bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enveloped virus‐like particles as vaccines against pathogenic arboviruses
Authors: Pijlman Gorben P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractArthropod‐borne arboviruses form a continuous threat to human and animal health, but few arboviral vaccines are currently available. Advances in expression technology for complex, enveloped virus‐like particles (eVLPs) create new opportunities to develop potent vaccines against pathogenic arboviruses. In this short review, I highlight the successes and challenges in eVLP production for members of the three major arbovirus families: Flaviviridae (e.g., dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis); Bunyaviridae (e.g., Rift Valley fever); and Togaviridae (e.g., chikungunya). The results from pre‐clinical testing will be discussed as well as specific constraints to the large‐scale manufacture and purification of eVLPs, which are complex assemblies of membranes and viral glycoproteins. Insect cells emerge as ideal substrates for correct arboviral glycoprotein folding and posttranslational modification to yield high quality eVLPs. Furthermore, baculovirus expression in insect cell culture is scalable and has a proven safety record in industrial human and veterinary vaccine manufacturing. In conclusion, eVLPs produced in insect cells using modern biotechnology have a realistic potential to be used in novel vaccines against arboviral diseases.
Salts employed in hydrophobic interaction chromatography can change protein structure – insights from protein‐ligand interaction thermodynamics, circular dichroism spectroscopy and small angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Komaromy Andras Z. , Kulsing Chadin , Boysen Reinhard I. , Hearn Milton T. W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractKey requirements of protein purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) are preservation of the tertiary/quaternary structure, maintenance of biological function, and separation of the correctly folded protein from its unfolded forms or aggregates. This study examines the relationship between the HIC retention behavior of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) in high concentrations of several kosmotropic salts and its conformation, assessed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Further, the physicochemical properties of HEWL in the presence of high concentrations of ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride and magnesium chloride were investigated by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) at different temperatures. Radii of gyration were extrapolated from Guinier approximations and the indirect transform program GNOM with protein‐protein interaction and contrast variation taken into account. A bead model simulation provided information on protein structural changes using ab initio reconstruction with GASBOR. These results correlated to the secondary structure content obtained from CD spectroscopy of HEWL. These changes in SAXS and CD data were consistent with heat capacity ΔCp‐values obtained from van't Hoff plot analyses of the retention data. Collectively, these insights enable informed decisions to be made on the choice of chromatographic conditions, leading to improved separation selectivity and opportunities for innovative column‐assisted protein refolding methods.
Controversies in bariatric surgery
Authors: O'Brien P E 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
There are many controversies related to bariatric surgery. This review explores selected areas.

Methods
A combination of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and expert opinion have been brought together to highlight areas of importance or conflict.

Results and Conclusion
Metabolic surgery is an increasingly preferred term rather than bariatric or obesity surgery. Reporting should be standardized to include appropriate weight measures, valid disease measures and data on loss to follow-up. There are many putative mechanisms of effect of key bariatric procedures, but satiety and early satiation appear central. Weight loss must be durable. Long-term outcome studies (more than 10-year follow-up) show that biliopancreatic diversion is most effective, with 72 per cent excess weight loss (EWL). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are equally effective, with 54 per cent EWL. There are no long-term data on vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Type II diabetes is a common and serious disease, usually associated with increased weight. Multiple RCTs have shown that bariatric surgery provides clear benefits over continuing with non-surgical therapies. The earlier the treatment, the more likely and durable will be the remission. Bariatric surgery should be available to all who are obese (body mass index over 30 kg/m2). LAGB, a safe, effective, reversible outpatient procedure, is the author's preferred primary option.
Mechanosensitive Membrane Probes
Authors: Dal Molin Marta , Verolet Quentin , Soleimanpour Saeideh , Matile Stefan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article assembles pertinent insights behind the concept of planarizable push–pull probes. As a response to the planarization of their polarized ground state, a red shift of their excitation maximum is expected to report on either the disorder, the tension, or the potential of biomembranes. The combination of chromophore planarization and polarization contributes to various, usually more complex processes in nature. Examples include the color change of crabs or lobsters during cooking or the chemistry of vision, particularly color vision. The summary of lessons from nature is followed by an overview of mechanosensitive organic materials. Although often twisted and sometimes also polarized, their change of color under pressure usually originates from changes in their crystal packing. Intriguing exceptions include the planarization of several elegantly twisted phenylethynyl oligomers and polymers. Also mechanosensitive probes in plastics usually respond to stretching by disassembly. True ground‐state planarization in response to molecular recognition is best exemplified with the binding of thoughtfully twisted cationic polythiophenes to single‐ and double‐stranded oligonucleotides. Molecular rotors, en vogue as viscosity sensors in cells, operate by deplanarization of the first excited state. Pertinent recent examples are described, focusing on λ‐ratiometry and intracellular targeting. Complementary to planarization of the ground state with twisted push–pull probes, molecular rotors report on environmental changes with quenching or shifts in emission rather than absorption. The labeling of mechanosensitive channels is discussed as a bioengineering approach to bypass the challenge to create molecular mechanosensitivity and use biological systems instead to sense membrane tension. With planarizable push–pull probes, this challenge is met not with twistome screening, but with “fluorescent flippers,” a new concept to insert large and bright monomers into oligomeric probes to really feel the environment and also shine when twisted out of conjugation.
Carbon Dots (C‐dots) from Cow Manure with Impressive Subcellular Selectivity Tuned by Simple Chemical Modification
Authors: D'Angelis do E. S. Barbosa Cintya , Corrêa José R. , Medeiros Gisele A. , Barreto Gabrielle , Magalhães Kelly G. , de Oliveira Aline L. , Spencer John , Rodrigues Marcelo O. , Neto Brenno A. D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractImproved cellular selectivity for nucleoli staining was achieved by simple chemical modification of carbon dots (C‐dots) synthesized from waste carbon sources such as cow manure (or from glucose). The C‐dots were characterized and functionalized (amine‐passivated) with ethylenediamine, affording amide bonds that resulted in bright green fluorescence. The new modified C‐dots were successfully applied as selective live‐cell fluorescence imaging probes with impressive subcellular selectivity and the ability to selectively stain nucleoli in breast cancer cell lineages (MCF‐7). The C‐dots were also tested in four other cellular models and showed the same cellular selection in live‐cell imaging experiments.
Immobilization and Continuous Recycling of Photoredox Catalysts in Ionic Liquids for Applications in Batch Reactions and Flow Systems: Catalytic Alkene Isomerization by Using Visible Light
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Rueping Magnus 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA catalytic (E)‐ to (Z)‐isomerization of olefins using a photoredox catalyst under mild reaction conditions is presented. A variety of (Z)‐alkenes can be prepared in the presence of visible light. A new reaction system allows an easy and efficient scale‐up, as well as a continuous flow process in which the photocatalyst is immobilized in an ionic liquid and continuously recycled by simple phase separation.
Saccharin‐Based μ‐Oxo Imidoiodane: A Readily Available and Highly Reactive Reagent for Electrophilic Amination
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Koski Steven R. , Fuchs Jonathan M. , Saito Akio , Nemykin Victor N. , Zhdankin Viktor V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree new saccharin‐based hypervalent iodine compounds were prepared by the reaction of saccharine with (diacetoxyiodo)arenes or acetoxybenziodoxole. Structures of these new imidoiodanes were established by X‐ray crystallography. The saccharin‐based μ‐oxo‐bridged imidoiodane readily reacts with silyl enol ethers under mild conditions to give the corresponding α‐aminated carbonyl compounds in moderate yields.
Role of a 12‐Lead Electrocardiogram in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Tamponade as Diagnosed by Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients With Malignant Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Argula Rahul G. , Negi Smita I. , Banchs Jose , Yusuf Syed Wamique 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundFew studies have looked at the utility of the 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in diagnosing cardiac tamponade in malignant pericardial effusion (PE). The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 12‐lead ECG in diagnosing cardiac tamponade in PE.HypothesisAbnormalities on a 12 lead ECG can be used to diagnose or exclude cardiac tamponade in patients with malignant PE.MethodsUsing echocardiography as the gold standard for diagnosis of cardiac tamponade, we determined the Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV for individual and combinations of the 3 ECG abnormalities (low‐voltage complexes, electrical alternans, and sinus tachycardia).ResultsFor PEs of all sizes, the Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV for detecting cardiac tamponade were: low‐voltage complexes (56%, 74%, 81%, 46%), electrical alternans (23%, 98%, 95%, 39%), and sinus tachycardia (76%, 60%, 79%, 56%), respectively. Presence of all 3 and any of the 3 ECG abnormalities had a Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV of 8%, 100%, 100%, 36% and 89%, 47%, 77%, 69%, respectively, for cardiac tamponade. The odds ratios for cardiac tamponade in PE were 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65‐8.30) for low‐voltage complexes, 12.3 (95% CI: 1.58‐95.17) for electrical alternans, and 4.9 (95% CI: 2.22‐10.80) for sinus tachycardia. Presence of any of 3 ECG abnormalities had an odds ratio of 7.3 (95% CI: 2.9‐18.1) for cardiac tamponade.ConclusionsIn malignant PE, combination of ECG abnormalities can supplement clinical examination in the diagnosis of echocardiographic cardiac tamponade. Due to its low NPV, 12‐lead ECG cannot be used as a screening tool to exclude cardiac tamponade with malignant PE.
Interfacial Nanobubbles on Atomically Flat Substrates with Different Hydrophobicities
Authors: Wang Xingya , Zhao Binyu , Ma Wangguo , Wang Ying , Gao Xingyu , Tai Renzhong , Zhou Xingfei , Zhang Lijuan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe dependence of the morphology of interfacial nanobubbles on atomically flat substrates with different wettability ranges was investigated by using PeakForce quantitative nanomechanics. Interfacial nanobubbles were formed and imaged on silicon nitride (Si3N4), mica, and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates that were partly covered by reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The contact angles and sizes of those nanobubbles were measured under the same conditions. Nanobubbles with the same lateral width exhibited different heights on the different substrates, with the order Si3N4≈mica>rGO>HOPG, which is consistent with the trend of the hydrophobicity of the substrates.
A Silver‐Free, Reflective Substrate Electrode for Electron Extraction in Top‐Illuminated Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Tyler Martin S. , Hutter Oliver S. , Walker Dr Marc , Hatton Dr Ross A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe choice of metals suitable as the reflective substrate electrode for top‐illuminated organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is extremely limited. Herein, we report a novel substrate electrode for this class of OPV architecture based on an Al | Cu | AlOx triple‐layer structure, which offers a reflectivity comparable to that of Al over the wavelength range 400–900 nm, a work function suitable for efficient electron extraction in OPVs and high stability towards oxidation. In addition to demonstrating the advantage of this composite electrode over Al in model top‐illuminated OPVs, we also present the results of a photoelectron spectroscopy study, which show that an oxidised 0.8 nm Al layer deposited by thermal evaporation onto an Al | Cu reflective substrate electrode is sufficient to block oxidation of the underlying Cu by air or during deposition of a ZnO1−x electron‐transport layer. This is remarkable given that the self‐limiting oxide thickness on Al metal is greater than 2 nm.
Measurement of Vector Magnetic Properties of a Nonoriented Electrical Steel Sheet under Shear Stress
Authors: Kai Yuichiro , Enokizono Masato , Kido Yukihito 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYIt is well known that the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets are influenced strongly by mechanical stress. We have measured the residual stress distribution with an X‐ray stress measurement device and clarified not only the tensile and compressive stress but also the shear stress in a rotating machine core. In particular, the influence of the shear stress on the magnetic properties has not previously been reported. We attempt to develop a new system for measurement of vector magnetic properties under shear stress. This paper presents a mechanism for applying shear stress and the measured vector magnetic properties of nonoriented electrical steel sheet under shear stress. These results indicate that the difference in the vector magnetic properties of the nonoriented electrical steel sheets depended on the shear stress.
Permanent Magnet Motor Torsional Resonance Noise Reduction by Rotor Skew Phase Adjustment
Authors: Arata Masanori , Takahashi Norio , Mochizuki Motoyasu , Araki Takashi , Hanai Takashi 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYHybrid Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) improve drive efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions by regenerative braking and operating the engine under optimum conditions. It is desirable to decrease the motor size and increase the maximum torque to minimize driving units. For these purposes, motors employing permanent magnets are now commonly used. The motor driving systems of HEVs and EVs must operate over variable speed ranges of up to 1:5. Over this large range, smooth, silent operation is desirable and important. The skew method is often adopted to ensure a smooth start and stop and silent operation by reducing torque ripple. However, this method possibly causes noise and motor vibration. This paper describes the mechanism of torsional resonance noise and vibrations arising from the skew method and a countermeasure to decrease them by optimizing the skew phase distribution on the rotating axis.
PDM Control Method for a Matrix Converter Converting Several‐Hundred‐kHz Single‐Phase Input to Commercial Frequency Three‐Phase Output
Authors: Nakata Yuki , Itoh Jun‐Ichi 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYThis paper discusses pulse density modulation (PDM) control methods for a single‐phase to three‐phase matrix converter (MC) in high‐frequency applications. The proposed circuit is used as an interface converter for a wireless power transfer system. This converter can input a frequency of several hundred kilohertz and output a low frequency, that is, 50 Hz or 60 Hz, for a commercial power grid. The proposed circuit implements zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation by using PDM control methods and obtains high efficiency. In this paper, two PDM control strategies are compared: delta–sigma conversion and the PDM pattern generation method based on space vector modulation (SVM), which is proposed here. Also, the experimental results obtained with the proposed system will be presented and discussed. The total harmonic distortions (THDs) of the output voltage with delta–sigma conversion and the PDM pattern generation method based on SVM are found to be 5.96% and 2.15%, respectively. In addition, the maximum efficiencies with delta–sigma conversion and the PDM control based on SVM are 93.4% and 97.3%, respectively. From the results, the validity of the PDM control based on SVM has been confirmed for improvement of the output waveforms and reduction of the switching loss.
Controlled Synthesis of Phase‐Pure Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Co‐ZIF‐9
Authors: Öztürk Zafer , Hofmann Jan P. , Lutz Martin , Mazaj Matjaž , Logar Nataša Zabukovec , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of phase‐pure Co‐ZIF‐9, an important cobalt‐based zeolitic imidazolate framework, could be achieved by modification of the reported synthesis procedure through pH adjustment of the starting synthesis mixture. The phase‐pure Co‐ZIF‐9 material obtained has been characterized by a combination of UV/Vis, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy as well as by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and XRD and possesses a lower overall crystallinity. This can be explained by the addition of the base for the pH adjustment method. On the basis of these findings, a synthesis pathway for the formation of the secondary phase, cobalt formate, is proposed along with its relationship to the flexibility of the coordination environment of cobalt ions. The crystal structures of both phases have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, and the resolved structures also reflect the coordination flexibility of the framework cobalt ions.
Further Insight into Uranium and Thorium Metaphosphate Chemistry and the Effect of Nd3+ Incorporation into Uranium(IV) Metaphosphate
Authors: Yu Na , Klepov Vladislav V. , Neumeier Stefan , Depmeier Wulf , Bosbach Dirk , Suleimanov Evgeny V. , Alekseev Evgeny V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA tetragonal modification of uranium polymetaphosphate U(PO3)4, a mixed U4+/Nd3+ polymetaphosphate “(U0.62Nd0.38)(PO3)4”, and two new tetraphosphates, Th(P4O12) and U(P4O12), were synthesized. The structures of the obtained materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The presence of Nd in (U0.62Nd0.38)(PO3)4 was proven by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the measured degree of substitution for U agrees well with the X‐ray crystallography results; however, the mechanism of the necessary charge compensation could not be identified. The cation arrangements in the crystal structures of thorium and uranium polymetaphosphates have been studied in terms of Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra. Different conformations of the tetraphosphate polyanions were observed in the crystal structures of Th(P4O12) and U(P4O12). The Raman spectrum of a single crystal of Th(P4O12) was recorded, and the bands were assigned.
Three Alkali Metal Lead Orthophosphates – Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of APbPO4 (A = K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Huang Shengshi , Jing Qun , Han Jian , Pan Shilie , Wu Hongping , Yang Zhihua 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree alkali metal lead orthophosphates, APbPO4 (A = K, Rb, Cs), have been synthesized by conventional solid‐state reaction. The single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses revealed that they crystallize in the same space group, Pnma (No. 62), but they are not all isostructural. APbPO4 (A = K, Rb) are isostructural, and the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of RbPbPO4 (representative) consists of [Pb1|Rb1O4]∞ chains connected with isolated PO4 tetrahedra, the Pb2|Rb2 atoms filling the pore space. The 3D structure of CsPbPO4 consists of another kind of chains, [PbO4]∞, connected with isolated PO4 tetrahedra, and the Cs atoms reside in the channel. Thermal, IR spectroscopy, and UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analyses have also been performed. In addition, first‐principle theoretical studies were carried out to aid in the understanding of the electronic structures and the projected density of states of CsPbPO4.
Intercalative Ion‐Exchange Route to Amino Acid Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids and Their Sorption Properties
Authors: Choi Goeun , Yang Jae‐Hun , Park Ga‐Young , Vinu Ajayan , Elzatahry Ahmad , Yo Chul Hyun , Choy Jin‐Ho 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Jin‐Ho Choy at the Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea. The cover image shows that the present nanohybrid “Pac‐Man” cleans up the earth after an emission of greenhouse gas that threatens to cause global warming.
Influence of genotype on the fatty acids composition of virgin olive oils from advanced selections obtained by crosses between Arbequina, Picual, and Frantoio cultivars along the ripening process
Authors: Sánchez de Medina Verónica , Calderón‐Santiago Mónica , El Riachy Milad , Priego‐Capote Feliciano , Luque de Castro María Dolores 
Published: February 2015

The aim of this research was to study the influence of the ripening stage of olive fruits and genotype on the composition of esterified fatty acids (EFAs) and non esterified FAs (NEFAs) in virgin olive oils (VOOs) from advanced selections obtained by crosses between Arbequina, Picual, and Frantoio cultivars. For this purpose, a method based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) was used to estimate the percent of each type of FAs. Principal Component Analysis was applied to find clustering of samples attending to the ripening stages. Discrimination was observed for VOOs associated to early and advanced ripening stages according to the concentration of FAs. The contribution of ripening and genotype to explain the variability in the concentration of EFAs and NEFAs was evaluated by ANOVA. Linoleic acid was the FA most influenced by the genotype. The highest genetic variability in FAs composition was observed in the ripening stage in which the fruit color is reddish or light violet, since five EFAs (palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) were significant to explain this effect. Therefore, the interval that lasts this ripening stage is the most appropriate to compare Arbequina, Frantoio, and Picual genotypes in olive breeding programs according to FAs composition.Practical applications: The composition of fatty acids (FAs) is one of the most critical aspects that affect the quality of VOOs, which has been related to balance of the concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs. The results of this study can be used to improve olive oil quality by olive breeding programs.() Dark green to yellow or yellowish–green skin (RI 0–1); () yellowish with reddish spots (RI 2); () reddish or light violet to black (RI 3–4).
Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Biodiesel Synthesis using an Acid‐Tolerant Calcium/Magnesium/Aluminum‐Oxide Hybrid with Improved Hydrophobicity and Dispersibility
Authors: Fan Mingming , Han Qiuju , Zhang Pingbo , Jiang Pingping 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo increase the activity of the CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis, CaO–MgO–Al2O3 was prepared by coprecipitation. CaO, CaO–MgO, and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 were investigated with regard to their dispersibility, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability. The additions of MgO and Al2O3 had a beneficial effect on the activity of the resulting CaO–MgO–Al2O3 catalyst, showing a biodiesel yield of 97.7 % because of the improvements in dispersibility and hydrophobicity. CaO–MgO–Al2O3 gave better acid resistance and better reusability, which is important for potential application in biodiesel production.