bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Proteins of Chinese Hamsters and Response of Diabetics to Tolbutamide and Insulin
Authors: Gerritsen G C , Dulin W E 
Published: December 2014

Fifty young hamsters with elevated, two-band type α-2 serum proteins were studied for development of glycosuria for two years. During this observation period, none of these animals developed glycosuria. These results did not support the suggestion that the quantitative and qualitative changes in α-2 proteins correlate with prediabetes in the Chinese hamster.
Serum protein patterns have been run on fifty diabetic and ninety-six normal animals. Three types of patterns have been found: three α-2 protein bands, two bands, and a type which appears to be intermediate between the three-and two-banded types. No significant difference in the incidence of various α-2 types was found between diabetics and nondiabetics. Since many animals with elevated α-2 protein with two bands do not develop glycosuria and α-2 patterns of diabetics do not differ from nondiabetics, it is concluded that in the Upjohn colony α-2 proteins cannot be used as markers for diabetes.
The only criterion available for distinguishing “diabetics” from “nondiabetics” is glycosuria. Mild diabetic animals respond to tolbutamide with a reduction in glycosuria but severe diabetics do not. Therefore, diabetic hamsters are similar to diabetic humans in responsiveness to tolbutamide.
The State of Insulin in Human Plasma
Authors: Martin Julio M 
Published: December 2014

In plasma obtained from normal fasting subjects insulin was precipitated by anti-insulin serum. Both the precipitate and the supernatant were extracted with acid-alcohol. Insulin or insulin-like activity was measured in the extracts by immunoassay, glucose uptake by the rat hemi-diaphragm and CO2 production by the rat epididymal fat pad. The amount of insulin found in plasma before extraction was quantitatively recovered from the insulin-anti-insulin precipitate extracted with acid-alcohol as measured by the immunoassay. No insulin was detected in the extracted supernatant. In close agreement were the results obtained with the diaphragm. Only the adipose tissue was able to demonstrate ILA in the extracted supernatant. This ILA was present even in control samples (buffer with known amounts of Crystalline Insulin added) in spite of the fact that all the added insulin had been recovered in the precipitate.
These results suggest that in normal human plasma all the insulin is readily available to react with insulin antibodies. Results with the epididymal fat pad method stroagly suggest the possibility that factors other than insulin stimulate the production of CO2 from glucose.
Studies on the Mechanism of Insulin Antagonism by Albumin in Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Davidson Mayer B , Goodner Charles J 
Published: December 2014

Utilizing a modification of the rat diaphragm technic, studies of the mechanism of action of the albumin-associated antagonist were carried out using human fraction V. It was demonstrated that the antagonist could not be washed off of the diaphragm, that prior exposure of the diaphragm to insulin did not fully protect it from subsequent antagonism of the insulin effect and that, although antagonism was proportional to albumin concentration, large excesses of insulin could not completely overcome small concentrations of the antagonist. The intracellular accumulation of AIB was inhibited by the antagonistic albumin but not by a nonantagonistic one (bovine fraction V). Both albumins depressed radioactive glycine incorporation into muscle protein. The antagonist was shown to inhibit glucose uptake much more than glycogen synthesis.
These data indicate that the albumin-associated antagonist primarily blocks insulin effects on transport by either an extremely strong binding to the muscle cell or an irreversible alteration of the diaphragm's response to insulin without binding.
Metabolism, Blood Levels and Rate of Excretion of Acetohexamide in Human Subjects
Authors: Galloway J A , McMahon R E , Culp H W , Marshall F J , Young E C 
Published: December 2014

The metabolism of acetohexamide was studied in normal and diabetic subjects,utilizing acetohexamide-C-14 and hydroxyhexamide-C-14 in two types of experiments. In one, blood levels were determined by an isotopic dilution analysis (IDA). In the other, following the oral and intravenous administration of acetohexamide-C-14, radiocarbon levels in the blood and urine and the nature of the urinary metabolites were elucidated. IDA showed an average half-life for acetohexamide of 1.6 hrs. (range 0.8 to 2.4) and an average half-time for its principal metabolic product, hydroxyhexamide, of 5.3 hrs. (range 3.7 to 6.4). Half-time for total radiocarbon was 5.3 hrs. (range 3.5 to 11). Urinary recovery ofradioactivity after oral doses averaged 71.6 per cent in twenty-four hours.
Of the urinary metabolites of acetohexamide (AH) recovered, about 65 per cent was L-hydroxyhexamide (HH) and the remainder consisted chiefly of 4-trans-hydroxyacetohexamide (HAH), 4-trans-hydroxyhydroxyhexamide (HHH), and unchanged acetohexamide with small quantities of other hydroxylated isomers. Fecal excretion was measured in one patient followingthe oral administration and found to be 15 per cent. The observation that, even followingintravenous injection, urinary recovery was only 85 per cent suggested that biliary excretion represents the secondary route of elimination of acetohexamide and/or its metabolites. The radioactivity which was not recovered in the urine at the end of 48 hrs., e.g., on the average 25 per cent, was probably excreted in the stools, resulting from the failure of a small quantity of the tablet to be absorbed and from biliary excretion. The blood and urine data agree with those reported by Sheldon, Anderson and Stoner and confirm the report by Smith, Vecchio and Forist that the half-life of acetohexamide (AH) plus hydroxyhexamide (HH) is comparable to that of tolbutamide. In spite of this relatively short half-life, limited blood sugar data indicate definite hypoglycemic effects up to 24 hrs. after a single 1.0-gm. dose. These findings indicate that the duration of action of AH and its metabolites are not necessarily related to drug levels.
Critical Analysis of Blood Sugar Measurements in Diabetes Detection and Diagnosis
Authors: Whichelow M J , Wigglesworth A , Cox B D , Butterfield W J H , Abrams M E 
Published: December 2014

An analysis of 702 blood sugar levels during glucose tolerancetests shows that the site of blood sampling influences the blood sugar result. Capillary blood taken from the warm ear lobe gives an accurate reflection of the arterial blood sugar level. Compared to the arterial level the venous blood sugar level is unpredictable and differs from the arterial to a varying extent, e.g., from +26 mg. per 100 ml. to −4 mg. per 100 ml. at two hours in the glucose tolerance test depending on many factors.
Studies of the macromethod in the AutoAnalyzer indicate that although the reproducibility is good, the volume of blood pumped by the proportioning pump is inaccurate (too small). Analysis of the micromethod shows that the reproducibility is also good, though not quite so good as the macromethod. However, the sample volume taken for analysis by the proportioning pump is accurate.
Reasons are given for recommending that capillary, not venous, blood be taken, and that the ferricyanide-reducing micromethod on the AutoAnalyzer be used for blood glucose estimation.
Effects of Co-ingestion of Fat and Protein Upon Carbohydrate-Induced Hyperglycemia
Authors: Estrich David , Ravnik Anthony , Schlierf Guenter , Fukayama George , Kinsell Laurance 
Published: December 2014

The effects of test “loads” containing 50 gm. glucose (CHO); 50 gm. glucose + 30 gm. protein + 40 gm. fat (CHO + P + F) ; 50 gm. glucose + 30 gm. protein (CHO + P); 50 gm. glucose + 40 gm. fat (CHO + F) on plasma glucose, FFA, insulin, and alpha amino nitrogen have been evaluated in adult-onset diabetics. In comparison with CHO, CHO + P + F results in much lesser elevation of plasma glucose. The effect of CHO + P + F is greater than the sum of the effects of CHO+P and CHO+F. Apparently the CHO+P+F pattern is attributable to relatively or absolutely increased insulin release plus modified glucose and protein absorption.
On the basis of theoretical and clinical observations, there appears to be good reason to consider the use of diets containing considerable amounts of protein and fat in adult- and juvenile-onset diabetics.
Studies of Insulin Antagonism: I. An Artifactual Antagonist to Insulin and Plasma Nonsuppressible Insulin-like Activity Occurring in Preparation of “Albumin”
Authors: Ensinck John W , Poffenbarger Phillip L , Hogan Richard A , Williams Robert H 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY
Because ILA was encountered in TCA-ethanol extracts of plasma dialyzed in boiled Visking casing which interfered with measurement of the “synalbumin insulin antagonist” on isolated muscle, a systematic study of the influence of the casing on these factors was undertaken. Plasma from healthy humans was extracted with TCA-ethanol and dialyzed in nonboiled and boiled Visking casing. The extract (“albumin”) was tested by measurement of glucose uptake in rat hemidiaphragms, without and with insulin (1,000 βU./ml.). Significant amounts of both ILA and anti-insulin activity weredetected in both “albumins” at 3 to 5 gm. per cent; however, more ILA and less insulin inhibition was found in “albumin” dialyzed in boiled casing. The magnitude of ILA could not be accounted for by immunoreactive insulin levels in the “albumin,” and the ILA was not suppressed by insulin-specific antiserum (NSILA).
From dose-response curves measuring glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, more NSILAwas detected in the “albumin” from boiled casing; however, at 3 to 5 gm. per cent concentration, “albumin” dialyzed in either casing caused inhibition of NSILA. Because partially purified NSILA was found to be retained equally by either boiledor nonboiled casing, an antagonist in Yisking casing was sought. A substance from Viskingcasing with small molecular weight was found to cause insulin inhibition. When nonantagonistic crystalline albumin was dialyzed in nonboiled casing, marked antagonism to both crystalline insulin and partially purified NSILA was demonstrated.
It is concluded that an artifactual casing antagonist to both NSILA and insulin is bound to albumin and may contribute to the measurement of the “synalbumin insulin antagonist.”
The Incipient Asymptomatic Diabetic Bladder
Authors: Ellenberg Max , Weber Herbert 
Published: December 2014

To explore the problem of initial manifestations of the diabetic neurogenic bladder, diabetic patients with and without neuropathy and nondiabetic controls, all without symptoms or signs referable to the urinary tract, were studied urologically. The nondiabetic controls and the diabetics without neuropathy were normal. In striking contrast, 83 per cent of diabetic patients with neuropathy had clear, objective evidences of neurogenic bladder involvement as manifested by abnormal cystometrograms, and grossly enlarged bladders. However, the absence of residual urine was the rule. The typical case had no pyuria or bacteriuria, a negative bladder urine culture, no azotemia, pyelonephritis, sepsis or significant albuminuria.
This differs sharply from the advanced diabetic neurogenic bladder with paralysis where there is a marked residual urine with secondary infection, pyuria, bacteriuria, positive urine cultures, pyelonephritis, sepsis, azotemia and conspicuous albuminuria. The disparity is determined by the factor of residual urine which is the measure of decompensation.
It is suggested that the progressive decompensation of the incipient asymptomatic diabetic bladder is a cause of the increased frequency of renal infection in the diabetic.
Effects of Hyper- and Hypoglycemia on Beta Cell Degranulation and Glycogen Infiltration in Normal, Subdiabetic and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Carpenter A -M , Lazarow A 
Published: December 2014

With the use of linear scan technics, on aldehyde-fuchsin stained slides, islet volume and beta cell volumes were quantitated in pancreas of diabetic, subdiabetic and normal rats. Glycogen infiltration was assessed on PAS-stained slides. Subdiabetic and normal animals had been injected intraperitoneally with 40 per cent glucose (4.0 gm./ kg.) at hourly intervals for two and four hours; controls were injected with saline.
Progressive degranulation of beta cells was observed as the period of glucose injection was prolonged. Glycogen infiltration was inversely related to degranulation of beta cells; the cytologic results were related to blood sugar values obtained at hourly intervals.
Diabetic Retinopathy: A Further Study of Prognosis for Vision
Authors: Caird F I , Burditt Anne F , Draper G J 
Published: December 2014

Prognosis for vision has been studied in 135 patients with diabetic retinopathy and good vision and compared with that in 228 diabetics without retinopathy similarly studied. The risk of “blindness” in diabetics with retinopathy whose diabetes was diagnosed under the age of sixty was 3 per cent in five years, and 20 per cent in those diagnosed over that age. The risk of “visual impairment” also increases with age at diagnosis.
Fifty per cent of a small group of diabetics with “malignant retinopathy” were “blind” in five years, and only 14 per cent preserved good vision.
One third of forty-six diabetics had good vision in one eye one year and four years after their first vitreous hemorrhage. One third had “impaired vision”, and one third were “blind”.
A Double Antibody Immunoassay for Glucagon
Authors: Hazzard William R , Crockford Peter M , Buchanan Keith D , Vance James E , Chen Robert , Williams Robert H 
Published: December 2014

A double antibody adaptation of the glucagon radioimmunoassay is described in detail. Guinea pig antiserum allowing the assay of 2,500 unknowns per milliliter of undiluted serum was induced by biweekly immunization. Glucagon was iodinated with I-125 and purified by elution from a cellulose column, maximal immunoprecipitibility approximating 80 per cent. Standard curves in buffer were sensitive to purified glucagon in amounts of less than 100 μμg.
Rapid degradation of labeled glucagon added to human blood was demonstrated. Trasylol was confirmed as an effective inhibitor of this degradation. Endogenous plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) appeared less labile and may have interfered with the quantitative detection of unlabeled exogenous beef-pork glucagon in plasma recovery studies.
The hypothesis is offered that plasma IRG, herein measured at 400 ± 220 (S.D.) μμg./ml., may be composed of a pancreatic and an extrapancreatic fraction of similar but not identical immunological activity. The cross-reactivity of the two components remains a problem in the interpretation of the glucagon immunoassay as applied to plasma.
Glucose Metabolism in Normal and Obese Subjects: Effect of Phenformin
Authors: Kreisberg Robert A 
Published: December 2014

The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to determine whether phenformin altered the metabolism of glucose in subjects in whom it did not lower the blood sugar. Glucose-1-C-14 was utilized to investigate the metabolism of glucose in eight normal and eight obese subjects before and after phenformin.
Phenformin increased the turnover, recycling and conversion of glucose to lactate and decreased the oxidation of glucose in all of the normal subjects studied. The increase in glucose turnover was due entirely to the increase in glucose recycling since net glucose turnover (glucose derived from all sources except the Cori cycle) did not change. Phenformin also increased glucose turnover and recycling in obese subjects but in contrast to normals, its effect.s on glucose oxidation and glucose conversion to lactate were more variable.
These results establish that phenformin has clearly defined effects on the metabolism of glucose in subjects in whom it exerts no hypoglycemic action and support the concept that phenformin increases glucose utilization by diverting it from oxidative to nonoxidative pathways in peripheral tissues.
Plasma Concentrations of A and B Chains of Insulin in Nondiabetic, Diabetic and High Risk Potential Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Varandani P T 
Published: December 2014

Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of the A chain and B chain of insulin in the presence of insulin are described. The assays are sensitive to 0.3 ng./ml. each of A chain and B chain. The results of the immunoassays of human plasma indicate that both A and B chains are present in human plasma. The criteria for this evidence were (a) quantitative recovery of added A and B chains from plasma and (b) parallel relationships between the standard curves of A and B chains and results upon dilution of plasma. The mean concentrations of A chain and B chain in plasma from nondiabetic subjects were 3.7 ± 1.0 and 3.4 ± 1.1 ng./ml., respectively. The concentrations of A chain were markedly higher in diabetic and high risk potential diabetic subjects. It appears possible that an elevated level of A chain may be used as a diagnostic criterion for prediabetes. There was no apparent effect of oral glucose on the concentration of A and B chains in the plasma of nondiabetic subjects as that observed on the concentration of insulin.
Studies on the immunospecificity of the cysteine residues of the two chains showed that thiol, S-sulfonated, oxidized and S-carboxymethylated chains reacted similarly; this indicates that S-sulfonated cysteine residues are probably not involved in the antigen-binding reaction.
Diabetes in the Cocopah Indians
Authors: Henry R E , Burch T A , Bennett P H , Miller Max 
Published: December 2014

One hundred and eighty-two Cocopah Indians, aged five years and over and representing 81 per cent of the study population, were given a 75 gm. glucose equivalent load and determinations were made two hours later of plasma glucose levels. Seventeen per cent of the population at the time were either receiving hypoglycemic therapy or had plasma glucose levels of at least 160 mg. per 100 ml., which was considered indicative of “diabetes.” In those aged thirty-five years and over, the prevalence was 34 per cent, similar to that reported in the Cherokee but lower than that in the Pima Indians.
The frequency of obesity in those aged fifteen and over was higher in the Cocopah than in the Pima Indians but, as the prevalence of “diabetes” was lower in the Cocopah, the frequency of obesity did not appear to account for the difference in the prevalences of diabetes between these tribes.
The Interaction of Diabetes and Obesity on the Regulation of Fat Mobilization in Man
Authors: Bagdade John D , Porte Daniel , Bierman Edwin L 
Published: December 2014

In order to assess the influences of obesity and diabetes on the regulation of fat mobilization, plasma FFA and glycerol concentration before and during oral glucose tolerance tests were correlated with weight and glucose tolerance in forty-nine obese and nonobese nondiabetic and nonketotic mildly diabetic males.
Basal FFA and glycerol levels were directly related to the degree of carbohydrate intolerance only in the obese and correlated with weight in the diabetic subjects only. Thus, elevated basal FFA and glycerol, presumably indices of increased basal lipolysis, were found only in diabetic subjects who were also obese. Neither uncomplicated obesity nor nonketotic diabetes in the nonobese was found to be characterized by elevated basal FFA and glycerol levels.
After glutose ingestion glycerol concentrations fell at similar rates in both nondiabetic and diabetic groups, which indicated that lipolysis ceased normally in nonketotic diabetes. A delayed decline in FFA was observed in obese diabetics only, evidence consistent with impaired re-esterification in this group. These findings suggest that abnormalities in regulation of fat mobilization may become manifest in nonketotic diabetes only in the presence of obesity.
Relation of the Course of Retinopathy to Control of Diabetes, Age, and Therapeutic Agents in Diabetic Japanese Patients
Authors: Miki Eishi , Fukuda Masatoshi , Kuzuya Takeshi , Kosaka Kinori , Nakao Kiku 
Published: December 2014

Follow-up results of the progression of diabetic retinopathy in 364 patients who attended the Diabetes Clinic of the Third Department of Internal Medicine (University of Tokyo) regularly for more than two years were analyzed in relation to their degree of control, age and therapeutic agents. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed by two ophthalmologists without referring to other data.
In 289 untreated cases, retinopathy at the initial visit was more frequent and more severe when known duration of diabetes was longer and initial fasting blood sugar was higher. The degree of control was judged by fasting blood sugar values determined frequently and regularly. Progression of retinopathy was significantly more frequent in the fair and poor control groups than in the good control group. In older age groups, progression, especially occurrence of new lesions, was more frequent. Sulfonylurea did not appear inferior to insulin so long as an acceptable degree of control was maintained.
Failure of Guinea Pig Antibodies to Beef Insulin, Chicken Insulin, and Cod Insulin to Neutralize Capybara Insulin
Authors: Davidson J K , Zeigler Marcia , Haist R E 
Published: December 2014

Guinea pig and coypu insulins are the only mammalian insulins known to be non-neutralizable by antibody to beef insulin. A third non-neutralizable mammalian insulin, that of the capybara (carpincho, or hydrochoerus hydrochoerus) has been identified. Capybara pancreas yielded 0.5 U. extractable insulin per gram. An amount of guinea pig antibody to beef insulin sufficient to neutralize thirty times as much beef insulin did not significantly alter the increase in glycogen content produced by pancreatic capybara insulin in the mouse hemidiaphragm in vitro. Both 50 mU. capybara insulin and 50 mil capybara insulin plus 150 mU. antibody to beef insulin when injected into mice produced about the same number of convulsions and lowered the blood glucose to about the same mean level as did 50 raU. beef insulin alone. Mice injected with 50 mU. beef insulin plus 150 mU. antibody to beef insulin did not convulse and had a mean blood glucose of 156 mg. per 100 ml. Antibody to chicken insulin and antibody to cod insulin did not significantly alter the increase in glycogen content produced by pancreatic capybara insulin in the mouse hemidiaphragm in vitro.
Capybara pancreatic extract cross-reacted with guinea pig antiserum to beef insulin in the passive cutaneous ana-phylaxis test.
Diameters of the Retinal Vessels in Diabetic and Normal Subjects
Authors: Skovborg F , Nielsen Aa V , Lauritzen E , Hartkopp O 
Published: December 2014

The diameters of the retinal veins and arteries have been measured on photographs of the retina of 346 juvenile diabetic and 147 normal subjects. Statistical analysis of data was made from the findings in 266 diabetic and 129 normal subjects.
The mean width of the retinal veins in the diabetic group was about 10 per cent greater than that of the normal group (p &lt; 0.001). About 8 per cent of the diabetic patients had vein diameters outside the normal range. The arteries of the diabetic patients were dilated on the average about 5 per cent (p &gt; 0.001). There was a weak correlation between the known duration of the diabetes and the vein diameter.
The average vein diameter was highest in patients with retinopathy. From an analysis of the relationship between duration of diabetes and the occurrence of the retinopathy and vein dilatation it is concluded that vein dilatation is not a particularly early phenomenon in the development of the diabetic retinopathy, but rather an integrated part of the retinopathy.