bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the mitochondrion and complex plastid in chlorarachniophytes
Authors: Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Burki Fabien , Keeling Patrick J. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
In plants, many nucleus-encoded proteins are targeted to both mitochondria and plastids, and this process is generally mediated by ambiguous N-terminal targeting sequences that are recognized by receptors on both organelles. In many algae, however, plastids were acquired by secondarily engulfing green or red algae, which were retained within the endomembrane system. Protein targeting to these secondary plastids is more complex, and because they do not reside directly in the cytoplasm, dual targeting cannot function as it does in plant cells. Here we investigate dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) in chlorarachniophytes, which are complex algae that possess secondary plastids and a relict nucleus derived from a green algal endosymbiont. Chlorarachniophytes have four genome-containing compartments, but almost all the aaRSs are nucleus-encoded and present in fewer than four copies (some as few as two), suggesting multiple targeting. We characterized the subcellular localization of two classes, HisRS (three copies) and GlyRS (two copies), using GFP fusion proteins. In both cases, one copy was dually targeted to mitochondria and plastids, but unlike plants this was mediated by translation initiation variants. We also found that the periplastidal compartment (the relict green algal cytoplasm) lacks both GlyRS and a cognate tRNA, suggesting that pre-charged host tRNAs are imported into this compartment. Leader analysis of other aaRSs suggests that alternative translation is a common strategy for dual targeting in these complex cells. Overall, dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids is a shared feature of plastid-bearing organisms, but the increased complexity of trafficking into secondary plastids requires a different strategy.
Intracapsular algae provide fixed carbon to developing embryos of the salamanderAmbystoma maculatum
Authors: Graham Erin R. , Fay Scott A. , Sanders Robert W. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryEach spring, North American spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) females each lay hundreds of eggs in shallow pools of water. Eggs are surrounded by jelly layers and deposited as large gelatinous masses. Following deposition, masses are penetrated by a mutualistic green alga, Oophila amblystomatis, which enters individual egg capsules, proliferates, and aggregates near the salamander embryo, providing oxygen that enhances development. We examined the effects of population density of intracapsular Oophila on A. maculatum embryos, and show that larger algal populations promote faster embryonic growth and development. Also, we show that carbon fixed by Oophila is transferred to the embryos, providing the first evidence of direct translocation of photosynthate from a symbiont to a vertebrate host.
Emulsified Microemulsion as Solvent-free Carrier for an Amorphous Solid Plant Protection Agent
Authors: Engelskirchen Sandra , Maurer Reinhard , Levy Tatjana , Berghaus Rainer , Auweter Helmut , Glatter Otto 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Plant protection agents are mostly lipophilic, solid substances. Formulations therefore often contain organic cosolvents and additives. Prochloraz® is a hydrophobic amorphous solid below 48 °C. In the present contribution, we demonstrate two main findings. First, emulsified microemulsions can be loaded with high amounts of Prochloraz® without using organic cosolvents or additives. Secondly, increasing the viscosity of the continuous water phase by adding the high-temperature gelator methylcellulose allowed the formation of a monodisperse emulsified microemulsion without precipitation and breaking upon cooling.
Gram-scale Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods in Basic Ethanol Solutions
Authors: Kubo Shoichi , Nakagawa Masaru 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
ZnO nanocrystals were obtained by adding an alcoholic solution of sodium methoxide containing a small amount of water to an alcoholic solution of zinc acetate dihydrate. Rod-like ZnO nanocrystals were obtained in ethanol solutions, while cubic ZnO nanocrystals were obtained in methanol solutions. X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ZnO nanorods having a length of about 50 nm and width of about 5 nm were thus synthesized easily on a gram scale.
Chemically Active Colloidal Particles as Carriers: Cargo-controlled Motion
Authors: Popescu Mihail N 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Chemically active colloidal particles suspended in a liquid can move by, e.g., self-diffusiophoresis by generating solute gradients through chemical reactions taking place on parts of their surfaces. Thus, they have the potential of acting as carriers at the microscale. The subtleties of such carrier–cargo system are emphasized via a simple model: a spherical particle with its whole surface being active (and thus motionless when isolated) connected by a thin rigid rod to a chemically inert cargo spherical particle. We show that the direction of the motion as well as the velocity of this carrier–cargo system can be controlled by the surface properties of the cargo.
Striation Pattern of Impurity Particles in Charged Colloidal Crystals Formed by Stepwise Thermally Induced Crystallization
Authors: Sugao Yukihiro , Yoshizawa Koki , Toyotama Akiko , Okuzono Tohru , Yamanaka Junpei 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Charged colloids form “crystal” structures, wherein the colloidal particles are regularly arranged as a result of strong electrostatic interparticle interactions. We have reported that silica colloids containing pyridine (Py) form colloidal crystals upon heating. Herein, we report that in Py + silica colloids including small numbers of fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles, the PS particles are arranged in stripe patterns upon stepwise unidirectional crystallization when the temperature is increased by 1 °C every 10 and 15 min. We think that the present stripe patterns are closely analogous to the thermally induced striations found in a number of crystalline materials.
Chemodegradable Gemini Alanine-based Cationic Surfactants: Synthesis and Antifungal Activity
Authors: Luczynski Jacek , Frackowiak Renata , Szczepaniak Joanna , Krasowska Anna 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to synthesize and examine the biological properties of soft gemini bis-quaternary surfactants, derivatives of bis-alanine esters. As a model system for the investigation of the activity of gemini surfactants Candida albicans strains with deletions of gene encoded ABC transporters were used. TMPAL-12Br was more active than TMPAL-10Br in dislodging of the C. albicans biofilms. The results of the present study may prove useful in antifungal applications.
Morphological Transition from Nanosheet to Nanosphere in Ternary Comb Copolymers with Carbazole Rings
Authors: Kaneko Yohei , Fujimori Atsuhiro 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The transition behavior of ternary comb copolymers containing carbazole rings from a monolayer on a water surface to a single particle layer has been investigated by surface pressure–area isotherms and atomic force microscopy. It has been found that these copolymers form a monolayer in the low-surface-pressure region and a single particle layer in the high-surface-pressure region.
The association between popliteal vein compression and deep venous thrombosis: results of a pilot study
Authors: Huber D , Huber J , De young E 
Published: October 2012

Objective: A pilot study to clarify the association between popliteal vein compression (PVC)and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Method: It is assumed that PVC and the associated change in blood flow increases the likelihood of DVT. We have selected patients who were referred to a vascular laboratory for a DVT duplex and scanned for both DVT and PVC. Duplex criteria for the diagnosis of a DVT were lack of flow and inability to compress the vein. The study was performed over 12 weeks. Results: Of the 54 eligible patients, 16 had a DVT. Five of 18 patients with PVC had a distal DVT (27.7%), while five of 36 patients without PVC had distal DVT (16.7%). The difference was statistically significant (relative risk 2.9, P < 0.05). Conclusion: There appears to be an association between the presence of PVC and an increased likelihood of developing a DVT. If confirmed in larger studies, this will have strong implications for patient positioning in theatres, as there is a high incidence of PVC in supine anaesthetized patients.
Venous filling time using air-plethysmography correlates highly with great saphenous vein reflux time using duplex
Authors: Lattimer C R , Azzam M , Kalodiki E , Geroulakos G 
Published: October 2012

Objectives: Venous filling time (VFT90) is the time taken to reach 90% of the venous volume in the calf. It is recorded by air-plethysmography (APG®) and is assumed to measure global venous reflux duration. However, this has never been confirmed by duplex. The aim of the study was to compare VFT on APG to venous reflux time/duration (RT) measured simultaneously with duplex on the same patients. Method Twenty-six consecutive patients, M: F = 16:10, age (25–78), C1 = 1, C2 = 4, C3 = 8, C4a = 6, C4b = 4, C5 = 2, C6 = 1, underwent simultaneous APG with duplex. The venous filling index (VFI, mL/second), VFT90 (seconds), great saphenous vein (GSV) RT on duplex, averaged thigh GSV diameter and thigh length (length) between the APG sensor air-cuff and duplex transducer were recorded. The VFT100 was calculated by VFT90/0.9. The additional time taken to fill the thigh was achieved using the VFI, length and deep vein diameter ( d), to determine the corrected reflux duration: CRD = VFT100 + (length × π d2/4 (1/VFI)). Results Twenty-five patients are presented. One patient with very mild reflux (VFT90 = 55.9 seconds) had an indeterminate endpoint on duplex and was excluded. The median (range) VFI and GSV diameter was 4.9(1.3–15.5) mL/second and 7(4–17) mm, respectively. The VFT90 and VFT100 both correlated with RT on duplex (Spearman, P < 0.0005) at: r = 0.933, r2 linea r = 0.72 and r = 0.933, r2 linea r = 0.68, respectively. The median (interquartile range) filling time with VFT90 was less than the duplex RT at 24 (16.9) versus 28 (20) seconds respectively P < 0.0005 (Wilcoxon). The median percentage underestimation improved from 24% to 16% and then 4% using the VFT90, VFT100 and CRD, respectively. Conclusions This is the first study to compare APG parameters with duplex by performing simultaneous measurements. There was an excellent correlation between the VFT90 versus duplex RT, thereby comparing reverse flow in a single superficial vein against the legs overall venous haemodynamic status. These tests can both be used in the quantification of reflux.
Abdominal obesity and intra-abdominal pressure: a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of the hypogonadal-obesity-BPH-LUTS connection
Authors: Cohen Paul G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia-lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH-LUTS) is complicated, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. A number of recent observations have provided for new insights and offer a better appreciation for, and the understanding of, the pathophysiological and hormonal contributions for the development and progression of prostatic enlargement. A major paradox has been the progressive increase in the prostate size at a time when the peripheral blood testosterone levels are decreasing as men age. This has been associated with the findings of increasing obesity-related states and the manifestation of BPH-LUTS. Several converging and new findings combine the mechanisms that result in an integration of the hypogonadal-obesity-increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)-BPH-LUTS connection. The net positive caloric balance results increased the IAP and damaged the one-way valves of the internal spermatic veins. This results in an increased venous back pressure that leads to the reflux of the high testicular testosterone concentrations and venous pressures that are transmitted to the communicating prostatic venous system. Simultaneously, increasing obesity results in an increased aromatase activity, which leads to a reduction of the testosterone levels. Consequently, there is also an increased estradiol production, which inhibits gonadotropin secretion and the production of testosterone. This hypogonadal obesity cycle eventually results in a progressive hypogonadal state, while the prostate continues to enlarge and produce increasing LUTS.
Evaluation of J Integral for Clay Soils Using a New Ring Test
Authors: Costa Susanga , Kodikara Jayantha 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Fracture behaviour of clay soils is an important area in soil mechanics that needs further development. Currently, there is no test method to determine fracture properties of clay soils during desiccation. The past work has been mostly on the use of fracture toughness as applicable to linear elastic fracture mechanics using external loading of specimens. However, importance of considering likely plasticity in fracture propagation, especially with soft soils, has been highlighted. J integral is an important parameter in elasto-plastic fracture mechanics, which accounts for the change in potential energy with fracture propagation. This paper presents an innovative test method to evaluate the fracture behaviour, in particular to determine J integral, as applicable to desiccating soils. The challenging task of calculating strains and stresses of slurry clays has been dealt with using an image-analysis technique. Starting from the fundamentals of fracture mechanics, J integral is expressed as a summation of several line integrals. The major advantage of the new method is its suitability for wet or slurry soils for which load tests are impossible.
Discussion of “Development of a Substructure Instrumentation System at the New I-10 Twin Span Bridge and Its Use to Investigate the Lateral Behavior of Batter Piles”
Authors: Chung Jae H. , Bollmann Henry T. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The interpretation of the load test results presented in the paper may mislead design engineers to an unconservative estimation of design loads for bridge subfoundations. Lack of error checking in the authors’ finite element analysis (FEA) model might have resulted in invalid assessment of the validity of the FB-MultiPier FEA software program.
Recent Developments in Faulting Simulators for Geotechnical Centrifuges
Authors: Rojhani Mahdi , Moradi Majid , Ebrahimi Mohammad Hossein , Galandarzadeh Abbas , Takada Shiro 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In addition to the dynamic effects of faulting that cause earthquake wave propagation, large-scale deformation of faulting is a hazard for structures near the fault. Analytical and numerical studies have been conducted on fault rupture propagation through soil deposits and soil-structure interactions such as buried pipelines and buildings. However, evaluating the results is difficult because well-documented field case histories are limited. Researchers resort to physical modeling and laboratory tests to address this deficiency. Because full-scale modeling is time consuming and costly, centrifuge modeling is the best option. The first step for centrifuge modeling of faulting is to design and manufacture a fault simulator in a centrifuge. In this paper, all available information about fault simulators worldwide is presented as an archive for researchers. A detailed report on the design and manufacture of the new fault simulator at the Univ. of Tehran is also presented and the testing of a simulated buried continuous pipeline subjected to normal and reverses faulting is discussed. The fault simulator results were shown to correspond to natural faulting deformation.
Closure to Discussion by Jae Chung and Henry Bollmann on “Development of a Substructure Instrumentation System at the New I-10 Twin Span Bridge and Its Use to Investigate the Lateral Behavior of Batter Piles” [Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJ103109, Vol. 34, No. 4]
Authors: Abu-Farsakh Murad , Yoon Sungmin , Ha Da , Marr W. Allen , Zhang Zhongjie 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
An instrumentation system was installed at M19 eastbound pier of the new I-10 Twin Span Bridge for short-term and long-term monitoring of the bridge, and was used to monitor the lateral behavior of the pier during a unique lateral load test. The system includes strain gauges, In-Place Inclinometers, triaxial accelerometers, water pressure cells, tiltmeters, and corrosion meters. The strains and deformations within the foundation piles were measured during the lateral load test using the strain gauges and IPI inclinometers. The horizontal movement of the pier was also monitored using an automated survey station. The results of lateral load test were compared with the FB-MultiPier predicted values. This article presents the closure to the discussion on the Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJ103109, Vol. 34, No. 4.
Inhomogeneity Screening Criterion for the ASTM E1921 T Estimate Based on the SINTAP Lower-Tail Methodology
Authors: Wallin Kim R. W. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The master curve brittle fracture toughness estimation method described in the ASTM E1921-11 test standard is based on a theoretical scatter and size effect assumption and makes use of a maximum likelihood estimation method to determine the fracture toughness transition temperature T0. The estimation method in E1921-11 is valid only for macroscopically homogeneous steels. If the steel is inhomogeneous, the maximum likelihood method applied in E1921-11 becomes unreliable. Here, a simple screening criterion, based on the SINTAP lower-tail estimation method, is proposed, and the efficiency and limitations of the criterion are shown for a variety of different types of inhomogeneity.
Measurement of Switching Cost on the Customer Retention in the Banking Industry
Authors: Wang Yi-Hsien , Shih Kuang-Hsun , Huang Ya-Chi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This study discusses the relationships among switching costs, inertia, and customer retention in the case of customers of banking service industries and discusses in depth whether inertia affects switching costs. In this study, we surveyed 500 existing banking account holders in Taiwan and acquired 404 valid responses. The respondents were required to submit viewpoints regarding their most familiar financial institutions. The results show that the perception of switching costs and inertia has a positive impact on banking service industries’ customer retention. Customer word of mouth is a major factor in customer retention, the attraction of new customers, and customer retention intent. Financial service providers should also attach importance to customer segmentation in order to satisfy the real needs of various types of customers and thereby increase profits and competitiveness. This paper is an important empirical analysis highlighting the significance of the effects of switching costs and inertia on customer retention in banks.
An Integral Predictive Model of Financial Distress
Authors: Lee Mushang , Wu Tsui-Chih 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Traditional statistic models for financial distress are subject to constraints which may lead to imprecise prediction. To contribute to the issue, we construct a two-staged integral model by applying a stepwise regression analysis and a data-mining approach. Specifically, we employ stepwise regression and rough set analysis in feature selection to sieve out variables, and perform decision tree, neural network, and logistic regression analysis to classify firms with financial distress. The findings show that the rates of accuracy for the combinations in descending order are stepwise regression-logistic, stepwise regression-neutral network, stepwise regression-decision tree, rough set theory-neutral network, rough set theory-decision tree, and rough set theory-logistic.
The Chief Information Officer and Chief Financial Officer Dyad in the Public Sector: How an Effective Relationship Impacts Individual Effectiveness and Strategic Alignment
Authors: Schobel Kurt , Denford James S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
Within the domain of Information Technology Governance (ITG), the study of Chief Information Officer (CIO) relationships has historically focused on the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Top Management Team (TMT). Within knowledge-intensive, publicly funded, and not-for-profit organizations, the specific relationship between the CIO and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is a critical pairing, which impacts both individual effectiveness and strategic alignment. Findings from multiple case studies suggest that while the CIO and CFO pair are similar to other TMT relationships in many ways, their perceptions of the other's strategic role within the organization is a key differentiator that can lead to effective or adversarial relationships with individual and firm-level outcomes. The research model in this paper suggests that when the relationship is positive, both individual role effectiveness and strategic alignment improve.
Sliding dichotomy compared with fixed dichotomization of ordinal outcome scales in subarachnoid hemorrhage trials
Authors: Ilodigwe Don , Stat. M. , Murray Gordon D. , Kassell Neal F. , Torner James , Kerr Richard S. C. , Molyneux Andrew J. , Macdonald R. Loch 
Published: October 2012

Object
In randomized clinical trials of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in which the primary clinical outcomes are ordinal, it has been common practice to dichotomize the ordinal outcome scale into favorable versus unfavorable outcome. Using this strategy may increase sample sizes by reducing statistical power. Authors of the present study used SAH clinical trial data to determine if a sliding dichotomy would improve statistical power.

Methods
Available individual patient data from tirilazad (3552 patients), clazosentan (the Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage trial [CONSCIOUS-1], 413 patients), and subarachnoid aneurysm trials (the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial [ISAT], 2089 patients) were analyzed. Treatment effect sizes were examined using conventional fixed dichotomy, sliding dichotomy (logical or median split methods), or proportional odds modeling. Whether sliding dichotomy affected the difference in outcomes between the several age and neurological grade groups was also evaluated.

Results
In the tirilazad data, there was no significant effect of treatment on outcome (fixed dichotomy: OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.80–1.07; and sliding dichotomy: OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.87–1.19). Sliding dichotomy reversed and increased the difference in outcome in favor of the placebo over clazosentan (fixed dichotomy: OR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.65–1.74; and sliding dichotomy: OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.52–1.39). In the ISAT data, sliding dichotomy produced identical odds ratios compared with fixed dichotomy (fixed dichotomy vs sliding dichotomy, respectively: OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.82 vs OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.53–0.85). When considering the tirilazad and CONSCIOUS-1 groups based on age or World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade, no consistent effects of sliding dichotomy compared with fixed dichotomy were observed.

Conclusions
There were differences among fixed dichotomy, sliding dichotomy, and proportional odds models in the magnitude and precision of odds ratios, but these differences were not as substantial as those seen when these methods were used in other conditions such as head injury. This finding suggests the need for different outcome scales for SAH.