bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the gate: supporting the employment aspirations of offenders with mental health conditions
Authors: Durcan Graham 
Published: November 2012

PurposeAround 90 per cent of offenders have a mental health problem, personality disorder or addiction, and most have two or more such problems. One of the most effective ways of preventing reoffending and improving the life chances of an offender is through achieving and maintaining employment, however very few people leaving prison will have employment on release from prison. This paper aims to focus on these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes an investigation conducted by the Centre for Mental Health into employment opportunities for offenders with mental health problems on release from prison.FindingsThe investigation revealed that, although offenders with mental health problems are less likely than other prisoners to be included in employment programmes, evidenced‐based approaches such as individual placement and support offer huge potential. The investigation identified five principles for employment programmes supporting this group: employers should play an instrumental role in creating opportunities; recruitment should be pragmatic, based on attitude and “character” rather than qualifications or health status; support should be offered to employees and their employers/managers for as long as they need it; opportunities for “pre‐ employment” and “in work” skills development should be linked to real employment opportunities; and criminal justice and other statutory agencies should facilitate effective pathways to real work and skills development.Practical implicationsThere is a need to develop more employment programmes for offenders with mental health problems that incorporate evidenced‐based approaches such as individual placement and support, and a number of key principles identified in this investigation.Originality/valueThe investigation that this paper describes is the first to consider as its main focus evidence‐based employment interventions for people with mental health problems leaving prison or engaged with other parts of the criminal justice system.
One charity's approach to perinatal depression and social inclusion
Authors: Beynon Rhian , Wafula Simon 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an example of effective multi‐agency working between the statutory health services and the voluntary sector in the field of perinatal mental health.Design/methodology/approachThe Perinatal Support Project (PSP) is an example of an innovative voluntary sector solution to the twin problems of perinatal mental health and social exclusion. The paper explores the structure of the PSP in the context of perinatal mental health research before explaining the significance of the role of volunteer “befrienders” in alleviating maternal depression and reducing social isolation. The paper then presents data from the latest independent evaluation into the PSP before calling for more services of this nature.FindingsThe paper highlights the individual success of the PSP model in alleviating maternal depression, improving mother‐baby attachment and reducing social isolation. It attests to the benefits of effective multi‐agency partnerships more generally.Originality/valueThere is a scarcity of truly early interventionist services for vulnerable families. This case study serves as an independently evaluated example of good practice for community practitioners and commissioning groups.
Better Access to Mental Health program: Influence of mental health occupational therapy
Authors: Kohn Milly , Hitch Danielle , Stagnitti Karen 
Published: November 2012

Background/aimThe Better Access to Mental Health program has enabled eligible occupational therapists to provide services to people with a mental health condition. No studies have yet reported the influence of occupational therapy under this scheme. The aim of this study was to investigate whether attending an occupational therapist under this initiative influences change in psychological distress of clients as measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).MethodA quasi‐experimental pretest–posttest design, using pre‐existing data collected in the process of regular treatment was used. Data from a total of 31 clients (mean = 17.13 years, SD = 3.603) were accessed for this study. Pre‐ and post‐intervention scores on the K10 were used to determine if psychological distress had changed over the course of intervention.ResultsHighly significant improvements (P < 0.001) were found between the K10 pre‐intervention score (mean = 25.68, SD = 9.944) and the K10 post‐intervention score (mean = 21.00, SD = 9.212). Male K10 post‐intervention scores (mean = 17.64, SD = 5.3) significantly improved (P = 0.05), whereas results for females were not statistically significant. Medication use, diagnosis, age, number of sessions and prior contact with health services did not influence the results. Results from specific evidence‐based interventions were not able to be considered in this study.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate effectiveness of occupational therapy services for adolescents and provide support for the ongoing participation of occupational therapists in this scheme.
Extreme developmental temperatures result in morphological abnormalities in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta): a climate change perspective
Authors: TELEMECO Rory S. , WARNER Daniel A. , REIDA Molly K. , JANZEN Fredric J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIncreases in extreme environmental events are predicted to be major results of ongoing global climate change and may impact the persistence of species. We examined the effects of heat and cold waves during embryonic development of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in natural nests on the occurrence of abnormal shell morphologies in hatchlings. We found that nests exposed to extreme hot temperatures for >60 h produced more hatchlings with abnormalities than nests exposed to extreme hot temperatures for shorter periods, regardless of whether or not nesting females displayed abnormal morphologies. We observed no effect of extreme cold nest temperatures on the occurrence of hatchlings with abnormalities. Moreover, the frequency of nesting females with abnormal shell morphologies was approximately 2‐fold lower than that of their offspring, suggesting that such abnormalities are negatively correlated with survival and fitness. Female turtles could potentially buffer their offspring from extreme heat by altering aspects of nesting behavior, such as choosing shadier nesting sites. We addressed this hypothesis by examining the effects of shade cover on extreme nest temperatures and the occurrence of hatchling abnormalities. While shade cover was negatively correlated with the occurrence of extreme hot nest temperatures, it was not significantly correlated with abnormalities. Therefore, female choice of shade cover does not appear to be a viable target for selection to reduce hatchling abnormalities. Our results suggest that increases in the frequency and intensity of heat waves associated with climate change might perturb developmental programs and thereby reduce the fitness of entire cohorts of turtles.
Utility of in vitro interferon‐γ release assay in differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease
Authors: Lei Yuan , Yi Feng Ming , Zhao Jie , Luckheeram Rishi Vishal , Huang Sha , Chen Min , Huang Mei Fang , Li Jin , Zhou Rui , Yang Gui Fang , Xia Bing 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic utility of interferon‐γ release assay (T‐SPOT.TB) for the differential diagnosis between Crohn's disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB).MethodsA total of 103 CD and 88 ITB patients, confirmed by histology and anti‐tuberculosis treatment response from 2003 to 2011, were included. Their characteristics and clinical features were recorded. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of IS6110, in vitro T‐SPOT.TB, tuberculin skin test (TST), immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to MTB (protein chip), serum anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA IgG, chronic inflammatory bowel disease profile) and acid‐fast staining of biopsied colonic tissue specimens were performed. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine their concordance with the diagnosis and its sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).ResultsAbnormal pulmonary X‐ray, ascites and lesions of both cecum and ascending colon were more associated with ITB, while intestinal surgery and lesions of both ileum and adjacent colon were more commonly seen in CD. Significant diagnostic concordance was found using T‐SPOT.TB (κ = 0.786) by consistency test. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of T‐SPOT.TB were 86%, 93%, 88% and 91%, respectively, and the sensitivity and NPV were significantly higher than other examinations (P < 0.05).ConclusionT‐SPOT.TB is a valuable assay in differentiating ITB from CD, particularly in the diagnostic exclusion of ITB based on its high specificity and NPV.
Cheddar: analysis and visualisation of ecological communities in R
Authors: Hudson Lawrence N. , Emerson Rob , Jenkins Gareth B. , Layer Katrin , Ledger Mark E. , Pichler Doris E. , Thompson Murray S. A. , O'Gorman Eoin J. , Woodward Guy , Reuman Daniel C. 
Published: November 2012

Summary

There has been a lack of software available to ecologists for the management, visualisation and analysis of ecological community and food web data. Researchers have been forced to implement their own data formats and software, often from scratch, resulting in duplicated effort and bespoke solutions that are difficult to apply to future analyses and comparative studies.

We introduce Cheddar – an R package that provides standard, transparent implementations of a wide range of food web and community‐level analyses and plots, focussing on ecological network data that are augmented with estimates of body mass and/or numerical abundance.

The package allows analysis of individual communities, as well as collections of communities, allowing examination of changes in structure through time, across environmental gradients, or due to experimental manipulations. Several commonly analysed food web data sets are included and used in worked examples.

This is the first time these important features have been combined in a single package that helps improve research efficiency and serves as a unified framework for future development.
Delivery at 37 weeks' gestation is associated with a higher risk for child behavioural problems
Authors: Robinson Monique , Whitehouse Andrew J.O. , Zubrick Stephen R. , Pennell Craig E. , Jacoby Peter , McLean Neil J. , Oddy Wendy H. , Hammond Geoffrey , Stanley Fiona J. , Newnham John P. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundAdvances in obstetric care have been accompanied by increasing rates of intervention which often involve elective delivery at 37 weeks, soon after term gestation has been achieved.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the behavioural sequelae for children born at this early term gestational age compared with those born at later weeks.MethodsThe Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study provided comprehensive obstetric data from 2900 pregnancies. Offspring were followed up at ages two, five, eight, 10, 14 and 17 years using the parent report Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) with clinical cutoffs for overall, internalising (withdrawn, somatic complaints, anxious/depressed) and externalising (delinquent, aggressive) behaviour (T‐score ≥ 60). We used longitudinal logistic regression models incorporating generalised estimating equations (GEE) with step‐wise adjustment for ante‐, peri‐ and postnatal confounding factors.ResultsApproximately 9% of our cohort was born within the range of 370/7 and 376/7 weeks. Those born at 37 weeks' gestation were at increased risk for overall (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.01) and externalising (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.01) behavioural problems in the fully adjusted model when compared with infants born from 39 weeks onwards. Infants born late preterm (34–36 weeks) and at 38 weeks did not show a significantly increased risk for behavioural problems.ConclusionInfants born at 37 weeks' gestation are at increased risk for behavioural problems over childhood and adolescence compared with those born later in gestation. We suggest that 37 weeks' gestation may not be the optimal cutoff for defining perinatal risk as it applies to behavioural development.
Inflammatory mechanisms of ventilator‐induced lung injury: a time to stop and think?
Authors: Wilson M. R. , Takata M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryVentilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) is the phenomenon by which mechanical ventilation exacerbates lung injury in critically ill patients. It is particularly relevant for those suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome, in which the iatrogenic injury caused by VILI contributes to their high mortality. The innate immune system is widely accepted to play an important role during VILI. However, it is our belief that the identification of inflammatory mediators that are crucial during VILI, and thus may make useful therapeutic targets, has become obscured by the wide variety of pre‐clinical animal models of VILI reported in the literature. We aim here to summarise some of our work addressing this issue over the last 10 years, and thus, we hope, make interpretation of a convoluted field a little clearer.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Myocardial Infarction by Computer‐Assisted Electrocardiography (ELECTROPRES)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Padial Luis , Akerström Finn , Robles‐Gamboa Carolina , Andrés Josep , Ruiz‐Baena Jessica 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundInformation is limited about the classification accuracy of electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the presence of myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsWe evaluated LVH classification accuracy for a set of 16 ECG criteria and some combinations derived from them in 1642 patients (105 with MI) suspected of coronary heart disease with two‐dimensional echocardiography evaluation and a standard 12‐lead ECG recorded at the same time. Patients with left bundle branch block had previously been excluded. Measures of classification accuracy included sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values.ResultsDiagnostic accuracy varied widely for different LVH criteria. The criteria with the best overall performance had highest sensitivity in the presence of MI and sensitivities of approximately 30% with relatively low specificities ranging from 72% to 78%. However, the classification accuracy for them was similar to that for patients without MI. The prevalence of LVH in patients with MI was higher (56%) than in those with no MI (31%). Classification accuracy of the best single previously published LVH criteria was comparable to that of the best combinations of any three of them.ConclusionsThe classification accuracy of LVH criteria in the presence of MI is comparable to that in patients without MI, in part possibly due to the higher LVH prevalence in the MI group. The presence of a well‐validated computer database facilitates comparative evaluation of ECG‐LVH criteria and derivation of optimal combinations of criteria for any given clinical application.
Usefulness of Extended Holter ECG Monitoring for Serious Arrhythmia Detection in Patients with Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea
Authors: Uznańska‐Loch Barbara , Trzos Ewa , Wierzbowska‐Drabik Karina , Śmigielski Janusz , Rechciński Tomasz , Cieślik‐Guerra Urszula , Kasprzak Jarosław D. , Kurpesa Małgorzata 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundIn patients with systolic heart failure (HF), coexisting sleep apnea may promote arrhythmia. Ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring (AECG) is a method of arrhythmia and apnea evaluation. We hypothesized that 24‐hour AECG in patients with HF who have a high risk of serious arrhythmia may be less accurate than AECG extended to 48 hours and that, moreover, arrhythmia may be related to apnea.MethodsEighty‐four recordings of 48‐hour AECG in 84 patients with ischemic HF (mean ejection fraction 34 ± 7%) were analyzed. Day 1, Day 2 were checked for ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Estimated apnea‐hypopnea index (est.AHI) was calculated using Holter, monitoring where est.AHI >15 indicates apnea.ResultsIn 48‐hour AECG, VT occurred in 34 patients (40.5%) whereas SVT in 17 patients (20.2%), and patients with est.AHI > 15 had higher VT occurrence. In two‐sample one‐sided test for proportions, 24‐hour AECG from Day 1 showed a significantly lower percentage of patients with detected VT than 48‐hour AECG—it was 23.8% (20 patients), meaning a significant underestimation with P = 0.0089. We assessed VT underestimation in the subgroups with regard to est.AHI, and found that it was present in Day 1 monitoring in the subgroups with est.AHI > 15. It was absent in the subgroups with est.AHI ≤ 15 and also in Day 2 monitoring.ConclusionsIn patients with systolic HF, 24‐hour AECG may have insufficient sensitivity regarding serious arrhythmia occurrence. If significant apnea was detected in the first day, extending the monitoring may be recommended.
Association between Atrial Fibrillatory Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Corino Valentina D. A. , Cygankiewicz Iwona , Mainardi Luca T. , Stridh Martin , Vasquez Rafael , Bayes de Luna Antonio , Holmqvist Fredrik , Zareba Wojciech , Platonov Pyotr G. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundEven if atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR) has been related to clinical outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), its relation with ventricular response has not been deeply studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between AFR and RR series variability in patients with AF.MethodsTwenty‐minute electrocardiograms in orthogonal leads were processed to extract AFR, using spatiotemporal QRST cancellation and time frequency analysis, and RR series in 127 patients (age 69 ± 11 years) with congestive heart failure (NYHA II–III) enrolled in the MUSIC study (MUerte Subita en Insufficiencia Cardiaca). Heart rate variability and irregularity were assessed by time domain parameters and entropy‐based indices, respectively and their correlation with AFR investigated.ResultsVariability measures seem not to be related to AFR, while irregularity measures do. A significant correlation between AFR and variability parameters of heart rate variability during AF was found only in patients not treated with antiarrhythmics drugs (correlation = 0.56 P < 0.05 for pNN50), while this correlation was lost in patients taking rate‐ or rhythm‐control drugs. A significant positive correlation between AFR and indices of RR irregularity was found, showing that a higher AFR is related to a less organized RR series (correlation = 0.33 P < 0.05 for regularity index for all patients, correlation increased in subgroups of patients treated with the same drug).ConclusionsThese results suggest that a higher AFR is associated with a higher degree of irregularity of ventricular response that is observed regardless of the use of rate‐controlling drugs.
High‐Frequency QRS Analysis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Amit Guy , Galante Ori , Davrath Linda R. , Luria Oded , Abboud Shimon , Zahger Doron 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a primary tool in the evaluation and risk stratification of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI), even though the initial ECG of these patients is often normal or nondiagnostic. Myocardial ischemia induces depolarization changes that can be quantified by analysis of high‐frequency QRS (HFQRS) components. We aimed to demonstrate the potential usefulness of HFQRS analysis in diagnosing myocardial ischemia by characterizing the morphological patterns of the HFQRS signals in patients with AMI before and following reperfusion.MethodsFive‐minute high‐resolution ECG was acquired from 30 patients with AMI (age 55 ± 11 years, 26 men) upon their admission to the intensive coronary care unit (ICCU). Serial ECGs were acquired following coronary revascularization and after additional 24 hours (24h). High‐frequency morphology index (HFMI), quantifying the extent of ischemic patterns was computed by a custom software, and its values were compared between the serial ECG measurements.ResultsHFMI values were significantly higher on the admission ECG as compared to the post intervention ECG (4.6 ± 2.9% vs 3.4 ± 2.3%, P < 0.05) and to the 24h ECG (4.6 ± 2.9% vs 2.8 ± 2.1%, P < 0.01). In 79% of the patients who were successfully revascularized HFMI value decreased from admission ECG to 24h ECG.ConclusionsAnalysis of HFQRS morphology in patients with AMI provides information about the existence and severity of myocardial ischemia. HFQRS analysis may aid in risk stratification of patients with suspected myocardial ischemia, complementarily to conventional ECG.
Language experienced in utero affects vowel perception after birth: a two‐country study
Authors: Moon Christine , Lagercrantz Hugo , Kuhl Patricia K 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsTo test the hypothesis that exposure to ambient language in the womb alters phonetic perception shortly after birth. This two‐country study aimed to see whether neonates demonstrated prenatal learning by how they responded to vowels in a category from their native language and another non‐native language, regardless of how much postnatal experience the infants had.MethodA counterbalanced experiment was conducted in Sweden (n = 40) and the USA (n = 40) using Swedish and English vowel sounds. The neonates (mean postnatal age = 33 h) controlled audio presentation of either native or non‐native vowels by sucking on a pacifier, with the number of times they sucked their pacifier being used to demonstrate what vowel sounds attracted their attention. The vowels were either the English/i/or Swedish/y/in the form of a prototype plus 16 variants of the prototype.ResultsThe infants in the native and non‐native groups responded differently. As predicted, the infants responded to the unfamiliar non‐native language with higher mean sucks. They also sucked more to the non‐native prototype. Time since birth (range: 7–75 h) did not affect the outcome.ConclusionThe ambient language to which foetuses are exposed in the womb starts to affect their perception of their native language at a phonetic level. This can be measured shortly after birth by differences in responding to familiar vs. unfamiliar vowels.