bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching evidence‐based practice (EBP) to speech–language therapy students: are students competent and confident EBP users?
Authors: Spek B. , Wieringa‐de Waard M. , Lucas C. , van Dijk N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe importance and value of the principles of evidence‐based practice (EBP) in the decision‐making process is recognized by speech–language therapists (SLTs) worldwide and as a result curricula for speech–language therapy students incorporated EBP principles. However, the willingness actually to use EBP principles in their future profession not only depends on EBP knowledge and skills, but also on self‐efficacy and task value students perceive towards EBP.AimsTo investigate the relation between EBP knowledge and skills, and EBP self‐efficacy and task value in different year groups of Dutch SLT students.Methods & ProceduresStudents from three year groups filled in a tool that measured EBP knowledge and skills: the Dutch Modified Fresno (DMF). EBP self‐efficacy and task value were assessed by using a 20‐item questionnaire. Both tools were validated for this population. Mean scores for the three year groups were calculated and tested for group differences using a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post‐hoc Games–Howell procedure. With a multiple linear regression technique it was assessed whether EBP self‐efficacy and task value predict learning achievement scores on the DMF. Other possible predictors included in the model were: level of prior education, standard of English, having had mathematics in prior education and the SLT study year.Outcome & ResultsA total of 149 students filled in both measurement tools. Mean scores on EBP knowledge and skills were significantly different for the three year groups, with students who were further along their studies scoring higher on the DMF. Mean scores on the EBP self‐efficacy and task value questionnaire were the same for the three year groups: all students valued EBP positive but self‐efficacy was low in all groups. Of the possible predictors, only the year in which students study and EBP self‐efficacy were significant predictors for learning achievements in EBP.Conclusions & ImplicationsDespite a significant increase in EBP knowledge and skills over the years as assessed by the DMF, the integrated EBP curriculum did not raise levels of EBP self‐efficacy and task value. This lack of feeling competent might have an impact on students’ willingness actually to use EBP. In curricula, therefore, there should be a focus on how to raise EBP self‐efficacy in SLT students. This goes even beyond the educational department because a professional culture in which professionals are competent and confident EBP users would have a positive effect on EBP self‐efficacy in students.
A practical comparison of manual and autonomous methods for acoustic monitoring
Authors: Digby Andrew , Towsey Michael , Bell Ben D. , Teal Paul D. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Autonomous acoustic recorders are widely available and can provide a highly efficient method of species monitoring, especially when coupled with software to automate data processing. However, the adoption of these techniques is restricted by a lack of direct comparisons with existing manual field surveys.
We assessed the performance of autonomous methods by comparing manual and automated examination of acoustic recordings with a field‐listening survey, using commercially available autonomous recorders and custom call detection and classification software. We compared the detection capability, time requirements, areal coverage and weather condition bias of these three methods using an established call monitoring programme for a nocturnal bird, the little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii).
The autonomous recorder methods had very high precision (>98%) and required <3% of the time needed for the field survey. They were less sensitive, with visual spectrogram inspection recovering 80% of the total calls detected and automated call detection 40%, although this recall increased with signal strength. The areal coverage of the spectrogram inspection and automatic detection methods were 85% and 42% of the field survey. The methods using autonomous recorders were more adversely affected by wind and did not show a positive association between ground moisture and call rates that was apparent from the field counts. However, all methods produced the same results for the most important conservation information from the survey: the annual change in calling activity.
Autonomous monitoring techniques incur different biases to manual surveys and so can yield different ecological conclusions if sampling is not adjusted accordingly. Nevertheless, the sensitivity, robustness and high accuracy of automated acoustic methods demonstrate that they offer a suitable and extremely efficient alternative to field observer point counts for species monitoring.
Trajectories of depressive symptoms in response to prolonged stress in medical interns
Authors: Guille C. , Clark S. , Amstadter A. B. , Sen S. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThe high degree of heterogeneity in the development of depression under stress is unaccounted for in traditional statistical modeling. We employ growth mixture modeling to identify classes of individuals at highest risk of depression under stress.MethodMedical internship was used as a prospective stress model. Interns from US residency programs completed demographic, psychological, and depressive symptom assessments 2 months prior to internship and at 3‐month intervals throughout internship year.ResultsA total of 2278 (59%) of interns chose to take part in the study. Three classes of depressive symptoms were identified: i) Stress‐resilient class: 62% of participants report low depressive symptoms before and throughout internship year; ii) Stress‐neutral class: 22% of participants report mild depressive symptoms before and throughout internship year; and iii) Stress‐sensitive class: 16% of participants report low depressive symptoms before internship stress, and high levels of depressive symptoms throughout internship year. Individuals in the Stress‐sensitive class were more likely to be female, in a surgical specialty, and have a history of depression, difficulty early family environment and high‐neuroticism scores compared with individuals in the Stress‐resilient class.ConclusionTrajectory‐based analysis allows for the identification of a high‐risk group, within a heterogeneous population, that accounts for the link between stress and depression.
The producer welfare effects of trade liberalization when goods are perishable and habit‐forming: the case of asparagus
Authors: Ferrier Peyton , Zhen Chen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAsparagus is a perishable, highly seasonal crop. We find that out‐of‐season imports of asparagus caused habit formation that increased demand in the U.S. growing seasons. We find that habit effects offset about 64% of the welfare losses to U.S. asparagus producers from increased Mexican imports under NAFTA and all of the U.S. producer welfare losses from increased Peruvian imports under the Andean Trade Preference Act. We estimate that the U.S. producer welfare losses from NAFTA are less than the annualized value of market loss assistance provided them in the 2008 Farm Bill.
Variation in plant biodiversity across sacred groves and fallows in Western Highlands of Cameroon
Authors: Tankou Christopher M. , de Snoo Geert R. , de Iongh Hans H. , Persoon Gerard 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe study was conducted to compare species richness and diversity in different ecosystems and abiotic factors. The results showed that the sacred groves had a plant genetic diversity composed of a total of 42, 65 and 82 ethno‐botanical species of herbs, shrubs and trees, respectively, with varied qualities. There were six herbaceous species common in the fallow ecosystem and the sacred groves, 35 herbaceous species found in the sacred grove and absent in the fallow vegetation and 70 herbaceous species in the fallow vegetation and absent in the ground layer of the sacred groves. Thirty‐two regenerated species and 49 nonregenerated tree species were found in the sacred groves. The herbaceous α‐diversity was significantly higher in the fallows than the sacred groves at the low altitude. The tree species richness was higher at the low altitude compared to the high altitude with tree β‐diversity increasing with altitude. Varying combinations of soil pH, total P, total K, CEC and slope per cent were related to some of the parameters evaluated. Biodiversity changes in the sacred groves may be governed by biophysical drivers, while a combination of human and biophysical explained the variation in rotational fallow vegetation.
A survey on knowledge of female genital mutilation guidelines
Authors: Purchase Thomas C.D. , Lamoudi Maya , Colman Sarah , Allen Siobhan , Latthe Pallavi , Jolly Kate 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe increase in immigration from countries with a high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) has highlighted the need for knowledge and sensitivity in this area of healthcare in high‐resource countries. We have surveyed with an online questionnaire 607 members, fellows and trainees of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) on knowledge about the RCOG guidelines for FGM. Completed training and more practical experience with women affected by FGM significantly increased knowledge. Many respondents were not aware of specialist services locally (22.9%) or how to access them (52.3%). Some areas of insufficient knowledge were identified, in particular in relation to psychiatric morbidity, HIV, hepatitis B and pelvic infection. More specialized training efforts might improve this aspect.
Tobacco smoking, exposure to second‐hand smoke, and asthma and wheezing in schoolchildren: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Martín‐Pujol Anna , Fernández Esteve , Schiaffino Anna , Moncada Albert , Ariza Carles , Blanch Carles , Martínez‐Sánchez Jose M ,   the RESPIR·NET research group
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo analyse the association between tobacco smoking, exposure to second‐hand smoke (SHS) and reports of wheezing and asthma in a sample of schoolchildren.MethodsA structured questionnaire was administered to 1766 students (7th grade, aged 12–13 years) at 25 schools in Terrassa, Spain (2006). We determined the prevalence of active smoking, exposure to SHS and reports of wheezing and asthma, and their association by means of prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results97.5% of children were nonsmokers, 1.5% were experimental smokers and 1% were regular smokers. 41.1% of children reported exposure to SHS at home, 40.0% at school, 53.9% in their leisure time and 33.2% while using private or public transportation. Wheezing was reported by 9.2% of children, and 9.2% reported asthma. A significant association was found between smoking tobacco and wheezing: OR in experimental smokers = 3.0 (95% CI 1.2–7.7), and OR in active smokers = 4.2 (95% CI 1.4–12.5). Exposure to SHS while using transportation was associated with wheezing (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.0–2.0). Tobacco smoking and exposure to SHS were not associated with asthma.ConclusionActive and experimental smokers, and those who reported exposure to SHS while using public or private transportation, had higher likelihood of reporting wheezing. No association between active or passive smoking and asthma was observed.
Autism spectrum disorders: head circumference and body length at birth are both relative
Authors: Grandgeorge Marine , Lemonnier Eric , Jallot Nelle 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimAlthough the body length and weight of an infant are related to head circumference, little research on ASDs has examined these factors. Our study compared the head circumferences of neonates who were later diagnosed with ASD with a control group. Additional comparisons on morphological disproportions at birth included the head circumference‐to‐height and head circumference‐to‐weight ratios.MethodsWe recruited 422 children with ASD and 153 typically developing children. Head circumference, body length and weight at birth were collected and standardized as percentile scores according to gestational age and gender.ResultsOur results revealed that genuine macrocephaly was significantly higher in children with other pervasive developmental disorders compared with the control group. This difference was not observed with regard to genuine microcephaly. Relative macrocephaly and relative microcephaly were significantly more frequent in children with autism disorder compared with the control group with regard to body length.ConclusionsThe differences in relative macrocephaly and microcephaly, as well as in other parameters, between diagnostic subgroups suggest that the presence of several neurological mechanisms plays a role in the later expression of different phenotypes. An increased head circumference‐to‐body length ratio in newborns may be a factor to follow that could be related to ASD.
Src homology 2‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase‐2 acts as a negative regulator for MUC5AC transcription via the inhibition of the ERK1/2 MAPK signalling pathway in the airway
Authors: Song K. S. , Choi J. K. , Ahn D. W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimsMucus hypersecretion has been frequently observed in inflammation respiratory diseases. However, the negative regulators for mucus overproduction have not been readily identified. Our work focused on identifying novel negative regulator that modulates mucus overproduction in the human respiratory system. Herein, we examined whether H2O2 could induce MUC5AC transcription in a dose‐dependent manner and activate tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)‐2 in human airway epithelial cells.MethodsWe performed qRT‐PCR to detect the changes in MUC5AC transcription and dot‐blotting analysis to investigate MUC5AC secretion as regulated by SHP‐2.ResultsH2O2 induced MUC5AC transcription in a dose‐dependent manner and dramatically activated SHP‐2. In addition, whereas wild‐type SHP‐2 completely inhibited H2O2‐induced MUC5AC transcription, siRNA‐SHP‐2 restored it interestingly, suggesting that SHP‐2 may act as a negative regulator for mucus overproduction and hypersecretion in the human respiratory tract. Moreover, SHP‐2 inhibited the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, thus abolishing the signalling for MUC5AC transcription.ConclusionWe found that H2O2 induced SHP‐2 activation, which acted as a suppressor in H2O2 signalling to regulate MUC5AC transcription in the airway.
Sulphide signalling potentiates apoptosis through the up‐regulation of IP3 receptor types 1 and 2
Authors: Lencesova L. , Hudecova S. , Csaderova L. , Markova J. , Soltysova A. , Pastorek M. , Sedlak J. , Wood M. E. , Whiteman M. , Ondrias K. , Krizanova O. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate an interaction between the calcium and sulphide signalling pathways, particularly effects of the slow H2S release donor morpholin‐4‐ium‐4‐methoxyphenyl‐(morpholino)‐phosphinodithioate (GYY4137) on the expression of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) with the possible impact on the apoptosis induction in HeLa cells.MethodsGene expression, Western blot analysis, apoptosis determination by Annexin‐V‐FLUOS and drop in mitochondrial membrane potential by 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethylbenzimidazolyl‐carbocyanine iodide (JC1) and immunofluorescence were used to determine differences in control and GYY4137‐treated HeLa cells.ResultsIn HeLa cell line, GYY4137 (10 μm) up‐regulated expression of the IP3R1 and IP3R2, but not IP3R3 on both mRNA and protein levels. Concurrently, cytosolic calcium increased and reticular calcium was depleted in concentration‐dependent manner, partially by the involvement of IP3R. Depletion of calcium from reticulum was accompanied by increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, such as X‐box, CHOP and ATF4, thus pointing to the development of ER stress due to GYY4137 treatment. Also, GYY4137 treatment of HeLa cells increased the number of apoptotic cells.ConclusionThese results suggest an involvement of H2S in both IP3‐induced calcium signalling and induction of apoptosis, possibly through the activation of ER stress.
Choosing a DIVA: a comparison of emerging digital imagery vegetation analysis techniques
Authors: Jorgensen Christopher F. , Stutzman Ryan J. , Anderson Lars C. , E. Decker Suzanne , Powell Larkin A. , Schacht Walter H. , Fontaine Joseph J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractQuestionWhat is the precision of five methods of measuring vegetation structure using ground‐based digital imagery and processing techniques?LocationLincoln, Nebraska, USAMethodsVertical herbaceous cover was recorded using digital imagery techniques at two distinct locations in a mixed‐grass prairie. The precision of five ground‐based digital imagery vegetation analysis (DIVA) methods for measuring vegetation structure was tested using a split‐split plot analysis of covariance. Variability within each DIVA technique was estimated using coefficient of variation of mean percentage cover.ResultsVertical herbaceous cover estimates differed among DIVA techniques. Additionally, environmental conditions affected the vertical vegetation obstruction estimates for certain digital imagery methods, while other techniques were more adept at handling various conditions. Overall, percentage vegetation cover values differed among techniques, but the precision of four of the five techniques was consistently high.ConclusionsDIVA procedures are sufficient for measuring various heights and densities of standing herbaceous cover. Moreover, digital imagery techniques can reduce measurement error associated with multiple observers' standing herbaceous cover estimates, allowing greater opportunity to detect patterns associated with vegetation structure.
Prolonged inhibition of 5‐HT3 receptors by palonosetron results from surface receptor inhibition rather than inducing receptor internalization
Authors: Hothersall J Daniel , Moffat Christopher , Connolly Christopher N 
Published: April 2013

Background and PurposeThe 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist palonosetron is an important treatment for emesis and nausea during cancer therapy. Its clinical efficacy may result from its unique binding and clearance characteristics and receptor down‐regulation mechanisms. We investigated the mechanisms by which palonosetron exerts its long‐term inhibition of 5‐HT3 receptors for a better understanding of its clinical efficacy.Experimental ApproachCell surface receptors (recombinantly expressed 5HT3A or 5HT3AB in COS‐7 cells) were monitored using [3H]granisetron binding and ELISA after exposure to palonosetron. Receptor endocytosis was investigated using immunofluorescence microscopy.Key ResultsChronic exposure to palonosetron reduced the number of available cell surface [3H]granisetron binding sites. This down‐regulation was not sensitive to either low temperature or pharmacological inhibitors of endocytosis (dynasore or nystatin) suggesting that internalization did not play a role. This was corroborated by our observation that there was no change in cell surface 5‐HT3 receptor levels or increase in endocytic rate. Palonosetron exhibited slow dissociation from the receptor over many hours, with a significant proportion of binding sites being occupied for at least 4 days. Furthermore, our observations suggest that chronic receptor down‐regulation involved interactions with an allosteric binding site.Conclusions and ImplicationsPalonosetron acts as a pseudo‐irreversible antagonist causing prolonged inhibition of 5‐HT3 receptors due to its very slow dissociation. In addition, an irreversible binding mode persists for at least 4 days. Allosteric receptor interactions appear to play a role in this phenomenon.
Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition
Authors: Benson Roger B. J. , Druckenmiller Patrick S. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTMarine and terrestrial animals show a mosaic of lineage extinctions and diversifications during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. However, despite its potential importance in shaping animal evolution, few palaeontological studies have focussed on this interval and the possible climate and biotic drivers of its faunal turnover. In consequence evolutionary patterns in most groups are poorly understood. We use a new, large morphological dataset to examine patterns of lineage diversity and disparity (variety of form) in the marine tetrapod clade Plesiosauria, and compare these patterns with those of other organisms. Although seven plesiosaurian lineages have been hypothesised as crossing the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, our most parsimonious topology suggests the number was only three. The robust recovery of a novel group including most Cretaceous plesiosauroids (Xenopsaria, new clade) is instrumental in this result. Substantial plesiosaurian turnover occurred during the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval, including the loss of substantial pliosaurid, and cryptoclidid diversity and disparity, followed by the radiation of Xenopsaria during the Early Cretaceous. Possible physical drivers of this turnover include climatic fluctuations that influenced oceanic productivity and diversity: Late Jurassic climates were characterised by widespread global monsoonal conditions and increased nutrient flux into the opening Atlantic‐Tethys, resulting in eutrophication and a highly productive, but taxonomically depauperate, plankton. Latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous climates were more arid, resulting in oligotrophic ocean conditions and high taxonomic diversity of radiolarians, calcareous nannoplankton and possibly ammonoids. However, the observation of discordant extinction patterns in other marine tetrapod groups such as ichthyosaurs and marine crocodylomorphs suggests that clade‐specific factors may have been more important than overarching extrinsic drivers of faunal turnover during the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval.
Smoking and thyroid
Authors: Wiersinga Wilmar M. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryCurrent smoking in population surveys is associated with a slight dose‐dependent fall of serum TSH, likely secondary to a rise of serum FT4 and FT3 induced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it is independent of iodine intake. In contrast, the slightly greater thyroid size in smokers is observed in iodine‐deficient but not in iodine‐sufficient areas and caused by competitive inhibition of thyroidal iodide uptake by thiocyanate. Smokers have an increased prevalence of nontoxic goitre and thyroid multinodularity, at least in iodine‐deficient areas. Current smoking reduces dose dependently the risk of thyroid cancer, which is more pronounced for papillary than for follicular types; the risk in former smokers approaches that of never smokers. The lower TSH and lower body mass index in smokers might contribute to this reduced risk. Current smoking lowers the risk of developing thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies and subclinical and overt autoimmune hypothyroidism; the effect is dose dependent, but disappears within 3 years after quitting smoking. There is evidence from an animal model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis that anti‐inflammatory effects of nicotine are involved. In contrast, smoking is a dose‐dependent risk factor for Graves’ hyperthyroidism and especially for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Smoking is related to a higher recurrence rate of Graves’ hyperthyroidism, a higher risk on Graves’ ophthalmopathy after 131I therapy and a less favourable outcome of GO treatment with steroids or retrobulbar irradiation. The observed associations with smoking likely indicate causal relationships in view of consistent associations across studies, the presence of dose–response effects and disappearance of associations after cessation of smoking.