bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Accuracy and Precision Studies Comparing Direct and Delayed Analysis of the Ethanol Content of Vapor
Authors: Goldberger BA , Caplan YH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In vitro accuracy and precision studies were conducted using silica gel, magnesium perchlorate, and indium encapsulation breath collection tubes in conjunction with three infrared breath ethanol analyzers (BAC Verifier, Intoxilyzer 5000, and Intoximeter 3000), the Breathalyzer 900A, and the GC Mark IV. Statistical analyses revealed good accuracy and precision and correlation between direct and delayed vapor ethanol analyses for each combination of instruments and collection devices (range = 0.000 to 0.250 g/210 L, N = 42/instrument, r &gt; 0.99). Delayed vapor ethanol analysis utilizing each instrument and collection device combination appears to predict satisfactorily original vapor ethanol concentrations.
Evaluation of the Abbott TDx-Radiative Energy Attenuation (REA) Ethanol Assay in a Study of 1105 Forensic Whole Blood Specimens
Authors: Caplan YH , Levine B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a preliminary study to determine the applicability of the Abbott radiative energy attenuation (REA) method for the quantification of ethanol in whole blood specimens it was concluded that a larger number of samples was required to evaluate the method, particularly for use in forensic toxicology applications. In this study, 573 blood specimens from suspected driving while intoxicated individuals (DWI blood) and 532 postmortem blood specimens (PM blood) were analyzed by the REA method and a headspace gas chromatographic method (GC) currently used in this laboratory. “Negative” specimens (&lt;10 mg/dL by GC) and “positive” specimens (≥ 10 mg/dL by GC) in each category were analyzed. Linear regression analysis comparing the REA values with the GC values was performed for each type of blood specimen. The equation obtained for DWI blood specimens was REA = 0.943 GC + 1.54; the equation for PM blood specimens was REA = 0.980 GC + 2.76. The correlation coefficient for each group was greater than 0.99. The data suggested that a limit of detection of 10 mg/dL could be applied for DWI blood specimens, while 20 mg/dL would be recommended as the limit of detection for PM blood specimens.
Estimation of the Absolute Density of Glass Following the Sink/Float Technique
Authors: Kahane D , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Following the sink/float technique for the determination of comparative density, the refractive index of a bromoform/bromobenzene mixture may be determined by means of an Abbe refractometer. Reference to a calibration curve of the density and refractive index of bromoform/bromobenzene mixtures will then permit an estimation to be made of the density of the liquid, and by extension, the glass. This represents an alternative to the pycnometer method for the determination of the absolute value of the density. An estimation of the density will permit an opinion to be reached concerning how common or unusual the sample is by reference to a scatter-gram of an extended set of glass density and refractive index data.
Histochemical Demonstration of Methamphetamine by Immunocytochemistry
Authors: Ishiyama I , Mukaida M , Yoshii T , Suyama H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for the demonstration of methamphetamine (MA) by immunocytochemistry was established. The tissues of intoxicated mice, administered various amounts of MA in single doses of from 0.01 to 1 mg of MA-HCl, were fixed in glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives. Cryostat and paraffin slices gave a positive reaction of MA localization by staining the brain, liver, kidney, lung, stomach, spleen, and so forth, with the aid of the indirect immunperoxydase technique. Those of animals administered a single dose of 0.1 mg or more (over 3 to 4 mg/kg—the usual dose of MA in acute intoxication death in forensic medicine), in particular, gave a strong strong reaction, so that the diagnosis of MA intoxication can be performed by macroscopic observation of stained slices. The histochemical diagnosis of MA intoxication in clinical toxicology and pathology might be regarded as a useful tool, especially in forensic pathology. The following cells gave a strong positive reaction: nerve cells and myelin sheaths, hepatocytes, epithelial cells of the distal part of the renal tubule and of the collecting tubule, alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells of the lung, chief and parietal cells of the gastric gland, capillaries of the renal glomerulus, macrophages in the blood and tissues, and striated muscle cells including cardiocytes. The morphological evidence of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of MA can be determined at the cellular level by immunocytochemistry.
Demonstration of Esophageal Varices Postmortem by Gastroesophageal Phlebography
Authors: Segerberg-Konttinen M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The study presents a method for the demonstration of esophageal varices at autopsy by gastroesophageal phlebography. The veins visible on the radiographs were controlled and evaluated by studying the gross appearance of sections of the esophagus at the level of the varicose veins and by hi-tologic examination of the sections. The phlebography was found to be useful in estimating the varicose and normal veins of the esophagus. The study indicates further that the degree of varicosity is not always proportional to the severity of cirrhosis of the liver, and there may be varicose esophageal veins in patients with liver or heart disorders without hepatic cirrhosis.
Investigation of Gunshot Residues by Means of Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Hellmiss G , Lichtenberg W , Weiss M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the past years, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) has displayed many advantages over established methods such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and neutron activation analysis (NAA) for the investigation of gunshot residues (GSR). In a research project, Auger electron spectroscopy was used instead of EDX. This method makes possible analyses of the chemical elements with superior lateral resolution. Furthermore, elements with low mass numbers and elements whose peaks overlap at EDX can be measured. In addition, sputtering equipment depth profiles can be established. Our experiments demonstrate the potential of Auger electron spectroscopy for the investigation of GSR. Also, they produced many details on GSR from various ammunition.
A New Method for Cross-Sectioning Single Fibers
Authors: Barna CE , Stoeffler SF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A procedure for the cross-sectioning of textile fibers is described. The fibers are placed in microlitre pipet tubes to which a mounting medium is added. After the mounting medium has dried, the tubes are cut with a razor blade. The method is quick and simple, usable on almost all types of fibers, and usable on fibers as short as 1 mm. The method also allows for easy recovery of the cross sections and the whole fiber from the mount and for the subsequent determination of denier.
Not All Bite Marks Are Associated with Abuse, Sexual Activities, or Homicides: A Case Study of a Self-Inflicted Bite Mark
Authors: Warnick AJ , Biedrzycki L , Russanow G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of self-inflicted bite mark during an episode of myocardial ischemia is presented. Using current bite mark identification techniques, the bite mark was shown to be self-inflicted. Self-biting may be an emotional response to pain or a type of counterirritation to alleviate pain. The recognition and documentation of this unusual case of a self-inflicted bite mark was due to the cooperation of the forensic pathologist and forensic odontologist.
Analysis of Gunshot Primer Residue Collection Swabs Using Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: A Reexamination of Extraction and Instrument Procedures
Authors: Koons RD , Havekost DG , Peters CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methods of extraction of gunshot residue (GSR) swabs for determination of antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb) by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) have been studied. Optimum extraction parameters were determined using recovery studies of Sb, Ba, and Pb added to swabs at amounts representative of actual GSR and handblank levels. Two difficulties with most extraction-AAS procedures are incomplete extraction of Sb and incorrect Ba results arising from improper matching of sample and standard matrices before AAS determinations. Utilization of standards made by spiking analyte elements on swabs and extraction along with samples by an efficient procedure minimizes errors in Sb, Ba, and Pb determination.
Methamphetamine from Ephedrine: I. Chloroephedrines and Aziridines
Authors: Allen AC , Kiser WO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Illicit methamphetamine clandestinely synthesized from ephedrine via reduction of chloroephedrine is discussed. The stereochemistry, mechanism, synthetic impurities, and analysis of clandestine methamphetamine samples is addressed. Stereochemical relation of (+)methamphetamine to its initial precursor (−)ephedrine or (+)pseudoephedrine is achieved by detection of (+)chloropseudoephedrine or cis-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, in the case of the first, and (-)chloroephedrine or trans-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine in the case of the latter.
Discharging the Violent Psychiatric Inpatient
Authors: Travin S , Bluestone H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Since psychiatrists may be held legally accountable for their patients' violent acts against others, psychiatrists on inpatient wards are faced with the dilemma of deciding whether or not, and when, to discharge improved but still possibly dangerous patients. This paper presents a survey of an inner-city hospital's experience with violent patients admitted over a seven-month period and describes an interdisciplinary disposition committee, composed of a senior consulting psychiatrist and other mental health professionals, established by this hospital to help make these difficult decisions. The committee carefully evaluates all identified high-risk patients according to specific criteria before such patients are discharged. Two case studies illustrate this process of evaluation.
A New Method for Typing Haptoglobin in Bloodstains Using Immobilized Allo a Lectin
Authors: Harada A , Umetsu K , Ikeda N , Suzuki T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allo A lectin from the beetle, which is β-D-galactose specific, reacts to haptoglobin but not to hemoglobin. The use of allo A-Sepharose for typing haptoglobin in bloodstains helped eliminate hemoglobin from the bloodstain extract and presented highly resolved haptoglobin patterns by disc gel electrophoresis. This method is simple and rapid for typing haptoglobin in bloodstains and can be easily used in forensic science laboratories.
A Review of Forensic Medicine
Authors: Sweeney ES 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This text, first published in 1947, and now in its ninth edition, is intended to serve as a “guide to the study and practice of forensic medicine.” The information presented, heavily slanted toward the British experience, is divided into two sections, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The former, representing two thirds of the book, includes topics of forensic pathology such as changes after death, firearm wounds, and asphyxia, but also topics such as medical ethics and medicolegal aspects of insanity. The second part of the book, Toxicology, describes the various poisons, divided into eight subgroups, and the laws regulating the sale of drugs and poisons in the United Kingdom.
Classification and Discrimination of Sheet and Container Glasses by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Pattern Recognition
Authors: Koons RD , Fiedler C , Rawalt RC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric determination of the concentrations of aluminum, barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, managanese, sodium, strontium, and titanium in 184 colorless container and sheet glasses was used to evaluate classification procedures for these two classes of glass. Effective two-dimensional visualization of the classification results is afforded by principal components analysis of the data with correct classification of 180 of the 184 samples. Good discrimination among sources of glass within a class is provided using hierarchical, unsupervised clustering. Individual manufacturing plants of a common container glass can be distinguished in most instances.
Vaginal Fluid Zinc Concentration as a Marker for Intercourse
Authors: Rogers C , Bernstein G , Nakamura R , Endahl G , Bhoopat T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Zinc is present in high concentration in semen, but in low concentration in vaginal fluid. We evaluated vaginal zinc levels as a marker for intercourse by measuring precoital (&gt;11 h after intercourse) or postcoital (&lt;5 h after intercourse) zinc and acid phosphatase levels in 26 specimens of vaginal fluid from 18 women.
The approximate 95% reference range for zinc in precoital vaginal fluid was 1.2 to 15 μg/mL (mean 4.5), and in postcoital vaginal fluid 4.0 to 135 μg/mL (mean 24). There is an overlap between the precoital and postcoital reference ranges. Provided that the vaginal fluid zinc level is less than approximately 4.0 μg/mL or greater than approximately 15 μg/mL, vaginal fluid zinc concentration may be useful as an indicator of intercourse.
Sudden Death in Mitral Valve Prolapse
Authors: Scala-Barnett DM , Donoghue ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four cases of sudden death in young females with clinical and pathologic features of mitral valve prolapse are discussed. The approach to postmortem examination of the mitral valve is reviewed and various risk factors are stressed. Because of the sudden nature of these deaths, this entity is more commonly seen in medical examiner's populations than hospital autopsies. A practical approach to the investigation of such cases is given.
Name Variation and Aspects of Body Image Among Male Offenders
Authors: Harry B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author studied 100 incarcerated adult male felons who were referred consecutively for psychiatric evaluation. As part of the investigation, he ascertained whether each man had ever used a name variation, either by self-report or as documented in official records. He also administered two body-image questionnaires, each to half of the sample population. Those who used a name variation, however defined, were found to have increased head awareness and decreased stomach awareness when compared with those who had not used a name variation. Otherwise, these groups had no statistically significant differences among a wide group of descriptive variables. The author suggests that the differences in body image may be associated with cognitive differences in the ways in which these subjects approach themselves and their environments.
On the Application of Metallurgical Techniques to Forensic Sciences
Authors: Rittel D , Faingold G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Metallurgical techniques, such as metallographic examination, are seldom reported as being used in forensic science investigations. In these cases, most findings related to the metal's nature rely on visual and chemical examinations. The potential of applying metallurgical techniques to forensic science investigations is illustrated by means of two case histories. The information needed to establish a link between different pieces of metal is obtained from a metallographic examination of the metal's microstructure which reflects its thermomechanical history. It is shown that this kind of information is unique and cannot be obtained by applying conventional techniques such as chemical analysis. It is therefore concluded that metallurgical techniques can successfully complement other scientific techniques commonly employed in the forensic science context.
Cardiac Injury During Valve Replacement Surgery
Authors: Hawley DA , Kennedy JC , Pless JE , Gauger DW , Waller BF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The commonly referenced mortality of cardiac valve replacement surgery is 2 to 5%. Some of this mortality is due to therapeutic misadventure during the procedure. Therapeutic misadventure during cardiac valve replacement may result in patterned injury of the heart, so that postmortem examination can establish the nature of the surgical injury. A case of patterned myocardial injury during valve replacement surgery is presented, with a review of literature and associated cases.
Erasable Felt Tip Writing Instrument Detection
Authors: Zimmerman J , Doherty P , Mooney D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This project was undertaken to determine if erasable felt tip writing instruments and their chemical erasers were susceptible to nondestructive examination techniques which are accepted in the field of questioned documents. Through the application of seven different examinations, class characteristics of the inks and erasers were observed and found to be distinguishable.
Letter Quality Impact Printer Hammer Impressions
Authors: Anthony AT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
While acquiring typewriter standards, an unusual mark was encountered. Scrutiny of the mark and the electronic typewriter (ET) that produced it disclosed that the impression was a reproduction of the ET's hammer. This was the result of a missing character as a result of a broken spoke. Initially, it was thought that encountering such a mark would assist in the identification process. Subsequent examination of hammer marks from various manufacturers shows them to be highly distinguishable. Potential therefore exists for dating, classification, and make and model determinations when impressions of this type are present in typescript cases. Hammer marks from letter quality (LQ) impact printers are illustrated, and their value in case work is discussed.
Identification of Wooden Instrument by Scanning Electron Microscopy from Splinters Left in Victim
Authors: Adelman HC , Peterson PC , Sorger LJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Case presentation concerns a twelve-year-old boy who was sexually assaulted, beaten, and murdered. A broken wooden broomstick was used in the attack to impale the victim through the rectum. Following the autopsy, splinters from the body were found by light microscopy. Macrodissected splinters were removed from the anus, rectum, and urinary bladder of the victim and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The splinters were identified as the same type of wood as the broomstick.
Delayed Traumatic Intracerebral Hematoma (DTICH) and the Determination of the Manner of Death. A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: McFeeley PJ , Blisard KS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The concept of a traumatic incident resulting in death when there has been a prolonged interval between the two events raises questions for medical examiners. A case is presented in which a 33-year-old man was found dead in his locked home. Although there was no evidence of foul play at the scene, the death was subsequently found to be directly related to an episode of head trauma sustained in an altercation approximately 1½ months before. The fatal lesion was a large intraparenchymal hematoma in the right frontal lobe of the brain which had developed in an area of contusion identified by computerized tomography (CT) scan while he was hospitalized following the trauma. The literature regarding delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) is reviewed and its relevance to cases coming under the jurisdiction of a medical examiner is discussed.
High Haloperidol Concentrations in a Traffic Suicide
Authors: Richard Johnson G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
High concentrations of haloperidol are seen in a psychiatric patient who ran from a health care facility into traffic. Haloperidol concentrations were found to be 1.2 mg/L in heart blood, 2.7 mg/L in brain, and 10.8 mg/L in liver. No other drugs were detected.
A Review of Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics
Authors: Sensabaugh GP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This volume summarizes the proceedings of the 1 lth Congress on the Society for Forensic Haemogenetics held in Copenhagen in August 1985. Papers are presented in the form of “extended abstracts,” that is, short papers of 4 to 6 pages in length. Most of the papers are in english, the remaining few being in german. The papers have been organized into 6 sections: blood cell allotypes (8 papers), proteins and enzymes (32 papers), DNA and chromosomes (3 papers), population genetics (21 papers), stains (24 papers), and paternity, biostatistics, and quality assurance (20 papers). This organization, which differs somewhat from the order of presentation at the meeting (in fact, at least one paper not presented at the meeting appears in the volume), makes good sense from the standpoint of reading continuity. The papers vary considerably in content and style; some are mini-reviews, some describe new techniques, some focus on experimental detail, some are discursive. Unfortunately, the question and answer periods following each presentation and the discussion session are not recorded here; as a result, the “life” of the meeting is not fully conveyed. Thus, one does not sense the excitement that attended the introduction of DNA analysis in paternity and stain testing nor the vigor of the continuing debate on what paternity statistics really mean and how they should be presented. Overall, however, this volume reflects the various facets of forensic biology and is a useful resource in this regard.
A Review of Electron Microscopy in Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences
Authors: Rhodes EF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book represents a collection of articles based on presentations by the various authors at the Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences Symposium, held as part of the 1985 joint national meetings of the Electron Microscopy Society of America and Microbeam Analysis Society. As such, the book is comprised of 16 different articles by 13 different authors or groups of authors. Extended abstracts of the presentations were previously published by San Francisco Press under the title Proceedings-Electron Microscopy of Society of America, Forty-Third Annual Meeting.
An Alternative, Effective Substrate for Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase Phenotype Determinations
Authors: Budowle B , Gambel AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method is described for obtaining nondiffusing, nonfading fluorogenic zymograms for erythrocyte acid phosphatase variants separated by isoelectric focusing. The synthetic substrate 4-trifluoromethylcoumarin phosphate was impregnated into cellulose diacetate membranes and air-dried overnight. After isoelectric focusing. the substrate overlay membrane was rehydrated in 0.05M citrate buffer, pH 4.0, lightly blotted, and overlayed on the gel. A 5- to 10-min incubation at 37°C produced intensely fluorescing, light-blue bands on the diacetate membrane. Interaction of the trifluoromethyl group on the substrate with hydrophobic regions of the diacetate membrane impeded diffusion, yielding a permanent zymogram. There were no discrepancies in phenotype determinations using this method when compared with the 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate assay approach. Further, an increased number of conclusive calls were obtained (91.8 versus 79.5% and 54.1 versus 34.9%) with this new assay when compared with the 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate substrate on known liquid bloods and questioned dried bloodstains, respectively.
Bite Mark Impressions: A Review of Techniques and Materials
Authors: Benson BW , Cottone JA , Bomberg TJ , Sperber ND 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many techniques are described in the literature for use in making impressions of bite mark indentations. A representative technique is presented in detail. Several types of dental materials common to many impression techniques are reviewed with regard to their accuracy, ease of use, and dimensional stability over time. Adherence of materials and a model pouring technique are also discussed.