bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is a Risk Factor for Stroke
Authors: Scheers Hans , Jacobs Lotte , Casas Lidia , Nemery Benoit , Nawrot Tim S. 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
Epidemiological studies suggest an association between stroke incidence and stroke mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution. However, the magnitude of the association is still unclear.

Methods—

We searched the Pubmed citation database for epidemiological studies and reviews on stroke and PM exposure. Then, we carried out a meta-analysis to quantify the pooled association between stroke incidence and mortality and long-term exposure to PM. Meta-analyses were performed for stroke events and stroke mortality and for PM
10
and PM
2.5
separately and jointly.

Results—

We identified 20 studies, including a total of >10 million people, on long-term PM exposure and stroke event or stroke mortality. For exposure to PM
10
(including estimated exposure to PM
10
from studies using PM
2.5
), the pooled hazard ratio for each 10-μg/m
3
increment in PM
10
was 1.061 (95% confidence interval, 1.018–1.105) and 1.080 (0.992–1.177) for overall stroke events and stroke mortality, respectively. A stratified analysis by continent revealed that the association between stroke and long-term PM
10
exposure was positive in North America (1.062 [1.015–1.110]) and Europe (1.057 [0.973–1.148]), but studies in Asia (1.010 [0.885–1.153]) showed a high degree of heterogeneity. Considering exposure to PM
2.5
(Europe and North America combined), the hazard ratios for a 5-μg/m
3
increment were 1.064 (1.021–1.109) and 1.125 (1.007–1.256) for stroke events and mortality, respectively.

Conclusions—

The scientific evidence of the past decade identifies long-term exposure to PM, and PM
2.5
in particular, as a risk factor for stroke. However, we found some currently unexplained geographical variability in this association.
Relationship of Age With Stroke and Death in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Senoo Keitaro , Lip Gregory Y.H. 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
The prevalence of atrial fibrillation increases with age, but age-specific data on the incidence of stroke and death in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation are more limited, particularly with regard to comparisons of relative risks of clinical outcomes between the different age strata in relation to quality of anticoagulation control among warfarin users.

Methods—
We investigated the incidence of adverse outcomes between tertiles of age groups (age, <67 [n=722]; age, 67–74 [n=747]; and age, ≥75 [n=824]) in 2293 patients with atrial fibrillation participating in warfarin arm in the AMADEUS (Evaluating the Use of SR34006 Compared to Warfarin or Acenocoumarol in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) trial. The average time in therapeutic range was calculated as a measure of anticoagulation control and related to clinical outcomes.

Results—

Absolute rates for stroke/systemic embolism (SSE), cardiovascular death, or any clinically relevant bleeding increased with increasing age strata. The combined end point of cardiovascular death and SSE was the highest in the top tertile (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–5.63) compared with the middle and lowest tertiles (
P
for trend=0.01). For bleeding, there was no significant difference in relative risks between the age strata (
P
for trend=0.55 in the warfarin group and in the warfarin group with time in therapeutic range ≥60%,
P
for trend=0.60). The quality of anticoagulation control (time in therapeutic range) significantly correlated with any clinically relevant bleeding (
r
=−0.91;
P
<0.001) and cardiovascular death/SSE rates (
r
=−0.76;
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—
Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation have higher absolute risks of cardiovascular death, SSE, and bleeding, but relative risks of clinically relevant bleeding are not significantly different with increasing age strata. A significant inverse relationship between time in therapeutic range and bleeding and cardiovascular death/SSE emphasizes the importance of good quality anticoagulation control.
Dorsal Medullary Infarction
Authors: Lee Sun-Uk , Park Seong-Ho , Park Jeong-Jin , Kim Hyo Jung , Han Moon-Ku , Bae Hee-Joon , Kim Ji-Soo 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
The characteristics of infarctions restricted to the dorsal medulla have received little attention. This study aimed to define the distinct clinical features of dorsal medullary infarction.

Methods—
Of the 172 patients with a diagnosis of medullary infarction at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2003 to 2014, 18 patients with isolated dorsal medullary infarction were subjected to analyses of clinical and laboratory findings.

Results—
All patients presented acute isolated vestibular syndrome with dizziness/vertigo and imbalance. Almost all patients (17/18, 94%) showed the signs from involvements of the vestibular nuclei, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, or inferior cerebellar peduncle, which included direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus (n=12), negative head-impulse tests (n=8), skew deviation (n=7), central patterns of head-shaking nystagmus (n=6), and spontaneous nystagmus (n=2). Initial magnetic resonance imagings including diffusion-weighted images were negative in 7 patients (39%). Twelve patients (67%) showed a progression and developed additional neurological abnormalities, but the neurological outcomes were favorable.

Conclusions—
The presence of central vestibular signs allows bedside differentiation of isolated vestibular syndrome because of dorsal medullary infarction from acute peripheral vestibular disorders. Because initially false-negative magnetic resonance imagings and subsequent progression are frequent in dorsal medullary infarction, early recognition through scrutinized evaluation is important for proper managements.
Introduction to Akasegawa Genpei's “The Objet
after Stalin”
Authors: Erber Pedro 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This introduction situates Akasegawa Genpei's text “The Objet after Stalin” and the events surrounding his reproduction of the 1,000-yen note in the art-historical and political context of Japan's postwar avant-gardes. It explores Akasegawa's conception of the objet both in terms of its lineage within the history of Surrealism and its reception in Japan and of Akasegawa's original theoretical claims concerning the political potential of artistic practice.
The Objet after Stalin
Authors: Genpei Akasegawa 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
“The Objet after Stalin” is a translation of the 1967 text “Sutarin igo no obuje (スターリン以後のオブジェ)” by Japanese artist Akasegawa Genpei. Published in the aftermath of Akasegawa's trial for producing a photomechanical copy of a 1,000-yen note, this brief text traces a parallel between Duchamp's revolutionary displacement of the urinal into an art museum in New York in 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia that same year. Exploring the potentialities of the Surrealist-inspired notion of the artistic objet, Akasegawa wittily alerts to the dangers of bureaucratization of both revolutionary politics and revolutionary art.
Crypsis in the mud crab Panopeus americanus Saussure, 1857 (Decapoda, Panopeidae): relationship to sexual maturity
Authors: Carvalho-Batista Abner , Pescinelli Regis A. , Garcia Joyce R. , Guerra Pedro G. M. , Pardo Luis M. , Mantelatto Fernando L. 
Published: October 2015

The present study analyses the cryptic colouration patterns in mud crabs, Panopeus americanus that live in an impacted intertidal mangrove area. The main objectives were to identify the cryptic/non-cryptic transition sizes (males and females) and their relationships to morphological and functional sexual maturity. Individuals were collected from the remnant mangrove of Araçá, on the coast of São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil. They were sexed, measured and classified into three colouration categories: white homogeneous, cryptic heterogeneous or dark homogeneous (non-cryptic). A logistic regression was performed to detect the size at which 50% of the population reached the dark homogeneous colouration and functional sexual maturity in females. Morphological sexual maturity for both sexes was estimated through relative growth. A progressive change from heterogeneous to dark homogeneous colouration following growth was observed. Using both analyses of maturity, we detected (1) that individuals of the white homogeneous colouration can be classified as non-reproductive and (2) that there is an overlap between the size at which 50% of females reached the dark homogeneous colouration and their functional sexual maturity (approximately 14.00 mm CW). These findings are primarily explained by ontogenetic changes in habitat use during the species’ life cycle.
A new genus, Peniculoides (Copepoda, Calanoida), from deep waters of the North Atlantic with notes on the definition of Clausocalanidae
Authors: Markhaseva Elena L. , Renz Jasmin 
Published: October 2015

A new calanoid copepodPeniculoides secundusgen. et sp. nov. is described from a female specimen collected in the northern Atlantic from abyssal waters close to the sea bed during the German expedition DIVA 3 in 2009.Peniculoidesgen. nov. is a representative of the superfamily Clausocalanoidea with a heavily sclerotized mandibular gnathobase and maxillular praecoxal arthrite, the maxillular coxal epipodite lacking setae and the maxilla with coxal to basal endites flat and round distally, their surfaces densely covered by short, brush-like spinules. The new genus,Peniculoidesis provisionally placed in the Clausocalanidae. A combination of characters is proposed to distinguish between the families Clausocalanidae and Aetideidae. The generic composition of Clausocalanidae is revised.
Daily States of the March–April East Pacific ITCZ in Three Decades of High-Resolution Satellite Data
Authors: Haffke Colene , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Henke Daniel , Smyth Padhraic , Peings Yannick 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Zonally elongated areas of cloudiness that make up the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) can take on several configurations in instantaneous observations. A novel statistical model is used to automatically assess the daily state of the east Pacific ITCZ using infrared satellite images from 1980 to 2012. Four ITCZ states are defined based on ITCZ location relative to the equator: north (nITCZ) and south (sITCZ) of the equator, simultaneously north and south of the equator (dITCZ, for double ITCZ), and over the equator (eITCZ). A fifth ITCZ state is used to classify days when no zonally elongated area of cloudiness is present (aITCZ, for absent ITCZ). The ITCZ states can occur throughout the year (except for the eITCZ, which is not present during June–October), with the nITCZ state dominating in terms of frequency of occurrence. Interannual variability of the state distribution is large.
The most striking variability in ITCZ states is observed in spring. During March–April, the dITCZ state occurs on average 34% of the time, second only to the nITCZ state (39%). Composites of observed infrared temperature and precipitation by ITCZ state reveal distinct spatial configurations of cloudiness and rainfall. Strong sea surface temperature anomalies are associated only with eITCZ and sITCZ and they correspond to El Niño and La Niña, respectively. However, all five ITCZ states are associated with distinct atmospheric circulation patterns. A connection is found between the ITCZ and the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ), such that activity in the SPCZ is enhanced when the ITCZ is absent in the east Pacific.
Variability and Evolution of African Easterly Wave Structures and Their Relationship with Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Eastern Atlantic
Authors: Brammer Alan , Thorncroft Chris D. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
African easterly waves (AEWs) are objectively tracked between West Africa and the tropical Atlantic based on the CFSRv2 data for 1979 to 2012. The characteristics of the troughs of the AEWs at the West African coast are explored and related to whether they favor tropical cyclogenesis over the eastern Atlantic. A logistic regression model was used to determine the optimum combination of predictors that relate AEW characteristics to tropical cyclogenesis. The most skillful model for genesis over the eastern Atlantic consisted of four variables of the AEWs dynamics over the coastal region and the absolute number of days from the peak in the AEW season. Using this diagnostic an equal number of favorable developing and nondeveloping waves were compared through a composite difference analysis. Favorable developing waves had significantly higher moisture content in the lower troposphere to the northwest of the trough as they exited the West African coast compared to favorable nondeveloping waves. Trajectory analysis for all the waves revealed that as the AEWs transition over the West African coast the troughs are typically open to the environment ahead and to the northwest of the trough. For developing waves this means that moist air is ingested into the lower levels of the system, while for nondeveloping waves dry air is ingested. At this point in the AEW life cycle this difference may be fundamental in determining whether a favorable wave can develop or not.
Blowing Snow as a Natural Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Mechanism
Authors: Geerts Bart , Pokharel Binod , Kristovich David A. R. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Winter storms are often accompanied by strong winds, especially over complex terrain. Under such conditions freshly fallen snow can be readily suspended. Most of that snow will be redistributed across the landscape (e.g., behind obstacles), but some may be lofted into the turbulent boundary layer, and even into the free atmosphere in areas of boundary layer separation near terrain crests, or in hydraulic jumps. Blowing snow ice crystals, mostly small fractured particles, thus may enhance snow growth in clouds. This may explain why shallow orographic clouds, with cloud-top temperatures too high for significant ice initiation, may produce (usually light) snowfall with remarkable persistence. While drifting snow has been studied extensively, the impact of blowing snow on precipitation on snowfall itself has not.
Airborne radar and lidar data are presented to demonstrate the presence of blowing snow, boundary layer separation, and the glaciation of shallow supercooled orographic clouds. Further evidence for the presence of blowing snow comes from a comparison between snow size distributions measured at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) on Mount Werner (Colorado) versus those measured aboard an aircraft while passing overhead, and from an examination of snow size distributions at SPL under diverse weather conditions. Ice splintering following the collision of supercooled droplets on rimed surfaces such as trees does not appear to explain the large concentrations of small ice crystals sometimes observed at SPL.
Three Cases of a New Multichannel Threshold Technique to Detect Fog/Low Stratus during Nighttime Using SNPP Data
Authors: Jiang Jun , Yan Wei , Ma Shuo , Jie Yangyang , Zhang Xiarong , Hu Shensen , Fan Lei , Xia Linyu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The day–night band (DNB) low-light-level visible sensor, mounted on the Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, can measure visible radiances from the earth and atmosphere (solar/lunar reflection, and natural/anthropogenic nighttime light emissions) during both day and night and can achieve unprecedented nighttime low-light-level imaging with its accurate radiometric calibration and fine spatiotemporal resolution. Based on the good characteristics of DNB, a multichannel threshold (MCT) algorithm combining DNB with other Visible–Infrared Imager–Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) channels is proposed to monitor nighttime fog/low stratus. Through a gradual separation of the underlying surface (land, vegetation, water bodies, and city lights), snow, and high/medium clouds, a fog/low-stratus region can ultimately be extracted by the algorithm. Then, the algorithmic feasibility is verified by three typical cases of heavy fog/low stratus in China. The experimental results demonstrate that the outcomes of the MCT algorithm approximately coincide with the ground-measured results. Furthermore, the MCT algorithm shows promise for nighttime fog/low-stratus detection in some example cases with about a 0.84 average probability of detection (POD), a 0.73 average critical success index (CSI), and a 0.15 average false alarm ratio (FAR), which reveals some improvement over the conventional dual-channel difference (DCD) algorithm.
Performance comparison of temperature and humidity independent control air-conditioning system with conventional system
Authors: Zhang Tao , Liu Xiao-Hua 
Published: October 2015

The energy consumption of centralized air-conditioning systems represents a large percentage of total building energy consumption in commercial buildings. The temperature and humidity independent control system, regulating indoor temperature and humidity separately through different approaches, is a feasible improvement to conventional systems. This paper focuses on the performance discrepancies between the temperature and humidity independent control systems and the conventional systems. A typical office building in Guangzhou is chosen for case study and energy performances of three temperature and humidity independent control systems with different outdoor air handling processes are investigated. Compared to the conventional system, energy efficiency ratio for the entire air-conditioning season of temperature and humidity independent control system I using condensing dehumidification is about 10% higher if the dry fan coil unit is adopted; of temperature and humidity independent control system II with high-temperature chilled water for precooling is about 16% higher, and energy efficiency improvement of temperature and humidity independent control system III with heat pump driven liquid desiccant air handling processor is about 22%. For other three cities in China, the energy saving ratio of temperature and humidity independent control system I is about 10%, about 15%–17% of temperature and humidity independent control system II and 20%–23% of temperature and humidity independent control system III. Practical application: THIC air-conditioning system is supposed to be an effective approach for energy saving in buildings. Chosen a typical office building as an example, this paper gives the energy performance discrepancies between the conventional system and the THIC systems for researchers and designers. Annual energy consumptions for different air-conditioning systems are compared, and the energy saving ratios of THIC systems are obtained. The research will be helpful for designing and constructing an energy efficient central air-conditioning system for buildings. In these typical cities or cities with similar climate, THIC system III with the highest energy efficiency is recommended just from the perspective of energy saving.
Failed Warnings
Authors: Moss Brian G. , Yeaton William H. 
Published: October 2015

Background: Academic probation is a nearly universal but underresearched policy practiced at most postsecondary institutions. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of probation warning letters on students’ academic performance. Research design: Employing the inferentially strong regression discontinuity design, we evaluated the impact of two versions of warning letters (U.S. mail and email), noting their impact on next semester grades. Subjects: Probation and nonprobation students at a large, Midwestern college enrolled during two, successive fall–winter semester pairs ( n > 17,000, for each pair). Measures: Fall and winter grade point averages (GPAs) were identified for each individual student in the study sample. Results: Using both parametric and nonparametric analyses, we found that neither delivery method, paper or electronic, had a consistent, significant impact on subsequent GPA or odds of a GPA ≥ 2.0 during the next semester. Four of the eight measures of effect for GPA were small and positive (0.02–0.15; one significant positive outcome), and four were negative (−0.02 to −0.08; one significant negative result). A separate set of analyses that excluded students who took a single course led to further inconsistency in results. Supplementary analyses that excluded students scoring far from the cut-point yielded results consistent with a no-difference conclusion. Our findings also indicated that, after being placed on probation, only a small percentage of students were able to avoid movement to the next stage of academic sanction. Conclusions: Warning letters notifying students of probation status, lacking a staff-focused intervention, had little impact on academic performance.
The Tendon Structure Returns to Asymptomatic Values in Nonoperatively Treated Achilles Tendinopathy but Is Not Associated With Symptoms
Authors: de Jonge Suzan , Tol Johannes L. , Weir Adam , Waarsing Jan H. , Verhaar Jan A.N. , de Vos Robert-Jan 
Published: October 2015

Background: Tendinopathy is characterized by alterations in the tendon structure, but there are conflicting results on the potential of tendon structure normalization and no large studies on the quantified, ultrasonographic tendon structure and its association with symptoms. Purpose: To determine whether the tendon structure returns to values of asymptomatic individuals after treatment with 2 substances injected within the tendon, to assess the association between the tendon structure and symptoms, and to assess the prognostic value of the baseline tendon structure on treatment response. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This study was part of a randomized trial on chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy using eccentric exercises with either a platelet-rich plasma or saline injection. Symptoms were recorded using the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire. The tendon structure was quantified with ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC); echo types I + II (as a percentage of total tendon types I-IV) are structure related. Follow-up was at 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. A control group of asymptomatic subjects (similar age) was selected to compare the tendon structure. Patient symptomswere correlated with the tendon structure using a linear model. Results: Fifty-four patients were included in the symptomatic group. The mean (±SD) echo types I + II in the symptomatic group increased significantly from 74.6% ± 10.8% at baseline to 85.6% ± 6.0% at 24-week follow-up. The result for echo types I + II at 24 weeks was not significantly different ( P = .198) from that of the asymptomatic control group (87.5% ± 6.0%). In 54 repeated measurements at 5 time points, the adjusted percentage of echo types I + II was not associated with the VISA-A score (main effect: β = .12; 95% CI, −0.12 to 0.35; P = .338). The adjusted baseline echo types I + II were not associated with a change in the VISA-A score from baseline to 52 weeks (β = −.15; 95% CI, −0.67 to 0.36; P = .555). Conclusion: In symptomatic, tendinopathic Achilles tendons, the ultrasonographic tendon structure improved during nonoperative treatment and normalized after 24 weeks to values of matched asymptomatic controls. There was no association between the tendon structure and symptoms. The percentage of echo types I + II before treatment was not associated with change in symptoms over time. This study demonstrates that restoration of the tendon structure is not required for an improvement of symptoms.