bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les taux d'intérêt : origines et vecteurs de la crise
Authors: Daniel Laurent 
Published: January 2014

La crise financière de 2008 trouve son origine dans une bulle du crédit liée à des taux d’intérêt trop faibles à la fois aux États-Unis et en Europe. Aujourd’hui, les taux d’intérêt sont à nouveau au centre du débat économique. Les pays périphériques de la zone euro connaissent des taux d’intérêt à long terme élevés qui renchérissent les coûts de financement de l’État, des entreprises, des ménages et freinent la reprise. Au contraire, dans les pays cœurs de la zone euro, aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et au Japon, les taux d’intérêt à long terme sont très faibles faisant craindre des réveils difficiles quand ceux-ci remonteront. L’analyse des fluctuations des taux d’intérêt et de leurs effets sur l’économie est complexe mais crucial dans le contexte inédit de taux directeurs des banques centrales à des niveaux historiquement bas et de politiques monétaires non conventionnelles. Classification JEL : E43, E58, G01
Opacité de la finance, impuissance politique et fuite des capitaux
Authors: Lederman Véronique 
Published: January 2014

Les paradis fiscaux font la une de la presse, aujourd’hui pour des raisons politiques, hier pour trouver un des coupables de la crise financière. Mais qu’est-ce qu’un paradis fiscal ? Il ne faut pas toujours des palmiers pour échapper au fisc. Et derrière cette expression, qui tricotent ces opérations illégales ? Enfin, jusqu’à présent les États ont du mal à lutter contre cette évasion fiscale, car il va falloir obtenir des banques transparence, échange automatique d’informations et enregistrement des structures opaques. Ce n’est pas gagné, car le temps joue pour le fraudeur, cependant l’arsenal juridique et réglementaire est en train de se mettre en place avec plus de volontarisme que précédemment. Classification JEL : H26, G01, F50
Philosophie et « représentation du monde » : À propos d'un emploi affaibli du mot « philosophie »
Authors: Jolibert Bernard 
Published: January 2014

Le mot philosophie a fini par prendre un sens si vague qu’il n’a plus grand-chose à voir avec son sens d’origine. Il ne désigne plus « un savoir réfléchi ». Il renvoie désormais à n’importe quel modèle global de « représentation du monde », c’est-à-dire à ce que les historiens allemands désignent comme Weltanschauung . Quels sont les traits qui caractérisent l’analyse philosophique en propre par rapport aux autres représentations de la réalité ? Comment parler de philosophie au singulier, si tant est que l’on ne rencontre que des philosophes divers et des philosophies contradictoires ? Le présent travail tente de découvrir des signes originaux traversant cette diversité historique et permettant de parler de philosophie au singulier.
Quel est l'intérêt de la sociologie de la philosophie ?
Authors: Fabiani Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2014

La sociologie de la philosophie est-elle pertinente pour un philosophe ? La réponse est positive pourvu qu’on évite de la réduire à une anti-philosophie. La réinsertion de la discipline dans une histoire culturelle plus large permet à la fois de relocaliser les objets et d’analyser les réseaux notionnels peut enrichir la philosophie, même si les tensions disciplinaires sont inévitables.
Bayard et Milan : deux marques concurrentes de presse éducative au sein d'un même groupe
Authors: Hache-Bissette Françoise 
Published: January 2014

En 2004, le catholique parisien Bayard fait l’acquisition de son concurrent, le laïque toulousain Milan. A travers l’histoire de Bayard presse jeunesse et de Milan presse jeunesse, nous verrons comment s’est opéré le rapprochement entre ces deux groupes qui se livraient une concurrence acharnée et que tout semblait opposer. Au-delà de leurs positionnements différents, les savoir-faire des deux équipes n’étaient-ils pas finalement parfaitement complémentaires ?
« Jeunes, je vous ai compris » : stratégies de ciblage dans les teen movies , des années 1950 à aujourd'hui
Authors: Boutang Adrienne 
Published: January 2014

L’article se propose de relier l’apparition et l’évolution du genre du teen movie , aux Etats-Unis, à l’élaboration par les industries culturelles, et spécifiquement les producteurs cinématographiques, d’un type d’adresse spécifique, ciblant un nouveau public – d’une tonalité dégagée de toute dimension moralisatrice ou didactique. C’est donc, autant que par un contenu ou une forme singulière, par l’émergence de ce ton, singulier et inédit, qu’on tentera d’examiner la construction et le fonctionnement d’un genre cinématographique complexe, qui a évolué des fantasmes de la « panique morale », ciblant les adultes, des premiers temps au rapport horizontal d’égal à égal établi dans les récits plus récents.
De Televisius à Gulli : l'invention des enfants de la télé (1949-2005)
Authors: Poels Géraldine 
Published: January 2014

La télévision a joué un rôle décisif dans la définition des expériences culturelles de l’enfance et de la jeunesse : cet article montre comment elle a contribué à (ré)inventer les enfants et l’enfance en France, dans la seconde moitié du xx e siècle. Il souligne le poids des héritages des années fondatrices et revient sur l’origine des tendances lourdes qui marquent, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, la réflexion sur le public enfantin : la difficulté à le définir – et donc à lui proposer des programmes « ciblés » et le poids des discours normatifs. On verra aussi que les émissions « jeunesse » alimentent des cultures générationnelles, très tôt tournées vers la consommation. Néanmoins, des clivages persistent au sein du public enfantin, qui invitent à ne pas surestimer l’uniformisation des expériences et des consommations médiatiques enfantines.
Revision of North American species of Clistopyga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)
Authors: Bordera Santiago , González-Moreno Alejandra , Khalaim Andrey I. , Sääksjärvi Ilari E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBased on a large number of specimens deposited in many collections, and on material collected in a sampling program in Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, 19 North American species of Clistopyga Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are reported. Five species, C. aenigmatica, C. arizonica, C. juliana, C. maya, and C. oaxacana, are described as new. Clistopyga covarrubiasi Khalaim and Hernández, 2008 is synonymysed with C. recurva (Say, 1835) and C. sauberi Brauns, 1898 is once again re-synonymysed with C. canadensis Provancher, 1880. Data on diagnosis, variation, distribution, and hosts of all species are provided. All previously known species are re-described. The present revision extends the distributional range of the Neotropical species C. calixtoi Gauld, 1991, C. fernandezi Gauld, 1991, and C. henryi Gauld, Ugalde, and Hanson, 1998 to the southern part of the Nearctic Region (northern Mexico), and the area of the Nearctic species C. manni Cushman, 1922 to the northern part of the Neotropical region (southern Mexico). An illustrated identification key to all North American Clistopyga species is provided.
Phosphatase Wip1 Negatively Regulates Neutrophil Migration and Inflammation
Authors: Sun Bo , Hu Xuelian , Liu Guangwei , Ma Bo , Xu Yamei , Yang Tao , Shi Jianfeng , Yang Fan , Li Hongran , Zhang Lianfeng , Zhao Yong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Neutrophils are critically involved in host defense and tissue damage. Intrinsic signal mechanisms controlling neutrophil activities are poorly defined. We found that the expression of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) in mouse and human neutrophils was downregulated quickly after neutrophil activation through JNK-microRNA-16 pathway. Importantly, the Wip1 expression level was negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokine productions of neutrophils in sepsis patients. Wip1-deficient mice displayed increased bactericidal activities to Staphylococcus aureus and were hypersensitive to LPS-induced acute lung damage with increased neutrophil infiltration and inflammation. Mechanism studies showed that the enhanced inflammatory activity of neutrophils caused by Wip1 deficiency was mediated by p38 MAPK-STAT1 and NF-κB pathways. The increased migration ability of Wip1KO neutrophils was mediated by the decreased CXCR2 internalization and desensitization, which was directly regulated by p38 MAPK activity. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized function of Wip1 as an intrinsic negative regulator for neutrophil proinflammatory cytokine production and migration through multiple signal pathways.
Activin A as a Mediator of NK–Dendritic Cell Functional Interactions
Authors: Seeger Pascal , Bosisio Daniela , Parolini Silvia , Badolato Raffaele , Gismondi Angela , Santoni Angela , Sozzani Silvano 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The interaction of NK cells with dendritic cells (DCs) results in reciprocal cell activation through the interaction of membrane proteins and the release of soluble factors. In this article, we report that in NK–DC cocultures, among a set of 84 cytokines investigated, activin A was the second highest induced gene, with CXCL8 being the most upregulated one. Activin A is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and was previously shown to possess both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities. In NK–DC cocultures, the induction of activin A required cell contact and was dependent on the presence of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF), as well as on NK cell–mediated DC killing. CD1+ DCs were the main activin A producer cells among myeloid blood DC subsets. In NK–DC cocultures, inhibition of activin A by follistatin, a natural inhibitory protein, or by a specific blocking Ab, resulted in the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine release (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) by DCs and in the increase of DC maturation. In conclusion, our study reports that activin A, produced during NK–DC interactions, represents a relevant negative feedback mechanism that might function to prevent excessive immune activation by DCs.
Complement Activation by Ceramide Transporter Proteins
Authors: Bode Gerard H. , Losen Mario , Buurman Wim A. , Veerhuis Robert , Molenaar Peter C. , Steinbusch Harry W. M. , De Baets Marc H. , Daha Mohamed R. , Martinez-Martinez Pilar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractC1q is the initiator of the classical complement pathway and, as such, is essential for efficient opsonization and clearance of pathogens, altered self-structures, and apoptotic cells. The ceramide transporter protein (CERT) and its longer splicing isoform CERTL are known to interact with extracellular matrix components, such as type IV collagen, and with the innate immune protein serum amyloid P. In this article, we report a novel function of CERT in the innate immune response. Both CERT isoforms, when immobilized, were found to bind the globular head region of C1q and to initiate the classical complement pathway, leading to activation of C4 and C3, as well as generation of the membrane attack complex C5b–9. In addition, C1q was shown to bind to endogenous CERTL on the surface of apoptotic cells. These results demonstrate the role of CERTs in innate immunity, especially in the clearance of apoptotic cells.
Chronic Exposure to Glucocorticoids Shapes Gene Expression and Modulates Innate and Adaptive Activation Pathways in Macrophages with Distinct Changes in Leukocyte Attraction
Authors: van de Garde Martijn D. B. , Martinez Fernando O. , Melgert Barbro N. , Hylkema Machteld N. , Jonkers René E. , Hamann Jörg 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been used for more than 50 y as immunosuppressive drugs, yet their efficacy in macrophage-dominated disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is debated. Little is known how long-term GC treatment affects macrophage responses in inflammatory conditions. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of human macrophages, matured in the presence or absence of fluticasone propionate (FP), and their ability to initiate or sustain classical activation, mimicked using acute LPS and chronic IFN-γ stimulation, respectively. We identified macrophage gene expression networks, modulated by FP long-term exposure, and specific patterns of IFN-γ– and LPS-induced genes that were resistant, inhibited, or exacerbated by FP. Results suggest that long-term treatment with GCs weakens adaptive immune signature components of IFN-γ and LPS gene profiles by downmodulating MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but strengthens innate signature components by maintaining and increasing expression of chemokines involved in phagocyte attraction. In a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GC treatment induced higher chemokine levels, and this correlated with enhanced recruitment of leukocytes. Thus, GCs do not generally suppress macrophage effector functions, but they cause a shift in the innate–adaptive balance of the immune response, with distinct changes in the chemokine–chemokine receptor network.
Evaluation of Residency Programs: A Novel Approach Using Simulation
Authors: Doyle Kenneth , Young Meredith , Meterissian Sarkis 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
In Canada, there has been discussion about restructuring the accreditation process for residency education programs with the possibility of exempting selected programs from regular, on-site, external reviews.

Objective
We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a structured and rigorous internal review that identified program strengths and weaknesses, with the aim of allowing well-performing programs to be exempt from external reviews or to facilitate a significant lengthening of the review cycle.

Methods
We simulated all aspects of a regular, on-site, external review. All participants (program directors, program coordinators, faculty surveyors, and resident surveyors) were trained and performed all components of a formal external review. Participants completed an online survey to assess perceptions of the process and outcome.

Results
The overall response rate was 73% (109 of 149). Most respondents perceived the process to be either extremely or very rigorous (84%), fair (82%), and unbiased (75%). Those with previous review experience (77%) reported that the internal review process simulated a regular, on-site, external review either well or very well (mean rating 4.87, SD 0.90). Most program directors reported the cited list of program strengths to be either extremely or very appropriate (74%, 26 of 35). Perceptions of fairness, bias, and the appropriateness of cited program strengths and weaknesses depended on review outcome.

Conclusions
A structured and rigorous internal review process that simulates a regular, on-site, external review is feasible and could yield a list of program strengths and weaknesses for use in ongoing assessment and improvement.
The “Zing Factor”—How Do Faculty Describe the Best Pediatrics Residents?
Authors: Rosenbluth Glenn , O'Brien Bridget , Asher Emily M. , Cho Christine S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundFaculty in graduate medical education programs may not have uniform approaches to differentiating the quality of residents, and reviews of evaluations suggest that faculty use different standards when assessing residents. Standards for assessing residents also do not consistently map to items on evaluation forms. One way to improve assessment is to reach consensus on the traits and behaviors that are (or should be) present in the best residents.MethodsA trained interviewer conducted semistructured interviews with faculty affiliated with 2 pediatrics residency programs until content saturation was achieved. Interviewees were asked to describe specific traits present in residents they identify as the best. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. We used an iterative, inductive approach to generate a coding scheme and identify common themes.ResultsFrom 23 interviews, we identified 7 thematic categories of traits and behaviors: personality, energy, professionalism, team behaviors, self-improvement behaviors, patient-interaction behaviors, and medical knowledge and clinical skills (including a subcategory, knowledge integration). Most faculty interviewees focused on traits like passion, enthusiasm, maturity, and reliability. Examination score or intelligence was mentioned less frequently than traits and behaviors categorized under personality and professionalism.ConclusionsFaculty identified many traits and behaviors in the residents they define as the best. The thematic categories had incomplete overlap with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and CanMEDS competencies. This research highlights the ongoing need to review our assessment strategies, and may have implications for the ACGME Milestone Project.
Randomization Schedule
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe randomization schedule is used in a clinical trial to assign subjects randomly to one of the treatment regimens studied in the trial. Randomization helps to make the treatment groups comparable in baseline characteristics (both measured and not measured) and thus lessen the potential for bias in the evaluation of the treatments. It also allows causal inference with respect to intervention effects. The schedule is generated prior to the trial start and provides the list of treatment assignments by subject number (allocation number). In a stratified trial, a range of allocation numbers is designated for each stratum, and a separate randomization schedule is provided for each stratum. Subjects randomized into the trial are assigned allocation numbers in order of entry in their respective randomization stratum and receive the corresponding treatment.
Simple Randomization
Authors: Perevozskaya Inna T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An overview of general concept of randomization is given, and its importance as a crucial part of the study design to avoid selection bias is stressed. Simple randomization is the first and most intuitive of the randomization methods. Other, more sophisticated, methods of randomization are highlighted. We discuss properties of the simple randomization and its relationship to other randomization methods. Concept and properties of stratified randomization are discussed as well.
Subgroup Analysis
Authors: Simon Richard M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSubgroup analysis refers to the practice of attempting to determine whether and how treatment effects vary among subgroups of subjects who are studied in intervention studies. This article reviews the variety of statistical methods that have been used and developed for subgroup analyses. These methods include testing null hypotheses of no treatment effects within subgroups,P‐value adjustments for multiplicity, confidence intervals for subgroup‐specific treatment effects, interaction tests, qualitative interaction tests, and empirical Bayes and fully Bayesian methods. The article addresses the distinction between preplanned subgroup analyses in which experiment‐wise type I error rate is controlled and an unplanned data‐dredging exercise for the purpose of generating hypotheses to be tested in subsequent studies. The article emphasizes the importance of restricting inferential methods to a very limited number of prespecified subgroups based on strong biological rationale or reports from other clinical trials. The article discusses the central nature of a limited number of planned highly focused subgroup analyses for pharmacogenomic clinical trials. The article also addresses the limited reliably evaluating consistency of treatment effects among subgroups in positive clinical trials, including center effects in multi‐center trials, and the article discusses limitations imposed by sample size for subgroup analyses and the role of meta‐analysis in subgroup analyses.
Algorithm‐Based Designs
Authors: He Weili , Liu Jun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
First, we describe the traditional algorithm‐based A + B designs and the modifications of A + B designs, along with the advantages and drawbacks of these designs. Accelerated designs and a modification of the accelerated designs are delineated in the next section, then we introduce a model‐based approach in the estimation of the maximum tolerated dose following an algorithm‐based design. Finally, design properties for commonly used and less commonly used algorithm‐based designs are provided.
Diagnostic Studies
Authors: Schwenke Carsten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDiagnostic studies are performed to investigate the clinical usefulness of a new diagnostic procedure, for example, a new contrast agent for imaging or a new laboratory test to detect antibodies or antigens in blood. Sometimes, these studies are invented to substitute the standard procedure by an improved or less expensive procedure, which is not inferior in terms of efficacy and has some benefit compared with the standard procedure. Before starting a diagnostic study, first the unit for analysis should be defined in the terms “experimental unit” and “observational unit.”
Futility Analysis
Authors: Freidlin Boris 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMost randomized clinical trials are designed to demonstrate benefit of experimental versus standard treatment. For ethical and economic reasons, it is important to stop a trial early for “futility” if there is no longer a reasonable chance that the experimental arm can be shown to be definitively better than the standard arm. Futility monitoring has become a widely accepted component of clinical trial methodology. We provide a review of commonly used futility procedures and discuss practical aspects of their implementation.
Predicting Random Effects in Community Intervention
Authors: Stanek Edward J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe main objective in a group randomized trial is a comparison between treatments. Often, interest exists in the expected response for a particular group receiving a treatment. As a random sample of groups is included in the trial, the parameter for such a group is represented as a random effect. In this context, predicting the expected response for a group requires predicting a random effect. Proposed solutions to this problem are reviewed focusing on differences in the model assumptions in a simple setting. The author concludes that although popular computing solutions exist, fundamental open questions remain that impact interpretation.
Coronary Drug Project
Authors: Canner Paul L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Coronary Drug Project, which was conducted during 1966 to 1974, was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of five lipid‐modifying agents—estrogens at two dosage levels, dextrothyroxine, clofibrate, and niacin—in 8341 men with previous myocardial infarction. The primary efficacy outcome was all‐cause mortality for the entire follow‐up period. The first three named regimens were terminated early because of adverse effects. Only niacin significantly reduced the risk of (1) cardiovascular events during a mean follow‐up of 6.2 years and (2) all‐cause mortality during 6.2 years with study treatment plus an additional 9 years of post‐trial follow‐up. Analyses of treatment–placebo differences with respect to all‐cause mortality, subdivided by level of adherence to the study prescription and by amount of change in serum cholesterol level, could not be properly interpreted because reasons for good/poor adherence and for cholesterol changes in the placebo group were not well defined.