bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam)
Authors: Xu Feng , Ignatov Alexander 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The quality of in situ sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is critical for calibration and validation of satellite SSTs. In situ SSTs come from different countries, agencies, and platforms. As a result, their quality is often suboptimal, nonuniform, and measurement-type specific. This paper describes a system developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the in situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam; www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/iquam/). It performs three major functions with the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) data: 1) quality controls (QC) in situ SSTs, using Bayesian reference and buddy checks similar to those adopted in the Met Office, in addition to providing basic screenings, such as duplicate removal, plausibility, platform track, and SST spike checks; 2) monitors quality-controlled SSTs online, in near–real time; and 3) serves reformatted GTS SST data to NOAA and external users with quality flags appended. Currently, iQuam’s web page displays global monthly maps of measurement locations stratified by four in situ platform types (drifters, ships, and tropical and coastal moorings) as well as their corresponding “in situ minus reference” SST statistics. Time series of all corresponding SST and QC statistics are also trended. The web page user can also monitor individual in situ platforms. The current status of iQuam and ongoing improvements are discussed.
Evaluation of Forecasts of the Water Vapor Signature of Atmospheric Rivers in Operational Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Authors: Wick Gary A. , Neiman Paul J. , Ralph F. Martin , Hamill Thomas M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The ability of five operational ensemble forecast systems to accurately represent and predict atmospheric rivers (ARs) is evaluated as a function of lead time out to 10 days over the northeastern Pacific Ocean and west coast of North America. The study employs the recently developed Atmospheric River Detection Tool to compare the distinctive signature of ARs in integrated water vapor (IWV) fields from model forecasts and corresponding satellite-derived observations. The model forecast characteristics evaluated include the prediction of occurrence of ARs, the width of the IWV signature of ARs, their core strength as represented by the IWV content along the AR axis, and the occurrence and location of AR landfall. Analysis of three cool seasons shows that while the overall occurrence of ARs is well forecast out to a 10-day lead, forecasts of landfall occurrence are poorer, and skill degrades with increasing lead time. Average errors in the position of landfall are significant, increasing to over 800 km at 10-day lead time. Also, there is a 1°–2° southward position bias at 7-day lead time. The forecast IWV content along the AR axis possesses a slight moist bias averaged over the entire AR but little bias near landfall. The IWV biases are nearly independent of forecast lead time. Model spatial resolution is a factor in forecast skill and model differences are greatest for forecasts of AR width. This width error is greatest for coarser-resolution models that have positive width biases that increase with forecast lead time.
Temporal profile of lymphocyte counts and relationship with infections with fingolimod therapy
Authors: Francis G , Kappos L , O’Connor P , Collins W , Tang D , Mercier F , Cohen JA 
Published: August 2013

Background: Reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes is an expected pharmacodynamic outcome of fingolimod therapy. Objective: The objective of this article is to evaluate lymphocyte dynamics during and after fingolimod therapy and assess the relationship between lymphocyte counts and infections. Methods: Lymphocyte counts and their relationship with infections were evaluated in three multiple sclerosis (MS) populations: (Group A) FREEDOMS phase 3 core study group ( n = 1272); (Group B) All Studies group (one phase 2 and two phase 3 studies, plus their extensions; n = 2315); and (Group C) Follow-up group (after fingolimod discontinuation; n = 538). Results: Administration of fingolimod 0.5 mg led to reductions in lymphocyte counts to a steady-state of 24%–30% of baseline values within two weeks, which remained stable while on therapy. Following fingolimod discontinuation, average counts exceeded the lower limit of normal range within six to eight weeks, and were 80% of baseline values by three months. In Group A, infection rates per patient-year were 1.4 with placebo and 1.0 in fingolimod-treated patients who had the lowest lymphocyte counts (< 0.2 × 109/l). No evidence was seen for an increase in serious or opportunistic infections. Conclusions: Fingolimod induces a rapid and reversible reduction in lymphocyte counts without an increase in infections relative to placebo. Because fingolimod reduces blood lymphocyte counts via redistribution in secondary lymphoid organs, peripheral blood lymphocyte counts cannot be utilized to evaluate the lymphocyte subset status of a patient.
Frequency and pattern of Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions for urticaria in Taiwan during 2009: analysis of the national health insurance database
Authors: Chien Pei-Shan , Tseng Yu-Fang , Hsu Yao-Chin , Lai Yu-Kai , Weng Shih-Feng 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Large-scale pharmaco-epidemiological studies of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for treatment of urticaria are few, even though clinical trials showed some CHM are effective. The purpose of this study was to explore the frequencies and patterns of CHM prescriptions for urticaria by analysing the population-based CHM database in Taiwan.

Methods
This study was linked to and processed through the complete traditional CHM database of the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan during 2009. We calculated the frequencies and patterns of CHM prescriptions used for treatment of urticaria, of which the diagnosis was defined as the single ICD-9 Code of 708. Frequent itemset mining, as applied to data mining, was used to analyse co-prescription of CHM for patients with urticaria.

Results
There were 37,386 subjects who visited traditional Chinese Medicine clinics for urticaria in Taiwan during 2009 and received a total of 95,765 CHM prescriptions. Subjects between 18 and 35 years of age comprised the largest number of those treated (32.76%). In addition, women used CHM for urticaria more frequently than men (female:male = 1.94:1). There was an average of 5.54 items prescribed in the form of either individual Chinese herbs or a formula in a single CHM prescription for urticaria. Bai-Xian-Pi (Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz) was the most commonly prescribed single Chinese herb while Xiao-Feng San was the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal formula. The most commonly prescribed CHM drug combination was Xiao-Feng San plus Bai-Xian-Pi while the most commonly prescribed triple drug combination was Xiao-Feng San, Bai-Xian-Pi, and Di-Fu Zi (Kochia scoparia).

Conclusions
In view of the popularity of CHM such as Xiao-Feng San prescribed for the wind-heat pattern of urticaria in this study, a large-scale, randomized clinical trial is warranted to research their efficacy and safety.
Establishment of a novel extracorporeal bowel model to study luminal approaches to treat inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Breitrück Anne , Sparmann Gisela , Mitzner Steffen , Kerkhoff Claus 
Published: August 2013

Summary
We have established an extracorporeal bowel model system for the analysis of early events in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and therapeutic applications. This model consists of an intestinal segment that is cannulated and perfused in situ, allowing the investigation of cellular responses of apical mucosa cells on luminal applied substances. Short-term treatment with iodoacetamide mimicked experimental intestinal inflammation in IBD, as indicated by histological alterations such as hemorrhage, hyperemia and loss of regular crypt architecture, as well as enhanced expression of cytokines (e.g. IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1) compared with control segments perfused with media. Perfusion of therapeutic agents (e.g. dexamethasone or Mutaflor) in the small intestine segment significantly reduced the features of early inflammation that are induced by iodoacetamide. Moreover, similar data were obtained for Resormin®, a montmorillonite-illite mixed-layer mineral (smectite), indicating that smectites might be a newly identified therapeutic option for IBD. In summary, this model could provide novel insights into epithelial injury as well as genesis of IBD and, therefore, be useful in testing the therapeutic potential of compounds for IBD therapy.
Immune response to aTrichinella spiralisinfection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running
Authors: Dlugosz Elizabeth M. , Schutz Heidi , Meek Thomas H. , Acosta Wendy , Downs Cynthia J. , Platzer Edward G. , Chappell Mark A. , Garland Theodore 
Published: August 2013

SummaryFour lines of mice bred for High voluntary wheel Running (HR lines) have high baseline circulating corticosterone levels and increased daily energy expenditure as compared with four non-selected Control (C) lines. High corticosterone may suppress immune function and competing energy demands may limit ability to mount an immune response. We hypothesized that HR mice have a reduced immune response and therefore a decreased ability to fight an infection by Trichinella spiralis, an ecologically relevant nematode common in mammals. Infections have an acute, intestinal phase while the nematode is migrating, reproducing, and traveling throughout the bloodstream, followed by a chronic phase with larvae encysted in muscles. Adult males (generation 55) were sham-infected or infected by oral gavage with ~300 J1 T. spiralis larvae. During the chronic phase of infection, mice were given wheel access for 6 days, followed by 2 days of maximum aerobic performance trials. Two weeks post-infection, infected HR had significantly lower circulating Immunoglobulin E levels compared with infected C mice. However, we found no statistical difference between infected HR and C mice in numbers of encysted larvae within the diaphragm. As expected, both voluntary running and maximum aerobic performance were significantly higher in HR mice and lower in infected mice, with no linetype-by-infection interactions. Results complement those of previous studies suggesting decreased locomotor abilities during the chronic phase of T. spiralis infection. However, breeding for high voluntary exercise does not appear to have a substantial negative impact on this aspect of immune function, despite reduced antibody production.
Semántica Cognitiva del latín (II): haeret haec res, o qué es un "problema" en latín
Authors: García-Jurado Francisco 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to consider what is a "problem" in Latin from a cognitive perspective: a problem is not but "a thing that falls on us", "a place without exit", or "a thing without movement". We shall study etymologies of Latin words for "problem" and "solution" and usual expressions such as
Enrichment and Simplification in Latin Syntax: (the Development of the Optative and the Subjunctive)
Authors: Calboli Gualtiero 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThough the Latin language seems to have been rather stable and have undergone few changes even in the passage from early to classical Latin, some new words and morpho-syntactic forms entered into Latin, some perished and some other were reintroduced. Two forces, therefore, seem to have been active in Latin which can be calied enrichment and simplification (enrVsimpl.). After taking into account this Situation of Latin language I will use this criterion to explain some syntactic enlargements, and in particular the birth and enlargement of optative and subjunctive moods and the passage from an early phase of Indo-European languages (as represented by Hittite) to a historical one (I will give a hypothesis of such a birth). Birth and expansion of these moods offered the possibility of distinguishing deictic and non-deictic verbal processes. Such an enrichment of Greek and Latin fmite verb produced some distinctions which could not be expressed before and perhaps didn't exisL This brought to a syntax more and more concentrated on the use of finite verbal forms and permitted an expression which got more clear and fine and, through conservation of old expressions and introduction of new ones, was also richer.
Corrélatifs, relatifs et conyonctions en latin: rupture ou continuité, de la corrélation à la Subordination?
Authors: Escriva Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2013

SummarySettling a clear distinction between pronouns (viz. relative or interrogative pronouns) and conjunctions is not very easy in many languages, peculiarly in Latin. Pronouns, conjunctions and their correlatives are derived from the same kinds of stems and they have similar uses in clauses. We propose to discriminate what we call an endophoric relation for conjunctions and what we call an exophoric relation for subordinating pronouns.
Particles in questions
Authors: Risselada Rodie 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis paper deals with the use of Latin particles in a specific environment, viz. interrogatives (or questions in a Wide sense). For that purpose, I first explore the various functions which questions can have, both as individual speech acts and within larger discourse structures, on the basis of modern insights gained within conversation analysis and discourse analysis. It tums out that in interrogative utterances, particles are more often connected with specific discourse functions than with illocutionary functions, and they seem to be used more in particular to mark the various types of reactive questions that are found in the comedies of Plautus.
The Position of satellites in Latin word order
Authors: Ros Hilke 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis paper investigates in which positions satellites can occur in the Latin clause. The theory of Functional Grammar (FG) assumes that four types of satellites are to be distinguished and that these types differ, amongst other things, in their formal behavior. In the following, predictions about the position of satellites in the clause will be checked with regard to a corpus of letters by Cicero (Ad Atticum, book I-II). The relative position of satellites, arguments and the verb will be examined with particular interest in the position of satellite clauses. It will be shown that predicate satellite clauses prefer to be placed ad the end of the sentence, while illocutionaiy and prepositional satellite clauses tend to occur at the beginning of the sentence. The type of predication satellites should be split into two groups: purpose, consequence and causative clauses predominantly occur after and temporal, conditional and concessive clauses before the main verb. These observations are discussed in view of some general principles of Functional Grammar.
Constructions "apersonnelles" en latin
Authors: Suárez Martinez Pedro Manuel 
Published: August 2013

SummaryLatin grammars show a varied repertoir of the so called "impersonal" constructions. However under that label we find rather different phenomena exhibiting several regularity degrees. Together with real impersonal constructions, i.e., passive voice third person Singular forms, lacking subject, object and agent, other items such as weather and ethical verbs are added to the paradigm, though these conform a particular closed group that cannot be mirrored by others. Subjectless constructions formed by a third person plural active voice
La personnification des noms abstraits en latin
Authors: Conso Danièle 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPersonification is a process through which an inanimate entity appears as a fictitious character. This process might give rise to an allegory. It can be read in an either literal or figurative way. Personification indicates somebody's presence, whose only reality is its name, which is an abstract noun. Among those abstract nouns, only those indicating a favourably or unfavourably connotated notion can be personified. Through personification, the abstract noun loses its diathetic ambiguity and "referential dependance". It becomes a proper noun of a peculiar kind, for it is Justified. Personification does not transform abstract into concrete, but only what is abstract and inanimate into abstract and animated. It does not refer to any peculiar concrete experience, but only to a common cultural tradition.
L'interjection dans un corpus d'auteurs latins
Authors: Denooz Joseph 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThough they have hardly been studied so far whether by ancient or modem grammarians, interjections, which make up a highly heterogeneous category, are items of discourse the use and stylistic value of which seems to depend on several factors. While the Ancients - among them Aulus Gellius - had already noticed that a particular interjection could only be used by men and some other by women, it has so far never been established that a writer or a literary genre could have an impact on the use of interjections. The present paper examines, on the one hand, the frequency with which interjections are used in a Latin corpus consisting of 1,600,000 words and. on the other, occurrences that specifically belong to prose, poetry or to this or that writer.
Linguistisches und Stilistisches zum Hendiadyoin
Authors: Panagl Oswald 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis paper deals with the syntactic and semantic properties of the so-called ‘hendiadyoin’ as well as with its value as a stylistic and rhetoric figure. Apart from its qualities as a specimen of pleonasm and abundancy, the hendiadyoin likewise serves as a tool to compensate the relative weakness of Latin to create nominal compounds, especially of determinative type. Casting a glance on the history of the Latin language and on the development of the individual style of some Latin authors, we can make remarkable observations. Whereas the figure is rather rare in early Latin, classical writers and poets give preference to it. Whereas, on the other hand, Cicero in his first texts prefers the combination of substantives with adjective attributes, he likes the hendiadyoin pattern very much in his mature speeches and dialogues.
Vraies et fausses polysémies: quelques leçons du travail de traduction
Authors: Poirier Michel 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis paper intends to show that, when a Latin word is provided with a great number of translations, distributed in several sections of an article in a bilingual dictionary, the real meanings of the word are far less numerous, and it often occurs that there is only one meaning. The Latin word receives various translations in modem languages because, from a language to another, the semantic features which compose the meaning of the word are differently distributed in the vocabulary. Our study is based upon the survey of iubeo, probo, arguo, uel, conscius, fides as examples. Some notions, like latent semantic features, or the organization of the numerous translations around one semantic feature as a common centre of the comprehension of the word (that centre being associated with various other semantic features in each particular translation), are used to provide difficult Latin words with a genuine unity of meaning.
Ille referre aliter saepe solebat idem (Ovidio, Ars II, 128): reflexiones sobre el uso de la repetición en las Tristia de Ovidio
Authors: Tola Eleonora 
Published: August 2013

SummaryBecause of the interaction and oscillation between poetic imagery and subjective experience, Ovid’s exilic texts are a privileged locus for studying the relationship of rhetorical and poetic discourse. The use of repetition in its various features (at the level of the phoneme, of the word, of the meter, etc.) allows us to investigate the functioning of these two kinds of discourse in Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. In this paper we will examine the mise en scene of this rhetorical device in Tristia, considered as a structural part of a poetic design which includes it not as a mere formal technique but as a per- formative strategy. From this perspective, repetition assumes a functional role. For our analysis we will take some significative examples of a corpus which presents a semantic unity, the elegies of Naso’s journey to Tomi (7>. 1,2; 1,4; I, 10 and I, 11).
Saliva and Serum Levels of Pentraxin‐3 and Interleukin‐1β in Generalized Aggressive or Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Gümüş Pınar , Nizam Nejat , Nalbantsoy Ayşe , Özçaka Özgün , Buduneli Nurcan 
Published: August 2013

Background: Pentraxin‐3 (PTX3) is a multifactorial protein involved in immunity and inflammation, which is rapidly produced and released by several cell types in response to inflammatory signals. The aim of the present study is to evaluate saliva, serum levels of PTX3, interleukin (IL)‐1β in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and periodontally healthy individuals.Methods: A total of 94 participants (25 patients with AgP, 25 patients with CP, and 44 periodontally healthy individuals matched with AgP and CP groups) were recruited. Saliva and serum samples were collected. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. PTX3, IL‐1β levels in serum, and saliva samples were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Data were tested statistically using Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann‐Whitney U, and Spearman ρ rank test.Results: Serum and saliva data were similar in CP and AgP groups. Saliva levels of IL‐1β were significantly higher in the AgP and CP groups than controls (P <0.05). Salivary PTX3 levels were similar in the CP and control groups. Significantly higher salivary concentrations of PTX3 were detected in the AgP group than the control group (P <0.05). Saliva PTX3 levels correlated with plaque index and bleeding on probing in the CP group (P <0.05). Serum and saliva PTX3 levels correlated with those of IL‐1β in the AgP group (P <0.05).Conclusions: It may be suggested that PTX3 is related with periodontal tissue inflammation. Its salivary concentrations may have a diagnostic potential. Additional intervention and follow‐up studies coupling PTX3 concentrations with microbiologic analysis would better clarify its role in periodontal diseases.
Marketing Little Cigars and Cigarillos: Advertising, Price, and Associations With Neighborhood Demographics
Authors: Cantrell Jennifer , Kreslake Jennifer M. , Ganz Ollie , Pearson Jennifer L. , Vallone Donna , Anesetti-Rothermel Andrew , Xiao Haijun , Kirchner Thomas R. 
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We have documented little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability, advertising, and price in the point-of-sale environment and examined associations with neighborhood demographics.Methods. We used a multimodal real-time surveillance system to survey LCCs in 750 licensed tobacco retail outlets that sold tobacco products in Washington, DC. Using multivariate models, we examined the odds of LCC availability, the number of storefront exterior advertisements, and the price per cigarillo for Black & Mild packs in relation to neighborhood demographics.Results. The odds of LCC availability and price per cigarillo decreased significantly in nearly a dose-response manner with each quartile increase in proportion of African Americans. Prices were also lower in some young adult neighborhoods. Having a higher proportion of African American and young adult residents was associated with more exterior LCC advertising.Conclusions. Higher availability of LCCs in African American communities and lower prices and greater outdoor advertising in minority and young adult neighborhoods may establish environmental triggers to smoke among groups susceptible to initiation, addiction, and long-term negative health consequences.