bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollinator shifts betweenOphrys sphegodespopulations: might adaptation to different pollinators drive population divergence?
Authors: Breitkopf H. , Schlüter P. M. , Xu S. , Schiestl F. P. , Cozzolino S. , Scopece G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLocal adaptation to different pollinators is considered one of the possible initial stages of ecological speciation as reproductive isolation is a by‐product of the divergence in pollination systems. However, pollinator‐mediated divergent selection will not necessarily result in complete reproductive isolation, because incipient speciation is often overcome by gene flow. We investigated the potential of pollinator shift in the sexually deceptive orchidsOphrys sphegodesandOphrys exaltataand compared the levels of floral isolation vs. genetic distance among populations with contrasting predominant pollinators. We analysed floral hydrocarbons as a proxy for floral divergence between populations. Floral adoption of pollinators and their fidelity was tested using pollinator choice experiments. Interpopulation gene flow and population differentiation levels were estimated usingAFLPmarkers. TheTyrrhenianO. sphegodespopulation preferentially attracted the pollinator beeAndrena bimaculata, whereas theAdriaticO. sphegodespopulation exclusively attractedA. nigroaenea. Significant differences in scent component proportions were identified inO. sphegodespopulations that attracted different preferred pollinators. High interpopulation gene flow was detected, but populations were genetically structured at species level. The high interpopulation gene flow levels independent of preferred pollinators suggest that local adaptation to different pollinators has not (yet) generated detectable genome‐wide separation. Alternatively, despite extensive gene flow, few genes underlying floral isolation remain differentiated as a consequence of divergent selection. Different pollination ecotypes inO. sphegodesmight represent a local selective response imposed by temporal variation in a geographical mosaic of pollinators as a consequence of the frequent disturbance regimes typical ofOphryshabitats.
No correlation between multi‐locus heterozygosity and fitness in the common buzzard despite heterozygote advantage for plumage colour
Authors: Boerner M. , Hoffman J. I. , Amos W. , Chakarov N. , Kruger O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCorrelations between heterozygosity and fitness are frequently found but rarely well understood. Fitness can be affected by single loci of large effect which correlate with neutral markers via linkage disequilibrium, or as a result of variation in genome‐wide heterozygosity following inbreeding. We explored these alternatives in the common buzzard, a raptor species in which three colour morphs differ in their lifetime reproductive success. Using 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci, we evaluated potential genetic differences among the morphs which may lead to subpopulation structuring and tested for correlations between three fitness‐related traits and heterozygosity, both genome wide and at each locus separately. Despite their assortative mating pattern, the buzzard morphs were found to be genetically undifferentiated. Multilocus heterozygosity was only found to be correlated with a single fitness‐related trait, infection with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon buteonis, and this was via interactions with vole abundance and age. One locus also showed a significant relationship with blood parasite infection and ectoparasite infestation. The vicinity of this locus contains two genes, one of which is potentially implicated in the immune system of birds. We conclude that genome‐wide heterozygosity is unlikely to be a major determinant of parasite burden and body condition in the polymorphic common buzzard.
DOES URBAN PROXIMITY ENHANCE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY? EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Duvivier Chloé 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses whether cities enhance the technical efficiency of nearby rural counties by allowing for heterogeneous urban effects both by region and city type. An empirical application is demonstrated using the Chinese county‐level agricultural data from 2005 to 2009. We find that urban proximity significantly enhances efficiency in the Eastern region, while its effect is lower and less significant for the Central region and not significant at all for the Western region. In addition, urban effects vary across the urban hierarchy. We find that provincial‐level cities have a deteriorating impact on technical efficiency, while lower‐level cities enhance technical efficiency in most regions. Implications of these findings in terms of urban and regional planning are discussed.
Designing a Basic Income System with a Social Welfare Function
Authors: ABOUDI RONNY , THON DOMINIQUE , ZHENG MINGLI 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThere is an irreducible conflict between, on the one hand, the desire to allocate income in society in an equitable way and, on the other, the desire to alleviate poverty. The conflict materializes itself in the problem of designing a basic income (or negative income tax) system which requires formulating a workable compromise. This paper approaches the problem through solving a mathematical program whose utility‐based objective function explicitly embodies both considerations. The solution describes a simple basic income system and its comparative statics indicate how the specification of the objective function leads to a more, or less, pro‐poor solution.
Review of Equine Piroplasmosis
Authors: Wise L.N. , Kappmeyer L.S. , Mealey R.H. , Knowles D.P. 
Published: August 2013

Equine piroplasmosis is caused by one of 2 erythrocytic parasites Babesia caballi or Theileria equi. Although the genus of the latter remains controversial, the most recent designation, Theileria, is utilized in this review. Shared pathogenesis includes tick‐borne transmission and erythrolysis leading to anemia as the primary clinical outcome. Although both parasites are able to persist indefinitely in their equid hosts, thus far, only B. caballi transmits across tick generations. Pathogenesis further diverges after transmission to equids in that B. caballi immediately infects erythrocytes, whereas T. equi infects peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The recent re‐emergence of T. equi in the United States has increased awareness of these tick‐borne pathogens, especially in terms of diagnosis and control. This review focuses in part on factors leading to the re‐emergence of infection and disease of these globally important pathogens.
Repeatability of the Combined Glucose‐Insulin Tolerance Test and the Effect of a Stressor before Testing in Horses of 2 Breeds
Authors: Bröjer J. , Lindåse S. , Hedenskog J. , Alvarsson K. , Nostell K. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundThe increasing number of horses diagnosed with insulin resistance (IR) and the suggested link between IR and laminitis has highlighted the need to accurately diagnose IR in clinical practice.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the repeatability of the combined glucose‐insulin tolerance test (CGIT) as well as to determine the effect of 2 different breeds and the effect of a stressor on the test results.AnimalsClinically normal horses, 9 Standardbred horses and 9 Icelandic horses.MethodsProspective clinical nonrandomized trial. The CGIT was performed on all horses on 2 occasions 3 weeks apart. An additional CGIT was performed on four of the Standardbred and four of the Icelandic horses after transportation to a new environment (stressor) the day before testing.ResultsCalculated parameters for the glucose curve of the CGIT had low repeatability, whereas the parameters for the insulin curve had high repeatability. There was an effect of breed (Standarbred versus Icelandic horse) as well as stress on the glucose dynamics, but not on the insulin dynamics of the CGIT.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceRepeatability of the glucose dynamics of the CGIT is low. In addition, there appears to be breed differences in the glucose dynamics. It is therefore suggested that diagnosis of IR should not be made solely based on results from the glucose curve of the CGIT.
Borrelia burgdorferi BbHtrA degrades host ECM proteins and stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines in vitro
Authors: Russell Theresa M. , Delorey Mark J. , Johnson Barbara J. B. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes damage to diverse host tissues and induces inflammation but the mechanisms of injury are poorly understood. We recently reported that a surface‐exposed B. burgdorferi protease, which is expressed during human disease and is conserved within the major Lyme disease spirochaete species, degrades the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, aggrecan. Here we demonstrate that BbHtrA also degrades fibronectin and numerous proteoglycans found in skin, joints and neural tissues. BbHtrA degradation of fibronectin released known pro‐inflammatory fibronectin fragments FnIII13–14 and Fnf‐29, which may amplify the inflammatory processes triggered by the presence of the bacteria. When this hypothesis was tested directly by exposing chondrocytes to BbHtrA in vitro, inflammatory cytokines (sICAM‐1 and IL‐6) and chemokines (CXCL1, CCL1, CCL2 and CCL5) that are hallmarks of Lyme disease were induced. These results provide the first evidence that, by utilizing BbHtrA, B. burgdorferi may actively participate in its dissemination and in the tissue damage and inflammation observed in Lyme disease.
Patient with insidious hypoactive delirium associated with pregabalin
Authors: Mezaki Naomi , Ishihara Tomohiko , Ozawa Tetsutaro , Takeuchi Ryoko , Onodera Osamu , Shimohata Takayoshi , Nishizawa Masatoyo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPregabalin has favorable effects on several types of neurological pain, but can cause side‐effects including dizziness, somnolence and delirium. Delirium presents as two variants in terms of psychomotor disturbance: the hyperactive type, showing agitation and vigilance; and the hypoactive type, showing lethargy and decreased motor activity. Patients with delirium associated with pregabalin therapy have been reported to experience hyperactive delirium. Here, we report the case of a 68‐year‐old patient with insidious hypoactive delirium caused by pregabalin therapy for postherpetic neuralgia. Delirium improved after discontinuation of pregabalin. Hypoactive delirium is considered to be more common than the hyperactive type in older adults, and is likely to be overlooked. Attention should thus be paid to latent cases of hypoactive delirium associated with pregabalin therapy in elderly individuals.
Black currant seed oil supplementation of mothers enhances IFN‐γ and suppresses IL‐4 production in breast milk
Authors: Linnamaa Pia , Nieminen Kaisa , Koulu Leena , Tuomasjukka Saska , Kallio Heikki , Yang Baoru , Tahvonen Raija , Savolainen Johannes 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe first year of infancy is crucial for the development of atopic immune response. Inadequate early Th1 and Treg responses and increased production of Th2 cytokines are associated with atopy. Breast milk contains several immunomodulatory cytokines and other factors that might influence the maturation of the infant's immune system. We assessed the cytokines in breast milk of mother of newborn infants and their associations with black currant seed oil (BCSO) supplementation during pregnancy, mother's atopic status and the development of infant's atopic dermatitis.MethodsMothers and infants from an intervention study by black currant seed oil (n = 31) or olive oil as placebo (n = 30) were included in the study. Breast milk samples were collected during the first 3 months of breastfeeding. Breast milk levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐γ and TNF were measured by Luminex technology.ResultsBCSO intervention group had decreased level of IL‐4 (p = 0.044) and elevated level of IFN‐γ (p = 0.014) in breast milk as compared to olive oil group. No significant differences were observed in IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐12 and TNF levels between the BCSO and olive oil groups. Mothers who had atopic dermatitis had significantly decreased levels of IL‐10 (p = 0.044) in breast milk. Breast milk of the mothers of the children who developed atopic dermatitis had lower levels of IFN‐γ (p = 0.039) as compared to the breast milk of the mothers of the children without dermatitis.ConclusionDietary intervention with BCSO had immunomodulatory effects on breast milk cytokine production towards Th2 to Th1 immunodeviation.
Chronic pruritus associated with dermatologic disease in infancy and childhood: Update from an interdisciplinary group of dermatologists and pediatricians
Authors: Metz Martin , Wahn Ulrich , Gieler Uwe , Stock Philippe , Schmitt Jochen , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn effective treatment strategy for chronic pruritus in children with dermatologic disorders should consider the multidimensional aspects of pruritus, the unique challenges associated with treating pruritic skin disorders in the pediatric population, and evidence‐based therapies with demonstrated antipruritic benefits and clinically relevant effects on patient/family quality of life (QoL). The Course of Advanced Learning for the Management of ITch (CALM‐IT) Task Force is an interdisciplinary group of experts specializing in core aspects of pruritus treatment, integrating pediatrics, dermatology, psychotherapy, pruritus management, and sleep. CALM‐IT recently convened to provide updated guidance on managing chronic pruritus associated with dermatologic diseases in pediatric patients, with a special focus on atopic dermatitis (AD) and chronic spontaneous urticaria (csU). This review highlights the updated concepts and best practices, which were built upon international PRACTALL consensus and modified for children and infants with AD and csU. CALM‐IT supports the routine use of basic skin therapy and the escalation of topical medications, according to severity and focused on rapid itch control. Anti‐inflammatory agents should be appropriate for infants and children (i.e., with an optimized therapeutic index) and have proven antipruritic properties, such as those demonstrated by methylprednisolone aceponate. New experimental findings do not support the use of non‐sedating oral antihistamines as adjuvant antipruritic therapy for AD. In csU, oral H1‐antihistamine use is justified, consistent with the distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms of itch underlying AD and csU. All encompassing QoL assessments should consider the burden of both patient and caregiver and should address outstanding unmet clinical needs of pediatric patients. Future research areas include integrated QoL assessments and multidisciplinary treatment programs with pediatric‐targeted pruritic therapies providing rapid itch control.
Identification of Conservative MicroRNAs in Saanen Dairy Goat Testis Through Deep Sequencing
Authors: Wu J , Zhu H , Song W , Li M , Liu C , Li N , Tang F , Mu H , Liao M , Li X , Guan W , Li X , Hua J 
Published: August 2013

ContentsMicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of small non‐coding RNA molecules that function as important gene expression regulators by targeting messenger RNAs for post‐transcriptional endonucleolytic cleavage or translational inhibition. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed based on adult dairy goat testicular tissues and sequenced using the Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology. Blasted to miRNAs of cow and sheep in miRBase 19.0, 373 conserved miRNAs were identified in dairy goat testis and 91 novel paired‐miRNAs were found. Expression of miRNAs in the dairy goat testis (miR‐10b, miR‐126‐3p, miR‐126‐5p, miR‐34c, miR‐449b and miR‐1468) was confirmed by qRT‐PCR. In addition, the 128 conserved miRNAs were found by comparing the miRNA expression profiles in dairy goat testis with those in cow and mouse, which all might be involved in dairy goat testis development and meiosis. This study reveals the first miRNA profile related to the biology of testis in the dairy goat. The characterization of these miRNAs could contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of reproductive physiology and development in the dairy goat.
3D reconstruction of skin pathological tissue: the understanding of microrelief pattern and dermal ridge
Authors: Oh Ga Na , Yoon Jung Hee , Kye Hee Sang , Kim Dai Hyun , Kim Jong Yeob , Choi Jae Eun , Seo Soo Hong , Kye Young Chul , Ahn Hyo Hyun , Rhyu Im Joo 
Published: August 2013

AimMost studies about the structures of the human skin have been on the general histologic features of the skin. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between the microrelief (MR) pattern and histologic structure of the human skin, and to find the usefulness of the three‐dimensional reconstruction (3DR) technique of pathological skin tissue.Materials, Subjects, and MethodsHuman skin specimens were obtained from the medial forearm, abdomen, and volar aspects of the finger tips of cadavers. Two‐dimensional surface‐viewed images of the skin showing MR patterns were obtained using dry dermoscopy. Histologic structures of the skin were evaluated by 3D images obtained using the 3DR technique.ResultsMR was deeper and wider in the abdomen than in the medial side of the forearm. In the medial side of the forearm, 10.27 rete ridges were distributed in a plateau, on average. In the abdomen, about 14.37 rete ridges were distributed in a plateau. From 3DR technique, MR pattern thought to be a superordinate concept to rete ridges.ConclusionThe 3DR technique was useful and may allow a better understanding of the pathogenetic changes in the skin surface in aging skin.
Sitting time and cardiometabolic risk in US adults: associations by sex, race, socioeconomic status and activity level
Authors: Staiano A E , Harrington D M , Barreira T V , Katzmarzyk P T 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundSitting time is associated with adverse health outcomes including chronic disease and premature mortality. However, it is not known if the association of sitting time with cardiometabolic risk factors varies across sociodemographic or health factors.MethodsThe sample included 4560 adults (≥20 years) who participated in the cross-sectional 2007–2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants self-reported typical daily sitting time. Weight, height, blood pressure, and fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and insulin were measured. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β cell function (HOMA-%B) were calculated. A subsample of 3727 participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to obtain 2 h postload glucose levels. Population-weighted linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between sitting time and each cardiometabolic risk factor, stratified by sex, race, socioeconomic status and activity level. Analyses were controlled for demographics, socioeconomic status, survey cycle, personal and family medical history, diet and physical activity.ResultsSitting time was significantly associated with adverse levels of waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-%B and 2 h postload glucose, but not with blood pressure or glucose level. In stratified analyses, sitting time was most consistently related to cardiometabolic risk factors among low and middle socioeconomic groups and for those who reported no weekly physical activity, but there were few differences between sex or race groups.ConclusionsSelf-reported sitting time was associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factors consistently across sex and race groups in a representative US sample, independent of other risk factors. Excessive sitting warrants a public health concern.
Viral Hepatitis Markers in Liver Tissue in Relation to Serostatus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hernandez Brenda Y. , Zhu Xuemei , Kwee Sandi , Chan Owen T.M. , Tsai Naoky , Okimoto Gordon , Horio David , McGlynn Katherine A. , Altekruse Sean , Wong Linda L. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is increasing in the United States. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causes of HCC. Hepatitis infection in patients with HCC is generally diagnosed by serology, which is not always consistent with the presence of HBV and HCV in the liver. The relationship of liver viral status to serostatus in hepatocarcinogenesis is not fully understood.
Methods: HBV and HCV were evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissue specimens in a retrospective study of 61 U.S. HCC cases of known serologic status. HBV DNA and HCV RNA were detected by PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and pyrosequencing, and HBsAg and HBcAg were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Viral markers were detected in the liver tissue of 25 of 61 (41%) HCC cases. Tissue viral and serologic status were discordant in 27 (44%) cases, including those with apparent “occult” infection. Specifically, HBV DNA was detected in tissue of 4 of 39 (10%) serum HBsAg (−) cases, including 1 anti-HCV(+) case; and HCV RNA was detected in tissue of 3 of 42 (7%) anti-HCV seronegative cases, including two with serologic evidence of HBV.
Conclusions: Viral hepatitis, including HBV-HCV coinfection, may be unrecognized in up to 17% of patients with HCC when based on serology alone. Further research is needed to understand the clinical significance of viral makers in liver tissue of patients with HCC in the absence of serologic indices.
Impact: The contribution of HBV and HCV to the increasing incidence of HCC in the United States may be underestimated. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(11); 2016–23. ©2013 AACR.
Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the First-in-Class Spliceosome Inhibitor E7107 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Eskens Ferry A.L.M. , Ramos Francisco J. , Burger Herman , O'Brien James P. , Piera Adelaida , de Jonge Maja J.A. , Mizui Yoshiharu , Wiemer Erik A.C. , Carreras Maria Josepa , Baselga José , Tabernero Josep 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Purpose: To assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical activity of E7107 administered as 5-minute bolus infusions on days 1, 8, and 15 in a 28-day schedule.
Experimental Design: Patients with solid tumors refractory to standard therapies or with no standard treatment available were enrolled. Dose levels of 0.6 to 4.5 mg/m2 were explored.
Results: Forty patients [24M/16F, median age 61 years (45–79)] were enrolled. At 4.5 mg/m2, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) consisted of grade 3 diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting and grade 4 diarrhea, respectively, in two patients. At 4.0 mg/m2, DLT (grade 3 nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps) was observed in one patient. Frequently occurring side effects were mainly gastrointestinal. After drug discontinuation at 4.0 mg/m2, one patient experienced reversible grade 4 blurred vision. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is 4.0 mg/m2. No complete or partial responses during treatment were observed; one patient at 4.0 mg/m2 had a confirmed partial response after drug discontinuation. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a large volume of distribution, high systemic clearance, and a plasma elimination half-life of 5.3 to 15.1 hours. Overall drug exposure increased in a dose-dependent manner. At the MTD, mRNA levels of selected target genes monitored in peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a reversible 15- to 25-fold decrease, whereas unspliced pre-mRNA levels of DNAJB1 and EIF4A1 showed a reversible 10- to 25-fold increase.
Conclusion: The MTD for E7107 using this schedule is 4.0 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetics is dose-dependent and reproducible within patients. Pharmacodynamic analysis revealed dose-dependent reversible inhibition of pre-mRNA processing of target genes, confirming proof-of-principle activity of E7107. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6296–304. ©2013 AACR.