bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trait‐specific consequences of inbreeding on adaptive phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Schou Mads F. , Kristensen Torsten N. , Loeschcke Volker 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEnvironmental changes may stress organisms and stimulate an adaptive phenotypic response. Effects of inbreeding often interact with the environment and can decrease fitness of inbred individuals exposed to stress more so than that of outbred individuals. Such an interaction may stem from a reduced ability of inbred individuals to respond plastically to environmental stress; however, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. In this study, we mimicked the genetic constitution of natural inbred populations by rearing replicate Drosophila melanogaster populations for 25 generations at a reduced population size (10 individuals). The replicate inbred populations, as well as control populations reared at a population size of 500, were exposed to a benign developmental temperature and two developmental temperatures at the lower and upper margins of their viable range. Flies developed at the three temperatures were assessed for traits known to vary across temperatures, namely abdominal pigmentation, wing size, and wing shape. We found no significant difference in phenotypic plasticity in pigmentation or in wing size between inbred and control populations, but a significantly higher plasticity in wing shape across temperatures in inbred compared to control populations. Given that the norms of reaction for the noninbred control populations are adaptive, we conclude that a reduced ability to induce an adaptive phenotypic response to temperature changes is not a general consequence of inbreeding and thus not a general explanation of inbreeding–environment interaction effects on fitness components.
Local tributary widening for river rehabilitation
Authors: Leite Ribeiro M. , Blanckaert K. , Schleiss A. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe hydro‐morpho‐sedimentary processes in confluence hydrodynamic zones (CHZ) subject to a local widening of the tributary were investigated in a series of laboratory experiments that were representative of the 20 major confluences of the Upper Rhone River in Switzerland. Three discharge ratios (low, intermediate and high ratios of tributary to main channel discharge) were investigated for each of four tributary configurations (reference configuration with constant tributary width and three geometries of the local tributary widening). In all experiments, the local tributary widening caused substantial morphodynamic changes in the CHZ and moderate sediment redistribution in the post‐confluence channel. At the entrance of the local widening, the tributary main flow corridor gradually widened. Towards the confluence mouth, it narrowed and deflected in downstream direction because of a zone of flow stagnation at the confluence upstream junction corner. Dry zones and flow stagnation zones occurred in the widening zone outside the tributary main flow corridor. The results indicate that a local tributary widening considerably enhances the variability of bed substrate, velocity and depth in the CHZ, and offers an appropriate habitat for a wider range of biota than the homogeneous channelized reference configuration. None of the investigated experiments resulted in adverse impacts on water surface elevation and thereby flood safety. On the basis of the laboratory experiments, the appropriate geometry of the local tributary widening is discussed, and quantitative guidelines for practical application are proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Einfluss eines Auflastfilters auf den Bruchvorgang beim hydraulischen Versagen nichtbindiger Böden
Authors: Schober Philipp , Boley Conrad 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNumerische Untersuchungen zum hydraulischen Grundbruch an Baugrubenumschließungen mit geringer Einbindung der Baugrubenumschließung und baugrubenseitiger Sicherung durch einen Auflastfilter haben gezeigt, dass die herkömmlichen Nachweise nach DIN EN 1997‐1:2009‐09 (Eurocode 7) und DIN 1054:2010‐12 bzw. nach EAU für geringe Einbindetiefen und bei luftseitiger Sicherung durch einen Auflastfilter auf der unsicheren Seite liegen können. Dies kann auf die vereinfachte Form des Ersatzkörpers zurückgeführt werden, bei welcher die Strömungskräfte unterhalb des Wandfußes nicht berücksichtigt werden. Des Weiteren werden bei den herkömmlichen Nachweisen keine rückhaltenden Reibungskräfte im Boden oder im Auflastfilter angesetzt.Anhand von eigenen theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Versagen vertikal durchströmter Bodensäulen in einem Zylinder sowie zum Versagen durch hydraulischen Grundbruch an einer Baugrubenumschließung konnte der Einfluss eines Auflastfilters auf die im Boden und im Auflastfilter wirkenden Reibungskräfte sowie auf die Bruchkörperform beim hydraulischen Grundbruch bestimmt werden.Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse aus den theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen dienten als Grundlage zur Entwicklung eines modifiziertes Verfahrens zum Nachweis der Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch an Baugrubenumschließungen bei baugrubenseitiger Sicherung durch einen Auflastfilter in nichtbindigen Böden.The influence of a surcharge filter on hydraulic failure. Numerical investigations of hydraulic heave failure at excavation walls with a small embedded depth and a surcharge filter on the excavation side of the wall have shown that the traditional proof of hydraulic heave according to DIN EN 1997‐1:2009‐09 (Eurocode 7) and DIN 1054:2010‐12 or to EAU can be unsafe. This is caused by the negligence of the flow forces below the pit wall. Moreover friction forces are not considered. By the means of proper theoretical and experimental analysis of the failure mode due to vertical flow through a soil column and due to hydraulic heaves, the influence of a surcharge filter due to the acting friction forces during hydraulic failure and the failure body during hydraulic heave could be determined. Based on the results of the theoretical and experimental investigations a modified method to determine the hydraulic heave safety with a surcharge filter on the excavation bottom is presented.
Untersuchungen zum Setzungs‐ und Scherverhalten sowie zur Klassifizierung von feinkörnigen Böden mit organischen Bestandteilen
Authors: Herrmann Richard A. , Löwen Martin , Wilden Ulrich 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn Böden enthaltene organische Bestandteile können das Verhalten eines Bodens maßgeblich beeinflussen. Abhängig vom Zersetzungsgrad der organischen Substanz und dem damit einhergehenden höheren Wassergehalt ist eine Verringerung der Festigkeit feststellbar. Zusätzlich tritt aber auch eine stabilisierende Wirkung des Bodens durch noch vorhandene Fasern auf. Eine, insbesondere für die Baupraxis, wichtige Eigenschaft von Organik ist der Aspekt der Abbaubarkeit. Der Abbauprozess bei der aeroben Zersetzung ist stark abhängig von dem vorhandenen Sauerstoffgehalt. Die Folge von intensiver Sauerstoffzufuhr ist eine ausgeprägte Volumenreduktion der organischen Masse in der jeweiligen Bodenzone bis hin zum fast vollständigen Massenverlust, was wiederum infolge des Massenverlusts mit Setzungen im gesamten Erdkörper einhergeht. Fällt die Sauerstoffzufuhr in der jeweiligen Bodenzone jedoch nur mäßig aus, können die Setzungen hier beispielsweise so gering ausfallen, dass sie nicht von gewöhnlichen Kriechsetzungen zu unterscheiden sind. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit der Zielsetzung, das Setzungsverhalten sowie die Beeinflussung der Scherfestigkeit, in Abhängigkeit variabler organischer Bestandteile, näher zu beschreiben. Zudem sollte eine genauere Klassifizierung von Böden mit organischen Bestandteilen ermöglicht werden.Investigations on the Settlement Behavior, Shear Strength and Classification of Fine‐Grained Soils with Organic Components: Organic components, with a very large specific surface, are able to bind large quantities of water and can extensively affect bearing capacity. Even small portions of organics in soil can crucially change soil behavior with regard to water absorption. Particularly for construction practices, an important characteristic of organics is degradability. This process can take place under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The breakdown process in aerobic decomposition is highly dependent upon available oxygen. The consequence of an intensive oxygen supply is a pronounced reduction in volume of the organic matter in each soil zone to almost zero, which in turn is associated with settlement in the entire soil mass. If oxygenation in respective soil zones is small, settlements may be so tiny as to be indistinguishable from ordinary creep. Investigations were performed to examine settlement behavior as well as influence on shear strength, and more closely describe the variable as a function of organic components. Furthermore, a more accurate classification of these soils should become possible.
Toward a New Family of Bifunctional Organoiron Dendrimers: Facile Synthesis, Redox, and Photophysical Fingerprints
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Agatemor Christian , Etkin Nola , Bissessur Rabin 
Published: December 2014

Multifunctional macromolecules continue to attract attention. Here, three generations of a new family of bifunctional organoiron dendrimers are reported, which are synthesized from a redox‐active organoiron complex, η6‐dichlorobenzene‐η5‐cyclopentadienyl‐iron(II). The facile chemistry of the complex is exploited to functionalize the dendritic peripheral with photo­active β‐naphthol, yielding redox, photoactive dendrimers under mild conditions. To ascertain the redox and photophysical fingerprints of these dendrimers, cyclic voltammetric, and UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements are used. The cyclic voltammetric measurements suggest non‐interacting redox‐active iron centers within the dendritic structure, and a negative dendritic effect on the half‐wave potential. The cathodic peak broadens with increasing dendrimer generation as the rate of electron transfer between the electrode and the iron centers decreases. The dendrimers exhibit the characteristic absorption and fluorescence fingerprint of β‐naphthol and a positive dendritic effect on the fluorescence intensities. A 24 h UV irradiation of acetonitrile/chloroform solution of the dendrimers yields their organic analogues with a concomitant enhancement of the absorption and fluorescence properties. The synthetic approach to these dendrimers offers an attractive route to other redox, multifunctional organometallic dendrimers.
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Combustion Properties of Amino‐Substituted Guanidinium 4,4′,5,5′‐Tetranitro‐2,2′‐biimidazolate(N4BIM) Salts
Authors: Tappan Bryce C. , Chavez David E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the combustion properties of the amino‐substituted guanidinium 4,4′,5,5′‐tetranitro‐2,2′‐biimidazolate (N4BIM) series, including the bis‐mono, di and triaminoguanidinium salts. These salts are of interest as propellant ingredient additives, and in particular, the bis‐triaminoguanidinium salt of N4BIM displays excellent burn rate and combustion behavior. Our combustion studies have shown that TAGN4‐BIM displays a fast burning rate and has the lowest pressure dependence exponent yet measured for a triaminoguanidinium salt.
End‐of‐life Decisions in Intensive Care Medicine–Shared Decision‐Making and Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay
Authors: Graw Jan A. , Spies Claudia D. , Kork Felix , Wernecke Klaus‐D. , Braun Jan‐Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundMost deaths on the intensive care unit (ICU) occur after end‐of‐life decisions (EOLD) have been made. During the decision‐making process, responsibility is often shared within the caregiver team and with the patients’ surrogates. The intensive care unit length of stay (ICU‐LOS) of surgical ICU‐patients depends on the primary illness as well as on the past medical history. Whether an increasing ICU‐LOS affects the process of EOLD making is unknown.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on all deceased patients (n = 303) in a 22‐bed surgical ICU of a German university medical center. Patient characteristics were compared between surgical patients with an ICU‐LOS up to 1 week and those with an ICU‐LOS of more than 7 days.ResultsDeceased patients with a long ICU‐LOS received more often an EOLD (83.2 % vs. 63.6 %, p = 0.001). Groups did not differ in urgency of admission. Attending intensivists participated in every EOLD. Participation of surgeons was significantly higher in patients with a short ICU‐LOS (24.1 %, p = 0.003), whereas nurses and the patients’ surrogates were involved more frequently in patients with a long ICU‐LOS (18.8 %, p = 0.021 and 18.9 %, p = 0.018, respectively).ConclusionEOLDs of surgical ICU‐patients are associated with the ICU‐LOS. Reversal of the primary illness leads the early ICU course, while in prolonged ICU‐LOS, the patients’ predicted will and the expected post‐ICU‐quality of life gain interest. Nurses and the patients’ surrogates participate more frequently in EOLDs with prolonged ICU‐LOS. To improve EOLD making on surgical ICUs, the ICU‐LOS associated participation of the different decision makers needs further prospective analysis.
Reconstruction of Scaphoid Non-Union and Total Scaphoid Avascular Necrosis in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Ben-Amotz Oded , Ho Christine , Sammer Douglas M. 
Published: December 2014

Background The medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft has grown in popularity for treating recalcitrant fracture non-unions and has become particularly useful in treating scaphoid non-union with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. The medial femoral condyle is an excellent source of dense, well-vascularized bone and results in minimal donor site morbidity. Methods We describe an unusual case of chronic scaphoid non-union and total scaphoid avascular necrosis in a skeletally immature patient. Scaphoid reconstruction was performed with a vascularized medial femoral condyle graft, with successful graft incorporation, and restoration of pain-free wrist motion. Conclusions Technical considerations for harvest of the medial femoral condyle bone graft in the skeletally immature patient are discussed.
Präkonzeptionelle und vorgeburtliche klinische Genomsequenzierung
Authors: Dufke Andreas , Riess Olaf 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Innerhalb kürzester Zeit haben Hochdurchsatzanalysen von Exomen und Genomen Eingang in die postnatale klinisch-diagnostische Anwendung gefunden. Bei hoher technischer Analysezuverlässigkeit, sinkenden Kosten und kurzen Analysezeiten ist das Potenzial, welches sich für diese Anwendung auch für das präkonzeptionelle Screening und die Pränataldiagnostik ergeben könnte, offensichtlich. Insbesondere diese beiden Anwendungsgebiete erfordern eine sehr hohe Sicherheit in der klinischen Befundinterpretation. Eine weitere Herausforderung gegenüber der postnatalen diagnostischen Anwendung wird die Beurteilung des klinischen Manifestationsspektrums präklinisch oder pränatal erhobener genomischer Sequenzdaten sein.

Material und Methoden
Abgeleitet von den Erfahrungen mit NGS-Analysen im postnatalen diagnostischen Ansatz erfolgen eine Übertragung und ein Ausblick auf die Anwendung der Methode im Kontext der Familienplanung.

Diskussion und Ergebnisse
Der Beitrag beschränkt sich auf die technische und klinische Anwendbarkeit. Diskutiert werden der Einsatz von NGS als umfassende Screeningmethode von Populationen, Niedrigrisikokollektiven und die Beschränkung auf ausgewählte, dem individuellen Risikoprofil angepasste Analysen. Letztere könnten kurz- bis mittelfristig Eingang in die präkonzeptionelle und auch vorgeburtliche Diagnostik finden.
A classification of semilocal vortices in a Chern–Simons theory
Authors: Chern Jann-Long , Chen Zhi-You , Yang Sze-Guang 
Published: December 2014

We consider a Chern–Simons theory of planar matter fields interacting with the Chern–Simons gauge field in a

\mathrm{SU}(N)_{\text{global}} \otimes \mathrm{U}(1)_{\text{local}}

invariant fashion. We classify the radially symmetric soliton solutions of the system in terms of the prescribed value of magnetic flux associated with this model. We also prove the uniqueness of the topological solution in a certain condition.

Résumé

Nous étudions une théorie Chern–Simons de champs de matière plans interagissant avec le champ de jauge de Chern–Simons d'une manière invariante par le groupe

\mathrm{SU}(N)_{\text{global}} \otimes \mathrm{U}(1)_{\text{local}}

. Nous classons les solutions solitons radialement symétriques du système en fonction de la valeur prescrite d'un flux magnétique associé à ce modèle. Nous prouvons également l'unicité de la solution topologique sous une certaine condition.
The psychology of investment behavior: (De)biasing financial decision‐making one graph at a time
Authors: Duclos Rod 
Published: December 2014

AbstractConsumers' welfare largely depends on the soundness of their financial decisions. To this effect, the present research examines how people process graphical displays of financial information (e.g., stock‐prices) to forecast future trends and invest accordingly. In essence, we ask whether and how visual biases in data interpretation impact financial decision‐making and risk‐taking. Five experiments find that the last trading day(s) of a stock bear a disproportionately (and unduly) high importance on investment behavior, a phenomenon we coin end‐anchoring. Specifically, a stock‐price closing upward (downward) fosters upward (downward) forecasts for tomorrow and, accordingly, more (less) investing in the present. Substantial investment asymmetries (up to 75%) emerge even as stock‐price distributions were generated randomly to simulate times when the market conjuncture is hesitant and no real upward or downward trend can be identified. Allying experimental manipulations to eye‐tracking technology, the present research begins to explore the underpinnings of end‐anchoring.
Experimental and theoretical study of dewetting corner flow
Authors: Kim Hyoungsoo , Poelma Christian , Ooms Gijs , Westerweel Jerry 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe study a partial dewetting corner flow with a moving contact line at a finite Reynolds number, $0<\mathit{Re}<O(100)$. When the speed of the moving contact line increases, the receding contact line appears with a corner shape that is also observed in a gravity-driven liquid droplet on an incline and on a plate withdrawn from a bath. In the current problem, $\mathit{Re}\,{\it\epsilon}$ is larger than unity, where ${\it\epsilon}$ is the aspect ratio of the flow structure. Therefore, classical lubrication theory is no longer appropriate. We develop a modified three-dimensional lubrication model for the dewetting corner structure at $\mathit{Re}\,{\it\epsilon}>1$ by taking into account the internal flow pattern and by scaling arguments. The key requirement is that the streamlines in the corner are straight and (nearly) parallel. In this case, we can obtain a modified pressure consisting of the capillary pressure and the dynamic pressure. This model describes the three-dimensional dewetting corner structure at the rear of the moving droplets at $\mathit{Re}\,{\it\epsilon}>1$ and furthermore shows that the dynamic pressure effects become dominant at a small half-opening angle. Additionally, this model provides analytical results for the internal flow, which is a self-similar flow pattern. To validate the analytical results, we perform high-speed shadowgraphy and tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV). We find a good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results.
A force-resisting balance control strategy for a walking biped robot under an unknown, continuous force
Authors: Kim Yeoun-Jae , Lee Joon-Yong , Lee Ju-Jang 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose and examine a force-resisting balance control strategy for a walking biped robot under the application of a sudden unknown, continuous force. We assume that the external force is acting on the pelvis of a walking biped robot and that the external force in the z-direction is negligible compared to the external forces in the x- and y-directions. The main control strategy involves moving the zero moment point (ZMP) of the walking robot to the center of the robot's sole resisting the externally applied force. This strategy is divided into three steps. The first step is to detect an abnormal situation in which an unknown continuous force is applied by examining the position of the ZMP. The second step is to move the ZMP of the robot to the center of the sole resisting the external force. The third step is to have the biped robot convert from single support phase (SSP) to double support phase (DSP) for an increased force-resisting capability. Computer simulations and experiments of the proposed methods are performed to benchmark the suggested control strategy.
The relationship between unhealthy snacking at school and academic outcomes: a population study in Chilean schoolchildren
Authors: Correa-Burrows Paulina , Burrows Raquel , Orellana Yasna , Ivanovic Daniza 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe examined the association between unhealthy snacking at school and academic outcomes in students from the Santiago Metropolitan Region (Chile).DesignCross-sectional population-based study.SettingWe measured the nutritional quality of snacks at school using an FFQ, and accounting for the amounts of saturated fat, fibre, sugar and salt in the foods, and academic outcomes using national standardized test scores in Language and Mathematics. Multivariate regression analyses modelled the relationship between unhealthy snacking at school (exposure), potential confounders and performance in Mathematics and Language (outcomes).SubjectsRandom sample of 1073 students (13·1 (sd 2·3) years old) attending public, partially subsidized and private schools.ResultsFifty-six per cent of students ate items at snack time that were high in fat, sugar, salt and energy, and thus were considered to have unhealthy snaking. Thirty-six per cent and 8 % were considered to have poor-to-fair and healthy snacking, respectively. Unhealthy snacking significantly lowered the odds of good academic performance in both domains. Students having unhealthy snacks were 56 % less likely to pass in Language (fully adjusted OR=0·44; 95 % CI 0·23, 0·85) and 66 % less likely to pass in Mathematics (fully adjusted OR=0·34; 95 % CI 0·19, 0·64) compared with students having healthy snack items.ConclusionsSchoolchildren eating unhealthy foods at snack time had worse academic performance in Language and Mathematics, as measured by a standardized test. Although association does not imply causation, these findings support the notion that academic and health-related behaviours are linked. More research is needed on the effect of school health programmes on educational outcomes.
Enhancing RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of wideband RF energy harvesters using multi-tone optimization technique
Authors: Kuhn Véronique , Seguin Fabrice , Lahuec Cyril , Person Christian 
Published: December 2014

In this paper, a 1.8–2.6 GHz wideband rectenna is designed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting in the context of wireless sensor nodes (WSN). To assess the feasibility of ambient RF energy harvesting, the power density from RF base stations is analyzed through statistical measurements. Power density measurements are also performed close to Wi-Fi routers. Using these results, a methodology based on impedance matching network adaptation and maximum power transfer is proposed to design the wideband RF harvester. Using this method, three RF bands,i.e.GSM1800, UMTS and WLAN, are covered. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by simulations and measurements. From measurements results, the prototype RF-to-DC conversion efficiency is 15% at −20 dBm from 1.8 to 2.6 GHz. It is shown that with three RF sources in the chosen bands, each emitting at 10 dBm, the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency is 15% better compared to that measured with a single RF source. Finally, 7 µW is harvested at 50 m from a GSM1800 and UMTS base station. This value confirms the RF harvester workability to supply small sensors.