bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sevoflurane Anesthesia Does Not Impair Acquisition Learning or Memory in the Morris Water Maze in Young Adult and Aged Rats
Authors: Callaway Jennifer K. , Jones Nigel C. , Royse Alistair G. , Royse Colin F. 
Published: August 2012

Background
Sevoflurane has been found to increase apoptosis and pathologic markers associated with Alzheimer disease, provoking concern over their potential contribution to postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Methods
The effects of anesthesia with 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for 4 h or sham exposure on cognition were investigated in young adult and aged (20-24 months) rats at 1, 4, and 12 weeks postexposure. Spatial reference memory acquisition and retention were tested in the Morris water maze task. Latency to locate the hidden platform and swim speed were determined and compared between treatments.

Results
Sevoflurane anesthesia significantly reduced latency to find the hidden platform in both young adult (n = 10 per treatment, P < 0.0001) and aged rats (n = 7 per treatment, P < 0.0001) when tested 1 week after exposure. In young rats only, this improved acquisition learning was maintained at 4 (P = 0.003) but not at 12 weeks postexposure (P = 0.061). There were no differences in swim speed or in open field exploration between groups (no confounding effects of stress or locomotion). Retention memory measured using probe trials was not affected by exposure to sevoflurane in young adult or aged rats.

Conclusion
Sevoflurane anesthesia did not impair acquisition learning and retention memory in young adult or aged rats.
Activation of Canonical Notch Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Sevoflurane Preconditioning in Mice
Authors: Yang Qianzi , Yan Wenjun , Li Xin , Hou Lihong , Dong Hui , Wang Qiang , Dong Hailong , Wang Shiquan , Zhang Xia , Xiong Lize 
Published: August 2012

Background
A wealth of evidence has demonstrated that sevoflurane preconditioning induces brain ischemic tolerance, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the role of canonical Notch signaling in the neuroprotection induced by sevoflurane preconditioning in a mouse model.

Methods
C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with 1-h sevoflurane exposure at a dose of 2.5% for 5 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, all mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 min. Neurobehavioral scores, brain infarct volumes, and cellular apoptosis were determined at 72 h after reperfusion (n = 10 per group). The activation of Notch signaling was evaluated (n = 5 per group), and its role in ischemic tolerance was assessed by intraperitoneal administration of γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT (100 mg/kg, n = 10 per group) and conditional Notch-RBP-J knockout technique (n = 8 per group).

Results
Sevoflurane preconditioning reduced brain infarct volumes (42.5%), improved neurologic outcomes (P < 0.01 vs. control), and attenuated neuronal cell apoptosis (cells positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling reduced to 21.2%). The expression of Notch1 intracellular domain (1.35 folds) and the transcriptions of Hes1 (1.95 times) and Hes5 (1.48 times) were up-regulated. DAPT augmented the brain infarcts (1.64-fold) and decreased neurologic scores (P = 0.43 vs. sevoflurane) in sevoflurane-preconditioned mice. Brain infarct volumes, neurobehavioral scores, and apoptotic cell numbers showed no significance between Notch knockout mice with sevoflurane preconditioning and wild-type mice without preconditioning.

Conclusions
Sevoflurane preconditioning-induced protective effects against transient cerebral ischemic injuries are mediated by the activation of canonical Notch signaling pathway in mice.
Electroencephalographic and Hypnotic Recoveries after Brief and Prolonged Infusions of Etomidate and Optimized Soft Etomidate Analogs
Authors: Ge Rile , Pejo Ervin , Husain S. Shaukat , Cotten Joseph F. , Raines Douglas E. 
Published: August 2012

Background
Methoxycarbonyl etomidate is the prototypical soft etomidate analog. Because it has relatively low potency and is extremely rapidly metabolized, large quantities must be infused to maintain hypnosis. Consequently with prolonged infusion, metabolite reaches sufficient concentrations to delay recovery. Dimethyl-methoxycarbonyl metomidate (DMMM) and cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl metomidate (CPMM) are methoxycarbonyl etomidate analogs with higher potencies and slower clearance. Because of these properties, we hypothesized that dosing would be lower and electroencephalographic and hypnotic recoveries would be faster - and less context-sensitive - with DMMM or CPMM versus methoxycarbonyl etomidate or etomidate.

Methods
Etomidate, DMMM, and CPMM where infused into rats (n = 6 per group) for either 5 min or 120 min. After infusion termination, electroencephalographic and hypnotic recovery times were measured. The immobilizing ED50 infusion rates were determined using a tail clamp assay.

Results
Upon terminating 5-min infusions, electroencephalographic and hypnotic recovery times were not different among hypnotics. However, upon terminating 120-min infusions, recovery times varied significantly with respective values (mean ± SD) 48 ± 13 min and 31 ± 6.5 min (etomidate), 17 ± 7.0 min and 14 ± 3.4 min (DMMM), and 4.5 ± 1.1 min and 4.2 ± 1.6 min (CPMM). The immobilizing ED50 infusion rates were (mean ± SD) 0.19 ± 0.03 mg · kg · min (etomidate), 0.60 ± 0.12 mg · kg · min (DMMM), and 0.89 ± 0.18 mg · kg · min (CPMM).

Conclusions
Electroencephalographic and hypnotic recoveries following prolonged infusions of DMMM and CPMM are faster than those following methoxycarbonyl etomidate or etomidate. In the case of CPMM infusion, recovery times are 4 min and context-insensitive.
Immune tolerance in haemophilia: the long journey to the fork in the road
Authors: DiMichele Donna M. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAntibody eradication is the ultimate goal of inhibitor management. The only clinically proven strategy for achieving antigen‐specific tolerance to factorVIIIis immune tolerance induction (ITI). Our knowledge aboutITIin haemophiliaAandBwas, historically, derived from small cohort studies and retrospective national and internationalITIregistries. Practice is now further influenced by prospective cohort data, and the results of a single prospective randomized internationalITItrial. However, due to the low incidence of inhibitors in haemophiliaB, there are few comparable data from which to develop a useful evidence‐based approach to the prevention and eradication of factorIXinhibitors. The lack of an effective strategy is particularly problematic given the morbidity associated with the unique occurrence of allergic and anaphylactic reactions that often herald factorIXantibody development and preclude effective eradication. This paper will discuss our current understanding of immune tolerance outcome and outcome predictors for haemophiliaAandB; review the current consensus practice recommendations forITI; and summarize the emerging body of immunological science relating to antibody formation and tolerance. It will conclude by suggesting how our knowledge might inform the future investigative priorities impacting the therapeutic and preventative tolerance strategies of tomorrow.
Outcome in 146 patients with paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia treated according to the AML99 protocol in the period 2003–06 from the Japan Association of Childhood Leukaemia Study
Authors: Imamura Toshihiko , Iwamoto Shotaro , Kanai Rie , Shimada Akira , Terui Kiminori , Osugi Yuko , Kobayashi Ryoji , Tawa Akio , Kosaka Yoshiyuki , Kato Koji , Hori Hiroki , Horibe Keizo , Oda Megumi , Adachi Souichi 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) 99 trial conducted previously in Japan for the treatment of de novo paediatric AML showed excellent results, with a 5‐year overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) of 75·6% and 61·6%, respectively. To examine reproducibility of these results in another cohort, the outcome of 146 newly diagnosed AML paediatric patients prospectively registered in the Japan Association of Childhood Leukaemia Study (JACLS) from 2003 to 2006 was compared to that of 240 patients in the original AML 99 clinical trial. The 5‐year EFS and OS achieved in the new cohort was 66·7 ± 4·0% and 77·7 ± 8·0% respectively, which were comparable to those obtained in the original AML 99 clinical trial, although less frequent core‐binding factor (CBF) AML (29·5% vs. 37%) and an almost equal frequency of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) during first complete remission (16·5% vs. 19%) were observed. The 5‐year EFS in patients with a normal karyotype (NK) (n = 35, 54·9 ± 15·1%) was inferior in the present cohort when compared to the original AML99 trial. This study confirmed the excellent outcome of the original AML99 protocol.
Impact of metformin monotherapy versus metformin with oestrogen‐progesterone on lipids in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Bredella Miriam A. , McManus Shilpa , Misra Madhusmita 
Published: August 2012

SummaryObjectiveHyperinsulinaemia is an important determinant of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). In addition to lifestyle measures, therapeutic strategies include the use of oestrogen–progesterone combination pills (EP), and insulin sensitizers such as metformin, either alone or in combination. Data are limited regarding the impact of metformin alone vs metformin with EP on cardiometabolic risk in overweight adolescents with PCOS. We hypothesized that metformin alone would lead to an improvement in HbA1C and lipid levels in overweight adolescent girls with PCOS compared with meformin with EP.Study designRetrospective clinic‐based therapy.Patients and measurementsWe examined the effects of therapy with metformin alone (n = 14) vs metformin with EP (n = 13) on HbA1C and lipid parameters over 10–14 months in 27 overweight girls, drawn from a clinic population of adolescents with PCOS.ResultsThe groups did not differ for age, body mass index (BMI), HbA1C or baseline lipids. After at least 10 months, the metformin only group compared with the metformin and EP group had a decrease in total cholesterol (−0·605 ± 0·100 vs 0·170 ± 0·348 mm, P = 0·02, nonparametric test) and triglycerides (−0·342 ± 0·184 vs 0·262 ± 0·133 mm, P = 0·02), despite similar changes in BMI (−1·6 ± 0·7 vs 0·6 ± 2·1 kg/m2, P = 0·25) and HbA1C (0·03 ± 0·06 vs 0·03 ± 0·13%, P = 0·99). Differences between groups remained significant after controlling for baseline parameters and for changes in BMI.ConclusionMetformin alone more effectively improves lipid parameters than metformin with EP in adolescent PCOS, as indicated by a decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides. This effect is not related to BMI changes.
A novel surgical–prosthetic approach for soft tissue dehiscence coverage around single implant
Authors: Zucchelli Giovanni , Mazzotti Claudio , Mounssif Ilham , Mele Monica , Stefanini Martina , Montebugnoli Lucio 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate soft‐tissue coverage and patient aesthetic satisfaction of a novel surgical–prosthetic approach to soft tissue dehiscence (STD) around single endosseous implant.Material and methodsTwenty patients with buccal soft tissues dehiscence around single implants in the aesthetic area were consecutively enrolled. Treatment consisted in: removal of the implant supported crown, reduction in the implant abutment, coronally advanced flap in combination with connective tissue graft (CTG) and final restoration. The unrestored contralateral tooth normally positioned without recession defect was used as a reference. The soft tissue coverage and patient satisfaction were evaluated 1 year after the final restoration.ResultsOne‐year mean STD coverage was 96.3%, and complete coverage was achieved in 75% of the treated sites. The increase (1.54 ± 0.21 mm) in buccal soft tissue thickness (STT) at 1 year was significantly correlated with CTG thickness at time of the surgery. The mean difference between graft thickness and STT increase was 0.09 ± 0.14 mm, corresponding to the 5.8% of the original graft thickness. The aesthetic analysis showed a significant improvement between the baseline (median, 3.8; 95% CI, 2–4) and the 1‐year (median, 8.0; 95% CI, 8–10) visual analogue scale (VAS) scores.ConclusionThe results from the present study demonstrated that the proposed bilaminar technique was effective in the coverage of buccal STD around single dental implant and the suggested prosthetic–surgical approach was aesthetically successful.
Healing of buccal dehiscence defects at implants installed immediately into extraction sockets – an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Bressan Eriberto , Sivolella Stefano , Stellini Edoardo , Almagro Urrutia Zoraya , Lang Niklaus Peter , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of implant positioning into extraction sockets on bone formation at buccal alveolar dehiscence defects.Material and MethodsIn six Labrador dogs the pulp tissue of the mesial roots of 4P4 was removed and the root canals were filled. Flaps were elevated bilaterally, the premolars hemi‐sectioned and the distal roots removed. The implants were placed in contact with either the buccal (test site) or with the lingual (control site) bony wall of the extraction sockets. Healing abutments were affixed and triangular buccal bony dehiscence defects, about 2.7 mm deep and 3.5 mm wide, were then prepared. No regenerative procedures were done and a non‐submerged healing was allowed. After 4 months of healing, block sections of the implant sites were obtained for histological processing and peri‐implant tissue assessment.ResultsAfter 4 months of healing, the bony crest and the coronal border of osseointegration at the test sites were located 1.71 ± 1.20 and 2.50 ± 1.21 mm apically to the implant shoulder, respectively. At the control sites, the corresponding values were 0.68 ± 0.63 and 1.69 ± 0.99 mm, respectively. The differences between test and control reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). Residual marginal bone defects were found both at the test and control sites. A statistically significant difference between test and control sites was only found at the lingual aspects (depth 2.09 ± 1.01 and 1.01 ± 0.48 mm, respectively). Similar heights of the buccal biological width were observed at both sites (about 5.1 mm).ConclusionsThe placement of implants in a lingual position of the extraction sockets allowed a higher degree of bone formation at buccal alveolar dehiscence defects compared with a buccal positioning.
COMPONENT‐COMPATIBILITY IN HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: ZANDEE M. , ROOS M. C. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract—The problems of reconstructing historical relationships for areas of endemism from distributional data for groups of taxa and the cladistic relationships among the members of those groups can be solved by applying the two principles of parsimony and mutual inclusion or exclusion (compatibility) of components. Components can be extracted from a data matrix by means of transcription into partial monothetic sets. The data matrix thus derived represents the distribution over areas for the monophyletic groups in one or more cladograms. It is derived from two different matrices by boolean multiplication. The first matrix gives the binary representation of distributions of taxa over areas of endemism; the second describes the cladogram for the same taxa, in terms of character states converted into binary form by additive binary coding. The derived data matrix can be used in historical biogeography to represent the given phyletic data (Assumption 0here newly defined), and can be amended to reflectAssumptions 1or2to accomodate the problems of wide‐spread taxa and missing areas. Areacladograms are determined from the derived matrix by searching for the largest sets of mutually compatible components. Area‐cladograms are evaluated in terms of support (vicariance) and contradiction (ad hoc interpretations such as dispersal and extinction). Area‐cladograms that best fit the data matrix regarding the balance between support and contradiction are selected as the best possible recontructions of relationships among the areas of endemism. The procedure is illustrated by the example of the poeciliid fish generaHeterandriaandXiphophorus, and several other standard examples.
T cell-derived leptin contributes to increased frequency of T helper type 17 cells in female patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Wang S , Baidoo S E , Liu Y , Zhu C , Tian J , Ma J , Tong J , Chen J , Tang X , Xu H , Lu L 
Published: August 2012

SummaryLeptin modulates T cell function and plays an important role in autoimmune diseases. Our study aimed to explore the role of leptin and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients. Twenty-seven patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled into the current study. A modest increase of plasma leptin in HT patients and the CD4+ T cell-derived leptin from HT patients was stronger than that from healthy controls. In HT patients, there are no statistically significant correlations between plasma leptin concentrations and the percentage of Th17 cells or the level of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), but strong positive correlations were observed between CD4+ T cell-derived leptin and the percentage of Th17 cells or the level of RORγt mRNA, and additionally significantly up-regulated leptin, interleukin (IL)17 and RORγt mRNA levels in the thyroid tissue. Furthermore, neutralization of leptin decreases the frequency of Th17 cells in vitro. Current study has revealed an increased leptin involvment in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with an increased number of Th17 cells.
Review paper: What Kelvin might have written about Elasticity
Authors: Helbig Klaus 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTOne hundred and fifty five years ago, Kelvin published the first part of a fundamental analysis of the elastic tensor, in which he proposed a coordinate‐free representation through its eigensystem. His thoughts were apparently far ahead of his time, since it took 125 years before the paper elicited a positive reaction (it is now accessible through several modern reviews). Science not only lost track for 125 years of the original paper but also lost the ideas Kelvin might have proposed in the second part, a publication that was never put to paper, presumably in view of the lack of appreciation of the first part.In an attempt to establish what might have been on Kelvin's mind for a second part, one has to ‘forget’ the progress of mathematical physics in the intervening time and base all arguments strictly on the content of the first part and on the state of science in the second half of the 19thcentury.The theory of elasticity would certainly have developed faster, had Kelvin's paper peen appreciated by his ‘peers’. But a theory based on Kelvin's ideas would be fruitful even today.
Anomalies of the anaerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle in Shewanella oneidensis revealed by Tn‐seq
Authors: Brutinel Evan D. , Gralnick Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe availability of increasingly inexpensive sequencing combined with an ever‐expanding molecular biology toolbox has transported classical bacterial genetics into the 21st century. Whole genome genetic fitness analysis using transposon mutagenesis combined with next‐generation high‐throughput sequencing (Tn‐seq) promises to revolutionize systems level analysis of microbial metabolism. Tn‐seq measures the frequency of actual members of a heterogeneous mutant pool undergoing purifying selection to determine the contribution of every non‐essential gene in the genome to the fitness of an organism under a given condition. Here we use Tn‐seq to assess gene function in the Gram negative γ‐proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis strain MR‐1. In addition to being a model environmental organism, there is considerable interest in using S. oneidensis as a platform organism for bioremediation and biotechnology, necessitating a complete understanding of the metabolic pathways that may be utilized. Our analysis reveals unique aspects of S. oneidensis metabolism overlooked by over 30 years of classical genetic and systems level analysis. We report the utilization of an alternative citrate synthase and describe a dynamic branching of the S. oneidensis anaerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle, unreported in any other organism, which may be a widespread strategy for microbes adept at dissipating reducing equivalents via anaerobic respiration.
NK Cells Inhibit T‐bet‐deficient, Autoreactive Th17 Cells
Authors: Wu W. , Shi S. , Ljunggren H.‐G. , Cava A. L. , Van Kaer L. , Shi F.‐D. , Liu R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells require a unique cytokine milieu and activation of lineage‐specific transcription factors. This process appears to be antagonized by the transcription factor T‐bet, which controls the differentiation of Th1 cells. Considering that T‐bet‐deficient (T‐bet−/−) mice are largely devoid of natural killer (NK) cells due to a defect in the terminal maturation of these cells, and because NK cells can influence the differentiation of T helper cells, we investigated whether the absence of NK cells in T‐bet‐deficient mice contributes to the augmentation of autoreactive Th17 cell responses. We show that the loss of T‐bet renders the transcription factors Rorc and STAT3 highly responsive to activation by stimuli provided by NK cells. Furthermore, reconstitution of T‐bet−/− mice with wild‐type NK cells inhibited the development of autoreactive Th17 cells through NK cell‐derived production of IFN‐γ. These results identify NK cells as critical regulators in the development of autoreactive Th17 cells and Th17‐mediated pathology.
Aqueous calcium sulphate as bone graft for voids following open curettage of bone tumours
Authors: Johnson Luke James , Clayer Mark 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionReported strategies for void filling in bone include autograft, allograft, synthetic bone substitutes or various combinations of these materials, but poor response rates and donor morbidity have created a desire to find a better option. Calcium sulphate as a stand‐alone graft material reconstruct bone following curettage has not been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and radiological quality of healing, the time to healing, the functional outcomes and the complications following curettage and grafting using an injectable aqueous calcium sulphate (BonePlast; Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA) as the sole grafting strategy.MethodsThe procedure of curettage and grafting with an aqueous solution of calcium sulphate was undertaken. The patients were regularly reviewed clinically and radiologically for a minimum of 12 months (range: 12–85 months). Forty‐six procedures in 46 patients were reviewed. Radiological outcomes of healing were established and functional outcomes were obtained from each patient at annual follow‐up review.ResultsA complete response was seen in 38 patients (83%) at a median of 6 months following the procedure (range: 1–24 months). Seven patients (15%) displayed only a partial response after a median of 13 months post‐surgery (range: 12–53 months). There was one non‐response to treatment (2%) after 40 months of follow‐up. The mean functional score was 99%.DiscussionAqueous calcium sulphate as a sole grafting agent for void management after curettage simplifies current treatment practices and displays good bone reconstruction in a comparatively short time frame, with excellent functional results and acceptable complication rates in the setting of tumour surgery.