bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Nontank Vessel Contingency Planning1
Authors: DeCola Elise G. , Robertson Tim L. , Robertson Roy , Crews Lori , Munger Mike 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tank vessels that carry oil as cargo are subject to a number of international, national, and local regulations requiring that the vessel owners plan for and be prepared to respond to oil spills. By comparison, nontank vessels such as freighters, passenger ships, and fishing vessels typically have not been subject to the same level of oil spill prevention and response requirements. However, a number of recent, high-profile nontank vessel oil spills have heightened public awareness of the oil spill risk posed by nontank vessels. In response to such events, several US states have implemented regulations requiring nontank vessels to prepare oil spill contingency plans similar to those required for tankers and tank barges. This paper considers several different approaches to oil spill contingency planning for nontank vessels, focusing on the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. The authors compare the requirements in place in Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia, and make recommendations to promote a parallel planning process along the Pacific coast of North America.
Risk-Based Principles for Oil Spill Response (OSR) System Design
Authors: Chernoplekov Alexei N. , Cox Tony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Russia is today starting to go for oil and gas offshore. After a history of serious oil spills on land, the situation regarding Oil Spill Response (OSR) in Russia has become rather complicated and several “confusing” Russian Government Decrees were issued. These Decrees require a potential polluter to justify to Regulators that it has allocated sufficient OSR capability to “localize” any spills of a prescribed amount (e.g. 1500 t for any marine terminal) within 4 hours offshore and 6 hours onshore. This requirement can be completely unrealistic in some circumstances. However, in the design of an OSR system, one can provide a satisfactory justification of sufficiency on the basis of some newly established risk engineering principles, which allow one to re-interpret the requirements of the Decrees in a rational manner. These OSR design principles have been developed on the basis of Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA), in line with modern HSE Management System goal-oriented approaches. In QRA, oil spill source terms (amount spilled, discharge rate) are not prescribed, but calculated for each spill scenario. Moreover, QRA naturally leads to a logical basis for defining Tier 1 & Tier 2 design oil spill accidents. It is recommended that Areas of Special Value (ASV) be defined (with the agreement of regional administrations) as the targets of protection, thus establishing the goal for OSR operations and introducing a natural measure of performance of the OSR system. Thus to design an OSR system means to define the minimum OSR capability which would prevent design oil spills from reaching any ASV.
Integrating Trustee Issues into a Balanced Response: Working Toward a Common Goal1
Authors: Parker-Hall Heather A. , Hampton Steve , Haas James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In February 2002, a Unified Command (UC) comprised of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), and other state and federal agencies tested a sample of oil taken from the water near the wreck SS Jacob Luckenbach. Oil from this fifty-year-old wreck, submerged in 176 feet of water 17 miles off San Francisco, matched oil that had impacted thousands of birds and miles of shoreline since November 2001. It also matched oil from mystery spills in this area dating back to 1992. Now that the source of this extensive pollution was found, the next step seemed simple: remove the oil from the vessel. Yet there were many issues surrounding this vessel and its location that required significant cooperation with many agencies and trustees. The Luckenbach is an historic property, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It is submerged in the Gulf of Farallones National Marine Sanctuary - one of the most biologically productive regions off the California coast and home to many sensitive resources including several listed species. The UC realized that dialogue with and among the natural resource trustee agencies was crucial to planning balanced operations that would remove the pollution source while providing the utmost protection available to the resources at risk A task force was formed that allowed trustees to engage in discussions about the tradeoffs of initiating removal as quickly as possible while balancing the risk of harm that any incidental release during operations may cause to their resources of concern. One of the most exciting benefits of this cooperative effort was the shift in thinking beyond just responding to the incident to advanced planning of a response that would best enhance restoration and long-term recovery. In many responses, it is not always clear that everyone has the same priorities: the USCG may focus on recovering oil and mitigating damage, the responsible party wants to minimize costs, and the trustees want to protect and restore their resources. In this case, the trustees and USCG were clearly working together toward common goals: removing a source of chronic oil pollution while minimizing environmental impacts from the response.
Biodegradability of Orimulsion in Saltwater and Freshwater Environments1
Authors: Venosa Albert D. , Feldhake David J. , Holder Edith L. , Koran Karen M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shake flask and respirometer experiments were executed to test the biodegradability of Orimulsion in freshwater and saltwater. For each experimental setup, two concentrations of the Orimulsion and the appropriate bacterial inoculum were added to artificial seawater and freshwater solutions, and the concentrations of Orimulsion hydrocarbons were monitored with time. Respirometers were used to monitor oxygen (O2) uptake and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution to determine when to sample the shake flasks. Sampling of shake flasks occurred periodically by sacrificing triplicate flasks for each treatment. Residual hydrocarbons were extracted with dichloromethane and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The respirometry flasks were sacrificed on the last shake-flask sampling event and similarly evaluated for residual hydrocarbon content and for Microtox toxicity. Data reported confirm literature citations that Orimulsion is indeed biodegradable, at least to some extent. In the 10 g/L freshwater treatment, normal and branched alkanes present were degraded by 83.6% and PAHs by 59.8% after 183 days of incubation. In saltwater, the extent of alkane and PAH degradation was 93.5% and 81.4% after 183 days. Implications for cleanup are discussed.
Hawaii Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps and the Spatial Accuracy of ESI Mapping Methodology
Authors: Plank Colin , Nixon Zach , Lord Christine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps and digital databases have been generated for the Hawaiian Islands. ESI atlases integrate the most recent data available in three general categories: shoreline habitats, biological resources, and human-use resources, to provide spill responders with a synopsis of critical information. The new Hawaii atlas was prepared using standardized ESI data collection and analysis methods. For the first time, the spatial accuracy of the ESI shoreline classification method has been quantitatively measured using GPS. Shoreline classification methodology consisted of low-altitude overflights during the 2.5 hours preceding and following low-tide. Aerial classifications were then checked on the ground throughout the study area. USGS 7.5 minute basemaps were used in the field and shoreline segmentation annotation was transcribed from scanned field maps to a digital shoreline provided by the State. ESI surveys in August of 2000 resulted in nineteen shoreline classes for the Hawaiian chain. The GPS field study was conducted simultaneously with shoreline classification. During GPS surveys boundaries between ESI shoreline segments were located in the field and their position recorded with a hand held GPS. The coordinates of the segment boundary as located on the final ESI map were compared to those recorded with the GPS. Data for over 60 locations were analyzed statistically using three commonly accepted error-reporting methodologies. A Root Mean Squared (RMS) error of 33.5 meters, a Circular Error Probable (CEP) of 28 meters, and a 95% error bound of 58.2 meters were found. Error occurred unsystematically and was attributed to various factors, including inaccuracies in basemap shorelines, human error in the field and cartography, and error expected when mapping natural gradations as discreet points.
Synfuel: A Marine Transportation Risk Assessment
Authors: Stroh Lincoln D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Coal synthetic fuels have attractive tax incentives. The primary consumers of the coal synthetic fuels (synfuel) are power plants and coke plants. Some of these synfuels consist of approximately 99% coal and 1% oil emulsion. Unfortunately, these synfuels produce sheens in the marine environment when accidentally released. The sheens prompt a Coast Guard response with pollution fines and costly mitigation efforts. There are no current regulatory requirements for the marine transportation of synfuel. Treating the synfuels as an oil product from a marine transportation perspective would be cost prohibitive; treating the synfuels as coal may not be conducive to the marine environment; somewhere between the two extremes lies an economically, environment-friendly solution. In the absence of regulatory guidance, the Coast Guard initiated a twoday risk assessment to evaluate the risks of synfuel to the marine environment. The risk assessment focused on the marine transportation related (MTR) processes of loading, unloading, fleeting and transporting synfuel. Standards of Care were developed by a 25-member workgroup of industry representatives and regulators. The Standards of Care will be voluntarily selfimposed by industry to prevent and respond to releases of synfuels, which sheen in the marine environment. Those companies not adhering to the Standards of Care will receive little or no consideration from Coast Guard Captains Of The Port when violations of the Clean Water Act are investigated.
Visual Materials for Oil Spill Responders: The Florida Power & Light Experience
Authors: Coakley Louis “Coke” 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of visual materials is critical for oil spill responders to evaluate the magnitude of potential oil spill impacts. Florida Power & Light has developed extensive visual resources to prepare and support oil spill responders. These resources come in both electronic and hard copy formats. This paper describes these resources including digital aerial photos, surface photos, digital ortho-photos, satellite imagery, surface and aerial digital video, and a host of mapping products (NOAA Nautical Charts, State Boater Guides, etc.). The paper also addresses how these resources are obtained, updated and have been utilized at Corporate and US Coast Guard oil spill drills. Florida Power & Light has fourteen oil storage facilities that have extensive visual resources available to responders. Most of these facilities have up to 200 digital photos that are georeferenced and available to responders in electronic and hard copy photo albums. The incorporation of digital video has also greatly improved responders understanding of area characteristics and deployment opportunities.
Display of Site Characteristics VIA Poster Illustration for Oil Storage Facilities: Florida Power & Light Cases
Authors: Coakley Louis “Coke” 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Florida Power & Light has completed the development of posters for its nine bulk oil storage facilities that graphically illustrate various site characteristics important in preparing and responding to an oil spill event. Initiated in 2001, the large three-by-five foot size posters provide extensive and valuable information in a concise visual format that minimizes the necessity to utilize numerous support documents. The posters incorporate oil storage facility area information including environmentally sensitive areas, shoreline types, bathymetry, currents, area infrastructure (roads, pipelines), digital and ortho-photos, and historical wind conditions. In addition, the posters provide oil spill preparedness maps using stochastic results (multi-trajectory runs) from FPUs SIMAP oil spill model. These consolidated maps show potential oil impact areas and dissolved aromatic concentration plumes over various timeframes from the beginning of the spill. Booming strategy and equipment deployment site maps are additional items. Finally, the posters provide important graphical and textual information concerning Incident Command System (ICS) strategic objectives, organizational chart, spill response contacts and phone numbers, and tide data.
Oil as the Target: Reviewing the Government's Response to a Major Oil Spill Resulting from a Terrorist Attack
Authors: Hewett Larry W. , Gafkjen Jeff , Deal Tim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
If the events of September 11th tell us nothing else, they clearly illustrate that our decades old response planning scenarios and response capabilities need to be re-evaluated. Intentional acts and terrorist incidents are designed to result in maximum impact. Had the terrorists chosen an oil storage facility as their target for mass destruction, how prepared would the National Response System be to mount the proper response in order to minimize the impact? This paper seeks to answer that question by first describing just such a scenario and the Federal government's role in managing the consequences. The emerging role of government agencies that do not typically respond to oil spills would join forces with core members of the National Response System (NRS) by way of the Federal Response Plan (FRP). This paper explores gaps in the integration of the FRP and the National Oil and Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) and proposes solutions that help bridge those gaps.
The Strange Case of the M/V Julia Woods1
Authors: Lloyd Anthony S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On October 19th, 2001, a crop dusting airplane over-flew the M/V Julia Woods near Rosedale, MS, while spraying a substance directly on the vessel; a commercial tow comprised of 17 open hopper coal barges plying a federal waterway. Starker, there were reports that crewmembers on deck were directly exposed to the substance released. The ensuing response involved many agencies and the owner of the commercial tow. For this incident, the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) and the interagency relationships it describes provided the framework to deal with the “potential terrorist incident.” Discussing the response and management of this provocative act will aid efforts to improve and adapt current practices into the emerging national homeland security strategy for consequence management. The Wall Street Journal discussed in detail Zacarias Moussaoui Atta's actions in the months leading up to the September 11th attack on America, specifically noting his interest in crop dusting aircraft.2 A shocked nation watched as the FAA grounded the airplanes for weeks after the attacks, and the government toiled to assess the validity of the threat. Thus, when an “actual” or “potential terrorist incident” occurred in Marine Safety Office (MSO) Memphis’ territorial area of jurisdiction, the unit, acting as the Federal on Scene Coordinator (FOSC), responded to resolve the consequences of the contemptible act. Due to the absence of reliable information concerning the threat, the U.S. Coast Guard responded using the best operational judgment available and the interagency response tools (tactics, plans and procedures) in the NCP. The M/V Julia Woods’ response provides an excellent opportunity to discuss strengths and weaknesses of the current system. Importantly, the interagency coordination and response proved a flexible effective mechanism for dispatching resources to remote sites to achieve the objectives of the FOSC. Additionally, a unified command (UC) concept contributed to the success of the response as agencies succeeded in meeting public information demands during the response. On the other hand, a lack of a common intelligence system, disjointed plans, and weaknesses in creating and maintaining a common operational picture hampered the motivated interagency team's efforts.
Response Readiness and Safety Awareness in a Tier 3 Organization1
Authors: Weng Ho Yew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
East Asia Response Pte Ltd is an organization based in Singapore and funded by major oil companies to respond to Tier 3 oil spills in the Asia Pacific Region. We have a large stockpile of Oil Spill Response equipment including aerial dispersant spraying capability. The call up of this equipment is not frequent. However, the infrequent call up presents a major challenge to us. The key challenges are:Maintaining a very high level of safety awareness.
Routine activities are mainly maintenance and equipment testing. It is a major challenge to maintain a continuous high level of safety awareness in this environment. All Responders need to be prepared for the harsh conditions when they are called out. Responding to an oil spill in heat and rain in the tropics can stretch human endurance to the limit. In Singapore, priorities and response strategies can also change rapidly. Additionally, there is the pressure to get the job done, sometimes working long hours. The key drivers to our safety program are Risk Assessment (RA) and personal health. The risks associated with each major or new task are analyzed and processes / procedures are put into place to minimize or eliminate potential incidents. Funding will be appropriated where needed. RA has helped us understand each task better and is a way of life in the Base. For example, an RA was conducted when we had to renew our berth fenders. The exercise identified the most suitable time to carry out the renewal from the tide tables, how to manage the risk of a passing vessel creating too much water disturbance and the coordination required between those working on the wharf and at the fenders. We started a program to train external personnel whom we would call upon to supplement our staff during an incident. We need to train these personnel to work to our safety standards. An efficient Responder needs to be healthy and fit. We organize various programs in the Base like health talks by a specialist, gym memberships and participation in national health events to help Responders keep fit.Developing training scenarios to maintain a high level of response readiness.
We developed a list of realistic exercises around Singapore for our Responders to practice. These exercises give us the luxury of assessing scenarios during non-response period and developing strategies on containment and recovery. Some of the exercises completed are: the booming of Sentosa, a major tourist attraction, and other sensitive areas as well as night navigation exercises to familiarize our boat skippers with potential changes in sea conditions and a changing coastline due to major reclamation work in Singapore.
An Update on Techniques and Technologies which are Available for Responders in Response to Potential Spills of Emulsified Fuel (Orimulsion®)
Authors: Hvidbak Flemming 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the introduction of the emulsified fuel, ORIMULSION®, to the power generation market in the early nineties, significant work has been undertaken studying the behaviour of response to, and potential cleanup techniques for a possible spill of this fuel. The studies have in particular been carried out by sponsorships funded by BITOR, the producer of ORIMULSION®, but an important part has also been sponsored by US and Canadian government agencies. One of the most recent contributions is the report, “Spills of Emulsified Fuels, Risks and Response” a project under the US National Research Council (NRC). To date there have been no significant spills of ORIMULSION® to enable full scale use, under real life cleanup conditions, of the various conventional and new techniques and technologies, which have been developed and tested for the purpose. However, several developments and tests over the past decade and especially over the past three years, sponsored by BITOR, the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), and Environment Canada (EC), combined with a sound portion of experience with the response to spills of heavy oil, make it most relevant to present a hands-on review of the available response options. Since ORIMULSION® has a surfactant added in the form of its emulsifying surfactant, a spill at open sea may be considered a spill of a pre-dispersed oil. Consequently, the preferred offshore response methodology would be to monitor the naturally dispersed bitumen plume. Therefore, this paper will mainly cover monitoring and response to near-shore and dockside spills in salt-, brackish-, and fresh water, which might call for a clean-up effort, as well as shoreline protection and clean-up.
Remote Detection of Submerged Orimulsion with a Range-Gated Laser Fluorosensor
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Marois Richard , Myslicki Gregory E. , Fingas Mervin F. , Mackay Ron C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Bituminous fuels (in the form of water-based emulsions) are increasingly being used as fuel sources in many countries. When spilled in a marine environment, these emulsified fuels initially disperse and then, under certain circumstances, coalesce to become highly adhesive to beaches and shorelines. These fuels may either float or submerge, depending on the salinity of the water into which the spill occurs. Similar situations are known to occur with some conventional heavy fuels, as was the case with the Erika incident off the coast of France. Technologies to detect these neutrally buoyant and/or submerged fuels are urgently needed. The remote detection of submerged oil is a daunting task. The majority of sensors commonly used for the detection of surface oil slicks are of no use for the detection of submerged oil. Environment Canada and the Canadian Coast Guard have recently undertaken a series of bench-scale studies to develop technologies for the real-time remote detection of neutrally buoyant and/or submerged fuels in the marine environment. The unique capabilities of “active sensors” such as laser fluorosensors are being evaluated for the subsurface detection of heavy petroleum products. The detection of submerged Orimulsion by laser-induced fluorescence has been demonstrated at a distance of 81 m (265 feet) in a small test tank. Further experiments are underway to confirm the real-time detection of submerged Orimulsion, initially on the ground, and then through airborne tests.