bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteomyelitis of the Temporal Bone: Terminology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Prasad Sampath Chandra , Prasad Kishore Chandra , Kumar Abhijit , Thada Nikhil Dinaker , Rao Pallavi , Chalasani Satyanarayana 
Published: June 2014

Objectives To review the terminology, clinical features, and management of temporal bone osteomyelitis.Design and Setting Prospective study in a tertiary care center from 2001 to 2008.Participants Twenty patients visiting the outpatient department diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the temporal bone.Main Outcome Measures The age, sex, clinical features, cultured organisms, surgical interventions, and classification were analyzed.Results Of the 20 cases, 2 (10%) were diagnosed as acute otitis media. Eighteen (90%) had chronic otitis media. Nineteen (95%) were classified as medial temporal bone osteomyelitis and one (5%) as lateral temporal osteomyelitis. The most common clinical features were ear discharge (100%), pain (83%), and granulations (100%). Facial nerve palsy was seen in seven cases (35%) and parotid involvement in one case. Ten patients (56%) had diabetes mellitus. The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13.33%). Histopathology revealed chronic inflammation in 20 patients (100%) and osteomyelitic bony changes in 14 (70%). Surgical debridement was the most preferred modality of treatment (87%).Conclusion A new classification of temporal bone osteomyelitis has been proposed. Bacterial cultures must be performed in all patients. Antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice. Surgical intervention is necessary in the presence of severe pain, complications, refractory cases, or the presence of bony sequestra on radiology.
Laboratory study of nitrate photolysis in Antarctic snow. I. Observed quantum yield, domain of photolysis, and secondary chemistry
Authors: Meusinger Carl , Berhanu Tesfaye A. , Erbland Joseph , Savarino Joel , Johnson Matthew S. 
Published: June 2014

Post-depositional processes alter nitrate concentration and nitrate isotopic composition in the top layers of snow at sites with low snow accumulation rates, such as Dome C, Antarctica. Available nitrate ice core records can provide input for studying past atmospheres and climate if such processes are understood. It has been shown that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack plays a major role in nitrate loss and that the photolysis products have a significant influence on the local troposphere as well as on other species in the snow. Reported quantum yields for the main reaction spans orders of magnitude – apparently a result of whether nitrate is located at the air-ice interface or in the ice matrix – constituting the largest uncertainty in models of snowpack NOx emissions. Here, a laboratory study is presented that uses snow from Dome C and minimizes effects of desorption and recombination by flushing the snow during irradiation with UV light. A selection of UV filters allowed examination of the effects of the 200 and 305 nm absorption bands of nitrate. Nitrate concentration and photon flux were measured in the snow. The quantum yield for loss of nitrate was observed to decrease from 0.44 to 0.003 within what corresponds to days of UV exposure in Antarctica. The superposition of photolysis in two photochemical domains of nitrate in snow is proposed: one of photolabile nitrate, and one of buried nitrate. The difference lies in the ability of reaction products to escape the snow crystal, versus undergoing secondary (recombination) chemistry. Modeled NOx emissions may increase significantly above measured values due to the observed quantum yield in this study. The apparent quantum yield in the 200 nm band was found to be ∼1%, much lower than reported for aqueous chemistry. A companion paper presents an analysis of the change in isotopic composition of snowpack nitrate based on the same samples as in this study.
Gene-targeted microfluidic cultivation validated by isolation of a gut bacterium listed in Human Microbiome Project's Most Wanted taxa
Authors: Ma Liang , Kim Jungwoo , Hatzenpichler Roland , Karymov Mikhail A. , Hubert Nathaniel , Hanan Ira M. , Chang Eugene B. , Ismagilov Rustem F. 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceObtaining cultures of microbes is essential for developing knowledge of bacterial genetics and physiology, but many microbes with potential biomedical significance identified from metagenomic studies have not yet been cultured due to the difficulty of identifying growth conditions, isolation, and characterization. We developed a microfluidics-based, genetically targeted approach to address these challenges. This approach corrects sampling bias from differential bacterial growth kinetics, enables the use of growth stimulants available only in small quantities, and allows targeted isolation and cultivation of a previously uncultured microbe from the human cecum that belongs to the high-priority group of the Human Microbiome Project’s “Most Wanted” list. This workflow could be leveraged to isolate novel microbes and focus cultivation efforts on biomedically important targets.
Oligotyping analysis of the human oral microbiome
Authors: Eren A. Murat , Borisy Gary G. , Huse Susan M. , Mark Welch Jessica L. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
The human body, including the mouth, is home to a diverse assemblage of microbial organisms. Although high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes provides enormous amounts of census data, accurate identification of taxa in these large datasets remains problematic because widely used computational approaches do not resolve closely related but distinct organisms. We used a computational approach that relies on information theory to reanalyze the human oral microbiome. This analysis revealed organisms differing by as little as a single rRNA nucleotide, with dramatically different distributions across habitats or individuals. Our information theory-based approach in combination with habitat analysis demonstrates the potential to deconstruct entire microbiomes, detect previously unrecognized diversity, and provide deep insight into microbial communities in health and disease.
Construction of novel chimeric proteins through the truncation of SEC2 and Sak from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hui Jing , Yu Xiao-jie , Cui Xiao-jin , Mu Teng , Lin Jia-shuai , Ni Pei , Li Hui , You Song , Hu Feng-qing 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
It is an usual clinical phenomenon that cancer patients are prone to thrombosis. Until now, there have been no efficient methods or appropriate drugs to prevent and cure tumor thrombus. Therefore, the construction of a bifunctional chimeric protein for the treatment of cancer, complicated with thrombosis, is of great significance. Utilizing the superantigenic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) and the thrombolytic activity of staphylokinase (Sak), Sak-linker-SEC2 and SEC2-linker-Sak were constructed which had good anti-tumor and thrombolytic activities at the same time. Due to the intrinsic emetic activity of SEC2 and high molecular weight (MW) of chimeric proteins (44 kDa), their clinical applications will be restricted. In this study, novel chimeric proteins including ΔSEC2–ΔSak and ΔSak–ΔSEC2 were constructed through the truncation of SEC2 and Sak without 9-Ala linker and His-tag. Compared with the former, both the truncated proteins preserved nearly the same anti-tumor and thrombolytic activities. In addition, their MWs were only 29 kDa and their immunoreactivities were slightly lower than that of Sak-linker-SEC2 and SEC2-linker-Sak, respectively. Therefore, the novel chimeric proteins possessed merits and characteristics, such as low MS, low immunogenicity, and difunctionality which the former had not. It will be of great interest if the above-mentioned proteins can be used to cure Trousseau syndrome in clinic.
Quantitative proteomics study of protective effects of grape seed procyanidin B2 on diabetic cardiomyopathy in db/db mice
Authors: Luan Si-si , Yu Fei , Li Bao-ying , Qin Rui-jie , Li Xiao-li , Cai Qian , Yin Wen-bin , Cheng Mei , Gao Hai-qing 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDiabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress appears to play a substantial role in cardiomyopathy. Grape seed procyanidin B2 (GSPB2) has been known as an anti-oxidant in treating diabetes mellitus; however, little is known about its effects and underlying mechanisms on diabetic cardiomyopathy. The present study is to explore the molecular targets of GSPB2 responsible for the anti-oxidative effects in db/db mice by quantitative proteomics. GSPB2 (30 mg/kg body weight/day) were intragastric administrated to db/db mice for 10 weeks. Proteomics of the heart tissue extracts by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis was obtained from db/db mice. Our study provides important evidence that GSPB2 protect against cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus, which are believed to result from regulating the expression of key proteins involving cardiac fibrosis and proliferation. GSPB2 could be expected to become novel clinical application in fighting against diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Screening micro-organisms for cadmium absorption from aqueous solution and cadmium absorption properties of Arthrobacter nicotianae
Authors: Tsuruta Takehiko , Umenai Daishi , Hatano Tomonobu , Hirajima Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Keiko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
To obtain basic information on how microbial cells absorb cadmium from aqueous solution, we examined cadmium absorption in various micro-organisms. Of 51 micro-organism strains tested, we found that some Gram-positive bacteria, such as, Arthrobacter nicotianae and Bacillus subtilis, and some actinomycetes, such as, Streptomyces flavoviridis and S. levoris were highly capable of absorbing cadmium from an aqueous solution. A. nicotianae absorbed the largest amount of cadmium, over 800 μmol cadmium per gram of dry wt. cells. However, cadmium absorption by A. nicotianae was affected by the solution pH, cadmium concentration, and cell density. The absorption of cadmium was very rapid. Some factors that affected cadmium absorption by A. nicotianae cells were also discussed.
The human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39 is the primary receptor for the bitterness of theaflavins
Authors: Yamazaki Toyomi , Sagisaka Miki , Ikeda Riko , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Matsuda Noriko , Ishii Takeshi , Nakayama Tsutomu , Watanabe Tatsuo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We purified several hundred mgs of four major theaflavins (theaflavin, theaflavin-3-O-gallate, theaflavin-3′-O-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3′-O-digallate). Among the 25 hTAS2Rs expressed in HEK293T cells, hTAS2R39 and hTAS2R14 were activated by theaflavins. Both hTAS2R39 and hTAS2R14 responded to theaflavin-3′-O-gallate. In addition, hTAS2R39 was activated by theaflavin and theaflavin-3,3′-O-gallate, but not by theaflavin-3-O-gallate. In contrast, hTAS2R14 responded to theaflavin-3-O-gallate.
Interactive Effects of Stocking Density and Algal Feed Ration on Growth, Survival, and Ingestion Rate of Larval Geoduck Clams
Authors: Marshall Robert , Pearce Christopher M , McKinley R Scott 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The combined effects of initial stocking density (2, 5, 10 individuals [inds]/mL) and feed ration (5×103, 20×103, 40×103, 100×103 cells·ind−1·d−1) on growth, survival, and ingestion rate of larval geoduck clams Panopea generosa fed Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian strain, TISO clone) were assessed. All three measurements were significantly affected by stocking density, ration, and their interaction. Growth rate ranged from 2.15 to 3.85 μm/d in the various treatments. It increased with stocking density at 5×103 cells·ind−1·d−1, was significantly higher at 5 than at 2 inds/mL at 20×103 cells·ind−1·d−1, and was significantly higher at 2 and 5 than at 10 inds/mL at 40×103 and 100×103 cells·ind−1·d−1. Growth rate increased with increasing ration up to 40×103 cells·ind−1·d−1 at 2 and 5 inds/mL, but decreased with increasing ration at 10 inds/mL. Percent survival over the experiment duration (23 d) ranged from 7% to 56% in the various treatments and generally decreased with increasing stocking density. There was no significant effect of ration on percent survival at 2 and 5 inds/mL, but survival decreased with increasing ration at 10 inds/mL. Ingestion rate ranged from 2×103 to 29×103 cells·ind−1·d−1 in the various treatments. It was not significantly affected by stocking density at 5×103 and 20×103 cells·ind−1·d−1, but larvae held at 2 and 5 inds/mL had significantly higher ingestion rates than those stocked at 10 inds/mL at 40×103 and 100×103 cells·ind−1·d−1. Ingestion rate increased with ration at 2 and 5 inds/mL but was not significantly affected by ration at 10 inds/mL. Due to the significant interaction of the treatment factors, stocking density-specific ration levels must be selected in order to maximize growth and survival.
More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: II. Effects of Graded Fish Oil Sparing and Finishing
Authors: Woitel Franklin R , Trushenski Jesse T , Schwarz Michael H , Jahncke Michael L 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Replacement of long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich fish oil with alternative lipids in aquafeeds typically reduces the LC-PUFA content and associated nutritional value of farmed fish even if production performance is unaffected. Finishing can be used to augment tissue LC-PUFA levels prior to harvest; however, the effectiveness of this strategy for use with the Cobia Rachycentron canadum is relatively unknown. For 8 weeks, Cobias (initial weight [mean ± SE] = 59.8 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets in which the supplemental lipid consisted of 100% fish oil; 100% beef tallow; a blend of 33% beef tallow and 67% fish oil; or a blend of 67% beef tallow and 33% fish oil. After the 8-week grow-out period, all treatment groups received the 100% fish oil feed for 6 weeks to simulate finishing. Differences in production performance were observed, but growth and growth efficiency were not reduced by inclusion of beef tallow in the grow-out feeds. Prior to the finishing period, fatty acid profiles of fillet, liver, eye, and brain tissues varied considerably among treatments. As finishing progressed, tissue profiles converged on the profiles of fish that were fed the 100% fish oil diet exclusively. Specifically, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) declined, whereas LC-PUFA levels varied relatively little during the trial. Results indicate that SFA- and MUFA-rich alternative lipids like beef tallow minimize LC-PUFA loss during grow-out and that finishing feeds can be used to modify Cobia tissue profiles prior to harvest.
Evaluation of a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analog of cGnRH II as a Spawning Aid for Channel Catfish Versus Analogs of mGnRH I and sGnRH III
Authors: Quiniou Sylvie M A , Bosworth Brian , Chatakondi Nagaraj , Oberle Danny 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The effectiveness of three different analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce spawning in female Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus were evaluated concurrently in a blind study. Two of those analogs are currently used under Investigative New Animal Drug by the catfish industry, mGnRH Ia (D-Ala6, Pro9-NHet) and sGnRH IIIa (D-Arg6, Trp7, Leu8, Pro9-NHet). A third analog, cGnRH IIa (D-Arg6, Pro9-NHet) derived from a different type of GnRH (i.e., type II), previously thought to have only secondary roles in reproduction compared to type I and III, was also evaluated. The study was divided into four independent, weekly trials over the course of the spawning season, and 78 females were tested for each of the three hormone treatments. Each female received one type of hormone (type I, II, or III) in two doses, one for priming and one for induction: mGnRH Ia or cGnRH IIa at 20 μg/kg of body weight (priming) and 80 μg/kg (induction) or sGnRH IIIa at 2 μg/kg and 8 μg/kg. Treatment had a significant effect on the mean percent ovulation, cGnRH IIa producing the highest ovulation rate (90.2%), followed by mGnRH Ia (64.9%) and then sGnRH IIIa (44.3%). For females that ovulated, there were no significant treatment differences for number of eggs or viable fry per kilogram of body weight. Therefore, the treatment differences for total egg and fry production reflect hormone effects on ovulation rate while egg quality for females that ovulated was not different among treatments. These results indicate that cGnRH IIa shows great potential as a spawning aid for channel catfish, outperforming mGnRH Ia and sGnRH IIIa.
Short and Long-Term Preservation of Sablefish Sperm from Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Sanchez-Serrano Samuel , Paniagua-Chavez Carmen Guadalupe , Segovia Manuel , Weirich Charles R 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is a species with high potential for aquaculture in Mexico. The development of protocols for short- and long-term preservation of Sablefish sperm becomes necessary to store viable sperm that can be used as needed. In October and November of 2011 and 2012, Sablefish broodstock (mean weight, 3.5 kg; SD, 0.02) were captured using deepwater longlines in an area localized between the cities of Tijuana and Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. The sperm concentration was evaluated by spectrophotometry. We determined the efficiency of two extender solutions in the short-term storage of Sablefish sperm and evaluated three cryoprotectants (DMSO, methanol, and glycerol) and three cryopreservation protocols. Significant differences in sperm concentration between years and months were found. No differences were found in sperm activation time between both extender solutions. Significant differences were found among storage time, extender, month, year, and sperm motility or membrane integrity. A significant correlation between sperm motility and membrane integrity was found for both extenders in November. Significant differences were found among type and concentration of cryoprotectant, incubation time, and motility. Significant differences among cryopreservation protocols, cryoprotectant, and sperm motility and membrane integrity were registered. Glycerol (10%) registered the best motility (78%) and membrane integrity using the third cryopreservation protocol when samples were placed 5 cm above the liquid nitrogen for 9 min before being plunged in liquid nitrogen. These results will allow us to establish a reproduction program for Sablefish that will be used as a tool to advance the culture of this species in Mexico.
Growth Response of Juvenile Walleyes after Cold Banking
Authors: Harder Thomas M , Gotsch Gordon G , Summerfelt Robert C 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The natural geographical range of Walleye Sander vitreus extends to northern latitudes where lakes are often ice covered for 8 months. Their adaptation to long intervals at low temperature provides aquaculturists the opportunity to purposefully maintain Walleyes in confinement for several months at low temperatures with minimal feeding, i.e., a protocol termed cold banking (CB). To be successful, CB should not result in substantial mortality or loss of body condition, and after CB interval, fish should show a strong positive growth response. The objective of this study was to determine the growth response and condition of fingerling Walleyes cold banked, for 125 d at mean temperature of 6.9°C, in a 76-d post-CB (PCB) interval. Survival in the CB interval was 99%, and means of initial and final length, weight (4.5% loss), and relative weight (Wr) were not significantly different. After a 4-d transition from 5.1°C to 19.2°C, some CB Walleyes were cultured in a water reuse aquaculture system at mean temperature of 22.6°C for 76 d. In the PCB interval, fish length increased 31%, and weight 170%, and Wr was 99.8. This study demonstrates that CB did not result in substantial mortality or weight loss, and Walleyes show a strong PCB growth response after cold banking.
Production and Enrichment of Chironomid Larva with Different Levels of Vitamin C and Effects on Performance of Persian Sturgeon Larvae
Authors: Hamidoghli Ali , Falahatkar Bahram , Khoshkholgh Majidreza , Sahragard Ahad 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Chironomid larvae have a high reproduction capacity. Because of their excellent nutritional quality, they have great potential in larval fish nutrition, specially bottom feeders like sturgeons. In this study, indoor production of Chironomus riparius was performed by controlling the physicochemical factors and developing an appropriate condition for this insect to complete the life cycle. Enrichment of lava was conducted by adding 0 (C0), 100 (C100), or 1000 (C1000) mg of ascorbic acid to 1 kg of chicken manure (as substrate). Ascorbic acid analysis of chironomid larva showed significant differences among the groups: 74.2 μg/g for C0, 325.0 μg/g for C100, and 779.9 for C1000. In the second experiment, enriched chironomids were fed to larval Persian Sturgeon Acipenser persicus and were compared with sturgeons fed live cladocerans, Daphnia, which are regulary used in hatcheries. Length and weight measurements after 14 d of the experimental period showed no significant differences in growth performance. Analysis of ascorbic acid in Persian Sturgeon viscera also showed no significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, chironomids could be cultured indoors and can be enriched to meet the nutritional requirements of fish. We found ascorbic acid did not have a signifucant effect on Persian Sturgeon larval feeding, but longer feeding periods and implication of unfavorable physicochemical conditions or causing stress tests might demonstrate the beneficial effects of this vitamin.
Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio of Pond-Raised Hybrid Catfish Harvested at Different Sizes
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Bosworth Brian G , Torrans Eugene L 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A study was conducted to examine growth and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) of pond-raised hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus×Blue Catfish I. furcatus) harvested at different sizes. Fingerling hybrid catfish (initial weight per fish, mean±SD = 62±2.0 g) were stocked into 25 earthen ponds (0.04 ha each) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a commercial 28% protein feed. When fish reached a predetermined weight (0.454, 0.680, 0.907, 1.361, or 1.814 kg/fish), they were harvested. Fish grown to 0.46 kg and 0.70 kg during the first season had FCRs of 1.61 and 1.59, respectively. Fish carried over for a second season of growth were harvested at mean weights of 0.85, 1.43, and 2.01 kg/fish, respectively. The FCRs of these fish, 1.97, 2.10, and 1.93, respectively, were significantly higher than those of fish harvested in first season. These results suggest it is generally more cost effective to harvest food-size hybrid catfish after one season because of their increased FCR the following year. However, if fish are raised to be marketed for large fillets, hybrid catfish appear to be a good choice because they continue to grow and utilize feed relatively well in a second season.