bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Injection in Deepwater, Over-Pressured Turbidites in the Gulf of Mexico: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Duan Shengkai , Lach Joseph R , Beadall Kris K , Li Xin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Waterflooding can supply additional reservoir energy for producing substantial quantities of oil trapped due to limited displacement drive and poor sweep efficiency. However, water injection is not commonly used in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (DW GoM) due to good primary recovery, drilling cost and facility limitations. In over 80 fields and 450 reservoirs, water injection program has been implemented in only 18 reservoirs in 13 fields, or less than 5% of potential waterflooding candidates.
DW GoM mid-Miocene reservoirs are characterized by sparse well counts, over-pressured, and generally good rock and fluid properties. Rock compaction and moderate aquifer influx often provide moderate to good natural drive energy and oil recovery. Primary oil recovery averages 32% with the 80% confidence range between 16% and 48%. However, Paleogene reservoirs are characterized by deeper depth, high pressure, high temperature, complex geology, and rock and fluid properties. Estimated recoverable oil is only 10% of OOIP assuming primary production and limited natural drive energy. Water injection programs will be difficult to execute in tight, abnormally-pressured Paleogene reservoirs. Waterflooding of deepwater turbidites has accumulated many lessons and learns now, and a comprehensive understanding of the influence of depositional environment and injection into over-pressured, highly compacting rocks is necessary. This paper is a detailed examination of Pleistocene-to-Upper Miocene age turbidite reservoirs in the DW GoM under water injection. Issues on waterflooding these deepwater plays were reviewed in the context of geological setting and depositional environment. Despite many drawbacks that tend to oppose the implementation of a waterflooding in Paleogene reservoirs, this paper still proves that they are candidates for water injection programs under the rules of good production practice. Moderate oil recovery is suggested in highly compacting reservoirs with supplemental injection drive. Overall, waterflooding strategies have proven to be highly effective in achieving good incremental oil recovery from the deepwater Gulf of Mexico reservoirs.
Modular Tlp Structure for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Dahlhaus Frank , Grossmann Jochen 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The Offshore Wind Resources in deep water, but also the currently experienced issues with conventional foundations, are driving the solution requirements for new offshore wind power platforms. The latest monitoring results of German offshore wind farms show the challenges the industry is facing. Ecological impacts as well as foundation technology issues are forcing the sector to look for alternatives.
The paper will introduce a technology of a floating TLP-structure in open relief design with a specific configuration of mooring line system used for wind turbines, suited for water depths greater than 30 meters. The unique aspect of the GICON TLP is its modular framework structure which allows buoyancy and load transfer functions to be decoupled from each other and instead be applied to the specific structural elements. The overall structural behavior is characterized by lattice structures in the connection node of column and boom and the entire rigger area. The load and stress forces on the structure are clearly defined and unwanted or double loads as well as overloads can be prevented. The structure is designed to handle both the tension forces from the mooring system as well as the buoyant force. The total buoyant force can optionally be adjusted via additional buoyancy elements of variable shapes and dimensions, preferably in the form of spherical or circular cylindrical hollow bodies. These can be set at various locations across the truss structure to adapt to different deployment site requirements. In numerical simulations the dynamic behavior of the TLP under linked hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loading is taken into account also regarding different geometric configurations of the mooring line system and various types of anchorage systems at the sea floor. Using characteristic Campbell-diagrams structural stiffness of each component is optimized aiming at a soft-stiff design of the TLP-structure. Eigenfrequencies are calculated for various water depths and different geometric conditions of the mooring system. Numerical modeling validation is confirmed by tank tests. Data and video from the tank tests will be shared a part of the presentation. GICON researchers plan to install a full-scale pilot plant in the Baltic Sea in 2013.
Pipe-in-Pipe: Thermal Management for Effective Flow Assurance
Authors: Dixon Mark 
Published: May 2013

Introduction
Deepwater technology accelerated rapidly about 10 years ago, when exploration moved from shallow to deep and ultra-deep offshore region. For such developments flowline insulation is increasingly applied and technology advancement has been the key driver for the subsea field developments in deepwater. This often creates situations where certain technical products dictate the system concept and configuration, leading to costly solutions that are not always effective or safe.
In this paper a systems approach is applied to review Pipe-in-Pipe (PiP) types and capabilities, as well as their impact on the flow across the entire subsea field development and the asset lifecycle.
Systems engineering is the key method to achieve integrated field development planning and execution. It prioritises the system functionality, allowing translation of all the technical factors into a structured field development process to provide operators, who are responsible for setting up subsea architecture, with the necessary decision-making framework for the project. The specific field development issues usually include cost-technical risk optimisation, making the right choices of available technology, availability of the appropriate infrastructure with levels of local access, content and capability as well as flexibility for parameters and field development stage change in the future - with minimal disruption. By mapping the inter-dependence of variables, seeing how the decisions and actions taken at each stage affect subsequent stages, systems engineering enables evaluation of design trade-offs via their impact on key system goals and operational targets.
A Subsea System has different content levels. On the vertical ‘seabed-to-processing’ axis it consists of: Host facility, SURF infrastructure (wherein the PiP technology lies) and SPS system. Systems framework helps to balance their competing requirements to achieve operational stability of the overall project.
Development of Offshore Wind Recommended Practice for US Waters
Authors: Musial Walt David , Sheppard Robert Edward , Dolan Daniel , Naughton Brian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), as a standards development organization, sponsored the development of recommended practices (RP) for offshore wind turbine facilities and published its RP report in 2012. The challenges faced by the emerging offshore wind energy industry parallel many of the challenges that were faced by the offshore oil and gas industry in its infancy. These challenges are documented and addressed in the development of the AWEA RP and are described in this paper. The paper discusses how the more mature American Petroleum Institute oil and gas standards were interfaced with International Electrotechnical Commission and other wind turbine and offshore industry standards to provide guidance for reliable engineering design practices of these mechanically dynamic, fatigue-driven offshore wind energy systems. Uncertainties requiring further validation and analysis are also described.

Background
There are a number of offshore wind energy projects at various stages of development for both the federal and state waters of the United States, but none have started construction. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates that U.S. coastal waters have approximately 4,000 GW of gross offshore wind energy resources if all the resources over the waters from the shore out to 50 nautical miles out are included (Musial 2010). However, development of offshore wind resources in U.S. waters is in its nascent stages, and several barriers to deployment must be overcome before offshore wind energy can be successfully integrated into the electric energy generation mix at a large scale. Some of the barriers include immature infrastructure and supply chain, the need for further technology optimization, reliability concerns, and lack of uniform regulatory guidance on the design, installation, and operation of these facilities. The focus of this paper is to describe some of the industry efforts that have been devoted to providing guidance to inform developers, designers, and regulators on the application and applicability of existing standards.
Implementing a Deepwater Pipeline Management System
Authors: Gueveneux Herve , Samosir Laufer Theo Manongtong , Lechon Alain , Popineau Dominique 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As an operator, TOTAL has experienced significant deepwater maintenance and repair works activities such as Cut-out and replacement of a damage section of water injection line, Replacement of Flexible riser, Replacement of Anchor line and its Pile, Repair of Umbilical Termination Head etc.
There are few deepwater pipeline operators with experience of pipeline repair, which need to be carried out with significant preparation time for intervention tools, including engineering and testing of the tools.
Deepwater operations (including IMR) require a completely different paradigm to conventional offshore operations, specialized competencies, contractors and tools. The pipeline repair activities mastered in conventional offshore operations are becoming difficult tasks in deep water as they have to be done remotely whilst the pipelines characteristics are quite different. Furthermore, there are many important challenges ahead still to overcome such as repair of pipe-in-pipe, of production bundle, of flowline with H2S content, of flowline connection etc. which mean another challenge for research and development to find proper tools and methodologies for deepwater intervention.
This paper describes the strategy developed and implemented on deepwater pipeline intervention, based on a deepwater operational experience built over a decade. It also presents the experiences on dealing with integrity issues and how to move forward in existing operations and preparing for the future developments.
Once the proper technologies are acquired, a pipeline repair systemshould be established as part of operational management philosophy.
An Operator involved in the development of deepwater operations should seriously take into consideration from the design stage:–The way to perform the condition monitoring of the pipeline and its appurtenances–The way to repair or replace the pipeline section should there be any failure during production.
Being well prepared to face unexpected failures in the deepwater pipeline network would benefit him to:–Maintain the level of integrity of the deepwater pipeline network–Minimize production loss and shortfall–Minimize intervention costs–Maintain the Operator image with international media and National Oil CompanyIntroduction
TOTAL operates in deepwater since 2000 and until now there have been six deepwater fields put into production and several more are under development.
Predicting Subsalt Pore Pressure with Vp/Vs
Authors: Saleh Saad , Williams Ken , Rizvi AiJaz 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation of shear and compressional velocities and their ratios for pore-pressure prediction in a subsalt environment. In this work, we introduced the state of the art in the analysis of acoustic methods—compressional velocity (Vp), shear velocity (Vs), and Vp/Vs ratio—for pore-pressure estimation. Because industry best practices of using shear velocity and Vp/Vs ratio are still being developed, we evaluated a number of existing techniques and methods, advanced new approaches, and developed the necessary database of modeling results.
This database contains data gathered from 17 subsalt wells and includes definitive pore pressure and effective stress directly pertinent to the subsalt sediments. Velocity and resistivity data were then crossplotted against effective stress to define the correlation among these variables. Based on several forms of published velocity effective-stress relationships, we worked to calibrate these relationships and to simplify some of these formulations to get a tractable direct solution for pore pressure.
To validate these relationships, we selected certain other relationships and performed tests, which resulted in varying degrees of success. These tests represent 17 wells that penetrated salt. Ten of these 17 wells have good pore-pressure control data, which is a good pool of cases for a screening analysis from which we can derive lessons learned for future improvements.
Based on these results, we drew the following conclusions:The unconventional pore-pressure analysis approach of using Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs with a modified Eaton method (1975) was successful. The unconventional analysis of Vp produces more consistent results than Vs-based pore-pressure analysis. Further tuning is required to develop area-specific model parameters.The rock-physics-based pore-pressure transform derived directly from the simplified and calibrated Eberhart-Phillips equation (1989) showed better performance than the modified Eaton approach. This approach will eliminate the guesswork for defining normal-compaction trend for velocity.
This work accomplished the following benchmarks:Development of velocity effective-stress transforms that are tailored for the Gulf of Mexico subsalt sediments.Simplified the process of pore-pressure prediction using Vp, Vs and their ratios utilizing a universal rock-physics-based normal-compaction trend.
Near-Bottom Acoustical Detection of Bubble Streams Emanating From Natural Seafloor Seeps in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: de Moustier Christian , Zabal Xavier , Boelmann Jan , Kraft Barbara , Zielinski Oliver , Fox Peter 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A method is described for acoustical detection of bubble streams in the water column while conducting swath bathymetry surveys at 20 m altitude with a deep-diving ROV. Such bubble streams emanate from natural seafloor seeps. The same acoustical tools are then used to measure the flow rates of the detected bubble streams. The goals of this work are to quantify the volume flux emanating from natural seeps found on salt domes and mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Mexico. A combination of acoustical and optical tools was used for this purpose. The sonar used for this work was a forward-looking multibeam echo-sounder operating at 500 kHz. In detection mode, the sonar axis was tilted about 30º above horizontal to avoid ensonifying the bottom. In this mode, small bubble streams (individual bubbles rising in a column about 0.2 m in diameter) were detectable at ranges in excess of 50 m. Once a bubble stream was detected, the ROV would be navigated towards it until visual contact was established with video cameras installed aboard the ROV. Then, the sonar head was tilted upward and acoustic data were collected in imaging modes and in Doppler modes to track the ascent of bubbles in the water column. The main results of this work are bubble flow rates about 0.2 m/s, and bubble streams of a much smaller extent than anticipated from independent detections with a shipboard echo-sounder.

Introduction
The Mississippi Canyon protraction area (NH16-10) (BOEM, 2000) on the outer continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico is an active oil exploration and extraction area associated with numerous salt domes and mud volcanoes. Natural hydrocarbon seeps found on these domes contribute oil and gas to the marine environment. It is estimated that 95% of the total offshore oil input into the Gulf of Mexico is due to natural seeps (OSB, 2003). However, the episodic release rates of these seeps make them difficult to detect. Shipboard acoustical methods have successfully detected such seeps when they include bubble streams emanating from the seafloor (e.g. Greinert et al., 2006; NOAA, 2011). When investigating known seeps with near-bottom video survey tools, the seeps are difficult to find because bubble streams are small and the field of view of the cameras is limited to a few meters. The objectives of the work presented here were to use acoustical methods to detect and measure the flow rates of natural seafloor seeps during near-bottom surveys at three sites in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Biloxi Dome, Dauphin Dome and Mars Mud Volcano.
Drilling and Completing Cascade and Chinook Wells: A Design and Execution Case History
Authors: Gama Fernando , de Moraes Flavio Dias , Ogier Kenneth Scott , Moreira Oswaldo , Rebelo Mauricio Pestana , Shipley Jonathan A. , Haddad Ziad A 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The paper is based on work performed during the design, implementation and operation of the Cascade and Chinook Field Development Project in ultra-deep water in the Gulf of Mexico. It describes the basis of design for the drilling and completion of the wells, new technology selection criteria, risk and cost mitigation plans applied during the well operations, ultra-high pressure perforating of an interval longer than 700 ft, application of the first Single-Trip Multi-Zone Frac Pack System (3 zones) in wells deeper than 27,000 ft MD, and the unique fracturing design approach used to deliver multiple fractures across 1200 ft of reservoir thickness. This case history paper will describe the pre-qualification work done with all critical systems and details of the well construction operations during the drilling and completion of the wells. The information provided will be useful for Operators to identify the technologies that are most suited for application in deep wells. It will also serve as a starting point for the design and construction of wells for other operators developing projects in the Lower Tertiary play, which is a key exploratory frontier in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (USGoM). More than 12 discoveries have been made in the Lower Tertiary, with potential recoverable reserves of several billion barrels of oil. The results and conclusions presented in this paper are related to the feasibility and benefits of using new technology and prototype equipment in the Lower Tertiary environment. Field data from critical well operations will be included.
The technical contributions of the work presented in this paper are as follows: pushing the technical limits of Single-Trip Multi-Zone frac-pack systems to depths over 27,000 ft using high (&gt;30 bpm) fracture rates and high strength proppants; enhancing the knowledge gained from ultra-high pressure (&gt;20,000 psi) tubing conveyed perforating systems; and presenting a well design criteria suitable for high drawdown (&gt;12,000 psi) production operations.

Introduction
The Cascade and Chinook (C&C) development plan in the Gulf of Mexico is one of the most technologically challenging and complex projects implemented by Petrobras. This project uses the first Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO) in operation in U.S. waters, at a water depth of 8200 ft. The C&C subsea infrastructure considers the use of subsea manifolds, rigid flowlines, pipe-in-pipe pipelines, and Free Standing Hybrid Risers (FSHR). Details about the subsea infrastructure and the FPSO are discussed in greater detail by Porciuncula et al. (2010) and Corte et al. (2010).
The Gulf of Mexico Subsalt Wells Atlas: A Comprehensive Review and Lessons Learned
Authors: Williams Ken , Saleh Saad T , Rizvi AiJaz 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A joint-industry project (JIP) acquired, analyzed, and documented more than 100 subsalt wells in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), from shelf to deepwater (2007-2009). The result of this unique and major study culminated in an unprecedented comprehensive database, which includes geophysical, petrophysical, and drilling data. This database is being used for several objectives: developing best drilling practices above, within, and below salt, building salt geologic models, and developing best practices for pore-pressure estimation below salt.
An analysis summary has been written for each well, documenting pore and fracture pressure gradients, drilling data, drilling history, and salt geologic modeling. These summaries have been compiled into a five-volume subsalt well atlas, which contains a treasure trove of well data, lessons learned, and analysis. The atlas classifies wells according to their geographic location (Continental Shelf, Eastern, Central, and Western) and salt provinces. The atlas provides a quick reference analog resource for use by professionals drilling subsalt wells.
This paper provides key insights into the information that is presented in the subsalt wells atlas, highlights observations on drilling windows, salt tectonics, salt geometry, and petrophysics of each salt province/area, and provides well examples from each. For example, pore pressure is highly variable in the subsalt wells in this study, with a range from 9.0 to 18.0 ppg. In many of these wells, the pore pressure approached the overburden gradient, leaving a very small drilling margin. The atlas attempts to highlight the challenges faced in drilling these wells that, in many cases, led to well termination short of the target. The project integrated geology, geosciences, and well-construction information across a vast and complex GoM area, for a variety of wells, from shelf to deepwater.

Introduction
This paper attempts to present a synopsis of the Gulf of Mexico subsalt wells atlas, which was developed as a part of the deliverable on a JIP (2007-2009) to study pore-pressure prediction (as a major focus among other objectives) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) subsalt sediments. The atlas with its five printed volumes (over 700 pages), along with a digital library, represents an unprecedented inventory of drilling, geology, and petrophysical database for subsalt wells in the GoM. A team of highly experienced professionals from different disciplines (geology, drilling, and pore-pressure engineers) had participated in this project. An industry advisory group guided the project progress and contributed through many progress meeting and forums. The highlights in this paper can only be an outline of selected topics covered by the atlas.