bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Like Father, Like Son? Intergenerational Educational Mobility in India
Authors: Azam Mehtabul , Bhatt Vipul 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS), we create a unique son–father matched data set that is representative of the entire adult male population (aged 20–65) in India. We use these data to document the evolution of intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in India over time, among different castes and states for the birth cohorts of 1940–1985. We find that educational persistence, as measured by the regression coefficient of father’s education as a predictor of son’s education, has declined over time. This implies that increases in average educational attainment are driven primarily by increases among children of less-educated fathers. However, we do not find such a declining trend in the correlation between educational attainment of sons and fathers, which is another commonly used measure of persistence. To understand the source of such a discrepancy between the two measures of educational persistence, we decompose the intergenerational correlation and find that although persistence has declined at the lower end of the fathers’ educational distribution, it has increased at the top end of that distribution.
‘Becoming a Physician’–medical students get acquainted with disadvantaged populations, and practise sensitive and effective communication
Authors: Riskin Arieh , Kerem Nogah C. , Van-Raalte Riki , Kaffman Michael , Yakov Gila , Aizenbud Dror , Ben-Barak Ayelet , Shachor-Meyouhas Yael , Edery Ruth , Musih Yael Shabtai , Sagi Shlomi , Eidelman Orly , Rotschild Avi 
Published: October 2015

Background The three-year pre-medical programme ‘Becoming a Physician’ focuses on different aspects of medical professionalism. Objectives are to increase awareness and sensitivity to disadvantaged populations, and practise sensitive effective communication skills.
Methods The curriculum includes: (1) Visits to treatment centres for people with special needs, mental illnesses, substance abuse issues, physically or sexually abused, and prisoners. Students tour the facility, hold discussions with residents, and discuss ethical professional interrelations to the medical world. Students then write ‘reflective diaries’ summarizing their thoughts and emotions. (2) Participation in a communication course that focuses on learning by practising patient-oriented communication. Qualitative data were collected from three sources: reflective diaries, studentsʼ course evaluations, and interviews with the studentsʼ tutors.
Results Data indicated that the students were very satisfied with the programme. They indicated an increase in awareness of the special needs of diverse populations, and in the sense of efficacy for conducting interviews tailored to patients' needs. Tutors reported a sense of ‘personal growth’ following their role as mentors.
Reflections Interactions of medical students with diverse populations, when accompanied by appropriate feedback mechanisms and strengthening of communication skills, can improve awareness and sensitivity to patients' special needs. This could help students become more sensitive and thoughtful physicians.
Retrospective evaluation of frozen section use for thyroid nodules with a prior fine needle aspiration diagnosis of Bethesda II–VI: The Weill Cornell Medical College experience
Authors: Cohen Marc A. , Patel Krupa R. , Gromis Jonathan , Kutler David I. , Kuhel William I. , Stater Brian J. , Schulman Aaron , Hoda Rana S. , Scognamiglio Theresa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC)/New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH) experience with intraoperative frozen (IOF) section in the management of thyroid nodules with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of Bethesda II–VI and to analyze the cost and pathology benefit it provides.MethodsThe surgical and cytopathology files at WCMC/NYPH were searched within the time period of January 2008 to May 2013. A total of 435 thyroid specimens were identified for which both an FNA and subsequent IOF section was performed. The FNA was correlated with the locations of the resected nodule and the nodule frozen for intraoperative diagnosis. The results of the FNA were compared to the IOF section diagnosis and final diagnosis (FD).ResultsAmong 435 cases, the FNA diagnosis was Bethesda II: 149 cases, Bethesda III: 170 cases, Bethesda IV: 91 cases, Bethesda V: 19 cases, and Bethesda VI: 6 cases. There were a total of 83 carcinomas identified on FD, which included 69 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 12 follicular carcinomas, and 2 poorly differentiated carcinomas. The preoperative FNA diagnosis for these carcinomas was as follows: Bethesda II, 11/149 (7.4%), Bethesda III, 24/170 (14%), Bethesda IV, 26/91 (29%), Bethesda V, 16/19 (84%), and Bethesda VI, 6/6 (100%). IOF section contributed to the diagnosis of malignancy in 16/429 (4%) cases: 1/149 (0.7%) Bethesda II, 5/170 (3%) Bethesda III, 2/91 (1.1%) Bethesda IV, and 8/19 (42%) Bethesda V. The diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed in the 6 Bethesda VI cases by IOF section. There were no false positives on IOF section. IOF had a sensitivity and specificity of 26% and 100%, respectively.ConclusionThe role of IOF section is limited in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. IOF section is most useful for nodules with an FNA diagnosis of Bethesda V lesions. The diagnosis of follicular variant of PTC remains difficult on frozen section.
Three-dimensional effects on flag flapping dynamics
Authors: Banerjee Sankha , Connell Benjamin S. H. , Yue Dick K. P. 
Published: October 2015

We examine three-dimensional (3D) effects on the flapping dynamics of a flag, modelled as a thin membrane, in uniform fluid inflow. We consider periodic spanwise variations of length $S$ (ignoring edge effects), so that the 3D effects are characterized by the dimensionless spanwise wavelength ${\it\gamma}=S/L$, where $L$ is the chord length. We perform linear stability analysis (LSA) to show increase in stability with ${\it\gamma}$, with the purely 2D mode being the most unstable. To confirm the LSA and to study nonlinear responses of 3D flapping, we obtain direct numerical simulations, up to Reynolds number 1000 based on $L$, coupling solvers for the Navier–Stokes equations and that for a thin membrane structure undergoing arbitrarily large displacement. For nonlinear flapping evolution, we identify and characterize the effect of ${\it\gamma}$ on the distinct flag motions and wake vortex structures, corresponding to spanwise standing wave (SW) and travelling wave (TW) modes, in the absence and presence of cross-flow respectively. For both SW and TW, the response is characterized by an initial instability growth phase (I), followed by a nonlinear development phase (II) consisting of multiple unstable 3D modes, and tending, in long time, towards a quasi-steady limit-cycle response (III) dominated by a single (most unstable) mode. Phase I follows closely the predictions of LSA for initial instability and growth rates, with the latter increased for TW due to suppression of restoring forces by the cross-flow. Phase II is characterized by multiple competing flapping modes with energy cascading towards the more unstable mode(s). The wake is characterized by interwoven (SW) and oblique continuous (TW) shed vortices. For phase III, the persistent single dominant mode for SW is the (most unstable) 2D flag displacement with a continuous parallel wake structure; and for TW, the fundamental oblique travelling-wave flag displacement corresponding to the given ${\it\gamma}$ with continuous oblique shedding. The transition to phase III occurs slower for greater ${\it\gamma}$. For the total forces, drag decreases for both SW and TW with decreasing ${\it\gamma}$, while lift is negligible in phase I and II and comparable in magnitude to drag in phase III for any ${\it\gamma}$.
Agrarian Localities: Political economy as local power in early nineteenth-century British India
Authors: CHAKRABARTI UPAL 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article writes the agrarian history of an obscure locality, Cuttack, in early-nineteenth-century British India. In doing so, instead of exalting the explanatory power of the local, or the particular, it interrogates the category of the ‘local’ itself by demonstrating how it was assembled as the object of agrarian governance in British India through a densely interwoven network of discursive practices. I present this network as various inter-regional practices and debates over agrarian governance in British India and some methodological debates of political economy in contemporary Britain. This article argues that the governmental engagement with locally specific, indigenous forms of interrelationship between landed property and political power in British India can be more productively understood as internal to the transformed vocabulary of contemporary political economy, rather than lying outside it, amid the pragmatism and contingency of governance. Accordingly, it shows how the particularity of agrarian relations in a locality was produced out of a host of reconfigurations, over different moments and sites, of a universal classificatory grid. In the process, I question those histories of British India which, being rooted in a series of hierarchized binary oppositions, like inside–outside, abstract–concrete, or universal–particular, reproduce the rationality of colonial governance.
Financial literacy and retirement planning in Canada
Authors: BOISCLAIR DAVID , LUSARDI ANNAMARIA , MICHAUD PIERRE-CARL 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we draw on internationally comparable survey evidence on financial literacy and retirement planning in Canada to investigate how financially literate Canadians are and how financial literacy is linked to retirement planning. We find that 42% of respondents are able to correctly answer three simple questions measuring knowledge of interest compounding, inflation, and risk diversification. This is consistent with evidence from other countries, and Canadians perform relatively well in comparison with Americans but worse than individuals in other countries, such as Germany. Among Canadian respondents, the young and the old, women, minorities, and those with lower educational attainment do worse, a pattern that has been consistently found in other countries as well. Retirement planning is strongly associated with financial literacy; those who responded correctly to all three financial literacy questions are 10 percentage points more likely to have retirement savings.
Observing in space and time the ephemeral nucleation of liquid-to-crystal phase transitions
Authors: Yoo Byung-Kuk , Kwon Oh-Hoon , Liu Haihua , Tang Jau , Zewail Ahmed H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe phase transition of crystalline ordering is a general phenomenon, but its evolution in space and time requires microscopic probes for visualization. Here we report direct imaging of the transformation of amorphous titanium dioxide nanofilm, from the liquid state, passing through the nucleation step and finally to the ordered crystal phase. Single-pulse transient diffraction profiles at different times provide the structural transformation and the specific degree of crystallinity (η) in the evolution process. It is found that the temporal behaviour of η exhibits unique ‘two-step’ dynamics, with a robust ‘plateau’ that extends over a microsecond; the rate constants vary by two orders of magnitude. Such behaviour reflects the presence of intermediate structure(s) that are the precursor of the ordered crystal state. Theoretically, we extend the well-known Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation, which describes the isothermal process with a stretched-exponential function, but here over the range of times covering the melt-to-crystal transformation.
g-force induced giant efficiency of nanoparticles internalization into living cells
Authors: Ocampo Sandra M. , Rodriguez Vanessa , de la Cueva Leonor , Salas Gorka , Carrascosa Jose. L. , Josefa Rodríguez María , García-Romero Noemí , Cuñado Jose Luis F. , Camarero Julio , Miranda Rodolfo , Belda-Iniesta Cristobal , Ayuso-Sacido Angel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNanotechnology plays an increasingly important role in the biomedical arena. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)-labelled cells is one of the most promising approaches for a fast and reliable evaluation of grafted cells in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Current procedures to label living cells with IONPs are based on direct incubation or physical approaches based on magnetic or electrical fields, which always display very low cellular uptake efficiencies. Here we show that centrifugation-mediated internalization (CMI) promotes a high uptake of IONPs in glioblastoma tumour cells, just in a few minutes and via clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway. CMI results in controllable cellular uptake efficiencies at least three orders of magnitude larger than current procedures. Similar trends are found in human mesenchymal stem cells, thereby demonstrating the general feasibility of the methodology, which is easily transferable to any laboratory with great potential for the development of improved biomedical applications.
Comparison of acute non-visual bright light responses in patients with optic nerve disease, glaucoma and healthy controls
Authors: Münch M. , Léon L. , Collomb S. , Kawasaki A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examined the effect of optic nerve disease, hence retinal ganglion cell loss, on non-visual functions related to melanopsin signalling. Test subjects were patients with bilateral visual loss and optic atrophy from either hereditary optic neuropathy (n = 11) or glaucoma (n = 11). We measured melatonin suppression, subjective sleepiness and cognitive functions in response to bright light exposure in the evening. We also quantified the post-illumination pupil response to a blue light stimulus. All results were compared to age-matched controls (n = 22). Both groups of patients showed similar melatonin suppression when compared to their controls. Greater melatonin suppression was intra-individually correlated to larger post-illumination pupil response in patients and controls. Only the glaucoma patients demonstrated a relative attenuation of their pupil response. In addition, they were sleepier with slower reaction times during nocturnal light exposure. In conclusion, glaucomatous, but not hereditary, optic neuropathy is associated with reduced acute light effects. At mild to moderate stages of disease, this is detected only in the pupil function and not in responses conveyed via the retinohypothalamic tract such as melatonin suppression.
Cytoplasmic sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway modulates neuronal autophagy
Authors: Moruno Manchon Jose Felix , Uzor Ndidi-Ese , Dabaghian Yuri , Furr-Stimming Erin E. , Finkbeiner Steven , Tsvetkov Andrey S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAutophagy is an important homeostatic mechanism that eliminates long-lived proteins, protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Its dysregulation is involved in many neurodegenerative disorders. Autophagy is therefore a promising target for blunting neurodegeneration. We searched for novel autophagic pathways in primary neurons and identified the cytosolic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway as a regulator of neuronal autophagy. S1P, a bioactive lipid generated by sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) in the cytoplasm, is implicated in cell survival. We found that SK1 enhances flux through autophagy and that S1P-metabolizing enzymes decrease this flux. When autophagy is stimulated, SK1 relocalizes to endosomes/autophagosomes in neurons. Expression of a dominant-negative form of SK1 inhibits autophagosome synthesis. In a neuron model of Huntington’s disease, pharmacologically inhibiting S1P-lyase protected neurons from mutant huntingtin-induced neurotoxicity. These results identify the S1P pathway as a novel regulator of neuronal autophagy and provide a new target for developing therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Improved Slow Light Capacity In Graphene-based Waveguide
Authors: Hao Ran , Peng Xi-Liang , Li Er-Ping , Xu Yang , Jin Jia-Min , Zhang Xian-Min , Chen Hong-Sheng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have systematically investigated the wideband slow light in two-dimensional material graphene, revealing that graphene exhibits much larger slow light capability than other materials. The slow light performances including material dispersion, bandwidth, dynamic control ability, delay-bandwidth product, propagation loss and group-velocity dispersion are studied, proving graphene exhibits significant advantages in these performances. A large delay-bandwidth product has been obtained in a simple yet functional grating waveguide with slow down factor c/vg at 163 and slow light bandwidth Δω at 94.4 nm centered at 10.38 μm, which is several orders of magnitude larger than previous results. Physical explanation of the enhanced slow light in graphene is given. Our results indicate graphene is an excellent platform for slow light applications, promoting various future slow light devices based on graphene.
Heat shock protein 60 stimulates the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and ERK MAPK activation
Authors: Zhao Ying , Zhang Chenxu , Wei Xuge , Li Pei , Cui Ying , Qin Yuanhua , Wei Xiaoqing , Jin Minli , Kohama Kazuhiro , Gao Ying 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that heat shock protein (HSP) 60 is strongly associated with the pathology of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the precise mechanisms by which HSP60 promotes atherosclerosis remain unclear. In the present study, we found that HSP60 mRNA and protein expression levels in the thoracic aorta are enhanced not only in a mouse model of AS but also in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. HSP60 expression and secretion was activated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and interleukin (IL)-8 in both human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). HSP60 was found to induce VSMC migration and exposure to HSP60 activated ERK MAPK signaling. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK, reduced VSMC migration. The HSP60-stimulated VSMCs were found to express TLR4 mRNA but not TLR2 mRNA. Knockdown of TLR4 by siRNA reduced HSP60-induced VSMC migration and HSP60-induced ERK activation. Finally, HSP60 induced IL-8 secretion in VSMCs. Together these results suggest that HSP60 is involved in the stimulation of VSMC migration, via TLR4 and ERK MAPK activation. Meanwhile, activation of HSP60 is one of the most powerful methods of sending a ‘danger signal’ to the immune system to generate IL-8, which assists in the management of an infection or disease.
Population genomics ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Inuit
Authors: Lee Robyn S. , Radomski Nicolas , Proulx Jean-Francois , Levade Ines , Shapiro B. Jesse , McIntosh Fiona , Soualhine Hafid , Menzies Dick , Behr Marcel A. 
Published: October 2015

SignificanceThrough an in-depth analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from Nunavik, Québec, we inferred the evolution of a single dominant strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Our analyses suggest thatM. tuberculosiswas first introduced into this region in the early 20th century. Since this time,M. tuberculosishas spread extensively, predominantly within but also between villages. Despite a genomic profile that lacks features of a hypervirulent strain, this strain has thrived in this region and continues to cause outbreaks. This suggests that successful clones ofM. tuberculosisneed not be inherently exceptional; host or social factors conducive to transmission may contribute to the ongoing tuberculosis epidemic in this and other high-incidence settings.
Phosphorylation of the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel directly regulates its gating properties
Authors: Blesneac Iulia , Chemin Jean , Bidaud Isabelle , Huc-Brandt Sylvaine , Vandermoere Franck , Lory Philippe 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Ion channels are membrane proteins essential for signal generation and transmission in the nervous system. They are finely regulated, and even small changes in their activity can trigger important physiological or pathological consequences on brain function. A regulatory mechanism of particular importance is phosphorylation. In this study, we assess the impact of phosphorylation on the activity of a specific ion channel, the T-type calcium channel Cav3.2. We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that Cav3.2 is highly phosphorylated in vivo and in a mammalian brain as well as in a human cell line, and we identify many phosphorylation sites critical for the way that the channel opens in response to changes in membrane potential and neuronal excitability.
The evolution of parental cooperation in birds
Authors: Remeš Vladimír , Freckleton Robert P. , Tökölyi Jácint , Liker András , Székely Tamás 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Parents in many animal species care for their offspring. In some species, males care more; in other species, females care more; in still other species, the contribution of the sexes is equal. However, we do not know what explains these differences among species. Using the most comprehensive analyses of parental care to date, here we show that parents cooperate more when sexual selection is not intense and the adult sex ratio of males to females is not strongly skewed. However, the degree of parental cooperation is unrelated to harshness and predictability of the ambient environment during the breeding season. Our work therefore suggests that several types of parental care may coexist in a given set of ambient environment.
Topographic representations of object size and relationships with numerosity reveal generalized quantity processing in human parietal cortex
Authors: Harvey Ben M. , Fracasso Alessio , Petridou Natalia , Dumoulin Serge O. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Processing of quantities such as object sizes and numbers relies on analyses of sensory information and informs cognitive tasks such as decision making and mathematics. Whereas sensory processing is organized into topographic maps reflecting sensory organ structure, organization of cognitive processing is poorly understood. We demonstrate topographic representation of object size-tuned responses. This arises separately from object number tuning, but these two quantities are associated in overlapping maps. This generalized quantity representation may allow us to consider object size and number together when making decisions. Optimization of cognitive processing using topographic maps may be a common organizing principle in association cortex, as it is in sensory processing. Linking cognitive representations in maps of related features may support increasingly abstract cognition.
Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin
Authors: Shannon Laura M. , Boyko Ryan H. , Castelhano Marta , Corey Elizabeth , Hayward Jessica J. , McLean Corin , White Michelle E. , Abi Said Mounir , Anita Baddley A. , Bondjengo Nono Ikombe , Calero Jorge , Galov Ana , Hedimbi Marius , Imam Bulu , Khalap Rajashree , Lally Douglas , Masta Andrew , Oliveira Kyle C. , Pérez Lucía , Randall Julia , Tam Nguyen Minh , Trujillo-Cornejo Francisco J. , Valeriano Carlos , Sutter Nathan B. , Todhunter Rory J. , Bustamante Carlos D. , Boyko Adam R. 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Dogs were the first domesticated species, but the precise timing and location of domestication are hotly debated. Using genomic data from 5,392 dogs, including a global set of 549 village dogs, we find strong evidence that dogs were domesticated in Central Asia, perhaps near present-day Nepal and Mongolia. Dogs in nearby regions (e.g., East Asia, India, and Southwest Asia) contain high levels of genetic diversity due to their proximity to Central Asia and large population sizes. Indigenous dog populations in the Neotropics and South Pacific have been largely replaced by European dogs, whereas those in Africa show varying degrees of European vs. indigenous African ancestry.