bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Silica-Compatibilizer-Polypropylene Interactions on Mechanical Behaviour of Their Composite
Authors: El-Midany Ayman A. , Ibrahim Suzan S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The minerals application in polymer industry is one of the solutions towards the modification of polymer properties. In this study, the micronized silica was used as filler into the polypropylene (PP) matrix to enhance its mechanical properties. Two compatibilizers; namely: styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer and its grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) were used and evaluated using statistical design of experiments. The results showed that the addition of silica to the PP matrix substantially improves the mechanical properties of the composite with a drop in strain measures. On the other hand, the addition of the compatibilizer enhances the interfacial bonding and smoothen the stresses transfer between filler particles and the polymeric matrix. Consequently, a remarkable improvement in impact strength and strain was noticed. The statistical analysis showed that the interaction between silica and compatibilizer plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of the final composite.
Stearoyl Piperidinium Chloride and Palmitoyl Piperidinium Chloride Surfactants: Synthesis, Characterization and Application as Capping Agent in the Microemulsion Synthesis of MnS Nanoparticles
Authors: Edrissi Mohammad , Soleymani Meysam 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study palmitoyl piperidinium chloride and stearoyl piperidinium chloride surfactants were synthesized by two steps. The synthesized products in each step were analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), and elemental analysis. The properties of two surfactants were investigated, including surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (πcmc), efficiency (pC20), and anti-static properties. It was found that the number of methylene groups (-CH2-) in the hydrophobic chain has important effect on the properties of surfactants. Increasing the methylene groups enhances the ability of surfactant to act as effective surface tension agents in many applications. Furthermore, stearoyl piperidinium chloride showed that it can be used as a good capping agent in the microemulsion synthesis of MnS nanoparticles.
Effect of Temperature and Added Counter Ions on Micelle Formation of Guanidine Surfactants
Authors: Song Yongbo , Li Qiuxiao , Li Yunling 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Electrical conductivity was measured for aqueous solutions of long-chain guanidine surfactants (G12 and MG12) at different temperatures and with various added counter ions. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of these surfactants determined from the specific conductivity (κ) vs. concentration (c) plot is lower than those of the typical cationic surfactants, such as alkyltrimethylammonium chloride with the same hydrocarbon chain length. The electrical conductivity data were analyzed according to the mixed electrolyte model of micelle solution, and the degree of counter ion binding (β) was calculated. The thermodynamic parameters for micelle formation were estimated using the values of cmc and β as a function of temperature. The more negative ΔGmic for MG12 indicates more favored micellization. The contribution of entropy term to the micelle formation is superior to that of enthalpy term in the system under study, which indicates micellization is entropy driven. By comparing the cmc and ΔGmic it is evident that all cmc decreases and the more observed negative ΔGmic in the presence of different added salts. The anion effect on the guanidine surfactants micelle formation with added salts showed the micelle forming efficiency order as: Cl− < Br− < NO3
− < Ac−.
Adsorption Kinetics of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution by Low Cost Chemically Modified Saw Dust of Morus alba
Authors: Alam Sultan , Ullah Azmat , Noor-ul-Amin  , Najeeb-ur-Rehman  
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by low cost chemically modified saw dust of Morus alba was investigated. The samples were characterized by FT-IR, EDS, BET surface area and Zeta potential technique. The surfaces contain carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups which act as a binding sites for Cu(II) ion. Adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) was tested by first order kinetics, Elovich and parabolic diffusion kinetic equations which shows that adsorption is a diffusion controlled process. The rate of adsorption was high at high adsorption temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were calculated from the kinetic data.
Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymer as an Effective and Environmentally Friendly Inhibitor for Phosphate and Carbonate Scales in Cooling Water Systems
Authors: Ling Lei , Liu Guangqing , Huang Jingyi , Wang Huchuan , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Cao Ke , Liu Yahui , Tu Ying , Zhou Xingkai , Sun Wei , Wu Wendao 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this paper, a series of linear-dendritic block copolymers allyloxy poly(ethylene glycol) polyglycerol (APEG-PG-(OH)n) copolymer, was synthesized by anionic polymerization of glycerol using allyloxy poly(ethylene glycol) (APEG). The polymers were characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The polymers were tested as novel environment-friendly inhibitors for industrial cooling water circulation. The performance of AA/APEG-PG-(OH)n on inhibition of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate precipitation was studied by static scale inhibition tests. It was shown that AA/APEG-PG-(OH)n exhibited excellent ability to control inorganic minerals, with approximately 99 % calcium phosphate inhibition and 85 % calcium carbonate inhibition at levels of 4 and 10 mg/L AA/APEG-PG-(OH)n, respectively. The effect on formation of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively.
Zirconia Supported Iron as an Efficient Green Catalyst for the Selective Liquid Phase Solvent Free Oxidation of Alcohol with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Sadiq Mohammad , Ilyas Mohammad , Alam Sultan , Khaliq Humaira 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Liquid phase oxidation of alcohol to corresponding aldehyde and ketone in solvent free condition with molecular oxygen, at mild temperature and pressure was studied in a self-designed three necked batch reactor, using iron supported on zirconia as a catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness technique, reduced in hydrogen flow and characterized by X-ray Diffractometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, surface area and pore size analyzer. Effects of different parameters such as temperature and time on the rate of reaction were studied. It was observed that the reduced catalyst showed higher catalytic activity and selectivity than the unreduced catalyst for the liquid phase oxidation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes and ketones.
Enhancement of Biosurfactant Production from Pseudomonas cepacia CCT6659 Through Optimisation of Nutritional Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: de Cássia F. S. da Silva Rita , Rufino Raquel D. , Luna Juliana M. , Farias Charles B. B. , Filho Hilário J. B. , dos Santos Valdemir A. , Sarubbo Leonie A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to optimise the production of a biosurfactant by a new strain of Pseudomonas cepacia CCT6659 with aid of a combination of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The factors selected for optimisation of the growth conditions were canola waste frying oil, corn steep liquor and NaNO3 substrate concentrations. Surface tension was chosen as the response variable. All factors studied were important within the ranges investigated. The empirical forecast model developed through RSM regarding effective nutritional factors was adequate for explaining 89 % of the variation observed in biosurfactant production. Maximal reduction in surface tension of 26 mN m–1 was obtained under the optimal conditions of 2 % waste frying oil, 3 % corn steep liquor and 0.2 % NaNO3. The accumulation of isolated biosurfactant increased from 2 g L–1 to 8.0 g L–1 under these conditions, demonstrating that the factorial design is adequate for identifying the optimal conditions for biosurfactant production.
Combination of Best Promoter and Micellar Catalyst for Chromic Acid Oxidation of D-Mannitol to Mannose in Aqueous Media
Authors: Basu Ankita , Ghosh Sumanta K. , Saha Rumpa , Ghosh Aniruddha , Mukherjee Kakali , Saha Bidyut 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Chromic acid oxidation of D-mannitol to mannose has been studied in aqueous media. The effect of promoter (PA, phen and bpy), micellar catalyst (SDS, TX-100 and CPC) and their combination is studied. All the reactions were performed under the condition [D-mannitol]T ≫ [Cr(VI)]T. All the promoters accelerate the reaction rate and the rate is highest in presence of phen. In absence of a promoter the anionic surfactant SDS increases the rate followed by Triton TX-100. The cationic surfactant CPC retards the reaction in comparison to the reaction in aqueous media. Although phen is the best promoter in absence of any surfactant the catalyst combination of bpy and SDS produce a maximum rate enhancement.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Hygiene Rinsers under Consumer-Related Conditions
Authors: Lucassen Ralf , Merettig Nadine , Bockmühl Dirk P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In domestic laundry, the question how to achieve a sufficient germ reduction gains importance since the trend towards lower washing temperatures and the incremental use of bleach-free liquid detergents does not ensure a sufficient hygiene by the means of temperature and bleach any longer. Hygiene rinsers as products being added to the rinse cycle offer further antimicrobial efficacy and seem to provide an adequate solution for this challenge. However, their regular application is debated due to the used ingredients and it is still unclear whether they are able to exhibit an additional antimicrobial efficacy. This study investigates the germ reduction by a supplementary use of hygiene rinsers under conditions that are close to the parameters found in the household to evaluate the benefit of these products for the hygienic reconditioning of laundry.
Percolation Threshold of AOT Microemulsions with n-Alkyl Acids as Additives Prediction by Means of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Moldes Óscar A. , Astray Gonzalo , Cid Antonio , Iglesias-Otero Manuel Á. , Morales Jorge , Mejuto Juan C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Different artificial neural networks architectures have been assayed to predict percolation temperature of AOT/iC8/H2O microemulsions in the presence of n-alkyl acids with a chain length between 0 and 24 carbons, using a multilayer perceptron with five easy-acquired entrance variables (number of carbons, log P, length of the hydrocarbon chain, pKa
and acid concentration). The evaluation of the neural networks was carried out by means of RMSE and IDP, resulting that the architecture with better results consists in five input neurons, two middle layers (with five and ten neuron respectively) and one output neuron. Results prove that Artificial Neural Networks are a useful tool elaborating models to predict percolation temperature of microemulsion systems in the presence of additives.
Reliability evaluation of NDT techniques for Cu-welds for risk assessment of nuclear waste encapsulation
Authors: Müller Christina , Elaguine Mistislav , Bellon Carsten , Ewert Uwe , Zscherpel Uwe , Scharmach Martin , Redmer Bernhard , Ryden H. , Ronneteg Ulf 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In order to handle the long living radioactive waste (spent nuclear fuel) SKB is planning to build a deep repository that requires no monitoring by future generations. The spent nuclear fuel will be encapsulated in copper canisters consisting of a graphite cast iron insert shielded by an outer 30–50 mm thick copper cylinder for corrosion protection. The most critical part of the encapsulation process is the sealing of the canister, which is done by welding the copper lid to the cylindrical part of the copper shell using friction stir welding and electron beam welding. The quality of the welding process and the reliability of the NDT system – radiographic and ultrasonic testing – must be satisfactorily determined and combined to derive assumptions regarding the frequency of undetected welding defects for a set of canisters as input for the risk assessment. This is done using the POD method according to the “Reliability Handbook MIL 1823” and its generalization.
Laserlegieren von Schnellarbeitsstählen
Authors: Karaaslan Ahmet 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie verschiedene Legierungsvariantendes laserlegierten Schnellarbeitsstahls S 6-5-2 gehärtet und angelassen werden, um ihre Warmfestigkeit, Zähigkeit oder Anlassbeständigkeit zu verbessern. Um punktuelle Aussagen über das Härtepotenzial der Legierungen zu treffen, wurde ausschließlich das Sekundärhärteverhalten untersucht. Vergleichend zu der Salzbadhärtung wurde die Verbesserung der Eigenschaften durch Vakuumbehandlung untersucht.
Spezielle röntgenographische Mikrobeugung
Authors: Bauch Jürgen , Ullrich Hans-Jürgen , Böhling Marian 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Es gibt weltweite Anstrengungen, Mikrobereiche kompakter Proben mittels Röntgenmikrobeugungsverfahren („X-ray Microdiffraction“) zu untersuchen. Die synchrotron- bzw. elektronenstrahlangeregte KOSSEL-Technik (Teil 1) und die neu entwickelte Röntgen-Drehschwenk-Technik (Teil 2) werden als spezielle röntgenographische Verfahren vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Grenzen verglichen. Ausgehend vom Funktionsprinzip der neuen Röntgen-Drehschwenk-Technik werden ausgewählte Anwendungen im Mikrobereich beschrieben. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung zur KOSSEL-Technik ergänzt die Darstellung.
Streuungen gemessener Beanspruchungen
Authors: Saathoff Andreas , Stolze F.-J. , Zenner Harald 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Einfluss mehrerer Parameter (Fahrer, Beanspruchung etc.) auf die Spannungen in der Fahrzeugkarosserie diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird die Variation der Spannungen während der realen Testfahrt mit denen verglichen, die sich während des Gesamtfahrzeug-Nachfahrversuches ergeben.
Niedrigspannungsbrüche
Authors: Krägeloh Egon 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Aktuelle katastrophale Schadensfälle lassen es als notwendig erscheinen, die Grundlagen der Werkstoffmechanik und insbesondere Zusammenhänge zwischen Eigenspannungen und Sprödbrüchen neu ins Gedächtnis zu rufen. In dem vorliegenden, der Praxis gewidmeten Beitrag werden daher die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Spannungszustand und der Bruchart sowie die Entwicklung von Brüchen anhand einiger Beispiele beleuchtet.
Laserstrahl-Auftragsschweißen
Authors: Karimov Khudaverdi , Weisheit Andreas , Wissenbach Konrad 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Das Laserstrahl-Auftragschweißen von Innenkonturen mit einem Durchmesser unter 300 mm erfordert den Einsatz von Spezialoptiken. Diese werden mit einem fasergekoppelten Nd:YAG-Laser betrieben. Typische Schichtabmessungen liegen bei 1 bis 3 mm Spurbreite und 0,4 bis 1 mm Schichtdicke. Bisher wurden Eisen-, Aluminium-, Nickel- und Kobaltbasislegierungen verarbeitet. Zur Demonstration der Einsatztauglichkeit beschichtete man die Lauffläche eines Motorradzylinders für den Rennsport mit einer Verschleißschutzlegierung. Weitere Anwendungsfelder dieser Innenbearbeitungsoptiken liegen in der Reparatur von Spritzgieß- und Druckgießwerkzeugen und von Turbinentriebwerkskomponenten.
Oberflächenprüfungen automatisieren
Authors: Vetterlein Thomas , Annighöfer Rolf M. , Wagner Michael , Rougen Heinz , Hallingen Horst 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Die Magnetpulverprüfung ist eine der empfindlichsten zerstörungsfreien Prüfungsmethoden, um Oberflächenfehler, wie beispielsweise Risse, an ferromagnetischen Werkstoffen nachzuweisen. Auf Grund der geringen technischen Anforderungen an die Prüfung, die außerdem vollkommen abhängig von der Qualifikation des Inspektors war, wurde sie jahrelang als die „Aschenputtel“-Methode betrachtet. In den vergangenen sieben bis acht Jahren wurde eine Technologie entwickelt, die die Realisierung von vollautomatischen Risserkennungsgeräten erlaubt. Solche Geräte setzen bereits Automobilteilehersteller zahlreicher Länder ein. Diese Technologie ermöglicht es, mit der Magnetpulverprüfung dasselbe Niveau bei der Qualitätsprüfung, Automatisierung und Reproduzierbarkeit zu erreichen wie mit jedem modernen Wirbelstrom- oder Ultraschallprüfgerät.
Graphitanalyse von Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Authors: Bürger Nicole , Breitkreutz Konrad , Neidel Andreas 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Die Vergleichbarkeit quantitativer Gefügeanalysen stößt auf Grund unterschiedlicher Analysengeräte, verschiedener Auswertealgorithmen, unterschiedlicher Vorgehensweisen bei der Probenpräparation und eines unterschiedlichen Ausbildungsstandes des Personals in der betrieblichen Praxis schnell an ihre Grenzen. Die Verwendung von Referenzmaterialien zur Kalibrierung des gesamten Analysensystems, wie in der chemischen Analytik seit langem üblich, dürfte auch in diesem Bereich der Materialprüfung hilfreich sein. An die Homogenität der Referenzmaterialien sind hohe Anforderungen zu stellen, die bei metallischen Legierungssystemen, insbesondere bei Gusswerkstoffen, nicht ohne weiteres zu erfüllen sind. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch beschrieben, Referenzmaterial für die quantitative metallographische Analyse von Kugelgraphit in EN-GJS-400-15 zu gewinnen.
Challenges of electromigration
Authors: Zschech Ehrenfried , Meyer Moritz Andreas , Grafe Marco , Schneider Gerd 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In-situ SEM and XRM studies of fully embedded via/line interconnect structures allow imaging of the time-dependent void evolution in inlaid copper interconnects. It is shown that void formation, growth and movement, and consequently degradation, depend on interface bonding and copper microstructure. Specific experiments were designed to study reliability-limiting degradation mechanisms in on-chip interconnects. In this paper, the challenges of copper microstructure monitoring and the study of degradation mechanisms, related to the reliability of the copper inlaid structures, are discussed. In particular, in-situ experiments to visualize mass transport and degradation in fully embedded copper via/line test structures are described. A model for void formation, growth and movement, and consequently interconnect degradation, is proposed. Electromigration lifetime can be drastically increased by changing or modifying the copper/capping layer interface.
Bruchmechanische Bewertung von längsnahtgeschweißten Rohren mit hoher Aufdachung
Authors: Hübner Peter 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Längsnahtgeschweißte Rohre mit hoher Aufdachung führten bei einem Stresstest zu Ausfällen. Für eine bruchmechanische Analyse wurden die Größe der Aufdachung, die Kerbwirkung durch die Längsschweißnaht sowie der Risswiderstand bei statischer und zyklischer Beanspruchung ermittelt. Die statische Bewertung erfolgte nach der Basisebene der SINTAP-Prozedur [1, 2, 3]. Die zyklische Bewertung orientierte sich am überarbeiteten DVS-Merkblatt 2401 [4]. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine ausreichende Betriebssicherheit bei abgesenktem Betriebsdruck sichergestellt werden kann.
Lokale und systemische Reaktion auf Verschleißpartikel*
Authors: Burian B. , Wimmer M. A. , Kunze J. , Sprecher C. , Schmitt O. , Kraft C. N. 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Es ist bekannt, dass Abriebpartikel und ihre Korrosionsprodukte von chirurgischen/orthopädischen Implantaten zu einem Implantatversagen führen können. Mittels des Rückenhautkammermodels und der intravitalen Mikroskopie quantifizierten wir die mikrozirkulatorischen Parameter nach Konfrontation mit Titan- und Edelstahlabrieb sowie -platten. Obwohl kein genereller Vorteil von Platten gegenüber den Partikeln gezeigt werden konnte, vermochten Partikel, abhängig von ihrer Zusammensetzung, eine akute Inflammation zu induzie-ren, die zu einem Endothelschaden und schließlich zu einem Mikroperfusionsversagen führten. Darüber hinaus konnte mittels der Organ- und Blutanalyse eine systemische Verteilung von Partikeln, respektive der beinhalteten Elemente, nachgewiesen werden.
Schrauben aus hochfesten Aluminiumlegierungen*
Authors: Berger Christina , Arz Uwe , Friedrich Christoph 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Der im Fahrzeugbau zunehmende Einsatz von Bauteilen aus Leichtmetallen wie Aluminium- und Magnesiumlegierungen kann beim Verspannen mit den zurzeit üblichen Schrauben aus niedrig legierten hochfesten Stählen zu erheblichen Problemen führen. Eine Reihe dieser Probleme kann durch Verwendung von Schrauben aus Aluminiumlegierungen verringert oder gar vermieden werden.
Application of a high temperature chamber for X-ray stress analysis
Authors: Ott Michael H. , Kämpfe Andreas , Löhe Detlef 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The adhesion strength as well as the crack resistance of hard CVD coatings on cutting tools are widely influenced by the appertaining residual stress states. They are generated during cooling down from coating temperature, or during a subsequent heat treatment. To enhance the knowledge of the residual stress development in such CVD coatings on steels, X-ray residual stress analyses were performed during the cooling process. Therefore, a high temperature chamber for a Ψ-diffractometer was developed and manufactured. It allows X-ray residual stress analyses at temperatures of up to at least 1000°C using a measuring range of 2θ ≥ 94° at |Ψ| ≤ 60°.
State-of-the-art and future trends in multiaxial fatigue assessment
Authors: Marquis Gary 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Within the more general field of structural durability research, multiaxial fatigue has been one of the most active research topics over the past 20 yeaars. The current paper presents a limited review of both the current state-of-the-art for multiaxial fatigue and attempts to present several areas where continued advances are needed. While any number of topics could be selected, this review considers the technical fields of multiaxial stress-strain, mixedmode crack growth, multiaxial damage parameters, multiaxial fatigue of welds, and computer implementation.
Effect of addition of various elements to the base metal on the value of Young's Modulus
Authors: Buch Alfred 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Binary alloys have Young's Moduli E which are not much different from those of the basic element, if the content of the second element is limited and the atomic number AN and the atomic mass AM are close for both elements of the alloy. This stresses the importance of accuracy in the determination of Young's Moduli for the approximate evaluation of the Young's Modulus of binary alloys. Of course, in the case of less accurate determined values (more than 5% inaccuracy) it is impossible to measure the effect of the second element content on the value of E, if the alloying content is less than 10%. If the atomic mass of the second element of the alloy is much larger than that of the basic element, its effect on the Young's Modulus might be strong even for small alloying contents.