bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Different Policies on Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors in an Urban Adult Population: An Agent-Based Simulation Model
Authors: Zhang Donglan , Giabbanelli Philippe J. , Arah Onyebuchi A. , Zimmerman Frederick J. 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. Unhealthy eating is a complex-system problem. We used agent-based modeling to examine the effects of different policies on unhealthy eating behaviors. Methods. We developed an agent-based simulation model to represent a synthetic population of adults in Pasadena, CA, and how they make dietary decisions. Data from the 2007 Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey and other empirical studies were used to calibrate the parameters of the model. Simulations were performed to contrast the potential effects of various policies on the evolution of dietary decisions. Results. Our model showed that a 20% increase in taxes on fast foods would lower the probability of fast-food consumption by 3 percentage points, whereas improving the visibility of positive social norms by 10%, either through community-based or mass-media campaigns, could improve the consumption of fruits and vegetables by 7 percentage points and lower fast-food consumption by 6 percentage points. Zoning policies had no significant impact. Conclusions. Interventions emphasizing healthy eating norms may be more effective than directly targeting food prices or regulating local food outlets. Agent-based modeling may be a useful tool for testing the population-level effects of various policies within complex systems.
Connecting Race and Place: A County-Level Analysis of White, Black, and Hispanic HIV Prevalence, Poverty, and Level of Urbanization
Authors: Vaughan Adam S. , Rosenberg Eli , Shouse R. Luke , Sullivan Patrick S. 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the role of poverty in racial/ethnic disparities in HIV prevalence across levels of urbanization. Methods. Using national HIV surveillance data from the year 2009, we constructed negative binomial models, stratified by urbanization, with an outcome of race-specific, county-level HIV prevalence rates and covariates of race/ethnicity, poverty, and other publicly available data. We estimated model-based Black–White and Hispanic–White prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) across levels of urbanization and poverty. Results. We observed racial/ethnic disparities for all strata of urbanization across 1111 included counties. Poverty was associated with HIV prevalence only in major metropolitan counties. At the same level of urbanization, Black–White and Hispanic–White PRRs were not statistically different from 1.0 at high poverty rates (Black–White PRR = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 2.9; Hispanic–White PRR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1, 1.6). In nonurban counties, racial/ethnic disparities remained after we controlled for poverty. Conclusions. The association between HIV prevalence and poverty varies by level of urbanization. HIV prevention interventions should be tailored to this understanding. Reducing racial/ethnic disparities will require multifactorial interventions linking social factors with sexual networks and individual risks.
Family Structure and Child Food Insecurity
Authors: Miller Daniel P. , Nepomnyaschy Lenna , Ibarra Gabriel Lara , Garasky Steven 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined whether food insecurity was different for children in cohabiting or repartnered families versus those in single-mother or married-parent (biological) families. Methods. We compared probabilities of child food insecurity (CFI) across different family structures in 4 national data sets: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics—Child Development Supplement (PSID-CDS). Results. Unadjusted probabilities of CFI in cohabiting or repartnered families were generally higher than in married-biological-parent families and often statistically indistinguishable from those of single-mother families. However, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, most differences between family types were attenuated and most were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions. Although children whose biological parents are cohabiting or whose biological mothers have repartnered have risks for food insecurity comparable to those in single-mother families, the probability of CFI does not differ by family structure when household income, family size, and maternal race, ethnicity, education, and age were held at mean levels.
Ultrasonically Assisted Anchoring of Biodegradable Implants for Chevron Osteotomies – Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Fixation Method
Authors: Olms Kai , Randt Thorsten , Reimers Nils , Zander Nils , Schulz Arndt P. 
Published: May 2014

Reconstructive osteotomies for the treatment of Hallux valgus are among the most prevalent procedures in foot and ankle surgery.The combination of biodegradable materials with an innovative method for fixation by application of ultrasonic energy facilitates a new bonding method for fractures or osteotomies. As clinical experience is still limited, the aim of this study was to assess the safety and performance of the SonicPin system for fixation of Austin/Chevron osteotomies.Chevron osteotomy was performed on 30 patients for the treatment of Hallux valgus. The used SonicPins were made from polylactide and are selectively melted into the cancellous bone structure during insertion by ultrasonic energy. Patients were followed for one year, which included X-ray and MRI examinations as well as evaluation of life quality by EQ-5D (EuroQol).The MRI after three months showed adequate bone healing in all cases and no signs of foreign body reactions, which was again confirmed by MRI 12 months postoperatively. The bony healing after 12 months was uneventful without any signs of foreign body reactions.In summary, based on the low complication rate and the significant improvement in health related quality of life (EQ-5D) reported in this study, fixation of an Austin/Chevron osteotomy with a SonicPin for treatment of Hallux valgus can be considered to be safe and efficient over the short term.Level of Clinical Evidence:Therapeutic Level III.
Health Attitudes and Beliefs Among Hypertensive Subjects: A Study of the
Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society
Authors: Polychronopoulos Evangelos , Georgousopoulou Ekavi N. , Vassilakou Tonia , Pitsavos Christos , Chrysohoou Christina , Athyros Vassilios , Goudevenos John , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. 
Published: May 2014

Introduction:
Health attitudes and beliefs have long been associated with lower risk of various diseases, better
compliance to medication and less likelihood of relapsing. The aim of this work was to study health beliefs and attitudes
of hypertensive subjects in relation to the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

Methods:
The Hellenic
Atherosclerosis Society ran a project where during 2006-2012, 10,141 individuals (39 ± 15 years, 47% men, i.e.,
0.01% of the Greek population), from all areas of the country, were voluntarily enrolled and participated into a face-toface
interview that gathered information about their beliefs and attitudes on diet, smoking and physical activity, as well as
management of CVD disorders.

Results:
Self-reported prevalence of hypertension was 16.7% in men and 13.2% in
women. Hypertensive subjects had lower educational level than non-hypertensive (11 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4.5 years of school,
p<0.001). Hypertensive participants as compared to normotensive seemed not to accept that unhealthy diet which consists
of a major CVD risk factor (16.2% vs. 23.1%, p<0.001); and they believed more in the effect of pharmaceutical medication
than in healthy lifestyle.

Conclusion:
There is need for more effective health strategies in order to convince people,
especially those with cardiometabolic disorders, on the importance of the modifiable CVD risk factors.
The effects of a postactivation potentiation warm-up on subsequent sprint performance
Authors: Smith Chad E. , Hannon James C. , McGladrey Brian , Shultz Barry , Eisenman Patricia , Lyons Brian 
Published: May 2014

PurposeMany strength and conditioning professionals propose that postactivation potentiation (PAP) warm-ups enhance power performance although there are few studies conducted in this regard on sprinting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a PAP warm-up on sprint performance.MethodsTwenty-four men and women completed a 40-yard (yd) sprint pretest on four nonconsecutive days followed by a PAP warm-up that included a sled resistance sprint at either 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of their body mass and concluded with a 40-yd dash posttest. Each resistance sprint was recorded for kinematic analysis.ResultsA 2 × 2 × 4 factorial mixed ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference between sexes in 40-yd dash times (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A significant main effect was found in pre- and post-40-yd dash measures regardless of sex (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The results indicated no significant differences in the post-40-yd dash times between sled loads and the load by time interaction. The participants’ 40-yd dash times improved 1.2% on average after the 10% load. Improvements in dash time for the 0%, 20%, and 30% loads were greater than 2%. Sprint kinematics analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between lighter and heavier loads.ConclusionsRegardless of the significant disruptions in sprint mechanics, there appears to be a potential for heavier sled resistances to affect acute improvements in 40-yd sprint performance. However, it is unclear whether heavier sleds loads may provide greater benefit than warming up with 0% resistance.
Prediction of VO<sub>2</sub>max based on age, body mass, and resting heart rate
Authors: Rexhepi Agron M. , Brestovci Behlul 
Published: May 2014

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to develop a non-exercise regression model for predicting maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) using age, body mass, and resting heart rate as predictor variables.MethodsThe VO<sub>2</sub>max of 1502 active football players aged 16–35 years was measured using the Astrand Bike Test. The obtained data were analyzed by calculating basic statistical parameters and performing correlation and regression analysis.ResultsThe results of regression analysis indicated that all three independent variables could significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.000) predict the VO<sub>2</sub>max of the studied athletes. Measured VO<sub>2</sub>max showed significant correlation (0.688) with predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max. Student’s paired samples t test indicated no significant differences between measured VO<sub>2</sub>max and predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max (<i>p</i> = 0.782).ConclusionsThe results suggest that the nonexercise variables of age, body mass, and resting heart rate, may significantly predict the endurance abilities of athletes (VO<sub>2</sub>max).
Preparation and physical properties of chitosan-coated calcium sulphate whiskers
Authors: Jiang Qing , Cheng Yun , Cao Xiu-Ying , Wei Rui , Zhao Min 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo improve the performance of calcium sulphate whiskers (CSWs) in the papermaking industry, a series of chitosan-coated (CS) calcium sulphate whiskers (CS-CSWs) was prepared, with the aim of effectively reducing their solubility in aqueous solutions. The CS-CSWs were prepared by immersing CSWs in a chitosan acid solution and then cross-linking with alkaline gel via hydrogen-bonding interaction. The CS-CSWs were characterised in terms of water solubility, zeta potential, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that chitosan had a good effect on the surface modification of CSWs. Under optimal conditions, the water solubility of CS-CSWs decreased by 50 %, and the contact angle increased by 63 %. The XPS measurement indicated that the relative thickness of the chitosan coating was 9.8 nm.
Influence of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Dynamics and Weed Control Efficiency in Dry Direct Seeded Rice
Authors: Bhurer KP , Yadav DN , Ladha JK , Thapa RB , Pandey KR 
Published: May 2014

Field experiment under dry direct seeded rice(Oryza sativa L.) was conducted during rainy season of 2010 and 2011 at Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Parwanipur, Bara to develop appropriate weed management practices for dry direct- seeded rice. The trial was laid-out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated thrice. Observations were taken on weed, plant growth and yield attributing, yield, and socio-economic parameters. The weed density, dry weed weight and weed control efficiency resulted significantly different as influenced by integrated weed management practices. Low weed population density, low weed index and highest weed control efficiency resulted by pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding were at par with weed free check. Highest yield resulted from weed free plot followed by pendimethalin followed by two hand weeding and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. However, the net return per unit investment resulted highest in pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. This proved that amid increasing wage rate and labour scarcity integrated weed management through pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha as pre- emergence herbicide application followed by 2, 4- D sodium salt 80 WP @ 0.5 kg a. i. /ha followed by one hand weeding or stale seed bed followed by pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha followed by bispyribac (Nominee gold) @25 g a. i. /ha 10% @200 ml/ha at 20 days of seeding resulted best alternative for manual hand weeding practices giving higher net return per unit investment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10413 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 33-42
Protective Effects of N. sativa against the Adverse Effects of Aflatoxicosis in Ducklings
Authors: Karn SKL 
Published: May 2014

Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus toxigenic strain was selected as a potent and widely distributed hepatotoxin that induces much health and economic hazards in animals and humans. A. flavus was cultivated on rice to produce the aflatoxin used in the present study. It was aimed to study the adverse effects of aflatoxin on some biochemical parameters in serum and liver of ducklings as well as to evaluate the possible protective effects of N.sativa crushed seeds against the adverse effects of this. Total proteins, albumin, globulins, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (EC 2.6.1.1) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (EC 2.6.1.2), cholesterol and triacylglycerols were measured in the serum of the test animal. The levels of hepatic malondialdhyde and glutathione level, glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC: 2.5.1.18) activity, aflatoxin residues and histopathological changes were also measured. The obtained results suggest that the addition of N. sativa to duckling’s ration has a protective effect against aflatoxicosis. The result concluded that aflatoxin had hepatotoxic effects through decrease of total proteins, albumin, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, aflatoxin induced histopathological changes of liver of the test animal and residues of aflatoxin were measured. So, we advice to use N. sativa as a feed additive for controlling aflatoxicosis in poultry farm DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10419 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 81-90
Quercetin as a Protease (á-Chymotrypsin) Inhibitor
Authors: Bajracharya GB , Thapa DB 
Published: May 2014

Quercetin, isolated from the skin of red onion bulb, was methylated to afford quercetin 3,3’,4’,7-tetramethyl ether in 83.3% yield. Quercetin has displayed α-chymotrypsin inhibitory effect (IC50 = 88.9 ± 2.5 ìg/ml), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.87 ìg/ml) and ferric reducing power (EC1 = 112.94 ìM/l equivalent to 1 mM/l FeSO4.7H2O), whereas no enhancement of these biological activities was observed using its tetramethyl ether derivative. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10420 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 91-96
Bacteriological Study of Wound Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates
Authors: KC R , Shrestha A , Sharma VK 
Published: May 2014

Wound infections result in sepsis, limb loss, long hospital stays, higher costs, and are responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity worldwide. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the causative organisms of wound infection, to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and to study the risk factors for wound infection. The study was conducted for six months in which pus specimens collected from 244 patients were processed to investigate etiological agents using standard technique. Disc susceptibility of bacterial agents were then determined. A total of 244 pus samples were collected and 147 (60.20%) samples showed growth. A total of 150 bacterial isolates were isolated; of which 118 (78.67%) were Gram positive and 32 (21.33%) were Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (72.00%) was most common followed by Escherichia coli (6.67%), Citrobacter freundii (5.34%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.00%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.33%), Proteus mirabilis (2.00%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.33%), Acinetobacter spp. (1.33%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.33%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.67%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (0.67%). The most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates was Gentamicin (77.97%). For Gram negative isolates (except Ps. aeruginosa), Amikacin (74.07%), for Ps. aeruginosa, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ofloxacin each with the susceptibility of 80.00% and for Staph. aureus, Cloxacillin (79.63%) were the most effective antibiotics. Hence, the most common isolate in wound infection was Staph. aureus followed by E. coli. Therefore, routine microbiological analysis of the wound specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended that will guide clinician for treatment of wound infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10428 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 143-150
Chemical Ordering in In-Sn Liquid Alloy
Authors: Adhikari D 
Published: May 2014

Quasi-chemical expression has been used for weakly interacting compound forming binary alloy to obtain energy parameters and their temperature derivative for In-Sn liquid alloy at 700 K. These energy parameters have then been used to calculate thermodynamic functions, such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing and microscopic functions, such as concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit, Warren-Cowely short range order parameter. The analysis reveals that the energy parameters are temperature dependent and the In-Sn liquid alloy at 700 K is weakly interacting heterocoordination system. The observed thermodynamic properties of In-Sn alloy in molten state have been successfully explained by assuming 3 In Sn complex on the basis of the quasichemical formalism for weakly interacting system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10431 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 161-164
Perturbation Theory and Dalgarno-Lewis (DL) Method in Presence of Multiple Laser Beams
Authors: Shrestha N 
Published: May 2014

The evaluation of second and higher order perturbation of energy by iterative solution of Schrodinger’s equation, rather than evaluation of matrix element is described. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10432 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 165-170
Genotype-by-Irrigation Interaction in the Georgia Peanut Official Variety Test
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Day J. L. , Coy A. E. , Beasley J. P. , Branch W. D. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Entry means from 88 trials of runner- and virginia-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) conducted over 16 years and three locations in the state of Georgia with an irrigated and a non-irrigated test performed at each year-location combination were examined to determine the mean performance for cultivars and breeding lines and to determine if they exhibit interaction with water regimes. All lines responded positively to irrigation for pod yield, total sound mature kernels (TSMK), 100-seed weight, and estimated support price and dollar value. Runner cultivars generally performed better in Georgia than did virginias although some virginia cultivars developed in Georgia were competitive with superior runners. The runner cultivar with the greatest value per hectare in this study was Georgia-12Y; the virginia cultivars were Georgia-08V and Georgia-11J. There was interaction between water regimes and entries for all reported traits except estimated dollar value. For pod yield and 100-seed weight the interaction was solely between water regimes and market types, for TSMK and length of season it was solely between water regimes and entries within market types, and for estimated support price it was both. In general, the effect of irrigation was more substantial on grade of virginia market-types than it was on runners while runners responded more to irrigation for pod yield than did virginias (982 vs. 782 kg ha−1, P&lt;0.0169). Interaction of water regimes with specific entries within market types was in the main a matter of varying degree of effect of irrigation on specific lines but all in the same general direction. The exception was length of season which actually increased under irrigation for the most recent Univ. of Georgia releases, Georgia-10T, Georgia-11J, and Georgia-12Y, while irrigation hastened the maturity of all other lines.
Compatibility of Acephate with Herbicides Applied Postemergence in Peanut
Authors: Chahal G. S. , Jordan D. L. , Eure P. M. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Numerous agrochemicals can be applied in peanut to control pests. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2009 and 2010 to determine peanut response to paraquat and tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds.) when acephate was applied in combination with chloroacetamide and contact herbicides. Experiments were also conducted during 2011 to determine peanut response to acephate applied alone or with paraquat when peanut was planted either without aldicarb or when aldicarb was applied in the seed furrow at planting. Visible peanut damage caused by tobacco thrips feeding was greater when chloroacetamide herbicides were applied without acephate compared with application with acephate regardless of paraquat treatment. Visible injury caused by paraquat was higher when chloroacetamide herbicides were included compared with paraquat alone in one of two years. Visible injury by paraquat was lower when applied with acephate compared to paraquat alone in one of two years. Acephate applied to peanut foliage and aldicarb applied in the seed furrow at planting protected peanut similarly from damage associated with tobacco thrips feeding. Acephate alone or with chloroacetamide herbicides changed solution pH from slightly acidic to highly acidic. Several combinations of pesticides formed either transient or permanent precipitates.