bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through a Glass, Darkly: TheCIAand Oral History
Authors: Hammond Andrew 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article broaches the thorny issue of how we may study the history of theCIAby utilizing oral history interviews. This article argues that while oral history interviews impose particular demands upon the researcher, they are particularly pronounced in relation to studying the history of intelligence services. This article, nevertheless, also argues that while intelligence history and oral history each harbour their own epistemological perils and biases, pitfalls which may in fact be pronounced when they are conjoined, the relationship between them may nevertheless be a productive one. Indeed, each field may enrich the other provided we have thought carefully about the linkages between them: this article's point of departure. The first part of this article outlines some of the problems encountered in studying theCIAby relating them to the author's own work. This involved researching theCIA's role inUSforeign policy towards Afghanistan since a landmark year in the history of the lateColdWar, 1979 (i.e. the year theSovietUnion invaded that country). The second part of this article then considers some of the issues historians must confront when applying oral history to the study of theCIA. To bring this within the sphere of cognition of the reader the author recounts some of his own experiences interviewingCIAofficers in and aroundWashingtonDC. The third part then looks at some of the contributions oral history in particular can make towards a better understanding of the history of intelligence services and theCIA.
Turning Against theCIA: Whistleblowers During the ‘Time of Troubles’
Authors: Moran Christopher 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEdward Snowden is not the first – nor will he be the last – disgruntledUSintelligence officer to spill the beans. Using newly declassified materials, private papers and interviews, this article explores how theCentralIntelligenceAgency (CIA) dealt with whistleblowers and disillusioned staff in the 1970s, a period often described as theAgency's ‘Time of Troubles’. It will be argued that ugly revelations by former employees caused more distress to theCIAthan disclosures that emerged in the press and onCapitolHill. At Langley, there was genuine shock that supposedly trusted insiders would write tell‐it‐all books and betray theAgency's code of ‘never celebrate successes, never explain failures’. Focusing on theCIA's attempts to manage three intelligence apostates –VictorMarchetti,PhillipAgee andFrankSnepp – it will be shown that the Agency invariably made a rod for its own back. As well as ham‐fisted efforts to spy on them and steal manuscripts, theCIAconstitutionally frogmarched certain whistleblowers off to court, provoking widespread criticism that it was an enemy of free speech. By looking at how theCIAresponded to the challenge of leaks in the 1970s, this article places into long‐term perspective the contemporary struggle between intelligence agencies and rebellious insiders who use electronic media to promote transparency.
American Journalism and the Landscape of Secrecy:TadSzulc, theCIAandCuba
Authors: Aldrich Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe relationship between secret services and the press is an enduring one. Although theCIAdid not seek the kind of salient media profile enjoyed by theFBI, it nevertheless maintained an informal press office from its foundation in 1947. Directors of theCIAand their senior staff devoted significant time to the public profile of theAgency. Their efforts to engage with the world of newspapers divided journalists. Some saw it as their patriotic duty to assist theAgency, even reporting for it overseas, while other saw it as their constitutional role to oppose theAgency. This was especially true during theVietnam War and Watergate. Thereafter, a more nuanced relationship developed in which the press saw themselves as an informal wing of new accountability processes that provided the intelligence community with oversight. This was ambiguous terrain and its complexities are explored here by focusing on the example of the prominentNewYorkTimesjournalistTadSzulc, whose complex relationship with theCIAspanned several decades and connected closely with the vexed issue ofKennedy andCuba.Szulc played a number of roles including outrider, renegade and overseer, but there was confusion about who was servant and who was master.
Development and Evaluation of Food Safety Modules for K‐12 Science Education
Authors: Chapin Travis K. , Pfuntner Rachel C. , Stasiewicz Matthew J. , Wiedmann Martin , Orta‐Ramirez Alicia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCareer and educational opportunities in food science and food safety are underrecognized by K‐12 students and educators. Additionally, misperceptions regarding nature of science understanding persist in K‐12 students despite being emphasized as an important component of science education for over 100 y. In an effort to increase awareness concerning career and educational opportunities in food science and food safety and to improve the nature of science understanding among K‐12 students, a series of problem‐based learning modules was developed and pilot tested with a total of 61 K‐12 students. Results of pre‐ and postevaluations and assessments indicated that (1) interest in science, food science, and food safety increased and (2) content knowledge related to the nature of science, food science, and food safety was improved. We further suggest that these modules provide opportunities for educators in traditional as well as extracurricular settings to demonstrate important concepts contained in the newly released Next Generation Science Standards.
Impact of clinical pharmacists in the emergency department of an Australian public hospital: A before and after study
Authors: Proper John S , Wong Annie , Plath Alice E , Grant Kirsty A , Just Derek W , Dulhunty Joel M 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of an ED pharmacy service on ED clinical staff and hospital pharmacist activity.MethodsA prospective study measuring pharmacist activities and surveying ED staff attitudes and experience before and after commencement of an ED pharmacy service.ResultsThere were 2275 and 2072 hospital‐wide pharmacist occasions of service recorded over a 1 month period before and after implementation of the ED pharmacy service, respectively; 339 (16.4%) of these occurred in the ED post‐implementation. ED pharmacists most commonly were involved in obtaining medication histories (74% of ED occasions of service); 43% of all pharmacist‐performed medication histories occurred in the ED. Post‐implementation of the service, 26% of medication interventions occurred in the ED with the number of medication errors identified by ward pharmacists decreasing by 11%; 59% of ED pharmacist medication interventions were clinically significant. ED clinicians perceived the greatest impact of the service to be on patient education and medication safety. Qualitative feedback was overwhelmingly positive.ConclusionsPharmacy staff can rapidly become a vital component of clinical service provision in the ED, contributing to medication safety from the point of patient entry into the hospital and impacting ED clinicians and whole of hospital activity for pharmacists.
Autogenous bone and a bovine bone substitute for ridge preservation: preliminary clinical and histologic findings
Authors: Schulz MC , Kallweit MB , Kallweit S , Koch R , Lauer G , Mai R , Hoffmann T 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundTooth extractions lead to morphological changes of the alveolar ridge. For oral rehabilitation sufficient bone volume of the alveolar ridge is required. This clinical study compared the ability of Bio‐Oss® Collagen to autogenous bone to preserve bone volume after tooth extraction.MethodsA total of 17 patients with 20 extraction sites were examined. After extraction, 10 sockets were each filled with either autogenous bone or Bio‐Oss® Collagen and covered with a resorbable membrane. The width of the alveolar ridge was measured postoperatively, and after 4 and 6 months respectively. Prior to implant insertion, a bone biopsy was taken from the grafted sites and evaluated histologically.ResultsThe width of the alveolar ridge in the Bio‐Oss® Collagen group decreased about 5.33 ± 6.62% after 4 months and 9.45 ± 10.51% after 6 months. The reduction in the group augmented with autogenous bone was 14.31 ± 21.41% after 4 months and 19.17 ± 8.38% after 6 months. No statistically significant differences were observed. The histological examination showed comparable area fractions of total bone in both groups (Bio‐Oss® Collagen: 59.99 ± 24.23%; autogenous bone: 61.55 ± 25.13%; p = 1.0).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that autogenous bone and Bio‐Oss® Collagen are suitable for ridge preservation. However, both techniques could not entirely prevent tissue volume loss.
Ecological niche breadth and microhabitat guild structure in temperate Australian reptiles: Implications for natural resource management in endangered grassy woodland ecosystems
Authors: Michael Damian R. , Kay Geoffrey M. , Crane Mason , Florance Daniel , MacGregor Christopher , Okada Sachiko , McBurney Lachlan , Blair David , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEcological theory predicts that species with narrow niche requirements (habitat specialists) are more vulnerable to anthropocentric disturbances than those with broad niche requirements (habitat generalists). Hence, understanding a species ecological niche and guild membership would serve as a valuable management tool for providing a priori assessments of a species extinction risk. It also would help to forecast a species capacity to respond to land use change, as what might be expected to occur under financial incentive schemes to improve threatened ecological vegetation communities. However, basic natural history information is lacking for many terrestrial species, particularly reptiles in temperate regions of the world. To overcome this limitation, we collated 3527 reptile observations from 52 species across an endangered woodland ecoregion in south‐eastern Australia and examined ecological niche breadth and microhabitat guild structure. We found 30% of species had low ecological niche values and were classified as habitat specialists associated with large eucalypt trees, woody debris, surface rock or rocky outcrops. Cluster analysis separated species into six broad guilds based on microhabitat similarity. Approximately 80% of species belonged to guilds associated with old growth vegetation attributes or non‐renewable litho‐resources such as surface rock or rocky outcrops. Our results suggest that agri‐environment schemes that focus purely on grazing management are unlikely to provide immediate benefits to broad suites of reptiles associated with old growth vegetation and litho‐resources. Our classification scheme will be useful for identifying reptile species that are potentially vulnerable to anthropocentric disturbances and may require alternative strategies for improving habitat suitability and reptile conservation outcomes in grassy woodland ecosystems.
Neotropical dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) as indicators of ecological condition of small streams in the eastern Amazon
Authors: de Oliveira‐Junior José Max Barbosa , Shimano Yulie , Gardner Toby Alan , Hughes Robert M. , de Marco Júnior Paulo , Juen Leandro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSensitive and cost‐effective indicators of aquatic ecosystem condition in Amazon streams are necessary to assess the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on those systems in a viable and ecologically meaningful manner. We conducted the present study in the municipality of Paragominas, state of Pará, northern Brazil, where we sampled adult dragonflies in 50 100‐m‐long wadeable stream sites in 2011. We collected 1769 specimens represented by 11 families, 41 genera and 97 species. The suborder Zygoptera contributed 961 individuals and Anisoptera 808. Among the 97 recorded species, nine were classified as useful indicators of ecological condition, with four species being associated with more degraded streams (three Anisoptera, one Zygoptera) and five with more preserved streams (all were Zygoptera). Anisoptera (dragonflies) tend to provide more useful indicators of more degraded environments because they have more efficient homeostatic mechanisms and are more mobile, enabling them to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions. By contrast, Zygoptera (damselflies) tend to provide a more useful role as indicators of more preserved environments and high levels of environmental heterogeneity because of their smaller body sizes and home ranges and greater ecophysiological restrictions. We conclude from our assessment of this low‐order Amazonian stream system that (i) the occurrence of specific odonate species is strongly associated with the configuration of riparian vegetation, (ii) agricultural activities appear to be the main factor determining changes in the composition of odonate assemblages and (iii) these insects can act as useful indicators of the ecological consequences of riparian habitat loss and disturbance. Because generalist species invade moderately degraded areas, those areas may have high species richness but host few species of Zygoptera. Therefore, preserving dense riparian vegetation is necessary to maintain aquatic ecological condition, and that condition can be rehabilitated by planting new trees. Both require enforcing existing environmental regulations, various types of incentives and educating local communities.
Prevalence of Regulatory T‐Cell Subtypes in Preeclampsia
Authors: Toldi Gergely , Vásárhelyi Zsófia Eszter , Rigó János , Orbán Csaba , Tamássy Zita , Bajnok Anna , Shima Tomoko , Saito Shigeru , Molvarec Attila 
Published: March 2015

ProblemThe prevalence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is lower in preeclampsia (PE) compared with healthy pregnancy (HP). However, the proportion of recently described Treg subtypes has not been investigated.MethodPeripheral blood samples of 19 PE and 21 HP women in the third trimester were evaluated using flow cytometry for the prevalence of activated T cells and naive, effector, thymic, extrathymic, and exhausted Tregs.ResultsThe prevalence of activated T cells and exhausted Tregs was higher in PE than in HP. The prevalence of the functionally most active effector Tregs is decreased, while naive Tregs appear to be unaffected in PE compared with HP. No difference was detected between Tregs according to their origin (thymic or extrathymic).ConclusionThe combination of lower effector Treg and higher exhausted Treg prevalence may account for the decrease in the functionality of Tregs in PE.
Evaluation of prognostic indicators for canine primary immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and application of a scoring system for the determination of prognosis
Authors: Ke SS , Anderson GA , Connolly SL 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveApply a previously described scoring system retrospectively to cases of canine primary immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia (pIMHA) to determine its accuracy and reliability for the determination of prognosis inVictoria,Australia.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 41 dogs diagnosed withpIMHAat theUniversity ofMelbourneVeterinaryHospital (UMVH) betweenAugust 2006 toDecember 2012.ResultsOf the 41 dogs included, 70.7% were female while 29.3% were male. The overall mortality in this study was 43.9%. The previously described prognostic scoring system when applied to cases ofpIMHAinVictoria,Australia, was not found to show statistical significance for prognostification. None of the five prognostic factors were found to be independently significant for prognostification.ConclusionApplication of the previously described prognostic scoring system indicated that it may not be reliable for predicting prognoses of dogs withpIMHAinVictoria,Australia.
Population pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in HIV‐infected treatment‐naive patients
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Hayes Siobhán , Sadler Brian M. , Minto Ilisse , Brandt Julie , Piscitelli Steve , Min Sherene , Song Ivy H. 
Published: March 2015

AimDolutegravir is the newest integrase inhibitor approved for HIV treatment and has demonstrated potent antiviral activity in patient populations with a broad range of treatment experience. This analysis aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in treatment‐naive patients and to evaluate the influence of patient covariates.MethodsA population pharmacokinetic model was developed using a non‐linear mixed effect modelling approach based on data from 563 HIV‐infected, treatment‐naive adult patients in three phase 2/3 trials who received dolutegravir (ranging from 10–50 mg once daily) alone or in combination with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine.ResultsThe pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir were adequately described by a linear one compartment model with first order absorption, absorption lag time and first order elimination. Population estimates for apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution, absorption rate constant and absorption lag time were 0.901 l h–1, 17.4 l, 2.24 h−1, and 0.263 h, respectively. Weight, smoking status, age and total bilirubin were predictors of clearance, weight was a predictor of volume of distribution and gender was a predictor of bioavailability. However, the magnitude of the effects of these covariates on steady‐state dolutegravir plasma exposure was relatively small (<32%) and was not considered clinically significant. Race/ethnicity, HBV/HCV co‐infection, CDC classification, albumin, creatinine clearance, alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase did not influence the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in this analysis.ConclusionsA population model that adequately characterizes dolutegravir pharmacokinetics has been developed. No dolutegravir dose adjustment by patient covariates is necessary in HIV‐infected treatment‐naive patients.
Longitudinal Clinical Trials with Adaptive Choice of Follow-Up Time
Authors: Jeffries Neal , Geller Nancy L. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
In longitudinal studies comparing two treatments with a maximum follow-up time there may be interest in examining treatment effects for intermediate follow-up times. One motivation may be to identify the time period with greatest treatment difference when there is a non-monotone treatment effect over time; another motivation may be to make the trial more efficient in terms of time to reach a decision on whether a new treatment is efficacious or not. Here, we test the composite null hypothesis of no difference at any follow-up time versus the alternative that there is a difference at at least one follow-up time. The methods are applicable when a few measurements are taken over time, such as in early longitudinal trials or in ancillary studies. Suppose the test statistic will be used to test the hypothesis of no treatment effect at a fixed follow-up time . In this context a common approach is to perform a pilot study on subjects, and evaluate the treatment effect at the fixed time points and choose as the value of for which is maximized. Having chosen a second trial can be designed. In a setting with group sequential testing we consider several adaptive alternatives to this approach that treat the pilot and second trial as a seamless, combined entity and evaluate Type I error and power characteristics. The adaptive designs we consider typically have improved power over the common, separate trial approach.
New cellular mechanisms of gap junction degradation and recycling
Authors: Carette Diane , Gilleron Jérôme , Denizot Jean‐Pierre , Grant Kirsty , Pointis Georges , Segretain Dominique 
Published: March 2015

Background InformationConnexins (Cxs), the constitutive proteins of gap junctions, are key actors of many physiological processes. Therefore, alterations of Cx expression and degradation lead to the development of physiopathological disorders. Because of the formation of a double membrane vesicle termed annular gap junction (AGJ), gap junction degradation is a unique physiological process for which many cellular aspects remain unclear.ResultsBy using a combination of time‐lapse fluorescence microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, we evidenced new specific cellular events concerning gap junction degradation and recycling. Indeed, by time lapse video microscopy we demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, that an entire AGJ can be fully recycled back to the plasma membrane. Moreover, we dissected the degradative processes of gap junction by electron microscopy approaches. Interestingly, in addition to canonical autophagy and heterophagy pathways, previously described, we discovered that both pathways could sometimes intermingle. Strikingly, our results also highlighted a new lysosome‐based autophagy pathway that could play a pivotal role in common autophagy degradation.ConclusionsThe present investigation reveals that AGJ degradation is a more complex process that it was previously thought. First, a complete recycling of the gap junction plaque after its internalisation could occur. Second, the degradation of this peculiar double membrane structure is possible through autophagy, heterophagy, hetero‐autophagy or by lysosomal‐based autophagy. Altogether, this work underlines novel aspects of gap junction degradation that could be extended to other cell biology processes.
Meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine enhances leptin sensitivity in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Yan Chunling , Yang Yongjie , Saito Kenji , Xu Pingwen , Wang Chunmei , Hinton Antentor Othrell , Yan Xiaofeng , Wu Qi , Tong Qingchun , Elmquist Joel K , Fukuda Makoto , Xu Yong 
Published: March 2015

Background and PurposeMost forms of human obesity are characterized by impaired leptin sensitivity and, therefore, the effectiveness of anti‐obesity leptin therapy in these leptin‐resistant obese patients is marginal. Hence, the development of strategies to increase leptin sensitivity is of high priority in the field of obesity research.Experimental ApproachWe first examined the effects of co‐administration of leptin and meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), an agonist of 5‐HT2C and 5‐HT1B receptors, on energy balance in leptin‐resistant diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice. We further assessed leptin‐induced phosphorylation of the STAT‐3 (pSTAT3) in various brain regions of DIO mice pretreated with mCPP or in mice genetically lacking 5‐HT2C receptors.ResultsCo‐administration of mCPP with leptin had an additive effect on reducing body weight in DIO mice. Furthermore, mCPP pretreatment in DIO mice enhanced leptin‐induced pSTAT3 in the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the ventral premammillary nucleus. Finally, deletion of 5‐HT2C receptors significantly blunted leptin‐induced pSTAT3 in these same hypothalamic regions.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur study provides evidence that drugs, which activate 5‐HT2C receptors, could function as leptin sensitizers and be used in combination with leptin to provide additional weight loss in DIO.