bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Medical Education: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Barz Daniela Luminita , Achimaș-Cadariu Andrei 
Published: September 2015

Scientific reasoning has been studied from a variety of theoretical perspectives, which have tried to identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of this particular cognitive process. Scientific reasoning has been defined as a problem-solving process that involves critical thinking in relation to content, procedural, and epistemic knowledge. The development of scientific reasoning in medical education was influenced by current paradigmatic trends, it could be traced along educational curriculum and followed cognitive processes. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of scientific reasoning in medical education and outline educational methods for its development.Current evidence suggests that medical education should foster a new ways of development of scientific reasoning, which include exploration of the complexity of scientific inquiry, and also take into consideration the heterogeneity of clinical cases found in practice.
Novel non invasive diagnostic strategies in bladder cancer
Authors: Truta Anamaria , Hodor Popon Tudor Adrian , Saraci George , Ghervan Liviu , Pop Ioan Victor 
Published: September 2015

Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide, derived from the urothelium of the urinary bladder and defined by long asymptomatic and atypical clinical picture. Its complex etiopathogenesis is dependent on numerous risk factors that can be divided into three distinct categories: genetic and molecular abnormalities, chemical or environmental exposure and previous genitourinary disorders and family history of different malignancies. Various genetic polymorphisms and microRNA might represent useful diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Genetic and molecular abnormalities - risk factors are represented by miRNA or genetic polymorphisms proved to be part of bladder carcinogenesis such as: genetic mutations of oncogenes TP53, Ras, Rb1 or p21 oncoproteins, cyclin D or genetic polymorhisms of XPD,ERCC1, CYP1B1, NQO1C609T, MDM2SNP309, CHEK2, ERCC6, NRF2, NQO1Pro187Ser polymorphism and microRNA (miR-143, -145, -222, -210, -10b, 576-3p). The aim of our article is to highlight the most recent acquisitions via molecular biomarkers (miRNAs and genetic polymorphisms) involved in bladder cancer in order to provide early diagnosis, precise therapy according to the molecular profile of bladder tumors, as well as to improve clinical outcome, survival rates and life quality of oncological patients. These molecular biomarkers play a key role in bladder carcinogenesis, clinical evolution, prognosis and therapeutic response and explain the molecular mechanisms involved in bladder carcinogenesis; they can also be selected as therapeutic targets in developing novel therapeutic strategies in bladder malignancies. Moreover, the purpose in defining these molecular non invasive biomarkers is also to develop non invasive screening programs in bladder malignancies with the result of decreasing bladder cancer incidence in risk population.
A prospective study of the value of pre- and post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging examinations for advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Csutak Csaba , Ordeanu Claudia , Nagy Viorica Magdalena , Pop Diana Cristina , Bolboaca Sorana Daniela , Badea Radu , Chiorean Liliana , Dudea Sorin Marian 
Published: September 2015

Background and aim. Cervical cancer has high incidence and mortality in developing countries. It is the only gynecological malignancy that is clinically staged. Staging at the time of diagnosis is crucial for treatment planning. After radiation therapy, clinical examination is limited because of radiation changes. An imaging method relatively unaffected by radiation changes would be useful for the assessment of therapy results and for management.We sought to demonstrate the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pre- and post-treatment assessment of cervical cancer.Methods. This was a prospective study, carried out between November 2012 and October 2014 on 18 subjects with advanced-stage cervical cancer diagnosed by colposcopy. The disease stage was determined clinically according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria. Only patients with disease stage ≥ IIB or IIA with one of the tumor dimensions > 4 cm were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent abdominal-pelvic contrast-enhanced MRI as part of the workup. Tumor size, local invasion, involved pelvic lymph nodes, and staging according to MRI criteria were evaluated. Clinical and MRI examinations were also performed after chemoradiotherapy. After chemoradiotherapy, 94% of the patients (17 of 18) were treated surgically.Results. Eighteen patients aged 32–67 met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled: 10 stage IIB, 6 stage IIIA, 1 stage IIA and 1 stage IIIB, according to clinical staging. Using histopathological findings as a reference, MRI staging accuracy was 83.3%. The concordance of the clinical stage with MRI stage at the first examination was 56%. Parametrial involvement was assessed on pretreatment and post-treatment MRI, with post-treatment MRI compared with histology. There was no statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-therapy gynecological examinations (GYN) and the corresponding MRI assessments as to tumor size measurements (p>0.05). The post-therapy restoration of the cervical stroma ruled out tumor recurrence.Conclusions. For a detailed characterization of loco-regional extension, the calculation of tumor volume, and the evaluation of distant metastatic changes, clinical examination is insufficient. Magnetic resonance imaging is helpful aftertherapy.
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into recipient food webs using meta‐analysis
Authors: Allen Daniel C. , Wesner Jeff S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHere we synthesize empirical research using meta‐analysis to compare how consumer and resource fluxes affect recipient food webs. We tested the following hypotheses: (H1) The direct effects of resource fluxes (bottom‐up) should be stronger than the direct effects of consumer fluxes (top‐down), because resource fluxes are permanent (do not return to the food web in which they were produced) but consumer fluxes may not be (consumers can leave). (H2) Following H1, the indirect effects should attenuate (weaken) more quickly for consumer fluxes than for resource fluxes due to their direct effects being weaker. (H3) The effects of resource fluxes should be stronger when recipient food webs are in different ecosystems than donor food webs due to differences in elevation that accompany cross‐ecosystem food web interfaces, often increasing flux quantity due to gravity, while the effects of consumer fluxes should be stronger when donor and recipient food webs are in the same ecosystem as they should more easily assimilate into the recipient food web. We found no differences in the magnitude of bottom‐up and top‐down direct effects for resource and consumer fluxes, but top‐down direct effects were 122% stronger than top‐down indirect effects. Indirect effects of prey and predator fluxes quickly attenuated while indirect effects of non‐prey resource and herbivore fluxes did not, as the overall direct effects of prey and predator fluxes were 123% and 163% stronger than their indirect effects, respectively. This result suggests that the magnitude of indirect effects decrease as the trophic level of resource and consumer fluxes increases, and also contrasts with results from studies showing in situ top‐down indirect effects are stronger than in situ bottom‐up indirect effects. We found that resource and consumer flux effect sizes were similar when they occurred between ecosystems, but when they occurred within ecosystems predator flux effects were 107% stronger than nutrient flux effects. Finally, we found that observational studies had higher effect sizes than manipulative studies. Future research should focus on how resource and consumer fluxes might interact and generate feedbacks in empirical studies of natural food webs, and what ecological factors might affect their relative strength.
Low–Frequency Noise Measurements Used For Quality Assessment Of GaSb Based Laser Diodes Prepared By Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Chobola Zdeněk , Luňák Miroslav , Vaněk Jiří , Hulicius Eduard , Kusák Ivo 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The paper reports on a non-destructive method of reliability prediction for semiconductor lasers diodes GaSb based VCSE (vertical cavity surface emitting). Transport and noise characteristic of forward biased were measured in order to evaluate the new MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) technology. The results demonstrate that the lasers prepared by new MBE technology have higher quality than the samples prepared by using the classic MBE technology.
Development of directives in child language: A case study of Czech
Authors: Chejnová Pavla 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this article, the longitudinal development of directives in first-language acquisition is described, and examples of the development of directive speech acts in one Czech child from the ages of 2.8 to 4.1 are included. The results show that the child acquires communicative strategies gradually and that he usually prefers one concrete strategy initially, which is later replaced by a new strategy corresponding with the acquisition of morphological categories. The child’s grammatical development is divided into two stages: the stage of protomorphology, when the child acquires basic morphological categories, and the stage of morphology proper / modular morphology, when the child uses a variety of grammatical means. In the stage of morphology proper, pragmatic factors become more influential as the child is no longer limited by a lack of grammatical competence.
Translating the representation of the tourist landscape: A corpus-based study
Authors: Gandin Stefania 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper will present a corpus-based study on the translated language of tourism, focusing in particular on the stylistics of tourist landscapes. Through a comparative analysis of a specifically designed corpus of travel articles originally written in English (namely the TourEC-Tourism English Corpus) and a corpus of tourist texts translated from a variety of languages into English (namely the T-TourEC – Translational Tourism English Corpus), the study will investigate a selection of collocates, concordances and keywords related to the description and representation of tourist settings in both corpora. The aim will be that of identifying differences, aspects or practices to be potentially improved that characterize the translated language of tourism with respect to tourist texts originally written in English. Results will show that the discursive patterns of translated texts differ from the stylistic strategies typically employed in native English for the linguistic representation of landscape and settings due to phenomena of translation universals, and that these differences may affect the relating communicative functions, properties and persuasive effects of tourist promotional discourse.
Application of Extended Finite Element Method to Cracked Concrete Elements – Numerical Aspects
Authors: Bobiński J. , Tejchman J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe paper deals with the application of the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) to simulations of discrete macro-cracks in plain concrete specimens under tension, bending and shear. Fundamental relationships and basic discrete constitutive laws were described. The most important aspects of the numerical implementation were discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the method were outlined
Design and Build Procurement System – Contractor Selection
Authors: Lesniak A. , Plebankiewicz E. , Zima K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOne of the contract awarding systems in public sector in Poland is the Design & Build system. In this system, a client concludes a contract agreement with only one company, a contractor, in order to carry out both design and construction of works. While deciding on this form of delivery of a public project, the client is obliged to conduct a single proceeding aiming to select the contractor. In this paper, public works contracts awarded in the D&B system in Poland are analysed, whilst attention was put on the contracting modes and assessment criteria. The results are assessed against the experience of other countries and recommended methods for selection of the Design and Build contractor.
Tendinopathy: Is Imaging Telling Us the Entire Story?
Authors: Docking Sean I. , Ooi Chin Chin , Connell David 
Published: September 2015

Synopsis Tendinopathy is frequently associated with structural disorganization within the tendon. As such, the clinical use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for tendinopathy has been the focus of numerous academic studies and clinical discussions. However, similar to other musculoskeletal conditions (osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration), there is no direct link between tendon structural disorganization and clinical symptoms, with findings on imaging potentially creating a confusing clinical picture. While imaging shows the presence and extent of structural changes within the tendon, the clinical interpretation of the images requires context in regard to the features of pain and the aggravating loads. This review will critically evaluate studies that have investigated the accuracy and sensitivity of imaging in the detection of clinical tendinopathy and the methodological issues associated with these studies (subject selection, lack of a robust gold standard, reliance on subjective measures). The advent of new imaging modalities allowing for the quantification of tendon structure or mechanical properties has allowed new critical insight into tendon pathology. A strength of these novel modalities is the ability to quantify properties of the tendon. Research utilizing ultrasound tissue characterization and sonoelastography will be discussed. This narrative review will also attempt to synthesize current research on whether imaging can predict the onset of pain or clinical outcome, the role of monitoring tendon structure during rehabilitation (ie, does tendon structure need to improve to get a positive clinical outcome?), and future directions for research, and to propose the clinical role of imaging in tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):842–852. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5880
Evidence of Nervous System Sensitization in Commonly Presenting and Persistent Painful Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Plinsinga Melanie L. , Brink Michel S. , Vicenzino Bill , van Wilgen C. Paul 
Published: September 2015

Study Design Systematic review. Objectives To elucidate if there is sensitization of the nervous system in those with persistent rotator cuff (shoulder), lateral elbow, patellar, and Achilles tendinopathies. Background Tendinopathy can be difficult to treat, and persistent intractable pain and dysfunction are frequent. It is hypothesized that induction or maintenance of persistent pain in tendinopathy may be, at least in part, based on changes in the nervous system. Methods The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Relevant articles were identified through a computerized search in Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science, followed by a manual search of reference lists of retained articles. To be eligible, studies had to include quantitative sensory testing and evaluate individuals diagnosed with a persistent tendinopathy of the rotator cuff (shoulder), lateral elbow, patella, or Achilles tendon. Methodological quality assessment was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results In total, 16 full-text articles met the criteria for inclusion, of which the majority were case-control studies with heterogeneous methodological quality. No studies on Achilles tendinopathy were found. Mechanical algometry was the predominant quantitative sensory testing used. Lowered pressure pain threshold was observed across different tendinopathies at the site of tendinopathy, as well as at other sites, the latter being suggestive of central sensitization. Conclusion Although more research on sensory abnormalities is warranted, it appears likely that there is an association between persistent tendon pain and sensitization of the nervous system. This evidence is primarily from studies of upper-limb tendinopathy, and caution should be exercised with inference to lower-limb tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):864–875. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5895
GC-MS analysis, evaluation of phytochemicals, anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of <i>Exacum bicolor</i>
Authors: Ashwini Appaji Mahesh , Puttarudrappa Latha , Kumar Ravi , Majumdar Mala 
Published: September 2015

<p class="Abstract">The aim of the present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis, phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of leaves of Exacum bicolor. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcohol, phenols, alkanes, aromatic compounds, aldehyde and ethers. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight phyto-constituents. The total phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid contents were 18.0 ± 0.2 mg/GAE/g, 13.1 ± 0.4 mg QE/g and 108.0 ± 1.2 mg AE/g respectively. The DPPH assay exhibited potent anti-oxidant abilities with IC<sub>50 </sub>8.8 µg/mL. Significant thrombolytic activity was demonstrated by clot lysis method (45.1 ± 0.8%). The methanol extract showed significant membrane stabilization on human red blood cell with IC<sub>50 </sub>value of 37.4 µg/mL. There was a significant correlation (R<sup>2</sup>&gt;0.98) with total phenolic content versus anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The above results confirmed that E. bicolor could be a promising anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory agent.</p><p> </p>
Postfordisme, territoire et durabilité
Authors: Pecqueur Bernard 
Published: September 2015

Ce chapitre traite du rôle des dynamiques territoriales dans les mutations de l’après fordisme. On constate en effet, l’émergence de nouvelles formes d’organisation et d’articulation, au même niveau, des filières de production, avec l’émergence de chaînes d’offre et de chaînes logistiques. L’hypothèse de travail retenue ici est que le local peut être la base d’une reconstruction institutionnelle postfordiste. Ainsi, on s’interroge sur les fondements d’une telle reconstruction.La France a une tradition industrielle ancienne tandis que le Brésil est venu plus tardivement à l’industrie fordiste, pourtant les deux trajectoires ont des traits communs. On propose d’intégrer ces deux économies au sein d’un cycle de plus grande ampleur concernant l’industrie et son exaspération taylorienne.Dans une première partie, on oriente la réflexion à partir de trois caractéristiques qui représentent un dépassement du noyau dur du modèle fordiste : la secondarisation de l’objet matériel, le découplage de la superposition de l’espace de production et de celui de la consommation et enfin, l’émergence de la dimension méso économique.Les hypothèses à valider sont celles de l’éloignement plus ou moins accéléré de ces caractéristiques comme fondements du modèle post fordiste. Dans une seconde partie, le texte cherche à mettre en évidence les conséquences des tensions vécues par les acteurs du système global : la disjonction lieu de vie versus lieu de travail qui produit une contradiction entre activités résidentielle et productive d’une part, et la compatibilité territoire versus durabilité d’autre part qui menacent la cohérence des territoires. En effet dans le modèle postfordiste en émergence, la question de la durabilité apparait comme cruciale pour permettre le renouvellement des ressources. C’est bien à travers cette notion de ressource que la durabilité rejoint le territoire.Une troisième partie aboutit à l’esquisse de ce que pourrait être un modèle de « développement territorial durable ». Le modèle esquissé est différent du modèle ricardien de dotation-spécialisation en ce que les perspectives de création de richesses tiennent ici aux capacités de groupes à s’organiser et à élaborer des processus originaux d’émergence des ressources. On ne peut donc parler, à propos des actifs et ressources spécifiques, d’avantages comparatifs mais plutôt d’avantages “différenciatifs” qui supposent, pour être produits ou valorisés, des stratégies radicalement différentes de celles qui visent à susciter ou conforter des avantages comparatifs. En d’autres termes, la productivité apparente n’est plus le seul moteur de la compétitivité des territoires producteurs.
Système productif local : l’industrie métal-mécanique au Sud du Brésil
Authors: Neumann Gonçalves Marguit 
Published: September 2015

En tenant compte de la récente mise en œuvre de la politique des APLs (Arranjos produtivos locais) au Brésil, ce chapitre a pour objectif de répondre aux questions suivantes : comment le territoire peut-il apporter la réponse à ses besoins dans un pays émergent comme le Brésil ? Est-ce-que les acteurs locaux ont la capacité de contrôler et d’internaliser les connaissances et les informations venant de l’extérieur ? Les réflexions ont été menées à partir d’un cas concret. Il s’agit d’une étude de l’APL métal-mécanique situé dans la région du plateau de l’État du Rio Grande do Sul / Brésil, région spécialisée dans la production de machines et équipements agricoles. Ce travail s’inscrit dans cette perspective en tenant compte des spécificités brésiliennes, différentes de celles de l’Europe, notamment de la France et de l’Italie : la dimension géographique, les déséquilibres économiques, politiques et sociaux entre les régions, les relations étroites entre l’agriculture et l’industrie (relation directe où l’agriculture constitue le marché pour l’industrie).
Mémoire et patrimoine : pour une approche des régimes de patrimonialisation
Authors: Davallon Jean 
Published: September 2015

L’exercice théorique livré dans ce chapitre consiste à interroger l’évolution du modèle de la patrimonialisation, développé antérieurement par l’auteur (2006), à partir du cas du patrimoine matériel lorsqu’on le déplace vers le patrimoine immatériel. L’enjeu de l’approche est de mettre en discussion l’étape de la rupture entre le monde d’origine des objets patrimoniaux et le monde présent, qui était posée comme nécessaire dans la production patrimoniale, alors même qu’elle semble ne plus être effective avec le patrimoine immatériel qui assurerait une continuité entre les deux mondes. Mais dans le cas d’une telle continuité, quelle différence y aurait-il entre les définitions culturelle et juridique du patrimoine ? Ce chapitre est l’occasion d’analyser le processus de transmission du patrimoine immatériel en regardant finement s’opérer le passage d’une transmission dans la société à une transmission sur la société. Les enjeux théoriques autour des modes d’existence du patrimoine immatériel dans la société sont donnés à comprendre à travers l’exemple simple et efficace des chants traditionnels à plusieurs voix de Corse inscrits sur la liste Unesco de sauvegarde d’urgence du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité.