bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codon bias and gene ontology in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects
Authors: Carlini David B. , Makowski Matthew 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe relationship between preferred codon use (PCU), developmental mode, and gene ontology (GO) was investigated in a sample of nine insect species with sequenced genomes. These species were selected to represent two distinct modes of insect development, holometabolism and hemimetabolism, with an aim toward determining whether the differences in developmental timing concomitant with developmental mode would be mirrored by differences in PCU in their developmental genes. We hypothesized that the developmental genes of holometabolous insects should be under greater selective pressure for efficient translation, manifest as increased PCU, than those of hemimetabolous insects because holometabolism requires abundant protein expression over shorter time intervals than hemimetabolism, where proteins are required more uniformly in time. Preferred codon sets were defined for each species, from which the frequency of PCU for each gene was obtained. Although there were substantial differences in the genomic base composition of holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, both groups exhibited a general preference for GC‐ending codons, with the former group having higher PCU averaged across all genes. For each species, the biological process GO term for each gene was assigned that of its Drosophila homolog(s), and PCU was calculated for each GO term category. The top two GO term categories for PCU enrichment in the holometabolous insects were anatomical structure development and cell differentiation. The increased PCU in the developmental genes of holometabolous insects may reflect a general strategy to maximize the protein production of genes expressed in bursts over short time periods, e.g., heat shock proteins. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 686–698, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unusual Fluorescent Properties of Stilbene Units and CdZnS/ZnS Quantum Dots Nanocomposites: White‐Light Emission in Solution versus Light‐Harvesting in Films
Authors: He Tingchao , Gao Yang , Gao Yuan , Lin Xiaodong , Chen Rui , Hu Wenbo , Zhao Xin , Wang Yue , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Fan Quli , Grimsdale Andrew C. , Sun Handong 
Published: October 2015

Nanocomposites with organic–inorganic properties represent a new field of basic research and offer prospects for many novel applications in extremely diverse fields, due to their remarkable emerging new properties and multifunctional nature. However, controllable manipulation of their fluorescent properties in different phases is still challenging, which seriously limits the related applications of nanocomposites. In this work, a convenient protocol to fabricate organic–inorganic nanocomposites composed of stilbene chromophores and CdZnS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) pairs, with controllable fluorescent properties is presented. It is found that stable white‐light emission can be achieved only in solution phase, with negligible energy transfer or reabsorption between chromophores and QDs pairs. By contrast, when the nanocomposites are deposited as blended films, they cannot give rise to white‐light emission, no matter what donor/acceptor volume ratios are used. However, the blended films can exhibit near‐unity efficiency (94%) of Förster resonance energy transfer from QDs to chromophores. The underlying physical mechanisms are revealed through comprehensive steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic analysis. This work suggests that the CdZnS/ZnS QDs/stilbene nanocomposites can be directly used for fluorescence sensors and probes in biological system as well as fundamental investigation of light‐harvesting, and also sheds light on developing other new materials for artificial photosynthesis and optoelectronics.
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Anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of pentacyclic triterpenoids maslinic acid through NF‐κB inactivation
Authors: Fukumitsu Satoshi , Villareal Myra O. , Fujitsuka Takashi , Aida Kazuhiko , Isoda Hiroko 
Published: October 2015

ScopeConsumption of olives (Olea europaea L.), including table olives and oil, is associated with low incidence of inflammation‐related diseases. In this study, the effects of maslinic acid (MA), the main constituent of olive pomace, on the expression of genes and proteins involved in inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of MA on carrageenan‐induced paw edema and collagen antibody induced arthritis in mice was determined.Methods and resultsWe confirmed the suppressive effects of MA on LPS‐induced tumor necrosis factor α production and on the expression of inflammatory response associated genes in RAW 264.7 cells. We also clarified the suppressive effect of MA on LPS‐induced nuclear factor‐kappa B activation as well as the phosphorylation of IκB‐α. Furthermore, MA (200 mg/kg in the edema model or 100 mg/kg in the arthritis model) exerted anti‐inflammatory and antiarthritis effects as shown by the suppression of paw edema, arthritis score, inflammatory cells, and destruction of synovium in knee joints.ConclusionOlive products containing MA are useful as a new preventive and therapeutic food ingredient for inflammatory and arthritic diseases.
Role of EFNB2/EPHB4 signaling in spiral artery development during pregnancy: An appraisal
Authors: Dong Hongmei , Yu Chaoran , Mu Jiao , Zhang Ji , Lin Wei 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYEFNB2 and EPHB4, which belong to a large tyrosine kinase receptor superfamily, are molecular markers of arterial and venous blood vessels, respectively. EFNB2/EPHB4 signaling plays an important role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, and its role in tumor vessel development has been extensively studied. Pregnancy and tumors share similar features, including continuous cell proliferation and increased demand for a blood supply. Our previous studies showed that Efnb2 and Ephb4 were expressed dynamically in the spiral arteries, uterine natural killer cells, and trophoblasts during mouse gestation Days 6.5–12.5. Moreover, uterine natural killer cells and trophoblasts are required for the modification of spiral arteries. Oxygen tension within the pregnant uterus, which contributes to the vascular development, also affects EFNB2 and EPHB4 expression. Considering the role of EFNB2/EPHB4 signaling in embryonic and tumor vascular development, and its dynamic expression in the decidua and placenta, we hypothesize that EFNB2 and EPHB4 are involved in the regulation of spiral artery remodeling. Investigating this hypothesis will help clarify the mechanisms of pathological pregnancy that may underlie abnormal spiral artery development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 12–18, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical aging and glass transition of hairy nanoparticle assemblies
Authors: Koerner Hilmar , Opsitnick Elizabeth , Grabowski Christopher A. , Drummy Larry F. , Hsiao Ming-Siao , Che Justin , Pike Megan , Person Vernecia , Bockstaller Michael R. , Meth Jeff S. , Vaia Richard A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTMatrix free assemblies of polymer‐grafted, “hairy” nanoparticles (aHNP) exhibit novel morphology, dielectric, and mechanical properties, as well as providing means to overcome dispersion challenges ubiquitous to conventional polymer‐inorganic nanocomposite blends. Physical aging of the amorphous polymer glass between the close‐packed nanoparticles (NPs) will dominate long‐term stability; however, the energetics of volume recovery within the aHNPs is unknown. Herein, we compare glass transition temperature (Tg) and enthalpy recovery of aHNPs to NP‐polymer blends, across different nano‐silica loadings (0–50 v/v%) and canopy architecture of polystyrene (PS) grafted silica. For aHNPs, the grafting of PS to silica imposes an additional design constraint between silica volume fraction, graft density, and graft molecular weight. At low and intermediate silica volume fraction, the Tg of blended nanocomposites is independent of silica content, reflecting a neutral polymer‐NP interface. For aHNPs, the Tg decreases with silica content, implying that chain tethering decreases local segment density more than the effect of molecular weight or polymer‐NP interactions. Additionally, the Tg of the aHNPs is higher than a linear matrix of comparable molecular weight, implying a complementary effect to local segment density that constrains cooperativity. In contrast, enthalpy recovery rate in the blend or aHNP glass is retarded comparably. In addition, a cross‐over temperature, Tx, emerges deep within the glass where the enthalpy recovery process of all nanocomposites becomes similar to linear unfilled matrices. Differences between structural recovery in aHNP and blended nanocomposites occur only at the highest silica loadings (∼ 50 v/v%), where enthalpy recovery for aHNPs is substantially suppressed relative to the blended counterparts. The absence of physical aging at these loadings is independent of brush architecture (graft density or molecular weight of tethered chains) and indicates that the impact of chain tethering on effective bulk structural relaxation starts to appear at particle‐particle surface separations on the order of the Kuhn length. Overall, these observations can be understood within the context of how three separate structural characteristics impact local segment density and relaxation processes: the dimension and architecture of the tethered polymer chains, the separation between NP surfaces, and the confinement imposed by chain tethering and space filling within the aHNP. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 319–330
Nanophase separation in CoSb‐based half‐Heusler thermoelectrics: A multiscale simulation study
Authors: Mena Joaquin Miranda , Schoberth Heiko G. , Gruhn Thomas , Emmerich Heike 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIf cooled down from high temperatures, some half‐Heusler alloys based on CoTiSb show a spontaneous phase separation into coexisting domains. In thermoelectric applications, this domain structure is beneficial for the efficiency because it reduces the lattice thermal conductivity, which increases the figure of merit. For this reason, it is of great relevance to understand the details of the demixing phenomenon. We combine density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and mean field calculations in order to investigate the demixing behavior of CoTiSb with Z= Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu. Based on the calculations we present phase diagrams, which provide the coexistence region of the materials. Density functional theory results show that for low temperatures, demixed states are more stable than mixed ones. With the help of an ab initio‐based cluster expansion of the configurational energy, we can perform mean field calculations and Monte Carlo simulations to study half‐Heusler alloys at higher temperature on a larger scale. With the mean field calculations, the coexistence region and the spinodal can be determined for regions far from the critical point. The Monte Carlo simulations help to improve the coexistence lines and provide insights into structures formed in alloys that are quenched into the coexistence region.
Photoswitchable Faraday effect in EuS–Au nanosystems
Authors: Kawashima Akira , Nakanishi Takayuki , Kitagawa Yuichi , Fushimi Koji , Hasegawa Yasuchika 
Published: October 2015

Effective photoswitchable europium sulfide nanocrystals with gold nanoparticles using dithiol (DDT: 1,10‐decanedithiol) joint molecules, EuS–Au nanosystems, are demonstrated. The TEM image indicates the formation of EuS–Au nanosystems composed of cube‐shaped EuS nanocrystals and spherical Au nanoparticles. Under visible‐light irradiation, a drastic change of absorption band of EuS–Au nanosystems at around 600 nm was observed. The Faraday effects of EuS–Au nanosystems were estimated using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurements. The effective change of the MCD spectra of EuS–Au nanosystems under visible‐light irradiation was successfully observed at around 670 nm for the first time. The effective reversible changes in MCD spectra with the alternative irradiation cycles of visible light (>440 nm) and dark are also presented. The decrease rate of rotation angle at 670 nm of EuS–Au nanosystems is larger than that of absorbance. These results indicate that the effective change of MCD spectra of EuS–Au nanosystems would be dominated not only by a drastic change of absorption band related to enhanced LSPR of Au nanoparticles but also by specific interaction between EuS and Au in nanosystem under irradiation.Illustration of photoswitch and TEM image of EuS–Au nanosystems.
Comparative study of optical and magneto‐optical properties of normal, disordered, and inverse spinel‐type oxides
Authors: Zviagin Vitaly , Richter Peter , Böntgen Tammo , Lorenz Michael , Ziese Michael , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Salvan Georgeta , Grundmann Marius , Schmidt‐Grund Rüdiger 
Published: October 2015

Abstract, , , , and thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition at high and low temperatures resulting in crystalline single‐phase normal, inverse, as well as disordered spinel oxide thin films with smooth surface morphology. The dielectric function, determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry in a wide spectral range from 0.5 to 8.5 eV, is compared with the magneto‐optical response of the dielectric tensor, investigated by magneto‐optical Kerr effect spectroscopy in the spectral range from 1.7 to 5.5 eV with an applied magnetic field of 1.7 T. Crystal field, inter‐valence, and inter‐sublattice charge transfer transitions, and transitions from to metal cation 3d or 4s bands are identified in both the principal diagonal elements and the magneto‐optically active off‐diagonal elements of the dielectric tensor. Depending on the degree of cation disorder, resulting in local symmetry distortion, the magneto‐optical response is found to be strongest for high crystal quality inverse spinels and for disordered normal spinel structure, contrary to the first principle studies of and . The results presented provide a basis for deeper understanding of light–matter interaction in this material system that is of vital importance for device‐related phenomena and engineering.
Atomic scale investigation of Si and Ce‐rich nanoclusters in Ce‐doped SiO1.5 thin films
Authors: Beainy G. , Weimmerskirch‐Aubatin J. , Stoffel M. , Vergnat M. , Rinnert H. , Etienne A. , Pareige P. , Talbot E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe optical properties and the nanoscale structure of Ce‐doped SiO1.5 thin films elaborated by evaporation were investigated by photoluminescence and atom probe tomography. Strong Ce‐related blue luminescence is observed on the 1100 °C annealed sample. Atom probe tomography experiments give evidence of the formation of a cerium silicate having a stoichiometry compatible with Ce2Si2O7. Moreover, we further observe the formation of pure Si nanocrystals (Si‐ncs) which results from the phase separation of the SiO1.5 film. No optical signal from Si‐ncs was observed at least for the 3% Ce‐doped SiO1.5 film considered in this study. We analyze the size distribution of both Si‐ncs and Ce2Si2O7 particles. Finally, the Si and Ce diffusion coefficients were estimated based on atom probe tomography characterizations. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication and characterizations of films made of Te/TeO2 nanopowder consolidated by poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Palomba M. , Coscia U. , Carotenuto G. , Nicola S. De , Ambrosone G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTellurium based material was obtained by binding nanosized tellurium grains, produced by dry vibration milling technique, with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The morphology, structural and electrical properties of Te/PMMA films were investigated. The photoelectrical properties of the films were studied under white light illumination varying the optical power density from 2 to 170mW/cm2 and turning on and off the light cyclically. In order to determine the effects of milling technique two sets of Te/PMMA samples were produced by binding the “as received” and milled Te powders with PMMA. A quite prompt and evident photoresponse was observed for the material prepared with Te nanopowder, while not significant variations of the conductivity were detected in a reference sample fabricated with the as received coarse Te powder and illuminated in the same optical power density range. The origin of the photoconduction can be attributed to the enhancement of the ratio between TeO2 and Te phases in the nanopowder occurring during the milling stage. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vulnerabilities of network OS and mitigation with state‐based permission system
Authors: Noh Jiseong , Lee Seunghyeon , Park Jaehyun , Shin Seungwon , Kang Brent Byunghoon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe advancement of software defined networking (SDN) is redefining traditional computer networking architecture. The role of the control plane of SDN is of such importance that SDNs are referred to as network operating systems (OSs). However, the robustness and security of the network OS has been overlooked. In this paper, we report three main issues pertaining to network OSs. First, we identified vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious or buggy applications running on network OSs. We also identified four major attack vectors that could undermine network OS operations: denial of service, global data manipulation, control plane poisoning, and system shell execution. Further, it was demonstrated that real‐world attacks can be launched on commonly used network OSs without significant effort. Second, we present a method to address the attacks by analyzing network applications running on network OSs to identify their behavioral features, which enabled the extraction of a permission set for each network application. Based on this work, a permission‐based malicious network application detector was introduced, which examines the permission set of each application and prevents it from executing without permission. Our system shows almost no performance overhead. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and practice of uncommon molecular electronic configurations
Authors: Gryn'ova Ganna , Coote Michelle L. , Corminboeuf Clemence 
Published: October 2015

The electronic configuration of the molecule is the foundation of its structure and reactivity. The spin state is one of the key characteristics arising from the ordering of electrons within the molecule's set of orbitals. Organic molecules that have open‐shell ground states and interesting physicochemical properties, particularly those influencing their spin alignment, are of immense interest within the up‐and‐coming field of molecular electronics. In this advanced review, we scrutinize various qualitative rules of orbital occupation and spin alignment, viz., the aufbau principle, Hund's multiplicity rule, and dynamic spin polarization concept, through the prism of quantum mechanics. While such rules hold in selected simple cases, in general the spin state of a system depends on a combination of electronic factors that include Coulomb and Pauli repulsion, nuclear attraction, kinetic energy, orbital relaxation, and static correlation. A number of fascinating chemical systems with spin states that fluctuate between triplet and open‐shell singlet, and are responsive to irradiation, pH, and other external stimuli, are highlighted. In addition, we outline a range of organic molecules with intriguing non‐aufbau orbital configurations. In such quasi‐closed‐shell systems, the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) is energetically lower than one or more doubly occupied orbitals. As a result, the SOMO is not affected by electron attachment to or removal from the molecule, and the products of such redox processes are polyradicals. These peculiar species possess attractive conductive and magnetic properties, and a number of them that have already been developed into molecular electronics applications are highlighted in this review. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:440–459. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1233This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Effects of Ultrasound Amplitude on the Physicochemical Properties of Some Edible Oils
Authors: Hosseini Sepideh , Gharachorloo Maryam , Tarzi Babak Ghiassi , Ghavami Mehrdad , Bakhoda Hossein 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis research reports on the studied effect of the intensity of ultrasound (24 kHz) on the quality characteristics of olive oil, sesame oil, sunflower seed oil, and tallow olein. These characteristics (free acidity, peroxide value, conjugated dienes concentration, viscosity, iodine value, turbidity, color values, and melting behavior) were determined in oil samples before and after ultrasonic treatment. Changes in the oxidation parameters showed that the high‐intensity ultrasound treatment accelerated the deterioration of oils. In most cases, extra‐virgin sesame oil was most resistant to deterioration from sonicating treatments. The decreases in β‐carotene content and Hunter values revealed that ultrasound might have good potential for bleaching oils at an appropriate intensity and frequency. The differential scanning calorimeter thermograms, viscosity, and turbidity results indicated that ultrasound probably accelerates the polymerization of the oils. The present study has confirmed that some changes in the physicochemical parameters or structures of oil components had occurred. These changes depended on the sources and initial conditions of the oils as well as the intensity of the applied ultrasound.
Do research findings on schema-based instruction translate to the classroom?
Authors: Blissett Sarah , Goldszmidt Mark , Sibbald Matt 
Published: October 2015

Introduction Schema-based instruction has been shown to improve diagnostic performance and reduce cognitive load. However, to date, this has only been studied in controlled research settings. More distractions in classrooms may limit generalizability to real-world settings. We evaluated whether schema-based instruction would maintain its effects on cognitive load optimization and performance in a classroom.
Methods Focused on the approach of interpreting cardiac auscultation findings, 101 first-year medical students at Western University were randomized to receive a traditional (n = 48) or a schema-based lecture (n = 53). Students completed four written questions to test diagnostic performance and a cognitive load assessment at the end of the lecture. Diagnostic performance and cognitive load were compared with independent t-tests.
Results Schema-based instruction was associated with increased diagnostic performance on written questions (64 ± 22 % vs 44 ± 25 % p < 0.001) and reduced intrinsic cognitive load (mean difference = 15 %, standard error 3 %, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in reported extraneous (p = 0.36) or germane (p = 0.42) cognitive load.
Conclusions Our results demonstrate that schema-based instruction can be used to reduce intrinsic load and improve diagnostic performance in a real-world classroom setting. The results would be strengthened by replication across other locations and topics.