bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Artificial Effusions from Synovial Joints: An Experimental Study in Rabbits
Authors: Levick J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The absorption of fluid from the joint cavity was studied by measurement of the flow of Ringer solution or paraffin oil, from an infusion reservoir, into rabbit knee joints at constant pressures between 0 and 25 cm water.
2. Although no oil was absorbed across the synovium, oil flowed continuously into the joint cavity at constant intra-articular pressure. It was concluded that the joint capsule expanded with time (delayed compliance, viscous creep). Viscous creep of the capsule could explain, in part, the poor correlation observed clinically between effusion volume and pressure.
3. The rate of absorption of Ringer solution by the synovium was calculated by subtraction of the volumetric rate of creep from the volume inflow of Ringer solution. The absorption rate increased as a linear function of intra-articular pressure up to 9 cm water but as a much steeper (six-times) function of pressure above 9 cm water (the ‘breaking point’ phenomenon). Since pressure increases upon joint flexion, flexion may minimize synovial fluid volume by promoting fluid absorption.
4. The absorption rate was unaffected by ligation of the lymphatic drainage of the joint, but was reduced to between 79 and 85% by intermittent interruption of blood flow to the joint. Fluid accumulated in connective tissue outside the synovium.
5. It is concluded that these artificial effusions are absorbed partly into the synovial micro-circulation, in accordance with Starling's hypothesis of fluid exchange, and partly into compliant connective tissue outside the joint capsule. The increased sensitivity of flow to pressure above 9 cm water is explained by a progressive reduction in synovial resistance to flow, and implies facilitation of absorption of joint effusions of pressures over 9 cm water.
Interaction of Conventional and Antikaliuretic Diuretics with the Renal Prostaglandin System
Authors: Kramer H. J. , Düsing R. , Stinnesbeck B. , Prior W. , Bäcker Angela , Eden Jutta , Kipnowski J. , Glänzer K. , Krück F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of frusemide, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone on the renal prostaglandin system, and the interference with their diuretic and natriuretic effects by inhibition of prostaglandin synthase, were investigated in healthy human subjects.
2. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 was increased by the administration of frusemide (P &lt; 0.05), hydrochlorothiazide and particularly by spironolactone, the least potent natriuretic agent (P &lt; 0.05). A qualitatively similar but statistically insignificant rise in excretion of prostaglandin F2α was observed with hydrochlorothiazide.
3. The rise in urinary excretion of sodium after frusemide and hydrochlorothiazide was significantly reduced by indomethacin, which also abolished the potassium-sparing effect of spironolactone and partially suppressed the diuretic-induced rise in plasma renin activity.
4. Indomethacin had no significant effect on urinary osmolality or free water absorption in the presence of frusemide or hydrochlorothiazide, but markedly enhanced urinary osmolality (P &lt; 0.05) and free water absorption (P &lt; 0.05) in the presence of spironolactone.
5. Increased renal prostaglandin activity after frusemide, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone may contribute to their natriuretic action which, in addition to the antikaliuretic effect of spironolactone, may be partially abolished by the presence of non-steroidal antiphlogistic agents.
Immunoreactive Substance P in Human Plasma: Response to Changes in Posture and Sodium Balance
Authors: Kramer H. J. , Düsing R. , Stelkens H. , Heinrich R. , Kipnowski J. , Glänzer K. 
Published: August 2015

1. In healthy volunteers plasma concentrations of immunoreactive substance P were measured in response to changes in posture and dietary salt intake.
2. In 14 subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P was 168 ± 31 pmol/l when subjects were supine and 401 ± 51 pmol/l (P &lt; 0.001) when they were ambulant.
3. Measurement of supine plasma immunoreactive substance P at 6 h intervals gave a mean value of 240 ± 39 pmol/l at 14.00 hours and a lowest value of 76 ± 9 pmol/l at 02.00 hours.
4. In eight healthy subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P rose only slightly from 169 ± 41 pmol/l, on a sodium intake ad lib., to 244 ± 45 pmol/l by day 4 of dietary sodium restriction (35 mmol/day) and significantly fell to 51 ± 20 pmol/l (P &lt; 0.001) by day 4 of high sodium intake (350 mmol/day).
5. Although exogenous substance P was shown to be natriuretic in dog and rat, the present results do not favour a role of endogenous substance P as a circulating natriuretic factor in man.
Transvascular Albumin Flux and the Interstitial Water Volume in Experimental Pulmonary Oedema in Dogs
Authors: Prichard J. S. , Rajagopalan B. , Lee G. de J. 
Published: August 2015

1. External counting of radioactivity over the lung has been used to measure the size of the interstitial compartment and transvascular albumin fluxes under normal and pathological conditions in the lungs of open-chested ventilated dogs.
2. When pulmonary hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure were altered by transfusion of blood or sodium chloride solution (154 mmol/l), the transvascular transfer coefficient for serum albumin increased in relation to the increase in net intravascular force (hydrostatic pressure — oncotic pressure).
3. After alloxan, Pseudomonas bacteraemia or in the period after correction of experimentally induced haemorrhagic hypotension, the transvascular transfer coefficient for serum albumin increased to an extent greater than could be accounted for by any change in net intravascular force. This suggests that pulmonary capillary permeability to serum albumin alters with these procedures.
4. Alloxan administration caused a fulminant pulmonary oedema in which the size of the interstitial space, as measured by the external counting method, increased progressively.
5. Comparison of these results with direct studies carried out by others suggests that the external counting method provides a satisfactory technique for the study of pulmonary oedema; with simultaneous measurements of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, it can be used to identify probable permeability changes in the pulmonary endothelium.
Failure to Demonstrate Renal Uptake of Labelled Platelets in Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Rigby R. J. , Driedger A. A. , Reid B. D. , Lindsay R. M. , Linton A. L. , Clark W. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal localization of autologous 111In-labelled platelets was studied in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. External imaging was performed with a γ-camera fitted with a medium energy collimator and the images were collected by a computer.
2. Images of 111In-labelled platelet distribution showed that there was a marked contribution to the radioactivity within each renal silhouette from adjacent spleen or liver. It was not possible to demonstrate renal accumulation of 111In-labelled platelets.
3. The application of 111In-labelled platelets to the study of intrarenal platelet consumption in chronic glomerulonephritis is limited by the sensitivity of current techniques and the scatter from adjacent splenic and hepatic radioactivity.
Airway and Metabolic Resistance to Intravenous Salbutamol: A Study in Normal Man
Authors: Holgate S. T. , Stubbs W. A. , Wood P. J. , McCaughey E. S. , Alberti K. G. M. M. , Tattersfield A. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The airway and metabolic responses to an intravenous β2-agonist salbutamol have been investigated in normal subjects before and after chronic administration of inhaled salbutamol, 1600 μg daily for 2 weeks.
2. Before chronic inhalation of salbutamol there was a dose-dependent increase in specific airway conductance after intravenous salbutamol in cumulative doses from 25 to 300 μg.
3. Measurement of concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, ketone bodies, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin, plasma cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were made after each increment of salbutamol and all showed an increase apart from cyclic GMP.
4. After chronic inhalation of salbutamol there was a decrease in the airway, metabolic and insulin response to intravenous salbutamol. The cyclic AMP response showed little change.
5. This study confirms the development of adrenergic resistance in the airways of normal subjects after large doses of inhaled salbutamol and shows that this is associated with widespread metabolic adrenergic resistance.
The Effect of Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate on Erythrocyte and Haemoglobin Function
Authors: Brada M. , Robinson L. A. , Bellingham A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. As it has been suggested that the beneficial effect of methylprednisolone in shock is due to its effect on erythrocyte oxygen affinity, we studied its effect on incubated erythrocytes and on haemoglobin solution.
2. Incubation of fresh whole blood anticoagulated with acid/citrate/dextrose with methylprednisolone (7 mmol/l) produced a significant decrease in oxygen affinity, which was not seen with lower concentrations of methylprednisolone. When either acid/citrate/dextrose blood stored for 10 days or fresh heparinized blood was used, no significant increase in the partial pressure of oxygen at 50% haemoglobin saturation (P50) was demonstrated even with methylprednisolone at 7 mmol/l. At the highest concentration achieved in plasma with standard therapeutic doses (56 μmol/l) there was no increase in P50 under all the conditions studied.
3. Methylprednisolone reduced the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin in solution. The reduction in oxygen affinity was less than that produced by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and more than that of either sodium succinate or sodium chloride.
4. From the results of this study we conclude that the effect observed in whole cells is probably due to a direct effect of methylprednisolone on haemoglobin. To produce a significant decrease of oxygen affinity of whole blood in vitro requires a plasma concentration of methylprednisolone above that obtained in plasma in vivo, with the currently used therapeutic doses.
The Reproducibility of Double-Isotope Deconvolution Measurements of Intestinal Calcium Absorption
Authors: Tellez Marisol , Reeve J. , Royston J. P. , Veall N. , Wootton R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Radiocalcium absorption was measured in duplicate in 10 subjects by the double-isotope method, with calcium as the oral carrier (2.5 mmol). Analysis of variance gave 95% confidence limits for a single measurement of fractional absorption and maximum absorption rate in a given individual of ±16.5% of administered dose and ±18.2% of dose/h respectively.
2. The size of these within individual variations suggests that alterations in the rate of calcium absorption-5-contribute to the week-to-week stabilization of some other controlled variable, such as plasma concentration of calcium.
3. In six of the subjects, calcium absorption was also measured with calcium loads at concentrations of 0.5, 5.0 and 20 mmol. Significant falls in fractional absorption, maximum absorption rate and mean transfer rate occurred as the load increased, together with a rise in mean transit time. Although between-individual differences at a given load were considerable, given a single-test result with a known carrier load, it is possible to predict quite accurately the results which would be obtained if a different carrier load were to be given.
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τ-Methylhistidine Excretion and Myofibrillar Protein Breakdown in Patients Receiving Intravenous or Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Holbrook I. B. , Gross E. , Milewski P. J. , Shipley K. , Irving M. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Nτ-Methylhistidine, nitrogen and creatinine were measured in the urine of 10 volunteers on normal and meat-free diets and in 10 vegetarians, and compared with the results from the urine of eight patients with intestinal fistulae on intravenous or enteral nutrition containing no meat. The values obtained were used to calculate fractional breakdown rate of myofibrillar protein.
2. There was a significant fall in the excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine and creatinine and in apparent fractional breakdown rates after 2 days on a meat-free diet.
3. One of the patients had lower, and two of the patients had higher, fractional breakdown rates compared with the vegetarians.
4. Nτ-Methylhistidine and creatinine excretion-5-be a useful and non-invasive measurement of myofibrillar protein degradation in patients on meat-free diets. Firm conclusions cannot, however, be drawn without confirmatory, direct measurement of the breakdown rates of muscle protein in vivo.
Effect of Propranolol on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Plasma Noradrenaline during Coitus in the Rabbit
Authors: Gordon D. , Roddis S. A. , Sever P. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of coitus on heart rate, blood pressure and plasma concentration of noradrenaline were studied in six male rabbits.
2. During coitus, heart rate rose from 228 ± 6 to 324 ± 8 beats/min (mean ± sem; n = 24). Mean blood pressure rose from 87 ± 3 to 165 ± 4 mmHg, and plasma concentration of noradrenaline from 2.07 ± 0.21 to 5.02 ± 0.26 nmol/l. The maximum heart rate did not occur until after the peak in blood pressure.
3. Propranolol had no effect on the power expended during coitus, but there was a dose dependent fall in the changes in heart rate, blood pressure and plasma concentration of noradrenaline.
Kinetics of Uptake of Lysine and Lysyl-Lysine by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro
Authors: Burston D. , Taylor E. , Matthews D. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The kinetics of 2-min uptake of l-lysine and l-lysyl-l-lysine have been studied by using rings of everted hamster intestine in vitro, and values for Kt and Vmax, established.
2. On a molar basis, mediated uptake was more rapid for the amino acid than for the peptide. Non-mediated uptake was more rapid for the peptide than for the amino acid.
3. Comparison of relative rates of uptake of lysine from equivalent solutions of lysine and lysyl-lysine showed that at low concentrations, uptake of lysine was less rapid from the peptide than from the amino acid, whereas at high concentrations, uptake of lysine was more rapid from the peptide than from the amino acid. This type of effect of concentration on relative rates of uptake from equivalent solutions of amino acid and peptide has not previously been described.
Effect of Conjugated and Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia on the Plasma 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Response to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Rat
Authors: Long R. G. , Barragry J. M. , Mitchenere P. , Beer M. S. , Boucher B. J. , Cohen R. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Vitamin D deficiency was induced in anicteric Wistar rats, Wistar rats before common bile-duct ligation was performed and Gunn rats with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.
2. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was studied in a group of control anicteric Wistar rats (n = 11), Wistar rats 8 days after common bile-duct ligation (n = 7) with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and in Gunn rats (n = 11).
3. The plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D response to ultraviolet radiation was similar in the three groups.
4. It is suggested that neither conjugated nor unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia prevent cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis or 25-hydroxylation in the rat.
Speed of Onset of Adaptive Mucosal Hypoplasia and Hypofunction in the Intestine of Parenterally Fed Rats
Authors: Hughes C. A. , Dowling R. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. To establish the speed of onset of jejunal and ileal mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction in parenterally fed rats, we measured three indices of mucosal mass, three mucosal enzymes and quantitative histology after 3, 6, 10 and 15 days of total parenteral nutrition and compared the results with those in two orally fed control groups, one with and one without intravenous catheters and metabolic cage restraint. The kinetics of galactose absorption in vivo were also measured after 10 days of total parenteral nutrition and in both control groups.
2. The most striking decrease in both jejunal and ileal mucosal wet weight and protein and DNA content per 10 cm length of intestine, occurred after only 3 days of total parenteral nutrition; thereafter the mean values showed only a slight further decrease.
3. The results of the morphometric studies showed that the hypoplasia affected the villi slightly more than the crypts. Within 3 days of starting total parenteral nutrition, mean jejunal mucosal thickness decreased by 16% and after 15 days it had fallen by 28%. The ileum showed similar, although less marked, changes. In the jejunum (not the ileum) modest cellular hypotrophy accompanied the mucosal hypoplasia; there were more epithelial cells/unit length of mid-villus and there was more DNA per g of mucosa in the total parenteral nutrition group than in the control group of rats.
4. Jejunal galactose absorption from the 16, 32 and 64 mmol/l solutions was significantly less in the 10-day total parenteral nutrition rats than in the controls, the apparent Vmax being five times greater in the orally fed animals. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) was also significantly less than normal in the jejunum of the parenterally fed rats, suggesting increased affinity of the hypothetical carrier for galactose, perhaps as a result of functionally hypermature cells.
5. Mucosal alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities per unit length of intestine decreased and α-d-glucosidase activity increased in the jejunum and ileum of the total parenteral nutrition rats.
6. These results show that during total parenteral nutrition, the ileum and particularly the jejunum show marked reductions in mucosal mass and function after only 3 days of total parenteral nutrition and that there is a more gradual and progressive loss of mucosal mass thereafter up to 15 days.
Zinc Transport in Normal Human Leucocytes: Dependence upon Media Composition
Authors: Jones R. B. , Hilton P. J. , Michael J. , Patrick J. , Johnson V. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The transport of zinc has been studied in normal human leucocytes incubated in both a tissue culture medium and Krebs buffer.
2. 65Zn influx is characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a slower influx. 65Zn influx is directly dependent upon the extracellular zinc concentration.
3. Net zinc influx could only be demonstrated in Krebs buffer at zinc concentrations in excess of 4.3 μmol/l and in tissue culture fluid at zinc concentrations in excess of 43.1 μmol/l.
4. A 65Zn efflux rate constant of approximately 1.0 per h was observed in both 4.3 and 15.4 μmol of zinc/l of Krebs buffer or tissue culture fluid.
5. In a zero external zinc Krebs buffer the 65Zn efflux rate constant fell to 0.57 per h and was accompanied by a small net zinc efflux.
Active and Inactive Renin in Individual Juxtaglomerular Apparatuses
Authors: Gillies A. , Morgan T. , Fitzgibbon W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renin was measured in individual juxtaglomerular apparatuses before and after acidification in vitro..
2. Active renin increased with delivery of extra sodium by microperfusion to the macula densa and this increase was similar to that achieved with acidification.
3. In rats pretreated with an inhibitor of protein synthesis active renin increased when extra sodium was delivered to the macula densa.
4. Salt intake changed the amount of renin present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In rats on a high salt intake the total renin was low and was all in an active form.
Prostacyclin-Like Activity in the Female Rat Thoracic Aorta and the Inferior Vena Cava after Ethinyloestradiol and Norethisterone
Authors: Karpati L. , Chow F. P. R. , Woollard M. L. , Hutton R. A. , Dandona P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Female rats were injected with ethinyloestradiol, norethisterone or both compounds for 30 days. Prostacyclin-like activity was measured in the thoracic aorta and inferior vena cava.
2. In the thoracic aorta of rats injected with ethinyloestradiol and ethinyloestradiol/norethisterone, prostacyclin-like activity was significantly increased. Norethisterone alone had no effect.
3. In the inferior vena cava of rats injected with ethinyloestradiol, norethisterone or both compounds, prostacyclin-like activity was not significantly altered. The amount of prostacyclin generated by the inferior vena cava was much lower than that by the aorta.
4. Experimentally induced changes in the vessel wall after the administration of contraceptive steroids must be due to factors other than diminished prostacyclin production.
Enzyme Inhibitors for Renin Assay in Rat Plasma
Authors: Tikkanen I. , Fyhrquist F. , Puutula-Räsänen L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Degradation of 125I-labelled [Ile5]-angiotensin I and unlabelled angiotensin I was studied during incubation of rat plasma treated with disodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (disodium EDTA) at 37°C, pH 6.5, for 1 h with 8-hydroxyquinoline, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or di-isopropyl fluorophosphate.
2. Isolelectric focusing showed approximately 100, 59–66 and 10–31% preservation of 125I-labelled angiotensin I during incubation with 8-hydroxyquinoline (5.0 mmol/l), phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (15 mmol/l) and di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (1.09 mmol/l) respectively. Mean recovery of unlabelled angiotensin I was 102, 77 and 32% with 8-hydroxyquinoline, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and di-isopropyl fluorophosphate respectively.
3. 8-Hydroxyquinoline appears the preferable enzyme inhibitor for renin assay in rat plasma.
The Source of Serum Ferritin during Infection. Studies with Concanavalin A–Sepharose Absorption
Authors: Birgegård G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum samples were collected from ten patients hospitalized for acute infections and from a control group of seven normal subjects. Tissue ferritin was obtained by purification of ferritin from normal human liver and from the ferritin standard of a commercially available assay kit.
2. The serum and tissue samples were incubated with concanavalin A-Sepharose, which has the ability to bind normal serum ferritin.
3. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin which binds to glucose, can be coupled to Sepharose particles and by incubation and centrifugation ferritin in normal serum can be absorbed to about 70%. The serum and tissue samples were incubated with concanavalin A-Sepharose and the ferritin content was measured before and after.
4. It was found that ferritin in the serum of patients with acute infections was absorbed to the same extent as in normal serum (about 80%), irrespective of the initial value. Only about 20% of the tissue ferritin was absorbed.
5. It is concluded that the ferritin in serum during infection is of the same glucosylated type as the ferritin normally present in serum, whereas intracellular ferritin is not glycosylated. This indicates that the elevation of serum ferritin during infection is caused by a release along the normal pathways, i.e. an augmented synthesis, not by leakage from damaged cells.
Deficit of Trabecular and Cortical Bone in Elderly Women with Fracture of the Femoral Neck
Authors: Elsasser U. , Hesp R. , Klenerman L. , Wootton R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The mean attenuation coefficients of trabecular and cortical bone in the radius were measured in 32 female patients with fractured proximal femur, and in 28 age-matched female controls, with a special-purpose computed tomography-scanner.
2. The largest difference between the two groups was in the mean attenuation coefficients for trabecular bone in the distal radius. The mean value for fracture patients (0.53 cm−1) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.02) than the mean value for the controls (0.62 cm−1). These results are consistent with the view that a loss of trabecular bone predisposes to fractures of the proximal femur.