bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article: the biology, diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Authors: Iorio N. , Sawaya R. A. , Friedenberg F. K. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackgroundGastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract with an increasing incidence.AimsTo review the biology, diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours.MethodsA PubMed search using the phrases ‘Gastrointestinal stromal tumor’, ‘imatinib’, ‘c‐kit’.ResultsThe diagnosis of GIST is established by histology supplemented by the immunohistochemical marker CD117, which is positive in 95% of cases. The most common site of the tumour is the stomach. Most GIST are benign with 20–30% malignant. Five‐year survival for malignant GIST ranges between 35% and 65% and depends primarily on tumour size, mitotic index and location. The malignant behaviour of GIST is best assessed by invasion of adjacent structures and distant metastases. The gold standard for treatment is surgical resection. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the primary therapy for unresectable, recurrent or metastatic disease.ConclusionsGastrointestinal stromal tumours are rare tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and they vary in presentation. When surgical resection is not achievable, imatinib is the treatment of choice.
The Influence of Detailed Maternal Ethnicity on Cesarean Delivery: Findings from the U.S. Birth Certificate in the State of Massachusetts
Authors: Edmonds Joyce K. , Hawkins Summer S. , Cohen Bruce B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundOur objective was to examine the likelihood of primary cesarean delivery for women at low risk for the procedure in Massachusetts.MethodsBirth certificate data for all births from 1996 to 2010 that were nulliparous, term, singleton, and vertex (NTSV; N = 427,393) were used to conduct logistic regression models to assess the likelihood of a cesarean delivery for each of the 31 ethnic groups relative to self‐identified “American” mothers. The results were compared with broad classifications of race/ethnicity more commonly employed in research.ResultsWhile 23.3 percent of American women had primary cesarean deliveries, cesarean delivery rates varied from 12.9 percent for Cambodian to 32.4 percent for Nigerian women. Women from 21 of 30 ethnic groups had higher odds of a primary cesarean (range of adjusted odds ratios [AORs] 1.09–1.77), while only Chinese, Cambodian, and Japanese women had lower odds (range of AORs 0.66–0.92), compared with self‐identified “Americans.” Using broad race/ethnicity categories, Non‐Hispanic black, Hispanic, and “Other” women had higher odds of cesarean delivery relative to Non‐Hispanic white women (range of AORs 1.12–1.47), while there were no differences for Asian or Pacific Islander women.ConclusionsDetailed maternal ethnicity explains the variation in NTSV cesarean delivery rates better than broad race/ethnicity categories. Different patterns of cesarean delivery between ethnic groups suggest cultural specificity related to birth culture.
The Effectiveness of Weight Management Interventions in Breastfeeding Women—A Systematic Review and Critical Evaluation
Authors: Neville Charlotte E. , McKinley Michelle C. , Holmes Valerie A. , Spence Dale , Woodside Jayne V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe postpartum period is a vulnerable time for excess weight retention, particularly for the increasing number of women who are overweight at the start of their pregnancy and subsequently find it difficult to lose additional weight gained during pregnancy. Although postpartum weight management interventions play an important role in breaking this potentially vicious cycle of weight gain, the effectiveness of such interventions in breastfeeding women remains unclear. Our aim was to systematically review the literature about the effectiveness of weight management interventions in breastfeeding women.MethodsSeven electronic databases were searched for eligible papers. Intervention studies included were carried out exclusively in breastfeeding mothers, ≤2 years postpartum and with a body mass index greater than 18.5 kg/m2, with an outcome measure of change in weight and/or body composition.ResultsSix studies met the selection criteria, and were stratified according to the type of intervention and outcome measures. Despite considerable heterogeneity among studies, the dietary‐based intervention studies appeared to be the most efficacious in promoting weight loss; however, few studies were tailored toward the needs of breastfeeding women.ConclusionsWeight management interventions which include an energy‐restricted diet may play a key role in successful postpartum weight loss for breastfeeding mothers.
Cognitive vulnerability to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Authors: Pavlickova Hana , Turnbull Oliver , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundBipolar disorder is a highly heritable illness, with a positive family history robustly predictive of its onset. It follows that studying biological children of parents with bipolar disorder may provide information about developmental pathways to the disorder. Moreover, such studies may serve as a useful test of theories that attribute a causal role in the development of mood disorders to psychological processes.MethodPsychological style (including self‐esteem, coping style with depression, domain‐specific risk‐taking, sensation‐seeking, sensitivity to reward and punishment, and hypomanic personality and cognition) was assessed in 30 offspring of bipolar parents and 30 children of well parents. Parents of both child groups completed identical assessments.ResultsAlthough expected differences between parents with bipolar disorder and well parents were detected (such as low self‐esteem, increased rumination, high sensitivity to reward and punishment), offspring of bipolar parents were, as a group, not significantly different from well offspring, apart from a modest trend towards lower adaptive coping. When divided into affected and non‐affected subgroups, both groups of index children showed lower novelty‐seeking. Only affected index children showed lower self‐esteem, increased rumination, sensitivity to punishment, and hypomanic cognitions. Notably, these processes were associated with symptoms of depression.ConclusionPsychological abnormalities in index offspring were associated with having met diagnostic criteria for psychiatric illnesses and the presence of mood symptoms, rather than preceding them. Implications of the present findings for our understanding of the development of bipolar disorder, as well as for informing early interventions, are discussed.Practitioner points

Decreased active coping and seeking for novel stimuli might be one of first psychological indications relevant to the future development of mood disorders.

Psychological abnormalities typical for individuals with mood disorders were present only in already affected offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.

Limitations of the study

This was a cross‐sectional study; longitudinal design would greatly enhance our understanding of the association between psychological processes and symptoms.

The sample size in this study was modest.
Is growth hormone treatment in children associated with weight gain? – Longitudinal analysis of KIGS data
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , Lindberg Anders , Koltowska‐Häggström Maria , Ranke Michael 
Published: April 2014

SummaryObjectiveGrowth hormone (GH) increases lean body mass and reduces fat mass. However, the long‐term changes in weight status during growth hormone treatment, according to age and weight status at onset of treatment, have not previously been reported in large data sets.MethodsChanges in BMI‐SDS between starting GH treatment and attaining near adult height (NAH) were analysed in 2643 children with idiopathic GH deficiency (IGHD), 281 children small for gestational age (SGA), 1661 girls with Turner syndrome (TS), and 142 children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) in the KIGS database.ResultsBMI‐SDS increased significantly between onset of GH treatment and NAH (IGHD:+0·29, SGA:+0·69, TS:+0·48) except in PWS (−0·02). These increases were greater in children with younger age at onset of GH treatment (significant in all indications) and with lower doses of GH treatment (significant in IGHD & TS) in multiple linear regression analyses also including gender, duration of GH treatment, BMI‐SDS and height‐SDS at onset of treatment, and birth weight‐SDS. Obese children at onset of GH treatment decreased their BMI‐SDS, while underweight and normal weight children at onset of GH treatment increased their BMI‐SDS independently of GH treatment indication.ConclusionsLong‐term GH treatment was associated with changes in weight status, which were beneficial for underweight and obese children independent of the indication for GH. However, the increase in BMI‐SDS in normal weight children treated with GH needs to be investigated in future prospective longitudinal studies to analyse whether this represents an increase of fat mass, lean body mass or both.
Extracellular Visfatin has Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Enzymatic Activity and is Neuroprotective Against Ischemic Injury
Authors: Zhao Yan , Liu Xin‐Zhu , Tian Wei‐Wei , Guan Yun‐Feng , Wang Pei , Miao Chao‐Yu 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAimVisfatin, a novel adipokine, is predominantly produced by visceral adipose tissue and exists in intracellular and extracellular compartments. The intracellular form of visfatin is proved to be nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and exhibits neuroprotection through maintaining intracellular NAD+ pool. However, whether extracellular form of visfatin has NAMPT activity and the effect of extracellular visfatin in cerebral ischemia are unknown.Methods and ResultsPlasma concentrations of visfatin, NAD+, and ATP were increased in mice upon cerebral ischemia. Cultured glia, but not neuron, was able to secrete visfatin. Oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) stress increased the secretion of visfatin from glia. Extracellular recombinant mouse wild‐type visfatin, but not mouse H247A‐mutant enzymatic‐dead visfatin, had NAMPT enzymatic function in vitro. Treatment of wild‐type visfatin, but not H247A‐mutant enzymatic‐dead visfatin, significantly attenuated detrimental effect of OGD on the cell viability and apoptosis in both cultured mouse neuron and glia. Treatment of neutralizing antibody, abolished the protective effect of extracellular visfatin on cell viability, but failed to block the antiapoptotic effect of extracellular visfatin. At last, we observed that plasma visfatin concentrations decreased in 6‐month‐old but not 3‐month‐old SHR‐SP compared with that in age‐matched Wistar‐Kyoto rats. Inhibition of NAMPT enzymatic function of visfatin (by FK866) accelerated the occurrence of stroke in SHR‐SP.ConclusionsExtracellular visfatin has NAMPT enzymatic activity and maybe be neuroprotective just as intracellular visfatin in cerebral ischemic injury.
Use of Statin During Hospitalization Improves the Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Pan Yue‐Song , Jing Jing , Wang Yi‐Long , Zhao Xing‐Quan , Song Bo , Wang Wen‐Juan , Wang David , Liu Gai‐Fen , Liu Li‐Ping , Wang Chun‐Xue , Wang Yong‐Jun ,   on behalf of the CNSR investigators
Published: April 2014

SummaryAimsTo examine the relationship between statin use in Chinese patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) during their hospitalization and the outcomes.MethodsData were collected from the China National Stroke Registry. Good functional outcome was defined by a modified Rankin Scale score between 0–2. Functional outcome and rate of mortality at 3 months and 1 year were compared between ICH patients on statin and those without it during their hospitalization. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for baseline risk factors.ResultsAmong 3218 consecutive ICH patients from 2007 to 2008, 220 (6.8%) were on statin during their hospitalization. Compared with those without statin, patients on statin were younger, had more stroke risk factors but lower stroke severity. ICH patients on statin had better functional outcome at 3 months (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.49–3.36) and at 1 year (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.37–3.06). They also had lower rate of mortality at 3 months (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.87) and 1 year (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.86).ConclusionsIn‐hospital statin use in ICH patients is associated with better functional outcome and lower mortality at 3 months and 1 year.
Behavior‐Based Propagation of Trust in Social Networks with Restricted and Anonymous Participation
Authors: Nepal Surya , Bista Sanat Kumar , Paris Cecile 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIncreasing interactions and engagements in social networks through monetary and material incentives is not always feasible. Some social networks, specifically those that are built on the basis of fairness, cannot incentivize members using tangible things and thus require an intangible way to do so. In such networks, a personalized recommender could provide an incentive for members to interact with other members in the community. Behavior‐based trust models that generally compute social trust values using the interactions of a member with other members in the community have proven to be good for this. These models, however, largely ignore the interactions of those members with whom a member has interacted, referred to as “friendship effects.” Results from social studies and behavioral science show that friends have a significant influence on the behavior of the members in the community. Following the famous Spanish proverb on friendship “Tell Me Your Friends and I Will Tell You Who You Are,” we extend our behavior‐based trust model by incorporating the “friendship effect” with the aim of improving the accuracy of the recommender system. In this article, we describe a trust propagation model based on associations that combines the behavior of both individual members and their friends. The propagation of trust in our model depends on three key factors: the density of interactions, the degree of separation, and the decay of friendship effect. We evaluate our model using a real data set and make observations on what happens in a social network with and without trust propagation to understand the expected impact of trust propagation on the ranking of the members in the recommended list. We present the model and the results of its evaluation. This work is in the context of moderated networks for which participation is by invitation only and in which members are anonymous and do not know each other outside the community. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To induce or not to induce: a 21st century evaluation of lung transplant immunosuppression's effect on survival
Authors: Whitson Bryan A. , Lehman Amy , Wehr Allison , Hayes Don , Kirkby Stephen , Pope‐Harman Amy , Kilic Ahmet , Higgins Robert S.D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe impact of induction immunosuppression on long‐term survival in lung transplant recipients remains unclear. We sought to evaluate the effect of contemporary induction immunosuppression agents in lung transplant recipients’ survival, utilizing national registry data.MethodsWe queried the United Network for Organ Sharing registry from 2001 to 2012 for adult, deceased donor lung transplants who received no antibody‐based induction (NONE) or the contemporary agents of basiliximab, alemtuzumab, thymoglobulin, antilymphocyte globulin, or antithymocyte globulin (INDUCED). Kaplan–Meier estimates of the survival and Cox proportional hazards models assessed differences in overall survival between the INDUCED and NONE groups; logistic regression models assessed differences in survival and rejection (TR1Y).ResultsThere were 23 951 lung transplants performed with 12 858 meeting the inclusion criteria; 5713 (44%) were INDUCED. Of INDUCED agents, 62% were basiliximab and 14% alemtuzumab. Being INDUCED significantly increased overall survival (p < 0.0001). Median INDUCED survival was 71.3 months (confidence interval [CI]: 65.7–75.5) as compared with 63.2 months (CI: 60.1–65.9). Of INDUCED, both basiliximab and alemtuzumab had higher median survival times at 75.1 months (CI: 68.6–81.3) and 75.5 months (CI: 63.5–∞), respectively. There was less TR1Y in INDUCED patients (37%), as compared to NONE (42%; p < 0.0001).ConclusionIn a contemporary analysis of lung transplant recipients, induction immunosuppression has a significantly positive effect on survival.
Spatial distribution of marine invasive species: environmental, demographic and vector drivers
Authors: Clarke Murray Cathryn , Gartner Heidi , Gregr Edward J. , Chan Kai , Pakhomov Evgeny , Therriault Thomas W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe introduction of potentially invasive species remains a global threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. The spatial distribution of introduced species can provide insight into present and historical vectors of invasion. Here, we aim to investigate the influence of environmental, demographic and vector variables on the spatial distribution of non‐indigenous species (NIS) in coastal marine ecosystems.LocationCoastal British Columbia, Canada.MethodsWe used subtidal settlement plates to sample NIS richness at 81 sites. Spatial patterns for seventeen environmental, population, and vector variables were created using a Geographic Information System (GIS). We used multiple regression with model selection and spatial autocorrelation to define a statistical model that best explained the spatial distribution of NIS.ResultsFour variables, salinity, human population density, port arrivals and marina propulsiveness (probability of boater travel from home marina), best explained the observed spatial distribution of subtidal NIS. Aquaculture, an original global introduction pathway, did not significantly explain the contemporary distribution of NIS. Results suggest that recreational boating is the most probable pathway of fouling NIS spread in this region, driving their current distribution. Spatial autocorrelation was significant for environmental, demographic, and aquaculture variables. However, marina propulsiveness and attractiveness were not autocorrelated, suggesting that boater behaviour varies on a finer scale.Main conclusionsA simple model using a combination of vector, demographic, and environmental characteristics can explain 43.6% of the variation in the spatial distribution of NIS. Our study provides further evidence that recreational boating is a significant pathway for the contemporary spread of NIS in marine environments. With projected increases in human population, we expect a continued rise in introduction rates and spread in this region and elsewhere in the world.
‘When we Walk Out, What was it all About?’: Views on New Beginnings from within the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Authors: Eltringham Nigel 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe 1994 United Nations Security Council resolution which created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) foresaw it marking a ‘new beginning’, both locally (peace and reconciliation in Rwanda) and globally (strengthening the project of international criminal justice). Over time, those who spoke on behalf of the ICTR highlighted the strictly quantifiable (number of arrests, convictions) and the contributions to the global ‘new beginning’ for international criminal justice. Ethnographic fieldwork at the ICTR, however, revealed that lawyers and judges, enmeshed in the Tribunal's institutional order, held diverse views regarding local and global efficacy, refracted through the sense of power(lessness) that accompanied their respective institutional locations. Focusing on the attitude of judges and lawyers to the lack of indictments for members of the Rwandan Patriotic Army for alleged massacres in 1994 and accusations of ‘victor's justice’, this article distinguishes between the ICTR as a disembodied institution that did or did not mark local or global ‘new beginnings’, and the ICTR as a collection of situated persons negotiating their simultaneous empowerment and disempowerment.
The 2011 Toilet Wars in South Africa: Justice and Transition between the Exceptional and the Everyday after Apartheid
Authors: Robins Steven 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the media images and public discourses that surrounded the 2011 ‘open toilet scandal’ or what came to be known as the ‘2011 Toilet Elections’ and the ‘Toilet Wars’. Widely circulated media images of unenclosed modern, porcelain toilets struck a raw nerve as the nation was preparing to vote in local government elections, and produced responses of shock from politicians and ordinary citizens, partly because these images seemed to condense and congeal long historical processes of racism and apartheid. Whereas the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was understood to be the key transitional justice mechanism in the mid‐1990s, by the late 1990s the TRC was no longer at the centre of political life, and its mythology of national reconciliation and ‘new beginnings’ was being widely contested. What replaced it was a ‘messy’ popular politics that was preoccupied with issues relating to land, housing, sanitation, service delivery, labour conditions and employment equity. The TRC's narrowly conceived conception of transitional justice seemed unable to address these struggles to improve conditions of everyday life. The article concludes that these forms of popular politics reveal the limits and possibilities of engaging with the unfinished business of the 1994 democratic transition by developing a localized politics of transitional social justice.
Failure Risk and Quality Cost Management in Single versus Multiple Sourcing Decision
Authors: Yim Andrew 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe advantage of multiple sourcing to protect against supplier failures arising from undependable products due to latent defects is examined using a model with nonlinear external failure costs. Prior research has focused only on supplier failures arising from unreliable supply, such as late, insufficient, or no delivery. I derive a closed‐form characterization of the optimal production quota allocation for the LUX (Latent defect‐Undependable product‐eXternal failure) setting. The allocation determines the optimal supply base, with intuitive properties that hold under a mild requirement. The requirement includes the special case of equal procurement costs charged by suppliers but also allows unequal costs without any particular order. The key result of the article is a necessary and sufficient condition determining whether single or multiple sourcing is optimal. Another condition is obtained to determine the exact size of the optimal supply base, provided the mild requirement holds. With minor modifications, the results also hold when a buyer‐initiated procurement contract can be used to elicit private information on the suppliers’ unit variable production costs.