bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving reproductive long‐term prognosis for women with a first ectopic pregnancy. A national controlled follow‐up study
Authors: Egerup Pia , Kårhus Line Lund , Skovlund Charlotte Wessel , Lidegaard Øjvind 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe developments in reproductive long‐term prognosis in women with a first ectopic pregnancy as compared with two control cohorts.DesignControlled cohort study.SettingData were collected from four national Danish registries.PopulationAll Danish women of reproductive age (15–49 years) through the period 1977–2009 and all reproductive outcomes in these women.MethodsData were collected from four national Danish registries. Three cohorts of women with a first recorded ectopic pregnancy during the periods 1980–84, 1985–89, and 1990–94, were compared with age‐matched controls with a first miscarriage and a first induced abortion and followed for 15 years for all further pregnancy outcomes.Main outcome measuresPregnancy outcomes included deliveries, miscarriages, induced abortions and ectopic pregnancies.ResultsThe birth rate for women with a first ectopic pregnancy increased significantly through the three cohorts from 85 to 122 deliveries/100 women during the follow‐up period. The risk of miscarriages also increased over time, whereas the risk of further ectopic pregnancies remained unchanged at 22–24 events/100 women. Compared to women with a first miscarriage, the rate ratio for deliveries increased from 0.59 (95% CI 0.56–0.63) to 0.71 (95% CI 0.68–0.75) over the time covering the three cohorts.ConclusionThe long‐term delivery rate among women with a first ectopic pregnancy has improved significantly over time.
Evaluating the functional net value of pharmacologic agents in treating irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Shah E. , Pimentel M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe recent FDA provisional endpoint incorporates a one‐tailed measure of improvement for IBS based on the underlying motility complaint. However, motility exists along a spectrum. Patients may experience diarrhoea resulting from therapy for their constipation‐predominant IBS (IBS‐C) or constipation during treatment for diarrhoea‐predominant IBS (IBS‐D), but still meet a unidirectional motility‐based FDA endpoint.AimTo weigh the reported efficacy of existing therapies based on patient‐reported outcomes with negative intestinal side effects in controlled clinical trial data.MethodsWe analysed the difference between ‘attributable risk’ of efficacy based on number needed to treat (NNT) in the literature and percentage of adverse events (AE) of opposite intestinal complaints in placebo‐controlled trials identified through a literature search of IBS trials. This calculation was coined ‘functional net value’ (FNV) or net benefit of the given drug.ResultsFor treating IBS‐C, lubiprostone caused diarrhoea in excess of placebo in 3.9% of patients, leading to a FNV of 3.9 percentage units. Linaclotide caused diarrhoea in 15.3% resulting in negative FNV (−1.0 percentage unit). For IBS‐D, alosetron and tricyclic anti‐depressants caused constipation among a respective 16.9% and 13.0% resulting in a FNV of −3.6 and −0.5 percentage units. Among all therapies, only rifaximin did not cause the adverse event opposite the underlying motility complaint and the drug only had benefit, not detriment.ConclusionsFunctional net value (FNV) offers a method of evaluating the net benefit of a drug in IBS. Most IBS treatments have a negative effect on IBS that exceeds the benefits.
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BYL719, a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase antagonist, in adult patients with advanced solid malignancies
Authors: De Buck Stefan S. , Jakab Annamaria , Boehm Markus , Bootle Douglas , Juric Dejan , Quadt Cornelia , Goggin Timothy K. 
Published: March 2014

AimsThe aim was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of BYL719 in cancer patients and assess the time course of tumour response in relation to drug exposure and dosing schedule.MethodsPlasma samples and longitudinal tumour size measurements were collected from 60 patients with advanced solid malignancies who received oral BYL719 once daily (30–450 mg) or twice daily at 120 mg or 200 mg. Non‐linear mixed effect modelling was employed to develop the population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model.ResultsThe pharmacokinetics were best described by a one compartment disposition model and transit compartments accounting for the lag time in absorption. The typical population oral clearance and volume of distribution estimates with their between‐subject variability (BSV) were 10 l h−1 (BSV 26%) and 108 l (BSV 28%), respectively. The estimated optimal number of transit compartments was 8.1, with a mean transit time to the absorption compartment of 1.28 h (BSV 32%). The between‐occasion variability in the rate and extent of absorption was 46% and 26%, respectively. Tumour growth was modelled using a turnover model characterized by a zero order growth rate of 0.581 cm week1 and a first order death rate of 0.0123 week−1. BYL719 inhibited tumour growth with an IC50 of 100 ng ml−1 (BSV 154%). Model‐based predictions showed potential for additional anti‐tumour activity of twice daily dosing at total daily dose below 400 mg, but a loss of efficacy if administered less frequently than once daily.ConclusionsThe proposed model provides a valuable approach for planning future clinical studies and for designing optimized dosing regimens with BYL719.
Combined effects of labile and recalcitrant carbon on short‐term availability of nitrogen in intensified arable soil
Authors: San Emeterio L. , Canals R. M. , Herman D. J. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn sustainable agriculture, returns of organic materials to soil have a major impact on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover, but their effect on the final availability ofNto crops is difficult to quantify, and the nature of theCsource is usually neglected in predictive models. We investigated the individual and combined effects of labile sugars and phenolic acids on soil microbial processes related to theNcycle. Gross rates ofNtransformations were measured by using15Nisotope dilution after the addition to the soil of glucose, phenols and of an extract of the common catch cropLolium multiflorum. Whatever the nature of the organicCadded, a decrease in the availability of the soil ammonium pool was observed. This result was a response to two contrasting mechanisms: (i) a fuelling of microbial growth after the addition of glucose and (ii) a decline in microbial growth and a tendency toward depression of grossNtransformations after the addition of phenols. We also observed a suppression of nitrification potential with the addition ofLoliumextract and with phenolics added in combination with glucose. These mechanisms may reduce nitrate loss, but may have an adverse short‐term effect onN‐availability. We conclude that all carbon additions help to retain inorganicNin the short term, but the timing ofNrelease to the following crop depends on the final outcome of the divergent microbial dynamics that may come into play.
Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study
Authors: Bartolino Valerio , Margonski Piotr , Lindegren Martin , Linderholm Hans. W. , Cardinale Massimiliano , Rayner David , Wennhage Håkan , Casini Michele 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClimate change and anthropogenic disturbances may affect marine populations and ecosystems through multiple pathways. In this study we present a framework in which we integrate existing models and knowledge on basic regulatory processes to investigate the potential impact of future scenarios of fisheries exploitation and climate change on the temporal dynamics of the central Baltic herring stock. Alternative scenarios of increasing sea surface temperature and decreasing salinity of the Baltic Sea from a global climate model were combined with two alternative fishing scenarios, and their direct and ecosystem‐mediated effects (i.e., through predation by cod and competition with sprat) on the herring population were evaluated for the period 2010–2050. Gradual increase in temperature has a positive impact on the long‐term productivity of the herring stock, but it has the potential to enhance the recovery of the herring stock only in combination with sustainable fisheries management (i.e., Fmsy). Conversely, projections of herring spawning stock biomass (SSB) were generally low under elevated fishing mortality levels (Fhigh), comparable with those experienced by the stock during the 1990s. Under the combined effects of long‐term warming and high fishing mortality uncertainty in herring SSB projections was higher and increasing for the duration of the forecasts, suggesting a synergistic effect of fishery exploitation and climate forcing on fish populations dynamics. Our study shows that simulations of long‐term fish dynamics can be an informative tool to derive expectations of the potential long‐term impact of alternative future scenarios of exploitation and climate change.
Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996–2007
Authors: Busby M. S. , Duffy‐Anderson J. T. , Mier K. L. , De Forest L. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLarval and early juvenile fishes were sampled from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf from 2001 to 2005, and in 2007. Data from these collections were used to examine spatial and temporal patterns in species assemblage structure and abundance. The years 2001–2005 were unusual because the EBS water temperature was ‘warm’ compared with the long‐term mean temperature. In contrast, 2007 was a ‘cold’ year. The abundance of the five most numerous taxa at 12 stations common to all years sampled (1996–2005, 2007) were significantly different among years. Larval and early juvenile stage Theragra chalcogramma (walleye pollock), a commercially important gadid, were by far the most abundant fish in all years. Bottom depth alone best explained assemblage structure in most years, but in others, bottom depth and water column temperature combined and percent sea‐ice coverage were most important. Abundance of T. chalcogramma larvae increases with water column temperature until 5°C and then becomes level. Higher abundances of Gadus macrocephalus (Pacific cod) larvae occur in years with the greatest percent sea‐ice cover as indicated by GAM analysis. Larvae of Lepidopsetta polyxystra (northern rock sole) increase in abundance with increasing maximum wind speed, but decrease at a later date during the last winter storm. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that oceanographic conditions, specifically water temperature and sea‐ice coverage, affect the spatial and temporal pattern of larval abundances. In general, ichthyoplankton species assemblages can be important early indicators of environmental change in the Bering Sea and potentially other subarctic seas as well.
How do patients respond when confronted with telephone access barriers to care?
Authors: Locatelli Sara M. , LaVela Sherri L. , Talbot Mary E. , Davies Michael L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo gain an in‐depth understanding of patient barriers to accessing telephone care, subsequent responses to telephone access issues and recommendations for system improvement within a large integrated health‐care system.Study DesignCross‐sectional qualitative focus group study.MethodsOne focus group was conducted at each of 17 Veterans Affairs facilities with a total of 123 Veteran users of VA health care. All facilities followed a focus group discussion guide, and purposively sampled patients receiving care at their VA facility in primary and/or specialty care. Focus groups' recordings were sent to the authors' independent evaluation centre, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis methodology.ResultsParticipants described many issues with the phone system that resulted in delays to care needs being addressed, including difficulty getting someone to answer the phone, out‐dated phone directories, frequent disconnections and incorrect transfers. Participants most frequently responded to access issues by doing nothing or waiting to contact at a later time, or seeking unscheduled in‐person care in the emergency department or primary care clinic. Participants offered recommendations for improving telephone care, including access to direct extensions, and upgrades to the telephone system.ConclusionsTelephone access issues could result in increased patient harm and/or increased wait times for in‐person primary care or emergency services. Periodic evaluation of telephone systems is necessary to ensure telephone systems adequately meet patient needs while using resources efficiently to optimize the delivery of high quality, safe health care.
Economic Impact of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Surgical Site Infection in Dogs
Authors: Nicoll Catherine , Singh Ameet , Weese J. Scott 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the economic impact of surgical site infection after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.Study DesignRetrospective studyStudy PopulationDogs that had unilateral TPLO and did (n = 32) or did not (controls; 32) develop a surgical site infection.MethodsMedical and billing records were reviewed to identify postoperative care and costs, which were compared between groups.ResultsAge, weight, gender, and initial surgical costs did not differ between groups. Postoperative costs were higher for dogs that developed SSIs ($1559) than for controls ($212, P < .0001), as were number of postoperative recheck visits (P < .0001) and time until final case closure (P = .0002). Dogs with surgical site infection (SSI) returned for a mean (±SD) 4.1 ± 2.9 (range, 1–13) postoperative visits attributable to SSI management: mean outpatient visits 3.0 ± 2.5; mean inpatient stays, 1.2 ± 0.74; and mean hospitalization, 4.3 ± 4.1 days. Postoperative costs attributable to SSI management ranged from $145 to $5022. Implants were removed in 22 (69%) dogs with SSIs. Bacteria were isolated from the surgical site or implant of 23 (72%) dogs with SSIs. There was a significant difference in cost when bacteria were isolated ($1836 versus $853, P = .002), but no impacts on likelihood of implant removal (16/23, 70% versus 6/9, 67%, P = 0.87). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was predominant.ConclusionsSSI after TPLO are associated with a significant cost. These data help quantify those costs, to facilitate a greater understanding of the impact of SSI, and the need for infection control.
Explaining Task Allocation in the EU: ‘Retooling’ Federalism for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Benson David , Jordan Andrew 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFederal theories are once again enjoying renewed interest within European Union studies, where they potentially have multiple uses, including shedding more light on the enduringly puzzling issue of task allocation. Yet their overtly rationalist nature means that they may underestimate the contingent and socially constructed nature of integration principles and norms. One recent theory that tries to adopt a more socially nuanced explanation of task allocation is cryptofederalism. This article further develops its central arguments by adding insights drawn from social constructivism, then applying them to the animal welfare sector – a deeply controversial policy area where task allocation has always proven difficult to explain. It reveals that, once ‘retooled’, cryptofederalism adds a new but incomplete dimension to federal accounts of task allocation. Several scenarios of the potential future relationship between federalism and constructivism are then explored with respect to the changing ‘mosaic’ of European integration theory.
Management of actinic keratosis: a practical report and treatment algorithm from AKTeamTM expert clinicians
Authors: Dréno B. , Amici J.M. , Basset‐Seguin N. , Cribier B. , Claudel J.P. , Richard M.A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundActinic keratoses (AK) are common photo‐induced cutaneous lesions that may progress to invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma and serve as a risk marker for skin cancer. Although numerous studies present the various therapeutic options for AK, publications that can be used to pragmatically guide dermatologists in their daily practice are limited. National and international guidelines have been published, however, they are based on clinical trials with highly selected patient populations and do not always capture the range of patients seen in everyday practice.ObjectiveThe objective of this expert panel of French dermatologists was to present an analysis of AK geared towards everyday practice, to express an informed opinion about most recent treatments, and to propose a treatment algorithm for AK for daily practice in France.MethodsOver a 12 month period, six expert dermatologists in the field of AK (AKTeamTM expert panel) met regularly to formulate an opinion about treatment in everyday practice compared with the analysis of the literature and guidelines published since 1990.ResultsDefinitions, terminology, diagnosis and risk factors were summarized. Data from the literature and current practices related to the initial evaluation, indications for biopsy, therapeutic indications, therapeutic options and effectiveness, monitoring and prevention were discussed. A pragmatic treatment algorithm was formalized according to current data available. This practical algorithm distinguishes between different clinical situations depending on the number of AK, their hyperkeratotic or suspicious nature, and includes cryotherapy, curettage‐electrocoagulation, 5% 5‐fluorouracil, 3% diclofenac sodium, 5% imiquimod, 150 and 500 μg/g ingenol mebutate, lasers, photodynamic therapy and surgery.ConclusionThis up‐to‐date expert opinions about AK and its treatment provide a management strategy and practical treatment algorithm for AK for French dermatologists to use.
Myxobolus neurophilus Guilford 1963 (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae): a common parasite infecting yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell, 1814) in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Scott S J , Griffin M J , Quiniou S , Khoo L , Bollinger T K 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe goal of this study was to identify a myxosporidian parasite infecting the central nervous system of yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell, 1814) observed while investigating a fish kill in Saskatchewan, Canada. Fish were collected from seven different lakes, from two distinct watersheds. Sixty‐four per cent (54/86) of yellow perch contained myxozoan pseudocysts located throughout the spinal cord and brain. Myxospores measured 16.5 μm (range 16.2–16.8) long and 8.2 μm (range 7.9–8.4) wide and contained two pyriform, mildly dissymmetrical, polar capsules measuring 7.7 μm (range 7.3–8.1) long and 2.7 μm (range 2.4–3.0) wide. The polar capsules each contained a single polar filament, with 7–9 turns per polar filament coil. Sequencing of the 18S SSU rDNA gene demonstrated >99% similarity to Myxobolus neurophilus. In 60% of infected fish, there was a mild to moderate, non‐suppurative myelitis or encephalitis, or both, associated with myxospores. Axonal degeneration was present in rare cases. These findings extend the geographical distribution of M. neurophilus and suggest it may be widespread in yellow perch populations in Saskatchewan.
Maternal perceptions of sibling adaptation in Korean families of children with Down syndrome
Authors: Choi H. , Van Riper M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is estimated that more than 500 infants with Down syndrome (DS) are born each year in Korea. DS affects not only these individuals, but family members as well. Some siblings deal successfully with the challenges of living with a child with DS and adapt well while others struggle or fail to adapt. The aims of this descriptive study were to explore how Korean mothers of children with DS perceive the adaptation of their typically developing (TD) children aged 4 to 19 and how family variables contribute to sibling adaptation.MethodThis descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted with 105 Korean mothers.ResultsMost mothers indicated that their TD children were not experiencing psychological or behavioural problems; however, many described problems in the sibling relationship. It was found that family factors (i.e. condition management effort, condition management ability, child's daily life, parental mutuality, family hardiness and social support) were strong predictors of sibling psychological, behavioural and relational adaptation. Demographic characteristics of the child with DS, the mother and the family appeared to significantly influence sibling adaptation.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of familial contexts in understanding sibling adaptation. Knowledge of family factors associated with better adaptation in Korean siblings of child with DS will facilitate the development of culturally appropriate interventions for these children and their families. In addition, an awareness of demographic characteristics associated with sibling adaptation will help health care professionals identify siblings who are at increased risk of experiencing difficulties in adapting.
Hypothalamic KISS1 Expression, Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone and Neurotransmitter Innervation Vary with Stress and Sensitivity in Macaques
Authors: Bethea C. L. , Kim A. , Reddy A. P. , Chin A. , Bethea S. C. , Cameron J. L. 
Published: March 2014

The present study examined the effect of short‐term psychosocial and metabolic stress in a monkey model of stress‐induced amenorrhaea on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. KISS1 expression was determined by in situ hybridisation in the infundibular arcuate nucleus. Downstream of KISS1, gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) axons in lateral areas rostral to the infundibular recess, serum luteinising hormone (LH) and serum oestradiol were measured by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Upstream of KISS1, norepinephrine axons in the rostral arcuate nucleus and serotonin axons in the anterior hypothalamus and periaqueductal grey were measured by immunohistochemistry. Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) characterised as highly stress resilient (HSR) or stress sensitive (SS) were examined. After characterisation of stress sensitivity, monkeys were either not stressed, or mildly stressed for 5 days before euthanasia in the early follicular phase. Stress consisted of 5 days of 20% food reduction in a novel room with unfamiliar conspecifics. There was a significant increase in KISS1 expression in HSR and SS animals in the presence versus absence of stress (P = 0.005). GnRH axon density increased with stress in HSR and SS animals (P = 0.015), whereas LH showed a gradual but nonsignificant increase with stress. Oestradiol trended higher in HSR animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.83). Norepinephrine axon density (marked with dopamine β‐hydroxylase) increased with stress in both HSR and SS groups (P ≤ 0.002), whereas serotonin axon density was higher in HSR compared to SS animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.03). The ratio of dopamine β‐hydroxylase/oestradiol correlated with KISS1 (P = 0.052) and GnRH correlated with serum LH (P = 0.039). In conclusion, oestradiol inhibited KISS1 in the absence of stress, although stress increased norepinephrine, which may over‐ride oestradiol inhibition of KISS1 expression. We speculate that neural pathways transduce stress to KISS1 neurones, which changes their sensitivity to oestradiol.