bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV.—The Pharmacological Action of Harmine
Authors: Gunn James A. 
Published: January 2013

The seeds of Peganum Harmala contain two alkaloids, Harmaline and Harmine. The pharmacological actions of the former alkaloid have been described in a previous communication to this Society; in this paper an account is given of the pharmacology of the second alkaloid, Harmine.Harmine (C13H12N2O) was discovered by Fritche in 1847. Apart from a few observations by Tappeiner, its pharmacology has not been investigated. Tappeiner states that, in mammals at least, the general nature of poisoning by harmine is qualitatively the same as by harmaline, but that the former alkaloid is weaker in action. He found that a dose of 0·2 gramme per kilo of harmine is fatal to the guinea-pig in about 12 hours, while the same dose is fatal to the rabbit in about 1 hour, and that a frog is killed in about 7 hours by a dose of 0·03 gramme (per kilo?). He states further that there appears to be one qualitative difference between the actions of the two alkaloids, in that harmine produces paralysis of reflex excitability before arrest of the heart. It may be stated here that this does not constitute a qualitative difference between the actions of harmaline and harmine, because the same effect is produced by harmaline.
XXVIII.—Geological Observations in South-eastern and Central Iceland
Authors: Anderson F. W. 
Published: January 2013

The volcanic rocks of Iceland have been grouped by Tyrrell and Peacock (1928) into:3. The Recent, Post-Glacial and Late Interglacial Eruptives.2. The Early Glacial Breccia or Palagonite Formation.1. The Pre-Glacial Kainozoic Basalt Plateau.Group 1 consists of nearly 10,000 feet of basalts with lignite beds, acid extrusives and acid and basic intrusions. In the east and west of Iceland the old plateau is exposed, but centrally it is down-faulted and covered with more recent tuffs and lavas.Group 2 contains a varied assemblage of deposits comprising tuffs, breccias and lavas, moraines, boulder clays and fluvioglacial sediments (Nielsen and Noe-Nygaard, 1936 a). The lower part of this formation consists of over 2000 feet of basaltic lavas with interbedded glacial and fossiliferous deposits, and the upper part of glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits with doleritic lavas.Group 3 is made up mainly of basaltic lavas but with occasional acid phases. In the ice-covered highlands the volcanoes have continued to produce tuffs and breccias.
XVI.—On the Representative Relationships of the Fixed and Free Tunicata, regarded as two Subclasses of equivalent value; with some General Remarks on their Morphology
Authors: Macdonald John Denis 
Published: January 2013

My first precise views of the structure of the Tunicata were formed by the perusal of Mr Huxley's masterly papers dealing with the anatomy of Salpa, Pyrosoma, Doliolum, and Appendicularia, in the Phil. Trans. for 1851, Part II.; and I have since had abundant opportunity of verifying all the important facts, made known by that original observer, in the papers to which I have alluded.Having thus acknowledged my guide in this field of research, I can scarcely claim much originality as relates to pure anatomy; but I hope that the method here adopted, in opening up this interesting subject, will be found in keeping with nature, as it is the result of much study and practical investigation.
XI. An Account of repeated Shocks of Earthquakes felt at Comrie in Perthshire
Authors: Taylor Ralph 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,The earthquakes which have lately taken place at Comrie and its neighbourhood, are certainly very deserving of attention. I shall therefore cheerfully comply with your request, and give you as particular a description as I can of such of them as have been most remarkable. To give a particular account of all the noises or concussions which, during the last half-year, have been heard or felt at Comrie, and within a short distance to the north, east and west of that village, is beyond my power, and would indeed be of little use.
IX. A New and Universal Solution of Kepler's Problem
Authors: Ivory James 
Published: January 2013

Kepler, having discovered the laws that regulate the motion of a planet in its orbit, proposed the following problem, for determining the true place of a planet at any given time: “To draw a straight line DE, from an eccentric point D in the diameter of a semicircle AEB, so that the whole semicircle may be to the sector ADE, in a given ratio.”In resolving this problem, we are to take the quadrature of the circle for granted: and therefore, if C be the centre of the circle, and if the sector ACM be taken, such, that the whole semicircle is to the sector ACM in the required given ratio, the problem may be otherwise enunciated: “ To draw a straight “ line DE from an eccentric point D, to cut off a sector ADE, that shall be equal to the given sector ACM.”
XI. A New Method of expressing the Coefficients of the Development of the Algebraic Formula (a2 + b2 − 2ab cos φ)n, by means of the Perimeters of two Ellipses, when n denotes the Half of any Odd Number; together with an Appendix, containing the Investigation of a Formula for the Rectification of any Arch of an Ellipse
Authors: Wallace William 
Published: January 2013

In calculating the effect of the mutual action of two planets upon each other, it has been found necessary to develop the algebraic formula (a2 + b2 — 2ab cos φ)n into a series of this form, A + B cos φ + C cos 2φ + D cos 3φ + &c. Here a and b denote the distances of the planets from the sun; φ denotes the angle of commutation; and the values of n, more immediately the subject of consideration, are —, and —.The determination of the coefficients A, B, C, &c. in these cases, appears to have been considered as a matter of difficulty by the mathematicians who first applied to the solution of the problem; for they found, that although it was only necessary to compute the first two coefficients A and B, the rest being easily derived from them, yet it did not appear that they could be expressed in finite terms, nor even by means of circular arches, or by logarithms. Recourse was therefore had to other methods, and chiefly to the method of infinite series; but as the series which most readily occurred to them, converged in some cases so slowly as to be in a manner useless, no small degree of analytical address has been found necessary, either to render it more convergent, or to find the sum of a competent number of its terms, with a moderate degree of labour.
I.—Account of some Experiments made in Different Parts of Europe, on Terrestrial Magnetic Intensity, particularly with reference to the Effect of Height
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

1. The Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh having, on my application in 1832, entrusted me with Hansteen's Magnetic Intensity Apparatus, in their possession, I feel it to be my duty to communicate to the Society the results then and subsequently obtained with it.2. The instrument consists of a mahogany box 5 inches long, 4 broad, and 2 deep, with sides and top of glass, having also a wooden tube, screwing into the top, for containing a silk-worm's fibre about 5 inches long, by which the magnetic needle is suspended so as to place itself horizontally, and after being caused to deviate from its point of rest, the time of any given number of oscillations in a horizontal plane is measured,—whilst a graduated circle in the bottom of the box indicates its arc of vibration.
IX.—Researches on Heat. Third Series. § 1. On the unequally Polarizable Nature of different kinds of Heat. § 2. On the Depolarization of Heat. §; 3. On the Refrangibility of Heat
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

1. The following paper is divided into three sections, containing three distinct yet intimately connected investigations. The two first on the Polarizability and Depolarization of Heat have arisen immediately out of the train of investigation contained in my two former papers, and the researches of others to which they gave rise. The third is on the Refrangibility of Heat, a point of the highest importance for theory.2. The experiments on which these investigations are based have been performed almost exclusively during the past winter. Part of the experiments on Depolarization were, however, made in the winter 1836-7. The mode adopted for trying Refractive Indices I had long ago contemplated. It was not, however, put in practice until January last.
XIII.—Of the Origin and Compound Functions of the Facial Nerve, or Portio dura of the Seventh Nerve;—being the Second Paper in explanation of the difference between the Nerves of the Encephalon, as contrasted with the regular Series of Spinal Nerves
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: January 2013

In following out the principle formerly laid down—that the study of the organization and functions of the part to which the nerve is distributed, will explain the peculiarities of its origin and connections—I have in this paper entered on a subject of great extent and difficulty.As the Facial Nerve is one of a distinct class, it will be necessary to shew in what that class is peculiar—that it essentially belongs to the act of breathing—that the act of respiration being, in its ordinary condition, independent of the will, there are nerves appropriated to that function. At the same time, it must be shewn, as the apparatus of breathing is made subservient to other purposes in the economy, by what relations it is brought under the influence of the will.
XV.—Inquiry whether Sea-Water has its Maximum Density a few Degrees above its Freezing Point, as Pure Water has
Authors: Hope Thomas Charles 
Published: January 2013

Sir Charles Blagden concludes a memoir in the Philosophical Transactions of London, vol. lxxviii., for the year 1788, “On the Effect of various substances in lowering the Point of Congelation in Water,” with the account of an experiment to determine the effect of salt upon the expansion of water by cold.From that experiment, he imagined that he had reason to conclude, as far as one experiment goes, that the combination of a salt with water has no other effect upon its quality of expanding by cold, than to depress the point at which that quality begins to be sensible, just as much as it depresses the point of congelation.The scientific world appear to have admitted this general deduction of Blagden, and, trusting to the result of a single experiment, extended it so far as to lay it down as a general law, that, as pure water has its maximum of density at 7½° above its freezing point, so every saline solution has a maximum of density at a temperature above its point of congelation, and that this temperature will be exactly 7½° distant from the freezing point of the solution.
XXII.—Investigation of Analogous Properties of Co-ordinates of Elliptic and Hyperbolic Sectors
Authors: Wallace William 
Published: January 2013

The analogy between certain properties of the co-ordinates of elliptic and hyperbolic sectors, which forms the subject of this memoir, was observed by the early writers on the fluxional or differential calculus, and employed by them in its improvement. But, independently of this important application, the propositions in question are some of the most elegant theorems in geometry, and highly interesting as abstract truths.Maclaurin, in the third chapter of the second book of his Treatise of Fluxions, has proved the truth of this theorem: “Supposing n to be any number, let E and n × E be elliptic sectors, which stand on arcs that begin at a vertex of either axis, and H and n × H hyperbolic sectors, which stand on arcs that begin at the extremity of the transverse axis: the algebraic equation which expresses the relation between x and z, ordinates drawn to the other axis from the extremities of the arcs, must be the very same in the two curves.”
I. Description of Sternbergite, a New Mineral Species
Authors: Haidinger W. 
Published: January 2013

The mines of Joachimsthal in Bohemia, have long been celebrated for their riches. They were successfully worked at an early period, and though their produce has been exceedingly fluctuating, yet the mining district, in which they occur, continues one of the most important of that country. They seem to have been particularly lucrative and important while they belonged to the house of the Counts Schlick, and when, in the beginning of the sixteenth century, a larger kind of silver coin was introduced into Germany, it took the name of Joachimsthaler, from the place of its coinage, a name which was afterwards changed into thaler, talaro, and dollar.These mines are not less remarkable for the variety of the species, and for the beauty of the specimens which they have produced. The ancient collections of minerals at Vienna, the Imperial cabinet, that of Von der Nüll, that of Von Morgenbesser, and others, contain magnificent suites of sulphuret of silver, of red silver, &c. chiefly crystallised. The finest specimens, however, of the red silver, and perhaps the finest that ever were known in the species, were dug up so late as 1817 and 1822. The National Museum at Prague possesses one of them, consisting of a group of crystals several inches long, without having any rock attached to it, and weighing about twelve marks, or upwards of six pounds Avoirdupois, the value of the silver of which is more than L. 16 Sterling.
XV. Some Experiments on the Milk of the Cow-Tree
Authors: Thomson Thomas 
Published: January 2013

A Phial full of this liquid, one of the first specimens, I believe, that ever made its way to Great Britain, was lately sent to Dr Hooker by Sir Ralph Woodford, Governor of Trinidad. It had been collected in Laguayra by Mr Lockart, Director of the Botanic Garden in Trinidad. Dr Hooker having been good enough to put this rare specimen into my possession, I made a few experiments to determine its constituents. The singular nature of the production, rather than any thing very striking in the results which I obtained, led me to suppose that they would not be unacceptable to the Royal Society.This curious vegetable production was first made known to the scientific world by M. de Humboldt. But from the very imperfect account which he gives of the Galactodendron utile, there is reason to conclude that he had never seen it. It is certain at least that he had never seen it in blossom. The attention of MM. Boussingault and Mariano de Rivero was drawn to this important liquid by M. de Humboldt. They collected it accordingly, and subjected it to a chemical examination. They found its constituents to be wax, fibrin, sugar, a magnesian salt, which was not an acetate, and water. They could neither detect in it casein nor caoutchouc. The ashes after incineration consisted of a mixture of silica, lime, phosphate of lime, and magnesia.
XXV. On Mudarine, the Active Principle of the Bark of the Root of the Calotropis Mudarii, Buch.; and the singular influence of Temperature upon its solubility in Water
Authors: Duncan Andrew 
Published: January 2013

To the professional zeal and liberality of my lamented friend Dr Adam, late Secretary to the Medical Board at Calcutta, I am indebted for many interesting specimens of the Materia Medica of Hindostan. Among these was a large supply of the powder of the bark of the Mudar or Mudhar, the Calotropis Mudarii of Dr Hamilton, which, with a nearly allied species, had been formerly referred to the genus Asclepias, under the trivial name of gigantea.The high reputation which the Mudar Powder enjoyed among the natives of India, as a specific for the cure of various cutaneous diseases, induced Mr Playfair, Mr Robinson, and Dr Vos, to investigate its action as a medicine. These gentlemen gave favourable reports of its effects in India, in cutaneous diseases, syphilitic affections, and tape-worm.
II. An Account of some Experiments on the Electricity of Tourmaline, and other Minerals, when exposed to Heat
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

Although the phenomena of the Pyro-Electricity of Minerals, as it has been termed, and those of the Tourmaline in particular, have, after a long period of neglect, been recently studied by more than one philosopher of eminence, there are a sufficient number of undetermined or debatable points, even at the threshold of the inquiry, to yield facts of novelty and interest to those who will take the trouble to look for them.Having during the past summer been much engaged in studying the relations of bodies to heat and electricity, I was induced, by having in my possession a considerable number of long tourmalines, to repeat and endeavour to verify some recently published experiments with this mineral. These inquiries brought out several new facts; and, with the hope of adding something to our knowledge in this curious field, I have taken this opportunity of communicating to the Society the results of some very recent experiments.
IX. Chemical Examination of the Petroleum of Rangoon
Authors: Christison Robert 
Published: January 2013

At the close of the preceding session, the Council of the Society did me the honour of entrusting me with the chemical examination of several articles sent not long ago to the Society by Mr Swinton, Secretary to Government at Calcutta. The articles in question are, 1. Specimens of the black varnish used in different parts of Hindostan and the Burmese territories, with specimens of the juices of which these varnishes are said to be compounded; 2. Specimens of naphtha from Persia, and of petroleum from Rangoon; 3. Specimens of wood-oil, a variety of fluid turpentine; 4. Specimens of crude caoutchouc, and of solutions of it in wood-oil.The only one of these articles which has hitherto yielded results of such interest as to induce me to lay them before the Society, is the petroleum of Rangoon, which appears to contain a compound inflammable principle hitherto unknown.
XII. On the Fresh-water Limestone of Burdiehouse in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous Group of Rocks. With Supplementary Notes on other Fresh-water Limestones
Authors: Hibbert Samuel 
Published: January 2013

I propose in this memoir to methedically connect several desultory notices, which I had occasion to read during the last session of the Royal Society's meetings, relative to the Limestones of fresh-water origin in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, belonging to the carboniferous group of rocks, and to the organic remains which they contain.Hitherto, the limestones belonging to this older class of deposits have been considered as exclusively of marine origin. I had long since, however, been prepared to expect that a limestone of a fluviatile or fresh-water origin would, some time or other, be proved to exist. For, in judging from analogy, it would be unreasonable to presume, that, when fresh-water limestones appear in the rocks of every later epoch, they should meet with an exclusion in the carboniferous group. In entertaining, therefore, less confined views, I was not at all surprised to find them confirmed in a limestone near Edinburgh, which lately came under my examination,—I allude to that of Burdiehouse. It enclosed none of the marine shells, corallines, or encrinites to be found in the other limestones of the vicinity, but contained in the place of them, and in the greatest possible abundance, the various plants observable in our coal-fields. I also procured from it specimens of fish allied to such as are obtained from beds associated with coal. These facts indicated to me that I had at length found a fresh-water limestone belonging to the carboniferous group of rocks.
XXVII.—On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber, with Remarks on the Change of Relative Levels of Sea and Land in Scotland, and on the Detrital Deposits in that Country
Authors: Milne David 
Published: January 2013

There are few questions in geology which have given rise to so many theories, and so much speculation, as the origin of the parallel roads in the valleys of Lochaber.In the year 1817, the late Dr MacCulloch gave an elaborate description of them, in a paper read before the Geological Society of London. In the year 1818, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper, full of equally interesting details. Both of these observers suggested, in explanation of the shelves which mark the mountain sides of these valleys, that they had been occupied by lakes, which, by earthquakes or other violent convulsions, had been drained. This theory was generally received, until, in the year 1839, Mr Darwin, so justly celebrated as a geologist, and an accurate observer, published his views, and pronounced the shelves to have been formed by the sea; an opinion which, besides being rested on proofs derived from the locality, he enforced, also by his observation of similar appearances in South America.
XII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Tardigrada of the South Orkneys
Authors: Murray James 
Published: January 2013

While engaged in investigating the Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs, I was desirous of comparing our Tardigrade Fauna with that of other parts of the world, and it occurred to me that the then recently returned Scottish Antarctic Expedition might furnish some suitable material. On applying to Mr R. N. Rudmose Brown, in the absence of Mr Bruce, I was courteously supplied with various samples of moss which I judged likely to contain Tardigrada.On examining this moss it was found that Tardigrada were indeed numerous in it, and although not in very great variety, some of the forms were of considerable interest.
XV.—The Viscosity of Solutions
Authors: Ranken C. , Taylor W. W. 
Published: January 2013

In a recent paper published by the authors, some measurements of the viscosity of aqueous solutions indicated that it would be of interest to investigate more fully the viscosity of solutions, especially those which exhibit what is now generally known as “negative viscosity,” over a wider range of temperature.This has now been done to a certain extent, and to enable a comparison to be made between electrolytes and non-electrolytes in aqueous solution, some other substances have been included in the investigation. They are:—potassium chloride, potassium chlorate, ammonium iodide, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide; mercuric chloride, mercuric cyanide; carbamide.
XVIII.—The Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Ritchie James 
Published: January 2013

The collection of Hydroids hereafter described was made in the years 1902–4 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition shipScotia, during her cruises in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seas.For the opportunity of examining the specimens I am indebted to Mr W. S. Bruce, the energetic leader of the expedition; and I also wish to thank Professor J. Arthur Thomson for much assistance and advice in the course of my work.The collection, as here described, coutains 41 specimens, of which 33 are referable to 27 known species distributed among 15 genera, some of them being new varieties; while the remainder have required the establishment of 7 new species and 1 new genus. One specimen remains specifically undetermined. Thus there are in all 18 different genera, represented by 35 different species.
IX.—A Study of a Tectibranch Gasteropod Mollusc, Philine aperta (L.)
Authors: Brown Herbert H. 
Published: January 2013

The shell and gizzard plates of Philine aperta were first described in 1616 by Fabius Colonna. Linnæus (1767) included the animal in his genus Bulla, and named it Bulla aperta. In 1772 Ascanius made a new genus, Philine, with P. aperta as type.Cuvier (1810) created the order Tectibranchiata, and in the “Règne Animal” (1817) grouped in this order Pleurobranchus, Aplysia, Dolabella, Notarchus, Bulla, and Philine.Fischer (1887) divided the Tectibranchs into the Cephalaspidea, the Anaspidea, and the Notaspidea; the first with a cephalic disc, the last with a dorsal shield, and the Anaspidea with neither.