bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic fluctuations in the solar wind: An evidence of the link between Alfvénic and electrostatic scales
Authors: Vecchio A. , Valentini F. , Donato S. , Carbone V. , Briand C. , Bougeret J. , Veltri P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractElectrostatic activity in the frequency range of few kHz represents a very common phenomenon observed in the solar wind since first observation from Helios spacecraft. In this paper we present a detailed comparison between electrostatic fluctuations detected by STEREO spacecraft and the results of kinetic numerical simulations. By using a novel approach, made by a combination of two different numerical models, we provide a convincing interpretation of the space observations in terms of the electrostatic branch of the so‐called ion‐bulk waves able to survive against Landau damping even at small values of Te/Tp. The comparison between data and numerical simulations allows to characterize the chain of physical mechanisms, able to efficiently transfer energy from the Alfvénic scales down to scales of the order of the Debye length, through the excitation of the observed electrostatic fluctuations.
Nonlinear interaction of 3‐D kinetic Alfvén wave and fast magnetosonic wave
Authors: Sharma Prachi , Yadav N. , Sharma R. P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe nonlinear interaction of 3‐D kinetic Alfvén wave and fast magnetosonic wave for the intermediate‐β plasma in magnetopause has been considered in the present study. A set of dimensionless equations has been derived taking ponderomotive nonlinearity into account due to kinetic Alfvén wave in the fast magnetosonic wave dynamics. In order to analyze the nonlinear coupling of fast magnetosonic wave and kinetic Alfvén wave and also to study its effect on the turbulent power spectrum, we have numerically solved these coupled equations using pseudo‐spectral method of simulation. The results show the appearance of localized structures of kinetic Alfvén wave, which may be accountable for the heating and acceleration of plasma. The obtained results are consistent with the recent observations by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft in magnetopause.
N8− Polynitrogen Stabilized on Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Wu Zhiyi , Benchafia El Mostafa , Iqbal Zafar , Wang Xianqin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPolynitrogen (PN) species (Nn, n from 3 to 8) as highly energetic materials have attracted many theoretical calculations and predictions. N3, N4, N5 or their ions were experimentally detected under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. Herein, a N8− PN stabilized on the positively charged sidewalls of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been synthesized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) under ambient conditions. ATR‐FTIR and Raman spectroscopic data assigned on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the successful synthesis of a C2h symmetry chain structure of the N8 anion stabilized as MWNT+N8−. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) data show that MWNT+N8− is thermally stable up to 400 °C. Oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) experiments carried out using MWNT+N8− as the cathodic catalyst shows that it is very active for ORR with an even higher current density than that of a commercial Pt/carbon catalyst.
Komplexe N‐heterocyclischer Carbene mit Molybdän‐Alkylidenen der höchsten Oxidationsstufe: funktionalitätstolerante kationische Katalysatoren für die Olefinmetathese
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R. , Sen Suman , Unold Jörg , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractErstmals wurden Komplexe von Schrocks Molybdän‐Imidobistriflaten mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen (NHCs) synthetisiert. Im Unterschied zu den bis dato existierenden Bistriflatkomplexen stellen die neuartigen 16‐Elektronen Komplexe metatheseaktive und gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen tolerante Katalysatoren dar. Die Röntgeneinkristallstrukturen zweier Vertreter dieser neuen Klasse von Schrock‐Katalysatoren werden gezeigt, und ihre Reaktivität wird im Lichte ihrer strukturellen Besonderheiten erläutert. In Gegenwart von Substraten werden kationische Spezies gebildet, die in der Ringschlussmetathese, der ringöffnenden Metathesepolymerisationen (ROMP) sowie in der Cyclopolymerization von α,ω‐Diinen katalytisch aktiv sind. Monomere, die bisher durch die unterschiedlichen Schrock‐Katalysatoren nicht tolerierte funktionelle Gruppen, wie sekundäre Amine, Hydroxy‐ oder Carbonsäurefunktionalitäten beinhalten, können nun verwendet werden.
Harvesting Solar Light with Crystalline Carbon Nitrides for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Bhunia Manas K. , Yamauchi Kazuo , Takanabe Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDescribed herein is the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using crystalline carbon nitrides (CNs) obtained by supramolecular aggregation followed by ionic melt polycondensation (IMP) using melamine and 2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine as a dopant. The solid state NMR spectrum of 15N‐enriched CN confirms the triazine as a building unit. Controlling the amount and arrangements of dopants in the CN structure can dramatically enhance the photocatalytic performance for H2 evolution. The polytriazine imide (PTI) exhibits the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 15 % at 400 nm. This method successfully enables a substantial amount of visible light to be harvested for H2 evolution, and provides a promising route for the rational design of a variety of highly active crystalline CN photocatalysts.
Misfolding of Luciferase at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Mashaghi Alireza , Mashaghi Samaneh , Tans Sander J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe folding of complex proteins can be dramatically affected by misfolding transitions. Directly observing misfolding and distinguishing it from aggregation is challenging. Experiments with optical tweezers revealed transitions between the folded states of a single protein in the absence of mechanical tension. Nonfolded chains of the multidomain protein luciferase folded within seconds to different partially folded states, one of which was stable over several minutes and was more resistant to forced unfolding than other partially folded states. Luciferase monomers can thus adopt a stable misfolded state and can do so without interacting with aggregation partners. This result supports the notion that luciferase misfolding is the cause of the low refolding yields and aggregation observed with this protein. This approach could be used to study misfolding transitions in other large proteins, as well as the factors that affect misfolding.
Asymmetric Gold‐Catalyzed Lactonizations in Water at Room Temperature
Authors: Handa Sachin , Lippincott Daniel J. , Aue Donald H. , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAsymmetric gold‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylations are reported that show broad substrate scope. The hydrophobic effect associated with in situ‐formed aqueous nanomicelles gives good to excellent ee’s of product lactones. In‐flask product isolation, along with the recycling of the catalyst and the reaction medium, are combined to arrive at an especially environmentally friendly process.
CO2‐blown nanocellular foams
Authors: Costeux Stéphane 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPolymeric nanocellular foams are broadly defined as having cell size below one micron. However, it is only when cell size reaches 100 nm or less that unique thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, optical, or mechanical properties are expected due to gas confinement in the cells or polymer confinement in the cell walls. Producing such materials with low density by physical foaming with CO2 requires the controlled nucleation and growth of 1015−1016 cells/cm3. This is a formidable challenge that necessitates new foaming strategies. This review provides a description of processes, conditions, and polymer systems that have been employed over the past 15 years to achieve increasingly higher cell densities and expansion ratio, culminating with the recent development of low density nanofoams and of nanostructured polymers in which nucleation can be precisely controlled. Remaining barriers to scale‐up are summarized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41293.
FTIR analysis of a polycarbonate blend after hygrothermal aging
Authors: Haghighi‐Yazdi Mojtaba , Lee‐Sullivan Pearl 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to detect changes or degradation in chain structure of PC/ABS specimens after being exposed to three hygrothermal conditions. The two main absorbance peaks of interest are associated with carbonyl and hydroxyl groups due to the oxidation of butadiene in the ABS component. The changes to these groups were evident in earlier work during thermal aging of this blend but were not found in this hygrothermal study. However, the increase in intensity within the hydroxyl region for two of the conditions was attributed to bulk water diffusion in the material. When viewed together with results published earlier by our research group, the changes driven by bulk moisture diffusion are reversible. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41316.
SMYD Proteins: Key Regulators in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Development and Function
Authors: Du Shao Jun , Tan Xungang , Zhang Jianshe 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMuscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, one of the most highly ordered macromolecular assemblies in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that members of the Smyd family play critical roles in myofibril assembly of skeletal and cardiac muscle during development. The Smyd family consists of five members including Smyd1, Smyd2, Smyd3, Smyd4, and Smyd5. They share two highly conserved structural and functional domains, namely the SET and MYND domains involved in lysine methylation and protein‐protein interaction, respectively. Smyd1 is specifically expressed in muscle cells under the regulation of myogenic transcriptional factors of the MyoD and Mef2 families and the serum responsive factor. Loss of function studies reveal that Smyd1 is required for cardiomyogenesis and sarcomere assembly in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd2, on another hand, is dispensable for heart development in mice. However, Smyd2 appears to play a role in myofilament organization in both skeletal and cardiac muscles via Hsp90 methylation. A Drosophila Smyd4 homologue is a muscle‐specific transcriptional modulator involved in the development or function of adult muscle. The molecular mechanisms by which Smyd family proteins function in muscle cells are not well understood. It has been suggested that members of the Smyd family may use multiple mechanisms to control muscle development and cell differentiation, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation via histone methylation, and methylation of proteins other than histones, such as molecular chaperone Hsp90. Anat Rec, 297:1650–1662, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin VIIA is a Marker for the Cone Accessory Outer Segment in Zebrafish
Authors: Hodel Corinne , Niklaus Stephanie , Heidemann Martina , Klooster Jan , Kamermans Maarten , Biehlmaier Oliver , Gesemann Matthias , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe accessory outer segment, a cytoplasmic structure running alongside the photoreceptor outer segment, has been described in teleost fishes, excluding the model organism zebrafish. So far, the function of the accessory outer segment is unknown. Here, we describe the ultrastructure of the zebrafish cone accessory outer segment by electron microscopy. Starting at the connecting cilium, the accessory outer segment runs parallel alongside the cone outer segment (COS). A thin plasma bridge connects the outer segment with the accessory outer segment, whose surface is enlarged by foldings and invaginations. Beside the morphological descriptions, we demonstrate that the Usher protein myosin VIIa (Myo7a) is a specific marker for the zebrafish cone accessory outer segment. Zebrafish cone photoreceptors possess a large and well‐differentiated accessory outer segment, in which the unconventional motor protein Myo7a is highly enriched. The direct cytoplasmic contact with the COS as well as the surface enlargement of the accessory outer segment suggests an important role of this structure in transport and exchange of metabolites between the COS and the surrounding retinal pigment epithelium. In future studies of the outer retina, more attention should be paid to this often neglected structure. Anat Rec, 297:1777–1784, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Pathway for Force Transmission in the Rat Anococcygeus Muscle: A Tale of Two Tendons
Authors: Siegman Marion J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSmooth muscles forming the wall of tissues having conduit and reservoir functions (including blood vessels, intestinal tract, and stomach, gall bladder, urinary bladder, respectively) are organized into sheets or layers. The pathway for force transmission emanates from myosin interaction with actin filaments attached to intracellular dense bodies linked by the cytoskeleton to plasma membrane dense bodies which are adhesion sites for the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is continuous throughout and between muscle layers, facilitating their coordinated function. There are a few instances where smooth muscles are organized in small longitudinal bundles with elastic tendinous ends, such as the pilomotor muscles of skin, the ciliary muscle of the eye, and costo‐uterine muscle. In this study, we examine ultrastructure of two tendons that tether the anococcygeus muscle of the rat from the spine to the colon, the former a true tendon (myotendinous junction) and the latter a layer of connective tissue (intramuscular tendon). These regions show morphological specializations in the distribution and thickness of dense bodies, basement membrane, fiber shape and quantity of extracellular matrix. At the plasma membrane between dense bodies are caveolae, flask shaped structures primarily responsible for signal transduction, proliferation and electromechanical coupling. Changes also occur in caveolar regions, where the basement membrane is thickened and attachments to extracellular matrix are seen. Together, both regions of the plasma membrane are designed to facilitate force transmission. Anat Rec, 297:1714–1733, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of and risk factors for incisional hernia after abdominal surgery
Authors: Itatsu K , Yokoyama Y , Sugawara G , Kubota H , Tojima Y , Kurumiya Y , Kono H , Yamamoto H , Ando M , Nagino M 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background
Few larger studies have estimated the incidence of incisional hernia (IH) after abdominal surgery.

Methods
Patients who had abdominal surgery between November 2009 and February 2011 were included in the study. The incidence rate and risk factors for IH were monitored for at least 180 days.

Results
A total of 4305 consecutive patients were registered. Of these, 378 were excluded because of failure to complete follow-up and 3927 patients were analysed. IH was diagnosed in 318 patients. The estimated incidence rates for IH were 5·2 per cent at 12 months and 10·3 per cent at 24 months. In multivariable analysis, wound classification III and IV (hazard ratio (HR) 2·26, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·52 to 3·35), body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher (HR 1·76, 1·35 to 2·30), midline incision (HR 1·74, 1·28 to 2·38), incisional surgical-site infection (I-SSI) (HR 1·68, 1·24 to 2·28), preoperative chemotherapy (HR 1·61, 1·08 to 2·37), blood transfusion (HR 1·46, 1·04 to 2·05), increasing age by 10-year interval (HR 1·30, 1·16 to 1·45), female sex (HR 1·26, 1·01 to 1·59) and thickness of subcutaneous tissue for every 1-cm increase (HR 1·18, 1·03 to 1·35) were identified as independent risk factors. Compared with superficial I-SSI, deep I-SSI was more strongly associated with the development of IH.

Conclusion
Although there are several risk factors for IH, reducing I-SSI is an important step in the prevention of IH. Registration number: UMIN000004723 (University Hospital Medical Information Network, http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
Uncovering source code reuse in large‐scale academic environments
Authors: Flores Enrique , Barrón‐Cedeño Alberto , Moreno Lidia , Rosso Paolo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe advent of the Internet has caused an increase in content reuse, including source code. The purpose of this research is to uncover potential cases of source code reuse in large‐scale environments. A good example is academia, where massive courses are taught to students who must demonstrate that they have acquired the knowledge. The need of detecting content reuse in quasi real‐time encourages the development of automatic systems such as the one described in this paper for source code reuse detection. Our approach is based on the comparison of programs at character level. It is able to find potential cases of reuse across a huge number of assignments. It achieved better results than JPlag, the most used online system to find similarities among multiple sets of source codes. The most common obfuscation operations we found were changes in identifier names, comments and indentation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:383–390, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21608
Detoxifying Polyhalogenated Catechols through a Copper‐Chelating Agent by Forming Stable and Redox‐Inactive Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes with an Unusual Perpendicular Structure
Authors: Li Yan , Huang Chun‐Hua , Liu Yu‐Xiang , Mao Li , Zhu Ben‐Zhan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe use of selective metal chelating agents with preference for binding of a specific metal ion to investigate its biological role is becoming increasingly common. We found recently that a well‐known copper‐specific chelator 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (2,9‐Me2OP) could completely inhibit the synergistic toxicity induced by tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) and sodium azide (NaN3). However, its underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. Here, we show that the protection by 2,9‐Me2OP is not due to its classic copper‐chelating property, but rather due to formation of a multiple hydrogen‐bonded complex between 2,9‐Me2OP and TCC, featuring an unusual perpendicular arrangement of the two binding partners. The two methyl groups at the 2,9 positions in 2,9‐Me2OP were found to be critical to stabilize the 2,9‐Me2OP/TCC complex due to steric hindrance, and therefore completely prevents the generation of the reactive and toxic semiquinone radicals by TCC/NaN3. This represents the first report showing that an unexpected new protective mode of action for the copper “specific” chelating agent 2,9‐Me2OP by using its steric hindrance effect of the two CH3 groups not only to chelate copper, but also to “chelate” a catechol through multiple H‐bonding. These findings may have broad biological implications for future research of this widely used copper‐chelating agent and the ubiquitous catecholic compounds.
Assembly of Na3V2(PO4)3 Nanoparticles Confined in a One‐Dimensional Carbon Sheath for Enhanced Sodium‐Ion Cathode Properties
Authors: Kajiyama Satoshi , Kikkawa Jun , Hoshino Junichi , Okubo Masashi , Hosono Eiji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStructural and morphological control is an effective approach for improvement of electrochemical properties in rechargeable batteries. One‐dimensionally assembled structure composed of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles were fabricated through an electrospinning method to meet the requirements for the development of efficient electrode materials in Na‐ion batteries. High‐temperature treatment of electrospun precursor fibers under an argon flow provides a nonwoven fabric of nanowires comprising crystallographically oriented nanoparticles of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 within a carbon sheath. The mesostructure comprising NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 and carbon give a short sodium‐ion transport pass and an efficient electron conduction pass. Electrochemical properties of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 are improved on the basis of one‐dimensional nanostructures designed in the present study.
An Unusual Stacking Transformation in Liquid‐Crystalline Columnar Assemblies of Clicked Molecular Propellers with Tunable Light Emissions
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Cho Sung , Cho Byoung‐Ki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe columnar liquid‐crystalline (LC) and fluorescence properties of three‐dimensional molecular propellers based on tetraphenylethylene is reported. X‐ray scattering studies reveal an unusual transition from a rectangular (Colrec) to a hexagonal columnar (Colhex) phase. In contrast to second‐order intercolumnar transitions based on a common tilt mechanism, the transition is first order and involves an unprecedented zigzag stacking of aromatic propellers in the Colrec phase. A sudden change in emission color from sky blue to green occurs rapidly and reversibly at this transition, which is due to the planarization of the propeller mesogen.
Synthesis of Highly Active and Stable Spinel‐Type Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts by a Rapid Inorganic Self‐Templating Method
Authors: Ma Tian Yi , Dai Sheng , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractComposition‐adjustable spinel‐type metal oxides, MnxCo3−xO4−δ (x=0.8–1.4), were synthesized in ethanol solutions by a rapid inorganic self‐templating mechanism using KCl nanocrystals as the structure‐directing agent. The MnxCo3xO4δ materials showed ultrahigh oxygen evolution activity and strong durability in alkaline solutions, and are capable of delivering a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.58 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M KOH solution, which is superior in comparison to IrO2 catalysts under identical experimental conditions, and comparable to the most active noble‐metal and transition‐metal oxygen evolution electrocatalysts reported so far. The high performance for catalytic oxygen evolution originates from both compositional and structural features of the synthesized materials. The moderate content of Mn doping into the spinel framework led to their improved electronic conductivity and strong oxidizing ability, and the well‐developed porosity, accompanied with the high affinity between OH− reactants and catalyst surface, contributed to the smooth mass transport, thus endowing them with superior oxygen evolution activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Pyrophosphate BaCr2(P2O7)2 as Green Pigment with High NIR Solar Reflectance and Durable Chemical Stability.
Authors: Tao Zhengxu , Zhang Wanqi , Huang Yanlin , Wei Donglei , Seo Hyo Jin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBaCr2(P2O7)2 is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO3, Cr2O3, and NH4H2PO4 (5% H2/N2 atmosphere, 1200 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Carbothermal Reduction Synthesis Using CaCN2 as Calcium and Carbon Sources for CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Phosphor and Their Luminescence Properties.
Authors: Kim Hyo Sung , Machida Ken‐ichi , Horikawa Takashi , Hanzawa Hiromasa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHigh‐quality powders of the title phosphor are synthesized from mixtures of CaCN2, CaCo3:Eu3+, AlN, and Si3N4 (BN crucible, 0.1 MPa N2, 1600 °C, 5—7 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction Measurements of Fluorite‐Related Rare Earth Antimonates Ln3SbO7 (Ln: Nd, Tb) and Their Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Hinatsu Yukio , Doi Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLn3SbO7 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm—Gd, Dy) are prepared by dissolving Sb2O3 in conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Rich Structural Chemistry in Scandium Selenium/Tellurium Oxides: Mixed‐Valent Selenite—Selenates, Sc2(SeO3)2(SeO4) and Sc2(TeO3)(SeO3)(SeO4), and Ternary Tellurite, Sc2(TeO3)3.
Authors: Song Seung Yoon , Lee Dong Woo , Ok Kang Min 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe new compounds (III), (VI), and (VIII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, vibrational, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.