bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage in American Muslim Communities
Authors: Hammer Juliane 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMarriage in its relation to religion, specifically Islam, is intrinsically linked to questions of sexual and gender norms. US Muslim communities,extremely diverse in their backgrounds, negotiate marriage in their discourses on a spectrum that constructs ‘American’ and ‘Muslim’ as opposing ends, while the realities of American Muslim marriage present a much more richly textured and thus complex picture. Norms and practices are co‐developed in a complicated web of gender debates, distinctions of religion from culture, and developments within the American religious, social, and political environment that American Muslims share.
Famine: Adam Smith and Foucauldian Political Economy
Authors: Williams Callum 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIt is often assumed that the attitudes of the early political economists, such as Smith, to issues of scarcity and famine were dogmatically laissez‐faire. This view has been given fresh impetus by Michel Foucault's recently published lectures on the history of political economy. The article challenges this view. By examining Smith's texts and analyzing the way that Smith was received by critics in the century following the publication of the Wealth of Nations, the article argues that contemporary interpretations of Smith's views on scarcity and famine must be nuanced.
Factors affecting urine reagent strip blood results in dogs and nonhuman primates and interpretation of urinalysis in preclinical toxicology studies: a Multi‐Institution Contract Research Organization and BioPharmaceutical Company Perspective
Authors: Aulbach Adam D. , Schultze Eric , Tripathi Niraj K. , Hall Robert L. , Logan Michael R. , Meyer Denny J. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundUrinalysis data in preclinical toxicology studies can be influenced by preanalytic and analytic factors which have the potential to confound interpretation. There is a paucity of information regarding positive reagent strip urinary blood reactions in healthy nonhuman primates (NHP) and Beagle dogs used in preclinical toxicology studies.ObjectivesThe objectives were (1) to establish historical control data for reagent strip urinary blood reactions in healthy NHP and Beagle dogs, (2) to determine the incidence of positive urinary blood reactions during predose and dosing phases, and (3) to determine if collection practice was a relevant parameter.MethodsHistorical control data from 2 institutions in the biopharmaceutical industry were retrospectively analyzed for reagent strip urinary blood reactions in healthy NHP and Beagles. The incidence of positive results between the 2 institutions with different urine collection practices and between males and females was compared.ResultsThe incidence of positive urinary blood reactions in NHP was comparable between institutions (≤ 14% in males; ≤ 33% in females), while the incidence of positive urinary blood reactions in Beagles was more variable (≤ 77% in males; ≤ 69% in females), and higher in females during the dosing phase.ConclusionsPositive urinary blood results that could potentially be misinterpreted as toxicologically relevant were identified in healthy NHP and Beagles during predose and dosing phases. Different incidences of positive results between the 2 institutions were likely related to collection practices. Strategies to reduce feces and food contamination of collected urine samples should help minimize false‐positive urinary blood reactions.
Association Between Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Canadian Adults
Authors: Cohen Alina , Baker Joseph , Ardern Chris I. 
Published: February 2015

Background:Obesity is associated with impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQL), whereas physical activity (PA) is a promoter of HRQL.Purpose:The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between BMI and PA with HRQL in younger and older Canadian adults.Methods:Data from the 2012 annual component of the Canadian Community Health Survey (N = 48,041; = 30 years) were used to capture self-reported body mass index (BMI-kg/m2), PA (kcal/kg/day, KKD), and HRQL. Interactions between PA and age on the BMI and HRQL relationship were assessed using general linear models and logistic regression.Results:Those younger (younger: μ = 0.79 ± 0.02; older: μ = 0.70 ± 0.02) and more active (active: μ = 0.82 ± 0.02; moderately active: μ = 0.77 ± 0.03; inactive: μ = 0.73 ± 0.01) reported higher HRQL. Older inactive underweight, normal weight, and overweight adults have lower odds of high HRQL.Conclusion:PA was associated with higher HRQL in younger adults. In older adults, BMI and PA influenced HRQL.
Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor Suppresses Atherogenesis—Brief Report
Authors: Goodwin Julie E. , Zhang Xinbo , Rotllan Noemi , Feng Yan , Zhou Han , Fernández-Hernando Carlos , Yu Jun , Sessa William C. 
Published: February 2015

Objective—
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

Control mice and mice lacking the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor were bred onto an
Apoe
knockout background and subjected to high-fat diet feeding for 12 weeks. Assessment of body weight and total cholesterol and triglycerides before and after the diet revealed no differences between the 2 groups of mice. However, mice lacking the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor developed more severe atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, brachiocephalic artery, and aortic sinus, as well as a heightened inflammatory milieu as evidenced by increased macrophage recruitment in the lesions.

Conclusions—
These data suggest that the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor is important for tonic inhibition of inflammation and limitation of atherosclerosis progression in this model.
Race Is a Key Variable in Assigning Lipoprotein(a) Cutoff Values for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment
Authors: Guan Weihua , Cao Jing , Steffen Brian T. , Post Wendy S. , Stein James H. , Tattersall Mathew C. , Kaufman Joel D. , McConnell Joseph P. , Hoefner Daniel M. , Warnick Russell , Tsai Michael Y. 
Published: February 2015

Objective—
We aimed to examine associations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentrations with coronary heart disease (CHD) and determine whether current Lp(a) clinical laboratory cut points identify risk of disease incidence in 4 races/ethnicities of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Approach and Results—
A subcohort of 1323 black, 1677 white, 548 Chinese American, and 1044 Hispanic MESA participants were followed up during a mean 8.5-year period in which 235 incident CHD events were recorded. Lp(a) mass concentrations were measured using a turbidimetric immunoassay. Cox regression analysis determined associations of Lp(a) with CHD risk with adjustments for lipid and nonlipid variables. Lp(a) concentrations were continuously associated with risk of CHD incidence in black (hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–2.04] and white participants (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02–1.45). Examining Lp(a) risk by the 50 mg/dL cut point revealed higher risks of incident CHD in all races except Chinese Americans: blacks (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.03–2.76), whites (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.15–2.88); Hispanics (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.17–4.78). The lower Lp(a) cut point of 30 mg/dL identified higher risk of CHD in black participants alone (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.08–3.21).

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that the 30 mg/dL cutoff for Lp(a) is not appropriate in white and Hispanic individuals, and the higher 50 mg/dL cutoff should be considered. In contrast, the 30 mg/dL cutoff remains suitable in black individuals. Further research is necessary to develop the most clinically useful Lp(a) cutoff values in individual races/ethnicities.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute Protocol Is a Brief, Valid, Reliable, and Feasible Cognitive Screen for Telephone Administration
Authors: Wong Adrian , Nyenhuis David , Black Sandra E. , Law Lorraine S.N. , Lo Eugene S.K. , Kwan Pauline W.L. , Au Lisa , Chan Anne Y.Y. , Wong Lawrence K.S. , Nasreddine Ziad , Mok Vincent 
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization working group proposed a brief cognitive protocol for screening of vascular cognitive impairment. We investigated the validity, reliability, and feasibility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-minute protocol (MoCA 5-minute protocol) administered over the telephone.

Methods—
Four items examining attention, verbal learning and memory, executive functions/language, and orientation were extracted from the MoCA to form the MoCA 5-minute protocol. One hundred four patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack, including 53 with normal cognition (Clinical Dementia Rating, 0) and 51 with cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating, 0.5 or 1), were administered the MoCA in clinic and a month later, the MoCA 5-minute protocol over the telephone.

Results—

Administration of the MoCA 5-minute protocol took 5 minutes over the telephone. Total score of the MoCA 5-minute protocol correlated negatively with age (
r
=−0.36;
P
<0.001) and positively with years of education (
r
=0.41;
P
<0.001) but not with sex (ρ=0.03;
P
=0.773). Total scores of the MoCA and MoCA 5-minute protocol were highly correlated (
r
=0.87;
P
<0.001). The MoCA 5-minute protocol performed equally well as the MoCA in differentiating patients with cognitive impairment from those without (areas under receiver operating characteristics curve for MoCA 5-minute protocol, 0.78; MoCA=0.74;
P
>0.05 for difference; Cohen
d
for group difference, 0.80–1.13). It differentiated cognitively impaired patients with executive domain impairment from those without (areas under receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.89;
P
<0.001; Cohen
d
=1.7 for group difference). Thirty-day test–retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.89).

Conclusions—
The MoCA 5-minute protocol is a free, valid, and reliable cognitive screen for stroke and transient ischemic attack. It is brief and highly feasible for telephone administration.
Stroke Lesion Volumes and Outcome Are Not Different in Hemispheric Stroke Side Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Criteria
Authors: Golsari Amir , Cheng Bastian , Sobesky Jan , Schellinger Peter D. , Fiehler Jens , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz 
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—
Patients with right hemispheric stroke (RHS) have been reported to have fewer good outcomes after thrombolysis. We aimed at evaluating outcome after stroke thrombolysis with regards to the affected hemisphere controlling for stroke lesion volume as a potential confounder.

Methods—
We retrospectively analyzed data from a prospective study of patients with acute stroke treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator, based on magnetic resonance imaging criteria within 6 hours of symptom onset. Neurological deficit was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Lesion volume on acute perfusion imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion imaging/DWI mismatch were measured. Clinical outcome was assessed after 90 days using the modified Rankin Scale, and relation to affected hemisphere was studied by multivariate analysis.

Results—

Of 173 patients, 55 (32%) presented with RHS, whereas 118 (68%) had left HS. Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was lower in RHS (11.7 versus 13.6;
P
=0.031). There were no differences in DWI lesion volume (11.0 versus 17.8 mL;
P
=0.519), perfusion imaging lesion volume (98.9 versus 118.3 mL;
P
=0.395), perfusion imaging/DWI mismatch (60 versus 85.05 mL;
P
=0.283). Clinical outcome was also comparable for both groups (modified Rankin Scale, 0–1;
P
=0.327). In multivariate analysis, DWI lesion volume (
P
<0.001) and age were associated with modified Rankin Scale at day 90, whereas affected hemisphere was not.

Conclusions—
We did not find differences between RHS and left HS with regards to stroke lesions volumes or outcome after thrombolysis. Previously reported hemisphere-related differences in stroke outcome may partly results from imbalances in stroke lesion volume between RHS and left HS.
Cannabis and Stroke
Authors: Hackam Daniel G. 
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—
An increasing number of case reports link cannabis consumption to cerebrovascular events. Yet these case reports have not been scrutinized using criteria for causal inference.

Methods—
All case reports on cannabis and cerebrovascular events were retrieved. Four causality criteria were addressed: temporality, adequacy of stroke work-up, effects of rechallenge, and concomitant risk factors that could account for the cerebrovascular event.

Results—
There were 34 case reports on 64 patients. Most cases (81%) exhibited a temporal relationship between cannabis exposure and the index event. In 70%, the evaluation was sufficiently comprehensive to exclude other sources for stroke. About a quarter (22%) of patients had another stroke after subsequent re-exposure to cannabis. Finally, half of patients (50%) had concomitant stroke risk factors, most commonly tobacco (34%) and alcohol (11%) consumption.

Conclusions—
Many case reports support a causal link between cannabis and cerebrovascular events. This accords well with epidemiological and mechanistic research on the cerebrovascular effects of cannabis.
Temporal and Spatial Interpolation of the Standardized Precipitation Index for Computational Efficiency in the Dynamic Drought Index Tool
Authors: DeGaetano Arthur T. , Belcher Brian N. , Noon William 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe feasibility of interpolating gamma-distribution parameters between different precipitation accumulation intervals (durations) is statistically evaluated. The interpolation of these parameters for a specific accumulation interval, but ending on different dates, is similarly assessed. Such interpolation increases the computational efficiency of drought-monitoring tools that require calculation of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) for any user-specified accumulation period on any given day. Spatial interpolation of the distribution parameters is also assessed. Given a 60-yr period of record, few statistically significant differences were found between gamma-distribution percentiles interpolated between fixed base durations and those computed directly. Shorter interpolation intervals (generally 30 days) were required for the shortest (e.g., 30 days) durations, whereas interpolation over periods of as long as 180 days could be used for the longest (between 360 and 720 days) durations. Interpolating the distribution parameters to different ending dates on the basis of those computed for the end of each month was also appropriate. The spatial interpolation of gamma-distribution parameters, although viable in practice for monitoring large-scale drought conditions, was associated with larger SPI differences than was the spatial interpolation of the SPI index itself or the interpolation of historical precipitation and the subsequent calculation of gamma-distribution parameters on the basis of these values.
Interhemispheric Propagation of Stationary Rossby Waves in a Horizontally Nonuniform Background Flow
Authors: Li Yanjie , Li Jianping , Jin Fei Fei , Zhao Sen 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Significant interhemispheric teleconnections are identified that span the tropical easterlies in the boreal summer 300-hPa streamfunction, such as the North Africa–Antarctic (NAA) and the North Pacific–South America (NPSA) patterns. These patterns are not supported by traditional wave theory, since stationary waves in a basic state without meridional wind would be trapped in the easterlies. To describe the interhemispheric responses more realistically, two-dimensional spherical Rossby wave theory in a horizontally nonuniform basic state is considered. Conditions sufficient for the existence of one propagating wave are obtained, and the meridional group velocity of the wave is shown to have the same direction as the meridional basic wind at the traditional critical latitude. It is concluded that stationary waves with a specific wavelength can propagate across the easterlies from south (north) to north (south) via southerly (northerly) flows. Hence, energy transport by stationary waves on a horizontally nonuniform basic state may produce interhemispheric responses that could pass through the tropical easterly belt.
The wave theory and a barotropic model are then applied to idealized and climatological flows. Model results agree well with the theory. In boreal winter and summer, cross-equatorial flows steer stationary waves propagating from one hemisphere to the other across the tropical easterlies, especially over the Australian–Asian monsoon region. It seems that the large-scale monsoonal background flows play a critical role in the interhemispheric teleconnection. Additionally, the wave ray trajectory and model results suggest that the NAA pattern may result from Rossby wave energy dispersion.
The Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Antarctic Sea Ice*
Authors: Nuncio M. , Yuan Xiaojun 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study explores the impact of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on the Southern Hemisphere sea ice variability. Singular value decomposition (SVD) of September–November sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies reveals patterns of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific and the IOD in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The relative importance of the IOD’s impact on sea ice in the Pacific sector of Antarctica is difficult to assess for two reasons: 1) ENSO generates larger anomalies in the Pacific and Weddell Sea and 2) many of the positive (negative) IODs co-occur with El Niño (La Niña). West of the Ross Sea, sea ice growth can be attributed to the negative heat fluxes associated with cold meridional flow between high and low pressure cells generated by the effects of the IOD. However, the locations of these positive and negative pressure anomaly centers tend to appear north of the sea ice zone during combined ENSO–IOD events, reducing the influence of the IOD on sea ice. The IOD influence is at a maximum in the region west of the Ross Sea. When ENSO is removed, sea ice in the Indian Ocean (near 60°E) increases because of cold outflows west of low pressure centers while sea ice near 90°E decreases because of the warm advection west of a high pressure center located south of Australia.
Labelling and water conservation: A European perspective on a global challenge
Authors: Kelly DA 
Published: February 2015

The European Commission has identified labelling as a means of encouraging consumers to opt for water-efficient products. A common water label at the European level would help countries achieve water efficiency in a cohesive way. This paper examines some of the water labelling schemes currently implemented in countries around the world in order to draw together a knowledge-base of water labelling best practice. Mandatory labels are shown to be most effective at encouraging consumer uptake, while additional supportive information (such as product performance data and potential financial savings) would help inform consumer purchase decisions. Consideration of national implications, economic impact, regulation and enforcement and establishing impact indicators, are all shown to be vital components of an effective water labelling scheme. Practical application: A Europe-wide water label would help promote the uptake of water-efficient products by providing consumers with information about the water consumption characteristics of products at the point of sale. It is intended that the water labelling best practice presented here is used by policy makers and regulators to help inform future initiatives in introducing a Europe-wide water label. Incorporating lessons from best practice will help ensure that such an initiative will achieve its full water-saving potential by encouraging consumer purchasing, and pushing market development, towards highly water-efficient products and, ultimately, reducing household water consumption.
Coronary ostial compromise in aortic valve replacement: An avoidable complication
Authors: Farid Shakil , Page Aravinda , Howell Neil , Goddard Martin , Abu-Omar Yasir , Jenkins David P , Nashef Samer AM 
Published: February 2015

Background We sought to determine the incidence of hospital death due to surgical compromise of the coronary ostia in aortic valve replacement. The mechanism of coronary ostium blockage was also investigated. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of prospectively collected clinical data and autopsy findings in 322 patients who died in hospital after aortic valve replacement with or without concomitant procedures in a single institution from January 1998 to March 2013. Results Over the 15-year period, more than 17 surgeons performed 7507 aortic valve replacements with or without other procedures. The mean age of the patients was 70.8 ± 11.78 years and 63% were male. Bioprosthetic valves were used in 75%, mechanical valves in 24.7%, and homografts in only 0.3%. Early mortality for all patients (combined, emergency, and redo procedures) was 4.29% (mean logistic EuroSCORE 10.7). There were 322 deaths after procedures involving the aortic valve. Autopsy examinations were carried out in all patients and showed that 3.4% ( n = 11) of deaths were at least partly attributed to encroachment on one or both coronary ostia. Causes of ostial compromise included the valve sutures, the valve sewing ring, and the aortotomy suture line. Conclusions Coronary ostial compromise in aortic valve replacement is a very rare but real problem occurring in at least 0.15% of aortic valve replacements and contributing to or directly causing one in every 29 aortic valve replacement deaths. Surgeons should have a high level of awareness of the risk of this rare but fatal and avoidable complication.
Magnesium-containing mixed coatings on zirconia for dental implants: mechanical characterization and in vitro behavior
Authors: Pardun Karoline , Treccani Laura , Volkmann Eike , Streckbein Philipp , Heiss Christian , Gerlach Juergen W , Maendl Stephan , Rezwan Kurosch 
Published: February 2015

An important challenge in the field of dental and orthopedic implantology is the preparation of implant coatings with bioactive functions that feature a high mechanical stability and at the same time mimic structural and compositional properties of native bone for a better bone ingrowth. This study investigates the influence of magnesium addition to zirconia-calcium phosphate coatings. The mixed coatings were prepared with varying additions of either magnesium oxide or magnesium fluoride to yttria-stabilized zirconia and hydroxyapatite. The coatings were deposited on zirconia discs and screw implants by wet powder spraying. Microstructure studies confirm a porous coating with similar roughness and firm adhesion not hampered by the coating composition. The coating morphology, mechanical flexural strength and calcium dissolution showed a magnesium content-dependent effect. Moreover, the in vitro results obtained with human osteoblasts reveal an improved biological performance caused by the presence of Mg2+ ions. The magnesium-containing coatings exhibited better cell proliferation and differentiation in comparison to pure zirconia-calcium phosphate coatings. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that magnesium addition increases the bioactivity potential of zirconia-calcium phosphate coatings and is thus a highly suitable candidate for bone implant coatings.