bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology and Fertility Life Table ofAganaspis pelleranoi(Hymenoptera: Figitidae) in Larvae ofAnastrepha fraterculusandCeratitis capitata(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Gonçalves R S , Nava D E , Pereira H C , Lisbôa H , Grützmacher A D , Valgas R A 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is an important fruit fly parasitoid native to the Neotropics. We investigated the biology and constructed a fertility life table for A. pelleranoi reared on larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Parasitoid development was investigated in larvae of the two fruit fly species by recording the duration of the egg-adult period, number of offspring, sex ratio, adult weight, adult hind tibia length, and male and female longevity, and constructing a fertility life table. Parasitoids reared on An. fraterculus larvae produced more offspring, had shorter egg-adult periods, greater proportion of females and longer survival, and higher percent emergence than parasitoids reared on C. capitata larvae. Moreover, A. pelleranoi individuals reared on An. fraterculus larvae were heavier and had longer hind tibia than those reared on C. capitata. Based on life table statistics, the time required to double the population (Td) was ≈3.4 times shorter for parasitoids reared on An. fraterculus larvae. Our results show that A. pelleranoi develops better on larvae from An. fraterculus than C. capitata, indicating that this species could be used for the mass production of this parasitoid intended for augmentative biological control of fruit flies.
Differential Effects of 4-n-Nonylphenol on Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase, and Glutathione Peroxidase on Gonads in Different Developmental Stages in the Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Yuan Hong-Xia , Sima Yang-Hu , Xu Shi-Qing 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Bombyx mori L. larvae were exposed to 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP) in the laboratory, and their glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and corresponding mRNA levels in gonads during different developmental stages (larval, pupal, and adult) were evaluated. Developmental parameters and glutathione content were also measured. Altered patterns of pupation and adult emergence were observed after exposure to 0.05–0.4 g/kg 4-NP during the entire larval stage. When exposed to 0.4 g/kg 4-NP, the sex ratio (male/female) of the emerged adults increased rapidly from 0.91 ±0.09 to 1.96 ±0.26. A decrease in glutathione content was observed at the larval, pupal, and adult stages. In addition, at 0.05 g/kg 4-NP and higher concentrations, an increase in glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase activity, and the gene expression level of glutathione S-transferase d1 and glutathione peroxidase were detected in the larval stage, followed by a decline in glutathione S-transferase d1 and glutathione peroxidase transcript levels along with enzyme activity in the pupal and adult stages. The changing trend in mRNA levels of these enzymes was consistent with that of enzyme activity. The results suggest a relationship between 4-NP and alterations in the levels of glutathione-related detoxification enzymes in B. mori gonads.
Distribution and Differentiation ofHenosepilachna diekei(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Two Host-Plant Species Across Java, Indonesia
Authors: Fujiyama Naoyuki , Ueno Hideki , Kahono Sih , Hartini Sri , Matsubayashi Kei W , Kobayashi Norio , Katakura Haruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDivergent natural selection on different host plants may be a crucial factor in promoting the remarkable diversity of phytophagous insects, and might occur in any geographical context. Because the intensity and consequences of divergent selection on different hosts can vary depending on the degree of gene flow between conspecific insect populations, elucidating the geographical context and degree of host specificity in the incipient phase of differential host use is indispensable to understanding the diversification process in phytophagous insects. Henosepilachna diekei Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a tropical ladybird beetle occurring mainly on two host species from different plant families, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. We investigated the geographical distribution of H. diekei across Java, Indonesia, in relation to the availability of the two hosts, and examined the host specificity of beetles in the laboratory. We also investigated genetic relationships among local populations of beetles using mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene sequences. Geographic variation in host use by H. diekei was largely determined by skewed geographical distributions of the hosts, although there was a synergistic effect with extremely divergent host specificity by the beetles. The molecular analyses suggested that genetic differentiation among the beetle populations has occurred and has been maintained by the effects of both geographical distance and divergent host specificity. The geographical distribution of H. diekei populations differing in host specificity suggests that geographical distance, local host-plant availability, and divergent host specificity contribute synergistically to promote the genetic differentiation and subsequent diversification of phytophagous insects on different hosts.
Adult Growth in Opilioacaridae with 1904 (Acari: Parasitiformes: Opilioacarida)
Authors: Bernardi Leopoldo Ferreira De Oliveira , Klompen Hans , Ferreira Rodrigo Lopes 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Mites in the order Opilioacarida are known to undergo postimaginal molting. The process has been associated with the ability to regain lost appendages, but may also result in growth and increases in numbers of specific setae. These processes were observed in four individuals, with two of these showing increases in setal lengths ranging from 8.1 to 16.6%. Qualitative growth, in the form of an increase from 5 to 6 in the number of d-type setae on the left palp, was observed in a single individual.
Post-Embryonic Development inZaprionus indianus(Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Matavelli Cristiane , Zara Fernando José , Zuben Claudio José Von 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the number of instars of Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970, a fly that is considered a pest on fig plantations; analyze the pupation process; and characterize the morphology of the immature stages. This information would fill a gap in the knowledge regarding Z. indianus development. The post-embryonic development of this species was studied by using Dyar's rule to characterize the immature stages of the fly. In addition, the morphological structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Following Dyar's rule, Z. indianus exhibited three larval instars. Pupae were formed in higher numbers during the morning, and 5 d was the average time until adult emergence. The male:female sex ratio in this population was 1:1, with a higher emergence of females during the first 72 h. During the morphological analysis, the following structures were observed: (egg) chorionic cells, respiratory filaments, and micropyle; (larvae) body segments, intersegmental spines, antennae, the maxillary palp complex, sensilla, tubercles, and anterior and posterior spiracles; and (pupae) filaments that originated in the anterior spiracles and the presence of spines along these filaments. Some of these characteristics were slightly different from those observed in other drosophilids, which provides a taxonomic quality to these characteristics. In addition, these results may facilitate future studies on the biology, ecology, and control of this species.
Testing Developmental Plasticity in Aquatic Larvae ofCorethrella appendiculata(Diptera: Corethrellidae)
Authors: Blosser E M , Nishimura N , Lounibos L P 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInsects with complex life cycles show a variety of developmental strategies when faced with low nutrient conditions requiring trade-offs in timing and nutrient storage. Previously documented strategies among insects include plasticity or canalization (fixation) of the pupation threshold, postthreshold developmental time, and adult size or stored resources. Using four models previously developed by Juliano et al. (2004), we tested the plasticity of these traits in the aquatic larvae of the frog-biting midge, Corethrella appendiculata Grabham. Rates of prey consumption and timing of pupation of fourth instar midges were compared across a range of prey densities. Model comparisons revealed that final instar C. appendiculata larvae exhibit a canalized pupation threshold followed by a canalized lengthy postthreshold period. Males entered the final instar earlier and reached a significantly lower threshold while females entered later and averaged more prey consumed daily, suggesting differing developmental strategies between sexes. Plasticity in body and egg clutch sizes of females from differing nutrient treatments was observed, but all females produced eggs autogenously. The canalized developmental pattern and long postthreshold period displayed in C. appendiculata is hypothesized to be related to the midge's preference for relatively permanent aquatic habitats.
The Fine Structure of the Spermatheca in Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Pascini T V , Ramalho-Ortigäo J M , Martins G F 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The vectorial capacity of mosquitoes is related to the reproductive output, and dependent on the ability of male spermatozoa to survive within the inseminated female. Mosquito females mate once, and immediately after mating, the male spermatozoa are transferred to and maintained in the ectodermic spermatheca. Mosquito spermathecae in culicines, especially of the yellowfever mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.), have been characterized in detail. In contrast, not much is known about this organ in anophelines. Here, the morphology of the spermatheca in the saltwater-tolerant mosquito Anopheles aquasalis Curry was investigated for the first time using a combination of light, confocal, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The spermatheca in An. aquasalis share many features with the three spermathecae present in Ae. aegypti, including a round-shaped reservoir and spermathecal duct glandular cells. However, differences such as the volume and cell types, as well as their numbers and distribution, were observed. The most remarkable difference seems to be the absence of a separated glandular unit as seen in Ae. aegypti. In An. aquasalis, the glandular cells are distributed along the reservoir wall, possibly representing a feature exclusive of anophelines. Together, these glandular cell units constitute the main secretory apparatus of An. aquasalis, and are the main source of secretions to nourish and maintain the viability of the gametes during the female's reproductive life span. Understanding the spermathecal organization and function will contribute to understand details of mosquito reproductive biology, and help answer questions related to the reproductive success of these major vectors of pathogens.
Functional Morphology of the Crop and Proventriculus of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Sousa Géssica De , Scudeler Elton Luiz , Abrahão Josielle , Conte Helio 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most aggressive pests of stored grains, causing significant decrease in the nutritional quality of the grains and major losses in economic trade. The ability of this pest to damage grains and other products is directly related to the morphology of the alimentary canal. Considering the importance of the foregut in the digestion, this study aimed to describe the morphology of the crop and proventriculus in S. zeamais adults. The tissues were isolated, processed, and analyzed by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The crop functioned as a storage organ, and its cells showed functional characteristics related to protein synthesis. High densities of prokaryotic microorganisms and spicules were found in the lumen. The proventriculus exhibited eight chitinous teeth, which were responsible for grinding and filtering food particles. This organ formed the stomodeal valve, which controlled the unidirectional flow of food through the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is the primary surface of contact between the external environment and an insect's internal environment, and knowledge of its morphology is required to better understand the physiology of stored-grain insect pests.
A New Gynandromorph ofXylocopa frontaliswith a Review of Gynandromorphism inXylocopa(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini)
Authors: Lucia Mariano , Gonzalez Victor H 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new case of gynandromorphism in bees is described and illustrated for the first time for Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) frontalis (Olivier), a widely distributed carpenter bee in the neotropical region. The mixed gynandromorph, recorded from a single specimen from Paraguay, exhibits a mixture of male and female features in all tagmata. Previous literature records of gynandromorphs in Xylocopa Latreille are summarized, and the species identity of some gynandromorphs recorded for South America is revised. Including the specimen described herein, gynandromorphs are now known for a total of 12 species in Xylocopa, half of them in the neotropical subgenus Neoxylocopa.
Aphid Genotype Determines Intensity of Ant Attendance: Do Endosymbionts and Honeydew Composition Matter?
Authors: Katayama N , Tsuchida T , Hojo M K , Ohgushi T 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Ant—aphid interactions are well-studied mutualisms, but surprisingly, the intraspecific variation in the degree of ant attendance of aphids has been less appreciated than interspecific variation. Honeydew composition is a key factor in determining aphids' traits in relation to the intensity of ant attendance, and composition may be altered by endosymbiotic bacteria. Here, we evaluate relationships among the intensity of ant attendance, honeydew composition, and aphids' endosymbionts. We found differences in the intensity of ant attendance and endosymbiont composition between clones of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch). To investigate whether aphid genotype, endosymbionts, or both, influence honeydew composition, and the relative influence of these factors on the intensity of ant attendance, a secondary symbiont of the aphid, Arsenophonus, was removed from the clone exhibiting a lower degree of ant attendance. Then, the sugar and amino acid composition of honeydew were compared between different aphid genotypes and between same genotype with and without Arsenophonus. The experiments demonstrated that there was a difference in the sugar composition of honeydew between clones, but that Arsenophonus did not influence this difference. Furthermore, the intensity of ant attendance of the clone did not change after removing Arsenophonus. These results suggest that variation in the degree of ant attendance of this aphid is caused by aphid genotype, not by endosymbionts.
Resource Opportunities from the Nest of Dying Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Colonies: A Laboratory Case of Ecological Succession
Authors: Chouvenc Thomas , Bardunias Paul , Efstathion Caroline A , Chakrabarti Seemanti , Elliott Monica L , Giblin-Davis Robin , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Subterranean termites such as Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki inhabit underground nests consisting of a complex network of galleries resulting in a highly modified environment relative to the surrounding soils. A healthy colony can maintain homeostatic conditions within the nest, limiting opportunities for pathogens, parasites, and predators to exploit the termite colony as a resource. However, a stressed or senescent colony can display a lack of nest maintenance, leading to the colonization of the nest as an opportunistic niche by other organisms. In this study, we described the nest colonization by microbes and arthropods during the collapse of three dying C. formosanus laboratory colonies. The carton nest and the tunnel lining that are mostly made out of termite fecal material were invaded by a variety of fungi, and Acari and Collembolan populations quickly increased during the senescence phase of the termite colony, presumably scavenging on the fungal material. Finally, the carton colonized by fungal mycelia hosted numerous larvae of a sciarid fly, Bradysia sp. (Diptera). This fungus gnat used the decomposing carton material as a breeding site, and numerous adults of this fly were found hovering above the dying termite colony. Bradysia larvae also showed infestation by parasitic nematodes, suggesting the presence of multiple trophic levels in the resource utilization of the nest of a declining termite colony. We concluded that a dying subterranean colony represents a resource opportunity for scavenging organisms and that the nest structure represents an opening niche that initiates an ecological succession.
An Unusual Chrysopid Larva: Identification, Description, and Taxonomic Implications
Authors: Tauber Catherine A , Tauber Maurice J 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBerchmansus is a small Neotropical genus in the green lacewing tribe Leucochrysini; its larvae and biology are unknown. Adults of Berchmansus adumbratus Navás were found in samples from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Upper Amazonian forest canopy project; these samples came from palms at each of two widely separated Peruvian localities. The same samples also yielded specimens of an unusual leucochrysine larva. For a variety of reasons, we conclude that the larvae are likely conspecific with the adults. If our reasoning proves correct, they would represent the first reported larvae from the genus Berchmansus. Their anatomical features are consistent with either specialized trash-carrying or a naked lifestyle. Here we describe the larvae, and because they have many attributes not previously reported from leucochrysines, we reevaluate the suite of larval features that characterize the tribe. Our analysis illustrates that in both larval morphology and perhaps trash-carrying habits, the tribe Leucochrysini displays a much broader range of variation than previously recorded.
High‐performance genotypes in an introduced plant: insights to future invasiveness
Authors: Matesanz Silvia , Sultan Sonia E. 
Published: November 2013

Maintaining high reproductive output in diverse conditions has consistently been found to promote invasiveness in introduced taxa. Following on this key observation, studies have compared the performance across environments of invasive vs. native congeners, and of introduced vs. native populations within invasive species. Performance differences among genotypes within introduced species have received far less attention, although such genetic variation could be critical to invasive potential. If an introduced species contains genotypes that can maintain high fitness across contrasting environments, such broadly adaptive, high‐performance genotypes could promote and shape the species' immediate spread across multiple habitats. Furthermore, their presence could lead to the evolution of greater aggressiveness in the species, as these high performers increase in frequency. We investigated the existence and distribution of high‐performance genotypes in Polygonum cespitosum, a newly invasive Asian annual. We raised 416 genotypes, collected from 14 North American populations, under resource‐rich conditions to identify potential high‐performance genotypes (the top 5% in total reproductive output). We then compared their fitness, life history, and functional traits to a random group of the remaining genotypes in three contrasting environments to ask the following: (1) Do consistently high‐performance genotypes (i.e., genotypes with high relative fitness in diverse conditions) exist within introduced‐range populations? (2) If so, do these high‐performance genotypes possess distinctive life history and/or functional traits? (3) Do these genotypes occur in all populations or in only a subset of populations?Genotypes initially identified as high‐performance in favorable conditions also had higher reproductive output in resource‐limited environments. Their fitness advantage compared with control genotypes varied in magnitude from one environment to another but was significant within all three test environments. High‐performance genotypes shared a developmental syndrome characterized by rapid and high germination, fast seedling growth, early reproductive onset, and high reproductive allocation, but they did not differ in other functional traits.P. cespitosum includes a subset of genotypes with accelerated development and significantly greater fitness in both favorable and stressful conditions. The nonrandom distribution of these high‐performance genotypes among populations in the species' introduced range highlights the importance of genotypic and population‐level variation for invasion dynamics.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate Attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide‐Enhanced Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 Production Through Inhibition of Interleukin‐6 in Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Wen Wan‐Chun , Kuo Po‐Jan , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Chin Yu‐Tang , Fu Martin M.J. , Fu Earl 
Published: November 2013

Background: Recent studies have shown that epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of green tea extract, exhibits effects of anti‐inflammation and antioxidation on periodontal inflammation. The present in vitro study examines the effect of EGCG on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–enhanced expression of interleukin (IL)‐6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, as well as the activation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB). Furthermore, the role of IL‐6 on LPS‐enhanced MMP‐1 production is evaluated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Methods: HGFs were primary cultured from human gingiva specimens. The cytotoxicities of EGCG and LPS were tested by cell viability tests. The cellular mRNA expression of IL‐6 was determined by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expression of MMP‐1 and IL‐6 was examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The cytosol expression and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB was evaluated by immunocytochemistry followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results: Pg LPS significantly increased MMP‐1 production in HGFs, whereas adding EGCG significantly attenuated this enhanced production of MMP‐1. LPS treatment also increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL‐6 and stimulated NF‐κB activation in HGFs. However, the addition of EGCG significantly attenuated the IL‐6 expression and NF‐κB activation. Supplemental addition of IL‐6 significantly enhanced cellular MMP‐1 production, whereas anti‐IL‐6 antibody inhibited LPS‐enhanced MMP‐1 production.Conclusion: EGCG could attenuate Pg LPS‐enhanced production of MMP‐1 in HGFs, whereas this attenuation might be due to the inhibition of IL‐6 by EGCG.