bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star‐Shaped Block Copolymers by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition for Potential Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: von der Ehe Christian , Kempe Kristian , Bauer Marius , Baumgaertel Anja , Hager Martin D. , Fischer Dagmar , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStar‐shaped poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) is synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization and subsequently functionalized with alkyne groups. These are utilized for the attachment of linear poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether azide (mPEG‐N3) and poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) azide (PEtOx‐N3) by copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The resulting amphiphilic star‐shaped block copolymers are characterized by SEC, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and DLS. In order to elucidate the potential of both systems as drug carriers their loading capacity is studied with a model system, the hydrophobic dye fat brown RR. Furthermore, erythrocyte aggregation tests provide first indications that the two different star‐shaped block copolymers are compatible for potential applications in a biological context.
Luminescence of Tb3+‐doped oxide glasses with high Gd2O3 concentration under UV and X‐ray excitation
Authors: Chewpraditkul Weerapong , Sheng Qiuchun , Chen Danping , Beitlerova Alena , Nikl Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis report presents the luminescence properties of Tb3+‐doped oxide glasses with high Gd2O3 (25 mol%) concentration under UV and X‐ray excitation. The intense green 5D4 → 7FJ luminescence is observed with strong luminescence quenching of the 5D3 level due to cross‐relaxation process. Energy transfer from Gd3+ to Tb3+ ions is confirmed by both luminescence spectra and decay measurements. The integral scintillation efficiency obtained for the 0.5 wt% Tb3+‐doped glass under X‐ray excitation is of about 40% of that of the reference Bi4Ge3O12 crystal.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation over complex Alpine orography: inferences from high‐resolution radar observations
Authors: Mandapaka P. V. , Germann U. , Panziera L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe study describes the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the Alps and surrounding forelands using high‐resolution volumetric data from a network of three ground‐based radars. First, the study focused on the regional, seasonal and interannual variability in the diurnal behaviour of surface rainfall intensity, frequency and spatial correlations. Secondly, the study examined the diurnal variation in the vertical structure of summertime precipitation. Significant regional and seasonal differences are noticed in the diurnal cycle of precipitation features. The signal is strongest in the Alps, moderate in the plains north of the Alps and weak in the Po River Plain south of the Alps. The phase of the diurnal cycle is around 1630 UTC over the Alps for both spring and summer seasons. During autumn, the signal is weakest with no well‐defined phase. The spatial variogram analysis showed that rainfall patterns are most variable between 1200 and 1400 UTC, approximately 3 h before the occurrence of diurnal maximum in precipitation frequency and intensity. The vertical structure of precipitation is characterized using frequency–altitude diagrams, and its diurnal behaviour is analysed using Hovmöller diagrams. The results show that the diurnal cycle of precipitation varies significantly with height. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Nonsingular constraints in time‐dependent variational principle for parametrized wave functions
Authors: Ohta Katsuhisa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this work, we consider two conditions required for the nonsingularity of constraints in the time‐dependent variational principle (TDVP) for parametrized wave functions. One is the regularity condition which assures the static nonsingularity of the constraint surface. The other condition is the second‐class condition of constraints which assures the dynamic nonsingularity of the constraint surface with a symplectic metric. For analytic wave functions for complex TDVP‐parameters, the regularity and the second‐class conditions become equivalent. The second‐class condition for expectation values is reduced to the noncommutability of the corresponding quantum operators. The symplectic singularity of the equation of motion of TDVP is also shown to be a local breakdown of the second‐class condition in an extended canonical phase‐space. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear FXLMS algorithm for active noise control systems with saturation nonlinearity
Authors: Sahib Mouayad A. , Kamil Raja , Marhaban Mohammad H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn active noise control (ANC) applications, the saturation effect of the loudspeaker in the secondary path is considered as the most serious problem that could degrade performance of standard filtered‐x least mean square (FXLMS) control algorithm. When the loudspeaker exhibits nonlinearities, the linear modeling approach fails to identify the secondary path accurately. In the literature, the nonlinear FXLMS (NLFXLMS) algorithm has been proposed to update the ANC controller with a block‐oriented secondary path model. This model consists of nonlinear and linear filters whereby the nonlinear part which represents the saturation effect of the amplifier‐loudspeaker system is modeled by a scaled error function (SEF). The NLFXLMS algorithm requires an exact copy of the linear and nonlinear models of the secondary path. However, NLFXLMS cannot be implemented in real time because the modeling of the SEF cannot be realized. In this paper, a new method to model the secondary path using the Hammerstein model structure and tangential hyperbolic function (THF) is proposed. The THF can represent the SEF to a certain degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the modeling of the THF can be realized using least mean square (LMS) algorithm and utilized in the NLFXLMS control scheme. Simulation results show that the performance of the THF‐based NLFXLMS algorithm is comparable with the SEF‐based NLFXLMS. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Politics of Taxation and the “Armenian Question” during the Late Ottoman Empire, 1876–1908
Authors: Özbek Nadır 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article explores the social and political context of the Ottoman Armenian massacres during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II focusing on the empire's tax regime. Although important research has been done on the massacres of 1894–1897, little has been written on the role the tax regime and collection practices played in preparing the context for increased state and communal violence in the “six provinces” (vilayat-ı sitte)—Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Mamretülaziz, Sivas, and Diyarbekir—where the great majority of Ottoman Armenians lived. Political and social historians have paid little attention to the Ottoman state's administrative practices in Eastern Anatolia, particularly its tax collection practices, as part of the larger context of the “Armenian Question.” Perhaps Ottoman economic and financial historians have been reluctant to consider tax collection as politics. In any case, key linkages between the tax regime and the social and political catastrophe it helped to create have been missed. In this paper I establish a bridge between social and political history and fiscal history. I analyze tax collection as everyday politics to offer a new window into the political disturbances in the empire's six provinces populated mostly by Armenians and Kurds. The study of the Ottoman tax system as an instance of state administrative practices at the quotidian level, rather than as merely a legal and institutional apparatus, illuminates the complicated realities of the late Ottoman state and society, and the “Armenian Question.”
“I felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally.” The Emergence of the Political Prisoner, 1865–1910
Authors: Kenney Padraic 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe political prisoner is a figure taken for granted in historical discourse, with the term being used broadly to describe any individual held in captivity for oppositional activities. This article argues for understanding the political prisoner, for whom prison becomes a vehicle of politics, as the product of modern states and political movements. The earlier practices of the “imprisoned political,” for whom prison was primarily an obstacle to politics, gave way to prisoners who used the category creatively against the regimes that imprisoned them. Using the cases of Polish socialists in the Russian Empire, Fenians in Ireland, suffragettes in Britain, andsatyagrahiin British South Africa, this article explains how both regimes and their prisoners developed common practices and discourses around political incarceration in the years 1865–1910.
New detection of tremor triggered in Hokkaido, northern Japan by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake
Authors: Obara Kazushige 
Published: September 2012

The transient stress change caused by the passage of surface waves resulting from the 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake triggered seismic tremor in two regions in Hokkaido, in the northernmost part of the Japanese islands, where tectonic tremor associated with the subducting plate has not previously been detected. The amplitude pattern of the tremor envelope in both regions is characterized by a periodic enhancement at an interval of about 20 s, which correlates with the surface wave. One tremor that was triggered in central Hokkaido at a depth of around 10–20 km coincides with active seismicity linked to previously known, deep low‐frequency microearthquakes related to volcanic activity. Another tremor occurred in northernmost Hokkaido, where there are no known active faults, volcanoes, or microearthquake seismicity. If the source of the northern tremor is located near the ground surface, it would be possible that the tremor is related to fluid pressure change, because the periodic enhancement of tremor amplitude is in phase with the largest compressional strain caused by surface waves.
Word Learning in Adults With Second-Language Experience: Effects of Phonological and Referent Familiarity
Authors: Kaushanskaya Margarita , Yoo Jeewon , Van Hecke Stephanie 
Published: September 2012

Purpose
The goal of this research was to examine whether phonological familiarity exerts different effects on novel word learning for familiar versus unfamiliar referents and whether successful word learning is associated with increased second-language experience.

Method
Eighty-one adult native English speakers with various levels of Spanish knowledge learned phonologically familiar novel words (constructed using English sounds) or phonologically unfamiliar novel words (constructed using non-English and non-Spanish sounds) in association with either familiar or unfamiliar referents. Retention was tested via a forced-choice recognition task. A median-split procedure identified high-ability and low-ability word learners in each condition, and the two groups were compared on measures of second-language experience.

Results
Findings suggest that the ability to accurately match newly learned novel names to their appropriate referents is facilitated by phonological familiarity only for familiar referents but not for unfamiliar referents. Moreover, more extensive second-language learning experience characterized superior learners primarily in one word-learning condition: in which phonologically unfamiliar novel words were paired with familiar referents.

Conclusions
Together, these findings indicate that phonological familiarity facilitates novel word learning only for familiar referents and that experience with learning a second language may have a specific impact on novel vocabulary learning in adults.
Amplitude Rise Time Does Not Cue the /bɑ/–/wɑ/ Contrast for Adults or Children
Authors: Nittrouer Susan , Lowenstein Joanna H. , Tarr Eric 
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Previous research has demonstrated that children weight the acoustic cues to many phonemic decisions differently than do adults and gradually shift those strategies as they gain language experience. However, that research has focused on spectral and duration cues rather than on amplitude cues. In the current study, the authors examined
amplitude rise time
(ART; an amplitude cue) and
formant rise time
(FRT; a spectral cue) in the /bɑ/–/wɑ/ manner contrast for adults and children, and related those speech decisions to outcomes of nonspeech discrimination tasks.

Method
Twenty adults and 30 children (ages 4–5 years) labeled natural and synthetic speech stimuli manipulated to vary ARTs and FRTs, and discriminated nonspeech analogs that varied only by ART in an AX paradigm.

Results
Three primary results were obtained. First, listeners in both age groups based speech labeling judgments on FRT, not on ART. Second, the fundamental frequency of the natural speech samples did not influence labeling judgments. Third, discrimination performance for the nonspeech stimuli did not predict how listeners would perform with the speech stimuli.

Conclusion
Even though both adults and children are sensitive to ART, it was not weighted in phonemic judgments by these typical listeners.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Benefits of Implementation Intentions Depend on the Number of Goals
Authors: Dalton Amy N. , Spiller Stephen A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Implementation intentions are specific plans regarding how, when, and where to pursue a goal (Gollwitzer). Forming implementation intentions for a single goal has been shown to facilitate goal achievement, but do such intentions benefit multiple goals? If so, people should form implementation intentions for all their goals, from eating healthily to tidying up. An investigation into this question suggests that the benefits of implemental planning for attaining a single goal do not typically extend to multiple goals. Instead, implemental planning draws attention to the difficulty of executing multiple goals, which undermines commitment to those goals relative to other desirable activities and thereby undermines goal success. Framing the execution of multiple goals as a manageable endeavor, however, reduces the perceived difficulty of multiple goal pursuit and helps consumers accomplish the various tasks they planned for. This research contributes to literature on goal management, goal specificity, the intention-behavior link, and planning.
SOCIAL CUEING ELICITS A DISTINCT FORM OF VISUAL SPATIAL ORIENTING
Authors: Rombough Adrienne H. , Barrie Jennifer N. , Iarocci Grace 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOrienting attention in the direction of another person's gaze, head turn, or finger point may represent a unique behavior that is distinct from traditionally identified types of orienting (i.e., exogenous and endogenous). This chapter explores the question of whether the attention orienting response to social cues is unique by reviewing cognitive/behavioral findings. The chapter proposes that current taxonomies do not adequately capture the construct of social orienting and present an adapted framework that is more elaborate in classifying both the degree to which orienting is consciously controlled and the extent to which learning and experience play a role in the acquisition of the social orienting response. The chapter then reviews neuro-imaging and developmental findings (including specific examples of atypical development; autism and schizophrenia) in order to ascertain whether the proposed framework is supported by findings from these research disciplines.
Mental Disorders Across the Life Span and the Role of Executive Function Networks
Authors: Carlson Michelle C. , Eldreth Dana , Chuang Yi-Fang , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter considers the relationship of disorders to brain function. It begins by defining executive functions and their importance to prosocial behavior and independent functioning. It then describes how these functions develop concomitantly with prefrontal brain growth through childhood and adolescence and decline in late life. Next it reviews specific mental disorders that arise during these developmental windows and the executive dysfunctions common to those disorders. The disorders considered include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of imaging and biomarkers, methods that will continue to elucidate brain-behavior relationships and so aid early detection, prognosis, and treatment.
Mental Health Systems Around the World
Authors: Saxena Shekhar , Bass Judith K. , Everett Anita , Eaton William W. , Novin Atieh 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the wide range in capacity and availability of mental health services around the globe. The first section discusses the concepts, definitions, measurement instruments, and sources of data bearing on global mental health and mental illness. That information provides background for the balance of the discussion by exposing the dearth of system-level instruments and readily comparable global data to help guide international public mental health policy. This is followed by an exploration of selected data on mental health systems around the world. Finally, the chapter presents a brief summary of mental health-related activities by leading international agencies.
Introduction
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn India, the most important controversies in recent politics have centred around group rights. Do quotas for other backward classes detract from equality of opportunity or realize social justice? Do exemptions for Muslim family law undermine equal citizenship rights for all individuals or enhance secularism? This book proposes a comparative political theory approach that takes as its starting point the experience of India, a non-Western liberal democracy. It compares debates in the case of two types of groups, religious minorities, and lower castes, involving policies both of cultural rights and affirmative action. This book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on the Constituent Assembly debates (1946–9), which marked a moment of containment in the career of group rights in India. Part II shifts to two key political debates of the late 1980s, the Shah Bano case and the Mandal debate.
3 Nationalist Discourse and Group Rights
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter argues that nationalist discourse on group rights in the Constituent Assembly of India is best understood as comprising a set of interlinked concepts — secularism, democracy, social justice, national unity, and development. In historical terms, it shows that the dominant interpretation of the nationalist vocabulary in this period was opposed to special provisions for minority groups. As these were seen as a threat to national unity, other concepts of the nationalist vocabulary such as secularism and justice were also construed as antithetical to group-differentiated rights. Indian nationalism spoke in a common, liberal voice against group-differentiated rights in this period, with modernist ideas likely gaining ground as these accorded with Hindu opinion on minority rights. Finally, focusing on secularism, the chapter argues that the nationalist vocabulary was substantially liberal democratic in character, even as it was inflected by indigenous historical and cultural idioms.
5 Secularism and Muslim Personal Law
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the Shah Bano case and considers arguments for and against special provisions for Muslim religious law in India through the prism of secularism. It argues that discursive shifts can be observed in conceptions of secularism in Congress discourse that were conducive to stronger multicultural policies: policy change was accompanied by changes in political justifications regarding group rights. With both equality and freedom-based arguments remaining under-developed in Congress discourse, preferential provisions for cultural protection continued to suffer from a justificatory deficit. This, together with the form of the discursive shift of the Congress, created a favourable ideological climate for the Hindu Right, which saw a surge of support in the aftermath of Shah Bano. While the Congress achieved the policy change it desired, it was unable to transform legitimating norms in the Shah Bano debate.
Conclusion
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis book has focused on two critical junctures in the history of the post-Independence Indian state: the late 1940s, which saw a centralization of power, and the late 1980s, which marked a decentring of power. Thus far, scholars have focused on the institutional, social, and economic aspects of this structural change. In a new departure, this book has constructed an account of political change in India in terms of political ideology, focusing on constitutional and legislative debates over group-differentiated rights. Through a detailed study of political arguments in three landmark debates on group rights (the Constituent Assembly debates of 1946–9, the Shah Bano debate of 1986, and the Mandal debate of 1990), this study has proposed a conceptual model. A legitimating vocabulary comprising a set of inter-linked concepts, those of secularism, democracy, social justice, national unity and development, has framed political debate on group rights in independent India.
The Oxford History of the Laws of England
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This volume, in the Oxford History of the Laws of England series, spans three centuries that encompassed the tumultuous years of the Norman conquest, and during which the common law as we know it today began to emerge. It treats all aspects of the early development of the English common law in a century, and features research into the original sources that bring the era to life, and provides an interpretative account, a subject analysis, and glimpses into medieval disputes. Starting with King Alfred (871–899), this book examines the particular contributions of the Anglo‐Saxon period to the development of English law, including the development of a powerful machinery of royal government, significant aspects of a long-lasting court structure, and important elements of law relating to theft and violence. Until the reign of King Stephen (1135–54), these Anglo‐Saxon contributions were maintained by the Norman rulers, whilst the Conquest of 1066 led to the development of key aspects of landholding that were to have a continuing effect on the emerging common law. The Angevin period saw the establishment of more routine royal administration of justice, closer links between central government and individuals in the localities, and growing bureaucratization. Finally, the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth century saw influential changes in legal expertise. The book concludes with the rebellion against King John in 1215 and the production of the Magna Carta.