bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term stream water temperature observations permit rapid assessment of potential climate change impacts
Authors: Caldwell Peter , Segura Catalina , Gull Laird Shelby , Sun Ge , McNulty Steven G. , Sandercock Maria , Boggs Johnny , Vose James M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAssessment of potential climate change impacts on stream water temperature (Ts) across large scales remains challenging for resource managers because energy exchange processes between the atmosphere and the stream environment are complex and uncertain, and few long‐term datasets are available to evaluate changes over time. In this study, we demonstrate how simple monthly linear regression models based on short‐term historical Ts observations and readily available interpolated air temperature (Ta) estimates can be used for rapid assessment of historical and future changes in Ts. Models were developed for 61 sites in the southeastern USA using ≥18 months of observations and were validated at sites with longer periods of record. The Ts models were then used to estimate temporal changes in Ts at each site using both historical estimates and future Ta projections. Results suggested that the linear regression models adequately explained the variability in Ts across sites, and the relationships between Ts and Ta remained consistent over 37 years. We estimated that most sites had increases in historical annual mean Ts between 1961 and 2010 (mean of +0.11 °C decade−1). All 61 sites were projected to experience increases in Ts from 2011 to 2060 under the three climate projections evaluated (mean of +0.41 °C decade−1). Several of the sites with the largest historical and future Ts changes were located in ecoregions home to temperature‐sensitive fish species. This methodology can be used by resource managers for rapid assessment of potential climate change impacts on stream water temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“NEW BEGINNINGS” IN SOUTH AFRICAN SHELTERS FOR THE HOMELESS: PILOTING OF A GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR HIGH‐RISK MOTHER–INFANT DYADS
Authors: Bain Katherine 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe New Beginnings program was developed at the Anna Freud Centre and originally piloted in Her Majesty Prisons in the United Kingdom. This study aimed to explore the use of this manualized parent–infant psychotherapy group model in an African setting with high‐risk mother–infant dyads, and describes the implementation and investigation of this 12‐week group psychotherapy intervention in two Johannesburg shelters for homeless women. The measures used to investigate treatment efficacy were the Parent Development Interview (A. Slade, J.L. Aber, I. Bresgi, B. Berger, & M. Kaplan, ), the Emotional Availability Scales (Z. Biringen, J.L. Robinson, & R.N. Emde, ), the Kessler‐10 (R.C. Kessler et al., ), and the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development (D. Luiz et al., ). At pretesting, infants exhibited delays in a number of developmental areas, and mothers showed high levels of depression and generally low capacities for reflective function. While significant shifts in the mothers’ capacities for reflective function were not found in the treatment condition, significant shifts were found in the infants’ speech abilities and in the mothers’ abilities to structure their interactions with their infants. This suggests that the program enabled mothers to become more sensitized to their infants’ needs in interaction and that communication between mother and infant increased. The number of sessions attended by the dyads correlated with improvements made by the mothers and their infants.
PREVALENCE AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND CHILD BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Clarkson Freeman Pamela A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as child abuse and neglect impact a child's socioemotional development. Drawing from the methods employed in the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE; Felitti et al., ) Study, the present study utilized data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being to examine the prevalence of ACEs among children birth to 6 years, and the relationship of ACEs to emotional and behavioral outcomes 59 to 97 months after the close of investigation or assessment. Logistic regression also was used to examine the cumulative impact of ACEs on child behavior outcomes. By the age of 6, approximately 70% of children experienced three or more ACEs, and there were strong relationships between ACEs. Numerous ACEs were associated with long‐term behavioral problems, and results supported a dose–response effect. Three or greater ACEs more than quadrupled the risk of experiencing internalizing problems, and almost quadrupled the risk of experiencing either externalizing or total problems at 59 to 97 months’ postinvestigation. Based on these findings, it is crucial for both early screening/assessment and increased collaboration between child welfare and early intervention programs.
The potential of microbial processes for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol: a review
Authors: Dionisi Davide , Anderson James A. , Aulenta Federico , McCue Alan , Paton Graeme 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis paper assesses the feasibility of a single‐ or multi‐stage process entirely based on microbial cultures, with no or minimal non‐biological pretreatment and with no external enzyme addition, for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials into ethanol. The process considered involves three distinct microbial processes, which can possibly combined in one single reaction stage: (a) lignin hydrolysis; (b) cellulose and hemicelluloses hydrolysis; and (c) glucose fermentation to ethanol. This paper critically reviews the literature on the three microbial processes and compares the rates of microbial processes with those of the alternative physico‐chemical pretreatment processes.RESULTSThere is a large number of microbial species that can perform each of the three processes required for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, although only one species has been unquestionably reported, so far, to be able to hydrolyse lignin under anaerobic conditions; another challenge is controlling the anaerobic fermentation of glucose to ethanol with mixed cultures; the rates of the microbial processes reported so far in the literature are generally lower than the rates obtained with physico‐chemical pretreatments.CONCLUSIONSWhile in principle the whole process from lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol can be carried out with existing, non‐engineered microorganisms, there is a need for further research to obtain rates and yields which are commercially attractive. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Getting hip to vitamin D: A hospitalist project for improving the assessment and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with hip fracture
Authors: Stephens John R. , Williams Christine , Edwards Eric , Ossman Paul , DeWalt Darren A. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDVitamin D deficiency is common in elderly patients with hip fracture, and clinical practice guidelines recommend screening this population. Our hospitalist group cares for all patients admitted with hip fracture, yet lacked a standardized approach to screening for and treating vitamin D deficiency in this population.OBJECTIVESTo standardize and improve the assessment and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with hip fracture.DESIGNQuality improvement implementation.SETTINGTertiary academic hospital.PATIENTSAdults age >50 years with hip fracture.INTERVENTIONSWe implemented a computerized hip fracture order set with preselected orders for 25‐OH vitamin D level and initial supplementation with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D. We presented a review of the literature and performance data to our hospitalist group.MEASUREMENTSPercentage of patients with acute hip fracture screened for vitamin D deficiency and percentage of deficient or insufficient patients discharged on recommended dose of vitamin D (50,000 IU/wk if level <20 ng/mL).RESULTSThe percentage of patients screened for vitamin D deficiency improved from 37.2% (n = 196) before implementation to 93.5% (n = 107) after (P < 0.001). The percentage of deficient or insufficient patients discharged on the recommended vitamin D dose improved from 40.9% to 68.0% (P = 0.008). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (25‐OH vitamin D level <30 ng/mL) was 50.0%.CONCLUSIONSSimple interventions, consisting of a change in computerized order set and presentation of evidence and data from group practice, led to significant improvement in the assessment and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with hip fracture. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:714–719. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Health Aid and Health Improvement in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Accounting for the Heterogeneity Between Stable States and Post‐Conflict States
Authors: Yogo Urbain Thierry , Mallaye Douzounet 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing a sample of 34 sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 1990–2012, this paper reveals that health aid helps to improve health outcomes in sub‐Saharan African countries. More specifically, for each additional unit of health aid, the prevalence of HIV decreases by 8.3% and child mortality decreases by 64% over 4 years. This effect operates mainly through the improvement of female education and the increase in health spending. Furthermore, the results do not support the hypothesis of a significant difference between post‐conflict states and stable states in terms of aid effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of ochratoxin A in traditional Chinese medicines based on vortex‐assisted solid–liquid microextraction and aptamer‐affinity column clean‐up
Authors: Yang Xihui , Hu Yichen , Kong Weijun , Chu Xianfeng , Yang Meihua , Zhao Ming , Ouyang Zhen 
Published: September 2014

A rapid, selective, and sensitive ultra‐fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of ochratoxin A in traditional Chinese medicines based on vortex‐assisted solid–liquid microextraction and aptamer‐affinity column clean‐up. Through optimizing the sample pretreatment procedures and chromatographic conditions, good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9993), low limit of detection (0.5–0.8 μg/kg), and satisfactory recovery (83.54–94.44%) expressed the good reliability and applicability of the established method in various traditional Chinese medicines. Moreover, the aptamer‐affinity column, prepared in‐house, showed an excellent feasibility owing to its specific identification of ochratoxin A in various kinds of selected traditional Chinese medicines. The maximum adsorption amount and applicability value were 188.96 ± 10.56 ng and 72.3%, respectively. The matrix effects were effectively eliminated, especially for m/z 404.2→358.0 of ochratoxin A. The application of the developed method for screening the natural contamination levels of ochratoxin A in 25 random traditional Chinese medicines on the market in China indicated that only eight samples were contaminated with low levels below the legal limit (5.0 μg/kg) set by the European Union. This study provided a preferred choice for the rapid and accurate monitoring of ochratoxin A in complex matrices.
Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Multi‐Stimuli Responses of a Supramolecular Block Copolymer
Authors: Yuan Weizhong , Wang Jinju , Li Lulin , Zou Hui , Yuan Hua , Ren Jie 
Published: September 2014

A supramolecular block copolymer is prepared by the molecular recognition of nucleobases between poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate)‐SS‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐adenine (P(MEO2MA‐co‐OEGMA)‐SS‐PCL‐A) and uracil‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐U). Because the block copolymer is linked by the combination of covalent (disulfide bond) and noncovalent (AU) bonds, it not only has similar properties to conventional covalently linked block copolymers but also possesses a dynamic and tunable nature. The copolymer can self‐assemble into micelles with a PCL core and P(MEO2MA‐co‐OEGMA)/PEG shell. The size and morphologies of the micelles/aggregates can be adjusted by altering the temperature, pH, salt concentration, or adding dithiothreitol (DTT) to the solution. The controlled release of Nile red is achieved at different environmental conditions.
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Fast 3DT2‐weighted imaging using variable flip angle transition into driven equilibrium (3DT2‐TIDE) balanced SSFP for prostate imaging at 3T
Authors: Srinivasan Subashini , Wu Holden H. , Sung Kyunghyun , Margolis Daniel J.A. , Ennis Daniel B. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeThree‐dimensional (3D) T2‐weighted fast spin echo (FSE) imaging of the prostate currently requires long acquisition times. Our objective was to develop a fast 3D T2‐weighted sequence for prostate imaging at 3T using a variable flip angle transition into driven equilibrium (T2‐TIDE) scheme.Methods3D T2‐TIDE uses interleaved spiral‐out phase encode ordering to efficiently sample the ky–kz phase encodes and also uses the transient balanced steady‐state free precession signal to acquire the center of k‐space for T2‐weighted imaging. Bloch simulations and images from 10 healthy subjects were acquired to evaluate the performance of 3D T2‐TIDE compared to 3D FSE.Results3D T2‐TIDE images were acquired in 2:54 minutes compared to 7:02 minutes for 3D FSE with identical imaging parameters. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) efficiency was significantly higher for 3D T2‐TIDE compared to 3D FSE in nearly all tissues, including periprostatic fat (45 ± 12 vs. 31 ± 7, P < 0.01), gluteal fat (48 ± 8 vs. 41 ± 10, P = 0.12), right peripheral zone (20 ± 4 vs. 16 ± 8, P = 0.12), left peripheral zone (17 ± 2 vs. 12 ± 3, P < 0.01), and anterior fibromuscular stroma (12 ± 4 vs. 4 ± 2, P < 0.01).Conclusion3D T2‐TIDE images of the prostate can be acquired quickly with SNR efficiency that exceeds that of 3D FSE. Magn Reson Med 74:442–451, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The direct and indirect roles of HBV in liver cancer: prospective markers for HCC screening and potential therapeutic targets
Authors: Ringelhan Marc , O'Connor Tracy , Protzer Ulrike , Heikenwalder Mathias 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the number one risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for more than 600 000 deaths/year. Despite highly effective antiviral treatment options, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), subsequent end‐stage liver disease and HCC development remain a major challenge worldwide. In CHB, liver damage is mainly caused by the influx of immune cells and destruction of infected hepatocytes, causing necro‐inflammation. Treatment with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues can effectively suppress HBV replication in patients with CHB and thus decrease the risk for HCC development. Nevertheless, the risk of HCC in treated patients showing sufficient suppression of HBV DNA replication is significantly higher than in patients with inactive CHB, regardless of the presence of baseline liver cirrhosis, suggesting direct, long‐lasting, predisposing effects of HBV. Direct oncogenic effects of HBV include integration in the host genome, leading to deletions, cis/trans‐activation, translocations, the production of fusion transcripts and generalized genomic instability, as well as pleiotropic effects of viral transcripts (HBsAg and HBx). Analysis of these viral factors in active surveillance may allow early identification of high‐risk patients, and their integration into a molecular classification of HCC subtypes might help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifrequency Raman spectroscopy on bulk (11,10) chirality enriched semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Kramberger Christian , Kharlamova Marianna V. , Yanagi Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2014

We performed a thorough multifrequency Raman spectroscopy study to access the entire spread of all traces of chirality species and confirm the absence of metallic species in metallicity and single chirality sorted single‐walled carbon nanotubes. On the bulk scale the diameters of all detectable species fall within 1.43 nm 2% and are dominated by an outstanding abundance of the single (11,10) chirality.
Stereoscopic visualization and quantification of auricular cartilage regeneration in rabbits using multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhu Xiaoqin , Xu Yahao , Tang Yiyan , Xiong Shuyuan , Zhuo Shuangmu , Chen Jianxin 
Published: September 2014

SummaryMultiphoton microscopy (MPM) was applied for imaging and quantifying the elastic cartilage regeneration tissue in a rabbit ear model without using labeling agents. Morphology of cells and collagen matrix were analysis, showing significant difference between regenerated and intact cartilage in cellular size and collagen distribution. The results demonstrate that high resolution images provide by MPM are consistent with the histological results, and show additional biological behavior which is not visible in standard histology. Advantages in instrumentation may lead to the application of MPM for intravital detection and treatment. SCANNING 36:540–546, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rat globus pallidus neurons: Functional classification and effects of dopamine depletion
Authors: Karain Brad , Xu Dan , Bellone John A. , Hartman Richard E. , Shi Wei‐Xing 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe rat globus pallidus (GP) is homologous to the primate GP externus. Studies with injectable anesthetics suggest that GP neurons can be classified into Type‐I and Type‐II cells based on extracellularly recorded spike shape, or positively coupled (PC), negatively coupled (NC), and uncoupled (UC) cells based on functional connectivity with the cortex. In this study, we examined the electrophysiology of rat GP neurons using the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane which offers more constant and easily regulated levels of anesthesia than injectable anesthetics. In 130 GP neurons recorded using small‐tip glass electrodes (<1 μm), all but one fired Type‐II spikes (positive/negative waveform). Type‐I cells were unlikely to be inhibited by isoflurane since all GP neurons also fired Type‐II spikes under ketamine‐induced anesthesia. When recorded with large‐tip electrodes (∼2 μm), however, over 70% of GP neurons exhibited Type‐I spikes (negative/positive waveform). These results suggest that the spike shape, recorded extracellularly, varies depending on the electrode used and is not reliable in distinguishing Type‐I and Type‐II neurons. Using dual‐site recording, 40% of GP neurons were identified as PC cells, 17.5% NC cells, and 42.5% UC cells. The three subtypes also differed significantly in firing rate and pattern. Lesions of dopamine neurons increased the number of NC cells, decreased that of UC cells, and significantly shifted the phase relationship between PC cells and the cortex. These results support the presence of GP neuron subtypes and suggest that each subtype plays a different role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 69:41–51, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonographic spectrum of first‐trimester fetal cephalocele: review of 35 cases
Authors: Sepulveda W. , Wong A. E. , Andreeva E. , Odegova N. , Martinez‐Ten P. , Meagher S. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe the sonographic features of fetal cephalocele diagnosed at the time of first‐trimester ultrasound screening for aneuploidy.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of cases of cephalocele diagnosed in the first trimester at four fetal medicine referral centers. Once diagnosis was suspected, a transvaginal ultrasound examination was offered to improve depiction of the cranial defect and enhance examination of fetal anatomy, with special attention given to the location, size and content of defects. To assure consistency in diagnosis, representative pictures and videoclip sequences of the cranial defect were obtained and reviewed by at least two authors. Cases were classified and compared with the assessment made at diagnosis.ResultsOf the 35 affected fetuses identified, 33 were of a singleton pregnancy and two were of twin pregnancies in which the other fetus was unaffected. The lesion was classified as a cranial meningocele in 13 (37%) cases and as an encephalocele in 22 (63%). The bone defect was occipital in 27 (77%), frontal in three (9%), parietal in three (9%) and non‐classifiable in two (6%). Twelve (34%) were considered as small in size, 11 (31%) as medium and 12 (34%) as large. There were no reported cases of aneuploidy; however, four (11%) cases were associated with Meckel–Gruber syndrome, two (6%) with a disruptive syndrome and one (3%) with skeletal dysplasia. Eight (23%) pregnancies were lost to follow‐up. Parents opted for termination of pregnancy in 21 of the 27 remaining cases and, of the six ongoing pregnancies, four patients miscarried or the fetus died in utero during the second trimester, one liveborn infant died shortly after delivery and one underwent neonatal surgery for an isolated cranial meningocele and is currently doing well.ConclusionsFirst‐trimester sonographic diagnosis of cephalocele is accomplished easily with a detailed examination of the skull contour at the time of routine assessment of the axial and sagittal views of the head for measurement of the biparietal diameter and nuchal translucency, respectively. However, the sonographic features are highly variable. A significant proportion of cases are associated with genetic or disruptive syndromes. Prenatal diagnosis of cephalocele in the first trimester was associated with a high rate of termination of pregnancy and early intrauterine fetal demise. Only one fetus in this series survived and is neurologically intact; therefore, the prognosis of this condition remains poor. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The thinking Neanderthals: What do we know about Neanderthal cognition?
Authors: Johansson Sverker 
Published: September 2014

The study of Neanderthal cognition is difficult, because of the archaeological invisibility of cognition, and because of the methodological issues that arise both from that invisibility and from their being close to modern humans. Nevertheless, fair progress has been made in gathering relevant evidence. There is now good evidence that Neanderthals were cognitively sophisticated, displaying many of the cognitive traits that were traditionally regarded as proxies for modern human cognition, notably including language. It can neither be proven nor excluded that they were our cognitive equals, but they were close enough to us, biologically and cognitively, to interbreed successfully and leave a genetic legacy in our DNA. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:613–620. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1317This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Linguistics > Evolution of Language