bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFD simulation of the unsteady flow of a single coal log in a pipe
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Lu Shengyong , Liu Yong , Wang Rupei , Huang Qunxing , Yan Jianhua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study proposes a numerical simulation of the unsteady turbulent flow of a single coal log in a pipe using a dynamic mesh method. An eccentric two‐dimensional dynamic model is developed in FLUENT 6.2. The model contains a straight section and a bent section. Comparisons of the coal log velocity and the pressure distributions of the pipe and the coal log surface are made between the calculated results and the experimental data. The shear force and the friction coefficient are also calculated to verify changes of the influence of water on the coal log. The results of this simulation display the dynamic motion of the coal log for startup and turning. Water drag force moves the coal log, making the coal log velocity greater than the water velocity. The lifting force lifts the coal log and moves its tail slightly upward. The pressure drop of the whole pipe is respectively larger in the presence of the coal log. The pressure along the coal log surface slowly declines. The appearance of a bend impedes the motion of the coal log and enhances abrasion. The coal log has difficulty being suspended due to decreased lifting force and increased friction. The pressure on the coal log surface rises.
Self‐Assembled Multimetallic/Peptide Complexes: Structures and Unimolecular Reactions of [Mn(GlyGly−H)2n−1]+ and Mn+1(GlyGly−H2n]2+ Clusters in the Gas Phase
Authors: Moghaddam Maryam B. , Jami‐Alahmadi Yasaman , Fridgen Travis D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe unimolecular chemistry and structures of self‐assembled complexes containing multiple alkaline‐earth‐metal dications and deprotonated GlyGly ligands are investigated. Singly and doubly charged ions [Mn(GlyGly−H)n‐1]+ (n=2–4), [Mn+1(GlyGly−H)2n]2+ (n=2,4,6), and [M(GlyGly−H)GlyGly]+ were observed. The losses of 132 Da (GlyGly) and 57 Da (determined to be aminoketene) were the major dissociation pathways for singly charged ions. Doubly charged Mg2+ clusters mainly lost GlyGly, whereas those containing Ca2+ or Sr2+ also underwent charge separation. Except for charge separation, no loss of metal cations was observed. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra were the most consistent with the computed IR spectra for the lowest energy structures, in which deprotonation occurs at the carboxyl acid groups and all amide and carboxylate oxygen atoms are complexed to the metal cations. The N−H stretch band, observed at 3350 cm−1, is indicative of hydrogen bonding between the amine nitrogen atoms and the amide hydrogen atom. This study represents the first into large self‐assembled multimetallic complexes bound by peptide ligands.
miRNAs as Biomarkers in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Kotagama Kasuen , Chang Yung , Mangone Marco 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that is frequently characterized by the constitutive expression of the oncogenic protein BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting breakpoint cluster region‐ABL are the first‐line therapy for most CML patients and have drastically improved the prognosis of CML. However, some CML patients are unresponsive to TKI treatment, and a notable proportion of initially responsive patients develop drug resistance. Several molecular pathways have been correlated with resistance to TKI treatment, however, the exact mechanism of developing drug resistance remains ambiguous. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of CML and the development of resistance to TKI treatment based on their important regulatory function in cell homeostasis, and the deregulation observed in the initiation and progression of many leukemia subtypes. In this review, we summarize some of the major discoveries regarding miRNAs in CML, and their relevance as biomarkers for diagnosis, disease progression, and drug sensitivity. Drug Dev Res 76 : 278–285, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary restraint of 5‐year‐old girls: Associations with internalization of the thin ideal and maternal, media, and peer influences
Authors: Damiano Stephanie R. , Paxton Susan J. , Wertheim Eleanor H. , McLean Siân A. , Gregg Karen J. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveUnderstanding socio‐cultural factors associated with the development of dieting tendencies is important for preventing future disordered eating. We explored individual and socio‐cultural factors associated with weight‐focussed dietary restraint tendencies (described as dietary restraint) in 5‐year‐old girls.MethodParticipants were 111 5‐year‐old girls and 109 of their mothers. Girls were interviewed about their dietary restraint, body image, appearance ideals, positive weight bias (attributing positive characteristics to thinner figures), and peer conversations. Mothers completed self‐report questionnaires assessing dietary restraint and appearance ideals, as well as measures reporting on their daughter's media exposure and peer appearance interest.ResultsThirty‐four percent of girls reported at least a moderate level of dietary restraint. While most girls were satisfied with their body size, half showed some internalization of the thin ideal. Girls’ dietary restraint was correlated with weight bias favoring thinner bodies, and greater internalization of the thin ideal, media exposure, and appearance conversations with peers. Media exposure and appearance conversations were the strongest predictors of dietary restraint.DiscussionThese cross‐sectional findings suggest that the socio‐cultural environment of young girls may be important in the very early development of unhealthy dieting tendencies. Longitudinal research is necessary to identify whether these are prospective risk factors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1166–1169).
Potential merger of ancient lineages in a passerine bird discovered based on evidence from host‐specific ectoparasites
Authors: Block Nicholas L. , Goodman Steven M. , Hackett Shannon J. , Bates John M. , Raherilalao Marie J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe merger of formerly isolated lineages is hypothesized to occur in vertebrates under certain conditions. However, despite many demonstrated instances of introgression between taxa in secondary contact, examples of lineage mergers are rare. Preliminary mtDNA sequencing of a Malagasy passerine, Xanthomixis zosterops (Passeriformes: Bernieridae), indicated a possible instance of merging lineages. We tested the hypothesis that X. zosterops lineages are merging by comparing mtDNA sequence and microsatellite data, as well as mtDNA sequence data from host‐specific feather lice in the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Xanthomixis zosterops comprises four deeply divergent, broadly sympatric, cryptic mtDNA clades that likely began diverging approximately 3.6 million years ago. Despite this level of divergence, the microsatellite data indicate that the X. zosterops mtDNA clades are virtually panmictic. Three major phylogroups of Myrsidea were found, supporting previous allopatry of the X. zosterops clades. In combination, the datasets from X. zosterops and its Myrsidea document a potential merger of previously allopatric lineages that likely date to the Pliocene. This represents the first report of sympatric apparent hybridization among more than two terrestrial vertebrate lineages. Further, the mtDNA phylogeographic pattern of X. zosterops, namely the syntopy of more than two deeply divergent cryptic clades, appears to be a novel scenario among vertebrates. We highlight the value of gathering multiple types of data in phylogeographic studies to contribute to the study of vertebrate speciation.
Effects of spatial scale of sampling on food web structure
Authors: Wood Spencer A. , Russell Roly , Hanson Dieta , Williams Richard J. , Dunne Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study asks whether the spatial scale of sampling alters structural properties of food webs and whether any differences are attributable to changes in species richness and connectance with scale. Understanding how different aspects of sampling effort affect ecological network structure is important for both fundamental ecological knowledge and the application of network analysis in conservation and management. Using a highly resolved food web for the marine intertidal ecosystem of the Sanak Archipelago in the Eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, we assess how commonly studied properties of network structure differ for 281 versions of the food web sampled at five levels of spatial scale representing six orders of magnitude in area spread across the archipelago. Species (S) and link (L) richness both increased by approximately one order of magnitude across the five spatial scales. Links per species (L/S) more than doubled, while connectance (C) decreased by approximately two‐thirds. Fourteen commonly studied properties of network structure varied systematically with spatial scale of sampling, some increasing and others decreasing. While ecological network properties varied systematically with sampling extent, analyses using the niche model and a power‐law scaling relationship indicate that for many properties, this apparent sensitivity is attributable to the increasing S and decreasing C of webs with increasing spatial scale. As long as effects of S and C are accounted for, areal sampling bias does not have a special impact on our understanding of many aspects of network structure. However, attention does need be paid to some properties such as the fraction of species in loops, which increases more than expected with greater spatial scales of sampling.
Output Voltage Control and Efficiency Improvement of Multistage Impulse Voltage Generator by Utilizing Inductive Energy Storage
Authors: Saito Kosuke , Iwazaki Hiro , Maeyama Mitsuaki 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose two control methods of a static impulse voltage generator to lower the influence of dc voltage source fluctuations on the output voltage and to improve its efficiency by reusing discarded inductive storage energy. Introducing output voltage control adjusting the charging period of capacitive and inductive energy in accordance with the source voltage, the output voltage fluctuation by the source voltage decreased by 61.1%. Applying the reusing method, we estimated by circuit simulation that the amount of energy that could be recovered was 21.0% and the efficiency of energy transfer was improved from 60.4% to 76.7%.
dc Voltage Insulating Properties of Various Inorganic Materials in Hydrogen Atmosphere at High Temperatures
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Hanada Nobuko , Ishida Masayoshi 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYIn this study, the dc voltage insulating properties in a hydrogen atmosphere at high temperatures (600to 850) were evaluated for alumina (AlO), magnesia (MgO), silicon nitride (SiN), and mica (KMg(SiAl)O(OH)) to comprehend the difference in the insulating properties of oxide, nitride, and minerals. The activation energies of the electrical conductivity of alumina and magnesia in hydrogen were larger than those in air. On the other hand, the electrical conduction values for silicon nitride and mica in hydrogen were the same as those in air. Therefore a low oxygen partial pressure would have some influence on the electrical conduction of oxides. Increasing the temperature did not result in a large change in the electrical conduction mechanism in any of the materials in either atmosphere. The maximum partial discharge (PD) in hydrogen tended to increase compared to that in air at high voltage. The applied voltage at which the maximum amount of PD started to increase rapidly became lower with increasing temperature in all materials and in both atmospheres. The total amount of PD tended to decrease with increasing temperature in all materials and in both atmospheres. However, above a certain temperature, the total amount of PD either increased or showed a slight decrease.
Europium Luminescence as a Structural Probe: Structure‐Dependent Changes in Eu3+‐Substituted Th(C2O4)2·xH2O (x = 6, 2, and 0)
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Rajeshwari B. , Achary S. N. , Patwe S. J. , Tyagi A. K. , Natarajan V. , Kadam R. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThree different phases of thorium(IV) oxalate hydrate [Th(C2O4)2·xH2O] with different water contents, namely, the hexahydrate, dihydrate, and anhydrous phases, were prepared by thermal treatment of the as‐precipitated hydrated thorium(IV) oxalates. With the change in water content, the structure changes from monoclinic (C2/m) for the hexahydrate to monoclinic (C2/c) for the dihydrate and finally to a highly disordered phase for the anhydrous state. The local coordination around the Th4+ ions in these structures was monitored by using Eu3+ ions as luminescent probes. The analyses of the emission spectra owing to the electric‐dipole transitions (EDTs) and magnetic‐dipole transitions (MDTs) of the Eu3+ ions in the different phases revealed that the site symmetry around the Th4+ ions decreases systematically from symmetric to highly distorted with the decrease in water content. The relative intensity ratios (I) of the EDT to MDT for x = 6, 2, and 0 are 2.36, 3.32, and 4.23, respectively. The analyses of the delay curves corresponding to the 5D0 level of the Eu3+ ions indicated biexponential decay with varying lifetimes, which suggests two possible environments around the Eu3+ ions and a possible role of oxygen vacancies. The long‐lived species is expected to be distant from the charge‐compensation defects, whereas the short‐lived species is nearer to the charge‐compensation defect. Tunability of the emission with the excitation wavelength is observed for all phases and is attributed to the presence of defect‐mediated broad emission in the blue region and red‐orange emission from the Eu3+ ions.
D‐ and L‐Mannose‐Containing glyco‐­Oligoamides Show Distinct Recognition Properties When Interacting with DNA
Authors: Blázquez‐Sánchez M. Teresa , Marcelo Filipa , Fernández‐Alonso María del Carmen , del Villar‐Guerra Rafael , Samadi Abdelouahid , Cañada F. Javier , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Vicent Cristina 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMannose glyco‐oligoamide β‐D‐Man‐Py‐γ‐Py‐Ind (β‐D‐Man, 1) and two new glyco‐oligoamides, β‐L‐Man‐Py‐γ‐Py‐Ind (β‐L‐Man, 2) and 6‐deoxy‐β‐D‐Man‐Py‐γ‐Py‐Ind (6‐deoxy‐β‐D‐Man, 3), have been designed and synthesized to investigate the role of hydrogen‐bonding cooperative donor centres of carbohydrates in their recognition by DNA. The free‐ and bound‐state geometries were studied, as were the affinities of the D and L enantiomers of the mannose glyco‐oligoamides (1 and 2) for DNA polymers [ct‐DNA and poly(dA‐dT)2]. TR‐NOESY and DF‐STD experiments for the diastereomeric complexes formed with DNA allow the asymmetric centres of the sugar residue that are close to the inner and outer regions of the DNA minor grooves to be distinguished. A C→N hairpin folding in β‐L‐Man derivative 2 was observed, with the α face of the sugar close to the indole ring. The C‐2 and C‐3 centres are orientated towards the inner region of the DNA minor groove. The affinity data for poly(dA‐dT)2 indicate that there is a chiral discrimination process, with β‐L‐Man derivative 2 being the best ligand. 6‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐Man derivative 3 forms the least stable complexes with DNA. Molecular dynamics simulations of β‐L‐Man derivative 2 in complex with a double‐strand dodecamer d(AT)12 are in agreement with the experimental NMR spectroscopic data. Thus, the cooperative donor centre 2‐OH in the L‐mannose enantiomer is a key contributor to the stability of the 2·poly(dA‐dT)2 complex.
Prejudice in person memory: Self‐threat biases memories of stigmatized group members
Authors: Pica Gennaro , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Pierro Antonio , Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe present research investigated whether self‐threat biases memory via retrieval‐induced forgetting. Results show that people under self‐threat whose goal is to restore their self‐worth by making prejudicial judgments that deprecate others are more likely to exhibit an enhanced RIF effect for positive items and a reduced RIF for negative items ascribed to a stereotyped target (i.e., homosexual). Overall, the present findings are consistent with the view that motivation can affect the magnitude of RIF effects in person memory and that, in turn, they can serve as mechanisms for justifying desired conclusions.
Sequence Kernel Association Analysis of Rare Variant Set Based on the Marginal Regression Model for Binary Traits
Authors: Wu Baolin , Pankow James S. , Guan Weihua 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTRecent sequencing efforts have focused on exploring the influence of rare variants on the complex diseases. Gene level based tests by aggregating information across rare variants within a gene have become attractive to enrich the rare variant association signal. Among them, the sequence kernel association test (SKAT) has proved to be a very powerful method for jointly testing multiple rare variants within a gene. In this article, we explore an alternative SKAT. We propose to use the univariate likelihood ratio statistics from the marginal model for individual variants as input into the kernel association test. We show how to compute its significance P‐value efficiently based on the asymptotic chi‐square mixture distribution. We demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the proposed method has competitive performance. Its usefulness is further illustrated with application to associations between rare exonic variants and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We identified an exome‐wide significant rare variant set in the gene ZZZ3 worthy of further investigations.
A Novel Statistic for Global Association Testing Based on Penalized Regression
Authors: Austin Erin , Shen Xiaotong , Pan Wei 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTNatural genetic structures like genes may contain multiple variants that work as a group to determine a biologic outcome. The effect of rare variants, mutations occurring in less than 5% of samples, is hypothesized to be explained best as groups collectively associated with a biologic function. Therefore, it is important to develop powerful association tests to identify a true association between an outcome of interest and a group of variants, in particular a group with many rare variants. In this article we first delineate a novel penalized regression‐based global test for the association between sets of variants and a disease phenotype. Next, we use Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 (GAW18) data to assess the power of the new global association test to capture a relationship between an aggregated group of variants and a simulated hypertension status. Rare variant only, common variant only, and combined variant groups are studied. The power values are compared to those obtained from eight well‐regarded global tests (Score, Sum, SSU, SSUw, UminP, aSPU, aSPUw, and sequence kernel association test (SKAT)) that do not use penalized regression and a set of tests using either the SSU or score statistics and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty (LASSO) logistic regression. Association testing of rare variants with our method was the top performer when there was low linkage disequilibrium (LD) between and within causal variants. This was similarly true when simultaneously testing rare and common variants in low LD scenarios. Finally, our method was able to provide meaningful variant‐specific association information.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout rats are insensitive to the pathological effects of repeated oral exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin
Authors: Harrill Joshua A. , Layko Debra , Nyska Abraham , Hukkanen Renee R. , Manno Rosa Anna , Grassetti Andrea , Lawson Marie , Martin Greg , Budinsky Robert A. , Rowlands J. Craig , Thomas Russell S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSustained activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is believed to be the initial key event in AHR receptor‐mediated tumorigenesis in the rat liver. The role of AHR in mediating pathological changes in the liver prior to tumor formation was investigated in a 4‐week, repeated‐dose study using adult female wild‐type (WT) and AHR knockout (AHR‐KO) rats treated with 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Beginning at 8 weeks of age, AHR‐KO and WT rats were dosed by oral gavage with varying concentrations of TCDD (0, 3, 22, 100, 300 and 1000 ng kg−1 day−1). Lung, liver and thymus histopathology, hematology, serum chemistry and the distribution of TCDD in liver and adipose tissue were examined. Treatment‐related increases in the severity of liver and thymus pathology were observed in WT, but not AHR‐KO rats. In the liver, these included hepatocellular hypertrophy, bile duct hyperplasia, multinucleated hepatocytes and inflammatory cell foci. A loss of cellularity in the thymic cortex and thymic atrophy was observed. Treatment‐related changes in serum chemistry parameters were also observed in WT, but not AHR‐KO rats. Finally, dose‐dependent accumulation of TCDD was observed primarily in the liver of WT rats and primarily in the adipose tissue of AHR‐KO rats. The results suggest that AHR activation is the initial key event underlying the progression of histological effects leading to liver tumorigenesis following TCDD treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive periods for 17β‐estradiol exposure during immune system development in sea bass head kidney
Authors: Seemann Frauke , Knigge Thomas , Duflot Aurélie , Marie Sabine , Olivier Stéphanie , Minier Christophe , Monsinjon Tiphaine 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn increasing body of evidence suggests that sex steroids play an important role in the development and regulation of vertebrate immune defense. Therefore, compounds with estrogenic activity may influence the immune system via receptor‐mediated pathways. The presence of estrogen receptors in immune cells and organs during the early stages of development may indicate that female steroid hormones are involved in the maturation of the fish immune system. This is of particular importance, as some marine fish are probably exposed to sources of exogenous estrogens while they reside in their estuarine nursery grounds. In this study, the influence of 17β‐estradiol (E2) on estrogen receptor and cytokine gene expression was assessed in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) together with characterization of the head kidney leukocyte populations and corresponding phagocytic activity during organ regionalization from 98 to 239 dph. E2 exposure, beginning at 90 dph resulted in indirect and delayed modifications of interleukin 1β and estrogen receptor α gene expression, which may affect B‐lymphocyte proliferation in the sea bass head kidney. The E2 treatment of 120 dph fish led to an increase in estrogen receptor β2 and a decrease in transforming growth factor β1 gene expression, which coincided with decreased phagocytic activity of head kidney lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Additionally, these changes were observed during developmental periods described as critical phases for B‐lymphocyte development in mammals. Consequently, exogenous estrogens have the potential to modify the innate immune response in juvenile sea bass and to exert detrimental effects on head kidney development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.