bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Problems of Horizontal Steady Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Putnam John A. 
Published: June 2014

Data on the physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons have beenmade available in recent years but the formal method of applying these data toflow in porous media appears not to have been fully developed. By making usualthermodynamic assumptions and employing existing data on permeability totwo-phase flow, Darcy's law may be applied to obtain the flow characteristicsfor representative combinations of flowing medium and geometry. The numericalexamples presented herein are based on hydrocarbons for which complete physicaland thermodynamic data are available under equilibrium conditions.

Introduction
Thermodynamic data are obtained in the laboratory under equilibriumconditions and their application requires the assumption that equilibrium alsoexists during flow. This assumption is at least usual in engineering analyses, though not easily justified in many instances, and will be followed here. Inregard to hydrocarbons, laboratory experience in determining thepressure-volume-temperature relationships indicates that gas-liquid mixturesmust often be stirred vigorously for periods of 15 to 20 min. before reachingequilibrium. On the other hand, boiling and condensation are known to occur onsolid surfaces and the large surface exposed to the flowing substance by aporous medium may bring about rapid approach to equilibrium. For the purpose ofproviding at least a guide to experimentation and a standard for latercomparison with experimental results, it will be assumed that the phasespresent in cross sections perpendicular to the direction of flow are inthermodynamic equilibrium.
Another assumption usually made in the solution of problems of flow inporous media is that the fluid remains at a constant temperature; i.e., isothermal flow. This assumption is arrived at by considering the porous mediumand surroundings to be an infinite heat source and the rate of heat flow to beinfinite at a boiling front. Its validity depends in large measure upon thecharacter of flow, the number of components, and the physical and thermodynamicproperties of the fluid. However, the assumption of isothermal flow representsa limiting case. The other limit can be represented by the assumption that thefluid is thermally isolated; i.e., irreversible adiabatic.
T.P. 1349
Capillary Behavior in Porous Solids
Authors: Leverett M.C. 
Published: June 2014

Knowledge of the theory underlying the behavior of mixtures of fluids inreservoir rocks is essential to the proper solution of certain types ofproblems in petroleum production, but is as yet incompletely developed. Theobject of this paper is to show the application of well establishedthermodynamic and physical principles to these problems, and thus to assist inthe development of the basic theory. For convenience the problems to beconsidered here may be divided into two groups:Static problems, involving only the static balance between capillary forcesand those due to the difference in densities of the fluids; i.e., gravitationalforces.Dynamic problems, involving analysis of the motion of mixtures of immisciblefluids in porous media under the influence of forces due to gravity, capillarity, and an impressed external pressure differential.

Capillary Equilibrium in Sands
Under this heading the static type of problem will be discussed and the resultsof experimental investigations on the capillary properties of unconsolidatedsands will be presented. Although the discussion of this section is, in asense, prefatory to the treatment of problems of mixture flow, the conceptsdeveloped here have considerable intrinsic importance apart from theirapplication to flow problems. For, it is reasonable to postulate that thereservoir fluids are, owing to their long existence in undisturbed mutualcontact prior to exploitation, in substantial equilibrium. It follows thattheir distribution in the reservoir at the time of tapping should be entirelypredictable from the theory of capillary equilibrium, provided certainexperimentally measurable properties of the reservoir rock are known. Knowledgeof the distribution of the several fluids in the reservoir is, of course, helpful in the estimation of reserve, and in other problems.
It is to be emphasized that throughout the discussion of capillary statics itis assumed that the fluids are in equilibrium from the capillary standpoint.Thus, water, where it is referred to as being in a reservoir, will beunderstood to be interstitial water, present at the time of drilling thereservoir, commonly termed "connate" water.
The theory developed here is perfectly general for any porous solid, whether acarefully prepared unconsolidated sand or a natural sandstone from an oilreservoir. At present, however, only problems involving clean, unconsolidatedsands can be made to yield numerical solutions, since only such sands have beenadequately investigated experimentally. Experimental evaluation of thepertinent properties of natural reservoir rocks will permit the extension ofthe numerical treatment to problems involving these materials. We shall nowconsider in some detail the static equilibrium of fluid mixtures in poroussolids; that is, the manner in which the reservoir fluids are distributedvertically when the forces due to capillarity are just balanced by those due togravitation.
T.P. 1223
Completion Practices Related to Well Productivity
Authors: Travers W.J. 
Published: June 2014

Several new procedures for completing oil wells have been developed inrecent years. Each method when used where properly applicable promises to be adefinite aid to operators in lowering development or operating costs, or indeveloping the full potentialities of the oil well. Multiple-zone completionsare now frequently used, in contrast to the older practice of setting a solidwater string over each zone to be produced. Gravel packing in unconsolidatedformations often prevents sand troubles formerly experienced where aconventional perforated liner was used. Light-weight bentonitic clay muds andoil-base drilling fluids are definite steps toward eliminating mudding damage, which occurs when heavy rotary mud is used.
Since in each case the new procedure developed is an alternate of olderconventional methods, a problem of selection is presented. The purpose of thispaper is to suggest methods of arriving at these choices and to presentpractical observations that may be of aid in their application.

Introduction
Discovery of deep and prolific oil-producing zones in the San Joaquin Valleyof California during the years 1936, 1937 and 1938 directed attention to meansof improving rates of penetration in drilling. In these years rapid advanceswere made in hole-making technique, and as a result the investment required fordeep development projects was substantially reduced. Improvements introducedduring this period included:larger drilling machinery, with fasterhoisting speeds, higher rotary speeds, and larger circulation volumesbetter mud controlincreased use of alloy steels.
This increasedefficiency of operation has been maintained but further improvement in deepdrilling practice has been less marked in the years 1939, 1940 and 1941. Thediscovery and intensive development of the Wilmington field, in the Los AngelesBasin, which reached its peak in 1938, was influential in shifting the emphasisfrom hole making to completion procedure. Since 1938, California operators havedevoted an increased amount of study to programs for drilling in and completingwells. This new emphasis on completion procedure has, led to the development oftechniques that represent the first successful departures from conventionalmethods to be introduced in many years.
T.P. 1465
Density of Natural Gases
Authors: Standing Marshall B. , Katz Donald L. 
Published: June 2014

Density data are reported on 16 saturated hydrocarbon vapors at pressuresranging from 1000 to 8220 lb. per sq. in. and at temperatures ranging from 35?to 250?F. These data have been used to extend the compressibility-factor chartfor natural gases up to 10,000 lb. per sq. in. The relatively large quantity ofhigh-boiling constituents present in high-pressure vapors in equilibrium withcrude oils makes it necessary to include in the analysis of the gas themolecular weight, density, and possibly boiling range of the heptanes andheavier fraction. Relationships have been presented by which the density ofgases may be obtained directly from the temperature, pressure, and gas gravityprovided the gases have a common source or are similar in composition.

Introduction
The densities of natural gases are necessary in many engineeringcomputations in petroleum production and utilization. Gas reserves, changes inreservoir pressure, gradients in gas wells, metering of gases, pipeline flow, and compression of gases are typical problems requiring the density of the gas.A decade ago, engineering computations used ideal gas laws with deviations upto 500 lb. per sq. in. Recent discoveries of pools having pressures up to 7500lb. per sq. in., and installation of pressure-maintenance and recycling plants, have increased the need for data on gas density at high pressures.

Methods Of Computation
The accepted method of computing the density or specific volume of naturalgases is the use of the ideal gas law corrected by a compressibility factor.The method proposed by Kay of correlating compressibility factors for gaseousmixtures on pseudo critical properties appears to be satisfactory for naturalgases. The methane-compressibility factor has been shown to deviatesystematically from the behavior of natural gases and a chart giving thesecorrected factors is available.
A method of computing specific volume of gaseous mixtures from partial molalvolumes has been reported by Sage and Lacey. Complete data for the computationare not yet available for all hydrocarbon gases.
Most of the reported data on gas densities have been in the single-phaseregion removed from the dew point or saturation condition. Since most gases inthe reservoir or while on contact with liquid during flow are saturated, thedetermination of densities under conditions of saturation is particularlyimportant.
T.P. 1323
Dimensional-model Studies of Oil-field Behavior
Authors: Leverett M.C. , Lewis W.B. , True M.E. 
Published: June 2014

This paper states the theory underlying the design of two kinds ofdimensionally scaled models of parts of idealized oil fields. One of thesesimulates an oil well and its surrounding sand for a distance of 16 ft.radially from the well. The other model simulates linear flow through layeredsands. Construction and operation of the models are described and typical dataare given. The unique features in the design of the models are:thetreatment of the permeability-viscosity quotient as a single variable andthe use of previously reported experimentally developed relations betweenrelative permeability and saturation and capillary pressure, saturation, porosity, permeability and interfacial tension.
The models at present simulateflow of oil and water only, through unconsolidated sands. They are superior tounscaled models, which may give rise to erroneous conclusions. The models aredesigned to study the desirability of various methods of well completion andthe effects of various factors on recovery of oil from layered sands.

Introduction
Recent work on the fundamental behavior of flowing mixtures of fluids insands has resulted in the development of some new theory in this field, much ofwhich has been presented in previous papers. However, the application of thistheory to the behavior of oil wells or oil fields has proved too complicatedfor ordinary mathematical techniques, except in very highly simplified cases. Apractical solution to this problem appears, therefore, to lie in the use ofdimensionally scaled models of elements of oil fields.
The object of this paper is, first, to present the theoretical andexperimental basis of the design of such models, and, second, to describe theirconstruction and operation. Experiments now under way on the models alreadybuilt will yield material for other reports, which will be devoted tointerpretation of the results in terms of oil-field behavior.
So far, simple dimensional models of two kinds have been built and are beingoperated. These models represent different parts of an idealized oil field butobey the same underlying theory. The only fluids represented are oil and water, since certain questionable approximations are necessary for gas-liquidsystems.
T.P. 1413
Surface Energy Relationships in Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors: Livingston H.K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A technique has been developed which makes it possible to determine thespreading pressure of liquids and solids, for simple systems. Data for surfacetensions, interfacial tensions, spreading pressures, and contact angles forwater, heptane, and silica are tabulated. These results can be applied to theevaluation of capillary rise and displacement pressure in a petroleumreservoir. Appropriate equations are presented and the application of theseequations is discussed. The presence of surface-active components affects bothcapillary rise and displacement pressure and also seems to influence the rateof fluid flow.

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to supplement and bring up to date the lastarticle on the subject of the surface chemistry of petroleum reservoirs, thatof Garrison in the 1935 Oil and Gas Journal. A discussion of the "adhesiontension" concept used by Garrison has been presented in anotherpublication, together with the reasons for the recommendation that the term"adhesion tension" be abandoned. In view of the fact that some of thedata used by Garrison have been superseded by more recent work, it seemedadvisable to call attention to this fact and present the more important datacurrently believed to be correct.
In the earlier paper, Garrison set up the equations that relate solid-oiland solid-water interfacial tensions to each other, and applied data fromBartell and Miller to these equations. However the adhesion tensionmeasurements made by Bartell and Miller involved a confusion of symbols, sothat they did not actually measure the spreading pressure. The spreadingpressure is a convenient method of indicating the amount by which the surfaceenergy of a solid surface is lowered on immersion in a liquid or vapor.
T.P. 1526
Phase Behavior in the Methane-propane-n-pentane System
Authors: Dourson R.H. , Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The compositions of coexisting phases in the methane-propane-n-pentanesystem were determined at 160? and 220?F. throughout the two-phase region, atpressures above 500 lb. per sq. in. The experimental results permitted thecalculation of gas-liquid equilibrium constants as well as the establishment ofthe critical behavior of this ternary system.

Introduction
Although many binary paraffin hydrocarbon systems have been investigated, the experimental work relating to the phase behavior of ternary paraffinhydrocarbon mixtures at elevated pressures is relatively scarce, being limitedto a study of the methane-propane-n-pentane system at 100?F. However, Guter andco-workers have studied the phase behavior of the methane-ethane-ethylenesystem at relatively low temperatures. Information concerning the phasebehavior of ternary systems is of value in predicting the behavior of thecomponents in multi component systems, since the influence of pressure, temperature, and concentration may be individually ascertained. In the light ofthe importance of such information, the study of this ternary system wasextended to higher temperatures in order to increase the field of temperaturein which the data could be applied.
Since all states encountered in this investigation are above the criticaltemperature of methane, the details of its phase behavior are not of directsignificance. The properties of propane in the heterogeneous region were takenfrom a correlations based upon recently published data. The correspondinginformation for n-pentane was taken from experimentally measured vaporpressures and volumetric data. The methane-propane system has been studiedthroughout the two-phase region at temperatures above 70?F., while the phasebehavior of the propane-n-pentane system has been established for temperaturesabove 16o?F. The volumetric and phase behavior of the methane-n-pentane systemhas been studied in detail. The experimental measurements serve to establishwith adequate accuracy the phase behavior of the components and of theconstituent binary systems for this ternary system. It is believed that, withthe exception of the measurements for the methane-propane system, theuncertainties in the earlier data relating to the pure substances and thebinary mixtures are probably less than those associated with the valuesreported here.
T.P. 1490
Effect of Catalytic Cracking on the Postwar Supply of Motor Gasolines and Distillate and Residual Fuels
Authors: Moore W.G. , Elder T.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In order to supply the immense quantities of 100-octane aviation gasolinerequired by the military program and to furnish stocks for the manufacture ofsynthetic rubber, the oil industry installed catalytic cracking on a largescale during the war, because none of the existing processes were adapted tothe manufacture of these products in the quantities required, from a limitedamount of crude.
While it had been recognized for some time that this process wouldeventually be widely used in the oil industry, under ordinary conditions theinstallation would have been spread over a number of years through thereplacement of old equipment and as enlargements were required.
However, under the urgency of the war demand, its adoption was imperativeand the industry was forced to make a major change in its equipment before ithad had a chance to become familiar with the effect of the process whenoperating for the usual peacetime products. Because of the peculiar features ofcatalytic cracking, there was considerable speculation among refiners and usersof petroleum products regarding the results it would have on the postwar supplyof motor gasoline, household heating oil and diesel and residual fuel. Thestudy reported in the following paper was made to determine the direction ofthe changes and to evaluate their possible extent.

Status of Catalytic Cracking
Prior to our entering the war, only one of the three catalytic crackingprocesses with which the industry is now familiar was in commercial operation, and the installations of this one were confined very largely to the twocompanies that were instrumental in its development. In fact, if it had notbeen for the war, it seems likely that the adoption of catalytic cracking forthe manufacture of motor fuel would have been gradual, because very markedeconomies are needed to justify scrapping any process of which the design isfairly modern and the equipment in good condition.
However, when it became evident that large quantities of aviation gasolineof 100 octane and above would be required, the economics with respect tomanufacture of motor fuel were disregarded and catalytic units were installedon a large scale, because, by a happy coincidence, they provided, in quantity, both a base gasoline for blending with high-octane components and gasessuitable for charging stocks to alkylation and other processes for theproduction of these components. These gases also provided material for theproduction of synthetic rubber, giving further impetus to the building of thistype of equipment.
T.P. 1731
Possibility of Converting the Large-diameter War Emergency Pipe Lines to Natural Gas Service after the War
Authors: Swensrud Sidney A. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
The 24-in. crude-oil line and the 20-in. petroleum-products line, built as awar emergency by the United States Government and running from points in Texasto the New York-New Jersey-Philadelphia area, were constructed only because ofthe inability during the war to continue normal ocean tanker movements from theGulf Coast to the East Coast. The postwar disposition of these lines may beconsidered as one of the important problems of the postwar readjustments in theoil industry, if not the most important one. In the first place there appear tobe many complications in keeping the lines in crude-oil or petroleum-productsservice. This conclusion was reached also in a study by T. E. Swigart, President of Shell Pipeline Corporation.
Since the lines are too large for anyone company to utilize, and since itappears likely that a surplus rather than a deficiency of tankers will existafter the war, most companies probably will feel that they can achieve lowercosts and more satisfactory results from the resumption of tanker movements tothe East Coast rather than by endeavoring to take over or utilize the capacityin the large pipe lines under some tariff-rate structure.
As for using the lines for making deliveries to the middle west or centraleastern areas, it would appear that when the war is over and normaltransportation arrangements can be resumed, there will be no need of any extracapacity for such deliveries. Therefore, the War Emergency lines could beutilized for this purpose only if privately owned pipe lines and othertransportation facilities were to be displaced.
Against this rather unprepossessing prospect for use in petroleum or productservice is the fact that at or near the source of the lines lie the greatestdeveloped gas reserves in the world, for much of which there is at present nosatisfactory market outlet; and at the other end of the lines lies one of thegreatest concentrations of population in the world, which is not now served bynatural gas. Those who have been fortunate enough to use natural gas can havelittle doubt of its desirability as a domestic fuel. An analysis of the marketpotentialities and comparison with other areas where natural gas is beingdistributed, and where it has displaced manufactured gas, makes it seem clearbeyond question that the full capacity of both of the large-diameter linescould be fully utilized in this service, and this without creating any unduedrain upon the gas reserves of the nation.
C.N. 135