bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summarizing craniofacial genetics and developmental biology (SCGDB)
Authors: Hall Brian K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis overview article highlights active areas of research in craniofacial genetics and developmental biology as reflected in presentations given at the 34th annual meeting of the Society of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology (SCGDB) in Montreal, Quebec on October 11, 2011. This 1‐day meeting provided a stimulating occasion that demonstrated the present status of research in craniofacial genetics and developmental biology and where the field is heading. To accompany the abstracts published in this issue I have selected several themes that emerged from the meeting. After discussing the basis on which craniofacial defects/syndromes are classified and investigated, I address the multi‐gene basis of craniofacial syndromes with an examination of the roles of Sox9 and FGF receptors in normal and abnormal craniofacial development. I then turn to the knowledge being gained from population‐wide and longitudinal cohort studies and from the discovery of new signaling centers that regulate craniofacial development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the upper deciduous M2 and permanent M1
Authors: Bailey Shara E. , Benazzi Stefano , Hublin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to investigate the effect of allometry on the shape of dm2 and M1 crown outlines and to examine whether the trajectory and magnitude of scaling are shared between species. The sample included 160 recent Homo sapiens, 28 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, 10 early H. sapiens, and 33 H. neanderthalensis (Neandertal) individuals. Of these, 97 were dm2/M1 pairs from the same individuals. A two‐block partial least squares analysis of paired individuals revealed a significant correlation in crown shape between dm2 and M1. A principal component analysis confirmed that Neandertal and H. sapiens dm2 and M1 shapes differ significantly and that this difference is primarily related to hypocone size and projection. Allometry accounted for a small but significant proportion of the total morphological variance. We found the magnitude of the allometric effect to be significantly stronger in Neandertals than in H. sapiens. Procrustes distances were significantly different between the two tooth classes in Neandertals, but not among H. sapiens groups. Nevertheless, we could not reject the null hypothesis that the two species share the same allometric trajectory. Although size clearly contributes to the unique shape of the Neandertal dm2 and M1, the largest H. sapiens teeth do not exhibit the most Neandertal‐like morphology. Hence, additional factors must contribute to the differences in dm2 and M1 crown shape between these two species. We suggest an investigation of the role of timing and rate of development on the shapes of the dm2 and M1 may provide further answers. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:104–114, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimentelle Elektronendichteuntersuchung eines Silylons
Authors: Niepötter Benedikt , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Kratzert Daniel , Samuel Prinson P. , Mondal Kartik Chandra , Roesky Herbert W. , Jerabek Paul , Frenking Gernot , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUntersuchungen der experimentell sowie theoretisch bestimmten Elektronendichte zeigen, dass die Interpretation der Bindungssituation des (cAAC)2Si als die eines Silylones korrekt ist. In der Analyse der Elektronendichte konnten zwei deutlich voneinander separierte und in keinerlei Bindungen involvierte VSCCs gefunden werden, was als Zeichen für zwei freie Elektronenpaare genommen werden kann. Im Experiment zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede sowohl in den Bindungslängen als auch in den Elliptizitäten der Si‐C‐Bindungen. Periodische Festkörperrechnungen zeigen, dass sich dies auf schwache intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen zurückführen lässt. Die Stickstoff‐Carbenkohlenstoff‐Bindungen weisen einen erhöhten Doppelbindungsanteil auf, was auf ein Singulett‐Carben schließen lässt, das für das Vorliegen einer Donor‐Akzeptor‐Bindung nötig ist. Folglich ist die Winkelsumme an den Stickstoffatomen ein guter Anhaltspunkt für die Entscheidung, ob ein Singulett‐ oder Triplett‐Zustand bei cAACs vorliegt.
Der elektronische Grundzustand von [Fe(CO)3(NO)]−: eine spektroskopische und theoretische Studie
Authors: Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Miehlich Burkhard , Holzwarth Michael S. , Bauer Matthias , Milek Magdalena , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Knizia Gerald , Werner Hans‐Joachim , Plietker Bernd 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFe‐katalysierte Reaktionen haben sich in den vergangenen 10 Jahren fest in der organischen Synthese etabliert. Das ursprünglich von Hogsed und Hieber beschriebene komplexe Ferrat [Fe(CO)3(NO)]− zeigt katalytische Aktivität in zahlreichen organischen Reaktionen und wird allgemein als isoelektronisch zum [Fe(CO)4]2− betrachtet. Allerdings zeigt der letztgenannte Komplex kaum katalytische Aktivität. Die hier vorgestellten spektroskopischen und quantenchemischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass das komplexe Ferrat [Fe(CO)3(NO)]− nicht wie angenommen als eine Fe−II‐Spezies, sondern vielmehr als eine Fe0‐Spezies, in der das Metall kovalent über zwei π‐Bindungen an ein NO− gebunden ist, aufgefasst werden sollte. Eine Metall‐N‐σ‐Bindung wird nicht beobachtet.
Direct meso‐Alkynylation of Metalloporphyrins Through Gold Catalysis for Hemoprotein Engineering
Authors: Nierth Alexander , Marletta Michael A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA method was developed for the direct functionalization of metalloporphyrins at the methine protons (meso positions) to yield asymmetric alkynylated derivatives by using gold catalysis and hypervalent iodine reagents. This single‐step procedure was applied to b‐type heme and the product was incorporated into a gas‐sensor heme protein. The terminal alkyne allows fluorophore labeling through copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Hemoproteins with this type of engineered cofactor have several potential applications in labeling and imaging technologies. Additionally, the alkyne provides a handle for modulating porphyrin electron density, which affects cofactor redox potential and ligand affinity. This method will be helpful for investigating the chemistry of natural heme proteins and for designing artificial variants with altered properties and reactivities.
Characterization of mouthguard materials: A comparison of a commercial material to a novel thiolene family
Authors: McNair Olivia D. , Gould Trenton E. , Piland Scott G. , Savin Daniel A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study is to compare the thermal and mechanical properties of a commercial mouthguard material with a novel class of thermoset polymers based on thiolene “click” chemistry. Ternary thiolene systems modified with urethane or acrylate [urethane‐modified thiolene network (UMTEN) and acrylate‐modified thiolene network (AMTEN), respectively] were synthesized and their properties compared with commercially available Polyshok™. Durometer hardness (ASTM D2240‐05), water absorption [ASTM D570‐98 (2005)], tear strength (ASTM D624‐00), and impact attenuation [ASTM D6110‐06f (modified)] were measured for physical property comparison. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were used as a means to compare thermal properties. One‐way analysis of variance and independent t tests were used to test for differences between Polyshok™, AMTEN and UMTEN samples. It was found that the novel thiolene networks exhibit higher impact attenuation at intraoral temperature compared with Polyshok™, although Polyshok™ demonstrates lower water absorption and hardness, as well as higher tear strength. With further modification, this family of thiolene materials may provide a platform for developing next‐generation mouthguard materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40402.
Needle‐punched nonwoven matrix from regenerated collagen fiber for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: He Nanfei , Ke Qinfei , Huang Chen , Yang Jun , Guo Yaping 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, a new application of needle‐punched three‐dimensional (3D) fiber matrix from regenerated collagen fiber in articular cartilage tissue engineering (TE) was developed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the arrangement of fibers well mimicked the transitional part of the zonal articular cartilage. The 3D matrices exhibited a high porosity (93.5 ± 2.3%) and a large pore size range from about 20 μm in the inner part to 200–300 μm on the surface. The interconnected pore structure and hydrophilicity of the fibers led to the rapid and desired water uptake capacity of the matrices. Although the tensile and compressive properties of the scaffold were slightly lower than those of the natural articular cartilage, the anisotropic and nonlinear tension–compression were highly similar. In vitro human bone marrow stromal cells proliferation and cell morphology revealed the well cytocompatibility of the matrix, indicating its great potential in articular cartilage TE. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40404.
Gastro‐resistant controlled release of OTC encapsulated in alginate/chitosan matrix coated with acryl‐EZE® MP in fluidized bed
Authors: Kleinubing Sirlene Adriana , Seraphim Danielle Chati , Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato , Canevesi Rafael Luan Sehn , da Silva Edson Antonio , César Carlos Lenz , Mei Lucia Helena Innocentini 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA gastro‐resistant system of acryl‐EZE® MP coated alginate/chitosan microparticles was developed to improve the controlled release of oxytetracycline (OTC). Microparticles were obtained by complex coacervation and, thereafter, were coated using fluidized polymer dispersion with acryl‐EZE® MP solution. OTC distribution inside the microparticles was determined by multiphoton confocal microscopy, demonstrating the efficiency of encapsulation process. In vitro OTC release kinetic was performed in order to obtain the release profile in gastric and intestinal simulated fluids. A fast initial release, or burst effect, was observed with uncoated microparticles loaded with OTC in gastric conditions. When a 50% mass increase in acryl‐EZE® MP coating was achieved, OTC release in acidic medium was greatly reduced, resulting in the expected gastro‐resistant effect. Different mathematical models were applied to describe the drug diffusion across the polymer matrix. The Logistic model was the best tool to interpret the experimental data in most of the systems studied. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40444.
Experimental evidence for species‐specific response to turbidity in imperilled fishes
Authors: Gray Suzanne M. , Bieber F. Matthias E. , Mcdonnell laura H. , Chapman lauren J. , Mandrak Nicholas E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The use of non‐lethal experiments to elucidate behavioural and physiological thresholds to environmental stressors can provide valuable data for identifying threats to, and critical habitat of, imperilled species. Increased turbidity contributes to population declines and loss of fish diversity globally, but the complex direct and indirect effects of this stressor on imperilled species are not well understood.
Response to turbidity was examined in a group of closely related North American fishes (Notropis spp.), including four imperilled shiners: pugnose shiner (N. anogenus), bridle shiner (N. bifrenatus), blacknose shiner (N. heterolepis), blackchin shiner (N. heterodon), and the more common mimic shiner (N. volucellus). Two experiments quantified (i) the behavioural response of each species to progressively increasing turbidity, and (ii) critical swimming speed of fishes acclimated in turbid‐ and clear‐water treatments to provide insights into effects of low turbidity on aerobic performance.
Very low levels of turbidity (<10 NTU) altered schooling behaviour of pugnose and bridle shiners, both imperilled. Critical swimming speed was lower in pugnose shiner acclimated to low turbidity than fish acclimated to clear waters, while the opposite pattern was observed in bridle shiner. Low turbidity did not affect behaviour or critical swimming speed in the other three shiner species, suggesting that they are more tolerant of low levels of turbidity.
The demonstration of alterations in ecologically significant measures of behaviour and performance in the pugnose and bridle shiners, provides evidence required to identify and implement conservation and recovery actions related to turbidity of human origin. In addition, it is suggested that species‐specific responses should be evaluated, where possible, when defining critical habitat. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt Complexes with Pyrazole Ligands as Catalyst Precursors for the Peroxidative Oxidation of Cyclohexane: X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies and Biological Applications
Authors: F. S. Silva Telma , M. D. R. S. Martins Luísa , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Kuznetsov Maxim L. , Fernandes Alexandra R. , Silva Ana , Pan Chun‐Jern , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Hwang Bing‐Joe , J. L. Pombeiro Armando 
Published: January 2014

Abstract[CoCl(μ‐Cl)(HpzPh)3]2 (1) and [CoCl2(HpzPh)4] (2) were obtained by reaction of CoCl2 with HC(pzPh)3 and HpzPh, respectively (HpzPh=3‐phenylpyrazole). The compounds were isolated as air‐stable solids and fully characterized by IR and far‐IR spectroscopy, MS(ESI+/−), elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), controlled potential electrolysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies showed that 1 and 2 undergo single‐electron irreversible CoII→CoIII oxidations and CoII→CoI reductions at potentials measured by CV, which also allowed, in the case of dinuclear complex 1, the detection of electronic communication between the Co centers through the chloride bridging ligands. The electrochemical behavior of models of 1 and 2 were also investigated by density functional theory (DFT) methods, which indicated that the vertical oxidation of 1 and 2 (that before structural relaxation) affects mostly the chloride and pyrazolyl ligands, whereas adiabatic oxidation (that after the geometry relaxation) and reduction are mostly metal centered. Compounds 1 and 2 and, for comparative purposes, other related scorpionate and pyrazole cobalt complexes, exhibit catalytic activity for the peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone under mild conditions (room temperature, aqueous H2O2). In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy studies indicated that the species derived from complexes 1 and 2 during the oxidation of cyclohexane (i.e., Ox‐1 and Ox‐2, respectively) are analogous and contain a CoIII site. Complex 2 showed low in vitro cytotoxicity toward the HCT116 colorectal carcinoma and MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Chemico‐Physical Synthesis of Surfactant‐ and Ligand‐Free Gold Nanoparticles and Their Anti‐Galvanic Reduction Property
Authors: Wang Man , Wu Zhikun , Chu Zhaoqin , Yang Jie , Yao Chuanhao 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGalvanic reduction (GR) is a classic reaction. In simple terms, metals can reduce less reactive (or more noble) metal ions, while the opposite—metals reduce more reactive (or less noble) metal ions—should not occur. However, recently we found that anti‐galvanic reduction (AGR) occurred to thiolated gold and silver nanoparticles. However, the essential issue whether the occurrence of AGR requires the assistance of reductive thiolate ligands or not still remained unanswered. In this work, by using a novel protocol (chemical reduction and physical ablation), we synthesized surfactant‐ and ligand‐free gold nanoparticles. We found that these as‐prepared nanoparticles can reduce silver ions and copper ions, thus illustrating that AGR is not dependent on reductive ligands. Further experiments demonstrated that AGR is applicable to other metal (such as Pt and Pd) nanoparticles and that the AGR process is size‐dependent. Finally, it was found that the Raman scattering signals of Rhodamine 6G are distinctly enhanced on the gold nanoparticles that had been reacted with silver ions, which indicates the use of AGR for tuning the property of nanoparticles.
A Solvato‐Fluorochromic Macrocycle of Multiple Anthracene Fluorophores in Close Proximity
Authors: Li Zhiou , Sei Yoshihisa , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA fluorescent macrocycle containing four anthracene panels linked by meta‐phenylene spacers and amino hinges was synthesized. The macrocycle adopts a twisted, compressed conformation that places embedded anthracene fluorophores in close contact. Emission from the convoluted macrocycle is highly solvatochromic and significantly enhanced as compared with that of the partial structures.
Reliability of demand‐based warm standby systems subject to fault level coverage
Authors: Zhai Q. , Peng R. , Xing L. , Yang J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFor mission‐critical or safety‐critical systems, redundancy techniques are often applied to satisfy the stringent reliability requirements of the system design. Warm standby sparing is a common redundancy technique, which compromises the high energy consumption of hot standby techniques and the long recovery time of cold standby techniques. This paper considers a more general model for warm standby systems, that is, the demand‐based warm standby system, where each component bears a nominal capacity and the system fails if the total capacity of the working components cannot meet the system demand. Moreover, fault level coverage is considered to model the imperfect coverage effect in the standby system. A multivalued decision diagram based approach is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the demand‐based warm standby system subject to the fault level coverage. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid Substrate Fermentation of Monascus purpureus: Growth, Carbon Balance, and Consistency Analysis
Authors: Rosenblitt Ariel , Agosin Eduardo , Delgado Javier , Pérez‐Correa Ricardo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSolid Substrate fermentation (SSF) of Monascus purpureus on rice is a promising new technology for obtaining natural pigments. However, before attempts can be made at maximizing pigment yield, all significant macroscopic compounds should be assayed. Here, Monascus purpureus has been grown on rice in batch mode, and the evolution of the main components, biomass, residual rice, O2, CO2, ethanol, acetic acid, and pigments, have been followed. This set of data, never previously studied for Monascus SSF, allowed both the performance of a macroscopic elemental balance, which accounted for 83–94% of the initial substrate carbon, and a check of data consistency. Standard consistency analysis showed a significant underestimation of the nitrogen fraction of biomass, but it was unable to discriminate the errors in the carbon balance as a result of the simultaneous presence of two gross errors in the system. A simple stoichiometric model in tandem with consistency analysis explained unaccounted carbon as an underestimation of CO2 and ethanol. Using the simplified method to estimate ethanol, the macroscopic balance accounted for 87–99% of the initial carbon.
Instantaneous Mass Transfer under Gas‐Liquid Taylor Flow in Circular Capillaries
Authors: Pan Zhiqun , Zhang Xubin , Xie Yunfeng , Cai Wangfeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe mass transfer process under CO2‐water Taylor flow was experimentally investigated in circular capillaries with different lengths. The measured volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa was found to reduce with the increase of mass transfer time under the same operational conditions. With computational fluid dynamics simulations, the instantaneous kLa values decreased sharply at the initial stage of the mass transfer process. The effects of numerous experimental parameters on separated contribution of kLa were investigated for different dimensionless mass transfer times. The instantaneous kLa values for arbitary transfer times could be calculated and agreed well with experimental data.
Numerical Simulation and Assessment of a Two‐Stage Gasifier Modified from an Opposed Multi‐Burner Gasifier
Authors: Jin Weilong , Wang Yifei , Zhu Longchu , Wu Chaoqi , Xu Jianliang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn opposed multi‐burner (OMB) entrained‐flow gasifier with coal water slurry feeding is developed by the East China University of Science and Technology. A 3D model is employed to numerically simulate the gas flow field, motion of char particles, and distributions of temperature and gaseous components in an OMB gasifier and in a conceptual two‐stage gasifier modified from the OMB gasifier (TS‐OMB gasifier). Results show that the TS‐OMB gasifier produces higher concentration and productivity of the effective gases (CO+H2) with a slightly higher carbon conversion than the OMB gasifier. The reasons for the differences between these two types of gasifier are discussed by means of numerical simulation. This information is valuable for guiding the design of an advanced OMB gasifier.
NbPt3 Intermetallic Nanoparticles: Highly Stable and CO‐Tolerant Electrocatalyst for Fuel Oxidation
Authors: Ramesh Gubbala V. , Kodiyath Rajesh , Tanabe Toyokazu , Manikandan Maidhily , Fujita Takeshi , Matsumoto Futoshi , Ishihara Shinsuke , Ueda Shigenori , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Ariga Katsuhiko , Abe Hideki 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNbPt3 intermetallic nanoparticles (NbPt3 NPs) are synthesized for the first time, and their electrocatalytic performance towards fuel oxidation is tested. Chemical reduction of dichloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)platinum(II) and niobium(V) pentachloride in dry diglyme with a superhydride, followed by annealing, yields the desired NbPt3 NPs. These NbPt3 NPs exhibit higher stability than pure Pt NPs during repeated electrochemical cycles in H2SO4. The NbPt3 NPs are less susceptible to CO adsorption compared with Pt NPs and exhibit improved catalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of ethanol and/or formic acid. These NbPt3 NPs are promising candidates as electrode catalysts in fuel cells.
A Supramolecular Approach for the Facile Solubilization and Separation of Covalently Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bosch Sebastian , Zeininger Lukas , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThrough a combination of an electronic‐type selective diazonium‐based attachment of a Hamilton receptor unit onto the carbon nanotube framework and a supramolecular recognition approach of a cyanuric acid derivative, we herein introduce a highly promising strategy for the tuning of carbon nanotube solubility and, directly related to that, a solution‐based easy and straightforward separation of covalently functionalized carbon nanotube derivatives with respect to their unfunctionalized counterparts. The supramolecular complexation of the cyanuric acid derivative provides the driving force for the dramatically increased dispersibility and for the long‐time stability of the individualized single‐walled carbon nanotube derivatives in chloroform. The selective covalent functionalization of metallic carbon nanotubes can easily be analyzed with the aid of scanning Raman microscopy techniques. The functional derivatives have furthermore been characterized by UV/Vis‐NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as by mass spectrometric coupled thermogravimetric analysis. The investigation of the supramolecular complexation is based on an in‐depth UV/Vis‐NIR analysis and atomic force microscopy investigations.