bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Cognitive Load Influences Speakers' Choice of Referring Expressions
Authors: Vogels Jorrig , Krahmer Emiel , Maes Alfons 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe report on two experiments investigating the effect of an increased cognitive load for speakers on the choice of referring expressions. Speakers produced story continuations to addressees, in which they referred to characters that were either salient or non‐salient in the discourse. In Experiment 1, referents that were salient for the speaker were non‐salient for the addressee, and vice versa. In Experiment 2, all discourse information was shared between speaker and addressee. Cognitive load was manipulated by the presence or absence of a secondary task for the speaker. The results show that speakers under load are more likely to produce pronouns, at least when referring to less salient referents. We take this finding as evidence that speakers under load have more difficulties taking discourse salience into account, resulting in the use of expressions that are more economical for themselves.
Challenges of optimizing glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of parents' experiences and views
Authors: Lawton J. , Waugh N. , Barnard K. D. , Noyes K. , Harden J. , Stephen J. , McDowell J. , Rankin D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimsTo explore the difficulties parents encounter in trying to achieve clinically recommended blood glucose levels and how they could be better supported to optimize their child's glycaemic control.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 54 parents of children with Type 1 diabetes (≤ 12 years). Data were analysed thematically.ResultsParents described being reluctant and finding it difficult to keep their child's blood glucose levels consistently within clinically recommended ranges. As well as worrying about their child's ability to detect/report hypoglycaemia, parents highlighted a multitude of factors that had an impact on their child's blood glucose levels and over which they could exercise little control. These included: leaving their child with other caregivers who could not be trusted to detect hypoglycaemia; difficulties remotely monitoring and regulating their child's food consumption and activity; and physical and social changes accompanying childhood development. Most parents used two sets of blood glucose targets, with clinically recommended targets employed when their child was in their immediate care and higher targets when in the care of others. Parents described health professionals as lacking understanding of the difficulties they encountered keeping blood glucose within target ranges and needing more empathetic, tailored and realistic advice.ConclusionIt is not parents' fear of hypoglycaemia in isolation that leads to decisions to raise their child's blood glucose but, rather, parental fear in conjunction with other factors and considerations. Hence, to improve diabetes management in children, these factors may need to be addressed; for instance, by training others in diabetes management and using new technologies. Changes to consultations are also recommended.
Long‐Term Cardiac Remodeling in Elite Athletes: Assessment by Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Demirelli Selami , Sam Cemil Tugrulhan , Ermis Emrah , Degirmenci Husnu , Sen Ilhan , Arisoy Arif , Arslan Kursat , Duman Hakan , Simsek Ziya 
Published: December 2014

AimsCurrently, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the long‐term physiologic and adaptive changes in an athlete's heart, varying by the type of exercise undertaken. In this study, we used standard and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) to evaluate the long‐term effects of cardiac remodeling, which persisted many years after retiring from professional sports (marathon running and wrestling).Methods and ResultsTwenty‐four marathon runners, 25 wrestlers, and 24 healthy subjects were included in the study. Left ventricular (LV) strain (S) and strain rate (Sr) were evaluated by apical two‐ (2C), three‐ (3C), and four‐chamber (4C) imaging. Global S and Sr were calculated by averaging the 3 apical views. The participants' mean age was comparable across the 3 groups. Weight, body mass index, LV mass, LV mass index, and relative diastolic wall thickness were higher in wrestlers than the other groups (P < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic functions, evaluated using conventional echocardiography, were comparable among the 3 groups. 2C, 3C, and 4C longitudinal strain (LS), global LS (GLS), and global Sr systolic filling (SrS) values were comparable between the marathon runners and control group; however, GLS, LS‐2C, GLSrS, SrS‐3C, and SrS‐2C values were significantly increased in wrestlers compared with the control group.ConclusionsMyocardial changes in wrestlers and marathon runners who quit sports after an extensive period were evaluated using standard echocardiographic and STE parameters. Although they had stopped playing active sports more than 10 years earlier, both the structural and functional properties of the heart were maintained in wrestlers.
Observing terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle from space
Authors: Schimel David , Pavlick Ryan , Fisher Joshua B. , Asner Gregory P. , Saatchi Sassan , Townsend Philip , Miller Charles , Frankenberg Christian , Hibbard Kathy , Cox Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystem and carbon cycle feedbacks will significantly impact future climate, but their responses are highly uncertain. Models and tipping point analyses suggest the tropics and arctic/boreal zone carbon–climate feedbacks could be disproportionately large. In situ observations in those regions are sparse, resulting in high uncertainties in carbon fluxes and fluxes. Key parameters controlling ecosystem carbon responses, such as plant traits, are also sparsely observed in the tropics, with the most diverse biome on the planet treated as a single type in models. We analyzed the spatial distribution of in situ data for carbon fluxes, stocks and plant traits globally and also evaluated the potential of remote sensing to observe these quantities. New satellite data products go beyond indices of greenness and can address spatial sampling gaps for specific ecosystem properties and parameters. Because environmental conditions and access limit in situ observations in tropical and arctic/boreal environments, use of space‐based techniques can reduce sampling bias and uncertainty about tipping point feedbacks to climate. To reliably detect change and develop the understanding of ecosystems needed for prediction, significantly, more data are required in critical regions. This need can best be met with a strategic combination of remote and in situ data, with satellite observations providing the dense sampling in space and time required to characterize the heterogeneity of ecosystem structure and function.
Variability of genomic constitutions of festulolium (Festuca × Lolium) within and among cultivars
Authors: Kubota Akito , Akiyama Yukio , Ueyama Yasufumi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFestulolium is an intergeneric hybrid between Lolium and Festuca species that may possess the agronomic advantages of both genera. As a result of DNA recombination, the chromosomes in festulolium are striped with DNA from the two genera. Using genomic in situ hybridization and image analysis techniques, we determined the genomic constitution of festulolium using the ratio of Festuca‐specific genome regions to the whole genome (the F ratio). The F ratio of a festulolium cultivar is expected to reveal its phenotypic tendency, particularly quantitative traits that differ clearly between Lolium and Festuca, such as persistency, drought resistance and seed yield. The objective of this study was to clarify the variability of the F ratio among cultivars, in order to determine how many plants were required to estimate the F ratio of a cultivar. We investigated the F ratios of five cultivars and found that they were significantly different. ‘Paulita’ had the highest F ratio (approximately 33%), followed by ‘Tandem’ and ‘Tohoku 1’ (approximately 18%) and ‘Evergreen’ and ‘Icarus’ (approximately 6%). Given the unbiased variance in the F ratios of ‘Icarus,’ which had the largest number of tested plants, we concluded that seven plants were more than sufficient to distinguish among cultivars whose F ratios differed by 10 points at a significance level of 0.05.
Conditional survival analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Facciorusso Antonio , Del Prete Valentina , Antonino Matteo , Neve Viviana , Amoruso Annabianca , Crucinio Nicola , Di Leo Alfredo , Barone Michele 
Published: December 2014

AimSurvival estimates are commonly reported as survival from the first observation, but future survival probability changes based on the survival time already accumulated after therapy, otherwise known as conditional survival (CS). The aim of the study was to describe CS according to different prognostic variables in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA).MethodsData on 125 very early/early HCC patients treated with RFA between 1999 and 2007 were analyzed. Actuarial survival estimates were computed by means of Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log–rank test. The 5‐year CS was calculated with stratification by several predictors for patients who had already survived up to 5 years from diagnosis.ResultsMedian overall survival (OS) was 72 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 58–86). Age, Child–Pugh (CP), α‐fetoprotein (AFP), Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score and type of recurrence (early vs late) were significant predictors of OS. The 5‐year CS rates of the entire study cohort assessed at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years from the treatment were 49%, 48%, 30% and 34%, respectively. Subgroup analysis confirmed age and CP as significant predictors of CS at all time points, while the CS of subgroups stratified by AFP and CLIP did not differ significantly from the 3rd year after RFA onward, as more advanced patients had probably escaped early recurrence.ConclusionCS analysis showed that the impact of different variables influencing OS is not linear over time after RFA. Information derived from the study can improve the current management of HCC patients.
A randomized controlled trial of single‐class maintenance therapy with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine after standard triple antiretroviral induction therapy: final 96‐week results from the FREE study
Authors: Sprenger HG , Langebeek N , Mulder PGH , ten Napel CHH , Vriesendorp R , Hoepelman AIM , Legrand JC , Koopmans PP , Bravenboer B , ten Kate RW , Groeneveld PHP , Bierman WFW , van der Werf TS , Gisolf EH , Richter C 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to test the antiviral efficacy of a triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen, with potential beneficial metabolic effects, as maintenance therapy after induction with dual NRTIs and a boosted protease inhibitor (PI).MethodsAn open‐label, noninferiority study was carried out. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve patients with CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μL and HIV‐1 RNA > 30 000 copies/mL (n = 207) were treated with zidovudine/lamivudine and lopinavir/ritonavir. After achieving HIV‐1 RNA < 50 copies/mL on two consecutive occasions between weeks 12 and 24 after baseline, 120 patients (baseline: median HIV‐1 RNA 5.19 log10 copies/mL; median CD4 count 180 cells/μL) were randomized to receive abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) (n = 61) or to continue the PI‐based ART (n = 59).ResultsFor the proportions of patients (intention‐to‐treat; missing = failure) with HIV‐1 RNA < 400 copies/mL (PI group, 66%; ABC/3TC/ZDV group, 71%) and < 50 copies/mL (PI group, 63%; ABC/3TC/ZDV group, 62%) at 96 weeks, switching to ABC/3TC/ZDV was noninferior compared with continuing the PI regimen; the difference in failure rate (ABC/3TC/ZDV minus PI) was −4.4 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI) −21.0 to +12.3 percentage points] and +0.4 percentage points (95% CI −16.9 to +17.7 percentage points), respectively. In the per protocol analysis, the difference in virological failure for HIV‐1 RNA > 400 copies/mL (0 of 39 patients in the PI group and two of 45 patients in the NRTI group) and for HIV‐1 RNA > 50 copies/mL (two of 39 and three of 45 patients, respectively) was +4.4 percentage points (95% CI −2.1 to +11.0 percentage points) and +1.5 percentage points (95% CI −8.6 to +11.7 percentage points), respectively, also showing noninferiority. Serum lipids significantly improved in the NRTI group, but not in the PI arm.ConclusionsA single‐class NRTI regimen after successful induction with standard ART had similar antiviral efficacy compared to continuation of a PI‐based regimen at 96 weeks after baseline, with improved serum lipids.
Effects of lupin incorporation on the physical properties and stability of bioactive constituents in muffins
Authors: Rumiyati Rumiyati , James Anthony P. , Jayasena Vijay 
Published: December 2014

SummaryGerminated Australian sweet lupin (ASL) flour (after germination for 7 days) was incorporated into muffin formulation at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of dried muffin weight. The effect on the physical characteristics of muffins including height, diameter, colour and texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness) was measured. The stability of phenolic, phytosterol compounds and the antiradical activity of the muffins before and after baking (190 °C, 25 min) were determined. The level of incorporation of germinated ASL flour affected the volume, colour, hardness and muffin texture. Muffins incorporated with germinated ASL flour at the levels used in this research exhibited higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds, phytosterol and antiradical activity than those in control muffins. The baking process did not significantly reduce the phenolic compounds, phytosterol and antiradical activity.
Extraction, structure and biofunctional activities of laminarin from brown algae
Authors: Kadam Shekhar U. , Tiwari Brijesh K. , O'Donnell Colm P. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBrown algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, peptides, omega‐3 fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolics, vitamins and minerals. Laminarin is low‐molecular‐weight polysaccharide and bioactive compound present in brown algae. Laminarin is found in the fronds of Laminaria and Saccharina species. Laminarin, a storage β‐glucan, is composed of (1,3)‐β‐d‐glucan and some β‐(1,6)‐intrachain links. The reported content of laminarin from brown algae is up to levels of 35% on dry basis, which varies depending on species, harvesting season, habitat and method of extraction. Laminarin has many reported biofunctional activities including antitumour, anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. Biofunctional activities of laminarin can be enhanced after suitable chemical modifications, sulphation and novel processing techniques. Studies on feeding of laminarin‐rich extracts to animals indicate it's suitability as functional ingredient for food applications. This paper reviews the main sources, structure and extraction of laminarin with its biofunctional activities.
Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits
Authors: Chuyen Hoang V. , Nguyen Minh H. , Roach Paul D. , Golding John B. , Parks Sophie E. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryGac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a tropical vine originating from South and South‐East Asia. Gac fruit has traditionally been used in Asia to provide red colour for cuisines and enhance visional health. Recently, Gac fruit has emerged as a potential source of carotenoids, especially lycopene and β‐carotene. Carotenoids and other identified bioactives from this fruit including phenolics, flavonoids and trypsin inhibitors are associated with many beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer and provitamin A activities. In addition to the traditional utilisation, commercial products like Gac powder and Gac oil have been manufactured as natural colourants and medicinal supplements. This paper is a review of the scientific literature on the nutritional composition, biological activities and processing of Gac fruit.
Frequency, types and factors associated with potentially harmful drug interactions in ambulatory elderly patients in Nigeria†
Authors: Yusuff Kazeem B , Okoh Chinyere Nma 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objective
To determine the frequency, types and factors associated with potentially harmful drug interactions among ambulatory elderly (≥65 years) patients in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Methods
A 4-week cross-sectional study was conducted among 229 elderly patients who consented and were prescribed two or more medicines within a 4-week study period at a major 256-bed secondary care facility in Ibadan, Nigeria. Chi-square and risk ratio were used to identify the factors associated with the potentially harmful drug–drug interactions.

Key findings
Potentially harmful drug–drug interactions were identified in about two-thirds (65%, 149/229) of the patients. The risk of occurrence drug interactions was significantly higher among patients who had at least six prescribed medicines (relative risk: 7.8 (95% confidence interval, 6.9 to 9.5) (P &lt; 0.001)), and a significant majority were also females (73.8%) (110) (P &lt; 0.001). The most frequent interacting drug combination was angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and amiloride + hydrochlorothiazide (34.7%).

Conclusion
Potentially harmful drug interactions that are significantly associated with high multiple prescribing are considerable among elderly patients in Nigeria.
Oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy as a predictor of oral hygiene behaviour: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Woelber Johan P. , Bienas Helena , Fabry Goetz , Silbernagel Waltraud , Giesler Marianne , Tennert Christian , Stampf Susanne , Ratka‐Krüger Petra , Hellwig Elmar 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess whether oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy is correlated with current oral hygiene and might influence the outcome of oral hygiene instruction.Materials and MethodsHundred and twenty‐six patients filled out questionnaires about oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy, general self‐efficacy, oral hygiene‐related knowledge and demographic variables. Plaque and gingival inflammation were measured and an individual oral hygiene plan was conducted. After 6 months, oral hygiene indices were assessed again.ResultsWomen had significantly higher scores in oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy than men (women mean 60.40 ± 9.41; men mean 56.04 ± 11.55; p = 0.039) and oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy was significantly correlated with general self‐efficacy independent from the age of the patients (r = 0.3114, p = 0.0004). Higher scores in oral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy were significantly correlated with lower scores of gingival bleeding for non‐smoking patients (r = −0.301, p = 0.0066), usage of a professional tooth cleaning within these 6 months (p = 0.0406), reappearance to the follow‐up appointment (p = 0.0303), and higher goals in inter‐dental cleaning plans (p = 0.0189).ConclusionOral hygiene‐related self‐efficacy is an influencing factor in the oral hygiene behaviour and has the potential to predict patients’ oral hygiene outcomes.
Is cognitive bias modification training truly beneficial for adolescents?
Authors: Chan Stella W.Y. , Lau Jennifer Y.F. , Reynolds Shirley A. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundCognitive Bias Modification (CBM) has been shown to change interpretation biases commonly associated with anxiety and depression and may help ameliorate symptoms of these disorders. However, its evidence base for adolescents is scarce. Previous results have been hard to interpret because of methodological issues. In particular, many studies have used negative bias training as the control condition. This would tend to inflate any apparent benefits of CBM compared to a neutral control. Most studies also only examined the effects of a single training session and lacked follow‐up assessment or ecologically valid outcome measures.MethodSeventy‐four adolescents, aged 16–18 years, were randomised to two sessions of CBM training or neutral control. Interpretation bias and mood were assessed three times: at baseline, immediately post‐training and 1 week post‐training. A controlled experimental stressor was also used, and responses to everyday stressors were recorded for 1 week after training to assess responses to psychological challenges. Feedback for the training programme was collected.ResultsThe CBM group reported a greater reduction in negative affect than control participants. However, other hypothesised advantages of CBM were not demonstrated. Regardless of training group, participants reported increased positive interpretations, decreased negative interpretations, reduced depressive symptoms and no change in trait anxiety. The two groups did not differ in their stress reactivity. After controlling for group differences in training performance, all the mood effects disappeared.ConclusionsWhen tested under stringent experimental conditions the effects of CBM in healthy adolescents appear to be minimal. Future studies should concentrate on participants with elevated cognitive biases and/or mood symptoms who may be more sensitive to CBM.
Proximate Composition, Acute Toxicity and Antioxidative Property of Lactarius tenuicystidiatus, a New Species
Authors: Chen Xin‐Hua , Li Jing‐Jing , Zhao Bo‐Qiang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe proximate composition, nutritional value and antioxidative activity of a new species Lactarius tenuicystidiatus and other three widely consumed Lactarius species (L. deterrimus, L. volemus sensu lato and L. hatsudake) from Southwest China were determined. The acute oral toxicity test of L. tenuicystidiatus was performed in mice. L. tenuicystidiatus mushroom presented higher protein (18.13 g/100 g dry weight [DW]) and crude fiber (12.26 g/100 g DW) contents, but lower ash level than the other three Lactarius species. Oleic acid (21.8 mg/g DW) and linoleic acid (17.7 mg/g DW) were major fatty acid components in L. tenuicystidiatus. Glutamine (4.88 mg/g DW) was the most abundant amino acid followed by glutamic acid, arginine and threonine in L. tenuicystidiatus. Some unusual nonprotein amino acids, γ‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, L‐α‐amino‐n‐butyric acid and ornithine were also found. In the case of reducing power, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and metal chelating activity, L. tenuicystidiatus possessed more antioxidant than other three Lactarius species. Moreover, acute oral toxicity study demonstrated that L. tenuicystidiatus was safe after oral administration to both male and female mice. Thus, the combination of rich nutritional composition and bioactivity in the new wild mushroom make it appropriate for functional food and nutritional supplements.Practical ApplicationsLactarius tenuicystidiatus is a new species from Southwest China that may be edible, delicious and popular in a limited area. It is therefore necessary to examine nutritional value, biology activity and the toxicity of the new mushroom. This study clearly demonstrates the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and antioxidative activity of L. tenuicystidiatus. For the purpose of comparison, other three widely consumed Lactarius species are also analyzed to evaluate the nutritional value of L. tenuicystidiatus. It is suggested that the extract of the mushroom species evaluated here could be of use as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant for the nourishment. The acute oral toxicity study demonstrated that L. tenuicystidiatus was safe after oral administration to both male and female mice. Thus, the new wild mushroom can be used as an ideal resource for a natural health food because of its abundant nutritive components and antioxidant activity.