bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children’s university - a way to convince children to study science and technologies / Uniwersytet dziecięcy - droga przekonywania dzieci do studiowania nauk ścisłych i technologii
Authors: Dubová Markéta , Hernych Miloš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Technical University of Liberec implemented programs to attract pupils, high school students and first-year university students for study of technical and scientific disciplines. The first program is called “Children’s university” with the aim to convince elementary school pupils and secondary schools student. Children attend practical lectures and solve basic scientific tasks including work with real scientific equipment. They got exams for their activities and when passing all prescribed “lectures” they got a “diploma”. In addition to university examinations the Children’s University offers many different leisure activities, eg Open University, Walk for science and technology, Scientific cafes, Saturdays with technology. The main objective of the Children’s University is to catch talented individuals early and awaken their interest in university studies of technical and scientific disciplines in order to better direct their future professional orientation towards sectors with high added value, which the labour market has a long-term interest in. The second program, entitled “Scientific incubator”, is a follow-up programme to catch talented first-years university students for technical and scientific disciplines.
Water storage in anthropogenic lakes in southern Poland during high and low water stages / Retencja wody w jeziorach antropogennych południowej Polski w okresie wezbrań i niżówek
Authors: Rzętała Mariusz , Jaguś Andrzej , Rzętała Martyna A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The central part of southern Poland is a land of anthropogenic lakes. Within an area of 6,766 km2 as many as 4,773 water bodies are present with a total area of 185.5 km2. Around a dozen of the largest water bodies serve flood protection purposes and are sources of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, transport, energy purposes, etc. Such usage of these water bodies is the main reason for fluctuations in their water levels, although obviously these also depend directly on their supply (rainfall, groundwater drainage, water transfers), and indirectly on the size of their catchment areas and the degree to which their basins are full. The most spectacular changes in water levels occur during high and (less frequent) low water stages. Periodical rises in water levels related to high water episodes caused by thawing or rainfall reach as much as several metres compared to the period preceding the high water episode. Drought periods result in the lowering of storage levels towards minimum ones as does similarly the intentional discharge of water from reservoirs. In water bodies in southern Poland, annual changes in water levels range from several centimetres to almost ten metres. The variability of levels is often similar to the average depth of the water body in question, in some cases approaching its maximum depth. It determines the changes in the water retention, unprecedented for natural lakes.
BLENDING CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-SPEED ROTARY IMPELLERS
Authors: Fořt Ivan , Seichter Pavel , Pešl Luboš , Rieger František , Jirout Tomáš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of the blending efficiency of eight high-speed rotary impellers in a fully baffled cylindrical vessel under the turbulent flow regime of agitated charge. Results of carried out experiments (blending time and impeller power input) confirm that the down pumping axial flow impellers exhibit better blending efficiency than the high-speed rotary impellers with prevailing radial discharge flow. It follows from presented results that, especially for large scale industrial realisations, the axial flow impellers with profiled blades bring maximum energy savings in comparison with the standard impellers with inclined flat blades (pitched blade impellers).
OPTIMAL STATE ESTIMATION AND ON-LINE OPTIMISATION OF A BIOCHEMICAL REACTOR
Authors: Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu , Anand Polumati , Venkateswarlu Chimmiri 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An on-line optimising control strategy involving a two level extended Kalman filter (EKF) for dynamic model identification and a functional conjugate gradient method for determining optimal operating condition is proposed and applied to a biochemical reactor. The optimiser incorporates the identified model and determines the optimal operating condition while maximising the process performance. This strategy is computationally advantageous as it involves separate estimation of states and process parameters in reduced dimensions. In addition to assisting on-line dynamic optimisation, the estimated time varying uncertain process parameter information can also be useful for continuous monitoring of the process. This strategy ensures that the biochemical reactor is operated at the optimal operation while taking care of the disturbances that are encountered during operation. The simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the two level EKF assisted dynamic optimizer for on-line optimising control of uncertain nonlinear biochemical systems.
Loss Reduction Method for the Isolated qZS-based DC/DC Converter
Authors: Zakis Janis , Rankis Ivars , Liivik Liisa 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper presents an isolated quasi-Z-source inverter-based (qZSI) resonant DC/DC converter. The explanation of selection of the proposed topology is justified. Both the normal and the boost modes are discussed. Theoretical operation waveforms as well as basic expressions for the calculation of currents and voltages are proposed. A 1500 W laboratory prototype was built and experimentally verified at two operation points: that of light-load (300 W) and full-load (1500 W). All the experiments were also carried with resonant circuit and without it. The experimental results as well as performance of proposed qZSI based resonant DC/DC converter laboratory setup are presented and analyzed. Experimental and calculated characteristics showing the dependence of the load voltage and supply current on the load resistance in both modes were presented. The dynamic losses in the transistors were evaluated for the cases with the resonant circuit and without it. The main conclusions based on this study are summarized and the future tasks for development of proposed converter were defined.
The Re-examination of Adjustment of the Rotor Magnetic Field Observer in the Induction Motor
Authors: Burkov Alexander , Krasilnikyants Evgenii , Smirnov Alexander , Bouldukan Georgy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Wide use of induction motor drives makes the problems related to induction motors very topical. One of such problems is the maximal utilization of torque and velocity of induction motors. In this regard the use and accurate adjustment of rotor magnetic flux observers may be helpful. The technique of observer adjustment is subject of special interest. This technique can be regarded as optimal if it ensures constant acceleration that, in turn, corresponds to constant magnitude of active and magnetizing components of stator current. In contrast, nonoptimal tuning of the magnetic flux observer creates a transient response caused by variation of magnetic and active components of the stator current resulting in changing acceleration of the motor. However, the parameters of non-optimal process can be used for fine tuning of the observer which considers the variation of the time constants obtained analyzing the drive's magnetic circuit saturation. It is possible to conclude that implementation of fine adjustment of rotor magnetic flux observer is of critical importance for induction motor torque and velocity maximum utilization.
INORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS REMOVAL BY MEANS OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES - STATE OF THE ART
Authors: Bodzek Michał 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A number of inorganic anions and metals, especially heavy metals, at certain conditions, have been found in potentially harmful concentrations in numerous water sources. The maximum permissible levels of these compounds, in drinking water and wastewaters discharged to environment, set by the WHO and a number of countries are very low (from μg/dm3 to a few mg/dm3). Several common treatment technologies, which are nowadays used for removal of inorganic contaminants from natural water supplies, represent serious exploitation problems. Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration in integrated systems, Donnan dialysis and electrodialysis as well as membrane bioreactors, if properly selected, offer the advantage of producing high quality drinking water without inorganic substances as well as purified wastewater which can be drained off to natural water sources
THE USE OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN THE BIOMONITORING OF TRACE ELEMENT DEPOSITION IN THE OPOLE PROVINCE
Authors: Kłos Andrzej , Aleksiayenak Yulia A. , Ziembik Zbigniew , Rajfur Małgorzata , Jerz Dominik , Wacławek Maria , Frontasyeva Marina V. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The neutron activation analysis procedure was used to determine the concentration of 42 elements: Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, I, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U accumulated in mosses sampled for testing in September and October 2011 in the Opole Province (Southern Poland). Samples of different moss species were collected near the intersections of the grid lines marked on the map of the province. The distance between the points was approximately 20 km. The analysis of the results made it possible to identify the places of increased deposition of element-pollutants and to indicate the potential sources of emission. Factor analysis revealed four components, two of which are of definite anthropogenic origin. The possible sources of elements are local industry and farming, and distant heavy industry complexes. The results have demonstrated the increased content of Cr, Cd, Hg, and U in moss samples collected in agricultural areas located in the southern part of the province. It has been concluded that the industrial areas of Rybnik and Ostrava and Karvina Coal Basin may be the potential source of emission of these elements.
THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (L.) CULTIVATED ON SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS
Authors: Leszczyńska Danuta , Kwiatkowska-Malina Jolanta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of organic matter from different sources on the yield of winter wheat and macroelements content in it. The experiment was carried out in stoneware pots sank into the ground filled up with 56.4 kg of soil: Haplic Luvisols formed from loamy sand. The soil was slightly acidic. The soil was mixed up with liquid form of salts: Cd(NO3)2, Pb(CH3COO)2 and ZnSO4. To the soil a brown coal preparation, so called “Rekulter”, brown coal, peat and farmyard manure were applied in the amount of 180, 140, 390 and 630 g per pot, which is equivalent to 5 Mg of organic carbon per ha. Winter wheat Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (L.) for grain was cultivated. The manurial value of organic substance originated from different sources expressed as the plants' crop was the highest for Rekulter and the lowest for peat. The addition of organic substance to soil contaminated with heavy metals causes the higher content of potassium, magnesium and nitrogen in winter wheat's grain. The content of calcium and sodium in winter wheat grain's did not depend from addition of organic matter to soil. Organic matter added into contaminated soil increased the uptake of main macroelements by winter wheat straw. Organic matter fertilization broadened the K: (Ca + Mg) ratio in grain and straw.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDSTOCK TYPE AND OPERATING PARAMETERS ON TAR FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATION
Authors: Kamińska-Pietrzak Natalia , Howaniec Natalia , Smoliński Adam 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Increasing energy demand, limited resources of fossil fuels and environmental aspects are the main rationales of the research efforts aiming at wider utilization of renewable resources and waste in energy generation systems. Gasification technologies are based on thermochemical processing of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels to gas of the composition dependent on kind of gasification agent and operating parameters used. The range of applications of the product gas includes basically chemical and petrochemical industries. Its utilization in power generation systems is also of industrial interest since the environmental impact of gasification technologies is lower and the process efficiency is higher than of coal-fired power plants and it enables to utilize wide range of fuels, including fossil fuels, biomass, industrial waste and various fuel blends. One of the most important operational issues related with thermochemical processing of biomass and waste is the formation of tars, which reduces the energy efficiency of the process and causes technical problems in a system operation. The amount and quality of tars depends on the chemical composition of a fuel, a gasification agent used and its ratio to fuel flow, process temperature and pressure as well as the construction of a gasifier. In the paper review of the research on the influence of operating parameters and kind of feedstock on tar formation and composition in the process of gasification and co-gasification is presented.
LEGAL REGULATION OF TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Pavlíková Barbara 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The contribution deals with the Slovak and the EU legal regulation of tobacco and tobacco products. Its primary purpose is to point out the Slovak and European legal acts which constitute the main regulatory instruments in this field using the method of analysis and synthesis. Rules of production, distribution and conditions of use of tobacco and products thereof are in the Slovak Republic contained mainly in two acts - the Act No 335/2011 Coll. on Tobacco Products and the Act No 377/2004 Coll. on the Protection of Non-smokers, as well as in special Decree No 212/2012 Coll., regulating tobacco products. Regulation of excise duty on tobacco products can be found in the Act with the same name - Act No 106/2004 Coll.. Another objective of the paper is also to draw attention to the amendment of Act on Protection of Non-smokers which entered into force on 1 July 2013. The European Union struggles with the negative consequences of smoking at the supranacional level and its institutions - the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU - are already for several years adopting legal acts to facilitate uniformity and easier interpretation of European law also in the field of legal regulation of tobacco and tobacco products. The predominant part of the existing legislation deals with the approximation of laws in areas that are closely related to the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products, but also to the collection of taxes from these products.
Factors influencing individual tree crowns detection based on airborne laser scanning data
Authors: Stereńczak Krzysztof 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Airborne laser scanning (ALS) technology allows accurate information about the forest environment to be obtained. The high precision of ALS allows the detection of individual trees. An individual tree is composed of many elements and requires relatively complex algorithms. Factors that determine and affect the accuracy of calculating the number of trees can be split into the following groups: biological factors, technical factors related to the flight and data acquisition parameters, technical factors related to data processing, problems of results verification. The article synthesises the main problems arising during the development of methods for detection of individual trees and acquisition of their characteristics in a managed forest in Central Europe.
Modeling light conditions on the forest floor
Authors: Bolibok Leszek , Brach Michał , Drozdowski Stanisław , Orzechowski Michał 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Contemporary models of light conditions on the forest floor can be divided into two categories: undercanopy models that allow the light conditions in a stand under the canopy to be simulated, and models that take into account shielding from the side. Under-canopy models precisely estimate the availability of wavelengths of light spatially distributed under the canopy of stands: however, these models require a large amount of data on the spatial structure of forest stands. The other class of models describe the light conditions on a particular open surface. These incorporate shielding from the side and are easier to use as they require less data than under-canopy models. In practice, in forest conditions, such models require data on the size, shape and geographical location of surveyed surfaces (e.g. gaps and cut areas) and on the height of the surrounding stand. Often, these data are available in databases, such as the State Forest Information System (SKP), orcan otherwise be obtained relatively easily (and inexpensively). Compared to under-canopy models, these models provide a cheap way to obtain useful information on variation in the light environment that affects the microclimate for regenerating plants on clearcuts and canopy gaps.
The effect of temperature and humidity changes on insects development their impact on forest ecosystems in the expected climate change
Authors: Jaworski Tomasz , Hilszczański Jacek 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Ongoing climate change is mainly evident as increased in average temperature. It is expected to have a significant impact on world’s biomes, with forest ecosystems especially vulnerable to these changes. The effect of climate change on forests is both indirect, through its impact on various tree species of different ecological requirements, and direct, through its impact on all living components of the forest ecosystem. Among the latter, insects are the group of the greatest importance, including species detrimental to forest health. The impact of climate change on forest insects may be reflected in their distribution, phenology, activity, number of generations and, indirectly, through impact on their natural enemies. Predicting the future direction and pace of the climate change, as well as direct and indirect consequences of its effect on forest insects is difficult and often subject to considerable inaccuracy. The paper presents a review of data from the published literature in this area of study. The influence of the basic climate parameters, temperature and humidity, on forest herbivore insects is discussed, particularly in the context of the most probable scenarios of climate change, i.e. the gradual increase in the average temperature. Observed and projected impacts of climate change in relation to the influence of herbivorous insects on forest ecosystems are characterized. We present some of the possible adaptation strategies of forest management to the expected climate changes.
Digital Filtering of Three-Dimensional Lower Extremity Kinematics: an Assessment
Authors: Sinclair Jonathan , Taylor Paul John , Hobbs Sarah Jane 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Errors in kinematic data are referred to as noise and are an undesirable portion of any waveform. Noise is typically removed using a low-pass filter which removes the high frequency components of the signal. The selection of an optimal frequency cut-off is very important when processing kinematic information and a number of techniques exists for the determination of an optimal frequency cut-off. Despite the importance of cut-off frequency to the efficacy of kinematic analyses there is currently a paucity of research examining the influence of different cut-off frequencies on the resultant 3-D kinematic waveforms and discrete parameters. Twenty participants ran at 4.0 m•s-1 as lower extremity kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were measured using an eight camera motion analysis system. The data were filtered at a range of cut-off frequencies and the discrete kinematic parameters were examined using repeated measures ANOVA’s. The similarity between the raw and filtered waveforms were examined using intra-class correlations. The results show that the cut-off frequency has a significant influence on the discrete kinematic measure across displacement and derivative information in all three planes of rotation. Furthermore, it was also revealed that as the cut-off frequency decreased the attenuation of the kinematic waveforms became more pronounced, particularly in the coronal and transverse planes at the second derivative. In conclusion, this investigation provides new information regarding the influence of digital filtering on lower extremity kinematics and re-emphasizes the importance of selecting the correct cut-off frequency.
The Effects of High Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic Capacity in Basketball Players
Authors: Czuba Miłosz , Zając Adam , Maszczyk Adam , Roczniok Robert , Poprzęcki Stanisław , Garbaciak Wiesław , Zając Tomasz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3-week high intensity interval training in normobaric hypoxia (IHT) on aerobic capacity in basketball players. Twelve male well trained basketball players, randomly divided into a hypoxia (H) group (n=6; age: 22±1.6 years; VO2max: 52.6±3.9 ml/kg/min; body height - BH: 188.8±6.1 cm; body mass - BM: 83.9±7.2 kg; % of body fat - FAT%: 11.2±3.1%), and a control (C) group (n=6; age: 22±2.4 years; VO2max: 53.0±5.2 ml/kg/min; BH: 194.3 ± 6.6 cm; BM: 99.9±11.1 kg; FAT% 11.0±2.8 %) took part in the study. The training program applied during the study was the same for both groups, but with different environmental conditions during the selected interval training sessions. For 3 weeks, all subjects performed three high intensity interval training sessions per week. During the interval training sessions, the H group trained in a normobaric hypoxic chamber at a simulated altitude of 2500 m, while the group C performed interval training sessions under normoxia conditions also inside the chamber. Each interval running training sessions consisted of four to five 4 min bouts at 90% of VO2max velocity determined in hypoxia (vVO2max-hyp) for the H group and 90% of velocity at VO2max determined in normoxia for the group C. The statistical post-hoc analysis showed that the training in hypoxia caused a significant (p<0.001) increase (10%) in total distance during the ramp test protocol (the speed was increased linearly by 1 km/h per 1min until volitional exhaustion), as well as increased (p<0.01) absolute (4.5%) and relative (6.2%) maximal workload (WRmax). Also, the absolute and relative values of VO2max in this group increased significantly (p<0.001) by 6.5% and 7.8%. Significant, yet minor changes were also observed in the group C, where training in normoxia caused an increase (p<0.05) in relative values of WRmax by 2.8%, as well as an increase (p<0.05) in the absolute (1.3%) and relative (2.1%) values of VO2max. This data suggest that an intermittent hypoxic training protocol with high intensity intervals (4 to 5 x 4 min bouts at 90% of vVO2max-hyp) is an effective training means for improving aerobic capacity at sea level in basketball players.