bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Acosta Daniel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive summary of common adverse side effects associated with key pharmaceutical drugs used in the treatment of selected diseases and disorders. The focus of this chapter is on the use of drugs associated with key organs and physiological functions of the body. The main topics covered are anesthetics, analgesics, sedative hypnotics, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, neurodegenerative disorders, adrenergic and cholinergic agents, cardiovascular drugs, and hormone antagonists.
Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Kosnett Michael J. , Woskie Susan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) represent an emerging technology with a wide range of industrial and medical applications. The toxicity of nanomaterials may vary considerably depending on numerous variables, including but not limited to composition (including impurities), size, shape, charge, aggregation status, solubility, and surface characteristics. Although this poses a challenge to the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs), some OELs have recently been proposed for selected ENMs. Based on animal data and findings associated with ambient nanoparticulates, health concerns for ENMs have focused on cardiovascular and pulmonary endpoints. The potential for exposure to ENMs can occur across the lifecycle. A precautionary approach that focuses on prevention of potential exposures and toxicity evaluation aimed at the sustainable production of these potentially valuable new products is recommended. Although there is no consensus on the value of instituting routine medical surveillance targeted to workers with potential exposure to nanomaterials, the potential utility of nanomaterial worker exposure registries has received increasing attention.
On the Effect of Atomic Structure on the Activity and Deactivation of Catalytic Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Walsh Michael J. , Yoshida Kenta , Pay Mungo L. , Gai Pratibha L. , Boyes Edward D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present studies of the structure and stability of catalytic gold nanoparticles through in situ aberration‐corrected electron microscopy to investigate the effect of heating on the nature of the identified atomic active sites. Low coordination surface atoms are replaced by atomically clean surface facets through local rearrangements to minimise surface energy. The associated movement of surface atoms is proposed to directly precede Ostwald ripening. Expansive surface strain resulting from inherently strained structures, such as the decahedra, is shown to diminish with increasing particle size and the associated elastic energy is reduced through a shifting of the disclination axis towards the particle surface. At elevated temperatures a reduction in surface energy anisotropy may lead to energetically favourable morphologies with minimal intrinsic strain. Such processes will act as structural deactivation mechanisms, resulting in a loss of active sites without any necessary associated loss of surface area or change in particle size through traditional sintering mechanisms. Considerations of the active site stability and the particle size according to the reaction conditions are described.
A New Biosensor for Chiral Recognition Using Goat and Rabbit Serum Albumin Self‐Assembled Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Chen Wen‐Jing , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Wei‐Guang , Fan Jun , Yin Xia , Zheng Sheng‐Run , Su Wen‐Cui , Zhang Zhi , Hong Tao 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTQuartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor was used for the chiral recognition of five pairs of enantiomers by using goat serum albumin (GSA) and rabbit serum albumin (RbSA) as chiral selectors. Serum albumin (SA) was immobilized on the QCM through the self‐assembled monolayer technique, and the surface concentration of GSA and RbSA were 8.8 × 10−12  mol cm−2 and 1.2 × 10−11 mol cm−2, respectively. The QCM biosensors showed excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Meanwhile, the chiral recognition of SA sensors was quite species dependent. There were differences between GSA and RbSA sensors in the ability and the preference of chiral recognition. To R,S‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐naphthylamine (R,S‐1‐TNA), R,S‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethylamine (R,S‐4‐MPEA), and R,S‐1‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)ethylamine (R,S‐3‐MPEA), the preference of the stereoselective SA‐drug binding of the two kinds of SA sensors were consistent. However, to R,S‐2‐octanol (R, S‐2‐OT) and R,S‐methyl lactate (R,S‐MEL), the two kinds of SA sensors had opposite chiral recognition preference. Moreover, the interactions of SA and the five pairs of enantiomers have been further investigated through ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescent (FL) spectra. The UV/FL results were in accordance with the consequence of QCM. Chirality 24:804–809, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gallium Trichloride Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkynes: Scope, Limitation, and Mechanistic Studies by DFT
Authors: Li Lei , Huang Genping , Chen Zhou , Liu Wei , Wang Xiufang , Chen Yanmei , Yang Lijuan , Li Wu , Li Yahong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe successful application of gallium trichloride as a catalyst for the intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes with aromatic amines is reported. The reaction is effective with many aniline derivatives and shows exclusive selectivity for the Markovnikov products. The mechanism of the transformation was investigated by DFT calculations and a plausible pathway is proposed.
Mercury concentrations of a resident freshwater forage fish at Adak Island, Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska
Authors: Kenney Leah A. , von Hippel Frank A. , Willacker James J. , O'Hara Todd M. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The Aleutian Archipelago is an isolated arc of over 300 volcanic islands stretching 1,600 km across the interface of the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Although remote, some Aleutian Islands were heavily impacted by military activities from World War II until recently and were exposed to anthropogenic contaminants, including mercury (Hg). Mercury is also delivered to these islands via global atmospheric transport, prevailing ocean currents, and biotransport by migratory species. Mercury contamination of freshwater ecosystems is poorly understood in this region. Total Hg (THg) concentrations were measured in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected from eight lakes at Adak Island, an island in the center of the archipelago with a long military history. Mean THg concentrations for fish whole-body homogenates for all lakes ranged from 0.314 to 0.560 mg/kg dry weight. Stickleback collected from seabird-associated lakes had significantly higher concentrations of THg compared to non-seabird lakes, including all military lakes. The δ13C stable isotope ratios of stickleback collected from seabird lakes suggest an input of marine-derived nutrients and/or marine-derived Hg. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2647–2652. © 2012 SETAC
Novel differential diagnostic method for superficial/deep tumor of the parotid gland using ultrasonography
Authors: Higashino Masaaki , Kawata Ryo , Haginomori Shin‐Ichi , Lee Koutetsu , Yoshimura Katsuhiro , Inui Takaki , Nishikawa Shuji 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to prepare the ultrasonographic diagnostic criteria on parotid tumors for preoperative differentiation of superficial and deep tumors.MethodsWe evaluated 154 patients with a benign parotid tumor who underwent surgery. The minimum thickness of normal parotid gland tissue between the parotideomasseteric fascia and tumor (minimum fascia–tumor distance [MFTD]) was measured on preoperative ultrasonography and compared among tumors at different locations, and the optimum cutoff value to differentiate a deep tumor was identified.ResultsThe MFTD showed significant differences between superficial and deep tumors and between inferior pole and deep tumors. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of an MFTD ≥3 mm for the differentiation of deep tumors were 85%, 91%, and 89%.ConclusionA tumor with an MFTD ≥3 mm on preoperative ultrasonography is very likely to be a deep tumor based on a new differentiation method for deep parotid tumors considering those present at other locations. Head Neck, 2013
Uncommon presentations of parathyroid adenoma
Authors: Givens Daniel J. , Hunt Jason P. , Bentz Brandon G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundPatients with parathyroid adenomas (PAs) are commonly encountered in otolaryngology and may present with asymptomatic hypercalcemia. Retropharyngeal hematoma and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis are less commonly encountered presentations and may be harbingers of a malignant process.Methods and ResultsWe present 2 patients with rare presentations of parathyroid adenoma. The first is a 57‐year‐old man with retropharyngeal hemorrhage and progressive airway compromise. The second is a 51‐year‐old woman presenting with dysphonia who was found to have RLN paralysis. Both of these patients were found to have benign disease.ConclusionsAlthough most patients with PA present with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, this disease entity must be considered in patients with other unusual presentations including hemorrhagic neck masses and dysphonia. The importance of a broad differential diagnosis and thorough workup is emphasized. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Feasibility and safety of minimal‐incision thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: A prospective, single‐center study
Authors: Perigli Giuliano , Qirici Etleva , Badii Benedetta , Kokomani Aurora , Staderini Fabio , Luconi Michaela , Crescioli Clara , Mannelli Massimo , Maggi Mario , Cianchi Fabio 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe role of minimally invasive surgery in Graves' disease is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing minimal‐incision thyroidectomy with those undergoing conventional thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.MethodsA prospective study was performed on 148 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Seventy‐one patients underwent minimal‐incision thyroidectomy and 77 underwent conventional thyroidectomy. Minimal‐incision thyroidectomy was proposed if the thyroid volume was ≤50 mL.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the operative time between minimal‐incision thyroidectomy and conventional thyroidectomy. The length of skin incision was significantly shorter in the minimal‐incision thyroidectomy than that in the conventional thyroidectomy group. The incidence of postoperative complications was similar in the 2 groups. Patients undergoing minimal‐incision thyroidectomy experienced significantly less postoperative pain and were more satisfied with the cosmetic result than patients who underwent conventional thyroidectomy.ConclusionsMinimal‐incision thyroidectomy is a feasible and safe option for the surgical treatment of selected patients with Graves' disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Effect of erlotinib on epidermal growth factor receptor and downstream signaling in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tsien Christina I. , Nyati Mukesh K. , Ahsan Aarif , Ramanand Susmita G. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Worden Francis P. , Helman Joseph I. , D'Silva Nisha , Bradford Carol R. , Wolf Gregory T. , Lawrence Theodore S. , Eisbruch Avraham 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in biomarker modulation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation between the tumor and the normal mucosa after treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, in head and neck cancer.MethodsPatients with primary oral cavity squamous cell cancers received a course of erlotinib, 150 mg every day for 7 days before surgical resection. Tumor and normal mucosa biopsies were obtained both pre‐erlotinib and post‐erlotinib. Changes in known markers of EGFR activity (phospho, AKT, STAT3) were measured by immunoblotting, whereas changes in tissue distribution were analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsTwelve patients were enrolled; 7 had evaluable paired tumors and normal mucosa biopsies pretreatment and posttreatment. Expression of EGFR was higher in tumors compared to the normal mucosa (p = .005). Erlotinib administration was associated with marked inhibition of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR) and reduction in total EGFR protein (p = .004, p = .007) in tumors, whereas there was heterogeneity in EGFR inhibition in the normal mucosa (p = .10 [pEGFR], and p = .07 [EGFR]). Reduced levels of pSrc and pSTAT3 and enhanced p27 levels were noted in tumors after erlotinib. Cell culture studies confirmed that EGFR is degraded in tumor cells after prolonged treatment with erlotinib.ConclusionOur results show that EGFR inhibition by erlotinib led to a marked reduction in EGFR protein levels in patients. Differential effects of erlotinib on tumors compared to the normal mucosa suggest there may be individual patient heterogeneity. These preliminary data suggest EGFR degradation should be further analyzed as a potential biomarker in selecting patients likely to benefit from EGFR inhibitors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Frozen biopsy of central compartment in papillary thyroid cancer: Quantitative nodal analysis
Authors: Lim Yun‐Sung , Choi Sung‐Won , Lee Yoon Se , Lee Jin‐Choon , Lee Byung‐Joo , Wang Soo‐Geun , Son Seok‐Man , Kim In‐Ju , Shin Dong‐Hoon 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundNodal metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) usually occurs in the central compartment of the ipsilateral neck and spreads laterally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of frozen biopsy for quantitative nodal evaluation of central neck metastasis in PTC.MethodsIn all, 252 patients with PTC underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral central neck dissection (CND). All tissues from ipsilateral CND were examined by frozen biopsy.ResultsAmong them, 53% of patients had central neck metastasis. The sensitivity and specificity of frozen biopsy for central neck metastasis were 92% and 99%, respectively. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 99% and 84%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy for the exact number of metastatic nodes was 91% compared to permanent biopsy.ConclusionsFrozen biopsy for quantitative analysis of central compartment is a useful tool for the precise evaluation of central lymphatic status intraoperatively with a high sensitivity and specificity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Impact of chemotherapeutic agents on the immunostimulatory properties of human 6‐sulfo LacNAc+ (slan) dendritic cells
Authors: Wehner Rebekka , Bitterlich Anna , Meyer Nicole , Kloß Anja , Schäkel Knut , Bachmann Michael , Schmitz Marc 
Published: August 2012

AbstractChemotherapy is an important treatment modality for many patients with advanced cancer. Recent data revealed that certain chemotherapeutic agents differentially affect maturation, cytokine production and T‐cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells (DCs), which play a crucial role in the induction of antitumor immunity. Whereas most reports are based on mouse or human monocyte‐derived DCs, studies investigating the direct effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on native human DCs are rather limited. Here, we evaluated the impact of various chemotherapeutic drugs on the immunostimulatory properties of 6‐sulfo LacNAc+ (slan) DCs, representing a major subpopulation of human blood DCs. Because of their various antitumor effects, slanDCs may essentially contribute to the immune defense against tumors. We demonstrated that doxorubicin and vinblastine significantly impair the release of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐12 by slanDCs. Functional data revealed that both drugs inhibit slanDC‐mediated proliferation of T lymphocytes and their capacity to differentiate naive CD4+ T cells into proinflammatory T‐helper type I cells. Furthermore, these agents markedly suppressed the ability of slanDCs to stimulate interferon‐γ secretion by natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast, paclitaxel, mitomycin C and methotrexate sustained the ability of slanDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines and their potential to activate T‐lymphocytes and NK cells. These results indicate that doxorubicin and vinblastine impair the ability of native human DCs to stimulate important immune effector cells, whereas methotrexate, mitomycin C and paclitaxel maintain their immunostimulatory properties. These novel findings may have implications for the design of treatment modalities for tumor patients combining immunotherapeutic strategies and chemotherapy.
A Non‐Feeding Pilidium With Apparent Prototroch and Telotroch
Authors: Maslakova Svetlana A. , von Dassow George 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe nemertean pilidium larva is a long‐lived planktotrophic form which is challenging to homologize to other invertebrate larval forms. Here we report a reduced, lecithotrophic pilidium which superficially resembles a trochophore. We document the pilidium‐like catastrophic metamorphosis of this larva, including devouring of the larval body. Sequences of COI and 16S rRNA show that this larva belongs to an undescribed lineiform species. This novel larval form highlights the long‐standing question, is the trochophore a conserved larval ground‐plan or a functional design arrived at by convergence? J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318B:586–590,2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation–Deactivation Equilibrium Associated With Iron‐Mediated Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization up to High Pressure
Authors: Schroeder Hendrik , Yalalov Denis , Buback Michael , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe equilibrium constant, Kmodel, of iron‐mediated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is investigated for FeBr2/α‐bromoester model systems in the absence of monomer. Quantitative analysis is carried out in solution of either N‐methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one (NMP) or acetonitrile (MeCN) via high‐pressure online VIS/NIR spectroscopy monitoring the formation of the FeIII species. The reaction volume is determined to be ΔVR = 13 ± 3 cm3 mol−1, which indicates that Kmodel decreases with pressure. This observation points to preferred formation of catalytically inactive or less active iron–solvent complexes toward higher pressure. Thus suitable solvent selection is important for the development of efficient iron‐based ATRP catalysts.
Mediating and moderating effects of learned resourcefulness on depressive symptoms and positive ideation in hospital nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Chung Chun‐Chih , Lin Mei‐Feng , Ching Yung‐Chieh , Kao Ching‐Chiu , Chou Yi‐Ying , Ho Ping‐Hui , Chang Hsiu‐Ju 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLearned resourcefulness (LR) is important in facilitating mental health in individuals experiencing depression, and positive ideation plays a further protective role in the prevention of suicidal ideation. The purpose of this study was to explore whether LR mediates or moderates the relationship between depressive symptoms and positive ideation in hospital nurses. Participants were 807 full‐time hospital nurses. The relationship between depressive symptoms and positive ideation was both mediated and moderated by LR after controlling for age, job title, and marital status. Continuing education and counseling strategies may increase nurses' LR and thereby enhance positive ideation and reduce risk of depression and suicide. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:576–588, 2012
Androgen deprivation induces senescence characteristics in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ewald Jonathan A. , Desotelle Joshua A. , Church Dawn R. , Yang Bing , Huang Wei , Laurila Timo A. , Jarrard David F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe treatment of non‐localized prostate cancer involves androgen deprivation (AD) therapy which results in tumor regression. Apoptosis has been implicated in the tumor response to AD, but constitutes a small fraction of the total tumor at any time. Cellular senescence is a response to sub‐lethal stress in which cells are persistently growth arrested and develop distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics. The occurrence of senescence in prostate tumor tissue after AD therapy has not previously been investigated.METHODSPhenotypic and molecular characteristics of senescence were examined in models of androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer after AD and compared with androgen‐intact controls.RESULTSIn vitro in LNCaP cells, AD induced elevated senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) staining, decreased proliferation, and increased flow cytometric side scatter while minimally affecting cell viability. The increased expression of the senescence‐related proteins Glb1, the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and chromatin‐regulating heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) were detected in LNCaP cells after AD in vitro by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy. In mice bearing LuCaP xenograft tumors in vivo, surgical castration similarly increased SA‐β‐gal staining, increased expression of p27Kip1 and HP1γ, and decreased expression of the proliferation marker KI‐67, with minimal induction of apoptosis identified by detection of cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tumors removed after AD shows similar induction of Glb1, HP1γ and decreased KI‐67.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that AD induces characteristics consistent with cellular senescence in androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer cells. This finding may explain incomplete tumor regression in response to AD. Prostate 73: 337–345, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dislocation motion in Sb‐doped SiGe on Si substrate
Authors: Yamashita Yoshifumi , Matsunaga Takuya , Funaki Toru , Fushimi Tatsuya , Kamiura Yoichi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe have successfully grown antimony‐doped Si1−xGex epi‐films with different doping level and a boron‐doped one on Si (001) substrate. Using these samples, we have investigated the effect of these impurities in Si1−xGex epifilm on dislocation velocity. Although dislocation velocities in the B‐doped SiGe film were comparable to those in the undoped one because of the low concentration of B, those in Sb‐doped samples are remarkably enhanced, which is qualitatively similar to the effects in bulk Si. The reduction of the activation energy of dislocation motion depended on the doping level of Sb and the amount of the reduction was 1.0 eV in the highest Sb‐concentration film. This value is significantly larger than those reported in bulk Si. The velocities in the lowest Sb‐concentration samples are also enhanced though the samples are thought to be electrically intrinsic at the temperatures where dislocation velocities were measured. Therefore, the large activation energy reduction is possibly attributed to multiple effects of the Fermi level change and other characteristic effects of the SiGe epifilm.
Possible mechanisms of switching in amorphous chalcogenides
Authors: Popescu Mihai , Velea Alin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new description of the switching phenomenon is given. The switching is regarded as due to the formation and breaking of the links between the dendrites of crystalline nuclei in bulk materials, as a consequence of the energy pumped by an electrical field. This mechanism explains the very short switching time (<20 ns), the possibility to get smart memories based on multisteps of resistivity and the high number of cycles supported by the cell (1016). A cellular automaton mechanism was created on the basis of this model for switching. Multistage memory in chalcogenide materials has also been explained by this mechanism.