bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of low‐temperature crystallisation in the determination of component acids of liquid fats. I. fats in which oleic and linoleic acids are major components
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPreliminary separation of mixed fatty acids by crystallisation from solvents at low temperatures, according to the technique of J. B. Brown1 and his colleagues, is preferable to lead salt separation in the cases of fats which contain only small proportions of saturated acids. The procedure, coupled with subsequent ester‐fractionation, has been applied to the acids of sunflower seed, sesame, and groundnut oils (all of which have oleic and linoleic acids as their major components). The results agree well with earlier analyses in which lead salt separation had been employed. To some extent, acid fractions in which linoleic and oleic acids are respectively concentrated can also be obtained by the low‐temperature crystallisation procedure.
The component acids of the testa and kernel fats of the oil palm
Authors: Carsten H. A. , Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe fat in the thin brown testa of the palm kernel (Elœis guineensis) contains more oleic and linoleic acids, and less lauric acid, than that of the endosperm; linoleic acid amounts to 5% or more, and oleic acid to 20–25%, of the total fatty acids (the corresponding proportions in the endosperm fat being about 1% and 11–12%). The proportion of free fatty acids in the testa fat was about three times that in the enclosed kernels or endosperm, but the proportions of the component acids in the acidic part of the fat did not differ sensibly from those in the neutral testa fat. The higher proportion of free fatty acids is probably due to the testa fat being more accessible to lipolytic enzymes introduced from moulds at the outer surface of the kernels.
Some reactions of thionyl chloride and their application to the determination of sulphur chlorides in technical thionyl chloride
Authors: Harrington Thomas , Boyd Thomas H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA simple method of estimating the amounts of sulphur mono‐ and di‐chlorides in technical thionyl chloride is described. It has been shown that small amounts of sulphur chlorides in thionyl chloride are hydro‐lysed by excess of water to give polythionic acids. Iron catalyses a reaction between thionyl chloride and sulphur, producing sulphur mono‐chloride. The former reaction has been made the basis of a satisfactory analytical method and difficulties caused by the latter reaction have been overcome.
The resolution of r‐tartaric acid by means of d‐N‐methylamphetamine (d‐N‐methyl‐β‐phenylISO‐propylamine)
Authors: Walton E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstractd‐N‐Methylamphetamine l‐bitartrate, readily obtainable from its r‐bitartrate by crystallisation from water, has been converted directly into barium l‐tartrate, from which l‐tartaric acid has been isolated in the known manner. This process, besides giving satisfactory yields through‐out, offers other advantages over previously described methods.
The corrosion of copper evaporator tubes
Authors: Inglesent H. , Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCopper heating tubes from a glucose evaporator have been examined to determine the cause of their corrosion. The progressive degree of attack along the length of the tubes on the liquor side suggested that the moto‐electric effect was the major factor leading to reduction in their wall thickness. Tests on a model evaporator apparently confirm this explanation.
The nutritive value of ready‐to‐eat break‐fast cereals
Authors: Booth R. G. , Moran T. , Pringle W. J. S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwenty‐five cereal breakfast foods manufactured in this country have been examined in order to assess the effects of the methods of manufacture upon their nutrient content. Pressure cooking of grain causes a considerable loss of vitamin B1 and appreciable hydrolysis of phytic acid; riboflavin and nicotinic acid are unaffected. It is suggested that breakfast cereals should be fortified with vitamin B1 at a late stage in their manufacture to the level existing in the original grain. This would ensure an adequate B1: non‐fat calorie ratio in the usual breakfast cereal portion of the meal.
Preparation of drinking water from sea water
Authors: Ingleson H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn investigation has been made of chemical methods of treating sea water to produce drinking water, for use by air‐crews adrift in rubber dinghies on the open sea. The method finally developed consisted in treating sea water with briquettes of a reagent containing silver zeolite, barium hydroxide octohydrate, silver oxide, fuller's earth, and graphite.
The effect of pH on fungistatic activity of dinitro‐O‐cresol
Authors: Brian P. W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResults are presented showing that the fungistatic activity of dinitro‐o‐cresol (DNOC) solutions, adjusted to various pH values, is closely correlated with the concentration of undissociated DNOC. In fact, the fungistatic efficiency of aqueous DNOC solutions can be accounted for on the assumption that the DNOC anion has 1/40th the toxicity of the undissociated molecule. It is suggested that the observed increases in insecticidal activity of DNOC‐petroleum oil winter washes at low pH can also be accounted for by the increased concentration of undissociated DNOC, rather than by the increased concentration of DNOC in the oil phase. Thee concentration of DNOC in the oil phase is in fact an indirect measure of the concentration of undissociated DNOC.
Simulation of stable water isotopic composition in the atmosphere using an isotopic Atmospheric Water Balance Model
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Ping , Guan Hua‐De , Zhang Xin‐Zhu , Wu Hua‐Wu , Li Guang , Huang Yi‐Min 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a simplified isotopic Atmospheric Water Balance Model (iAWBM), to simulate spatial distribution and temporal variations of δ18O in atmospheric vapour and in precipitation, and the correlations of δ18O in precipitation with precipitation amount and with temperature. This method overcomes deficiencies of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) due to its limitation in space and time resolution and those of the isotope‐enabled General Circulation Models (iGCMs) due to its complexity. The simulated results reproduce well the latitude effect, continent effect and seasonality of δ18O in global precipitation. The simulation suggests that the precipitation amount effect occurs mainly in the low‐mid latitude oceans and monsoon areas, and the simulated temperature effect occurs mainly in the mid‐high latitude continents. However, the simulation results also indicate some temperature effect in some low‐latitude areas where the precipitation amount effect is strong. The modelled precipitation isotopic composition is compared to 3‐year observations in Changsha, China (2010–2012). The simulations reproduce the observed seasonal variations of δ18O in precipitation. The basic characteristics that stable isotopes in precipitation are depleted during the rainy season and enriched during the dry season, and the observed amount effect is well simulated under daily time scale. The simulated weighted average δ18O (−6.58‰) in precipitation during the prevailing winter monsoon season (October–March) is almost the same as the observed δ18O in the same period (−6.56‰), but the simulated δ18O (−9.58‰) during the prevailing summer monsoon season (April–September) is lower than the observed δ18O (−7.66‰). The simulation result also shows temporal variations of vapour isotopic composition in the atmosphere, and the proportional contributions from horizontal vapour exchange, precipitation and evaporation.
Diversity dynamics of the Late Cenozoic rodent community from south‐western Kansas: the influence of historical processes on community structure
Authors: MARTIN ROBERT A. , PELÁEZ‐CAMPOMANES PABLO 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study used the dense late Cenozoic rodent record of south‐western Kansas to test for an equilibrium in species richness through millions of years, identify and clarify historical influences on species richness, determine the relative contribution of immigration, speciation and local extinction to species originations at the community level, and calculate background extinction rates to compare with modern species losses due to anthropogenic activities. The Meade Basin rodent community has been in equilibrium, with an average of about 17 species, for almost 5 million years. No speciation events were identified in the Meade Basin rodent record; although speciation ultimately contributes to the regional species pool, local speciation events contributed little to community structure. Extinctions and immigrations continued through the study period, with elevated bouts of turnover correlated with global cooling events and lowered sea level associated with the Beringian land bridge. Turnover was generated primarily by stochastic climatic agents at several temporal scales, possibly including rapid and devastating regional volcanic ashfalls. None of the extinction rates recorded in the Meade Basin system rivals extinction levels in modern species due to anthropogenic activities.
A 560–440 ka tephra record from the Mercure Basin, southern Italy: volcanological and tephrostratigraphic implications
Authors: GIACCIO BIAGIO , GALLI PAOLO , PERONACE EDOARDO , ARIENZO ILENIA , NOMADE SEBASTIEN , CAVINATO GIAN PAOLO , MANCINI MARCO , MESSINA PAOLO , SOTTILI GIANLUCA 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntegrated electron microprobe analyses (EMPAs) on glass and Sr–Nd isotope analyses have been performed on 17 tephras from the Middle Pleistocene Mercure lacustrine succession, southern Apennines. Two 40Ar/39Ar ages and the recognition of four relevant tephras from Colli Albani, Sabatini and possibly Roccamonfina volcanoes allowed us to ascribe the investigated succession to the late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15–12 interval (560–440 ka). The Sr–Nd isotopes and major element glass compositions allowed us to attribute 10 out of the other 13 tephras to a poorly known activity of the Roccamofina volcano, whereas two layers were tentatively attributed to previously unknown Middle Pleistocene activity of Ponza Island or Campanian volcanoes, and one to Salina Island. The tephrostratigraphic correlation of the Mercure tephras with the Acerno lacustrine pollen record (Campania) also allowed us to evaluate the climatostratigraphic position of the tephras within the framework of the MIS 15–12 climatic variability. These results were obtained by combining the Sr–Nd isotope ratio with EMPA and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data. This confirms the notable consistency of this approach for studying the Mediterranean Middle Pleistocene tephrostratigraphy, which, despite its great potential for both volcanology and Quaternary studies, has been hitherto barely explored.
Modelling glacier advances and related climate conditions during the last glaciation cycle in the Kuzigun Valley, Tashkurgan catchment, on the north‐west Tibetan Plateau
Authors: XU XIANGKE , DONG GUOCHENG , PAN BAOLIN 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding regional climate during the last glaciation cycle (LGC) is far from complete for the north‐western Tibetan Plateau. Recent improvements in understanding glacial extents and chronologies in the Tashkurgan catchment, north‐west Tibetan Plateau, present an opportunity to estimate the glacial climatic conditions of the LGC. Here we use a coupled mass‐balance and ice‐flow model to reconstruct glacier advances in the Kuzigun Valley during the LGC and quantify the related climate conditions in the Tashkurgan, Hangdi, and Kuzigun glacial stages for the region. The model results show that the Kuzigun Valley contained ice volumes of 5.713 ± 0.005, 4.874 ± 0.005 and 3.631 ± 0.004 km3 with equilibrium line altitude‐lowering values of ∼500, ∼560 and ∼610 m in the three successive glacial stages, respectively. By referencing the climatic δ18O proxy records, we conclude that temperature decreased by 5–8, ∼4 and <4 °C with precipitation levels of 30–70, ∼100 and >140% modern values in the Kuzigun, Hangdi and Tashkurgan glacial stages, respectively. Our climatic estimates for the Kuzigun stage are generally consistent with previous studies that showed the Last Glacial Maximum climate was 4–9 °C colder than today on the Tibetan Plateau. More accurate climate proxies are needed for evaluating our modelled Tashkurgan climatic conditions.
Synthesis of N‐Aminopyrrolidine by the Raschig Process: Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Monochloramine‐Pyrrolidine Interaction
Authors: Dhenain A. , Darwich C. , Frangieh M. R. , Goutal L. , Delalu H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT1‐Pyrrolidinamine (NAPY) belongs to a family of large compounds, namely the alkylhydrazines, used as precursors for different targets in fine chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Different synthetic methods are described in the literature; however, many of them are not adaptable on a large scale. The Raschig process appears to be the most relevant method for preparing hydrazines at the industrial scale: hydrazines are obtained by two successive reactions. The first involves the formation of monochloramine from sodium hypochlorite and excess ammonia. The second consists of reacting, in a basic medium, the monochloramine previously synthesized with excess amine to provide the corresponding hydrazine. It is a clean and selective method, distinguished by its nonpolluting aspect, its low cost, and the feasibility of continuous transposition to industrial scale. However, it presents some disadvantages linked to the low hydrazine concentrations in the synthesis solutions. The optimization of the synthesis parameters is therefore essential and requires a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study of the reaction of NAPY formation by the chloramine/pyrrolidine interaction. The kinetics of the NAPY formation reaction were studied in alkaline medium, at first at a temperature of 25°C. Excess pyrrolidine was used with respect to NH2Cl, in order to minimize the influence of side reactions. Owing to the high reaction rates, the essays were carried out in a dilute medium, using reagent concentrations ranging between 1 × 10−3 and 4 × 10−2 M. The ionic strength of the medium was established by NaOH concentration (0.1 M). Then, the influence of the temperature was studied between 15 and 45°C for NH2Cl and PY concentrations, respectively, equal to 2 × 10−3 and 0.01 M, in order to check the conformance to the Arrhenius law. Finally, the characterization of the reaction mixture permitted establishment of a global reaction scheme, including two main secondary reactions.
Anisotropic Supports in Metallocene‐Catalyzed Polymerizations: Templates to Obtain Polyolefin Fibers
Authors: Joe Daejune , Golling Florian E. , Friedemann Kathrin , Crespy Daniel , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe formation of polyethylene fibers via metallocene‐catalyzed polymerization using anisotropic organic supports as templates is presented. The supports are obtained by electrospinning a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles. After loading the MAO‐activated metallocene on the support and olefin polymerization, the obtained catalyst system yields polyethylene fibers displaying a core‐sheath structure with a controlled diameter in the range of 0.3–2 μm. This strategy represents a direct method to fabricate well‐defined polyolefin fibers and mats during the polymerization without any further processing.
Circular‐ring patch antenna with higher order mode for on‐body communications
Authors: Tak Jinpil , Choi Jaehoon 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA higher order mode (TM31) circular‐ring patch on‐body antenna with shorting pins for on‐body communications in wireless body area network is proposed. Using shorting pins, TM31 resonance mode was generated, while achieving compact low‐profile structure with monopole‐like radiation characteristics. To obtain wide bandwidth, an annular ring with shorting pins having TM31 mode is closely located around the circular patch. The antenna has the overall dimensions of 0.49 λ0 × 0.53 λ0 × 0.025 λ0 at 2.45 GHz in the industrial, scientific, and medical 2.45 GHz band (2.4–2.485 GHz) and the 10‐dB return loss bandwidth is 7.3% ranging from 2.35 to 2.53 GHz. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1543–1547, 2014
Broadband circularly polarized printed monopole antenna with unidirectional radiation patterns
Authors: Sze Jia‐Yi , Zhou Zhi‐Hong , Hsu Chung‐I G. , Lin Cheng‐Hong 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a new broadband circularly polarized (CP) printed monopole antenna (PMA) with unidirectional radiation patterns. The simple structure consists of only a circular patch, a tuning rectangular patch, and an inverted‐L strip protruded from the signal line of a feeding asymmetric coplanar waveguide (CPW). Through simple design procedures, a CP PMA with bidirectional radiation patterns and with a fractional CP bandwidth (CPBW) of larger than 35% can be obtained. By placing an open metal cavity underneath the bidirectional PMA without changing the PMA's structural dimensions, one can obtain unidirectional radiation patterns without downgrading the CPBW. In addition, the peak antenna gain can be raised by about 6 dB. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1535–1540, 2014
Electrically small ferrite antenna gain with dc magnetic field for mobile device application
Authors: Lee Jaejin , Hong Yang‐Ki , Lee Woncheol , Park Jihoon , Tanaka Terumitsu , Yun Changhan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate that electrically small ferrite antenna gain is significantly increased with a small dc magnetic field of compact Nd‐Fe‐B permanent magnet (9.5 × 4.6 × 1.5 mm3). The experimental magnetic tangent loss of the Ni‐Mn‐Co ferrite decreased by about 62%, which was from 0.509 with 0 Gauss to 0.192 with 750 Gauss. The antenna gain increased by 54% (from −10.58 to −4.81 dBi) when the magnetic field of 1600 Gauss was applied to the antenna. The ferrite antenna has the volume of 0.346 cm3 and shows omnidirectional patterns, which are suitable for hand‐held mobile device applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1531–1534, 2014
Design of a meander dipole antenna with dielectric loading for a sensor node of a wireless sensor network
Authors: Lee Jung‐Nam , Park Ju‐Derk , Lee Kwang‐Chun , Park Jong‐Kweon 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA meander dipole antenna for a sensor node of a wireless sensor network is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a dipole element, the matching steps, and a circuit using lumped elements. We compared two antennas with and without a matching circuit. The antenna has a simple structure, high gain, and omnidirectional radiation patterns. Details of the proposed antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1526–1531, 2014
Compact UWB BPF with notched band based on stub‐loaded ring resonator
Authors: Deng Kun , Chen Jian‐Zhong , Zhang Jun‐Zhan , Wu Bian , Shi Xiao‐Wei 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA compact planar microstrip ultrawideband bandpass filter is presented, which uses a stub‐loaded ring resonator. A quarter‐wavelength open stub is used to realize a notched band. Center frequency and bandwidth of the notched band can be easily changed by tuning the stub length and line width, respectively. The measured insertion loss is less than 1.1 dB, the return loss is more than 15 dB in most of two passbands. The bandwidth of the narrow notch band is about 0.4 GHz and the attenuation is more than 22.3 dB at the center frequency of the notch. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1520–1522, 2014
High‐performance narrowband superconducting filters with high Q resonators at X‐band
Authors: Song Xiaoke , Wei Bin , Cao Bisong , Zhang Xiaoping , Guo Xubo , Zhang Guoyong , Xu Zhan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents two narrowband high‐temperature superconducting (HTS) filters at 10 GHz with a 0.6% fractional bandwidth. Uniform impedance rectangular resonator (UIRR) and stepped impedance H‐type resonator (SIHR) are proposed to achieve HTS filters with high Q value, low sensitivity, weak coupling, and good parasitic response. A six‐pole HTS filter that has UIRRs with a Q value of 17,700 is fabricated; this filter has a 19.9 dB return loss and a 0.38 dB insertion loss. An eight‐pole HTS filter that has SIHRs with a Q value of 12,100 is also manufactured; this filter has a 12.2 dB return loss and a 0.64 dB insertion loss. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1516–1520, 2014
Novel compact microstrip dual‐mode multistub‐loaded stepped‐impedance resonator and application to communication systems
Authors: Babakan Amir , Karimi Gholamreza 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel compact microstrip dual‐mode multistub‐loaded stepped‐impedance resonator is introduced. Stepped‐impedance resonator can be used for achieving the fundamental resonance frequency; however, the size of this structure is not compact and resonance frequencies are dependent. Utilizing multistubs as loaded elements improves size miniaturization with low permittivity substrate and brings the advantage of flexible controlling of one resonance frequency whereas the other one is fixed. As an application, a dual‐band bandpass filter is presented to operate at 3.5 and 5.2 GHz, corresponding to the worldwide interoperability for microwave access and wireless local area network applications. An overall good agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed, confirming the proposed method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1567–1570, 2014
Design of a resistively loaded modulated scatterer for ground penetrating radar measurements
Authors: Sustman James W. , Scott Waymond R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA broadband resistively loaded modulated scatterer (RLMS) is developed for ground penetrating radar experiments and optimized to reflect signals that are high in strength and have a flat frequency response with a linear phase variation. The linear phase makes the scattering compact in time and easily interpreted in the time‐domain. A novel method of measuring the modulation with a standard network analyzer is presented, and two example measurements are presented. The RLMS is used to measure the two‐way pattern of a pair of Resistive‐Vee dipole antennas, and to measure the response of a scatterer in soil with a moving water table. The RLMS performs well in these experiments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1557–1561, 2014
Consciousness and subconsciousness detection model under Čerenkov radiation
Authors: Yupapin P. P. , Thammawongsa N. , Ali J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA new model of space‐time paradox concept is proposed to describe the <consciousness|subconsciousness> states, where the connection between whispering gallery mode probe and brain signal form and the mind‐mater interfacing information can be described. The uncertainty of the paradox pair is described by using the well known Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. This proposal is useful for possible mind and dream investigations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1584–1587, 2014