bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TERAHERTZ MEASUREMENT OF INDICATOR GAS EMISSION FROM COAL SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Wang Yan-Ming , Wang Wen-Zheng , Shao Zhen-Lu , Wang De-Ming , Shi Guo-Qing 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Coal spontaneous combustion is an extremely complicated physical and chemical changing process. In order to improve the indicator gases detection technology and coal spontaneous combustion monitoring, a novel forecast method for toxic gases emission from coal oxidation at low temperature is presented in this paper. The experiment system is setup combined with frequency-domain terahertz technology and coal temperature programming device. The concentration curves of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide gases from coal spontaneous combustion are estimated according to molecule terahertz spectra. The influences of coal rank and oxygen supply on coal spontaneous combustion characteristics are discussed. Both carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide gases absorption spectra show the characteristic equi-spaced absorption peaks. Results demonstrate that under the condition of lean oxygen, there exists a critical oxygen concentration in the process of coal oxidation at low temperature. Comparing with Fourier infrared spectrum testing, the presented method is highly accurate and more sensitive, especially suitable for early-stage monitoring of the indicator gases produced by coal spontaneous combustion.
THE IMPACT OF PRECIPITATION ON WET DEPOSITION OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Wałaszek Kinga , Kryza Maciej , Dore Anthony J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Atmospheric transport model FRAME has been used in this study to estimate the influence of precipitation on the patterns of wet deposition of oxidised sulphur, oxidised nitrogen and reduced nitrogen in Poland during the years 1981-2005. A constant wind and emission data and year-specific spatially interpolated precipitation data was used in the model. The results show that the correlation coefficient between mean annual precipitation totals and mean wet deposition is above 0.9 for all examined compounds. The spatial patterns of pollutant deposition are similar for all years, with the north-western part of Poland receiving the lowest and the southern, mountainous part, the highest pollutant load. The largest precipitation-induced changes in wet deposition budgets are observed for oxidised sulphur (53% of the average amount between wet and dry year), and smaller for oxidised and reduced nitrogen (30%). Inter-annual precipitation changes cause large variations in the amount of wet deposition of pollutants. This means that the emission abatements may not cause immediate environmental effects, eg reductions in deposition of pollutants and, further ecosystems areas of exceeded critical loads.
THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION/DEGRADATION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC MATERIAL ON COMPOST QUALITY
Authors: Adamcová Dana , Toman František , Vaverková Magdalena , Kotovicová Jana 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.
EFFECT OF BIOFUELS ON ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Cao Yucheng , Pawłowski Lucjan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Nowadays world faces crisis caused by growing energy demand. Threat of climate change caused by the increased emission of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels exerts pressure on wider use of renewable energy resources. It is believed that one of important resources of renewable energy are biofuels. In the paper we present that in the most cases it is not true. Wide use of biofuel, especially in European Union, poses threat to sustainable development of today’s world. It is going to be presented that the production of biofuels from agricultural crops is, in many cases, unsustainable due to the fact that it reduces the access to food by devoting cultivatable land to crops designated for the production of biofuels. What is more, it has also negative influence on the environment, namely it reduces biodiversity, pollute water and, what is curious, not in all cases the use of biofuels leads to the reduction of CO2 emission.
LEGISLATIVE AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF SERVICES OF REGIONAL EDUCATION PROVIDED BY MUNICIPALITIES
Authors: Balážová Eva , Lázárová Eva 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The process of decentralisation of public administration was based on the transfer of competences from state administration to municipalities and on the setting of new conditions for financing of municipalities. In the process of decentralization of public administration and fiscal decentralization, the range of original and transferred competences, as well as the tasks of municipalities and the corresponding instruments of financing, were set there by mutual agreement between the state bodies and the local self-government. The transfer of competences on municipalities in the field of education was not a simple process. The first steps in the management of schools and educational facilities did not entail without problems. Many of the misunderstandings grew up mainly from a lack of knowledge of the relevant laws governing the specific educational and training activities, operation, financing, personnel and material-technical provision of schools and educational facilities. The aim of the contribution is legislative and financial definition of current system of provision of services by municipalities in the Slovak Republic in the field of regional education, because this area is complicated and disorganized the laws dealing with education and its financing have undergone many amendments. The following compact and comprehensive issues can serve as a framework for further research.
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF THE SLOVAK ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND CURRENT STATE ADMINISTRATION REFORM IN THE AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND LAND SECTOR
Authors: Marišová Eleonóra , Malatinec Tomáš , Grešová Lucia 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
State administration of the Slovak republic is a subject to extensive reform of local authorities with a purpose to simplify access of citizens to the administrative matters at the local state administration as well as for the purposes of public funds savings. The paper reflects current situation in the reforming process in the field of agriculture, forestry, hunting, landscape and cadaster state administration and current situation in the Europeanization of the Slovak administrative law. The ESO (effective, reliable, open state administration) reform transferred local specialized state administration to the general model of district offices with sectorial departments. Thus the reform introduced structural change with transfer of competences to newly established district offices. The reform also introduced horizontal two-instance decision making procedure at the district offices with the seat in the region that is doubtful. The emphasis is on the procedural rules of administrative procedure due to the fact that administrative law is modified under the Europeanization of law. The reform in the field of agriculture, forestry and cadaster state administration expects saving of public sources by 8 664 884 € in 2013 and by 33 013 199 € in 2014.
EU LAND POLICY – PATHWAY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE EUROPE
Authors: Schwarczová Loreta , Bandlerová Anna 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The land policy plays a key role in the frame of priorities of the EU and influences the political, economic and social development of countries and regions. The Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra has been active in various aspects of the policy mainly by the support of national and international funding programmes. One of the most actively developed European funding programme at the faculty is the Jean Monnet programme. The structure and priorities of the Jean Monnet programme are sufficiently complemented to the mission and priorities of the faculty at the educational and scientific level. The paper especially focuses on the realization, impact and sustainability of achieved project results.
Effect of supplementary lighting on selected physiological parameters and yielding of tomato plants
Authors: Gajc-Wolska Janina , Kowalczyk Katarzyna , Metera Agata , Mazur Katarzyna , Bujalski Dawid , Hemka Lucyna 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Light is one of the basic factors needed by plants for their development. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of supplementary lighting of tomato plants with HPS and LED lamps on the chosen physiological parameters and yielding of autumn-winter cultivation crops. Two tomato cultivars (‘Komeett’ F1 and ‘Starbuck’ F1 by De Ruiter Seeds) were used in this experiment. After the plants were planted, LED and HPS lamps of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity were installed. The results show that the introduction of a supplementary light source to tomato cultivation caused an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll by 57.7%, 17.1%, 39.3% and 24.4% on average, respectively. Higher values of those parameters were obtained with HPS lamps than with LED lamps. The amount of marketable crops, number of fruits and mean fruit weight were higher in both combinations in which supplementary lighting was applied, and the values of these traits were higher when the cultivation was supplementary lighted with HPS lamps than with LED lamps. Due to the overhead light configuration and continued low light output, there was no increase of efficiency when using LED lamps compared to HPS lamps despite better focusing and spectral distribution.
The history of mapping the apple genome
Authors: Keller-Przybyłkowicz Sylwia , Korbin Małgorzata U. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
This review summarises the research projects that have been conducted with the goal of mapping the apple (Malus × domestica) genome. The generation of apple linkage and physical maps, which was started at the end of the 20th century by many scientific teams, has resulted in rich data useful for further fundamental and applied studies. The mapping efforts mainly contained the choice of mapping populations as well as the choice of types and number of markers. Over the years, scientists have achieved major successes and faced major obstacles. Many economically important traits have been mapped in the apple genome, which has a total length of 2000 cM. The recently published integrated genetic and physical maps summarise the data and will be helpful to modern breeding programs, with a special focus on resistance to various diseases, as well as on fruit quality and other desired apple traits.
Temperature dependence of sound wave propagation in as a diagnostic tool for healthy and rotten black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn). trees trunks
Authors: Orzechowski Michał , Budniak Piotr 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how thermal conditions affect the speed of sound wave propagation, in trunks of living alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. trees. This method in practiced when diagnosing the presence of intern.al decay in standing trees. Field work was carried out four times at different temperatures (+13°C, +3°C, -7°C and -16°C) using an lmpulse Hammer. There was a significant correlation between the thermal conditions and the speed of sound wave propagation. Therefore, temperature must be taken into account to correctly diagnose tree health and timber quality.
Influence of substrate compaction in nursery containers on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings
Authors: Kormanek Mariusz , Banach Jacek , Ryba Michał 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper presents research on influence of nursery soil compaction, composed of peat (90%) and perlite (10%), on the growth of seedlings of Pinus sylvestris grown in containers. Polyethylene nursery are containers used for the seedling production. These containers were filled with three different densities of the peat and perlite substrate (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g·cm-3). During the experiment, nursery containers were initially placed in a plastic tent for a period of two months, and then for three months further months in an open nursery field. Growth measurements for individual plants were the length of shoots and the root system, root collar diameter, root and shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate. There was a relationship between the extent of compaction of the soil substrate and all analyzed growth parameters of seedlings. A more compact substrate adversely affected on the number of grown seedlings and their length but positively influenced the dry mass of pine seedlings.
The current state of forest management in cities and associated problems in the Mazowieckie Province
Authors: Młynarski Wojciech , Kaliszewski Adam 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The article presents research on the management and supervision of forests located within cities in the Mazowieckie Province. The information was obtained: from questionnaires sent to all 85 city authorities in the province. The questions were related to organization and supervision of forests, forest management and protection, recreational management and financing of forests, as well as main problems associated with the management of urban forests.
The research indicated that forests, which altogether cover more than 10% of city area, have a very important function, despite the forest area per resident being very small. The difficulties in forest management may arise due to their highly fragmented distribution as well as the mixture of many different types of forest owners. Moreover, communal forests in the province’s smaller towns lack proper management and protection structures and lack recreational facilities as local infrastructure is poorly developed. These sort of activities are conducted only in larger municipalities. Most of the non-state owned forests within cities have simplified forest management plans, which counts as a big plus for the Mazowieckie Province when considered in the context of the whole country. Certain measures should be taken to improve the condition of urban forests in the Mazowieckie Province, and serve to preserve and protection these forests. It is fundamental that city governments should cooperate with as wide as possible a circle of interested parties, to undertake common activities in forests of various ownership types located within each given urban area. Additionally, all feasible sources of financing should be considered.
Effects of a Dynamic Warm-Up, Static Stretching or Static Stretching with Tendon Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance and EMG Responses
Authors: Yapicioglu Bulent , Colakoglu Muzaffer , Colakoglu Zafer , Gulluoglu Halil , Bademkiran Fikret , Ozkaya Ozgur 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22±4 years old; body height: 181±10 cm; body mass: 74±11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.
Alterations in Three-dimensional Knee Kinematics and Kinetics during Neutral, Squeeze and Outward Squat
Authors: Han Shuyang , Ge Shirong , Liu Hongtao , Liu Rong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The squat exercise was usually performed with varying feet and hip angles by different populations. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the three-dimensional knee angles, moments, and forces during dynamic squat exercises with varying feet and hip angles. Lower extremity motions and ground reaction forces for fifteen healthy subjects (9 females and 6 males) were recorded while performing the squat with feet pointing straight ahead (neutral squat), 30º feet adduction (squeeze squat) and 30º feet abduction (outward squat). Nonparametric procedures were used to detect differences in the interested measures between the conditions. No significant difference in three-dimensional peak knee angles was observed for three squat exercises (p>0.05), however, the overall tendency of knee rotations was affected by varying feet and hip positions. During the whole cycle, the outward squat mainly displayed adduction moments, while the neutral and squeeze squat demonstrated abduction moments. Peak abduction moments were significantly affected by feet positions (p<0.05). Moreover, the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint forces progressively increased as knee flexed and decreased as knee extended, yet peak forces were not affected by varying feet positions (p>0.05). In conclusion, a neutral position is recommended to perform the squat exercise, while the squeeze squat and outward squat might contribute to the occurrence of joint pathologies.
Exercise Intensity and Validity of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (Borg and OMNI Scales) in an Indoor Cycling Session
Authors: Muyor José M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine the intensity of an indoor cycling session; 2) to know the correlation between the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales (Borg and OMNI) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) with categories; and 3) to evaluate the validity of RPE scales (Borg and OMNI) with respect to the heart rate (HR) and %HRR. A total of fifty-three subjects, 25 males and 28 females (ages: 28.79 ± 6.04 years; body height: 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 69.59 ± 13.69 kg) were recruited from a private fitness club. All subjects performed the same predesigned indoor cycling session with a total duration of 50 minutes. During the experimental trial, the HR was recorded every 5 s. The Borg 6-20 RPE and OMNI 0-10 scales were used to assess perceived exertion in each phase. The average HR in the cardiovascular phase was 152.24 ± 14.11 b•min-1, the %HRR was 80.62 ± 7.10; and the overall RPE (Borg and OMNI scales) was 14.94 ± 1.11 and 7.18 ± 0.79 points, respectively. The correlation between an average HR and %HRR with Borg and OMNI scales was lower than r = 0.4 (p < 0.05). The correlation value between the Borg and the OMNI RPE scales was r = 0.82 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that indoor cycling elicits effort of high intensity which could be inappropriate for some participants. The Borg and OMNI scales showed a low validity to quantify the intensity performed in indoor cycling sessions. It indicates the necessity to control the intensity of effort with other instruments to improve efficacy and decrease the risk of overload in this activity.
Effect of a Single Finnish Sauna Session on White Blood Cell Profile and Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Non-Athletes
Authors: Pilch Wanda , Pokora Ilona , Szyguła Zbigniew , Pałka Tomasz , Pilch Paweł , Cisoń Tomasz , Malik Lesław , Wiecha Szczepan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Finnish sauna bathing on a white blood cell profile, cortisol levels and selected physiological indices in athletes and non-athletes. The study evaluated 9 trained middle-distance runners and 9 male non-athletes. The subjects from both groups participated in 15-minute sauna sessions until their core temperature rose by 1.2°C (mean temperature in the sauna room was 96° ± 2°C; relative humidity was 15 ± 3%) with a 2 minute cool down with water at a temperature of 19-20°C. Body mass was measured before and after the session and blood samples were taken for tests. Rectal temperature was monitored at five-minute intervals during the whole session. Serum total protein, haematological indices and cortisol levels were determined. Sauna bathing caused higher body mass loss and plasma volume in the athletes compared to the group of non-athletes. After the sauna session, an increased number of white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil and basophil counts was reported in the white blood cell profile. Higher increments in leukocyte and monocyte after the sauna bathing session were recorded in the group of athletes compared to untrained subjects. The obtained results indicated that sauna bathing stimulated the immune system to a higher degree in the group of athletes compared to the untrained subjects.
CKM Gene G (Ncoi-) Allele Has a Positive Effect on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Caucasian Women Practicing Sports Requiring Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Metabolism
Authors: Gronek Piotr , Holdys Joanna , Kryściak Jakub , Stanisławski Daniel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The search for genes with a positive influence on physical fitness is a difficult process. Physical fitness is a trait determined by multiple genes, and its genetic basis is then modified by numerous environmental factors. The present study examines the effects of the polymorphism of creatine kinase (CKM) gene on VO2max - a physiological index of aerobic capacity of high heritability. The study sample consisted of 154 men and 85 women, who were students of the University School of Physical Education in Poznań and athletes practicing various sports, including members of the Polish national team. The study revealed a positive effect of a rare G (NcoI-) allele of the CKM gene on maximal oxygen uptake in Caucasian women practicing sports requiring aerobic and anaerobic exercise metabolism. Also a tendency was noted in individuals with NcoI-/- (GG) and NcoI-/+ (GA) genotypes to reach higher VO2max levels.