bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rola gubernatora stanowego w australijskim systemie konstytucyjnym
Authors: Rajca Dorota 
Published: May 2013

The role of State Governor in the Australian constitutional system
The office of Governor is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Each of the six states was founded as a British colony, and a Governor was appointed by the British government to exercise executive authority over the colony, to represent the monarch who was permanently based in London and to perform the same constitutional and representational functions at state level, which the Governor General perform at the federal level. Current position of state governor in the Australian political system is the result of the transformation of the office, taking place from the eighteenth century, when the governors led newly emerging British colonies, as well as political and social changes in Australia and in the British Empire. The article presents the history of that office, requirements for officials and a range of their privileges and powers. The evolution of this position will be undoubtedly associated with the result of discussion on a key constitutional change, which is currently pending between the two environments: Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Republican Movement.
Ziemiański ekonomista Jan Mittelstaedt i jego retrospektywna utopia
Authors: Grzybek Dariusz 
Published: May 2013

Jan Mittelstaedt – country gentleman – economist and his retrospective utopia
This paper presents ideas of Polish gentry economist from 19th century Jan Mittelstaedt (1819‑1890). He was probably the last polish conservative thinker openly defending serfdom and hostile to idea of giving peasants full property of land. Mittelstaedt supported model of great landlords’ ownership in polish agriculture and free trade in international relations, openly backed agricultural specialization of polish economy. He fought against nearly all political and cultural consequences of modernization but eagerly followed technical progress. As an economist he mixed fundamental ideas of classical political economy and his own excentric ideas. In Mittelstaedts economics religion and virtue are the last sources of economic welfare. He thought that is still possible the restoration of major role of Christian Religion in culture and ordinary life. As a consequence of this ideas he promoted concept of ‘common union of men of virtue’ stressing other people to moral conduct. However Mittelstaedt thinking seems archaic, it has many similarities to contemporary catholic free market thought, following both – technical excellence of capitalism and moral tradition of Christianity.
Lipid and Inflammatory Cardiovascular Risk Worsens Over 3 Years in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:   TODAY Study Group
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes increases cardiovascular risk. We examined lipid profiles and inflammatory markers in 699 youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes in the TODAY clinical trial and compared changes across treatment groups: metformin alone (M), metformin plus rosiglitazone (M+R), and metformin plus intensive lifestyle program (M+L).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Multiethnic youth with type 2 diabetes received M, M+R, or M+L. Statin drugs were begun for LDL cholesterol (LDL) ≥130 mg/dL or triglycerides ≥300 mg/dL. Lipids, apolipoprotein B (apoB), LDL particle size, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and HbA1c were measured over 36 months or until loss of glycemic control.

RESULTS
LDL, apoB, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol (HDL) rose over 12 months and then stabilized over the next 24 months. Participants with LDL ≥130 mg/dL or using LDL-lowering therapy increased from 4.5 to 10.7% over 36 months, while 55.9% remained at LDL goal (&lt;100 mg/dL) over that time. Treatment group did not impact LDL, apoB, or non-HDL. Small dense LDL (particle size, ≤0.263 relative flotation rate) was most common in M. Triglycerides were lower in M+L than M, and M+L attenuated the negative effect of hyperglycemia on triglycerides and HDL in females. hsCRP, PAI-1, and homocysteine increased over time. However, hsCRP was lower in M+R compared with M or M+L.

CONCLUSIONS
Dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation were common in youth with type 2 diabetes and worsened over time. Diabetes treatment, despite some treatment group differences in lipid and inflammatory marker change over time, is generally inadequate to control this worsening risk.
Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide Once Daily Versus Exenatide Twice Daily in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Raccah Denis , Korányi László , Maffei Laura , Boka Gabor , Miossec Patrick , Gerich John E. 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
To compare efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily versus exenatide twice daily in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adults with diabetes inadequately controlled (HbA1c 7–10%) with metformin were randomized to lixisenatide 20 μg once daily (n = 318) or exenatide 10 μg twice daily (n = 316) in a 24-week (main period), open-label, parallel-group, multicenter study. The primary objective was a noninferiority assessment of lixisenatide versus exenatide in HbA1c change from baseline to week 24.

RESULTS
Lixisenatide once daily demonstrated noninferiority in HbA1c reduction versus exenatide twice daily. The least squares mean change was −0.79% (mean decrease 7.97 to 7.17%) for lixisenatide versus −0.96% (mean decrease 7.96 to 7.01%) for exenatide, and treatment difference was 0.17% (95% CI, 0.033–0.297), meeting a predefined noninferiority upper CI margin of 0.4%. Responder rate (HbA1c &lt;7.0%) and improvements in fasting plasma glucose were comparable. Both agents induced weight loss (from 94.5 to 91.7 kg and from 96.7 to 92.9 kg with lixisenatide and exenatide, respectively). Incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar for lixisenatide and exenatide, as was incidence of serious AEs (2.8 and 2.2%, respectively). Discontinuations attributable to AEs occurred in 33 lixisenatide (10.4%) and 41 exenatide (13.0%) patients. In the lixisenatide group, fewer participants experienced symptomatic hypoglycemia (2.5 vs. 7.9%; P &lt; 0.05), with fewer gastrointestinal events (especially nausea; 24.5 vs. 35.1%; P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Add-on lixisenatide once daily in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin demonstrated noninferior improvements in HbA1c, with slightly lower mean weight loss, lower incidence of hypoglycemia, and better gastrointestinal tolerability compared with exenatide twice daily.
Artémis et le sacrifice préliminaire au combat
Authors: Vernant Jean-Pierre 
Published: May 2013

Artémis n'est pas une divinité guerrière. Dans les conflits armés où son rôle est parfois décisif, elle n'agit pas en combattante ; elle guide et elle sauve. La déesse intervient dans les situations extrêmes quand la guerre tend à sortir du cadre civilisé où la maintiennent les règles du combat entre Grecs pour basculer dans la sauvagerie d'une violence sans frein.
On examine, de ce point de vue, l'usage d'égorger une chèvre à Artémis en préliminaire au combat. Tant que sur la victime immolée devant le front des troupes les signes ne se sont pas montrés favorables, pour l'armée rangée immobile en ordre de bataille la consigne de partir à l'attaque ne saurait être donnée. Il faut l'accord et comme la caution de la déesse pour que l'assaut réglé des rangs d'hoplites ne risque pas de déboucher dans la confusion de la panique et de la déroute ou dans la fureur sauvage du massacre.
Dynamic and Rapid Changes in Viral Quasispecies by Udps in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Receiving Telaprevir-Based Therapy
Authors: Trimoulet Pascale , Pinson Patricia , Papuchon Jennifer , Foucher Juliette , Vergniol Julien , Chermak Faiza , Wittkop Linda , Castaing Nadège , Merrouche Wassil , Reigadas Sandrine , Molimard Mathieu , Kann Michael , Fleury Hervé , De Lédinghen Victor 
Published: May 2013

Background Telaprevir (TVR) is a protease inhibitor (PI) used in chronic hepatitis C treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. We analysed the prevalence and kinetic development of TVR resistance upon treatment. Methods A total of 24 cirrhotic patients (genotype 1a, n=8; genotype 1b, n=16) previously non-responders to standard therapy were treated with TVR-based therapy. The distribution of TVR-resistant variants was assessed at every HCV-RNA-positive time point by 454 ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) during a mean follow-up period of 9.4 months. Results A median of 6,837 reads/specimen was studied. Based on control UDPS, we considered mutations as real when present >0.4%. TVR-resistant variants were found at baseline in 8/24 patients (33.3%). Four of the 24 patients (16.7%), all genotype 1a, did not achieve HCV RNA<100 IU/ml between week (W)2 and W12 and stopped treatment. No statistical significant difference was observed in the prevalence of resistant mutants between responders and non-responders (25% [5/20] and 75% [3/4], respectively). The proportion of genotype 1a patients with R155K/T/Q at baseline was higher in non-responders than in responders (50% versus 0%). During treatment failure, significant enrichment in V36A/M and R155K/T/Q was observed but their frequency reverted back to baseline after TVR discontinuation. Conclusions TVR-resistant variants are widely present at baseline. The presence of TVR-resistant mutants at baseline, even in high abundance (>20%), did not always preclude TVR treatment success. The detection of R155K/T/Q at baseline may predict failure in genotype 1a patients. At failure, which occurred in genotype 1a patients, a significant enrichment in V36A/M and R155K/T/Q was observed.
Peptide Vaccines and Peptidomimetics of EGFR (HER-1) Ligand Binding Domain Inhibit Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Foy Kevin Chu , Wygle Ruthie M. , Miller Megan J. , Overholser Jay P. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , Kaumaya Pravin T. P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated target for several cancers including lung, colorectal, and certain subtypes of breast cancer. Cetuximab targets ligand binding of EGFR, but major problems like high cost, short t1/2, toxicity, and emergence of resistance are associated with the drug. Immunization with EGFR B cell epitopes will train the immune system to produce specific Abs that can kill cancer cells. Also, therapy with stable, less-expensive, and nontoxic EGFR peptide mimics will block EGFR signaling and inhibit cancer growth. We designed three peptides based on the contact sites between EGF and EGFR. The B cell epitopes were synthesized alone and also linked with the measles virus T cell epitope to produce a chimeric peptide vaccine. The peptide vaccines were immunogenic in both mice and rabbits and Abs raised against the vaccine specifically bound EGFR-expressing cells and recombinant human EGFR protein. The peptide mimics and the anti-peptide Abs were able to inhibit EGFR signaling pathways. Immunization with the peptide vaccine or treatment with the B cell epitopes significantly reduced tumor growth in both transplantable breast and lung cancer models. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed significant reductions in microvascular density and actively dividing cells in the tumor sections after treatment in the FVB/n breast cancer model. The 418–435 B cell epitope was the best candidate both as a vaccine or peptide mimic because it caused significant inhibition in the two mouse models. Our results show that this novel EGFR B cell epitope has great potential to be used as a vaccine or treatment option for EGFR-expressing cancers.
Identification of the Problems Faced by Secondary School Teachers in District Karak (Pakistan)
Authors: Suleman Qaiser , Hussain Ishtiaq , Ahmad Sarfraz 
Published: May 2013

Teachers possess the most important and critical position in the entire education system. Successful and effective teaching learning process depends upon the quality of a teacher. The purpose of this research study was to identify the problems which affect the performance of secondary school teachers. The objectives of the study were: (a) to identify the problems faced by male and female secondary school teachers in District Karak (b) to make workable recommendations to enhance the performance of male and female secondary school teachers. All the male and female secondary school teachers in District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to only 60 female and 80 male Govt. High Schools. In order to ensure adequate representation of the population, only 120 female and 160 male secondary school teachers were selected as sample randomly. The study was descriptive type and the researchers designed a questionnaire on five likert rating scale for the collection of data. Pilot testing was conducted to remove the misconceptions, ambiguities and weakness of the questions in the questionnaire. After pilot testing the questionnaire was revised and its final version was prepared in the light of suggestions given by the experts. In order to collect data, the researchers personally visited to the respective participants and distributed questionnaires among them and data was collected. Then it was organized, tabulated and analyzed. For the statisitcal analysis of the data, the percentage, means, standard deviations, and differences of means were computed for each male and female SSTs. Significance of difference between the mean opinions of both the male and females SSTs were tested at 0.05 level by applying t-test. After statistical analysis of the data, the researchers arrived at the conclusions that there are various problems which negatively affect the performance of secondary school teachers. These problems are: unattractive pay package; lack of basic facilities; overcrowded classes; misbehaviors of students; financial crises of teachers; overwork load; long distance to school; autocratic environment inside school etc. In the light of the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that teachers should be given attractive salaries and pay scale. Educational facilities should be provided to them. Heads of the institutions should be democratic minded and adopted the principles of equality. KEYWORDS: Identification, problems, secondary school teachers, secondary school level
The “Agential Spiral”:
Authors: VanderHaagen Sara C. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
This article mines the work of philosopher Paul Ricoeur in order to construct a critical framework for the rhetorical analysis of public memory. Through a reading of Ricoeur's concept of “threefold mimesis,” I develop the idea of the “agential spiral.” The “spiral” frames a repetitive yet progressive process in which a series of agents or groups of agents both interpret and act in response to the past. When linked together, these moments of agency form a spiral that metaphorizes the process of creating and deploying public memories across time. I argue that the concept of the agential spiral enables scholars to focus not only on the ways that memories unite human agents synchronically but also on how those memories structure a relationship among agents across time through the performance and representation of agency. I situate this argument within scholarship on rhetorical studies and public memory.
Actions conflictuelles à Montréal depuis 1980 : des mobilisations territorialisées aux échelles multiples
Authors: Fontan Jean-Marc , Hamel Pierre , Morin Richard 
Published: May 2013

Les restructurations économiques et les nouvelles formes de régulation étatique qui accompagnent le processus de mondialisation de même que le phénomène de métropolisation qui prend de plus en plus d’importance ont transformé les agglomérations urbaines au cours des dernières décennies. Parmi les répercussions de ces transformations, deux ressortent grandement : l’accroissement des inégalités sociales et l’aggravation des problèmes environnementaux. Les actions collectives conflictuelles ont contribué à mettre au jour ces impacts et à soulever les enjeux de société qui y sont reliés. Nous présentons dans cet article les éléments de synthèse qui se dégagent du repérage d’événements conflictuels touchant aux questions de la justice sociale et de l’environnement entre 1980 et 2006 à Montréal. Nous distinguons deux types d’actions collectives : celles qui interviennent dans la ville en lien avec des problèmes généraux de société qui s’y manifestent et celles qui se concentrent sur la ville, c’est-à-dire sur le cadre de vie urbain, sur les équipements et les services de proximité ainsi que sur la gestion municipale. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la localisation de ces actions, et ce, en fonction de l’échelle des enjeux.
Le réaménagement des Plaines LeBreton : une occasion de « rendre justice » à la communauté francophone d’Ottawa ?
Authors: Benali Kenza 
Published: May 2013

À l’instar de plusieurs villes occidentales, la capitale canadienne a mis en place, dès le tournant du 21esiècle, une politique de densification urbaine pour contrecarrer les effets néfastes de l’étalement urbain. C’est dans ce contexte qu’elle lança son premier projet de reconversion de friche en quartier durable, à savoir celui des Plaines LeBreton. Après être restées près de quarante ans à l’état de terrain vague − gagné à coups d’expropriations massives durant les années 1960 −, les Plaines accueille aujourd’hui une des plus importantes réalisations « durables » de la capitale. Cependant, dès son annonce en 1998, le projet suscita de fortes réactions, largement manifestées dans l’espace médiatique. Au-delà des questionnements sur les impacts potentiels du projet, cet article s’attarde sur les espoirs, mais aussi sur le « souvenir douloureux », qu’il a pu éveiller chez les francophones expropriés. Le récit de la rénovation urbaine des années 1960 est ainsi convoqué pour justifier leur retour dans le nouveau quartier, un retour évoqué comme une « dette de justice » envers la minorité francophone de la capitale.
Le réseau intégré de services aux aînés en perte d’autonomie des Bois-Francs : une innovation mise à l’épreuve
Authors: Demers Louis , Pelchat Yolande 
Published: May 2013

Bien qu’il bénéficie d’une appréciation généralement positive, le système sociosanitaire québécois est l’objet de plusieurs critiques qui font ressortir ses lacunes, tant sur le plan de l’accessibilité que de la continuité des services. Depuis la publication du rapport de la Commission Clair, en 2000, il est devenu usuel d’attribuer les problèmes de discontinuité à un fonctionnement dit « en silos ». Entre le personnel de différentes organisations et les praticiens de professions diverses se dresseraient des barrières qui entraveraient la collaboration nécessaire à la production de services mieux intégrés. À ce chapitre, diverses expériences locales ont été menées au cours des années 1990, notamment pour répondre aux besoins des aînés en perte d’autonomie. La plus ancienne d’entre elles se situe dans les Bois-Francs. Lancée en 1997, elle incarne l’un des modèles d’intégration les plus avancés, non seulement au Québec, mais aussi en Amérique du Nord. Dans cet article, nous montrons en quoi cette expérience est exemplaire du travail collectif qui doit être accompli, par une variété d’acteurs de professions, de localisations et de niveaux hiérarchiques différents, pour qu’une innovation se produise et dure. Nous montrons également comment la réforme du système sociosanitaire québécois lancée en 2003 a mis cette innovation à l’épreuve en retirant l’initiative de l’innovation des mains des intervenants et des gestionnaires qui l’avaient pensée et réalisée.
Le retour du chanoine Groulx malgré Pierre Vallières : l’hypothèse d’une palinodie dans les années 1970
Authors: Livernois Jonathan 
Published: May 2013

Cette étude cherche à mettre en relief le retour en force de Lionel Groulx dans le discours social des années 1970. À partir des Scorpions associés (1978) de Pierre Vallières et des discours entourant les festivités du centenaire de la naissance du chanoine Groulx, nous présenterons deux niveaux de lecture de ce renversement : politique et patrimonial. Nous verrons en outre que la mémoire de Groulx parasite même les textes de ceux qui, comme l’ex-felquiste et ex-péquiste Vallières, cherchent à refuser et à dénoncer sa présence sur la scène politique et intellectuelle au Québec.
Scar Endometriosis in a Patient With Bladder Exstrophy
Authors: Kitajima Takahito , Inoue Mikihiro , Uchida Keiichi , Otake Kohei , Kusunoki Masato 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Endometriosis is an ectopic occurrence of tissue morphologically and functionally resembling endometrial tissue in regions outside the uterine cavity. Although scar endometriosis after surgery has been shown to be most common among all the extrapelvic forms of endometriosis, endometriosis after bladder exstrophy surgery has not been reported, and here we present the first known case. A 26-year-old woman with a history of bladder exstrophy was aware of a painful induration at the operative scar located in the left lower abdominal wall, and presented at our hospital. Although the symptoms resolved, recurring exacerbation was observed after 9 months. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous mass 16 mm in diameter in the left abdominal wall with high signal intensity on T1W1 and T2W1 images. She underwent excisional biopsy of the lesion under general anesthesia. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis. Eighteen months after surgery, she was well and free from recurrence.
Gene Transfer to the CNS Using Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Virus
Authors: Stoica Lorelei , Ahmed Seemin S. , Gao Guangping , Sena‐Esteves Miguel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vectors are great tools for gene transfer due to their ability to mediate long‐term gene expression. rAAVs have been used successfully as gene transfer vehicles in multiple animal models of CNS disorders, and several clinical trials are currently underway. rAAV vectors have been used at various stages of development with no apparent toxicity. There are multiple ways of delivering AAV vectors to the mouse CNS, depending on the stage of development. In neonates, intravascular injections into the facial vein are often used. In adults, direct injections into target regions of the brain are achieved with great spatiotemporal control through stereotaxic surgeries. Recently, discoveries of new AAV vectors with the ability to cross the blood brain barrier have made it possible to target the adult CNS by intravascular injections. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 29:14D.5.1‐14D.5.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Poliovirus: Generation, Quantification, Propagation, Purification, and Storage
Authors: Burrill Cecily P. , Strings Vanessa R. , Andino Raul 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPoliovirus (PV) is the prototypical picornavirus. It is a non‐enveloped RNA virus with a small (∼7.5‐kb) genome of positive polarity. It has long served as a model to study RNA virus biology, pathogenesis, and evolution. cDNA clones of several strains are available, and infectious virus can be produced by the transfection of in vitro transcribed viral genomes into an appropriate host cell. PV infects many human and non‐human primate cell lines including HeLa and HeLa S3 cells, and can grow to high titer in culture. Protocols for the production, propagation, quantification, and purification of PV are presented. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 29:15H.1.1‐15H.1.27. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.