bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participant responsibility, researcher vulnerability and empirical ethics: a reply to Loughlin
Authors: Duncan Peter , Stephenson Anne 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn a recent issue of this journal, Michael Loughlin offers a critique of work we undertook that we described and discussed in the same issue, and which might be seen as forming part of the so‐called empirical turn in ethics. Here we respond to Loughlin's criticisms of our work. While he declares that generally, there is potential value in empirically informed ethics, we understand him to be concerned about our particular project on two counts. First, he is worried by the extent to which participants exercised responsibility within the work; and second, he is concerned about the degree to which we, as researchers, were prepared rigorously to examine and question participant assertions and assumptions. We argue that Loughlin's worries are based on a relatively limited view of the context in which empirically informed ethics related to health care takes place. A more complex understanding than he allows, of both the responsibility of participants and the vulnerability of researchers who are involved in projects of empirical ethics in this context, is required in order to recognize the ambiguities and difficulties faced by those involved in such projects.
Presence of coronary artery disease increases the risk of biliary events in patients with asymptomatic gallstones
Authors: Lee Yoon Suk , Jang Sang Eon , Lee Ban Seok , Lee Seung‐June , Lee Min Geun , Park Joo Kyung , Lee Sang Hyub , Ryu Ji Kon , Kim Yong‐Tae , Yoon Yong Bum , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok 
Published: May 2013

AbstactBackground and AimPropensity score indicates a probability of having a confounding factor. It is used to match each patient with the closest propensity score between two groups, which is known as propensity score matching. This study aimed to evaluate the gallstone‐related biliary events, defined as biliary colic and acute cholecystitis between coronary artery disease (CAD) and non‐CAD patients using propensity score matching.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated 267 asymptomatic gallstone patients with CAD and 459 asymptomatic gallstone patients without CAD from March 2003 to December 2009 at two tertiary teaching hospitals in the Republic of Korea. After propensity score matching, total 378 patients, including 126 in study group (with CAD) and 252 in control group (without CAD), were evaluated.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 47 months, overall gallstone‐related biliary event rate was 33.5% in the study group and 27.5% in the control group. The 5‐year cumulative rates were 25.3% versus 17.7% in gallstone‐related biliary event and 10.9% versus 1.6% in acute cholecystitis (study versus control group). After propensity score adjustment, the risk of gallstone‐related biliary events in the CAD patients significantly increased (hazard ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 1.14–3.90, P = 0.017 in matched patients).ConclusionIn patients with asymptomatic gallstones, the coexistence of CAD can increase the risk of gallstone‐related biliary events, particularly acute cholecystitis. Therefore, gallstone patients with CAD should be carefully monitored, even if they are asymptomatic.
Papillary balloon dilation is not itself a cause of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis; results of anterograde and retrograde papillary balloon dilation
Authors: Seo Yu Ri , Moon Jong Ho , Choi Hyun Jong , Kim Dong Choon , Lee Tae Hoon , Cha Sang‐Woo , Cho Young Deok , Park Sang‐Heum , Kim Sun‐Joo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe mechanism of pancreatitis development following endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) remains unknown. Antegrade dilation with percutaneous transhepatic papillary balloon dilation (PTPBD) allows the removal of bile duct stones or fragments during percutaneous choledochoscopic lithotomy, with less mechanical trauma to the papilla than with EPBD‐mediated stone removal.MethodsA total of 56 patients with bile duct stones underwent antegrade dilation with PTPBD from March 2006 to February 2011. A total of 208 patients with common bile duct stones underwent retrograde dilation with EPBD during the same period. The conditions of papillary balloon dilation were identical in both groups. The frequencies of pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia were compared in both groups.ResultsPancreatitis occurred in 14 (6.7%) of 208 patients in the EPBD group (mild, nine; moderate, four; severe, one). There was no case of pancreatitis among 56 patients in the PTPBD group (P < 0.05). Hyperamylasemia developed in significantly more patients treated in the EPBD group (62, 29.8%) compared with the PTPBD group (4, 7.1%; P < 0.05). Complete bile duct clearance was achieved in 98.2% of PTPBD group and 97.1% of EPBD group.ConclusionsThe rates of post‐procedural pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia were significantly higher after retrograde dilation with EPBD than after antegrade dilation with PTPBD for the removal of bile duct stones. Although the mechanism of pancreatitis following papillary balloon dilation remains unclear, post‐EPBD pancreatitis may be associated with procedures before and after balloon dilation similar to mechanical lithotripsy rather than balloon dilation itself.
The Relationship Between Expectation Regarding Aging and Functional Health Status Among Older Adults in China
Authors: Li Xianwen , Lv Qiyuan , Li Chunyu , Zhang Hailian , Li Caifu , Jin Jinzhen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeTo examine the level of and factors influencing expectations regarding aging (ERA) among older Chinese adults, and to determine whether leisure‐time exercise mediates the association between ERA and functional health status.MethodsA population‐based, cross‐sectional design was utilized in this study. A total of 550 participants completed the face‐to‐face interview via a questionnaire addressing ERA, physical health conditions, personality and psychological factors, leisure‐time exercise, and functional health status.ResultsMore than four fifths of the older adults felt that having more aches and pains (88.0%), lower levels of energy (82.7%), and being forgetful (82.5%) were an accepted part of aging, and 74.7% of participants reported it to be true that “being depressed is normal for older adults.” The regression model showed that depression and self‐mastery were factors that influence ERA among older Chinese adults (β = −0.26, p = .000; β = 0.15, p = .000). The Instrument Activity of Daily Life and World Health Organization Disability Assessment scores were not associated with ERA. Leisure‐time exercise mediated the relationship between ERA and functional health status.ConclusionsOlder adults generally consider body function decline to be an expected part of aging. Personality and psychological factors, rather than physical health conditions, were the factors that were considered to be most influential on ERA among Chinese older adults. These findings suggest that community interventions taking into account leisure‐time exercise could be influential in improving the ERA and functional health status of older adults.Clinical RelevanceFor community nurses and other primary care providers, the findings of the present study may facilitate the subsequent design of community‐based participatory intervention to improve ERA, as well as potentially improve the functional health status of older adults.
The Shroud: Ways Adolescents Manage Living With Parental Chronic Pain
Authors: Umberger Wendy , Martsolf Donna , Jacobson Ann , Risko Judy , Patterson Mary , Calabro Mary 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this article is to describe a substantive theory that details how adolescents manage living with a parent experiencing chronic noncancer pain (CNCP).DesignGrounded theory methods were used to recruit 30 young adults, ages 18 through 21 years, from community settings.MethodsDuring open‐ended interviews, participants were asked to look back on their adolescence and talk about how they managed living with parental chronic pain. Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed using constant comparative methods.FindingsParticipants who lived with heavily shrouded parents (a) endured hardships; (b) distanced themselves; (c) lamented losses; and (d) held back on revealing their authentic selves. Those who lived with minimally shrouded parents (a) received nurturance and parenting; (b) empathized with their parents’ pain situations; (c) lamented losses; and (d) revealed to their parents how parental pain affected them. Participants who connected with significant others “filled the gaps” created by parental pain disability, while those who did not connect with significant others “cooped up” their thoughts, feelings, and needs.ConclusionsFindings shed light on psychosocial processes and behavior within families experiencing CNCP and serve as the basis for the development of personalized family interventions.Clinical RelevanceNursing interventions should focus on helping adolescents and parents build interpersonal relationship and communication skills. Aggressive diagnosis and treatment of mood disturbance in the parent with CNCP should be part of a holistic treatment plan.
Evaluating the masticatory function after mandibulectomy with colour‐changing chewing gum
Authors: Shibuya Y. , Ishida S. , Hasegawa T. , Kobayashi M. , Nibu K. , Komori T. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to clarify the usefulness of colour‐changing gum in evaluating masticatory performance after mandibulectomy. Thirty‐nine patients who underwent mandibulectomy between 1982 and 2010 at Kobe University Hospital were recruited in this study. There were 21 male and 18 female subjects with a mean age of 64·7 years (range: 12–89 years) at the time of surgery. The participants included six patients who underwent marginal mandibulectomy, 21 patients who underwent segmental mandibulectomy and 12 patients who underwent hemimandibulectomy. The masticatory function was evaluated using colour‐changing chewing gum, gummy jelly and a modified Sato's questionnaire. In all cases, the data were obtained more than 3 months after completing the patient's final prosthesis. The colour‐changing gum scores correlated with both the gummy jelly scores (r = 0·634, P < 0·001) and the total scores of the modified Sato's questionnaire (r = 0·537, P < 0·001). In conclusion, colour‐changing gum is a useful item for evaluating masticatory performance after mandibulectomy.
Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders: an ethical analysis of current practices
Authors: Reid K. I. , Greene C. S. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe defining characteristic of a profession – and especially a health‐care profession – is that the behaviour of its members is proscribed by a formal code of ethics. The main purpose of such codes is to guide practitioners' interactions with patients, assuring that patient interests are protected. In other words, the ethical code requires practitioners to place their patients' needs for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment ahead of their own needs for income and advancement. The dental profession has a code of ethics that was developed by the American Dental Association many years ago; in most clinical situations, determination of proper behaviour is self‐evident. However, the field of temporoman‐dibular disorders (TMDs) has been the subject of considerable controversy for over half a century, and many people have argued that this makes it impossible to evaluate various approaches to treatment of TMDs within an ethical framework. In this article, the authors argue that the large volume of scientific evidence in the contemporary TMD literature provides an ethical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with TMDs within a biopsychosocial medical model. They present a summary of the research with contemporary scientific integrity, which has produced that information over a period of many years. Based on that research, they conclude that dentists may provide conservative and reversible treatments that will be successful for most TMDs and in doing so will comply with the profession's code of ethics. Conversely, the authors claim that those dentists who continue to follow the older mechanistic models of TMD aetiology and treatment are not only out of step scientifically, but are placing their patients' welfare at risk by providing unnecessary irreversible bite‐changing and jaw‐repositioning interventions. Therefore, debate of these issues should not be solely focused on scientific merit, but also upon the compelling ethical obligations that dentists have as a result of the contemporary scientific literature regarding TMDs.
Fusarium asiaticum: an Emerging Pathogen Jeopardizing Postharvest Asparagus Spears
Authors: Zhu Pinkuan , Wu Lingqing , Liu Liying , Huang Li , Wang Yiwen , Tang Weihua , Xu Ling 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAsparagus spears are usually vulnerable to pathogenic micro‐organisms. In this study, 217 pathogens were isolated from symptomatic asparagus, and one highly virulent fungus (designated EXAP‐08) isolated from the rotted asparagus spears in cold storage was characterized in detail. Koch's postulates were checked through pathogenicity tests, indicating that EXAP‐08 infection could cause reproducible rot symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected asparagus spears, and the pathogenicity of EXAP‐08 was also relatively higher than other Fusarium pathogens, especially at 4°C. Through morphological and molecular identification, EXAP‐08 was characterized as Fusarium asiaticum. This identification was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis with the Histone gene H3 of EXAP‐08 and other Fusarium species. EXAP‐08 also belongs to 3A‐DON (3‐acetyl‐4‐deoxynivalenol) chemo‐type, and the mycotoxin was detected during the infection of plant, implying the potential risks of mycotoxin contamination in fresh crops infected by this pathogen. Thus, this emerging pathogen threatening edible safety of asparagus spears should deserve particular quarantine inspection in the future.
Molecular Characterization and Recombination Analysis of the Complete Genome of Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus
Authors: Dhir Sunny , Zaidi Aijaz Asghar , Hallan Vipin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe complete nucleotide sequence of an Indian isolate of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) was determined and found to be 7,525 nt in length. The genome organization was similar to known isolates of ACLSV, encoding three ORFs. Comparisons indicated high sequence variability among known isolates with overall nucleotide sequence identities of 80 to 84%. A striking variable region was identified among the replicase protein upstream of the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (aa 1510–1590), which showed a 41–43% match with the corresponding region in other isolates. Phylogenetic analysis at the nucleotide level clustered the isolates into three groups, without any relation to geographical origin. Recombination analysis showed that the isolate is a recombinant with recombination sites spread throughout the genome, especially in the polymerase gene region (nt 4700–5400). Most recombination sites were bordered by an upstream region (5′) of GC‐rich and downstream region (3′) of AU‐rich sequences of similar length. Correlation of recombination site with host type is discussed, and it was found that there were more interlineage recombinations in the apple host compared with intralineage recombinations.
Prostaglandin E1-containing nanoparticles improve walking activity in an experimental rat model of intermittent claudication
Authors: Ishihara Tomoaki , Yamashita Yasunobu , Takasaki Naoko , Yamamoto Shuhei , Hayashi Erika , Tahara Kayoko , Takenaga Mitsuko , Yamakawa Naoki , Ishihara Tsutomu , Kasahara Tadashi , Mizushima Tohru 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Due to the low stability of lipid emulsions, a lipid emulsion of prostaglandin E1 (Lipo-PGE1) necessitates daily intravenous drip infusions. To overcome this issue, we developed nanoparticles containing PGE1 (Nano-PGE1). Nano-PGE1 showed a good sustained-release profile of PGE1 from the nanoparticles in vitro, which may permit a longer-lasting therapeutic effect to be achieved. We here examined the pharmacological activity of Nano-PGE1 in a rat experimental model of intermittent claudication induced by femoral artery ligation.

Methods
The walking activity of the rat was tested on a rodent treadmill. Tissue levels of PGE1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and skeletal muscle angiogenesis (capillary growth) was monitored by immunohistochemical analysis.

Key findings
PGE1 could be detected in the lesion site one day after the intravenous administration of Nano-PGE1 but not of Lipo-PGE1. An increased accumulation of Nano-PGE1 in the lesion site compared with control (unlesioned) site was also observed. The ligation procedure reduced the walking activity, which in turn was improved by a single administration of Nano-PGE1 but not of Lipo-PGE1. The single administration of Nano-PGE1 also stimulated angiogenesis in the skeletal muscle around the ligated artery.

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that Nano-PGE1 improves the walking activity of femoral artery-ligated rats through the accumulation and sustained release of PGE1.
Structure-dependent inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and skin tumour promotion in mice
Authors: Nakajima Jun'ichi , Nakae Dai , Yasukawa Ken 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Whether and how synthetic cannabinoids affect inflammation and carcinogenesis has not been well studied. The present study was thus conducted to assess effects of synthetic cannabinoids on inflammation and carcinogenesis in vivo in mice.

Methods
Twenty-three analogues of synthetic cannabinoids were isolated from, and identified as adulterants in, illegal drugs distributed in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and were examined for their inhibitory effects on the induction of oedema in mouse ears by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Furthermore, selected cannabinoids, JWH-018, -122 and -210, were studied for their effects on carcinogenesis induced in mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and promoted by TPA.

Key findings
Among cannabinoids, naphthoylindoles mostly exhibited superior inhibitory effects against TPA-induced ear oedema and, especially, JWH-018, -122 and -210 showed potent activity with 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) values of 168, 346 and 542 nm, respectively (an activity corresponding to that of indometacin (ID50 = 908 nm)). Furthermore these three compounds also markedly suppressed the tumour-promoting activity of TPA.

Conclusions
This is the first report indicating the structure–activity relationships for the anti-inflammatory activity of synthetic cannabinoids on TPA-induced inflammation in mice. Naphthoylindoles, JWH-018, -122 and -210, had the most potent anti-inflammatory activity and also markedly inhibited tumour promotion by TPA in the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. The present results suggest that synthetic cannabinoids, such as JWH-018, -122 and -210, may be used as cancer chemopreventive agents in the future.
Ultrasound Analysis of the Effects of Food Bolus Volume on Tongue Movement at the Initiation of Swallowing
Authors: Gao Zhihong , Taniwaki Mitsuru , Shimada Hiromi , Ishihara Sayaka , Nakauma Makoto , Funami Takahiro , Kohyama Kaoru 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study aimed to elucidate the effects of food bolus volume on tongue movement at the initiation of swallowing using ultrasonography. Four healthy women were asked to consume 3‐ and 6‐mL spoon‐served different food samples (hard gel, soft gel, sol and water) in one swallow each and in their natural manner of eating. An ultrasound probe was positioned under each person's chin to produce coronal images of the tongue. The up‐down movement of the dorsal surface of the tongue was observed in the M‐mode. The grooving depth for 6 mL of gels and water was greater than that for 3 mL. The duration of grooving for 6 mL of gels was longer than that for 3 mL. The velocity of descending and ascending grooving was not significantly different between the volumes for each food sample, and the velocity of descending grooving was greater than that of ascending grooving.Practical ApplicationsUltrasonography, using a medical ultrasound instrument, is an effective method for observing tongue movement during the oral phase of swallowing. The M‐mode can visualize the kinematics of the dorsal surface of the tongue and bolus passing from the tongue to the pharynx at the initiation of swallowing. Different kinematics of tongue movement can be observed for different volumes of food bolus, mechanical properties and individuals. This technique can be used for designing the texture of food materials for the elderly and infants who experience aspiration or suffocation by food.
An Observational Study with Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Clinical Characteristics, Survival, and Risk Factors
Authors: Fast R. , Schütt T. , Toft N. , Møller A. , Berendt M. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundCanine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative condition affecting geriatric dogs and sharing several characteristics with human Alzheimer's disease (AD).CCDmanifests as alterations of behavioral patterns and daily routines. Clinical signs are associated with neurodegenerative changes (eg, cortical atrophy and amyloid‐beta deposits).ObjectivesTo investigate clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors withCCD. VitaminEwas investigated as a potential marker ofCCD.MethodsNinety‐four dogs >8 years of age were investigated with a validatedCCDquestionnaire and allocated toCCD, borderlineCCD(b‐CCD) and non‐CCDgroups. The dogs were included in 2008–2009 and followed up in an observational study until follow‐up in 2012.ResultsFour key clinical signs dominated in dogs withCCD: sleeping during the day and restless at night, decreased interaction, disorientation at home, and anxiety. A number of borderlineCCDcases developed intoCCDover time indicating that a prodromal stage ofCCDmay exist.CCDdid not influence survival negatively. Small breeds did not show better survival than large breeds (P = .055) and there was no difference between sexes (P = .99).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA few key questions addressing sleep‐wake cycle, interaction, and signs of confusion and anxiety can be used as a clinical marker ofCCD. Special attention should be paid to anxiety in dogs withCCDbecause it may be especially stressful to both dog and owner. Dogs withCCDseem to have a good chance of living a full lifespan if supported by the veterinarian and the owner.
Surviving depressive ill‐health: A qualitative systematic review of older persons' narratives
Authors: Holm Anne Lise , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe aim of this qualitative systematic review was to report a comprehensive literature synthesis of older persons' narratives about what they need in order to survive when suffering from depression. Their survival strategies seem to be a state rarely outlined in the literature. A systematic search of EBSCOhost/Academic Search Premier, ProQuest and PubMed was conducted for the period January 2000 to April 2012. Data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis. Thirteen studies were selected and three themes emerged from synthesis: the need for courage, strength, and self‐reliance; the meaning of responsibility; and wearing a mask of normalcy to hide the shame. The first comprised two subthemes: the value of faith and distraction and activity; the second had no subtheme; and the third had one subtheme: reaching out of loneliness towards aloneness and connectivity. Further research should be focused on how community projects can improve health services such as enhancing the safety of health care and disseminating health information.