bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray multiple diffraction as a new approach to structural characterization of III‐nitride layers
Authors: Kyutt R. N. , Scheglov M. P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractX‐ray multiple diffraction in epitaxial films of III‐nitrides has been studied. A series of single layers of GaN, AlN, AlGaN and superlattices AlGaN/GaN of different thickness and structural perfection grown on c‐sapphire are under study. Renninger scans for a primary forbidden 0001 reflection was used. The three beam diffraction peaks were measured in both φ‐scans and θ‐scans and their FWHM was analyzed. In the Renninger pattern all the possible 10 multiple peaks in an angular range (0–30)° are observed. It is shown that the FWHM of the φ‐peaks reflects a crystalline perfection level but does not depend markedly on the multiple combination type. The angular width of the θ‐scan peaks also increases with increasing of dislocation density and strongly depends on the type of three‐wave reflection. The combinations with pure Laue secondary reflection (1–100)/(–1101), (3–1–20)/(–3121) and (3–2–10)/(–3211) are most sensi‐tive to the dislocations. Most narrow peaks for the samples with the large dislocation density take place for the multiple combination (01–13)/(0–11–2) with the largest Bragg component of the diffraction vector. For the superlattices, θ–2θ‐scan curve measured in the multiple position on the φ‐scale contains satellites with angular distance corresponding to the forbidden 0001 reflection. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Targeting the Cytosolic Innate Immune Receptors RIG-I and MDA5 Effectively Counteracts Cancer Cell Heterogeneity in Glioblastoma
Authors: Glas Martin , Coch Christoph , Trageser Daniel , Daßler Juliane , Simon Matthias , Koch Philipp , Mertens Jerome , Quandel Tamara , Gorris Raphaela , Reinartz Roman , Wieland Anja , Von Lehe Marec , Pusch Annette , Roy Kristin , Schlee Martin , Neumann Harald , Fimmers Rolf , Herrlinger Ulrich , Brüstle Oliver , Hartmann Gunther , Besch Robert , Scheffler Björn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCellular heterogeneity, for example, the intratumoral coexistence of cancer cells with and without stem cell characteristics, represents a potential root of therapeutic resistance and a significant challenge for modern drug development in glioblastoma (GBM). We propose here that activation of the innate immune system by stimulation of innate immune receptors involved in antiviral and antitumor responses can similarly target different malignant populations of glioma cells. We used short-term expanded patient-specific primary human GBM cells to study the stimulation of the cytosolic nucleic acid receptors melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Specifically, we analyzed cells from the tumor core versus “residual GBM cells” derived from the tumor resection margin as well as stem cell-enriched primary cultures versus specimens without stem cell properties. A portfolio of human, nontumor neural cells was used as a control for these studies. The expression of RIG-I and MDA5 could be induced in all of these cells. Receptor stimulation with their respective ligands, p(I:C) and 3pRNA, led to in vitro evidence for an effective activation of the innate immune system. Most intriguingly, all investigated cancer cell populations additionally responded with a pronounced induction of apoptotic signaling cascades revealing a second, direct mechanism of antitumor activity. By contrast, p(I:C) and 3pRNA induced only little toxicity in human nonmalignant neural cells. Granted that the challenge of effective central nervous system (CNS) delivery can be overcome, targeting of RIG-I and MDA5 could thus become a quintessential strategy to encounter heterogeneous cancers in the sophisticated environments of the brain.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) expression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: A light and electron microscopy study
Authors: Gandy Johanna C. , Melendez‐Ferro Miguel , Bijur Gautam N. , Van Leuven Fred , Roche Joy K. , Lechat Benoit , Devijver Herman , Demedts David , Perez‐Costas Emma , Roberts Rosalinda C. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTGlycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) activity has been previously linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by its phosphorylation of tau and activation by amyloid. GSK3β intracellular distribution is important in regulating its activity by restricting access to compartment‐specific substrates. This study investigated regional and intracellular distribution of GSK3β in a mouse model of AD, a bigenic mouse with combined amyloid and tau pathology (BiAT), and controls (FVB). At two different ages, the entire rostrocaudal extent of each brain was examined. Young (6‐months‐old) FVB and BiAT mice did not differ in GSK3β expression and localization. In old (13‐month‐old) BiAT mice, neurons showed increased GSK3β expression only in AD‐relevant brain regions as compared with modest staining in region‐ and age‐matched controls. Two regions with the most robust changes between FVB and BiAT mice, the amygdala and piriform cortex, were quantified at the light microscopic level. In both regions, the density of darkly labeled neurons was significantly greater in the old BiAT mice vs. the old FVB mice. Electron microscopy of the piriform cortex showed neuronal GSK3β labeling in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, on ribosomes, and on microtubules in dendrites in both strains of mice. In old BiAT mice, GSK3β labeling was qualitatively more robust compared to age‐matched controls, and GSK3β also appeared in neurofibrillary tangles. In conclusion, GSK3β expression was increased in specific intracellular locations and was found in tangles in old BiAT mice, suggesting that GSK3β overexpression in specific brain areas may be intrinsic to AD pathology. Synapse, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
State‐space representation of the wind flow model in wind farms
Authors: Soleimanzadeh Maryam , Wisniewski Rafael , Brand Arno 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA dynamic model for the wind flow in wind farms is developed in this paper. The model is based on the spatial discretization of the linearized Navier–Stokes equation combined with the vortex cylinder theory. The spatial discretization of the model is performed using the finite difference method, which provides the state‐space form of the dynamic wind farm model. The model provides an approximation of the behavior of the flow in the wind farm and obtains the wind speed in the vicinity of each wind turbine. Afterwards, the model is validated using measurement data of Energy research Center of the Netherlands’ Wind turbine Test site in Wieringermeer in the Netherlands and by employing the outcomes of two other wind flow models. The end goal of this work is to present the wind farm flow model by ordinary differential equations, to be applied in wind farm control algorithms along with load and power optimizations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time series factor models
Authors: Ensor Katherine Bennett 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn today's data‐driven age observing a large number of variables over time for purposes of understanding the dynamics of a system is commonplace. The number of variables grows as our ability to measure, store, and retrieve data grows. Time series factor models and dynamic factor models combine data reduction and time series forecasting strategies to extract the critical information useful in forecasting a singular or small number of series from a large number of explanatory variables. Since the 1990s, these methodologies have proven a useful analytical tool in many areas of applied statistics, but most notably econometrics and finance. Furthermore, recent results in random matrix theory, which examines dimension reduction strategies as the number of variables and observations both go to infinity, have direct applicability in the area of time series factor models. This article reviews the recent history of time series factor models and demonstrates the applicability of these tools, while providing some cautionary issues through an example in the equities market. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:97–104. doi: 10.1002/wics.1245This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis
Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Challenges in model‐based clustering
Authors: Melnykov Volodymyr 
Published: February 2013

AbstractModel‐based clustering is an increasingly popular area of cluster analysis that relies on probabilistic description of data by means of finite mixture models. Mixture distributions prove to be a powerful technique for modeling heterogeneity in data. In model‐based clustering, each data group is seen as a sample from one or several mixture components. Despite attractive interpretation, model‐based clustering poses many challenges. This paper discusses some of the most important problems a researcher might encounter while applying the model‐based cluster analysis.WIREs Comput Stat2013, 5:135–148. doi: 10.1002/wics.1248This article is categorized under:Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and ClassificationStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Density Estimation
Methods and techniques for discovering taxonomies of behavioral process models
Authors: Folino Francesco , Greco Gianluigi , Guzzo Antonella , Pontieri Luigi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractModeling behavioral aspects of business processes is a hard and costly task, which usually requires heavy intervention of business experts. This explains the increasing attention given to process mining techniques, which automatically extract behavioral process models from log data. In the case of complex processes, however, the models identified by classical process mining techniques are hardly useful to analyze business operations at a suitable abstraction level. In fact, the need of process abstraction emerged in several application scenarios, and abstraction methods are already supported in some business‐management platforms, which allow users to manually define abstract views for the process at hand. Therefore, it comes with no surprise that process mining research recently considered the issue of mining processes at different abstraction levels, mainly in the form of a taxonomy of process models, as to overcome the drawbacks of traditional approaches. This paper presents a general framework for the discovery of such a taxonomy, and offers a survey of different kinds of basic techniques that can be exploited to this purpose: (1) workflow modeling and discovery techniques, (2) clustering techniques enabling the discovery of different behavioral process classes, and (3) activity abstraction techniques for associating a generalized process model with each higher level taxonomy node. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Association Rules
Technologies > Classification
Sulfidiodide (MSI) der schweren Lanthanoide (M = Gd – Lu): Kristallstrukturen und magnetische Eigenschaften
Authors: Blaschkowski Björn , Rosner Helge , Schnelle Walter , Schleid Thomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFrom reactions of equimolar quantities of the heavier lanthanoids (M = Gd – Lu) with the elements sulfur and iodine in fused silica ampoules (900 °C, 10 d) phase‐pure samples of the lanthanoid sulfide iodides MSI (M = Gd – Lu) could be prepared. Besides the already structurally determined sulfide iodides MSI with M = Gd and Dy, all samples could be characterized by means of X‐ray powder diffraction and their magnetic behavior was examined. In addition a single‐crystal structure refinement for HoSI was carried out (orthorhombic, Pmmn; a = 415.09(4) pm, b = 531.34(5) pm, c = 920.53(9) pm), which confirmed the isotypy of the later lanthanoid sulfide iodides with the structure of FeOCl. On the basis of the X‐ray powder diffraction experiments all prepared compounds could be indexed in a primitive orthorhombic unit cell. An analysis of the determined lattice parameters and cell volumes resulted in the typical lanthanoid contraction for compounds within the row of the 4f elements. The magnetochemical studies led to the expected effective magnetic moments for trivalent lanthanoid cations without showing any magnetic ordering phenomenon.
Construction of Two Coordination Complexes Based on 5‐(4‐Pyridine N‐oxide) Tetrazole (4‐ptz) Generated by an in‐situ [2+3] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Xiang Jing , Luo Ya , Wang Chun‐Hong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSolvothermal reactions of 4‐cyanopyridine N‐oxide, NaN3, and hydrated MCl2 (M = Cu, Co) in a mixture of EtOH/H2O afford the 3D polymer [CuI(4‐ptz)]n (1) and the mononuclear complex [CoII(4‐ptz)2(H2O)4] (2) (4‐ptz = 5‐(4‐pyridine N‐oxide) tetrazolate). The crystal structures of both compounds were determined by X‐ray crystallography, in which the ligand 4‐ptz exhibited different coordination modes. The thermal stability of 1 was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the solid state luminescence property of 1 was investigated at room temperature.
On the Synthesis and Coordination Properties of N‐Aryl‐substituted 1, 3, 2‐Diazaphospholidine‐4, 5‐diimines
Authors: Mourgas Georgios , Tiritiris Ioannis , Nieger Martin , Gudat Dietrich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNew 1, 3, 2‐diazaphospholidine‐4, 5‐diimines were synthesized by condensation of lithiated oxalamidines with PCl3 or PhPCl2, and characterized by spectral and analytic data. The products react selectively with [(nbd)W(CO)4], [Mo(CO)6], or [(PhCN)2PdCl2] to give stable complexes, in which the heterocycle binds as chelating, bidentate ligand through the nitrogen atoms of the diimine unit. Formation of P‐bound or dinuclear complexes was not observed. Reaction with PCl3 or AsCl3 in the presence of SnCl2 as reducing agent was unspecific. Evidence for the formation of bicyclic products arising from formal [4+1] cycloaddition between the diimine unit and a transient pnictogen(I) species was not obtained, and only a diimine complex of SnCl4 was isolated in moderate yield. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that coordination of the diimine unit induces a substantial structural distortion of the ligand framework, which allows to explain the occurrence of substantial 31P coordination shifts despite the absence of a direct metal‐phosphorus bond.
S‐adenosylmethionine and S‐adenosylhomocysteine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in Rett syndrome and the effect of folinic acid supplementation
Authors: Hagebeuk Eveline E. O. , Duran Marinus , Abeling Nico G. G. M. , Vyth Arno , Poll‐The Bwee Tien 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive and locomotor regression and stereotypic hand movements. The disorder is caused by mutations in the X chromosomal MECP2 a gene encoding methyl CpG‐binding protein. It has been associated with disturbances of cerebral folate homeostasis, as well as with speculations on a compromised DNA‐methylation. Folinic acid is the stable form of folate. Its derived intermediate 5‐MTHF supports the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, the precursor of S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM). This in turn donates its methyl group to various acceptors, including DNA, thereby being converted to S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The SAM/SAH ratio reflects the methylation potential. The goal of our study was to influence DNA methylation processes and ameliorate the clinical symptoms in Rett syndrome. Therefore we examined the hypothesis that folinic acid supplementation, besides increasing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5‐MTHF (p = 0.003), influences SAM and SAH and their ratio. In our randomized, double‐blind crossover study on folinic acid supplementation, ten female Rett patients received both folinic acid and placebo for 1 year each. It was shown that both SAM and SAH levels in the CSF remained unchanged following folinic acid administration (p = 0.202 and p = 0.097, respectively) in spite of a rise of plasma SAM and SAH (p = 0.007; p = 0.009). There was no significant change in the SAM/SAH ratio either in plasma or CSF. The apparent inability of Rett patients to upregulate SAM and SAH levels in the CSF may contribute to the biochemical anomalies of the Rett syndrome. Our studies warrant further attempts to promote DNA methylation in the true region of interest, i.e. the brain.
Screening and Profiling of Hydrocarbon Components and Squalene in Developing Tunisian Cultivars and Wild Arachis hypogaea L. Species
Authors: Cherif Aïcha O. , Ben Messaouda Mhamed , Pellerin Isabelle , Boukhchina Sadok , Kallel Habib , Pepe Claude 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTotal hydrocarbon composition and content of whole peanuts from three Tunisian varieties of peanut (two cultivars: AraC (Virginia type), AraT (Valencia type) and a wild one: AraA) were investigated during maturation. The results show that 30 hydrocarbons were identified from the wild AraA species, while only 27 hydrocarbon were detected in the cultivar ones. The hydrocarbon fraction is essentially composed of squalene, n‐alkenes especially nC14=, nC16=, nC18=, nC20= and nC22=, n‐alkanes such as nC16, nC17, nC18, nC25, nC26 and nC27, and branched saturated hydrocarbon noted (HC1, HC2 and HC3). Among the hydrocarbon components, generally the wild variety AraA presents the highest content of phytochemical squalene during maturation, whereas a maximum was detected from cultivar AraT at 12 days after podding (815.45 mg/100 g of oil). At maturity, the maximum level is reached at about 346.74 mg/100 g of oil for AraA. During maturity, wild AraA is considered to be an excellent source of squalene like olive and pumpkin oil.
A Statistical Study on Force-Freeness of Solar Magnetic Fields in the Photosphere
Authors: Liu S. , Su J. T. , Zhang H. Q. , Deng Y. Y. , Gao Y. , Yang X. , Mao X. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is an indisputable fact that solar magnetic fields are force-free in the corona, where force-free fields mean that current and magnetic fields are parallel and there is no Lorentz force in the fields. While the force-free extent of photospheric magnetic fields remains open, in this paper, we give its statistical results. Vector magnetograms (namely, Bx, By, and Bz in heliocentric coordinates) employed are observed by the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope at Huairou Solar Observing Station. We study and calibrate 925 magnetograms calibrated by two sets of calibration coefficients, which indicate the relation between magnetic fields and the strength of the Stokes spectrum and can be calculated either theoretically or empirically. The statistical results show that the majority of active region magnetic fields are not consistent with the force-free model.
Characterisation of the Optical Turbulence at Siding Spring
Authors: Goodwin Michael , Jenkins Charles , Lambert Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMeasurements of the optical turbulence profile above Siding Spring Observatory were conducted during 2005 and 2006. This effort was largely motivated by the need to predict the statistical performance of adaptive optics at Siding Spring. The data were collected using a purpose-built instrument based on the slope detection and ranging (SLODAR) method where observations of a bright double star are imaged by Shack–Hartmann taken with the Australian National University 24-inch and 40-inch telescopes. The analysis of the data yielded a model consisting of a handful of statistically prominent thin layers that are statistically separated into the ground layer (37.5, 250 m) and the free atmosphere (1, 3, 6, 9, 13.5 km) for good (25%), typical (50%), and bad (25%) observing conditions. We found that ground-layer turbulence dominates the turbulence profile with up to 80% of the integrated turbulence below 500 m. The turbulence tends to be non-Kolmogorov, especially for the ground layer with a power-law index of β ~ 10/3. The mirror/dome seeing can be a significant fraction of the ground-layer turbulence. The median atmospheric seeing is around 1.2 arcsec, in agreement with observational reports.
THE MULTIPLIER ALGEBRA AND BSE PROPERTY OF THE DIRECT SUM OF BANACH ALGEBRAS
Authors: KAMALI ZEINAB , LASHKARIZADEH BAMI MAHMOOD 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe notion of BSE algebras was introduced and first studied by Takahasi and Hatori and later studied by Kaniuth and Ülger. This notion depends strongly on the multiplier algebra $M( \mathcal{A} )$ of a commutative Banach algebra $ \mathcal{A} $. In this paper we first present a characterisation of the multiplier algebra of the direct sum of two commutative semisimple Banach algebras. Then as an application we show that $ \mathcal{A} \oplus \mathcal{B} $ is a BSE algebra if and only if $ \mathcal{A} $ and $ \mathcal{B} $ are BSE. We also prove that if the algebra $ \mathcal{A} \hspace{0.167em} {\mathop{\times }\nolimits}_{\theta } \hspace{0.167em} \mathcal{B} $ with $\theta $-Lau product is a BSE algebra and $ \mathcal{B} $ is unital then $ \mathcal{B} $ is a BSE algebra. We present some examples which show that the BSE property of $ \mathcal{A} \hspace{0.167em} {\mathop{\times }\nolimits}_{\theta } \hspace{0.167em} \mathcal{B} $ does not imply the BSE property of $ \mathcal{A} $, even in the case where $ \mathcal{B} $ is unital.
“Little Soldiers” for Socialism: Childhood and Socialist Politics in the British Socialist Sunday School Movement
Authors: Gerrard Jessica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which turn-of-the-century British socialists enacted socialism for children through the British Socialist Sunday School movement. It focuses in particular on the movement's emergence in the 1890s and the first three decades of operation. Situated amidst a growing international field of comparable socialist children's initiatives, socialist Sunday schools attempted to connect their local activity of children's education to the broader politics of international socialism. In this discussion I explore the attempt to make this connection, including the endeavour to transcend party differences in the creation of a non-partisan international children's socialist movement, the cooption of traditional Sunday school rituals, and the resolve to make socialist childhood cultures was the responsibility of both men and women. Defending their existence against criticism from conservative campaigners, the state, and sections of the left, socialist Sunday schools mobilized a complex and contested culture of socialist childhood.
Writing a Global History of Convict Labour
Authors: De Vito Christian G. , Lichtenstein Alex 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis bibliographic essay seeks to contribute to the understanding of convict labour from a global and long-term perspective. First the conditions conducive to the emergence and transformation of convict labour are addressed by framing this coercive labour form within broader classifications of labour relations and by discussing its connection with the problem of governmentality. Subsequently, an overview of the literature is undertaken in the form of a journey across time, space, and different regimes of punishment. Finally, the limitations of the available literature are discussed, the possibility of a longer-term (pre-1500) and global history of convict labour is considered, and some theoretical and methodological approaches are suggested that could favour this task.