bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Secular Trends in Obesity in Pacific and Indian Ocean Island Populations
Authors: Hodge Allison M. , Dowse Gary K. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Collins Veronica R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSurveys conducted in 10 Pacific island populations and in the multiethnic populations of Mauritius and Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean have provided data on the prevalence of obesity, potential etiological factors and medical hazards associated with obesity. The results indicate that the prevalence of obesity (by body mass index (BMI)) in some of these populations is among the highest in the world. Obesity related to degree of modernization is more common in urban than in rural locations and tends to be found more often in women. In two populations where longitudinal data were available, there were dramatic increases in prevalence over relatively short time periods. Obesity contributed to the risk of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and was associated with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in all populations, but no relationship could be found with total mortality in three ethnic groups for whom data were available. A genetic susceptibility to obesity combined with social pressures that favor high energy intakes and reduced physical activity are believed to be important in these populations. The challenge for the future lies in developing culturally appropriate programs for preventing obesity and thus reducing associated morbidity, while continuing to research its behavioral and genetic determinants.
Obesity and Malnutrition in a Shantytown Population in the City of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Sawaya Ana L. , Dallal Gerald , Solymos Gisela , de Sousa Maria H. , Ventura Maria L. , Roberts Susan B. , Sigulem Dirce M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo investigate the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition in the poor Brazilian population we conducted a survey on the socioeconomic and nutritional status of 535 families (comprising 2 411 individuals) living in shanty towns in the city of São Paulo. There was a 30% prevalence of malnutrition in the children, with chronic malnutrition as the most predominant problem. The prevalence of obesity was 6.4% in boys and 8.7% in girls. Overweight and obesity associated with stunting was found in 5.8% of boys and 6.8% girls. Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of malnutrition when weight‐for‐age distribution was used (boys 46.4%, girls 40.2%), but a right deviation in the distribution was observed with an increase in obesity and a decrease of malnutrition was observed (obesity was 21% in girls and 8.8% in boys; malnutrition was 15.5% in boys and 12.6% in girls) when the weight‐for‐height adjustment was made. Stunting was the most predominant type of malnutrition in both sexes. Obesity associated with stunting was more common than obesity without stunting, both in younger children and adolescents. Adults had a higher prevalence of obesity than malnutrition according to both the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables (1.7% of undernutrition, 16.7% of overweight, and 14.1% of obesity) and Body Mass Index (8.5% of undernutrition, 21.9% of overweight, and 14.6% of obesity). There was an increase in the percentage of obese children when at least one adult in the family was obese and an increased percentage of malnourished children when undernourished adults were present in the family. Obesity among the adults of the family decreased the occurrence of malnutrition among the children. In 9% of families there was a coexistence of obesity in the adults and malnutrition in the children. These results demonstrate a coexistence of malnutrition and obesity in poor urban Brazilian communities.
Susceptibility to Development of Central Adiposity Among Populations
Authors: Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Bergstrom Richard W. , Boyko Edward J. , Leonetti Donna L. , Newell‐Morris Laura L. , Wahl Patricia W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere is good evidence that central (visceral) adiposity is important in the development of the insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome (obesity, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and coronary heart disease). It is proposed that some non‐Caucasian populations are especially susceptible to development of this syndrome, and that lifestyle changes may play important etiologic roles. We postulate that this is due to the presence in these populations of a genetic predisposition to weight gain, perhaps related to a “thrifty” genotype, leading to the concentration of weight gain in visceral fat depots, when there is exposure to conditions associated with westernization.
Pregnancy as a Risk Factor for Obesity: Lessons from the Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study
Authors: Rössner Stephan , Öhlin Agneta 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPregnancy and maternal body weight development are intertwined in complicated patterns. In most studies, an increase in maternal body weight with age and parity has been reported. For women who develop obesity, pregnancies can, in retrospect, be identified as important triggering life events. In a retrospective analysis of 128 women at our Obesity Unit, 73% of these severely obese patients had retained more than 10 kg in connection with a pregnancy. For the general population, the effect of a pregnancy on future weight development is surprisingly difficult to predict. In The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study, the effects of pregnancy on weight retention one year after delivery were studied in 1423 women. Data were collected retrospectively from routine pregnancy records and then extended prospectively 6 and 12 months after delivery. The mean weight retention associated with a pregnancy one year after delivery was estimated to about 0.5 kg, with a range of‐12 to 26 kg. Fourteen percent of the women gained more than 5 kg. Weight increase during pregnancy was the strongest predict or for sustained weight retention 1 year later. Pre‐pregnancy weight did not predict the weight development outcome. The lactation pattern had only a minor influence on weight development Smoking cessation was an important predictor for sustained weight increase. More weight retention was observed in those women who reported a change in lifestyle as regarded eating habits, meal patterns, and physical activity, suggesting that eventual body weight after pregnancy is more determined by the changes in association with that particular pregnancy than with the lifestyle before.
Community Programs for Obesity Prevention: The Minnesota Heart Health Program
Authors: Jeffery Robert W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCommunity intervention strategies for obesity that were developed and evaluated in the Minnesota Heart Health Pro‐gram (MHHP) are described. The MHHP was a 13‐year research and demonstration project involving 6 communities that was designed to evaluate whether a sustained multicomponent education campaign could reduce population‐wide risk factors for cardiovascular disease. MHHP weight control activities included adult education classes for weight control, exercise, and cholesterol reduction, a worksite weight control program, a home correspondence course for weight loss and a weight gain prevention program. In separate component evaluation studies each of the programs was shown to facilitate favorable changes in weight among individuals choosing to participate in them. Compared to more intensive interventions, weight changes produced by these methods were modest in magnitude, but the number of individuals participating in some of them was quite large. The overall effects of the MHHP program on population levels of obesity were disappointing. Over 7 years of intervention there was a strong upward trend in weight in all communities, independent of age, demographics, smoking habits, or other potential confounding variables. This trend was not different in communities receiving education than in comparison communities. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.
Toward Comprehensive Obesity Prevention Programs in Native American Communities
Authors: Broussard Brenda A. , Sugarman Jonathan R. , Bachman‐Carter Karen , Booth Karmen , Stephenson Larry , Strauss Karen , Gohdes Dorothy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity is a particularly important challenge to the health status of Native Americans. This challenge is manifest in the increasing rates of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus among Native Americans. Most studies of Native American infants, preschool children, schoolchildren, and adults have confirmed a high prevalence of over weight Historical studies suggest that for many Native American communities the high rates of obesity are a relatively recent phenomenon. The specific reasons for the increase in obesity among Native Americans have not been determined, although it has been hypothesized that Native Americans have a genetic predisposition to over weight in a “westernized” environment of abundant food and decreased energy expenditure. Few detailed studies of diet or of physical activity levels of contemporary Native Americans have been published. Community‐based interventions to modify diet and activity levels to prevent obesity in Native American communities are needed. Preliminary evidence from two formative school‐based programs in the Southwest suggest that Native American communities are receptive to school‐based interventions, and that such programs may be able to slow the rate of excess weight gain and to improve fitness in schoolchildren. Because of the cultural diversity among Native Americans, future studies should focus on collecting community‐ and region‐specific data, and should emphasize the need for obesity prevention through culturally appropriate community‐and school‐based behavioral interventions.
An Electrophysiological Study on Amino Acid Sensors in the Hepato‐Portal System in the Rat
Authors: Niijima Akira , Meguid Michael M. 
Published: September 2012

The existence of amino acid sensors sensitive to arginine, alanine, leucine and glycine in the hepato‐portal region was previously reported based on recording of the afferent signals from the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of fifteen different amino acids on the activity of the vagal hepatic afferents. Intraportal administration (10 mM, 0.1 mL) of alanine, arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, serine, tryptophane and valine increased vagal afferent discharge rate, and that of cysteine, glycine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline and threonine suppressed it.The results indicate the existence of two groups of amino acids sensors which exhibit excitatory or inhibitory effect on the afferent activity of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. The change in afferent activity to the hypothalamus may affect reflex regulation of the visceral functions and thereby influence appetite.
Feasibility of a Clinic‐Based Hypocaloric Dietary Intervention Implemented in a School Setting for Obese Children
Authors: Figueroa‐Colon Reinaldo , Franklin Frank A. , Lee Jeannette Y. , Von Almen T. Kristian , Suskind Robert M. 
Published: September 2012

At 6 months the 12 superobese children on protein‐sparing modified fast diet had a significant weight loss from baseline (‐5.6 ± 7.1 kg, ANOVA p < 0.02); a significant decrease in percentage IBW (‐24.3 ± 20%, ANOVA p < 0.002); and had positive growth velocity Z‐score (1.3 ± 1.6, ANOVA p < 0.05). Six children were not superobese at 6 months. At 6 months eight of 12 children were active participants and 11 of 12 children were followed. Decrease in blood pressure, as well as, downward trends in serum lipids were observed at 6 months. No clinical complications were observed. At 6 months, the 7 control superobese children, when compared with baseline had gained weight (2.8 ± 3.1 kg, ANOVA p < 0.008); but had no significant change in percentage IBW (‐0.3 ± 5.9%, ANOVA p = 0.61); and had no changes in growth velocity Z‐score (0.1 ± 1.3, ANOVA p = 0.83). These children did not have any change in blood pressure and an upward trend in serum lipids were observed at 6 months.Protein‐sparing modified fast diet and a hypocaloric balanced diet appear to be effective in a group of superobese‐school‐age children in a medically supervised clinic‐based program implemented in a school setting over a 6‐month period. The efforts of committed clinic staffs, school officials, peers, and family involvement were crucial to the success of this intervention program in promoting and maintaining weight loss over a 6‐month period. Further research with a specific comparison of the hypocaloric diets with longer follow‐up periods in the school setting is necessary. In the meantime, these diets should be used only with close medical supervision.
Systolic Blood Pressure is Related to Catecholamine Sensitivity in Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat Cells
Authors: Hoffstedt Johan , Reynisdottir Signy , Lönnqvist Fredrik 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA relationship between abdominal obesity and hypertension is well established. In search for an early‐onset defect in adipocyte function linking these two conditions, we compared catecholamine sensitivity in subcutaneous abdominal fat cells with 24‐hour systolic, mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure in 16 healthy, normotensive subjects. Clear inter‐individual variations in the adipocyte lipolytic adrenoceptor sensitivity (pD2) for noradrenaline were observed in dose‐response experiments (i.e., about 4 log units). An inverse and independent correlation was found between the 24‐hour systolic blood pressure and pD2 for noradrenaline (r = −0.67, p < 0.01). The mean arterial blood pressure was also negatively correlated to peripheral noradrenaline sensitivity (r = −0.58, p < 0.05). However, no significant relationship between the 24‐hour diastolic blood pressure and pD2 for noradrenaline was demonstrated. In conclusion we suggest that catecholamine resistance in subcutaneous fat cells may be associated with autonomic dysfunction and impaired blood pressure regulation. This finding is supported by the fact that both noradrenaline sensitivity and 24‐hour systolic blood pressure also are correlated to the individual orthostatic heart rate responses, reflecting the sympathetic nervous system tone (r=0.61, p=0.01 and r= −0.53, p=0.03, respectively). The relationship between noradrenaline sensitivity and systolic blood pressure may be of importance in the early development of hypertension in man.
Weight‐Related Attitudes and Behaviors of Women Who Diet to Lose Weight: A Comparison of Black Dieters and White Dieters
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Wilfley Denise E. , Caldwell Melissa B. , Needham Martha L. , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity is a significant health problem among black women in the United States. Black women are two to three times more likely than white women to be obese. The present study sought to examine race differences in attitudes and beliefs about dieting, motivations underlying dieting efforts, and actual dieting strategies and behaviors. To achieve this aim, a subset of female survey respondents (n = 324) was drawn from a pool of more than 20,000 subscribers to Consumer Reports. All survey respondents had made at least one dieting effort within 3 years of the time of the study. For this study, we used all black female respondents (n = 162) and a matched sample (i.e., matched on age, educational attainment, and personal income) of white women (n = 162). Black women did weigh significantly more than Caucasian women, therefore, BMI was used as a covariate in all subsequent analyses.Black and white women were significantly different in a number of domains. Compared to white women, black women experienced less social pressure about their weight, initiated dieting later in life, and were significantly less likely to diet at each developmental milestone. However, the two groups of women did not differ in reasons for undertaking their most recent dieting efforts, or in the types of weight loss strategies they had employed. Nor were there differences between the black and white women in methods for coping responses with dietary relapse or in rates of disordered eating. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for both treatment and prevention of obesity in black women.
Body Position, Age and Mass Effect of Adiposity on Adipose Tissue Red Cell Flux in Morbid Obesity
Authors: Klassen Gerald A. , Janigan David , Paton Barry , Mathews John , Perey Bernard , Macdonald Allan S. , Barclay Katherine D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To measure red cell flux of adipose tissue in morbidly obese patients' pannus in the upright and supine position to determine factors which would render the lower pannus susceptible to ischemic necrosis.Design: A cohort study of morbidly obese subjects without ischemic necrosis.Setting: University teaching hospital.Patients: Twenty‐three consecutive morbidly obese patients referred for gastroplasty.Measurements: Red cell flux, measured as RMS voltage by a laser Doppler velocimeter. An optical fiber with a tip diameter of 250μ was inserted into the upper and lower pannus and output recorded in the upright and supine positions. Other variables recorded were age, BMI, blood pressure and serum lipids.Results: Adipose tissue red cell flux demonstrates considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity from subject to subject and in various locations in the pannus. No differences in red cell flux were detected in response to change in position. However, regression analysis demonstrated that the gradient between the upper and lower abdomen in the supine position was increasingly positive with age and in the upright position it was increasingly positive with increasing weight or BMI.Conclusions: These data suggest that red cell flux is heterogeneously distributed in the abdominal pannus and is not greatly influenced by body position. However, with increasing age and adiposity there is a gradient for decreased red cell flux to the lower portion of the pannus. This may be a factor in rendering this part of the pannus prone to ischemic fat necrosis.
Waist Circumference as the Best Predictor of Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Compared to Body Mass Index, Waist/hip Ratio and Other Anthropometric Measurements in Mexican Americans—A 7‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Wei Ming , Gaskill Sharon P. , Haffner Steven M. , Stern Michael P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough a number of obesity‐related variables are recognized risk factors for NIDDM, few studies have addressed which one is the best predictor. A cohort of 721 Mexican Americans aged 25–64 years who were free of NIDDM at baseline were followed for an average of 7.2 years; 105 new cases of NIDDM were diagnosed. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, waist/hip ratio (WHR), triceps and subscapular skinfolds were all positively predictive of NIDDM independent of age and sex. There were modest to strong correlations between these anthropometric variables, however, waist circumference was the strongest predictor of NIDDM. The predictive power of a single measurement of waist circumference was at least equal to that of WHR and BMI combined. The risk of NIDDM for those in the highest quartile of waist circumference was 11 times greater than for those in the lowest quartile (95% confidence interval: 4.2–28.8). The waist‐NIDDM relation was stronger in subjects with BMI ≤ 27 kg/m2 (OR: 6.0 for a 1 SD difference) than in subjects with BMI > 27 kg/m2 (OR: 1.7 for a 1 SD difference). In multivariate analysis, waist circumference was the only significant predictor of NIDDM in models that included other anthropometric variables either separately or simultaneously. WHR and BMI were independent predictors of NIDDM after adjustment for each other, however, their predictive abilities disappeared after adjustment for waist circumference. The data indicate that waist is the best obesity‐related predictor of NIDDM. This finding suggests that the distribution of body fat, especially abdominal localization, is a more important determinant than the total amount of body fat of the development of NIDDM in Mexican Americans.
Differential Responsiveness of Obese (fa/fa) and Lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker Rats to Cytokine‐Induced Anorexia
Authors: Plata‐Saláman Carlos R. , Vasselli Joseph R. , Sonti Gayatri 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPathophysiological and pharmacological concentrations of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induce anorexia in normal rats. Obesity in humans and rodents is associated with increased TNF‐α messenger RNA and protein levels in various cell types. This suggests that obese individuals may have differential regulation of cytokine production and dissimilar responsiveness to cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinfusion of TNF‐α (50, 100, and 500 ng/rat), IL‐1β (1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ng), and TNF‐α (100 ng) plus IL‐1β (1.0 ng) on obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats. The results show that: TNF‐α and IL‐1β, and the concomitant administration of TNF‐a and IL‐ip decreased the short‐term (4 hours), nighttime (12 hours), and total daily food intakes in obese and lean rats; IL‐1β was more potent relative to TNF‐α; obese rats showed greater responsiveness to IL‐1β: 8.0 ng IL‐1β, for example, decreased the 12‐hour food intake by 52% in obese and 22% in lean rats. On the other hand, obese and lean rats did not exhibit a significantly different responsiveness to the anorexia induced by 50,100, or 500 ng TNF‐α at the 4‐hour period; and the concomitant ICV administration of TNF‐α and IL‐1β induced anorexia with additive (4‐hour period) or synergistic (12‐hour and 24‐hour periods) effects in obese rats. The effect of TNF‐α plus IL‐1β in lean rats was greater than additive for the 12‐hour and 24‐hour periods. The difference in suppression of total daily food intake by TNF‐α plus IL‐1β in obese (‐43%) versus lean (‐23%) rats was significantly different (p<0.01). The results show that obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats have differential responsiveness to the ICV microinfusion of two different classes of cytokines.
Low‐Fat Diets May Prevent Weight Gain in Sedentary Women: Prospective Observations From the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Lissner Lauren , Heitmann Berit L. , Bengtsson Calle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden is an ongoing prospective study of female residents who were recruited from the local registry in 1968–1969 when they were 38–60 years old. The data presented here were collected from 361 healthy women who underwent a baseline physical examination including a supplementary dietary history interview and returned for a second general health examination 6 years later. This report identifies a subgroup of 57 women who were sedentary during their leisure time and appear to have been particularly susceptible to gaining weight as a function of the fat content of their diets. Specifically, longitudinal analysis of body weights in the whole sample revealed a statistical interaction between leisure‐time physical activity and habitual dietary fat intake (energy‐%), as reported at the baseline examination, in the prediction of subsequent weight change. Further stratified analysis suggested that weight changes were significantly dependent on dietary fat intake among the sedentary women only. High energy intake also predicted weight gain in the sedentary group, although the predictive value for a high‐fat diet was of marginal significance after adjusting for total energy consumption. These results suggest that sedentary recreational activity plus a low‐fat diet may have a combined contribution to weight change that is not equivalent to the sum of the separate effects. Such a synergy between two modifiable lifestyle factors seems highly relevant for prevention of obesity.