bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐quality imaging in environmental scanning electron microscopy – optimizing the pressure limiting system and the secondary electron detection of a commercially available ESEM
Authors: FITZEK H. , SCHROETTNER H. , WAGNER J. , HOFER F. , RATTENBERGER J. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryIn environmental scanning electron microscopy applications in the kPa regime are of increasing interest for the investigation of wet and biological samples, because neither sample preparation nor extensive cooling are necessary. Unfortunately, the applications are limited by poor image quality. In this work the image quality at high pressures of a FEI Quanta 600 (field emission gun) and a FEI Quanta 200 (thermionic gun) is greatly improved by optimizing the pressure limiting system and the secondary electron (SE) detection system. The scattering of the primary electron beam strongly increases with pressure and thus the image quality vanishes. The key to high‐image quality at high pressures is to reduce scattering as far as possible while maintaining ideal operation conditions for the SE‐detector. The amount of scattering is reduced by reducing both the additional stagnation gas thickness (aSGT) and the environmental distance (ED). A new aperture holder is presented that significantly reduces the aSGT while maintaining the same field‐of‐view (FOV) as the original design. With this aperture holder it is also possible to make the aSGT even smaller at the expense of a smaller FOV. A new blade‐shaped SE‐detector is presented yielding better image quality than usual flat SE‐detectors. The electrode of the new SE detector is positioned on the sample table, which allows the SE‐detector to operate at ideal conditions regardless of pressure and ED.
Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain in Chinese adolescents compared to an age‐matched Swedish population
Authors: Hongxing L. , Astrøm A. N. , List T. , Nilsson I.‐M. , Johansson A. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis study aimed to (i) assess the prevalence and perceived need for treatment of TMD pain, and its association with socio‐economic factors and gender, in adolescents in Xi᾽an, Shaanxi Province, China, and (ii) compare the prevalence and association with gender of TMD pain in Xi᾽an to an age‐matched Swedish population. We surveyed Chinese adolescents aged 15 to 19 years in Xi'an, China (n = 5524), using a questionnaire with two‐stage stratified sampling and the school as the sampling unit. The study included second‐year students at selected high schools. It also included an age‐matched Swedish population (n = 17 015) surveyed using the same diagnostic criteria for TMD pain as that used in the Chinese sample. The survey found TMD pain in 14·8% (n = 817) of the Chinese sample and 5·1% (n = 871) of the Swedish sample (P < 0·0001). Girls had significantly more TMD pain than boys in both the Chinese (P < 0·05) and Swedish (P < 0·001) samples. TMD pain increased with age in the Chinese population. Of the Chinese adolescents with TMD pain, 47% reported that they felt a need for treatment. Rural schools, low paternal education levels, poverty, living outside the home, poor general and oral health, and dissatisfaction with teeth all showed significant positive correlations with TMD pain. Prevalence of TMD pain in Chinese adolescents was significantly higher than in the Swedish sample.
Using megestrol acetate to ameliorate protein‐energy wasting in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Smith Christine Skouberdis , Logomarsino John V. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundVarious populations are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), and a low dose appetite stimulant megestrol acetate (MA) is sometimes recommended in patients with CKD to ameliorate protein‐energy wasting (PEW). Patients with CKD are at greater risk of developing PEW since the progression of their disease can cause decreased nutrient intake, catabolic effects, systemic inflammation and metabolic changes. Providers can detect PEW in CKD by identifying low serum levels ≤3.8 g/dl of albumin, <30 mg/dl of transthyretin, or <100 mg/dl of cholesterol. Other characteristics include BMI <22 kg/m2 (for ≤65 years), unintentional weight loss of ≥5% in three months or ≥10% in six months, body fat percentage <10%, with muscle wasting of a reduction of ≥5% in three months or ≥10% in six months of muscle mass.MethodA review of research was completed and data collected from small population‐based retrospective studies to determine the effect of MA.ResultsClinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of MA by showing increases in BMI up to 9%, albumin levels up to 1.1 g/dl, with reported protein and energy intake increases from 27% to 42%. There are potential adverse effects of using MA in CKD.ConclusionAfter reviewing the available literature, the benefits of using MA should be evaluated against the potential side effects. For further examination of MA's potential benefits, long‐term, prospective, large clinical trials should be carried out.
URBAN‐TO‐RURAL POPULATION GROWTH LINKAGES: EVIDENCE FROM OECD TL3 REGIONS*
Authors: Veneri Paolo , Ruiz Vicente 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to understand, from an international comparative perspective, how population growth in rural regions is affected by the relationship with their nearby urban centers. By means of a cross‐sectional analysis on OECD small regions (Territorial Level 3), the paper distinguishes spread effects—positive spillovers arising from urban growth—from the net effect of distance to nonrural places. The results show that spread effects outweigh backwash effects, so that rural regions benefit from growth in urban places. A rural region's distance from urban and intermediate regions has a negative effect on its population growth rate. Nevertheless, both the strength of this effect and the growth spillovers decline with distance, and this occurs relatively faster in Europe. The results further suggest that proximity to large urban areas has a higher positive influence than proximity to intermediate areas, but only outside Europe.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND MOTORIZATION IN CHINA
Authors: Sun Bindong , Zhang Tinglin , He Zhou , Wang Rui 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTUsing data from 161 Chinese cities, this paper investigates the effects of various dimensions of urban spatial structure on the ownership and commute mode split of automobile. Results confirm the positive effects of city size on auto ownership and mode split and the negative effect of density on auto ownership. Echoing a small number of studies, this research discovers the seemingly counterintuitive effect of jobs‐housing balance on the use of automobiles, probably due to the potential advantage of public transit relative to driving in dense and congested Chinese cities. Cities should emphasize public transit and maintain density in the future.
The survivability of phyllosilicates and carbonates impacting Stardust Al foils: Facilitating the search for cometary water
Authors: Wozniakiewicz Penelope J. , Ishii Hope A. , Kearsley Anton T. , Bradley John P. , Price Mark. C. , Burchell Mark J. , Teslich Nick , Cole Mike J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractComet 81P/Wild 2 samples returned by NASA's Stardust mission provide an unequalled opportunity to study the contents of, and hence conditions and processes operating on, comets. They can potentially validate contentious interpretations of cometary infrared spectra and in situ mass spectrometry data: specifically the identification of phyllosilicates and carbonates. However, Wild 2 dust was collected via impact into capture media at ~6 km s−1, leading to uncertainty as to whether these minerals were captured intact, and, if subjected to alteration, whether they remain recognizable. We simulated Stardust Al foil capture conditions using a two‐stage light‐gas gun, and directly compared transmission electron microscope analyses of pre‐ and postimpact samples to investigate survivability of lizardite and cronstedtite (phyllosilicates) and calcite (carbonate). We find the phyllosilicates do not survive impact as intact crystalline materials but as moderately to highly vesiculated amorphous residues lining resultant impact craters, whose bulk cation to Si ratios remain close to that of the impacting grain. Closer inspection reveals variation in these elements on a submicron scale, where impact‐induced melting accompanied by reducing conditions (due to the production of oxygen scavenging molten Al from the target foils) has resulted in the production of native silicon and Fe‐ and Fe‐Si‐rich phases. In contrast, large areas of crystalline calcite are preserved within the calcite residue, with smaller regions of vesiculated, Al‐bearing calcic glass. Unambiguous identification of calcite impactors on Stardust Al foil is therefore possible, while phyllosilicate impactors may be inferred from vesiculated residues with appropriate bulk cation to Si ratios. Finally, we demonstrate that the characteristic textures and elemental distributions identifying phyllosilicates and carbonates by transmission electron microscopy can also be observed by state‐of‐the‐art scanning electron microscopy providing rapid, nondestructive initial mineral identifications in Stardust residues.
Irish language education and the national ideal: the dynamics of nationalism inNorthernIreland
Authors: McManus Cathal 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSince the beginning of theNorthernIreland conflict in the late 1960s,Irish nationalism has been identified as a prominent force in the political culture of the state. Recent studies have suggested, however, that the ‘Nationalist’ population has become increasingly content within the new political framework created by the peace process and the aspiration for Irish unity diminished. In placing theNorthernIreland situation within the theoretical framework of nationalism, this paper will analyse how these changing priorities have been possible. Through an analysis ofIrish language study inNorthernIreland's schools, the paper will examine how the political ideals espoused by the nationalistSinnFéin Party reflected the priorities of the ‘nationalist community’. It will be contended that the relationship between the ideology and ‘the people’ is much more complex than is often allowed for and that educational inequalities are a significant contributing factor to this.
Prevalence of aggressive behaviours among inpatients with psychiatric disorders: A case study analysis from Jordan
Authors: Al‐Sagarat Ahmad Y. , Hamdan‐Mansour Ayman M. , Al‐Sarayreh Faris , Nawafleh Hani , Moxham Lorna 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the correlates of aggression among consumers with mental illness within two psychiatric hospitals in Jordan. This was a descriptive, cross sectional study carried out by auditing consumers’ medical records in regards to incidents of aggression before and during admission. Approval was gained from 203 next of kins to review the consumers’ medical records. Results from this case analysis, found the prevalence of aggressive behaviours among psychiatric inpatient's in Jordan to be 23.6%, the most common form of aggression was consumer to consumer and that the aggressive act was more likely to be perpetrated by younger consumers. Such findings contribute to the discourse about aggression and understanding who and what causes aggression can go toward identify strategies for early intervention and management. After all, mental health units should be places of safety, that is, an asylum, and everyone who enters that environment deserves to be safe.
Immunoregulation in larval Echinococcus multilocularis infection
Authors: Wang J. , Gottstein B. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a clinically very severe zoonotic helminthic disease, characterized by a chronic progressive hepatic damage caused by the continuous proliferation of the larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus multilocularis. The proliferative potential of the parasite metacestode tissue is dependent on the nature/function of the periparasitic immune‐mediated processes of the host. Immune tolerance and/or down‐regulation of immunity are a marked characteristic increasingly observed when disease develops towards its chronic (late) stage of infection. In this context, explorative studies have clearly shown that T regulatory (Treg) cells play an important role in modulating and orchestrating inflammatory/immune reactions in AE, yielding a largely Th2‐biased response, and finally allowing thus long‐term parasite survival, proliferation and maturation. AE is fatal if not treated appropriately, but the current benzimidazole chemotherapy is far from optimal, and novel options for control are needed. Future research should focus on the elucidation of the crucial immunological events that lead to anergy in AE, and focus on providing a scientific basis for the development of novel and more effective immunotherapeutical options to support cure AE by abrogating anergy, anticipating also that a combination of immuno‐ and chemotherapy could provide a synergistic therapeutical effect.
Modes of action of the protective strain Fo47 in controlling verticillium wilt of pepper
Authors: Veloso J. , Alabouvette C. , Olivain C. , Flors V. , Pastor V. , García T. , Díaz J. 
Published: November 2015

The protective fungus Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 reduces the severity of wilt caused by the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae in pepper. Modes of action responsible for the biocontrol activity were studied. Microscopic observations of fluorescent protein‐transformed strains colonizing the root surface show that the colonization patterns of Fo47 and V. dahliae were similar. Pixel counting of the images obtained by confocal microscopy showed that Fo47 reduces colonization of the root surface by V. dahliae, suggesting a possible role of competition for nutrients at the root surface. Besides these effects on surface colonization, the hormonal pathways activated during priming of plant defence responses were identified by measuring the amount of some phytohormones and their derivatives in roots and stems of pepper. Results showed an early, slight increase of jasmonyl isoleucine, followed by a transient increase of salicylic acid during the pre‐challenged phase of priming and an increase of 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid during the challenge phase of priming. The caffeic, ferulic and chlorogenic acids, known to play a role in plant defence reactions, showed a strong antimicrobial activity against V. dahliae in vitro. In pepper roots, Fo47 stimulated the biosynthesis of caffeic acid and primed that of chlorogenic acid. These results demonstrated that the effective control of V. dahliae provided by Fo47 is based on different but complementary mechanisms.
Migrant Care Work Going Dutch? The Emergence of a Live‐in Migrant Care Market and the Restructuring of the Dutch Long‐term Care System
Authors: Da Roit Barbara , van Bochove Marianne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn recent years, a live‐in migrant care (LIMC) market has emerged in European countries with specific care, migration, and employment regime features. In countries with relatively low levels of formal long‐term care (LTC) provision, people in need of care and their families have started purchasing LTC directly from individual – mostly migrant – workers who live‐in with the person in need of care. Previous research has shown that this arrangement is facilitated by the availability of cash‐for‐care benefits that can be freely used by the beneficiaries, and/or by low levels of regulation of employment and migration. The Netherlands traditionally features strong, universal and generous LTC policies. However, recently, the phenomenon of LIMC has also appeared there. Based on exploratory qualitative research, this article examines the features of Dutch LIMC and the factors that foster or hinder its development. Our findings show that the ongoing restructuring of the Dutch LTC system – particularly the emphasis on informal care and decreasing accessibility of institutional care – are important factors pushing an LIMC market. At the same time, various institutional factors limit its growth, particularly the high levels of regulation of the Dutch care, migration and employment regimes. Further cutbacks in the care sector might push more families to this market in the near future, and change the character of the Dutch LTC sector. The Dutch case is relevant for other countries with longstanding traditions of generous LTC services which currently undergo retrenchment, and sheds light on routes to institutional change.
Labels of Interest Groups as Indicators of A Vernacular Region: A Case Study in Croatia
Authors: Vukosav Branimir , Fuerst‐Bjeliš Borna 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTWhile not necessarily actual in the contemporary administrative divisions, vernacular regions are an integral part of regional identities. As such, they are a type of perceptual regions based solely on the inhabitants’ inner perception of a region. Vernacular regions are usually articulated through the occurrence of a region's name in various informal narratives such as labels of interest groups. The aim of the paper is to use the official online databases as a means to identify and extract interest groups such as businesses, companies and public associations with labels containing the name of Zagora region in southern Croatia. The extracted data is used to map the vernacular region and reach conclusions about the applicability of the method and the utilised data sources, as well as to find out how external perception influences regional affiliation in a traditional region without institutional frame.
Mycobacterium avium complex disseminated infection in a kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Fadlallah J. , Rammaert B. , Laurent S. , Lanternier F. , Pol S. , Franck N. , Mamzer M.F. , Dupin N. , Lortholary O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMycobacterium avium‐intracellulare complex (MAC) infections are well known in immunocompromised patients, notably in human immunodeficiency virus infection, but remain scarcely described in kidney transplantation. Moreover, cutaneous involvement in this infection is very unusual. We describe here a disseminated infection caused by MAC in a kidney transplant recipient revealed by cutaneous lesions. This case highlights the need for an exhaustive, iterative microbiologic workup in the context of an atypical disease presentation in a renal transplant patient, regardless of the degree of immunosuppression.
Mindfulness and Leadership: A Critical Reflection
Authors: Beekum Servaas Van 
Published: November 2015

This paper critically highlights the history and the current use of the concept of mindfulness, from its Buddhist roots via medical application and organizational consulting into its application as a management tool. The paper puts the concept of mindfulness in its historical context, mentions some of the controversies the ‘brand of mindfulness’ has stirred and prefers the term ‘being mindful’ over ‘mindfulness’. However, as Stolarov (1992) argued: the mind in isolation is a myth. The mind itself is social and relational in such a way that the intrapsychic inner world is directly related to the relational context in which it is embedded. In consulting and management, being mindful is, beyond an individual process of growth and development, also relational, recognizing that there are two or more entities working in a mutual and reciprocal process. Once we apply ‘being mindful’ on professionals in organizations it is clear that this can improve the wellbeing of leaders, managers and staff and the overall effectiveness of an organization. In the organizational literature the concept of ‘deep thinking’ is explored in marketing and sales. The paper promotes, explores and elaborates the concept of being mindful, including deep thinking, as essential for practical and spiritual aspects of organizational and corporate life, in particular for the transformational tasks of leaders and managers. Eight characteristics of mindful leadership are elaborated. Finally the potential parallel process of the rise of mindfulness and transactional analysis, stands out as a warning.
The sensory origins of human position sense
Authors: Tsay A. J. , Giummarra M. J. , Allen T. J. , Proske U. 
Published: November 2015

Key points
Position sense at the human forearm can be measured in blindfolded subjects by matching positions of the arms or by a subject pointing to the perceived position of an unseen arm.
Effects on position sense tested were: elbow muscle conditioning with a voluntary contraction, muscle vibration, loading the arm and elbow skin stretch.
Conditioning contractions and vibration produced errors in a matching task, consistent with the action of muscle spindles as position sensors. Position errors in a pointing task were not consistent with the action of muscle spindles. Loading the arm or skin stretch had no effect in either matching or pointing tasks.
It is proposed that there are two kinds of position sense: (i) indicating positions of different body parts relative to one another, using signals from muscle spindles; and (ii) indicating position of the body in extrapersonal space, using signals from exteroceptors, vision, touch and hearing.
AbstractHuman limb position sense can be measured in two ways: in a blindfolded matching task, position of one limb is indicated with the other limb. Alternatively, position of a limb, hidden from view, is indicated with a pointer, moved by pressing a lever. These experiments examined the sensory basis of position sense measured in these two ways. Position errors were measured in 14 subjects after elbow flexors or extensors had been conditioned with a half‐maximum voluntary contraction. In agreement with previous studies, in the matching trials, position errors were distributed according to a pattern consistent with the action of muscle spindles as the position sensors. In the pointing trials, all errors lay in the direction of extension of the true position of the hidden arm and their distribution was inconsistent with influences arising in muscle spindles. Vibration of elbow muscles produced an illusion of muscle lengthening during a matching task, while during the pointing task no illusion was present. Finally, the matching–pointing error difference was preserved, even when one arm was loaded with a weight or skin over the elbow was stretched. It is proposed that there are two kinds of position sense. One is signalled by muscle spindles, indicating position of one part of the body relative to another. A second provides information about the position of the body in extrapersonal space and here we hypothesise that exteroceptors, including vision, touch and hearing, acting via a central map of the body, provide the spatial information.
Performance of BD Max StaphSR for Screening of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates among a Contemporary and Diverse Collection from 146 Institutions Located in Nine U.S. Census Regions: Prevalence of
mecA
Dropout Mutants
Authors: Mendes Rodrigo E. , Watters Amy A. , Rhomberg Paul R. , Farrell David J. , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

This study determined the performance of BD Max StaphSR and the rate of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) with an unrecognized staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) right-extremity junction (MREJ) region among 907 methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) and 900 methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) isolates. The rate of
mecA/mecC
dropout mutants was also evaluated. Only three MRSA isolates (99.7% sensitivity; 904/907) were classified as MSSA by the BD Max StaphSR assay, due to negative results for MREJ. Eight MSSA isolates (99.1% sensitivity; 892/900) were assigned as MRSA. However, six of these MSSA isolates had the
mecA
gene confirmed by PCR and sequencing (99.8% sensitivity; 898/900). Overall, 7.1% (64/900) of MSSA isolates showed results compatible with a
mecA
dropout genotype.