bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary analysis identifies multiple genome expansions and contractions in Sepsidae (Diptera) and suggests targets for future genomic research
Authors: Su Kathy F. Y. , Puniamoorthy Jayanthi , Özsu Nesibe , Srivathsan Amrita , Meier Rudolf 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe here argue that data from comparative studies of genome size and karyotypes provide important information for planning comparative research on genome evolution. We document for 39 species of sepsids that there is a four‐fold difference in genome size (151–618 Mbp). Mapping genome sizes onto a phylogenetic hypothesis identifies that this range is the result of five genome expansions and four genome contractions that we here define as changes in genome size of more than 50 Mbp. We then generate karyotype data for 10 species and find no changes in chromosome number. The study reveals that the “Oriental” clade of sepsids is a promising system for studying genome evolution because it has experienced three genome expansion events. These events can be compared with an expansion in the “Neotropical” clade in order to reveal the mechanisms that underlie genome expansion in Sepsidae. A review of the literature on genome sizes and karyotypes reveals that they have been poorly documented in Metazoa. This means that researchers interested in the evolution of genome expansions and contractions are currently not being able to identify appropriate target taxa for genome sequencing. We thus argue for more comparative research on genome sizes and karyotypes and point out that historically species were chosen for genome sequencing for reasons not related to genome evolution (e.g. small genome size, model species status, phylogenetic position, interesting phenotypes). We believe that it is now time to use a more genome‐centric selection criterion, where species for whole genome sequencing are selected based on their importance for understanding genome evolution.
Phylogenetic analyses elucidate the inter‐relationships of Pamphilioidea (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
Authors: Wang Mei , Rasnitsyn Alexandr P. , Li Hu , Shih Chungkun , Sharkey Michael J. , Ren Dong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe phylogeny of the superfamily Pamphilioidea is reconstructed using morphology and DNA sequence data of living and fossil taxa by employing two phylogenetic methods (maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference). Based on our results, the monophyly of Pamphilioidea and Pamphiliidae are corroborated, whereas two extinct families, Xyelydidae and Praesiricidae, are not monophyletic. Because members of Praesiricidae together with Megalodontes form a monophyletic group, we propose that the paraphyletic Praesiricidae is synonymized under Megalodontesidae (syn. nov.). The origin of Pamphilioidea is hypothesized to be as early as the Early Jurassic. To better understand morphological evolution in the early lineages of Pamphilioidea, ancestral states of the first flagellomere and the first and second abdominal terga are reconstructed on the morphology‐based tree. In addition, three new genera (Medilyda, Brevilyda, Strenolyda) with five new species (Medilyda procera, M. distorta, Brevilyda provecta, Strenolyda marginalis and S. retrorsa) are described based on well‐preserved xyelydid fossils from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of north‐eastern China.
Evaluation of peri‐implant buccal bone by computed tomography: an experimental study
Authors: González‐Martín Oscar , Oteo Carlos , Ortega Ricardo , Alandez Javier , Sanz Mariano , Veltri Mario 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of measuring peri‐implant buccal bone when using three different computed tomography devices.Materials and methodsSixty tissue‐level or bone‐level dental implants were placed in bovine ribs with either buccal bone full coverage, dehiscence or fenestration. For each site, the distance from the bone defect to the implant neck and the buccal bone thickness 1 mm apical to the crest were measured using a calliper. Subsequently, all sites were scanned in a reproducible position using a multi‐slice computed tomography (CT) (Brightspeed, voxel size 0.625 mm) and two cone‐beam computed tomography devices (i‐CAT NG, voxel size 0.3 mm and Newtom VGi, voxel size 0.2 mm). Bone thickness was measured on images from the three systems similar to direct measurements and differences were evaluated. Factors that could influence the buccal bone identification were assessed by multiple binary logistic regression.ResultsBuccal bone ranged from 0.1 mm to 2.75 mm in thickness and was not visible in 68%, 63% and 60% of cases when using CT, i‐CAT and Newtom, respectively. For each mm of bone thickness increment, the odds of radiographic identification increased by 30.6 (P < 0.001). Bone defects negatively affected radiographic visibility (P < 0.05). All devices underestimated bone dimensions although differences among them were not significant.ConclusionsWithin these experimental conditions, the investigated devices have equivalent low accuracy in diagnosing peri‐implant buccal bone. Accuracy was significantly influenced by buccal bone thickness, especially if <1 mm, and in presence of peri‐implant marginal defects.
Effects of threat management interactions on conservation priorities
Authors: Auerbach Nancy A. , Wilson Kerrie A. , Tulloch Ayesha I.T. , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Hanson Jeffrey O. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDecisions need to be made about which biodiversity management actions are undertaken to mitigate threats and about where these actions are implemented. However, management actions can interact; that is, the cost, benefit, and feasibility of one action can change when another action is undertaken. There is little guidance on how to explicitly and efficiently prioritize management for multiple threats, including deciding where to act. Integrated management could focus on one management action to abate a dominant threat or on a strategy comprising multiple actions to abate multiple threats. Furthermore management could be undertaken at sites that are in close proximity to reduce costs. We used cost‐effectiveness analysis to prioritize investments in fire management, controlling invasive predators, and reducing grazing pressure in a bio‐diverse region of southeastern Queensland, Australia. We compared outcomes of 5 management approaches based on different assumptions about interactions and quantified how investment needed, benefits expected, and the locations prioritized for implementation differed when interactions were taken into account. Managing for interactions altered decisions about where to invest and in which actions to invest and had the potential to deliver increased investment efficiency. Differences in high priority locations and actions were greatest between the approaches when we made different assumptions about how management actions deliver benefits through threat abatement: either all threats must be managed to conserve species or only one management action may be required. Threatened species management that does not consider interactions between actions may result in misplaced investments or misguided expectations of the effort required to mitigate threats to species.
Repetitive injections of botulinum toxin A continuously increase the duration of efficacy in primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A retrospective analysis in 101 patients
Authors: Brehmer Franziska , Lockmann Anike , Grönemeyer Lisa‐Lena , Kretschmer Lutz , Schön Michael P. , Thoms Kai‐Martin 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackground and objectivesBotulinum toxin type A is an effective, well‐tolerated, albeit temporary treatment for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. However, little is known about the influence of repetitive injections on the duration of efficacy.Patients and methods139 patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis were injected with 50 units of botulinum toxin per axilla. In 101 patients, who received at least three treatments, the duration of efficacy after the first, second, and last treatment was evaluated.ResultsThe median duration of efficacy was 4.0 months, 4.5 months, and 5.0 months after the first, second, and last injection, respectively. Overall, the duration of efficacy was significantly longer after the last injection compared to the duration of efficacy after the first injection (p = 0.0055, Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test). Likewise, the difference between the first and second injection (p = 0.0302) as well as the difference between the second and the last injection (p = 0.0381) were significant. In 25.7 % of patients, the duration of efficacy remained unchanged over the entire treatment period.ConclusionsRepetitive botulinum toxin treatments led to a significantly increased duration of efficacy in axillary hyperhidrosis. While the average duration of efficacy continued to increase with each treatment, there were considerable interindividual differences.
Complications associated with cutaneous aesthetic procedures
Authors: Hartmann Daniela , Ruzicka Thomas , Gauglitz Gerd G. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIn recent years, a plethora of novel therapeutic approaches to fight signs of aging and to influence external body appearance have become available in aesthetic dermatology. Extensive research in this field has led to advanced understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the aging face. To successfully address the complex age‐related alterations anti‐aging treatment nowadays calls for a multi‐faceted approach. Most frequently utilized aesthetic procedures include the use of botulinum toxin, a variety of filling substances, microneedling (collagen induction therapy), chemical peeling, lasers, radiofrequency, thread facelift and injectional lipolysis with phosphatidylcholine/deoxycholate among others. Unfortunately, many clinicians still lack in‐depth understanding of potential complications, risk factors and side effects associated with minimal‐invasive procedures. The following review aims to give a broad overview of nowadays most frequently used approaches in the dermato‐aesthetic field and their related complications.
Early fasting glucose measurements can predict later glycaemic response to once weekly dulaglutide
Authors: Grunberger G. , Forst T. , Fernández Landó L. , Pechtner V. , Shaginian R. , Jia N. , Gough S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess whether early measures of fasting blood glucose predict later glycaemic response with once‐weekly dulaglutide in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsPost hoc analyses were conducted separately for two phase 3 studies (AWARD–5 and AWARD–1) in patients assigned to once‐weekly dulaglutide. Week 2 fasting blood glucose was used as a predictor variable, and glycaemic treatment response was defined by HbA1c response based on a composite efficacy endpoint. The association between fasting blood glucose and the glycaemic response was analysed using chi‐square tests.ResultsThere was a strong association between fasting blood glucose < 7.9 mmol/l at week 2 and achieving the HbA1c composite efficacy endpoint at week 26 (P < 0.01). Higher fasting blood glucose at week 2, however, did not predict absence of glycaemic response and requires further assessment.ConclusionsFasting blood glucose measured at 2 weeks may be an early and useful predictor of glycaemic response to once‐weekly dulaglutide treatment.
Glycaemic control and lipid concentrations in a cohort of people with diabetes over 7 years of follow‐up: a regional audit of diabetes care in the UK
Authors: Wainwright P. , Oluwatowoju I. , Ryan A. , Abu E. , Byrne C. D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo determine changes in glycaemic control and lipids over time since the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework.MethodsIn adults with diabetes (Hampshire, UK), HbA1c and lipid measurements were retrieved from a regional National Health Service biochemical database in 2006 and 2013 and analysed using anova and logistic regression modelling.ResultsIn 2006, 8568 people with diabetes were identified. In 2013, 5815 had follow‐up data, 1207 people were lost to follow‐up and 1546 had died. At baseline, HbA1c concentrations were 62.1 ± 16.1, 64.7 ± 16.7 and 64.5 ± 17.6 mmol/mol for those with follow‐up data, those lost to follow‐up and those who died, respectively. The mean age was 60.2 ± 14.5, 57.6 ± 18.0 and 73.9 ± 10.5 years, respectively, for the three groups. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were similar between groups. The mean HbA1c concentration for those with complete follow‐up data was 62.1 ± 16.1 mmol/mol in 2006 and 61.7 ± 17.3 mmol/mol in 2013. Quality and Outcomes Framework targets for cholesterol (< 5 mmol/l) were achieved by 79% of people in 2006 and 83% in 2013 (P < 0.001). Baseline age and HbA1c were associated with death at follow‐up: the odds ratio per year increase in baseline age was 1.10 (95% CI 1.09–1.10; P < 0.001) and per unit increase in HbA1c it was 1.02 (95% CI 1.02–1.03; P < 0.001).ConclusionsGlycaemic control showed remarkable stability over 7 years of follow‐up, despite increasing patient age and duration of diabetes. More patients achieved lipid targets in 2013 than in 2006. Although baseline HbA1c was a predictor of death at follow‐up, baseline HbA1c differed little between survivors, non‐survivors and those lost to follow‐up.
Efficacy and safety of once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Karagiannis T. , Liakos A. , Bekiari E. , Athanasiadou E. , Paschos P. , Vasilakou D. , Mainou M. , Rika M. , Boura P. , Matthews D. R. , Tsapas A. 
Published: July 2015

AimTo assess the efficacy and safety of recently approved once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing any GLP‐1 RA licensed for once‐weekly dosing (albiglutide, dulaglutide or exenatide extended release) with placebo or other antidiabetic agents. We searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library and grey literature for articles published up to December 2014 and extracted data in duplicate.ResultsIn our systematic review we included 33 trials with a total of 16 003 participants. Compared with placebo the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration was −0.66% [six studies; 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.14 to −0.19; I2 = 88%] with albiglutide, and −1.18% (seven studies; 95% CI −1.34 to −1.02; I2 = 65%) with dulaglutide. Based on data from placebo‐controlled trials, we did not detect statistically significant weight‐sparing benefits for albiglutide or dulaglutide. Compared with other antidiabetic agents, once‐weekly GLP‐1 RAs outperformed sitagliptin, daily exenatide and insulin glargine in terms of HbA1c‐lowering (mean differences −0.40%; 95% CI −0.66 to −0.14; I2 = 85%, −0.44%; 95% CI −0.58 to −0.29; I2 = 40% and −0.28; 95% CI −0.45 to −0.10; I2 = 81%, respectively). The main adverse effects of treatment included gastrointestinal and injection site reactions.ConclusionsGiven their dosing scheme and overall efficacy and safety profile, once‐weekly GLP‐1 RAs are a convenient therapeutic option for use as add‐on to metformin.
Vitamin D deficiency and airflow limitation in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Moberg Mia , Elango Palchamy , Ferrucci Luigi , Spruit Martijn A. , Wouters Emiel F. , Rutten Erica P. A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundVitamin D deficiency is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has also been linked to comorbidities often present in COPD.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency was related specifically to airflow limitation or whether vitamin D deficiency was determined by conditions that frequently coexist with COPD: insulin resistance, hypertension, anaemia, obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.MethodsFor this cross‐sectional analysis, we included 897 subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Subjects taking vitamin D supplements were excluded. Airflow limitation was defined as FEV1/FVC < lower limit of normal. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between vitamin D deficiency (25‐hydroxy vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) and possible determinants.ResultsVitamin D deficiency was not specific for subjects with airflow limitation. Body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1·05, P < 0·03) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) (OR: 1·9, P < 0·002) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in the adjusted multivariate regression analysis. Physical activity was associated with a decreased risk of vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionsAirflow limitation was not an independent determinant of vitamin D deficiency. The effect of weight loss and increased physical activity on vitamin D levels should be investigated further in intervention studies.
The evolution of larval developmental mode: insights from hybrids between species with obligately and facultatively planktotrophic larvae
Authors: Armstrong Anne Frances , Lessios Harilaos A. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYLife history characteristics play a pervasive role in the ecology and evolution of species. Transitions between feeding and non‐feeding larval development have occurred many times in both terrestrial and marine phyla, however we lack a comprehensive understanding of how such shifts occur. The sea biscuits Clypeaster rosaceus and Clypeaster subdepressus employ different life history strategies (facultatively feeding larvae and obligately feeding larvae, respectively) but can hybridize. In this study, we examined the development of hybrid larvae between these two species in order to investigate the inheritance of larval developmental mode. Our results show that both reciprocal hybrid crosses developed via the feeding mode of their maternal species. However, as feeding larvae can obtain both energy and hormones from algal food, we tested how hormones alone affected development by setting up a treatment where we added exogenous thyroid hormone, but no food. In this treatment the offspring of all four crosses (two homospecific and two heterospecific crosses) were able to metamorphose without algal food. Therefore we hypothesize that although hybrid developmental mode was inherited from the maternal species, this result was not solely due to energetic constraints of egg size.
Dental and jaw injuries sustained by hooligans
Authors: Sekulic Michel , Kühl Sebastian , Connert Thomas , Krastl Gabriel , Filippi Andreas 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThe study deals with fighting‐related dental injuries sustained by hooligans and the influence of wearing a mouthguard on fighting‐related dental trauma.Material and MethodsFrom 2012 to 2013, standardized multiple‐choice questionnaires were distributed via contacts in the hooligan scene in Switzerland. The survey was conducted with the guarantee of complete anonymity and investigated injury patterns in hooligans from different age groups, of different nationalities as well as educational and income levels.ResultsOf the 95 hooligans surveyed, 82 had sustained a dental injury: 29 were minor and 53 were severe dental injuries. During violent confrontations, 37 of the 95 hooligans wore a mouthguard. The most commonly used mouthguards were custom‐made (19/37) or boil‐and‐bite (10/37). The use of ready‐made mouthguards without an individualized fit (6/37) was less frequent. Hooligans who wore a boil‐and‐bite or a custom‐made mouthguard lost fewer teeth during fights than participants wearing a mouthguard without an individualized fit (P = 0.056).ConclusionThe risk of trauma during violent confrontations between hooligans is very high, as expected. The injuries range from dental trauma to bruising, lacerations and even serious bone fractures of the face and the extremities. During violent clashes over a third of the hooligans wear a mouthguard that has usually been custom‐made or at least individually fitted; this is a far higher frequency than for most contact sports.
Olfactory responses of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) populations to a non‐pheromone lure
Authors: Nielsen M‐C. , Worner S.P. , Rostás M. , Chapman R.B. , Butler R.C. , de Kogel W.J. , Teulon D.A.J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWestern flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major pest of horticultural crops worldwide. The search for alternative pest management techniques has resulted in increasing interest in the use of kairomones and other behaviour‐modifying chemicals to mitigate the impact of this pest. In this study, we determined whether the origin of populations, feeding history, and/or genotype influence the response of WFT to the thrips kairomone lure methyl isonicotinate (MI) in a Y‐tube olfactometer study. Four New Zealand thrips populations were tested: (1) from a commercial glasshouse capsicum crop, (2) from a long‐established laboratory colony (>222 generations) kept on chrysanthemums, (3) from a laboratory colony (6–9 generations) kept on French dwarf beans, and (4) thought to be a separate cryptic non‐pest species from outdoor yellow tree lupins, Lupinus arboreus Sims (Fabaceae). In the laboratory tests, significantly more WFT from all four populations chose the MI‐laden arm of a Y‐tube olfactometer when it contained 1 μl methyl isonicotinate (61.3–73.2%) compared with the blank no‐odour arm. No differences in response to MI were found between the two laboratory and the one glasshouse WFT populations. Both laboratory populations and the greenhouse population belonged to the ‘glasshouse pest’ genotype of WFT. However, the cryptic non‐pest WFT genotype responded more strongly to MI than any of the other populations, although the response was only significantly stronger than that of the long‐established laboratory population. Significant differences were also found among populations in the average time taken for thrips to make a choice to enter either arm of the Y‐tube olfactometer, with the cryptic non‐pest lupin genotype taking the shortest time, followed by thrips from the capsicum glasshouse. The results are discussed with respect to the variability in olfactory perception and olfactory behaviour within a species and the relevance to the use of such a kairomone lure in pest management programmes.