bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining soil water‐balance components using an irrigated grass lysimeter in NE Austria
Authors: Nolz Reinhard , Cepuder Peter , Kammerer Gerhard 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe water balance of a certain soil profile in a certain time interval is subjected to changes of soil water content within the respective profile, and fluxes at its upper and lower boundary. Weighing lysimeters are valuable instruments for water‐balance studies. Typically, mass changes—thus, changes of soil profile water content—are detected by a weighing system, while seepage water outflow is measured by a tipping bucket, and precipitation data originate from a rain gauge. Hence, evapotranspiration as unknown component can be determined by solving a simple water‐balance equation. However, using separately measured precipitation data may cause implausible (negative) evapotranspiration. In this study, change of soil profile water content, seepage water, precipitation, and evapotranspiration were determined directly from 10‐min lysimeter data from 2011. Precipitation measured with the lysimeter was in total 20% greater than rain‐gauge values. Even dew formation was measured and considered as water‐balance component; however, its total amount was rather low. Evapotranspiration calculated on daily and hourly base indicated a sound correlation with measured data, but measured values were considerably smaller. Both calculated and measured dew amount were of the same magnitude. Comparison of lysimeter evapotranspiration with daily calculations (neglecting dew) and hourly computation (considering dew) delivered similar results. Generally, the utilized lysimeter facility and the specific data management provided sound water‐balance components with high accuracy and temporal resolution, respectively.
Early and late Holocene glacial fluctuations and tephrostratigraphy, Cabin Lake, Alaska
Authors: ZANDER PAUL D. , KAUFMAN DARRELL S. , KUEHN STEPHEN C. , WALLACE KRISTI L. , ANDERSON R. SCOTT 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMarked changes in sediment types deposited in Cabin Lake, near Cordova, Alaska, represent environmental shifts during the early and late Holocene, including fluctuations in the terminal position of Sheridan Glacier. Cabin Lake is situated to receive meltwater during periods when the outwash plain of the advancing Sheridan Glacier had aggraded. A brief early Holocene advance from 11.2 to 11.0 cal ka is represented by glacial rock flour near the base of the sediment core. Non‐glacial lake conditions were restored for about 1000 years before the water level in Cabin Lake lowered and the core site became a fen. The fen indicates drier‐than‐present conditions leading up to the Holocene thermal maximum. An unconformity spanning 5400 years during the mid‐Holocene is overlain by peat until 1110 CE when meltwater from Sheridan Glacier returned to the basin. Three intervals of an advanced Sheridan Glacier are recorded in the Cabin Lake sediments during the late Holocene: 1110–1180, 1260–1540 and 1610–1780 CE. The sedimentary sequence also contains the first five reported tephra deposits from the Copper River delta region, and their geochemical signatures suggest that the sources are the Cook Inlet volcanoes Redoubt, Augustine and Crater Peak, and possibly Mt Churchill in the Wrangell Volcanic field.
Does postoperative infection after soft tissue sarcoma resection affect oncologic outcomes?
Authors: Behnke Nicole K. , Alamanda Vignesh K. , Song Yanna , Archer Kristin R. , Halpern Jennifer L. , Schwartz Herbert S. , Holt Ginger E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrior studies have demonstrated postoperative infection may confer a survival benefit after osteosarcoma resection. Our aim was to determine whether infection after soft tissue sarcoma resection has similar effects on metastasis, recurrence and survival.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted; 396 patients treated surgically for a soft tissue sarcoma between 2000 and 2008 were identified. Relevant oncologic data were collected. Fifty‐six patients with a postoperative infection were compared with 340 patients without infection. Hazard ratios and overall cumulative risk were evaluated.ResultsThere was no difference in survival, local recurrence or metastasis between patients with or without a postoperative infection. Patients were evenly matched for age at diagnosis, gender, smoking status, and diabetes status. Tumor characteristics did not differ between groups in tumor size, location, depth, grade, margin status, stage, and histologic subtype. There was no difference in utilization of chemotherapy or radiation therapy between groups. From our competing risk model, only positive margin status significantly impacted the risk of local recurrence. An increase in tumor size corresponded to an increased risk of metastasis and death.ConclusionsPostoperative infection neither conferred a protective effect, nor increased the risk of adverse oncologic outcomes after soft tissue sarcoma resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:415–420. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of pepsin and pepsinogen: Linking laryngopharyngeal reflux with otitis media with effusion in children
Authors: Luo Hua‐Nan , Yang Qi‐Mei , Sheng Ying , Wang Zheng‐Hui , Zhang Qing , Yan Jing , Hou Jin , Zhu Kang , Cheng Ying , Wang Bo‐Tao , Xu Ying‐Long , Zhang Xiang‐Hong , Ren Xiao‐Yong , Xu Min 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo analyze the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) represented by pepsin and pepsinogen, and pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME).Study DesignProspective case‐control study.MethodsChildren with OME who required adenoidectomy and tympanostomy/tympanostomy tubes placement were enrolled in OME group, whereas children with adenoid hypertrophy (AH) who required adenoidectomy and individuals who required cochlear implantation (CI) were enrolled in AH and CI groups, respectively. Pepsinogen mRNA and protein levels were assessed by real‐time fluorescence‐based quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in adenoid specimens from the OME and AH groups. Pepsin and pepsinogen concentrations were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in middle ear fluid and plasma from the OME and CI groups.ResultsThe levels of pepsinogen protein expressed in cytoplasm of epithelial cells and clearance under epithelial cells in adenoid specimens from the OME group were significantly higher than those in the AH group. Furthermore, the concentrations of pepsin and pepsinogen in the OME group were 51.93 ± 11.58 ng/mL and 728 ± 342.6 ng/mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the CI group (P < .001). In addition, the concentrations of pepsin in dry ears were significantly lower than those in serous and mucus ears in the OME group (F = 22.77, P < .001).Finally, the concentration of pepsinogen in middle ear effusion was positively correlated with the expression intensity of pepsinogen protein in cytoplasm of epithelial cells(r = 0.73, P < .05) in the OME group.ConclusionsPepsin and pepsinogen in middle ear effusion are probably caused by LPR and may be involved in the pathogenesis of OME.Level of Evidence3b Laryngoscope, 124:E294–E300, 2014
Nanoparticles of Well‐Defined 4‐Arm Stars made using Nanoreactors in Water
Authors: Sebakhy Khaled O. , Gavrilov Mikhail , Valade David , Jia Zhongfan , Monteiro Michael J. 
Published: November 2013

In this work, the use of a nanoreactor is demonstrated to rapidly prepare monodisperse polymer nanoparticles in water‐based dispersion consisting of 4‐arm star polymer via the R‐group RAFT approach. It is shown that by heating a nanoparticle assembler above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), stabilized nanoparticles are formed that act as a template for the 4‐arm star RAFT‐mediated polymerization of styrene. Monodisperse nanoparticles of size (between 40 and 90 nm) containing monodisperse polymer of desired molecular weight (30–95 k) are obtained with little star–star coupling due to compartmentalization. The nanoreactor technique allows independent control over the size and molecular weight with a 4‐arm star topology.
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Modeling the Biodegradability of Chemical Compounds Using the Online CHEmical Modeling Environment (OCHEM)
Authors: Vorberg Susann , Tetko Igor V. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBiodegradability describes the capacity of substances to be mineralized by free‐living bacteria. It is a crucial property in estimating a compound’s long‐term impact on the environment. The ability to reliably predict biodegradability would reduce the need for laborious experimental testing. However, this endpoint is difficult to model due to unavailability or inconsistency of experimental data. Our approach makes use of the Online Chemical Modeling Environment (OCHEM) and its rich supply of machine learning methods and descriptor sets to build classification models for ready biodegradability. These models were analyzed to determine the relationship between characteristic structural properties and biodegradation activity. The distinguishing feature of the developed models is their ability to estimate the accuracy of prediction for each individual compound. The models developed using seven individual descriptor sets were combined in a consensus model, which provided the highest accuracy. The identified overrepresented structural fragments can be used by chemists to improve the biodegradability of new chemical compounds. The consensus model, the datasets used, and the calculated structural fragments are publicly available at http://ochem.eu/article/31660.
Effect of backbone structures on photovoltaic properties in naphthodithiophene‐based copolymers
Authors: Bathula Chinna , Badgujar Sachin , Song Chang Eun , Kang In‐Nam , Cho Shinuk , Lee Jong‐Cheol , Shin Won Suk , Moon Sang‐Jin , Lee Sang Kyu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA “zigzag” naphthodithiophene‐based copolymer, poly[4,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyloxy)naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐1,3‐(5‐heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐4H‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione] (P1) is synthesized and its properties are compared to “linear” naphthodithiophene‐based copolymer, poly[4,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyloxy)naphtho[2,3‐b:6,7‐d′]dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐1,3‐(5‐heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐4H‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione] (P2). The field‐effect carrier mobilities and the optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the copolymers are systematically investigated. The results suggest that the backbone of the copolymer structure significantly influences the band gap, electronic energy levels, carrier mobilities, and photovoltaic properties of the resultant thin films. In this work, the zigzag naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐based copolymer displays a good hole mobility and a high open‐circuit voltage; however, polymer solar cells in which the linear naphtho[2,3‐b;6,7‐d′]dithiophene‐based copolymer is used as the electron donor material perform better than the cells prepared using the zigzag naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐based copolymer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 305–312
Influence of Different Levels of Immersion in Water on the Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Muscle Pressure in Healthy Individuals: Observational Study
Authors: de Andrade Armèle Dornelas , Júnior Jader Carneiro , Lins de Barros Melo Talita Lourdes , Rattes Lima Catarina Souza Ferreira , Brandão Daniella Cunha , de Melo Barcelar Jacqueline 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground and PurposeImmersion in water, with the head above the water line, causes acute physiological changes in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute physiological responses to immersion on lung volumes and respiratory muscle strength at different depths.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in 28 healthy individuals (21.75 ± 1.99 years; 13 men and 15 women). Anthropometric and spirometric data as well as respiratory muscle strength were evaluated. Evaluations were carried out on dry land (DL) and in a pool at three different levels of immersion: iliac crests (IC), xiphoid appendix of the sternum (XA) and clavicles (CL). The order of evaluation for spirometry and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures between DL and the different levels of immersion was randomized. The ANOVA test for repeated measures with post hoc Tukey was applied to compare the variables.ResultsVital capacity exhibited lower values at the CL level compared with DL, XA and IC (p < 0.01). The most significant change in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) occurred under immersion at CL and XA levels. No differences in maximal expiratory pressure were found in the comparisons between the different levels of immersion and DL (p = 0.19). There was nevertheless a decrease in maximum inspiratory pressure with immersion at the CL level (91 ± 23 cmH2O) compared with DL (105 ± 29 cmH2O), XA (99 ± 24 cmH2O) and IC (101 ± 25 cmH2O) values (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe results suggest that immersion at the level of the clavicles and xiphoid appendix alters lung function and respiratory muscle strength when compared with the values measured out of the water and immersed at the IC level in healthy individuals, demonstrating the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the respiratory system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid monitoring of volatile organic compounds: a comparison between gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Langford Vaughan S. , Graves Ian , McEwan Murray J. 
Published: November 2013

RATIONALEThe gold standard for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, in many situations, when VOC concentrations are at the ppmv level, there are complicating factors for GC/MS. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) is an emerging technique for monitoring VOCs in air. It is simpler to use and provides results in real time.METHODSThree different experiments were used for the comparison. First SIFT‐MS was applied to monitor the concentrations of 25 VOCs in a mixture at concentrations up to 1 ppmv using only a generic database for known kinetic data of three reagent ions (H3O+, NO+ and O2+) with each VOC. In experiment 2, a side‐by‐side comparison was made of 17 VOCs at concentrations between 1 ppmv and 5 ppbv after small corrections had been made to the SIFT‐MS kinetic data. In a third experiment, a side‐by‐side comparison examined two groups of samples received for commercial analysis.RESULTSIn experiment 1, 85% of the VOC concentrations were within 35% of their stated values without any calibration of the SIFT‐MS instrument. In experiment 2, the two techniques yielded good correspondence between the measured VOC concentrations. In experiment 3, good correlation was found for VOCs from three of the samples. However, interferences from some product ions gave over‐reported values in one sample from the SIFT‐MS instrument.CONCLUSIONSThese three experiments showed that GC/MS was better suited to monitoring samples containing large numbers of VOCs at high concentrations. In all other applications, SIFT‐MS proved simpler to use, was linear with concentration over a much wider concentration range than GC/MS and provided faster results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis of large‐scale dynamical systems by sub‐Gramian approach
Authors: Yadykin I. B. , Iskakov A. B. , Akhmetzyanov A. V. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider two methods for solving differential and algebraic Lyapunov equations in the time and frequency domains. Solutions of these equations are finite and infinite Gramians. In the first approach, we use the Laplace transform to solve the equations, and we apply the expansion of the matrix resolvent of the dynamical system. The expansions are bilinear and quadratic forms of the Faddeev matrices generated by resolvents of the original matrices. The second method allows computation of an infinite Gramian of a stable system as a sum of sub‐Gramians, which characterize the contribution of eigenmodes to the asymptotic variation of the total system energy over an infinite time interval. Because each sub‐Gramian is associated with a particular eigenvector, the potential sources of instability can easily be localized and tracked in real time. When solutions of Lyapunov equations have low‐rank structure typical of large‐scale applications, sub‐Gramians can be represented in low‐rank factored form, which makes them convenient in the stability analysis of large systems. Our numerical tests for Kundur's four‐machine two‐area system confirm the suitability of using Gramians and sub‐Gramians for small‐signal stability analyses of electric power systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The past is prologue: reflections on forty‐plus years of system dynamics modeling practice
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhat lessons might a body of work recognized for “Lifetime Achievements” offer to a new generation of system dynamics modelers? In what areas are future contributions of system dynamics most needed and likely to have the greatest impact? My life goals have been the design of effective public policy systems and the remediation of ineffective ones. Searching for a practice – an “engineering” or “curative” discipline that would facilitate the attainment of those goals led me to system dynamics modeling. A chronicling of three projects focusing, respectively, on global modeling, conflict–development linkages, and Singapore's improbable resilience, illustrate system dynamics modeling principles, applications, and lessons learned. China represents an important new frontier for system dynamics modeling and modelers to contribute to the survival and well‐being of the human species. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society
A practical anonymous authentication protocol for wireless roaming
Authors: Xie Qi , Tan Xiao , Wong Duncan S. , Wang Guilin , Bao Mengjie , Dong Na 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRecently, Chen et al. proposed a practical authentication protocol for supporting anonymous roaming in wireless access networks, then the protocol is further improved by Hsieh and Leu. In this paper, we demonstrate the adversarial model of this type of protocols and show that Hsieh‐Leu scheme is not as secure as they originally claimed to be. In particular, we show that their protocol does not provide user privacy protection, and it is vulnerable to off‐line password guessing attack mounted by a side channel adversary who has compromised all the information stored in the user's smart card. To fix these weaknesses, a new practical authentication protocol with anonymity for wireless roaming is proposed. We use the formal verification tool ProVerif, which is based on applied pi calculus, to prove the security of the proposed scheme. The experimental results confirm that the new scheme not only achieves many desirable properties, such as strong anonymity, perfect forward secrecy and support of session key update, but also provides robustness against all those attacks that Hsieh–Leu protocol does not resist. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surveillance using non‐stealthy sensors: A new intruder model
Authors: Bagchi Amitabha , Kalayappan Rajshekar , Sankhla Surabhi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe study the problem of intruder tracking with non‐stealthy sensors, i.e., sensors whose ON/OFF state can be detected by an intruder, sometimes in advance. The sensor field is assumed to be operating with a sleep schedule to conserve energy. Both motion sensors and presence sensors are considered. We provide a rigorous basis for the study of this scenario by defining a new intruder model, the Ideal Intruder, that knows the entire sleep schedule of all the sensors in the field. More realistic intruders that have spatially and temporally limited knowledge of the sensor states are also defined. We study the well‐known Random Independent Sleep (RIS) scheduling scheme with a single parameter p, giving mathematical bounds for the ideal intruder's crossing time in the motion sensor case and showing that the crossing probability in the presence sensor case undergoes a sharp transition as p increases. Further, we show that non‐ideal intruders perform almost as well as the ideal intruder against RIS. Motivated by this finding and by the comparison between Barrier Coverage and RIS, we define a new sleep scheduling scheme, Spotlight, that is more robust to faults than Barrier Coverage and more effective than RIS. But more than that, Spotlight is shown to be specifically suited to the non‐stealthy case because a non‐ideal intruder, that is, one with limited information performs significantly worse against it than the ideal intruder. Spotlight, therefore, apart from being a novel and interesting sleep scheduling scheme in its own right, also illustrates the power of the analytical framework we introduce in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical comparison of univariate and multivariate meta‐analyses for categorical outcomes
Authors: Trikalinos Thomas A. , Hoaglin David C. , Schmid Christopher H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTreatment effects for multiple outcomes can be meta‐analyzed separately or jointly, but no systematic empirical comparison of the two approaches exists. From the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, we identified 45 reviews, including 1473 trials and 258,675 patients, that contained two or three univariate meta‐analyses of categorical outcomes for the same interventions that could also be analyzed jointly. Eligible were meta‐analyses with at least seven trials reporting all outcomes for which the cross‐classification tables were exactly recoverable (e.g., outcomes were mutually exclusive, or one was a subset of the other). This ensured known correlation structures. Outcomes in 40 reviews had an is‐subset‐of relationship, and those in 5 were mutually exclusive. We analyzed these data with univariate and multivariate models based on discrete and approximate likelihoods. Discrete models were fit in the Bayesian framework using slightly informative priors. The summary effects for each outcome were similar with univariate and multivariate meta‐analyses (both using the approximate and discrete likelihoods); however, the multivariate model with the discrete likelihood gave smaller between‐study variance estimates, and narrower predictive intervals for new studies. When differences in the summary treatment effects were examined, the multivariate models gave similar summary estimates but considerably longer (shorter) uncertainty intervals because of positive (negative) correlation between outcome treatment effects. It is unclear whether any of the examined reviews would change their overall conclusions based on multivariate versus univariate meta‐analyses, because extra‐analytical and context‐specific considerations contribute to conclusions and, secondarily, because numerical differences were often modest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.