bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An alternative time for telling: When conceptual instruction prior to problem solving improves mathematical knowledge
Authors: Fyfe Emily R. , DeCaro Marci S. , Rittle‐Johnson Bethany 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe sequencing of learning materials greatly influences the knowledge that learners construct. Recently, learning theorists have focused on the sequencing of instruction in relation to solving related problems. The general consensus suggests explicit instruction should be provided; however, when to provide instruction remains unclear.AimsWe tested the impact of conceptual instruction preceding or following mathematics problem solving to determine when conceptual instruction should or should not be delayed. We also examined the learning processes supported to inform theories of learning more broadly.SampleWe worked with 122 second‐ and third‐grade children.MethodIn a randomized experiment, children received instruction on the concept of math equivalence either before or after being asked to solve and explain challenging equivalence problems with feedback.ResultsProviding conceptual instruction first resulted in greater procedural knowledge and conceptual knowledge of equation structures than delaying instruction until after problem solving. Prior conceptual instruction enhanced problem solving by increasing the quality of explanations and attempted procedures.ConclusionsProviding conceptual instruction prior to problem solving was the more effective sequencing of activities than the reverse. We compare these results with previous, contrasting findings to outline a potential framework for understanding when instruction should or should not be delayed.
Testing Alternative Hypotheses Regarding the Association Between Behavioral Inhibition and Language Development in Toddlerhood
Authors: Smith Watts Ashley K. , Patel Deepika , Corley Robin P. , Friedman Naomi P. , Hewitt John K. , Robinson JoAnn L. , Rhee Soo H. 
Published: February 2014

Studies have reported an inverse association between language development and behavioral inhibition or shyness across childhood, but the direction of this association remains unclear. This study tested alternative hypotheses regarding this association in a large sample of toddlers. Data on behavioral inhibition and expressive and receptive language abilities were collected from 816 twins at ages 14, 20, and 24 months. Growth and regression models were fit to the data to assess the longitudinal associations between behavioral inhibition and language development from 14 to 24 months. Overall, there were significant associations between behavioral inhibition and expressive language, and minimal associations with receptive language, indicating that the association is better explained by reticence to respond rather than deficient language development.
Evidence forEurogondwana: the roles of dispersal, extinction and vicariance in the evolution and biogeography ofIndo‐PacificHormuridae (Scorpiones:Scorpionoidea)
Authors: Monod Lionel , Prendini Lorenzo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractScorpions previously assigned to the genusLiochelesSundevall, 1883, of the familyHormuridaeLaurie, 1896, are widely distributed in the tropical forests of the Indo‐Pacific region. Revisionary systematics of these poorly known scorpions has revealed a tremendous diversity of species. As part of an ongoing investigation, the first analysis of Indo‐Pacific hormurid scorpion phylogeny based on morphological data scored for all currently recognized species ofHormiopsFage,,HormurusThorell, 1876, andLiocheles, is presented. The taxonomy of these scorpions is reassessed and their biogeography reinterpreted in the light of the phylogeny. Phylogenetic, morphological, and distributional data support the revalidation ofHormiopsandHormurus, previously synonymized withLiocheles. The phylogeny indicates that the Australasian hormurids are more closely related to the Afrotropical and Neotropical hormurids than to the Indian hormurids, as previously proposed, refuting the “out‐of‐India” origin of Asian hormurids. A recent paleogeographical hypothesis, the “Eurogondwana model”, is supported instead. According to this hypothesis, hormurid scorpions colonized Laurasia from Africa via the Apulia microplate (Europa terrane) in the Cretaceous, subsequently colonized the Australo‐Papuan archipelago in the early‐mid Cenozoic, and then went extinct in the Northern Hemisphere during the second half of the Cenozoic. These results suggest that, contrary to the traditional paradigm, dispersal and extinction may affect spatial and temporal biotic distributions as much as vicariance, even in animals with limited vagility, such as scorpions.
Assessment of soil organic carbon at local scale with spiked NIR calibrations: effects of selection and extra‐weighting on the spiking subset
Authors: Guerrero C. , Stenberg B. , Wetterlind J. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Maestre F. T. , Mouazen A. M. , Zornoza R. , Ruiz‐Sinoga J. D. , Kuang B. 
Published: February 2014

SummarySpiking is a useful approach to improve the accuracy of regional or national calibrations when they are used to predict at local scales. To do this, a small subset of local samples (spiking subset) is added to recalibrate the initial calibration. If the spiking subset is small in comparison with the size of the initial calibration set, then it could have little noticeable effect and a small improvement can be expected. For these reasons, we hypothesized that the accuracy of the spiked calibrations can be improved when the spiking subset is extra‐weighted. We also hypothesized that the spiking subset selection and the initial calibration size could affect the accuracy of the recalibrated models. To test these hypotheses, we evaluated different strategies to select the best spiking subset, with and without extra‐weighting, to spike three different‐sized initial calibrations. These calibrations were used to predict the soil organic carbon (SOC) content in samples from four target sites. Our results confirmed that spiking improved the prediction accuracy of the initial calibrations, with any differences depending on the spiking subset used. The best results were obtained when the spiking subset contained local samples evenly distributed in the spectral space, regardless of the initial calibration's characteristics. The accuracy was improved significantly when the spiking subset was extra‐weighted. For medium‐ and large‐sized initial calibrations, the improvement from extra‐weighting was larger than that caused by the increase in spiking subset size. Similar accuracies were obtained using small‐ and large‐sized calibrations, suggesting that incipient spectral libraries could be useful if the spiking subset is properly selected and extra‐weighted. When small‐sized spiking subsets were used, the predictions were more accurate than those obtained with ‘geographically‐local’ models. Overall, our results indicate that we can minimize the efforts needed to use near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy effectively for SOC assessment at local scales.
Patient satisfaction with care in epilepsy: How much do we know?
Authors: Wiebe Natalie , Fiest Kirsten M. , Dykeman Jonathan , Liu Xiaorong , Jette Nathalie , Patten Scott , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: February 2014

SummaryObjectiveSatisfaction with epilepsy care (SEC) encompasses care delivery, expectations, attitudes, and disease course. Through a systematic review of the evidence, we explore how and where the SEC of patients is being measured, the level of SEC overall and in specific domains, and its relationship to clinical and demographic variables.MethodsWe searched Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE using medical subject headings and keywords related to satisfaction with care and epilepsy in adults and children, in all languages. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full‐text articles. We examined the clinical context and patient characteristics, type and content of satisfaction scales, and reported outcomes. Abstracted variables were grouped for descriptive purposes and presented as medians and proportions when the data allowed it.ResultsOf 25 included studies (6,336 patients), 88% were performed in the United States or the United Kingdom. Nine studies (36%) used validated instruments and 16 studies (64%) used nonvalidated instruments. For SEC domains reported in >1 study, the median proportion (interquartile range) of patients satisfied with epilepsy care was 86% (17%) for overall satisfaction with care, 85% (24%) for interpersonal skills, 78% (3%) for access to care, 67% (32%) for communication, and 65% (15%) for knowledge/technical skills. Communication and clinicians' knowledge was important in all settings. Patients seen in specialized settings and those receiving more and better information had higher SEC ratings. There was no consistent association between SEC and quality of care indicators.SignificanceData on SEC have been reported infrequently. Patients are least satisfied with communication, perceived skills, and knowledge of care providers. Epilepsy‐specific SEC tools have neither been validated nor do they contain many of the important domains identified by this review. The relationship between SEC and indicators of quality of care requires further study. Measures aimed at improving education and communication could improve SEC.
Simulation of management and soil interactions impacting SOC dynamics in sugarcane using the CENTURY Model
Authors: Brandani Carolina B. , Abbruzzini Thalita F. , Williams Stephen , Easter Mark , Pellegrino Cerri Carlos E. , Paustian Keith 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNewer methods of management and harvesting of sugarcane are being considered to improve soil and water conservation in Brazil. Our aim in this study was to evaluate soil C dynamics under sugarcane cultivation as influenced by the use of conservation management, using measurements from four different management systems and land use histories, i.e. conventional management with preharvest burning, no burning with residue retention and two systems without burning plus additional organic amendments. Field sites also differed in terms of soil texture. We compared field measurements of soil C stocks, 13C and microbial biomass with simulated results from the Century ecosystem model for each of the sites and management histories. We also did long‐term simulations of the management treatments and sites to approximate steady‐state SOC levels, to explore potential management‐induced differences in SOC stocks and interactions with soil texture. The model accurately represented treatment and site differences for total SOC stocks, in which SOC stocks were strongly affected by both rates of organic matter input to soil and soil clay content. However, the model tended to underestimate the relative contribution of sugarcane‐derived C to total SOC for sites with high residue and external organic matter amendments. Measured microbial biomass C across the sites was closely aligned with relative amounts of organic matter input but did not appear to be strongly affected by soil texture, whereas the model predicted that both texture and organic matter input rate would impact microbial biomass C. Long‐term simulations of the conservation management alternatives suggested that SOC stocks could be maintained at or above levels in the original native Cerradão vegetation, whereas conventional practices using residue burning would result in a reduction of SOC to ca. 60% of native levels. Our results support the use of the CENTURY model as an aid to assess the impacts of different soil management practices on SOC stocks under sugarcane in Brazil.
Physicochemical characterisation of quince fruits for industrial use: yield, turbidity, viscosity and colour properties of juices
Authors: Wojdyło Aneta , Teleszko Mirosława , Oszmiański Jan 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn this study, were compared and characterised some of the physicochemical quality parameters as yield, turbidity and its stability of turbidity, viscosity, colour, dry matter, total soluble solid (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH parameters of quince juices accessions as well as different 11 cultivars before and after 6 months storage time at 4 and 30 °C. Quince fruits were used for the first time to prepare juices. The effect of different cultivars on juice yield was observed. The content of dry matter, TSS, TTA and turbidity value, stability of turbidity, viscosity, and colour in the analysed juices were depended not only on cultivars but also on storage conditions. Juices analysed were characterised by a significant variation in turbidity value and their stability and by a slight variation in viscosity. This information may be used by the juice industry as a starting point for producers of natural attractive juices from quince fruits.
Description of five novel HLA‐B alleles, B*07:184, B*41:27, B*42:19, B*50:32 and B*57:63, identified in Brazilian individuals
Authors: Fabreti‐Oliveira R. A. , Santos M. A. , Oliveira C. K. F. , Vale E. M. G. , Vilela B. , Nascimento E. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryFive novel HLA‐B alleles were identified by HLA‐SBT typing in seven unrelated Brazilian individuals. The new alleles discovered include HLA‐B*07:184, B*41:27, B*42:19, B*50:32 and B*57:63 and were officially named by the World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee. All new HLA‐B alleles had nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution polymorphisms when compared to their most closely related HLA‐B allele.
Love thy neighbour or opposites attract? Patterns of spatial segregation and association among crested penguin populations during winter
Authors: Ratcliffe Norman , Crofts Sarah , Brown Ruth , Baylis Alastair M. M. , Adlard Stacey , Horswill Catharine , Venables Hugh , Taylor Phil , Trathan Philip N. , Staniland Iain J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAimCompetition for food among populations of closely related species and conspecifics that occur in both sympatry and parapatry can be reduced by interspecific and intraspecific spatial segregation. According to predictions of niche partitioning, segregation is expected to occur at habitat boundaries among congeners and within habitats among conspecifics, while negative relationships in the density of species or populations will occur in areas of overlap. We tested these predictions by modelling the winter distributions of two crested penguin species from three colonies in the south‐western Atlantic.LocationPenguins were tracked from two large colonies on the Falkland Islands and one in South Georgia, from where they dispersed through the South Atlantic, Southern Ocean and south‐eastern Pacific.MethodsForty macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) from South Georgia and 82 southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) from two colonies in the Falkland Islands were equipped with global location sensors which log time and light, allowing positions to be estimated twice‐daily, from April to August in 2011. Positions were gridded and converted into maps of penguin density. Metrics of overlap were calculated and density was related to remote‐sensed oceanographic variables and competitor density using generalized additive models.ResultsMacaroni penguins from western South Georgia and southern rockhopper penguins from Steeple Jason Island, Falkland Islands, were spatially segregated by differences in their habitat preferences thus supporting our first prediction regarding interspecific segregation. However, southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island showed a marked spatial overlap with macaroni penguins as the two had similar habitat preferences and strong mutual associations when controlling for habitat. Contrary to our predictions relating to intraspecific segregation, southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island and Steeple Jason Island were segregated by differences in habitat selection.Main conclusionsMorphological differentiation probably allows macaroni penguins from South Georgia and southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island to coexist in areas of spatial overlap, whereas segregation of the two Falkland rockhopper penguin populations may have arisen from two distinct lineages retaining cultural fidelity to ancestral wintering areas.
Application of confocal microscopy for surface and volume imaging of solid state nuclear track detectors
Authors: WERTHEIM D. , GILLMORE G. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryInhalation of radon gas is considered a risk factor in the development of lung cancer. Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) are often used for monitoring radon levels. We have previously shown that 3D imaging can help distinguish real tracks from artefact. In this study, we investigated particle tracks in nine SSNTDs using surface and volume visualisation from confocal microscope imaging. An Olympus LEXT OLS 4000 confocal microscope equipped with the Olympus LEXT Remote Development Kit was used to acquire z‐stack images and surface data from the SSNTDs. Surface and volume visualisation analysis methods were developed and applied to examine the data. The mean (standard deviation) depth of 45 tracks from the nine detectors was 9.5 (4.6) μm. The mean difference in track depth using the two analysis techniques was 0.08 μm, thus showing good agreement. Furthermore, volume visualisation should enable assessment of the structure of tracks deep in the detector.
Longitudinal Associations Among Religiousness, Delay Discounting, and Substance Use Initiation in Early Adolescence
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , McCullough Michael E. , Bickel Warren K. , Farley Julee P. , Longo Gregory S. 
Published: February 2014

Prior research indicates that religiousness is related negatively to adolescent health risk behaviors, yet how such protective effects operate is not well understood. This study examined the longitudinal associations among organizational and personal religiousness, delay discounting, and substance use initiation (alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use). The sample was comprised of 106 early adolescents (10–13 years of age, 52% female) who were not using substances at Time 1. Path analyses suggested that high levels of personal religiousness at Time 1 were related to low levels of substance use at Time 2 (2.4 years later), mediated by low levels of delay discounting. Delay discounting appears to be an important contributor to the protective effect of religiousness on the development of substance use among adolescents.
Associations Between Friendship, Sympathy, and Prosocial Behavior Toward Friends
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Fraser Ashley M. , Black Brent B. , Bean Roy A. 
Published: February 2014

The current study examined the associations between multiple aspects of the friend relationship (connection, companionship, psychological control) and global prosocial behavior toward friends. Participants included 467 early adolescents (M age of child = 13.32, SD = 1.05, 49% female, 69% European American), and data were collected at two time points, roughly 1 year apart. Structural equation modeling suggested that friend psychological control was negatively associated with prosocial behavior toward friends, while friend connection was positively associated (via adolescent sympathy). Discussion focuses on the friend relationship as an important influence on adolescent sympathy and prosocial behavior toward friends.
Effects of Ambient Nitrite on Amazon River Prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum, larvae
Authors: Hayd Liliam A. , Lemos Daniel , Valenti Wagner C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe effects of nitrite concentration on larval development of Amazon river prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum, were studied in laboratory. In Experiment 1, larvae were reared in 600‐mL glass beakers filled with 300‐mL water with nitrite concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. In Experiment 2, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN, NH3‐N + NH4‐N) excretion were analyzed in zoea (Z) I, III, VII and IX exposed to 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. In both experiments each treatment was conducted in five replicates. The experiments were carried out in test solutions at 10 salinity, constant temperature 30 C and 12:12 h daylight : darkness regime. Survival, productivity, weight gain and larval stage index decreased linearly with increasing ambient nitrite concentration. However, there was no significant difference among larvae reared at concentration ranging from 0 to 0.8 mg/L NO2‐N by ANOVA in all variables. Individual ammonia‐N and mass‐specific ammonia‐N excretion increased in ZI and ZIX, was almost constant in ZIII and decreased in ZVII from 0 to 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. The relationship between individual TAN and body mass suggested that 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N stress the larvae. Despite of the effects of nitrite on larvae follow a dose‐dependent response and shows large variability among individuals, levels below 0.8 mg/L may be used as a general reference in commercial hatcheries, which should be applied carefully.
Skeletal Anomalies of Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Larvae from a Wild‐caught Broodstock
Authors: Lopes Taís da Silva , de Freitas Thiago Mendes , Jomori Rosângela K. , Carneiro Dalton José , Portella Maria Célia 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSkeletal anomalies in fish are frequent, representing a major problem for the aquaculture industry. The anomalies usually arise in the larval phase and worsen, persist, or recover over the ensuing stages of development. In addition to impairing larval quality, they compromise the growth, health, and food conversion of fish, lowering their economic value. This study evaluated the occurrence of skeletal anomalies in pacu larvae during the first 30 d of development. The newly hatched larvae of six breeding pairs taken from the Paranapanema River (offspring A, B, C, D, E, and F) and subjected to induced spawning were reared separately for 30 d, feeding on live prey (Artemia nauplii). Nearly 20 larvae from each breeding pair were killed and stored 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 30 days post‐hatching. The larvae were stained to differentiate cartilage and bones and examined under a stereo microscope. A total of 1310 larvae were checked for the presence (1) or absence (0) of anomalies in the head, vertebral column, and fins. Associations between growth parameters (total length [TL] vs. standard length [SL]; SL vs. vertebral column length [VL]) were obtained by regression. Correspondence analysis was used to correlate data on the different parameters evaluated. On completion of observation, larvae from pair E had the highest SL, whereas offspring F were the shortest. All types of skeletal anomalies were detected in the larvae irrespective of the offspring, affecting the normal growth of pacu larvae obtained from wild‐caught breeders.
Christina Rossetti's Later Life: A Double Sonnet of Sonnets (1881): Exploring the Fearfulness of Forgiveness
Authors: Ludlow Elizabeth 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn Later Life: A Double Sonnet of Sonnets, Christina Rossetti models a posture of fearfulness in the face of God's unique prerogative to forgive. Throughout, she deploys the dialogic properties of the sonnet sequence to engender recognition of the relational basis of existence. Unpacking its psalm‐inflected exploration of the interior journey of sin, shame and redemption, this article details Later Life's affinity with the poetics of George Herbert and John Donne. It also proposes that Later Life anticipates Karl Barth's Reformation‐inflected emphasis on the shattering recognition that ‘Through the forgiveness of sins… there is reflected in this human self‐consciousness a consciousness of a wholly different self’ (532).