bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Atropine Penalization to Treat Amblyopia in UK Orthoptic Practice
Authors: Piano Marianne , O’Connor Anna R. , Newsham David 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:
To compare clinical practice patterns regarding atropine penalization use by UK orthoptists to the current evidence base and identify any existing barriers against use of AP as first-line treatment.

Methods:
An online survey was designed to assess current practice patterns of UK orthoptists using atropine penalization. They were asked to identify issues limiting their use of atropine penalization and give opinions on its effectiveness compared to occlusion. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were applied to the results.

Results:
Responses were obtained from 151 orthoptists throughout the United Kingdom. The main perceived barriers to use of atropine penalization were inability to prescribe atropine and supply difficulties. However, respondents also did not consider atropine penalization as effective as occlusion in treating amblyopia, contrary to recent research findings. Patient selection criteria and treatment administration largely follow current evidence. More orthoptists use atropine penalization as first-line treatment than previously reported.

Conclusions:
Practitioners tend to closely follow the current evidence base when using atropine penalization, but reluctance in offering it as first-line treatment or providing a choice for parents between occlusion and atropine still remains. This may result from concerns regarding atropine’s general efficacy, side effects, and risk of reverse amblyopia. Alternatively, as demonstrated in other areas of medicine, it may reflect the inherent delay of research findings translating to clinical practice changes.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(6):363–369.]
Comparative Evaluation of Cyanoacrylate and Fibrin Glue for Muscle Recession in Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Topiwala Pratik , Bansal Rakesh K. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:
To compare the safety and efficacy of fibrin glue and cyanoacrylate glue for refixating the recessed muscle to the sclera in patients undergoing strabismus surgery.

Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, and interventional case series, there were 15 patients in each group. Two different types of glue were used for refixating the muscle to the sclera after its recession: fibrin glue (fibrin group) and cyanoacrylate glue (cyanoacrylate group). Resection was performed as usual with a 6-0 polyglactin suture. The conjunctiva was closed with the same glue that was used for muscle recession.

Results:

Average time required per muscle attachment was 1.48 ± 0.694 minutes in the fibrin group and 2.42 ± 0.584 minutes in the cyanoacrylate group. There was no significant difference in pain at all postoperative visits in both groups. Significantly more chemosis was observed in the cyanoacrylate group at postoperative 3 weeks. At all other postoperative visits, there was no significant difference in chemosis in both groups. There was significantly more conjunctival reaction in the cyanoacrylate group at 1 and 3 weeks and 3 months; the difference was highly significant at 3 months (
P
= .00). Total inflammatory score was significantly high in the cyanoacrylate group at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months.

Conclusions:
Both fibrin and cyanoacrylate glue are equally efficacious for muscle reattachment; however, fibrin glue is more biotolerant compared to cyanoacrylate glue and results in less postoperative inflammation, and is thus recommended for recession in strabismus surgery.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(6):349–354.]
Spurious Middlemen in Corrupt Transactions
Authors: Bayar Güzin 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The first step in solving the problem of corruption lies in diagnosing its root causes and determining the underlying factors. One of the most important facilitators of corrupt transactions is intermediaries who make corrupt dealings less risky, thereby increasing corruption. Even worse, there are spurious intermediaries who obtain bribes in connection with public services by pretending to have power over the issue. This deception may be carried out even if the officer providing the public service in question is honest. The simple game theoretical model formulated in this article tries to capture the mechanisms behind such deception. From the solutions of the model, certain policy recommendations to prevent such a process from occurring shall be provided.
Ascetic Slaves: Rereading Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals
Authors: Morrisson Iain 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Most Nietzsche scholars read the third essay of On the Genealogy of Morals as an account of the development of Christian asceticism after the slave revolution in morals. In this article, I argue that that is a misreading of Nietzsche's argument, the consequence of which is a failure to understand Nietzsche's treatment of the transition from noble morality to slave morality. I contend that we can track this transition only once we understand the role of the ascetic priest in the slave revolution. The third essay's account of asceticism, then, is indispensable in understanding how slave morality grows out of priestly values. With this argument in place I begin to trace the deep lines of asceticism in the slave revolt as described in the first essay.
Nietzsche, Carlyle, and Perfectionism
Authors: Meakins William 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Perfectionist readings of Nietzsche have paid much attention to the positive influence of Emerson. I suggest that exploring Nietzsche's reception of Thomas Carlyle, a leading contemporary and friend of Emerson's, provides us with additional interesting insights into Nietzsche's thought. What is distinctive here is that Nietzsche strongly objects to the ethical picture that Carlyle propounds in the lecture series On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. By looking at the grounds of this opposition I argue that Nietzsche holds a skeptical, antiromantic perfectionism that is sensitive to the very dangers to which it gives rise.
Column Preconcentration and FAAS Determination of Heavy Metal Ions using Artemisia Siberi as an Adsorbent
Authors: Mousavi Hassan Zavvar , Derakhshankhah Jalal 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A new column procedure for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium (II), lead (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), and copper (II), which combines flame atomic absorption spectrometry is described. These metals were sorbed on Artemisia siberi herb as an adsorbent at pH 4.0 and eluted with 3 mL of 1.5 M HNO3. The influences of analytical parameters including pH, flow rate, sample volume, type of eluent, and effect of diverse salts and cations on the recoveries of analyte ions were studied. The developed procedure provides preconcentration factors of about 117. LODs were 0.2 (Cd), 0.4 (Cu), 0.2 (Ni), 0.6 (Zn), and 1.4 (Pb) μg/L. The present method was successfully applied to the determination of the above-mentioned ions in water samples from Semnan, Iran. Recoveries greater than 95% and RSDs below 10% were obtained.
Determination of Total Selenium in Pharmaceutical and Herbal Supplements by Hydride Generation and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Kazi Tasneem G , Kolachi Nida F , Afridi Hassan I , Brahman Kapil Dev , Shah Faheem 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The total selenium (Se) was determined in herbal and pharmaceutical supplements used for liver diseases. The total Se contents were determined in different pharmaceutical and herbal supplements by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The accuracy of the techniques was evaluated by using certified reference material and the standard addition method. The recoveries of total Se were 99.4 and 99.0% for HGAAS and GFAAS, respectively. The precision of the techniques expressed as RSD were 2.34 and 4.54% for HGAAS and GFAAS measurements, respectively. The LOD values for HGAAS and GFAAS were 0.025 and 0.052 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of Se in pharmaceutical and herbal supplements were found in the range of 19.2–53.8 and 25.0–42.5 μg/g, respectively, corresponding to 35–76% and 45–76% of the total recommended dose of Se for adults.
Simultaneous Determination of 15 Nitroimidazoles in Cosmetics by HPLC Coupled with Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Meng Xian-Shuang , Bai Hua , Zhang Qing , Lv Qing , Chen Yun-Xia , Ma Hui-Juan , Li Jing-Rui , Ma Qiang 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A sensitive and reliable analytical method based on HPLC/MS/MS has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 nitroimidazoles in cosmetics. A diversity of cosmetic samples, including powder, lotion, shampoo, and cream were collected. The samples were ultrasonically extracted with aqueous methanol, and the extracts were then subjected to cleanup by SPE using an Oasis HLB cartridge followed by filtration with a 0.20 μm membrane filter. Afterwards, chromatographic separation was performed on an XSelect CSH C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) maintained at 30°C within 15 min by a gradient of acetonitrile–0.1% aqueous formic acid solution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The mass spectrometric detection was carried out using electrospray positive ionization under the multiple reaction monitoring mode. A good linearity was observed over the concentration range from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL. The intraday and interday precisions, which were investigated by determining all target compounds in cosmetics seven times/day and on 7 consecutive days, were below 5.00%. The mean recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 80.42 to 100.83% with the RSDs from 0.45 to 9.02%. The LOQs were determined to be between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg. The method was sufficiently rapid, reliable, and sensitive for the determination of 15 nitroimidazoles in cosmetics.
A Rapid Method for Determination of 22 Selected Drugs in Human Urine by UHPLC/MS/MS for Clinical Application
Authors: Magiera Sylwia , Baranowska Irena 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra-HPLC/MS/MS (UHPLC/MS/MS) assay method for the simultaneous determination in human urine of 22 drugs belonging to different pharmaceutical groups was developed. The drugs were extracted from urine samples and then separated on a Zorbax Rapid Resolution High Definition SB-C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and water containing formic acid with gradient elution. The chromatographic separation time was 7 min. The MS/MS detector, equipped with an electrospray ionization source, was set up in both positive and negative modes. The lower LOQs for the drugs in this method were between 0.05 and 0.60 ng/mL. Calibration curves in human urine were generated in the range of 0.05–600 ng/mL. Method validation parameters such as intraday and interday precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, stability, selectivity, dilution integrity, and carryover effect for all the compounds were within the acceptable ranges. This simple and fast method was applied successfully to study the pharmacokinetics of four selected drugs in human urine collected from patients. This UHPLC/MS/MS method offers an attractive way forward for the development of a routine rapid analysis for selected substances, particularly given the growing amount of new information about drug properties.
HPLC/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Studies on Steroidal Saponins: An Example of Quantitative Determination of Shatavarin IV from Dietary Supplements Containing Asparagus racemosus
Authors: Patil Dada , Gautam Manish , Gairola Sunil , Jadhav Suresh , Patwardhan Bhushan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Asparagus racemosus (AR) is a popular botanical present in several Ayurvedic medicines and nutritional and dietary supplements with immunomodulatory, galactogogue, and anticancer activity. A steroidal saponin known as shatavarin IV is one of the active constituents of AR. A new, selective, and rapid HPLC/MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantitative estimation of shatavarin IV in crude, processed, and marketed samples of AR. The analytes were separated on a Luna C18 column using simple isocratic elution with water (0.1% acetic acid)–acetonitrile (0.1% acetic acid; 70 + 30, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The analytes were detected by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring techniques in the positive ion mode. The method showed excellent linearity (r2 &gt; 0.998) over the concentration range of 7.5 to 254 ng/mL with LOD of 2.5 ng/mL. Precision (RSD) and accuracy (recovery) were found in the ranges of 2.00 to 5.15 and 102 to 110%, respectively. The validated HPLC/ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the quantification of shatavarin IV in crude, processed, and marketed (single or multiherb) AR samples. Therefore, this method could be used for QC and standardization of pharmaceutical or nutritional products containing AR.
A Simple and Rapid Method for the Multielement Analysis of Wheat Crispbread Products by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Szymczycha-Madeja Anna 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A simple and fast method for the determination of total concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Sr, and Zn in wheat crispbreads using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was developed. Initially, three different sample preparation procedures, i.e., microwave-assisted digestion in an HNO3 and H2O2 mixture and solubilization in aqua regia or tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution were compared. The performance of these procedures was evaluated for precision, accuracy, and LOD of the elements. It was established that the application of aqua regia allows determining elements with LOD within 0.1–42 ng/mL, precision of 0.2–4.1%, and accuracy better than 5%. Furthermore, good agreement between measured and certified values of a National Institute of Standards and Technology certified reference material of wheat flour (SRM 1567a) was found. It was confirmed that the proposed method could be used successfully as an alternative to microwave-assisted acid digestion in routine multielement analyses of wheat crispbreads.
Development and Single-Laboratory Validation of an Improved Method for the Determination of Cyclamate in Foods Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shah Romina , De Jager Lowri S , Begley Timothy H 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A fast and reliable LC-MS/MS method for the determination of cyclamate in a variety of food matrices was developed and validated. This method provides both quantitation and qualitative mass spectral determination important for analysis of regulatory samples. Utilization of a cyclamate-d11 internal standard corrects for potential matrix interferences during sample injection and allows minimal sample preparation. Seventeen commercially available food products were fortified at 250 μg/mL and tested as part of the method validation. Recoveries ranged from 72 to 110%, with RSDs ranging from 3 to 15%. The linear range spanned 0.010–1.00 μg/mL. LODs were 0.1 and 0.6 ng/mL, determined in pomegranate juice and dried fig, respectively. LOQs were 0.3 and 1.6 ng/mL, which are significantly lower than needed to measure cyclamate when used as a food additive. The interday and intraday accuracy and precision data are presented. This method was validated for analysis of a variety of commonly adulterated products, including drinks, dried fruits, jams, and hard candies.
Real-Time Immuno-PCR: An Approach for Detection of Trace Amounts of Transgenic Proteins
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Sinha Rajeshwar P 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The research on manipulation of crop genomes for transgenic development is continuously increasing due to several benefits. The major concerns linked to the effect of transgenic crops are human health and environment sustainability. To monitor transgenic samples in the food chain, several highly sensitive and specific DNA-based and protein-based detection methods are being used. However, real-time immuno-PCR (RT-IPCR) assay would be able to provide a sensitive detection of trace amounts of transgenic proteins or allergens in the samples and help in monitoring these materials. In the present study, we developed a novel RT-IPCR method to monitor Cry1Ac transgenic protein in samples with an LOD of 100 pg/mL. The assay may also be useful in the evaluation of functional stability of transgenes inserted in the plant genome.
Analytical Method for the Determination of Various Arsenic Species in Rice, Rice Food Products, Apple Juice, and Other Juices by Ion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ellingson David , Zywicki Richard , Sullivan Darryl 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that there are detectable levels of arsenic (As) in rice, rice food products, and apple juice. This has created significant concern to the public, the food industry, and various regulatory bodies. Classic test methods typically measure total As and are unable to differentiate the various As species. Since different As species have greatly different toxicities, an analytical method was needed to separate and quantify the different inorganic and organic species of As. The inorganic species arsenite [As(+3)] and arsenate [As(+5)] are highly toxic. With this in mind, an ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma (IC-ICP/MS) method was developed and validated for rice and rice food products that can separate and individually measure multiple inorganic and organic species of As. This allows for the evaluation of the safety or risk associated with any product analyzed. The IC-ICP/MS method was validated on rice and rice food products, and it has been used successfully on apple juice. This paper provides details of the validated method as well as some lessons learned during its development. Precision and accuracy data are presented for rice, rice food products, and apple juice.
Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Immunoassays To Detect Barley Contamination in Gluten-Free Beer with Confirmation Using LC/MS/MS
Authors: Allred Laura K , Sealey Voyksner Jennifer A , Voyksner Robert D 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
To meet the need for the detection and quantitation of barley gluten in beer, qualitative screening and quantitative immunoassays based on the monoclonal antigluten antibody 401/21 (Skerritt) were validated in a single laboratory. Sample replicates were tested at each stage of beer production using multiple yeast strains and methods of end-stage protein removal. Quantitation was performed using barley-specific standards based on barley flour extracts. Immunoassay results were confirmed using LC/MS/MS for barley-specific peptides. The LOD for the qualitative screening test was 5 mg/L barley gluten. Recovery for the barley-spiked worts ranged from 81 to 128% in the quantitative ELISA assay; the LOD was &lt;1 mg/L, and the LOQ was 5 mg/L. Both screening and confirmation methods were found to be fit for the purposes of detection of low levels of barley gluten in beer.
Validation Study of a HistaSure™ ELISAFast Track for the Determination of Histamine in Fish Samples
Authors: Manz Georg , Booltink Esther 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
LDN Labor Diagnostika Nord GmbH & Co. KG has developed an ELISA for the rapid semiquantitative or quantitative determination of histamine in different kinds of fish samples. Fresh/frozen tuna, canned tuna, fresh/frozen mahi mahi, canned sardines, and fish meal were used to validate the method under the requirements of the AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested MethodsSM Program. The results all fell within the defined acceptance criteria. Linearity was given throughout the 0–300 ppm measuring range. Cross reactivity to similarly structured food spoilage indicators (tyramine and cadaverine) was minimal, less than 1%. Overall recoveries for all tested matrixes were within the determined acceptable range (80–120%), and the repeatability of precision was less than 10% overall and less than 5% at the defect action level of 50 ppm set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The LOQ for the ELISA was determined to be 1.27 ppm. No lot-to-lot differences were observed. A 2-year claimed shelf life, at 2–8°C, was confirmed through accelerated stability testing. After the introduction of minor procedural variations to the test, no differences in histamine levels were observed. Independent lab testing revealed that the ELISA works as well in the hands of minimally trained technicians as it does with expert developers. A strong correlation (r = 0.97) between the LDN ELISA and the AOAC 977.13 fluorometric method was observed. This study revealed that the LDN ELISA is equivalent to the AOAC Official Method977.13 for the precise and accurate measurement of histamine in fresh/frozen tuna, canned tuna, fresh/frozen mahi mahi, canned sardines, and fish meal.
Evaluation of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ Salmonella Express System for the Detection of Salmonella Species in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Bird Patrick , Flannery Jonathan , Crowley Erin , Agin James , Goins David , Jechorek Robert ,   Collaborators:, Adams J , Beers K , Blanchard K , Brooks R , Boyle M , Colvin R , Elgaali H , Fedio W , Lewis D , Martin A , McCallum K , Meyer J , Morey A , Morris A , Newman K , Pickett J , Rajkowski K , Rodgers D , Stawick B , Marchant-Tambone J 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The 3M™ Petrifilm™Salmonella Express (SALX) System is a simple, ready-to-use chromogenic culture medium system for the rapid qualitative detection and biochemical confirmation of Salmonella spp. in food and food process environmental samples. The 3M Petrifilm SALX System was compared using an unpaired study design in a multilaboratory collaborative study to the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) 4.07 (2013) Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Meat, Poultry, Pasteurized Egg and Catfish Products and Carcass and Environmental Sponges for raw ground beef and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA/BAM) Chapter 5, Salmonella (2011) reference method for dry dog food following the current AOAC validation guidelines. For this study, a total of 17 laboratories located throughout the continental United States evaluated 1872 test portions. For the 3M Petrifilm SALX System, raw ground beef was analyzed using 25 g test portions, and dry dog food was analyzed using 375 g test portions. For the reference methods, 25 g test portions of each matrix were analyzed. The two matrices were artificially contaminated with Salmonella at three inoculation levels: an uninoculated control level (0 CFU/test portion), a low inoculum level (0.2–2 CFU/test portion), and a high inoculum level (2–5 CFU/test portion). Each inoculation level was statistically analyzed using the probability of detection statistical model. For the raw ground beef and dry dog food test portions, no significant differences at the 95% confidence interval were observed in the number of positive samples detected by the 3M Petrifilm SALX System versus either the USDA/FSIS-MLG or FDA/BAM methods.