bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of global terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics to variability in satellite‐observed burned area
Authors: Poulter Benjamin , Cadule Patricia , Cheiney Audrey , Ciais Philippe , Hodson Elke , Peylin Philippe , Plummer Stephen , Spessa Allan , Saatchi Sassan , Yue Chao , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFire plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystems by regulating biogeochemistry, biogeography, and energy budgets, yet despite the importance of fire as an integral ecosystem process, significant advances remain to improve its prognostic representation in carbon cycle models. To recommend and to help prioritize model improvements, this study investigates the sensitivity of a coupled global biogeography and biogeochemistry model, LPJ, to observed burned area measured by three independent satellite‐derived products, GFED v3.1, L3JRC, and GlobCarbon. Model variables are compared with benchmarks that include pantropical aboveground biomass, global tree cover, and CO2 and CO trace gas concentrations. Depending on prescribed burned area product, global aboveground carbon stocks varied by 300 Pg C, and woody cover ranged from 50 to 73 Mkm2. Tree cover and biomass were both reduced linearly with increasing burned area, i.e., at regional scales, a 10% reduction in tree cover per 1000 km2, and 0.04‐to‐0.40 Mg C reduction per 1000 km2. In boreal regions, satellite burned area improved simulated tree cover and biomass distributions, but in savanna regions, model‐data correlations decreased. Global net biome production was relatively insensitive to burned area, and the long‐term land carbon sink was robust, ~2.5 Pg C yr−1, suggesting that feedbacks from ecosystem respiration compensated for reductions in fuel consumption via fire. CO2 transport provided further evidence that heterotrophic respiration compensated any emission reductions in the absence of fire, with minor differences in modeled CO2 fluxes among burned area products. CO was a more sensitive indicator for evaluating fire emissions, with MODIS‐GFED burned area producing CO concentrations largely in agreement with independent observations in high latitudes. This study illustrates how ensembles of burned area data sets can be used to diagnose model structures and parameters for further improvement and also highlights the importance in considering uncertainties and variability in observed burned area data products for model applications.
Ocean Basalt Simulator version 1 (OBS1): Trace element mass balance in adiabatic melting of a pyroxenite‐bearing peridotite
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Kawabata Hiroshi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present a new numerical trace element mass balance model for adiabatic melting of a pyroxenite‐bearing peridotite for estimating mantle potential temperature, depth of melting column, and pyroxenite fraction in the source mantle for a primary ocean basalt/picrite. The Ocean Basalt Simulator version 1 (OBS1) uses a thermodynamic model of adiabatic melting of a pyroxenite‐bearing peridotite with experimentally/thermodynamically parameterized liquidus‐solidus intervals and source mineralogy. OBS1 can be used to calculate a sequence of adiabatic melting with two melting models, including (1) melting of peridotite and pyroxenite sources with simple mixing of their fractional melts (melt‐melt mixing model), and (2) pyroxenite melting, melt metasomatism in the host peridotite, and melting of the metasomatized peridotite (source‐metasomatism model). OBS1 can be used to explore (1) the fractions of peridotite and pyroxenite, (2) mantle potential temperature, (3) pressure of termination of melting, (4) degree of melting, and (5) residual mode of the sources. In order to constrain these parameters, the model calculates a mass balance for 26 incompatible trace elements in the sources and in the generated basalt/picrite. OBS1 is coded in an Excel spreadsheet and runs with VBA macros. Using OBS1, we examine the source compositions and conditions of the mid‐oceanic ridge basalts, Loihi‐Koolau basalts in the Hawaiian hot spot, and Jurassic Shatsky Rise and Mikabu oceanic plateau basalts and picrites. The OBS1 model shows the physical conditions, chemical mass balance, and amount of pyroxenite in the source peridotite, which are keys to global mantle recycling.
Survey of ULF wave signatures seen in the Tasman International Geospace Environment Radars data
Authors: Norouzi‐Sedeh L. , Waters C. L. , Menk F. W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) plasma waves propagate through the magnetosphere and ionosphere where they can alter the Doppler velocity of HF radar echoes. Data from the two Tasman International Geospace Environment Radars and the fluxgate and induction coil magnetometers located on Macquarie Island (54.5°S, 158.95°E geographic) over 2006–2009 show that ULF wave signatures are common. Using coincident radar and magnetometer data selection criteria, 194 events representing a total of 233.4 h were identified. The majority of ULF signatures seen in the radar data were detected between 06 and 12 UT (15 and 21 LT). Using the Maximum Entropy Method, the spectral content showed favored frequencies of 1.6, 2.1, 2.9, and 3.3 mHz but no obvious variation of frequency with latitude. Most of the observed frequencies were in the range 1–4 mHz. A class of Doppler velocity signatures that appeared as a zigzag shape in the radar range:time plots were identified and may be related to the expected plasmapause latitudes. Regularly spaced, favored frequencies appeared in the ground magnetometer data during the afternoon, night, and morning sectors for those days where ULF wave events were observed in the radar data.
Seismicity and structure of Akutan and Makushin Volcanoes, Alaska, using joint body and surface wave tomography
Authors: Syracuse E. M. , Maceira M. , Zhang H. , Thurber C. H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJoint inversions of seismic data recover models that simultaneously fit multiple constraints while playing upon the strengths of each data type. Here we jointly invert 14 years of local earthquake body wave arrival times from the Alaska Volcano Observatory catalog and Rayleigh wave dispersion curves based upon ambient noise measurements for local Vp, Vs, and hypocentral locations at Akutan and Makushin Volcanoes using a new joint inversion algorithm. The velocity structure and relocated seismicity of both volcanoes are significantly more complex than many other volcanoes studied using similar techniques. Seismicity is distributed among several areas beneath or beyond the flanks of both volcanoes, illuminating a variety of volcanic and tectonic features. The velocity structures of the two volcanoes are exemplified by the presence of narrow high‐Vp features in the near surface, indicating likely current or remnant pathways of magma to the surface. A single broad low‐Vp region beneath each volcano is slightly offset from each summit and centered at approximately 7 km depth, indicating a potential magma chamber, where magma is stored over longer time periods. Differing recovery capabilities of the Vp and Vs data sets indicate that the results of these types of joint inversions must be interpreted carefully.
An Engineered Old Yellow Enzyme that Enables Efficient Synthesis of (4R,6R)‐Actinol in a One‐Pot Reduction System
Authors: Horita Shoichiro , Kataoka Michihiko , Kitamura Nahoko , Nakagawa Takuya , Miyakawa Takuya , Ohtsuka Jun , Nagata Koji , Shimizu Sakayu , Tanokura Masaru 
Published: January 2015

Abstract(4R,6R)‐Actinol can be stereo‐selectively synthesized from ketoisophorone by a two‐step conversion using a mixture of two enzymes: Candida macedoniensis old yellow enzyme (CmOYE) and Corynebacterium aquaticum (6R)‐levodione reductase. However, (4S)‐phorenol, an intermediate, accumulates because of the limited substrate range of CmOYE. To address this issue, we solved crystal structures of CmOYE in the presence and absence of a substrate analogue p‐HBA, and introduced point mutations into the substrate‐recognition loop. The most effective mutant (P295G) showed two‐ and 12‐fold higher catalytic activities toward ketoisophorone and (4S)‐phorenol, respectively, than the wild‐type, and improved the yield of the two‐step conversion from 67.2 to 90.1 %. Our results demonstrate that the substrate range of an enzyme can be changed by introducing mutation(s) into a substrate‐recognition loop. This method can be applied to the development of other favorable OYEs with different substrate preferences.
Fabrication of Pyrene and Tetraphenylethylene Nanostructures by a Hydrolysis‐Assisted Co‐Assembly
Authors: Wang Tianxiang , Wang Haisheng , Xing Lingbo , Zhang Wenbo , Gao Changyou 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe poly(allylamine hydrochloride)‐g‐pyrene‐tetraphenylethylene (PAH‐g‐Py‐g‐TPE) copolymers with different ratios of Py and TPE are synthesized by grafting 1‐pyrenecarboxaldehyde (Py‐CHO) and tetraphenylethylenecarboxaldehyde (TPE‐CHO) to PAH via a Schiff base reaction in methanol. The PAH‐g‐Py‐g‐TPE forms spherical micelles in water regardless of the ratios of Py and TPE, which can transform into different nanostructures after being incubated in pH 0 and pH 2 solutions, respectively. These nanomaterials including nanoparticles (NPs), nanorods (NRs), nanotubes (NTs) and nanoribbons (NBs) are composed of Py‐CHO and TPE‐CHO with different ratios, and emit fluorescence with colors different from the pure Py NRs and NTs, and TPE NPs.
Primer Extension Reaction Assays for Incorporation of Deoxynucleotide Analogue into DNA
Authors: Wang Xilong , Chen Xun , Liu Yonghui , Zhu Jin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIncorporation of deoxynucleotide analogues into DNA is important for the expansion of DNA functions. Primer extension reactions are commonly used for the assay of such reaction events. However, current assay protocols generally rely on radiolabeling, fluorescence reporter labeling, or removal of specific deoxynucleotide triphosphate in the reaction mixture. Herein we report on the design of two novel assay protocols that utilize a dideoxynucleotide‐terminated template strand and a phosphorothiolate‐modified deoxynucleotide‐terminated template strand. We designed and synthesized a deoxyuridine triphosphate analogue (dU*TP) containing 2‐bromoisobutyryl group and demonstrated that it could be well recognized by ϕ29DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I Klenow Fragment, Bst DNA polymerase Large Fragment, and E. coli DNA polymerase I Klenow Fragment (exo(), which translated to effective incorporation of dU*TP into DNA. dU*TP was also successfully incorporated into extremely long single‐stranded DNA at high‐density using ϕ29 DNA polymerase by rolling circle amplification.
Perturbation of nutrient source–sink relationships by post‐anthesis stresses results in differential accumulation of nutrients in wheat grain
Authors: Rose Terry J. , Raymond Carolyn A. , Bloomfield Camilla , King Graham J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMineral nutrients in grains act as a source of nutrients in human diets, in which deficiencies of key minerals including calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc have prompted efforts to increase their concentrations in the edible portions of staple grain crops. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in many regions often suffer abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme heat or frost during grain filling, which affect mineral source–sink relationships. We hypothesized that these stresses would have nutrient‐specific impacts on grain nutrient concentrations due to differences among nutrients in phloem mobility, post‐anthesis uptake and grain loading patterns. Nutrient loading patterns into wheat grains were investigated in two wheat cultivars in the field by sequentially harvesting tagged ears and analyzing tissues for key nutrients. In addition, the impact of perturbed source–sink relations during grain filling on nutrient loading was investigated by inducing post‐anthesis drought /floret abortion in a glasshouse study. Over 90% of Ca and around 70% of Na, K, and Mg accumulated in both wheat cultivars in the field during the first 14 d of grain development. The concentrations of micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn), Mg and P in grains generally increased when florets were aborted, and were unchanged under drought stress, while concentrations of Ca and K were highest under drought stress and lowest under the 66% floret abortion treatment. The observed changes in grain nutrient concentrations from post‐anthesis drought/floret abortion could not be fully explained by nutrient‐specific differences in phloem mobility, post‐anthesis uptake and grain loading patterns. This study will inform future research to define the precise roles of individual nutrients within developing grains and to fully understand the observed variations in grain nutrient concentrations due to source/sink modifications.
Phosphorus buffering capacity of substrate clays and its significance for plant cultivation
Authors: Binner Inga , Dultz Stefan , Schenk Manfred K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPeat is commonly used as the main component of horticultural substrates, but it has a very low buffering capacity for the anionic macronutrient phosphorus (P), which can be increased by the addition of clays. The aim of this study was to characterize the P adsorption capacity of different substrate clays and to evaluate its significance for plant P uptake. Substrate clays were characterized with a single‐point batch experiment and adsorption and desorption isotherms. The data were fitted to the Langmuir equation for a calculation of the maximum adsorption capacity. Additionally, the contents of oxalate extractable Fe and Al (ΣFeox + Alox) were determined. The influence of a varying P adsorption capacity of the clays on the P availability to plants in the respective peat–clay substrates and pure peat was investigated in a growth experiment with Impatiens walleriana fertigated with 0, 17, and 35 mg P L−1 solution, respectively.The observed and calculated (Langmuir) P adsorption capacity of the clays could be well‐characterized by both the batch experiment and the adsorption isotherms and was highly correlated with the ΣFeox+Alox. A higher P adsorption capacity of the clay amendment in mixed substrates resulted in a lower P concentration in the substrate solution, while the CAT extractable P concentration (PCAT) was the same. Plant growth and shoot P concentrations were enhanced in the substrates, showing a higher P adsorption capacity, since plants were able to take up the whole amount of PCAT, and also part of the non‐CAT extractable P. However, the release rate was too low to ensure optimal plant growth, which was in accordance with the result of the desorption experiment. The absolute extent of P release was increased with the increasing P adsorption capacity of the clays and higher degree of P saturation (DPS).
Application of Serratia marcescensRZ‐21 significantly enhances peanut yield and remediates continuously cropped peanut soil
Authors: Ma Hai‐Yan , Yang Bo , Wang Hong‐Wei , Yang Qi‐Yin , Dai Chuan‐Chao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDContinuous cropping practices cause a severe decline in peanut yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the remediation effect of Serratia marcescens on continuously cropped peanut soil. A pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions to determine peanut agronomic indices, soil microorganism characteristics, soil enzyme activities and antagonism ability to typical pathogens at different growth stages. Four treatments were applied to red soil as follows: an active fermentation liquor of S. marcescens (RZ‐21), an equivalent sterilized fermentation liquor (M), an equivalent fermentation medium (P) and distilled water (CK).RESULTSS. marcescens significantly inhibited the two typical plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum A1 and Ralstonia solanacearum B1 and reduced their populations in rhizosphere soil. The RZ‐21 treatment significantly increased peanut yield, vine dry weight, root nodules and taproot length by 62.3, 33, 72 and 61.4% respectively, followed by the M treatment. The P treatment also increased root nodules and root length slightly. RZ‐21 also enhanced the activities of soil urease, sucrase and hydrogen peroxidase at various stages. In addition, RZ‐21 and M treatments increased the average population of soil bacteria and decreased the average population of fungi in the three critical peanut growth stages, except for M in the case of the fungal population at flowering, thus balancing the structure of the soil microorganism community.CONCLUSIONThis is the first report of S. marcescens being applied to continuously cropped peanut soil. The results suggest that S. marcescens RZ‐21 has the potential to improve the soil environment and agricultural products and thus allow the development of sustainable management practices. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymatic cell wall degradation of high‐pressure‐homogenized tomato puree and its effect on lycopene bioaccessibility
Authors: Palmero Paola , Colle Ines , Lemmens Lien , Panozzo Agnese , Nguyen Tuyen Thi My , Hendrickx Marc , Van Loey Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh‐pressure homogenization disrupts cell structures, assisting carotenoid release from the matrix and subsequent micellarization. However, lycopene bioaccessibility of tomato puree upon high‐pressure homogenization is limited by the formation of a process‐induced barrier. In this context, cell wall‐degrading enzymes were applied to hydrolyze the formed barrier and enhance lycopene bioaccessibility.RESULTSThe effectiveness of the enzymes in degrading their corresponding substrates was evaluated (consistency, amount of reducing sugars, molar mass distribution and immunolabeling). An in vitro digestion procedure was applied to evaluate the effect of the enzymatic treatments on lycopene bioaccessibility. Enzymatic treatments with pectinases and cellulase were proved to effectively degrade their corresponding cell wall polymers; however, no further significant increase in lycopene bioaccessibility was obtained.CONCLUSIONA process‐induced barrier consisting of cell wall material is not the only factor governing lycopene bioaccessibility upon high‐pressure homogenization. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An Examination of Emotional Information Management in Gift Giving and Receipt
Authors: Taute Harry A. , Sierra Jeremy J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTGift giving is prominent in marketplace exchanges and has robust emotional implications for both the giver and recipient. For example, prior to and during the selection of a gift, the giver endures positive and negative emotions, as he/she grapples with selecting the perfect gift, and ponders if the recipient will actually cherish the purchased item. During this dynamic exchange process, emotional recognition, management of emotions, emotional empathy, and anticipated elation are oft experienced by both the giver and recipient. However, research examining such emotions quantitatively in a gifting context is scant and models of these faculties in the gift‐giving milieu are nonexistent. To help fill this research fissure, four studies are developed; they, in general, investigate determinants of feelings linked with the gestation, prestation, and reformulation stages of the gift‐giving event. Specifically, Study 1 (giver's perspective) and Study 2 (receiver's perspective) reveal a mediation void in the models tested. Heeding these results, Study 3 (gift given) and Study 4 (gift received) introduce anticipated elation as a key factor between the aforementioned emotive factors and the emotional responses inherent in the gift‐giving stages, among others. Managerial implications and future research directions are offered.
Improved inherited peripheral neuropathy genetic diagnosis by whole‐exome sequencing
Authors: Drew Alexander P. , Zhu Danqing , Kidambi Aditi , Ly Carolyn , Tey Shelisa , Brewer Megan H. , Ahmad‐Annuar Azlina , Nicholson Garth A. , Kennerson Marina L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) are a group of related diseases primarily affecting the peripheral motor and sensory neurons. They include the hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN), hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN), and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT). Using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) to achieve a genetic diagnosis is particularly suited to IPNs, where over 80 genes are involved with weak genotype–phenotype correlations beyond the most common genes. We performed WES for 110 index patients with IPN where the genetic cause was undetermined after previous screening for mutations in common genes selected by phenotype and mode of inheritance. We identified 41 missense sequence variants in the known IPN genes in our cohort of 110 index patients. Nine variants (8%), identified in the genes MFN2, GJB1, BSCL2, and SETX, are previously reported mutations and considered to be pathogenic in these families. Twelve novel variants (11%) in the genes NEFL, TRPV4, KIF1B, BICD2, and SETX are implicated in the disease but require further evidence of pathogenicity. The remaining 20 variants were confirmed as polymorphisms (not causing the disease) and are detailed here to help interpret sequence variants identified in other family studies. Validation using segregation, normal controls, and bioinformatics tools was valuable as supporting evidence for sequence variants implicated in disease. In addition, we identified one SETX sequence variant (c.7640T>C), previously reported as a putative mutation, which we have confirmed as a nonpathogenic rare polymorphism. This study highlights the advantage of using WES for genetic diagnosis in highly heterogeneous diseases such as IPNs and has been particularly powerful in this cohort where genetic diagnosis could not be achieved due to phenotype and mode of inheritance not being previously obvious. However, first tier testing for common genes in clinically well‐defined cases remains important and will account for most positive results.
Quantifying the cumulative effect of low‐penetrance genetic variants on breast cancer risk
Authors: Smyth Conor , Špakulová Iva , Cotton‐Barratt Owen , Rafiq Sajjad , Tapper William , Upstill‐Goddard Rosanna , Hopper John L. , Makalic Enes , Schmidt Daniel F. , Kapuscinski Miroslav , Fliege Jörg , Collins Andrew , Brodzki Jacek , Eccles Diana M. , MacArthur Ben D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMany common diseases have a complex genetic basis in which large numbers of genetic variations combine with environmental factors to determine risk. However, quantifying such polygenic effects has been challenging. In order to address these difficulties we developed a global measure of the information content of an individual's genome relative to a reference population, which may be used to assess differences in global genome structure between cases and appropriate controls. Informally this measure, which we call relative genome information (RGI), quantifies the relative “disorder” of an individual's genome. In order to test its ability to predict disease risk we used RGI to compare single‐nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from two independent samples of women with early‐onset breast cancer with three independent sets of controls. We found that RGI was significantly elevated in both sets of breast cancer cases in comparison with all three sets of controls, with disease risk rising sharply with RGI. Furthermore, these differences are not due to associations with common variants at a small number of disease‐associated loci, but rather are due to the combined associations of thousands of markers distributed throughout the genome. Our results indicate that the information content of an individual's genome may be used to measure the risk of a complex disease, and suggest that early‐onset breast cancer has a strongly polygenic component.