bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring magnetic anisotropy gradients by ion bombardment for domain wall positioning in magnetic multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy
Authors: Matczak Michał , Szymański Bogdan , Kuświk Piotr , Urbaniak Maciej , Stobiecki Feliks , Kurant Zbigniew , Maziewski Andrzej , Lengemann Daniel , Ehresmann Arno 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Graded anisotropy magnetic materials possess a coercive field changing laterally with position. A simple fabrication procedure to produce such an anisotropy gradient in a polycrystalline Au/Co layer system without lateral thickness variation and with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, prototypical for a large variety of thin film systems, is shown. The procedure uses light-ion bombardment without the use of a mask. Magnetization reversal in this polycrystalline layer system takes place by unidirectional movement of a single domain wall only in regions with larger anisotropies and anisotropy gradients. In this anisotropy/anisotropy gradient regime, the domain wall is oriented perpendicular to the coercive field gradient, and it can be positioned along the gradient by an appropriate magnetic field pulse. For smaller anisotropies/anisotropy gradients, the natural anisotropy fluctuations of the polycrystalline layer system induce magnetization reversal dominated by domain nucleation.

PACS

75.30.Gw; 75.70.Cn; 75.60.Ch
Reliability and validity of a simple and clinically applicable pain stimulus: sustained mechanical pressure with a spring-clamp
Authors: O’Neill Søren , Graven-Nielsen Thomas , Manniche Claus , Arendt-Nielsen Lars 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background
Generalized hyperalgesia, a widespread increased sensitivity to painful stimuli, has been demonstrated in a range of chronic pain conditions including low-back pain. The evidence suggests, that generalized hyperalgesia may be an important factor in the development of chronicity, but it is not commonly assessed in clinical practice. Whereas a range of tools and procedures for the quantitative sensory testing of pain sensitivity is available for laboratory pain research, most experimental pain stimuli are not well suited for clinical practice. In the current study, a simple and inexpensive mechanical spring-clamp was tested as a potential experimental pain stimulus.

Methods
Ten seconds of mechanical pressure was applied to the thumb of 242 study participants: Healthy volunteers and low-back-pain patients (hospital and primary care). Pain intensity was measured by visual analogue scale before and after conditioned pain modulation by cold-pressor test (CPT). Correlation to pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the infraspinatus muscle and cold-pressor test pain intensity, time to pain onset and time to non-tolerance, was examined. Test/re-test reliability of clamp pain was also assessed and the stimulus–response relationship was examined with a set of 6 different clamps.

Conclusions
Clamp pain was sensitive to changes in pain sensitivity provoked by conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Test/re-test reliability of the spring-clamp pain was better for healthy volunteers over a period of days, than for hospital patients over a period of weeks. A strong correlation (ρ = 0.73, P |003E; 0.0001) was found between clamp force and evoked pain intensity. Correlation to other pain stimuli varied, with a strong correlation between pre and post-CPM clamp pain intensity (ρ = 0.81, P > 0.0001), moderate correlation between clamp pain and PPT (ρ = −0.43, P > 0.0001), as well as CPT pain intensity (ρ = 0.32, P > 0.0001) and a weak correlation with time to onset of CPT pain (ρ = −0.14, P < 0.05).
The application of mechanical pressure is commonly employed to assess general pain sensitivity, and a simple spring-clamp seems a potentially useful instrument for quantitative sensory testing in a clinical setting.
New Magnesium-ion Conductive Electrolyte Solution Based on Triglyme for Reversible Magnesium Metal Deposition and Dissolution at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Fukutsuka Tomokazu , Asaka Keisuke , Inoo Akane , Yasui Ryohei , Miyazaki Kohei , Abe Takeshi , Nishio Koji , Uchimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
New electrolyte solutions for rechargeable magnesium metal batteries were studied. The electrolyte solution composed of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme) and butyl methyl triglyme as solvents and magnesium(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide as a magnesium salt. The reversible deposition and dissolution of magnesium metal was achieved in these electrolyte solutions at ambient temperature. The electrochemical stability of triglyme-based electrolyte solutions showed high stability toward oxidation.
Correlates of Adolescent and Young Adult Sexual Initiation Patterns
Authors: Reese Bianka M. , Choukas‐Bradley Sophia , Herring Amy H. , Halpern Carolyn T. 
Published: August 2014

CONTEXTIdentifying adolescent characteristics associated with different patterns of sexual initiation is critical to promoting healthy sexual development.METHODSPatterns of sexual initiation were examined among 12,378 respondents to Waves 1 (1994–1995) and 4 (2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Multinomial logistic regression explored associations between adolescent characteristics and membership in five latent classes capturing the timing, sequence, pace and variety of sexual initiation patterns.RESULTSAge and indicators of greater psychosocial conventionality were associated with membership in the atypical “postponers” class (characterized by postponement of oral, vaginal and anal sexual activity until early adulthood), although patterns of associations varied by gender. For example, compared with males who attended religious services at least once a week, males who never attended religious services were more likely to appear in the vaginal initiators/multiple behaviors class (characterized by initiation of vaginal sex first and then initiation of another behavior after at least one year), rather than in the postponers class (relative risk ratio, 2.5). Compared with women who prayed at least once a day, those who never prayed were more likely to be in the vaginal initiators/single behavior class (whose members typically engaged in only one type of behavior), rather than in the postponers class (2.0).CONCLUSIONSIndividuals who are more adherent, and presumably more committed, to the attitudes, values and expectations of conventional society are more likely than others to delay multiple types of sexual activity until well beyond the norm for their peers.
Postural Behaviour in Gilts Housed on Concrete and Rubber Slats During four Seasons
Authors: Pavičić Željko , Ostović Mario , Menčik Sven , Kabalin Anamaria Ekert , Vučemilo Marija , Matković Kristina , Antunović Boris , Pavešić Rajko , Ilieski Vlatko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In the present study, postural behaviour was compared between gilts kept in service unit with different types of flooring during all seasons. The study included four 28-day production cycles and 10 gilts per cycle, equally divided into a control and an experimental group. Control gilts were housed in gestation stalls with slatted concrete floor, whereas in the experimental group the floor was covered with an adjusted rubber mat. Postural behaviour of gilts was observed 4 times per cycle for 4 hours. Study results showed that during cooler seasons, gilts in concrete stalls spent more time standing and lying sternally, whereas gilts in matted stalls were mostly lying, predominantly laterally (P<0.001 all). There were no significant between group differences according to the time the gilts spent sitting or the frequency of changing posture in any season observed. Nevertheless, experimental animals spent significantly less time changing standing to both lying positions during all seasons (P<0.01 all). In conclusion, rubber mats may improve lying comfort in gilts; however, when using rubber mats, the house thermal conditions should be taken in consideration.
Mechanisms of remyelination: recent insight from experimental models
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuhide , Yoshida Shigetaka 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOligodendrocytes and myelin play essential roles in the vertebrate central nervous system. Demyelination disrupts saltatory nerve conduction, leading to axonal degeneration and neurological disabilities. Remyelination is a regenerative process that replaces lost myelin. However, remyelination is disrupted in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, at least partially, due to the failure of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that impact the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and myelination may help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation of oligodendrocytes during remyelination, and we discuss the function of astrocytes and microglia in animal models of demyelinating diseases.
CLEAR: Class Level Software Refactoring Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Wang Muchou , Pan Weifeng , Jiang Bo , Yuan Chenxiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe original design of a software system is rarely prepared for every new requirement. Software systems should be updated frequently, which is usually accompanied by the decline in software modularity and quality. Although many approaches have been proposed to improve the quality of software, a majority of them are guided by metrics defined on the local properties of software. In this article, we propose to use a global metric borrowed from the network science to detect the moving method refactoring. First, our approach uses a bipartite network to represent classes, features (i.e., methods and fields), and their dependencies. Second, a new metric is introduced to quantify the modularity of a software system as a whole. Finally, a crossover-only evolutionary algorithm that uses the metric as its fitness function is introduced to optimize the class structure of a software system and detect the methods that should be moved. Empirical results on the benchmark Java projects show that our approach can find meaningful methods that should be moved with a high stability. The advantages of our approach are illustrated in comparison with some other approaches, specifically one refactoring approach, namely search-based refactoring approach (SBRA), and two community detection algorithms, namely a graph theoretic clustering algorithm (MCODE) and a fast algorithm for community detection (FG). Our approach provides a new way to do refactoring from the perspective of software structure.
The development of free indirect constructions in Dutch novels
Authors: Clement Marja 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Why is the free indirect style such a useful narrative means to portray characters' minds in fictional texts? This article gives more insight into this phenomenon by analyzing texts from earlier times. Previous studies state that the free indirect style for the representation of thoughts emerged in Dutch literary prose in the 19th century. However, this article shows that the roots of this technique were already present in 17th century Dutch popular literature novels. The analysis of these novels provides us with more insight into this phenomenon. Before the emergence of free indirect style, the most common form for the representation of a character's consciousness was direct discourse. The suggestion that the character is ‘thinking out loud' makes this thought representation unnatural, as emotions and feelings are often pre-verbal and wordless. Free indirect style gives the narrator the possibility to formulate that which the character cannot put into words. The free indirect style allows the author to merge descriptions of events and actions with the character's inner life, feelings, questions and wishes without a change in the narrative style when it comes to personal pronouns and tense.
Association study of TAC3 and TACR3 gene polymorphisms with idiopathic precocious puberty in Chinese girls
Authors: Xin Xiujuan , Zhang Jing , Chang Yaning , Wu Yixin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe allele variant of neurokinin B and its receptor genes were thought important in regulating the human reproductive axis in many populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the variances inThe genotyping method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied in this study; the distribution of five active single nucleon acid polymorphisms (SNPs) inAmong the nine active SNPs, only A63P inA63P in
ANTIGONE’S LANGUAGE OF DEATH AND POLITICS IN THE ANTIGONE OF SOPHOCLES
Authors: Chesi Giulia Maria 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In this essay, I argue that Antigone talks about the transgression of the edict and about her death as an issue within the politics of Thebes. As Antigone’s appropriation of key-words such as φίλος, έχθρός, φιλία, δίκη, ἄρχεΐν and νόμος shows, the heroine displays a political understanding of her own acts in several passages of the play (Ant. 7-10, 26-36, 86-87 and 93-94 in Antigone’s first verbal exchange with Ismene; Ant. 508-509 and 523 in the stichomythia between Creon and Antigone; Ant. 806-816, 842-849 and 937-943 in Antigone’s farewell speeches; Ant. 902-907 in Antigone’s defence speech). In my reading, Antigone’s political representation of her deeds is deeply rooted in her view of death as a free choice.
LE PRÉTENDU ÉLOGE DE LA CHEVELURE DE DION DE PRUSE: OEUVRE DE PURE RHÉTORIQUE OU DÉCLARATION DE FOI PHILOSOPHIQUE?
Authors: Ventrella Gianluca 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Generally categorised as pertaining to the genre of paradoxical eulogies, the Encomium on Hair by Dio Chrysostom was until recently considered an example of the author’s strictly sophistic works, which the author would have pursued prior to his conversion to philosophy. Rather, the markedly autobiographical nature of the text, with references to the author’s mop of hair and the extremely well groomed hair of the filoκomoi (most likely identifiable with the sophists of the era), allows the Encomium on Hair to be classified as one of the numerous prolaliai scattered throughout Dio’s corpus under fallacious titles. In these works the orator chose to speak about himself in order to claim, albeit in a Socratic style, his status as a philosopher of the most upright and uncompromising character. A comparison with the Encomium on Hair by Apollonius of Tyana also allows us to appreciate the rich symbolism inherent in Dio’s text. Despite its misleading title, the Encomium on Hair by Dio, therefore, should be considered less as a futile school exercise and more as a living document of the author’s personal life-story during the period of his so-called ‘exile’.
ZWEI NEUE DICHTERZITATE BEIM ALTEN CATO
Authors: Schubert Christoph 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A close reading of a chapter of Gellius’ Noctes Atticae (IV 7) on the quantity of prefixes reveals that the two prose quotations from the elder Cato, which seem to be inappropriate in a discussion that otherwise consists of nothing but poetic examples, are in fact not at all out of place, since Cato himself offered poetic material in these quotations. Through this, two fragments of Old Latin poetry can be recovered. The first (faenoribus copertus or faenoribus copertust), the ending of a hexameter, is probably taken from a satiric context. The content of the second fragment (ita nos fert ventus ad primorem Pyrenaeum quo proicit / in altum), an iambic octonarius, may indicate occasional poetry.
Crystal architecture of the low melting nitrogen heterocycles tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine
Authors: Vasylyeva Vera , Merz Klaus 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

In situ cryo-crystallization was used to obtain single crystals of the low-melting tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine in order to explore the molecular aggregation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds with weak directing substituents in the solid state. A comparative crystallographic study of the series hexafluorobenzene, pentafluoropyridine, tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine was performed to clarify an influence of a successive substitution of C-F groups by a further nitrogen atom on the crystal architecture. Due to the absence of the hydrogen atoms different supramolecular motifs based on short F···F contacts were observed in all crystal structures.
Design and Testing of a Debris Flow ‘Smart Rock’
Authors: Harding M. J. , Fussell B. K. , Gullison M. A. , Benoît J. , de Alba P. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a “smart rock,” an instrumented device for the study of debris flows, which is often triggered by earthquakes, heavy rain events, and rising groundwater conditions. Debris flows are very destructive forms of landslide consisting of a mixture of rocks, saturated soil, and debris typically flowing at high rates of speed and over long distances. In an effort to better understand the mechanics of debris flows, the smart rock was developed with a sensor package to be used in U.S. Geological Survey experiments at their flume facility in the Willamette National Forest, OR. The instrumented rock contains an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure acceleration and rotation rate about three body fixed axes, and two pressure sensors to measure pore water pressure. The sensors provide information about the movement of the rock and pore water pressures within a debris flow. One of the objectives of the sensor package is to use this information to track the position of a particle in the flow with an accuracy of 1 m over the course of 10 s. Calculation of position using the IMU requires the use of strapdown inertial navigation equations. Unfortunately, noise and bias in the rotation rate sensor introduce significant error in the position calculation. The results from one of the USGS debris flow experiments using the smart rock show that an ad hoc filtering method on the IMU data provides a rough estimate of the rock position in the flume, but far from the desired level of accuracy. Pressure and velocity recorded by the smart rock, while comparable to those measured by the USGS during the debris flow test, cannot be verified. Position accuracy can only be improved by using a better IMU and obtaining known rock positions versus time during the debris flow. Based on the results of this work, it is hoped that improved technology will result in a smart rock that can successfully provide useful and insightful debris flow data.
Understanding the Friction Measured by Standardised Test Methodologies Used to Assess Shoe-Surface Slip Risk
Authors: Clarke J. D. , Hallas K. , Lewis R. , Thorpe S. , Hunwin G. , Carré M. J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses standardised mechanical test methodologies that measure dynamic coefficient of friction in order to assess the risk of a pedestrian slip. Currently, two shoe-surface contact test methods are specified in British Standards to assess the risk of pedestrian slips during the heel strike phase. A pendulum test device as specified in BS 7976-2:2002 is used to determine the slip resistance of surfaces. Another standard, BS EN ISO 13287:2007 specifies the test method to assess the slip resistance of conventionally soled safety, protective and occupational footwear. Experiments were conducted on six common household surfaces in water contaminated conditions in compliance with the aforementioned standard procedures. The roughness and stiffness of each surface was also found. The results show no statistically significant linear correlation between the dynamic coefficient of friction found via the two standardised test methods. At low levels of roughness, no statistically significant linear correlations were found between the coefficient of friction found via the two standardised test methods and roughness. For flooring with a compliant layer, the contact conditions of the pendulum test device were found to cause friction losses associated with energy dissipated as the surface deforms and recovers during sliding. Differences in sliding velocity and area of contact were found to influence the measurements given by the two test procedures. The higher velocity pendulum is a more appropriate test device to replicate slip in wet conditions as it predicts the worst case scenario. However, it is likely to give misleading results on deformable surfaces as, on such surfaces, as it is not replicating the loading conditions during a real-life heel strike.
Inverse Function Theorems and Jacobiansover Metric Spaces
Authors: Granieri Luca 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present inversion results for Lipschitz mapsf: Ω ⊂ ℝN→ (Y, d) and stability of inversionfor uniformly convergent sequences. These results are based on the Area Formula and on the l.s.c. of metricJacobians.
Advances in Pediatric Reference Intervals for Biochemical Markers: Establishment of the Caliper Database in Healthy Children and Adolescents/Napredak U Oblasti Pedijatrijskih Referentnih Intervala Za Biohemijske Markere: Izrada Baze Podataka Caliper Kod Zdrave Dece I Adolescenata
Authors: Karbasy Kimiya , Ariadne Petra , Gaglione Stephanie , Nieuwesteeg Michelle , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Clinical laboratory reference intervals provide valuable information to medical practitioners in their interpretation of quantitative laboratory test results, and therefore are critical in the assessment of patient health and in clinical decisionmaking. The reference interval serves as a health-associated benchmark with which to compare an individual test result. Unfortunately, critical gaps currently exist in accurate and upto-date pediatric reference intervals for accurate interpretation of laboratory tests performed in children and adolescents. These critical gaps in the available laboratory reference intervals have the clear potential of contributing to erroneous diagnosis or misdiagnosis of many diseases. To address these important gaps, several initiatives have begun internationally by a number of bodies including the KiGGS initiative in Germany, the Aussie Normals in Australia, the AACC-National Children Study in USA, the NORICHILD Initiative in Scandinavia, and the CALIPER study in Canada. In the present article, we will review the gaps in pediatric reference intervals, challenges in establishing pediatric norms in healthy children and adolescents, and the major contributions of the CALIPER program to closing the gaps in this crucial area of pediatric laboratory medicine. We will also discuss the recently published CALIPER reference interval database (www.caliperdatabase.com) developed to provide comprehensive age and gender specific pediatric reference intervals for a larger number of biochemical markers, based on a large and diverse healthy children cohort. The CALIPER database is based on a multiethnic population examining the influence of ethnicity on laboratory reference intervals. Thus the database has proved to be of global benefit and is being adopted by hospital laboratories worldwide.