bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A functional electrical stimulation system improves knee control in crouch gait
Authors: Khamis Sam , Martikaro Raz , Wientroub Shlomo , Hemo Yoram , Hayek Shlomo 
Published: March 2015

Background Crouch gait is a major sagittal plane deviation in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). It is defined as a combination of excessive ankle dorsiflexion and knee and hip flexion throughout the stance phase. To the best of our knowledge, functional electrical stimulation (FES) has not been used to decrease the severity of crouch gait in CP subjects and assist in achieving lower limb extension. Purpose To evaluate the short- and long-term effects of FES to the quadriceps muscles in preventing crouch gait and achieving ankle plantar flexion, knee and hip extension at the stance phase. Methods An 18-year-old boy diagnosed with CP diplegia [Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II] was evaluated. The NESS L300® Plus neuroprosthesis system provided electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle. A three-dimensional gait analysis was performed using an eight-camera system measuring gait kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters while the subject walked shod only, with ground reaction ankle foot orthotics (GRAFOs) and using an FES device. Results Walking with the FES device showed an increase in the patient's knee extension at midstance and increased knee maximal extension at the stance phase. In addition, the patient was able to ascend and descend stairs with a “step-through” pattern immediately after adjusting the FES device. Conclusions This report suggests that FES to the quadriceps muscles may affect knee extension at stance and decrease crouch gait, depending on the adequate passive range of motion of the hip, knee extension, and plantar flexion. Further studies are needed in order to validate these results.
Mechanical strength of soda-lime glass sandblasted by gravitation
Authors: Roumili Fouad , Benbahouche Saci , Sangleboeuf Jean-Christophe 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Damage to a glass surface by sandblasting has a remarkable effect on its mechanical properties and strength. In this study, we analyze the superficial deterioration of soda-lime glass and its influence on the mechanical strength. Sandblasting by gravitation from a fixed height causes damages by the free fall of different quantities of sand, which we performed for a selected grain size and at different angles of inclination. To characterize the surface state, we used different roughness measures (the arithmetic mean value of the roughness R
a, the root mean square roughness R
q, and the maximum roughness R
max) and measured the optical transmission (transmittance) at different points on the specimen surface using a profilometer. To determine the mechanical strength, we proceeded by two methods: first, by a shock ball (falling ball), and then by biaxial bending using circular supports. The effects of the surface damage on the optical transmission and the mechanical strength of the glass are graphically presented and discussed in this paper.
Screening for candidate genes related to breast cancer with cDNA microarray analysis
Authors: Xiang Yu‐Juan , Fu Qin‐Ye , Ma Zhong‐Bing , Gao De‐Zong , Zhang Qiang , Li Yu‐Yang , Li Liang , Liu Lu , Ye Chun‐Miao , Yu Zhi‐Gang , Guo Ming‐Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to reveal the exact changes during the occurrence of breast cancer to explore significant new and promising genes or factors related to this disease.MethodsWe compared the gene expression profiles of breast cancer tissues with its uninvolved normal breast tissues as controls using the cDNA microarray analysis in seven breast cancer patients. Further, one representative gene, named IFI30, was quantitatively analyzed by real‐time PCR to confirm the result of the cDNA microarray analysis.ResultsA total of 427 genes were identified with significantly differential expression, 221 genes were up‐regulated and 206 genes were down‐regulated. And the result of cDNA microarray analysis was validated by detection of IFI30 mRNA level changes by real‐time PCR. Genes for cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell division, mitosis, apoptosis, and immune response were enriched in the up‐regulated genes, while genes for cell adhesion, proteolysis, and transport were significantly enriched in the down‐regulated genes in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues by a gene ontology analysis.ConclusionOur present study revealed a range of differentially expressed genes between breast cancer tissues and normal breast tissues, and provide candidate genes for further study focusing on the pathogenesis and new biomarkers for breast cancer.
Phase relations in carbonate systems at pressures and temperatures of lithospheric mantle: review of experimental data
Authors: Shatskiy A.F. , Litasov K.D. , Palyanov Yu.N. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The paper presents a synopsis of experimentally constrained phase relations in carbonate systems. Three sections of the paper consider, respectively, PT diagrams of simple carbonates (MgCO3, CaCO3, FeCO3, BaCO3, SrCO3, K2CO3, and Na2CO3); isobaric T-X diagrams of binary and ternary systems (CaCO3-MgCO3, CaCO3-FeCO3, CaCO3-FeCO3-MgCO3, BaCO3-CaCO3, SrCO3-CaCO3, BaCO3-SrCO3, CaCO3-MgCO3-BaCO3, CaCO3-MgCO3-SrCO3, BaCO3-CaCO3-SrCO3, BaCO3-MgCO3-SrCO3, Na2CO3-CaCO3, and K2CO3-CaCO3), and T-X diagrams of the systems MgCO3-FeCO3, MgCO3-CaCO3, CaCO3-FeCO3, MgCO3-FeCO3-CaCO3, K2CO3-MgCO3, Na2CO3-MgCO3, K2CO3-FeCO3, Na2CO3-FeCO3, K2CO3-CaCO3, Na2CO3-CaCO3, K2CO3-FeCO3-MgCO3, Na2CO3-FeCO3-MgCO3, K2CO3-CaCO3-MgCO3, and Na2CO3-CaCO3-MgCO3 at 6 GPa. The last section deals with temperatures of carbonate magma generation in the upper mantle and with melt compositions. In conclusion, prospects are outlined for further research of phase relations in carbonate system at high pressures and temperatures.
First-principles calculations of the equations of state and relative stability of iron carbides at the Earth’s core pressures
Authors: Litasov K.D. , Popov Z.I. , Gavryushkin P.N. , Ovchinnikov S.G. , Fedorov A.S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that Fe3C is more stable than Fe7C3 under PT-conditions of the Earth’s core. Theoretical calculations at 0 K, in turn, show the possible stability of Fe2C at the core pressures. Therefore, a theoretical modeling of iron carbides at ≤ 500 GPa is carried out. Energetically stable phases and the pressures of magnetic transitions at 0 K are determined. The parameters of magnetic transitions for Fe7C3 and Fe3C are consistent with those determined in the previous papers. The phase transition from Pnnm to Pnma in Fe2C at 28 GPa is estimated. At &gt; 100 GPa, Fe2C loses its magnetic moment. Assuming carbon to be the only light element in the system, the first-principles calculations yield 2.7-2.9 and 2.0-2.2 wt.% C at the boundary of the inner core at 5000 and 7000 K, respectively.
The equations of state of forsterite, wadsleyite, ringwoodite, akimotoite, MgSiO3-perovskite, and postperovskite and phase diagram for the Mg2SiO4 system at pressures of up to 130 GPa
Authors: Dorogokupets P.I. , Dymshits A.M. , Sokolova T.S. , Danilov B.S. , Litasov K.D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe equations of state of forsterite, wadsleyite, ringwoodite, MgSiO3-perovskite, akimotoite, and postperovskite are set up by joint analysis of experimentally measured isobaric heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion depending on temperature at ambient pressure, and volume at room and higher temperatures. Modified equations of state based on the Helmholtz free energy are used to construct a thermodynamic model. The derived equations of state permit calculation of all thermodynamic functions for the minerals depending on temperature and volume or temperature and pressure. A phase diagram of the system MgSiO3–MgO is constructed based on the Gibbs energy calibrated using the referred experimental points. The seismic boundaries at depths of 410 and 520 km and in the zone D’ are interpreted on the basis of the phase transitions. The global upper/lower mantle discontinuity at a depth of 660 km remains debatable; it is in poor agreement with experimental and computational data on the dissociation of ringwoodite to perovskite and periclase.
Sound velocity measurement by inelastic X-ray scattering at high pressure and temperature by resistive heating diamond anvil cell
Authors: Ohtani E. , Mibe K. , Sakamaki T. , Kamada S. , Takahashi S. , Fukui H. , Tsutsui S. , Baron A.Q.R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We determined the compressional velocity of hcp-Fe in a wide pressure and temperature range using high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) combined with in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) on samples in resistively heated diamond anvil cells: our measurements extend up to 174 GPa at room temperature, to 88 GPa at 700 K, and to 62.5 GPa at 1000 K. Our data obtained at room temperature and high temperature are well described by a linear relation to density, extending the range of verification of Birch’s law beyond previous work and suggesting only a small temperature dependence up to 1000 K. When we compare the present results with the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM), we can conclude that there is either a strong temperature effect on Birch’s law at temperatures above 1000 K, or the composition of the core is rather different from that commonly expected, i.e., containing heavy elements.
Diamond thermoelastic properties and implications for determining the pressure of formation of diamond–inclusion systems
Authors: Angel R.J. , Alvaro M. , Nestola F. , Mazzucchelli M.L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The formation conditions of diamond can be determined from the residual pressure of inclusions trapped within the diamond, as measured at ambient conditions, and the equations of state (EoS) of the mineral inclusion and the host diamond. The EoS parameters of the diamond and the inclusion phase are therefore critical for determining the precision and accuracy of the calculation of formation conditions of diamonds. The questions we address are (i) How precise are these calculations? and, in particular, (ii) Do we know the EoS parameters of diamond to a precision and accuracy which do not contribute significantly to uncertainties in the geological conclusions drawn from these calculations? We present a review of the most recent compressional data, simulations, and direct elastic measurements of diamond and show them to be consistent with a room-temperature bulk modulus of K0T = 444(2) GPa and a pressure derivative K’ = 4.0. In combination with a thermal-pressure model with parameters αV300,0 = 2.672(3) x 10–6 K–1 and a single Einstein temperature θE = 1500 K, the volume variation of diamond from room conditions to pressures and temperatures exceeding those in the Earth’s transition zone is described to within the levels of uncertainty inherent in both experimental and computational determinations. For the example of olivine inclusions in diamond, these uncertainties in the diamond EoS parameters lead to uncertainties in the entrapment pressures of no more than 0.001 GPa at low temperatures and 0.008 GPa at higher temperatures.
Interface partition coefficients of trace elements in carbonate–silicate parental media for diamonds and paragenetic inclusions (experiments at 7.0–8.5 GPa)
Authors: Kuzyura A.V. , Litvin Yu.A. , Jeffries T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Interface partition coefficients KDTE of a representative set of trace elements (TE) in the partly molten diamond-forming peridotite–eclogite–carbonatite system are experimentally determined at 7.0–8.5 GPa. The experimental data evidence that trace-element partition does not depend on the melt composition, with heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) concentrating mainly in garnet. Model TE partition coefficients for the natural diamond-producing carbonatite melts of mantle chambers are calculated based on TE concentrations in minerals of peridotite and eclogite parageneses of diamond inclusions, on the one hand, and on the experimental KDTE coefficients, on the other. The results show that the TE of the parental media are mostly the mantle peridotite components, with the parental media being depleted in medium (Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) and heavy (Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf) rare-earth elements relative to the primitive peridotite. The elevated contents of Sr, Nb, and Ce in the completely miscible carbonate-silicate melts might be due to the participation of “metasomatic agents” in the formation of chambers of diamond-forming carbonatite magmas.
Typomorphic features of graphite inclusions in diamond: experimental data
Authors: Khokhryakov A.F. , Nechaev D.V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Diamond crystals with graphite inclusions synthesized during the experimental modeling of natural diamond formation in chloride and carbonate systems under mantle PT-conditions were studied to elucidate the specifics of the protogenetic graphite inclusions. It has been established that the inclusions of graphite, both primary ones and those resulted from sodium oxalate decomposition, form compact clusters of grains and plates of different shapes in diamond. Diamonds rich in graphite inclusions are black and opaque. Their distinctive feature is significant low-frequency shift (to 1328 cm–1) and broadening (to 6.5 cm–1) of the Raman line, testifying to high residual deformation. Based on the data of previous experiments and the results obtained in this study, we consider peculiarities of protogenetic, syngenetic, and epigenetic graphite inclusions in diamond and their possible use as typomorphic features for the investigation of natural diamonds and reconstruction of their genesis.
An EBSD study of olivine inclusions in Siberian diamonds: evidence for syngenetic growth?
Authors: Neuser R.D. , Schertl H.-P. , Logvinova A.M. , Sobolev N.V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Crystallographic relations between four diamonds from the Yubileinaya pipe (Yakutia) and inclusions of eight olivine crystals in them are first studied by the EBSD method. Crystallographic coincidence between the olivine and diamond has been revealed in 15 samples, though we failed to make an unambiguous conclusion about the sequence of the mineral crystallization. It is confirmed that the new approach is promising for elucidation of the regularities of the mutual orientation of diamond and inclusion. However, more samples are required to establish whether the olivines formed earlier than the diamonds (protogenetic inclusions) or synchronously with them (syngenetic inclusions). © 2015, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Need for Reinforced Strategies to Support Delivery of HIV Clinical Services During the Ebola Outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
Authors: Mobula M. Linda , Brown Charlene A. , Burnham Gilbert , Phelps Benjamin R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. The Ebola outbreak has led to the disruption of already fragile but essential health services and drug distribution systems; HIV clinical services in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea were particularly affected. Targeted approaches are necessary to protect the continuity of HIV treatment for people living with HIV and should be integrated within the broader Ebola response; this will save lives, prevent drug resistance, and decrease the likelihood of HIV transmission. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:522–526)
The Cost–Benefit of Federal Investment in Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections through the Use of a Multifaceted Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
Authors: Slayton Rachel B. , Scott R. Douglas , Baggs James , Lessa Fernanda C. , McDonald L. Clifford , Jernigan John A. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVETo determine the potential epidemiologic and economic value of the implementation of a multifaceted Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) control program at US acute care hospitalsDESIGNMarkov model with a 5-year time horizonPARTICIPANTSPatients whose data were used in our simulations were limited to hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years old.BACKGROUNDCDI is an important public health problem with substantial associated morbidity, mortality, and cost. Multifaceted national prevention efforts in the United Kingdom, including antimicrobial stewardship, patient isolation, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning and disinfection, and audit, resulted in a 59% reduction in CDI cases reported from 2008 to 2012.METHODSOur analysis was conducted from the federal perspective. The intervention we modeled included the following components: antimicrobial stewardship utilizing the Antimicrobial Use and Resistance module of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), use of contact precautions, and enhanced environmental cleaning. We parameterized our model using data from CDC surveillance systems, the AHRQ Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and literature reviews. To address uncertainty in our parameter estimates, we conducted sensitivity analyses for intervention effectiveness and cost, expenditures by other federal partners, and discount rate. Each simulation represented a cohort of 1,000 hospitalized patients over 1,000 trials.RESULTSIn our base case scenario with 50% intervention effectiveness, we estimated that 509,000 CDI cases and 82,000 CDI-attributable deaths would be prevented over a 5-year time horizon. Nationally, the cost savings across all hospitalizations would be $2.5 billion (95% credible interval: $1.2 billion to $4.0 billion).CONCLUSIONSThe potential benefits of a multifaceted national CDI prevention program are sizeable from the federal perspective.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Occupational Determinants of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Among Healthcare Workers: A Longitudinal Study in a Rehabilitation Center
Authors: Legrand J. , Temime L. , Lawrence C. , Herrmann J. L. , Boelle P. Y. , Guillemot D. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDStaphylococcus aureus carriage among healthcare workers (HCWs) is a concern in hospital settings, where it may provide a reservoir for later infections in both patients and staff. Earlier studies have shown that the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in HCWs is highly variable, depending notably on location, hospital department type, MRSA prevalence among patients, and type of contacts with patients. However, MRSA incidence in HCWs and its occupational determinants have seldom been studied.METHODSA prospective, observational cohort study was conducted between May and October 2009 in a French rehabilitation center hospital. HCWs and patients were screened weekly for S. aureus nasal carriage. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA prevalence and incidence were estimated and factors associated with MRSA acquisition were identified using generalized estimating equation regression methods.RESULTSAmong 343 HCWs included in the analysis, the average prevalence was 27% (95% CI, 24%–29%) for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and 10% (8%–11%) for MRSA. We observed 129 MRSA colonization events. According to the multivariable analysis, high MRSA prevalence level among patients and HCW occupation were significantly associated with MRSA acquisition in HCWs, with assistant nurses being more at risk than nurses (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4–3.6).CONCLUSIONSOur findings may help further our understanding of the transmission dynamics of MRSA carriage acquisition in HCWs, suggesting that it is notably driven by carriage among patients and by the type of contact with patients.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):767–776
Effects of supplementing mid-lactation dairy cows with seaweed and vitamin E on plasma and milkα-tocopherol and antibody response to immunization
Authors: KIDANE A. , NESHEIM I. L. , LARSEN H. J. S. , THUEN E. , JENSEN S. K. , STEINSHAMN H. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe objective of the current experiment was to compare the effects of supplementing mid-lactation dairy cows withall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SyntvE), RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (NatvE) or seaweed meal (Seaweed) in the presence of aControlgroup (no supplemental vitamin E or seaweed) on the concentration ofα-tocopherol in plasma and milk, and antibody response following immunization. The hypothesis was that supplementation of dairy cows with vitamin E, regardless of its form, would increase plasma and milkα-tocopherol compared to the control diet and this incremental response would be bigger withNatvEthanSyntvE. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that vitamin E, regardless of its form, will provide an improved adaptive immune response to immunization than theControldiet, and cows supplemented withSeaweedmeal would produce better adaptive immune response following immunization than cows in theControlgroup. Twenty-four Norwegian Red (NR) dairy cows in their mid-lactation were allocated randomly to the four treatments in a replicated Latin square design. The cows were fed on a basal diet of silage and concentrate on top of which the experimental supplements were provided. Plasma and milkα-tocopherol concentrations were higher inNatvEandSyntvEgroups than in the other two groups. The RRR-α-tocopherol stereoisomer was the predominant form (>0·86), in both plasma and milk, whereas the remaining part was largely made up of the other three 2R stereoisomers (RRS, RSR and RSS). In cows fed theControl, SeaweedandNatvE, the proportion of the RRR-α-tocopherol stereoisomer in plasma and milk constituted >0·97 of the totalα-tocopherol. Mid-lactation NR dairy cows had higher than adequate levels of plasmaα-tocopherol (9·99 mg/l) even when not supplemented with external source of vitamin E, suggesting that with a good quality silage these cows may not be at risk of vitamin E deficiency. Furthermore, the present study shows that dairy cows in mid to late lactation have preferential uptake of RRR stereoisomer ofα-tocopherol compared with other stereoisomers. All cows responded well to immunization with different antigens, but there were no significant group effects of the diet on the immune response measured.
Overlapping genetic and environmental influences among men's alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support
Authors: Salvatore J. E. , Prom-Wormley E. , Prescott C. A. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundAlcohol consumption and problems are associated with interpersonal difficulties. We used a twin design to assess in men the degree to which genetic or environmental influences contributed to the covariance between alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support.MethodThe sample included adult male–male twin pairs (697 monozygotic and 487 dizygotic) for whom there were interview-based data on: alcohol consumption (average monthly alcohol consumption in the past year); alcohol problems (lifetime alcohol dependence symptoms); romantic conflict and warmth; friend problems and support; and relative problems and support.ResultsKey findings were that genetic and unique environmental factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol consumption and romantic conflict; genetic factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol problems and romantic conflict; and common and unique environmental factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol problems and friend problems.ConclusionsRecognizing and addressing the overlapping genetic and environmental influences that alcohol consumption and problems share with romantic quality and other indicators of social support may have implications for substance use prevention and intervention efforts.