bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved pretreatments applied to the sugarcane bagasse and release of lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose‐enriched fractions by sulfuric acid hydrolysis
Authors: Miranda Ismael , Masiero Maria O , Zamai Thamyres , Capella Marisa , Laluce Cecilia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDA number of pretreatments have been reported in the literature aiming to improve yields with increases in degree of digestibility of the cellulose‐enriched fractions, in reducing the process time recalcitrance and costs of a variety of chemicals reagents and physical processes were used. Nevertheless, none of them was considered completely satisfactory.RESULTSModifications and simplifications were made in pretreatments to increase gravimetric yields and to decrease the losses of mass. The highest gravimetric yields and the lowest loss of mass were obtained for cellulose‐enriched fractions resulting from microwave pretreatments. Loss of mass during treatments with sulfuric acid were due to dehydration of sugars forming furan aldehydes. Cellulose‐enriched fractions PT6 and PT7 are certainly more easily by commercial enzymes as indicated by loss of mass.CONCLUSIONSPretreatments with sulfuric acid resulted in less recalcitrant cellulose‐enriched fractions that will give enzymatic hydrolysates containing less inhibitors of yeast cells. FeCl3 greatly modified the yields of total reducing sugars, glucose, furan aldehydes and phenolic compounds released from the cellulose‐enriched fractions by sulfuric acid. However, the co‐catalytic effect on the sulfuric acid hydrolysis was dependent on the pretreatment used and acid concentration. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of tenascin‐C on the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects of articular cartilage in rabbits
Authors: Ikemura Shigeto , Hasegawa Masahiro , Iino Takahiro , Miyamoto Keiichi , Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko , Yoshida Toshimichi , Sudo Akihiro 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tenascin‐C (TNC) on the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects of articular cartilage in vivo. We used a gellan–gellan–sulfate sponge (Gellan–GS) to maintain a TNC‐rich environment in the cartilage defects. We implanted Gellan‐GS soaked in PBS only (Group 1), Gellan‐GS soaked in 10 µg/ml of TNC (Group 2), and Gellan‐GS soaked in 100 µg/ml of TNC (Group 3) into a full‐thickness osteochondral defect of the patellar groove of rabbits. The defect area was examined grossly and histologically 4–12 weeks after surgery. Sections of synovium were also immunohistochemically investigated. Histologically as well as macroscopically, the defects in Group 2 showed better repair than the other groups at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. Inflammation of the synovium tended to diminish over time in all groups, and the degree of synovitis was the same for all three groups at each time point. In conclusion, Gellan–GS soaked in TNC can be used as a novel scaffold for the repair of articular cartilage defects. This study also indicates that TNC promotes the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects in vivo. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:563–571, 2015.
Lipoic acid mitigates oxidative stress and recovers metabolic distortions in salt‐stressed wheat seedlings by modulating ion homeostasis, the osmo‐regulator level and antioxidant system
Authors: Gorcek Zeynep , Erdal Serkan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKROUNDSoil salinity is one of the most detrimental environmental factors affecting the growth of plants and limiting their agricultural productivity. This study investigated whether exogenous lipoic acid (LA) pretreatment plays a role in promoting salt tolerance in wheat seedlings. The seedlings were treated with LA (1.75 mmol L−1) and salt (100 mmol L−1 NaCl) separately and a combination of them.RESULTSSalt stress significantly reduced relative water content, leaf surface area, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll content but increased the content of osmo‐regulator protein, carbohydrates and proline. In addition, salinity led to an imbalance in the inorganic composition of wheat leaves. While it elevated Na+ content compared to control, Ca content and K+/Na+ ratio were reduced. Under saline conditions, despite increases in antioxidant enzyme activity and levels of antioxidant compounds (ascorbate and glutathione), the content of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehyde were higher than in control seedlings. LA significantly promoted osmo‐regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone. Also, it both increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione and regenerated their oxidised forms, thus contributing to maintaining cellular redox status. Similarly, LA prevented excessive accumulation of Na+ and promoted K+/Na+ ratio and Ca content. Reactive oxygen species content was significantly reduced, and the inhibitions in the above parameters markedly recovered.CONCLUSIONLA reduced salinity‐induced oxidative damage and thus contributed to the growth and development of plants in saline soils by modulating ion homeostasis between plant and soil as well as in osmo‐regulator content and antioxidant system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ring‐System‐Based Exhaustive Structure Generation for Inverse‐QSPR/QSAR
Authors: Miyao Tomoyuki , Kaneko Hiromasa , Funatsu Kimito 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInverse‐QSPR/QSAR aims to solve the inverse problem of chemical structure generation based on QSPR/QSAR models, once the properties or activities are specified. To efficiently solve this problem, an exhaustive ring‐system‐based structure generation methodology was developed. The concept of the applicability domain (AD) is automatically acknowledged within the proposed strategy. The local AD is considered by introducing the probability distribution of a given data set, and the universal AD is considered using ring‐system‐based fragments in the training data set. Structures with desired properties or activities are enumerated by assembling fragments, including atomic elements, in a tree‐like way. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study of ligand design for the human alpha 2A adrenergic receptor (ADR2A_HUMAN). We succeeded in generating structures focusing only on a pre‐defined region in chemical space, resulting in structures whose desired activity has a high likelihood being efficiently generated. In addition, the limitations of our proposed method and future challenges are discussed.
Supremizer stabilization of POD–Galerkin approximation of parametrized steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Ballarin Francesco , Manzoni Andrea , Quarteroni Alfio , Rozza Gianluigi 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn this work, we present a stable proper orthogonal decomposition–Galerkin approximation for parametrized steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with low Reynolds number. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of BiCu2(TeO3)(SO4)(OH)3
Authors: Chen Fengting , Zhao Jiachang , Xu Jingli , Wu Yuandong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe hetero‐bimetallic polyanionic compound BiCu2(TeO3)(SO4)(OH)3 was synthesized using hydrothermal techniques. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) with lattice parameters a = 9.5513(15), b = 6.3022(10), c = 13.955(2) Å, β = 102.845(3)°, and Z = 4. The structure of title compound is a three‐dimensional tunnel framework consisting of edge‐sharing two‐dimensional [Cu3O10]14– layers linked by BiO8bicapped trigonal prisms, TeO32– trigonal pyramids and SO42– tetrahedra. Along [010], each Cu(1)O6 octahedron shares two edges with adjacent Cu(1)O6 units to form infinite one‐dimensional zigzag chains, which are connected by double inverted Cu(2)O6 octahedral units via edge sharing (O9···O8). The suitability of crystal for optical applications was investigated by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Raman and FTIR spectra were used to confirm the presence of various functional groups such as TeO32–, SO42–, OH– in the crystals.
Armored scale insect endosymbiont diversity at the species level: genealogical patterns of Uzinura diasipipdicola in the Chionaspis pinifoliae–Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Authors: Andersen J.C. , Gwiazdowski R.A. , Gdanetz K. , Gruwell M.E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractArmored scale insects and their primary bacterial endosymbionts show nearly identical patterns of co-diversification when viewed at the family level, though the persistence of these patterns at the species level has not been explored in this group. Therefore we investigated genealogical patterns of co-diversification near the species level between the primary endosymbiont Uzinura diaspidicola and its hosts in the Chionaspis pinifoliae–Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex. To do this we generated DNA sequence data from three endosymbiont loci (rspB, GroEL, and 16S) and analyzed each locus independently using statistical parsimony network analyses and as a concatenated dataset using Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions. We found that for two endosymbiont loci, 16S and GroEL, sequences from U. diaspidicola were broadly associated with host species designations, while for rspB this pattern was less clear as C. heterophyllae (species S1) shared haplotypes with several other Chionaspis species. We then compared the topological congruence of the phylogenetic reconstructions generated from a concatenated dataset of endosymbiont loci (including all three loci, above) to that from a concatenated dataset of armored scale hosts, using published data from two nuclear loci (28S and EF1α) and one mitochondrial locus (COI–COII) from the armored scale hosts. We calculated whether the two topologies were congruent using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa test. We found no significant differences (P = 0.4892) between the topologies suggesting that, at least at this level of resolution, co-diversification of U. diaspidicola with its armored scale hosts also occurs near the species level. This is the first such study of co-speciation at the species level between U. diaspidicola and a group of armored scale insects.
Gait planning for a hopping robot
Authors: Shabestari S. S. , Emami M. R. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYAn optimization model is developed in this paper for the joint trajectories of a hopping robot with a four-bar linkage leg. The dynamic behaviour of the one-legged robot is investigated during the stance and swing phases, and their impacts on gait planning are analysed. Certain constraints characterizing the continuous and cyclic motion of the robot are obtained. The optimization model is solved for the minimum torque and maximum velocity objective functions separately, and the results are compared with those in nature.
Rewriting the ecclesiastical landscape of early medieval Northumbria in the Lives of Cuthbert
Authors: McMullen A. Joseph 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article re-examines the use of place-names in the early prose Lives of Cuthbert and provides an additional explanation for Bede's removal of many of the place-names that greatly localize the events in the anonymous Life. I argue that the author of the anonymous Life was following a common Irish hagiographic practice of using place-names as propaganda to create a network of churches, monasteries, or lands under the authority of the paruchia of a saint's leading church. Bede's deliberate choice to remove certain place-names that were outside Lindisfarne's diocese, or even its immediate sphere of influence, suggests that he was aware of this agenda and intentionally revised these details in order to set right the Northumbrian ecclesiastical landscape.
Constructing the monstrous body in Beowulf
Authors: Cavell Megan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe monstrosity of Grendel and his mother have long held the interest of Beowulf-scholars. Examining the bodily attributes of both figures in order to detect inter-textual patterns of diction, this article focuses on depictions of the monsters' skin, hands and blood. In analysing these attributes, it becomes clear that the Beowulf-poet's chosen descriptors align the monstrous body with manmade objects in general and with weapons and armour in particular. This blurring of body and human artifact creates an environment for monstrous existence that is between and outside of both human culture and nature.
The sevenfold-fivefold-threefold litany of the saints in the Leofric Missal and beyond
Authors: Norris Robin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe brief litany of saints in the Leofric Missal is the oldest complete extant specimen of the sevenfold-fivefold-threefold prayer used for baptism on Holy Saturday. This continental innovation became widespread in Anglo-Saxon England, and was used in Ireland into the twelfth century. The petitions of this special form, probably from an English source, appear in the brief litany of the Corpus Irish Missal, alongside invocations either standardized by the scribe or adapted from a continental source. Through the evolution of the sevenfold-fivefold-threefold litany over time and across cultures, we see concrete evidence of the patterns of cultural transmission that shaped early medieval Europe.
Disruption of exogenous eGFP gene using RNA-guided endonuclease in bovine transgenic somatic cells
Authors: Choi WooJae , Yum SooYoung , Lee SongJeon , Lee WonWu , Lee JiHyun , Kim SeokJoong , Koo OkJae , Lee ByeongChun , Jang Goo 
Published: November 2014

SummaryGenome-editing technologies are considered to be an important tool for generating gene knockout cattle models. Here, we report highly efficient disruption of a chromosomally integrated eGFP gene in bovine somatic cells using RNA-guided endonucleases, a new class of programmable nucleases developed from a bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. In the present study, we obtained homogenously eGFP-expressing primary fibroblasts from cloned bovine transgenic embryonic tissues and employed them for further analysis. CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids specifically targeting the eGFP gene were transfected into the eGFP fibroblasts by electroporation. After 10 days of culture, more than 40% of the cells had lost eGFP expression in fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Targeted sequences of the transfected cells were analyzed, and various small indel mutations (6–203 bp deletions) in the target sequence were found. The fibroblasts mutated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system were applied for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and the reconstructed embryos were successfully developed into the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was successfully utilized in bovine cells and cloned embryos. This will be a useful technique to develop livestock transgenesis for agricultural science.
Counting the Consequences
Authors: Vollrath John F. 
Published: November 2014

What makes one event have more historical importance than another event? Why, for example, do historians consider Caesar's decision to cross the Rubicon more important than Caesar's decision to shave in the morning? In this example, the answer should be obvious. The contrast is between a decision of great consequence and a decision of little consequence. Perhaps we can generalize from the example to say that the ranking of events with respect to their historical importance is a function of the magnitude of their respective consequences.W. H. Dray holds that in some cases historical importance is determined by factors other than the size of consequences. For example, events may be important because of what they anticipate or what they reveal.
Making Sense of Economic Determinism
Authors: McMurtry John 
Published: November 2014

Perhaps no doctrine in our intellectual history has received more attention—critical, puzzled and celebrative—than that of “economic determinism”. To adequately catalogue the literature on Karl Marx’s epoch-making theory would require, no doubt, a considerable tome.I am not, therefore, going to attempt such a task here, illuminating though it might be as a study in the history and sociology of ideas. Rather I am going to outline an interpretation which will—if I am successful—be both faithful to Marx’s texts and immune to the standard philosophical criticisms which have been hitherto advanced against the theory (e.g., that it is intolerably imprecise, that it is indefensibly monocausal, that it is refuted by historical fact, that it is committed to logically improper prediction, that it is incompatible with ethical and personal responsibility, etc.).
Trust and Teleology: Locke’s Politics and his Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Sparkes A. W. 
Published: November 2014

I shall argue that the central doctrines of Locke's politics have a theological basis, a doctrine of Creation similar to the Thomist one. Locke does not elaborate this doctrine; he presupposes it. It is not a hidden, esoteric element in his thought; it is there on the surface, but in a scattered and fragmentary form.I shall proceed in this fashion: First, I shall set out this doctrine of Creation and show its connexion with Locke's moral theory by way of an examination of his doctrines of property and power. I shall then show that Locke extends this doctrine of Creation to human productive activity with crippling results for his political theory.
The Planets are Nine in Number
Authors: Margolis Joseph 
Published: November 2014

W. V. Quine had, in Word and Object, drawn prominent attention to the opacity of the necessity operator, by comparing the sentences(1) Necessarily 9 > 4and(2) Necessarily the number of major planets > 4.Of these, Quine had said, “surely, on any plausible interpretation, (1) is true and (2) is false. Since 9 = the number of major planets, we can conclude that the position of ‘9’ in (1) is not purely referential and hence that the necessity operator is opaque.” The puzzle has generated a good deal of interest, particularly with an eye to the prospects of quantifying in modal contexts. But, given the substantial literature that has sprung up around the issue, it is rather easy to misunderstand the force of any challenge to Quine's account.
Compatibilism Again
Authors: Hausman David B. 
Published: November 2014

Lately, the attitude of philosophers generally toward the free will issue has taken what I regard as an inauspicious turn. Where the predominant opinion had been that determinism and freedom were at harmony with one another, today it is incompatibilism which seems to prevail, and new voices raised in defense of libertarianism now offer their promise that problems once thought prohibitive to an acceptance of contra-causal freedom might be surmounted. I shall attempt to show that this recent rejection of compatibilism in fact rests on a mistake, and I shall suggest the outline of a solution to the free will issue which reconciles determinism and freedom.We shall say that an event is nomologically necessary if and only if given a specified set of conditions (the initial conditions) and the actually existing laws of nature, the statement of that event could in principle be deduced as the conclusion of a valid deductive argument having the statement of initial conditions and the statement of the relevant law(s) as premises.
Rationality and Revolution
Authors: Holmstrom Nancy 
Published: November 2014

The question of an action's rationality has two aspects: 1) the ‘appropriateness’ of the action given the beliefs held and 2) the ‘reasonableness’ of the beliefs themselves or of holding those beliefs. The former involves questions of motivation, the latter epistemology. This paper will concentrate on the former aspect of the question.One way of understanding rational motivation is so widely accepted as to seem incontrovertible to many of its proponents. This is the sense of rationality as maximization of utility. Although individual action is motivated by many things, the claim is that when behavior is rational it can be understood as an attempt to maximize utility. Rationality in this view has solely to do with means, not ends. The only restriction on an agent's ends is that they form a coherent set and whatever the content of the utility at which the agent aims, it is presumed to be open-ended. The theory is descriptive in that it says that (normal) people act this way most of the time and also normative in that behavior which does not fit the model is Judged irrational.
Two Cytoplasmic Effectors of Phytophthora sojae Regulate Plant Cell Death via Interactions with Plant Catalases
Authors: Zhang Meixiang , Li Qi , Liu Tingli , Liu Li , Shen Danyu , Zhu Ye , Liu Peihan , Zhou Jian-Min , Dou Daolong 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as Phytophthora sojae, secrete an arsenal of host cytoplasmic effectors to promote infection. We have shown previously that P. sojae PsCRN63 (for crinkling- and necrosis-inducing proteins) induces programmed cell death (PCD) while PsCRN115 blocks PCD in planta; however, they are jointly required for full pathogenesis. Here, we find that PsCRN63 alone or PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 together might suppress the immune responses of Nicotiana benthamiana and demonstrate that these two cytoplasmic effectors interact with catalases from N. benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max). Transient expression of PsCRN63 increases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, whereas PsCRN115 suppresses this process. Transient overexpression of NbCAT1 (for N. benthamiana CATALASE1) or GmCAT1 specifically alleviates PsCRN63-induced PCD. Suppression of the PsCRN63-induced PCD by PsCRN115 is compromised when catalases are silenced in N. benthamiana. Interestingly, the NbCAT1 is recruited into the plant nucleus in the presence of PsCRN63 or PsCRN115; NbCAT1 and GmCAT1 are destabilized when PsCRN63 is coexpressed, and PsCRN115 inhibits the processes. Thus, PsCRN63/115 manipulates plant PCD through interfering with catalases and perturbing H2O2 homeostasis. Furthermore, silencing of catalase genes enhances susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici, indicating that catalases are essential for plant resistance. Taken together, we suggest that P. sojae secretes these two effectors to regulate plant PCD and H2O2 homeostasis through direct interaction with catalases and, therefore, overcome host immune responses.