bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of abuse‐deterrent OxyContin on prescription opioid utilization
Authors: Hwang Catherine S. , Chang Hsien‐Yen , Alexander G. Caleb 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPurposeWe quantified the degree to which the August 2010 reformulation of abuse‐deterrent OxyContin affected its use, as well as the use of alternative extended‐release and immediate‐release opioids.MethodsWe used the IMS Health National Prescription Audit, a nationally representative source of prescription activity in the USA, to conduct a segmented time‐series analysis of the use of OxyContin and other prescription opioids. Our primary time period of interest was 12 months prior to and following August 2010. We performed model checks and sensitivity analyses, such as adjusting for marketing and promotion, using alternative lag periods, and adding extra observation points.ResultsOxyContin sales were similar before and after the August 2010 reformulation, with approximately 550 000 monthly prescriptions. After adjusting for declines in the generic extended‐release oxycodone market, the formulation change was associated with a reduction of approximately 18 000 OxyContin prescription sales per month (p = 0.02). This decline corresponded to a change in the annual growth rate of OxyContin use, from 4.9% prior to the reformulation to −23.8% during the year after the reformulation. There were no statistically significant changes associated with the sales of alternative extended‐release (p = 0.42) or immediate‐release (p = 0.70) opioids. Multiple sensitivity analyses supported these findings and their substantive interpretation.ConclusionsThe market debut of abuse‐deterrent OxyContin was associated with declines in its use after accounting for the simultaneous contraction of the generic extended‐release oxycodone market. Further scrutiny into the effect of abuse‐deterrent formulations on medication use and health outcomes is vital given their popularity in opioid drug development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled synthesis of poly(neopentyl p‐styrene sulfonate) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation
Authors: Fraga Domínguez Isabel , Kolomanska Joanna , Johnston Priscilla , Rivaton Agnès , Topham Paul D 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe controlled synthesis of poly(neopentyl p‐styrene sulfonate) (PNSS) using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation has been studied under a wide range of experimental conditions. PNSS can be used as an organic‐soluble, thermally labile precursor for industrially valuable poly(p‐styrene sulfonate), widely employed in technologies such as ionic exchange membranes and organic electronics. The suitability of two different chain transfer agents, three solvents, three different monomer concentrations and two different temperatures for the polymerisation of neopentyl p‐styrene sulfonate is discussed in terms of the kinetics of the process and characteristics of the final polymer. Production of PNSS with systematically variable molecular weights and low dispersities (Đ ≤ 1.50 in all cases) has been achieved using 2‐azidoethyl 2‐(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)‐2‐methylpropionate in anisole at 75 °C, with an initial monomer concentration of 4.0 mol L−1. Finally, a poly(neopentyl p‐styrene sulfonate)‐b‐polybutadiene‐b‐poly(neopentyl p‐styrene sulfonate) (PNSS‐b‐PBD‐b‐PNSS) triblock copolymer has been synthesised via azide‐alkyne click chemistry. Moreover, subsequent thermolysis of the PNSS moieties generated poly(p‐styrene sulfonate) end blocks. This strategy allows the fabrication of amphiphilic copolymer films from single organic solvents without the need for post‐deposition chemical treatment. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
SCAN: an approach to label and relate execution trace segments
Authors: Medini Soumaya , Arnaoudova Venera , Di Penta Massimiliano , Antoniol Giuliano , Guéhéneuc Yann‐Gaël , Tonella Paolo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTProgram comprehension is a prerequisite to any maintenance and evolution task. In particular, when performing feature location, developers perform program comprehension by abstracting software features and identifying the links between high‐level abstractions (features) and program elements.We present Segment Concept AssigNer (SCAN), an approach to support developers in feature location. SCAN uses a search‐based approach to split execution traces into cohesive segments. Then, it labels the segments with relevant keywords and, finally, uses formal concept analysis to identify relations among segments. In a first study, we evaluate the performances of SCAN on six Java programs by 31 participants. We report an average precision of 69% and a recall of 63% when comparing the manual and automatic labels and a precision of 63% regarding the relations among segments identified by SCAN. After that, we evaluate the usefulness of SCAN for the purpose of feature location on two Java programs. We provide evidence that SCAN (i) identifies 69% of the gold set methods and (ii) is effective in reducing the quantity of information that developers must process to locate features—reducing the number of methods to understand by an average of 43% compared to the entire execution traces. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Copper‐Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition in Fullerene Chemistry
Authors: Nierengarten Iwona , Nierengarten Jean‐François 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClick reactions largely cross the borders of organic synthetic chemistry and are now at the forefront of many interdisciplinary studies at the interfaces between chemistry, physics, and biology. As part of this research, our group is involved in a program on the development of clickable fullerene building blocks and their application in the preparation of a large variety of new advanced materials and bioactive compounds. Importantly, the introduction of the click chemistry concept in fullerene chemistry allowed us to produce compounds that would barely be accessible by using the classical tools of fullerene chemistry. This is particularly the case for the conjugation of fullerenes with other carbon nanoforms, such as carbon nanohorns and graphene. It is also the case for most of the sophisticated molecular ensembles constructed from clickable fullerene hexa‐adduct building blocks. In this paper, we have summarized our ongoing progress in this particular field.
Dedicated to Professor Fernando Langa on the occasion of his 60th birthdaygraphicDedicated to Professor Fernando Langa on the occasion of his 60th birthday
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescent Properties of Two Cadmium/Zinc Coordination Polymers with Biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate and 1,4‐Bis(3‐pyridylmethyl)piperazine
Authors: Li Yanxia , Zhu Wenping , Wang Fen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHydrothermal reactions of CdII or ZnII with biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate (H3btc) and 1,4‐bis(3‐pyridylmethyl) piperazine (bpmp) resulted in the formation of two coordination polymers {[Cd3(btc)2(bpmp)2.5]·6.5H2O}n (1) and {[Zn(Hbtc)(bpmp)0.5]·H2O}n (2), respectively. Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 features with the point symbol (42.5)4(45.52.611.72.8)2(46.52.614.74.82). Complex 2 shows a two‐dimensional (2D) structure. Furthermore, their luminescent properties were investigated
In vitroanti-inflammatory effects of citrulline on peritoneal macrophages in Zucker diabetic fatty rats
Authors: Breuillard Charlotte , Bonhomme Sandra , Couderc Rémy , Cynober Luc , De Bandt Jean-Pascal 
Published: November 2014

In type 2 diabetes (T2D) macrophage dysfunction increases susceptibility to infection and mortality. This may result from the associated decreased plasma concentration of arginine, an amino acid that plays an important role in immunity.In vitro, increasing arginine availability leads to an improvement in macrophage function; however, arginine supplementation in diabetic obese patients may be detrimental. The aim of the present study was to assessin vitrowhether citrulline, an arginine precursor, could replace arginine in the regulation of macrophage function under a condition of diabetes and obesity. Peritoneal macrophages from diabetic obese or lean rats were incubated for 6 h in an arginine-free medium, in the presence of increasing citrulline concentrations (0·1, 0·5, 1 or 2 mmol/l). Cytokine and NO production was determined. Peritoneal macrophages from either lean or diabetic obese rats produced NO, and at higher levels in the cells from lean rats. In diabetic obese rats, TNF-α production decreased with increasing citrulline concentrations, but was higher than that in the cells from lean rats. In contrast, IL-6 production increased with increasing citrulline concentrations. The present experiment shows that citrulline is effectively used for NO production and regulates cytokine production in macrophages from diabetic obese rats. This effect warrantsin vivoevaluation in T2D-related inflammation.
Evaluation of older Chinese people's macronutrient intake status: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Xu Xiaoyue , E. Byles Julie , Shi Zumin , J. Hall John 
Published: November 2014

Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people. The present study evaluated the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people (aged ≥ 60 years), investigated whether they had intake levels that met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and explored the associations between macronutrient intakes and age groups, sex, education levels, work status, BMI groups, urbanicity levels and four socio-economic regions of China (Northeast, East Coast, Central and Western). Dietary intake data of 2746 older Chinese with complete dietary intake data in the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009 wave) carried out across four diverse regions were analysed. Dietary intake data were obtained by interviews using 24 h recalls over three consecutive days. The MUFA:SFA ratios were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. Less than one-third of the older Chinese people included in the present study had intake levels meeting the adequate intake for carbohydrate-energy and fat-energy; less than one-fifth had intake levels meeting the recommended nutrient intake for protein-energy; and more than half of the older people had fat-energy intakes higher than the DRI. There were strong associations between the proportions of energy from the three macronutrients and education levels, urbanicity levels and the four socio-economic regions of China, with older people living in the East Coast region having different patterns of macronutrient-energy intakes when compared with those living in the other three regions. Macronutrient intakes across different urbanicity levels in the four regions revealed considerable geographical variations in dietary patterns, which will affect the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Clinical interventions and public health policies should recognise these regional differences in dietary patterns.
ARE POLICY DECISIONS ON SURGICAL PROCEDURES INFORMED BY ROBUST ECONOMIC EVIDENCE? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Ara Roberta , Basarir Hasan , Keetharuth Anju D. , Barbieri Marco , Weatherly Helen L.A. , Sculpher Mark J.S. , Ahmed Hashim , Brown Steven 
Published: November 2014

Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine the empirical and methodological cost-effectiveness evidence of surgical interventions for breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer.Methods:A systematic search of seven databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and NHSEED, research registers, the NICE Web site and conference proceedings was conducted in April 2012. Study quality was assessed in terms of meeting essential, preferred and UK NICE specific requirements for economic evaluations.Results:The seventeen (breast = 3, colorectal = 7, prostate = 7) included studies covered a broad range of settings (nine European; eight non-European) and six were published over 10 years ago. The populations, interventions and comparators were generally well defined. Very few studies were informed by literature reviews and few used synthesized clinical evidence. Although the interventions had potential differential effects on recurrence and mortality rates, some studies used relatively short time horizons. Univariate sensitivity analyses were reported in all studies but less than a third characterized all uncertainty with a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Although a third of studies incorporated patients’ health-related quality of life data, only four studies used social tariff values.Conclusions:There is a dearth of recent robust evidence describing the cost-effectiveness of surgical interventions in the management of breast, colorectal and prostate cancers. Many of the recent publications did not satisfy essential methodological requirements such as using clinical evidence informed by a systematic review and synthesis. Given the ratio of potential benefit and harms associated with cancer surgery and the volume of resources consumed by these, there is an urgent need to increase economic evaluations of these technologies.
Dissolving Decision Making? Models and Their Roles in Decision-Making Processes and Policy at Large
Authors: Zeiss Ragna , van Egmond Stans 
Published: November 2014

ArgumentThis article studies the roles three science-based models play in Dutch policy and decision making processes. Key is the interaction between model construction and environment. Their political and scientific environments form contexts that shape the roles of models in policy decision making. Attention is paid to three aspects of the wider context of the models: a) the history of the construction process; b) (changes in) the political and scientific environments; and c) the use in policy processes over longer periods of time. Models are more successfully used when they are constructed in astablepolitical and scientific environment. Stability and certainty within a scientific field seems to be a key predictor for the usefulness of models for policy making. The economic model is more disputed than the ecology-based model and the model that has its theoretical foundation in physics and chemistry. The roles models play in policy processes are too complex to be considered as straightforward technocratic powers.
Nicolaus Taurellus on Forms and Elements
Authors: Blank Andreas 
Published: November 2014

ArgumentThis article examines the conception of elements in the natural philosophy of Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606) and explores the theological motivation that stands behind this conception. By some of his early modern readers, Taurellus may have been understood as a proponent of material atoms. By contrast, I argue that considerations concerning the substantiality of the ultimate constituents of composites led Taurellus to an immaterialist ontology, according to which elements are immaterial forms that possess active and passive potencies as well as motion and extension. In Taurellus's view, immaterialism about elements provides support for the theological doctrine of creationex nihilo. As he argues, the ontology of immaterial forms helps to explicate a sense in which creatures are substances, not accidents of the divine substance. In particular, he maintains that immaterial forms stand in suitable relations of ontological dependence to God: creation dependence (since forms would not exist without the divine act of creation), but neither subsistence dependence (since forms continue to exist without continued divine agency) nor activity dependence (since forms are active without requiring divine concurrence).
James Croll (1821–1890): ice, ice ages and the Antarctic connection
Authors: Sugden David E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe thrust of this paper is that James Croll should be more generously lauded for his remarkable contribution to the study of ice ages, glacier flow and the nature of the Antarctic ice sheet. Croll was the first to calculate the link between fluctuations of the Earth’s orbit and glacial/interglacial cycles, and to identify the crucial role of positive feedback processes necessary to transform minor insolation changes into major climatic changes. He studied the mechanisms of glacier flow and explained flow over horizontal land surfaces at a continental scale, including the excavation of rock basins. Croll relied on a quantitatively based deductive approach. One of his most remarkable achievements was his study of the thickness, thermal regime and dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet (1879). This contains important insights, which are relevant today, and yet the paper was published before anyone had landed on the continent!
The glacial geomorphology of the Antarctic ice sheet bed
Authors: Jamieson Stewart S.R. , Stokes Chris R. , Ross Neil , Rippin David M. , Bingham Robert G. , Wilson Douglas S. , Margold Martin , Bentley Michael J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn 1976, David Sugden and Brian John developed a classification for Antarctic landscapes of glacial erosion based upon exposed and eroded coastal topography, providing insight into the past glacial dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. We extend this classification to cover the continental interior of Antarctica by analysing the hypsometry of the subglacial landscape using a recently released dataset of bed topography (BEDMAP2). We used the existing classification as a basis for first developing a low-resolution description of landscape evolution under the ice sheet before building a more detailed classification of patterns of glacial erosion. Our key finding is that a more widespread distribution of ancient, preserved alpine landscapes may survive beneath the Antarctic ice sheets than has been previously recognized. Furthermore, the findings suggest that landscapes of selective erosion exist further inland than might be expected, and may reflect the presence of thinner, less extensive ice in the past. Much of the selective nature of erosion may be controlled by pre-glacial topography, and especially by the large-scale tectonic structure and fluvial valley network. The hypotheses of landscape evolution presented here can be tested by future surveys of the Antarctic ice sheet bed.
The U-Pb detrital zircon signature of West Antarctic ice stream tills in the Ross embayment, with implications for Last Glacial Maximum ice flow reconstructions
Authors: Licht Kathy J. , Hennessy Andrea J. , Welke Bethany M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGlacial till samples collected from beneath the Bindschadler and Kamb ice streams have a distinct U-Pb detrital zircon signature that allows them to be identified in Ross Sea tills. These two sites contain a population of Cretaceous grains 100–110 Ma that have not been found in East Antarctic tills. Additionally, Bindschadler and Kamb ice streams have an abundance of Ordovician grains (450–475 Ma) and a cluster of ages 330–370 Ma, which are much less common in the remainder of the sample set. These tracers of a West Antarctic provenance are also found east of 180° longitude in eastern Ross Sea tills deposited during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), considered part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet but partially originating in East Antarctica, lacks these distinctive signatures. Its U-Pb zircon age population is dominated by grains 500–550 Ma indicating derivation from Granite Harbour Intrusive rocks common along the Transantarctic Mountains, making it indistinguishable from East Antarctic tills. The U-Pb zircon age distribution found in WIS till is most similar to tills from the west-central Ross Sea. These data provide new specific targets for ice sheet models and can be applied to pre-LGM deposits in the Ross Sea.
The structural and dynamic responses of Stange Ice Shelf to recent environmental change
Authors: Holt T.O. , Glasser N.F. , Fricker H.A. , Padman L. , Luckman A. , King O. , Quincey D.J. , Siegfried M.R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStange Ice Shelf is the most south-westerly ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula, a region where positive trends in atmospheric and oceanic temperatures have been recently documented. In this paper, we use a range of remotely sensed datasets to evaluate the structural and dynamic responses of Stange Ice Shelf to these environmental changes. Ice shelf extent and surface structures were examined at regular intervals from optical and radar satellite imagery between 1973 and 2011. Surface speeds were estimated in 1989, 2004 and 2010 by tracking surface features in successive satellite images. Surface elevation change was estimated using radar altimetry data acquired between 1992 and 2008 by the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS) -1, -2 and Envisat. The mean number of surface melt days was estimated using the intensity of backscatter from Envisat’s Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar instrument between 2006 and 2012. These results show significant shear fracturing in the southern portion of the ice shelf linked to enhanced flow speed as a consequence of measured thinning. However, we conclude that, despite the observed changes, Stange Ice Shelf is currently stable.
Optimal forest management for timber value and carbon sequestration benefits in tropical planted forests: a case study of household foresters in Vietnam
Authors: Nghiem Nhung 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnhancing carbon sequestration is crucial to mitigate rising global levels of greenhouse gases, and for developing countries, carbon sequestration may also provide economic benefits via international carbon trading schemes. This study aimed to determine the optimal management strategy for tropical planted forests when timber and carbon sequestration are valued. The survey data were collected from 291 household foresters, who were growing Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium in Yen Bai Province, Vietnam. The regression exercise suggests that financial status was negatively correlated with forest management practices, and ethnicity and financial status were correlated with carbon sequestration management. The survey results suggest that the mean rotation age employed by household foresters is five years. However, the optimization modelling suggests that the optimal rotation age for maximizing net present value is greater than nine years. The differences between current practices and optimal practices therefore favour a role for government policy interventions.