bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objections to the BSA
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Is the BSA adequate? Non-Humeans are incredulous that mere descriptions, no matter how simple, informative, and unifying, can do the work of laws. They think that the laws add “oomph” to the universe. The main objections to Humean account of laws is BSA laws is that the violate intuitions and that they cannot do the work of laws. Non-Humean think that genuine laws add “oomph” to the universe that Humean laws lack. This chapter discusses a variety of objections based on this including that BSA laws are incapable of explaining, cannot support inductive inference, and make regularities “flukes.” It is then shown why these objections are mistaken and are mostly question begging.
The PDA
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces and develops the Package Deal Account” (PDA) of laws, space-time, and fundamental ontology/properties. The PDA doesn’t assume a metaphysically given fundamental ontology and space-time but leaves the ontology, properties, and space-time up to physics. However, it accepts super-Humeanism’s claim that the first job of physics is to account for the positions and motions of material bodies and how these positions record the measurements of other quantities. It bases a metaphysical account of laws on Quine’s holistic epistemology of science as “beginning in the middle.” The PDA says that candidate systems for the world systematize truths about the motions of macroscopic bodies with which science begins and whatever other ontology, properties, space-time is introduced to advance that systematization. In this way, the PDA rejects metaphysically prior fundamental ontologies of perfectly natural properties as the basis for an account of laws and moves in the direction of naturalizing metaphysics. It provides an account of fundamental properties, space-time, and laws from inside the perspective of science, in contrast to Lewis’s and Esfeld’s more a priori “God’s eye,” and metaphysics-first perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Ostacchini Luisa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This Introduction offers an overview of the literary importance, cultural background, and manuscript contexts of Ælfric of Eynsham’s Lives of Saints, one of the most important vernacular prose works of the early middle ages. Based on Ælfric’s own framing of the work and the extratextual apparatus found in the main manuscript witness, Julius E. vii., the Lives was conceived as a single, coherent collection rather than as thirty discrete vitae. As such, the present study approaches the Lives using a holistic methodology which seeks to highlight the ways that Ælfric built meaning cumulatively across the collection. This introduction then addresses ‘translation’, broadly defined, as a methodological and organisational principle for this book, and surveys the terminology which Ælfric used to describe his own translation work. It also surveys the use of the term ‘Europe’ (Europa) in early medieval English sources, and establishes how Ælfric’s use of this term differed from that of his contemporaries. Finally, this introduction presents the overall argument and structure of this book.
Translating the Saintly Body
Authors: Ostacchini Luisa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the translation of saints, arguing that Ælfric adapted the accounts of saintly burial found in his sources in order to minimize the differences between geographic locations and to present an idealized vision of a homogeneous universal church, within which diverse European communities might be united. While Ælfric’s Latin sources consistently emphasize localized aspects of the saintly burial, Ælfric adapts these accounts to highlight the communion of saints, the universal church, and the single community of praxis in which all the Christian faithful share. In depictions of saintly burial across the collection, Ælfric minimizes local detail, inserts formulaic phraseology, and foregrounds references to community. In so doing, he at once looks outwards to an international Christian community and inwards to the heterogenous monastic landscape of late tenth-century England, to suggest that ideological unity might overcome the reality of difference.
Literature, Gaps, and Historicity
Authors: Khair Tabish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
While recognizing the role and validity of theory, this chapter explains why readings of literature in this book seek to avoid the disciplinary jargon of academia. This it justifies in many ways, including this book’s central approach to literature as standing outside the disciplinary demands of other fields and, hence, attempting to talk in language about what cannot be exhausted by language and what also shapes language. The mutual relationship of ‘language’ and ‘reality’ is stressed. It is argued that literature, as a distinctive space of reading, is informed by this relationship, both its possibilities and pitfalls. The chapter illustrates aspects of this in the possibilities of a historical reading with a reading of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn—particularly the controversy over the N-word in the novel.
The Setting
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter establishes three contexts for the dispute over women’s entry. First, it provides a brief introduction to the primary geographic setting of the book: the south-western state of Kerala and, especially, the former princely state of Travancore. Second, it introduces key topical concerns through a discussion of temple-state relations, both within Kerala and across India. Third, the chapter introduces the legal setting for the dispute by providing a quick overview of the Indian Constitution, paying special attention to the Constitution’s protections for religious freedom and the jurisprudence generated by these provisions. The chapter further shows how the Keralite experience is both unique and representative of Indian experiences writ large, thereby establishing a sociopolitical and legal background for the broader dispute over Sabarimala.
The Rule
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter revisits the Kerala High Court’s 1991 opinion in S. Mahendran v. Travancore Devaswom Board, which held that Sabarimala’s ban was an essential practice of Ayyappan worship that ought to be enforced year-round. The chapter examines Mahendran from various angles, including discussions of the reform-oriented judge who was largely responsible for the opinion’s outcome, the essential practices jurisprudence that Mahendran relied on, the Keralite statutory law that the High Court interpreted, the sacred texts that the High Court did not cite, and the temple priest whose word ultimately convinced the court. The chapter also provides a more detailed introduction to the governance structure responsible for Sabarimala, and, in particular, it sketches the structure and function of the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB) that administers the temple.
Perceptual Attributes in Memory Research
Authors: Sekuler Robert , Sekuler Allison B. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The close linkage between perception and memory allows them to influence one another in numerous ways. Improved understanding of this linkage will enhance the reach and quality of research in both fields. This chapter emphasizes short-term memory, the form of memory for which perception’s influence is clearest. The chapter begins with a brief overview of key perceptual attributes that enable memory to impact perceptual judgment, offering examples of perceptual phenomena that clearly bear memory’s stamp. It then discusses four ways in which memory research benefits when researchers design memoranda with perceptual factors firmly in mind. First, the chapter considers stimulus similarity because it impacts memory in multiple ways, including its usefulness for framing and testing theoretical insights. Second, it examines how connections between perception and memory make it difficult to evaluate memory without some confound from one or more perceptual influences. These include individual or group differences in perception that can masquerade as differences in memory. Third, the chapter considers how verbal representations can distort or support memory for what was seen, and it summarizes research in which both visual and auditory memory have been probed with random or quasi-random stimuli. Finally, the chapter briefly describes how careful stimulus choice can aid modeling and understanding of memorial processes.
Encoding and the Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Fernandez Corey , Madore Kevin P. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Episodic memory is a core cognitive ability that allows humans to remember past events, act in the present, and create predictive models to inform future behaviors. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a critical part of the neural machinery that makes possible the ability to acquire and express memories for features of experiences, memories for the conjunctions of event features, and memories that integrate information across events. This chapter reviews the gross anatomy, functional differentiation, and computations and dynamics that underlie memory formation in the MTL network, with an emphasis on episodic encoding. It focuses on inputs, outputs, and circuitry of MTL cortical structures and hippocampal substructures that enable sensory input to be converted into durable content-based and representation-based mnemonic codes. Emphasis is placed on computations that subserve the differentiation of experienced events, on the one hand, and across-event integration, on the other, as well as on encoding dynamics supported by neuromodulators and electrophysiological processes that lead to memory persistence and generalization. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of open questions and directions for future work.
Free Recall and Memory Search
Authors: Lohnas Lynn J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
When trying to remember a specific event or autobiographical memory, it can often feel like one is searching through one’s vast store of memories to find the relevant memory. Arguably no experimental task evokes this process more than the free recall paradigm. In this paradigm, a participant is presented with a list of items and then must recall as many items as possible in any order. As such, the participant is constrained to recalling information from a specific list, not unlike searching through one’s memory of a specific time and place. This chapter introduces the experimental setup and then overviews some of the major theoretical approaches to understanding memory search. Details of dynamics in free recall responses are then discussed in light of these theories. How participants initiate recall, transition between items, and terminate recall provides insight into memory search, organization, representation, and association. Insights from other memory paradigms are then described, and the chapter ends with a discussion of the ecological validity for characterizing memory search in experimental settings.
Global Matching Models of Recognition Memory
Authors: Osth Adam F. , Dennis Simon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How does retrieval take place in recognition memory? A number of computational models have been developed that posit that recognition operates by a process of global matching, wherein the cue is compared to each stored memory. These cue-to-memory similarities are then aggregated to produce an index of the global similarity between the cue and the contents of memory which can then be subjected to a decision process. This chapter describes (a) the theoretical rationale and successes of such models, such as their accounts of similarity and list-length effects and generalization to multiple memory tasks; (b) challenges and hurdles they have experienced, including the null list-strength effect, the mirror effect, and the extralist feature effect; and (c) recent developments, such as extensions to predictions about response latency, sources of interference outside of the study list, and integration of more realistic representations.
Sleep and Memory
Authors: Schechtman Eitan , Stickgold Robert , Paller Ken A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation. Benefits for various types of memory stem from the sleep-based reactivation of previously acquired memories. These alterations in memory storage involve temporally synchronized brain waves: hippocampal sharp-wave ripple complexes, thalamocortical sleep spindles, and cortical slow waves. The unique contributions made during different sleep stages are not fully understood, although slow-wave sleep is particularly critical for declarative memories, facilitating the recall and recognition of facts and events. During sleep, a dynamic interaction between hippocampus and neocortex serves to gradually reinforce and transform cortical memory traces. Sleep thus contributes to memory stabilization, integration of new knowledge with existing knowledge, selective strengthening of some memory components, and extraction of gist or discovery of rules within collections of memories. This chapter surveys sleep’s role in memory and considers sleep-based approaches to treating neurological and psychiatric disorders and to enhancing memory generally.
Methods to Study Human Memory
Authors: Helfrich Randolph F. , Knight Robert T. , D’Esposito Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A wide range of methods have advanced understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying human memory function. For decades, the lesion approach served as the gold standard in localizing function and establishing causal relationships between anatomy and behavior. Since the 1990s, a wealth of evidence from neuroimaging (positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and neurophysiological studies (magnetoelectroencephalography, scalp electroencephalography [EEG], intracranial EEG, and single-unit recordings) has provided more detailed insights into the functional mechanisms of large-scale neuronal networks that enable memory formation. In addition, methodological advances in the ability to alter brain activity through electrical or magnetic stimulation have offered new insights into the role of such activity in causally modulating memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. This chapter reviews these methodological approaches and their strengths and weaknesses in addressing theoretical issues in memory research.
Semantic Dementia
Authors: Patterson Karalyn , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focusses on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of semantic dementia (SD). Extensive neuropsychological studies of SD have made considerable and defining contributions to our understanding of the cognitive and neural bases of semantic memory, as well as the nature of its gradual degradation in this neurodegenerative disorder. We discuss the neuropsychological findings alongside the epidemiology, pathology, and neuroanatomy of SD. In considering the implications of a cognitive disorder, conclusions rely on the aspects of performance that are spared as well as those that are impaired; accordingly, in addition to describing the striking impairments in SD, this chapter considers the cognitive functions that people with SD still do well. SD is a devastating disease, but the selectivity of its deficits provides unique and powerful theoretical insights about semantic memory.
Memory and Metacognitive Processes Recruited During Educational Assessment
Authors: Finn Bridgid , Arslan Burcu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Educational assessments are undertaken by millions of students in public school classrooms each year in the United States, starting in the elementary years. These assessments target a wide range of student knowledge and skill across a variety of academic domains. This chapter provides a cross-disciplinary review of research on memory, learning, and metacognitive processes recruited during educational assessment. The chapter covers the relevant psychological and educational literature on assessment and highlights some of the memory and metacognitive processes that are implicated in answering complex assessment questions. The review primarily covers research related to the cognitive processes involved in the assessment practices undertaken in kindergarten through grade 12 and in preparation for placement into higher education programs, and it chiefly discusses tests of verbal and quantitative reasoning.
Memory and Human Intelligence
Authors: Greene Robert L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study of memory has typically been experimental and nomothetic, whereas the study of intelligence has been correlational and idiographic. Nevertheless, they are two closely related abilities. Theories of intelligence, which may be classified as psychometric, social, and biological, vary in their implications for memory theory. Empirically, relationships between memory and intelligence are generally found, although some measures of implicit memory seem uncorrelated with intelligence, whereas measures of working memory capacity are particularly consistent predictors of cognitive ability. In the immediate future, research is likely to focus on model-based measures of memory processes, biological bases, and working memory capacity as ways to understand intelligence. This chapter discusses the need for broader conceptions of both memory and intelligence to understand fully their interaction.
Music and Memory
Authors: Levitin Daniel J. , Fleming Lindsay 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A strong body of evidence indicates humans remember music far better than other stimuli because of repetition, emotional content, and autobiographical salience, as well as music’s status as a highly structured stimulus. Musical memory functions in many ways like memory for words, pictures, and other experiences, and is consistent with standard models of memory and with schema theory. The musical memories of professional and nonprofessional musicians alike are often more detailed, more accurate, and demonstrate a greater capacity than other memory systems. Musical memory follows psychological laws of general memory, including levels of processing, serial position effects, and preferential processing for emotionally meaningful stimuli. This chapter reviews these memory abilities and their scientific underpinnings. The primary focus is on long-term memory, because much more is known about it, and this is the level at which most people meaningfully engage with music day-to-day via their long-term memory for songs.
Memory of Past Experiences and Economic Decisions
Authors: Malmendier Ulrike , Wachter Jessica A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In traditional economic models, memories of past experiences affect choices only to the extent that they represent information. This chapter reviews recent advances in economic research that have introduced a role for long-lasting effects of personal past experiences and the memory thereof into economics. It first documents the empirical evidence on long-lasting experience effects in finance and economics. The chapter then discusses the main approaches the literature has taken in incorporating psychological theories of long-lasting memories into economics. These results suggest a role for models of memory in accounting not only for micro-level phenomena but also for anomalies within asset pricing and macroeconomics more broadly.
Memory and the Law
Authors: Spellman Barbara A. , Weaver Charles A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Memory issues stemming from criminal trials that involve the reliability of eyewitnesses are well-known. However, the relevance of memory to law extends far beyond that context. This chapter describes the importance of, and concerns with, different facets of memory in a range of legal doctrine and processes. For example, in product liability cases, witness memory provides key evidence, but such civil cases differ in both the content of the memories and the procedures used to elicit them. In intellectual property cases, memory for trademarks and potential cryptomnesia (unconscious plagiarism) may be used in assessing liability. In contracts and negotiations, parties’ memory may be useful, or not, when trying to make sense of the content of an agreement. Prospective memory—that is, remembering to do tasks in the future—is relevant to liability for actions as diverse as injury resulting from not following product warnings to forgetting a child in the back seat of a car. And neurologically impaired memory has consequences for attributions of blame and guilt. The chapter also provides brief reviews of some recent research on memory’s involvement in investigations and in courtrooms (particularly in the United States), including eyewitness testimony, confessions, consequences of pretrial publicity and expert testimony, and the effectiveness of jury instructions for both disregarding evidence and improving juror decision-making. Throughout, the chapter illustrates relationships between the law and different facets of memory described in this handbook.
Emerson and Capitalism
Authors: Pickford Benjamin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a new appraisal of Emerson’s reflections on capitalism by rereading his most focused work of political economy—the essay “Wealth”—in the context of the volume in which it was first published, The Conduct of Life (1860). By linking Emerson’s explicit reflections on capitalism to the broader themes of The Conduct of Life—namely power, personal agency, and the developing form of personhood amidst the “colossal systems” of the industrializing nineteenth-century world—this chapter illustrates that Emerson exposits a theory of capitalist production that discordantly resonates with the work of his contemporary Karl Marx. Like Marx, Emerson recognizes that only the capitalist mode of production can foster the development of social productive forces that might emancipate humanity from the misery of proletarian labor. However, Emerson differs from the orthodoxies of Marx’s work in Capital and aligns instead with the unorthodox revolutionary theories espoused in the Grundrisse.
Emerson among the Methodists
Authors: Stokes Claudia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay examines the influence of Methodism on Emerson. During Emerson’s lifetime, Methodism exerted extraordinary influence on American religious life, yet he offered little comment on this important religious movement. In spite of this omission, this essay argues that Methodism shaped Emerson’s ideas about oratory, prayer, and self-determination. This essay examines two Methodist figures whom Emerson repeatedly cited as important influences: famed Methodist minister Edward Thompson Taylor and a less-remembered farm worker named Tarbox, whom Emerson met in his twenties and repeatedly mentioned in his journals. Emerson took inspiration from both men, but seems to have been unaware of the sectarian inflection of their influences; in adapting these men’s ideas in his own writings, Emerson repackaged Methodist theology as denominationally ecumenical and enabled Methodist belief to gain wide circulation among some of its most ardent critics. As a result, Emerson unwittingly became one of Methodism’s most effective champions.