bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active audiences in the regulation of the audiovisual media. Consumer versus citizen in Spain and Mexico
Authors: Fuente-Cobo Carmen , Martínez-Otero Juan-María , del-Prado-Flores Rogelio 
Published: April 2014

Media audience has been conceived, traditionally, as a group of citizens or consumers. In the Media environment, citizens exercise their communication rights and participate in the public sphere; consumers, on the other hand, consume audiovisual products in a specific market. In the citizen perspective, audiovisual communication serves the public interest and democratic values; in the consumer one, it serves private and individual interests. This paper studies the main academic positions referred to the dichotomy citizen – consumer, attending particularly to the investigations of Peter Dahlgren on relations between Media and Democracy; of Richard Collins, on Audiovisual Policy; and of Sonia Livingstone on public sphere, audience participation and Media governance. After this theoretical approach, the paper analyzes the presence of these conceptions of the audience in the audiovisual legal systems of two countries: Spain and Mexico. These two countries are modifying their legal framework. As a conclusion, it appears that the different conceptions of the audience –as consumers or as citizens– are in a close relationship with the different ways of Media control and accountability.Dos han sido los prismas bajo los que se ha concebido tradicionalmente a la audiencia: como ciudadanos, que ante los mensajes de los medios ejercen sus derechos comunicativos y participan en la construcción de una opinión pública libre; o como consumidores o usuarios, que actúan dentro de un mercado de productos audiovisuales. Mientras que la primera perspectiva atiende a la comunicación audiovisual valorando su interés público y su influencia en la construcción de un espacio público de debate y discusión, la segunda atiende a la dimensión más privada e individual de la comunicación audiovisual. En el presente trabajo se abordan las principales posiciones doctrinales sobre dicha dicotomía consumidor-ciudadano, analizando para ello la obra de los autores que más atención han dedicado a estas cuestiones en el ámbito europeo, y en especial los trabajos de Peter Dahlgren sobre las relaciones entre medios y democracia, los de Richard Collins sobre política audiovisual, y los vinculados a Sonia Livingstone sobre esfera pública, participación de las audiencias y gobernanza de los medios. Realizada esta aproximación teórica, se analiza la presencia de dichas concepciones de la audiencia en dos ordenamientos jurídicos audiovisuales que están experimentando modificaciones sustanciales: el español y el mexicano. Como conclusión, se constata que las distintas concepciones de la audiencia están en profunda relación con la forma de concebir el control de los medios y la rendición de cuentas de sus operadores frente al público.
The digital divide in the university: The appropriation of ICT in Higher Education students from Bogota, Colombia
Authors: Berrío-Zapata Cristian , Rojas-Hernández Hernando 
Published: April 2014

The growth and integration of ICTs in the global economy has created conditions that profoundly affect our society, dividing communities between those who effectively appropriate these resources and those who do not, the «digital divide». This exploratory study seeks to propose and validate ways of assessing this phenomenon in higher education, from the construction of a model and comprehensive methodology that values contextual conditions, in addition to measuring access factors and motivation for use, that have been employed in previous research. To obtain indications about the behavior of this phenomenon, we developed research with students from three universities in Bogota, administering 566 surveys in four phases that would test the variables proposed in the model. The results show that the variables of the model link causally, with the strongest relations between education, attitude towards ICTs and ICT application. Although students have good access to ICTs and high levels of education, no strong relationship was found in regards to «perceived impact on production». This may be explained by a superficial appropriation of ICT, due to a context that is alien to its conditions of origin (industrialism, innovation), poor quality of education and economies not centered around R&D.
El crecimiento e inserción de las tecnologías de la comunicación (TIC) en la economía mundial, ha generado condiciones que afectan profundamente a nuestra sociedad, dividiéndola entre comunidades que apropian efectivamente estos recursos y aquellos que no lo hacen, situación denominada «brecha digital». Este estudio exploratorio buscó proponer y validar formas de evaluación de tal fenómeno en la educación superior, a partir de la construcción de un modelo y metodología integral que atiendan a las condiciones de contexto, en adición a la medición de elementos de acceso y motivación de uso ya utilizadas en investigaciones anteriores. Se trabajó con estudiantes de tres Universidades de Bogotá para obtener indicios con respecto al comportamiento del fenómeno. 566 encuestas fueron administradas en cuatro fases para probar las variables propuestas por el modelo. Los resultados muestran que las variables del modelo se relacionan de manera encadenada y escalonada; la relación más fuerte se dio entre educación, actitud frente a las TIC y su aplicación. Aun cuando los estudiantes encuestados tienen condiciones óptimas de acceso y formación, no se encontró una relación fuerte con la percepción de impacto productivo; esto puede deberse a una apropiación superficial de las TIC producto de un contexto extraño a sus condiciones de origen (industrialismo, innovación), educación de calidad pobre y economías no centradas en I+D.
Le Monde d’Ulysse, de l’édition à la réception
Authors: Scheid-Tissinier Évelyne 
Published: April 2014

Le Monde d’Ulysse, le livre le plus connu de Finley et qui lui valut une célébrité rapide, a aussi exercé une influence intellectuelle décisive tant dans les pays anglo-saxons qu’en France puis en Italie. Sa force tient sans doute à la combinaison de deux éléments : l’ancrage chronologique que lui a donné son auteur et le modèle anthropologique qui sous-tend l’ensemble. Une perspective qui rencontre dès sa parution en 1954, l’adhésion d’un certain nombre de chercheurs de langue française parmi lesquels notamment Louis Gernet. Une large diffusion de l’ouvrage sera définitivement assurée en France à partir de 1969, à travers la traduction entreprise à l’initiative de J.-P. Vernant et P. Vidal-Naquet.
Moses I. Finley, coupable de « wébérisme » ?
Authors: Bruhns Hinnerk 
Published: April 2014

Dans les débats français sur l’économie antique et sur la conceptualisation en histoire ancienne, le nom de Moses Finley est associé à celui de Max Weber, parfois en le taxant, de façon péjorative, de « wébérisme ». L’article retrace la lecture de Weber par Finley, dans le contexte de l’intérêt que des historiens ont manifesté, depuis les années 1960, pour l’œuvre de Weber. Il rappelle la critique de Weber par Finley, pointe quelques malentendus concernant l’emploi de la méthode idéaltypique et s’interroge sur le sens et le non-sens de la qualification de « wébérisme ».
« The nuisance is word magic. » Moses I. Finley et la colonisation grecque
Authors: D’Ercole Maria Cecilia 
Published: April 2014

La colonisation grecque ne saurait être considérée comme l’un des thèmes majeurs dans la vaste production scientifique de Moses I. Finley ; toutefois, elle ne pouvait pas y rester étrangère, puisque étroitement liée aux recherches sur la propriété et sur la transmission de la terre. Ainsi, l’historien a consacré à ce thème quelques importants travaux, entre 1967 et 1976 : une intervention sur le concept de « frontier history », un ouvrage sur l’histoire de la Sicile antique et byzantine, un article sur le vocabulaire des colonisations anciennes et modernes. Malgré leur réception relativement limitée, ces travaux ont ouvert des perspectives nouvelles dans le domaine, en particulier pour les modèles des colonisations historiques et pour l’analyse critique de leur vocabulaire. De surcroît, ils ont offert l’opportunité pour un échange intellectuel fécond avec Ettore Lepore, qui partageait son intérêt pour l’analyse comparative et pour les thèmes économiques et sociaux.
Les références aux textes « littéraires » dans Démocratie antique et démocratie moderne de Moses Finley
Authors: Pralon Didier 
Published: April 2014

On a parfois reproché à M. Finley d’avoir, dans ses ouvrages, plutôt négligé les textes littéraires. Le Monde d’Ulysse (1954-1978) et On a perdu la guerre de Troie (1967-1989) attestent paradigmatiquement le contraire, mais aussi des recueils moins directement fondés sur l’examen de textes, par exemple, les trois « Rutgers Conferences » publiées dans Démocratie antique et démocratie moderne (1973 et 1976) où se lisent 22 citations ou paraphrases de textes littéraires, s’étageant d’Homère à Aristote (la question de la démocratie s’estompant après l’époque d’Aristote). Ils présentent, à travers un usage parfois polémique, une réflexion stimulante sur la lettre des textes, l’historiographie et les théories, utile, autant qu’aux historiens, aux philologues et aux philosophes du politique.
Marc Aurèle épistolier : comment faire écrire un empereur romain de l’Antiquité au xvie siècle ?
Authors: Fleury Pascale 
Published: April 2014

Marc Aurèle est considéré de nos jours comme le modèle de l’empereur-philosophe, mais il n’en a pas toujours été ainsi. Bien qu’il existe de nombreuses études sur l’utilisation des Pensées à la Renaissance et à l’époque moderne, peu de réflexion ont été menées sur la réception des lettres, fictives ou réelles, de l’empereur. Cette contribution vise, d’une part, à tracer un portrait général de Marc Aurèle en tant qu’épistolier, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au xvie siècle, et d’autre part, à donner quelques pistes de lecture pour la correspondance fictive créée par A. de Guevara dans son Livre doré (1528). Les conclusions soulignent l’originalité et la liberté de Guevara, dont l’œuvre à succès est un jalon important dans la construction du personnage moderne de Marc Aurèle.
Les découvertes funéraires du Haut-Empire au sud de Tolosa : à l’instar d’une « petite Rome » ? Image idéalisée de la ville antique, de l’historiographie à la réalité archéologique
Authors: Georges-Zimmermann Patrice , Requi Christophe , Grizeaud Jean-Jacques , Amiel Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Les découvertes funéraires au sud de la ville de Toulouse ont été interprétées par Michel Labrousse comme les vestiges de la plus importante et la plus riche des nécropoles. Elle bordait la route de Narbonne qui, selon lui, devait être pour Toulouse ce qu’était la Voie Appienne pour Rome, à savoir la nécropole principale de la cité et le lieu d’élection des sépultures aristocratiques, tant il est vrai que Rome est le modèle plus ou moins implicite de ce type d’étude. Cette idée a perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui. L’analyse de l’ensemble des découvertes, y compris les plus récentes, permettent-elles vraiment d’accréditer cette hypothèse encore formulée récemment ? Dans quelle mesure le cursus de Michel Labrousse, qui voyait en Toulouse « une petite Rome », l’explique-t-il ?
Thucydide parmi les guerres : les voix du sang
Authors: Pires Francisco Murari 
Published: April 2014

L’article propose une réflexion en forme d’avertissement contre quelques détours interprétatifs abusifs qui font obstacle à l’actualisation de la pensée de Thucydide. Il s’agit, pour l’essentiel, du recours à la pensée de Thucydide à des fins militaristes dans un cadre nord-américain. L’argumentation concerne plus particulièrement la thèse « réaliste » que propose Gregory Crane de la pensée thucydidéenne au sujet de la guerre. Celle-ci serait présente dans la pratique militaire de William Tecumseh Sherman lors de la guerre civile américaine. L’argumentation s’appuie sur l’idée selon laquelle Sherman serait un nouveau Thucydide en tant que « le théoricien réaliste » de la guerre. Le paroxysme est atteint avec les thèses proposées par Angelo Codevilla au sujet du « 11 septembre ».
Subspecies of Sri Lankan Mammals as Units of Biodiversity Conservation, with Special Reference to the Primates
Authors: Dittus Wolfgang PJ 
Published: April 2014

Subspecies embody the evolution of different phenotypes as adaptations to local environmental differences in keeping the concept of the Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). Sri Lankan mammals, being mostly of Indian-Indochinese origins, were honed, in part, by the events following the separation of Sri Lanka from Gondwana in the late Miocene. The emerging new Sri Lankan environment provided a varied topographic, climatic and biotic stage and impetus for new mammalian adaptations. This history is manifest nowhere as clearly as in the diversity of non-endemic and endemic genera, species and subspecies of Sri Lankan mammals that offer a cross-sectional time-slice (window) of evolution in progress: 3 of 53 genera (6%), and 22 of 91 species (24%) are endemic, but incorporating subspecies, the majority 69 of 108 (64%) Sri Lankan land-living indigenous mammal taxa are diversified as endemics. (Numerical details may change with taxonomic updates, but the pattern is clear.) These unique forms distinguish Sri Lankan mammals from their continental relatives, and contribute to the otherwise strong biogeographic differences within the biodiversity hotspot shared with the Western Ghats. Regardless of the eventual fates of individual subspecies or ESU’s they are repositories of phenotypic and genetic diversity and crucibles for the evolution of new endemic species and genera. Their importance is highlighted by recent taxonomic studies that have identified more than 20% of infra-specific populations as new endemic species. Such ‘hidden species diversity’ validates not only the policy to conserve the potential for evolutionary processes as manifest by infra-specific diversity, but also, to prioritize the conservation of subspecies over their precise taxonomic definitions. The conservation of biodiversity in practice, therefore, involves firstly the official acknowledgement of the existence and importance of infra-specific diversity, especially in taxa such as primates where it is well expressed; and secondly, the protection of highly threatened natural habitats that constitute the only realistic life-supporting environments for the conservation of Sri Lanka’s diversity in mammals and many other life forms.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6606 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42(2): 1-27, 2013
Changes in plant diversity and composition across forest edges bordered by Austroeupatorium inulifolium invaded grasslands in the Knuckles Conservation Area, Sri Lanka
Authors: Haluwana N , Madawala HMSP 
Published: April 2014

Austroeupatorium inulifolium has become a ferocious invader over the years in many ecosystems in the wet zone of Sri Lanka, including the grasslands of the Knuckles Conservation Area (KCA). Two field studies were conducted to assess the impacts of Austroeupatorium invasion on the diversity and composition of the plant communities. In the first study, three habitat categories were identified: less-invaded grassland (LIG), highly-invaded grassland (HIG) and the forest-grassland edge (FGE) adjacent to HIG. In the second study, two transects were selected that run across the FGE bordered by less or highly invaded grasslands (FGE-LIG and FGE-HIG). At each community, 5 linear quadrats (12 m x 3 m) were laid parallel to the FGE at different distances away from the edge to the forest interior and the open grassland. Each quadrate was further sub-divided into 3 quadrats. Three such transects were studied for each community. In both studies, the vegetation less than 2 m in height was enumerated. The stem density and abundance of Austroeupatorium were significantly higher in HIG and FGE compared to LIG. However, the plant community at FGE was less diverse than that of HIG and LIG. Tree saplings were observed only in the HIG, suggesting its favourable conditions for their establishment. The abundance of Austroeupatorium was markedly reduced towards the forest interior, suggesting that the FGE acts as a barrier against invasion towards the forest. The tree sapling abundance decreased from the forest interior towards the open grassland but the abundance was higher in transects bordered by HIG than by LIG. This suggests a facilitative effect on the forest tree regeneration potential under the Austroeupatorium canopy. The invasion may have led to improved micro-climatic and edaphic conditions and may also have facilitated the tree seedling establishment and survival in the forest interior as far as 10 m away from the FGE. Current findings depict positive impacts of Austroeupatorium-invaded grasslands on the forest regeneration process. Therefore, it is time to explore the positive effects of exotic species, especially when they colonize highly degraded landscapes, rather than generalizing that all invasive species cause detrimental impacts on every landscape.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6607 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42(2): 29-43, 2013
Effect of exposure of ultraviolet B radiation on two anuran species, Polypedates cruciger and Duttaphrynus melanostictus under empirical conditions
Authors: Jayawardena Uthpala A , Navaratne Ayanthi N , Amerasinghe Priyanie H , Rajakaruna Rupika S 
Published: April 2014

Increase in ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation has been identified as a suspect in amphibian deformities and decline. Eggs of two amphibian species, Polypedates cruciger and Duttaphrynus melanostictus were exposed to UV-B radiation (312 nm) to receive erythemal dose (0.08 relative response) of the action spectra under laboratory conditions. Biologically estimated doses were calculated to match 50% (high), 25% (medium) and 10% (low) of the average daily irradiance given for the Asian region (17.92 × 10-3 Wm-2). Hatching success of the eggs and survival, growth of tadpoles and development of malformations were recorded until metamorphosis. Although the exposure had no effect on the hatching success of the eggs of the two species, the survival of tadpoles of both species was significantly reduced compared to the tadpoles coming from unexposed eggs in the control. Tadpoles of both species experienced growth retardations due to UV-B exposure. Exposed individuals were smaller at metamorphosis and they took longer to metamorphose. In addition, malformations such as ulcers, edemas, abnormally pigmented skin were common among the exposed tadpoles. Species-specific differences in the growth were observed between D. melanostictus and P. cruciger but not in the other measured parameters. This study shows that the two anuran species are highly sensitive to levels of UV-B radiation that is present in their natural environment and suffered both lethal and sub-lethal effects.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6608 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42(2): 45-53, 2013
Emergence of Diverse Microbes on Application of Biofilmed Biofertilizers to a Maize Growing Soil
Authors: Buddhika UVA , Athauda ARWPK , Seneviratne G , Kulasooriya SA , Abayasekara CL 
Published: April 2014

Diverse microbial communities in the rhizosphere perform an amazing role in plant growth and productivity. However, conventional agricultural practices such as the use of chemical fertilizer (CF) and tillage have collapsed the diversity of the microbial communities. Direct application of developed fungal-bacterial communities known as biofilmed biofertilizers (BFBFs) to the soil has been introduced recently, and observed to be multi-functional and more effective than conventional biofertilizers. However, the effect of such biofertilizers on soil microbial diversity has not been studied sufficiently world over. Therefore, the current study was carried out to investigate the effects BFBFs on bacterial, cyanobacterial and fungal species in a maize growing soil. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with different fertilizer treatments; 100% chemical fertilizers (CF) recommended for maize, 50% CF, 50% CF + BFBF, and no fertilizer, as the control. Microbial species richness and abundance of bacteria were evaluated after two months of plant growth. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was estimated by using chloroform fumigation-extraction technique. Results showed that the species richness of bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria, and abundance of bacteria were higher in 50% CF + BFBF, compared to 50% and 100% CF. This implies that the action of BFBFs tends to break dormancy of microbial seeds in the soil, resulting in emergence of a diverse microbial community, which may support natural biocontrol of pathogens. An interesting observation was the stimulation of an additional microflora of cyanobacteria by the application of BFBF. MBC levels did not show a significant difference between any of the treatments. We recommend further testing of the BFBFs for increasing microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning and hence sustainability of maize agroecosystems. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6612 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42(2): 87-94, 2013
Preshly Eaten Leafy Vegetables: A Source of Food Borne Pathogens?
Authors: De Silva AGDD , Abayasekara CL , Dissanayake DRA 
Published: April 2014

The microbiological quality of selected fresh vegetables; lettuce, cabbage, mukunuwenna, gotukola, and tomato were assessed from different market types in the Kandy district. Fifty samples of each vegetable were tested for viable bacterial count (VBC), Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7, before and after washing using tap water. The average VBC in unwashed vegetables was 106 cfu/g whereas 10 fold reduction of VBC was achieved as a result of washing three times. S. enterica serotype Enteritidis and S. enterica serotype Typhymurium were isolated in 6% of the samples. In addition L. Monocytogenes was isolated in 2% of the samples investigated. These results reiterate the necessity for awareness among consumers regarding the microbiological quality of fresh vegetables.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6613 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42(2): 95-99, 2013
Leukocyte Protease Binding to Nucleic Acids Promotes Nuclear Localization and Cleavage of Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins
Authors: Thomas Marshall P. , Whangbo Jennifer , McCrossan Geoffrey , Deutsch Aaron J. , Martinod Kimberly , Walch Michael , Lieberman Judy 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Killer lymphocyte granzyme (Gzm) serine proteases induce apoptosis of pathogen-infected cells and tumor cells. Many known Gzm substrates are nucleic acid binding proteins, and the Gzms accumulate in the target cell nucleus by an unknown mechanism. In this study, we show that human Gzms bind to DNA and RNA with nanomolar affinity. Gzms cleave their substrates most efficiently when both are bound to nucleic acids. RNase treatment of cell lysates reduces Gzm cleavage of RNA binding protein targets, whereas adding RNA to recombinant RNA binding protein substrates increases in vitro cleavage. Binding to nucleic acids also influences Gzm trafficking within target cells. Preincubation with competitor DNA and DNase treatment both reduce Gzm nuclear localization. The Gzms are closely related to neutrophil proteases, including neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G. During neutrophil activation, NE translocates to the nucleus to initiate DNA extrusion into neutrophil extracellular traps, which bind NE and cathepsin G. These myeloid cell proteases, but not digestive serine proteases, also bind DNA strongly and localize to nuclei and neutrophil extracellular traps in a DNA-dependent manner. Thus, high-affinity nucleic acid binding is a conserved and functionally important property specific to leukocyte serine proteases. Furthermore, nucleic acid binding provides an elegant and simple mechanism to confer specificity of these proteases for cleavage of nucleic acid binding protein substrates that play essential roles in cellular gene expression and cell proliferation.