bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marx on the Dialectics of Elliptical Motion
Authors: Weston Thomas 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
It is a widespread view that Marx did not apply dialectics to nature, and that Engels’s writings on this subject are a distortion of his outlook. This paper examines Marx’s discussion of elliptical motion and some other physical phenomena, and shows that he did indeed find contradictions and oppositions in nature, and thus recognised a dialectics of nature. In addition to analysing relevant passages in Marx’s texts, his study of the physics and mathematics of elliptical motion is reviewed and compared with Hegel’s position.
Marx’s conception of how dialectical contradictions are resolved is reviewed in order to interpret his claim that the contradiction in elliptical motion is ‘solved’ but not ‘overcome’ by that motion. Textual evidence is presented that Marx regarded ‘real contradictions’ as resolved only by ‘development’, a process in which the conflict between the opposing sides of the contradiction becomes more intense. The consequences of this interpretation for Marx’s analysis of elliptical motion are explored, and some alternative interpretations are discussed.
Influences of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients and Surface Roughness Changes on the Motion of Surface Oil: A Simple Idealized Study
Authors: Zheng Yangxing , Bourassa Mark A. , Hughes Paul 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe authors' modeling shows that changes in sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and surface roughness between oil-free water and oil slicks influence the motion of the slick. Physically significant changes occur in surface wind speed, surface wind divergence, wind stress curl, and Ekman transport mostly because of SST gradients and changes in surface roughness between the water and the slick. These remarkable changes might affect the speed and direction of surface oil. For example, the strongest surface wind divergence (convergence) occurring in the transition zones owing to the presence of an oil slick will induce an atmospheric secondary circulation over the oil region, which in turn might affect the surface oil movement. SST-related changes to wind stress curl and Ekman transport in the transition zones appear to increase approximately linearly with the magnitude of SST gradients. Both surface roughness difference and SST gradients give rise to a net convergence of Ekman transport for oil cover. The SST gradient could play a more important role than surface roughness in changes of Ekman transport when SST gradients are large enough (e.g., several degrees per 10 km). The resulting changes in Ekman transport also induce the changes of surface oil movement. Sensitivity experiments show that appropriate selections of modeled parameters and geostrophic winds do not change the conclusions. The results from this idealized study indicate that the feedbacks from the surface oil presence to the oil motion itself are not trivial and should be further investigated for consideration in future oil-tracking modeling systems.
Parameterization of Wind Farms in Climate Models
Authors: Fitch Anna C. , Olson Joseph B. , Lundquist Julie K. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
For assessing the impacts of wind farms on regional climate, wind farms may be represented in climate models by an increase in aerodynamic roughness length. Studies employing this method have found near-surface temperature changes of 1–2 K over wind farm areas. By contrast, mesoscale and large-eddy simulations (LES), which represent wind farms as elevated sinks of momentum, generally showed temperature changes of less than 0.5 K. This study directly compares the two methods of representing wind farms in simulations of a strong diurnal cycle. Nearly the opposite wake structure is seen between the two methods, both during the day and at night. The sensible heat fluxes are generally exaggerated in the enhanced roughness approach, leading to much greater changes in temperature. Frequently, the two methods display the opposite sign in temperature change. Coarse resolution moderates the sensible heat fluxes but does not significantly improve the near-surface temperatures or low-level wind speed deficit. Since wind farm impacts modeled by the elevated momentum sink approach are similar to those seen in observations and from LES, the authors conclude that the increased surface roughness approach is not an appropriate option to represent wind farms or explore their impacts.
Comparison of Plaintiff and Defendant Expert Witness Qualification in Malpractice Litigation in Otolaryngology
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Svider Peter F. , Patel Dharti , Setzen Michael , Baredes Soly 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveMalpractice litigation contributes to rising health care costs in the United States. The role of expert witness testimony has been controversial in the past, with medical professional societies issuing statements regarding ethical obligations of physicians. Our objectives were to examine the relative qualifications of expert witnesses testifying on behalf of plaintiffs vs defendants.Study Design and SettingAnalysis of expert witness and physician demographic data available on several databases.MethodsThe Westlaw legal database (Thomson Reuters, New York, New York) was searched for otolaryngologist expert witness testimony. Length of experience, practice setting, and subspecialty training information were obtained from hospital, practice, departmental, and state licensing board sites. Scholarly impact was assessed using calculation of the h‐index from the Scopus database.ResultsPlaintiff expert witnesses had significantly less experience than those testifying for defendants (31.8 vs 35.4 years, P =. 047) and lower scholarly impact (h = 6.3 vs 10, P =. 045). A significantly higher proportion of defendant witnesses were in academic practice (49.3% vs 31.7%, P =. 042). No differences were detected in postresidency fellowship training patterns.ConclusionUpon comparison of otolaryngologist expert witnesses, practitioners testifying on behalf of plaintiffs had statistically fewer years of experience, had a lower scholarly impact, and were less likely to work in an academic setting. Otolaryngologists who repeatedly served as expert witnesses were more likely to be testifying on behalf of plaintiffs than defendants. Professional societies need to frequently update guidelines on expert witness testimony and address the ethical obligations of practitioners.
Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Actions of AVE5026, an Enriched Anti-Xa Hemisynthetic Ultra-Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Authors: Hoppensteadt Debra A. , Gray Angel , Jeske Walter P. , Walenga Jeanine M. , Fareed Jawed 
Published: March 2013

Introduction: AVE5026 represents a new generation of ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with high anti-Xa and low anti-IIa activities (anti Xa–IIa ratio >30). In addition, AVE5026 exhibits a relatively higher proportion of AT components. Materials and Methods: The anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and bleeding effects of AVE5026 in comparison to other heparins were investigated in this study. Results: AVE5026 demonstrated weak effects in the global clotting assays; however, in the amidolytic anti-Xa assay, AVE5026 produced strong inhibitory effects. AVE5026 showed no cross-reactivity with the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies in the platelet aggregation system. AVE5026 produced a dose-dependent antithrombotic response after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration in thrombosis models. The relative bleeding effects of AVE5026 in a rat tail bleeding and rabbit blood loss model were negligible after both IV and SC administration. Conclusions: This superior safety efficacy index in animal models in comparison with other LMWH may translate into improved antithrombotic efficacy with decreased bleeding risk.
Interferon-γ impairs proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in mice
Authors: de Bruin Alexander M. , Demirel Özlem , Hooibrink Berend , Brandts Christian H. , Nolte Martijn A. 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
IFN-γ impairs maintenance of HSCs by directly reducing their proliferative capacity and impairing their restoration upon viral infection. IFN-γ induces SOCS1 expression in HSCs, which inhibits TPO-induced STAT5 phosphorylation, thereby deregulating key cell-cycle genes.
Airway epithelial cells initiate the allergen response through transglutaminase 2 by inducing IL-33 expression and a subsequent Th2 response
Authors: Oh Keunhee , Seo Myung Won , Lee Ga Young , Byoun Ok-Jin , Kang Hye-Ryun , Cho Sang-Heon , Lee Dong-Sup 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a post-translational protein-modifying enzyme that catalyzes the transamidation reaction, producing crosslinked or polyaminated proteins. Increased TG2 expression and activity have been reported in various inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation-associated pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune encephalitis. In particular, TG2 from epithelial cells is important during the initial inflammatory response in the lung. In this study, we evaluated the role of TG2 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, particularly whether TG2 affects initial activation signaling leading to Th2 differentiation against antigens.

Methods
We induced allergic asthma by ovalbumin sensitization and intranasal challenge in wild-type (WT) BALB/c and TG2-deficient mice. Broncheoalveolar lavage fluid cells and intracellular cytokine production were analyzed by flow cytometry. Interleukin (IL)-33 and TG2 expression in lung epithelial cells was detected by confocal microscopy.

Results
Airway responsiveness was attenuated in TG2-deficient mice compared to that in the WT control. In addition, recruitment of eosinophils and Th2 and Th17 differentiation decreased in TG2-deficient mice. Treatment with cysteamine, a transglutaminase inhibitor, also reduced airway hypersensitivity, inflammatory cell recruitment, and T helper cell differentiation. TG2-deficient mice showed reduced IL-33 expression following induction of allergic asthma compared to those in the WT control.

Conclusions
We found that pulmonary epithelial cells damaged by allergens triggered TG2-mediated IL-33 expression leading to type 2 responses by recruiting both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
Amplification of interlimb reflexes evoked by stimulating the hand simultaneously with conditioning from the foot during locomotion
Authors: Nakajima Tsuyoshi , Barss Trevor , Klarner Taryn , Komiyama Tomoyoshi , Zehr E Paul 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Widespread interlimb reflexes evoked in leg muscles by cutaneous stimulation of the hand are phase-modulated and behaviorally relevant to produce functional changes in ankle trajectory during walking. These reflexes are complementary to the segmental responses evoked by stimulation at the ankle. Despite differences in the expression of reflex amplitude based upon site of nerve stimulation, there are some common features as well, suggesting the possibility of shared interneuronal pathways. Currently little is known about integration or shared reflex systems from interlimb cutaneous networks during human locomotion. Here we investigated convergent reflex effects following cutaneous stimulation of the hand and foot during arm and leg cycling (AL) by using spatial facilitation. Participants performed AL cycling and static activation of the target muscle knee extensor vastus lateralis (VL) in 3 different randomly ordered nerve stimulation conditions: 1) superficial radial nerve (SR; input from hand); 2) superficial peroneal nerve (SP; input from foot); and, 3) combined stimulation (SR + SP). Stimuli were applied around the onset of rhythmic EMG bursts in VL corresponding to the onset of the power or leg extension phase.

Results
During AL cycling, small inhibitory (~80 ms) and large facilitatory reflexes (~100 ~ 150 ms) were seen in VL. The amplitudes of the facilitatory responses with SR + SP stimulation were significantly larger than those for SP or SR stimulation alone. The facilitation was also significantly larger than the simple mathematical summation of amplitudes from SP and SR trials. This indicates extra facilitation beyond what would be accounted for by serial neuronal processing and was not observed during static activation.

Conclusions
We conclude that AL cycling activates shared interneurons in convergent reflex pathways from cutaneous inputs innervating the hand and leg. This enhanced activity has functional implications for corrective responses during locomotion and for translation to rehabilitation after neurotrauma.
Effect of meteorological variables on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children: a time-series analysis in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Huang Yong , Deng Te , Yu Shicheng , Gu Jing , Huang Cunrui , Xiao Gexin , Hao Yuantao 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundOver the last decade, major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) have been reported in Asian countries, resulting in thousands of deaths among children. However, less is known regarding the effect of meteorological variables on the incidence of HFMD in children. This study aims at quantifying the relationship between meteorological variables and the incidence of HFMD among children in Guangzhou, China.MethodsThe association between weekly HFMD cases in children aged <15 years and meteorological variables in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed using the generalized additive model (GAM) and time-series method, after controlling for long-term trend and seasonality, holiday effects, influenza period and delayed effects.ResultsTemperature and relative humidity with one week lag were significantly associated with HFMD infection among children. We found that a 1°C increase in temperature led to an increase of 1.86% (95% CI: 0.92, 2.81%) in the weekly number of cases in the 0–14 years age group. A one percent increase in relative humidity may lead to an increase of 1.42% (95% CI: 0.97, 1.87%) in the weekly number of cases in the 0–14 years age group.ConclusionsThis study provides quantitative evidence that the incidence of HFMD in children was associated with high average temperature and high relative humidity. The one-week delay in the effects of temperature and relative humidity on HFMD is consistent with the enterovirus incubation period and the potential time lag between onset of children’s sickness and parental awareness and response.
Histological image classification using biologically interpretable shape-based features
Authors: Kothari Sonal , Phan John H , Young Andrew N , Wang May D 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundAutomatic cancer diagnostic systems based on histological image classification are important for improving therapeutic decisions. Previous studies propose textural and morphological features for such systems. These features capture patterns in histological images that are useful for both cancer grading and subtyping. However, because many of these features lack a clear biological interpretation, pathologists may be reluctant to adopt these features for clinical diagnosis.MethodsWe examine the utility of biologically interpretable shape-based features for classification of histological renal tumor images. Using Fourier shape descriptors, we extract shape-based features that capture the distribution of stain-enhanced cellular and tissue structures in each image and evaluate these features using a multi-class prediction model. We compare the predictive performance of the shape-based diagnostic model to that of traditional models, i.e., using textural, morphological and topological features.ResultsThe shape-based model, with an average accuracy of 77%, outperforms or complements traditional models. We identify the most informative shapes for each renal tumor subtype from the top-selected features. Results suggest that these shapes are not only accurate diagnostic features, but also correlate with known biological characteristics of renal tumors.ConclusionsShape-based analysis of histological renal tumor images accurately classifies disease subtypes and reveals biologically insightful discriminatory features. This method for shape-based analysis can be extended to other histological datasets to aid pathologists in diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Inhibition/activation in bipolar disorder: validation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States scale (MAThyS)
Authors: Henry Chantal , Luquiens Amandine , Lançon Christophe , Sapin Hélène , Zins-Ritter Marcel , Gerard Stephanie , Perrin Elena , Falissard Bruno , Lukasiewicz Michael 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
One of the major issues in clinical practice is the accurate differential diagnosis between mixed states and depression, often leading to inappropriate prescriptions of antidepressants in mixed states, and as a consequence, increasing the risk of manic switch and suicide. In order to better define the spectrum of mixed states, it may be useful to develop a dimensional approach. In this context, the MAThyS (Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States) scale was built to assess activation/inhibition levels in all bipolar mood episodes, and to determine whether a clinical description in terms of activation/inhibition can help better define bipolar states with which both manic and depressive symptoms are associated. The aim of this paper is the validation of the MAThyS scale in 141 bipolar patients in acute states (manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive).

Methods
The validation of the MAThyS scale was the primary outcome of this 24-week, phase III, open-label, olanzapine single-arm clinical trial. Principal component, factorial analysis, and Cronbach’s coefficient calculation (internal consistency) were performed. Concurrent validity (correlations with 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD-17], Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAMA], and Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS]) and responsiveness to the clinical intervention were assessed (change in MAThyS scale and effect size) at 6 and 24 weeks.

Results
Scree plot of eigenvalues identified a 2-dimension structure (“activation/inhibition level” and “emotional component”). Psychometric properties were good: Cronbach’s coefficient was >0.9. Concurrent validity was good with low correlation (−0.19) with the HAMA scale and a higher correlation at baseline with the YMRS (0.72) and HAMD-17(−0.43). As expected, the activation state was predominant in manic, hypomanic, and mixed states while inhibition was predominant in depressive states. MAThyS score improvement was observed (effect size: -0.3 at 6 and 24 weeks).

Conclusions
The MAThyS demonstrated good psychometric properties. The MAThyS scale may help clinicians to better discriminate and follow bipolar episodes, especially the broad spectrum of mixed episodes.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov registration identification number: NCT#002592722
Frequency shifts in the anterior default mode network and the salience network in chronic pain disorder
Authors: Otti Alexander , Guendel Harald , Wohlschläger Afra , Zimmer Claus , Noll-Hussong Michael 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Recent functional imaging studies on chronic pain of various organic etiologies have shown significant alterations in both the spatial and the temporal dimensions of the functional connectivity of the human brain in its resting state. However, it remains unclear whether similar changes in intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) also occur in patients with chronic pain disorder, defined as persistent, medically unexplained pain.

Methods
We compared 21 patients who suffered from chronic pain disorder with 19 age- and gender-matched controls using 3T-fMRI. All neuroimaging data were analyzed using both independent component analysis (ICA) and power spectra analysis.

Results
In patients suffering from chronic pain disorder, the fronto-insular ‘salience’ network (FIN) and the anterior default mode network (aDMN) predominantly oscillated at higher frequencies (0.20 - 0.24 Hz), whereas no significant differences were observed in the posterior DMN (pDMN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN).

Conclusions
Our results indicate that chronic pain disorder may be a self-sustaining and endogenous mental process that affects temporal organization in terms of a frequency shift in the rhythmical dynamics of cortical networks associated with emotional homeostasis and introspection.
Antioxidant activity and ultrastructural changes in gastric cancer cell lines induced by Northeastern Thai edible folk plant extracts
Authors: Stewart Praphaporn , Boonsiri Patcharee , Puthong Songchan , Rojpibulstit Panadda 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundPhytochemical products have a critical role in the drug discovery process. This promising possibility, however, necessitates the need to confirm their scientific verification before use. Hence, this study aims to evaluate (1) the antioxidant activity, (2) cytotoxicity potential, and (3) the effect on ultrastructural alteration in gastric cancer cell lines through exposure to fractions of three local Northeastern Thai edible plants.MethodsPlants,Syzygium gratum, Justicia gangeticaandLimnocharis flavawere extracted with ethyl acetate, and each crude extract analysed for their total phenolics content by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS system. The extracts were then assayed for cytotoxicity on two gastric cancer cell lines Kato-III and NUGC-4, and compared with Hs27 fibroblasts as a control using the MTT assay. The cell viability (%), IC50values, as well as the ultrastructural alterations were evaluated after treatment with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThe total phenolic values of the ethyl acetate extracts were well correlated with the antioxidant capacity, with extracted product ofS. gratumdisplaying the highest level of antioxidant activity (a 10-fold greater response) overJ. gangeticaandL. flavarespectively. Exposure ofS. gratumandJ. gangeticaextracts to normal cell lines (Hs27) resulted in marginal cytotoxicity effects. However, through a dose-dependent assayS. gratumandJ. gangeticaextracts produced cytotoxicological effects in just over 75 percent of Kato-III and NUGC-4 cell lines. In addition, apoptotic characteristic was shown under TEM in both cancer cell lines with these two extracts, whereas characteristics of autophagy was found in cell lines after post exposure to extracts fromL. flava.ConclusionsFrom these three plants,S. gratumhad the highest contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. All of them found to contain compound(s) with cytotoxicityin vitroon cancer cells but not on normal cell lines as resolved in tissue culture and ultrastructural analysis. This is the first report to show the effect on cellular alteration as apoptosis of an ethyl acetate extract ofS. gratumandJ. gangetica.Further studies are now focused on individual isolates and their function, prioritizing onS. gratumandJ. gangeticafor the development of novel therapeutics and combatants against cancer.