bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S100A8 Induces IL-10 and Protects against Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Hiroshima Yuka , Hsu Kenneth , Tedla Nicodemus , Chung Yuen Ming , Chow Sharron , Herbert Cristan , Geczy Carolyn L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractS100A8 is considered proinflammatory by activating TLR4 and/or the receptor for advanced glycation end products. The aim was to investigate inflammatory effects of S100A8 in murine lung. S100A8 was administered to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and genes induced over a time-course assessed. LPS was introduced intranasally either alone or 2 h after pretreatment of mice with intranasal application of S100A8 or dexamethasone. A Cys42-Ala42 mutant S100A8 mutant was used to assess whether S100A8’s effects were via pathways that were dependent on reactive oxygen species. S100A8 induced IL-10 mRNA, and expression was apparent only in airway epithelial cells. Importantly, it suppressed acute lung injury provoked by LPS inhalation by suppressing mast-cell activation and induction of mediators orchestrating leukocyte recruitment, possibly by reducing NF-κB activation via an IκBα/Akt pathway and by downmodulating pathways generating oxidative stress. The Cys42-Ala42 S100A8 mutant did not induce IL-10 and was less immunosuppressive, indicating modulation by scavenging oxidants. S100A8 inhibition of LPS-mediated injury was as potent, and outcomes were remarkably similar to immunosuppression by dexamethasone. We challenge the notion that S100A8 is an agonist for TLR4 or the receptor for advanced glycation end products. S100A8 induced IL-10 in vivo and initiates a feedback loop that attenuates acute lung injury.
Differential Requirement for Nfil3 during NK Cell Development
Authors: Seillet Cyril , Huntington Nicholas D. , Gangatirkar Pradnya , Axelsson Elin , Minnich Martina , Brady Hugh J. M. , Busslinger Meinrad , Smyth Mark J. , Belz Gabrielle T. , Carotta Sebastian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
NK cells can be grouped into distinct subsets that are localized to different organs and exhibit a different capacity to secrete cytokines and mediate cytotoxicity. Despite these hallmarks that reflect tissue-specific specialization in NK cells, little is known about the factors that control the development of these distinct subsets. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nfil3 (E4bp4) is essential for bone marrow–derived NK cell development, but it is not clear whether Nfil3 is equally important for all NK cell subsets or how it induces NK lineage commitment. In this article, we show that Nfil3 is required for the formation of Eomes-expressing NK cells, including conventional medullary and thymic NK cells, whereas TRAIL+ Eomes− NK cells develop independently of Nfil3. Loss of Nfil3 during the development of bone marrow–derived NK cells resulted in reduced expression of Eomes and, conversely, restoration of Eomes expression in Nfil3−/− progenitors rescued NK cell development and maturation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Nfil3 drives the formation of mature NK cells by inducing Eomes expression and reveal the differential requirements of NK cell subsets for Nfil3.
Elbow Joint Fatigue and Bench-Press Training
Authors: Huang Yen-Po , Chou You-Li , Chen Feng-Chun , Wang Rong-Tyai , Huang Ming-Jer , Chou Paul Pei-Hsi 
Published: February 2014

Context:Bench-press exercises are among the most common form of training exercise for the upper extremity because they yield a notable improvement in both muscle strength and muscle endurance. The literature contains various investigations into the effects of different bench-press positions on the degree of muscle activation. However, the effects of fatigue on the muscular performance and kinetics of the elbow joint are not understood fully.Objective:To investigate the effects of fatigue on the kinetics and myodynamic performance of the elbow joint in bench-press training.Design:Controlled laboratory study.Setting:Motion research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 18 physically healthy male students (age = 19.6 ± 0.8 years, height = 168.7 ± 5.5 cm, mass = 69.6 ± 8.6 kg) participated in the investigation. All participants were right-hand dominant, and none had a history of upper extremity injuries or disorders.Intervention(s):Participants performed bench-press training until fatigued.Main Outcome Measure(s):Maximal possible number of repetitions, cycle time, myodynamic decline rate, elbow-joint force, and elbow-joint moment.Results:We observed a difference in cycle time in the initial (2.1 ± 0.42 seconds) and fatigue (2.58 ± 0.46 seconds) stages of the bench-press exercise (P = .04). As the participants fatigued, we observed an increase in the medial-lateral force (P = .03) and internal-external moment (P ≤ .04) acting on the elbow joint. Moreover, a reduction in the elbow muscle strength was observed in the elbow extension-flexion (P ≤ .003) and forearm supination-pronation (P ≤ .001) conditions.Conclusions:The results suggest that performing bench-press exercises to the point of fatigue increases elbow-joint loading and may further increase the risk of injury. Therefore, when clinicians design bench-press exercise regimens for general athletic training, muscle strengthening, or physical rehabilitation, they should control carefully the maximal number of repetitions.
Validity and Reliability of the Standardized Orthopedic Assessment Tool (SOAT): A Variation of the Traditional Objective Structured Clinical Examination
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Katz Larry 
Published: February 2014

Context:Health care professions have replaced traditional multiple choice tests or essays with structured and practical, performance-based examinations with the hope of eliminating rater bias and measuring clinical competence.Objective:To establish the validity and reliability of the Standardized Orthopedic Assessment Tool (SOAT) as a measure of clinical competence of orthopaedic injury evaluation.Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Setting:University.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 60 undergraduate students and 11 raters from 3 Canadian universities and 1 standardized patient.Intervention(s):Students were required to complete a 30-minute musculoskeletal evaluation in 1 of 2 randomly assigned mock scenarios involving the knee (second-degree medial collateral ligament sprain) or the shoulder (third-degree supraspinatus muscle strain).Main Outcome Measure(s):We measured interreliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,k) and stability of the tool with standard error of measurement and confidence intervals. Agreement was measured using Bland-Altman plots. Concurrent validity was measured using a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient whereby the raters' global rating of a student was matched to the cumulative mean grade score.Results:The ICCs were 0.75 and 0.82 for the shoulder and knee cases, respectively. Bland-Altman plots indicated no systematic bias between raters. In addition, Pearson product moment correlation analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between the overall cumulative mean grade score and the global rating score of the examinees' performances.Conclusions:This study demonstrated good interrater reliability of the SOAT with a standard error of measurement that indicated very modest stability, strong agreement between raters, and correlation indicative of concurrent validity.
Towards configuring the neolithisation of Aegean Turkey
Authors: Çilingiroğlu Çiler , Çakırlar Canan 
Published: February 2014

Increasing field work in the ̇Izmir region has produced much sought tangible evidence about the ways in which food-producing communities emerged in the Aegean. Focusing on the archaeological and zooarchaeological data from Ulucak and neighboring sites, the authors discuss the possible mechanisms of initial farmer-herder dispersals into the region. The authors stress that the lack of pre-Neolithic strata in the eastern Aegean impedes a full understanding of forager-farmer interactions in the early Holocene.
High levels of anti‐Nef antibodies may prevent AIDS disease progression in vertically HIV‐1‐infected infants
Authors: Corró Guillermo , Crudeli Cintia Milena , Rocco Carlos Alberto , Marino Silvia Alejandra , Sen Luisa 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionHIV‐1‐associated CD4+ T‐cell depletion is a consequence of uninfected cell death. Nef is one of the viral factors that trigger apoptosis on bystander cells, though the plasma Nef levels do not correlate with Th lymphocytes counts. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether anti‐Nef antibodies were involved in paediatric AIDS development and whether they can prevent the CD4+ T‐cell depletion in vertically infected children.MethodsTwo hundred and seventy three HIV‐1 vertically infected children seen at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital were randomly included in the study, adding 13 selected cases: seven LTNP (long‐term non‐progressors) and six RP (rapid progressors) children (ntotal=286). Specific anti‐HIV‐1‐Nef antibodies were titrated by indirect ELISA and compared between groups. The plasma blocking effect on Nef‐dependent cytotoxicity was evaluated in Jurkat cells using recombinant Nef as apoptotic stimulus and patient plasmas as blockers, measuring the apoptotic levels using Annexin‐V stain and flow cytometry.ResultsOnly 63.4% of the patients had specific anti‐Nef antibodies, and the levels of anti‐Nef antibodies found in the selected LTNPs plasmas were always significantly higher (p=1.55×10−4) than those in RPs or general HIV‐1+ paediatric populations. The LTNPs’ plasma had a strong inhibitory effect on Nef‐dependent cytotoxicity even at high dilutions, while RP plasmas had little or no effect on Nef‐induced apoptosis.Discussion and conclusionsHigh anti‐Nef antibody levels are associated and predict slow or non‐progression to AIDS in vertically HIV‐1‐infected children. They could be an efficient tool in preventing Nef‐associated bystander effect, preserving CD4+ T‐cells and the immune function in the context of paediatric HIV‐1 infection.
Dual-Band Coherent Perfect Absorption/Thermal
Authors: Feng S. 
Published: February 2014

Dual-band perfect absorption/thermal emission is shown to be a general property of an ultrathin bilayer consisting of a dielectric and a totally reflective layer if the permittivity of the dielectric can be described by Drude-Lorentz (DL) model. The two bands coexist and reside on opposite sides of the Lorentzian resonant frequency where the material loss is small. However, the perfect absorption mechanism for the two bands is distinguishably different. One band is related to Fabry-Perot phenomenon and the surge of refractive index near the Lorentzian resonance. This band is polarization insensitive. The other band is associated with excitation of Brewster-type mode at the ϵ-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength and occurs only for p-polarized wave at oblique incidences. This mode has a fast-wave non-radiative character and propagates along the ultrathin ENZ layer superimposed on the highly reflective surface. Both bands exhibit wide-angle high emission with a small shift in their center frequencies which can be tuned by tuning the Lorentzian resonance. The resonance-enhanced dual band absorption occurs in the ultrathin DL layer at the weakly absorbing wavelengths as a consequence of an interaction between the total transmission and the total reflection. We demonstrate this phenomenon in a silicon carbide/copper bilayer. The suggested structure may have applications in biological and chemical sensors, IR sensors, thermal emission controls, thermophotovoltaics, and photodetectors.
Local spring warming drives earlier river‐ice breakup in a large Arctic delta
Authors: Lesack Lance F. W. , Marsh Philip , Hicks Faye E. , Forbes Donald L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPan‐Arctic rivers strongly affect the Arctic Ocean and their vast lake‐rich deltas. Their discharges may be increasing because of an intensifying hydrological cycle driven by warming climate. We show that a previously unexplained trend toward earlier ice breakup in the Mackenzie River Delta is little affected by winter warming during the period of river‐ice growth and is unaffected by river discharge, but unexpectedly is strongly related to local spring warming during the period of river‐ice melt. These results are statistically linked to declining winter snowfall that was not expected because of an intensifying Arctic hydrological cycle. Earlier ice breakup is expected to cause declining water level peaks that will reduce off‐channel flows through the lake‐rich delta before river waters enter the ocean. Thus, local spring warming with unexpected snowfall declines, rather than warmer winters, can drive earlier ice breakup in large Arctic rivers and biogeochemical changes in their river‐ocean interface.
Semibrittle deformation and partial melting of perthitic K‐feldspar: An experimental study
Authors: Negrini Marianne , Stünitz Holger , Nasipuri Pritam , Menegon Luca , Morales Luiz F. G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTo investigate the relationships between deformation, cracking, and partial melting in the lower continental crust, axial compression and hydrostatic experiments were performed on K‐feldspar single crystals at temperatures of 700° and 900°C and confining pressures between 0.75 and 1.5 GPa. Sample deformation was carried out at a constant strain rate of ~ 10−6 s−1. The samples deformed at 700°C show typical brittle behavior with formation of conjugate fractures and peak stresses that increase with confining pressure. Samples deformed at 900°C show formation of shear fractures, peak stresses below the Goetze criterion, and inverse confining pressure dependence of peak stress, indicating that along the fractures deformation was not dominantly friction controlled. Microstructural and chemical analyses reveal the presence of melt (<6 vol %) of inhomogeneous composition along the shear zones and chemical compositional changes of gouge fragments. In a hydrostatic experiment performed at 900°C, no melt and no compositional changes were observed. These observations indicate that deformation of K‐feldspars at high pressures and temperatures is controlled by the simultaneous formation of brittle fractures and melt. The formation of melt is strongly accelerated and kinetically favored by cracking, as demonstrated by the absence of melting in the hydrostatic experiments. However, the melt along fractures does not dramatically weaken the samples, as the melt domains remain isolated during deformation. The fine‐grained gouge fragments formed along the fracture systems undergo chemical homogenization. The dominant deformation mechanism in the gouge is likely to be melt‐enhanced diffusion creep, which may also assist the chemical homogenization process.
A continuous record of intereruption velocity change at Mount St. Helens from coda wave interferometry
Authors: Hotovec‐Ellis A. J. , Gomberg J. , Vidale J. E. , Creager K. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn September 2004, Mount St. Helens volcano erupted after nearly 18 years of quiescence. However, it is unclear from the limited geophysical observations when or if the magma chamber replenished following the 1980–1986 eruptions in the years before the 2004–2008 extrusive eruption. We use coda wave interferometry with repeating earthquakes to measure small changes in the velocity structure of Mount St. Helens volcano that might indicate magmatic intrusion. By combining observations of relative velocity changes from many closely located earthquake sources, we solve for a continuous function of velocity changes with time. We find that seasonal effects dominate the relative velocity changes. Seismicity rates and repeating earthquake occurrence also vary seasonally; therefore, velocity changes and seismicity are likely modulated by snow loading, fluid saturation, and/or changes in groundwater level. We estimate hydrologic effects impart stress changes on the order of tens of kilopascals within the upper 4 km, resulting in annual velocity variations of 0.5 to 1%. The largest nonseasonal change is a decrease in velocity at the time of the deep Mw = 6.8 Nisqually earthquake. We find no systematic velocity changes during the most likely times of intrusions, consistent with a lack of observable surface deformation. We conclude that if replenishing intrusions occurred, they did not alter seismic velocities where this technique is sensitive due to either their small size or the finite compressibility of the magma chamber. We interpret the observed velocity changes and shallow seasonal seismicity as a response to small stress changes in a shallow, pressurized system.
Predicting time‐to‐failure in rock extrapolated from secondary creep
Authors: Hao Sheng‐Wang , Zhang Bao‐Ju , Tian Ji‐Feng , Elsworth Derek 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStress relaxation experiments are reported that culminate in energetic failure in rocks analogous to the loading cycle and subsequent localization or reactivation on brittle faults embedded in an elastic medium. Universally, rapid primary deformation arrests and transitions into a long secondary deformation phase that ultimately accelerates to catastrophic rupture. Primary deformation (u) conforms to Andrade's law as du/dt ~ (tc − t0)θ with a standard exponent of 2/3. In the long, and readily observable, secondary phase, the samples both deform and analogously shed load near linearly in time. This stress relaxation rate exhibits a robust power law dependency with time‐to‐rupture and exhibits the same 2/3 power law exponent observed in the primary phase. Similarly, the brittle strain energy released in the tertiary collapse scales with a normalized secondary stress relaxation rate. Together, these observations suggest a way to predict both the timing of rupture and its energetics from the observed stress (or strain) rate during the secondary relaxation stage.
Domes, pits, and small chaos on Europa produced by water sills
Authors: Michaut Chloé , Manga Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPits, domes, and small chaos on Europa's surface are quasi‐circular features a few to a few tens of kilometers in diameter. We examine if injection of water sills into Europa's ice shell and their subsequent evolution can induce successive surface deformations similar to the morphologies of these features. We study the dynamics of water spreading within the elastic part of the ice shell and show that the mechanical properties of ice exert a strong control on the lateral extent of the sill. At shallow depths, water makes room for itself by lifting the overlying ice layer and water weight promotes lateral spreading of the sill. In contrast, a deep sill bends the underlying elastic layer and its weight does not affect its spreading. In that case, the sill lateral extent is limited by the fracture toughness of ice and the sill can thicken substantially. After emplacement, cooling of the sill warms the surrounding ice and thins the overlying elastic ice layer. As a result, preexisting stresses in the elastic part of the ice shell increase locally to the point that they may disrupt the ice above the sill (small chaos). Disruption of the surface also allows for partial isostatic compensation of water weight, leading to a topographic depression at the surface (pit), of the order of ~102 m. Complete water solidification finally causes expansion of the initial sill volume and results in an uplifted topography (dome) of ~102m.
Partitioning of evapotranspiration through oxygen isotopic measurements of water pools and fluxes in a temperate grassland
Authors: Hu Zhongmin , Wen Xuefa , Sun Xiaomin , Li Linghao , Yu Guirui , Lee Xuhui , Li Shenggong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStable isotopic measurements of water provide a promising tool for partitioning of ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET). This approach, however, is still facing some challenges due to the uncertainties in estimating the isotopic compositions of ET and its components. In this study, a tunable diode laser analyzer was deployed for in situ measurements of the oxygen isotopic compositions of water vapor. Using these measurements together with samples of water in plant and soil pools, we partitioned ET via estimating the oxygen isotopic compositions of ET (δET) and that of its two components, i.e., plant transpiration (δT) and soil water evaporation (δE). A new δT model was developed in this study, which illustrated consistent estimations with the traditional model. Most of the variables and parameters in the new model can be measured directly with high accuracy, making its potential to be used at other sites high. Our results indicate that the ratio of plant transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) illustrates a “U” shape diurnal pattern. Mean T/ET at 0630–1830 during the sampling days was 83%. Soil depth of 15 cm is a reasonable depth for soil water sampling for estimating δE at this site. We also investigated the uncertainties in estimating these three terms and their effects on partitioning. Overall, in terms of partitioning, the uncertainties are relatively small from δT and δE but quite large from δET. Quantifying and improving the precision of δET should be a priority in future endeavors of ET partitioning via the stable isotopic approach.
Controls on methane released through ebullition in peatlands affected by permafrost degradation
Authors: Klapstein Sara J. , Turetsky Merritt R. , McGuire A. David , Harden Jennifer W. , Czimczik Claudia I. , Xu Xiaomei , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Waddington James M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPermafrost thaw in peat plateaus leads to the flooding of surface soils and the formation of collapse scar bogs, which have the potential to be large emitters of methane (CH4) from surface peat as well as deeper, previously frozen, permafrost carbon (C). We used a network of bubble traps, permanently installed 20 cm and 60 cm beneath the moss surface, to examine controls on ebullition from three collapse bogs in interior Alaska. Overall, ebullition was dominated by episodic events that were associated with changes in atmospheric pressure, and ebullition was mainly a surface process regulated by both seasonal ice dynamics and plant phenology. The majority (>90%) of ebullition occurred in surface peat layers, with little bubble production in deeper peat. During periods of peak plant biomass, bubbles contained acetate‐derived CH4 dominated (>90%) by modern C fixed from the atmosphere following permafrost thaw. Post‐senescence, the contribution of CH4 derived from thawing permafrost C was more variable and accounted for up to 22% (on average 7%), in the most recently thawed site. Thus, the formation of thermokarst features resulting from permafrost thaw in peatlands stimulates ebullition and CH4 release both by creating flooded surface conditions conducive to CH4 production and bubbling as well as by exposing thawing permafrost C to mineralization.