bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Flower Coloration in Wild Lisianthius nigrescens: Its Chemistry and Ecological Consequences
Authors: Markham Kenneth R. , Bloor Stephen J. , Nicholson Rob , Rivera Raul , Shemluck Melvin , Kevan Peter G. , Michener Charles 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The major pigments responsible for the flower color within the black flowered Gentianaceae, Lisianthius nigrescens, were characterized by HPLC and chemical analyses. HPLC analysis showed one major and one minor anthocyanin and 3 major and 3 minor flavone glycosides. The anthocyanins [delphinidin-3-O-rhamnol(1-6)galactoside and its 5-O-glucoside] comprised an extraordinary 24% of the dry weight of wild collected L. nigrescens corallas, and were accompanied in a 1:1 ratio by a range of apigenin and luteolin 8-C-glucosides and their 7-O-methyl ethers. The high levels of anthocyanins and flavones (and their copigmentation) is thought to account for the almost complete absorption of both UV and visible wavebands observed by reflectance photography.
The Influence of Naringin on the Oxidative State of Rats with Streptozotocin- Induced Acute Hyperglycaemia
Authors: Mamdouh M. Ali , Monira A. Abd El Kader 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The effect of various doses (0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg body weight) of naringin (a citrus flavonone) was studied on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycaemic rats to evaluate the possible hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of naringin in diabetes. In comparison to the normoglycaemic group the treatment of rats with a single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg body weight) only revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 230%, increased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as index of the lipid peroxidation level by 69%, while total antioxidant activity was decreased by 36%, with a consistent significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the activity of erythrocytes antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and paraoxonase (PON). Exogenous administration of individual gradual doses of naringin to hyperglycaemic rats causes a dose-dependent decrease of the glucose level, an increase of the insulin concentration, a decrease of the H2O2 and TBARS levels, as well as the increase of the total antioxidant status with an increase of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx, and PON). From this study, it may be concluded that all doses of naringin provided a significant amelioration of hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats, however, the greatest effect of naringin was observed at 80 mg/kg body weight.
Metabolites from Microsphaeropsis olivacea, an Endophytic Fungus of Pilgerodendron uviferum
Authors: Hormazabal Emilio , Astudillo Luis , Schmeda-Hirschmann Guillermo , Rodríguez Jaime , Theoduloz Cristina 
Published: February 2015

Seven compounds belonging to different structural skeletons were isolated from Microsphaeropsis olivacea grown in liquid and solid media. The enalin derivative 7-hydroxy-2,4- dimethyl-3(2H)-benzofuranone is reported for the first time, while additional spectroscopic information is provided for the acetates of botrallin and ulocladol.
The activity of the isolated compounds was assessed towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and their cytotoxicity against human lung fibroblasts. Graphislactone A and botrallin presented a moderate activity towards AChE, with IC50 of 8.1 and 6.1 μg/ml (27 and 19 μᴍ, respectively). Under the same experimental conditions, the IC50 of the standard inhibitor galanthamine was 3 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity of both compounds was > 1000 and 330 μᴍ, respectively. None of the compounds was promising as antibacterial or antifungic against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.
Botrallin and graphislactone A were detected in the liquid potato-dextrose and yeast extract/ malt extract/dextrose as well as on a solid substrate (rice). Butyrolactone I was obtained from the fungus growing on solid medium.
The Effect of Electric Field on Callus Induction with Rape Hypocotyls
Authors: Filek Maria , Hołda Magdalena , Macháčková Ivana , Krekule Jan 
Published: February 2015

The influence of electric field treatment on dedifferentiation and calli formation on rape hypocotyls was investigated. Segments, 10 mm long, of the upper part of rape (Brassica napus L., cv. GórczaΔski) hypocotyls were stimulated by different combinations of voltage/time (1.5 V/120 h, 3 V/3 h, 10 V/15 min and 30 V/30 s) under in vitro conditions. With all electric field treatments, segments oriented with their apical part towards the cathode produced more calli as compared to control (non-treated with electric field). Under opposite orientation slight inhibition of callus growth was observed. As the strongest effect on callus growth was observed after treatment with 30 V/30 s, this electric field treatment was selected for following analyses: the incorporation of [14C]-2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and [14C]- BAP (benzylaminopurine) from the culture medium, changes in ACC (1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid) level and the redox activity in apical and bottom parts of hypocotyls during 18 d of culture.
In contrast to changes in fresh weight, electric field treatment (30 V/30 s) stimulated a higher accumulation of 2,4-D and BAP in basal parts of hypocotyls than in apical ones. Moreover, orienting the apical part towards the cathode resulted in lower uptake of hormones as compared with the opposite orientation. The ACC concentration increased, especially in the basal parts of hypocotyls, independently on electric field application. However, the highest level was observed after electric field treatment with orientation of the apical part towards the anode. The distribution of oxidative substances (measured as the amount of ferric ions) between the apical and bottom part of hypocotyls was not changed when the apical parts were oriented towards the cathode. Under these conditions a decrease in apical and an increase in basal parts was observed during culture. Opposite orientation influenced the redistribution of oxidative substances from the first day of electric field treatment. Based on these results we suggest that electric field action can be connected with its influence on specific concentration of oxidative substances and hormone distribution in cells.
Identification of Metalliferous Ecotypes of Cistus ladanifer L. using RAPD Markers
Authors: Quintela-Sabarís Celestino , Kidd Petra S. , Fraga María Isabel 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The genetic diversity of Cistus ladanifer ssp. ladanifer (Cistaceae) growing on ultramafic and non-ultramafic (basic and schists) soils in the NE of Portugal was studied in order to identify molecular markers that could distinguish the metal-tolerant ecotypes of this species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used in order to estimate genetic variation and differences between populations. The RAPD dataset was analysed by means of a cluster analysis and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Our results indicate a significant partitioning of molecular variance between ultramafic and non-ultramafic populations of Cistus ladanifer, although the highest percentage of this variance was found at the intra-population level. Mantel’s test showed no relationship between inter-population genetic and geographic distances. A series of RAPD bands that could be related to heavy metal tolerance were observed. The identification of such markers will enable the use of Cistus ladanifer in phytoremediation procedures.
Isolation of Mercury-binding Peptides in Vegetative Parts of Chromolaena odorata
Authors: Velasco-Alinsug Malona P. , Rivero Gilda C. , Quibuyen Titos Anacleto O. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Mercury-binding peptides from roots, stems, and leaves of Hg-treated Chromolaena odorata plants were isolated and partially characterized using RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Upon exposure of C. odorata plants to high concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 μᴍ Hg(NO3)2 treatments from 0-28 days, they accumulated as much as 125 mg/g (dry wt) Hg in the roots, 15.280 mg/g (dry wt) Hg in the stems, and 0.800 mg/g (dry wt) Hg in the leaves indicating that C. odorata has a high potential as a phytoremediation agent of inorganic mercury. The plant’s ability to accumulate and sequester Hg ions was primarily attributed to the production of Hgbinding peptides, which were initially detected through the use of Ellman’s reagent. Isolation techniques using RP-HPLC equipped with a C18 column manifested a single prominent peak consistently appearing at a retention time of 2.6-2.8 min in all the plant samples treated with different Hg concentrations at varying lengths of exposure. Further characterization of this prominent peak using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a peptide containing several cysteine residues with the highest peak concentration recorded at 91 mV and 89 mV in roots and stems of plants treated with 2.0 μᴍ Hg(NO3)2 for 4 wk (P < 0.05) and 85 mV in leaves treated with 1.0 μᴍ Hg(NO3)2 for 1 wk.
Leaching of Microelement Contaminants: a Long-term Field Study
Authors: Németh Tamás , Kádár Imre 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A field experiment with microelement loads was set up on loamy textured, calcareous chernozem soil formed on loess. The ploughed layer contained ca. 5% CaCO3 and 3% humus. The soil was well supplied with Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu, moderately supplied with N and K, and weakly supplied with P and Zn. The water table is at the depth of 15 m, the water balance of the area is negative, and the site is drought sensitive. Salts of the 13 examined microelements were applied at 4 doses in the spring of 1991. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design, in a total of 104 plots with two replications. Loading rates were 0, 90, 270 and 810 kg/ha per element in the form of AlCl3, NaAsO2, BaCl2, CdSO4, K2CrO4, CuSO4, HgCl2, (NH4)6Mo7O24, NiSO4, Pb(NO3)2, Na2SeO3, SrSO4, ZnSO4. Soil profiles of the control and the 810 kg/ha treated plots were sampled in the 3rd, 6th and 10th year of the trial. The mixed samples, consisting of 5 cores/plot were taken in 30 cm steps to 60 cm (year 1993), 90 cm (year 1996), and 290 cm (year 2000). Ammonium acetate + EDTA-soluble element content was determined. The main conclusions of the study are:
1. In soils contaminated with 810 kg/ha load rates As, Hg, Ni, Cu, Pb, Ba and Sr displayed no significant vertical movement. There is little uptake and translocation in plants of these elements: their concentration in the above-ground plant parts usually remains below 5D 10 mg/kg dry mass with the exception of Ba and Sr showing a somewhat higher accumulation. Under our conditions the above elements did not behave as dangerous contaminants to the soil, groundwater, or plants.
2. Moderate leaching of Zn and Cd was detected when applied at higher doses. Their accumulation was also moderate in the above-ground plants parts. Zn is not a dangerous pollutant for soil, plants or groundwater at our site. Cd, however, is a very dangerous element because of its high toxicity to mammals, soil life and crops.
3. Cr, Se, and Mo (in the form of chromate, selenate and molybdenate anions) exhibited great mobility in the soil and partly in the soil-plant system. Cr was hardly detectable in the above-ground parts of plants. Still, its rapid leaching can jeopardize groundwater quality. Se was strongly accumulated in all plant organs and was highly toxic for all crops. Mo, too, showed 2D3 orders of magnitude greater accumulation in plant parts, resulting in products unfit for animal or human consumption. Under our experimental conditions Cr(VI), Se, Mo can be classified as dangerous contaminants, since the anion forms remained stabile for a long time in this well-aerated calcareous environment.
Nocturnal Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrogen Dioxide by C3 and CAM Plants
Authors: Takahashi Misa , Konaka Daisuke , Sakamoto Atsushi , Morikawa Hiromichi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In order to investigate nocturnal uptake and assimilation of NO2 by C3 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, they were fumigated with 4 μl I-115N-Iabeled nitrogen diox­ide (NO2) for 8 h. The amound of NO2 and assimilation of NO2by plants were determined by mass spectrometry and Kjeldahl-nitrogen based mass spectrometry, respectively. C3 plants such as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and ground cherry (Phy- salis alkekengi) showed a high uptake and assimilation during daytime as high as 1100 to 2700 ng N mg-1 dry weight. While tobacco and ground cherry strongly reduced uptake and assimilation of NO2 during nighttime, kenaf kept high nocturnal uptake and assimilation of NO2 as high as about 1500 ng N mg-1 dry weight. Stomatal conductance measurements indicated that there were no significant differences to account for the differences in the uptake of NO2 by tobacco and kenaf during nighttime. CAM plants such as Sedum sp., Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (kalanchoe) and Aloe arborescens exhibited nocturnal uptake and assimilation of NO2. However, the values of uptake and assimilation of NO2 both during daytime and nighttime was very low (at most about 500 ng N mg-1 dry weight) as compared with those of above mentioned C3 plants. The present findings indicate that kenaf is an efficient phytoremediator of NO2 both during daytime and nighttime.
Detoxification of Herbicides in Phragmites australis
Authors: Schröder Peter , Maier Heiko , Debus Reinhard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Unintentional loss of herbicides into drainage ditches, shores or other waterbodies may cause large problems in farmland. Therefore strategies for the phytoremediation of agrochemicals and especially herbicides have become a topic of great interest in many agricultural areas. However, in order to establish effective biological pollution control, information on the detoxification capacity of riparian plants and aquatic macrophytes (e.g., Phragmites australis) is important to build up effective buffer stripes. We determined the detoxification capacity of Phragmites australis roots and leaves for the conjugation of agrochemicals to glutathione by assaying the model substrate CDNB as well as the herbicides fenoxaprop-P, propachlor, pethoxamid and terbuthylazine. Specific GST activities were always higher in the rhizomes (6.78 d 0.88 μkat/mg protein for CDNB) than in leaves (1.08 d 0.21 μkat/mg protein). The detoxification capacity is distributed across an array of GST isoforms. In summary, Phragmites australis seems to be efficient in herbicide detoxification and a good candidate for phytoremediation of effluents from agricultural sites.
Rhizosphere-induced Selenium Precipitation for Possible Applications in Phytoremediation of Se Polluted Effluents
Authors: Vallini Giovanni , Gregorio Simona Di , Lampis Silvia 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Two bacterial isolates were obtained in axenic culture from the rhizosphere soil of Astragalus bisulcatus, a legume able to hyperaccumulate selenium. Both strains resulted of particular interest for their high resistance to the toxic oxyanion SeO3
2- (selenite, SeIV). On the basis of molecular and biochemical analyses, these two isolates were attributed to the species Bacillus mycoides and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, respectively. Their capability in axenic culture to precipitate the soluble, bioavailable and highly toxic selenium form selenite to insoluble and relatively non-toxic Se0 (elemental selenium) was evaluated in defined medium added with 0.2 or 0.5 mm SeIV. Both strains showed to completely reduce 0.2 mᴍ selenite in 120 h, while 0.5 mm SeIV was reduced up to 67% of the initial concentration by B. mycoides and to about 50% by S. maltophilia in 48 h. Together in a dual consortium, B. mycoides and S. maltophilia increased the kinetics of selenite reduction, thus improving the efficiency of the process. A model system for selenium rhizofiltration based on plant-rhizobacteria interactions has been proposed.
Vegetation Pattern and Heavy Metal Accumulation at a Mine Tailing at Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary
Authors: Tamás János , Kovács Elza 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Vegetation at an abandoned heavy metal bearing mine tailing may have multifunctional roles such as modification of water balance, erosion control and landscape rehabilitation. Research on the vegetation of mine tailings can provide useful information on tolerance, accumulation and translocation properties of species potentially applicable at moderately contaminated sites. Analyses of the relationship between heavy metal content (Pb, Zn and Cu) and vegetation in a mine tailing were carried out. These analyses included: (1) spatial analysis of relationship among heavy metal distribution, pH and vegetation patterns, and (2) analysis of heavy metal accumulation and translocation in some plant species. Presence of vegetation was found to be significantly dependent on pH value, which confirms that phytotoxicity is a function of element concentration in solution, which is primarily controlled by pH value in mine tailings. Among the most abundant plant species, dewberry (Rubus caesius), vipersbugloss (Echium vulgare), scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) and narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata) accumulate significant amounts of Pb, Cu and Zn, while in the case of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) only Pb can be measured in elevated contents. Considering the translocation features, scarlet pimpernel, narrowleaf plantain, and dewberry accumulate heavy metals primarily in their roots, while heavy metal concentration in vipersbugloss and annual bluegrass is higher in the shoots.
Exudate Flavonoids in Some Gnaphalieae and Inuleae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Wollenweber Eckhard , Christ Matthias , Dunstan R. Hugh , Roitman James N. , Stevens Jan F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Three members of the tribe Gnaphalieae and six members of the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae) were analyzed for their exudate flavonoids. Whereas some species exhibit rather trivial flavonoids, others produce rare compounds. Spectral data of rare flavonoids are reported and their structural identification is discussed. 6-Oxygenation of flavonols is a common feature of two Inula species and Pulicaria sicula. By contrast, flavonoids with 8-oxygenation, but lacking 6-oxygenation, are common in two out of three Gnaphalieae species examined. In addition, B-ring deoxyflavonoids are abundantly present in the leaf exudates of Helichrysum italicum (Gnaphalieae). These distinctive features of the two Asteraceae tribes are in agreement with previous flavonoid surveys of these and related taxa.
Biflavones from Chamaecyparis obtusa
Authors: Krauze-Baranowska Mirosława , Pobłocka Loretta , El Helab Atef Ahmed 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
From the leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa several biflavones were isolated and identified, namely: sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, podocarpusflavone B, 7,7″-O-dimethylamentoflavone, bilobetin, podocarpusflavone A, and 7-O-methylamentoflavone. The presence of amentoflavone and hinokiflavone was also confirmed. The composition of biflavones in other Chamaecyparis species D Ch. lawsoniana, Ch. thyoides D and cultivar varieties D Ch. pisifera “Squarrosa”, Ch. pisifera “Boulevard” D was compared using the HPLC method. It was stated, that podocarpusflavone A and 7-O-methylamentoflavone in addition to amentoflavone and hinokiflavone may be classified as chemotaxonomic markers of the genus Chamaecyparis
Antimicrobial Activity and Main Chemical Composition of Two Smoke Condensates from Peganum harmala Seeds
Authors: Shahverdi Ahmad R. , Monsef-Esfahani Hamid R. , Nickavar Bahman , Bitarafan Lila , Khodaee Samira , Khoshakhlagh Narges 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The smoke of Peganum harmala seeds is traditionally used in Iran as a disinfectant agent. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds. Furthermore the composition of smoke preparations was studied using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis. The most prevalent compound detected in a dichloromethane extract was harmine. Standard harmine as well as the dichloromethane extract showed antimicrobial activity against all test strains. Harmine was not detected in an n-hexane extract and we did not observe antimicrobial activity from this smoke preparation at the tested concentrations.
Trypanocidal Activity of Oleoresin and Terpenoids Isolated from Pinus oocarpa
Authors: Rubio Julieta , Calderón José S. , Flores Angélica , Castro Clementina , Céspedes Carlos L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Fractionation with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) by open column chromatography of the oleoresin from Pinus oocarpa Schiede yielded two diterpenes, pimaric acid (1) and dehydroabietic acid (5), the sesquiterpene longifolene (3) and a diterpenic mixture containing pimaric acid (1), isopimaric acid (4) and dehydroabietic acid (5). Subsequently, the isolated compounds, the mixture of 1, 4 and 5, the oleoresin and the dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (2), were tested in vitro against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The most active compounds were 1, 3 and the oleoresin, being as active as nifurtimox, a drug effective in the treatment of acute infection by American trypanosomiasis and used in this work as positive control.
Metabolites Produced by the Phytopathogenic Fungus Rhizoctonia solani: Isolation, Chemical Structure Determination, Syntheses and Bioactivity
Authors: Pedras M. Soledade C. , Yu Yang , Liu Jun , Tandron-Moya Yudelsy A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The isolation, structure determination, syntheses and biological activity of Nb-acetyltryptamine and three proline containing dioxopiperazines, cyclo(S-Pro-S-Leu) (2), cyclo(S-Pro- S-Ile) (3), and cyclo(S-Pro-S-Val) (4), from cultures of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn are reported here for the first time. Despite the small amounts isolated, the absolute stereochemistry of these naturally occurring dioxopiperazines was established by 1H NMR using for the first time the chiral solvating agent (R)-(D)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol.
Emission of Herbivore-induced Volatiles in Absence of a Herbivore - Response of Zea mays to Green Leaf Volatiles and Terpenoids
Authors: Ruther Joachim , Fürstenau Benjamin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLV), a series of saturated and monounsaturated six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters are emitted by plants upon mechanical damage. Evidence is increasing that intact plants respond to GLV by activating their own defense mechanisms, thus suggesting that they function in plant-plant communication. The present paper demonstrates that exposure of maize plants to naturally occurring GLV, including (Z)-3-, (E)-2- and saturated derivatives, induce the emission of volatile blends typically associated with herbivory. Position or configuration of a double bond, but not the functional group of the GLV influenced the strength of the emissions. (Z)-3-Configured compounds elicited stronger responses than (E)-2- and saturated derivatives. The response to (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol increased linearly with the dose between 200 and 1000 nmol per plant. Not only the naturally occurring (E)-2- hexenal, but also (E)-2-pentenal and (E)-2-heptenal induced maize plants, although to a lesser extend. Externally applied terpenoids [(3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, β-caryophyllene, and (E)- β-farnesene] did not significantly increase the total amount of inducible volatiles in maize. Of three tested maize cultivars Delprim and Pactol responded much stronger than Attribut. Recovery experiments in the presence and absence of maize plants demonstrated that large proportions of externally applied GLV were assimilated by the plants, whereas (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene was recovered in much higher amounts. The results furthermore suggested that plants converted a part of the assimilated leaf aldehydes and alcohols to the respective acetates. We propose that GLV not only can alert neighboring plants, but may facilitate intra-plant information transfer and can help mediate the systemic defense response in a plant.