bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of phosphorylation of the maize starch on thermal generation of stable and short‐living radicals
Authors: Bidzińska Ewa , Błaszczak Wioletta , Dyrek Krystyna , Fornal Józef , Kruczała Krzysztof , Michalec Marek , Rozwora Robert , Szczygieł Jadwiga , Wenda Elżbieta 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEffect of hydrolysis, phosphorylation and treatment with high hydrostatic pressure on thermal generation of stable and short‐living radicals in maize starch was studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy. Phosphorus was introduced into maize starch as mono‐ and distarch phosphates. XRD indicated localization of phosphate groups in amorphous part of the granule whereas calorimetric data suggested some cross‐linking of the distarch phosphates. Stable and short‐living radicals with unpaired electron localized at carbon atom were generated in all investigated samples in the temperature range commonly used for processing food. The number of detected short‐living radicals, stabilized by a spin trap, is of two orders of magnitude greater than that of the stable radical species. Hydrolysis and phosphorylation strongly increase the number of stable radicals while pretreatment of the starch with high hydrostatic pressure diminishes their amount. The EPR spectra of stable radicals consist of two components, single line and another one with hyperfine structure, indicating interaction of unpaired electron with neighboring hydrogen atom. The EPR spectra of the spin trap adducts with short‐living radicals contain three components from species differing in their dynamic properties depending on localization in zones of various degree of crystallinity.
Water sorption kinetics of superabsorbent hydrogels of saponified cassava starch‐graft‐poly(acrylamide)
Authors: Parvathy Prabha C. , Jyothi Alummoottil N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSuperabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are hydrophilic polymeric networks that can absorb, swell and retain large quantity of water and other physiological fluids. In this paper, the water sorption pattern and kinetics of cassava starch based SAP hydrogels were studied under different conditions of swelling such as soaking duration, pH, presence of salts, and particle size of the hydrogel. The kinetics was studied using Voigt‐based viscoelastic model to determine the rate parameter and the swelling rate (SR). It was noted that under all conditions, the water sorption followed a second order kinetics. The absorbency was directly proportional to the rate of swelling. But when the sample was allowed to swell in aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and AlCl3, the absorbency as well as the SR was irregular. The particle size also had significant effect on water absorption by the SAP and the polymer with smaller particles showed more absorption than those with larger particle size. The solvent induced phase transition of the superabsorbent hydrogel was also studied.
Change in physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches associated with genotypes and environmental factors
Authors: Gu Bi , Yao Qingqun , Li Kaimian , Chen Songbi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCassava South China genotype cultivars were released by Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences and their physicochemical traits had been described. However, the physicochemical traits of these cultivars affected by environmental factors were poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of interrelationship between genotypes and environments (G and E) on physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches. Fourteen quantitative characteristics were assessed in seven genotypes grown in eight locations in China. The influences due to G and E upon the physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches were evaluated using the general linear models procedure. The results indicated that the examined traits could be significantly affected by the factors of G and E, and the different contribution of G and E to total variation was evidenced. A most important economic trait dry matter content, ranging from 18.3 to 31.9% during seven genotypes, was negatively correlated to rainfall in cassava growing environments, but insignificantly correlated to temperature. Average starch granule sizes ranged between 9.5 and 12.7 µm. Granules were mainly truncated in shape and similar across all cultivars, and were insignificantly affected by rainfall and temperature. Significant correlations were observed among starch properties including paste clarity and viscosity, which was positively correlated to granule surface area. Principal component analysis demonstrated that SC8 is the best genotype suited for industrial applications and all cassava genotypes responded differently in various environmental climate conditions for the examined traits.
The effect of acid and glucoamylase hydrolysis on partial physicochemical properties and characteristics of Dioscorea alata Linn. starch
Authors: Jiang Qianqian , Gao Wenyuan , Li Xia , Shi Yanpeng , Guo Lanping , Xiao Peigen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDioscorea alata Linn. (D. AL) rich in starch was widely used as food and medicine. This work aimed to compare the effect of acid and glucoamylase on the starch of different reaction time. The physicochemical properties of the native and hydrolyzed starches, such as swelling power (SP), starch solubility (SOL), and paste clarity were also determined in this study. The native and modified starches by acid and glucoamylase were compared and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and secondary derivative FT‐IR spectroscopy. The morphological characteristics of native D. AL starch granules revealed by SEM varied from round to oval or elliptic with smooth surface. SEM showed that glucoamylase primarily attacked the exterior of starch granules and permeate into the interior by the cracks formed on the surface. Owing to acid hydrolysis, the starch granules were depressed and transformed to bread‐like in shape and then broke into irregular lumps with particles adhered. From secondary derivative FT‐IR spectrum, the intensities of the two peaks from acid and enzyme hydrolysis starches at 1137 and 1066/cm were stronger than native starch. Some new peaks appeared due to hydrolysis. The digested starches exhibited a lower SOL and SP than native starch in water as the temperature increasing. The light transmittance of the digested starches was significantly higher than that of native starch paste and decreased with increase in storage period.
Starch modification using a twin‐roll mixer as a reactor
Authors: Qiao Dongling , Zou Wei , Liu Xingxun , Yu Long , Chen Ling , Liu Hongshen , Zhang Nuozi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA starch modification reactor has been established using a HAAKE rheometer incorporating a twin‐roll mixer, which has been modified to improve its sealing and feeding, and to establish an oxygen‐free environmental. The advantages of the system include: (i) starch modification can be carried out at high starch concentration (up to 70%); (ii) combining the steps of starch gelatinization and chemical modification; (iii) controllable reaction time; and (iv) smaller sample size (60 g) requirement. The effects of water content, rpm, time, and temperature on the reactive system was systematically investigated. Corn starch (60% starch concentration) was successfully grafted with acrylamide then crosslinked by N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide to produce biodegradable superabsorbent polymers using this reactor.
Effect of ethanol addition on physical properties of extruded starch
Authors: Tomaszewska‐Ciosk Ewa , Boruczkowski Tomasz , Golachowski Antoni , Boruczkowska Hanna , Drożdż Wioletta 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine selected properties of extrudates produced from potato starch with the addition of ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol at 5, 10, 15, and 20% concentration was added to potato starch with moisture content of 18 and 23%; the starch was then extruded in single‐screw extruder. The extrusion process was carried out in three temperature variants. The resultant extrudates were determined for color, expansion ratio, and mechanical properties. Properties of the extrudates were found to depend on parameters of the extrusion process, moisture content of the extruded sample and ethanol content. Morphological characteristics of the extrudates produced were affected by temperature of the extrusion process, i.e., increasing extrusion temperature resulted in a higher expansion ratio, a lower density, and higher saturation of white color. The extrudates produced from starch with the addition of ethanol were whiter, than those prepared without ethanol. The samples produced with ethanol addition were characterized by a higher number of air spaces and thinner walls, when compared to the those prepared from starch moistened only with water. All mechanical properties were lower in the samples prepared with the addition of ethanol, as compared to the extrudates without its addition.
Studies of IAA and IBA as fungal α‐amylase inhibitors using enzyme kinetics, molecular modeling and thermodynamics
Authors: Dileep Kalarickal V. , Tintu Ignatius , Remya Chandran , Haridas Madathilkovilakathu , Sadasivan Chittalakkottu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSimple sugars like glucose and maltose are found to induce the production of aflatoxin. Since the formation of simple sugars is directly linked to α‐amylase function in fungus, it is considered that the inhibition of this enzyme is an effective approach to control the production of aflatoxins. The action of two indole derivatives such as indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) has been investigated by means of enzyme kinetics, isothermal titration calorimetric and molecular docking analysis. The results suggested that both IAA and IBA can inhibit α‐amylase in a competitive manner.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of Canna indica, Manihot esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium native starches below the gelatinization temperature
Authors: Perez‐Rea Daysi , Rojas Carola , Carballo Sergio , Aguilar Wilson , Bergenståhl Björn , Nilsson Lars 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of starch extracted from raw roots of Canna indica, Manihot esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium, grown in Bolivia, were studied below the gelatinization temperature. The granule size and amylose content were as followed: C. indica>M. esculenta>X. sagittifolium. The hydrolysis showed a rapid rate at the initial stage, followed by a progressive decrease thereafter. At 30, 40 and 50°C, during the initial stage, the rate of hydrolysis was observed to be influenced by the size of the granules, being the highest for the small sized granules X. sagittifolium, followed by the medium sized granules M. esculenta and the lowest rate was for the large sized granules C. indica starch. During the slow phase, A‐type M. esculenta and B‐type C. indica showed higher hydrolysis rates than A‐type X. sagittifolium. At 60°C, a positive correlation was found between the amylose content and the rate of hydrolysis among the starches. Microscopic observations showed a pattern of attack by the enzyme towards C. indica starch granules, suggesting that high amylose content is concentrated around the hilum.
Porous rice powder from the precipitation of gelatinized flour or starch paste with ethanol
Authors: Patindol James , Shih Frederick , Ingber Bruce , Champagne Elaine , Boue Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHot paste obtained by autoclaving (130°C, 25 psi, 20–30 min) a 5–7% w/w rice flour or starch slurry was precipitated with ethanol (three extractions) to produce a dry, porous, pregelatinized powder with an average particle size of 75.0 µm (flour‐derived powder) and 41.6 µm (starch‐derived powder). The microstructure of the individual particles was characterized by an interconnecting lattice of irregularly shaped vesicles, and with cavities of varying size and shape. The vesicular network was relatively thinner and finer for the starch‐derived products compared with the flour‐derived ones. In comparison with native flour and starch, the bulk density of pregelatinized powders decreased; solvent uptake (water, oil, and alcohol), swelling power, and in vitro starch digestibility increased; whereas, gel consistency, freeze–thaw stability, and AAM content sparingly changed. Changes in morphological and physicochemical properties were generally more evident on the starch‐derived products compared with the flour‐derived counterparts. To some extent, changes in properties were also affected by severity of the gelatinization treatment (varying slurry concentration and autoclaving duration). The pregelatinized rice products as developed may be useful in food and non‐food applications.
Effect of pH and soybean flour heat treatment on the texture and colour of fortified roasted shredded cassava roots (garri)
Authors: Tivana Lucas Daniel , Dejmek Petr , Bergenståhl Björn 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effect of adding soy protein on the texture and colour of garri, a West African cassava food, is evaluated. Garri is mostly pre‐gelatinized and agglomerate starch product. The challenge lies in maximizing the protein supplementation without changing the textural characteristics. Three different soybean flours were used for fortification: toasted soy flour (TSF), isolated soy protein (ISP) and defatted soy flour (DSF). The soy flours were dispersed in water, and the pH of the dispersions adjusted to 6.5 and 4.5. Both boiled and unboiled dispersions were used. Fortification of garri with soy flour to a protein content of 15% w/w affected the texture of garri agglomerates. The addition of soy flour suspensions that were not boiled to the shredded cassava roots resulted in increase of hardness of swollen garri particles by a factor greater than 1.7 for ISP and DSF and a factor of 1.2 for TSF. Suitable pretreatment of the soy suspension in term of pH adjustment to 4.5 and boiling, restored the hardness to the level of non‐fortified garri with all types of flour. Light microscopy of garri aggregates showed a positive correlation between the size and continuity of protein domains and hardness, where ‘hard garri’ consist of a system of ‘starch in protein’ and ‘soft garri’ consist in a system of ‘protein in starch’. The hue turned more yellow and the darkness of fortified garri increased as consequence of the colours of the soy flours added.
Evolution of the development of how starch is biosynthesized
Authors: Robyt John F. , Mukerjea Rupendra 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 1940, C.S. Hanes found that potato phosphorylase transferred a few two to three glucose units from α‐D‐Glc‐1‐P to the nonreducing‐ends of starch. Starting with only α‐D‐Glc‐1‐P and phosphorylase, there was no reaction and a starch‐primer was required for reaction. In 1960, Leloir and coworkers incubated starch granules with ADP‐[14C]Glc and found that 14C‐starch was synthesized. Reaction with β‐amylase gave 14C‐maltose from the nonreducing‐ends and it was assumed that the glucose was being added to the nonreducing‐ends of a primer. Mukerjea and Robyt pulsed and chased starch‐granules with ADP‐[14C]Glc and ADPGlc, and found on reduction and hydrolysis of the 14C‐starch, 14C‐D‐glucitol was obtained, indicating that glucose was added to the reducing‐ends of growing starch‐chains. They obtained highly purified, starch‐synthase that was shown to be free of starch‐primers and gave de novo synthesis, with the addition of glucose to the reducing‐ends. They also found 61 papers from 1964 to 2012 that used 50–100 mM Tris‐type buffers with starch‐synthase and had to add putative‐primers to obtain activity. Mukerjea et al. showed that 25 mM Tris‐type buffers, completely inhibited starch‐synthase. Addition of 10 mg/mL putative‐primers, glycogen or maltotetraose, gave partial (8–57%) reversal of the inhibition. The putative‐primers were activators and not primers; however, their use perpetuated the primer myth for 50 years. A hypothesis is developed, as to how starch granules are initiated and grow in vivo.
Medium and high substituted carboxymethyl starch: Synthesis, characterization and application
Authors: Spychaj Tadeusz , Wilpiszewska Katarzyna , Zdanowicz Magdalena 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCarboxymethyl starch (CMS) could find application in many areas of industry. A review of synthesis methods of medium and high substituted CMS was presented. The influence of synthesis parameters on degree of substitution (DS) as well as reaction efficiency was described. The methodology of CMS physicochemical properties determination as well as the relation between CMS chemical characteristics (e.g. DS, amylose/amylopectin ratio) and its physicochemical properties was presented. Moreover, reported CMS applications were submitted.
Synergic effect of exogenous microorganism combination on propionic and butyric acid formation during in vitro colonic fermentation of maize resistant starch
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Huai , Zhu Cui‐Lan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA maize RS was prepared from high‐amylose maize starch, and fermented at 12 g/L and 37°C for 36 h by healthy adult fecal extract in vitro. Exogenous microorganisms of 14 strains or some strain combination were added into the fermentation system to investigate their impacts on propionic and butyric acid formation. Analysis results showed that two acids only about 4.7–5.2 mM were generated from the RS by the fecal extract. Addition of one of the four strains such as Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Bifidobacterium infantis, or B. longum favored two acids formation to about 9–12 mM but other strains exhibited no or an insignificant impact on two acids formation. When 1 of the 4 strains and 1 of 10 other strains were applied with the fecal extract, two acids detected were about 8–10 mM; if two of the four strains were applied, a synergic effect was observed as two acids formation was up to about 13–15 mM. It is briefly concluded that some microorganisms can cooperate with colon microflora to favor two acids formation during RS colonic fermentation, and strain combination by mixing two specified strains can result in a synergic effect on acid formation.
First‐trimester contingent screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by fetal nuchal translucency and ductus venosus flow and maternal blood cell‐free DNA testing
Authors: Kagan K. O. , Wright D. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine performance of screening for major trisomies by a policy of first‐line assessment of risk according to maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and ductus venosus pulsatility index for veins (DV‐PIV) followed by cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing in pregnancies with an intermediate risk.MethodsWe estimated the distribution of risks based on maternal age, fetal NT and DV‐PIV in a dataset of 86 917 unaffected and 491 trisomic pregnancies undergoing prospective screening for trisomies. Performance of screening for trisomies by cfDNA testing was derived from a meta‐analysis of clinical validation studies. We estimated performance and cost of screening for trisomies using different combinations of ultrasound screening and cfDNA testing.ResultsScreening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 according to a combination of maternal age, fetal NT and DV‐PIV in all pregnancies, followed by invasive testing in the high‐risk group (≥ 1:10) and cfDNA testing in the intermediate‐risk group (1:11–1:3000) can potentially detect about 96%, 95% and 91% of cases, respectively, with a false‐positive rate (FPR) of 0.8%. On the assumption that the costs for ultrasound screening, cfDNA testing and invasive testing are €150, €500 and €1000, respectively, the overall cost of such a policy would be about €250 per patient. The alternative policy, of universal screening by cfDNA testing, can potentially detect about 99%, 97% and 92% of cases of trisomies 21, 18 and 13, but at an overall cost of more than €500 per patient.ConclusionIncorporation of cfDNA testing into a contingent policy of early screening for the major trisomies, based on the risk derived from first‐line screening by a combination of maternal age, fetal NT and DV‐PIV, can detect a high proportion of affected cases with a low FPR. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Three New Keggin‐based Compounds Constructed by a Hydralazine Derivative Ligand: Assembly, Structures, and Properties
Authors: Tian Ai‐Xiang , Hou Xue , Sun Na , Xiao Ru , Ying Jun , Yang Yang , Ning Ya‐Li , Li Tian‐Jiao , Wang Xiu‐Li 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThree new inorganic‐organic hybrid compounds based on α‐Keggin clusters and Ag‐organic subunits, [Ag3L4(H2O)4][PMo12O40]·3H2O (1), [Ag3L4(H2O)4][PW12O40]·2H2O (2), and [Ag3L6][PMo12O40] (3) [L = 1‐amino‐4‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)hydralazine], were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural and contain two kinds of Ag subunits: dinuclear [Ag2L2(H2O)4]2+ and mononuclear [AgL2]+. The dinuclear Ag clusters are linked by Keggin anions to construct a 1D chain, whereas the mononuclear Ag subunits form another supramolecular chain. The adjacent 1D coordination chains and supramolecular chains connect with each other through hydrogen bonding interactions to form a 2D supramolecular layer. In compound 3, the discrete mononuclear subunits [AgL2]+ are linked by PMo12O403– anions through hydrogen bonding interactions to construct a supramolecular chain. Additionally, the electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of the title compounds were investigated.
Surgery for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) of the Stomach and Small Bowel: Short‐ and Long‐Term Outcomes Over Three Decades
Authors: Sandvik Oddvar M. , Søreide Kjetil , Gudlaugsson Einar , Søreide Jon Arne 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundMany studies on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) derive from tertiary referral centers, but few examine strictly population‐based cohorts. Thus, we evaluated the clinical features, surgical treatments, clinical outcomes, and factors predicting the survival of patients with GISTs in a population‐based series.MethodsPatients with GISTs diagnosed at Stavanger University Hospital over three decades (1980–2012) were analyzed. Data were retrieved from hospital records. Descriptive statistics and survival analyses (Kaplan–Meier) are presented. A limited number of colorectal GISTs (n = 6) restricted most analyses to those with a gastric or small bowel location.ResultsAmong 66 patients surgically treated for GISTs, 60 patients (91 %) had either a gastric or a small bowel localization. Females comprised 61 %. The median age at diagnosis was 63 (range, 15–88) years. Clinical symptoms were recorded in 43 patients (65 %). Complete tumor resection was achieved in 85 % of the patients. During follow‐up, 6 patients were surgically treated for local recurrence or metastatic disease. The median follow‐up time was 6.1 years. At last follow‐up, 30 patients (46 %) were deceased, 10 of whom died from GISTs. The median overall survival was 10.4 years. For GISTs with a gastric or small bowel location, a 1‐ and 5‐year disease‐specific survival of 100 and 96 %, and a relapse‐free survival of 96 and 78 % were observed. Male gender, incidental diagnosis, smaller tumor size, a low mitotic rate, an intact pseudocapsule, low‐risk categorization, and an early stage were significantly associated with improved outcomes.ConclusionSurgery in a low‐volume, population‐based setting yields enhanced long‐term disease and recurrence‐free survival for patients with GISTs of the stomach or small bowel. Incidental diagnosis, complete tumor resection, and low‐risk categorization are good predictors of long‐term prognosis.