bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Explosion Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Progress in Supernova Theory and Experiments
Authors: Foglizzo Thierry , Kazeroni Rémi , Guilet Jérôme , Masset Frédéric , González Matthias , Krueger Brendan K. , Novak Jérôme , Oertel Micaela , Margueron Jérôme , Faure Julien , Martin Noël , Blottiau Patrick , Peres Bruno , Durand Gilles 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe explosion of core-collapse supernova depends on a sequence of events taking place in less than a second in a region of a few hundred kilometers at the centre of a supergiant star, after the stellar core approaches the Chandrasekhar mass and collapses into a proto-neutron star, and before a shock wave is launched across the stellar envelope. Theoretical efforts to understand stellar death focus on the mechanism which transforms the collapse into an explosion. Progress in understanding this mechanism is reviewed with particular attention to its asymmetric character. We highlight a series of successful studies connecting observations of supernova remnants and pulsars properties to the theory of core-collapse using numerical simulations. The encouraging results from first principles models in axisymmetric simulations is tempered by new puzzles in 3D. The diversity of explosion paths and the dependence on the pre-collapse stellar structure is stressed, as well as the need to gain a better understanding of hydrodynamical and MHD instabilities such as standing accretion shock instability and neutrino-driven convection. The shallow water analogy of shock dynamics is presented as a comparative system where buoyancy effects are absent. This dynamical system can be studied numerically and also experimentally with a water fountain. The potential of this complementary research tool for supernova theory is analysed. We also review its potential for public outreach in science museums.
Outcome of facial physiotherapy in patients with prolonged idiopathic facial palsy
Authors: Watson G J , Glover S , Allen S , Irving R M 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective:This study investigated whether patients who remain symptomatic more than a year following idiopathic facial paralysis gain benefit from tailored facial physiotherapy.Methods:A two-year retrospective review was conducted of all symptomatic patients. Data collected included: age, gender, duration of symptoms, Sunnybrook facial grading system scores pre-treatment and at last visit, and duration of treatment.Results:The study comprised 22 patients (with a mean age of 50.5 years (range, 22–75 years)) who had been symptomatic for more than a year following idiopathic facial paralysis. The mean duration of symptoms was 45 months (range, 12–240 months). The mean duration of follow up was 10.4 months (range, 2–36 months). Prior to treatment, the mean Sunnybrook facial grading system score was 59 (standard deviation = 3.5); this had increased to 83 (standard deviation = 2.7) at the last visit, with an average improvement in score of 23 (standard deviation = 2.9). This increase was significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Tailored facial therapy can improve facial grading scores in patients who remain symptomatic for prolonged periods.
‘Innocent’ Victims/‘Guilty’ Migrants: Hindi public sphere, caste and indentured women in colonial North India
Authors: GUPTA CHARU 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article analyses representations of the indentured woman in the Hindi print-public sphere of colonial north India in the early twentieth century. There have been sophisticated studies on the condition of Indian women in the plantation colonies of the British Empire, this article focuses instead on the vernacular world within India, showing how the transnational movements of these women emigrants led to animated discussions, in which they came to be constructed as both innocent victims and guilty migrants, insiders and outsiders. The ways in which these mobile women came to be represented reveal significant intersections between nation, gender, caste, sexuality, and morality. It also demonstrates how middle-class Indian women attempted to establish bonds of diasporic sisterhood with low-caste indentured women, bonds that were also deeply hierarchical. In addition, the article attempts to grasp the subjective experiences of Dalit migrant, and potentially migrant, women themselves, and illustrates their ambivalences of identity in particularly gendered ways.
UNA DE CAL Y OTRA DE ARENA: BUILDING COMPARABLE REAL WAGES IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Allen Robert C. , Murphy Tommy E. , Schneider Eric B. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses some of the criticisms recently raised by Rafael Dobado-González about our work on real wages in the Americas in the long run. Although addressing a series of issues, Dobado mainly questions our use of the welfare ratio methodology to assess standards of living in colonial Spanish America. In this article we explain how, despite its limitations, this methodology provides a solid, transparent metric to compare economic development across space and time. In particular, welfare ratios present more economically relevant information on living standards than the commodity wages that Dobado prefers (Dobado González and García Montero 2014). We argue that Dobado fails to offer convincing evidence against our findings; hence, we stand by these results, which suggest that the divergence between North and Latin America began early in the colonial period.
MEXICO’S REAL WAGES IN THE AGE OF THE GREAT DIVERGENCE, 1730-1930
Authors: Challú Amílcar E. , Gómez-Galvarriato Aurora 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis study builds the first internationally comparable index of real wages for Mexico City bridging the 18thand the early 20thcentury. Real wages started out in relatively high international levels in the mid 18thcentury, but declined from the late 1770s on, with some partial and temporal rebounds after the 1810s. After the 1860s, real wages recovered and eventually reached 18th-century levels in the early 20thcentury. Real wages of Mexico City’s workers subsequently fell behind those of high-wage economies to converge with the lower fringes of middle-wage economies. The age of the global Great Divergence was Mexico’s own age of stagnation and decline relative to the world economy.
Radiation from Brunel-induced Langmuir waves in ultra-relativistic laser–plasma interactions
Authors: Ondarza-Rovira R. , Boyd T.J.M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntense laser light incident on solid targets has been shown to be a prolific source of harmonics. High harmonic intensities are characterized by a power-law spectrum Pm~m−p, where p denotes a spectral decay index and m is the harmonic number. Across a wide range of light intensity and target plasma density, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown p = 8/3, a value supported by the observation. However, the claim that this decay is universal has been contested and shown to break down in simulations when the incident light is P-polarized. Here weaker decays with p = 5/3 and at higher intensities p = 4/3 were observed. The distinction between the two regimes was attributed to the contribution to the spectrum from emission at the plasma frequency and its harmonics from Langmuir waves excited by the Brunel electrons generated when the incident light is P-polarized. In the present work, a single-particle model has been devised to lend support to a wide range of PIC data. The model incorporates a Langmuir electric field and is hybrid in the sense that we have made use of PIC output to guide our choice of field amplitudes in the Langmuir source. We find that the spectrum computed in this way shows generally satisfactory agreement with the corresponding PIC spectra, both in decay coefficient and spectral cut-off. At the highest intensities considered the emission from the convective bunching of electrons in high-amplitude Langmuir waves is itself superseded by Brunel electron bremsstrahlung and we have identified the regions of parameter space over which each of these sources is dominant. Interestingly, the same distinction has been drawn in a very different plasma regime where comparably complex spectra have been predicted in gamma-ray burst spectra from Langmuir turbulence produced in astrophysical jets.
Lipid dynamics and trophic patterns inPleuragramma antarcticalife stages
Authors: Giraldo Carolina , Mayzaud Patrick , Tavernier Eric , Boutoute Marc , Penot Florian , Koubbi Philippe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to clarify the trophic patterns of the key speciesPleuragramma antarcticain the Dumont d’Urville Sea, through its development and possible changes according to sampling locations. Variability in diet composition of larvae, juvenile and adultP. antarcticawas analysed using fatty acid markers. Analysis of lipid class inP. antarcticareflected lipid accumulation with increasing size at all sampling stations. The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol highlighted ontogenetic changes in the diet. Phytoplankton markers, such as C16PUFA:C16 and EPA:DHA ratios >1, and carnivorous markers in larvae suggested an omnivorous diet. Comparison between the fatty acid signature ofP. antarcticaolder stages (juveniles and adults) and zooplankton species using OPLS-discriminant analysis indicated that juveniles fed mainly on euphausiid larvae and to a minor extent on copepods, and confirmed that non-herbivorous copepods were the main prey for adults. Our results suggest that different feeding patterns and a generalist strategy inP. antarcticawith juveniles feeding on bigger prey than adults, probably as a result of prey availability according to their vertical segregation pattern.
Emergency Medical Services in the Reconstruction Phase following a Major Earthquake: A Case Study of the 1988 Armenia Earthquake
Authors: Handrigan Michael T. , Becker Bruce M. , Jagminas Liudvikas , Becker Tanya J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStudy Objective:To use the clinical activities of an ambulance service as a tool to assess the residual and unmet medical needs of a city in the aftermath of a major earthquake and to apply that assessment to the development of a training curriculum for the prehospital personnel.Methods:The researchers conducted structured interviews with health care workers at all levels of the emergency health care delivery system in Gyumrii, Armenia, and carried out a retrospective frequency analysis of 29,010 ambulance runs for an 11-month period from February through December 1992. Runs first were assigned into the broad categories of: 1) Adult Medical; 2) Pediatric Medical; or 3) Trauma, and then, according to diagnosis. The runs then were classified further as: 1) Primary Care; 2) Basic Life Support (BLS); or 3) Advanced Life Support (ALS).
Evacuate or Shelter-in-place? The Role of Corporate Memory and Political Environment in Hospital-evacuation Decision Making
Authors: Ricci Karen A. , Griffin Anne R. , Heslin Kevin C. , Kranke Derrick , Dobalian Aram 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProblemHospital-evacuation decisions are rarely straightforward in protracted advance-warning events. Previous work provides little insight into the decision-making process around evacuation. This study was conducted to identify factors that most heavily influenced the decisions to evacuate the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) New York Harbor Healthcare System’s (NYHHS; New York USA) Manhattan Campus before Hurricane Irene in 2011 and before Superstorm Sandy in 2012.MethodsSemi-structured interviews with 11 senior leaders were conducted on the processes and factors that influenced the evacuation decisions prior to each event.ResultsThe most influential factor in the decision to evacuate the Manhattan Campus before Hurricane Irene was New York City’s (NYC’s) hospital-evacuation mandate. As a federal facility, the Manhattan VA medical center (VAMC) was exempt from the city’s order, but decision makers felt compelled to comply. In the case of Superstorm Sandy, corporate memory of a similar 1992 storm that crippled the Manhattan facility drove the decision to evacuate before the storm hit.ConclusionsResults suggest that hospital-evacuation decisions are confounded by political considerations and are influenced by past disaster experience. Greater shared situational awareness among at-risk hospitals, along with a more coordinated approach to evacuation decision making, could reduce pressure on hospitals to make these high-stakes decisions. Systematic mechanisms for collecting, documenting, and sharing lessons learned from past disasters are sorely needed at the institutional, local, and national levels.RicciKA, GriffinAR, HeslinKC, KrankeD, DobalianA. Evacuate or shelter-in-place? The role of corporate memory and political environment in hospital-evacuation decision making. Prehosp Disaster Med2015;30(3):1-6
The Value of Bayes’ Theorem for Interpreting Abnormal Test Scores in Cognitively Healthy and Clinical Samples
Authors: Gavett Brandon E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe base rates of abnormal test scores in cognitively normal samples have been a focus of recent research. The goal of the current study is to illustrate how Bayes’ theorem uses these base rates—along with the same base rates in cognitively impaired samples and prevalence rates of cognitive impairment—to yield probability values that are more useful for making judgments about the absence or presence of cognitive impairment. Correlation matrices, means, and standard deviations were obtained from the Wechsler Memory Scale –4th Edition (WMS-IV) Technical and Interpretive Manual and used in Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the base rates of abnormal test scores in the standardization and special groups (mixed clinical) samples. Bayes’ theorem was applied to these estimates to identify probabilities of normal cognition based on the number of abnormal test scores observed. Abnormal scores were common in the standardization sample (65.4% scoring below a scaled score of 7 on at least one subtest) and more common in the mixed clinical sample (85.6% scoring below a scaled score of 7 on at least one subtest). Probabilities varied according to the number of abnormal test scores, base rates of normal cognition, and cutoff scores. The results suggest that interpretation of base rates obtained from cognitively healthy samples must also account for data from cognitively impaired samples. Bayes’ theorem can help neuropsychologists answer questions about the probability that an individual examinee is cognitively healthy based on the number of abnormal test scores observed. (JINS, 2015,21, 1–9)
Determinants of trends in breast-feeding indicators in Nigeria, 1999–2013
Authors: Ogbo Felix Akpojene , Page Andrew , Agho Kingsley E , Claudio Fernanda 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to examine the trends and differentials in key breast-feeding indicators in Nigeria for the period 1999–2013.DesignLongitudinal study of trends (1999–2013) in optimal feeding practices using a series of population-based Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys. Trends in socio-economic, health service and individual characteristics associated with key breast-feeding indicators were examined using multilevel regression analyses.SettingNigeria.SubjectsChildren (n88 152) aged under 24 months (n8199 in 1999;n7620 in 2003;n33 385 in 2008;n38 948 in 2013).ResultsAmong educated mothers, there was an increase in prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding (26 % in 1999 to 30 % in 2013) and predominant breast-feeding (27 % in 1999 to 39 % in 2013) compared with mothers with no schooling. A similar increasing trend was evident for mothers from wealthier households and mothers who had a higher frequency of health service access compared with mothers from poorer households and women who reported no health service access, respectively. Mothers with no schooling predominantly breast-fed, but the odds for bottle-feeding were higher among educated mothers and women from wealthier households. The odds for early initiation of breast-feeding were lower for mothers who reported no health service contacts and mothers of lower socio-economic status.ConclusionsSignificant increasing trends in key breast-feeding indicators were evident among mothers with higher socio-economic status and mothers who had more health service access in Nigeria. Broader national and sub-national policies that underpin nursing mothers in work environments and a comprehensive community-based approach are proposed to improve feeding practices in Nigeria.
Unknown caller: can we effectively manage the announcement of discovery of extraterrestrial life?
Authors: Gartrelle Gordon M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe definitive discovery of another form of life from beyond Earth will answer one of our most fundamental questions: Are we alone in the Universe? This announcement will be the most significant in history. It will have impact on every facet of our lives and affect everyone on Earth. Ensuring the announcement is handled properly represents an opportunity to unify government, industrial, and scientific resources to work together on a global scale issue. The purpose of the present paper is to understand whether we have the overall strategy, management structures and process disciplines in place on a global scale to handle an announcement of this magnitude. The research methodology included review and analysis of peer-reviewed work on the topic, publications from appropriate scientific and policy organizations, and public statements from several acknowledged experts in the field of astrobiology and extraterrestrial communications. The 1996 case of the announcement of possible life from Martian meteorite ALH84001 was also analysed. The findings of the paper are multiple deficiencies exist in the ability to manage this problem globally in an integrated fashion across borders, institutional boundaries, and through the media. High-level recommendations are offered to address major identified gaps.
Effects of domestication bottleneck and selection on fatty acid desaturases in Indian sesame germplasm
Authors: Mondal Nupur , Bhat K. V. , Srivastava P. S. , Sen S. K. 
Published: March 2015

Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) is one of the oldest and most nutritional oilseed crops, of which domestication history has been poorly understood. This study suggested that sesame has undergone domestication bottleneck during its use for a long time. In this investigation, the molecular analysis included 4.4 Mbp of the genomic DNA of sesame comprising stearoyl acyl desaturase (sad), fatty acid desaturase 2 (fad2) and omega 3 fatty acid desaturase (o3fad) genes in 99 accessions of four populations of sesame germplasm namely: wild species, landraces, improved cultivars and introgressed lines. Results indicated that the improved cultivars and landraces lost 46.6 and 36.7% of nucleotide diversity, respectively, which indicate that the genetic diversity of the crop had been eroded due to selection after domestication. However, there was no significant reduction in genetic diversity of improved cultivars compared with landraces, indicating that unique improved cultivars generated through crosses were of less frequency in this population. Moreover, introgressed lines retained only 17.77% (π) and 4.57% (θ) of landrace diversity. To evaluate the impact of selection across fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, individual nucleotide diversity at three major genes involved in the pathway was surveyed. The analysis between wild and improved cultivars supported positive selection infad2ando3fadloci. Though locus-to-locus sequence variation was observed, positive results with two most important loci supported selection after domestication. Reduced diversity in these critical quality governing genes in improved cultivars suggested that future sesame cultivation would benefit from the incorporation of alleles from sesame's wild relatives.
Development and Validation of the Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes (EAEE)
Authors: Oliver Amparo , Galiana Laura 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDuring the last few years, entrepreneurship has gained an important role in many economic and social policies, with the consequent growth of entrepreneurial research in many social areas. However, in the Spanish psychometric context, there is not an updated scale including recent contributions to entrepreneurship attitudes literature. The aim of this study is to present and validate a new scale named Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes-EAEE, (Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students, EASS), in two samples of high school and university Spanish students. Data comes from a cross-sectional survey of 524 high school and undergraduate students, from Valencia (Spain). Two confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were estimated, together with reliability and validity evidence of the scale. Results offered evidence of the adequate psychometric properties of the EASS. The CFAs showed overall and analytical adequate fit indexes (χ2(120) = 163.19 (p < .01), GFI = .906, CFI = .959, SRMR = .044, RMSEA = .040 [CI .022-.054]); reliability indices of the entrepreneurial attitudes were appropriate for most of the entrepreneurial attitudes (α were between .63 and .87 for the different dimensions); and external evidence relating entrepreneurial dimensions to personality traits was similar to in previous studies. The scale could be a useful instrument both for previous diagnosis and effectiveness assessment of programs on entrepreneurship promotion.
A PAX1 enhancer locus is associated with susceptibility to idiopathic scoliosis in females
Authors: Sharma Swarkar , Londono Douglas , Eckalbar Walter L. , Gao Xiaochong , Zhang Dongping , Mauldin Kristen , Kou Ikuyo , Takahashi Atsushi , Matsumoto Morio , Kamiya Nobuhiro , Murphy Karl K. , Cornelia Reuel ,   TSRHC Scoliosis Clinical Group, Karol L. , Rathjen K. , Sucato D. , Birch J. , Johnston C. , Richards B. S. , Milbrandt T. , Talwakar V. , Iwinski H. , Muchow R. , Tassone J. C. , Liu X. -C. , Shindell R. , Schrader W. , Eberson C. , Lapinsky A. , Loder R. , Davey J. ,   Japan Scoliosis Clinical Research Group, Hosogane Naobumi , Ogura Yoji , Takahashi Yohei , Miyake Atushi , Watanabe Kota , Chiba Kazuhiro , Toyama Yoshiaki , Kono Katsuki , Kawakami Noriaki , Tsuji Taichi , Uno Koki , Suzuki Teppei , Ito Manabu , Sudo Hideki , Minami Shohei , Kotani Toshiaki , Yanagida Haruhisa , Taneichi Hiroshi , Yonezawa Ikuho , Kaneko Kazuo , Herring John A. , Burns Dennis , Ahituv Nadav , Ikegawa Shiro , Gordon Derek , Wise Carol A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIdiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common paediatric musculoskeletal disease that displays a strong female bias. By performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 3,102 individuals, we identify significant associations with 20p11.22 SNPs for females (P=6.89 × 10−9) but not males (P=0.71). This association with IS is also found in independent female cohorts from the United States of America and Japan (overallP=2.15 × 10−10, OR=1.30 (rs6137473)). Unexpectedly, the 20p11.22 IS risk alleles were previously associated with protection from early-onset alopecia, another sexually dimorphic condition. The 174-kb associated locus is distal toPAX1, which encodes paired box 1, a transcription factor involved in spine development. We identify a sequence in the associated locus with enhancer activity in zebrafish somitic muscle and spinal cord, an activity that is abolished by IS-associated SNPs. We thus identify a sexually dimorphic IS susceptibility locus, and propose the first functionally defined candidate mutations in an enhancer that may regulate expression in specific spinal cells.