bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical stocking data and 19th century DNA reveal human‐induced changes to native diversity and distribution of cutthroat trout
Authors: Metcalf J. L. , Love Stowell S. , Kennedy C. M. , Rogers K. B. , McDonald D. , Epp J. , Keepers K. , Cooper A. , Austin J. J. , Martin A. P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany species are threatened with extinction and efforts are underway worldwide to restore imperilled species to their native ranges. Restoration requires knowledge of species' historical diversity and distribution. For some species, many populations were extirpated or individuals moved beyond their native range before native diversity and distribution were documented, resulting in a lack of accurate information for establishing restoration goals. Moreover, traditional taxonomic assessments often failed to accurately capture phylogenetic diversity. We illustrate a general approach for estimating regional native diversity and distribution for cutthroat trout in the Southern Rocky Mountains. We assembled a large archive of historical records documenting human‐mediated change in the distribution of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and combined these data with phylogenetic analysis of 19th century samples from museums collected prior to trout stocking activities and contemporary DNA samples. Our study of the trout in the Southern Rocky Mountains uncovered six divergent lineages, two of which went extinct, probably in the early 20th century. A third lineage, previously declared extinct, was discovered surviving in a single stream outside of its native range. Comparison of the historical and modern distributions with stocking records revealed that the current distribution of trout largely reflects intensive stocking early in the late 19th and early 20th century from two phylogenetically and geographically distinct sources. Our documentation of recent extinctions, undescribed lineages, errors in taxonomy and dramatic range changes induced by human movement of fish underscores the importance of the historical record when developing and implementing conservation plans for threatened and endangered species.
[PSI+] prion variant establishment in yeast
Authors: Sharma Jaya , Liebman Susan W. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryDifferences in the clinical pathology of mammalian prion diseases reflect distinct heritable conformations of aggregated PrP proteins, called prion strains. Here, using the yeast [PSI+] prion, we examine the de novo establishment of prion strains (called variants in yeast). The [PSI+] prion protein, Sup35, is efficiently induced to take on numerous prion variant conformations following transient overexpression of Sup35 in the presence of another prion, e.g. [PIN+]. One hypothesis is that the first [PSI+] prion seed to arise in a cell causes propagation of only that seed's variant, but that different variants could be initiated in different cells. However, we now show that even within a single cell, Sup35 retains the potential to fold into more than one variant type. When individual cells segregating different [PSI+] variants were followed in pedigrees, establishment of a single variant phenotype generally occurred in daughters, granddaughters or great‐granddaughters – but in 5% of the pedigrees cells continued to segregate multiple variants indefinitely. The data are consistent with the idea that many newly formed prions go through a maturation phase before they reach a single specific variant conformation. These findings may be relevant to mammalian PrP prion strain establishment and adaptation.
Prime time for minor subunits of the type II secretion and type IV pilus systems
Authors: Burrows Lori L. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe type II secretion system (T2SS) exports folded proteins from the periplasms of Gram‐negative bacteria. The type IV pilus system (T4PS) is a multifunctional machine used for adherence, motility and DNA transfer in bacteria and archaea. Partial sequence identity between the two systems suggests that they are related and might function via a similar mechanism, the dynamic assembly and disassembly of pseudopilus (T2SS) or pilus (T4PS) filaments. The major subunit in each system is thought to form the bulk of the (pseudo)pilus, while minor (low‐abundance) subunits have proposed roles in assembly initiation, antagonism of disassembly, or modulation of (pseudo)pilus functional properties. In this issue, Cisneros et al. () extend their previous finding that pseudopilus assembly is primed by the minor pseudopilins, showing that the same proteins can initiate assembly of Escherichia coli T4P. Similarly, they show that the E. coli minor pilins prime the polymerization of T2S pseudopili, although unlike genuine pseudopili, the chimeric filaments did not support secretion. This work reinforces the notion of a common assembly mechanism for the T2S and T4P systems.
Outcomes of general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in a series of patients with Fontan palliation
Authors: Rabbitts Jennifer A. , Groenewald Cornelius B. , Mauermann William J. , Barbara David W. , Burkhart Harold M. , Warnes Carole A. , Oliver William C. , Flick Randall P. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryObjectivesTo describe the experience of a single, tertiary care institution in the care of patients with Fontan physiology undergoing anesthesia for noncardiac surgery.BackgroundThe Fontan procedure was developed in 1971 to palliate patients with univentricular cardiac physiology leading to long‐term survival of these patients, who may now present as adults for noncardiac surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of Fontan patients 16 years and older who underwent general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Preoperative data, perioperative course, intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal complications were described.ResultsThirty‐nine general anesthetics were administered to 31 patients for noncardiac surgery after Fontan palliation. Perioperative complications occurred in 12 of the 39 (31%) noncardiac surgeries, and there was one postoperative death that occurred on day 13 after ventral hernia repair. The two patients who had complications that did not resolve (long‐term dialysis and death) had ejection fractions well below the mean for the group (22% and 28%).ConclusionIt may be more appropriate for Fontan patients to undergo anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in a tertiary institution, particularly patients with an ejection fraction of <30%. Intraoperative arterial blood pressure monitoring and overnight admission are likely appropriate for most cases.
Analysis of genotypic variation for normalized difference vegetation index and its relationship with grain yield in winter wheat under terminal heat stress
Authors: Hazratkulova Shahnoza , Sharma Ram C. , Alikulov Safar , Islomov Sarvar , Yuldashev Tulkin , Ziyaev Zafar , Khalikulov Zakir , Ziyadullaev Zokhid , Turok Jozef 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is a measure of leaf greenness (chlorophyll content), is considered to be correlated with crop productivity. This study was conducted to examine genotypic variations for NDVI at different growth stages and its relationship to yield in winter wheat under terminal heat stress. Thirty winter wheat genotypes were evaluated at two locations in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 in Uzbekistan. The NDVI was recorded at booting, heading, milk and dough stages. The wheat genotypes differed significantly for NDVI at each stage. Grain yield ranged from 3.9 to 6.1 t/ha. Wheat genotypes differed in per cent decline in NDVI from booting to dough stage. However, several high‐yielding genotypes maintained higher NDVI than low‐yielding genotypes when heat stress was evident. The findings suggest change in NDVI during heat stress could be a measure of tolerance. The positive correlation of NDVI with grain yield suggests that it could be used as an indirect selection criterion for identifying physiologically superior, high‐yielding wheat lines under terminal heat stress.
Mutants impaired in vacuolar metal mobilization identify chloroplasts as a target for cadmium hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: MOLINS HÉLÈNE , MICHELET LAURE , LANQUAR VIVIANE , AGORIO ASTRID , GIRAUDAT JÉRÔME , ROACH THOMAS , KRIEGER‐LISZKAY ANJA , THOMINE SÉBASTIEN 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants causing growth reduction and chlorosis. It binds thiols and competes with essential transition metals. It affects major biochemical processes such as photosynthesis and the redox balance, but the connection between cadmium effects at the biochemical level and its deleterious effect on growth has seldom been established. In this study, two Cd hypersensitive mutants, cad1‐3 impaired in phytochelatin synthase (PCS1), and nramp3nramp4 impaired in release of vacuolar metal stores, have been compared. The analysis combines genetics with measurements of photosynthetic and antioxidant functions. Loss of AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 function or of PCS1 function leads to comparable Cd sensitivity. Root Cd hypersensitivities conferred by cad1‐3 and nramp3nramp4 are cumulative. The two mutants contrast in their tolerance to oxidative stress. In nramp3nramp4, the photosynthetic apparatus is severely affected by Cd, whereas it is much less affected in cad1‐3. In agreement with chloroplast being a prime target for Cd toxicity in nramp3nramp4, the Cd hypersensitivity of this mutant is alleviated in the dark. The Cd hypersensitivity of nramp3nramp4 mutant highlights the critical role of vacuolar metal stores to supply essential metals to plastids and maintain photosynthetic function under Cd and oxidative stresses.
The Number of Regulatory T Cells Correlates with Hemodynamic Improvement in Patients with Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy After Immunoadsorption Therapy
Authors: Bulut D. , Creutzenberg G. , Mügge A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractInflammatory DCM (iDCM) may be related to autoimmune processes. An immunoadsorption (IA) has been reported to improve cardiac hemodynamics. The benefit of IA is probably related to the removal of autoantibodies. A recent study suggests additional effects of IA on the T cell–mediated immune reactions, especially on regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this prospective study, the correlation between the level of Tregs and improvement of myocardial contractility in response to IA in patients with iDCM was investigated. Patients (n = 18) with iDCM, reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (<35%), were enrolled for IA. Before and 6 months after IA, LV systolic function was assessed by echocardiography, and blood levels of Tregs were quantified by FACS analysis. Patients (n = 12) with chronic ischaemic heart failure and comparable reduced LV‐EF served as controls. IA improved LV‐EF in 12 of 18 patients at 6‐month follow‐up. These patients were classified as ‘IA responder’. In 6 patients, LV‐EF remained unchanged. At baseline, IA responder and non‐responder subgroups showed similar values for C‐reactive protein, white blood cells, lymphocytes and T helper cells, but they differ for the number of circulating Tregs (responder: 2.32 ± 1.38% versus non‐responder: 4.86 ± 0.28%; P < 0.01). Tregs increased significantly in the IA responders, but remained unchanged in the IA non‐responders. In patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, none of these values changed over time. A low level of Tregs in patients with chronic iDCM may characterize a subset of patients who do best respond to IA therapy.
Influenza A H1N1/2009 infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Gavaldà J. , Cabral E. , Alonso E. , Perez‐Romero P. , Pérez A. , Quintero J. , Campins M. , Vilalta R. , Alonso A. , Len O. , Navarro M. , Nieto J. , Jara P. , Charco R. , Pahissa A. , Cordero E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim and methodThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of pandemic influenza A H1N1/2009 (pH1N1) infection, in a retrospective cohort of pediatric patients with kidney and/or liver transplant and confirmed pH1N1 infection from June to December 2009, diagnosed in 2 Spanish teaching hospitals.ResultsForty‐nine patients were included. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 4 patients (8.2%), and 3 of them required respiratory support. There were no related deaths.ConclusionAntiviral treatment within 48 h was associated with a lower likelihood of pneumonia (0/38, 0%) than treatment started after 48 h (4/11, 36.3%) (P < 0.01).
The ammonium/nitrate ratio is an input signal in the temperature‐modulated, SNC1‐mediated and EDS1‐dependent autoimmunity of nudt6‐2 nudt7
Authors: Wang Hai , Lu Yuqing , Liu Pei , Wen Wei , Zhang Jianhua , Ge Xiaochun , Xia Yiji 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAtNUDT7 was reported to be a negative regulator of EDS1‐mediated immunity in Arabidopsis. However, the underlying molecular and genetic mechanism of the AtNUDT7‐regulated defense pathway remains elusive. Here we report that AtNUDT7 and its closest paralog AtNUDT6 function as novel negative regulators of SNC1, a TIR‐NB‐LRR‐type R gene. SNC1 is upregulated at transcriptional and possibly post‐transcriptional levels in nudt6‐2 nudt7. The nudt6‐2 nudt7 double mutant exhibits autoimmune phenotypes that are modulated by temperature and fully dependent on EDS1. The nudt6‐2 nudt7 mutation causes EDS1 nuclear accumulation shortly after the establishment of autoimmunity caused by the temperature shift. We found that a low ammonium/nitrate ratio in growth media leads to a higher level of nitrite‐dependent nitric oxide (NO) production in nudt6‐2 nudt7, and NO acts in a positive feedback loop with EDS1 to promote the autoimmunity. The low ammonium/nitrate ratio also enhances autoimmunity in snc1‐1 and cpr1, two other autoimmune mutants in Arabidopsis. Our study indicates that Arabidopsis senses the ammonium/nitrate ratio as an input signal to determine the amplitude of the EDS1‐mediated defense response, probably through the modulation of NO production.
On the use of expansion series for stream ciphers
Authors: Diem Claus 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFrom power series expansions of functions on curves over finite fields, one can obtain sequences with perfect or almost perfect linear complexity profile. It has been suggested by various authors to use such sequences as key streams for stream ciphers. In this work, we show how long parts of such sequences can be computed efficiently from short ones. Such sequences should therefore be considered to be cryptographically weak. Our attack leads in a natural way to a new measure of the complexity of sequences which we call expansion complexity.
EPID‐based verification of the MLC performance for dynamic IMRT and VMAT
Authors: Rowshanfarzad Pejman , Sabet Mahsheed , Barnes Michael P. , O'Connor Daryl J. , Greer Peter B. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:In advanced radiotherapy treatments such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), verification of the performance of the multileaf collimator (MLC) is an essential part of the linac QA program. The purpose of this study is to use the existing measurement methods for geometric QA of the MLCs and extend them to more comprehensive evaluation techniques, and to develop dedicated robust algorithms to quantitatively investigate the MLC performance in a fast, accurate, and efficient manner.Methods:The behavior of leaves was investigated in the step‐and‐shoot mode by the analysis of integrated electronic portal imaging device (EPID) images acquired during picket fence tests at fixed gantry angles and arc delivery. The MLC was also studied in dynamic mode by the analysis of cine EPID images of a sliding gap pattern delivered in a variety of conditions including different leaf speeds, deliveries at fixed gantry angles or in arc mode, and changing the direction of leaf motion. The accuracy of the method was tested by detection of the intentionally inserted errors in the delivery patterns.Results:The algorithm developed for the picket fence analysis was able to find each individual leaf position, gap width, and leaf bank skewness in addition to the deviations from expected leaf positions with respect to the beam central axis with sub‐pixel accuracy. For the three tested linacs over a period of 5 months, the maximum change in the gap width was 0.5 mm, the maximum deviation from the expected leaf positions was 0.1 mm and the MLC skewness was up to 0.2°. The algorithm developed for the sliding gap analysis could determine the velocity and acceleration/deceleration of each individual leaf as well as the gap width. There was a slight decrease in the accuracy of leaf performance with increasing leaf speeds. The analysis results were presented through several graphs. The accuracy of the method was assessed as 0.01 mm for both the gap size and peak position determination.Conclusions:This study provides fast, easy, and accurate test methods for routine QA of the MLC performance and helps in faster troubleshooting of MLC problems in both IMRT and VMAT treatments.
Review of exercise studies in breast cancer survivors: attention to principles of exercise training
Authors: Campbell Kristin L , Neil Sarah E , Winters-Stone Kerri M 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesResearch supports the use of exercise to improve quality of life and reduce the side effects of breast cancer treatment, such as fatigue and decreased aerobic capacity. Previously published reviews have focused on reporting the outcomes of exercise interventions, but have not critically examined the exercise prescriptions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the application of the principles of exercise training in the exercise prescriptions reported in intervention studies for breast cancer survivors.MethodsDatabases were searched for randomised controlled trials of exercise in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Data were extracted to evaluate the application of the principles of exercise training, the reporting of the components of the exercise prescription and the reporting of adherence to the exercise prescription.ResultsOf the 29 papers included, none applied all principles of exercise training. Specificity was applied by 64%, progression by 41%, overload by 31%, initial values by 62% and diminishing returns and reversibility by 7% of trials. No study reported all components of the exercise prescription.ConclusionThe application of the principles of exercise training varied greatly, and reporting of the exercise prescribed and completed was incomplete. When principles of exercise training are applied to the development of exercise protocols, there is greater confidence that non-significant findings reflect lack of efficacy of exercise rather than deficiencies in the prescription. Incomplete reporting of the exercise prescription and adherence to the prescription limits the reproducibility of the intervention, and the ability to determine the dose of exercise received by participants.
Television viewing time and reduced life expectancy: a life table analysis
Authors: Veerman J Lennert , Healy Genevieve N , Cobiac Linda J , Vos Theo , Winkler Elisabeth A H , Owen Neville , Dunstan David W 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundProlonged television (TV) viewing time is unfavourably associated with mortality outcomes, particularly for cardiovascular disease, but the impact on life expectancy has not been quantified. The authors estimate the extent to which TV viewing time reduces life expectancy in Australia, 2008.MethodsThe authors constructed a life table model that incorporates a previously reported mortality risk associated with TV time. Data were from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, a national population-based observational survey that started in 1999–2000. The authors modelled impacts of changes in population average TV viewing time on life expectancy at birth.ResultsThe amount of TV viewed in Australia in 2008 reduced life expectancy at birth by 1.8 years (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 8.4 days to 3.7 years) for men and 1.5 years (95% UI: 6.8 days to 3.1 years) for women. Compared with persons who watch no TV, those who spend a lifetime average of 6 h/day watching TV can expect to live 4.8 years (95% UI: 11 days to 10.4 years) less. On average, every single hour of TV viewed after the age of 25 reduces the viewer's life expectancy by 21.8 (95% UI: 0.3–44.7) min. This study is limited by the low precision with which the relationship between TV viewing time and mortality is currently known.ConclusionsTV viewing time may be associated with a loss of life that is comparable to other major chronic disease risk factors such as physical inactivity and obesity.
Staff's perception of abuse in healthcare: a Swedish qualitative study
Authors: Swahnberg Katarina , Wijma Barbro 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveThe study aim was to apprehend staff's perception of abuse in healthcare (AHC) after an intervention based on ‘Forum Play’, and make comparisons to preintervention interviews and interviews with male and female patients. AHC can be described as a failing encounter from the patient's perspective.DesignQualitative interview follow-up study.SettingA Swedish Women's Clinic.ParticipantsIn a preintervention study 21 staff members were interviewed. Eligible for the follow-up study were 14 informants who had participated in the intervention. Four declined participation leaving ten informants for this study.InterventionDuring January 2008–January 2009, all staff members (N=136) were invited to participate in Forum Play workshops. Seventy-four participants took part in at least 1 of the 17 half-day workshops.Primary outcome measuresStaffs perception of AHC.ResultsThe core category, ‘a summoning stone in the shoe’, was constructed of five categories: ‘Dehumanising the patient’, ‘Unacceptable: you are bound to act!’, ‘Ubiquitous’, ‘Unintentional’ and ‘Relative’. Forum Play had demonstrated possibilities to act even in seemingly ‘impossible’ situations, and that the taboo status of AHC was altered at the clinic. When our results were compared to those in the preintervention study, we found anincreasedawareness about AHC,moreconcrete examples of AHC, astrongerempathy for patients, andfewerexplanations, justifications and trivialisations of AHC.ConclusionIn this follow-up study staff's perception of AHC was closer to the patient's perspective. Compared to the preintervention interviews staff showed a greater willingness not only to acknowledge AHC, but also to take on a responsibility to act in order to stop or prevent AHC. Explanations for this stance could be that Forum Play had showed staff that there were possibilities to act, and that the taboo status of AHC had been broken at the clinic.