bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of the Antibody Response of Adult Mice Tolerized with Deaggregated Bovine γ‐Globulin
Authors: Muramatsu Shigeru , Hosono Masamichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe antibody response of mice to bovine γ‐globulin(BGG) was suppressed either specifically by an intravenous injection of deaggregated soluble BGG (sBGG) or nonspecifically by X‐irradiation. Immunization with the subcutaneous injection of BGG in Freund's incomplete adjuvant was given to mice either various days after sBGG injection or immediately after X‐irradiation. Antigen‐elimination (AE) test and passive hemagglutination(PHA) test were employed for estimating the immune status. The AE test indicated that the induction of tolerance was accomplished in the first 2 days after sBGG injection and that the tolerant state was stable at least for about 30 days thereafter. The degree of suppression by 1000 μg of sBGG corresponded to that obtained by X‐irradiation at the dose of 400 R or more, and 100 μg of sBGG was equivalent to 300 R X‐irradiation. The PHA test indicated, however, that such a correspondence as mentioned above between the dose of tolerogen and that of X‐irradiation was not so stable as was seen by the AE test. Thus, the PHA titers of tolerized animals tended to recover up to the level of untolerized animals during the period of time from 10 days to 20 days after the tolerogen injection. Such discrepancies between the features in the AE test and those in the PHA test seemed attributable to a low avidity antibody formation in the tolerized animals, as judged by the hemagglutination‐dissociation test. Hemagglutination by means of the sera from tolerized animals was seen to be reversed by the addition of free antigen more easily than the hemagglutination achieved by the sera of control animals or X‐irradiated animals. The relationship between PHA titers and AE capacities of antibodies was investigated by the passive immunization of normal mice previously given the antigen. The result showed that the PHA titer did not always correlate with the AE capacity.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Ide Kazuko , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMillipore‐filtered herpes virus and a hyperimmune rabbit serum were reacted to analyze the unneutralizable persistent fraction (PF). When the PF was serially diluted with antibody‐containing diluent, the plaque‐formers reduced in number. When the serial dilutions were made with antibody‐free diluent, plaque numbers were disproportionately smaller in lower dilutions. The PF filtered through a 0.22μ Millipore membrane showed only a slight loss of infectivity, but a further incubation of the filtrate at 37 C resulted in a marked reduction of titer. This effect was less pronounced when the membrane porosity was larger. Additional virus given to the PF was quickly neutralized by excess antibody. On the other hand, dilution of the virus–serum mixture followed by incubation at 37 C or sonication did not further reactivate the virus. When neutral complexes were sedimented by ultra‐centrifugation and resuspended in antibody‐free diluent, a partial reactivation slightly exceeding the usual PF level occurred with a concomitant release of antibody. It is proposed that the PF may be free virus resulting from reversible virus‐antibody reaction.
Ionic Germination of Spores of Clostridium perfringens Type A
Authors: Ando Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSpores of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8238 underwent so‐called “ionic germination” under suitable conditions in aqueous solutions of either inorganic or organic salts. Chlorides of alkali metal ions except for Na+ were the most effective in inducing germination. Chlorides of alkali earth metal ions were effective to some extent, but those of heavy metal ions were rather inactive. Potassium salts of halogens, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus, as well as organic acids including fatty acids and polycarboxylic acids were also germinative. Preheating the spores at 80 C for 10 min was essential for rapid and complete germination by these salts. Maximum germination occurred at an incubation temperature of 40 C and at a fairly wide range of pH values (5.0–9.0). The germination was markedly inhibited by various uncoupling reagents such as carbonylcyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorophene (HCP), and dicumarol. This inhibition was reversible because removal of these reagents allowed germination to proceed. The inhibiting effect of HCP was highly dependent on pH, suggesting that a molecular dissociation of the reagent affects the inhibition. Furthermore, the inhibition of germination by HCP was competitively overcome at higher KCl concentrations. The possible mechanism of ionic germination and the inhibitory effect of uncouplers on the ionic germination are discussed.
Antigenic Analyses of Sequential Isolates of Coxsackie A16 Virus from 1964 to 1970 in Japan
Authors: Fujimiya Yoshiaki , Suto Tsunehisa , Morita Morihiro , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBiological and serological comparisons of sequential isolates of Coxsackie A16 virus (Cox A16) in 1951 through 1970 were made to elucidate the mode of appearance of the mutant which caused a nationwide epidemic of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease (HFMD) in 1970. Most strains isolated from feces of healthy children in 1964, 1966 and 1967 were serologically similar to the prototype strain isolated in 1951. However, some strains isolated from these healthy children in 1966 and 1967 were serologically and biologically related more closely to the epidemic strain isolated in 1970. Thus sequential isolates of Cox A16 could be roughly classified into two groups, i.e., the prototype strain‐like and the epidemic strain‐like groups.
Regular Array in the Cell Wall of Lactobacillus fermenti as Revealed by Freeze‐Etching and Negative Staining1
Authors: Kawata Tomio , Masuda Kuniyoshi , Yoshino Kazuhiro , Fujimoto Michimasa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFreeze‐etching of Lactobacillus fermenti F‐4 (NCTC 7230) revealed that the outer layer of the cell wall was composed of a regular array in which parallel lines ran obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the cell with an average distance between the centers of about 9.6 nm and were intersected by thinner lines with an average periodicity of approximately 6.2 nm at an angle of about 75°. Occasionally the direction of the striation was discontinuously shifted near one end of the cell. Beneath the regular array the middle cell wall layer packed with granules and the smooth inner cell wall layer were discernible and the mesosomes were also visible in the cytoplasm. When the ultrastructure of isolated outer cell wall fragments was examined by negative staining, the regular array appeared to be composed of subunits, about 3.6 nm in diameter, which were arranged in a tetragonal pattern. The tetragonal array consisted of the subunits in rows in two directions at an angle of about 75° to each other. The average spacing between the rows was about 9.3 nm in one direction and 5.5 nm in the other direction.
Electron Microscopic Observations of Lipid Antigens With Special Reference to the Wassermann Antigen
Authors: Kanemasa Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Wassermann antigen is a lipid micelle, and the essential component of the hapten is cardiolipin. It requires the addition of lecithin and cholesterol as auxiliary lipids. We conducted a study on the role of auxiliary lipids in the formation of the micelle structure using negative staining and observing with the electron microscope. The following results were obtained: (1) Cardiolipin, when dispersed in Mg–NaCl solution, presented an irregular network structure. Lecithin, on the other hand, revealed a regular lamellar structure. Cholesterol, since it is nonpolar, immediately agglutinated and precipitated when suspended in the aqueous system. (2) A combination of cardiolipin and lecithin presented a regular lamellar structure, but no network structure of cardiolipin was observed in the visible field. The combination of cardiolipin and cholesterol revealed cardiolipin surrounding structureless cholesterol with its network structure. The combination of lecithin and cholesterol exhibited a lamellar structure surrounding the cholesterol. (3) A combination of all three revealed a variegated picture of a lamellar structure formed by cardiolipin and lecithin surrounding the cholesterol as a core or of onionskin‐like micelles attached to the above structure.
Enhanced Production of Interferon by Temperature Shift‐Down from 37 C to 25 C in Rabbit Cell Cultures Stimulated with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Kojima Yasuhiko , Yoshida Fumio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPreincubation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)‐infected RK13 cells at 37 C considerably enhanced subsequent interferon (IF) production at 25 C. The optimal length of this preincubation was about 7 to 9 hr. It was postulated that the intracellular events leading to IF production in NDV‐induced cells might proceed in two distinct phases, early and late; the early phase to prepare the cells for IF synthesis proceeds only at 37 C whereas the late phase in which IF is readily synthesized occurs both at 37 C and at 25 C. Similar events seemed to occur in cultures of cells from in vivo induced rabbits. This concept was substantiated by experiments using actinomycin D and cycloheximide, which suggested that protein synthesis at 37 C during the first 7 hr was essential for subsequent IF production at 25 C. A prolonged preincubation at 37 C resulted in decreased IF production, suggesting that a putative regulatory protein might be synthesized at 37 C which could not be readily synthesized at 25 C.
Sensitivity of Various H Particles of Poliovirus to Alkaline Treatment
Authors: Aikawa Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFour kinds of H antigenic particles (H particles) of poliovirus were prepared, (1) by mild alkaline treatment of virions (Alkaline‐H), (2) by separation from the virus infected culture (Natural‐H), (3) by ultraviolet irradiation of virions (UV‐H), (4) by heating of virions (Heat‐H). They were examined for sensitivity to an alkaline degradation (pH 10.5 at 40 C). Heat‐H was most stable and no degradation of capsid was observed after the treatment. UV‐H was most unstable, since it was completely disrupted into small components after the treatment. Alkaline‐H and Natural‐H were relatively stable but a minor amount of small component(s) was liberated therefrom by the treatment. These results suggest that the H particles induced by the four procedures are different from each other in the stability of capsid structure. Furthermore, it is suggested that the antigenicity(s) of the small‐size component(s) is different from either N or H antigenicity being ascribable to VP2 polymer.
Tumor‐Specific Transplantation Antigen Activity of Freshly Adenovirus‐Infected Cells
Authors: Nakajima Setsuko , Hamada Chuya , Uetake Hisao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNewborn hamsters were inoculated with human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) within 24 hr of birth for tumor induction, and 15 days later, intercurrently immunized with Ad12‐infected cells (KB; HeLa; FL; HEK; MoE; HaE). Tumor development was then observed for 75 days thereafter. Tumor formation was prevented at a statistically significant level by immunization with any of the above‐mentioned infected cells. The immunization was effective even with abortively infected cells (HaE; MoE) or with cells infected in the presence of 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine. The induced immunity was Ad12‐specific, since neither cells infected with Ad2, Ad7 or Ad18 nor CV‐1 cells infected with SV40 were able to prevent tumor formation. The most plausible explanation to these findings could be that Ad12‐specific tumor‐specific transplantation antigen is induced on the surface of freshly virus‐infected cells and it is responsible for induction of specific cellular immunity. This gives an experimental support to our hypothesis on the mechanism of induction of cellular immunity against virus infections and to the hypothesis proposed by Habel and by Sjögren to explain the immunoresistance against tumor cells induced following viral immunization.
Chemical Studies on the Cell Walls of Leptospira biflexa Strain Urawa and Treponema pallidum Strain Reiter
Authors: Azuma Ichiro , Taniyama Tadayoshi , Yamamura Yuichi , Yanagihara Yasutake , Hattori Yukio , Yasuda Seiji , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe preparation and chemical poperties of the cell walls of Leptospira biflexa Urawa and Treponema pallidum Reiter are described. Both cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides and peptidoglycans. The data of chemical analysis indicate that the cell wall of L. biflexa Urawa contains rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and unidentified sugars as neutral sugars, and alanine, glutamic acid, α,ε‐diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine and muramic acid as major amino acids and amino sugars. As major chemical constituents of the cell wall of T. pallidum Reiter, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, alanine, glutamic acid, ornithine, glycine, glucosamine and muramic acid have been detected. The chemical properties of protein and polysaccharide fractions prepared from the cells of T. pallidum Reiter were also partially examined.
The Metabolic and Phagocytic Activities of Leukocytes from Patients Receiving Corticosteroid and Radiation Therapy, and Patients with Bacterial Infections
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Tadokoro Ichiro , Noguchi Yoshikuni 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPeripheral blood leukocytes from patients given corticosteroid or radiation therapy, as well as patients with bacterial or viral infections, were studied with regard to the selected enzyme activities of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS). Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) and reduced nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically on mixed leukocyte suspensions in isotonic glycerol. Enzyme activities of G‐6‐PD and NADPH oxidase in patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were significantly lower than the enzyme activity of 6‐PGD. In patients with bacterial infections, activities of the three enzymes increased but in patients with viral infections, only the activities of NADPH oxidase and G‐6‐PD were slightly decreased. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye‐reducing activities of neutrophils from patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were attenuated which coincides with the reduced activities of HMS enzymes. From these results, it is likely that the reduced activities of intraleukocytic HMS enzymes of patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy are correlated with intracellular bactericidal activities which might result from the attenuated level of hydrogen peroxide production.
Relation between Enhanced Antibody Responses Elicited by Adjuvant Injection and Those Elicited by Secondary Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Tanabe Masao J. , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to determine if there is any common mechanism in the enhanced antibody response caused either by injection of adjuvant, such as bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and complexed polynucleotides, or by secondary antigenic stimulation. LPS inoculated in mice 4 days before injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and polyA:U invalidated the adjuvant effect of polyA:U injected together with SRBC, and the hemolysin plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response of such mice was similar to that of the mice which received SRBC alone. When mice primed with SRBC 24 days in advance were injected with LPS and 4 days later re‐stimulated with SRBC, their PFC response to the secondary stimulation was suppressed to less than one tenth of the normal secondary PFC response. The suppressive effect of LPS on the secondary antibody response was abolished if the serum collected from mice injected with LPS was given to the primed and LPS‐injected mice at the time of the secondary antigenic stimulation. From these results we discussed the possibility that some common mediator might play a role in the enhanced antibody response elicited by either adjuvant injection or secondary injection of antigen.
Inhibition of Macrophage Migration by Virus‐Induced Interferon Preparations1
Authors: Imanishi Jiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was found that a preparation of mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possessed not only interferon activity but also inhibitory activity upon migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (MIF activity). These activities were also observed in a preparation of human leukocyte interferon induced by NDV. The interferon and MIF activities shared common characteristics in the dose response, time course of in vitro production, thermal stability, sensitivity to trypsin and periodate, and elution pattern in CM‐Sephadex column chromatography. However, gel filtration pattern with Sephadex G‐100 showed two separate peaks. Fractions collected from the first peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 45 000, had only the MIF activity, while those collected from the second peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 30 000, had both the interferon and MIF activities. A preparation of mouse brain interferon induced by Japanese encephalitis virus had a much weaker MIF activity than the L cell interferon, although these preparations were equal in interferon activity (5000 units/ml).
Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Ono Hideo , Inoue Matsuhisa , Mao James C.‐H. , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibacterial and inducer activities concerning inducible macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using 32 erythromycin, oleandomycin and other macrolide antibiotic derivatives and analogues. The macrolides were classified into five groups from very high to none according to their inducer activity.
Mutants of Escherichia coli Which Block Head Formation of Lambda
Authors: Hidaka Saburo , Matsubara Kenichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFive mutants of Escherichia coli K12 (lam 24, lam 25, lam 26, lam 27 and lam 646) that block head formation of λ are described. In vitro complementation tests and electron microscopy demonstrated that in these bacteria phage tails were produced normally, whereas head formation was abnormal, aberrant head‐related structures being produced. In lysates prepared from lam 24, lam 25 and lam 26, monsters and empty heads without tail were the predominant structures, whereas in lysates from lam 27 and lam 646, petit λ and empty heads were the most common structures. The five lam mutations were located in two regions on the bacterial chromosome; lam 24, lam 25 and lam 26 were near the dnaB gene and lam 27 and lam 646 near the lac gene. It was suggested that the former three mutants are new isolates that belong to GroE mutants, whereas the latter two comprise a new group of mutants. Analyses of phage mutants (ov mutants) that overcome the interference by the lam 646 mutation revealed that this mutation blocks normal expression of the gene E of λ.
Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides on Anti‐Trinitrophenyl Antibody‐Producing Cells
Authors: Saito Tatsuo , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) direct plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in the spleen of mice and the affinity of antibodies produced by these PFC were examined. Simultaneous injection of bacterial LPS and TNP‐coupled sheep red blood cells(SRBC) induced an obvious increase in anti‐TNP PFC numbers and heightened the antibody affinity at cellular levels. The higher the doses of LPS, the greater the effects. Concomitant injection of LPS in TNP‐coupled homologous mouse red blood cells (MRBC) also elicited good anti‐TNP PFC response and slightly heightened the affinity. Priming with LPS and SRBC together 7 days prior to immunization did not enhance the anti‐TNP PFC response and it was difficult to alter the affinity. Preinjection with small amounts of TNP‐MRBC or ‐rabbit red blood cells and LPS simultaneously did not induce any significant increase in anti‐TNP PFC secondary response after reimmunization with TNP‐SRBC, but obviously heightened the antibody affinity. Injection of LPS simultaneously with the secondary immunization was effective for both the anti‐TNP PFC response and the alteration of antibody affinity. These results suggest that LPS affects the control mechanisms of anti‐TNP antibody affinity via the non‐thymus‐derived helper cell function, and the adjuvant action and alteration of antibody affinity induced by LPS are regulated by different mechanisms.
Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation in BHK‐21‐528 Cell Monolayers Infected with Japanese Encephalitis Viruses1
Authors: Ueba Noboru , Kimura Tomoaki , Kimoto Tatsuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFormation of prominent multinucleated giant cells (MGC) was observed in monolayers of a clonal line of BHK‐21 cells (BHK‐21–528) when infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). MGC were first observed 3 to 4 days after infection and cytopathic changes proceeded thereafter. Formation of MGC is a typical cytopathic change in this clonal cell line. Virus titer in 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) equaled that in 50% MGC‐forming dose. Virus titer in TCID50 was approximate to plaque‐forming units (PFU) in the same host cells. An ability of JEV to form MGC was maintained at least for six serial passages in BHK‐21–528. It was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 3 min. All JEV strains, except an attenuated live vaccine strain, induced formation of MGC in BHK‐21–528 cells. Red blood cells of several animal species were not adsorbed to MGC induced by JEV. The MGC‐forming ability of JEV was specifically neutralized by anti‐JEV serum. By fluorescence antibody technique, the MGC were specifically stained by anti‐JEV antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Immunization of animals with lysates of the MGC resulted in production of antibodies against JEV, but no antibody against other viruses which have been reported to induce MGC formation. From these evidences, it was concluded that JEV induced formation of MGC in BHK‐21–528.
Characterization of Background Anti‐Trinitrophenyl Plaque‐Forming Cells Observed in Several Strains of Mice
Authors: Uchiyama Takehiko , Yamaura Noboru , Maeda Ryozo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNormal mice have a large number of background anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibody‐forming cells (AFC) in their spleens (about 40–50 anti‐TNP PFC/106 cells). We investigated this among several mouse strains, i.e., C57BL/6, C3H/He, Balb/c, ddd, and ICR mice, and found that all strains had a similar number of anti‐TNP PFC (plaque‐forming cells). Developmental aspects of background anti‐TNP PFC in the ontogenic process were also investigated. The number of anti‐TNP PFC increased logari thmically during the first few days of age, reached a peak on the 13th day and attained a constant value within 30 days. Neonatal thymectomy did not decrease the number of background anti‐TNP PFC but such treatment decreased the anti‐TNP PFC response to TNP‐HRBC (horse red blood cells) immunization. Germ‐free ICR mice had a number of background anti‐TNP PFC similar to that of conventional ICR mice. Avidity of background anti‐TNP PFC was compared among mice of several ages and it was shown that there were no differences among them. These results suggest that the occurrence of these background anti‐TNP PFC is not elicited by the immune response but by the natural maturation of precursors of AFC without antigenic stimulation.