bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retour sur les Printemps arabes
Authors: Bayart Jean-François 
Published: November 2014

L’analogie établie entre le « Printemps arabe » et celui des Peuples européens, en 1848, n’est pas sans utilité heuristique. Plus problématiques sont la caractérisation de ces mobilisations en termes d’arabité ou d’islam, et leur périodisation de courte durée qui a prévalu, au risque de les dissocier de mouvements sociaux et politiques antérieurs dans les pays concernés ou dans d’autres sociétés considérées comme musulmanes. Le « Printemps arabe » se décline en plusieurs scénarios de réponse conservatrice à la mobilisation populaire dont les partis islamiques ont pu être le vecteur, de restauration autoritaire, de modernisation conservatrice, ou de guerre civile. Dans cette diversité, il doit être replacé à la lumière d’enjeux qui le transcendent : ceux de la reproduction ou de la remise en cause des « situations autoritaires » dans lesquelles il s’est inscrit, de leur économie politique, de la formation asymétrique de l’État sur les décombres des empires ottoman et coloniaux, du dédoublement des structures de pouvoir, du rapport ambivalent qu’entretenaient les anciens régimes avec les sociétés et notamment les masses populaires.
« Opération Somme » : La French Connection et le coup d'État de Seyni Kountché au Niger en avril 1974
Authors: van Walraven Klaas , Judell Alice 
Published: November 2014

Cet article revient sur le rôle de la France dans les changements de régime en Afrique à partir d’un cas particulier, le putsch de Seyni Kountché au Niger (1974), qui conduit à la chute du président Hamani Diori. La France fut suspectée d’être impliquée dans ce putsch parce qu’elle avait eu des désaccords avec Diori. L’article analyse cet évènement en s’appuyant sur les archives de Jacques Foccart, jamais consultées à ce jour. Il montre que non seulement la France n’a pas été impliquée dans le putsch, mais qu’elle fut prise au dépourvu par le coup de Kountché. La France mit même sur pied, dans les jours qui suivirent le putsch, une opération aéroportée destinée à sauver Diori. Baptisée « Plan Somme », cette opération fut annulée, face au fait accompli à Niamey, et du fait de la situation d’interrègne à Paris après le décès du président Pompidou, intervenu quelques jours avant le putsch. L’événement est replacé dans le contexte des liens changeants entre la France et le Niger, dans celui des réactions des Nigériens face au changement de régime, et plus largement dans les vicissitudes de la politique africaine de la France.
Du “People's Rule” en Californie
Authors: Miller Kenneth , Heidorn Nicolas 
Published: November 2014

Résumé La Californie est en tête en Amérique par son enthousiasme pour la démocratie directe. Au cours du siècle dernier, les Californiens ont adopté 105 projets soumis au référendum d’initiative populaire. Mais tandis que le processus législatif classique est lent, ouvert et consensuel, le référendum d’initiative populaire est l’aboutissement d’une rédaction à huis-clos, par de petits groupes peu équipés pour la tâche. Il n’est pas non plus certain qu’il exprime l’opinion d’une majorité de Californiens, particulièrement avec les Latinos qui sont sous-représentés dans l’électorat, ni que la démocratie directe ait réussi à contenir l’influence des intérêts catégoriels. Souvent contourné par les institutions représentatives de Sacramento auquel il cherche à imposer le « people’s rule », au total le référendum d’initiative populaire offre des résultats contrastés.
La Californie est-elle « post-ethnique » ?
Authors: Hollinger David , Vergniolle de Chantal François 
Published: November 2014

Résumé Dans cet entretien, David Hollinger, historien et auteur de Postethnic America , fait part de son analyse sur l’évolution des questions ethniques en Californie et, plus largement, aux États-Unis. Il dénonce tout particulièrement le processus « d’essentialisation » des catégories raciales et ses effets pervers.
Israël comme enjeu de « guerres culturelles » aux États-Unis ?
Authors: Coppolani Antoine 
Published: November 2014

Résumé Des voix de plus en plus fortes s’élèvent aux États-Unis pour appeler à une révision des principes fondamentaux régissant, depuis des décennies, la relation stratégique bilatérale entre les États-Unis et Israël. Ce phénomène marque-t-il l’apparition d’une nouvelle « guerre culturelle » et quelles en sont les implications en termes de conduite de la politique étrangère des États-Unis ?
Les turpitudes d'un mariage sans amour : une analyse historique et prospective de la relation pakistano-américaine
Authors: Schu Adrien 
Published: November 2014

Les États-Unis et le Pakistan traversent actuellement une période de tensions. Ce n’est pas la première : depuis 1947, les relations entre les deux États n’ont cessé de fluctuer. À deux reprises déjà, les États-Unis ont rompu avec le Pakistan, jusqu’à lui imposer des sanctions drastiques, avant de revenir vers lui pour en faire un allié stratégique. Ces changements, souvent disproportionnés, s’expliquent par la persistance de Washington à subordonner sa relation avec le Pakistan à la poursuite d’objectifs propres définis à court terme. Les États-Unis n’ont jamais eu l’intention d’établir une véritable alliance avec le Pakistan, mais ils ont souhaité pouvoir l’instrumentaliser quand leurs intérêts de sécurité le nécessitaient. Ces rapprochements occasionnels, forcés par les événements, tels l’invasion soviétique de l’Afghanistan ou les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, n’ont existé que parce que Washington avait alors besoin de la collaboration d’Islamabad, contre les Soviétiques, puis contre Al-Qaïda. Toutefois, même alliés, les deux États ont toujours conservé des intérêts fondamentalement divergents si ce n’est antagonistes. Les Américains ont constamment ignoré ces divergences, pensant pouvoir acheter l’obéissance d’Islamabad grâce à des milliards de dollars d’aide. L’échec de cette stratégie est aujourd’hui flagrant.
Impact potentiel de l'introduction d'un impôt alternatif minimum sur les entreprises en Belgique
Authors: Daxbek Vincent , Estache Antonio 
Published: November 2014

En Belgique, le taux de taxation effectif sur le revenu des entreprises était en 2011 de 15,7 % pour un taux statutaire maximal de 33,99 % et une recette fiscale de moins de 3 % du PIB (la moyenne européenne). La différence de taux donne une idée quantitative de la source du sous-rendement de l’impôt dont il est discuté de manière récurrente dans les débats politiques. Pour augmenter sa recette de 1 % du PIB tout en simplifiant le système, une option est l’introduction d’un impôt alternatif minimum. Nos estimations suggèrent qu’il serait nécessaire d’appliquer un taux de 24,3 % pour cet impôt s’il était levé sur une base de revenu plus large, mais administrativement plus simple. Un impôt minimum sur l’actif, plutôt que sur le revenu, est aussi étudié, car probablement plus facile à mettre en œuvre à court terme. Avec un taux variant entre 0,58 % et 1,14 % en fonction de la base spécifique choisie, pour un même niveau de recette additionnelle, il imposerait plus de distorsions et pénaliserait plus les grandes et très grandes entreprises qui représentent 60 % de la recette de cette base fiscale, 50 % de l’emploi pour seulement 4 % du nombre total de firmes.
The Process of Installing REDCap, a Web Based Database Supporting Biomedical Research
Authors: Mare I. , Hazelhurst S. , Kramer B. , Klipin M. 
Published: November 2014

Summary
Background: Clinical and research data are essential for patient care, research and healthcare system planning. REDCapTM is a web-based tool for research data curatorship developed at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, USA. The Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa identified the need for a cost effective data management instrument. REDCap was installed as per the user agreement with Vanderbilt University in August 2012.
Objectives: In order to assist other institutions that may lack the in-house Information Technology capacity, this paper describes the installation and support of REDCap and incorporates an analysis of user uptake over the first year of use.
Methods: We reviewed the staffing requirements, costs of installation, process of installation and necessary infrastructure and end-user requests following the introduction of REDCap at Wits. The University Legal Office and Human Research Ethics Committee were consulted regarding the REDCap end-user agreement. Bi-monthly user meetings resulted in a training workshop in August 2013. We compared our REDCap software user numbers and records before and after the first training workshop.
Results: Human resources were recruited from existing staff. Installation costs were limited to servers and security certificates. The total costs to provide a functional REDCap platform was less than $9000. Eighty-one (81) users were registered in the first year. After the first training workshop the user numbers increased by 59 in one month and the total number of active users to 140 by the end of August 2013. Custom software applications for REDCap were created by collaboration between clinicians and software developers.
Conclusion: REDCap was installed and maintained at limited cost. A small number of people with defined skills can support multiple REDCap users in two to four hours a week. End user training increased in the number of users, number of projects created and the number of projects moved to production.
Citation: Klipin M, Mare I, Hazelhurst S, Kramer B. The process of installing REDCap, a web based database supporting biomedical research – the first year. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 916–929http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-06-CR-0054
Reliability of the six-minute walk test after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Unver Bayram , Kahraman Turhan , Kalkan Serpil , Yuksel Ertuğrul , Karatosun Vasfi 
Published: November 2014

Background Walking ability is a crucial component of lower extremity function. Assessment of walking after total hip arthroplasty (THA) provides important information about the healing process. Walking endurance, an important functional component of walking, can be reliably measured with the 6-minute walk test (6 mWT). Even though the 6 mWT is commonly used in patients with THA, its reliability has never been reported for this patient population. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of the test-retest 6 mWT after THA. Methods Thirty-four patients with THA performed two test trials on the same day, separated by a one hour seated rest. To assess reliability, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1 ), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest real difference (SRD) were calculated. Results The 6 mWT showed a high reliability. The patients walked 3.71 metres more at the end of the second 6 mWT in comparison with the first test. The ICC2,1 (AS95 ), SEM (m), SEM95 (m) and SRD95 (m) were 0.96 (0.92), 3.67, 7.19, and 10.17 m respectively. Conclusions Reliability of the 6 mWT was high in patients with THA. The 6 mWT is a simple and sensitive method to measure the functional performance in patients with THA in the clinical setting. Moreover, clinicians and researchers can use the 6 mWT to quantify even small changes in functional performance after THA.
The Predictive Value of Radiostereometric Analysis for Stem Survival in Total Hip Arthroplasty. A Systematic Review
Authors: de Vries Lieke M.A. , van der Weegen Walter , Pilot Peter , Stolarczyk Piotr A. , Sijbesma Thea , Hoffman Erik L. 
Published: November 2014

Background The high precision of radiostereometric analysis (RSA) has enabled us to predict long-term implant survival with a small sample of patients followed for a relatively short period of time. The purpose of our systematic review was to validate the predictive value of two-year RSA results on long-term survival of different types of primary total hip arthroplasty stems. Methods We systematically reviewed literature to determine the maximum total point motion (MTPM), distal migration and rotation of stem designs and correlated these values to survival rates for aseptic loosening of these specific stems in arthroplasty registries. Results We included 32 studies describing migration of 15 different stem designs. The mean MTPM for straight polished cemented stems was 1.35 mm, for other cemented stems 0.83 mm and for other uncemented stems 1.50 mm. No data were available for the uncemented collared stem. Mean distal migration for straight polished cemented stems was 1.24 mm, for other cemented stems 0.26 mm, the uncemented collared stem 0.40 mm and for other uncemented stems 0.66 mm. Internal rotation was presented for 13 stems and all stems rotated into retroversion. All stems showed 10-year survival rates of >97% corrected for aseptic loosening. Discussion Reporting RSA results in a universal way including interpretation of outliers could improve the predictive value of RSA, allowing this technique to be an important tool during the phased introduction of new implant designs. However, a quality assessment of the data by an experienced reviewer is essential.
The vulnerable myocardium
Authors: Bode C. , Bugger H. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects suffering from diabetes mellitus. While coronary artery disease is the leading cause of cardiac complications in diabetics, it is widely recognized that diabetes increases the risk for the development of heart failure independently of coronary heart disease and hypertension. This increased susceptibility of the diabetic heart to develop structural and functional impairment is termed diabetic cardiomyopathy. The number of different mechanisms proposed to contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy is steadily increasing and underlines the complexity of this cardiac entity.In this review the mechanisms that account for the increased myocardial vulnerability in diabetic cardiomyopathy are discussed.
Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 16.5°N
Authors: Smith Deborah K. , Schouten Hans , Dick Henry J. B. , Cann Johnson R. , Salters Vincent , Marschall Horst R. , Ji Fuwu , Yoerger Dana , Sanfilippo Alessio , Parnell‐Turner Ross , Palmiotto Camilla , Zheleznov Alexei , Bai Hailong , Junkin Will , Urann Ben , Dick Spencer , Sulanowska Margaret , Lemmond Peter , Curry Scott 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5°N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high‐resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock‐dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along ∼50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back‐tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High‐resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low‐angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2–3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low‐angle (6°) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust >2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two‐sided detachment faulting.
Effects of turbulence on mixed‐phase deep convective clouds under different basic‐state winds and aerosol concentrations
Authors: Lee Hyunho , Baik Jong‐Jin , Han Ji‐Young 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effects of turbulence‐induced collision enhancement (TICE) on mixed‐phase deep convective clouds are numerically investigated using a 2‐D cloud model with bin microphysics for uniform and sheared basic‐state wind profiles and different aerosol concentrations. Graupel particles account for the most of the cloud mass in all simulation cases. In the uniform basic‐state wind cases, graupel particles with moderate sizes account for some of the total graupel mass in the cases with TICE, whereas graupel particles with large sizes account for almost all the total graupel mass in the cases without TICE. This is because the growth of ice crystals into small graupel particles is enhanced due to TICE. The changes in the size distributions of graupel particles due to TICE result in a decrease in the mass‐averaged mean terminal velocity of graupel particles. Therefore, the downward flux of graupel mass, and thus the melting of graupel particles, is reduced due to TICE, leading to a decrease in the amount of surface precipitation. Moreover, under the low aerosol concentration, TICE increases the sublimation of ice particles, consequently playing a partial role in reducing the amount of surface precipitation. The effects of TICE are less pronounced in the sheared basic‐state wind cases than in the uniform basic‐state wind cases because the number of ice crystals is much smaller in the sheared basic‐state wind cases than in the uniform basic‐state wind cases. Thus, the size distributions of graupel particles in the cases with and without TICE show little difference.
Climate coupling between temperature, humidity, precipitation, and cloud cover over the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Betts Alan K. , Desjardins Raymond , Worth Devon , Beckage Brian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis analysis uses over 50 years of hourly observations of temperature, relative humidity, and opaque cloud cover and daily precipitation from 11 climate stations across the Canadian Prairies to analyze the monthly, seasonal, and long‐term climate coupling in the warm season. On climate time scales, temperature depends on cloud forcing, while relative humidity depends on precipitation. The monthly climate depends on both opaque cloud cover for the current month and precipitation for both the present and past 2 months in summer. Multiple linear regression shows that anomalies of opaque cloud and precipitation explain 60–80% of the variance in the diurnal temperature range, afternoon relative humidity, and lifting condensation level on monthly time scales. We analyze the internal coupling of diurnal climate observables as a further guide to evaluating models. We couple the statistics to simplified energy and water budgets for the Prairies in the growing season. The opaque cloud observations have been calibrated against the incoming shortwave and longwave fluxes. We estimate that the drydown of total water storage on the landscape damps 56% of precipitation anomalies for the growing season on large spatial scales, although this drydown increases evapotranspiration. This couples the climatological surface fluxes to four key observables: cloud forcing, precipitation, temperature, and humidity. We estimate a climatological evaporative fraction of 0.61 for the Prairies. The observational relationships of the coupled Prairie climate system across time scale will be useful for evaluating these coupled processes in models for weather and seasonal forecasting and climate simulation.
Metal‐Free Regioselective β‐Alkylation of Pyrroles with Carbonyl Compounds and Hydrosilanes: Use of a Brønsted Acid as a Catalyst
Authors: Nomiyama Shota , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA Brønsted acid, trifluoromethanesulfonimide [HN(SO2CF3)2], was found to catalyze reductive β‐alkylation of pyrroles with carbonyl compounds and hydrosilanes. This metal‐free process features lower catalyst loadings compared to the original indium variant and exclusive generation of β‐alkylpyrroles.magnified image
Efficient Catalysis of the Aerobic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation over a Bifunctional Catalyst Based on Cobalt Tetraphenylporphyrin Intercalated into Zn2Al Hydrotalcite
Authors: Zhou Weiyou , Tian Peng , Sun Fu'an , He Mingyang , Chen Zaixin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOn the basis of the mechanism of Baeyer–Villiger (B‐V) oxidation, a bifunctional catalyst based on tetra(4‐sulfonato‐phenyl)porphinato‐cobalt(II) anion (CoTSPP) intercalated into Zn2Al hydrotalcite (Zn2Al‐LDH; LDH=layered double hydroxide) was designed and prepared. XRD, FTIR, DR UV/vis, TG/DTA, and SEM characterization indicate that CoTSPP molecular has been successfully intercalated into the layers of Zn2Al‐LDH. The catalytic activity of the synthesized hybrid in the B‐V oxidation for various ketones is excellent. Control experiments indicated that the catalyst has a bifunctional role in the reactions. The protocol opens up new perspectives in the rational design of efficient catalytic systems.
Fabrication by photoinitiated polymerization and characterization of millimeter‐size poly(divinyl benzene) hollow foam shells
Authors: Yang Yi , Luo Xuan , Li Zefu , Wang Jia , Wei Zhijun , Wang Xiaojun , Zhang Lin 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, millimeter‐size compound droplets were prepared easily by a one‐step microfluidic method. We varied the diameter and wall thickness of the shells over a wide range by setting the flow rate. Poly(divinyl benzene) (PDVB) shells with a 3–4.8 mm diameter were fabricated through photopolymerization and supercritical drying. The gel point of photopolymerization was monitored by a rotational rheometer. Moreover, the influence of the oil‐soluble photoinitiator phenyl bis(2,4,6‐trimethyl benzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO) on the properties of the foam shell were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption measurements. Significant differences in the mechanical properties and porous features were obtained for different BAPO concentrations. The surface areas of the foam shells decreased, and the densities of the foam shells increased with increasing BAPO concentration. In addition, the nonconcentricity and out‐of‐roundness values were mainly less than 7 and 3%, respectively, for most of the shells. The results indicate that the PDVB hollow foam shells are a promising inertial fusion energy target. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41625.
Thermal property, morphology, and hydrolysis ability of poly(lactic acid)/chitosan nanocomposites using polyethylene oxide
Authors: Chinh Nguyen Thuy , Trang Nguyen Thi Thu , Thanh Dinh Thi Mai , Hang To Thi Xuan , Giang Nguyen Vu , Quan Pham Minh , Dung Nguyen Tien , Hoang Thai 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) and chitosan (CS) are two natural resource polymers, which have been applied widely into different fields. Polymer composites based on PLA and CS have some advantages such as good adhesion, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high stability. They can be prepared by different methods including the solution, emulsion, and electrospinning methods. In this work, the PLA/chitosan nanocomposites were prepared by solution method using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a compatibilizer in order to improve interaction and dispersion between PLA and CS phases. The characterization and morphology of the above nanocomposites were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermograviety analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Hydrolysis ability of PLA/CS nanocomposites with and without PEO was also investigated in acid and phosphate buffer solutions. The obtained results showed the compatibility between PLA and CS phases in the PLA/CS nanocomposites using PEO was improved clearly and weight loss of PLA/CS/PEO nanocomposites in the above environments lower than that of PLA/CS nanocomposites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41690.