bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permafrost. The Contemporary Meaning of the Term and its Consequences
Authors: Dobiński Wojciech 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Nowadays the term ‘permafrost’ means the thermal state of the ground, for which the temperature limit value is 0°C remaining for at least two years. It is the effect of the climate where the average annual temperature of the air is -1°C or lower. As a result of air temperature, it does not need to contain ice, so it can no longer be called underground glaciation, and the only processes which are subject to permafrost are aggradation and degradation. Also the occurrence of permafrost in the geographical environment is conditioned neither by the presence of water nor its phase change - freezing, as the cryotic state is its synonym. Although it is known that the majority of permafrost dates back to the Pleistocene, still the determination of its age is difficult because it consists in determining ‘the age of the temperature’, as it were. The maximum thickness of permafrost occurs in the Antarctic, and it is estimated to reach 2600 m. Permafrost covers more than 25% of the Earth surface together with ice-sheets and ice-caps.
Variability of Air Masses Over Podlasie (Ne Poland) in the Years 2001–2010
Authors: Kierklo Karolina 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper concerns the frequency and duration of air masses over Podlasie (NE Poland) in the years 2001-2010. The synoptic maps in the Daily Meteorological Bulletin of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW 2001-2010) were the basis for the designation of six air masses observed over the area of Podlasie every day for 12.00 UTC. They were: arctic air (A), continental polar air (cP) partly transformed from old arctic air (oA), maritime polar air (mP), maritime warm polar air (mwP), old maritime polar air (omP), tropical air (T). The analysis shows that the most frequent air mass in the whole period was cP partly transformed from oA (approx. 33%) followed by omP (approx. 24%) and mP (19%). Tropical air occurred over Podlasie with the lowest frequency, with a value of only 3.6%. The frequencies of their occurrence varied from year to year. Less than 12% of cases (approx. 210) occurred for 4-20 days. The minimum values occurred for periods of more than 9 days (cP and omP masses, only). Slightly higher values occurred in the case of 7- to 9-day periods (6-14 cases 1.5%).
Den Danske Litterære Biografis Identitet – Med Udgangspunkt i Peer Hultbergs Biografiske Roman Præludier
Authors: Cymbrykiewicz Joanna 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the issue of the contemporary Danish biographical novel, its identity and condition on the example of Peer Hultberg’s work on Chopin’s childhood, Preludes. The author of the article argues that the novel diverts to a large extent from the traditionally formulated principles which govern the genre of a biographical novel. In order to demonstrate it, the author analyses the text using the following criteria as a sort of a litmus test of the work’s “biographical provenance”: chronologically structured plot, objectivity and the protagonist’s development. As expected, the Preludes does not meet any of the above expectations towards a biographical novel, which proves that the work can be recognized as a postmodernist literary biography. The structure consisting of fragments, narration in the form of stream-of-consciousness and lack of milestones in the protagonist’s life are the primary features of the new genre which is seen as inherent in postmodernist tendencies, in particular those formulated by Jean-Francois Lyotard and Zygmunt Bauman.
Identitet Og Litteraturhistorie
Authors: Mai Anne-Marie 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the need for a renewal of literary historiography and presents different strategies for new historical readings that can generate interest in older literature. Students at the Danish universities and high schools are supposed to have a solid knowledge of literary classics and the methods of historical reading. In a Danish context the school's task to form and develop young people have been linked to the experience of reading literature and knowing literary history. But the older literature seems to have become a compulsory reading which students want over with as quickly as possible. It is a big problem since the European postnational societies require a historical understanding of cultural values and the sources of these values. Literature gives the readers the opportunity to see and interpret themselves in relation to their surroundings, to meet the strange and unknown and to empathize with other people's thoughts and ideas. Literature creates a special feeling of language and an understanding of how linguistic meaning is formed. The paper presents discussions of literary historiography and new approaches to literary history.
På Vej Mod Short Storyen
Authors: Zanko Aldona 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The article derives from the intertextual approach to the notion of literary identity, introduced to the modern literary theory in the 1960’s by Julia Kristeva (born 1941). The main idea behind this approach is that no literary text should be perceived as an isolated unity, but always in relation to other texts, which it refers to. The author applies the intertextual perspective to examine the signs of external literary influences in Lise Andersens minimalist prose collection ”En særlig sommer og andre billeder”, published in 2008. The analysis aims to highlight influences from the American short story genre, which appears as an important source of inspiration not only for Andersen herself, but in fact for most of the Danish writers of minimalist fiction. The analysis provides examples of, how inspiration from the American short story manifests itself in form, narration and structure of the selected stories in the collection. Last but not least, the author draws attention to the general importance of American influences in Danish contemporary short fiction and their role for the critical perception of this literary genre both in Denmark and abroad.
Styvbarnen i Folkhemmet?
Authors: Żmuda-Trzebiatowska Magdalena 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The subject of the article is the experience of social exclusion present in five contemporary novels on childhood and adolescence spent in the Swedish folkhem, by Jonas Gardell, Lena Andersson, Mikael Niemi, Torbjörn Flygt and Susanna Alakoski. In the first part of the article I am discussing social exclusion as a term used in the debate about the Swedish welfare-state in crisis. The second part is an analysis of the literary texts, using a sociological perspective. I am focusing there on portraits of the children that are main characters in the novels, the children whose personal identity is being shaped in the shadow of the collective dream of a perfect society. Asking a question about the specifically Swedish character of those children’s sense of exclusion, I am referring to the words of the social democratic leader Per Albin Hansson, who in his speech of 1928, presented a vision of Sweden as a happy and fair common home (folkhem), in which there is no place for either favored citizens (“darlings”), or for second-class citizens (“stepchildren”).
Method of the production cycle duration time modeling within hard coal longwall faces / Metoda probabilistycznego modelowania czasu trwania czynności cyklu produkcyjnego realizowanego w przodkach ścianowych kopalń węgla kamiennego
Authors: Snopkowski Ryszard , Napieraj Aneta 
Published: February 2013

Method of probabilistic modeling of the production cycle duration time within hard coal longwall faces has been described in the present study. Duration of these activities for various technologies, including probabilistic schemes modeling have been described in the introduction.
In order to illustrate the described method, an example of probabilistic modeling for data obtained from specific longwall face has been presented. The final chapters entitled “The possibility of Using the method” and “Results” contain information on the perspective of the method application in mining industry.
Seismicity in mines due to roof layer bending rozwój / Sejsmiczności górniczej w rezultacie uginania się stropu
Authors: Marcak Henryk 
Published: February 2013

The experience, which has been obtained in Polish mining allow us to conclude that the bending of the roof layer over an exploited seam is one of the most important factors influencing the risk of strong seismic emissions. The seismic consequences of plastic deformations during roof layer bending are discussed in the paper. The linear distribution of seismic shock epicentres and trends in the development of seismic energy and event frequency, are expected before very strong seismic events that greatly increase rock-burst risk.
The proposed model of inelastic deformations allow us to correlate the seismic data and results of mining observations, such as convergence of the roof layer and the changes of wells diameter drilled in the roof layer in assessing the risk of rock-bursting.
Influence of Specific Surface of Lignite Fluidal Ashes on Rheological Properties of Sealing Slurries / Wpływ Powierzchni Właściwej Popiołów Fluidalnych z Węgla Brunatnego na Właściwości Reologiczne Zaczynów Uszczelniających
Authors: Stryczek Stanisław , Wiśniowski Rafał , Gonet Andrzej , Złotkowski Albert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
New generation fly ashes come from the combustion of coal in fluid-bed furnaces with simultaneous sulphur-removal from gases at ca. 850°C. Accordingly, all produced ashes basically differ in their physicochemical properties from the traditional silica ones. The aim of the laboratory analyses was determining the influence of specific surface and granular composition of fluidal ash on rheological properties of slurries used for sealing up the ground and rock mass media with hole injection methods, geoengineering works and cementing casing pipes in deep boreholes. Fluidal ash from the combustion of lignite contain active Puzzolan appearing in the form of dehydrated clayey minerals and active components activating the process of hydration ashes, i.e. CaO, anhydrite II and CaCO3. The ashes have a weak point, i.e. their high water diment, which the desired rheological properties related with the range of their propagation in the rock mass cannot not be acquired for injection works in the traditional sealing slurries technology. Increasing the water-to-mixture ratio should eliminate this feature of fluidal ashes. Laboratory analyses were performed for slurries based on metallurgical cement CEM III/A 32,5 having water-to-mixture ratios: 0.5; 0.6 ; 0.7 and 0.8; the fluidal ash concentration in the slurries was 30 wt.% (with respect to the mass of dry cement). Basing on the obtained results there were determined optimum recipes of sealing slurries in view of their rheological parameters which could be applied both in drilling technologies (cementing casing pipes, closing of boreholes, plugging) and in geoengineering works related with sealing up and reinforcing ground and rock mass media.
Causes and Consequences of Water Flux on the Example of Transverse Heading Mina in the Salt Mine “Wieliczka” / Przyczyny i Skutki Dopływu Wody na Przykładzie Poprzeczni Mina w Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”
Authors: Gonet Andrzej , Stryczek Stanisław , Brudnik Krzysztof 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The causes of disastrous water flux in the historical Salt Mine “Wieliczka“ have been presented on the example of transverse heading Mina at the IV level at a depth of 175 m bsl. The complex geological setting of direct environment of the transverse heading Mina has been described paying attention to unfavorable hydrogeological conditions in the northern part of the salt deposit. The main activities oriented to limiting the water hazard in the Salt Mine “Wieliczka“ and the reconstruction of inner safety pillar, which had been seriously damaged by mining activities, have been analyzed. A selection of objects inside the mine, saved from flooding thanks to protection works has been visualized in photos.
Analysis of Efficiency of Drilling of Large-Diameter Wells With a Profiled Wing Bit / Badania Efektywności Wiercenia Studni Wielkośrednicowych Świdrem Skrawającym z Profilowanymi Skrzydłami
Authors: Macuda Jan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In Poland all lignite mines are dewatered with the use of large-diameter wells. Drilling of such wells is inefficient owing to the presence of loose Quaternary and Tertiary material and considerable dewatering of rock mass within the open pit area. Difficult geological conditions significantly elongate the time in which large-diameter dewatering wells are drilled, and various drilling complications and break-downs related to the caving may occur.
Obtaining higher drilling rates in large-diameter wells can be achieved only when new cutter bits designs are worked out and rock drillability tests performed for optimum mechanical parameters of drilling technology.
Those tests were performed for a bit ø 1.16 m in separated macroscopically homogeneous layers of similar drillability. Depending on the designed thickness of the drilled layer, there were determined measurement sections from 0.2 to 1.0 m long, and each of the sections was drilled at constant rotary speed and weight on bit values.
Prior to drillability tests, accounting for the technical characteristic of the rig and strength of the string and the cutter bit, there were established limitations for mechanical parameters of drilling technology:
P ∈ (Pmin; Pmax)
n ∈ (nmin; nmax)
where: Pmin; Pmax - lowest and highest values of weight on bit,
nmin; nmax - lowest and highest values of rotary speed of bit,
For finding the dependence of the rate of penetration on weight on bit and rotary speed of bit various regression models have been analyzed. The most satisfactory results were obtained for the exponential model illustrating the influence of weight on bit and rotary speed of bit on drilling rate. The regression coefficients and statistical parameters prove the good fit of the model to measurement data, presented in tables 4-6.
The average drilling rate for a cutter bit with profiled wings has been described with the form:
Vśr= Z ·Pa· nb
where: Vśr- average drilling rate,
Z - drillability coefficient,
P - weight on bit,
n - rotary speed of bit,
a - coefficient of influence of weight on bit on drilling rate,
b - coefficient of influence of rotary speed of bit on drilling rate.
Industrial tests were performed for assessing the efficiency of drilling of large-diameter wells with a cutter bit having profiled wings ø 1.16 m according to elaborated model of average rate of drilling. The obtained values of average rate of drilling during industrial tests ranged from 8.33×10-4 to 1.94×10-3 m/s and were higher than the ones obtained so far, i.e. from 181.21 to 262.11%.
Application of Dst Interpretation Results by Log – Log Method in the Pore Space Type Estimation for the Upper Jurassic Carbonate Reservoir Rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep Basement / Interpretacja Testów Wykonywanych Rurowymi Próbnikami Złoża – Rpz w Skałach Węglanowych Górnej Jury Podłoża Zapadliska Przedkarpackiego
Authors: Dubiel Stanisław , Zubrzycki Adam , Rybicki Czesław , Maruta Michał 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the south part of the Carpathian Foredeep basement, between Bochnia and Ropczyce, the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian, Kimmeridian and Tithonian) carbonate complex plays important role as a hydrocarbon bearing formation. It consists of shallow marine carbonates deposited in environments of the outer carbonate ramp as reef limestones (dolomites), microbial - sponge or coral biostromes and marly or micrite limestones as well. The inner pore space system of these rocks was affected by different diagenetic processes as calcite cementation, dissolution, dolomitization and most probably by tectonic fracturing as well. These phenomena have modified pore space systems within limestone / dolomite series forming more or less developed reservoir zones (horizons). According to the interpretation of DST results (analysis of pressure build up curves by log - log method) for 11 intervals (marked out previously by well logging due to porosity increase readings) within the Upper Jurassic formation 3 types of pore/fracture space systems were distinguished:
- type I - fracture - vuggy porosity system in which fractures connecting voids and vugs within organogenic carbonates are of great importance for medium flow;
- type II - vuggy - fracture porosity system where a pore space consists of weak connected voids and intergranular/intercrystalline pores with minor influence of fractures;
- type III - cavern porosity system in which a secondary porosity is developed due to dolomitization and cement/grain dissolution processes.
Method of Effective Use of Methane and Nitrogen Separated from Natural Gases / Metody Efektywnego Wykorzystania Metanu i Azotu z Naturalnych Gazów
Authors: Olajossy Andrzej 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A mature concept of separation of natural gases, which usually contain methane and nitrogen, is the presented in the paper. As a result of ion-exchange with metal cations: Na, K, Mg followed by high-temperature roasting, clinoptilolite becomes a zeolite molecular sieve, that has kinetic diameter of 3.7 Å. As a result high-methane gas can be obtained 95 vol% methane, that can be directly sent to the gas network. The methane recovery exceeds 95%, whereas the outlet methane in nitrided gas losses are below 3 vol%. An idea was put forward to use the obtained nitrogen in enhanced oil recovery technology.
The influence of operating loads on the state of stress and strain in selected load-bearing elements of a tower-type headgear structure / Wpływ obciążeń eksploatacyjnych na stan naprężenia oraz przemieszczenia wybranych elementów nośnych konstrukcji basztowej wieży szybowych
Authors: Wolny Stanisław 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The headgear structure allows the conveyance to be moved over the shaft top to the loading (unloading) point, at the same time it keeps in place the rope pulleys while tower-type headgear structures also accommodate the entire winder installations.
The headgear is where the final stage of the hoisting installation is located and where the surface transport systems begin. These aspects strongly impact the actual shape of the tower, its height and in some cases determine the design of the entire winding gear.
In order that all the headgear functions should be provided, it is required that the ultimate state conditions should be maintained throughout its entire service life. In order to assess the critical service conditions, the computation procedure should be applied based on design loads and fatigue endurance parameters.
The computations of characteristic loads acting on the headgear structure use the developed model of the system based on the dynamic analysis carried out for a specific case: a hoisting installation operated in one of the underground collieries in Poland. The maximal and minimal loads acting on a Koepe pulley and those required for the system operation are determined accordingly.
The laws of dynamics provide a background for finding the forces and moments of forces acting in the components of the driving system (including the electric motors and pulley blocks) for the specified loading of the Koepe pulley.
Underlying the numerical FEM model of the tower-type headgear structure are the technical specifications of the analysed object and FEM calculations followed by endurance analysis to find the state of stress in structural elements of the headgear under the typical service conditions.
The results help in assessing how the design of the hoisting installation should impact on safety features of load-bearing elements in the headgear structure.
Transient states of air parameters after a stoppage and re-start of the main fan / Stany przejściowe parametrów powietrza po postoju i załączeniu wentylatora głównego
Authors: Wasilewski Stanisław 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A stoppage of the main ventilation fan constitutes a disturbance of ventilation conditions of a deepmine and its effects can cause serious hazards by generating transient states of air and gas flow. Main ventilation fans are the basic deep-mine facilities; therefore, under mining regulations it is only allowed to stop them with the consent and under the conditions specified by the mine maintenance manager. The stoppage of the main ventilation fan may be accompanied by transient air parameters, including the air pressure and flow patterns. There is even the likelihood of reversing the direction of air flow, which, in case of methane mines, can pose a major hazard, particularly in sections of the mine with fire fields or large goaf areas. At the same time, stoppages of deep-mine main ventilation fans create interesting research conditions, which if conducted under the supervision of the monitoring systems, can provide much information about the transient processes of pressure, air and gas flow in underground workings.
This article is a discussion of air parameter observations in mine workings made as part of such experiments. It also presents the procedure of the experiments, conducted in three mines. They involved the observation of transient processes of mine air parameters, and most interestingly, the recording of pressure and air and gas flow in the workings of the mine ventilation networks by mine monitoring systems and using specialist recording instruments.
In mining practice, both in Poland and elsewhere, software tools and computer modelling methods are used to try and reproduce the conditions prior to and during disasters based on the existing network model and monitoring system data. The use of these tools to simulate the alternatives of combating and liquidation of the gas-fire hazard after its occurrence is an important issue. Measurement data collected during the experiments provides interesting research material for the verification and validation of the software tools used for the simulation of processes occurring in deep-mine ventilation systems.
The use of the spatial characteristics technique with the view of estimating the explosion wave impact on the stuck drilling string zone / Wykorzystanie techniki charakterystyk przestrzennych do określania wpływu fali uderzeniowej na przychwyconą kolumnę przewodów wiertniczych
Authors: Moisyshyn Vasyl , Yacyshyn Vasyl , Vytyaz Oleg 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Studied here are the results of the asymmetric problem solution of the thick walled circular cylinder elasticity using the spatial characteristics technique. The practical implementation of the solution of the problem is based on the calculation of the stress-caused deformation state of the stuck drilling string zone affected by the explosion wave action upon the inner wall of the pipe.
Suggested here is the technique for determining axual σz and circular σθ stress on the drill pipe wall as well as the radial displacements ur of the stuck drill pipe outer surface under the action of the explosion shock wave. The above technique enables to make a sound selection of the cylindrical explosive charge weight in order to avoid the residual strain during the drilling string shaping off and uncoupling the threaded joints or to prevent them from exceeding the admissible level.
Determination of the exponent n in the equation describing a constant-resistance anemometer / Wyznaczenie wykładnika n w równaniu opisującym pracę anemometru stałorezystancyjnego
Authors: Kiełbasa Jan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In order to measure the velocity of gas flow with a constant-resistance thermoanemometer, prior calibration of anemometer sensor wires is required. In this process three sensor-specific parameters of King’s equation are estimated. In the original form of the equation the parameters are not independent from each other. As has been demonstrated by Ligęza, it is possible to rewrite the equation in a dimensionless form, in which the parameters become independent. Here we provide an algorithm to derive the parameters from thermoanemometer measurements.