bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benzyl isothiocyanate affects development, hatching and reproduction of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines
Authors: Wu HaiYan , Masler Edward P. , Rogers Steven T. , Chen Ching , Chitwood David J. 
Published: April 2014

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), prepared in 1% methanol and applied at micro-molar doses, decreased Heterodera glycines infective second-stage juvenile (J2) movement, hatching and reproduction on soybean, Glycine max. Direct exposure of J2 to 30 μM BITC caused an immediate decrease (17%) in J2 movement relative to 1% methanol controls, and within 3 h exposure eliminated >99% of movement. Continuous exposure of H. glycines eggs to 30 μM or 60 μM BITC significantly decreased percentage hatch of J2 measured at 7 days (30 μM, 15.8 ± 2.4%; 60 μM, 7.9 ± 2.2%) relative to controls (44.9 ± 4.1%). Control percentage hatch increased between days 7 and 14 (87.5 ± 2.3%), whereas there was no significant increase in hatch after Day 7 in either treatment group. The effect of BITC on hatch was rapid and persistent. Following 4 h exposure of eggs to either 30 μM or 60 μM BITC and transfer to water, percentage hatch at Day 14 was 51.3 ± 6.3% and 15.6 ± 1.4%, respectively. Each value was significantly less than the control percentage hatch (96.5 ± 0.2%). The same treatment method also resulted in decreased reproduction. The mean number of cysts per plant harvested 5 weeks after inoculation with control eggs (173.0 ± 12.1) was significantly greater than the numbers from plants inoculated with either 30 μM (78.9 ± 8.2) or 60 μM (38.3 ± 4.5) BITC treated eggs. Reduction of hatch and reproduction were strongly correlated, with for both 30 μM or 60 μM BITC treatments. The effects of BITC were primarily on the early embryo. The percent of all embryos in the multicellular stage at Day 14 in control eggs was 4.9 ± 0.7%, but increased to 35.1 ± 4.3% (30 μM) and 56.3 ± 4.5% (60 μM) in BITC treated eggs. BITC has multiple effects on H. glycines, affecting both infective juvenile movement and embryonic development, and decreasing reproduction.
The Response of Large-Scale Circulation to Obliquity-Induced Changes in Meridional Heating Gradients
Authors: Mantsis Damianos F. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Broccoli Anthony J. , Erb Michael P. , Clement Amy C. , Park Hyo-Seok 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The inter- and intrahemispheric climate responses to a change in obliquity are investigated using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1. (GFDL CM2.1). Reduced obliquity causes a weakening of the seasonal insolation contrast between the summer and winter hemispheres and a strengthening of the meridional insolation gradient within the summer hemisphere. The interhemispheric insolation change is associated with weakening of the cross-equatorial Hadley circulation and reduced heat transport from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere, in both the ocean and atmosphere. In contrast, the intrahemispheric insolation change is associated with increased midlatitude summer eddy activity as seen by the increased atmospheric heat transport at those latitudes. Analysis of the zonal mean atmospheric meridional overturning circulation on isentropic surfaces confirms the increase of the midlatitude eddy circulation, which is driven by changes of sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as changes in the stratification or distribution of entropy. It is suggested that the strengthening of this circulation is associated with an equatorward shift of the ascending branch of the winter Hadley cell.
Modulation of Marine Low Clouds Associated with the Tropical Intraseasonal Variability over the Eastern Pacific
Authors: Jiang Xianan , Kubar Terence L. , Wong Sun , Olson William S. , Waliser Duane E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Owing to its profound influences on global energy balance, accurate representation of low cloud variability in climate models is an urgent need for future climate projection. In the present study, marine low cloud variability on intraseasonal time scales is characterized, with a particular focus over the Pacific basin during boreal summer and its association with the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV) over the eastern Pacific (EPAC) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Analyses indicate that, when anomalous TISV convection is enhanced over the elongated EPAC ITCZ, reduction of low cloud fraction (LCF) is evident over a vast area of the central North Pacific. Subsequently, when the enhanced TISV convection migrates to the northern part of the EPAC warm pool, a “comma shaped” pattern of reduced LCF prevails over the subtropical North Pacific, along with a pronounced reduction of LCF present over the southeast Pacific (SEPAC). Further analyses indicate that surface latent heat fluxes and boundary heights induced by anomalous low-level circulation through temperature advection and changes of total wind speed, as well as midlevel vertical velocity associated with the EPAC TISV, could be the most prominent factors in regulating the intraseasonal variability of LCF over the North Pacific. For the SEPAC, temperature anomalies at the top of the boundary inversion layer between 850 and 800 hPa play a critical role in the local LCF intraseasonal variations. Results presented in this study provide not only improved understanding of variability of marine low clouds and the underlying physics, but also a prominent benchmark in constraining and evaluating the representation of low clouds in climate models.
The clinical characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder associated with high levels of schizotypy
Authors: Brakoulias Vlasios , Starcevic Vladan , Berle David , Milicevic Denise , Hannan Anthony , Viswasam Kirupamani , Mann Kristy 
Published: April 2014

Objectives: This study aims to examine the characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) associated with high levels of schizotypy. Methods: Using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) with 177 individuals with OCD, patients with OCD and high levels of schizotypy (OCD-HS) were compared to patients with OCD and low levels of schizotypy (OCD-LS) on a range of clinical characteristics. Self-report and clinician-administered instruments were used. Results were adjusted for the severity of OCD symptoms, age, marital status and comorbidity using logistic regression. Results: Patients with OCD-HS were younger and less likely to have been married. OCD-HS was associated with higher rates of symmetry/order obsessions, ordering/arranging compulsions, checking compulsions, co-occurring major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders and greater general psychopathology. Previously reported associations, such as higher total scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) were not significant when adjusted for differences in demographic variables and comorbidity. Conclusions: Patients with OCD-HS were associated with specific OCD symptoms and comorbid conditions and may warrant a specific treatment approach.
Resources, indicators, data management, dissemination and use in health information systems in sub-Saharan Africa: results of a questionnaire-based survey
Authors: Mbondji Peter Ebongue , Kebede Derege , Soumbey-Alley Edoh William , Zielinski Chris , Kouvividila Wenceslas , Lusamba-Dikassa Paul-Samson 
Published: April 2014

Objective To describe the status of health information systems in 14 sub-Saharan African countries of the World Health Organization African Region. Design A questionnaire-based survey. Setting Fourteen sub-Saharan African countries of the African Region. Participants Key informants in the ministries of health, national statistics offices, health programmes, donors and technical agencies. Main outcome measures State of resources, indicators, data sources, data management, information products, dissemination and use of health information. Results The highest average score was in the identification and harmonisation of indicators (73%), reflecting successful efforts to identify priority indicators and reach international consensus on indicators for several diseases. This was followed by information products (63%), which indicated the availability of accurate and reliable data. The lowest score (41%) was in data management, the ability to collect, store, analyse and distribute data, followed by resources – policy and planning, human and financial resources, and infrastructure (53%). Data sources (e.g. censuses, surveys) were on average inadequate with a score of 56%. The average score for dissemination and use of health information was 57%, which indicated limited or inadequate use of data for advocacy, planning and decision-making. Conclusions National health information systems are weak in the surveyed countries and much more needs to be done to improve the quality and relevance of data, and their management, sharing and use for policy-making and decision-making.
Analysis of Nasal Septal Deviation in Cleft Palate and/or Alveolus Patients Using Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Jiang Meng , You Meng , Wang Shuai , Wang Ke , Feng Bin , Wang Hu 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThis study was performed to analyze features of nasal septal deviation of patients with different cleft types and noncleft controls.Study DesignCase‐control study.SettingWest China Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China.Subjects and MethodsSixty‐six patients with palatal and/or alveolar cleft and 42 noncleft controls were recruited in the study. All the subjects have undergone cone‐beam computed tomography scan. The range, angle, vertical location, and convex direction of nasal septal deviation were carefully studied for each subject. The data were compared between the cleft group and noncleft controls. The differences of deviation among various cleft types were also carefully evaluated to demonstrate whether the differences in cleft types affect the features of nasal septal deviation.ResultsThe mean range 7.71 mm and angle 10.37° of nasal septal deviation in cleft group were significantly greater than that in control group of 1.96 mm and 2.34°. The maximum point of nasal septal deviation in cleft group vertically occurred more often at inferior turbinate level (27/66) followed by lower inter‐turbinate level (16/66) and middle turbinate level (11/66). Patients with complete cleft palate presented greater deviation than incomplete cleft palate or simple cleft alveolus patients. The convex direction of deviation was to the cleft side for all patients with complete cleft palate or simple alveolar cleft.ConclusionPatients with cleft palate and/or alveolus presented greater deviation of nasal septum than noncleft controls. Patients of different cleft types showed various severity and features of nasal septal deviation.
Aura status: A not so frequent aura
Authors: João Ana Alagoa , Goucha Tomas B , Martins Isabel P 
Published: April 2014

Background Migraine aura status is a variety of migraine aura with unvalidated research criteria. Aim and methods We conducted a systematic review of published cases and a retrospective analysis of 500 cases of migraine with aura to evaluate the applicability and clinical features of ICHD-III beta criteria, compared to a more liberal definition for its diagnosis: ≥3 aura episodes for up to three consecutive days. Results Many publications under this title correspond to persistent or formerly designated prolonged auras. Nine cases fulfilled ICHD-III beta status criteria. In our series, either 1.7% or 4.2% cases fulfilled ICDH-III beta or our definition, respectively. Regardless of the criteria, aura status patients were older at onset of status than those with typical aura, had a predominance of visual symptoms, normal neuroimaging and no sequelae. Status recurred in a few. Conclusion Both criteria identify a similar population in terms of age, gender, main symptoms, imaging and outcome. Since patients with closely recurring auras might raise the same approach independently of the criteria, the use of more liberal criteria will allow more cases for detailed diagnosis and therapeutic analysis, eventually leading to the identification of subtypes.
National High School Athlete Concussion Rates From 2005-2006 to 2011-2012
Authors: Rosenthal Joseph A. , Foraker Randi E. , Collins Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: April 2014

Background: High school athletes are at risk for concussions. Although a previously published study showed an increase in concussion rates for a single school district, it remains unknown if the rate of concussions among high school athletes is increasing nationally. Purpose: To investigate national high school athlete concussion rates over time. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: The rate of concussions per 1000 athlete-exposures was calculated for academic years 2005-2006 through 2011-2012 using the High School Reporting Information Online sports injury surveillance system. Results: During the 7-year period of this study, High School Reporting Information Online captured 4024 concussions with overall concussion diagnosis rates increasing significantly from 0.23 to 0.51 ( P = .004). Concussion diagnosis rates increased for each of the 9 sports studied, with 5 sports having statistically significant increases over this 7-year period. Conclusion: The study analysis indicates that national concussion diagnosis rates for high school sports have increased significantly over time.
Assessing the inter-rater agreement for ordinal data through weighted indexes
Authors: Marasini Donata , Quatto Piero , Ripamonti Enrico 
Published: April 2014

Assessing the inter-rater agreement between observers, in the case of ordinal variables, is an important issue in both the statistical theory and biomedical applications. Typically, this problem has been dealt with the use of Cohen’s weighted kappa, which is a modification of the original kappa statistic, proposed for nominal variables in the case of two observers. Fleiss (1971) put forth a generalization of kappa in the case of multiple observers, but both Cohen’s and Fleiss’ kappa could have a paradoxical behavior, which may lead to a difficult interpretation of their magnitude. In this paper, a modification of Fleiss’ kappa, not affected by paradoxes, is proposed, and subsequently generalized to the case of ordinal variables. Monte Carlo simulations are used both to testing statistical hypotheses and to calculating percentile and bootstrap-t confidence intervals based on this statistic. The normal asymptotic distribution of the proposed statistic is demonstrated. Our results are applied to the classical Holmquist et al.’s (1967) dataset on the classification, by multiple observers, of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Finally, we generalize the use of s* to a bivariate case.
Exome sequencing in single cells from the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kemppinen AK , Baker A , Liao W , Fiddes B , Jones J , Compston A , Ban M , Sawcer S 
Published: April 2014

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 100 germline variants that influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis, most of which map within or near to genes with immunological function. However, the role of somatic mutations in multiple sclerosis has not been investigated. Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore the role that somatic mutations might play in the development of multiple sclerosis. Methods: We exome-sequenced in total 21 individual CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of two patients. In addition we sequenced DNA from the patients’ peripheral blood to serve as germline reference. Results: In comparison with the respective germline sequence, each cell differed at an average of 1784 positions, but as anticipated subsequent analysis confirms that most, if not all, of these potential mutations are likely to represent artefacts generated during the amplification of a single genome and/or by sequencing. Fifty-six of the potential mutations were predicted to have likely functional effects on genes that have previously been implicated by GWAS, including three in the CD6 gene. Conclusion: More robust methods applied to larger numbers of cells will be needed to define the role of somatic mutations.
Responder definition of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale physical impact subscale for patients with physical worsening
Authors: Phillips Glenn A , Wyrwich Kathleen W , Guo Shien , Medori Rossella , Altincatal Arman , Wagner Linda , Elkins Jacob 
Published: April 2014

Background: The 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) was developed to examine the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on physical and psychological functioning from a patient’s perspective. Objective: To determine the responder definition (RD) of the MSIS-29 physical impact subscale (PHYS) in a group of patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) participating in a clinical trial. Methods: Data from the SELECT trial comparing daclizumab high-yield process with placebo in patients with RRMS were used. Physical function was evaluated in SELECT using three patient-reported outcomes measures and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Anchor- and distribution-based methods were used to identify an RD for the MSIS-29. Results: Results across the anchor-based approach suggested MSIS-29 PHYS RD values of 6.91 (mean), 7.14 (median) and 7.50 (mode). Distribution-based RD estimates ranged from 6.24 to 10.40. An RD of 7.50 was selected as the most appropriate threshold for physical worsening based on corresponding changes in the EDSS (primary anchor of interest). Conclusion: These findings indicate that a ≥7.50 point worsening on the MSIS-29 PHYS is a reasonable and practical threshold for identifying patients with RRMS who have experienced a clinically significant change in the physical impact of MS.
A strategy for integrating essential three-dimensional microphysiological systems of human organs for realistic anticancer drug screening
Authors: Heylman Christopher , Sobrino Agua , Shirure Venktesh S , Hughes Christopher CW , George Steven C 
Published: April 2014

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Despite some success, traditional anticancer drugs developed to reduce tumor growth face important limitations primarily due to undesirable bone marrow and cardiovascular toxicity. Many drugs fail in clinical development after showing promise in preclinical trials, suggesting that the available in vitro and animal models are poor predictors of drug efficacy and toxicity in humans. Thus, novel models that more accurately mimic the biology of human organs are necessary for high-throughput drug screening. Three-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems can utilize induced pluripotent stem cell technology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication techniques to develop tissue models of human tumors, cardiac muscle, and bone marrow on the order of 1 mm3 in size. A functional network of human capillaries and microvessels to overcome diffusion limitations in nutrient delivery and waste removal can also nourish the 3D microphysiological tissues. Importantly, the 3D microphysiological tissues are grown on optically clear platforms that offer non-invasive and non-destructive image acquisition with subcellular resolution in real time. Such systems offer a new paradigm for high-throughput drug screening and will significantly improve the efficiency of identifying new drugs for cancer treatment that minimize cardiac and bone marrow toxicity.
Defining the Role of the Academic Neurohospitalist in Residency Education
Authors: Velez-Ruiz Naymee , Khan Jaffar , Greene James G. 
Published: April 2014

Objective: We sought to better understand the potential impact of the burgeoning neurohospitalist model of inpatient care on education of neurology residents and to better define possible roles for “neurohospitalists” in residency education. Method: We designed a brief qualitative open-ended survey directed toward academic leaders in neurology and distributed it by e-mail to every academic neurology department in the United States and Canada. Results: Of 83 respondents, 36 (43%) had an active neurohospitalist program and only 10% felt certain they would not have 1 within the next 5 years. All respondents expected to have residents continue to be involved with inpatient care. The main perceived advantage for resident education associated with neurohospitalists was inpatient care expertise, and the main expected disadvantage was decreased exposure to subspecialty attendings. The majority anticipated positive impact on all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies predominantly based on neurohospitalists’ expertise in the inpatient setting. Conclusion: The majority of academic neurology departments are expected to have a neurohospitalist program within the next 5 years. There are several perceived advantages and disadvantages to such a program for education of neurology residents. In general, the impact of these programs is expected to improve resident education. Regardless of expectations, neurohospitalists will likely play a prominent role in the education of the next generation of neurologists.
Prediction scores or gastroenterologists’ Gut Feeling for triaging patients that present with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: de Groot NL , van Oijen MGH , Kessels K , Hemmink M , Weusten BLAM , Timmer R , Hazen WL , van Lelyveld N , Vermeijden JR , Curvers WL , Baak LC , Verburg R , Bosman JH , de Wijkerslooth LRH , de Rooij J , Venneman NG , Pennings M , van Hee K , Scheffer RCH , van Eijk RL , Meiland R , Siersema PD , Bredenoord AJ 
Published: April 2014

IntroductionSeveral prediction scores for triaging patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding have been developed, yet these scores have never been compared to the current gold standard, which is the clinical evaluation by a gastroenterologist. The aim of this study was to assess the added value of prediction scores to gastroenterologists’ Gut Feeling in patients with a suspected upper GI bleeding.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated Gut Feeling of senior gastroenterologists and asked them to estimate: (1) the risk that a clinical intervention is needed; (2) the risk of rebleeding; and (3) the risk of mortality in patients presenting with suspected upper GI bleeding, subdivided into low, medium, or high risk. The predictive value of the gastroenterologists’ Gut Feeling was compared to the Blatchford and Rockall scores for various outcomes.ResultsWe included 974 patients, of which 667 patients (68.8%) underwent a clinical intervention. During the 30‐day follow up, 140 patients (14.4%) developed recurrent bleeding and 44 patients (4.5%) died. Gut Feeling was independently associated with all studied outcomes, except for the predicted mortality after endoscopy. Predictive power, based on the AUC of the Blatchford and Rockall prediction scores, was higher than the Gut Feeling of the gastroenterologists. However, combining both the Blatchford and Rockall scores and the Gut Feeling yielded the highest predictive power for the need of an intervention (AUC 0.88), rebleeding (AUC 0.73), and mortality (AUC 0.71 predicted before and 0.77 predicted after endoscopy, respectively).ConclusionsGut Feeling is an independent predictor for the need of a clinical intervention, rebleeding, and mortality in patients presenting with upper GI bleeding; however, the Blatchford and Rockall scores are stronger predictors for these outcomes. Combining Gut Feeling with the Blatchford and Rockall scores resulted in the most optimal prediction.