bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humans, geometric similarity and the Froude number: is ‘‘reasonably close’’ really close enough?
Authors: Kramer Patricia Ann , Sylvester Adam D. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
Understanding locomotor energetics is imperative, because energy expended during locomotion, a requisite feature of primate subsistence, is lost to reproduction. Although metabolic energy expenditure can only be measured in extant species, using the equations of motion to calculate mechanical energy expenditure offers unlimited opportunities to explore energy expenditure, particularly in extinct species on which empirical experimentation is impossible. Variability, either within or between groups, can manifest as changes in size and/or shape. Isometric scaling (or geometric similarity) requires that all dimensions change equally among all individuals, a condition that will not be met in naturally developing populations. The Froude number (Fr), with lower limb (or hindlimb) length as the characteristic length, has been used to compensate for differences in size, but does not account for differences in shape.
To determine whether or not shape matters at the intraspecific level, we used a mechanical model that had properties that mimic human variation in shape. We varied crural index and limb segment circumferences (and consequently, mass and inertial parameters) among nine populations that included 19 individuals that were of different size. Our goal in the current work is to understand whether shape variation changes mechanical energy sufficiently enough to make shape a critical factor in mechanical and metabolic energy assessments.
Our results reaffirm that size does not affect mass-specific mechanical cost of transport (Alexander and Jayes, 1983) among geometrically similar individuals walking at equal Fr. The known shape differences among modern humans, however, produce sufficiently large differences in internal and external work to account for much of the observed variation in metabolic energy expenditure, if mechanical energy is correlated with metabolic energy. Any species or other group that exhibits shape differences should be affected similarly to that which we establish for humans. Unfortunately, we currently do not have a simple method to control or adjust for size–shape differences in individuals that are not geometrically similar, although musculoskeletal modeling is a viable, and promising, alternative. In mouse-to-elephant comparisons, size differences could represent the largest source of morphological variation, and isometric scaling factors such as Fr can compensate for much of the variability. Within species, however, shape differences may dominate morphological variation and Fr is not designed to compensate for shape differences. In other words, those shape differences that are “reasonably close” at the mouse-to-elephant level may become grossly different for within-species energetic comparisons.
Towards a bioinformatics of patterning: a computational approach to understanding regulative morphogenesis
Authors: Lobo Daniel , Malone Taylor J. , Levin Michael 
Published: November 2012

Summary
The mechanisms underlying the regenerative abilities of certain model species are of central importance to the basic understanding of pattern formation. Complex organisms such as planaria and salamanders exhibit an exceptional capacity to regenerate complete body regions and organs from amputated pieces. However, despite the outstanding bottom-up efforts of molecular biologists and bioinformatics focused at the level of gene sequence, no comprehensive mechanistic model exists that can account for more than one or two aspects of regeneration. The development of computational approaches that help scientists identify constructive models of pattern regulation is held back by the lack of both flexible morphological representations and a repository for the experimental procedures and their results (altered pattern formation). No formal representation or computational tools exist to efficiently store, search, or mine the available knowledge from regenerative experiments, inhibiting fundamental insights from this huge dataset. To overcome these problems, we present here a new class of ontology to encode formally and unambiguously a very wide range of possible morphologies, manipulations, and experiments. This formalism will pave the way for top-down approaches for the discovery of comprehensive models of regeneration. We chose the planarian regeneration dataset to illustrate a proof-of-principle of this novel bioinformatics of shape; we developed a software tool to facilitate the formalization and mining of the planarian experimental knowledge, and cured a database containing all of the experiments from the principal publications on planarian regeneration. These resources are freely available for the regeneration community and will readily assist researchers in identifying specific functional data in planarian experiments. More importantly, these applications illustrate the presented framework for formalizing knowledge about functional perturbations of morphogenesis, which is widely applicable to numerous model systems beyond regenerating planaria, and can be extended to many aspects of functional developmental, regenerative, and evolutionary biology.
Synthesis and Solvatochromic Properties of Azulene-substituted Donor–Acceptor-type Polymethine Dyes
Authors: Shoji Taku , Yamamoto Atsuyo , Inoue Yuta , Shimomura Erika , Ito Shunji , Higashi Junya , Morita Noboru 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The synthesis of azulene-substituted polymethine dyes 3–6 was established by the Zincke-type ring-opening reaction of pyridinium salt 2 with several secondary amines, followed by the alumina-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction with malononitrile. The intramolecular charge-transfer interactions from both azulene and amine moieties to dicyanomethylidene acceptor unit were investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy.
Sorafenib suppresses the rapid progress of hepatocellular carcinoma after insufficient radiofrequency ablation therapy: An experimentin vivo
Authors: Xu Ming , Xie Xiao-hua , Xie Xiao-yan , Xu Zuo-feng , Liu Guang-jian , Zheng Yan-ling , Huang Guang-liang , Wang Wei , Zheng Shu-guang , Lü Ming-de 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a widely applied treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but insufficient RFA can promote rapid progression of the residual tumor through the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) pathway. Although sorafenib has been successfully applied to advanced HCC, the use of sorafenib in residual tumor cells after RFA has rarely been tested.PurposeTo evaluate the potential role of sorafenib as an adjunct to RFA to reduce the recurrence rate after insufficient RFA.Material and MethodsXenograft tumors of SMMC 7721 were created by subcutaneously inoculating nude mice with hepatoma cells (5× 106cells per mouse). Fourteen days after inoculation, all mice were divided into three groups (control group [sham puncture], RFA group, and RFA combined with sorafenib treatment group) with six mice in each group. Each group was given a different treatment procedure. After treatment, the volume of the tumors was calculated from the resected specimens. The mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1a and VEGFA was quantified by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. The micro-vessel density (MVD) was determined by CD34 immunohistochemistry.ResultsReal-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that, compared to the RFA group, HIF-1α and VEGFA expression were significantly decreased in the group that received RFA combined with sorafenib treatment ( P < 0.05). By comparing the control group with the RFA group, we found that insufficient RFA promoted HIF-1α and VEGFA expression ( P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for MVD expression. Additionally, the combination of RFA with sorafenib therapy resulted in a synergistic reduction in tumor growth compared to insufficient RFA and sham puncture ( P < 0.05).ConclusionSorafenib was able to inhibit the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA, and sorafenib was able to increase time to recurrence when used as an adjunct to RFA.
Dual-source CT coronary angiography involving injection protocol with iodine load tailored to patient body weight and body mass index: Estimation of optimal contrast material dose
Authors: Zhu Xiaomei , Zhu Yinsu , Xu Hai , Yang Guanyu , Tang Lijun , Xu Yi 
Published: November 2012

Background Body mass index (BMI) has a positive linear influence on arterial attenuation at coronary CT angiography involving injection protocol with dose linearly tailored to body weight (BW). Excessive contrast material may inadvertently be given in heavier patients when the dose is determined by BW only. Purpose To investigate the effect of injection protocol with dose of contrast material (CM) tailored to BW and BMI on coronary arterial attenuation, contrast-to-noise ratio, and image noise at dual-source CT coronary angiography (DSCT-CA). Material and Methods A total of 233 consecutive patients (mean age, 60.2 years) undergoing DSCT-CA were included. Image acquisition protocol was standardized (120 kV, 380 mAs, and retrospective electrocardiograph-triggered DSCT-CA). CM dosage calculation was randomly categorized into groups: a BW group and a BW-BMI group. CM flow rate in both groups was calculated as dosage divided by scan time plus 8 s. Correlations between BW, BMI, and attenuations of ascending aorta (AA) above coronary ostia, left main coronary artery (LM), proximal right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending (LAD), and left circumflex artery (LCX), contrast to noise ratio of LM (LMCNR) and RCA (RCACNR), and image noise were evaluated with simple linear regression for two groups individually. Results In BW group, attenuations of AA and coronary arteries showed positive linear correlations to BW and BMI. In contrast, no relationships were found in BW-BMI group. LMCNR and RCACNR were inversely determined by BW and BMI in both groups. Image noise increased with BW and BMI increasing in two groups. Conclusion BMI has a positive linear influence on arterial attenuation with fixed iodine per BW. The injection protocol with CM dose tailored to BW and BMI is reasonable during DSCT-CA.
Ovarian adenofibromas and cystadenofibromas: Magnetic resonance imaging findings including diffusion-weighted imaging
Authors: Takeuchi Mayumi , Matsuzaki Kenji , Harada Masafumi 
Published: November 2012

Background Ovarian adenofibromas (AF) and cystadenofibromas (CAF) belong to the surface epithelial-stromal tumors, and may appear as solid, or solid and cystic masses mimicking ovarian cancers. Purpose To evaluate the capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement for the diagnosis of ovarian AF/CAF. Material and Methods Magnetic resonance manifestations of 13 cases of ovarian AF/CAF were retrospectively evaluated. DWI was obtained in all 13 lesions, and mean ADC values in 11 lesions were compared with those in solid portions of 27 ovarian cancers. Results Neither case with AF/CAF revealed high signal intensity on DWI, whereas all ovarian cancers showed high signal intensity on DWI. The ADC values in the solid portions of AF/CAF were significantly higher than those of ovarian cancers ( P < 0.001). A cut-off value of 1.20 × 10–3 mm2/s for AF/CAF had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 93%, positive predictive value of 82%, and negative predictive value of 93%. Conclusion DWI with ADC measurement may be helpful in differentiating AF/CAF from ovarian cancers.
Responsiveness of individual questions from the venous clinical severity score and the Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire
Authors: Lattimer C R , Kalodiki E , Azzam M , Geroulakos G 
Published: November 2012

Objectives The venous clinical severity score (VCSS) and the Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire (AVVQ) improve after treating chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The aim was to examine how and why they improve by evaluating the change in each individual question. Methods This was an analysis on prospectively collected data from a clinical study on 100 patients (58% female) with CVI (C2 = 34, C3 = 14, C4a = 29, C4b = 9, C5 = 7, C6 = 7) who were randomized to endovenous laser ablation ( n = 50) or foam sclerotherapy ( n = 50). The change scores (performance) of each question of the VCSS (questions 1–10) and the AVVQ (questions 1–13) were calculated by subtracting the score at three weeks, and three months, from the pre-treatment score. Results Both the median, interquartile range (IQR), VCSS and the AVVQ scores improved from 6 (4) and 21.4 (15.1) at baseline to 3 (4) and 18.6 (12.1) at three weeks ( P < 0.0005, P = 0.031) to 2 (3) and 8.8 (13.6) at three months, ( P < 0.0005, P < 0.0005), respectively. The performance of the first three questions of the VCSS (pain, extent of varicosities, oedema) were the most contributory to the overall score. Questions 5, 7, 8, 9 on ulceration improved the most individually but did not contribute significantly to the overall score. Questions 5, 9 of the AVVQ on stocking use and ulceration failed to contribute statistically to the overall improvement at three months. Conclusion The majority of the individual questions of the VCSS and AVVQ responded to change. However, the cause of a poor response was multifactorial with statistical dilution playing a significant role. Stratification of patients according to ulceration may allow better comparisons.
Anterior deltoid deficiency in reverse total shoulder replacement
Authors: Gulotta L. V. , Choi D. , Marinello P. , Wright T. , Cordasco F. A. , Craig E. V. , Warren R. F. 
Published: November 2012

Reverse total shoulder replacement (RTSR) depends on adequate deltoid function for a successful outcome. However, the anterior deltoid and/or axillary nerve may be damaged due to prior procedures or injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the compensatory muscle forces required for scapular plane elevation following RTSR when the anterior deltoid is deficient. The soft tissues were removed from six cadaver shoulders, except for tendon attachments. After implantation of the RTSR, the shoulders were mounted on a custom-made shoulder simulator to determine the mean force in each muscle required to achieve 30° and 60° of scapular plane elevation. Two conditions were tested: 1) Control with an absent supraspinatus and infraspinatus; and 2) Control with anterior deltoid deficiency. Anterior deltoid deficiency resulted in a mean increase of 195% in subscapularis force at 30° when compared with the control (p = 0.02). At 60°, the subscapularis force increased a mean of 82% (p < 0.001) and the middle deltoid force increased a mean of 26% (p = 0.04). Scapular plane elevation may still be possible following an RTSR in the setting of anterior deltoid deficiency. When the anterior deltoid is deficient, there is a compensatory increase in the force required by the subscapularis and middle deltoid. Attempts to preserve the subscapularis, if present, might maximise post-operative function.
Increased one-year risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement
Authors: Pedersen A. B. , Johnsen S. P. , Sørensen H. T. 
Published: November 2012

We examined the one-year risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) following primary total hip replacement (THR) among Danish patients and a comparison cohort from the general population. From the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry we identified all primary THRs performed in Denmark between 1995 and 2010 (n = 85 965). In all, 97% of patients undergoing THR received low-molecular-weight heparin products during hospitalisation. Through the Danish Civil Registration System we sampled a comparison cohort who had not undergone THR from the general population (n = 257 895). Among the patients undergoing THR, the risk of symptomatic VTE was 0.79% between 0 and 90 days after surgery and 0.29% between 91 and 365 days after surgery. In the comparison cohort the corresponding risks were 0.05% and 0.12%, respectively. The adjusted relative risks of symptomatic VTE among patients undergoing THR were 15.84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.12 to 19.12) during the first 90 days after surgery and 2.41 (95% CI 2.04 to 2.85) during 91 to 365 days after surgery, compared with the comparison cohort. The relative risk of VTE was elevated irrespective of the gender, age and level of comorbidity at the time of THR. We concluded that THR was associated with an increased risk of symptomatic VTE up to one year after surgery compared with the general population, although the absolute risk is small.
Development of the osseous and cartilaginous acetabular index in normal children and those with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Li L. Y. , Zhang L. J. , Li Q. W. , Zhao Q. , Jia J. Y. , Huang T. 
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of the osseous acetabular index (OAI) and cartilaginous acetabular index (CAI) using MRI. The OAI and CAI were measured on the coronal MR images of the hip in 81 children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), with a mean age of 19.6 months (3 to 70), and 241 normal control children with a mean age of 5.1 years (1 month to 12.5 years). Additionally the developmental patterns of the OAI and CAI in normal children were determined by age-based cross-sectional analysis.Unlike the OAI, the normal CAI decreased rapidly from a mean of 10.17° (sd 1.60) to a mean of 8.25° (sd 1.90) within the first two years of life, and then remained constant at a mean of 8.04° (sd 1.65) until adolescence. Although no difference in OAI was found between the uninvolved hips in children with unilateral DDH and normal hips (p = 0.639), the CAI was significantly different between them both (p < 0.001). The normal CAI has fully formed at birth, and is maintained constantly throughout childhood. The CAI in the unaffected hips in children with unilateral DDH is also mildly dysplastic.
Pediatric Tuberculosis at Beijing Children’s Hospital: 2002–2010
Authors: Wu Xi-Rong , Yin Qing-Qin , Jiao An-Xia , Xu Bao-Ping , Sun Lin , Jiao Wei-Wei , Xiao Jing , Miao Qing , Shen Chen , Liu Fang , Shen Dan , Shen Adong 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to describe the patient characteristics, clinical–epidemiological profile, and treatment outcome of childhood tuberculosis (TB).METHODS:A retrospective, descriptive study was undertaken of 1212 children aged 0 to 18 years admitted to Beijing Children’s Hospital for the treatment of TB from January 2002 to December 2010. Statistical significance of category variables was evaluated by using Fisher’s exact test.RESULTS:Fifty-four percent of patients had extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), 38.8% had tuberculous meningitis, and 31.3% had disseminated TB. The last 2 types were defined as severe TB. Most patients with TB (81.6%) were cured or completed treatment. There were more patients aged &lt;5 years and from rural areas with EPTB than with pulmonary tuberculosis. More severe cases of TB were found in patients aged &lt;1 year than other less severe types of TB. Patients with no bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination and a contact history at home had a significantly risk of contracting severe TB. Children aged &lt;1 year and those with severe TB were more likely to have poor treatment outcomes (failed to improve or died). Among those with EPTB, only 61.3% and 61.1% had positive results on the purified protein derivative tuberculin skin test and chest radiograph, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:In this referral hospital setting, more pediatric EPTB and severe TB patients were found among children aged &lt;1 year. Age &lt;1 year and having severe TB were risk factors for treatment failure. Thus, prevention and health care in pediatric TB should focus on both EPTB and severe TB.
Patterns and Costs of Health Care Use of Children With Medical Complexity
Authors: Cohen Eyal , Berry Jay G. , Camacho Ximena , Anderson Geoff , Wodchis Walter , Guttmann Astrid 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Health care use of children with medical complexity (CMC), such as those with neurologic impairment or other complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and those with technology assistance (TA), is not well understood. The objective of the study was to evaluate health care utilization and costs in a population-based sample of CMC in Ontario, Canada.METHODS:Hospital discharge data from 2005 through 2007 identified CMC. Complete health system use and costs were analyzed over the subsequent 2-year period.RESULTS:The study identified 15 771 hospitalized CMC (0.67% of children in Ontario); 10 340 (65.6%) had single-organ CCC, 1063 (6.7%) multiorgan CCC, 4368 (27.6%) neurologic impairment, and 1863 (11.8%) had TA. CMC saw a median of 13 outpatient physicians and 6 distinct subspecialists. Thirty-six percent received home care services. Thirty-day readmission varied from 12.6% (single CCC without TA) to 23.7% (multiple CCC with TA). CMC accounted for almost one-third of child health spending. Rehospitalization accounted for the largest proportion of subsequent costs (27.2%), followed by home care (11.3%) and physician services (6.0%). Home care costs were a much larger proportion of costs in children with TA. Children with multiple CCC with TA had costs 3.5 times higher than children with a single CCC without TA.CONCLUSIONS:Although a small proportion of the population, CMC account for a substantial proportion of health care costs. CMC make multiple transitions across providers and care settings and CMC with TA have higher costs and home care use. Initiatives to improve their health outcomes and decrease costs need to focus on the entire continuum of care.
Pediatric Inflatable Bouncer–Related Injuries in the United States, 1990–2010
Authors: Thompson Meghan C. , Chounthirath Thiphalak , Xiang Huiyun , Smith Gary A. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate inflatable bouncer–related injuries to children in the United States.

METHODS:
Records were analyzed from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for patients ≤17 years old treated in US emergency departments (EDs) for inflatable bouncer–related injuries from 1990 to 2010.

RESULTS:
An estimated 64 657 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32 420–96 893) children ≤17 years of age with inflatable bouncer–related injuries were treated in US EDs from 1990 to 2010. From 1995 to 2010, there was a statistically significant 15-fold increase in the number and rate of these injuries, with an average annual rate of 5.28 injuries per 100 000 US children (95% CI: 2.62–7.95). The increase was more rapid during recent years, with the annual injury number and rate more than doubling between 2008 and 2010. In 2010, a total of 31 children per day were treated in US EDs for an inflatable bouncer–related injury, which equals a child every 46 minutes nationally. A majority of patients were male (54.6%), and the mean patient age was 7.50 years (95% CI: 7.17–7.83). Most injuries were fractures (27.5%) and strains or sprains (27.3%), and most injuries occurred to the lower (32.9%) or upper (29.7%) extremities. Most injuries occurred at a place of sports or recreation (43.7%) or at home (37.5%), and 3.4% of injured children were hospitalized or kept for &lt;24 hours for observation.

CONCLUSIONS:
The number and rate of pediatric inflatable bouncer–related injuries have increased rapidly in recent years. This increase, along with similarities to trampoline-related injuries, underscores the need for guidelines for safer bouncer usage and improvements in bouncer design to prevent these injuries among children.