bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, lithospheric dynamics, surface topography at convergent mountain belts, and gravity anomalies
Authors: Molnar Peter , Houseman Gregory A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSurface topography and associated gravity anomalies above a layer resembling continental lithosphere, whose mantle part is gravitationally unstable, depend strongly on the ratio of viscosities of the lower‐density crustal part to that of the mantle part. For linear stability analysis, growth rates of Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities depend largely on the wave number, or wavelength, of the perturbation to the base of the lithosphere and weakly on this viscosity ratio, on plausible density differences among crust, mantle lithosphere, and asthenosphere, and on ratios of crustal to total lithospheric thicknesses. For all likely densities, viscosities, and thicknesses, the Moho is drawn down (pushed up) where the base of the lithosphere subsides (rises). For large viscosities of crust compared to mantle lithosphere (ratios > ~30), a sinking and thickening mantle lithosphere also pulls the surface down. For smaller viscosity ratios, crustal thickening overwhelms the descent of the Moho, and the surface rises (subsides) above regions where mantle lithosphere thickens and descends (thins and rises). Ignoring vertical variations of viscosity within the crust and mantle lithosphere, we find that the maximum surface height occurs for approximately equal viscosities of crust and mantle lithosphere. For large crust/mantle lithosphere viscosity ratios, gravity anomalies follow those of surface topography, with negative (positive) free‐air anomalies over regions of descent (ascent). In this case, topography anomalies are smaller than those that would occur if the lithosphere were in isostatic equilibrium. Hence, flow‐induced stresses—dynamic pressure and deviatoric stress—create smaller topography than that expected for an isostatic state. For small crust/mantle viscosity ratios (< ~10), however, calculated surface topography at long wavelengths is greater than it would be if the lithospheric column were in isostatic equilibrium, and at short wavelengths local isostasy predicts surface deflections of the wrong sign. For the range of wavelengths appropriate for convergent mountain belts (~150–600 km), calculated gravity anomalies are negative over regions of lithospheric thickening, especially when allowance for flexural rigidity of a surface layer is included. Correspondingly, calculated values of admittance, the ratio of Fourier transforms of surface topography and free‐air gravity anomalies, are also negative for wave numbers relevant to mountain belts. For essentially all mountain belts, however, measured free‐air anomalies and admittance are positive. Whether gravitational instability of the lithosphere affects the structure of convergent belts or not, its contribution to the topography of mountain belts seems to be small compared to that predicted for isostatic balance of crustal thickness variations.
Episodic envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more justice always good?
Authors: Khan Abdul Karim , Quratulain Samina , M. Bell Chris 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe authors examined how perceived event‐specific procedural and distributive justice about own and envied others' outcomes interacts with episodic envy to predict counterproductive work behaviors. Our results were consistent with the attribution model of justice, finding that episodic envy significantly predicted counterproductive work behaviors aimed at envied others in the workplace and that this relationship was more pronounced when perceptions of procedural, but not distributive, justice about own or envied others' outcomes were high rather than low. We tested a moderated‐mediation model in which self‐attributions for the outcome mediated the effect of episodic envy on counterproductive work behaviors and that the effect of envy was stronger when perceptions of own or others' procedural justice were high rather than low. This research contributes to the literature on envy processes in the workplace and is the first to use a specific emotion, envy, as a proxy for a negative outcome in a demonstration of the attribution model of justice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal ions activate vascular endothelial cells and increase lymphocyte chemotaxis and binding
Authors: Ninomiya James T. , Kuzma Scott A. , Schnettler Timothy J. , Krolikowski John G. , Struve Janine A. , Weihrauch Dorothee 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMetal on metal articulations in hip arthroplasty offer advantages, including lower volumetric wear compared to conventional metalonpolyethylene bearings, and increased resistance to dislocation. Reports described early failures, with histologic features similar to a Type IV immune response. Mechanisms by which metal wear products cause this reaction are not completely understood. We hypothesized a mechanism through direct activation of endothelial cells (ECs) by metal ions, resulting in both vasculitis and accumulation of lymphocytes without prior immune sensitization. Effects of metal ions were evaluated using human ECs in culture. Alterations in chemotactic proteins IL8 and MCP1 were assessed, as was upregulation of the adhesion molecule ICAM‐1 and lymphocyte binding to ECs. Cobalt increased secretion of IL8 and MCP1 significantly, and upregulated the expression of ICAM‐1 in ECs compared to stimulation by chromium and controls. Binding of lymphocytes to ECs and transEC migration were both significantly increased by cobalt but not chromium. These findings suggest that cobalt contributes more to the activation of ECs and lymphocyte binding than chromium without an allergic response. Some of the adverse tissue reactions to implants with components made of cobalt–chromium–molybdenium alloys may be due in part to activation of the endothelium by metal ions. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1484–1491, 2013
Post‐Functionalization of Polymers via Orthogonal Ligation Chemistry
Authors: Goldmann Anja S. , Glassner Mathias , Inglis Andrew J. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe establishment of advanced living/controlled polymerization protocols allows for engineering synthetic polymers in a precise fashion. Combining advanced living/controlled polymerization techniques with highly efficient coupling chemistries facilitates quantitative, modular, and orthogonal functionalization of synthetic polymer strands at their chain termini as well as side‐chain functionalization. The review highlights the current status of selected post‐functionalization techniques of polymers via orthogonal ligation chemistries, major characteristics of the specific transformation chemistry, as well as the characterization of the products.magnified image
Pore‐Functionalized Nanoporous Materials Derived from Block Copolymers
Authors: Gamys Cé Guinto , Schumers Jean‐Marc , Mugemana Clément , Fustin Charles‐André , Gohy Jean‐François 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis review deals with nanoporous materials made from the self‐assembly of block copolymers with a special interest in the chemical functions covering the surface of their nanopores. A detailed overview of the existing methods and strategies to generate well‐defined organic functional groups covering the surface of the pore walls is provided. This further enables to finely tune the affinity of the pore walls and to perform well‐defined chemical reactions onto them, which is essential for further dedicated applications.magnified image
Integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming (iPRES)
Authors: Han Hui , Song Allen W. , Truong Trong‐Kha 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurpose:To develop a new concept for a hardware platform that enables integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming.Theory:This concept uses a single coil array rather than separate arrays for parallel excitation/reception and B0 shimming. It relies on a novel design that allows a radiofrequency current (for excitation/reception) and a direct current (for B0 shimming) to coexist independently in the same coil.Methods:Proof‐of‐concept B0 shimming experiments were performed with a two‐coil array in a phantom, whereas B0 shimming simulations were performed with a 48‐coil array in the human brain.Results:Our experiments show that individually optimized direct currents applied in each coil can reduce the B0 root‐mean‐square error by 62–81% and minimize distortions in echo‐planar images. The simulations show that dynamic shimming with the 48‐coil integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming array can reduce the B0 root‐mean‐square error in the prefrontal and temporal regions by 66–79% as compared with static second‐order spherical harmonic shimming and by 12–23% as compared with dynamic shimming with a 48‐coil conventional shim array.Conclusion:Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming concept to perform parallel excitation/reception and B0 shimming with a unified coil system as well as its promise for in vivo applications.
Parity and body mass index in US women: A prospective 25‐year study
Authors: Abrams Barbara , Heggeseth Brianna , Rehkopf David , Davis Esa 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate long‐term body mass index (BMI) changes associated with childbearing.Design and MethodsAdjusted mean BMI changes were estimated by race‐ethnicity, baseline BMI, and parity using longitudinal regression models for 3,943 young females over 10 and 25 year follow‐up from the ongoing 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort.ResultsEstimated BMI increases varied by group, ranging from a low of 2.1 BMI units for white, non‐overweight nulliparas over the first 10 years to a high of 10.1 BMI units for black, overweight multiparas over the full 25‐year follow‐up. Impacts of parity were strongest among overweight multiparas and primaparas at 10 years, ranges 1.4‐1.7 and 0.8‐1.3 BMI units, respectively. Among non‐overweight women, parity‐related gain at 10 years varied by number of births among black and white but not Hispanic women. After 25 years, childbearing significantly increased BMI only among overweight multiparous black women.ConclusionChildbearing is associated with permanent weight gain in some women, but the relationship differs by maternal BMI in young adulthood, number of births, race‐ethnicity, and length of follow‐up. Given that overweight black women may be at special risk for accumulation of permanent, long‐term weight after childbearing, effective interventions for this group are particularly needed.
A method comparison study to validate a novel parameter of obesity, the body adiposity index, in chinese subjects
Authors: Lam Benjamin Chih Chiang , Lim Su Chi , Wong Michael Tack Keong , Shum Eugene , Ho Ching Yun , Bosco Jerome Iral Ezhll , Chen Cynthia , Koh Gerald Choon Huat 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveA recently developed parameter, the body adiposity index (BAI)—a composite index based on hip circumference and height—estimates the percentage (%) body adiposity indirectly. The BAI was compared with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometer (DEXA)‐derived % adiposity to validate the BAI in the local Chinese population.Design and Methods105 Chinese were recruited and % adiposity estimated by BAI was compared with that derived from DEXA using the Bland Altman plot. A correlation study comparing the BAI with body mass index (BMI) was also done.ResultsBAI underestimated DEXA‐derived % adiposity by a mean of 5.77% with 95% limits of agreement of ±8.4%. When stratified by gender, BMI correlated with DEXA‐derived % adiposity better than BAI (r = 0.81 vs. 0.74 for males, P = 0.088, and r = 0.87 vs. 0.82 for females, P = 0.087). Hip circumference and waist circumference also correlated better with the BMI than BAI (r = 0.94 vs. 0.71 for hip circumference, P < 0.001, and r = 0.93 vs. 0.50 for waist circumference, P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsThe BAI underestimates DEXA‐derived % adiposity in a Chinese population in Singapore and is unlikely to be a better overall index of adiposity than the established BMI.
Measles outbreak in a pediatric oncology unit and the role of ribavirin in prevention of complications and containment of the outbreak
Authors: Roy Moulik Nirmalya , Kumar Archana , Jain Amita , Jain Parul 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe role of oral ribavirin in treatment and containment of a measles outbreak in 15 children in an oncology unit is presented. Measles was diagnosed on clinical features and history of contact. Measles specific IgM ELISA and RNA were positive in 7 of 15 and 2 of 7 tested children, respectively. Duration of illness was longer in unimmunized as compared to immunized children (P = 0.02). Complications were higher in hematological malignancies (P = 0.025). Delay in starting ribavirin was associated with fatal complications (2 of 2 vs. 0 of 13, P = 0.009). Ribavirin prevented measles in all (21 of 21) patients exposed to the cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:E122–E124. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐mediated controlled radical polymerization in continuous flow processes: Synergy between polymer reaction engineering and innovative chemistry
Authors: Chan Nicky , Cunningham Michael F. , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTCopper(0)‐mediated controlled radical polymerization (CRP), or single‐electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) is a robust and dynamic technique that has attracted considerable academic and industrial interest as a synthetic tool for novel value‐added materials. Although SET‐LRP possesses many advantages over other forms of CRP, this novel chemistry still requires concurrent engineering solutions for successful commercial application. In this highlight, the evolution of atom‐transfer radical polymerization chemistry and development in continuous processes is presented, leading to recent research on the use of SET‐LRP in continuous flow tubular reactors. The proofs of concept are reviewed, and remaining challenges and unexplored potential on the use of continuous flow processes with SET‐LRP as a powerful platform for the synthesis of novel polymeric materials are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3081–3096
Modeling of underground hydrogen pipelines
Authors: Lutostansky Elizabeth , Creitz Leonard , Jung Seungho , Schork Joan , Worthington David , Xu Yongfu 
Published: April 2013

Hydrogen is a critical component in the production of cleaner fuels. Underground pipelines provide a safe, reliable supply of hydrogen to refineries and the petroleum industry. Proper assessment of the risks associated with underground hydrogen pipelines requires an accurate model of the jet fire consequence. This article will describe experimental and modeling work undertaken in order to define the appropriate methodology for utilizing DNV's PHAST software tool to represent the hydrogen jet fire from the rupture of underground hydrogen pipelines. Two experiments were conducted to measure the flow and radiation from an intentionally ignited rupture of a 6 in. diameter, 60 barg hydrogen pipeline buried 1 m underground. Adjustments to PHAST modeling parameters were required in order to obtain agreement between the measured and predicted radiation and flame length values. The modeling assumptions and parameter adjustments include:

Velocity modification to account for interaction of the flow out of the two ends of the ruptured pipe and to model the subsequent discharge from the crater.
Specification of the fraction of heat radiated.
Specification of the angle of the release.
© 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Crystallographic texture and elemental composition mapped in bovine root dentin at the 200 nm level
Authors: Deymier‐Black A. C. , Veis A. , Cai Z. , Stock S. R. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe relationship between the mineralization of peritubular dentin (PTD) and intertubular dentin (ITD) is not well understood. Tubules are quite small, diameter ∼2 µm, and this makes the near‐tubule region of dentin difficult to study. Here, advanced characterization techniques are applied in a novel way to examine what organic or nanostructural signatures may indicate the end of ITD or the beginning of PTD mineralization. X‐ray fluorescence intensity (Ca, P, and Zn) and X‐ray diffraction patterns from carbonated apatite (cAp) were mapped around dentintubules at resolutions ten times smaller than the feature size (200 nm pixels), representing a 36% increase in resolution over earlier work. In the near tubule volumes of near‐pulp, root dentin, Zn intensity was higher than in ITD remote from the tubules. This increase in Zn2+, as determined by X‐ray absorption near edge structure analysis, may indicate the presence of metalloenzymes or transcription factors important to ITD or PTD mineralization. The profiles of the cAp 00.2 X‐ray diffraction rings were fitted with a pseudo‐Voigt function, and the spatial and azimuthal distribution of these rings' integrated intensities indicated that the cAp platelets were arranged with their c‐axes aligned tangential to the edge of the tubule lumen. This texture was continuous throughout the dentin indicating a lack of structural difference between in the Zn rich near‐tubular region and the remote ITD. SCANNING 36:231–240, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative lip and nose forms following primary bilateral cleft lip repair selecting one/two stage surgery in comparison to those of healthy children
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Nozoe Etsuro , Matsunaga Kazuhide , Nishihara Kazuhide , Hasegawa Hiroko , Nakamura Norifumi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurpose: To analyze the short‐term outcomes for the lip and nasal forms after primary treatment following our surgical strategy for bilateral cleft lip with/without palate (BCL ± P) repair selecting one‐ or two‐stage surgery at Kagoshima University Hospital.Patients and methods: Twenty‐one patients with BCL ± P were treated and followed up over 1 year (1–6 years). Patients underwent primary lip repair by one‐ or two‐stage surgery depending on the prolabium height, medial‐upward advancement of nasolabial components, and vestibular expansion using two cleft margin flaps. The postoperative lip and nasal forms were longitudinally measured using serial color photographs and were compared to those of 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy Japanese children.Results: Postoperative lip form showed the upper lip height and vermilion mucosal height were significantly increased compared with the preoperative values. The vermilion/cutaneous lip height ratio was improved to the same level as that of controls at 3 years of age. Symmetry of lip and nasal forms was successfully achieved postoperatively, but the nasal height was still smaller than that of controls.Conclusions: Our surgical management strategy for BCL ± P will provide well‐balanced and symmetrical lip and nasal forms, except for the nasal height, without damaging an infant’s prolabium.
Turbulent separation upstream of a forward-facing step
Authors: Pearson D. S. , Goulart P. J. , Ganapathisubramani B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe turbulent flow over a forward-facing step is studied using two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The structure and behaviour of the separation region in front of the step is investigated using conditional averages based on the area of reverse flow present. The relation between the position of the upstream separation and the two-dimensional shape of the separation region is presented. It is shown that when of ‘closed’ form, the separation region can become unstable resulting in the ejection of fluid over the corner of the step. The separation region is shown to grow simultaneously in both the wall-normal and streamwise directions, to a point where the maximum extent of the upstream position of separation is limited by the accompanying transfer of mass over the step corner. The conditional averages are traced backwards in time to identify the average behaviour of the boundary-layer displacement thickness leading up to such events. It is shown that these ejections are preceded by the convection of low-velocity regions from upstream, resulting in a three-dimensional interaction within the separation region. The size of the low-velocity regions, and the time scale at which the separation region fluctuates, is shown to be consistent with the large boundary layer structures observed in the literature. Instances of a highly suppressed separation region are accompanied by a steady increase in velocity in the upstream boundary layer.
New gravity–capillary waves at low speeds. Part 2. Nonlinear geometries
Authors: Trinh Philippe H. , Chapman S. Jonathan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWhen traditional linearized theory is used to study gravity–capillary waves produced by flow past an obstruction, the geometry of the object is assumed to be small in one or several of its dimensions. In order to preserve the nonlinear nature of the obstruction, asymptotic expansions in the low-Froude-number or low-Bond-number limits can be derived, but here, the solutions are waveless to every order. This is because the waves are in fact, exponentially small, and thus beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics; their formation is a consequence of the divergence of the asymptotic series and the associated Stokes Phenomenon. In Part 1 (Trinh & Chapman, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 724, 2013b, pp. 367–391), we showed how exponential asymptotics could be used to study the problem when the size of the obstruction is first linearized. In this paper, we extend the analysis to the nonlinear problem, thus allowing the full geometry to be considered at leading order. When applied to the classic problem of flow over a step, our analysis reveals the existence of six classes of gravity–capillary waves, two of which share a connection with the usual linearized solutions first discovered by Rayleigh. The new solutions arise due to the availability of multiple singularities in the geometry, coupled with the interplay of gravitational and cohesive effects.
Shock waves in microchannels
Authors: Mirshekari G. , Brouillette M. , Giordano J. , Hébert C. , Parisse J.-D. , Perrier P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA fully instrumented microscale shock tube, believed to be the smallest to date, has been fabricated and tested. This facility is used to study the transmission of a shock wave, produced in a large (37 mm) shock tube, into a 34 $\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{m} $hydraulic diameter and 2 mm long microchannel. Pressure microsensors of a novel design, with gigahertz bandwidth, are used to obtain pressure–time histories of the microchannel shock wave at five axial stations. In all cases the transmitted shock wave is found to be weaker than the incident shock wave, and is observed to decay both in pressure and velocity as it propagates down the microchannel. These results are compared with various analytical and numerical models, and the best agreement is obtained with a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics computation, which assumes a no-slip isothermal wall boundary condition; good agreement is also obtained with a simple shock tube laminar boundary layer model. It is also found that the flow developing within the microchannel is highly dependent on conditions at the microchannel entrance, which control the mass flux entering into the device. Regardless of the micrometre dimensions of the present facility, shock wave propagation in a microchannel of that scale exhibits a behaviour similar to that observed in large-scale facilities operated at low pressures, and the shock attenuation can be explained in terms of accepted laminar boundary models.