bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resume of Pennsylvania-New York Oil Field
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. , Huntley Stirling 
Published: June 2014

Pennsylvania will be remembered, as long as oil is produced, as the cradleof the industry of petroleum in North America. It was on Oil Creek, nearTitusville, Venango Co., that Col. Edwin L. Drake, superintendent for theSeneca Oil Co., brought in the first commercial oil well on Aug. 28, 1859.Great difficulty was experienced in getting the well down to the producingdepth of 69 ft. (21 m.) with the spring-pole system then in vogue for punchingshallow water wells, so the novel expedient of driving an iron tube through thesurface clays and quicksand was finally resorted to. The well had an initialyield of 25 bbl. a day on the pump, but soon went off, though 2000 bbl. wereproduced by the end of the year.
With the Drake well a success, a young industry sprang into being, the rapidgrowth of which has been second to none in the country and the value of whoseproduct is only surpassed by that of coal. For years the only producingterritory, the Pennsylvania-New York field attained its greatest production in1891, when the bringing in of the McDonald pool, between Pittsburgh and theWest Virginia line, gave a total of over 33,000,000 bbl. At present the field, combined with West Virginia and southeast Ohio, gives 25,000,000 barrels.

Geology and Stratigraphy
In general, the Appalachian field is a huge geosyncline, the axis of which runsroughly northeast-southwest, from north of the New York state line souththrough Brookeville, Kittanning, Pittsburgh, Washington, through the southwestcorner of the state of Pennsylvania into West Virginia. Minor folding hasaccompanied or followed the dominant fold of the field, and it is from thesestructures near the Pennsylvania-West Virginia line and their influence on theaccumulation of oil and gas that I. C. White, state geologist of West Virginia, obtained his evidence for anticlinal guidance of prospecting.
Many horizons in the geologic column of the field serve as reservoirs, andthere are several pools that have wells producing side by side from differentand widely vertically separated strata.
AIME 065–18
Petroliferous Provinces
Authors: Woodruff E.G. 
Published: June 2014

The earlier struggles in petroleum geology were directed to solving theorigin and method of accumulation of petroleum. We are now fairly well agreedon those subjects. Most of us think that the great mass of petroleumcommercially produced comes from plants or animals, or possibly from both. Weare confident that the oil was not produced where it is now found but hasaccumulated in reservoirs of various kinds. The types of reservoirs arecertainly variable but they just as certainly follow definite geologic laws.Some of these types of reservoirs can be determined from surface study; otherscannot. We know, too, that these types of reservoirs (largely structures suchas anticlines, domes, and terraces) are much more widespread than the oilpools. In other words, there are many places where good sands and goodstructures exist but where oil is not found. It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to attempt to analyze, from a regional standpoint, some of theconditions that control the presence or absence of oil pools and to group themin a regional way, hence the term "Petroliferous Provinces." The paperlays no claim to presenting new facts but attempts to group and classify theinformation that so many have expressed again and again.
The essential factors for an oil field are petroleum, a reservoir material, andconditions under which the petroleum can enter the reservoir but cannot escapeexcept through the drill holes. The paper will first discuss the source ofpetroleum as it occurs in definite regions, then the regional arrangement ofreservoir strata, and finally the areal arrangement of structures.
To have petroleum, there must be a source. Since living matter is consideredthe source of the petroleum, geological conditions must have been such thatliving organisms were abundant. Arid regions on the earth's surface have notgiven rise to living things in sufficient abundance to produce oil; similarly, too cold regions and saline inland lakes. The converse of this is that warmmoist conditions must prevail to produce an abundance of vegetable matter.
AIME 065–22
Essential Factors in Valuation of Oil Properties
Authors: Beal Carl H. 
Published: June 2014

The most important factors that should be given consideration in thevaluation of oil lands are:the amount of oil the property will produce;the amount of money this oil will bring (based upon the future prices ofoil);development and production costs;the rate of interest on theinvestment;the retirement or amortization of invested capital; andthesalvage or ‘scrap’ value of the equipment when the property is exhausted.
Thesefactors are of varying importance and some of them may not enter all valuationproblems, but most of them should be given consideration in any valuation eventhough only a rough estimate of the value of the property is desired.
The value of a property may be changed over night by the completion ofimportant test wells, by the sudden water flooding, or by a change in the priceof oil. The best a petroleum engineer can give is the value of the propertyunder the conditions existing at the time the appraisal is made with a fairforecast of future action of the wells and of the price of oil.
Our experience in the scientific valuation of oil lands is not broad and thereis very little published information on the subject; it, therefore, becomesnecessary in studying such problems to form comparisons with the factorsinvolved in the valuation of mines-the closest parallel. One of the reasons forthe lack of substantial progress in oil-land valuation methods has been thenecessity of making an estimate of the future production of the oil property tobe valued. Oil men and accountants have not generally conceded that suchestimates could be made with any degree of accuracy. It has been shown, however, in several recent publications that with certain data availablereasonably close estimates can be made. The accuracy of an appraisal dependschiefly on the accuracy of the estimates of future production and of the futureprice of oil. The accuracy of the former is sometimes necessarily based ongeological inferences. Geology is not an exact science and geological data inconnection with oil production cannot always be mathematically evaluated.
AIME 065–31
Variation in Decline Curves of Various Oil Pools
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. 
Published: June 2014

The Manual of the Oil and Gas Industry, under the Revenue Act of 1918, published by the Treasury Department for the guidance of oil companies inpreparing their estimates of future recoverable oil for the purpose ofcalculating depletion, gives the first large public collection of comparativedecline curves for the whole country. It is a matter of both scientific andpractical interest to so arrange these data that the pools can be readilycompared. There are certain difficulties in such a comparison, however:Theeconomic limit varies from 50 to 2000 bbl. a year in different pools taken.Because of this variation in economic limit, the range of data shown makescomparison possible only for wells of intermediate size.
In order to be as inclusive as possible, I have taken as an expression of therate of decline the amount of oil produced in the period during which a welldrops from 3000 to 2000 bbl. a year. No period of smaller production could beused because of the high economic limit in California; and no period of largerproduction and yet include the small well areas of the Appalachian. As it is, the Lima-Indiana wells are excluded. In a few instances, curves wereextrapolated to obtain the reading, where the curve seemed regular enough towarrant it.
In general, the amount of oil, in barrels, produced while a well declined from3000 bbl. to 2000 bbl. a year is shown in Table 1.
The Gulf Coast data are given with two different bases of reference, so thatall the districts are not mutually comparable. Those under each head may, however, be compared. Amount of oil produced while well declined from 3000 to2000 bbl. a year: Saratoga Rio Bravo normal spacing, 5700 bbl.; Saratoga townlot spacing, 2160 bbl.
For the sake of finding how the Lima-Indiana pool ranks with other small-wellpools, Table 2, based on the oil produced while the wells are declining from500 to 100 bbl. a year, was prepared.
AIME 065–33
Application of Taxation Regulations to Oil and Gas Properties
Authors: Cox Thomas 
Published: June 2014

This paper makes no claim to any new idea; it simply reviews the TreasuryDepartment Regulations pertaining to the practical application of depreciationand depletion and other allowances governing taxation of oil and gasproperties. Other methods may be existent, but as they may not conform to thelegal status they must be discarded.
In complying with the present laws governing the industry with regard totaxation and the allowable deductions therefrom, the following considerationsare essential: Depletion, depreciation, amortization, other allowances, anditems not deductible.
It is definitely understood that depletion is the loss or exhaustion sustainedin the continuous operating of an oil and gas property, and that each unit ofoil or gas taken out reduces the value of the property until its finalexhaustion. Depletion applies only to the natural deposits of oil and gas dueto their removal in the course of exploitation of any property.
Depreciation is defined to cover the waste of assets due to exhaustion, wearand tear, and obsolescence of the physical property, and is separate anddistinct from depletion; its allowance is that amount which should be set asidefor the taxable year in such sums as for the useful life of the property willsuffice to repay its original cost - or its value as of Mar. 1, 1913, ifacquired by the taxpayer before that date - less the salvage value at the endof such useful life.
Amortization is allowed for such facilities as were built or acquired on orafter Apr. 6, 1917, for the production of articles contributing to theprosecution of the war and, in the case of vessels, those built and acquiredafter that date. The amount to be extinguished, in general, is the excess ofthe unextinguished or unrecovered cost of the property over its maximum valueunder stable post-war conditions.
Claims for amortization must be unmistakably differentiated in the returns fromall other claims of depreciation. The taxpayer is also required to furnish fullinformation with the claims for amortization to the full satisfaction of theCommissioner. Further reference is directed to the specific rules andregulations for making these claims.
AIME 065–34
Valuation Factors of Casing-head Gas Industry
Authors: Bradley Oliver U. 
Published: June 2014

The utilization of casing-head gas in the manufacture of casing-headgasoline by both the absorption and the compression method is a most importantfactor in the conservation of our natural resources. Any industry connectedwith the oil business, in general, possesses particular attraction for a largenumber of people not conversant with its basic principles, for the reason thatthe large fortunes made in the production and utilization of petroleum and itsproducts have been given undue prominence. The general impression of the publicthat enormous profits are to be realized in the casing-head gas industry withminimum expenditures of both capital and effort has, in a large measure, accounted for the phenomenal expansion of the industry in recent years and, likewise, has resulted in many mistakes and loss of investment funds. It istrue that many installations have been very profitable, but such instances arealways the result of careful planning, experienced judgment and conservativeestimates.
The inception and subsequent activity in the manufacture of casing-headgasoline, enabling the business to assume an important position in thepetroleum industry, are of comparatively recent origin, as its greatest growth, particularly in Oklahoma, occurred during the years 1917 and 1918. Muchinformation must yet be secured and systematized concerning the methods ofmanufacture of gasoline from high-yield casing-head gas, and a large field isstill open for the application of accumulated experience and good engineeringpractice in devising better methods of extracting gasoline from casing-head gasof the poorer grades.
The absorption process is coming into general use as a most efficient system oftreating casing-head gas, and even so-called dry gas. In fact, there is adecided tendency toward the universal adoption of the absorption process asagainst compression methods. However, a general discussion of the relativemerits of these two systems is not within the scope of this article.
AIME 065–35
Rock Classification from the Oil-driller's Standpoint
Authors: Knapp Arthur 
Published: June 2014

The ordinary well log is subjected to a great deal of criticism, much ofwhich is well founded. Sometimes, though, the difficulty in interpreting thelog is due to the fact that the geologist or engineer using the logs does notknow the limitations of the drilling method used. The rotary drill, especially, has inherent limitations that make it difficult to secure definite informationat all times. The identification of well-defined key beds is about all that canbe expected from the rotary log. The formation in a drilled hole, as reportedby the driller, has a direct relation to the speed with which the drill makesthe hole or to the reaction of the various strata on the bit, called the ?feelof the bit.? When this is not thoroughly understood by the geologist orengineer endeavoring to interpret the log, the result is an erroneouscorrelation with other wells or a discarding of the log as worthless.

General Terms
Hard and Soft - Hard and soft are relative terms. In the case of well logs, they are very misleading as they are used in connection with both resistance toabrasion and resistance to percussion. In technical rock classification, hardness is relative resistance to abrasion. The term brittleness is used inconnection with resistance to blows. These terms are misleading to thegeologist or engineer who is not familiar with both the cable-tool, or standardtool, method of drilling and the rotary method. In the case of the standardtools, the driller's report of the hardness of the formation is in terms of itsresistance to blows. For instance, a cable-tool driller might be able to makefrom 30 to 50 ft. a tour in a brittle limestone, which he would call soft andat the same time he might call a relatively soft (from a purely mineralogicalstandpoint) gypsum hard, because it is somewhat elastic and is not readilybroken by blows. The rotary driller would reverse the terms. The limestone ishard in that it resists the abrasive action of the bit, while the gypsum mightbe soft in that it is readily cut by the rotary bit. It is rare that wellsdrilled by the standard tools are correlated with those drilled by the rotary, but the technologist who has worked with well logs from one system might bemisled when working with the other.
AIME 065–40
Water Displacement in Oil and Gas Sands
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. 
Published: June 2014

All strata not yielding oil or gas in commercial quantities or acorresponding amount of water may be called dry in a wide sense. In petroleumgeology, however, we may exclude all sands of too low or fine porosity to yieldgaseous or fluid contents to the hole drilled in the sand before any originalpressure that its contents may be under is disturbed. Most rocks are of thisclass and they are not reservoirs in our definition; their ?dryness? is whollya matter of course. What are the contents of the pores or what is the exactporosity of such rocks is of almost no concern to us, for economically they are?dry.?
What does interest us is the content of a rock having sufficient porosity andthe pores of sufficient size to yield oil or gas in commercial quantities, ifthey were present under original pressure. Dryness of these reservoirs is amatter of supreme practical importance. Three views current as to such drynessseem, to me, to apply in a few cases only. It is the purpose of this paper togive reasons for this position and for believing that, in ordinary sedimentaryrocks, there is only rarely a reservoir of competent porosity and undisturbedpressure that is dry in the sense of not yielding water, oil, or gas when firstpenetrated.Gardner writes of some Kentucky sands, ?There has never been present anysalt water or other water in the sand.? Absence of water cannot demonstratethis position. It is necessary to show that the rocks were not laid down inwater, but in air, and that they became so enclosed, while still above thewater-table of the ground water, that water has not been able to enter since.Most of these sands, and certainly the productive limestones, were deposited inwater; and such sands as have been commercially productive show no reason forbelieving that the overlying shale or limestone was not laid down progressivelyfrom one direction and in water that would have flooded it. No adequateexplanation has been offered for this hypothesis, which is so inherentlyimprobable.Reeves urges that ?sands originally water filled may have been drained oftheir water and not filled when later covered.?
AIME 065–44
Carbon Ratios of Coals in West Virginia Oil Fields
Authors: Reger David B. 
Published: June 2014

The value of carbon ratios in determining the boundaries of possible oildeposits appears to have passed the hypothetical stage. The theory that theratio of fixed carbon in pure coals is an invariable index of incipientmetamorphism in both surface and underground rocks and that it may be appliedin defining the limits of petroleum, advanced by David White, has been receivedwith keen interest by many petroleum geologists. Detailed isocarb maps havebeen prepared of the Pennsylvanian area of North Texas and Eastern Oklahoma byM. L. Fuller. A similar map of the coal-bearing area of West Virginia is givenhere.
An isocarb is a line showing an equal fixed-carbon percentage, pure coal basis;the term has been proposed by David White to supersede a less expressivenomenclature.
The term carbon ratio is applied to the percentage of carbon in pure coal afterwater and ash have been eliminated. As a comparatively small number of analyseshave been made on this basis, it is usually necessary to compute the ratio bydividing the fixed carbon of the proximate analysis by the sum of the fixedcarbon and volatile matter of the same analysis.
Many thousands of proximate analyses have been made by the West VirginiaGeological Survey covering nearly every county in which coal is found. Numerousothers have been made by the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau ofMines, but as uniformity of results is best secured by adhering to one set ofanalyses, the tests of the West Virginia Survey have been exclusively used.
AIME 065–46
Oil Resources of Ecuador
Authors: Marsters V.F. 
Published: June 2014

Seepages of oil in Ecuador have been known for many years. The localityfirst to receive attention, and still worked in a modest way, lies on the northshore of the Santa Elena peninsula, between La Puntilla and Salinas. Operationswere first conducted largely by local capital. Later, foreign companiesacquired large blocks of land, where they have done considerable drilling. Fordetails concerning present drilling activities in Ecuador, we are indebted toLeon Price, an American resident engineer of Ecuador. The information solicitedcame to the author through the office of the American Consulate, withpermission to use it.
The coastal plain bordering the Province of Tumbes, Peru, continues to thenortheast, but narrows on passing the Zarumilla River. From this pointnorthward it widens toward Santa Rosa. In fact, the pampas, as shown on theofficial Wolf map, correspond fairly well to the areal extent of the coastalplain as far as Guayaquil. This is shown in a general way on the accompanyingmap. The author understands that the Guayaquil embayment is bordered on allsides by the coastal plain, as recognized at Tumbes and farther southwest, andthat it can be followed without a break as far north as Palmar. This view issupported by the mapped area regarded by Mr. Price as favorable or possible oilterritory. Moreover the islands in the Gulf of Guayaquil are the samegeologically as the coastal edge, being composed of Tertiary sediments. Theauthor understands also that Tertiary formations occur north of Palmar.According to a report by Mr. Cardon, of Guayaquil, Tertiary sediments areexposed in the region of San Francisco and extend to and beyond Pta. Calera.There is also reason to believe that at least the lower part of the valley ofthe Santiago River is occupied by Tertiary sediments, which probably border thecoast line and extend into the River Mira basin, and into Colombia.
On the south coast there are many seepages, most of them near the inner edgeof the coastal plain, between Zarumilla and Santa Rosa and also between SantaRosa and Machala.
AIME 068–72
Oil Resources of Peru
Authors: Marsters V.F. 
Published: June 2014

Peru has produced petroleum since the early seventies, the first work beingin the Zorritos field, in the Province of Tumbes, adjoining Ecuador.
In the early nineties, the Negritos field, in the Department of Piura, cameinto prominence, and by 1905 had attained an annual production of 335,160 bbl.The early development of the field was under the general direction of theLondon &Pacific Petroleum Co., but it is now handled by the InternationalPetroleum Co.
In 1900 and 1901, the Lobitos field became the scene of marked activity. In1905, its total production amounted to 75,000 bbl.; it has continued toincrease, as has Negritos.
From 1897 to 1902, there was prospecting in the region of La Brieta (orFernandez), on the Mancora River, about 25 to 30 km. from the coast. Smallproduction of a heavy oil was obtained from three different sands. So far asthe author knows, no work has been done in that locality since 1902. There arethus four distinct fields in the north end of the Peruvian coastal plain.
The remaining productive locality of Peru is the Pirin or Pusi field, at thenorthwest end of Lake Titicaca, Department of Puno, in southern Peru. The firstprospecting near Pusi was done by Brown Brothers, of Los Angeles, Calif., whoobtained modest production about 1906; according to reports, activities ceasedabout 1914 or 1915. The maximum annual production was obtained about 1908, estimated at 76,000 barrels.
Peru possesses two distinct geographic provinces in which we may look forthe development of a larger on industry; namely, the coastal plain province, and the inter-Andean plains.
AIME 068–73