bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porpidia irrigua, a new species related to P. contraponenda
Authors: ORANGE Alan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPorpidia irrigua is described as a new species; it has a white thallus, sessile apothecia, contains the depside methyl 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate, and grows on damp siliceous rocks. It was previously included in a wide concept of P. contraponenda, but that species differs in the thicker thallus, partly immersed apothecia, and the possession of an unidentified depside in addition to methyl 2′-O-methylmicrophyllinate, which can be separated by thin-layer chromatography using Solvent System G.
The recovery of a population of the Vulnerable tarukaHippocamelus antisensisnear La Paz, Bolivia: opportunities for conservation and education
Authors: Rechberger Josef , Pacheco Luis F. , Nuñez A. , Roldán A. I. , Martínez O. , Mendieta Geovanna 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe tarukaHippocamelus antisensis, a species of deer categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, was thought to be locally extinct in the environs of La Paz, Bolivia. However, local people from Mecapaca municipality reported seeing tarukas at their former community establishment, which had been abandoned several years previously. After confirming the presence of taruka we conducted intensive surveys from which we estimated minimum abundance, and then calibrated relative abundance indices (faecal and track counts) to the abundance estimate. Using these calibrated indices we carried out a preliminary estimate of the total abundance of the species in the municipality of Mecapaca. We also carried out conservation education activities with teachers and students at local schools, which we discuss here in terms of the long-term conservation of this threatened species.
Will protection of 17% of land by 2020 be enough to safeguard biodiversity and critical ecosystem services?
Authors: Larsen Frank W. , Turner Will R. , Mittermeier Russell A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo stem the loss of biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services world leaders adopted the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, to be fulfilled by 2020. One key target (Target 11) prescribes an expansion of the global protected area system to at least 17% of land surface and 10% of oceans by 2020. Given that these targets are predominantly based on political feasibility rather than scientific evidence, it remains unclear whether fulfilment of Target 11 will suffice to safeguard biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services. Despite many data gaps, in particular for ecosystem services, we can use existing global data to estimate the required protected area on land for biodiversity (a minimum of c. 17%) and biomass carbon storage (a minimum of c. 7–14% additional area to protect 75–90% of the unprotected carbon stock), which illustrates that the target of 17% of land will probably fall short in meeting these goals. As crossing thresholds or tipping points in ecosystems could trigger non-linear, abrupt change in delivery of ecosystem services, we need a science-driven understanding of how much protected, intact nature is needed to avoid unforeseen transgression of planetary boundaries.
Intergovernmental climate change mitigation policies: theory and outcomes
Authors: Nelson Hal T. , Rose Adam , Wei Dan , Peterson Thomas , Wennberg Jeffrey 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper develops a framework for analysing intergovernmental relationships around greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies along a cooperation-conflict spectrum that affects the probability of their enactment. Cooperative policies, such as federal fiscal transfers to sub-national governments, facilitate enactment. Coordination policies, including enabling and funding mechanisms, promote interdependence between jurisdictions. Competitive policies, such as federal performance standards and price mechanisms, increase political conflict over authority. We categorise 23 policies developed by over 1,500 state stakeholders into the cooperation/coordination/conflict taxonomy. If scaled to the national level, these policies could reduce GHG emissions by over 3 billion tonnes by 2020 and generate nearly 2.2 million jobs (1.19 per cent above baseline projections). Nearly two-thirds of the job gains are from coordinated and cooperative policy options that are unlikely to occur under thestatus quopolicy process. We recommend a national climate action planning process to reduce GHG emissions while increasing aggregate economic efficiency.
What Was the Role of Nurses During the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An Integrative Review of the Japanese Literature
Authors: Kako Mayumi , Ranse Jamie , Yamamoto Aiko , Arbon Paul 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundAn earthquake and tsunami hit the east coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. Nurses were actively involved in the health response to this disaster and, subsequently, many authors have reported on the role nurses played in these efforts in Japanese nursing professional journals.AimTo describe the role of nurses who assisted in the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan by reviewing Japanese literature and reporting the findings in English.MethodThis research used an integrative literature review methodology. Manuscripts were obtained from the Japanese database Ichushi Ver. 5 (Japan Medical Abstracts Society, Tokyo, Japan). A total of 44 manuscripts were identified and included in a thematic analysis.ResultsThree main themes were identified: (1) nursing roles, (2) specialized nursing roles, and (3) preparedness education. Nurses fulfilled different roles in the period after the disaster (ie, as a clinician, a communicator, a leader, and a provider of psychosocial support). Additionally, the specialized nurse role was identified, along with the need for preparedness education to support the nurse's role in a disaster.ConclusionThe understanding of the role of nurses in disasters is expanding. There is a need to further explore the roles of specialized nurses in disasters. Further disaster education opportunities should be available as a part of continuing education for all nurses. Radiation aspects of disaster assistance should be included in disaster education programs where there are radio-nuclear hazards present in the environment.KakoM, RanseJ, YamamotoA, ArbonP. What was the role of nurses during the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An integrative review of the Japanese literature. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-5.
Diet quality among Iranian adolescents needs improvement
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Akbari Fahime , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveDiet in adolescence is important not only because of adolescents’ rapid growth but also due to its influence on future chronic diseases. On the other hand, dietary quality indices are noteworthy and useful approaches to evaluate dietary intakes. Thus the present study was conducted to assess dietary quality indices in adolescents.DesignCross-sectional.SettingsThe data were collected from schools in Isfahan, Iran.SubjectsFemale students (n 265) aged 11–13 years were enrolled using systematic cluster-random sampling in Isfahan (Iran). Dietary intakes were assessed by a validated FFQ. Diet quality indices including dietary diversity score (DDS), the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) across ten nutrients were calculated.ResultsMean DDS, HEI score and MAR were 6·15 (sd 1·61) out of 10 points, 63·90 (sd 19·86) out of 100 points and 1·32 (sd 0·61), respectively. Mean nutrient adequacy ratio of all nutrients was above 1 except for vitamin D (0·53 (sd 0·51)). Those in the highest tertile of DDS had the most favourable anthropometric variables in comparison to the lowest tertile. There were no significant associations between HEI score and BMI, central or abdominal obesity and blood pressure. Those in the highest tertile of MAR had higher BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference.ConclusionsDiet quality of Isfahani adolescents needs improvement. It may imply the necessity of implementing nutritional instructive policies in this age group and their parents.
Zinc supplement use and contribution to zinc intake in Australian children
Authors: Rangan Anna , Jones Aimee , Samman Samir 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the present study were to examine the Zn intake and characteristics of Zn supplement users and non-users and to survey Zn supplements that are commercially available.DesignCross-sectional national nutrition survey (2007 Australian Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey) and a review of commercially available Zn supplements.SettingAustralia.SubjectsChildren (n4834) aged 2–16 years.ResultsZn supplement use was associated with younger age, being female, having a lower BMI and consuming a vegetarian or modified diet. Supplement users had significantly higher intakes of Zn than non-users in all age and gender subgroups. Adolescent boys aged 14–16 years who did not use Zn supplements were at highest risk of inadequate Zn intake (15 % compared with 1 % of users). Conversely, children aged 2–3 years were at highest risk of exceeding the recommended upper limit of Zn intake (86–87 % of users and 64–71 % of non-users), followed by children aged 4–8 years (9–29 % of users and 3–12 % of non-users). The most common sources of Zn supplements consumed by children were multi-vitamin and mineral preparations (92 %), followed by Zn-only supplements (5 %) and Zn-containing cold and flu, or cold sore supplements (3 %). A survey of commercially available Zn supplements revealed that the median elemental Zn content was 2 and 25 mg for multi-vitamin and mineral preparations and Zn-only supplements, respectively.ConclusionsBased on these data, widespread Zn supplement use among young children is unlikely to be warranted. The impact of exceeding the upper limit of Zn intake on biomarkers of Zn toxicity requires further investigation.
EXPOSE-R cosmic radiation time profile
Authors: Dachev Tsvetan , Horneck Gerda , Häder Donat-Peter , Schuster Martin , Lebert Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the radiation risks radiometer-dosimeter (R3DR) during the ESA exposition facility for EXPOSE-R mission (EXPOSE-R) in the EXPOSE-R facility outside the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station (ISS). Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-R teams for use in their data analysis. R3DR is a low mass and small dimensions automated device, which measures solar radiation in four channels and in addition cosmic ionizing radiation. The main results of cosmic ionizing radiation measurements are: three different radiation sources were detected and quantified: galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the inner radiation belt (IRB) in the region of the South Atlantic anomaly and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB). The highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 506 μGy day−1 came from IRB protons; GCR delivered much smaller daily absorbed dose rates of 81.4 μGy day−1 on average, and ORB source delivered on average a dose rate of 89 μGy day−1. The IRB and ORB daily averaged absorbed dose rates were higher than those observed during the ESA exposition facility for EXPOSE-E mission (EXPOSE-E), whereas the GCR rate was smaller than that measured during the EXPOSE-E mission. The reason for this difference is much less surrounding constructions shielding of the R3DR instrument in comparison with the R3DE instrument.
Impact of marketing channels on perceptions of quality of life and profitability for Wisconsin's organic vegetable farmers
Authors: Silva Erin , Dong Fengxia , Mitchell Paul , Hendrickson John 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA recent increase in programs supporting the entry of organic farmers into direct market channels, such as farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture has occurred in the USA. In order to better implement these programs and to design better outreach and educational support activities for direct market farmers, understanding farmers’ perceptions of success in these marketing channels is valuable. To this goal, Wisconsin-certified organic vegetable farmers were surveyed in order to investigate the relationships between farm characteristics, marketing strategies, and farmer's perceptions of their profitability and quality of life. The data collected from this survey indicate that farmers selling into farmers' markets and through community-supported agriculture tend to be more likely to be dissatisfied with their profitability. Conversely, however, the survey data indicated that farmers selling into other markets, particularly wholesale markets and restaurants/institutions, are significantly more likely to be dissatisfied with their quality of life. Thus, it appears that farmers are making trade-offs with respect to entering markets that allow for greater financial rewards but may lead to a lower quality of life. These results point to the potential benefit of outreach efforts to assist farmers to increase their profitability in market channels that also provide a higher quality of life.
Spirulina-Templated Metal Microcoils with Controlled Helical Structures for THz Electromagnetic Responses
Authors: Kamata Kaori , Piao Zhenzi , Suzuki Soichiro , Fujimori Takahiro , Tajiri Wataru , Nagai Keiji , Iyoda Tomokazu , Yamada Atsushi , Hayakawa Toshiaki , Ishiwara Mitsuteru , Horaguchi Satoshi , Belay Amha , Tanaka Takuo , Takano Keisuke , Hangyo Masanori 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMicrostructures in nature are ultrafine and ordered in biological roles, which have attracted material scientists. Spirulina forms three-dimensional helical microstructure, one of remarkable features in nature beyond our current processing technology such as lithography in terms of mass-productivity and structural multiplicity. Spirulina varies its diameter, helical pitch, and/or length against growing environment. This unique helix is suggestive of a tiny electromagnetic coil, if composed of electro-conductive metal, which brought us main concept of this work. Here, we describe the biotemplating process onto Spirulina surface to fabricate metal microcoils. Structural parameters of the microcoil can be controlled by the cultivation conditions of Spirulina template and also purely one-handed microcoil can be fabricated. A microcoil dispersion sheet exhibited optically active response attributed to structural resonance in terahertz-wave region.
Non-iridescent Transmissive Structural Color Filter Featuring Highly Efficient Transmission and High Excitation Purity
Authors: Shrestha Vivek Raj , Lee Sang-Shin , Kim Eun-Soo , Choi Duk-Yong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNanostructure based color filtering has been considered an attractive replacement for current colorant pigmentation in the display technologies, in view of its increased efficiencies, ease of fabrication and eco-friendliness. For such structural filtering, iridescence relevant to its angular dependency, which poses a detrimental barrier to the practical development of high performance display and sensing devices, should be mitigated. We report on a non-iridescent transmissive structural color filter, fabricated in a large area of 76.2 × 25.4 mm2, taking advantage of a stack of three etalon resonators in dielectric films based on a high-index cavity in amorphous silicon. The proposed filter features a high transmission above 80%, a high excitation purity of 0.93 and non-iridescence over a range of 160°, exhibiting no significant change in the center wavelength, dominant wavelength and excitation purity, which implies no change in hue and saturation of the output color. The proposed structure may find its potential applications to large-scale display and imaging sensor systems.
Estimating the number and size of phloem sieve plate pores using longitudinal views and geometric reconstruction
Authors: Bussières Philippe 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBecause it is difficult to obtain transverse views of the plant phloem sieve plate pores, which are short tubes, to estimate their number and diameters, a method based on longitudinal views is proposed. This method uses recent methods to estimate the number and the sizes of approximately circular objects from their images, given by slices perpendicular to the objects. Moreover, because such longitudinal views are obtained from slices that are rather close to the plate centres whereas the pore size may vary with the pore distance from the plate edge, a sieve plate reconstruction model was developed and incorporated in the method to consider this bias. The method was successfully tested with published longitudinal views of phloem of Soybean and an exceptional entire transverse view from the same tissue. The method was also validated with simulated slices in two sieve plates from Cucurbita and Phaseolus. This method will likely be useful to estimate and to model the hydraulic conductivity and the architecture of the plant phloem and it could have applications for other materials with approximately cylindrical structures.
Label-free cell phenotypic profiling decodes the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium channel
Authors: Sun Haiyan , Wei Ying , Deng Huayun , Xiong Qiaojie , Li Min , Lahiri Joydeep , Fang Ye 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCurrent technologies for studying ion channels are fundamentally limited because of their inability to functionally link ion channel activity to cellular pathways. Herein, we report the use of label-free cell phenotypic profiling to decode the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium ion channel (KATP) in HepG2C3A, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Label-free cell phenotypic agonist profiling showed that pinacidil triggered characteristically similar dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) signals in A431, A549, HT29 and HepG2C3A, but not in HepG2 cells. Reverse transcriptase PCR, RNAi knockdown and KATP blocker profiling showed that the pinacidil DMR is due to the activation of SUR2/Kir6.2 KATP channels in HepG2C3A cells. Kinase inhibition and RNAi knockdown showed that the pinacidil activated KATP channels trigger signaling through Rho kinase and Janus kinase-3 and cause actin remodeling. The results are the first demonstration of a label-free methodology to characterize the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium ion channel.
Tal2 expression is induced by all-trans retinoic acid in P19 cells prior to acquisition of neural fate
Authors: Kobayashi Takanobu , Komori Rie , Ishida Kiyoshi , Kino Katsuhito , Tanuma Sei-ichi , Miyazawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTAL2 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family and is essential for the normal development of the mouse brain. However, the function of TAL2 during brain development is unclear. P19 cells are pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells that adopt neural fates upon exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and culture in suspension. We found that the expression of Tal2 gene was induced in P19 cells after addition of atRA in suspension culture. Tal2 expression was detected within 3 h after the induction and had nearly returned to basal levels by 24 h. When GFP-tagged TAL2 (GFP-TAL2) was expressed in P19 cells, we observed GFP-TAL2 in the nucleus. Moreover, we showed that atRA and retinoic acid receptor α regulated Tal2 expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that atRA induces Tal2 expression in P19 cells and suggest that TAL2 commits to the acquisition of neural fate in brain development.
On the procongruence completion of the Teichmüller modular group
Authors: Boggi Marco 
Published: May 2014

For

2
g
−
2
+
n
>
0

2g-2+n>0

, the Teichmüller modular group

Γ

g
,
n

\Gamma _{g,n}

of a compact Riemann surface of genus

g
g

with

n
n

points removed,

S

g
,
n

S_{g,n}

is the group of homotopy classes of diffeomorphisms of

S

g
,
n

S_{g,n}

which preserve the orientation of

S

g
,
n

S_{g,n}

and a given order of its punctures. Let

Π

g
,
n

\Pi _{g,n}

be the fundamental group of

S

g
,
n

S_{g,n}

, with a given base point, and

Π
^

g
,
n

\hat {\Pi }_{g,n}

its profinite completion. There is then a natural faithful representation

Γ

g
,
n

↪

O
u
t

(

Π
^

g
,
n

)

\Gamma _{g,n}\hookrightarrow \mathrm {Out}(\hat {\Pi }_{g,n})

. The procongruence Teichmüller group

Γ
ˇ

g
,
n

\check {\Gamma }_{g,n}

is defined to be the closure of the Teichmüller group

Γ

g
,
n

\Gamma _{g,n}

inside the profinite group

O
u
t

(

Π
^

g
,
n

)

\mathrm {Out}(\hat {\Pi }_{g,n})

.

In this paper, we begin a systematic study of the procongruence completion

Γ
ˇ

g
,
n

\check {\Gamma }_{g,n}

. The set of profinite Dehn twists of

Γ
ˇ

g
,
n

\check {\Gamma }_{g,n}

is the closure, inside this group, of the set of Dehn twists of

Γ

g
,
n

\Gamma _{g,n}

. The main technical result of the paper is a parametrization of the set of profinite Dehn twists of

Γ
ˇ

g
,
n

\check {\Gamma }_{g,n}

and the subsequent description of their centralizers (Sections 5 and 6). This is the basis for the Grothendieck-Teichmüller Lego with procongruence Teichmüller groups as building blocks.

As an application, in Section 7, we prove that some Galois representations associated to hyperbolic curves over number fields and their moduli spaces are faithful.
Down-regulation of Stargazin Inhibits the Enhanced Surface Delivery of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole Propionate Receptor GluR1 Subunit in Rat Dorsal Horn and Ameliorates Postoperative Pain
Authors: Guo Ruijuan , Zhao Yujie , Zhang Meijuan , Wang Yue , Shi Rong , Liu Yang , Xu Jie , Wu Anshi , Yue Yun , Wu Jing , Guan Yun , Wang Yun 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background:
Stargazin is the first transmembrane protein known to regulate synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. However, it is unclear whether regulation of the surface delivery of spinal AMPA receptor subunits by stargazin contributes to postoperative pain development.

Methods:
Western blot analysis was used to examine changes in the surface delivery of AMPA receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR2, in rat dorsal horn. The interaction between stargazin and GluR1 and GluR2 was examined by coimmunoprecipitation. Expression of stargazin was suppressed by intrathecal administration of small interfering RNA311.

Results:
Membrane-bound GluR1, but not GluR2, in ipsilateral dorsal horn was increased at 3 h (1.49 ± 0.15-fold of β-tubulin, mean ± SEM) and 1 day (1.03 ± 0.25) after incision, as compared with that in control rats (naive, 0.63 ± 0.23, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). The amount of GluR1 coimmunoprecipitated with stargazin was greater at 3 h after incision (1.48 ± 0.31-fold of input) than that in control animals (0.45 ± 0.24, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Importantly, the increase in membrane GluR1 at 3 h after incision was normalized to near control level (0.72 ± 0.20-fold of β-tubulin) by pretreatment with intrathecal stargazin small interfering RNA311 (0.87 ± 0.09), but not scrambled small interfering RNA (1.48 ± 0.24) or vehicle (1.25 ± 0.13, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Stargazin small interfering RNA311 pretreatment prevented the increase in stargazin–GluR1 interaction and decreased postoperative pain after incision.

Conclusions:
This study suggests a critical role of stargazin-mediated surface delivery of GluR1 subunit in the development of postoperative pain. A better therapeutic strategy for postoperative pain may involve selectively down-regulating spinal stargazin to inhibit synaptic targeting of GluR1 subunit.