bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS:—V.: EFFECTS UPON METABOLISM OF CASTRATION, OF THYROIDECTOMY, OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY, AND OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID FEEDING
Authors: Kojima Masaharu 
Published: December 2014

1. Thyroidectomy in rats produces a diminution both of nitrogen and of calcium output.2. After parathyroidectomy in rats there seems to be an increase of calcium in the urine, and less is retained in the body, but nitrogenous metabolism shows no definite change.3. Thyroid feeding produces a decrease in body‐weight and a diminution of nitrogen and gaseous metabolism in all the animals, whether normal, thyroidectomised, or parathyroidectomised.4. Castration is attended in male rats by diminution of CO2 output.
THE HISTOLOGY OF TADPOLES FED WITH THYROID
Authors: Lim R. K. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of thyroid is to “accelerate” the ageing of tadpoles, whereby the number of mitoses and development is increased. All organs thus appear more “adult” in character. Metamorphosis is induced and hastened.2. The alimentary tract is the first to be affected by thyroid treatment, the large and thin‐walled larval type of intestine being replaced by a small thick‐walled type. Masses of pigment are accumulated in the mucosa, and may be seen breaking through the epithelium.3. Thyroid‐induced metamorphosis results in rapid absorption of the tail, the caudal muscles being disintegrated partly by phagocytes and partly by autolysis. The phagocytes loaded with muscle‐débris simulate eosinophil leucocytes. They wander into the circulation and are, eventually extruded through the intestinal mucosa.4. The effect of thyroid on blood corpuscles is chiefly that of increasing the numbers undergoing mitosis; the red cells frequently exhibit irregularly shaped nuclei, perhaps a further indication of rapid division.5. The “fine‐pigment” granules throughout the body are regarded as excretion products. They are well developed in thyroid‐fed tadpoles, and appear to be peculiar to the metabolism of young tadpoles.The effects of thyroid feeding may be summarised in general terms as normal processes which have been hastened and exaggerated by excess of thyroid hormone.This study was commenced in 1917 by Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer, to whom the author is grateful for being permitted to continue it, and for help and advice during its progress. Acknowledgment is due to Messrs C. Siung and A. Dower for their assistance in the preparation of some of the microscopic specimens. A short note has already been published in the Proceedings of the Physiological Society (12, b).The expenses of the research have been assisted by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh and from the Carnegie Trust.
A SURVEY OF SOME ELEMENTS OF CARDIAC EXCITABILITY
Authors: Burridge W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Reversible changes of cardiac excitability are of two modes.(a) Changes which come and go concomitantly with the substance producing them.(b) Changes showing a variable rate of development, always hysteresis of subsidence and sometimes overswing. The two changes are quantitatively as well as qualitatively distinct.2. The second mode of change has been suggested as causally connected with changes of aggregation in the colloids concerned in excitation Evidence is given of interchangeability in the external mode of expression of this change. A given amount of this change can appear as augmentation of contraction or as quickening or tonus according to circumstances.3. The same substance can produce both modes of change and to opposite ends. When such is the case the manifest action of the substance exhibits a variety of phases. One extreme of such double action is mimicry of inhibition and the inhibitory rebound.4. The inhibitory rebound is shown to be an excitable state of the heart of the second mode of change.5. It is shown that a cardiac state favouring hyperactivity can be developed and exist in the heart without any external manifestation of its presence, provided there is a concomitant interference with the functions of calcium.6. The evidence is given that there is an interference with the functions of calcium during inhibition and that this interference belongs to the first mode of change.
THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE, GASTRIN AND SECRETIN ON THE GASTRO‐DUODENAL SECRETIONS IN ANIMALS
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Schlapp W. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Histamine has no direct action on the pancreas. The pancreatic secretion which normally accompanies its injection is due to the escape of gastric acid into the duodenum.(2) Histamine has no direct effect on the biliary secretion, its influence being mainly secondary to the gastric response.The expenses of this work have been defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and the Earl of Moray Fund for the promotion of research in the University of Edinburgh.
NOTE ON THE APPEARANCES OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES UNDER DARK‐GROUND ILLUMINATION
Authors: Millar W. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. No signs of internal structure can be seen in the human erythrocyte, even under the best conditions of dark‐ground illumination, using an objective of numerical aperture 1·32.2. There are two forms of crenation, due, apparently, to different causes.3. Cells after the Goughian change show an irregular granularity of the surface.4. Cells immediately before hæmolysis assume a spherical form.5. The remains of cells hæmolysed by saponin show the wrinkled appearance of collapsed bladders.The expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, were defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY BODY
Authors: Schlapp Walter 
Published: December 2014

1. When depressor‐free extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body are boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid, the oxytocic, pressor, and melanophore responses evoked by them are destroyed slowly and simultaneously.2. By treating depressor‐free extracts with N‐butyl alcohol, it is possible to separate a fraction into which the greater part of the oxytocic activity has passed.3. By producing precipitates of lead sulphide in extracts by the passage of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through suitable concentrations of lead acetate all the active principles are to some extent adsorbed. But the quantity of pressor and melanophore substance adsorbed exceeds that of oxytocic adsorbed by a significant amount.4. With regard to the oxytocic response on the one hand and the pressor and melanophore on the other, the results show that these activities must be attributed to distinct substances.5. The experiments provide no positive evidence that the pressor and melanophore responses are due to distinct substances.The expenses incurred in carrying out this work have in part been defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
THE MOVEMENTS AND REACTION TO DRUGS OF STRIPS OF THE GASTRIC MUSCULATURE OF THE CAT AND DOG
Authors: Brown G. L. , M'Swiney B. A. 
Published: December 2014

A study has been made of the movements of surviving strips from the different regions of the gastric musculature of the cat and dog. The action of pilocarpine, adrenaline, and atropine on the rhythmic movements and “tonus” of the strips has been investigated.Each region has a characteristic type of contraction which resembles closely the movements described in the intact stomach.The power of “postural adaptation” is most clearly shown in the fundic region, and decreases progressively to the pylorus. This function is demonstrated by the changes produced by drugs in the baseline from which rhythmic contractions take origin.The motor power of the stomach varies inversely with the possession of this capability of postural adaptation: thus, from the pyloric region, which exhibits the most powerful contractions, postural changes cannot be elicited.Pilocarpine imitates only the motor action of the vagus, causing a change of the base‐line in the fundic region with no augmentation of contractions; and in the pyloric region, augmentation of rhythmic movements without alteration of the base‐line.Adrenaline imitates the inhibitory effects of splanchnic stimulation in all regions of the stomach except the cardia, in which it causes contraction. It produces in all other regions of the stomach a cessation of rhythmic movements, which in the fundus is associated with relaxation: strips from intermediate parts relax slightly, while in the vicinity of the pylorus the length of the muscle fibre is unaltered.Atropine antagonises the action of pilocarpine and produces effects similar to those observed after adrenaline.The cardiac and pyloric sphincters are not alike in their response to drugs. In the cardia pilocarpine and adrenaline cause a rise of the lever from the base‐line, while atropine has little effect. The cardia appears to exhibit “tonus” changes, to the exclusion of rhythmic movements. The pyloric sphincter resembles in all respects the adjacent musculature of the pyloric antrum, addition of drugs causing alteration of the rhythmic movements without changing the constancy of the base‐line.The sling of Forssell combines both the property of postural adaptation and considerable motor power, drugs causing alterations in the length of the muscle fibre in addition to changes in the amplitude of rhythmic movements.The expenses of the investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE SPINDLE‐CELLS IN RELATION TO COAGULATION OF FROG'S BLOOD
Authors: Tait John , Green F. 
Published: December 2014

1. The thrombocytes of frog's blood, which alter so quickly on contact with glass or other water‐wettable surfaces, undergo no deformation and cytolysis as long as the blood is kept on solid paraffin.2. While the erythrocytes and the leucocytes of frog's blood can by means of the centrifuge be separated from the plasma, the thrombocytes, which have a density identical with that of the plasma, cannot be thus removed. A specimen of plasma obtained by simple use of the centrifuge clots on coming in contact with glass.3. From the centrifuged plasma of the frog the thrombocytes can be removed by passage through a charcoal filter. Plasma thus freed of thrombocytes readily clots on addition of tissue extract (thrombokinase), but will not spontaneously clot on contact with glass. In this respect it resembles hydrocele fluid, which is platelet‐free.4. Spontaneous coagulation of centrifuged frog's plasma is due wholly to disintegration of the contained thrombocytes. This disintegration in its turn is due to contact with a special kind of surface. As a result of the cell disintegration thrombin is liberated.5. Bird's blood, or centrifuged bird's plasma, has less tendency to undergo spontaneous coagulation on contact with glass. In this respect bird's blood differs both from amphibian and from mammalian blood.6. Tissue extract or thrombokinase prepared from the frog's ventricle is all but impotent to induce coagulation of cell‐free plasma. In this regard the tissue of the ventricle differs markedly from the connective tissue, liver, muscle, etc., of the frog.7. Contact cytolysis of frog's thrombocytes is due to a purely physical cause, and does not depend upon absorption by the cells of any soluble material derived from the effective water‐wettable surface. The better an adequate surface of insoluble material is chemically purified and freed of grease, the more rapidly does it induce cytolysis of the thrombocytes.8. Thrombokinase or tissue extract plays no part in the production of thrombin during simple spontaneous coagulation of the blood. In this regard the theory of
Morawitz as to the precursor of fibrin‐ferment requires amendment.9. The word “prothrombin” (or “thrombogen”) might well be replaced by the phrase “unruptured thrombocytes,” for it would seem to be these that constitute prothrombin.10. In any representation of the chain of phenomena involved in spontaneous blood coagulation place must be given to an indispensable physical process, as a result of which the thrombocytes are induced to yield thrombin.The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of M'Gill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE REFLEX ACTIVITY OF A MUSCLE OF THE FORE‐LIMB (M. SUPRASPINATUS)
Authors: Denny‐Brown D. E. , Liddell E. G.T. 
Published: December 2014

The reflex activity of M. supraspinatus, a muscle of the fore‐limb, has been examined in decerebrated cats, and points of similarity and dissimilarity with the extensor of the knee have been noted.Points of similarity are:1. In the response to stimulation of a nerve of the contralateral arm the phenomenon of “recruitment” of neurone units is apparent.2. In thalamic and intercollicular decerebrate preparations the muscle responds to stretching of its tendon by a sustained “stretch reflex.”Points of dissimilarity are:3. In some preparations neither the crossed extensor reflex nor the stretch reflex are markedly susceptible to inhibitory stimuli, but may show, when the stimuli are not strong, an augmented contraction within 60 σ.4. On occasion, the recruitment curve may be preceded by a brief abrupt contraction resembling a reaction d‐emblee.5. Even quite strong ipsilateral stimuli may fail to produce marked inhibition. When effective, however, the latent period of inhibition is notably brief (25 σ), as in the hind‐limb. There is clearly evident an exaggerated excitatory tendency in the ipsilateral nerves of the fore‐limb which hinders the inhibitory aspect of the same nerves, giving a nett result of either excitation or inhibition. It has been possible to differentiate the exciting and the inhibitory components by inducing a small heemorrhage which usually favours inhibition.6. Section of the spinal cord in the thoraco‐lumbar region increases to a large degree the postural contraction of M. supraspinatus to a degree which, as measured by the decreased length of the muscle, often amounts to 3–7 per cent.
CHANGES IN ORGANS OF THYROIDECTOMISED SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Goldberg S. A. 
Published: December 2014

Certain changes are described in the organs of thyroidectomised sheep and goats, namely, paleness of skeletal muscles, dilatation of heart with calcification of the aorta and pulmonary artery, nephritic lesions, persistence of the epiphyseal cartilages, myxœdema, and hypertrophy of the adrenals.There seems to be an inter‐relation between the thyroids and the adrenals of sheep.The changes in the osseous, muscular, and cardiovascular systems are due to an arrest of development resulting from removal of the thyroids.This research was aided by a grant from the Hekscher Foundation of Cornell University.
THE BLOOD‐SUGAR OF NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF INSULIN
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Simpson Sutherland 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of development of hypoglycemia in adult men, after intravenous injections of 2 units of insulin, is constant, after a possible but in any case very brief latent period.2. The minimum sugar values are reached at a definite time, which is indicated at about 18 minutes after the injection.3. Recovery from hypoglycemia, with the doses employed, begins immediately after the minimum sugar value has been reached. It is rapid at first, although slower than the rate of fall of the blood‐sugar. After about 30 or 40 minutes it frequently slows down. It is complete in lean subjects within about 75 minutes or sooner.4. In overweight subjects the rate of recovery seems slower than in lean subjects, suggesting the effect of —type differences“(adipose tendency among them) on the reaction to insulin.5. As the weight of the subject increases, the dose remaining constant, the decrease of the blood‐sugar from the initial levels becomes less, as would be expected, but the other features of the curves do not seem to be affected, except when the subjects are overweight.The authors are under obligation to the volunteers in this series of tests for their generous co‐operation.The insulin used in these tests was obtained through the courtesy of the Eli Lilly Company. The dosage is stated in terms of their product.
POLYNEURITIS IN FOWLS: ITS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS LESIONS AS COMPARED WITH WALLERIAN DEGENERATION
Authors: Culley Paul G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The degeneration of peripheral nerve fibres in polyneuritis is not identical with Wallerian degeneration.2. Symptoms of polyneuritis gallinarum were observed to correspond in time and rate of onset with changes in the neuraxon, being independent of the condition of the myelin sheath.To the memory of Dr
Sutherland Simpson is due a word of appreciation. Not only did he suggest the present investigation, but through instruction in his “clinics of physiology,” as we may term them—his never boresome lectures—it has been the privilege of the writer, along with many others, to be inspired to the desire to help chart the hitherto unknown regions of life.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ACIDS
Authors: Burridge W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The hydrogen ion exerts two independent actions on excitability:(a) A depression mediated through disorganisation of calcium function.(b) An augmentation mediated through changes of colloid aggregation.2. The two changes differ especially in their rates of subsidence after production, and, by taking advantage of this, rebounds to augmented activity are shown after acids.3. Changes of pH between pH8 and pH7 gave only depression, the augmenting action of an acid being something developed beyond pH7.4. The physiological action of lactic and butyric acids cannot be wholly accounted for in terms of their pH concentration. This is especially true when these acids are in great dilution. They then exert stimulating actions none of which can be accounted for as a hydrogenion effect.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS OF THE OVARY ON THE CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL AND ON CALCIUM METABOLISM
Authors: Mirvish Louis , Bosman Louis Pierre 
Published: December 2014

1. An ovarian extract has been prepared, which, when administered to animals, produces a fall in blood calcium.2. The active principle has been found to be present in extracts of liquor folliculi, residual ovary, and corpus luteum. It is also present in placenta.3. The fall in blood calcium amounts in typical cases to 30–35 percent. of the normal value. The blood calcium cannot generally be reduced any lower than this by increasing or repeating the dose.4. The maximum fall in blood calcium is usually produced in about twenty‐four hours, and it returns to normal in forty‐eight hours.5. The action of the hormone on the blood calcium is the same in both sexes.6. The extract is active when administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. It is also active on oral administration when the dose is considerably increased.7. Injection of the extract as an emulsion in distilled water is inactive. It is active when dissolved in olive‐oil or weak sodium bicarbonate solution.8. The result of ovariotomy in rabbits is the production of wide fluctuations in the blood calcium level.9. The action of the ovarian hormone on the blood calcium is suggested as a means for standardisation.10. It is suggested that the mode of action of the ovarian hormone is by influencing other endocrine glands.We desire to express our thanks to the Research Grant Board of this University for meeting portion of the expense involved in these researches; and also to Professors W. A.
Jolly and E. S.
Edie for their interest in the work.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—IX. THE RELATION BETWEEN DIAPEDESIS AND NUCLEAR CONFIGURATION
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

Taken together, these various experiments lead us to the conclusion that, so far as diapedesis and phagocytosis in vitro are concerned, the cells of the various Arneth classes are indistinguishable, for the increase in nuclear lobulation which occurs with increasing age of the cell does not apparently enable the cell to pass more readily from the vessels and lymph spaces into infected cavities, nor render it more active as a phagocyte. This matter is of some importance in the consideration of the significance of the deflected count in infected states; whatever other effect the abnormally high percentage of young cells may have, it cannot have any appreciable effect on the removal of the infecting agent by phagocytosis.This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS ON THE CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION
Authors: Collier R. J. , Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M. 
Published: December 2014

The systolic blood‐pressure is maintained nearly constant in man during forced respiration by means of a compensatory cutaneous vaso‐constriction.Evidence is put forward that this compensatory factor is absent in artificially over‐ventilated chloralosed cats, and that its absence is not due to a fixation of the skin‐vessels.The main cause of the cutaneous vaso‐constriction during and after over‐ventilation in man is the cumulative effect of the active, forced respiratory movements. The absence of this factor accounts for the failure of artificially over‐ventilated chloralosed cats to compensate.Our thanks are due to Professor
M'Dowall for much kind assistance.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF GRADED MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OF NATURAL FORM IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Briscoe Grace 
Published: December 2014

1. Graded muscular contractions of natural form can be obtained by a new method of electrical stimulation described.2. Applied to the cut end of one phrenic, the resultant contraction and relaxation of the paralysed half of the diaphragm can be varied so as to reproduce almost exactly the natural movements of the sound half of the muscle.3. This variation in contraction and relaxation is obtained by imparting to the secondary coil of an induction apparatus varying degrees of to‐and‐fro movement differing in rhythm, in extent of movement, and in rates of approach and withdrawal.4. In natural respiration the diaphragm is always in a state of postural contraction during the expiratory pause. The appropriate degree of postural tonus can be maintained in experimental muscle by allowing minimal currents to pass into the nerve between the phasic contractions.5. The pattern of stimuli (a periodic variation of amplitude imposed upon a basic frequency of interruption at a fast rate) sent into the nerve during imitation of normal respiration resembles the pattern of action‐currents picked up from the phrenic during natural respiration, and also resembles the action‐currents of muscles in voluntary contraction.6. The method can be applied to the skeletal nerve‐muscle preparation, and graded contractions of any form can be obtained from it. It is suggested that the type of stimulation employed is an example of “asynchronous multi‐fibre summation.”I am grateful to Miss W.
Leyshon, Ph. D., for the assistance and advice she has given me on the physical side of this work. I have also to acknowledge much assistance on the experimental side from Mr
William Lofts.My thanks are due to Professor
Cullis and to the Council of the School for a grant from the Waller Memorial Research Fund, and for the hospitality of their laboratories.