bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gesundheitsökonomisches Zentrum Berlin (Berlin HECOR)
Authors: Busse Reinhard , Siegel Martin , Sundmacher Leonie , die Mitglieder des Gesundheitsökonomischen Zentrums Berlin (  
Published: September 2013

Einleitung
Seit Juli 2012 befasst sich das Gesundheitsökonomische Zentrum Berlin (BerlinHECOR) mit der Entwicklung, Organisation und Implementierung einer umfassenden Leistungsmessung und -rechnung anhand der Kriterien Bevölkerungsgesundheit, Ungleichheiten in Gesundheit und Versorgung, Effizienz der Versorgung und Responsiveness für das deutsche Gesundheitssystem. Das Ziel ist, eine transparente Leistungserfassung des deutschen Gesundheitssystems als Basis evidenzbasierter Gesundheitspolitik anzubieten.
The use of pasture trees by birds in a tropical montane landscape in Monteverde, Costa Rica
Authors: Sheldon Kimberly S. , Nadkarni Nalini M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract:Conversion of forests to agricultural land may require many bird species to use resources in fragmented landscapes in order to persist. Pasture trees can make agricultural landscapes more hospitable for birds, but we do not know what factors promote bird visitation to pasture trees. Bird use of 26 focal trees of a common pasture species, Sapium glandulosum (Euphorbiaceae), was examined in three pastures in a montane landscape in Costa Rica to understand factors influencing bird visitation. Bird visits were analysed in relation to pasture tree size, distance from forest edge, degree of isolation and epiphyte load. Foraging resources (epiphyte or tree substrate) were also measured. From May–July 2012, 52 bird species from 20 families were recorded from 926 unique visits. Bird visitation was best explained by tree size, degree of isolation and epiphyte load such that larger, more isolated trees with higher epiphyte loads attracted more birds. Birds preferred food resources from focal trees (51% of visits) rather than their epiphytes (5% of visits). The results corroborate previous findings that mature pasture trees, even when isolated, may contribute more to species persistence than smaller trees.
Risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in women exposed to livestock: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: NIELSEN S. Y. , HENRIKSEN T. B. , HJØLLUND N. H. , MØLBAK K. , ANDERSEN A. M. N. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYMaternal infection in pregnancy is a known risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome, and a number of zoonotic pathogens may constitute a risk to pregnant women and their fetuses. With animal contact as a proxy for the risk of zoonotic infection, this study aimed to evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with self-reported occupational or domestic contact with livestock compared to pregnant women without such contact. The Danish National Birth Cohort collected information on pregnancy outcome from 100 418 pregnant women (1996–2002) from which three study populations with occupational and/or domestic exposure to livestock and a reference group of women with no animal contact was sampled. Outcome measures were miscarriage, very preterm birth (before gestational week 32), preterm birth (before 37 gestational weeks), small for gestational age (SGA), and perinatal death. Adverse reproductive outcomes were assessed in four different exposure groups of women with occupational or domestic exposure to livestock with no association found between exposure to livestock and miscarriage, preterm birth, SGA or perinatal death. These findings should diminish general occupational health concerns for pregnant women with exposures to a range of different farm animals.
From Riches to Rags: how new clothes for the dead become old robes for monks
Authors: LANGER RITA 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe process whereby existing rituals are taken up and re-envisaged is a well known phenomenon in ritual studies. The offering of a piece of white of cloth to the officiating monks during the Theravāda Buddhist funeral ceremony provides a particularly good example. This custom originates in pre-Buddhist funerary rituals, which included the symbolic covering of the dead body with a new, uncut piece of white cloth intended as a new garment for the deceased, but which was afterwards donated to the officiating priests. The present article examines how in the Buddhist funeral the donation of the cloth came to be associated with the monks’ ascetic practice of making their robes from discarded rags (paṃsukūla). A comparison of the lists of “rags” in the Theravāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinayas and in theVisuddhimaggaandVimuttimagga, alongside a historical exploration of the attitude of the Buddhist laity towards monks who adopted ascetic practices, sheds new light on the significance of thepaṃsukūlaoffering. Further, the manner in which an old pre-existing ritual is accommodated within a different conceptual framework provides a clear instance of the primacy of ritual continuity over ritual meaning.
Overweight and obesity in young Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese migrants of the second generation in the Netherlands
Authors: Dijkshoorn Henriëtte , Nicolaou Mary , Ujcic-Voortman Joanne K , Schouten Gea M , Bouwman-Notenboom Arianne J , Berns Mary PH , Verhoeff Arnoud P 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine differences in overweight and obesity of second-generation Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese migrants v. first-generation migrants and the ethnic Dutch. We also studied the influence of sociodemographic factors on this association.DesignData were collected in 2008 in a cross-sectional postal and online health survey.SettingFour major Dutch cities.SubjectsIn the survey 42 686 residents aged 16 years and over participated. Data from Dutch (n 3615) and second/first-generation Surinamese (n 230/139), Turkish (n 203/241) and Moroccan (n 172/187) participants aged 16–34 years were analysed using logistic regression with overweight (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) as dependent variables. BMI was calculated from self-reported body height and weight. Sociodemographic variables included sex, age, marital status, educational level, employment status and financial situation.ResultsAfter controlling for age, overweight (including obesity) was more prevalent in most second-generation migrant subgroups compared with the Dutch population, except for Moroccan men. Obesity rates among second-generation migrant men were similar to those among the Dutch. Second-generation migrant women were more often obese than Dutch women. Ethnic differences were partly explained by the lower educational level of second-generation migrants. Differences in overweight between second- and first-generation migrants were only found among Moroccan and Surinamese men.ConclusionsWe did not find a converging trend for the overweight and obesity prevalence from second-generation migrants towards the Dutch host population. Therefore, preventive interventions should also focus on second-generation migrants to stop the obesity epidemic.
From a conceptual framework to an operational approach for managing grassland functional diversity to obtain targeted ecosystem services: Case studies from French mountains
Authors: Duru M. , Jouany C. , Le Roux X. , Navas M.L. , Cruz P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractResearch to understand and manage ecosystems to supply services has recently spurred a functional view of their biodiversity. In particular, approaches based on functional traits rather than species diversity are increasingly used to reflect interactions between organisms and their environment. These approaches bring a functional perspective to the study of community structure responses to disturbances and resources, and of their effects on ecosystem functioning and services. From an academic perspective, we propose a conceptual framework based on species functional traits to better infer how grassland management practices (fertilization, defoliation regime) along with abiotic factors influence plant, animal and microbial community composition and a range of services in grassland ecosystems. The core of the framework relies on combinations of plant functional traits and associated microbial features that specifically respond to environmental and management factors and influence ecosystem services. To overcome stakeholders’ difficulty in applying the concept of functional traits, we propose an operational approach implying the mapping of plant communities distributed into five plant functional types (PFTs). The approach was used for fields in grassland-based livestock farms from two French grassland networks. We evaluated its ability to predict a range of services including forage provision and non-market services according to environmental and management drivers. PFT-based plant community composition predicted forage services reasonably well but responded weakly to environmental gradients. To cope with the observed limitations of current predictive approaches, we suggest including soil microbial functional types and adaptive management rather than using a prescriptive scheme.
Impact of corn residue on yield of cool-season crops
Authors: Anderson Randy L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSynergy between dry pea and corn can reduce the density of corn needed for optimum yield. Lower crop density may accrue an additional benefit, as after-harvest residues of corn lying on the soil surface can reduce yield of crops planted the next year. This study evaluated impact of corn residue levels on growth and yield of three cool-season crops in no-till. Corn was grown at two densities, 52,000 and 73,000 plants ha−1, leading to after-harvest residue levels designated as low and high residue. Residue quantity on the soil surface differed by 21%. Controls were included for each residue level by burying residue with tillage. Spring wheat, dry pea and red clover were planted the following year. Grain yield of spring wheat and dry pea and forage yield of red clover were reduced 13–33% by residue on the soil surface. However, yield of cool-season crops were 10–18% higher in the low-residue treatment compared with high residue. Furthermore, yield loss because of weed interference in spring wheat and red clover was greater with high residue. Of the three crops, spring wheat was the least affected by corn residue on the soil surface. One contributing factor to lower yield with high residue was reduced crop seedling establishment. Producers may be able to reduce the negative impact of corn residue on following crops in no-till systems by using synergistic crop sequences in the rotation.
“Role of the B-cell receptor and the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia’’
Authors: Oppezzo P , Dighiero G 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDespite significant progress in treatment, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable disease. Advances have been made to understand the molecular pathogenesis underlying CLL progression and treatment resistance. We here review the available evidences concerning the role of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the tumor microenvironment interactions in CLL pathogenesis. Antigen likely has a key role in the selection of the tumoral clone, the mutational status of immunoglobulin genes is a strong prognostic predictor and BCR signaling has been postulated to have a role for CLL trafficking and interaction with the stromal microenvironment. There is also important evidence, favoring a role for the microenvironment in CLL pathogenesis. Most, if not all, proliferative events occur in the lymph nodes and bone marrow, where leukemic cells receive through microenvironment interactions survival signals aiming to avoid apoptosis and acquire favorable tumoral growing conditions. In addition, the tumoral microenvironment appears to be the site where the acquisition of additional genetic lesions in the clone occur, which should greatly influence clinical outcome. The advent of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors which seem to be able to modulate microenvironment interactions and circumvent the p53 deletion have generated significant promise by raising the possibility that they could provide significant progress in disease treatment.
Crop production and management.
Authors: Bhargava A. , Srivastava S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

This chapter describes quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) production and management. An overview of preharvesting (land preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, irigation and weed control), harvesting and postharvesting (predrying and drying, threshing, cleaning of seeds, and drying) operations in quinoa production is provided.
Molecular studies.
Authors: Fuentes F. , Zurita-Silva A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

This chapter presents the recent progress in developing molecular genetic resources for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and the potential impact of their use for the next-generation challenges and opportunities in quinoa production. An overview of research on genetic markers, genetic linkage maps, molecular cytogenetics, and gene discovery, functional genomics and non-coding genotyping is provided.
Chemistry.
Authors: Bhargava A. , Srivastava S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

This chapter presents the nutritional (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins and fibre) and antinutritional (tannins and saponins) components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds, and describes the utilization of quinoa as fodder and food with regard to presence of these components. The chemical composition of the leaves is briefly covered.
Molecular overview on plant somatic embryogenesis.
Authors: Rocha D. I. , Dornelas M. C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The developmental pathway leading to plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is true demonstration of totipotency of plant cells. During this process, somatic cells, under appropriate conditions, divide and differentiate into embryos. This developmental pathway plays an important role as an efficient means for plant regeneration and large-scale propagation. It includes a profound reprogramming of gene expression leading to changes in cell division and differentiation patterns, becoming a suitable platform to study the morpho-physiological and molecular aspects involved in plant cell differentiation and embryo development. Plant growth regulators such as auxin, as well as stress factors and DNA methylation, are key components to induce entry into SE pathways. Proteome and transcriptome analysis allowed isolation and characterization of embryogenic-specific gene markers involved in promoting vegetative-to-embryogenic transition as well as in maturation of somatic embryos contributing to the understanding of complex relationships between inductive conditions and somatic embryo formation. This review describes current advances made, mainly at the molecular level, in discovery of the main factors involved in the induction and maturation of somatic embryos providing a basic background for understanding genetic reprogramming that is at the heart of this process. We paid special attention to extracellular protein markers during SE as well as to auxin, abscisic acid and ethylene response genes, transcriptor factors and proteins involved in embryogenic competence acquisition.
The Celsus Library at Ephesus: Spatial Rhetoric, Literacy, and Hegemony in the Eastern Roman Empire
Authors: Eidson Diana 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBuilding upon the insights of historians of rhetoric and architecture, this study examines the Celsus Library at Ephesus through the lenses of literacy studies and hegemony. By drawing on first-hand observations of the extant structure and historical studies that re-create its original appearance and relationship with its architectural context, the author speculates on the uses and functions of the library during the early second century CE. While the library's elite patrons experienced its instrumental impact, passersby from all levels of society witnessed the building's hegemonic display of Rome's cultural and political power.
EXPRESS study shows significant regional differences in 1‐year outcome of extremely preterm infants in Sweden
Authors: Serenius Fredrik , Sjörs Gunnar , Blennow Mats , Fellman Vineta , Holmström Gerd , Maršál Karel , Lindberg Eva , Olhager Elisabeth , Stigson Lennart , Westgren Magnus , Källen Karin ,   the EXPRESS study group
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate differences in mortality up to 1 year of age in extremely preterm infants (before 27 weeks) born in seven Swedish healthcare regions.MethodsNational prospective observational study of consecutively born, extremely preterm infants in Sweden 2004–2007. Mortality was compared between regions. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated.ResultsAmong 844 foetuses alive at mother's admission for delivery, regional differences were identified in perinatal mortality for the total group (22–26 weeks) and in the stillbirth and perinatal and 365‐day mortality rates for the subgroup born at 22–24 weeks. Among 707 infants born alive, regional differences were found both in mortality before 12 h and in the 365‐day mortality rate for the subgroup (22–24 weeks) and for the total group (22–26 weeks). The mortality rates were consistently lower in two healthcare regions. There were no differences in the 365‐day mortality rate for infants alive at 12 h or for infants born at 25 weeks. Neonatal morbidity rates among survivors were not higher in regions with better survival rates. Perinatal practices varied between regions.ConclusionMortality rates in extremely preterm infants varied considerably between Swedish healthcare regions in the first year after birth, particularly between the most immature infants.
The Response Speed of the International Monetary Fund
Authors: Mody Ashoka , Saravia Diego 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe more severe a financial crisis, the greater has been the likelihood of its management under an IMF‐supported programme and shorter the time from crisis onset to programme initiation. Political links to the United States have raised programme likelihood but have prompted faster response mainly for ‘major’ crises. Over time, the IMF's response has not been robustly faster, but the time sensitivity to the more severe crises and those related to fixed exchange rate regimes did increase from the mid‐1980s. Similarly, democracies had earlier tended to stall programme initiation but have turned supportive of financial markets' demands for quicker action.
Pure or Wake‐up‐Call Contagion? Another Look at the EMU Sovereign Debt Crisis
Authors: Giordano Raffaela , Pericoli Marcello , Tommasino Pietro 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe test whether the sharp increase in sovereign spreads of euro‐area countries with respect to Germany after the explosion of the Greek crisis was due to deteriorating macroeconomic and fiscal fundamentals or to some form of financial contagion. Our analysis includes indicators of domestic and external imbalances which were mostly disregarded by previous studies, and distinguishes between investors' increased attention to the variables which ultimately determine the creditworthiness of a sovereign borrower (wake‐up‐call contagion) and behaviour not linked to fundamentals (pure contagion). We find evidence of wake‐up‐call contagion but not of pure contagion.
The genetic legacy of the 19th‐century decline of theBritish polecat: evidence for extensive introgression from feral ferrets
Authors: Costa M. , Fernandes C. , Birks J. D. S. , Kitchener A. C. , Santos‐Reis M. , Bruford M. W. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the 19th century, theBritish polecat suffered a demographic contraction, as a consequence of direct persecution, reaching its lowest population in the years that preceded theFirstWorldWar. The polecat is now recovering and expanding throughout Britain, but introgressive hybridization with feral ferrets has been reported, which could be masking the true range of the polecat and introducing domestic genes into the species. We used a fragment of the mitochondrialDNAcontrol region and 11 microsatellite loci to characterize the frequency and extent of hybridization and introgression between the two species and assess whether the 19th‐century decline corresponded to a genetic bottleneck in the polecat. The proportion of admixture detected in the wild was high (31%) and hybrids were more frequently found outside Wales, suggesting that hybridization is more likely to occur along the eastern edge of the polecat's range expansion. The patterns observed in the mitochondrial and nuclearDNAdata show that introgression was mediated by crosses between male polecats and female ferrets, whose offspring backcrossed with polecats. No first‐generation (F1) hybrids were identified, and the broad range of observed admixture proportions agrees with a scenario of past extensive hybridization between the two species. Using several different methods to investigate demographic history, we did not find consistent evidence for a genetic bottleneck in theBritish polecat, a result that could be interpreted as a consequence of hybridization with ferrets. Our results highlight the importance of theWelsh polecat population for the conservation and restoration of the genetic identity of theBritish polecat.
Two‐dimensional inverse planning and delivery with a preclinical image guided microirradiator
Authors: Stewart James M. P. , Lindsay Patricia E. , Jaffray David A. 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:Recent advances in preclinical radiotherapy systems have provided the foundation for scaling many of the elements of clinical radiation therapy practice to the dimensions and energy demanded in small animal studies. Such systems support the technical capabilities to accurately deliver highly complex dose distributions, but methods to optimize and deliver such distributions remain in their infancy. This study developed an optimization method based on empirically measured two‐dimensional dose kernel measurements to deliver arbitrary planar dose distributions on a recently developed small animal radiotherapy platform.Methods:A two‐dimensional dose kernel was measured with repeated radiochromic film measurements for the circular 1 mm diameter fixed collimator of the small animal radiotherapy system at 1 cm depth in a solid water phantom. This kernel was utilized in a sequential quadratic programming optimization framework to determine optimal beam positions and weights to deliver an arbitrary desired dose distribution. The positions and weights were then translated to a set of stage motions to automatically deliver the optimized dose distribution. End‐to‐end efficacy of the framework was quantified through five repeated deliveries of two dosimetric challenges: (1) a 5 mm radius bullseye distribution, and (2) a “sock” distribution contained within a 9 × 13 mm bounding box incorporating rectangular, semicircular, and exponentially decaying geometric constructs and a rectangular linear dose gradient region. These two challenges were designed to gauge targeting, geometric, and dosimetric fidelity.Results:Optimization of the bullseye and sock distributions required 2.1 and 5.9 min and utilized 50 and 77 individual beams for delivery, respectively. Automated delivery of the resulting optimized distributions, validated using radiochromic film measurements, revealed an average targeting accuracy of 0.32 mm, and a dosimetric delivery error along four line profiles taken through the sock distribution of 3.9%. Mean absolute delivery error across the 0–1 Gy linear dose gradient over 7.5 mm was 0.01 Gy.Conclusions:The work presented here demonstrates the potential for complex dose distributions to be planned and automatically delivered with millimeter scale heterogeneity at submillimeter accuracy. This capability establishes the technical foundation for preclinical validation of biologically guided radiotherapy investigations and development of unique radiobiological experiments.