bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro
Antifungal Activity of Naftifine Hydrochloride against Dermatophytes
Authors: Ghannoum M. , Isham N. , Verma A. , Plaum S. , Fleischer A. , Hardas B. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

The incidence of superficial dermatophytoses is high in developed countries, and there remains a need for effective topical antifungals. In this study, we evaluated the
in vitro
antifungal activity of naftifine hydrochloride, the active ingredient in naftifine hydrochloride cream and gel 1% and 2%, against dermatophytes. The MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of naftifine hydrochloride against 350 clinical strains, including
Trichophyton rubrum
,
T. mentagrophytes
,
T. tonsurans
,
Epidermophyton floccosum
, and
Microsporum canis
, were determined using the CLSI methodology. Subsets from this test panel were subsequently tested in a time-kill assay at 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, and 1× the MFC for each isolate. CFU counts were performed over a period of 48 h of incubation. Additionally, in order to determine the potential for resistance development, six strains were subjected to 15 serial passages in concentrations higher than the MIC for each strain. MICs were determined following each passage. The MIC range against the dermatophyte isolates tested was 0.015 to 1.0 μg/ml, with naftifine hydrochloride being fungicidal against 85% of the
Trichophyton
species. The time-kill assay showed dose-dependent activity, with the greatest reduction in the numbers of CFU corresponding to the highest drug concentration. There was no increase in MIC for any strains following repeated exposure to naftifine hydrochloride. Naftifine hydrochloride demonstrated potent activity against all dermatophytes tested, and none of the isolates within this test panel demonstrated the potential for the development of resistance. Thus, future clinical studies of naftifine hydrochloride against dermatophytes may be warranted for the treatment of superficial dermatophytoses.
Identification of Genes Involved in Neisseria meningitidis Colonization
Authors: Jamet Anne , Euphrasie Daniel , Martin Patricia , Nassif Xavier 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Neisseria meningitidis
is a worldwide cause of meningitis and septicemia leading at least to 50,000 deaths every year. Nevertheless,
N. meningitidis
is also a commensal bacterium that asymptomatically colonizes the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx of 10 to 30% of healthy individuals. Occasionally,
N. meningitidis
crosses the nasopharyngeal barrier and enters the bloodstream. During bacteremia,
N. meningitidis
may adhere to endothelial cells of brain vessels and invade meninges. To identify the genes required for meningococcal host colonization, we screened a signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis library using an innovative
in vitro
colonization model in order to identify mutants displaying decreased capacity to colonize human epithelial cells. Approximately 1,600 defined insertion mutants of invasive serogroup C strain NEM8013 were screened. Candidate mutants were tested individually for quantification of bacterial biomass with confocal microscope and COMSTAT software. Five mutants were demonstrated to exhibit significantly decreased colonization ability. The identified genes, including
narP
and
estD
, appeared to be involved in adaptation to hypoxic conditions and stress resistance. Interestingly, the genes
fadD1
,
nnrS
, and
NMV_2034
(encoding a putative thioredoxin), prior to this study, had not been shown to be involved in colonization. Therefore, we provide here insights into the meningococcal functions necessary for the bacterium to adapt to growth on host cells.
Identification and Characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum Clec, a Novel C-Type Lectin Domain-Containing Mucin-Like Glycoprotein
Authors: Bhalchandra Seema , Ludington Jacob , Coppens Isabelle , Ward Honorine D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Cryptosporidium
species are waterborne apicomplexan parasites that cause diarrheal disease worldwide. Although the mechanisms underlying
Cryptosporidium
-host cell interactions are not well understood, mucin-like glycoproteins of the parasite are known to mediate attachment and invasion
in vitro
. We identified
C. parvum
Clec (
Cp
Clec), a novel mucin-like glycoprotein that contains a C-type lectin domain (CTLD) and has orthologs in
C. hominis
and
C. muris
. CTLD-containing proteins are ligand-binding proteins that function in adhesion and signaling and are present in a wide range of organisms, from humans to viruses. However, this is the first report of a CTLD-containing protein in protozoa and in
Apicomplexa. Cp
Clec is predicted to be a type 1 membrane protein, with a CTLD, an O-glycosylated mucin-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail containing a YXXϕ sorting motif. The predicted structure of
Cp
Clec displays several characteristics of canonical CTLD-containing proteins, including a long loop region hydrophobic core associated with calcium-dependent glycan binding as well as predicted calcium- and glycan-binding sites.
Cp
Clec expression during
C. parvum
infection
in vitro
is maximal at 48 h postinfection, suggesting that it is developmentally regulated. The 120-kDa mass of native
Cp
Clec is greater than predicted, most likely due to O-glycosylation.
Cp
Clec is localized to the surface of the apical region and to dense granules of sporozoites and merozoites. Taken together, these findings, along with the known functions of
C. parvum
mucin-like glycoproteins and of CTLD-containing proteins, strongly implicate a significant role for
Cp
Clec in
Cryptosporidium
-host cell interactions.
Edwardsiella tarda Ivy, a Lysozyme Inhibitor That Blocks the Lytic Effect of Lysozyme and Facilitates Host Infection in a Manner That Is Dependent on the Conserved Cysteine Residue
Authors: Wang Chong , Hu Yong-hua , Sun Bo-guang , Li Jun , Sun Li 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Edwardsiella tarda
is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad host range that includes fish and humans. In this study, we examined the activity and function of the lysozyme inhibitor Ivy (named Ivy
Et
) identified in the pathogenic
E. tarda
strain TX01. Ivy
Et
possesses the Ivy signature motif CKPHDC in the form of
82
CQPHNC
87
and contains several highly conserved residues, including a tryptophan (W55). For the purpose of virulence analysis, an isogenic TX01 mutant, TXivy, was created. TXivy bears an in-frame deletion of the

ivy
Et

gene. A live infection study in a turbot (
Scophthalmus maximus
) model showed that, compared to TX01, TXivy exhibited attenuated overall virulence, reduced tissue dissemination and colonization capacity, an impaired ability to replicate in host macrophages, and decreased resistance against the bactericidal effect of host serum. To facilitate functional analysis, recombinant Ivy
Et
(rIvy) and three mutant proteins, i.e., rIvyW55A, rIvyC82S, and rIvyH85D, which bear Ala, Ser, and Asp substitutions at W55, C82, and H85, respectively, were prepared.
In vitro
studies showed that rIvy, rIvyW55A, and rIvyH85D were able to block the lytic effect of lysozyme on a Gram-positive bacterium, whereas rIvyC82S could not do so. Likewise, rIvy, but not rIvyC82S, inhibited the serum-facilitated killing effect of lysozyme on
E. tarda
.
In vivo
analysis showed that rIvy, but not rIvyC82S, restored the lost pathogenicity of TXivy and enhanced the infectivity of TX01. Together these results indicate that Ivy
Et
is a lysozyme inhibitor and a virulence factor that depends on the conserved C82 for biological activity.
Donor CD8+T Cells Prevent Toxoplasma gondii De-Encystation but Fail To Rescue the Exhausted Endogenous CD8+T Cell Population
Authors: Bhadra Rajarshi , Cobb Dustin A. , Khan Imtiaz A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTFunctional exhaustion of CD8+T cells due to increased expression of inhibitory molecule PD-1 (Programmed Death-1) causes reactivation of latent disease during later phases of chronic toxoplasmosis. Onset of disease recrudescence results in decreased parasite cyst burden concomitant with parasites undergoing stage conversion from a primarily encysted, quiescent bradyzoite to a fast-replicating, highly motile tachyzoite. Thus, reduced cyst burden is one of the early hallmarks of disease recrudescence. This was further validated by depleting gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a cytokine known to control latent toxoplasmosis, in chronically infected prerecrudescent mice. Since CD8+T cells (an important source of IFN-γ) lose their functionality during the later phases of chronic toxoplasmosis, we next examined if adoptive transfer of functional CD8+T cells from acutely infected donors to the chronically infected prerecrudescent hosts could impede parasite de-encystation and rescue exhausted CD8+T cells. While the transfer of immune CD8+T cells temporarily restricted the breakdown of cysts, the exhausted endogenous CD8+T cell population was not rescued. Over time, the donor population got deleted, resulting in parasite de-encystation and host mortality. Considering that donor CD8+T cells fail to become long-lived, one of the cardinal features of memory CD8+T cells, it bears the implication that memory CD8 differentiation is impaired during chronic toxoplasmosis. Moreover, our data strongly suggest that while adoptive immunotherapy can prevent parasite de-encystation transiently, reduced antigen burden in the chronic phase by itself is insufficient for rescue of exhausted CD8+T cells. The conclusions of this study have profound ramifications in designing immunotherapeutics against chronic toxoplasmosis.
A review of geomorphic processes and landforms in the Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land: implications for evaluating climate change and ice-sheet stability
Authors: Marchant D. R. , Mackay S. L. , Lamp J. L. , Hayden A. T. , Head J. W. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

The Dry Valleys are subdivided into three microclimate zones on the basis of summertime measurements of atmospheric temperature, soil moisture, relative humidity and wind-speed/ direction. Subtle variations in these climate parameters result in considerable differences in process geomorphology and in the development of unique landforms within each zone. The mapped zones include a coastal thaw zone, an inland mixed zone and a stable upland zone. Landforms within each zone are subdivided into macroscale features (e.g. valleys, slopes and gullies), mesoscale features (e.g. polygons and viscous-flow features) and microscale features (e.g. rock and near-surface soil features, including the effects of salt weathering, wind erosion and pitting). We present a review of landscape development in the Dry Valleys with implications for long-term climate change and ice-sheet stability. Chronological control is afforded by
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating of volcanic ash-fall deposits and cosmogenic nuclide analyses of surface boulders. Collectively, the data call for persistent cold and dry conditions in the stable upland zone for approximately the last 14 Ma, although some level of climatic amelioration and landform modification may have occurred within low-lying regions and in the inland mixed zone.
Provenance of Pleistocene sediments from Site U1359 of the Wilkes Land IODP Leg 318 – evidence for multiple sourcing from the East Antarctic Craton and Ross Orogen
Authors: Pant N. C. , Biswas P. , Shrivastava Prakash K. , Bhattacharya S. , Verma Kamlesh , Pandey Mayuri ,   Iodp Expedition 318 Scientific Party
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Site U1359 is located on the eastern levée of the Jussieau submarine channel on the Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica. The upper approximately 60 m of the sediment core records more than 2.5 Ma of the depositional history. Present work focuses on inferring provenance from the heavy mineral fraction from the Pleistocene sediments. Clay and non-clay fractions were characterized using X-ray diffraction and micro-beam techniques. Metamorphic minerals including orthopyroxene, high-Ca garnet and high-Ti biotite indicate a source in a high-grade metamorphic terrain. Mixing from a low- to medium-grade metamorphic component is also indicated. Several basaltic rock fragments, showing mineralogical affinities to the Ferrar volcanic province in the Ross Sea sector, are present. The metamorphic component is correlatable with the Proterozoic East Antarctic cratonic shield component. Ordovician–Silurian ages for the euhedral xenotime and monazite, coupled with the Ferrar equivalent basalts, indicate an additional sediment source from the Ross Orogen along with that from the craton.
The geological and tectonic evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains: a review
Authors: Elliot David H. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The development of the Transantarctic Mountains was initiated with the rifting of Rodinia and the formation of a late Neoproterozoic passive continental margin. In Cambrian time this rift setting evolved into an active margin with batholith emplacement into deformed and lightly metamorphosed upper Neoproterozoic–Cambrian strata, creating the Ross Orogen. Denudation and erosion of the Ross Orogen led to the formation of the pre-Devonian Kukri Erosion Surface on which Devonian quartzose sandstones accumulated in a continental setting. Palaeozoic magmatic arcs were intermittently active along the distal Panthalassan margin. Intra-cratonic basins developed in Permian time, one of which evolved into a foreland basin clearly related to a Permo-Triassic magmatic arc. The Palaeozoic–early Mesozoic arcs can be traced into both Australasia and South America. In Early Jurassic time the margin migrated outboard simultaneously with the advent of proximal silicic volcanism, emplacement of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province and Gondwana break-up. These events marked the onset of plate margin reorganization, and with it the early uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains. During Cretaceous and later time episodic uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains was accompanied by formation of a major crustal and lithospheric boundary marking the edge of the East Antarctic craton and the regions of crustal attenuation in the Ross (West Antarctic Rift System) and Weddell embayments.
Periglacial processes and landforms of the Antarctic: a review of recent studies and directions
Authors: Hall Kevin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The wide range of periglacial environments of the Antarctic, from the wet, mild oceanic sub-Antarctic through to the cold, dry continent, provides not only an extensive modern laboratory, but also one that offers insights into conditions in the Northern Hemisphere at the height of the last glacial, is an analogue for periglacial conditions on other planets, and can be used for monitoring climatic change. Almost the whole known suite of periglacial landforms is present. Recent research directions show strong linkages between the biotic components and the abiotic responses, offering new insights into periglacial synergies and hence landform development. Other new directions are those of using the Antarctic as an analogue for periglacial conditions on Mars, and multinational undertakings monitoring permafrost and active layer changes. During the past three decades there have been a number of reviews of periglacial landforms and processes for both the area as a whole as well as for specific locations or regions. Here information regarding material post-dating the most recent reviews is provided and an attempt is made to highlight new directions and findings. This broad-based review provides a foundation for more detailed accounts on some of the periglacial attributes provided in other papers within these volumes.
CompCertTSO
Authors: Ševčík Jaroslav , Vafeiadis Viktor , Zappa Nardelli Francesco , Jagannathan Suresh , Sewell Peter 
Published: July 2013

In this article, we consider the semantic design and verified compilation of a C-like programming language for concurrent shared-memory computation on x86 multiprocessors. The design of such a language is made surprisingly subtle by several factors: the relaxed-memory behavior of the hardware, the effects of compiler optimization on concurrent code, the need to support high-performance concurrent algorithms, and the desire for a reasonably simple programming model. In turn, this complexity makes verified compilation both essential and challenging.
We describe ClightTSO, a concurrent extension of CompCert’s Clight in which the TSO-based memory model of x86 multiprocessors is exposed for high-performance code, and CompCertTSO, a formally verified compiler from ClightTSO to x86 assembly language, building on CompCert. CompCertTSO is verified in Coq: for any well-behaved and successfully compiled ClightTSO source program, any permitted observable behavior of the generated assembly code (if it does not run out of memory) is also possible in the source semantics. We also describe some verified fence-elimination optimizations, integrated into CompCertTSO.
Global eMuseum System (GEMS): Building an International Sense of Collaborative Community History
Authors: McKay Elspeth 
Published: July 2013

A virtual global eMuseum system, (GEMS) is a digital knowledge sharing system, connecting young children and community elders through a ubiquitous design. Respecting the values and requirements of the broadest community possible, GEMS follows a traditional practice where much of what we learn is handed down by previous generations in a direct familial fashion through stories, games and pictures. Now the Internet escalates opportunities to pass on our folk history and traditions. Increasing access to generational wisdom in this fashion provides a living testimony of who we are. This project is using GEMS to implement a virtual interactive community history kiosk. Children yet, the tale to hear, Eager eye and willing ear. Lovingly shall nestle near. —Lewis Carroll
Poleward Stationary Eddy Heat Transport by the Tibetan Plateau and Equatorward Shift of Westerlies during Northern Winter*
Authors: Park Hyo-Seok , Xie Shang-Ping , Son Seok-Woo 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The orographic effect of the Tibetan Plateau on atmospheric poleward heat transport is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model. The linear interference between the Tibetan Plateau–induced winds and the eddy temperature field associated with the land–sea thermal contrast is a key factor for enhancing the poleward stationary eddy heat transport. Specifically, Tibetan Plateau–induced stationary waves produce northerlies over the cold eastern Eurasian continent, leading to a poleward heat transport. In another hot spot of stationary eddy heat transport over the eastern North Pacific, Tibetan Plateau–induced stationary waves transport relatively warm marine air northward.
In an experiment where the Tibetan Plateau is removed, the poleward heat transport is mostly accomplished by transient eddies, similar to the Southern Hemisphere. In the presence of the Tibetan Plateau, the enhanced stationary eddy heat transport is offset by a comparable reduction in transient eddy heat transport. This compensation between stationary and transient eddy heat transport is seen in observed interannual variability. Both the model and observations indicate that an enhanced poleward heat transport by stationary waves weakens transient eddies by decreasing the meridional temperature gradient and the associated westerlies in midlatitudes.
ENSO Impact on Kelvin Waves and Associated Tropical Convection
Authors: Yang Gui-Ying , Hoskins Brian 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on atmospheric Kelvin waves and associated tropical convection is investigated using the ECMWF Re-Analysis, NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and the analysis technique introduced in a previous study. It is found that the phase of ENSO has a substantial impact on Kelvin waves and associated convection over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific. El Niño (La Niña) events enhance (suppress) variability of the upper-tropospheric Kelvin wave and the associated convection there, in both extended boreal winter and summer.
The mechanism of the impact is through changes in the ENSO-related thermal conditions and the ambient flow. In El Niño years, because of SST increase in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, variability of eastward-moving convection, which is mainly associated with Kelvin waves, intensifies in the region. In addition, owing to the weakening of the equatorial eastern Pacific westerly duct in the upper troposphere in El Niño years, Kelvin waves amplify there. In La Niña years, the opposite occurs. However, the stronger westerly duct in La Niña winters allows more NH extratropical Rossby wave activity to propagate equatorward and force Kelvin waves around 200 hPa, partially offsetting the in situ weakening effect of the stronger westerlies on the waves. In general, in El Niño years Kelvin waves are more convectively and vertically coupled and propagate more upward into the lower stratosphere over the central-eastern Pacific.
The ENSO impact in other regions is not clear, although in winter over the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans Kelvin waves and their associated convection are slightly weaker in El Niño than in La Niña years.
Model Estimates of Land-Driven Predictability in a Changing Climate from CCSM4
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Kumar Sanjiv , Fennessy Michael J. , Altshuler Eric L. , DelSole Timothy , Guo Zhichang , Cash Benjamin A. , Straus David 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The climate system model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research is used to examine the predictability arising from the land surface initialization of seasonal climate ensemble forecasts in current, preindustrial, and projected future settings. Predictability is defined in terms of the model's ability to predict its own interannual variability. Predictability from the land surface in this model is relatively weak compared to estimates from other climate models but has much of the same spatial and temporal structure found in previous studies. Several factors appear to contribute to the weakness, including a low correlation between surface fluxes and subsurface soil moisture, less soil moisture memory (lagged autocorrelation) than other models or observations, and relative insensitivity of the atmospheric boundary layer to surface flux variations. Furthermore, subseasonal cyclical behavior in plant phenology for tropical grasses introduces spurious unrealistic predictability at low latitudes during dry seasons. Despite these shortcomings, intriguing changes in predictability are found. Areas of historical land use change appear to have experienced changes in predictability, particularly where agriculture expanded dramatically into the Great Plains of North America, increasing land-driven predictability there. In a warming future climate, land–atmosphere coupling strength generally increases, but added predictability does not always follow; many other factors modulate land-driven predictability.