bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Forebrain Activations in Youths with Family Histories of Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders Performing a Go/NoGo Task
Authors: Acheson Ashley , Tagamets Malle A. , Rowland Laura M. , Mathias Charles W. , Wright Susan N. , Hong L. Elliot , Kochunov Peter , Dougherty Donald M. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundYouths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at a greater risk of developing substance use disorders than their peers with no such family histories (FH−), and this increased risk may be related to impaired maturation of forebrain circuitry. FH+ individuals have shown altered forebrain activity at rest and while performing cognitive tasks. However, it is not fully understood how forebrain activity is altered in FH+ individuals, and ultimately how these alterations may contribute to substance use disorder risk.MethodsIn this study, we tested 72 FH+ and 32 FH− youths performing a go/no‐go task and examined activations in blocks with only go trials (Go Only), blocks with 50% go and 50% no‐go trials (Go/NoGo), and a contrast of those 2 blocks.ResultsFH+ youths had significantly greater cerebral activations in both the Go and Go/NoGo blocks than FH− youths in regions including the posterior cingulate/precuneus, bilateral middle/superior temporal gyrus, and medial superior frontal gyrus with no significant group differences in the subtraction between Go Only and Go/NoGo blocks. Additionally, FH+ youths had moderately slower reaction times on go trials in the Go Only blocks.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that global activation increase in FH+ youths are modulated by FH density and are not specific to the inhibitory components of the task. This pattern of increased activations in FH+ youths may be at least partially due to impaired forebrain white matter development leading to greater activations/less efficient neural communication during task performance.
First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms
Authors: Dawkins Lynne , Kimber Catherine , Puwanesarasa Yasothani , Soar Kirstie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimsTo (1) estimate predictors of first‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) choice; and (2) determine whether a second‐generation device was (i) superior for reducing urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms (WS) and (ii) associated with enhanced positive subjective effects.DesignMixed‐effects experimental design. Phase 1: reason for e‐cigarette choice was assessed via questionnaire. Phase 2: participants were allocated randomly to first‐ or second‐generation e‐cigarette condition. Urge to smoke and WS were measured before and 10 minutes after taking 10 e‐cigarette puffs.SettingUniversity of East London, UK.ParticipantsA total of 97 smokers (mean age 26; standard deviation 8.7; 54% female).MeasurementsSingle‐item urge to smoke scale to assess craving and the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS) to assess WS. Subjective effects included: satisfaction, hit, ‘felt like smoking’ and ‘would use to stop smoking’ (yes versus no response).FindingsEqual numbers chose each device, but none of the predictor variables (gender, age, tobacco dependence, previous e‐cigarette use) accounted for choice. Only baseline urge to smoke/WS predicted urge to smoke/WS 10 minutes after use (B =0.38; P <0.001 and B =0.53; P <0.001). E‐cigarette device was not a significant predictor. Those using the second‐generation device were more likely to report satisfaction and use in a quit attempt (χ2 = 12.10, P =0.001 and χ2 = 5.53, P =0.02).ConclusionsFirst‐ and second‐generation electronic cigarettes appear to be similarly effective in reducing urges to smoke during abstinence, but second‐generation devices appear to be more satisfying to users.
Doctors' perspectives on the barriers to appropriate prescribing in older hospitalized patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Cullinan Shane , Fleming Aoife , O'Mahony Denis , Ryan Cristin , O'Sullivan David , Gallagher Paul , Byrne Stephen 
Published: November 2014

AimsOlder patients commonly suffer from multimorbidites and take multiple medications. As a result, these patients are more vulnerable to potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP). PIP in older patients may result in adverse drug events (ADEs) and hospitalizations. However, little has been done to identify why PIP occurs. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify hospital doctors' perceptions as to why PIP occurs, (ii) to identify the barriers to addressing the issues identified and (iii) to determine which intervention types would be best suited to improving prescribing.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a tool used to apply behaviour change theories, were conducted with 22 hospital doctors. Content analysis was conducted to identify domains of the TDF that could be targeted to improve prescribing for older people. These domains were then mapped to the behaviour change wheel to identify possible intervention types.ResultsContent analysis identified five of the 12 domains in the TDF as relevant: (i) environmental context and resources, (ii) knowledge, (iii) skills, (iv) social influences and (v) memory/attention and decision processes. Using the behaviour change wheel, the types of interventions deemed suitable were those based on training and environmental restructuring.ConclusionThis study shows that doctors feel there is insufficient emphasis on geriatric pharmacotherapy in their undergraduate/postgraduate training. An intervention providing supplementary training, with particular emphasis on decision processes and dealing with social influences would be justified. This study has, however, uncovered many areas for potential intervention in the future.
REVEAL‐1, a phase 2 dose regimen optimization study of vosaroxin in older poor‐risk patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Stuart Robert K. , Cripe Larry D. , Maris Michael B. , Cooper Maureen A. , Stone Richard M. , Dakhil Shaker R. , Turturro Francesco , Stock Wendy , Mason James , Shami Paul J. , Strickland Stephen A. , Costa Luciano J. , Borthakur Gautam , Michelson Glenn C. , Fox Judith A. , Leavitt Richard D. , Ravandi Farhad 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis phase 2 study (N = 116) evaluated single‐agent vosaroxin, a first‐in‐class anticancer quinolone derivative, in patients ≥60 years of age with previously untreated unfavourable prognosis acute myeloid leukaemia. Dose regimen optimization was explored in sequential cohorts (A: 72 mg/m2 d 1, 8, 15; B: 72 mg/m2 d 1, 8; C: 72 mg/m2 or 90 mg/m2 d 1, 4). The primary endpoint was combined complete remission rate (complete remission [CR] plus CR with incomplete platelet recovery [CRp]). Common (>20%) grade ≥3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia, febrile neutropenia, anaemia, neutropenia, sepsis, pneumonia, stomatitis and hypokalaemia. Overall CR and CR/CRp rates were 29% and 32%; median overall survival (OS) was 7·0 months; 1‐year OS was 34%. Schedule C (72 mg/m2) had the most favourable safety and efficacy profile, with faster haematological recovery (median 27 d) and lowest incidence of aggregate sepsis (24%) and 30‐d (7%) and 60‐d (17%) all‐cause mortality; at this dose and schedule, CR and CR/CRp rates were 31% and 35%, median OS was 7·7 months and 1‐year OS was 38%. Overall, vosaroxin resulted in low early mortality and an encouraging response rate; vosaroxin 72 mg/m2 d 1, 4 is recommended for further study in this population. Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov: #NCT00607997.
Survival of AIDS‐related diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and plasmablastic lymphoma in the German HIV Lymphoma Cohort
Authors: Schommers Philipp , Hentrich Marcus , Hoffmann Christian , Gillor Daniel , Zoufaly Alexander , Jensen Björn , Bogner Johannes R. , Thoden Jan , Wasmuth Jan‐Christian , Wolf Timo , Oette Mark , Müller Markus , Esser Stefan , Vehreschild Jörg J. , Fätkenheuer Gerd , Wyen Christoph 
Published: November 2014

SummaryOverall survival (OS) of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐related Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) was analysed in the German AIDS‐related‐Lymphoma‐Cohort‐Study. Of 291 patients prospectively included between January 2005 and December 2012, 154 had DLBCL, 103 BL and 34 PBL. Two‐year OS rates were similar between BL (69%) and DLBCL patients (63%) but lower for PBL patients (43%). Intermediate (Hazard ratio [HR] 4·1 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·98–8·49) or high (HR 4·92 95% CI 2·1–11·61) International Prognostic Index, bone marrow involvement (HR 1·69 95% CI 1·00–2·84) and PBL histology (HR 2·24 95% CI 1·24–4·03) were independent predictors of mortality.
A critical role for murine transferrin receptor 2 in erythropoiesis during iron restriction
Authors: Wallace Daniel F. , Secondes Eriza S. , Rishi Gautam , Ostini Lesa , McDonald Cameron J. , Lane Steven W. , Vu Therese , Hooper John D. , Velasco Gloria , Ramsay Andrew J. , Lopez‐Otin Carlos , Subramaniam V. Nathan 
Published: November 2014

SummaryEffective erythropoiesis requires an appropriate supply of iron and mechanisms regulating iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis are intrinsically linked. Iron dysregulation, typified by iron‐deficiency anaemia and iron overload, is common in many clinical conditions and impacts the health of up to 30% of the world's population. The proteins transmembrane protease, serine 6 (TMPRSS6; also termed matriptase‐2), HFE and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) play important and opposing roles in systemic iron homeostasis, by regulating expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. We have performed a systematic analysis of mice deficient in these three proteins and show that TMPRSS6 predominates over HFE and TFR2 in hepcidin regulation. The phenotype of mice lacking TMPRSS6 and TFR2 is characterized by severe anaemia and extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen. Stress erythropoiesis in these mice results in increased expression of the newly identified erythroid iron regulator erythroferrone, which does not appear to overcome the hepcidin overproduction mediated by loss of TMPRSS6. Extended analysis reveals that TFR2 plays an important role in erythroid cells, where it is involved in terminal erythroblast differentiation and the regulation of erythropoietin. In conclusion, we have identified an essential role for TFR2 in erythropoiesis that may provide new targets for the treatment of anaemia.
Overall survival of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma patients after adjusting for crossover in the MM‐003 trial for pomalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone
Authors: Morgan Gareth , Palumbo Antonio , Dhanasiri Sujith , Lee Dawn , Weisel Katja , Facon Thierry , Delforge Michel , Oriol Albert , Zaki Mohamed , Yu Xin , Sternas Lars , Jacques Christian , Akehurst Ron , Offner Fritz , Dimopoulos Meletios A. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn the phase III MM‐003 trial, pomalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone (POM+LoDEX) improved overall survival (OS) versus high‐dose dexamethasone (HiDEX) in 455 patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) after treatment with bortezomib and lenalidomide. Here, a two‐stage Weibull method was used to adjust for the crossover of patients in the HiDEX arm to pomalidomide‐based therapy. The adjusted difference in median OS between patients in the POM+LoDEX and HiDEX arms was 7·0 months (12·7 vs. 5·7 months, respectively). These findings provide important evidence for understanding the clinical efficacy of pomalidomide on OS benefits seen in RRMM patients.
Impact of the parenting style of foster parents on the behaviour problems of foster children
Authors: Fuentes M. J. , Salas M. D. , Bernedo I. M. , García‐Martín M. A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have analysed the effects of the parenting style used by foster carers on children's behaviour problems. This study examines the role played by the quality of the emotional relationship with foster carers and the kind of discipline they use as regard internalizing and externalizing problems among foster children.MethodsParticipants were 104 foster children (56 boys and 48 girls) and their respective foster families. The Child Behaviour Checklist, the Affect and Communication Scale, and the Rules and Demands Scale were completed by foster parents. A series of linear regression analyses were performed using the stepwise method.ResultsThe main findings were as follows: an authoritarian parenting style explained the internalizing problems presented by foster children (11% of the variance); criticism/rejection, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting explained externalizing problems (37% of the variance); and criticism/rejection and authoritarian parenting explained total problems (29% of the variance). These results indicate that criticism/rejection on the part of foster parents, as well as the use of inappropriate parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive), has an important effect in relation to the behaviour problems of foster children.ConclusionsThis highlights the key role that foster carers play in terms of tackling the behaviour problems that foster children present. The findings also suggest that preparation for fostering should focus especially on ways of helping foster parents both to acquire positive parenting strategies and to avoid authoritarian and permissive parenting.
Anthropometric characteristics of primary school‐aged children: accuracy of perception and differences by gender, age and BMI
Authors: Cattelino E. , Bina M. , Skanjeti A. M. , Calandri E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundBody perception has been mainly studied in adolescents and adults in relation to eating disorders and obesity because such conditions are usually associated with distortion in the perception of body size. The development of body perception in children was rather neglected despite the relevance of this issue in understanding the aetiology of health eating problems. The main aim of this study was to investigate body weight and body height perception in children by gender, age and body mass index (BMI), taking into account differences among underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese children.MethodsA school‐based sample of 572 Italian children (49% boys) aged 6–10 were involved in a cross‐sectional survey. Current weight and height were measured by standard protocols, and BMI was calculated and converted in centile categories using the Italian growth curves for children. Perceived weight and height were assessed using visual methods (figures representing children of different weight and height).ResultsAbout a third of the children do not show to have an accurate perception of their weight and height (weight: 36%; height: 32%): as for weight, an error of underestimation prevails and as for height, an error of overestimation prevails. In general, children who have different weight and height from the average tend to perceive their physical characteristics closer to average. However, overweight children underestimate their weight much more than obese children.ConclusionsDistortions in the perception of their physical features, weight and height, appear to be related to the aesthetic models of Western culture. The tendency to underestimate weight, particularly in overweight children, has implications in interventions for health promotion and healthy lifestyle in school‐aged children.
Malawian parents' perceptions of physical activity and child development: a qualitative study
Authors: Pulakka A. , Ashorn P. , Gondwe A. , Phiri N. , Ashorn U. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn scientific studies, physical activity is measured by the amount of bodily movement, but lay perceptions of physical activity might be different. Parental influence is important for the development of children's physical activity behaviour, and parental perceptions of facilitators of physical activity are context specific. We aimed to investigate how parents of young Malawian children conceptualize physical activity in childhood, situate it in child development and understand its facilitators.MethodsWe used convenience sampling to identify parents of young children from different socio‐economic backgrounds and age groups in semi‐rural area of Malawi. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 16 parents, a focus group discussion with six parents and key informant interviews with two nurses in Malawi. Six of the participants were fathers. We analysed the data with conventional qualitative content analysis by inductive approach.ResultsThe parents emphasized practical skills, education and proper behaviour as goals for their children. They viewed activity as encompassing both mental and physical qualities and they perceived it as a positive attribute of children. The parents discussed skills acquisition, social competence, health and bodily movement as signs for being active. As facilitators of physical activity the parents mentioned balanced diet, good health and stimulation. The main concerns of the parents in regard to facilitators of physical activity and good child development were the availability of food and the child being healthy.ConclusionsMalawian parents' concept of children's physical activity is more comprehensive than scientific definition and includes aspects of both physical and mental activity.
Beneficial Effect of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Pulsed with MOG Autoantigen in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Mansilla María José , Sellès‐Moreno Carla , Fàbregas‐Puig Sara , Amoedo Joan , Navarro‐Barriuso Juan , Teniente‐Serra Aina , Grau‐López Laia , Ramo‐Tello Cristina , Martínez‐Cáceres Eva M. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundTreatment with tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDC) is a promising, cell‐based strategy to regulate autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) in an antigen‐specific way. This technique involves the use of TolDC from MS patients cultured in the presence of vitamin D3 (VitD3) and pulsed with myelin peptides to induce a stable hyporesponsiveness in myelin‐specific autologous T cells.AimThe purpose of this study was to analyze the in vivo effect of VitD3‐TolDC treatment on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS.MethodsBone marrow‐derived TolDC cultured in the presence of VitD3 and pulsed with peptide 40–55 of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG40–55) were administrated preventively, preclinically, and therapeutically to EAE‐induced mice.ResultsWe found that VitD3‐TolDC‐MOG treatment showed a beneficial effect, not only decreasing the incidence of the disease but also reducing the severity of the clinical signs mediated by induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), as well as IL‐10 production and reduction of Ag‐specific lymphoproliferation. Our results support VitD3‐TolDC‐peptide(s) treatment as a potential strategy to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases such as MS.
Basic Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis in Pediatric Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Abdijadid Sara , Mathern Gary W. , Levine Michael S. , Cepeda Carlos 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCortical dysplasia (CD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder due to aberrant cell proliferation and differentiation. Advances in neuroimaging have proven effective in early identification of the more severe lesions and timely surgical removal to treat epilepsy. However, the exact mechanisms of epileptogenesis are not well understood. This review examines possible mechanisms based on anatomical and electrophysiological studies. CD can be classified as CD type I consisting of architectural abnormalities, CD type II with the presence of dysmorphic cytomegalic neurons and balloon cells, and CD type III which occurs in association with other pathologies. Use of freshly resected brain tissue has allowed a better understanding of basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis and has delineated the role of abnormal cells and synaptic activity. In CD type II, it was demonstrated that balloon cells do not initiate epileptic activity, whereas dysmorphic cytomegalic and immature neurons play an important role in generation and propagation of epileptic discharges. An unexpected finding in pediatric CD was that GABA synaptic activity is not reduced, and in fact, it may facilitate the occurrence of epileptic activity. This could be because neuronal circuits display morphological and functional signs of dysmaturity. In consequence, drugs that increase GABA function may prove ineffective in pediatric CD. In contrast, drugs that counteract depolarizing actions of GABA or drugs that inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway could be more effective.
Detecting phenology change in the mayfly Ephemera danica: responses to spatial and temporal water temperature variations
Authors: EVERALL NICHOLAS C. , JOHNSON MATTHEW F. , WILBY ROBERT L. , BENNETT CYRIL J. 
Published: November 2014

1. Rising water temperatures under climate change are expected to affect the phenology of aquatic insects, including the mayfly Ephemera danica Müller which is widespread throughout Europe.2. To assess temporal and spatial variability in mayfly emergence, E. danica were monitored at two thermally contrasting reaches in the River Dove, English Peak District over the period 2007–2013. Inter‐annual variations in growing degree days (GDDs) were modelled for an upstream site with intermittent spring flow supplementing main channel flow (Beresford Dale) and downstream site dominated by near constant discharges of cool groundwater (Dovedale).3. A strong association exists between the emergence cycle of E. danica and GDDs at each site. Beresford Dale accumulated on average 374 more GDDs than Dovedale. After warm summers E. danica emerged after only 1 year in Beresford Dale but began to revert to a bi‐annual cycle after the particularly wet/cool year of 2012. In Dovedale, E. danica maintained a 2‐year cycle throughout the monitoring period in spite of the phenology changes observed 8 km upstream.4. Data from the present study suggest that habitats near cool groundwater may provide important refugia for populations of insects, potentially delaying permanent shifts in phenology under climate change. However, an ability to detect changes in the thermal triggers and phenological response may be hindered by conventional spot sampling protocols.
Increased glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored protein‐deficient granulocytes define a benign subset of bone marrow failures in patients with trisomy 8
Authors: Hosokawa Kohei , Sugimori Naomi , Katagiri Takamasa , Sasaki Yumi , Saito Chizuru , Seiki Yu , Mochizuki Kanako , Yamazaki Hirohito , Takami Akiyoshi , Nakao Shinji 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTrisomy 8 (+8), one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities found in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), is occasionally seen in patients with otherwise typical aplastic anemia (AA). Although some studies have indicated that the presence of +8 is associated with the immune pathophysiology of bone marrow (BM) failure, its pathophysiology may be heterogeneous. We studied 53 patients (22 with AA and 31 with low‐risk MDS) with +8 for the presence of increased glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored protein‐deficient (GPI‐AP−) cells, their response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST), and their prognosis. A significant increase in the percentage of GPI‐AP− cells was found in 14 (26%) of the 53 patients. Of the 26 patients who received IST, including nine with increased GPI‐AP− cells and 17 without increased GPI‐AP− cells, 14 (88% with increased GPI‐AP− cells and 41% without increased GPI‐AP− cells) improved. The overall and event‐free survival rates of the +8 patients with and without increased GPI‐AP− cells at 5 yr were 100% and 100% and 59% and 57%, respectively. Examining the peripheral blood for the presence of increased GPI‐AP− cells may thus be helpful for choosing the optimal treatment for +8 patients with AA or low‐risk MDS.