bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Complementary Determinant Region 3δ in Human MutS Homologue 2‐Specific γδ T Cells
Authors: Chen H. , Ji X. , Cui L. , Zhang J. , He W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractγδT cells function as sentinels in early host responses to infections and malignancies. Previously, we found ectopically expressed human MutS homologue 2 (hMSH2), recognized by γδT cells, triggered a γδT cell‐mediated cytolysis to tumor cells. However, the characteristics of hMSH2‐specific γδ Τ cells are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the complementary determinant region (CDR) 3δ diversity of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells. We found that the CDR3δ sequences of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells displayed limited diversity, while the length and germline gene usage showed no differences compared with whole CDR3δ immune repertoire. There are more hydrophilic amino acids in P/N insert of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells including the more conserved amino acid at the position 97. Our results offer clues to understanding antigen recognition pattern of γδ T cells to stress‐induced hMSH2 of tumor cells and also the mechanism of γδT cell‐mediated tumor immune surveillance.
Argument Ellipsis in Javanese and Voice Agreement
Authors: Sato Yosuke 
Published: November 2014

AbstractArgument ellipsis in Javanese exhibits a subject‐object asymmetry with respect to sloppy/quantificational interpretations. Adopting the LF‐Copy theory of null arguments developed in Japanese and Turkish (Oku 1998, Takahashi 2008a, b, Şener and Takahashi 2010), I argue that this asymmetry falls out from the dyadic voice agreement system in Javanese where a single DP is specifically picked up by voice prefixes on v to mark the Actor‐Topic or Theme‐Topic alignments. I show that this agreement blocks the LF‐Copy process from targeting empty subject positions. This result suggests that voice agreement is to be included in the general theory of agreement, together with φ‐agreement.
Low-Cost and Scalable Classroom Equipment to Promote Physical Activity and Improve Education
Authors: McCrady-Spitzer Shelly K. , Manohar Chinmay U. , Koepp Gabriel A. , Levine James A. 
Published: November 2014

Background:We tested a low-cost and scalable set of classroom equipment, called Active Classroom Equipment, which was designed to promote physical activity while children learn. We hypothesized the Active Classroom Equipment would be associated with increased physical activity without impairing learning.Methods:Fourteen first-grade students in a public elementary school (7 females, 7 males, aged 6.9 ± (SD) 0.4 years, 24 ± 5.4 kg, BMI 15.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2) used the Active Classroom Equipment for 30 minutes each day throughout the school year. Five-day physical activity was measured using validated triaxial accelerometers at baseline (before the intervention began) and on 4 sequential occasions during the 9-month intervention.Results:For the baseline period, 5-day physical activity averaged 157 ± 65 AU/min. When the 14 children accessed the Active Classroom Equipment, their mean 5-day physical activity was 229 ± 103 Acceleration Units (AU)/min (P < .0001). There were sequential increases in physical activity over the 9-month intervention (Quarter 1: 163 ± 94 AU/min, Quarter 2: 227 ± 108 AU/min, Quarter 3: 278 ± 61 AU/min, Quarter 4: 305 ± 65 AU/min). Students’ Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) scores improved.Conclusion:Active Classroom Equipment may be one approach to increase physical activity.
Participation in a Social-Support Physical Activity Intervention Modestly Improves Lipoprotein Cholesterol Distribution Among Postpartum Sedentary Hispanic Women
Authors: Vega-López Sonia , Pignotti Giselle A.P. , Keller Colleen , Todd Michael , Ainsworth Barbara , Williams Allison Nagle , Records Kathie , Coonrod Dean , Permana Paska 
Published: November 2014

Background:The effects of moderate intensity walking on lipoprotein remodeling in postpartum Hispanic women are unknown.Methods:Sedentary postpartum Hispanic women (28.2 ± 5.6 y; BMI = 29.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) participating in a social support physical activity (PA) intervention, were randomly assigned to a 12-month walking program (walkers; n = 22; target 150 min/wk, moderate intensity) or a control group (nonwalkers; n = 22). Fasting lipids and cholesterol distribution within low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were measured at baseline (BL), 6 months, and 12 months.Results:Walkers had an 11% increase and nonwalkers a 7% decrease in HDL cholesterol from 6 to 12 months (P = .0367) without an effect on LDL cholesterol. Whereas nonwalkers had virtually no change in mean LDL particle size, walkers had a borderline reduction in LDL size from BL (268.7 ± 4.1 Å) to 6 months (266.9 ± 4.9 Å), followed by a significant increase in size by 12 months (269.7 ± 4.1 Å; P = .011). The proportion of cholesterol in large LDL particles decreased by 15% from BL to 6 months, but subsequently increased 25% by 12 months among walkers; changes among nonwalkers were smaller and in opposite direction (4% and –3%, respectively; P = .0004).Conclusions:Participation in the social-support PA intervention resulted in slightly increased HDL cholesterol concentrations and a modest and beneficial shift toward larger, less atherogenic LDL particles.
Protective Immunity against Infection with Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Hicks Chelsea A. E. , Willi Barbara , Riond Barbara , Novacco Marilisa , Meli Marina L. , Stokes Christopher R. , Helps Christopher R. , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina , Tasker Séverine 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHemoplasmas are potentially zoonotic mycoplasmal pathogens, which are not consistently cleared by antibiotic therapy.Mycoplasma haemofelisis the most pathogenic feline hemoplasma species. The aim of this study was to determine how cats previously infected withM. haemofelisthat had recovered reacted when rechallenged withM. haemofelisand to characterize the immune response followingde novoM. haemofelisinfection and rechallenge. Five specific-pathogen-free (SPF)-derived naive cats (group A) and five cats that had recovered fromM. haemofelisinfection (group B) were inoculated subcutaneously withM. haemofelis. BloodM. haemofelisloads were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR), antibody response to heat shock protein 70 (DnaK) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), blood lymphocyte cell subtypes by flow cytometry, and cytokine mRNA levels by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Group A cats all became infected with high bacterial loads and seroconverted, while group B cats were protected from reinfection, thus providing the unique opportunity to study the immunological parameters associated with this protective immune response againstM. haemofelis. First, a strong humoral response to DnaK was only observed in group A, demonstrating that an antibody response to DnaK is not important for protective immunity. Second, proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels appeared to increase rapidly postinoculation in group B, indicating a possible role in protective immunity. Third, an increase in IL-12p35 and -p40 mRNA and decrease in the Th2/Th1 ratio observed in group A suggest that a Th1-type response is important in primary infection. This is the first study to demonstrate protective immunity againstM. haemofelisreinfection, and it provides important information for potential future hemoplasma vaccine design.
Comparison of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Biology Techniques for Identification of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Biting Midges in Senegal
Authors: Sambou Masse , Aubadie-Ladrix Maxence , Fenollar Florence , Fall Becaye , Bassene Hubert , Almeras Lionel , Sambe-Ba Bissoume , Perrot Nadine , Chatellier Sonia , Faye Ngor , Parola Philippe , Wade Boubacar , Raoult Didier , Mediannikov Oleg 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Biting midges of the genus
Culicoides
are implicated as vectors for a wide variety of pathogens. The morphological identification of these arthropods may be difficult because of a lack of detailed investigation of taxonomy for this species in Africa. However, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization−time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling is efficient for arthropod identification at the species level. This study established a spectrum database of
Culicoides
spp. from Senegal using MALDI-TOF. Identification of
Culicoides
insects to the species level before mass spectrometry was performed on the basis of morphological characters. MALDI-TOF MS reference spectra were determined for 437 field-caught
Culicoides
of 10 species. The protein profiles of all tested
Culicoides
revealed several peaks with mass ranges of 2 to 20 kDa. In a validation study, 72
Culicoides
specimens in the target species were correctly identified at the species level with a similarity of 95 to 99.9%. Four
Culicoides
protein profiles were misidentified. Nevertheless, six SuperSpectra (
C. imicola
,
C. enderleini
,
C. oxystoma
,
C. kingi
,
C. magnus
, and
C. fulvithorax
) were created. Abdomens of midges were used to amplify and sequence a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). The results obtained using the MALDI-TOF MS method were consistent with the morphological identification and similar to the genetic identification. Protein profiling using MALDI-TOF is an efficient approach for the identification of
Culicoides
spp., and it is economically advantageous for approaches that require detailed and quantitative information of vector species that are collected in field. The database of African
Culicoides
MS spectra created is the first database in Africa. The COI sequences of five
Culicoides
species that were previously noncharacterized using molecular methods were deposited in GenBank.
Identification of Clinical Aeromonas Species by
rpoB
and
gyrB
Sequencing and Development of a Multiplex PCR Method for Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. veronii, and A. media
Authors: Persson Søren , Al-Shuweli Suzan , Yapici Seval , Jensen Joan N. , Olsen Katharina E. P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Conventional identification of
Aeromonas
species based on biochemical methods is challenged by the heterogeneous nature of the species. Here, we present a new multiplex PCR method directed toward the
gyrB
and
rpoB
genes that identifies four
Aeromonas
species,
A. hydrophila
,
A. media
,
A. veronii
, and
A. caviae
, and we describe the application of this method on a Danish strain collection.
Development of a Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing Scheme for Genetic Fingerprinting of Burkholderia cenocepacia and Application to Nationwide Epidemiological Analysis
Authors: Segonds Christine , Thouverez Michelle , Barthe Antoine , Bossuet-Greif Nadège , Tisseyre Lenka , Plésiat Patrick , Vergnaud Gilles , Chabanon Gérard , Pourcel Christine 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Organisms of the
Burkholderia cepacia
complex are especially important pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF), with a propensity for patient-to-patient spread and long-term respiratory colonization.
B. cenocepacia
and
Burkholderia multivorans
account for the majority of infections in CF, and major epidemic clones have been recognized throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) scheme for
B. cenocepacia
. Potential VNTR loci were identified upon analysis of the annotated genome sequences of
B. cenocepacia
strains AU1054, J2315, and MCO-3, and 10 of them were selected on the basis of polymorphisms and size. A collection of 100
B. cenocepacia
strains, including epidemiologically related and unrelated strains, as well as representatives of the major epidemic lineages, was used to evaluate typeability, epidemiological concordance, and the discriminatory power of MLVA-10 compared with those of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Longitudinal stability was assessed by testing 39 successive isolates from 14 patients. Typeability ranged from 0.91 to 1, except for that of one marker, which was not amplified in 53% of the
B. cenocepacia
IIIA strains. The MLVA types were shown to be stable in chronically colonized patients and within outbreak-related strains, with excellent epidemiological concordance. Epidemic and/or globally distributed lineages (epidemic Edinburgh-Toronto electrophoretic type 12 [ET-12], sequence type 32 [ST-32], ST-122, ST-234, and ST-241) were successfully identified. Conversely, the discriminatory power of MLVA was lower than that of PFGE or MLST, although PFGE variations within the epidemic lineages sometimes masked their genetic relatedness. In conclusion, MLVA represents a promising cost-effective first-line tool in
B. cenocepacia
surveillance.
Dual Proinflammatory and Antiviral Properties of Pulmonary Eosinophils in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine-Enhanced Disease
Authors: Su Yung-Chang , Townsend Dijana , Herrero Lara J. , Zaid Ali , Rolph Michael S. , Gahan Michelle E. , Nelson Michelle A. , Rudd Penny A. , Matthaei Klaus I. , Foster Paul S. , Dent Lindsay , Tripp Ralph A. , Lee James , Simson Ljubov , Mahalingam Suresh 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity and severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and very young, with some infants developing bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing, and asthma following infection. Previous studies in humans and animal models have shown that vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) leads to prominent airway eosinophilic inflammation following RSV challenge; however, the roles of pulmonary eosinophilia in the antiviral response and in disease pathogenesis are inadequately understood.In vivostudies in mice with eotaxin and/or interleukin 5 (IL-5) deficiency showed that FI-RSV vaccination did not lead to enhanced pulmonary disease, where following challenge there were reduced pulmonary eosinophilia, inflammation, Th2-type cytokine responses, and altered chemokine (TARC and CCL17) responses. In contrast to wild-type mice, RSV was recovered at high titers from the lungs of eotaxin- and/or IL-5-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of eosinophils to FI-RSV-immunized eotaxin- and IL-5-deficient (double-deficient) mice challenged with RSV was associated with potent viral clearance that was mediated at least partly through nitric oxide. These studies show that pulmonary eosinophilia has dual outcomes: one linked to RSV-induced airway inflammation and pulmonary pathology and one with innate features that contribute to a reduction in the viral load.IMPORTANCEThis study is critical to understanding the mechanisms attributable to RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. This study addresses the hypothesis that IL-5 and eotaxin are critical in pulmonary eosinophil response related to FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. The findings suggest that in addition to mediating tissue pathology, eosinophils within a Th2 environment also have antiviral activity.
Cancer-Causing Human Papillomavirus E6 Proteins Display Major Differences in the Phospho-Regulation of Their PDZ Interactions
Authors: Boon Siaw Shi , Tomaić Vjekoslav , Thomas Miranda , Roberts Sally , Banks Lawrence 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that the cancer-causing high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins have PDZ binding potential, an activity which is important for their ability to support the viral life cycle and to cooperate in the induction of malignancy. However, PDZ interactions are not constitutive, and they can be negatively regulated by phosphorylation within the E6 PDZ binding motif (PBM). In this study, we have investigated the differential regulation of the HPV E6 PBMs from diverse high-risk HPV types. We show that, depending on the HPV type, PDZ binding activity can be regulated by phosphorylation with protein kinase A (PKA) or AKT, which, in turn, inhibits PDZ recognition. Such regulation is highly conserved between E6 proteins derived from HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-58 while being somewhat weaker or absent from other types such as HPV-31, HPV-33, and HPV-51. In the case of HPV31, PKA phosphorylation occurs within the core of the E6 protein and has no effect on PDZ interactions, and this demonstrates a surprising degree of heterogeneity among the different high-risk HPV E6 oncoproteins in how they are regulated by different cellular signaling pathways.

IMPORTANCE
This study demonstrated that the cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins are all subject to posttranslational modification of their extreme C-terminal PDZ binding motifs through phosphorylation. However, the identities of the kinase are not the same for all HPV types. This demonstrates a very important divergence between these HPVs, and it suggests that changes in cell signaling pathways have different consequences for different high-risk virus infections and their associated malignancies.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Is Involved in Rabies Virus Infection through Its Interaction with Viral Phosphoprotein P
Authors: Fouquet Baptiste , Nikolic Jovan , Larrous Florence , Bourhy Hervé , Wirblich Christoph , Lagaudrière-Gesbert Cécile , Blondel Danielle 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
The rabies virus (RABV) phosphoprotein P is a multifunctional protein: it plays an essential role in viral transcription and replication, and in addition, RABV P has been identified as an interferon antagonist. Here, a yeast two-hybrid screen revealed that RABV P interacts with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The binding involved the 106-to-131 domain, corresponding to the dimerization domain of P and the C-terminal domain of FAK containing the proline-rich domains PRR2 and PRR3. The P-FAK interaction was confirmed in infected cells by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization of FAK with P in Negri bodies. By alanine scanning, we identified a single mutation in the P protein that abolishes this interaction. The mutant virus containing a substitution of Ala for Arg in position 109 in P (P.R109A), which did not interact with FAK, is affected at a posttranscriptional step involving protein synthesis and viral RNA replication. Furthermore, FAK depletion inhibited viral protein expression in infected cells. This provides the first evidence of an interaction of RABV with FAK that positively regulates infection.

IMPORTANCE
Rabies virus exhibits a small genome that encodes a limited number of viral proteins. To maintain efficient virus replication, some of them are multifunctional, such as the phosphoprotein P. We and others have shown that P establishes complex networks of interactions with host cell components. These interactions have revealed much about the role of P and about host-pathogen interactions in infected cells. Here, we identified another cellular partner of P, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Our data shed light on the implication of FAK in RABV infection and provide evidence that P-FAK interaction has a proviral function.
Deletion Mutants of Schmallenberg Virus Are Avirulent and Protect from Virus Challenge
Authors: Kraatz Franziska , Wernike Kerstin , Hechinger Silke , König Patricia , Granzow Harald , Reimann Ilona , Beer Martin 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Since its emergence, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus which predominantly infects ruminants, has caused a large epidemic in European livestock. Newly developed inactivated vaccines are available, but highly efficacious and safe live vaccines are still not available. Here, the properties of novel recombinant SBV mutants lacking the nonstructural protein NSs (rSBVΔNSs) or NSm (rSBVΔNSm) or both of these proteins (rSBVΔNSs/ΔNSm) were tested
in vitro
and
in vivo
in type I interferon receptor knockout mice (IFNAR
−/−
) and in a vaccination/challenge trial in cattle. As for other bunyaviruses, both nonstructural proteins of SBV are not essential for viral growth
in vitro
. In interferon-defective BHK-21 cells, rSBVΔNSs and rSBVΔNSm replicated to levels comparable to that of the parental rSBV; the double mutant virus, however, showed a mild growth defect, resulting in lower final virus titers. Additionally, both mutants with an NSs deletion induced high levels of interferon and showed a marked growth defect in interferon-competent sheep SFT-R cells. Nevertheless, in IFNAR
−/−
mice, all mutants were virulent, with the highest mortality rate for rSBVΔNSs and a reduced virulence for the NSm-deleted virus. In cattle, SBV lacking NSm caused viremia and seroconversion comparable to those caused by the wild-type virus, while the NSs and the combined NSs/NSm deletion mutant induced no detectable virus replication or clinical disease after immunization. Furthermore, three out of four cattle immunized once with the NSs deletion mutant and all animals vaccinated with the virus lacking both nonstructural proteins were fully protected against a challenge infection. Therefore, the double deletion mutant will provide the basis for further developments of safe and efficacious modified live SBV vaccines which could be also a model for other viruses of the Simbu serogroup and related orthobunyaviruses.

IMPORTANCE
SBV induces only mild clinical signs in adult ruminants but causes severe fetal malformation and, thereby, can have an important impact on animal welfare and production. As SBV is an insect-transmitted pathogen, vaccination will be one of the most important aspects of disease control. Here, mutant viruses lacking one or two proteins that essentially contribute to viral pathogenicity were tested as modified live vaccines in cattle. It could be demonstrated that a novel recombinant double deletion mutant is a safe and efficacious vaccine candidate. This is the first description of a putative modified live vaccine for the complete genus
Orthobunyavirus
, and in addition, such a vaccine type has never been tested in cattle for any virus of the entire family
Bunyaviridae
. Therefore, the described vaccine also represents the first model for a broad range of related viruses and is of high importance to the field.