bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DECISION-MAKING ON THE USE OF DISPERSANTS: THE ROLE OF THE STATES
Authors: Cunningham John , Kooyoomjian K. Jack , Rojo Minnie , Jordan Julie M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
According to the authorization-of-use procedures outlined in the National Contingency Plan (NCP), a state with jurisdiction over navigable waters polluted by an oil spill must concur with the decision to apply dispersants or other chemical oil spill control agents. To be effective, a dispersant must be applied quickly, but reaching consensus among the necessary parties can be slow unless all the participants are well prepared at the outset. Ideally, consideration of dispersant use should take place prior to an emergency in order to reach a timely decision. Several states and Regional Response Teams have active programs that are addressing dispersant use planning and technical and environmental considerations. In several states where the use of dispersants is an emerging issue, there appears to be a willingness to consider their use on a case-by-case basis and a genuine interest in learning more about their effectiveness and toxicity.
LABORATORY TESTING OF DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS: THE IMPORTANCE OF OIL-TO-WATER RATIO AND SETTLING TIME
Authors: Fingas Merv F. , Munn Debra L. , White Barton , Stoodley Robert G. , Crerar Irene D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory tests and apparatus for oil spill dispersant effectiveness were the subject of the present study. A review of previous work shows that test results from different apparatus are not highly correlated, and often the rank of effectiveness is also not correlated. The effect of two experimental parameters—settling time and oil-to-water ratio—are examined in this study and found to be very important in determining final effectiveness value. Four apparatus—the swirling flask, the flowing column, the Labofina, and the Mackay—are used with 3 dispersants and 16 oils to examine effectiveness values when the oil-to-water ratio is the same (1:1,200) and when the settling time is maintained at the same value (10 minutes) in all apparatus. The effectiveness values resulting from the four devices are nearly identical after values from the more energetic devices are corrected for natural dispersion. Our conclusions are that the most important parameters of laboratory dispersant testing are settling time and oil-to-water ratio. Energy is less important than previously thought and is important only to the extent that when high energy is applied to an oil-dispersant system, dispersion is increased by an amount related to the oil's natural dispersibility.
EFFECT OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON ARABIAN GULF CORALS: A FIELD EXPERIMENT
Authors: LeGore Steve , Marszalek Donald S. , Danek Larry J. , Tomlinson Michael S. , Hofmann Jack E. , Cuddeback John E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Portions of an Arabian Gulf coral reef were exposed to oil/dispersant mixtures, oil alone, and dispersant alone, while others were left untreated as controls. Arabian light crude and Corexit 9527 dispersant were the test toxicants.
Two series of experiments were conducted, one with a 24-hour exposure period and the other with a five-day (120-hour) exposure period. Corals were stained with Alizarin Red S for growth rate studies and were extensively photographed to document observed effects. Corals were examined for biological impacts immediately after the exposures, and then at three-month intervals for one year. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and hydrocarbon concentrations were recorded during the exposure periods.
Coral growth appeared unaffected by exposure to the toxicants under test conditions. Some Acropora species exposed to the dispersed oil for five days exhibited delayed, but minor, effects, which became apparent only during the relatively cold and stressful winter season.
FISHERIES AND MARICULTURE AFFECTED BY OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Moller T. H. , Dicks B. , Goodman C. N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An increasing number of oil spills affect commercial fisheries and mariculture activity. With the growth of mariculture and an accompanying emphasis on high-value species, the economic repercussions of oil spill damage have risen. This is particularly true in Southeast Asia, where seafood cultivation is widespread in coastal waters, which are also noted for navigational hazards and dense maritime traffic, leading to a higher than average incidence of mariculture damage. Perceptions of the value of seafood vary from one region to another and at least partly explain why claims for compensation for mariculture damage can reach very high levels. Differences in the sensitivity of fisheries and mariculture activities depend on the species, mariculture methods, spill cleanup methods employed, the location, and other external factors. The differences in mariculture methods and species call for different approaches to spill cleanup; the proper approach can minimize later compensation claims. Knowledge of mariculture and fisheries activities affected by a spill also is a key component of assessing compensation levels.
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY OIL IN ISRAEL'S COASTAL PLAIN AQUIFER
Authors: Kanfi Yacov 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Improper drainage management in handling kerosene for a period of over 30 years has resulted in severe groundwater pollution in the southern coastal plain aquifer of Israel. Oil that had drained via open trenches infiltrated at one point to a depth of 43 meters (m), polluting the unsaturated zone, accumulating as a lens above the water table. Investigations of the extent of the pollution were based on research wells dug to a depth of 53 m, which enabled a partial mapping of the boundaries of the contaminated area, including its dimensions in both the aquifer and the unsaturated zone. A direct relation was discovered between one of the pollution sources and the oil lens found above groundwater. Field observations have enabled monitoring of variations in the lens's configuration and location within the aquifer and identification of factors that may have caused these variations. A historical reconstruction of the pollution process revealed that oil reached the groundwater and accumulated in a lens of tens of centimeters in thickness many years before oil was found in water pumped from a pumping well in the region.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PAC BARONESS OIL AND COPPER SPILL
Authors: Hyland Jeffrey , Kennedy Janet , Campbell James , Williams Susan , Boehm Paul , Uhler Allen , Steinhauer William 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to investigate the initial environmental effects of an offshore oil and copper spill resulting from the sinking of the freighter Pac Baroness approximately 19 kilometers (km) southwest of Point Conception, California, at a water depth of 430 meters (m). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS) was used to examine the distribution and levels of hydrocarbons in surficial sediments and to compare patterns of hydrocarbons in the sediments to those of a source-oil sample obtained from the vessel. Potential impacts of the spill on macroinfauna were also evaluated by examining changes in community structure and composition and in abundances of component species, based on comparison between control and wreck-site samples. Results of the chemical analyses show that sediment samples collected in the vicinity of the Pac Baroness contain elevated levels of hydrocarbons and other petroleum components that clearly originate from the oil on board the sunken vessel. Statistical comparisons of the macroinfaunal data reveal distinct biological effects of the spill within the immediate surrounding area of the vessel, at water depths of 410 to 436 m. Among these effects are significant reductions in mean number of species, mean number of individuals (all species combined), abundances of several component species (half of which are dominants within the community), and the combined abundance of sensitive amphipod species. These initial levels of contamination and associated environmental effects are unique in consideration of the extreme water depth in which the spill occurred.
INFAUNAL RECOVERY AT EDIZ HOOK FOLLOWING THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL
Authors: Blaylock William M. , Houghton Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Arco Anchorage crude oil spill occurred near Ediz Hook, in Port Angeles, Washington, in 1985. Following the spill, replicate infaunal sampling was carried out during five summer and winter seasons at a series of transects that ranged from relatively clean and unaffected by the spill to industrialized sites that had received heavy oiling. Average wet weight biomass, abundance, species diversity, and number of species were calculated for all samples. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in these parameters over time within a transect. A statistically significant increase in average biomass, density, and species diversity was seen at several heavily oiled stations over time. A similar pattern was not seen at an unoiled reference station. Biomass, density, and number of species had significant negative correlations with sediment hydrocarbon concentration. A widespread settlement of bivalves was observed in October 1986 samples. Several species from this settlement (e.g., Macoma nasuta and Clinocardium nuttallii) were present in successively larger sized classes in subsequent samplings. The industrialized nature of Ediz Hook and pollution events unrelated to the oil spill probably limited the degree of recovery and re-colonization documented at several of the transects.
MANGROVE RESTORATION AFTER THE 1986 REFINERIA PANAMA OIL SPILL
Authors: Teas Howard J. , Lasday Albert H. , L. Elias Luque , Morales Ricardo A. , De Diego Maria Eugenia , Baker Jenifer M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 27, 1986, a storage tank at the Texaco Refineria Panama on the Caribbean coast of Panama ruptured, releasing approximately 50,000 barrels (8,000,000 liters) of medium light crude oil into Cativa Bay, which, like other embayments in the area, is bordered by mangroves, predominantly Rhizophora mangle. The present study reports on mangrove restoration experiments using Rhizophora propagules and nursery-grown seedlings planted in holes filled with upland soil. Under these conditions, mangrove seedlings were successfully replanted six months post-spill, although growth of such plants was more rapid if planting was delayed to nine months or one year post-spill. More than 42,000 nursery-grown seedlings and 44,000 propagules have been planted to restore oil-killed mangrove forests in the area.
EFFECTS OF UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON TROPICAL MARINE COMMUNITIES: A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT
Authors: Ballou Thomas G. , Hess Stephen C. , Dodge Richard E. , Knap Anthony H. , Sleeter Thomas D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high (“worst case”) exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil.
This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al.2
DISPERSED OIL EFFECTS ON TROPICAL HABITATS: PRELIMINARY LABORATORY RESULTS OF DISPERSED OIL TESTING ON JAMAICA CORALS AND SEAGRASS
Authors: Thorhaug Anitra , McDonald Franklin , Miller Beverly , Gordon Valerie , McFarlane John , Carby Barbara , Anderson Marcel , Gayle Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The island of Jamaica experiences six small- to medium-sized oil spills per year. Major ports for petroleum entry are close to mangrove, seagrass and coral resources.
Mangrove and coral habitats form important nurseries for fish and shrimp populations. The coral reefs and white sand beaches of the north and west coasts are the basis of the tourism industry, which generates $406 million U.S. dollars per year, and accounts for 55 percent of the island's foreign exchange earnings. Thus, protecting these resources from the effects of spilled oil is of priority to the government. Mechanical means are clearly not the solution in a variety of spills. Also, no maps exist to guide the on-scene coordinator (OSC) in oil spill management.
To initiate a study of dispersed oil and formulate a command map, habitat-dispersed oil toxicity testing on three species of seagrasses, three indicator species of coral, and three mangroves has been conducted in Jamaica. Ten dispersants and their dispersed oil toxicity in these habitats will be ranked. In general, the coral toxicity parallels the seagrass response to the dispersants. Responses of the coral to intermediate-toxicity dispersants differed widely. Black, white, and red mangroves also were tested. This is the first time comprehensive among-dispersant and among-species dispersant testing has been carried out in the tropics.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL RECOVERY OF INTERTIDAL AND SHALLOW SUBTIDAL SEDIMENTS IMPACTED BY THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, EDIZ HOOK, WASHINGTON
Authors: Miller James A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The December 21, 1985 Arco Anchorage crude oil spill affected approximately 7,000 feet of the sheltered, south-facing shore of Ediz Hook, Washington. Some of the stranded crude oil penetrated sand and gravel sediments in the intertidal zone. An aggressive beach agitation program was implemented between February and April 1986 to remove most of the oil trapped within the intertidal sediments. Post-cleanup monitoring activities between August 1986 and January 1988 determined the crude oil content of intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments at five elevations along thirteen sampling transects. Sediment samples were also obtained for laboratory grain-size testing at five of these transects.
Post-cleanup monitoring of sediment chemistry indicated a consistent trend of decreasing crude oil content of the intertidal sediments between March/April 1986 (mean oil concentration 670 ppm) and July 1987 (mean oil concentration 110 ppm). A similar pattern was observed for the shallow subtidal sediments, where the mean crude oil concentration decreased from 460 ppm in August 1986 to 110 ppm in July 1987. The mean oil content of these sediments increased somewhat after July 1987, indicating probable hydrocarbon inputs from other sources. Chromatograms of the hydrocarbons in the sediments after July 1987 were dissimilar to chromatograms for the unweathered oil from the Arco Anchorage.
The grain-size distribution of the sediments changed relatively little during the post-cleanup monitoring period, reflecting the relatively sheltered nature of the study area. However, the minor changes observed in sediment grain size suggest that gradual redistribution of intertidal and subtidal sediment occurred along the south shore of Ediz Hook during the monitoring program.
COMPREHENSIVE OIL SPILL LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION LEGISLATION
Authors: Corbett Charles R. , Bovet David M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Comprehensive oil spill liability and compensation legislation has eluded the United States for about 12 years, despite the fact that well-crafted legislation would benefit all interested parties. The public would be better protected from catastrophic effects of oil spills; industry (both oil and shipping) would be provided reasonable limits of liability (or alternative measures); and state governments would become full partners in federally funded oil spill responses. Most of the parties who would be affected by oil spill legislation have made substantial contributions and shown increased flexibility since 1984. Still, one major hurdle must be crossed before legislation can become a reality: state liability law preemption.
A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED SPILL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL SPILLS IN THE U.S. GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Trudel B. K. , Belore R. C. , Jessiman B. J. , Ross S. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A microcomputer-based spill impact assessment system has been developed and applied to the problem of making oil spill impact predictions and real-time dispersant use decisions for the U. S. Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of Florida. The system predicts the effects of chemically-dispersed and untreated spills on 70 important resources, including oil-sensitive habitats (salt marsh, coral reef) ecologically and economically important species, and shorelines and property. Impact is estimated by means of a model that integrates the effects of such variables as spill conditions, oil properties, environmental conditions, oil toxicity, and resource vulnerability. When used for decision making on dispersant use, the system computes the risk to all or a selected group of resources for a given spill when the spill is treated with dispersants (assuming complete or partial dispersant effectiveness) and when the spill is left untreated. The system produces a tabular summary of quantitative risk estimates for each resource for each countermeasure strategy. To be effective in making real-time management decisions for spills, the system completes its analysis quickly (in less than one hour for any given spill), is “user-friendly,” and yields detailed information on resource-specific impact calculations that are essential for real-time verification of predicted spill effects. The system has been developed in cooperation with environmental regulation and resource management agencies in the states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and with federal government agencies (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Minerals Management Service, and the U.S. Coast Guard), and has been funded by the Marine Industry Group.
COASTAL INTERACTION PROCESSES IN THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE COASTAL ZONE OIL SPILL MODEL1
Authors: Reed Mark , Gundlach Erich 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A coastal zone oil spill model (COZOIL) was developed to predict the behavior and fate of oil along an arbitrarily varying coastline. This paper describes algorithms for explicit computation of processes controlling behavior of oil in the intertidal zone. Selected sensitivity studies of these algorithms are presented and discussed.
COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR FORCING AN OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY MODEL
Authors: Paluszkiewicz Theresa , Marshall Charles F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Risk Analysis model used by the U.S. Department of the Interior simulates trajectories of hypothetical oil spills on the outer continental shelf. The trajectories are calculated from surface current fields provided by a general circulation model with a superimposed wind-drift simulation. This paper compares two techniques for driving the wind-drift portion of the trajectory model. In this comparison, a statistical model of the wind, utilizing a first-order Markov approach, is used to simulate wind records to drive the model; these results are compared with trajectories forced by the observed winds. The comparison shows that trajectories resulting from the two forcing techniques differ; the trajectories forced by the observed winds are more variable and have directional differences as compared with the trajectories forced by modeled winds. The differences appear to be due to the inability of the first-order Markov approach to simulate wind history and the duration of wind events.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF AN OIL SPILL ON TRINIDAD'S EAST COAST
Authors: Khan Ahmad A. , Chang-Yen Ivan , Chatergoon Lutchminarine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1986, a large quantity of unrefined crude oil was released into the nearshore marine environment on Trinidad's east coast. The oil was observed to have affected approximately 20 kilometers of coastline. Physical examination of the oil collected revealed that it had the appearance of a light grade crude, was golden brown in color, and had a characteristic gassy odor. Also observed was a mass mortality of the bivalve Donax sp (chip-chip), which inhabits sandy areas of the intertidal zone.
Oil was extracted from samples of water, beach sand, and chip-chip collected from selected stations along the affected area. Also collected were samples of oil from possible sources located both offshore and at land-based facilities. Chemical characterization of the oil extracts, using capillary gas chromatography, atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, yielded data sets that distinguished the oils in the environment from the suspect source oils investigated.
Application of statistical pattern recognition techniques, utilizing a hierarchical clustering procedure, to data from both environmental and suspect source samples yielded a high probability match between the spill samples and samples from one of the two oil companies operating in the area.
CORPUS CHRISTI CATASTROPHE: CASE OF A CLASSIC CLEANUP1
Authors: Alejandroand Anthony C. , Crickard Alvin M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 10:50 p.m. on July 13, 1988, the 800-foot, 107,776 dwt Singapore-flag motor tankship Nord Pacific, loaded with 625,000 barrels of Beatrice (North Sea) crude, sustained hull damage while docking at No. 3 dock of the Southwestern Refinery in the Corpus Christi, Texas, inner harbor. The impact opened an 8 ft by 1 ft gash in No. 6 port wing tank 1 ft above the waterline, spilling 15,350 barrels of crude oil into the harbor over a one-hour period before the tank could be pumped down.
The cleanup that followed was a textbook case in which everything went right. The relative ease and rapidity of cleanup are attributed to favorable geography, weather, accessibility, fast response, and luck. The amount of spilled oil recovered amounted to 11,344 bbls, a recovery rate of almost 74 percent. All free-floating oil in the harbor was recovered in 2½ days. The majority of shoreside cleanup, including two affected marsh areas, was completed one week after the spill. Minor mop-up to conclude the cleanup continued for three days after.
The Corpus Christi inner harbor was closed for 2½ days during the spill, with daylight one-way traffic commencing Saturday, July 16. Regular traffic resumed Monday morning, July 18. Environmental impact was minimal, with very little wildlife affected. Permanent repairs were made to the Nord Pacific and she sailed for Venezuela on July 21, 1988.