bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hardwood Supply Chain and the Role of Log Brokers in 2012
Authors: Montague Iris , Andersch Adrienn , Wiedenbeck Jan , Buehlmann Urs 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The recent economic crisis has greatly affected how companies conduct business. To be competitive, companies had to make changes to their product lines, distribution channels, marketing, and overall business strategies. This study was conducted to describe and analyze the log supply component of the hardwood forest products distribution chain and to investigate changes over the past 5 years. State forestry utilization and marketing specialists were interviewed to gain a regional overview of log distributions systems, followed by a survey that resulted in 57 responses from log distributors/brokers/wholesalers from 24 states. Results indicated that, on average, respondents received the majority of their logs from gatewood purchases, and the majority of logs purchased went directly into the sawmill market. From 2007 to 2011, logs sold to sawmill and veneer markets decreased by 6 and 7 percent, respectively, and logs sold to export markets increased by 30 percent. Respondents indicated that increasing fuel and trucking costs, followed by logger shortages, had the greatest negative impact on business operations. In contrast, increasing log exports had the greatest positive impact. Most respondents indicated that although current economic conditions have affected the way they conduct business, they have been able to find ways to adapt. Services such as providing log delivery, bucking logs to desired lengths, and procuring hard-to-obtain species helped companies in the log business remain competitive.
Primary and Secondary Hepatic Lymphomas Diagnosed by Image-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration
Authors: Swadley Matthew J. , Deliu Matea , Mosunjac Marina B. , Gunthel Clifford J. , Nguyen Minh Ly T. , Hanley Krisztina Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Objectives:
To explore the diagnosis of hematolymphoid malignancies of the liver (hepatic lymphoma [HeL]) by image-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA), which can often be difficult due to a low index of suspicion and nonspecific patient presentations, especially in the rare cases where the liver is the only site of disease (primary HeL [PHeL]). Understanding the clinical setting in which such lesions arise, as well as the cytomorphologic findings, may assist cytopathologists in making an accurate diagnosis and triaging samples for ancillary studies.

Methods:
In this retrospective study of 32 patients with HeL, the largest such study to our knowledge, we review the clinical and diagnostic features of HeL.

Results:
HeL and especially PHeL most commonly show a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma phenotype and have a poor prognosis (median survival of seven months). PHeL is strongly associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection (12/16 patients).

Conclusions:
Image-guided FNA with immediate evaluation is a reliable means to obtain diagnostic material and triage for ancillary tests.
Investigations of TiO2 Nanoparticles Surface-Doped with Eu in Aqueous Fluids to High P-T Conditions
Authors: McCart Phillip A. , Farris Laurel , Mayanovic Robert A. , Yan Hao 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTA hydrothermal reactor has been used for surface doping of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (∼ 13 nm across) with Eu3+ ions in aqueous fluids to 370 °C and ∼20 MPa. XRD and Raman measurements made both before and after hydrothermal treatment with Eu show that the anatase structure of the TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) is preserved. SEM imaging, combined with XRD indicates that the size and overall morphology of the TiO2 nanoparticles is preserved subsequent to hydrothermal treatment in the presence of Eu. The photoluminescence occurring in the 400 to ∼700 nm range of the (as prepared) Eu surface-doped TiO2 NPs are red-shifted by ∼ 50 nm and reduced in intensity relative to the photoluminescence of TiO2 NPs.
The Optimization of InP/ZnS core/shell Nanocrystals and TiO2 Nanotubes for Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Seungyong , Eyi Rick , Khan Mahmood , Little Scott , Manasreh Omar 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of InP/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals and TiO2 nanotubes and the optimization study to couple them together were explored for quantum dot sensitized solar cells. InP/ZnS nanocrystals have advantages of tunable optical properties and intrinsic nontoxicity. Highly luminescent InP/ZnS nanocrystals were produced by precursor-based colloidal synthesis for a photosensitizer. In order to improve on air stability, ZnS shell was grown on InP core. The emission peak was observed at 550 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image shows that the nanocrystals highly crystalline and monodisperse. TiO2 nanotube is main inorganic material which is capable of harvesting light as well as being a prominent anode electrode in solar cells. The nanotubular form of TiO2 enhances charge transfer and reduces interfacial charge recombination. Free-standing TiO2 nanotubes were produced by anodization using ammonium fluoride. The free-standing nanotubes were formed under the condition that chemical dissolution speed which depends on fluoride concentration was faster than the speed of Ti oxidation. Electrophoretic deposition was carried out to couple the InP/ZnS nanocrystals with the TiO2 nanotubes. Under an optimized applied voltage condition, the current during the electrophoretic deposition decreased continuously with time. The amount of the deposited nanocrystals was estimated by calculation and the deposited nanocrystals on the TiO2 nanotubes were observed in the TEM.
Ambipolar transport in MoS2 based electric double layer transistors
Authors: Ye Jianting , Zhang Yijin , Iwasa Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMaking field effect transistors (FETs) on thin flake of single crystal isolated from layered materials was pioneered by the success of graphene. To overcome the difficulties of the zero band gap in graphene electronics, we report the fabrication of an electric double layer (EDL) transistor, a variant of FET, based on another layered material, MoS2. Using strong carrier tunability found in EDL coupled by ion movement, MoS2 transistor displayed an unambiguously ambipolar operation in addition to its commonly observed n-type transport. A high on/off ratio >104, large “ON” state conductivity of ∼mS, and a high reachable n2D ∼ 1×1014 cm-2 confirmed the high performance transistor operation being important for application. The high-density carriers of both holes and electrons can drive the MoS2 channel to metallic states indicating that new electronic phases could be accessed using the protocol established in making EDL gated transistors on layered materials.
Layered Nanostructures – Electronic and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Seifert Gotthard , Lorenz Tommy , Joswig Jan-Ole 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn addition to graphene, 2D transition-metal chalcogenides as, e.g., MoS2 and WS2 nanostructures are promising materials for applications in electronics and mechanical engineering. Though the structure of these materials causes a highly inert surface with a low defect concentration, defects and edge effects can strongly influence the properties of these nanostructured materials. Therefore, a basic understanding of the interplay between electronic and mechanical properties and the influence of defects, edge states and doping is needed. We demonstrate on the basis of atomistic quantum-chemical simulations of a circular MoS2 platelet, how the mechanical deformation can vary the electronic properties and other device characteristics of such a system.
Electron microscopic characterization of multi-layer boron nitride nanosheets
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Feng Peter 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe report on the direct synthesis of multi-layer boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) and their electron microscopic characterization. The synthesis process is carried out by irradiating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) target using short laser pulses. Scanning electron microscopy showed large area (≈50×50 μm2) flat layers of BNNSs transparent to the electron beam. Low magnification transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to characterize different areas of nanosheets. TEM revealed that each individual nanosheet is composed of several layers. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) measurements confirmed the layered structure. HRTEM analysis of the edge of a nanosheet showed 10 layers from which we obtained the thickness (3.3nm) of an individual nanosheet. Selected area electron diffraction pattern indicated polycrystalline structure of nanosheets. Raman spectroscopy clearly identified E2g vibrational mode related to h-BN.
Synthesis and Characteristics of the Zinc Effects on Eu3+ Doped (Zn,Ca)TiO3 Phosphors
Authors: Rudramadevi B. Hemalatha , Buddhudu S. , Bhatt Piyush 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTFor the purpose of development of highly energy-efficient light sources, one needs to design highly efficient green, red and yellow phosphors, which are able to absorb excitation energy and generate emissions. In this contribution, we present our results on producing some efficient phosphors with improved luminescence properties. The effects of zinc on the zinc-doped CaTiO3:Eu3+ phosphors have been investigated by varying the zinc concentrations. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations were studies for their structural and morphological analysis. The variation of zinc concentration influences the crystallinity and morphology of the phosphors. The luminescence spectra of (Zn,Ca)TiO3: Eu3+ have been measured. Eu3+: (Zn,Ca)TiO3 have shown five emission transitions of 5D0→7F 0,1,2,3 & 4 located at 580 nm,593nm 615 nm,655 and 704 respectively with excitation at λexci=398nm (7F0→5L6). Moreover, the emitting phosphor developed in this study can be very effectively excited at the wavelengths of 398 nm. The (Zn, Ca)TiO3:Eu3+ can be used as a complementary phosphor in there red region for the white LEDs.
Controlling Hysteresis of Metal-hydride Transformations in Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Boyerinas Brad M. , Bruck Hugh A. , Roytburd Alexander L. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMetal hydrides present a feasible means of energy storage and hydrogen sensing but have several performance criteria that must be addressed, including the hysteresis effect during hydrogen loading and unloading. We present the results of a theoretical and experimental study which demonstrates the possibility to control or eliminate hysteresis during metal-hydride transformation in epitaxial Pd thin films. Theoretical analysis predicts stabilization of two-phase metal-hydride state in film due to its elastic interaction with the substrate. It is shown, by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, that transformation in 100nm thick epitaxial Pd films on Al2O3 substrate proceeds by the formation of transversely modulated two-phase nanostructure. Morphology and crystallographic orientation of the metal-hydride interface corresponds to the theoretically predicted characteristics of coherent phases.
Successful High Pressure Abrasive Jetting Selective Stimulation of Oil Producer Wells with High Water Cut
Authors: Ahmed Danish , Burov Anton , Baez Fernando , Srivastava Abhiroop 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Drilling carbonate oil wells may encounter fluid losses, hence specific mud systems have been designed with loss control materials to stop losses and to reduce the risk of drill pipe stuck. Unfavorably, mud systems with loss control materials create near wellbore damage that lead to uneconomic hydrocarbons production.
To overcome this challenge and revive wells back to the optimal production, matrix stimulation is carried out using coiled tubing with predetermined pumping schedule, where acid is injected into oil zones and diverter is squeezed into the high water cut (WC) zones.
Thus prior to stimulation, diagnostic logs are usually constructed via well logging to identify water producing intervals. However, in some cases the post-stimulation WC is equal to or higher than WC prior the stimulation, suggesting that the diverter placement was not effective in sealing the water zone.
Innovative methods had to be brought in to confirm the isolation of high WC zones before pumping acid and to reduce the risk of stimulating water producing zones. The method discussed here also includes the use of high pressure abrasive jetting tool to bypass the near wellbore damage and increase acid stimulation efficiency.
This case history describes an open hole vertical oil well in which the operator was able to reduce the risks of acidizing high WC interval through the innovative use of Fiber Optic Enabled CT string (FOECT) and Fiber Optic Enabled Bottom Hole Assembly (FOEBHA) with pressure and temperature sensors for real-time downhole measurements. Distributed Temperature Surveys (DTS) traces were recorded with fiber optic cable inside CT to modify and evaluate fluid placement.
The combination of high pressure abrasive jetting tool for selective stimulation technique, together with FOECT, FOEBHA and DTS, allowed stimulation treatment with maximized efficiency and fluids placement control. The acid was confirmed to have been stimulated only in the upper oil zone. As a result, the well production increased significantly without any increase in water cut.
Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers - Application for Superior and Intelligent Fluid Development for Oil and Gas Field Applications
Authors: Amanullah Md. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Application of dendrimers and dendritic polymers in oil and gas field fluid formulation can revolutionise the fluid properties due to the unique physical, chemical and biological characteristics of these materials. The ability to synthesize tailor made dendrimer products with desirable functional behaviour also highlights the potential application of dendrimers in smart and intelligent fluid design for oil and gas field application. The large number of monomer units associated with dendrimer core has the potential to add several functional groups of same ionic nature or different ionic natures to fulfil certain technical tasks for a particular application. Custom made dendrimer-based additives that are insensitive to temperature, salinity, pH, solids concentration, cement and lime contamination may lead to the development of a multiple contaminant tolerant drilling mud system for trouble free drilling operation in variable borehole environments. Due to superior physical, chemical, electrical and mechanical properties of dendrimers and dendritic polymers, and also the synthesis of dendrimers that are capable to respond intelligently according to down hole conditions can provide instantaneous solution to various drilling problems.
The internal cavities within the dendrimer structures can be used to store desirable chemicals, enzymes, surfactants, etc to trigger appropriate interactions on-demand at bottom hole condition to negate, neutralize or reduce the unwanted changes in drilling, drill-in, completion, cleaning, stimulation, fracturing, etc fluids. The three dimensional spherical configurations of nano-sized dendrimers with high specific surface area can also allow the attachment of multiple functional groups at the terminals to accomplish different functional tasks. Dendrimers with the ability to trigger on-demand interaction by releasing stored chemicals, enzymes or surfactant stored in the cavities can play a pivotal role in developing an intelligent drilling fluid system to provide instantaneous solution to down hole problems. Due to nano-scale dimension, dendrimers may provide effective external and internal inhibition to reactive shale surfaces leading to long-term stabilization of reactive shales. The tiny size and high surface area of dendritic materials will also provide superior fluid properties at a drastically reduced additive concentration.
Dendrimers and dendritic polymers with high thermal stability and affinity to acid gases such as H2S and CO2 will help overcome the technical challenges of geothermal and sour gas drilling operations for a safe, risk-free and economic drilling operation. This paper describes some applications of emerging dendrimers and dendritic polymer-based additives in the development of high performance drilling and drill-in, completion, stimulation, etc fluids for trouble-free drilling, completion and production operations in challenging environments.
Application of a Newly Developed Workflow to Design and Optimize MRC and Smart Well Completions
Authors: Shenawi S. , Hidayat W. , Shammari M. , Nasser K. , Faleh A. , Nahdi U. , Ghuwaidi Y. , Mekki N. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
It is challenging to find optimal well placement and completion design for maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells in heterogeneous oil and gas reservoirs. Saudi Aramco initiated a new workflow in collaboration with a service company, to achieve such objectives based on integrated software packages of Petrel™ and Saudi Aramco’s POWERS™ simulator. This workflow can conduct simulation runs optimizing well architecture, smart completions with inflow control devices (ICD/ICV), lateral and vertical shift of the well, to obtain maximum oil and gas recovery applying sensitivity and optimization algorithms. The new workflow proved to have robust functionality and provided significant cost savings and optimal oil and gas recovery.
Three case studies are discussed in this paper. The new workflow assessed the proposed side track and concluded that it was not a good option due to faster water influx from the west flank. This workflow moved the side track lateral to 207 meters to the east and designed to equip the well with ICD and blank pipes. The optimized side track provided 50% more oil recovery than the well that was not moved.
The second case was to propose the best location and complex well design for a dual-lateral maintain potential well. The most sensitive parameters were moving the well to the north and vertical locations, motherbore’s length and oil rates. Shifting dual laterals to 750 meters north, optimized ICDs, and 1750-meter motherbore length provided double the cumulative oil production than the single well manually designed and completed.
The third case discusses a tri-lateral well optimization for an oil field that is under development. Based on the sensitivity analysis and shifting well locations have the most significant impact to provide higher oil recovery and delayed water breakthrough for several years.
Thru-Tubing Inflatable Straddle Packer Assembly Enables Selective Treatment of Multiple Zones and Improves Productivity
Authors: Kothiyal M. D. , Parasher A. , Qutob A. H. , Cooper R. J. , Forsyth G. R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The subject well is an onshore oil producer located in Cairn Energy India’s Rajasthan block. The well had stratified sand sections completed with 4-inch inflow control device (ICD) screens and isolated by swellable packer assemblies. The well was put into production at a rate of approximately 1,000 bopd; however, due to formation damage – notably paraffin and scale - the well could not sustain production and eventually ceased.
Our objective was to selectively stimulate 15 ICDs using coiled tubing. The well had a minimum restriction and a larger setting diameter which warranted the usage of coiled tubing deployed inflatable straddle packer system. This enabled passage through the restriction and setting in the larger outer diameter to selectively treat each zone by mechanically diverting the stimulation fluid.
The challenge was significant. Multiple zones required treatment in a single run by performing 15 multi-settings, maintaining seal integrity following each set, and returning the tool to its original outer diameter for retrieval. The well was deviated at 74 degree which challenged accessibility.
The assembly was run successfully and managed to selectively stimulate all required zones in one trip. Using this application, we confirmed that all treatment fluid was effectively sealed and treated by diverting the treatment fluid directly into the required zone, preventing more permeable sections absorbing most of the fluid, and ensuring the treatment chemicals were used in a cost effective manner. The single coiled tubing run avoided multiple runs to isolate sections using plugs. The well subsequently began to flow once lifted with nitrogen, positively indicating that the ICDs were effectively cleaned and the zones successfully treated.
This case demonstrates the innovative use of thru-tubing wellbore isolation techniques to effectively enhance production in wells with challenging configurations and operating parameters. This study further paves the way for similar interventions in wells with similar characteristics.
Steady-State Permeability Measurements on Intact Shale Samples at Reservoir Conditions - Effect of Stress, Temperature, Pressure, and Type of Gas
Authors: Sinha S. , Braun E. M. , Determan M. D. , Passey Q. R. , Leonardi S. A. , Boros J. A. , Wood A. C. , Zirkle T. , Kudva R. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Gas shales have gained significant attention in recent years as a source of natural gas, resulting in significant focus on storage and flow mechanisms in these rocks. The permeability of shale reservoirs is a key control that determines the producibility and profitability of the resource. In contrast to conventional reservoir rocks, gas shales have significant organic content and, often, most of the pores are in the organic matter. Furthermore, most pores are in the 1–100 nanometer size range, and gas can be stored in these pores as sorbed gas as well as free gas, which has raised concerns such as deviation of the flow mechanism from Darcy flow, and the effect of sorption on permeability in shales. The common industry practice of measuring permeability using crushed rock samples and helium as test gas at room conditions has been found to have a number of shortcomings, including inconsistent results reported by different laboratories using such methods. In this paper we present the results of steady-state permeability measurements on shale samples conducted at reservoir conditions, and demonstrate the effect of stress, pressure, temperature, sorption, and type of gas utilized for measuring permeability of intact shale samples.
The results presented in this paper show that net stress, pore pressure, and temperature have strong effects on permeability of shales. Additionally, we show that the type of gas utilized for measurements, and sorption phenomenon can have a significant influence on the measured permeability, particularly for organic rich samples such as gas shales. We also demonstrate through examination of Klinkenberg flow model, that currently, with the exception of the effect of pressure on permeability, no existing model accurately predicts the effects of other factors such as temperature and type of gas on permeability of shale samples in the absence of actual experimental measurements. This paper documents that there may be significant errors associated with measurements that are conducted at room conditions using non-reservoir or non-sorbing gas, and accurate permeability measurements require tests to be conducted at conditions that are close to the in-situ conditions. Accurate permeability measurements conducted at reservoir conditions enable superior characterization, supporting sound business decisions in the development phase of a project, and more accurate production forecasting in the production phase.