bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender, role and performer in Athenian theatre iconography: A masked tragic chorus with KALOS and KALE captions from Olbia
Authors: Braund David , Hall Edith 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:A vase fragment from Olbia has been recognized in recent years as a key piece of evidence for the tragic chorus in fifth-century Athenian drama, especially because it shows the use of masks by dancers in such a chorus. This article provides the first clear illustration of the fragment, revealing much detail about the dress of the dancers, with a range of further information about the object (its size, discovery etc.). The illustration shows for the first time that the scene on the fragment includes inscriptions which declare the central aulete and percussionist to be KALOS and each of the two dancers to be KALE. A survey of KALE tags and similar inscriptions shows that there is no direct parallel for these KALE inscriptions. Moreover, these KALE tags are all the more remarkable in that they are attached to dancers who are appearing in female dress and female roles, but who are also male in biological sex. That usage raises the larger issue of gender in the theatre, which is set beside other indications that actors might be treated as in some sense female.
Review Article: Recent Travels in Alexanderland
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:This review of recent books about Alexander the Great and related topics focuses in particular on how much attention scholars have paid to the eastern aspects of the history and historiography of the period. It traces the identification of Alexander as an essentially ‘western’ figure back to the period of the Enlightenment, and shows how the work of scholars in the 18th century set the terms of the subsequent debate. It goes on to show how work on the Alexander Romance displays a far broader and inclusive range of intellectual approaches than traditional Alexander historiography, and suggests that the study of the historical Alexander would benefit from seeing Alexander as belonging in a Near Eastern context as well as a Greek or Macedonian one.
Childhood memories, family ties, sibling support and loneliness in ever-widowed older adults: quantitative and qualitative results
Authors: MERZ EVA-MARIA , DE JONG GIERVELD JENNY 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTFamily relationships play a major role in individuals' lives and can be a source of comfort, support and protection during the entire lifecourse. Particularly in the context of life events, such as widowhood, family relationships may be salient for (older) adults in coping with feelings of grief, loss and loneliness. Using Dutch survey data and 18 in-depth interviews from a sub-sample, this study examines the role of family relationships through the lifespan in reducing loneliness among ever-widowed older adults (i.e.persons who have at some time during their life experienced the death of a spouse). Particular attention was paid to childhood memories, family ties and support from siblings. Quantitative analyses examined associations between loneliness and childhood experiences of relationships with parents, family ties and sibling support. Qualitative data elucidated how ever-widowed adults recall relations with parents and siblings and experience current family relations. Quantitative and qualitative data showed that emotional support from siblings reduced loneliness. Additionally, positive memories of childhood relationships and current family ties were negatively related to loneliness. In times of ever-increasing longevity, work detailing how family relationships across the lifecourse are supportive in alleviating loneliness is a key issue on the social research and policy agenda.
Local emergence and international developments of conservation trading systems: innovation dynamics and related problems
Authors: MANN CARSTEN , SIMONS ARNO 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYConservation trading has developed as a policy instrument for biodiversity protection. This paper traces the emergence, development, and spread of conservation trading, focusing particularly on the formation and activities of an increasingly transnational policy instrument constituency, namely the actor group that has formed around the policy instrument in its support. The development of conservation trading was predominantly guided by a constituency of dominant business-oriented actors, beginning with mitigation measures in the USA and making later connections to international networks with a similar market-driven orientation for environmental protection. By strategically combining agenda-driven research with the mobilization of political support, this constituency helped to establish conservation trading as a widely acknowledged policy solution applicable to various ecological and sociopolitical contexts. Yet, this was achieved, in part, at the cost of neglecting critical issues, such as the recognition of policy alternatives or socioecological or cultural context particularities. Whereas the development of conservation trading is sometimes portrayed as a rational process of neutral policy learning, this process, through its constituency, has developed a life and political momentum of its own, which must be acknowledged when engaging with the design and implementation of better conservation policies. A forward-looking social policy assessment approach is required, which opens up policy design discourses for debate and reflexive engagement. Acknowledging possible shortcomings with a broad range of concerned societal actors can help to assure policy transparency, add specificity, and increase the sound ecological and societal embedding of conservation trading.
Aggregation of mummified adult crabeater seals (Pinnipedia: Phocidae) in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula: age and sex structure, taphonomy and cause of death
Authors: Negrete Javier , Soibelzon Leopoldo h. , Soibelzon Esteban , Márquez María E.I. , Loza Cleopatra M. , Acosta Walter , Lusky Jorge , Pecoraro Marcelo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn Antarctica, crabeater seals tend to strand as immature animals with disorientation, due to their inexperience, given as the probable cause. In 2012 and 2013, we examined a group of 80 mummified crabeater seals on Seymour Island (Marambio). The age and gender of 28 seals was determined, and virology and stomach content analyses were performed in order to determine the cause of stranding. Around 82% of the seals examined were adults and 79% were females, some of which were pregnant. All of the seals sampled tested negative for Morbillivirus, suggesting that the stranding was not related to the mass mortality event reported in the 1950s in the region. Most seals had empty stomachs and thin blubber suggesting that they died from starvation. The state of the carcasses suggests multiple stranding events. Most of the seals were located along an ice-covered stream, suggesting that this may act as a ‘natural trap’, isolating the seals from the open ocean. This is exceptional as it is the first report of mostly adult female seals to strand in Antarctica and refutes the theory that only young animals are prone to stranding.
“This Is America”: Jimi Hendrix's Star Spangled Banner Journey as Psychedelic Citizenship
Authors: CLAGUE MARK 
Published: December 2014

AbstractJimi Hendrix's 18 August 1969 performance of “The Star-Spangled Banner” at the Woodstock Music and Art Fair has been characterized as an expression of transcendent political resistance as well as crude anti-U.S. drivel. Drawing on Hendrix's own archive of recordings, writings, interviews, stage banter, and especially live performances, this article analyzes Hendrix's artistic engagement with the United States national anthem by locating his Woodstock Banner as a central moment in a two-year fascination with the song, brought to a close only by Hendrix's untimely death. It presents the anthem as an artistic vehicle for Hendrix's political musings, a thoughtful engagement with current events, and as commentary responsive to Hendrix's immediate environment and expressive of his aspirations for the nation of his birth. Insights offered here include the roots of Hendrix's Banner performances as ornaments to the Civil War eulogy “Taps,” the plural construction of the Hendrix Banner and an account of the aesthetic development of his anthem arrangement, the value of his recorded stage banter for understanding Hendrix's Banner politics, the impact of the filmWoodstockon Hendrix's renditions, and the use of the Banner during Hendrix's final 1970 “The Cry of Love Tour” as part of a closing anti-war set and call to action for the psychedelic citizen.
Decreased H3K27 and H3K4 trimethylation on mortal chromosomes in distributed stem cells
Authors: Huh Y H , Sherley J L 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe role of immortal DNA strands that co-segregate during mitosis of asymmetrically self-renewing distributed stem cells (DSCs) is unknown. Previously, investigation of immortal DNA strand function and molecular mechanisms responsible for their nonrandom co-segregation was precluded by difficulty in identifying DSCs and immortal DNA strands. Here, we report the use of two technological innovations, selective DSC expansion and establishment of H2A.Z chromosomal asymmetry as a specific marker of ‘immortal chromosomes,’ to investigate molecular properties of immortal chromosomes and opposing ‘mortal chromosomes’ in cultured mouse hair follicle DSCs. Although detection of the respective suppressive and activating H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 epigenetic marks on immortal chromosomes was similar to randomly segregated chromosomes, detection of both was lower on mortal chromosomes destined for lineage-committed sister cells. This global epigenomic feature of nonrandom co-segregation may reveal a mechanism that maintains an epigenome-wide ‘poised’ transcription state, which preserves DSC identity, while simultaneously activating sister chromosomes for differentiation.
Superlattice structures in twisted bilayers of folded graphene
Authors: Schmidt Hennrik , Rode Johannes C. , Smirnov Dmitri , Haug Rolf J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe electronic properties of bilayer graphene strongly depend on relative orientation of the two atomic lattices. Whereas Bernal-stacked graphene is most commonly studied, a rotational mismatch between layers opens up a whole new field of rich physics, especially at small interlayer twist. Here we report on magnetotransport measurements on twisted graphene bilayers, prepared by folding of single layers. These reveal a strong dependence on the twist angle, which can be estimated by means of sample geometry. At small rotation, superlattices with a wavelength in the order of 10 nm arise and are observed by friction atomic force microscopy. Magnetotransport measurements in this small-angle regime show the formation of satellite Landau fans. These are attributed to additional Dirac singularities in the band structure and discussed with respect to the wide range of interlayer coupling models.
Preparation of pitch‐based carbon materials using a template and an orthogonal array design for super capacitors
Authors: Zhong Cungui , Cao Qing , Xie Xiaoling , Gong Shilei , Zhou Chunmin , Wang Ying 
Published: December 2014

Coal tar pitches (CTPs) are used as a supercapacitor precursor because they are of low cost and produce high carbon yields. In this reported work, a simple and feasible method for the fabrication of pitch‐based carbon electrode materials with high capacitance was established using nanosized oxides as a template and the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation method. The preparation conditions were optimised using an orthogonal array design. The electrochemical performance of the electrode materials was examined by constructing a single electrode capacitor in 6 mol l−1KOH electrolyte; specific surface area was determined by N2 adsorption–desorption analysis and textural characterisation was conducted by transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the synthetic carbon material possessed the highest iodine adsorption value of 2238 mg g−1 under optimum conditions (Al2O3 used as the template, an activation temperature of 700°C and a CTP/template mass ratio of 1:1), a high capacitance of 258 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and good cycle stability.
Cerebral coherence between communicators marks the emergence of meaning
Authors: Stolk Arjen , Noordzij Matthijs L. , Verhagen Lennart , Volman Inge , Schoffelen Jan-Mathijs , Oostenveld Robert , Hagoort Peter , Toni Ivan 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Building on recent electrophysiological evidence showing that novel communicative behavior relies on computations that operate over temporal scales independent from transient sensorimotor behavior, here we report that those computations occur simultaneously in pairs with a shared communicative history, but not in pairs without a shared history. This pair-specific interpersonal synchronization was driven by communicative episodes in which communicators needed to mutually adjust their conceptualizations of a signal’s use. That interpersonal cerebral synchronization was absent when communicators used stereotyped signals. These findings indicate that establishing mutual understanding is implemented through simultaneous in-phase coordination of cerebral activity across communicators, consistent with the notion that pair members temporally synchronize their conceptualizations of a signal’s use.
Inca Architecture from the Andes to the Adriatic: Pedro Sancho’s Description of Cuzco*
Authors: Schreffler Michael J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn 1556, Giovanni Battista Ramusio facilitated the publication in Venice of a report by Pedro Sancho, official secretary to the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. Sancho’s text included a lengthy description of the architecture and plan of Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire, and was the first such description to appear in print. Previous scholarship has used it as a primary source for reconstructing the appearance of Inca Cuzco as seen by Sancho, Pizarro, and their cohort at the moment of their arrival there in 1533. The text, however, is also evidence for other kinds of historical information, for it demonstrates how habits of description engaged in the production of space. The impact of Sancho’s textual representation of Cuzco is evident in a contemporary reaction to it — a woodcut print that accompanied it when it was first published. Considered together, the text and image lay bare the ways in which modes of representation facilitated political, architectural, and urbanistic change in the sixteenth-century New World.
Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a secreted, unconstrained respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein protects against RSV in cotton rats
Authors: Zhan Xiaoyan , Slobod Karen S. , Jones Bart G. , Sealy Robert E. , Takimoto Toru , Boyd Kelli , Surman Sherri , Russell Charles J. , Portner Allen , Hurwitz Julia L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for as many as 199000 annual deaths worldwide. Currently, there is no standard treatment for RSV disease and no vaccine. Sendai virus (SeV) is an attractive pediatric vaccine candidate because it elicits robust and long-lasting virus-specific B cell and T cell activities in systemic and mucosal tissues. The virus serves as a gene delivery system as well as a Jennerian vaccine against its close cousin, human parainfluenza virus type 1. Here we describe the testing of a recombinant SeV (SeVRSV-Fs) that expresses an unconstrained, secreted RSV-F protein as a vaccine against RSV in cotton rats. After a single intranasal immunization of cotton rats with SeVRSV-Fs, RSV-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies were generated. These antibodies exhibited cross-reactivity with both RSV A and B isolates. RSV-F-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells were also activated. The SeVRSV-Fs vaccine conferred protection against RSV challenge without enhanced immunopathology. In total, results showed that an SeV recombinant that expresses RSV F in an unconstrained, soluble form can induce humoral and cellular immunity that protects against infection with RSV.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Repair of Established Ventilator-induced Lung Injury in the Rat
Authors: Hayes Mairead , Masterson Claire , Devaney James , Barry Frank , Elliman Steve , O’Brien Timothy , O’Toole Daniel , Curley Gerard F. , Laffey John G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract
Rats with ventilator-induced lung injury who received human mesenchymal stromal cells had enhanced lung repair and improved oxygenation compared to rats who received vehicle or fibroblasts. Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment was also associated with improved lung compliance, decreased alveolar edema, and restored lung architecture. The mechanism for improvement appeared to be in part decreased inflammation and decreased alveolar cell neutrophil.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:
Rodent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) enhance repair after ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We wished to determine the therapeutic potential of human MSCs (hMSCs) in repairing the rodent lung.

Methods:
In series 1, anesthetized rats underwent VILI (series 1A, n = 8 to 9 per group) or protective ventilation (series 1B, n = 4 per group). After VILI, they were randomized to intravenous administration of (1) vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline); (2) fibroblasts (1 × 107 cells/kg); or (3) human MSCs (1 × 107 cells/kg) and the effect on restoration of lung function and structure assessed. In series 2, the efficacy of hMSC doses of 1, 2, 5, and 10 million/kg was examined (n = 8 per group). Series 3 compared the efficacy of both intratracheal and intraperitoneal hMSC administration to intravascular delivery (n = 5–10 per group). Series 4 examined the efficacy of delayed hMSC administration (n = 8 per group).

Results:
Human MSC’s enhanced lung repair, restoring oxygenation (131 ± 19 vs. 103 ± 11 vs. 95 ± 11 mmHg, P = 0.004) compared to vehicle or fibroblast therapy, respectively. hMSCs improved lung compliance, reducing alveolar edema, and restoring lung architecture. hMSCs attenuated lung inflammation, decreasing alveolar cellular infiltration, and decreasing cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and interleukin-6 while increasing keratinocyte growth factor concentrations. The lowest effective hMSC dose was 2 × 106 hMSC/kg. Intraperitoneal hMSC delivery was less effective than intratracheal or intravenous hMSC. hMSCs enhanced lung repair when administered at later time points after VILI.

Conclusions:
hMSC therapy demonstrates therapeutic potential in enhancing recovery after VILI.
Microbiome–metabolome analysis reveals unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota with increasing dietary grain in a goat model
Authors: Mao Sheng‐Yong , Huo Wen‐Jie , Zhu Wei‐Yun 
Published: December 2014

SummaryCurrently, knowledge about the impact of high‐grain (HG) feeding on rumen microbiota and metabolome is limited. In this study, a combination of the 454 pyrosequencing strategy and the mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics technique was applied to investigate the effects of increased dietary grain (0%, 25% and 50% maize grain) on changes in whole ruminal microbiota and their metabolites using goat as a ruminant model. We observed a significant influence of HG feeding in shaping the ruminal bacterial community structure, diversity and composition, with an overall dominance of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes along with a low abundance of Bacteriodetes in the HG group. High‐grain feeding increased the number of ciliate and methanogens, and decreased the density of anaerobic fungi and the richness of the archaeal community. The metabolomics analysis revealed that HG feeding increased the levels of several toxic, inflammatory and unnatural compounds, including endotoxin, tryptamine, tyramine, histamine and phenylacetate. Correlation analysis on the combined datasets revealed some potential relationships between ruminal metabolites and certain microbial species. Information about these relationships may prove useful in either direct (therapeutic) or indirect (dietary) interventions for ruminal disorders due to microbial compositional shifts, such as ruminal acidosis.
‘So agreeable and suitable a place’: The Character, Use and Provisioning of a Late Eighteenth‐Century Suburban Villa
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSuburban villas were an increasingly prominent feature of eighteenth‐century Britain, but they remain largely unexplored outside a few well‐known examples. This article addresses this lacuna through a case study of Grove House in Kensington Gore, the property of the Hon. Mary Leigh. By examining the processes of furnishing and maintaining the house, the lifestyle of its owner and the ways in which it drew on and fed into metropolitan systems of supply, it challenges our understanding of the villa as a semi‐rural retreat and argues that, for some at least, it offered a gateway to London society and shopping.
Intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient‐controlled sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomised trial
Authors: CHEUNG C. W. , QIU Q. , LIU J. , CHU K. M. , IRWIN M. G. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundSedation using intranasal dexmedetomidine is a convenient and well‐tolerated technique. This study evaluated the sedative efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient‐controlled sedation (PCS) for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.MethodsIn this double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial, 50 patients received either intranasal dexmedetomidine 1.5 μg/kg (dexmedetomidine group) or intranasal saline (placebo group) 1 h before the procedure. PCS with propofol and alfentanil was provided for rescue sedation. Additional sedative consumption, perioperative sedation scores using Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale, recovery, vital signs, adverse events and patient satisfaction were assessed.ResultsTotal consumption of PCS propofol and alfentanil was significantly less in the dexmedetomidine than placebo group with a mean difference of −13.8 mg propofol (95% confidence interval −27.3 to −0.3) and −34.5 μg alfentanil (95% confidence interval −68.2 to −0.7) at the completion of the procedure (P = 0.044). Weighted areas under the curve (AUCw) of OAA/S scores were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group before, during and after procedures (P < 0.001, P = 0.024 and P = 0.041 respectively). AUCw of heart rate and systolic blood pressure were also significantly lower during the procedure (P = 0.007 and P = 0.022 respectively) with dexmedetomidine. There was no difference in recovery, side effects or satisfaction.ConclusionIntranasal dexmedetomidine with PCS propofol and alfentanil confers deeper perioperative clinical sedation with significantly less use of additional sedatives during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.