bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Chester John , Crusz Shanthini 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is the commonest malignancy affecting the urothelium. Muscle-invasive TCC is a life-threatening, but potentially curable, cancer which presents significant challenges for the uro-oncological multidisciplinary team. Treatment options for localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer are evolving. There is solid trial-based evidence for the use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy, prior to radical treatment, with curative intent; the use of adjuvant chemotherapy is less well established. Systemic therapy treatment decisions are complicated by disease-related complications and co-morbidities, especially impaired renal function. This chapter explores a typical bladder cancer patient journey, from presentation with a new diagnosis of muscle-invasive disease to the failure of first-line palliative chemotherapy. The chapter illustrates potential problems that can arise in routine clinical practice, suggests some solutions to commonly encountered difficulties, and reviews the evidence base for the range of treatment approaches.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
Authors: Sims Eliot , Tarver Kathryn 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) malignancies vary widely in their morphological and clinical characteristics, the varying patient groups affected, as well as in terms of outcome. Of all the CNS malignancies, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is arguably the most devastating. In spite of practice-changing studies in recent years that have impacted favourably on the outcome in GBM, the prognosis remains limited. This chapter focusses on a typical case of a previously fit and well middle-aged patient presenting with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) who is found to have GBM. Building on the case and management of this patient, it details standard first-line management of the condition with surgery, chemoradiation, and chemotherapy, exploring the evidence behind current clinical practice. Additional information is given on subtopics such as the management of seizures and raised ICP, the clinical and radiological phenomenon of pseudoprogression, as well as MGMT promoter methylation and its significance in the management of patients with GBM.
Thyroid cancer and radioiodine therapy
Authors: Dallas Nicola , Woolf David 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the commonest malignancy to affect the endocrine system, with 80% of lesions being papillary. The incidence rates of this malignancy continue to rise significantly, whilst cure rates are increasing and relapse-free survival is amongst the highest of any solid cancer. Treatment is multidisciplinary, involving thyroid surgeons, clinical oncologists, and endocrinologists. For the majority of patients, the treatment pathway will involve local surgery, with either a lobectomy or a total thyroidectomy, and radioactive iodine therapy, although significant controversies remain and prospective data are lacking. This chapter reviews a patient case history and explores aspects of the management, including: the choice of surgical approach and whether a lymph node dissection is appropriate; the role of radioactive iodine; the preparation for, and complications of, therapy; and follow-up schedules.
Cancer of unknown primary
Authors: Bhattacharyya Madhumita , Olsson-Brown Anna C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) is classically associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis. If review of the available radiological and pathological information favours a particular tumour type, site-specific chemotherapy can be instituted; otherwise, empirical combination chemotherapy is recommended. Many patients present with advanced disease and poor performance status. The introduction of dedicated multidisciplinary team (MDT) care for CUP, including an MDT with palliative care and oncology input, is designed to diagnose patients earlier and identify patients suitable for treatment earlier in their disease pathway. Furthermore, developments in imaging, immunohistochemistry, and molecular profiling may lead to improvements in identifying the site of origin or targets suitable for treatment. This is a case of a patient who presented with a raised CA125 and multiple liver metastases and responded to chemotherapy regimens with activity in ovarian cancer. Although an unusual case of CUP, the principles of diagnosis and management of CUP are well illustrated.
Zinc Therapy for Wilson Disease in Children in French Pediatric Centers
Authors: Santiago Raoul , Gottrand Frédéric , Debray Dominique , Bridoux Laure , Lachaux Alain , Morali Alain , Lapeyre Delphine , Lamireau Thierry 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:Zinc therapy is considered a good option in Wilson disease (WD), as a first‐line treatment in presymptomatic children and a maintenance therapy after the initial chelator therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the practical use of zinc treatment in French pediatric centers.Methods:A national survey was conducted in the 6 French centers using zinc acetate to treat WD. Clinical and biological parameters, dosage, and outcome were recorded.Results:A total of 26 children were reported to be treated with zinc acetate, alone or in association with chelators. Of the 9 children (35%) who received zinc alone as a first‐line therapy, 2 were switched to D‐penicillamine because of inefficacy and 7 remained on zinc alone, but serum transaminase levels normalized in only 4 of them. Five children (19%) were initially treated with zinc in association with D‐penicillamine (n = 4) or Trientine (n = 1) with good efficacy. Among the 12 children (46%) who received zinc as a maintenance therapy after D‐penicillamine, no relapse of hepatic cytolysis occurred during a median follow‐up of 5.2 years, but 2 of them were switched to Trientine because of zinc‐related adverse effects. Epigastric pain was observed in 4 children, and a gastric perforation occurred in 1 child.Conclusions:The present study demonstrates poor efficacy of zinc as first‐line therapy to control liver disease in half presymptomatic children and a high incidence of related gastrointestinal adverse effects in children with WD.
Expression of Androgen Receptor in Estrogen Receptor–positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Agrawal Anil , Ziolkowski Piotr , Grzebieniak Zygmunt , Jelen Michal , Bobinski Piotr , Agrawal Siddarth 
Published: July 2015

Objectives:
The aim of the study was to estimate the implications of androgen receptor (AR) expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive subset of invasive breast carcinoma patients.

Patients and Methods:
We assessed the AR expression in a subset of 96 predominantly ER-positive invasive breast carcinomas and correlated this expression pattern with several clinical and pathologic parameters: histologic type and grade, tumor size, lymph node status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) overexpression and evaluated the association of these parameters with 10-year survival using univariate and multivariate analyses. Data used for analysis were derived from medical records. Immunohistochemical analysis for AR, ER, PgR, and HER2 were carried out and semiquantitative evaluation of stainings was performed.

Results:
AR expression was demonstrated in 43.7% of patients. AR was significantly related to well-differentiated tumors and positive PgR/HER2 status. No statistical difference was demonstrated in AR expression in relation to tumor size, lymph node status, menopausal status, and tumor histologic type. AR expression was not an independent prognostic factor related to 10-year survival in ER-positive cancers. In multivariate analyses, older age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and positive lymph node status were significantly associated with poorer 10-year survival.

Conclusions:
AR expression is significantly associated with ER/PgR/HER2 status and positively related to well-differentiated tumors. Although AR status in ER-positive cancers is not an independent prognostic factor, it might provide important additional information on prognosis and become a promising object for targeted therapy.
Evolution of color phenotypes in two distantly related species of stick insect: different ecological regimes acting on similar genetic architectures
Authors: Comeault Aaron A. , Ferreira Clarissa , Dennis Stuart , Soria-Carrasco Víctor , Nosil Patrik 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecurrent (e.g. parallel or convergent) evolution is widely cited as evidence for natural selection’s central role in evolution but can also highlight constraints affecting evolution. Here we describe the evolution of green and melanistic color phenotypes in two species of stick insect:Timema poduraandT. cristinae. We show that similar color phenotypes of these species (1) cluster in phenotypic space and (2) confer crypsis on different plant microhabitats. We then use genome-wide association mapping to determine the genetic architecture of color inT. podura, and compare this to previous results inT. cristinae. In both species, color is under simple genetic control, dominance relationships of melanistic and green alleles are the same, and SNPs associated with color phenotypes colocalize to the same genomic region. These results differ from those of ‘typical’ parallel phenotypes because the form of selection acting on color differs between species: a balance of multiple sources of selection acting within host species maintains the color polymorphism inT. cristinaewhereasT. poduracolor phenotypes are under divergent selection between hosts. Our results highlight how different adaptive landscapes can result in the evolution of similar phenotypic variation, and suggest the same genomic region is involved.
Dissecting the roles of local packing density and longer-range effects in protein sequence evolution
Authors: Shahmoradi Amir , Wilke Claus O. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhat are the structural determinants of protein sequence evolution? A number of site-specific structural characteristics have been proposed, most of which are broadly related to either the density of contacts or the solvent accessibility of individual residues. Most importantly, there has been disagreement in the literature over the relative importance of solvent accessibility and local packing density for explaining site-specific sequence variability in proteins. We show here that this discussion has been confounded by the definition of local packing density. The most commonly used measures of local packing, such as the contact number and the weighted contact number, represent by definition the combined effects of local packing density and longer-range effects. As an alternative, we here propose a truly local measure of packing density around a single residue, based on the Voronoi cell volume. We show that the Voronoi cell volume, when calculated relative to the geometric center of amino-acid side chains, behaves nearly identically to the relative solvent accessibility, and both can explain, on average, approximately 34% of the site-specific variation in evolutionary rate in a data set of 209 enzymes. An additional 10% of variation can be explained by non-local effects that are captured in the weighted contact number. Consequently, evolutionary variation at a site is determined by the combined action of the immediate amino-acid neighbors of that site and of effects mediated by more distant amino acids. We conclude that instead of contrasting solvent accessibility and local packing density, future research should emphasize the relative importance of immediate contacts and longer-range effects on evolutionary variation.
Genomic signatures of experimental adaptation to antimicrobial peptides inStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Johnston Paul R. , Dobson Adam J. , Rolff Jens 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe evolution of resistance against antimicrobial peptides has long been considered unlikely due to their mechanism of action, yet experimental selection with AMPs results in rapid evolution of resistance in several species of bacteria. Although numerous studies have utilized mutant screens to identify loci that determine AMP susceptibility, there is a dearth of data concerning the genomic changes which accompany experimental evolution of AMP resistance.MethodsUsing genome re-sequencing we analysed the mutations which arise during experimental evolution of resistance to the cationic AMPs iseganan, melittin and pexiganan, as well as to a combination of melittin and pexiganan, or to the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin.ResultsAnalysis of 17 independently replicatedStaphylococcus aureusselection lines, including unselected controls, showed that each AMP selected for mutations at distinct loci. We identify mutations in genes involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the cell envelope. This includes genes previously identified from mutant screens for AMP resistance, and genes involved in the response to AMPs and cell-wall-active antibiotics. Furthermore, transposon insertion mutants were used to verify that a number of the identified genes are directly involved in determining AMP susceptibility.ConclusionsStrains selected for AMP resistance under controlled experimental evolution displayed consistent AMP-specific mutations in genes which determine AMP susceptibility. This suggests that different routes to evolve resistance are favored within a controlled genetic background.
Elucidating Variants in Systemic JIA from Analysis of Illumina & Ion Torrent Exome Data
Authors: Rahman M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTMotivationChildren with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) are affected by a wide-range of complications. Partially arising from the difficulty of diagnosis due to the idiopathic nature of the indication. There may be a genetic basis for SJIA, which could help in both diagnosis, and treatment.ResultsTwo mutations in the Fc epsilon RI pathway, including PIK3CD, were detected in low-coverage Ion Torrent data. Variants of unknown significance were detected within HLA regions on standard Illumina exomes. CSF2RA, which could account for pulmonary observations, had insignificant coverage on both datasets.Availabilityftp.systemicjia.comContactmo@genedrop.com
The board of directors and corporate reputation: an empirical analysis
Authors: Bravo Francisco , Abad Cristina , Briones Joaquina Laffarga 
Published: July 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the association between board of director characteristics and corporate reputation.Design/methodology/approachLogistic and multivariate regressions are performed to analyse whether the board of director characteristics are associated with the level of corporate reputation. The sample is composed of listed companies in the Madrid Stock Exchange (Índice General de la Bolsa de Madrid) at least once during the period 2004-2010. Corporate governance data were manually extracted from governance reports released by Spanish companies. The data for the design of a corporate reputation measure were obtained from the Monitor Español de Reputación Corporativa (MERCO) institute web site.FindingsResults from the empirical analysis show that Spanish companies that appear high up in terms of ranking in the reputation index provided by MERCO tend to have a higher percentage of independent directors as well as more female directors on their board. Firm size and the image of the president of a firm are also linked to corporate reputation.Originality/valueThe results have direct implications for the management of corporate governance mechanisms by shareholders who should take into account their role in the creation and maintenance of corporate reputation.
I’m loving it but hating US
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Awang Zainudin , Walsh John , Altaf Umair 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The studies which connect international marketing emotions with perceived service quality are scarce. The purpose of this paper is to fill this knowledge gap and take into account the consumers’ perceived animosity, religiosity, and ethnocentrism to connect these with perceived service quality and purchase intentions of US-based fast food brand chains currently operating in Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors collected data by means of a self-administered questionnaire, distributed among 500 consumers, randomly selected, patronized the four US fast food brands, namely, McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, and Subway in the city of Lahore in Pakistan. The data are analyzed by employing Structural equation modeling (SEM) based on AMOS 21.0 software.

Findings
– Results of this study reveal that religiosity and ethnocentrism among Pakistani fast food consumers are low and do not influence the decision to purchase fast food brands. However, consumer emotions influence service quality perceptions – ultimately leading to purchase intentions.

Originality/value
– The study generally adds to marketing and specifically to international food service marketing knowledge by eliciting the role of religiosity, animosity, and ethnocentrism to delineate service quality and purchase intentions. Furthermore, the external validity of PAKSERV scale and the context of Pakistan – a collectivist Muslim country are also the unique products of this study.
Plurality in different groupings: sugarcane supply in Brazil
Authors: Feltre Cristiane , Paulillo Luiz Fernando de Oriani e 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to show the motivations for the existence of plural forms in the sugarcane agribusiness in the western region of São Paulo state, Brazil, particularly in the supply of sugarcane to sugar and/or alcohol plants.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research was conducted by applying interviews with the individuals in charge of the supply from a group of ten plants in this region that compete both for land for planting and for sugarcane itself.

Findings
– The findings show that plurality was observed in different levels of analysis (clusters): first, the plurality of transactions of sugarcane with different agents; second, plurality in hybrid arrangements or contracts; and finally, plurality in the same transaction. The reasons for the maintenance at Level 1 are various but, balancing the risks of the structures was an important motivator for this decision, while at Levels 2 and 3, the plural forms proved transitory, given the time of the contract and payment methods.

Originality/value
– One of the contributions of this study is to determine that generalizations about the transience or stability of plural forms are not appropriate. Another contribution of the research is the observation that in São Paulo’s western region the singular forms of governance in sugarcane supply are not the most common for entrepreneurs who wish to work in sugar and/or alcohol production. Plural forms, as previously postulated in the literature, are more common.
Drivers of local food consumption: a comparative study
Authors: Bianchi Constanza , Mortimer Gary 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore antecedents of local food purchase intention in two food producing countries with different cultural backgrounds.

Design/methodology/approach
– An online survey was employed to collect data from consumers located in Chile (n=283) and Australia (n=300). A proposed model is tested with structural equation modelling.

Findings
– Attitude towards consuming local food is a strong and direct driver of intentions to purchase local food in both countries. Attitude towards supporting local agri-businesses and consumer ethnocentrism are found to positively impact attitude towards consuming local food in both countries. Attitude towards local agri-businesses also has a direct effect on intentions to purchase local food in Australia, but not in Chile. Interestingly, subjective norms are not found to affect intentions to consume local food in either country.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper examines factors affecting the attitude towards and behavioural intention regarding local food consumption and develops an extended model of local food consumption. An outcome of this new model is the inclusion of personal variables, which influence local food purchasing behaviour.

Practical implications
– Producers and retailers need to develop campaigns explaining how consuming local food supports local businesses and farmers, which will reinforce personal values associated with local consumption.

Originality/value
– This is the first study to demonstrate that positive attitudes towards local foods are important drivers of local food purchase behaviour, independent of the cultural characteristics or level of economic development within a country.
Microbiological safety and quality aspects of the short supply chain
Authors: Verraes Claire , Uyttendaele Mieke , Clinquart Antoine , Daube Georges , Sindic Marianne , Berkvens Dirk , Herman Lieve 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– In recent years consumers in Belgium have shown a great interest for foods from the short supply chain. The difference with the conventional chain is that in the short supply chain the primary products are locally processed and sold directly by the producer to the consumer. The short supply chain has different microbiological quality and safety aspects in comparison with the conventional chain. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these aspects.

Design/methodology/approach
– The methodology consists of analyzing the available scientific literature and results of microbiological analyses on foods from the short supply chain.

Findings
– The main findings were that Listeria monocytogenes was frequently detected (15 percent) in sampled raw dairy products whereas Salmonella was not isolated in 1,023 samples. Human pathogenic vero (cyto) toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. are potential hazards, in particular for products that are not thermally treated. Data with regard to E. coli counts showed a greater variability in products from the short supply chain compared to the conventional chain.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses with impact on microbial quality and safety in operation of food safety management in the short supply chain vs the conventional chain.

Originality/value
– This is the first paper that assesses the risks from the short supply chain vs the conventional chain and that makes recommendations for operators in the short supply chain.