bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Management of Fracture Gradient and Mud Weight Issues to Avert Lost Circulation in a Brownfield Development Drilling Campaign: A Case Study of Well X
Authors: Ezenobi Eric , Briggs Tamunoseleipiri , Farayola Adesola , Tichelaar Bart , Ayodele Bunmi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Loss of drilling mud circulation presents one of the biggest threats to safe wells delivery, hence it is pertinent to understand fracture gradient and loss circulation mechanisms across the different lithologies in well drilling operations.
The fracture gradient is an important parameter for drilling mud weight design. If the downhole mud weight is higher than the formation fracture gradient, then the wellbore will have tensile failures (i.e, the formation will be fractured), causing loss of drilling mud or even lost circulation (total losses of the mud). Therefore, fracture gradient prediction is directly related to drilling safety.
The paper presents a case study of Well X situated in the coastal depobelt terrain of Niger Delta. The well is an oil development well targeting two (2) brown reservoirs. The top-hole section was drilled safely and subsequently cased-off. While drilling the next hole section with intervals of hard sandstone streaks, using a relatively high mud weight as predicted from a pre-drill borehole stability study, erratic torque was recorded and 18bbls/hr downhole mud losses occurred, in the Q reservoir – an intermediate water bearing reservoir. These mud losses were cured, and drilling resumed, though with persistent erratic torque and Rate of Penetration (ROP) as low as 4ft/hr. To improve the ROP, the Weight on Bit (WOB) was increased, which resulted in high Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD). Due to the high ECD, the hard sandstone streaks were fractured, total mud losses occurred (i.e., no mud returns to surface), the drill string stalled and got stuck in the freshwater-bearing Q reservoir. All effort to recover the stuck drill string and Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA), proved abortive. The drill pipe was severed, while the BHA was permanently abandoned with cement plugs and the main hole was lost. A cased hole sidetrack was initiated, and the well was thereafter successfully drilled to well Total Depth (TD).
This paper therefore details the strategy adopted by the integrated subsurface and wells team in the planning and execution of the sidetrack for Well X, as well as technical considerations and operational decisions taken to avert a loss circulation.
Driving Profitability in Oil and Gas production Operations by Leveraging on Business Process Automation Solutions: The AI Journey
Authors: Ifalade Oluwajuwon , Adeleke Opeyemi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Oil and Gas industry, traditionally non-digital native, is experiencing a significant uptick in the adoption of technology throughout its value chain. This paper unveils a compelling use case of the Microsoft Power series—Power BI, specifically—in revolutionizing reporting, streamlining approval processes, and optimizing for maximum economic outcomes.
NNPC E & P Limited (NEPL) is the upstream operating subsidiary of the national oil company, NNPC Limited. This role presents a unique challenge of managing assets across various operational models. This raises the question of finding a way around creating a central production reporting system from which insights can be drawn for data-driven decision-making. This also opens the door to the potentially leverage on predictive analytics and artificial intelligence in revenue forecasting.
The current challenge can be is summarized as lack of a standardized reporting template, long lead times in producing management reports, duplication of efforts in data entry and lack of a single source of truth.
The Microsoft Power series, encompassing Power BI, Power Apps, and Power Automate, offers a versatile and integrated solution that empowers organizations to streamline processes, enhance data visualization, and automate workflows. In this paper, we delve into the areas where Power Platform has been successfully implemented to improve operational efficiency, data-driven decision-making, and collaboration across various facets of Oil and Gas production in NEPL.
Data Entry and Processing: Microsoft’s collaborative workspace of SharePoint, Microsoft Teams and OneDrive played a pivotal role in setting up a data pipeline that streams data onto a central database in real-time.
Data Manipulation: Data entry is partially decoupled from data manipulation as the ETL (Extract, Transform and Load) protocol is used.
Data Visualization and Analytics: Power BI was used to create dynamic dashboards, enabling real-time monitoring of critical production metrics, reservoir performance, and equipment health. This was replicated across the different levels of organizational hierarchy.
Conclusion & Outlook: The implementation of this solution has successfully led to the creation of a database with single-point entries, eliminated the duplication of efforts, automated the production management reports, and laid the foundation for a digitally transformed future where AI is leveraged for maximum profit. All these has been done at no cost. The outlook is to explore the predictive capabilities using the collected data and AI algorithms.
Terminalia Catappa Leave Extract (TCLE) as Green Hydrate Inhibitor for Deep Water Operations
Authors: Akpan A. M. , Ikiensikimama S. S. , Wachikwu-Elechi Virtue Urunwo , Okon O. E. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The formation of gas hydrates poses a significant obstacle to the efficient and safe transportation of hydrocarbons in offshore pipelines. As the oil and gas industry expands into deeper and more challenging environments, the risk of gas hydrate-induced flow assurance issues escalates. Various inhibition methods have been adopted such as the low dosage inhibitors (LDIs) like the kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI), anti-agglomerants (AAs), thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) etc., but these synthetic chemicals are contributing to environmental concerns and prompting a crucial need for sustainable alternatives. This study explores the inhibitory properties of natural extracts from the Terminalia catappa leaves. The extract was got via Soxhlet extract of dry terminalia catappa leaves (TCLE) and screened in a locally fabricated laboratory mini flow loop. Assessment of effectiveness of TCLE was made using a conventional inhibitor, Monoethyleneglycol (MEG). Pressure decline in the mini flow loop rapidly indicates formation of gas hydrates and is used as a basis of assessing the inhibitory capacities of the inhibitors. Final pressure reading at the end of 120 minutes for TCLE used in concentrations of 0.01-0.03wt% are 104, 98 and 123 psi respectively while those of 1-3wt% MEG for the same time interval are 105, 99 and 120 psi. The changes in pressure values at the end of the experiment for 0.01-0.03wt% TCLE were 46, 52 and 27 psi respectively while1-3wt% MEG had change in pressure values of 45, 51 and 30 psi respectively. The results show that 0.01 and 0.02wt% TCLE competed favourably with 1-2wt% MEG having just 1 psi difference in pressure and outperformed MEG in 0.03wt% with a pressure difference of 3 psi. This is in spite of the fact that TCLE was used in smaller concentrations (0.01-0.03wt%) compared to the concentration of MEG (1-3wt%). TCLE can be harnessed and further developed as an eco-friendly and effective solution for inhibiting gas hydrate formation, mitigating the operational disruptions, safety hazards associated with the transport of hydrocarbons through offshore pipelines, and also promoting the industry’s growing commitment to greener practices.
OPEX Reduction Through De-Risked Multi-Zone Gravel Pack De-Completion/Workover - An OML 54 Case
Authors: Okoronkwo Leonard , Madubulum Kenechukwu , Aduba Anthony , Okogbule Maxson 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The cardinal objective of working over an oil or gas well is to increase the well’s production performance. It involves stimulating existing production zone(s) with impaired production due to skin or other near-wellbore damage situations, pulling an existing completion, accessing new zones behind the casing, and installing a new completion. A direct option to work over is a side-track from the existing wellbore after partial or complete removal of the previously installed completions depending on depths of behind-casing opportunities. Workover is preferred to side-track due to cost. However, to achieve the cost reduction benefit of workover, the operational steps involved must be fully de-risked. Risk, especially that seen with de-completing dual completions to fishing of single or dual gravel packs, is the primary driver behind most operators undertaking side-track over traditional workover options.
This paper shares experience from working over a dual-string multi-zone gravel pack well located in OML 54, onshore Niger Delta. The overall cost of de-completing and completing the well was compared with a side-track option, the result was 30% savings. The project team zeroed in and scrutinized operational cost drivers and concluded that de-risking each of the de-completion operational stages was key.
The candidate well was completed as a two-zone gravel pack and produced via two production strings. In de-risking the operations, the project team considered the following: Age of the existing dual completionSize of the production strings and the gravel packs.Complexity of the completionWell budget (AFE – authorization for expenditure)Expected recovery from each of the new zones.
The well was successfully de-completed and completed by adhering to an operational flowchart. The chart provided a step-by-step roadmap from retrieving the upper dual completions, the upper gravel pack screen, the lower gravel pack screens, and installing a new two-string multi-zone completion.
A Novel QI Screening Technique for Identifying Deep-Water AVO False Positive: Learnings from Well X
Authors: Chudi Obinna , Hernandez Jaume , Kumar Gautam , Chikezie Chima , Anaevune Austin , Gesbert Stephane , Osimobi Jude , Ogunlana Ayodeji , Oguntola Somime , Osayande Francesca , Akingbade Kolawole , Johnbosco Uche , Obilaja Segun , Falade Oladipo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The quest for hydrocarbon has led explorationist to investigate amplitude anomalies popularly known as direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI) from seismic data. Although DHI technology has proven to be a reliable tool in reducing exploration risk leading to many discoveries, it is not infallible and therefore can lead to disappointing outcomes of drilling into water bearing reservoirs that are classed as false positives which were characterized at predrill phase as hydrocarbon bearing sands. Hence the effectiveness of DHI's should properly be ranked particularly on the backdrop of sound geological and geophysical models. This paper presents a study from a deep-water field where an integrated QI workflow has revealed a distinction between false positives and conventional hydrocarbon bearing sands. An Exploration well - Well X was recently drilled targeting Body X sand - a channelized lobe displaying high amplitude anomaly and Class II/III AVO signature. The well turned out to be a 78ft thick brine sand with 32% porosity and 100% net-to-gross.
A post-mortem rock physics analysis of this sand and other false positives that were previously encountered in the field indicate that false positives show a distinct behavior compared to conventional oil and brine bearing sands. Two elastic properties; - LambdaRho, a fluid indicator and MuRho - a proxy for lithology, formed the basis of this analysis. From the rock physics cross plot, false positives are observed to be more rigid with higher MuRho values compared to conventional hydrocarbon and brine filled sands. LambdaRho and MuRho deterministic seismic inversion attributes were generated directly from broadband angle stacks that highlighted the high rigidity values of the false positives in line with the rock physics cross plot. This technique therefore serves as a first pass screening tool for identifying false positives that could improve our predrill prediction and future risking of potential hydrocarbon opportunities in Nigeria Deep-water operations.
Evaluation and Monitoring of CO2 Storage: Utilizing Mathematical Models to Analyze Well Log Data in Response to Incremental CO2 Saturation
Authors: Naseer Nazeer , Dawaki Adamu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Sequestration and Injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a geological formation will cause changes in rock seismic velocities. The goal of geological CO2sequestration is to store large quantities of CO2within the underground rock formation. It will be required to know with a high level of confidence that the sequestered CO2remains permanently within the formation. Seismic monitoring could play an important role and ensure safe, effective storage of CO2. This work attempts to model the response of well log data to increasing CO2 saturation, with the objectivesofperforming fluid substitution in the reservoir from brine to CO2 in incremental saturations, and generation ofregression models to relate CO2 saturation to density and sonic log changes. This is achievedthrough Gassmann fluid substitution and regression analysis using well log data from the Norwegian North Sea. Multiple linear regression was generated for both density and sonic velocity to establish a relationship between a constant C, which represents the percentage of the elastic parameter (Vp, Vs or RHO) relative to its original value, and CO2 saturation, shale volume and porosity.The general trend, as expected, is an increase in CO2saturation resulting in increased Vs and decreased Vpand density. The regression models generated from the multiple linear regression can be used to predict the change in VS as well as density (RHO) which can be used to determine the Vs and density changes resulting from changing CO2 saturation. This work serves as a precursor to saturation inversion from time-lapse seismic monitoring of CO2 stored in the subsurface.
Transformative Hydrogen: A Framework for Nuclear Integration in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Adeyeye Isaac 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP 28) emphasized nuclear energy's role in combating climate change, leading to the Ministerial Declaration on Nuclear Energy and the Net Zero Nuclear Industry Pledge. This project capitalizes on this momentum by exploring the fusion of nuclear technology with the oil and gas industry to produce clean hydrogen. By integrating nuclear energy's emission-free power generation capabilities with the existing infrastructure and expertise of the oil and gas sector, a novel approach for hydrogen production is proposed. The integration idea involves leveraging nuclear heat for steam methane reforming (SMR), reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive framework utilizing Aspen Plus for process simulation is presented to model key processes and assess technical feasibility and economic viability. The proposed system design includes a high-temperature reactor to provide heat for SMR, resulting in enhanced hydrogen production and reduced emissions. The study compares the performance of the integrated system with conventional methods, highlighting its potential for increased efficiency and sustainability. Results demonstrate improved methane conversion rates and hydrogen production, indicating the viability of the proposed approach. The project contributes to the transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable hydrogen economy by facilitating the seamless integration of nuclear and oil and gas technologies.
A Comparative Analysis of Natural Flow and Water Flooding for a Black Oil Reservoir Using CMG IMEX Simulator
Authors: Iserhienrhien O. B. , Taiwo O. A. , Ojukwu I. N. , Olafuyi O. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Maintaining oil and gas production presents a significant and ever-growing challenge within the hydrocarbon industry. As hydrocarbons are extracted from a reservoir, the natural pressure that drives their flow toward the wellbore inevitably declines. This phenomenon, known as reservoir pressure depletion, significantly hinders the effectiveness of primary recovery methods, which rely solely on this inherent pressure for production. The limitations of relying solely on natural flow for hydrocarbon recovery cannot be overstressed. The study underscores the significant benefits of implementing improved oil recovery techniques, particularly water flooding, to maximize oil and gas production from the reservoir.
This study investigated the effectiveness of improved oil recovery techniques for a black oil reservoir using CMG IMEX reservoir simulation software. A detailed digital reservoir model was constructed, incorporating fluid properties, rock characteristics, and well configurations representative of a mature oil field. The reservoir initially contained an estimated 88.8 million stock tank barrels (STB) of oil, 132 million STB of water, and 122 billion standard cubic feet (SCF) of gas. The research compared two recovery scenarios simulated over 20 years (2016-2036).
Natural depletion, relying solely on solution gas drive without aquifer support, resulted in a low ultimate recovery, reaching only 9% of the original oil in place (OOIP) and 20% of the initial gas in place (IGIP). While the presence of an aquifer slightly improved recovery, it also substantially increased water production.
Implemented with 10 producers and 2 injectors, water flooding demonstrated improved sweep efficiency. This technique recovered approximately 21% OOIP and 45% GIIP without aquifer support. Water flooding yielded even better results when combined with aquifer support, reaching 27% OOIP and over 50% GIIP.
Environmental and Economic Considerations for the Decommissioning of Oil and Gas Infrastructure in Nigeria
Authors: Ayeni M. , Iyalla I. , Mahon R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWhen offshore structures reach their end of life it becomes necessary to remove them and return the environment to its initial state. Generally, there are three options for decommissioning which are complete removal, leave in place, and partial removal. The choice of option takes into consideration, economic environmental, technical, safety, stakeholders, and regulatory factors. This work aims to critically evaluates the environmental, economic, and regulatory aspects of oil and gas facility decommissioning in Nigeria and assesses the feasibility of various strategies in minimizing environmental impact and decommissioning cost. Following best practices of the United Kingdom, a leading country that has decommissioned several offshore facilities, the study highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with the Nigeria environment. A systematic approach was employed to evaluate the strategies, utilizing both ranking systems and sensitivity analysis. The findings indicate that the choice of decommissioning strategy has multifaceted implications, necessitating a thorough evaluation process. The study also proposes establishing a "Decommissioning Fund" and offering tax incentives for decommissioning activities. Technological advancements such as modern bond logging techniques, rig less intervention equipment and innovative containment approaches is deemed crucial for cost reduction and enhancing efficiency of decommissioning process. Theoretical insights derived from this study offer a fresh perspective on decommissioning in the Oil and Gas sector, highlighting both its challenges and opportunities. Practical implications of the findings are also discussed, providing industry practitioners with actionable recommendations.
Inclusion of children and youth in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports (AR1-AR6)
Authors: Donger Elizabeth , Bhatia Amiya , Pegram Joni , Kelly Orla 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

This Analysis assesses how children and youth are included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Reports. We quantify how frequently these groups are referenced in past Assessment Reports (AR1-AR6) and conduct a thematic analysis of AR6 to unpack how climate impacts on children and youth are and are not included; references to these groups in discussions of mitigation and adaptation strategies; and the conceptual frameworks used when they are referenced. Evidence on children and youth has grown steadily in the IPCC reports, with a notable jump in AR6. In this most recent report, there is an emphasis on climate-related risks to children’s physical health and the power of youth climate activism. There is however a critical need for further funding and inclusion of research on marginalised children’s unique and intersecting vulnerabilities beyond physical health, and on the meaningful participation of both children and youth in climate measures.
The association between headphones use during study and concentration among medical students at King Khalid University: A cross-sectional study.
Authors: Alshaikh Ayoub Ali , AlAmri Ali Mohammed , Albraik Meteb Ahmad , Amer Khaled Abdulwahab N. , Alqahtani Ali Abdullah A. , Almugharrid Rayan Mohammed S. , Alzuhari Abdulmohsin Mohammed S. , Alshahrani Omair Mohammed O. , Mahmood Syed Esam 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background: This study assessed the relationship between headphone use during study sessions and concentration levels among medical students.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 359 medical students at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Demographic information, headphone usage habits, concentration levels during studying, perceived advantages and disadvantages of headphone use, and anxiety status were assessed.
Results: Among the surveyed participants, 40% (n=143) reported using headphones during study sessions. The prevalence of headphone use was higher among females (59.2%), sixth-degree students (33.1%), and individuals from higher-income families (43.7%). Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between demographic factors and headphone use. Headphone use was significantly associated with higher concentration levels during studying, particularly among those who used headphones for longer durations and reported differences in learning outcomes. Advantages of using headphones included blocking external distractions (53.5%), improving focus (47.9%), and enhanced enjoyment of studying (39.6%), while disadvantages included reduced awareness (52.8%). Higher volume levels were associated with higher concentration levels, with participants using high volume more likely to exhibit very high concentration levels (50%). Logistic regression analysis also demonstrated a significant association between family income level and concentration while studying with headphones, with students from higher-income families exhibiting higher concentration levels.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that headphone use during study sessions is associated with increased concentration levels among medical students. Understanding the factors influencing headphone usage patterns and their effects on academic performance is essential for optimizing study environments and promoting effective learning strategies in medical education.