bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption/Reconstitution of Skin Structure Treated by Ethanol
Authors: Hatta Ichiro , Nakazawa Hiromitsu , Ohta Noboru 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Organic solvents have been used as vehicle for cosmetics and percutaneous pharmaceuticals in skin. We performed X-ray diffraction measurement on applying a solvent, ethanol, to hairless mouse stratum corneum. We found that the diffraction peak intensities for the structures formed by lamellae and soft keratins decreased, while that for the hydrocarbon-chain packings slightly decreased. In addition the intensity of ethanol in the stratum corneum increased. After evacuating ethanol solution from the stratum corneum, all of the structures were largely regenerated.
In Situ Observation of Stratum Corneum Using Cantilever-assisted Two-beam Interference Microscopy
Authors: Yanagiya Shin-ichiro , Katayama Hiroshi , Goto Nobuo 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We demonstrated in situ observation of the swelling of stratum corneum (SC) by cantilever-assisted two-beam interference microscopy (CATBIM) in this study. The CATBIM enabled us to observe the refractive index changes of the small region of a stratum corneum in 1% glycerin solution. Interference pattern images of the SC were successfully acquired. The fringe interval was almost the same during the experiments. On the other hand, the thickness by swelling of the SC increased with time. The speeds of swelling decreased with time.
Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol: Effects of Pt and SiO2
Authors: Rangsunvigit Pramoch , Tharathonpisutthikul Roongnuch , Chavadej Sumaeth , Gulari Erdogan 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol was studied using TiO2, Pt/TiO2, TiO2–SiO2, and Pt/TiO2–SiO2 prepared by the sol–gel method. The addition of Pt in TiO2 improved the catalytic activity and the highest activity was obtained with 1%Pt/TiO2. For TiO2–SiO2, the highest activity was achieved with 10%SiO2–TiO2 because of its highest adsorption capacity. Although 1% Pt or 10% Si in TiO2 improved the catalyst activity, the synergistic effect of adding both 1% Pt and 10% Si was not observed.
The Thermally Induced Aggregation of Immunoglobulin G in Solution is Prevented by Amphipols
Authors: Ma Dewang , Martin Nicolas , Herbet Amaury , Boquet Dider , Tribet Christophe , Winnik Françoise M 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The thermal stability of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in water was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in the presence of an amphiphilic polymer (amphipol). The polymer was shown to decrease significantly the enthalpy of IgG unfolding. IgG did not aggregate upon heating up to 75 °C in the presence of polymer unlike the situation in the absence of polymer. The mixed solutions remained free of aggregates upon cooling.
Estimators of the local false discovery rate designed for small numbers of tests
Authors: Padilla Marta , Bickel David R. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Histogram-based empirical Bayes methods developed for analyzing data for large numbers of genes, SNPs, or other biological features tend to have large biases when applied to data with a smaller number of features such as genes with expression measured conventionally, proteins, and metabolites. To analyze such small-scale and medium-scale data in an empirical Bayes framework, we introduce corrections of maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the local false discovery rate (LFDR). In this context, the MLE estimates the LFDR, which is a posterior probability of null hypothesis truth, by estimating the prior distribution. The corrections lie in excluding each feature when estimating one or more parameters on which the prior depends. In addition, we propose the expected LFDR (ELFDR) in order to propagate the uncertainty involved in estimating the prior. We also introduce an optimally weighted combination of the best of the corrected MLEs with a previous estimator that, being based on a binomial distribution, does not require a parametric model of the data distribution across features. An application of the new estimators and previous estimators to protein abundance data illustrates the extent to which different estimators lead to different conclusions about which proteins are affected by cancer.A simulation study was conducted to approximate the bias of the new estimators relative to previous LFDR estimators. Data were simulated for two different numbers of features (N), two different noncentrality parameter values or detectability levels (dalt), and several proportions of unaffected features (p0). One of these previous estimators is a histogram-based estimator (HBE) designed for a large number of features. The simulations show that some of the corrected MLEs and the ELFDR that corrects the HBE reduce the negative bias relative to the MLE and the HBE, respectively.For every method, we defined the worst-case performance as the maximum of the absolute value of the bias over the two different dalt and over various p0. The best worst-case methods represent the safest methods to be used under given conditions. This analysis indicates that the binomial-based method has the lowest worst-case absolute bias for high p0 and for N = 3, 12. However, the corrected MLE that is based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle is the best worst-case method when the value of p0 is more uncertain since it has one of the lowest worst-case biases over all possible values of p0 and for N = 3, 12. Therefore, the safest estimator considered is the binomial-based method when a high proportion of unaffected features can be assumed and the MDL-based method otherwise.A second simulation study was conducted with additional values of N. We found that HBE requires N to be at least 6-12 features to perform as well as the estimators proposed here, with the precise minimum N depending on p0 and dalt.
The Internalization of Advertising Services: An Inter-Industry Analysis
Authors: Horsky Sharon , Michael Steven C. , Silk Alvin J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which U.S. advertisers use in-house rather than independent advertising agencies and examines inter-industry variation in such internalization. Contrary to the widely-held impression that use of an in-house advertising agency is more the exception than the rule, we find that vertical integration of advertising services is much more widespread than has hitherto been appreciated. Drawing on concepts from research on scale economies and transaction costs, we develop a set of hypotheses about differences in the expected depth of internalization across industries. We test these hypotheses in cross sectional analyses of data covering 69 two digit SIC industries at two points in time, 1991 and 1999. In both years, approximately half of advertisers of all sizes operated an in-house agency. Across industries, we find that the likelihood of internalization of at least some advertising services decreases as the size of advertising outlays increase but increases as advertising intensity and technological intensity increase and is greater for “creative” industries.
A Surprising Result Encountered in Various Extensions of the Traditional Deterrence Game
Authors: Carlson Lisa J. , Dacey Raymond 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this note is to present a surprising result regarding crisis initiation and termination. The decision problem treated here is distilled from an extension of the two-sided incomplete information version of the traditional deterrence game. We employ a two-stage analysis of the decision problem faced by the Challenger that formally links the onset of a crisis to the decision over whether to escalate the crisis should the Challenger face resistance from the Defender. The two-part result is as follows. A crisis is more likely to be initiated by a Challenger who will ultimately back down if Defender chooses to resist than by a Challenger of the same type who will choose to escalate if Defender chooses to resist. Contrariwise, a crisis is less likely to be initiated by a Challenger who will ultimately escalate if Defender chooses to resist than by a Challenger of the same type who will choose to back down if Defender chooses to resist.
Adding value to laboratory medicine: a professional responsibility
Authors: Beastall Graham H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLaboratory medicine is a medical specialty at the centre of healthcare. When used optimally laboratory medicine generates knowledge that can facilitate patient safety, improve patient outcomes, shorten patient journeys and lead to more cost-effective healthcare. Optimal use of laboratory medicine relies on dynamic and authoritative leadership outside as well as inside the laboratory. The first responsibility of the head of a clinical laboratory is to ensure the provision of a high quality service across a wide range of parameters culminating in laboratory accreditation against an international standard, such as ISO 15189. From that essential baseline the leadership of laboratory medicine at local, national and international level needs to ‘add value’ to ensure the optimal delivery, use, development and evaluation of the services provided for individuals and for groups of patients. A convenient tool to illustrate added value is use of the mnemonic ‘SCIENCE’. This tool allows added value to be considered in seven domains: standardisation and harmonisation; clinical effectiveness; innovation; evidence-based practice; novel applications; cost-effectiveness; and education of others. The assessment of added value in laboratory medicine may be considered against a framework that comprises three dimensions: operational efficiency; patient management; and patient behaviours. The profession and the patient will benefit from sharing examples of adding value to laboratory medicine.
Determination of absolute molecular weight of sodium lignosulfonates (NaLS) by laser light scattering (LLS)
Authors: Qian Yong , Deng Yonghong , Guo Yunqing , Yi Conghua , Qiu Xueqing 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The problems related to the determination of the absolute molecular weight (M
w) of sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) are the focus of the present work. Four narrow-dispersed NaLS fractions were collected by filtration, ultrafiltration, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their M
w measured by laser light scattering (LLS
Mw

) was compared with that obtained by GPC (GPC
Mw

). The LLS
Mw

values were much larger than GPC
Mw

, and this M
w difference increased with increasing M
w of NaLS. This finding confirms the known polyelectrolyte and aggregation effects of NaLS. The deviation is also partly due to the conformation differences between the GPC standard (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) and the NaLS molecules. The effects of polyelectrolytes and NaLS aggregates could be inhibited by adding enough NaCl salt in the NaLS solution and filtering the NaLS/NaCl solution through a syringe filter. As a result, the slow mode in dynamic LLS measurement disappeared. By this approach, the absolute LLS
Mw

values were only slightly larger than that determined by GPC due to the conformation differences between the GPC standard and the NaLS molecules.
Semi-analytical prediction and experimental evaluation of material damping in wood panels
Authors: Labonnote Nathalie , Rønnquist Anders , Malo Kjell Arne 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A semi-analytical prediction model of material damping in timber panels has been developed. The approach is derived from the strain energy method and the input is based on loss factors, which are intrinsic properties of the considered materials, together with other material properties and mode shape integrals, whose calculation can easily be implemented in most finite element codes. Experimental damping evaluations of particleboards, oriented strand boards, and structural laminated veneer lumber panels are presented. Fair goodness of fit between the experimental results and the prediction models – relying only on the loss factors and the mode shapes – reveals an efficient approach for the prediction of material damping in timber panels including all boundary conditions.
Effect of intercalant types on the properties of melt blended metallocene polyethylene/metallocene polyethylene-g-silane/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Wen-Chih , Liu Jung-Liang , Lai Sun-Mou , Tang Shi-Xian , Jer Tai Horng , Yang Chen-Hau , Kao Hui Cheng 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Melt mixed metallocene-catalyzed ­polyethylene elastomer (mPE)/clay nanocomposites, using a functionalized polyolefin elastomer (mPE-g-silane) as a compatibilizer, with the addition of the commercial clay with different intercalant types (Cloisite 20A and 30B) were prepared to investigate the importance of interfacial interaction. Cloisite 30B gave a relatively higher polarity than Cloisite 20A, but smaller original d-spacing. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, Cloisite 20A-filled nanocomposites depicted fairly well-dispersed clay within the mPE matrix, except with higher clay content. By contrast, the clay agglomerates were evident for Cloisite 30B-filled cases. A continuous increase of gel content for Cloisite 20A-filled systems was observed, but only a limited variation for Cloisite 30B-filled systems was found. The roles of the polarity degree of the organically modified clay, original d-spacing, and the compatibilizer, were quite essential. Young’s modulus of Cloisite 20A-filled samples increased with increasing clay content, from 23.8±1.3 MPa [0 parts per hundred resins (phr)] to 34.1±2.0 MPa (9 phr), whereas modulus of Cloisite 30B-filled samples did not show a significant variation. The tear strength of Cloisite 20A-filled nanocomposites increased up to two-fold with increasing clay content, reaching 9 phr. Only a slight increase in tear strength of Cloisite 30B-filled nanocomposites was observed. For the cutting strength, Cloisite 20A-filled cases also conferred higher values in comparison with Cloisite 30B-filled cases.
Influence of class F fly ash and silica nano-micro powder on water permeability and thermal properties of high performance cementitious composites
Authors: Jalal Mostafa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the influence of class F fly ash and silica nano-micro powder on water permeability and thermal properties of high performance concrete (HPC) as one of the most important cementitious composites. For this purpose, a fraction of Portland cement was replaced by silica fume, silica nanoparticles, blend of silica fume and silica nanoparticles and three percentages of fly ash as 10%, 2%, 10+2% and 5%, 10%, 15%, respectively. Specimens were prepared with two binder contents as 400 and 500 kg/m3. Thermal properties were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Capillary water absorption tests of the specimens were carried out at the age of 90 days. The results showed that the pozzolanic admixtures especially blend of silica fume and SiO2 nanoparticles have a significant effect on thermal properties and particularly capillary water absorption.
See no evil? Only implicit attitudes predict unconscious eye movements towards images of climate change
Authors: Beattie, Geoffrey , McGuire, Laura 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper examines how measures of both explicit and implicit attitudes to the environment relate to unconscious patterns of eye movements towards or away from iconic images of environmental damage and climate change. It found that those with a strong positive implicit attitude towards low carbon products spent significantly more time attending to negative images of climate change than positive images of nature in a ten second interval, and this occurred even in the first 200 milliseconds of looking. Those with a strong positive implicit attitude towards low carbon products also spent significantly more time attending to negative images of climate change in the first 200 milliseconds compared to those with a weaker implicit attitude. Measures of explicit attitude did not predict eye gaze towards the negative images in this way. In other words, there is a statistical association between implicit attitude (rather than explicit attitude) and how people focus their attention on iconic images of environmental damage and climate change. The study discusses the implication of this empirical finding for those attempting to mobilize consumers in the fight against climate change.
Do metaphoric gestures influence how a message is perceived? The effects of metaphoric gesture-speech matches and mismatches on semantic communication and social judgment
Authors: Beattie, Geoffrey , Sale, Laura 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Considerable evidence has demonstrated that people are not only sensitive to the information contained in concrete imagistic gesture, but furthermore, that they combine this gestural information with the accompanying speech in order to understand the full semantic meaning that a speaker conveys in a message. There is, however, very little experimental evidence concerning how people deal with more abstract metaphoric gestures and whether they extract meaning from these gestures and combine this with the information in the accompanying speech. The two studies reported here investigated this issue by comparing and contrasting the effects of metaphoric gesture-speech matches and mismatches on both semantic communication and social judgment. The studies found that individuals do combine the information contained in metaphoric gestures with that contained in speech and that the meaning of the utterance is demonstrably affected by the presence of a gesture-speech mismatch. The second study found that in messages in which there are gesture-speech mismatches, participants seemed to like the speaker less and were less likely to believe what they said. The implications of these studies for a range of domains, including advertising and politics, are discussed.
Language contextualization in a Hebrew language television interview: Lessons from a semiotic return to context
Authors: Glick, Douglas J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
An interview on a Hebrew language television show serves as the stage for a semiotic reading that documents a particular type of language contextualization. Drawing on Peirce and Jakobson, the analysis of the interview reveals that it is characterized by a repeating indexical icon that comes to organize meaning in real-time through a kind of poetic parallelism. This type is then juxtaposed to approaches that presume a pre-existing social or cognitive background as the organizing frame against which meaning in context emerges. On the assumption that the documented type may be far more common than expected, the implications for theorizing contextualization in social interaction are critically evaluated.
Introduction to the semiotics of belonging
Authors: Leone, Massimo 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The article proposes a phenomenological and semiotic theoretical framework for the intelligibility of the meaning of belonging, one of the most fundamental concepts in present-day cultures and societies. After defining belonging as a spatial enunciation that brings about 1) the frontiers of a space of belonging; 2) the consequent opposition between an environment of belonging and one of non-belonging; and 3) the relation between, on the one hand, the subject of enunciation and, on the other hand, the opposition /environment of belonging/ versus /environment of non-belonging/, the article articulates a typology of “figures of crossing,” in which belonging is manifested through the narrative dialectics between placement and displacement. In the theoretical framework of tensive phenomenology and semiotics, four macro-regimes of belonging are singled out: “sedentary estrangement,” “nomadic belonging,” “nomadic estrangement,” and “sedentary belonging.” Moreover, four semantic paths dynamically representing the transition between these regimes are identified: “exile/invasion,” “cosmopolitanism/curiosity,” “acclimation/tolerance,” and “alienation/suspicion.” In the conclusion, the theoretical framework developed by the article is proposed as instrument for the analysis of the “rhetorics of belonging” in present-day cultures and societies.
Urban morphogenesis
Authors: Marcos, Isabel 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This research on the morphogenesis of the city uses conjointly morphodynamic semiotic theory and structural theory of the urban form to elaborate the existence of a non-trivial topology, stemming from a process of stratification. The basic thesis of this work is the following: On the one hand, the form of a city emerges from the choice of its physical site; on the other hand, it modifies itself through geo-historical actualization. The theory of urban form proposes a global theory of the engendering of forms and their relationships to spatial positions. Morphodynamic semiotics adopts a dynamic conception of the modal phenomenon. These theoretical influences offer our study a morphogenetic conception of meaning that is reconstituted through spatial stratification. This model thus proposed enables us to reconstitute the form of the city in general.
On semiotics in language education
Authors: Augustyn, Prisca 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper examines the progenitors of the semiotic concepts in current Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory as well as some concepts that could further inform recent trends in SLA theory and practice. Through the connections between recent ecology models of language learning (e.g., Kramsch 2002, 2006, 2010) or an “ecological-semiotic perspective” (e.g., van Lier 2002, 2004) and fundamental concepts in semiotic theory such as the signifying order (Danesi), multimodality, (Kress), modeling systems theory (Sebeok), and Umwelt theory (von Uexküll), this paper also considers a recent draft of an ACTFL position statement on the Use of the Target Language in the Classroom.
Vision science: An empirical basis for Roentgen semiotics
Authors: Cantor, Robert M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate an empirical basis for Roentgen semiotics in vision science. We first observe that the triad of phases in the process of Roentgen diagnosis, previously termed detection, localization, and identification, originate at the cellular level in well-described visual pathways in the brain. We then demonstrate that the phenomenology of local Roentgen signs is derived from the physiology of cells in the detection, localization, and identification pathways. Furthermore, we infer that a fundamental duality principle in the interpretation of local Roentgen signs may be derived from a similar duality principle that governs the physiology of cells in the detection pathway. In this way, perceptual phenomenology of the mind is determined by cellular physiology of the brain.