bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1998 Shoreline Conditions in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Zone in Prince William Sound
Authors: Page David S. , Gilfillan Edward S. , Stoker Sam W. , Neff Jerry M. , Boehm Paul D. , Little Arthur D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After the March 24, 1989 grounding of the Exxon Valdez and the release of 258,000 barrels of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil into the marine environment of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, a number of scientific studies were conducted from 1989 to 1998 to assess the fate and effects of the spill. These included the 1990–1991 shoreline ecology program (SEP), which detected little measurable impact of the spill, except at certain heavily oiled sites. In 1998, these 1990 and 1991 studies were updated. The 1998 study found spill small remnants from originally heavily oiled sites represent a minute fraction of the total PWS shoreline area. Any isolated deposits of remaining oil residues from the spill generally were found at the top of the tidal zone and highly weathered and therefore in a form and location unavailable and non-toxic to biota. Between 1991 and 1998, the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons at the “worst case” sites studied decreased dramatically. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations measured at these sites in 1998 were at least three times lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) sediment toxicity threshold values of 4,022 ng/g for total PAH. Mussels sampled at heavily oiled “worst case” sites in 1998 also had dramatically lower tissue PAH concentrations compared with samples taken in 1993, indicating low bioavailability of any hydrocarbons present and thus low risk to biota. Natural interannual variability in the structure of the biological infaunal communities is the largest, most consistent signal observed in this study, not any residual oil spill effects. The results of statistical analyses of the data (ANCOVA) indicated no continuing oiling effects in 1998. Consistent differences were observed between oiled and unoiled reference sites, but they were significant in only one analysis. These differences were unrelated to differences in the total PAH present among sites. Any observed differences are more likely related to the fact these “worst case” oiled sites were not selected in an unbiased, random manner.
Modeled Exposures To Freshly Spilled Crude Oil
Authors: Thayer Evan C. , Tell Joan G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Understanding initial oil spill responder's exposures is essential for planning purposes and a safe operation; however, there is little relevant information in the literature. Potential oil components of concern include hydrogen sulfide and benzene.
This paper uses three dispersion models to evaluate and discuss these potential responder health exposures. Key parameters addressed include the effects of the thickness of the spill and the component concentration in the crude oil. Determination of the amount of time needed for site concentrations to fall below the relevant health guidelines is an important outcome. Model results are compared with available exposure data in the literature. Implications for response planning are discussed.
Beyond Natural Resource Damage Assessment: A Navy/State of Washington Oil Spill Restoration Partnership
Authors: Davis Dale A. , Smith Dean C. , Doty Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Money from oil spill natural resource damage claims in Washington State is used primarily to fund environmental restoration and enhancement projects, but all parties liable for oil spills in the state are invited to propose and perform resource restoration projects in lieu of monetary compensation. As a result of numerous oil spills from Naval vessels and facilities in Washington and the high probability of future spills, Naval Base Seattle developed a comprehensive restoration program that lists potential restoration projects for Navy facilities throughout Washington, and supports restoration opportunities for non-Navy trustee properties. The program has evolved into a collaborative restoration planning effort between the Navy and Washington natural resource agencies to identify and prioritize restoration opportunities to be applied in the event of future Navy spills. To date, three restoration projects have been approved as compensation for five spills into Puget Sound from Naval vessels, and are considered highly successful by both the Navy and the state. This approach results in substantial savings for state agencies, restoration projects that are implemented quickly and efficiently, and environmental education and awareness for Navy personnel.
Some Thoughts On Salvage Operations During Oil Spills1
Authors: Buie Gregory W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent casualties have caused response planners, spill managers, underwriters, and government authorities to closely examine the role of salvage operations in the successful resolution of actual or potential spill events. The integration of salvage operations with oil spill response operations remains somewhat ill defined in the post-OPA 90 NIIMS based ICS response system. The responses to the Buffalo 292 and Buffalo 286 oil spills demonstrated that a coordinated, well-conceived, and professionally executed salvage operation can be conducted within the ICS framework. A similar response management model was used during the successful emergency lightering of the grounded tankship Overseas Valdez. These operations spotlighted the efficacy of the maritime community's implementation of the Vessel Response Plan (VRP) requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the successful integration of salvage operations into the incident command system, and the benefits of prompt access to computerized damage stability and residual strength calculation programs.
Tidal Inlets—A Major Hurdle to Effectively Protecting Sensitive Coastal Resources
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Montello Todd M. , Schrader Robert J. , Levine Edwin A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Along much of the coastline of the United States, the most abundant sensitive coastal resources, such as salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, occur within estuaries located landward of tidal inlets. Therefore, a protection strategy that could prevent oil spilled on the open ocean from passing through the inlets during flood tides would effectively protect these resources. Because of wave conditions and strong currents (2–3 kts common), inlets present a most difficult protection scenario requiring excellent scientific understanding and operational skills.
With the result of the Anitra oil spill in 1986, the NJDEP realized that the inlet protection strategies that had been proposed were not feasible. Based on previous experience for over two hundred tidal inlets in California and Florida, the NJDEP sponsored a project to devise protection strategies for the 13 inlets on the coast of New Jersey. The field team, which had backgrounds in geomorphology, environmental concerns, and response operations, devised the final strategies based on the following hierarchy of controls: (1) physical processes in the inlet; (2) protection priorities; and (3) probable effectiveness of response. The final strategies included boom positioning, probable oil movement, and other key elements. Special emphasis was placed on collection points, which were visited to determine access, habitat type, and boom deflection angles (and type). Inlets were classified according to degree of difficulty and expense of the response, and the most difficult ones were flagged for special concern. Strategies were devised and signed off on in the field, with significant input from local spill responders. A successful field test, which applied boom deflection and containment, was carried out in one of the typical inlets. Only through the combination of good scientific data, experience with years of on-scene operational know-how, field assessments, and refinement through field testing can effective strategies be developed to overcome one of the most difficult hurdles in successful oil spill protection. These strategies are designed as an educated starting point of operations to be modified according to the specific needs at the time of the incident.
Interaction Between Oil and Suspended Particulate Matter In The Yukon River
Authors: McCourt James , Shier Larry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A literature search and laboratory study were conducted to predict the amount of oil, if any, that would be removed by oil-solid interaction from the surface slick of a pipeline spill onto the Yukon River. Samples of Alaska North Slope crude oil and river water were shaken under various conditions and allowed to settle. The solid particles that sank were withdrawn and any oil associated with the solids was extracted and quantified. From the results, the most important factors affecting the oil-solid interaction process were mixing energy and temperature, and to a lesser degree oil volume and settling time. A reasonable estimate for oil loading on the suspended solids during a spill would be on the order of 0.1 g of oil per g of solid.
Co-Operative Planning Approach: A South-West Atlantic Frontier Exploration Area
Authors: Taylor Peter Mark , Olleveant Andrew , Spink John , Osborne Mike , Onder Ali 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil industry alliances bring benefits in various fields, including emergency planning. The benefits will include consistency in oil spill response plans and procedures, plus potential cost savings. Government, organisations and groups involved will appreciate a single and comprehensive consultative process. Time and money will be saved, plan formats will be consistent and there will be less scope for confusion. Partnership building will be stronger and more effective. This paper will use a case study of cooperative oil spill contingency planning in the south-west Atlantic to illustrate these points.
The Falkland Islands archipelago lies in the south-west Atlantic, approximately 400 km east of the tip of the South American mainland. In 1996 the Falkland Islands Government (FIG) undertook its first round of oil exploration licensing and awarded acreage. Four of the successful operating companies formed the Falklands Operators Sharing Agreement (FOSA). This co-operation extended to a number of areas, including a joint approach to oil spill contingency planning.
Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) worked with FOSA to produce a generic oil spill contingency plan, to function for all the companies and differ only in its emergency contact section. The contingency planning process closely followed the guidelines promulgated by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA, 1991) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO, 1995). A key factor was liaison with groups on the Islands and interfacing with the new Falkland Islands national oil spill contingency plan, which this paper will introduce.
Partnering for Improved Marine Safety and Environmental Protection
Authors: Wischmann Steve , Snyder Mike , Johnson Eugene 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 3, 1998, a Quality Partnership Agreement was signed between the United States Coast Guard and the Spill Control Association of America (SCAA). The partnership was expanded on July 16, 1998 to include the Association of Petroleum Industry Cooperative Managers (APICOM). The three groups agreed that the objectives for this partnership are to improve the effectiveness of oil spill response operations and to further sound risk management during these operations. Through this partnership, the private sector response community and the Coast Guard will have an opportunity to develop a program of structured, informal, and cooperative processes that will examine issues that could be improved upon to maximize marine safety and environmental protection.
This paper will discuss the history of spill response over the last 30 years in order to frame the current relationship between the Coast Guard and the response industry. In particular, issues of mutual concern to the Coast Guard, SCAA and APICOM that may be studied through the partnership will be introduced.
Regulatory Differences: Freight Ship and Tank Ship Pollution Response Preparedness1
Authors: Salerno Brian M. , Dreyfus Nathalie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There is an ancient maritime adage that says “a collision at sea can ruin your whole day.” While that is undoubtedly as true today as it ever was, the modern mariner would likely express a similar opinion about oil spills. This paper is about how the shipowner's degree of preparedness affects the quality of his response once his day has been ruined by an oil spill—or a potential spill.
The authors will compare two responses to potential major oil spills associated with vessel groundings. These occurred in the same geographic area, approximately 1 year apart, and involved many of the same government and industry responders. The primary difference between the two cases is vessel type: one vessel was a freight ship, which posed a significant pollution threat due to the quantity and location of its fuel, while the other was a laden tank vessel. Because the spill response planning requirements of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 differ for freight ships and tank vessels, the quality of the owners' environmental response preparedness varied dramatically. The fact that these two cases occurred in the same geographic area is significant only because it tends to highlight the differences in response planning as a function of vessel type, while at the same time limiting the effect of other potential response variables. The focus of the paper is not bound by the geography of the case examples. The authors contend that the same preplanning requirements in effect nationally for tank vessels are also needed for freight ships which pose a substantial threat to the environment, and advocate national and/or international regulatory changes to close the preparedness gap.
A High-Resolution Oil Drift Model on the Swedish Coast
Authors: Ambjörn Cecilia , Liungman Olof , Törling Gustaf 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) has developed a system for oil drift forecasting, which can be used by local authorities. The system shall predict where oil, coming from the open sea, hits the beaches or other parts of the archipelago. One crucial idea is that the system shall be easy to handle and also give fast calculations.
An operational three-dimensional hydrodynamical model covering the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is run daily at SMHI. When oil is found in the open sea the Swedish Coast Guard makes an oil drift forecast based on the daily runs. The oil drift forecasts are used as input data to the high-resolution local model for the Swedish west coast, which calculates the transport, behaviour, and spreading of the oil. The whole calculation is made within a GIS system. That gives access to all the geographical information and information about vulnerable areas.
In order not to be dependent on daily data transmission, the local model can choose between 71 different precalculated current fields. These fields are calculated using a three-dimensional model named PHOENICS, with a grid which is highly adapted to the coastal contours. Current measurements are performed for use as boundary values for the simulation of the precalculated current fields. This forecasting system is now developed for the northern part of the Swedish west coast (down to Gothenburg).
Rejuvenating the Port Area Committee Process
Authors: Jensen Donald S. , Hammell Thomas J. , Harrison Thomas D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The organization that is most critical to the preparedness of a port is the Area Committee (AC). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) mandated the establishment of ACs in every port area in the United States and charged them with oversight of the preparedness of their ports through preparation of Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) to specify how spill responses would be carried out. ACs were formed across the United States, and initial ACPs were drafted. Since the AC is an ad hoc voluntary group in each port, its resources and time available to accomplish its functions are often limited. Over time some ACs flourished and initiated many worthwhile projects advancing their mission of port preparedness. Others, through a lack of focus and resources, failed to achieve their full potential.
A recent study for the U.S. Coast Guard investigated the interaction of the AC and the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) government-led area exercises to develop a vision for a more effective interaction. This paper highlights recommendations made during that study, which are believed to strengthen the AC process. The paper includes the characteristics of an effective AC based on interviews conducted by the authors with ACs across the United States. Some of the recommendations discussed in the paper include:A national AC model to serve as a guide for the organization and functioning of an effective ACFunctions that all ACs should accomplishNationally promulgated standards of port preparednessPerformance measures to objectively diagnose a port's preparednessA more aggressive role for ACs in the PREP area exercise programA national database to provide information to ACs and others involved with preparedness and response
Developing Integrated Area Contingency Plans That Work
Authors: Wolf Martha A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) to be truly useful in a response, they must meet the needs of the local, state and federal responders, as well as contain information on the needs of the public, Natural Resource Trustees, and regulators. This has been accomplished in EPA, Region VIII by incorporating hazmat and oil response plans into one document. The plan is written by the Sub-Area Committee consisting of all federal, state, tribal, and local agencies, as well as industry, that would be involved in a hazmat or oil spill event. The planning process has worked out many issues that avoid confusion during the response. The plan is broken into two separate documents, available in hard copy or on a self contained computer program. The first document is the Emergency Response Action Plan that contains all the information that is found to be needed to complete the response actions. The second document is the material that is needed to develop the Emergency Response Action Plan (ERAP) but is not needed during an actual response. Planners emphasize that the information in the second document is important, but it is kept separately because it is not needed during a response.
In July, 1996, the Sub-Area Contingency Plan (sACP) for the Yampa River became the first integrated response plan to be completed in Region VIII. On November 6, 1997 there was a release of 7500 gallons of diesel into Williams Creek, a tributary of the Yampa. The planning process had worked out some issues that avoided confusion during the response; however, the response did not go as smoothly as would be desired. All members on the Sub-Area Committee met, discussed lessons learned from the response, held follow-up exercises, developed action items, and revised the plan to insure a better response the next time around.
Texas General Land Office Bilge Water Reclamation Program
Authors: Smith Dale , Pollock Greg , Spies Peggy , Gallimore Kraig , Holland Herbert W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Prevention and Response Division of the Texas General Land Office has taken their oil spill prevention efforts to new heights. Beyond assessing penalties, beyond providing far-reaching educational programs, and beyond conducting extensive patrolling efforts, their most recent prevention initiative significantly decreases bilge oil spills in a non-threatening, alliance-building manner. This new prevention effort, known as the Texas General Land Office Bilge Water Reclamation Program, provides a convenient, environmentally responsible way to dispose of oily bilge water at no cost to the owners and operators of the vessels using the facilities. Strategically placed facilities collect oily bilge water from commercial or recreational fishing vessels and process it so effectively that the filtered water can be discharged directly into the adjacent waterway and the oily product can be recycled. To date, the facilities have cleaned more than 150,000 gallons of contaminated water and generated 20,000 gallons of used engine oil for use by a waste oil recycling company.
Effects and Trends in Littleneck Clams (Protothaca Staminea) Impacted by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Shigenaka Gary , Coats Douglas A. , Fukuyama Allan K. , Roberts Paulene O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Littleneck clams, Protothaca staminea, are a common intertidal clam species in Prince William Sound. With several years of results from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association/Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division (NOAA/HAZMAT) monitoring available, it is possible to infer some trends in clams affected by the Exxon Valdez incident:At oiled and washed sites, Protothaca staminea numbers reflect a different pattern of impact and recovery than other infaunal species, i.e., they do not show a depression in abundance followed by the dramatic population increase observed among many recovering species.Abundance differences between washed sites and unoiled sites may reflect lingering spill impacts. Extrapolation of the current trend suggests population abundance at oiled and washed sites could converge to that at unoiled sites by 2006.Chemistry results showed large declines in tissue aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations between 1990 and 1992. However, statistically significant differences between results for oiled sites and unoiled sited remained until 1997.Littleneck clams bioaccumulate oil to slightly higher concentrations than co-located mussels. Route of exposure has not been identified, but hydrocarbons adsorbed to particulates and food is a likely source.Subtle impacts to Protothaca staminea age structure and other population features may manifest themselves over the longer term. The authors' goal is to identify and characterize such effects.
The overall task of impact and recovery assessment is complicated by factors such as sea otter predation, recovery from other major disruptions like the 1964 earthquake, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation shifts.
Exxon Oil Spill Technology Advances from the Valdez Cleanup
Authors: Lessard Richard R. , DeMarco Gregory , Prince Roger C. , Fiocco Robert J. , Canevari Jerry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 was the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history. It triggered a massive cleanup and accelerated major changes to the U.S. structure for combating oil spills. It also led to a number of successful new programs within Exxon and industry aimed at reducing incidents, minimizing spillage of oil worldwide, and improving the capability to respond in the event of a spill. Exxon's response effort is widely acknowledged as the largest peacetime industrial mobilization ever in the United States and possibly in the world. Exxon immediately accepted responsibility and committed resources and personnel to clean up the environment affected by the spill
The Valdez spill is the most studied ever. The cleanup involved the use of technology not previously applied to large spills. Many of these applications are now the subject of ongoing international research programs aimed at improving the ability to respond. This paper, written by several Exxon scientists who conducted technical studies in support of the cleanup, summarizes many of the technical learnings and advances that came out of the spill, and subsequent research studies with emphasis on how these apply to today's spills. This paper discusses only the response and cleanup. Exxon also initiated a number of programs to mitigate impacts on people, communities and wildlife affected by the spill.