bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of mobile phone interventions to improve medication adherence
Authors: Park Linda G. , Howie‐Esquivel Jill , Dracup Kathleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the characteristics and efficacy of mobile phone interventions to improve medication adherence. Secondary aims are to explore participants’ acceptability and satisfaction with mobile phone interventions and to evaluate the selected studies in terms of study rigour, impact, cost and resource feasibility, generalizability and implications for nursing practice and research.BackgroundMedication non‐adherence is a major global challenge. Mobile phones are the most commonly used form of technology worldwide and have the potential to promote medication adherence.DesignGuidelines from the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination were followed for this systematic review.Data SourcesA comprehensive search of databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Google Chrome and Cochrane) and bibliographies from related articles was performed from January 2002–January 2013 to identify the included studies.Review MethodsA quantitative systematic review without meta‐analysis was conducted and the selected studies were critically evaluated to extract and summarize pertinent characteristics and outcomes.ResultsThe literature search produced 29 quantitative research studies related to mobile phones and medication adherence. The studies were conducted for prevention purposes as well as management of acute and chronic illnesses. All of the studies used text messaging. Eighteen studies found significant improvement in medication adherence.ConclusionWhile the majority of investigators found improvement in medication adherence, long‐term studies characterized by rigorous research methodologies, appropriate statistical and economic analyses and the test of theory‐based interventions are needed to determine the efficacy of mobile phones to influence medication adherence.
Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol, and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment
Authors: Bradley Paul M. , Writer Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBiodegradation of [A‐ring 14C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to 14CO2 was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for 14C‐E2. Net mineralization of 14C‐E1 and 14C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of 14CO2 accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.
Comparing Contaminant Removal Costs for Aquifer Recharge with Wastewater with Water Supply Benefits
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick , Pleitez Fernando , Hart James , Stambaugh David , Cooper Jon , Kennedy Karl , Sher Burack Lauren 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals.
Assessment of Endocrine‐Disrupting Chemicals Attenuation in a Coastal Plain Stream Prior to Wastewater Treatment Plant Closure
Authors: Bradley Paul M. , Journey Celeste A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a combined pre/post‐closure assessment at a long‐term wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) site at Fort Gordon near Augusta, Georgia. Here, we assess select endocrine‐active chemicals and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure prior to closure of the WWTP. Substantial downstream transport and limited instream attenuation of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was observed in Spirit Creek over a 2.2‐km stream segment downstream of the WWTP outfall. A modest decline (less than 20% in all cases) in surface water detections was observed with increasing distance downstream of the WWTP and attributed to partitioning to the sediment. Estrogens detected in surface water in this study included estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). The 5 ng/l and higher mean estrogen concentrations observed in downstream locations indicated that the potential for endocrine disruption was substantial. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) metabolite EDCs also remained statistically elevated above levels observed at the upstream control site. Wastewater‐derived pharmaceutical and APE metabolites were detected in the outflow of Spirit Lake, indicating the potential for EDC transport to aquatic ecosystems downstream of Fort Gordon. The results indicate substantial EDC occurrence, downstream transport, and persistence under continuous supply conditions and provide a baseline for a rare evaluation of ecosystem response to WWTP closure.
Assessing the Potential Effects of Fungicides on Nontarget Gut Fungi (Trichomycetes) and Their Associated Larval Black Fly Hosts
Authors: Wilson Emma R. , Smalling Kelly L. , Reilly Timothy J. , Gray Elmer , Bond Laura , Steele Lance , Kandel Prasanna , Chamberlin Alison , Gause Justin , Reynolds Nicole , Robertson Ian , Novak Stephen , Feris Kevin , White Merlin M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems.
Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Fish from Western U.S. and Alaskan National Parks — Spatial Distribution and Health Thresholds
Authors: Flanagan Pritz Colleen M. , Schrlau Jill E. , Massey Simonich Staci L. , Blett Tamara F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRemote national parks of the western U.S. and Alaska are not immune to contaminants of emerging concern. Semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) such as pesticides and PCBs can selectively deposit from the atmosphere at higher rates in cold, high‐elevation and high‐latitude sites, potentially increasing risk to these ecosystems. In the environment, SOCs magnify up food chains and are known to increase health risks such as cancer and reproductive impairment. One hundred twenty‐eight fish in 8 national parks in Alaska and the western U.S. were analyzed for contaminant concentrations, assessed by region, and compared to human and wildlife health thresholds. SOC concentrations from an additional 133 fish from a previous study were also included, for a total of 31 water bodies sampled. PCBs, endosulfan sulfate, and p,p′‐DDE were among the most frequently detected contaminants. Concentrations of historic‐use pesticides dieldrin, p,p′‐DDE, and/or chlordanes in fish exceeded USEPA guidelines for human subsistence fish consumers and wildlife (kingfisher) health thresholds at 13 of 14 parks. Average concentrations in fish ranged from 0.6‐280 ng/g lipid (0.02‐7.3 μg/g ww). Contaminant loading was highest in fish from Alaskan and Sierra Nevada parks. Historic compounds were highest in Alaskan parks, while current‐use pesticides were higher in the Rockies and Sierra Nevada. This study provides a rigorous analysis of CECs in fish from national parks and identifies regions at potential risk.
Fathead Minnow and Bluegill Sunfish Life‐Stage Responses to 17β‐Estradiol Exposure in Outdoor Mesocosms
Authors: Elliott Sarah M. , Kiesling Richard L. , Jorgenson Zachary G. , Rearick Daniel C. , Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Fredricks Kim T. , Gaikowski Mark P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDevelopmental and reproductive effects of 17β‐estradiol (E2) exposure on two generations of fathead minnows and one generation of bluegill sunfish were assessed. Fish were exposed to E2 for six continuous weeks in outdoor mesocosms simulating natural lake environments. First generation fish were exposed while sexually mature. Second generation fathead minnows were exposed either during early development, sexual maturity, or both stages. Multiple endpoints were measured to assess effects of E2 exposure on fecundity and fish health and development. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations were highly variable in all fish. Differences in egg production timing for both species indicate differences in fecundity between females exposed to E2 and controls. First generation fathead minnows exposed to E2 had lower body condition factors and reduced secondary sexual characteristic expression by males. Only a difference in relative liver weight was observed in second generation fathead minnows. First generation bluegill males exposed to E2 had significantly smaller testes compared to controls. Although fish response was highly variable, results indicate that exposure to E2 at environmentally relevant concentrations affect fathead minnow and bluegill sunfish health and development, which may have implications for the health and sustainability of fish populations. Furthermore, exposure timing and environmental factors affect fish response to E2 exposure.
We Could Have Done a Better Job: A Qualitative Study of Medical Student Reflections on Safe Hospital Discharge
Authors: Block Lauren , Morgan‐Gouveia Melissa , Levine Rachel B. , Cayea Danelle 
Published: April 2014

Because safe transitions of care are critical to patient safety, it is important to prepare physician trainees to assist in patient transitions from the hospital. As part of a discharge skills workshop for medical students, a brief reflective exercise was used to understand student perceptions of discharge problems and encourage application of classroom learning. Written reflections completed before and after the workshop were analyzed qualitatively to identify barriers to discharge observed on clinical clerkships and evaluate how the discharge skills workshop influenced student understanding of safe discharges. Students also completed a quantitative evaluation of the workshop. Seventy‐eight of the 96 students (81%) at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine who participated in the discharge skills workshop volunteered to submit their written reflections. Eighteen themes were identified within two domains (barriers to safe discharges and solutions to improve discharges). The most commonly cited barrier was the sense that the discharge was rushed or premature. Three of the barrier themes and six of the solution themes were related to the importance of communication and collaboration in safe discharges. Students reported that the reflective exercise personalized the learning experience (mean 3.27 ± 0.86 on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 4 (a lot)). Students observed barriers to safe discharges on their clerkships related to poor communication, insufficient time spent planning discharges, and lack of patient education. Brief reflection encouraged students to apply lessons learned in a didactic session to consider solutions for providing safer patient care.
Is There Cash in That Trash?
Authors: Paquin Raymond L. , Tilleman Suzanne G. , Howard‐Grenville Jennifer 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPast work on industrial symbiosis (IS) includes a wealth of case studies across diverse settings, including industrial estates, economic regions, and IS networks. Though this work provides needed insight into factors shaping IS, much of it has been descriptive in nature. Relatively few findings have been subjected to hypothesis development and testing. In this study, we develop and empirically test a number of hypotheses on factors influencing IS exchange development, using a unique national‐level IS data set of 1,322 individual material resource‐based exchanges facilitated through the United Kingdom's National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. Our findings affirm and extend the literature in a number of ways. In particular, we found that a firm's number of identified waste streams decreased the likelihood of initiating an exchange, but increased the likelihood of completing it once initiated. We also found, counter to the literature, that diversity among partnering firms reduced the likelihood of both initiating and completing an IS exchange. Finally, we found that higher economic value exchanges were more likely to be initiated, but less likely to be completed. We discuss implications and conclude with a number of avenues for future research.
Menadione‐induced caspase‐dependent programmed cell death in the green chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sirisha V. L. , Sinha Mahuya , D'Souza Jacinta S. 
Published: April 2014

Menadione, a quinone that undergoes redox cycles leading to the formation of superoxide radicals, induces programmed cell death (PCD) in animals and plants. In this study, we investigated whether the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A.Dangeard is capable of executing PCD upon exposure to menadione stress. We report here, the morphological, molecular, and biochemical changes after menadione exposure of C. reinhardtii cells. The effect of menadione on cell death has been shown to be dose‐dependent; 5–100 μM menadione causes 20%–46% cell death, respectively. It appears that growth is inhibited with the concomitant degradation of the photosynthetic pigments and by a decrease in the photosynthetic capacity. Being an oxidative stress, we found an H2O2 burst within 15 min of menadione exposure, followed by an increase in antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]) activities. In parallel, RT‐PCR was performed for transcript analyses of Mn‐SOD, CAT, and APX. Our results clearly revealed that expression of these genes were up‐regulated upon menadione exposure. Furthermore, classical hallmarks of PCD such as alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, significant increase in caspase‐3‐like DEVDase activity, cleavage of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP)‐1‐like enzyme, and DNA fragmentation as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) assay and oligosomal DNA fragmentation were observed. Moreover, antibodies against a mammalian active caspase‐3 shared epitopes with a caspase‐3‐like protein of ~17 kDa; its pattern of expression and activity correlated with the onset of cell death. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on menadione‐induced PCD through a mitochondrian‐caspase protease pathway in an algal species.
Trochlear calcification with coexisting orbital foreign bodies: case report and literature review
Authors: Salha R. , Shah J. , Sidebottom A.J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAsymptomatic radiodense opacities are commonly found on orbital computed tomography, and one of the causes is calcification of the trochlear apparatus. Distinction between anatomical calcifications and foreign bodies is particularly important in orbital trauma cases where misdiagnosis could lead to an inappropriate procedure. This case reports the coexistence of bilateral trochlear calcification and foreign body close to the orbit.
Spinal clearance in unconscious children following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Cullen Aidan , Terris Mark , Ford Ruth 
Published: April 2014

SummarySpinal clearance in unconscious children following traumatic brain injury is an area of controversy. The risk of significant injury in this high‐risk group needs to be balanced against that of prolonged spinal immobilization and all its implications. No national or international guideline exists to aid clinicians faced with such a scenario. This article reviews traumatic spinal injury in children looking at prevalence, risk factors, anatomical considerations, and radiological investigation. Spinal immobilization is discussed along with the use of appropriate and targeted radiological investigations to aid clearance.
Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from vegetation fires
Authors: CICCIOLI PAOLO , CENTRITTO MAURO , LORETO FRANCESCO 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the current state of the art on research into the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from vegetation fires. Significant amounts of VOCs are emitted from vegetation fires, including several reactive compounds, the majority belonging to the isoprenoid family, which rapidly disappear in the plume to yield pollutants such as secondary organic aerosol and ozone. This makes determination of fire‐induced BVOC emission difficult, particularly in areas where the ratio between VOCs and anthropogenic NOx is favourable to the production of ozone, such as Mediterranean areas and highly anthropic temperate (and fire‐prone) regions of the Earth. Fire emissions affecting relatively pristine areas, such as the Amazon and the African savannah, are representative of emissions of undisturbed plant communities. We also examined expected BVOC emissions at different stages of fire development and combustion, from drying to flaming, and from heatwaves coming into contact with unburned vegetation at the edge of fires. We conclude that forest fires may dramatically change emission factors and the profile of emitted BVOCs, thereby influencing the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere, the physiology of plants and the evolution of plant communities within the ecosystem.
UV‐B and temperature enhancement affect spring and autumn phenology in Populus tremula
Authors: STRØMME C. B. , JULKUNEN‐TIITTO R. , KRISHNA U. , LAVOLA A. , OLSEN J. E. , NYBAKKEN L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPerennial plants growing at high latitudes synchronize growth and dormancy to appropriate seasons by sensing environmental cues. Autumnal growth cessation, bud set and dormancy induction are commonly driven by the length of photoperiod and light quality, and the responses are modified by temperature. However, although ultraviolet (UV)‐B radiation is well known to affect plant growth and development, information on the effects on bud phenology is scarce. We examined the separate and combined effects of enhanced temperature and UV‐B on autumnal bud set and spring bud break in female and male clones of Populus tremula in an outdoor experiment in Joensuu, Eastern Finland. Enhancements of UV‐B and temperature were modulated to +30% and +2 °C, respectively, from June to October 2012. Enhanced UV‐B accelerated bud set, while increased temperature delayed it. For both UV‐B and temperature, we found sex‐related differences in responsiveness. Temperature increase had a stronger delaying effect on bud maturation in male compared with female clones. Also, male clones were more responsive to UV‐B increase than female clones. Increasing autumnal temperature enhanced bud break in spring for both sexes, while UV‐B enhanced bud break in male clones. In conclusion, we found that UV‐B affected phenological shifts in P. tremula, and that temperature and UV‐B affected genders differently.
Membrane transporters mediating root signalling and adaptive responses to oxygen deprivation and soil flooding
Authors: SHABALA SERGEY , SHABALA LANA , BARCELO JUAN , POSCHENRIEDER CHARLOTTE 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis review provides a comprehensive assessment of a previously unexplored topic: elucidating the role that plasma‐ and organelle‐based membrane transporters play in plant‐adaptive responses to flooding. We show that energy availability and metabolic shifts under hypoxia and anoxia are critical in regulating membrane‐transport activity. We illustrate the high tissue and time dependence of this regulation, reveal the molecular identity of transporters involved and discuss the modes of their regulation. We show that both reduced oxygen availability and accumulation of transition metals in flooded roots result in a reduction in the cytosolic K+ pool, ultimately determining the cell's fate and transition to programmed cell death (PCD). This process can be strongly affected by hypoxia‐induced changes in the amino acid pool profile and, specifically, ϒ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) accumulation. It is suggested that GABA plays an important regulatory role, allowing plants to proceed with H2O2 signalling to activate a cascade of genes that mediate plant adaptation to flooding while at the same time, preventing the cell from entering a ‘suicide program’. We conclude that progress in crop breeding for flooding tolerance can only be achieved by pyramiding the numerous physiological traits that confer efficient energy maintenance, cytosolic ion homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) control and detoxification.