bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balanced Budget Requirements and State Spending: A Long–Panel Study
Authors: SMITH DANIEL L. , HOU YILIN 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study tests the effects of balanced budget requirements on three measures of state expenditure using data on 48 states for the years 1950–2004. We find that the following rules are effective in constraining expenditures: (1) requiring that the governor submits a balanced budget; (2) placing controls on supplemental appropriations; and (3) prohibiting the carry‐over of a deficit from one fiscal year or biennium into the next. The latter two rules exert larger individual effects than the first. All else equal, states can best improve their prospects of reigning in spending by instituting technical rules that govern budgetary outcomes, as opposed to political rules that dictate how the budget is assembled and approved.
A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy
Authors: Malamud Andrés 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBrazilian diplomats and academics alike have long regarded regional leadership as a springboard to global recognition. Yet Brazil's foreign policy has not translated the country's structural and instrumental resources into effective regional leadership. Brazil's potential followers have not aligned with its main goals, such as a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and Directorship-General of the World Trade Organization; some have even challenged its regional influence. Nevertheless, Brazil has been recognized as an emergent global power. This article analyzes the growing mismatch between the regional and global performance of Brazilian foreign policy and shows how both theoretical expectations and policy planning were “luckily foiled” by unforeseen developments. It argues that because of regional power rivalries and a relative paucity of resources, Brazil is likely to consolidate itself as a middle global power before gaining acceptance as a leader in its region.
Tillage affects the activity‐density, absolute density, and feeding damage of the pea leaf weevil in spring pea
Authors: Hatten Timothy D. , Dahlquist Ruth M. , Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Bosque‐Pérez Nilsa A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractConversion from conventional‐tillage (CT) to no‐tillage (NT) agriculture can affect pests and beneficial organisms in various ways. NT has been shown to reduce the relative abundance and feeding damage of pea leaf weevil (PLW), Sitona lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in spring pea, especially during the early‐season colonization period in the Palouse region of northwest Idaho. Pitfall traps were used to quantify tillage effects on activity‐density of PLW in field experiments conducted during 2001 and 2002. As capture rate of pitfall traps for PLW might be influenced by effects of tillage treatment, two mark‐recapture studies were employed to compare trapping rates in NT and CT spring pea during 2003. Also in 2003, direct sampling was used to estimate PLW densities during the colonization period, and to assess PLW feeding damage on pea. PLW activity‐density was significantly lower in NT relative to CT during the early colonization period (May) of 2001 and 2002, and during the late colonization period (June) of 2002. Activity‐density was not different between treatments during the early emergence (July) or late emergence (August) periods in either year of the study. Trap capture rates did not differ between tillage systems in the mark‐recapture studies, suggesting that pitfall trapping provided unbiased estimates of PLW relative abundances. PLW absolute densities and feeding damage were significantly lower in NT than in CT. These results indicate that NT provides a pest suppression benefit in spring pea.
Effect of Various Anticoagulant Agents on Large‐Volume Leukocytapheresis Using New Cellsorba CS‐180S Filter
Authors: Hohtatsu Katsura , Yamaji Ken , Yamada Risa , Oda Keisuke , Kageyama Michiaki , Kusaoi Makio , Onuma Shin , Kawamoto Toshio , Sugimoto Kaoru , Sekiya Fumio , Kon Takayuki , Ogasawara Michihiro , Kempe Kazuo , Tsuda Hiroshi , Takasaki Yoshinari 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe conducted a study to evaluate the effect of various anticoagulant agents on large‐volume leukocytapheresis using the new Cellsorba CS‐180S Filter filled with a changed solution of sodium pyrosulfite and sodium carbonate. We conducted the study on a total of 12 cases of rheumatoid arthritis. As the anticoagulant agents we used sodium citrate, nafamostat mesilate and low molecular weight heparin. The new Cellsorba CS‐180S was safely used with the various blood anticoagulant agents. Also, through adjustment of the sodium citrate percentage to the blood flow volume, it is hypothesized that it is possible to increase the neutrophil removal rate.
A Study of Appropriate Flow Rate Settings for Cell‐Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy and Change of Cytokine Concentrations in Ascites
Authors: Orimi Syouji , Mizuno Katsunari , Narahara Michihito , Umakosi Hideko , Kaihara Masanori , Hashimoto Masami 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examined appropriate flow rates for high collection rates of Total Protein (TP) and Albumin (Alb) and a change of IL‐6 concentrations in the cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) process. No significant changes were observed in IL‐6 concentration in the ascites storage test and the circulatory stimulation test. However, it was confirmed that the quantity of IL‐6 in the ascites decreased by means of filtration and concentration. In some cases, it quickly reached high concentration rates at a higher flow rate (200 mL/min) setting, but clogging or pressure increase has occurred in the hollow fiber filter. Therefore, it was concluded that a low flow rate (50 mL/min) setting was best and provides safer conditions for filtration and concentration in order to collect TP and Alb effectively and reuse it as autologous protein, which is the primary objective of CART.
Democratization after the Arab Spring: The Case of Egypt's Political Transition
Authors: Sarquís David J. 
Published: October 2015

In a democracy, people live by the notion of absolute equality before the law. In practice, however, there are always many ways where the execution of the law often ends up favoring someone, usually the most powerful. This is dramatically true in less‐developed democracies, where the majority of the masses tend to feel displaced by members of the elite. This situation can help explain why there are so many skeptics of democracy in the developing nations. In Egypt, after the 2011 revolution and the 2012 elections, it became evident that the newly born Egyptian democracy will have to overcome a hostile environment full of skepticism, coupled with huge external challenges, such as keeping intact the peace treaty with Israel, the distribution of hydraulic resources agreement with the countries of Central Africa, and the preservation of equilibrium with their Arab neighbors—many of them fearful of democratic progress in the region.Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Special Issue:
. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 827‐847. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00383.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 848‐870. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00382.x/abstract
Related Media: Film Clips:
. 2012. “.” Accessed on July 23, 2012. Available online at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715234146640765.html

. 2012. “.” Accessed on June 21, 2012. Available online at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPSI2BX7cio
En una democracia se vive bajo el supuesto de absoluta igualdad ante la ley. Sin embargo en la práctica siempre hay formas en la que la ejecución de la ley termina favoreciendo a alguien, generalmente los más privilegiados. Esto es dramáticamente cierto en democracias menos desarrolladas, donde muchos ciudadanos pueden sentirse desplazados por miembros de la élite. Esto explica por qué hay tantos escépticos de la democracia en naciones en desarrollo. En Egipto después del levantamiento social de 2011 y las elecciones presidenciales en 2012 se volvió evidente que la nueva democracia tiene que superar un ambiente lleno de escepticismo, al igual que grandes retos externos como, mantener el tratado de paz con Israel, el acuerdo de distribución de recursos hidráulicos con países de África Central, y la preservación del equilibrio con sus vecinos Árabes—muchos de ellos cautelosos del progreso democrático en la región.
Toward an International Implementation of Public Policies in Human Rights: A Necessary Step in Every Democratization Process for Advancements in Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Zavala de Alba Luis Eduardo 
Published: October 2015

The study and implementation of public policy has been one of the fastest developing fields in the sphere of social sciences. It has been expanded to include an ample range of approaches and academic fields. Likewise, it has been shown as more internationalized and comparative due to the circulation of policies among nations and the importance given to international regimes and organizations concerned with national policies. This article examines the need for an international implementation of a public policy on human rights combining three innovative fields to consider in every democratization process: first, a component on public and global governance; second, a constitutionalist element within international law; and finally, the duty to progressively realize economic and social rights according to the maximum available resources. These can and should be considered within the perspective and analysis of their impact on all democratization processes, which is the objective of this article.Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Special Issue:
Luckhurst and Zavala de Alba. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

Lagunes. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 802‐826. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00384.x/abstract

Sarquís. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 871‐903. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00381.x/abstract
El estudio y la implementación de las políticas públicas ha sido una de las áreas con el desarrollo más rápido en el campo de las ciencias sociales. Ésta ha sido mostrada como un área más internacionalista y comparativa gracias a la circulación de políticas entre naciones, y a la importancia dada a los regímenes y organizaciones internacionales enfocados en las políticas nacionales. Este artículo examina la necesidad de una implementación internacional de una política pública en derechos humanos combinando tres áreas innovadoras a considerar en cualquier proceso de democratización. Primero, un componente de gobernanza pública y global; segundo, un elemento constitucionalista dentro del derecho internacional, y por último el deber de avanzar progresivamente derechos sociales y económicos de acuerdo a la máxima disponibilidad de recursos. Estas pueden y deben ser consideradas dentro de la perspectiva y el análisis de su impacto de todos los procesos de democratización.
Does Time of Day Or Physician Experience Affect Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Thrombolysis? a Study from Finland
Authors: Curtze Sami , Meretoja Atte , Mustanoja Satu , Putaala Jukka , Lindberg Timo , Leppä Mika , Tiainen Marjaana , Atula Sari , Tatlisumak Turgut , Kaste Markku ,   for the Helsinki Stroke Thrombolysis Registry Group
Published: October 2015

Background Maintaining a steady thrombolysis service for treatment of acute ischemic stroke 24 h/7 days is challenging. Diurnal and seasonal variability of stroke onset affects the clinical outcome of these patients. Hypothesis We state that a 24 h/7 days availability of stroke-trained physicians ameliorates weekend effects and other seasonal, weekday, or non-office-hour-related influences on outcome of ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Methods All consecutive ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis at the Helsinki University Central Hospital were prospectively registered ( n = 1581). Patients with basilar artery occlusion ( n = 154) were excluded. Door-to-needle time, three-month clinical outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale dichotomized at 0 to 2 vs. 3 to 6, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were analyzed with logistic regression models adjusting for baseline variables. The treating physician was defined as experienced after 18 decisions made to give thrombolysis treatment. Results Door-to-needle time or clinical outcome did not differ with regard to time of day or season of presentation. Higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in spring (odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.03–4.11) and fall (odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.03–4.18). Physician experience reduced the door-to-needle time (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.32–0.50) but was not associated with patient outcome (modified Rankin scale 3 to 6, odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.59) or symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.51–1.27) rates. Conclusions Thrombolytic therapy can be delivered at a steady service level at all times. With proper training, less-experienced physicians can provide high quality thrombolysis, but experience translates into faster treatment.
Physicians Have a Responsibility to Meet the Health Care Needs of Society
Authors: Brett Allan S. 
Published: October 2015

In one of the televised debates among Republican primary candidates for the 2012 U.S. presidential election, moderator Wolf Blitzer presented this hypothetical case to candidate Ron Paul:A healthy 30 year old young man has a good job, makes a good living, but decides — you know what — ‘I’m not going to spend 200 or 300 dollars a month for health insurance because I’m healthy, I don’t need it.’ But something terrible happens, all of a sudden he needs it. Who’s going to pay if he goes into a coma?Paul, known for his libertarian views, initially responded that the patient “should assume responsibility for himself,” and that he should have purchased a major medical policy before he became ill.
Expanding Choice through Defined Contributions: Overcoming a Non-Participatory Health Care Economy
Authors: Moffit Robert E. 
Published: October 2015

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the Affordable Care Act) is the law of the land. But it faces an uncertain future.During congressional deliberations on the 2,700-page legislation leading up to its enactment, from February to March 2010, not one major survey recorded majority support for the legislation. Since its enactment, popular opposition to the Affordable Care Act has hardened, and was a significant factor in the 2010 congressional election, in which Democrats lost 63 seats and Republicans regained the majority in the House of Representatives. Ballot initiatives in Missouri and Ohio, showcasing popular opposition to the individual mandate, passed in 2010 with overwhelming majorities. While the United States Supreme Court in National Federation of Independent Business et al. v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566 ( 2012), declared the mandate on the states to expand Medicaid unconstitutionally coercive, the majority of the Justices also upheld the individual mandate as a permissible tax. The new law thus emerged as a central topic in the 2012 election.
Beyond Human Subjects: Risk, Ethics, and Clinical Development of Nanomedicines
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan 
Published: October 2015

Like all policies, contemporary human research policies are the product of their history. The scandals and traumas motivating their creation — the Nazi doctors trials, Tuskegee, the Milgram experiment on obedience — however different in their particulars, all share a common narrative: a scientist, pursuing valued social ends, runs roughshod over the personal interests of disadvantaged human subjects. From the Nuremberg code through the latest revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, research ethics policies have sought to erect a sphere of protection around the latter.As a consequence of this history, all major policies start with a well-rehearsed model of human investigations. Clinical research is viewed as an encounter between investigators and volunteers. The clinical investigator is given certain duties. The human volunteer has certain moral entitlements. What is ethically at stake in human investigations inheres in the nature and quality of the interactions between investigators and volunteers. These interactions involve an asymmetry because the investigator has privileged knowledge and influence.
Questions Concerning the Clinical Translation of Cell-Based Interventions under an Innovation Pathway
Authors: Sugarman Jeremy 
Published: October 2015

Criticisms of the traditional clinical research pathway and its extensive oversight often focus on proposals for deregulation or assert that as in clinical treatment, clinical research should always offer benefit to patient-subjects. Proponents of medical innovation take a different, middle path, arguing that innovation is distinguishable from both research and treatment. This article considers this third pathway by examining stem cell-based innovation.Stem cell-based medical innovation is one pathway toward clinical translation. In fact, such an approach was taken in developing umbilical cord blood transplantation, which is now widely viewed as a safe and effective means for treating a range of malignant and non-malignant conditions. While the Guidelines for the Clinical Translation of Stem Cells created by the International Society for Clinical Research (ISSCR) provide an approach to clinical translation that involves “responsible innovation” as an alternative to clinical research, there are at least four sets of unanswered questions regarding the use of an innovation pathway in this context that warrant careful attention.
China's Import–exchange Rate Linkage: Evidence from the China‐bound Exports of Japan and Korea
Authors: Huh Chan‐Guk , Zhu Guangyao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper examines how the China‐bound exports of Japan and Korea are related to exchange rates, motivated by the fact that processing trade makes up a large proportion of China's trade, and that Japan and Korea are the leading source countries for processing imports. Because processing imports are inputs for exports, the link between such imports and China's exchange rates are ambiguous. We estimate export functions that include China's RMB real effective exchange rates (REER) along with bilateral real exchange rates (BRER) using Johansen's cointegration method and find that the RMB REER significantly affects Japanese and Korean exports to China, even more so than BRER in most cases examined. These two exchange rates appear in the export equations with opposite signs. Subsequently, we use the estimated model to illustrate the importance of accounting for a concurrent change in BRER when analyzing the effects of a hypothetical RMB revaluation on China's trade balances despite the apparently weak imports–BRER linkage.
Influence of capture method, habitat quality and individual traits on blood parameters of free‐ranging lace monitors (Varanus varius)
Authors: Scheelings TF , Jessop TS 
Published: October 2015

Objective  The aims of this study were to determine baseline reference intervals for haematological and serum biochemical parameters in lace monitors, and to examine whether such values were influenced by capture method, expected differences in habitat food resource availability and a lizard's body size and body condition.Methods  Thirty‐three wild Victorian lace monitors (Varanus varius) of unknown age and sex were captured by noose pole or aluminium box trap from Cape Conran in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.Results  No statistical differences between the two capture methods were noted for haematology. There was a significant difference in the serum glucose concentrations between the two methods of capture (higher concentration in box‐trapped animals) because of a physiological response to capture stress. Habitat food quality did not appear to influence haematology or serum biochemistry. The packed cell volume (PCV) for the lace monitors was 0.29–0.43 L/L. Lymphocytes were identified as the most common leucocyte. The haemoprotozoan parasite, Haemogregarina varanicola, was found in all 33 blood samples. No correlation could be made between parasite burden and PCV, serum globulins or serum proteins, but animals in poor body condition were more likely to harbour large numbers of parasites.Conclusion  The results of this study may be used as a basis for evaluating health in lace monitors.
Post‐Multicultural Anxieties? Reparations and the Trajectories of Indigenous Citizenship inLaGuajira,Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo Pablo 
Published: October 2015

ResumenLa participación del estado en la simultánea marginalización, atención y cuidado de las poblaciones étnicas invita a re‐examinar las condiciones, formas e implicaciones de las ciudadanías indígenas contemporáneas, caracterizadas por Postero (2007), para el caso de Bolivia, como “post‐multiculturales.” Este artículo se centra en cómo la reciente reparación de “víctimas indígenas,” resultado principalmente de violencia paramilitar en el norte de Colombia, fue el escenario de una radicalización del discurso sobre la ciudadanía indígena entre las personas y organizaciones implicadas. El artículo presta atención a las preocupaciones expresadas por personas directamente involucradas en la creciente articulación entre reparación, política social y ciudadanía, quienes han visto su “indigenidad” asociada a victimización y vulnerabilidad. Los datos en los cuales se basa este artículo son resultado de trece meses de trabajo de campo etnográfico entre el año 2007 y 2008 con indígenas víctimas de los paramilitares en La Guajira colombiana.
Citizens or Anticitizens? Afro‐Descendants and Counternarcotics Policing in Multicultural Nicaragua
Authors: Goett Jennifer 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEste artículo examina la ciudadanía multicultural y la vigilancia antinarcóticos en Nicaragua como dos formas contradictorias de gubermentalidad posrevolucionaria dirigida a la población afrodescendiente en la Costa Atlántica de este país. Mientras el multiculturalismo representa una modalidad de gobernanza y diferencia cultural, la vigilancia antinarcóticos se basa en tecnologías de control que codifican las diferencias raciales, particularmente la negritud, como negativo y amenazante para el cuerpo político mestizo. El efecto político de estas estrategias coemergentes de gobernanza es profundo, simultáneamente empoderando, estigmatizando y radicalizando el activismo multicultural y la resistencia dentro de las comunidades afrodescendientes. Esos efectos respaldan el argumento central de este trabajo: para entender cómo el multiculturalismo posrevolucionario opera políticamente debemos mirar más allá de las iniciativas multiculturales y examinar otras tácticas de gobernanza que involucran a los sujetos multiculturales.