bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flash MOS‐HFET operational stability for power converter circuits
Authors: Kirkpatrick Casey , Lee Bongmook , Ramanan Narayanan , Misra Veena 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe enhancement mode metal oxide semiconductor heterojuntion field effect transistor with a flash gate stack (Flash MOS‐HFET) device structure is demonstrated as the switching device in a boost converter circuit operating at 1 MHz. The Flash MOS‐HFET device maintains a constant threshold voltage for the duration of circuit operation at temperatures up to 125 °C. This is the first report of Flash MOS‐HFET operation at high temperature without charge loss over time resulting in negative threshold voltage shift. The Flash MOS‐HFET structure therefore is not limited by charge loss and can be inserted into power electronic device circuits as a traditional enhancement mode device. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InN quantum dots on GaN nanowires grown by MOVPE
Authors: Bi Zhaoxia , Lindgren David , Johansson B. Jonas , Ek Martin , Wallenberg L. Reine , Gustafsson Anders , Borgström Magnus T , Ohlsson Jonas , Monemar Bo , Samuelson Lars 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this work, growth of InN quantum dots (QDs) on GaN nanowires (NWs) by metal‐organic vapour phase epitaxy is demonstrated, illustrating the feasibility to combine 0D and 1D structures for nitride semiconductors. Selective area growth was used to generate arrays of c‐oriented GaN NWs using Si3N4 as the mask material. In general, InN QDs tend to form at the NW edges between the m‐plane side facets, but the QD growth can also be tuned to the side facets by controlling the growth temperature and the growth rate. TEM characterization reveals that I1‐type stacking faults are formed in the QDs and originate from the misfit dislocations at the InN/GaN interface. Photoluminescence measurement at 4 K shows that the peak shifts to high energy with reduced dot size. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermoelectric properties of unoxidized graphene/Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 composites synthesized by exfoliation/re‐assembly method
Authors: Kim Jin Il , Lee Eun Sil , Kim Jong‐Young , Choi Soon‐Mok , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Seo Won‐Seon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNanocomposites of n‐type thermoelectric Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 (BTS) and unoxidized graphene (UG) were prepared from the exfoliated BTS and UG nanoplatelets. Polycrystalline BTS ingots were exfoliated into nanoscoll‐type crystals by chemical exfoliation, and were re‐assembled with UG nanoplatelets. The composites were chemically reduced by hydrazine hydrate and sintered by a spark‐plasma‐sintering method. The thermoelectric properties of the sintered composites were evaluated and exhibited decreased carrier concentration and increased thermal conductivity due to the embedded graphene. The peak ZT values for the UG/BTS‐US and UG/BTS‐EX composites were ∼0.8 at the UG concentration of 0.05 wt%. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solid‐phase epitaxy of InOx Ny alloys via thermal oxidation of InN films on yttria‐stabilized zirconia
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Itoh Takeki , Ohta Jitsuo , Oshima Masaharu , Fujioka Hiroshi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe characteristics of InOx Ny alloy films prepared via thermal oxidation of InN epitaxial films with In‐ or N‐polarities grown on nearly lattice‐matched, yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates are investigated. The InN films were oxidized to InOx Ny with a gradual change in O/N composition by annealing in air. Structural analysis revealed that the temperature for phase transition from wurtzite structure depends on the polarity of InN, and N‐polar InOx Ny films can retain their wurtzite structure even at higher temperatures compared with the case of In‐polar films. Furthermore, changes in the valence band structure and optical characteristics of the InOx Ny alloys take place via thermal oxidation. These results indicate that InOx Ny grown via thermal oxidation of N‐polar InN on YSZ can be considered as an alloy semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Finishing Hot‐Working Temperature on Microstructure of Thermomechanically Processed Mn–Al Multiphase Steels
Authors: Grajcar Adam , Skrzypczyk Paweł , Kuziak Roman , Gołombek Klaudiusz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe study was devoted to the hot‐working behavior and the microstructure evolution of four thermomechanically processed Mn–Al‐alloyed multiphase steels. Determination of the hot deformation resistance of investigated steels was carried out on the basis of continuous compression, double‐hit compression, and seven‐step compression tests simulating conditions of hot strip rolling. The experiments were carried out using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator. The physical simulation of hot strip rolling consisted of seven deformation steps characterized by decreasing strain, temperature, and interpass time whereas the strain rate values were gradually increased. A special attention was paid to the effect of Nb microaddition on the hot‐working behavior and microstructure evolution with the finishing hot‐working temperature varying in a range from 950 to 750°C. Morphological features of a bainite‐based matrix and retained austenite were identified using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. A fraction of retained austenite was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The increase in the Mn content increases the softening kinetics of austenite. It was also found that the best conditions for thermal stabilization of retained austenite occur at 950°C for the steels containing 3% Mn.
Modeling Human Retinal Development with Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Multiple Roles for Visual System Homeobox 2
Authors: Phillips M. Joseph , Perez Enio T. , Martin Jessica M. , Reshel Samantha T. , Wallace Kyle A. , Capowski Elizabeth E. , Singh Ruchira , Wright Lynda S. , Clark Eric M. , Barney Patrick M. , Stewart Ron , Dickerson Sarah J. , Miller Michael J. , Percin E. Ferda , Thomson James A. , Gamm David M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been shown to differentiate along the retinal lineage in a manner that mimics normal mammalian development. Under certain culture conditions, hiPSCs form optic vesicle-like structures (OVs), which contain proliferating progenitors capable of yielding all neural retina (NR) cell types over time. Such observations imply conserved roles for regulators of retinogenesis in hiPSC-derived cultures and the developing embryo. However, whether and to what extent this assumption holds true has remained largely uninvestigated. We examined the role of a key NR transcription factor, visual system homeobox 2 (VSX2), using hiPSCs derived from a patient with microphthalmia caused by an R200Q mutation in the VSX2 homeodomain region. No differences were noted between (R200Q)VSX2 and sibling control hiPSCs prior to OV generation. Thereafter, (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs displayed a significant growth deficit compared to control hiPSC-OVs, as well as increased production of retinal pigmented epithelium at the expense of NR cell derivatives. Furthermore, (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs failed to produce bipolar cells, a distinctive feature previously observed in Vsx2 mutant mice. (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs also demonstrated delayed photoreceptor maturation, which could be overcome via exogenous expression of wild-type VSX2 at early stages of retinal differentiation. Finally, RNAseq analysis on isolated hiPSC-OVs implicated key transcription factors and extracellular signaling pathways as potential downstream effectors of VSX2-mediated gene regulation. Our results establish hiPSC-OVs as versatile model systems to study retinal development at stages not previously accessible in humans and support the bona fide nature of hiPSC-OV-derived retinal progeny. Stem Cells 2014;32:1480–1492
Erythropoiesis from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Through Erythropoietin-Independent AKT Signaling
Authors: Kim William S. , Zhu Yuhua , Deng Qiming , Chin Chee Jia , He Chong Bin , Grieco Amanda J. , Dravid Gautam G. , Parekh Chintan , Hollis Roger P. , Lane Timothy F. , Bouhassira Eric E. , Kohn Donald B. , Crooks Gay M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Unlimited self renewal capacity and differentiation potential make human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) a promising source for the ex vivo manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs) for safe transfusion. Current methods to induce erythropoiesis from PSC suffer from low yields of RBCs, most of which are immature and contain embryonic and fetal rather than adult hemoglobins. We have previously shown that homodimerization of the intracellular component of MPL (ic-MPL) induces erythropoiesis from human cord blood progenitors. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of ic-MPL dimerization to induce erythropoiesis from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and to identify the signaling pathways activated by this strategy. We present here the evidence that ic-MPL dimerization induces erythropoietin (EPO)-independent erythroid differentiation from hESC by inducing the generation of erythroid progenitors and by promoting more efficient erythroid maturation with increased RBC enucleation as well as increased gamma:epsilon globin ratio and production of beta-globin protein. ic-MPL dimerization is significantly more potent than EPO in inducing erythropoiesis, and its effect is additive to EPO. Signaling studies show that dimerization of ic-MPL, unlike stimulation of the wild type MPL receptor, activates AKT in the absence of JAK2/STAT5 signaling. AKT activation upregulates GATA-1 and FOXO3 transcriptional pathways with resulting inhibition of apoptosis, modulation of cell cycle, and enhanced maturation of erythroid cells. These findings open up potential new targets for the generation of therapeutically relevant RBC products from hPSC. Stem Cells 2014;32:1503–1514
Identification of pathologically small fetuses using customized, ultrasound and population‐based growth norms
Authors: Smith N. A. , Bukowski R. , Thomas A. M. , Cantonwine D. , Zera C. , Robinson J. N. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesFetal growth restriction is a strong risk factor for stillbirth. We compared the performance of three fetal growth curves – customized, ultrasound (Hadlock) and population – in identifying abnormally grown fetuses at risk of stillbirth.MethodsWe performed a case–control study of singleton stillbirths (delivered between 2000 and 2010) at one center. Four liveborn controls were randomly identified for each stillbirth. Ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight within 1 month prior to delivery was used to calculate growth percentiles for each fetus using three fetal growth norms. Sensitivities and odds ratios for stillbirth, as well as odds of abnormal growth according to formula, were calculated.ResultsThere were 49 stillbirths and 197 live births. Using the customized norms, growth of the fetuses destined to be stillborn was bimodal, with both more small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA; < 10th percentile) and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA; ≥ 90th percentile) fetuses. Odds of being abnormally grown were significantly higher using ultrasound compared with population norms (P = 0.02) but were not statistically different using ultrasound and customized norms (P = 0.21). Sensitivity for identification of SGA on ultrasound as a predictor of stillbirth was higher using customized (39%; 95% CI, 24–54%) or ultrasound (33%; 95% CI, 19–47%), rather than population (14%; 95% CI, 4–25%), norms.ConclusionsAmong fetuses destined to be stillborn, customized and ultrasound norms identified a greater proportion of both SGA and LGA estimated fetal weights. The customized norms performed best in identifying death among SGA fetuses. These results should be interpreted within the limitations of the study design. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Aberrant protein acylation is a common observation in inborn errors of acyl‐CoA metabolism
Authors: Pougovkina Olga , te Brinke Heleen , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Houten Sander M. , de Boer Vincent C. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInherited disorders of acyl‐CoA metabolism, such as defects in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation can present with severe clinical symptoms either neonatally or later in life, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are often incompletely understood. We now report the discovery of a novel biochemical mechanism that could contribute to the pathophysiology of these disorders. We identified increased protein lysine butyrylation in short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficient mice as a result of the accumulation of butyryl‐CoA. Similarly, in SCAD deficient fibroblasts, lysine butyrylation was increased. Furthermore, malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase (MCD) deficient patient cells had increased levels of malonylated lysines and propionyl‐CoA carboxylase (PCC) deficient patient cells had increased propionylation of lysines. Since lysine acylation can greatly impact protein function, aberrant lysine acylation in inherited disorders associated with acyl‐CoA accumulation may well play a role in their disease pathophysiology.
Ether‐Type Moieties in the Lipid Part of Glycoinositolphospholipids of Acanthamoeba rhysodes
Authors: Karaś Magdalena A. , Russa Ryszard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEther lipids were identified among components liberated with HF and nitrous acid deamination from Acanthamoeba rhysodes whole cells and its membrane glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPL). Liberated ether glycerols were converted to various derivatives that served characterization thereof. These included TMS and isopropylidene derivatives, oxidation with sodium periodate to aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH4 to alcohol, and reaction of the alcohol with acetic anhydrite to form acetate derivatives. Periodate sensitivity demonstrated that the alkyl side chains were linked to the sn‐1 position of glycerol. Combined information from TLC, GC–MS analysis, MALDI‐TOF spectrometry, and chemical degradation experiments indicated the presence of ether‐linked saturated normal and branched hydrocarbons with a length of C20–23 in the phospholipid fraction, C20–24 in free GPI, and C21–23 in the LPG polymer. The distribution of particular classes of alkylglycerols was similar for phospholipid and GPI fractions, and amounted to 2.62 % (±0.04–0.28) 1‐O‐eicosanyl‐sn‐glycerol, 16.66 % (±0.32–1.1) 1‐O‐uncosanyl‐sn‐glycerol, 9.18 % (±0.33–1.37) anteiso‐1‐O‐docosanyl‐sn‐glycerol, 47.56 % (±0.32–2.14) 1‐O‐docosanyl‐sn‐glycerol, 20.56 % (±0.58–1.67) anteiso‐1‐O‐tricosanyl‐sn‐glycerol, and 2.34 % (±0.12–0.63) 1‐O‐tricosanyl‐sn‐glycerol. For LPG preparation, the most abundant were anteiso‐1‐O‐tricosanyl‐sn‐glycerol (57.26 %) and 1‐O‐docosanyl‐sn‐glycerol (30.12 %). The data from TLC and GC–MS analysis showed that ether lipids from phospholipids probably represent the lyso‐alkylglycerol type, while those derived from GIPL are alkylacylglycerol moieties.
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is required for cell transformation by the receptor tyrosine kinase mutants FIP1L1‐PDGFRα and PDGFRα D842V
Authors: Noël Laura A. , Arts Florence A. , Montano-Almendras Carmen P. , Cox Luk , Gielen Olga , Toffalini Federica , Marbehant Catherine Y. , Cools Jan , Demoulin Jean-Baptiste 
Published: February 2014

Activated forms of the platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) have been described in various tumors, including FIP1L1‐PDGFRα in patients with myeloproliferative diseases associated with hypereosinophilia and the PDGFRαD842V mutant in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and inflammatory fibroid polyps.To gain a better insight into the signal transduction mechanisms of PDGFRα oncogenes, we mutated twelve potentially phosphorylated tyrosine residues of FIP1L1‐PDGFRα and identified three mutations that affected cell proliferation. In particular, mutation of tyrosine 720 in FIP1L1‐PDGFRα or PDGFRαD842V inhibited cell growth and blocked ERK signaling in Ba/F3 cells. This mutation also decreased myeloproliferation in transplanted mice and the proliferation of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors transduced with FIP1L1‐PDGFRα. We showed that the non‐receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 bound directly to tyrosine 720 of FIP1L1‐PDGFRα. SHP2 knock‐down decreased proliferation of Ba/F3 cells transformed with FIP1L1‐PDGFRα and PDGFRαD842V and affected ERK signaling, but not STAT5 phosphorylation. Remarkably, SHP2 was not essential for cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation induced by the wild‐type PDGF receptor in response to ligand stimulation, suggesting a shift in the function of SHP2 downstream of oncogenic receptors.In conclusion, our results indicate that SHP2 is required for cell transformation and ERK activation by mutant PDGF receptors.
The wake of a two-dimensional ship in the low-speed limit: results for multi-cornered hulls
Authors: Trinh Philippe H. , Chapman S. Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the Dagan & Tulin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 51, 1972, pp. 529–543) model of ship waves, a blunt ship moving at low speeds can be modelled as a two-dimensional semi-infinite body. A central question for these reduced models is whether a particular ship design can minimize, or indeed eliminate, the wave resistance. In the previous part of our work (Trinhet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 685, 2011, pp. 413–439), we demonstrated why a single corner can never be made waveless. In this accompanying paper, we continue our investigations with the study of more general piecewise-linear, or multi-cornered ships. By using exponential asymptotics, we demonstrate how the production of waves can be directly ascertained by the positions and angles of the corners. In particular, this theory answers the question raised by Farrow & Tuck (J. Austral. Math. Soc.B, vol. 36, 1995, pp. 424–437) as to why certain bulbous-like obstructions can minimize the production of waves. General results for wavelessness are given for a class of hulls, and numerical computations of the nonlinear ship-wave problem are used to confirm analytical predictions. Finally, we discuss open questions regarding hulls without corners and more general three-dimensional bluff bodies.
Surface slopes, velocity profiles and fluid pressure in coarse-grained debris flows saturated with water and mud
Authors: Kaitna R. , Dietrich W. E. , Hsu L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractData on the internal velocity distribution of flowing sediment–fluid mixtures such as debris flows are rare, but necessary for model development and testing. A probe to measure the mean particle velocity at different depths and different locations within experimental debris flows in a 4 m diameter rotating drum was developed. In addition, the flow depth, basal normal stress and basal pore fluid pressure were also measured. Results show that for a given sediment–fluid mixture the velocity profiles collapse to distinct non-dimensional profiles. Macroscopic flow behaviour shows great similarity, with mean surface slopes weakly dependent on the shear rate for water-saturated gravel, but strongly shear-rate-dependent when pores are filled with mud. Poorly sorted material with a high content of fines produced fluid pressures close to normal stress and sidewall friction had a strong effect on the flow pattern. Our results reveal variability in profile characteristics for flows displaying similar macro-dynamics and provide data for model testing.
Assessing non-detrimental trade for a CITES Appendix II-listed plant species: the status of wild and cultivated Galanthus woronowii in Georgia
Authors: McGough H. Noel , Kikodze David , Wilford Richard , Garrett Lucy , Deisadze Grigol , Jaworska Natalie , Smith Matthew J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA process for the review of significant trade in species listed in CITES Appendix II was established to address problems with the application of CITES Article IV. Article IV states that international trade in Appendix II species requires a Scientific Authority of the state of export to determine that such trade will not be detrimental to the species’ survival in the wild. Such a review process was initiated for the plant species Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. as a result of continuing uncertainty over the sustainability of international exports of the plant from wild populations in Georgia, and the Georgian Management Authority was tasked with determining and reporting whether export levels conformed to Article IV. Here we report on the project that was established to address that task. Nationwide field surveys conducted in 2009 led to the recommendation of a conservative annual export quota of 15 million plants for the sites surveyed. Cultivated populations held significant stocks of harvestable plants but with varied cultivation histories, especially in relation to the extent and nature of supplementary planting. Future work should continue to monitor harvesting from wild populations and identify solutions for local communities wishing to cultivate the plant for international trade.
A severe foodborne outbreak of diarrhoea linked to a canteen in Italy caused by enteroinvasiveEscherichia coli, an uncommon agent
Authors: ESCHER M. , SCAVIA G. , MORABITO S. , TOZZOLI R. , MAUGLIANI A. , CANTONI S. , FRACCHIA S. , BETTATI A. , CASA R. , GESU G. P. , TORRESANI E. , CAPRIOLI A. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYWe describe a foodborne outbreak in Italy caused by enteroinvasiveEscherichia coli(EIEC), an enteric pathogen uncommon in industrialized countries. On 14 April 2012 a number of employees of the city of Milan Fire Brigade (FB) were admitted to hospital with severe diarrhoea after attending their canteen. Thirty-two patients were hospitalized and a total of 109 cases were identified. A case-control study conducted on 83 cases and 32 controls attending the canteen without having symptoms identified cooked vegetables to be significantly associated with the disease. Stool samples collected from 62 subjects were screened for enteric pathogens using PCR-based commercial kits: 17 cases and two asymptomatic kitchen-workers were positive for theShigellamarker geneipaH; anipaH-positive EIEC strain O96:H19 was isolated from six cases. EIEC may cause serious dysentery-like outbreaks even in Western European countries. Microbiologists should be aware of microbiological procedures to detect EIEC, to be applied especially when no common enteric pathogens are identified.
Crazy Like a Fox
Authors: ROLLIN MICHAEL D. H. , ROLLIN BERNARD E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:Animal models of human disease play a central role in modern biomedical science. Developing animal models for human mental illness presents unique practical and philosophical challenges. In this article we argue that (1) existing animal models of psychiatric disease are not valid, (2) attempts to model syndromes are undermined by current nosology, (3) models of symptoms are rife with circular logic and anthropomorphism, (4) any model must make unjustified assumptions about subjective experience, and (5) any model deemed valid would be inherently unethical, for if an animal adequately models human subjective experience, then there is no morally relevant difference between that animal and a human.
Neuroethics and Animals
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA , HÄYRY MATTI 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:This article provides an overview of the six other contributions in the Neuroethics and Animals special section. In addition, it discusses the methodological and theoretical problems of interdisciplinary fields. The article suggests that interdisciplinary approaches without established methodological and theoretical bases are difficult to assess scientifically. This might cause these fields to expand without actually advancing.