bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Least limiting water range and soil pore-size distribution related to soil organic carbon dynamics following zero and conventional tillage of a black soil in Northeast China
Authors: CHEN X. W. , SHI X. H. , LIANG A. Z. , ZHANG X. P. , JIA S. X. , FAN R. Q. , WEI S. C. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe present work built on a previous study of tillage trials, which found the effectiveness of least limiting water range (LLWR) as an indicator of soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization under different tillage practices in a black soil of Northeast China in 2009. To improve the understanding of soil structure controls over SOC dynamics, a study was conducted to explore the relationship between LLWR, which was calculated based on soil bulk density and soil pore-size distribution, and the effects of LLWR, which was calculated based on soil bulk density and soil pore-size distribution on SOC mineralization following no tillage (NT) and mouldboard ploughing (MP). In contrast to MP, NT had a significantly greater volume of large macropores (>100 μm) at depths of 0–0·05 and 0·2–0·3 m, but a significantly lower volume of small macropores (30–100 μm) at depths of 0–0·05, 0·05–0·1, 0·1–0·2 and 0·2–0·3 m. The volume of meso- (0·2–30 μm) and micro-pores (<0·2 μm) at different depths under the two tillage practices were similar. Tillage-induced changes in soil bulk density and pore-size volumes affected the ability of soil to fulfil essential soil functions in relation to organic matter turnover. Soil pore-size distribution, especially small macropores greatly affected LLWR and there was a significant correlation between LLWR, which was calculated based on soil bulk density, and the proportion of small macropores. The proportion of small macropores were used to calculate LLWR instead of soil bulk density and the values for NT and MP soils ranged from 0·073 to 0·148 m3water/m3soil. Using the proportion of small macropores rather than bulk density in the calculation of LLWR resulted in more sensitive indications of SOC mineralization. Variation in the proportion of small macropores can help characterize the impacts of tillage practices on dynamics of LLWR and SOC sequestration.
Diet, lifestyle and body weight in Irish children: findings from Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance national surveys
Authors: Walton Janette , McNulty Breige A. , Nugent Anne P. , Gibney Michael J. , Flynn Albert 
Published: March 2014

Childhood obesity is an issue of public health concern globally. This review reports on levels of overweight and obesity in Irish children and examines some aspects of their diet and lifestyle proposed to promote or protect against increasing body fatness in children. While there is still some debate with regard to the most appropriate cut-off points to use when assessing body fatness in children, approximately one in five Irish children (aged 2–17 years) have been classified as overweight (including obese) according to two generally accepted approaches. Furthermore, comparison with previous data has shown an increase in mean body weight and BMI over time. On examining dietary patterns for Irish children, there was a noticeable transition from a less energy dense diet in pre-school children to a more energy dense diet in older children and teenagers, associated with a change to less favourable dietary intakes for fibre, fat, fruit and vegetables, confectionery and snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages as children got older. A significant proportion of school-aged children and teenagers reported watching more than 2 h television per day (35 % on school-days and 65 % on week-ends) compared with 13 % of pre-school children. For children aged 5–12 years, eating out of the home contributed just 9 % of energy intake but food eaten from outside the home was shown to contribute a higher proportion of energy from fat and to be less fibre-dense than food prepared at home. Improvements in dietary lifestyle are needed to control increasing levels of overweight and obesity in children in Ireland.
Cytokine changes in colonic mucosa associated withBlastocystisspp. subtypes 1 and 3 in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: YAKOOB JAVED , ABBAS ZAIGHAM , USMAN MUHAMMAD WAQAS , SULTANA AISHA , ISLAM MUHAMMAD , AWAN SAFIA , AHMAD ZUBAIR , HAMID SAEED , JAFRI WASIM 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYWe determined cytokines (e.g. interleukin-8, 10, 12 and TNF-α) expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in rectal mucosa in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) withBlastocystisspp. Eighty patients with D-IBS andBlastocystisspp. infection were classified as ‘cases’ and 80 with D-IBS withoutBlastocystisspp. infection were classified as ‘control’. Cases were subdivided into D-IBS andBlastocystissp. defined type 1 (subtype-specific primer SB83) and type 3 (SB227). Stool microscopy and culture were performed. Rectal biopsies were obtained for histology and cytokines by real-time PCR for mRNA expression of cytokines. PBMCs IL-8 was similar in different groups but in type 1, IL-8mRNA was increased compared with type 3 (P = 0·001) and control (P = 0·001). In type 1, IL-10 by PBMCs had a low mean value (14·5±1·6) compared with (16·7±1·5) type 3 and (16±2·3) in controls (P<0·001 andP<0·001, respectively). InBlastocystissp. type 1, low IL-10 was associated with lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration (P = 0·015 andP = 0·002, respectively). InBlastocystissp. type 1 and type 3, IL-12 was associated with goblet cell depletion 23 (85%) (P<0·001) and 8 (29%) (P = 0·037), respectively. InBlastocystissp. type 1, low IL-10 was associated with a proinflammatory response characterized by IL-8.
XV.—Macroalgae and their Environment
Authors: Johnston C. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisTwo aspects of the relationship between macroalgae and their environment are considered.Firstly, the serious deterioration of algal populations in the Joppa area is examined, comparing recent studies with those of G. W. Traill, an active phycologist working on the marine algae of the Firth of Forth in the nineteenth century.The second aspect of the paper is an assessment of the contribution by macroalgae to estuarine ecosystems. The path of photosynthetically fixed carbon through the growing macroalga, and the various ways it enters the water receive particular attention.
Derivation of contracted graphs with ternary/quaternary links for type synthesis of parallel mechanisms by characteristic strings
Authors: Lu Yi , Wang Ying , Lu Yang , Ye Nijia 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper focuses on the derivation of valid contracted graphs (CGs) with ternary links T and quaternary links Q using characteristic strings for type synthesis of parallel mechanisms. First, some concepts on the associated linkage, the CGs, and characteristic strings are explained, and the numbers of vertices and edges for constructing CGs with T and Q are solved. Second, the relative criteria are determined for representing CGs with T and Q and identifying their isomorphism using characteristic strings. Third, some simple CGs with T and Q are represented by the characteristic strings and their isomorphic/invalid CGs are identified. Finally, many complex, valid CGs with T and Q are derived by characteristic strings.
Production and energy flow in the macrobenthos of two sandy beaches in South West India
Authors: Ansell A. D. , McLusky D. S. , Stirling Ann , Trevallion Ann 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisEstimates of the rates of secondary production by the individual macrofaunal invertebrates of two Indian beaches are presented and these are combined to give an estimate of the energy flow through the macrobenthos of the two beaches. The production by individual species and by the macrofauna as a whole is compared with that of other tropical, and of temperate beaches, and it is concluded that a similar biomass in the tropical beaches produces a rate of turnover of biomass some ten times that of the temperate beaches. Values of production to biomass ratios (P/B) and of elimination to biomass ratios (E/B) for the invertebrates of sandy substrata in various geographical areas are reviewed and the use of these ratios in comparisons of productivity, and their relationship to mortality and longevity are discussed.
Nature conservation in the Moray Firth
Authors: Tilbrook P. J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe nature conservation interest and value of many sites in the Moray Firth are described in their international, national and local contexts. Many man-induced pressures on the natural environment are identified as well as the current mechanisms for nature conservation. The roles of local and national agencies are considered in relation to future strategies for nature conservation within the Moray Firth.
Rocky shores in the Moray Firth
Authors: Terry L. A. , Sell D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAn intertidal rocky shore monitoring programme was established in 1981 as part of the Beatrice Environmental Programme covering thirty-four different locations in the Moray Firth between Duncansby Head and Fraserburgh. This paper describes the survey methods, the species found and the rocky shore communities encountered on these shores. During the development of the Beatrice Oil Field a new shore line was created in the Cromarty Firth at the Nigg terminal and the successional changes in the communities on this shore between 1981 and 1984 are discussed.
The sub-littoral fauna of the Inverness, Cromarty and Dornoch Firths
Authors: Hunter J. , Rendall D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe sub-littoral fauna at eight stations in the Beauly and Inverness Firths, six stations in the Cromarty Firth and eight sites in the Dornoch Firth have been sampled and identified. The main components and trends in the fauna of the three firths are described. The three firths are compared in terms of their fauna and the reasons for differences suggested.
Calreticulin activates β1 integrin via fucosylation by fucosyltransferase 1 in J82 human bladder cancer cells
Authors: Lu Yi-Chien , Chen Chiung-Nien , Chu Chia-Ying , Lu JenHer , Wang Bo-Jeng , Chen Chia-Hua , Huang Min-Chuan , Lin Tsui-Hwa , Pan Chin-Chen , Chen Swey-Shen Alex , Hsu Wen-Ming , Liao Yung-Feng , Wu Pei-Yi , Hsia Hsin-Yi , Chang Cheng-Chi , Lee Hsinyu 
Published: March 2014

Fucosylation regulates various pathological events in cells. We reported that different levels of CRT (calreticulin) affect the cell adhesion and metastasis of bladder cancer. However, the precise mechanism of tumour metastasis regulated by CRT remains unclear. Using a DNA array, we identified FUT1 (fucosyltransferase 1) as a gene regulated by CRT expression levels. CRT regulated cell adhesion through α1,2-linked fucosylation of β1 integrin and this modification was catalysed by FUT1. To clarify the roles for FUT1 in bladder cancer, we transfected the human FUT1 gene into CRT-RNAi stable cell lines. FUT1 overexpression in CRT-RNAi cells resulted in increased levels of β1 integrin fucosylation and rescued cell adhesion to type-I collagen. Treatment with UEA-1 (Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1), a lectin that recognizes FUT1-modified glycosylation structures, did not affect cell adhesion. In contrast, a FUT1-specific fucosidase diminished the activation of β1 integrin. These results indicated that α1,2-fucosylation of β1 integrin was not involved in integrin–collagen interaction, but promoted β1 integrin activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that CRT regulated FUT1 mRNA degradation at the 3′-UTR. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that CRT stabilized FUT1 mRNA, thereby leading to an increase in fucosylation of β1 integrin. Furthermore, increased fucosylation levels activate β1 integrin, rather than directly modifying the integrin-binding sites.
miR-30bregulates migration and invasion of human colorectal cancer via SIX1
Authors: Zhao Hui , Xu Zifeng , Qin Huanlong , Gao Zhuo , Gao Lu 
Published: March 2014

CRC (colorectal cancer) is one of the most malignant tumours in both developing and developed countries. It is estimated that 60% of CRC patients have liver metastasis. In the present study, we show that miR-30b is an important regulator in human CRC migration and invasion, which are vital steps in CRC liver metastasis. miR-30b was significantly down-regulated in primary CRC specimens compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, miR-30b was much lower in liver metastasis tissues than in CRCs. We validated SIX1 (SIX homeobox 1), a member of the SIX homeodomain family of transcription factors and an EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition)-promoting gene, as the direct target of miR-30b. Forced expression of miR-30b inhibited CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro via its target gene SIX1. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between expression of SIX1 and miR-30b has been observed both in primary CRC specimens and liver metastasis. Taken together, miR-30b plays an important role in mediating metastatic related behaviour in CRC. miR-30b may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC in the future.
In vivo X-ray cine-tomography for tracking morphological dynamics
Authors: dos Santos Rolo Tomy , Ershov Alexey , van de Kamp Thomas , Baumbach Tilo 
Published: March 2014

Significance
X-ray microtomography is a well-established tool to study the three-dimensional morphology of static biological samples. To capture motion in living specimen in real time, movies of X-ray projections are frequently used. However, the resulting loss of information about the third spatial dimension has limited the applicability of such acquisition protocols. Now, by combining ultrafast X-ray microtomography and sophisticated motion analysis, we developed X-ray cine-tomography as a tool to visualize the internal dynamics of nontranslucent millimeter-sized samples in three-dimensional space. We demonstrate the technique by analyzing the fast-moving screw-and-nut–type hip joint inside a living weevil. The method may be applied to a wide range of samples and processes across materials and life sciences.
For graph maps, one scrambled pair implies Li-Yorke chaos
Authors: Ruette Sylvie , Snoha L’ubomír 
Published: March 2014

For a dynamical system

(
X
,
f
)

(X,f)

,

X
X

being a compact metric space with metric

d
d

and

f
f

being a continuous map

X
→
X

X\to X

, a set

S
⊆
X

S\subseteq X

is scrambled if every pair

(
x
,
y
)

(x,y)

of distinct points in

S
S

is scrambled, i.e.,
\[

lim inf

n
→
+
∞

d
(

f
n

(
x
)
,

f
n

(
y
)
)
=
0

and

lim sup

n
→
+
∞

d
(

f
n

(
x
)
,

f
n

(
y
)
)
>
0.

\liminf _{n\to +\infty }d(f^n(x),f^n(y))=0 \hbox { and } \limsup _{n\to +\infty }d(f^n(x),f^n(y))>0.

\]
The system

(
X
,
f
)

(X,f)

is Li-Yorke chaotic if it has an uncountable scrambled set. It is known that for interval and circle maps, the existence of a scrambled pair implies Li-Yorke chaos, in fact, the existence of a Cantor scrambled set. We prove that the same result holds for graph maps. We further show that on compact countable metric spaces one scrambled pair implies the existence of an infinite scrambled set.
Temperature Distributions and Energy Scaling Law of Solar Coronal Loops Obtained with Yohkoh
Authors: Kano Ryouhei , Tsuneta Saku 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We derived the temperature distributions along the 16 steady loops observed with the Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope. We have found that the temperature and emission measure (pressure) are the highest around the loop top, and decrease towards the footpoints. Some of the loops have a plateau in the temperature distribution at around the loop top (“trapezoidal” temperature distribution). The other loops, on the other hand, have a sharp peak in the temperature distributions (“triangular” temperature distribution). This triangular temperature distribution suggests that the energy input is concentrated at the peak. We have estimated the thermal conductive fluxes downward to the footpoints from the gradients of the temperature distributions. The flux ranges from 1 × 107 to 2 × 108 [erg s−1 cm−2]. We derived the total energy loss LT, which is the sum of the conductive and radiative losses: LT = 2 × 107−3 × 108 [erg s−1 cm−2]. We discovered a good correlation between the total energy loss and the gas pressure Pg for the steady loops: LT = 1.2 × 107p0.99 ± 0.12g. The correlation is consistent with the theoretical energy scaling law for the steady loops: LT = 4.0–5.1 × 103 · (pg · Tm1/2 ), where Tm is the maximum temperature (Tm ∼ 6 × 106 [K] for all the loops analyzed here).
The Compact Core-Jet Region of the Superluminal Quasar 3C 216
Authors: Paragi Zsolt , Frey Sándor , Fejes István , Venturi Tiziana , Porcas Richard W. , Schilizzi Richard T. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the quasar 3C 216 with the VLBI Space Observatory Programme (VSOP) reveal that the parsec scale structure of the source can be well described by compact jet models developed for interpreting the core region of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). The measured brightness temperature of TB = 7.9 × 1011 K is comparable to the inverse Compton limit, from which we determine a lower limit of δ ∼ 3 for the Doppler-boosting factor. The apparent transverse velocity of the superluminal component is βapp = (3.0±0.2) h−1, assuming a constant velocity, but deceleration of the jet material cannot be excluded from our data. A combination of the above values indicates that the viewing angle of the core-jet to the line-of-sight is less than 19°, and the jet Lorentz-factor exceeds 2.4. The observed small size of the source is probably caused by both an interaction with the interstellar medium and a projection effect.
Variable Line Profiles Due to Non-Axisymmetric Patterns in an Accretion Disc around a Rotating Black Hole
Authors: Karas Vladimír , Martocchia Andrea , Šubr Ladislav 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We have explored spectral line profiles due to spiral patterns in accretion discs around black holes. A parametrization was employed for the shape and emissivity of spiral waves, which can be produced by non-axisymmetric perturbations affecting the disc density and ionization structure. The effects of the light-travel time, energy shift, and gravitational focusing near to a rotating black hole were taken into account. A high-resolution ray-tracing code was used to follow the time variations of the synthetic line profile. A variety of expected spectral features were examined and the scheme applied to a broad iron line observed in MCG$-$6–30–15.
The FR-I Radio Galaxies NGC 315 and NGC 4261 Observed with ASCA
Authors: Matsumoto Yukari , Fukazawa Yasushi , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Iyomoto Naoko , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
FR-I radio galaxies NGC 315 and NGC 4261 were observed in X-rays with ASCA for $\sim 37 ~\mathrm{ks}$ and $\sim 54~\mathrm{ks}$, respectively. Hard X-ray emission from a point-like source at the nucleus was detected at a 2–10 keV luminosity of $3.1 \times 10^{41}$ and $9.2 \times 10^{40}~\mathrm{erg}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, respectively, for assumed distances of 66 Mpc and 29 Mpc (for $H_0 = 75~\mathrm{km}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$). The 2–10 keV spectra of NGC 315 and NGC 4261 were both fitted successfully with a power-law of photon index $2.02 \pm 0.34$ and $1.45 \pm 0.11$, respectively, plus emission from hot gas. The NGC 315 nucleus is mildly absorbed. No X-ray variability was detected from either object, with typical upper limits of several tens per cent. These results imply the presence of a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus in both galaxies, and reconfirm the previous recognition that the FR-I nuclei are significantly less X-ray luminous than the FR-II ones.
The Fundamental Plane of Spiral Galaxies: Search from Observational Data
Authors: Han JinLin , Deng Zugan , Zou Zhenlong , Wu Xue-Bing , Jing Yipeng 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The fundamental plane of spiral galaxies was searched from observational data, which can be approximately represented in observational parameters by $L \propto V^2 R$, where $L, R$, and $V$ are the luminosity, the linear size of galactic disk, and the rotation velocity. This plane exists at all optical bands in our samples of more than 500 spiral galaxies in total. It is more fundamental than the relationship between any two of the parameters, and can reduce the residual of the Tully–Fisher $L$–$V$ relations by about 50%. Noticed that the power index of $V$ is doubled from that of $R$, which implies that the total mass and the mass distribution of galaxies plays an important role in forming the fundamental plane. Involving the third parameter of galactic size has a strong physical implication on galaxy formation and the dark-mass distribution.
The 2000–2001 Superoutburst of the WZ Sge-Type Star RZ Leonis: A Clue to Understanding the Origin of Viscosity in Quiescent Dwarf Nova Disks
Authors: Ishioka Ryoko , Kato Taichi , Uemura Makoto , Iwamatsu Hidetoshi , Matsumoto Katsura , Stubbings Rod , Mennickent Ronald , Billings Gary W. , Kiyota Seiichiro , Masi Gianluca , Pietz Jochen , Novak Rudolf , Martin Brian E. , Oksanen Arto , Moilanen Marko , Torii Ken’ichi , Kinugasa Kenzo , Kawakita Hideyo 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We report here on time-resolved photometric observations of the superoutburst of a dwarf nova, RZ Leo, which occurred during 2000 December–2001 January. We reveal the following characteristics of the outburst based on our observations: long duration, large amplitude, and the existence of two types of superhumps — “early superhumps” and “normal superhumps”. In addition to the extremely low frequency of the outbursts, the characteristics of the outburst strongly indicate that RZ Leo is the fifth member of the WZ Sge-type dwarf novae.
The orbital period of RZ Leo is 0.07651 d, which is remarkably longer than the “canonical” period of other WZ Sge stars ($\sim 0.058\,\mathrm{d}$). The longer period indicates a non-degenerate secondary of RZ Leo, which suggests that the idea of a low quiescence viscosity due to a degenerate brown dwarf secondary may not be correct. The present discovery of RZ Leo as being a WZ Sge star provides the first clear indication that the decay of magnetic turbulence in accretion disks of quiescent WZ Sge stars plays an important role in producing the proposed low quiescent viscosity.
SPH Simulations of Spiral Shocks in Discs around Black Holes
Authors: Belvedere Gaetano , Lanzafame Giuseppe 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Spiral structures and shocks often appear in astrophysical gas dynamics and particular in accretion-disc simulations; however, they are difficult to follow numerically. In this paper we consider a black hole of 8$ {M}_{\odot}$ as a primary and a small secondary of 0.5 $ {M}_{\odot}$, following the idea that a low $ M_{2}/M_{1}$ would favour spiral structure and possibly spiral shock onset through gas compression induced by strong gravitational attraction. In the framework of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), we performed two 2D models and two 3D models. Simulations in either pair are distinguished by the adopted $ \gamma$ value (low and high compressibility cases). Indeed, both 2D models reveal the existence of spiral structures in the disc bulk. Furthermore, spiral shocks at the outer disc edge are evident for the high compressibility 2D model. Spiral structures appear to develop also for the 3D high compressibility model. Instead, for the 3D low compressibility model, no clear conclusion can be drawn as the number of particles (and thus the SPH resolution) is low.