bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M/V SELENDANG AYURESPONSE: SHORELINE SURVEYS AND DATA MANAGEMENT; TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS; AND THE COMPLETION INSPECTION PROCESS
Authors: Owens E.H. , Engles J. W. , Lehmann S. , Parker-Hall H. A. , Reimer P.D. , Whitney J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The grounding of a bulk carrier on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska, on 8 December 2004, resulted in a spill of fuel oil that affected approximately 800 km of coastline in a remote area. Initial tracking of the spill commenced at the first opportunity on 11 December using a fixed-wing aircraft to conduct low-altitude surveys during weather windows. Subsequent Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) surveys involved both boat- and helicopter-based interagency teams to document and characterize oiling conditions. Of the 763 km of shoreline surveyed 713 km had “No Observed Oil (NOO)”. Information obtained by the surveys was entered and managed in a data base that was accessible to all members of the spill response team. Several innovative approaches were developed to assist the shoreline cleanup endpoint decision and inspection processes. Where oil was observed that did not meet the defined treatment end points, a Shoreline Treatment Recommendation Transmittal (STRT) form was completed and submitted to the Unified Command (UC) spill management team. As part of the shoreline survey program, Operations personnel accompanied the two teams surveying outside of the “core” area to remove small amounts of oil. This was, in effect, a “clean as you go” and a “sign off as you go” strategy to obviate the need to employ separate sorties for initial survey, return for treatment, and a third return to inspect the completed cleanup in the segment and determine if endpoints were met. If the segment met the treatment end points or was cleaned to that standard, a Shoreline Inspection Report (SIR) was completed and signed in the field by the UC representatives on the SCAT team recommending to the UC that cleanup in that segment was not necessary or that cleanup be terminated. The completion inspection process involved the land managers, and landowners, comprised primarily of native tribes and corporations for the bulk of the affected areas, as well as Federal and Alaskan state agencies.
M/V SELENDANG AYURESPONSE: MIXING AND SEDIMENT RELOCATION ON OILED COARSE SEDIMENT BEACHES
Authors: Shigenaka G. , Owens E. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The grounding of the M/V Selendang AYU on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Island chain, Alaska, in December 2004, resulted in a spill of an estimated 339,538 gallons of primarily intermediate fuel oil that affected approximately 300 km of coastline in a remote area. The majority of the oil that stranded was deposited as heavy concentrations on coarse sediment beaches within a few tens of kilometers of the spill site. The shoreline cleanup operation focused on manual methods to minimize sediment removal and waste generation. Mechanical removal, dry mixing, or sediment relocation techniques were approved for eight locations where deeply-penetrated oil could not be effectively or efficiently removed by manual means. On several of the high-energy exposed beaches, the oil had penetrated or been buried to depths greater than 2 m, necessitating the excavation of considerable volumes of sediment to ensure that no untreated oil residues remained. One element of the Unified Command shoreline treatment oversight process required preparation and implementation of a monitoring and sampling plan. The plan included documentation of SCAT observations, surveyed beach profiles, photography, and mussel tissue chemistry. Evaluation of the data collected during the monitoring and sampling program showed that the relocation resulted in little adverse impact. Between 2005 and 2006, SCAT observations and photographs documented steady decreases in shoreline oiling, beach profiles were quickly restored by even modest storm events, and aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissues declined significantly. Although in situ treatment does not “clean” beaches, accelerating the weathering of the subsurface oil and decreasing the amount of oil remaining on the beaches ostensibly reduced the residence time of the oil and therefore, also reduced the exposure or risk to coastal birds and animals.
THE KATRINA OIL SPILL RESPONSE: THE ROAD TO RECOVERY AND POST-DISASTER UPDATES
Authors: Keel Kim , Crecy Stacey , Henry Charlie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In addition to the loss of life and property caused by Hurricane Katrina, the powerful storm caused significant environmental injury. The destruction and failure of hundreds of oil facilities and oil storage tanks resulted in many oil spills. Coast Guard Sector New Orleans received reports that more than 8 million gallons of crude oil were discharged throughout the region. The largest single incident resulted in the loss of an estimated 90,000 bbls of crude oil from two large storage tanks in a very remote location near Cox Bay, Louisiana.
Other authors will describe how the initial response managers overcame the incredible challenges of managing multiple oil spills in an enormous area devoid of support infrastructure, human resources and the logistical networks normally present. By January 2006, most of the oil spills from facilities impacted by Hurricane Katrina had entered the natural recovery phase while the response had transitioned from the initial disaster response phase to a more traditional response. However, in February 2008, there are still several sites that require continued clean-up and monitoring by federal and state officials. This paper will review the final stages of the federal government'S response to the Katrina-related oil spills and include planning and prevention measures that could reduce the risk of oil spills during similar storm events. Some of the topics included are: Hurricane Planning in Southeastern Louisiana'S Coastal Zone and consideration for improving facility Hurricane and Contingency Plans.
COAST GUARD AND INDUSTRY COOPERATION: DEVELOPMENT OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION
Authors: Sadler Brian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In June 2006, two million gallons of oil spilled in to the Calcasieu River near Lake Charles, Louisiana. In response to the spill, the U.S. Coast Guard activated the first Marine Transportation System Recovery Unit (MTSRU) within the Incident Command System (ICS). A MTSRU tracks and reports on the status of the Marine Transportation System (MTS), identifies critical pathways for recovery, recommends courses of action, and provides MTS stakeholders with a means of input to the response organization. The MTSRU was successful in providing valuable recommendations and priorities to the Unified Command; these recommendations mitigated the impact of the spill on both the local and national economies. Due to its success at the Lake Charles event, the MTSRU is now an integral part of the Coast Guard ICS.
UNIQUE LIQUID CARGO HANDLING SIMULATOR IN FINLAND
Authors: Fransas Anne 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Most of the hazardous incidents and accidents in liquid terminals occur during the cargo handling operations, i.e. tanker loading and discharging. The main reason of these incidents is lack of cooperation and communication between the terminal and the ship.
Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu, University of Applied Sciences (UAS) and the Kymenlaakso Region in Southeast Finland aim to improve the operational safety in tanker terminals. One example of this is the Liquid Cargo Handling Simulator located in Kotka in the Seafaring and Logistics Department of Kymenlaakso UAS. The simulator unit consists of two parts, the tanker and the terminal simulator, which are integrated together. In case of oil spill accidents it is possible to train oil combating with the help of PISCESII Oil Spill Management Simulator which is also on part of this unit.
The simulator enables the practice of the loading and discharging of different types of tankers and railway wagons. The training aims to teach routine practises as well as safety practises in certain risk situations.
It includes also the theoretical part and it is directed at all personnel and students of the field who deal with liquid cargoes in ports. The simulator will be used in the basic studies of Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu UAS, as part of course activities, and in the training of its personnel and interest groups.
The production of the Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences’ simulator programme is carried out by Transas from St. Petersburg, a world-leading developer and supplier of Information Technology solutions for the maritime industry. Neste Oil, Port of Porvoo, also contributed to the project.
The liquid terminal simulator project is financed by European Union, State Provincial Office of Southern Finland, Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu, Crystal Pool Ltd, Port of H amina Ltd, Vopak Chemicals Logistics Finland Oy, Neste Oil Oy, Kauko-Telko Oy, SGS Inspection Services Oy, and Baltic Tank Oy.
REVIEW OF BRAZILIAN REGULATION FOR FACILITY OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING
Authors: Junior Alvaro Souza 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 2002, the Brazilian National Environment Council (CONAMA) enacted Resolution 293, which defines the contents and requirements for oil spill response plans for ports, terminals, pipelines and oil platforms.
CONAMA Resolution 293 was undoubtedly a landmark in the history of Brazilian planning and preparedness for oil spill accidents as long as it provided a technically consistent reference for elaboration of oil spill response plans based on the identification of spill sources, vulnerability analysis of potentially affected areas, and adequate response organization, procedures and resources.
A clause of the Resolution required its review in 5 years after entering into force. To accomplish this requirement, the Ministry of Environment (MMA) opened a public hearing process to collect comments and suggestions for changes. One main contributor in this hearing process was the Brazilian Petroleum and Gas Institute (IBP), which represents the oil and gas industry. IBP created an internal workgroup which discussed proposals for changes in CONAMA Resolution 293 that were subsequently sent to MMA.
After the public hearing process, MMA invited a number of institutions to join a workgroup to discuss the received comments and proposed changes. In general, these institutions were mostly the same which participated in the CONAMA Resolution 293 workgroup five years before: IBAMA (federal environmental agency), Maritime Authority, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Mines and Energy, AN? (oil & gas activities regulatory agency), IBP and some state environmental agencies.
Proposed changes to CONAMA Resolution 293 were sent from the workgroup to one of the CONAMA technical chambers, which approved the proposal with minor amendments. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the relevant changes in this regulation that will affect facility oil spill response plans in Brazil.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SPILL PREVENTION AT OIL STORAGE FACILITIES
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Reber Julie , Thompson Ryan , Tilghman Joan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Performance standards state requirements in terms of required results, with criteria for verifying compliance but without stating the methods for achieving required results. A performance standard may define functional requirements for the item, operational requirements, or interface and interchangeability characteristics. A performance standard may be viewed in juxtaposition to a prescriptive standard, which may specify design requirements, such as materials to be used, how a requirement is to be achieved, or how an item is to be fabricated or constructed. A performance standard for spill prevention specifies the outcome required, but leaves the specific measures to achieve that outcome up to the discretion of the regulated facility. In contrast to a design standard or a technology-based standard that specifies exactly how to achieve compliance, a performance standard sets a goal and lets each regulated facility owner or operator decide how to meet it. Since 1993, U.S. Federal regulations complied with Executive Order 12866, which specifies the use of performance standards. Thus, it is not surprising that the 2002 revisions of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency'S Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, which was first published in 1973, included several performance-based provisions. The regulation requires nearly every significant oil storage facility in the nation to prepare a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan. Regulatory provisions that had set prescriptive standards or design requirements in 1973, allow much more flexibility today. This poster presentation briefly examines the trend toward performance-based environmental regulations in the U.S. and the evolution of the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR LOCATING, TRACKING AND QUANTIFYING SUBMERGED OIL USED DURING THE T/B DBL 152 INCIDENT
Authors: Redman Ramsey , Pfeifer Chris , Brzozowski Erik , Markarian Ralph 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A variety of methods and equipment were employed during the response and long-term monitoring phases of the DBL 152 incident to locate, track and quantify the nearly 2 million gallons of low-API gravity oil that sank in the western Gulf of Mexico approximately 30 nautical miles off the coast of Cameron, Louisiana. Methods and equipment used to survey submerged oil included: divers; stationary snare sentinels; chain-weighted snare drags using devices known as vessel-submerged oil recovery systems or V-SORS; remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), underwater video drop camera, sled-mounted towed video, side-scan sonar and Rox-Ann sonar. This paper will describe each method and associated equipment and its specific application to submerged oil detection and assessment for this incident. It will also explore the evolution and refinement of approaches used throughout the course of the response and the underlying rationale for these changes. Guidelines and relevant considerations for selecting among these methods will be suggested. Finally, strengths and limitations of each approach will be discussed with the goal of capturing and communicating the lessons learned so that future submerged oil response efforts may benefit from the practical experience gained during the DBL 152 response.
SPILLS OF NONFLOATING OIL: EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted of the current state of technology for non-floating heavy oil response operations for the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center. The study included characterization of heavy oils that did not float and documentation of lessons learned during recent heavy, submerged oil spills, specifically the M/V Athos 1 and TIB DBL-152. A summary is provided of the current state of practice for the following response methods: detection of oil suspended in the water column (stationary sorbent systems, trawled detection systems, and field fluorometry); detection of oil on the bottom (visual surveys, diver observations/video, remotely operated videocamera, sorbent drops, sediment cores, bottom trawl nets, chain drags/v-sors, and acoustic systems); containment of suspended oil/protection of water intakes, containment of submerged oil on the bottom; and recovery of submerged oil on the bottom (diver-directed pumping, remotely operated vehicle pumping systems, dredges, and decanting systems). Tables are provided as summaries of advantages and disadvantages of the response technologies used at the two case study oil spills.
PROTOCOL FOR ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED IN A RESIDENTIAL AREA FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA, ST. BERNARD PARISH, LOUISIANA
Authors: Stout Scott A. , Millner Glenn C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Floodwater associated with the Hurricane Katrina'S storm surge (August 29, 2005) displaced and damaged a 250,000 barrel above ground storage tank at Murphy Oil Corporation'S Meraux Refinery in Chalmette, Louisiana. Crude oil was released and was dispersed into the nearby and evacuated residential and commercial area by the retreating floodwaters. The assessment, which began September 18, involved biased sampling and “chemical fingerprinting” of interior and exterior wipe samples (from the visually-evident “bathtub rings” on structures) and interior and exterior sediments from over 6000 homes, businesses, churches, and schools. Crude oil from the failed tank was thoroughly characterized using chemical fingerprinting. Over 14,000 Tier 1 (GC/FID) chromatographic (EPA Method 8015B) analyses were conducted as a means of mapping the overall lateral extent, concentration, and continuity of the crude oil impact. These Tier 1 GC/FID analyses revealed the extent of crude oil contamination in the area, as well as the widespread occurrence of (1) non-crude oil, petroleum-derived contamination (e.g., engine lube oils, hydraulic oils, diesel fuel, household lubricants) and (2) allochthonous natural organic matter (e.g., peat and plant materials) from surrounding marshes that was carried and dispersed by the floodwater. Tier 2 fingerprinting involving quantitative petroleum biomarker data generated using GC/MS-SIM (modified EPA Method 8270) was conducted on a selected subset of samples. When the biomarker-based diagnostic ratios were evaluated statistically, the presence/absence of the crude oil, even at concentrations below residential standards, was established. This information was used to develop and govern a settlement and remedial program with the affected property owners, and to defend against claims brought by unaffected parties.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN THE SELECTION OF DIAGNOSTIC RATIOS FOR FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF AN OIL SPILL SOURCE
Authors: Yang Chun , Wang Zhendi , Hollebone Bruce , Brown Carl E. , Landriault Mike 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In this work, 14 fresh crude oils of different types and origins were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection, and over 80 potentially diagnostic ratios were calculated based on the quantitation of isoprenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), biomarkers, diamondoids, bicyclic sesquiterpanes and aromatic steranes, etc. Diagnostic power (DP) was calculated for the selection of the candidate source-sensitive diagnostic ratios and used to determine which ratios were most diagnostic among the crude oils studied. In order to investigate the effect of evaporative and biodegradative weathering on diagnostic ratios and thereby to differentiate weathering-resistant ratios from weathering-sensitive ratios, triplicate analyses were performed for two suites of reference oils, laboratory-evaporated Prudhoe Bay crude oils and laboratory-biodegraded Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend (ASMB) crude oils, respectively. Student'S t-test was used to statistically evaluate whether diagnostic ratios were significantly affected by weathering and to ensure that the observed change is not due to analytical variance. It was found that, diagnostic ratios generally remained consistent for oils with slight to medium evaporative weathering, only the ratios of those compounds with lower boiling points such as adamantanes changed greatly. For biodegraded oils, most of diagnostic ratios remained constant for lightly to moderately biodegraded oils; while most of diagnostic ratios with exception of certain triaromatic steranes and high-molecular-weight terpane and sterane biomarkers demonstrated significant changes for heavily biodegraded oils.
A CASE STUDY: DISTINGUISHING PYROGENIC HYDROCARBONS FROM PETROGENIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Wang* Zhendi , Yang C. , Brown C. , Hollebone B. , Landriault M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new diagnostic parameter of “Pyrogenic Index (PI),” defined as(other 3–6 ring EPA priority PAHs)/N(5 alkylated PAHs), has been proposed as a quantitative indicator for identification of pyrogenic PAHs and for differentiating pyrogenic from petrogenic PAHs. It has been well understood that petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs are characterized by dominance of five alkylated PAH homologues and by dominance of unsubstituted high molecular weight PAHs, respectively. In comparison with traditional diagnostic ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene (Ph/An), benz[a]anthracene/chrysene (BaA/Ch), and fluoranthene/pyrene (Fl/Py), the PI Index more truly reflects the difference in the PAH distribution between these two sets of PAHs. The PI Index has been successfully used as an effective criterion to unambiguously differentiate pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs. In this paper a case study is presented to illustrate the utility of the PI index to distinguish the pyrogenic PAHs generated by burning from the petrogenic PAHs. On October of 2004, a fire accident happened in the HMCE Chicoutimi submarine at sea off the west coast of Ireland as the submarine was making its way to Halifax, Canada. In order to determine effects of the fire accident on the health of crew members, a number of fire samples were collected and sent to the ESTD for characterization. Sample characterization results clearly revealed that the distribution profiles of PAHs in the samples are combined signatures from both pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs. The pyrogenic PAHs were generated from the fire accident, while the petrogenic PAHs came from contamination of petroleum products used by the submarine. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons is further confirmed by the discovery of oil-characteristic n-alkanes and biomarker compounds in the fire samples.
OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP TECHNIQUES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN LEBANON
Authors: Middleton Curtis L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A major oil spill impacted two-thirds of Lebanon'S shoreline in July 06 following the bombing of a power plant 30 km south of Beirut. After hostilities ceased, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded an intensive, ten-week project, in consultation with the Lebanese Ministry of Environment, to clean up several high priority sites along Lebanon'S northern coast. Many of these sites were historically and archaeologically significant, including World Heritage Site (Byblos Port) and the Phoenician Wall (over 7,000 years old). This paper will review the response in Lebanon regarding techniques for cleaning archaeological sites and methodologies for joint-monitoring by local authorities, archaeological experts, and response managers. Given the recent conflict, access to equipment and supplies at the time of the response was severely limited. Clean up options were limited to techniques utilizing the resources at hand. Further challenges were the limited time window, due to impending winter weather, and limited funding.
The archaeological sites impacted within the operational area varied in size, physical characteristics, and degree of oiling. Site identification and assessment were key elements in preparing plans for the cleaning effort. With numerous sites and labor-intensive approved cleaning techniques, sites were prioritized in coordination with local authorities and archaeologists.
The primary composition of the sites is a hard, semi-porous stone in varying stages of deterioration from age, weather, and exposure to the sea. It was imperative that the cleaning not accelerate this deterioration; thus, mechanical cleaning was eliminated in favor of hand cleaning with low pressure flushing. All sites were cleared of debris prior to the initiation of cleaning operations. Next gross contamination was removed by hand wiping of surfaces and low pressure flushing of depressions, fissures, and other areas inaccessible to hand cleaning. The third step was hand cleaning with brushes with varying bristle types depending upon the particular surface being cleaned and incorporating approved de greasing compounds where applicable.
A very specific cleaning routine and expected endpoint was established for each site allowing for inspections at the completion of each stage of the work. The site cleaning operations were conducted under close supervision of Lebanese archaeologists.