bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bees explain floral variation in a recent radiation ofLinaria
Authors: Blanco‐Pastor J. L. , Ornosa C. , Romero D. , Liberal I. M. , Gómez J. M. , Vargas P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe role of pollinators in floral divergence has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Although abundant studies have reported the effect of pollinators on flower‐shape variation and plant speciation, the influence of pollinators on plant species differentiation during rapid radiations and the specific consequences of shifts among similar pollinators are not well understood. Here, we evaluate the association between pollinators and floral morphology in a closely related and recently diversifying clade ofLinariaspecies (sect.Supinaesubsect.Supinae). Our approach combined pollinator observations, functional floral morphometric measures and phylogenetic comparative analyses. The fauna visitingLinariaspecies was determined by extensive surveys and categorized by a modularity algorithm, and the size and shape of flowers were analysed by means of standard and geometric morphometric measures. Standard measures failed to find relationships between the sizes of representative pollinators and flowers. However, discriminant function analyses of geometric morphometric data revealed that pollination niches are finer predictors of flower morphologies inLinariaif compared with phylogenetic relationships. Species with the most restrictive flowers displayed the most slender spurs and were pollinated by bees with larger proboscides. These restrictive flower shapes likely appeared more than once during the evolutionary history of the study group. We show that floral variation can be driven by shifts between pollinators that have been traditionally included in a single functional group, and discuss the consequences of such transitions for plant species differentiation during rapid radiations.
Idiosyncratic evolution of maternal effects in response to juvenile malnutrition in Drosophila
Authors: Vijendravarma R. K. , Kawecki T. J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMaternal effects often affect fitness traits, but there is little experimental evidence pertaining to their contribution to response to selection imposed by novel environments. We studied the evolution of maternal effects in Drosophila populations selected for tolerance to chronic larval malnutrition. To this end, we performed pairwise reciprocal F1 crosses between six selected (malnutrition tolerant) populations and six unselected control populations and assessed the effect of cross direction on larval growth and developmental rate, adult weight and egg‐to‐adult viability expressed under the malnutrition regime. Each pair of reciprocal crosses revealed large maternal effects (possibly including cytoplasmic genetic effects) on at least one trait, but the magnitude, sign and which traits were affected varied among populations. Thus, maternal effects contributed significantly to the response to selection imposed by the malnutrition regime, but these changes were idiosyncratic, suggesting a rugged adaptive landscape. Furthermore, although the selected populations evolved both faster growth and higher viability, the maternal effects on growth rate and viability were negatively correlated across populations. Thus, genes mediating maternal effects can evolve to partially counteract the response to selection mediated by the effects of alleles on their own carriers’ phenotype, and maternal effects may contribute to evolutionary trade‐offs between components of offspring fitness.
‘One mission accomplished, more important ones remain’: commentary onEvery‐Palmer,S.,Howick,J. (2014) How evidence‐based medicine is failing due to biased trials and selective publication.Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 20 (6), 908–914
Authors: Wyer Peter , Alves da Silva Suzana 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEvery‐Palmer andHowick suggest that evidence‐based medicine (EBM) is failing in its mission because of contamination of research by manufacturer and researcher‐motivated bias and self‐interest. They fail to define that mission and to distinguish between theEBMmovement and the research enterprise it was developed to critique. An educational movement,EBMaccomplished its mission to simplify and package clinical epidemiological concepts in a form accessible to clinical learners. Its wide adoption within educational circles fostered critical literacy among several generations of practitioners. Illumination of bias, subterfuge and incomplete reporting of research has been a strength ofEBM. Increased uptake and use of clinical research within the health care system properly defines the failing mission that eludesEvery‐Palmer andHowick. Responsibility for failure to make progress towards its achievement is shared by virtually all relevant streams within the system, including policy, clinical guideline development, educational movements and the development of approaches to evidence synthesis. Discordance between the epistemological premises pervading today's research and health care community and the complex social processes that ultimately determine research use constitutes an important factor that must be addressed as part of a remedy. Enhanced emphasis on and demonstration of alternative approaches to research such as realism and realist synthesis and the momentum towards development of a learning health care system hold promise as guideposts for the rapidly evolving health care environment.
Weight‐loss strategies used by baby boomer men: a mixed methods approach
Authors: James D. C. S. , Wirth C. K. , Harville C. , Efunbumi O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundBaby Boomer men (those born in 1946–1964) are becoming obese at an earlier age compared to previous generations. The present study aimed to identify weight‐loss strategies used by Baby Boomer men, to determine whether those strategies varied by weight status and to explore their dieting experiences.MethodsThe study used a cross‐sectional survey of 211 men and 20 in‐depth interviews.ResultsMen had a mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of 29.35 (5.07) kg m–2, with 82% being overweight or obese. Fifty‐six percent were currently trying to lose weight. Healthy weight‐loss strategies included reducing portions, increasing physical activity, cutting back on fried foods, cutting back on sweets, cutting back on alcohol, using meal replacement drinks/bars and joining a weight‐loss programme. Unhealthy strategies included skipping meals and using over‐the‐counter ‘diet pills’. Men who reduced portions, skipped meals, cut back on sweets, joined a weight‐loss programme and used diet pills had significantly higher BMIs than men who said they did not (P < 0.05 for all). Interviews revealed that older men struggle to lose weight, ‘I've been struggling for the last 2–3 years’. ‘The last time I really tried to lose weight I stayed on the diet for just a day or two’. Wives were considered essential to their weight management success.ConclusionsMen used a do‐it‐yourself weight‐loss approach using both healthy and unhealthy strategies. Obese men were more likely to use unhealthy practices than overweight men.
Comparison of Automated Brain Volume Measures obtained with NeuroQuant® and FreeSurfer
Authors: Ochs Alfred L. , Ross David E. , Zannoni Megan D. , Abildskov Tracy J. , Bigler Erin D. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPURPOSETo examine intermethod reliabilities and differences between FreeSurfer and the FDA‐cleared congener, NeuroQuant®, both fully automated methods for structural brain MRI measurements.MATERIALS AND METHODSMRI scans from 20 normal control subjects, 20 Alzheimer's disease patients, and 20 mild traumatically brain‐injured patients were analyzed with NeuroQuant® and with FreeSurfer. Intermethod reliability was evaluated.RESULTSPairwise correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients, and effect size differences were computed. NeuroQuant® versus FreeSurfer measures showed excellent to good intermethod reliability for the 21 regions evaluated (r: .63 to .99/ICC: .62 to .99/ES: –.33 to 2.08) except for the pallidum (r/ICC/ES = .31/.29/–2.2) and cerebellar white matter (r/ICC/ES = .31/.31/.08). Volumes reported by NeuroQuant were generally larger than those reported by FreeSurfer with the whole brain parenchyma volume reported by NeuroQuant 6.50% larger than the volume reported by FreeSurfer. There was no systematic difference in results between the 3 subgroups.CONCLUSIONNeuroQuant® and FreeSurfer showed good to excellent intermethod reliability in volumetric measurements for all brain regions examined with the only exceptions being the pallidum and cerebellar white matter. This finding was robust for normal individuals, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and patients with mild traumatic brain injury.
The Eileen Skellern Lecture 2014: physical restraint: in defence of the indefensible?
Authors: Duxbury J. A. 
Published: February 2015

Accessible summary
What is known on the subject: The physical and psychological trauma that can occur as a result of physical restraint is increasingly highlighted in the media and literature across the globe. Despite this, the use of physical restraint continues without a strong evdience base for its value or efficacy.
What this paper adds to existing knowledge: A number of common defences for the use of physical restraint are outlined and considered in light of existing research in this area. The potential for adopting restrictive intervention minimization programmes of work is highlighted as a way forward.
What are the implications for practice: The implementation of approaches to prevent and reduce physical restraint is required. A combination of factors including the use of advance planning tools, recognition of potential injury and death, and the importance of trauma informed care is necessary. Patients can be severely traumatized by the use of restraint, and there is an increasing drive to examine, reflect upon, and to reduce the use and impact of these.
AbstractAggression is reported to be prevalent in psychiatric inpatient care and its frequency towards healthcare professionals is well documented. While aggression may not be entirely avoidable, its incidence can be reduced through prevention and the minimization of restrictive practices such as physical restraint. This paper aims to explore three common ‘defences’ to account for the use of physical restraint; to challenge each defence with regard to the evidence base; and to identify how services are responding to the challenge of reducing the use of restrictive interventions. Following a number of investigations to highlight serious problems with the use of physical restraint, it seems timely to examine its efficacy in light of the evidence base. A combination of interventions to minimize the use of restraint including advance planning tools, and recognition of potential trauma is necessary at an organizational and individual level. Patients can be traumatized by the use of restrictive practices and there is a growing momentum to promote models that incorporate trauma informed care (TIC) and person centredness.
Foot Health and Mobility in People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Courtenay Ken , Murray Anita 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFoot disorders affect people with intellectual disability and have an impact on their ability to mobilize; their prevalence appears to be higher than in the general population. Foot problems are recognized as part of certain syndromes associated with intellectual disabilities. Bony deformities of the foot, general health disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and inappropriate footwear contribute to the development and aggravation of foot disorders. People with intellectual disability generally are disadvantaged as they do not have sufficient access to podiatric services even when foot problems are well known. Attention to people's foot health has important benefits to their health, social functioning, and mobility. Issues in the management of foot problems include awareness by carers and podiatrists of foot disorders in people with intellectual disabilities, effective communication with the person, and the assessment of mental capacity by podiatrists when proposing interventions to manage the problems. Maintaining people's mobility through active attention to their foot health has benefits not just for the persons but their access to community life and reduced costs in meeting their health needs.
Expression of microRNA‐155 correlates positively with the expression of Toll‐like receptor 7 and modulates hepatitis B virus via C/EBP‐β in hepatocytes
Authors: Sarkar N. , Panigrahi R. , Pal A. , Biswas A. , Singh S. P. , Kar S. K. , Bandopadhyay M. , Das D. , Saha D. , Kanda T. , Sugiyama M. , Chakrabarti S. , Banerjee A. , Chakravarty R. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryEffective recognition of viral infection and successive activation of antiviral innate immune responses are vital for host antiviral defence, which largely depends on multiple regulators, including Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and microRNAs. Several early reports suggest that specific TLR‐mediated immune responses can control hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and express differentially with disease outcome. Considering the versatile function of miR‐155 in the TLR‐mediated innate immune response, we aimed to study the association between miR‐155 and TLRs and their subsequent impact on HBV replication using both a HBV‐replicating stable cell line (HepG2.2.15) and HBV‐infected liver biopsy and serum samples. Our results showed that miR‐155 was suppressed during HBV infection and a subsequent positive correlation of miR‐155 with TLR7 activation was noted. Further, ectopic expression of miR‐155 in vitro reduced HBV load as evidenced from reduced viral DNA, mRNA and subsequently reduced level of secreted viral antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg). Our results further suggested that CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐β (C/EBP‐β), a positive regulator of HBV transcription, was inhibited by miR‐155. Taken together, our study established a correlation between miR‐155 and TLR7 during HBV infection and also demonstrated in vitro that increased miR‐155 level could help to reduce HBV viral load by targeting C/EBP‐β.
Reading difference: picture book retellings as contexts for exploring personal meanings of race and culture
Authors: Lysaker Judith , Sedberry Tiffany 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn racially and culturally homogeneous school settings, opportunities for children to interact with those who are unlike themselves are not always available. Picture book retellings provide contexts within which students are exposed to racial and cultural differences by allowing them to engage in vicarious events with people they might not otherwise encounter. In this article, the authors explore two fourth graders' aided and unaided picture book retellings. They argue that retellings are dialogic literacy events that provide children with opportunities to explore difference through social imagination and develop empathetic response to a wide range of fictional others.
Severe maternal morbidity and breastfeeding outcomes in the early post‐natal period: a prospective cohort study from one English maternity unit
Authors: Furuta Marie , Sandall Jane , Cooper Derek , Bick Debra 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrevious research has identified potential issues of establishing and maintaining breastfeeding among women who experience severe maternal morbidity associated with pregnancy and birth, but evidence in the UK maternity population was scarce. We explored the association between severe maternal morbidity and breastfeeding outcomes (uptake and prevalence of partial and exclusive breastfeeding) at 6 to 8 weeks post‐partum in a UK sample. Data on breastfeeding outcomes were obtained from a large cohort study of women who gave birth in one maternity unit in England to assess the impact of women's experiences of severe maternal morbidity (defined as major obstetric haemorrhage, severe hypertensive disorder or high dependency unit/intensive care unit admission) on their post‐natal health and other important outcomes including infant feeding. Results indicated that among women who responded (n = 1824, response rate = 53%), there were no statistically significant differences in breastfeeding outcomes between women who did or did not experience severe morbidity, except for women with severe hypertensive disorder who were less likely to breastfeed either partially or exclusively at 6 to 8 weeks post‐partum. Rather, breastfeeding outcomes were related to multi‐dimensional factors including sociodemographic (age, ethnicity, living arrangement), other pregnancy outcomes (neonatal intensive care unit admission, mode of birth, women's perceived control during birth) and post‐natal psychological factors (depressive symptoms). Women who experience severe maternal morbidity can be reassured that establishing successful breastfeeding can be achieved. More studies are required to understand what support is best for women who have complex health/social needs to establish breastfeeding.
The role of maternal education in the 15‐year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md Tanvir , Soares Magalhaes Ricardo J. , Williams Gail M. , Mamun Abdullah A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMalnutrition in children under 5 years of age (U5s) is a serious public health problem in low‐ and middle‐income countries including Bangladesh. Improved maternal education can contribute effectively to reduce child malnutrition. We examined the long‐term impact of maternal education on the risk of malnutrition in U5s and quantified the level of education required for the mothers to reduce the risk. We used pooled data from five nationwide demographic and health surveys conducted in 1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2004, 2007 and 2011 in Bangladesh involving 28 941 U5s. A log‐binomial regression model was used to examine the association between maternal education (no education, primary, secondary or more) and malnutrition in children, measured by stunting, underweight and wasting controlling for survey time, maternal age, maternal body mass index, maternal working status, parity, paternal education and wealth quintile. An overall improvement in maternal educational attainment was observed between 1996 and 2011. The prevalence of malnutrition although decreasing was consistently high among children of mothers with lower education compared with those of mothers with higher education. In adjusted models incorporating time effects, children of mothers with secondary or higher education were at lower risk of childhood stunting [risk ratio (RR): 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 0.89], underweight (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.88) and wasting (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.91) compared with children of mothers with no education. We demonstrated the importance of promoting women's education at least up to the secondary level as a means to tackle malnutrition in Bangladesh.
The synthetic cationic lipid diC14 activates a sector of the Arabidopsis defence network requiring endogenous signalling components
Authors: Cambiagno Damián Alejandro , Lonez Caroline , Ruysschaert Jean‐Marie , Alvarez María Elena 
Published: February 2015

SummaryNatural and synthetic elicitors have contributed significantly to the study of plant immunity. Pathogen‐derived proteins and carbohydrates that bind to immune receptors, allow the fine dissection of certain defence pathways. Lipids of a different nature that act as defence elicitors, have also been studied, but their specific effects have been less well characterized, and their receptors have not been identified. In animal cells, nanoliposomes of the synthetic cationic lipid 3‐tetradecylamino‐tert‐butyl‐N‐tetradecylpropionamidine (diC14) activate the TLR4‐dependent immune cascade. Here, we have investigated whether this lipid induces Arabidopsis defence responses. At the local level, diC14 activated early and late defence gene markers (FRK1, WRKY29, ICS1 and PR1), acting in a dose‐dependent manner. This lipid induced the salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent, but not jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent, pathway and protected plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), but not Botrytis cinerea. diC14 was not toxic to plant or pathogen, and potentiated pathogen‐induced callose deposition. At the systemic level, diC14 induced PR1 expression and conferred resistance against Pst. diC14‐induced defence responses required the signalling protein EDS1, but not NDR1. Curiously, the lipid‐induced defence gene expression was lower in the fls2/efr/cerk1 triple mutant, but still unchanged in the single mutants. The amidine headgroup and chain length were important for its activity. Given the robustness of the responses triggered by diC14, its specific action on a defence pathway and the requirement for well‐known defence components, this synthetic lipid is emerging as a useful tool to investigate the initial events involved in plant innate immunity.
Primary IgA nephropathy in elderly patients
Authors: Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Nasr Samih H , Thongprayoon Charat , Mao Michael A , Qian Qi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimData on clinicopathological features, treatment and outcomes of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in elderly patients are limited.MethodsNative kidney biopsies with a pathological diagnosis of IgAN (n = 1084) from Mayo Clinic Rochester in the years 1994–2013 were examined. After exclusion of the secondary IgAN, 45 elderly IgAN patients (age ≥65 years) were identified. One hundred sixty‐two younger adults (age 18–64 years) with IgAN were randomly selected for comparison.ResultsCompared with younger adults, elderly patients showed a higher rate of chronic hypertension (62.2 vs 27.2%), higher pulse pressures (65 ± 17 vs 51 ± 15 mmHg), requiring greater number of antihypertensive medications (2.5 ± 1.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.7) and lower blood haemoglobin (11.1 ± 2.3 vs 12.7 ± 2.1 g/dL) at time of kidney biopsy, all P < 0.001. Pathologically, elderly kidneys showed a higher degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (P = 0.04) and vascular sclerosis (P < 0.001). Treatments (including the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and immunosuppressants) were similar in the two cohorts. Elderly patients had more end‐stage renal disease at 6 months (HR 5.51; 95% CI 1.46–22.3, P = 0.01) and higher 6‐month and 5‐year mortality (HR 2.31; 95% CI 1.04–5.17, P = 0.04) after adjusting the age and comorbidities.ConclusionIgAN diagnosed at age >65 years tends to have a faster renal disease progression and higher patient mortality.