bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep-Related Offline Learning in a Complex Arm Movement Sequence
Authors: Malangré Andreas , Leinen Peter , Blischke Klaus 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Sleep is known to elicit off-line improvements of newly learned procedural skills, a phenomenon attributed to enhancement consolidation of an internal skill representation. In the motor domain, enhancement consolidation has been reported almost exclusively for sequential-finger-tapping skills. The aim of the present study was to extend the notion of sleep-related enhancement consolidation to tasks closer to everyday motor skills. This was achieved by employing a sequence of unrestrained reaching-movements with the non-dominant arm. Fifteen reaching-movements had to be executed as fast as possible, following a spatial pattern in the horizontal plane. Terminating each movement, a peg had to be fitted into a hole on an electronic pegboard. Two experimental groups received initial training, one in the evening, the other one in the morning. Subsequently, performance in both groups was retested twelve, and again 24 hrs later. Thus, during retention each individual experienced a night of sleep, either followed or preceded by a wake interval. Performance error remained low throughout training and retests. Yet mean total execution time, indicative of task execution-speed, significantly decreased for all individuals throughout initial training (no group differences), and significantly decreased again in either group following nocturnal sleep, but not following wake. This finding does not appear to result merely from additional practice afforded at the time of retests, because only after a night of sleep individuals of both experimental groups also revealed performance improvement beyond that estimated from their initial training performance.
Effect of Choline Supplementation on Rapid Weight Loss and Biochemical Variables Among Female Taekwondo and Judo Athletes
Authors: Elsawy Gehan , Abdelrahman Osama , Hamza Amr 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Taekwondo and judo competitions are divided into weight categories. Many athletes reduce their body mass a few days before competition in order to obtain a competitive advantage over lighter opponents. To achieve fast body mass reduction, athletes use a number of nutritional strategies, including choline supplementation. The goal of this study was to identify the effects of choline supplementation on body mass reduction and leptin levels among female taekwondo and judo athletes. Twenty-two female athletes (15 taekwondo and 7 judo athletes) were selected from different weight categories and divided into two groups, according to weight. The players in the experimental group took choline tablets for one week before a competition. The results revealed significant differences between pre- and post-competition measurements of leptin, free plasma choline, urine choline and urine malondialdehyde levels; body mass was also reduced in the post-competition measurements. In conclusion, choline supplementation could rapidly reduce body mass without any side effects on biochemical levels or static strength.
Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children from Two Commonly Used Field Tests After Accounting for Body Fatness and Maturity
Authors: Hamlin Michael J. , Fraser Meegan , Lizamore Catherine A. , Draper Nick , Shearman Jeremy P. , Kimber Nicholas E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Body fat and maturation both influence cardiorespiratory fitness, however few studies have taken these variables into account when using field tests to predict children’s fitness levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between two field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m Maximal Multistage Shuttle Run [20-MST], 550 m distance run [550-m]) and direct measurement of VO2max after adjustment for body fatness and maturity levels. Fifty-three participants (25 boys, 28 girls, age 10.6 ± 1.2 y, mean ± SD) had their body fat levels estimated using bioelectrical impedance (16.6% ± 6.0% and 20.0% ± 5.8% for boys and girls, respectively). Participants performed in random order, the 20-MST and 550-m run followed by a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion during which gas exchange measures were taken. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed that the participants’ performance in the 20-MST and 550-m run were highly correlated to VO2max obtained during the treadmill test to exhaustion (r = 0.70 and 0.59 for 20-MST and 550-m run, respectively). Adjusting for body fatness and maturity levels in a multivariate regression analysis increased the associations between the field tests and VO2max (r = 0.73 for 20-MST and 0.65 for 550-m). We may conclude that both the 20-MST and the 550-m distance run are valid field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness in New Zealand 8-13 year old children and incorporating body fatness and maturity levels explains an additional 5-7% of the variance.
Adrenergic Response to Maximum Exercise of Trained Road Cyclists
Authors: Janikowska Grażyna , Kochańska - Dziurowicz Aleksandra , Żebrowska Aleksandra , Bijak Aleksandra , Kimsa Magdalena 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate adrenergic responses in the peripheral blood of trained road cyclists at rest, at maximal intensity of incremental bicycle exercise test, and during 15 minutes of recovery, as well as the relationship between them. Competitive male road cyclists, in the pre-competitive phase of a season, mean age 21.7 ± 6.4 years, and BMI 20.7 ± 0.8 kg·m-2, performed an incremental test on a bicycle ergometer with unloaded cycling for 5 min, then increased the load to 40 W every 3 min, up to maximal exercise intensity. The plasma catecholamine concentrations (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and oxygen uptake were estimated. The expression of 132 genes related to the adrenergic system in leukocytes was measured. A statistically significant increase in plasma epinephrine concentration (p < 0.01) was observed in response to exercise. The mean of maximal oxygen uptake was 65.7 ± 5.5 ml·kg-1·min-1. The RGS2 gene expression was highest regardless of the test phase for all athletes. The effort had a statistically significant influence on ADRB2 and RAB2A expression. In addition, the RAB2A, ADM and HSPB1 expression level increased during recovery. We can conclude that plasma epinephrine concentration and genes related to the adrenergic system such as ADM, ADRB2, CCL3, GPRASP1, HSPB1, RAB2A, RGS2 and ROCK1 seem to have an influence on the response to high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists.
The Elements of Executive Attention in Top Soccer Referees and Assistant Referees
Authors: Pietraszewski Przemysław , Roczniok Robert , Maszczyk Anna , Grycmann Paweł , Roleder Tomasz , Stanula Arkadiusz , Fidos-Czuba Olga , Ponczek Marcin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare executive attention of top soccer referees and assistant referees at different levels of professional attainment. The sample consisted of 53 subjects (FIFA and national level) - 30 referees and 23 assistant referees. Executive attention of assistant referees was significantly better than the referees’ (p<0.01). Furthermore, extraclass and international referees demonstrated better executive attention than the first-league referees (p<0.01). The research results have proved that referees’ executive attention differs depending on their function and professional level, as well as indicated that the quality of abilities may influence the number and correctness of decisions made during a game. This elementary cognitive process may be strongly shaped by individual’s experience and age. This finding may be instrumental in screening referees and developing criteria for recruiting future referees.
Effect of soil sieving on respiration induced by low-molecular-weight substrates
Authors: Datta Rahul , Vranová Valerie , Pavelka Marian , Rejšek Klement , Formánek Pavel 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The mesh size of sieves has a significant impact upon soil disturbance, affecting pore structure, fungal hyphae, proportion of fungi to bacteria, and organic matter fractions. The effects are dependent upon soil type and plant coverage. Sieving through a 2 mm mesh increases mineralization of exogenously supplied carbohydrates and phenolics compared to a 5 mm mesh and the effect is significant (p<0.05), especially in organic horizons, due to increased microbial metabolism and alteration of other soil properties. Finer mesh size particularly increases arabinose, mannose, galactose, ferulic and pthalic acid metabolism, whereas maltose mineralization is less affected. Sieving through a 5 mm mesh size is suggested for all type of experiments where enhanced mineralization of low-molecular-weight organic compounds needs to be minimalized.
Models of pressure compaction and their application for wheat meal
Authors: Skonecki Stanisław , Kulig Ryszard , Łysiak Grzegorz 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Processes of compaction of granular materials were described using selected models. The analysis of their accuracy on the example of wheat was the basis for the discussion on their applicability to the processing of plant-origin materials. Parameters of the model equations for wheat, compressed at 10-18% moisture content were calculated, and the relations between these parameters and wheat moisture were determined. It was found that the analyzed models described the pressure compaction of granular plant material with different accuracy, and were highly dependent on moisture. The study also indicated that the model of Ferrero et al. fits the experimental results well. The parameters of this model reflected very well the physical phenomena which occur during compression.
Land Cover and Landscape Diversity Analysis in the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Chmielewski Szymon , Chmielewski Tadeusz J. , Tompalski Piotr 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The aim of this research was to present the land cover structure and landscape diversity in the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve. The land cover classification was performed using Object Based Image Analysis in Trimble eCognition Developer 8 software. The retrospective land cover changes analysis in 3 lake catchments (Kleszczów, Moszne, Bia³eW³odawskie Lakes)was performed on the basis of archival aerial photos taken in 1952, 1971, 1984, 1992, 2007 and one satellite scene from 2003 (IKONOS).On the basis of land cover map structure, Shannon diversity index was estimated with the moving window approach enabled in Fragstats software. The conducted research has shown that the land cover structure of the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve is diverse and can be simply described by selected landscape metrics. The highest level of land cover diversity, as showed by Shannon Diversity Index, was identified in the western part of the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve, which is closely related to the agricultural character of land cover structure in those regions. The examples of three regional retrospective land cover analyses demonstrated that the character of land cover structure has changed dramatically over the last 40 years.
Fate of Compost Nutrients as Affected by Co-Composting of Chicken and Swine Manures
Authors: Ogunwande Gbolabo A. , Ogunjimi Lawrence A.O. , Osunade James A. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Passive aeration co-composting using four mixtures of chicken manure and swine manure at 1:0, 1:1, 3:7 and 0:1 with sawdust and rice husk was carried out to study the effects of co-composting on the physicochemical properties of the organic materials. The experiment, which lasted 66 days, was carried out in bins equipped with inverted T aeration pipes. The results showed that nutrient losses decreased as the proportion of chicken manure in the mixtures decreased for saw dust and rice husk treatments. This indicates better nutrientst conservation during composting in swine than chicken manure. Manure mixtures with rice husk had higher pile temperatures (> 55°C), total carbon and total nitrogen losses, while manure mixtures with saw dust had higher total phosphorus loss and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Composts with rice husk demonstrated the ability to reach maturity faster by the rate of drop of the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Forest Ecosystem as a Source of Co2 During Growing Season: Relation to Weather Conditions
Authors: Taufarová Klára , Havránková Kateřina , Dvorská Alice , Pavelka Marian , Urbaniak Marek , Janouš Dalibor 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Net ecosystem production reflects the potential of the ecosystem to sequestrate atmospheric CO2. Daily net ecosystem production of a mountain Norway spruce forest of the temperate zone (Czech Republic) was determined using the eddy covariance method. Growing season days when the ecosystem was a CO2 source were examined with respect to current weather conditions. During the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons, there were 44, 65, and 39 days, respectively, when the forest was a net CO2 source. The current weather conditions associated with CO2 release during the growing seasons were: cool and overcast conditions at the beginning or end of the growing seasons characterized by a 3-year mean net ecosystem production of -7.2 kg C ha-1 day-1; overcast or/and rainy days (-23.1 kg C ha-1 day-1); partly cloudy and hot days (-11.8 kg C ha-1 day-1); and overcast and hot days (-13.5 kg C ha-1 day-1). CO2 release was the highest during the overcast or/and rainy conditions (84%, average from all years), which had the greatest impact during the major production periods. As forests are important CO2 sinks and more frequent weather extremes are expected due to climate change, it is important to predict future forest carbon balances to study the influence of heightened variability in climatic variables.
Declarative Consciousness for Reconstruction
Authors: Seymour Leslie G 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Existing information technology tools are harnessed and integrated to provide digital specification of human consciousness of individual persons. An incremental compilation technology is proposed as a transformation of LifeLog derived persona specifications into a Canonical representation of the neocortex architecture of the human brain. The primary purpose is to gain an understanding of the semantical allocation of the neocortex capacity. Novel neocortex content allocation simulators with browsers are proposed to experiment with various approaches of relieving the brain from overload conditions. An IT model of the neocortex is maintained, which is then updated each time new stimuli are received from the LifeLog data stream; new information is gained from brain signal measurements; and new functional dependencies are discovered between live persona consumed/produced signals
The Outline of Personhood Law Regarding Artificial Intelligences and Emulated Human Entities
Authors: Muzyka Kamil 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
On the verge of technological breakthroughs, which define and revolutionize our understanding of intelligence, cognition, and personhood, especially when speaking of artificial intelligences and mind uploads, one must consider the legal implications of granting personhood rights to artificial intelligences or emulated human entities
High Performances of Five–Phase Induction Machine Feeding by A [3 × 5] Matrix Converter
Authors: Rezaoui Mohamed Mounir , Nezli Lazhari , Mahmoudi Mohand Oulhadj 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we study an analytic technique to control matrix converter for a four-quadrant five-phase induction machine drive with use PWM five intervals modulation strategy. The multiphase induction machine is feeding by a matrix converter using a three-phase network. Special emphasis is given to the sinusoidal five phase voltage in the output and five phase voltage input current modulation. Simulation results are presented.
Image Encryption based on Chaotic Map and Reversible Integer Wavelet Transform
Authors: Wei Xiaopeng , Wang Bin , Zhang Qiang , Che Chao 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interesting in image encryption based on chaotic maps and wavelet transform. In this paper, a novel scheme for image encryption based on chaotic maps and reversible integer wavelet transform is proposed. Firstly, the cipher key which is related to plain-image is used to generate different parameters and initial values of chaotic maps. Then the plain-image is permuted by the order from chaotic maps, and processed by integer wavelet transform. A part of transform coefficient is diffused by the orbits of chaotic maps. Finally, the cipher image is obtained by inverse integer wavelet transform based on the diffused coefficient. Numerical experimental results and comparing with previous works show that the proposed scheme possesses higher security than previous works, which is suitable for protecting the image information.
Gain–Scheduled Controller Design: Variable Weighting Approach
Authors: Ilka Adrian , Veselý Vojtech 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Among the most popular approaches to non-linear control is gain-scheduled (GS) controller, which can have better performance than robust and other ones. Our approach is based on a consideration that in linear parameter varying (LPV) system, scheduling parameters and their derivatives with respect to time are supposed to lie in a priori given hyper rectangles. To access the performance quality a new quadratic cost function is used, where weighting matrices are time varying depends on scheduled parameter. The class of control structure includes decentralised fixed order output feedbacks like PID controller. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Developing a comprehensive Drift Reduction Technology risk assessment scheme
Authors: Ferguson J. Connor , Hewitt Andrew J. , Eastin John A. , Connell Robert J. , Roten Rory L. , Kruger Greg R. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Drift Reduction Technologies (DRTs) are becoming increasingly important for improving spray applications in many countries including New Zealand (NZ). Although there is a growing database on the performance of DRTs, there is no rating system showing the effectiveness of the DRT’s performance. In Europe, DRTs are classified relative to current reference technologies as part of the rating systems used to establish spray drift risk reduction. We have recommended some key elements of such a comprehensive exposure risk reduction scheme for any country, based on prior and on-going research into the performance of specific DRTs in row, tree, and vine crops. Our intention was to create a rating system to determine the effectiveness of a given technology. This rating system would improve spray application practices and environmental stewardship for a wide range of crops and application scenarios.
The effect of Trichoderma isolates, from family mushroom growing farms, on the yield of four Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach strains
Authors: Górski Romuald , Sobieralski Krzysztof , Siwulski Marek , Frąszczak Barbara , Sas-Golak Iwona 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The effect of different Trichoderma species on the yield of Agaricus bisporus strains was investigated in this study. For the first time, the effect of different Trichoderma species on the yield of Agaricus bisporus strains was determined under fully controlled conditions. Four button mushroom strains were used: Somycel 53, Somycel 11, Amycel 2200, and Polmycel 31. The cultivation substrate was inoculated with the following Trichoderma species: T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. inhamatum, T. koningii, and T. longibrachiatum. Except for T. atroviride, all the Trichoderma isolates reduced the yield of the button mushroom strains.
Behavior of Aluminum Based Coagulants in Treatment of Surface Water–Assessment of Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Treated Water
Authors: Spînu (Gologan) Daniela , Racoviteanu Gabriel 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Pre-polymerized inorganic aluminum coagulants have high efficiency in reducing turbidity, total, dissolved, biodegradable organic carbon and microbiological content of surface waters used for drinking, while obtaining low concentrations of residual aluminum after the coagulation phase. Correlation between turbidity raw water and coagulant dose is logarithmic being influenced by temperature and organic content of surface waters. The coagulant’s effect on the organic content of the raw water is closely related to the microbiological concentration and can thus determine the mathematical correlations between the two types of parameters after the coagulation-flocculation stage that can be used to assess the water biostability coagulant action.
Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Prioritize and Select Phase Change Materials for Comfort Application in Buildings
Authors: Socaciu Lavinia Gabriela , Unguresan Paula Veronica 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) selection and prioritization for comfort application in buildings have a significant contribution to the improvement of latent heat storage systems. PCMs have a relatively large thermal energy storage capacity in a temperature range close to their switch point. PCMs absorb energy during the heating process as phase change takes place and release energy to the environment in the phase change range during a reverse cooling process. Thermal energy storage systems using PCMs as storage medium offer advantages such as: high heat storage capacity and store/release thermal energy at a nearly constant temperature, relative low weight, small unit size and isothermal behaviour during charging and discharging when compared to the sensible thermal energy storage. PCMs are valuable only in the range of temperature close to their phase change point, since their main thermal energy storage capacity depend on their mass and on their latent heat of fusion. Selection of the proper PCMs is a challenging task because there are lots of different materials with different characteristics. In this research paper the principles and techniques of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are presented, discussed and applied in order to prioritize and select the proper PCMs for comfort application in buildings. The AHP method is used for solving complex decisional problems and allows the decision maker to take the most suitable decisions for the problem studied. The results obtained reveal that the AHP method can be successfully applied when we want to choose a PCM for comfort application in buildings.
Error Models of the Analog to Digital Converters
Authors: Michaeli Linus , Šaliga Ján 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Error models of the Analog to Digital Converters describe metrological properties of the signal conversion from analog to digital domain in a concise form using few dominant error parameters. Knowledge of the error models allows the end user to provide fast testing in the crucial points of the full input signal range and to use identified error models for post correction in the digital domain. The imperfections of the internal ADC structure determine the error characteristics represented by the nonlinearities as a function of the output code. Progress in the microelectronics and missing information about circuital details together with the lack of knowledge about interfering effects caused by ADC installation prefers another modeling approach based on the input-output behavioral characterization by the input-output error box. Internal links in the ADC structure cause that the input-output error function could be described in a concise form by suitable function. Modeled functional parameters allow determining the integral error parameters of ADC. Paper is a survey of error models starting from the structural models for the most common architectures and their linkage with the behavioral models represented by the simple look up table or the functional description of nonlinear errors for the output codes.