bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α1D‐Adrenoceptors are responsible for the high sensitivity and the slow time‐course of noradrenaline‐mediated contraction in conductance arteries
Authors: Flacco Nicla , Parés Jaime , Serna Eva , Segura Vanessa , Vicente Diana , Pérez‐Aso Miguel , Noguera María Antonia , Ivorra María Dolores , McGrath John C. , D'Ocon Pilar 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine whether the different time‐course characteristics of α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated contraction in arteries can be related to the subtypes involved. Contractile responses to noradrenaline (NA) were compared with inositol phosphate accumulation and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation after α1‐agonist stimuli in the same vessels in the presence or absence of α1‐antagonists in rat or in α1‐subtype knockout (KO) mice. Aorta, where α1D‐AR is the main functional subtype, had higher sensitivity to NA (in respect of inositol phosphate [IP], pERK1/2, and contractile response) than tail artery, where the α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype is predominant. Furthermore, the contraction in aorta exhibited a slower decay after agonist removal and this was consistent in all strains harboring α1D‐adrenoceptors (from rat, α1B‐KO, and wild‐type [WT] mice) but was not observed in the absence of the α1D‐adrenoceptor signal (α1D‐adrenoceptor blocked rat aorta or aorta from α1D‐KO). IP formation paralleled α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated contraction (agonist present or postagonist) in aorta and tail artery. High sensitivity to agonist and persistence of response after agonist removal is a property of α1D‐adrenoceptors. Therefore, the preponderance of this subtype in noninnervated conductance arteries such as aorta allows responsiveness to circulating catecholamines and prevents abrupt changes in vessel caliber when the stimulus fluctuates. Conversely, in innervated distributing arteries, high local concentrations of NA are required to activate α1A‐adrenoceptors for a response that is rapid but short lived allowing fine adjustment of the contractile tone by perivascular sympathetic nerves.
Hepatitis E: current status
Authors: Pérez‐Gracia María Teresa , Mateos Lindemann María Luísa , Montalvo Villalba María Caridad 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYAcute hepatitis E is a very common disease in developing countries, to the point that, according to World Health Organization estimates, one third of the world's population has been exposed to HEV. It also causes outbreaks in refugee camps or after natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes. Sporadic cases of acute hepatitis have been observed in practically all European countries and other developed geographical areas, not only in travelers from endemic countries but also in people with no risk factors. But, lately, new aspects of this infection are appearing in industrialized countries such as the possibility of the disease becoming chronic in transplant patients, the immunocompromised in general, and even in patients with previous liver disease who are immunocompetent. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge on HEV infection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer Thinning and Etching of Mechanically Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets by Thermal Annealing in Air
Authors: Wu Jumiati , Li Hai , Yin Zongyou , Li Hong , Liu Juqing , Cao Xiehong , Zhang Qing , Zhang Hua 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA simple thermal annealing method for layer thinning and etching of mechanically exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets in air is reported. Using this method, single‐layer (1L) MoS2 nanosheets are achieved after the thinning of MoS2 nanosheets from double‐layer (2L) to quadri‐layer (4L) at 330 °C. The as‐prepared 1L MoS2 nanosheet shows comparable optical and electrical properties with the mechanically exfoliated, pristine one. In addition, for the first time, the MoS2 mesh with high‐density of triangular pits is also fabricated at 330 °C, which might arise from the anisotropic etching of the active MoS2 edge sites. As a result of thermal annealing in air, the thinning of MoS2 nanosheet is possible due to its oxidation to form MoO3. Importantly, the MoO3 fragments on the top of thinned MoS2 layer induces the hole injection, resulting in the p‐type channel in fabricated field‐effect transistors.
How thought is mapped into words
Authors: Malt Barbara C. , Majid Asifa 
Published: August 2013

To English speakers, the distinctions betweenblueandgreen,cupandglass, orcutandbreakseem self‐evident. The intuition is that these words label categories that have an existence independent of language, and language merely captures the pre‐existing categories. But cross‐linguistic work shows that the named distinctions are not nearly as self‐evident as they may feel. There is diversity in how languages divide up domains including color, number, plants and animals, drinking vessels and household containers, body parts, spatial relations, locomotion, acts of cutting and breaking, acts of carrying and holding, and more. Still, studies documenting variability across languages also uncover striking commonalities. Such commonalities indicate that there are sources of constraint on the variation. Both the commonalities and divergences carry important lessons for Cognitive Science. They speak to the causal relations among language, thought, and culture; the possibility of cross‐culturally shared aspects of perception and cognition; the methods needed for studying general‐purpose, nonlinguistic concepts; and how languages are learned.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:583–597. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1251This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language in Mind and BrainPsychology > LanguagePhilosophy > Representation
Circle maps and -algebras
Authors: SCHMIDT THOMAS LUNDSGAARD , THOMSEN KLAUS 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe consider a construction of${C}^{\ast } $-algebras from continuous piecewise monotone maps on the circle which generalizes the crossed product construction for homeomorphisms and more generally the construction of Renault, Deaconu and Anantharaman-Delaroche for local homeomorphisms. Assuming that the map is surjective and not locally injective we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the simplicity of the${C}^{\ast } $-algebra and show that it is then a Kirchberg algebra. We provide tools for the calculation of the$K$-theory groups and turn them into an algorithmic method for Markov maps.
Geometric K-homology with coefficients II: The Analytic Theory and Isomorphism
Authors: Deeley Robin J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe discuss the analytic aspects of the geometric model for K-homology with coefficients in ℤ/kℤ constructed in [12]. In particular, using results of Rosenberg and Schochet, we construct a map from this geometric model to its analytic counterpart. Moreover, we show that this map is an isomorphism in the case of a finite CW-complex. The relationship between this map and the Freed-Melrose index theorem is also discussed. Many of these results are analogous to those of Baum and Douglas in the case of spinc manifolds, geometric K-homology, and Atiyah-Singer index theorem.
A weighted residual method for two-layer non-Newtonian channel flows: steady-state results and their stability
Authors: Alba K. , Taghavi S. M. , Frigaard I. A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe study buoyant displacement flows in a plane channel with two fluids in the long-wavelength limit in a stratified configuration. Weak inertial effects are accounted for by developing a weighted residual method. This gives a first-order approximation to the interface height and flux functions in each layer. As the fluids are shear-thinning and have a yield stress, to retain a formulation that can be resolved analytically requires the development of a system of special functions for the weight functions and various integrals related to the base flow. For displacement flows, the addition of inertia can either slightly increase or decrease the speed of the leading displacement front, which governs the displacement efficiency. A more subtle effect is that a wider range of interface heights are stretched between advancing fronts than without inertia. We study stability of these systems via both a linear temporal analysis and a numerical spatiotemporal method. To start with, the Orr–Sommerfeld equations are first derived for two generalized non-Newtonian fluids satisfying the Herschel–Bulkley model, and analytical expressions for growth rate and wave speed are obtained for the long-wavelength limit. The predictions of linear analysis based on the weighted residual method shows excellent agreement with the Orr–Sommerfeld approach. For displacement flows in unstable parameter ranges we do observe growth of interfacial waves that saturate nonlinearly and disperse. The observed waves have similar characteristics to those observed experimentally in pipe flow displacements. Although the focus in this study is on displacement flows, the formulation laid out can be easily used for similar two-layer flows, e.g. co-extrusion flows.
Mean force structure and its scaling in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Mehdi Faraz , Klewicki J. C. , White C. M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe combined roughness/Reynolds number problem is explored. Existing and newly acquired data from zero pressure gradient rough-wall turbulent boundary layers are used to clarify the leading order balances of terms in the mean dynamical equation. For the variety of roughnesses examined, it is revealed that the mean viscous force retains dominant order above (and often well above) the roughness crests. Mean force balance data are shown to be usefully organized relative to the characteristic length scale, which is equal or proportional to the width of the region from the wall to where the leading order mean dynamics become described by a balance between the mean and turbulent inertia. This is equivalently the width of the region from the wall to where the mean viscous force loses leading order. For both smooth-wall and rough-wall flows, the wall-normal extent of this region consistently ends just beyond the zero-crossing of the turbulent inertia term. In smooth-wall flow this characteristic length is a known function of Reynolds number. The present analyses indicate that for rough-wall flows the wall-normal position where the mean dynamics become inertial is an irreducible function of roughness and Reynolds number, as it is an inherent function of the relative scale separations between the inner, roughness, and outer lengths. These findings indicate that, for any given roughness, new dynamical regimes will typically emerge as the Reynolds number increases. For the present range of parameters, there appear to be three identifiable regimes. These correspond to the ratio of the equivalent sand grain roughness to the characteristic length being less than, equal to, or greater than$O(1)$. The relative influences of the inner, outer, and roughness length scales on the characteristic length are explored empirically. A prediction for the decay rate of the mean vorticity is developed via extension of the smooth-wall theory. Existing data are shown to exhibit good agreement with this extension. Overall, the present results appear to expose unifying connections between the structure of smooth- and rough-wall flows. Among other findings, the present analyses show promise toward providing a self-consistent and dynamically meaningful way of identifying the domain where the wall similarity hypothesis, if operative, should hold.
The evaluation of a dynamic, mechanistic, thermal balance model for Bos indicus and Bos taurus
Authors: THOMPSON V. A. , SAINZ R. D. , STRATHE A. B. , RUMSEY T. R. , FADEL J. G. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThe Thompson model (Thompson et al., in press), a heat balance model for cattle, was evaluated for Bos indicus and B. taurus under different climate conditions through the use of two local and one global sensitivity analyses and tested against independent datasets. The local analyses, which evaluate the individual effects of parameters on model output, showed that the vasodilation/vasoconstriction parameter and reference body temperature (Tbref) strongly affected body temperature. The global analysis, which evaluates the overall effect of parameters on model output, showed that 6 out of 24 parameters account for 0·79–0·89 of the model variation. The high proportion of variation accounted for by the parameters demonstrates that the model is linear in its parameters, with little interaction between the parameters.The Thompson model was tested against four independent datasets which included both B. indicus and B. taurus animals. The prediction of the relationship between skin and body temperature from the model aligned closely with the relationship in the datasets (R2 ranged from 0·55 to 0·87, mean bias ranged from 0·32 to 1·49). The prediction of sweating and respiration rates from the model aligned closely with the rates measured in the datasets (R2 ranged from 0·80 to 0·98 and 0·79 to 0·93, respectively). The delay in the diurnal body temperature variation, relative to air temperature, was more accurately predicted for cattle in the sun than for cattle in climate chambers. Given the limited datasets for construction and parameterization (both of which are described in Thompson et al., in press), the model evaluated in the current study performed relatively well compared to the literature and known biology.
Internal versus external CEO choice and the structure of compensation contracts
Authors: Palomino Frédéric , Peyrache Eloïc 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAny firm choosing a chief executive officer (CEO) faces a double problem: candidate selection and choice of a compensation scheme. We derive sufficient conditions where the unique optimal compensation scheme is a capped-bonus contract in a pure moral-hazard environment, while equity is used when the firm also faces adverse selection. Then, we provide a rationale for the simultaneous increases in CEO pay, use of equity in compensation, and external hiring of CEOs. Our results are consistent with empirical evidence that shows externally hired CEOs earn more than those internally hired and that externally hired CEOs get a higher fraction of their compensation equity based.
Open source drug discovery – A limited tutorial
Authors: ROBERTSON MURRAY N. , YLIOJA PAUL M. , WILLIAMSON ALICE E. , WOELFLE MICHAEL , ROBINS MICHAEL , BADIOLA KATRINA A. , WILLIS PAUL , OLLIARO PIERO , WELLS TIMOTHY N. C. , TODD MATTHEW H. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYOpen science is a new concept for the practice of experimental laboratory-based research, such as drug discovery. The authors have recently gained experience in how to run such projects and here describe some straightforward steps others may wish to take towards more openness in their own research programmes. Existing and inexpensive online tools can solve many challenges, while some psychological barriers to the free sharing of all data and ideas are more substantial.
Urban forests as hubs for novel zoonosis: blood meal analysis, seasonal variation inCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vectors, and avian haemosporidians
Authors: SANTIAGO-ALARCON DIEGO , HAVELKA PETER , PINEDA EDUARDO , SEGELBACHER GERNOT , SCHAEFER H. MARTIN 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYCulicoidesvectors can transmit a diverse array of parasites and are globally distributed. We studied feeding preferences and seasonal variation ofCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vectors in an urban forest of Germany to determine whether humans living nearby are readily exposed to vector-borne parasites from wild animals. We used a fragment of the mtDNA COI gene to identify hosts from blood meals. We amplified a fragment of the mtDNA cyt b to detect haemosporidian infections inCulicoidesabdomens and thoraxes. We detected a total of 22Culicoidesspecies. Fifty-eight blood meals (84%) were from humans, 10 from birds, and one from livestock. We foundCulicoides kibunensis(considered ornithophilic) with 29 human blood meals. Host generalistCulicoides festivipennisandCulicoides obsoletushad 14 human blood meals.Culicoides clastrieriandCulicoides semimaculatusfed on birds; previously humans were their only known host. Six thoraxes and three abdomens were infected with eitherHaemoproteus pallidulusorHaemoproteus parabelopolskyi. There were changes inCulicoidescommunity structure across months.Culicoides pictipenniswas the dominant species during spring,C. kibunensisandC. clastrieriwere dominant during summer, andC. obsoletuswas dominant by early autumn. All dominant species were generalists feeding on birds, livestock and humans. Our results indicate that humans can serve as a blood source for dominantCulicoidesspecies instead of the normal wild animal hosts in urban areas.
Extremely preterm birth and adolescent mental health in a geographical cohort born in the 1990s
Authors: Burnett A. , Davey C. G. , Wood S. J. , Wilson-Ching M. , Molloy C. , Cheong J. L. Y. , Doyle L. W. , Anderson P. J. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPreterm birth confers risk for poor outcome, including mental health problems. Survival of extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks' gestation) or extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants increased in the 1990s but psychiatric outcomes in older adolescents born preterm since 1990 are not well documented. This study aimed to characterize mental health and personality traits in a prospective geographical cohort of adolescents born EP/ELBW in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992.MethodAt age 18 years, 215 EP/ELBW and 157 normal birthweight (>2499 g) control adolescents completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, Axis 1 Non-Patient version (SCID-I/NP), the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module, and questionnaires assessing recent depression and anxiety symptoms and personality traits.ResultsADHD prevalence was significantly elevated in EP/ELBW adolescents compared with controls [15% v. 7%; odds ratio (OR) 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–6.58]. Aside from ADHD, however, EP/ELBW and control adolescents reported very similar outcomes, with other lifetime diagnoses identified in 23% of EP/ELBW and 21% of controls. These were predominantly mood and anxiety disorders (21% EP/ELBW, 20% controls). The groups did not differ in recent depression or anxiety symptoms assessed using questionnaires, and personality traits were also similar.ConclusionsADHD was more prevalent in EP/ELBW adolescents than controls, which is consistent with some, but not all, reports on preterm survivors born before the 1990s, and younger preterm children born in the 1990s. The high rates of anxiety and mood disorders were similar in both groups, and comparable with population-based estimates.
An existential problem: The sociolinguistic monitor and variation in existential constructions on Bequia (St. Vincent and the Grenadines)
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam , Walker James A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractExistential constructions in a corpus of spontaneous English from Bequia (St. Vincent and the Grenadines) are used to explore a linguistic problem (Is variation in verb form in existential constructions best viewed as grammatical or lexical?) and a sociolinguistic problem (What aspects of variation change over a lifetime?). We compare “urban sojourners” (Bequians who have been away) with their home village norms. We observe differences in the frequency of thetypeof existential preferred in different villages and by the urban sojourners. We also observe differences in whether or not the main verb agrees in number with a postposed plural subject. Building on William Labov's early discussions of constraints on variation imposed by the “sociolinguistic monitor,” we suggest that variation in individual speakers supports the notion that variables that are fundamentally grammatical are less likely to mark social factors than lexical variables are. (Bequia, Caribbean English, existentials, subject-verb agreement)*
Climate change and conservation implications for wet meadows in dry Patagonia
Authors: CREGO RAMIRO D. , NIELSEN CLAYTON K. , DIDIER KARL A. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYClimate change is predicted to be a major threat for biodiversity and, from a conservation prospective, it is important to understand how ecosystems may respond to that change. Predicted climate change effects on the distribution of meadows in the arid and semi-arid Argentinean Patagonia by 2050 were assessed for change trends and areas of desertification vulnerability using species distribution models (SDM) and climate-change models. Four modelling techniques composed an ensemble-forecasting approach. Suitable areas for meadows will decrease by 7.85% by 2050 given predicted changes in climate. However, there were two contrasting trends: severe reduction of suitable areas for meadows in north-west Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Island, and an expansion of suitable areas for meadows in the south and a small section in the north-west. Meadows in Patagonia will likely be impacted by climate change, probably due to changes in precipitation regimes, and consequently many species that rely on meadows in an arid environment will also be impacted. Given the low level of protection of meadows in Patagonia, such information on meadow distribution and vulnerability to climate change will be important for increasing and improving the network of conservation areas through conservation planning.
In vitro development rate of preimplantation rabbit embryos cultured with different levels of melatonin
Authors: Mehaisen Gamal Mohamed Kamel , Saeed Ayman Moustafa 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin supplementation at different levels in culture medium on embryo development in rabbits. Embryos of 2–4 cells, 8–16 cells and morula stages were recovered from nulliparous Red Baladi rabbit does by laparotomy technique 24, 48 and 72 h post-insemination, respectively. Normal embryos from each stage were cultured to hatched blastocyst stages in either control culture medium (TCM-199 + 20% fetal bovine serum) or control supplemented with melatonin at 10−3 M, 10−6 M or 10−9 M. No effect of melatonin was found on development of embryos recovered at 24 h post-insemination. The high level of melatonin at 10−3 M adversely affected the in vitro development rates of embryos recovered at 48 h post-insemination (52 versus 86, 87 and 80% blastocyst rate; 28 versus 66, 78 and 59% hatchability rate for 10−3 M versus 10−9 M, 10−6 M and control, respectively, P< 0.05). At the morula stage, melatonin at 10−3 M significantly increased the in vitro development of embryos (92% for 10−3 M versus 76% for control, P < 0.05), while the hatchability rate of these embryos was not improved by melatonin (16–30% versus 52% for melatonin groups versus control, P < 0.05). Results show that a moderate level of melatonin (10−6 M) may improve the development and hatchability rates of preimplantation rabbit embryos. The addition of melatonin at a 10−3 M concentration enhances the development of rabbit morulae but may negatively affect the development of earlier embryos. More studies are needed to optimize the use of melatonin in in vitro embryo culture in rabbits.