bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between the Covers: International Relations in Books
Authors: Sharman J. C. , Weaver Catherine E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEfforts to systematize our knowledge of international relations (IR) have tended to focus on journal articles while ignoring books. In contrast, we argue that to know IR we must know IR books. To this end, this article presents the first systematic analysis of such books based on coding 500 IR texts published by leading presses against variables covering methodology, theoretical paradigm, and policy application. We compare the results with those of the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) project's coding of 2,800 journal articles against the same variables, and the 2008 and 2011 TRIP surveys of more than 3,000 IR scholars. The main findings are that books are much less quantitative than articles published in leading journals, are somewhat more representative of the field according to paradigm, and are more engaged with policy concerns.
Power and Persuasion
Authors: West Lauren 
Published: January 2013

109th APSA Annual Meeting, Chicago, August 29–Sept. 1, 2013The APSA returns to Chicago, Illinois, and its roots, for the 2013 APSA Annual Meeting and Exhibition. In 1904, the association held its first Annual Meeting at Northwestern University and the University of Chicago. Home to these and other top colleges and universities, Chicago is again a fitting host for this leading intellectual gathering of political scientists.
Major Depressive Disorder, Cognitive Symptoms, and Neuropsychological Performance among Ethnically Diverse HIV+ Men and Women
Authors: Fellows Robert P. , Byrd Desiree A. , Morgello Susan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive symptoms, and mild cognitive deficits commonly occur in HIV-infected individuals, despite highly active antiretroviral therapies. In this study, we compared neuropsychological performance and cognitive symptoms of 191 HIV-infected participants. Results indicated that participants with a formal diagnosis of current MDD performed significantly worse than participants without MDD in all seven neuropsychological domains evaluated, with the largest effect sizes in information processing speed, learning, and memory. In addition, a brief assessment of cognitive symptoms, derived from a comprehensive neuromedical interview, correlated significantly with neurocognitive functioning. Participants with MDD reported more cognitive symptoms and showed greater neurocognitive deficits than participants without MDD. These findings indicate that HIV-infected adults with MDD have more cognitive symptoms and worse neuropsychological performance than HIV-infected individuals without MDD. The results of this study have important implications for the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). (JINS, 2013,19, 1–10)
A 79 GHz SiGe short-range radar sensor for automotive applications
Authors: Massen Joachim , Frei Michael , Menzel Wolfgang , Möller Ulrich 
Published: January 2013

The field of short- and mid-range radar sensors for automotive comfort and safety systems is a fast-growing market. The frequency regulation provides a new 76–81 GHz frequency band, which will be mandatory in the EU for ultra-wideband sensors from 2018. In the “radar-on-chip for cars” (RoCC) project funded by the German Ministry of Research (BMBF), a new technology was developed based on SiGe components with the objective to make the sensors affordable for all car platforms. This paper reports on the contribution of Continental A.D.C. GmbH to the joint “RoCC” project. The aim of the project was to exploit the cost-reduction potential of the SiGe technology by a further integration of the individual components and to show that the reliability and the functionality of the new sensors can meet the current requirements of the market. For this purpose, we evaluated the new eWLB package technology of Infineon. The Institute of Microwave Techniques of the University of Ulm supported us in designing a substrate integrated slotted waveguide antenna array. Demonstration sensors for short- and mid-range applications were built up and tested in the laboratory. To show the ability of the sensors to deal with real scenarios on the road, they were integrated into an experimental vehicle.
Viral Surveillance of Cultured Rainbow Trout in the Eastern Black Sea, Turkey
Authors: Ogut H. , Altuntas C. , Parlak R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
To study the presence and spread of viral fish pathogens in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, 172 pooled samples (seven fish per pool) of Rainbow Trout fry from 28 hatcheries were examined from December 2006 to July 2007. Forty-three pools (seven broodfish per pool) of seminal and ovarian fluids from 182 female and 119 male brood Rainbow Trout were also sampled during spawning. Moreover, reproductive fluids (22 pools) of wild trout (Salmo trutta labrax, S. t. caspius, S. t. abanticus, and S. t. macrostigma), captured by electroshocking in the rivers in and around the region, were sampled. Triplicate groups of 40 or 80 Rainbow Trout fry was also challenged with two similar isolates to determine their virulence on trout fry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on the samples producing cytopathic effect on CHSE-214 cells. The positive results were confirmed with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Neither infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nor viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was detected during the survey. Of the 28 hatcheries sampled in the Black Sea region, 15 from six provinces tested positive for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in trout fry. Unexpectedly, all reproductive fluids from both male and female cultured and wild broodstock tested negative for IPNV. Nucleotide sequences of the VP2/NS region of IPNV showed that all isolates collected (n = 38) in the region and surrounding areas belonged to the genogroup III. The findings strongly suggest that IPNV is endemic in the fry of farmed Rainbow Trout within the region. Virus prevention measures should be taken to prevent in-farm spread of these highly contagious, low-virulence isolates.
Received May 8, 2012; accepted September 16, 2012
Brain and mind
Authors: Davies Martin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDescartes's ontological dualism of mind and body made it difficult for him to describe the phenomenology of embodiment, the way we experience our own body. Contemporary theories of the mind–brain relation are predominantly physicalist, rather than dualist, in their ontology. But the duality of objective and subjective conceptions still presents a challenge for the sciences of the mind. Persons understood as such, partly from the first-person perspective—persons conceived as subjects and agents, with their experiences, thoughts, plans and actions—will not be visible in a purely objective, scientific story of the physical world.
Statistics and the design of experiments and surveys
Authors: Dunn Graham 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResearch into mental illness uses a much wider variety of statistical methods than those familiar to a typical medical statistician. In many ways there is more similarity to the statistical toolbox of the sociologist or educationalist. It would be a pointless exercise to try to describe this variety here but, instead, we shall cover a few areas that are especially characteristic of psychiatry. The first and perhaps the most obvious is the problem of measurement. Measurement reliability and its estimation are discussed in the next section. Misclassification errors are a concern of the third section, a major part of which is concerned with the estimation of prevalence through the use of fallible screening questionnaires. This is followed by a discussion of both measurement error and misclassification error in the context of modelling patterns of risk. Another major concern is the presence of missing data. Although this is common to all areas of medical research, it is of particular interest to the psychiatric epidemiologist because there is a long tradition (since the early 1970s) of introducing missing data by design. Here we are thinking of two-phase or double sampling (often confusingly called two-stage sampling by psychiatrists and other clinical research workers). In this design a first-phase sample are all given a screen questionnaire. They are then stratified on the basis of the results of the screen (usually, but not necessarily, using two strata—likely cases and likely non-cases) and subsampled for a second-phase diagnostic interview. This is the major topic of the third section. If we are interested in modelling patterns of risk, however, we are not usually merely interested in describing patterns of association. Typically we want to know if genetic or environmental exposures have a causal effect on the development of illness. Similarly, a clinician is concerned with answers to the question ‘What is the causal effect of treatment on outcome?’ How do we define a causal effect? How do we measure or estimate it? How do we design studies in order that we can get a valid estimate of a causal effect of treatment? Here we are concerned with the design and analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This is the focus of the fourth section of the present chapter. Finally, at the end of this chapter pointers are given to where the interested reader might find other relevant and useful material on psychiatric statistics.
Structural magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Suckling J. , Bullmore E. T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile and evolving technology for visualizing the structure, function, and metabolism of the living human brain. All kinds of MRI data can be acquired without exposing subjects to ionizing radiation or radioactive isotopes. Installing the hardware for MRI represents a major capital investment, of approximately £1.5 million. For these three reasons of versatility, safety, and (relative) affordability, MRI continues to be the dominant brain-imaging technique in psychiatric practice and research. In this chapter, we introduce the principles and practicalities of MRI and describe common methods of structural MRI data acquisition and analysis. Chapter 2.3.8 on functional MRI provides greater detail on statistical issues arising in image analysis.
Neuronal networks, epilepsy, and other brain dysfunctions
Authors: Jefferys John G. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of highly interconnected networks of neurones are fundamental to both normal and pathological functioning of the brain. Epilepsy is perhaps the most dramatic example of a dysfunctional neuronal network, characterized by intense and highly synchronous neuronal activity, but more subtle dysfunction is associated with other conditions, such as schizophrenia. This chapter will largely focus on the hippocampus, and to a lesser degree on the neocortex. The hippocampal formation is implicated in several important psychiatric and neurological problems. The hippocampus and amygdala are often the site of epileptic foci, which can lead to problems in learning and memory, emotion, anxiety, and other problems. This kind of epilepsy is variously known as temporal lobe epilepsy, complex partial seizures, or limbic epilepsy. The hippocampus and associated limbic areas have been linked both to affective disorders and to psychoses. This chapter will consider the cellular organization of the hippocampus and then outline aspects of the emergent properties of neuronal networks in the hippocampus and speculative role in psychiatric disorders. Cellular and network mechanisms of focal epilepsy, and learning impairments associated with limbic epilepsy will be reviewed.
Dementia due to HIV disease
Authors: Maj Mario 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The first description of a syndrome consisting of cognitive, motor, and behavioural disturbances in patients with AIDS was published in 1986. The syndrome was named ‘AIDS dementia complex’. In 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the term ‘HIV-associated dementia’, pointing out that subclinical or mild cognitive and/or motor dysfunctions without impairment of performance in daily living activities cannot be subsumed under the term ‘dementia’. The expression ‘mild cognitive/motor disorder’ was proposed for those conditions. The same distinction was made in 1991 by the American Academy of Neurology, which identified an ‘HIV-associated dementia complex’ and an ‘HIV-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder’. The present chapter focuses on the dementia syndrome associated with HIV infection.
The management of dementia
Authors: Taylor John-Paul , Fleminger Simon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term dementia is used in two different ways. First there are the dementias. These are diseases that cause progressive and diffuse cerebral damage, of which Alzheimer's disease is the most common. Second, dementia can be used to refer to a clinical syndrome. Thus dementia is ‘an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory, and personality, but without impairment of consciousness’. For clinicians this is the preferred usage, and the one adopted in this chapter. It demands that the cause of the dementia is explored, and makes no comment on the likely prognosis. This chapter will focus on the management of dementia regardless of the cause; however given the burden of dementia in older age, the discussion will be invariably, but not exclusively, slanted towards the management of dementia in this age group. Aspects of management specific to individual diseases which produce dementia will be avoided. In addition, a discourse on the management of cognitive and memory problems is excluded as these are described elsewhere (see Chapters 2.5.4 and 6.2.7). Patients who suffer the dementia before 18 years of age will, by and large, not be included; their needs are often best met by services provided for people with intellectual disability.
Opioids: heroin, methadone, and buprenorphine
Authors: Mayet Soraya , Winstock Adam R. , Strang John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOpioid dependence is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder affecting a large proportion of people throughout the world with severe physical, psychological, and social consequences. Opioid overdose and spread of blood borne viruses are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Assessment of opioid use and dependence should be systematic and confirmation of dependence is of paramount importance before initiating treatment. The prescription of substitute opioids should be managed carefully to prevent harm, diversion to others and improve safety. Management of opioid dependence can greatly improve outcomes and may be based on opioid maintenance stabilization or detoxification combined with psychosocial interventions.
The clinical neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Authors: Harvey Philip D. , Bowie Christopher R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractImpairments in a variety of cognitive functions are found in patients with schizophrenia. These impairments affect a wide array of different cognitive abilities and are often quite severe, when compared to standards based on healthy individuals of the same age, education levels, and gender. Cognitive impairments appear to be present across the lifespan, detectable at the time of the first treatment episode, if not before, and to manifest a generally stable course over time. Although the current knowledge base regarding cognition in schizophrenia is quite broad, additional research information is constantly accruing. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the domains, severity, and course of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, with a focus on functional relevance and treatment possibilities.
Epidemiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Jablensky Assen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAfter nearly a century of epidemiological research, essential questions about the nature and causes of schizophrenia still await answers. Two major conclusions stand out. ♦ The clinical syndrome of schizophrenia is robust and can be identified in diverse populations, regardless of wide-ranging demographic, ecological, and cultural differences among them. This suggests that a common pathophysiology is likely to underlie the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. On balance, the evidence suggests that schizophrenia incidence and disease risk show relatively modest variation at the level of large population aggregates. However, the study of ‘atypical’ populations or pockets of very high or very low frequency of schizophrenia, such as in genetic isolates or minority groups, may provide novel clues to the aetiology and pathogenesis of disorder. ♦ No single environmental risk factor of major effect on the incidence of schizophrenia has yet been discovered. Further studies using large samples are required to evaluate potential risk factors, antecedents, and predictors for which the present evidence is inconclusive. Assuming that methodological pitfalls will be avoided by risk-factor epidemiology, and that multiple environmental risk factors of small to moderate effect will eventually be identified, the results will complement those of genetic research which also implicate multiple genes and networks. All this suggests that the key to understanding schizophrenia is likely to be in the unraveling of complex gene-environment interactions.
Acute and transient psychotic disorders
Authors: Garrabé J. , Cousin F.-R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe heterogeneous group of acute and transient psychotic disorders are characterized by three typical features, listed below in descending order of priority: ♦ suddenness of onset (within 2 weeks or less); ♦ presence of typical syndromes with polymorphic (changing and variable) or schizophrenic symptoms; ♦ presence of associated acute stress (stressful events such as bereavement, job loss, psychological trauma, etc.). The onset of the disorder is manifested by an obvious change to an abnormal psychotic state. This is considered to be abrupt when it occurs within 48 h or less. Abrupt onset often indicates a better outcome. Full recovery occurs within 3 months and often in a shorter time (a few days or weeks). However, a small number of patients develop persistent and disabling states. The general (G) criteria for these acute disorders in DCR-10 (Diagnostic Criteria Research of ICD) are as follows. G1 There is acute onset of delusions, hallucinations, incomprehensible or incoherent speech, or any combination of these. The time interval between the first appearance of any psychotic symptoms and the presentation of the fully developed disorder should not exceed 2 weeks. G2 If transient states of perplexity, misidentification, or impairment of attention and concentration are present, they do not fulfil the criteria for organically caused clouding of consciousness as specified for F05, criterion A. G3 The disorder does not satisfy the symptomatic criteria for manic episode (F30), depressive episode (F32), or recurrent depressive disorder (F33). G4 There is insufficient evidence of recent psychoactive substance use to satisfy the criteria for intoxication (F1x.0), harmful use (F1x.1), dependence (F1x.2), or withdrawal states (F1x.3 and F1x.4). The continued moderate and largely unchanged use of alcohol or drugs in the amounts or with the frequency to which the individual is accustomed does not necessarily exclude the use of F23; this must be decided by clinical judgement and the requirements of the research project in question. G5 There must be no organic mental disorder (F00–F09) or serious metabolic disturbances affecting the central nervous system (this does not include childbirth). (This is the most commonly used exclusion clause.) A fifth character should be used to specify whether the acute onset of the disorder is associated with acute stress (occurring 2 weeks or less before evidence of first psychotic symptoms): ♦ F23.x0 without associated acute stress and ♦ F23.x1 with associated acute stress. For research purposes it is recommended that change of the disorder from a non-psychotic to a clearly psychotic state is further specified as either abrupt (onset within 48 h) or acute (onset in more than 48 h but less than 2 weeks). Six categories of acute psychoses are presented in ICD-10, and we shall discuss them in order.
Neurobiological aetiology of mood disorders
Authors: Goodwin Guy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNeurobiology provides an explanation of behaviour or experience at the level, either of systems of neurones or individual cells. The current era of progress is driven by contemporary cognitive neuroscience and a rapid evolution in the platform technologies of imaging and genetics. These will allow us to improve our accounts of the functional anatomy of the component elements of mood and its disorder, their functional neurochemistry and, in all probability, give meaning to what a cellular account of depressive illness may eventually describe. This chapter will offer a partial and personal view of these developments to date. There are now authoritative models of causation in mood disorder, established from well designed, large-scale twin studies (see Chapter 4.5.5). These inform the classical formulation of mood disorder as requiring a vulnerability, a precipitating factor or factors, and maintaining factors which prevent spontaneous recovery. Neurobiology will be addressed under these headings.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ehlers Anke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractClinicians have long noted that traumatic events can lead to severe psychological disturbance. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, railway disasters, the World Wars, and the Holocaust prompted systematic descriptions of the symptoms associated with traumatic stress reactions. These include the spontaneous re-experiencing of aspects of the traumatic events, startle responses, irritability, impairment in concentration and memory, disturbed sleep, distressing dreams, depression, phobias, guilt, psychic numbing, and multiple somatic symptoms. A variety of labels were used to describe these reactions including ‘fright neurosis’, ‘combat/war neurosis’, ‘shell shock’, ‘survivor syndrome’, and ‘nuclearism’. This chapter covers clinical features of post-traumatic stress disorder, classification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, prevalence, comorbidity of PTSD with other disorders, aetiology, course and prognosis, treatment, and finally advice on management.
Social anxiety disorder and specific phobias
Authors: Blackmore Michelle A. , Erwin Brigette A. , Heimberg Richard G. , Magee Leanne , Fresco David M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs our classification systems have been refined, we have come to view social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and specific phobias as distinct disorders, with divergent patterns of prevalence, aetiology, and course. Moreover, treatments for these disorders have become increasingly sophisticated. This chapter presents an overview of the current state of the field with regard to social anxiety disorder and specific phobias.