bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Realms so barbarous and cruell’: Writing Violence in Early ModernIreland andEngland
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn their tendency to avoid theory and interdisciplinary approaches, anglophone historians have frequently neglected to pay attention to questions of genre, form and narrative in the sources they consult. Such an oversight is unfortunate, for it results in partial readings of those sources, and overlooks the fact that the past itself − even as it is expressed in the most apparently neutral of documents − can never be separable from the telling of it. This essay will begin from the premise of genre to argue thatEnglish writings which represented the violence of early modernIreland andEngland were significant in revealing the fraught relationship between historical developments and aesthetic representations; if writings on Ireland remained assured and stylistically stable, even when describing the worst of atrocities, the pamphlets, memoirs, or poetry of theEnglishCivilWar, decades later, became fragmented as the writing of a more internecine and incomprehensible violence could no longer be contained within traditional formal perimeters. Violence in the 1640s was thus questioned in a way it never had been in Ireland, where the certainty embedded inEnglish writings only conveyed the acceptance of that violence as well. By contrast, language which failed in the face ofEnglishCivilWar violence was also productive, raising questions that would ultimately influence emerging conceptions of human rights in the face of atrocity.
‘The Character of Contemporary History’: Human Rights History and Early Modern Violence
Authors: Mitoma Glenn 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis essay considers the significance of this special issue ofHistoryfor modern historians of human rights with regard to three aspects of that history. First, there has been a division between those who seek to chronicle the history of human rights movements and those who focus on the history of human rights violations. The essays in this volume present a view of the early modernBritish empire that seems defined by the absence of human rights movements and a ubiquity of human rights violations. Second, modern historians of human rights have pursued two approaches: deploying a standard definition of human rights as a ‘plumb line’ by which past movements and violations are assessed, or mapping the genealogy of ‘human rights’ as an empty signifier whose content is indeterminate. This edited collection approaches the violence of the period with genealogical care. Nevertheless, these contributions are also marked by a concern with the conceptual categorization of different forms of violence, which while less bound to a specific legal code, are perhaps normative across period and geography. Third, this special issue illuminates, but does not resolve, the tension between historicism and universality that characterizes the history of human rights. Each of the authors, by engaging with the assumptions and preoccupations of the human rights field, presents evidence that for both themselves and their subjects there is often an aspiration to conceptual and moral standards by which local circumstances and contingencies might be judged.
The Deep Roots of Albion's Fatal Tree: The Tudor State and the Monopoly of Violence
Authors: Wood Andy 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBuilding upon some classical debates in historical materialism, this essay proceeds to a critical appreciation of the coercive capacities of the Tudor state. Balancing evidence for coercion against that for more subtle processes of negotiation and persuasion, it shows that when faced with substantial opposition, the Tudor state was capable of exercising massive organized violence. From this flow two key points: first, that the extreme violence of which the Tudor state was capable needs to be read alongside tentative evidence suggesting that in the mid‐ and late sixteenth century very high levels of capital punishment were quite normal; and second, that in its reaction to popular rebellion, the Tudor state fell back upon extra‐legal, informal but nonetheless tightly focused repression. In all these ways, then, there is a profound need for English historians to consider the Tudor state as not only the institutional focus of class power, but also to appreciate it as labouring at its worst: within the theatre of Ireland, the English state worked in the late sixteenth century as a repressive monster, gaining the potential to crush the interests, livelihoods and lives of people of Ireland into the bloody earth. Not for the last time, then, the repressive habits of the English ruling class found their most brutal expression in the things they did to Irish people. There are lessons here, Wood implies, for the present. Studies of the internal repressive capacities of the English state need – historically – always to be tied to its conduct within the island of Ireland.
Ordinary Violence? Ireland as Emergency in the Tudor State
Authors: Kane Brendan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis essay urges comparative study of violence in early modern Ireland and England. Ireland was colonized by the English in this period, and thus violence there is primarily studied through the lens of colonialism and in comparison with overseas colonial settings. Additionally, as argued below, scholars should be attentive to links with violence found in the other Tudor and Stuart realms, here focusing on England. To that end, the essay starts out by looking briefly at differences in the characterization and conceptualization of England's Irish and American colonial projects, the point being to make a case for seeing Ireland's centrality to the Tudor and Stuart states. From there, it offers a series of observations on similarities and points of contact between violence and its meanings in these two realms governed (at least in theory) by the same monarchy. In doing so, it claims that while the ‘extraordinary’, i.e. colonial, nature of violence in early modern Ireland is crucial for understanding the period, equally crucial is an understanding of the ‘ordinary’ aspects of that violence – defined as aspects of a more general state of terrific, quotidian violence experienced commonly within the realms. Analysis of both these colonial and the domestic contexts is necessary for assessing early modern Irish−English relations and their place in larger historical inquiries concerned with state/empire formation, modern imperialism and human rights.
Organized Violence in the Elizabethan Monarchical Republic
Authors: Smuts Malcolm 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article argues that the Tudor concept of England as a Protestant commonwealth normally implied a belief in the legitimacy and necessity of armed violence against enemies of God and the public good. In the absence of a standing army the instruments of such violence had to be mobilized partly through the voluntary efforts of subjects who regarded warfare as a form of public service. The article goes on to explore how ideas and practices of armed violence shaped government policies in England and Ireland. In England the privy council constructed a system of county militias under the control of a cohort deemed loyal to the Protestant state, and toyed with schemes for using martial law against vagrants and other groups who threatened public order. But in the absence of a successful invasion or major rebellion, this machinery of military control was never fully mobilized and a reaction eventually set in against its potential abuse. By contrast in Ireland linguistic and cultural divisions, weaker institutions of civil government and the preponderance of Catholicism created situations in which brutal military coercion sometimes appeared the only effective method of maintaining ‘civil’ governance and Protestant control. The weakness of royal supervision over the captains who carried out government policy on the ground also enabled freelance violence. Elizabethan brutality in Ireland was not simply a product of colonial rule; it reflected the dark underside of commonwealth ideals of civility, political initiative and godly rule.
Retropharyngeal Hematoma Secondary to Cervical Spine Surgery: Report of One Fatal Case
Authors: Dedouit Fabrice , Grill Stéphane , Guilbeau‐Frugier Céline , Savall Frédéric , Rougé Daniel , Telmon Norbert 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA 53‐year‐old woman suffering from radicular pain due to cervical herniation underwent a spinal surgery consisting of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with an implantable titanium cage. Five hours after the procedure, the patient developed cervical swelling and dyspnea. An emergency surgery permitted evacuation of a deep cervical hematoma and intubation of the patient, who died some minutes later. The family of the deceased lodged a complaint with the public prosecutor because of unclear circumstances of death. After analysis of the medical records by two forensic pathologists, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered. Massive retropharyngeal and mediastinal hematomas were diagnosed. Pathological study confirmed acute cervical hemorrhage, but failed to detect the source of bleeding. The forensic pathologists concluded that death was due to mechanical asphyxia secondary to pharyngeal compression by the cervical hematoma. To the best of our knowledge, death secondary to retropharyngeal hematoma in this neurosurgical context is rarely encountered.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the putative Halloween gene Phantom from the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Jia Shuang , Wan Pin‐Jun , Li Guo‐Qing 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEcdysteroid hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone plays fundamental roles in insect postembryonic development and reproduction. Several cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenases (CYPs), encoded by the Halloween genes, have been documented to be involved in ecdysteroidogenesis in representative insects in Diptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Here the putative Halloween gene Phantom (Phm, cyp306a1) from a hemipteran insect species, the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, was cloned. LsPHM shows five insect conserved P450 motifs, that is, Helix‐C, Helix‐I, Helix‐K, PERF and heme‐binding motifs. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of LsPhm were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Through the fourth‐instar and the early fifth‐instar stages, LsPhm showed two expression peaks in day 2 and days 4−5 fourth‐instar nymphs, and three troughs in day 1 and 3 fourth instars and day 1 fifth instars. On day 5 of the fourth‐instar nymphs, LsPhm clearly had a high transcript level in the thorax where the prothoracic glands were located. Dietary introduction of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) of LsPhm at the nymph stage successfully knocked down the target gene, decreased expression level of ecdysone receptor (LsEcR) gene and caused a higher nymphal mortality rate and delayed development. Ingestion of 20‐hydroxyecdysone on LsPhm‐dsRNA‐exposed nymphs did not increase LsPhm expression level, but almost completely rescued the LsEcR mRNA level, and relieved the negative effects on survival and development. Thus, our data suggest that the putative LsPhm encodes a functional 25‐hydroxylase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in L. striatellus.
Increase in the Dosage Amount of Vitamin D3 Preparations by Switching From Calcium Carbonate to Lanthanum Carbonate
Authors: Hyodo Toru , Kawakami Junko , Mikami Noriko , Wakai Haruki , Ishii Daisuke , Yoshida Kazunari , Iwamura Masatsugu , Hida Miho , Kurata Yasuhisa 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt is widely known that dialysis patients who are administered vitamin D preparations have a better prognosis than patients who are not. In this study, of 22 patients on maintenance dialysis who had been administered calcium (Ca) carbonate in our hospital, we investigated the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations after the phosphorus (P) binder was switched from Ca carbonate to the newly developed lanthanum carbonate (LC). After completely switching to LC, the dosage amount of oral vitamin D3 preparation (alfacalcidol equivalent) was significantly increased from 0.094 μg/day to 0.375 μg/day (P = 0.0090). No significant changes were observed in the values of serum corrected Ca, alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone and P after switching. The administration of LC enabled complete cessation of the administration of Ca carbonate preparations, and increased the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations. Therefore, LC may be a useful P binder to improve patient prognosis.
Questionnaire Survey and Serum Phosphorus Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Switching Lanthanum Carbonate Formulation From Chewable Tablets to Granules
Authors: Mukai Itsumi , Yoshizawa Taku , Kumagai Junko , Takahashi Naoko , Tsuchiya Shinichiro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe conducted a questionnaire survey of 79 maintenance hemodialysis patients switching lanthanum carbonate (LC) formulation from chewable tablets to granules, to investigate the compliance and patient preferences of these two formulations. For the number of times chewed when taking chewable tablets, the ratio of patients who responded 10 times or more was 54.4%, who responded four to nine times was 24.1% and who responded three times or less was 8.9%. Thirty‐seven patients (46.8%) responded “Granules are easier to take”, 22 patients (27.8%) responded “Chewable tablets are easier to take”, and 20 patients (25.3%) responded “No difference between formulations.” Changes in serum phosphorus (P) levels were also measured for 4 weeks after switching formulation, but no significant differences were observed before and after switching. We think that these questionnaire survey results show the compliance status and the patient needs for LC in the clinical practices.
Optimization of the Acceptance of Prebiotic Beverage Made from Cashew Nut Kernels and Passion Fruit Juice
Authors: Rebouças Marina Cabral , Rodrigues Maria do Carmo Passos , Afonso Marcos Rodrigues Amorim 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe aim of this research was to develop a prebiotic beverage from a hydrosoluble extract of broken cashew nut kernels and passion fruit juice using response surface methodology in order to optimize acceptance of its sensory attributes. A 22 central composite rotatable design was used, which produced 9 formulations, which were then evaluated using different concentrations of hydrosoluble cashew nut kernel, passion fruit juice, oligofructose, and 3% sugar. The use of response surface methodology to interpret the sensory data made it possible to obtain a formulation with satisfactory acceptance which met the criteria of bifidogenic action and use of hydrosoluble cashew nut kernels by using 14% oligofructose and 33% passion fruit juice.
Impact of Almond Form and Moisture Content on Texture Attributes and Acceptability
Authors: Vickers Zata , Peck Amanda , Labuza Theodore , Huang Guangwei 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to measure sensory texture attributes of 5 types of almonds (blanched slivered, natural sliced, whole blanched, whole dry roasted, and natural whole) conditioned at 4 different moisture levels, to measure liking of a subset of these products, and to compare the sensory texture measurements with consumer liking ratings. Thirteen panelists trained to evaluate almond texture rated the texture attributes of the 20 almond samples. A panel of 113 almond consumers rated their liking of a subset of 8 of these almonds. Compared with the whole almonds, sliced and slivered almonds had less hardness, less crunchiness, less cohesiveness, less tooth packing, and required fewer chews and swallows to consume. Compared with slivered almonds, sliced almonds were more powdery, had more surface roughness, more loose particles, and were crisper. Compared with slivered almonds, sliced almonds were less hard, broke into fewer pieces, had less moistness and cohesiveness of mass, less fatty film, and required fewer chews and fewer swallows to consume. Dry roasted almonds were generally harder, more crisp, more crunchy, and produced more loose particles than natural almonds, which were, in turn, more hard, crisp, and crunchy than blanched almonds. As moisture content increased, moistness of mass and cohesiveness of mass increased. Crispness, number of pieces, hardness, crunchiness, persistence of crunch, and particulate mass decreased with increasing moisture content. Consumer texture liking ratings were highly positively correlated with the attributes crispness, crunchiness, and persistence of crunch.
Shared signatures of social stress and aging in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles
Authors: Snyder‐Mackler Noah , Somel Mehmet , Tung Jenny 
Published: June 2014

SummaryChronic social stress is a predictor of both aging‐related disease and mortality risk. Hence, chronic stress has been hypothesized to directly exacerbate the process of physiological aging. Here, we evaluated this hypothesis at the level of gene regulation. We compared two data sets of genome‐wide gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs): one that captured aging effects and another that focused on chronic social stress. Overall, we found that the direction, although not necessarily the magnitude, of significant gene expression changes tends to be shared between the two data sets. This overlap was observable at three levels: (i) individual genes; (ii) general functional categories of genes; and (iii) molecular pathways implicated in aging. However, we also found evidence that heterogeneity in PBMC composition limits the power to detect more extensive similarities, suggesting that our findings reflect an underestimate of the degree to which age and social stress influence gene regulation in parallel. Cell type‐specific data on gene regulation will be important to overcome this limitation in the future studies.
“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse
Authors: Fritz Brandon M. , Companion Michel , Boehm Stephen L. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe combination of highly caffeinated “energy drinks” with alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) has become popular among young adults and intoxication via such beverages has been associated with an elevated risk for harmful behaviors. However, there are discrepancies in the human literature regarding the effect of caffeine on alcohol intoxication, perhaps due to confounding factors such as personality type, expectancy, and history of exposure. Animal models of co‐exposure are resistant to such issues; however, the consequences of voluntary co‐consumption have been largely ignored in the animal literature. The primary goal of this work was to characterize a mouse model of binge caffeine and EtOH co‐consumption employing the limited access “Drinking‐in‐the‐Dark” (DID) paradigm.MethodsCaffeine was added to a 20% alcohol solution via DID. Alcohol/caffeine intake, locomotor behavior, ataxia, anxiety‐like behavior, and cognitive function were evaluated as a consequence of co‐consumption in adult male C57BL/6J mice.ResultsCaffeine did not substantially alter binge alcohol intake or resultant blood EtOH concentrations (BECs), nor did it alter alcohol's anxiolytic effects on the elevated plus maze or cognitive‐interfering effects in a novel object‐recognition task. However, no evidence of alcohol‐induced sedation was observed in co‐consumption groups that instead demonstrated a highly stimulated state similar to that of caffeine alone. The addition of caffeine was also found to mitigate alcohol‐induced ataxia.ConclusionsTaken together, our mouse model indicates that binge co‐consumption of caffeine and alcohol produces a stimulated, less ataxic and anxious, as well as cognitively altered state; a state that could be of great public health concern. These results appear to resemble the colloquially identified “wide awake drunk” state that individuals seek via consumption of such beverages. This self‐administration model therefore offers the capacity for translationally valid explorations of the neurobiological consequences of binge co‐consumption to assess the public health risk of this drug combination.
Quality of life in major depressive disorder before/after multiple steps of treatment and one‐year follow‐up
Authors: IsHak W. W. , Mirocha J. , James D. , Tobia G. , Vilhauer J. , Fakhry H. , Pi S. , Hanson E. , Nashawati R. , Peselow E. D. , Cohen R. M. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveThis study examines the impact of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its treatment on quality of life (QOL).MethodFrom the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial, we analyzed complete data of 2280 adult MDD out‐patients at entry/exit of each level of antidepressant treatments and after 12 months of entry to follow‐up. QOL was measured using the QOL Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q‐LES‐Q). The proportions of patients scoring ‘within‐normal’ QOL (within 10% of Q‐LES‐Q community norms) and those with ‘severely impaired’ QOL (>2 SD below Q‐LES‐Q community norms) were analyzed.ResultsBefore treatment, no more than 3% of MDD patients experienced ‘within‐normal’ QOL. Following treatment, statistically significant improvements were detected; however, the proportion of patients achieving ‘within‐normal’ QOL did not exceed 30%, with >50% of patients experiencing ‘severely impaired’ QOL. Although remitted patients had greater improvements compared with non‐remitters, 32–60% continued to experience reduced QOL. 12‐month follow‐up data revealed that the proportion of patients experiencing ‘within‐normal’ QOL show a statistically significant decrease in non‐remitters.ConclusionSymptom‐focused treatments of MDD may leave a misleading impression that patients have recovered when, in fact, they may be experiencing ongoing QOL deficits. These findings point to the need for investigating specific interventions to ameliorate QOL in MDD.
Risk factors of cycle acceleration in acutely admitted patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Finseth P. I. , Morken G. , Malt U. F. , Andreassen O. A. , Vaaler A. E. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with cycle acceleration (CA), that is, progressive decrease in duration of syndrome‐free intervals between affective episodes, in acutely admitted patients with bipolar disorder (BD).MethodAll patients (n = 210) with BD I (67%) and BD II (33%) (DSM‐IV) acutely admitted to a hospital serving a catchment area were compared in retrospect with regard to a positive or negative history of CA. Putative risk factors of CA with a P‐value <0.05 in uni‐variate tests were secondly entered into a logistic regression model.ResultsThe logistic regression model was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) and explained between 45.3% and 60.5% of the variance of CA status. 83.7% of the cases were correctly classified with a sensitivity of 87.2% and a specificity of 80.4%. Unique significant risk factors of CA were increasing severity of affective episodes (odds ratio (OR) = 28.8), BD II (OR = 3.3), hypomanic/manic episode induced by an antidepressant and/or alcohol (OR = 3.3), and female gender (OR = 3.1).ConclusionThe clinical factors associated with CA may help targeting patients with BD with a course aggravation, and are in line with previously reported neuropathological processes of illness progression.