bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Multiple-Choice Testing Induce Desirable Difficulties? Evidence from the Laboratory and the Classroom
Authors: Bjork Elizabeth Ligon , Soderstrom Nicholas C. , Little Jeri L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The term desirable difficulties (Bjork, 1994) refers to conditions of learning that, though often appearing to cause difficulties for the learner and to slow down the process of acquisition, actually improve long- term retention and transfer. one known desirable difficulty is testing (as compared with restudy), although typically it is tests that clearly involve retrieval—such as free and cued recall tests—that are thought to induce these learning benefits and not multiplechoice tests. nonetheless, multiple- choice testing is ubiquitous in educational settings and many other high- stakes situations. in this article, we discuss research, in both the laboratory and the classroom, exploring whether multiple- choice testing can also be fashioned to promote the type of retrieval processes known to improve learning, and we speculate about the necessary properties that multiple- choice questions must possess, as well as the metacognitive strategy students need to use in answering such questions, to achieve this goal.
Desirable Difficulties in Vocabulary Learning
Authors: BJorK Robert A. , Kroll Judith F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this article we discuss the role of desirable difficulties in vocabulary learning from two perspectives, one having to do with identifying conditions of learning that impose initial challenges to the learner but then benefit later retention and transfer, and the other having to do with the role of certain difficulties that are intrinsic to language processes, are engaged during word learning, and reflect how language is understood and produced. from each perspective we discuss evidence that supports the notion that difficulties in learning and imposed costs to language processing may produce benefits because they are likely to increase conceptual understanding. We then consider the consequences of these processes for actual second- language learning and suggest that some of the domain- general cognitive advantages that have been reported for proficient bilinguals may reflect difficulties imposed by the learning process, and by the requirement to negotiate cross- language competition, that are broadly desirable. as alice Healy and her collaborators were perhaps the first to demonstrate, research on desirable difficulties in vocabulary and language learning holds the promise of bringing together research traditions on memory and language that have much to offer each other.
A City in Flux: Warsaw’s Transient Populations During World War I
Authors: Blobaum Robert 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
World War I caused drastic changes in the population and demography of Warsaw, which began the conflict as a provincial city of the Russian empire and emerged from it as the capital of a newly independent Poland. Over the course of the war, significant numbers of residents left Warsaw as military conscripts, deportees deemed undesirable or unreliable by Russian authorities, evacuees fleeing the German occupation of the city, and excess male laborers driven out by high wartime unemployment. These losses were partially countered by the influx of wounded soldiers, wartime refugees, and postwar returnees. The net effect was to leave the population of Warsaw roughly one-sixth smaller in 1919 than it had been in 1914, but also more Jewish and female, with larger proportions of very young and elderly, all of which would pose challenges for the Polish capital as it entered the interwar period.
The Nazi Racial War: The First Stage in Building the New Order in Poland
Authors: Gwiazda Henry J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe article examines the “racial war” waged by Germany in 1939–41 in the Polish territories controlled by the Reich and aimed at Polish Christians and Jews, deemed subhuman. Rooted in Nazi racist ideology and carried out with brutal contempt for the fate of the targeted populations, Nazi methods included colonization, expulsions of Poles and Jews, severe repression, plunder of property and exorbitant taxation, imposition of forced labor, seizure of Polish children for Germanization, ghettoization of Jews, and starvation-level food rations for the non-German population. The article relates in detail how the general policies affected specific Polish individuals, families, and ghettoes.
Estan fallant les polítiques d'ocupació?
Authors: Miguélez Lobo Fausto 
Published: April 2015

L'article analitza les polítiques d'ocupació que Espanya, sota mandat de la UE, està duent a terme en aquest període de crisi. Després de comparar les polítiques actuals amb el que havien estat tradicionalment i analitzar els seus efectes, l'article conclou que l'objectiu real no és crear i millorar l'ocupació sinó, potser, preparar a Europa –a Espanya en aquest cas- per competir amb altres regions econòmiques sobre la base de baixos salaris.
Le bien-être au travail : les apports d’une étude par profils
Authors: Biétry Franck , Creusier Jordane 
Published: April 2015

Bien qu’étant de plus en plus étudié dans le champ des comportements organisationnels positifs, de nombreuses zones d’ombre entourent encore le bien-être au travail. Notre ambition est de montrer l’intérêt de l’appréhender de manière différenciée plutôt qu’au travers d’un score global, afin de décrire les relations qu’il entretient avec des attitudes positives et négatives. Cette approche centrée sur les personnes est rendue possible par la multi dimensionnalité du concept. Cette particularité autorise le regroupement des participants à l’enquête en profils, c’est-à-dire en fonction de la composition des scores exprimés sur chacune des dimensions constitutives du bien-être. L’analyse en profils latents — Latent Profiles Analysis — d’un échantillon de 865 personnes fait apparaître cinq regroupements distincts. Le premier est celui des personnes qui rapportent les plus faibles scores alors que le second est celui des scores voisins de la moyenne de l’échantillon sur les quatre dimensions constitutives du bien-être. Ils sont respectivement nommés profils de bien-être « déficitaire » et de bien-être « de référence ». Le troisième est un segment de population caractérisé par une relation très positive au manager et à l’environnement physique de travail. Ces deux dimensions symbolisent l’organisation, c’est pourquoi nous le nommons profil de bien-être « organisationnel ». Le quatrième est qualifié de bien-être « complet », car aucune dimension constitutive du bien-être ne manque à l’appel. Enfin, le cinquième est un bien-être « social », puisqu’il est d’abord défini par la qualité des relations aux collègues. Sur ces bases empiriques, une régression logistique multinomiale révèle que les relations les plus positives entretenues avec des variables exogènes recherchées, telles que l’implication organisationnelle affective et la satisfaction au travail, concernent d’abord le profil de bien-être au travail « complet », puis, dans l’ordre, les profils trois, cinq, deux et un. L’association à l’intention de quitter est inverse. Ces résultats invitent les managers à différencier leurs pratiques incitatives en fonction du profil auquel les salariés appartiennent. Ils montrent également que les différentes dimensions du bien-être au travail ne sont pas gouvernées par un jeu de compensations entre elles.
The Effects of Mutual Trustworthiness between Labour and Management in Adopting High Performance Work Systems
Authors: Yoon-Ho Kim , Dong-One Kim , Ali Mohammad A. 
Published: April 2015

In this study, we examine the role of mutual trustworthiness between labour representatives and management and its relationship with the adoption of High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) in the Korean employment relations context. We argue that trustworthiness is a feature of the parties to the exchange, as opposed to trust, which explains the nature of exchange relationships. We follow existing literature on trustworthiness and agree that it is composed of three variables, i.e., ability, integrity, and benevolence. We test the effects of these three variables as important antecedents for the adoption of HPWS at the workplace level. Using the National Establishment Survey 2009 conducted by Statistics Korea as a sample frame, we survey a representative sample of Korean establishments. These data consist of 1,353 paired responses from labour representatives and managers.
Our results show that labour-management mutual ability trustworthiness (MAT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 1 ); mutual benevolence trustworthiness (MBT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 2 ); and mutual integrity trustworthiness (MIT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 3 ). These results show that mutual trustworthiness in Korean employment relations is an important antecedent for the adoption of HPWS and can enable Korean industry to improve its position in the global economy. In the final analysis, it is implied that employment relations actors pursuing cooperative employment practices should ensure the development of a virtuous cycle of mutual trustworthiness.
Le rôle des interactions entre engagements multiples dans la prédiction du risque de démission
Authors: Vandenberghe Christian 
Published: April 2015

Cette étude examine l’influence d’engagements multiples envers l’organisation et le groupe de travail dans la prédiction des départs volontaires, en considérant les interactions entre les deux cibles et les effets principaux des dimensions d’engagement. Ce faisant, la présente étude innove en poursuivant une ligne de recherche émergente sur la façon dont des engagements multiples envers des cibles de travail emboitées s’articulent dans leur influence sur l’occurrence des départs volontaires. De plus, notre attention se porte particulièrement sur les interactions entre l’engagement organisationnel normatif et les dimensions d’engagement envers le groupe. En effet, des travaux récents suggèrent que l’engagement normatif peut voir sa signification perçue se modifier suivant le contexte intra-personnel créé par les autres dimensions d’engagement (Gellatly, Meyer et Luchak, 2006 ; Meyer, Stanley et Parfyonova, 2012). Nous explorons donc l’idée que l’engagement organisationnel normatif pourrait avoir des effets différents sur le risque de démission suivant qu’il s’accompagne d’un engagement affectif, normatif ou de continuité élevé envers le groupe.
Sur la base d’une étude en deux temps de mesure espacés d’un an ( N = 268), les analyses révèlent que l’engagement organisationnel normatif présente un effet de réduction du risque de démission plus important lorsque l’engagement affectif envers le groupe est élevé, mais un effet de réduction du risque de démission plus faible lorsque l’engagement normatif envers le groupe est élevé, indiquant des interactions opposées entre les cibles d’engagement. De plus, l’engagement par manque d’alternatives est lié à un risque réduit de démission, cela seulement lorsque l’engagement de continuité envers le groupe est élevé. Enfin, l’engagement organisationnel affectif et l’engagement organisationnel par sacrifice perçu sont associés à un risque réduit de démission alors que l’engagement de continuité envers le groupe de travail augmente ce risque. Nous discutons la portée de ces résultats pour la compréhension du rôle des engagements multiples dans la rétention des employés.
La décentralisation des négociations dans le secteur de la santé et des services sociaux québécois : qu’en disent les gestionnaires locaux ?
Authors: Bolduc François 
Published: April 2015

Cet article s’intéresse aux négociations locales ayant eu lieu dans le réseau québécois de la santé et des services sociaux entre 2005 et 2008 suite à la mise en oeuvre de laLoi concernant les unités de négociation dans le secteur des affaires sociales et modifiant la Loi sur le régime de négociation des conventions collectives dans le secteur public et parapublic(L.R.Q., c. U-0.1), mieux connue sous le nom « Loi 30 ». Cette dernière a profondément modifié les règles du jeu quant aux rapports entre les gestionnaires et les syndicats locaux du secteur de la santé québécois, cela en imposant de nouvelles unités d’accréditations syndicales et en décentralisant une partie de la négociation des conventions collectives. Dans le cadre d’une recherche menée entre 2008 et 2011, nous avons cherché à comprendre les impacts de cette décentralisation sur le travail des gestionnaires locaux. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons voulu vérifier si, du point de vue des gestionnaires locaux, l’augmentation des marges de manoeuvre managériales qui devaient découler de cette décentralisation s’est reflétée dans les premières négociations locales. Les propos des gestionnaires rencontrés sont plutôt mitigés. En effet, il appert que l’encadrement restrictif des négociations, combiné au contexte organisationnel dans lequel celles-ci se sont réalisées, a limité, malgré les marges de manoeuvre théoriquement permises par la décentralisation, la capacité des gestionnaires locaux d’adapter l’organisation du travail aux réalités des établissements.
Innovative Approach to Teaching Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: The Integration of Ultrasonography
Authors: Kondrashova Tatyana , Lockwood Michael D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Context: Noninvasive diagnostic methods and palpatory physical examination skills are especially important for osteopathic medical students intending to work in rural, underresourced, or underserved areas. The A.T. Still University–Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine integrates ultrasonography into the osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) courses required during the first 2 years of medical school, allowing students to learn the technology and to visualize anatomical structures and regions. Objective: To assess the feasibility of integrating ultrasonography into the first-year and second-year OMM curriculum through the evaluation of students' success in demonstrating the technology and visualizing the anatomy. Methods: As part of their OMM requirements at the A.T. Still University–Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, all first- and second-year students in OMM courses were given ultrasonography assignments that required them to obtain images of musculoskeletal structures in different regions of the body. First-year students studied craniocervical structures and the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. Second-year students studied the glenohumeral joint and the suprapatellar recess. The assignments focused on identifying structures of interest, making annotations, and measuring the structures of interest. Handouts with detailed instructions and a demonstration were provided before each assignment. Results: A total of 183 first-year students and 165 second-year students participated. Of the first-year students, on average, 177 of 181 were able to successfully complete the assignments, with an average completion rate of 98%. The costotransverse joint assignment yielded the lowest completion rate (97%), and the craniocervical landmarks assignment had the highest completion rate (99%). Of the second-year students, 162 of 165 participants were able to successfully complete the assignments, with an average completion rate of 98%. Mean scores were the same for both second-year assignments. Conclusion: First-year and second-year osteopathic medical students successfully demonstrated their use and understanding of ultrasonography and found their assigned structures using live ultrasound imaging. The skills gained through these assignments added another dimension to students' understanding of normal and pathologic musculoskeletal anatomy and vasculature. The integration of ultrasonography into OMM courses may have created a foundation for learning ultrasound-guided injection techniques. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):212-220 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.043
Comparison of COMLEX-USA Scores, Medical School Performance, and Preadmission Variables Between Women and Men
Authors: Dixon Donna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Context: Previous studies by the author showed differences in preadmission variables and Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) scores between women and men at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM). It is pertinent to reexamine the preadmission variables, medical school performance, and COMLEX-USA scores of women and men to determine whether these differences still exist. Objective: To examine the relationship between student sex and performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation (CE), performance during medical school, and preadmission academic variables at NYIT-COM. Methods: Scores on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE, grades in all courses taken during the first 2 years of medical school, the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners' clinical science subject examination scores, Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, and undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs) were compared between women and men in the classes graduating between 2009 and 2012. Results: Data from 748 students were analyzed. Men had statistically significantly higher scores than women on COMLEX-USA Level 1 in 2009 (540 vs 500; P<.001) and 2010 (537 vs 496; P<.001). No statistically significant difference in COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores was found between women and men. The performance of women and men was comparable during the first 2 years of medical school and on clinical science subject examinations in years 3 and 4. Men had statistically significantly higher MCAT scores than women, but no statistically significant differences were found between women's and men's undergraduate GPAs. Conclusion: Men were found to have higher scores than women on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and the MCAT. However, the reasons behind these data have yet to be elucidated. Although a stronger background in basic science could explain the discrepancy in scores between women and men, women were found to have equally high science GPAs and performed comparably to men in osteopathic medical school. The results were in agreement with previous studies at NYIT-COM. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):222-225 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.044
International Medical Graduates in the US Physician Workforce
Authors: Ranasinghe Padmini D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
International medical graduates (IMGs) play a vital role in the US health care system. These graduates represent 26% of physicians in practice and 24% of residents in specialty programs. All IMGs go through US medical licensing examination and credentialing verification to receive certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates to become eligible to enter the US graduate medical education process. Compared with US graduates, IMGs tend to practice in primary care specialties and in underserved and rural areas. The author summarizes available data regarding IMGs in training and in practice to convey the role IMGs play in the US health care system. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):236-241 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.047
New Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, Branch Campuses, and Additional Locations—What Is the Difference?
Authors: Williams Andrea , Miskowicz-Retz Konrad C. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The American Osteopathic Association Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (AOA COCA) is recognized by the US Secretary of Education as the only accrediting agency for predoctoral osteopathic medical education. To maintain its recognition with the US Secretary of Education, the AOA COCA is required to adhere to all federal laws and regulations associated with recognition of accrediting agencies. In this article, the authors discuss the development of new colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs). They also discuss the development of additional locations and branch campuses of existing COMs and compare the 2 processes. Also included is a review of the AOA COCA– approved class sizes of the accredited COMs. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):242-250 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.048
Online tutoring procedure for research project supervision: management, organization and key elements
Authors: Darder Mesquida Antònia , Pérez Garcias Adolfina 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Research project tutoring appears as a crucial element for teach-ing; it is a planned action based on the relationship between a tutor and a student. This paper presents the findings of a design and development research which has as its main aim to create an organization system for the tutoring of online research projects. That system seeks to facilitate the tutoring and supervision task with trainee researchers, providing guidance for its management and instruments for its implementation. The main conclusions arising from this research derive from considering the need to offer a solution to the problem of distance research project super-vision and has materialized in organization and sequencing through a model about the variables that influence the research project tutoring problem.
Inclusive education in schools in rural areas
Authors: Callado Moreno J. Antonio , Molina Jaén Mª Dolores , Pérez Navío Eufrasio , Rodríguez Moreno Javier 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Since Spain decided to embark on the development of inclusive schooling, studies have taken place to see if the inclusive principle is being developed satisfactorily. Inclusive schooling implies that all students, regardless of their particular characteristics, may be taught in ordinary schools, and in the majority of cases receive help in the classroom in which they have been integrated in order to cover any special educational needs. Our research aims to find out if schools situated in rural areas follow this principle and, once it has been put into practice, what strategies are being used. To this end, we designed a questionnaire addressed to Infant and Primary school teachers in the Sierra Sur area in the province of Jaén, in an agricultural context where most of the population live on olive picking and the cultivation of olive groves. Given the extension of the area, our research concentrated on schools situated in urban nuclei with a population of less than one thousand five hundred inhabitants. The results obtained demonstrate that rural areas do not take full advantage of the context they are in to favour inclusion processes and continue to develop proposals that are merely integrative.
Virtual worlds and social and educational inclusion: case study at Secondary Education Institute Cal Gravat
Authors: Castañeda Quintero Linda , del Mar Román García María , Barlam Aspasch Ramón 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article presents a case study with the goal of becoming familiar with and understanding the incorporation of one virtual learning world –Espurnik- in a curricular diversification classroom with students in a situation of educational exclusion or academic failure. This investigation was carried out from an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative methodology grounded in the Case Studies. The data was collected using different qualitative techniques: documentary analysis, direct observation in the virtual world, semi-structured interview with the teacher, and group interview with the students. The conclusions indicate that the emphasis must not be placed on technologies, but rather on the methodological change that many of them foster, setting up the student not a consumer of information but rather a creator and producer of knowledge in a context of collaborative work, attending comprehensively to the community context of the students’ educational development.