bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing the Rolls-Royce Tay
Authors: Wilson N. J. 
Published: March 2015

Description & Application
The paper traces the evolution of the Tay engine, launched in response to the requirement for an engine suitable for powering a FAR Part 36 Stage 3 noise compliant aircraft in the 70–100 seat range. The engine, which is derived from the Spey (RB183) MK 555 installed in the Fokker F28 aircraft, incorporates several latest technology features a number of which are already in service in large turbofan engines. Modularity and maintainability are key areas which have been addressed in the design of the engine; these are discussed in regard to operation in service.
Results, Conclusions & General Observations
The eight engine/two year development programme from first engine run to Type Approval by the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority is reviewed with detail description of some of the more important and interesting tests. Certification by the US Federal Aviation Administration was subsequently achieved under reciprocal cross-validation procedures. Flight certification of the two lead aircraft applications is now complete.
With completion of type certification of the baseline engine and production deliveries now underway, attention is being turned to growth derivative versions of the engine: an uprated version, due to come on stream late 1988 in an increased weight version of the Fokker 100 has now commenced its certification programme — and further growth capabilities are being explored.
A Method of Evaluating Life Cycle Costs of Industrial Gas Turbines
Authors: Spector R. B. 
Published: March 2015

When aero-derivative gas turbines were first introduced into industrial service, the prime criterion for assessing the “relative value” of equipment was derived hy dividing the initial (or capital) cost of the equipment by the number of kilowatts produced. The use of “dollars per kilowatt” as an assessment parameter emanated from the utility sector and is still valid providing that the turbo-machinery units under consideration possess similar performance features with regard to thermal efficiency. Second generation gas turbines being produced today possess thermal efficiencies approximately forty-five percent greater than those previously available. Thus, a new criterion is required to provide the purchaser with a better “value” perspective to differentiate the various types of turbo-machinery under consideration.
This paper presents a technique of combining the initial cost of equipment with the costs of fuel consumed, applied labor and parts to arrive at an assessment parameter capable of comparing the relative merits of varying types of turbo-machinery. For simplicity, this paper limits the life cycle cost derivation and discussion to turbo-generator units; however, the principles of this type of life cycle analysis can also be applied to gas turbines in mechanical drive applications and/or combined cycles.
Performance Levels Obtainable From Steam-Gas Turbine Combined Cycles
Authors: Negri di Montenegro G. , Bettocchi R. , Cantore G. , Naldi G. 
Published: March 2015

This study aims at the evaluation of the best performance obtainable from steam-gas turbine combined plants both in a new plant design and in improving existing steam plants by adding a topping gas turbine system.
A method of comparison is presented here, based on the choice of a steam-gas reference cycle which has shown to be particularly suitable for a general study.
A thermodynamic analysis has been carried out showing the influence on the combined plant overall efficiency of the parameters characterizing both the gas and steam cycles.
The reference cycle as well as those derivable from it by modifying the gas portion cycle only has been studied.
The analysis was also extended to evaluation of the gas to steam units output power ratio and of the efficiency increase when repowering a steam unit.
It has been shown that the combined cycle plants maximum overall-efficiency is achieved, whatever the steam cycle, when the gas turbine cycle operates at maximum specific work.
The result is that the best performance in combined cycle plants is achived by using multiple expansion with reheating in the gas cycle, when designing a new plant. When steam plants are to be repowered by means of existing gas turbine units, afterburning may be useful to improve performance.
Developmental Testing of a Heat Recovery Module for Industrial Cogeneration
Authors: Smith Kenneth O. 
Published: March 2015

The initial developmental testing of a Heat Recovery Module (HRM) for cogeneration applications is described. The HRM is a prepackaged, pretested, skid-mounted system sized for the 500 to 1000 kW class of industrial gas turbine. Key features of the module include:
• a highly compact, once-through boiler fabricated using finned Incoloy 800 tubing
• a gas-fired supplementary burner capable of 1256 K (1800°F) refiring for greater system operating flexibility
• a “spill-over” mode of boiler operation that allows feedwater softening rather than deionization
• a fully integrated microprocessor-based control system
System design and performance data are presented.
Quasi-3D Solutions for Transonic, Inviscid Flows by Adapative Triangulation
Authors: Holmes D. Graham , Lamson Scott H. , Connell Stuart D. 
Published: March 2015

This paper describes an algorithm for computing two-dimensional transonic, inviscid flows. The solution procedure uses an explicit Runge-Kutta time marching, finite volume scheme. The computational grid is an irregular triangulation. The algorithm can be applied to arbitrary two-dimensional geometries. When used for analyzing flows in blade rows, terms representing the effects of changes in streamsheet thickness and radius, and the effects of rotation, are included. The solution is begun on a coarse grid, and grid points are added adaptively during the solution process, using criteria such as pressure and velocity gradients.
Advantages claimed for this approach are (a) the capability of handling arbitrary geometries (e.g., multiple, dissimilar blades), (b) the ability to resolve small-scale features (e.g., flows around leading edges, shocks) with arbitrary precision, and (c) freedom from the necessity of generating “good” grids (the algorithm generates its own grid, given an initial coarse grid).
Solutions are presented for several examples that illustrate the usefulness of the algorithm.
A new stationary gridline artifact suppression method based on the 2D discrete wavelet transform
Authors: Tang Hui , Tong Dan , Dong Bao Xu , Dillenseger Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2015

Purpose:In digital x‐ray radiography, an antiscatter grid is inserted between the patient and the image receptor to reduce scattered radiation. If the antiscatter grid is used in a stationary way, gridline artifacts will appear in the final image. In most of the gridline removal image processing methods, the useful information with spatial frequencies close to that of the gridline is usually lost or degraded. In this study, a new stationary gridline suppression method is designed to preserve more of the useful information.Methods:The method is as follows. The input image is first recursively decomposed into several smaller subimages using a multiscale 2D discrete wavelet transform. The decomposition process stops when the gridline signal is found to be greater than a threshold in one or several of these subimages using a gridline detection module. An automatic Gaussian band‐stop filter is then applied to the detected subimages to remove the gridline signal. Finally, the restored image is achieved using the corresponding 2D inverse discrete wavelet transform.Results:The processed images show that the proposed method can remove the gridline signal efficiently while maintaining the image details. The spectra of a 1D Fourier transform of the processed images demonstrate that, compared with some existing gridline removal methods, the proposed method has better information preservation after the removal of the gridline artifacts. Additionally, the performance speed is relatively high.Conclusions:The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared with some existing gridline removal methods, the proposed method can preserve more information within an acceptable execution time.
Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication
Authors: McEvoy M. A. , Correll N. 
Published: March 2015

Adding autonomy to materials science
Shape-memory alloys can alter their shape in response to a change in temperature. This can be thought of as a simple autonomous response, albeit one that is fully programmed at the time of fabrication. It is now possible to build materials or combinations of materials that can sense and respond to their local environment, in ways that might also include simple computations and communication. McEvoy and Correll review recent developments in the creation of autonomous materials. They look at how individual abilities are added to a material and the current limitations in the further development of “robotic materials.”

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1261689
Substandard/Counterfeit Antimicrobial Drugs
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Falagas Matthew E. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY
Substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs are a growing global problem. The most common substandard/counterfeit antimicrobials include beta-lactams (among antibiotics) and chloroquine and artemisin derivatives (among antimalarials). The most common type of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs have a reduced amount of the active drug, and the majority of them are manufactured in Southeast Asia and Africa. Counterfeit antimicrobial drugs may cause increased mortality and morbidity and pose a danger to patients. Here we review the literature with regard to the issue of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobials and describe the prevalence of this problem, the different types of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs, and the consequences for the individuals and global public health. Local, national, and international initiatives are required to combat this very important public health issue.
Passive Immunotherapy with Dromedary Immune Serum in an Experimental Animal Model for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Zhao Jincun , Perera Ranawaka A. P. M. , Kayali Ghazi , Meyerholz David , Perlman Stanley , Peiris Malik 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal pulmonary infection. Serum from convalescent MERS patients may provide some benefit but is not readily available. In contrast, nearly all camels in the Middle East have been infected with MERS-CoV. Here, we show that sera obtained from MERS-immune camels augment the kinetics of MERS-CoV clearance and reduce the severity of pathological changes in infected lungs, with efficacy proportional to the titer of MERS-CoV-neutralizing serum antibody.

IMPORTANCE
Middle East respiratory syndrome, caused by a coronavirus, is highly lethal, with a case fatality rate of 35 to 40%. No specific therapy is available, and care is generally supportive. One promising approach is passive administration of sera from convalescent human MERS patients or other animals to exposed or infected patients. The vast majority of, if not all, camels in the Middle East have been infected with MERS-CoV, and some contain high titers of antibody to the virus. Here, we show that this antibody is protective if delivered either prophylactically or therapeutically to mice infected with MERS-CoV, indicating that this may be a useful intervention in infected patients.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Obesity Phenotypes Among Mexican Americans
Authors: Laing Susan T. , Smulevitz Beverly , Vatcheva Kristina P. , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Reininger Belinda , McPherson David D. , McCormick Joseph B. , Fisher‐Hoch Susan P. 
Published: March 2015

Background
Data on the influence of obesity on atherosclerosis in Hispanics are inconsistent, possibly related to varying cardiometabolic risk among obese individuals. We aimed to determine the association of obesity and cardiometabolic risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in Mexican‐Americans.

Methods and Results

Participants (n=503) were drawn from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Metabolic health was defined as <2 of the following: blood pressure ≥130/85; triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL (men) or <50 mg/dL (women); fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance value >5.13; or high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein >3 mg/L. Carotid intima media thickness (
cIMT
) was measured. A high proportion of participants (77.8%) were metabolically unhealthy; they were more likely to be male, older, with fewer years of education, and less likely to meet daily recommendations regarding fruit and vegetable servings. One‐third (31.8%) had abnormal carotid ultrasound findings. After adjusting for covariates, mean
cIMT
varied across the obesity phenotypes (
P
=0.0001); there was no difference among the metabolically unhealthy regardless of whether they were obese or not. In multivariable analysis, after adjusting for covariates, cardiometabolic risk (
P
=0.0159), but not obesity (
P
=0.1446), was significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Conclusions
In Mexican‐Americans, cardiometabolic risk has a greater effect on early atherosclerosis development than body mass index. Non‐obese but metabolically unhealthy participants had similar development of subclinical atherosclerosis as their obese counterparts. Interventions to maintain metabolic health among obese and non‐obese patients may be a more important goal than weight loss alone.
Behavioural persistence during an agonistic encounter differentiates winners from losers in green anole lizards
Authors: Wilczynski Walter , Black Michael P. , Salem Scarlett J. , Ezeoke Chisom B. 
Published: March 2015

Agonistic encounters featuring ritualized displays precede the establishment of dominance relationships in many animals. We investigated the predictive value of the amount of display behaviour (number and duration of displays) vs. quickness to display (latency to express a display behaviour) in determining the outcome of aggressive interactions and establishment of dominant vs. subordinate status in male green anole lizards, Anolis carolinensis. Similar-sized males were paired and observed for ninety minutes as they established social status. We recorded the number, duration (where appropriate) and latencies to first expression for multiple behavioural display components (head bob A, B and C, dewlap displays, open mouth displays, pushups, lateral displays) and colour changes (eyespot presence and body colour changes). Males that eventually won and became the dominant male had significantly higher counts and durations with the exception of Bob C counts, pushup counts and open mouth duration. Future dominants also maintained a green body colour longer than future subordinates, which had brown shades more often and for longer durations. Latency to first express a display component was shorter in future dominants for head bobs A and C, dewlap and open mouth displays when all data were considered. However, all significant latency differences disappeared when data only from pairs in which both males displayed a behaviour were included in the analysis. Counts, durations, and latencies were highly correlated with each other within individuals. The results indicate that behavioural display patterns during an initial display contest predict the outcome of the interaction, with the amount of display behaviour being the best predictor of whether a male will win or lose the contest and hence become dominant or subordinate. These results are consistent with the idea that displays are honest signals of a male’s physiological capacity or stamina, and hence fighting and resource holding ability.
Male-biased sex ratios and plasticity in post-insemination behaviour in the New Zealand stick insect Micrarchus hystriculeus
Authors: Kelly Clint D. 
Published: March 2015

The duration of mate guarding by males is predicted to vary in accordance with the risk of sperm competition or mate encounter rate. Mate guarding is predicted to be prolonged under a male-biased sex ratio because the risk of sperm competition is high or the mate encounter rate is low. A consistently male-biased sex ratio should thus select for greater mate fidelity, and reduced plasticity in guarding behaviour, by males. Micrarchus hystriculeus Westwood (Phasmatodea) is a sexually size dimorphic stick insect in which males form prolonged post-insemination associations with their mates and whose populations have a consistently male-biased sex ratio. My laboratory experiments showed, as predicted, little plasticity by males in the duration of their post-insemination association. Although mate guarding duration is similar under male- and female-biased sex ratios, males clasped the genitalia of their mates significantly more often under a male-biased sex ratio, suggesting that males intensify their guarding with increasing risk of sperm competition.
Multidecadal Changes in the Relationship between ENSO and Wet-Season Precipitation in the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Kang In-Sik , Rashid Irfan Ur , Kucharski Fred , Almazroui Mansour , Alkhalaf Abdulrahman K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Multidecadal variations in the relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Arabian Peninsula rainfall are investigated using observed data for the last 60 years and various atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments. The wet season in the Arabian Peninsula from November to April was considered. The 6-month averaged Arabian rainfall was negatively correlated with ENSO for an earlier 30-yr period from 1950 to 1979 and positively correlated to ENSO for a more recent period from 1981 to 2010. The multidecadal variations can be attributed to the variations in Indian Ocean SST anomalies accompanied by ENSO. In the early 30-yr period, ENSO accompanied relatively large SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean, whereas in the recent 30-yr period it accompanied relatively small SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean. The atmospheric anomalies in the Arabian region during ENSO are combined responses to the Pacific and Indian Ocean SST anomalies, which offset each other during ENSO. The recent El Niño events accompanied negative 200-hPa geopotential height (GH) anomalies over the Arabian region, mainly forced by the Pacific SST anomalies, resulting in an increase of precipitation over the region. In contrast, in the early 30-yr period, Indian Ocean SST anomalies played a dominant role in the atmospheric responses over the Arabian region during ENSO, and the negative GH anomalies and more precipitation over the Arabian region were mainly forced by the negative SST anomalies over the Indian Ocean, which appeared during La Niña. These observed findings are confirmed by various AGCM experiments.
ENSO’s Modulation of Water Vapor Transport over the Pacific–North American Region
Authors: Kim Hye-Mi , Alexander Michael A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) over the Pacific–North American sector during three phases of ENSO in boreal winter (December–February) is investigated using IVT values calculated from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) during 1979–2010. The shift of the location and sign of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean leads to different atmospheric responses and thereby changes the seasonal mean moisture transport into North America. During eastern Pacific El Niño (EPEN) events, large positive IVT anomalies extend northeastward from the subtropical Pacific into the northwestern United States following the anomalous cyclonic flow around a deeper Aleutian low, while a southward shift of the cyclonic circulation during central Pacific El Niño (CPEN) events induces the transport of moisture into the southwestern United States. In addition, moisture from the eastern tropical Pacific is transported from the deep tropical eastern Pacific into Mexico and the southwestern United States during CPEN. During La Niña (NINA), the seasonal mean IVT anomaly is opposite to that of two El Niño phases. Analyses of 6-hourly IVT anomalies indicate that there is strong moisture transport from the North Pacific into the northwestern and southwestern United States during EPEN and CPEN, respectively. The IVT is maximized on the southeastern side of a low located over the eastern North Pacific, where the low is weaker but located farther south and closer to shore during CPEN than during EPEN. Moisture enters the southwestern United States from the eastern tropical Pacific during NINA via anticyclonic circulation associated with a ridge over the southern United States.
Trends of MSU Brightness Temperature in the Middle Troposphere Simulated by CMIP5 Models and Their Sensitivity to Cloud Liquid Water
Authors: Zhang Xuanze , Zheng Xiaogu , Sun Zhian , Luo San 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOnly a climate model that is able to simulate well the historical atmospheric temperature trend can be used for estimating the future atmospheric temperature trends on different emission scenarios. Satellite-based Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) brightness temperature in the middle troposphere (T2) is an important analog of midtropospheric atmospheric temperature. So, there is the need to compare the atmospheric temperature trend simulated by the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) historical realizations and the observed MSU T2. There are two approaches for estimating modeled MSU T2: apply a global-mean static weighting function to generate the weighted average of the modeled temperature at all atmospheric layers and simulate satellite-view MSU T2 using the model’s output as input into a radiative transfer model (RTM).In this paper, the two approaches for estimating modeled MSU T2 are evaluated. For each CMIP5, it is shown that there exists a model-simulated static weighting function, such that the MSU T2 trend using the weighting function is equivalent to that calculated by RTM. The effect of modeled cloud liquid water on MSU T2 trends in CMIP5 simulations is investigated by comparing the modeled cloud liquid water vertical profile and the weighting function. Moreover, it is found that warming trends of MSU T2 for CMIP5 simulations calculated by the RTM are about 15% less than those using the two traditional static weighting functions. By comparing the model-derived weighting function with the two traditional weighting functions, the reason for the systematical biases is revealed.