bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of screening for HLA‐A*31:01 prior to initiation of carbamazepine in epilepsy
Authors: Plumpton Catrin O. , Yip Vincent L. M. , Alfirevic Ana , Marson Anthony G. , Pirmohamed Munir , Hughes Dyfrig A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryObjectiveCarbamazepine causes severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions that may be predicted by the presence of the HLA‐A*31:01 allele in northern European populations. There is uncertainty as to whether routine testing of patients with epilepsy is cost‐effective. We conducted an economic evaluation of HLA‐A*31:01 testing from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom.MethodsA short‐term, decision analytic model was developed to estimate the outcomes and costs associated with a policy of routine testing (with lamotrigine prescribed for patients who test positive) versus the current standard of care, which is carbamazepine prescribed without testing. A Markov model was used to estimate total costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) over a lifetime to account for differences in drug effectiveness and the long‐term consequences of adverse drug reactions.ResultsTesting reduced the expected rate of cutaneous adverse drug reactions from 780 to 700 per 10,000 patients. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio for pharmacogenetic testing versus standard care was £12,808 per QALY gained. The probability of testing being cost‐effective at a threshold of £20,000 per QALY was 0.80, but the results were sensitive to estimated remission rates for alternative antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).SignificanceRoutine testing for HLA‐A*31:01 in order to reduce the incidence of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in patients being prescribed carbamazepine for epilepsy is likely to represent a cost‐effective use of health care resources.
Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in horses and ponies fed a high fat diet, with or without a once daily high glycaemic meal
Authors: Bamford N. J. , Potter S. J. , Harris P. A. , Bailey S. R. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe relative influences of obesity and adaptation to high glycaemic diets on the development of insulin dysregulation in equids are unclear.ObjectivesTo determine whether increased adiposityper seis responsible for the decreased insulin sensitivity often observed in obese horses or whether a dietary glycaemic response is critically important.Study designRandomised controlled trial.MethodsEighteen horses and ponies were studied over a 20‐week period. They receivedad libitumhay plus either a high fat (low glycaemic) diet (FAT; n = 6) or a similar (isocaloric) diet containing 1.5 g/kg bwt once daily glucose (GLU; n = 6) to induce obesity. A third group received a control ration (CON; n = 6). Adiposity was monitored using body condition score (BCS) and total body fat mass percentage (TBFM) determined using a deuterium oxide dilution technique. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured.ResultsTheFATandGLUgroups became obese (BCS≥7) whereas theCONgroup maintained moderate condition (BCS≤6). Total body fat mass and leptin concentrations were increased in theFATandGLUgroups than in theCONgroup (P<0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Values for both insulin‐dependent (SI) and insulin‐independent (Sg) glucose disposal were higher in theGLUgroup compared with theFATandCONgroups (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively). There were no differences in adiponectin,TNF‐α orSAAbetween groups (all P≥0.4).ConclusionsIncreased adiposity did not reduce insulin sensitivity in either theFATor theGLUdiet groups, suggesting that obesityper semight not be responsible for the lowerSIvalues reported in previous studies. Contrary to expectations, once daily glucose appeared to increase insulin sensitivity. Further work is required into the dietary causes of insulin resistance in equids.
From forest to cropland and pasture systems: a critical review of soil organic carbon stocks changes in Amazonia
Authors: Fujisaki Kenji , Perrin Anne‐Sophie , Desjardins Thierry , Bernoux Martial , Balbino Luiz Carlos , Brossard Michel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe impact of deforestation on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is important in the context of climate change and agricultural soil use. Trends of SOC stock changes after agroecosystem establishment vary according to the spatial scale considered, and factors explaining these trends may differ sometimes according to meta‐analyses. We have reviewed the knowledge about changes in SOC stocks in Amazonia after the establishment of pasture or cropland, sought relationships between observed changes and soil, climatic variables and management practices, and synthesized the δ13C measured in pastures. Our dataset consisted of 21 studies mostly synchronic, across 52 sites (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Suriname), totalling 70 forest–agroecosystem comparisons. We found that pastures (n = 52, mean age = 17.6 years) had slightly higher SOC stocks than forest (+6.8 ± 3.1 %), whereas croplands (n = 18, mean age = 8.7 years) had lower SOC stocks than forest (−8.5 ± 2.9 %). Annual precipitation and SOC stocks under forest had no effect on the SOC changes in the agroecosystems. For croplands, we found a lower SOC loss than other meta‐analyses, but the short time period after deforestation here could have reduced this loss. There was no clear effect of tillage on the SOC response. Management of pastures, whether they were degraded/nominal/improved, had no significant effect on SOC response. δ13C measurements on 16 pasture chronosequences showed that decay of forest‐derived SOC was variable, whereas pasture‐derived SOC was less so and was characterized by an accumulation plateau of 20 Mg SOC ha−1 after 20 years. The large uncertainties in SOC response observed could be derived from the chronosequence approach, sensitive to natural soil variability and to human management practices. This study emphasizes the need for diachronic and long‐term studies, associated with better knowledge of agroecosystem management.
Contributing for Myself, but Free riding for My Group?
Authors: Iida Yoshio , Schwieren Christiane 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Many real-world decisions are made by individuals as representatives of groups. Most research, however, studies either individuals or groups as decision-makers. This paper explores whether there is a general difference between a decision made as an individual and as a representative of a group in the context of a public good game. We conducted a series of experiments to test this question and to understand mechanisms contributing to potential differences. We found that representatives contributed less than individuals when they could not communicate with their constituency. However, when they could discuss their strategy before playing, they contributed at least as much as individual decision-makers. Furthermore, when they could justify their decision after playing, they contributed even more than individual decision-makers. We discuss potential reasons for this and directions for future research.
Preparation and evaluation of novel octylmethoxycinnamate‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Liu X.‐h. , Liang X.‐z. , Fang X. , Zhang W.‐P. 
Published: February 2015

SynopsisObjectiveOctylmethoxycinnamate (OMC)‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared by ultrasonic emulsification method. Effects of process variables and formulation composition were investigated on particle size and polydispersity index (PI), and the UV absorbance. Effect of OMC concentration on entrapment efficiency (EE) was also studied.MethodsThe optimal formulation was characterized and evaluated by environment emission scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). In addition, the degradations of OMC from SLNs and OMC conventional emulsion were compared.ResultsThe composition of optimal formulation was determined as 5% (w/w) of solid lipid, 7% (w/w) of emulsifier and 9% of loaded OMC, resulting in a particle size of 392.8 nm, and EE of 88.73%, LD of 38.05% under the preparation condition of 6 min of sonication, 400 W of sonication power. ESEM study showed spherical particles with smooth surface. DSC studies indicated OMC encapsulation within the nanoparticle matrix. The characteristic peaks for OMC‐SLNs stood at 1710, 1604, 1513, 1465 and 830.3 cm−1. The degradation rate of OMC was decreased when using SLNs formulations compared to conventional emulsion.ConclusionHence, the developed SLNs can be used as sunscreen carrier for improve the stability.
Effect of periodontal dressing on non‐surgical periodontal treatment outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Monje A , Kramp AR , Criado E , Suárez‐López del Amo F , Garaicoa‐Pazmiño C , Gargallo‐Albiol J , Wang H‐L 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPeriodontal dressing has been advocated and showed some positive outcomes for placing over the surgical site after periodontal surgery. However, little is known about its effect on non‐surgical therapy.PurposeThe aim of this review was to assess the clinical effect of periodontal dressing when used after non‐surgical therapy.Material and methodsTwo examiners performed an electronic search in several databases for relevant articles published in English up to November 2013. Selected studies were randomized human clinical trials (prospective or retrospective trials) with the clear aim of investigating the effect of periodontal dressing placement upon periodontal non‐surgical mechanical therapy. Data were extracted from the included articles for analysis.ResultsThree randomized clinical trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and thus were included in the data analysis. Statistical analysis could not be carried out due to the lack of clear data of the included studies. However, descriptive analysis showed its effectiveness in improving clinical parameters such as gain of clinical attachment level and reduction of probing pocket depth.ConclusionPlacement of periodontal dressing right after non‐surgical mechanical therapy can be beneficial in improving overall short‐term clinical outcomes, although more controlled studies are still needed to validate this finding.
Raymund Schwager on the Dramatic Justice and Mercy of God
Authors: Brown Benjamin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article explores and develops Raymund Schwager's understanding of the nature of justice and mercy, especially in the face of the Christian doctrine of hell. Schwager follows Anselm of Canterbury closely in seeing a deep harmony between justice and mercy, finding their unity in an expansive notion of God's goodness, which gives abundantly but always also in a way that respects the dignity of the receiver. This unity can thus only be understood in the context of the dramatic interplay of freedoms. An overview of Schwager's theological project provides the background for then exploring his notions of justice, mercy, freedom, self‐judgement and hell. The article concludes with the exploration of some of the logical consequences of Schwager's thought.
Drainage Impacts on Surficial Water Retention Capacity of a Prairie Pothole Watershed
Authors: Kessler Andrew C. , Gupta Satish C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWetland restoration has been proposed as a tool to mitigate excess runoff and associated nonpoint source pollution in the Upper Midwestern United States. This study quantified the surficial water retention capacity of existing and drained wetlands for the Greater Blue Earth River Basin (GBERB), an intensively drained agricultural watershed. Using airborne light detection and ranging, the historic depressional storage was determined to be 152 mm. Individual depression analysis suggested that the restoration of most drained areas would have little impact on the storage capacity of the GBERB because the majority (53%) of retention capacity was in large depressions (>40 ha) which comprised only a small proportion (<1.0) of the observed depressions. Accounting for change in storage and the difference in annual evapotranspiration (ET) between wetlands and the croplands that replaced them, restoration of all depressions in the Minnesota portion of GBERB would provide a maximum of 131 mm additional capacity over and above the modern day capacity (193 mm; 56 mm depressional storage; 60 mm wetland ET; and 77 mm cropland ET). Considering that depressional depths in smaller areas are within the range of uncertainty of the lidar digital elevation models and larger depressions have the most storage, we conclude that efforts to increase the surficial water‐holding capacity of the GBERB would be best served in the restoration of large (>40 ha) depressions.
TNF‐alpha gene polymorphisms can help to predict response to etanercept in psoriatic patients
Authors: De Simone C. , Farina M. , Maiorino A. , Fanali C. , Perino F. , Flamini A. , Caldarola G. , Sgambato A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenetic factors might have a role for lack of therapeutic response to anti‐TNF‐alpha agents, as previously suggested in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.ObjectivesWe evaluated the role of the main TNF‐alpha polymorphisms (−238G>A, −308G>A, −857C>T) in predicting the response to etanercept, an anti‐TNF‐alpha fusion protein.Material and MethodsGenomic DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells in a series of 97 psoriatic patients who received etanercept for at least 3 months. Patients were classified as responders, if they achieved a PASI improvement ≥75% after 12 weeks of etanercept treatment, and non‐responders, if PASI improvement was <75%. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF‐alpha gene (−238G>A, −308G>A, −857C>T) were genotyped by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays.ResultsWe found that patients heterozygous (GA) for the −238G>A polymorphism were more likely not responsive to therapy compared to the GG genotype. In fact, the GA genotype was found in 5/59 (8·5%) responders and in 14/38 (36·8%) non‐responders (P = 0·001). A significant relationship with therapy was also observed for the –308G>A polymorphisms. In fact, the GG, GA and AA genotypes were detected in 48 (81·4%), 9 (15·3%) and 2 (3·4%) of the 59 responders and in 22 (57·9%), 11 (28·9%) and 5 (13·2%) of the 38 non‐responder patients (P = 0·03). No association with therapy was observed for the −857C>T polymorphisms.ConclusionOur study supports the role of TNF‐alpha polymorphisms in predicting the response to anti‐TNF‐alpha agents. In particular, we found that the presence of −238G>A and −308G>A polymorphisms is associated with poor response to a 3‐month therapy with etanercept. However, our data have yet to be validated in larger cohorts.
Mental health needs and availability of mental health care for children and adolescents with intellectual disability in Berlin
Authors: Soltau B. , Biedermann J. , Hennicke K. , Fydrich T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe increased risk of mental health problems in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) has been reported in several studies. However, almost no research has been conducted on parents' experiences with the general mental health system. We have investigated the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in children with ID as well as the availability and quality of mental health care from the parents' point of view.MethodsTeachers of specialised schools for ID in Berlin were asked to complete the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) of the Child Behavior Checklist. Information was collected for 1226 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years with mild to profound ID (response 70.5%). The availability and quality of mental health care was assessed by a questionnaire given to parents who had already been seeking help for their children. A total of 330 parents completed the questionnaires (response 62.0%). In addition to univariate analysis, we conducted multiple logistic regressions regarding the psychopathology reported by teachers (TRF‐syndrome scales) and difficulties concerning mental health care reported by parents for a paired sample of 308 children.ResultsOverall, 52.4% of the children and adolescents with ID had a total problem score on the TRF in the deviant range (47.1% when eliminating four items reflecting cognitive deficits). Compared with the general population normative sample of children, this is a three‐time higher prevalence. The most striking problems were thought problems (schizoid and obsessive–compulsive), aggressive behaviour, attention problems and social problems. Parents whose children had more severe behavioural or emotional dysfunction reported more difficulties with the mental health system. From the parents' point of view, mental health professionals frequently did not feel responsible or were not sufficiently skilled for the treatment of children with ID. As a consequence, 96% of all parents were longing for specialised in‐ and outpatient services.ConclusionsThis study confirms the findings from other studies regarding the high rate of co‐occurrence of ID and mental health problems in youths. Results indicate that both are strongly requested by parents: specialised in‐ and outpatient services, as well as more professional general services and equitable treatment for all children, with and without ID.
Joint attention behaviours and vocabulary development in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Zampini L. , Salvi A. , D'Odorico L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundBecause of their difficulties in language development, various studies have focussed on the precursors of linguistic skills in children with Down syndrome. However, data on the predictive role of joint attention on language development in this population are inconsistent. The present study aimed to analyse attention behaviours in a group of children with Down syndrome. The existence of both concurrent and longitudinal relationships between joint attention and vocabulary development was investigated.MethodThe participants were 18, 24‐month‐old, Italian children with Down syndrome. The children's attention skills were assessed during semi‐structured free‐play sessions in interaction with their mothers. A nominal exhaustive scheme was applied to code the children's behaviour. Moreover, the children's vocabulary development (both receptive and expressive) was assessed with the Italian version of the MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventory at both 24 and 30 months.ResultsData analyses showed that children with Down syndrome spent a large part of the interactive play session in joint attention situations. Moreover, the children's behaviour of proposing a joint attention focus to their communicative partners appeared to be a significant predictor of the children's vocabulary comprehension skills as assessed 6 months later.ConclusionsThese results support the hypothesis of continuity between preverbal precursors and vocabulary development in a population with atypical development.
Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Chaetoceros dayaensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), characterized by two 90° rotations of the resting spore during maturation
Authors: Li Yang , Zhu Suying , Lundholm Nina , Lü Songhui 
Published: February 2015

Recent studies suggest that a high species diversity of Chaetoceros exists in tropical waters. Based on plankton samples from Chinese tropical waters, Daya Bay of the South China Sea, a new species, Chaetoceros dayaensis sp. nov., is described. Vegetative cells and resting spores were examined by light microscopy as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The nuclear rDNA molecular markers SSU, ITS and D1–D3 of LSU, and the chloroplast rbcL gene were sequenced for information on phylogenetic relationships. The species is characterized by the presence of two 90° rotations of the resting spore during maturation. First a rotation in the apical plane of the mother cell resulting in the valvar plane of the resting spore turning from parallel to perpendicular to that of the mother cell, and a second 90° rotation in the valvar plane of the mother cell resulting in the valve faces of the resting spore turning from facing narrow girdle view to broad girdle view of the mother cell. It is the first report of two 90° rotations of resting spores during maturation in Chaetoceros. Based on this, the maturation rotation of the resting spore of C. rotosporus was reevaluated. C. dayaensis belongs to the subgenus Hyalochaete Gran and we suggest placing it in the section Laciniosa, although a new subdivision of Chaetoceros is needed. The description of C. dayaensis was based on analyses of the phylogenetic relationships combined with morphological comparisons with other similar species.
Plasma kinetics, excretion in milk of eprinomectin, and its efficacy against Hypoderma spp. following topical administration in yaks
Authors: Yu T. , Shi Y. L. , Cai J. Z. , Li C. H. , Lei M. T. , Pan B. L. , Wang M. 
Published: February 2015

The plasma pharmacokinetics and mammary excretion of eprinomectin were determined in dairy yaks following topical administration at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The kinetics of plasma and milk concentrations were analyzed using a noncompartmental model. Plasma and milk concentrations of eprinomectin increased to reach maximal concentrations of 5.45 ± 2.84 and 2.29 ± 0.90 ng/mL at a Tmax of 1.79 ± 0.57 and 2.00 ± 0.82 days, respectively. The concentration of eprinomectin in plasma was remained >0.5 ng/mL for more than 30 days after administration. The mean residence times of eprinomectin in plasma and milk were 14.73 ± 6.22 and 9.37 ± 2.81 days, respectively. The AUC value in plasma (55.89 ± 18.16 ng day/mL) was threefold greater than that in milk (18.02 ± 6.48 ng day/mL). The AUC milk/plasma ratio was 0.33 ± 0.08. The systemic availability of eprinomectin in yaks was lower than that observed value in other domestic bovines. The low level of eprinomectin excretion in milk suggests that eprinomectin can be used in yaks with zero milk‐withdrawal time. The efficacy of eprinomectin against naturally acquired larvae of Hypoderma spp. was also determined in yaks. Topically administrated eprinomectin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was 100% efficacious against larvae of Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense.