bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unit Operation in Hidden Dome Gas Field, Wyoming
Authors: Emery Wilson B. 
Published: June 2014

The Hidden Dome gas field, situated in Washakie County, Wyoming, wasdiscovered Sept. 26, 1917. Subsequently five additional gas wells werecompleted and a large reserve was developed. For a number of years this fieldcompletely supplied the domestic market at Basin and Greybull, as well as therefinery at the latter town, and it is still supplying gas in small amounts tothis market.
Production is obtained from the sands of the Frontier formation at depthsranging from 1000 to 1500 ft. The original rock pressure was 725 lb. andinitial production ranged from 4,000,000 to 28,000,000 cu. ft. per day perwell. Porosity of the sand, determined from the size of the productive area andthe amount of gas recovered, is over 18 per cent.

Area and Management
It is estimated that the productive area is about 640 acres. Its outline isindicated on Fig. 5, on which are also shown the locations of holes drilled onthe structure and the area of unit operation.
The unit area is owned by the Ohio Oil Co. and development and operation havebeen by this company. No productive well has been completed outside this area-.The entire area was Government land filed on under the placer mining law.

Results of Unit Operation
With six producing wells, or an average of one to each 160 acres, the pool iscompletely developed. Location of the wells was made with respect to structuralconditions plus the requirement that at least one well be drilled on each160-acre placer claim. Perhaps a somewhat more uniform spacing of the wellsmight have been accomplished and one well eliminated, but it must be borne inmind that the holes, on account of their shallow depth, were not expensive andthat the object was to develop as reliable a reserve as possible. There is nocause to suspect that these holes' have not adequately drained the reservoirand there is every reason to think that any additional wells, which might havebeen drilled under diversified ownership and operation, would have been aneconomic waste.
Unit Operation in California
Authors: Jensen Joseph 
Published: June 2014

No outstanding example of an important producing unit operation exists in California today where the competitive drilling drainage feature is or wasentirely eliminated We need not feel, however, that the thought of unitoperation had its birth in 1924, when Henry L. Doherty named and sponsored itso strongly before the American Petroleum Institute and our own organization.No man or company in California ever drilled a wildcat well without exertingevery possible effort to get all of the structure, so as to control drillingand avoid competition. Overproduction did not begin in 1923, so there hasalways been the wish to avoid it. In this state the practice of selling acreagearound a wildcat has not been followed, except possibly in rare instances. Theoperator drilling the wildcat knew he must pay the bill alone, so he endeavoredto get the benefit of his effort by tying up all of the land around his welland by so planning his different lease obligations as to avoid as muchoffsetting as possible. If he failed to get all of the land, it was becausesomeone's price was too high, some other oil man also had the same idea andalready held some lands, a competitor took leases away from him while his workwas still incomplete, or (as was so often the case) the hidden structure whendeveloped did not prove to be where the wildcatter thought it would be. Thelast named condition often led to a forced drilling campaign by the last leasessecured and thus to serious drilling drainage problems.

Ownership of the Land
The land situation differs a great deal in various parts of the state. In theSan Joaquin Valley, all the land is surveyed into sections and townships.Railroad land grants embraced a part of the land. In the areas that weredeveloped at an early date, as at Kern River, Coalinga, McKittrick and theSunset-Midway field, such land as the railroad company's diligent landdepartment had been unable to sell for a song as grazing land still remained inits ownership.
Suggested Procedure for Exploitation of an Oil-bearing Structure by Unit Operation
Authors: Corbett C.S. 
Published: June 2014

There is much comment at present in the ranks of the oil industry regardingunit operation of oil fields and the benefit that would accrue if it could beextensively applied. It seems certain that, as an immediate corrective of thepresent situation, overproduction could be effectively curtailed with all theadvantages of proper conservation of petroleum resources and with no importantloss to anyone connected with the industry.

Unit Operation in Certain Foreign Fields
Many an oil operator in America would doubtless like to have exclusive controlof one or more oil-bearing structures for development in accordance with theeconomic position of the industry and especially in accordance with the bestproduction practice known. A few operators now have this privilege, particularly in certain foreign fields, and are following lines of procedurewhich show that they are aware of the great opportunity that is theirs. We findin an article by Professor Strigeoff, and in a paper read by Captain Cominsbefore the American Petroleum Institute, the outlines of procedure adopted, respectively, by the Soviet Government for the nationalized Russian oil fieldsand by the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. for its fields in Persia.
Comprehensive plans for the unit operation of other oil fields may have beendescribed publicly but no such descriptions have come to the attention of thewriter. New fields are coming more and more into the hands of single operatorsor of a few who control large activities and who appreciate fully the need forcooperative action and are willing to forego the lure of a large quick profitfrom high flush production in order to secure the advantage of betterstabilization in the industry and a larger though more deferred profit byoperating the field as a unit.
Production Engineering in 1929
Authors: Millikan C.V. 
Published: June 2014

Production engineering has continued its rapid progress during the pastyear. Many engineering efficiencies long practiced in other industries arebeing rapidly accepted by the oil industry and every branch of development andproduction work is undergoing study that is reducing the time and hazard in thedrilling of wells even for greater depths, is securing better service fromequipment, and is obtaining greater ultimate recovery from thereservoirs.

Deviation of Drill Holes
Deviation of drill holes probably has attracted greater and wider study thanany other subject. Until about one year ago it had been given little attention.Some California operators knew the common magnitude of deviation, butMid-Continent operators hesitated to believe that holes could be drilled socrooked. The great emphasis and publicity given to the seriousness of theproblem resulted in the design of many instruments to record the deviation bychart or photograph. Instruments which would give the direction as well asdeviation were not generally favored because of the grave fears of the legalcomplications which might result if the bottom of a producing well should proveto be on a neighboring lease. With all the instruments available fordetermining deviation, the use of etching on a glass bottle by hydrofluoricacid is still the most common method employed.
The beneficial result of this earnest effort to drill straighter holes isproved by a comparison of deviation of wells completed recently with thosecompleted over a year ago. The time of this change is arbitrarily taken as Jan.1, 1929, as at that time the operators were aware of the deviation whichusually occurred, and most of them were making some effort to reduce it. Table1 shows averages of wells completed by several companies.
A Theory of Well Spacing
Authors: Haseman W.P. 
Published: June 2014

The well method of producing oil and gas is universally used in thedevelopment and operation of oil and gas properties. It consists essentially inthe spacing of a number of wells on a given tract, and in drilling andoperating them in accordance with established practices. The method is based ona fundamental energy principle. This principle governs the state and the changeof state of fluids or fluid mixtures confined under pressure within a porousand permeable reservoir in such a way as to direct a flow from the reservoirinto and out of a drilled well with a reduction of potential energy.
The application of the well method of producing oil has given data which provethat the total yield of oil from a reservoir through wells is, in general, onlya small fractional part of the total oil that is contained in the reservoir. Itis generally recognized that a spacing of one well to each 160-acre tract ofany good oil pool is too wide. However, one well to this 160-acre tract willyield a large quantity of oil and in time will dissipate most, if not all, ofthe potential energy that was originally stored and retained in the fluids bypressure. Two wells spaced and drilled on this 160-acre tract would yieldapproximately twice the quantity of oil, while four wells would yieldapproximately four times the oil.
A well spacing is soon reached, with the addition of wells to this 160-acretract, in which the drainage interference of offset wells will materiallyaffect the yield of oil per well. The increased yield of oil, therefore, is notdirectly proportional to the added number of wells but the increased costs ofdevelopment are directly proportional to the added number of wells. It isevident that while an added number of wells to this 160-acre tract yields anincreased quantity of oil, there is an economic limit to the number of wells tobe added.
Spacing of Wells in the Long Beach Field
Authors: Roberts Dwight C. , Sweeney Stender 
Published: June 2014

The spacing of wells in Long Beach oil field has caused much discussion fromthe earliest days of its development, on account of the closely drilledtown-lot areas which have been as intensively developed as any productive areasin the world. The purpose of this paper is to present the results obtained fromthis type of development in comparison with the more widely spaced developmentin this field, now that a sufficient length of productive life has elapsed. Theintensity of development in Long Beach is indicated by the fact that up toSept. 1, 1929, there were 1736 wells either drilled or drilling. Of these 165 failed to get production and 121 were drilling. Thus 1450 wells have producedoil from an area of 1350 acres. Up to July 1, 1929, these wells produced atotal of 355,047,913 barrels.

Method Pursued
Four groups of offset areas were chosen, in each group the wells in one areaare widely spaced and in the other, closely spaced. The areas in each group arecontiguous and the groups are spread over the field from the southeast end tothe northwest, so that representative data are assured. The comparison has alsobeen extended to shallow and deep zones, like zones in their respective areasbeing compared.
Even though these productive zones are very thick, a fair picture of results isobtained, because the drilling of the wells in the two types of areas wasconcurrent in the different groups and, as a rule, the thickness of sand openedup at anyone time was about the same. As deeper sands were found, wells inoffset areas were deepened or new ones were drilled in both types of areas. Thedivision of zones was made in the same manner in contiguous areas.
The total cumulative production up to July 1, 1929, of the wells in theirrespective zones in each area was obtained. From these figures were computedthe recovery per well, recovery per acre, acreage per well, and the ratios ofthese factors. Thus July 1, 1929, is the end of the period considered in allareas.
Quantitative Effect of Gas-oil Ratios on Decline of Average Rock Pressure
Authors: Coleman Stewart , Wilde H.D. , Moore Thomas W. 
Published: June 2014

It is recognized that in the early days of the petroleum industry oil wasproduced with practically no scientific or fundamental knowledge of the lawsand principles governing its extraction from the ground. Only a few, if any, ofthose exploiting the oil resources made any effort to collect accuratescientific information. There was little need for it, for as is frequently thecase where the supply of a natural resource appears inexhaustible and isgreater than the demand, large profits were possible from merely skimming thesurface with little regard to the efficiency or thoroughness with which the oilwas obtained. With this policy in force, great quantities of gas were wastedand when the reservoirs ceased producing by natural means they still containeda large fraction of the oil originally in them.
The present tendency in the industry is toward conserving existing oilreserves. In order that greater percentages of the oil present in the groundmay be recovered, efforts are being made to improve production methods and torework depleted fields. If the production methods are to be improvedintelligently it is essential that the fundamental laws be known andunderstood, consequently large amounts of money and effort are being spent ingathering data that will serve to define and interpret these laws.
A great deal of attention is being focussed on the study of the motion of oilthrough an oil-bearing sand, the forces that cause it to move and the factorsthat affect its motion. It is recognized that one of the important factors ispressure, but its quantitative effect is not known. In a given field the rateof production declines with time and so does the rock pressure.
Condensation Effect in Determining Gas-oil Ratio
Authors: Morris Alexander B. 
Published: June 2014

In a recent paper on the intermittent injection of gas in gas-liftoperations as opposed to continuous injection, Morgan Walker presented acomparative table showing the effect on oil and gas production from the samewells under the two methods of operation. This table carried a column showingthe formational gas…oil ratios under each method, computed by deducting thevolume of input gas from the volume of trap gas.
During the entire spring and summer of 1928, the present writer had beenengaged on some extensive test car tests of rich gas in Glenpool, seeking, primarily, for an explanation of the apparent loss of gasoline during thesummer season between the field meters and the plant master meter. Tests atseveral of the field meters where the richest gas was obtained regularly failedto check with other tests on the same gas made farther along the line, and thedifference was not made up by the quantity of drip gasoline collected betweenthe points. In the course of these tests, the final outcome of which isimmaterial to the present purpose, an attempt was made to construct a curverepresenting the relationship between gasoline content of the gas in gallonsper thousand cubic feet and the shrinkage in the volume of gas treated as aresult of removing the condensible fractions. Such a curve was made, expressedin units of gallons per thousand cubic feet on the abcissa and the ratio vaporvolume to liquid volume on the ordinate. This curve is a rectangular hyperbolaand shows that 3 gal. of gasoline taken from 1000 cu. ft. of raw gas as a vaporoccupied much less space, per gallon, than did 1 gal. of gasoline taken from1000 cu. ft. of another sample of gas. This is, in general, corroborated byconverting to the same units the residue settlement curves prepared by theTidal Oil Co. and by the Natural Gasoline Manufacturers Assn., though the threecurves, when plotted together, occupy entirely different positions on thepaper, as shown in Fig. 1.
Recent Developments in Flooding Practice in the Bradford And Richburg Oil Fields
Authors: Fettke Charles R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Bradford and Richburg oil fields are the only pools where artificiallyconducted water drives on an extensive scale have been economically successful.Field practice has progressed from the original accidental or intentionalcircle flood, through the line flood development plan, to the intensivecomplete development plan, which is the most recent and generally considered tobe the most successful. Of the intensive development plan the five-spotarrangement of wells is the one that has been used most extensively. A furtherdevelopment associated with the latter method is the application of additionalhydraulic pressure to that of the hydrostatic head of the column of water inthe intake well. In conjunction with this method is the practice of delayeddrilling of the oil wells until the water from the intake wells has enteredeven the less permeable portions of the sand and developed a "bank" ofoil at which time all oil wells are drilled as nearly simultaneously aspossible. The five-spot pressure flood with delayed drilling gives more rapidreturn on investment than any other method. The seven-spot and nine-spotpatterns are rarely used. No chemicals, such as sodium carbonate and otherso-called flooding agents, are being added to the water at present since thefield tests carried on in 1926 gave no positive results. All air and gas driveshave been discontinued.
Valuation of Flood Oil Properties
Authors: Stephenson Eugene A. , Grettum I.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
THE flooding process was originally the result of accidents to casing andtubing, but it has gradually passed from an accidental condition to a definiteengineering procedure. In spite of the general sheetlike character of the majorsand body, the position of shale bands, their thickness, the size of the grainand variations in effective porosity all give the sand differentcharacteristics in different layers and in different places in the same layer.This condition has an important influence on the movement of flood oil andwater, and on the yield per acre, as well as a bearing on what shall beconsidered the best method of handling flood wells.
A valuation takes into consideration six factors:Flooding methods, of which four have been in common use, as follows, in order of effective recovery,circular flood,line flood,five-spot andfive-spot withdelayed drilling;recovery per acre, which is definitely related to the oilcontent, the porosity, the method of flooding, the spacing program, and thecontinuity of the water supply;the rate of production per well per day, which is definitely related to the method of flooding, the oil content and theporosity of the sands;the operating cost of the well, including royalty, overhead, taxes, etc. (Operating costs are usually expressed as unit cost perbarrel.);the expected price per barrel. It is safer to use the averageprice over a number of years than to attempt to forecast future pricefluctuations.
The discount factor (the sixth factor) used in appraisal of Bradford floodproperties should be less than that commonly applied to other properties, because the hazards of operations have been reduced almost to those of amanufacturing industry.
Variation of Pressure Gradient with Distance of Rectilinear Flow of Gas-saturated Oil and Unsaturated Oil through Unconsolidated Sand
Authors: Cloud W.F. , Norman T. 
Published: June 2014

Part I Of Final Report Of A. P. 1. Project No. 33
The data and information compiled under Part I of this report are the resultsof experiments performed in the petroleum engineering laboratory under thesupervision of W. F. Cloud, Associate Professor of Petroleum Engineering andWilliam Schriever, Professor of Physics, University of Oklahoma.

Problems Being Studied
Most of the time has been spent in trying to determine the rate of flow andpressure gradient in a 4-in. flow tube 10 ft. long, which was packed with sandof various grain sizes. To date, only two kinds of sand have been packed inthis tube: 60 to 80-mesh Canadian river sand, 60 to 80-mesh and 80 to 100-meshSimpson sand. The original intention was to follow the same procedure and usethe same types of crude under identical saturation pressures of both air andgas, as well as unsaturated (dead) oil, flowing the various crudes throughseveral different sizes of both Canadian river and Simpson (Wilcox) sands, butlack of time has prevented such an intensive study of the problem.
Some additional time has been spent flowing saturated and unsaturated crudes, similar to those used in the 4-in. tube, through I-in. tubes, one of which was2 ft. long and one 5 ft. long. The results obtained have been checked againstthose obtained by using the 4-in. tube, to obtain the relation of diameter andlength of tube to rate of flow in similar sands.

Laboratory Equipment
Saturation Tank.-A heavy steel cylindrical saturation tank, capacity about 42gal. was mounted on a platform of bricks, then a galvanized tin temperaturebath was built around the saturation tank. This contained
* This paper contains results obtained in an investigation on The Effect ofNatural Gas on the Viscosity, Surface Tension, Adhesion and GeneralExtractability of Crude Oil, listed as Project No. 33 of American PetroleumInstitute Research. Financial assistance in this work has been received from aresearch fund of the American Petroleum Institute donated by John D.Rockefeller. This fund is being administered by the Institute with thecooperation of the Central Petroleum Committee of the National ResearchCouncil. Prof. H. C. George is Director of Project No. 33.
Unit Operation in California, with Discussion of Kettleman North Dome Association
Authors: Jensen Joseph 
Published: June 2014

California's outstanding contribution to unit operation is the plan of development now established for the North dome of the Kettleman Hills.Beginning April 1, 1931, the Kettleman North Dome Assn. will control theunified operation and development of 10,800 acres of proven and semi proven oilland, and at the same time the Standard Oil Co. of California will operate asanother unit its fee land of 9460 acres of similar character. The holdings ofthe two companies are in a checkerboard mile-square pattern. In addition tothis, 410 acres of land may yet be included in the Kettleman North Dome Assn.unit and 530 acres of land are definitely out of both units. The owners of someof this land have expressed their intention of cooperating in a reasonable waywith these two units. Cooperative agreements are now in force as to most ofthis field.
Under the definitions of a unit pool and a near-unit pool,! the operation atKettleman Hills will be a near-unit operation, but because of the size of thestructure and its proven highly productive character, the arrangement concludedon Jan. 31, 1931, in the approval of the Kettleman North Dome Assn. Agreementby Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur and by California State Oil and Gas Supervisor R. D. Bush is of outstanding importance to the entire oil industry.
No other major unit operation plans are under way in California at the presenttime. There has been some little discussion of a plan in the North Belridgefield and a feeling that the discovery of oil in the Lost Hills field and alsoin the South Belridge field would necessitate consideration of unit plans. Sofew data are available for these areas, as to the land that should be includedin such unit plans, that little constructive action is now possible. Thebeginning of drilling on the Middle dome of the Kettleman Hills also makes itan area deserving consideration for unit operation.