bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of maternal serum protein biomarkers in the prenatal evaluation of placenta accreta spectrum: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Givens Matthew , Valcheva Ivaila , Einerson Brett D. , Rogozińska Ewelina , Jauniaux Eric 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntroductionPlacenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is an increasingly commonly reported condition due to the continuous increase in the rate of cesarean deliveries (CD) worldwide; however, the prenatal screening for pregnant patients at risk of PAS at birth remains limited, in particular when imaging expertise is not available.Material and MethodsTwo major electronic databases (MEDLINE and Embase) were searched electronically for articles published in English between October 1992 and January 2023 using combinations of the relevant medical subject heading terms and keywords. Two independent reviewers selected observational studies that provided data on one or more measurement of maternal blood‐specific biomarker(s) during pregnancies with PAS at birth. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA‐ScR) was used to extract data and report results.ResultsOf the 441 reviewed articles, 29 met the inclusion criteria reporting on 34 different biomarkers. 14 studies were retrospective and 15 prospective overall including 18 251 participants. Six studies had a cohort design and the remaining a case–control design. Wide clinical heterogeneity was found in the included studies. In eight studies, the samples were obtained in the first trimester; in five, the samples were collected on hospital admission for delivery; and in the rest, the samples were collected during the second and/or third trimester.ConclusionsMeasurements of serum biomarkers, some of which have been or are still used in screening for other pregnancy complications, could contribute to the prenatal evaluation of patients at risk of PAS at delivery; however, important evidence gaps were identified for suitable cutoffs for most biomarkers, variability of gestational age at sampling and the potential overlap of the marker values with other placental‐related complications of pregnancy.
Interaction of maternal smoking and gestational diabetes mellitus on newborn head circumference and birthweight
Authors: Holopainen Lotta S. , Tähtinen Hanna H. , Gissler Mika , Korhonen Päivi E. , Ekblad Mikael O. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntroductionMaternal smoking during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have opposite effects on fetal growth during pregnancy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of smoking during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus on head circumference and birthweight of newborns.Material and MethodsThe study included all primiparous women with singleton pregnancies (n = 290 602) without previously diagnosed diabetes or hypertension in Finland between 2006 and 2018. The information on gestational diabetes mellitus, newborn birthweight and head circumference, and maternal smoking and backgrounds was derived from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Linear regression models were used in the analyses.ResultsIn total 8.0% of parturients quit smoking during the first trimester and 9.9% continued smoking thereafter. The prevalence of GDM was 8.9% (n = 25 948). Newborns of women who continued smoking had a smaller head circumference (b = −0.24, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001) and birthweight (b = −0.28, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001) compared to newborns of women who did not smoke. Head circumference and birthweight were greater in newborns of women with GDM (b = 0.09, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001 and b = 0.16, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001, respectively) compared to newborns of women without GDM. In the interaction analyses, head circumference (b = −0.13, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001) was smaller and birthweight (b = −0.13, SE = 0.02, p < 0.0001) was lower in newborns of women with GDM who continued smoking compared to newborns of women without GDM who did not smoke.ConclusionsAlthough smoking and GDM have opposite effects on fetal growth, the negative effects of exposure to smoking are also seen in newborns of women with GDM. Compared to smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy, cessation of smoking during the first trimester was associated with greater head circumference and birthweight in newborns.
Predictors of membrane oxygenator failure in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Ikeda Makoto , Murayama Hiroomi , Aoki Satoshi , Motomura Makoto , Kojima Taiki 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundVeno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐A ECMO) is increasingly utilized in pediatric patients. Failure to recognize membrane oxygenator failure can lead to critical complications due to rapid deterioration of membrane oxygenator function. Therefore, identifying the predictors for membrane oxygenator exchange is crucial. However, risk factors for membrane oxygenator exchange in pediatric V‐A ECMO remain unclear; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate these risk factors.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study enrolled all pediatric patients aged <18 years who received V‐A ECMO between August 2018 and July 2023 at a tertiary‐care pediatric hospital in Japan. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the predictors of membrane oxygenator failure within 72 h after initiation.ResultsDuring the study period, membrane oxygenator failure occurred in 18/55 (32.7%) children within 72 h; membrane oxygenator failure within 72 h occurred in 4/29 (13.8%) and 14/26 (53.8%) in the groups with ratio of blood flow divided by the blood flow limit of the membrane oxygenator (B/L) of <0.5 and ≥0.5, respectively (adjusted hazards ratio, 4.97 [95% confidence interval, 1.33–18.5]; p = 0.017). After adjusting for delta pressure of the oxygenator, an increase in body weight and aspartate aminotransferase levels were associated with an increase in early membrane oxygenator failure.ConclusionsThis retrospective study demonstrated that a B/L ratio >0.5, an increase in body weight, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase were independent risk factors for early membrane oxygenator failure in pediatric V‐A ECMO. However, a prospective multicenter study with an appropriate sample size is warranted to mitigate potential bias, and enhance generalizability for further investigation of the association between a B/L ratio and early membrane oxygenator failure.
Vision screening and refraction of Greenlandic schoolchildren
Authors: Duelund Nick , Nisted Ivan , Jørgensen Marit Eika , Heegaard Steffen , Jensen Hanne 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors among 6‐year‐old children in Greenland and to assess the impact of incorporating autorefraction, stereoacuity and near visual acuity testing into vision screening.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 517 children (238 girls and 279 boys) from 21 locations in Greenland were screened using HOTV charts for distance and near visual acuity (VA), stereoacuity test and non‐cycloplegic autorefraction. Referral criteria for further ophthalmological examination included a VA of ≥0.2 logMAR on the worse‐seeing eye or an interocular VA difference of ≥2 lines.ResultsInitial screening identified amblyopia (defined as VA of ≥0.3 logMAR) in 7% (unilateral) and 3% (bilateral) of children. However, subsequent ophthalmological examinations confirmed amblyopia in under 40% of referrals. Significant interocular VA differences were found in 9%. The prevalence of refractive errors at the screening was 3% for myopia (≤−0.5 dioptres), 10% for hyperopia (>+2.0 dioptres) and 14% for astigmatism (≤−1.00 dioptres), while the corresponding prevalences at the ophthalmological examination were 4% for myopia, 8% for hyperopia and 6% for astigmatism. Combining screening measurements increased the positive predictive values, thereby enhancing screening accuracy. Specifically, the incorporation of autorefraction or stereoacuity with distance VA demonstrated to be the most effective combination. Six percent of the children were prescribed glasses after the screening procedure.ConclusionThis study provides the first visual profile of Greenlandic schoolchildren. Incorporating autorefraction, stereoacuity and near visual acuity in vision screenings enhanced the efficacy of detection of vision anomalies. Although this may lead to more false positives, accurate screening is crucial in regions with limited ophthalmological resources.
Analysis of pig posture detection in group‐housed pigs using deep learning‐based mask scoring instance segmentation
Authors: Devi Salam Jayachitra , Doley Juwar , Bharati Jaya , Mohan N. H. , Gupta Vivek Kumar 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPig posture is closely linked with livestock health and welfare. There has been significant interest among researchers in using deep learning techniques for pig posture detection. However, this task is challenging due to variations in image angles and times, as well as the presence of multiple pigs in a single image. In this study, we explore an object detection and segmentation algorithm based on instance segmentation scoring to detect different pig postures (sternal lying, lateral lying, walking, and sitting) and segment pig areas in group images, thereby enabling the identification of individual pig postures within a group. The algorithm combines a residual network with 50 layers and a feature pyramid network to extract feature maps from input images. These feature maps are then used to generate regions of interest (RoI) using a region candidate network. For each RoI, the algorithm performs regression to determine the location, classification, and segmentation of each pig posture. To address challenges such as missing targets and error detections among overlapping pigs in group housing, non‐maximum suppression (NMS) is used with a threshold of 0.7. Through extensive hyperparameter analysis, a learning rate of 0.01, a batch size of 512, and 4 images per batch offer superior performance, with accuracy surpassing 96%. Similarly, the mean average precision (mAP) exceeds 83% for object detection and instance segmentation under these settings. Additionally, we compare the method with the faster R‐CNN object detection model. Further, execution times on different processing units considering various hyperparameters and iterations have been analyzed.
A comparative study of fat body at different developmental stages in Bombyx mori (L.): Histological and ultrastructural aspects
Authors: Pak Asiye , Turgay‐İzzetoğlu Gamze , Yıkılmaz Mehmet Salih , İzzetoğlu Savaş 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe fat body, originating from mesodermal tissue of coelomic cavities during embryogenesis, can be found throughout the insect's body. In some insects, the fat body has two types (peripheral and perivisceral fat bodies) according to its location. In the fat body, trophocytes are known to be the basic cell type. Other fat body cells differentiating from the trophocytes are urocytes, mycetocytes, chromatocytes and haemoglobin cells. The study aimed to demonstrate the general structure and cell types of the fat body during the postembryonic developmental stages of Bombyx mori (L.). With Haematoxylin–Eosin staining, there is a single type of fat body throughout the larval stages but during Pp and P0 stages it consists of perivisceral and peripheral fat bodies. We also observed that the compact structure of the fat body at the beginning of the larval stage began to loosen as it transformed into the pupal stage. In the adult stage, it was reorganized during the metamorphosis and it didn't show both fat bodies distinction. At this stage, the fat body appeared in a loose, lace‐like structure. We determined that B. mori fat body only consists of trophocytes and also among them; the fat body associated cells, oenocytes are detected.
Occupational choice, human capital and financial constraints
Authors: Castro Rui , Ševčík Pavel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe study the aggregate productivity effects of firm‐level financial frictions. Credit constraints affect not only production decisions but also household‐level schooling decisions. In turn, entrepreneurial schooling decisions impact firm‐level productivities, whose cross‐sectional distribution becomes endogenous. In anticipation of future constraints, entrepreneurs underinvest in schooling early in life. Frictions lower aggregate productivity because talent is misallocated across occupations and capital is misallocated across firms. Firm‐level productivities are also lower due to schooling distortions. These effects combined account for between 36% and 68% of the US–India aggregate productivity difference. Schooling distortions are the major source of aggregate productivity differences.
Neonatal BCG Vaccination for Prevention of Allergy in Infants: The MIS BAIR Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Messina Nicole L. , Gardiner Kaya , Pittet Laure F. , Forbes Emily K. , Francis Kate L. , Freyne Bridget , Zufferey Christel , Abruzzo Veronica , Morison Clare , Turner Hannah , Allen Katrina J. , Flanagan Katie L. , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Robins‐Browne Roy , Shann Frank , Vuillermin Peter , Donath Susan , Casalaz Dan , Curtis Nigel ,   the Melbourne Infant Study: BCG for Allergy and Infection Reduction (MIS BAIR) Group
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe beneficial off‐target effects of Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination potentially include protection against allergy.ObjectiveIn the MIS BAIR trial, we aimed to determine whether neonatal BCG vaccination reduces atopic sensitisation and clinical food allergy in infants.MethodsIn this randomised controlled trial, 1272 neonates were allocated to BCG‐Denmark vaccine (0.05 mL intradermal dose) or no BCG at birth. Randomisation was stratified by recruitment site, mode of delivery and plurality of birth. The primary outcome was the incidence of atopic sensitisation determined by skin prick test at 1 year of age. Food allergy was determined by 3‐monthly online questionnaires and oral food challenges. Data were analysed by intention‐to‐treat using binary regression. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01906853).ResultsAtopic sensitisation during the first year of life was 22.9% among infants in the BCG group and 18.9% in the control group (adjusted risk difference (aRD) 3.8% (95% CI −1.5 to 9.1) after multiple imputation). Clinical food allergy was similar between infants in the BCG and control groups (9.8% vs. 9.6%; aRD 0.2, 95% CI −3.4 to 3.8). An interaction was observed between the primary outcome and maternal history of BCG vaccination. No interaction was observed for the additional prespecified potential effect modifiers tested (sex, delivery mode, family history of any allergy, season of birth, hepatitis B vaccination at randomisation, BCG scar and age at BCG administration).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceNeonatal BCG‐Denmark vaccination does not protect against atopic sensitisation or clinical food allergy in the first year of life.
Pharmacokinetics of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and efficacy of an alternate‐day treatment in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Chariyavilaskul Pajaree , Prompila Nantaporn , Wittayalertpanya Supeecha , Lekhyananda Sookruethai , Prasithsirikul Wisit , Trakarnvanich Thananda , Jeenapongsa Somboon , Susantitaphong Paweena , Kerr Stephen , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSofosbuvir/Velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) is a combination drug used for chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection. However, limited information exists regarding the pharmacokinetics of SOF/VEL and its metabolites in hemodialysis patients. We conducted a prospective investigation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of SOF/VEL after a single dose of SOF/VEL (400/100 mg) on days with and without dialysis in 12 Thai hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection, who had been undergoing hemodialysis for a duration of 0.5–20 years. Blood samples were collected before dose (0) and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 12.0 h after dose. Dialysate samples were also collected before dose (0) and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 h after dose. Plasma and dialysate samples were quantified for SOF and its metabolite, GS‐331007, and VEL concentrations using a fully validated LCMS technique. In addition, a preliminary efficacy study was conducted using the proposed SOF/VEL dose reduction regimen in all patients. No differences in SOF/VEL PK parameters between on‐ and off‐dialysis studies. On the contrary, GS‐331007 exhibited a 30% reduction in the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUC0‐24h) on dialysis days compared with non‐dialysis days (AUC0‐24h ratio 0.68 vs. 1.04, respectively). The dialysis clearance of SOF and GS‐331007 was 9.35 (8.72–15.11) and 8.89 (8.52–14.07) mL/min, respectively. Subsequently, an alternate‐day regimen of SOF/VEL (400/100 mg) was administered for 12 weeks, resulting in an undetectable plasma HCV viral load without side effects. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of our proposed dose reduction regimen.
Young people's experiences of addiction to nicotine vaping products: A qualitative analysis from Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Graham‐DeMello Anna , Sloan Olivia , Frost Katie , Hoek Janet 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntroductionYoung people who use nicotine‐containing electronic cigarettes, or ‘vapes’, risk becoming addicted to these products. While several studies document dependency symptoms, few report in‐depth qualitative analyses of addiction.MethodsWe explored experiences of self‐reported vaping addiction using in‐depth interviews with 22 young people aged 16–20 years who vaped and lived in Aotearoa New Zealand. Our semi‐structured interview guide probed participants' early experiences and how they progressed from experimentation to addiction and explored how addiction affected their perceptions and daily routines. We used an inductive reflexive thematic analysis approach to interpret the data.ResultsVaping's pervasiveness piqued participants' curiosity and encouraged trial. Most transitioned from experimentation to addiction within a couple of months; while a minority described a slower progression, nearly all felt irritable, angry or uncomfortable if they had to delay vaping. Intense cravings disrupted school and work routines and dictated how they spent their time. Many deeply regretted vaping and some suffered shame and embarrassment. These participants saw vaping as a threat to the well‐being of younger youth, which they tried to shield from addiction.Discussion and ConclusionsWe go beyond earlier studies by probing the burden vaping comes to represent, offering new insights into young people's everyday experiences of vaping addiction. In addition to informing health promotion campaigns, our findings could inform policy directions. Understanding the speed with which addiction can occur, its impact on daily life, and the considerable regret many felt could help inform a more strategic and sorely needed approach to reducing youth vaping.
Adolescent boys’ aggressive responses to perceived threats to their gender typicality
Authors: Stanaland Adam , Gaither Sarah , Gassman‐Pines Anna , Galvez‐Cepeda Daniela , Cimpian Andrei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWhen adult men are made to feel gender‐atypical, they often lash out with aggression, particularly when they are pressured (vs. autonomously motivated) to be gender‐typical. Here, we examined the development of this phenomenon. Specifically, we provided a first experimental test of whether threatening adolescent boys’ perceived gender typicality elicits aggression as a function of their pressured (vs. autonomous) motivation to be gender‐typical. We also investigated whether this causal link emerges as a function of boys’ chronological age versus pubertal development. Participants were a geographically diverse sample of 207 adolescent US boys (ages 10–14; 23.2% boys of color) and one of their parents. Boys played a “game” and received randomly‐assigned feedback that their score was atypical versus typical of their gender. For boys in mid‐to‐late puberty (but not before), feedback that they are gender‐atypical predicted an aggressive reaction, particularly among boys whose motivation to be gender‐typical was pressured (vs. autonomous). Next, we explored which aspects of boys’ social environments predicted their pressured motivation to be gender‐typical. Boys’ pressured motivation was positively correlated with their perceptions that their parents and peers would be “upset” if they deviated from gender norms, as well as with their parents’ endorsement of so‐called hegemonic beliefs about masculinity (i.e., that men should hold power over women). Parents with these beliefs resided in more conservative areas, had less formal education, and had lower incomes. Our results inform theorizing on gender identity development and lay the foundation for mitigating the harmful effects of gender typicality threat among adult men.Research Highlights
Similar to young adult men, adolescent boys in mid‐to‐late puberty (but not before) responded with aggression to perceived threats to their gender typicality.
Aggression was heightened among boys whose motivation to be gender‐typical was pressured (i.e., driven by social expectations) rather than autonomous.
Which boys showed pressured motivation? Those whose parents endorsed hegemonic beliefs about masculinity (e.g., that men should have more power than people of other genders).
Hegemonic beliefs about masculinity were strongest among parents who resided in more conservative US counties, had less formal education, and had lower incomes.
Application of apical myocardial perfusion quantitative analysis by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound utilizing high‐frequency linear probe
Authors: Zhao Ruohan , Sun Wei , Li Yuman , Wu Anjun , Chen Xin , Lou Jie , Zhang Siyi , Tan Yuting , Zhang Li , Xie Mingxing , Lv Qing 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundDue to insufficient near‐field resolution and artifacts, it is challenging to evaluate the left ventricular apical perfusion with phased‐array probes. By combining high‐frequency linear probe and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), imaging of apical myocardial perfusion could be improved. The study aims to evaluate the preliminary application of CEUS by high‐frequency linear probes to assess the apical perfusion.MethodsThe study enrolled retrospectively 91 patients to test the feasibility of the novel method. In protocol 1, patients were stratified into a group with left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis (N = 40) and a group without LAD stenosis or coronary artery disease (N = 41) based on the degree of coronary artery narrowing, quantified by >50% stenosis in coronary angiography. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to test the diagnostic value of perfusion parameters. In protocol 2, the reproducibility of high‐frequency linear probe in apical perfusion analysis was compared with the conventional phased‐array probe in 30 patients.Results(1) The novel method is feasible in 81(89.01%) patients. (2) In protocol 1, to detect LAD stenosis, the best cut‐off of β, T, A, and MBF were 10.32, 3.28, 9.39, and 4.99, respectively. Area under the curve of β, T, A, and MBF were .880, .881, .761, and .880, respectively. (3) In protocol 2, compared with phased‐array probe, the quantitative analysis of high‐frequency linear probe is of high reproducibility and could get good curve fitting (R2 = .29 vs. R2 = .71, P < .01).ConclusionObservation of apical perfusion using this method is feasible and quantitative analysis allows an accurate and convenient identification of LAD stenosis. This method provides an alternative for patients who have difficulties in visualizing the apical region with a phased‐array probe.