bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomische Prägung: Abgestempelt von Mutter oder Vater
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn der Vererbung ist es nicht immer gleichgültig, von welchem Elternteil ein Gen stammt. Die Stilllegung von Genen kann zu einem funktionell hemizygoten Zustand führen, bei dem nur das vom Vater stammende oder nur das von der Mutter stammende Allel am betreffenden Genlokus aktiv ist. Die molekularbiologischen Mechanismen und der adaptive Wert dieses als Genomische Prägung oder Genomic Imprinting bezeichneten Phänomens stehen im Fokus epigenetischer Forschung.
Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) und das Primat der Biologie
Authors: Junker Thomas , Hoßfeld Uwe 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDer deutsch‐amerikanische Biologe Ernst Mayr war einer der bedeutendsten Evolutionsbiologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er war ein führender Ornithologe und Systematiker, ein streitbarer Verfechter einer neuen Philosophie der Biologie sowie einer der einflussreichsten Historiker der Biologie der letzten Jahrzehnte. Seine zahlreichen Artikel und Bücher, vor allem sein monumentales Werk “The Growth of Biological Thought” (1982), wurden für eine ganze Generation von Biologiehistorikern zum Orientierungspunkt.
Diagnostik mit Teststreifen: Wie der Schwangerschaftstest funktioniert
Authors: Hauk Andrea 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeit Beginn der 1960er Jahre werden Labortests auf Teststreifen für diagnostische Zwecke entwickelt, man nennt dies auch “Trocken‐Chemie”. Der Schwangerschaftstest ist wohl die bekannteste Anwendung dieser so genannten Lateral Flow assays. Hier wird das hCG‐Hormon (Human‐Choriongonadotropin) im Urin nachgewiesen. Der fragile Teststreifen, auf dem die Reaktion abläuft, wird üblicherweise mit einem Plastikgehäuse ummantelt. Haben Sie sich schon einmal gefragt, was sich hinter dem Plastikgehäuse befindet und welche Reaktion dort im stillen Kämmerchen abläuft, bis das Farbsignal im Sichtfenster erscheint?
Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 versus gemcitabine after pancreatic cancer resection
Authors: Shimoda M , Kubota K , Shimizu T , Katoh M 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
Randomized studies of adjuvant chemotherapy using gemcitabine suggest a survival benefit after resection of pancreatic cancer. S-1 has also been shown to prolong survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study compared the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 or gemcitabine after resection of pancreatic cancer in a randomized trial.

Methods
Patients who had undergone resection of pancreatic cancer were registered in this randomized clinical trial. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). Expression levels of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) mRNAs in cancer tissues were measured as indicators of fluoropyrimidine sensitivity.

Results
Of 57 patients registered, 29 were allocated to the S-1 group and 28 to gemcitabine. DFS tended to be better with S-1 (median 14·6 (90 per cent c.i. 8·8 to 28·4) months versus 10·5 (7·0 to 28·4) months in the gemcitabine group; P = 0·188), with a similar pattern for overall survival: 21·5 (95 per cent c.i. 14·4 to 42·3) and 18·0 (13·3 to 42·8) months respectively (P = 0·293). When patients were divided into subgroups based on high or low DPD and TS expression, those with a DPD level below the median of 0·88 or a TS level of at least 2·00 had a significant prolongation of DFS after S-1 treatment compared with gemcitabine (P = 0·008 and P = 0·035 respectively).

Conclusion
Overall, S-1 did not improve DFS compared with gemcitabine after pancreatic cancer resection, but there seemed to be a DFS advantage in patients with low expression of DPD or high expression of TS. Reference number: UMIN000009118 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/).
Systematic review of experimental studies on intestinal anastomosis
Authors: Yauw S T K , Wever K E , Hoesseini A , Ritskes-Hoitinga M , van Goor H 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
The contribution of animal research to a reduction in clinical intestinal anastomotic leakage is unknown, despite numerous experimental studies. In view of the current societal call to replace, reduce and refine animal experiments, this study examined the quality of animal research related to anastomotic healing and leakage.

Methods
Animal studies on intestinal anastomotic healing were retrieved systematically from PubMed and Embase. Study objective, conclusion and animal model were recorded. Reporting quality and internal validity (reporting of randomization and blinding) were assessed.

Results
A total of 1342 studies were identified, with a rising publication rate. The objectives of most studies were therapeutic interventions (64·8 per cent) and identification of risk factors (27·5 per cent). Of 350 articles studying experimental therapies, 298 (85·1 per cent) reported a positive effect on anastomotic healing. On average, 44·7 per cent of relevant study characteristics were not reported, in particular details on anastomotic complications (31·6 per cent), use of antibiotics (75·7 per cent), sterile surgery (83·4 per cent) and postoperative analgesia (91·4 per cent). The proportion of studies with randomization, blinding of surgery and blinding of primary outcome assessment has increased in the past two decades but remains insufficient, being included in only 62·4, 4·9 and 8·5 per cent of publications respectively. Animal models varied widely in terms of species, method to compromise healing, intestinal segment and outcome measures used.

Conclusion
Animal research on anastomotic leakage is of poor quality and still increasing, contrary to societal aims. Reporting and study quality must improve if results are to impact on patients.
Systematic review of compression following treatment for varicose veins
Authors: El-Sheikha J , Carradice D , Nandhra S , Leung C , Smith G E , Campbell B , Chetter I C 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
Consensus regarding compression following treatment of varicose veins has yet to be reached. This systematic review aims to establish the optimal compression regimen after venous treatment.

Methods
A systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL was performed to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating different compression strategies following treatment for superficial venous insufficiency.

Results
Seven RCTs comparing different durations and methods of compression fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The treatment modality was open surgery in three trials, foam sclerotherapy in two and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) in two trials. The quality of the studies was variable, and significant sources of potential bias were present. Both the studies and compression regimens used were heterogeneous. Ten products were used in six general regimens for a duration of 0–42 days. One study suggested that 7 days rather than 2 days of stockings following EVLA was associated with superior quality of life and less pain at 1 week. Another study reported that, following surgery, application of a compression stocking after 3 days of bandaging was associated with a slightly longer recovery than no compression after 3 days. One study recorded compliance clearly, finding it to be only 40 per cent. The quality and heterogeneity of the studies precluded meta-analysis.

Conclusion
There is currently little quality evidence upon which to base any recommendations concerning compression following treatment for varicose veins.
Identification of microRNAs associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms and peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Stather P W , Sylvius N , Sidloff D A , Dattani N , Verissimo A , Wild J B , Butt H Z , Choke E , Sayers R D , Bown M J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs are crucial in the regulation of cardiovascular disease and represent potential therapeutic targets to decrease abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) expansion. The aim of this study was to identify circulating microRNAs associated with AAA.

Methods
Some 754 microRNAs in whole-blood samples from 15 men with an AAA and ten control subjects were quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR. MicroRNAs demonstrating a significant association with AAA were validated in peripheral blood and plasma samples of men in the following groups (40 in each): healthy controls, controls with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), men with a small AAA (30–54 mm), those with a large AAA (over 54 mm), and those following AAA repair. MicroRNA expression was also assessed in aortic tissue.

Results
Twenty-nine differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the discovery study. Validation study revealed that let-7e (fold change (FC) –1·80; P = 0·001), miR-15a (FC −2·24; P &lt; 0·001) and miR-196b (FC −2·26; P &lt; 0·001) were downregulated in peripheral blood from patients with an AAA, and miR-411 was upregulated (FC 5·90; P = 0·001). miR-196b was also downregulated in plasma from the same individuals (FC −3·75; P = 0·029). The same miRNAs were similarly expressed differentially in patients with PAD compared with healthy controls. Validated and predicted microRNA targets identified through miRWalk revealed that these miRNAs were all regulators of AAA-related genes (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, DAB2 interacting protein, α1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, osteoprotegerin, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, tumour necrosis factor α).

Conclusion
In this study, circulating levels of let-7e, miR-15a, miR-196b and miR-411 were differentially expressed in men with an AAA compared with healthy controls, but also differentially expressed in men with PAD. Modulation of these miRNAs and their target genes may represent a new therapeutic pathway to affect the progression of AAA and atherosclerosis.
Modulation of the ~20‐Hz motor‐cortex rhythm to passive movement and tactile stimulation
Authors: Parkkonen Eeva , Laaksonen Kristina , Piitulainen Harri , Parkkonen Lauri , Forss Nina 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundIntegration of afferent somatosensory input with motor‐cortex output is essential for accurate movements. Prior studies have shown that tactile input modulates motor‐cortex excitability, which is reflected in the reactivity of the ~20‐Hz motor‐cortex rhythm. ~20‐Hz rebound is connected to inhibition or deactivation of motor cortex whereas suppression has been associated with increased motor cortex activity. Although tactile sense carries important information for controlling voluntary actions, proprioception likely provides the most essential feedback for motor control.MethodsTo clarify how passive movement modulates motor‐cortex excitability, we studied with magnetoencephalography (MEG) the amplitudes and peak latencies of suppression and rebound of the ~20‐Hz rhythm elicited by tactile stimulation and passive movement of right and left index fingers in 22 healthy volunteers.ResultsPassive movement elicited a stronger and more robust ~20‐Hz rebound than tactile stimulation. In contrast, the suppression amplitudes did not differ between the two stimulus types.ConclusionOur findings suggest that suppression and rebound represent activity of two functionally distinct neuronal populations. The ~20‐Hz rebound to passive movement could be a suitable tool to study the functional state of the motor cortex both in healthy subjects and in patients with motor disorders.
Supportive care for men with prostate cancer: why are the trials not working? A systematic review and recommendations for future trials
Authors: Moore Theresa Helen Mazzarello , King Anna Jyoti Louise , Evans Maggie , Sharp Debbie , Persad Raj , Huntley Alyson Louise 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMen with prostate cancer are likely to have a long illness and experience psychological distress for which supportive care may be helpful. This systematic review describes the evidence for effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of supportive care for men with prostate cancer, taking into account treatment pathway and components of interventions. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Psychinfo were searched from inception––July 2013 for randomized controlled trials and controlled trials. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Twenty‐six studies were included (2740 participants). Interventions were delivered pre and during (n = 12), short‐term (n = 8), and longer term (18 months) (n = 5) after primary treatment. No interventions were delivered beyond this time. Few trials recruited ethnic minorities and none recruited men in same sex relationships. Intervention components included information, education, health professional discussion, homework, peer discussion, buddy support, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive restructuring, psychoeducation, Reiki and relaxation. Most interventions were delivered for 5–10 weeks. Risk of bias of trials was assessed as unclear for most domains due to lack of information. The majority of trials measuring quality of life and depression found no effect. Relatively few trials measured anxiety, coping skills and self‐efficacy, and the majority found no effect. No cost data were available. Trials of supportive care for men with prostate cancer cover a range of interventions but are limited by population diversity, inconsistent measurement and reporting of outcomes, and inability to assess risk of bias. Recommendations on design and conduct of future trials are presented.
Fluorogenic Sequencing Using Halogen‐Fluorescein‐Labeled Nucleotides
Authors: Chen Zitian , Duan Haifeng , Qiao Shuo , Zhou Wenxiong , Qiu Haiwei , Kang Li , Xie X. Sunney , Huang Yanyi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFluorogenic sequencing is a sequencing‐by‐synthesis technology that combines the advantages of pyrosequencing and fluorescence detection. With native duplex DNA as the major product, we employ polymerase to incorporate the complement‐ arily matched terminal phosphate‐labeled fluorogenic nucleotides into the DNA template and release halogen‐fluorescein as the reporter. This red‐emitting fluorophore successfully avoids spectral overlap with the autofluorescence background of the flow chip. We fully characterized the enzymatic reaction kinetics of the new substrates, and performed a 35‐base sequencing experiment with 60 reaction cycles. Our achievement expands the substrate repertoire for fluorogenic sequencing, and extends the spectral range to obtain better signal‐to‐background performance.
Complete myocardial revascularization confers a larger clinical benefit when performed with state‐of‐the‐art techniques in high‐risk patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A meta‐analysis of randomized and observational studies
Authors: Zimarino Marco , Ricci Fabrizio , Romanello Mattia , Di Nicola Marta , Corazzini Alessandro , De Caterina Raffaele 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo test whether a strategy of complete revascularization (CR) as compared with incomplete myocardial revascularization (IR)—both performed with current “state‐of‐the‐art” percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)—would provide a clinical benefit in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD).BackgroundThe “optimal” extent of myocardial revascularization remains to be determined. Methods: We performed a meta‐analysis of studies reporting on clinical outcomes of MVCAD patients treated with CR and IR, with extensive (>80%) use of stents for PCI or arterial conduits in CABG. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all‐cause mortality were assessed as primary endpoint, myocardial infarction (MI) and repeat revascularization as secondary endpoints.ResultsA total of 28 studies were identified, including 83,695 patients with 4.7 ± 4.3 years of follow‐up. Compared with IR, CR was associated with reduced mortality (RR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.66–0.81) both after CABG (RR: 0.76; 95% CI 0.63–0.90) and PCI (RR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.64–0.82). The risks of MI (RR: 0.74; 95% CI 0.64–0.85) and repeat revascularization (RR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.66–0.88) were also lower after CR as compared with IR. Metaregression showed a significant RR reduction of MI associated with more recent publication (P = 0.021) and increasing prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.033).ConclusionsIn MVCAD, as compared with IR, CR confers a clinical benefit that seems larger in cohorts of patients enrolled in more recent studies and with a higher prevalence of diabetes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying the Role of N‐Heteroatom Location in the Activity of Metal Catalysts for Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Chan‐Thaw Carine E. , Villa Alberto , Veith Gabriel M. , Prati Laura 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis work focuses on understanding how the proximate location and bonding of N heteroatoms affect the stability and reactivity of Pd‐based catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols in the solution. The results show that the simple adsorption of N groups, from the solution, has a detrimental effect on the catalytic activity and stability. In contrast, chemically bound N moieties within the carbon structure improve these properties, which limits the leaching of metal and coarsening of metal particles. Moreover, the benefits of N atoms are realized only if the N atom is covalently bonded to the support and not directly bonded to the Pd nanoparticles.
Controlled Formation of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles on Mesoporous Silica using Molecular Ni4O4 Clusters as Precursors: Enhanced Catalytic Performance for Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Baktash Elham , Littlewood Patrick , Pfrommer Johannes , Schomäcker Reinhard , Driess Matthias , Thomas Arne 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSupported NiO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by impregnation of mesoporous silica SBA‐15 with a molecular, metalorganic [Ni4O4] cubane cluster as precursor. By using this ligand‐stabilized Ni cluster, deposition of four Ni ions in close proximity on the silica support was achieved; this resulted in the formation of small and highly dispersed NiO NPs after heat treatment. These clusters were shown to have a significant influence on the formation of NiO NPs compared to a conventional Ni(OAc)2 precursor. After a further reduction step, the materials were used as catalysts for the dry reforming of methane, which showed that preorganization of the Ni atoms on the support surface had a beneficial effect on the methane conversion rate.
Enantioselective [3+2] Cyclization of 3‐Isothiocyanato Oxindoles with Trifluoromethylated 2‐Butenedioic Acid Diesters
Authors: Du Dan , Jiang Yu , Xu Qin , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Shi Min 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe highly efficient organocatalytic enantioselective [3+2] cyclization of 3‐isothiocyanato oxindoles with trifluoromethylated 2‐butenedioic acid diesters for the synthesis of spirooxindoles possessing a CF3‐containing quaternary carbon stereocenter was explored. An enantiodivergent approach for the synthesis of spirooxindoles by regulation of the temperature was demonstrated at different temperatures. The outcome of the reaction featured high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Several interesting enantioenriched spirooxindole derivatives bearing a trifluoromethyl quaternary carbon stereocenter were synthesized from the products of this reaction.
Controlled Construction of Hierarchical Nanocomposites Consisting of MnO2 and PEDOT for High‐Performance Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Tang Pengyi , Han Lijuan , Zhang Lin , Wang Shijie , Feng Wei , Xu Guoqing , Zhang Li 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe integration of hierarchical nanostructure design and encapsulation strategies using a combination of electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal, and in situ reaction methods has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies to realize practical applications of various supercapacitor materials. Herein, a facile and scalable method is developed to synthesize a core–shell–branch hierarchical MnO2@PEDOT@MnO2 composite by using a simple electrochemical deposition strategy. The proposed synthesis method facilitates the structural integration of three‐dimensional nickel foam and the synergy of different electroactive materials, which offers several advantages including simplicity, efficiency, no binder, and low cost. The as‐prepared, freestanding, hierarchical MnO2@PEDOT@MnO2 electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance and rate capability. An asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated with the hierarchical MnO2@PEDOT@MnO2 nanocomposite as the positive electrode, activated carbon as the negative electrode, and Na2SO4 aqueous solution as the electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitor can be cycled reversibly in a high‐voltage window of 0–1.8 V and exhibits a high energy density of 47.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 180 W kg−1, indicating remarkable rate capability as well as reasonable cycling performance with 91.3 % retention after 5000 cycles.
The Structural Stability of Graphene Anticorrosion Coating Materials is Compromised at Low Potentials
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCorrosion of engineered structures is a major problem causing an estimated economic loss of more than 2 trillion US dollars annually worldwide. Graphene has recently emerged as highly promising, low‐cost, and transparent anticorrosion coating material. Herein, it is shown that a multilayer graphene film grown on Ni by chemical vapor deposition undergoes abrupt stability failure under galvanic‐corrosion conditions. The multilayer graphene coating was examined by optical microscopy, SEM, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry after exposure to potentials between 600 and 1300 mV in alkaline solution. A fast and simple electrochemical method is proposed to sensitively quantify the damage caused by the applied potential bias. It is based on quantification of the oxidation signals generated by the underlying Ni‐metal catalyst that is exposed by damage to the graphene film. It is shown that film damage can start at potentials as low as 900 mV and that macroscopic and extensive damage can be caused at potentials above 1000 mV. In addition, once the graphene film has been damaged, the corrosion rate of the underlying metal is significantly increased. These findings are of great importance for potential applications of multilayer graphene films in coating metal structures with huge industrial and economic implications.
Computational Insight into Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon versus Carbon–Boron Coupling Reactions of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alkyl Bromides
Authors: Cheung Man Sing , Sheong Fu Kit , Marder Todd B. , Lin Zhenyang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe nickel‐catalyzed alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling (CC bond formation) and borylation (CB bond formation) of unactivated alkyl halides reported in the literature show completely opposite reactivity orders in the reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides. The proposed NiI/NiIII catalytic cycles for these two types of bond‐formation reactions were studied computationally by means of DFT calculations at the B3LYP level. These calculations indicate that the rate‐determining step for alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling is the reductive elimination step, whereas for borylation the rate is determined mainly by the atom‐transfer step. In borylation reactions, the boryl ligand involved has an empty p orbital, which strongly facilitates the reductive elimination step. The inability of unactivated tertiary alkyl halides to undergo alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling is mainly due to the moderately high reductive elimination barrier.