bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Обработка данных при помощи искусственного интеллекта и риски дискриминации
Authors: Талапина Эльвира 
Published: June 2024

Дискриминация создает угрозу равенству как основному концепту правового государства . Эта проблема обретает новое звучание в связи с использованием искусственно-го интеллекта для принятия значимых юридических решений, поскольку искусственный интеллект способен принимать ошибочные решения в отношении конкретных лиц, в основе которых часто лежит дискриминация . Целью статьи стало изучение рисков дискриминации, чтобы учесть и избегать их в будущем правовом регулировании . Исследование основано на анализе доктринальных и нормативных источников разных стран, изучении имеющегося опыта использования искусственного интеллекта . Конкретным методом интеллектуального анализа данных является профилирование, которое не оставляет большого пространства для автономии и самоопределения личности . В связи с этим предлагается переоценить теорию информационного самоопределения, используя ее потенциал разделения ответственности между обладателем данных и обработчиком . Ввиду явных дискриминационных рисков профилирования некоторые операции уже запрещены (например, редлайнинг в США, генетическое профилирование в области страхования и занятости в ряде стран) . Отдельно должны изучаться предиктивные способности искусственного интеллекта в отношении юридической оценки поведения конкретного человека . Опыт алгоритмического прогнозирования поведения человека, накопленный в рамках уголовного правосудия в США, свидетельствует о вероятностном характере такой оценки . Это способно нарушить права челове-ка на справедливое судебное разбирательство и индивидуализацию наказания, если алгоритмическая оценка станет единственным основанием для вынесения судебного решения . В целом развитие приложений по решению рутинных правовых проблем, которые будут давать результаты на основании прошлых судебных решений, особо актуально в странах общего права, где господствует прецедентное право . С учетом того, что Россия принадлежит к континентальной системе права перспективы использования американского опыта сомнительны . Рассмотрение конкретных видов недостатков, которые способны привести к дискриминационной обработке данных, позволило сделать выводы о контурах будущего законодательства в отношении деятельности искусственного интеллекта с учетом всех проанализированных рисков дискриминации .Для цитирования: Талапина Э.В. Обработка данных при помощи искусственного интеллекта и риски дискриминации // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2022. Т. 15. № 1. С. 4–27. DOI:10.17323/2072-8166.2022.1.4.27.
Ephemeroptera (Insecta) en un gradiente altitudinal de la región andino-amazónica colombiana: validación de una regla de Rapoport
Authors: Gutiérrez-Garaviz Jhonatan , Rocha Odete , Peláez-Rodríguez Marlon , Agredo-Jiménez Oscar 
Published: June 2024

La región andino-amazónica del departamento de Caquetá, Colombia, es reconocida por su alta biodiversidad de especies y gran variedad de ecosistemas acuáticos. Nuestro estudio se centró en el análisis de la distribución del orden Ephemeroptera a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en dicha región, con el objetivo de validar la regla Rapoport y determinar el recambio taxonómico. Para ello, se definieron tres regiones de estudio, Andes, Transición y Amazonas, donde se recolectaron muestras biológicas durante cuatro jornadas de campo entre el 2021 y el 2022. En el análisis de los datos se estimaron los números de Hill con base en la riqueza observada (q.0), la diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (q.1) y el índice de Gini-Simpson (q.2). Además, se utilizó un análisis de agrupamiento NMDS para explorar el recambio de especies, y un modelo de regresión lineal simple para corroborar una de las reglas de Rapoport. Los resultados revelaron tres rangos altitudinales: uno amplio en la región de los Andes, uno medio en zona de transición en los Andes, y uno restringido en Amazonas. Según el NMDS, se establecieron dos conjuntos que indicaron el recambio de especies entre la cordillera de los Andes y el Amazonas, con un valor de p de 0,001 en la ANOSIM. En cuanto a la regla Rapoport, se evidenció una relación negativa en los estimativos q.0, q.1 y q.2, pero su alcance se limitó a una escala regional, enfocado en los Andes y no en todo el gradiente altitudinal. Así, en la región deestudio se encontró una relación del gradiente altitudinal con el recambio de especies y los estimativos de diversidad del orden Ephemeroptera.
Ultrafast Brain MRI at 3 T for MS: Evaluation of a 51-Second Deep-Learning-Enhanced T2-EPI-FLAIR Sequence
Authors: Schuhholz Martin , Ruff Christer , Bürkle Eva , Feiweier Thorsten , Clifford Bryan , Kowarik Markus , Bender Benjamin 
Published: June 2024

Magnetic resonance (MR) image acquisitions are usually time-consuming, limiting utilization in neuroimaging. For multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, MR imaging plays a major role in drug therapy decision-making. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an ultrafast, T2-weighted (T2w), deep-learning-enhanced (DL), echo-planar-imaging-based (EPI) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (FLAIRUF) that has been targeting neurological emergencies so far might even be an option to detect MS lesions of the brain compared to conventional FLAIR sequences. Therefore, 17 MS patients were enrolled prospectively in this exploratory study. Standard MR protocols and ultrafast acquisitions were conducted at 3 tesla (T), including three-dimensional (3D)-FLAIR, turbo/fast spin echo (TSE)-FLAIR, and FLAIRUF. Inflammatory lesions were grouped by size and location. Lesion conspicuity and image quality were rated on an ordinal five-point Likert scale, and lesion detection rates were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to compare results. Altogether, 568 different lesions were found. Data indicated no significant differences in lesion detection (sensitivity and positive predictive value [PPV]) between FLAIRUF and axially reconstructed 3D-FLAIR (lesion size ≥ 3 mm × ≥ 2 mm) and no differences in sensitivity between FLAIRUF and TSE-FLAIR (lesion size ≥ 3 mm total). Lesion conspicuity in FLAIRUF was similar in all brain regions except for superior conspicuity in the occipital lobe and inferior conspicuity in central brain regions. Further findings include location-dependent limitations of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) as well as artifacts such as spatial distortions in FLAIRUF. In conclusion, FLAIRUF could potentially be an expedient alternative to conventional methods for brain imaging in MS patients since the acquisition can be performed in a fraction of time while maintaining good image quality.
Quantitative Elimination of Seismic Pseudofaults and Fine Analysis of True Faults Underlying Igneous Rocks of No-Well Areas: A Case Study of Shuntuoguole Uplift in Tarim Basin
Authors: Jiang Ziran , Jiao Jian , Qi Qiaomu , Deng Xingyu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After multistage tectonic movement and evolution, large superimposed oil and gas basins generally developed many igneous rocks in the early rifting stages. The lithology and lithofacies of igneous rocks are complex, which is easy to lead to the distortion of the underlying migration velocity field and thus the response of seismic pseudofaults. Also, because of the obvious shielding and absorption effect of igneous rocks on seismic waves, the waveform quality of underlying strata is poor and the seismic response characteristics of faults are fuzzy. Currently, relevant studies have shown that the influence of igneous rock can be eliminated by the prestack depth migration with an accurate igneous rock velocity model. However, improving the accuracy of the velocity model needs to be corrected by well-logging data, resulting in poor applicability of the existing velocity modeling technology underlying igneous rocks without well, which is an obvious technical bottleneck. In this paper, the secondary strike-slip fault in Shuntuoguole low uplift of Tarim Basin, which has great oil and gas exploration potential but a very low degree of drilling, is selected as the research object. Aiming at difficult fault detection underlying igneous rocks caused by lack of drilling, the accuracy of fault seismic identification is improved by “interpretative fault preprocessing” and “fault sensitive attribute optimization.” In addition, through the “extreme hypothesis method” to maximize the complex migration velocity and simulate the underlying target layer distortion maximization, we realize the quantitative elimination of seismic pseudofaults. The practical application shows that this technology can determine the true and fake underlying faults quantitatively without establishing an accurate igneous rock velocity model. It is crucial not only for exploring oil and gas in the Tarim Basin’s secondary strike-slip faults but also for offering a method and technical guide for identifying faults in other basins affected by igneous rocks.
An Analysis of Drilling Projection Uncertainty and Implications for Collision Avoidance Management Systems
Authors: Willerth Marc , McGregor Andrew 
Published: June 2024

Summary
During well planning, specifying the separation that must be maintained from offset wellbores is critical to ensuring safe operations. Recent efforts on API RP 78, an upcoming American Petroleum Institute recommended practice for wellbore placement, have provided guidelines for calculating safe separation distances and engineering considerations for those calculations. A major milestone was the publication of a separation rule (Sawaryn et al. 2019) standardizing a formula for separation factor (SF), which in turn defines the minimum allowable separation distance (MASD) between two wellbores and the allowable deviation from plan (ADP) for a wellbore being drilled. One element of this formula, σpa, describes the accuracy with which a future wellpath can be predicted. Prior guidance provides a suggested value for σpa (1.6 ft or 0.5 m at 1-sigma) based on heuristics. A more rigorous approach for estimating this value is presented, where the design of the drilling program can be considered.
A framework is proposed for modeling deviation from a projected path using a planned trajectory, bottomhole assembly (BHA) properties, and survey practices. The method identifies where a deviation is detected through survey measurements and estimates a planned recovery operation. Equations are provided for estimating the distance from plan at deviation detection along with the maximum expected deviation during recovery. Common drilling scenarios are analyzed for sensitivity to operational parameters such as survey course length, sensor offset, tool face control, and BHA performance. The impact of varying σpa is explored across prototypical collision avoidance cases. A discussion of the relationships between the σpa value and the common collision avoidance calculations, such as SF, MASD, and ADP, is included along with considerations for the design of a risk management policy.
Survey course length, survey sensor offset, and uncertainty in directional performance are all shown to have a significant impact on the potential maximum deviation from plan. An additional factor considered is the aggressiveness expected when performing recovery operations. An analysis of common drilling scenarios suggests the previously provided guidance of 1.6 ft at 1-sigma appears suitable for cases where the directional behavior of the BHA is well characterized and the combination of course length and survey sensor offset is kept to 150 ft or less. Longer survey course lengths, larger sensor offsets, or uncertainty in directional performance of the BHA can produce larger σpa values, in some scenarios causing a significant impact on the MASD and ADP.
Previous work has called attention to the uncertainty in drilling to a projection, but up to now, there has not been a rigorous method for estimating that quantity. With the methods outlined in this paper, well planners and drilling engineers can make more informed decisions on how to ensure safe separation practices in their own operations.
Neural mechanisms underlying different aspects of pseudostuttering versus fluent speech during spontaneous speech production.
Authors: Niephaus Alexandra , Konrad Kerstin , Guzik Janina , Pape-Neumann Julia , Reindl Vanessa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Although “artificial stuttering”, also known as pseudostuttering, represents a well-controlled technique for exploring disfluencies in spontaneous speech, little is known about the exact neural mechanisms involved in pseudostuttering. More specifically, previous research has not considered different types of pseudostuttering symptoms, such as repetitions or prolongations. To address this research gap, we performed functional near-infrared spectroscopy on N= 31 adult participants to measure their brain activity in left fronto-parieto-temporal regions during spontaneous speech under three conditions: habitual (fluent) speech, voluntary produced repetitions, and prolongations. We found greater activation during pseudostuttering than during habitual speech in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, supramarginal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus, with no significant differences between repetitions and prolongations. These results support previous activation findings in the supplementary motor area and superior temporal gyrus obtained during simulated repetitions while reading and extend them to include activations in cortical areas related to speech motor control, sentence generation and working memory during simulated prolongations and repetitions in naturalistic spontaneous speech production. Our findings underscore the potential of employing pseudostuttering paradigms in real-world contexts, such as conversational discourse, as a valuable tool to elucidate the neural underpinnings of speech disfluency and its implications for the speaker.
Adding to the burden: The tendency to resonate with others’ stress is linked to higher PTSD symptom severity in individuals with war-related trauma
Authors: Wesarg-Menzel Christiane , Gallistl Mathilde , Niconchuk Michael , Engert Veronika 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Many refugees experience multiple traumatic events, which set them at increased risk to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To refine interventions aimed at improving refugees’ mental health, a better understanding of the factors modulating vulnerability to war-related trauma is needed. In the present study, we focused on stress resonance as a potential vulnerability factor. Stress resonance reflects the empathic sharing of others’ subjective and physiological stress experience. Sixty-seven participants who came from Arabic-speaking countries and had entered Germany as refugees or migrants took part in an empathic stress test, in which they observed a native German speaker undergo a psychosocial laboratory stressor. Meanwhile, different stress markers (subjective stress, heart rate, heart rate variability, and cortisol release) were simultaneously captured in the stressed targets and passive observers. Moderation analyses did not support our hypothesis that the extent to which someone resonates with others’ stress is a vulnerability factor in the development of PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. Rather, higher levels of subjective and autonomic stress resonance were main predictors of PTSD symptom severity when controlling for sex, age, and trauma exposure. Our findings suggest that heightened stress resonance may constitute a malleable correlate of PTSD rather than a trait modulating health risk. In the future, efforts should be made to test whether individuals with a history of war-related trauma would benefit from interventions aimed to reduce the tendency to excessively share others’ stress.
Lacking sex-specific temperature preferences of 9 coexisting temperate sepsid dung fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Authors: Dallo Ramon , Kapun Martin , Blanckenhorn Wolf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Many similar sepsid dung fly species coexist on European pastures, contradicting conventional wisdom of niche theory and competitive exclusion. We hypothesized that closely-related sepsid species on the same pasture in Switzerland avoid each other by having different spatio-temporal microhabitat niche preferences, thus enabling coexistence. A thermal racetrack experiment in the laboratory tested the thermal preferences of males and females of 9 coexisting temperate Sepsis dung fly species from Switzerland at two acclimation temperatures. The sepsid species investigated here showed no strong differences in thermal preferences. Flies of all species preferred to settle at cooler temperatures, and otherwise utilized the entire range (from 12°C to 30°C) offered for their activities. This was the case for both sexes, and also for both acclimation temperatures (18°C, 24°C). Our findings suggest that physiological thermal adaptation or acclimation is not an important mechanism by which adult sepsid flies avoid interspecific competition. Our experiment supports previous findings of widespread sepsid flies lacking local adaptation but high phenotypic plasticity, again highlighting the necessity of experimentally assessing putative biological mechanisms facilitating coexistence.
Stagnant crop productivity growth in southern Africa despite moderate climate trends
Authors: Lobell David , Lee Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Southern Africa is facing a unique combination of high rates of current food insecurity and projected declines in agro-climatic conditions due to climate change. Here we show using multiple satellite measures that, outside of South Africa, countries in the region have not experienced significant gains in cropland productivity in the past 20 years. This view contrasts with the rosier picture painted by official crop yield records. Satellite productivity measures show clear interannual responses to temperature and rainfall, yet we find that recent climate trends do not explain the productivity stagnation. Instead, much of the region has benefitted from increased rainfall and less warming than projected by most climate model simulations. Our results suggest that the region missed an opportunity to raise productivity in the face of benign climate trends, and there is a clear and urgent need to change course before climate impacts accelerate.
Pyracantha coccinea biochar synthesis, characterization, and use in the removal of cationic dyes
Authors: Pehlivan Erol 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

A variety of dyes are released into aquatic habitats, primarily as wastewater from textile companies. This study examined the adsorption capacities of low-cost adsorbents that were created to extract methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The fruits of Pyracantha coccinea (Red Firethorn), was the biomass that was used as biomass for biochar. The biomass was thermochemically converted into biochar using the slow pyrolysis procedure without oxygen. Pyrolysis was conducted in a traditional furnace. The final temperature for pyrolysis was determined to be 500°C, with a residence period of 30 minutes and a heating rate of 10°C per minute. FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XRD were used to analyze the produced biochar. Each factor that affects the adsorption mechanism in batch experiments was thoroughly examined, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and duration. The pH of the solution had a major effect on the adsorption process; for both dyes, the pH range of 8 to 9 was found to produce the maximum adsorption efficiency. The adsorption mechanism for the dyes is based on the Langmuir isotherm model. It was discovered that biochar's highest adsorption capabilities for MB and MG were 32.7 mg/g and 55.0 mg/g, respectively. The experiment data demonstrates how well this method fits the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for both dyes when the relevant equations are applied. The results show that biochar is more effective at removing MG and MB, respectively, after 90 and 120 minutes of contact time.
A Case Series of Noninvasive (non-iGAS) and Invasive (iGAS) Pediatric Group A Streptococcal Infections at a Tertiary Healthcare Center: Resurgence and Concomitant Viral Infections
Authors: Fields Susan , Butler Caroline , Fowler Sarah , Neshangi Srilatha , Camelo Ingrid 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background After a decrease in pediatric invasive group A streptococcal cases during the peak of the COVID-19 infection isolation guidelines in 2020 and 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) documented a surge in cases in multiple states across the United States during late 2022.Methods We performed a retrospective chart review exploring both invasive pediatric group A streptococcal infections (iGAS) and noninvasive group A streptococcal infections (non-iGAS) admissions to the Children’s Hospital of Georgia from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2023. Demographics, seasonality, concomitant viral and bacterial infections, antibiotic use preferences, pediatric intensive care (PICU) admission, and mortality were included.Results We found a substantial increase in both iGAS and non-iGAS cases during the study time. Most patients with iGAS presented were teenagers, white, and had sepsis and bacteremia. Non iGAS patients were not older than 11 years of age, were predominantly back, and had complicated pneumonia. Influenza was the most common concomitant virus seen in invasive and noninvasive cases, but our sample also included infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus and adenovirus among others. Methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus (MSSA) aureus was the most common bacteria seen in patients with both invasive and noninvasive disease. Treatment optimization was only achieved after pediatric Infectious Diseases consultation.Conclusions The surge in noninvasive and invasive pediatric GAS disease seen at our institution matched the end of COVID-19 infection masking policies in the United States. This drastic rise should be recognized, and surveillance should be reinforced. Increased knowledge and understanding of this surge in group A streptococcal infections will allow for early intervention and treatment, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.