bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimated Lean Mass and Fat Mass Differentially Affect Femoral Bone Density and Strength Index but Are Not FRAX Independent Risk Factors for Fracture
Authors: Leslie William D , Orwoll Eric S , Nielson Carrie M , Morin Suzanne N , Majumdar Sumit R , Johansson Helena , Odén Anders , McCloskey Eugene V , Kanis John A 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Although increasing body weight has been regarded as protective against osteoporosis and fractures, there is accumulating evidence that fat mass adversely affects skeletal health compared with lean mass. We examined skeletal health as a function of estimated total body lean and fat mass in 40,050 women and 3600 men age ≥50 years at the time of baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) testing from a clinical registry from Manitoba, Canada. Femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), strength index (SI), cross-sectional area (CSA), and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) were derived from DXA. Multivariable models showed that increasing lean mass was associated with near-linear increases in femoral BMD, CSA, and CSMI in both women and men, whereas increasing fat mass showed a small initial increase in these measurements followed by a plateau. In contrast, femoral SI was relatively unaffected by increasing lean mass but was associated with a continuous linear decline with increasing fat mass, which should predict higher fracture risk. During mean 5-year follow-up, incident major osteoporosis fractures and hip fractures were observed in 2505 women and 180 men (626 and 45 hip fractures, respectively). After adjustment for fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) scores (with or without BMD), we found no evidence that lean mass, fat mass, or femoral SI affected prediction of major osteoporosis fractures or hip fractures. Findings were similar in men and women, without significant interactions with sex or obesity. In conclusion, skeletal adaptation to increasing lean mass was positively associated with BMD but had no effect on femoral SI, whereas increasing fat mass had no effect on BMD but adversely affected femoral SI. Greater fat mass was not independently associated with a greater risk of fractures over 5-year follow-up. FRAX robustly predicts fractures and was not affected by variations in body composition. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ablation of Osteopontin Improves the Skeletal Phenotype of Phospho1
−/− Mice
Authors: Yadav Manisha C , Huesa Carmen , Narisawa Sonoko , Hoylaerts Marc F , Moreau Alain , Farquharson Colin , Millán José Luis 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

PHOSPHO1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) have nonredundant functions during skeletal mineralization. Although TNAP deficiency (Alpl−/− mice) leads to hypophosphatasia, caused by accumulation of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), comparably elevated levels of PPi in Phospho1−/− mice do not explain their stunted growth, spontaneous fractures, bowed long bones, osteomalacia, and scoliosis. We have previously shown that elevated PPi in Alpl−/− mice is accompanied by elevated osteopontin (OPN), another potent mineralization inhibitor, and that the amount of OPN correlates with the severity of hypophosphatasia in mice. Here we demonstrate that plasma OPN is elevated and OPN expression is upregulated in the skeleton, particularly in the vertebrae, of Phospho1−/− mice. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry showed an increased proportion of phosphorylated OPN (p-OPN) peptides in Phospho1−/− mice, suggesting that accumulation of p-OPN causes the skeletal abnormalities in Phospho1−/− mice. We also show that ablation of the OPN gene, Spp1, leads to improvements in the skeletal phenotype in Phospho1−/− as they age. In particular, their scoliosis is ameliorated at 1 month of age and is completely rescued at 3 months of age. There is also improvement in the long bone defects characteristic of Phospho1−/− mice at 3 months of age. Mineralization assays comparing [Phospho1−/−; Spp1−/−], Phospho1−/−, and Spp1−/− chondrocytes display corrected mineralization by the double knockout cells. Expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers was also normalized in the [Phospho1−/−; Spp1−/−] mice. Thus, although Alpl and Phospho1 deficiencies lead to similar skeletal phenotypes and comparable changes in the expression levels of PPi and OPN, there is a clear dissociation in the hierarchical roles of these potent inhibitors of mineralization, with elevated PPi and elevated p-OPN levels causing the respective skeletal phenotypes in Alpl−/− and Phospho1−/− mice. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Altered Signaling in the G1 Phase Deregulates Chondrocyte Growth in a Mouse Model With Proteoglycan Undersulfation
Authors: Leonardis Fabio De , Monti Luca , Gualeni Benedetta , Tenni Ruggero , Forlino Antonella , Rossi Antonio 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn several skeletal dysplasias defects in extracellular matrix molecules affect not only the structural and mechanical properties of cartilage, but also the complex network of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Sulfated proteoglycans, besides playing an important structural role in cartilage, are crucial in modulating the transport, diffusion, and interactions of growth factors with their specific targets, taking part in the regulation of signaling pathways involved in skeletal development and growth. In this work, we investigated by real time PCR and Western blots of the microdissected growth plate and by immunohistochemistry the molecular basis of reduced chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate of the dtd mouse, a chondrodysplastic model with defective chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan sulfation of articular and growth plate cartilage. We detected activation of the Wnt pathway, leading to an increase in the non‐phosphorylated form of nuclear β‐catenin and subsequent up‐regulation of cyclin D1 expression in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. β‐Catenin was further stabilized by up‐regulation of Smad3 expression through TGF‐β pathway synergistic activation. We demonstrate that notwithstanding cyclin D1 expression increase, cell cycle progression is compromised in the G1 phase due to reduced phosphorylation of the pocket protein p130 leading to inhibition of transcription factors of the E2F family which are crucial for cell cycle progression and DNA replication. These data, together with altered Indian hedgehox signaling detected previously, explain at the molecular level the reduced chondrocyte proliferation rate of the dtd growth plate leading to reduced skeletal growth. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1779–1786, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of hollow fiber membrane and solvent extraction techniques for extraction of cerium and preparation of ceria by stripping precipitation
Authors: Rout Pradeep C. , Sarangi Kadambini 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe extraction of cerium by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane using tri‐octyl methyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC) as mobile carrier was studied and the result was compared with solvent extraction data. The effect of different parameters such as pH, flow rates, extractant concentration, metal ion concentration and strip solution concentration on cerium extraction was investigated.RESULTSThese parameters were optimized for maximum cerium flux and were found to be: pH 1.0, 0.1 mol L−1 TOMAC, 290 mL min−1 feed solution flow rate, 150 mL min−1 strip solution flow rate and 0.9 mol L−1 H2SO4 as strip solution. The parameters were also optimized for solvent extraction study. The number of stages and Aqueous:Organic (A:O) ratio for extraction and stripping were determined from McCabe–Thiele diagrams. The extracted species was determined to be (R3NCH3)2Ce(SO4)3. The selective separation of cerium in presence of various other metal ions such as iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel and manganese using a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) was carried out and the separation factor values were found to be in the order α Ce/Fe <αCe/Cu < αCe/Mn < αCe/Zn < αCe/Co < αCe/Ni. Finally highly pure (99.99%) CeO2 was prepared by stripping precipitation with oxalic acid and thermal decomposition at 900°C for 1 h.CONCLUSIONThe efficiency of hollow fiber supported liquid membrane was greater than that of solvent extraction for the extraction of cerium for the present system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Fourier transformed near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy for the estimation of parameters in pretreated lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production
Authors: Monrroy Mariel , Garcia José Renán , Troncoso Eduardo , Freer Juanita 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the bioethanol production process it is necessary to know the physical and chemical characteristics of pretreated material which may affect the enzymatic hydrolysis as well as the carbohydrates potential for fermentation. In the present study, prediction models were developed with Fourier transformed near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the cellulose crystallinity index (CrI), saccharification and ethanol yield, and glucan, hemicellulose and lignin content. Prediction models were generated using Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata samples from different pretreatments such as bio pretreatment, kraft process, steam explosion, organosolv and biorganosolv process.RESULTSThe calibration models obtained by partial least‐squares (PLS), presented high coefficients of calibration and validation determination. The predictive ability of the calibration models developed was evaluated in a set of external samples. The properties were predicted with a prediction error (RMSEP) of 0.02, 1.4 g L−1, 2.0%, 0.9%, 1.0% and 1.9% for CrI, ethanol yield, saccharification, lignin, hemicellulose and glucan content, respectively.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that it is possible to construct models for these properties with a database involving pulps from different pretreatments. NIR spectroscopy predictions provide useful and economic tools for rapid analysis of the large number of samples required in the assessment of bioethanol production processes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemometrics application in biotech processes: assessing comparability across processes and scales
Authors: Rathore Anurag S. , Mittal Shachi , Pathak Mili , Mahalingam Velu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAssessment of process comparability is often required across different phases of manufacturing (Phase I vs Phase II vs Phase III vs Commercial) as well as other key activities during product commercialization (process scale‐up, technology transfer, process improvement). In this work, chemometrics was applied to compare two versions of a biotech process and identify process steps where significant differences exist as well as the parameters that cause these differences.RESULTSThe dataset used in this analysis consists of data from 229 manufacturing batches. Partial least squares has been used for modeling the data. Scatter plots and variable importance plots have been used for evaluating comparability. Process parameters identified as significant by using chemometrics have been compared against those identified from process characterization using traditional lab scale experimental studies. The comparison has been followed by discussion on the pros and cons of the two approaches. To our knowledge this is the first time that such a comparison has been published for biotech processing.CONCLUSIONSThe study further demonstrates the usefulness of chemometrics in defining process comparability and in gathering process understanding from analysis of manufacturing data to supplement traditional lab‐scale experimentation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
How does sonication affect the mineral and organic constituents of soil aggregates?—A review
Authors: Kaiser Michael , Asefaw Berhe Asmeret 
Published: May 2014

AbstractApplication of ultrasound to disperse soil aggregates has been critical in enabling researchers to separate and analyze aggregate building blocks that include organic and mineral particles as well as mineral associated organic matter. But the forces generated in the process may also alter the dispersion products and, thus, potentially interfere with the interpretation of experimental results. This review summarizes present knowledge on experimental conditions that may lead to physical damage and chemical modifications of aggregate building blocks. The energy level at which physical disintegration of organic particles could be detected was as low as 60 J mL–1. Physical damage of sand‐ and silt‐sized mineral particles was observed to commence at energy levels exceeding 700 J cm–3. No evidence was found for the disintegration of particles within the clay‐size fraction of soils even though studies analyzing pure minerals such as kaolinite revealed particle breakage after application of energy amounts > 12,000 J cm–3. Here we outline a strategy to minimize artifacts such as physical damage of mineral or organic particles resulting from ultrasonication by adopting a stepwise dispersion protocol involving successively higher energy levels, accompanied by a sequential separation of organic and mineral compounds.
Extending the Methylene Spacer Length of ADMET Hydroxy‐Functionalized Polymers
Authors: Thompson Donovan , Yamakado Ryohei , Wagener Kenneth B. 
Published: May 2014

Solution acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization using Grubbs' first‐generation catalyst leads to the direct synthesis of polymers containing hydroxyl groups. Secondary alcohols are placed precisely at specific intervals on an unsaturated hydrocarbon backbone. Increasing the number of methylene spacers decreases the frequency of the pendant groups from every 15th carbon to every 21st carbon. The complete hydrogenation of the unsaturated polymers yields model representatives of well‐defined ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymers. Despite the decrease in branch frequency in both the homopolymers and randomized versions of such polymers, surprisingly, the precision does not have an influence on the thermal properties, and they are all similar in nature. It is concluded that hydrogen bonding dominates the polymer behavior, rather than the precision in hydroxyl‐group placement along the polyethylene chain.
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Mortality in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Macleod Angus D. , Taylor Kate S.M. , Counsell Carl E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study was undertaken to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies of mortality in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to investigate which factors were associated with mortality. We conducted comprehensive searches of studies reporting a ratio of mortality in PD versus controls, descriptive survival measures, or factors predicting survival; assessed study quality; and extracted relevant data. Descriptive analysis, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression were performed as appropriate. Eighty‐eight studies were included in the review with variable study methods and quality. Almost all studies reported increased mortality in PD (vs. controls), with mortality ratios ranging from 0.9 to 3.8, with major between‐study heterogeneity. Inception cohorts were more consistent with a pooled mortality ratio of approximately 1.5. Inception cohorts, measurements at longer follow‐up duration, and older study recruitment year were associated with lower mortality ratios, but these findings were not robust in sensitivity analyses. Within studies, mortality ratios increased over time. No robust evidence was found that mortality has decreased after the introduction of levodopa (L‐dopa). On average, PD survival reduced by approximately 5% every year of follow‐up, although there was significant heterogeneity. In post‐mortem studies, mean duration until death ranged from 6.9 to 14.3 years. Increasing age and presence of dementia were most commonly associated with increased mortality. Parkinson's disease is associated with increased mortality, but major heterogeneity is seen in estimates of mortality, which is probably explained by variable methodology and patient selection. Individual‐patient‐data meta‐analysis of high‐quality inception studies with long‐term follow‐up would be the optimal way to investigate the factors influencing mortality. © 2014 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Involvement of dynamin 2 in actin‐based polar‐body extrusion during porcine oocyte maturation
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Qiao‐Chu , Han Jun , Cao Rui , Cui Xiang‐Shun , Kim Nam‐Hyung , Rui Rong , Sun Shao‐Chen 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYMammalian oocyte meiotic maturation involves a unique asymmetric division, but the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways involved are poorly understood. Dynamins are ubiquitous eukaryotic GTPases involved in membrane trafficking and actin dynamics, whose roles in mammalian oocyte maturation have not been determined. In this study, we used porcine oocytes to show that Dynamin 2 accumulated at the meiotic spindle and in the cortex of oocytes, with a distribution similar to that of actin. Inhibiting Dynamin 2 activity in porcine oocytes with the specific inhibitor dynasore resulted in failed polar‐body extrusion. This phenotype may have been due to aberrant actin distribution and/or spindle positioning as inhibitor treatment disrupted the formation of the actin cap and cortical granule‐free domain, which negatively impacted spindle positioning. Moreover, the distribution of ARP2, a key actin‐nucleation factor, was severely reduced in the cortex after dynasore treatment. Thus, our results suggest that Dynamin 2 possibly regulates porcine oocyte maturation through its effects on actin‐mediated spindle positioning and cytokinesis, and that this may depend on regulating ARP2 localization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 725–734, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progressive obesity alters the steroidogenic response to ovulatory stimulation and increases the abundance of mRNAs stored in the ovulated oocyte
Authors: Pohlmeier William E. , Xie Fang , Kurz Scott G. , Lu Ningxia , Wood Jennifer R. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYObese women who are able to attain pregnancy are at increased risk for early‐pregnancy loss due, in part, to reduced oocyte quality. We and others have demonstrated that female Lethal Yellow (LY) mice and female C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet (B6‐HFD) exhibit phenotypes consistent with human obesity. These studies also showed that zygotes collected from LY and B6‐HFD females have reduced developmental competence. The current hypothesis is that LY and B6‐HFD females exhibit an abnormal response to gonadotropin stimulation compared to C57BL/6 controls fed normal rodent chow (B6‐ND), resulting in the ovulation of oocytes with an altered molecular phenotype which may contribute to its reduced developmental competence. To test this hypothesis, age‐matched B6‐ND, B6‐HFD, and LY females were stimulated with exogenous gonadotropins, then circulating hormone levels and the phenotypes of ovulated oocytes were analyzed. There was no difference in ovulation rate or in the percentage of morphologically abnormal oocytes collected from the oviduct of any females. Progesterone and progesterone/estradiol ratios, however, were increased in B6‐HFD and LY compared to B6‐ND females 16 hr post‐human chorionic gonadotropin treatment. The transcript abundance of several candidate oocyte genes was also increased in B6‐HFD‐ and LY‐derived oocytes compared to B6‐ND‐derived oocytes. These data suggest that increased insulin and leptin levels of obese females elevated circulating progesterone concentrations, altered transcriptional activity during oocyte growth, and/or impaired mechanisms of RNA translation and degradation during oocyte maturation. These changes in mRNA abundance likely contribute to reduced oocyte quality and the subsequent poor embryogenesis associated with obesity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 735–747, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complementary radial tagging for improved myocardial tagging contrast
Authors: Wang Zhe , Nasiraei‐Moghaddam Abbas , Reyhan Meral L. , Srinivasan Subashini , Finn J. Paul , Ennis Daniel B. 
Published: May 2014

PurposeTo develop and evaluate complementary radial tagging (CRT) for improved myocardial tagging contrast.MethodsWe sought to develop and evaluate CRT, which aims to preserve the radial tag contrast throughout the cardiac cycle. Similar to complementary spatial modulation of magnetization, CRT acquires two sets of images with a phase shift in the tag pattern. The combination of a ramped imaging flip angle and image subtraction enhances tag contrast throughout the cardiac cycle. The proposed CRT technique uses a small table shift away from the isocenter to improve the uniformity of the radial tag pattern. We provide a mathematical solution for the optimal table shift and validate the solution in using a retrospective analysis of images from 500 patients in the Cardiac Atlas Project database.ResultsCRT simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo images all demonstrate the improved tag contrast of CRT compared to RT. The retrospective evaluation demonstrated that acceptable CRT images could be acquired in over 98% of the clinical exams.ConclusionThe CRT technique improves radial tag contrast throughout the cardiac cycle and should produce high quality tag patterns in nearly all patients. Magn Reson Med 73:1432–1440, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Muscle activation varies with contraction mode in human spinal cord injury
Authors: Kim Hyosub E. , Thompson Christopher K. , Hornby T. George 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: To better understand volitional force generation after chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), we examined muscle activation during single and repeated isometric, concentric, and eccentric knee extensor (KE) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Methods: Torque and electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded during single and repeated isometric and dynamic KE MVCs in 11 SCI subjects. Central activation ratios (CARs) were calculated for all contraction modes in SCI subjects and 11 healthy controls. Results: SCI subjects generated greater torque, KE EMG, and CARs during single eccentric vs. isometric and concentric MVCs (all P < 0.05). Torque and EMG remained similar during repeated eccentric MVCs; however, both increased during repeated isometric (>25%) and concentric (>30%) MVCs. Conclusions: SCI subjects demonstrated greater muscle activation during eccentric MVCs vs. isometric and concentric MVCs. This pattern of activation contrasts with the decreased eccentric activation demonstrated by healthy controls. Such information may aid development of novel rehabilitation interventions. Muscle Nerve 51: 235–245, 2015