bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence against Congolese refugee women in Rwanda and mental health: a cross-sectional study using latent class analysis
Authors: Sipsma Heather L , Falb Kathryn L , Willie Tiara , Bradley Elizabeth H , Bienkowski Lauren , Meerdink Ned , Gupta Jhumka 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTo examine patterns of conflict-related violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) and their associations with emotional distress among Congolese refugee women living in Rwanda.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo Congolese refugee camps in Rwanda.Participants548 ever-married Congolese refugee women of reproductive age (15–49 years) residing in Rwanda.Primary outcome measureOur primary outcome was emotional distress as measured using the Self-Report Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). For analysis, we considered participants with scores greater than 10 to be experiencing emotional distress and participants with scores of 10 or less not to be experiencing emotional distress.ResultsAlmost half of women (49%) reported experiencing physical, emotional or sexual violence during the conflict, and less than 10% of women reported experiencing of any type of violence after fleeing the conflict. Lifetime IPV was reported by approximately 22% of women. Latent class analysis derived four distinct classes of violence experiences, including theLow All Violenceclass, theHigh Violence During Conflictclass, theHigh IPVclass and theHigh Violence During and After Conflictclass. In multivariate regression models, latent class was strongly associated with emotional distress. Compared with women in theLow All Violenceclass, women in theHigh Violence During and After Conflictclass and women in theHigh Violence During Conflicthad 2.7 times (95% CI 1.11 to 6.74) and 2.3 times (95% CI 1.30 to 4.07) the odds of experiencing emotional distress in the past 4 weeks, respectively. Furthermore, women in theHigh IPVclass had a 4.7 times (95% CI 2.53 to 8.59) greater odds of experiencing emotional distress compared with women in theLow All Violenceclass.ConclusionsExperiences of IPV do not consistently correlate with experiences of conflict-related violence, and women who experience high levels of IPV may have the greatest likelihood for poor mental health in conflict-affected settings.
Systematic review of the effects of iodised salt and iodine supplements on prenatal and postnatal growth: study protocol
Authors: Farebrother Jessica , Naude Celeste E , Nicol Liesl , Sang Zhongna , Yang Zhenyu , Andersson Maria , Jooste Pieter L , Zimmermann Michael B 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionIodine is an essential micronutrient and component of the thyroid hormones. Sufficient ingestion of iodine is necessary for normal growth and development. If iodine requirements are not met, growth can be impaired. Salt iodisation and supplementation with iodine can prevent iodine deficiency disorders and stunted growth. No systematic review has yet collated the evidence linking iodine to growth. With an increased emphasis on stunting within the WHO Global Nutrition Targets for 2025, we propose a systematic review to address this question.Methods and analysisWe will undertake a systematic review, and if appropriate, meta-analyses, evaluating the effects of iodised salt or iodine supplements on prenatal and postnatal somatic growth, until age 18. We will search a number of databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, the Cochrane Library, including the CENTRAL register of Controlled Trials and also the WHO library and ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), which includes the Clinicaltrials.gov repository. We will also search Wanfang Data and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database. Included studies must have compared exposure to iodised salt, iodine supplements or iodised oil, to placebo, non-iodised salt or no intervention. Primary outcomes will be continuous and categorical markers of prenatal and postnatal somatic growth. Secondary outcomes will cover further measures of growth, including growth rates and indirect markers of growth such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).Ethics and disseminationThe systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and will be sent directly to the WHO, United Nations Children's Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and other stakeholders. The results generated from this systematic review will provide evidence to support future programme recommendations regarding iodine fortification or supplementation and child growth.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42014012940.
Effects of Sorafenib Dose on Acquired Reversible Resistance and Toxicity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kuczynski Elizabeth A. , Lee Christina R. , Man Shan , Chen Eric , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Acquired evasive resistance is a major limitation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib. Recent findings suggest that resistance to sorafenib may have a reversible phenotype. In addition, loss of responsiveness has been proposed to be due to a gradual decrease in sorafenib plasma levels in patients. Here, the possible mechanisms underlying reversible sorafenib resistance were investigated using a Hep3B-hCG orthotopic human xenograft model of locally advanced HCC. Tissue and plasma sorafenib and metabolite levels, downstream antitumor targets, and toxicity were assessed during standard and dose-escalated sorafenib treatment. Drug levels were found to decline significantly over time in mice treated with 30 mg/kg sorafenib, coinciding with the onset of resistance but a greater magnitude of change was observed in tissues compared with plasma. Skin rash also correlated with drug levels and tended to decrease in severity over time. Drug level changes appeared to be partially tumor dependent involving induction of tumoral CYP3A4 metabolism, with host pretreatment alone unable to generate resistance. Escalation from 30 to 60 mg/kg sorafenib improved antitumor efficacy but worsened survival due to excessive body weight loss. Microvessel density was inhibited by sorafenib treatment but remained suppressed over time and dose increase. In conclusion, tumor CYP3A4 induction by sorafenib is a novel mechanism to account for variability in systemic drug levels; however, declining systemic sorafenib levels may only be a minor resistance mechanism. Escalating the dose may be an effective treatment strategy, provided toxicity can be controlled. Cancer Res; 75(12); 2510–9. ©2015 AACR.
Asthma Predicts Cardiovascular Disease Events
Authors: Tattersall Matthew C. , Guo Mengye , Korcarz Claudia E. , Gepner Adam D. , Kaufman Joel D. , Liu Kiang J. , Barr R. Graham , Donohue Kathleen M. , McClelland Robyn L. , Delaney Joseph A. , Stein James H. 
Published: April 2015

Objectives—
To identify and characterize an association between persistent asthma and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Approach and Results—

MESA is a longitudinal prospective study of an ethnically diverse cohort of individuals free of known CVD at its inception. The presence and severity of asthma were assessed in the MESA at examination 1. Persistent asthma was defined as asthmatics using controller medications (inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and oral corticosteroids) and intermittent asthma as asthmatics not using controller medications. Participants were followed up for a mean (SD) of 9.1 (2.8) years for development of incident CVD (coronary death, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, and CVD death). Multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess associations of asthma and CVD. The 6792 participants were 62.2 (SD, 10.2) years old: 47% men (28% black, 22% Hispanic, and 12% Chinese). Persistent asthmatics (n=156), compared with intermittent (n=511) and nonasthmatics (n=6125), respectively, had higher C-reactive protein (1.2 [1.2] versus 0.9 [1.2] versus 0.6 [1.2] mg/L) and fibrinogen (379 [88] versus 356 [80] versus 345 [73] mg/dL) levels. Persistent asthmatics had the lowest unadjusted CVD-free survival rate of 84.1%, 95% confidence interval (78.9%–90.3%) compared with intermittent asthmatics 91.1% (88.5%–93.8%) and nonasthmatics 90.2% (89.4%–91%). Persistent asthmatics had greater risk of CVD events than nonasthmatics (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.6 [1.01–2.5];
P
=0.040]), even after adjustment for age, sex, race, CVD risk factors, and antihypertensive and lipid medication use.

Conclusions—
In this large multiethnic cohort, persistent asthmatics had a higher CVD event rate than nonasthmatics.
Revision of the Jones Criteria for the Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever in the Era of Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Gewitz Michael H. , Baltimore Robert S. , Tani Lloyd Y. , Sable Craig A. , Shulman Stanford T. , Carapetis Jonathan , Remenyi Bo , Taubert Kathryn A. , Bolger Ann F. , Beerman Lee , Mayosi Bongani M. , Beaton Andrea , Pandian Natesa G. , Kaplan Edward L. 
Published: April 2015

Background—
Acute rheumatic fever remains a serious healthcare concern for the majority of the world’s population despite its decline in incidence in Europe and North America. The goal of this statement was to review the historic Jones criteria used to diagnose acute rheumatic fever in the context of the current epidemiology of the disease and to update those criteria to also take into account recent evidence supporting the use of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of carditis as a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever.

Methods and Results—
To achieve this goal, the American Heart Association’s Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and its Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee organized a writing group to comprehensively review and evaluate the impact of population-specific differences in acute rheumatic fever presentation and changes in presentation that can result from the now worldwide availability of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, a methodological assessment of the numerous published studies that support the use of Doppler echocardiography as a means to diagnose cardiac involvement in acute rheumatic fever, even when overt clinical findings are not apparent, was undertaken to determine the evidence basis for defining subclinical carditis and including it as a major criterion of the Jones criteria. This effort has resulted in the first substantial revision to the Jones criteria by the American Heart Association since 1992 and the first application of the Classification of Recommendations and Levels of Evidence categories developed by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association to the Jones criteria.

Conclusions—
This revision of the Jones criteria now brings them into closer alignment with other international guidelines for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever by defining high-risk populations, recognizing variability in clinical presentation in these high-risk populations, and including Doppler echocardiography as a tool to diagnose cardiac involvement.
Consumption of Fried Foods and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians' Health Study
Authors: Djoussé Luc , Petrone Andrew B. , Gaziano J. Michael 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundConsumption of fried foods is highly prevalent in the Western dietary pattern. Though limited studies have reported a positive association between frequency of fried food intake and risk of coronary artery disease, diabetes, or hypertension, other investigators failed to report such an association. It is unclear whether intake of fried foods is associated with a higher risk of heart failure (HF). Hence, we sought to examine the association between the frequency of fried food consumption and the risk ofHF.Methods and ResultsThis was a prospective cohort study of 15 362 participants from the Physicians' Health Study. Fried food intake frequency was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (1997–2001), and incidentHFwas captured by annual questionnaires. We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) ofHF. After an average follow‐up of 9.6±2.4 years, a total of 632 newHFcases occurred in this cohort. Compared to subjects who reported fried food consumption of <1 per week, HRs (95%CI) forHFwere 1.24 (1.04 to 1.48), 1.28 (1.00 to 1.63), and 2.03 (1.37 to 3.02) for fried food intake of 1 to 3/week, 4 to 6/week, and 7+/week, respectively, after adjustment for age, energy intake, alcohol use, exercise, smoking, and overall diet score (Plinear trend, 0.0002). Similar results were obtained for intake of fried foods at home or away from home and among subjects with higher dietary score orHFwithout antecedent myocardial infarction.ConclusionsOur data are consistent with a positive association of fried food intake frequency with incidentHFin male physicians.
Dietary Intake of Sugar Substitutes Aggravates Cerebral Ischemic Injury and Impairs Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Mice
Authors: Dong Xiao-Hui , Sun Xin , Jiang Guo-Jun , Chen Alex F. , Xie He-Hui 
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose—
In our current food supply, sugar substitutes are widely used in beverages and other food products. However, there is limited information about the link between dietary consumption of sugar substitutes and stroke to date. This study sought to determine the effect of various sugar substitutes on the cerebral ischemic injury and endothelial progenitor cells, which have been implicated to play an important role in vascular repair and revascularization in ischemic brain tissues, in mice.

Methods—
After treatment with sucrose and various sugar substitutes (the doses are in the range of corresponding acceptable daily intake levels) and vehicle for 6 weeks, mice were subjected to permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the infarct volumes, angiogenesis, and neurobehavioral outcomes were determined. In addition, the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells were also examined.

Results—
After long-term treatment with fructose, erythritol (sugar alcohols), acesulfame K (artificial sweeteners), or rebaudioside A (rare sugars), the cerebral ischemic injury (both infarct volumes and neurobehavioral outcomes) was significantly aggravated, angiogenesis in ischemic brain was reduced, and endothelial progenitor cell function was impaired in mice compared with control. However, the similar impairments were not found in sucrose (with the same dose as fructose’s)-treated mice.

Conclusions—
Long-term consumption of sugar substitutes aggravated cerebral ischemic injury in mice, which might be partly attributed to the impairment of endothelial progenitor cells and the reduction of angiogenesis in ischemic brain. This result implies that dietary intake of sugar substitutes warrants further attention in daily life.
Impacts of Free-Tropospheric Temperature and Humidity on Nocturnal Nonprecipitating Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Xu Xukun , Xue Huiwen 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Marine stratocumulus (MSc) cloud amount can decrease with an increase in the cloud-top instability parameter κ, based on the cloud-top entrainment instability (CTEI) theory. Notice that if boundary layer temperature and humidity remain the same, a given κ can correspond to different combinations of free-tropospheric temperature and humidity. By employing large-eddy simulations coupled with bin microphysics, this study investigates the characteristics of three nocturnal nonprecipitating MSc systems with the same κ but different free-tropospheric conditions. It is found that the spread of liquid water path (LWP) among the three cases is large. The LWPs of these three cases are also compared with the base case where κ is smaller. One of the three cases even has larger LWP than the base case, which is not expected by the CTEI theory. Results indicate that the thermodynamic properties of the free-tropospheric air are important. For the three cases with the same κ, cooler and moister free-tropospheric air leads to a cooler and moister boundary layer through entrainment, hence a lower cloud base. A cooler and moister free troposphere also allows the turbulent boundary layer air parcels to overshoot to a higher height, leading to a higher cloud top. Therefore, there is a spread in LWPs among systems with the same κ. The spread can be so large that sometimes systems with larger κ may have larger LWPs than systems with smaller κ. More simulations are also performed covering other free tropospheric conditions and aerosol concentrations.
When do confounding by indication and inadequate risk adjustment bias critical care studies? A simulation study
Authors: Sjoding Michael W , Luo Kaiyi , Miller Melissa A , Iwashyna Theodore J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Introduction
In critical care observational studies, when clinicians administer different treatments to sicker patients, any treatment comparisons will be confounded by differences in severity of illness between patients. We sought to investigate the extent that observational studies assessing treatments are at risk of incorrectly concluding such treatments are ineffective or even harmful due to inadequate risk adjustment.

Methods
We performed Monte Carlo simulations of observational studies evaluating the effect of a hypothetical treatment on mortality in critically ill patients. We set the treatment to have either no association with mortality or to have a truly beneficial effect, but more often administered to sicker patients. We varied the strength of the treatment’s true effect, strength of confounding, study size, patient population, and accuracy of the severity of illness risk-adjustment (area under the receiver operator characteristics curve, AUROC). We measured rates in which studies made inaccurate conclusions about the treatment’s true effect due to confounding, and the measured odds ratios for mortality for such false associations.

Results
Simulated observational studies employing adequate risk-adjustment were generally able to measure a treatment’s true effect. As risk-adjustment worsened, rates of studies incorrectly concluding the treatment provided no benefit or harm increased, especially when sample size was large (n = 10,000). Even in scenarios of only low confounding, studies using the lower accuracy risk-adjustors (AUROC < 0.66) falsely concluded that a beneficial treatment was harmful. Measured odds ratios for mortality of 1.4 or higher were possible when the treatment’s true beneficial effect was an odds ratio for mortality of 0.6 or 0.8.

Conclusions
Large observational studies confounded by severity of illness have a high likelihood of obtaining incorrect results even after employing conventionally “acceptable” levels of risk-adjustment, with large effect sizes that may be construed as true associations. Reporting the AUROC of the risk-adjustment used in the analysis may facilitate an evaluation of a study’s risk for confounding.
Predicting changes in mandibular length and total anterior facial height using IGF-1, cervical stage, skeletal classification, and gender
Authors: Masoud Mohamed I , Marghalani Hussain Y A , Bamashmous Mohamed , Alamoudi Najlaa M , El Derwi Douaa , Masoud Ibrahim M , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Gowharji Nour F 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to predict the annual growth rate of the mandible and total anterior facial height using IGF-1 levels together with cervical stage, skeletal classification, and gender.

Methods
Twenty-five orthodontic patients (12 females and 13 males) had their cervical stages, blood-spot IGF-1 levels, and cephalometric parameters measured at 1-year intervals. The number of years each patient was followed up varied between 1 and 5 years resulting in 43 12-month intervals collected from 77 observations. Descriptive, bivariate, and regression analyses were used to analyze this data.

Results
The linear regression model for predicting the annual mandibular growth rate was significant at p < 0.01 with an R-square value of 0.52. We found that the average IGF-1 level for the interval, the change in IGF-1 level, and the presence of a skeletal class III pattern were statistically significant predictors of mandibular growth. The regression model for predicting the annual change in anterior facial height was significant at p < 0.01 with an R-square value of 0.42. We found that the change in IGF-1 level was the only statistically significant predictor of this outcome.

Conclusions
The proposed method which combines IGF-1 levels with information that is readily available to clinicians can be used to predict the timing and intensity of the growth spurt. These factors together explain more of the observed individual variation in growth rate than any of the factors used in isolation.
Arabidopsis KCBP interacts with AIR9 but stays in the cortical division zone throughout mitosis via its MyTH4-FERM domain
Authors: Buschmann Henrik , Dols Jacqueline , Kopischke Sarah , Peña Eduardo J. , Andrade-Navarro Miguel A. , Heinlein Manfred , Szymanski Daniel B. , Zachgo Sabine , Doonan John H. , Lloyd Clive W. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
The preprophase band of microtubules performs the crucial function of marking the plane of cell division. Although the preprophase band depolymerises at the onset of mitosis, the division plane is ‘memorized’ by a cortical division zone to which the phragmoplast is attracted during cytokinesis. Proteins have been discovered that are part of the molecular memory but little is known about how they contribute to phragmoplast guidance. Previously, we found that the microtubule-associated protein AIR9 is found in the cortical division zone at preprophase and returns during cell plate insertion but is absent from the cortex during the intervening mitosis. To identify new components of the preprophase memory, we searched for proteins that interact with AIR9. We detected the kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein, KCBP, which can be visualized at the predicted cortical site throughout division. A truncation study of KCBP indicates that its MyTH4-FERM domain is required for linking the motor domain to the cortex. These results suggest a mechanism by which minus-end-directed KCBP helps guide the centrifugally expanding phragmoplast to the cortical division site.
The Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein participates in the piRNA pathway
Authors: Bozzetti Maria Pia , Specchia Valeria , Cattenoz Pierre B. , Laneve Pietro , Geusa Annamaria , Sahin H. Bahar , Di Tommaso Silvia , Friscini Antonella , Massari Serafina , Diebold Celine , Giangrande Angela 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
RNA metabolism controls multiple biological processes, and a specific class of small RNAs, called piRNAs, act as genome guardians by silencing the expression of transposons and repetitive sequences in the gonads. Defects in the piRNA pathway affect genome integrity and fertility. The possible implications in physiopathological mechanisms of human diseases have made the piRNA pathway the object of intense investigation, and recent work suggests that there is a role for this pathway in somatic processes including synaptic plasticity. The RNA-binding fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP, also known as FMR1) controls translation and its loss triggers the most frequent syndromic form of mental retardation as well as gonadal defects in humans. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that germline, as well as somatic expression, of Drosophila Fmr1 (denoted dFmr1), the Drosophila ortholog of FMRP, are necessary in a pathway mediated by piRNAs. Moreover, dFmr1 interacts genetically and biochemically with Aubergine, an Argonaute protein and a key player in this pathway. Our data provide novel perspectives for understanding the phenotypes observed in Fragile X patients and support the view that piRNAs might be at work in the nervous system.