bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Changes of a U3O8/ZrO2 Catalyst During HCl Oxidation – a HAADF‐STEM Study
Authors: Krumeich Frank , Amrute Amol P. , Mondelli Cecilia , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: November 2013

Abstract Uranium oxide finely dispersed on ZrO2 crystals represents an effective and robust catalyst for the industrially relevant oxidation of HCl to chlorine. Remarkably, the catalytic performance increases significantly during the first 80 h on stream and remains stable thereafter. According to XRD results, this self‐activation of the catalyst is accompanied by the disappearance of the starting α‐U3O8 phase. The uranium distribution on the ZrO2 crystals at different stages of the reaction was visualized by aberration‐corrected HAADF‐STEM. The mostly mono‐atomic uranium oxide layers present in the fresh catalyst broaden during reaction and often form a homogeneous coating over the support crystals comprising small uranium oxide species mostly comprising a single uranium atom. These species are found to be often located on top of columns of ZrO7 polyhedra, pointing to a strong fixation on the carrier. This observation likely explains the unique stability of the zirconia‐supported uranium oxide catalyst in the Deacon reaction.
Optimal vortex formation in a self-propelled vehicle
Authors: Whittlesey Robert W. , Dabiri John O. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the formation of coherent vortex rings in the near-wake of a self-propelled vehicle can increase propulsive efficiency compared with a steady jet wake. The present study utilizes a self-propelled vehicle to explore the dependence of propulsive efficiency on the vortex ring characteristics. The maximum propulsive efficiency was observed to occur when vortex rings were formed of the largest physical size, just before the leading vortex ring would pinch off from its trailing jet. These experiments demonstrate the importance of vortex ring pinch off in self-propelled vehicles, where coflow modifies the vortex dynamics.
‘We are saving the township’: Pentecostalism, faith-based organisations, and development in South Africa
Authors: Burchardt Marian 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, I trace the emergence of Pentecostal FBOs in the South African city of Cape Town. By focusing on their involvements in HIV/AIDS programmes, including practices such as health education, counselling and material support, I analyse the organisational dynamics and consequences ensuing from their activities. Pentecostal involvements in development work engender complex connections between two distinct processes: On the one hand, they offer Pentecostal communities new social spaces for promoting their faith and moral agendas. On the other hand, development work urges Pentecostal communities to recast their activities in the logic of formal organisation and accountability (proposals–grants–projects). On the ground, these logics are constantly subverted as beneficiaries construe FBOs aspatronsand deploy Pentecostal identities for mediating access to FBOs and the resources they command. My argument is that Pentecostal faith works to mediate the entire set of social relationships, expectations, imageries and practices that structure FBO work on the ground. More than belief and ritual, it isPentecostal belongingthat links organisations, people, opportunities and resources.
Institutions, power and para-state alliances: a critical reassessment of HIV/AIDS politics in South Africa, 1999–2008
Authors: Powers Theodore 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFrom 1999 to 2008, delays in the adoption of a comprehensive treatment and prevention programme shortened the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. While the slow implementation of antiretroviral therapy has been attributed to a lack of institutional capacity, dissident views on HIV/AIDS and the effects of fiscal austerity, it was also an expression of power. This article analyses how the South African HIV/AIDS movement overcame this exercise of power by the AIDS dissident faction of the African National Congress (ANC) by building an alliance with the South African labour movement and moderate elements within the ruling party. The ANC's dissident faction responded to this by developing para-state partnerships with non-state organisations to support the AIDS dissident agenda. This study highlights the need to expand the para-state concept to take into account a wider range of social formations and the historically particular conditions under which they emerge.
Cardiovascular drug use and mortality in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a Danish population-based study
Authors: Laursen T. M. , Mortensen P. B. , MacCabe J. H. , Cohen D. , Gasse C. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundCardiovascular (CV) co-morbidity is one of the major modifiable risk factors driving the excess mortality in individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Population-based studies in this area are sparse.MethodWe used Danish population registers to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for CV drug use, and mortality rate ratios comparing subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with subjects with no prior psychiatric hospitalization.ResultsIRRs for CV prescriptions were significantly decreased in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with the general population. Among persons without previous myocardial infarction (MI) or cerebrovascular disease, persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder had an up to 6- and 15-fold increased mortality from all causes or unnatural causes, respectively, compared with the general population, being most pronounced among those without CV treatment (16-fold increase). Among those with previous MI or cerebrovascular disease, excess all-cause and unnatural death was lower (up to 3-fold and 7-fold increased, respectively), but was similar in CV-treated and -untreated persons.ConclusionsThe present study shows an apparent under-prescription of most CV drugs among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with the general population in Denmark. The excess of mortality by unnatural deaths in the untreated group suggests that the association between CV treatment and mortality may be confounded by severity of illness. However, our results also suggest that treatment of CV risk factors is neglected in these patients.
Serum aflatoxin levels of the healthy adult population living in the north and south regions of Turkey
Authors: Aydin Sevtap , Sabuncuoglu Suna , Erkekoglu Pinar , Şahin Gönül , Giray Belma Kocer 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the serum concentrations of aflatoxin B1(AFB1), aflatoxin B2(AFB2), aflatoxin G1(AFG1) and aflatoxin G2(AFG2) in the healthy adult population living in both the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey and to investigate the regional, seasonal and gender variability in aflatoxins (AF) exposure in these regions.DesignSerum AFB1, AFB2, AFG1and AFG2concentrations were analysed by HPLC.SettingsIn total, four hundred and eighty-four serum samples were analysed.SubjectsFour hundred and eighty-four healthy adult volunteers living in rural areas of the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey were studied.ResultsThe mean serum concentration of total AF in the Black Sea region was 1·33 ppb (min–max 0·15–3·38 ppb) and 0·90 ppb (min–max 0·18–2·48 ppb) for summer and winter, respectively. In the Mediterranean region, the mean serum concentration of total AF was determined as 0·55 ppb (range 0·04–1·72 ppb) for summer and 0·45 ppb (range 0·12–1·43 ppb) for winter. The total AF concentrations in serum samples were statistically higher in summer compared with winter for the two regions. The differences between the regions were statistically significant concerning all samples, with higher total AF concentrations in the Black Sea region.ConclusionsThe overall results suggest that the Turkish population living in these two regions is continuously exposed to AF, particularly in the summer, and that mycotoxin contamination in food should be monitored routinely for food safety and human health.
Portal biliopathy: multidisciplinary management and outcomes of treatment
Authors: Cellich Philip Peter , Crawford Michael , Kaffes Arthur John , Sandroussi Charbel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIntroductionPortal biliopathy (PB) is a rare condition in which portal hypertension because of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction can lead to biliary abnormalities, with some patients developing obstructive jaundice. At present, there is no international consensus on the management of PB. We present the experience of an Australian tertiary referral hospital with the diagnosis and management of PB, and compare this with reported international experience.MethodsThe records of nine patients presenting with PB between June 2003 and March 2012 were reviewed and analysed.ResultsAll patients had portal hypertension because of portal vein thrombosis, with seven patients showing cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Biliary abnormality presented with jaundice (3/9), abdominal pain (2/9) or without symptoms (3/9). All patients developed a cholestatic pattern of liver function tests (LFTs). First‐line endoscopic management was employed in 7 of 8 symptomatic patients. Four patients required endoscopic management alone (sphincterotomy alone (1/9), single stent (2/9), repeated stent changes (1/9) ), while four required second‐line surgical intervention (portosystemic shunt (1/9), bilioenteric anastomosis (3/9) ). All patients were well, with stable LFTs, at median 18‐month follow‐up, with two patients undergoing regular stent changes, and the remainder requiring no further intervention.ConclusionPB can be managed successfully with endoscopic therapy as the first‐line option, but a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, with second‐line surgical intervention often required. We recommend a management algorithm similar to that presented in the UK PB literature, and confirm that bilioenteric anastomosis can be performed successfully without prior portal decompression.
Autism and developmental profiles in preschoolers: stability and change over time
Authors: Hedvall Åsa , Westerlund Joakim , Fernell Elisabeth , Holm Anette , Gillberg Christopher , Billstedt Eva 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimIncreasing numbers of young children are now being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to analyse developmental trajectories in a representative group of preschool children with ASD.MethodIn a naturalistic study, 208 preschool children with different subtypes of ASD were followed over a 2‐year period. Their trajectories, as regards persistence of ASD diagnoses, developmental/intellectual levels, adaptive functioning and expressive speech, were monitored.ResultsDevelopmental profiles showed considerable change over time, especially in children with atypical autism and in those with developmental delay/borderline intellectual functioning at their first assessment. Approximately 50% of the children were found to have intellectual disability (ID) at follow‐up and, of these, the majority had severe ID. This was in contrast to the first assessment by the referral team when ID had rarely been mentioned or discussed.ConclusionChanges in developmental profiles during preschool years are common in children with ASD. This implies that reassessments, covering different developmental areas, are needed. Such follow‐up assessments prior to the start of school will yield a more valid estimation of the child's general cognitive level and a more accurate ASD diagnosis and thus form a better basis for realistic educational planning and intervention.
Effect of Crown to Implant Ratio and Anatomical Crown Length on Clinical Conditions in a Single Implant: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sun Shan‐Pao , Moon Ik‐Sang , Park Kwang‐Ho , Lee Dong‐Won 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the long‐term influence of the crown‐to‐implant (C/I) ratio and anatomical crown length on clinical conditions around Astra single dental implants placed in the premolar and molar regions.Materials and MethodsSeventy‐six subjects were selected from patients who had been treated with single Astra implants for replacement of missing premolars and molars. The peri‐implant marginal bone level change was assessed 1 year after functional loading and 6 years after functional loading. To predict the peri‐implant marginal bone level change using clinical and radiographic data, a multiple linear regression model was applied. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to analyze difference median in technical complications.ResultsThe C/I ratio and anatomical crown length were not associated with peri‐implant marginal bone loss or changes in the bone level at 6 years (p = .48, p = .31). However, the modified plaque index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and smoking status influenced the peri‐implant marginal bone loss (p < .05, r2 = 0.54). In addition, the patient with technical complication group did show significantly increased anatomical crown length (p < .05)ConclusionsThe higher C/I ratio and anatomical crown length did not increase the risk of peri‐implant marginal bone loss during 6 years of functional loading. In addition, higher anatomical crown lengths are associated with higher technical complications.
Dental Implant Macro‐Design Features Can Impact the Dynamics of Osseointegration
Authors: Vivan Cardoso Marcio , Vandamme Katleen , Chaudhari Amol , De Rycker Judith , Van Meerbeek Bart , Naert Ignace , Duyck Joke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the clinical performance of two dental implant types possessing a different macro‐design in the in vivo pig model.Materials and MethodsTitanium AadvaTM implants (GC, Tokyo, Japan) were compared with OsseoSpeedTM implants (Astra, Mölndal, Sweden), with the Aadva implant displaying significant larger inter‐thread dimensions than the OsseoSpeed implant. Implants were installed in the parietal bone of 12 domestic pigs and left for healing for either 1 or 3 months. Implant osseointegration was evaluated by quantitative histology (bone volume relative to the tissue volume [BV/TV]; bone‐to‐implant contact [BIC]) for distinct implant regions (collar, body, total implant length) with specific implant thread features. The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney nonparametric test with α = 0.05 was performed.ResultsAn inferior amount of bone enveloping the Aadva implant compared with the OsseoSpeed implant was observed, in particular at the implant body part with its considerable inter‐thread gaps (p < .05). Concomitantly, the Aadva macro‐design negatively affected the amount of bone in direct contact with the implant for this specific implant part (p < .05), and resulted in an overall impaired implant osseointegration at the initial healing stage (total implant length; 1‐month healing; p < .05).ConclusionAlthough the Aadva implant displayed a clinically acceptable level of osseointegration, the findings demonstrate that implant macro‐design features can impact the dynamics of implant osseointegration. Consideration of specific implant macro‐design features should be made relative to the biological and mechanical microenvironment.
Increased leg blood flow and improved femoral artery shear patterns in metabolic syndrome after a diet and exercise programme
Authors: Limberg Jacqueline K. , Johansson Rebecca E. , McBride Patrick E. , Schrage William G. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryBackgroundAltered vascular shear profiles may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Physical activity promotes anti‐atherogenic shear patterns, resulting in reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Adults with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Thus, we hypothesized that conduit artery antegrade shear rate (ASR) would increase and retrograde shear rate (RSR) and oscillatory shear indices (OSI) would decrease in MetSyn patients (n = 16, 51 ± 2 years) after participation in a diet and exercise programme (DEP).MethodsBlood flow (Doppler ultrasound, brachial and femoral arteries) was measured, and shear rates were calculated in MetSyn patients before and after 12 weeks of DEP participation. In addition, plasma samples were collected to measure atherogenic markers.ResultsDiet and exercise programme participation increased resting leg blood flow and femoral artery ASR (P ≤ 0·05), and tended to decrease OSI (P = 0·09); RSR did not change (P>0·05). No changes in resting arm blood flow or ASR were observed (P>0·05), and both RSR and OSI increased after participation (P≤0·05). DEP participation reduced plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)‐1 (P = 0·03), with a trend for reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)‐1 (P = 0·09) (i.e. atherogenic markers).ConclusionModest changes in diet and physical activity result in limb‐specific improvements in vascular shear profiles and reduced systemic markers of atherosclerotic risk in MetSyn patients. These data provide novel physiologic insight into adaptations that may limit the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with MetSyn.
Typical and atypical development of reaching and postural control in infancy
Authors: Hadders‐Algra Mijna 
Published: November 2013

Successful reaching requires postural control, either by active regulation or by postural support. The present paper reviews literature on typical and atypical development of reaching and postural control during infancy. Typically, reaching movements end in grasping around 4 months of age. Initially, reaches are characterized by large variation, including many trajectory corrections. During the first year, the movements get increasingly straight and smooth. Reaching in low‐risk preterm infants is initially characterized by advanced development, but minor impairments may emerge in the second half of infancy. In high‐risk preterm infants, development of reaching is characterized by delay and non‐optimal reaching performance. Typical development of postural adjustments is characterized by variation and an increasing ability to adapt the variable repertoire to the specifics of the situation. The latter is facilitated by an increasing role of anticipatory mechanisms in the second half of infancy. Atypically developing infants may have a reduced repertoire and usually have difficulties in adapting postural adjustments. In infancy, most reaching movements are performed during sitting. The postural challenge of sitting may interfere in particular with the development of reaching in atypically developing infants. The practical implications of this suggestion are discussed.
Neural correlates of developmental coordination disorder
Authors: Peters Lieke H J , Maathuis Carel G B , Hadders‐Algra Mijna 
Published: November 2013

AimTo review neuroimaging studies in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) systematically. Because only a few studies addressed this, we broadened our search and included neuroimaging studies in children with perinatal adversities and motor impairment without cerebral palsy.MethodTwo searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science addressing (1) neuroimaging in DCD and (2) neuroimaging in children with perinatal adversities and motor impairment.ResultsFive studies in children with DCD were identified. Four functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showed that children with DCD activate multiple brain areas differently than controls. One diffusion tensor imaging study indicated that the internal capsule in children with DCD showed differences. The second search identified seven studies: three showed that white matter abnormalities and severe abnormalities on MRI were related to motor impairment; four were unable to demonstrate similar relationships.InterpretationData on neuroimaging in DCD are scarce; data available suggest that multiple brain areas are involved in the neuropathophysiology of DCD. Motor impairment in children with perinatal adversities is related especially to white matter abnormalities and severe abnormalities on MRI. We hypothesize that in some children with DCD the neural substrate mimics that of cerebral palsy. More neuroimaging studies are needed to understand the neural correlates of DCD better.
The developmental strategies and related profitability of an idiobiont ectoparasitoid Sclerodermus pupariae vary with host size
Authors: WEI KE , TANG YAN‐LONG , WANG XIAO‐YI , CAO LIANG‐MING , YANG ZHONG‐QI 
Published: November 2013

Parasitoids can encounter patches of hosts of varying sizes. Trade‐offs may result in different developmental strategies and fitness characteristics in parasitoids.
To explore developmental strategies and host suitability of a bethylid parasitoid, Sclerodermus pupariae, in relation to the size of oak long‐horned beetle larvae, Massicus raddei, effects of host size on parasitoid fitness parameters were tested under laboratory conditions.
Maternal parasitoids obtained lower rates of parasitism when inoculating small or large hosts due to early host death and parasitoid injury, respectively, indicating significant fitness costs associated with paralysing those host sizes. Host size was shown to have highly variable effects on selected fitness parameters. For maternal females, increasing initial host size led to increasing host handling time, and fertility exhibited a parabolic relationship with host size. The highest fertility was exhibited when parasitoids oviposited on medium‐sized hosts.
Host size effects were very apparent for parasitoid offspring, with the largest hosts producing later‐emerging but larger females. Parasitoid offspring sex ratios in all host size classes were significantly female‐biased, and exhibited a quadratic function with increasing host size. Assessment of host profitability revealed that medium‐sized hosts presented the best fitness return for the parasitoids.
The findings suggest that this bethylid parasitoid can achieve a compromise in optimisation of the two most important fitness functions when encountering an abundance of different‐sized hosts.
Size and sex of cricket prey predict capture by a sphecid wasp
Authors: ERCIT KYLA 
Published: November 2013

Female‐biased predation is rare in nature; however, sphecid wasps often take more female than male prey, including Isodontia mexicana, which hunt Oecanthus tree crickets.
This study tests the hypothesis that wasps prefer females because they are larger than males. This predicts a female sex bias only for sexually size‐dimorphic prey.
Prey from artificial I. mexicana nest holes in Central Ontario were compared with surviving crickets sampled from the hunted population. Sex ratios of prey and survivors were examined and compared with the occurrence of female‐biased sexual size dimorphism. Logistic regression was used to determine whether body size, sex, species, and life stage of crickets predicted capture by wasps.
As predicted, wasps took a disproportionate number of adult females only of sexually size‐dimorphic prey Oecanthus nigricornis. No sex bias was found in adult prey of Oecanthus quadripunctatus or in nymphal prey of either species. However, female‐biased sexual size dimorphism did not necessitate female‐biased predation: even though female O. nigricornis nymphs were larger than males, female nymphs were not hunted more often. Body size was a significant predictor of predation, but this relationship was non‐linear. There was also evidence of an interaction among sex, life stage, and body size of prey in relation to predation risk.
These results support the size‐preference hypothesis, but do not rule out alternative hypotheses. For example, sex differences in behaviour or life‐history traits that develop in adulthood may also contribute to differences in predation risk. Predation that consistently targets large adult females of a population may result in evolutionary changes in the behaviour or life history of the prey species.