bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the interface effect of shape memory alloy composite materials
Authors: Jarali Chetan S. , Roy Mahapatra D. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the stress distribution in shape memory alloy (SMA) composite due to phase transformations in the fiber in view of the applied boundary conditions on the matrix.Design/methodology/approachA consistent homogenization of a SMA wire‐reinforced polymer composite volume element undergoing quasi‐static deformation was performed and SMA wire‐matrix interface behaviour was presented. For the SMA wire, a one‐dimensional phenomenological constitutive model was used. Eshelby's inclusion theory was employed for homogenization. A strain averaging approach was reviewed in which the average strain was substituted back to obtain the expressions for the effective stiffness, the inelastic strain, and the average stresses in the constituent phases. In order to study the stress distribution in SMA composite and constituent phases (fiber and matrix) as a consequence of the SMA wire‐matrix interface effect, interfacial stress model was derived. Interfacial axial and shear stress distribution is characterized for forward and reverse phase transformations. Finally, the thermomechanical behaviours were computed by applying strain energy approach incorporating the interface effects.FindingsThe results presented show that due to the difference between the shear modulus of matrix and SMA wire, and because of the strain non‐uniformity at the SMA wire‐matrix interface, shear stress is developed within the matrix under the axial loading of the representative volume element (RVE). The shear stress increases more rapidly as the SMA wire radius is increased but not with increase in the length. However, the axial stress does not increase much with increase in the SMA wire radius and length. Further, the average stress equation of the RVE at the SMA wire‐matrix interface is effectively addressed. The modeling approach is successfully validated extensively for different geometric and volumetric parameters for different loading conditions. It is evident that the interface effect of SMA wire composites is SMA stiffness dominated due to the fact that the geometric parameters do not influence much the stresses as compared to the change in SMA wire stiffness.Originality/valueThe approach is based on modeling the fiber matrix interface effect using homogenization scheme. Further, the strain energy approach is applied to compute the stress‐strain response. This indicates the importance of modeling the SMA wire‐matrix interface effect, and in particular, the energy exchange between the constituent phases. The results have been compared for different geometric parameters as well as volume fractions of the constituent phases under different loading conditions.
A finite element analysis of pneumatic‐tire/sand interactions during off‐road vehicle travel
Authors: Grujicic M. , Marvi H. , Arakere G. , Haque I. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to carry out a series of transient, non‐linear dynamics finite element analyses in order to investigate the interactions between a stereotypical pneumatic tire and sand during off‐road vehicle travel.Design/methodology/approachThe interactions were considered under different combined conditions of the longitudinal and lateral slip as encountered during “brake‐and‐turn” and “drive‐and‐turn” vehicle maneuvers. Different components of the pneumatic tire were modeled using elastic, hyper‐ and visco‐elastic material models (with rebar reinforcements), while sand was modeled using the CU‐ARL sand models developed by Grujicic et al. The analyses were used to obtain functional relations between the wheel vertical load, wheel sinkage, tire deflection, (gross) traction, motion resistance and the (net) drawbar pull. These relations were next combined with Pacejka magic formula for a pneumatic tire/non‐deformable road interaction to construct a tire/sand interaction model suitable for use in multi‐body dynamics analysis of the off‐road vehicle performance.FindingsTo rationalize the observed traction and motion resistance relations, a close examination of the distribution of the normal and shear contact stresses within the tire/sand contact patch is carried out and the results were found to be consistent with the experimental counter parts.Originality/valueThe paper offers insights into the interactions between a stereotypical pneumatic tire and sand during off‐road vehicle travel.
Ten top tips for effectively involving people with a learning disability in research
Authors: Inglis Pamela , Cook Tina 
Published: November 2014

PurposeHistorically, people with learning disabilities have been the subjects of research, rather than true participants or contributors. Common approaches used to inform people with learning disabilities about research include simplifying information sheets and reading out the information. Literature to date suggests that little is known about what people with learning disabilities understand about research. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachA total of seven men and ten staff members were invited to become co‐researchers with two academic researchers from Northumbria University, over 20 months. Lessons learned can now be used to: educate other adults; show how it can be helpful; and how it can make a difference in the lives of people with learning disabilities. This study used a facilitated collaborative action research approach involving participants becoming researchers in their own right, enabling collaborative discussions, and using multiple ways of engaging with, presenting and collecting information. A longitudinal and recursive process added breadth and depth to the data.FindingsThe findings showed that the men required some training including; research, consent and ethics and benefited from opportunities they otherwise may not have been offered such as; intellectual stimulation; extra staff attention; being accredited for their work; realising their own capabilities; increased self‐esteem and confidence; pride in their achievements; skills development; and enjoyment. Importantly they have shown how valuable people with learning disabilities are to academic activity and research.Research limitations/implicationsThe results suggest that the fun, longitudinal, recursive and collaborative approach, was key to developing understandings of research for the men.Practical implicationsFrom this research a framework was developed for engaging similar populations in research – entitled Understanding Research, Consent and Ethics: A Participatory Research Methodology in a Medium Secure Unit for Men with a Learning Disability, including accessible information; and ten top tips for effectively involving people with a learning disability in research.Originality/valueThis study discovered how men with learning disabilities and living in a medium secure unit understand research, consent, and ethics and what enables them to learn about these concepts.
Redesigning and evaluating an adapted sex offender treatment programme for offenders with an intellectual disability in a secure setting: preliminary findings
Authors: Large Julia , Thomas Cathy 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe a study which investigated the diverse needs of multiple stakeholders in an adapted sex offender treatment programme (ASOTP) and then evaluated a pilot programme set up to respond to the identified needs efficiently and effectively. The paper reports on an innovative approach to delivering ASOTP in secure learning disability services. It aims to address many of the criticisms and concerns of conventional closed format programmes, particular in the climate of value for money and payment by results.Design/methodology/approachThe multiple views of stakeholders were identified by means of questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews in order to ascertain the key issues necessitating change. Stakeholders included purchasers of Partnerships in Care Learning Disability Services (PiC LDS), referred clients, internal and external clinicians involved in their care, group facilitators and, in some cases, clients' families or advocates. A rolling format ASOTP (based on the content of the Prison and Probation Service ASOTP) was designed and piloted to address highlighted needs, including time frames for the commencement and completion of treatment.FindingsInitial feedback obtained by means of structured interviews and discussions with all stakeholders has been positive. In particular, participants have shown an increase in motivation, knowledge, and, unexpectedly, enhanced levels of risk disclosure. Facilitators have reported increased satisfaction and decreased stress levels. These findings are tentative in light of the small numbers involved and the absence of a randomised control trial.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has a number of implications for future research in terms of improving treatment effectiveness by means of increasing knowledge retention and enhancing risk disclosure, as well as a reduction in facilitator burnout.Originality/valueThe programme was tailored to respond to individual treatment needs within a group setting whilst ensuring programme integrity and effective risk management within a forensic learning disability service.
A conceptual model of technology features and technostress in telemedicine communication
Authors: Yan Ziyu , Guo Xitong , Lee Matthew K.O. , Vogel Douglas R. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThis paper aims to provide systemic understanding with regard to the adoption of computer mediated communication (CMC) technology and its impact on technostress levels.Design/methodology/approachBased on the theoretical lens rooted in the psychology literature and emerging problems observed through engagement with organizations in their field research, the authors propose a conceptual model that articulates technology characteristics in telemedicine communication. The model defines both the antecedents and outcomes of technostress, emphasizing investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the overall process in regard to fit between users and adopted technologies.FindingsIn order to understand the impact of technostress on telemedicine users, it is necessary to investigate the “black box” of how technology influences stressors. According to the theoretical lens of person‐environment (P‐E) theory, stress occurs when there is a misfit between individuals’ characteristics and environmental settings. Congruent with the premises of the theory, the fit in the authors’ model is conceptualized in two dimensions: complementary fit and supplementary fit. Communication and information support is crucial to meet the ability‐demand fit; social presence and social support are important to assist in the match between an individual's supply and social norm. Personal innovativeness of IT has a moderating effect on the relationship between technostressors and strain.Practical implicationsThe proposed model identifies the antecedents of technostressors in regard to the use of telemedicine technologies, and provides the means to examine the process systematically. It could be useful for administrators to constitute organizational strategy to alleviate stress levels, thus improving work performance and quality of working life.Originality/valueThe authors adapt the person‐technology model (P‐T model) to the CMC featured telemedicine context and further extend the model to reveal both antecedents of technostress and the moderators that affect the ultimate stressful syndrome. Instead of treating the misfit indirectly by its consequence, the present study not only emphasizes revealing the mechanism by investigating the misfit process but it also brings additional understanding to the technostress domain.
The kinetics of urinary shedding of BK virus in children with renal disease
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuto , Morooka Masashi , Ihira Masaru , Yoshikawa Tetsushi 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTChildren with renal diseases are typically treated with immunosuppressive drugs, which place them at high risk of reactivation of the BK virus (BKV). Currently, little is known about the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on the kinetics of urinary shedding of BKV and viral reactivation in pediatric patients with renal diseases. Urine samples were collected monthly for 1 year from 20 children (median age, 9 years; range, 4–15 years) with renal diseases and subjected to real‐time PCR. Urinary shedding of BKV was detected in 35% (7/20) of the patients, three of these patients having persistent viral DNA excretion (two cases, twelve times; one case, four times) and four having intermittent viral DNA excretion. Thirty‐four of the 240 urine samples contained BKV DNA (median copy numbers, 5.66 log copies/mL; range, 2.45–7.69 log copies/mL). In two of the cases with persistent viral shedding, high copy numbers (range, 4.57–7.69 log copies/mL) of BKV DNA were detected in all 12 urine samples collected. In the other case with persistent viral excretion, a range of 2.45–3.98 log copies/mL of BKV DNA was detected in the four urine samples collected between the 9th and 12th sampling time points. Additionally, high copy numbers (range, 3.12–4.36 log copies/mL) of BKV DNA were detected intermittently in the urine samples of the other four cases. No remarkable correlations were found between the kinetics of BKV DNA loads and urinary findings such as proteinuria and hematuria. The present data demonstrate the kinetics of urinary BKV shedding in pediatric patients with renal diseases. Additionally, no pathogenic role for BKV infection was identified.
Effect of inflammatory factor‐induced cyclo‐oxygenase expression on the development of reperfusion‐related no‐reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Jiao Qibin , Ke Qiang , Li Weiwei , Jin Meihua , Luo Yan , Zhang Linan , Yang Dong , Zhang Xingwei 
Published: November 2014

SummaryNo reflow after reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction is a strong predictor of clinical outcome. Increased levels of inflammatory factors, including C‐reactive protein (CRP), in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may affect myocardial perfusion. However, why the no‐reflow phenomenon increases in inflammation stress after PCI is not clear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CRP on the expression of cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) on the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon. There was a significant increase in plasma levels of CRP and interleukin (IL)‐6 in no‐reflow patients, suggesting that inflammatory factors play an important role in the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon. The mechanisms involved were further evaluated after reperfusion in a rat model mimicking the no‐reflow phenomenon. Compared with normal reflow rats, there were significant increases in both COX‐1 and COX‐2 in cardiac tissue from no‐reflow rats. The COX inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the no‐reflow area. In another series of experiments, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated with CRP at clinically relevant concentrations (5–25 μg/mL). C‐Reactive protein significantly increased COX‐1 and COX‐2 levels in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) were activated in CRP (5, 10, 25 μg/mL)‐treated HCAEC cultures. Furthermore, the ERK inhibitor pd98059 (30 μmol/L) and the JNK inhibitor sp600125 (10 μmol/L) blocked CRP‐induced COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression for 12 h. Together, the findings of the present study suggest that CRP can promote the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon by increasing COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression, which is regulated, in part, via ERK and JNK activity.
A Simple Digestion Method with a Lefort Aqua Regia Solution for Diatom Extraction
Authors: Wang Huipin , Liu Yan , Zhao Jian , Hu Sunlin , Wang Yuzhong , Liu Chao , Zhang Yanji 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPresence of diatoms in tissues has been considered as a significant sign of drowning. However, there are limitations in the present extraction methods. We developed a new digestion method using the Lefort aqua regia solution (3:1 nitric acid to hydrochloric acid) for diatom extraction and evaluated the digestive capability, diatom destruction, and diatoms' recovery of this new method. The kidney tissues from rabbit mixed with water rich in diatoms were treated by the Lefort aqua regia digestion method (n = 10) and the conventional acid digestion method (n = 10). The results showed that the digestive capability of Lefort aqua regia digestion method was superior to conventional acid digestion method (p < 0.01); the structure of diatom remained almost intact; and the recovery of diatom was comparable to the conventional acid digestion method (p > 0.05). The Lefort aqua regia reagent is an improvement over the conventional acid digestion for recovery of diatoms from tissue samples.
Wasted Life: Labour, Liveliness, and the Production of Value
Authors: Stanley Anna 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper asks how Dene (and alongside it non‐human) life is connected to the production and circulation of value in the Canadian uranium economy. I examine the ways in which life links up with value during the lifetime of the mine and at the time of a major public inquiry into its health and ecological effects. Against the backdrop of the highly uneven and deeply racialized economy of nuclear production I make two intertwined arguments. First I argue that “wastage” is a reconfiguration of nature integral to the production of capitalist value in which capital addresses itself directly to the vital processes of (some) living things. Second, at a time when the relational politics that shaped value were being actively subverted by claims publicly advanced by Deline First Nation Dene about cancer death and contamination, I argue that a risk calculation central to the Canada Deline Uranium Table's analysis worked to governmentally secure evidence of wastage and restore the configurations of in/visibility that shaped value production in this economy.
LMWH to prevent placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications: an update
Authors: Duffett Lisa , Rodger Marc 
Published: November 2014

SummaryPlacenta‐mediated pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, placental abruption, intrauterine growth restriction/small for gestational age and recurrent or late pregnancy loss, affect over 5% of pregnancies and can result in significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. These complications have been suggested to at least partly arise from placental insufficiency, possibly as a result of inappropriate coagulation activation. This association has led to the hypothesis that anticoagulant therapy, such as low molecular weight heparin, might reduce their occurrence. The following review will attempt to summarize the extensive research that has been performed to date exploring this hypothesis and provide guidance on the current and future role of low molecular weight heparin in women at risk for placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications. A case will be made to question the widely adopted practice of prescribing low molecular weight heparin to women with prior placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications and suggest possible areas for future research.
Evolution of insect wings and development – new details fromPalaeozoic nymphs
Authors: Haug Joachim T. , Haug Carolin , Garwood Russell J. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe nymphal stages ofPalaeozoic insects differ significantly in morphology from those of their modern counterparts. Morphological details for some previously reported species have recently been called into question. Palaeozoic insect nymphs are important, however – their study could provide key insights into the evolution of wings, and complete metamorphosis. Here we review past work on these topics and juvenile insects in the fossil record, and then present both novel and previously described nymphs, documented using new imaging methods. Our results demonstrate that someCarboniferous nymphs – those ofPalaeodictyopteroidea – possessed movable wing pads and appear to have been able to perform simple flapping flight. It remains unclear whether this feature is ancestral forPterygota or an autapomorphy ofPalaeodictyopteroidea. Further characters of nymphal development which were probably in the ground pattern ofPterygota can be reconstructed. Wing development was very gradual (archimetaboly). Wing pads did not protrude from the tergum postero‐laterally as in most modern nymphs, but laterally, and had well‐developed venation. The modern orientation of wing pads and the delay of wing development into later developmental stages (condensation) appears to have evolved several times independently withinPterygota: inEphemeroptera,Odonatoptera,Eumetabola, and probably several times withinPolyneoptera. Selective pressure appears to have favoured a more pronounced metamorphosis between the last nymphal and adult stage, ultimately reducing exploitation competition between the two. We caution, however, that the results presented herein remain preliminary, and the reconstructed evolutionary scenario contains gaps and uncertainties. Additional comparative data need to be collected. The present study is thus seen as a starting point for this enterprise.
Neural correlates of object size and object location during grasping actions
Authors: Monaco Simona , Sedda Anna , Cavina‐Pratesi Cristiana , Culham Jody C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe visuo‐motor channel hypothesis (Jeannerod, 1981) postulates that grasping movements consist of a grip and a transport component differing in their reliance on intrinsic vs. extrinsic object properties (e.g. size vs. location, respectively). While recent neuroimaging studies have revealed separate brain areas implicated in grip and transport components within the parietal lobe, less is known about the neural processing of extrinsic and intrinsic properties of objects for grasping actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation to examine the cortical areas involved in processing object size, object location or both. Participants grasped (using the dominant right hand) or passively viewed sequential pairs of objects that could differ in size, location or both. We hypothesized that if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are processed separately, as suggested by the visuo‐motor channel hypothesis, we would observe adaptation to object size in areas that code the grip and adaptation to location in areas that code the transport component. On the other hand, if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are not processed separately, brain areas involved in grasping may show adaptation to both object size and location. We found adaptation to object size for grasping movements in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), in agreement with the idea that object size is processed separately from location. In addition, the left superior parietal occipital sulcus (SPOC), primary somatosensory and motor area (S1/M1), precuneus, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and supplementary motor area (SMA) showed non‐additive adaptation to both object size and location. We propose different roles for the aIPS as compared with the SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA. In particular, while the aIPS codes intrinsic object properties, which are relevant for hand preshaping and force scaling, area SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA code intrinsic as well as extrinsic object properties, both of which are relevant for digit positioning during grasping.