bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptococcus neoformans Host Adaptation: Toward Biological Evidence of Dormancy
Authors: Alanio Alexandre , Vernel-Pauillac Frédérique , Sturny-Leclère Aude , Dromer Françoise 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection due to the ubiquitous yeast
Cryptococcus neoformans
. This yeast interacts closely with innate immune cells, leading to various fates, including fungal persistence within cells, making possible the dissemination of the yeast cells with monocytes via a Trojan horse strategy. In humans, the natural history of the infection begins with primoinfection during childhood, which is followed by dormancy and, in some individuals, reactivation upon immunosuppression. To address the question of dormancy, we studied
C. neoformans
infection at the macrophage level (
in vitro
H99-macrophage interaction) and at the organ level in a murine model of cryptococcosis. We analyzed the diversity of yeast adaptation to the host by characterizing several
C. neoformans
populations with new assays based on flow cytometry (quantitative flow cytometry, multispectral imaging flow cytometry, sorting), microscopy (dynamic imaging), and gene expression analysis. On the basis of parameters of multiplication and stress response, various populations of yeast cells were observed over time
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Cell sorting allowed the identification of a subpopulation that was less prone to grow under standard conditions than the other populations, with growth enhanced by the addition of serum. Gene expression analysis revealed that this population had specific metabolic characteristics that could reflect dormancy. Our data suggest that dormant yeast cells could exist
in vitro
and
in vivo
.
C. neoformans
exhibits a huge plasticity and adaptation to hosts that deserves further study.
In vitro
generation of dormant cells is now the main challenge to overcome the limited number of yeast cells recovered in our models.

IMPORTANCE
Cryptococcus neoformans
is a sugar-coated unicellular fungus that interacts closely with various cells and organisms, including amoebas, nematodes, and immune cells of mammals. This yeast is able to proliferate and survive in the intracellular environment.
C. neoformans
causes cryptococcosis, and yeast dormancy in humans has been suggested on the basis of epidemiological evidence obtained years ago. By studying an
in vitro
model of yeast-macrophage interaction and murine models of cryptococcosis, we observed that yeast cells evolve in heterogeneous populations during infection on the basis of global metabolic activity. We compared the growth ability and gene expression of yeast cells belonging to various populations in those two models. We eventually found a population of yeast cells with low metabolism that fit some of the criteria for dormant cells. This paves the way for further characterization of dormancy in
C. neoformans
.
Exercise-associated DNA methylation change in skeletal muscle and the importance of imprinted genes: a bioinformatics meta-analysis
Authors: Brown William M 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundEpigenetics is the study of processes—beyond DNA sequence alteration—producing heritable characteristics. For example, DNA methylation modifies gene expression without altering the nucleotide sequence. A well-studied DNA methylation-based phenomenon is genomic imprinting (ie, genotype-independent parent-of-origin effects).ObjectiveWe aimed to elucidate: (1) the effect of exercise on DNA methylation and (2) the role of imprinted genes in skeletal muscle gene networks (ie, gene group functional profiling analyses).DesignGene ontology (ie, gene product elucidation)/meta-analysis.Data sources26 skeletal muscle and 86 imprinted genes were subjected to g:Profiler ontology analysis. Meta-analysis assessed exercise-associated DNA methylation change.Data extractiong:Profiler found four muscle gene networks with imprinted loci. Meta-analysis identified 16 articles (387 genes/1580 individuals) associated with exercise. Age, method, sample size, sex and tissue variation could elevate effect size bias.Data synthesisOnly skeletal muscle gene networks including imprinted genes were reported. Exercise-associated effect sizes were calculated by gene. Age, method, sample size, sex and tissue variation were moderators.ResultsSix imprinted loci (RB1,MEG3,UBE3A,PLAGL1,SGCE,INS) were important for muscle gene networks, while meta-analysis uncovered five exercise-associated imprinted loci (KCNQ1,MEG3,GRB10,L3MBTL1,PLAGL1). DNA methylation decreased with exercise (60% of loci). Exercise-associated DNA methylation change was stronger among older people (ie, age accounted for 30% of the variation). Among older people, genes exhibiting DNA methylation decreases were part of a microRNA-regulated gene network functioning to suppress cancer.ConclusionsImprinted genes were identified in skeletal muscle gene networks and exercise-associated DNA methylation change. Exercise-associated DNA methylation modification could rewind the ‘epigenetic clock’ as we age.Trial registration numberCRD42014009800.
An examination of concussion education programmes: a scoping review methodology
Authors: Caron Jeffrey G , Bloom Gordon A , Falcão William R , Sweet Shane N 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThe primary purpose was to review the literature on concussion education programmes. The secondary purpose was to inform knowledge translation strategies for concussion researchers and practitioners.DesignResearch on concussion education programmes is relatively new. As a result, the current study implemented a scoping review methodology, which is a type of literary search used to provide a preliminary assessment of the size and scope of a body of literature, as well as identify strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the research.MethodsA five-stage process for conducting a scoping review was followed for this study: (a) identifying the research questions, (b) identifying relevant studies, (c) identifying the study selection criteria, (d) charting the data and (e) reporting the results.ResultsConcussion education programmes have been developed and implemented with populations ranging in age from 9 to 49 years and have used interactive oral presentations, educational videos and computer-based learning programmes. Although the content of these programmes varied, the topics generally addressed salient aspects of concussion injury and recovery. Quantitative instruments have been the preferred methods for assessment.ConclusionsEducation programmes aimed at improving participants’ long-term concussion knowledge, behaviours and attitudes of concussions are needed. Researchers must consider using a knowledge translation framework to enhance concussion education programmes. The application of such a framework can lead to novel and interesting ways of disseminating information about concussive injury and recovery.
Preservation of a fragmented late Neoproterozoic–earliest Cambrian hyper-extended continental-margin sequence in the Australian Delamerian Orogen
Authors: Gibson G. M. , Champion D. C. , Ireland T. R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Mafic and ultramafic rocks intercalated with metamorphosed deep-marine sediments in the Glenelg River Complex of SE Australia comprise variably tectonized fragments of an interpreted late Neoproterozoic–earliest Cambrian hyper-extended continental margin that was dismembered and thrust westwards over the adjacent continental margin during the Cambro-Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny. Ultramafic rocks include serpentinized harzburgite of inferred subcontinental lithospheric origin that had already been exhumed at the seafloor before sedimentation commenced, whereas mafic rocks exhibit mainly enriched- and normal-type mid-ocean ridge basalt (E- and N-MORB) compositions consistent with emplacement in an oceanic setting. These lithologies and their metasedimentary host rocks predate deposition of the Cambrian Kanmantoo Group and are more likely to represent temporal equivalents of the older Normanville Group or underlying Neoproterozoic Adelaide Supergroup. The Kanmantoo Group is host to basaltic rocks with higher degrees of crustal contamination and yields detrital zircon populations dominated by 600–500 Ma ages. Except for quartz greywacke confined to the uppermost part of the sequence, metasedimentary rocks in the Glenelg River Complex are devoid of detrital zircon, and are interstratified with subordinate amounts of metachert and carbonaceous dolomitic slate suggestive of deposition in a deep-marine environment far removed from any continental margin. Seismic reflection data support the idea that the Glenelg River Complex is underlain by mafic and ultramafic rocks, and preclude earlier interpretations based on aeromagnetic data that the continental margin incorporates a thick pile of seawards-dipping basaltic flows analogous to those of volcanic margins in the North Atlantic. Correlative hyper-extended continental rift margins to the Glenelg River Complex occur along strike in formerly contiguous parts of Antarctica.

Supplementary material:

Geochemical data for mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Glenelg River Complex and correlative terranes, and U–Th–Pb data for western Victoria gabbros are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18821
Budget allocations for hierarchical fixed-priority scheduling of sporadic tasks with deferred preemptions upon EDP resources
Authors: van den Heuvel Martijn M. H. P. , Bril Reinder J. , Lukkien Johan J. 
Published: April 2015

In this paper we revisit the admission of applications upon a processor share modeled by the explicit-deadline periodic (EDP) resource-supply model. In particular, we consider applications that represent a fixed-priority sporadic task system. Existing works heavily build on the analysis of a hierarchy of preemptive task schedulers. We instead consider the feasibility of such tasks and applications for a hierarchy of deferred-preemptive schedulers, so that we can efficiently deal with the scenario where tasks and applications execute their work in non-preemptive chunks. Our model therefore gives better control over preemptions of tasks of different applications.
We present exact analysis for deferred-preemptive scheduling of tasks on EDP resources. In addition, we propose algorithms for dimensioning an application's budget tightly.
The Role of Geographic Factors in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Uptake Among Adolescent Girls in the United States
Authors: Henry KA , Warner EL , Ding Q , Kepka D 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There has been limited research examining the role of geographic factors in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among adolescent girls. This study is one of the first to investigate and identify community-level geographic factors that may be associated with HPV vaccine uptake in the United States. We analyzed data from the 2011 and 2012 National Immunization Survey-Teen to examine associations of HPV vaccine initiation (receipt of at least one dose based on healthcare provider records) among female adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (N = 20,565) with ZIP code level geographic factors that were linked to the survey. Analyses were conducted using weighted logistic regression that included state-random effects. HPV vaccine initiation was approximately 53% in both 2011 and 2012. Racial composition and urban/rural residence were both independently associated with vaccine initiation (P = &lt; 0.05). Initiation was higher among girls living in communities where the majority (&gt;50%) of the population was Hispanic compared to communities where the majority of the population was non-Hispanic white (69.0% vs 49.9%; Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.55, 95% CI, 1.33–1.80). Girls living in high population density areas (urban) had higher HPV vaccine initiation compared to those living in low population density areas (rural) (56% vs 44.6%; AOR 1.37, 95% CI, 1.13–1.65). Initiation was also higher among girls living in the most impoverished communities compared to girls living in the least impoverished communities (61% vs 50.4%), but community-level poverty was not significant in the adjusted analysis. Higher HPV vaccination coverage in poor urban communities with a high proportion of racial/ethnic minorities may be partly attributable to targeted interventions and the continued effectiveness of the Vaccines for Children program (VFC), which provides recommended vaccines at no cost to eligible children. Learning more about factors that influence higher HPV vaccination initiation rates among certain groups might inform intervention strategies for groups with lower initiation rates.
Cervical Cancer Prevention Services at College Health Centers: Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) Compared to Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs)
Authors: Barnett KB , McRee AL , Reiter PL , Paskett ED , Katz ML 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) incidence and mortality rates are increased among African American women. We sought to examine the availability of CC prevention services, such as the HPV vaccine and Pap tests, at college health centers among Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) compared to Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Methods: We analyzed data from a sample of colleges and universities identified using the National Center for Education Statistics' College Navigator tool. Identified HBCUs were matched with a randomly selected four year PWI within the same state, resulting in an analytic sample of 162 colleges and universities. We collected data on health services and institutional characteristics via the institutions' websites, the College Navigator Tool, and by telephone interviews with health centers. We examined whether institutions provided HPV vaccine or Pap tests to students and identified correlates of each using logistic regression. Results: A total of 131 (81%) colleges and universities had operating health centers, of which 121 (92%) were successfully contacted via telephone. HBCUs were less likely than PWIs to offer the HPV vaccine (21% vs.46%; p-value &lt; 0.05) or Pap tests (49% vs. 67%; p-value &lt;0.05). However, in multivariate logistic regression models, the difference was no longer statistically significant. Significant variables were setting (non- rural vs. rural) and enrollment size. Institutions in a non-rural setting (OR = 4.42; 95% CI, 1.01–19.42) were more likely to offer the HPV vaccine, and institutions with higher enrollments (per every 1,000 increase) were more likely to offer the HPV vaccine (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10–1.39) or Pap tests (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.0–1.39) to students. Conclusion: Many colleges and universities are not offering the HPV vaccine or Pap tests to students. Student enrollment size and non-rural setting of the institution are important determinants of whether a college or university offers CC prevention services. Given that HBCUs support a large concentration of minority students who are at risk of cervical cancer, a greater effort should be employed at these smaller institutions to increase the availability of CC prevention services.
Factors Affecting Informed Decision-Making in Women with Increased Breast Cancer Risk or DCIS Pursuing Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy
Authors: Valente J , Stybio T , Hyde S , Lipscomb J , Gillespie TW 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Despite lack of survival benefit, an increasing number of women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) opt for removal of the unaffected breast in addition to the breast with known pathology, i.e. contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). Little is known about women's decision-making processes that contribute to this rising trend, particularly for DCIS. Further obscuring the decision is the highly variable terminology used to discuss breast cancer pathologies and treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors impacting risk comprehension and decision-making related to increased risk for breast cancer or DCIS. We conducted a retrospective and prospective pilot study to evaluate women's perceived contralateral breast cancer risk, health literacy, numeracy, and comprehension of terms used in genetics and breast cancer. Clinical data such as breast MRI, genetic testing, family history, and breast cancer risk derived from predictive models were also collected. Women with DCIS and those high-risk for development of invasive breast cancer were eligible, and 68 patients participated. Of the cohort, 33 (48.5%) women considered pursuing CPM and 11 (16.2%) underwent CPM. Anxiety about cancer recurrence was the top reason for considering CPM. Undergoing CPM was significantly associated with plastic surgery consultation, increased 10-year breast cancer risk, genetic counseling, and genetic testing. The consideration of CPM was also associated with higher incomes. Numeracy, health and genetic literacy, and terminology scores were not significant predictors of CPM. Lastly, 83.8% of respondents stated DCIS qualified as breast cancer, but only 39.7% of patients correctly defined DCIS. When asked to interpret the phrase “indolent lesion of epithelial origin” (new terminology advocated to replace “DCIS”), 27.9% of respondents believed it referred to cancer, 47.1% did not, and 23.5% were unsure. Patients commonly thought “lesion” meant “skin wound” or “sore”. Decision-making related to DCIS remains complex. Although CPM has not shown a survival advantage and can have significant complications, CPM rates continue to rise. Recognizing patients' knowledge of risk communication and terminology is vital to support shared and informed surgical decisions.
Depression and Antidepressant Use in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in the Nurses Health Study
Authors: Reeves KW , Okereke O , Qian J , Hankinson SE 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Depression and antidepressant (AD) use have each been hypothesized to increase breast cancer risk, yet previous studies have not considered these exposures together. Thus, it is unclear whether increased risk due to depression may actually be attributable to AD use, or vice versa. Methods: We utilized data from 77,482 women enrolled in the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort in which data on depression and AD use were collected simultaneously beginning in 2000. Women self-reported whether they had ever been diagnosed with depression by a clinician as well as their use of specific types of ADs. Self-reported breast cancer cases through 2012 were adjudicated and only confirmed invasive cases included as outcomes (N = 2,567). Logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the effects of baseline depression and AD use, both independently and with mutual adjustment, on breast cancer risk. Results: The average age of participants was 66.2 (SD 7.1) years; 8.9% were clinically depressed and 8.7% used ADs. In separate models adjusted for age, body mass index, and menopausal status, we observed no statistically significant associations between depression (OR 0.94, 95% CI, 0.81–1.08) or AD use (OR 1.07, 95% CI, 0.93–1.22). When these exposures were included together in the same model, depression remained unassociated with breast cancer risk (OR 0.87, 95% CI, 0.74–1.03) while AD use exhibited a small, borderline significant increase in risk (OR 1.15, 95% CI, 0.98–1.35). The latter association remained consistent for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; OR 1.16, 95% CI, 0.96–1.39) but was not apparent for other classes of ADs (OR 1.07, 95% CI, 0.85–1.35). Conclusions: These initial results indicate that depression is not associated with breast cancer risk, while we could not exclude a slight increase in risk associated with SSRI use. Further analyses will update exposure information over follow-up and also evaluate whether associations differ by menopausal status or hormone receptor disease subtypes. Clarifying the effects of these exposures on breast cancer risk will provide critical information for the millions of women who are depressed and/or use ADs.
Can the “Hispanic Paradox” Shed Light on Childhood Cancer Risk?
Authors: Heck JE , Park AS , Cockburn M , Ritz B 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The “Hispanic epidemiologic paradox” is the commonly observed phenomenon that foreign-born Hispanic mothers who emigrate to the United States have consistently good pregnancy outcomes, such as decreased rates of low birthweight, despite high levels of poverty. We examined whether this advantage extends to childhood cancer risk. Methods: The study included all children born in California from 1983–2007. Birthrolls were linked to California Cancer Registry records of children ages &lt;6 who were diagnosed with cancer 1988–2007 (N = 8710 cases, 9,519,438 controls). The mother's Hispanic origin, ethnic ancestry, and country of birth were ascertained from the birth certificate. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the risk for cancer based upon maternal birthplace and ethnic ancestry. Models stratified by tumor subtype and adjusted for maternal and paternal age. Summary of results: The children of foreign-born Hispanic women had lower rates of several cancers [acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–1.14); glioma (OR = 0.51, 95% CI, 0.43–0.59); neuroblastoma (OR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.39–0.55)] in comparison to the children of US-born Hispanic women [ALL (OR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.11–1.37); glioma (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.62–0.90); neuroblastoma (OR = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.51–0.78); referent group was the children of US-born Whites]. The odds for rhabdomyosarcoma and acute myeloid leukemia were equivalent between Hispanics regardless of maternal place of birth. Hepatoblastoma was higher among the children of foreign-born mothers (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 0.87–2.10) than those of US-born Hispanic mothers (OR = 0.93, 95% CI, 0.56–1.55) while bone tumors were higher among the children of US-born mothers (OR = 2.08, 95% CI, 1.11–3.88) compared to the children of foreign-born mothers (OR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.38–1.41). Conclusions: With notable exceptions, the children of foreign-born Hispanic mothers tended to have cancer rates lower than those of US-born Hispanic mothers. Risk factors identified as driving the Hispanic paradox may be fruitful for study among these childhood cancer types.
Are Women Willing to Change Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines?
Authors: Cohn W , Novicoff W , Dean McKinney M , Guterbock T , Rexrode D , Eggleston C , Harvey J , Knaus W 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This purpose of this study is to evaluate the willingness of women to change their breast cancer screening practices if given personalized recommendations based on risk factors such as breast density, family history and lifestyle. Methods: A random sample of 1,024 Virginia women between age 35–70 years and without breast cancer, reached by landline and cell phone, completed a 24-minute interview. Results: Just over half (54.6%) of women are definitely or probably willing to reduce their frequency of breast cancer screening if provided with personalized recommendations. This compares to 81.9% who are definitely or probably willing to increase screening. The most cited disadvantage for reduced screening was delayed detection of breast cancer (77%) while the most cited advantage for increased screening is earlier detection (82%). Women are willing to change their type of screening (92.3%). Women who were more likely to be willing to reduce screening are those with a lower perceived risk of breast cancer, less familiarity with risk factors and recommendations. When asked what they needed to know to make a change, women cited advice of a doctor (52.1%), research/evidence (38.9%) and comparison with old recommendations (22.5%) most frequently. Advice of a radiologist was only stated by 2.3% of the women. Conclusions: These results suggest that most women will be willing to change their breast cancer screening frequency especially if recommended by their primary care physician. Women do not view their radiologist as having a primary role in delivering screening recommendations; this underscores the need to educate primary healthcare providers regarding breast screening recommendations.