bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great British Education ‘Fraud’ of the Twentieth and Twenty‐First Centuries
Authors: Ware Alan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe role played by educational credentials in British labour market recruitment changed radically during the mid‐twentieth century. Having higher or better credentials than others became a key determinant in selection for society's best‐paid jobs. The resulting race for them has had perverse effects. A large minority of graduates earn no more than non‐graduates or are in jobs for which they are ‘overeducated’. In various ways, the incentive to ‘stay ahead’ has prompted large expenditures by families to improve the qualifications a child obtains at school, while there is also now huge demand for postgraduate qualifications. Not only is there resulting social waste but also social injustice; while education was understood previously as a means of breaking down barriers to social mobility, it now has the opposite effect. This article explores the causes of these developments and outlines briefly how a new centre‐left agenda for education might be constructed.
Timing of school meals as a predisposing factor for childhood overweight and obesity
Authors: Pandolfi Marcela Maria , Armond Jane de Eston , Novo Neil Ferreira , França Carolina Nunes , Colombo‐Souza Patrícia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimsChildhood obesity is emerging as a relevant public health concern because a significant proportion of obese children will become obese in adulthood. The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased in developed and developing nations. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren from primary schools in an urban–rural peripheral region of Sao Paulo, Brazil.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study with 2039 6‐ to 10‐year‐old children. The body mass index in z‐scores (BMI z‐score) were measured and tested for possible associations between variables such as gender, age, school grade and time of day.ResultsThe average age of the children was 8.5 years. We found a higher frequency of overweight children (16.4%) than obese children. There were no differences observed between schools. In the overweight group, we found higher z‐scores in children from the first and third grades and no differences in the obese group. Moreover, the BMI z‐score was higher in the overweight children in the first time of day and for the obese children in the third time of day.ConclusionsThe children studied in the third time of day (3–7 p.m.) had a high BMI z‐score. Being overweight was more prevalent than obesity in children. Moreover, the frequency of obesity in boys was higher than in girls. Anthropometric surveillance of obesity and lifestyle changes are necessary to control excessive weight gain in childhood.
Leverage adjustment after mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Khoo Joye , Durand Robert B. , Rath Subhrendu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAustralian firms have leverage targets. Speeds of adjustment to a target capital structure are higher than previously published estimates when there are major disruptions to firms’ leverage ratios. Firms exploit company‐specific characteristics to achieve these targets. Profitability and cash levels are important drivers of the speeds of adjustment. Firms, which have lower profitability or higher cash levels, appear to adjust faster.
How to prioritize allocating conservation efforts: an alternative method tested with imperilled herpetofauna
Authors: Kacoliris F. P. , Velasco M. A. , Berkunsky I. , Celsi C. E. , Williams J. D. , Di‐Pietro D. , Rosset S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSeveral methods were developed with the aim of prioritizing conservation efforts. However, most of these methods were focused on ranking areas for land protection, without offering alternatives for sites poorly ranked. We propose an alternative method that allows prioritizing conservation efforts independently of the status of a specific area. The conservation priorities method considers data related with biodiversity, availability of suitable habitat and human pressure, on area‐based units. This information is then standardized, obtaining a vector of three values, which reflects the situation of a specific area categorically (positive and negative) and quantitatively (how far from zero). Based on these values, specific conservation efforts can be settled at each area‐based unit. We tested this methodology on several political units located at the Pampean Coastal Dunes in Argentina, using herpetofauna as surrogate taxon. Our results confirm the needs of performing several conservation approaches to deal with Pampean Coastal Dunes' problems. The conservation priorities method showed to be a useful tool to characterize sites and to set conservation efforts based on its specific status, supplementing current methodologies.
Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol for Crohn's disease in clinical practice
Authors: Moon W. , Pestana L. , Becker B. , Loftus E. V. , Hanson K. A. , Bruining D. H. , Tremaine W. J. , Kane S. V. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackgroundCertolizumab pegol (CZP) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved to treat Crohn's disease (CD). However, the efficacy and safety of CZP outside clinical trials are not well established.AimTo report the efficacy, safety and predictors of response to CZP in CD patients treated during a 6‐year period since FDA‐approval at a tertiary care centre.MethodsAll CD patients who received CZP at our institution between 2008 and 2013 were evaluated through retrospective medical record‐based review of steroid‐free complete response (SCR), loss of response and safety.ResultsA total of 358 patients were included. One hundred twelve patients (31.3%) and 189 (52.8%) received CZP as their second and third biological agent, respectively. The probability of SCR at 26 week was 19.9% (95% CI, 15.9–24.5). The probability of survival free of loss of response at 2 year was 45.7% (95% CI, 32.5–59.5). A predictor of SCR was age at CD diagnosis of >40 years old (hazard ratio, HR relative to those <17, 4.69; 95% CI, 1.75–12.61). Negative predictors included present perianal fistula (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16–0.98) and prior primary nonresponse to adalimumab (ADA; HR relative to secondary loss of response, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04–0.76). Twenty‐three patients (6.4%) experienced serious adverse events and 19 patients (5.3%) discontinued CZP due to adverse events.ConclusionsCertolizumab pegol was both effective and well tolerated for the treatment of Crohn's disease in this large tertiary care centre enriched with biologics‐exposed patients. It may be more effective in patients without early‐aged Crohn's disease diagnosis, prior primary nonresponse to adalimumab and present perianal fistula.
International oligopoly, barriers to outsourcing and domestic employment
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhayu , Marjit Sugata , Yang Lei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this paper we analyze the impact of barriers to outsourcing on domestic employment in an oligopolistic context. We show that although an outsourcing tax makes domestic labour cheaper, its employment effect is ambiguous due to strategic considerations. Analyzing international policy interdependence, we also show that, although a unilateral tax (subsidy) by a country must raise its domestic employment, this may be counterproductive in a Nash policy equilibrium. Finally, both a credit crisis and increased product differentiation tend to worsen the employment effects of an outsourcing tax. Our central findings are robust to both Bertrand and Cournot modes of competition.
Assessment of elasticity of colorectal cancer tissue, clinical utility, pathological and phenotypical relevance
Authors: Kawano Shingo , Kojima Motohiro , Higuchi Yoichi , Sugimoto Motokazu , Ikeda Koji , Sakuyama Naoki , Takahashi Shinichiro , Hayashi Ryuichi , Ochiai Atsushi , Saito Norio 
Published: June 2015

Generally, cancer tissue is palpated as a hard mass. However, the elastic nature of cancer tissue is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical utility of measuring the elastic modulus (EM) in colorectal cancer tissue. Using a tactile sensor, we measured the EM of 106 surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues. Data on the EM were compared with clinicopathological findings, including stromal features represented by Azan staining and the α‐SMA positive area ratio of the tumor area. Finally, a cDNA microarray profile of the tumors with high EM were compared with the findings of tumors with low EM. A higher EM in tumors was associated with pathological T, N, and M‐stage tumors (P < 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Patients with high EM tumors had shorter disease‐free survival than had patients with low EM. The EM showed strongly positive correlation with the Azan staining positive area ratio (r = 0.908) and the α‐SMA positive area ratio (r = 0.921). Finally, the cDNA microarray data of the tumors with high EM revealed a distinct gene expression profile compared with data from those tumors with low EM. The assessment of the elasticity of colorectal cancer tissue may allow a more accurate clinical stage and prognosis estimation. The distinct phenotypical features of the high EM tumors and their strong association with stromal features suggest the existence of a biological mechanism involved in this phenomenon that may contribute to future therapy.
Complex systematic review ‐ Perioperative antibiotics in conjunction with dental implant placement
Authors: Lund Bodil , Hultin Margareta , Tranæus Sofia , Naimi‐Akbar Aron , Klinge Björn 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to revisit the available scientific literature regarding perioperative antibiotics in conjunction with implant placement by combining the recommended methods for systematic reviews and complex systematic reviews.Material and methodsA search of Medline (OVID), The Cochrane Library (Wiley),EMBASE, PubMed and Health technology assessment (HTA) organizations was performed, in addition to a complementary hand‐search. Selected systematic reviews and primary studies were assessed usingGRADEandAMSTAR, respectively. A meta‐analysis was performed.ResultsThe literature search identified 846 papers of which 10 primary studies and seven systematic reviews were included. Quality assessment of the systematic reviews revealed two studies of moderate risk of bias and five with high risk of bias. The two systematic reviews of moderate risk of bias stated divergent numbers needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one patient from implant failure. Four of the primary studies comparing antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo were estimated to be of low, or moderate, risk of bias and subjected to meta‐analysis. TheNNTwas 50 (pooledRR0.39, 95%CI0.18, 0.84;P = 0.02). None of these four studies individually show a statistical significant benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis. Furthermore, narrative analysis of the studies eligible for meta‐analysis reveals clinical heterogeneity regarding intervention and smoking.ConclusionAntibiotic prophylaxis in conjunction with implant placement reduced the risk for implant loss by 2%. However, the sub‐analysis of the primary studies suggests that there is no benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in uncomplicated implant surgery in healthy patient.
Successful thrombolytic therapy of post‐operative massive pulmonary embolism after ultralong cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Yu Yanxia , Zhai Zhenguo , Yang Yuanhua , Xie Wanmu , Wang Chen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsCardiac arrest caused by massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is highly refractory to conventional resuscitation. Thrombolytic therapy has been considered to be an effective way to massive PE.MethodsWe reported a case of successful thrombolytic therapy of post‐operative massive PE after 90‐min cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and reviewed the relevant literature.ResultsWe presented the case of a 48‐year‐old woman with surgery of varicosis of great saphenous vein who suffered from a massive PE with circulatory arrest refractory to 90 min of aggressive CPR. Thrombolysis was given only as a single dose of 50 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Rapid haemodynamic and clinical improvement followed the bolus dose. The patient was discharged later without neurological or other sequelae. An extensive literature search of the PubMed database only identified 11 cases of massive PE with cardiac arrest during the perioperative period with a survival rate was 88.9%. The time period of CPR before thrombolysis or anti‐coagulation was 15–90 min.ConclusionsThrombolytic therapy is useful to achieve the return of spontaneous circulation in the resuscitation of patients with cardiac arrest secondary to massive PE during the perioperative period, even in the prolong resuscitation.
Insights from the Den: How Hibernating Bears May Help Us Understand and Treat Human Disease
Authors: Berg von Linde Maria , Arevström Lilith , Fröbert Ole 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) spend half of the year in a physically inactive state inside their winter dens without food intake and defecating and no or little urination. Under similar extreme conditions, humans would suffer from loss of lean body mass, heart failure, thrombosis, azotemia, osteoporosis, and more. However, bears exit the den in the spring strong without organ injuries. Translational animal models are used in human medicine but traditional experimental animals have several shortcomings; thus, we believe that it is time to systematically explore new models. In this review paper, we describe physiological adaptations of hibernating bears and how similar adaptations in humans could theoretically alleviate medical conditions. The bear has solved most of the health challenges faced by humans, including heart and kidney disease, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Understanding and applying this library of information could lead to a number of major discoveries that could have implications for the understanding and treatment of human disease.
Flight directionality of Tribolium castaneum soon after take‐off under glasshouse and field conditions
Authors: Rafter M.A. , Ridley A.W. , Daglish G.J. , Burrill P.R. , Walter G.H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFlight directionality of the rust‐red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), was investigated under glasshouse and field conditions using sticky traps placed around dense experimental infestations of T. castaneum derived from field‐collected samples. Although beetles of this species are known to fly quite readily, information on flight of beetles away from grain resources is limited. Under still glasshouse conditions, T. castaneum does not demonstrate strong horizontal or vertical trajectories in their initial flight behaviour. Flight was significantly directional in half of the replicates, but trapped beetles were only weakly concentrated around the mean direction of flight. In the field, by contrast, emigration of T. castaneum was strongly directional soon after flight initiation. The mean vector lengths were generally >0.5 which indicates that trapped beetles were strongly concentrated around the calculated mean flight direction. A circular‐circular regression of mean flight vs. mean downwind direction suggested that flight direction was generally correlated with downwind direction. The mean height at which T. castaneum individuals initially flew was 115.4 ± 7.0 cm, with 58.3% of beetles caught no more than 1 m above the ground. The height at which beetles were trapped did not correlate with wind speed at the time of sampling, but the data do indicate that wind speed significantly affected T. castaneum flight initiation, because no beetles (or very few; no more than three) were trapped in the field when the mean wind speed was above 3 m s−1. This study thus demonstrates that wind speed and direction are both important aspects of flight behaviour of T. castaneum, and therefore of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of this species.
Can Hymenoscyphus fraxineus infect hardy members of the Oleaceae other than ash species?
Authors: Madigan A. , Bełka M. , Taylor A. F. S. , Kirisits T. , Cleary M. , Nguyen D. , Elfstrand M. , Woodward S. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe interaction between the ash dieback fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, and two commonly grown members of the Oleaceae (Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’ and Ligustrum vulgare) was investigated. Shoots were inoculated with three isolates of H. fraxineus and harvested after 2 and 10 weeks. DNA was extracted from tissue collected at the point of inoculation, as well as 15 mm below and above (distal), and analysed using fungal‐specific ITS primers and specific primers for H. fraxineus. The fungus was frequently detected in tissue at the point of inoculation, but rarely in distal samples. There was no evidence that H. fraxineus was pathogenic on either of the two oleaceous species over the duration of the experiment.
Effect of small defect orientation on fatigue limit of carbon steels
Authors: Lorenzino P. , Okazaki S. , Matsunaga H. , Murakami Y. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn order to clarify the effect of defect orientation on the fatigue limit of two types of steels, JIS‐S15C and JIS‐S45C, a small semi‐circular slit was introduced onto the surface of a round specimen. The slit was tilted at 0 °, 30 ° or 60 ° with respect to the plane normal to the loading axis, but all of them had the same defect size,
= 188 µm, where the area denotes the area of the domain defined by projecting the defect on a plane normal to the loading axis. In all the combinations of the materials and tilt angles, a non‐propagating crack was found at or just below the fatigue limit, that is, the fatigue limit was determined by the non‐propagation condition of a crack initiated from the defect. In both steels, the fatigue limit was found to be nearly independent of the tilt angle for the same value of projected size
, which was in good agreement with the prediction by the
parameter model. In this paper, a mechanistic explanation for the insensitivity of the fatigue limit to the tilt angle is proposed.
Crustal fluid and ash alteration impacts on the biosphere of Shikoku Basin sediments, Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Torres M. E. , Cox T. , Hong W.‐L. , McManus J. , Sample J. C. , Destrigneville C. , Gan H. M. , Gan H. Y. , Moreau J. W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present data from sediment cores collected from IODP Site C0012 in the Shikoku Basin. Our site lies at the Nankai Trough, just prior to subduction of the 19 Ma Philippine Sea plate. Our data indicate that the sedimentary package is undergoing multiple routes of electron transport and that these differing pathways for oxidant supply generate a complex array of metabolic routes and microbial communities involved in carbon cycling. Numerical simulations matched to pore water data document that Ca2+ and Cl1‐ are largely supplied via diffusion from a high‐salinity (44.5 psu) basement fluid, which supports the presence of halophile Archean communities within the deep sedimentary package that are not observed in shallow sediments. Sulfate supply from basement supports anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at a rate of ~0.2 pmol cm−3 day−1 at ~400 mbsf. We also note the disappearance of δ‐Proteobacteria at 434 mbsf, coincident with the maximum in methane concentration, and their reappearance at 463 mbsf, coinciding with the observed deeper increase in sulfate concentration toward the basement. We did not, however, find ANME representatives in any of the samples analyzed (from 340 to 463 mbsf). The lack of ANME may be due to an overshadowing effect from the more dominant archaeal phylotypes or may indicate involvement of unknown groups of archaea in AOM (i.e., unclassified Euryarchaeota). In addition to the supply of sulfate from a basement aquifer, the deep biosphere at this site is also influenced by an elevated supply of reactive iron (up to 143 μmol g−1) and manganese (up to 20 μmol g−1). The effect of these metal oxides on the sulfur cycle is inferred from an accompanying sulfur isotope fractionation much smaller than expected from traditional sulfate‐reducing pathways. The detection of the manganese‐ and iron‐reducer γ‐Proteobacteria Alteromonas at 367 mbsf is consistent with these geochemical inferences.
Relationship between renal function and serum magnesium concentration in elderly outpatients treated with magnesium oxide
Authors: Horibata Ken , Tanoue Akiko , Ito Masaaki , Takemura Yousuke 
Published: June 2015

AimsWe investigated the relationship between renal function and serum magnesium concentration in elderly patients treated with magnesium oxide (MgO) in an outpatient setting of an urban hospital in Japan.MethodsIn the present study, 44 elderly outpatients (23 patients with constipation treated with daily oral MgO and 21 untreated patients in the control group) who visited Kameyama municipal medical center were enrolled. Variables were age, sex, weight, height, serum magnesium concentration, serum blood urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine level, use of other magnesium‐containing supplements and symptoms associated with hypermagnesemia. We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and classified patients based on eGFR category.ResultsCompared with the control group, the MgO group showed a significantly higher concentration of serum magnesium (median 2.2 mg/dL [interquartile range 2.1–2.3] vs 2.4 mg/dL [2.2–2.6], P < 0.001). Hypermagnesemia (>2.6 mg/dL) was noted only in the MgO group. However, symptoms associated with hypermagnesemia occurred in patients from both groups, with no significant difference between groups. In the MgO group, significant difference was seen in the median serum magnesium concentration between eGFR categories (P < 0.05). The category G4 (eGFR 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2) group had the highest serum magnesium concentration in the MgO group (3.0 mg/L [2.9–3.1]).ConclusionsElderly patients treated with MgO have higher serum magnesium levels compared with the control group. MgO should be prescribed with caution in patients with low renal function as shown by a GFR category G3b or less (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 600–605.
Living arrangements, social networks and onset or progression of pain among older adults in Singapore
Authors: Leung Ying‐Ying , Teo Suat Lay , Chua Ming Boon , Raman Prassanna , Liu Chang , Chan Angelique 
Published: June 2015

AimsWe aimed to evaluate the relationship between living arrangements, and strength of social network with onset and progression of chronic pain over 2 years in elderly Singaporeans.MethodsWe used data from the Social Isolation Health and Lifestyles Survey, a nationally representative survey of community‐dwelling older Singaporeans aged >60 years (n = 4990) in 2009 and follow up in 2011. We used binomial logistic regression models to examine factors associated with self‐reported onset and progression of chronic pain over time.ResultsA total of 3103 participants (53.8% women) completed both surveys (weighted response rate 63.7%). The mean age (SD) was 69.4 (0.5) years. The prevalence of mild and moderate‐extreme chronic pain at baseline were 27.7% and 12.8%. A total of 20.1% and 3.9% of the participants reported having chronic pain onset and progression over 2 years, respectively. In the binomial regression models, lower education level, living alone and poorer self‐rated health were predictors for onset of chronic pain in women. Weak social networks and disability were associated with progression of chronic pain in women.ConclusionsChronic pain is common in Singaporean older adults. Living alone and weak social network were sociopsychological factors associated with the onset or progression of chronic pain. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●–●●.