bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postfabrication thickness of single‐ and double‐layered pressure‐formed mouthguards
Authors: Tunc Emine Sen , Ozdemir Turkan Egilmez , Arici Selim 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimThe thickness of a mouthguard (MG) plays an important role in its primary function of preventing injuries. Multi‐layered MGs have recently come into prominent use due to the disadvantages associated with single‐layered MGs. Whereas researchers have evaluated the postfabrication thickness of single‐layered MGs, the effects of fabrication procedures on multi‐layered MGs are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate postfabrication thickness of various single‐layered and double‐layered pressure‐formed MGs.Materials and methodsMouthguards were fabricated using stone models produced from impressions of a phantom model maxillary arch. A total of 50 MGs were fabricated from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets and divided into 10 groups of five according to the sheet(s) used in fabrication. The initial thickness of each sheet was recorded prior to fabrication. Following fabrication, MG thickness was measured at seven sites per MG. Data were analyzed using independent t‐tests and one‐way anova followed by Tukey's test.ResultsMean reduction in MG thickness was 36–38% for single‐layered MGs and 32–34% for double‐layered MGs. Significant differences in thickness were seen between measured sites for all MG groups (P < 0.05). Maximum thinning occurred at the incisal edge of the central incisor, whereas minimum thinning was observed in the molar crown fissure sites for all groups.ConclusionClinicians should take into account the effects of fabrication on MG thickness. A loss of thickness of approximately 50% should be expected in critical areas of both single‐layered and double‐layered MGs made from EVA.
Staining susceptibility of new calcium aluminate cement (EndoBinder) in teeth: a 1‐year in vitro study
Authors: Garcia Lucas da Fonseca Roberi , Aguilar Fabiano Gamero , Rossetto Hebert Luis , Sabino Marcio Gomes , Pires‐de‐Souza Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate the staining susceptibility of new calcium aluminate cement (EndoBinder, EB) in teeth, with or without radiopacifying agent, in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).Materials and methodsForty bovine incisors were used. After biomechanical preparation and filling, 2 mm of their fillings were removed for cervical plug fabrication (n = 10): EB without radiopacifier; EndoBinder + Bismuth Oxide (EBBO); Gray mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA) and White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). After teeth restoration, initial color readout was taken (Easyshade – CIE Lab) on the vestibular face. The teeth were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 1 year, and after time intervals of 30, 180, and 360 days, new color readouts were taken to determine color alteration (ΔE) in comparison with the initial readout (baseline).ResultsThe results (2‐way anova repeated measures, Bonferroni – P < 0.05) demonstrated that after 360 days, all groups presented ΔE above the clinically accepted limit (ΔE ≥ 3.3), however, without significant difference among them (P > 0.05). All groups presented decrease in ΔL values over the course of time, and the greatest variation occurred for WMTA, with significant difference in comparison with EB and EBBO (P < 0.05).ConclusionsSome negative features of MTA, such as the high incidence of dental structures staining justify the development of new materials. GMTA, WMTA, and EB with and without radiopacifying agent displayed color alteration (ΔE) after 360 days; however, the luminosity change (ΔL) was lower in EB in comparison with GMTA and WMTA.
Iron metabolism in athletes – achieving a gold standard
Authors: Latunde‐Dada Gladys O. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIron is an important mineral element required for diverse life processes. Its metabolism is almost synonymous to erythrocyte maintenance, erythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis. Consequently, exercise exertion impacts significantly on red cell haematology. Here, the interactions between exercise and erythropoiesis are explored. Hepcidin, the peptide hormone that regulates systemic iron metabolism, decreases in response to erythropoiesis by facilitating increased iron efflux from ferroportin into circulation. However, during exercise, there is an alarming increase in the expression of hepcidin resulting in a negative iron balance in athletes. In this review, the confounding cause and effect scenarios of exercise, athlete training and haematology and hepcidin interactions are discussed.
Neuroimaging comparison of primary progressive apraxia of speech and progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Whitwell J. L. , Duffy J. R. , Strand E. A. , Machulda M. M. , Senjem M. L. , Gunter J. L. , Kantarci K. , Eggers S. D. , Jack C. R. , Josephs K. A. 
Published: October 2012

Background and purposePrimary progressive apraxia of speech, a motor speech disorder of planning and programming, is a tauopathy that has overlapping histological features with progressive supranuclear palsy. We aimed to compare, for the first time, atrophy patterns, as well as white matter tract degeneration, between these two syndromes.MethodsSixteen primary progressive apraxia of speech subjects were age‐ and gender‐matched to 16 progressive supranuclear palsy subjects and 20 controls. All subjects were prospectively recruited, underwent neurological and speech evaluations and 3.0‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Grey and white matter atrophy was assessed using voxel‐based morphometry and atlas‐based parcellation, and white matter tract degeneration was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging.ResultsAll progressive supranuclear palsy subjects had typical oculomotor/gait impairments, but none had speech apraxia. Both syndromes showed grey matter loss in supplementary motor area, white matter loss in posterior frontal lobes and degeneration of the body of the corpus callosum. Whilst lateral grey matter loss was focal, involving superior premotor cortex, in primary progressive apraxia of speech, loss was less focal extending into prefrontal cortex in progressive supranuclear palsy. Caudate volume loss and tract degeneration of superior cerebellar peduncles were also observed in progressive supranuclear palsy. Interestingly, area of the midbrain was reduced in both syndromes compared to controls, although this was greater in progressive supranuclear palsy.ConclusionsAlthough neuroanatomical differences were identified between these distinctive clinical syndromes, substantial overlap was also observed, including midbrain atrophy, suggesting these two syndromes may have common pathophysiological underpinnings.
Genetic support for the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in psoriasis susceptibility
Authors: Carlström Maria , Ekman Anna‐Karin , Petersson Stina , Söderkvist Peter , Enerbäck Charlotta 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNACHT leucine‐rich repeat‐ and PYD‐containing (NLRP)3 protein controls the inflammasome by regulating caspase‐1 activity and interleukin (IL)‐1β processing. The contribution of IL‐1β in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is well recognized. Polymorphisms in NLRP3 and caspase recruitment domain–containing protein (CARD)8, a negative regulator of caspase‐1 activity, have been associated with susceptibility to common inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. To investigate the role for genetic variants in the NLRP3 inflammasome in psoriasis susceptibility. In a patient sample comprising 1988 individuals from 491 families and 1002 healthy controls, genotypes for four selected single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NLRP3 (three SNPs) and CARD8 (one SNP) were determined by TaqMan® Allelic Discrimination. Using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), a significant increase in the transmission of the NLRP3 rs10733113G genotype to a subgroup of patients with more widespread psoriasis was demonstrated (P = 0.015). Using logistic regression analysis in 741 patients with psoriasis and 1002 controls, the CARD8 rs2043211 genotype was significantly different in cases and controls in overall terms [OR 1.3 (1.1–1.5), P = 0.004] and for both genders. Our data support the hypothesis that the inflammasome plays a role in psoriasis susceptibility.
Influence of cyanide on diauxic oscillations in yeast
Authors: Hald Bjørn O. , Smrcinova Miroslava , Sørensen Preben G. 
Published: October 2012

Coherent glycolytic oscillations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are a multicellular property induced by addition of glucose to a starved cell population of sufficient density. However, initiation of oscillations requires an additional perturbation, usually addition of cyanide. The fate of cyanide during glycolytic oscillations has not previously been studied, and is the subject of the present paper. Using a cyanide electrode, a substantial decrease in cyanide concentration was observed. In the pH range 6–7, we found experimentally that the electrode behaves reasonably well, provided changes in pH are taken into account. To our knowledge, use of a cyanide electrode to study cyanide dynamics in living biological systems is new. Cyanide was found to enter starving yeast cells in only negligible amounts, and did not react significantly with glucose. Thus, cyanide consumption must be explained by reactions with glycolytic intermediates and evaporation. Evaporation and reaction with the signalling substance, extracellular acetaldehyde (ACAx) only explains the observed cyanide removal if [ACAx] is improbably high. Furthermore, differences in NADH traces upon cyanide addition before or after glucose addition strongly suggest that cyanide also reacts with intracellular carbonyl‐containing metabolites. We show that cyanide reacts with pyruvate (Pyr) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in addition to ACA, and estimate their rate constants. Our results strongly suggest that the major routes of cyanide removal during glycolysis are reactions with pyruvate and ACA. Cyanide removal by all carbonyl‐containing intermediates led to a lower mean [ACAx], thereby increasing the amplitude of [ACAx] oscillations.DatabaseThe mathematical model described here has been submitted to the JWS Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database and can be accessed at http://jjj.biochem.sun.ac.za/database/hald/index.html free of charge.
The role of forest residues in the accounting for the global warming potential of bioenergy
Authors: Guest Geoffrey , Cherubini Francesco , Strømman Anders Hammer 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBioenergy makes up a significant portion of the global primary energy pie, and its production from modernized technology is foreseen to substantially increase. The climate neutrality of biogenic CO2 emissions from bioenergy grown from sustainably managed biomass resource pools has recently been questioned. The temporary change caused in atmospheric CO2 concentration from biogenic carbon fluxes was found to be largely dependent on the length of biomass rotation period. In this work, we also show the importance of accounting for the unutilized biomass that is left to decompose in the resource pool and how the characterization factor for the climate impact of biogenic CO2 emissions changes whether residues are removed for bioenergy or not. With the case of Norwegian Spruce biomass grown in Norway, we found that significantly more biogenic CO2 emissions should be accounted towards contributing to global warming potential when residues are left in the forest. For a 100‐year time horizon, the global warming potential bio factors suggest that between 44 and 62% of carbon‐flux, neutral biogenic CO2 emissions at the energy conversion plant should be attributed to causing equivalent climate change potential as fossil‐based CO2 emissions. For a given forest residue extraction scenario, the same factor should be applied to the combustion of any combination of stem and forest residues. Life cycle analysis practitioners should take these impacts into account and similar region/species specific factors should be developed.
Effects of ecological, landscape and management factors on plant species composition, biodiversity and forage value in Alpine meadows
Authors: Gusmeroli F. , Della Marianna G. , Fava F. , Monteiro A. , Bocchi S. , Parolo G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDue to decades of loss of grassland diversity across Europe, there is a need to identify factors affecting species composition and diversity in managed meadows. The aim of the current study was to assess how ecological, landscape and management factors may affect plant species composition, biodiversity and forage value in Alpine hay meadows. Species composition, Shannon index and forage value were obtained from phytosociological relevés. Twenty explanatory variables were selected from a set of ecological, landscape and management factors. Their effects on plant species composition, Shannon index and forage value were analysed by applying the variation partitioning approach. Plant species composition was related to sixteen factors, explaining 35·6% of the variability. Shannon index and forage value were related to eleven factors, explaining 47·8 and 40·8% of their total variation respectively. Ecological factors were the main set explaining species composition and diversity, whereas none of the three individual groups of factors (ecological, landscape, management) significantly explained variability within forage value. Overall, the effects of the three groups of factors accounted for 70% of the total variability in plant species composition, but less than half that of Shannon index and of forage value.
Involving service users in the development of the Support at Home: Interventions to Enhance Life in Dementia Carer Supporter Programme for family carers of people with dementia
Authors: Burnell Karen J. , Selwood Amber , Sullivan Theresa , Charlesworth Georgina M. , Poland Fiona , Orrell Martin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundInvolving service users in research can be an effective way of improving the practicalities and acceptability of interventions for target end users.ObjectivesThe current paper presented two consensus methods, not commonly used in consultation with service users, to develop a peer support intervention for family carers of people with dementia (SHIELD Carer Supporter Programme).DesignStudy 1 was a modified Delphi process combined with a consensus conference to explore details of the intervention from the carer and volunteer perspective. Study 2 was an anonymous reader consultation to develop informed consent documents for the intervention trial. Median scores were used to measure and establish consensus. Open‐ended responses were thematically analysed.Setting and participantsStudy 1: twenty‐five delegates participated (eight were current/former carers) in the first round Delphi questionnaire, with 21 attending the conference. Five completed the Round 2 questionnaire. Study 2: six family carers and 11 people with dementia took part in the consultation.ResultsStudy 1: the role of the peer supporters was developed in terms of relational and practical aspects of the intervention. Study 2: changes were made to the documents, reflecting service user input, but the effectiveness of this less discursive type of service user involvement was unclear.Discussion and conclusionsStudy 1 methods allowed for service users to contribute significantly and meaningfully, but maybe limiting some design innovation. Study 2 took a more traditional and less collaborative approach. This has implications for balancing the needs of the research with meaningful service user involvement in research.
Promoter hypermethylation contributes to TIMP3 down‐regulation in high stage endometrioid endometrial carcinomas
Authors: Catasus Lluis , Pons Cristina , Muñoz Josefina , Espinosa Iñigo , Prat Jaime 
Published: October 2012

AimsExpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP‐3) has been found to be decreased in several types of cancer by promoter gene hypermethylation. However, little is known regarding the silencing effect of TIMP3 promoter hypermethylation on gene and protein expression in endometrial carcinomas and its prognostic significance.Methods and resultsTIMP3 promoter hypermethylation and gene copy number variations were evaluated using a methylation‐specific multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification approach in 60 cases of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. TIMP3 expression was also evaluated at the transcript and protein levels. Loss of TIMP‐3 protein expression was found in 44 (73%) of 60 carcinomas. Promoter hypermethylation was identified in 25% (15 of 60); was more frequent in stages II–IV (55%, six of 11) than in stage I (18%, nine of 49; P = 0.021); and was found more commonly in tumours with deep myometrial invasion. MLH1 and TIMP3 promoters were hypermethylated simultaneously in the same group of tumours (P < 0.001). A correlation between TIMP3 methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI) was found (P = 0.005). TIMP3 copy number changes were frequently a loss (35%), whereas a gain was detected in only 5%.ConclusionsTIMP3 promoter hypermethylation was associated with high stage endometrioid endometrial tumours with extrauterine spread. Nevertheless, promoter hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity are not the only mechanisms for TIMP3 inactivation.
A unified concept for comparison of seismograms using transfer functions
Authors: Kennett Brian L. N. , Fichtner Andreas 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe comparison of seismograms plays a central role in seismology in diverse ways such as relative time-shifts, propagation effects between stations for a common source, and inversion for source or structural studies. Different measures for comparison have been used in the various situations, but all can be linked by the use of the concept of a transfer operator between a reference seismogram and a comparator trace. Transfer operators are implicit in various methods of phase velocity estimation, receiver functions and anisotropy studies, and measures for estimating arrival times and amplitude variations.Such transfer operators have a number of important roles; first they allow a visual assessment of the similarities of seismograms, secondly they provide a useful description of propagation effects for a common source in terms of the evolution from a reference station, and thirdly the transfer operator provides a means of representing seismogram differences in inversion without dominance by the largest amplitude arrivals.Whereas many time-domain measures of the degree of fit between an observed seismogram and the corresponding synthetic seismogram depend on the difference between the traces, which can be readily disturbed by minor misalignment, the transfer operator can readily represent a time offset while retaining a suitable measure of the similarities between the traces.The transfer operator concept can be applied with weighting or windowing of seismograms, and can be expressed in the time and frequency domains, or even in frequency time. This approach provides a means of representing and quantifying differences in the character of two seismograms that are visually apparent, in the time or frequency domain, but which get suppressed in any single measure of fit.We show how transfer operators can be usefully employed in many aspects of seismology with emphasis on frequency-domain representations at low frequency, and the time domain for higher frequency applications. We can express the general goal of inversion as the reduction of the transfer operator between observed and synthetic seismograms to the identity, thereby avoiding dominance by the largest arrivals and enhancing the influence of the full range of propagation processes. Broad classes of measures for comparison of times of arrival and amplitudes with quasi-linear properties can be constructed from the transfer operators through the use of a simple weighting function. This versatility highlights the unifying character of the transfer operator; and greatly simplifies the design of measurements targeted at specific aspects of the Earth's structure.
The effect of consumption of inulin‐enriched Turrón upon blood serum lipids over a 5‐week period
Authors: Garcia‐Garcia Elena , Narbona Elena , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. , Sanchez‐Soriano Joaquin , Roche Enrique 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThis study analysed the effects of consuming 30 g per day of ‘Jijona turrón’, a traditional Spanish Christmas nougat‐type confection, on the circulating lipid parameters. Turrón is made of toasted almonds, honey and sugar. To make this product more appealing to consumers who need to control their lipid or glucose levels, a new product containing inulin was developed. Macro‐ and micronutrient contents were similar in both turrón with (JTI) or without (JT) inulin. A study with thirty‐two volunteers was conducted, with a daily consumption of 30 g of either inulin‐containing or not‐inulin‐containing turrón for a total of 5 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the study, the circulating lipid parameters were quantified. The volunteers consuming both types of products maintained their circulating cholesterol within normal levels; however, consumers of JT presented a slightly but significant 8% decrease in LDL cholesterol level. On the other hand, the group consuming JTI maintained the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, while volunteers consuming JT presented low but significantly higher levels of glycosylated haemoglobin.
Effect of roasting on colour and volatile composition of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)
Authors: Hojjati Mohammad , Calín‐Sánchez Ángel , Razavi Seyed Hadi , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPistachios have been roasted following the Iranian traditional method (soaking in salty water, drying and roasting at 135 °C). Three Iranian pistachio cultivars (Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari and Kaleghouchi) were compared for their volatile compositions, colour and odour intensity. Lightness decreased in the course of roasting, which resulted from Maillard reaction. Raw pistachios had lower concentrations of most volatiles than roasted. A total of twenty‐six compounds were detected in roasted pistachios; these included aldehydes, terpenes, alcohols and only two pyrazines and one furan. These mixtures of volatiles implied that the Iranian roasting system is very soft, and samples retained most of the vegetable notes from fresh pistachios and some roasted notes were generated as well (from 2‐ethyl‐5‐methylpyrazine and 2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐ethylpyrazine). Sample from cultivar Akbari presented higher odour intensity than those by the other two cultivars, due mainly to higher concentrations of pyrazines developed during the roasting step.
Preventing constipation: a review of the laxative potential of food ingredients
Authors: Gélinas Pierre 
Published: October 2012

SummaryConstipation is a highly prevalent and difficult‐to‐cure health problem, forcing 10–20% of the worldwide population to seek medical care. Efficacy of treatments varies greatly among individuals, and problems are becoming more frequent despite higher consumption of fibre‐rich foods, the most popular solution for preventing such gastrointestinal disorders. The evidence that consumption of fibre prevents and relieves constipation is unconvincing or uncertain. The food industry has made great efforts to develop fibre‐rich ingredients, especially those from food by‐products and wastes. Except for psyllium and wheat bran, most of these ingredients have intermediate or low laxative potential and their efficacy needs to be confirmed by more clinical studies. This review suggests that there are major discrepancies between the proposed fibre‐enriched ingredients and the consumers' needs. As a lasting solution to prevent constipation, the true impact of dietary fibre and potent food‐grade laxatives might also be limited by overeating.