bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological traps and behavioural adjustments of urban songbirds to fine‐scale spatial variation in predator activity
Authors: Bonnington C. , Gaston K. J. , Evans K. L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe influence of predators on bird populations is controversial and poorly understood, especially in urban areas where predator densities can be particularly high. We assessed if fine‐scale spatial variation in predator activity and proximity have direct and indirect effects on urban songbird distributions and breeding success, by testing the hypotheses that (1) songbirds that are sensitive to nest predation select territories with reduced activity of nest predators; (2) blackbird Turdus merula, a species that experiences high nest predation rates, lays smaller clutches in territories located in areas with higher numbers of nest predators as predicted by Skutch's hypothesis; (3) songbirds that are sensitive to nest predation have higher nest predation rates in areas with greater predator activity. We tested these hypotheses using two sites in urban Sheffield, UK, and focus on nest predatory corvids and grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis. We found no evidence that songbirds that are most sensitive to nest predation adjust their territory location in response to fine‐scale spatial variation in predator distributions. It thus seems unlikely that urban predators are indirectly regulating urban bird population size by restricting habitat availability. Blackbirds did not vary their clutch size in response to predator distributions. These findings generate the potential for an ecological trap in which prey species fail to avoid areas with the highest concentrations of nest predators, or to exhibit behavioural adjustments to reduce the risk of nest predation at such sites. We find some evidence for such ecological traps as, while fine‐scale variation in grey squirrel occurrence and activity were not associated with nest predation rates, nests located in closer proximity to corvids and in areas with higher indices of corvid activity experienced slightly higher nest predation rates.
Biomechanical and Histomorphometrical Evaluation of TiZr Alloy Implants: An in vivo Study in the Rabbit
Authors: Jimbo Ryo , Naito Yoshihito , Galli Silvia , Berner Simon , Dard Michel , Wennerberg Ann 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundClinically, there is a demand for mechanically stronger alloyed implants; however, not much evidence exists with regard to these materials.PurposeTo test the osseointegration property of TiZr1317 implants in a rabbit model.Materials and MethodsHydrophilic titanium–zirconium alloy (TiZr1317) implants with sand‐blasted and acid‐etched surface (test) and hydrophilic cpTi implants with the same treatment (control) were placed pairwise in the hind limbs (two in each tibia and one in each femur) of 36 Swedish lop‐eared rabbits. After 2, 4, and 12 weeks (n = 12/time point), the bone samples were subjected to removal torque (RTQ, proximal tibia and femur) and histologic/histomorphometric (distal tibia) testings.ResultsThe control presented significantly higher RTQ than the test at 2 weeks (55 vs 36 Ncm). No differences were observed for other time points. The test presented higher mean BIC than the control (19.25 vs 13.89 %) at 4 weeks; however, there were no statistical differences for the following time point tested in vivo.The new bone area was significantly higher for the test at 4 weeks in the marrow areas.ConclusionThe TiZr1317 implants presented comparable biologic outcomes to that of the cpTi implants through a 12‐week evaluation period.
Expression of fibulin‐5 in the skin of patients with rectal prolapse
Authors: Joshi H. M. , Gosselink M. P. , Smyth E. A. , Hompes R. , Cunningham C. , Lindsey I. , Urban J. , Jones O. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimComponents of connective tissue other than collagen have been found to be involved in patients with rectal prolapse. The organization of elastic fibres differs between controls and subsets of patients with rectal prolapse, and their importance for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the pelvic floor has been demonstrated in transgenic mice, with animals which have a null mutation in fibulin‐5 (Fbln5¡/¡) developing prolapse. This study aimed to compare fibulin‐5 expression in the skin of patients with and without rectal prolapse.MethodBetween January 2013 and February 2014, skin specimens were obtained during surgery from 20 patients with rectal prolapse and from 21 without prolapse undergoing surgery for other indications. Fibroblasts from the skin were cultured and the level of fibulin‐5 expression was determined on cultured fibroblasts, isolated from these specimens by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed on fixed tissue specimens to assess fibulin‐5 expression.ResultsFibulin‐5 mRNA expression and fibulin‐5 staining intensity were significantly lower in young male patients with rectal prolapse compared with age‐matched controls [fibulin‐5 mean ± SD mRNA relative units, 1.1 ± 0.41 vs 0.53 ± 0.22, P = 0.001; intensity score, median (range), 2 (0–3) vs 1 (0–3), P = 0.05]. There were no significant differences in the expression of fibulin‐5 in women with rectal prolapse compared with controls.ConclusionFibulin‐5 may be implicated in the aetiology of rectal prolapse in a subgroup of young male patients.
Giant Aneurysm of Aortic Right Coronary Sinus: Diagnostic Doubts Related to Presentation of Valsalva Sinus Aneurysm in Transthoracic Echocardiography
Authors: Wierzbowska‐Drabik Karina , Kasprzak Jarosław D. , Szymczyk Konrad , Szymczyk Ewa , Wdowiak‐Okrojek Katarzyna , Lipiec Piotr 
Published: April 2015

Mini‐AbstractWe present the images of giant aneurysm of Valsalva sinus (SVA) in 79‐year‐old woman that was not diagnosed in first transthoracic echocardiographic study, because of problematic presentation suggesting defect of aortic wall or additional structure inside right ventricle. Although the majority of aneurysm of Valsalva sinuses are diagnosed by echocardiography, our case illustrates diagnostic doubts evoked by big aneurysm which seemed to fill completely right ventricular cavity. Nevertheless, repeated detailed examination with support of 3D technique and verification by computed tomography elucidated the correct diagnosis. On grounds of high surgical risk, the patient was classified for treatment with losartan and echocardiographic monitoring.
Infiltration of a facultative ant–plant mutualism by the introduced Argentine ant: effects on mutualist diversity and mutualism benefits
Authors: LUDKA JOHN , LEVAN KATHERINE E. , HOLWAY DAVID A. 
Published: April 2015

1. Ant–plant mutualisms have been the focus of considerable empirical research, but few studies have investigated how introduced ants affect these interactions. Using 2 years of survey data, this study examines how the introduced Argentine ant [Linepithema humile (Mayr)] differs from native ants with respect to its ability to protect the extrafloral nectary‐bearing coast barrel cactus (Ferocactus viridescens) in Southern California.2. Eighteen native ant species visited cacti in uninvaded areas, but cacti in invaded areas were primarily visited by the Argentine ant. The main herbivore of the coast barrel cactus present at the study sites is a leaf‐footed bug (Narnia wilsoni).3. Herbivore presence (the fraction of surveys in which leaf‐footed bugs were present on individual cacti) was negatively related to ant presence (the fraction of surveys in which ants were present on individual cacti). Compared with cacti in uninvaded areas, those in invaded areas were less likely to have herbivores and when they did had them less often.4. Seed mass was negatively related to herbivore presence, and this relationship did not differ for cacti in invaded areas versus those in uninvaded areas.5. Although the Argentine ant might provide superior protection from herbivores, invasion‐induced reductions in ant mutualist diversity could potentially compromise plant reproduction. The cumulative number of ant species on individual cacti over time was lower in invaded areas and was associated with a shortened seasonal duration of ant protection and reduced seed mass. These results support the hypothesis that multiple partners may enhance mutualism benefits.
Natural reversal of tooth discoloration and pulpal response to testing following removal of a miniscrew implant for orthodontic anchorage: a case report
Authors: Qin Y. J. , Zhang G. D. , Zhang Y. , Ping Y. F. , Zhao C. Y. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo highlight the reversal of signs suggesting pulpal necrosis following removal of a mini‐implant without endodontic intervention.SummaryA 23‐year‐old woman presented with a class III malocclusion, with crowded and malformed teeth and excessive gingival display. During orthodontic treatment, a Tomas orthodontic miniscrew was placed between the root apices of the maxillary central incisors. This was carried out by an orthodontic specialist who had treated more than 700 patients (with more than 2000 mini‐implants) over the past 9 years. After 2 weeks of treatment, the right maxillary central incisor discoloured and did not respond to electrical pulp tests (EPT) but was sensitive to endo‐ice. The miniscrew was removed under local anaesthesia. Teeth 11 and 21 were fixed with ligation wire, and glass–ionomer cement (GIC) was added to the occlusal surfaces of the first and second maxillary molars to heighten the occlusion and disclude the maxillary anterior teeth. After 4 months, the colour and pulp reactions to EPT and endo‐ice of tooth 11 returned to normal. Because the use of a miniscrew had appeared to damage the pulp, subsequent a conservative orthodontic treatment using, traditional ‘J’ hooks was used and achieved satisfactory results. After 23 months of orthodontic treatment, the treatment was complete and a 15‐month follow‐up showed a successful outcome.
Travailleurs et mouvements sociaux dans le monde en développement: il faut revoir le champ des relations professionnelles
Authors: SEN Ratna , LEE Chang‐Hee 
Published: April 2015

RésuméDans un contexte de déclin des institutions traditionnelles des relations professionnelles dans les économies postfordistes, les auteurs examinent les mouvements qui apparaissent face à la mondialisation pour défendre les travailleurs des pays en développement, notamment en Asie. Depuis les luttes identifiées comme marxiennes en Chine jusqu'aux formes les plus variées de représentation et de protestation observées en Inde, ces mouvements appellent une approche plus inclusive des relations professionnelles, dans la pratique comme dans la recherche. L'avenir sera façonné par la rencontre des réformes venant du sommet et des mouvements sociaux spontanés qui comblent le vide existant en matière de représentation.
Trust and truth: uncertainty in health care practice
Authors: Tyreman Stephen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUncertainty is the ubiquitous presence across health care. It is usually understood in terms of decision making, ‘knowing’ the correct diagnosis or understanding how the human body works. Using the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Georges Canguilhem and Tim Ingold, I outline a story of journeying and habitation, and argue that while uncertainty for practitioners may be about enhancing theoretical knowledge, for patients it is about knowing how to act in a taken‐for‐granted and largely unconscious way in a world that has become uncertain, and in which the main tool of action, the human body, no longer functions with the certainty it once had. In this situation, the role of the practitioner is first and foremost to recognize the uncertainty that has emerged in the patient's ‘habitation’ and to reassure them by enabling them to have a new or restored confidence in their body so that they can act with certainty.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus, but not prediabetes, in Xi'an, China: a five‐year cohort study
Authors: Ming Jie , Xu Shaoyong , Gao Bin , Liu Guocai , Ji Yufei , Yang Fan , Jia Yunan , Fang Yujie , Ji Qiuhe 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsEmerging studies have focused the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but the results were inconsistent. In addition, few studies have put focus on the association between NAFLD and the risk of prediabetes. We aimed to investigate whether NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasonography could predict the risk of future T2DM and prediabetes in Chinese population.MethodsThe population‐based cohort study held in Xi'an, Northwestern China, was based on China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Survey. During a follow‐up of 5 years, 508 healthy subjects were included as study sample. NAFLD was determined by abdominal ultrasonography. T2DM and prediabetes were diagnosed based on oral glucose tolerance test.ResultsOf 508 subjects, 97 (19.1%) were diagnosed as NAFLD and 411 (80.9%) were as non‐NAFLD; 20 (3.9%) developed diabetes and 85 (16.7%) developed prediabetes during follow‐up. The incidence of diabetes and prediabetes in the NAFLD group was 20.6 and 51.6 per 1000 person‐years, respectively, whereas that in non‐NAFLD group was 4.9 and 29.2 per 1000 person‐years respectively. Cox proportional hazard regression showed that the multivariable‐adjusted relative risk (RR) of T2DM and prediabetes in the NAFLD group was 4.462 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.855–10.734, P < 0.001] and 1.642 (95% CI: 0.965–2.793, P = 0.067), respectively, compared with non‐NAFLD group.ConclusionsNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was a significant predictor for future diabetes, but not for prediabetes, in Xi'an, China. More cohort studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Factors Related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination in College Men
Authors: Ratanasiripong Nop Thodsama 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the vaccination rate and identify factors influencing HPV vaccination among college men.Design and SampleThis cross‐sectional study, guided by Theory of Planned Behavior, was conducted with a convenience sample of college males (18–26 years of age). A web‐based survey was sent to 3,300 students attending a public university in California.MeasuresThe questionnaire used in the study—HPV/HPV vaccine‐related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors—was adapted from a prior study conducted among college women. Demographic and sexual history information was also obtained.ResultsFour hundred and ten respondents were qualified for analysis. HPV vaccination rate was approximately 11.8%. Overall, young men had quite low HPV/HPV vaccine knowledge. Both nonvaccinees (n = 48) and vaccinees (n = 141) had positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccine, including mandating vaccination. Knowledge and attitudes toward the vaccine were not directly associated with the outcomes of vaccination status and intention. Both outcomes could be predicted by the attitude toward getting vaccinated against HPV. Intention was also predicted by subjective norm.ConclusionInterventions to increase the vaccination rate should focus on creating positive attitude toward getting vaccinated against HPV through behavioral beliefs. Increasing the subjective norm will be beneficial.
Right‐frontal cortical asymmetry predicts increased proneness to nostalgia
Authors: Tullett Alexa M. , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine , Inzlicht Michael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNostalgia is often triggered by feelings—such as sadness, loneliness, or meaninglessness—that are typically associated with withdrawal motivation. Here, we examined whether a trait tendency to experience withdrawal motivation is associated with nostalgia proneness. Past work indicates that baseline right‐frontal cortical asymmetry is a neural correlate of withdrawal‐related motivation. We therefore hypothesized that higher baseline levels of right‐frontal asymmetry would predict increased proneness to nostalgia. We assessed participants' baseline levels of frontal cortical activity using EEG. Results supported the hypothesis and demonstrated that the association between relative right‐frontal asymmetry and increased nostalgia remained significant when controlling for the Big Five personality traits. Overall, these findings indicate that individuals with a stronger dispositional tendency to experience withdrawal‐related motivation are more prone to nostalgia.
Evidence on feasibility and effective use of mHealth strategies by frontline health workers in developing countries: systematic review
Authors: Agarwal Smisha , Perry Henry B. , Long Lesley‐Anne , Labrique Alain B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesGiven the large‐scale adoption and deployment of mobile phones by health services and frontline health workers (FHW), we aimed to review and synthesise the evidence on the feasibility and effectiveness of mobile‐based services for healthcare delivery.MethodsFive databases – MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Google Scholar and Scopus – were systematically searched for relevant peer‐reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2013. Data were extracted and synthesised across three themes as follows: feasibility of use of mobile tools by FHWs, training required for adoption of mobile tools and effectiveness of such interventions.ResultsForty‐two studies were included in this review. With adequate training, FHWs were able to use mobile phones to enhance various aspects of their work activities. Training of FHWs to use mobile phones for healthcare delivery ranged from a few hours to about 1 week. Five key thematic areas for the use of mobile phones by FHWs were identified as follows: data collection and reporting, training and decision support, emergency referrals, work planning through alerts and reminders, and improved supervision of and communication between healthcare workers. Findings suggest that mobile based data collection improves promptness of data collection, reduces error rates and improves data completeness. Two methodologically robust studies suggest that regular access to health information via SMS or mobile‐based decision‐support systems may improve the adherence of the FHWs to treatment algorithms. The evidence on the effectiveness of the other approaches was largely descriptive and inconclusive.ConclusionsUse of mHealth strategies by FHWs might offer some promising approaches to improving healthcare delivery; however, the evidence on the effectiveness of such strategies on healthcare outcomes is insufficient.
Imaging a moving lung tumor with megavoltage cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Gayou Olivier , Colonias Athanasios 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:Respiratory motion may affect the accuracy of image guidance of radiation treatment of lung cancer. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image spans several breathing cycles, resulting in a blurred object with a theoretical size equal to the sum of tumor size and breathing motion. However, several factors may affect this theoretical relationship. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of tumor motion on megavoltage (MV)‐CBCT images, by comparing target sizes on simulation and pretreatment images of a large cohort of lung cancer patients.Methods:Ninety‐three MV‐CBCT images from 17 patients were analyzed. Internal target volumes were contoured on each MV‐CBCT dataset [internal target volume (ITVCB)]. Their extent in each dimension was compared to that of two volumes contoured on simulation 4‐dimensional computed tomography (4D‐CT) images: the combination of the tumor contours of each phase of the 4D‐CT (ITV4D) and the volume contoured on the average CT calculated from the 4D‐CT phases (ITVave). Tumor size and breathing amplitude were assessed by contouring the tumor on each CBCT raw projection where it could be unambiguously identified. The effect of breathing amplitude on the quality of the MV‐CBCT image reconstruction was analyzed.Results:The mean differences between the sizes of ITVCB and ITV4D were −1.6 ± 3.3 mm (p < 0.001), −2.4 ± 3.1 mm (p < 0.001), and −7.2 ± 5.3 mm (p < 0.001) in the anterior/posterior (AP), left/right (LR), and superior/inferior (SI) directions, respectively, showing that MV‐CBCT underestimates the full target size. The corresponding mean differences between ITVCB and ITVave were 0.3 ± 2.6 mm (p = 0.307), 0.0 ± 2.4 mm (p = 0.86), and −4.0 ± 4.3 mm (p < 0.001), indicating that the average CT image is more representative of what is visible on MV‐CBCT in the AP and LR directions. In the SI directions, differences between ITVCB and ITVave could be separated into two groups based on tumor motion: −3.2 ± 3.2 mm for tumor motion less than 15 mm and −10.9 ± 6.3 mm for tumor motion greater than 15 mm. Deviations of measured target extents from their theoretical values derived from tumor size and motion were correlated with motion amplitude similarly for both MV‐CBCT and average CT images, suggesting that the two images were subject to similar motion artifacts for motion less than 15 mm.Conclusions:MV‐CBCT images are affected by tumor motion and tend to under‐represent the full target volume. For tumor motion up to 15 mm, the volume contoured on average CT is comparable to that contoured on the MV‐CBCT. Therefore, the average CT should be used in image registration for localization purposes, and the standard 5 mm PTV margin seems adequate. For tumor motion greater than 15 mm, an additional setup margin may need to be used to account for the increased uncertainty in tumor localization.