bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the shifting sands of psychiatric nosology
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryLarsson et al provide epidemiological evidence for a genetic association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and Hamshere and colleagues confirm the latter association with genome-wide data. Although a genetic link between ADHD and bipolar disorder has been hypothesised for over a decade, the association with schizophrenia fills a notable gap in the literature. This editorial discusses the implications of these findings for clinicians, who must address psychiatric comorbidity in their treatment formulations, and researchers who are learning that the discrete categorical diagnoses of our diagnostic systems may not be up to the task of clarifying the causes and cures of psychopathology.
Scottish psychiatrists' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy: survey analysis
Authors: Martin Fiona , Elworthy Tim 
Published: August 2013

Aims and methodElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) prescription rates in Scotland are decreasing. This study aims to look for possible causes, in particular psychiatrists' attitudes. Ninety-one Scottish psychiatrists completed a survey in 2009 relating to demographics, training, current practice, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines and attitudes.ResultsThe mean number of times the psychiatrists had prescribed ECT in the past 2 years was twice. About 43% felt that their prescribing rates had decreased. Reasons for this included more effective medication, public and patient perception, and NICE guidelines. There was a significant correlation between doctors' gender and estimated prescription rates (P= 0.004), however, not with other prescription data. Almost all surveyed psychiatrists (97%) agreed that ECT has a place in current psychiatric practice.Clinical implicationsDespite generally positive attitudes to ECT shown by psychiatrists in this study, prescription rates were low and decreasing. With more effective medication the role of ECT in therapy appears to be changing.
New estimates of Hilbert–Kunz multiplicities for local rings of fixed dimension
Authors: Aberbach Ian M. , Enescu Florian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe present results on the Watanabe–Yoshida conjecture for the Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity of a local ring of positive characteristic. By improving on a “volume estimate” giving a lower bound for Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity, we obtain the conjecture when the ring has either Hilbert–Samuel multiplicity less than or equal to 5 or dimension less than or equal to 6. For nonregular rings with fixed dimension, a new lower bound for the Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity is obtained.
Trafficking of the EGFR ligand Spitz regulates its signaling activity in polarized tissues
Authors: Steinhauer Josefa , Liu Hui Hua , Miller Eli , Treisman Jessica E. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands undergo a complex series of processing events during their maturation to active signaling proteins. Like its mammalian homologs, the predominant Drosophila EGFR ligand Spitz is produced as a transmembrane pro-protein. In the secretory pathway, Spitz is cleaved within its transmembrane domain to release the extracellular signaling domain. This domain is modified with an N-terminal palmitate group that tethers it to the plasma membrane. We found that the pro-protein can reach the cell surface in the absence of proteolysis, but that it fails to activate the EGFR. To address why the transmembrane pro-protein is inactive, whereas membrane association through the palmitate group promotes activity, we generated a panel of chimeric constructs containing the Spitz extracellular region fused to exogenous transmembrane proteins. Although the orientation of the EGF domain and its distance from the plasma membrane varies in these chimeras, they are all active in vivo. Thus, tethering Spitz to the membrane via a transmembrane domain at either terminus does not prevent activity. Conversely, removing the N-terminal palmitate group from the C-terminally tethered pro-protein does not render it active. Furthermore, we show that the Spitz transmembrane pro-protein can activate the EGFR in a tissue culture assay, indicating that its failure to signal in vivo is not due to structural features. In polarized imaginal disc cells, unprocessed Spitz pro-protein localizes to apical puncta, whereas the active chimeric Spitz constructs are basolaterally localized. Taken together, our data support the model that localized trafficking of the pro-protein restricts its ability to activate the receptor in polarized tissues.
Spontaneous Formation of Vertically Aligned Lamellae in Thin Films of Block Copolymer–Silica Hybrid Material
Authors: Hara Mitsuo , Nagano Shusaku , Seki Takahiro 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Vertical alignment of mesoscaled and phase-separated structures in organic–inorganic hybrid materials has significant potential for various applications. However, particular procedures and treatments are required to generate such pattern geometries. We demonstrate herein a simple and spontaneous process for vertical alignment of mesoscopic phase-separated structures in a hybrid material consisting of an amphiphilic block copolymer that possesses a thermotropic liquid crystal framework and silicate sol. By combining the thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystal properties, the sol–gel condensation in this system spontaneously leads to the vertical alignment of mesoscopic lamellae. Most likely, the vertical molecular orientation formed in the thermotropic smectic liquid crystal domains promotes the vertical alignment of the mesoscaled lyotropic liquid crystalline structure of the hybrid film. The organic block components in the film could be selectively etched by ultraviolet light/ozone treatment and, consequently, provide a topologically undulated silica film that retains the vertical lamella structure of the precursor hybrid film. This approach via the hybridization with a metal oxide sol solution is advantageous in tuning the lateral pitch of the structure simply by adjusting the volume fraction of precursor sol content.
Thrombose der Vena saphena parva
Authors: Mendoza E. 
Published: August 2013

ZusammenfassungThrombosen der Stammvenen sind meist sehr schmerzhaft. Besonders beim Laufen schmerzt die Thrombose der V. saphena parva, die direkt auf der Wadenmuskulatur aufliegend verläuft. Diese Thrombosen können spontan auftreten oder motiviert nach Zwangshaltungen (Hocke), Beinruhigstellung oder nach Wadenverletzungen. Von einer Thrombose in oberflächli-chen Beinvenen geht eine besondere Gefähr-dung aus, da diese meist über eine breite Mündung mit der tiefen Beinvene verbunden sind und hierüber ein Einwachsen des Thrombus in die tiefe Beinvene möglich ist. Differenzialdiagnostisch muss eine Folge nach Behandlung der V. saphena parva erwogen werden, wie die Sklerotherapie oder endoluminalen Behandlungen (z.B. Venefit oder LASER). Thrombosen oberflächlicher Beinvenen wurden klassisch Phlebitis genannt. Um Verwechslungen mit infektiösen Vorgängen zu vermeiden, wurde die Verwendung des Begriffs „Thrombose der oberflächlichen Beinvene” statt Phlebitis vorgeschlagen.
Implant survival after deep infection of an instrumented spinal fusion
Authors: Núñez-Pereira S. , Pellisé F. , Rodríguez-Pardo D. , Pigrau C. , Bagó J. , Villanueva C. , Cáceres E. 
Published: August 2013

This study evaluates the long-term survival of spinal implants after surgical site infection (SSI) and the risk factors associated with treatment failure. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was carried out on 43 patients who had undergone a posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation between January 2006 and December 2008, and who consecutively developed an acute deep surgical site infection. All were appropriately treated by surgical debridement with a tailored antibiotic program based on culture results for a minimum of eight weeks. A ‘terminal event’ or failure of treatment was defined as implant removal or death related to the SSI. The mean follow-up was 26 months (1.03 to 50.9). A total of ten patients (23.3%) had a terminal event. The rate of survival after the first debridement was 90.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 82.95 to 98.24) at six months, 85.4% (95% CI 74.64 to 96.18) at one year, and 73.2% (95% CI 58.70 to 87.78) at two, three and four years. Four of nine patients required re-instrumentation after implant removal, and two of the four had a recurrent infection at the surgical site. There was one recurrence after implant removal without re-instrumentation. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant risk of treatment failure in patients who developed sepsis (hazard ratio (HR) 12.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6 to 59.9); p < 0.001) or who had > three fused segments (HR 4.5 (95% CI 1.25 to 24.05); p = 0.03). Implant survival is seriously compromised even after properly treated surgical site infection, but progressively decreases over the first 24 months. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1121–6.
Obesity has no adverse effect on the outcome of unicompartmental knee replacement at a minimum follow-up of seven years
Authors: Cavaignac E. , Lafontan V. , Reina N. , Pailhé R. , Warmy M. , Laffosse J. M. , Chiron P. 
Published: August 2013

The significance of weight in the indications for unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) is unclear. Our hypothesis was that weight does not affect the long-term rate of survival of UKRs.We undertook a retrospective study of 212 UKRs at a mean follow-up of 12 years (7 to 22). The patients were distributed according to body mass index (BMI; < vs ≥ 30 kg/m2) and weight (< vs ≥ 82 kg). Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed and ten-year survival rates were compared between the sub-groups. Multimodal regression analysis determined the impact of the various theoretical contraindications on the long-term rate of survival of UKR.The ten-year rates of survival were similar in the two weight subgroups (≥ 82 kg: 93.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 66.5 to 96.3); < 82 kg: 92.5% (95% CI 82.5 to 94.1)) and also in the two BMI subgroups (≥ 30 kg/m2: 92% (95% CI 82.5 to 95.3); < 30 kg/m2: 94% (95% CI 78.4 to 95.9)). Multimodal regression analysis revealed that weight plays a part in reducing the risk of revision with a relative risk of 0.387, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.662). The results relating weight and BMI to the clinical outcome were not statistically significant. Thus, this study confirms that weight does not influence the long-term rate of survival of UKR.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1064–8.
Lateral femoral wall thickness
Authors: Hsu C-E. , Shih C-M. , Wang C-C. , Huang K-C. 
Published: August 2013

Although the importance of lateral femoral wall integrity is increasingly being recognised in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture, little attention has been put on the development of a secondary post-operative fracture of the lateral wall. Patients with post-operative fractures of the lateral wall were reported to have high rates of re-operation and complication. To date, no predictors of post-operative lateral wall fracture have been reported. In this study, we investigated the reliability of lateral wall thickness as a predictor of lateral wall fracture after dynamic hip screw (DHS) implantation. A total of 208 patients with AO/OTA 31-A1 and -A2 classified intertrochanteric fractures who received internal fixation with a DHS between January 2003 and May 2012 were reviewed. There were 103 men and 150 women with a mean age at operation of 78 years (33 to 94). The mean follow-up was 23 months (6 to 83). The right side was affected in 97 patients and the left side in 111. Clinical information including age, gender, side, fracture classification, tip–apex distance, follow-up time, lateral wall thickness and outcome were recorded and used in the statistical analysis. Fracture classification and lateral wall thickness significantly contributed to post-operative lateral wall fracture (both p < 0.001). The lateral wall thickness threshold value for risk of developing a secondary lateral wall fracture was found to be 20.5 mm. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the risk factors of post-operative lateral wall fracture in intertrochanteric fracture. We found that lateral wall thickness was a reliable predictor of post-operative lateral wall fracture and conclude that intertrochanteric fractures with a lateral wall thickness < 20.5 mm should not be treated with DHS alone. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1134–8.
Comparison of the HINTEGRA and Mobility total ankle replacements
Authors: Choi G. W. , Kim H. J. , Yeo E. D. , Song S. Y. 
Published: August 2013

In a retrospective study we compared 32 HINTEGRA total ankle replacements (TARs) and 35 Mobility TARs performed between July 2005 and May 2010, with a minimum follow-up of two years. The mean follow-up for the HINTEGRA group was 53 months (24 to 76) and for the Mobility group was 34 months (24 to 45). All procedures were performed by a single surgeon. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to the mean AOFAS score, visual analogue score for pain or range of movement of the ankle at the latest follow-up. Most radiological measurements did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the most common grade of heterotopic ossification (HO) was grade 3 in the HINTEGRA group (10 of 13 TARs, 76.9%) and grade 2 in the Mobility group (four of seven TARs, 57.1%) (p = 0.025). Although HO was more frequent in the HINTEGRA group (40.6%) than in the Mobility group (20.0%), this was not statistically significant (p = 0.065).The difference in peri-operative complications between the two groups was not significant, but intra-operative medial malleolar fractures occurred in four (11.4%) in the Mobility group; four (12.5%) in the HINTEGRA group and one TAR (2.9%) in the Mobility group failed (p = 0.185). Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1075–82.
Standardization of LC-MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus
Authors: Annesley Thomas M , McKeown Denise A , Holt David W , Mussell Christopher , Champarnaud Elodie , Harter Leonie , Calton Lisa J , Mason Donald S 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND
LC-MS is increasingly used for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus. A recent summary from an international proficiency-testing scheme demonstrated that the mass spectrometry respondents were the largest method group. However, these methods lack standardization, which may explain the relatively poor interlaboratory agreement for such methods. This study aimed to provide one path toward the standardization of tacrolimus quantification by use of LC-MS.

METHODS
A 40-member whole blood tacrolimus proficiency panel was circulated to 7 laboratories, 4 in the US and 3 in Europe, offering routine LC-MS–based quantification of tacrolimus. All laboratories used a common LC-MS platform and followed the manufacturer's instructions that accompanied an LC-MS reagent kit intended for tacrolimus quantification in whole blood samples. Four patient pools were prepared that had sufficient volume to allow comparison with a tacrolimus reference measurement procedure.

RESULTS
For the 40-member panel, the standardized MassTrak LC-MS assay demonstrated excellent agreement with a validated LC-MS method used by Analytical Services International (y = 1.02x − 0.02; r = 0.99). The CVs for the pooled patient samples ranged from 2.0% to 5.4%. The mean difference from the reference measurement procedure ranged from 0.4% to 4.4%.

CONCLUSIONS
Tacrolimus assay standardization, which must include all facets of the analysis, is necessary to compare patient results between laboratories and to interpret consensus guidelines. LC-MS can provide accurate and precise measurement of tacrolimus between laboratories.
Access Granted: The Phenomenology of Approach in Early Islamic Palatial Architecture
Authors: Damgaard Kristoffer 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Early Islamic palatial architecture displays certain identifiable and formalized characteristics that have been extensively discussed for decades now, and scholarship is gradually moving towards a coherent understanding of the intrinsic principles behind their conceptualization.
One of the central principles in early Islamic palaces was the use of an axial approach as a structuring architectural principle. This axis was subdivided by physical demarcations that indicated increases in a given space’s social and symbolic importance. The assignment of value to space was based on proximity to the patron, and the architecture is designed to manifest this spatial hierarchy. This article explores the origin of this tradition by analysing the application and development of transitional devices in the late Umayyad palaces of Amman Citadel and Mshatta.
By considering spatial composition as a subtle yet powerful means of stimulating a cognitive recognition of social hierarchies, and the movement between them, a number of pre-Islamic complexes are gauged as possible sources of inspiration for the early Muslim patrons. This includes the identification of certain features and concepts that not only are suggested to be common, deliberate and meaningful, but indeed are key to understanding how the late Umayyad rulers formulated a sustainable materiality of Islamic rule.
Amyloid-like fibrils labeled with magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Solin Niclas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA number of human diseases are associated with the formation of insoluble protein aggregates commonly known as amyloid fibrils or amyloid plaques. Similar materials can be prepared in vitro resulting in so-called amyloid-like fibrils. Herein is discussed how to prepare such fibrils labeled with magnetic nanoparticles. Such materials have the potential to be used as magnetic probes for magnetic resonance imaging applications.
New insights into the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins by proteolytic processing
Authors: Inoue Jun , Sato Ryuichiro 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that regulate a wide variety of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. After transcription, SREBPs are controlled at multiple post-transcriptional levels, including proteolytic processing and post-translational modification. Among these, proteolytic processing is a crucial regulatory step that activates SREBPs, which are synthesized as inactive endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins. In this review, we focus on recent progress with regard to signaling pathways and small molecules that affect activation of SREBPs by proteolytic processing.
Effects of cyclosporine and phenytoin on biomarker expressions in gingival fibroblasts of children and adults: an in vitro study
Authors: Vahabi Surena , Salman Bahareh Nazemi , Rezazadeh Fahimeh , Namdari Mahshid 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background: Both phenytoin (PhT) and cyclosporine (CsA) have been related to gingival overgrowth, but the presence and incidence of cytokines in gingival tissues are associated with different mechanisms. On the basis of a few epidemiologic data, children are more prone to have gingival overgrowth than adults and there is no obvious plausibility to justify this difference. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PhT and CsA on the some biological marker expression and compare it among adults and children.

Methods: Gingival fibroblasts that had been harvested from adults and children with normal gingiva were incubated with CsA and PhT and then cultured for 48 h. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), collagen (CoL), elastin (Eln), lysyl oxidase (Lysyl), cathepsin (Cat) L and B, and mRNA levels in culture were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The amounts of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: CsA and PhT stimulated TGF-β and Cat B production and inhibited expression of MMP-1 by fibroblasts. CsA suppressed TIMP in children, but PhT stimulated its expression. In adults, both CSA and PHT increased TGF-β, Lysyl, and EGF levels. CsA reduced Eln level, whereas PhT increased it.

Conclusions: The results suggest that CsA and PhT have different effects on biogene marker expression in adults and children, or drug-induced gingival overgrowth is affected by different cellular pathways in children in contrast to that in adults. It seems that in children the MMP-1/TIMP system, and in adults the Lysyl/Eln pathway, plays an important role in impaired CoL metabolism.
Insulin secretion and sensitivity in the prediction of type 1 diabetes in children with advanced β-cell autoimmunity
Authors: Siljander Heli T , Hermann Robert , Hekkala Anne , Lähde Jyrki , Tanner Laura , Keskinen Päivi , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveReduced early insulin response has been shown to predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) in first-degree relatives of diabetic patients, while its role, as well as that of insulin resistance, has remained poorly defined in young children representing the general population. The predictive values of these markers and their relation to other risk factors of T1D were assessed in children with advanced β-cell autoimmunity, i.e. persistent positivity for two or more autoantibodies.Design and methodsIntravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were carried out in 218 children withHLA-DQB1-conferred disease susceptibility and advanced β-cell autoimmunity. Baseline, metabolic and growth data were compared between children progressing to diabetes and those remaining unaffected. Hazard ratios for the disease predictors and the progression rate of T1D were assessed.ResultsChildren developing T1D were younger at seroconversion, progressed more rapidly to advanced β-cell autoimmunity and had lower first-phase insulin response (FPIR) and homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) than those remaining non-diabetic. The levels of HOMA-IR/FPIR, islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and islet antigen 2 antibodies (IA-2A) were higher in progressors. BMI SDS, FPIR, age at IVGTT and levels of IAA and IA-2A were predictive markers for T1D.ConclusionsYoung age, higher BMI SDS, reduced FPIR and higher levels of IAA and IA-2A predicted T1D in young children withHLA-DQB1-conferred disease susceptibility and advanced β-cell autoimmunity. Disease risk estimates were successfully stratified by the assessment of metabolic status and BMI. The role of insulin resistance as an accelerator of the disease process was minor.