bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of age at gonadectomy on the probability of dogs becoming overweight
Authors: Lefebvre Sandra L. , Yang Mingyin , Wang Mansen , Elliott Denise A. , Buff Preston R. , Lund Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether gonadectomy or age at gonadectomy was associated with the risk that dogs would subsequently become overweight.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—1,930 dogs gonadectomized between 1998 and 2001 at ≤ 6 months of age (n = 782), > 6 months to ≤ 1 year of age (861), or > 1 to ≤ 5 years of age (287) and 1,669 sexually intact dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were followed-up through medical records for ≥ 10 years or until a diagnosis of overweight (defined as overweight, obese, or having a body condition score ≥ 4/5) was recorded. Information extracted included age at study entry, sex, breed, breed-size category, hospital visit frequency, and diagnosis (yes or no) of overweight or diseases that might affect body condition. Relative risk of a diagnosis of overweight was assessed among age groups of gonadectomized dogs and between gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs.
Results—No difference was detected among dogs grouped according to age at gonadectomy with respect to the risk of being overweight. This risk was significantly greater in gonadectomized dogs than in sexually intact dogs, but only during the first 2 years after gonadectomy. Sexually intact male dogs were approximately 40% less likely to have this diagnosis (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.72) than were sexually intact female dogs; no difference in risk between the sexes was evident for gonadectomized dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Gonadectomized dogs had a greater risk of being overweight than did sexually intact dogs, but this risk was not influenced by age at gonadectomy. Opportunities exist for veterinarians to provide counseling during the first years after gonadectomy to help dogs maintain a healthy weight.
Effect of Tool Shape on Temperature Field in Friction Stir Spot Welding
Authors: Lacki P. , Kucharczyk Z. , Śliwa R.E. , Gałaczyński T. 
Published: July 2013

Friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the youngest methods of metal welding. Metals and its alloys are joined in a solid state at temperature lower than melting points of the joined materials. The method is constantly developed and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is one of its varieties. In the friction stir spot welding process a specially designed tool is brought into rotation and plunged, straight down, in the joined materials. Heat is generated as a result of friction between the tool and materials, and plastic deformation of the joined materials. Softening (plastic zone) of the joined materials occurs. Simultaneously the materials are stirred. After removal of the tool, cooling down the stirred materials create a solid state joint.
Numerical simulation of the process was carried out with the ADINA System based on the finite element method (FEM). The problem was considered as an axisymmetric one. A thermal and plastic material model was assumed for Al 6061-T6. Frictional heat was generated on the contact surfaces between the tool and the joined elements. The model of Coulomb friction, in which the friction coefficient depends on the temperature, was used.
An influence of the tool geometry on heat generation in the welded materials was analysed. The calculations were carried out for different radiuses of the tool stem and for different angles of the abutment. Temperature distributions in the welded materials as a function of the process duration assuming a constant value of rotational tool speed and the speed of tool plunge were determined. Additionally, the effect of the stem radius and its height on the maximum temperature was analysed. The influence of tool geometry parameters on the temperature field and the temperature gradient in the welded materials was shown. It is important regarding the final result of FSSW.
Thermodynamic analysis of the double Brayton cycle with the use of oxy combustion and capture of CO2
Authors: Ziółkowski Paweł , Zakrzewski Witold , Kaczmarczyk Oktawia , Badur Janusz 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of a proposed innovative double Brayton cycle with the use of oxy combustion and capture of CO2, is presented. For that purpose, the computation flow mechanics (CFM) approach has been developed. The double Brayton cycle (DBC) consists of primary Brayton and secondary inverse Brayton cycle. Inversion means that the role of the compressor and the gas turbine is changed and firstly we have expansion before compression. Additionally, the workingfluid in the DBC with the use of oxy combustion and CO2 capture contains a great amount of H2O and CO2, and the condensation process of steam (H2O) overlaps in negative pressure conditions. The analysis has been done for variants values of the compression ratio, which determines the lowest pressure in the double Brayton cycle.
Existence and uniqueness of a complex fractional system with delay
Authors: Ibrahim Rabha , Jalab Hamid 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Chaotic complex systems are utilized to characterize thermal convection of liquid flows and emulate the physics of lasers. This paper deals with the time-delay of a complex fractional-order Liu system. We have examined its chaos, computed numerical solutions and established the existence and uniqueness of those solutions. Ultimately, we have presented some examples.
On the derivative chain-rules in fractional calculus via fractional difference and their application to systems modelling
Authors: Jumarie Guy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIt has been pointed out that the derivative chains rules in fractional differential calculus via fractional calculus are not quite satisfactory as far as they can yield different results which depend upon how the formula is applied, that is to say depending upon where is the considered function and where is the function of function. The purpose of the present short note is to display some comments (which might be clarifying to some readers) on the matter. This feature is basically related to the non-commutativity of fractional derivative on the one hand, and furthermore, it is very close to the physical significance of the systems under consideration on the other hand, in such a manner that everything is right so. As an example, it is shown that the trivial first order system may have several fractional modelling depending upon the way by which it is observed. This suggests some rules to construct the fractional models of standard dynamical systems, in as meaningful a model as possible. It might happen that this pitfall comes from the feature that a function which is continuous everywhere, but is nowhere differentiable, exhibits random-like features.
Electro-chemical manifestation of nanoplasmonics in fractal media
Authors: Baskin Emmanuel , Iomin Alexander 
Published: July 2013

AbstractElectrodynamics of composite materials with fractal geometry is studied in the framework of fractional calculus. This consideration establishes a link between fractal geometry of the media and fractional integrodifferentiation. The photoconductivity in the vicinity of the electrode-electrolyte fractal interface is studied. The methods of fractional calculus are employed to obtain an analytical expression for the giant local enhancement of the optical electric field inside the fractal composite structure at the condition of the surface plasmon excitation. This approach makes it possible to explain experimental data on photoconductivity in the nano-electrochemistry.
Ukrepi Za Zmanjšanje Tveganega In Škodljivega Pitja Alkohola V Populaciji Študentov: Sistematični Pregled Literature / Measures to Reduce Risky and Heavy Alcohol Drinking in the Population of Students: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Makivić Irena , Kersnik Janko , Kolšek Marko 
Published: July 2013

Izvleček
Izhodišča: Pitje alkohola je precej velik slovenski problem; še posebej so izpostavljeni mladi pivci. Pomembne so preventivne in intervencijske metode v populaciji študentov, a v Sloveniji to področje še ni dovolj razvito. Sistematični pregled literature ponuja vpogled v raziskovanje tega problema drugod po svetu in osvetljuje to področje pri nas.
Metode: Iz treh različnih baz (PubMED, Cochrane in PsychINFO) smo s pomočjo ključnih besed (alcohol drinking/ consumption/abuse, prevention and control, students, intervention(s)) izbrali izvirne članke v angleškem jeziku. Nanašali so se na mlade, stare od 18 do 25 let; obravnavali so vedenje glede pitja alkohola in vsebovali preventivne ali intervencijske dejavnosti.
Rezultati: Za prenos intervencij moramo poznati okolje, družbo in družbeni razvoj. Za učinkovite ukrepe so se pokazali: presejanje, kratki ukrepi ob ugotovljenem tveganem pitju (individualni in prek svetovnega spleta), motivacijski razgovori, spodbujanje mladih k idejam o nepitju alkohola, nadzor nad porabo alkohola znotraj študentskih naselij, povišanje cen alkoholnih pijač, omejitev oglaševanja in reorganizacija vplivov na spremembe vrednot, ki vplivajo na porabo alkohola.
Zaključki: Specifičnost mlade/študentske populacije predstavlja izziv in dobro naložbo za prihodnost.
History and identity across small islands: a Caribbean and a personal journey
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper is largely autobiographical: I chart my own intellectual journey across the history, culture and identity of so-called `small` islands, with a special reference to the Caribbean. To do so, I reflect on my own forays into literature that discussed Caribbean history and culture; my own research experience in Barbados in connection with my doctoral research; and coming up to the present with insights that have emerged in the pursuit of an island studies imagination in my professional work. The paper concludes with a calling, and a justification, for the pursuit of island studies.
Mass balance in the Glacier Bay area of Alaska, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, 1995–2011, using airborne laser altimetry
Authors: Johnson Austin J. , Larsen Christopher F. , Murphy Nathaniel , Arendt Anthony A. , Zirnheld S. Lee 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Glacier Bay region of southeast Alaska, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, has undergone major glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age (LIA). We used airborne laser altimetry elevation data acquired between 1995 and 2011 to estimate the mass loss of the Glacier Bay region over four time periods (1995–2000, 2000–05, 2005–09, 2009–11). For each glacier, we extrapolated from center-line profiles to the entire glacier to estimate glacier-wide mass balance, and then averaged these results over the entire region using three difference methods (normalized elevation, area-weighted method and simple average). We found that there was large interannual variability of the mass loss since 1995 compared with the long-term (post-LIA) average. For the full period (1995–2011) the average mass loss was 3.93 ± 0.89 Gt a−1 (0.6 ± 0.1 m w.e. a−1), compared with 17.8 Gt a−1 for the post-LIA (1770–1948) rate. Our mass loss rate is consistent with GRACE gravity signal changes for the 2003–10 period. Our results also show that there is a lower bias due to center-line profiling than was previously found by a digital elevation model difference method.
Identification of snow ablation rate, ELA, AAR and net mass balance using transient snowline variations on two Arctic glaciers
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Pelto Mauri , Malmros Jeppe K. , Yde Jacob C. , Knudsen Niels T. , Hanna Edward 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIdentification of the transient snowline (TSL) from high spatial resolution Landsat imagery on Lemon Creek Glacier (LCG), southeast Alaska, USA, and Mittivakkat Gletscher (MG), southeast Greenland, is used to determine snow ablation rates, the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) and the accumulation-area ratio (AAR). The rate of rise of the TSL during the ablation season on a glacier where the balance gradient is known provides a measure of the snow ablation rate. On both LCG and MG, snow pits were completed in regions that the TSL subsequently transects. This further provides a direct measure of the snow ablation rates for a particular year. TSL observations from multiple dates during the ablation season from 1998 to 2011 at LCG and 1999 to 2012 at MG were used to explore the consistency of the TSL rise and snow ablation rate. On LCG and MG the satellite-derived mean TSL migration rates were 3.8 ± 0.6 and 9.4 ± 9.1 m d−1, respectively. The snow ablation rates were 0.028 ± 0.004 m w.e. d−1 for LCG and 0.051 ± 0.018 m w.e. d−1 for MG estimated by applying a TSL–mass-balance-gradient method, and 0.031 ± 0.004 and 0.047 ± 0.019 m w.e. d−1 by applying a snow-pit–satellite method, illustrating significant agreement between the two different approaches for both field sites. Also, satellite-derived ELA and AAR, and estimated net mass-balance (Ba) conditions were in agreement with observed ELA, AAR and Ba conditions for LCG and MG.
Évolution comparée de la productivité dans l'industrie en divers pays. — Essai de mesure
Authors: Cahen Lucienne 
Published: July 2013

Difficulté des comparaisons internationales, en raison du manque d'homogénéité des séries statistiques et des nomenclatures — difficulté accrue dans le cas de la mesure de la productivité, qui est définie comme un rapport.
Essai de calcul d'indices de productivité par heure de travail (base 100 en 1950) relativement comparables en France, Allemagne Occidentale, Grande-Bretagne et États-Unis, mais limités à un certain nombre de branches industrielles — comparaison de ces indices avec les indices étendus à toute l'industrie dans les différents pays. Calcul d'indices de productivité par heure ouvrée pour chaque branche d'industrie.
Dans l'ensemble, tous les indices sont croissants, mais la croissance est plus rapide en France et en Allemagne Occidentale, pays qui rattrapent actuellement le retard dû à la guerre et aux destructions, qu'en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis. Les indices de branches sont également en hausse, mais, de façon générale, les industries d'équipement enregistrent des gains de productivité plus élevés que certaines industries de consommation comme le cuir ou les textiles.
Les perspectives économiques en France pour le deuxième semestre 1956 d'après les chefs d'entreprises
Authors: Jankeliowitch R. 
Published: July 2013

Les chefs d'entreprises demeurent assez optimistes au sujet de l'activité économique pendant le prochain semestre. Les perspectives de production sont presque les mêmes qu'il y a six mois dans la plupart des secteurs, et meilleures qu'alors dans le textile.
Les inquiétudes portent principalement sur les possibilités d'exportation et sur la pénurie de main-d'œuvre qui freine actuellement l'activité d'une large fraction de l'industrie française. Les prévisions de hausse modérée des prix sont plus généralisées qu'à la fin de 1955.
Le budget familial en Allemagne occidentale, aux Pays-Bas et en France
Authors: Devaux Andrée 
Published: July 2013

L'amélioration du niveau de vie des salariés en Allemagne Occidentale est mise en évidence par l'analyse des budgets de familles, soumis à une observation régulière depuis 1950. L'accroissement très sensible du revenu a permis aux salariés, tout en améliorant leur consommation alimentaire en qualité, de développer très sensiblement leurs achats d'équipement ménager et de consacrer une plus grande part de leurs ressources aux distractions et aux vacances.
On enregistre également aux Pays-Bas une évolution favorable du niveau de vie, qui se traduit notamment par une diminution de la part des dépenses alimentaires et une amélioration des habitudes diététiques ; le standard de l'habitat, déjà élevé avant la guerre a encore progressé ces dernières années, mais il semble que le coût du logement pèse assez lourdement sur les budgets de certaines familles ouvrières.
En France, les budgets de famille de 1954 font également ressortir un progrès sensible : la part des dépenses affectée à l'alimentation est en recul, celles de l'équipement ménager, des soins médicaux, des moyens de transport personnels s'élèvent. En raison du problème du logement, de nombreuses familles ne sont cependant pas encore en mesure de satisfaire leurs aspirations en matière de confort du foyer.
Accidental introductions are an important source of invasive plants in the continental United States
Authors: Lehan Nora E. , Murphy Julia R. , Thorburn Lukas P. , Bradley Bethany A. 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Preventing new plant invasions is critical for reducing large‐scale ecological change. Most studies have focused on the deliberate introduction of nonnatives via the ornamental plant trade. However, accidental introduction may be an important source of nonnative, invasive plants.• Methods: Using Web and literature searches, we compiled pathways of introduction to the United States for 1112 nonnative plants identified as invasive in the continental United States. We assessed how the proportion of accidentally and deliberately introduced invasive plants varies over time and space and by growth habit across the lower 48 states.• Key results: Deliberate introductions of ornamentals are the primary source of invasive plants in the United States, but accidental introductions through seed contaminants are an important secondary source. Invasive forbs and grasses are the most likely to have arrived accidentally through seed contaminants, while almost all nonnative, invasive trees were introduced deliberately. Nonnative plants invading eastern states primarily arrived deliberately as ornamentals, while a high proportion of invasive plants in western states arrived accidentally as seed contaminants. Accidental introductions may be increasing in importance through time. Before 1850, 10 of 89 (11%) of invasive plants arrived accidentally. After 1900, 20 of 65 (31%) arrived accidentally.• Conclusions: Recently enacted screening protocols and weed risk assessments aim to reduce the number of potentially invasive species arriving to the United States via deliberate introduction pathways. Increasing proportions of accidentally introduced invasive plants, particularly associated with contaminated seed imports across the western states, suggest that accidental introduction pathways also need to be considered in future regulatory decisions.
Patient Education and Care for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement: A Quality Improvement Study
Authors: Wong Leslie P. , Yamamoto Kalani T. , Reddy Vijay , Cobb Denise , Chamberlin Alice , Pham Hien , Sun Sumi J. , Mallareddy Madhavi , Saldivar Miguel 
Published: July 2013

Background and Objectives Peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC) complications are an important barrier to peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilization. Practice guidelines for PDC placement exist, but it is unknown if these recommendations are followed. We performed a quality improvement study to investigate this issue. Methods A prospective observational study involving 46 new patients at a regional US PD center was performed in collaboration with a nephrology fellowship program. Patients completed a questionnaire derived from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) catheter guidelines and were followed for early complications. Results Approximately 30% of patients reported not being evaluated for hernias, not being asked to visualize their exit site, or not receiving catheter location marking before placement. After insertion, 20% of patients reported not being given instructions for follow-up care, and 46% reported not being taught the warning signs of PDC infection. Directions to manage constipation (57%), immobilize the PDC (68%), or leave the dressing undisturbed (61%) after insertion were not consistently reported. Nearly 40% of patients reported that their PDC education was inadequate. In 41% of patients, a complication developed, with 30% of patients experiencing a catheter or exit-site problem, 11% developing infection, 13% needing PDC revision, and 11% requiring unplanned transfer to hemodialysis because of catheter-related problems. Conclusions There were numerous deviations from the ISPD guidelines for PDC placement in the community. Patient satisfaction with education was suboptimal, and complications were frequent. Improving patient education and care coordination for PDC placement were identified as specific quality improvement needs.
Response of Pediatric Uveitis to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors
Authors: Lerman Melissa A. , Burnham Jon M. , Chang Peter Y. , Daniel Ebenezer , Foster C. Stephen , Hennessy Sean , Jabs Douglas A. , Joffe Marshall M. , Kaçmaz R. Oktay , Levy-Clarke Grace A. , Mills Monte D. , Nussenblatt Robert B. , Rosenbaum James T. , Suhler Eric B. , Thorne Jennifer E. , Kempen John H. 
Published: July 2013

Objective.To evaluate the outcome of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition (anti-TNF) for pediatric uveitis.Methods.We retrospectively assessed children (age ≤ 18 yrs) with noninfectious uveitis receiving anti-TNF at 5 uveitis centers and 1 pediatric rheumatology center. Incident treatment success was defined as minimal or no uveitis activity at ≥ 2 consecutive ophthalmological examinations ≥ 28 days apart while taking no oral and ≤ 2 eyedrops/day of corticosteroids. Eligible children had active uveitis and/or were taking higher corticosteroid doses.Results.Among 56 eligible children followed over 33.73 person-years, 52% had juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 75% had anterior uveitis (AU). The Kaplan-Meier estimated proportion achieving treatment success within 12 months was 75% (95% CI 62%–87%). Complete absence of inflammatory signs with discontinuation of all corticosteroids was observed in an estimated 64% by 12 months (95% CI 51%–76%). Diagnoses of JIA or AU were associated with greater likelihood of success, as was the oligoarticular subtype among JIA cases. In a multivariable model, compared to those with JIA-associated AU, those with neither or with JIA or AU alone had a 75%–80% lower rate of achieving quiescence under anti-TNF, independent of the number of immunomodulators previously or concomitantly prescribed. Uveitis reactivated within 12 months of achieving quiescence in 14% of those continuing anti-TNF (95% CI 6%–31%). The incidence of discontinuation for adverse effects was 8%/year (95% CI 1%–43%).Conclusion.Treatment with anti-TNF was successful and sustained in a majority of children with noninfectious uveitis, and treatment-limiting toxicity was infrequent. JIA-associated AU may be especially responsive to anti-TNF.
« Terrorisme(s) », islamisme(s) et violences politiques dans le monde musulman contemporain
Authors: Seniguer Haouès 
Published: July 2013

Cet article poursuit un triple objectif : primo, interroger les origines probables du terme « terrorisme » affleurant à l’occasion d’événements majeurs de l’époque moderne et contemporaine ; deuxio, expliquer la genèse des violences politiques dans le monde musulman en général et en Afrique en particulier, avec pour focale le cas malien ; puis, tercio, contextualiser la violence attribuée uniformément au « terrorisme islamiste » pour relativiser in fine le poids de l’islam dans les phénomènes de radicalisation politique.
Le développement de la liberté de conscience, pour une formation à l'esprit laïque
Authors: Bouyssières Patrice 
Published: July 2013

Cette contribution développe une réflexion sur l’éducation à la liberté de conscience, la liberté de conscience étant une notion à partir de laquelle se définit la laïcité. Après un rappel des termes historiques de cet entendement de la laïcité et de sa portée éducative, nous présentons une catégorisation des démarches éducatives susceptibles de développer la liberté de conscience selon quatre types de centrations : l’institutionnalisation, la réflexivité, l’expérimentation, la sociabilité. En conclusion et à partir de cette catégorisation, nous proposons des repères pour une formation à l’esprit laïque.