bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscular Reconstruction and Functional Morphology of the Forelimb of Early Miocene Sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) of Patagonia
Authors: Toledo Néstor , Bargo M. Susana , Vizcaíno Sergio F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEarly Miocene sloths are represented by a diversity of forms ranging from 38 to 95 kg, being registered mainly from Santacrucian Age deposits in southern‐most shores of Patagonia, Argentina. Their postcranial skeleton differs markedly in shape from those of their closest living relatives (arboreal forms of less than 10 kg),BradypusandCholoepus. In order to gain insight on functional properties of the Santacrucian sloths forelimb, musculature was reconstructed and a comparative, qualitative morphofunctional analysis was performed, allowing proposing hypotheses about biological role of the limb in substrate preferences, and locomotor strategies. The anatomy of the forelimb of Santacrucian sloths resembles more closely extant anteaters such asTamanduaandMyrmecophaga, due to the robustness of the elements, development of features related to attachment of ligaments and muscles, and conservative, pentadactylous, and strong‐clawed manus. The reconstructed forelimb musculature was very well developed and resembles that of extant Pilosa (especially anteaters), although retaining the basic muscular configuration of generalized mammals. This musculature allowed application of powerful forces, especially in adduction of the forelimb, flexion and extension of the antebrachium, and manual prehension. These functional properties are congruent with both climbing and digging activities, and provide support for proposed Santacrucian sloths as good climbing mammals, possibly arboreal or semiarboreal, being also capable diggers. Their climbing strategies were limited, thus these forms relied mainly on great muscular strength and curved claws of the manus to move cautiously on branches. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurophysiological characteristics of human leg muscle action potentials evoked by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the spine
Authors: Knikou Maria 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to establish the neurophysiological properties of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) evoked by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the spine (tsMSS) and the effects of tsMSS on the soleus H‐reflex. In semi‐prone seated subjects with trunk semi‐flexed, the epicenter of a figure‐of‐eight magnetic coil was placed at Thoracic 10 with the handle on the midline of the vertebral column. The magnetic stimulator was triggered by monophasic single pulses of 1 ms, and the intensity ranged from 90% to 100% of the stimulator output across subjects. CMAPs were recorded bilaterally from ankle and knee muscles at the interstimulus intervals of 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 s. The CMAPs evoked were also conditioned by posterior tibial and common peroneal nerve stimulation at a conditioning‐test (C‐T) interval of 50 ms. The soleus H‐reflex was conditioned by tsMSS at the C‐T intervals of 50, 20, −20, and −50 ms. The amplitude of the CMAPs was not decreased when evoked at low stimulation frequencies, excitation of group I afferents from mixed peripheral nerves in the leg affected the CMAPs in a non‐somatotopical neural organization pattern, and tsMSS depressed soleus H‐reflex excitability. These CMAPs are likely due to orthodromic excitation of nerve motor fibers and antidromic depolarization of different types of afferents. The latency of these CMAPs may be utilized to establish the spine‐to‐muscle conduction time in central and peripheral nervous system disorders in humans. tsMSS may constitute a non‐invasive modality to decrease spinal reflex hyperexcitability and treat hypertonia in neurological disorders. Bioelectromagnetics 34:200–210, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐assembled DNA‐based giant thrombin nanoparticles for controlled release
Authors: Sung Jong Hwan , Han Daehoon , Lee Jong Bum 
Published: November 2012

AbstractProtein‐aptamer interactions have been used in a wide range of fields, including medical diagnosis and protein delivery. Herein, we report a method for thrombin delivery with thrombin‐binding aptamer (TBA), which is one of the well‐known aptamers for thrombin, by generating giant thrombin nanoparticles (GTNPs). GTNPs can be synthesized by crosslinking thrombin with DNA nanostructures that possess several TBA molecules. To generate GTNPs, two different DNA nanostructures were used. Y‐shaped DNA with TBA and X‐shaped DNA with TBA were used for 250 and 650 nm GTNPs, respectively. Controlled release of thrombin from GTNPs was performed by adding complementary DNA (cDNA) to TBA. To investigate thrombin release from GTNPs, the sizes of the GTNPs were measured using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We confirmed a decrease in the size of GTNPs with various concentrations of cDNA, suggesting the release of thrombin. Based on these results, we expect that our method can be used to control the amount of thrombin released effectively. Our method is also widely applicable for effective protein delivery.
A new method of fabricating robust freeform 3D ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Seol Young‐Joon , Park Dong Yong , Park Ju Young , Kim Sung Won , Park Seong Jin , Cho Dong‐Woo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds with appropriate mechanical properties and desired architecture for promoting cell growth and new tissue formation is one of the most important efforts in tissue engineering field. Scaffolds fabricated from bioactive ceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate show promise because of their biological ability to support bone tissue regeneration. However, the use of ceramics as scaffold materials is limited because of their inherent brittleness and difficult processability. The aim of this study was to create robust ceramic scaffolds, which have a desired architecture. Such scaffolds were successfully fabricated by projection‐based microstereolithography, and dilatometric analysis was conducted to study the sintering behavior of the ceramic materials. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were improved by infiltrating them with a polycaprolactone solution. The toughness and compressive strength of these ceramic/polymer scaffolds were about twice those of ceramic scaffolds. Furthermore, the osteogenic gene expression on ceramic/polymer scaffolds was better than that on ceramic scaffolds. Through this study, we overcame the limitations of previous research on fabricating ceramic scaffolds and these new robust ceramic scaffolds may provide a much improved 3D substrate for bone tissue regeneration. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1444–1455. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scale‐down of the inactivated polio vaccine production process
Authors: Thomassen Yvonne E. , van 't Oever Aart G. , Vinke Marian , Spiekstra Arjen , Wijffels René H. , van der Pol Leo A. , Bakker Wilfried A.M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe anticipated increase in the demand for inactivated polio vaccines resulting from the success in the polio eradication program requires an increase in production capacity and cost price reduction of the current inactivated polio vaccine production processes. Improvement of existing production processes is necessary as the initial process development has been done decades ago. An up‐to‐date lab‐scale version encompassing the legacy inactivated polio vaccine production process was set‐up. This lab‐scale version should be representative of the large scale, meaning a scale‐down model, to allow experiments for process optimization that can be readily applied. Initially the separate unit operations were scaled‐down at setpoint. Subsequently, the unit operations were applied successively in a comparative manner to large‐scale manufacturing. This allows the assessment of the effects of changes in one unit operation to the consecutive units at small‐scale. Challenges in translating large‐scale operations to lab‐scale are discussed, and the concessions that needed to be made are described. The current scale‐down model for cell and virus culture (2.3‐L) presents a feasible model with its production scale counterpart (750‐L) when operated at setpoint. Also, the current scale‐down models for the DSP unit operations clarification, concentration, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and inactivation are in agreement with the manufacturing scale. The small‐scale units can be used separately, as well as sequentially, to study variations and critical product quality attributes in the production process. Finally, it is shown that the scale‐down unit operations can be used consecutively to prepare trivalent vaccine at lab‐scale with comparable characteristics to the product produced at manufacturing scale. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1354–1365. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relating the Composition of PtxRu100−x/C Nanoparticles to Their Structural Aspects and Electrocatalytic Activities in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Taufany Fadlilatul , Pan Chun‐Jern , Lai Feng‐Ju , Chou Hung‐Lung , Sarma Loka Subramanyam , Rick John , Lin Jhih‐Min , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Tang Mau‐Tsu , Hwang Bing‐Joe 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA controlled composition‐based method—that is, the microwave‐assisted ethylene glycol (MEG) method—was successfully developed to prepare bimetallic PtxRu100−x/C nanoparticles (NPs) with different alloy compositions. This study highlights the impact of the variation in alloy composition of PtxRu100−x/C NPs on their alloying extent (structure) and subsequently their catalytic activity towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The alloying extent of these PtxRu100−x/C NPs has a strong influence on their Pt d‐band vacancy and Pt electroactive surface area (Pt ECSA); this relationship was systematically evaluated by using X‐ray absorption (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and electrochemical analyses. The MOR activity depends on two effects that act in cooperation, namely, the number of active Pt sites and their activity. Here the number of active Pt sites is associated with the Pt ECSA value, whereas the Pt‐site activity is associated with the alloying extent and Pt d‐band vacancy (electronic) effects. Among the PtxRu100−x/C NPs with various Pt:Ru atomic ratios (x=25, 50, and 75), the Pt75Ru25/C NPs were shown to be superior in MOR activity on account of their favorable alloying extent, Pt d‐band vacancy, and Pt ECSA. This short study brings new insight into probing the synergistic effect on the surface reactivity of the PtxRu100−x/C NPs, and possibly other bimetallic Pt‐based alloy NPs.
Aggregation Effects in Visible‐Light Flavin Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity of 10‐Arylflavins
Authors: Daďová Jitka , Kümmel Susanne , Feldmeier Christian , Cibulková Jana , Pažout Richard , Maixner Jaroslav , Gschwind Ruth M. , König Burkhard , Cibulka Radek 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA series of 10‐arylflavins (10‐phenyl‐, 10‐(2′,6′‐dimethylphenyl)‐, 10‐(2′,6′‐diethylphenyl)‐, 10‐(2′,6′‐diisopropylphenyl)‐, 10‐(2′‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐, and 10‐(2′,6′‐dimethylphenyl)‐3‐methylisoalloxazine (2 a–f)) was prepared as potentially nonaggregating flavin photocatalysts. The investigation of their structures in the crystalline phase combined with 1H‐DOSY NMR spectroscopic experiments in CD3CN, CD3CN/D2O (1:1), and D2O confirm the decreased ability of 10‐arylflavins 2 to form aggregates relative to tetra‐O‐acetyl riboflavin (1). 10‐Arylflavins 2 a–d do not interact by π–π interactions, which are restricted by the 10‐phenyl ring oriented perpendicularly to the isoalloxazine skeleton. On the other hand, N3H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds were detected in their crystal structures. In the structure of 10‐aryl‐3‐methylflavin (2 f) with a substituted N3 position, weak CH⋅⋅⋅O bonds and weak π–π interactions were found. 10‐Arylflavins 2 were tested as photoredox catalysts for the aerial oxidation of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde (model reaction), thus showing higher efficiency relative to 1. The quantum yields of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidation reactions mediated by arylflavins 2 were higher by almost one order of magnitude relative to values in the presence of 1.
Magnetic Blocking from Exchange Interactions: Slow Relaxation of the Magnetization and Hysteresis Loop Observed in a Dysprosium–Nitronyl Nitroxide Chain Compound with an Antiferromagnetic Ground State
Authors: Han Tian , Shi Wei , Niu Zheng , Na Bo , Cheng Peng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe combination of the anisotropic DyIII ion and organic radicals as spin carriers results in discrete and one‐dimensional lanthanide–radical magnetic materials, namely, [Dy(hfac)3(NITThienPh)2] (1) and [Dy2(hfac)6(NITThienPh)2]n (2; hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate, NITThienPh=2‐(5‐phenyl‐2‐thienyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide). Linking monomeric 1 with the DyIII ion leads to the formation of polymeric 2, and the transformation between them is chemically controllable and reversible. The characterization of both static and dynamic magnetic properties shows that the dominant intrachain exchange interaction is important to observe magnetic bistability in 2 rather than that in 1. Monomeric 1 exhibits paramagnetic behavior, whereas polymeric 2 shows the unusual coexistence of superparamagnetic and two‐step field‐induced metamagnetic behaviors. The antiferromagnetic ground state of 2 does not prevent the dynamic relaxation of the magnetization with the finite‐sized effect in the lanthanide–radical system. Energy barriers to thermally activated relaxation for 2 are 53 and 98 K in the low‐ and high‐temperature regimes, respectively. A hysteresis loop is observed with the coercive field of 99 Oe at 2 K.
Diversity‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclic and Bicyclic Alcohols
Authors: Mao Bin , Fañanás‐Mastral Martín , Lutz Martin , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe copper‐catalyzed hetero‐allylic asymmetric alkylation (h‐AAA) of functionalized Grignard reagents that contain alkene or alkyne moieties has been achieved with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity. The corresponding alkylation products were further transformed into a variety of highly functionalized cyclic and bicyclic alcohols with excellent control over the chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity.
A New Series of C‐6 Unsubstituted Tetrahydropyrimidines: Convenient One‐Pot Chemoselective Synthesis, Aggregation‐Induced and Size‐Independent Emission Characteristics
Authors: Zhu Qiuhua , Huang Lan , Chen Zhipeng , Zheng Sichao , Lv Longyun , Zhu Zhibo , Cao Derong , Jiang Huanfeng , Liu Shuwen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA new series of C‐6 unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidines 6 have been directly synthesized via a convenient urea‐catalyzed chemoselective five‐component reaction (5CR) under mild conditions. Compounds 6 show typical aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) characteristics because they are practically no emissive in solution but emit blue or green fluorescence in aggregates with fluorescence yield up to 93 %. One of the 5CR products, 6 aa, exhibits blue‐ and green‐fluorescence aggregates (bf‐ and gf‐aggregates). The bf‐ and gf‐aggregates are prepared under different conditions and proved to result from different J‐aggregations by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In addition, the bf‐ and gf‐aggregates of 6 aa show unusual size‐independent emission (SIE) characteristics because their maximum emission wavelengths in different sizes (suspension particles, film, powder and crystals) are the same, 434 and 484 nm, respectively. Based on the obtained experimental results, the 5CR mechanism, the origins of AIEE and SIE characteristics are discussed.
Construction of Supramolecular Self‐Assembled Microfibers with Fluorescent Properties through a Modified Ionic Self‐Assembly (ISA) Strategy
Authors: Zhao Mingwei , Zhao Yurong , Zheng Liqiang , Dai Caili 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHighly ordered supramolecular microfibers were constructed through a simple ionic self‐assembly strategy from complexes of the N‐tetradecyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bromide (C14MPB) surface‐active ionic liquid and the small methyl orange (MO) dye molecule, with the aid of patent blue VF sodium salt. By using scanning electron microscopy and polarized optical microscopy, the width of these self‐assembled microfibers is observed to be about 1 to 5 μm and their length is from tens of micrometers to almost a millimeter. The 1H NMR spectra of the microfibers indicates that the supramolecular complexes are composed of C14MPB and MO in equal molar ratio. The electrostatic, hydrophobic, and π–π stacking interactions are regarded as the main driving forces for the formation of microfibers. Furthermore, through characterization by using confocal fluorescence microscopy, the microfibers were observed to show strong fluorescent properties and may find potential applications in many fields.
Functionalization of Non‐activated CH Bonds of Alkanes: An Effective and Recyclable Catalytic System Based on Fluorinated Silver Catalysts and Solvents
Authors: Fuentes M. Ángeles , Muñoz Bianca K. , Jacob Kane , Vendier Laure , Caballero Ana , Etienne Michel , Pérez Pedro J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe complexes Fn‐TpAg(L) (Fn‐Tp=a perfluorinated hydrotris(indazolyl) borate ligand; L=acetone or tetrahydrofuran) efficiently catalyze the functionalization of non‐activated alkanes such as hexane, 2,3‐dimethylbutane, or 2‐methylpentane by insertion of CHCO2Et units (from N2CHCO2Et, ethyl diazoacetate, EDA) into their CH bonds. The reactions are quantitative (EDA‐based), with no byproducts derived from diazo coupling being formed. In the case of hexane, the functionalization of the methyl CH bonds has been achieved with the highest regioselectivity known to date with this diazo compound. This catalytic system also operates under biphasic conditions by using fluorous solvents such as Fomblin or perfluorophenanthrene. Several cycles of catalyst recovery and reuse have been performed, with identical chemo‐ and regioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Fluorination of Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Fier Patrick S. , Hartwig John F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe fluorination of a diversity of functionalized aryl iodides is readily achieved by silver fluoride in the presence of a cationic copper complex.The reaction is proposed to proceed by C—F reductive elimination from an in situ generated aryl copper(III) fluoride.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Methyl‐2‐indolyl‐ and N‐Methyl‐2‐benzo[b]furyl‐Substituted Sulfoximines by Pd/Cu Co‐Catalyzed Domino Cross‐Coupling/Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Schumacher Ricardo F. , Honraedt Aurelien , Bolm Carsten 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe mild title synthesis tolerates a wide variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: A Multipathway Coupled Domino Strategy: Metal‐Free Oxidative Cyclization for One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Acylbenzothiazoles from Multiform Substrates.
Authors: Zhu Yan‐ping , Jia Feng‐cheng , Liu Mei‐cai , Wu An‐xin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIt is found that metal‐free oxidation of styrenes, arylacetylenes, 2‐hydroxylated aromatic ketones, and carbinols can provide phenylglyoxals.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Synthesis of 3‐Alkenylcoumarins by Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Phenols and Ethyl Propiolate.
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Tatemoto Kotaro , Sakai Mariko , Oyamada Juzo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA variety of 3‐alkenylcoumarin derivatives is obtained in a highly effective cascade process involving pallada‐arylation of ethyl propiolate with phenols, intramolecular transesterification to 3‐coumarylpalladium species, its alkyne insertion, and protonation.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Nitride‐Catalyzed Photoredox C—C Bond Formation with N‐Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Moehlmann Lennart , Baar Moritz , Riess Julian , Antonietti Markus , Wang Xinchen , Blechert Siegfried 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTetrahydroisoquinolines undergo the title reaction with nucleophiles under very mild and environmentally friendly conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective N1‐Alkylation of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐ones: Screening of Their Biological Activities Against Ca2+‐ATPase.
Authors: Putatunda Salil , Chakraborty Srabasti , Ghosh Swatilekha , Nandi Pinki , Chakraborty Supriya , Sen Parimal C. , Chakraborty Arijit 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA highly regioselective N‐1 alkylation of dihydropyrimidinones is achieved by using the moderately strong base cesium carbonate and alkyl halides.
Green Asymmetric Synthesis: β‐Amino Alcohol‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Micelles
Authors: Pinaka Afroditi , Vougioukalakis Georgios C. , Dimotikali Dimitra , Yannakopoulou Elina , Chankvetadze Bezhan , Papadopoulos Kyriakos 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe ability of chiral β‐amino alcohols to catalyze the direct asymmetric aldol reaction was evaluated for the first time in aqueous micellar media. A family of cheap and easily accessible β‐amino alcohols, obtained in one step from naturally occurring amino acids, was shown to successfully catalyze the asymmetric aldol reaction between a series of ketones and aromatic aldehydes. These aldol reactions furnished the corresponding β‐hydroxy ketones with up to 93% isolated yield and 89% ee. (S)‐2‐phenylglycinol and Triton X‐100 proved to be the best organocatalyst and surfactant, respectively. Chirality 25:119–125, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors Affecting UV/H2O2 Oxidation of 17α‐Ethynyestradiol in Water
Authors: Li Qingsong , Gao Naiyun , Deng Yang , Ma Xiaoyan , Chu Wenhai 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, bench‐scale experiments were conducted to examine the UV/H2O2 oxidation of 17α‐ethynyestradiol (EE2) in water in a batch operation mode. The EE2 degradation exhibited pseudo‐first‐order kinetics, and the removal was ascribed to the production of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by the UV/H2O2 system. Typically, the EE2 oxidation rate increased with increasing UV intensity and H2O2 dose, and with deceasing initial EE2 levels and solution pH. At EE20 = 650 µg/L, UV intensity = 154 µW/cm2, H2O2 = 5 mg/L, and neutral pH, the UV/H2O2 treatment was able to remove 90% of the EE2 content within 30 min. Four anions commonly present in water were found to inhibit EE2 degradation to varying degrees: ${\rm HCO}_{3}^{- } $ > ${\rm SO}_{4}^{2- } $ > Cl− > ${\rm NO}_{3}^{- } $. Our results demonstrate that the described UV/H2O2 process is an effective method to control EE2 pollution in water.
Phytoremediation of Cadmium‐Contaminated Soil by Two Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Genotypes
Authors: Long Xiaohua , Ni Ni , Wang Lin , Wang Xuheng , Wang Jinxing , Zhang Zhenhua , Zed Rengel , Liu Zhaopu , Shao Hongbo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractJerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) can be used not just for bioethanol production, bur potentially also for soil phytoremediation via removal of heavy metal pollutants. An experiment was carried out to characterize the phytoextraction efficiency of two Jerusalem artichoke genotype (NY2 and NY5) in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. After 90 days of growth, NY5 had greater plant biomass and greater Cd accumulation in tissues than NY2. The chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were slightly higher when plants were grown in Cd‐contaminated versus control soil. It implies that this examined NY2 and NY5 can extract more Cd than some hyperaccumulators, indicating that NY2 and NY5 can be applied to clean up Cd‐contaminated soils. Compared with NY2, NY5 had higher phytoextraction potential due to more biomass and higher concentrations of Cd in tissues, and may therefore be the better candidates for phytoremediation in Cd‐contaminated soil.