flux Leakage Technique and Hydrostatic Pressure Testing to Evaluate Imperfections in Used Tubing
Authors: Majeed M Fajarul 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The paper details the result of using an Integrated Inspection System that inspects used tubing by Electro Magnetic Inspection (EMI) during pull-out, and hydro-tests the string during completion. This unit was introduced and is still being used in the Bahrain field to inspect tubings during pull-out. The EMI is done using purpose built portable inspection system that will be fixed on the Rig Floor, and tubing pulled out through it. The unit consists of 3 separate chambers; a pneumatic chamber-sensor combination that detects any split or hole in the tubing, and 2 hall effect sensor chambers, one to monitor any reduction in wall thickness due to wall thinning or rod-wear, and another to detect any corrosion, transverse cuts, cracks, scales etc. The hall effect sensor detects Magnetic Flux Leakages from discontinuities. The unit is remotely operated by the Inspection Engineer from trailer, and each tubing in the string is classified based on the remaining wall thickness, as per standard API RP 5C1. The accepted tubings along with the replacements for those rejected during EMI are pressure tested during completion by the hydrotesting unit. A 70 feet long testing tool is assembled and lowered into the string using a winch and sheave arrangement, and the string is hydrotested, two tubing at a time. The testing assembly consists of packers at the top and bottom which contains pressure actuated rubber seal seals which provide an annulus that will be filled with water to test for integrity. Any drop in pressure will be recorded on the gauges, detecting any holes or splits that may be present. This unique System facilitate NDT as well as Pressure Testing of the Tubing string in one go to reduce turnaround time of the Rig significantly besides helping to save cost of tubings that could be reused. The working of each component of the integrated unit, advantages gained, and the discontinuities that were found on the tubings during inspection of several wells are discussed in detail in the paper.
Diagnostic Rules for Gas Turbines Driving Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Ashour Osama , Saravanapriyan Arul , Khalidi Abdurrahman , Fadlun Ever , Giannini Nicola , Ceccherini Alberto , Pierir Marco , Bianucci David 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Diagnostic rules for online monitoring of turbocompressor trains driven by gas turbines are presented. These rules cover components and zones that are most susceptible to failure, such as combustion elements, hot-gas-path- exposed wheelspace area, and dry gas seal components. The effect of these rules on improving the availability and reliability of such machines are also explained. Various case studies using real operational data are shown, and emphasis is given to explaining how to use the rules in diagnostic and prognostic studies. The rules can be divided into availability and performance rules. For the gas turbine, engineering performance rules covering the axial compressor, output parameters, and fuel consumption are introduced. Availability rules covering combustion and the wheelspace temperature are discussed after that. For the centrifugal compressor, rules covering the dry gas seal components are presented. Both theoretical and practical considerations are given to optimize the rules' output in terms of accuracy, ease of implementation, and value to the end user. All presented rules are based on physics and probabilistic methods and are not based on simple thresholds.