bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic congruence of parasitic smut fungi (Anthracoidea, Anthracoideaceae) and their host plants (Carex, Cyperaceae): Cospeciation or host‐shift speciation?
Authors: Escudero Marcial 
Published: July 2015

• Premise of the study: Fahrenholz's rule states that common ancestors of extant parasites were parasites of the common ancestors of extant hosts. Consequently, parasite phylogeny should mirror host phylogeny. The smut fungi genus Anthracoidea (Anthracoideaceae) is mainly hosted by species of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae). Whether smut fungi phylogeny mirrors sedge phylogeny is still under debate.• Methods: The nuclear large subunit DNA region (LSU; 57 accessions) from 31 Anthracoidea species and the ITS, ETS, and trnL‐F spacer–trnL intron complex from 41 Carex species were used to infer the phylogenetic history of parasites and their hosts using a maximum likelihood approach. Event‐based and distance‐based cophylogenetic methods were used to test the hypothesis of whether the phylogeny of smut fungi from the genus Anthracoidea matches the phylogeny of the sedge Carex species they host.• Results: Cophylogenetic reconstructions taking into account phylogenetic uncertainties based on event‐based analyses demonstrated that the Anthracoidea phylogeny has significant topological congruence with the phylogeny of their Carex hosts. A distance‐based test was also significant; therefore, the phylogenies of Anthracoide and Carex are partially congruent.• Conclusions: The phylogenetic congruence of Anthracoidea and Carex is partially based on smut fungi species being preferentially hosted by closely related sedges (host conservatism). In addition, many different events rather than only codivergence events are inferred. All of this evidence suggests that host‐shift speciation rather than cospeciation seems to explain the cophylogenetic patterns of Anthracoidea and Carex.
Single-joint Assessment for the Evaluation of Intraarticular Treatment: Responsiveness and Discrimination of the Composite Change Index
Authors: Aalbers Caroline J. , Gerlag Danielle M. , Vervoordeldonk Margriet J. , Tak Paul P. , Landewé Robert B. 
Published: July 2015

Objective.To investigate responsiveness, discrimination, and construct validity of a composite change index (CCI) for the assessment of single-joint involvement in inflammatory arthritis.Methods.Evaluation of standardized response means (SRM), Guyatt effect size, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient in a randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of an intraarticular etanercept injection.Results.The CCI showed a high SRM (1.68) and high Guyatt effect size (2.72). Both visual analog scale of pain and functionality had a moderate Guyatt effect size (2.06, 2.44) and high SRM (0.81, 0.97).Conclusion.This study supports the use of the CCI as a single-joint assessment after single-joint intervention. Clinical trial registration: NTR-1210.
Breastfeeding and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Wang Jing , Zhou Wang , Yin Huabin , Wang Meimei 
Published: July 2015

Objective.Previous studies have examined the association between breastfeeding and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but their results were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to perform a metaanalysis to clarify the effect of breastfeeding on RA risk.Methods.The PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases were searched for relevant studies published up to September 10, 2014. Data were extracted, and multivariable-adjusted OR with 95% CI were pooled in the random-effects model.Results.A total of 6 studies were included in the metaanalysis (RA cases: 1672, sample size: 143,670). Overall, an inverse association between breastfeeding and RA was observed (OR 0.675, 95% CI 0.493–0.924, p = 0.014). In the subgroup analysis, decreased RA risk was also found in both breastfeeding 1–12 months (OR 0.783, 95% CI 0.641–0.957, p = 0.015) and breastfeeding > 12 months (OR 0.579, 95% CI 0.462–0.726, p < 0.0005). Sensitivity analysis and cumulative analysis further strengthened the validity of the results. No publication bias was found in this metaanalysis.Conclusion.This metaanalysis suggests that breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of RA, no matter if breastfeeding time is longer or shorter than 12 months.
Evaluation of Capture Techniques on Lesser Prairie-Chicken Trap Injury and Survival
Authors: Grisham Blake A. , Boal Clint W. , Mitchell Natasia R. , Gicklhorn Trevor S. , Borsdorf Philip K. , Haukos David A. , Dixon Charles E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEthical treatment of research animals is required under the Animal Welfare Act. This includes trapping methodologies that reduce unnecessary pain and duress. Traps used in research should optimize animal welfare conditions within the context of the proposed research study. Several trapping techniques are used in the study of lesser prairie-chickens, despite lack of knowledge of trap injury caused by the various methods. From 2006 to 2012, we captured 217, 40, and 144 lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus using walk-in funnel traps, rocket nets, and drop nets, respectively, in New Mexico and Texas, to assess the effects of capture technique on injury and survival of the species. We monitored radiotagged, injured lesser prairie-chickens 7–65 d postcapture to assess survival rates of injured individuals. Injuries occurred disproportionately among trap type, injury type, and sex. The predominant injuries were superficial cuts to the extremities of males captured in walk-in funnel traps. However, we observed no mortalities due to trapping, postcapture survival rates of injured birds did not vary across trap types, and the daily survival probability of an injured and uninjured bird was ≥99%. Frequency and intensity of injuries in walk-in funnel traps are due to the passive nature of these traps (researcher cannot select specific individuals for capture) and incidental capture of individuals not needed for research. Comparatively, rocket nets and drop nets allow observers to target birds for capture and require immediate removal of captured individuals from the trap. Based on our results, trap injuries would be reduced if researchers monitor and immediately remove birds from walk-in funnels before they injure themselves; move traps to target specific birds and reduce recaptures; limit the number of consecutive trapping days on a lek; and use proper netting techniques that incorporate quick, efficient, trained handling procedures.
Anchoring in Economics: On Frey and Gallus on the Aggregation of Behavioural Anomalies
Authors: Earl Peter E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the research area identified by Frey and Gallus (Aggregate Effects of Behavioral Anomalies: A New Research Area, 2014) and the relationship between it and the choices that economists make. It supports the Frey and Gallus view that, as a consequence of individuals employing external inputs rather than relying upon their own judgemental capacities, the quality of decision-making may differ at the market and macro levels from what has been observed in laboratory experiments. It seeks to forestall potential moves by rational choice theorists to argue that such processes, imposed by competitive pressures, will swiftly eliminate anomalous behaviour. But it questions Frey and Gallus’s use of conventional rational choice theory as the reference point for judging the quality of real-world decisions. It argues that choice is an activity based on evolving sets of habits and rules, rather than based on given preference systems, and that Frey and Gallus’s failure to consider alternative reference points is itself a manifestation of anchoring.
Nonlinear Effects of Financial Sector Development on Iran Economic Growth: With an Emphasis on the Role of Interest Rate
Authors: Gapy Nooshin Khani Gharie , Sobhanian Seyed Mohammad Hadi , Soretz Susanne , Sahabi Bahram 
Published: July 2015

<p class="ber"><a name="OLE_LINK6"></a><a name="OLE_LINK5"></a><span lang="EN-GB">In this paper, a threshold error correction approach is used to analyze whether in various interest rate regimes, the effectivity of financial development indicators on economic growth rate is different or not</span><span lang="EN-GB">. Over the period 1973 – 2007<span>, we show that in high interest rate regime, stock index’s growth rate and growth rate of banking facilities indicator (as financial development indicators), have positive effect on Iran economic growth.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Nevertheless, in low interest rate regime, financial development reduces Iran economic growth. Basically this negative impact can be attributed to negative real interest rate due to high inflation. Furthermore we question whether financial index growth will equally affect economic growth before and after crossing a threshold level. Our results suggest that when threshold variable is considered as banking facilities index, there is no linear relationship between the mentioned index growth and economic growth. However, when the stock index is considered as a threshold variable, passing the threshold level will promote economic growth. </span></p>
Bankruptcy Prediction for Non-Financial Firms of Pakistan
Authors: Roomi Muhammad Sohaib , Ahmad Waqas , Ramzan Muhammad , Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad 
Published: July 2015

In this study we use two models for the measuring of financial status of the non-financial firms which are listed in the Karachi Stock Exchange. The Non-financial companies represent the biggest slice at the Karachi Stock Exchange. The non-financial companies of Pakistan are the total population and sample size is 25 higher and 25 lower capital companies. The technique which used in this study was Convenience sampling technique and all 50 non-financial listed companies at KSE were included to gain deeper insights into this study. The State Bank of Pakistan shows balance sheet analyses of companies, for compiling of data financial reports were used for the years 2007 to 2012. The results of the study showed that Abbas model and Altman’s Z-Score model was a effective tool for checking the financial health of non-financial companies listed at Karachi stock exchange. This study further explores that lower capital firm have more financially distressed companies as compare to high capital non-financial companies listed at KSE.
Relaciones e interacciones parasociales en redes sociales digitales. Una revisión conceptual
Authors: Caro Castaño Lucía 
Published: July 2015

En este trabajo se realiza una actualización de la noción de interacción y relación parasocial, un concepto acuñado originalmente por Horton y Wohl en 1956 para describir la ilusión de interacción recíproca que muchos miembros de las audiencias experimentaban hacia las figuras mediáticas (celebridades y personajes de ficción), especialmente, de la televisión. A partir de la observación de las prácticas comunicativas que desarrollan los usuarios en los medios sociales, se plantea una reformulación de este concepto clásico para adaptarlo al contexto de estos nuevos espacios.Asimismo, se desarrolla una tipología específica de experiencias parasociales en este contexto y se analiza cómo los usuarios negocian la reciprocidad en la vinculación en un espacio marcadamente público como Twitter, mediante políticas de reciprocidad forzosa en la vinculación como la que expresa la etiqueta #SiMeSiguesTeSigo.
Ascent velocity and dynamics of the Fiumicino mud eruption, Rome, Italy
Authors: Vona A. , Giordano G. , De Benedetti A. A. , D'Ambrosio R. , Romano C. , Manga M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn August 2013 drilling triggered the eruption of mud near the international airport of Fiumicino (Rome, Italy). We monitored the evolution of the eruption and collected samples for laboratory characterization of physicochemical and rheological properties. Over time, muds show a progressive dilution with water; the rheology is typical of pseudoplastic fluids, with a small yield stress that decreases as mud density decreases. The eruption, while not naturally triggered, shares several similarities with natural mud volcanoes, including mud componentry, grain‐size distribution, gas discharge, and mud rheology. We use the size of large ballistic fragments ejected from the vent along with mud rheology to compute a minimum ascent velocity of the mud. Computed values are consistent with in situ measurements of gas phase velocities, confirming that the stratigraphic record of mud eruptions can be quantitatively used to infer eruption history and ascent rates and hence to assess (or reassess) mud eruption hazards.
Internal variability of fine‐scale components of meteorological fields in extended‐range limited‐area model simulations with atmospheric and surface nudging
Authors: Separovic Leo , Husain Syed Zahid , Yu Wei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInternal variability (IV) in dynamical downscaling with limited‐area models (LAMs) represents a source of error inherent to the downscaled fields, which originates from the sensitive dependence of the models to arbitrarily small modifications. If IV is large it may impose the need for probabilistic verification of the downscaled information. Atmospheric spectral nudging (ASN) can reduce IV in LAMs as it constrains the large‐scale components of LAM fields in the interior of the computational domain and thus prevents any considerable penetration of sensitively dependent deviations into the range of large scales. Using initial condition ensembles, the present study quantifies the impact of ASN on IV in LAM simulations in the range of fine scales that are not controlled by spectral nudging. Four simulation configurations that all include strong ASN but differ in the nudging settings are considered. In the fifth configuration, grid nudging of land surface variables toward high‐resolution surface analyses is applied. The results show that the IV at scales larger than 300 km can be suppressed by selecting an appropriate ASN setup. At scales between 300 and 30 km, however, in all configurations, the hourly near‐surface temperature, humidity, and winds are only partly reproducible. Nudging the land surface variables is found to have the potential to significantly reduce IV, particularly for fine‐scale temperature and humidity. On the other hand, hourly precipitation accumulations at these scales are generally irreproducible in all configurations, and probabilistic approach to downscaling is therefore recommended.
FINIFLUX: An implicit finite element model for quantification of groundwater fluxes and hyporheic exchange in streams and rivers using radon
Authors: Frei S. , Gilfedder B. S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA quantitative understanding of groundwater‐surface water interactions is vital for sustainable management of water quantity and quality. The noble gas radon‐222 (Rn) is becoming increasingly used as a sensitive tracer to quantify groundwater discharge to wetlands, lakes, and rivers: a development driven by technical and methodological advances in Rn measurement. However, quantitative interpretation of these data is not trivial, and the methods used to date are based on the simplest solutions to the mass balance equation (e.g., first‐order finite difference and inversion). Here we present a new implicit numerical model (FINIFLUX) based on finite elements for quantifying groundwater discharge to streams and rivers using Rn surveys at the reach scale (1–50 km). The model is coupled to a state‐of‐the‐art parameter optimization code Parallel‐PEST to iteratively solve the mass balance equation for groundwater discharge and hyporheic exchange. The major benefit of this model is that it is programed to be very simple to use, reduces nonuniqueness, and provides numerically stable estimates of groundwater fluxes and hyporheic residence times from field data. FINIFLUX was tested against an analytical solution and then implemented on two German rivers of differing magnitude, the Salzach (∼112 m3 s−1) and the Rote Main (∼4 m3 s−1). We show that using previous inversion techniques numerical instability can lead to physically impossible negative values, whereas the new model provides stable positive values for all scenarios. We hope that by making FINIFLUX freely available to the community that Rn might find wider application in quantifying groundwater discharge to streams and rivers and thus assist in a combined management of surface and groundwater systems.
Ring‐Closing Metathesis of (η5‐Alkenylcyclopentadienyl)(alkenylphosphine)manganese(I) Dicarbonyl Complexes
Authors: Tseng Ya‐Yi , Kamikawa Ken , Wu Qian , Takahashi Tamotsu , Ogasawara Masamichi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions of various [η5‐(ω‐alkenyl)cyclopentadienyl](ω‐alkenylphosphine)manganese(I) dicarbonyl complexes were examined. The RCM reaction between an η5‐allyl‐ or an η5‐vinyl‐cyclopentadienyl ligand and an allyldiphenylphosphine ligand in the manganese coordination spheres gave the corresponding cyclized products in good to excellent yields. The X‐ray analyses of the two cyclized products revealed the structural differences between the C3‐ and the C4‐bridged complexes. The RCM reactions of the o‐bromo‐substituted manganese complexes were also operative and the cyclized products were obtained in excellent yields of >95%. The preferential formation of the C4‐bridged species over the C3‐bridged analogues in the RCM of the manganese complexes was confirmed by an intramolecular competitive RCM experiment with the [η5‐1‐(methallyl)‐2‐(2‐propenyl)cyclopentadienyl](allyldiphenylphosphine)manganese(I) dicarbonyl complex.magnified image
Cross‐sectional structural variation relative to midshaft along hominine diaphyses. II. The hind limb
Authors: Mongle Carrie S. , Wallace Ian J. , Grine Frederick E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn comparative analyses of hominine hind limb diaphyseal structure, homologous cross sections are located according to half bone length (midshaft). Here, we address three questions. First, how accurately must midshaft be defined to yield comparable data? Second, does variation in midshaft location due to different ways of measuring length fall within error ranges such that data gathered using different metrics are comparable? Third, do error ranges and length metric effects differ between elements or taxa such that certain bones or species are more prone to issues of comparability?Materials and MethodsFemora and tibiae of Homo, Pan, and Gorilla were CT‐scanned longitudinally and error ranges for multiple structural parameters (CSA, J, Imax/Imin) were calculated around midshafts.ResultsDistances proximally and distally from midshaft where structural values differ significantly from midshaft values vary between bones, species, and structural traits. Femoral error ranges are typically larger than tibial ranges. In the femur, error ranges are generally largest for chimpanzees and smallest for gorillas. A similar taxonomic pattern is not evident in the tibia. No structural trait consistently displays larger or smaller error ranges across both elements and all species. Variation in midshaft locations stemming from different length definitions is small and falls within observed error ranges defined by any one metric.DiscussionIncorporating fragmentary specimens (e.g., fossils) for which midshaft location is unknown in comparisons of diaphyseal structure necessitates evaluation on a case‐by‐case basis, with thought to element, taxon, and structural traits of interest. Midshaft data recorded from distinct length measurements are generally comparable. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:398–407, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of a CC Bond‐Forming Conjugate Addition Reaction in Asymmetric Dearomatization of β‐Naphthols
Authors: Yang Dongxu , Wang Linqing , Kai Ming , Li Dan , Yao Xiaojun , Wang Rui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA CC bond‐forming conjugate reaction was successfully applied to the enantioselective dearomatization of β‐naphthols. A C(sp2)C(sp3) bond is formed by using propargylic ketones as reactive partners. Good to excellent Z/E ratios and ee values were obtained by employing an in situ generated magnesium catalyst. Further transformations of the Z‐configured CC double bond in the products were achieved under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the stereocontrolling element of this magnesium‐catalyzed dearomatization reaction was explored by computational chemistry.
Aromatic Gain in a Supramolecular Polymer
Authors: Saez Talens Victorio , Englebienne Pablo , Trinh Thuat T. , Noteborn Willem E. M. , Voets Ilja K. , Kieltyka Roxanne E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe synergy of aromatic gain and hydrogen bonding in a supramolecular polymer is explored. Partially aromatic bis(squaramide) bolaamphiphiles were designed to self‐assemble through a combination of hydrophobic, hydrogen‐bonding, and aromatic effects into stiff, high‐aspect‐ratio fibers. UV and IR spectroscopy show electron delocalization and geometric changes within the squaramide ring indicative of strong hydrogen bonding and aromatic gain of the monomer units. The aromatic contribution to the interaction energy was further supported computationally by nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) indices, demonstrating greater aromatic character upon polymerization: at least 30 % in a pentamer. The aromatic gain–hydrogen bonding synergy results in a significant increase in thermodynamic stability and a striking difference in aggregate morphology of the bis(squaramide) bolamphiphile compared to isosteres that cannot engage in this effect.
Photoexcited Porphyrins as a Strong Suppressor of β‐Amyloid Aggregation and Synaptic Toxicity
Authors: Lee Byung Il , Lee Seongsoo , Suh Yoon Seok , Lee Joon Seok , Kim Ae‐kyeong , Kwon O‐Yu , Yu Kweon , Park Chan Beum 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe abnormal assembly of β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides into neurotoxic, β‐sheet‐rich amyloid aggregates is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Light‐induced photosensitizing molecules can regulate Aβ amyloidogenesis. Multiple photochemical analyses using circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy, dot blot, and native gel electrophoresis verified that photoactivated meso‐tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS with M=2H+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+) successfully inhibits Aβ aggregation in vitro. Furthermore, Aβ toxicity was relieved in the photoexcited‐TPPS‐treated Drosophila AD model. TPPS suppresses neural cell death, synaptic toxicity, and behavioral defects in the Drosophila AD model under blue light illumination. Behavioral phenotypes, including larval locomotion defect and short lifespan caused by Aβ overexpression, were also rescued by blue light‐excited TPPS.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Activation of CH Bonds and Subsequent Intermolecular Amidation at Room Temperature
Authors: Huang Xiaolei , Wang Yan , Lan Jingbo , You Jingsong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDisclosed herein is a RhIII‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted activation of unreactive CH bonds, thus enabling an intermolecular amidation to provide a practical and step‐economic route to 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethanamine derivatives. Substrates with other N‐donor groups are also compatible with the amidation. This protocol proceeds at room temperature, has a relatively broad functional‐group tolerance and high selectivity, and demonstrates the potential of rhodium(III) in the promotive functionalization of unreactive CH bonds. A rhodacycle having a SbF6− counterion was identified as a plausible intermediate.