bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Purine Nucleotide Profile in Mouse, Chicken and Human Dystrophic Muscle: An Abnormal Ratio of Inosine plus Adenine Nucleotides to Guanine Nucleotides
Authors: Shuttlewood R. J. , Griffiths J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. AMP, ADP, ATP, IMP, GDP, GTP and adenylosuccinate have been measured by high pressure liquid chromatography in three types of animal muscular dystrophy and in a human patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
2. Abnormalities in nucleotide content varied from one dystrophy to another.
3. In each case, however, the ratio [total adenine nucleotide + IMP]/[total guanine nuclotides] was lower in dystrophic muscle, even when severely exercised or ischaemic muscles were used.
4. The practical advantages of this assay for diagnosis of muscular dystrophy are discussed.
Efflux of Noradrenaline from Platelets in Normotensive Members of Hypertensive Families
Authors: Mattiasson Ingrid , Hood B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Platelets have been used as a model of sympathetic neurons to study the storage of noradrenaline in normotensive individuals belonging to families with essential hypertension for at least two generations.
2. The initial efflux rate (k) of noradrenaline was determined in 44 young relatives (mean age 29.2 years), in 18 middle-aged relatives (mean age 46.7 years) and in 31 young controls with no known family history of essential hypertension (mean age 29.8 years). From the groups of relatives all those with definite hypertension had been excluded a priori.
3. k was significantly higher in the young relatives (22.7 ± 7.9) than in the middle-aged relatives (17.7 ± 6.4) and in the controls (15.6 ± 5.1). Of the relatives 27.3% had higher k values than any of the controls. A significant correlation was found between k and diastolic blood pressure in controls but not in young relatives.
Protection of Prostacyclin-Like Activity in Human Plasma—A Non-Enzymatic Mechanism?
Authors: Mikhailidis D. P. , Mikhailidis A. M. , Woollard M. L. , Dandona P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of decay of the platelet anti-aggregatory activity of prostacyclin in plasma and buffer solutions was investigated.
2. Platelet anti-aggregatory activity of prostacyclin was more stable in plasma than in buffer solutions at physiological pH.
3. The rate of decay of this activity increased with an increase in incubation temperature.
4. Preheating of plasma at 65 °C led to a marked but not total loss of its ability to ‘protect’ prostacyclin.
5. Incubation of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α in plasma did not result in the appearance of platelet anti-aggregatory activity; nor did the decay curves of prostacyclin activity indicate the emergence of any new platelet anti-aggregatory activity.
6. Incubation of 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 in plasma did not lead to any loss of its platelet anti-aggregatory activity for prolonged periods.
7. We conclude that the marked prolongation of platelet anti-aggregatory activity of prostacyclin in plasma is not due to its enzymatic conversion into 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 but due to ‘protection’ of prostacyclin itself. This ‘protection’ is probably due to an interaction with a plasma protein.
Effect of Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis on Urinary Free Dopamine Excretion in Women
Authors: Güllner H.-G. , Lakatua D. J. , Bartter F. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on urinary excretion of free dopamine, a catecholamine thought to act as a renal natriuretic hormone, was examined in six normal women.
2. The volunteer subjects were treated with indomethacin (2 mg day−1 kg−1) for 7 days. This regimen produced an immediate and significant but transient decrease in urinary sodium excretion, averaging about 80 mmol over a period of 3 days.
3. Urinary dopamine excretion during the control period was not different from that during the entire period of indomethacin treatment.
4. It is concluded that indomethacin does not affect urinary dopamine excretion. The change in intrarenal nervous release of dopamine in response to the sodium retention induced by indomethacin may have been too small to make a significant contribution to total urinary dopamine excretion.
Calcium Balance in Osteoporotic Patients on Long-Term Oral Calcium Therapy with and without Sex Hormones
Authors: Thalassinos N. C. , Gutteridge D. H. , Joplin G. F. , Fraser T. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of a high calcium intake (1 mmol day−1 kg−1) alone or with the concomitant administration of oestradiol and testosterone derivatives was monitored by serial calcium balances in 48 patients with osteoporosis of various types.
2. On high calcium alone there was an increase (P &lt; 0.001) in both total calcium balance and net calcium absorption as compared with values on a simulated home intake. This effect was sustained for periods up to 10 years (mean 3.5 years) by the addition of the hormones.
3. Discontinuation of the hormones (only) produced a significant decrease in both calcium balance and nett absorption but both were still increased when compared with the initial values under simulated home calcium intake.
4. No significant change in the urinary calcium output was observed under any of the regimens.
Effects of (+)-Octanoylcarnitine on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Regenerating Rabbit Liver
Authors: Nakatani Toshio , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Ozawa Kazue , Kawashima Sadao , Tobe Takayoshi 
Published: August 2015

1. (+)-Octanoylcarnitine, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, was infused intraportally into rabbits after 70% hepatectomy, and its effects on the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis were examined.
2. The rate of DNA synthesis was markedly enhanced 48 h after hepatectomy. At this time, synthesis was decreased significantly by (+)-octanoylcarnitine.
3. It is suggested that fatty acid oxidation contributes to enhanced hepatic regeneration by elevating the decreased energy charge level [(ATP + 0.5ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP)] of the remnant liver.
Direct Radioimmunoassay of Rat Angiotensinogen and Its Application to Rats in Various Endocrine States
Authors: Bouhnik J. , Clauser E. , Gardes J. , Corvol P. , Menard J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against pure rat angiotensinogen. The antisera obtained were highly specific for rat angiotensinogen and did not bind hog, dog, rabbit, monkey or human angiotensinogen. They did not cross-react with angiotensin I, angiotensin II or synthetic hog tetradecapeptide renin substrate. However, rat des-angiotensin I—angiotensinogen cross-reacted 100% with the angiotensinogen antibody.
2. A direct radioimmunoassay for rat angiotensinogen in plasma was developed and this enabled 5 fmol of this protein to be detected. Comparison of the amounts of angiotensinogen determined by the indirect and direct assay systems indicated a 1:1.2 ratio for normal rats and rats in various endocrine states, except for adrenalectomized animals. In the latter, the angiotensinogen level measured by direct radioimmunoassay was four times that obtained by indirect assay.
3. The presence of a large amount of des-angiotensin I—angiotensinogen in adrenalectomized rat plasma is discussed.
The Contribution of the Accelerating Phase of Inspiratory Flow to Resistive Load Detection in Man
Authors: Narbed P. G. , Marcer D. , Howell J. B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. By the use of Signal Detection Theory techniques resistive load detection sensitivity was estimated in ten normal subjects during loading of the whole of inspiration and compared with loading restricted to the initial, accelerating phase of inspiratory air flow.
2. Detection sensitivity during the accelerating-flow phase of inspiration was not significantly different from that in the control conditions.
3. These results suggest that the information for detection is generated in the accelerating phase of inspiratory air flow.
4. We propose that the stimulus for resistive load detection is the ratio of the rate of change of pressure to the rate of change of flow.
Reversible Resistance to the Renal Action of Parathyroid Hormone in Human Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Lewin I. G. , Papapoulos S. E. , Hendy G. N. , Tomlinson S. , O'riordan J. L. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The response to exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) was tested in normal subjects and patients with osteomalacia due to vitamin D deficiency; 200 MRC units of bovine PTH were administered intravenously.
2. The rise in plasma adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and the increase in urinary excretion of cyclic AMP were reduced in the patients with vitamin D deficiency. After treatment with vitamin D the responses returned to normal.
3. It is suggested that this reversible resistance is due to the secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Iron and Isoferritins in Iron Overload
Authors: Wagstaff M. , Worwood M. , Jacobs A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ferritin content of iron-overloaded tissues was higher than that of normal tissues. There was also an increased iron content of ferritin extracted from these tissues.
2. In the limited number of tissues that we examined haemosiderin deposition appeared to be greater in the iron-overloaded livers than in the iron-overloaded spleens.
3. Ferritins extracted from iron-overloaded liver, spleen and kidney had similar properties to those extracted from the corresponding normal tissues.
4. Ferritin from iron-overloaded heart had a greater proportion of more basic isoferritins than had ferritin from normal heart.
5. Immunoreactivity to heart and spleen ferritin antibodies, subunit composition, iron content and rate of iron uptake of both unfractionated ferritin and isoferritin fractions separated by ion exchange chromatography were related to the isoelectric point.
Baroreflex Sensitivity during the Development of Spontaneous Hypertension in Rats
Authors: Struyker-Boudier H. A. J. , Evenwel R. T. , Smits J. F. M. , Van Essen H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Baroreflex sensitivity was studied in relation to the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats (SH rats), with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats as controls. Conscious, freely moving animals were studied at different times, ranging from 4 to 20 weeks after birth.
2. The youngest SH rats (4–6 weeks; n = 10) already had significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher mean arterial blood pressure (112 ± 2 mmHg) than WKY rats of corresponding age (95 ± 4 mmHg; n = 10). Baroreflex sensitivity did not differ at this age (0.37 ± 0.04 vs 0.38 ± 0.05 ms/mmHg).
3. Mean arterial pressure increased rapidly in SH rats during further development, reaching a value of 166 ± 3 mmHg in 12–20 week old animals (n = 25). In equally old WKY rats blood pressure was significantly (P&lt;0.001) lower (110 ± 6 mmHg, n = 25). Baroreflex sensitivity did not change during development of SH rats (0.40 ± 0.03 ms/mmHg in 12–20 weeks old SH rats), whereas it increased two- to three-fold in WKY rats (0.93 ± 0.08 ms/mmHg, P&lt;0.001).
4. It is concluded that an increase in baroreflex sensitivity is part of the development of a normotensive cardiovascular system, whereas in SH rats responsiveness of the baroreceptor reflex remains depressed during the development and stabilization of hypertension.
Response of Forearm Resistance Vessels to Verapamil and Sodium Nitroprusside in Normotensive and Hypertensive Men: Evidence for a Functional Abnormality of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Primary Hypertension
Authors: Robinson B. F. , Dobbs R. J. , Bayley S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The response of the forearm resistance vessels to local intra-arterial infusion of verapamil and sodium nitroprusside has been assessed by a plethysmographic method in 23 men with normal arterial pressure and 35 men with primary hypertension.
2. In the 20 patients with hypertension for whom full dose—response curves were determined, the dilator response to verapamil was significantly greater than that in the normal controls, whereas the response to sodium nitroprusside was reduced.
3. Comparison of responses to the two dilators in individual subjects enabled the scattering effect of variables common to both drugs to be reduced. Analysis of the results in this way showed a highly significant difference between the hypertensive men as a whole and the normotensive controls (P &lt; 0.00001); 24 out of the 35 hypertensive men showed responses that were outside the normal range.
4. The abnormal pattern of response observed in the hypertensive group cannot be accounted for by structural changes in the vessels and strongly suggests a functional abnormality of the vascular smooth muscle.
Plasma Renin in Long-Term Diuretic Treatment of Hypertension: Effect of Discontinuation and Restarting Therapy
Authors: Swart S. , Bing R. F. , Swales J. D. , Thurston H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin activity, body weight and blood pressure were measured before and after 7 days' treatment with bendrofluazide in ten hypertensive subjects. They were then treated with bendrofluazide alone (5 mg daily) for a minimum of 3 years. The diuretic was then discontinued and the measurements were repeated before and again after 7 days with bendrofluazide. The results were compared with those obtained before chronic treatment with the diuretic.
2. Chronic diuretic treatment was associated with a persistent and progressive rise in plasma renin activity, that fell promptly to pretreatment levels when diuretics were discontinued. This was associated with significant weight gain but no immediate significant rise in blood pressure.
3. When acutely challenged with bendrofluazide the patients showed a greater increase in plasma renin activity on the second occasion than on the first. Three out of five patients with an initially subnormal response had normal responses after chronic diuretic treatment.
4. Chronic diuretic treatment increased the responsiveness of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in some hypertensive patients.
5. Classification of hypertensive patients into renin subgroups may be influenced by previous therapy, even when that therapy has been discontinued for 4 weeks. In particular ‘low renin hypertension’ may be masked by recent use of diuretics, as shown by three of the five patients in this subgroup in the present study.
Direct Measurement of Hepatic Extraction of Chenodeoxycholic Acid and Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Man
Authors: Marigold J. H. , Bull H. J. , Gilmore I. T. , Coltart D. J. , Thompson R. P. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The hepatic extraction ratios of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid have been measured in 12 patients without, and 20 patients with, liver disease.
2. Ten of the patients without liver disease were studied during cardiac catheterization, with a continuous infusion technique. Two of the patients without liver disease and all those with liver disease received an intravenous bolus of [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid or [14C]ursodeoxycholic acid, during transvenous liver biopsy.
3. The extraction ratio of chenodeoxycholic acid was 0·63 ± 0·03 (mean ± sem) and of ursodeoxycholic acid 0·53 ± 0·01, in the patients without liver disease. In those with mild liver disease, extraction was slightly impaired (chenodeoxycholic acid: 0·49 ± 0·03; ursodeoxycholic acid: 0·43 ± 0·05), whereas in those with more severe liver disease it was greatly reduced (chenodeoxycholic acid: 0·16 ± 0·08; ursodeoxycholic acid: 0·07 ± 0·01).
4. The results suggest that (a) direct measurements confirm the accuracy of indirect estimates of hepatic extraction of chenodeoxycholic acid, (b) hepatic extraction of chenodeoxycholic acid is lower than that of cholic acid and glycocholic acid, but higher than that of ursodeoxycholic acid, (c) progressive impairment of the extraction ratios of these two bile acids occurs as the severity of liver disease increases, and (d) the ratios are correlated with indocyanine green extraction ratios.
Aspirin, Dipyridamole and Platelet Survival in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tindall Hilary , Paton R. Colin , McNicol George P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Platelet survival in 27 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with severe retinopathy was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial using placebo, aspirin (990 mg/day) and a combination of dipyridamole (225 mg/day) with aspirin at two dosage levels (330 mg and 990 mg/day).
2. Twenty patients (group I) had 51Cr-labelled-platelet survival after treatment with placebo and the high-dose-aspirin/dipyridamole combination. The remaining seven patients (group II) had platelet-regeneration times measured after each of the four treatment periods.
3. Treatment of group I patients with the high-dose-aspirin/dipyridamole combination resulted in significant (P &lt; 0·001) prolongation of platelet survival from 7·3 ± 0·2 (mean ± sem) days to 8·4 ± 0·1 days.
4. In group II patients, when compared with the mean placebo result of 7·2 ± 0·2 days, the mean aspirin-labelled-platelet-regeneration time was significantly (P &lt; 0·01) longer only after high-dose-aspirin/dipyridamole (9·8 ± 0·5 days) but not after low-dose-aspirin/dipyridamole (8·3 ± 0·5 days) or aspirin alone (7·3 ± 0·3 days).
5. These results suggest that it may be premature to consider reducing the dose of aspirin in aspirin/dipyridamole combinations below 1 g/day when used as antithrombotic therapy.
Effect of Benoxaprofen on Release of Slow-Reacting Substances from Human Lung Tissue In Vitro
Authors: Lee V. Y. , Hughes J. Margaret , Seale J. P. , Temple Diana M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Macroscopically normal human lung tissue was obtained from operative specimens removed for lung cancer and challenged with antigen or calcium ionophore. The release of histamine and slow-reacting substances was measured by fluorimetric and bioassay techniques respectively.
2. Benoxaprofen, a drug with inhibitory effects on the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways, caused a dose-related reduction of release of slow-reacting substances without affecting histamine release.
3. These results with human lung tissue in vitro suggest that benoxaprofen may be used to investigate the role of slow-reacting substances in experimental and clinical asthma.
Effects of Serum from Patients with Fulminant Hepatic Failure on Leucocyte Sodium Transport
Authors: Sewell R. B. , Hughes R. D. , Poston Lucilla , Williams Roger 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum from patients with fulminant hepatic failure inhibits the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux in leucocytes. A 1:100 dilution of the serum was necessary before the inhibition became undetectable.
2. Dialysates of the serum through cuprophane in vitro and polyacrylonitrile haemodialysis in vivo were inhibitory in small amounts.
3. Ultrafiltrates (&lt;10 000 daltons) of serum were chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 and the elution profile obtained from patients with fulminant hepatic failure was both qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of normal controls. Material from peaks 3, 4, 5 and 7 in patients with fulminant hepatic failure inhibited leucocyte sodium transport.
4. The dialysate from haemodialysis with the polyacrylonitrile membrane contained most peaks, particularly peaks 4 and 5. Adsorption of serum with polymer coated charcoal in vitro largely removed peaks 5−8.
Altered Jejunal Surface pH in Coeliac Disease: Its Effect on Propranolol and Folic Acid Absorption
Authors: Kitis G. , Lucas M. L. , Bishop H. , Sargent A. , Schneider R. E. , Blair J. A. , Allan R. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Propranolol and folic acid absorption were studied separately in healthy subjects, non-coeliac patients and patients with treated and untreated coeliac disease.
2. The surface pH of jejunal biopsy samples was measured with a pH electrode.
3. When compared with values found in healthy subjects, plasma propranolol levels were elevated in coeliac disease and, in contrast, serum folic acid levels were depressed after oral administration of the drug. Jejunal surface pH was more alkaline in the coeliac groups than in the healthy and non-coeliac subjects.
4. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma drug levels allowed evaluation of the rate constants associated with absorption and elimination. The absorption rate constant was decreased for folic acid in the coeliac group, but increased for propranolol. These changes correlated with variation in surface pH.
5. Although the changes in drug disposition in treated and untreated coeliac disease are the result of several factors, it is suggested that jejunal surface pH may affect the rate of absorption and therefore the plasma concentration-time profile of drugs which undergo dissociation.
Ciliary Inhibitory Effects of Asthma Patients' Sputum
Authors: Dulfano M. J. , Luk C. K. , Beckage M. , Wooten O. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sputum sols, obtained from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, were applied to frogs' isolated palates and the effect on ciliary beat frequency was examined.
2. During clinical exacerbations, a significant number of asthmatic patients produced a distinct, slurry type of sputum, which induced ciliostasis. This ciliary inhibition largely disappeared with clinical improvement, at which time there was also a change of the type of sputum from slurry to mucoid.
3. Samples obtained from normal volunteers and from the great majority of the patients, excluding those with asthma, had no effect on ciliary beating.
Vitamin D from Skin: Contribution to Vitamin D Status Compared with Oral Vitamin D in Normal and Anticonvulsant-Treated Subjects
Authors: Davie M. W. J. , Lawson D. E. M. , Emberson C. , Barnes J. L. C. , Roberts G. E. , Barnes N. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] response to measured u.v. irradiation applied thrice weekly for 10 weeks was investigated in normal and in anticonvulsant-treated subjects.
2. Levels of plasma 25-(OH)D3 achieved after u.v. irradiation were similar in both normal and anticonvulsant-treated subjects, suggesting that hepatic microsomal enzyme induction does not lead to low plasma 25-(OH)D3 concentrations.
3. Cholecalciferol was present in plasma of normal subjects in a very low concentrations (&lt; 5·0 nmol/l) and did not increase until plasma 25-(OH)D3 levels exceeded 62·5 nmol/1.
4. Cholecalciferol occurred in significant concentrations in plasma during whole body u.v. irradiation or during oral dosage of 62·5 nmol (1000 i.u) or more daily.
5. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 concentrations reached a steady state after 5–6 weeks of u.v. irradiation or of oral intake within the usual intake range.
6. Cholecalciferol synthesis in skin calculated from the steady-state equation was 0·0015 ± 0·0008 nmol/mJ.
7. Cholecalciferol synthesis in skin was also calculated from the oral dosage required to yield the same plasma 25-(OH)D3 concentration as u.v. irradiation and was 0.0024 ± 0.0018 nmol/mJ.
8. Rates of cholecalciferol synthesis calculated from these data suggest that many of the population of England receive insufficient u.v. irradiation to maintain vitamin D status throughout the year.
Muscle Protein Synthesis Measured by Stable Isotope Techniques in Man: The Effects of Feeding and Fasting
Authors: Rennie M. J. , Edwards R. H. T. , Halliday D. , Matthews D. E. , Wolman S. L. , Millward D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Measurements have been made of whole-body and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in fed and fasted adults with l-[1-13C]leucine.
2. The marked increase in whole-body synthesis on feeding largely reflects the changes in protein synthesis in muscle, which doubles on feeding, compared with a 40% increase in that of the rest of the body.
3. Skeletal muscle in fed man contributes more than half to total protein synthesis occurring in the whole body.