bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Diolefin/Propylene Copolymers by Ziegler‐Natta Polymerization
Authors: Lima Aline , Azeredo Ana Paula , Nele Marcio , Liberman Susana , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDiolefins can be used as comonomers in propylene copolymerizations in order to modify some of the final properties of the obtained poly(propylene) (PP) resins. Although reduction of catalyst activity can be expected when such copolymerizations are performed with standard heterogeneous Ziegler‐ Natta catalysts, copolymers containing 1,5‐hexadiene (HD) and 1,7‐octadiene (OD) can be produced at high rates when the comonomer content is sufficiently low (below 2 mol%); however, the presence of very small amounts of 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) leads to complete catalyst inhibition. It is shown that incorporation of dienes lead to decrease of the melting point of the final product, especially in presence of ENB. When compared to HD, addition of OD causes more pronounced modification of the melt flow index and weight‐average molecular weight, although the xylene solubles is less sensitive to the comonomer feed when the comonomer composition is low. Obtained results indicate that small amounts of dienes can be used at plant site to modify the final properties of PP resins produced with standard heterogeneous Ziegler‐Natta polymerizations.
Temperature‐dependent MR signals in cortical bone: Potential for monitoring temperature changes during high‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment in bone
Authors: Ramsay Elizabeth , Mougenot Charles , Kazem Mohammad , Laetsch Theodore W. , Chopra Rajiv 
Published: October 2014

PurposeBecause existing magnetic resonance thermometry techniques do not provide temperature information within bone, high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposures in bone are monitored using temperature changes in adjacent soft tissues. In this study, the potential to monitor temperature changes in cortical bone using a short TE gradient echo sequence is evaluated.MethodsThe feasibility of this proposed method was initially evaluated by measuring the temperature dependence of the gradient echo signal during cooling of cortical bone samples implanted with fiber‐optic temperature sensors. A subsequent experiment involved heating a cortical bone sample using a clinical MR‐HIFU system.ResultsA consistent relationship between temperature change and the change in magnitude signal was observed within and between cortical bone samples. For the two‐dimensional gradient echo sequence implemented in this study, a least‐squares linear fit determined the percentage change in signal to be (0.90 ± 0.01)%/°C. This relationship was used to estimate temperature changes observed in the HIFU experiment and these temperatures agreed well with those measured from an implanted fiber‐optic sensor.ConclusionThis method appears capable of displaying changes related to temperature in cortical bone and could improve the safety of MR‐HIFU treatments. Further investigations into the sensitivity of the technique in vivo are warranted. Magn Reson Med 74:1095–1102, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models to predict the operating temperature of different photovoltaic modules in outdoor conditions
Authors: Mora Segado Patricia , Carretero Jesús , Sidrach‐de‐Cardona Mariano 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe operating temperature of photovoltaic modules under real operating conditions is important information when designing and sizing those systems. This paper proposes new models to predict this temperature for different technology modules under the climate conditions of southern Spain using meteorological parameters. The proposed models are hourly and instantaneous. Those models are compared with previous models existing in the literature. The results obtained show that because of the thermal inertia of the modules, only the proposed hourly models allow the average temperature of the modules to be determined accurately. The temperature of the modules can be predicted using the two‐parameter hourly model proposed in this paper with a mean absolute percentage error less than 6.0% for the technologies tested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of Stress and Coping among Jordanian Nursing Students during Clinical Practice in Psychiatric/Mental Health Course
Authors: Alzayyat Abdulkarim , Al‐Gamal Ekhlas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTraining in psychiatric settings is stressful for nursing students. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlations between the students' characteristics, their stress degrees, stressors and types of coping strategies they experience during training in psychiatric course. A descriptive, correlational, longitudinal design was used. Sixty‐five undergraduate nursing students were recruited randomly from five Jordanian universities. Self‐report questionnaires were administered at the second semester of the 2012–2013 academic year. The findings showed that students who utilized avoidance or transference strategies reported high stress degrees. Moreover, the results showed that those students who were in the fourth year, with a low family income, who avoid extracurricular activities, with a low academic grade or who registered in other clinical course(s) reported high stress degrees. These findings present a worthy data for the clinical instructors that facilitate students training in psychiatric settings and promote their psychosocial well‐being. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stressors and Coping Strategies of UK Firefighters during On‐duty Incidents
Authors: Young Paul M. , Partington Sarah , Wetherell Mark A. , St Clair Gibson Alan , Partington Elizabeth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOperational response by firefighters requires an abrupt change from rest to near‐maximal physical effort and incorporates almost instant stress management that must be made during extreme heat, limited time and partial information, yet little is known about the coping strategies incorporated to manage the physiological and psychological demands associated with this environment. A sample of 22 UK firefighters took part in focus groups identifying frequently used coping techniques based upon problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping methods. Findings suggest problem‐orientated coping comprised half of the total coping strategies quoted by participants, with a third of responses being categorized as emotion‐focused methods, and 17% were considered to be both problem‐focused and emotion‐focused techniques. Responses indicate problem‐focused methods are often utilized en route to the incident, and at the early stages of operational tasks. Emotion‐focused responses are more common during periods of fatigue and exhaustion and post‐incident, and problem‐focused and emotion‐focused techniques were found post‐incident, although there was often an overlap between methods and they perhaps should not be treated as three distinct stages. The importance of peer support and potential benefits to firefighter well‐being and operational performance are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid development of tool use as a strategy to predate invasive land snails
Authors: Efe Márcio A. , de Paiva Fábio Nunes , Holderbaum João Marcelo , Ladle Richard J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
There are few examples of facultative tool use in animals under natural conditions. We provide the first description of tool use in great antshrikes (Taraba major), which were observed using stone anvils to break the shells of the land snail (Achatina fulica). This behavior is almost certainly of extremely recent origin given the lack of previous reports of tool use in T. major and the very recent (1980s) introduction of A. fulica into Brazil. Tool use in this particular population is probably a flexible behavioral trait that arose in response to the high density of exotic snails in this locality.
Enhanced acetate ester production of Chinese liquor yeast by overexpressing ATF1 through precise and seamless insertion of PGK1 promoter
Authors: Dong Jian , Xu Haiyan , Zhao Libin , Chen Yefu , Zhang Cuiying , Guo Xuewu , Hou Xiaoyue , Chen Didi , Zhang Chenxi , Xiao Dongguang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
As the most important group in the flavor profiles of Chinese liquor, ester aroma chemicals are responsible for the highly desired fruity odors. Alcohol acetyltransferase (AATase), which is mainly encoded by ATF1, is one of the most important enzymes for acetate ester synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we overexpressed ATF1 in Chinese liquor yeast through precise and seamless insertion of PGK1 promoter (PGK1p) via a novel fusion PCR-mediated strategy. After two-step integration, PGK1p was embedded in the 5′-terminal of ATF1 exactly without introduction of any extraneous DNA sequence. In the liquid fermentation of corn hydrolysate, both mRNA level and AATase activity of ATF1 in mutant were pronounced higher than the parental strain. Meanwhile, productivity of ethyl acetate increased from 25.04 to 78.76 mg/l. The self-cloning strain without any heterologous sequences residual in its genome would contribute to further commercialization of favorable organoleptic characteristics in Chinese liquor.
Minimality of State Space Solutions of DSGE Models and Existence Conditions for Their VAR Representation
Authors: Franchi Massimo , Paruolo Paolo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Standard solution methods of DSGE models do not necessarily deliver minimal state space forms. When the ABCD form is non-minimal, the conditions in the literature are not necessary for the existence of a VAR representation of the observables. In this paper we present necessary and sufficient conditions that are valid in general, and hence can be applied to minimal and non-minimal ABCD forms. If the state space form is minimal, our conditions coincide with those in the literature. These results also clarify that it is possible to have unstable eigenvalues together with a (possibly finite) VAR representation of the observables.
Family Communication in a Population at Risk for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Batte Brittany , Sheldon Jane P. , Arscott Patricia , Huismann Darcy J. , Salberg Lisa , Day Sharlene M. , Yashar Beverly M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEncouraging family communication is an integral component of genetic counseling; therefore, we sought to identify factors impacting communication to family members at risk for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM). Participants (N = 383) completed an online survey assessing: 1) demographics (gender, genetic test results, HCM family history, and disease severity); 2) illness representations; 3) family functioning and cohesiveness; 4) coping styles; 5) comprehension of HCM autosomal dominant inheritance; and 6) communication of HCM risk information to at‐risk relatives. Participants were a national sample of individuals with HCM, recruited through the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association. Data from 183 participants were analyzed using a logistic regression analysis, with family communication as a dichotomous dependent variable. We found that female gender and higher comprehension of autosomal dominant inheritance were significant predictors of participants’ communication of HCM risk information to all their siblings and children. Our results suggest that utilizing interventions that promote patient comprehension (e.g., a teaching‐focused model of genetic counseling) are important and may positively impact family communication within families with HCM.
Opportunities and barriers in global women's health training during obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the USA
Authors: Eichelberger Kacey Y. , Morse Jessica E. , Connolly AnnaMarie , Autry Meg 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically measure the scope and breadth of global women's health (GWH) training opportunities during obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the USA, as described by program directors (PDs).MethodsIn a questionnaire‐based study, PDs were asked to complete a web‐based survey between January 1 and March 15, 2013. Information about the residency program and GWH opportunities was obtained.ResultsAmong 236 PDs contacted, 105 (44.5%) responded. Overall, 82 (78.1%) reported that at least one resident had participated in a GWH rotation during the past 5 years, 36 (34.3%) offered formal didactics, and 29 (27.6%) offered a formal rotation in GWH. Among all respondents, 43 (42.2%) reported having at least one faculty member for whom GWH is a dedicated part of their practice. Programs with dedicated GWH faculty were more likely to offer formal GWH didactics (relative risk [RR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–3.14; P = 0.03), but were not significantly more likely to offer a formal GWH rotation (RR 1.91; 95% CI 0.97–3.70; P = 0.06).ConclusionMany residency programs provide opportunities for GWH training, but few offer formal didactics or a formal rotation.
Awareness of female condoms and failures reported with two different types in China
Authors: Wang Xianmi , Xi Maomao , Zhang Lifeng , Jia Lili , Wang Yan , Cheng Yimin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo explore knowledge and use of female condoms in China, and to compare four modes of failure between the Phoenurse female condom (PFC) and the second‐generation Femidom female condom (FC2).MethodsIn a randomized, crossover trial, sexually active women aged 20–49 years who attended a family planning service in Qingdao, China, were recruited between April and October, 2013. A computer‐generated randomized sequence was used to assign participants (1:1) to group A (used 10 PFCs followed by 10 FC2s) or group B (used 10 FC2s followed by 10 PFCs). Study investigators and participants were masked to allocation. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and after using the two types of FCs. They also kept coital logs.ResultsAt baseline, 30 (10.3%) of 290 participants understood female condoms, but only 1 (0.3%) had ever used one. Total failure rates were 3.6% (420/11 578) and 2.3% (265/11 594) for PFC and FC2, respectively (P < 0.001). Slippage was the most common form of failure, affecting 6.9% of PFC uses and 5.0% of FC2 uses. Breakage, misdirection, and slippage were significantly more common with the PFC than with the FC2 (P ≤ 0.002).ConclusionUnderstanding of female condoms is poor in China. Failure is more common with the PFC than with the FC2.
Typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan and Climate Justice
Authors: Yamada Seiji , Galat Absalon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe extreme weather events that the world is experiencing are consistent with the effects of anthropogenic climate change. The western North Pacific is the area of the world with the most intense tropical cyclones. Increased sea surface temperatures directly contribute to the wind speed of storms. The 2013 Typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan was the strongest tropical cyclone in recorded history to make landfall—causing more than 6000 deaths in the Philippines, mostly from storm surge. This event represents a climate injustice. On one hand, disaster prevention and preparedness were inadequate for impoverished populations in the Philippines who lived in poorly constructed housing. While the international community assisted with the response, recovery was hampered by inadequate and inequitable investment. On the other hand, climate change has been driven by the carbon emissions of industrialized states. Those who call for climate justice argue for more robust measures to control carbon emissions responsible for climate change and worsening global health security. As global citizens and as health professionals, we examine the implications for all of us as moral actors. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
Streamwise vortex-induced vibrations of cylinders with one and two degrees of freedom
Authors: Cagney N. , Balabani S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMeasurements are presented of the structural response and wake of a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) pivoted cylinder undergoing streamwise vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), which were carried out using particle-image velocimetry (PIV). The results are compared with those of previous studies performed in the same experimental facility examining a cylinder free to move only in the streamwise direction (1-DOF). The aim of this study is to examine to what extent the results of previous work on streamwise-only VIV can be extrapolated to the more practical, multi-DOF case. The response regimes measured for the 1- and 2-DOF cases are similar, containing two response branches separated by a low-amplitude region. The first branch is characterised by negligible transverse motion and the appearance of both alternate and symmetric vortex shedding. The two wake modes compete in an unsteady manner; however, the competition does not appear to have a significant effect on either the streamwise or transverse motion. Comparison of the phase-averaged vorticity fields acquired in the second response branch also indicates that the additional DOF does not alter the vortex-shedding process. However, the additional DOF affects the cylinder-wake system in other ways; for the 1-DOF case the second branch can appear in three different forms (each associated with a different wake mode), while for the 2-DOF case the second branch only exists in one form, and does not exhibit hysteresis. The cylinder follows a figure-of-eight trajectory throughout the lock-in range. The phase angle between the streamwise and transverse motion decreases linearly with reduced velocity. This work highlights the similarities and differences between the fluid–structure interaction and wake dynamics associated with 1- and 2-DOF cylinders throughout the streamwise response regime, which has not received attention to date.
A dynamic observer to capture and control perturbation energy in noise amplifiers
Authors: Guzmán Iñigo Juan , Sipp Denis , Schmid Peter J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this article, we introduce techniques to build a reduced-order model of a fluid system that accurately predicts the dynamics of a flow from local wall measurements. This is particularly difficult in the case of noise amplifiers where the upstream noise environment, triggering the flow via a receptivity process, is not known. A system identification approach, rather than a classical Galerkin technique, is used to extract the model from time-synchronous velocity snapshots and wall shear-stress measurements. The technique will be illustrated for the case of a transitional flat-plate boundary layer, where the snapshots of the flow are obtained from direct numerical simulations. Particular attention is directed to limiting the processed data to data that would be readily available in experiments, thus making the technique applicable to an experimental set-up. The proposed approach combines a reduction of the degrees of freedom of the system by a projection of the velocity snapshots onto a proper orthogonal decomposition basis combined with a system identification technique to obtain a state-space model. This model is then used in a feedforward control set-up to significantly reduce the kinetic energy of the perturbation field and thus successfully delay transition.
The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs
Authors: Angle Craig T. , Wakshlag Joseph J. , Gillette Robert L. , Steury Todd , Haney Pamela , Barrett Jay , Fisher Terrence 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA previous work suggests that dietary fat may influence canine olfaction. The present study evaluated whether olfactory performance could be influenced by forms of dietary fat and exercise. Seventeen certified detection dogs were fed three different diets (high fat, low fat or high polyunsaturated fat) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, olfactory testing was performed using a scent wheel in an olfaction laboratory using three explosive materials. The dogs completed eight to twelve scent trials before and after a 30 min treadmill exercise on five consecutive days. A mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to examine how diet, pre- or post-exercise, trial number, odourant, mass of target and target position influenced the probability of dogs alerting on the target odour. There were no significant changes in the dog's ability to find a target odour at threshold amounts. Dogs were 1·42 (1·08, 1·87; 95 % CI) times as likely to find a target on the high polyunsaturated fat diet relative to the high-fat diet (P = 0·009). The low-fat diet was not significantly different from either the high-fat diet or the high polyunsaturated fat diet (P = 0·12). Dogs were 1·49 (1·26, 1·76; 95 % CI) times as likely to find a target prior to exercise relative to after exercise (P < 0·001). Dogs on the high PUFA diet utilising maize oil showed mild improvement in olfaction. The exact reasons are unknown; however, the higher relative amount of linoleic acid in the diet may play a role in olfactory sensation which warrants further examination of optimal diets for detection dogs.
Should the duration of head bandaging be reduced after pinnaplasty? A systematic review
Authors: McMurran A E L , Khan I , Mohamad S , Shakeel M , Kubba H 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground:It is common practice to use head bandages for 7–10 days following pinnaplasty. However, head bandages are often troublesome for patients and can lead to serious complications.Method:A systematic review was performed to evaluate the use of head bandages after pinnaplasty. A search of Medline, Embase (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO collections), the Cochrane Library, Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine) and Google Scholar identified 34 related articles. Of these, 14 were deemed relevant and 2 randomised controlled trials, 1 cohort study, 3 case series and 1 literature review met the inclusion criteria.Results:The two randomised controlled trials show no statistically significant difference in complications when a head bandage was used for the standard 7–10 days, for 24 hours or not at all. The three case series show that using a head bandage for 24 hours or not at all are safe alternatives. The review article recommended that when head bandages are applied after pinnaplasty it should be for the shortest duration possible.Conclusion:Based on the available evidence, not using a head bandage at all or using one for a maximum of 24 hours following pinnaplasty is recommended.
Who Gets the Top Jobs? The Role of Family Background and Networks in Recent Graduates’ Access to High-status Professions
Authors: MACMILLAN LINDSEY , TYLER CLAIRE , VIGNOLES ANNA 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere is currently debate in policy circles about access to ‘the upper echelons of power’ (Sir John Major, ex Prime Minister, 2013). This research explores the relationship between family background and early access to top occupations. We find that privately educated graduates are a third more likely to enter into high-status occupations than state educated graduates from similarly affluent families and neighbourhoods, largely due to differences in educational attainment and university selection. We find that although the use of networks cannot account for the private school advantage, they provide an additional advantage and this varies by the type of top occupation that the graduate enters.