bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the effects of dexamethasone treatment by MRI using in vivo iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled macrophages
Authors: Gramoun Azza , Crowe Lindsey A , Maurizi Lionel , Wirth Wolfgang , Tobalem Frank , Grosdemange Kerstin , Coullerez Geraldine , Eckstein Felix , Koenders Marije I , Van den Berg Wim B , Hofmann Heinrich , Vallée Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease causing recurring inflammatory joint attacks. These attacks are characterized by macrophage infiltration contributing to joint destruction. Studies have shown that RA treatment efficacy is correlated to synovial macrophage number. The aim of this study was to experimentally validate the use of in vivo superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) labeled macrophages to evaluate RA treatment by MRI.

Methods
The evolution of macrophages was monitored with and without dexamethasone (Dexa) treatment in rats. Two doses of 3 and 1 mg/kg Dexa were administered two and five days following induction of antigen induced arthritis. SPIONs (7 mg Fe/rat) were injected intravenously and the knees were imaged in vivo on days 6, 10 and 13. The MR images were scored for three parameters: SPION signal intensity, SPION distribution pattern and synovial oedema. Using 3D semi-automated software, the MR SPION signal was quantified. The efficacy of SPIONs and gadolinium chelate (Gd), an MR contrast agent, in illustrating treatment effects were compared. Those results were confirmed through histological measurements of number and area of macrophages and nanoparticle clusters using CD68 immunostaining and Prussian blue staining respectively.

Results
Results show that the pattern and the intensity of SPION-labeled macrophages on MRI were altered by Dexa treatment. While the Dexa group had a uniform elliptical line surrounding an oedema pocket, the untreated group showed a diffused SPION distribution on day 6 post-induction. Dexa reduced the intensity of SPION signal 50-60% on days 10 and 13 compared to controls (P = 0.00008 and 0.002 respectively). Similar results were found when the signal was measured by the 3D tool. On day 13, the persisting low grade arthritis progression could not be demonstrated by Gd. Analysis of knee samples by Prussian blue and CD68 immunostaining confirmed in vivo SPION uptake by macrophages. Furthermore, CD68 immunostaining revealed that Dexa treatment significantly decreased the area and number of synovial macrophages. Prussian blue quantification corresponded to the macrophage measurements and both were in agreement with the MRI findings.

Conclusions
We have demonstrated the feasibility of MRI tracking of in vivo SPION-labeled macrophages to assess RA treatment effects.
Automatic protective ventilation using the ARDSNet protocol with the additional monitoring of electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Pomprapa Anake , Schwaiberger David , Pickerodt Philipp , Tjarks Onno , Lachmann Burkhard , Leonhardt Steffen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Automatic ventilation for patients with respiratory failure aims at reducing mortality and can minimize the workload of clinical staff, offer standardized continuous care, and ultimately save the overall cost of therapy. We therefore developed a prototype for closed-loop ventilation using acute respiratory distress syndrome network (ARDSNet) protocol, called autoARDSNet.

Methods
A protocol-driven ventilation using goal-oriented structural programming was implemented and used for 4 hours in seven pigs with lavage-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Oxygenation, plateau pressure and pH goals were controlled during the automatic ventilation therapy using autoARDSNet. Monitoring included standard respiratory, arterial blood gas analysis and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) images. After 2-hour automatic ventilation, a disconnection of the animal from the ventilator was carried out for 10 seconds, simulating a frequent clinical scenario for routine clinical care or intra-hospital transport.

Results
This pilot study of seven pigs showed stable and robust response for oxygenation, plateau pressure and pH value using the automated system. A 10-second disconnection at the patient-ventilator interface caused impaired oxygenation and severe acidosis. However, the automated protocol-driven ventilation was able to solve these problems. Additionally, regional ventilation was monitored by EIT for the evaluation of ventilation in real-time at bedside with one prominent case of pneumothorax.

Conclusions
We implemented an automatic ventilation therapy using ARDSNet protocol with seven pigs. All positive outcomes were obtained by the closed-loop ventilation therapy, which can offer a continuous standard protocol-driven algorithm to ARDS subjects.
Distinct and overlapping control of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET proteins in human cancer cells
Authors: Putiri Emily L , Tiedemann Rochelle L , Thompson Joyce J , Liu Chunsheng , Ho Thai , Choi Jeong-Hyeon , Robertson Keith D 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background
The TET family of dioxygenases catalyze conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), but their involvement in establishing normal 5mC patterns during mammalian development and their contributions to aberrant control of 5mC during cellular transformation remain largely unknown. We depleted TET1, TET2, and TET3 in a pluripotent embryonic carcinoma cell model and examined the impact on genome-wide 5mC, 5hmC, and transcriptional patterns.

Results
TET1 depletion yields widespread reduction of 5hmC, while depletion of TET2 and TET3 reduces 5hmC at a subset of TET1 targets suggesting functional co-dependence. TET2 or TET3 depletion also causes increased 5hmC, suggesting these proteins play a major role in 5hmC removal. All TETs prevent hypermethylation throughout the genome, a finding dramatically illustrated in CpG island shores, where TET depletion results in prolific hypermethylation. Surprisingly, TETs also promote methylation, as hypomethylation was associated with 5hmC reduction. TET function is highly specific to chromatin environment: 5hmC maintenance by all TETs occurs at polycomb-marked chromatin and genes expressed at moderate levels; 5hmC removal by TET2 is associated with highly transcribed genes enriched for H3K4me3 and H3K36me3. Importantly, genes prone to hypermethylation in cancer become depleted of 5hmC with TET deficiency, suggesting that TETs normally promote 5hmC at these loci. Finally, all three TETs, but especially TET2, are required for 5hmC enrichment at enhancers, a condition necessary for expression of adjacent genes.

Conclusions
These results provide novel insight into the division of labor among TET proteins and reveal important connections between TET activity, the chromatin landscape, and gene expression.
A two stage model for moisture-induced deformations in expansive soils
Authors: Ito Maki , Azam Shahid , Hu Yafei 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Moisture-induced suction changes in expansive soils due to infiltration and evaporation result in failure of civil infrastructure. The objective of this paper was to develop a two stage deformation model by simultaneously calculating soil suction and stress state. The model predictions were validated using a one-year field monitoring data.

Results
Deformations in expansive soils closely match cyclical suction changes corresponding to seasonal weather variations. Volume changes fluctuated close to the ground surface and gradually decreased with depth (overburden pressure) due to isolation from meteorological effects. The top 2 m depth was found to be the active zone susceptible to moisture variations.

Conclusions
The model agreed well with the monitoring data trends with deviations attributed to analytical assumptions in the equations, ineffective capture of antecedent soil conditions, possible soil heterogeneity and anisotropy, and hysteresis in soil saturation and desaturation.
Phospholipase D Activity Underlies Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced Aldosterone Production in Adrenal Glomerulosa Cells
Authors: Tsai Ying-Ying , Rainey William E. , Pan Zhi-qiang , Frohman Michael A. , Choudhary Vivek , Bollag Wendy B. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid responsible for sodium retention, thus increased blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure as well as renal disease, stroke, and visual loss via both direct effects and effects on blood pressure. Weight gain is often associated with increased blood pressure, but it remains unclear how obesity increases blood pressure. Obese patients typically have higher lipoprotein levels; moreover, some studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are also elevated and represent a link between obesity and hypertension. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. Although previous studies have demonstrated that VLDL can stimulate aldosterone production, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unclear. Here we show for the first time that phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in VLDL-induced aldosterone production in both a human adrenocortical cell line (HAC15) and primary cultures of bovine zona glomerulosa cells. Our data also reveal that PLD mediates steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression via increasing the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors. Finally, by using selective PLD inhibitors, our studies suggest that both PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms play an important role in VLDL-induced aldosterone production.
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Is a Valid Method to Estimatimate Visceral Adipose Tissue in Adult Patients With Prader-Willi Syndrome During Treatment With Growth Hormone
Authors: Olarescu Nicoleta Cristina , Jørgensen Anders Palmstrøm , Godang Kristin , Jurik Anne Grethe , Frøslie Kathrine Frey , Bollerslev Jens 
Published: June 2014

Context:
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is established as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but the radiation exposure and cost of computed tomography (CT) measurements limits its daily clinical use.

Objective:
The main objective of this study was to compare the degree of agreement between VAT measurements by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) application and one of the standard methods, CT, in a population of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) before and after GH treatment. Furthermore, we tested whether VAT estimations by these two methods are equivalent in assessing the metabolic risk in this population.

Design and Patients:
Data from the Norwegian population of a multicenter study in adults with genetically proven PWS were used. Subjects with complete anthropometry, biochemical, and imagistic measurements at all study visits (baseline and after 12 and 24 months of GH treatment) (n = 14, six men) were included. VAT was quantified both using CT scans (GE Lightspeed 16 Pro) of the abdomen at L2-L3 level and a total body DXA scan (GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy).

Results:
VAT DXA was strongly associated with VAT CT at baseline (r = 0.97) and after 12 (r = 0.90) and 24 months (r = 0.89) of GH treatment (all P &lt; .001). We found moderate to strong positive correlations between VAT by both methods, and blood pressure, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, glucose metabolism, and other fat depots (arms, legs, android, trunk, total body) but no association with age, gender, blood lipids, and IGF-I. Adiponectin was negatively associated with the amount of VAT. At baseline, the highest correlation with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was found for VAT DXA (r = 0.76, P = .001) and VAT CT (r = 0.75, P = .002), respectively.

Conclusion:
VAT can be accurately estimated by DXA, in patients with PWS, and might contribute to the assessment of the metabolic risk.
Dramatic Effect of Atmosphere on Product Distribution from Steady-State Photolysis of Triarylphosphines
Authors: Yasui Shinro , Ogawa Yuya , Shioji Kosei , Mishima Masaaki , Yamazaki Shoko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The steady-state photolysis of triarylphosphines using a xenon lamp was carried out under various conditions. Product analysis by gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry as well as 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopies showed that the irradiation of light (&gt;310 nm) in air results in oxidation of triarylphosphine to triarylphosphine oxide in moderate to quantitative yield. In sharp contrast, photolysis under deoxygenated conditions, in which air was replaced by argon gas, gave products resulting from homolytic cleavage of a P–C bond in the triarylphosphine, namely, diaryl(cyanomethyl)phosphine (from the photolysis in acetonitrile) and 1,1,2,2-tetraaryldiphosphine, except for the photolysis of triphenylphosphine where triarylphosphine oxide was formed quantitatively. Dependence of the conversion of triarylphosphine on the wavelength of the irradiating light demonstrates that the reaction is initiated by photoexcitation of triarylphosphine to the singlet excited state, which, directly or after intersystem crossing to the triplet state, undergoes the homolytic cleavage of a P–C bond. Meanwhile, in the presence of oxygen, electron transfer from the phosphine in the excited state to O2 in the ground state is dominant, the resulting triarylphosphine radical cation undergoing radical coupling with O2 to eventually afford the phosphine oxide.
Aziridine Formation with Retention of Configuration from a Pentacoordinated 1,2-Thiazetidine Bearing Two Chiral Centers at the 3- and 4-Positions
Authors: Daicho Yuya , Watanabe Yuki , Kano Naokazu , Yukimoto Mariko , Minoura Mao , Kawashima Takayuki 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Tetracoordinated and pentacoordinated 1,2-thiazetidines bearing the Martin ligand, trans-5 and trans-6, were synthesized as stable compounds. The X-ray crystallographic analyses showed that trans-5 and trans-6 have distorted pseudotrigonal bipyramidal (pseudo-TBP) and TBP structures, respectively, and that the two phenyl groups at the 3- and 4-positions of both compounds are cis to each other. Thermal isomerization of the aziridine cis-11, which is considered a thermolysis product of trans-6, occurred even at relatively low temperature (100 °C) in solution and made it difficult to determine the stereochemistry of the aziridine formation from trans-6 in solution. Flash vacuum pyrolysis, which potentially prevents the isomerization of the product, was applied to trans-6 to give eventually the stereochemistry-retained aziridine cis-11. This result indicates a ligand coupling pathway in the aziridine formation process from trans-6.
British applied linguistics: impacts of and impacts on
Authors: Cook, Guy 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article critically examines the demand that academic research should be assessed by its impact, and universities' compliance with that demand. Although the discussion centres mainly on the UK, it will have relevance to any academic context where government and/or business seek to control academics. The article begins by briefly examining the meaning of impact. It next considers the role of applied linguistics in shaping language-teaching revolutions, and suggests it was commercial and political interests which had the greatest impact. Moving on to the current wider scope of applied linguistics, it suggests that while the discipline has had positive influence in some areas, it has failed to influence government policy, but that this failure is not a measure of its worth. In the second part of the article, the focus changes to a consideration of impacts on applied linguistics by public relations (PR) models of language, and government interference in academic affairs. It notes the growth and power of PR units within British universities, and wonders why applied linguistics fails to challenge the vapid and often incorrect assertions made by these communication ‘experts’ about language use. It links this ‘PR turn’ in universities, and the vague language which surrounds it, to the tightening stranglehold of current and recent UK governments on university activity, comparing this briefly to the more open recruitment of applied linguistics to serve national security interests in the USA. The overall conclusions of the article are that impact is not necessarily a measure of academic worth, and that informed critique of establishment values should remain one of the main roles of academics. While these conclusions are relevant to all academic disciplines they are of particular poignancy for applied linguistics, given the role of language in establishing control and undermining academic freedoms.
Text trajectories, legal discourse and gendered inequalities
Authors: Ehrlich, Susan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFollowing Blommaert (2005), this paper examines what he calls a ‘forgotten’ context within Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Conversation Analysis (CA) – that of text trajectories. For Blommaert, a limitation of both CDA and CA is their focus on “the unique, one-time” instance of a given text and, by extension, the (limited) context associated with such an instance of text. Such a focus, according to Blommaert, ignores a salient feature of communication in contemporary societies – the fact that texts and discourses move around, are repeatedly recontextualized in new interpretive spaces, and in the process undergo significant transformations in meaning. The text trajectory investigated in this paper begins in a legal institution, more specifically, with a 2004 American rape trial, Maouloud Baby v. the State of Maryland. This legal case garnered much media attention and, as a result of such exposure, references to the case have appeared in both mainstream and social media outlets. Hence, as a ‘text’ that has displayed considerable movement across different contexts within the legal system and, subsequently, beyond the legal system to mainstream and popular forms of media, the Maouloud Baby trial constitutes fertile ground for the exploration of a text's trajectory. Indeed, in keeping with Blommaert's claims, I show how this trial's ‘text’ undergoes significant transformations in meaning as it is recontextualized in different kinds of interpretive spaces (both within the legal system and outside of it) and how these transformations in meaning reproduce larger patterns of gendered inequalities.
The production of relevant scales: Social identification of migrants during rapid demographic change in one American town
Authors: Wortham, Stanton , Rhodes, Catherine 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the question of relevant scale: which of the many potentially relevant processes – from interactional through local through global, from nearly instantaneous through those emergent over months, years or centuries – in fact contributes to social identification in any given case, and how do these heterogeneous processes interrelate? Contemporary answers to this question have moved beyond the détente of the “micro-macro dialectic,” in which purportedly homogeneous “macro” processes constrain events and actions, while being simultaneously constituted by “micro” events and actions. We review contemporary work on these issues, with particular reference to the use of language in social identification, and we argue that an adequate account must go beyond “micro” and “macro.” We illustrate our argument with data from a seven-year ethnographic project in an American town that has received thousands of Mexican immigrants over the past decade, focusing on two types of narratives that residents tell about immigrants: stories about “payday muggings” in which immigrants are victimized, and stories about the town's historical trajectory and immigrants' role in it. These narratives emerge and move across different scales, and they are an important resource for residents as they socially identify themselves and others.
Considering what we know and need to know about second language writing
Authors: Belcher, Diane 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe relatively young field of second language (L2) writing has come a long way in the past few decades but still has far to go if it wishes to broaden its research foci to consider a greater diversity of writing contexts. As a largely pedagogically-motivated area, L2 writing has so far mainly focused on writing in English as a second language, especially that of young adults in English-medium universities. Far less investigated by L2 writing researchers have been the needs of younger L2 writers, at primary and secondary-school levels, and adults outside of universities. Still less examined have been the teaching and learning of writing in foreign language contexts, most notably in languages other than English. These gaps have important implications for knowledge construction in L2 writing.
Shifting cognitive processes while composing in an electronic environment: A study of L2 graduate writing
Authors: Stapleton, Paul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe current shift from a pen-and-paper environment to a digital one in which multiple electronic tools and resources assist the writer in both generating ideas and transforming them into words and sentences may represent a significant transition in the way we compose. Such a shift has implications for the cognitive processes used by student authors as they set fingers to keyboards. The present study explores the composing behaviors of 30 L2 graduate students who responded to a questionnaire inquiring about the extent of their use of electronic tools and resources as they wrote academic papers for their courses. Findings revealed that the students were heavy users of digital media and software as they composed and that such usage may be having an impact on their cognitive processes. Emerging from this understanding of how students compose in an electronic environment is a clearer picture about a variety of areas including how to best teach students to use the tools and resources and how to avoid plagiarism.
On the roles of repetition in language teaching and learning
Authors: Larsen-Freeman, Diane 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRepetition is common in language use. Similarly, having students repeat is a common practice in language teaching. After surveying some of the better known contributions of repetition to language learning, I propose an innovative role for repetition from the perspective of complexity theory. I argue that we should not think of repetition as exact replication, but rather we should think of it as iteration that generates variation. Thus, what results from iteration is a mutable state. Iteration is one way that we create options in how to make meaning, position ourselves in the world as we want, understand the differences which we encounter in others, and adapt to a changing context.
Cognitivism, adaptive intelligence, and second language acquisition
Authors: Atkinson, Dwight 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThere is no doubt that the “cognitive revolution,” in tandem with a focus on second language teaching, gave birth to the organized study of second language acquisition (SLA). In this sense, SLA studies has always been a cognitive science, although calls have recently been made to reemphasize and strengthen the connection. This paper: 1) reviews the cognitivist vision of mind/brain which has historically dominated both cognitive science and SLA studies; 2) describes how cognitive science has changed in recent years; and 3) introduces an alternative paradigm in cognitive science, adaptive intelligence, which may help us to better understand SLA.