bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Europeanization of Social Inclusion Policy in Macedonia – Trends, Challenges and Potential Benefits
Authors: Gerovska Mitev Maja 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article explores policies, trends and challenges related to social inclusion in Macedonia, and assesses the contribution of EU strategic frameworks and instruments towards the country's greater inclusive growth. In this respect, the article starts by exploring existing instruments for pre‐accession (IPAs) which are relevant for the achievement of the EU 2020 goals. Then the article offers a country analysis related to issues such as poverty, material deprivation, as well as exclusion from the labour market, accompanied by an overview of policies and measures undertaken by the current government in the respective domains. Unfavourable socio‐economic trends, such as undeclared work, jobless growth, high unemployment and poverty rates, present serious challenges to the creation of an effective social inclusion policy. On the other hand, the ‘delayed’ negotiation process with the EU, which in social policy results in a lack of Joint Inclusion Memorandum (JIM) and Joint Assessment Paper (JAP) processes even after seven years of candidate status, slows down the adoption of more strategic policy approach towards sensitive issues, such as social inclusion and anti‐discrimination. The main aim of the article is to assess whether there is a significant difference between current social inclusion policies, measures, indicators and trends with the similar EU standards and practices. In addition, the article explores the potential benefits of the process of Europeanization for Macedonian social inclusion policy.
Differences in prevalence of geohelminth infections between indigenous and settler populations in a remote Amazonian region of Peru
Authors: Briones‐Chávez Carlo , Torres‐Zevallos Hernando , Canales Marco , Stamato Caroline M. , O'Riordan Thomas G. , Terashima Angélica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare prevalences of intestinal helminths and waterborne protozoa in indigenous and settler populations in a remote area of Peru. These populations live in adjacent but segregated small urban villages.MethodsStool samples were collected from representative members of these two populations and analysed for geohelminths and protozoa.ResultsThe risk of soil‐transmitted helminths is significantly higher in the settler than the indigenous population in the same isolated region of Peru (OR 5.18; 95% CI 3.44–7.81; P < 0.001). In contrast, the rates of protozoa presence were similar in both populations (OR 1.28; 95% CI 0.77–2.14; P = 0.336).ConclusionsPotential explanations for unexpected finding of a lower prevalence of helminths in indigenous relative to the settler population could include housing design in flood – prone areas and the use of local medicinal plants that possibly have antihelmintic properties.
Resistance to paraquat in Mazus pumilus
Authors: Tsuji K , Hosokawa M , Morita S , Miura R , Tominaga T 
Published: February 2013

SummaryMazus pumilus is an annual self‐pollinating weed that is commonly found in arable land, vegetable gardens and roadsides. This weed harbours insects and pathogens that attack vegetables. The mechanism of resistance to paraquat of M. pumilus found in Ohita, Japan, was studied. Whole plant bioassays revealed that the resistant (R) biotypes were four to six times less susceptible than controls. Chlorophyll destruction of leaf discs by paraquat treatment in R biotypes was 4–20 times lower than those of susceptible (S) biotypes. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values in R biotypes were higher than those of S biotypes before and after paraquat treatments. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also higher in R biotypes than those of S biotypes before and after treatment with paraquat, but the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were not different between R and S biotypes. Change of ascorbate (AsA) contents before and after paraquat treatment was equivalent in both biotypes. These results indicate that the increased SOD activity and antioxidant capacity in R biotypes contribute to the resistance to paraquat of M. pumilus.
Efficacy for a New Live Attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine Candidate to Reduce Internal Egg Contamination
Authors: Nandre R. , Matsuda K. , Lee J. H. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryTo evaluate the efficacy of a novel attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (△lon△cpxR) vaccine candidate (JOL919), chickens were immunized through oral and intramuscular routes to reduce egg contamination against S. Enteritidis challenge. Birds were orally immunized with JOL919 on the first day of life and were subsequently boosted in the 6th and 16th weeks through oral (group B) or intramuscular (group C) route, while control birds were unimmunized (group A). The chickens of all groups were challenged intravenously with the virulent S. Enteritidis strain in the 24th week. The immunized groups B and C showed significantly higher plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA levels as compared to those of the control group. The lymphocyte proliferation response and CD45+CD3+ T‐cell number in the peripheral blood of the groups B and C were significantly increased. In addition, the egg contamination rates were significantly lower in the group B (0%, 10.7% and 0%) and the group C (3.6%, 14.3% and 3.6%) as compared to the group A (28.6%, 42.8% and 28.6%) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks post‐challenge. All animals in the groups B and C showed lower organ lesion scores in the liver and spleen and lower bacterial counts in the liver, spleen and ovary at the 3rd week post‐challenge. These results indicate that this vaccine candidate can be an efficient tool for prevention of Salmonella infections by inducing protective humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, this vaccine did not prevent egg contamination, but did appear to reduce incidence. Booster immunizations, especially via oral administration route, showed an efficient protection against internal egg contamination with S. Enteritidis.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Currently Circulating in Mexico
Authors: Xiao Sa , Paldurai Anandan , Nayak Baibaswata , Mirande Armando , Collins Peter L. , Samal Siba K. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The complete genome sequence was determined for a highly virulent Newcastle disease virus strain from vaccinated chicken farms in Mexico during outbreaks in 2010. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis this strain was classified into genotype V in the class II cluster that was closely related to Mexican strains that appeared in 2004–2006.
Genome of a Gut Strain of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Schyns Ghislain , Serra Cláudia R. , Lapointe Thomas , Pereira-Leal José B. , Potot Sébastien , Fickers Patrick , Perkins John B. , Wyss Markus , Henriques Adriano O. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Bacillus subtilis
is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. We present the genome sequence of an undomesticated strain, BSP1, isolated from poultry. The sequence of the BSP1 genome supports the view that
B. subtilis
has a biphasic lifestyle, cycling between the soil and the animal gastrointestinal tract, and it provides molecular-level insight into the adaptation of
B. subtilis
to life under laboratory conditions.
Genome Sequence of Campylobacter showae UNSWCD, Isolated from a Patient with Crohn's Disease
Authors: Tay Aidan P. , Kaakoush Nadeem O. , Deshpande Nandan P. , Chen Zhiliang , Mitchell Hazel , Wilkins Marc R. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter showae
UNSWCD was isolated from a patient with Crohn's disease. Here we present a 2.1 Mb draft assembly of its genome.
Genome Sequence of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae PS15
Authors: Kumar Sanath , Lindquist Ingrid E. , Sundararajan Anitha , Rajanna Chythanya , Floyd Jared T. , Smith Kenneth P. , Andersen Jody L. , He Guixin , Ayers Ryan M. , Johnson Judith A. , Werdann James J. , Sandoval Ava A. , Mojica Nadia M. , Schilkey Faye D. , Mudge Joann , Varela Manuel F. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequence of a non-O1
Vibrio cholerae
strain, PS15, organized into 3,512 open reading frames within a 3.9-Mb genome, was determined. The PS15 genome sequence will allow for the study of the evolution of virulence and environmental adaptation in
V. cholerae
.
Describing and predicting frequent callers to an ambulance service: analysis of 1 year call data
Authors: Scott Jason , Strickland Annette Patricia , Warner Karen , Dawson Pamela 
Published: February 2013

AimsAmbulance services in England receive around 8 million calls a year, and no known studies have explored characteristics of frequent callers. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the most frequent callers to Yorkshire Ambulance Service (YAS) between April 2010 and March 2011.MethodsTop 100 frequent callers to YAS were analysed using population comparison, case control and multiple regression methods. 7808 calls were made by the frequent callers, and data were analysed to predict total number of calls made, and explore characteristics of frequent callers.ResultsSix call codes were associated with a higher number of calls. Frequent callers were assigned slower response levels, or often no call code. Calls increased during the times of 4:00–9:00, 16:00–20:00 and 22:00–2:00, and in the months of December, January and February. Men and patients with all but the very highest conveyance rates had a higher number of different reasons for calling. Patients with a medical diagnosis were more likely to be conveyed, while patients with a psychiatric classification had a higher number of different reasons for calling, were older and were more likely to call for ‘assault/sexual assault’ or ‘haemorrhage/laceration’.ConclusionsFrequent callers to YAS were a heterogeneous group that differed from the overall population served, resulting in numerous implications for the delivery of services for this group of patients. Further research is required to determine if and how frequent callers differ from frequent attenders at emergency departments.
Association between ASA grade and complication rate in patients receiving procedural sedation for relocation of dislocated hip prostheses in a UK emergency department
Authors: Dawson Neil , Dewar Alistair , Gray Alasdair , Leal Alexis ,   on behalf of the Emergency Medicine Research Group, Edinburgh
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the association between the American Society of Anesthiologists (ASA) grade and the complication rate of patients receiving procedural sedation for relocation of hip prosthesis in an adult emergency department (ED) in the UK.DesignRetrospective study of registry data from a large UK teaching hospital ED. Consecutive adult patients (aged 16 years and over) in whom ASA grade could be calculated, with an isolated dislocation of a hip prosthesis between 8 September 2006 and 16 April 2010 were included for analyses (n=303). The primary outcome measure was association between ASA and complication rate (any of desaturation <90%; apnoea; vomiting; aspiration; hypotension <90 mm Hg; cardiac arrest). Secondary outcome measures were relationship between ASA grade and procedural success, choice of sedative agent and sedation depth, and complications and choice of sedative agent, arrival time and sedation depth.ResultsThere was no significant difference between ASA grade and the risk of complication (p=0.800). Moreover, there was no significant difference between ASA grade and procedural success (p=0.284), ASA and choice of sedative agent (p=0.243), or ASA and sedation depth (p=0.48). There was no association between complications and sedative agent (p=0.18), or complications and arrival time (p=0.12). There was a significant difference between sedative depth and complications (p<0.001).ConclusionsThere is no clear association between a patient's physical status (ASA grade) and the risk of complications, chance of procedural success or choice of sedative agent in relocation of hip prostheses. There is a higher rate of complications with higher levels of sedation (p<0.001).
The prognostic performance of the predisposition, infection, response and organ failure (PIRO) classification in high-risk and low-risk emergency department sepsis populations: comparison with clinical judgement and sepsis category
Authors: de Groot Bas , Lameijer Joost , de Deckere Ernie R J T , Vis Alice 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo compare the prognostic performance of the predisposition, infection, response and organ failure (PIRO) score with the traditional sepsis category and clinical judgement in high-risk and low-risk Dutch emergency department (ED) sepsis populations.MethodsProspective study in ED patients with severe sepsis and septic shock (high-risk cohort), or suspected infection (low-risk cohort). Outcome: 28-day mortality. Prognostic performance of PIRO, sepsis category and clinical judgement were assessed with Cox regression analysis with correction for quality of ED treatment and disposition. Illness severity measures were divided into four groups with the lowest illness severity as reference category; discrimination was quantified by receiver operator characteristics with area under the curve (AUC) analysis.ResultsDeath occurred in 72/323 (22%, high-risk) and 23/385 (6%, low-risk) patients. For the low-risk cohort, corrected HRs (95% CI) for categories 2–4 were 2.0 (0.4 to 11.9), 4.3 (0.8 to 24.7) and 17.8 (2.8 to 113.0: PIRO); 0.5 (0.05 to 5.4), 2.1 (0.2 to 21.8) and 7.5 (0.6 to 92.9: sepsis category). Patients discharged home (category 1) all survived. HRs were 4.5 (0.5 to 39.1) and 13.6 (4.3 to 43.5) for clinical judgement categories 3–4. Prognostic performance was consistently better in the low-risk than in the high-risk cohort. For PIRO AUCs were 0.68 (0.61 to 0.74; high-risk) and 0.83 (0.75 to 0.91; low-risk); for sepsis category AUCs were 0.50 (0.42 to 0.57; high-risk) and 0.73 (0.61 to 0.86; low-risk); for clinical judgement AUCs were 0.69 (0.60 to 0.78; high-risk) and 0.84 (0.73 to 0.96; low-risk).ConclusionsThe accuracy and discriminative performance of the PIRO score and clinical judgement are similar, but better than the sepsis category. Prognostic performance of illness severity scores is less in high-risk cohorts, while in high-risk populations a risk stratification tool would be most useful.
Comparing the effects of infrastructure on bicycling injury at intersections and non-intersections using a case–crossover design
Authors: Harris M Anne , Reynolds Conor C O , Winters Meghan , Cripton Peter A , Shen Hui , Chipman Mary L , Cusimano Michael D , Babul Shelina , Brubacher Jeffrey R , Friedman Steven M , Hunte Garth , Monro Melody , Vernich Lee , Teschke Kay 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundThis study examined the impact of transportation infrastructure at intersection and non-intersection locations on bicycling injury risk.MethodsIn Vancouver and Toronto, we studied adult cyclists who were injured and treated at a hospital emergency department. A case–crossover design compared the infrastructure of injury and control sites within each injured bicyclist's route. Intersection injury sites (N=210) were compared to randomly selected intersection control sites (N=272). Non-intersection injury sites (N=478) were compared to randomly selected non-intersection control sites (N=801).ResultsAt intersections, the types of routes meeting and the intersection design influenced safety. Intersections of two local streets (no demarcated traffic lanes) had approximately one-fifth the risk (adjusted OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.66) of intersections of two major streets (more than two traffic lanes). Motor vehicle speeds less than 30 km/h also reduced risk (adjusted OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.92). Traffic circles (small roundabouts) on local streets increased the risk of these otherwise safe intersections (adjusted OR 7.98, 95% CI 1.79 to 35.6). At non-intersection locations, very low risks were found for cycle tracks (bike lanes physically separated from motor vehicle traffic; adjusted OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.59) and local streets with diverters that reduce motor vehicle traffic (adjusted OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.60). Downhill grades increased risks at both intersections and non-intersections.ConclusionsThese results provide guidance for transportation planners and engineers: at local street intersections, traditional stops are safer than traffic circles, and at non-intersections, cycle tracks alongside major streets and traffic diversion from local streets are safer than no bicycle infrastructure.
Effectiveness of gentamicin for gonorrhoea treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dowell Deborah , Kirkcaldy Robert D 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The development of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents has limited treatment options for gonorrhoea. The potential emergence of cephalosporin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and cephalosporin allergy in some patients make it necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of other available antimicrobial agents. Gentamicin is widely available in the USA and is used for gonorrhoea treatment in several countries. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to assess the effectiveness of gentamicin for treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonococcal infections.

Methods
Two reviewers assessed relevant articles and independently selected studies that met prespecified selection criteria (including systematic enrolment and assignment to treatment and culture-confirmed diagnosis and outcome). Summary measures for selected studies were pooled using inverse variance-weighted averages with fixed effects. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2, which estimates proportion (0–100%) of variability attributable to heterogeneity between studies. Pooled percentage with negative follow-up culture was compared with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for selection of recommended therapy (lower 95% CI of efficacy ≥95%).

Results
Twenty-nine potentially relevant studies were identified; three met inclusion criteria. Two studies used 240 mg intramuscular gentamicin and one used 280 mg. Percentages with negative culture after single-dose treatment were 90.7% (n=86), 91.4% (n=220) and 95.0% (n=40). Pooled percentage with negative culture after single-dose treatment was 91.5% (95% CI 88.1% to 94.0%, I2=0%).

Conclusions
Gentamicin does not meet current CDC criteria for recommended treatment of gonorrhoea. However, if cephalosporin resistance emerges, gentamicin may be a useful alternative agent. Evaluation of additional regimens, including combination therapy, is warranted.
The distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure in Morocco
Authors: Mumtaz Ghina R , Kouyoumjian Silva P , Hilmi Nahla , Zidouh Ahmed , Rhilani Houssine El , Alami Kamal , Bennani Aziza , Gouws Eleanor , Ghys Peter Denis , Abu-Raddad Laith J 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesBuilding on a wealth of new empirical data, the objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections in Morocco by mode of exposure using the modes of transmission (MoT) mathematical model.MethodsThe MoT model was implemented within a collaboration with the Morocco Ministry of Health and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The model was parameterised through a comprehensive review and synthesis of HIV and risk behaviour data in Morocco, mainly through the Middle East and North Africa HIV/AIDS Synthesis Project. Uncertainty analyses were used to assess the reliability of and uncertainty around our calculated estimates.ResultsFemale sex workers (FSWs), clients of FSWs, men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs) contributed 14%, 24%, 14% and 7% of new HIV infections, respectively. Two-thirds (67%) of new HIV infections occurred among FSWs, clients of FSWs, MSM and IDUs, or among the stable sexual partners of these populations. Casual heterosexual sex contributed 7% of HIV infections. More than half (52%) of HIV incidence is among females, but 71% of these infections are due to an infected spouse. The vast majority of HIV infections among men (89%) are due to high-risk behaviour. A very small HIV incidence is predicted to arise from medical injections or blood transfusions (0.1%).ConclusionsThe HIV epidemic in Morocco is driven by HIV incidence in high-risk population groups, with commercial heterosexual sex being the largest contributor to incidence. There is a need to focus HIV response more on these populations, mainly through proactive and sustainable HIV surveillance, and the expansion and increased geographical coverage of services such as condom promotion among FSWs, voluntary counselling and testing, harm reduction and treatment.
Provocative Questions in Cancer Epidemiology in a Time of Scientific Innovation and Budgetary Constraints
Authors: Lam Tram Kim , Schully Sheri D. , Rogers Scott D. , Benkeser Rachel , Reid Britt , Khoury Muin J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In a time of scientific and technological developments and budgetary constraints, the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Provocative Questions Project offers a novel funding mechanism for cancer epidemiologists. We reviewed the purposes underlying the Provocative Questions Project, present information on the contributions of epidemiologic research to the current Provocative Questions portfolio, and outline opportunities that the cancer epidemiology community might capitalize on to advance a research agenda that spans a translational continuum from scientific discoveries to population health impact. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(4); 496–500. ©2013 AACR.