bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Inactivation of Chikungunya Virus by Tannic Acid
Authors: Konishi Eiji , Hotta Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of the action of tannic acid (TA) on Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was investigated. Both infectivity and hemagglutination (HA) activity of CHIKV were reduced by treatment with TA in vitro. Aggregation of the TA‐treated virus particles was observed by electron microscopy. The reaction was reversible, depending on the pH of the mixture. However, mere dilution of the TA‐virus mixture or addition of other protein, such as bovine serum albumin, did not restore the lost infectivity. TA also suppressed the infectivity of RNA extracted from the virus and the HA activity of the viral membrane. The affinity between TA and CHIKV structural proteins (E1, E2, and C) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system and the order of affinity was found to be C>E1>E2. Specific conditions for binding of TA to each of the virus proteins were investigated.
Presence of Viral DNA Sequences in Hamster Tumors Induced by BK Virus, a Human Papovavirus
Authors: Yogo Yoshiaki , Hondo Ryo , Uchida Seijiro , Watanabe Sumie , Furuno Akemi , Yoshiike Kunito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDNA prepared from cell lines and transplanted tumors originating from five representative types of BKV‐induced hamster tumors was examined for the presence of the BKV genome by analyzing DNA/DNA reassociation kinetics. BKV DNA sequences were detected in all cases. There were only a few (1–4) copies of BKV DNA per cell in one osteosarcoma and two ventricular tumors (one choroid plexus papilloma and one ependymoma), but there were multiple (up to 150) copies in one osteosarcoma, one ventricular tumor (choroid plexus papilloma), two insulinomas, one pineocytoma, and one cerebral neuroblastoma. In some cases the number of copies of the viral DNA differed among sister cell clones derived from the same primary tumor. Apparently some tumors contained nonintegrated free viral DNA besides the integrated BKV genome.
Adjuvant Action of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Antibody Response
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo , Asai Junpei , Iijima Soichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe sequence of histological changes in the regional lymph node and other lymphoid organs of mice injected with the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was followed. Injection of CPS‐K, but not LPS, induced the following characteristic histological changes in the regional lymph node. In the early stage there was a marked decrease in the number of small lymphocytes, accompanied by the appearance of scattered fragmented nuclei and infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes, and in the late stage there was marked proliferation of macrophage‐like cells and pyroninophilic cells. Histological changes in the thymus and spleen and changes in cell populations in the bone marrow and peripheral blood after CPS‐K injection were essentially the same as after LPS injection. Since CPS‐K has a much stronger adjuvant action on antibody response than does LPS, it is suggested that the characteristic histological changes in the regional lymph node after injection of CPS‐K are closely related to its extraordinarily strong adjuvant action.
Recognition of Heterologous Cells by Macrophages
Authors: Sano Katsuyuki , Sugimoto Masanobu , Yasuda Tomoyoshi , Egashira Yasuyuki , Yamada Masaatsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe ability of macrophages to recognize homologous and various heterologous cells was studied in mice, rats, and guinea pigs, in terms of the in vitro phagocytosis of non‐opsonized viable thymocytes by macrophages. Mouse, rat, and guinea pig macrophages were found to phagocytize actively thymocytes from certain heterologous animals, including chickens. For instance, mouse macrophages displayed conspicuous phagocytic activities against chicken and duck thymocytes, moderate activities against guinea pig and frog thymocytes and weak activities against rat and mouse thymocytes. On the other hand, guinea pig macrophages revealed a different behaviour: they ingested only chicken thymocytes. These observations strongly suggested that mammalian macrophages possess some ability to discriminate homologous from certain heterologous thymocytes. The results, however, did not necessarily support the idea that the degree of phagocytosis is simply related to the phylogenetic distance between the animal species from which thymocytes and macrophages originated, because of the apparent exception in the mode of phagocytosis by guinea pig macrophages. Evidence demonstrating that antibodies are not involved in this phenomenon will be presented in the accompanying paper.
Aggregation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate
Authors: Sano Yoh , Inoue Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate in an aqueous solution was investigated kinetically by means of turbidimetry. The virus solution became turbid after the addition of chondroitin sulfate. A threshold concentration of chondroitin, 1.33 mg/ml, was required for virus precipitation, irrespective of the virus concentration. The precipitation resulted from a mutual spatial exclusion phenomenon, leading to the separation of the virus as a crystalline phase. The dimension of chondroitin sulfate calculated at the threshold concentration agreed well with that obtained by other methods. The initial slopes and the aggregation half‐times of the virus aggregates depended on both chondroitin and virus concentrations and the former increased with the increase in concentration of each. Above the threshold concentration of chondroitin sulfate, tobacco mosaic virus aggregation was a rapid‐aggregation process and ended within 100 sec.
Isolation and Characterization of Temperature‐Sensitive Mutants of Sendai Virus
Authors: Adachi Akio , Kanda Tadahito , Shibuta Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSixteen temperature‐sensitive mutants of Sendai virus were isolated from mutagenized stocks (10 mutants, designated numerically) and persistently infected cultures (6 mutants, designated alphabetically).Based on complementation tests, virion‐associated activities, thermal inactivation, and viral RNA and hemadsorbing antigen synthesis as well as virion production in chick lung embryo cells at nonpermissive temperature, these mutants were divided into seven groups as follows.

HANA group mutants (ts−5, −9, −10,−201), defective in hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase protein, complementation group I.
F group mutants (ts‐18, −108), defective in hemolytic and cell‐fusing activity, complementation group II.
Ts‐43, defective in RNA polymerase activity, complementation group III.
Ts‐23, defective in RNA polymerase activity, interfered with the other mutants in complementation tests.
Ts‐25, defective in the incorporation of hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase protein into the virion at the stage of virus assembly.
Ts‐110, belongs to F group mutants on one hand, but is considered to carry another undetermined defect.
C group (carrier culture‐borne group) mutants (ts‐a, ‐b, ‐c, ‐d, ‐e, ‐f), defective lesion not yet determined and belong to neither complementation group I nor II. Assignment of mutants in groups iv), v), vi), and vii) to complementation groups could not be achieved.
Nonspecific Stimulation of Antibacterial Resistance by a Synthetic Thymic Factor (FTS) in Mice
Authors: Matsumoto Takao , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTreatment of mice with 0.01–1 μg of a synthetic serum thymic factor (FTS) significantly increased their resistance to lethal doses (1–5 × 106 organisms) of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (LT2). At least seven injections of FTS were necessary for induction of resistance, since the effects of one to three injections were variable. FTS additively potentiated the protective immunity to LT2 induced by immunization with an avirulent mutant of LT2, irrespective of the structural components of the cell wall lipopolysaccharides of the mutants, which are basically correlated with their immunogenicity and virulence. Activated macrophages may have a direct role in the induction of host resistance, since peritoneal macrophages from FTS‐treated DBA/2 mice which are resistant to the doses of LT2 used could by themselves retard bacterial growth in vitro, whereas those from CBA/N mice which are relatively susceptible to LT2 did not inhibit bacterial growth without intervention of FTS‐treated syngeneic T cells.
Complement Proteins and Macrophages
Authors: Miyama Akio , Kawamoto Yasuko , Ichikawa Hidetaka , Okamoto Keinosuke , Hara Susumu , Inoue Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe secretion of factor B by mouse peritoneal macrophages was found to be enhanced following in vivo or in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The intravenous administration of LPS to mice of various strains caused an increased release of factor B but not the release of acid phosphatase by the peritoneal macrophages obtained from the stimulated mice. In vitro stimulation of cultured macrophages with LPS resulted in an enhanced secretion of both factor B and acid phosphatase. The dose‐dependent augmentation of factor B secretion by LPS was found in the macrophages from LPS‐responsive C3H/HeN mice, whereas the macrophages from LPS‐unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice did not respond to either phenol‐extracted LPS or butanol‐extracted LPS. The ability of LPS to cause the enhancement of factor B secretion by macrophages was abolished by alkali or acid treatment of LPS, indicating that its lipid A part was responsible for the observed effect.
Three Phases in Transformation of Human Lymphocytes by Epstein‐Barr Virus, as Revealed by Colony Formation in Soft Agar
Authors: Harada Shinji , Katsuki Takato , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman cord lymphocytes were examined for colony formation in soft agar medium at various times after infection with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). The transformation process could be divided into the following three sequential phases: (1) A pre‐early phase, lasting about 10 hr post infection (pi), during which the number of transformed colonies was virus dose dependent. (2) An early phase, between about 10 and 60 hr pi, during which cloning efficiency was markedly lower than that of the pre‐early phase. (3) A later phase, starting at about 60 hr pi, during which cloning efficiency was restored and the number of colony formers increased in an exponential fashion. EBV‐associated nuclear antigen‐positive cells first appeared at the beginning (12 hr pi) of the early phase and increased continuously thereafter. Increased DNA synthesis began at about 48 hr pi. These results suggest that the cloning efficiency of the infected cells changes during the transformation process, possibly reflecting altered cell sensitivity to agar.
Effect of Muramyldipeptide, a Synthetic Bacterial Adjuvant, on Enzyme Release from Cultured Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Imai Katsuyuki , Tanaka Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMonolayer cultures of macrophages obtained by peritoneal lavage of normal or thioglycollate‐stimulated mice spontaneously secreted lysosomal enzymes into the culture medium. When the elicited macrophages were cultured in the presence of muramyldipeptide (MDP), a 20–30% increase in the release of β‐glucuro‐nidase was consistently observed and the intracellular activity decreased to about 45% of that of control cells after 6–8 days' culture. A stimulatory effect of MDP on lysozyme secretion, though less profound, was also observed. In contrast, release of neither enzyme was stimulated in resident macrophages by the addition of MDP. A neutral α‐glucosidase, which has recently been found to localize also in granules of macrophages, remained inside the cells and neither its activity nor its release was affected by the addition of MDP to either type of macrophages. A large amount of lactic dehydrogenase was released only when the resident, not the elicited, macrophages were cultured for 3–4 days and then phagocytosed zymosan.
Genetic Control of Contact Hypersensitivity
Authors: Ishii Norihisa , Ikezawa Zenro , Nagai Ryukichi , Tani Kenji , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Okuda Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe characteristics of suppressor cells induced by 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐coupled syngeneic lymphocytes (syninduced suppressor cells) were studied. 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene (DNFB) contact hypersensitivity was completely suppressed when the syninduced suppressor cells were transferred intravenously. These syninduced suppressor cells had surface markers of Thy‐1, FcR− and Lyt‐2+, 3+ antigens, as well as I‐J gene products on their cell surfaces. The suppression of DNFB contact hypersensitivity was abrogated when these suppressor T cells were incubated in Petri dishes coated with the DNP‐syngeneic lymphoid cell membrane, which suggests that these suppressor T cells had the specific antigen‐binding receptors on their cell surfaces.
Close Association of Virus‐Specific Cell Surface (S) and H‐2 Antigens in Ad12‐Infected and ‐Transformed Mouse Cells
Authors: Maeta Yasunobu , Hamada Chuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA virus‐specific cell surface (S) antigen in adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)‐transformed mouse cells has been assumed to be a direct target for cytotoxic thymus‐derived lymphocytes (CTL). In this study, the spatial proximity between the S and H‐2 antigens was determined by three different methods, the proximity and co‐capping tests, and the test for blocking of CTL‐mediated lysis by anti‐H‐2 serum. In the proximity test with Ad12‐infected thymic and splenic lymphocytes, and an Ad12‐transformed line of C3H/He (H‐2k) mouse cells, anti‐H‐2k and anti‐S sera reciprocally inhibited fluorescent‐antibody staining of the opposite antigens. By contrast, anti‐Thy‐1, 2 serum as well as anti‐Ia and anti‐Ig sera failed to show any appreciable effect in this test, when paired with anti‐S serum. In addition, the S and H‐2 antigens co‐capped in the infected thymic lymphocytes, and CTL‐mediated lysis of the transformed cells was abrogated equally by treatment of cells with anti‐S and anti‐H‐2 sera. These results clearly demonstrate that there is a close proximity between the S and H‐2 antigens on the surface of Ad12‐infected and ‐transformed mouse cells.
Mitogen‐Induced DNA Synthesis in Various Mouse Strains Infected with a Large or Small Dose of Murine Leprosy Bacilli
Authors: Yamaura Noboru , Akiyama Takehisa , Nakano Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMice of the C57BL strain have been shown to be rather resistant to infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium, whereas C3H mice are highly susceptible. Accordingly, it seemed to be somewhat paradoxical that enhanced antibody formation coupled with a depressed state of cell‐mediated immunity as expressed by negative macrophage migration inhibition tests was observed not in C3H but in C57BL mice when they were inoculated with a large dose of murine leprosy bacilli, as reported in our previous studies.In the present study mitogen‐induced DNA synthesis by lymph node cells was examined in 16 strains of mice which had been infected with a large or small dose of M. lepraemurium. According to the response to two kinds of T‐cell mitogens, these mouse strains could be roughly divided into three groups consisting of two polar groups represented by C57BL/6J and C3H/HeN, respectively, and one intermediate between them.Furthermore, both humoral and cellular immune responses so far observed in C57BL and C3H mice were substantiated by DNA synthesis by lymph node cells harvested from these strains of mice and then exposed in vitro to B‐cell and T‐cell mitogens, respectively.However, no correlation was found between mitogen‐stimulated DNA synthesis by these 16 strains of mice and their H‐2 specificity.
Analysis of Nuclear Accumulation of Influenza NP Antigen in von Magnus Virus‐Infected Cells
Authors: Maeno Koichiro , Aoki Hiizu , Hamaguchi Michinari , Iinuma Masao , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Matsumoto Toshisada , Takeura Shigeki , Shibata Motohiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen 1–5C‐4 cells were infected with von Magnus virus derived from influenza A/RI/5+ virus by four successive undiluted passages in chick embryos, virus‐specific proteins were synthesized but production of infectious virus was inhibited. In these cells the synthesis of viral RNA was suppressed and the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was found predominantly in the nucleus in contrast to standard virus‐infected cells in which the antigen was distributed throughout the whole cell. The intracellular location and migration of NP were determined by isotope labeling and sucrose gradient centrifugation of subcellular fractions. In standard virus‐infected cells NP polypeptide was present predominantly in the cytoplasm in the form of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and intranuclear RNP was detected in reduced amounts. In contrast, in von Magnus virus‐infected cells NP polypeptide was present predominantly in the nucleus in a nonassembled, soluble form and the amount of cytoplasmic RNP was considerably reduced. After short‐pulse labeling NP was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm in a soluble form and after a chase a large proportion of such soluble NP was seen in the nucleus. It is suggested that a large proportion of the NP synthesized in von Magnus virus‐infected cells is not assembled into cytoplasmic RNP because of the lack of available RNA and the NP migrated into the nucleus and remained there.
Target Antigen of Vaccinia‐Infected Cells Recognized by Virus‐Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Oie Masayasu , Ichihashi Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA vaccinia‐specific target antigen for recognition of anti‐vaccinia cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was found to be formed on the surface of infected cells through two distinct processes. In the first phase, the expression of the target antigen was dependent on the dose of inoculated virus, without specific protein synthesis. The target antigen seems to be produced by virus‐cell fusion. In the second phase, the expression of the target antigen was accompanied by synthesis of an early protein. In spite of the difference in their mode of expression, the first‐phase and the second‐phase target antigens were cross‐reactive in cytotoxicity inhibition assays.Cowpox virus, CPR Cl strain, brought about a lower response than vaccinia virus, IHD‐J strain, in both sensitization of CTL and formation of CTL‐susceptible cells at both the first and the second phase. The cross‐reactive, but inefficient, recognition of anti‐vaccinia CTL for cowpox‐infected cells suggested a slight difference in the target antigens of the two viruses. Attempts to identify the target antigen were then made by comparing the polypeptide composition of vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and their recombinants. SDS‐PAGE analysis of trypsinactivated viruses revealed 44K (cowpox)/45K (vaccinia) polypeptides which corresponded to the difference in target cell formation. Trypsinization of the viruses also increased the ability of the virus to induce the production of CTL‐susceptible target cells.
Requirement of Carbohydrates for Cell Fusion Induced by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Takehara Manabu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fusion of BHK‐21‐KB cells by vesicular stomatitis virus was not induced in Eagle's minimal essential medium without glucose. In medium containing glucose, the rate of polykaryocyte formation decreased as the concentration of glucose was reduced below 5 mM. However, no reduction in virus production 24 hr after infection was seen under this condition. Addition of pyruvate or mannose to the culture medium caused a reversal of cell fusing activity. Cell fusion and virus growth were significantly suppressed by sodium azide and 2,4‐dinitrophenol.
Degradation of Ribosomal RNA in Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogens after Thermal Induction
Authors: Ono Tsuneko , Ohnishi Yoshinari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStable RNA of Escherichia coli was extensively degraded about 40 min after thermal induction of lysogenized λcI857 phages at 42 C. When several nuclease‐deficient host cells were tested, RNase I activity in the host cells was inferred to be involved in the RNA degradation. Ribosomal structure was detectably altered before the degradation of ribosomal RNA was observed. 30S and 50S subunits began to sediment at 25–28S and 45–48S, respectively, still containing intact RNA. Nonpermissive host cells lysogenized with λcI857 susR produced progeny phages in normal burst size after thermal induction and then degraded stable RNA, though they were not lysed. In contrast cells lysogenized with λcI857 susS produced ten times more progeny phages under the same condition, but did not degrade stable RNA. These results indicate that the λS gene product, which acts as a positive effector of lysis, induced the degradation of stable RNA, presumably by a still uncharacterized effect on the cytoplasmic membrane.
Studies on the Termination of Immunological Tolerance in the Mouse Thymus Cell Population after Irradiation
Authors: Amagai Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmunological tolerance in the mouse thymus cell population induced by the intravenous injection of deaggregated bovine gamma globulin was terminated by whole body irradiation. After irradiation, the weight of the thymus recovered biphasically, and the termination of tolerance occurred as early as in the first phase. Both Thy‐1 antigen expression and helper activity of the thymus cell population in irradiated mice recovered in parallel with the recovery of the thymus weight. Sensitivity of the regenerating thymus cells to the tolerogen was not different from that of the normal thymus cells. The first phase of thymus regeneration may be caused by the proliferation and differentiation of relatively radioresistant and tolerogen insensitive precursors residing in the thymus. Tolerogen and/or immunogen reactive thymus cells may originate from the precursor.
Inhibitory Effect of 1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosylthymine on Synthesis of Epstein‐Barr Virus
Authors: Yonemura Kensuke , Sairenji Takeshi , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of 1‐β‐d‐arabinofuranosylthymine (ara‐T) on cell growth and synthesis of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in human lymphoblastoid cell lines was determined. The growth of P3HR‐1 cells was not inhibited by 1 μg of the drug per ml; however, infectious virus production was strongly inhibited and was accompanied by decreased expression of early antigen (EA) and viral capsid antigen (VCA). The ability of 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate or n‐butyric acid to induce synthesis of VCA, but not EA, in P3HR‐1 cells was inhibited by ara‐T. Similarly, VCA synthesis but not EA synthesis was inhibited by ara‐T in Jijoye cells superinfected with the P3HR‐1 strain of EBV. The results suggest that ara‐T has a specific inhibitory action against EBV replication.