bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice Information Services in the Era of Multiple SAR Satellites and Advanced Numerical Models
Authors: Carrieres T. , Langlois D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Marine ice represents one of the greatest hazards to offshore developmentand transportation. While some operations may not tolerate the presence of anyice; others may only be affected by the most significant ice features such asmultiyear, heavily deformed sea ice or ice islands. With multiple SyntheticAperture Radar (SAR) and optical satellites, including RADARSAT-1 andRADARSAT-2, Envisat, Terra SAR X, NOAA NPP, etc., it is possible to have atleast daily coverage of virtually all areas of the Arctic. Ice informationservices have not only increased the accuracy of their products, but they havealso expanded the products available to include very detailed image analysesand tracking of specific ice hazards. At the same time, significant efforts inthe fields of data assimilation and modeling have started producing numericalsea ice analysis and forecast guidance products as part of routine operations. Techniques are currently under development in the field of ensemble modeling. These developments will introduce probabilistic forecast products that willprovide both improved ice information and measures of forecast confidence. These directions will enable the offshore development and transportationindustries to expand their risk management techniques to include ice andenvironmental information services. This presentation will provide a review ofthe systems under development

Background
Current ice information services provide sufficient guidance for a widevariety of marine operations to function safely. The complexity of theinformation required varies with the experience and use of the clients. Icebulletins warn of current and short term hazardous ice conditions. Daily icecharts suit the need of many users although more frequent coverage may berequired for optimal navigation. More advanced users may requiresatellite image analyses or even raw satellite images. The latter combined withshipboard marine radar and an experienced ice pilot will allow for an efficientevaluation of current and very short range ice conditions. Information on thelimitations of individual products and their day to day variations in accuracycould certainly improve their usability. Even less information is available onhow conditions will evolve even beyond 24 hours. Products are sometimesavailable on a predefined area and resolution in a limited number of productformats. Electronic charting may help in some ways but the amount ofinformation available to clients is quite limited and expensive to prepare.
Challenges Faced by the Marine Contractors Working in Western and Southern Barents Sea
Authors: Gudmestad Ove T. , Karunakaran Daniel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Western and South Western Barents Sea is the offshore area south ofBjørnøya and east towards the newly agreed delineation boundary between Norwayand Russia while limited by the Norwegian mainland to the south.
In this area, the Snøhvit gas field is in production and the Goliat oilfield is being developed. Recently, encouraging oil finds (Skrugard and Havsul)have increased the interests in the geology and the oil and gas potential ofthe area. The older seismic (acquired more than 30 years ago) of the formerdisputed area between Russia and Norway shows potential for large hydrocarbonfinds, although there would be a possibility that the hydrocarbons might haveleaked out from the prospects.
This paper summarizes the large challenges for the marine constructioncontractors working in these areas and discusses various phenomena that affectthe marine operations at extreme cold climate conditions:Long fetch length towards the west causes long periodic waves, necessitating vessels with good motion characteristics outside the range of awide wave spectrum. Of particular importance is drilling rigs and drill shipsthat can work effectively in long periodic waves.The normal wind and wave conditions during the summer construction seasonis as for the Norwegian Sea, however, during fall and winter, the weather canbe extremely challenging. Of particular concern is the unpredictability of theweather caused by suddenly occurring polar lows, a phenomena caused by outburstof low air pressures from the ice edge to the north. The polar lows combinedwith low temperatures can cause vessel icing and loss of vessel stability forconstruction vessels with deck equipment having high centre of gravity.Furthermore, long distances and weak infrastructure lead to logisticschallenges as well as challenges related to evacuation and emergency response, in particular for activities outside the main construction season. It must alsobe noted that ice could be encountered early in the construction season, although very rarely, and that ice monitoring is important should activitiesstart as early as March and April.
The marine construction contractor will have to show patience when workingin the area. Joint efforts, improved knowledge, top standard equipment and goodunderstanding of the roles of the contractor and the oil company should, however, ensure successful project execution, also in this cold climateregion.
A New High Strength Drill Pipe Maximizing Safety and Performance in Low Temperature Environment
Authors: El Bachiri Kamal , Machecourt Philippe 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
The five Arctic regions of Russia, Alaska, Norway, Greenland and Canada holda tremendous potential for both discovered and undiscovered reserves of Oil andGas. The USGS estimates 160 BBO, and 1,670 TCF of natural gas reserves in theArctic, with most of these reserves being located offshore. The Arctic region, however, presents its own unique challenges; extreme low surface temperatures, a highly fragile environment protected by strict regulatory controls, very highcost of operations - and of failure prevention, and a narrow weather window tooperate. Combined, these challenges leave no room for complacency whileplanning an Arctic drilling campaign. The drilling tubular risks are mainlyaccentuated during transportation, storage, and surface handling in thepermafrost region. In order to drill safely and reliably in such harsh surfaceconditions, ordinary drillstring solution is neither considered safe norreliable due to the adverse and unpredictable effect of extereme lowtemperatures on mechanical properties of steel. VAM Drilling has successfullydeveloped and deployed proprietary Arctic steel grades that deliver a greatcombination of strength and ductilitly at temperatures as low as −60°C(−76°F).
A Sub-Grid Structure Enhanced Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Multiscale Diffusion and Convection-Diffusion Problems
Authors: Chung Eric T. , Leung Wing Tat 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we present an efficient computational methodology for diffusion and convection-diffusion problems in highly heterogeneous media as well as convection-dominated diffusion problem. It is well known that the numerical computation for these problems requires a significant amount of computer memory and time. Nevertheless, the solutions to these problems typically contain a coarse component, which is usually the quantity of interest and can be represented with a small number of degrees of freedom. There are many methods that aim at the computation of the coarse component without resolving the full details of the solution. Our proposed method falls into the framework of interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method, which is proved to be an effective and accurate class of methods for numerical solutions of partial differential equations. A distinctive feature of our method is that the solution space contains two components, namely a coarse space that gives a polynomial approximation to the coarse component in the traditional way and a multiscale space which contains sub-grid structures of the solution and is essential to the computation of the coarse component. In addition, stability of the method is proved. The numerical results indicate that the method can accurately capture the coarse behavior of the solution for problems in highly heterogeneous media as well as boundary and internal layers for convection-dominated problems.
Long-Term Results of Intertrochanteric Varus Osteotomy for the Dysplastic Hip
Authors: Nishiyama Takayuki , Saegusa Yasuhiro , Fujishiro Takaaki , Hayashi Shinya , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Hashimoto Shingo , Kurosaka Masahiro 
Published: December 2012

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well established treatment for arthrosis of the hip, however many problems remain which have not yet been resolved, including component loosening and infection. Therefore, surgeons hesitate to perform THA in younger patients showing early signs of the disease. Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy was developed for osteoarthrosis with coxa valga. This procedure has been commonly used in patients with dysplastic hips. However, femoral head coverage is not sufficiently improved by this procedure. In order to overcome the disadvantages of this procedure, since 1972 we performed intertrochanteric varus osteotomy simultaneously combined with acetabuloplasty for the treatment of osteoarthrosis secondary to dysplasia. Between 1969 and 1994, we performed 104 intertrochanteric varus osteotomies for prearthrosis and early stage arthrosis of the hip due to acetabular dysplasia in 84 patients. In this study, we reviewed these patients clinically and radiographically, over 15 years. The intertrochanteric varus osteotomy alone was employed in 38 hips (varus group). Combined intertrochanteric varus osteotomy and acetabuloplasty was employed in 63 hips (combined group). The average Harris hip score at the latest follow-up in the combined group significantly higher than that in the ‘varus’ group. Postoperative centre-edge angle and age at operation were correlated with the Harris hip score at the most recent follow-up. The results of the present study indicate that this combined intertrochanteric varus osteotomy and acetabuloplasty for dysplastic hip should be considered in young patients when the disease is at an early stage.
Development of Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) Network Implants for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering
Authors: Blanquer Sébastien B.G. , Sharifi Shahriar , Grijpma Dirk W. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose Intervertebral disk degeneration is the main cause of chronic back pain. Disk degeneration often leads to tearing of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and extrusion of the nucleus pulposus (NP), which compresses the nerves. Current treatment involves removing the herniated NP and suturing the damaged AF tissue. This surgical approach has several drawbacks. In this study, we designed a biodegradable AF closure system comprising a tissue engineering scaffold, a supporting membrane and an adhesive material, to not only restore the function of the herniated disc but also to promote tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods Porous scaffolds with precisely defined architectures were built by stereolithography using resins based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) macromers functionalized with methacrylate endgroups. In addition, a porous photo-cross-linked PTMC membrane was developed that can be used to keep the scaffold in place in the AF tissue. Results After synthesis and characterization, the components of the implant are glued together and to the AF tissue using a diisocyanate glue based on polyethylene glycol–PTMC triblock copolymers. The adhesion strengths of the materials to each other and to AF tissue were determined in lap-shear tests. Conclusions This study showed that a device for AF tissue engineering can be prepared from PTMC-based scaffolds, membranes and glues.
Report of a Transient Increase in Tunneled Catheter Infections following Dialysis Facility Transfer to a Prefabricated Structure
Authors: De Mauri Andreana , Chiarinotti Doriana , De Leo Martino 
Published: December 2012

Purpose Despite the efforts to promote the native artero-venous fistula as dialysis access, the use of tunneled central venous catheters (tCVC) is increasing. Main complications remain infections of the access, and the environment plays an important role in determining them; however, no studies are available that report dialysis provided in prefabricated temporary buildings. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of tCVC infections in a container building. Methods Since May 2009 our Dialysis Center has been located in a container building. The occurrence of local and systemic infections of tCVC when dialysis was provided in the container was compared with the previous two years, when dialysis was provided at the “Home” center. Each year was also divided into semesters to maintain the temporary relationship between the new location and the infections. Results tCVCs represented approximately 13% of all vascular accesses. In the first six months in the temporary building, 50% of patients presented infections, compared to 13% to 20% during the other periods (P=0.02). In the first six months in the container the incidence of infections was 1.44 per 1000 catheters-days, higher than in any other semester (P=0.02). More infections requiring systemic antibacterial agents occurred over this period. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that, when a dialysis center is moved to a prefabricated temporary building, the likelihood of tCVC infections increases within the initial months and returns back to the previous levels after a period of adaptation.
Going beyond metaphtonymy: Metaphoric and metonymic complexes in phrasal verb interpretation
Authors: Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Francisco José , Galera-Masegosa Alicia 
Published: December 2012

Author/s
Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza IbáñezAlicia Galera-MasegosaUniversity of La Rioja, Spain

ABSTRACT
A metaphor can combine with another metaphor, or a metonymy with another metonymy, into a single meaning unit, thus giving rise to either a metaphorical or a metonymic amalgam. The combination of a metaphor and a metonymy, as discussed in Goossens (1990) and Ruiz de Mendoza and Díez (2002), gives rise to so-called “metaphtonymy”. Amalgams and metaphtonymy are cases of conceptual complexes. Several such complexes have been identified in previous studies (e.g. Ruiz de Mendoza and Díez 2002, Ruiz de Mendoza and Mairal 2011). Here we revisit such studies and postulate the existence of metaphoric chains as an additional case of metaphoric complex in connection to the semantic analysis of phrasal verbs. Metaphoric chains, unlike amalgams (Ruiz de Mendoza and Mairal 2011), do not involve integrating the conceptual structure of the combined metaphors. Instead, metaphoric chains involve a mapping sequence in which the target domain of a first metaphoric mapping constitutes the source domain of a subsequent metaphor.
Towards an integrated model of metaphorical linguistic expressions in English
Authors: Strugielska Ariadna 
Published: December 2012

Author/s
Ariadna StrugielskaNicolaus Copernicus University, Poland

ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is threefold. Firstly, in line with the current tendencies in cognitive linguistics, which direct research toward convergence, integration and a uniform theoretical perspective, recent developments in research pertaining to metaphorical linguistic expressions (MLEs) are discussed against explorations into the semantics of verb-particle constructions (VPCs) in order to demonstrate that these methodologies converge on both the type of questions asked and the kind of solutions proposed. Thus, the second aim of the present exposition is to propose an exemplar-based model of analysis which could be applied to the meaning profiles of both MLEs and VPCs. Finally, in view of the fact that previous approaches to metaphorical language have rather consistently downplayed the role of grammatical categories in meaning disambiguation, the article seeks to establish the function of VPCs in the meaning profiles of MLEs.
Terminology Management Systems for the development of (specialised) dictionaries: a focus on WordSmith Tools and Termstar XV
Authors: Edo Marzá Nuria 
Published: December 2012

Reviewed by Nuria Edo MarzáUniversitat Jaume I, Spain

This review aims to focus on the analysis of the technical possibilities offered by two of the main Terminology Management Systems (TMSs) – the corpus-query program WordSmith Tools (currently in its 6.0 version) and the multilingual terminological database TermStar XV. Subsequently, they will be compared with other similar systems that are currently available, as well as in terms of their potential for the development of (specialised) dictionaries.
Perspectives éthiques sur la signification de l’expression
Authors: Saint-Arnaud Jocelyne 
Published: December 2012

Que signifie mourir dans la dignité ? Cet article aborde la question par des considérations de l’ordre d’une anthropologie philosophique. De ce point de vue, la «bonne mort» est celle qui est rapide et sans douleur. Ce que les gens craignent, c’est une mort prolongée, souffrante et vécue dans la dépendance. Selon les partisans de l’institutionnalisation des pratiques euthanasiques, mourir dans la dignité signifie pouvoir avoir accès à l’aide au suicide et à l’euthanasie en fin de vie ou en cas de maladies chroniques dégénératives ; leur argument majeur repose sur le respect de l’autonomie de la personne. La moralité de cette option est examinée à la lumière de quatre théories ou approches pertinentes en éthique de la santé. Ce sont le déontologisme, le situationnisme, l’utilitarisme et l’approche bioéthique.
Sept interdits musulmans concernant des rites de deuil et autres rites entourant la mort
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Jacques 
Published: December 2012

Dans cet article, l’auteur examine sept interdits musulmans à propos des rites autour de la mort : déchirer (l’encolure de) ses vêtements, se frapper, se raser la tête, se mettre de la poussière sur la tête, se lamenter, retarder l’enterrement et rester debout lorsque passe un convoi funèbre. Par le biais d’une analyse comparée, l’auteur dégage ensuite quelques dissimilitudes et similitudes significatives entre les règles provenant des hadiths de l’islam sunnite et celles du judaïsme rabbinique.
Euthanasie et intégrité
Authors: Delfosse Marie-Luce 
Published: December 2012

En 2002, la Belgique a adopté trois lois relatives respectivement à l’euthanasie, aux soins palliatifs et aux droits du patient. Ces lois étendent le champ de l’autonomie décisionnelle du patient. Cependant, s’agissant de l’euthanasie, ne convient-il pas de discerner, au-delà de l’autonomie, un enjeu éthique plus fondamental : l’intégrité morale non seulement du patient mais aussi du médecin ? Tel est le fil conducteur de la réflexion menée ici. Celle-ci s’appuie principalement sur les analyses de l’identité et de l’éthique de Paul Ricoeur dans Soi-même comme un autre, et sur l’approche de la relation médecin-patient d’Henri Ey dans Naissance de la médecine. Ces références conjuguées permettent de proposer des repères éthiques en lien avec l’intégrité morale aux médecins confrontés à une demande d’euthanasie.
The future of adult education in the military
Authors: Zacharakis Jeffrey , Van Der Werff Jay A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractProfessional military education is drawing on the principles and learning theories of adult education. With a desire to educate service members for higher‐order thinking, the focus trends toward improving critical‐thinking skills and creating an organizational learning environment. Enhancing the relationship among adult educators and the military offers an opportunity to achieve a learning organization sooner while developing the intellectual capital of service members.
The Clicker Technique: Cultivating Efficient Teaching and Successful Learning
Authors: Anderson Lindsay S. , Healy Alice F. , Kole James A. , Bourne Lyle E. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryTheclickertechnique is a newly developed system that uses frequent testing in the classroom to enhance students' understanding and provide feedback to students and teachers. Using a laboratory model of the clicker technique, Experiment 1 explored the effects of the clicker technique, via its potential for compressing learning time and its partially individualized instruction, on the acquisition, retention, and generalization of knowledge at immediate and delayed tests. Results supported the clicker technique as a viable method for instructors to promote generalizable learning and to conserve teaching time. Experiment 2 examined the clicker technique in terms of its components, studying and testing, to determine which components are crucial to its effectiveness. Results indicated that the combination of studying and testing promotes superior performance only during acquisition, relative to either studying or testing alone, and neither study, test, nor the combination of study and test led to a retention advantage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dinoflagellate cysts in ballast sediments: differences between Canada's east coast, west coast and the Great Lakes
Authors: Casas‐Monroy Oscar , Roy Suzanne , Rochon André 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

The abundances and diversity of dinoflagellate cysts (including non‐indigenous or harmful species) in ballast sediments were examined for the east and west coasts and the Great Lakes, to assess the potential invasion risk for these organisms and to determine similarity across regions.
In total, 147 ships were sampled, distributed among three categories: (1) transoceanic, with mandatory ballast water exchange (BWE); (2) coastal with BWE; and (3) coastal without BWE. Factors that could account for variability in results were examined including ship routes, BWE, ballast water age and sediment volume in ballast tanks.
The pattern of potential invasion risk differs according to the region examined. The east coast had greater concentrations of viable cysts per tank, particularly for coastal ships (with a maximum close to 2 × 106 cysts per tank in coastal exchanged ships compared with 1 × 105 for the west coast). When considering viable cysts g‐1 dry sediment, maximum concentrations were found in unexchanged coastal ships from the east coast (28 cysts g‐1 compared with 5 for the west coast), but these ships contained less sediment, decreasing the overall abundance of cysts per tank. These results are in the lower range of values reported for Scotland or Australia, which reached a maximum of 2.3 × 104 cysts cm−3 of sediment.
Ballast water exchange had a different influence according to the region: on the east coast, the invasion risk was reduced by BWE while it had no significant effect in the other two regions. Ballast water age and sediment volume were also different among regions, but they were not clearly related with cyst concentrations in ballast tanks.
Future management of ballast sediment should take into consideration these regional differences in order to reduce the introduction of dinoflagellate NIS that threaten the conservation of coastal habitats through reduction of native diversity.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.