bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A physical model for seismic noise generation by turbulent flow in rivers
Authors: Gimbert Florent , Tsai Victor C. , Lamb Michael P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that the seismic noise induced by rivers may be used to infer river transport properties, and previous theoretical work showed that bedload sediment flux can be inverted from seismic data. However, the lack of a theoretical framework relating water flow to seismic noise prevents these studies from providing accurate bedload fluxes and quantitative information on flow processes. Here we propose a forward model of seismic noise caused by turbulent flow. In agreement with previous observations, modeled turbulent flow‐induced noise operates at lower frequencies than bedload‐induced noise. Moreover, the differences in the spectral signatures of turbulent flow‐induced and bedload‐induced forces at the riverbed are significant enough that these two processes can be characterized independently using seismic records acquired at various distances from the river. In cases with isolated turbulent flow noise, we suggest that riverbed stress can be inverted. Finally, we validate our model by comparing predictions to previously reported observations. We show that our model captures the spectral peak located around 6–7 Hz and previously attributed to water flow at Hance Rapids in the Colorado River (United States); we also show that turbulent flow causes a significant part of the seismic noise recorded at the Trisuli River in Nepal, which reveals that the hysteresis curve previously reported there does not solely include bedload, but is also largely influenced by turbulent flow‐induced noise. We expect the framework presented here to be useful to invert realistic bedload fluxes by enabling the removal of the turbulent flow contribution from seismic data.
Large sensitivity to freshwater forcing location in 8.2 ka simulations
Authors: Morrill Carrie , Ward Ellen M. , Wagner Amy J. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Rosenbloom Nan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe 8.2 ka event is a key test case for simulating the coupled climate response to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Recent advances in quantifying freshwater fluxes at 8.2 ka from the proxy record have improved the realism of the forcing magnitude in model simulations, yet this forcing is still generally applied in an unrealistic geographic manner, across most of the Labrador Sea rather than just along the Labrador coast. Previous simulations with eddy‐ resolving ocean models have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the ability of such a coastally confined flow to impact the AMOC. These simulations have also not incorporated full atmosphere models nor have they used the new meltwater forcing values for 8.2 ka. We use the Community Climate System Model, version 3, with an ocean model resolution only slightly coarser than that used in previous eddy‐resolving simulations, to test the sensitivity to freshwater forcing location. When revised freshwater forcing is applied across the Labrador Sea, the AMOC is reduced by ~40% and climate anomalies compare well with proxy records of the 8.2 ka event in terms of magnitude and duration. When the forcing is added just along the Labrador coast, however, most meltwater joins the subtropical gyre and travels to the subtropics with minor impact to the AMOC (~10% decrease). It is likely that model biases in the placement of the North Atlantic Current remain an important limitation for correctly simulating the 8.2 ka event.
Aurocarbons: Binary Gold Carbides, Binary Carbon Aurides and their Derivatives
Authors: Mark Perks H. , Liebman Joel F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses diverse aurocarbons, organometallic species which in their simplest form, the first class, are composed of only carbon and gold: they may be understood as binary gold carbides, binary carbon aurides, and as hydrocarbons in which the hydrogens have been replaced by gold. Such species include the highly explosive solid C2Au2and gas phase exohedral gold‐fullerene complexes (C60)2Au+. The second class of aurocarbons are species of the first class in which ligands have been affixed to the gold atoms. This includes the stable C2Au2(P(C6H5)3)2and the octahedral [C(AuL)6]2+(L = phenyl(bis(p‐tolyl)) phosphine, the latter isolable as the crystalline (BF4)−salt. The third class allows for the presence of “a few” hydrogens or other univalent groups and so includes salts of the anion [HCCCCAuCCCCAuCCCCH]2−and solutions of the cation [C6H5CC(AuP(C6H5)3)2]+. It is to be emphasized that there must be direct gold–carbon bonding and so the heterometallic cluster Rh10C2(CO)2[AuP(C6H5)3)4] is not an aurocarbon of any class even though it contains an allmetal polyhedron, ligated gold atoms, endohedral carbon atoms and a plethora of ligands.
Gold‐Catalyzed Migrations and Ring Expansions
Authors: Merino Estibaliz , Fernandez Luis , Nevado Cristina 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGold complexes have been used to π‐activate alkynes, alkenes, and related moieties due to their strong affinity for these carbon systems. In this chapter we have summarized first, the most representative examples of gold‐catalyzed migrations occurring in propargylic systems and classified them according to the nature of the migrating group. In the second part, we have compiled the most relevant gold‐catalyzed ring expansions according to ring size. The current mechanistic understanding of these transformations is also presented.
The Chemistry of Gold–Allene Complexes
Authors: Paz Muñoz María , Hurtado‐Rodrigo César 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn recent years, gold‐electrophilic activation of allenes has unraveled a huge potential for new reactivities toward the synthesis of complex molecules with synthetic or biological importance.Gold and allenes are a unique combination that has shown to be very versatile and give better reactivity, and in some cases is complementary to other metals. Coordination of gold to allenes is more complex than coordination to a simple olefin or alkyne, and several types of structures can be predicted depending on the atoms involved in the coordination. The nature of the gold–allene interaction defines the reactivity of these complexes, which can be modulated toward the desired product by slight changes in the catalysts or reaction conditions.New reactions involving gold–allene complexes for the formation of carbon–heteroatom or carbon–carbon bond formation will be discussed in this chapter, including inter‐ and intramolecular examples of nucleophilic additions, and inter‐ and intramolecular cycloaddition and cycloisomerization reactions with alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and other allenes.
Peroxide intermediates of oxidation processes: Organic trioxides
Authors: Khursan Sergey L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe review discusses the results of studies on the chemistry of organic trioxides ROOOR (R = H or an organic radical) carried out in the past years. The spectral identification, structure, thermal stability and chemical properties of HOOOH, HOOO⋅, hydrotrioxides, open‐chain and cyclic trioxides (including fullerene ozonides) are described. The significance of trioxides for biochemistry, environmental chemistry, and organic synthesis is much higher than it was believed previously. The chemical reactions that these compounds undergo resemble those of peroxides. However, the temperature range in which trioxide reactions occur is shifted considerably towards low temperatures. Homolytic decomposition at one of the OO bonds is the most typical reaction of trioxides. Trioxides are liable to induced and catalytic decomposition. Hydrotrioxides demonstrate high oxidative activity. Decomposition of some trioxides is accompanied by efficient generation of singlet oxygen.
Analysts, Interpreters, and Intelligence Interrogations: Perceptions and Insights
Authors: Russano Melissa B. , Narchet Fadia M. , Kleinman Steven M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAlthough analysts and interpreters have been recognized as critical members of human intelligence (HUMINT) interrogation teams, their perceptions of the interrogation process have yet to be explored in any systematic way. In a series of two studies, we interviewed a small number of highly experienced HUMINT analysts and surveyed a group of interpreters with experience supporting interrogations, about their experience with and perceptions of the interrogation process. We explored a variety of topics with each group, including training and selection, role and function, how best to utilize an analyst/interpreter, logistics (e.g., analyst models and interpreter placement), third‐party observations/feedback, perceived effectiveness of interrogation techniques, and team dynamics. The results of these studies may be used to establish, for the first time, baseline knowledge and reported best practices about the HUMINT interrogation process from the analyst and interpreter perspectives, which may ultimately influence training and practice models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘We'll Take It from Here’: The Effect of Changing Interviewers in Information Gathering Interviews
Authors: Shaw Dominic J. , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Mann Samantha , Hillman Jackie , Granhag Pär Anders , Fisher Ronald P. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryA common strategy in interviewing is to repeatedly focus on the same topics, for example by asking to recall an event first in chronological order and then in reverse order. We examined the effect of changing interviewers between the two questions or keeping the same interviewers throughout on cues to deception. Truth tellers may be most encouraged to recall again what they have witnessed when confronted with new interviewers, as these new interviewers have not heard their story before. Liars may be most encouraged to recall again their story when confronted with the same interviewers, realising that these interviewers will check for consistency in their answers. The impact of changing interviewers should lead to more pronounced differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition compared with the ‘Same Interviewers’ condition. Participants were interviewed by two interviewers about a mock security meeting they attended. In half the interviews, the same two interviewers remained throughout, and in the other half, two new interviewers took over half‐way through. As predicted, differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition were most pronounced in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition. Changing interviewers during an interview effectively differentiates liars and truth tellers with respect to detail and repetition. We discuss this finding and its place within investigative interviewing and deception detection literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Personalized Banner Ads on Visual Attention and Recognition Memory
Authors: Köster Moritz , Rüth Marco , Hamborg Kai‐Christoph , Kaspar Kai 
Published: September 2014

SummaryInternet companies collect a vast amount of data about their users in order to personalize banner ads. However, very little is known about the effects of personalized banners on attention and memory. In the present study, 48 subjects performed search tasks on web pages containing personalized or nonpersonalized banners. Overt attention was measured by an eye‐tracker, and recognition of banner and task‐relevant information was subsequently examined. The entropy of fixations served as a measure for the overall exploration of web pages. Results confirm the hypotheses that personalization enhances recognition for the content of banners while the effect on attention was weaker and partially nonsignificant. In contrast, overall exploration of web pages and recognition of task‐relevant information was not influenced. The temporal course of fixations revealed that visual exploration of banners typically proceeds from the picture to the logo and finally to the slogan. We discuss theoretical and practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of change in cardinal symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis after surgical or ongoing medical management
Authors: DeConde Adam S. , Mace Jess C. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Soler Zachary M. , Orlandi Richard R. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been defined as inflammation of the paranasal sinuses lasting at least 12 weeks with corresponding 2 or more “cardinal symptoms” that include: (1) nasal obstruction; (2) thick nasal discharge; (3) facial pain/pressure; and (4) reduction or loss of sense of smell. Although prior studies have investigated symptoms of CRS after sinus surgery, none have compared the outcomes of these specific symptoms to ongoing medical therapy.MethodsPatients with CRS were prospectively enrolled into a multi‐institutional, comparative effectiveness, cohort study. Subjects elected either continued medical management or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Baseline characteristics and objective clinical findings were collected. Cardinal symptoms of CRS were operationalized by 4 questions on the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Symptom improvement was evaluated in subjects with at least 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsA total of 342 subjects were enrolled, with 69 (20.2%) electing continued medical management, whereas 273 (79.8%) elected ESS. Subjects electing surgical therapy were more likely to have a higher baseline aggregate SNOT‐22 score (44.3 (18.9) vs 53.6 (18.8); p < 0.001). All subjects improved across all cardinal symptoms; however, subjects undergoing ESS were significantly more likely (p ≤ 0.013) to experience improvement in thick nasal discharge (odds ratio [OR] = 4.36), facial pain/pressure (OR = 3.56), and blockage/congestion of nose (OR = 2.76). Subjects with nasal polyposis were significantly more likely to report complete resolution of smell/taste following ESS compare to medical management (23.8% vs 4.0%; p = 0.026).ConclusionAcross a large population, surgical management is more effective at resolving the cardinal symptoms of CRS than ongoing medical management with the exception of sense of smell/taste.
Synthesis and application of modified chitosan beads for iron removal: kinetic and isotherm models
Authors: Correa‐Murrieta Ma. A. , López‐Cervantes Jaime , Sánchez‐Machado Dalia I. , Sánchez‐Duarte Reyna G. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTChitosan beads (CBs) and glutaraldehyde cross‐linked chitosan beads (CGLBs) were used to investigate adsorption behavior of Fe (II/III) ions. Optimal adsorption conditions were determined by analyzing the solution pH, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage. Kinetic studies were analyzed by using pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The equilibrium data were modeled by Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, and Freundlich. The kinetic data were found to follow the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models. The equilibrium data were best modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities estimated from the Langmuir model were 90.49 mg Fe (III)/g CGLBs, 59.85 mg Fe (II)/g CBs, and 56.99 mg Fe (II)/g CGLBs. These last two results allow concluding that the cross‐linking slightly affected the adsorption capacity of pure chitosan, but the resulting beads are resistant to acidic medium using a small amount of glutaraldehyde and are a friendly alternative for the treatment of wastewater. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Integrated Geophysical Methods to Investigate a Coastal Archaeological Site: the Sant'Imbenia Roman Villa (Northern Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Testone Valeria , Longo Vittorio , Bottacchi Marta C. , Mameli Paola 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report here a multimethod geophysical investigation of the Sant'Imbenia Roman villa archaeological site in northern Sardinia (Italy). The main objective of this study is optimizing a non‐invasive approach to reconstruct rapidly the geometry of coastal sites. A hitherto unexplored area of approximately 700 m2, adjacent to excavations, was investigated using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys. The Sant'Imbenia villa is close to the present‐day shoreline and subject to very high erosion rates and burial. A comparison of the high‐resolution GPR and ERT models was made, and their integrated results are discussed in terms of providing a more complete picture that would not be attainable using a single method. Geophysical analysis combined with archeological prospecting has revealed buried buildings north of the excavated part of the archaeological site. The results show that in this coastal environment ERT survey provided the most accurate reconstruction at the deeper wet levels of investigation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Formal Total Synthesis of Iriomoteolide 3a
Authors: Kumar S. Mothish , Prasad Kavirayani R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA formal total synthesis of the marine macrolide iriomoteolide 3a is described. Salient features of the synthesis include the elaboration of a β‐keto phosphonate derived from D‐(−)‐tartaric acid and the extension of a chiral butyrolactone derived from L‐glutamic acid. Ring‐closing metathesis is employed to construct the macrolactone core of the natural product.
A Multifunctional 3D Chiral Porous Ferroelectric Metal–Organic Framework for Sensing Small Organic Molecules and Dye Uptake
Authors: Cao Li‐Hui , Wei Yong‐Li , Ji Can , Ma Ming‐Li , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA flexible aromatic multicarboxylate ligand and CdII ions assemble into a chiral multihelical porous metal–organic framework with second‐order nonlinear optical and ferroelectric properties. The obtained guest‐free form highly selectively senses small organic molecules and adsorbs large dye molecules.
Self‐Assembled Platinum Nanoflowers on Polydopamine‐Coated Reduced Graphene Oxide for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Yu Xueqing , Wang Huan , Guo Liping , Wang Liang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe morphology‐ and size‐controlled synthesis of branched Pt nanostructures on graphene is highly favorable for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity and stability of Pt. Herein, a facile approach is developed for the efficient synthesis of well‐dispersed Pt nanoflowers (PtNFs) on the surface of polydopamine (PDA)‐modified reduced graphene oxide (PDRGO), denoted as PtNFs/PDRGO, in high yield. The synthesis was performed by a simple heating treatment of an aqueous solution that contained K2PtCl4 and PDA‐modified graphene oxide (GO) without the need for any additional reducing agent, seed, surfactant, or organic solvent. The coated PDA serves not only as a reducing agent, but also as cross‐linker to anchor and stabilize PtNFs on the PDRGO support. The as‐prepared PtNFs/PDRGO hybrid, with spatially and locally separated PtNFs on PDRGO, exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and stability toward both methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solutions.
Tailor‐Made Designer Helical Peptides that Induce Mitochondrion‐Mediated Cell Death without Necrosis
Authors: Nogami Kagayaki , Takahama Kentaro , Okushima Ayako , Oyoshi Takanori , Fujimoto Kazuhisa , Inouye Masahiko 
Published: September 2014

AbstractManaging protein–protein interactions is essential for resolving unknown biological events at the molecular level and developing drugs. We have designed and synthesized a side‐chain‐crosslinked helical peptides based on the binding domain of a pro‐apoptotic protein (Bad) that induces programed cell death. The peptide showed high helical content and bound to its target, Bcl‐XL, more strongly than its non‐crosslinked counterparts. When HeLa cells were incubated with the crosslinked peptide, the peptide entered the cytosol across the plasma membrane. The peptide formed a stable complex with Bcl‐XL localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and this binding event caused the release of cytochrome c from the intermembrane space of mitochondria into the cytosol. This activated the caspase cascade: 70 % of HeLa cells died by the apoptosis pathway (without evidence of necrosis).
Strategies to improve homing of mesenchymal stem cells for greater efficacy in stem cell therapy
Authors: Naderi‐Meshkin Hojjat , Bahrami Ahmad Reza , Bidkhori Hamid Reza , Mirahmadi Mahdi , Ahmadiankia Naghmeh 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStem/progenitor cell‐based therapeutic approach in clinical practice has been an elusive dream in medical sciences, and improvement of stem cell homing is one of major challenges in cell therapy programs. Stem/progenitor cells have a homing response to injured tissues/organs, mediated by interactions of chemokine receptors expressed on the cells and chemokines secreted by the injured tissue. For improvement of directed homing of the cells, many techniques have been developed either to engineer stem/progenitor cells with higher amount of chemokine receptors (stem cell‐based strategies) or to modulate the target tissues to release higher level of the corresponding chemokines (target tissue‐based strategies). This review discusses both of these strategies involved in the improvement of stem cell homing focusing on mesenchymal stem cells as most frequent studied model in cellular therapies.
Personality disorder in a probation cohort: Demographic, substance misuse and forensic characteristics
Authors: Pluck Graham , Brooker Charlie , Blizard Robert , Moran Paul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe occurrence of personality disorder among community supervised offenders may have important implications for their management. There is, however, a dearth of contextual information on personality disorder in such populations.AimsThis study aimed to identify demographic, substance use and forensic features that distinguish community‐sentenced offenders with personality disorder from those without.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐three offenders under community supervision were screened for personality disorder using the Standardised Assessment of Personality – Abbreviated Scale. Alcohol and drug misuse, demographic and forensic data were also recorded.ResultsNearly half of the sample (82, 47%) had probable personality disorder. Compared with those without personality disorder, they were younger, more likely to be unemployed, less likely to be divorced, more likely to have been convicted of robbery and more likely to be alcohol or illicit drug misusers, as well as under drug rehabilitation requirements. Multivariate analyses confirmed that only alcohol and drug abuse were independently associated with personality disorder in this group, and only the latter was significant.ConclusionsIn this broadly representative sample of offenders serving community sentences in a defined geographical area, those with personality disorder were not more likely to attract higher risk of recidivism ratings, but they were more likely to have problems with heavy alcohol and/or illicit drug misuse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.