bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Oil Spill Scenarios for Contingency Planning Along the Brazilian Coast
Authors: Lima José Antonio , Sartori Angelo , Yassuda Eduardo , Pereira José Edson , Anderson Eric , Campos Edmo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After an oil spill in Guanabara Bay due to the collapse of a marine fuel pipeline in January 2000, PETROBRAS (a Brazilian company among the 15 largest oil companies in the world) is facing important challenges regarding its environmental commitment to Brazilian society. To face these new challenges, PETROBRAS launched a program for excellence in environmental, health and safety management that includes the development of oil spill contingency plans for its facilities. The present paper describes an oil spill modeling project for 25 facilities along the Brazilian coast. The implementation of the project involved a detailed meteorological and oceanographic characterization of each study area with a review of existing data, data collection, and hydrodynamic modeling covering more than 9,000 km of coastline. Based on the requirement of scenarios for both typical and critical conditions, the oil fates and trajectory modeling system OILMAP was applied to simulate oil spill incidents in all 25 sites, most of them oil terminals from TRANSPETRO, a PETROBRAS subsidiary. Due to Brazil's continental dimensions, the environmental conditions simulated ranged from the subtropical Patos Lagoon in the southernmost part of the country to the equatorial Solimoes River, including estuaries, coastal zones, and offshore sites. The developed modeling system allows oil spill contingency specialists to develop response plans for typical spills in the selected locations. By performing reverse trajectory calculations from sensitive sites such as water intakes or fragile wetlands, it is also be possible to identify probable release locations of spills and principal avenues of vulnerability for these important resources. This paper presents a description of the implementation of the system and the results of this modeling approach for a typical oil terminal located in the city of Vitoria, eastern Brazilian coast.
Characteristics of Oil Droplets Stabilized by Mineral Particles: The Effect of Salinity
Authors: Khelifa Ali , Stoffyn-Egli Patricia , Hill Paul S. , Lee Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The influence of salinity on the characteristics of oil droplets stabilized by mineral particles (oil-mineral aggregates – OMA) was studied in the laboratory using three different oils and a natural sediment. Size and concentration of oil droplets associated with negatively and positively buoyant OMA were measured by image analysis using epi-fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that the median droplet size increases rapidly from about 5 μm at zero salinity to double at salinity close to 1.2 ppt; decreases dramatically to about 5 μm at salinity 3.5 ppt and then increases slightly to 6 μm at the seawater salinity. The concentration of oil droplets also increases sharply when the salinity increases from zero to a critical aggregation salinity Scas, after which it stabilizes at its maximum value. The concentration of mineral-stabilized droplets is strongly affected by oil type at any salinity. When normalized to its maximum value, the concentration of droplets correlates well with normalized salinity S/Scas. A relationship is derived to predict the effect of salinity on the concentration of mineral-stabilized droplets. Size distributions of oil droplets follow similar trends, but their magnitudes depend on salinity and oil type. Self-similarity in droplet size distributions was shown when the data were plotted using normalized variables N/Nt and D/D50, where N is the number of droplets of diameter D, Nt is the total number of droplets and D50 the median size of the droplets. With these normalized variables, oil droplet size distributions measured in this study and those measured in field and laboratory under various conditions by different investigators fit the same curve regardless of the formation conditions of the droplets. A function is derived to calculate normalized cumulative size distributions of oil droplets.
Net Environmental - Economic Benefit Analysis Model
Authors: Koops W. , Smit M.G.D. , Vos R. de 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To be able to compare various response strategies for oil spill response a Net Environmental – Economic Benefit Analysis model (NEEBA) has been developed by TNO. This model consists of an oil behaviour module, a response module and an ecological effect module. In the oil behaviour module a quantitative division of the oil volume over the different compartments (air, water surface and water column) is determined on the basis of spreading, transport and weathering. This module determines also the fate of the remaining oil after one of the response options has been applied. With the ecological effect module the effects on organisms at the water surface, in the water column and on the sea floor are determined. In order to come up with one benefit score a simplified weighing method has been chosen to compare the effects on different species. The NEEBA score is therefore expressed in costs, using the costs of fish as basis. The “costs” of the other organisms in relation to fish are dependent on their place in the food chain. For each step in the food chain a factor ten has been applied. In other words 1 kg of birds equals 10 kg of fish and 100 kg of Zooplankton. To account for seasonal fluctuations the model can be adjusted by changing the densities of the different organisms over the year. The methodology, developed in MS excel, can be used by policy makers and decision takers to assist in choosing the most appropriate response option. The model interface consists of an input window, a default window with several variables and defaults and two output windows. In the input window parameters such as volume, density and viscosity of the oil but also meteorological and hydrological information can be filled in. In the default window parameters like the densities of the different organisms, weighing factors, costs, water type, etc, can be varied. The response option can be varied with respect to mobilization time, number of units deployed and capacity. The NEEBA model is a valuable tool to support decision-making and gives insight in the environmental effects related to a particular response option. The NEEBA model shows that there is a specific role for the different response options. Each option has a window of opportunity in which the use is most optimal. The tool can be used for preplanning as well as during actual spills. The model will be developed further to increase its value and realism
ADDRESSING THE PEOPLE SIDE OF CRISIS PLANNING AND RESPONSE
Authors: Blythe Bruce T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Expectations are high that organizations will not only take reasonable measure to prevent catastrophic incidents, but will also be prepared to respond to them effectively—including attending to their emotional impacts on people. Thus, disaster planning must not only deal with physical issues but also include structured protocols for addressing the “people side” of crisis events. Attention to the people side will accelerate employees' return to pre-incident productivity. It can also have profound long-term positive impact on affected organizations and their constituencies in terms of reputation, resumption of normal activity, and restoration of morale and shareholder value.
Disaster plans should include the establishment of Humanitarian Response Teams, as distinct units within organizational crisis response structures, to focus specifically on the people-side impacts. Their duties might include such issues as, ongoing communications to and from impacted constituents, palliative care to those in need, assistance for families of seriously or fatally injured persons, support for employees involved in recovery and business continuity efforts, facilitating return to work, etc.
The presentation will provide an introduction to the human-side of crisis management, sketching the structural essentials for Humanitarian Response Teams, such as, who should comprise them and how they should be trained, and their operational parameters in actual disaster-response situations. In connection with the latter, a brief overview of the evolving controversy over the standard practice of “debriefing,” and the alternative resiliency-based model of post-crisis support, will be presented. Attendees will leave the session equipped to critique their own disaster planning for its attention to the essentials of humanitarian response.
VOLUNTEERS: BENEFIT OR DISTRACTION? AN INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR MANAGING VOLUNTEERS DURING AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Gass Michael R. , Henry R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A large outpouring of citizen volunteers may converge at the scene of a highly publicized, widespread oil spill in a coastal area. A spill response manager may be reluctant to use volunteers due to liability issues, their overwhelming numbers, the short term commitment by the majority of the volunteers, and the uncertain effectiveness of their actions. Given the high motivation of citizen volunteers and the local political climate, it may be unwise or impossible to turn the volunteers away.
An international protocol for managing volunteers and ensuring their safety during an oil spill response is presented. This protocol defines the process of utilizing volunteers in a safe and orderly manner to achieve positive results in mitigating the adverse effects of an oil spill on the environment.
important aspects of the protocol are the assignment of an experienced volunteer coordinator/manager, organization, site supervision, basic training, volunteer support/logistics, and integrated safety management at all levels.
CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS AND THE MARITIME INDUSTRY – A WORLD-WIDE TREND
Authors: Grasso Jeanne M. , Fennell Allison 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For decades, the United States has been aggressively enforcing its environmental laws. Beginning in the mid-1990s and continuing through present, this effort has been directed at the maritime industry through the U.S. Department of Justice's “Vessel Initiative.” The U.S. trend is now being felt in Europe, as exemplified by the European Commission ship-pollution directive, focused on criminal enforcement. With this worldwide focus on prosecuting environmental crimes against the maritime industry, companies must take a hard look at their corporate compliance programs to minimize chances of being targeted for criminal prosecution. This paper will identify worldwide trends, discuss recent criminal prosecutions, and make recommendations on how companies can best protect themselves.
SECURITY POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR INLAND FACILITIES AND PIPELINES
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Coder Ellinor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although facilities in the United States have not been subject to major oil spills caused by intentional acts, around the world acts of war and terrorism account for a large fraction of reported major oil spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requires response plans that address a “worst case discharge;” however, the implementing regulatory agencies did not foresee the possibility of deliberate attacks that could involve multiple storage tanks or several pipeline response zones. In addition, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 highlighted the problems with the current U.S. federal response and contingency plans.
The U.S. Coast Guard published a rule that requires operators of marine-transportation-related oil facilities to implement a variety of security measures. Inland facilities and pipelines are generally exempt from the security regulations; nevertheless, those facilities and pipelines can take steps to increase their own security preparedness by emulating the Coast Guard provisions. Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-7, issued on December 17, 2003, identified critical infrastructure sectors and sector-specific agencies to facilitate vulnerability assessments of the sectors. The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for coordinating the protection of critical infrastructures in the Energy Sector, which includes the production, refining, storage, and distribution of oil.
In this paper, we discuss recent trends in Federal requirements and current provisions for oil industry security planning. We highlight types of major oil facilities that need to consider the possibility of a terrorist attack, as well as recommendations by industry groups. We conclude with suggested areas for industry planning improvement.
VESSEL DISPERSANT APPLICATION IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE: RESEARCH REVIEW
Authors: Motolenich-Salas Kenneth M. , Clark James R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersants are a proven oil spill response technique. Since effective use of dispersants is often limited to a few days following a spill, timely and effective dispersant application is a major requirement for dispersant use. Despite the advantages of aircraft over vessels in applying dispersant to large or remote spills, vessels do offer certain advantages over aircraft. These include wide and ready availability in port and marine terminal areas, lower cost, ease of deployment, high degree of spray control and accuracy. These advantages often result in vessel platforms being the preferred application method, especially for nearshore, smaller spills. Therefore, vessel-based systems should not be overlooked in contingency planning, as these systems can often be a viable and effective option for sustained dispersant application in certain oil spill situations.
There are three major types of vessel dispersant application systems: (1) spray arm systems; (2) fire monitor systems, which are systems designed to spray water or fire-fighting foam; and (3) single nozzle neat dispersant application systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are reviewed and evaluated.
Certain vessel characteristics beneficial for dispersant application also are discussed. To be most effective, vessels generally should (1) have sufficient dispersant payload or the ability to be re-supplied effectively, (2) be rapidly mobilized shortly after dispersant use approval, and (3) be located close enough to the spill scene to arrive within the required time when dispersant use is effective. Finally, the major vessel dispersant application operational guidelines are summarized.
An Analysis Of Underwater Oil Recovery Techniques
Authors: Elliott Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Historically, once a ship sank below the surface, the oil that remained onboard became inaccessible to responders. In the last few years, however, there has been a significant push by both regulators and salvors to go deeper below the surface to recover oil trapped within a shipwreck. Recent examples in the United States include the recovery of oil from the SS JACOB LUCKENBACH in a water depth greater than 175-feet seawater (fsw) and the attempt to recover oil from the T/V BOW MARINER at a depth greater than 265 fsw.
This technical paper provides an analysis of recent technological advances available to recover oil at depth, from using saturation diving systems and manually connected viscous oil pumping systems to remotely operated vehicles and associated offloading systems. Recent case studies frame the presentation of advances in sub-sea oil recovery equipment and associated safety, logistical and financial considerations.
THE IMO/IPIECA GLOBAL INITIATIVE: OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE PREPAREDNESS
Authors: Micallef Stefan , Thiam Malamine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Formally launched in 1996, the Global Initiative (GI) is an umbrella programme under which International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) are working together to encourage/facilitate the development and implementation of contingency plans and increase ratification of related international conventions. Other organizations also participate in and support the GI, including Governments, the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, various regional bodies and local oil industry. IMO, a specialized agency of the United Nations, works closely with member State Governments and the international shipping regulatory community to improve the safety and security of international shipping and to protect the marine environment from shipping-related sources of pollution.
GI has been active since 1996 and its achievements are encouraging; countries have made significant progress in both elaboration and further development of national response systems and strategies. GI also assists in efficiently targeting donor agency funds and in leveraging such funds. It is important to recognise that the GI is a long-term process.
ENHANCED OIL SPILL SURVEILLANCE, DETECTION AND MONITORING THROUGH THE APPLIED TECHNOLOGY OF UNMANNED AIR SYSTEMS
Authors: Allen John , Walsh Brian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many leading edge technologies that are conceptualized, developed, tested, refined and applied as military defense technologies evolve into useful applied technologies in other public and private sectors. Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) and the rapidly evolving Small Unmanned Air Vehicle (SUAS) are finding operational applications in scientific research, wildlife, law enforcement, security, natural disaster, and environmental surveillance, detection and monitoring. This paper will review the use of UAS in operational oil spill surveillance, monitoring and assessment.
UAS show particular potential for shoreline, coastal and inland surveillance and monitoring of remote areas with limited accessibility. Numerous international oil companies have sponsored UAV demonstrations focused on facility and pipeline inspection, surveillance and monitoring. Governmental agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, have incorporated UAS into oil spill response exercises and test applications. Currently, many areas of high risk to pollution and high environmental sensitivity are monitored daily by costly manned aircraft surveillance; UAS can replace or augment these manned air vehicles, providing a cost effective alternative that also reduces human risks.
UAS technology is continually evolving to achieve broader application:On-water launch and in-water recovery;Payload Integration - video, still daylight and nighttime IR imaging, image processing, and hazardous material air plume sensing and mapping;Command, Control and Communications (C-3) - real-time data link to the Incident Command Post;Platform Improvements - greater reliability, minimized size and weight, portability, longer operational flight time and extended range, and improved power sources;GPS positioning - pre-programmed flight patterns and break-away vectoring; andSimulation & Training - train effectively, maintain proficiency, and evolve tactics, techniques and procedures.
FINDING COMMON GROUND IN GLOBAL TRAINING STANDARDS ON THE BAKU-TBILISI-CEYHAN PIPELINE
Authors: Cosgrove Patrick E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Training responders in a remote area on a new pipeline presented many challenges. Language barriers, cultural differences and remote locations required students and instructors to adapt both in the classroom and on equipment deployment exercises. This paper will illustrate issues and detail methods used to overcome initial differences in perception between instructors and students. It will also present field activities used to define responder qualification in an effort to standardize training and realize full potential.
RESPONDER QUALIFICATIONS - KEEPING IT SIMPLE
Authors: Majors Lee , Huhndorf Tracey 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many spill response organizations have encountered problems when requesting personnel resources during a spill event. Besides a HAZWOPER certification, how do you determine the proper training level and communicate this to the outside resource providers.
Alaska Clean Seas developed a simplified catagorization for spill response personnel. The catagories are:
General Laborer
Skilled Technician
Team Leader
Vessel Operator- Nearshore
Vessel Operator- Offshore
Each of these catagories have minimum training requirements. The regulatory agencies in Alaska approved the catagories for use in describing responder needs in member company contingency plans. The State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation adopted the catagories in the development of their Spill Tactics for Alaska Responders (STAR) manual. This manual was developed with input from the OSRO'S in Alaska and the catagories were approved by all of them.
With these spill responder catagories, ACS is able to train the North Slope volunteer spill response teams, the Village Response Teams, and the Auxilliary (contract) Response Teams to these levels to meet member company contingency plan requirements. ACS is also able to request personnel during drills and events in a quick and efficient manner.
Of course, these levels do not meet all the proficiencies needed during an event. ACS has also developed proficiency checks (PC'S) for each piece of equipment. These check lists provide the method for someone to demonstrate they now how to start and operate a piece of equipment such as skimmers, pumps, boom, etc. Some of the equipment is more complicated and requires a higher level of competency such as bobcats, front end loaders, airboats, etc. The PC'S for these types of equipment have 3 levels: Level 1 familiarization; Level 2 competent operator; Level 3 instructor qualifed.
Other qualifications are regulatory driven such as Bird Hazing, Bear Hazing, and Wildlife Capture and Stabilization.
With all of these catagorizations and tracking, ACS is able to easily identify response personnel for the tasks required.
EMSA'S POLLUTION RESPONSE NETWORK: A PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Bluhm Bernd , Molloy Fionn C. , Encabo Santiago 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In addition to its other tasks, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) has been active, in the field of marine pollution preparedness and response since mid-2004. The role of EMSA as a European Agency is to provide added value support to EU Member States and the European Commission. This paper provides the context in which the Agency carries out its range of spill response activities with regard to information, co-operation and co-ordination as well as operational support. Within this last category of activities, the paper details the main considerations and challenges of setting-up and maintaining a stand-by oil recovery vessel service available at short notice to all EU coastal states.1 Regulation (EC) No 1406/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 establishing a European Maritime Safety Agency2 EMSA Work Programme (updated annually) is available from www.emsa.europa.eu
FREQUENCY OF DISPERSANT USE WORLDWIDE
Authors: Steen Alexis , Findlay Abigail 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical dispersant use has been regarded in some areas of the world as a non-traditional response option for open water marine spills. This view is based on the historical prevalence of mechanical response and the additional regulatory or permitting requirements placed on organizations which wish to use dispersants. While such requirements may be a deterrent, the response community underestimates the actual frequency of dispersant use. Based on response reports for maritime spills, the frequency of worldwide dispersant use is summarized over the last four decades. Information is also summarized by the geographic region where the dispersant was applied and using any reports on effectiveness. Effectiveness reports are uneven in quality and, in many cases, absent. This situation underscores the importance of knowing if an oil is dispersible beforehand and monitoring the performance of a dispersant on a spilled oil afterward.