bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global biogeographical pattern of swallowtail diversification demonstrates alternative colonization routes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Authors: Condamine Fabien L. , Sperling Felix A. H. , Kergoat Gael J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimSwallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) are a diverse and widespread group of insects that constitute a popular model system for ecological and evolutionary studies. We reconstruct the historical biogeography of Papilionidae to identify the dispersal or vicariance events that best explain their present‐day distribution, and test several proposed biogeographical hypotheses about the processes that shape distribution patterns in cosmopolitan groups.LocationWorld‐wide, with disjunct elements.MethodsThe phylogenetic relationships of 203 swallowtail species were determined by Bayesian inference using DNA data from mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear (EF‐1α) genes. Divergence time estimates were inferred using Bayesian relaxed clock approaches. To investigate competing biogeographical hypotheses, geographical range evolution was reconstructed using recently developed approaches: (1) a Bayesian empirical approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis that takes phylogenetic uncertainty into account, and (2) a likelihood approach implementing the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model that uses time‐dependent stratified palaeogeographical matrices.ResultsOur biogeographical results are congruent regardless of the biogeographical approaches or dating estimates used and support the importance of dispersal events in shaping swallowtail distributions. Contrary to common observations for other groups, the origins and diversification of northern taxa are better explained by range expansion through the Bering land bridge than by the Thulean or De Geer routes. We also stress that the seemingly Gondwanan biogeographical pattern in the Southern Hemisphere is more likely to have resulted from multiple, independent, long‐distance dispersals than old vicariance events. The role of alternative colonization routes is also demonstrated for Madagascar, which facilitated multiple stepping‐stone colonizations from India or Southeast Asia to Africa, and also for South America via the Caribbean land bridge.Main conclusionsOverall, the present geographical distributions of swallowtails can be better explained by dispersal events than by the long‐held view of ancient vicariance events. This biogeographical study represents one of the most comprehensive phylogenetic and biogeographical studies on swallowtails. This work highlights the importance of using novel methodological approaches that provide the robust statistical frameworks needed to distinguish between competing biogeographical hypotheses. We emphasize the value of extensive taxonomic coverage for assessing the direction and frequency of supposedly rare events such as the multiple independent colonizations of Madagascar.
Size and shape estimation of 3‐D convex objects from their 2‐D projections: application to crystallization processes
Authors: PRESLES B. , DEBAYLE J. , PINOLI J.‐C. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to present a new projective stereological method that enables to estimate the size and the shape of a three‐dimensional convex object from measurements only made on its two‐dimensional projections. To do so, some geometrical and morphometrical measurements on the projected shadows of the three‐dimensional convex object are done and the value of the three‐dimensional convex object size and shape parameters are retrieved using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The proposed method is then applied to estimate three‐dimensional particle size distributions during crystallization processes.
Increased signals from short‐wavelength‐excited fluorescent molecules using sub‐Ti:Sapphire wavelengths
Authors: NORRIS G. , AMOR R. , DEMPSTER J. , AMOS W. B. , MCCONNELL G. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryWe report the use of an all‐solid‐state ultrashort pulsed source specifically for two‐photon microscopy at wavelengths shorter than those of the conventional Ti:Sapphire laser. Our approach involves sum–frequency mixing of the output from an optical parametric oscillator (λ= 1400–1640 nm) synchronously pumped by a Yb‐doped fibre laser (λ= 1064 nm), with the residual pump radiation. This generated an fs‐pulsed output tunable in the red spectral region (λ= 620–636 nm, ∼150 mW, 405 fs, 80 MHz, M2∼ 1.3). We demonstrate the performance of our ultrashort pulsed system using fluorescently labelled and autofluorescent tissue, and compare with conventional Ti:Sapphire excitation. We observe a more than 3‐fold increase in fluorescence signal intensity using our visible laser source in comparison with the Ti:Sapphire laser for two‐photon excitation at equal illumination peak powers of 1.16 kW or less.
Leading causes of injury hospitalisation in children aged 0–4 years in New South Wales by injury submechanism: A brief profile by age and sex
Authors: Schmertmann Marcia , Williamson Ann , Black Deborah 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  To identify the leading causes of injury in children aged 0–4 years by single year of age using injury submechanisms and present a brief epidemiologic profile of each cause.Methods:  Hospitalisation data for New South Wales from 1999 to 2009 were used to identify the leading causes of injury for children aged 0–4 years by single year of age. For each leading cause, rates over time and by sex were calculated by single year of age. Associated age and sex risk ratios were estimated.Results:  The leading causes of injury for children aged <1, 1 and 2 years were falls while being carried, burns by hot non‐aqueous substances and poisoning by other and unspecified pharmaceutical substances, respectively. Falls involving playground equipment ranked first for children aged 3–4 years. Each leading injury cause exhibited an age pattern that remained stable over time and by sex. Age predicted falls while being carried and both age and sex predicted the remaining leading injury causes, with age and sex interacting to predict burns by hot non‐aqueous substances.Conclusions:  Epidemiologic analysis using single‐year age intervals and injury submechanisms results in a clearer picture of injury risk for young children. The findings of this study provide detailed information regarding the leading causes of hospitalised injury in young children by age and sex. Child health‐care providers can use this information to focus discussions of child development and injury risk with families of young children and suggest appropriate prevention measures in terms of a child's age and sex.
Effects of mucilage on seed germination of the desert ephemeral plant Plantago minutaPall. under osmotic stress and cycles of wet and dry conditions
Authors: Zhang Cui Ping , Wu Chen Xi , Song Yong Chun , Tian Chang Yan , Feng Gu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTo test the role of the seed mucilage of Plantago minuta Pall. in regulating germination under osmotic stress and cycles of hydration and dehydration, two experiments were carried out using seeds with intact mucilage and mucilage‐free seeds. In Experiment 1 seeds were immersed in a range of iso‐osmotic polyethylene glycol solutions (−1.15 to 0 MPa) for 14 days; any ungerminated seeds were transferred to deionized water to investigate the recovery germination. In Experiment 2 seeds were immersed in deionized water for 24 h, and were then incubated on filter paper for an additional 13 days to ensure complete desiccation before reimbibition to test the germination recovery percentage. Under mild osmotic stress (−0.73 to 0 MPa), the intact seeds with mucilage were shown to have higher germination rates than the mucilage‐free seeds, indicating that the mucilage led to a “fast sprouting” germination strategy under mild osmotic stress. However, when seeds were exposed to high osmotic stress (−1.15 MPa), the mucilage apparently slowed the germination rate, resulting in a “risk‐balancing” germination strategy. Extreme drought induced by polyethylene glycol solution and the desiccation pretreatment accelerated germination rates compared to non‐pretreated seeds; both germination potential and recovery percentage of the mucilage seeds were significantly higher than that of the mucilage‐free seeds. Our results revealed that the seed mucilage of P. minuta plays a crucial role in regulating seed germination rates and the germination strategies adopted by controlling seed water absorption when the seeds experience different osmotic stresses or alternating wet and dry conditions.
Perceived family functioning in depressed Chinese couples: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wang Jikun , Zhao Xudong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study investigated family functioning in Chinese couples with a first episode of major depression, and in normal controls, and examined the association between depression severity and family impairment. Seventy‐four patients with a first episode of major depression and 73 normal controls, together with their respective spouses, were assessed using the Family Assessment Device and Beck Depression Inventory. Patients with a first episode of major depression reported significantly higher Family Assessment Device scores for all dimensions compared with normal controls. Beck Depression Inventory scores were positively associated with Family Assessment Device scores for patients with a first episode of major depression for five dimensions, but not for affective responsiveness and affective involvement. A first episode of major depression was thus associated with impaired family functioning in Chinese families, and depression severity was positively associated with family impairment for the depressed patients. These findings indicate the importance of including family interventions in the treatment of Chinese patients with a first episode of major depression.
Genetic counseling: A survey to explore knowledge and attitudes of Italian nurses and midwives
Authors: Godino Lea , Turchetti Daniela , Skirton Heather 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the past, genetic services were delivered to a limited number of families with rare conditions. However, genomics is now being applied to both inherited and common diseases in a range of healthcare settings, and there is a greater need for nurses to understand the basic concepts of genetic health care. The aim of this cross‐sectional survey was to explore the understanding and attitudes of Italian nurses toward genetic health care. A questionnaire was completed by 102 nurses and midwives (85% response rate). Of these, 61% believed that genetic counseling was only an informative and advisory process, and 53.9% could not specify to whom the counseling was aimed. When asked to identify nurses’ role in genetic health care, 62% of the respondents believed they had no role, although 28% believed that nurses could provide information, support, and counseling. These findings indicate that nurses have only partial knowledge of the issues surrounding genetic health care. To prepare nurses for the post‐genomic era, improved genetic education at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels is required.
Deciduous sapling responses to season and large herbivores in a semi‐arid African savanna
Authors: SCOGINGS PETER F. , MAMASHELA THANDEKA C. , ZOBOLO ALPHEUS M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractImpacts of large herbivores (>5 kg) on woody plants in African savannas are potentially most severe among plants shorter than 1.6 m. It is well established that severe browsing leads to longer shoots, yet prevents saplings from recruiting into adult size‐classes in African savannas. Increased shoot length, indicating faster shoot growth, is often associated with reduced concentrations of tannins and increased nutrient concentrations, suggesting carbon limitation. We hypothesized that, on average, large herbivores suppress stem height or circumference, but increase shoot length. We also hypothesized that if there were concomitant positive effects on nutrients, or negative effects on tannin concentrations, they would be greatest early in the wet season. We sampled saplings of four deciduous woody species (Acacia grandicornuta, Dichrostachys cinerea, Combretum apiculatum and Grewia flavescens) at different stages of the wet season in a large‐scale, long‐term herbivore exclusion experiment in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Plant height, shoot length and stem circumference were generally not adversely affected by large herbivores, suggesting C limitation is rarely present among deciduous saplings in semi‐arid African savannas, allowing them to tolerate browsing. Time since first rainfall emerged as a predominant factor consistently affecting nutrient and tannin concentrations, rather than large herbivores. Nitrogen and phosphorus generally decreased (by 20–50%), while condensed tannin concentration increased (150–350%) during the wet season, except for one species. We postulate that A. grandicornuta is less prone than other species to accumulating tannins during the wet season because of high investment of C in spines. Although nutrient and tannin concentrations were generally not affected by large herbivores, species‐specific responses were evident very early in the wet season, which is when herbivore populations are most likely to be affected by differential forage quality among plants.
Importance of serrated polyps in colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Liang Jennifer J. , Bissett Ian , Kalady Matthew , Bennet Ana , Church James M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractColorectal cancer is an invasive neoplasm of the glandular epithelium of the colon and rectum that begins in a precursor lesion and expands to replace its lesion of origin. The majority of colorectal cancers arise from an adenoma, and the ‘adenoma to carcinoma’ pathway has been acknowledged for decades. More recently, another precursor lesion has been recognized: the serrated polyp. Serrated polyps are characterized by a sawtooth appearance of the crypt epithelium resulting from failure of apoptosis and a build‐up of aging colonocytes. Although initially felt to be innocent of involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis, some types of serrated polyp are being increasingly recognized as precursor lesions, prone to develop into cancer, and likely to be a cause of ‘missed’ or interval cancers after colonoscopic screening. It is essential that gastrointestinal specialists appreciate the clinical significance of these lesions and what that means for colorectal cancer screening, and prevention. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance serrated lesions of the colon and rectum, and to summarize current opinion on their natural history, diagnosis, surveillance and treatment.
Contextualism and the Knowledge Norms
Authors: Blome‐Tillmann Michael 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEpistemic contextualism is widely believed to be incompatible with the recently popular view that knowledge is the norm of assertion, practical reasoning, or belief. I argue in this article that the problems arising for contextualism from the mentioned normative views are only apparent and can be resolved by acknowledging the fairly widespread phenomenon of non‐obvious context‐sensitivity (recently embraced by even some of contextualism's most ardent former critics). Building on recent insights about non‐obvious context‐sensitivity, the article outlines an independently attractive contextualist account of the mentioned epistemic norms and provides a solution to the puzzles they give rise to in a contextualist framework.
From Self‐Respect to Respect for Others
Authors: Cureton Adam 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe leading accounts of respect for others usually assume that persons have a rational nature, which is a marvelous thing, so they should be respected like other objects of ‘awesome’ value. Kant's views about the ‘value’ of humanity, which have inspired contemporary discussions of respect, have been interpreted in this way. I propose an alternative interpretation in which Kant proceeds from our own rational self‐regard, through our willingness to reciprocate with others, to duties of respect for others. This strategy, which shares some similarities with moral contractualism, offers a way to justify other‐regarding moral requirements from self‐regarding rational dispositions.
Properties in a Contingentist's Domain
Authors: Miller Kristie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article attempts to make sense of property contingentism, the view that the metaphysical nature of properties is contingent. That is, it is contingent whether properties are universals or tropes or some other kind of entity. The article argues that even if one thinks that necessities are exhausted by conceptual truths and a posteriori necessities, the sort of methodology that can lead one to endorse contingentism in various domains in metaphysics does not give us good grounds to suppose that the nature of properties is contingent.
Long‐term child follow‐up after large obstetric randomised controlled trials for the evaluation of perinatal interventions: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Teune MJ , van Wassenaer AG , Malin GL , Asztalos E , Alfirevic Z , Mol BWJ , Opmeer BC 
Published: October 2012

Background  Although the hope is that many perinatal interventions are performed with an ultimate aim to improve the long‐term health and development of the child, long‐term outcome is rarely used as a primary end‐point in perinatal randomised controlled trials (RCTs).Objective  To evaluate how often and with which tools long‐term follow‐up is performed after large obstetric RCTs.Search strategy  We searched the Cochrane Library for Cochrane reviews published by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group for reviews on interventions that aimed to improve neonatal outcome.Selection criteria  Reviews on perinatal interventions that were not performed to improve the condition of the neonate were excluded. We limited our review to RCTs with more than 350 participating women. For each included study, we checked in Web of Science as to whether the researchers had reported on follow‐up in subsequent publications.Data collection and analysis  Relevant information was extracted from these RCTs by two reviewers using a predefined data collection sheet. All information was analysed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Main results  We studied 212 reviews including 1837 RCTs on perinatal interventions, 249 (14%) of which included 350 participants. Only 40 of 249 RCTs (16%) followed the children after discharge from the hospital to evaluate the effect of a specific perinatal intervention. The number of RCTs with long‐term follow‐up remained stable, with 10 of 67 RCTs (15%) reporting follow‐up before 1990, 17 of 115 (15%) between 1990 and 2000, and 13 of 67 (19%) after 2000 (P = 0.68).Conclusions  Only a small minority of large perinatal RCTs report the long‐term follow‐up of the child. Future obstetric RCTs should consider performing long‐term follow‐up at the start of the trial.
Labour dystocia—risk of recurrence and instrumental delivery in following labour—a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Sandström A , Cnattingius S , Wikström AK , Stephansson O 
Published: October 2012

Please cite this paper as: Sandström A, Cnattingius S, Wikström A, Stephansson O. Labour dystocia—risk of recurrence and instrumental delivery in following labour—a population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1648–1656.Objective  To investigate risk of recurrence of labour dystocia and mode of delivery in second labour after taking first labour and fetal and maternal characteristics into account.Design  A population‐based cohort study.Setting  The Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1992 to 2006.Population  A total of 239 953 women who gave birth to their first and second singleton infants in cephalic presentation at ≥37 weeks of gestation with spontaneous onset of labour.Methods  We used logistic regression analysis to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios.Main outcome measures  Labour dystocia and mode of delivery in second labour.Results  Overall labour dystocia affected only 12% of women with previous dystocia. Regardless of mode of first delivery, rates of dystocia in the second labour were higher in women with than without previous dystocia, but were more pronounced in women with previous caesarean section (34%). Analyses with risk score groups for dystocia (risk factors were long interpregnancy interval, maternal age ≥35 years, obesity, short maternal stature, not cohabiting and post‐term pregnancy) showed that risk of instrumental delivery in second labour increased with previous dystocia and increasing risk score. Among women with trial of labour after caesarean section with previous dystocia and a risk score of 3 or more, 66% had a vaginal instrumental or caesarean delivery (17 and 49%, respectively). In women with trial of labour after caesarean section without previous dystocia and a risk score of 0, corresponding risk was 32% (14 and 18%, respectively).Conclusion  Previous labour dystocia increases the risk of dystocia in subsequent delivery. Taking first labour and fetal and maternal characteristics into account is important in the risk assessments for dystocia and instrumental delivery in second labour.
Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations
Authors: BASKETT MARISSA L. , WAPLES ROBIN S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractArtificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive‐wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic–genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density‐dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical.Evaluación de Estrategias Alternativas para Minimizar las Consecuencias No Inesperadas en la Adecuación de Individuos Criados en Cautiverio sobre Poblaciones Silvestres