bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Trousseau’s syndrome
Authors: Dicke C. , Langer F. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryClinically relevant clotting abnormalities in cancer patients are referred to as Trousseau’s syndrome. While thrombotic complications such as venous thromboembolism are most frequent in every day’s practice, cancer patients may also experience severe bleeding symptoms due to complex systemic coagulopathies, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, haemolytic thrombotic microangiopathy, and hyperfibrinolysis. The pathophysiology of Trousseau’s syndrome involves all aspects of Virchow’s triad, but previous basic research has mainly focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying blood hypercoagulability in solid cancers and haematological malignancies. In this regard, over-expression of tissue factor (TF), the principal initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, by primary tumour cells and increased shedding of TF-bearing plasma microparticles are critical to both thrombus formation and cancer progression. However, novel findings on intrinsic contact activation in vivo, such as the release of polyphosphates or DNA by activated platelets and neutrophils, respectively, have pointed to additional pathways in the complex pathophysiology of Trousseau’s syndrome.
Diplomatie comparée, religion et transferts culturels au Canada français dans le premier XXe siècle
Authors: Michel Florian 
Published: November 2014

Cet article examine les modalités selon lesquelles les diplomaties française et anglaise ont perçu, dans les années 1920-1940, les échanges culturels au sein du monde catholique nord-américain. Alors que le Dominions Office considère que les Canadiens français sont « coupés du monde », la diplomatie culturelle française est davantage soucieuse de soutenir les transferts culturels au sein du catholicisme par le truchement de quelques institutions et de quelques personnalités universitaires. Les échanges culturels, s’ils semblent parfois d’origine strictement ecclésiale ou universitaire, sont assez souvent soutenus par les appareils diplomatiques, en train de forger un élément de leur soft power culturel.
HIV diversity and drug resistance from plasma and non‐plasma analytes in a large treatment programme in western Kenya
Authors: Kantor Rami , DeLong Allison , Balamane Maya , Schreier Leeann , Lloyd Robert M , Injera Wilfred , Kamle Lydia , Mambo Fidelis , Muyonga Sarah , Katzenstein David , Hogan Joseph , Buziba Nathan , Diero Lameck 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionAntiretroviral resistance leads to treatment failure and resistance transmission. Resistance data in western Kenya are limited. Collection of non‐plasma analytes may provide additional resistance information.MethodsWe assessed HIV diversity using the REGA tool, transmitted resistance by the WHO mutation list and acquired resistance upon first‐line failure by the IAS–USA mutation list, at the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), a major treatment programme in western Kenya. Plasma and four non‐plasma analytes, dried blood‐spots (DBS), dried plasma‐spots (DPS), ViveSTTM‐plasma (STP) and ViveST‐blood (STB), were compared to identify diversity and evaluate sequence concordance.ResultsAmong 122 patients, 62 were treatment‐naïve and 60 treatment‐experienced; 61% were female, median age 35 years, median CD4 182 cells/µL, median viral‐load 4.6 log10 copies/mL. One hundred and ninety‐six sequences were available for 107/122 (88%) patients, 58/62 (94%) treatment‐naïve and 49/60 (82%) treated; 100/122 (82%) plasma, 37/78 (47%) attempted DBS, 16/45 (36%) attempted DPS, 14/44 (32%) attempted STP from fresh plasma and 23/34 (68%) from frozen plasma, and 5/42 (12%) attempted STB. Plasma and DBS genotyping success increased at higher VL and shorter shipment‐to‐genotyping time. Main subtypes were A (62%), D (15%) and C (6%). Transmitted resistance was found in 1.8% of plasma sequences, and 7% combining analytes. Plasma resistance mutations were identified in 91% of treated patients, 76% NRTI, 91% NNRTI; 76% dual‐class; 60% with intermediate‐high predicted resistance to future treatment options; with novel mutation co‐occurrence patterns. Nearly 88% of plasma mutations were identified in DBS, 89% in DPS and 94% in STP. Of 23 discordant mutations, 92% in plasma and 60% in non‐plasma analytes were mixtures. Mean whole‐sequence discordance from frozen plasma reference was 1.1% for plasma‐DBS, 1.2% plasma‐DPS, 2.0% plasma‐STP and 2.3% plasma‐STB. Of 23 plasma‐STP discordances, one mutation was identified in plasma and 22 in STP (p<0.05). Discordance was inversely significantly related to VL for DBS.ConclusionsIn a large treatment programme in western Kenya, we report high HIV‐1 subtype diversity; low plasma transmitted resistance, increasing when multiple analytes were combined; and high‐acquired resistance with unique mutation patterns. Resistance surveillance may be augmented by using non‐plasma analytes for lower‐cost genotyping in resource‐limited settings.
Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Northern Gulf of Elat/Aqaba along the Dead Sea Transform
Authors: Hartman Gal , Niemi Tina M. , Tibor Gideon , Ben‐Avraham Zvi , Al‐Zoubi Abdallah , Makovsky Yizhaq , Akawwi Emad , Abueladas Abdel‐Rahman , Al‐Ruzouq Rami 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe northern Gulf of Elat/Aqaba is located in the transition between the deep marine basins of the gulf and the shallow onland basins of the Arava Valley. Interpretation of 500 km of high‐resolution seismic reflection data collected across the northern shelf reveals the tectonic structure and evolution of this transition. Six NNE‐trending faults and one E‐W trending transverse fault are mapped. Slip rates are calculated based on measured offsets and age determination based on a radiocarbon‐calibrated sedimentation rate and a Quaternary age model. The most active fault is the Evrona Fault that absorbs most of the left lateral slip within the basin with an average sinistral slip rate of 0.7 ± 0.3 mm/yr through the Late Pleistocene and 2.3–3.4 mm/yr during the Holocene. Two intrabasin faults east of the Evrona Fault that have been inactive for the last several tens of thousands of years were mapped, and motion from these faults has likely transferred to the Evrona Fault. The basin is flanked on the west by the Elat Fault and on the east by the Aqaba Fault. Both faults are marked by large bathymetric escarpments. Based on displaced seismic reflectors, we calculate a Holocene vertical slip rate of 1.0 ± 0.2 and 0.4 ± 0.1 mm/yr for the Elat and Aqaba Faults, respectively. The geometry, slip rates, and slip history of the northern Gulf of Elat/Aqaba faults show that during the Late Pleistocene several intrabasin faults became dominant across the basin but that during the Holocene the Evrona Fault accommodates most of the strike slip.
The ability of rock physics models to infer marine in situ pore pressure
Authors: Hornbach Matthew J. , Manga Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPore fluid pressure is an important parameter defining the mechanical strength of marine sediments. Obtaining high spatial resolution in situ pore pressure measurements in marine sediments, however, is a challenge, and as a result, only a handful of in situ pore pressure measurements exist at scientific drill sites. Integrating rock physics models with standard IODP/ODP measurements provides a potentially widely applicable approach for calculating in situ pore pressure. Here we use a rock physics approach to estimate in situ pore pressure at two Scientific Ocean Drill Sites where in situ pressure is well constrained: ODP Site 1173, used as reference for normal (hydrostatic) fluid pressures, and ODP Site 948, where previous studies infer high fluid pressures (λ* ∼ 0.45–0.95, where the pore pressure ratio λ* is defined as the pore pressure above hydrostatic divided by the difference between the largest principal stress and hydrostatic stress). Our analysis indicates that the rock physics method provides an accurate, low‐precision method for estimating in situ pore pressure at these drill sites, and sensitivity analysis indicates this method can detect modestly high (λ* > 0.6) pore pressure at the 95% confidence level. This approach has broad applicability because it provides an inexpensive, high‐resolution (meter‐scale) method for retrospectively detecting and quantifying high pore pressure at any drill site where quality wireline logs and ocean drilling data exist.
A trial estimation of frictional properties, focusing on aperiodicity off Kamaishi just after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Ariyoshi Keisuke , Uchida Naoki , Matsuzawa Toru , Hino Ryota , Hasegawa Akira , Hori Takane , Kaneda Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMotivated by the fact that temporal earthquake aperiodicity was observed off Kamaishi just after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, we performed numerical simulations of chain reactions due to the postseismic slip of large earthquakes by applying rate‐ and state‐dependent friction laws. If the repeater is composed of single asperity, our results show that, (i) a mixture of partial and whole rupturing of a single asperity can explain some of the observed variability in timing and size of the repeating earthquakes off Kamaishi; (ii) the partial rupturing can be reproduced with moderate frictional instability with the aging‐law and not the slip or Nagata laws; (iii) the perturbation of the activated earthquake hypocenters observed mostly in the ESE‐WNW direction may reflect the fact that the large postseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake propagated from ESE to WNW off Kamaishi; (iv) the observed region of repeating earthquake quiescence may reflect the strong plate coupling of megathrust earthquakes.
Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in the crust in southern Tohoku area, Japan
Authors: Ikeda Tatsunori , Tsuji Takeshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo reveal seismic anisotropy within the crust in the southern Tohoku area, Japan, we analyze the azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in the frequency range of 40–65 mHz. Rayleigh wave anisotropy is estimated by array analysis of 102 teleseismic events that occurred between 2007 and 2014. The frequency variation of the estimated azimuthal anisotropy indicates depth variation of the seismic anisotropy within the crust: (1) north‐south fast velocity direction around the upper crust and (2) trench‐normal fast velocity direction in the deeper crust. We also conduct a time‐lapse analysis of Rayleigh wave anisotropy to demonstrate the stability of the estimated anisotropy in time and to estimate possible changes in seismic anisotropy associated with the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. We demonstrate that the azimuthal location of teleseismic events influences the accuracy of time‐lapse analysis. Moreover, a decrease of azimuthal anisotropic ratio in time‐lapse results might be related to changes in the velocity structure associated with release of crustal stress during the Tohoku‐oki earthquake.
Woody plant encroachment into grasslands leads to accelerated erosion of previously stable organic carbon from dryland soils
Authors: Puttock Alan , Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Macleod Christopher J. A. , Bol Roland , Brazier Richard E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDrylands worldwide are experiencing rapid and extensive environmental change, concomitant with the encroachment of woody vegetation into grasslands. Woody encroachment leads to changes in both the structure and function of dryland ecosystems and has been shown to result in accelerated soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients. Covering 40% of the terrestrial land surface, dryland environments are of global importance, both as a habitat and a soil carbon store. Relationships between environmental change, soil erosion, and the carbon cycle are uncertain. There is a clear need to further our understanding of dryland vegetation change and impacts on carbon dynamics. Here two grass‐to‐woody ecotones that occur across large areas of the southwestern United States are investigated. This study takes a multidisciplinary approach, combining ecohydrological monitoring of structure and function and a dual‐proxy biogeochemical tracing approach using the unique natural biochemical signatures of the vegetation. Results show that following woody encroachment, not only do these drylands lose significantly more soil and organic carbon via erosion but that this includes significant amounts of legacy organic carbon which would previously have been stable under grass cover. Results suggest that these dryland soils may not act as a stable organic carbon pool, following encroachment and that accelerated erosion of carbon, driven by vegetation change, has important implications for carbon dynamics.
Human brain arteriovenous malformations express lymphatic‐associated genes
Authors: Shoemaker Lorelei D. , Fuentes Laurel F. , Santiago Shauna M. , Allen Breanna M. , Cook Douglas J. , Steinberg Gary K. , Chang Steven D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveBrain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are devastating, hemorrhage‐prone, cerebrovascular lesions characterized by well‐defined feeding arteries, draining vein(s) and the absence of a capillary bed. The endothelial cells (ECs) that comprise AVMs exhibit a loss of arterial and venous specification. Given the role of the transcription factor COUP‐TFII in vascular development, EC specification, and pathological angiogenesis, we examined human AVM tissue to determine if COUP‐FTII may have a role in AVM disease biology.MethodsWe examined 40 human brain AVMs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT‐PCR for the expression of COUP‐TFII as well as other genes involved in venous and lymphatic development, maintenance, and signaling. We also examined proliferation and EC tube formation with human umbilical ECs (HUVEC) following COUP‐TFII overexpression.ResultsWe report that AVMs expressed COUP‐TFII, SOX18, PROX1, NFATC1, FOXC2, TBX1, LYVE1, Podoplanin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C, contained Ki67‐positive cells and heterogeneously expressed genes involved in Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, and VEGF signaling pathways. Overexpression of COUP‐TFII alone in vitro resulted in increased EC proliferation and dilated tubes in an EC tube formation assay in HUVEC.InterpretationThis suggests AVM ECs are further losing their arterial/venous specificity and acquiring a partial lymphatic molecular phenotype. There was significant correlation of gene expression with presence of clinical edema and acute hemorrhage. While the precise role of these genes in the formation, stabilization, growth and risk of hemorrhage of AVMs remains unclear, these findings have potentially important implications for patient management and treatment choice, and opens new avenues for future work on AVM disease mechanisms.
Synergistic effect of graphite nanoplatelets and glass fibers in polypropylene composites
Authors: Pedrazzoli Diego , Pegoretti Alessandro , Kalaitzidou Kyriaki 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with short glass fibers (GF) and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets were obtained by melt compounding followed by injection molding. Morphological observations and quasi‐static tensile tests were carried out in order to investigate how the morphology and the mechanical properties of the composites were affected by the combined effect of two fillers of rather different size scales (i.e., micro‐ and nanoscale). The results indicate that the dispersion of the nanofiller in the PP matrix promoted the formation of a stronger interface between the matrix and GF, as indicated by the increase of the interfacial shear strength determined by the single‐fiber microdebonding test. Concurrently, a significant improvement of the tensile modulus and impact strength of the composites was observed, with small changes in the processability of hybrid composites compared to that of GF composites, as confirmed by rheological measurements. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41682.
Morphogenesis of the Spleen During the Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Endo Aya , Ueno Saki , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWe aimed to observe morphological changes in the spleen from the emergence of the primordium to the end of the embryonic period using histological serial sections of 228 samples. Between Carnegie stages (CSs) 14 and 17, the spleen was usually recognized as a bulge in the dorsal mesogastrium (DM), and after CS 20, the spleen became apparent. Intrasplenic folds were observed later. A high‐density area was first recognized in 6 of the 58 cases at CS 16 and in all cases examined after CS 18. The spleen was recognized neither as a bulge nor as a high‐density area at CS 13. The mesothelium was pseudostratified until CS 16 and was replaced with high columnar cells and then with low columnar cells. The basement membrane was obvious after CS 17. The mesenchymal cells differentiated from cells in the DM, and sinus formation started at CS 20. Hematopoietic cells were detected after CS 18. The vessels were observed at CS 14 in the DM. Hilus formation was observed after CS 20. The parallel entries of the arteries and veins were observed at CS 23. The rate of increase in spleen length in relation to that of stomach length along the cranial‐caudal direction was 0.51 ± 0.11, which remained constant during CSs 19 and 23, indicating that their growths were similar. These data may help to better understand the development of normal human embryos and to detect abnormal embryos in the early stages of development. Anat Rec, 298:820–826, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Musculature That Drives Active Touch by Vibrissae and Nose in Mice
Authors: Haidarliu Sebastian , Kleinfeld David , Deschênes Martin , Ahissar Ehud 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTCoordinated action of facial muscles during whisking, sniffing, and touching objects is an important component of active sensing in rodents. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anatomical schemes that underlie active sensing are similar across the majority of whisking rodents. Intriguingly, however, muscle architecture in the mystacial pad of the mouse was reported to be different, possessing only one extrinsic vibrissa protracting muscle (M. nasalis) in the rostral part of the snout. In this study, the organization of the muscles that move the nose and the mystacial vibrissae in mice was re‐examined and compared with that reported previously in other rodents. We found that muscle distribution within the mystacial pad and around the tip of the nose in mice is isomorphic with that found in other whisking rodents. In particular, in the rostral part of the mouse snout, we describe both protractors and retractors of the vibrissae. Nose movements are controlled by the M. dilator nasi and five subunits of the M. nasolabialis profundus, with involvement of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton as a mediator in the muscular effort translation. Anat Rec, 298:1347–1358, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature‐dependent control of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and virulence by thermoresponsive oligo(N‐vinylcaprolactam)
Authors: Lee Jin‐Hyung , Kim Yong‐Guy , Lee Kayeon , Kim Seong‐Cheol , Lee Jintae 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBacterial biofilms are associated with persistent infections because they are highly tolerant of antimicrobial agents, and in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, which is a leading cause of nosocomial infections because of its resistance to diverse antibiotics, biofilm formation is a known mechanism of drug resistance. In the present study, we investigated the ability of thermoresponsive oligo (N‐vinylcaprolactam) (OVCL) to control biofilm formation by and the virulence of S. aureus. One synthetic and four commercial OVCLs (MW ≤ 240,000) at 50 µg/mL were found to increase S. aureus biofilm formation 7‐fold at 25 °C, but to markedly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation at 37 °C. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the temperature‐dependent effect of OVCL on S. aureus biofilms. It was found that the addition of OVCL to S. aureus culture caused cells to become dramatically more hydrophilic at 37 °C, which partially supports the biofilm reduction. Also, transcriptional analysis showed that OVCL temperature‐dependently regulated biofilm‐related genes (aur, agrA, and icaA) in S. aureus. In addition, it was found surface coatings containing OVCL effectively controlled S. aureus biofilm formation on solid glass surfaces. Furthermore, OVCL inhibited the hemolysis of human red blood cells by S. aureus at 37 °C and attenuated S. aureus virulence in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These results suggest that OVCL has potential use for controlling bacterial biofilm formation and virulence. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 716–724. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Silicon‐Containing Derivatives of the Acyclic Lily‐of‐the‐Valley Odorant 5,7,7‐Trimethyl‐4‐methylideneoctanal
Authors: Dörrich Steffen , Mahler Christoph , Tacke Reinhold , Kraft Philip 
Published: November 2014

Abstract5‐Methyl‐4‐methylidene‐6‐(trimethylsilyl)hexanal (1b), a sila analog of the acyclic lily‐of‐the‐valley odorant 5,7,7‐trimethyl‐4‐methylideneoctanal (1a), and the Si‐containing derivatives 2–6 were prepared in multistep syntheses, starting from Cl3SiH and Cl2SiMe2, respectively. Compounds 1b, 2–6, and their new precursors were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N) and NMR spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, 15N, and 29Si). To gain more information about the structureodor correlation in the family of lily‐of‐the‐valley or ‘muguet’ odorants, C/Si analogs 1a/1b and derivatives 2–6 were evaluated for their olfactory properties.
Development of New Natural Extracts
Authors: Lavoine‐Hanneguelle Sophie , Périchet Christine , Schnaebele Nicolas , Humbert Marina 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor over the past 20 years, a remarkable development in the study and search of natural products has been observed. This is linked to a new market trend towards ecology and also due to new regulations. This could be a rupture, but also a real booster for creativity. Usually, in the flavor and fragrance field, creativity was boosted by the arrival of new synthetic molecules. Naturals remained the traditional, century‐old products, protected by secrecy and specific know‐how from each company. Regulatory restrictions or eco‐friendly certification constraints like hexane‐free processes triggered an important brainstorming in the industry. As a result, we developed new eco‐friendly processes including supercritical CO2 extraction, allowing fresh plants to be used to obtain industrial flower extracts (Jasmine Grandiflorum, Jasmine Sambac, Orange blossom). These extracts are analyzed by GC, GC/MS, GCO, and HPTLC techniques. New or unusual raw materials can also be explored, but the resulting extracts have to be tested for safety reasons. Some examples are described.