bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pugna pro patria
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reinterprets the role and significance of the pagan suicide Cato as the first saved soul in Dante’s Christian Purgatory from the perspective of the Disticha Catonis’s popularity in medieval education. This collection of moralizing aphorisms spuriously attributed to Cato was one of the most popular school texts of medieval Europe. The Disticha Catonis were often quoted in contemporary political discussions about a citizen’s duty to die for the homeland. The chapter shows how the political reception of this school text influenced Dante’s representation of Cato in the Commedia. In particular, it argues that Dante distanced his discussion of Cato across Convivio, Commedia, and Monarchia, from contemporary reception of the Disticha, as this becomes evident by means of a comparison with Brunetto Latini’s and Remigio de’ Girolami’s use of the same source. Against the exploitation of Cato and his distichs for factional and patriotic propaganda, throughout his oeuvre Dante increasingly turns this republican hero into a defender of freedom and a providential figure in the history of Rome’s universal empire.
Epilogue
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue closes the book on Dante’s intertextual criticism of Henry of Settimello’s Elegia in the crucial scene of the protagonist’s reunion with Beatrice at the top of Mount Purgatory. Here, as it is well known, Dante reworks the topoi of conversion and retractation by engaging with the two most authoritative texts on the subject, Augustine’s Confessiones and Boethius’s Consolatio. As both texts present the act of re-examining one’s own education, and particularly the place of elegiac poetry in Latin training, as part of their spiritual and ethical conversion, in Purgatorio 30–33, Dante questions Henry’s educational model of elegiac poetry. Thus, through Beatrice’s character, Dante puts forth an alternative model of Christian comic poetry and presents his own poetics of vernacular learning as an alternative to the instruction offered by established venues of higher education. Dante’s intertextual dialogue with Henry’s Elegia here may also suggest a new reading of Beatrice’s obscure attack against a “school” that led Dante astray, as a criticism of contemporary milieus of learning. Finally, Dante’s engagement with Henry’s subtexts here sums up the book’s fundamental arguments: first, Dante taps into the cultural literacy he shared with his lay audience to promote his own alternative educational program in the vernacular; and, second, Dante’s innovative vernacular poetics, based on the close imitation of the ancient auctores maiores, creatively reworked the classical reception showcased by medieval schoolbooks.
Analysing Political Parties and Democracy
Authors: Poguntke Thomas , Scarrow Susan E. , Webb Paul D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the major aspects relevant for the analysis of political parties and their role in democratic governance. In particular, we suggest that parties should be analysed as products of their (changing) environment, as professionalized organizations, as actors that create and maintain organized linkages to other collective actors, as recipients of public funding, as legislators who may act more or less cohesively and, last but not least, as communicators. In doing so, this chapter also provides an overview of the major theoretical and empirical contributions to the study of political parties and makes a case for the contextual richness offered by parallel case studies covering parties on four continents.
The United Kingdom Party System
Authors: Bartle John , Allen Nicholas , Quinn Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the two-party hegemony that has dominated the United Kingdom (UK) party system for around 100 years, examining the history of the system and how the dominance of the Conservative and Labour parties has allowed the two to mould a system to their collective advantage. While there is incontrovertible evidence that the public is discontented with the parties and the choices that they provide, the plurality electoral system and the shaping of legislation by the two parties mean there is little prospect of fundamental change. The framework conditions protect the system from incursions by challenger parties and give the two parties time to adapt to changing conditions and new demands, with varying degrees of success.
The Long Way towards Polarized Pluralism
Authors: Angenendt Michael , Brause Simon D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine the challenges that the German party system and established parties faced in the early 2020s, tracing the path towards polarized pluralism. Through longitudinal data, we illustrate the major trends since the post-war period, with an emphasis on the system’s polarization, fragmentation, and electoral competition. We also address the challenges that parties face as organizations in a changing political environment. The German party system has undergone significant changes, putting parties under increased competitive pressure. These changes include heightened volatility, weakened catch-all parties, and a rise in politicization, leading to diversified political competition through the emergence of the populist radical right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the success of the Green party. Currently, the party system is more polarized and pluralistic than ever, with new and diverse coalition models reflecting the altered competition. While the situation does not necessarily indicate a democratic crisis, the increasing polarization, particularly evident in eastern German federal states, could threaten the system’s future stability.
Fragmentation and Anti-Establishment Politics
Authors: Cirhan Tomáš , Kopecký Petr 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
If one would look for trends characterizing the Czech party system in the 2020s, it would be fragmentation and a wave of new anti-establishment parties. Although relatively stable and electorally predictable in the past, the Czech party system has registered fundamental changes in recent years. The influx of many newcomers changed the number of parties in the parliamentary arena and influenced the issues structuring political competition. No longer driven by the ideological struggle, the conflict began to be drawn along the lines of the political establishment versus anti-establishment parties. Many of the latter were often short-lived, haunted by intra-party divisions and conflicts. We focus on these recent party system transformations, mainly on the surge of anti-establishment parties exemplifying the most significant of these changes. Our findings highlight how several of their organizational features influence their survival, pre-disposing their political fates. Our analysis shows what the fragmented party system means for government formation and democratic development.
Gothic jains, OE geon*, OHG jenēr, and congeners
Authors: Stiles Patrick V. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A plethora of pre-forms has traditionally been posited to account for Gothic jains, Old English geon* (later English yon), and Old High German jenēr—demonstratives with remote deixis—together with obviously related forms. It is proposed that all the shapes of the Germanic languages in fact descend from a single precursor: Proto-Germanic *jaina- with strong adjective inflection, as most clearly seen in Gothic. The other dialects have monophthongized *ai to OE long ā and Continental West Germanic long ē (unexpectedly in the case of High German, but not without parallels) and then shortened the stem vowel in weakly accented environments. This study shows once again that the doublets, triplets, or quadruplets of reconstructed forms found in the handbooks can be reduced, if one is willing to take the time to consider how they may be derived from some single starting point.
“A Stonie Race Indeed”
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“A Stonie Race Indeed” pivots from England’s petrogenesis to the stony genesis of its human inhabitants. From its biblical and classical heritage, the early modern world gained a lithic double helix that informed its understanding of human genesis, evolution, and devolution. The biblical and Ovidian accounts of human creation were syncretized to form the bedrock for a “stonie race.” Although humans might wish to distinguish themselves from their base matter, its persistent presence served to curb their hubris. This chapter follows how stone might engender, but also degender, humankind. For a focal case study, the chapter considers Edmund Spenser’s iron man, Talus, from Book 5 of The Faerie Queene, whose joint nature dramatizes human obduracy. As an allegorical figure of justice whose violence still horrifies readers, Talus, in this chapter’s reading, is less inhuman machine and more troublingly human.
“Upon this Rock”
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“‘Upon this Rock’: Founding England’s Church,” turns to a key institution—the Church of England—that set England apart from its Continental Christian neighbors and traces a transcorporeal lithic geography that undergirds a succession of spiritual empires—from 1) Judaism in Jerusalem, to 2) Catholicism in Rome to, finally, 3) Protestantism in London. It opens with the Jewish Old Testament heritage of the Foundation Stone below the sacred site known as Dome of the Rock (in Arabic Haram al-Sharif). Appropriating this lithic biblical heritage, the Catholic Church in Rome drew authority from its claim to St. Peter, the rock upon whom Christ founded his church. Petrine authority consequently informed the Catholic consecration of stone altars upon which Mass was performed. Reformation theologians, like John Calvin, argued that the only church cornerstone is Christ himself, not some geographical rock. In London, and across England, the cornerstone’s identity would periodically ignite controversies over church altars that, subsequently, spread to the printed frontispieces of foundational devotional texts of the Anglican Church.
When Recognition is Declaratory
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Contemporary practice leaves little doubt that certain entities are to be regarded and treated as States under international law regardless of whether one or more States recognise them. This is not so because of effectivity, as argued under the declaratory doctrine, but because one or more rules of international law that apply to the situation require them to be treated as States. Such entities will possess legal statehood regardless of whether they possess material statehood. It is widely accepted today that membership in the United Nations acts as an imprimatur of statehood, and this may be true of some other international organisations as well. It may also be true when exercising a recognised right to external self-determination or in case of consensual separation. Chapter 9 examines several possibilities in this regard, seeking to develop a normative theory of recognition that casts the act’s legal value in light of other applicable rules that could lead to opposability.
The Many Ideas of Labour Law
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Taking an overview of justifications for labour law, five themes are identified which increasingly displace the background private law rules that govern work. These themes are: (1) correction of market failure resulting from structural inequality of bargaining power between employers and workers by the special regulatory technique of collective bargaining; (2) protection of workers against abuse of the hierarchical relation of subordination by employers; (3) protection against or the mutualization of risks of employment insecurity for workers in a market economy; (4) to remedy social injustice by redistributing incomes and power within productive organizations; and (5) to help individuals to secure personal fulfilment through work by measures that improve the content of jobs and improve workers’ work/life balance. Concluding reflections examine likely trends in the market for labour in a knowledge and service economy and how the law of work may become ineffective if it does not become transnational regulation.
The Decent Work Agenda and the Developing World
Authors: von Broembsen Marlese 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
With a focus on developing countries, the chapter offers a critical reflection on the ILO’s decent work agenda (DWA)—its central tenets, its relationship to global development agendas, and its operationalization at the national level through Decent Work Country Programmes (DWCPs). The DWA introduced a paradigmatic shift within the ILO, namely that workers in the informal economy should also enjoy decent work. The chapter focuses on informal self-employed workers, which in many developing countries constitute most of the workforce. Yet these workers are excluded from the scope of labour laws and are denied rights to collective bargaining, occupational health and safety, and social protection. The chapter discusses the case of South Africa, where organizations of informal self-employed workers have influenced the priorities and activities of the current DWCP, illustrating that the DWA represents one pathway for workers in the informal economy to realize labour rights.
The Legal Uncertainties of Gig Work
Authors: Dubal Veena 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ‘question of Uber’ and the issue of gig worker status, focusing on the example of California. Despite years of litigation and political battles over the employment of on-demand workers, the status of app-deployed ride-hail and food delivery workers is unresolved in the state—and continues to be contested at the US federal level. Irrespective of app-deployed workers’ eventual employment status, a central legal issue in the future of digitalized gig work, it is argued, will remain the legal determination of worker pay—and more specifically how to define working time under algorithmically-managed systems.
Evolutionary Approaches to Social Cognition
Authors: Neel Rebecca , Neuberg Steven L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a starting point for social cognition researchers interested in adopting evolutionary approaches or those who seek to expand their theoretical and empirical toolkit. Evolutionary approaches offer numerous tools for discovering and explaining social cognitive phenomena. This chapter gives an overview of six of these tools: levels of analysis, ecological approaches, internal regulatory variables, approaches to bias and error, evolutionary mismatch, and phylogeny. The chapter explains how each tool may be used to understand social cognition, with examples and guidance for application. It then reviews recent applications of evolutionary approaches to understanding how humans navigate different domains of social life, such as kinships, friendships, status and hierarchies, romantic relationships, and violence and disease. Finally, it highlights the insights these approaches have generated for understanding stereotypes and stereotyping.
Abstract 19: Cord Blood HLA Diversity and Impact on Matching
Authors: Frenet Emeline Masson , Sung Dorothy , Brown Annalyn , Liu WenJun , Watanabe Chiseko , Lu Ling , Shi Patricia , Bryan Ayanna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
HLA matching is a key factor for Cord Blood Unit (CBU) selection. HLA haplotype frequencies vary widely among donors, and can be difficult to accurately determine without family typing.
Maternal HLA typing is performed as part of preparation for CBU shipment. It is a unique opportunity to identify HLA haplotypes in the CBU without relying on statistical tools.

Objectives
To identify parental haplotypes and assess their frequency and the impact on matching at transplant.

Methods
The past 100 units shipped from our bank were evaluated. HLA typing was performed for CBU and mother, at A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 (G level). Maternal typing was used to assign haplotypes (Figure 1-A), then frequencies were determined using published work on donor populations (Maiers M et al, Hum Immunology 2007). In order to assess the rarity of the combinations, we calculated the probability of finding an identical CBU in global inventory (n=803,869). Combinations with at least one possible CBU were assigned “Common” (C), less than one “Rare” (R). CBU with undocumented haplotypes were classified as “Unique” (U) (Figure 1-B).

Results
Parental haplotypes were successfully assigned for 97 CBU, identifying 194 haplotypes (Figure 1-A); 55 (28%) were not previously described.
50 CBU were classified as U (52%), 23 as R and 24 as C (Figure 1-B). U CBU were more frequently from minority donors (70%), as compared to the R and C groups (35% and 50%, respectively, p=0.01), and they were more likely to be NCBI funded (63%, vs 15% for R and 22% for C, p=0.02). R CBU had lower allele match than C, but the difference was not statistically different with U CBU, which achieved a match 6/8 or higher in 40% of cases (Figure 1C).

Discussion
More than 50% of the CBU had at least one undocumented haplotype. Both common and rare haplotypes in CBU achieved high allele match, predictive of good clinical outcome. This probably reflects the two categories of patients receiving CBU transplants: the ones with a common HLA and many donors but needing urgent transplant, and the ones with rare HLA making donor search futile and CBU the only option.

Figure 1
Abstract 30: In-Depth Characterization of B-Lineage Populations Arising During Cord Blood CD34+ HSPC Differentiation for ETV6::RUNX1 Progenitor Identification
Authors: Bhave Rigveda , Lindner Carla-Johanna , Jepsen Vera , Rüchel Nadine , Vasileiou Eleni , Tuononen Tiina , Heinäniemi Merja , Borkhardt Arndt , Fischer Ute , Kogler Gesine 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) frequently arises from a t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation occurring during fetal development, leading to the formation of dormant preleukemic clones, which only progress to leukemia after accumulating subsequent secondary mutations. Multiple studies have indicated that this pre-leukemic population lies in the CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) compartments, however, the exact identity of this progenitor is unknown [Greaves M., 2018].

Objectives
An in vitro model for differentiation of cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+CD45(low) HSPCs towards the B-lineage was established. We aim to (a) immunophenotypically elucidate HSPC and B-progenitor sub-populations arising in our model system, (b) detect variances in differentiation potential between GIPFEL-screened E::R+/- CB-HSPCs [Schafer et. al., 2018] and (c) investigate the biological origin of E::R clones.

Methods
To recapitulate fetal haematopoiesis in vitro, CD34+CD45(low) HSPCs were isolated from CBs (n=5) using magnetic sorting and co-cultured on a human bone marrow MSC (BM-MSC) line in media supplemented with cytokines (Figure 1a.). Flow cytometry protocols were established to distinguish between the HSPC and B-progenitor populations obtained over 35 days of differentiation (Figure 1b.). Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was performed from the mononuclear cell fraction of E::R+ (n=3) and E:R- (n=3) CBs, and will be used to analyze the impact of the translocation on B-lymphopoiesis in cord blood.

Results
CB-HSPCs were isolated (CD34+ purity 70-90%) and differentiated towards B-cells (~40 % CD19+ cells on day 35) (Figure 1c.) with a 60-fold expansion of hematopoietic cells within the first two weeks (~3*106 CD45+ cells/well on day 14). We identified the various HSPC and naive B-progenitor populations within our system and timepoints of peak emergence of these populations for cell sorting and subsequent experimentation (Figure 1d.). TdT (DNTT) expression was absent during CB-HSPC differentiation, indicative of a fetal differentiation status.

Discussion
A model system to differentiate CB-HSPCs towards the B-lineage to enable analysis of the earliest progenitors that arise during B-lymphopoiesis was established. We confirmed that our system recapitulates B-cell differentiation during fetal development and identified timepoints for cell sorting of these populations. ScRNA-Seq data will be analyzed to confirm the presence of these populations and understand the nature and impact of the E::R pre-leukemic compartment.
Comments and illustrations of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine contrast-enhanced ultrasound guidelines: Multiparametric imaging and EUS-guided sampling in rare pancreatic tumors. Benign mesenchymal pancreatic tumors
Authors: Möller Kathleen , Batali Alina , Jenssen Christian , Braden Barbara , Hocke Michael , On Wei , Everett Simon M. , Dong Yi , Ge Nan , Sun Siyu , Gerber Michael , Faiss Siegbert , Srivastava David , de Robertis Riccardo , D´Onofrio Mirko , Misselwitz Benjamin , Dietrich Christoph F. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The focus of the review is on primary benign mesenchymal pancreatic tumors and their imaging appearance. These tumors are extremely rare. Usually, they are not diagnosed until postoperative histology is available, and so even benign tumors have undergone extensive pancreatic resection. The very limited data on abdominal and EUS findings including contrast-enhanced techniques of these pancreatic lesions are summarized here. Case reports will be presented for some of these rare tumors with application of modern ultrasound and endosonographic techniques.
Effect of Two Hydration Strategies on CapillarySodium Concentrations in Runners Participating in 170-km Trail Race: The 2015 UltraTrail du Mont-Blanc Experience
Authors: Coulomb Rémy , Basset Patrick , Mezzarobba Myriam , Masseguin Christophe , Lefrant Jean-Yves , Mura Thibault , Roberts Jason A. , Mares Olivier 
Published: August 2024

Objective:
This study assessed the impact of 2 hydration strategies on capillary sodium concentrations during Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) 2015.

Design:
Prospective exposed/nonexposed cohort study.

Setting:
Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc 2015 (170 km).

Participants:
Thousand five hundred sixty-three registered runners of UTMB 2015 asked to predefine their hydration strategy as either “drinking to thirst” or any other mode (“not drinking to thirst”).

Intervention:
One hundred “drinking to thirst” participants were randomly selected and paired (sex and age) with 96 “not drinking to thirst” participants. Participant weight and capillary sodium concentrations were measured before and after the race.

Main Outcome Measures:
Variations of capillary sodium concentrations and weight during the trail according to predefine hydration strategy as either “drinking to thirst” or “not drinking to thirst.” Adverse events were recorded. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Among 196 participants, 88 (62 finishers) “drinking to thirst” and 87 (64 finishers) “nondrinking to thirst” participants were analyzed, respectively. There was no difference in the change in capillary sodium concentrations prerace to postrace between the groups (1.5 ± 4.4 vs 1.5 ± 4.7 mEq/L, P = 0.98). The change in participant weight was also not different (P = 0.3877). Hypernatremia or hyponatremia were reported in 19 of 88 (21.6%) and 24 of 87 (27.6%) in “drinking to thirst” and “non-drinking to thirst” participants, respectively (P = 0.20). The incidence of adverse events was not different between the groups.

Conclusion:
This study observed no impact of hydration strategy on the change in capillary sodium concentrations before and after UTMB 2015.