bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the Geometries of Biconical Tapered Fiber Sensors for Monitoring the Early‐Age Curing Temperatures of Concrete Specimens
Authors: Luo Dong , Ibrahim Zainah , Ismail Zubaidah , Xu Bin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article, a geometrical optimization procedure using biconical tapered fiber sensors is proposed for monitoring the early‐age curing temperatures of concrete specimens. The geometries of the sensors are theoretically optimized by the ray‐tracing theory. The results of the theoretical analysis show that the performance of the sensors is heavily influenced by Evanescent Waves, which are due to the tunneling rays and are fully escaped by tapering the fiber. The effects of the geometrical parameters, including the taper ratios, taper lengths, and ray launch angles, as well as the surrounding temperatures, on the behavior of the sensors are studied numerically. The numerical results demonstrate that higher performance of the proposed optimized sensors can be achieved by a longer taper length and smaller taper ratio combined with an initial ray launching angle of 0.01 rad. An experimental study on early‐age curing temperature monitoring of concrete specimens with the biconical tapered fiber sensors was carried out. The experimental measurements agree well with the theoretical results.
TaEIL1, a wheat homologue of AtEIN3, acts as a negative regulator in the wheat–stripe rust fungus interaction
Authors: Duan Xiaoyuan , Wang Xiaojie , Fu Yanping , Tang Chunlei , Li Xiaorui , Cheng Yulin , Feng Hao , Huang Lili , Kang Zhensheng 
Published: June 2013

SummaryTranscription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of plant development and defence responses. Increasing evidence has implicated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) in the plant defence response to pathogen infection and environmental stimuli. However, the role of EIN3 in wheat resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is not clear. Here, TaEIL1 was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) based on a sequence fragment from a wheat–Pst interaction cDNA library. The TaEIL1 protein contains a typical EIN3‐binding domain, and transient expression analyses indicated that TaEIL1 is localized in the nucleus. Yeast one‐hybrid assay revealed that TaEIL1 exhibits transcriptional activity, and its C‐terminus is necessary for the activation of transcription. TaEIL1 transcripts were regulated by environmental stress stimuli and were decreased under salicylic acid (SA) treatment. When wheat leaves were challenged with Pst, the transcript level of TaEIL1 in the compatible interaction was approximately three times higher than that in the incompatible interaction. Knocking down TaEIL1 through the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) system attenuated the growth of Pst, with shortened hyphae and reduced hyphal branches, haustorial mother cells and colony size. Moreover, enhanced necrosis was triggered by the Pst avirulent race CYR23, indicating that the hypersensitive response was strengthened in TaEIL1‐silenced wheat plants. Thus, the up‐regulation of defence‐related genes and increased sucrose abundance might contribute to the enhanced disease resistance of wheat to the virulent race CYR31. Taken together, the results suggested that the suppression of TaEIL1 transcripts could enhance the resistance of wheat to stripe rust fungus.
HvLUX1 is a candidate gene underlying the early maturity 10 locus in barley: phylogeny, diversity, and interactions with the circadian clock and photoperiodic pathways
Authors: Campoli Chiara , Pankin Artem , Drosse Benedikt , Casao Cristina M. , Davis Seth J. , von Korff Maria 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Photoperiodic flowering is a major factor determining crop performance and is controlled by interactions between environmental signals and the circadian clock. We proposed Hvlux1, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis circadian gene LUX ARRHYTHMO, as a candidate underlying the early maturity 10 (eam10) locus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

The link between eam10 and Hvlux1 was discovered using high‐throughput sequencing of enriched libraries and segregation analysis. We conducted functional, phylogenetic, and diversity studies of eam10 and HvLUX1 to understand the genetic control of photoperiod response in barley and to characterize the evolution of LUX‐like genes within barley and across monocots and eudicots.

We demonstrate that eam10 causes circadian defects and interacts with the photoperiod response gene Ppd‐H1 to accelerate flowering under long and short days. The results of phylogenetic and diversity analyses indicate that HvLUX1 was under purifying selection, duplicated at the base of the grass clade, and diverged independently of LUX‐like genes in other plant lineages.

Taken together, these findings contribute to improved understanding of the barley circadian clock, its interaction with the photoperiod pathway, and evolution of circadian systems in barley and across monocots and eudicots.
Ploidy‐specific symbiotic interactions: divergence of mycorrhizal fungi between cytotypes of theGymnadenia conopseagroup (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Těšitelová Tamara , Jersáková Jana , Roy Mélanie , Kubátová Barbora , Těšitel Jakub , Urfus Tomáš , Trávníček Pavel , Suda Jan 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPolyploidy is widely recognized as a major mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants, yet little is known about its effects on interactions with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the most common plant symbionts and play an important role in plant nutrient supply. It remains to be understood whether mycorrhizal associations of ploidy‐variable plants can be ploidy‐specific.We examined mycorrhizal associations in three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of theGymnadenia conopseagroup (Orchidaceae), involvingG. conopseas.s. andG. densiflora, at different spatial scales and during different ontogenetic stages. We analysed: adults from mixed‐ and single‐ploidy populations at a regional scale; closely spaced adults within a mixed‐ploidy site; and mycorrhizal seedlings.AllGymnadeniacytotypes associated mainly with saprotrophicTulasnellaceae (Basidiomycota). Nonetheless, both adults and seedlings of diploids and their autotetraploid derivatives significantly differed in the identity of their mycorrhizal symbionts. Interploidy segregation of mycorrhizal symbionts was most pronounced within a site with closely spaced adults.This study provides the first evidence that polyploidization of a plant species can be associated with a shift in mycorrhizal symbionts. This divergence may contribute to niche partitioning and facilitate establishment and co‐existence of different cytotypes.
The influence of sun exposure in childhood and adolescence on atopic disease at adolescence
Authors: Kemp Andrew Stewart , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Pezic Angela , Cochrane Jennifer Ann , Dwyer Terence , Jones Graeme 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt has been postulated that ultraviolet ray exposure in childhood might influence the development of allergic disease. We examined whether reported sun exposure during childhood or in adolescence is related to the occurrence of atopy or allergic disease.MethodsPopulation‐based longitudinal cohort study with sixteen‐year follow‐up (N = 415). Subjects were recruited at birth as part of an infant health study. The reported daily duration of sun exposure in the summer months was recorded at 8 and 16 yrs of age. Allergen sensitization and the presence of eczema, asthma, and rye grass positive rhinitis were recorded at age 16.ResultsReported sun exposures of more than 4 h per day during summer holidays in adolescence were associated with reduced eczema and rhinitis but not inhalant allergen sensitization or asthma risk. Thus, higher sun exposure during summer holidays and summer weekends in adolescence was associated with significantly reduced eczema (test of trend p‐value = 0.001 summer holidays; test of trend p‐value = 0.003 summer weekends) and rye grass positive rhinitis (test of trend p‐value = 0.03 summer holidays; test of trend p‐value = 0.02 summer weekends). Sun exposure at adolescence or age 8 was not related to inhalant allergen sensitization. There was no association between serum 25(OH)D levels at adolescence with either inhalant allergen sensitization or allergic disease and adjustment for serum 25(OH)D levels did not alter these findings.ConclusionsIncreased sun exposure during summer holidays in adolescence was associated with reduced eczema and rhinitis risk, independently of measured vitamin D levels but no difference in inhalant allergen sensitization or asthma. The beneficial effects of sun exposure on allergic disease may operate independently from vitamin D or an effect on allergen sensitization.
Interaction between glutathione S‐transferase variants, maternal smoking and childhood wheezing changes with age
Authors: Wu Jiakai , Hankinson Jenny , Kopec‐Harding Kamilla , Custovic Adnan , Simpson Angela 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundMaternal smoking increases the risk of respiratory symptoms in children. Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) detoxify xenobiotics from tobacco smoke, and functional polymorphism in GST gene(s) could predispose children to the detrimental effects of maternal smoking. Our objective was to investigate interactions between GST variants and maternal smoking in relation to the development of wheezing during childhood and whether any such interaction changes with time.MethodsIn a population‐based birth cohort, we assessed maternal smoking and current wheeze at five time points during the first 11 yr of life. DNA was genotyped for GSTP1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 (n = 807). Longitudinal analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations.ResultsDuring early childhood, children whose mothers smoked were more likely to wheeze, with the strongest association observed at age 3 yr (p = 0.006). In a longitudinal model, children with GSTP1 AA and AG genotypes had significantly higher risk of wheeze compared with GG homozygotes. We observed a significant interaction between GSTP1 and maternal smoking where the risk of infantile wheezing was significantly increased in AA homozygotes, but only if their mothers smoked (OR 2.59, [1.08–6.21], pint = 0.03). Furthermore, amongst AA carriers, there was a significant interaction between child's age and maternal smoking, with the effect of maternal smoking on the risk of wheeze significantly diminishing with age (pint = 0.05); no such findings were observed for GSTM1 and GSTT1.ConclusionsChildren with AA genotype for GSTP1 are at increased risk of early‐life wheezing if their mothers smoke, but the effect of maternal smoking on wheezing diminishes with time.
Plasticity of melanoma in vivo: murine lesions resulting from Trp53, but not Cdk4 or Arf deregulation, display neural transdifferentiation
Authors: Handoko Herlina Y. , Boyle Glen M. , Ferguson Blake , Muller H. Konrad , Soyer H. Peter , Walker Graeme J. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe previously noted that melanomas developing in Cdk4R24C/R24C::Tyr‐NRAS, Arf−/−::Tyr‐NRAS and Trp53F/F::Tyr‐Cre(ER)::Tyr‐NRAS mice exhibited differences in behaviour in vivo. We investigated this phenomenon using global gene expression profiling of lesions from the respective genotypes. While those from the Cdk4‐ and Arf‐mutant mice exhibited similar profiles, the Trp53F/F::Tyr‐Cre(ER)::Tyr‐NRAS melanomas were strikingly different, showing relative down‐regulation of melanocyte‐related genes, and up‐regulation of genes related to neural differentiation. Specifically, they highly expressed genes representative of the myelin‐producing peripheral oligodendrite (Schwann cell) lineage, although histopathologically the lesions did not exhibit the classical features of schwannoma. As Schwann cell precursors can be a cellular origin of melanocytes, it is unsurprising that plasticity with respect to melanocyte‐neural differentiation can occur in melanoma. What is surprising is the genotype proclivity. Comparison of gene expression signatures revealed that melanomas from the Trp53‐mutant mice show significant similarities with a subset of aggressive human melanomas with relatively low levels of MITF.
Antiherpetic Medication Use and the Risk of Gastroschisis: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2007
Authors: Ahrens Katherine A. , Anderka Marlene T. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Canfield Mark A. , Mitchell Allen A. , Werler Martha M. ,   National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies examining the teratogenic effects of antiherpetic medications have found no associations for birth defects overall but have not examined the risk of specific birth defects.MethodsThe National Birth Defects Prevention Study ascertains population‐based cases with birth defects and live‐born controls without birth defects in 10 states across the United States for the purpose of identifying potential teratogenic risk factors. Mothers of cases and controls are interviewed within 2 years of their estimated date of delivery about demographic, medical and behavioural factors before and during pregnancy. This analysis examined the possible association between use of antiherpetic medications (acyclovir, valacyclovir or famciclovir) during early pregnancy and gastroschisis, a birth defect of the abdominal wall.ResultsThe mothers of 1.1% (n = 10) of 941 gastroschisis cases and 0.3% (n = 27) of 8339 controls reported antiherpetic medication use during the month before conception through the third month of pregnancy. The adjusted odds ratios for such use in relation to gastroschisis were 4.7 [95% confidence interval 1.7, 13.3] and 4.7 [95% CI 1.2, 19.0] among women with and without self‐reported genital herpes, respectively, when compared with women without antiherpetic use or herpes. Among women reporting no antiherpetic medication use, the odds ratio for self‐reported genital herpes in relation to gastroschisis was 3.0 [95% CI 1.6, 5.7].ConclusionsOur study raises the possibility of an increased risk of gastroschisis because of either antiherpetic medication use during early pregnancy or the underlying genital herpes infection for which it was indicated.
Cardiovascular mortality in obstructive sleep apnoea treated with continuous positive airway pressure or oral appliance: An observational study
Authors: Anandam Anil , Patil Monali , Akinnusi Morohunfolu , Jaoude Philippe , El‐Solh Ali A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term cardiovascular mortality in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treated with either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mandibular advancing device (MAD).MethodsA non‐concurrent cohort study of 570 subjects with severe OSA (apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥ 30/h) and a control group of 269 subjects (AHI < 5/h) were followed up for a median of 79 months (interquartile range 76–88 months). All patients received CPAP initially. MAD was offered for those who were non‐adherent to CPAP. The endpoint was cardiovascular death.Results Two hundred and eight control subjects, 177 patients treated with CPAP, 72 with MAD and 212 who declined treatment were analysed. Forty‐two patients had a fatal cardiovascular event during the course of the study. The non‐apnoeic group had the lowest cardiovascular death rate (0.28 per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08–0.71)) followed by the CPAP‐treated (0.56 per 100 person‐years (95% CI: 0.20–1.23)) and the MAD‐treated OSA group (0.61 per 100 person‐years (95% CI: 0.13–1.78)), with the highest cardiovascular mortality rate observed in the untreated OSA group (2.1 per 100 person‐years (95% CI: 1.37–2.92)). Although residual AHI for MAD‐treated patients was significantly higher than CPAP‐treated patients (16.3 ± 5.1/h vs. 4.5 ± 2.3/h; P < 0.001), there was no difference in cardiovascular death rate between the two groups (hazard ratio 1.08 (95% CI: 0.55–1.74); P = 0.71).ConclusionsBoth CPAP and MAD may be equally effective therapy in reducing the risk of fatal cardiovascular events in patients with severe OSA.
Trade‐Induced Unemployment: The Case of Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Smet Koen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper analyses the link between changes in trade flows and labour demand in post‐apartheid South Africa (1994–2006). Although this is not the first research with regard to this topic, it is one of the few that uses a consistent trade framework. Based on a three‐dimensional Heckscher–Ohlin trade model, a theoretical framework is constructed to analyse this link. Whereas it is impossible to test the theoretical link directly because of data limitations, an indirect econometric test supports the findings of the model. This implies that the combination of increased trade and labour market rigidities was unfavourable for labour opportunities.
The Impact of Brain Drain on Human Capital in Developing Countries
Authors: Ngoma Abubakar Lawan , Ismail Normaz Wana 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe debate over the effect of human capital flight on educational attainment in immigrants' source countries has received huge theoretical propositions but a few analytical approaches. This paper examines the short‐run and long‐run impact of skilled migration rates (brain drain) on human capital formation in migrants' source developing countries. Specifically, we revisited some empirical studies that found evidence of beneficial brain drain in migrants' source countries. Our empirical result, using school enrolments does not only disagree with theirs but also presents an insight on how human capital leakages that occur through brain drain can be counterbalanced through remittances received in the immigrants' source countries.
Flexible Copula Density Estimation with Penalized Hierarchical B‐splines
Authors: Kauermann Göran , Schellhase Christian , Ruppert David 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe paper introduces a new method for flexible spline fitting for copula density estimation. Spline coefficients are penalized to achieve a smooth fit. To weaken the curse of dimensionality, instead of a full tensor spline basis, a reduced tensor product based on so called sparse grids (Notes Numer. Fluid Mech. Multidiscip. Des., 31, 1991, 241‐251) is used. To achieve uniform margins of the copula density, linear constraints are placed on the spline coefficients, and quadratic programming is used to fit the model. Simulations and practical examples accompany the presentation.
Norms and Necessity
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractModality presents notorious philosophical problems, including the epistemic problem of how we could come to know modal facts and metaphysical problems about how to place modal facts in the natural world. These problems arise from thinking of modal claims as attempts to describe modal features of this world that explain what makes them true. Here I propose a different view of modal discourse in which talk about what is “metaphysically necessary” does not aim to describe modal features of the world, but, rather, provides a particularly useful way of expressing constitutive semantic and conceptual rules in the object language. The result is a “modal normativist” view that enables us to avoid the epistemic problems of modality and mitigate the metaphysical worries, while also leaving open the possibility of a unified account of the function of modal language. Finally, I address a serious challenge: we have the norms we do in order to track the modal facts of the world, so that the order of explanation must go in the opposite direction. I close by showing how the normativist may answer that challenge.
Was Mill a Noncognitivist?
Authors: Macleod Christopher 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the presumption that Mill endorses a form of metaethical noncognitivism. I argue that the evidence traditionally cited for this interpretation is not convincing and suggest that we should instead remain open to a cognitivist reading. I begin by laying out the “received view” of Mill on the status of practical norms, as given by Alan Ryan in the 1970s. I then argue that there is no firm textual evidence for this reading of Mill: his remarks on “art” and “science” do not show the metaethical commitments they have been taken to. Neither is there firm textual evidence for a cognitivist reading. However, a noncognitivist interpretation suffers from the fault of anachronism and is difficult to reconcile with the clear commitment in Utilitarianism to the possibility of evidence being given for the desirability of pleasure. A cognitivist reading would not suffer from these faults, and on that basis, I conclude that we should think further about what a cognitivist reading of Mill might amount to.
Belief Norms and Blindspots
Authors: Raleigh Thomas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractI defend the thesis that beliefs are constitutively normative from two kinds of objections. After clarifying what a “blindspot” proposition is and the different types of blindspots there can be, I show that the existence of such propositions does not undermine the thesis that beliefs are essentially governed by a negative truth norm. I argue that the “normative variance” exhibited by this norm is not a defect. I also argue that if we accept a distinction between subjective and objective norms, there need be no worrying tension between doxastic norms of truth and doxastic norms of evidence. I show how a similar approach applies to the attitude of guessing. I then suggest that if we distinguish between practical and theoretical rationality, we will prefer a negative form of norm that does not positively oblige us to form beliefs. I finish by considering an alternative possible subjunctive form of norm that would also avoid problems with blindspots, but I suggest this has a nonintuitive consequence.
Black‐White Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Csizmadia Annamaria , Ispa Jean M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this study, we investigated trajectories of Black‐White biracial children's social development during middle childhood, their associations with parents’ racial identification of children, and the moderating effects of child gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). The study utilized data from parent and teacher reports on 293 US Black‐White biracial children enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS‐K). Growth curve models suggested increasing trajectories of teacher‐reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors between kindergarten and fifth grade. Parents’ racial identification of children predicted child externalizing behavior trajectories such that teachers rated biracially identified children's externalizing behaviors lower relative to those of Black‐ and White‐identified children. Additionally, for White‐identified biracial children, the effect of family SES on internalizing behavior trajectories was especially pronounced. These findings suggest that in the USA, how parents racially identify their Black‐White biracial children early on has important implications for children's problem behaviors throughout the elementary school years.