bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc sulfide nanoparticles template by bacterial cellulose and their optical properties
Authors: Zheng Weili , Chen Shiyan , Zhao Siyu , Zheng Yi , Wang Huaping 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTSpherical zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles dispersed on bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers homogeneously were successfully fabricated through in situ precipitation method using BC as template and explored the formation mechanism. The structure and properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffractometer, FESEM, and so on. The results demonstrated that the nanoparticles were sphalerite structure ZnS and the size increased with the increase of the zinc precursor concentrations. Moreover, a high photocatalytic activity (92%) for degradation of methyl orange was observed and the photoluminescence spectra of the nanocomposites exhibited a blue emission band centered at 468 nm. The flexible BC membrane carried of ZnS nanoparticles might be a promising candidate in the application fields of fluorescence and photo‐catalysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40874.
Schadensmodelle für extreme Hochwasser – Teil 2: Erste Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Ereignis vom Juni 2013
Authors: Maiwald Holger , Schwarz Jochen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDas Hochwasserereignis 2013 hat erneut schwere Schäden in den vom Hochwasser 2002 betroffenen Gebieten verursacht. Anhand einer Schadensdokumentation, welche sich auf das Einzugsgebiet der Vereinigten Mulde und der Zwickauer Mulde und somit auf die besonders betroffenen Überflutungsgebiete während des Hochwassers in Sachsen konzentriert, werden erste Schlussfolgerungen über die Auswirkungen von zwei Extremhochwassern an einem wiederholt betroffenen Bauwerksbestand gezogen.Die Auswertung der aufgetretenen Schäden erlaubt eine weitere Plausibilisierung des am Zentrum für die Ingenieuranalyse von Erdbebenschäden (EDAC) der Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar entwickelten Schadensmodells.In den schon 2002 betroffenen sächsischen Untersuchungsgebieten Döbeln, Eilenburg und Grimma werden die Schäden und die aufgetretenen Wasserstände dokumentiert. Mit neu entwickelten Verletzbarkeits‐ und Schadensfunktionen werden Prognosen der aufgetretenen Schäden und Verluste möglich, die sich später mit den offiziell gemeldeten Schadenssummen korrelieren lassen.Die Auswirkungen der Wiederherstellungsmaßnahmen nach dem Hochwasser 2002 auf die Verletzbarkeit des Bauwerksbestandes werden dabei herausgestellt und daraus resultierende Veränderungen bei der Prognose der Verluste differenziert berücksichtigt.Damage models for extreme flood events – Part 2: Preliminary conclusions from the event in June 2013The 2013 flood event caused severe damage again in the areas affected by the 2002 flood. Based on a damage documentation along the river basin of Vereinigte Mulde and Zwickauer Mulde, and therefore concentrated on the most affected areas during the flood in Saxony, some preliminary conclusions are drawn about the impact of two extreme floods on a repeated affected building stock.The evaluation of the observed damages allows a further plausibility of the flood damage model which was developed at the Earthquake Damage Analysis Center (EDAC) at the Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar.In the study areas Döbeln, Eilenburg and Grimma in Saxony, already affected by the 2002 flood, the observed damages and the flood heights are documented. Newly developed vulnerability and damage functions enable the prediction of the damages and losses, which can be correlated later with the official reported losses.The effects of recovery measures after the 2002 flood on the vulnerability of the building stock are highlighted and the resulting changes are taken into account differentiated by the prediction of the losses.
Environmental Policy in the Nordic Wood Product Industry: Insights Into Firms’ Strategies and Communication
Authors: Räty Tarmo , Toppinen Anne , Roos Anders , Riala Maria , Nyrud Anders Q. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purpose of our study is to explore how companies operating in the Nordic wood products value chains currently use environmental performance measures in their environmental policy and communication with stakeholders. Apart from the regularly‐used environmental management certificates, the ability of wood material to store carbon and the use of sustainable forest management certificates open up interesting strategic options for firms in the implementation of their environmental policy. The primary was collected through thematic managerial interviews in 2011 from 37 companies in Finland, Sweden and Norway, of varying size, roles in the value chain, conditions for green business practices and exports. Forest certification and environmental management systems were frequently used, but managers did not always perceive them to be useful, particularly for raising environmental awareness at the final consumer level. Nevertheless, the general attitude towards using environmental performance measures was seen as positive. Companies with a business‐to‐business orientation were the most proactive in terms of environmental communication, whereas companies in consumer markets were more reactive. The key stakeholders targeted for environmental communication were value chain partners and the authorities, and only to a lesser degree employees and environmental non‐governmental organisations. The key strategic role of environmental management and communication appeared to be securing the firms against negative environmental claims. The Nordic wood industry could improve their communication if the strategic orientation is shifted from the forest certification to the use of generic eco‐labels, and most of all, to the adoption of quantitative measures like carbon footprints and environmental product declarations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nickel‐Based Anode with Water Storage Capability to Mitigate Carbon Deposition for Direct Ethanol Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Su Chao , Ran Ran , Zhao Bote , Shao Zongping , O. Tade Moses , Liu Shaomin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe potential to use ethanol as a fuel places solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as a sustainable technology for clean energy delivery because of the renewable features of ethanol versus hydrogen. In this work, we developed a new class of anode catalyst exemplified by Ni+BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.2O3 (Ni+BZCY) with a water storage capability to overcome the persistent problem of carbon deposition. Ni+BZCY performed very well in catalytic efficiency, water storage capability and coking resistance tests. A stable and high power output was well maintained with a peak power density of 750 mW cm−2 at 750 °C. The SOFC with the new robust anode performed for seven days without any sign of performance decay, whereas SOFCs with conventional anodes failed in less than 2 h because of significant carbon deposition. Our findings indicate the potential applications of these water storage cermets as catalysts in hydrocarbon reforming and as anodes for SOFCs that operate directly on hydrocarbons.
Using dynamic N‐mixture models to test cavity limitation on northern flying squirrel demographic parameters using experimental nest box supplementation
Authors: Priol Pauline , Mazerolle Marc J. , Imbeau Louis , Drapeau Pierre , Trudeau Caroline , Ramière Jessica 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDynamic N‐mixture models have been recently developed to estimate demographic parameters of unmarked individuals while accounting for imperfect detection. We propose an application of the Dail and Madsen (: Biometrics, 67, 577–587) dynamic N‐mixture model in a manipulative experiment using a before‐after control‐impact design (BACI). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis of cavity limitation of a cavity specialist species, the northern flying squirrel, using nest box supplementation on half of 56 trapping sites. Our main purpose was to evaluate the impact of an increase in cavity availability on flying squirrel population dynamics in deciduous stands in northwestern Québec with the dynamic N‐mixture model. We compared abundance estimates from this recent approach with those from classic capture–mark–recapture models and generalized linear models. We compared apparent survival estimates with those from Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) models. Average recruitment rate was 6 individuals per site after 4 years. Nevertheless, we found no effect of cavity supplementation on apparent survival and recruitment rates of flying squirrels. Contrary to our expectations, initial abundance was not affected by conifer basal area (food availability) and was negatively affected by snag basal area (cavity availability). Northern flying squirrel population dynamics are not influenced by cavity availability at our deciduous sites. Consequently, we suggest that this species should not be considered an indicator of old forest attributes in our study area, especially in view of apparent wide population fluctuations across years. Abundance estimates from N‐mixture models were similar to those from capture–mark–recapture models, although the latter had greater precision. Generalized linear mixed models produced lower abundance estimates, but revealed the same relationship between abundance and snag basal area. Apparent survival estimates from N‐mixture models were higher and less precise than those from CJS models. However, N‐mixture models can be particularly useful to evaluate management effects on animal populations, especially for species that are difficult to detect in situations where individuals cannot be uniquely identified. They also allow investigating the effects of covariates at the site level, when low recapture rates would require restricting classic CMR analyses to a subset of sites with the most captures.
Developmental changes in the skull morphology of common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Authors: Nakamura Gen , Kato Hidehiro 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated growth‐related and sex‐related morphological changes in the skulls of 144 North Pacific common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Measurement was conducted at 39 points on the skull and mandible to extract individual allometric equations relating the length and zygomatic width of the skull. The results revealed no significant differences in skull morphology by sex except for width of occipital bone. The size relative to the skull of the anatomical parts involved in feeding, such as the rostrum and mandible, increased after birth. In contrast, the sensory organs and the anatomical regions involved in neurological function, such as the orbit, tympanic bullae, and foramen magnum, were fully developed at birth, and their relative size reduced over the course of development. This is the first study to investigate developmental changes in the skull morphology using more than 100 baleen whale specimens, and we believe the results of this study will contribute greatly to multiple areas of baleen whale research, including taxonomy and paleontology. J. Morphol. 275:1113–1121, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The activating receptor NKG2D of natural killer cells promotes resistance against enterovirus‐mediated inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Authors: Klingel Karin , Fabritius Cornelia , Sauter Martina , Göldner Katrin , Stauch Diana , Kandolf Reinhard , Ettischer Nicole , Gahlen Sabine , Schönberger Tanja , Ebner Susanne , Makrigiannis Andrew P , Bélanger Simon , Diefenbach Andreas , Polić Bojan , Pratschke Johann , Kotsch Katja 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn enterovirus‐induced cardiomyopathy, information regarding the detailed impact of natural killer (NK) cells on the outcome of the disease is limited. We therefore hypothesized that NK cells and certain NK cell receptors determine the different outcome of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis. Here, we demonstrate in murine models that resistance to chronic CVB3 myocarditis in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice is characterized by significantly more mature CD11bhigh NK cells, the presence of NKG2D on NK cells, and enhanced NKG2D‐dependent cytotoxicity compared to CVB3‐susceptible A.BY/SnJ mice. The highly protective role of NKG2D in myocarditis was further proven by in vivo neutralization of NKG2D as well as in NKG2D‐deficient mice but was shown to be independent of CD8+ T‐cell‐dependent immunity. Moreover, the adoptive transfer of immunocompetent C57BL/6 NK cells pre‐ (day −1) as well as post‐infectionem (day +2) displayed the potential to prevent permissive A.BY/SnJ mice from a progressive outcome of CVB3 myocarditis reflected by significantly improved cardiopathology and heart function. Altogether, our results provide firm evidence for a protective role of NKG2D‐activated NK cells in CVB3 myocarditis leading to an effective virus clearance, thus offering novel therapeutic options in the treatment of virus‐induced myocarditis. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Co‐optimization of SnS absorber and Zn(O,S) buffer materials for improved solar cells
Authors: Park Helen Hejin , Heasley Rachel , Sun Leizhi , Steinmann Vera , Jaramillo Rafael , Hartman Katy , Chakraborty Rupak , Sinsermsuksakul Prasert , Chua Danny , Buonassisi Tonio , Gordon Roy G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThin‐film solar cells consisting of earth‐abundant and non‐toxic materials were made from pulsed chemical vapor deposition (pulsed‐CVD) of SnS as the p‐type absorber layer and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Zn(O,S) as the n‐type buffer layer. The effects of deposition temperature and annealing conditions of the SnS absorber layer were studied for solar cells with a structure of Mo/SnS/Zn(O,S)/ZnO/ITO. Solar cells were further optimized by varying the stoichiometry of Zn(O,S) and the annealing conditions of SnS. Post‐deposition annealing in pure hydrogen sulfide improved crystallinity and increased the carrier mobility by one order of magnitude, and a power conversion efficiency up to 2.9% was achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of thin epitaxial film silicon photovoltaics fabricated on monocrystalline and polycrystalline seed layers on glass
Authors: Teplin Charles W. , Grover Sachit , Chitu Adrian , Limanov Alexander , Chahal Monical , Im James , Amkreutz Daniel , Gall Stefan , Yoon Heayoung P. , Lasalvia Vincenzo , Stradins Paul , Jones Kim M. , Norman Andrew G. , Young David L. , Branz Howard M. , Lee Benjamin G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe fabricate thin epitaxial crystal silicon solar cells on display glass and fused silica substrates overcoated with a silicon seed layer. To confirm the quality of hot‐wire chemical vapor deposition epitaxy, we grow a 2‐µm‐thick absorber on a (100) monocrystalline Si layer transfer seed on display glass and achieve 6.5% efficiency with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 586 mV without light‐trapping features. This device enables the evaluation of seed layers on display glass. Using polycrystalline seeds formed from amorphous silicon by laser‐induced mixed phase solidification (MPS) and electron beam crystallization, we demonstrate 2.9%, 476 mV (MPS) and 4.1%, 551 mV (electron beam crystallization) solar cells. Grain boundaries likely limit the solar cell grown on the MPS seed layer, and we establish an upper bound for the grain boundary recombination velocity (SGB) of 1.6x104 cm/s. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of rare earth elements in saline matrices using dispersed particle extraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Janski Rafael , Neouze Marie‐Alexandra , Limbeck Andreas 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALERare earth elements play an important role in identifying and indexing the origin of historical and geological samples. In this work, a new approach for the characterization of rare earth elements (REEs) in aqueous sample solutions with high salinity is presented.METHODSPrior to analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) the target analytes were separated from interfering matrix constituents by the use of surface‐functionalized nanoparticles. Compared with common matrix separation techniques, such as solid‐phase extraction (SPE), the strength of the method lies in the combination of an advanced extraction procedure with internal standard correction. Thus, known limitations of SPE such as column clogging or incomplete analyte elution could be completely circumvented. Furthermore, time‐consuming approaches for signal quantification such as matrix‐matched calibration could be avoided since the applied internal standard allows the correction of matrix‐induced deviations in sample extraction and ICP‐MS analysis.RESULTSWith the developed procedure detection limits <1 ng L−1 could be achieved for all the investigated elements, with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3–26% for unspiked samples and <1–2% for spiked samples. Results derived from recovery experiments with spiked oil accumulation water samples confirmed the applicability of the proposed procedure for the determination of REEs in highly saline sample solutions. The procedure was successfully applied to the study of oil accumulation water samples from different oil fields in Lower Austria.CONCLUSIONSA sample pretreatment procedure with subsequent ICP‐MS analysis for the accurate determination of REEs in aqueous sample solutions with high salinity has been developed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison at the peptide level with post‐translational modification consideration reveals more differences between two unenriched samples
Authors: Yin Jianrui , Shao Chen , Jia Lulu , Gao Youhe 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALEIn shotgun strategies, peptide sequences are first identified from tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra, and the existence and abundance of the proteins are then inferred from the peptide information. However, the protein inference step can produce errors and a loss of information. To identify the information that is lost using the traditional approaches, this study compared the proteomic data of two leukemia cell lines (Jurkat and K562) at the peptide level with consideration of post‐translational modifications (PTMs).METHODSThe raw files from the two cell lines were searched against the decoy IPI‐human database version 3.68, which contains forward and reverse sequences. Then the observed modification name in the results was matched with the modification classification on the Unimod website by a manual search. Only the peptides with ‘post‐translational’ modifications were compared between the two cell lines.RESULTSAfter searching the database with consideration of PTMs, a total of 44046 non‐redundant peptides were identified in both the Jurkat and K562 cell lines. Of these peptides, even without specific PTM enrichment, 11.43% of them (with at least two spectra in one cell line) existed in different PTM forms between the two cell lines, and 1.73% of the peptides were modified in both cell lines, but with different modifications or possibly on different sites.CONCLUSIONSComparing proteomic data at the peptide level with consideration of PTMs can reveal more differences between two unenriched samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation reactions of N‐benzyltetrahydroquinolines in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: the roles of ion/neutral complex intermediates
Authors: Guo Cheng , Jiang Kezhi , Zheng Shu 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALEElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) combined with the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) technique has assumed increasing importance as an invaluable tool for the structural analysis of organic and biological molecules. However, general rules for elucidating the fragmentation behaviors of charged molecules in the gas phase are still lacking. Therefore, explorations on the mechanistic information are desirable at all times.METHODSCID experiments of protonated N‐benzyltetrahydroquinolines were carried out on ESI ion trap mass spectrometer and accurate mass measurements were performed on a high‐resolution ESI quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer in positive ion mode.RESULTSAn ion/neutral complex, [RC6H4CH2+/tetrahydroquinoline], resulting from cleavage of the C–N bond induced by the positive charge brought in by protonation, was proposed to be the intermediate to elucidate the fragmentation reactions. For all the compounds investigated, benzyl cation transfer, electron transfer and hydride transfer reactions mediated by the complex were observed. Moreover, for the compound substituted by a methyl group at the para‐position of the benzylic phenyl ring, proton transfer reaction via the complex also occurs.CONCLUSIONSThis study is a case for better understanding the intriguing roles of ion/neutral complexes in gas‐phase fragmentation reactions and enriching the knowledge about the gas‐phase chemistry of the benzyl cation. In addition, it provides useful information for researchers working on analysis or structural elucidation of complicated compounds which contain the N‐benzyltetrahydroquinoline substructure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A versatile method for simultaneous stable carbon isotope analysis of DNA and RNA nucleotides by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Moerdijk‐Poortvliet Tanja C. W. , Brasser Jurian , de Ruiter Gerjan , Houtekamer Marco , Bolhuis Henk , Stal Lucas J. , Boschker Henricus T. S. 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALELiquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) is currently the most accurate and precise technique for the measurement of compound‐specific stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) in biological metabolites, at their natural abundance. However, until now this technique could not be applied for the analysis of nucleic acids, the building blocks of the carriers of genetic information in living cells and viruses, DNA and RNA.METHODSMixed‐mode chromatography (MMC) was applied to obtain the complete separation of nine nucleotides (eight originating from DNA/RNA and one nucleotide (inosine monophosphate) that may serve as an internal standard) in a single run using LC/IRMS. We also developed and validated a method for DNA and RNA extraction and an enzymatic hydrolysis protocol for natural samples, which is compatible with LC/IRMS analysis as it minimizes the carbon blank. The method was used to measure the concentration and stable carbon isotope ratio of DNA and RNA nucleotides in marine sediment and in the common marine macro alga (Ulva sp.) at natural abundance levels as well as for 13C‐enriched samples.RESULTSThe detection limit of the LC/IRMS method varied between 1.0 nmol for most nucleotides and 2.0 nmol for late‐eluting compounds. The intraday and interday reproducibility of nucleotide concentration measurements was better than, respectively, 4.1% and 8.9% and for δ13C measurements better than, respectively, 0.3‰ and 0.5‰. The obtained nucleic acid concentrations and nucleic acid synthesis rates were in good agreement with values reported in the literature.CONCLUSIONSThis new method gives reproducible results for the concentration and δ13C values of nine nucleotides. This solvent‐free chromatographic method may also be used for other purposes, such as for instance to determine nucleotide concentrations using spectrophotometric detection. This sensitive method offers a new avenue for the study of DNA and RNA biosynthesis that can be applied in various fields of research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.