bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS, BEHAVIOR, AND TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS
Authors: Mackay Donald , Wells Peter G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Three key issues must be addressed when deciding on the desirability of using chemical dispersants for mitigating the adverse effects of oil spills: (1) how effective a given dosage of dispersant will be on a given oil slick; (2) how the dispersed oil and dispersant diffuse into the water column, dissolve, volatilize, degrade, and interact with suspended and bottom sediments; and (3) what effects the dissolved and particulate oil and dispersant will have on water column and benthic biota. It is essential that the first two areas (physical and chemical studies) relate closely to the third (biological aspects) in order that bioassay exposure (in terms of concentration of dispersant, classes of and individual hydrocarbons, and duration) addressing the toxicity issue be realistic.
Here, we review the current status of a research program which addresses these issues. Under the program, attempts are being made to quantify dispersant effectiveness (including consideration of effectiveness testing using the Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman system for oils which have evaporated and/or formed water-in-oil emulsions to various extents), water column diffusion, and partitioning of specific hydrocarbons among water, oil, and suspended sediment as well as into the atmosphere. A procedure is described which has been used to quantify the acute toxicity of dispersants to copepods and which is being extended to apply also to the toxic contributions of dissolved and particulate oil. Hopefully, by assembling quantitative expressions for effectiveness, behavior, and toxicity, those situations in which dispersion is desirable can be better identified.
THE LOUISIANA OFFSHORE OIL PORT COMPUTERIZED OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN1
Authors: Gallagher John J. , Heikamp A. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP, Inc.) is installing a computerized oil spill contingency plan. The nature and operation of the LOOP, Inc. facilities raise unique difficulties that must be addressed in oil spill contingency planning for the system. The structure of the new computerized contingency plan, its application to the system, and the benefits derived from the plan are the subjects of this paper.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MARPOL 73/78
Authors: Sasamura Yoshio 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) is the latest and most comprehensive instrument dealing with all sources of pollution from ships. Annex I of MARPOL 73/78, which deals with pollution by oil and which supersedes the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, entered into force on 2 October 1983. The convention sets out criteria for the discharge of oil from ballast water and tank washings of oil tankers, and from machinery room bilges of all ships. It also lays down requirements for the construction and equipment of ships, including oily-water separating and filtering equipment, oil discharge monitoring and control systems, segregated ballast tanks (SBT), dedicated clean ballast tanks (CBT), and crude oil washing systems (COW).
The implementation of MARPOL 73/78 has a significant technical and economic impact. Major technical problems in the implementation of Annex I are, firstly, the lack of reception facilities in many ports of the world and, secondly, the non-availability of accurate and reliable oil content meters. The problem of reception facilities is particularly serious in Special Areas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, where the discharge of oily wastes is totally prohibited except for segregated and clean ballast.
ECUMOIRE II: EVALUATION OF THREE OIL RECOVERY DEVICES OFFSHORE
Authors: Peigne Georges 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In June 1983, three French oil recovery devices were evaluated at sea off Toulon. These tests were conducted by CEDRE with the help of the French Navy, which is responsible for fighting pollution at sea. Skimmers evaluated were the SIRENE 20 skimming boom, the ESCA offshore weir-type skimmer, and the STOPOL oleophilic drum-type skimmer associated with a deflecting boom.
In the tests 35 m3 of oil were spilled; 25 m3 were recovered. The SIRENE and the STOPOL, which are selective skimmers, were towed and used by a supply vessel, whereas the ESCA required a little tanker to settle the large collected mixture of oil and water. During most tests the sea was moderate.
Average throughput efficiency was about 70 to 80 percent for the three skimmers. Oil recovery efficiency (i.e., the oil content in the recovered product) averaged 80 percent for the STOPOL and 50 percent for the SIRENE. For these skimmers, the recovered oil was stored in a 160-m3 flexible floating tank towed by the support ship.
Tests were more qualitative than quantitative owing to the difficulty of monitoring some parameters of the simulated spill. However, the tests permitted a positive conclusion about the ability of the three devices to recover oil effectively in a moderate sea. Some advantages and drawbacks of each system were also demonstrated; for example, SIRENE is the least affected by waves, whereas STOPOL is the most selective and ESCA the least affected by the viscosity of oil.
Pursuant to these trials some improvements were made that will be evaluated in the near future.
THE TANIO SPILL: A CASE HISTORY ILLUSTRATING THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND
Authors: Ganten Reinhard H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Tanio disaster of March 7, 1980, was one of the most costly oil pollution incidents ever. It caused serious pollution damage to the Brittany coast of France, which had been severely polluted by the Amoco Cadiz spill two years earlier and by the Torrey Canyon spill in 1967. The nature of the incident, the kind and quantity of oil spilled, and the prevailing weather conditions posed considerable response and cleanup problems. Claims for compensation for pollution damage totalling about $56 million were made by the French Government, regional and local authorities, and private persons. The assessment and settlement of these claims within four years of the incident by the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) placed a heavy burden on the secretariat of the organization and required new claims settlement procedures.
LEGAL CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Mertzl Douglas K. , Mattson James S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a model for extending contingency planning to the legal aspects of oil spills. The early stages of a spill are a critical time for gathering evidence and taking initial legal steps. The authors examine the need to assign specific documentation tasks to field personnel in advance and to have a team of legal staff, knowledgeable in oil spill, admiralty, and tort law preassigned to deal with spill-related legal matters requiring immediate attention. This approach should be of value to any organization involved in a spill, whether corporate owners or operators, or regulatory agencies. Finally, the authors consider whether being in a defensive or offensive legal posture should affect legal contingency planning.
INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TECHNIQUES FOR MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS
Authors: Teal Andrew R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill response in major river systems can be hampered both technically and logistically by river width, current speed, and limitations imposed by equipment and weather. Esso, in response to challenges presented by the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories of Canada, developed response systems and techniques to deal with these concerns. These techniques include mid-channel response, anchoring, oil deflection, and oil recovery from under thick ice.
TRENDS IN STRANDED TANKER SALVAGE1
Authors: Clay John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The electronics revolution has changed many fields. Salvors have been slow to keep up with technology. Historically, salvage masters have relied almost exclusively on their subjective feel to ensure the survival of stranded vessels. Even today the analysis of stranded vessels is based primarily on static calculations. However, dynamic loads add to static loads and may be larger in many situations. This paper outlines traditional salvage calculations, new developments, and future needs. Salvage is in a state of transition, yet its future is gaining definition. Salvage of stranded tankers will be just as challenging as ever. It will still require an experienced salvage master who understands the multitude of factors involved, but dynamics will be accounted for by powerful software running in portable microcomputers at the site of strandings. Some computer inputs will be real-time data from lightweight sensors. The portable computers will provide forecasts on probability of breakup based on projected sea states during periods of high stress (low tide). These new tools will make the salvage masters' decisions more timely, confident, and accurate.
COMBUSTIBILITY AND INCINERATION OF BEAUFORT CRUDE/SEAWATER EMULSIONS
Authors: Kretschmer D. , Odgers J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tests on the emulsification properties of two different Beaufort crudes have shown that emulsions with up to 50 percent water content have to be expected after an oil spill. Emulsions with this water content were burned in a very simple combustor, and the resulting flames were as clean as can be expected from any fuel. Since no problems were encountered while burning these emulsions, it seems that a low pollution incineration device can be designed using well-established standard design criteria.
ASSESSMENT OF THREE SURFACE COLLECTING AGENTS DURING TEMPERATE AND ARCTIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Pope Pamela , Allen Al , Nelson William G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory and field tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using surface collecting agents in cold weather oil recovery and in situ burning operations. In a small laboratory test tank, the surface areas and equilibrium thicknesses of three Alaskan North Slope crude oils were observed before and after the application of three different surface collecting agents to each oil. Numerous small bench-top tests also were conducted to further support the observations made in the test tank. Ambient air temperatures were varied from 23° C to −17° C, while the temperatures of fresh water and laboratory-prepared sea water were varied from 15° C to 0° C.
The three surface collecting agents used (Corexit OC-5, Nalco 3WP-086, Shell Oil Herder) were equally effective in concentrating the areas of thin films by as much as 95 percent within a minute or less. The efficiencies of the surface collecting agents were observed to decrease only slightly with air temperatures below 0° C. Equilibrium thicknesses and areas before and after collectant application were determined using standard photometric techniques. In addition, two field tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of collecting agents on large experimental oil slicks in an onshore pit at Prudhoe Bay. In each test, approximately 1 m3 of fresh Prudhoe Bay crude oil was released and allowed to come to an equilibrium thickness. In each test, the oil was concentrated with Corexit OC-5 and Shell Oil Herder and then ignited. Winds of 4-to-6 knots (2-to-3 m/s) herded the slicks into one corner of the pit and produced an average slick thickness of 9.5 mm. The use of collectants resulted in a 5 percent reduction of the wind-herded slick areas, thus increasing the thicknesses to approximately 10 mm.
SCIENTIFIC RESPONSE TO THE BLUE MAGPIE SPILL
Authors: Pavia Robert , Payton D. L. , Galt J. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 19, 1983, the 348-foot general cargo vessel Blue Magpie grounded on the jetty at Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The Blue Magpie carried approximately 225 tons of bunker C and 30 tons of diesel fuel. Bunker C leaked from the vessel for five days as the vessel was worked against the jetty by high winds and seas.
Federal, state, and local scientists worked to support Coast Guard spill mitigation efforts by providing oil trajectory forecasts, identifying shoreline protection priorities, and determining cleanup requirements in environmentally sensitive areas.
When it became evident that the oil onboard the ship could not be safely removed and would continue to contaminate the environmentally sensitive Yaquina Bay, scientists began to evaluate plans for a controlled release of all oil remaining on the ship. Important environmental considerations in this decision were the presence of the endangered brown pelican, migrating waterfowl, shellfish beds, and harbor seals, and the imminent arrival of migrating gray whales. Oil spill trajectory forecasts were used to evaluate the optimal time of release.
The Coast Guard plans to release oil from the ship were timed to reduce environmental impacts. However, during the night of November 23 the forward section of the vessel broke, releasing most of the remaining oil. Winds and tides at that time corresponded closely to the optimal conditions for an intentional release.
SENSITIVITY MAPPING: AN AID TO CONTINGENCY PLANNING ON SOUTHERN AFRICAN SHORES
Authors: Jackson Lynette Frances , Lipschitz Steven Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil pollution poses a significant threat to the coastline of southern Africa, necessitating the development of contingency plans for the region. Since the main objective of such plans is to minimize environmental damage, the compilation of sensitivity maps detailing coastal resources and assessing them in terms of oil pollution were seen as the first steps in such a project. The sensitivity maps covering the southern African coastline have been incorporated in an atlas. Each map features a coastal strip color coded on the basis of a geomorphological classification/sensitivity index and various superimposed symbols designating natural and socioeconomic resources. Detailed notes accompanying each map provide the rationale for establishing priorities.
Experience gained during the Castillo de Bellver incident in 1983 showed that such information is invaluable in obtaining cooperation with tanker insurance representatives and is essential for preparing successful contingency plans.
REAL TIME APPLICATION OF AN OIL SPILL MOTION PREDICTION SYSTEM
Authors: Neralla V. R. , Venkatesh S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the prediction in real time of the motion of experimental oil slicks. These slicks were the subject of an oil spill experiment organized by the joint Government/Industry Canadian Aerial Applications Task Force. These experiments offshore were conducted during September 1983 near Halifax on the east coast of Canada, at 44°30′ N, 63°00′ W. The primary objective of the experiments was to determine the suitability of oil spill dispersants as countermeasures. A secondary objective was the testing and verification of oil spill trajectory models and systems.
The Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) participated in the experiments to test the capability of its oil spill motion prediction system in providing real time trajectory forecasts. The AES system resident on computer facilities at the Canadian Meteorological Centre in Montreal was accessed through standard telephone lines, with appropriate output products available on a computer terminal near the experiment site.
The experiment consisted of three sets of spills. Each set had a control slick and a test slick. Sixteen barrels of crude oil were used in each spill. The test slicks were used to test the effectiveness of various dispersants, the control slicks were used to verify trajectory forecasts.
The spill trajectories and oil weathering information obtained from the system during the experiments demonstrated the relative ease with which the system could handle the required input and provide timely forecasts. The accuracy of these forecast trajectories was confirmed by observations, and their utility was demonstrated by their application in the operational decision making process.
GROUNDWATER ABATEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
Authors: Yaniga Paul M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Losses and spills of refined petroleum products have in some cases become a groundwater problem of major significance. The effects of fugitive volatile organics in the subsurface are various. Common concerns are the contamination of potable water supplies, long-term health problems associated with inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors and odors, and flammable concentrations of vapors in homes, utility conduits, and buildings. The sources of petroleum losses are also quite varied, ranging from small losses at homeowners' fuel storage tanks to major leaks at commercial refining, storage, transfer, and retailing facilities. Although recent years have seen marked increases in the safe handling, control, and transfer of refined organic products, inadvertent, accidental, and certainly unintentional losses of organics still occur.
When these problems occur, it is common for the smaller losses at retail outlets (service stations) to have the greater social and environmental impacts. This is true because the retail outlets are often located in close proximity, if not immediately adjacent, to commercial and residential establishments. Such facilities may rely on individual groundwater supplies that are subject to degradation by the lost hydrocarbon products, or they may be serviced by common utilities, whose backfilled pathways act as conduits for transmission of the fugitive product and associated vapors. These factors of physical proximity and reliance on groundwater, when coupled with the introduction of refined organic products to the subsurface, generate problems of local significance and sensitivity.
Cleanup programs must entail mechanisms of thorough definition, symptoms treatment, and comprehensive removal or abatement of the organic product in the subsurface. These aproaches must be technically sound, acceptable to governing regulatory agencies, physically and economically possible to enact, and acceptable to affected parties. Groundwater Technology has carried out many such programs. This paper discusses two case histories.
One case history describes the successful collection and removal of approximately 8,000 gallons of offending unleaded gasoline that had threatened closure of public buildings. This remedial action was accomplished by the application of a specially designed, sensor-controlled, two-pump recovery system that removed the product from an unconsolidated sand aquifer. The second case history shows the success of employing a program combining bioreclamation, air stripping, and granular activated carbon usage to abate contamination of a bedrock aquifer. The contamination problem involved soluble components of unleaded gasoline that affected more than 10 water supply wells.
REVEGETATION OF ARCTIC TUNDRA AFTER AN OIL SPILL: A CASE HISTORY
Authors: Brendel Judith 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comparison of revegetation techniques for arctic tundra was conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 on a crude oil spill that occurred January 1, 1981, about 125 miles south of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. The oiling rate was approximately 37 L/m2, with oil contents of soil averaging 60,000 to 275,000 ppm.
The following revegetation methods were compared: cover with clean material, remove contaminated material and replace with clean material, seed and fertilize, till and seed and fertilize, and apply oil degrading bacteria. Parameters monitored in this study included oil content of soil, grass species survival, yield, and grass percentage growth.
Survival and yield of grass were best in areas of heavy application (1,000 lb/acre) of a fertilizer high in nitrogen and phosphorus (20-20-10), combined with soil tilling. Yields on control areas averaged 0.74 g/m2 and on fertilized and tilled areas 6.6 g/m2. Soil oil contents appear to be reduced by fertilization and aeration, perhaps by up to 20 percent in one year.
EFFECTS OF OIL AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL IN SEDIMENTS ON CLAMS1
Authors: Anderson Jack W. , Kiesser Steven L. , McQuerry Dennis L. , Fellingham Gilbert W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several field experiments with natural sediments in the intertidal zone were conducted over a two-year period to compare the effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and this same oil dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (1 part Corexit to 10 parts oil). The clams used were Protothaca staminea and Macoma inquinata. Exposure periods ranged from one to six months. In a one-month exposure to about 2,000 parts per million (ppm) total oil in sediments, survival of P. staminea was two to three times greater than that of M. inquinata, and both species exhibited lower tolerance to oil alone in sediment than dispersed oil at the same concentration. However, uptake of naphthalenes and phenanthrenes by M. inquinata was greater from sediments mixed with dispersed oil than oil alone. Dispersed oil in this 30-day exposure also produced a decrease (compared to field controls) in the concentration of some of the free amino acids in the tissues of M. inquinata. Four- and six-month field exposures of small P. staminea to sediment containing oil or dispersed oil (about 2,000 ppm) reduced growth in both oil treatments (four-month exposure) or in just the chemically dispersed oil treatment (six-month exposure). In the latter experiment initial petroleum concentrations in the surface sediments (top 3 centimeters) were higher (about 3,000 ppm) for the dispersed oil than for oil alone. Surface layers in both conditions were free of contamination (down to 6 cm) after six months.
OHMSETT TESTS OF THE TOSCON WEIR SKIMMER AND GRAVITY DIFFERENTIAL SEPARATOR1
Authors: Gates Donald C. , Corradino Kevin M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Texas Oil Spill Control, Inc. (TOSCON) weir skimmer and gravity differential separator was conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility in October 1982. The tests were sponsored by the OHMSETT Interagency Technical Committee (OITC). The TOSCON skimmer and separator are designed and manufactured by Texas Oil Spill Control, Inc., of Conroe, Texas. The skimmer was designed to operate at intake rates up to 227 cubic meters per hour (m3/h) alone and up to 11.4 m3/h when operated with the oil-water separator.
Recovery efficiency and oil recovery rate were the criteria used to measure the skimmer's performance with respect to oil slick thickness, propeller speed, waves, and tow speed. Separator performance was judged by its effectiveness in separating an oil and water dispersion with respect to percent water in the oil effluent and oil concentration in the water effluent samples. The independent variables used in testing the separator were flow rate and oil concentration of the influent liquid.
The separator achieved a best performance effluent oil sample containing less than 0.02 percent water. Samples taken during normal operating conditions contained an average of 2.2 percent water. The lowest concentration of oil in an effluent water sample was 65 milligrams per liter (mg/L); the average concentration for all samples was 506 mg/L of oil. Overall, the separator performed best when oil concentrations in the influent were above 40 percent.
The skimmer was tested in oil slicks from 1 millimeter (mm) to 31 mm thick. Oil recovery rates ranged from 0.5 to 8.6 m3/h; the average was 2.5 m3/h. Recovery efficiency ranged from 8 to 59 percent.
Best performance of the skimmer and separator when tested as a system occurred when the skimmer propeller was run at a speed of 620 rpm in a light oil slick of 26 mm. Under these conditions, the separator yielded effluent oil with 0.2 percent water content and effluent water containing 192 mg of oil/L.