bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seven basic dimensions of personality pathology and their clinical consequences: Are all personalities equally harmful?
Authors: Vall Gemma , Gutiérrez Fernando , Peri Josep M. , Gárriz Miguel , Ferraz Liliana , Baillés Eva , Obiols Jordi E. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesDimensional pathology models are increasingly being accepted for the assessment of disordered personalities, but their ability to predict negative outcomes is yet to be studied. We examine the relative clinical impact of seven basic dimensions of personality pathology through their associations with a wide range of clinical outcomes.MethodsA sample of 960 outpatients was assessed through a 7‐factor model integrating the Cloninger, the Livesley, and the DSM taxonomies. Thirty‐six indicators of clinical outcome covering three areas – dissatisfaction, functional difficulties, and clinical severity – were also assessed. The unique contribution of each personality dimension to clinical outcome was estimated through multiple regressions.ResultsOverall, personality dimensions explained 17.6% of the variance of clinical outcome, but varied substantially in terms of their unique contributions. Negative Emotionality had the greatest impact in all areas, contributing 43.9% of the explained variance. The remaining dimensions led to idiosyncratic patterns of clinical outcomes but had a comparatively minor clinical impact. A certain effect was also found for combinations of dimensions such as Negative Emotionality × Impulsive Sensation Seeking, but most interactions were clinically irrelevant.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the most relevant dimensions of personality pathology are associated with very different clinical consequences and levels of harmfulness.Practitioner points

The relative clinical impact of seven basic dimensions of personality pathology is examined.

Negative Emotionality (Neuroticism) is 6–14 times as harmful as other pathological dimensions.

The remaining dimensions and their interactions have very specific and comparatively minor clinical consequences.

Limitations

We examine only a handful of clinical outcomes. Our results may not be generalizable to other clinical or life outcomes.

Our variables are self‐reported and hence susceptible to bias.

Our design does not allow us to establish causal relationships between personality and clinical outcomes.
Adolescent reading skill and engagement with digital and traditional literacies as predictors of reading comprehension
Authors: Duncan Lynne G. , McGeown Sarah P. , Griffiths Yvonne M. , Stothard Susan E. , Dobai Anna 
Published: June 2015

This study investigates the concurrent predictors of adolescent reading comprehension (literal, inferential) for fiction and non‐fiction texts. Predictors were examined from the cognitive (word identification, reading fluency), psychological (gender), and ecological (print exposure) domains. Print exposure to traditional and digital texts was surveyed using a diary method of reading habits. A cross‐sectional sample of 312 students in early (11–13 years) or middle adolescence (14–15 years) participated from a range of SES backgrounds. Word identification emerged as a strong predictor of reading comprehension across adolescence and text genres. Gender effects favouring female students were evident for reading frequency but not for reading skill itself. Reading habits also differed, and comprehension advantages were observed among females for fiction and males for non‐fiction. Age effects emerged for reading frequency, which was lower in middle adolescence. Although more time was spent on digital than on traditional texts, traditional extended text reading was the only reading habit to predict inference‐making in comprehension and to distinguish skilled from less skilled comprehenders. The theoretical and educational implications of these results are discussed.
Structural and functional analysis of tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) using gCW STED and gconfocal approaches
Authors: Bénard Magalie , Schapman Damien , Lebon Alexis , Monterroso Baptiste , Bellenger Marine , Le Foll Frank , Pasquier Jennifer , Vaudry Hubert , Vaudry David , Galas Ludovic 
Published: June 2015

Background informationTunneling nanotubes (TnTs) are thin plasma membrane bridges mediating transfers of materials and signals between cells. Heterogeneity of heterocellular and homocellular TnTs is largely described but ultrafine imaging of these light‐sensitive floating nanometric structures represents a real challenge in microscopy. We propose here imaging strategies designed to dissect structural and dynamic aspects of TnT formation and function in fixed or living PC12 cells.ResultsThrough time‐gated Continuous Wave STimulated Emission Depletion (gCW STED) nanoscopy associated with deconvolution, we provided nanoscale details of membrane and cytoskeleton organisations in two subtypes of TnTs, namely type 1 TnT (TnT1) and type 2 TnT (TnT2). In fixed PC12 cells, TnT1 (length, several tens of micrometres; diameter, 100–650 nm) exhibited a large trumpet‐shaped origin, a clear cytosolic tunnel and different bud‐shaped connections from closed‐ended to open‐ended tips. TnT1 contained both actin and tubulin. TnT2 (length, max 20 μm, diameter, 70–200 nm) only contained actin without clear cytosolic tunnel. In living PC12 cells, we observed through gCW STED additional details, unrevealed so far, including a filament spindle emerging from an organising centre at the origin of TnT1 and branched or bulbous attachments of TnT2. However, the power of depletion laser in STED nanoscopy was deleterious for TnTs and prolonged time‐lapse experiments were almost prohibited. By circumventing the hazard of photoxicity, we were able to monitor dynamics of bud‐shaped tips and intercellular transfer of wheat germ agglutinin labelled cellular elements through time‐gated confocal microscopy.ConclusionsOur work identified new structural characteristics of two subtypes of TnTs in PC12 cells as well as dynamics of formation and transfer through complementary imaging methods combined with image processing. Therefore, we could achieve maximum lateral resolution and sample preservation during acquisitions to reveal new insights into TnT studies.SignificanceDue to large disparity of TnT‐like structures in neuronal, immune, cancer or epithelial cells, high‐ and superresolution approaches can be utilised for full characterisation of these yet poorly understood routes of cell‐to‐cell communication.
Mortalin is Expressed by Astrocytes and Decreased in the Midbrain of Parkinson's Disease Patients
Authors: Cook Travis J. , Hoekstra Jake G. , Eaton David L. , Zhang Jing 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMortalin, an essential mitochondrial chaperone protein, has previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. Previous reports have consistently described mortalin protein levels to be lower in the brain tissue of patients with neurodegenerative disease, with expression demonstrated to be lower in neurons of post‐mortem PD brain specimens. However, to date, mortalin expression has not yet been evaluated in astrocytes of post‐mortem brain tissue from either normal or PD subjects. Mortalin expression was demonstrated in mouse primary astrocyte cultures by Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, confocal microscopy studies in human post‐mortem tissue indicated co‐localization of mortalin within astrocytes. Utilizing a quantitative immunofluorescence staining approach, the protein was found to be moderately reduced (∼35%) in this cell type in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but not structures of the corpus striatum, in PD subjects as compared to age‐/gender‐matched controls. These findings highlight the potential contribution of disrupted astroglial function in the pathogenesis of PD.
Astrocyte Dysfunction Induced by Alcohol in Females but Not Males
Authors: Wilhelm Clare J. , Hashimoto Joel G. , Roberts Melissa L. , Bloom Shelley H. , Andrew Melissa R. , Wiren Kristine M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChronic alcohol abuse is associated with brain damage in a sex‐specific fashion, but the mechanisms involved are poorly described and remain controversial. Previous results have suggested that astrocyte gene expression is influenced by ethanol intoxication and during abstinence in vivo. Here, bioinformatic analysis of astrocyte‐enriched ethanol‐regulated genes in vivo revealed ubiquitin pathways as an ethanol target, but with sexually dimorphic cytokine signaling and changes associated with brain aging in females and not males. Consistent with this result, astrocyte activation was observed after exposure in female but not male animals, with reduced S100β levels in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased GFAP+ cells in the hippocampus. In primary culture, the direct effects of chronic ethanol exposure followed by recovery on sex‐specific astrocyte function were examined. Male astrocyte responses were consistent with astrocyte deactivation with reduced GFAP expression during ethanol exposure. In contrast, female astrocytes exhibited increased expression of Tnf, reduced expression of the neuroprotective cytokine Tgfb1, disrupted bioenergetics and reduced excitatory amino acid uptake following exposure or recovery. These results indicate widespread astrocyte dysfunction in ethanol‐exposed females and suggest a mechanism that may underlie increased vulnerability to ethanol‐induced neurotoxicity in females.
Afatinib versus cisplatin plus pemetrexed in Japanese patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer harboring activating EGFR mutations: Subgroup analysis of LUX‐Lung 3
Authors: Kato Terufumi , Yoshioka Hiroshige , Okamoto Isamu , Yokoyama Akira , Hida Toyoaki , Seto Takashi , Kiura Katsuyuki , Massey Dan , Seki Yoko , Yamamoto Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2015

In LUX‐Lung 3, afatinib significantly improved progression‐free survival (PFS) versus cisplatin/pemetrexed in EGFR mutation‐positive lung adenocarcinoma patients and overall survival (OS) in Del19 patients. Preplanned analyses in Japanese patients from LUX‐Lung 3 were performed. Patients were randomized 2:1 to afatinib or cisplatin/pemetrexed, stratified by mutation type (Del19/L858R/Other). Primary endpoint was PFS (independent review). Secondary endpoints included OS, objective response, and safety. Median PFS (data cut‐off: February 2012) for afatinib versus cisplatin/pemetrexed was 13.8 vs 6.9 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20–0.70; P = 0.0014) in all Japanese patients (N = 83), with more pronounced improvements in those with common mutations (Del19/L858R; HR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.15–0.52; P < 0.0001) and Del19 mutations (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06–0.39; P < 0.0001). PFS was also improved in L858R patients (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.20–1.25; P = 0.1309). Median OS (data cut‐off: November 2013) with afatinib versus cisplatin/pemetrexed was 46.9 vs 35.8 months (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.40–1.43; P = 0.3791) in all Japanese patients, with greater benefit in patients with common mutations (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29–1.12; P = 0.0966) and Del19 mutations (HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13–0.87; P = 0.0181); OS was not significantly different in L858R patients (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.40–3.21; P = 0.8212). Following study treatment discontinuation, most patients (93.5%) received subsequent anticancer therapy. The most common treatment‐related adverse events were diarrhea, rash/acne, nail effects and stomatitis with afatinib and nausea, decreased appetite, neutropenia, and leukopenia with cisplatin/pemetrexed. Afatinib significantly improved PFS versus cisplatin/pemetrexed in Japanese EGFR mutation‐positive lung adenocarcinoma patients and OS in Del19 but not L858R patients (www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00949650).
Ghrelin administration suppresses inflammation‐associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Kawaguchi Makiko , Kanemaru Ai , Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Koji , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Haruyama Yukihiro , Itoh Hiroshi , Matsumoto Nobuhiro , Kangawa Kenji , Nakazato Masamitsu , Kataoka Hiroaki 
Published: June 2015

Ghrelin is a 28‐amino‐acid peptide that stimulates the release of pituitary growth hormone. Because of its orexigenic effects, ghrelin is being developed as a therapeutic option for postoperative support and treatment of anorexia‐cachexia syndrome of cancer patients. However, ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions, and it also affects cell proliferation. Therefore, the effects of ghrelin administration on carcinogenesis and cancer progression in patients susceptible to cancer should be clarified. In this study, we examined the effects of ghrelin on cancer promotion in vivo using murine intestinal carcinogenesis models. Intestinal tumorigenesis was examined to determine the effects of either exogenous ghrelin administration or ghrelin deficiency following deletion of the Ghrl gene. Two murine intestinal tumorigenesis models were used. The first was the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced inflammation‐associated colon carcinogenesis model and the second was the ApcMin/+ genetic cancer susceptibility model. In AOM/DSS‐treated mice, administration of ghrelin significantly suppressed tumor formation in the colon. In contrast, ghrelin administration did not affect the number of intestinal tumors formed in ApcMin/+ mice. The absence of endogenous ghrelin did not affect the incidence of intestinal tumors in either AOM/DSS‐treated mice or ApcMin/+ mice, though tumor size tended to be larger in Ghrl−/− colons in the AOM/DSS model. No tumor‐promoting effect was observed by ghrelin administration in either tumorigenesis model. In summary, this study provides in vivo experimental evidence for the usefulness of ghrelin administration in the chemoprevention of inflammation‐associated colorectal carcinogenesis and may suggest its safety in patients under colitis‐associated cancer susceptibility conditions.
Child welfare clients and educational transitions
Authors: Dæhlen Marianne 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDespite long‐standing knowledge about child welfare clients' educational disadvantage, we know less about the individuals' progress through the educational system. Based on Norwegian data, this study examined educational transitions following compulsory school and the first 3 years of upper secondary school, which correspond approximately to the transition following middle school/junior high school to the first years of high school in the USA. It is argued that in examining educational success in the child welfare population it is necessary to analyse whether child welfare clients follow the academic or vocational track. In addition, the degree to which educational transitions are related to gender, school performance and parental education was examined. Child welfare clients' educational transitions were compared with those of a comparison sample from the general population. The analyses show that after completing compulsory school, child welfare clients most often begin in the vocational track and that they often drop out of school. This tendency is largely related to low school performance and low parental education. In addition, child welfare clients' successful transitions are somewhat lower in the vocational than in the academic track and decrease during upper secondary school.
The Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 score in persons without chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lange B. , Thilsing T. , Baelum J. , Kjeldsen A.D. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT 22) score in persons without chronic rhinosinusitis.Design and settingAs part of a trans‐European study selected, respondents to a survey questionnaire were invited for a clinical visit. Subjective symptoms and rhinoscopy were used for the clinical diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis according to EPOS.ParticipantsA total of 366 persons participated at the clinical visit and of these 268 did not have chronic rhinosinusitis. All participants completed the SNOT 22.Main Outcome measuresThe SNOT 22.ResultsThe SNOT 22 score ranged from 0 to 67 with a mean score of 10.5 (CI: 9.1–11.9) and the median score was 7. Persons with allergic rhinitis and blue‐collar workers had a significant higher score.ConclusionThe median value of 7 is taken as the normal SNOT 22 score in persons without CRS and can be used as a reference in clinical settings and research. Allergic rhinitis and occupation affect SNOT 22 in persons without CRS.
Quantifying the squeezing or stretching of fisheries as they adapt to displacement by marine reserves
Authors: Chollett Iliana , Box Stephen J. , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe designation of no‐take marine reserves involves social and economic concerns due to the resulting displacement of fishing effort, when fishing rights are removed from those who traditionally fished within an area. Displacement can influence the functioning of the fishery and success of the reserve, yet levels of displacement are seldom quantified after reserve implementation and very rarely before that. We devised a simple analytical framework based on set theory to facilitate reserve placement. Implementation of the framework requires maps of fishing grounds, fishing effort, or catch per unit effort for at least 2 years. The framework quantifies the level of conflict that a reserve designation might cause in the fishing sector due to displacement and the opportunities to offset the conflict through fisher spatial mobility (i.e., ability of fishers to fish elsewhere). We also considered how the outputs of the framework can be used to identify targeted management interventions for each fishery. We applied the method in Honduras, where the largest marine protected area in Central America is being placed, for which spatial data on fishing effort were available for 6 fisheries over 3 years. The proposed closure had a greater negative impact on the shrimp and lobster scuba fisheries, which concentrated respectively 28% and 18% of their effort inside the reserve. These fisheries could not accommodate the displacement within existing fishing grounds. Both would be forced to stretch into new fishing grounds, which are available but are of unknown quality. These stakeholders will likely require compensation to offset costly exploratory fishing or to travel to fishing grounds farther away from port.
Postoperative outcomes following mechanical bowel preparation before proctectomy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Courtney D. E. , Kelly M. E. , Burke J. P. , Winter D. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimPrevious meta‐analyses of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) before colorectal surgery have grouped colon and rectal resection together. An increased postoperative morbidity has been suggested in the absence of MBP following proctectomy. The current study used meta‐analytical techniques to evaluate the comparative outcome of patients who received MBP prior to proctectomy.MethodA comprehensive search was performed for published studies examining the effect of MBP before proctectomy on patient outcome. Random effects methods were used to combine data.ResultsEleven studies including 1258 patients were identified. There was no significant difference in overall morbidity (OR 1.062, 95% CI 0.584–1.933, P = 0.844), anastomotic leakage (OR 1.144, 95% CI 0.767–1.708, P = 0.509), surgical site infection (OR 0.946, 95% CI 0.549–1.498, P = 0.812) or mortality (OR 1.377, 95% CI 0.549–3.455, P = 0.495) between those who did not and those who did receive MBP prior to proctectomy.ConclusionThe current study did not demonstrate a beneficial effect of MBP prior to proctectomy, but the data were limited. Decision‐making as to its use should be made on a case‐by‐case basis.
Clinical implications of mucinous components correlated with microsatellite instability in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Yoon Y. S. , Kim J. , Hong S.‐M. , Lee J. L. , Kim C. W. , Park I. J. , Lim S.‐B. , Yu C. S. , Kim J. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimColorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI) is characterized by frequent poor differentiation or mucinous histology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of MSI with clinicopathological features and the oncological outcome in patients with a mucinous component.MethodCRC tissue samples were analysed for histology and MSI. Patients were grouped according to the mucinous content of the tumour, as follows: > 50%, mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA); ≤ 50%, adenocarcinoma with mucinous component (AMC); none, nonmucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA). Clinicopathological parameters and survival were compared between patient groups.ResultsOf 2025 patients, 84 (4%) had MA and 124 (6%) had AMC. In addition, 202 (10%) had MSI. Patients with MA and AMC tended to have a younger age of onset, right‐colon predilection, large‐sized tumour and high frequency of MSI compared with those with NMA (P < 0.001). MA and AMC patients with MSI showed a trend towards right‐colon predilection and infrequent lymph‐node metastasis compared with those with microsatellite stability (MSS; P = 0.005–0.03). There were no survival differences between the three groups, but patients with MSI‐MA demonstrated lower 4‐year recurrence and better overall survival rates than those with MSS‐MA (P = 0.018 and P = 0.046, respectively).ConclusionClinicopathological features of AMC and MA were similar and closely associated with MSI status. Although the prognoses of AMC and MA were no different from that of NMA, survival of patients with an MSI‐MA tumour was significantly better than for those with MSS‐MA tumours.
Constituents of smoke from cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches
Authors: Morrissey Hana , Ball Patrick , Boland Martin , Hefler Marita , Thomas David P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAnecdotes of nicotine replacement therapy patch misuse associated with the introduction of smoke‐free prisons have been reported by media internationally, including Canada in 2006, New Zealand in 2011 and Australia in 2014. This study identifies chemical compounds released through diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches when they are smoked.Design and MethodsTwo samples were produced: (i) shredded 21 mg nicotine replacement therapy patches rolled with tea leaves into a cigarette; and (ii) patches boiled in water and tea leaves, and then dried tea leaves rolled into a cigarette. The smoke was tested for nicotine, caffeine and toxins. High‐performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry were used to detect the presence and quantity of nicotine and caffeine. A specialised laboratory was contracted to test the presence of toxins.ResultsNicotine was liberated when the two samples were burnt but not if the nicotine replacement therapy patches were boiled in water alone. High concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, toluene, xylene and heavy metals were also released.Discussion and ConclusionNicotine is released when diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches are smoked, as are caffeine and harmful toxins. These toxins have the potential to cause short‐ and long‐term health damage. [Morrissey H, Ball P, Boland M, Hefler M, Thomas DP. Constituents of smoke from cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:206–11]
Post‐Development: Premature Burials and Haunting Ghosts
Authors: Ziai Aram 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWhile the Post‐Development school in development theory tried to bury the concept of ‘development’, this attempt turned out to be unsuccessful. A closer investigation reveals that different post‐development texts reproduce the polysemy of ‘development’ in their criticism of it, attacking different phenomena subsumed under this heading. Development theory, on the other hand, was also premature in declaring post‐development obsolete fifteen years ago. By examining the works of two prominent authors, this contribution shows that the critics of post‐development have adopted central arguments of that approach. It concludes by identifying some points of convergence between post‐development and its (progressive) critics in development theory.