bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct composite restorations for the worn mandibular anterior dentition: a 7‐year follow‐up of a prospective randomised controlled split‐mouth clinical trial
Authors: Al‐Khayatt A. S. , Ray‐Chaudhuri A. , Poyser N. J. , Briggs P. F. A. , Porter R. W. J. , Kelleher M. G. D. , Eliyas S. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to report on the 7‐year follow‐up of 15 patients who took part in a prospective randomised controlled split‐mouth trial to evaluate the performance and patient satisfaction of 107 direct composite restorations bonded to their worn anterior mandibular dentition. This is the continuation of a study by Poyser et al., which investigated the performance of the same direct composite restorations on this cohort of patients at 2·5 years. The results of the present study suggest that direct composite restorations bonded to the worn anterior mandibular dentition to have an approximate survival of 85% at the 7‐year follow‐up. Approximately 53% of patients experienced survival of all of their restorations. Pre‐operative circumferential preparation did not influence restoration survival, patient satisfaction or other clinical variables (restoration staining, marginal discolouration, shade match, surface roughness and marginal adaptation). The time taken to initially build‐up the restorations was shown to be statistically significant with a longer procedural time meaning less chance of the restoration being present at 7 years. This treatment modality exhibited no biological complications for the teeth, supporting periodontium or TMJ apparatus. The placement of these restorations provided an improvement in the aesthetics of the teeth, a reduction in the concern over the longevity of the worn lower anterior teeth, and improvements with regard to sensitivity experienced with hot or cold foods or drinks. Marginal breakdown was the most frequently recorded clinical complication. Thus, for the majority of patients, the restorations offered a high degree of patient satisfaction and required an acceptable level of maintenance in the 7‐year follow‐up period.
A National Evaluation of the Impact of State Policies on Competitive Foods in Schools
Authors: Fernandes Meenakshi M. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSince 2003, many states have introduced policies to improve the nutritional content and restrict the availability of competitive foods, which are foods offered outside of the National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs. This article evaluates the impact of 2 types of state‐level policies on the availability of competitive foods in a national sample of schools.METHODSAnnual state‐level data on limits, which restrict the time or venue of competitive foods sales, and standards, which regulate the nutrient content of competitive foods, was obtained from the Trust for America's Health and mapped to a national sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study who were in fifth grade in 2004 and eighth grade in 2007. A logistic regression model with child fixed effects tested the association between policy enactments and changes in reported availability of competitive foods in schools. The analyses controlled for child and school characteristics.RESULTSNineteen states introduced a standard or a limit between 2004 and 2007. After adjusting for child and school characteristics, standards were associated with lower child‐reported availability of soft drinks (16.5%, p < .001), low‐nutrient snacks (22.0%, p < .05), and sweets (18.1%, p < .001). The impact of limits was not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONStandards introduced between 2004 and 2007 were associated with a decline in the availability of soft drinks, low‐nutrient snacks, and sweets as reported by a national sample of children. School compliance with state competitive food policies may increase over time. Research on the impact of existing state policies could inform the development of a national policy to regulate competitive foods in schools.
Relationships Among Subjective Social Status, Weight Perception, Weight Control Behaviors, and Weight Status in Adolescents: Findings From the 2009 Korea Youth Risk Behaviors Web‐Based Survey
Authors: Ha Yeongmi , Choi Eunsook , Seo Yeongmi , Kim Tae‐gu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study identified relationships among subjective social status (SSS), weight perception, weight control behaviors, and weight status in Korean adolescents using nationally representative data collected from the 2009 Korea Youth Risk Behaviors Web‐Based Survey.METHODSData from 67,185 students aged 12‐18 years were analyzed. Relationships among SSS, weight perception, and weight control behaviors in boys and girls were examined using chi‐square. Logistic regression analysis was performed with adjusting school grade and place of residence to assess potential associations between multiple variables and overweight students.RESULTSLower SSS was associated with a significant risk of being overweight in girls, but not in boys. Of particular interest, overestimation and underestimation coexist within boys, whereas girls predominantly tended to overestimate their weight status. Inaccurate weight perception and unhealthy weight control behaviors were significantly associated with the risk of being overweight in both boys and girls.CONCLUSIONSConsidering the results of this study showing sex differences in weight perception and weight control behaviors, sex‐specific overweight prevention programs are needed to achieve accurate weight perception and healthy weight control behaviors.
Distribution, Disease Level and Virulence Variation of Bremia lactucae on Lactuca sativa in the Czech Republic in the Period 1999–2011
Authors: Petrželová Irena , Lebeda Aleš , Kosman Evsey 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe report the distribution and disease level of downy mildew on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and virulence variation in populations of its causal agent (Bremia lactucae) in the Czech Republic during the period 1999–2011. Disease incidence was not high; among a total of 92 different localities surveyed, 43.4% of them were infected by lettuce downy mildew at least once during the whole period. However, among individual years, differences were found in disease incidence that ranged from 4.8% (2009) to 66.7% (2004). A total of 128 isolates of B. lactucae collected from infected leaf samples in 35 different localities during the surveying period were included in the virulence analysis. Virulence was examined on a set of 19 differential genotypes of Lactuca sativa and Lactuca serriola (EU‐A test set). Isolates exhibited quite a broad variation in virulence to individual Lactuca differential genotypes. Eighteen of 19 virulence factors (v‐factors) tested were present in the samples. The most frequently detected factors were v1–4, v5/8, v6, v7, v10–14, v16, v36 and v38; factor v17 was not found. The most pronounced temporal shift was recorded for factors v36 and v38 whose frequency increased during the studied period. V‐factors 15, 17, 18 and 37 were present in low frequencies in a pathogen population, and their corresponding gene (Dm15) or resistance factors (R17, R18 and R37) may have the best potential for resistance breeding in the Czech Republic. Broad diversity of v‐phenotypes (63 different ones) was identified during the study period. The numbers of v‐factors per v‐phenotype (resp. isolate) varied within a range of 5–15. Within the 128 analysed isolates, only 9 v‐phenotypes were recorded repeatedly (three or more times). Possible reasons of recorded virulence variation are discussed.
Autecology and phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis and Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae), with emphasis on taxonomy of C. tropicalis based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and LSU rDNA1
Authors: Mohammad‐Noor Normawaty , Moestrup Øjvind , Lundholm Nina , Fraga Santiago , Adam Aimimualiani , Holmes Michael J. , Saleh Ejria 
Published: March 2013

Coolia is a widespread and ecologically important genus of benthic marine dinoflagellates found in tropical regions. Historically, there has been taxonomic confusion about the taxonomy and toxicity of this group. The goal of this study was to resolve morphological questions concerning Coolia tropicalis and determine the taxonomic identity of the Australian Coolia isolate which has been reported to produce cooliatoxins. To accomplish this, the morphology of tropical strains from Belize (the type locality of C. tropicalis), Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia were examined and compared to published reports. The morphological analysis showed that C. tropicalis differs from the original description in that it has a slightly larger size (35–47 μm long by 30–45 μm wide versus 23–40 μm long by 25–39 μm wide), and the shape of fourth apical plate, and the length of Po plate (7.4–12 μm versus 7 μm). Based on both morphology and phylogenetic analysis using LSU D1‐ D3 rDNA sequences, the clones of C. tropicalis from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Belize were found to form a monophyletic clade within the genus. The strain producing cooliatoxin was found to be C. tropicalis, not Coolia monotis as originally assumed. To explore the factors influencing the growth of Coolia species, the growth rates of C. tropicalis and Coolia malayensis were determined at different temperatures and salinities. Both species tolerated a wide range of temperatures, but cannot survive at temperatures <20°C or >35°C. C. monotis, the dominant species reported in the literature, probably does not produce toxins.
Mechanism of the dependence of hepatitis B virus genotype G on co‐infection with other genotypes for viral replication
Authors: Sakamoto T. , Tanaka Y. , Watanabe T. , Iijima S. , Kani S. , Sugiyama M. , Murakami S. , Matsuura K. , Kusakabe A. , Shinkai N. , Sugauchi F. , Mizokami M. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryHepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into several genotypes. Genotype G (HBV/G) is characterised by worldwide dispersion, low intragenotypic diversity and a peculiar sequence of the precore and core region (stop codon and 36‐nucleotide insertion). As a rule, HBV/G is detected in co‐infection with another genotype, most frequently HBV/A2. In a previous in vivo study, viral replication of HBV/G was significantly enhanced by co‐infection with HBV/A2. However, the mechanism by which co‐infection with HBV/A2 enhances HBV/G replication is not fully understood. In this study, we employed 1.24‐fold HBV/A2 clones that selectively expressed each viral protein and revealed that the core protein expressing construct significantly enhanced the replication of HBV/G in Huh7 cells. The introduction of the HBV/A2 core promoter or core protein or both genomic regions into the HBV/G genome showed that both the core promoter and core protein are required for efficient HBV/G replication. The effect of genotype on the interaction between foreign core protein and HBV/G showed that HBV/A2 was the strongest enhancer of HBV/G replication. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of Dane particles isolated from cultures of Huh7 cells co‐transfected by HBV/G and a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter–driven HBV/A2 core protein expression construct indicated that HBV/G employed HBV/A2 core protein during particle assembly. In conclusion, HBV/G could take advantage of core proteins from other genotypes during co‐infection to replicate efficiently and to effectively package HBV DNA into virions.
Northern range expansion of European populations of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi is associated with global warming–correlated genetic admixture and population‐specific temperature adaptations
Authors: Krehenwinkel Henrik , Tautz Diethard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPoleward range expansions are observed for an increasing number of species, which may be an effect of global warming during the past decades. However, it is still not clear in how far these expansions reflect simple geographical shifts of species ranges, or whether new genetic adaptations play a role as well. Here, we analyse the expansion of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi into Northern Europe during the last century. We have used a range‐wide sampling of contemporary populations and historical specimens from museums to trace the phylogeography and genetic changes associated with the range shift. Based on the analysis of mitochondrial, microsatellite and SNP markers, we observe a higher level of genetic diversity in the expanding populations, apparently due to admixture of formerly isolated lineages. Using reciprocal transplant experiments for testing overwintering tolerance, as well as temperature preference and tolerance tests in the laboratory, we find that the invading spiders have possibly shifted their temperature niche. This may be a key adaptation for survival in Northern latitudes. The museum samples allow a reconstruction of the invasion's genetic history. A first, small‐scale range shift started around 1930, in parallel with the onset of global warming. A more massive invasion of Northern Europe associated with genetic admixture and morphological changes occurred in later decades. We suggest that the latter range expansion into far Northern latitudes may be a consequence of the admixture that provided the genetic material for adaptations to new environmental regimes. Hence, global warming could have facilitated the initial admixture of populations and this resulted in genetic lineages with new habitat preferences.
Climate change and the spread of vector‐borne diseases: using approximate Bayesian computation to compare invasion scenarios for the bluetongue virus vector Culicoides imicola in Italy
Authors: Mardulyn Patrick , Goffredo Maria , Conte Annamaria , Hendrickx Guy , Meiswinkel Rudolf , Balenghien Thomas , Sghaier Soufien , Lohr Youssef , Gilbert Marius 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBluetongue (BT) is a commonly cited example of a disease with a distribution believed to have recently expanded in response to global warming. The BT virus is transmitted to ruminants by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, and it has been hypothesized that the emergence of BT in Mediterranean Europe during the last two decades is a consequence of the recent colonization of the region by Culicoides imicola and linked to climate change. To better understand the mechanism responsible for the northward spread of BT, we tested the hypothesis of a recent colonization of Italy by C. imicola, by obtaining samples from more than 60 localities across Italy, Corsica, Southern France, and Northern Africa (the hypothesized source point for the recent invasion of C. imicola), and by genotyping them with 10 newly identified microsatellite loci. The patterns of genetic variation within and among the sampled populations were characterized and used in a rigorous approximate Bayesian computation framework to compare three competing historical hypotheses related to the arrival and establishment of C. imicola in Italy. The hypothesis of an ancient presence of the insect vector was strongly favoured by this analysis, with an associated P ≥ 99%, suggesting that causes other than the northward range expansion of C. imicola may have supported the emergence of BT in southern Europe. Overall, this study illustrates the potential of molecular genetic markers for exploring the assumed link between climate change and the spread of diseases.
New Evidence on the Allocation of NIH Funds across Diseases
Authors: SAMPAT BHAVEN N. , BUTERBAUGH KRISTIN , PERL MARCEL 
Published: March 2013

ContextThe responsiveness of NIH (National Institutes of Health) funding to disease burden is a long‐standing issue of policy interest. Previous analyses of this issue have been hindered by data constraints, have not specified channels through which the NIH funding process could be responsive to disease considerations, and have not examined differences across NIH institutes and centers.MethodsWe collected data from the NIH's new RCDC (Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization) database on funding for 107 diseases in 2008 and linked these to data on deaths and hospitalizations for these diseases. We used RCDC data and information from another NIH database—RePORTER—to determine institute‐specific funding for these diseases and also funding by award type. We used these data to examine the overall responsiveness of NIH funding to disease burden, within‐institute responsiveness, and the responsiveness of different types of NIH awards.FindingsOverall, we found a strong and statistically significant relationship between NIH funding and deaths and hospitalizations associated with a disease. We detected some evidence that more “applied” grant mechanisms—in particular, funding for clinical trials—are more responsive than other types of funding. We also found evidence of differences across institutes in their extent of responsiveness.ConclusionsOverall, the data suggest that NIH funding is responsive to the two measures of disease burden. More applied grant mechanisms also may serve as “safety valves” in the allocation process, allowing Congress, disease advocacy groups, and others to apply pressure to address particular health priorities in a more fine‐grained way than is possible through investigator‐initiated “basic” research grants alone.
The bacterial effector DspA/E is toxic in Arabidopsis thaliana and is required for multiplication and survival of fire blight pathogen
Authors: Degrave Alexandre , Moreau Manon , Launay Alban , Barny Marie‐Anne , Brisset Marie‐Noëlle , Patrit Oriane , Taconnat Ludivine , Vedel Regine , Fagard Mathilde 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe type III effector DspA/E is an essential pathogenicity factor of the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora. We showed that DspA/E was required for transient bacterial growth in nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, as an E. amylovora dspA/E mutant was unable to grow. We expressed DspA/E in A. thaliana transgenic plants under the control of an oestradiol‐inducible promoter, and found that DspA/E expressed in planta restored the growth of a dspA/E mutant. DspA/E expression in these transgenic plants led to the modulation by at least two‐fold of the expression of 384 genes, mostly induced (324 genes). Both induced and repressed genes contained high proportions of defence genes. DspA/E expression ultimately resulted in plant cell death without requiring a functional salicylic acid signalling pathway. Analysis of A. thaliana transgenic seedlings expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP):DspA/E fusion indicated that the fusion protein could only be detected in a few cells per seedling, suggesting the degradation or absence of accumulation of DspA/E in plant cells. Consistently, we found that DspA/E repressed plant protein synthesis when injected by E. amylovora or when expressed in transgenic plants. Thus, we conclude that DspA/E is toxic to A. thaliana: it promotes modifications, among which the repression of protein synthesis could be determinant in the facilitation of necrosis and bacterial growth.
The role of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) CCD8 gene in stolon and tuber development
Authors: Pasare Stefania A. , Ducreux Laurence J. M. , Morris Wayne L. , Campbell Raymond , Sharma Sanjeev K. , Roumeliotis Efstathios , Kohlen Wouter , van der Krol Sander , Bramley Peter M. , Roberts Alison G. , Fraser Paul D. , Taylor Mark A. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of phytohormones controlling shoot branching. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), tubers develop from underground stolons, diageotropic stems which originate from basal stem nodes. As the degree of stolon branching influences the number and size distribution of tubers, it was considered timely to investigate the effects of SL production on potato development and tuber life cycle.

Transgenic potato plants were generated in which the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (CCD8) gene, key in the SL biosynthetic pathway, was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi).

The resulting CCD8‐RNAi potato plants showed significantly more lateral and main branches than control plants, reduced stolon formation, together with a dwarfing phenotype and a lack of flowering in the most severely affected lines. New tubers were formed from sessile buds of the mother tubers. The apical buds of newly formed transgenic tubers grew out as shoots when exposed to light. In addition, we found that CCD8 transcript levels were rapidly downregulated in tuber buds by the application of sprout‐inducing treatments.

These results suggest that SLs could have an effect, solely or in combination with other phytohormones, in the morphology of potato plants and also in controlling stolon development and maintaining tuber dormancy.
Urban legends series: oral manifestations of HIV infection
Authors: Patton LL , Ramirez‐Amador V , Anaya‐Saavedra G , Nittayananta W , Carrozzo M , Ranganathan K 
Published: March 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus‐related oral lesions (HIV‐OLs), such as oral candidiasis (OC) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), have been recognized as indicators of immune suppression since the beginning of the global HIV epidemic. The diagnosis and management of HIV disease and spectrum of opportunistic infection has changed over the past 30 years as our understanding of the infection has evolved. We investigated the following controversial topics: (i) Are oral manifestations of HIV still relevant after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? (ii) Can we nowadays still diagnose HIV infection through oral lesions? (iii) Is the actual classification of oral manifestations of HIV adequate or does it need to be reviewed and updated? (iv) Is there any novelty in the treatment of oral manifestations of HIV infection? Results from extensive literature review suggested the following: (i) While HAART has resulted in significant reductions in HIV‐OLs, many are still seen in patients with HIV infection, with OC remaining the most common lesion. While the relationship between oral warts and the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is less clear, the malignant potential of oral human papillomavirus infection is gaining increasing attention. (ii) Effective antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV from a fatal illness to a chronic manageable condition and as a result expanded screening policies for HIV are being advocated both in developed and in developing countries. Affordable, reliable, and easy‐to‐use diagnostic techniques have been recently introduced likely restricting the importance of HIV‐OLs in diagnosis. (iii) The 1993 EC‐Clearinghouse classification of HIV‐OLs is still globally used despite controversy on the relevance of periodontal diseases today. HIV‐OL case definitions were updated in 2009 to facilitate the accuracy of HIV‐OL diagnoses by non‐dental healthcare workers in large‐scale epidemiologic studies and clinical trials. (iv) Research over the last 6 years on novel modalities for the treatment of HIV‐OLs has been reported for OC and OHL.
Genetic improvement of grain protein content and other health‐related constituents of wheat grain
Authors: Balyan Harindra S. , Gupta Pushpendra K. , Kumar Sachin , Dhariwal Raman , Jaiswal Vandana , Tyagi Sandhya , Agarwal Priyanka , Gahlaut Vijay , Kumari Supriya 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIt is known that nearly one‐third of the world population currently suffers from malnutrition due to lack of availability of adequate quantity of protein, vitamins and a number of micronutrients includingFe andZn in their diet. A lack of other desirable bioactive compounds and dietary fibres (DF) in the diet also causes a variety of diseases. In some regions of the world, occurrence ofCd andAs in wheat grain in excess of tolerance limits also adversely affects human health. In this short review, we summarize the current status of knowledge about the genetic control of the accumulation of a variety of nutritional constituents in wheat grain and then describe examples where noticeable improvements have been made using breeding approaches. We also describe the gaps that need to be bridged for better understanding of the genetic architecture of these important traits. The development and use of molecular markers in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for developing wheat varieties with improved grain quality has also been discussed.