bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximity of Axillary Nerve During Cortical Button Repair of Pectoralis Major Tendon Rupture
Authors: Lancaster Sarah T. , Smith Geoff C. , Ogunleye Oluwafunto E. , Clark Damian A. , Packham Iain N. 
Published: October 2013

Background Rupture of the pectoralis major (PM) tendon is a rare but severe injury. Several techniques have been described for PM fixation, including a transosseus technique, placing cortical buttons at the superior, middle and inferior PM tendon insertion points. The present cadaveric study investigates the proximity of the posterior branch of the axillary nerve to the drill positions for transosseus PM tendon repair. Methods Twelve cadaveric shoulders were used. The axillary nerve was marked during a preparatory dissection. Drills were passed through the humerus at the superior, middle and inferior insertions of the PM tendon and the drill bits were left in situ. The distance between these and each axillary nerve was measured using computed tomography. Results The superior drill position was in closest proximity to the axillary nerve (three-dimensional distance range 0–18.01 mm, mean 10.74 mm, 95% confidence interval 7.24 mm to 14.24 mm). The middle PM insertion point was also very close to the nerve. Conclusions Caution should be used when performing bicortical drilling of the humerus, especially when drilling at the superior border of the PM insertion. We describe ‘safe’ and ‘danger’ zones for the positioning of cortical buttons through the humerus reflecting the risk posed to the axillary nerve.
PD First: Peritoneal Dialysis as the Default Transition to Dialysis Therapy
Authors: Ghaffari Arshia , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar , Lee Joseph , Maddux Franklin , Moran John , Nissenson Allen 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) and in‐center hemodialysis (HD) are accepted as clinically equivalent dialysis modalities, yet in‐center HD is the predominant renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality offered to new end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the United States and most other industrialized nations. This predominance has little to do with clinical outcomes, patient choice, cost, or quality of life. It has been driven by ease of HD initiation, physician experience and training, inadequate pre‐ESRD patient education, ample in‐center HD capacity, and lack of adequate infrastructure for PD‐related care. As compared with in‐center HD, PD is a widely applicable, yet underutilized modality of RRT that provides comparable clinical outcomes, superior quality of life measures, significant cost savings, and many other unmeasured advantages. A “PD First” approach not only has advantages for patients but also physicians, healthcare systems, and society. In this review, we will summarize evidence demonstrating that PD should be the default modality when new ESRD patients are transitioning to dialysis therapy when preemptive transplantation is not an option and highlight the essential infrastructural requirements to allow for a “PD First” model.
Re‐evaluating the biophysical and technologically attainable potential of topsoil carbon sequestration in China's cropland
Authors: Cheng K. , Zheng J. , Nayak D. , Smith P. , Pan G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTo assess the topsoil carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of China's cropland, two different estimates were made: (i) a biophysical potential (BP) using a saturation limit approach based on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation dynamics and a storage restoration approach from the cultivation‐induced SOC loss, and (ii) a technically attainable potential (TAP) with a scenario estimation approach using SOC increases under best management practices (BMPs) in agriculture. Thus, the BP is projected to be the gap in recent SOC storage to either the saturation capacity or to the SOC storage of uncultivated soil, while the TAP is the overall increase over the current SOC storage that could be achieved with the extension of BMPs. The recent mean SOC density of China's cropland was estimated to be 36.44 t/ha, with a BP estimate of 2.21 Pg C by a saturation approach and 2.95 Pg C by the storage restoration method. An overall TAP of 0.62 Pg C and 0.98 Pg C was predicted for conservation tillage plus straw return and recommended fertilizer applications, respectively. This TAP is comparable to 40–60% of total CO2 emissions from Chinese energy production in 2007. Therefore, carbon sequestration in China's cropland is recommended for enhancing China's mitigation capacity for climate change. However, priority should be given to the vast dry cropland areas of China, as the CSP of China is based predominantly on the dry cropland.
Effects of deficit irrigation and transplanting methods of irrigated rice on soil physical properties and rice yield
Authors: El Baroudy A. A. , Ibrahim M. M. , Mahmoud M. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study evaluated how deficit irrigation and method of transplanting irrigated rice affected soil physical properties in the short term and rice yields under cultivation that did not involve wet levelling (puddling). Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at Sakha Agric. Res. Sta., Egypt. Planting methods were as follows: traditional transplanting into flat flooded soil (M1), transplanting into furrows (M2) and into beds (M3). The deficit irrigation treatments were as follows: irrigation every 6 days between transplanting and 2 weeks before harvesting, reference method (I1), irrigation as in I1 but with a continuous period of 12 days without irrigation (i.e. one irrigation event missed) at heading (I2), irrigation as in I1 but with an event missed at the beginning of tillering and at the start of head development (I3) and irrigation as in I1 but with 3 missed events, one each at the beginning of tillering, the start of the head development and panicle initiation (I4). Results showed that relative to soil conditions before planting, both rice transplanting methods and deficit irrigation decreased soil bulk density, water holding pores percentage, fine capillary pores percentage and soil shear strength, whereas drainable porosity percentage increased. Soil cracked more under the reference treatment than under the other treatments. Rice transplanting into beds and maintaining irrigation every 6 days without any irrigation skip, treatment (I1 × M3), appeared appropriate for growing rice. This combination resulted in soil physical properties favourable for plant growth, producing the largest grain and straw yields of all the treatments.
Combining Geo‐SOM and Hierarchical Clustering to Explore Geospatial Data
Authors: Feng Chen‐Chieh , Wang Yi‐Chen , Chen Chih‐Yuan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGeo‐SOM is a useful geovisualization technique for revealing patterns in spatial data, but is ineffective in supporting interactive exploration of patterns hidden in different Geo‐SOM sizes. Based on the divide and group principle in geovisualization, the article proposes a new methodology that combines Geo‐SOM and hierarchical clustering to tackle this problem. Geo‐SOM was used to “divide” the dataset into several homogeneous subsets; hierarchical clustering was then used to “group” neighboring homogeneous subsets for pattern exploration in different levels of granularity, thus permitting exploration of patterns at multiple scales. An artificial dataset was used for validating the method's effectiveness. As a case study, the rush hour motorcycle flow data in Taipei City, Taiwan were analyzed. Compared with the best result generated solely by Geo‐SOM, the proposed method performed better in capturing the homogeneous zones in the artificial dataset. For the case study, the proposed method discovered six clusters with unique data and spatial patterns at different levels of granularity, while the original Geo‐SOM only identified two. Among the four hierarchical clustering methods, Ward's clustering performed the best in pattern discovery. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach in visually and interactively exploring data and spatial patterns in geospatial data.
Virus‐induced gene silencing identifies Catharanthus roseus 7‐deoxyloganic acid‐7‐hydroxylase, a step in iridoid and monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis
Authors: Salim Vonny , Yu Fang , Altarejos Joaquín , De Luca Vincenzo 
Published: October 2013

SummaryIridoids are a major group of biologically active molecules that are present in thousands of plant species, and one versatile iridoid, secologanin, is a precursor for the assembly of thousands of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) as well as a number of quinoline alkaloids. This study uses bioinformatics to screen large databases of annotated transcripts from various MIA‐producing plant species to select candidate genes that may be involved in iridoid biosynthesis. Virus‐induced gene silencing of the selected genes combined with metabolite analyses of silenced plants was then used to identify the 7‐deoxyloganic acid 7‐hydroxylase (CrDL7H) that is involved in the 3rd to last step in secologanin biosynthesis. Silencing of CrDL7H reduced secologanin levels by at least 70%, and increased the levels of 7‐deoxyloganic acid to over 4 mg g−1 fresh leaf weight compared to control plants in which this iridoid is not detected. Functional expression of this CrDL7H in yeast confirmed its biochemical activity, and substrate specificity studies showed its preference for 7‐deoxyloganic acid over other closely related substrates. Together, these results suggest that hydroxylation precedes carboxy‐O‐methylation in the secologanin pathway in Catharanthus roseus.
Simultaneous pheochromocytoma and third‐degree atrioventricular block in 2 dogs
Authors: Mak Genevieve , Allen Justin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the occurrence of pheochromocytoma with third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block in 2 dogs.Case Series SummaryTwo dogs were referred for echocardiograms and further diagnostic and therapeutic treatment for third‐degree AV block. Abdominal ultrasound of 1 dog revealed an adrenal mass, while that of the other dog revealed bilateral adrenal masses. While undergoing treatment, 1 dog experienced cardiac arrest and could not be revived with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the other dog was humanely euthanized. Histological findings of the masses were consistent with pheochromocytomas.New or Unique Information ProvidedTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report with histologic evidence of pheochromocytoma and clinical presentation of third‐degree AV block in dogs. In human literature, simultaneous presentation of both disease states is rare and has been infrequently reported.
Phylogeny and biogeography of tetralophodont rodents of the tribe Oryzomyini (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
Authors: Machado Leonardo F. , Leite Yuri L. R. , Christoff Alexandre U. , Giugliano Lilian G. 
Published: October 2013

Oryzomyini is the richest tribe among the Sigmodontine rodents, encompassing 32 living and extinct genera and including an increasing number of recently described species and genera. Some Oryzomyini are tetralophodont showing a reduction in the number of molar folds to four, while most taxa in this tribe retain the plesiomorphic pentalophodont state. We applied phylogenetic methods, molecular dating techniques and ancestral area analyses to members of an oryzomyini clade informally named ‘D’ in former studies and included related fossil tetralophodont forms. Based on 98 morphological characters and sequences of five gene fragments, we found that the tetralophodont condition is paraphyletic. Among living taxa, Pseudoryzomys is sister to Holochilus, and Lundomys is derived from a basal divergence. A clade formed by living Holochilus and the fossils Noronhomys and Carletonomys is sister to Holochilus primigenus, making Holochilus paraphyletic. Therefore, we describe a new genus that accommodates the fossil H. primigenus. Because trans‐Andean taxa currently share a common ancestor with taxa of cis‐Adean distribution, the northern Andes uplift may have worked as a postdispersal barrier. The tetralophodont lineages diverged during the Pliocene from a cis‐Andean ancestor, and the Great Plains in South America may have favoured the diversification of tetralophodont forms adapted to open habitats during the Pliocene.
Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Steam Nucleation on the Steam Ejectors Performance
Authors: Sharifi Navid , Boroomand Masoud , Sharifi Majid 
Published: October 2013

Steam ejectors are widely used in different applications such as propulsion, refrigeration, evacuation and aerospace. The fundamental numerical approach in evaluating the characteristic parameters of steam ejectors was through considering steam as a single-phase gas. But, at some regions in steam ejectors, nucleation of steam is occurred. It is very important to evaluate the amount of wet steam at the first step. At the second step, it is vital to estimate the effect of steam condensation on the aerodynamics and thermodynamic performance of steam ejectors.
In the present study, numerical simulation of a steam ejector at normal operation is undertaken. In the mathematical modeling of compressible flow within such equipments, wet-steam nucleation theory is employed to investigate the effects of wetness condition inside the ejectors. In order to verify the numerical simulation, wet steam results have been compared with a set of experimental data reported in previous literatures. By comparison of the numerical results with experimental data, it was concluded that steam condensation in the nozzle declines the maximum Mach number of supersonic flow which has a closer agreement with experimental reports. The numerical calculations were performed with a commercial code with a supplementary user-defined code and applied to a multi-block computational domain with structured elements. Some important items such as shock location, shock strength and pressure distribution along the centerline of the ejector were compared in the cases of wet and ideal steam simulations. Furthermore, the average compression ratio and entraining capability of the ejector were compared for both simulation methods. Moreover, the results show a strengthened shock wave under the assumption of wet steam which leads to an intensified pressure recovery inside the ejector.
Characterization of Printable Micro-Fluidic Channels for Organ Printing
Authors: Zhang Yahui , Chen Howard , Ozbolat Ibrahim T. 
Published: October 2013

Organ printing is a complex and challenging process in execution due to the lack of fundamental understanding of tissue and organ formation, and problems associated with giving the organ-conforming 3D shapes. One of the major challenges is the inclusion of blood vessel-like channels between layers to support cell viability in terms of nutrients and oxygen transport. Tissue scaffolds have been widely used in generation of replacement tissue by providing mechanical support and fluid nutrients, but complications with scaffold degradation and the corresponding adverse effects on extra cellular matrix still present major challenges. This paper introduces a new approach in tissue scaffolding for cellular assembly to minimize these problems.
This research investigates the manufacturability of novel printable micro-fluidic channels, where the micro-fluidic channels support mechanical integrity as well as enable fluid transport in 3D. A pressure-assisted solid freeform fabrication platform is developed with co-axial needle dispenser unit to print hollow hydrogel filaments, which will later be used to support nutrients and oxygen transport through the printed cell assembly. The dispensing rheology is studied and the effect of material property on structural formation of hollow filaments is analyzed in this paper. Sample structures are printed through the computer-controlled system. In experiments with sodium alginate, 4% CaCI2-4% alginate solution combination results in the smallest core and filament diameter. In experiments with chitosan on the other hand, 3% chitosan-1% NaOH combination brings the smallest core and filament diameter.
Numerical Analysis to Predict the Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer Rate From a Satellite Structure and Experimental Comparison
Authors: Schwendtner Daniel T. , Amin M. Ruhul , Klumpar David M. 
Published: October 2013

Due to their small size and other attractive features, nanosatellites are becoming popular in space applications. Experimental investigation of the thermal behavior of such a satellite can be conducted in a laboratory setup using a thermal vacuum chamber to mimic the conditions of outer space. A small, cost effective thermal vacuum system was desired for performing thermal vacuum testing on nanosatellites. Numerical calculations and laboratory testing were performed as part of the design of this thermal vacuum system. A numerical method using the finite element method was employed to determine the amount of heat flux needed to be applied at the bottom plate of a satellite to achieve a certain rate of temperature increase in the plate. The numerical analysis was performed on a 40.5 kg satellite structure to predict the heat rate per unit area through its bottom surface when it was cycled in the temperature range of −40°C to +80°C with a rate of temperature change from 1°C/min to 5°C/min.
A time dependent increase in temperature on the bottom wall was used as a boundary condition. The rest of the satellite walls were assumed to be insulated. Contact resistances between the components of the satellite structure were neglected. Temperature and heat flux distributions on various walls of the satellite were computed and reported in the study. From the numerical results, a maximum heat flux rate of 3,332 W/m2 was calculated on the bottom plate for a temperature increase rate of 1.5°C/min of the plate.
A similar experimental setup was tested under similar conditions as a comparison and as a method to validate the thermal system design. Experimental results indicated a heat flux rate of 17,094 W/m2 through a test satellite. The difference between the numerical and experimental results is attributed to geometric differences between the numerical satellite model and the experimental test structure.
Development and Validation of an Advanced Simulation Model for ORC-Based Systems
Authors: Ziviani Davide , Beyene Asfaw , Venturini Mauro 
Published: October 2013

Low-grade heat recovery from solar or geothermal energy may be an eco-friendly resource for electric and thermal energy recovery. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one of the main candidates to exploit low-temperature heat sources, otherwise difficult to access using conventional power generation systems.
In this paper, an advanced thermodynamic model of an ORC is developed, with the final aim to optimize ORC conversion efficiency, especially for micro-CHP applications.
First, a thorough review of issues related to ORC system modeling is presented by analyzing the state-of-the-art experience and advancements.
Subsequently, an advanced simulation model is developed, by taking advantage of all the key characteristics of the models presented in the literature. The simulation model is developed in Matlab®/AMESim® environment, which allows system modeling both for steady and transient analysis. The heat source is coupled with the system through a plate heat exchanger, which is modeled using an iterative sub-heat exchanger modeling approach. A scroll expander, modeled in detail by decomposing the behavior of the fluid stream into several steps, is used to extract the useful work.
Finally, model predictions for the evaporator and the expander are validated against both numerical and experimental data published in literature. The simulation model of the entire ORC system is also validated against literature data taken on a test bench.
The Maximum Temperature and Second Law Analysis of the Shock Tube
Authors: Bar-Meir Genick 
Published: October 2013

The shock tube is a device that is used to obtain high temperatures for a very short time. The core driving force is pressured gas which is allowed to flow to a low pressure chamber, and thus achieve a high temperature. This device has been in use since the 1940s. Initially, the shock tube was used to study detonation. Later, it was used to study chemical reactions, complex flow phenomena, and several industrial applications. Several researchers suggested methods to increase the temperature. However, there is no study on the maximum potential temperature. This investigation was prompted by several industrial applications in different industries such as printing, automobile, and manufacturing.
The maximum temperature analysis is conceptually similar to the analysis of the maximum work which can be obtained when two bodies with a different temperature are brought into contact. Here, the semi–equilibrium actually creates the maximum temperature difference. This study solves for the maximum temperature and hence renders a guide on how the different parameters affect the maximum temperature. This study indicates that the typical efficiency of typical shock tube is 3–5%.
Micro Solar Thermal Collector Glazing for Enhanced Thermal Energy Harvesting
Authors: Ogbonnaya E. , Weiss L. 
Published: October 2013

Increasing focus on alternative energy sources has produced significant progress across a wide variety of research areas. One particular area of interest has been solar energy. This has been true on both large and small-scale applications. Research in this paper presents investigations into a small-scale solar thermal collector. This approach is divergent from traditional micro solar photovoltaic devices, relying on transforming incoming solar energy to heat for use by devices like thermoelectrics.
The Solar Thermal Collector (STC) is constructed using a copper collector plate with electroplated tin-nickel selective coating atop the collector surface. Further, a unique top piece is added to trap thermal energy and reduce convective, conductive, and radiative losses to the surrounding environment. Results show a capture efficiency of 92% for a collector plate alone when exposed to a 1000 W/m2 simulated solar source. The addition of the top “glazing” piece improves capture efficiency to 97%.
Future work will integrate these unique devices with thermoelectric generators for electric power production. This will yield a fully autonomous system, capable of powering small sensors or other devices in remote locations or supplementing existing devices with renewable energy.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Metal-Based Micro-Heat Exchanger by Electrodeposition Technique
Authors: Ogbonnaya E. , Weiss L. 
Published: October 2013

The investigation of a small-scale, MEMS-based heat exchanger is reported in this work. The Exchanger is based on capillary action and is designed for use in low-temperature thermal energy scavenging applications. The device is a microfabricated design, employing unique nickel channels for capillary effect.
Fabrication of the nickel channels is based on processes that pattern and develop SU-8 negative photoresist on the substrate. Electroplating is then used to form metal channels between the bounding SU-8 structures. The removal of the SU-8 leaves only the metallic channels behind. Channels are fabricated to heights of 115 μm using these methods. The operation of this micro heat exchanger (MHE) is compared to other exchangers fabricated with SU-8 channels.
Working fluid mass transfer rate from the heated MHE is utilized as a basic metric of operation. The mass transfer rate recorded from the nickel-based MHE is 2.51 mg/s. By contrast, an MHE fabricated with 150 μm tall SU-8 channels is shown to evaporate up to 3.01 mg/s. This translates into an effective thermal power consumption rate of 1.92 kW/m2 and 2.28 kW/m2 for the nickel and SU-8 based MHE respectively. Investigations of working fluid contact angle with the electroplated nickel surface are also presented. The surface is found to be a porous structure stemming from the electroplating process.