bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORGANIZATIONAL ARCHITECTURE AND CORPORATE FINANCE
Authors: Smith Clifford W. 
Published: August 2014

Author's NoteThis article is based on remarks I gave at the 2000 meeting of the Southern Finance Association (SFA). I was extraordinarily flattered to be named Distinguished Scholar for 2000 by the SFA; I would like to thank the members and officers of the association for this award. As an SFA board member, I participated in establishing the Distinguished Scholar program. The original idea was to broaden participation in SFA by more of the profession's senior researchers. Last year I believe we chose the ideal person for the inaugural award, Professor Richard Roll of UCLA. But I must admit that I felt somewhat awkward in accepting the award this year. Although I certainly appreciate having my work recognized, I have attended SFA meetings regularly over the last quarter century. They afford a wonderful opportunity to renew valued friendships (some going back to graduate school) and revisit my southern roots. So this award is quite special for me, even if I do not consider myself its ideal recipient.
IS THERE A SIGNALING EFFECT OF UNDERWRITER REPUTATION?
Authors: Helou Abe , Park Gonyung 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this article we examine the effect of underwriter reputation on the abnormal return due to an announcement to issue seasoned new equity. After controlling for other factors that relate asymmetric information to abnormal returns, underwriter reputation still significantly reduces the magnitude of the negative announcement effect. We also develop a procedure to extract a signaling component from the measure of underwriter reputation. We show that the signaling component of underwriter reputation positively and significantly affects abnormal returns. This result supports the notion that issuing firms use underwriter reputation as an effective instrument to signal that their stocks are not overvalued.JEL classification: D82, G24, G30
FINANCING DECISIONS AND SIGNALING BY PARTIALLY ACQUIRED FIRMS
Authors: Akhigbe Aigbe , Madura Jeff , Spencer Carol 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIt is well documented that financing decisions by firms can signal valuable information about that firm. Our goal is to determine whether financing decisions by firms can signal valuable information about large stakeholders who have a substantial investment in those firms. In particular, we focus on financing decisions by firms after they had been partially acquired to determine whether these decisions signaled information that affected the values of their corresponding partial acquirers. We find that some financing policies by partially acquired firms may not only signal valuable information about themselves, but may also signal valuable information about their corresponding partial acquirers. We also find that the magnitude of the signal for the partially acquired firm that enacts a financing policy is dependent on the degree of monitoring imposed by the respective partial acquirer.JEL classification: G14, G34
FOREIGN OWNERSHIP RESTRICTIONS AND MARKET SEGMENTATION IN CHINA'S STOCK MARKETS
Authors: Chen G. M. , Lee Bong‐Soo , Rui Oliver 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe study market segmentation in China's stock markets, in which local firms issue two classes of shares: class A shares available only to Chinese citizens and class B shares available only to foreign citizens. Significant stock price discounts are documented for class B shares. We find that the price difference is primarily due to illiquid B‐share markets. Relatively illiquid B‐share stocks have a higher expected return and are priced lower to compensate investors for increased trading costs. However, between the two classes of shares, B‐share prices tend to move more closely with market fundamentals than do A‐share prices. Therefore, we find A‐share premiums rather than B‐share discounts in China's markets.JEL classification: G15
VENTURE CAPITAL AND IPO LOCKUP EXPIRATION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Bradley Daniel J. , Jordan Bradford D. , Yi Ha‐Chin , Roten Ivan C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMost initial public offerings (IPOs) feature “lockup” agreements, which bar insiders from selling the stock for a set period following the IPO, usually 180 days. We examine stock price behavior in the period surrounding lockup expiration for a sample of 2,529 firms from 1988 to 1997. We find that lockup expirations are, on average, associated with significant and negative abnormal returns, but the losses are concentrated in firms with venture capital backing. For the venture‐capital‐backed group, the largest losses occur for high‐tech firms and firms with the greatest post‐IPO stock price increases, the largest relative trading volume in the period surrounding expiration, and the highest quality underwriters.JEL classification: G14, G24
STOCK PRICES AND INFLATION
Authors: Anari Ali , Kolari James 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNumerous empirical studies establish that inflation has a negative short‐run effect on stock returns but few studies report a positive, long‐run Fisher effect for stock returns. Using stock price and goods price data from six industrial countries, we show that long‐run Fisher elasticities of stock prices with respect to goods prices exceed unity and range from 1.04 to 1.65, which tends to support the Fisher effect. We also find that the time path of the response of stock prices to a shock in goods prices exhibits an initial negative response, which turns positive over longer horizons. These results help reconcile previous short‐run and long‐run empirical evidence on stock returns and inflation. Also, they reveal that stock prices have a long memory with respect to inflation shocks, such that investors should expect stocks to be a good inflation hedge over a long holding period.JEL Classification:G12
WITHDRAWN SPIN‐OFFS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Alli Kasim , Ramírez Gabriel G. , Yung Kenneth K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examine market reaction to corporate spin‐offs that are eventually withdrawn. These spin‐offs do not experience the significant positive share price response reported for spin‐offs generally. The overall market reaction to both the initial spin‐off announcement and the withdrawal announcement is not significant. When a reason is provided for withdrawing a spin‐off, there is a significant positive market reaction; otherwise, there is a significant negative reaction. Firms that withdraw a spin‐off without stating a reason experience significant deterioration in industry‐adjusted operating performance in the three years following the withdrawal. These results indicate the market can anticipate the viability of withdrawn spin‐offs at the time of the initial announcement.JEL classification: G34
Improving the Productivity of Bread Wheat by Good Management Practices under Terminal Drought
Authors: Farooq S. , Shahid M. , Khan M. B. , Hussain M. , Farooq M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDrought‐induced damages in crop plants are ranked at top amid all losses instigated by diverse abiotic stresses. Terminal drought (drought at reproductive phase) has emerged as a severe threat to the productivity of wheat crop. Different seed enhancement techniques, genotypes and distribution of crop plants in different spacings have been explored individually to mitigate these losses; however, their interaction has rarely been tested in improving drought resistance in wheat. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of different seed enhancement techniques and row spacings in mitigating the adversities of terminal drought in two wheat cultivars during two consecutive growing seasons of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. Seeds of wheat cultivars Lasani‐2008 (medium statured) and Triple Dwarf‐1 (dwarf height) soaked in water (hydropriming) or CaCl2 (osmopriming) were sown in 20‐, 25‐ and 30‐cm spaced rows; just before heading, the soil moisture was maintained at 100 % field capacity (well watered) or 50 % field capacity (terminal drought) till maturity. Terminal drought significantly reduced the yield and related traits compared with well‐watered crop; however, osmopriming improved the crop performance under terminal drought. Among different row spacings, wheat sown in 20‐cm spaced rows performed better during both years of study. Wheat cultivar Lasani‐2008 performed better than cultivar Triple Dwarf‐1 under both well‐watered and stress conditions. Maximum net returns and benefit–cost ratio were recorded from osmoprimed seeds of cultivar Lasani‐2008 sown in 20‐cm spaced rows under well‐watered condition. Nonetheless, osmoprimed seeds of cultivar Lasani‐2008 sown in 20‐cm spaced rows were better able to produce good yield under terminal drought.
Effect of CeO2 on the Glass Structure of Sodium Germanate Glasses
Authors: Alvarado‐Rivera Josefina , Rodríguez‐Carvajal David A. , Acosta‐Enríquez Milka del C. , Manzanares‐Martínez María B. , Álvarez Enrique , Lozada‐Morales Rosendo , Díaz Gerardo C. , de Leon Aned , Zayas María E. 
Published: August 2014

Germanate glasses have potential applications as optical fibers. Materials doped with rare earth ions are good candidates for optical, lasing, and magnetic applications. Based on the ternary system, CeO2–Na2O–GeO2 a series of six glasses were fabricated using powder fusion, and varying the Na2O content from 0 to 45 mol%, and a CeO2 content constant at 3 mol%. The glasses were analyzed by FT‐IR, Raman and X‐ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies to obtain information about the glass structure, cerium oxidation's state and how it is introduced in the glass network. FT‐IR and Raman spectra revealed the presence of GeO6 and GeO4 groups as well as Q2 and Q3 units in the glasses with alkali low content. XPS spectra analysis revealed that the cerium ions were reduced from Ce4+ to Ce3+. The nonbonding to total oxygen ratio was estimated from the curve fitting of the O 1s core level spectra. Density and elastic parameters showed a nonlineal tendency in the change of the physical properties as a function of Na2O content. Finally, photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ce3+ ions. The characteristic 4f → 5d electronic transitions at 360 nm were detected, when a 280 nm excitation line of pulsed laser was used as excitation source.
The effect of a transforming care initiative on patient outcomes in acute surgical units: a time series study
Authors: Burston Sarah , Chaboyer Wendy , Gillespie Brigid , Carroll Roxanne 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the relationship between the implementation of a transforming care initiative and two patient outcomes, inpatient falls and hospital acquired pressure ulcers.BackgroundPatients continue to experience harm in hospitals from adverse events such as inpatient falls and hospital acquired pressure ulcers. These and other patient safety concerns led to transforming care initiatives.DesignThis cohort study used historical controls and a time series design. The setting was two surgical units of an acute care hospital; 7125 patients discharged from these units between July 2008–December 2010 were included. Those patients discharged during the initial 3 months of implementation were excluded. Several interventions were adopted as part of the transforming care initiative such as bedside handover and bedside whiteboards. Coded administrative data were accessed to identify patients who had experienced a fall or acquired a pressure ulcer during their hospital stay. Statistical process control was used to identify changes in outcomes over time.ResultsThe findings demonstrated variation in the proportion of patients experiencing a fall in both units and for the proportion of patients acquiring a pressure ulcer in one unit, following implementation.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that implementing a transforming care initiative may have some influence on the quality and safety of patient care as measured by patient falls and pressure ulcers but findings varied. Further research is required to gain an understanding of the inconsistency of the impact of these initiatives across all clinical contexts.
The epidemiology of skin care provided by nurses at home: a multicentre prevalence study
Authors: Kottner Jan , Boronat Xavier , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Lahmann Nils , Suhr Ralf 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to estimate the frequencies and patterns of skin care and applied skin care products in the home care nursing setting in Germany.BackgroundSkin care belongs to the core activities of nursing practice. Especially in aged and long‐term care settings, clients are vulnerable to various skin conditions. Dry skin is one of the most prevalent problems. Using mild skin cleansers and the regular application of moisturizing leave‐on products is recommended. Until today, there are no quantitative empirical data about nursing skin care practice at home in the community.DesignA multicentre cross‐sectional study was conducted in July 2012.MethodsHome care clients from the German home care nursing setting were randomly selected. Instructed nurse raters performed the data collection using standardized forms. Variables included demographics, skin care needs and skin caring activities.ResultsApproximately 60% of home care clients received skin care interventions. The majority were washed and two‐thirds received a leave‐on product once daily. There was large heterogeneity in cleansing and skin care product use. Most often the product labels were unknown or product types were selected haphazardly.ConclusionSkin care interventions play a significant role in home care and nurses have a considerable responsibility for skin health. Skin care provided does not meet recent recommendations. The importance of targeted skin cleansing and care might be underestimated. There are a confusing variety of skin care products available and often the labels provide little information regarding the ingredients or guidance about how they affect skin health.
Investigating the evolutionary assembly of a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot: deep phylogenetic signal in the distribution of eudicots across elevational belts
Authors: Molina‐Venegas Rafael , Aparicio Abelardo , Slingsby Jasper A. , Lavergne Sébastien , Arroyo Juan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo reconstruct the historical assembly of the eudicot flora of Mediterranean sierras by examining compositional (CBD), phylogenetic (PBD) and functional (FBD) beta diversity between elevational belts among disjunct mountain ranges (sierras), and relating these measures of turnover to environmental and geographical distances.LocationBaetic ranges, Andalusia, southern Spain.MethodsWe compiled eudicot species and subspecies (‘entities’) checklists for three elevational belts within each of eight sierras of Andalusia (‘sites’) and tested for non‐random patterns of PBD and FBD of all entities and of endemic entities separately among sites between and within sierras. Multiple regression on distance matrices was used to determine the respective contribution of climate, lithology and geographical distance to CBD, PBD and FBD. Finally, we decomposed PBD into the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity, and quantified the phylogenetic diversity (PD) within sites.ResultsThe observed PBD and FBD among elevational belts within sierras for all entities were generally higher than expected based on their respective null distributions, whereas CBD among elevational belts within sierras was similar or even lower than between sierras. In contrast, the observed PBD and FBD for endemics were non‐significant in most of the comparisons. Temperature‐related variables best explained patterns of CBD, PBD and FBD for all entities, whereas lithology and geographical distance were the main drivers of endemic CBD. The observed PBD among elevational belts within sierras was mainly attributable to differences in PD rather than ‘true’ turnover.Main conclusionsThere is strong structuring of plant lineages along elevational gradients in the Baetic range, probably due to habitat filtering acting on life forms and character syndromes that show strong phylogenetic signal. The differentiation of the endemic flora that contributed to the emergence of this western Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot was probably driven by geographical isolation and/or by repeated specialization to contrasting lithologies.
Estimates and multivariable risk assessment of gingival recession in the population of adults from Porto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Rios Fernando S. , Costa Ricardo S. A. , Moura Mauricio S. , Jardim Juliana J. , Maltz Marisa , Haas Alex N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo describe estimates and determine risk indicators of gingival recession in the urban population of Porto Alegre, Brazil.Materials and MethodsA representative sample of 1023 adults 35 years and older was obtained using a multistage probability sampling strategy. A structured questionnaire was applied and a clinical examination was performed at four sites of all teeth present. Complex survey commands were used for the estimation of gingival recession (GR) and during risk assessment.ResultsGR ≥1 mm affected 99.7% of subjects. The percentage of subjects with ≥1 tooth with GR ≥3 mm and ≥5 mm was 75.4% and 40.7%, respectively. 67.6%, 27.8% and 9.5% of teeth per subject showed GR ≥1 mm, ≥3 mm and ≥5 mm, respectively. Older age, male gender, smoking exposure, poor self‐reported oral hygiene, history of periodontal treatment and high percentage of calculus were significant risk indicators for GR found after multivariable risk assessment. When buccal GR was analysed separately, only gender, age, smoking and high education were significant risk indicators for GR, whereas variables related to oral hygiene were not associated.ConclusionGR is highly prevalent in this Brazilian population. Preventive strategies for GR may target a variety of socio‐demographic, behavioural and clinical risk indicators.
Potential synergistic anti‐tumor activity between lenalidomide and sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ou Da‐Liang , Chang Chun‐Jung , Jeng Yung‐Ming , Lin Yi‐Jang , Lin Zhong‐Zhe , Gandhi Anita K , Liao Sheng‐Chieh , Huang Zi‐Ming , Hsu Chiun , Cheng Ann‐Lii 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThe immune modulatory drug lenalidomide has shown promising anti‐tumor activity in a clinical trial of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study explored whether lenalidomide can enhance the anti‐tumor activity of sorafenib, the standard molecular targeted therapy for HCC.MethodsThe anti‐tumor efficacy of single‐agent or combination treatment was measured by change in tumor volume and animal survival using an orthotopic liver cancer model. Distribution of T‐cell subpopulations in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and splenocytes derived from tumor‐implanted mice was measured by flow cytometry. Depletion of relevant T‐cell subpopulations or cytokines was done by co‐administration of relevant antibodies with study drug treatment. Tumor cell apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis were measured by transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labeling assay and immunohistochemical study, respectively.ResultsCombination of sorafenib and lenalidomide produced significant synergistic anti‐tumor efficacy in terms of tumor growth delay and animal survival. This synergistic effect was associated with a significant increase in interferon‐γ expressing CD8+ lymphocytes in TILs and a significantly higher number of granzyme‐ or perforin‐expressing CD8+ T cells, compared with vehicle‐ or single‐agent treatment groups. Combination treatment significantly increased apoptotic tumor cells and vascular normalization in tumor tissue. The synergistic anti‐tumor effect was abolished after CD8 depletion.ConclusionsLenalidomide can enhance the anti‐tumor effects of sorafenib in HCC through its immune modulatory effects, and CD8+ TILs play an important role in the anti‐tumor synergism.
Developmental changes in cognitive and behavioural functioning of adolescents with fragile‐X syndrome
Authors: Frolli A. , Piscopo S. , Conson M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with fragile‐X syndrome exhibit developmental delay, hyperexcitation and social anxiety; they also show lack of attention and hyperactivity. Few studies have investigated whether levels of functioning change with increasing age. Here, we explored developmental changes across adolescence in the cognitive and behavioural profile of individuals with fragile‐X syndrome. To this scope, we assessed intellectual functioning, adaptive behaviour, autistic symptomatology, behavioural problems (e.g. hyperactivity/lack of attention) and strengths (prosocial behaviours).MethodThirty‐six participants underwent standardised outcome measures (i.e. the Wechsler Intelligence Scales‐Revised, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire) in three time points (Time 1: 9–11; Time 2: 11–13, and Time 3: 13–15 years).ResultsVerbal IQ improved across time, whereas Nonverbal IQ declined and Full Scale IQ was quite unchanged. Autism ratings decreased; communication and social aspects of adaptive behaviour also enhanced. Finally, elevated levels of hyperactivity/lack of attention at Time 1 significantly improved across the three time points, whereas emotional symptoms, behavioural difficulties, problems with peers and prosocial behaviours remained stable over time.ConclusionThese findings revealed specific developmental changes in cognitive and behavioural functioning of individuals with fragile‐X syndrome, likely related to a progressive maturation of brain systems devoted to attentional control.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GATT/WTO TO GLOBAL ECONOMIC WELFARE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper surveys estimates of the value of the GATT/WTO's contributions to global welfare through providing a forum for negotiating reductions in policy‐induced distortions to trade flows, including through the process of accession by new members. After reviewing measures of the price‐distorting effects of trade‐related policies, it assesses estimates from global simulation models of the welfare effects of trade liberalizations prior to the WTO's Doha round, including the net benefits and transfers associated with implementing the Uruguay Round agreement on trade‐related intellectual property rights, and then reviews estimates of the potential welfare effects of a Doha round agreement to cut tariffs and subsidies. Econometric estimates of past trade and related effects of the GATT/WTO are then examined, before turning to estimates of the benefits of WTO accession and of potential benefits from WTO‐sponsored trade facilitation. The paper concludes that while it remains difficult to attribute reforms directly to the GATT/WTO, the overall body of evidence presented supports the economic profession's consensus that this institution has contributed substantially to global economic welfare.