bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Health in a Southern Mediterranean European Country
Authors: Graciani Auxiliadora , León-Muñoz Luz M. , Guallar-Castillón Pilar , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , Banegas José R. 
Published: January 2013

Background—
There are no published data on cardiovascular health from a national representative sample in a European country.

Methods and Results—

Data were taken from a cross-sectional study among 11 408 persons representative of the Spanish population ≥18 years of age during 2008 to 2010. Information was collected at participants’ homes through structured questionnaires, physical examination, and fasting blood samples, which were centrally analyzed. The American Heart Association has defined ideal cardiovascular health as the simultaneous presence of 4 health behaviors (nonsmoking, body mass index <25 kg/m
2
, physical activity at goal, and diet consistent with current recommendations) and 4 health factors (nonsmoking, untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, untreated blood pressure <120/80 mm Hg, and untreated fasting glucose <100 mg/dL) in the absence of clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Only 0.2% of subjects attained ideal values for all 7 cardiovascular disease health metrics and 3.4% and 15.3% for at least 6 and 5 metrics, respectively. The percentage of subjects who achieved the 4 ideal lifestyles was lower than that for the 4 ideal health factors (0.7% versus 8.1%). Lack of ideal diet was the most frequent health metrics (88.9%). In general, ideal levels of cardiovascular disease health metrics were more frequent in younger subjects, women, and those with higher education.

Conclusion—
Cardiovascular health in Spain is poor, particularly lifestyles. This illustrates the low effectiveness of public health efforts addressing cardiovascular prevention and the need to improve preventive healthcare services. Given that coronary mortality in Spain is low compared with other Western countries, the factors responsible for this situation should be investigated.
Technical Change and The Commons
Authors: Squires Dale , Vestergaard Niels 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper addresses normative exploitation of common renewable resources with changes in technology and technical, allocative, and scale efficiency that exacerbate the commons problem and externality. Their impact depends on the rate and nature of change, investment, and state of property rights. An augmented fundamental equation of renewable resources with a modified marginal stock effect and a new marginal technology effect account for changes in disembodied and embodied technology and technical efficiency. Neglecting these changes generates misleading policy advice and dynamic inefficiency with overaccumulation of physical and natural capital and sizable foregone rents. An empirical application illustrates.
Attaining Divine Perfection through Different Forms of Imitation
Authors: Klostergaard Petersen Anders 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between notions of imitation of the gods and divinisation. I argue that a close historical connection exists between the two sets of ideas. Although some notion of imitation may be found in most forms of religion, it is intrinsic to utopian types of religion to lay stress on a narrow relationship between ideas about imitation of the gods and the concept of divinisation. Contrary to archaic forms of religion that place emphasis on the ontological difference conceived to separate man from the gods, utopian types of religion emphasise the need for man to overcome the ontological difference in order to attain a higher level of existence. Based on a number of examples from the early Christ-movement, I argue that with respect to the basic structure of its world-view it may — in line with an observation by Nietzsche — be conceived of as a bombastic form of Platonism, that is to say, that the central cognitive structure of Platonism has in the early Christ-movement been projected onto a spatial axis dividing heaven from earth. Man’s true home is no longer on earth but is the heavenly abode to which man, that is, the righteous man shall return subsequent to his death. In all forms of utopian types of religion, there exists an inherent relationship between concepts of imitation of the gods and notions of divinisation.
Rendering Muḥammad Human Again: The Prophetology of Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1703–1792)
Authors: Riexinger Martin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1703–1792), the founder of the puritan Wahhābī movement in Islam, has written a biography of the prophet that differs markedly from other later works of this genre. He passes over many episodes that are supposed to elevate the status of Muḥammad beyond that of an ordinary human, whereas he includes episodes that show him as human, or even fallible, such as the controversial “Satanic verses.” The purpose of this selection is to demonstrate that apart from events specifically related to revelation, Muḥammad was a human being whose actions can be imitated. However, the scope of Muḥammad’s actions is reduced to the eradication of unbelief and idolatry. This is supposed to suggest that Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb himself is completing what Muḥammad has begun and to legitimize the warfare of followers against the “idolaters.”
“What I Cannot Build I Cannot Understand”: Transgressive Discourses in Life Sciences and Synthetic Biology
Authors: von Stuckrad Kocku 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The article scrutinizes the genealogy of transgressive discourses in the fields of the natural sciences, metaphysics, and religion. Throughout Western cultural history, and still today, we find influential examples that transgress the borders between empirical method and metaphysical knowledge claims. These borders are shifting constantly and thus it seems more fruitful to address their negotiation as an ongoing discourse in Western culture, rather than trying to fix the distinction between knowledge of nature and knowledge of the divine, linking these fixed borders to the systems of religion and philosophy on the one hand, and to the natural sciences on the other. The article analyzes the discursive entanglements of scientific and religious systems of knowledge about nature and the divine. Within a theoretical framework of historical discourse analysis, the “scientification” of religion since the eighteenth century is discussed, followed by a case study that addresses contemporary life sciences and synthetic biology.
Within and Without: Chinese Writers Overseas
Authors: Wang Gungwu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThousands of Chinese outside China have been writing in Chinese and other languages since the past century. Some wrote merely to record their personal experiences. Others wrote to express their thoughts and feelings. We are beginning to have some idea of the aspirations and limitations of these writers and their struggles to define their place in their respective communities and countries, and in the larger world of literature. Each writer is a Self with regard to his or her immediate migrant community. As a member of the community, the writer is likely to have a different Self in relation to other ethnic groups in the adopted country, especially toward the dominant majority that has the political power to define national identity for all minorities. An additional Other would be the images of China. Also, some submit themselves to the test of globalization. Their condition can be better understood through the old Chinese dichotomy of nei and wai, with many dimensions of what is within and what is without. This dichotomy of within-without allows us to recognize the dilemmas of overseas Chinese writers as subjective and dynamic phenomena.
Media and the Chinese Diaspora: Community, Consumption, and Transnational Imagination
Authors: Sun Wanning 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article is concerned with the formation of a global diasporic Chinese mediasphere. In the first part, I will delineate the imbricative relationships between community, commerce, and cultural consumption of the Chinese media — what I perceive to be the three conceptual nodes constituting the analytical framework within which meanings of “Chineseness” are constructed and contested. In the second part, I will further argue that a global diasporic Chinese imagination is inherently transnational, and central to the formation of such transnational imaginary is what I refer to as the “transnational mediasphere” which, as I will demonstrate, is a global phenomenon nevertheless inflected with local concerns. I will end with some thoughts on how best to approach this extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon, tentatively suggesting some points of entry into a place- and context-specific understanding of the production and consumption of the Chinese-language media and the crucial role it plays in the formation of a Chinese transnational imagination.
From “Voluntary” to “Truly Voluntary” Associations: The Structure of the Chinese Community in French Polynesia, 1865–2005
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article presents a historical overview of the Chinese community in French Polynesia, from its initial structuring into associations at the end of the 19th century until the restructuring that occurred at the end of the 20th century. The use of a combination of models brings into relief the correlation between class differentiation and the relative importance of sharing the same surname and ties of affinity. The analysis highlights the link between the community's internal structure and the mode of organization of Chinese associations in the guise of real estate holdings. Until recently, leadership was entrusted to a limited number of wealthy merchants and their families who were shareholders in these holdings. The termination of this system in the 1990s was linked to the change in the mode of membership to the associations and to the wider Chinese community. The shift from compulsory membership to voluntary membership is evident with the emergence of new types of associations aimed at preserving Chinese cultural identity in French Polynesia, but it is also true in the case of clan associations. The way in which modes of affiliation to the associations changed over time reveals a correlative change in the way Chinese identity is expressed today.
The Identity Formation of American-Born Chinese in the 1930s: A Review of Lei Jieqiong's (Kit King Louis) Master's Thesis
Authors: Liu Haiming 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThrough a careful analysis of Lei Jieqiong's master's these of 1931, this article looks at how American-born Chinese learned to understand racial inequality in American society, transcended their American mindset, and developed a new identity. For many American-born Chinese, self-loathing was an early stage of their identity formation as they felt ashamed of being Chinese. They acquired the cultural values of white Americans, replicated their social manners and behavior pattern, and believed that only assimilation could make them accepted by American society. But being culturally American did not make them an equal American in a racially stratified society. An even more painful reality for them was the routine rejection they faced in the American job market. A college education did not help them get a professional job. Thus returning to China became a realistic choice to make. More than finding better opportunities, returning to China was an experience in which American-born Chinese invigorated their connection to ethnic roots and built a new identity. Their experience may serve as a mirror to the contemporary Chinese American youth and help the latter understand that being culturally American is different from being ethnically American.
Conceptualizing Chinese Migration and Chinese Overseas: The Contribution of Wang Gungwu
Authors: Huang Jianli 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe movement of people leaving and returning to China from the second half of the19th century to the present is of such a phenomenal magnitude and complexity that Wang Gungwu has devoted a lifetime of his scholarship to tracking and explaining the various cycles of Chinese migration and settlement. Through this effort, he has not only contributed to China studies in general but has also pioneered and become the doyen of a new sub-field in the study of Chinese communities located outside of China and scattered all over the world. This has been a long and rewarding engagement for him, but not one without its moments of difficulties, especially at the conceptual level. Centering on Wang’s pool of scholarly writings and reminiscences, this article discusses his vigorous examination of the accuracy and appropriateness of various terms of analysis, such as “Nanyang Chinese,” “Overseas Chinese,” “Huaqiao,” “Greater China,” “Chinese Diaspora,” and “Chinese Overseas.” This discussion on terminology will also be used to reflect on Wang’s position on larger issues such as the danger of emotive responses to inappropriate labelling, the role of scholars in facilitating a better understanding of the contemporary world, as well as the relationship between scholarship and politics.
Networks and Emplacement: Jinmen Migrants in Singapore, 1850s-1942
Authors: Chi Chang-hui 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the Chinese emigrating from Jinmen, Fujian Province, between the 1850s and 1942. It examines how Chinese migrants in colonial Singapore responded to their displacement in the various spatial and temporal stands with special reference to migrants from the Jinmen Islands in close proximity to Xiamen, Fujian. Jinmen men jumped on the bandwagon to migrate to colonial Singapore and found themselves uprooted in a situation of neither here nor there. This piece of research illustrates the role of social organizations in which workers and traders were involved and the significance of these organizations and their activities in influencing the way Jinmen migrants sought to create a sense of belonging in placing themselves across borders. In the process it was the class differentiation within the Jinmen diaspora that led to the various agenda and ways of living in their negotiation of a sense of belonging.
Chinese Overseas: The Particular and the General
Authors: Coppel Charles A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study of Chinese overseas is part of the study of humanity. To make it manageable, we have to reduce its scope. To make it meaningful, we have to use generalizations or abstract terms which encapsulate generalizations. Like human beings as a whole, the Chinese overseas are very heterogeneous, but we believe that somehow they are a meaningful subject of scholarly study. The paper explores some of the dilemmas of the general and the particular in the history of theperanakanChinese of Java, themselves a far from homogeneous group.
The Change of Social Spaces within Chinese Settlements in Singapore under National Policies
Authors: Yeh Yun-Tsui 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study looks at the process of change in social spaces in Chinese settlements in Singapore and seeks to understand the circumstances in which Singaporean national policies were carried out. The spatial construction of society is used as the basis for this research into the spatial politics of public housing in Singapore. The findings show that the government exercised the politics of spatial scale in resettlement schemes and housing programs to forge a new Singaporean community. The government saw a “mixed” social space of different social-economic groups and races as the local cradle of national consciousness. Unlike earlier research this study finds that the government intentionally broke up the enclaves as local units, along with the living mode of extended families and big families.
“We Are Not a Docile People”: Chinese Resistance and Exclusion in the Re-Imagining of Whiteness in South Africa, 1903–1910
Authors: Huynh Tu T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article offers a corrective to the way in which the history of reconstruction and the construction of whiteness in the early decade of the 1900s in South Africa has been understood. In the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War in 1902, South Africa on the whole and, in particular, the Transvaal Colony not only experienced economic instability, but also a crisis in the black-white racial hierarchy. This article shows that even though the presence of indentured laborers from North China was a threat to the livelihood of English workingmen and Afrikaner farmers, their presence helped to strengthen a racial division of labor and regime that privileged white men. The restrictions attached to the recruitment of indentured Chinese labor to work in the gold mining industry in the Transvaal clearly defined who would be regarded as the cheap and unskilled laborers. Additionally, the means of control resorted to by the industry and colonial government in response to their disturbances and riots, desertions, breaking into white peoples’ homes, and murdering of Afrikaner farmers treated non-white peoples as pariah, subject to control and exclusion. The sense of control and authority resorted to by the Dutch- and English-speaking peoples against this backdrop engendered a kind of racial coalescence among Afrikaners and English as whites.
Luo Di Sheng Gen (落地生根): Early Taiwanese-Chinese Immigrants in Canada and Guam
Authors: Chiang Lan-Hung Nora 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Recent literature on new Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants to Western countries has focussed on those who have arrived since the late 1980s — but may not be staying permanently in their host countries — and have adopted a transnational residence pattern which requires them to engage in two or more social fields. Using autobiographical interviews, the author reconstructs the lives of early Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants in three different cities in Canada, and in Guam, an Unincorporated Territory of the US located in the insular western Pacific region. The three major research themes in this study pertain to reasons for and processes of migration, lived experiences, and self-identity. For this study, 46 Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants (24 in Canada and 22 in Guam) were selected from the available samples in the two respective regions where the author conducted extensive fieldwork in 2008-2011. Arriving mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, the early Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants to Canada and Guam survived various hardships, worked or established businesses from which they earned a steady income. Diligence, ingenuity and perseverance, as well as skills in entrepreneurship and social capital brought from Taiwan, served them well in their achievements in their new home countries in Canada and Guam. As young, well-educated university graduates or professionals at the time of immigration, sometimes re-migrating from another country, they developed significant language competency, social skills, and local knowledge in Canada and Guam. Having a strong sense of belonging, and identifying with the countries they have moved to, most of the Taiwanese-Chinese of Canada and Guam who took part in this study have become “permanent settlers” and some have even retired and remained in their host regions enjoying the multi-cultural environment. The current inquiry provides a timely case study of the meaningful diversity that is present among Taiwanese-Chinese permanent settlers, who are different from the transnational or circular migrants commonly found in the last three decades.
Matrona annina sp. n. from southern China (Odonata, Calopterygidae)
Authors: Zhang Haomiao , Hämäläinen Matti 
Published: January 2013

Matrona annina sp. n. from Guangdong and Guangxi (China) is described and illustrated for both sexes. The new species differs from its sympatric congener M. basilaris Selys, 1853 by its brown wings, reduced bluish-white reticulation at wing base and in details of the structure of the superior anal appendages. An NJ-tree derived from the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2) of M. annina and M. basilaris specimens, collected from the same stream, is presented. A mean of 3.4% difference in the ITS sequences was found between the two species.
Use of Specific Neuromodulators in the Treatment of Chronic, Idiopathic Cough
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Misono Stephanie 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveThe goal of this systematic review was to examine the evidence for the use of the neuromodulating agents, amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, and baclofen, in the management of chronic, idiopathic cough patients.Data SourcesOnline databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Review, and Web of Science, and publications cited in bibliographies were used.Review MethodsLiterature was searched by the 2 authors with a priori criteria for study selection.ResultsEight relevant articles were identified, including 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 prospective cohort or case‐series designs with consecutive patients, 1 retrospective case series of consecutive patients, 1 retrospective case series whose consecutive status was not known, and 2 case reports of 6 and 2 patients, respectively. Improvements in cough‐specific quality of life were noted in the randomized controlled trials. Cough severity was reduced in studies that measured this outcome measure. In the remaining studies, cough symptoms were less after neuromodulator treatment.ConclusionBenefit from neuromodulator treatment with amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, and baclofen in chronic, idiopathic cough patients was demonstrated. Further investigations using objective and subjective outcome measures are needed as well as studies exploring optimal dose, length of treatment, and relapse rates posttreatment.
Human Papilloma Virus Prevalence in a Multiethnic Screening Population
Authors: Chen Kang Mei , Stephen Josena K. , Ghanem Tamer , Stachler Robert , Gardner Glendon , Jones Lamont , Schweitzer Vanessa P. , Hall Francis , Divine George , Worsham Maria J. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveThe goal was to determine the prevalence of high‐risk HPV16 using saliva in a screening population in Detroit, Michigan.Materials and MethodsReal‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect HPV16 in saliva DNA from 349 screening subjects without head and neck cancer (HNC), 156 with HNC, and 19 controls. Cut points for human papilloma virus (HPV) positivity were >0 and >0.001 copy/cell. Proportions were compared between groups using exact χ2 or Fisher exact tests (P <. 05).ResultsAt a cut point >0, each group had an overall HPV prevalence of more than 5%, with a higher prevalence of 30.8% in the HNC patient group. At a cut point >0.001, the prevalence was lower: 0% in the control, 1.2% in the screening, and 16.7% in the HNC group. In the latter, for both cut points, HPV prevalence was different across sites (<0.001) and significantly higher in the oropharynx than larynx or site as other after Hochberg’s adjustment. At >0, women in the screening group had a higher prevalence of HPV than did men (P =. 010), and at >0.001, the prevalence was higher for men in the HNC group than for women (P =. 035). In the screening group, at >0, only African Americans had a higher prevalence than Caucasian Americans (P =. 025).ConclusionsIn the screening group, a 6.9% and 1.2% screening rate was noted at cut points >0 and >0.001, respectively. The results provide data to inform public health considerations of the feasibility of saliva as a screening tool in at‐risk populations with the long‐term goal of prophylactic vaccination against oral HPV.