bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Fluorescence‐ and Absorbance‐Based Assays to Study Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticle ROS Production and Effects on Bacterial Membranes
Authors: Horst Allison M. , Vukanti Raja , Priester John H. , Holden Patricia A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe production and inevitable release of engineered nanoparticles requires rapid approaches to screen for their potential effects in environmental organisms, including bacteria. In bacteria, engineered nanoparticle effects can initiate at the cell membrane, for example by structurally damaging membranes or inhibiting energy transduction. Commercially available fluorescence‐ and absorbance‐based assays could allow for rapidly assaying engineered nanoparticle effects on bacterial membranes, but there are limitations, including that: 1) assays are not currently configured to operate as part of a comprehensive high‐throughput screening system, since assay conditions vary widely and formats are mostly high‐volume and thus low‐throughput, and; 2) engineered nanoparticles can interfere with assay reagents or function, yielding false‐negative or ‐positive outcomes. Here, key assays to study reactive oxygen species (total ROS, and superoxide) production, and impacts on bacterial membrane integrity, membrane potential, and electron transport chain activity, are assessed for their potential use as a comprehensive system to test for nanoparticle effects in bacteria. To address (1), assays are adapted for simultaneous use in 96‐well microplates under harmonized conditions. To address (2), a general scheme to test for engineered nanoparticle interferences with assay reagents and function is conceived, and used to study assay interferences by three nanoscale metal‐oxides: nano‐TiO2, nano‐CeO2, and nano‐ZnO. The results show that the selected assays can be used as a suite, and that nanoparticle interferences, when they occur, can be systematically investigated and often accounted for.
Associational resistance in a multiple herbivore system: differential effects of mammal versus insect herbivores
Authors: Axelsson E. P. , Stenberg J. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that associational resistance (AR) should be more effective in protecting plants from grazing by mammals than by herbivorous insects. We tested this hypothesis in a multiple‐herbivore system by comparing herbivory on, and reproductive success of, fireweed plants growing within meadowsweet stands with fireweeds growing outside meadowsweet stands in abandoned fields in Northern Sweden. We showed that meadowsweet mediates AR against shared mammal grazers, but not against shared insect herbivores. The risk of fireweed plants being browsed by mammals when growing in the absence of meadowsweet was at least double (41 % affected) that of plants growing within meadowsweet patches (17.5 % affected). We also showed that whereas mammal browsing had a negative effect on fireweed performance, the effect of insect herbivory was negligible. Our results support the hypothesis that AR is more effective against grazing mammals than against herbivorous insects.
Baseline time accounting: Considering global land use dynamics when estimating the climate impact of indirect land use change caused by biofuels
Authors: Kløverpris Jesper Hedal , Mueller Steffen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Purpose
Current estimations of the climate impact from indirect land use change (ILUC) caused by biofuels are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding the biofuel production period. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method (baseline time accounting) that takes global land use dynamics into account that is consistent with the global warming potential, that is applicable to any phenomenon causing land use change, and that is independent of production period assumptions.

Methods
We consider ILUC in two forms. The first is called “accelerated expansion” and concerns ILUC in regions with an expanding agricultural area. The second is called “delayed reversion” and concerns ILUC in regions with a decreasing agricultural area. We use recent trends in international land use and projections of future land use change to assess how ILUC from biofuels will alter the development in global agricultural land use dynamics compared to the existing trend (i.e., the baseline development). We then use the definition of the global warming potential to determine the CO2 equivalence of the change in land use dynamics.

Results and discussion
We apply baseline time accounting to two existing ILUC studies in the literature. With current trends in global agricultural land use, the method significantly reduces the estimated climate impact in the previous ILUC studies (by more than half). Sensitivity analyses show that results are somewhat sensitive to assumptions regarding carbon sequestration and assumptions regarding postreversion ecosystems.

Conclusions
The global dynamic development in land use has important implications for the time accounting step when estimating the climate impact of ILUC caused by biofuel production or other issues affecting land use. Ignoring this may lead to erroneous conclusions about the actual climate impact of ILUC. Several land use projections indicate that the global agricultural area will keep expanding up to and beyond 2050. We therefore recommend to apply the baseline time accounting concept as an integrated part of future ILUC studies and to update the results on a regular basis.
Microstructures and Compositional Variation in the Intra-volcanic Bole Clays from the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province: Palaeoenvironmental Implications and Duration of Volcanism
Authors: Shrivastava J. P. , Ahmad Mansoor , Srivastava Surabhi 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Clay minerals associated with intra-volcanic bole horizons of varied colours and thicknesses contain montmorillonite, halloysite and kaolinite, show distinct microstructures and microaggregates. In kaolinite, Fe3+ ions substitute for Al3+ at octahedral sites. Most of these clays are dioctahedral type, show balance between net layer and interlayer charges. The interstratified illite - smectite (I/S) mixed layers containing variable proportions of montmorillonite. Illite contains sheet-like, well oriented microaggregates. The parallel stacks of chlorite sheets show chlorite/smectite (C/S) mixed layers. Progressive enrichment of Fe and depletion of Al ions with the advancement of kaolinization process is observed. High order of structural and compositional maturity observed in these bole clays, indicate long hiatus between the two volcanic episodes.
It is observed that the bole horizons suffered rigorous weathering, approximately 5 fold higher than the respective parent lava flows under the alternate wet and dry spells of climatic changes. Translating the production time estimates of clays associated with the 21 bole horizons, found in the eastern Deccan volcano-sedimentary succession, it is assessed that the minimum time required for their formation is approximately 7 my. Clay minerals that occur across the stratigraphic sequence show cyclic changes in the climate, favouring longer duration of volcanic activity. Late Maastrichtian Lameta beds post-date Deccan volcanism to 70 Ma or earlier to this. Considering the formation of bole clays in terms of time, it is possible that the volcanic activity started much earlier in the late Maastrichtian, and continued after 65 Ma or even later. Thus, the clay stratigraphy based estimates lend support to a prolong duration.
Geo-microbial Prospecting Studies of Surface Sediments from Petroliferous Region of the Mehsana Block, North Cambay Basin
Authors: Rasheed M. A. , Prasanna M. Veena , Lakshmi M. , Madhavi T. , Kalpana M. S. , Patil D. J. , Dayal A. M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Surface adsorbed gas surveys and geo-microbiological surveys are well known techniques of petroleum exploration and aim towards risk reduction in exploration by way of identifying the areas warm with hydrocarbons and to establish inter-se exploration priorities amongst the identified warm areas. The thermogenic surface adsorbed gaseous hydrocarbons distribution patterns in petroliferous areas are considered to be a credible evidence for the upward migration of hydrocarbons. The present investigation aims to explore correlation between the adsorbed gas distribution pattern and microbial oxidizers in identifying the upward migration of hydrocarbons especially in the tropical black soil terrain of known petroliferous Mehsana Block of North Cambay Basin, India. A set of 135 sub-soil samples collected, were analyzed for indicator hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria, adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon isotope ratios (δ13Cmethane and δ13 Cethane). The microbial prospecting studies showed the presence of high bacterial population for methane (5.4 x 106 cfu/gm), ethane (5.5 x 106 cfu/gm), propane (4.6 x 106 cfu/gm) and butane oxidizing bacteria (4.6 x 106 cfu/gm) in soil samples. The light gaseous hydrocarbon analysis showed that the concentration ranges of C1, C2, C3, iC4 and nC4 are 402 ppb, 135 ppb, 70 ppb, 9 ppb and 18 ppb, respectively, and the value of carbon isotope ranges of methane -29.5 to -43.0‰ (V-PDB) and ethane -19.1 to -20.9‰ (V-PDB). The existence of un-altered petroliferous microseep (δ13C, -43‰) of catagenetic origin is observed in the study area. Geo-microbial prospecting method and adsorbed soil gas and carbon isotope studies have shown good correlation with existing oil/ gas fields of Mehsana. Microbial surveys can independently precede other geochemical and geophysical surveys to delineate area warm with hydrocarbons, and mapped microbiological anomalies may provide focus for locales of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Mehsana Block of Cambay Basin.
Automatic generation of Brazilian sign language windows for digital TV systems
Authors: de Araújo Tiago Maritan Ugulino , Ferreira Felipe Lacet Silva , dos Santos Silva Danilo Assis Nobre , Lemos Felipe Hermínio , Neto Gutenberg Pessoa , Omaia Derzu , de Souza Filho Guido Lemos , Tavares Tatiana Aires 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Deaf people have serious difficulties accessing information. The support for sign language (their primary means of communication) is rarely addressed in information and communication technologies. Furthermore, there is a lack of works related to machine translation for sign language in real-time and open-domain scenarios, such as TV. To minimize these problems, in this paper, we propose an architecture for machine translation to Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS) and its integration, implementation and evaluation for digital TV systems, a real-time and open-domain scenario. The system, called LibrasTV, allows the LIBRAS windows to be generated and displayed automatically from a closed caption input stream in Brazilian Portuguese. LibrasTV also uses some strategies, such as low time consuming, text-to-gloss machine translation and LIBRAS dictionaries to minimize the computational resources needed to generate the LIBRAS windows in real-time. As a case study, we implemented a prototype of LibrasTV for the Brazilian digital TV system and performed some tests with Brazilian deaf users to evaluate it. Our preliminary evaluation indicated that the proposal is efficient, as long as its delays and bandwidth are low. In addition, as previously mentioned in the literature, avatar-based approaches are not the first choice for the majority of deaf users, who prefer human translation. However, when human interpreters are not available, our proposal is presented as a practical and feasible alternative to fill this gap.
AKR‐like emissions observed at low altitude by the DEMETER satellite
Authors: Parrot Michel , Berthelier Jean‐Jacques 
Published: September 2012

This paper reports observations of Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) by the low altitude satellite DEMETER (700 km) during the super magnetic storm of November 2004. AKR is generated along auroral field lines at altitudes above ∼3000 km and escapes from the Earth so that most observations have been made close to the source regions or at large distances from the Earth. However, EM waves with AKR‐like frequency spectra detected by the low altitude EXOS‐C satellite were interpreted by Oya et al. (1985) as AKR emissions propagating toward the Earth in the whistler mode. During the large magnetic storm of November 8–10, 2004, numerous events have been observed by DEMETER and, in one case, the emissions were recorded when DEMETER was flying over an intense aurora observed by the UVI (Ultra Violet Imager) of the POLAR spacecraft. During this event, density depletions have been observed at the satellite altitude. Similar AKR‐like EM waves were also recorded by DEMETER at other times showing that these emissions are a common phenomenon at low altitudes in the auroral regions during periods of sustained magnetic activity.
Numerical modeling of artificial ionospheric layers driven by high‐power HF heating
Authors: Eliasson B. , Shao X. , Milikh G. , Mishin E. V. , Papadopoulos K. 
Published: September 2012

We present a multi‐scale dynamic model for the creation and propagation of artificial plasma layers in the ionosphere observed during high‐power high‐frequency (HF) heating experiments at HAARP. Ordinary (O) mode electromagnetic (EM) waves excite parametric instabilities and strong Langmuir turbulence (SLT) near the reflection point. The coupling between high‐frequency electromagnetic and Langmuir waves and low‐frequency ion acoustic waves is numerically simulated using a generalized Zakharov equation. The acceleration of plasma electrons is described by a Fokker‐Planck model with an effective diffusion coefficient constructed using the simulated Langmuir wave spectrum. The propagation of the accelerated electrons through the non‐uniform ionosphere is simulated by a kinetic model accounting for elastic and inelastic collisions with neutrals. The resulting ionization of neutral gas increases the plasma density below the acceleration region, so that the pump wave is reflected at a lower altitude. This leads to a new turbulent layer at the lower altitude, resulting in a descending artificial ionized layer (DAIL), that moves from near 230 km to about 150 km. At the terminal altitude, ionization, recombination, and ambipolar diffusion reach equilibrium, so the descent stops. The modeling results reproduce artificial ionospheric layers produced for similar sets of parameters during the high‐power HF experiments at HAARP.
Refined theoretical study of radiative association: Cross sections and rate constants for the formation of SiN
Authors: Gustafsson Magnus , Antipov Sergey V. , Franz Jan , Nyman Gunnar 
Published: September 2012

Radiative association of silicon mononitride (SiN) in its two lowest molecular electronic states is studied through quantum and classical dynamics. Special attention is paid to the behavior of the cross section at high collision energies. A modified expression for the semiclassical cross section is presented which excludes transitions to continuum states. This gives improved agreement with quantum mechanical perturbation theory at high energies. The high energy cross section is overestimated if conventional semiclassical theory is used. The modified semiclassical theory should be valid in general for radiative association transitions from an upper to a lower electronic state. We also implement a quantum dynamical optical potential method with the same type of modification. The rate coefficient is calculated using Breit–Wigner theory and the modified semiclassical formula for the resonance and direct contributions, respectively, for temperatures from 10 K to 20 000 K. A rapid decrease in the rate constant for formation of ground state SiN is observed above 2000 K which was not seen previously.
Relationship between Fish Size and Upper Thermal Tolerance
Authors: Recsetar Matthew S. , Zeigler Matthew P. , Ward David L. , Bonar Scott A. , Caldwell Colleen A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing critical thermal maximum (CTMax) tests, we examined the relationship between upper temperature tolerances and fish size (fry–adult or subadult lengths) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (41–200‐mm TL), Apache trout O. gilae apache (40–220‐mm TL), largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (72–266‐mm TL), Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (35–206‐mm TL), channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (62–264 mm‐TL), and Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. clarkii virginalis (36–181‐mm TL). Rainbow trout and Apache trout were acclimated at 18°C, Rio Grande cutthroat trout were acclimated at 14°C, and Nile tilapia, largemouth bass, and channel catfish were acclimated at 25°C, all for 14 d. Critical thermal maximum temperatures were estimated and data were analyzed using simple linear regression. There was no significant relationship (P > 0.05) between thermal tolerance and length for Nile tilapia (P = 0.33), channel catfish (P = 0.55), rainbow trout (P = 0.76), or largemouth bass (P = 0.93) for the length ranges we tested. There was a significant negative relationship between thermal tolerance and length for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (R2 = 0.412, P < 0.001) and Apache trout (R2 = 0.1374, P = 0.028); however, the difference was less than 1°C across all lengths of Apache trout tested and about 1.3°C across all lengths of Rio Grande cutthroat trout tested. Because there was either no or at most a slight relationship between upper thermal tolerance and size, management and research decisions based on upper thermal tolerance should be similar for the range of sizes within each species we tested. However, the different sizes we tested only encompassed life stages ranging from fry to adult/subadult, so thermal tolerance of eggs, alevins, and larger adults should also be considered before making management decisions affecting an entire species.
Effects of Tournament Compared with Catch and Release Angling on Nest Abandonment of Largemouth Bass
Authors: Diana Matthew J. , Larsen Aaron L. , Siepker Michael J. , Wahl David H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The popularity of tournament angling for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides remains high, leading to concerns about the effects on populations. Catch-and-release angling and its effects on nest abandonment have been well documented, but few studies have examined the effects of competitive angling on nest abandonment. Nest-guarding male largemouth bass were subjected to one of three treatments: no angling (controls), catch-and-release angling, and simulated tournament angling. Abandonment rates were assessed at 24 h following angling. Both angling treatments experienced higher abandonment rates than the control group (3%) with tournament-angled males abandoning their nests at a higher rate (90%) than catch-and-release males (33%). Additional research will be required to determine the population-level consequences of these angling practices. Until then, a conservative recommendation would be for organizers to consider alternative tournament formats during the reproductive season for largemouth bass.
Received November 30, 2011; accepted May 9, 2012
A Retrospective Evaluation of Sustainable Yields for Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery
Authors: Wang You-Gan , Wang Na 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
The fundamental aim in fisheries management is to determine an optimal fishing effort for sustainably harvesting from a replenishable resource. The current management objective of Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery is to maximize the long-term net economic return following Australian government policy, resulting in an average recent catch of tiger prawn species of about 1,250 tons only. However, the maximum sustainable catch stated from different studies is around 3,000–4,700 tons. We also evaluated the net profit assuming that there was no buyback scheme in 2005 and the fishing fleet was kept at 89 vessels since 2005 and concluded that 40% more catch on average (2006–2009) and an additional total profit of A$17 million (excluding crew cost) could have been gained in addition to the many millions of dollars of savings in the buyback scheme. These findings have great implications for future management in Australia and elsewhere because there is a grave concern of overfishing worldwide.
RESUMEN
El objetivo principal del manejo pesquero es determinar el esfuerzo óptimo que produzca la captura sostenible de un recurso renovable. El objetivo actual de manejo de la pesquería de camarón del norte de Australia es maximizar el retorno económico neto en el largo plazo bajo los términos de la política del gobierno australiano, tomando en cuenta que los niveles actuales de captura de camarón ascienden a 1,250 toneladas, cuando la máxima captura sostenible, de acuerdo a varios estudios, es de 3,000 a 4,700 toneladas. También se evalúa la ganancia neta bajo la suposición de que no existió un esquema de recompra en 2005 y que la flota pesquera se mantuvo en 89 embarcaciones desde 2005. Se concluye que se pudo haber ganado, en promedio, un 40% más de captura (2006–2009) y una ganancia adicional total de A$17 millones (excluyendo el gastos de la tripulación) con respecto a los muchos millones de dólares que se ahorraron con el esquema de recompra. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes para el futuro manejo en Australia y en otros lugares dado que existe una preocupación a nivel mundial por la sobrex-plotación pesquera.
‘You Kick the Bucket; We Do the Rest!’: Jokes and the Culture of Reprinting in the Transatlantic Press1
Authors: Nicholson Bob 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In December 1893 the Conservative candidate for Flintshire addressed an audience at Mold Constitutional Club. After he had finished attacking Gladstone and the local Liberal incumbent, he ended his speech with a joke. He advised the Conservative party to adopt, with regard to the government, the sign of an American undertaker: ‘You kick the bucket; we do the rest’. How did a sign belonging to a Nevadan undertaker become the subject of a joke told at a political meeting in North Wales? This unlikely question forms the basis of this article. Using new digital archives, it tracks the journey of the gag from its origins in New York, its travels around America, its trip across the Atlantic, its circulation throughout Britain and its eventual leap into political discourse. The article uses the joke to illuminate the workings of a broader culture of transatlantic reprinting. During the final quarter of the nineteenth century miscellaneous ‘snippets’ cut from the pages of the American press became a staple feature of Britain's bestselling newspapers and magazines. This article explores how these texts were imported, circulated and continually rewritten in dynamic partnership between authors, editors and their readers.
Embryonic and Early Larval Development in Hatchery-Reared Common Snook
Authors: Yanes-Roca Carlos , Rhody Nicole R , Nystrom Michael , Wittenrich Matthew L , Main Kevan L 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
To gain an improved understanding of the early life history of common snook Centropomus undecimalis and refine hatchery production techniques for this species, a combination of digital photography and histological techniques were used to document the embryonic and early larval development of hatchery-reared individuals. Embryo development from fertilization to hatching took 15 h at 28°C. Larvae at 2 d posthatch showed fully pigmented eyes, and histological sections of the digestive tract revealed the presence of cellular structures indicative of a functional gut. This suggests that common snook larvae have the mechanical ability to detect, capture, and digest prey at 2 d posthatch.