bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IntracellularShigellaremodels its LPS to dampen the innate immune recognition and evade inflammasome activation
Authors: Paciello Ida , Silipo Alba , Lembo-Fazio Luigi , Curcurù Laura , Zumsteg Anna , Noël Gaëlle , Ciancarella Valeria , Sturiale Luisa , Molinaro Antonio , Bernardini Maria Lina 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceDuring bacterial infection, the eukaryotic innate immune system detects a restricted number of bacterial structures, such as LPSs, and activates signaling pathways conveying an inflammatory reaction aimed at eradication of the pathogen.Shigellaspp. are human enteropathogens that invade colonic and rectal mucosa, where they cause deleterious inflammation. Here we show thatShigelladrastically modifies the degree of acylation of the lipid A moiety of LPS during host cell invasion. The purified hypoacylated LPS displays a reduced inflammatory potential that allows the bacteria to lower the sensing activity of the immune system and to escape from downstream effector mechanisms.
Gata3/Ruvbl2 complex regulates T helper 2 cell proliferation via repression of Cdkn2c expression
Authors: Hosokawa Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomoaki , Kato Miki , Shinoda Kenta , Tohyama Hiroyuki , Hanazawa Asami , Tamaki Yuuki , Hirahara Kiyoshi , Yagi Ryoji , Sakikawa Ikue , Morita Atsushi , Nagira Morio , Poyurovsky Masha V. , Suzuki Yutaka , Motohashi Shinichiro , Nakayama Toshinori 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceGATA-binding protein 3 (Gata3) controls the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) cells by induction of chromatin remodeling at the Th2 cytokine gene loci. Gata3 also facilitates Th2 cell proliferation via unknown mechanisms. We have identified a functional Gata3/RuvB-like protein 2 (Ruvbl2) complex that regulates the proliferation of differentiating Th2 cells through the repression of a CDK inhibitor, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2c (Cdkn2c). Gata3 directly bound to theCdkn2clocus in an Ruvbl2-dependent manner, and Cdkn2c-knockdown experiments indicated an important role for this molecule in the Gata3-mediated induction of Th2-cell proliferation. Ruvbl2-knockdown Th2 cells showed decreased antigen-induced expansion and caused less airway inflammation in vivo, indicating an important role for Ruvbl2 in Th2 cells in allergic reactions.
Purified TMEM16A is sufficient to form Ca
2+
-activated Cl
−
channels
Authors: Terashima Hiroyuki , Picollo Alessandra , Accardi Alessio 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Calcium-activated chloride channels play key roles in physiology, from mediating sensory transduction and nociception to regulating mucine secretion in airway epithelia and controlling excitability of smooth muscle fibers. Recently, TMEM16A was identified as the pore-forming subunit of these channels. It remains unclear, however, whether this protein is sufficient to form calcium-activated chloride channels, or whether association with other subunits is required for function. Recently, association with calmodulin has been proposed to be required for the calcium-dependent activation and ion selectivity of these channels. Here we show that purified and reconstituted TMEM16A is necessary and sufficient to recapitulate the properties of native and heterologously expressed calcium-activated chloride currents. Thus, association of TMEM16A with other proteins is not required for function.
Regulation of bone remodeling by vasopressin explains the bone loss in hyponatremia
Authors: Tamma Roberto , Sun Li , Cuscito Concetta , Lu Ping , Corcelli Michelangelo , Li Jianhua , Colaianni Graziana , Moonga Surinder S. , Di Benedetto Adriana , Grano Maria , Colucci Silvia , Yuen Tony , New Maria I. , Zallone Alberta , Zaidi Mone 
Published: October 2013

Significance
In this study, we show that a primitive brain hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), which has hitherto been implicated in regulating water balance in mammals, has a function in skeletal homeostasis. Using genetically modified mice that are lacking one of the AVP receptors as well as pharmacologic inhibitors, we show that AVP negatively regulates osteoblasts (cells that form new bone) and stimulates osteoclasts (cells that remove old bone). Our findings explain the bone loss that is known to accompany low blood sodium levels in patients when AVP levels are high.
Contrasting responses of pre‐ and post‐copulatory traits to variation in mating competition
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. , Buzatto Bruno A. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Original sperm competition theory assumed that males trade expenditure on searching for mates for expenditure on the ejaculate and predicted that males should increase their expenditure on the ejaculate in response to increased risk of competition. A recent extension of this theory has modelled pre‐copulatory expenditure in terms of direct contest competition and predicts that when the gains from marginal investment in weaponry are large, males might be expected to allocate resources to armaments even at the expense of the ejaculate.

Here, we examine socially cued plasticity in allocation to pre‐ (body condition) and post‐copulatory (testes mass) traits in a male dimorphic beetle, Onthophagus taurus, where major males fight for access to females and minor males obtain reproductive success via sperm competition. Both male morphs were either reared in social isolation or exposed to rivals during the period of sexual maturation following adult emergence.

Testes mass was found to be insensitive to social cues of future mating competition for both major and minor males. Major males allocated more to body condition when exposed to rivals, a response expected for a species in which the outcome of dyadic contests strongly affects male reproductive success. In contrast, minor male allocation to condition was insensitive to social cues.

Our data illustrate how socially cued plasticity in pre‐ and post‐copulatory traits can depend on the relative importance of these episodes of selection for individual male fitness. In O. taurus dung beetles, males strategically adjusted the amount of resources they allocated to winning pre‐copulatory contests over access to females. Strategic allocation to pre‐copulatory contest competition did not come at a cost to male investment in sperm competition, suggesting that males may trade investment into contest competition against some other life‐history trait, such as longevity. The lack of plasticity in testes size suggests that selection from sperm competition may be a relatively constant feature of this species mating system.
3 Grass, Water, Salt, Copper, and Others: Pastoralists’ Territorial Strategies in Central Sudan
Authors: Holl Augustin F. C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis chapter discusses the territorial tactics and settlement strategies devised by pastoral‐nomadic societies in two areas of the Central Sudan. The Eghazer basin (Niger) case study is entirely archaeological and considers processes that took place between 3000 and 800 B.C.E. The Houlouf region case study is ethnoarchaeological and looks at the site‐location strategies, patterns of settlements, and structures of Shuwa‐Arab villages and camps in the Sahelian margins of Northern Cameroon. I explore how these two pastoral‐nomadic societies colonized new territories and carved out new and original cultural landscapes, and then compare the two cases. With the ethnic mix of the Eghazer basin being unknown, bounded territories controlled by larger “tribal” units are a possibility. In the Houlouf region, Shuwa‐Arab pastoralists were initially constrained to a tributary relationship, a situation that changed radically during the past two decades with Shuwa‐Arab access to regional chieftainship. [territories, pastoralists, Central Sudan, Eghazer basin, Houlouf region]
5 Territorial and Nonterritorial Routes to Power: Reconciling Evolutionary Ecological, Social Agency, and Historicist Approaches
Authors: Chabot‐Hanowell Benjamin , Smith Eric Alden 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe argue that evolutionary and ecological models of territorial behavior are useful to archaeologists holding varied theoretical positions. First, we explain how evolutionary and ecological approaches complement, rather than conflict with, social agency and historicist approaches. Second, we review and expand upon models from evolutionary ecology and their application to the ethnographic and archaeological records. This review reveals that territorial behavior spans a continuum from defense of selected resources, to control of “home ranges” or spheres of influence, to complete defense of a proscribed geographic area. Third, we emphasize that archaeologists and modelers should explicitly define the demographic scale of territorial behavior under consideration, given that resource defense by large groups requires solutions to collective action problems. Finally, we suggest that the economic defensibility logic underlying ecological models of territoriality applies to any resource type, not just territory. Furthermore, social and political power often require successfully defending spatial territory. [evolutionary ecology, economic defensibility, territoriality, human behavioral variation, archaeology]
9 Conquests of Dharma: Network Models and the Study of Ancient Polities
Authors: Sugandhi Namita 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe Mauryan Empire, an early South Asian polity, was once presumed to have exerted control over most of the Indian subcontinent. A reexamination of both archaeological and historical evidence suggests a different interpretation of Mauryan imperialism ‐ one that has less to do with territorial control and instead looks to a relational network perspective. This perspective allows a view of the Mauryan polity that goes beyond the political dimension to examine long‐term patterns of interaction during the Early Historic period (ca. 600 B.C.E.–C.E. 600). Additionally, this model may be extended to include parallel networks of interaction that existed independently of political authority and would endure beyond the decline of various dynastic powers. [Mauryan Empire, sovereignty, territoriality, Early Historic period, South Asia]
Phosphorylation of STAT3 correlates with HER2 status, but not with survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Koperek Oskar , Aumayr Klaus , Schindl Martin , Werba Gregor , Soleiman Afschin , Schoppmann Sebastian , Sahora Klaus , Birner Peter 
Published: October 2013

Activation of signal‐transcriptional factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is associated with more aggressive behaviour in a variety of human malignancies. As selective STAT3 inhibitors exist, this protein might represent a novel therapeutic target. Although STAT3 seems to play an important role in progression of pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC), only few data on this subject exist. The aim of our study was the investigation of STAT3 activation and its correlation with its possible regulator HER2. Expression of tyrosine‐705 phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) was determined immunohistochemically in 79 PDACs. HER2 status assessed by immunohistochemistry and double colour silver in situ hybridization was available from a previous study. PSTAT3 expression was seen in 33 (41.8%) patients. Six patients were scored as HER2 positive having strong correlation with pSTAT3 expression (p = 0.004, Fisher′s exact test). No association of pSTAT3 expression with patients′ age, tumour staging and grading, perineural invasion of tumour cells or survival time was seen. pSTAT3 is frequently expressed in PDAC. Nevertheless, its immediate clinical relevance seems to be low. However, further research needs to determine whether STAT3 status in PDAC is predictive for the response to novel targeting therapies.
Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in Kuwait: a non‐fluoridated community
Authors: Akpata Enosakhare S. , Behbehani Jawad , Akbar Jaber , Thalib Lukman , Mojiminiyi Olusegun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the pattern of fluid consumption, fluoride intake from the fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by children aged 1–9 years in Kuwait, a nonfluoridated community.MethodsUsing the cluster sampling technique, children aged 1–9 years were chosen from 2000 randomly selected households in Kuwait. Questionnaires were then administered to their mothers to determine the children's daily fluid intake. Fluoride concentrations in tap water as well as all brands of bottled water and beverages consumed by the children were measured, using the fluoride ion‐specific electrode. Fluoride excretion was determined in 400 randomly selected children, based on fluoride/creatinine ratio.ResultsThe mean daily fluid consumption by the children was high, being 1115–1545 ml. About 40% of the fluid intake was plain (tap and bottled) water and approximately 10% of the children drank bottled water exclusively. Fluoride concentration in tap water was low (0.04 ± SD 0.02 ppm), but was higher in bottled water (0.28 ± SD 0.40 ppm). Mean daily fluoride ingestion from fluids was 0.013–0.018 mg/kg body weight (bw). Even after allowing for fluoride ingestion from other sources, mean daily fluoride ingestion was still below 0.1 mg/kg bw set by the United States of America Institute of Medicine as the lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect level for moderate enamel fluorosis in children aged up to 8 years. Furthermore, the mean daily urinary fluoride excretion of 128–220 μg was below the provisional standard of 360–480 μg for optimal fluoride usage by children aged 3–5 years.ConclusionFluoride ingestion from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by the children were below the recommendations for optimal fluoride usage. Thus, there is room for an upward adjustment of fluoride level in public drinking water supplies in Kuwait, as a caries preventive measure.
How Often Is Thunderclap Headache Caused by the Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome?
Authors: Grooters Gerrit S. , Sluzewski Menno , Tijssen Cees C. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThunderclap headache (TCH) has a broad differential diagnosis that includes the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). It is believed to be caused by a dysregulation of vascular tone, which leads to reversible and segmental vasoconstriction and may cause permanent neurological deficits. One of the remaining mysteries is the incidence of the syndrome in a general hospital setting.MethodsWe recruited consecutive patients with TCH without evidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on immediate computed tomography‐scanning from the emergency room in a period of 12 months. Only those patients with an acute and severe onset of the pain were recruited; the peak of the pain had to be reached in less than 1 minute (verbal analog scale >8/10), and the minimum duration of the pain had to be 6 hours. All patients underwent lumbar puncture, magnetic resonance angiography, and serial transcranial Doppler sonography.ResultsThirty‐four patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 3 of those were diagnosed with the RCVS (8.8%; 95% confidence interval 3‐23).ConclusionsWe found the incidence of RCVS to be 8.8% (95% confidence interval 3‐23) (3 patients) in patients presenting with TCH without evidence for severe illness. We believe that RCVS is an underrecognized condition, and therefore additional imaging should be performed in every patient with TCH.
Thermoregulatory vs. event sweating – comparison of clinical methodologies, physiology and results
Authors: Biehle‐Hulette S. J. , Krailler J. M. , Elstun L. T. , Bentz S. , Benzing K. W. , Spruell R. D. , Hellhammer J. , Swaile D. F. 
Published: October 2013

SynopsisObjectivesAlthough the mechanisms of sweating due to thermoregulation vs. stress are distinct, the antiperspirant industry focuses primarily on perspiration due to heat as their method of efficacy testing. To better understand the overall protection afforded by a ‘Clinical Strength’ over‐the‐counter antiperspirant product, we compare results from a standard hot‐room study with results from two studies using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).MethodsFor each study, unscented antiperspirant was applied to one axilla, leaving the other untreated for internal control. The hot‐room protocol involved a 40‐min warm‐up period with 2–20 min sweat collections at 100 ± 2°F (35% RH). The TSST requires naïve subjects to give an impromptu speech and conduct mental arithmetic, with collections of sweat, heart rate and other biomarkers of stress before, during and after the event.ResultsDuring the TSST, heart rate and salivary cortisol data indicate significant emotional stress. Wetness results show that sweat was reduced by 69.4% in the hot‐room study, compared with 83.7% and 89.3% reductions in the stress studies.ConclusionWe have found added value in investigating antiperspirancy from several causes of sweat production to give a more encompassing picture of the protection afforded by an antiperspirant product, specifically wetness protection from heat, activity and stress‐induced sweat.
CCR5‐Delta32: implications in SLE development
Authors: Carvalho C. , Calvisi S. L. , Leal B. , Bettencourt A. , Marinho A. , Almeida I. , Farinha F. , Costa P. P. , Silva B. M. , Vasconcelos C. 
Published: October 2013

SummarySystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with strong genetic and environmental components. Previous studies have shown increased levels of several chemokines in active SLE. C‐C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues, and mechanisms modulating CCR5 expression and function may interfere in SLE development, influencing the clinical course of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between the CCR5∆32 base‐pair deletion polymorphism and SLE disease in a group of Portuguese patients. A total of 219 patients with SLE and 205 healthy individuals were studied. The frequency of CCR5/∆32 heterozygotes was lower in patients with SLE than in controls (8% vs. 15% OR = 0.5162; P = 0.0319), suggesting a protective association between CCR5∆32 allele and SLE. These results highlight the protective role of Th1 cells that express CCR5 in SLE pathogenesis.
Human monoclonal Fab and human plasma antibodies to carbamyl‐epitopes cross‐react with malondialdehyde‐adducts
Authors: Kummu Outi , Turunen S. Pauliina , Prus Piotr , Lehtimäki Jaakko , Veneskoski Marja , Wang Chunguang , Hörkkö Sohvi 
Published: October 2013

SummaryOxidized low‐density lipoprotein (OxLDL) plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. Carbamylated LDL has been suggested to promote atherogenesis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Here we observed that plasma IgG and IgM antibodies to carbamylated epitopes were associated with IgG and IgM antibodies to oxidation‐specific epitopes (ρ = 0·65–0·86, P < 0·001) in healthy adults, suggesting a cross‐reaction between antibodies recognizing carbamyl‐epitopes and malondialdehyde (MDA)/malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA) ‐adducts. We used a phage display technique to clone a human Fab antibody that bound to carbamylated LDL and other carbamylated proteins. Anti‐carbamyl‐Fab (Fab106) cross‐reacted with oxidation‐specific epitopes, especially with MDA‐LDL and MAA‐LDL. We showed that Fab106 bound to apoptotic Jurkat cells known to contain these oxidation‐specific epitopes, and the binding was competed with soluble carbamylated and MDA‐/MAA‐modified LDL and BSA. In addition, Fab106 was able to block the uptake of carbamyl‐LDL and MDA‐LDL by macrophages and stained mouse atherosclerotic lesions. The observed cross‐reaction between carbamylated and MDA‐/MAA‐modified LDL and its contribution to enhanced atherogenesis in uraemic patients require further investigation.
MIRSNP rs2910164 of miR‐146a is associated with the muscle involvement in polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Authors: Okada Yoshifumi , Jinnin Masatoshi , Makino Takamitsu , Kajihara Ikko , Makino Katsunari , Honda Noritoshi , Nakayama Wakana , Inoue Kuniko , Fukushima Satoshi , Ihn Hironobu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in microRNAs, the so‐called MIRSNPs, have attracted attention for their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Such MIRSNPs may have a functional role, due to the alteration of microRNA function, and can be a disease marker. In this study, we evaluated the possibility that MIRSNP rs2910164 in miR‐146a can be a useful marker for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity of polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM).MethodsDNA was obtained from 25 patients with DM, 16 with clinically amyopathic DM, and three with PM, and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested by MnlI, and the digested products were run out on a 3% agarose gel. Serum levels of miR‐146a were measured by real‐time PCR.ResultsWe could not find a significant difference in the frequency of genotype distribution between controls and patients with PM/DM. However, the frequency of muscle weakness and dysphagia in patients with CC genotype was significantly higher as compared with patients with CG or GG genotype. In addition, the minimum free energy between miR‐146a and its complementary strand with G allele is estimated at −26.8 kcal/mol, while that of C allele is at −24.0 kcal/mol, suggesting that the MIRSNP rs2910164 is functional. Serum miR‐146a levels tended to be decreased in patients with DM with the CC genotype.ConclusionsTaken together, miR‐146a may be involved in the pathogenesis of PM/DM, and patients with the CC genotype are at higher risk of muscle involvement.
The Cannabis Class: What Happened When the Legal Status of Cannabis was Reclassified?
Authors: Hamilton Ian 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The states of Washington and Colorado have passed laws legalising the recreational use of cannabis from next year. Will the effect be disastrous for mental health, or cool? In Britain, cannabis was reclassified in 2004 from a class B drug to the less serious class C; but in 2008 it was again reclassified, back to class B. Ian Hamilton looks at what followed.
A Carriage Full of Curates
Authors: Champkin Julian 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
2013 has been a bad year on the railways. The derailment at Santiago in Spain and the Lac-Mégantic disaster in Canada have taken at least 120 lives and raised a media storm about rail safety. Not for the first time. A century and a half ago William Farr wrote about the same thing. Because 1868 was also a bad year on the railways. Julian Champkin delved into the archives.
Political skill and emotional cue learning via voices: a training study
Authors: Momm Tassilo , Blickle Gerhard , Liu Yongmei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe ability to discern emotional expressive cues represents an important interpersonal emotional skill at the workplace. In a training study with 123 employee–peer dyads, we examined whether political skill enhances the learning of emotional expressive cues via voices. Controlling for the effects of extraversion and self‐monitoring, it was found that political skill was significantly related to the accurate recognition of emotions via voices after a training session. As predicted, other‐reported political skill was found to be a stronger predictor of such learning than self‐reported political skill. In addition, social astuteness and networking ability were the most predictive of emotional cue learning among the different dimensions of political skill. Implications and limitations are discussed.