bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Risk of Migration of Hydrocarbons or Fracturing Fluids to Fresh Water Aquifers: Wattenberg Field, CO
Authors: Fleckenstein W. W. , Eustes A. W. , Stone C. H. , Howell P. K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe United States National Science Foundation, engaging 29 researchers at nine institutions, has funded a Sustainability Research Network (SRN) focused on natural gas development. The mission of this Sustainability Research Network is to provide a logical, science-based framework for evaluating the environmental, economic, and social trade-offs between development of natural gas resources and protection of water and air resources and to convey the results of these evaluations to the public in a way that improves the development of policies and regulations governing natural gas and oil development.Currently, there are a wide range of estimates of the probability of shallow aquifer contamination. There are a series of independent events that must occur to allow hydrocarbon migration and estimates were made of these probabilities. An analysis of data from drilling in the Wattenberg field, CO was made to quantify the probability of contamination.It has been determined that there are five events that must each independently happen to allow the migration of fracturing fluids, and there are three events that must occur independently for the migration of hydrocarbons. The lower number of independent events, which must arise for hydrocarbon migration to occur, explains the infrequent, but well publicized natural gas migrations in poorly constructed wellbores, and the lack of such publicized events of hydraulic fracturing fluid contamination, which was confirmed by our analysis.The significance of these results is to help quantify the risks associated with natural gas development, as related to the contamination of surface aquifers. These results will help shape the discussion of the risks of natural gas development and will assist in identifying areas of improved well construction and hydraulic fracturing practices to minimize risk.
Role of Infill Drilling in Increasing Reserves of the Western Desert of Egypt – Case Studies
Authors: Awaad Ahmed H. , Al-Maraghi Ahmed M. , ElGawad Ashraf Abd , El-Banbi Ahmed H. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In 2010 Qarun Pet. Co. started an extensive infill drilling campaign in Western Desert of Egypt for 9 fields, aiming to improve recovery after water flooding. The well spacing was reduced to half of its original value and all infill wells were producers. Through the course of the paper the authors will conclude some key findings from the success stories and learned lessons from the failure cases.
The fields of Samra, Asala, Diyur, North Diyur, Yomna, E-Bah C, E-Bah D, E-Bah E and E-Bah F were developed by water flooding either from the start of production or after a short period of depletion production. After about 2 years of production, high water production rates were observed although these fields did not achieve their planned recovery. Several analyses were carried out and showed that significant remaining oil existed. Reasons identified for bypassed oil include lateral pay discontinuities, completion inconsistencies, and high level of heterogeneity.
Drilling significant number of infill wells was the key technology suggested to recover bypassed reserves. Initially, the well spacing was about 450m between producer-producer or injector-injector pairs. The well spacing was reduced to maximum 300m to better connect pay intervals especially for Upper Baharyia reservoir, due to its high complexity and heterogeneity level.
After implementing the infill drilling within the 9 main fields, comprehensive monitoring plan was executed to observe the recovery improvement. 6 Fields (i.e. Samra, Asala, Diyur, North Diyur, Yomna and E-Bah D) recorded additional reserves by infill drilling and the other 3 fields (i.e. E-Bah-C, E-Bah-E and E-Bah-F) did not achieve the expected increase. Comprehensive integrated analyses revealed that the heterogeneity level and maturity (age) of the water flood were the main controlling factors in the success of infill drilling.
Five main lessons learnt are presented (supported with data) for successful implementation of infill drilling in low permeability and heterogeneous reservoirs. Analysis workflows are presented for water flood candidate selection and for infill drilling evaluation.
Waves of Global Standardization: Small Practitioners' Resilience and Intra-Professional Fragmentation within the Accounting Profession
Authors: Durocher Sylvain , Gendron Yves , Picard Claire-France 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY
We examine how small practitioners perceive and react to global standards of practice and the underlying mechanisms put in place by the accounting profession to ensure “appropriate” implementation. Interviews with practitioners, standard setters, and other informants indicate that small practitioners consider many features of global standards ill-adapted to their practices' particular circumstances. However, they do not tend to resist actively global standardization, adopting instead a logic of resilience under which they mobilize coping mechanisms, such as support mobilization, selective application of standards, and increased involvement in the activities of the profession. An important paradox ensues from small practitioners' professional resilience: by adapting to globalization pressures, small practitioners arguably sustain their own marginalization and intensify the fragmentation processes within the accounting profession. For instance, their role is increasingly peripheral within the audit market, and they are often constrained to use “second order” accounting standards.
Tonic Stretch Reflex Threshold as a Measure of Ankle Plantar-Flexor Spasticity After Stroke
Authors: Blanchette Andreanne K. , Mullick Aditi A. , Moïn-Darbari Karina , Levin Mindy F. 
Published: October 2015

Background
Commonly used spasticity scales assess the resistance felt by the evaluator during passive stretching. These scales, however, have questionable validity and reliability. The tonic stretch reflex threshold (TSRT), or the angle at which motoneuronal recruitment begins in the resting state, is a promising alternative for spasticity measurement. Previous studies showed that spasticity and voluntary motor deficits after stroke may be characterized by a limitation in the ability of the central nervous system to regulate the range of the TSRT.

Objective
The study objective was to assess interevaluator reliability for TSRT plantar-flexor spasticity measurement.

Design
This was an interevaluator reliability study.

Methods
In 28 people after stroke, plantar-flexor spasticity was evaluated twice on the same day. Plantar-flexor muscles were stretched 20 times at different velocities assigned by a portable device. Plantar-flexor electromyographic signals and ankle angles were used to determine dynamic velocity-dependent thresholds. The TSRT was computed by extrapolating a regression line through dynamic velocity-dependent thresholds to the angular axis.

Results
Mean TSRTs in evaluations 1 and 2 were 66.0 degrees (SD=13.1°) and 65.8 degrees (SD=14.1°), respectively, with no significant difference between them. The intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1) was .851 (95% confidence interval=.703, .928).

Limitations
The notion of dynamic stretch reflex threshold does not exclude the possibility that spasticity is dependent on acceleration, as well as on velocity; future work will study both possibilities.

Conclusions
Tonic stretch reflex threshold interevaluator reliability for evaluating stroke-related plantar-flexor spasticity was very good. The TSRT is a reliable measure of spasticity. More information may be gained by combining the TSRT measurement with a measure of velocity-dependent resistance.
Pluractional Quantifiers: The occasional-construction in English and German
Authors: Zimmermann Malte 
Published: October 2015

I investigate a syntactic construction which raises an interesting question for compositionality: An adjective seems to be interpreted outside its containing DP, taking scope over the entire sentence. With Larson (1999), I assume that the adjective incorporates into the DP-determiner, forming a complex quantifier. I present independent evidence in favour of such an analysis. Furthermore, I argue that Larson' s semantic account of D-A-incorporation is in need of revision. I propose an alternative, more empirically adequate analysis which treats D+ A composites as Lasersohnian (1995) pluractional quantifiers.
Temporal reference in a genuinely tenseless language: The case of Hausa
Authors: Mucha Anne 
Published: October 2015

<p class="p1">In this paper, we provide an analysis of temporality in Hausa (Chadic, <span style="font-size: 10px;">Afro-Asiatic). By testing the hypothesis of covert tense (Matthewson 2006) against </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">empirical data, we show that Hausa is genuinely tenseless in the sense that the </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">grammar does not restrict the relation between reference time and utterance time. </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">Rather, temporal reference is pragmatically inferred from aspectual and contextual </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">information. We also argue that future time reference in Hausa is realized as a </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">combination of a modal operator and a prospective aspect, thus involving the modal </span><span style="font-size: 10px;">meaning components of intention and prediction as well as event time shifting.</span></p>
La psychanalyse aux prises avec ses racines médicales
Authors: Dupont Sébastien 
Published: October 2015

Pour des raisons historiques liées au contexte de son émergence, la pensée psychanalytique est largement imprégnée du paradigme médical, que ce soit sur le plan épistémologique comme sur celui de la relation analyste/analysant. Cet article vise à décrire les principaux écueils liés à ces racines médicales, qu’ils soient théoriques, scientifiques, cliniques ou éthiques. Sont ainsi abordés la persistance de la dialectique normal/pathologique, le problème de l’« indication » des théories psychanalytiques et quelques biais épistémologiques associés à l’individualisme méthodologique.
Crise et déradicalisation : les rebelles syriens d’Ahrar al-Sham
Authors: Pierret Thomas 
Published: October 2015

Principale faction rebelle syrienne, Ahrar al-Sham est fondé début 2012 par des militants jihadistes libérés l’année précédente de la prison de Seydnaya. D’emblée, le mouvement engage une dynamique de déradicalisation qui le différencie d’al-Qaeda et de l’État Islamique d’Irak dans sa relation au reste de l’opposition, aux États régionaux, et aux objectifs du soulèvement de 2011. Cette déradicalisation ne s’est pas opérée en dépit de la guerre civile mais, à l’inverse, à cause de cette dernière. Confrontés au phénomène inédit d’une large mobilisation populaire armée, les fondateurs d’Ahrar al-Sham opèrent une révision critique de l’avant-gardisme jihadiste et se rallient à une lutte définie comme une révolution syrienne plutôt que comme une simple étape du jihad global. Combinée à un partenariat étroit avec la Turquie et le Qatar, cette mise à distance de l’internationale jihadiste, confortera la dynamique de déradicalisation du mouvement.
La crise grecque. Un poignard dans le dos de l’Europe ?
Authors: Prévélakis Georges 
Published: October 2015

Contrairement à l’Irlande, l’Espagne et le Portugal, la Grèce s’enfonce dans la crise. Cette exception est utilisée comme un argument par les économistes qui s’opposent à la stratégie européenne de sauvetage des pays-membres en crise. Pourtant, l’explication de la spécificité grecque n’est pas à chercher dans les grands débats économiques. La Grèce, contrairement aux autres pays européens frappés par la crise de 2008, ne doit pas être replacée seulement dans le contexte économique européen, mais aussi dans celui de la Méditerranée orientale. Pendant les dernières années, elle s’est ainsi trouvée au croisement de deux familles de crise, une économique et une politique et institutionnelle. La prise de conscience de cette double appartenance crée un nouveau défi pour l’Europe. La crise grecque constitue certes une difficulté, mais aussi une opportunité de renouveau intellectuel pour l’Union européenne et ses institutions.
Chapitre 7. Préservation de la fertilité et la mort à venir : une double peine ?
Authors: Janny L. , Pouly Jean-Luc , Gremeau A.S. , Brugnon F. 
Published: October 2015

La préservation de la fertilité lorsque celle-ci est menacée est un droit inscrit dans la loi française relative à la bioéthique. Elle est le plus souvent pratiquée avant des traitements gonadotoxiques pour des cancers ayant une longue survie. Quand le patient a une espérance de vie limitée, la préservation de sa fertilité est-elle licite ? Les auteurs exposent les arguments pour et contre la préservation de la fertilité dans cette situation particulière et donnent la conduite qu’ils adoptent dans leur équipe.
Chapter 17. The use of the notion of humanity in French law
Authors: Bioy Xavier 
Published: October 2015

Les juristes peu informés des spécificités du droit français s’interrogent souvent sur l’usage du concept de dignité et sur celui d’humanité qui l’accompagne. Cet article fait un point sur le sens à donner à cette « humanité » qui « fait corps » avec le sujet de droit.
Européanisation ou otanisation ?
Authors: Schmitt Olivier 
Published: October 2015

Les armées occidentales ont profondément changé suite à plus d’une décennie d’intervention militaire en Afghanistan. Cet article étudie l’une des modalités de ce changement, à savoir l’émulation sélective. Prises au dépourvu par l’évolution des combats en Afghanistan, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l’Allemagne sont allées chercher au sein de l’OTAN (au sein de la structure ou auprès des autres États membres) des réponses doctrinales et matérielles aux défis auxquels elles étaient confrontées sur le terrain. Néanmoins, l’importation de solutions doctrinales et matérielles se fait en fonction des spécificités des contextes politico-militaires nationaux, notamment la proximité envers les États-Unis, la présence d’une industrie de défense développée ou une culture stratégique spécifique. Après l’« européanisation sans l’Union européenne » de la politique de défense française dans les années 1990 identifiée par Bastien Irondelle, on observe une « otanisation avec l’OTAN » des politiques de défense des trois principales puissances militaires européennes au cours des années 2000, du fait de la campagne en Afghanistan.
E-Learning Degree Programs – A Better Way to Balance Work and Education?
Authors: Moessenlechner Claudia , Obexer Regina , Sixl-Daniell Karin , Seeler Juergen-Matthias 
Published: October 2015

In the year 2011, in the USA alone, over seven million students were taking at least one online course in the tertiary educational sector. ICT-supported degree programs allow students to work on a more flexible schedule as regards time and location, which makes such programs especially attractive for working students. At the same time, such programs require greater effort and skills in terms of personal organization and study skills. As employees’ willingness and ability to engage in lifelong learning and continuing professional development become core success factors for businesses world-wide, these aspects gain critical relevance.
This study looks at a cohort of 46 online students enrolled in a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Austria. The students, most of whom are pursuing their first degree whilst working, come from Austria, Germany, Italy and Spain, and are on average 28 years of age. The BBA program (Bachelor Business Administration) is conducted in a blended learning mode, with up to ten days of face-to-face sessions per semester.
The main aim of this study is to explore the motivational factors of working students during the first phase of a blended learning degree program and investigate the main difficulties and challenges students perceive when having to organize and balance online education and full time work.

The results and implications of this study will be presented at the conference with suggestions for future research provided.
miR-155 Upregulation in Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Break Tolerance In Vivo by Negatively Regulating SHIP1
Authors: Lind Evan F. , Millar Douglas G. , Dissanayake Dilan , Savage Jonathan C. , Grimshaw Natasha K. , Kerr William G. , Ohashi Pamela S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
TLR-induced maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the upregulation of various molecules involved in T cell activation. These are believed to be the critical events that account for the induction of the adaptive immune response. In this study, we have examined the role of miR-155 in DC function and the induction of immunity. Using a model in which the transfer of self-Ag–pulsed, TLR-matured DCs can induce a functional CD8 T cell response and autoimmunity, we find that DCs lacking miR-155 have an impaired ability to break immune tolerance. Importantly, transfer of self- Ag-pulsed DCs overexpressing miR-155 was sufficient to break tolerance in the absence of TLR stimuli. Although these unstimulated DCs induced T cell function in vivo, there was no evidence for the upregulation of costimulatory ligands or cytokine secretion. Further analysis showed that miR-155 influenced the level of the phosphatase SHIP1 in DCs and that the lack of SHIP1 in DCs was sufficient to break T cell tolerance in vivo, again in the absence of TLR-induced DC maturation. Our study demonstrates that the overexpression of miR-155 in DCs is a critical event that is alone sufficient to break self-tolerance and promote a CD8-mediated autoimmune response in vivo. This process is independent of the induction of conventional DC maturation markers, indicating that miR-155 regulation of SHIP represents a unique axis that regulates DC function in vivo.
Sos1 Regulates Macrophage Podosome Assembly and Macrophage Invasive Capacity
Authors: Baruzzi Anna , Remelli Sabrina , Lorenzetto Erika , Sega Michela , Chignola Roberto , Berton Giorgio 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Podosomes are protrusive structures implicated in macrophage extracellular matrix degradation and three-dimensional migration through cell barriers and the interstitium. Podosome formation and assembly are regulated by cytoskeleton remodeling requiring cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Src and the Abl families. Considering that Abl has been reported to phosphorylate the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos1, eliciting its Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, and Rac regulates podosome formation in myeloid cells and invadopodia formation in cancer cells, we addressed whether Sos1 is implicated in podosome formation and function in macrophages. We found that ectopically expressed Abl or the Src kinase Fgr phosphorylate Sos1, and the Src kinases Hck and Fgr are required for Abl and Sos1 phosphorylation and Abl/Sos1 interaction in macrophages. Sos1 localizes to podosomes in both murine and human macrophages, and its silencing by small interfering RNA results in disassembly of murine macrophage podosomes and a marked reduction of GTP loading on Rac. Matrix degradative capacity, three-dimensional migration through Matrigel, and transmigration through an endothelial cell monolayer of Sos1-silenced macrophages were inhibited. In addition, Sos1- or Abl-silenced macrophages, or macrophages treated with the selective Abl inhibitor imatinib mesylate had a reduced capability to migrate into breast tumor spheroids, the majority of cells remaining at the margin and the outer layers of the spheroid itself. Because of the established role of Src and Abl kinases to regulate also invadopodia formation in cancer cells, our findings suggest that targeting the Src/Abl/Sos1/Rac pathway may represent a double-edged sword to control both cancer-invasive capacities and cancer-related inflammation.
Indian Council of Medical Research consensus document for the management of tongue cancer
Authors: D′Cruz Anil K. , Sharma Shilpi , Agarwal Jaiprakash P. , Thakar Alok , Teli Ashraf , Arya Supreeta , Desai Chirag , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Sebastian Paul , Verghese Bipin T. , Kane Shubhada , Sucharita V , Kaur Tanvir , Shukla D K. , Rath Goura Kishor 
Published: October 2015

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe document is based on consensus among the experts and best available evidence pertaining to Indian population and is meant for practice in India. Early diagnosis is imperative in improving outcomes and preserving quality of life. High index of suspicion is to be maintained for leukoplakia (high risk site). Evaluation of a patient with newly diagnosed tongue cancer should include essential tests: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is investigative modality of choice when indicated. Computed tomography (CT) scan is an option when MRI is unavailable. In early lesions when imaging is not warranted ultrasound may help guide management of the neck. Early stage cancers (stage I & II) require single modality treatment - either surgery or radiotherapy. Surgery is preferred. Adjuvant radiotherapy is indicated for T3/T4 cancers, presence of high risk features [lymphovascular emboli (LVE), perineural invasion (PNI), poorly differentiated, node +,close margins). Adjuvant chemoradiation (CTRT) is indicated for positive margins and extranodal disease. Locally advanced operable cancers (stage III & IVA) require combined multimodality treatment - surgery + adjuvant treatment. Adjuvant treatment is indicated in all and in the presence of high risk features as described above. Locally advanced inoperable cancers (stage IVB) are treated with palliative chemo-radiotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or symptomatic treatment depending upon the performance status. Select cases may be considered for neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical salvage. Metastatic disease (stage IVC) should be treated with a goal for palliation. Chemotherapy may be offered to patients with good performance status. Local treatment in the form of radiotherapy may be added for palliation of symptoms. Intense follow-up every 3 months is required for initial 2 years as most recurrences occur in the first 24 months. After 2 nd year follow up is done at 4-6 months interval. At each follow up screening for local/ regional recurrence and second primary is done. Imaging is done only when indicated.
Metronomic chemotherapy in platinum-insensitive failures and/or early failures postmultimodality management in oral cancers
Authors: Patil Vijay M. , Noronha Vanita , Joshi Amit , Pinninti Rakesh , Dhumal Sachin , Bhattacharjee Atanu , Prabhash Kumar 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Oral cancer patients with platinum-resistant disease and or early failures have limited treatment options. This analysis was planned to study the efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of oral cancer patients who had squamous cell carcinoma and had an early failure and/or platinum-insensitive failure. Early failure was defined as a failure either within 1-month of adjuvant radiotherapy or within 6 months of chemoradiation (CTRT). A sample size of 100 patients was selected for this study. If ≥39 of 100 patients would have survived at 6 months with metronomic chemotherapy, then additional studies would be warranted. Results: The ECOG PS was 0-1 in 92 patients and 2 in 8 patients. The subsite of primary was buccal mucosa in 38 patients (38%), anterior two-third tongue (oral tongue) in 51 patients (51%), and alveolus in 11 patients (11%). The median estimated overall survival was 110 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85-134 days). The proportion of patients surviving at 6 months was 26.4% (95% CI: 17.9-35.6). Conclusion: Metronomic combination of methotrexate and celecoxib failed to meet its prespecified efficacy limit and should not be used in these patients as routine.