bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Association Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Coreceptor Usage in Treatment-Naive Patients from An AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study
Authors: Henrich Timothy J. , McLaren Paul J. , Rao Suhas S. P. , Lin Nina H. , Hanhauser Emily , Giguel Francoise , Gulick Roy M. , Ribaudo Heather , de Bakker Paul I. W. , Kuritzkes Daniel R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Objectives.  We conducted a genome-wide association study to explore whether common host genetic variants (&gt;5% frequency) were associated with presence of virus able to use CXCR4 for entry.
Methods.  Phenotypic determination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coreceptor usage was performed on pretreatment plasma HIV-1 samples from treatment-naive participants in AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5095, a study of initial antiretroviral regimens. Associations between genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CCR5 Δ32 genotype, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles and viral coreceptor usage were explored.
Results.  Viral phenotypes were obtained from 593 patients with available genome-wide SNP data. Forty-four percent of subjects had virus capable of using CXCR4 for entry as determined by phenotyping. Overall, no associations, including those between polymorphisms in genes encoding viral coreceptors and their promoter regions or in HLA genes previously associated with HIV-1 disease progression, passed the statistical threshold for genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5.0 × 10−8) in any comparison. However, the presence of viruses able to use CXCR4 for entry was marginally associated with the CCR5 Δ32 genotype in the nongenome-wide analysis.
Conclusions.  No human genetic variants were significantly associated with virus able to use CXCR4 for entry at the genome-wide level. Although the sample size had limited power to definitively exclude genetic associations, these results suggest that host genetic factors, including those that influence coreceptor expression or the immune pressures leading to viral envelope diversity, are either rare or have only modest effects in determining HIV-1 coreceptor usage.
Urinalysis in Acute Care of Adults: Pitfalls in Testing and Interpreting Results
Authors: Pallin Daniel J. , Ronan Clare , Montazeri Kamaneh , Wai Katherine , Gold Allen , Parmar Siddharth , Schuur Jeremiah D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background.  Rapid urine tests for infection (urinalysis, dipstick) have low up-front costs. However, many false positives occur, with important downstream consequences, including unnecessary antibiotics. We studied indications, collection technique, and results of urinalyses in acute care.
Methods.  This research was a prospective observational study of a convenience sample of emergency department (ED) patients who had urinalysis performed between June 1, 2012 and February 15, 2013 at an urban teaching hospital. Analyses were conducted via t tests, χ2 tests, and multivariable logistic regression.
Results.  Of 195 cases included in the study, the median age was 56 and 70% of participants were female. There were specific symptoms or signs of urinary tract infection (UTI) in 74 cases (38%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31%–45%), nonspecific symptoms or signs in 83 cases (43%; 95% CI, 36%–50%), and no symptoms or signs of UTI in 38 cases (19%; 95% CI, 14%–25%). The median age was 51 (specific symptoms), 58 (nonspecific symptoms), and 61 (no symptoms), respectively (P = .005). Of 137 patients who produced the specimen without assistance, 78 (57%; 95% CI, 48%–65%) received no instructions on urine collection. Correct midstream clean-catch technique was used in 8 of 137 cases (6%). Presence of symptoms or signs was not associated with a new antibiotic prescription, but positive urinalysis (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.7–14) and positive urine culture (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1–12) were. Of 36 patients receiving antibiotics, 10 (28%; 95% CI, 13%–43%) had no symptoms or nonspecific symptoms.
Conclusion.  In this sample at an urban teaching hospital ED, urine testing was not driven by symptoms. Improving practice may lower costs, improve efficiency of care, decrease unnecessary data that can distract providers and impair patient safety, decrease misdiagnosis, and decrease unnecessary antibiotics.
Spinal and Paraspinal Fungal Infections Associated With Contaminated Methylprednisolone Injections
Authors: Moudgal Varsha , Singal Bonita , Kauffman Carol A. , Brodkey Jason A. , Malani Anurag N. , Olmsted Russell N. , Kasotakis Michael J. , Koch Spencer R. , Kaakaji Rami , Nyaku Mawuli , Neelakanta Anupama , Valenstein Paul , Winter Suzanne , Otto Michael , Jagarlamudi Rajasekhar , Kerr Lisa , Czerwinski Jennifer , Vandenberg David , Sutton Suzanne R. , Murphy Holly , Halasyamani Lakshmi K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background.  A nationwide outbreak of fungal infections was traced to injection of Exserohilum-contaminated methylprednisolone. We describe our experience with patients who developed spinal or paraspinal infection after injection of contaminated methylprednisolone.
Methods.  Data were assembled from the Michigan Department of Community Health, electronic medical records, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports.
Results.  Of 544 patients who received an epidural injection from a contaminated lot of methylprednisolone at a pain clinic in southeastern Michigan, 153 (28%) were diagnosed at our institution with probable or confirmed spinal or paraspinal fungal infection at the injection site. Forty-one patients had both meningitis and spinal or paraspinal infection, and 112 had only spinal or paraspinal infection. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities included abscess, phlegmon, arachnoiditis, and osteomyelitis. Surgical debridement in 116 patients revealed epidural phlegmon and epidural abscess most often. Among 26 patients with an abnormal MRI but with no increase or change in chronic pain, 19 (73%) had infection identified at surgery. Fungal infection was confirmed in 78 patients (51%) by finding hyphae in tissues, positive polymerase chain reaction, or culture. Initial therapy was voriconazole plus liposomal amphotericin B in 115 patients (75%) and voriconazole alone in 38 patients (25%). As of January 31, 2014, 20 patients remained on an azole agent. Five patients died of infection.
Conclusions.  We report on 153 patients who had spinal or paraspinal fungal infection at the site of epidural injection of contaminated methylprednisolone. One hundred sixteen (76%) underwent operative debridement in addition to treatment with antifungal agents.
Innate Immune Responses after Resection for Lung Cancer via Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Thoracotomy
Authors: Jones Richard O. , Anderson Niall H. , Murchison John T. , Brittan Mairi , Simon Ellis J. , Casali Gianluca , Simpson A. John , Walker William S. 
Published: April 2014

Objective Innate immune responses to pulmonary resection may be critical in the pathogenesis of important postoperative pulmonary complications and potentially longer-term survival. We sought to compare innate immunity of patients undergoing major pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and thoracotomy. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage was conducted in the contralateral lung before staging bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy and immediately after lung resection. Blood and exhaled nitric oxide were sampled preoperatively and at 6, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Results Forty patients were included (26 VATS and 14 thoracotomy). There was a lower systemic cytokine response from lung resection undertaken by VATS compared with thoracotomy [interleukin 6 (IL-6), analysis of variance (ANOVA) P = 0.026; IL-8, ANOVA P = 0.018; and IL-10, ANOVA P = 0.047]. The VATS patients had higher perioperative serum albumin levels (ANOVA P = 0.001). Lower levels of IL-10 were produced by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood monocytes from the VATS patients compared with the thoracotomy patients at 6 hours postoperatively (geometric mean ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.33; P = 0.011). No statistically significant differences in the neutrophil phagocytic capacity, overall leukocyte count, or differential leukocyte count were found between the surgical groups (ANOVA P > 0.05). No statistically significant differences in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid parameters were found. Exhaled nitric oxide levels fell postoperatively, which reached statistical significance at 48 hours (geometric mean ratio, 1.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.46; P = 0.029). There were no significant differences found between the surgical groups (ANOVA P = 0.331). Conclusions Overall, a trend toward greater proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is seen with lung resection performed via thoracotomy compared with VATS.
Severed stems of Amaranthus palmeri are capable of regrowth and seed production in Gossypium hirsutum
Authors: Sosnoskie L.M. , Webster T.M. , Grey T.L. , Culpepper A.S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractField studies were conducted to evaluate the capacity of Amaranthus palmeri to grow and reproduce following incomplete physical control in Gossypium hirsutum fields. A. palmeri plants that emerged simultaneously with a G. hirsutum crop were selected for use. Treatments included severing the main stem of flowering plants at heights of 0, 3 and 15 cm above the soil level. A non‐cut/intact control, in which the apical meristem was not removed, was also included. Six weeks after treatment, intact A. palmeri plants had grown to a mean height of 210 cm (SE = 38) and produced 477 408 (SE = 81 250) seeds per plant. Thirty‐five percent of the A. palmeri plants cut back to a height of 15 cm above the soil level did not recover from the treatment; survivors regrew to a mean height of 102 cm (51% reduction, compared to intact plants) and produced 116 000 seeds per plant (73% reduction). A. palmeri plants cut to 3 cm above the soil level had a mortality rate of 64%, an 82% reduction in final plant height, and produced 28 000 seeds per plant. When stems were severed at the soil surface, plant mortality was 95%; final plant height and seed production of survivors were reduced by 95 and 99%, respectively, relative to the control. G. hirsutum seeded yields exceeded 3 t ha−1 when A. palmeri plants were cut back to at least 15 cm, whereas yield was reduced 50% in the control treatment, where A. palmeri growth was not interrupted by cutting. In conclusion, while there is immediate benefit of removing A. palmeri plants in terms of G. hirsutum yield, incomplete stem removal can have multi‐season implications. Results demonstrate that severely pruned A. palmeri plants can resume growth, reach reproductive maturity and produce viable seed, which have the potential to repopulate soil seedbanks.
Transcobalamin II (TCN2 67A>G and TCN2 776C>G) and Transcobalamin II Receptor (TCblR 1104C>T) Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Idiopathic Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Kim Hyun Seok , Lee Bo Eun , Jeon Young Joo , Rah HyungChul , Lee Woo Sik , Shin Ji Eun , Choi Dong Hee , Kim Nam Keun 
Published: April 2014

ProblemThe transcobalamin II (TCN2) 776C>G polymorphism has been reported to be a genetic risk factor for idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). However, the sample size in previous studies was small, and other TCN2 polymorphisms have not been studied. Moreover, the TCN2 67A>G and 776C>G polymorphisms, and the transcobalamin II receptor (TCblR/CD320) 1104C>T polymorphism, have demonstrated associations with immune responses.Method of studyThree hundred and seventy‐eight RSA patients who had at least two consecutive spontaneous abortions were enrolled. Two hundred and seven control subjects were collected from a convenience sample. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were performed to identify the TCN2 67A>G and 776C>G polymorphisms, and the TCblR 1104C>T polymorphism.ResultsRSA patients showed significantly different frequencies of the TCN2 67AG+GG genotypes compared with control subjects.ConclusionThe TCN2 67G allele is a possible risk factor for idiopathic RSA.
A pilot study of cerebral tissue oxygenation and postoperative cognitive dysfunction among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting randomised to surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass*
Authors: Kok W. F. , van Harten A. E. , Koene B. M. J. A. , Mariani M. A. , Koerts J. , Tucha O. , Absalom A. R. , Scheeren T. W. L. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryCoronary artery bypass surgery, performed with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, is frequently followed by postoperative cognitive decline. Near‐infrared spectroscopy is commonly used to assess cerebral tissue oxygenation, especially during cardiac surgery. Recent studies have suggested an association between cerebral desaturation and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. We therefore studied cerebral oxygen desaturation, defined as area under the cerebral oxygenation curve < 40% of > 10 min.%, with respect to cognitive performance at 4 days (early) and 3 months (late) postoperatively, compared with baseline, using a computerised cognitive test battery. We included 60 patients, of mean (SD) age 62.8 (9.4) years, scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting, who were randomly allocated to surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Cerebral desaturation occurred in only three patients and there was no difference in cerebral oxygenation between the two groups at any time. Among patients who received cardiopulmonary bypass, 18 (62%) had early cognitive decline, compared with 16 (53%) in the group without cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.50). Three months after surgery, 11 patients (39%) in the cardiopulmonary bypass group displayed cognitive dysfunction, compared with four (14%) in the non‐cardiopulmonary bypass group (p = 0.03). The use of cardiopulmonary bypass was identified as an independent risk factor for the development of late cognitive dysfunction (OR 6.4 (95% CI 1.2–33.0) p = 0.027. In conclusion, although cerebral oxygen desaturation was rare in our population, postoperative cognitive decline was common in both groups, suggesting that factors other than hypoxic neuronal injury are responsible.
The α3β4* nicotinic ACh receptor subtype mediates physical dependence to morphine: mouse and human studies
Authors: Muldoon P P , Jackson K J , Perez E , Harenza J L , Molas S , Rais B , Anwar H , Zaveri N T , Maldonado R , Maskos U , McIntosh J M , Dierssen M , Miles M F , Chen X , De Biasi M , Damaj M I 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeRecent data have indicated that α3β4* neuronal nicotinic (n) ACh receptors may play a role in morphine dependence. Here we investigated if nACh receptors modulate morphine physical withdrawal.Experimental ApproachesTo assess the role of α3β4* nACh receptors in morphine withdrawal, we used a genetic correlation approach using publically available datasets within the GeneNetwork web resource, genetic knockout and pharmacological tools. Male and female European‐American (n = 2772) and African‐American (n = 1309) subjects from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment dataset were assessed for possible associations of polymorphisms in the 15q25 gene cluster and opioid dependence.Key ResultsBXD recombinant mouse lines demonstrated an increased expression of α3, β4 and α5 nACh receptor mRNA in the forebrain and midbrain, which significantly correlated with increased defecation in mice undergoing morphine withdrawal. Mice overexpressing the gene cluster CHRNA5/A3/B4 exhibited increased somatic signs of withdrawal. Furthermore, α5 and β4 nACh receptor knockout mice expressed decreased somatic withdrawal signs compared with their wild‐type counterparts. Moreover, selective α3β4* nACh receptor antagonists, α‐conotoxin AuIB and AT‐1001, attenuated somatic signs of morphine withdrawal in a dose‐related manner. In addition, two human datasets revealed a protective role for variants in the CHRNA3 gene, which codes for the α3 nACh receptor subunit, in opioid dependence and withdrawal. In contrast, we found that the α4β2* nACh receptor subtype is not involved in morphine somatic withdrawal signs.Conclusion and ImplicationsOverall, our findings suggest an important role for the α3β4* nACh receptor subtype in morphine physical dependence.
My Sisters Will Not Speak: Boas, Hunt, and the Ethnographic Silencing of First Nations Women
Authors: Bruchac Margaret M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFirst Nations women were instrumental to the collecting of Northwest Coast Indigenous culture, yet their voices are nearly invisible in the published record. The contributions of George Hunt, the Tlingit/British culture broker who collaborated with anthropologist Franz Boas, overshadow the intellectual influence of his mother, Anislaga Mary Ebbetts, his sisters, and particularly his Kwakwaka'wakw wives, Lucy Homikanis and Tsukwani Francine ‘Nakwaxda'xw. In his correspondence with Boas, Hunt admitted his dependence upon high‐status Indigenous women, and he gave his female relatives visual prominence in film, photographs, and staged performances, but their voices are largely absent from anthropological texts. Hunt faced many unexpected challenges (disease, death, arrest, financial hardship, and the suspicions of his neighbors), yet he consistently placed Boas' demands, perspectives, and editorial choices foremost. The resulting cultural representations marginalized the influence of the First Nations women who had been integral to their creation.
Ornithologists in Olman: Epistemological Ecologies in the Field and the Museum
Authors: Kett Robert J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article examines scientific activities surrounding a series of excavations of Olmec archaeological sites in the 1930s and 1940s. These excavations were the first to concertedly explore areas of Tabasco and Veracruz, Mexico that would come to be called Olman. These sites were the locus of various collecting activities including the unearthing of monuments and systematic studies of stratigraphies and ceramic sequences, as well as the gathering of ornithological specimens from an underexplored region. Through publications inNational Geographicmagazine and elsewhere, scientists would introduce Olman to wider scientific and popular audiences. This article explores this history in order to understand scientists’ attempts to make sense of a new region as they documented the Olmec and Olman's fauna. These collaborative scientific practices underline the need for ecological attention to how disciplinary knowledge‐making practices interact during field research, an argument that is extended in a consideration of museum collections architectures.
Life Histories and Dynamic Objects: The Klasies River Mouth Collection
Authors: Pyne Lydia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractKlasies River Mouth, a Middle Stone Age archaeological site along the southern coast of South Africa, has long held an iconic status within the field of archaeology, for many reasons. In the four decades since its original excavation, the site's artifact collection has demonstrated dynamic characteristics as the artifacts are analyzed, interpreted, and reinterpreted. The site and its collection became a standard (both scientifically and culturally) for comparing other Middle Stone Age sites. The collection, however, does more than just provide a comparative sample for archaeologists. The collection is a way to trace identity and shifting methodological and theoretical paradigms for Pleistocene archaeology. The life history of Klasies River Mouth pairs the physical materiality of the collection with its subsequent cultural (and disciplinary) cachet.
Returning the tataayiyam honuuka' (Ancestors) to the Correct Home: The Importance of Background Investigations for NAGPRA Claims
Authors: Martinez Desireé R. , Teeter Wendy G. , Kennedy‐Richardson Karimah 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) claims process can be frustrating for Native American communities due to hindrances such as the lack of provenience and provenance of collections. Through historic research on and preliminary analysis of Santa Catalina Island archaeological collections assembled by Ralph Glidden and held by museums across the United States, the authors have discovered that much of the documented provenience and provenance information is missing, wrong, or at best more complicated than previously thought. The authors assert that background research of collections is imperative to ensure that ancestral remains are returned to the appropriate lineal descendants or Native American descendant community. Further, the Glidden collections show that disputed provenience and provenance information has massive implications for NAGPRA claims made by non‐federally recognized tribes, such as the Gabrielino/Tongva, the Indigenous inhabitants of Santa Catalina and the Los Angeles Basin.
When Remains are “Lost”: Thoughts on Collections, Repatriation, and Research in American Physical Anthropology
Authors: Kakaliouras Ann M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRepatriation has been a practical reality for physical anthropology since the passage of NAGPRA in 1990. Even so, discourse in the professional literature regarding what to do about the loss of human skeletal remains has largely been limited to the development of standards for osteological data collection. This article explores the concept of “loss” in physical anthropology in the context of repatriation, reviews the history of how physical anthropologists have conceptually approached skeletal collections housed in museums and universities, and examines alternative ways in which physical anthropologists may pursue research on collections of human remains, beyond their use in the reconstruction of past human behavior and population adaptations. By moving beyond a unitary idea about the use—and loss—of human skeletal remains, physical anthropologists may be able to foster more productive partnerships with descendant communities.
Lost in Museums: The Ethical Dimensions of Historical Practices of Anthropological Specimen Exchange
Authors: Nichols Catherine A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe exchange of anthropological objects by museums in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries involved circulation of Indigenous material culture and human remains beyond the institution in which collections were originally accessioned. This paper traces the biography of a Hopi sacred object collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1879 from the Smithsonian Institution to the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro in 1885 in order to highlight the ethical implications of how historical practices of specimen exchange affect knowledge about and contemporary access to museum objects. Analysis of specimen exchange emphasizes how the aims and actions of curators contribute to the dynamic nature of museum collections.
Contemporary Museum Policies and the Ethics of Accepting Human Remains
Authors: Edgar Heather J.H. , Rautman Anna L.M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Maxwell Museum of Anthropology has a policy of accepting all offered human remains into its collections. These remains come from law enforcement agencies and private persons. By accepting Native American and other human remains, the museum assumes all associated legal, ethical, and financial obligations, including complying with NAGPRA regulations and state laws regarding archaeological human remains. However, many museums are ill equipped to accept responsibility for—or have policies against—accepting human remains. There are costs and benefits associated with accepting human remains and associated objects that each museum must consider. We explain the perspective of the Maxwell Museum in its continuing policy of accepting human remains and NAGPRA objects, and explore the consequences of that decision. We also present the results of a survey concerning museums' policies on and experiences with accepting new collections of human remains and artifacts.