bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Technology of Plasma Spray Physical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Goral Marek , Kotowski Slawomir , Sieniawski Jan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article presents a new technology of thermal barrier coating deposition called Plasma Spray – Physical Vapour Deposition (PS-PVD). The key feature of the process is the option of evaporating ceramic powder, which enables the deposition of a columnar ceramic coating. The essential properties of the PS-PVD process have been outlined, as well as recent literature references. In addition, the influence of a set of process conditions on the properties of the deposited coatings has been described. The new plasma-spraying PS-PVD method is a promising technology for the deposition of modern thermal barrier coatings on aircraft engine turbine blades.
Synthesis and Characterization of BaCO3 Nanoparticles with Different Morphologies by Microwave Homogenous Precipitation
Authors: Chen Guo , Chen Jin , Liu Lijun , Srinivasakannan C. , Peng Jinhui 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBaCO3 nanoparticles with different morphologies including needle-like, rod-like, bird's nest-like and flower-like have been successfully synthesized by the microwave homogeneous precipitation method using BaCl2·2H2O, NaOH and (NH2)2CO as raw materials with the help of different guide reagents, such as citric acid (CA), sodium triphosphate (STPP) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Their phases and morphologies were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The characterization results show that different guide reagents have little effect on the phase structure and composition of products while they play significant roles in determining the morphology of products. All the synthesized BaCO3 nanoparticles have typical orthorhombic structures that are well-crystallized.
Can nanotechnology potentiate photodynamic therapy?
Authors: Huang Ying-Ying , Sharma Sulbha K. , Dai Tianhong , Chung Hoon , Yaroslavsky Anastasia , Garcia-Diaz Maria , Chang Julie , Chiang Long Y. , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of nontoxic dyes and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can kill cancer cells and infectious microorganisms. Due to the tendency of most photosensitizers (PS) to be poorly soluble and to form nonphotoactive aggregates, drug-delivery vehicles have become of high importance. The nanotechnology revolution has provided many examples of nanoscale drug-delivery platforms that have been applied to PDT. These include liposomes, lipoplexes, nanoemulsions, micelles, polymer nanoparticles (degradable and nondegradable), and silica nanoparticles. In some cases (fullerenes and quantum dots), the actual nanoparticle itself is the PS. Targeting ligands such as antibodies and peptides can be used to increase specificity. Gold and silver nanoparticles can provide plasmonic enhancement of PDT. Two-photon excitation or optical upconversion can be used instead of one-photon excitation to increase tissue penetration at longer wavelengths. Finally, after sections on in vivo studies and nanotoxicology, we attempt to answer the title question, “can nanotechnology potentiate PDT?”
Raising the Stakes. Passing State Budgets in Scandinavia
Authors: Christiansen Flemming Juul 
Published: October 2012

AbstractState budget reforms in Sweden and Norway have increased the political importance of annual parliamentary state budget votes. Informal changes of the process in Denmark have had a similar effect. This article analyzes state budget agreements in the Scandinavian countries over the last 35 years. Its results indicate that the governments of the three countries have become more prone to commit themselves to binding coalitional arrangements with other parties. In these countries with frequent minority governments, this involves institutionalized incorporation of support parties and legislative accommodations in securing a majority for the state budget.
Tert-Pentanol Adsorption on Ag(100) and Ag(110) from an Aqueous Solution and its Comparison with that on Ag(111), Hg, Ga and Bi(001)
Authors: Foresti Maria Luisa , Innocenti Massimo , Guidelli Rolando 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The adsorption behavior of tert-pentanol (TPT) on Ag(100) and Ag(110) single-crystal faces from aqueous 0.05 M KClO4 was investigated on the basis of chronocoulometric and differential capacity measurements. The adsorption data on Ag(100) were analyzed thermodynamically and the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption, ΔG
0
ads
, was determined as a function of the electrode potential and of the charge density, σ
M
, on the metal. The adsorption parameters for TPT adsorption on Ag(100) were compared with those on Ag(111), Hg, liquid Ga and Bi(001), available in the literature. The surface dipole potential of the TPT film at maximum coverage on the above metal surfaces was estimated by a novel approach that requires no a priori assumptions as to the predominance of either water desorption or TPT adsorption on the value of the shift, E
N
, of the potential of zero charge from zero to maximum coverage. Instead, the E
N
values for the different metals were estimated a posteriori, under the assumption that the water molecules that are still present at maximum TPT coverage maintain the same orientation as on the bare metal surface at the same charge density σ
M
. The lack of a correlation between the ΔG
0
ads
values on the different metal surfaces and their hydrophilicity indicates that TBT adsorption depends primarily on its particular conformation and on the metal surface structure.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Borderline Ovarian Tumors
Authors: Fischerova Daniela , Zikan Michal , Dundr Pavel , Cibula David 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare the epidemiologic and reproductive risk factors in BOTs with those in ovarian cancers and describe the molecular background of development of BOTs.Use the pathological terminology with either original grouping of borderline category or new subclassification of BOTs and assess the major predictor of recurrence and survival.Determine an appropriate diagnostic algorithm for patients with symptoms suggesting malignant ovarian tumors that will identify borderline ovarian tumors when present.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comBorderline ovarian tumors represent a heterogeneous group of noninvasive tumors of uncertain malignant potential with characteristic histology. They occur in younger women, are present at an early stage, and have a favorable prognosis, but symptomatic recurrence and death may be found as long as 20 years after therapy in some patients. The molecular changes in borderline ovarian tumors indicate linkage of this disease to type I ovarian tumors (low-grade ovarian carcinomas). The pathological stage of disease and subclassification of extraovarian disease into invasive and noninvasive implants, together with the presence of postoperative macroscopic residual disease, appear to be the major predictor of recurrence and survival. However, it should be emphasized that the most important negative prognostic factor for recurrence is just the use of conservative surgery, but without any impact on patient survival because most recurrent diseases are of the borderline type—easily curable and with an excellent prognosis. Borderline tumors are difficult masses to correctly preoperatively diagnose using imaging methods because their macroscopic features may overlap with invasive and benign ovarian tumors. Over the past several decades, surgical therapy has shifted from a radical approach to more conservative treatment; however, oncologic safety must always be balanced. Follow-up is essential using routine ultrasound imaging, with special attention paid to the remaining ovary in conservatively treated patients. Current literature on this topic leads to a number of controversies that will be discussed thoroughly in this article, with the aim to provide recommendations for the clinical management of these patients.
Origins of mass
Authors: Wilczek Frank 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Newtonian mechanics posited mass as a primary quality of matter, incapable of further elucidation. We now see Newtonian mass as an emergent property. That mass-concept is tremendously useful in the approximate description of baryon-dominated matter at low energy — that is, the standard “matter” of everyday life, and of most of science and engineering — but it originates in a highly contingent and non-trivial way from more basic concepts. Most of the mass of standard matter, by far, arises dynamically, from back-reaction of the color gluon fields of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Additional quantitatively small, though physically crucial, contributions come from the intrinsic masses of elementary quanta (electrons and quarks). The equations for massless particles support extra symmetries — specifically scale, chiral, and gauge symmetries. The consistency of the standard model relies on a high degree of underlying gauge and chiral symmetry, so the observed non-zero masses of many elementary particles (W and Z bosons, quarks, and leptons) requires spontaneous symmetry breaking. Superconductivity is a prototype for spontaneous symmetry breaking and for mass-generation, since photons acquire mass inside superconductors. A conceptually similar but more intricate form of all-pervasive (i.e. cosmic) superconductivity, in the context of the electroweak standard model, gives us a successful, economical account of W and Z boson masses. It also allows a phenomenologically successful, though profligate, accommodation of quark and lepton masses. The new cosmic superconductivity, when implemented in a straightforward, minimal way, suggests the existence of a remarkable new particle, the so-called Higgs particle. The mass of the Higgs particle itself is not explained in the theory, but appears as a free parameter. Earlier results suggested, and recent observations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may indicate, the actual existence of the Higgs particle, with mass m
H ≈ 125 GeV. In addition to consolidating our understanding of the origin of mass, a Higgs particle with m
H ≈ 125 GeV could provide an important clue to the future, as it is consistent with expectations from supersymmetry.
Virtual screening of imidazole analogs as potential hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors
Authors: Patil Vaishali , Gupta Satya , Samanta Subeer , Masand Neeraj 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health threat and current therapies warrant the need for novel HCV therapies. Several synthetic analogs targeting HCV serine protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase have entered clinical development. To investigate the novel HCV NS5B RdRp polymerase inhibitor, screening of a designed data set consisting of benzimidazole analogs by the FlexX docking approach was performed. Binding interactions at the active sites (PDB ID: 2DXS) were evaluated leading to the rationalization of further synthesis and evaluation procedures.
Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability of the Radiographic Diagnosis and Treatment of Acromioclavicular Joint Separations
Authors: Kraeutler Matthew J. , Williams Gerald R. , Cohen Steven B. , Ciccotti Michael G. , Tucker Bradford S. , Dines Joshua S. , Altchek David W. , Dodson Christopher C. 
Published: October 2012

The management of acromioclavicular joint separations, in particular Rockwood types III and V, remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the observer reliability of shoulder surgeons when presented with the same cases of acromioclavicular joint separations. The authors retrospectively identified 28 patients who were diagnosed with a type III, IV, or V acromioclavicular joint separation. A PowerPoint presentation was compiled that contained an anteroposterior and axial radiograph from each patient prior to treatment. Radiographs were sent to surgeons, who diagnosed each injury according to the Rockwood classification and stated whether they recommended operative or nonoperative treatment for each patient.
Inter- and intraobserver reliability were calculated from the surgeons’ reviews. Repeat diagnoses were returned by 8 surgeons. A single-measure intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine interobserver reliability for the surgeons’ Rockwood classifications (ICC=0.602) and their decision to operate (ICC=0.469). Intraobserver reliability also was calculated for Rockwood classifications (ρ=0.694) and decision to operate (κ=0.366). Two (25%) of 8 surgeons stated that they would have used open and arthroscopic techniques for repairing the dislocations, whereas the remaining (75%) surgeons would have performed open techniques. Individual surgeons were consistent in their grading of acromioclavicular joint dislocations, but less observer agreement existed among the surgeons. Poor agreement among surgeons for the decision to operate indicates that this decision is heavily influenced by clinical factors and the radiographic classification.
Parameters for Lateral Extent of Dissection During Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion
Authors: Sadhu Anita , Ahn Nicholas U. 
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this anatomic study was to determine the extent of lateral dissection that can be performed during anterior cervical decompression and fusion to maximize decompression without compromising the vertebral arteries. Although vertebral artery injury is rare, it is sometimes catastrophic and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have attempted to establish standards for surgical anatomy during anterior cervical decompression and fusion; however, none have accounted for significant degenerative changes that occur with increased age.
The uncus-to-uncus distance, representing part of the vertebral endplate, of 500 cervical spine specimens was measured at each vertebral level from C3 to C7. The corresponding femoral head diameter (a correlate of body mass index) was also measured. These values were used to determine whether a specific uncus-to-uncus distance exists per vertebral level regardless of age, and whether the uncus-to-uncus distance becomes more specific when correlated with body mass index. According to the data, uncus-to-uncus distance increases between each vertebral level, and each level has a range of approximately 6 mm. The range does not decrease when compared with femoral head diameter. Although a statistically significant, positive correlation existed between uncus-to-uncus distance and femoral head diameter, the correlation coefficient was not large enough to suggest that uncus-to-uncus distance varies greatly from femoral head diameter. Although anatomical markers such as the distance between the uncinate processes can aid surgeons in safe decompression of the cervical vertebrae, vertebral artery injury is best avoided by thorough pre- and intraoperative radiological and anatomical analysis.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Cystic Pilomatricoma in an Ankle Joint
Authors: Cha Jang Gyu , Lee Young Koo , Kim Hee Kyung 
Published: October 2012

Pilomatricoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is an asymptomatic, slow-growing, benign dermal neoplasm that originates from hair cortex cells. The most common sites are the head and neck (68.2%), followed by the trunk (14.4%) and the upper (15.3%) and lower (2%) extremities. The majority (60%–70%) of tumors develop in the first 2 decades of life. A typical pilomatricoma presents as a firm, calcified, dermal nodule appearing as a solid mass in subcutaneous tissue on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
This article describes the case of a 42-year-old man who presented with nontender soft tissue swelling in the right ankle joint. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging findings showed an inflamed cystic mass with calcification in the lateral malleolar area of the right ankle joint. These atypical magnetic resonance imaging features around the ankle joint led to confusion with other disease entities, including chronic bursitis, pigmented villonodular synovitis, rheumatoid nodules, and gout. After complete excision of the mass, histological examination revealed a cystic pilomatricoma.
Although rare, a cystic pilomatricoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses with calcification.
Influence of a Secondary Downsizing of the Femoral Component on the Extension Gap: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Sriphirom Pornpavit , Raungthong Nathee , Chutchawan Pirapon , Thiranon Chaiyot , Sukandhavesa Nantawit 
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a secondary reduction of the femoral component size on flexion and extension gaps intraoperatively in posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty (PS-TKA) monitored by computer-assisted surgery. The authors hypothesized that cutting additional bone on the posterior femoral condyle may increase the extension gap due to the posterior capsule and soft tissue loosening.
Reduction of the femoral component size was performed by additional 4-in-1 cuts after the PS-TKA on 15 cadaveric knees using a ligamentous tension device with the aid of computer-assisted surgery. Measurements of the medial and lateral flexion gaps, as well as the medial and lateral extension gaps, were recorded before and after reducing the femoral component size. Trial components were used from a mobile-bearing total knee system.

After reducing the femoral component size, the medial and lateral flexion and extension gaps measured larger than their initial size. The mean increases of the medial extension and flexion gaps and the lateral extension and flexion gaps were 1.3±0.9, 1.0±1.2, 1.1±1.2, and 1.3±1.3 mm, respectively; all 4 differences were significant (
P
⩽.05). Surgeons should be aware of the effect of downsizing components intraoperatively because it might lead to an extension laxity. Thus, a downsizing of the femoral component may compromise the postoperative stability of TKA.
Acquired Long QT Syndrome: Frequency, Onset, and Risk Factors in Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Kozik Teri M. , Wung Shu-Fen 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAcquired long QT syndrome is a reversible condition that can lead to torsades de pointes and sudden cardiac death.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency, onset, frequency of medications, and risk factors for the syndrome in intensive care patients.MethodsIn a retrospective chart review of 88 subjects, hourly corrected QT intervals calculated by using the Bazett formula were collected. Acquired long QT syndrome was defined as a corrected QT of 500 milliseconds or longer or an increase in corrected QT of 60 milliseconds or greater from baseline level. Risk factors and medications administered were collected from patients’ medical records.ResultsThe syndrome occurred in 46 patients (52%); mean time of onset was 7.4 hours (SD, 9.4) from time of admission. Among the 88 patients, 52 (59%) received a known QTc-prolonging medication. Among the 46 with the syndrome, 23 (50%) received a known QT-prolonging medication. No other risk factor studied was significantly predictive of the syndrome.ConclusionsAcquired long QT syndrome occurs in patients not treated with a known QT-prolonging medication, indicating the importance of frequent QT monitoring of all intensive care patients.
C/EBPβ Is Involved in the Amplification of Early Granulocyte Precursors during Candidemia-Induced “Emergency” Granulopoiesis
Authors: Satake Sakiko , Hirai Hideyo , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Shime Nobuaki , Tamura Akihiro , Yao Hisayuki , Yoshioka Satoshi , Miura Yasuo , Inaba Tohru , Fujita Naohisa , Ashihara Eishi , Imanishi Jiro , Sawa Teiji , Maekawa Taira 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGranulopoiesis is tightly regulated to meet host demands during both “steady-state” and “emergency” situations, such as infections. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) plays critical roles in emergency granulopoiesis, but the precise developmental stages in which C/EBPβ is required are unknown. In this study, a novel flow cytometric method was developed that successfully dissected mouse bone marrow cells undergoing granulopoiesis into five distinct subpopulations (#1–5) according to their levels of c-Kit and Ly-6G expression. After the induction of candidemia, rapid mobilization of mature granulocytes and an increase in early granulocyte precursors accompanied by cell cycle acceleration was followed by a gradual increase in granulocytes originating from the immature populations. Upon infection, C/EBPβ was upregulated at the protein level in all the granulopoietic subpopulations. The rapid increase in immature subpopulations #1 and #2 observed in C/EBPβ knockout mice at 1 d postinfection was attenuated. Candidemia-induced cell cycle acceleration and proliferation of hematopoietic stem/progenitors were also impaired. Taken together, these data suggest that C/EBPβ is involved in the efficient amplification of early granulocyte precursors during candidemia-induced emergency granulopoiesis.
Apoptotic Susceptibility to DNA Damage of Pluripotent Stem Cells Facilitates Pharmacologic Purging of Teratoma Risk
Authors: Smith Alyson J. , Nelson Natalie G. , Oommen Saji , Hartjes Katherine A. , Folmes Clifford D. , Terzic Andre , Nelson Timothy J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been the focus of bioengineering efforts designed to generate regenerative products, yet harnessing therapeutic capacity while minimizing risk of dysregulated growth remains a challenge. The risk of residual undifferentiated stem cells within a differentiated progenitor population requires a targeted approach to eliminate contaminating cells prior to delivery. In this study we aimed to validate a toxicity strategy that could selectively purge pluripotent stem cells in response to DNA damage and avoid risk of uncontrolled cell growth upon transplantation. Compared with somatic cell types, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells displayed hypersensitivity to apoptotic induction by genotoxic agents. Notably, hypersensitivity in pluripotent stem cells was stage-specific and consistently lost upon in vitro differentiation, with the mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration increasing nearly 2 orders of magnitude with tissue specification. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting demonstrated that the innate response was mediated through upregulation of the BH3-only protein Puma in both natural and induced pluripotent stem cells. Pretreatment with genotoxic etoposide purged hypersensitive pluripotent stem cells to yield a progenitor population refractory to teratoma formation upon transplantation. Collectively, this study exploits a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage within pluripotent stem cells to decrease risk of dysregulated growth and augment the safety profile of transplant-ready, bioengineered progenitor cells.
Genomic Dysregulation in gastric tumors
Authors: Janjigian Yelena Y. , Kelsen David P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGastric cancer is among the most common human malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer‐related death. The different epidemiologic and histopathology of subtypes of gastric cancer are associated with different genomic patterns. Data suggests that gene expression patterns of proximal, distal gastric cancers‐intestinal type, and diffuse/signet cell are well separated. This review summarizes the genetic and epigenetic changes thought to drive gastric cancer and the emerging paradigm of gastric cancer as three unique disease subtypes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:237–242. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.