bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Low‐Valent Gallium Complexes of Cryptand[2.2.2]
Authors: Bourque Jeremy L. , Boyle Paul D. , Baines Kim M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of two bimetallic, cationic low‐valent gallium–cryptand[2.2.2] complexes is reported. The reaction of cryptand[2.2.2] with Ga2Cl4 gave two different cations, [Ga3Cl4(crypt‐222)]+ (1) or [Ga2Cl2(crypt‐222)]2+ (2), depending on whether or not trimethylsilyl triflate (Me3SiOTf) was added as a co‐reagent. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first examples of bimetallic cryptand[2.2.2] complexes, as well as the first low‐valent gallium–cryptand[2.2.2] complexes. Computational methods were used to evaluate the bonding in the gallium cores.
Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed γ‐Carbon Addition of Enals to Imines: Mechanistic Studies and Access to Antimicrobial Compounds
Authors: Zheng Peng‐Cheng , Cheng Jiajia , Su Shihu , Jin Zhichao , Wang Yu‐Huang , Yang Song , Jin Lin‐Hong , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe reaction mechanism of the γ‐carbon addition of enal to imine under oxidative N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis is studied experimentally. The oxidation, γ‐carbon deprotonation, and nucleophilic addition of γ‐carbon to imine were found to be facile steps. The results of our study also provide highly enantioselective access to tricyclic sulfonyl amides that exhibit interesting antimicrobial activities against X. oryzae, a bacterium that causes bacterial disease in rice growing.
Long, Multicenter Bonding—A New Concept for Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA new concept for constructing supramolecular architectures is discussed. In addition to van der Waals and hydrogen‐bonding intermolecular interactions that primarily account for supramolecular structures for all materials lacking extended 3D network structures, directional, long, multicenter bonding that can occur for anionic, cationic, neutral, and zwitterionic radicals and can direct intermolecular recognition through π interactions and form extended network supramolecular structural motifs.
Transmission vs. Diffuse Transmission in Circular Dichroism: What to Choose for Probing Solid‐State Samples?
Authors: Górecki Marcin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRecent advances in equipment enabled the collection of solid‐state electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra using the commercially available integrating sphere attachment for a regular ECD spectrometer. This accessory was designed to reduce negative factors occurring in solid‐state ECD measurements, and is, thereby, very useful for recording diffuse transmittance CD (DTCD) spectra using the pellet technique. In the present article, the operating principle of the integrating sphere and utility of the DTCD method in recording solid‐state ECD spectra is demonstrated. Based on illustrative examples, i.e., 10‐camphorsulfonic acid ammonium, cholest‐4‐en‐3‐one, (3R,4R,5S)‐oseltamivir, and (S)‐linezolid, ECD solid‐state measurements were performed by means of both transmission and diffusion methods and later compared. Selection of these compounds as models for comparative studies was made in view of their different chromophoric systems and the profound importance in the pharmaceutical industry. During the course of this work the benefits and limitations of the use of integrating sphere are presented. The final conclusion is that more relevant solid‐state spectra can be obtained by means of the DTCD method. Chirality 27:441–448, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discussion on Several Problems in Tectono‐Thermal Modeling of Rift Basins
Authors: Qiong‐Ying LIU , Li‐Juan HE 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTectono‐thermal modeling of rift basin is to calculate the thermal and subsidence history of a rift basin during its formation and evolution on a lithosphere scale, which links tectonic and thermal developments perfectly. However, most extension models have the following problems: assuming the lithosphere to be 125 km thick initially, ignoring heat convection in the asthenosphere, fixing the upper boundary and rarely including thermal effects of sediments when calculating rift flank uplifts. Some effects on the tectono‐thermal modeling are discussed, including the initial crustal and lithosphere thicknesses, the convection of asthenosphere and the upper boundary of the model. We also calculate the differences of rift flank uplift between water and sediment loaded models.The tectono‐thermal modeling is based on a two‐dimensional non‐instantaneous extension model using the finite‐element method in the Lagrangian system. By solving the heat conduction equation, the thermal and tectonic subsidence histories of the basin are modeled simultaneously.The results are as follows: (1) Initial crustal and lithospheric thicknesses have great influence on tectonothermal modeling, especially on the tectonic subsidence. (2) Compared to the model ignoring heat convection in the asthenosphere, this model predicts slower tectonic subsidence and thermal decay rates, and significantly higher temperature from the lower crust to the bottom of the model. (3) The fixed or moving upper boundary during the modeling influences the calculated heat flow and tectonic subsidence in the thermal subsidence phase, and has remarkable effects on the temperature field. The effect increases with the increasing of stretching factor. (4) Rift flank uplift of the water‐loaded model would disappear within millions of years while the uplift would be stable at a certain value for the sediment‐loaded model.In cases that the initial crustal and lithospheric thicknesses are uncertain, the optimum initial thicknesses for crust and lithosphere can be determined when the calculated heat flow, Moho depth and lithospheric thickness fit observed values best. Pure heat conduction and pure heat convection in the asthenosphere are two limiting cases for extension models. Within the rheological boundary layer, heat is transferred by both conduction and convection. For strongly extensional areas, using the fixed upper boundary model would generate large calculation errors, especially in the temperature field. The thermal effect of sediment cannot be ignored when calculating the rift flank uplift.
Datum Reduction for Correction of Multi‐Station Geomagnetic Diurnal Variations Using the Least Squares Fitting Method
Authors: Gang BIAN , Wei XIA , Shao‐Hua JIN , Di WU , Fu‐Min XIAO , Xin‐Xuan SUN , Mei‐Na WANG 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe geomagnetic diurnal variation (GDV) is the main influence in marine magnetic survey, especially in offshore and large areas. The multi‐station method is the main technique to deal with the GDV correction. However, to diminish the difference between the magnetic field data and multiple stations data, the correction datum of the secondary stations must be reduced to the main station.In marine sounding the least squares fitting (LSF) method has been applied in the interpolation of the height of the tide. Considering the similarity of the influence mechanism of the tidal variation and GDV, the LSF method has been introduced in the datum reduction. The datum of the secondary station can be corrected, which is decided by the expansion and contraction of the amplitude, the translation of the time (phase) of the diurnal variation of the main station, and the residual error of the diurnal variation correction of the main and secondary station is minimum with the LSF method. The validity of the method has been testified by the observed synchronous data of the multiple stations.The results show that the LSF method can be applied when the characteristics of the diurnal geomagnetic variations of the stations are similar, which requires a short synchronous observation period. Otherwise the synchronous correction (SC) method should be qualified.It is concluded that the LSF method can be effectively applied to the datum reduction with multi‐station GDV correction, therefore the difference of the magnetic field which is caused by the datum can be diminished and the correction precision can be improved in magnetic survey of offshore and large areas. Moreover the reduction method must be adjusted to the need of the practice. In addition, the LSF method can be applied to the determination of the time difference and the correction value interpolation.
Fragmentation in specialist care and stage III colon cancer
Authors: Hussain Tanvir , Chang Hsien‐Yen , Veenstra Christine M. , Pollack Craig Evan 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDPatients with cancer frequently transition between different types of specialists and across care settings. This study explored how frequently the surgical and medical oncology care of stage III colon cancer patients occurred across more than 1 hospital and whether this was associated with mortality and costs.METHODSThis was a retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare cohort study of 9075 stage III colon cancer patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 who had received both surgical and medical oncology care within 1 year of their diagnosis. Patients were assigned to the hospital at which they had undergone their cancer surgery and to their oncologist's primary hospital, and then they were characterized according to whether these hospitals were the same or different. Outcomes included all‐cause mortality, subhazards for colon cancer–specific mortality, and costs of care at 12 months.RESULTSThirty‐seven percent of the patients received their surgical and medical oncology care from different hospitals. Rural patients were less likely than urban patients to receive medical oncology care from the same hospital (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.43‐0.90). Care from the same hospital was not associated with reduced all‐cause or colon cancer–specific mortality but resulted in lower costs (8% of the median cost) at 12 months (dollars saved, $5493; 95% confidence interval, $1799‐$9525).CONCLUSIONSThe delivery of surgical and medical oncology care at the same hospital was associated with lower costs; however, reforms seeking to improve outcomes and lower costs through the integration of complex care will need to address the significant proportion of patients receiving care at more than 1 hospital. Cancer 2015;121:3316–3324. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Poreless Separator and Electrolyte Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Areal Energy Densities
Authors: Kim Joo‐Seong , Yoo Dong‐Joo , Min Jaeyun , Shakoor Rana A. , Kahraman Ramazan , Choi Jang Wook 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDespite the attractive theoretical capacity of sulfur over 1600 mA h g−1, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from insufficient cycle lives mainly due to fatal polysulfide dissolution. This chronic drawback becomes amplified at high areal capacities, especially close to commercial levels (i.e., >3 mA h cm−2). Here, we introduce an integrated approach of adopting poreless urea–urethane copolymer (spandex) separator and cesium nitrate (CsNO3) electrolyte additive. The spandex separator prevents soluble polysulfides from reaching Li metal anode and also suppresses Li dendrite growth via its intrinsic wet adhesion. When combined with a sulfur–carbon composite cathode, the cell based on the spandex separator and the electrolyte additive delivers a high areal capacity of 4 mA h cm−2 with decent cycling performance, such as 79.2 % capacity retention after 200 cycles with respect to the capacity in the second cycle.
Is Seeing Believing? The Process of Change During Cognitive–behavioural Therapy for Distressing Visual Hallucinations
Authors: Wilson Rea , Collerton Daniel , Freeston Mark , Christodoulides Thomas , Dudley Robert 
Published: June 2015

People with psychosis often report distressing visual hallucinations (VH). In contrast to auditory hallucinations, there is little empirical evidence on effective interventions. The effectiveness of a novel‐focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for VH was explored using a multiple baseline single case design with four participants. Change to individual appraisals, emotional and behavioural responses to VH were measured with daily diaries kept throughout the baseline and intervention phase lasting up to 16 sessions. Maintenance of change was tracked during a follow‐up period of one month. Changes in appraisals, distress and response in accordance with the theory was evident in two out of four of the cases. However, change occurred within the baseline phase that limited the conclusions that change could be attributed to CBT alone. There was some evidence of clinically significant change and reliable change for two out of four of the cases at follow‐up on one of the standardized psychiatric assessments. The research reported here has theoretical and clinical implications for refinement of the model and interventions for distressing VH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Distressing visual hallucinations (VH) are a relatively common symptom of psychosis.
Visual hallucinations seem to be associated with greater impairment and disability.
We have no specific treatment for VH.
The appraisal of the visual experience and the behavioural response is important in maintaining the distress.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy for VH at present has limited value.
Access to emergency room for hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes
Authors: Salutini Elisabetta , Bianchi Cristina , Santini Massimo , Dardano Angela , Daniele Giuseppe , Penno Giuseppe , Miccoli Roberto , Del Prato Stefano 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundHypoglycaemia is a major burden of the pharmacological therapy of diabetes and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and treatment costs.MethodsWe screened all admissions to the emergency room of the Pisa University Hospital from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013, selecting individuals with a discharge diagnosis of hypoglycaemia. We retrieved 500 admissions involving adult diabetic patients: age 71 ± 16 years; M/F 50.2/49.8%; 70.2% type 2 diabetes (T2DM).ResultsAmong T2DM, 42.2% were on insulin, 10.8% on insulin plus oral anti‐diabetes drugs and 38.2% on oral anti‐diabetes drugs alone (92% sulphonylureas/glinides ± insulin‐sensitizers). Glibenclamide was the most frequently used sulphonylurea (69%). Individuals treated with oral anti‐diabetes drugs were older than those on insulin (79 ± 11 versus 74 ± 12 years; p < 0.0001). Among patients taking sulphonylurea, 47% had estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 13.5% had <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. In‐hospital admission occurred in 20% of cases. Hospitalized patients with T2DM were older than those discharged (80 ± 10 versus 76 ± 12 years, p < 0.01) and were on oral antidiabetic drugs in 54.8% of the cases, whereas 35.7% were on insulin (χ2, p < 0.0001) and 8.3% on combined therapy. Notably, 93.5% of those on oral anti‐diabetic drugs were taking a secretagogue. Insulin‐treated subjects were younger than those treated with oral anti‐diabetic drugs alone (77 ± 12 versus 82 ± 7 years; p < 0.02). The mean in‐hospital annual mortality rate was 85 deaths per 1000 patients‐year.ConclusionsOur results support the recommendation that the risk associated with insulin and insulin‐secretagogues should be carefully assessed, particularly when prescribed in vulnerable patients with T2DM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia
Authors: Carvajal‐Quintero Juan D. , Escobar Federico , Alvarado Fredy , Villa‐Navarro Francisco A. , Jaramillo‐Villa Úrsula , Maldonado‐Ocampo Javier A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStudies on elevation diversity gradients have covered a large number of taxa and regions throughout the world; however, studies of freshwater fish are scarce and restricted to examining their changes along a specific gradient. These studies have reported a monotonic decrease in species richness with increasing elevation, but ignore the high taxonomic differentiation of each headwater assemblage that may generate high β‐diversity among them. Here, we analyzed how fish assemblages vary with elevation among regional elevation bands, and how these changes are related to four environmental clines and to changes in the distribution, habitat use, and the morphology of fish species. Using a standardized field sampling technique, we assessed three different diversity and two structural assemblage measures across six regional elevation bands located in the northern Andes (Colombia). Each species was assigned to a functional group based on its body shape, habitat use, morphological, and/or behavioral adaptations. Additionally, at each sampling site, we measured four environmental variables. Our analyses showed: (1) After a monotonic decrease in species richness, we detected an increase in richness in the upper part of the gradient; (2) diversity patterns vary depending on the diversity measure used; (3) diversity patterns can be attributed to changes in species distribution and in the richness and proportions of functional groups along the regional elevation gradient; and (4) diversity patterns and changes in functional groups are highly correlated with variations in environmental variables, which also vary with elevation. These results suggest a novel pattern of variation in species richness with elevation: Species richness increases at the headwaters of the northern Andes owing to the cumulative number of endemic species there. This highlights the need for large‐scale studies and has important implications for the aquatic conservation of the region.
Agents with vasodilator properties in acute heart failure: how to design successful trials
Authors: Mebazaa Alexandre , Longrois Dan , Metra Marco , Mueller Christian , Richards Arthur Mark , Roessig Lothar , Seronde Marie France , Sato Naoki , Stockbridge Norman L. , Gattis Stough Wendy , Alonso Angeles , Cody Robert J. , Cook Bruns Nancy , Gheorghiade Mihai , Holzmeister Johannes , Laribi Said , Zannad Faiez 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAgents with vasodilator properties (AVDs) are frequently used in the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF). AVDs rapidly reduce preload and afterload, improve left ventricle to aorta and right ventricle to pulmonary artery coupling, and may improve symptoms. Early biomarker changes after AVD administration have suggested potentially beneficial effects on cardiac stretch, vascular tone, and renal function. AVDs that reduce haemodynamic congestion without causing hypoperfusion might be effective in preventing worsening organ dysfunction. Existing AVDs have been associated with different results on outcomes in randomized clinical trials, and observational studies have suggested that AVDs may be associated with a clinical outcome benefit. Lessons have been learned from past AVD trials in AHF regarding preventing hypotension, selecting the optimal endpoint, refining dyspnoea measurements, and achieving early randomization and treatment initiation. These lessons have been applied to the design of ongoing pivotal clinical trials, which aim to ascertain if AVDs improve clinical outcomes. The developing body of evidence suggests that AVDs may be a clinically effective therapy to reduce symptoms, but more importantly to prevent end‐organ damage and improve clinical outcomes for specific patients with AHF. The results of ongoing trials will provide more clarity on the role of AVDs in the treatment of AHF.
Zn‐MOFs Containing Pyridine and Bi­pyridine Carboxylate Organic Linkers and Open Zn2+ Sites
Authors: Kim Jongsik , Oliver Allen G. , Neumann Gregory T. , Hicks Jason C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTwo Zn‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Zn‐MOFs) were solvothermally synthesized using two pyridine‐based carboxylate linkers to generate unique pore topologies, as evidenced by single‐crystal XRD analysis. These Zn‐MOFs provided coordinatively unsaturated Zn2+ sites with square‐pyramidal geometry, leading to an enhanced interaction with CO2, as demonstrated by sub‐atmospheric pressure isotherms. The presence of open Zn2+ sites in these MOFs was validated by Raman spectroscopy under atmospheric CO2, revealing the presence of CO2 chemisorbed on surface sites. Additionally, in situ DRIFT spectra of chemisorbed acetic acid provided evidence for the formation of acetate‐Zn2+ species after adsorption compared to IRMOF‐1, which showed only physisorbed acetic acid species.
Specific roles of saturated fatty acids: Beyond epidemiological data
Authors: Legrand Philippe , Rioux Vincent 
Published: June 2015

In the past 50 years, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have played a key role in hypotheses relating diet to the risk of coronary heart disease. More recently, the international debate questioning the role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases has been re‐opened. According to the past negative assumption, SFAs are indeed still considered as a single group even if it is now well‐known that they do not have similar levels in common foods, nor similar metabolic fates and cellular functions. In addition, recent findings on the metabolism and biological functions of individual SFAs show that they have important and specific roles in the cells. Elucidated biochemical mechanisms such as SFA protein acylation (N‐myristoylation, S‐palmitoylation and ghrelin octanoylation) and regulation of gene transcription are presented. In terms of physiology, SFAs are involved for instance in lipogenesis, fat deposition, polyunsaturated fatty acid bioavailability and apoptosis. The variety of their functions demonstrates that SFAs should no longer be considered as a single group. Consequences on the current nutritional dietary recommendations are finally discussed.The international debate questioning the role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases has recently been re‐opened. Saturated fatty acids are indeed still considered as a single group even if it is now well‐known that they do not have similar levels in common foods, nor similar metabolic fates and cellular functions. The variety of their functions demonstrates that saturated fatty acids should no longer be considered as a single group. Consequences on the current nutritional dietary recommendations are finally discussed.