bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A REGIME OF UNTRANSLATABLES: TEMPORALITIES OF TRANSLATION AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY
Authors: LIANERI ALEXANDRA 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis essay focuses on untranslatability to discuss the diachronic temporality of the history of concepts. Defining untranslatables as the paradoxical origin and product of translating, it explores their role in mediating the long‐term history of concepts by disrupting the historical boundaries of a period and challenging the contexts through which past meaning is confined to the moyenne durée. Addressing first the critical appraisal of the history of ideas by Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock, it discusses their alternative suggestion of a history of discourses, rather than concepts or ideas, to move to Pocock's formulation of the category of “diachronic translation” as a shift from the moyenne to the longue durée. It then turns to Begriffsgeschichte to explore the interrelation of untranslatables, Koselleck's consideration of translation, and his theory of historical times. It suggests that Koselleck not only states that translation mediates the history of concepts, but also envisions a distinct temporality associated with the aporetic condition of translating what is untranslatable. The aporia of translations underlies both the historical depth of concepts as a conceptual reserve and an act of silencing past meaning. The ensuing conjunction of surplus and erasure qualifies Koselleck's category of multiple times by designating the time of translation as “obscure time.” It is a time that displaces us from the apparent meaning of concepts in a certain period by receding toward the otherness of the past and suspending meaning that is already in the future. These two characteristics of obscure time, its receding and suspending nature, not only stand against the continuity of periodizing; they also make visible a politics of translation as an act of disruption of the present wherein the past becomes a reserve of meanings resisting appropriative interpretation.
4. ALL TOGETHER NOW: SYNCHRONIZATION, SPEED, AND THE FAILURE OF NARRATIVITY
Authors: BOWKER GEOFFREY C. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at interconnections between social, scientific, and technical time over the period since the Enlightenment. The underlying argument is that each of these can be woven into a single narrative of our experience and description of time over that period. In particular, I maintain that the synchronization of social and natural time into ever smaller, interchangeable units has culminated today in the evacuation of the narrative of progress in favor of an ideology of the eternal present. Contra technologically determinist characterizations that claim a fundamental historical disjuncture occurring with the development of computers, I claim that this timeless present has historical roots going back to the origin of industrial societies through the age of Victorian certainty to our current epoch. The multiple times described here are argued to be telling a single story. I demonstrate this through developing a historiographical principle of infrastructural inversion, which foregrounds a common set of “techniques dispositifs” operating in the apparently separate worlds of science and industry. The assertion here is that our experiences and perceptions of time are deeply imbricated in our information infrastructures. I further argue that these ideological charged times are not hegemonic; they merely describe a motivating managerial vision of a proximate future.
Compounds leached from quinoa seeds inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species
Authors: Graf B. L. , Cheng D. M. , Esposito D. , Shertel T. , Poulev A. , Plundrich N. , Itenberg D. , Dayan N. , Lila M. A. , Raskin I. 
Published: December 2014

SynopsisObjectiveQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a seed crop rich in bioactive compounds including phytoecdysones (especially 20‐hydroxyecdysone, 20HE), polyphenols, proteins and essential fatty acids. We previously reported a method to leach and concentrate quinoa bioactives into a complex phytochemical mixture termed quinoa leachate (QL). Here, we aimed to determine the effect of QL and its chemically distinct fractions on five biochemical endpoints relevant to skin care applications: (i) cell viability, (ii) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA expression, (iii) MMP enzymatic activity, (iv) tyrosinase enzymatic activity and (v) intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.MethodsQuinoa leachate was fractionated and chemically characterized using column chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Cell viability was determined using a MTT assay in four mammalian cell lines. MMP‐1 mRNA expression was assessed in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) via qRT‐PCR. The enzymatic activity of MMP‐9 and tyrosinase was measured using fluorometric and colorimetric in vitro assays, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ROS production was determined in human dermal fibroblasts by fluorescence intensity of an oxidant‐sensitive probe.ResultsQuinoa leachate was separated into three fractions: (i) carbohydrate‐rich fraction (QL‐C; 71.3% w/w of QL); (ii) phytoecdysone, polyphenol and protein‐rich fraction (QL‐P, 13.3% w/w of QL); (iii) oil‐rich fraction (QL‐O, 10.8% w/w of QL). QL did not reduce cell viability in any of the four cell lines tested. QL, QL‐P and QL‐O each significantly inhibited MMP‐1 mRNA expression in HDF at a concentration of 5 μg mL−1. QL and QL‐P also significantly inhibited MMP‐9 enzymatic activity, whereas QL‐P demonstrated significant tyrosinase enzymatic inhibition. Furthermore, QL, QL‐P, QL‐O and 20HE significantly inhibited intracellular ROS production.ConclusionThis study is the first to demonstrate the MMP, tyrosinase and ROS inhibiting properties of multiple different phytochemical components derived from quinoa seeds. Our work indicates that quinoa phytochemicals may play a role in the treatment and prevention of skin ageing through a multiplicity of effects.
Spike generation from dorsal roots and cutaneous afferents by hypoxia or hypercapnia in the rat in vivo
Authors: Pethô Gábor , Pórszász Róbert , Peitl Barna , Szolcsányi János 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThe present study aimed at investigating the responsiveness of different parts of the primary afferent neurones to a brief hypoxia, hypercapnia or ischaemia under in vivo conditions. Action potentials were recorded in separate groups of anaesthetized rats from (i) the peripheral end of the central stump of the cut L3, L4 or L5 dorsal root (dorsal root preparation); (ii) the central end of the peripheral stump of the cut saphenous nerve (saphenous—receptor preparation); (iii) the distal end of a segment of the saphenous nerve cut at both ends (axon preparation). In paralysed animals interruption of artificial ventilation for 20–60 s elicited or increased the frequency of action potentials in both the dorsal root and saphenous‐receptor preparations. Activation of these preparations was also achieved by inspiration of gas mixtures containing 10‐0% oxygen (mixed with nitrogen) or 20–50% carbon dioxide (mixed with oxygen) which elicited in the blood a decrease in PO2 or an increase in PCO2 with a fall in pH. Occlusion of the femoral artery for 3 min also caused spike generation in the saphenous—receptor preparations with little alteration in blood pressure. All these stimuli failed to evoke action potentials in the axon preparations. Systemic (300 mg kg−1 s.c.) or perineural (2 %) capsaicin pretreatment failed to inhibit the effect of hypoxia, hypercapnia or ischaemia, indicating a significant contribution of capsaicin‐insensitive neurones to the responses. It is concluded that central and peripheral terminals but not axons of primary afferent neurones are excited by a brief hypoxia or hypercapnia and the peripheral terminals by a short local ischaemia as well. Excitation of central terminals by hypoxia or hypercapnia revealed in this way an antidromic activation of dorsal roots in response to natural chemical stimuli.
Ryanodine receptors in human bladder smooth muscle
Authors: Chambers Pauline , Neal David E. , Gillespie James I. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThe role of intracellular Ca2+ release in the activation of human bladder smooth muscle is controversial. We have measured the expression of mRNA encoding for the ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoforms (RyR1, RyR2 and RyR3) in isolated human detrusor smooth muscle. mRNA for RyR2 was detected in all samples but no mRNA for RyR1 or RyR3 could be found. Human bladder smooth muscle cells in culture are unresponsive to caffeine, suggesting the absence of a functional RyR system. However, mRNA encoding for RyR2 was detected in these cells. Using saponin‐permeabilized cells, a Ruthenium Red‐sensitive Ca2+‐dependent 45Ca2+ release could be demonstrated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). These data confirm the functional presence of Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in cells and suggest that the properties of the RyR2 isoform in human detrusor may change when the cells are maintained in culture. The implications of these observations to detrusor smooth muscle function are discussed.
Effects of moderate exercise training on plasma volume, baroreceptor sensitivity and orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects
Authors: Mtinangi B. L. , Hainsworth R. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThe effect of physical training on an individual's ability to withstand an orthostatic stress is unclear. This study was undertaken to determine the effects on orthostatic tolerance in healthy volunteers of training at a level appropriate for unfit subjects and cardiorespiratory patients. In 11 asymptomatic, untrained subjects the following assessments were made: plasma volume by Evans Blue dye dilution and blood volume derived from haematocrit; carotid baroreceptor sensitivity from the slope of the regression of change in cardiac interval against pressure applied to a neck chamber; orthostatic tolerance as time to presyncope in a test of head‐up tilting combined with lower body suction; exercise test relating heart rate to oxygen consumption. Subjects were then given a training schedule (5BX/XBX, Royal Canadian Air Force) involving 11–12 min of mixed exercises per day until an age/sex related ‘target’ was reached. Following training all subjects showed evidence of improved fitness, seen as decreases in heart rate at an oxygen uptake (V̇O2) of 1.5 1 min−1 and in the elevation of the regression line between heart rate and V̇O2. All also had increases in plasma and blood volumes and decreases in baroreceptor sensitivity. Seven of the subjects showed increases in orthostatic tolerance. Improvement in orthostatic tolerance was related to a low initial tolerance, and was associated with increases in plasma volume and decreases in baroreceptor sensitivity. These results show that moderate exercise training increases orthostatic tolerance in subjects who do not already have a high initial tolerance and suggest that training may be of value in the management of untrained patients with attacks of syncope due to orthostatic intolerance.
THE IMPACT OF SKILL‐SPECIFIC MIGRATION ON REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT DISPARITIES IN GERMANY
Authors: Granato Nadia , Haas Anette , Hamann Silke , Niebuhr Annekatrin 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTDifferences in regional unemployment are still pronounced in Germany, especially between eastern and western Germany. Although the skill level seems important for the relationship between regional disparities and labor migration, corresponding empirical evidence is scarce. Applying dynamic panel models, we investigate the impact of labor mobility differentiated by educational attainment of the workers on regional unemployment disparities between 2000 and 2008. The impact of low‐ and medium‐skilled migration is consistent with traditional neoclassical reasoning, suggesting that labor mobility reduces differences in regional unemployment rates. In contrast, the migration of high‐skilled workers tends to reinforce disparities.
The tap‐tpg gene pair on the linear plasmid functions to maintain a linear topology of the chromosome in Streptomyces rochei
Authors: Nindita Yosi , Cao Zhisheng , Yang Yingjie , Arakawa Kenji , Shiwa Yuh , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Tagami Michihira , Lezhava Alexander , Kinashi Haruyasu 
Published: December 2014

SummaryStreptomyces rochei 7434AN4 carries three linear plasmids, pSLA2‐L (211 kb), pSLA2‐M (113 kb) and pSLA2‐S (18 kb), their complete nucleotide sequences having been determined. Restriction and sequencing analysis revealed that the telomere sequences at both ends of the linear chromosome are identical to each other, are 98.5% identical to the right end sequences of pSLA2‐L and pSLA2‐M up to 3.1 kb from the ends and have homology to those of typical Streptomyces species. Mutant 2‐39, which lost all the three linear plasmids, was found to carry a circularized chromosome. Sequence comparison of the fusion junction and both deletion ends revealed that chromosomal circularization occurred by terminal deletions followed by nonhomologous recombination. Curing of pSLA2‐L from strain 51252, which carries only pSLA2‐L, also resulted in terminal deletions in newly obtained mutants. The tap‐tpg gene pair, which encodes a telomere‐associated protein and a terminal protein for end patching, is located on pSLA2‐L and pSLA2–M but has not hitherto been found on the chromosome. These results led us to the idea that the tap‐tpg of pSLA2‐L or pSLA2‐M functions to maintain a linear chromosome in strain 7434AN4. This hypothesis was finally confirmed by complementation and curing experiments of the tap‐tpg of pSLA2‐M.
Decision‐making regarding organ donation in Korean adults: A grounded‐theory study
Authors: Yeun Eun Ja , Kwon Young Mi , Kim Jung A 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify the hidden patterns of behavior leading toward the decision to donate organs. Thirteen registrants at the Association for Organ Sharing in Korea were recruited. Data were collected using in‐depth interview and the interview transcripts were analyzed using Glaserian grounded‐theory methodology. The main problem of participants was “body attachment” and the core category (management process) was determined to be “pursuing life.” The theme consisted of four phases, which were: “hesitating,” “investigating,” “releasing,” and “re‐discovering. ” Therefore, to increase organ donations, it is important to find a strategy that will create positive attitudes about organ donation through education and public relations. These results explain and provide a deeper understanding of the main problem that Korean people have about organ donation and their management of decision‐making processes. These findings can help care providers to facilitate the decision‐making process and respond to public needs while taking into account the sociocultural context within which decisions are made.
Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in the fasted pediatric patient undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: development of a predictive model using endoscopically suctioned volumes
Authors: Spencer Adam O. , Walker Andrew M. , Yeung Alfred K. , Lardner David R. , Yee Kevin , Mulvey Jamin M. , Perlas Anahi 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundAspiration of gastric contents can be a serious anesthetic‐related complication. Gastric antral sonography prior to anesthesia may have a role in identifying pediatric patients at risk of aspiration. We examined the relationship between sonographic antral area and endoscopically suctioned gastric volumes, and whether a 3‐point qualitative grading system is applicable in pediatric patients.MethodsFasted patients presenting to a pediatric hospital for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were included in the study. Sonographic measurement of the antral cross‐sectional area (CSA) in supine (supine CSA) and right lateral decubitus (RLD CSA) position was completed, and the antrum was designated as empty or nonempty. Gastric contents were endoscopically suctioned and measured. Multiple regression analysis was used to fit a mathematical model to estimate gastric volume.ResultsOne hundred patients (aged 11–216 months) were included. The gastric antrum was measured in 94% and 99% of patients in the supine and RLD positions, respectively. Gastric antral CSA correlated with total gastric volume in both supine (ρ = 0.63) and RLD (ρ = 0.67) positions. A mathematical model incorporating RLD CSA and age (R2 = 0.60) was determined as the best‐fit model to predict gastric volumes. Increasing gastric antral grade (0–2) was associated with increasing gastric fluid volume.ConclusionThe results suggest that sonographic assessment of the gastric antrum provides useful information regarding gastric content (empty versus nonempty) and volume (ml·kg−1) in pediatric patients. Results suggest that the three‐point grading system may be a valuable tool to assess gastric ‘fullness’ based on a qualitative exam of the antrum.
Effects of a restrictive fluid regimen in pediatric patients undergoing major abdominal surgery
Authors: Mandee Sahatsa , Butmangkun Wassana , Aroonpruksakul Naiyana , Tantemsapya Niramol , von Bormann Benno , Suraseranivongse Suwannee 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo investigate the effects of restrictive fluid regimen during major abdominal surgery in pediatric patients.BackgroundIn adults, a restrictive and goal‐directed regimen as opposed to a liberal‐fluid regimen results in better outcomes after various major surgical procedures. The different ratio of body fluid distribution in pediatric patients from those of adults may influence different needs of fluid.MethodsThis stratified, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 25 pediatric patients (mean age <3 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Patients were allocated to two groups based on their perioperative fluid management. ‘control group’ received maintenance plus deficit plus interstitial space replacement plus ongoing loss, whereas ‘restrictive group’ had a similar treatment, but were given no interstitial space replacement. Intraoperative fluid resuscitation was guided by hemodynamics and base excess. Parameters recorded included hemodynamic variables, the volume and type of intravenous fluid, blood chemistry (including lactate, base excess, and electrolyte), chest X‐ray, body weight, complications, and return of bowel function.ResultsPatients in control group needed significantly less additional fluid for resuscitation compared to restrictive group (0.62 ± 3.51 ml·kg−1·h−1 vs 5.04 ± 4.16 ml·kg−1·h−1; P = 0.012). In restrictive group, heart rates were higher (P = 0.012) and base excess showed more negative results (P = 0.049). There were no differences between the groups in terms of the total volume requirement, postoperative kidney function, chest X‐ray, variation of body weight and the postoperative outcomes.ConclusionsVolume preload corresponding with an estimated interstitial space replacement was suitable for application to pediatric patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
Comparison of Hybribio GenoArray and Roche Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Linear Array for HPV Genotyping in Anal Swab Samples
Authors: Low Huey Chi , Silver Michelle I. , Brown Brandon J. , Leng Chan Yoon , Blas Magaly M. , Gravitt Patti E. , Woo Yin Ling 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with anal cancer, as HPV DNA is detected in up to 90% of anal intraepithelial neoplasias and anal cancers. With the gradual increase of anal cancer rates, there is a growing need to establish reliable and clinically relevant methods to detect anal cancer precursors. In resource-limited settings, HPV DNA detection is a potentially relevant tool for anal cancer screening. Here, we evaluated the performance of the Hybribio GenoArray (GA) for genotyping HPV in anal samples, against the reference standard Roche Linear Array (LA). Anal swab samples were obtained from sexually active men who have sex with men. Following DNA extraction, each sample was genotyped using GA and LA. The overall interassay agreement, type-specific, and single and multiple genotype agreements were evaluated by kappa statistics and McNemar's χ
2
tests. Using GA and LA, 68% and 76% of samples were HPV DNA positive, respectively. There was substantial interassay agreements for the detection of all HPV genotypes (κ = 0.70, 86% agreement). Although LA was able to detect more genotypes per sample, the interassay agreement was acceptable (κ = 0.53, 63% agreement). GA had poorer specific detection of HPV genotypes 35, 42, and 51 (κ < 0.60). In conclusion, GA and LA showed good interassay agreement for the detection of most HPV genotypes in anal samples. However, the detection of HPV DNA in up to 76% of anal samples warrants further evaluation of its clinical significance.
Molecular and Epidemiological Review of Toxigenic Diphtheria Infections in England between 2007 and 2013
Authors: Both Leonard , Collins Sarah , de Zoysa Aruni , White Joanne , Mandal Sema , Efstratiou Androulla 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Human infections caused by toxigenic corynebacteria occur sporadically across Europe. In this report, we undertook the epidemiological and molecular characterization of all toxigenic corynebacterium strains isolated in England between January 2007 and December 2013. Epidemiological aspects include case demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. Molecular characterization was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) alongside traditional phenotypic methods. In total, there were 20 cases of toxigenic corynebacteria; 12 (60.0%) were caused by
Corynebacterium ulcerans
, where animal contact was the predominant risk factor. The remaining eight (40.0%) were caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
strains; six were biovar mitis, which were associated with recent travel abroad. Adults 45 years and older were particularly affected (55.0%; 11/20), and typical symptoms included sore throat and fever. Respiratory diphtheria with the absence of a pharyngeal membrane was the most common presentation (50.0%; 10/20). None of the eight
C. diphtheriae
cases were fully immunized. Diphtheria antitoxin was issued in two (9.5%) cases; both survived. Two (9.5%) cases died, one due to a
C. diphtheriae
infection and one due to
C. ulcerans
. MLST demonstrated that the majority (87.5%; 7/8) of
C. diphtheriae
strains represented new sequence types (STs). By adapting several primer sequences, the MLST genes in
C. ulcerans
were also amplified, thereby providing the basis for extension of the MLST scheme, which is currently restricted to
C. diphtheriae
. Despite high population immunity, occasional toxigenic corynebacterium strains are identified in England and continued surveillance is required.