bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine ecological footprint indicates unsustainability of the Pohnpei (Micronesia) coral reef fishery
Authors: RHODES KEVIN L. , WARREN-RHODES KIMBERLEY A. , SWEET SCOTT , HELGENBERGER MIKE , JOSEPH EUGENE , BOYLE LINDA NG , HOPKINS KEVIN D. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThroughout the tropics, developing countries and territories are highly dependent on nearshore marine resources for food and income, however information on the sustainability and proper management of these fisheries is lacking. In Pohnpei, Micronesia, the sustainability of a coral reef finfishery was assessed by comparing coral reef fish demand to coral reef biocapacity using a marine ecological footprint (MEF) analysis. Based on geo-referenced satellite and aerial imagery, Pohnpei and surrounding atolls have 184.2 km2 of coral reef habitat with a sustainable finfish yield of 573–1118 t yr−1, however total harvest was estimated at 4068 t yr−1, exceeding biocapacity by 360–710%. The MEF was supported by observed impacts to coral reef resources, including (1) long-term declines in fish spawning aggregation density, (2) reductions in mean size, age and fecundity of key commercial species, (3) reliance on undersized fish, and (4) decadal declines in mean size and abundance of fishes of iconic value and critical to ecosystem maintenance. The commercial fishery was responsible for 68% of finfish catch volume, while reef fish consumption, at 93 kg person−1 yr−1, was among the highest in the region. To sustainably meet current demand, up to 833 km2 of additional reef area would be required. The study illustrates the MEF, at least rudimentarily, reflects biological reality on local reefs and represents a valuable analytical tool in a marine policymaker's toolbox.
A Political Ecology of Sovereignty in Practice and on the Map: The Technicalities of Law, Participatory Mapping, and Environmental Governance
Authors: MCCREARY TYLER , LAMB VANESSA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article examines the relationships between representations and operations of sovereignty in natural resource governance. We advance a ‘political ecology of sovereignty’, examining the participation of non-state actors in resource governance processes. We particularly argue that processes of integrating subaltern populations through mapping local ecological knowledge can modify effective governance practices while nonetheless reproducing the legibility of state sovereign authority and its territorial boundaries. Exploring the Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline in Canada, we suggest that state jurisdictional authority is secured through incorporating indigenous interests as a delimited geography of tradition. Examining the Hatgyi hydroelectric development along the Thai–Burmese border, we argue that the territorial boundaries of those nation-states are rearticulated through the governance of this transboundary development. Through these cases, we demonstrate how the insertion of local knowledge works not only to reconfigure effective governance processes but also to reinforce the effect of state sovereignty in new ways.
The Maps of International Law: Perceptions of Nature in the Classification of Territory
Authors: MICKELSON KARIN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article explores the understanding of nature reflected in the international legal classification of territory, as reflected in the doctrines of terra nullius, res communis, and the common heritage of mankind. It provides an overview and analysis of each of these concepts, noting the frequently problematic role they have played in legitimating the exercise of political and economic power. It then analyses the continuities and discontinuities between these categories. It argues that, despite surface changes, a narrow instrumental view of nature and the environment continues to be deeply embedded in much of our current thinking about jurisdiction over territory, and can be seen as constituting one of the ongoing barriers to thinking about the environment in more innovative and sustainable ways.
International Economic Law at a Crossroads: Global Governance and Normative Coherence
Authors: SEGURA-SERRANO ANTONIO 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInternational economic law (IEL) is now at a crossroads regarding the reconfiguration of the international economic order. Many scholars regard the multilateral trading system as a major legal achievement and agree that the World Trade Organization (WTO) has performed as expected with respect to the 2008 crisis. By contrast, the recent financial crisis has demonstrated the inability of the international financial architecture to ensure financial stability. However, this article will review the strength of the multilateral trading system and the challenges that it now faces regarding its main goal (the stability of trade relations). A material reform in the mode of a horizontal expansion in order to protect societal values other than trade liberalization seems to be needed if we want the WTO to be up to the tasks and demands flowing from global governance. Similarly, this article will analyse the current structure of the international financial system as well as the elements that would need to be changed in order to achieve the aim of financial stability. To accomplish that end, an institutional reform in the mode of a vertical expansion of IEL is proposed. Global governance and normative coherence have been used as the theoretical tools to unveil the similarities stemming from the functions performed and the need for transformation that both areas of IEL have in common. The reform proposals submitted for both areas of law would introduce a meaningful step from negative regulation towards a more positive approach to regulation.
The Roots of Historic Title: Non-Western Pre-Colonial Normative Systems and Legal Resolution of Territorial Disputes
Authors: FRY JAMES D. , LOJA MELISSA H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe validity of historic or ancient title to territory has been tested in numerous international judicial proceedings, both in the International Court of Justice and in international arbitration. Historic title usually originates in ancient normative systems, including tributary, feudal, sultanate, and Islamic systems that predate the Western international legal system. Nevertheless, the rules against which historic title has been tested in international judicial proceedings generally require that the original titleholder be a state or a central authority that exercised territorial sovereignty over a defined space to the exclusion of other sovereign powers. The rules that apply specifically to these ancient normative systems, where allegiance to authority was personal or religious rather than territorial, have been seen as irrelevant compared to the more contemporary determinations of historic title. The only exceptions have been the French medieval customary normfrankalmoign, which the international arbitral tribunal in theMinquiers and Ecrehoscase cited as evidence that the English king exercised territorial sovereignty over the disputed islands, and the personal allegiance of theOrang Lautto the Sultan of Johore, coupled with the recognition accorded to the latter by the great maritime powers, which the International Court of Justice inMalaysiav.Singaporefound sufficient to prove the historic title of Malaysia over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh and Middle Rocks. The principles by which historic title were adjudicated in these cases appear to be the same principles by which the Western powers dealt with the claims of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam to the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, not only during the colonial period but also after the Second World War. This analysis suggests how the International Court of Justice or an international arbitral tribunal might, if given the opportunity, resolve these South China Sea disputes. Readers might also find this analysis to be particularly relevant to other disputes involving historic title, including the East China Sea disputes, although the focus of this article is on the South China Sea disputes. States and other commentators are left to rely on their own preferences and allegiances in reaching their own normative conclusions using the novel analysis provided by this article.
Ambulatory-treated Clostridium difficile infection: a comparison of community-acquired vs. nosocomial infection
Authors: DELATE T. , ALBRECHT G. , WON K. , JACKSON A. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to identify the clinical outcomes of ambulatory-treated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and risk factors associated with community-associated CDI (CA-CDI). Adult patients diagnosed with CDI in the institutional or ambulatory-care setting between 1 April 2005 and 30 April 2011, with no other CDI diagnosis in the previous 180 days, and who purchased an ambulatory, anti-CDI agent within 7 days of CDI diagnosis were included. A total of 1201 patients were included with 914 (76%) and 287 (24%) identified with CA-CDI and nosocomial CDI (N-CDI), respectively. Patients with N-CDI were more likely to have had a recurrent CDI (P = 0·043) and died from any cause (P < 0·001). Patients with CA-CDI were younger, healthier, and had fewer traditional risk factors compared to patients with N-CDI. To prevent CA-CDI, clinicians should be aware that patients at risk for CA-CDI are unique from those at risk for N-CDI.
Childhood adversity subtypes and depressive symptoms in early and late adolescence
Authors: St Clair Michelle C. , Croudace Tim , Dunn Valerie J. , Jones Peter B. , Herbert Joe , Goodyer Ian M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWithin a longitudinal study of 1,005 adolescents, we investigated how exposure to childhood psychosocial adversities was associated with the emergence of depressive symptoms between 14 and 17 years of age. The cohort was classified into four empirically determined adversity subtypes for two age periods in childhood (0–5 and 6–11 years). One subtype reflects normative/optimal family environments (n = 692, 69%), while the other three subtypes reflect differential suboptimal family environments (aberrant parenting: n = 71, 7%; discordant: n = 185, 18%; and hazardous: n = 57, 6%). Parent-rated child temperament at 14 years and adolescent self-reported recent negative life events in early and late adolescence were included in models implementing path analysis. There were gender-differentiated associations between childhood adversity subtypes and adolescent depressive symptoms. The discordant and hazardous subtypes were associated with elevated depressive symptoms in both genders but the aberrant parenting subtype only so in girls. Across adolescence the associations between early childhood adversity and depressive symptoms diminished for boys but remained for girls. Emotional temperament was also associated with depressive symptoms in both genders, while proximal negative life events related to depressive symptoms in girls only. There may be neurodevelopmental factors that emerge in adolescence that reduce depressogenic symptoms in boys but increase such formation in girls.
Outcomes in delirium: same but different
Authors: Renjel Robert , Eeles Eamonn 
Published: July 2014

SummaryDelirium has been associated with institutionalization, increased length of hospital stay, cognitive and functional decline and mortality. Research in the last thirty years has recognized that accurate diagnostic criteria allow for targeted interventions for those suffering from delirium. However, despite the advances made in understanding delirium, adverse outcomes persist.This article will first review how the evolution of diagnostic criteria has fostered improvements in the recognition of delirium and facilitated the development of therapeutic strategies. Second, we discuss how this foundation in approach to delirium has influenced outcomes and the evidence for causality. Finally, the candidate factors responsible for propagating adverse events are considered and future research direction outlined.
Unguarded mitral orifice associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Su Jennifer A. , Ho John , Wong Pierre C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the spectrum of mitral valve anomalies, unguarded mitral orifice is an exceedingly rare malformation, with only four cases described in the current literature. All previously reported cases have been associated with discordant atrioventricular connections. We describe the first known case of unguarded mitral valve orifice, in the setting of atrioventricular concordance, in a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Did Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Destroy the Fatimids' Books? An Historiographical Enquiry
Authors: BORA FOZIA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA persistent myth featuring in some modern accounts of the transition from Fatimid to Ayyubid rule (1169–71) is that one of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's (r. 1171–93) first actions upon attaining sovereignty over Egypt was to destroy the Fatimids’ book collections in their entirety. Medieval sources present a different, more nuanced depiction of books sold and dispersed over a decade or more, rather than extirpated and put out of circulation altogether. This article collects and examines medieval Arabic accounts of the episode, and finds further indications of the robust survival of Fatimid-era works in the composition of later chronicles, where native Fatimid-era accounts, which clearly did endure beyond the Fatimid age, are well-represented. The article also looks at the tendentious aspects of medieval accounts of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's policies, and the difficulties they pose to a modern appraisal of the sultan's character and intellectual-ideological tendencies.
The Influence of Islamic Orientations on Democratic Support and Tolerance in five Arab Countries
Authors: Spierings Niels 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConclusions from empirical analyses on how Islam influences democratic attitudes in Arab countries differ widely, and the field suffers from conceptual ambiguity and largely focuses on “superficial” democratic support. Based on the non-Middle Eastern literature, this study provides a more systematic theoretical and empirical assessment of the linkages between Islamic attitudes and the popular support for democracy. I link belonging (affiliation), commitment (religiosity), orthodoxy, Muslim political attitudes, and individual-level political Islamism to the support for democracy and politico-religious tolerance. Statistical analyses on seven WVS surveys for Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia show that tolerance levels are remarkably lower than “democratic support”; the influence of being (committed or orthodox) Muslim and Muslim political attitudes are negligible however. Political Islamist views strongly affect tolerance negatively. They also influence “support for democracy,” but if the opposition in an authoritarian country is Islamic, these attitudes actually strengthen this support.
Renaturing Membrane Proteins in the Lipid Cubic Phase, a Nanoporous Membrane Mimetic
Authors: Li Dianfan , Caffrey Martin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMembrane proteins play vital roles in the life of the cell and are important therapeutic targets. Producing them in large quantities, pure and fully functional is a major challenge. Many promising projects end when intractable aggregates or precipitates form. Here we show how such unfolded aggregates can be solubilized and the solution mixed with lipid to spontaneously self-assemble a bicontinuous cubic mesophase into the bilayer of which the protein, in a confined, chaperonin-like environment, reconstitutes with 100% efficiency. The test protein, diacylglycerol kinase, reconstituted in the bilayer of the mesophase, was then crystallized in situ by the in meso or lipid cubic phase method providing an X-ray structure to a resolution of 2.55 Å. This highly efficient, inexpensive, simple and rapid approach should find application wherever properly folded, membrane reconstituted and functional proteins are required where the starting material is a denatured aggregate.
Unification of the family of Garrison-Wright's phases
Authors: Cui Xiao-Dong , Zheng Yujun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInspired by Garrison and Wight's seminal work on complex-valued geometric phases, we generalize the concept of Pancharatnam's “in-phase” in interferometry and further develop a theoretical framework for unification of the abelian geometric phases for a biorthogonal quantum system modeled by a parameterized or time-dependent nonhermitian hamiltonian with a finite and nondegenerate instantaneous spectrum, that is, the family of Garrison-Wright's phases, which will no longer be confined in the adiabatic and nonadiabatic cyclic cases. Besides, we employ a typical example, Bethe-Lamb model, to illustrate how to apply our theory to obtain an explicit result for the Garrison-Wright's noncyclic geometric phase and also to present its potential applications in quantum computation and information.
Structural and functional features of Crl proteins and identification of conserved surface residues required for interaction with the RpoS/σS subunit of RNA polymerase
Authors: Cavaliere Paola , Levi-Acobas Fabienne , Mayer Claudine , Saul Frederick A. , England Patrick , Weber Patrick , Raynal Bertrand , Monteil Véronique , Bellalou Jacques , Haouz Ahmed , Norel Françoise 
Published: July 2014

In many γ-proteobacteria, the RpoS/σS sigma factor associates with the core RNAP (RNA polymerase) to modify global gene transcription in stationary phase and under stress conditions. The small regulatory protein Crl stimulates the association of σS with the core RNAP in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, through direct and specific interaction with σS. The structural determinants of Crl involved in σS binding are unknown. In the present paper we report the X-ray crystal structure of the Proteus mirabilis Crl protein (CrlPM) and a structural model for Salmonella Typhimurium Crl (CrlSTM). Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays, we demonstrated that CrlSTM and CrlPM are structurally similar and perform the same biological function. In the Crl structure, a cavity enclosed by flexible arms contains two patches of conserved and exposed residues required for σS binding. Among these, charged residues that are likely to be involved in electrostatic interactions driving Crl–σS complex formation were identified. CrlSTM and CrlPM interact with domain 2 of σS with the same binding properties as with full-length σS. These results suggest that Crl family members share a common mechanism of σS binding in which the flexible arms of Crl might play a dynamic role.
The molecular regulation of Janus kinase (JAK) activation
Authors: Babon Jeffrey J. , Lucet Isabelle S. , Murphy James M. , Nicola Nicos A. , Varghese Leila N. 
Published: July 2014

The JAK (Janus kinase) family members serve essential roles as the intracellular signalling effectors of cytokine receptors. This family, comprising JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2), was first described more than 20 years ago, but the complexities underlying their activation, regulation and pleiotropic signalling functions are still being explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of their physiological functions and the causative role of activating and inactivating JAK mutations in human diseases, including haemopoietic malignancies, immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases. At the molecular level, recent studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of the structures and organization of the component FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)-SH2 (Src homology 2), pseudokinase and kinase domains within the JAKs, the mechanism of JAK activation and, in particular, the role of the pseudokinase domain as a suppressor of the adjacent tyrosine kinase domain's catalytic activity. We also review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of negative regulation exerted by the SH2 domain-containing proteins, SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) proteins and LNK. These recent studies highlight the diversity of regulatory mechanisms utilized by the JAK family to maintain signalling fidelity, and suggest alternative therapeutic strategies to complement existing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
Direct angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation attenuates T-cell and microglia activation and prevents demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Authors: Valero-Esquitino Verónica , Lucht Kristin , Namsolleck Pawel , Monnet-Tschudi Florianne , Stubbe Tobias , Lucht Franziska , Liu Meng , Ebner Friederike , Brandt Christine , Danyel Leon A. , Villela Daniel C. , Paulis Ludovit , Thoene-Reineke Christa , Dahlöf Björn , Hallberg Anders , Unger Thomas , Sumners Colin , Steckelings U. Muscha 
Published: July 2014

In the present study, we evaluated stimulation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) by the selective non-peptide agonist Compound 21 (C21) as a novel therapeutic concept for the treatment of multiple sclerosis using the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. C57BL-6 mice were immunized with myelin-oligodendrocyte peptide and treated for 4 weeks with C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day i.p.). Potential effects on myelination, microglia and T-cell composition were estimated by immunostaining and FACS analyses of lumbar spinal cords. The in vivo study was complemented by experiments in aggregating brain cell cultures and microglia in vitro.
In the EAE model, treatment with C21 ameliorated microglia activation and decreased the number of total T-cells and CD4+ T-cells in the spinal cord. Fluorescent myelin staining of spinal cords further revealed a significant reduction in EAE-induced demyelinated areas in lumbar spinal cord tissue after AT2R stimulation. C21-treated mice had a significantly better neurological score than vehicle-treated controls. In aggregating brain cell cultures challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFNγ), AT2R stimulation prevented demyelination, accelerated re-myelination and reduced the number of microglia. Cytokine synthesis and nitric oxide production by microglia in vitro were significantly reduced after C21 treatment. These results suggest that AT2R stimulation protects the myelin sheaths in autoimmune central nervous system inflammation by inhibiting the T-cell response and microglia activation. Our findings identify the AT2R as a potential new pharmacological target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Free-Classification of Perceptually Similar Speakers With Dysarthria
Authors: Lansford Kaitlin L. , Liss Julie M. , Norton Rebecca E. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
In this investigation, the construct of perceptual similarity was explored in the dysarthrias. Specifically, we employed an auditory free-classification task to determine whether listeners could cluster speakers by perceptual similarity, whether the clusters mapped to acoustic metrics, and whether the clusters were constrained by dysarthria subtype diagnosis.

Method
Twenty-three listeners blinded to speakers' medical and dysarthria subtype diagnoses participated. The task was to group together (drag and drop) the icons corresponding to 33 speakers with dysarthria on the basis of how similar they sounded. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) modeled the perceptual dimensions underlying similarity. Acoustic metrics and perceptual judgments were used in correlation analyses to facilitate interpretation of the derived dimensions.

Results
Six clusters of similar-sounding speakers and 3 perceptual dimensions underlying similarity were revealed. The clusters of similar-sounding speakers were not constrained by dysarthria subtype diagnosis. The 3 perceptual dimensions revealed by MDS were correlated with metrics for articulation rate, intelligibility, and vocal quality, respectively.

Conclusions
This study shows (a) feasibility of a free-classification approach for studying perceptual similarity in dysarthria, (b) correspondence between acoustic and perceptual metrics to clusters of similar-sounding speakers, and (c) similarity judgments transcended dysarthria subtype diagnosis.