bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genuinely American: Croatian‐American Race, Manhood, and Nationalism in Postwar Pittsburgh
Authors: Duryea Scott N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEspecially during the turbulent years of the immediate postwar period, Croatian‐Americans found expediency in positioning their ethnic culture within the realm of acceptable white manhood and peaceful civilization. To be accepted was to be white, or to try to be white. Accordingly, Croatian‐Americans attempted to qualify themselves as authentic whites whose ethnicity meshed perfectly with the American way. This study examines the Croatian Fraternal Union's Zajedničar newspaper to demonstrate that during the postwar period, which was characterized by converging anxieties over disintegrating gender roles, acceptable whiteness, as structured by Protestant old immigrant Americans, and the perceived communist threat, Croatian‐Americans in Pittsburgh qualified themselves as authentically white and genuine American men and women to escape accusations of subversion.
Race, Religion, and Political Mobilization: South Asians in the Post‐9/11 United States
Authors: Mishra Sangay 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the days and months following 11 September 2001, South Asians in the United States were lumped together and racialized as ‘outsiders’ and ‘threatening’. The lumping of South Asians existed alongside their differential targeting based on particular religious identities such as Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh. The religious identity not only shaped and calibrated the racial hostility against different South Asian groups but also framed their responses to racial attacks. The primacy of religious identities in framing the group response to racial hostility made it difficult to build broader panethnic solidarity, thereby challenging the existing understanding of the dynamics of panethnic identity formation and mobilization. The foregrounding of religious identity by different South Asian groups was, in fact, in broad consonance with the multicultural institutional and ideological framework that provides institutional and discursive avenues for the deployment of exclusive and immutable identities.
Music and the Fight against Confederation in 1860s Montréal
Authors: Thompson Brian C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this article, I examine how music was used as an expression of French‐Canadian identity in nineteenth‐century Montréal. Focusing on the 1860s and a group of musicians and intellectuals opposed to Confederation, I explore their efforts to use performance, criticism, and composition in the (re)construction of French‐Canadian identity. My main sources of information are la Presse and l'Union nationale, two newspapers of the time that were strongly opposed to Confederation and which were vigorous in the promotion of musical events. Through an examination of the musical and political activities advertised and reviewed in the pages of these and other newspapers, we shall see how culture was used as a means to strengthen French‐Canadian nationalism. At the same time, while the musicians themselves may have sought an independent Québec, they remained open to other cultures and through their collaboration with non‐francophones articulated a form of civic nationalism.
Perceived Autonomy Support From Parents and Best Friends: Longitudinal Associations with Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Van der Giessen Daniёlle , Branje Susan , Meeus Wim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAccording to the self‐determination theory, experiencing autonomy support in close relationships is thought to promote adolescents' well‐being. Perceptions of autonomy support from parents and from best friends have been associated with lower levels of adolescents' depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study examines the relative contribution of perceived autonomy support from parents and best friends in relation to adolescents' depressive symptoms and changes in these associations from early to late adolescence. Age and gender differences were also investigated. Questionnaires about mother, father, and a best friend were filled out by 923 early adolescents and 390 middle adolescents during five consecutive years, thereby covering an age range from 12 to 20. Multi‐group cross‐lagged path analysis revealed concurrent and longitudinal negative associations between perceived parental autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms. No concurrent and longitudinal associations were found between perceived best friends' autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Results were similar for early and middle adolescent boys and girls. Prevention and treatment programs should focus on the bidirectional interplay during adolescence between perceptions of parental autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms.
Approach and Positive Affect in Toddlerhood Predict Early Childhood Behavior Problems
Authors: Dollar Jessica M. , Buss Kristin A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the moderating role of positive affect on the relation between approach behaviors and adjustment outcomes. One hundred eleven toddlers participated in a laboratory assessment of approach and positive affect at 24 months. Behavior problems were reported by a parent in the fall of the child's kindergarten year. Results supported our hypotheses that children who displayed high approach and high positive affect in both non‐threat and low‐threat contexts were rated as higher in externalizing behavior problems. On the other hand, for children showing low positive affect, increases in approach in a moderate‐threat context lowered the risk of developing internalizing behavior problems. Implications for these findings are discussed, including methodological considerations of differences among eliciting contexts and advantages of separating positive affect and approach.
OsACA6, a P‐type IIB Ca2+ATPase promotes salinity and drought stress tolerance in tobacco by ROS scavenging and enhancing the expression of stress‐responsive genes
Authors: Huda Kazi M. K. , Banu M. Sufara Akhter , Garg Bharti , Tula Suresh , Tuteja Renu , Tuteja Narendra 
Published: October 2013

SummaryCalcium (Ca2+) regulates several signalling pathways involved in growth, development and stress tolerance. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is achieved by the combined action of channels, pumps and antiporters, but direct evidence for a role of Ca2+ATPase pumps in stress tolerance is lacking. Here we report the characterization of a Ca2+ATPase gene (OsACA6) from Oryza sativa, and elucidate its functions in stress tolerance. OsACA6 transcript levels are enhanced in response to salt, drought, abscisic acid and heat. In vivo localization identified plasma membranes as an integration site for the OsACA6–GFP fusion protein. Using transgenic tobacco lines, we demonstrate that over‐expression of OsACA6 is triggered during salinity and drought stresses. The enhanced tolerance to these stresses was confirmed by changes in several physiological indices, including water loss rate, photosynthetic efficiency, cell membrane stability, germination, survival rate, malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage and increased proline accumulation. Furthermore, over‐expressing lines also showed higher leaf chlorophyll and reduced accumulation of H2O2 and Na+ ions compared to the wild‐type. Reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in transgenic lines. The increased proline accumulation and ROS scavenging enzyme activities in transgenic plants over‐expressing OsACA6 efficiently modulate the ROS machinery and proline biosynthesis through an integrative mechanism. Transcriptional profiling of these plants revealed altered expression of genes encoding many transcription factors, stress‐ and disease‐related proteins, as well as signalling components. These results suggest that Ca2+ATPases have diverse roles as regulators of many stress signalling pathways, leading to plant growth, development and stress tolerance.
Have We Neglected the Role of Fetal Endothelium in Transplacental Transport?
Authors: Elad David , Levkovitz Riki , Jaffa Ariel J. , Desoye Gernot , Hod Moshe 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMaternal‐to‐fetal transfer of nutrient and other substances occurs across the placental barrier (PB) which is made up of endothelial cells (EC) on the fetal side and the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) on the maternal side. Numerous studies were conducted to explore the transport characteristics across the STB layer, which is also considered as the major resistance for maternal‐to‐fetal exchange of materials. In contrast the layer of EC has received very little attention if at all. A recently developed viable co‐culture model of the PB revealed significant resistance of the EC layer for maternal‐to‐fetal transfer of glucose. This argues for a major contribution of the EC to overall transplacental transfer of nutrients. Accordingly, it is recommended to fill the void of knowledge and expand our understanding on the role of the feto‐placental endothelium for transplacental transport characteristics.
Effects of butorphanol versus dexmedetomidine sedation on intradermal allergen and histamine responses in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Milosevic Milivoj A. , Cain Christine L. , Frank Linda A. , Rohrbach Barton W. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundSedation is commonly used during intradermal testing (IDT). Morphine and its derivatives have long been avoided because of their histamine‐releasing effects.Hypothesis/ObjectivesButorphanol, an opioid agonist/antagonist, will not adversely affectIDTin dogs.AnimalsTen client‐owned dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.MethodsDogs were randomized to be sedated with butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg). RoutineIDTalong with intradermal injections of various dilutions of histamine were performed on the lateral thorax, followed 7 days later by the alternative sedative andIDTon the opposite side. The injection sites were subjectively scored and objectively measured by one investigator, blinded to the sedatives, and compared between groups.ResultsWhen the mean wheal diameters from the objective measurements of all antigens, including saline and histamine dilutions, were compared, butorphanol was associated with significantly smaller reactions than dexmedetomidine (P = 0.0001). There was a high level of agreement between sedatives when positive reactions subjectively scored as ≥3+ were compared (κ = 0.91). When mean wheal diameters of histamine at concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:400,000, 1:1,600,000 and 1:6,400,000 were compared, there were no significant differences between sedative types. Moreover, the percentage agreement when comparing subjective interpretation of all histamine dilutions between sedations was high (κ = 0.90). However, there was only 69% agreement beyond chance when objective and subjective interpretations of all antigens were compared between sedative groups.ConclusionsAlthough butorphanol resulted in significantly smaller wheal size in comparison to dexmedetomidine, it did not affect the overall subjective interpretation of the results ofIDT.
Development of anEx VivoLymph Node Explant Model for Identification of Novel Molecules Active against Leishmania major
Authors: Peniche Alex G. , Osorio Yaneth , Renslo Adam R. , Frantz Doug E. , Melby Peter C. , Travi Bruno L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic infection affecting people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Current treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis are difficult to administer, toxic, expensive, and limited in effectiveness and availability. Here we describe the development and application of a medium-throughput screening approach to identify new drug candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis using anex vivolymph nodeexplantculture (ELEC) derived from the draining lymph nodes ofLeishmania major-infected mice. The ELEC supported intracellular amastigote proliferation and contained lymph node cell populations (and their secreted products) that enabled the testing of compounds within a system that mimicked the immunopathological environment of the infected host, which is known to profoundly influence parasite replication, killing, and drug efficacy. The activity of known antileishmanial drugs in the ELEC system was similar to the activity measured in peritoneal macrophages infectedin vitrowithL. major. Using the ELEC system, we screened a collection of 334 compounds, some of which we had demonstrated previously to be active againstL. donovani, and identified 119 hits, 85% of which were confirmed to be active by determination of the 50% effective concentration (EC50). We found 24 compounds (7%) that had aninvitrotherapeuticindex (IVTI; 50% cytotoxic/effective concentration [CC50]/EC50) > 100; 19 of the compounds had an EC50below 1 μM. According to PubChem searchs, 17 of those compounds had not previously been reported to be active againstLeishmania. We expect that this novel method will help to accelerate discovery of new drug candidates for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Optimization of Pyrrolamides as Mycobacterial GyrB ATPase Inhibitors: Structure-Activity Relationship and
In Vivo
Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: P Shahul Hameed , Solapure Suresh , Mukherjee Kakoli , Nandi Vrinda , Waterson David , Shandil Radha , Balganesh Meenakshi , Sambandamurthy Vasan K. , Raichurkar Anand Kumar , Deshpande Abhijeet , Ghosh Anirban , Awasthy Disha , Shanbhag Gajanan , Sheikh Gulebahar , McMiken Helen , Puttur Jayashree , Reddy Jitendar , Werngren Jim , Read Jon , Kumar Mahesh , R Manjunatha , Chinnapattu Murugan , Madhavapeddi Prashanti , Manjrekar Praveena , Basu Reetobrata , Gaonkar Sheshagiri , Sharma Sreevalli , Hoffner Sven , Humnabadkar Vaishali , Subbulakshmi Venkita , Panduga Vijender 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Moxifloxacin has shown excellent activity against drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), thus confirming DNA gyrase as a clinically validated target for discovering novel anti-TB agents. We have identified novel inhibitors in the pyrrolamide class which kill
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
through inhibition of ATPase activity catalyzed by the GyrB domain of DNA gyrase. A homology model of the
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv GyrB domain was used for deciphering the structure-activity relationship and binding interactions of inhibitors with mycobacterial GyrB enzyme. Proposed binding interactions were later confirmed through cocrystal structure studies with the
Mycobacterium smegmatis
GyrB ATPase domain. The most potent compound in this series inhibited supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of <5 nM, an MIC of 0.03 μg/ml against
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv, and an MIC
90
of <0.25 μg/ml against 99 drug-resistant clinical isolates of
M. tuberculosis
. The frequency of isolating spontaneous resistant mutants was ∼10
−6
to 10
−8
, and the point mutation mapped to the
M. tuberculosis
GyrB domain (Ser208 Ala), thus confirming its mode of action. The best compound tested for
in vivo
efficacy in the mouse model showed a 1.1-log reduction in lung CFU in the acute model and a 0.7-log reduction in the chronic model. This class of GyrB inhibitors could be developed as novel anti-TB agents.
Insulin Treatment Modulates the Host Immune System To Enhance Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Biofilms
Authors: Watters Chase , Everett Jake A. , Haley Cecily , Clinton Allie , Rumbaugh Kendra P. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Diabetes affects 25.8 million people in the United States, or 8.3% of the population, and these numbers are even higher in developing countries. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to the development of chronic wounds with debilitating bacterial infections than nondiabetics. Previously, we compared the ability of the opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to cause biofilm-associated infections in chronic wounds of diabetic and nondiabetic mice (C. Watters, K. DeLeon, U. Trivedi, J. A. Griswold, M. Lyte, K. J. Hampel, M. J. Wargo, and K. P. Rumbaugh, Med. Microbiol. Immunol.
202:
131–141, 2013). Unexpectedly, we observed that insulin-treated diabetic mice had significantly more biofilm in their wounds, which correlated with higher antibiotic tolerance. Here, we investigated whether insulin treatment modulates the diabetic immune system to favor
P. aeruginosa
biofilm formation. Utilizing a murine chronic wound model, we found that DNA protected
P. aeruginosa
in the wounds of insulin-treated diabetic mice from antibiotic treatment. We also observed increased numbers of neutrophils, reduced numbers of macrophages, and increased cell death in the wounds of diabetic mice on insulin therapy. Taken together, these data suggest that high levels of lysed neutrophils in the wounds of diabetic mice on insulin, combined with fewer macrophages to remove the cellular debris, contribute to increased DNA levels, which enhance
P. aeruginosa
biofilms.
Brucella melitensis T Cell Epitope Recognition in Humans with Brucellosis in Peru
Authors: Cannella Anthony P. , Arlehamn Cecilia S. Lindestam , Sidney John , Patra Kailash P. , Torres Katherine , Tsolis Renee M. , Liang Li , Felgner Philip L. , Saito Mayuko , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Gilman Robert H. , Sette Alessandro , Vinetz Joseph M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Brucella melitensis
, one of the causative agents of human brucellosis, causes acute, chronic, and relapsing infection. While T cell immunity in brucellosis has been extensively studied in mice, no recognized human T cell epitopes that might provide new approaches to classifying and prognosticating
B. melitensis
infection have ever been delineated. Twenty-seven pools of 500 major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) restricted peptides were created by computational prediction of promiscuous MHC-II CD4
+
T cell derived from the top 50 proteins recognized by IgG in human sera on a genome level
B. melitensis
protein microarray. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) analyses were used to quantify and compare Th1 and Th2 responses of leukapheresis-obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Peruvian subjects cured after acute infection (
n
= 9) and from patients who relapsed (
n
= 5). Four peptide epitopes derived from 3
B. melitensis
proteins (BMEI 1330, a DegP/HtrA protease; BMEII 0029, type IV secretion system component VirB5; and BMEII 0691, a predicted periplasmic binding protein of a peptide transport system) were found repeatedly to produce significant IFN-γ ELISPOT responses in both acute-infection and relapsing patients; none of the peptides distinguished the patient groups. IL-5 responses against the panel of peptides were insignificant. These experiments are the first to systematically identify
B. melitensis
MHC-II-restricted CD4
+
T cell epitopes recognized by the human immune response, with the potential for new approaches to brucellosis diagnostics and understanding the immunopathogenesis related to this intracellular pathogen.
New Frontiers in Type III Secretion Biology: the Chlamydia Perspective
Authors: Mueller K. E. , Plano G. V. , Fields K. A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Members of the order
Chlamydiales
comprise a group of exquisitely evolved parasites of eukaryotic hosts that extends from single-celled amoeba to mammals. The most notable are human pathogens and include the agent of oculogenital disease
Chlamydia trachomatis
, the respiratory pathogen
C. pneumoniae
, and the zoonotic agent
C. psittaci
. All of these species are obligate intracellular bacteria that develop within parasitophorous vesicles termed inclusions. This demanding lifestyle necessitates orchestrated entry into nonphagocytic cells, creation of a privileged intracellular niche, and subversion of potent host defenses. All chlamydial genomes contain the coding capacity for a nonflagellar type III secretion system, and this mechanism has arisen as an essential contributor to chlamydial virulence. The emergence of tractable approaches to the genetic manipulation of chlamydiae raises the possibility of explosive progress in understanding this important contributor to chlamydial pathogenesis. This minireview considers challenges and recent advances that have revealed how chlamydiae have maintained conserved aspects of T3S while exploiting diversification to yield a system that exerts a fundamental role in the unique biology of
Chlamydia
species.
Cross-Reactive Immune Responses as Primary Drivers of Malaria Chronicity
Authors: Klein Eili Y. , Graham Andrea L. , Llinás Manuel , Levin Simon 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

The within-host dynamics of an infection with the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
are the result of a complex interplay between the host immune system and parasite. Continual variation of the
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein (PfEMP1) antigens displayed on the surface of infected red blood cells enables the parasite to evade the immune system and prolong infection. Despite the importance of antigenic variation in generating the dynamics of infection, our understanding of the mechanisms by which antigenic variation generates long-term chronic infections is still limited. We developed a model to examine the role of cross-reactivity in generating infection dynamics that are comparable to those of experimental infections. The hybrid computational model we developed is attuned to the biology of malaria by mixing discrete replication events, which mimics the synchrony of parasite replication and invasion, with continuous interaction with the immune system. Using simulations, we evaluated the dynamics of a single malaria infection over time. We then examined three major mechanisms by which the dynamics of a malaria infection can be structured: cross-reactivity of the immune response to PfEMP1, differences in parasite clearance rates, and heterogeneity in the rate at which antigens switch. The results of our simulations demonstrate that cross-reactive immune responses play a primary role in generating the dynamics observed in experimentally untreated infections and in lengthening the period of infection. Importantly, we also find that it is the primary response to the initially expressed PfEMP1, or small subset thereof, that structures the cascading cross-immune dynamics and allows for elongation of the infection.