bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Microseismicity to Understand Subsurface Fracture Systems and Increase the Effectiveness of Completions: Eagle Ford Shale, TX
Authors: Detring John P. , Williams-Stroud Sherilyn 
Published: October 2012

Summary
Existing natural fractures often have a significant impact on both stimulation and production of oil and gas wells. Effective exploitation of unconventional reservoirs requires the understanding of the local tectonic history and the present day stress regime. Signal strength, high quality reflection seismic, microseismic imaging, and moderate structural complexity of the liquids-rich gas and tight oil Eagle Ford shale makes it an ideal place to study hydraulic fracturing in tight rocks. Microseismic monitoring results showed clear structural trends relating to reactivation of existing faults and fractures, and rock failure mechanisms determined through source mechanism inversions. These results provided critical information to the operator for optimizing the hydraulic fracture design.
Microseismic data collected using a surface array allowed the full geometry of the result to be viewed with no directional bias. The geometry of the microseismicity trends related to fracturing developed during the stimulation treatment were representative of the true geometry of the structure. The large aperture and wide azimuth of the monitoring array facilitated the determination of source mechanisms from every event detected, which provided full coverage of the focal sphere of each source mechanism. The events identified two different source mechanisms, indicating a different failure mechanism for fractures than for reactivated faults.
Microseismicity with a NE-SW orientation are interpreted to be related to either induced or reactivated fractures. Microseismicity also formed trends that are contiguous across more than one wellbore in a ENE-WSW direction. These trends are interpreted to have formed as a result of fault reactivation. Source mechanisms from faulting parallal to SHmax have failure planes that strike NE-SW with normal dip-slip failure on steeply-dipping planes. Those from fault reactivation have strike-slip failure on ENE-WSW striking failure planes. The orientations of the fault-related trends are parallel to extensional Gulf of Mexico growth faulting. The microseismicity trends associated with fracturing form at an angle of approximately 25° to the faulting trends and are parallel to SHmax.
Microseismicity trends associated with faults are used to project where faults will intersect adjacent wells. Identification of these faults in the reservoir via microseismic mapping allow operators to modify their treatment parameters and stage spacing in order to avoid geologic hazards. The operator combines the treatment pump parameters for the wells with the additional structural understanding gained from the analysis of fracture trends and source mechanisms to identify zones that should be avoided in subsequent treatments. In addition, the mapped microseismicity provides critical information that was used to modify well spacing for subsequent wells, thereby optimizing the completion plan and dramatically cutting costs.
Case-Based Reasoning Technology Used to Provide Early Indications of Potential NPT-Related Problems while Drilling the Viking
Authors: Le Dean 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
There is a considerable value proposition for drilling personnel to be able to use real-time data and have an intelligent technology scan for potential problems before they are realized. To then further offer resolution options for the potential problem is an even greater value proposition.
Use of automated intelligent technologies to interpret data and alert users of potential problems is in existence for many commercial and industrial applications. These technologies are frequently employed in surveillance systems such as traffic control, security, and internet usage. The historic challenge for most of these technologies in field applications is that many of the problem scenarios have varying degrees of parameter differences. As such, rule-based technologies have not met expectations. This challenge has been resolved through use of an intelligent technology that evaluates and ranks a problem scenario’s parameters based on case similarity. In other words, this technology compares the relative differences of problem parameters to baseline case history problem parameters. This approach is a much better representation of reality in the field, where no two problems are exactly the same – they are only similar.
An intelligent real-time technology utilizing case-based reasoning can now be deployed in drilling operations to help recognize and mitigate non-productive time problems before they occur, thereby improving overall drilling efficiency. This software technology recalls human and situational experience across rigs, assets and regions. By continuously monitoring the real-time data-streams from ongoing drilling operations, it compares the current situation with past experience (cases). When the current situation is similar to a case, an alert is sent to users and the case is displayed along with lessons learned, advice and best practices.
This technology was successfully deployed in a proof of concept with junior oil company, drilling the Viking formation. This paper highlights the theory behind the technology, deployment and integration with the junior oil company, and the results of the project, including a case study in which the technology sent an alert of a potential stuck pipe incident and suggested remedial actions to address the problem before it occurred. This paper concludes with how the technology can be continually adapted to new downhole drilling challenges.
Seed Vigor and the Uniformity of Emergence of Corn Seedlings
Authors: Egli D.B. , Rucker M. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSeed vigor is defined as those “seed properties that determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence and development of seedlings under a wide range of field conditions.” Seedlings from high‐vigor seed lots are expected to emerge more uniformly than those from low‐vigor lots. We tested this hypothesis in a series of greenhouse and growth chamber experiments with several high‐ and low‐vigor corn (Zea mays L.) samples that had high standard germination. Seed‐vigor levels were estimated with the saturated cold test where the seeds were stressed with low temperature (10°C) and field soil for 7 d and then germination was measured after 5 d at 25°C. The uniformity index (UI) (time from 10 to 90% of final emergence) was estimated by planting seeds 3.8 cm deep in soil and counting emergence every 6 h in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. Lowering the soil temperature from roughly 23 to 15°C increased the time to 10% of final emergence (T10) from about 100 to more than 300 h and increased the UI. Low‐vigor seed always had a larger UI than high‐ vigor seed, but the difference was less when the seedlings emerged rapidly (UIs were 20 to 30 h) than when they emerged slowly (maximum of ~80 h for high‐vigor seed and 140 h for low‐vigor seed). High‐vigor seed had more uniform emergence, but soil temperature and the time to emergence also influenced uniformity.
Loss of Maize Seed Vigor as Affected by Biochemical Changes during Hydropriming
Authors: Wattanakulpakin Papassorn , Photchanachai Songsin , Miyagawa Shuichi , Ratanakhanokchai Khanok 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTHydropriming has both positive and negative effects on seed performance. Hydropriming (for 6 to 30 h) was performed in the maize (Zea mays L.) seed lines ‘TSK 11’ and ‘PS 54’. A short hydropriming time of 6 to 12 h improved seed germination in both lines. An improvement in seed vigor, as investigated by germination after accelerated aging, was observed after hydropriming for 6 and 12 h in ‘TSK 11’ seeds, but only after 6 h of hydropriming in ‘PS 54’. The reduction in seed vigor occurred faster in ‘PS 54’ than in ‘TSK 11’, which was confirmed at hydropriming times of 12 and 18 h, respectively. The higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in ‘TSK 11’, and SOD, peroxidase (POD), and APX in ‘PS 54’, correlated with enhanced maize seed vigor after priming. The deterioration of primed maize seeds was linked to the process of lipid peroxidation, indicated by the generation of malondialdehyde during imbibition, and acetaldehyde and ethanol during redrying. Additional indicators were identified: a reduction in the antioxidant activities of SOD, CAT, and APX for ‘TSK 11’, and SOD and CAT for ‘PS 54’, decreased raffinose content, and increased amylase activity. A less compact cellular ultrastructure was observed in hydroprimed seeds and was associated with seed deterioration. The different responses in physiological and biochemical attributes induced by hydropriming were related to their genotype and partially affected by the initial characteristic differences between the two maize lines causing different maize seed appearance.
Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Genetically Diverse Set of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Kessel Bettina , Schierholt Antje , Becker Heiko C. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTGenetic variation in N uptake and utilization was investigated in a set of genetically diverse oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) genotypes, including hybrid, modern, and old cultivars and resynthesized lines. A total of 36 genotypes were grown at seven locations with two levels of N supply: no fertilization and optimal fertilization (between 160 and 220 kg ha–1 N, depending on regional recommendations). The hybrid cultivars had the highest yields and the old land races and resynthesized lines had the lowest yields. This ranking of the various groups was consistent and independent of the N level. Genetic variation exists for both the uptake efficiency and the utilization efficiency. In the presence of low N levels, variation in N use efficiency is mainly due to differences in uptake efficiency whereas differences in utilization efficiency were more important in the presence of high N fertilization.
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Effects on Cereal Plant Growth and Transpiration
Authors: Erion Gabriel G. , Riedell Walter E. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTLittle is known about how changes in root system characteristics caused by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection affect transpiration in cereal plants. Objectives of these greenhouse studies were to elucidate virus infection effects on plant growth and apparent transpiration rate in oats (Avena sativa L. ‘Coast Black’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Robust’). Seedlings were infested at the first leaf stage (13 d after planting) with viruliferous (BYDV) or nonviruliferous bird cherry oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) for 48 h. Aphids were removed and plants grown for an additional 26 d. Root and shoot dry weights, root‐to‐shoot weight ratio, leaf blade dry weight, leaf blade area, and apparent transpiration rate were measured. Data were subjected to ANOVA analysis. Viral disease symptoms, such as reduced tiller number, stunting, leaf chlorosis, and reddening, were more pronounced in oats than in barley. Virus infection decreased root dry weight by 88% in oats and 35% in barley, reduced root‐to‐shoot ratio by 65% in oats and 36% in barley, decreased leaf blade area by 75% in oats and 36% in barley, and reduced apparent transpiration by 73% in oats and 33% in barley. Thus, BYDV infection caused significant reductions in growth and water movement through the transpiration stream to a greater extent in oats than in barley, indicating that Coast Black oats was sensitive to BYDV infection whereas Robust barley was considerably more tolerant.
Variability for Drought Related Traits of Virginia‐Type Peanut Cultivars and Advanced Breeding Lines
Authors: Balota Maria , Isleib Thomas G. , Tallury Shyam 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWater deficit is increasingly becoming a limiting factor for peanut production in the Virginia–Carolina (VC) peanut growing region. Even though extensive research efforts have been made worldwide to improve drought tolerance in peanut, performance of genotypes largely depends on the environment in which they grow and no such information is available for the VC area. The objective of this study was to determine the variability for CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration efficiency (A:gs), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content estimate (soil plant analysis development [SPAD] meter readings), stomata number per square centimeter and per leaf, and canopy temperature depression (CTD) of 18 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) virginia‐type cultivars and breeding lines grown in rain‐fed plots in southeastern Virginia. The relationship between physiological and agronomic traits was then analyzed. Genotype had a significant effect on all physiological traits. Excepting CTD, year also had a significant effect on all physiological characteristics. The genotype × year interaction was not significant for A, gs, A:gs, SPAD, and SLA suggesting dominant controlling factors for these traits. Under water stress in both years, pod yield was consistently associated with A (higher A results in higher yield) and SPAD (greener leaves results in higher yield). These results suggest that development of cultivars with greener leaves and higher A when gs is low may ensure better yields under rain‐fed conditions in the VC region.
Evaluation of a ketamine-propofol drug combination with or without dexmedetomidine for intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariectomy
Authors: Ravasio Giuliano , Gallo Martina , Beccaglia Michela , Comazzi Stefano , Gelain Maria Elena , Fonda Diego , Bronzo Valerio , Zonca Annalisa 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the use of a ketamine-propofol combination, with or without dexmedetomidine, in cats undergoing ovariectomy and to assess Heinz body formation following administration of these drugs.
Design—Randomized clinical trial.
Animals—15 client-owned female cats.
Procedures—Anesthesia was induced with a ketamine (2.0 mg/kg [0.91 mg/lb])-propofol (2.0 mg/kg) combination with (n = 7) or without (8) dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg/kg [0.0013 mg/lb]) and was maintained via continuous IV infusion of a 1:1 ketamine-propofol combination (administration rate for each drug, 10.0 mg/kg/h [4.54 mg/lb/h]). Cats underwent ovariectomy; duration of infusion was 25 minutes. Physiologic variables were measured at predetermined time points. Heinz bodies were quantified via examination of blood smears. Numeric scales were used to assess quality of recovery, degree of sedation, and signs of pain after surgery.
Results—The ketamine-propofol group had a significantly higher mean heart rate at several time points during drug infusion, a significantly shorter time from the end of infusion to extubation (7 vs 29 minutes), and significantly lower sedation scores for the first hour after surgery than did the ketamine-propofol-dexmedetomidine group. Other variables were similar between groups; recovery was smooth, and anesthesia and postoperative analgesia were deemed adequate for all cats. The number of RBCs with Heinz bodies was not increased after surgery, compared with values immediately after anesthetic induction.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Total IV anesthesia with a ketamine-propofol combination, with or without dexmedetomidine, appeared to be effective in healthy cats. These short-term infusions produced smooth recovery and adequate analgesia during the postoperative period.
In vitro surface biocompatibility of high-content silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramics
Authors: Mostafa Nasser , Shaltout Abdallah , Radev Lachezar , Hassan Hassan 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The present work investigates surface biocompatibility of silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramics. Different silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramic bodies were prepared from co-precipitated powders by sintering at 1300°C. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for periods up to 4 weeks. The changes in the surface morphology and composition were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron probe microanalysis and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to observe the change in ionic concentration of SBF after removal of the samples. The bioactivity of the ceramics increased with an increasing silicate ion substitution in a systematic way. The surface of ceramics with 2.23% silicon substitution was partially covered with apatite layer after one week, while ceramics with 8.1% silicon substitution were completely covered with apatite in the first week. The porous microstructure of high-concentration Si-substituted ceramics helps the dissolution of surface ions and the leaching process. This allows SBF to reach supersaturation in a short time and accelerate the deposition of apatite layer.
A theoretical study on the red- and blue-shift hydrogen bonds of cis-trans formic acid dimer in excited states
Authors: Yang Dapeng , Yang Yonggang , Liu Yufang 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The excited states of cis-trans formic acid dimer and its monomers have been investigated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds O1-H1...O2=C2 and C2-H2...O4=C1 induces bond length lengthening of the groups related to the hydrogen bond, while that of the C2-H2 group is shortened. It is demonstrated that the red-shift hydrogen bond O1-H1...O2=C2 and blue-shift hydrogen bond C2-H2...O4=C1 are both weakened when excited to the S1 state. Moreover, it is found that the groups related to the formation of red-shift hydrogen bond O1-H1...O2=C2 are both strengthened in the S1 state, while the groups related to the blue-shift hydrogen bond C2-H2...O4=C1 are both weakened. This will provide information for the photochemistry and photophysical study of red- and blue-shift hydrogen bond.
Biogenic iron compounds: XRD, Mossbauer and FTIR study
Authors: Shopska Maya , Cherkezova-Zheleva Zara , Paneva Daniela , Iliev Mihail , Kadinov Georgi , Mitov Ivan , Groudeva Veneta 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Materials based on biogenic iron oxides, which are a product of the metabolic activities of the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria (NIOB) from Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group, were investigated. Natural microbial probes were collected from freshwater flow from Vitosha Mountain (Bulgaria) and cultivated under laboratory conditions in respect to select suitable cultures and conditions (nutrition media) for biomaterial accumulation of biogenic oxides. Samples were studied by physicochemical methods: X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Their phase composition and physicochemical properties were obtained. Presence of both amorphous and crystal phase (ultra- and highly dispersed particles) was proved. Iron-containing compound in the natural biomass consists of α-FeOOH. The cultivated materials have more complex composition with iron-containing ingredients as α-FeOOH, Γ-FeOOH, Γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. The sample of natural biomass was tested in reaction of CO oxidation and it showed potential to be used as catalyst support.
Distributions of electric parameters in MOS structures on 3C-SiC substrate
Authors: Piskorski Krzysztof , Przewlocki Henryk , Esteve Romain , Bakowski Mietek 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this work studies of some electrical parameters of the MOS structure based on 3C-SiC substrate are presented. The effective contact potential difference ϕMS, the barrier height at the gate-dielectric interface E
BG and the flat-band in semiconductor voltage V
FB were measured using several electric and photoelectric techniques. Values of these parameters obtained on structures with different gate areas decrease monotonically with increasing parameter R, defined as the ratio of the gate perimeter to the gate area. Such behavior confirmed results obtained on MOS structures on silicon substrate and also supported our hypothesis that the mechanical stress in the dielectric layer under the metal gate causes non uniform distribution of some parameters over the gate area of MOS structure.
Exact and approximate solutions of Schrödinger’s equation for a class of trigonometric potentials
Authors: Ciftci Hakan , Hall Richard , Saad Nasser 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe asymptotic iteration method is used to find exact and approximate solutions of Schrödinger’s equation for a number of one-dimensional trigonometric potentials (sine-squared, double-cosine, tangent-squared, and complex cotangent). Analytic and approximate solutions are obtained by first using a coordinate transformation to reduce the Schrödinger equation to a second-order differential equation with an appropriate form. The asymptotic iteration method is also employed indirectly to obtain the terms in perturbation expansions, both for the energies and for the corresponding eigenfunctions.
A window detection technique with adjustable threshold for transmitted reference receivers
Authors: Roy Apratim , Rashid A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a threshold decision circuit with an adjustable detection window designed in a 90-nm IBM CMOS technology. Together with an RF mixer, the decision Section realizes the circuit implementation of the back-end of a transmitted reference ultra wideband receiver, which is yet to be reported in literature. The proposed circuit is built on a differential amplifier core and avoids the use of integrator and sampling blocks, which reduces the device burden necessary for the architecture. Moreover, the detection window threshold of the design can be regulated by three independent factors defined by the circuit elements. The circuit is tested at an input data rate of 0.1∼2.0 Gbps and the core decision section consumes 9.14 mW from a 1.2-V bias supply (with a maximum capacity/Pdc ratio of 218.8 GHz/W). When compared against other reported decision blocks, the proposed detection circuit shows improved performance in terms of capacity and power requirement.
Bond strength of epoxy coated bar splices confined with nominal lateral reinforcement
Authors: Pandurangan Krishnamurthy , Rao Gangolu 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Fusion bonded epoxy coating is one of the methods used to protect steel against corrosion. The primary objective of this research reported in this paper is to evaluate the bond strength of epoxy coated bar splices confined with lateral reinforcement. Six full scale beams specimens, designed to fail in bond- splitting mode, were tested in positive bending. Each beam was reinforced with bars spliced in the constant moment region at mid span. The main variables were the amount of transverse reinforcement in the splice region and the coating to the bar. Test results indicate that transverse reinforcement improves the bond strength of coated bars and the ductility of the beams. The bond strength of coated bars is 93%, 72% and 59% of uncoated bars for confinement indices of 1.8, 1.4 and 1.26 respectively. Moreover, a bond reduction factor of 1.35 is suggested for use in code in place of 1.5,when the confinement index is greater than 1.4.