bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub‐chronic exposure to fluoride impacts the response to a subsequent nephrotoxic treatment with gentamicin
Authors: Cárdenas‐González Mariana , Jacobo Estrada Tania , Rodríguez‐Muñoz Rafael , Barrera‐Chimal Jonatan , Bobadilla Norma A. , Barbier Olivier C. , Del Razo Luz M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFluoride is an important groundwater contaminant, and more than 200 million people are exposed to high fluoride levels in drinking water, the major source of fluoride exposure. Exposure above 2 ppm of fluoride is associated with renal impairment in humans. In rats, moderate levels of fluoride induce kidney injury at early stages in which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not altered. In the present study, we investigated if sub‐nephrotoxic stimulus induced by fluoride might impact the response to a subsequent nephrotoxic treatment with gentamicin. Male Wistar rats (~21 days) were exposed to 0, 15 or 50 ppm of fluoride through drinking water during 40 days. Afer that, rats were co‐exposed to gentamicin (40 mg kg–1 day–1, 7 days). Gentamicin induced a marked decrease in the GFR and an increase in urinary levels as well as the protein and mRNA expression of biomarkers of early kidney injury, such as Kim‐1. Interestingly, gentamicin nephrotoxicity was less pronounced in groups previously exposed to fluoride than in the group only treated with gentamicin. Fluoride induced Hsp72, a cytoprotective molecule, which might have improved the response against gentamicin. Moreover, fluoride decreased the expression of megalin, a molecule necessary for internalization of gentamicin into the proximal tubule, potentially reducing gentamicin accumulation. The present results suggest that fluoride reduced gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity by inducing a compensatory response carried out by Hsp72 and by decreasing gentamicin accumulation. These findings should not be interpreted to suggest that fluoride is a protective agent as megalin deficiency could lead to serious adverse effects on the kidney physiology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of GSK3β Stimulates BMP Signaling and Decreases SOST Expression Which Results in Enhanced Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Schoeman Monique A.E. , Moester Martiene J.C. , Oostlander Angela E. , Kaijzel Eric L. , Valstar Edward R. , Nelissen Rob G.H.H. , Löwik Clemens W.G.M. , Rooij Karien E.de 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTBoth bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling have significant roles in osteoblast differentiation and the interaction between BMP and Wnt signaling is well known. Sclerostin is an important inhibitor of bone formation, inhibiting Wnt signaling and downstream effects of BMP such as alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization in vitro. However, little is known about the effect of BMP and Wnt signaling interaction on the regulation of SOST, the gene encoding sclerostin. Possibly, uncoupling of osteoblast differentiation regulators and SOST expression could increase osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of BMP and Wnt signaling interaction on the expression of SOST and the subsequent effect on osteoblast differentiation. Human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS‐2) and murine pre‐osteoblast cells (KS483) were treated with different concentrations of Wnt3a, a specific GSK3β inhibitor (GIN) and BMP4. Both Wnt3a and GIN increased BMP4‐induced BMP signaling and BMP4 increased Wnt3a and GIN‐induced Wnt signaling. However, the effect of GIN was much stronger. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis showed that SOST expression dose‐dependently decreased with increasing Wnt signaling, while BMP4 induced SOST expression. GIN significantly decreased the BMP4‐induced SOST expression. This resulted in an increased osteoblast differentiation as measured by ALP activity in the medium and matrix mineralization. We conclude that GSK3β inhibition by GIN caused an uncoupling of BMP signaling and SOST expression, resulting in an increased BMP4‐induced osteoblast differentiation. This effect can possibly be used in clinical practice to induce local bone formation, for example, fracture healing or osseointegration of implants. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2938–2946, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered microRNA Expression Profiles and Regulation of INK4A/CDKN2A Tumor Suppressor Genes in Canine Breast Cancer Models
Authors: Lutful Kabir Farruk Mohammad , DeInnocentes Patricia , Bird Richard Curtis 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTmicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiling of cancer versus normal cells may reveal the characteristic regulatory features that can be correlated to altered gene expression in both human and animal models of cancers. In this study, the comprehensive expression profiles of the 277 highly characterized miRNAs from the canine genome were evaluated in spontaneous canine mammary tumor (CMT) models harboring defects in a group of cell cycle regulatory and potent tumor suppressor genes of INK4/CDKN2 family including p16/INK4A, p14ARF, and p15/INK4B. A large number of differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in three CMT cell lines to potentially target oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and cancer biomarkers. A group of the altered miRNAs were identified by miRNA target prediction tools for regulation of the INK4/CDKN2 family tumor suppressor genes. miRNA‐141 was experimentally validated for INK4A 3′‐UTR target binding in the CMT cell lines providing an essential mechanism for the post‐transcriptional regulation of the INK4A tumor suppressor gene in CMT models. A well‐recognized group of miRNAs including miR‐21, miR‐155, miR‐9, miR‐34a, miR‐143/145, and miR‐31 were found to be altered in both CMTs and human breast cancer. These altered miRNAs might serve as potential targets for advancing the development of future therapeutic reagents. These findings further strengthen the validity and use of canine breast cancers as appropriate models for the study of human breast cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2956–2969, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistical downscaling of seasonal precipitation in Israel
Authors: Rostkier‐Edelstein Dorita , Kunin Pavel , Hopson Thomas M. , Liu Yubao , Givati Amir 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTCareful planning of the use of water resources is critical in the semi‐arid eastern Mediterranean region. The relevant areas are characterized by complex terrain and coastlines, and exhibit large spatial variability in seasonal precipitation. Global seasonal forecasts provide only partial information of the precipitation as a result of their coarse spatial resolution. We present two statistical downscaling methods of global forecasts, both identifying past‐analogue synoptic‐weather patterns and their connection to precipitation at specific stations. The first method utilizes a classification of the large‐scale weather patterns into regimes, and the other identifies the closest past analogues directly without grouping the weather events. The validation of the algorithms using NCEP/NCAR reanalyses and past precipitation observations at 18 stations shows that both methods provide good skill in predicting mean precipitation amounts and quantiles of the precipitation distribution, and in reproducing the observed inter‐annual and spatial variability. Both methods show good correlations between predicted and observed precipitation amounts (∼0.8), and the downscaled precipitation reproduces the observed differences between the stations, which are not available in the coarse global models. Based on these results, we downscaled the operational global‐seasonal forecasts issued by the NCEP CFS1.0 ensemble. This approach could also have utility in climate change scenario downscaling.
Experiences with functional gracilis muscle flap in lower lip reconstruction
Authors: Coskunfirat Osman Koray , Bektas Gamze , Cinpolat Ani , Unal Kerim , Coskunfirat Nesil 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveReconstruction of the lips is pivotal because the lips play an essential role in facial aesthetics and have unique functional properties. We presented our experience in reconstruction of total or subtotal lower lip defects with functional gracillis muscle flap covered split‐thickness skin graft (STSG) in patients.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2011, seven patients underwent resection of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma and lip reconstruction. Gracillis muscle flap was performed for reconstruction. Recipient vessels were the facial artery and vein. Motor nerve of the gracillis muscle was coapted to the marginal branch of the facial nerve. Gracillis muscle was covered with STSG. Patients were evaluated about mouth opening, oral competence, word articulation, the color match of the graft, the contraction of the muscle by physical examination. Electromyographic studies and sensation tests were performed.ResultsPostoperative course was uneventful for all of the flaps. No microvascular revisions were needed. One patient was reoperated because of wound dehiscence under local anaesthesia. Mean follow up period was 15 months. After three months, movement of the reconstructed lip was observed. Color of the grafted skin was matched with the skin of the face. The patients had no problems with word articulation, oral continence, or mouth opening. The electromyographic study showed recovery of motor innervation. After 1 year, the patients demonstrated recovered sensitivity with the sensation test.ConclusionConsidering functional results, superior aesthetic appearance, and minimal donor‐site morbidity of the functional gracillis transfer covered skin graft, we think that this method may be an alternative for reconstruction of large full‐thickness defects of the lower lip. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:487–493, 2017.
Sodium MRI of the human heart at 7.0 T: preliminary results
Authors: Graessl Andreas , Ruehle Anjuli , Waiczies Helmar , Resetar Ana , Hoffmann Stefan H. , Rieger Jan , Wetterling Friedrich , Winter Lukas , Nagel Armin M. , Niendorf Thoralf 
Published: June 2015

The objective of this work was to examine the feasibility of three‐dimensional (3D) and whole heart coverage 23Na cardiac MRI at 7.0 T including single‐cardiac‐phase and cinematic (cine) regimes.A four‐channel transceiver RF coil array tailored for 23Na MRI of the heart at 7.0 T (f = 78.5 MHz) is proposed. An integrated bow‐tie antenna building block is used for 1H MR to support shimming, localization and planning in a clinical workflow. Signal absorption rate simulations and assessment of RF power deposition were performed to meet the RF safety requirements. 23Na cardiac MR was conducted in an in vivo feasibility study. 3D gradient echo (GRE) imaging in conjunction with Cartesian phase encoding (total acquisition time TAQ = 6 min 16 s) and whole heart coverage imaging employing a density‐adapted 3D radial acquisition technique (TAQ = 18 min 20 s) were used.For 3D GRE‐based 23Na MRI, acquisition of standard views of the heart using a nominal in‐plane resolution of (5.0 × 5.0) mm2 and a slice thickness of 15 mm were feasible. For whole heart coverage 3D density‐adapted radial 23Na acquisitions a nominal isotropic spatial resolution of 6 mm was accomplished. This improvement versus 3D conventional GRE acquisitions reduced partial volume effects along the slice direction and enabled retrospective image reconstruction of standard or arbitrary views of the heart. Sodium cine imaging capabilities were achieved with the proposed RF coil configuration in conjunction with 3D radial acquisitions and cardiac gating. Cardiac‐gated reconstruction provided an enhancement in blood–myocardium contrast of 20% versus the same data reconstructed without cardiac gating.The proposed transceiver array enables 23Na MR of the human heart at 7.0 T within clinical acceptable scan times. This capability is in positive alignment with the needs of explorations that are designed to examine the potential of 23Na MRI for the assessment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm , Dunlop Ewan D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractConsolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since January 2015 are reviewed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using regime analysis to identify the contribution of clouds to surface temperature errors in weather and climate models
Authors: Van Weverberg Kwinten , Morcrette Cyril J. , Ma Hsi‐Yen , Klein Stephen A. , Petch Jon C. 
Published: June 2015

Many global circulation models (GCMs) exhibit a persistent bias in the 2 m temperature over the midlatitude continents, present in short‐range forecasts as well as long‐term climate simulations. A number of hypotheses have been proposed, revolving around deficiencies in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere energy exchange, poorly resolved low‐level boundary‐layer clouds or misrepresentations of deep‐convective storms.A common approach to evaluating model biases focuses on the model‐mean state. However, this makes difficult an unambiguous interpretation of the origins of a bias, given that biases are the result of the superposition of impacts of clouds and land‐surface deficiencies over multiple time steps. This article presents a new methodology to objectively detect the role of clouds in the creation of a surface warm bias. A unique feature of this study is its focus on temperature‐error growth at the time‐step level.It is shown that compositing the temperature‐error growth by the coinciding bias in total downwelling radiation provides unambiguous evidence for the role that clouds play in the creation of the surface warm bias during certain portions of the day. Furthermore, the application of an objective cloud‐regime classification allows for the detection of the specific cloud regimes that matter most for the creation of the bias.We applied this method to two state‐of‐the‐art GCMs that exhibit a distinct warm bias over the Southern Great Plains of the USA. Our analysis highlights that, in one GCM, biases in deep‐convective and low‐level clouds contribute most to the temperature‐error growth in the afternoon and evening respectively. In the second GCM, deep clouds persist too long in the evening, leading to a growth of the temperature bias. The reduction of the temperature bias in both models in the morning and the growth of the bias in the second GCM in the afternoon could not be assigned to a cloud issue, but are more likely caused by a land‐surface deficiency.
Turbulence in breaking mountain waves and atmospheric rotors estimated from airborne in situ and Doppler radar measurements
Authors: Strauss Lukas , Serafin Stefano , Haimov Samuel , Grubišić Vanda 
Published: June 2015

Atmospheric turbulence generated in flow over mountainous terrain is studied using airborne in situ and cloud radar measurements over the Medicine Bow Mountains in southeast Wyoming, USA. During the NASA Orographic Clouds Experiment (NASA06) in 2006, two complex mountain flow cases were documented by the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft carrying the Wyoming Cloud Radar.The structure of turbulence and its intensity across the mountain range are described using the variance of vertical velocity and the cube root of the energy dissipation rate ɛ1/3 (EDR). For a quantitative analysis of turbulence from the cloud radar, the uncertainties in the Doppler wind retrieval have to be taken into account, such as the variance of hydrometeor fall speed and the contamination of vertical Doppler velocity by the horizontal wind. A thorough analysis of the uncertainties shows that 25% accuracy or better can be achieved in regions of moderate to severe turbulence in the lee of the mountains, while only qualitative estimates of turbulence intensity can be obtained outside the most turbulent regions.Two NASA06 events exhibiting large‐amplitude mountain waves, mid‐tropospheric wave breaking, and rotor circulations are examined. Moderate turbulence is found in a wave‐breaking region with and EDR reaching 4.8 m2 s−2 and 0.25 m2/3 s−1, respectively. Severe turbulence is measured within the rotor circulations with and EDR respectively in the ranges of 7.8–16.4 m2 s−2 and 0.50–0.77 m2/3 s−1. A unique result of this study is the quantitative estimation of the intensity of turbulence and its spatial distribution in the interior of atmospheric rotors, provided by the radar‐derived turbulence fields.
Effects of different instrumentation techniques on calcium hydroxide removal from simulated immature teeth
Authors: Altunsoy Mustafa , Ok Evren , Tanrıver Mehmet , Capar Ismail D. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endodontic instrument systems in the removal of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] from simulated immature teeth. The root canals of 106 human single‐rooted teeth were shaped with ProTaper rotary files up to an F5 file size. Simulation of roots with immature apices was carried out using size 4 green 1.5‐mm diameter Unicore drills. A non‐setting Ca(OH)2 was injected into each root canal and inserted into the working length using lentulo spiral, after which cotton pellets were placed over canal orifices. The apical and coronal side of the roots were then sealed with glass ionomer cement and light cured. Specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 months at 37 °C. After 3 months, the temporary coronal seal was removed and the samples were randomly divided into five experimental groups according to the method used for Ca(OH)2 removal (ProTaper, Reciproc, OneShape, WaveOne, and Manual) (n = 20), one positive control group (n = 3) and one negative control group (n = 3). The amount of remaining Ca(OH)2 in the canal walls was measured under a stereomicroscope at 30× magnification. The data were analyzed using Kruskal‐Wallis test and Mann‐Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05. Positive and negative control groups were found to be statistically different from all other groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the ProTaper, Reciproc, OneShape, WaveOne, and Manual groups (p > 0.05). As a conclusion, none of the techniques completely removed Ca(OH)2 from simulated immature teeth. SCANNING 37:265–269, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrasound ‘gallbladder polyps’: a misleading description best rephrased
Authors: Vivian SarahJayne , Furtado Ruelan , Falk Gregory 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionManagement of an ultrasound diagnosis of gallbladder ‘polyp’ (GBP) involves balancing the risk of missed adenoma with patient anxiety of ‘polyp’ suggesting malignant risk. Radiological reports often lack detail to stratify risk. This study describes the state of ultrasound reporting of GBPs in metropolitan practice.MethodRetrospective review of a single surgeon's database was carried out (1999–2013). Patient demographics, symptoms and histopathological findings were reviewed. Radiological reports were examined for size, mobility, echogenicity and vascular flow within the polyp.ResultsSixty‐three patients were referred with GBP diagnosis. Twenty‐eight did not progress to surgery. Patients with available pathology were distributed: 11 (31%) cholesterol ‘polyps’ and 2 (8%) true adenomatous polyps. Original ultrasound report was available in 21 patients. Reports recorded ‘polyp’ size in 15 (71%), mobility in 9 (43%), echogenicity in 6 (29%) and vascular flow in 1 (5%). The number was reported in 16 (57%).DiscussionUltrasound is not a specific test for biliary adenoma and frequently misinterprets stones or adenomyosis as ‘polyp’. Reports often did not provide enough detail for informed judgement for advice about cholecystectomy. To avoid unnecessary patient concern, it is suggested the term ‘polyp’ be abandoned for ‘echogenic focus with or without likelihood of adenoma’.
Exploring the drivers of wildlife population dynamics from insufficient data by Bayesian model averaging
Authors: Osada Yutaka , Kuriyama Takeo , Asada Masahiko , Yokomizo Hiroyuki , Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA long‐standing interest in ecology and wildlife management is to find drivers of wildlife population dynamics because it is crucial for implementing the effective wildlife management. Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of state‐space modeling for this purpose, but we often confront the lack of the necessary time‐series data. This is particularly common in wildlife management because of limited funds or early stage of data collection. In this study, we proposed a Bayesian model averaging technique in a state‐space modeling framework for identifying the drivers of wildlife population dynamics from limited data. To exemplify the utility of Bayesian model averaging for wildlife management, we illustrate here the population dynamics of wild boarsSus scrofain Chiba prefecture, central Japan. Despite the fact that our data are limited in both temporal and spatial resolution, Bayesian model averaging revealed the potential influence of bamboo forests and abandoned agricultural fields on wild boar population dynamics, and largely enhanced model predictability compared to the full model. Although Bayesian model averaging is not commonly used in ecology and wildlife management, our case study demonstrated that it may help to find influential drivers of wildlife population dynamics and develop a better management plan even from limited time‐series data.
Food supply and poaching limit giraffe abundance in the Serengeti
Authors: Strauss M. K. L. , Kilewo M. , Rentsch D. , Packer C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe iconic giraffe, an ecologically important browser, has shown a substantial decline in numbers across Africa since the 1990s. In Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, giraffes reached densities of 1.5–2.6 individuals km−2 in the 1970s coincident with a pulse of Acacia tree recruitment. However, despite continued increases in woody cover between the 1980s and the 2000s, giraffe recruitment and survival rates have declined and density has dropped to only 0.3–0.4 giraffes km−2. We used a decision table to investigate how four extrinsic factors may have contributed to these declines: food supply, predation, parasites, and poaching, which have all been previously shown to limit Serengeti ungulate populations. Lower recruitment likely resulted from a reduction in diet quality, owing to the replacement of preferred trees with unpalatable species, while decreased adult survival resulted from illegal harvesting, which appears to have had a greater impact on giraffe populations bordering the western and northern Serengeti. The Serengeti giraffe population will likely persist at low‐to‐moderate densities until palatable tree species regain their former abundance. Leslie matrix models suggest that park managers should meanwhile redouble their efforts to reduce poaching, thereby improving adult survival.