bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eerste treë in die Praktiese Teologie - waarheen?
Authors: Dreyer T. F.J. 
Published: January 2014

First steps in practical theology A new title, First steps in practical theology, has recently been released. This publication addresses the problem of the scientific base and methodology of this discipline. In accordance with the viewpoints of Zerfass, Firet, Van der Ven and others, the authors try to guide students to exercise practical theology from the perspective of empirical theology. This paper is an attempt to point out possible pitfalls in implementing this method of re search without theological reservations. It is an aim to modify students’ views in such a way as to overcome these dangers.
La traducción al servicio de una línea editorial: la primavera árabe en el diario El País
Authors: Hernández Guerrero María José 
Published: January 2014

Les rubriques d’opinion de la presse sont devenues de vraies tribunes, un lieu approprié pour le débat d’idées où se réunissent toute une série d’intellectuels qui débattent leurs opinions sur tout type de sujets d’actualité. Dans la presse espagnole, ces articles ne sont pas seulement signés par des figures nationales : une grande partie est rédigée par des personnalités étrangères dont les textes doivent être traduits pour leur nouveau public. L’objectif du présent travail est de découvrir de quelle manière la traduction fonctionne dans les rubriques d’opinion de la presse espagnole, comment elle est utilisée et dans quel but. Nous avons donc centré notre analyse sur la position adoptée par le quotidien espagnol El País, dans le cas d’un événement de grande retombée médiatique : le printemps arabe qui a commencé en janvier 2011. À l’aide d’une méthode descriptive, nous avons étudié le poids de la traduction dans le cadre des activités d’une entreprise journalistique afin d’établir ses axes d’action, de déterminer ses lignes de conduite et sa portée dans la culture cible.
Hàbitat en cova i espai pels ramats ca. 6200-6000 BP: la Cova Colomera (Prepirineu de Lleida) durant el neolític antic
Authors: Oms Arias Xavier , López-García Juan M. , Mangado Xavier , Martín Patricia , Mendiela Susana , Morales Juan I. , Pedro Mireia , Rodríguez Anna , Rodríguez-Cintas Àgata , Yubero María 
Published: January 2014

En aquest treball es presenten les dades referents a la Cova Colomera (Sant Esteve de la Sarga, Pallars Jussà) durant el Neolític cardial final. A partir dels diferents sondejos duts a terme des de l’any 2005, s’ha pogut observar la varietat d’usos i funcionalitats del jaciment en moments potencialment sincrònics. Per una banda, una zona on predominen les estructures de caire domèstic (fogars, fosses i forats de pal) que ens mostren les dades entorn l’hàbitat al jaciment; i per altra banda, un gran sector de la cavitat dedicat a l’estabulació de ramats amb sediments de tipus fumier i probablement també a l’emmagatzematge. Tot això succeeix en unes datacions d’entre 6180±40 i 6020±50 BP. Aquestes dades es contextualitzen amb les d’altres jaciments de la zona pirinenca, un àmbit que sempre ha estat definit en la bibliografia com un espai de pas entre diferents biòtops ecològics, de les planes fèrtils a les pastures d’estiu.
Smoke consequences of new wildfire regimes driven by climate change
Authors: McKenzie Donald , Shankar Uma , Keane Robert E. , Stavros E. Natasha , Heilman Warren E. , Fox Douglas G. , Riebau Allen C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSmoke from wildfires has adverse biological and social consequences, and various lines of evidence suggest that smoke from wildfires in the future may be more intense and widespread, demanding that methods be developed to address its effects on people, ecosystems, and the atmosphere. In this paper, we present the essential ingredients of a modeling system for projecting smoke consequences in a rapidly warming climate that is expected to change wildfire regimes significantly. We describe each component of the system, offer suggestions for the elements of a modeling agenda, and provide some general guidelines for making choices among potential components. We address a prospective audience of researchers whom we expect to be fluent already in building some or many of these components, so we neither prescribe nor advocate particular models or software. Instead, our intent is to highlight fruitful ways of thinking about the task as a whole and its components, while providing substantial, if not exhaustive, documentation from the primary literature as reference. This paper provides a guide to the complexities of smoke modeling under climate change, and a research agenda for developing a modeling system that is equal to the task while being feasible with current resources.
Assessment of OMI near‐UV aerosol optical depth over land
Authors: Ahn Changwoo , Torres Omar , Jethva Hiren 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is the first comprehensive assessment of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) product retrieved from the near‐UV observations by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite. The OMI‐retrieved AOD by the UV aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV version 1.4.2) was evaluated using collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) level 2.0 direct Sun AOD measurements over 8 years (2005–2012). A time series analysis of collocated satellite and ground‐based AOD observations over 8 years shows no discernible drift in OMI's calibration. A rigorous validation analysis over 4 years (2005–2008) was carried out at 44 globally distributed AERONET land sites. The chosen locations are representative of major aerosol types such as smoke from biomass burning or wildfires, desert mineral dust, and urban/industrial pollutants. Correlation coefficient (ρ) values of 0.75 or better were obtained at 50% of the sites with about 33% of the sites in the analysis reporting regression line slope values larger than 0.70 but always less than unity. The combined AERONET‐OMAERUV analysis of the 44 sites yielded a ρ of 0.81, slope of 0.79, y intercept of 0.10, and 65% OMAERUV AOD falling within the expected uncertainty range (largest of 30% or 0.1) at 440 nm. The most accurate OMAERUV retrievals are reported over northern Africa locations where the predominant aerosol type is desert dust and cloud presence is less frequent. Reliable retrievals were documented at many sites characterized by urban‐type aerosols with low to moderate AOD values, concentrated in the boundary layer. These results confirm that the near‐UV observations are sensitive to the entire aerosol column. A simultaneous comparison of OMAERUV, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue, and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) AOD retrievals to AERONET measurements was also carried out to evaluate the OMAERUV accuracy in relation to those of the standard aerosol satellite products. The outcome of the comparison indicates that OMAERUV, MODIS Deep Blue, and MISR retrieval accuracies in arid and semiarid environments are statistically comparable.
Individual aerosol particles in ambient and updraft conditions below convective cloud bases in the Oman mountain region
Authors: Semeniuk T. A. , Bruintjes R. T. , Salazar V. , Breed D. W. , Jensen T. L. , Buseck P. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn airborne study of cloud microphysics provided an opportunity to collect aerosol particles in ambient and updraft conditions of natural convection systems for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particles were collected simultaneously on lacey carbon and calcium‐coated carbon (Ca‐C) TEM grids, providing information on particle morphology and chemistry and a unique record of the particle's physical state on impact. In total, 22 particle categories were identified, including single, coated, aggregate, and droplet types. The fine fraction comprised up to 90% mixed cation sulfate (MCS) droplets, while the coarse fraction comprised up to 80% mineral‐containing aggregates. Insoluble (dry), partially soluble (wet), and fully soluble particles (droplets) were recorded on Ca‐C grids. Dry particles were typically silicate grains; wet particles were mineral aggregates with chloride, nitrate, or sulfate components; and droplets were mainly aqueous NaCl and MCS. Higher numbers of droplets were present in updrafts (80% relative humidity (RH)) compared with ambient conditions (60% RH), and almost all particles activated at cloud base (100% RH). Greatest changes in size and shape were observed in NaCl‐containing aggregates (>0.3 µm diameter) along updraft trajectories. Their abundance was associated with high numbers of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplets, as well as large droplet sizes in updrafts. Thus, compositional dependence was observed in activation behavior recorded for coarse and fine fractions. Soluble salts from local pollution and natural sources clearly affected aerosol‐cloud interactions, enhancing the spectrum of particles forming CCN and by forming giant CCN from aggregates, thus, making cloud seeding with hygroscopic flares ineffective in this region.
Cooperative breeding and Aka children's nutritional status: Is flexibility key?
Authors: Meehan Courtney L. , Helfrecht Courtney , Quinlan Robert J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that nonmaternal caregivers (allomothers) offer essential assistance through caregiving and provisioning, helping to support lengthy child development. Here, we examine the role of allomothers and the broader social and sharing network on Aka forager children's anthropometrics. We hypothesize that nonmaternal investors strategically target their assistance when it is most needed and when it will have the greatest effect. We evaluate children's nutritional status using WHO standards [weight‐for‐age (WAZ), height‐for‐age (HAZ), and weight‐for‐height (WHZ)] during four periods of child development [early infancy (birth to <9 months), mobility to weaning (9 to <36 months), early childhood (36 to <72 months), and middle childhood (72 to <120 months);N = 127]. We explore the effects of allomothers and the social network across these different risk periods and examine whether the broader social network buffers the loss of a primary allomother. ANOVA results suggest that girls may be experiencing some growth faltering, while boys start smaller and remain small across these stages. We used OLS multiple regression models to evaluate the effects of sex, camp composition, risk periods, and allomothers' presence on WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ. Grandmothers are the most influential allomother, with their effect most evident during the 9 to <36 month period. Camp size was also associated with greater WAZ, suggesting that children residing in small camps may be disadvantaged. Our findings also indicate that, under specific residence patterns, cooperative child rearing networks buffer the loss of a grandmother. Overall, our results suggest the importance of social networks to children's nutritional status and that individuals target investment to critical phases. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:513–525, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensing Acetylcholine and Anticholinesterase Compounds
Authors: Schena Alberto , Johnsson Kai 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAcetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter, and anticholinesterase agents are essential compounds used as medical drugs, pesticides, and chemical warfare agents. A semisynthetic fluorescence‐based probe for the direct, real‐time detection of acetylcholine and anticholinesterase compounds is introduced. The probe possesses good sensitivity, tunable detection range, and can be selectively targeted to cell surfaces, thereby making it an attractive tool for applications in analytical chemistry and quantitative biology.
From Disilene (SiSi) to Phosphasilene (SiP) and Phosphacumulene (PCN)
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Cowley Michael J. , Hartmann Marco , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe generation of heavier double‐bond systems without by‐ or side‐product formation is of considerable importance for their application in synthesis. Peripheral functional groups in such alkene homologues are promising in this regard owing to their inherent mobility. Depending on the steric demand of the N‐alkyl substituent R, the reaction of disilenide Ar2SiSi(Ar)Li (Ar=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2) with ClP(NR2)2 either affords the phosphinodisilene Ar2SiSi(Ar)P(NR2)2 (for R=iPr) or P‐amino functionalized phosphasilenes Ar2(R2N)SiSi(Ar)P(NR2) (for R=Et, Me) by 1,3‐migration of one of the amino groups. In case of R=Me, upon addition of one equivalent of tert‐butylisonitrile a second amino group shift occurs to yield the 1‐aza‐3‐phosphaallene Ar2(R2N)SiSi(NR2)(Ar)PCNtBu with pronounced ylidic character. All new compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and DFT calculations in selected cases.
Zn2+‐Regulated Self‐Sorting and Mixing of Phosphates and Carboxylates on the Surface of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Pezzato Cristian , Scrimin Paolo , Prins Leonard J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHerein, we describe the self‐sorting of phosphate‐ and carboxylate‐containing molecules on the surface of monolayer‐protected gold nanoparticles. Self‐sorting is driven by selective interactions between the phosphate probe and Zn2+ complexes in one monolayer; these interactions force the carboxylate probe to move to a second type of nanoparticle. This process effectively separates the probes and causes their localization in well‐defined spaces surrounding the nanoparticles. The removal/addition of Zn2+ metal ions from the system is used to convert the system from an ordered to a disordered state and vice versa. The possibility to control the location and transport of populations of molecules in a complex mixture creates new perspectives for the development of innovative complex catalytic systems that mimic nature.
Anhydrous proton‐conducting electrolyte based on a nematic poly(methyl acrylate) containing sulfonated side chains
Authors: Liang Ting , Wu Yong , Tan Shuai , Wang Caihong 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA nematic poly(methyl acrylate) containing terminal sulfonic acids in side chains was prepared by etherification of a brominated mesomorphic precursor with 2‐hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and polarized light microscopy observation revealed that the sulfonated polymer exhibited the nematic mesophase at medium temperatures (189–227°C). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that temperature dependence of anhydrous proton conductivity for the nematic polymer followed the Arrhenius law and that the estimated activation energy was 95 kJ mol−1 in the nematic phase. The proton conductivities of the nematic polymer were two orders of magnitude higher than those of anhydrous Nafion®117 membrane at the same temperature. The enhanced anhydrous proton conductivities of the polymeric electrolyte were ascribed to the orientational order and fluidity of the nematic liquid crystal. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40382.
Processing and thermal properties of composites based on recycled PET, sisal fibers, and renewable plasticizers
Authors: de Oliveira Santos Rachel Passos , Castro Daniele Oliveira , Ruvolo‐Filho Adhemar Collà , Frollini Elisabete 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis investigation focuses on the preparation of bio‐based composites from recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and sisal fibers (3 cm, 15 wt %), via thermopressing process. Plasticizers derived from renewable raw materials are used, namely, glycerol, tributyl citrate (TBC) and castor oil (CO), to decrease the melting point of the recycled PET (Tm ∼ 265°C), which is sufficiently high to initiate the thermal decomposition of the lignocellulosic fiber. All used materials are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and the composites are also characterized via dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The storage modulus (30°C) and the tan δ peak values of CT [PET/sisal/TBC] indicate that TBC also acts as a compatibilizing agent at the interface fiber/PET, as well as a plasticizer. To compare different processing methods, rheometry/thermopressing and compression molding are used to prepare the recycled PET/sisal/glycerol/CO composites. These two different methods of processing show no significant influence on the thermal properties of these composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40386.
Modification of jute fabric via laccase/t‐BHP‐mediated graft polymerization with acrylamide
Authors: Dong Aixue , Yuan Jiugang , Wang Qiang , Fan Xuerong 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTEnzymatic processes provide new perspectives for the modification of lignocellulose materials. Lignin is an excellent substrate for laccase, and the modification of lignin‐rich jute fabric via graft polymerization with acrylamide (AAm) mediated by laccase and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BHP) was investigated in this study. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The grafting rate was determined in terms of elemental analysis. The hydrophilicity and thermal and dyeing properties of the modified jute fabric were studied. The results supported the conclusion that the polyacrylamide was grafted on the lignin of the jute fiber by laccase in coordination with t‐BHP, representing a grafting rate of 2.87%. The hydrophilicity, thermostability, dye uptake, and dyeing depth of the jute fiber were increased after the enzymatic graft modification with AAm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40387.
Properties and weldability of plasticized polylactic acid films
Authors: Stoehr Neda , Baudrit Benjamin , Haberstroh Edmund , Nase Michael , Heidemeyer Peter , Bastian Martin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe objectives of the presented work were to investigate films based on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to improve ductility and weldability of PLA films. The effect of plasticizer amount on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLA plasticized films was investigated. The PEG content does affect the glass transition and the cold crystallization temperature of PLA in blends, while the melting temperature was not affected by the addition of PEG. The complex viscosity of the neat PLA granules and of plasticized films showed strong temperature and angular velocity dependence. The Young's modulus and tensile strength of plasticized films were improved with increasing plasticizer concentration, while the elongation at break stays rather constant. Plasticized PLA films were furthermore heat welded. These investigations showed that plasticized PLA films can be welded by heat welding. The obtained weld strength is strongly depending on the PEG amount as well as on selected welding parameters. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40394.
Analysis of normal and modified nucleosides in urine samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography with different stationary phases
Authors: Studzińska S , Buszewski Bogusław 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe main aim of the present work was to study the retention behavior and quantification of nine nucleosides with the use of octadecyl, alkylamide, cholesterol and alkyl‐phosphate stationary phases. The influence of organic solvent and buffer concentration on the separation of these compounds was under investigation. The retention factor had the highest values for the octadecyl and cholesterol packing materials. Complete separation of all the studied nucleosides was achieved in case of cholesterol stationary phase. The optimized separation method was applied for the quantification of nucleosides in the urine samples. Calibration plots showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999) and the limits of detection were in a range of 0.3–0.5 µg/mL, while the limits of quantitation were >0.9 µg/mL. Accuracy was in the range of 5–11%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The attentional‐relevance and temporal dynamics of visual‐tactile crossmodal interactions differentially influence early stages of somatosensory processing
Authors: Popovich Christina , Staines W. Richard 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundCrossmodal interactions between relevant visual and tactile inputs can enhance attentional modulation at early stages in somatosensory cortices to achieve goal‐oriented behaviors. However, the specific contribution of each sensory system during attentional processing remains unclear. We used EEG to investigate the effects of visual priming and attentional relevance in modulating somatosensory cortical responses.MethodsHealthy adults performed a sensory integration task that required scaled motor responses dependent on the amplitudes of tactile and visual stimuli. Participants completed an attentional paradigm comprised of 5 conditions that presented sequential or concurrent pairs of discrete stimuli with random amplitude variations: 1) tactile‐tactile (TT), 2) visual‐visual (VV), 3) visual‐tactile simultaneous (SIM), 4) tactile‐visual delay (TVd), and 5) visual‐tactile delay (VTd), each with a 100 ms temporal delay between stimulus onsets. Attention was directed to crossmodal conditions and graded motor responses representing the summation of the 2 stimulus amplitudes were made.ResultsResults of somatosensory ERPs showed that the modality‐specific components (P50, P100) were sensitive to i) the temporal dynamics of crossmodal interactions, and ii) the relevance of these sensory signals for behaviour.ConclusionNotably, the P50 amplitude was greatest in the VTd condition, suggesting that presentation of relevant visual information for upcoming movement modulates somatosensory processing in modality‐specific cortical regions, as early as the primary somatosensory cortex (SI).
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon–Copper Nanohybrids as Electrocatalysts in H2O2 and Glucose Sensing
Authors: Wei Chengzhen , Liu Yuanying , Li Xinran , Zhao Junhong , Ren Zhen , Pang Huan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNitrogen‐doped carbon–copper nanohybrids are prepared through the calcination of cis‐Cu(gly)2⋅x H2O nanofibers and trans‐Cu(gly)2⋅x H2O nanoplates in Ar gas. Benefitting from nanoporous structures and high nitrogen contents, the nitrogen‐doped carbon–copper nanohybrids can be used to modify electrodes, which show effective non‐enzymatic hydrogen peroxide and glucose sensing capabilities. The electrode modified with nitrogen‐doped carbon–copper nanohybrid plates is especially effective for glucose sensing, as it shows a low detection limit of 5 μM, good sensitivity of 223.6 μA mM−1 cm−2, and excellent selectivity.