bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Russian Economy, 1861–1932
Authors: Waldron Peter 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Russian economy has been faced with significant environmental challenges, and agriculture—the mainstay of the economy during this period—suffered from consistently low yields. Neither the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, nor Stolypin’s agricultural reform of 1906 succeeded in bringing about fundamental change in Russian farming. Russia also had substantial difficulty in stimulating industrial growth. Before 1917, it had to rely on foreign investment to develop its industrial sector. The pressures of the First World War exposed Russian economic weakness. After 1917, the Bolshevik regime’s attempts to reform both agriculture and industry in the first years of its existence, while at the same time constructing a socialist society, proved unsuccessful. At the end of the 1920s, Stalin’s dictatorship was able to collectivize agriculture and to bring about industrial revolution through the Five-Year-Plans. While these brought short-term economic advantages, the USSR paid a heavy price for the Stalinist revolution.
Morality and Subjectivity, 1860s–1920s
Authors: Beer Daniel 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines not the changing moral and sexual codes of Russian society in the decades of reform and revolution, but rather the notions of moral agency and subjectivity that contemporaries believed found expression in the observance, subversion and violation of these codes. Competing understandings of human motivation and behaviour informed the public representation of acts of infidelity, sexual corruption, rape, petty crime, suicide and murder. Drawing on a wide range of literary, journalistic, political and medico-legal texts, the chapter explores both the rise and the fall of the autonomous moral agent in Russian culture between the Great Reforms and the New Economic Policy.
Subjects and Citizens, 1905–1917
Authors: Morrissey Susan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Did Russia’s short-lived ‘constitutional experiment’ of 1905–17 mark the moment when the Tsar’s subjects became citizens? This chapter reassesses this pivotal period between the October Manifesto of 1905 and the February Revolution of 1917 through the prism of citizenship, especially citizenship rights. Conceiving citizenship not as a normative category but as a political imaginary—a contested space of both ideological ideals and everyday practices, it traces the emergence of multiple loci of citizenship shaped through the interplay of autocratic power and new ideas about human autonomy and dignity. Just as visions of citizenship helped to propel the political battles of the twentieth century, so too were they recast in the fires of revolution and political reaction, especially the unprecedented deployment of state violence in and after 1905. Individual rights moulded the political landscape of late imperial Russia, not because they were achieved but because they were imagined, asserted, and violated.
Bolshevism enforced, 1917–1921
Authors: Landis Erik 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
How could the Bolsheviks exert control over Russia between October 1917 and 1921 when the Provisional Government had failed to do so after the February Revolution? This chapter reassesses those turbulent years through the prism of centre-periphery conflict and state-building, arguing that the process of civil war served to extend Soviet control through the elimination of armed rivals and the suppression of the centrifugal social forces accentuated by revolution in 1917. If the Provisional Government sought to govern at a time when state sovereignty was disintegrating, the civil war was, to a large extent, a struggle for re-integration—a struggle characterized by the projection of armed force and the exercise of violence against civilians. Military domination of the countryside proved a necessary condition for the medium-term socialization of formerly insurgent populations who initially harboured strong grievances against the new Soviet state.
Tonson’s Jonson
Authors: Grant Teresa 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The period 1709–16 saw heavy investment in the printing of Ben Jonson, motivated by the House of Tonson’s need to assert their copyright in the face of outright piracy. In anticipation of a new copyright law ‘The Statute of Anne’ (1710), Jonson’s works were at the centre of a vicious battle between Tonson and the famous pirate printer Henry Hills Jnr. Tonson was also threatened by the Hague printer Thomas Johnson’s good quality octavo series Best English Plays, which was to include six Jonson plays (though only Volpone ever materialized). To meet this challenge, in 1712 Tonson changed his Works format from octavo to duodecimo. These early eighteenth-century editions of Jonson demonstrate a very significant moment in publishing – the final move away from prestigious large-format Works into ‘small volumes fit for the pocket’. Tonson’s octavo 1716 Jonson bears the physical evidence of this transition, arrested mid-print run and fundamentally outdated even before it went on sale.
Words and Things
Authors: Moreland John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Texts have been central to the generation of archaeological theory (whether in culture history, New Archaeology, or post-processual approaches). They have framed our understanding of the past. It is now clear that they also structured human action in the past—as both technologies of oppression and vehicles of enlightenment. Recent research suggests that the habit of reading and writing may have a direct impact on the brain, stimulating a restructuring of neural networks, and affecting the way people thought and acted. Given the socially restricted nature of literacy in pre-modern societies, this may have implications for intra-societal relationships. What is already clear, however, is that the power of the written word in the past owed as much to its supernatural connotations as to its semantic content.
Tyrannicide in Ancient Greek Political Culture
Authors: Teegarden David A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an analytical framework for interpreting the history of tyrannicide in ancient Greece. It first explores the Athenians’ idealization of Harmodius and Aristogeiton—two Athenian tyrannicides—during the late archaic and early classical periods. Next, it analyzes the subsequent promotion of tyrannicide outside of Athens: on the Greek mainland in the late classical period; in western Asia Minor during the early Hellenistic period; in the Peloponnesus during the third century B.C.E. Finally, it accounts for the popularity of tyrannicide in ancient Greek political culture, arguing that such acts helped democracy supporters mobilize against nondemocratic regimes and were not considered to be problematic.
Instrumental Terror in Medieval Europe
Authors: Brown Warren C. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article argues that the modern concept of terrorism does not fit the realities or worldviews that characterize medieval societies. Instead, therefore, the article explores the wider use of instrumental terror in the period, that is, the deliberate use of extreme fear to achieve some goal or set of goals indirectly, rather than by the direct application of force. It concludes that instrumental terror formed an important part of the repertoire of power in medieval Europe. It was most often applied through violence wielded from the top down, by people wishing to impose or maintain their power over others. It was occasionally, however, used from the bottom up, in an effort to destabilize or overturn a dominant order. Its legitimacy was subjective; while some medieval sources condemn it, others present it as necessary and even positive.
Ismaili Assassins as Early Terrorists?
Authors: Cook David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The idea that the Ismaili Assassins, historically flourishing during the eleventh–thirteenth centuries, provided by their suicidal attacks on prominent Muslim and Crusader figures a type of inspiration for contemporary suicide attackers has been a popular one in recent literature. While the Ismaili attacks were targeted rather than terroristic in nature, there is no evidence that the assassins either sought death or that their actions could be accomplished solely through the deaths of their perpetrators. Their assassinations in fact can be explained within the context of Ismaili religious thought of that time and constitute an abortive development in the doctrine of Shi`ite jihad.
“Thugs and Assassins,” “New Terrorism” and the Resurrection of Colonial Knowledge
Authors: Wagner Kim A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the publication in 1984 of David C. Rapoport’s article “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions,” it has become commonplace to assume that historical practices such as “Thuggee” in India constitute appropriate comparisons to modern terrorism. This invocation of history has provided the foundation for the “New Terrorism” paradigm, which has enjoyed an unprecedented impact on policymaking and has, alongside the “Clash of Civilizations” thesis, provided the “academic” legitimation for the ongoing “War on Terror.” Paradoxically, this reading of history has resulted in an entirely ahistorical analysis, which sees the so-called “religious terrorist” as a two-dimensional stereotype causing havoc through the millennia unaffected by historical change or contextual specificity. This chapter examines the resurrection of colonial knowledge by modern terrorism experts and the reinvention of the nineteenth-century “Thugs” as ideological predecessors to the “religious terrorists” of today.
Propaganda of the Deed
Authors: Larabee Ann 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of a controversial genre of radical discourse—the popular weapons manual—among anti-imperial, anticapitalist groups in the United States and Europe during the late 1870s. Drawn from science textbooks, military manuals, and other types of technical literature, the new discourse synthesized information from authoritative sources, made technical processes accessible to the average reader, and politicized the practice of technical education. The chapter uses bomb-making texts such as the enigmatic Professor Mezzeroff’s “Prescriptions for Students” and Johann Most’s Science of Revolutionary Warfare to show that the democratization of science and technology was critical to the historical emergence of terrorism.
Anarchist Terrorism in Fin de Siècle France and its Borderlands
Authors: Bouhey Vivien 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In contrast to traditional historiography, which insists on the absence of organization within the anarchist movement and on the individual character of propaganda by the deed, this chapter situates anarchist attacks in the context of a more structured movement that operated on a local, regional, national, and international scale. This movement was not, however, identical to the “Black International,” the fantasy of a small group giving orders to disciplined operatives that was dreamt up at the time by, among others, police informants and journalists. The chapter shows how, although some attacks were indeed individual and spontaneous, others were carefully prepared by local, regional, national, and cross-border networks whose members benefited from active solidarity within the movement and together managed to terrorize the Third Republic.
China and the “Anarchist Wave of Assassinations” around the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Müller-Saini Gotelind 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the reception of what David Rapoport has called the “anarchist wave of assassinations” as the first wave of global terrorism in East Asia at the turn of the twentieth century. It shows how the terms “terrorism” and “anarchism” were translated into East Asian languages; how the practice of assassinations relates to indigenous traditions of political violence; and in which sense one can speak of “modernity” in the Chinese assassination attempts undertaken. What interested the radicals receiving European models most was the perceived “new” strategy of systematic assassination campaigns as lived out by the Russian Narodnaya Volya, and its potential for “new” groups of people to join political violence, namely women. This strategy was attractive for a time to many kinds of ideological commitments, but especially to the Chinese Nationalists. Thus, this chapter calls into question the definition of the “first wave” in Rapoport’s “four wave concept” as “anarchist.”
“Oriental” Terrorism, Counterinsurgency, and the End of the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Gingeras Ryan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter deals with the impact and legacy of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization upon the final years of the Ottoman Empire. Two critical themes are at the center of this study. First, it deals with the ways in which the VMRO (as the group is most commonly termed) was perceived as a representation of terrorism and culture in Ottoman Macedonia by both foreign and native sources. Second, it surveys the Ottoman state’s development of a counterinsurgency strategy to counter the likes of the VMRO and the long-term influence this program had upon the final years of the empire itself. In this later regard, the chapter traces the origins of the Ottoman “çete” (or paramilitary culture) of the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) to the establishment Special Organization (Teskilat-i Mahsusa) during the World War I.
Manifestations of Imperial Terror in Colonial Kenya
Authors: Parsons Timothy H. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyzes political violence in Kenya from the late nineteenth century to the 1960s. In a study of the “pacification campaigns” conducted by the Imperial British East Africa Company against the Kikuyu and Nandi communities at the turn of the twentieth century, the chapter describes the use of spectacular violence on both sides. It then offers an explanation for why there were no major outbursts of political violence during the Kenyan colonial regime. Finally, it analyzes the internal struggle in post–World War II Kenya known as the “Mau Mau Emergency,” which has conventionally been characterized as a nationalist uprising but which was in fact a Kikuyu civil war that had the effect of a neo-pacification campaign. The chapter thus calls into question basic assumptions about powerless nonstate actors and a powerful state, inviting a reevaluation of these ideas by scholars of terrorism.
Policing Anarchist Migration across the Atlantic
Authors: Jensen Richard Bach 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The migration of large numbers of working-class Italians to Argentina during the nineteenth century helped to make Buenos Aires the largest and most important anarchist community in the world by the 1890s. This chapter compares the cooperative efforts of the Italian and Argentine governments and police forces to monitor this migration, to restrict anarchists’ mobility by denying them entry into the respective countries, and to detect and prevent incipient acts of violence. The success and failure of these efforts had a significant influence on national counterterrorism policies: the liberal Italian policy effectively curtailed anarchists and workers’ violence in the short run, while the overreaction of the Argentine government was a crucial factor in provoking a previously moderate anarchist community toward the use of violence.
Cultural Trauma and Religious Identity
Authors: Giesen Bernhard 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Based on Niklas Luhmann’s argument, religion may be viewed as any communication governed by the distinction between immanence and transcendence. While some societies dispose of a religious foundation, others reject a presupposition of their unity with other societies that accounts for meaningful intersocietal communications. These presuppositions, despite the certainty with which they are held, are difficult to describe and can hardly be discarded with cultural discourse. This essay explores the notion of cultural trauma and its relation to religious identity. It first explains the concept of collective identity and how it differs from individual identity. It then turns to a discussion of triumphant heroism and the revolutionary origin of the demos. It also examines the liminality of the tragically failing hero, along with the collective identity and liminality of victims in contrast to that of heroes and perpetrators. The essay concludes with a discussion of the contemporary shift from triumphant to traumatic foundations of collective memory, as reflected in rituals and monuments.
Progenitor type identification for supernova remnant N103B in the Large Magellanic Cloud by Suzaku and Chandra observations
Authors: Someya Kentaro , Bamba Aya , Ishida Manabu 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed analysis of supernova remnant (SNR) N103B located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), based on Suzaku and Chandra observations. The spectrum of the entire remnant was closely reproduced by using three interstellar medium (ISM) components with temperatures of ∼ 0.32, ∼ 0.56, and ∼ 0.92 keV and one ejecta component with ∼ 3.96 keV, based on a spectral analysis of the Suzaku/X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) data. The ejecta was overabundant in heavy elements, such as Mg, Si, S, Ca, Fe, and Ni. The unprecedentedly high quality of data obtained with Suzaku/XIS allowed us to correctly distinguish between two emissions from the ISM and the ejecta for the first time in a spectral analysis. Combining the spectral analysis of XIS data with the image analysis based on Chandra/Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) data, we verified that the ejecta distributions for elements from Si to Fe-K were similar to one another, although the Fe-K emission was located slightly inward compared with that of the lighter elements such as Si, S, Ar, and Ca. We compared hydrogen-rich ejecta plasma (called “H-dominated plasma”), which is indicative of Type II SNRs, with plasma rich in heavy elements and poor in hydrogen (called “pure metal plasma”) mainly observed in Type Ia SNRs. High-energy continuum images in the 5.2–6.0 keV band obtained with ACIS were extremely similar to those of the ejecta, implying that the origin of the high-energy continuum might indeed be the ejecta. By combining spectral analyses and high-energy continuum images, we found some indications for H-dominated plasma, and showed, that the progenitor of N103B might have been a Type II supernova. The progenitor mass was estimated to be 13 M⊙ based on the abundance patterns of Mg, Fe, and Ni relative to Si.
Reversal of Monoarthritis-induced Affective Disorders by Diclofenac in Rats
Authors: Borges Gisela , Neto Fani , Mico Juan Antonio , Berrocoso Esther 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for arthritic pain, but it is unknown whether they also benefit anxiety and depression that frequently coexist with pain. Using the monoarthritis model, the authors evaluated the activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in structures implicated in both sensorial and emotional pain spheres, and it was verified whether analgesia can reverse monoarthritis-mediated affective responses.

Methods:
Monoarthritis was induced in male rats by complete Freund’s adjuvant injection. Allodynia (ankle-bend test), mechanical hyperalgesia (paw-pinch test), anxiety- and depression-like behaviors (elevated zero maze and forced swimming tests, respectively), and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (Western blot) in the spinal cord, paragigantocellularis nucleus, locus coeruleus, and prefrontal cortex were evaluated at 4, 14, and 28 days postinoculation (n = 6 per group). Changes in these parameters were evaluated after induction of analgesia by topical diclofenac (n = 5 to 6 per group).

Results:
Despite the pain hypersensitivity and inflammation throughout the testing period, chronic monoarthritis (28 days) also resulted in depressive- (control [mean ± SEM]: 38.3 ± 3.7 vs. monoarthritis: 51.3 ± 2.0; P < 0.05) and anxiogenic-like behaviors (control: 36.8 ± 3.7 vs. monoarthritis: 13.2 ± 2.9; P < 0.001). These changes coincided with increased ERK1/2 activation in the spinal cord, paragigantocellularis, locus coeruleus, and prefrontal cortex (control vs. monoarthritis: 1.0 ± 0.0 vs. 5.1 ± 20.8, P < 0.001; 0.9 ± 0.0 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4, P < 0.05; 1.0 ± 0.3 vs. 2.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.01; and 1.0 ± 0.0 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1, P < 0.05, respectively). Diclofenac decreased the pain threshold of the inflamed paw and reversed the anxio-depressive state, restoring ERK1/2 activation levels in the regions analyzed.

Conclusion:
Chronic monoarthritis induces affective disorders associated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation in paragigantocellularis, locus coeruleus, and prefrontal cortex which are reversed by diclofenac analgesia. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1476-90)
The immunologic V-gene repertoire in mammals
Authors: Olivieri David , von Haeften Bernardo , Sánchez-Espinel Christian , Gambón-Deza Francisco 
Published: February 2014

abstractFrom recent whole genome shotgun data of 48 mammalian species, we have used our software VgenExtractor to obtain the functional V-gene sequence repertoire in order to conduct comparative phylogenetic studies. These studies reveal a large variation in the number of V-genes across mammalian species, ranging from a mere 36 V-genes in dolphins to nearly 600 V-genes in rats. Monotremes and marsupials are the only mammals possessing an additional locus, the TRMV, apart from the seven common loci found in mammals. Also, we show evidence for the loss of the light chain loci, specifically the Vκchain in one microbat, and the Vλchain in one rodent species. Finally, we suggest different features related to the evolution of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor loci, where frequent sequence duplications are seen in the former, while preserved and undiversified lineages are observed in the latter. All the V-gene sequences described in this study are available in the public database repositoryvgenerepertoire.org.