bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane on tonic GABA currents in the mouse striatum during postnatal development
Authors: Ando Nozomi , Sugasawa Yusuke , Inoue Ritsuko , Aosaki Toshihiko , Miura Masami , Nishimura Kinya 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe volatile anesthetic sevoflurane, which is widely used in pediatric surgery, has proposed effects on GABAA receptor‐mediated extrasynaptic tonic inhibition. In the developing striatum, medium‐sized spiny projection neurons have tonic GABA currents, which function in the excitatory/inhibitory balance and maturation of striatal neural circuits. In this study, we examined the effects of sevoflurane on the tonic GABA currents of medium spiny neurons in developing striatal slices. Sevoflurane strongly increased GABAA receptor‐mediated tonic conductance at postnatal days 3–35. The antagonist of the GABA transporter‐1, 1‐[2‐[[(diphenylmethylene)imino]oxy]ethyl]‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride further increased tonic GABA conductance during the application of sevoflurane, thereby increasing the total magnitude of tonic currents. Both GABA (5 μm) and 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridine‐3‐ol hydrochloride, the δ‐subunit‐containing GABAA receptor agonist, induced tonic GABA currents in medium spiny neurons but not in cholinergic neurons. However, sevoflurane additively potentiated the tonic GABA currents in both cells. Interestingly, 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridine‐3‐ol hydrochloride‐sensitive neurons made a large current response to sevoflurane, indicating the contribution of the δ‐subunit on sevoflurane‐enhanced tonic GABA currents. Our findings suggest that sevoflurane can affect the tone of tonic GABA inhibition in a developing striatal neural network.
The effect of passively acquired antibodies onLawsonia intracellularisinfection and immunity in the horse
Authors: Page A. E. , Stills H. F. , Horohov D. W. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyMultiple hypotheses into the age‐based susceptibility of animals toLawsonia intracellularisexist,including the decline of passively acquired antibodies.ObjectivesTo determine whether the decline in passively acquired antibodies in horses is responsible for the age predilection of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Additional objectives included examination of various risk factors for the development ofEPEas well as the determination of naturally occurring attack rates for clinical and subclinicalEPE.Study designProspective, multifarm field study.MethodsA total of 369 mare and foal pairs from 15 centralKentuckyThoroughbred farms were used in this study, which took place fromJanuary 2012 toFebruary 2013. Serum samples were collected from mares and foals within 48 h of parturition, and then monthly from foals toFebruary of their yearling year.Lawsonia intracellularis‐specific antibodies were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsNo effect of passively acquired antibodies on the occurrence of presumptive clinical or subclinicalEPEwas noted. In total, 5.3% and 6.3% of seropositive horses developed presumptive clinical or subclinicalEPE, respectively. In multiple logistic regression models, colts were at a significantly greater risk than fillies of developing presumptive clinicalEPE(odds ratio [OR] 5.468, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.134–26.362, P = 0.034) or a combination of either presumptive clinical or subclinicalEPE(OR3.861, 95%CI1.461–10.206, P = 0.006) while foals that were weaned inSeptember or beyond were at a lower risk of developing presumptiveEPE(OR= 0.281, 95%CI0.0807–0.981, P = 0.05).ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that passively acquired antibodies toL. intracellularisdo not have an effect on the occurrence of clinical or subclinicalEPE. A number of novel findings, including identification of the disease rate among naturally exposed horses, warrant additional work as they may help to identify potential risk factors forL. intracellularisexposure and/or the reservoir host(s) of the bacterium.
Antioxidant capacity and functionality of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) flour and crust in a new kind of fruity ice cream
Authors: Çakmakçı Songül , Topdaş Elif F. , Kalın Pınar , Han Hatice , Şekerci Pınar , P. Köse Leyla , Gülçin İlhami 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn this study, the influence of milled crust and flour from oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) separately added at different levels (1%, 2% and 3%) on the physical, chemical, sensory, colour properties and antioxidant properties of ice creams were investigated. The increment of crust and flour level caused an increase of dry matter, acidity, viscosity, first dripping, complete melting and vitamin C content. Flour increased overrun values in ice cream. Our results indicated that lyophilised oleaster extracts contain remarkable phenolic compounds. It was observed that lyophilised oleaster extracts exhibited a moderate in vitro antioxidant capacity. The addition of oleaster flour and crust positively affected sensory properties. The sensory results showed that ice cream containing 2% oleaster flour was the highest scored by the panellists. Oleaster flour and crust increased the sweetness of ice cream samples. These results showed that considerable nutritive and functional improvement could be attained by the addition of oleaster flour to ice cream formulation so that it could be used as natural antioxidants in ice cream as a source of flavour with complacency.
Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities of peptides prepared from tuna cooking juice and spleen proteases
Authors: Kasiwut Jirawadee , Youravong Wirote , Adulyatham Pittaya , Sirinupong Nualpun 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTuna cooking juice is a by‐product from the tuna canning industry. In this study, tuna cooking juice was hydrolysed by proteases extracted from the spleen. Tuna cooking juice showed the highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities after hydrolysis for 270 and 180 min, respectively. The hydrolysate was further fractionated by ultrafiltration. The permeate exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities when passed through 1 and 5 kDa cut‐off membranes, respectively. Gel filtration chromatography was used to determine the MW of bioactive peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities. Those peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities were the MW range of 238–829 Da and 1355–1880 Da, respectively. These results suggest that the tuna cooking juice and the spleen protease extract are a potential source of bioactive peptides that can be utilised as bioactive ingredients in functional food and nutraceuticals.
Molecular characterisation and stress tolerance of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy and dried milk‐related products
Authors: El‐Sharoud Walid M. , Yassin Mona A. , Ahmed Salwa F. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThis study characterised the phylogenetic groups, pathotypes, antibiotic resistance and stress response of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from dairy and dried milk‐related products. A total of 54 isolates of E. coli were recovered from thirty‐three of 180 samples (18%) of these products. Representatives from all the four phylogenetic groups of the organism were identified, although groups A and B1 dominated groups B2 and D. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains producing heat‐labile toxin (LT) could be detected among the isolates and were found to be associated with the Kariesh cheese. Escherichia coli isolates showed single‐drug and multiple‐drug resistance to ß‐lactams and other antibiotic classes. The blaTEM‐1 gene was found to be associated with resistance to ampicillin but not to cephalothin. Escherichia coli survived heating at 50 and 55 °C for 60 min, but was undetectable after only 10 min of exposure to 60 °C. It also survived in the presence of 6% and 8% salt for 96 h and in pH 4.0 for 72 h.
Evolutionary dynamics of R2 retroelement and insertion inheritance in the genome of bisexual and parthenogenetic Bacillus rossius populations (Insecta Phasmida)
Authors: Bonandin L. , Scavariello C. , Luchetti A. , Mantovani B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTheoretical and empirical studies have shown differential management of transposable elements in organisms with different reproductive strategies. To investigate this issue, we analysed the R2 retroelement structure and variability in parthenogenetic and bisexual populations of Bacillus rossius stick insects, as well as insertions inheritance in the offspring of parthenogenetic isolates and of crosses. The B. rossius genome hosts a functional (R2Brfun) and a degenerate (R2Brdeg) element, their presence correlating with neither reproductive strategies nor population distribution. The median‐joining network method indicated that R2Brfun duplicates through a multiple source model, while R2Brdeg is apparently still duplicating via a master gene model. Offspring analyses showed that unisexual and bisexual offspring have a similar number of R2Br‐occupied sites. Multiple or recent shifts from gonochoric to parthenogenetic reproduction may explain the observed data. Moreover, insertion frequency spectra show that higher‐frequency insertions in unisexual offspring significantly outnumber those in bisexual offspring. This suggests that unisexual offspring eliminate insertions with lower efficiency. A comparison with simulated insertion frequencies shows that inherited insertions in unisexual and bisexual offspring are significantly different from the expectation. On the whole, different mechanisms of R2 elimination in unisexual vs bisexual offspring and a complex interplay between recombination effectiveness, natural selection and time can explain the observed data.
Factors predicting the development of pressure ulcers in an at‐risk population who receive standardized preventive care: secondary analyses of a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Demarre Liesbet , Verhaeghe Sofie , Van Hecke Ann , Clays Els , Grypdonck Maria , Beeckman Dimitri 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsTo identify predictive factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in patients at risk who receive standardized preventive care.BackgroundNumerous studies have examined factors that predict risk for pressure ulcer development. Only a few studies identified risk factors associated with pressure ulcer development in hospitalized patients receiving standardized preventive care.DesignSecondary analyses of data collected in a multicentre randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe sample consisted of 610 consecutive patients at risk for pressure ulcer development (Braden Score <17) receiving standardized preventive care measures. Patient demographic information, data on skin and risk assessment, medical history and diagnosis were collected during 26 months (December 2007–January 2010). Predictive factors were identified using multivariate statistics.ResultsPressure ulcers in category II–IV were significantly associated with non‐blanchable erythema, urogenital disorders and higher body temperature. Predictive factors significantly associated with superficial pressure ulcers were admission to an internal medicine ward, incontinence‐associated dermatitis, non‐blanchable erythema and a lower Braden score. Superficial sacral pressure ulcers were significantly associated with incontinence‐associated dermatitis.ConclusionsDespite the standardized preventive measures they received, hospitalized patients with non‐blanchable erythema, urogenital disorders and a higher body temperature were at increased risk for developing pressure ulcers.Relevance to Clinical PracticeImproved identification of at‐risk patients can be achieved by taking into account specific predictive factors. Even if preventive measures are in place, continuous assessment and tailoring of interventions is necessary in all patients at risk. Daily skin observation can be used to continuously monitor the effectiveness of the intervention.
Geographies of Meaningful Living
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBecause it is significantly unclear what ‘meaningful’ does or should pick out when applied to a life, any account of meaningful living will be constructive and not merely clarificatory. Where in our conceptual geography is ‘meaningful’ best located? What conceptual work do we want the concept to do? What I call agent‐independent and agent‐independent‐plus conceptions of meaningfulness locate ‘meaningful’ within the conceptual geography of agent‐independent evaluative standards and assign ‘meaningful’ the work of commending lives. I argue that the not wholly welcome implications of these more dominant approaches to meaningfulness make it plausible to locate ‘meaningful’ on an alternative conceptual geography — that of agents as end‐setters and of agent‐dependent value assessments — and to assign it the work of picking out lives whose time‐expenditures are intelligible to the agent. I respond to the challenge confronting any subjectivist conception of meaningfulness that it is overly permissive.
Smoking decreases structural and functional resilience in the subgingival ecosystem
Authors: Joshi Vinayak , Matthews Chad , Aspiras Marcelo , de Jager Marko , Ward Marilyn , Kumar Purnima 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsDysbiotic microbial communities underlie the aetiology of several oral diseases, especially in smokers. The ability of an ecosystem to rebound from the dysbiotic state and re‐establish a health‐compatible community, a characteristic known as resilience, plays an important role in susceptibility to future disease. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of smoking on colonization dynamics and resilience in marginal and subgingival biofilms.Materials and methodsMarginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 25 current and 25 never smokers with pre‐existing gingivitis at baseline, following resolution, after 1, 2 4, 7, 14 and 21 days of undisturbed plaque formation and following resolution. 16S cloning and sequencing was used for bacterial identification and multiplexed bead‐based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators.ResultsSmokers demonstrated an early pathogenic colonization that led to sustained pathogen enrichment with periodontal and respiratory pathogens, eliciting a florid immune response. Smokers also demonstrated greater abundance of pathogenic species, poor compositional correlation between marginal and subgingival ecosystems, and significantly greater pro‐inflammatory responses following resolution of the second episode of disease.ConclusionsThe ability of the subgingival microbiome to “reset” itself following episodes of disease is decreased in smokers, thereby lowering the resilience of the ecosystem and decreasing its resistance to future disease.
Commentary: Getting fathers into parenting programmes – a reflection on Panter‐Brick et al. (2014)
Authors: Ramchandani Paul , Iles Jane 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResearch, policy and clinical practice focussed on engaging and working with fathers and their children often seems to oscillate between extremes. Where policy documents relating to children's health and wellbeing do include fathers it is often in a restricted way, and similarly discussions about the role of fathers in the media are often one‐dimensional. It is sometimes hard to escape a feeling of despondency at the continuing exchanges, too often made ignoring or misinterpreting years of research regarding the importance of co‐parenting and the involvement of fathers and other carers. One of the great contributions of child and adolescent mental health professionals has been the drawing of attention to the importance of family processes and systemic thinking, yet in relation to parenting, this seems to have been increasingly overlooked in recent years with an increased focus on attachment or social learning inspired approaches for a single parent–child dyad. In this issue of the JCPP, in a thorough and timely review, Catherine Panter‐Brick and colleagues call for a clear change to the way parenting programmes are considered, studied and implemented. In this commentary, we reflect on this call and look at three challenges for CAMHS professionals.
Preparedness of final‐year Turkish nursing students for work as a professional nurse
Authors: Güner Perihan 
Published: August 2014

Aims and objectivesTo determine the preparedness levels of final‐year Turkish nursing students starting their careers as professional nurses.BackgroundThe transition from nursing student to professional nurse is challenging. One of the ways to help facilitate this transition is to determine how well students are prepared to start work. There are limited, but conflicting, results on this topic.DesignMixed‐methods study.MethodsUndergraduate nursing students (n = 4490) in their final year of study from 74 Turkish universities were eligible to participate in this study. Of these, 1804 total students participated from 38 randomly selected universities. Data were collected through an investigator‐developed questionnaire (n = 1804) and focus group interviews (n = 57).ResultsStudents felt highly prepared to start work (57·6%). Those who were older, male, graduates of a vocational high school or already working as a nurse felt most prepared. Students who felt that their education preparation and resources were adequate felt more prepared. Focus group interviews revealed that students felt confident in their knowledge of educational theory, but not in clinical skills.ConclusionsStudents may have felt prepared to start work, but insufficient clinical experience probably contributed to a lack of confidence in their skills. The resources of the school, the quality of the education, and the clinical practice environments were considered most important for the students’ perceived preparedness levels.Relevance to clinical practiceAn undergraduate education provides the foundation for successful nurse preparation. A good clinical environment along with a high‐quality education programme can help give students more confidence in their skills when they join the nursing workforce. Internship or residency programmes may also facilitate this learning. This is extremely important for safe, high‐quality patient care.
Stability and Variability in Young Children's Understanding of Floating and Sinking During One Single‐Task Session
Authors: Meindertsma Heidi B. , van Dijk Marijn W. G. , Steenbeek Henderien W. , van Geert Paul L. C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntraindividual variability is a key component in explaining children's development and learning. Studying this type of variability on the micro‐timescale can help us understand real‐time constructive processes and the subsequent long‐term development. The aim of this article is to study the process of children's understanding of floating and sinking during one single‐task session. A total of 38 kindergartners were asked to explain the floating or sinking of 14 different objects. The results reveal that the majority of children showed a high degree of intraindividual variability. In general, most children had a decrease in variability of both content and complexity of explanations during one task session and stabilized in both complexity and content toward the end of the task. The analyses indicated that hypothesis testing was not related to changes in children's explanations. These results can be the starting point for further research about change on different, nested timescales.
Teachers' Understanding of the Role of Executive Functions in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Gilmore Camilla , Cragg Lucy 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCognitive psychology research has suggested an important role for executive functions, the set of skills that monitor and control thought and action, in learning mathematics. However, there is currently little evidence about whether teachers are aware of the importance of these skills and, if so, how they come by this information. We conducted an online survey of teachers' views on the importance of a range of skills for mathematics learning. Teachers rated executive function skills, and in particular inhibition and shifting, to be important for mathematics. The value placed on executive function skills increased with increasing teaching experience. Most teachers reported that they were aware of these skills, although few knew the term “executive functions.” This awareness had come about through their teaching experience rather than from formal instruction. Researchers and teacher educators could do more to highlight the importance of these skills to trainee or new teachers.
The Neuroscience of PowerPointTM
Authors: Horvath Jared Cooney 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMany concepts have been published relevant to improving the design of PowerPointTM (PP) presentations for didactic purposes, including the redundancy, modality, and signaling principles of multimedia learning. In this article, we review the recent neuroimaging findings that have emerged elucidating the neural structures involved in many of these concepts. First, we explore the research suggesting that the brain utilizes similar structures to process written text and oral speech leading to neural competition and impaired performance during dual linguistic text/audition tasks (redundancy principle). Next, we examine research that demonstrates that the brain processes visual images in a manner different from and parallel to oral speech leading to improved performance during dual nonlinguistic visual/audition tasks (modality principle). Finally, we look at how the brain responds to contextual and direct attention cues (signaling principle). We link this research to PP design and suggest a number of concrete ways to implement these findings to improve the didactic strength of slide‐show presentations.
Simplifying Causal Complexity: How Interactions Between Modes of Causal Induction and Information Availability Lead to Heuristic‐Driven Reasoning
Authors: Grotzer Tina A. , Shane Tutwiler M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT—This article considers a set of well‐researched default assumptions that people make in reasoning about complex causality and argues that, in part, they result from the forms of causal induction that we engage in and the type of information available in complex environments. It considers how information often falls outside our attentional frame such that covariation falls short, mechanisms can be nonobvious, and the testimony that others offer is typically subject to the same constraints as our own perceptions. It underscores the importance of multiple modes of causal induction used in support of one another when discerning and teaching about causal complexity. It considers the importance of higher order reflection on the nature of causality that recognizes the challenging features of complex causality and how it interacts with human causal cognition.