bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bonnemaire Joseph , Jest Corneille 
Published: September 2013

L’objectif de cette introduction est de présenter et de contextualiser un dossier concerté de treize contributions sur les mutations contemporaines du pastoralisme en Haute-Asie sous la pression des politiques et des mouvements de modernisation qui ont mis à mal la logique nomade qui faisait sa cohérence. Les travaux ont été réalisés sur le Plateau tibétain, en Mongolie et dans la région himalayenne du Bhoutan par des anthropologues, des géographes, des sociologues et des agro-économistes. Nous rappelons les profonds changements intervenus en quelques décennies (1950-2010) sur ces sociétés pluriséculaires d’éleveurs. En même temps, sont donnés à voir les caractéristiques essentielles du pastoralisme de ces régions et les principaux enjeux qui s’y rattachent. Cette ébauche de mise en perspective éclaire les fondements des systèmes d’élevage et fournit un repérage du vaste champ bibliographique concerné. Le contenu et le message des différents articles du dossier sont ensuite explicités. Enfin, face aux tensions de ces situations pastorales aujourd’hui fortement tiraillées entre permanences et ruptures, l’attention est attirée sur quelques urgences qui interpellent tant les responsables que les chercheurs : l’enjeu est de promouvoir des démarches de développement territorial, économique et social qui soient davantage intégrées et plus constructives au regard des capacités et des attentes de ces sociétés d’éleveurs et dans le respect de la durabilité des milieux fragiles et uniques qu’elles habitent.
Profession : éleveur. L’économie domestique d’une famille mongole aujourd’hui
Authors: Altansan Amarsanaa 
Published: September 2013

Dans la Mongolie postcommuniste, être éleveur c’est non seulement posséder du bétail et mettre en œuvre un savoir familial ancestral, mais aussi s’adapter à la nouvelle donne du marché. Aujourd’hui, cette activité exige la mise en place de réseaux d’entraide et de services pour la gestion du budget, la distribution et la vente des produits de l’élevage ; la famille y joue un rôle important. Fondée sur les informations détaillées fournies par une famille d’éleveurs, l’étude tente d’éclairer divers aspects socioéconomiques de l’élevage mongol d’aujourd’hui.
Un siècle d’évolution du système pastoral de la steppe désertique de Mongolie : diminution de la mobilité des troupeaux, dérégulation de l’accès aux parcours et crise de surpâturage
Authors: Blanc Morgane , Oriol Christine , Devienne Sophie 
Published: September 2013

Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse-diagnostic du système pastoral conduite sur le terrain, dans une région de steppe désertique de Mongolie. L’approche historique permet de montrer qu’en dépit de fortes transformations économiques et sociales, le système pastoral de la région a connu une régulation de l’accès aux parcours permanente, plus ou moins importante au cours du xxe siècle. Depuis 1990 la régulation des effectifs a disparu, les conditions économiques se sont dégradées, les disparités sociales se sont accrues, et la crise de surpâturage menace désormais le système pastoral. La durabilité du système pastoral n’est possible qu’en alliant gestion concertée des parcours à l’échelle locale et santé économique des unités de production grâce à la revalorisation des produits de l’élevage et à la création de valeur ajoutée.
Aggressive surgical management of craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Chandra P.S. , Sharma B.S. , Singh Manmohan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas is challenging and despite advancements it continues to pose a challenge. Proponents of subtotal resection in conjunction with radiotherapy argue that this less aggressive approach can yield appropriate results with the lower morbidity. On the contrary, other argument is that gross total resection is superior. Though surgical management of craniopharyngioma is challenging due to its location and important surrounding neurovascular structures, optimal surgical results can be expected following radical surgical excision. Radical excision of craniopharyngiomas is associated with excellent long-term recurrence free survival. Radiation induced long-term complications can be altogether avoided by excising these tumors completely.
Surgery in multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Outcome analysis in a series of 65 patients
Authors: Shankar K.B. , Kale Shashank , Sharma Bhawani , Sinha Sumit 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Multi-segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MS-CSM) can be dealt with by either anterior or posterior approaches. The aim of study was to analyze the surgical outcomes of MS-CSM treated by either anterior cervical discectomy with fusion and cervical plating (ACDF) or cervical laminoplasty (LP).
Sixty-five patients with MS-CSM (two or more levels) underwent either ACDF (n=13) or LP (n=52). ACDF was performed in patients having these criteria: (i) three or less levels involved, (ii) myeloradiculopathy, (iii) pre-dominant anterior compression radiologically, (iv) <50 years age. LP was chosen in: (i) more than three levels involved (ii) posterior compression radiologically, (iii) >50 years age. Patients were evaluated pre- and post-operatively on the basis of modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scoring and Hirabayashi formula. Thirty-five patients were followed up (8 in ACDF group and 27 in LP group). The mean follow-up period was 37.5 months (12.5-54 months).
The mean pre-operative mJOA score in the ACDF group and the LP group was 11±2.62 and 10.6±2.04, respectively. The mean final post-operative mJOA score in the ACDF group (n=8) in follow-up was 14.12±2.36 (P<0.05) and in the LP group (n=27) was 14.63±1.64 (P<0.05). 86% had good-to-excellent outcome while 8.5% had poor outcome. Overall, the mean recovery was 64.73±18.9%. On analyzing two groups separately, the mean recovery in the ACDF group was 59.62±24.2, while in the LP group was 66.25±17.3 (P<0.05).
The choice of ACDF and LP in MS-CSM depends on pre-operative clinical and radiological parameters. If the surgical approach is chosen correctly, the surgery in MS-CSM can result in significant improvement in the clinical outcome of these patients.
The Dose Response Relationship between Intervertebral Disc Flexion-Extension Neutral Zone Metrics and Injected Genipin Concentration
Authors: Kirking Bryan C. , Toungate Justin K. , Hedman Thomas P. 
Published: September 2013

Purpose Quantify changes in the flexion - extension neutral zone of the intervertebral disc with injections of increasing genipin concentration. Methods Bovine motion segments were treated with varying concentrations of genipin using bilateral injections of constant volume. After overnight static compression loading of the treated segments, anterior- posterior offset loading was used to simulate flexion - extension motion. Range of motion, neutral zone length, neutral zone stiffness, and an instability score were measured. Results Injection of the disc annulus with increasing concentrations of genipin resulted in corresponding changes in flexion-extension neutral zone. A minimum concentration of 40 mM was needed to observe a significant change. The largest changes were observed with the 400 mM injection. Netural zone stability was the most sensitive of the metrics with a percent change of 48% at 40 mM and over 200% at 400 mM. Conclusion This study establishes the efficacy of using injection delivery to affect disc joint mechanics and quantifies the dose response between injected genipin and the flexion-extension stability of the disc.
Total Knee Prosthesis Polyethylene wear Reduction by a New Metal Part Finishing Method
Authors: Gigante Antonio , Cigna Valerio , Manzotti Sandra , Villa Tommaso , Salvolini Eleonora , Mattioli-Belmonte Monica 
Published: September 2013

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess a new metal component finishing designed to improve total knee prosthesis durability. Wear of ultrahigh molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), with generation of submicrometer- and micrometer-sized particles, has been associated with osteolysis and artificial joint failure. Wear extent is influenced by several factors, some of which are related to manufacturing. Methods UHMWPE wear was assessed in metal prosthesis components finished with the Microloy® technology and in traditionally finished components by wear simulation experiments (pin on disk and knee simulator tests) and analysis of wear debris. Results Microloy®-finished prosthesis showed a 48.5% reduction in UHMWPE total weight loss compared with traditional components (P=0.002). A statistically significant (P<0.05) reduction of UHMWPE debris were detected from the Microloy®-finished compared with the traditionally finished components. Conclusions These findings suggest the Microloy® metal finishing may enhance the long-term performance of knee prostheses.
The ‘New Educational Model’: More Promises Than Results? Little Effort toward Lifelong Learning in Mexican Higher Education
Authors: Alvarez-Mendiola German 
Published: September 2013

In Mexico there is no policy of lifelong learning; however, the idea of focusing on students and learning – especially on appropriate knowledge-acquisition skills at various points in one's life – is spreading through post-secondary education. Since about ten years ago, institutions of higher learning, mostly universities, have initiated reforms – dubbed the ‘new educational model’ – which were designed to combine professional specialisation with general training. Additionally, this model aimed to provide common formative areas, establish counselling programmes, and open free complementary courses. Theoretically, this model prepares capable individuals to face the challenges that a knowledge-based economy and society require: to keep continually informed, to find and solve problems, to get or generate employment, and to promote a freer society with plenty of possibilities for culture and leisure. Despite the efforts invested in these reforms, little is known of their results. Using available new information, this paper shows that the new model has not produced the desired results, but rather has had unintended consequences. The improvement in some performance indicators, such as graduation rates, seems to be related more to changes in the requirements to obtain the undergraduate degree than to the impact of the new educational model.
The interaction effect of effort‐reward imbalance and overcommitment on hypertension among Chinese workers: Findings from SHISO study
Authors: Xu Weixian , Yu Haiyi , Hang Juan , Gao Wei , Zhao Yiming , Guo Lijun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundNo previous studies investigated the interaction of effort‐reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment on blood pressure. Our aim was to investigate associations of ERI and overcommitment (and their interaction) with blood pressure and hypertension within a Chinese population.MethodsSeven hundred thirty‐four participants from the Stress and Health in Shenzhen Workers study completed a demographics, job stressor and risk factor questionnaire, and their blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometers. Risk factors for blood pressure were analyzed by multiple linear regression and risk factors for hypertension by Poisson regression.ResultsOvercommitment was associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustment for confounders and ERI among men (β = 0.17, P < 0.05); ERI was also associated with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure after adjustment for confounders and overcommitment. High overcommitment (PR 1.91, 95% CI 1.35–2.69), and ERI (PR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.62–3.75) were each associated with risk of hypertension after adjusting for confounders. After adjusting for ERI, the association with overcommitment was no longer significant (PR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.85–1.82) However, after controlling for overcommitment, ERI remained significantly associated with hypertension risk (PR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.53–3.71). When high overcommitment and high ERI was combined, hypertension risk was highest (adjusted PR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.82–4.91, adjusted synergy index 5.85). The interaction was significant when it was tested by an interaction term in the regression (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe interaction effect of overcommitment and ERI on hypertension was independent and synergistic. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1433–1441, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new kind of fundamental diagram with an application to road traffic emission modeling
Authors: Aguiléra Vincent , Tordeux Antoine 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThe main contribution of this paper is to show, on the basis of empirical traffic data, that the distribution of vehicle speeds on a road segment evolves with the occupancy in a simple manner. Under a critical occupancy, the distribution is unimodal, with one peak (the high mode) close to the free‐flow speed. When the occupancy exceeds the critical occupancy, the distribution of speeds becomes bimodal. A second peak (the low mode) appears, at a noticeably lower speed than the high mode. Empirical speed distributions are well fitted when assuming a (appropriately scaled and translated) low “temperature” Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the high mode and a high‐temperature distribution for the low mode. The standard fundamental diagram expresses the mean flow speed as a function of occupancy. The model proposed in this paper expresses the distribution of vehicle speeds as a function of the occupancy. We believe this result to be of great importance for both the theory of traffic flow and practical applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced production of Monacolin K by addition of precursors and surfactants in submerged fermentation of Monascus purpureus 9901
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Yuan‐Long , Lu Li‐Ping , Zhang Bo‐Bo , Xu Gan‐Rong 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe main problem in Monacolin K (MK) production by submerged fermentation of Monascus purpureus is low productivity. In this study, on one hand, addition of precursors was used to activate the biosynthesis of MK. When 4.0 g/L of sodium citrate was supplemented at the 48th H of the fermentation, the final MK production reached to 1,658.9 ± 28.5 mg/L after 20 day of fermentation, which was improved by 52.6% compared with that of the control. On the other hand, addition of surfactants could increase the permeability of cell membrane, thus driving more intracellular metabolites secreted into the fermentation broth and alleviating the product inhibition. When 40.0 g/L of Triton X‐100 was added at the beginning of the fermentation, the final MK production reached to 2,026.0 ± 30.4 mg/L after 20 day of fermentation, which was improved by 84.9% compared with that of the control. These results are helpful to provide some new insights into the biosynthetic regulation on MK production; the approach can be applied to other fungal fermentation processes for enhancing production of useful metabolites.
Studies on binding interactions between clenbuterol hydrochloride and two serum albumins by multispectroscopic approaches in vitro
Authors: Wang Qin , Zhang Shengrui 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, binding properties of clenbuterol hydrochloride (CL) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined using constant protein concentrations and various CL contents under physiological conditions. The binding parameters were confirmed using fluorescence quenching spectroscopy at various temperatures. The experimental results confirmed that the quenching mechanisms of CL and HSA/BSA were both static quenching processes. The thermodynamic parameters, namely, enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS), were calculated according to the van't Hoff equation, which suggested that the electrostatic interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the CL–HSA complex, and hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the CL–BSA complex. Furthermore, the conformational changes of HSA/BSA in the presence of CL were determined using the data obtained from three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated method for the rapid and precise estimation of adherent cell culture characteristics from phase contrast microscopy images
Authors: Jaccard Nicolas , Griffin Lewis D. , Keser Ana , Macown Rhys J. , Super Alexandre , Veraitch Farlan S. , Szita Nicolas 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe quantitative determination of key adherent cell culture characteristics such as confluency, morphology, and cell density is necessary for the evaluation of experimental outcomes and to provide a suitable basis for the establishment of robust cell culture protocols. Automated processing of images acquired using phase contrast microscopy (PCM), an imaging modality widely used for the visual inspection of adherent cell cultures, could enable the non‐invasive determination of these characteristics. We present an image‐processing approach that accurately detects cellular objects in PCM images through a combination of local contrast thresholding and post hoc correction of halo artifacts. The method was thoroughly validated using a variety of cell lines, microscope models and imaging conditions, demonstrating consistently high segmentation performance in all cases and very short processing times (<1 s per 1,208 × 960 pixels image). Based on the high segmentation performance, it was possible to precisely determine culture confluency, cell density, and the morphology of cellular objects, demonstrating the wide applicability of our algorithm for typical microscopy image processing pipelines. Furthermore, PCM image segmentation was used to facilitate the interpretation and analysis of fluorescence microscopy data, enabling the determination of temporal and spatial expression patterns of a fluorescent reporter. We created a software toolbox (PHANTAST) that bundles all the algorithms and provides an easy to use graphical user interface. Source‐code for MATLAB and ImageJ is freely available under a permissive open‐source license. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 504–517. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rescue of Functional CFTR Channels in Cystic Fibrosis: A Dramatic Multivalent Effect Using Iminosugar Cluster‐Based Correctors
Authors: Compain Philippe , Decroocq Camille , Joosten Antoine , de Sousa Julien , Rodríguez‐Lucena David , Butters Terry D. , Bertrand Johanna , Clément Romain , Boinot Clément , Becq Frédéric , Norez Caroline 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. N‐butyl 1‐deoxynojirimycin (N‐Bu DNJ), a clinical candidate for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, is able to act as a CFTR corrector by overcoming the processing defect of the mutant protein. To explore the potential of multivalency on CFTR correction activity, a library of twelve DNJ click clusters with valencies ranging from 3 to 14 were synthesized. Significantly, the trivalent analogues were found to be up to 225‐fold more potent than N‐Bu DNJ and up to 1000‐fold more potent than the corresponding monovalent models. These results provide the first description of a multivalent effect for correcting protein folding defects in cells and should have application for the treatment of a number of protein folding disorders. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that CFTR correction activity enhancement was not due to a multivalent effect in ER‐glucosidase inhibition or to a different mode of action of the multivalent iminosugars.
Inhibition of mTOR signalling potentiates the effects of trichostatin A in human gastric cancer cell lines by promoting histone acetylation
Authors: Sun Dan‐feng , Zhang Yan‐jie , Tian Xiao‐qing , Chen Ying‐xuan , Fang Jing‐yuan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDeregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway (mTOR pathway) is associated with human cancer. The relationship between mTOR pathway and histone acetylation is still unclear in gastric cancer (GC). Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the phosphorylation of mTOR and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) in GC tissues. MKN45 and SGC7901 cells were treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAPA) alone or in combination with the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor LY294002 and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was also used to knockdown mTOR. Phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated 4E‐BP1 were expressed in 71.1% and 68.4% of the human GC tissues tested, respectively; significantly higher than the levels in para‐cancerous tissues (50% and 57.9%) and normal tissues (44.6% and 29%). RAPA markedly inhibited cell proliferation, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, and reduced phosphorylation of p70 S6 protein kinase (p70S6K) and 4E‐BP1 in GC cells, particularly when used in combination with LY294002 or TSA. The mRNA expression of the tumour suppressor gene p21WAF1 increased significantly in GC cells treated with both RAPA and TSA. Histone acetylation also increased after RAPA and TSA treatment or siRNA knockdown of mTOR. Our findings suggest that the mTOR pathway is activated in GC, and also that inhibition of mTOR enhances the ability of TSA to suppress cell proliferation and lead to cell cycle arrest via increasing histone acetylation and p21WAF1 transcription in human MKN45 and SGC7901 GC cells.
Effect of Spilanthes acmella hydroethanolic extract activity on tumour cell actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Pacheco Soares Cristina , Lemos Valeria Rosseto , da Silva Ary Gomes , Campoy Renan Meyer , da Silva Carlos Augusto Priante , Menegon Renato Farina , Rojahn Iuri , Joaquim Walderez Moreira 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNumerous natural products have pharmacological activity such that many biologically active compounds have led to the development of cancer chemotherapy drugs. Spilanthes acmella (Asteraceae) is widely cultivated in the State of Pará, Brazil, being employed in folk medicine for its anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, insecticide, and larvicidal properties. However, its cytotoxicity and influence on actin cytoskeleton organisation in tumour cell lines are practically nonexistent. We have verified the cytotoxicity of a hydroethanolic extract of the inflorescence of S. acmella, and examined its effects on the cytoskeleton of tumour cells. Decreasing concentrations of the extract (250, 500 and 1,000 µg/mL) were given to cultures of neoplastic cells (HEp‐2). Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT test, and the influence on cytoskeleton organisation was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The IC50 of the hydroethanolic extract was 513 µg/mL, confirming the data obtained from the MTT assay that gave high cytotoxicity. The actin cytoskeleton arrangement of HEp2 cells at 500 and 1,000 µg/mL showed depolymerisation of the filaments, causing loss of morphology and consequently compromising cell adhesion.