bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locomotor recovery after spinal cord hemisection/contusion injures in bonnet monkeys: Footprint testing—a minireview
Authors: Rangasamy Suresh Babu 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTSpinal cord injuries usually produce loss or impairment of sensory, motor and reflex function below the level of damage. In the absence of functional regeneration or manipulations that promote regeneration, spontaneous improvements in motor functions occur due to the activation of multiple compensatory mechanisms in animals and humans following the partial spinal cord injury. Many studies were performed on quantitative evaluation of locomotor recovery after induced spinal cord injury in animals using behavioral tests and scoring techniques. Although few studies on rodents have led to clinical trials, it would appear imperative to use nonhuman primates such as macaque monkeys in order to relate the research outcomes to recovery of functions in humans. In this review, we will discuss some of our research evidences concerning the degree of spontaneous recovery in bipedal locomotor functions of bonnet monkeys that underwent spinal cord hemisection/contusion lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to discuss on the extent of spontaneous recovery in bipedal locomotion of macaque monkeys through the application of footprint analyzing technique. In addition, the results obtained were compared with the published data on recovery of quadrupedal locomotion of spinally injured rodents. We propose that the mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery of functions in spinal cord lesioned monkeys may be correlated to the mature function of spinal pattern generator for locomotion under the impact of residual descending and afferent connections. Moreover, based on analysis of motor functions observed in locomotion in these subjected monkeys, we understand that spinal automatism and development of responses by afferent stimuli from outside the cord could possibly contribute to recovery of paralyzed hindlimbs. This report also emphasizes the functional contribution of progressive strengthening of undamaged nerve fibers through a collateral sprouts/synaptic plasticity formed in partially lesioned cord of monkeys.Synapse 67:427–453, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excitatory actions of GABA in developing chick vestibular afferents: Effects on resting electrical activity
Authors: Cortes Celso , Galindo Fabian , Galicia Salvador , Cebada Jorge , Flores Amira 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to characterize the effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the resting multiunit activity of the vestibular afferents during development using the isolated inner ear of embryonic and postnatal chickens (E15‐E21 and P5). GABA (10−3 to 10−5 M; n = 133) and muscimol (10−3M) elicited an increase in the frequency of the basal discharge of the vestibular afferents. We found that GABA action was dose‐dependent and inversely related to animal age. Thus, the largest effect was observed in embryonic ages such as E15 and E17 and decreases in E21 and P5. The GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline (10−5M; n = 10) and picrotoxin (10−4M; n = 10), significantly decreased the excitatory action of GABA and muscimol (10−3M). Additionally, CNQX 10−6M, MCPG 10−5M and 7ClKyn 10−5M (n = 5) were co‐applied by bath substitution (n = 5). Both the basal discharge and the GABA action significantly decreased in these experimental conditions. The chloride channel blocker 9‐AC 0.5 mM produced an important reduction in the effect of GABA 10−3 (n = 5) and 10−4M (n = 5). Thus, our results suggest an excitatory role of GABA in the resting activity of the vestibular afferents that can be explained by changes in the gradient of concentration of Cl− during development. We show for the first time that the magnitude of this GABA effect decreases at later stages of embryonic and early postnatal development. Taking into account the results with glutamatergic antagonists, we conclude that GABA has a presynaptic action but is not the neurotransmitter in the vestibular afferent synapses, although it could act as a facilitator of the spontaneous activity and may regulate glutamate release. Synapse 67:374–381, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen Sensing Properties of a Novel Ruthenium(II) Complex Containing Oxadiazole‐functionalized 1, 10‐Phenanthroline Derivative Ligand Incorporated in Mesoporous Silica MCM‐41
Authors: Liu Yu‐Jing , Zhang Yan‐Ping 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPreparation and oxygen sensing properties of a luminescent composite material based on a mixed‐ligand ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(phen)2DPOP]Cl2 {phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline, DPOP = 2‐(11‐dipyrido [3, 2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine)‐5‐phenyl‐1, 3, 4‐oxadiazole} are reported, which are assembled in mesoporous silica MCM‐41. As a result, the emission intensities of all assembly systems are sensitive to oxygen concentrations, that is to say, this material shows good oxygen‐sensing properties. [Ru(phen)2DPOP]Cl2/MCM‐41 (10 mg·g–1) exhibits the best sensitivity (I0/I100 = 10.8) and fast response time (2 s). These results indicate that this composite material is a promising candidate for optical oxygen sensors.
Patterns of Anterior Abdominal Stab Wounds and Their Management at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital, North of Jordan
Authors: Omari Abdelkarim , Bani‐Yaseen Mohammad , Khammash Mohammad , Qasaimeh Ghazi , Eqab Fahmi , Jaddou Hashem 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundWith the progressive use of new diagnostic techniques, the management of penetrating abdominal stab wounds is changing. Most studies have been conducted in well‐equipped trauma centers in developed countries, and there is a paucity of reports from general teaching hospitals with limited resources. We reviewed the assessment of anterior abdominal stab wounds in patients presenting to our hospital hoping to establish an evidence‐based algorithm for managing such patients in busy general hospitals.MethodsThe medical records of all 393 patients treated at our hospital for anterior abdominal stab wounds over a 7‐year period were reviewed. Information regarding age, gender, site of the stab wound, management, and complications were analyzed.ResultsTwenty‐six patients with hemodynamic instability at presentation underwent urgent laparotomy (LAP); 24 (92.3 %) of those procedures were therapeutic. Local wound exploration (LWE) proved that 114 (31 %) of all hemodynamically stable patients had no abdominal fascia penetration and consequently could be discharged home from the emergency department (ED). A total of 253 patients were found to have fascial penetration, and all were admitted for repeat clinical assessments (RCA) and imaging studies. A total of 121 (48 %) of the patients underwent abdominal exploration with 102 (84 %) therapeutic LAP procedures.ConclusionsHemodynamic instability and evisceration should continue to prompt urgent LAP. For stable patients, a sequence of LWE followed by focused abdominal sonography for trauma and computed tomography scanning for unclear cases primed by RCA was found to be efficient in limiting hospital admissions and reducing the rate of non‐therapeutic LAP.
Neighborhood Context and Perceptions of Stress Over Time: An Ecological Model of Neighborhood Stressors and Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Resources
Authors: Brenner Allison B. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Bauermeister Jose A. , Caldwell Cleopatra H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe examine the association between neighborhood socio‐economic disadvantage and perceived stress during middle and late adolescence among African American youth (N = 665; 51 % female; M = 15.9 years at baseline). In addition, we explored the ways through which neighborhood stressors interacted with an individual's intra‐ and interpersonal resources (e.g., coping, social support and substance use), to affect their perceived stress trajectories during adolescence. First, we tested a neighborhood stressors model and found that youth who lived in neighborhoods with greater socioeconomic disadvantage had higher baseline stress and a steeper increase in stress over time. When we included individual‐level risk and promotive factors in the model, however, the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on perceived stress was no longer significant, and the stress trajectory was explained by adolescent substance use, social support and perceptions of the neighborhood. Our results support theories of stress and coping, and the importance of proximal intra‐ and interpersonal factors in either amplifying or mitigating perceptions of stress. We discuss implications of the neighborhood context and how our findings may inform future prevention and intervention related to adolescent stress and development.
Microstructure and Interfacial Reactions During Active Metal Brazing of Stainless Steel to Titanium
Authors: Laik A. , Shirzadi A. A. , Tewari R. , Kumar Anish , Jayakumar T. , Dey G. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions during active metal vacuum brazing of Ti (grade-2) and stainless steel (SS 304L) using a Ag-based alloy containing Cu, Ti, and Al was investigated. A Ni-depleted solid solution layer and a discontinuous layer of (Ni,Fe)2TiAl intermetallic compound formed on the SS surface and adjacent to the SS-braze alloy interface, respectively. Three parallel contiguous layers of intermetallic compounds, CuTi, AgTi, and (Ag,Cu)Ti2, formed at the Ti-braze alloy interface. The diffusion path for the reaction at this interface was established. Transmission electron microscopy revealed formation of nanocrystals of Ag-Cu alloy of size ranging between 20 and 30 nm in the unreacted braze alloy layer. The interdiffusion zone of β-Ti(Ag,Cu) solid solution, formed on the Ti side of the joint, showed eutectoid decomposition to lamellar colonies of α-Ti and internally twinned (Cu,Ag)Ti2 intermetallic phase, with an orientation relationship between the two. Bend tests indicated that the failure in the joints occurred by formation and propagation of the crack mostly along the Ti-braze alloy interface, through the (Ag,Cu)Ti2 phase layer.
A Fast One‐Step Extraction and UPLC–MS/MS Analysis for E2/D2 Series Prostaglandins and Isoprostanes
Authors: Brose Stephen A. , Baker Andrew G. , Golovko Mikhail Y. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProstaglandins (PG) and isoprostanes (iso‐PG) may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways and are important signaling molecules that are also robust biomarkers of oxidative stress. Their quantification is important for understanding many biological processes where PG, iso‐PG, or oxidative stress are involved. One of the common methods for PG and iso‐PG quantifications is LC–MS/MS that allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization. However, the currently used LC–MS/MS methods require a multi‐step extraction and a long (within an hour) LC separation to achieve simultaneous separation and analysis of the major iso‐PG. The developed and validated for brain tissue analysis one‐step extraction protocol and UPLC–MS/MS method significantly increases the recovery of the PG extraction up to 95 %, and allows for a much faster (within 4 min) major iso‐PGE2 and ‐PGD2 separation with 5 times narrower chromatographic peaks as compared to previously used methods. In addition, it decreases the time and cost of analysis due to the one‐step extraction approach performed in disposable centrifuge tubes. All together, this significantly increases the sensitivity, and the time and cost efficiency of the PG and iso‐PG analysis.
On the Functoriality of the Slice Filtration
Authors: Pelaez Pablo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLetkbe a field with resolution of singularities, andXa separatedk-scheme of finite type with structure mapg. We show that the slice filtration in the motivic stable homotopy category commutes with pullback alongg. Restricting the field further to the case of characteristic zero, we are able to compute the slices of Weibel's homotopy invariantK-theory [24] extending the result of Levine [10], and also the zero slice of the sphere spectrum extending the result of Levine [10] and Voevodsky [23]. We also show that the zero slice of the sphere spectrum is a strict cofibrant ring spectrumHZXsfwhich is stable under pullback and that all the slices have a canonical structure of strict modules overHZXsf. If we consider rational coefficients and assume thatXis geometrically unibranch then relying on the work of Cisinski and Déglise [4], we deduce that the zero slice of the sphere spectrum is given by Voevodsky's rational motivic cohomology spectrumHZX⊗ ℚ and that the slices have transfers. This proves several conjectures of Voevodsky [22, conjectures 1, 7, 10, 11] in characteristic zero.
Dissonance and disengagement in pregnant smokers: a qualitative study
Authors: Naughton Felix , Eborall Helen , Sutton Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Introduction: While numerous barriers to smoking cessation in pregnancy have been identified, less is known about the role of pregnant smokers’ beliefs in promoting and inhibiting abstinence. This study explored these beliefs and how they might interact with psychosocial factors related to pregnancy and antenatal care.Methods: In-depth face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 women with experience of prenatal smoking. Grounded theory and the constant comparative approach guided the analysis towards a theoretical explanation of the women's experiences.Results: Cognitive dissonance generated by the discrepancy between smoking-related prenatal harm beliefs and continued smoking was a strong motivator to quit. However, difficulty in quitting led many to resolve this dissonance by endorsing disengagement beliefs which downplayed the threat of smoking. Four main types of disengagement belief were identified. The tendency to endorse disengagement beliefs appeared to be influenced by two factors: uncertainty about how smoking caused foetal harm and reassurance from health professionals and others that reduced smoking was sufficient for harm minimisation.Conclusions: Disengagement belief endorsement is common among pregnant smokers and enables the justification of continued smoking, potentially hindering efforts to quit. Increased promotion of complete abstinence by antenatal care professionals and health education interventions targeting risk comprehension and disengagement belief endorsement should be considered to promote greater efforts to quit among pregnant smokers.
Normalograptus kufraensis, a new species of graptolite from the western margin of the Kufra Basin, Libya
Authors: PAGE ALEX , MEINHOLD GUIDO , LE HERON DANIEL P. , ELGADRY MOHAMED 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNormalograptus kufraensissp. nov. occurs as monospecific assemblages in the Tanezzuft Formation at the western margin of the Kufra Basin (Jabal Eghei), southern Libya. These graptolites have parallel-sided rhabdosomes with long, straight virgellae, climacograptid thecae and a full straight median septum.N. kufraensisis intermediate between Ordovician graptolites from theN. angustus(Perner) lineage and the younger sister speciesN. ajjeri(Legrand) andN. arrikiniLegrand.N. kufraensisdiffers from these taxa as follows: it is broader thanN. angustus; it has greater thecal spacing thanN. ajjeriorN. arrikini. A table comparing measurements ofN. kufraensiswith 44 otherNormalograptustaxa differentiates it from other members of this morphologically conservative group. Even thoughN. angustusandN. ajjeriare very long-ranging graptolites, a stratophenetic approach suggests that the specimens from Jabal Eghei may be of late Hirnantian or younger age. The faunal composition and preservation suggests these graptolites occupied the ‘cratonic invader’ biotope. The stratigraphic succession records deglacial flooding and fluctuating of redox in the Tanezzuft Formation, with the graptolites indicating a short-lived interval of anoxia.
Value of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the follow up of head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Joseph L A , Routledge J A , Burns M P , Swindell R , Sykes A J , Slevin N J , Davidson S E 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground:Few studies have prospectively investigated psychological morbidity in UK head and neck cancer patients. This study aimed to explore changes in psychological symptoms over time, and associations with patients' tumour and treatment characteristics, including toxicity.Methods:Two hundred and twenty patients were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) (‘LENT-SOMA’) questionnaires, both pre- and post-treatment.Results:Anxiety was highest pre-treatment (38 per cent) and depressive symptoms peaked at the end of treatment (44 per cent). Anxiety significantly decreased and depression significantly increased, comparing pre- versus post-treatment responses (p < 0.001). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores were significantly correlated with toxicity, age and chemotherapy (p < 0.01 for all).Conclusion:This is the first study to analyse the relationship between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and toxicity scores in head and neck cancer patients. It lends support for the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) questionnaire in routine clinical practice; furthermore, continued surveillance is required at multiple measurement points.
Higher harmonics generation by a spiraling ion beam in collisionless magnetized plasma
Authors: SHARMA JYOTSNA , SHARMA SURESH C. , JAIN V. K. , GAHLOT AJAY 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA spiraling ion beam propagating through a magnetized plasma cylinder containing K+ light positive ions, electrons, and C7F14− heavy negative ions drives electrostatic ion–cyclotron waves to instability via cyclotron interaction. Higher harmonics of the beam cyclotron frequency can be generated in this way. The unstable mode frequencies and growth rates of both unstable light positive ions and heavy negative ions increase with the relative density of heavy negative ions. Moreover, the growth rate of unstable modes scales as the one-third power of the beam density. The growth rate of unstable modes increases with harmonic number. The frequencies of both unstable modes also increase with magnetic fields. In addition, the real part of both unstable modes (K+ and C7F14−) increases with the beam energy and scales as almost one-half power of the beam energy.
On Gramsci and the international: a textual analysis
Authors: IVES PETER , SHORT NICOLA 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAntonio Gramsci's thought has strongly influenced the fields of IR and IPE through the work of Robert Cox, Stephen Gill, Kees van der Pijl and others, engagements often gathered (not uncontroversially) under the rubric of an ostensibly unified ‘neo-Gramscian’ position or ‘the Italian School’. The emergence of such interventions into IR/IPE has sparked controversy regarding whether Gramsci's work can be legitimately applied to ‘the international’, both from within IR and in other fields. This article examines the validity of such critiques of ‘neo-Gramscian IPE’, which we argue rely on problematic characterisations and little evidence from Gramsci's writings. More substantively, we provide an exegesis of the role of the international dimension in the construction of central categories of Gramsci's thought and his approach to nation-state formation and international organisations such as the Catholic Church and the Rotary Club, which have been regrettably neglected by all facets of these discussions. We demonstrate that Gramsci can indeed be understood as a theorist of the international, whose approach is particularly salient for the present historical conjuncture.
Tycho Brahe and the Separation of Astronomy from Astrology: The Making of a New Scientific Discourse
Authors: Almási Gábor 
Published: February 2013

ArgumentThe subject of the paper is the shift from an astrology-oriented astronomy towards an allegedly more objective, mathematically grounded approach to astronomy. This shift is illustrated through a close reading of Tycho Brahe's scientific development and the contemporaneous changes in his communicational strategies. Basing the argument on a substantial array of original sources it is claimed that the Danish astronomer developed a new astronomical discourse in pursuit of credibility, giving priority to observational astronomy and natural philosophical questions. The abandonment of astrology in public discourse is primarily explained by Tycho's social position and greater sensibility to controversial issues. Tycho's example suggests that the changes in rhetorical strategies regarding astrology (which happened earlier than changes in astrological belief) should be given more recognition in the history of astronomy.
On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory – August Weismann's First Creed
Authors: Weissman Charlotte 
Published: February 2013

ArgumentIn his inaugural lecture, “On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory,” August Weismann followed closely in Darwin's footsteps, but provided at the same time an outline of the essentials of his future theory of heredity, development, variation, and speciation. This was Weismann's first support of the evolutionary theory, and it shows his commitment to natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. For Weismann, “Darwin's Theory” meant natural selection. Natural selection, and more generally selectionism, became Weismann's major explanatory principle for evolutionary change and the most important element driving his thought.
On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory
Authors: Weismann August 
Published: February 2013

ForewordThe motivation for the publication of this lecture is my firm belief that any word that can even slightly clarify and advance the powerful and fruitful idea of the transmutation of species is of value.First, I wish to put an end to the futile discussions which go nowhere since they ignore accumulated knowledge and always start from scratch. I want to proclaim that at the core of the Darwinian theory, regardless of its merit as a whole, lies the transmutation hypothesis, which is nowadays the only legitimate scientific hypothesis on the origin of organic forms. Therefore, futurescientificdiscussions should focus on Darwinian theory alone, as its foundation is irrefutable.This lecture has been printed completely unchanged and unavoidable necessary additions have been transferred to footnotes. This article was already completed when Moritz Wagner'sThe Darwinian theory and the migration law of organism1*was published. Wagner attempts to diminish the role of natural selection in Darwin's theory and I challenge this view in the appendix, which also addresses the factors Wagner emphasized as influencing speciation.Freiburg im Breisgau, August 2, 1868August Weismann
That's not what you said earlier: preschoolers expect partners to be referentially consistent
Authors: GRAHAM SUSAN A. , SEDIVY JULIE , KHU MELANIE 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn a conversation, adults expect speakers to be consistent in their use of a particular expression. We examine whether four-year-olds expect speakers to use consistent referential descriptions and whether these expectations are partner-specific. Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we presented four-year-olds with arrays of objects on a screen. During training, Experimenter 1 (E1) used a target expression to identify one object (i.e. “the spotted dog” to identify a dog that is both spotted and fluffy). Following training, either E1 or a new conversational partner (E2) presented children with test trials. Here, the target objects were referred to using either the original expression (e.g. “the spotted dog”) or a new expression (e.g. “the fluffy dog”). Eye-movements indicated that preschoolers were quicker to identify the target referent when the original expression was used by the same speaker. This suggests that four-year-olds, like adults, expect communicative partners to adhere to referential pacts.