bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for gyrA and parC Mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Cluzet Valerie C. , Lautenbach Ebbing , Nachamkin Irving , Cary Mark S. , Fishman Neil O. , Shih Natalie N. C. , Morales Knashawn H. , Linkin Darren R. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVEThe major mechanism of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) is modification of target proteins in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, most commonly the gyrA and parC subunits. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for PSA with and without gyrA or parC mutations.DESIGNCase-case-control studySETTINGTwo adult academic acute-care hospitalsPATIENTSCase 1 study participants had a PSA isolate on hospital day 3 or later with any gyrA or parC mutation; case 2 study participants had a PSA isolate on hospital day 3 or later without these mutations. Controls were a random sample of all inpatients with a stay of 3 days or more.METHODSEach case group was compared to the control group in separate multivariate models on the basis of demographics and inpatient antibiotic exposure, and risk factors were qualitatively compared.RESULTSOf 298 PSA isolates, 172 (57.7%) had at least 1 mutation. Exposure to vancomycin and other agents with extended Gram-positive activity was a risk factor for both cases (case 1 odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.13; OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03–1.26; case 2 OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03–1.14; OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01–1.25, respectively).CONCLUSIONSExposure to agents with extended Gram-positive activity is a risk factor for isolation of PSA overall but not for gyrA/parC mutations. FQ exposure is not associated with isolation of PSA with mutations.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
BECOMING ‘COSMO’: DISPLACEMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND DISGUISE IN ONGATA RONGAI
Authors: Landau Loren B. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTOngata Rongai, a rapidly growing, ethnically heterogeneous community on Nairobi's urban periphery, has remained remarkably convivial in a country so frequently defined by conflicts over land and belonging. Bolstered by a distinct set of political logics and social practices, many of the site's multi-ethnic residents overtly reject the validity of ethnic violence and politics with reference to an explicitly articulated universalist inclusivity rarely seen in Kenya. Locally described as ‘being cosmo’, this distinct political rhetoric and emerging subjectivity has its roots in the mixed ethnic origins of its leaders, the history of land acquisition, and xenophobic persecution and displacements elsewhere in the country. More specifically, the evolution of this conviviality in the shadow of conflict has been driven by the interests of ‘half-caste’ political elites and increasingly established Kikuyu landowners. Together they draw on and reinforce a foundation myth of fair land transfers to promote peace and their own economic and electoral ambitions. The result is a vernacular and spatialized cosmopolitanism that fosters localized ethnic blindness. Its success depends on demonizing discourses of indigeneity while embracing ideas of ethnic homelands beyond the city. By acting as a foil to a growing literature on theethnicizationof land and space in Africa, this article demonstrates the need to understand spatially constructed subjectivities as responses to supra-local social and political practice.
State Succession to Bilateral Treaties: A Few Observations on the Incoherent and Unjustifiable Solution Adopted for Secession and Dissolution of States under the 1978 Vienna Convention
Authors: DUMBERRY PATRICK 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article examines the question of state succession to bilateral treaties. It analyses the work of the International Law Commission undertaken in the 1970s and criticizes the solutions it has adopted in the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties for different types of state succession. I will argue that it is incoherent for the ILC to apply, on the one hand, the solution of automatic continuity for bilateral treaties in the context of secession and dissolution of states, while adopting, on the other hand, the solution of tabula rasa for Newly Independent States. In any event, it is plainly unjustifiable to apply the principle of automatic continuity to bilateral treaties. Thus, while the tabula rasa principle was adopted by the ILC for multilateral treaties to protect Newly Independent States’ right to self-determination, the same solution was chosen for bilateral treaties for different reasons. The rule of tabula rasa was adopted because of the particular nature of bilateral treaties and the basic requirement that the other party to an original treaty must consent to the continuation of that treaty with a Newly Independent State. There are simply no logical reasons as to why the tabula rasa principle adopted for Newly Independent States should not also find application for all new states. Bilateral treaties do not automatically continue to be in force as of the date of succession unless both states that are implicated explicitly (or tacitly) agree to such a continuation.
The Security Council's 1267/1989 Targeted Sanctions Regime and the Use of Confidential Information: A Proposal for Decentralization of Review
Authors: HOLLENBERG STEPHAN 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFrom a due process perspective, the essential problem with the UN Security Council's targeted sanctions regime is the persistent lack of sufficient access to confidential material relied upon for the designation of targeted individuals. Despite the Security Council's efforts to amend the procedures of the sanctions regime, it is highly unlikely that this deficiency can ever be remedied within its present top-down structure. Therefore, this article proposes to decentralize the regime's designation procedure, to mitigate the problem of being unable to challenge or review confidential information and evidence, which underlies an individual's designation. Such an amendment would entail that the designation of a particular individual and the possible subsequent judicial review procedure would take place domestically, prior to a universal blacklisting by the UN Sanctions Committee. As a consequence, any confidential material relied upon could stay within the designating state, and would be shared only with courts and possibly special security-cleared advocates, within that domestic legal order. This would make it more acceptable for the relevant authorities to make such information available.
A Human Rights Appraisal of the Limits to Judicial Independence for International Criminal Justice
Authors: ALMQVIST JESSICA 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe UN Security Council's involvement in the area of international criminal justice raises concerns about judicial independence. Of primary concern in this study is the degree to which this political organ has come to determine and restrict jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals, with the effect of excluding cases involving alleged grave crimes by actors whose presence in situations of which the Council is seized is supported by its permanent members. This control, it will be argued, undermines the basic conditions for a sound administration of justice, as it impedes these tribunals from selecting the cases that may come before them in accordance with respect for human rights and the rule of law. More specifically, restrictions imposed by political organs, leading to unjustified unequal treatment before the law and the courts of perpetrators and victims of grave crime in a given situation, are contrary to principles of equality and non-discrimination. A theory of international judicial independence should therefore extend to a consideration of the legality of such restrictions and acknowledge it as an essential requirement of independence.
Single-photon sensitive light-in-fight imaging
Authors: Gariepy Genevieve , Krstajić Nikola , Henderson Robert , Li Chunyong , Thomson Robert R. , Buller Gerald S. , Heshmat Barmak , Raskar Ramesh , Leach Jonathan , Faccio Daniele 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe ability to record images with extreme temporal resolution enables a diverse range of applications, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging, time-of-flight depth imaging and characterization of ultrafast processes. Recently, ultrafast imaging schemes have emerged, which require either long acquisition times or raster scanning and have a requirement for sufficient signal that can only be achieved when light is reflected off an object or diffused by a strongly scattering medium. Here we present a demonstration of the potential of single-photon detector arrays for visualization and rapid characterization of events evolving on picosecond time scales. The single-photon sensitivity, temporal resolution and full-field imaging capability enables the observation of light-in-flight in air, as well as the measurement of laser-induced plasma formation and dynamics in its natural environment. The extreme sensitivity and short acquisition times pave the way for real-time imaging of ultrafast processes or visualization and tracking of objects hidden from view.
A quantitative model for charge carrier transport, trapping and recombination in nanocrystal-based solar cells
Authors: Bozyigit Deniz , Lin Weyde M. M. , Yazdani Nuri , Yarema Olesya , Wood Vanessa 
Published: January 2015

AbstractImproving devices incorporating solution-processed nanocrystal-based semiconductors requires a better understanding of charge transport in these complex, inorganic–organic materials. Here we perform a systematic study on PbS nanocrystal-based diodes using temperature-dependent current–voltage characterization and thermal admittance spectroscopy to develop a model for charge transport that is applicable to different nanocrystal-solids and device architectures. Our analysis confirms that charge transport occurs in states that derive from the quantum-confined electronic levels of the individual nanocrystals and is governed by diffusion-controlled trap-assisted recombination. The current is limited not by the Schottky effect, but by Fermi-level pinning because of trap states that is independent of the electrode–nanocrystal interface. Our model successfully explains the non-trivial trends in charge transport as a function of nanocrystal size and the origins of the trade-offs facing the optimization of nanocrystal-based solar cells. We use the insights from our charge transport model to formulate design guidelines for engineering higher-performance nanocrystal-based devices.
On the Existence of Low-Mass Dark Matter and its Direct Detection
Authors: Bateman James , McHardy Ian , Merle Alexander , Morris Tim R. , Ulbricht Hendrik 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDark Matter (DM) is an elusive form of matter which has been postulated to explain astronomical observations through its gravitational effects on stars and galaxies, gravitational lensing of light around these and through its imprint on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This indirect evidence implies that DM accounts for as much as 84.5% of all matter in our Universe, yet it has so far evaded all attempts at direct detection, leaving such confirmation and the consequent discovery of its nature as one of the biggest challenges in modern physics. Here we present a novel form of low-mass DM χ that would have been missed by all experiments so far. While its large interaction strength might at first seem unlikely, neither constraints from particle physics nor cosmological/astronomical observations are sufficient to rule out this type of DM and it motivates our proposal for direct detection by optomechanics technology which should soon be within reach, namely, through the precise position measurement of a levitated mesoscopic particle which will be perturbed by elastic collisions with χ particles. We show that a recently proposed nanoparticle matter-wave interferometer, originally conceived for tests of the quantum superposition principle, is sensitive to these collisions, too.
Moderate drop in water table increases peatland vulnerability to post-fire regime shift
Authors: Kettridge N. , Turetsky M. R. , Sherwood J. H. , Thompson D. K. , Miller C. A. , Benscoter B. W. , Flannigan M. D. , Wotton B. M. , Waddington J. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNorthern and tropical peatlands represent a globally significant carbon reserve accumulated over thousands of years of waterlogged conditions. It is unclear whether moderate drying predicted for northern peatlands will stimulate burning and carbon losses as has occurred in their smaller tropical counterparts where the carbon legacy has been destabilized due to severe drainage and deep peat fires. Capitalizing on a unique long-term experiment, we quantify the post-wildfire recovery of a northern peatland subjected to decadal drainage. We show that the moderate drop in water table position predicted for most northern regions triggers a shift in vegetation composition previously observed within only severely disturbed tropical peatlands. The combined impact of moderate drainage followed by wildfire converted the low productivity, moss-dominated peatland to a non-carbon accumulating shrub-grass ecosystem. This new ecosystem is likely to experience a low intensity, high frequency wildfire regime, which will further deplete the legacy of stored peat carbon.
Cultural implications of late Holocene climate change in the Cuenca Oriental, Mexico
Authors: Bhattacharya Tripti , Byrne Roger , Böhnel Harald , Wogau Kurt , Kienel Ulrike , Ingram B. Lynn , Zimmerman Susan 
Published: January 2015

SignificanceResearchers have long invoked drought to explain the demise of many pre-Columbian Mesoamerican sites. However, the climatic history of many regions of Mesoamerica remains poorly understood. This includes the region around Cantona, a large fortified city in highland Mexico that was abandoned between 900 CE and 1050 CE. We used stable isotopes and elemental concentrations from lake sediments to reconstruct past climate, and found evidence of regional aridity between 500 CE and 1150 CE. In the initial phase of drought, Cantona’s population grew, possibly as a result of regional political instability. However, by 1050 CE, long-term environmental stress likely contributed to the city’s abandonment. Our work highlights the interplay of environmental and political factors in past human responses to climate change.
Chemical signature of magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Amor Matthieu , Busigny Vincent , Durand-Dubief Mickaël , Tharaud Mickaël , Ona-Nguema Georges , Gélabert Alexandre , Alphandéry Edouard , Menguy Nicolas , Benedetti Marc F. , Chebbi Imène , Guyot François 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Magnetite precipitates through either abiotic or biotic processes. Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize nanosized magnetite intracellularly and may represent one of the most ancient biomineralizing organisms. Thus, identifying bacterial magnetofossils in ancient sediments remains a key point to constrain life evolution over geological times. Although electron microscopy and magnetic characterizations allow identification of recent bacterial magnetofossils, sediment aging leads to variable dissolution or alteration of magnetite, potentially yielding crystals that barely preserve their structural integrity. Thus, reliable biosignatures surviving such modifications are still needed for distinguishing biogenic from abiotic magnetite. Here, we performed magnetotactic bacteria cultures and laboratory syntheses of abiotic magnetites. We quantified trace element incorporation into both types of magnetite, which allowed us to establish criteria for biomagnetite identification.
Knot theory realizations in nematic colloids
Authors: Čopar Simon , Tkalec Uroš , Muševič Igor , Žumer Slobodan 
Published: January 2015

SignificanceKnot theory is a branch of topology that deals with study and classification of closed loops in 3D Euclidean space. Creation and control of knots in physical systems is the pinnacle of technical expertise, pushing forward state-of-the-art experimental approaches as well as theoretical understanding of topology in selected medium. We show how several abstract concepts manifest elegantly as observable and measurable features in nematic colloids with knotted disclination lines. Construction of medial graphs, surfaces, and Jones polynomials is showcased directly on experimental images, and adapted for the specific system of colloidal crystals in a twisted nematic cell. Discussing the correspondence between topological concepts and experimental observation is essential for building the bridge between mathematical and physical communities.
Bean Metal-Responsive Element-Binding Transcription Factor Confers Cadmium Resistance in Tobacco
Authors: Sun Na , Liu Meng , Zhang Wentao , Yang Wanning , Bei Xiujuan , Ma Hui , Qiao Fan , Qi Xiaoting 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants. Modulation of Cd-responsive transcription is an important way for Cd detoxification in plants. Metal-responsive element (MRE) is originally described in animal metallothionein genes. Although functional MREs also exist in Cd-regulated plant genes, specific transcription factors that bind MRE to regulate Cd tolerance have not been identified. Previously, we showed that Cd-inducible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) stress-related gene2 (PvSR2) produces a short (S) PvSR2 transcript (S-PvSR2) driven by an intronic promoter. Here, we demonstrate that S-PvSR2 encodes a bean MRE-binding transcription factor1 (PvMTF-1) that confers Cd tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). PvMTF-1 expression was up-regulated by Cd at the levels of RNA and protein. Importantly, expression of PvMTF-1 in tobacco enhanced Cd tolerance, indicating its role in regulating Cd resistance in planta. This was achieved through direct regulation of a feedback-insensitive Anthranilate Synthase α-2 chain gene (ASA2), which catalyzes the first step for tryptophan biosynthesis. In vitro and in vivo DNA-protein interaction studies further revealed that PvMTF-1 directly binds to the MRE in the ASA2 promoter, and this binding depends on the zinc finger-like motif of PvMTF-1. Through modulating ASA2 up-regulation by Cd, PvMTF-1 increased free tryptophan level and subsequently reduced Cd accumulation, thereby enhancing Cd tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants. Consistent with this observation, tobacco transiently overexpressing ASA2 also exhibited increased tolerance to Cd. We conclude that PvMTF-1 is a zinc finger-like transcription factor that links MRE to Cd resistance in transgenic tobacco through activation of tryptophan biosynthesis.
Change-supportive employee behavior: a career identity explanation
Authors: Lysova Evgenia I. , Richardson Julia , Khapova Svetlana N. , Jansen Paul G. W. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how career identity informs employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change initiatives.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on the findings of a qualitative case study exploring the experiences of 29 employees involved in a planned “bottom-up” organizational change initiative. At the time of the study, all interviewees were employed in a Dutch non-profit organization.Findings– Drawing on protean career theory and the literature on other-oriented work values, we show that career identity informs both how employees make sense of the respective organizational change and their willingness to engage in it. The authors found that proactive career behavior and a focus on other-oriented work values inform higher levels of employees’ engagement in the change, while passive career behavior and self-centered work values inform employees’ lower levels of involvement in the change initiative. Based on the findings, the authors conclude this paper with a conceptual model which captures the cyclical relationship between career identity and employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change initiatives.Research limitations/implications– Future research should consider both the individual characteristics of employees involved in change initiatives and content or contextual factors when exploring willingness to engage with change.Practical implications– Organizational change consultants and managers need to be aware of the influence of career identity on employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change and use this information during the implementation of change initiatives.Originality/value– The paper explores employees’ willingness to engage with organizational change initiatives through the lens of career identity.
Seeking feedback but unable to improve work performance? Qualified feedback from trusted supervisors matters
Authors: Nae Eun Young , Moon Hyoung Koo , Choi Byoung Kwon 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the boundary conditions in the relationship between feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) and work performance. The authors hypothesized that the positive influence of employees’ FSB on their work performance is influenced by perceived quality of feedback. The authors also expected that employees’ trust in their supervisors moderated the interaction between their FSB and perceived feedback quality.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from 202 employees in South Korea. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to test the hypothesis.Findings– The results showed that while employees’ FSB was positively related to work performance, the influence was stronger for employees who perceived they were receiving high quality of feedback from supervisors. The authors also found that the moderating effect of feedback quality on the relationship between FSB and work performance was stronger when employees had high levels of trust in their supervisors.Practical implications– The findings suggest that if managers wish to encourage employees to achieve work goal and desirable performance levels by actively engaging in FSB, they should pay more attention to providing high quality of feedback and building trust with employees.Originality/value– This study contributes to expand the understanding of FSB-work performance relationship by verifying the boundary conditions, which suggests the importance of examining the moderating factors in the FSB mechanism.
Career studies in search of theory: the rise and rise of concepts
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , Szűcs Nóra , Gunz Hugh 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to introduce further clarity to career scholarship and to support the development of career studies by complementing earlier theoretical literature reviews with an evidence-based historical analysis of career-related terms.Design/methodology/approach– Data from 12 career scholars were collected using the historical Delphi method to find consensus on the career terms that have shaped career studies between 1990 and 2012. The authors then explored the literature by collecting data on the occurrence of these terms, analyzing frequencies and trends via citations and indexes of citation using a mixed-method combination of historical literature review and performance analysis.Findings– Career scholarship is indeed a descriptive field, in which metaphors dominate the discipline. Career success and employability are basic terms within the field. The discipline tends to focus narrowly on career agents. There is a plethora of terminology, and, contrary to the expectations, concepts introduced tend not to fade away.Originality/value– The authors offer an overarching perspective of the field with a novel mixed-method analysis which is useful for theory development and will help unify career studies. Earlier comprehensive literature reviews were mostly based on theoretical reasoning or qualitative data. The authors complement them with results based on quantitative data. Lastly, the authors identify new research directions for the career scholarship community.