bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Devotional Landscape of the Royalist Exile, 1649–1660
Authors: Williams Mark R. F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study aims both to build upon and to challenge recent historiographical interest in the cultural origins and religious associations of royalism in the midseventeenth century by examining the devotional character of the exiled royalist community of the 1650s. Focusing primarily upon those royalists closely affiliated with the court of Charles II, it assesses the impact of disillusionment, dislocation, penury, and forced mobility upon the subsequent framings and reframings of religious identities. It considers the multiple venues in which these articulations appeared and were negotiated—through personal correspondence, print, diplomacy, rumor, and conversion—in order to illuminate the challenges posed to the maintenance of clear confessional boundaries and community ideals. In doing so, this article argues for the incorporation of a much broader sense of the impact of the “English Revolution” that considers the full geographical, chronological, and cultural scope of these upheavals across Britain, Ireland, and Continental Europe.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Martial Law and the Making of the High Courts of Justice, 1642–60
Authors: Collins John M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article traces the transformation of martial law during the Civil Wars and Interregnum culminating with the creation of the High Courts of Justice in the 1650s. The Long, Rump, and Protectorate parliaments used, adapted, and combined martial law procedures with others to solve some of the most difficult and pressing legal problems they faced. These problems included the trial of spies, traitors to the parliamentary cause, Charles I and his royalist commanders of the Second Civil War, and conspirators, plotters, and rebels during the 1650s. The Long Parliament, the English Commonwealth, and the Protectorate governments used these legal innovations to control discretion at law, and to terrorize dissidents into obedience. The Petition of Right, whose makers had demanded that English subjects only be tried by life and limb by their peers in peacetime, was overturned in order to meet these challenges.
Adoption, Narrative, and Nation, 1800–1850: The Case of William Austin
Authors: Walker Eric C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWilliam Austin (1802–1857), the child of Deptford laborers, was adopted de facto as an infant by Princess Caroline, the estranged wife of the Prince of Wales. She rendered the child's identity such a mystery that it prompted the Delicate Investigation in 1806, a quasi-judicial affair published in 1813 in the vexed volume known asThe Book. “Prince Austin” was regularly on stage during Caroline's carnivalesque rambles on the Continent from 1814 to 1820, frequently attacked in the loyalist press as “that bastard Billy Austin.” In the uproar of the Queen Caroline affair in 1820, Austin remained a target of loyalist scorn. Because Queen Caroline named him her residuary legatee at her death in 1821, his name registered aftershocks of queenite disruption through the middle of the century. In these narrative contests about Austin's identity, the metonymic traffic between a provisional family form and an absolutist national model bobbed and weaved in a disorderly fashion on the conspicuous stage of a dysfunctional royal family. On this prominent platform, adoptive contingency intermittently confounded closed absolutism.
A revisit of the equilibrium assumption for predicting near-wall turbulence
Authors: Karimpour Farid , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this study, we revisit the consequence of assuming equilibrium between the rates of production ($P$) and dissipation $({\it\epsilon})$of the turbulent kinetic energy $(k)$in the highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous near-wall region. Analytical and dimensional arguments are made to determine the relevant scales inherent in the turbulent viscosity (${\it\nu}_{t}$) formulation of the standard$k{-}{\it\epsilon}$model, which is one of the most widely used turbulence closure schemes. This turbulent viscosity formulation is developed by assuming equilibrium and use of the turbulent kinetic energy$(k)$to infer the relevant velocity scale. We show that such turbulent viscosity formulations are not suitable for modelling near-wall turbulence. Furthermore, we use the turbulent viscosity$({\it\nu}_{t})$formulation suggested by Durbin (Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., vol. 3, 1991, pp. 1–13) to highlight the appropriate scales that correctly capture the characteristic scales and behaviour of$P/{\it\epsilon}$in the near-wall region. We also show that the anisotropic Reynolds stress ($\overline{u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}$) is correlated with the wall-normal, isotropic Reynolds stress ($\overline{v^{\prime 2}}$) as$-\overline{u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}=c_{{\it\mu}}^{\prime }(ST_{L})(\overline{v^{\prime 2}})$, where$S$is the mean shear rate,$T_{L}=k/{\it\epsilon}$is the turbulence (decay) time scale and$c_{{\it\mu}}^{\prime }$is a universal constant. ‘A priori’ tests are performed to assess the validity of the propositions using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of unstratified channel flow of Hoyas & Jiménez (Phys. Fluids, vol. 18, 2006, 011702). The comparisons with the data are excellent and confirm our findings.
Generalized Ertel’s theorem and infinite hierarchies of conserved quantities for three-dimensional time-dependent Euler and Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Cheviakov Alexei F. , Oberlack Martin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLocal conservation laws are systematically constructed for three-dimensional time-dependent viscous and inviscid incompressible fluid flows, in primitive variables and vorticity formulation, using the direct construction method. Complete sets of local conservation laws in primitive variables are derived for the case of conservation law multipliers depending on derivatives up to the second order. In the vorticity formulation, there exists an infinite family of vorticity-dependent conservation laws involving an arbitrary differentiable function of space and time, holding for both viscous and inviscid cases. The infinite conservation law family is used to generate further independent hierarchies of conservation laws that essentially involve vorticity and arbitrary flow parameters, which are determined by known evolution equations such as those for momentum, energy or helicity, though not necessarily in the form of a conservation law. The new conservation laws are not restricted to any reduced flow geometry such as planar or axisymmetric limits. Examples are considered.
Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, 1971–75: the small finds
Authors: Lloyd John , Kenrick Philip 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ‘small finds’ (miscellaneous objects of bone, metal and stone; ceramic objects other than vessels, lamps or sculpture) from the excavations carried out at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (1971–75), constitute a neglected category which was ready for publication ten years ago, in the projected final volume of the excavation reports. Since other reports which should have accompanied it in that volume are still far from being submitted, it has been decided to present the small finds in the form of a journal article instead.The conclusions which may be drawn from the 462 catalogued items in terms of trade connections, or of patterns of activity in the places where they were found, are generally limited, but have been noted where possible.
Centenarium
Authors: Munzi Massimiliano , Schirru Giancarlo , Tantillo Ignazio 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe neuter substantivecentenariumappears in a series of documents to designate a particular type of building. The etymology and precise meaning of this word have long been debated by scholars, who have proposed a wide range of explanations, none of which appears to be entirely satisfactory. In this paper, we put forward a different solution, taking into account textual, archaeological and linguistic evidence. In our opinion, the wordcentenariumcomes fromcentenum, which means a kind of a cereal; thus,centenariumindicates a ‘fortified grain-house’. It seems probable that originalcentenariawere military structures of varying shape and size, first created in the third century and then spreading in the Tetrarchic period. They appear to be distinctive of the African provinces, from which comes most of the evidence, but one cannot exclude that the same name was applied to similar structures in other parts of the Empire (such as in the Iberian Peninsula, for instance). The militarycentenariawere later imitated by private landlords – maybe even indigenous chieftains in charge of the defence of sectors of the frontier – who transferred the name to their unofficial or para-official defensive structures. This process of emulation was already advanced in Constantinian age.
Documenting an unknown funerary complex at Cyrene: ‘The Garden Tomb’. Architectural evolution and epigraphic issues
Authors: Cinalli Angela 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Garden Tomb is a remarkable funerary complex in the Southern Necropolis of Cyrene, consisting of two burial chambers set within a courtyard with a monumental Doric façade. The architectural arrangement of the main tomb, most likely dating back to the fourth century BC, shows at least three phases of re-use and alterations of the original interior, in use until the Late Imperial period. Three sculptures belonging to the tomb and the decorative features of the exterior (entrance doorkymation) and interior (red, blue and ochre wall paint in the main burial) of the monument are noteworthy. The epigraphic apparatus, drawn in charcoal on the walls of the main burial, is significant both in terms of the form of the letters and its content: one of the two inscriptions appears to give the price of loculi for sale.
The late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonic evolution of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben (Belgium)
Authors: Deckers J. , Broothaers M. , Lagrou D. , Matthijs J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene seismostratigraphic record of the Roer Valley Graben provides new data on the timing and dynamics of stress changes related to the intra-plate deformation of northwestern Europe. During the deposition of late Maastrichtian to middle Danian limestones, no severe tectonic movements occurred in the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Around the late Danian, a known fundamental change in the European intra-plate stress field initiated an increase in subsidence of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Subsidence along the graben border zone enabled relatively thick accumulations of the latest Danian to mid-Selandian siliciclastics in the intra-graben zone. Subsidence was not bounded by large offsets along faults, but rather by flexuring within and along the borders of the Roer Valley Graben. The intensity of these dynamics diminished after the middle Selandian. Most likely due to inherited intra-basinal structural differences, the northern and southern part of the Roer Valley Graben experienced distinctly different late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonics.
THE COGNITIVE COMPETENCES OF IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE STUDENTS ACROSS THE WORLD: AN ANALYSIS OF GAPS, POSSIBLE CAUSES AND IMPACT
Authors: RINDERMANN HEINER , THOMPSON JAMES 
Published: November 2014

SummaryImmigration, immigration policies and education of immigrants alter competence levels. This study analysed their effects using PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS data (1995 to 2012,N=93 nations) for natives' and immigrants' competences, competence gaps and their population proportions. The mean gap is equivalent to 4.71 IQ points. There are large differences across countries in these gaps ranging from around +12 to −10 IQ points. Migrants' proportions grow roughly 4% per decade. The largest immigrant-based ‘brain gains’ are observed for Arabian oil-based economies, and the largest ‘brain losses’ for Central Europe. Regarding causes of native–immigrant gaps, language problems do not seem to explain them. However, English-speaking countries show an advantage. Acculturation within one generation and intermarriage usually reduce native–immigrant gaps (≅1 IQ point). National educational quality reduces gaps, especially school enrolment at a young age, the use of tests and school autonomy. A one standard deviation increase in school quality represents a closing of around 1 IQ point in the native–immigrant gap. A new Greenwich IQ estimation based on UK natives' cognitive ability mean is recommended. An analysis of the first adult OECD study PIAAC revealed that larger proportions of immigrants among adults reduce average competence levels and positive Flynn effects. The effects on economic development and suggestions for immigration and educational policy are discussed.
Review of the prevalence and drug resistance of tuberculosis in prisons: a hidden epidemic
Authors: BIADGLEGNE F. , RODLOFF A. C. , SACK U. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThe prison setting has been often cited as a possible reservoir of tuberculosis (TB) including multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB. This is particularly true in low-income, high TB prevalence countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A systemic literature review was done to assess the prevalence, drug resistance and risk factors for acquiring TB in the prison population. Our review indicated a high prevalence of TB in prisons which is reported to be 3- to 1000-fold higher than that found in the civilian population, indicating evidence and the need for public health policy formulation. In addition, high levels of MDR and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB have been reported from prisons, which is a warning call to review prison TB control strategy. Multiple risk factors such as overcrowding, poor ventilation, malnutrition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and others have fuelled the spread of TB in prisons. Furthermore, the impact extends beyond the prison walls; it affects the civilian population, because family visits, prison staff, and members of the judiciary system could be potential portals of exit for TB transmission. The health of prisoners is a neglected political and scientific issue. Within these background conditions, it is suggested that political leaders and scientific communities should work together and give special attention to the control of TB and MDR-TB in prisons. If not, TB in prisons will remain a neglected global problem and threatens national and international TB control programmes. Further researches are required on the prevalence and drug resistance of smear-negative TB in prisons. In addition, evidence of the circulating strains and transmission dynamics inside prisons is also warranted.
Variation, development and pragmatic uses ofinnitin the language of British adults and teenagers
Authors: PALACIOS MARTÍNEZ IGNACIO 
Published: November 2014

The so-called invariant tags, such aseh, okay, rightandyeah, are extremely frequent in general English speech and have been studied extensively in recent years, especially in the spoken expression of teenagers, where they are a very common feature.In this article I focus oninnit, as inShe love her chocolate innit?andIt was good innit?For this purpose, I analyse and discuss data extracted from two comparable corpora of teen speech: theBergen Corpus of London Teenage Language(COLT), compiled in 1993, and theLinguistic Innovators Corpus(LI), created in 2004. The analysis considers the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of the expression, and asks three fundamental questions: hasinnitremained stable in use over time or has it increased in frequency? Hasinnitpreserved its original grammatical features, or has it undergone notable changes? To what extent isinnitespecially associated with teentalk, at least in London speech, rather than with the speech of adults? Contrasts are also drawn with the standard tagisn't it.Findings confirm thatinnitis typical of the language of London teenagers and has not gone out of use; on the contrary, its frequency has increased over the last few years. In contrast, the proportion of tokens found in the language of their adult counterparts is rather marginal. At present,innitconserves syntactic features of its own: it does not follow the regular question tag formation rules and can represent not only the verbbebut alsodo,haveand most of the modal verbs. Furthermore, it continues to show a high degree of flexibility in the sentence, occurring not only in final but also in initial and medial positions. Finally, it appears thatinnitshould no longer be regarded as a simple invariant tag. It tends to behave more and more like a pragmatic marker serving to express the speaker's attitude to the content of the message, thus often reflecting the relationship between the participants in the interaction, and also contributing to the organisation of the discourse. In this respect, two new discourse functions ofinnitare identified and described: emphatic and text organiser.
Genomic identification and characterization of the pseudoautosomal region in highly differentiated avian sex chromosomes
Authors: Smeds Linnéa , Kawakami Takeshi , Burri Reto , Bolivar Paulina , Husby Arild , Qvarnström Anna , Uebbing Severin , Ellegren Hans 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe molecular characteristics of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of sex chromosomes remain elusive. Despite significant genome-sequencing efforts, the PAR of highly differentiated avian sex chromosomes remains to be identified. Here we use linkage analysis together with whole-genome re-sequencing to uncover the 630-kb PAR of an ecological model species, the collared flycatcher. The PAR contains 22 protein-coding genes and is GC rich. The genetic length is 64 cM in female meiosis, consistent with an obligate crossing-over event. Recombination is concentrated to a hotspot region, with an extreme rate of >700 cM/Mb in a 67-kb segment. We find no signatures of sexual antagonism and propose that sexual antagonism may have limited influence on PAR sequences when sex chromosomes are nearly fully differentiated and when a recombination hotspot region is located close to the PAR boundary. Our results demonstrate that a very small PAR suffices to ensure homologous recombination and proper segregation of sex chromosomes during meiosis.
Electric tuning of direct-indirect optical transitions in silicon
Authors: Noborisaka J. , Nishiguchi K. , Fujiwara A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractElectronic band structures in semiconductors are uniquely determined by the constituent elements of the lattice. For example, bulk silicon has an indirect bandgap and it prohibits efficient light emission. Here we report the electrical tuning of the direct/indirect band optical transition in an ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) gated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) light-emitting diode. A special Si/SiO2 interface formed by high-temperature annealing that shows stronger valley coupling enables us to observe phononless direct optical transition. Furthermore, by controlling the gate field, its strength can be electrically tuned to 16 times that of the indirect transition, which is nearly 800 times larger than the weak direct transition in bulk silicon. These results will therefore assist the development of both complementary MOS (CMOS)-compatible silicon photonics and the emerging “valleytronics” based on the control of the valley degree of freedom.
Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, solar UV radiation, and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: interactions and feedbacks
Authors: Erickson David J. , Sulzberger Barbara , Zepp Richard G. , Austin Amy T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClimate change modulates the effects of solar UV radiation on biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, particularly for carbon cycling, resulting in UV-mediated positive or negative feedbacks on climate. Possible positive feedbacks discussed in this assessment include: (i) enhanced UV-induced mineralisation of above ground litter due to aridification; (ii) enhanced UV-induced mineralisation of photoreactive dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems due to changes in continental runoff and ice melting; (iii) reduced efficiency of the biological pump due to UV-induced bleaching of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in stratified aquatic ecosystems, where CDOM protects phytoplankton from the damaging solar UV-B radiation. Mineralisation of organic matter results in the production and release of CO2, whereas the biological pump is the main biological process for CO2removal by aquatic ecosystems. This paper also assesses the interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on the biogeochemical cycling of aerosols and trace gases other than CO2, as well as of chemical and biological contaminants. Interacting effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycles are particularly pronounced at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces.
Synergetic reduction of graphene oxide by sodium hydroxide and microwave irritation
Authors: Wu Xiang‐feng , Zhang Jie , Zhuang Ya‐fang , Fu Shi‐da , Yu Xiao‐ying 
Published: November 2014

Graphene oxide was prepared by a modified Hummers method in a Teflon‐lined autoclave and then reduced by two different approaches. Alkaline reduction by sodium hydroxide as the control and synergetic reduction which combined sodium hydroxide and microwave irritation were conducted. The products were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by atomic force microscopy. Results showed that the synergetic method possessed higher efficiency. Moreover, the as‐prepared samples were monolayers (about 0.8 nm) and could decrease the solubility of ethyl cellulose in ethanol.
Plant-derived monoclonal antibodies as human biologics for infectious disease and cancer.
Authors: Chen Q. , Lai H. F. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the importance of plants as an innovative, speedy, flexible and economical system for developing and producing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based human biologics for infectious disease and cancer. The recent development of deconstructed virus-based vectors that have allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of MAbs in plants is presented. The progress in plant glycoengineering that allows plants to produce MAbs with superior efficacy and safety than other traditional systems is described and the combined advantages of these new breakthroughs, which have promoted the plant expression system to become a premier platform for the commercial development and production of human biologics, are discussed in the context of several leading MAb-based biologics.
Expression of the capsid protein of human papillomavirus in plants as an alternative for the production of vaccines.
Authors: Castillo Esparza J. F. , Monroy García A. , Gómez Lim M. A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This chapter analyses the different strategies that have been used for the expression and production of heterologous proteins in plants and the impact they have had in the field of production of vaccines against the Human papillomavirus.
Case study 1: Rabies.
Authors: Loza-Rubio E. , Rojas-Anaya E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the viral genome and structure of the Rabies virus, general aspects of vaccination against rabies and use of new and plant-derived vaccines. The expression of Rabies virus antigen in plants is discussed and the legal issues that accompany the development of plant-derived vaccines are presented.