bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La lutte contre la pauvreté et le changement social progressif au Brésil : Enseignements destinés aux autres
Authors: Kiggundu Moses N. 
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans le présent article, nous examinons l’expérience du Brésil en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et de changement social progressif et expliquons les enseignements possibles pour les économies émergentes aux enjeux similaires. Nous nous appuyons sur les transferts d’argent assortis de conditions (CCT – conditional cash transfer ) liés au programme Bolsa Familia et sur les programmes de bénéfice de prestation continue (BPC), et examinons d’importants aspects de la direction, de la gestion et de la coordination des programmes. Après une brève analyse de la pauvreté, nous présentons un cadre synthétisant les principaux facteurs de réussite pour une mise en œuvre efficace et durable des programmes. Le Brésil ne propose pas un « modèle » à copier par les autres pays ; juste des enseignements tirés de son expérience. Nous terminerons donc notre article par une analyse des principaux défis actuels et suggérerons des domaines de recherche future, axés sur des études comparatives portant sur plusieurs pays. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Des progrès ont été réalisés dans la lutte contre la pauvreté mondiale, notamment dans les pays connaissant une croissance économique soutenue, comme le Brésil. Malgré ces efforts remarquables, des problèmes persistent, notamment pour les pays qui se concentrent uniquement sur la croissance macroéconomique, mais pas sur l’équité ou le développement inclusif. La croissance, en l’absence d’équité, n’éradique pas la pauvreté. Les pays émergents sont dès lors encouragés à adopter des stratégies multiformes : élaborer des politiques publiques innovantes, réformer les institutions à des fins de gestion macroéconomique, nouer le dialogue avec les communautés cibles et les associer au processus, démocratisation, changement social progressif inscrit dans la loi et dans la Constitution. Nous présentons dans cet article des enseignements pratiques tirés de l’expérience du Brésil, que les praticiens d’autres économies émergentes pourront adapter à leur situation propre dans le cadre d’une mise en œuvre efficace et durable de la lutte contre la pauvreté et du changement social progressif. Nous proposons par ailleurs un cadre global afin de mieux comprendre le contexte institutionnel, le leadership, la gestion, la coordination intergouvernementale et intersectorielle et la participation du secteur privé. Pour terminer, nous épinglons certains des principaux enjeux en cours au Brésil et proposons des domaines de recherche comparative appliquée.
Analyse de la corrélation entre grande corruption perçue et petite corruption dans les pays en développement : étude de cas sur l'Iran
Authors: Mashali Behzad 
Published: January 2013

Résumé La corruption se propage souvent par ignorance et faute de connaissances suffisantes sur le sujet, et parce que l’on ne sait pas comment la corriger et la limiter. D’autre part, la corruption dans les systèmes juridiques, politiques, bureaucratiques et autres facilite la propagation du phénomène. Dans le présent article, nous tentons de répondre essentiellement à la question suivante : existe-t-il un lien entre la grande corruption perçue et la petite corruption ? En Iran aussi, ces deux types de corruption font eux aussi l’objet de débats depuis peu. Comme en Iran, la corruption est devenue un problème majeur dans beaucoup de pays en développement. En ce qui concerne la relation évoquée plus haut, tandis que la littérature théorique fait des prévisions ambiguës, les empiristes se sont peu intéressés à la question. Dans cet article, nous tentons d’examiner cette question de manière systématique et laissons entendre que la grande corruption perçue est fortement associée à la petite corruption. Cette observation vaut aussi même lorsque la grande corruption est le résultat du système juridique d’un pays. En somme, nous observons une relation positive entre grande corruption perçue et petite corruption .
High-Dose Norepinephrine Treatment: Determinants of Mortality and Futility in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Döpp-Zemel Donna , Groeneveld AB Johan 
Published: January 2013

Background
Critically ill patients with circulatory shock sometimes need rescue treatment with high doses of norepinephrine, a treatment that may be associated with a poor outcome because of excessive vasoconstriction.

Objective
To evaluate the outcome of treatment and its determinants in patients with circulatory shock who received high doses of norepinephrine in the intensive care unit and to identify indicators of futility for the treatment.

Methods
A retrospective study was done on 113 consecutive patients with circulatory shock who received 0.9 μg/kg per minute or greater of norepinephrine during at least 1 hour at any time in the intensive care unit. Data were extracted from the electronic patient data management system according to a predefined checklist.

Results
A total of 39 patients survived for 28 days after admission to the intensive care unit. The variables independently associated with 28-day mortality in multivariable models included low urine flow, high lactate levels, high organ failure score, high prothrombin time, and need for epinephrine cotreatment. The reason, dose, and duration of norepinephrine administration did not have prognostic significance. Scores greater than 40 on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, bicarbonate levels less than 9.0 mEq/L, or receipt of an epinephrine dose of 0.25 μg/kg per minute or greater were associated with 100% mortality.

Conclusions
Although the cause of shock and treatment with norepinephrine were not predictive of death when high doses of the drug were deemed necessary, rescue treatment with high-dose norepinephrine is futile in patients with severe disease and metabolic acidemia.
Depression Screening: Utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: McGuire Anthony W. , Eastwood Jo-Ann , Macabasco-O'Connell Aurelia , Hays Ron D. , Doering Lynn V. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundDepression screening in cardiac patients has been recommended by the American Heart Association, but the best approach remains unclear.ObjectivesTo evaluate nurse-administered versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome.MethodsStaff nurses in an urban cardiac care unit administered versions 2, 9, and 10 of the questionnaire to 100 patients with acute coronary syndrome. The Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton was administered by advanced practice nurses blinded to the results of the Patient Health Questionnaire. With the results of the Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton as a criterion, receiver operating characteristic analyses were done for each version of the Patient Health Questionnaire. The Delong method was used for pairwise comparisons. Cutoff scores balancing false-negatives and false-positives were determined by using the Youden Index.ResultsEach version of the questionnaire had excellent area-under- the-curve statistics: 91.2%, 92.6%, and 93.4% for versions 2, 9, and 10, respectively. Differences among the 3 versions were not significant. Each version yielded higher symptom scores in depressed patients than in nondepressed patients: version 2 scores, 3.4 vs 0.6, P = .001; version 9 scores, 13 vs 3.4, P &lt; .001; and version 10 scores, 14.5 vs 3.6, P &lt; .001.ConclusionsFor depression screening in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome, the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 is as accurate as longer versions when administered by nurses. Further study is needed to determine if screening with this tool changes clinical decision making or improves outcomes in these patients.
Remission of HCV-associated Glomerulonephritis with Pegylated IFN and Ribavirin Therapy after Liver Transplantation: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Donato Maria Francesca , Fabrizi Fabrizio , Fogazzi Giovanni Battista , Cresseri Donata , Passerini Patrizia , Martin Paul , Messa Piergiorgio 
Published: January 2013

Background Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with a variety of extrahepatic disorders such as membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, which is generally due to cryoglobulinemia. Setting We describe the case of one liver transplant recipient who received antiviral therapy (subcutaneous administration of peg-IFN-alpha-2a 180 mcg weekly and oral ribavirin 200 mg thrice a day) for HCV-related membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis. He presented normal kidney function, non-nephrotic proteinuria (2 g/24 h) and mild hematuria. Results Urinary abnormalities disappeared within a few weeks after the initiation of antiviral therapy; however, combination antiviral therapy was not able to obtain viral clearance. After 11 months, IFN-therapy was interrupted and the patient continued low-dose ribavirin monotherapy (200 mg once per day) for one additional year- remission of proteinuria (<0.3 g/24 h) and hematuria persisted with intact kidney function. Although other mechanisms cannot be excluded, we suggest that ribavirin therapy was critically implicated in the remission of urinary abnormalities in our patient. The existing literature on the association between HCV-associated glomerulonephritis and therapy with ribavirin is reviewed. Conclusions Antiviral therapy may be effective in patients with HCV-induced glomerulonephritis. Further evidence is needed to evaluate efficacy and safety of ribavirin monotherapy for HCV-related glomerulonephritis.
An Alternative Method to Create Highly Transparent Hollow Models for Flow Visualization
Authors: Stoiber Martin , Schlöglhofer Thomas , Aigner Philipp , Grasl Christian , Schima Heinrich 
Published: January 2013

Aim Transparent hollow models are needed to visualize and quantify flow in various applications. To obtain the final transparent model, an intermediate molding of the fluid space with an easily removable material is required. Currently used materials to produce this intermediate molding have limitations: toxicity, cost, and a tendency to penetrate the final model, thereby degrading its transparency. In this work an alternative method is presented using chocolate as the fluid-space molding material. Methods Starting from a three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) geometry, a fluid space model of a human aorta was produced out of chocolate. The replica was coated and cast in a block of highly transparent silicone (Sylgard184; Dow-Corning, Midland, MI, USA). After the silicone was cured, the chocolate was removed using hot water. The geometric accuracy of the fluid-space mold and the transparency of the final model were investigated. Results The mean divergence of the chocolate fluid-space mold from the original geometry was 5.7%. The silicone casting had no defects and perfect transparency for particle tracking. Fluid boundaries were invisible when tested with a fluid whose refractive index matched silicone. Conclusions The process we describe is a cheap and effective way to create transparent models that have excellent optical quality.
A Significant Proportion of Patients Treated with Citrate Containing Dialysate Need Additional Anticoagulation
Authors: Stegmayr Bernd G. , Jonsson Per , Mahmood Dana 
Published: January 2013

Background The blood membrane interaction induced during hemodialysis (HD) activates the coagulation system. To prevent clotting and to maintain dialyzer patency, an anticoagulant such as tinzaparin is used. To increase patency of the dialyzers and to reduce the risk of bleeding related to anticoagulation, citrate-containing dialysate has been introduced in Europe. Purpose The aim of this randomized, cross-over study was to investigate if citrate-containing dialysate was safe and efficient enough as the sole anticoagulation agent in chronic HD patients. Material and Methods In this clinical setting, 23 patients on chronic hemodialysis were randomized in a cross-over design using anticoagulation either by LMWH-tinzaparin or citrate (Cit) as dialysate (22 completed the study). The study included paired analyses of subjective patency, ionized calcium (iCa), urea reduction rate. During Cit-HD, the iCa was significantly more reduced with prolonged time. The lowest iCa measured was 0.96 mmol/l. The median iCa after 210 min of HD was 1.02 for Cit-Hd and 1.16 for standard tinzaparin-HD (p = 0.001). Patency of dialyzers was estimated as clear in 14%, stripes of clotted fibers in 36%, and a red filter in 32% of HD session. The addition of approximately 40% of the patients’ usual dose of tinzaparin was given to 7 of the patients as a bolus. Four Cit-HD sessions had to be interrupted prematurely due to clotting. Conclusion A significant proportion of patients treated with citrate-containing dialysate need additional anticoagulation.
Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells Interaction and Proliferation on PCL/PLLA Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold
Authors: Shakhssalim Nasser , Rasouli Javad , Moghadasali Reza , Aghdas Farzaneh Sharifi , Naji Mohammad , Soleimani Masoud 
Published: January 2013

Purpose Numerous synthetic materials have been used for the bladder reconstruction; of which, nano-structured scaffolds are used as relevant implant to the bladder tissue-engineering. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Poly ∊-caprolactone/poly-L-lactide acid (PCL/PLLA) nanofibrous scaffold, in supporting the maintenance and attachment of the human bladder smooth muscle cells (BdSMCs). Methods In this study, BdSMCs were isolated by enzymatic digestion method. Then, cells were seeded on PCL/PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds. Thereafter, cell attachment and expansion were analyzed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E), immunohistochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed that the nanostructured scaffold supported and maintained normal cell viability without inducing cytotoxic events. Results H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, and SEM showed that BdSMCs were attached and expanded on PCL/PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds after 14 days. Cell viability of BdSMCs on PCL/PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds increased during 14 days. Conclusion Our results showed that the novel porous nanofibrous electrospun scaffold is a biocompatible structure for attachment and adhesion of BdSMCs. However, there is not enough information on the stimulating effect of this nanofiber on the cells. Therefore, further in-vivo studies seem required to confirm such a nanofiber to be used in the bladder tissue-engineering.
Nepotism in the Arab World: An Institutional Theory Perspective
Authors: Sidani Yusuf M. , Thornberry Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT:We examine the practice of nepotism in the Arab World and analyze how a rational-legal model of bureaucracy was never able to take hold. We draw upon ideas from institutional theory and related notions of legitimacy to provide an explanation of nepotism’s extraordinary persistence. Then we use arguments to speculate how the appearance of institutional entrepreneurs who are advocates for a new hybrid form of nepotism might begin to colonize a social space created by larger political and economic changes that are sweeping the Arab World. Those entrepreneurs must persuade other members of an extended family that the current practice of nepotism is typically destructive of a firm’s competitive performance. In addition, they will argue that nepotism as currently practiced violates teachings of Islam. This second argument is likely to be particularly effective with an audience that sees Islam as a source of universal notions of justice and fairness.
Global Justice and International Business
Authors: Arnold Denis G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT:Little theoretical attention has been paid to the question of what obligations corporations and other business enterprises have to the four billion people living at the base of the global economic pyramid. This article makes several theoretical contributions to this topic. First, it is argued that corporations are properly understood as agents of global justice. Second, the legitimacy of global governance institutions and the legitimacy of corporations and other business enterprises are distinguished. Third, it is argued that a deliberative democracy model of corporate legitimacy defended by theorists of political CSR is unsatisfactory. Fourth, it is argued that a Rawlsian theoretical framework fails to provide a satisfactory account of the obligations of corporations regarding global justice. Finally, an ethical conception of CSR grounded in an appropriately modest set of duties tied to corporate relationships is then defended. This position is cosmopolitan in scope and grounded in overlapping arguments for human rights.
Early Diagnosis and Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Krupkin Whitney Donna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This article provides guidelines for identifying and treating relapsing-remitting MS in the primary care setting and reviews recent additions to treatment options for disease management. Approaches for patient counseling and recommendations by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society are also discussed. (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(3): 8–14)
Left Behind
Authors: Marvin Carolyn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the work of the media “structuralists” of the so‐called Canadian or Toronto school of media studies: Harold Adams Innis, Marshall McLuhan, and Walter J. Ong, especially. Their work is placed within its historical context, both in terms of scholarly ancestry and in terms of its reception in North American universities and especially in schools of journalism. A critical assessment of the work of these scholars as media history is offered, recognizing its shortcomings as historical narrative but also its appeal as a way of understanding the influence of media forms.
Race/Ethnicity in Media History
Authors: Squires Catherine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMedia historians and scholars who utilize historical comparison in their work have drawn upon critical race theory to guide their interrogations of the past, and have structured important, complex renderings of media histories that debunk simple timeline and “great individual” approaches to historical inquiry. Attending to race/ethnicity in historical inquiry enriches scholarship, regardless of whether the subject is explicitly recognized as part of a marginalized racial/ethnic group or its cultural expressions. Unpacking the large and subtle ways race/ethnicity have shaped our media systems, production, and reception serves to both complicate and complete our view of the past.This chapter maps studies of race/ethnicity and media history in four sections: (1) “Rediscovering Roots” illustrates how scholars have unearthed and preserved contributions of people of color overlooked by prior historians; (2) “Documenting Discrimination” reviews work that excavates histories of structural barriers, stereotype production, and other institutional exclusions in media history; (3) “Multiculturalisms and National Identit(ies)” explores scholarship that has acknowledged that our current era is not the first “multicultural” one to emerge; (4) “Public Memory, Race and Media” looks at the ways in which media scholars have turned to the role of media's influence in public commemoration of historical events and figures, and how media figure into the representation of what our history and national identity mean in the face of different interpretations of and additions to dominant historical events.
Sound Histories
Authors: Rothenbuhler Eric W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe interdisciplinary study of sound and sound technologies received a burst of new attention in the 1990s, much of it historical inquiry. Given the ubiquity of sound in human experience and the centrality of audio to modern media, this promised an intriguing horizontal slice across fields and disciplines of study. The literature has evolved, though, toward a set of relatively distinct areas of study, including film sound, recording and music history, radio history, and telephone studies. Among these, studies of the social shaping of sound technologies into communication media, institutional practices, and industries continue in the interdisciplinary vein. This issue of social shaping is crucial for communication scholars and media historians in particular, who need an analytic vocabulary for distinguishing and examining the relations among the potentials of technologies and their actual uses and outcomes as media of communication. The issue of fidelity is central to professional and public discourses of audio, and has become a point of critique for scholars. Understood as the accuracy or truth of a reproduction compared to its original, fidelity would appear to be impossible in the current practices of sound media industries. It is proposed here that its enduring utility can be explained by seeing reproduction as a problem of communication rather than engineering or logic.
The Comings and Goings of Key Scenarios
Authors: Pype Katrien 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOn the basis of ethnographic fieldwork with Kinshasa's evangelizing television actors, this chapter describes the shifting production and circulation of religious media in terms of key scenarios for understanding quotidian life in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). It examines how and when local TV serials changed from producing a nationalist narrative toward Pentecostal interpretations of life, death, and the occult. This is related, first, to the generally increased popularity of Pentecostal churches all over sub‐Saharan Africa and, second, to the South–South migration of sub‐Saharan Africans. Pentecostal leaders occupy prominent positions in the production and circulation of local media. Pastors and other spiritual leaders become patrons, sponsors, and religious protectors for theater groups that produce television. The mobility of religion and of peoples has led to the spread of Nollywood films and to changing media aesthetics in Kinshasa's media world.
Why Has News Production in the United States Remained Stable at a Time of Great Change?
Authors: Ryfe David Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter canvases the literature in the sociology of news production for explanations as to why, in the face of great change around them, American newspapers have failed to innovate. It finds three sorts of explanations in this literature: journalists are anchored to habits; they have deep investments in traditional practices and values; and they routinely re‐enact long‐standing definitions of what journalism is and of what it is for. Each explanation is elucidated through examples taken from the author's recent ethnographic work in several newsrooms.
Hollywood Elsewhere
Authors: Tinic Serra 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn an era of rapid media globalization, transnational production practices have been transformed to the extent that Hollywood, both as a metaphorical state of mind and as a literal mode of cultural production. This chapter examines the cultural and economic debates surrounding the runaway productions through a case study of Vancouver, British Columbia – a city that has been dubbed “Hollywood North” and is now considered the model upon which other international cities attempt to build their own service industries to attract and accommodate US television and film productions. Drawing upon my previous fieldwork within the Vancouver television production community (Tinic, 2005), I argue for a reconsideration of the ways in which we study media production to better address the local, regional, and global reconfigurations of space and culture that accompany the economic dimensions of the international locations industries.