bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glottic Papilloma in Pregnancy
Authors: Mittal Rashu , Mathur Navneet , Bhuie Harjinder Singh 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Respiratory papilloma (RP) is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx, both in children and in adult. The etiology of recurrent respiratory papilloma is human papilloma virus (HPV), which has propensity to lay in normal epithelium, hence the high rate of recurrence. We report a case of an adult onset large glottic papilloma seen in a female with 3rd trimester pregnancy, which was excised under microscope under local anesthesia. The effect of pregnancy and latest modalities of treatment are discussed in this article.

How to cite this article
Mittal R, Verma H, Mathur N, Bhuie HS. Glottic Papilloma in Pregnancy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):43-44.
Kijk, ik spreek illegaals!
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen , Mercelis Heleen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Despite the fact that linguistic contact phenomena have been observed in various cities across the Netherlands and Flanders, it may be imprudent to label these phenomena with names such as Murks, straattaal and recently Illegaals. We argue that these labels, in particular Illegaals, so far have functioned as floating signifiers that are variably attributed to a wide range of different linguistic targets such as imitations of accented Dutch, learner Dutch or even competent fluent Dutch. We suggest that these signifiers do not so much hint at the existence of new separate urban varieties of language, but rather offer clues for how speakers navigate linguistic complexity and difference in contemporary cities, and what language use may come to be seen as normal, attractive and worth pursuing in the future.
No Evading the Jokes
Authors: McCoy Sharon D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Using biographical, historical, and textual analysis, this essay explores the complex dynamics that emerge among Huck, Jim, and Tom, especially during the pranks of the “evasion.” While biographical events do not translate into literary inspiration, Twain's inter-class and interracial relationships, particularly with George Griffin and John T. Lewis, can illuminate the role of pranks, their complex effect on power dynamics in friendship, and the underlying coherence of the novel. As part of Clemens's domestic sphere, these men helped Clemens to envision a sense of male friendship separate from but partly constrained by societal strictures. While many readers have caviled at Tom Sawyer's return in the novel's final section, that return tests everything Huck has learned or thought he has learned about himself, friendship, society, integrity, and community. Tom's secure sense of self within society's hierarchy exposes Huck's and Jim's tenuous positions and disrupts their fragile, insular, and domestically based friendship.
Análisis, interrogantes y recomendaciones sobre la Ley de contrataciones administrativas del sector público de Nicaragua
Authors: Arríen Somarriba Juan Bautista 
Published: October 2014

A poco más de tres años de haber entrado en vigencia la Ley No. 737, Ley de contrataciones administrativas del Sector Público, es un momento oportuno, para realizar desde la academia, una evaluación teórica sobre su contenido, pero sobre todo de su aplicación, haciendo énfasis en algunos de los problemas más comunes que han enfrentado las principales entidades, tanto públicas como privadas, sujetas a la regulación de esta normativa. Para lograr esta finalidad se presenta un análisis detallado, de varios de los puntos que la integran, partiendo de sus definiciones, principios, objeto, materias excluidas, los sujetos contractuales, sus derechos, órganos rectores y de ejecución, los procedimientos de compras, especialmente el de licitación pública, las garantías contractuales y los recursos administrativos para el control de las compras públicas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i17.1579
Offer and Acceptance and the Dynamics of Negotiations: Arguments for Contract Theory from Negotiation Studies
Authors: Pannebakker Ekaterina 
Published: October 2014

Offer and Acceptance and the Dynamics of Negotiations: Arguments for Contract Theory from Negotiation Studies
The doctrine of offer and acceptance forms the basis of the rules of contract formation in most western legal systems. However, if parties enter into elaborate negotiations, these rules may become difficult to apply. This paper addresses the application of the doctrine of offer and acceptance to the formation of contract in the context of negotiations. The paper argues that while the doctrine of offer and acceptance is designed to assess the issues related to the substance of the future eventual contract (the substantive constituent of negotiations), these issues overlap within the context of negotiations with the strategic and tactical behaviour of the negotiators (dynamic constituent of negotiations). Analysis of these two constituents can be found in negotiation studies, a field which has developed over the last decades. Using the rules of offer and acceptance of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts as an example, this paper shows that the demarcation between the substantive and the dynamic constituents of negotiations can be used as the criterion to distinguish between, on the one hand, the documents and conduct forming a contract, and, on the other hand, other precontractual documents and conduct. Furthermore, the paper discusses the possibility of using the structure of negotiation described by negotiation studies as an additional tool in the usual analysis of facts in order to assess the existence of a contract and the moment of contract formation.
An Eclectic Approach to Loyalty-Promoting Instruments in Corporate Law: Revisiting Hirschman's Model of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
Authors: Bootsma Bart 
Published: October 2014

An Eclectic Approach to Loyalty-Promoting Instruments in Corporate Law: Revisiting Hirschman's Model of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
This essay analyses the shareholder role in corporate governance in terms of Albert Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. The term 'exit' is embedded in a law & economics framework, while 'voice' relates to a corporate constitutional framework. The essay takes an eclectic approach and argues that, in order to understand the shareholder role in its full breadth and depth, the corporate law & economics framework can 'share the analytical stage' with a corporate constitutional framework. It is argued that Hirschman's concept of 'loyalty' is the connecting link between the corporate law & economics and corporate constitutional framework. Corporate law is perceived as a Janus head, as it is influenced by corporate law & economics as well as by corporate constitutional considerations. In the discussion on the shareholder role in public corporations, it is debated whether corporate law should facilitate loyalty-promoting instruments, such as loyalty dividend and loyalty warrants. In this essay, these instruments are analysed based on the eclectic approach. It is argued that loyalty dividend and warrants are law & economics instruments (i.e. financial incentives) based on corporate constitutional motives (i.e. promoting loyalty in order to change the exit/voice mix in favour of voice).
A Turn to Legal Pluralism in Rule of Law Promotion?
Authors: Janse Ronald 
Published: October 2014

A Turn to Legal Pluralism in Rule of Law Promotion?
Over the past 25 years, international organizations, NGOs and (mostly Western) states have spent considerable energy and resources on strengthening and reforming legal systems in developing countries. The results of these efforts have generally been disappointing, despite occasional successes. Among donors, one of most popular explanations of this failure in recent years is that rule of law promotion has wrongly focused almost exclusively on strengthening the formal legal system. Donors have therefore decided to 'engage' with informal justice systems. The turn to legal plu‍ra‍lism is to be welcomed for various reasons. But it is also surprising and worrisome. It is surprising because legal pluralism in developing countries was a fact of life before rule of law promotion began. What made donors pursuing legal reform blind to this reality for so long? It is worrisome because it is not self-evident that the factors which have contributed to such cognitive blindness have disappeared overnight. Are donors really ready to refocus their efforts on legal pluralism and 'engage' with informal justice systems? This paper, which is based on a review of the literature on donor engamenet with legal pluralism in so-called conflict affected and fragile states, is about these questions. It argues that 7 factors have been responsible for donor blindness regarding legal pluralism. It questions whether these factors have been addressed.
Hang the Kaiser! But for What, and Would It Be Justice?
Authors: Mevis Paul , Reijntjes Jan M. 
Published: October 2014

Hang the Kaiser! But for What, and Would It Be Justice?
The Versailles Treaty (Art. 227) called for the prosecution of Wilhelm II, the German ex-Kaiser. Because of the refusal of the Dutch Government to surrender Wilhelm, a trial never took place. This paper tries to elaborate some questions concerning this possible trial. What was the background of the said Treaty paragraph? What would have happened when Wilhelm had been surrendered? Based on a report of a special committee to the peace conference, the possible indictment is discussed. The authors try to elaborate some thoughts for answering the question about Wilhelm’s criminal responsibility, especially as author of the war (‘ius ad bellum’) by starting an aggressive war and/or by violating the neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg. Wilhelm’s possible responsibility for violations of the ‘ius in bello’ (laws and customs of war) in Belgium, France, and Poland and/or by ordering an unlimited submarine war is discussed as well. It is concluded that it would have been very difficult for the tribunal to have Wilhelm find criminal responsible for the indictment, except for the violation of the neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg. But then, the tribunal would have been obliged to answer fundamental questions about the command responsibility of Wilhelm. From a point of view of international criminal law, it is rather unfortunate that the unique opportunity for a ‘Prologue to Nuremberg’ was not realised, although a trial would not have made history take a different turn than it did in the twentieth century after the ‘Great War’.
Mass changes of outlet glaciers along the Nordensjköld Coast, northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on TanDEM‐X satellite measurements
Authors: Rott Helmut , Floricioiu Dana , Wuite Jan , Scheiblauer Stefan , Nagler Thomas , Kern Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe analyzed volume change and mass balance of outlet glaciers of the northern Antarctic Peninsula over the period 2011 to 2013, using topographic data of high vertical accuracy and great spatial detail, acquired by bistatic radar interferometry of the TanDEM‐X/TerraSAR‐X satellite formation. The study area includes glaciers draining into the Larsen‐A, Larsen Inlet, and Prince‐Gustav‐Channel embayments. After collapse of buttressing ice shelves in 1995 the glaciers became tidewater calving glaciers and accelerated, resulting in increased ice export. Downwasting of most glaciers is going on, but at reduced rates compared to previous years in accordance with deceleration of ice flow. The rate of mass depletion is 4.2 ± 0.4 Gt a−1, with the largest contribution by Drygalski Glacier amounting to 2.2 ± 0.2 Gt a−1. On the technological side, the investigations demonstrate the capability of satellite‐borne single‐pass radar interferometry as a new tool for accurate and detailed monitoring of glacier volume change.
Transformation of ENSO‐related rainwater to dripwater δ18O variability by vadose water mixing
Authors: Moerman Jessica W. , Cobb Kim M. , Partin Judson W. , Meckler A. Nele , Carolin Stacy A. , Adkins Jess F. , Lejau Syria , Malang Jenny , Clark Brian , Tuen Andrew A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSpeleothem oxygen isotopes (δ18O) are often used to reconstruct past rainfall δ18O variability, and thereby hydroclimate changes, in many regions of the world. However, poor constraints on the karst hydrological processes that transform rainfall signals into cave dripwater add significant uncertainty to interpretations of speleothem‐based reconstructions. Here we present several 6.5 year, biweekly dripwater δ18O time series from northern Borneo and compare them to local rainfall δ18O variability. We demonstrate that vadose water mixing is the primary rainfall‐to‐dripwater transformation process at our site, where dripwater δ18O reflects amount‐weighted rainfall δ18O integrated over the previous 3–10 months. We document large interannual dripwater δ18O variability related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with amplitudes inversely correlated to dripwater residence times. According to a simple stalagmite forward model, asymmetrical ENSO extremes produce significant offsets in stalagmite δ18O time series given different dripwater residence times. Our study highlights the utility of generating multiyear, paired time series of rainfall and dripwater δ18O to aid interpretations of stalagmite δ18O reconstructions.
Vertical mixing due to double diffusion in the tropical western Pacific
Authors: Lee Chorong , Chang Kyung‐Il , Lee Jae Hak , Richards Kelvin J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study calculates the vertical diffusivity and the fluxes of heat, salt, and buoyancy due to turbulence and double diffusion based on a 14 day time series of observations of the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and thermal variance at 0°N, 156°E from 25 October to 18 November 2012. Salt fingering dominates shear‐driven turbulence below 100 m. The estimated flux and associated vertical diffusivity due to double diffusion are approximately 1 order of magnitude higher for temperature and density and 2 orders of magnitude higher for salinity compared to values calculated from a turbulence model. Under weak turbulence conditions, the turbulence model significantly underestimates the magnitude of the vertical buoyancy flux with the flux having the wrong sign. Under these conditions, fluxes induced by double‐diffusive mixing need to be considered.
Full‐depth temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic through the early 21st century
Authors: Desbruyères D. G. , McDonagh E. L. , King B. A. , Garry F. K. , Blaker A. T. , Moat B. I. , Mercier H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe vertical structure of temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic (NEA) is investigated using a blend of Argo and hydrography data. The representativeness of sparse hydrography sampling in the basin mean is assessed using a numerical model. Between 2003 and 2013, the NEA underwent a strong surface cooling (0–450 m) and a significant warming at intermediate and deep levels (1000 m to 3000 m) that followed a strong cooling trend observed between 1988 and 2003. During 2003–2013, gyre‐specific changes are found in the upper 1000 m (warming and cooling of the subtropical and subpolar gyres, respectively), while the intermediate and deep warming primarily occurred in the subpolar gyre, with important contributions from isopycnal heave and water mass property changes. The full‐depth temperature change requires a local downward heat flux of 0.53 ± 0.06 W m−2 through the sea surface, and its vertical distribution highlights the likely important role of the NEA in the recent global warming hiatus.
Evidence for the core field polarity of magnetic flux ropes against the reconnection guide field
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Abdullah M. , Hasbi A. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present the observational evidence by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS)‐D spacecraft to demonstrate that magnetic flux rope can have a core field polarity opposite to the guide field during asymmetric reconnection with a high magnetic shear across the magnetopause. In the presented event, a bipolar reconnection outflow was observed at the magnetopause, across which the magnetic shear was ~149° corresponding to a predicted guide field BG = −15.6 nT. The ratios for magnetic field strength and ion density between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath sides of the magnetopause were ~1.6 and ~0.15, respectively. During the event, the component of magnetic field along the M axis (the intermediate variance direction) remained negative and stable for most of the time, and its mean value agreed with the BG. Two magnetic flux ropes with a strong core field were identified, but one flux rope had a core field polarity against the guide field BG. Our finding differs from current theoretical simulations that the core field polarity of the flux ropes inherits from the guide field.
Assessment of downscaled current and future projections of diurnal rainfall patterns for the Himalaya
Authors: Bhatt B. C. , Sobolowski Stefan , King Martin P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study we investigate the diurnal precipitation cycle in high‐resolution regional climate simulations for present (2000–2010) and future time periods (2030–2040 and 2040–2050) over subregions of the Himalayas. The future periods are simulated under a high‐emission scenario, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) in order to maximize any projected externally driven precipitation signal. For present climate, 4‐hourly simulated precipitation is first evaluated against observations to establish model credibility. The diurnal cycle, which is typically characterized by a bimodal structure with primary (secondary) maxima in nighttime (afternoon), is reasonably well represented in the present, giving us confidence when assessing potential future changes. The timing of the precipitation maxima and minima is found to match the observed timings well in the diurnal cycle. In general, the Weather Research and Forecasting model captures the principal shape of the diurnal cycle observed over all the subregions. Under projected future conditions, no significant changes in the diurnal cycle occur. The results suggest modest changes in diurnal precipitation under RCP8.5 emission scenario, as evidenced by an increase in afternoon precipitation around the Himalayas. Although the projected future changes of precipitation presented in this article are within of the expected range of precipitation changes caution must be exercised when interpreting single‐model experiments.
Ionizable Amphiphilic Dendrimer‐Based Nanomaterials with Alkyl‐Chain‐Substituted Amines for Tunable siRNA Delivery to the Liver Endothelium In Vivo
Authors: Khan Omar F. , Zaia Edmond W. , Yin Hao , Bogorad Roman L. , Pelet Jeisa M. , Webber Matthew J. , Zhuang Iris , Dahlman James E. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA library of dendrimers was synthesized and optimized for targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery to different cell subpopulations within the liver. Using a combinatorial approach, a library of these nanoparticle‐forming materials was produced wherein the free amines on multigenerational poly(amido amine) and poly(propylenimine) dendrimers were substituted with alkyl chains of increasing length, and evaluated for their ability to deliver siRNA to liver cell subpopulations. Interestingly, two lead delivery materials could be formulated in a manner to alter their tissue tropism within the liver—with formulations from the same material capable of preferentially delivering siRNA to 1) endothelial cells, 2) endothelial cells and hepatocytes, or 3) endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and tumor cells in vivo. The ability to broaden or narrow the cellular destination of siRNA within the liver may provide a useful tool to address a range of liver diseases.
Cationic Gold(III) Alkyl Complexes: Generation, Trapping, and Insertion of Norbornene
Authors: Rekhroukh Feriel , Brousses Rémy , Amgoune Abderrahmane , Bourissou Didier 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMigratory insertion of alkenes into gold–carbon bonds, a fundamental yet unprecedented organometallic transformation, has been investigated from a discrete (P,C) cyclometalated gold(III) dimethyl complex. Methide abstraction by B(C6F5)3 is shown to generate a highly reactive cationic AuIII complex that evolves spontaneously by C6F5 transfer from boron. In the presence of norbornene, migratory insertion into the AuC bond proceeds readily. The resulting norbornyl complex is efficiently trapped with pyridines or chloride to give stable four‐coordinate adducts.
Kinetics of drug release from drug carrier of polymer/TiO2 nanotubes composite—pH dependent study
Authors: Jia Huiying , Kerr Lei L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was to investigate the kinetics of drug release from polymer/TiO2 nanotubes composite. Lidocaine and carprofen were selected as model drugs to represent weak base and weak acid drugs, respectively. Mathematical models used to fit the in vitro drug release experimental data indicate that at higher pH, the drug release was first order diffusion controlled. At lower pH, the release of the two drugs exhibits two staged controlled release mechanism. The first phase is due to drug diffusion and the second stage is a result of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer degradation. The rate of drug release from polymer/TiO2 nanotubes drug carrier was mainly controlled by three pH dependent factors: the solubility of the drug, the degree of polymer swelling/degradation, and the electrostatic force between polymer and drug. This study suggests that controlled release could be achieved for polymer/TiO2 nanotubes drug carrier via the modulation of pKa values of polymers and drug solubility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41570.
Synergistic effect between silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent and ammonium polyphosphate in flame retardant polypropylene
Authors: Lai Xuejun , Yin Changyu , Li Hongqiang , Zeng Xingrong 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA novel silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent (Si‐MCA) was synthesized via polycondensation, and it was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to flame retard polypropylene (PP). The results showed that Si‐MCA exhibited a good synergistic effect with APP in flame retardant PP. When the content of APP was 18.7 wt % and Si‐MCA was 6.3 wt %, the limiting oxygen index value of the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite was 33.5%, and the vertical burning (UL 94) test classed a V‐0 rating. The peak heat release rate, total heat release, average mass loss rate, and total smoke production of the composite were also decreased significantly. Moreover, the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite showed an outstanding water resistance. After soaking in 70°C water for 168 h, the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite could still reach a UL 94 V‐0 rating at 20.0 wt % IFR loading, whereas the PP/APP/PER composite failed to pass the UL 94 test even at 25.0 wt % IFR loading. Thermogravimetric analysis, thermogravimetry‐Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry results revealed that a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed by APP/Si‐MCA during burning, thus effectively improved the flame retardancy of PP. The possible synergistic mechanism between APP and Si‐MCA was also discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41580.