bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Másfél évszázada a Gellért-hegy déli lejtőjén
Authors: Osváth Zsolt 
Published: February 2015

Tanulmányomban a szűkebb értelemben vett Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem (a továbbiakban BCE) Budai Campus, azaz a BCE Budai Arborétum épített öröksége kialakulásának történetét szeretném bemutatni. Szeretnék kitérni ennek a sok tekintetben egyedi tájelemnek az intézménytörténeti tudat fenntartásában betöltött sajátos szerepére, amely véleményem szerint egy az épített örökséghez való újszerű megközelítést tesz lehetővé, ráirányítva a figyelmet arra a tényre, hogy a BCE Budai Campus, de más felsőoktatási intézmények épített öröksége művészettörténeti, tájépítészeti vagy gazdasági értékén túl intézménytörténeti tudatőrző értékkel is bír.
Fotó: Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Entz Ferenc Könyvtár és Levéltár Fényképgyűjtemény
Holub József és a Tagányi-könyvtár Pécsre kerülése
Authors: Szeberényi Gábor 
Published: February 2015

The position of university professors, who formed a defining group of the intellectual elite between the two world wars, has been the subject of sociological and prosopographical studies. From a biographical point of view, discussions on the subject are mainly limited to the genre of „university memorial literature.” Present study examines historian József Holub’s (1885-1962) appointment as a university teacher and the beginning of his career in Pécs. By reconstructing the actual biographical situation using archival and other sources, the study aims to demonstrate that this significant „prosopographical fact” cannot be judged comprehensively either along the lines of the established schemes of scientific career histories, nor by the later developments of scholarly works and achievements. Furthermore, the study attempts to highlight the methodological and attitudinal limits of the „rationalising” biographical scheme often present at the reconstruction of biographies, and also aims to contribute to the testing of parameters mapped out based on prosopographical/sociological aspects. By achieving the above, it intends to advance the exploration of a more general context using biographical tools: understanding the existential opportunity-conditions of a small town history professor in the 1920’s.
The first part of the study discusses József Holub’s work in Budapest, the development of his professional position and relations until spring 1923.
(Translated by Ágnes Lengvári)
Chemical exposure levels in printing workers with cholangiocarcinoma (second report)
Authors: Yamada Kenichi , Kumagai Shinji , Endo Ginji 
Published: February 2015

Chemical exposure levels in printing workers with cholangiocarcinoma (second report): Kenichi Yamada, et al. Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health AssociationObjectiveIn several Japanese printing plants, printing workers have suffered from cholangiocarcinoma. 1,2‐dichloropropane (1,2‐DCP) is considered to be a causative agent, and whether or not other chemicals also contribute to the development of this disease has not been conclusively determined. This study aimed to identify the chemicals used by seven printing workers who developed cholangiocarcinoma, as well as to estimate the levels of chemical exposure among them.MethodsInformation was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, to identify chemicals used by printing workers who developed cholangiocarcinoma and to estimate chemical exposure concentrations. Working environment concentrations of the chemicals in the printing rooms were estimated using a well‐mixed model, and exposure concentrations during the ink removal operation were estimated using a near‐field and far‐field model. Shift time‐weighted averages of exposure concentrations were also calculated.ResultsFour of the seven printing workers were exposed to both 1,2‐DCP and dichloromethane (DCM). The estimated maximum exposure concentrations for each of the four workers were 230 to 420 ppm for 1,2‐DCP and 58 to 720 ppm for DCM, and the estimated shift average exposure concentrations were 0 to 210 ppm for 1,2‐DCP and 15 to 270 ppm for DCM. The remaining three workers were exposed to DCM but not 1,2‐DCP. The estimated maximum exposure concentrations of DCM for each of the three workers were 600 to 1,300 ppm, and the estimated shift average exposure concentrations were 84 to 440 ppm.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that DCM may contribute to the development of cholangiocarcinoma in humans.
Synthesis of N-Hydroxypyrazin-2(1H)-ones via Selective O-Debenzylation of 1-Benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-ones Using Flow Methodology
Authors: Mai Anh Hung , De Borggraeve Wim M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the selective and reproducible debenzylation of benzyloxypyrazinones using flow chemistry to yield N-hydroxypyrazinones. Flow methodology enabled us to avoid overreduction of the compounds to pyrazin-2 (1H)-ones.
B2 order transformation in a Fe – 25 at% Co – 9 at% Mo alloy
Authors: Turk Christoph , Kellezi Gert , Leitner Harald , Staron Peter , Gan Weimin , Clemens Helmut , Primig Sophie 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe ternary system Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo shows an age hardening behavior similar to aluminum alloys. After solution annealing followed by rapid quenching, the Fe-Co-matrix is hardened during subsequent aging through precipitation of the intermetallic µ-phase (Fe,Co)7Mo6. In aged condition the entire Mo content is present in coarse primary and fine µ-phase particles and, therefore, the matrix consists exclusively of 71 at% Fe and 29 at% Co. The binary system Fe-Co shows a transformation from the disordered bcc structure to the ordered B2 structure between 25 and 72 at% Co at a critical ordering temperature ranging from room temperature to 723°C. As a consequence, the remaining overaged matrix in the Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo system should also show such a transition. However, an ordered phase is brittle and, thus, not wanted for many applications. Better mechanical properties in terms of ductility can be achieved with a partially or fully disordered phase. Such a state can be obtained by rapid quenching from temperatures above the critical ordering temperature. In this study such an approach was implemented on the ternary Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy. The effect of different cooling rates on the mechanical properties was investigated by means of hardness testing. The actual ordering transition of the Fe - 29 at% Co matrix was determined with differential scanning calorimetry and neutron diffraction.
Effect of W addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni base dual two-phase intermetallic alloys
Authors: Edatsugi Daisuke , Kaneno Yasuyuki , Numakura Hiroshi , Takasugi Takayuki 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe effect of W addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al (L12) and Ni3V (D022) two-phase intermetallic alloys has been investigated. W was added to the base alloy composition, Ni75Al10V12Nb3 (at. %) in place of either Ni, Al or V. The W-added alloy ingots were heat-treated in vacuum at 1575 K for 5 h. The majority of W-added alloys showed a dual two-phase microstructures while the alloy in which 3 at. % W substituted for Ni exhibited the dual two-phase microstructure containing W solid solution dispersions. Vickers hardness was significantly enhanced by W addition, which is primarily due to solid-solution strengthening.
Sips adsorption model for DNA sensing with AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Nayeli Espinosa , Stefan Schwarz U. , Volker Cimalla , Oliver Ambacher 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis work presents an adsorption model based on the Sips isotherm for sensing different concentrations of DNA with open gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility field effect transistors (HEMTs). Probe-DNA was immobilized on the transistor gate before the application of target-DNA. Concentrations of 10-15 to 10-6 mol/L were tested. The sensor has a detection limit of 10-12 mol/L and saturates after the addition of 10-8 mol/L target-DNA.
The influence of the magnesium alloys microstructure on the cathodic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Gabov A. L. , Belosludtsev I. S. , Medvedeva N. A. , Skryabina N. E. , Fruchart D. 
Published: February 2015

Solubility of several transition metal chlorides (NiCl2, CrCl2, MoCl3, FeCl2) was measured in KCl-AlCl3 based melts. It was found that the solubility of studied metal chlorides depends on K : Al mole ratio. MoCl3 solubility decreases with increasing AlCl3 content. Solubility of CrCl2 and FeCl2 reaches maximum at K : Al ratio of 1 and decreases when this ratio either de-creases or increases. The dependence of NiCl2 solubility on K : Al mole ratio is V-shaped with the maximum near 0.9–0.95. The effect of temperature on solubility of transition metal chlorides in KCl-AlCl3 melts was also investigated. Increasing temperature does not alter the character of «solubility – K : Al mole ratio» dependences.
Anode process on platinum in CaCl2-CaO-based melt
Authors: Tatarenko K. V. , Suzdaltsev A. V. , Khramov A. P. , Zaikov Yu. P. 
Published: February 2015

Methods potentiostatic polarization and cyclic voltammetry obtained new data on the mechanism and kinetics of anodic processes on platinum in the molten CaCl2-KCl-CaO when 725–775 °C. Given thermodynamic values of potential difference probable total reactions in the range of the studied temperature. Using potentiostatic polarization and cyclic voltammetry obtained new data on the mechanism and kinetics of anodic process on platinum in the molten CaCl2-KCl-CaO when 725–775 °C thermodynamic assessment of the probability of occurrence total reactions during electrolysis melt on the basis of CaCl2-CaO using non-carbon anode. It is shown that at high current densities anodic process takes place mainly in the conditions of slow diffusion of electrically active particles to the anode, and at low densities (up to 10 mA/cm2) to their discharge to the atomic and lecular oxygen is preceded by a stage, which can be associated with adsorption of atoms of oxygen or with the formation of an oxide film on the surface of platinum. To detect the nature of this stage, further research is needed.
Gutsherren – Bauern – Broker Die ostelbische Agrargesellschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Wagner Patrick 
Published: February 2015

Landlords – Peasants – Brokers. East Elbian Agrarian Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century The power relations between noble or middle class estate holders, farmers, and the Prussian bureaucracy changed markedly as a consequence of the economic modernization process instigated by the agrarian reforms at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Up until the beginning of the 1870s, the disintegration of the villages and noble landholding led to the end of the estate system and to a notable increase in the power of the local representatives of the Prussian government, above all the county administrator (Landrat). After the reforms of the county and provincial administrations of 1872 and 1875, which strengthened the farmer and middle-class electorates, the Landrat developed into the organizer of conservative majority electorates loyal to the government and into the most important representative of large landholding interests. The farmers were tied into this system of bureaucratic clientelism through tax advantages, subventions, and active state policies regarding the modernization of the infrastructure of agrarian districts. The Prussian Landrat became the dominant broker between the nation state and agrarian society, which was increasingly marginalized in the national context by rapid industrialization. A constellation of powers ensued comparable to the mediating systems, which were established at the same time in the Mediterranean lands.
Génocide. Origines, enjeux et usages d'un concept
Authors: Bruneteau Bernard 
Published: February 2015

Genocide. Origins, Challenges, and Applications of the Concept After a long period of intellectual formation, the concept of genocide was introduced by Raphael Lemkin in 1944. It suffers, however, from the vagueness of the official definition established by the UN Convention in 1948. That is why this category of crime has been instrumentalized by widely different groups trying to be acknowledged as historical victims, whether these rights were real or not. Despite increasing controversy about problems of collective memory, the field of «genocide studies» has proven to be especially dynamic since the 1990s. The notion of «genocidal process» has become a focus of attention that allows the combination of anthropological, sociological and historical approaches. The question about the relation between genocide and war, which has become increasingly significant for historians, permits the conclusion that the First World War and the «minority question» led to a new sense of justice regarding «crimes against humanities». Although it may seem that Lemkin was influenced by the tragic fate of the Armenian and Jewish peoples, it is nonetheless necessary to discuss the genocidal character of other events, like colonial massacres, Stalinist policy, or ethnic cleansing.
Ein gescheitertes Experiment? Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in der multiethnischen Armee der Habsburgermonarchie
Authors: Hämmerle Christa 
Published: February 2015

A Failed Experiment? Conscription in the Multi-Ethnic Army of the Habsburg Monarchy The article first looks at public military debates around 1900 which focused on the implementation of universal conscription in Austria-Hungary and concentrated on ethnic tensions within the empire. Ethnic conflicts were increasingly made responsible for the erosion of the Habsburg dual monarchy's foundations and its joint military. Against this background, the introduction and organisation of universal conscription since 1868 are analysed with a particular focus on the regulations set up to respond to the multi-ethnic structure of the Austrian-Hungarian army. The analysis continues with some aspects that reveal the social acceptance of the new recruiting system and led to very different reactions in the various regions of the monarchy. As a result the factors behind the problems and limits in implementing universal conscription transcended the multi-ethnic structures of Austria-Hungary. Thus multi-ethnicity was by no means the only cause of the problems. Only in combination with other categories such as religion, class, gender or social inequality, ethnicity could develop a disintegrative effect. However, this disintegrative impact remained limited in most territories of the Habsburg monarchy and could not challenge the general acceptance of universal conscription during the First World War.
Technologische Innovation und transnationale Netzwerke: Europa zwischen den Weltkriegen
Authors: Kohlrausch Martin 
Published: February 2015

Technological Innovation and Transnational Networks: Europe between the Wars The article sketches the historiography on the transfer of knowledge with a focus on the Interwar period. It stresses the need to analyse the cultural element of the exchange of knowledge beyond a history of innovation and transfer in the narrower sense. Three interrelated developments, which in part determine each other, are treated with particular attention. First, the general growth of international exchange and its altered forms through advances in institutionalisation. Second this process was directly interlinked with the emergence of new channels and fora of communication. Third, one can observe a multilayered ‹politicisation› of expertise, which was closely linked with the First World War and in particular with the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes in the 1920s and 1930s. The articles assembled in this issue are particularly qualified to analyse these problems as each of them covers at least two countries and all of them are transnational in scope.
Schleichwege im Sozialismus. Einleitung
Authors: Borodziej Włodzimierz , Kochanowski Jerzy , von Puttkamer Joachim 
Published: February 2015

Hidden Paths within Socialism. Introduction «Hidden Paths within Socialism» were used by ordinary citizens, especially by tourists and workers from the socialist «brother states». Borders within the socialist bloc were semi-open. The states tried, however, to control and regulate transnational contacts. They foundered time and time again on the «self-assertion» of their own and foreign citizens, who opened up informal areas of freedom. These were based on their wants and withstood the regulating rage. This journal examines the predominantly apolitical, everyday contacts in the GDR, Poland, ČSSR and Hungary between the mid-1950s and 1989.
Der Thatcher-Konsens. Der Einsturz der britischen Nachkriegsordnung in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren
Authors: Geppert Dominik 
Published: February 2015

Thatcher's Consensus. The Collapse of British Post-war Order in the 1970s and 1980s This article examines the political, economic and social transformations in Great Britain during the 1970s and 1980s under the aspect of whether its development was unique in the twentieth century. The article argues that, in Great Britain, the Europe-wide structural crisis during these two decades was not limited to smaller or larger adaptations in economic, social and constitutional policies, as it was elsewhere, but led to a radical rearrangement of the political system of coordinates in the form of Thatcherism. The fact that the upheavals it induced in the economic system and in society took place within the established institutions and rules of the uncodified constitution belongs to the most remarkable aspects of Thatcherism. During her tenure as Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher largely succeeded in her goal of revolutionising the British economic and social order – even some times in ways other than she and her advisors intended. Concurrently, Thatcherism of brought about the change from a consensual to a confrontational mode of problemsolving within the existing constitutional framework. Many contemporaries perceived this as nothing less than a shift in the political system.
Umbau am «Modell Deutschland». Sozialer Wandel, ökonomische Krise und wohlfahrtsstaatliche Reformpolitik in der Bundesrepublik «nach dem Boom»
Authors: Süß Winfried 
Published: February 2015

Reforming the «German Model»: Social Change, Economic Crisis and the Politics of the Welfare State in the Federal Republic «after the Boom» The triad of changes in values and social and economic structures has altered the possible reach of social policies profoundly. In this context, this article examines perception of post-industrial transformations and their discursive processing of and political reaction to through social policy in the 1970s and 1980s. While its discursive framework changed significantly through its intensified focus on social inequality, the problem – solving patterns of social policy remained remarkably stable. Elements of continuity between socialist-liberal and Christian-liberal social policy thus outweighed these different accentuations. A policy of fiscal consolidation, which was successful in European comparison, started already in the mid-1970s. Both governments, however, preferred interventions that were effective only for a short term. These were mostly motivated by budgetary policy. This emphasised the problematic peculiarities within the framework of the German welfare state model, for instance the high burden of labour costs. It also delayed the adaptation of welfare state institutions to changed socio-structural circumstances result for example from the pluralisation of occupational careers and family structures.
Organisierte Modernität? Konstruktion und Konzeption der Massenkultur in Frankreich
Authors: Middendorf Stefanie 
Published: February 2015

Organised Modernity? Construction and Conception of Mass Culture in France Since the end of the nineteenth century, the rise of mass culture in France was an ambivalent experience giving stimulation to attempts of scientific re-conceptualisation and regulation of society. On the basis of this observation, the article analyses scientistic descriptions of mass culture and cultural policies as conceptions of order and practices of ordering. At the turn of the 19th century, the early French theories of mass culture remained post-liberal compromises. After the end of the Second World War, intellectuals and cultural technocrats developed more large-scale projects of collective renewal by dirigisme. In the 1970s, the thus developed configuration of experts and cultural planning of the state suffered a serious crisis raising the questioning of the organisability of the modernity of massculture. The French history of the perception of mass culture therefore appears as a history of cultural engineering and its limitations.
Twisted Roots. Intellectuals, Mass Culture and Political Culture in Italy
Authors: Cavazza Stefano 
Published: February 2015

Twisted Roots. Intellectuals, Mass Culture and Political Culture in Italy The article examines the rise of mass culture in Italy from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. It particularly analyses the literary production, politically organised cultural offering as well as the role of the intellectuals. Despite the high illiteracy rate (until the beginning of the twentieth century higher than in other countries), different mass-cultural spheres developed throughout Western Europe. The socialist and Catholic communities decisively contributed to this development. With the help of their own publications and distribution channels as well as libraries, they encouraged the population to read. Simultaneously, intellectuals and writers with precarious social situations hoped for new fields of activity in the emerging cultural industries. The gap between these expectations and modern reality led many of these observers to criticise massculture. In some cases, it even led to political radicalisation and rapprochement with the fascist movement.
Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 - a Continuum?
Authors: Wecker Regina 
Published: February 2015

Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 - a Continuum? 1945 cannot be considered as a turning point for Switzerland's history of eugenics. Quite unnoticed, Swiss eugenical measures – including sterilisations, abortions, (marriage-) counselling, marriage prohibitions and naturalisations – remained effective even after 1945. This is also due to the fact that sterilisations could only be realized with the formal authorisation of the concerned subjects. They were considered as individual or rather medical decisions taken by the «patient» and the doctor without any governmental instructions or legal regulations. Nevertheless, some of these authorisations were extorted. However, they were not identified as eugenical in Switzerland because Nazi Germany's compulsory sterilisations and mass murders were considered as «standards» for eugenical measures.