bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Affects Vegetation More Than Seed Banks in Mixed-Grass Prairies of the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Haines Dustin F. , Larson Diane L. , Larson Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractExotic plants have the ability to modify soil seed banks in habitats they invade, but little is known about the legacy of invasion on seed banks once an exotic plant has successfully been controlled. Natural areas previously invaded by leafy spurge in the northern Great Plains typically have one of two fates following its removal: a return of native plants, or a secondary invasion of other exotic plants. It is unknown, however, if this difference in plant communities following leafy spurge control is due to seed bank differences. To answer this question, we monitored seed banks and standing vegetation for 2 yr in mixed-grass prairies that were previously invaded by leafy spurge but controlled within 5 yr of our study. We found that native plant seed banks were largely intact in areas previously invaded by leafy spurge, regardless of the current living plant community, and leafy spurge invasion history had a larger impact on cover and diversity of the vegetation than on the seed banks. Differences in plant communities following leafy spurge control do not appear to be related to the seed banks, and soil conditions may be more important in determining trajectories of these postinvasion communities.
Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Invasion and Eradication: Implications for Soil Nutrient Dynamics in a Longleaf Pine Sandhill Ecosystem
Authors: Hagan Donald L. , Jose Shibu , Bohn Kimberly , Escobedo Francisco 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe assessed pre- and posteradication nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in longleaf pine sandhill stands severely affected by cogongrass. Across a 7-yr posteradication (glyphosate + imazapyr) “recovery chronosequence,” which included untreated cogongrass, uninvaded reference, and treated plots, we analyzed soils for total N, potentially available P (Mehlich-1 [M1]), pH, and organic matter content. We also used resin bags to assess fluxes of plant available N and P in the soil solution. Additionally, we used litterbags to monitor the decomposition and nutrient mineralization patterns of dead rhizome and foliage tissue. Our results indicate similar total N and M1-P contents in both cogongrass-invaded and uninvaded reference plots, with levels of M1-P being lower than in cogongrass plots for 5 yr after eradication. Soil organic matter did not differ between treatments. Resin bag analyses suggest that cogongrass invasion did not affect soil nitrate availability, although a pulse of NO2+ NO3occurred in the first 3 yr after eradication. No such trends were observed for ammonium. Resin-adsorbed PO4was lowest 3 yr after eradication, and pH was highest 5 yr after eradication. Our litterbag study showed that approximately 55% of foliar biomass and 23% of rhizome tissue biomass remained 18 mo after herbicide treatment. Substantial N immobilization was observed in rhizomes for the first 12 mo, with slow mineralization occurring thereafter. Rapid P mineralization occurred, with 15.4 and 20.5% of initial P remaining after 18 mo in rhizomes and foliage, respectively. Overall, our findings indicate that cogongrass invasion has little to no effect on soil nutrient cycling processes, although some significant—but ephemeral—alterations develop after eradication.
English Ivy (Hedera helix) Control with Postemergence-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Yang Qian , Wehtje Glenn , Gilliam Charles H. , McElroy J. Scott , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractEnglish ivy (Hedera helix) is an evergreen, perennial vine that was introduced from Europe and Asia and is not endemic in much of the United States. English ivy can be invasive and difficult to control once established. Four similar, but not identical, experiments were conducted in sequence to evaluate selected, POST-applied herbicides for English ivy control. English ivy plants were propagated from cuttings and container-grown to obtain a large population of uniform plants. Aminopyralid and fluroxypyr applied at 1.34 and 0.71 kg ae ha−1, which is more twice the maximum registered rate for either herbicide, were ineffective. Glyphosate and 2,4-D amine were generally more effective, but neither herbicide provided a level of control that could be deemed consistently acceptable. Glyphosate applied at 8.51 kg ae ha−1(the highest rate evaluated) provided 69, 98, and 89% control in the second, third, and fourth experiments as determined by foliage fresh-weight reduction relative to a nontreated control. Treatment with 2,4-D at 5.60 kg ae ha−1(the highest rate evaluated) controlled English ivy 28, 98, and 89% in the second, third, and fourth experiments, respectively. Mixtures of 2,4-D and glyphosate were generally no more effective than were the components applied alone. Metsulfuron was the most effective herbicide. Metsulfuron applied at 0.168 kg ai ha−1controlled English ivy ≥ 97% across the three experiments in which this treatment was included. This treatment also prevented regrowth.
Antireflective amorphous carbon nanocone arrays inspired from compound eyes
Authors: Li Teng , Lou Shuai , Ding Jian , Fan Tongxiang 
Published: September 2013

A nanocone-arrayed amorphous carbon architecture with favorable antireflective property has been fabricated through a one-step vacuum sintering process, mimicking the hierarchical nipple array structure on compound eyes of the butterfly Euploea mulciber. The architecture presents a reflectance of 2–3% in visible light (380–750 nm), much lower than relevant flat-plate amorphous carbon with approximately 11% reflection. Poynting vector maps based on 3D finite differential time domain simulation reveal that the nanocone arrays redistribute the incident light in both horizontal and vertical directions and thus enhance the light absorption, contributing to the low reflectance. Simulated reflection results convey that the array height determines the wavelength range of minimum reflection, and proper lattice constant and nipple thickness, together with small tilt angle, can result in good antireflective property. This article contains supporting information that will be made available online once the issue is published. In the meantime, if you wish to get a copy of the supplementary file please contact the Managing Editor, Sohini Banerjee, at sohini.banerjee@icepublishing.com
Description of matrix converter in frequency domain
Authors: Borkowski Dariusz , Sobczyk Tadeusz J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The paper presents abilities and advantages following from the use of the harmonic balance method for analysis of steady state of a multiphase system with switching devices on example of a matrix converter. Switching elements are modelled as resistances with step-wise variable parameters, what allows to describe the converter by a linear infinite set of equations. The analysis in frequency domain is presented on example of the one-periodic control strategy. External systems were also added using the Thevenin method approach. The numerical calculation results of a linear equations set were verified by the variable structure method in a time domain and the numerical convergence was confirmed. Furthermore, the exemplary complex system was analysed using the cascade method and current waveforms were obtained.
The wave transformer – analysis and application of time digital filters and the integral-derivative operators of ½ order
Authors: Siwczyński Maciej , Drwal Andrzej , Żaba Sławomir 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this paper the way of modeling phenomena occurring during the voltage and current waves passing through a point connection of two lines, with different wave impedance operators, is presented. This connection point is called „the wave transformer”. The analyzes and the resulting formulas concern not the frequency domain, but the time domain. The appropriate transition matrices of waves through the wave transformer are defined. This matrices are the convolution integral-derivative operators of fractional order (the digital filters). For a lossless line the wave transition matrices through the wave transformer become number type instead of operator type. All matrix multiplications occurring in the formulas should be understood in convolution way.
Clinical Significance of Autoantibodies to Parietal Cells in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Authors: Gerenova Julieta B. , Manolova Irena M. , Tzoneva Vania I. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Clinical significance of autoantibodies to parietal cells (PCA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) remains contradictory. AIM: To characterize the frequency of PCA in patients with ATD; to clarify the role of gender and age in PCA positivity; to analyze the association of PCA with gastric or haematologic symptoms and with the levothyroxine dose required to achieve a serum TSH level within the normal range in treated Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCA were measured using ELISA in 137 HT patients, divided into tree subgroups according to the thyroid function: group I included subjects with normal thyroid function; group II included patients with hypothyroidism, in group III were enrolled subjects treated with levothyroxine (LT4). We also studied the PCA positivity in 14 patients with active Graves’ disease and in 23 healthy controls. RESULTS: PCA positivity was found in 51 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases, with an overall prevalence of 33.8%. No significant differences in PCA were observed between the groups of HT patients. The frequency of PCA in both genders was similar and there were no difference depending on age. In 7.3% of HT patients in different stages of disease we found clinically relevant gastric and/or haematologic symptoms; in 70% of them PCA were positive (OR = 5.5; 95% CI: 1.2 - 28.4; p = 0.009). PCA positive hypothyroid HT patients required higher LT4 doses than PCA negative (1.46 μg/kg vs 1.24 μg/kg, p = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS: PCA may be present in different stages in HT patients; this does not depend on the severity of disease. PCA concentrations may predict symptoms of atrophic gastritis in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. PCA positive HT patients require higher replacement doses of LT4. Presence of anemia, particularly microcytic anemia, was suggestive of undiagnosed atrophic gastritis.
Effect of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Learning and Memory in Rats with Diazepam-Induced Amnesia
Authors: Georgieva-Kotetarova Maria T. , Kostadinova Ivanka I. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past decade, evidence has emerged that statins have neuroprotective effects.
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on learning and memory in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 48 white male Wistar rats, divided into 6 groups, each of 8 rats. The experimental animals were treated per os for 14 days with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. To induce amnesia diazepam was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined after the induction of amnesia with active avoidance test using autonomic reflex conditioner (shuttle box) and passive avoidance tests (step-through and step down) (Ugo Basile, Italy). The following parameters were assessed: number of conditioned responses (avoidances), number of unconditioned responses (escapes) and number of intertrial crossings in the active avoidance test; latency of reactions was measured in the passive avoidance tests.
RESULTS: We found a significant increase of conditioned responses in atorvastatin treated animals (in a dose of 10 mg/kg bw) in active avoidance training. In the animals treated with rosuvastatin in both doses there was a statistically significant increase of unconditioned responses. In the step-through passive avoidance test there was significant improvement of short-term and long-term memory following administration of atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw). Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) preserves long-term memory. In the step-down passive avoidance test, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw and 20 mg/kg bw) preserve long-term memory.
CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bw) improve cognitive functions in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia and preserve longterm memory.
GPS monitoring of bedrock stability at Olkiluoto nuclear waste disposal site in Finland from 1996 to 2012
Authors: Nyberg S. , Kallio U. , Koivula H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract The Finnish Geodetic Institute has studied crustal deformations at Olkiluoto nuclear waste disposal site since mid-90’s. Biannual GPS measurement has been carried out in two local GPS networks. This paper analyses the GPS data processing effects on the coordinate solutions and presents the results of GPS monitoring from 1996 to 2012. The GPS data was processed using Bernese GPS Software 5.0. The GPS data processing and baseline analysis showed a 1.0 mm (max RMS) level agreement of observation and high bedrock stability in the area. Most of the horizontal trends were smaller than 0.1 mm/a. The troposphere estimation strategy had a clear effect on the horizontal trends at some sites. The strain rates were all very small, but we could detect motions near the Olkiluoto permanent station.
Makefiles for Moses
Authors: Germann Ulrich 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Building MT systems with the Moses toolkit is a task so complex that it is rarely done manually. Over the years, several frameworks for building, running, and evaluating Moses systems have been developed, most notably the Experiment Management System (EMS). While EMS works well for standard experimental set-ups and offers good web integration, designing new experimental set-ups within EMS is not trivial, especially when the new processing pipeline differs considerably from the kind EMS is intended for. In this paper, I present M4M (Makefiles for Moses), a framework for building and evaluating Moses MT systems with the GNU Make utility. I illustrate the capabilities by a simple set-up that builds and compares two different systems with common resources. This set-up requires little more than putting training, tuning and evaluation data into the right directories and running Make.1 The purpose of this paper is twofold: to guide first-time users of Moses through the process of building baseline MT systems, and to discuss some lesser-known features of the Make utility that enable the MT practitioner to set up complex experimental scenarios efficiently. M4M is part of the Moses distribution.
Open Machine Translation Core: An Open API for Machine Translation Systems
Authors: Johnson Ian 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Open Machine Translation Core (OMTC) is a proposed open API that defines an application programming interface (API) for machine translation (MT) systems. The API defined is a service interface which can be used to underpin any type of MT application. It consists of components which allow programmers, with little effort, to integrate different MT back-ends into their applications since an OMTC compliant MT system presents a consistent interface. OMTC attempts to standardise the following aspects of an MT system: resources - the abstract representation of assets used e.g. documents and translation memories, sessions - a period of time in which a user interacts with the system, session negotiation - agreement on which services are to be provided, authorisation - integration with third party authorisation systems to prevent users performing unauthorised actions, scheduling - the management of long running MT tasks, machine translation engines - a representation of an entity capable of providing only MT, and translators - a conglomeration of, at least one of the following, an MT engine, a collection of translation memories, and a collection of glossaries.
Sequence Segmentation by Enumeration: An Exploration
Authors: Eger Steffen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe investigate exhaustive enumeration and subsequent language model evaluation (E&E approach) as an alternative to solving the sequence segmentation problem. We show that, under certain conditions (on string lengths and regarding a possibility to accurately estimate the number of segments), which are satisfied for important NLP applications, such as phonological segmentation, syllabification, and morphological segmentation, the E&E approach is feasible and promises superior results than the standard sequence labeling approach to sequence segmentation.
Necrophagous Entomofauna (Diptera, Coleoptera) on Meles Meles (L.) (Mammalia: Mustelidae) Carcasses within Different Conditions of Exposure in Bucharest (Romania)
Authors: Iancu (Paul) Lavinia , Pârvu Corneliu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe study of necrophagous insect fauna brings information by providing numerous data, revealed after experimental studies for the benefit of knowledge development of necrophagous insect associations (biology, ecology, ethology), as well as their use in the forensic field. In this respect, the article presents an experiment in which specimens of Meles meles (L.) were used along a period of 8 months (March - October 2011). Three exposure methods were used: in open air, covered by plastic and buried in the ground. The objective was to record the presence time of the necrophagous insect wave, according to the factors which influenced the local entomological fauna along the experiment, as well as the altering process of the carcasses. Dipteran species belonging to the families Calliphoridae and Muscidae were identified subsequently, as well as numerous coleopteran species. Most of the observed and caught specimens belong to the order Diptera, which reached a number of 271 specimens representing adults, immature stages. As regards order Coleoptera, only 53 specimens were captured. It was observed that Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Calliphoridae) species was present along the entire experiment, representing one of the prevalent insects of the colonizing necrophagous insect wave.
Research concerning fabrication of fibrous osteoconductive plga/hap nanocomposite material using the method of electrospinning from polymer solution
Authors: Krucińska Izabella , Boguń Maciej , Chrzanowska Olga , Chrzanowski Michał , Król Paulina 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The aim of the work was to obtain nano fibrous structures from biodegradable polymer with the addition of
hydroxyapatite using electrospinning technique. Research was conducted with two types of solvent: dichloromethane
and 50:50 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and dichloromethane. As a polymer a copolymer of L-lactide and glycolide
(PLGA), commercial product with trade name Resomer®LG 824, was used. The preliminary electrospinning
tests enabled to match optimal polymer solution concentration of tested samples. Rheological properties of all
tested polymer solutions has been determined. Influence of electrospinning conditions and the type of solvent on
macroscopic structure has been investigated.
Photocatalytic and self-cleaning properties of SiO2/TiO2/SiO2 nanostructured thin film
Authors: Eshaghi Akbar , Aghaei Abbas Ail , Eshaghi Ameneh 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this research, SiO2/TiO2/SiO2 nanostructured thin films were deposited on glass substrates using an electron beam physical vapor deposition technique. The structure, morphology, surface composition, hydrophilic and photocatalytic properties of the thin film were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements and methylene blue degradation. The results indicated that SiO2/TiO2/SiO2 nanostructured thin film shows superhydrophilic and photocatalytic properties which greatly encourage the self-cleaning function of the film.
Optimization of process parameters in explosive cladding of titanium/stainless steel 304L plates
Authors: Tamilchelvan Padmanaban , Raghukandan Krishnamurthy , Saravanan Somasundaram 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Explosive cladding is a solid state welding process best suited for joining incompatible metals. The selection of process parameters viz., explosive mass ratio, stand off distance and initial angle of inclination dictate the nature of the cladding. Optimization of process parameters in explosive cladding of titanium–stainless steel 304L plates, based on two level three factorial design, is attempted to establish the influencing parameters. Analysis of variance was employed to find the linear, regression and interaction values. Mathematical models to estimate the responses-amplitude and wavelength were developed. The microstructure of the Ti–SS304L explosive clad interface reveals characteristic undulations concurrent with design expectations.
Critical sizes for coherent to semicoherent transition in precipitates
Authors: Kumar Arun , Kaur Gaganpreet , Subramaniam Anandh 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A coherent precipitate, on growth beyond a critical size, can become semicoherent through the formation of interfacial misfit dislocations. This investigation pertains to the finite element simulation of the state of stress of a coherent precipitate, its growth and the change in state of stress on the formation of an interfacial misfit dislocation loop. Critical radii are determined from the simulations based on: (i) global energy minimum (r*) and (ii) local force balance along the radial direction (r
c). The concept of local force balance as existing in literature is extended to the circumferential direction, to calculate a new critical size (r
t). Local force balance gives radii at which the interface is the stable position for the dislocation loop. Off-interface stability of the dislocation loops is also investigated. The Cu–γFe system is used as an example to illustrate the new methodology developed and validate the results of the simulation. The power of the methodology is shown by considering a configuration (precipitation in a thin disc), where standard theoretical formulations are inadequate.
Effect of Mn doping on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaHf0.1Ti0.9O3 ceramics
Authors: Fu Chunlin , Liang Jingnan , Cai Wei , Chen Gang , Deng Xiaoling 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Pure and Mn-doped barium hafnate titanate ceramics (BaHf0.1Mn
x
Ti0.9
–

x
O3, where x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1) are prepared by means of a sol–gel method. The microstructures, dielectric properties and ferroelectric properties of the ceramics are investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that Mn4
+ ions enter the unit cell to maintain the perovskite structure of solid solution. Consequently, the tetragonality gradually decreases with increased Mn content. The grains of Mn-doped BaHf0.1Ti0.9O3 ceramics become uniform and almost spherical. The diffuseness constant decreases from 1.89 to 1.48 with increased Mn content from 0 at.% to 5 at.%. Hysteresis loops can be observed in all samples from 30 °C to 90 °C, which may be due to the relaxor ferroelectric property of these ceramics.