bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal distributions of larval sealworm, <i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i> (Nematoda: Anisakinae), in <i>Hippoglossoides platessoides</i> (Pleuronectidae) in the Canadian Maritime Region from 1993 to 1999
Authors: McClelland G , Martell DJ 
Published: July 2014

Spatial and temporal trends of larval sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) infection in eastern Canadian groundfish were monitored in an indicator host, Canadian plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), in the 31 to 40 cm length range. Between February 1993 and September 1999, a total of 8,482 plaice were collected from 33 locations in Canadian Maritime waters (NAFO Subdivisions 4TVWX-5ZE), and their fillets and napes were examined for sealworm. Prevalence (P) and abundance (A) of the parasite were greatest (P ranging from 95 to 100%, A from 7.48 to 15.60) in fish collected from the central Scotian shelf (4VSW) near Sable Island, site of the largest grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) colony in the northwest Atlantic, and from Jordan Basin in the northeastern Gulf of Maine (4X). The infection of greatest intensity (I=158) occurred in a fish from “The Gully” slopewaters of Banquereau (4VS), a few kilometres northeast of Sable Island. By 1995-99, sealworm prevalence and/or abundance had increased significantly in plaice from most locations where stable or declining infection parameters were observed from 1989 to 1993, but abundance of the parasite continued to decline in the Sable Island area. While spatial and temporal distributions of larval sealworm in plaice seemed largely related to the distribution and growth of grey seal populations,the influence of definitive hosts was probably mitigated by other factors such as changes in environmental temperature and parasite density limiting effects in the indicator host.
Who eats whom in the Barents Sea?
Authors: Bogstad Bjarte , Haug Tore , Mehl Sigbjørn 
Published: July 2014

An overview of the estimates of consumption by predators on the main fish stocks in the Barents Sea is given. The main predators are cod (Gadus morhua), harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The results indicate that cod is the most important predator, consuming about as much food annually as harp seals and minke whales combined. The consumption estimates, together with data on the amount of fish removed by commercial fisheries, are compared to estimates of the abundance and removal through natural mortality of the various species of fish prey. The consistency between these estimates is discussed. The natural mortality values for cod and haddock used in assessments are found to be reasonably consistent with the consumption estimates. The consumption of capelin is found to be higher than what is available for predation in years of low capelin abundance, while in years of high herring abundance the consumption of herring does not explain all the mortality. The way in which the consumption estimates are and can be utilised in theassessment and management of fish stocks in the Barents Sea using multispecies models and approaches is described.
Abundance of ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in the Kong Oscars Fjord, Scoresby Sund and adjacent areas in eastern Greenland
Authors: Born E W , Teilmann J , Riget F 
Published: July 2014

With the purpose of determining the distribution and abundance of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) hauling out on the ice, systematic strip census aerial surveys were flown in the Kong Oscars Fjord, Scoresby Sund and adjacent areas (between approximately 70°N and 72°30'N in eastern Greenland) from 7 to 13 June 1984. The study area comprised approximately 18,500 km2 mainly covered with smooth one-year-old shore-fast ice. The survey effort was concentrated in the afternoon during the presumed peak haul-out period. Main emphasis was given to surveying the Kong Oscars Fjord/Davy Sund and the Scoresby Sund/Hurry Fjord areas which were surveyed twice. Average densities in various sub-areas varied between 0.3 and 2.9 seals/km2 and were similar tothose reported from other Arctic areas. No significant differences in densities were found between sets of surveys of the same sub-areas. The mean density (2.00 seals/km2, SD=0.22) in the Scoresby Sund area was significantly higher than that found in Kong Oscars Fjord (1.04 seals/km\ SD=0.15) probably reflecting a higher overall marine productivity in Scoresby Sund. The sum of the point estimates of the visible part of the population in the different sub-areas was 28,882 seals.
Diet of the ringed seal (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Greenland
Authors: Siegstad Helle , Neve Pia Barner , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Härkönen Tero 
Published: July 2014

Analysis of 454 stomachs of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected from the Inuit hunt in six municipalities in West Greenland and 30 alimentary tracts collected by scientists in East Greenland, showed seasonal and regional differences in the diet. In Northwest and East Greenland polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis) were the most dominant prey items. In contrast, seals in central West Greenland mainly preyed upon amphipods (Parathemisto spp.), capelin (Mallotus villosus), redfish (Sebastes sp.) and squid (Gonatus sp.), while capelin was the most important prey item in Southwest Greenland. The material from Uummannaq demonstrates seasonal variations, as euphausiids were common in spring, and snailfish (Liparis spp.) dominated from October through January, where after snailfish disappeared with the formation of fast ice. No age related differences in the diet were found in stomach samples from Avanersuaq, but in Upemavik crustaceans were more abundant in stomach samples from younger immature seals. Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) was only present in samples from seals older than 4 years. In Upemavik Arctic cod was the dominant prey item for seals caught in May at the iceedge, whereas polar cod dominated the samples from seals caught in open water.
Optimization of canopy conductance models from concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem water potential on Drooping Sheoak in South Australia
Authors: Wang Hailong , Guan Huade , Deng Zijuan , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCanopy conductance (gc) is a critical component in hydrological modeling for transpiration estimate. It is often formulated as functions of environmental variables. These functions are climate and vegetation specific. Thus, it is important to determine the appropriate functions ingcmodels and corresponding parameter values for a specific environment. In this study, sap flow, stem water potential, and microclimatic variables were measured for three Drooping Sheoak (Allocasuarina verticillata) trees in year 2011, 2012, and 2014. Canopy conductance was calculated from the inversed Penman‐Monteith (PM) equation, which was then used to examine 36gcmodels that comprise different response functions. Parameters were optimized using the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) model based on a training data set in 2012. Use of proper predawn stem water potential function, vapor pressure deficit function, and temperature function improves model performance significantly, while no pronounced difference is observed between models that differ in solar radiation functions. The best model gives a correlation coefficient of 0.97, and root‐mean‐square error of 0.0006 m/s in comparison to the PM‐calculatedgc. The optimized temperature function shows different characteristics from its counterparts in other similar studies. This is likely due to strong interdependence between air temperature and vapor pressure deficit in the study area or Sheoak tree physiology. Supported by the measurements and optimization results, we suggest that the effects of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit on canopy conductance should be represented together.
Is there a link between geomagnetic reversal frequency and paleointensity? A Bayesian approach
Authors: Ingham E. , Heslop D. , Roberts A. P. , Hawkins R. , Sambridge M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOver the last 25 years, several studies have tested for a link between geomagnetic field intensity and reversal frequency. However, despite a large increase in the number of absolute paleointensity determinations, and improved methods for obtaining such data, two competing models have arisen. Here we employ a new tool for objectively analyzing paleomagnetic time series to investigate the possibility of a link between reversal frequency and paleointensity. Transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques are applied to a quality‐filtered version of the global paleointensity (PINT) database for the last 202 Myr to model long‐term paleointensity behavior. A large ensemble of models is sampled, from which a final representative mean model is extracted. The resulting paleointensity model confirms published conclusions that the single‐silicate crystal method gives significantly different results from more conventional whole rock paleointensity methods; this makes it difficult to jointly model the two data types in the same analysis. When the much larger whole rock data set is considered, a stable paleointensity of 5.46±0.28×1022A/m2for the last 202 Myr is consistent with the 95% confidence interval of the paleointensity model. Statistical tests indicate no significant correlation between reversal frequency and field intensity at the 0.05 level. However, this result is likely due to the characteristics of the PINT database rather than being a genuine, physically representative conclusion. Given the paucity of data and general state of the global paleointensity database, concerted efforts to increase the number of high‐quality, well‐dated paleointensity data are required before conclusions about a link between geomagnetic field intensity and reversal frequency can be confidently drawn.
Evaluating 4 years of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) over Europe using IASI satellite observations and LOTOS‐EUROS model results
Authors: Van Damme M. , Wichink Kruit R. J. , Schaap M. , Clarisse L. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.‐F. , Dammers E. , Dolman A. J. , Erisman J. W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMonitoring ammonia (NH3) concentrations on a global to regional scale is a challenge. Due to the limited availability of reliable ground‐based measurements, the determination of NH3 distributions generally relies on model calculations. Novel remotely sensed NH3burdens provide valuable insights to complement traditional assessments for clear‐sky conditions. This paper presents a first quantitative comparison between Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations and LOTOS‐EUROS model results over Europe and Western Russia. A methodology to account for the variable retrieval sensitivity of the measurements is described. Four years of data (2008–2011) highlight three main agricultural hot spot areas in Europe: the Po Valley, the continental part of Northwestern Europe, and the Ebro Valley. The spatial comparison reveals a good overall agreement of the NH3 distributions not only in these source regions but also over remote areas and over sea when transport is observed. On average, the measured columns exceed the modeled ones, except for a few cases. Large discrepancies over several industrial areas in Eastern Europe and Russia point to underestimated emissions in the underlying inventories. The temporal analysis over the three hot spot areas reveals that the seasonality is well captured by the model when the lower sensitivity of the satellite measurements in the colder months is taken into account. Comparison of the daily time series indicates possible misrepresentations of the timing and magnitude of the emissions. Finally, specific attention to biomass burning events shows that modeled plumes are less spread out than the observed ones. This is confirmed for the 2010 Russian fires with a comparison using in situ observations.
Reduced cerebral gray matter and altered white matter in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Doorenweerd Nathalie , Straathof Chiara S. , Dumas Eve M. , Spitali Pietro , Ginjaar Ieke B. , Wokke Beatrijs H. , Schrans Debby G. , van den Bergen Janneke C. , van Zwet Erik W. , Webb Andrew , van Buchem Mark A. , Verschuuren Jan J. , Hendriksen Jos G. , Niks Erik H. , Kan Hermien E. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle weakness caused by DMD gene mutations leading to absence of the full‐length dystrophin protein in muscle. Multiple dystrophin isoforms are expressed in brain, but little is known about their function. DMD is associated with specific learning and behavioral disabilities that are more prominent in patients with mutations in the distal part of the DMD gene, predicted to affect expression of shorter protein isoforms. We used quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to study brain microstructure in DMD.MethodsT1‐weighted and diffusion tensor images were obtained on a 3T MR scanner from 30 patients and 22 age‐matched controls (age = 8–18 years). All subjects underwent neuropsychological examination. Group comparisons on tissue volume and diffusion tensor imaging parameters were made between DMD patients and controls, and between 2 DMD subgroups that were classified according to predicted Dp140 isoform expression (DMD_Dp140+ and DMD_Dp140−).ResultsDMD patients had smaller total brain volume, smaller gray matter volume, lower white matter fractional anisotropy, and higher white matter mean and radial diffusivity than healthy controls. DMD patients also performed worse on neuropsychological examination. Subgroup analyses showed that DMD_Dp140− subjects contributed most to the gray matter volume differences and performed worse on information processing.InterpretationBoth gray and white matter is affected in boys with DMD at a whole brain level. Differences between the DMD_Dp140− subgroup and controls indicate an important role for the Dp140 dystrophin isoform in cerebral development. Ann Neurol 2014;76:403–411
Simultaneous determination of plasma creatinine, uric acid, kynurenine and tryptophan by high‐performance liquid chromatography: method validation and in application to the assessment of renal function
Authors: Zhao Jianxing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of a set of reliable markers of renal function, including creatinine, uric acid, kynurenine and tryptophan in plasma. Separation was achieved by an Agilent HC‐C18 (2) analytical column. Gradient elution and programmed wavelength detection allowed the method to be used to analyze these compounds by just one injection. The total run time was 25 min with all peaks of interest being eluted within 13 min. Good linear responses were found with correlation coefficient >0.999 for all analytes within the concentration range of the relevant levels. The recovery was: creatinine, 101 ± 1%; uric acid, 94.9 ± 3.7%; kynurenine, 100 ± 2%; and tryptophan, 92.6 ± 2.9%. Coefficients of variation within‐run and between‐run of all analytes were ≤2.4%. The limit of detection of the method was: creatinine, 0.1 µmol/L; uric acid, 0.05 µmol/L; kynurenine, 0.02 µmol/L; and tryptophan, 1 µmol/L. The developed method could be employed as a useful tool for the detection of chronic kidney disease, even at an early stage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New prognostic factors and scoring system for patients with skeletal metastasis
Authors: Katagiri Hirohisa , Okada Rieko , Takagi Tatsuya , Takahashi Mitsuru , Murata Hideki , Harada Hideyuki , Nishimura Tetsuo , Asakura Hirofumi , Ogawa Hirofumi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to update a previous scoring system for patients with skeletal metastases, that was proposed by Katagiri et al. in 2005, by introducing a new factor (laboratory data) and analyzing a new patient cohort. Between January 2005 and January 2008, we treated 808 patients with symptomatic skeletal metastases. They were prospectively registered regardless of their treatments, and the last follow‐up evaluation was performed in 2012. There were 441 male and 367 female patients with a median age of 64 years. Of these patients, 749 were treated nonsurgically while the remaining 59 underwent surgery for skeletal metastasis. A multivariate analysis was conducted using the Cox proportional hazards model. We identified six significant prognostic factors for survival, namely, the primary lesion, visceral or cerebral metastases, abnormal laboratory data, poor performance status, previous chemotherapy, and multiple skeletal metastases. The first three factors had a larger impact than the remaining three. The prognostic score was calculated by adding together all the scores for individual factors. With a prognostic score of ≥7, the survival rate was 27% at 6 months, and only 6% at 1 year. In contrast, patients with a prognostic score of ≤3 had a survival rate of 91% at 1 year, and 78% at 2 years. Comparing the revised system with the previous one, there was a significantly lower number of wrongly predicted patients using the revised system. This revised scoring system was able to predict the survival rates of patients with skeletal metastases more accurately than the previous system and may be useful for selecting an optimal treatment.
Extending the Structural Diversity of α‐Flavonoid Glycosides with Engineered Glucansucrases
Authors: Malbert Yannick , Pizzut‐Serin Sandra , Massou Stéphane , Cambon Emmanuelle , Laguerre Sandrine , Monsan Pierre , Lefoulon François , Morel Sandrine , André Isabelle , Remaud‐Simeon Magali 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFlavonoids constitute an important class of bioactive molecules, the physicochemical properties of which can be modulated by glucosylation. A structurally guided approach has been used to isolate glucansucrases modified in their acceptor‐binding site and specialized for luteolin glucosylation. Of a small‐size library, we isolate mutants showing up to an 8‐fold increase in flavonoid conversion rate over that observed with the parental enzyme. Di‐ and triglucosylated luteolin derivatives never described before have been obtained. They exhibit 282‐ and 17 708‐fold increases in water solubility, respectively, and are protected from oxidation by the glucosylation reaction. Molecular docking enables insight into the product specificity of the best mutants. These results demonstrate that α‐transglucosylase engineering is a powerful means to generate highly specific catalysts for flavonoid glucosylation and deliver new structural scaffolds with increased bioavailability and high relevance for therapeutic applications.
Divergent Pathways and Competitive Mechanisms of Metathesis Reactions between 3‐Arylprop‐2‐ynyl Esters and Aldehydes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Trujillo Cristina , Sánchez‐Sanz Goar , Karpavičienė Ieva , Jahn Ullrich , Čikotienė Inga , Rulíšek Lubomír 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMechanistic studies of the reaction between 3‐arylprop‐2‐ynyl esters and aldehydes catalyzed by BF3⋅Et2O were performed by isotopic labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations. The reactions are shown to proceed by either a classical alkyne–carbonyl metathesis route or an unprecedented addition–rearrangement cascade. Depending on the structure of the starting materials and the reaction conditions, the products of these reactions can be Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) adducts that are unavailable by traditional MBH reactions or E‐ and Z‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones. 18O‐Labeling studies suggested the existence of two different reaction pathways to the products. These pathways were further examined by quantum chemical calculations that employed the DFT(wB97XD)/6‐311+G(2d,p) method, together with the conductor‐like screening model for realistic solvation (COSMO‐RS). By using the wB97XD functional, the accuracy of the computed data is estimated to be 1–2 kcal mol−1, shown by the careful benchmarking of various DFT functionals against coupled cluster calculations at the CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory. Indeed, most of the experimental data were reproduced and explained by theory and it was convincingly shown that the branching point between the two distinct mechanisms is the formation of the first intermediate on the reaction pathway: either the four‐membered oxete or the six‐membered zwitterion. The deep mechanistic understanding of these reactions opens new synthetic avenues to chemically and biologically important α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Aryl‐Copper(III)‐Acetylides as Key Intermediates in CCsp Model Couplings under Mild Conditions
Authors: Rovira Mireia , Font Marc , Acuña‐Parés Ferran , Parella Teodor , Luis Josep M. , Lloret‐Fillol Julio , Ribas Xavi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe mechanism of copper‐mediated Sonogashira couplings (so‐called Stephens–Castro and Miura couplings) is not well understood and lacks clear comprehension. In this work, the reactivity of a well‐defined aryl‐CuIII species (1) with p‐R‐phenylacetylenes (R=NO2, CF3, H) is reported and it is found that facile reductive elimination from a putative aryl‐CuIII‐acetylide species occurs at room temperature to afford the CarylCsp coupling species (IR), which in turn undergo an intramolecular reorganisation to afford final heterocyclic products containing 2H‐isoindole (P, P, PHa) or 1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline (PHb) substructures. Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies support the postulated reductive elimination pathway that leads to the formation of CCsp bonds and provide the clue to understand the divergent intramolecular reorganisation when p‐H‐phenylacetylene is used. Mechanistic insights and the very mild experimental conditions to effect CarylCsp coupling in these model systems provide important insights for developing milder copper‐catalysed CarylCsp coupling reactions with standard substrates in the future.
Selective Stabilization of Abasic Site‐Containing DNA by Insertion of Sterically Demanding Biaryl Ligands
Authors: Benner Katja , Bergen Anna , Ihmels Heiko , Pithan Phil Marvin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBiaryl derivatives that consist of one DNA‐intercalating unit and a sterically demanding component exhibit a specific behavior towards abasic site‐containing DNA (AP‐DNA) as determined by thermal DNA denaturation experiments, spectrometric titrations and CD spectroscopic analysis. Specifically, these ligands strongly stabilize AP‐DNA towards dissociation, whereas they do not or only marginally affect the melting temperature of regular duplex DNA.