bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐Molecule Mechanochemical Sensing Using DNA Origami Nanostructures
Authors: Koirala Deepak , Shrestha Prakash , Emura Tomoko , Hidaka Kumi , Mandal Shankar , Endo Masayuki , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Mao Hanbin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhile single‐molecule sensing offers the ultimate detection limit, its throughput is often restricted as sensing events are carried out one at a time in most cases. 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures are used as expanded single‐molecule platforms in a new mechanochemical sensing strategy. As a proof of concept, six sensing probes are incorporated in a 7‐tile DNA origami nanoassembly, wherein binding of a target molecule to any of these probes leads to mechanochemical rearrangement of the origami nanostructure, which is monitored in real time by optical tweezers. Using these platforms, 10 pM platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) are detected within 10 minutes, while demonstrating multiplex sensing of the PDGF and a target DNA in the same solution. By tapping into the rapid development of versatile DNA origami nanostructures, this mechanochemical platform is anticipated to offer a long sought solution for single‐molecule sensing with improved throughput.
Photodegradable Hydrogels for Capture, Detection, and Release of Live Cells
Authors: Shin Dong‐Sik , You Jungmok , Rahimian Ali , Vu Tam , Siltanen Christian , Ehsanipour Arshia , Stybayeva Gulnaz , Sutcliffe Julie , Revzin Alexander 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCells may be captured and released using a photodegradable hydrogel (photogel) functionalized with antibodies. Photogel substrates were used to first isolate human CD4 or CD8 T‐cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension and then to release desired cells or groups of cells by UV‐induced photodegradation. Flow cytometry analysis of the retrieved cells revealed approximately 95 % purity of CD4 and CD8 T‐cells, suggesting that this substrate had excellent specificity. To demonstrate the possibility of sorting cells according to their function, photogel substrates that were functionalized with anti‐CD4 and anti‐TNF‐α antibodies were prepared. Single cells captured and stimulated on such substrates were identified by the fluorescence “halo” after immunofluorescent staining and could be retrieved by site‐specific exposure to UV light through a microscope objective. Overall, it was demonstrated that functional photodegradable hydrogels enable the capture, analysis, and sorting of live cells.
A Strap Strategy for Construction of an Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) System with Dual Fluorescence
Authors: Suzuki Naoya , Fukazawa Aiko , Nagura Kazuhiko , Saito Shohei , Kitoh‐Nishioka Hirotaka , Yokogawa Daisuke , Irle Stephan , Yamaguchi Shigehiro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn amine‐embedded flexible alkyl strap has been incorporated into an emissive boryl‐substituted dithienylpyrrole skeleton as a new entity of excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) chromophores. The π‐electron system shows a dual emission, which covers a wide range of the visible region depending on the solvent polarity. The incorporation of the aminoalkyl strap as well as the terminal boryl groups efficiently stabilize the zwitterionic excited‐state species resulting from the ESIPT even in an aqueous medium.
Rational Design and Identification of a Non‐Peptidic Aggregation Inhibitor of Amyloid‐β Based on a Pharmacophore Motif Obtained from cyclo[‐Lys‐Leu‐Val‐Phe‐Phe‐]
Authors: Arai Tadamasa , Araya Takushi , Sasaki Daisuke , Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Sato Takeshi , Sohma Youhei , Kanai Motomu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInhibition of pathogenic protein aggregation may be an important and straightforward therapeutic strategy for curing amyloid diseases. Small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors of Alzheimer’s amyloid‐β (Aβ) are extremely scarce, however, and are mainly restricted to dye‐ and polyphenol‐type compounds that lack drug‐likeness. Based on the structure‐activity relationship of cyclic Aβ16–20 (cyclo‐[KLVFF]), we identified unique pharmacophore motifs comprising side‐chains of Leu2, Val3, Phe4, and Phe5 residues without involvement of the backbone amide bonds to inhibit Aβ aggregation. This finding allowed us to design non‐peptidic, small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors that possess potent activity. These molecules are the first successful non‐peptidic, small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors of amyloids based on rational molecular design.
Osmotically Driven Formation of Double Emulsions Stabilized by Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Authors: Bae Jinhye , Russell Thomas P. , Hayward Ryan C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDouble emulsions are valuable for the formation of multi‐compartmental structures. A variety of pathways to prepare double emulsions have been developed, but high‐throughput routes to droplets of controlled size and architecture remain scarce. A new single‐step process is introduced for preparation of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsions by a previously unexplained process of self‐emulsification. We show that the origin of this process is the osmotic stress resulting from the presence of salt impurities within the amphiphilic block copolymers used for emulsion stabilization. Further, we utilize osmotically driven emulsification to tailor the structures of multiple emulsions, which upon solvent evaporation can yield multi‐compartmental capsules or hierarchically structured porous films.
Intraframework Migration of Tetrahedral Atoms in a Zeolite
Authors: Shin Jiho , Ahn Nak Ho , Camblor Miguel A. , Cho Sung June , Hong Suk Bong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe transformation from a disordered into an ordered version of the zeolite natrolite occurs on prolonged heating of this material in the crystallizing medium, but not if the mother liquor is replaced by water or an alkaline solution. This process occurs for both aluminosilicate and gallosilicate analogues of natrolite. In cross experiments, the disordered Al‐containing (or Ga‐containing) analogue is heated while in contact with the mother liquor of the opposite analogue, that is, the Ga‐containing (or Al‐containing) liquor. Therefore, strong evidence for the mechanism of the ordering process was obtained, which was thus proposed to proceed by intraframework migration of tetrahedral atoms without diffusion along the pores. Migration is first triggered, then fuelled by surface rearrangement through reactions with the mother liquor, and stops when an almost fully ordered state is attained. Classical dissolution–recrystallization and Ostwald ripening processes do not appear to be relevant for this phase transformation.
Preparation, characterization, and potential biomedical application of composite sponges based on collagen from silver carp skin
Authors: Chen Ming‐Mao , Huang Yu‐Qing , Guo Hao , Liu Yan , Wang Jian‐Hua , Wu Jiu‐Lin , Zhang Qi‐Qing 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTo reuse fish processing waste for biomedical materials, collagen (Col) was extracted from silver carp skin, and Col–chitosan (Ch) composite sponges were prepared by a freeze‐drying method. The atomic force microscopy and electrophoresis results suggest the Col might have been type I. To obtain the optimum conditions for the manufacture of the Col–Ch sponges, the characteristics of sponges composed of different ratios of Col to Ch with different crosslinkers were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sponges had an interconnected network structure with porosity. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that intermolecular crosslinkages between Col and Ch occurred. The swelling measurements implied that all of the sponges could bind an 18‐ to 36‐fold amount of distilled water and still maintain their form and stability. When the ratio of Col to Ch was higher than 1:0.25, the swelling and degradation rate decreased with increasing Ch. Cell proliferation, hemolysis, and hemostasis assay indicated that the sponges exhibited noncytotoxicity, biocompatibility, nonhemolysis, and hemostatic efficacy. Overall, we concluded that the optimal ratio of Col and Ch for the sponges was 1:0.25, and glutaraldehyde crosslinking was more suitable than 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. These results demonstrate the potential application of silver carp skin Col–Ch sponges for tissue engineering and wound dressing in non‐weight‐bearing tissue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40998.
Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses
Authors: Chandrasekhar Prasanna , Zay Brian J. , Cai Chunming , Chai Yanjie , Lawrence David 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTReported are syntheses of several new monomer precursors of cathodically coloring conducting polymers (CPs), based on a propylene dioxythiophene skeleton. These are shown to yield CPs—both as homopolymers and as copolymers—that are nearly “perfectly” matched electrochemically and electrochromically with a set of anodically coloring poly(aromatic amines), for use in dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses. Resulting dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses display very high light/dark contrast (typically up to 70/7% or 50/0.5% Transmission (integrated over visible spectrum, vs. air reference), Haze < 2%, very high cyclability (> 10 K cycles), multiyear shelf life, appealing transparent to dark‐blue‐black transition, and excellent optical memory. Dramatic lowering of switching time, from 8 to < 1 s, is demonstrated using unique applied‐potential algorithm resident on inexpensive Microcontroller chip. Working, practical dual‐polymer electrochromic spectacles are demonstrated with electrochromic lenses retrofitted to spectacles meeting ANSI Z87.1, GL‐PD 10–12 (U.S. military) specifications. These incorporate photosensor, rechargeable Li battery, Microcontroller, allow for automated operation. Ab‐initio‐design spectacles, also conforming to above specifications, are also demonstrated, with components seamlessly hidden within frame. To the best of our knowledge, the electrochromic lenses and sunglasses reported herein represent the best visible‐region electrochromic performance for dual‐polymer CP electrochromic systems to date and the first practical implementation in working sunglasses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41043.
“The Economy's Favored Children”: The Narcissistic Relation and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Shulman Michael E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe financial crisis that began in 2008 was rooted in an ideology of business deregulation and free markets. Deregulation was accompanied by explosive increases in the use of financial leverage by US banking institutions and in their use of complex credit derivatives presumed, or imagined, to restrain and to manage risk, but which failed to do so. Despite its age, Freud's theorizing narcissism holds unappreciated value for understanding psychological components of the crisis. Centered on a scene of wishful onlooker as audience to idealized child, narcissism describes a relational and intergenerational phenomenon. Accounts of the acts and words of ambitious banking players in the crisis, read through the lens of the narcissistic relation, suggest that their actions were fueled both by self‐idealization and by an idealizing external audience willing to grant them unprecedented freedom from external restraint and to trust in their special genius. Observing the operation within this crisis of narcissistic dynamics, idealizations and failures of self‐restraint permits better understanding of the relationship of the public to the exalted social figure of the entrepreneurial businessperson at our historical juncture, illuminates aspects of a large‐scale American denigration of government accompanying idealization of this figure, and suggests the utility for North American psychoanalysis of revisiting longstanding assumptions of “normative” superego functioning. Recent work considering the origins of the crisis in Kleinian and Lacanian conceptual frames will be reviewed, critically considered, and integrated, where possible, with this perspective on the narcissistic relation and its place in accounting for the financial crisis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light Control of Stoichiometry and Motion in Pseudorotaxanes Comprising a Cucurbit[7]uril Wheel and an Azobenzene‐Bipyridinium Axle
Authors: Baroncini Massimo , Gao Chao , Carboni Valentina , Credi Alberto , Previtera Elia , Semeraro Monica , Venturi Margherita , Silvi Serena 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPseudorotaxanes are the simplest prototypes for the construction of molecular machines based on threaded species. Investigation on molecular motions in these model systems is a necessary action for an efficient design of working molecular machines and motors. Herein we report on photoactive pseudorotaxanes based on the interaction between bipyridinium and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7). The molecular axle is composed of a central bipyridinium unit and two azobenzene moieties at the extremities. CB7 can form two different complexes with this molecule: a [2]pseudorotaxane, in which the macrocycle shuttles fast along the length of the axle, and a [3]pseudorotaxane, in which two CB7 s are confined at the extremities of the axle. Upon trans to cis isomerization of the azobenzene moieties, the [3]pseudorotaxane is destabilized, and only one CB7 resides on the axle, surrounding the bipyridinium unit. The system was successfully inserted into the core of liposomes, and preliminary investigations confirmed that it maintains its switching ability.
Combined Two‐Photon Excitation and d→f Energy Transfer in a Water‐Soluble IrIII/EuIII Dyad: Two Luminescence Components from One Molecule for Cellular Imaging
Authors: Baggaley Elizabeth , Cao Deng‐Ke , Sykes Daniel , Botchway Stanley W. , Weinstein Julia A. , Ward Michael D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe first example of cell imaging using two independent emission components from a dinuclear d/f complex is reported. A water‐stable, cell‐permeable IrIII/EuIII dyad undergoes partial Ir→Eu energy transfer following two‐photon excitation of the Ir unit at 780 nm. Excitation in the near‐IR region generated simultaneously green Ir‐based emission and red Eu‐based emission from the same probe. The orders‐of‐magnitude difference in their timescales (Ir ca. μs; Eu ca. 0.5 ms) allowed them to be identified by time‐gated detection. Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) allowed the lifetime of the Ir‐based emission to be measured in different parts of the cell. At the same time, the cells are simultaneously imaged by using the Eu‐based emission component at longer timescales. This new approach to cellular imaging by using dual d/f emitters should therefore enable autofluorescence‐free sensing of two different analytes, independently, simultaneously and in the same regions of a cell.
Catalytic Formation of Monosaccharides: From the Formose Reaction towards Selective Synthesis
Authors: Delidovich Irina V. , Simonov Alexandr N. , Taran Oxana P. , Parmon Valentin N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe formose reaction (FR) has been long the focus of intensive investigations as a simple method for synthesis of complex biologically important monosaccharides and other sugar‐like molecules from the simplest organic substrate—formaldehyde. The fundamental importance of the FR is predominantly connected with the ascertainment of plausible scenarios of chemical evolution which could have occurred on the prebiotic Earth to produce the very first molecules of carbohydrates, amino‐ and nucleic acids, as well as other vitally important substances. The practical importance of studies on the FR is the elaboration of catalytic methods for the synthesis of rare and non‐natural monosaccharides and polyols. This Minireview considers the FR from the point of view of chemists working in the field of catalysis with emphasis on the mechanisms of numerous parallel and consequent catalytic transformations that take place during the FR. Based on its kinetics, the FR may be considered as a non‐radical chain process with degenerate branching. The Minireview also considers different approaches to the control of selectivity of carbohydrate synthesis from formaldehyde and lower monosaccharides.
Model‐based conservation planning of the genetic diversity of Phellodendron amurense Rupr due to climate change
Authors: Wan Jizhong , Wang Chunjing , Yu Jinghua , Nie Siming , Han Shijie , Zu Yuangang , Chen Changmei , Yuan Shusheng , Wang Qinggui 
Published: June 2014

AbstractClimate change affects both habitat suitability and the genetic diversity of wild plants. Therefore, predicting and establishing the most effective and coherent conservation areas is essential for the conservation of genetic diversity in response to climate change. This is because genetic variance is a product not only of habitat suitability in conservation areas but also of efficient protection and management. Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a tree species (family Rutaceae) that is endangered due to excessive and illegal harvesting for use in Chinese medicine. Here, we test a general computational method for the prediction of priority conservation areas (PCAs) by measuring the genetic diversity of P. amurense across the entirety of northeast China using a single strand repeat analysis of twenty microsatellite markers. Using computational modeling, we evaluated the geographical distribution of the species, both now and in different future climate change scenarios. Different populations were analyzed according to genetic diversity, and PCAs were identified using a spatial conservation prioritization framework. These conservation areas were optimized to account for the geographical distribution of P. amurense both now and in the future, to effectively promote gene flow, and to have a long period of validity. In situ and ex situ conservation, strategies for vulnerable populations were proposed. Three populations with low genetic diversity are predicted to be negatively affected by climate change, making conservation of genetic diversity challenging due to decreasing habitat suitability. Habitat suitability was important for the assessment of genetic variability in existing nature reserves, which were found to be much smaller than the proposed PCAs. Finally, a simple set of conservation measures was established through modeling. This combined molecular and computational ecology approach provides a framework for planning the protection of species endangered by climate change.
Vegetation effects on the water balance of mountain grasslands depend on climatic conditions
Authors: Obojes N. , Bahn M. , Tasser E. , Walde J. , Inauen N. , Hiltbrunner E. , Saccone P. , Lochet J. , Clément J. C. , Lavorel S. , Tappeiner U. , Körner Ch. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMountain regions are key for humanity's water supply, and their water yield depends on climatic, soil and vegetation effects. Here we explore the effects of vegetation composition and structure on the water balance of high elevation grasslands with different climatic conditions across the Alps. Using a total of 220 deep seepage collectors with intact soil‐vegetation monoliths in different types of mountain grasslands in the Austrian, French and Swiss Alps, we solved the water balance equation for evapotranspiration (ET) and related the results to biomass, the abundance of certain plant functional types and structural and functional vegetation properties. While daily mean ET during the growing season was similar at all sites, ET to precipitation ratios were significantly higher and ET to potential ET ratios significantly lower at the drier French sites than at the more humid Swiss and Austrian site. Large variability of ET, seepage and soil moisture within all sites pointed at a high influence of vegetation on the water balance. While ET increased significantly with biomass at all sites, the influence of other vegetation properties was site specific. At the more humid, subalpine Austrian site the effects of vegetation on ET were stronger and more diverse than at the higher elevation Swiss site and the drier French sites, where climatic drivers dominated ET. The potential to influence ET and water yield of mountain areas by manipulating the plant canopy with systematic land management is therefore higher in regions with good growing conditions than in areas with harsh climate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological, Thermal, and Physicochemical Characterization of Animal Fat Wastes for use in Biodiesel Production
Authors: Adewale Peter , Dumont Marie‐Josée , Ngadi Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe rheological, thermal and physicochemical properties of animal fat wastes (tallow, lard, choice white grease, and yellow grease) are important parameters for an efficient design of equipment and to optimize the processing procedures of biodiesel production. In this study, the physicochemical properties of animal fat waste samples and the correlation of these properties to their thermal and rheological behaviors were elucidated. Pure lard was equally investigated to monitor the effects of impurities on the rheological and thermal properties of the animal fat wastes. It was established that the presence of impurities had effects on the rheological and thermal properties of fats. Additionally, due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) present in the wastes, transesterification cannot be applied directly. It will be necessary to reduce the FFA level by using acid pretreatment or enzyme catalyzed transesterification.
Hydrogen Generation from Hydrolysis of Ball‐Milled Al/C Composite Materials: Effects of Processing Parameters
Authors: Niu Feng , Huang Xiani , Gao Tong , Wang Jingang , Qin Laishun , Huang Yuexiang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn the present work a parametric investigation on hydrogen evolution by hydrolysis of ball‐milled Al/graphite composite materials with water is reported. The results showed that the addition of NaCl produced some favorable effects on the completeness of the Al hydrolysis reaction with water, particularly at low NaCl weight percentage levels, but deteriorated the Al reactivity due to large size agglomerates formed during milling process. Using a fine aluminum powder could improve the aluminum hydrolysis reactivity and increase hydrogen generation rate. The hydrogen evolution measurements showed that Al in pellet form exhibited poor hydrolysis reactivity, and increasing the aging time significantly degraded the Al reactivity. The hydrogen evolution rate of the Al/graphite composite materials is also dependent on reaction temperature, and the maximum hydrogen generation rate of 52.4 cm3 min−1 g−1 Al was obtained if the reaction temperature was increased to 75 °C.