bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field and Laboratory Methods for DNA Studies on Deep-sea Isopod Crustaceans
Authors: Riehl Torben , Brenke Nils , Brix Saskia , Driskell Amy , Kaiser Stefanie , Brandt Angelika 
Published: August 2014

AbstractField and laboratory protocols that originally led to the success of published studies have previously been only briefly laid out in the methods sections of scientific publications. For the sake of repeatability, we regard the details of the methodology that allowed broad-range DNA studies on deep-sea isopods too valuable to be neglected. Here, a comprehensive summary of protocols for the retrieval of the samples, fixation on board research vessels, PCR amplification and cycle sequencing of altogether six loci (three mitochondrial and three nuclear) is provided. These were adapted from previous protocols and developed especially for asellote Isopoda from deep-sea samples but have been successfully used in some other peracarids as well. In total, about 2300 specimens of isopods, 100 amphipods and 300 tanaids were sequenced mainly for COI and 16S and partly for the other markers. Although we did not set up an experimental design, we were able to analyze amplification and sequencing success of different methods on 16S and compare success rates for COI and 16S. The primer pair 16S SF/SR was generally reliable and led to better results than universal primers in all studied Janiroidea, except Munnopsidae and Dendrotionidae. The widely applied universal primers for the barcoding region of COI are problematic to use in deep-sea isopods with a success rate of 45–79% varying with family. To improve this, we recommend the development of taxon-specific primers.
Marine Environment Around Iceland: Hydrography, Sediments and First Predictive Models of Icelandic Deep-sea Sediment Characteristics
Authors: Ostmann Alexandra , Schnurr Sarah , Martínez Arbizu Pedro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Sediment samples and hydrographic conditions were studied at 28 stations around Iceland. At these sites, Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts were coducted to collect hydrographic data and multicorer casts were conducted to collect data on sediment characteristics including grain size distribution, carbon and nitrogen concentration, and chloroplastic pigment concentration. A total of 14 environmental predictors were used to model sediment characteristics around Iceland on regional scale. Two approaches were used: Multivariate Adaptation Regression Splines (MARS) and randomForest regression models. RandomForest outperformed MARS in predicting grain size distribution. MARS models had a greater tendency to over-and underpredict sediment values in areas outside the environmental envelope defined by the training dataset. We provide first GIS layers on sediment characteristics around Iceland, that can be used as predictors in future models. Although models performed well, more samples, especially from the shelf areas, will be needed to improve the models in future.
Concomitant Psoriasis and Bullous Pemphigoid – a Case Report / Udružena pojava psorijaze i buloznog pemfigoida – prikaz slučaja
Authors: Cvetković Jordanov Lidija , Kandolf Sekulović Lidija , Mijušković Željko , Zolotarevski Lidija , Zečević Radoš 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Concomitant occurrence of psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid was described in less than 100 cases in the literature. The co-occurrence affects the treatment approach of patients. We present a case of a 58-year-old man with psoriasis presenting with erythematous plaques, tense bullae, erosions and fever up to 39°C. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. In our case, bullous eruptions were successfully treated with oral methylprednisolone and dapsone, and psoriasis with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy and acitretin.
In conclusion, the etiopathogenesis of the coexistence of these two entities remains unknown, but it may be related to relatively high incidence of psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid, respectively. Both conditions are immunologically mediated and combined immunosuppressive regimens, directed at cellular and humoral immune responses, usually result in clinical improvement.
Comparison of 3-Dimensional Shoulder Complex Kinematics in Individuals With and Without Shoulder Pain, Part 2: Glenohumeral Joint
Authors: Lawrence Rebekah L. , Braman Jonathan P. , Staker Justin L. , LaPrade Robert F. , Ludewig Paula M. 
Published: August 2014

Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To compare differences in glenohumeral joint angular motion and linear translations between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals during shoulder motion performed in 3 planes of humerothoracic elevation. Background Numerous clinical theories have linked abnormal glenohumeral kinematics, including decreased glenohumeral external rotation and increased superior translation, to individuals with shoulder pain and impingement diagnoses. However, relatively few studies have investigated glenohumeral joint angular motion and linear translations in this population. Methods Transcortical bone pins were inserted into the scapula and humerus of 12 asymptomatic and 10 symptomatic participants for direct bone-fixed tracking using electromagnetic sensors. Glenohumeral joint angular positions and linear translations were calculated during active shoulder flexion, abduction, and scapular plane abduction. Results Differences between groups in angular positions were limited to glenohumeral elevation, coinciding with a reduction in scapulothoracic upward rotation. Symptomatic participants demonstrated 1.4 mm more anterior glenohumeral translation between 90° and 120° of shoulder flexion and an average of 1 mm more inferior glenohumeral translation throughout shoulder abduction. Conclusion Differences in glenohumeral kinematics exist between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The clinical implications of these differences are not yet understood, and more research is needed to understand the relationship between abnormal kinematics, shoulder pain, and pathoanatomy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(9):646–655. Epub 7 August 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5556
Impaired Reactive Stepping Among Patients Ready for Discharge From Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Inness Elizabeth L. , Mansfield Avril , Lakhani Bimal , Bayley Mark , McIlroy William E. 
Published: August 2014

Background
Individuals with stroke are at increased risk for falls soon after hospital discharge. The ability to react to a balance perturbation, specifically with a rapid step, is critical to maintain balance and prevent falls.

Objective
The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of impaired reactive stepping responses in an ambulatory group of patients with stroke who were preparing for discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and the relationship to patient performance on commonly used clinical measures of balance, mobility, and lower limb impairment.

Design
This study was a retrospective analysis of patient admissions over a 3-year period.

Methods
Charts were reviewed for patients who, at time of discharge, had completed a perturbation-evoked reactive stepping assessment.

Results
Ninety-nine (71%) of 139 patients had impaired stepping reactions characterized by the need for assistance, an inability to step with either lower limb, or the need for multiple-step responses. There was a statistically significant difference in clinical scores between those with and without impaired stepping, but groups were characterized by considerable variation in clinical profiles. For example, Berg Balance Scale scores ranged from 25 to 55 versus 20 to 56 and gait speeds ranged from 0.17 to 1.43 versus 0.26 to 1.55 m/s for patients who demonstrated a failed step versus a successful step, respectively.

Limitations
Not all patients who attended stroke rehabilitation received a reactive stepping assessment at discharge.

Conclusions
Impaired reactive stepping is a prevalent problem for ambulatory patients with stroke preparing for discharge, possibly increasing their risk of falling when faced with the challenges of community ambulation. Specific tests that target the capacity to perform perturbation-evoked stepping reactions may be important to identify those at risk for falls and to direct appropriate intervention strategies.
Isolation and characterization of platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Aatonen Maria T. , Öhman Tiina , Nyman Tuula A. , Laitinen Saara , Grönholm Mikaela , Siljander Pia R.‐M. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundPlatelet‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate, for example, in haemostasis, immunity and development. Most studies of platelet EVs have targeted microparticles, whereas exosomes and EV characterization under various conditions have been less analyzed. Studies have been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining EVs free from contaminating cells and platelet remnants. Therefore, we optimized an EV isolation protocol and compared the quantity and protein content of EVs induced by different agonists.MethodsPlatelets isolated with iodixanol gradient were activated by thrombin and collagen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Ca2+ ionophore. Microparticles and exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugations. EVs were quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and total protein. Size distributions were determined by NTA and electron microscopy. Proteomics was used to characterize the differentially induced EVs.ResultsThe main EV populations were 100–250 nm and over 90% were <500 nm irrespective of the activation. However, activation pathways differentially regulated the quantity and the quality of EVs, which also formed constitutively. Thrombogenic activation was the most potent physiological EV‐generator. LPS was a weak inducer of EVs, which had a selective protein content from the thrombogenic EVs. Ca2+ ionophore generated a large population of protein‐poor and unselectively packed EVs. By proteomic analysis, EVs were highly heterogeneous after the different activations and between the vesicle subpopulations.ConclusionsAlthough platelets constitutively release EVs, vesiculation can be increased, and the activation pathway determines the number and the cargo of the formed EVs. These activation‐dependent variations render the use of protein content in sample normalization invalid. Since most platelet EVs are 100–250 nm, only a fraction has been analyzed by previously used methods, for example, flow cytometry. As the EV subpopulations could not be distinguished and large vesicle populations may be lost by differential centrifugation, novel methods are required for the isolation and the differentiation of all EVs.
Teachers’ changing practices with information and communication technologies: an up-close, longitudinal analysis
Authors: Orlando Joanne 
Published: August 2014

While digital technology has become a significant resource for contemporary schooling, we still have little understanding of how these resources shape teachers’ scholarly practices and what support is needed to improve and move forward. This paper reports on a 5-year qualitative, longitudinal study on the scholarly practices of a small number of Australian primary and secondary school teachers in their use of digital technology. The study aimed to understand the complexity of their changing practices. Four categories of change were evident in the teachers’ practice with digital technology over time: knowledge, learning organisation, pedagogy and core approaches to teaching. The changes each teacher demonstrated reflected their distinct knowledge sets and beliefs. Tracing their changes longitudinally showed that some teachers demonstrated faster and more consistent change in their practices with digital technology than others and that visible change in their practices was not evident over the short term. This study highlights that change in digital scholarship is a personal and complex process and worthy changes are those that meaningfully respond to the context and also contribute to the teachers’ commitment to reflection and renewal of practice. Significant support is therefore that which provides the space and opportunity for teachers’ individualised professional understandings and aspirations to be acknowledged and built on.Keywords: digital technology; teachers; change; longitudinal; digital scholarship(Published: 8 August 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 21354 -http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.21354
L'article 231 du traité de Versailles, les faits et les représentations. Retour sur un mythe
Authors: Laniol Vincent 
Published: August 2014

L’article 231, lieu de toutes les hostilités au traité de Versailles, n’a pas été rédigé dans le but d’obtenir un aveu de culpabilité morale par l’Allemagne. Il a pour seule origine la volonté américaine de s’opposer à la revendication franco-britannique d’un droit à réparation intégrale de la part des Allemands. Ce faisant, les rédacteurs du traité tentèrent de fonder juridiquement les réparations et déclinèrent une responsabilité théorique (civile) de l’Allemagne pour les dommages causés ce qui n’excluait pas une certaine ambiguïté quant à son aspect moral. C’est en réalité la délégation allemande et plus particulièrement son chef, Brockdorff-Rantzau, qui lui donnèrent la signification morale qu’ils s’attendaient à trouver dans les clauses de la paix. Les « cultures de guerre » et leurs représentations héritées du conflit empêchèrent tant que les Allemands que les Alliés de revenir à la signification originelle de l’article 231.
Pechkoff et le Japon, 1946-1949
Authors: Miyashita Yuichiro 
Published: August 2014

Entre 1946 et 1949, le général Zinovi Pechkoff est envoyé à Tokyo en tant que chef de la mission française de liaison auprès du commandant supérieur allié au Japon. Il représente la France dans le Japon sous occupation alliée, laquelle est en réalité une occupation américaine. La France, en raison de sa présence en Indochine, se considère comme une puissance majeure en Asie. Elle souhaite donc faire entendre sa voix auprès des Américains sur divers problèmes liés au sort du Japon. Mais les Américains ne se soucient guère des intérêts français. À Tokyo, Pechkoff doit faire face à cette réalité alors que des projets grandioses sont élaborés à Paris. Des malentendus existent non seulement entre Paris et Washington mais aussi entre Paris et Pechkoff. Le but de cet article est de rendre compte de ceux-ci à travers les actions de ce dernier.
Candidaemia in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Oladele Rita O. , Bakare Rashidi A. , Petrou Michael A. , Oduyebo Oyinlola O. , Richardson Malcolm 
Published: August 2014

Background: Candidaemia is a widely-studied and reviewed topic in the developed world; however, there is a dearth of information on nosocomial candidaemia in Nigeria, despite the increasing use of more invasive therapeutic modalities, immunosuppressive agents and increasing incidence of immunosuppression as a result of malignancies and HIV.Objectives: To determine the hospital-based frequency of candidaemia in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria.Method: This was a prospective descriptive study which included 230 immunosuppressed patients. All isolates were identified to the species level using both conventional and automated methods. Thereafter, all Candida species isolated were tested for antifungal susceptibility using the broth microdilution method.Results: Candidaemia occurred in 12 (5.21%) of the 230 study patients, with C. tropicalis accounting for 50% of the infections. Four patients (33.3%) presented with C. parapsilosis, one (8.3%) with C. albicans and one (8.3%) with a mixed infection of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. All 12 isolates were sensitive to fluconazole (minimal inhibitory concentration < 8 mg/mL). Univariate analysis revealed that old age, multiple surgeries and long-term hospitalisation were significant contributing factors for the occurrence of candidaemia. Eleven (91.7%) of the 12 patients with candidaemia had Candida colonisation of other sterile sites including the bladder, peritoneum and trachea. Furthermore, bivariate analysis revealed that mucositis (p = 0.019) and diarrhoea (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with an increased risk of candidaemia. The crude mortality rate of candidaemia was 91.7%.Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of nosocomial candidaemia and the need for proactive laboratory investigation and clinical management of this life-threatening disease.
The Bochner–Schoenberg–Eberlein Property and Spectral Synthesis for Certain Banach Algebra Products
Authors: Kaniuth Eberhard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAssociated with two commutative Banach algebras A and B and a character θ of B is a
certain Banach algebra product A ×θB, which is a splitting extension of B by A. We investigate two topics for the algebra A ×θB in relation to the corresponding ones of A and B. The first one is the Bochner–Schoenberg–Eberlein property and the algebra of Bochner–Schoenberg–Eberlein functions on the spectrum, whereas the second one concerns the wide range of spectral synthesis
problems for A ×θB.
The effects of Justice Oriented Service Recovery on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Retail Banks in Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Efrem Sisay 
Published: August 2014

The principal objective of this study is to investigate the effects of justice oriented service recovery on customer satisfaction in retail banks in Ethiopia. It also attempts to assess how recovery satisfaction in turn affects customer loyalty. In order to realize the research objectives, data were collected through survey questionnaire from a total of 400 customers who have experienced service failures and recovered by the banks during the past one year. The study utilizes the instrument developed by Tax et al. (1998). Findings reveal that, perceived justice namely procedural justice, interactional justice and distributive justice were found to be positively related to recovery satisfaction. Recovery satisfaction is also positively related with customer loyalty.
Regulators Throughout American History Have Been Reluctant To Regulate Cigars And The FDA Still Is Today, But Why?
Authors: Warren Kenneth F 
Published: August 2014

In this article I explore the history of cigar regulation, going back to colonial times, yet focusing on the current regulatory climate. I review the different regulations imposed on tobacco products throughout American history, concluding that government regulators were never particularly serious about regulating tobacco products until the release of the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. However, I point out that this Report was so obsessed with the health hazards of cigarettes that it actually had the unintended consequence of promoting In the long run the increased consumption of cigars. Today, health organizations show intense frustration with the FDA’s current refusal to regulate cigars, even though the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gave the FDA regulatory jurisdiction over cigars. But applying a totality of circumstances test, looking at the politics, economics, and even the lack of enough credible health studies on cigars, I conclude, somewhat surprisingly, that there are very good reasons why the FDA should probably not at this time jump into the regulatory arena and impose the same sort of tough regulations on cigars as imposed on cigarettes.
Acute Limb Ischaemia Due to Focal Brachial Artery Aneurysms Complicating Brachiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Ligation: Two Recent Case Reports
Authors: Bahia Sandeep S. , Tomei Francesca , Ozdemir Baris A. , Chemla Eric S. 
Published: August 2014

Introduction True brachial artery aneurysms are rare, typically occurring secondary to trauma. In this report, we describe two recent cases of patients who presented acutely with upper limb ischaemia due to brachial artery aneurysms. Both patients presented many years after brachiocephalic arteriovenous (AV) fistula ligation in the ipsilateral limb. Report Two male patients, aged 60 and 63 years, respectively, were seen acutely with symptoms of upper limb ischaemia. They had both undergone ligation of AV fistulae many years earlier having received functioning transplants. Subsequently, both patients were found to have true brachial artery aneurysms, which were bypassed in both instances using great saphenous vein grafts. Discussion Patients undergoing ligation of AV fistulae should receive interval surveillance imaging to detect potential aneurysmal dilatation of upper limb vessels. Little is known about the incidence of aneurysm formation after AV fistula ligation; given the increasing number of patients undergoing dialysis, and hence the burgeoning number of patients who may receive transplants, it is important that upper limb ischaemia is pre-empted by appropriate follow-up.
Defining Marriage
Authors: Forsyth Andrew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
What is marriage? The U.S. Supreme Court's recent decisions on same-sex marriage beg the question for courtroom and public square alike. For Robert P. George—the intellectual leader of the fight against same-sex marriage—“marriage” only makes sense when it is “conjugal”: the comprehensive, bodily union of a man and a woman. I disagree. But I do so not on the hitherto standard “constructivist” basis that marriage is “just what we say it is” but in morally realistic terms George might recognize. I argue that multiple ends and norms—consent, property, friendship, and goods beyond the couple—better explain the institution than does George's unitary conjugal view.