bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Taxonomy of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes Strains, and Their Susceptibilities to Induced Lysins and to Mitomycin C
Authors: Kiritani Kazuyoshi , Mitsui Noriko , Nakamura Shinichi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn attempt to classify fourteen strains of Clostridium sporogenes and thirty strains of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D, E, and F by numerical taxonomy was made. All proteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A, B, and F and C. sporogenes were classified in the phenon I at a level of 86% S‐value. In the phenon I, these strains coexisted in a mixed‐up fashion, irrespective of conventional species or type of bacteria. A concentrated lysin solution, which was prepared from an induced lysate of a C. botulinum A190 culture, lysed vegetative cells of all proteolytic C. botulinum and C. sporogenes strains classified in the phenon I, but did not lyse the cells of the other Clostridia. However, cells of nonproteolytic C. botulinum F‐OSU and four out of five strains of Clostridium tetani were lysed by the concentrated lysin to a limited extent. The phenon II contained all nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum B, C, D, E, and F, which were mutually linked with S values of more than 85%. Strains of Clostridium histolyticum used as a reference group formed the phenon III. Any strain grouped in one phenon was differentiated from strains grouped in the other phenons by low S‐values, that were less than 77%. A striking difference in the number of strains susceptible to mitomycin C was demonstrated between C. botulinum and C. sporogenes. In all thirty‐five cultures, except four substrains of C. botulinum B‐NIH, of proteolytic and nonproteolytic C. botulinum, bacterial lysis was consistently induced by the treatment of 1 μg per ml of mitomycin C, while only four out of thirty‐seven C. sporogenes strains were as sensitive to mitomycin C as C. botulinum. Toxigenic substrains of C. botulinum B‐NIH, NIH15 and NIH19, were sensitive to mitomycin C, but nontoxigenic strains, NIH5, and NIH‐NP, were not.
Development of Resistance to and Dependence on Streptomycin in Mycoplasma pneumoniae In Vitro
Authors: Kubota Hideo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMycoplasma pneumoniae developed high degrees of resistance to streptomycin and dependence on streptomycin after serial subculture in broth media containing streptomycin. The streptomycin‐dependent organisms failed to grow, as indicated by a color change of the medium, in the absence of streptomycin but grew in limited concentrations of streptomycin in broth media. The minimum growth‐inhibitory concentration of streptomycin for the parent sensitive strain was very close to the minimum concentration of streptomycin which permitted the growth of the streptomycin‐dependent organism. The broth cultures showing streptomycin dependence were shown to consist of streptomycin‐dependent organisms or a mixture of streptomycin‐dependent and ‐resistant organisms, as tested on agar media containing varying concentrations of streptomycin.
Fate of Tobacco Mosaic Virus after Entering the Host Cell
Authors: Hayashi Takaharu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTobacco leaves were inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus labeled with 32P or 35S. After various intervals, extracts of the leaves were prepared. In extracts from leaves infected for 5 to 360 min, about 40 to 60% of the virus retained on leaves was recovered in the pellet of the homogenate centrifuged at 12 000 × g. The virus associated with the 12 000 × g pellet was dissociable by treatment with pancreatic RNase, alkali or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The parental virus extracted by SDS from the pellet at 12 000 × g had a large amount of partially uncoated virus possessing naked RNA. Analysis by density gradient centrifugation suggested that, in addition to partially uncoated virus, some fragmented RNA was also associated with the 12 000 × g pellet. This fragmented RNA seemed to be derived from partially uncoated virus. Density gradient analysis of SDS extracts from the 12 000 × g pellet suggested that some of the virus underwent uncoating at the internal regions of the virus particle.
Antiviral Activity of Scillarenin, a Plant Bufadienolide
Authors: Sato Norio , Muro Toshio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntiviral activity of scillarenin, a plant bufadienolide, and its mode of action were studied. Scillarenin selectively inhibited replication of picornaviruses, in particular, rhinovirus. At concentrations inhibiting rhinovirus replication, scillarenin had no effect on the synthesis of macromolecules in host cells. The action of scillarenin was not direct inactivation of virus. Scillarenin could inhibit virus replication when given at the latter half of latent period, although this treatment did not interfere with the normal level of viral RNA synthesis. The RNA synthesized in the presence of this compound showed the same sedimentation coefficient as normal viral RNA but possessed a reduced infectivity.
In Vitro Reconstitution of Anti‐Sheep Erythrocyte Antibody Response of T Cell‐Depleted Spleen Cells by Allogeneic T Cells or by Factors Derived from Them
Authors: Tadakuma Takushi , Mitsuma Takashi , Ishikawa Hiromichi , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRestoration of the impaired antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in cultures of mouse spleen cells, which were deprived of thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) by treatment with anti‐mouse brain‐associated θ (BAθ) antiserum and complement, was studied by adding a small portion of syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells in vitro. Allogeneic spleen cells had a far greater effect than syngeneic spleen cells on the restoration, as far as the normal spleen cells added were able to recognize the alloantigens on the anti‐BAθ serum‐treated spleen cells (bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes). Treatment of the allogeneic spleen cells with mitomycin C did not affect their activity in the restoration of the impaired antibody response. The possibility that the role of T cells in the antibody response to SRBC may be replaced by a nonspecific mediator derived from T cells reacting with allogeneic cells was proven by the finding that supernatant of the mixed allogeneic spleen cell cultures restored the impaired anti‐SRBC antibody response of the T cell‐depleted spleen cells. The effect of such culture supernatant on the restoration of the antibody response was greatest when it was added to the T cell‐depleted spleen cell cultures one day after cultivation with SRBC, suggesting that the effectiveness may result from triggering of the proliferation and differentiation of antibody‐forming cell precursors, which have already reacted with the antigen, to antibody‐forming cells.
Induction of Phage Production in the Lysogenic Escherichia coli by Hydroxyurea
Authors: Shimada Kazunori , Shibata Yosaburo , Takagi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT1) Hydroxyurea, a reversible DNA synthesis inhibitor, was used to study the mechanism of prophage λ induction in Escherichia coli K12. Induction of prophage was judged on two criteria: increase of phage‐producing cells and loss of colony‐forming ability of the cells. 2) Hydroxyurea induced an increase of phage‐producing cells only in lysogenic strains known to be inducible with ultraviolet irradiation for prophage development and not in strains such as E. coli K12 (λind–) or E. coli K12 recA (λ+). 3) When protein synthesis was inhibited, hydroxyurea did not increase phage‐producing cells of lysogenic strains; it showed a bacteriocidal effect on lysogenic recA+ strains, but not on nonlysogenic strains. 4) The sensitivity of E. coli K12 recA to hydroxyurea was independent of whether or not the cells were lysogenic. 5) From the results it is suggested that certain steps leading to loss of colony‐forming ability (i.e. prophage induction) do not require de novo protein synthesis but require the presence of the host recA+ gene.
Skin Reaction and Macrophage Migration Inhibition Tests for Polysaccharides from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans
Authors: Suzuki Masuko , Hayashi Yoshiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGuinea pigs sensitized with purified galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus and mannan from Candida albicans, each containing negligible quantities of nitrogen, were examined for their immunological responses against the corresponding polysaccharides with respect to the delayed‐type skin reaction and the macrophage migration inhibition phenomenon. In both cases, the delayed‐type skin reaction test and the macrophage migration inhibition test showed positive results. The reactivity was stronger in animals sensitized with polysaccharides in Freund's complete adjuvant than those sensitized with the same polysaccharides in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Polysaccharides chemically modified by partial acid degradation or by periodate oxidation were found to be completely incapable of eliciting such immune responses. These results are also discussed in relation to the antigenic determinant of the polysaccharides in such immune responses and the precipitin reaction previously observed by us and other investigators.
The Effect of 2,4‐Dinitrophenol on the Growth of Bordetella pertussis in Chick Tracheal Organ Culture
Authors: Iida Tsuyoshi , Ajiki Yoko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAmong various metabolic inhibitors tested, only 2, 4‐dinitrophenol inhibited the growth of Bordetella pertussis in chick tracheal organ culture at concentrations nontoxic both for bacterial organisms and for ciliary motility of the tracheal fragments. Although this effect of 2, 4‐dinitrophenol was reversible in its early stage, longer treatment with this inhibitor resulted in an irreversible inhibition of bacterial growth due to secondary damage of the tracheal fragments. From these observations, it was postulated that the energy required for bacterial growth might be derived from cellular metabolism sensitive to inhibition with 2, 4‐dinitrophenol.
Ribonucleic Acid‐Dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase in the Immune Response
Authors: Saito Kazuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRibonucleic acid (RNA)‐dependent RNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in the microsomal and ribosomal fraction from the spleen cells of immunized mice. The enzyme activity was solubilized by Triton X‐100 from the fraction and partially purified by Biogel A 1.5 M column chromatography. The RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase activity was eluted in a single peak from the column. High activity was demonstrated with an RNA preparation (iRNA) as template made from the spleens of immunized mice but very low activity was found with an nRNA preparation made from the spleens of normal mice. Incorporation of 3H‐UTP markedly decreased in the presence of RNase but not in the presence of DNase. DNA preparations made from the spleens of immunized mice were inactive as template for this enzyme. The iRNA preparation was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A fraction corresponding to 12–13 S was most active as a template. It was followed by a fraction corresponding to 6–7 S. Sucrose gradient analysis of the 3H‐UTP‐labeled product was attempted. Some properties of this enzyme are described.
Ultrastructure and Chemical Analysis of the Cell Wall of Pythium debaryanum1
Authors: Yamada Michihisa , Miyazaki Toshio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe ultrastructure and component polysaccharides of the cell wall of Pythium debaryanum IFO‐5919 were investigated. From results obtained by means of acid, alkali, Schweitzer reagent and β‐1, 3‐glucanase treatments and electron microscopy, it was concluded that 1) the acid‐extracted fraction was a 1,3‐linked branched glucan, 2) the alkali‐extracted fraction was a mixture of 1,3‐, 1,6‐, and 1,3,6‐linked highly branched two glucans, 3) the Schweitzer reagent‐extracted fraction was a β‐1, 4‐linked glucan, 4) the cell wall was constructed from two types of cullulosic microfibrils, as a frame and as a finer network, and amorphous β‐1, 3‐glucan including β‐1, 6‐linkage, 5) cellulosic microfibrils were covered by matrix material consisting of a mixture of amorphous β‐1, 3‐linked and β‐1, 6‐linked branching glucans.
Mitogenic Activity of the Cell Walls of Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Corynebacteria and Anaerobic Coryneforms
Authors: Azuma Ichiro , Taniyama Tadayoshi , Sugimura Kazuhisa , Aladin Aminkham A. , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe mitogenic activity of the cell walls prepared from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Nocardia rubra, Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8, and four species of Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829, Propionibacterium acnes C7, Propionibacterium granulosum ATCC 25564 and Propionibacterium avidum ATCC 25577, were investigated. These cell walls were active as mitogens on normal spleen cells, anti‐θ sera‐treated spleen cells, macrophage‐depleted spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice and cortisone‐treated thymocytes of C57BL/6J mice. It was also shown that these cell walls were mitogenic on spleen cells and macrophage‐depleted spleen cells of congenitally athymic (nude) mice. The above results suggest that the cell walls investigated in this study act as mitogens on both thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T‐cells) and bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B‐cells).
Alteration of the In Vitro Host Range of Rabies Virus after Serial Chick Embryo Cell Passage Using Alkaline Maintenance Medium
Authors: Hashimoto Mitsue , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHEP Flury strain of rabies virus maintained by 7‐day chicken egg passage (parent line) and the same strain serially passaged in primary chick embryo (CE) cells using alkaline maintenance medium (AM line) were inoculated to cells of various species. Growth was negative in primary mouse embryo, L and HeLa cells, and positive in primary hamster kidney and BHK21 cells with both lines. An all‐or‐none difference between the two lines was observed in primary monkey kidney and Vero cells. The parent line did not multiply in these monkey cells, whereas the AM line grew to high titers. In the case of Vero cells a unique cytopathic effect (CPE) was induced by the AM line. After five consecutive passages in Vero cells, the CPE‐inducing agent was identified as rabies virus by a neutralization test. It was infective to intracerebrally inoculated suckling mice but not to adult mice, and its Vero cell‐infective titer determined by CPE induction was about 1 log lower than the baby mouse‐infective and CE plaque‐forming titers. In contrast to the AM line, HEP Flury strain receiving 150 CE cell passages under neutral maintenance medium and three other strains receiving similar CE cell passages all failed to grow in Vero cells.
Isolation and Biological Characterization of a Measles Virus‐Like Agent from the Brain of an Autopsied Case of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
Authors: Makino Satoshi , Sasaki Keiko , Nakagawa Masaharu , Saito Mitsuji , Shinohara Yukito , Gotoh Fumio , Okabe Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIsolation of a cytopathic agent causing formation of syncytial giant cells in co‐cultivated Vero cells from the brain of an autopsied case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is reported. The syncytia usually autolyzed from the center after growing to 1 to 2 mm in diameter and then detached from the culture vessels, and finally made macroscopically recognizable round plaques on the monolayer under liquid overlay. The agent was identified serologically as an agent related to measles virus, by both immunofluorescent tests and plaque reduction tests using anti‐measles sera. However, the infected cells did not produce either virions or hemagglutinin, and failed to show hemadsorption and hemolysis of African green monkey red cells even after the 55th passage through Vero cells. Newborn mice, adult mice and hamsters showed neurologic signs after intracerebral inoculations of the infected cells, and most of them died from acute encephalitis. Guinea pigs were unsusceptible. From the brain of the animals with neurologic signs, a similar agent to the inoculated one was recovered.The new isolate appears to be a strain closely related to measles virus on the basis of serology, and was designated as SSPE‐“Kitaken‐1” strain.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Hashimoto Mitsue , Shinkai Kenkichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEarly and late IgG of rabbits immunized with herpes virus showed, respectively, 8‐fold and 2‐fold enhancement of neutralization endpoint in the presence of complement (C). Kinetic curve experiments employing an appropriate amount of virus revealed that both neutralization and sensitization followed first‐order reaction, and each IgG possessed a certain range of concentration where neutralization was negligible while sensitization was marked. Dose responses of neutralization and sensitization velocities demonstrated that the C enhancement of late IgG was about 7‐fold and that of early IgG more than 20‐fold. These facts suggested that the IgGs contained two different entities of complement‐requiring (CRN) and non‐requiring neutralizing (N) antibodies at different proportions, only the former being responsible for sensitization. The different CRN: N ratios obtained by the endpoint and kinetic methods may mean either that the two antibodies differ in avidity for the virus or that the number of critical sites per virion for CRN antibody is greater than that for N antibody. In this interpretation, sensitization by CRN antibody as well as neutralization by N antibody is thought to result from attachment of a single antibody molecule to the viral critical site. Alternative explanations, ascribing the mechanism of neutralization to steric hindrance of critical sites or to multiple hit of those sites by antibody, were denied by analyses of the present data.
Microbial Adjuvant and Autoimmunity
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Yokochi Takashi , Kato Nobuo , Asai Junpei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe target organs of mice immunized with the respective syngeneic tissue extracts together with the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) as a powerful adjuvant were examined for production of lesions. In 15 out of 24 mice injected three times or more with syngeneic eyeball extracts and CPS‐K adjuvant at intervals approximately 30 days, severe eyeball lesions developed in which the normal structure was almost completely lost. A large part of the eyeball tissue of these mice was replaced by infiltration with cells such as lymphocytes, plasma cells and other mononuclear cells and by connective tissue. No definite eye lesions developed in mice injected with CPS‐K alone, eyeball extracts alone or eyeball extracts emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In all of mice injected four times with thyroid gland extracts and CPS‐K at intervals of approximately 30 days, definite thyroid gland lesions were produced. In three out of five mice of this group, the thyroid lesions were so severe that the normal thyroid follicular structure was almost completely lost, and a large part of the thyroid gland was replaced by infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells and other mononuclear cells and in part by connective tissue. In only one out of five mice injected with thyroid gland extracts emulsified in CFA, definite but milder thyroid gland lesions developed. No definite thyroid lesions developed in the remaining four mice of this group and also in any of the mice injected with thyroid gland extracts alone or CPS‐K alone. Repeated injections of lymphoid tissue extracts and CPS‐K also induced pathological changes in the spleen and lymph nodes, although less marked than those in the cases of the eyes and thyroid gland. The most remarkable change was a decrease in numbers of small lymphocytes at the areas surrounding the central arterioles in the white pulp of the spleen and the post‐capillary venules in the cortex of the lymph nodes. From these results it has been concluded that our system can provide new and useful models for autoimmune diseases in man.
Studies on the Pathogenicity ofYersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Une Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnalysis of the pathogenicity ofYersinia enterocoliticawas performed with an experimental model successfully produced in rabbits by intraduodenal inoculation with strains isolated from various sources.Pathogenic strains easily penetrated the epithelial linings of the intestinal mucous membrane into the target reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, such as the lamina propria and lymph follicles, where they multiplied within mononuclear cells and produced granuloma.Granuloma, in severe infections, underwent necrobiosis and sometimes progressed to ulceration accompanied by colony formation of the organisms.In mild infections, granulomatous lesions were localized in lymph follicles and never progressed to ulceration.Nonpathogenic strains were rapidly excreted without penetration of epithelial linings.Y. enterocoliticashould be within the category of invasion type enteropathogenic bacteria such asShigellaandSalmonella. Pathogenic behavior ofY. enterocoliticais discussed in comparison with that ofShigellaandSalmonella.
Intracellular Development of Membrane Protein of Influenza Virus
Authors: Maeno Koichiro , Yoshii Saiji , Yoshida Tetsuya , Iinuma Masao , Kawamoto Yasuko , Matsumoto Toshisada 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe intracellular development of membrane protein (MP) of influenza A virus was investigated by immunofluorescent staining. Monospecific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with MP eluted from SDS‐polyacrylamide gels of SDS‐disrupted NWS virions. In the productive infection in clone 1‐5C‐4 cells, MP antigen was first detected over the whole cell at 4 hr after infection, concomitantly with the appearance of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen in the cytoplasm, and bright nuclear fluorescence was then observed. Nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was detected in the nucleus prior to the appearance of fluorescence of MP antigen and thereafter the cytoplasmic fluorescence developed. Late in infection, all of these three antigens were observed predominantly in the cytoplasm with stronger fluorescence at the cell surface. Essentially similar findings were obtained in the abortive infections in L cells and BHK cells.The above results suggest that the membrane protein of influenza A virus is present in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of infected cells.