bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-cell-density fermentation and pilot-scale biocatalytic studies of an engineered yeast expressing the heterologous glycoside hydrolase of 7-β-xylosyltaxanes
Authors: Yu Wen-Bo , Liang Xiao , Zhu Ping 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe glycoside hydrolase of 7-β-xylosyltaxanes (designated as LXYL-P1-2) is encoded by Lxyl-p1-2 isolated from Lentinula edodes. This hydrolase specifically removes C-7 xylose from 7-β-xylosyltaxanes to form 7-β-hydroxyltaxanes, which can be used for the semi-synthesis of paclitaxel or its analogues. In our present study, we established a high-cell-density fermentation of the recombinant Pichia pastoris harboring the Lxyl-p1-2 gene. Moreover, we further optimized the fermentation conditions, including the initial cell density and the dissolved oxygen level in the induction phase. Under optimized conditions, the biomass of 312.3 g/l (wet cell weight, WCW) was obtained, and the biomass activity of the recombinant enzyme reached 6.55 × 104 U/g (WCW). The freeze-dried cells (32 g/l) were used to convert 7-β-xylosyltaxanes (10 g/l, 7-β-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol = 62.12 %) in a 5-l reaction volume, and a bioconversion rate about 80 % was achieved. The product purification was performed by ethyl acetate, silica gel chromatography, and preparative HPLC (prep-HPLC), yielding 15.13 g of 10-deacetyltaxol, 3.07 g of 10-deacetylcephalomanine, and 3.47 g of 10-deacetyltaxol C, respectively. In addition, the average recovery rate was around 70 %. Our work provided a foundation for the industrial utilization of the recombinant enzyme on the semi-synthesis of paclitaxel using 7-β-xylosyltaxanes.
Factors involved in correct analysis of intracardiac electrograms captured by Medtronic Inc. pacemakers during tachycardias
Authors: Takagaki Masaru , Ikeguchi Shigeru , Yamada Tomoyuki , Katsuyama Kazuhiko , Takeuchi Yuzo , Takeda Shinsaku , Kawata Yoshitaka , Harita Takeshi , Morii Akio , Nanba Hiroaki , Hasegawa Shinichi , Sukenari Shinichiro , Terada Hiroshi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo thoroughly investigate the diagnostic information obtained by pacemakers, it is important that the stored intracardiac electrograms (EGMs) are analyzed. However, in Medtronic pacemakers, only a single intracardiac recording channel is available and thus EGM channel selection is critical.MethodsThe study population comprised 150 patients who underwent implantation of Medtronic's dual chamber pacemakers with a single intracardiac EGM memory channel. We first set the electrogram channel to “summed,” and the automatic EGM diagnosis during the tachycardia was compared with the manual analysis findings. When the results were not identical for the 2 methods, the atrial EGM (AEGM) and ventricular EGM channels were sequentially selected and the results of each EGM selection were compared to conclude which channel was more valuable for diagnosis of high‐rate episodes. The post‐ventricular atrial blanking (PVAB) period was adjusted to the shortest interval with a relevant margin to avoid any far‐field R wave over‐sensing.ResultsA total of 130 patients were eventually enrolled. High‐rate episodes were observed in 115/130 patients (88%). The results of the automated tachycardia diagnosis obtained using the “summed” EGM differed from those obtained manually in 43/115 patients (37%). Changing the intracardiac EGM channel from “summed” to “AEGM” enabled a much better manual diagnosis with intracardiac EGMs because of improved atrial potential sensing, clearer manifestation of atrial electrograms within the PVAB, and more prominent atrial electrograms fused with the ventricular potentials. The ventricular EGM channel was not as useful as the AEGM channel for tachycardia diagnosis.ConclusionsIn Medtronic pacemakers with single intracardiac EGM channel recording capability, AEGM is the most useful of the 3 EGM channel settings; PVAB should also be set to a much shorter value to achieve a more accurate automatic diagnosis.
Early‐stage splenic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma is highly associated with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Yu Shan‐Chi , Lin Chung‐Wu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSplenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and splenic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the most common types of lymphomas involving the spleen. Geographic variation in hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence is characteristic of splenic lymphomas. In Italy, HCV seroprevalence was higher in patients with SMZL and splenic DLBCL than in patients with all types of lymphoma. In Japan, HCV seroprevalence was higher in patients with splenic DLBCL than in patients with all types of lymphoma; however, HCV seroprevalence in patients with SMZL was similar to that in patients with all types of lymphoma. In this study, clinicopathological data of 74 splenic lymphoma cases between 1988 and 2011 collected from the Department of Pathology at National Taiwan University Hospital were analyzed. Serology for HCV infection was available for 41 cases. Splenic DLBCL and SMZL accounted for 36% (n = 27) and 42% (n = 31) of splenic lymphomas, respectively. Microscopically, most cases of DLBCL (26/27) presented with circumscribed tumor and most cases of SMZL (28/31) presented with white pulp expansion. HCV seroprevalence in patients with DLBCL and SMZL was 44% and 10%, respectively (7/16 vs. 2/20, p = 0.020). The pattern identified in this study is closer to that in Japan than in Italy. HCV seroprevalence in patients with early‐stage (I/II) and late‐stage (III/IV) DLBCL was 100% and 10%, respectively (6/6 vs. 1/10, p < 0.001). Early‐stage DLBCL is clinically considered a form of primary splenic lymphoma rather than a systemic lymphoma with splenic involvement. High HCV seroprevalence in patients with early‐stage DLBCL suggests a role of HCV in the pathogenesis of primary DLBCL.
Preventive Exercise in Sports
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSports injuries are common and can result in significant problems, such as pain, social isolation, depression, disability (temporary or permanent), loss of income, or loss of scholarship. Further, sports injuries can predispose the athlete to future injury or degenerative disorders, for example, osteoarthritis. Therefore, a preventive approach is paramount, and exercise can be used as an effective tool to prevent sports‐related injuries. This article describes the process by which successful injury prevention programs can be developed and implemented by using noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury programs as an example. The knowledge gained from this information can be used in the future to assist in the creation of new injury prevention programs for other common sports injuries.
The dominance of the individual in intergroup relations research: Understanding social change requires psychological theories of collective and structural phenomena
Authors: Paluck Elizabeth Levy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDixon et al. suggest that the psychological literature on intergroup relations should shift from theorizing “prejudice reduction” to “social change.” A focus on social change exposes the importance of psychological theories involving collective phenomena like social norms and institutions. Individuals' attitudes and emotions may follow, rather than cause, changes in social norms and institutional arrangements.
Echoing the call to move “beyond prejudice” in search of intergroup equality
Authors: Wright Stephen C. , Bitacola Lisa M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe also critique the myopic focus on prejudice reduction, but we do not support the call for a reconceptualization of prejudice. Redefining key psychological constructs is unproductive. Also, we point to interpersonal dynamics in cross-group interaction as a key mechanism in the prejudice reduction/collective action paradox and point to solutions involving intrapersonal/interpersonal processes, as well as broader structural intergroup relations.
Are attitudes the problem, and do psychologists have the answer? Relational cognition underlies intergroup relations
Authors: Waldzus Sven , Schubert Thomas W. , Paladino Maria-Paola 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe focus on negative attitudes toward other groups has led to a dichotomy between the prejudice reduction and the collective action approach. To solve the resulting problems identified by Dixon et al., we suggest analyzing the psychological processes underlying the construction of relationships (and their alternatives) between own and other groups.
The emergent modes of dementia activism
Authors: BARTLETT RUTH 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAfter decades of silencing and discrimination, people with dementia are beginning to join forces, take action and campaign for social change. Drawing on data obtained from ‘activists’ with dementia using diary interview method and participant observation, this paper considers the emergent modes of dementia activism in the context of the social movement literature, and in particular, work emphasising the role of networks in health social movements. The study identified three emergent modes of dementia activism; these were the ‘protecting-self against decline’ mode, ‘(re) gaining respect’ mode, and ‘creating connections with other people with dementia’ mode. Taken together, these modes show how a sense of elapsing time pervades this form of activism. The investigation reinforces the contention that time is a dominated force that structures human motivation and goals. Furthermore, it raises the possibility that activism can protect against decline amongst people with dementia given the appropriate temporal space.
Environmental factors influencing Pyrenophora semeniperda-caused seed mortality in Bromus tectorum
Authors: Finch Heather , Allen Phil S. , Meyer Susan E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTemperature and water potential strongly influence seed dormancy status and germination of Bromus tectorum. As seeds of this plant can be killed by the ascomycete fungus Pyrenophora semeniperda, this study was conducted to learn how water potential and temperature influence mortality levels in this pathosystem. Separate experiments were conducted to determine: (1) if P. semeniperda can kill dormant or non-dormant seeds across a range of water potentials (0 to − 2 MPa) at constant temperature (20°C); and (2) how temperature (5–20°C) and duration at reduced water potentials (0–28 days) affect the outcome. When inoculated with the fungus at 20°C, all dormant seeds were killed, but fungal stromata appeared more quickly at higher water potentials. For non-dormant seeds, decreasing water potentials led to reduced germination and greater seed mortality. Results were similar at 10 and 15°C. Incubation at 5°C prevented stromatal development on both non-dormant and dormant seeds regardless of water potential, but when seeds were transferred to 20°C, dormant seeds evidenced high mortality. For non-dormant seeds, exposure to low water potential at 5°C resulted in secondary dormancy and increased seed mortality. Increasing incubation temperature, decreasing water potential and increasing duration at negative water potentials all led to increased mortality for non-dormant seeds. The results are consistent with field observations that pathogen-caused mortality is greatest when dormant seeds imbibe, or when non-dormant seeds experience prolonged or repeated exposure to low water potentials. We propose a conceptual model to explain the annual cycle of interaction in the Bromus tectorum–Pyrenophora semeniperda pathosystem.
Determinants of physical activity in young adults with tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Buys Roselien , Budts Werner , Delecluse Christophe , Vanhees Luc 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundAlthough sports participation is allowed to most adult patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot, a reduced exercise tolerance and reduced perceived physical functioning is often present in these patients. We aimed to investigate daily physical activity in adults with tetralogy of Fallot and to investigate the underlying determinants of physical activity in daily life.MethodsWe studied 73 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (53 male; mean age 27.3 ± 7.9 years) who underwent echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and who completed questionnaires about physical activity and perceived health status. All variables were compared with data from a general population. Relationships were studied by Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients with correction for multiple testing.ResultsPatients were significantly less active compared with the general population (p > 0.05), 55% of all patients were sedentary, 27% had an active or moderately active lifestyle, and 18% of the group had a vigorously active lifestyle. Peak oxygen uptake (71 ± 16%; p < 0.0001) was significantly reduced and related to reduced physical activity levels (r = 0.229; p = 0.017) and perceived physical functioning (r = 0.361; p = 0.002).ConclusionsAdult patients with tetralogy of Fallot have a sedentary lifestyle and are less active than the general population. Inactivity significantly contributes to reduced exercise capacity, in addition to the impairment based on the cardiac condition. Moreover, reduced exercise capacity and the intensity of sports performed in daily life are related to perceived physical functioning. Individual patient counselling on physical activity might be a low-cost, high-benefit measure to be taken in this patient population.
Using rewards-based incentives to increase purchase of fruit and vegetables in lower-income households: design and start-up of a randomized trial
Authors: Phipps Etienne J , Wallace Samantha L , Stites Shana D , Uplinger Nadine , Brook Singletary S , Hunt Lacy , Axelrod Saul , Glanz Karen , Braitman Leonard E 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo report the design and baseline results of a rewards-based incentive to promote purchase of fruit and vegetables by lower-income households.DesignA four-phase randomized trial with wait-listed controls. In a pilot study, despite inadequate study coupon use, purchases of fresh fruit (but not vegetables) increased, but with little maintenance. In the present study, credits on the study store gift card replace paper coupons and a tapering phase is added. The primary outcome is the number of servings of fresh and frozen fruit and vegetables purchased per week.SettingA large full-service supermarket located in a predominantly minority community in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.SubjectsFifty-eight households, with at least one child living in the home.ResultsDuring the baseline period, households purchased an average of 3·7 servings of fresh vegetables and an average of less than 1 serving of frozen vegetables per week. Households purchased an average of 1·9 servings of fresh fruit per week, with little to no frozen fruit purchases. Overall, the range of fresh and frozen produce purchased during this pre-intervention period was limited.ConclusionsAt baseline, produce purchases were small and of limited variety. The study will contribute to understanding the impact of financial incentives on increasing the purchases of healthier foods by lower-income populations.
Using Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy of Cretaceous Calcareous Microfossils to Distinguish Biogenic from Early-Diagenetic Calcite
Authors: Wendler Jens E. , Wendler Ines , Rose Timothy , Huber Brian T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA comparative cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopic study of extraordinarily well-preserved versus diagenetically altered Turonian (∼92 Ma before present) calcitic and aragonitic microfossils was performed to document the cathodoluminescence characteristics of two common Cretaceous carbonate producers, foraminifera and calcareous dinoflagellates. Unaltered specimens reveal a conspicuous peak in the blue CL band at ∼400 nm that has rarely been previously reported for biogenic carbonates. We interpret this luminescence as an indicative feature of the primary bio-mineralized shells of calcareous dinoflagellates and foraminifera. Orange luminescence as the second important CL emission band (∼620 nm) in calcite generally increases with diagenetic cement overgrowth and recrystallization but can also be present in unaltered material. Thus, orange CL of biogenic calcite is not an unequivocal diagenetic indicator. Accordingly, spectroscopic investigation of both the ∼400 and ∼620 nm peaks represents a more objective criterion to evaluate the degree of diagenetic alteration. The ratio of relative intensities of the blue CL versus orange CL can provide a semiquantitative measure with relative intensity ratios blue:orange >2 occurring in the least diagenetically altered microfossils. Comparison of unaltered specimens of separate species reveals elemental differences that potentially indicate species-specific biomineralization or habitats.
Cathodoluminescence Microanalysis of Irradiated Microcrystalline and Nanocrystalline Samarium Doped BaFCl
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff Marion A. , Liu Zhiqiang , Riesen Hans 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBaFCl:Sm3+ is an efficient photoluminescent storage phosphor for ionizing radiation. Cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis enables the Sm2+ and Sm3+ oxidation states of samarium doped BaFCl to be easily identified, provides information about electron-beam and X-ray induced modification of BaFCl:Sm, and enables the synthesis dependent spatial distribution of samarium dopants of <100 ppm concentration to be determined with sub-100 nm resolution at 295 K. CL spectroscopy of BaFCl:Sm particles reveals broad CL emissions at ∼360 and ∼500 nm associated with Vk(Cl−) and oxygen-vacancy defects in the BaFCl host lattice and fine structure CL emissions associated with major 4GJ → 6HJ (Sm3+) and 5DJ → 7FJ (Sm2+) transitions. CL microanalysis shows samarium dopants are uniformly distributed in conventional sintered microcrystalline BaFCl:Sm. In contrast, CL investigations reveal that for BaFCl:Sm nanoparticles, which have been prepared using a co-precipitation method, with greatly improved Sm3+ → Sm2+ conversion efficiency, the samarium dopants are concentrated near the particle surface resulting in a BaFCl:Sm3+ shell surrounding the BaFCl core, which is stable to energetic irradiation.
Mean Atomic Number Quantitative Assessment in Backscattered Electron Imaging
Authors: Sánchez E. , Deluigi M. Torres , Castellano G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA method for obtaining quantitative mean atomic number images in a scanning electron microscope for different kinds of samples has been developed. The backscattered electron signal is monotonically increasing with the mean atomic number Z, and accordingly Z can be given as a function of the image gray levels. From results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, an exponential function is fitted to convert the backscattered registered gray levels into a Z image map. Once this fitting was performed, the reproducibility of the Z determination was checked through the acquisition of backscattered electron images from metal and mineral standards. The developed method can be applied to any unknown sample, always controlling the experimental conditions, as shown here for a thin section of a rock in which several unknown mineral phases are present; the results obtained herein are compared to quantitative assessments performed with X-ray spectra from each mineral phase.
Space tribology: its role in spacecraft mechanisms
Authors: Roberts E W 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The subject of tribology encompasses the friction, wear and lubrication of mechanical components such as bearings and gears. Tribological practices are aimed at ensuring that such components operate with high efficiency (low friction) and achieve long lives. On spacecraft mechanisms the route to achieving these goals brings its own unique challenges. This review describes the problems posed by the space environment, the types of tribological component used on spacecraft and the approaches taken to their lubrication. It is shown that in many instances lubrication needs can be met by synthetic oils having exceedingly low volatilities, but that at temperature extremes the only means of reducing friction and wear is by solid lubrication. As the demands placed on space engineering increase, innovatory approaches will be needed to solve future tribological problems. The direction that future developments might take is anticipated and discussed.
Coupling coefficient calculation for GaSb-based quantum well distributed feedback lasers with laterally coupled gratings
Authors: Wang Y B , Xu Y , Zhang Y , Song G F , Chen L H 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We calculated the coupling coefficient of different types of laterally coupled distributed feedback (LC-DFB) structures with coupled-wave theory and the two-dimensional semivectorial finite difference method. Effects neglected in previous studies such as other partial waves, the ohmic contact and metal contact layers are taken into account in this calculation. The LC-DFB structure with metal gratings is especially studied due to its advantage over index-coupled structures. The dependence of coupling coefficient on structure parameters is theoretically calculated such as grating order, ridge width, thickness of the residual cladding layer, grating depth and lateral proximity of gratings to the ridge waveguide. A complex-coupled GaSb-based 2 µm LC-DFB structure is optimized to achieve a high coupling coefficient of 14.5 cm−1.
Characterization and modelling of low-pressure rf discharges at 2–500 MHz for miniature alkali vapour dielectric barrier discharge lamps
Authors: Venkatraman Vinu , Pétremand Yves , Rooij Nico de , Shea Herbert 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) alkali vapour lamps are of particular interest for portable atomic clocks because they (1) could enable low-power operation, (2) generate the precise required wavelength, (3) are planar simplifying chip-level integration and (4) use external electrodes, which increases the lifetime. Given the stringent requirements on lamps for atomic clocks, it is important to identify the parameters that can be optimized to meet these performance requirements (size, power consumption, stability, reliability). We report on the electrical and optical characteristics of dielectric barrier plasma discharges observed in two configurations: (1) in a vacuum chamber over a wide low-pressure range (2–100 mbar) for three different buffer gases (He, Ar, N2) driven at different frequencies between 2 and 500 MHz and (2) on microfabricated hermetically sealed Rb vapour cells filled with 30 and 70 mbar of Ar. We discuss the optimum conditions for a low-power and stable operation of a Rb vapour DBD lamp, aimed at chip-scale atomic clocks. We also present the electrical modelling of the discharge parameters to understand the power distribution mechanisms and the input power to discharge power coupling efficiency.
Measurement of neoclassically predicted edge current density at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Dunne M.G. , McCarthy P.J. , Wolfrum E. , Fischer R. , Giannone L. , Burckhart A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Experimental confirmation of neoclassically predicted edge current density in an ELMy H-mode plasma is presented. Current density analysis using the CLISTE equilibrium code is outlined and the rationale for accuracy of the reconstructions is explained. Sample profiles and time traces from analysis of data at ASDEX Upgrade are presented. A high time resolution is possible due to the use of an ELM-synchronization technique. Additionally, the flux-surface-averaged current density is calculated using a neoclassical approach. Results from these two separate methods are then compared and are found to validate the theoretical formula. Finally, several discharges are compared as part of a fuelling study, showing that the size and width of the edge current density peak at the low-field side can be explained by the electron density and temperature drives and their respective collisionality modifications.