bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double Strandedness of Ribonucleic Acid of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Inaba Yuji , Ito Yasuichiro , Sato Kunihiko , Omori Tsuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVirus labeled with 3H‐uridine or 32P‐orthophosphate was purified by CsCl equilibrium centrifugation of concentrated virus materials from infectious BHK21‐WI2 cell culture fluids. A single clearly visible band formed in the gradient coinciding with a sharp peak of radioactivity having a buoyant density of 1.19 g/ml. Infectivity exhibited a broader distribution with a peak coinciding with the visible band, in which numerous virions of the virus were observed with the aid of an electron microscope using the phosphotungstic negative staining technique. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from the purified virus by the phenol method exhibited a rather broad distribution of radioactivity with a major peak at about 12 S when analyzed by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation technique. Viral RNA centrifuged in the gradient after ribonuclcase (RNase) treatment showed a single sharp peak at about 12 S. These findings seemed to indicate that the virion of this virus contained double‐stranded RNA. Double strandedness of the viral RNA was further corroborated by an examination of the base composition, reduced resistance to RNase in low salt concentration and a sharp thermal transition with a relatively high melting temperature of 85 C. The virus could not be classified either in the rhabdovirus group, although the shape of the virion resembled that of the rhabdoviruses, or in the reovirus group since the virus was ether‐sensitive. It seemed necessary to create a new genus for this virus.
Immune Response against Hamster Erythrocytes in the Low‐Responder Mouse Strains
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Kuroiwa Ataru , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn a previous paper we reported that an inbred strain of SL mice and an outbred strain of CF1 mice belonged to the high‐responder strains in antibody production after primary immunization with hamster erythrocytes (H‐RBC), while inbred strains of C57BL/6, AKR and C3H/He mice belonged to low‐responder strains. In the present study we obtained the following results. 1) Pre‐sensitization with hamster lymphoma enhanced antibody production after an intravenous injection of H‐RBC. There was no strain difference in the pattern of antibody production against H‐RBC among pre‐sensitized mice. 2) The pattern of enhanced antibody production after an intravenous injection of H‐RBC into pre‐sensitized mice assumed the primary type in terms of time of appearance of hemolysin plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in the spleens and the conversion from 2‐mercaptoethanol sensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol resistant antibody production, when the intervals between both treatments were within 7 days. 3) Pre‐sensitization with lymphoma induced not only an increase in numbers of PFC after an intravenous injection of H‐RBC, but also an increase in the size of the hemolysin plaques. These results suggested that sensitization with hamster lymphoma stimulated some kinds of immuno‐competent cells, which could contribute to antibody production against H‐RBC after a booster injection of H‐RBC.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Morishima Taka 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA portion of the seed virus remained active even in the presence of excess antibody. With an early serum or relatively low concentrations of a hyperimmune serum, the presence of such unneutralizable virus was uncovered by the addition of complement. This unneutralizable persistent fraction (PF) was distinguished from sensitized virus surviving in insufficient antibody, because the latter was inactivated by a high concentration of antibody as quickly as the control virus. The level of the PF was constant regardless of the serum species, serum lot, dilution of serum, antibody class and complement requirement of antibody, being approximately 0.1% of the seed virus. Millipore filtration of the seed virus lowered this PF level to varying degrees depending upon the porosity. However, when filtered virus‐serum mixtures were incubated at 37 C for a sufficient time and then filtered again, a portion of the unneutralized virus did pass a 0.22 μ membrane. Furthermore, virus sensitized with insufficient antibody showed no increase in resistance to complement after 10 hr incubation at 4 C. These results proved that viral aggregation was not the essential cause of the PF. It was confirmed, on the other hand, that the neutralization of virus by hyperimmune IgG followed a one‐hit curve. Analysis of these data appeared to support Rappaport's postulation that the PF represented antibody‐coated virus whose critical antigenic sites were all left unbound.
Characterization of the Chromosomally Mediated Penicillinase in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Sawai Tetsuo , Tazaki Tadakatu , Yamagishi Saburo , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe gene governing ampicillin resistance and penicillinase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae was analyzed by means of a conjugation system. The gene, amp, was mapped between pyr4 and aro18 on the linkage map of K. pneumoniae. The chromosomally mediated penicillinases of k. pneumoniae were partially purified and their properties were compared with those of known species‐specific penicillinases of K. pneumoniae and also those of the penicillinases of R factors having ampicillin resistant marker. The chromosomal penicillinases were consistent with most of the species‐specific penicillinases in enzymological and immunological properties and in their behavior on agar gel electrophoresis. They also showed a close relationship to type I penicillinases of R factors in enzymological and immunological properties.
Formation of Multiple Drug Resistance Factors by Recombination between Transfer Factor and Resistance Determinants
Authors: Kameda Mitsuo , Harada Kenji , Suzuki Mitsue , Nakajima Takashi , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDrug‐resistance(r) determinants, r21(tet), r1(cml), and r11(str.sul), were obtained from R factors, and were capable of conferring resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and to both streptomycin and sulfanilamide, respectively. They were integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli K12 and nontransmissible by conjugation. As described previously, the recombinant T‐tet factor was formed and conjugally transmissible when E. coli K12 r21(tet)+ was infected with T95, one of the transfer factors. Similarly, the recombinants T‐tet.cml and T‐tet.str.sul factors were formed by the interaction between T‐tet factor and resistance determinants r1 (cml) and r11(str.sul), respectively. Subsequently, T‐tet.cml.str.sul factor was formed by the recombination between T‐tet.cml factor and r11(str.sul) determinant, and T‐tet.str.sul.cml factor was produced by the infection of E. coli K12 r1(cml)+ with T‐tet.str.sul factor. These recombinants were conjugally transmissible and transduced by phage Pl as one unit. These results strongly suggested the origin of R factors which were capable of conferring multiple resistance and transmissible by conjugation. According to the segregational patterns of resistance determinants by transduction and by conjugal transmission, the genetic structure of T‐tet.cml.str.sul factors was established as being circular and the linkage order of the determinants of these factors was described.
Factors Influencing Competence of Escherichia coli for Lambda‐Phage Deoxyribonucleic Acid Infection
Authors: Higa Akiko , Mandel Morton 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTUnder certain conditions, Escherichia coli K12 cells lysogenic for λ can be made sensitive to free phage DNA without the addition of external helper phage. This competence depends on the phages released in the growth medium by spontaneous lysis. The kinetics of the decay of this competence are similar to the kinetics of cyclization of injected phage DNA.
Studies on γM and γG Antibody Response of Mice to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Katsura Yoshimoto 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTolerogenic effect of soluble deaggregated bovine serum albumin (sBSA) on the γM and γG antibody responses was studied. Normal and tolerogen‐treated animals were immunized with the intravenous injection of alum‐precipitated BSA (net 0.1 mg) and a bacterial endotoxin (0.01 mg), since this immunizing procedure was the most adequate to elicit the strong responses of both types of antibodies. Both γM and γG responses were decreased evenly by a single injection of small dose (0.01 or 0.1 mg) of sBSA. Larger doses (1 mg or 5 mg) caused the marked suppression of γM response, but the γG response was reduced only slightly. The tolerant state was facilitated by weekly injections of 0.1 mg of sBSA, both γM and γG responses being abrogated profoundly by more than three injections. The induction of such a complete tolerance was not ascribed solely to either the total dose or the period of time between the first tolerogen injection and the challenge immunization, but to the retention of antigen more than a certain threshold amount in the body for some duration.
Further Simplification of the Serum Neutralization Test with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Hondo Ryo , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new, simple technique for the serum neutralization test with herpes simplex virus was devised. Thin discs made of solidified overlay medium containing about 2×106 PFU/ml of virus (VACS) were covered with 0.01 ml of graded serum dilutions or control saline and placed on chick embryo cells with the serum‐covered face down. A 90‐mm monolayer dish received 8 such VACSs and then fixing overlay. The highest dilution of the serum which reduced confluent plaques to no or a few scattered plaques was taken as the endpoint. Incubation of the serum‐covered VACSs at 37 C for 1 hr prior to inoculation could be omitted, since this procedure did not markedly increase the endpoint. A 2‐ to 4‐fold fluctuation of the virus concentration had little influence on the endpoint. The standard deviation of the endpoint obtained was within ±2‐fold. The sensitivity of the test was about one‐third that of the 50% plaque reduction method. Early sera containing predominantly complement‐requiring neutralizing antibody exhibited considerable titers when tested by the new method even in the absence of complement, the reason for which remains unknown.
Enhancement of Endotoxin‐Induced Virus‐Inhibiting Factor or Interferon Production by Pretreatment of the Rabbit with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Nagano Yasuiti , Maehara Nobutoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRabbits pretreated by intravenous injection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) produced high‐titered virus‐inhibiting factor (IF) or interferon in the serum upon intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin 24 hr later as compared with the IF production induced by endotoxin in rabbits without the NDV pretreatment. IF assays of different organs revealed that the NDV pretreatment rendered the spleen rather hyporeactive but other organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys hyperreactive to the subsequent IF induction by endotoxin. The enhanced IF titer observed in the serum seems to be the summation of IF released from various organs rendered hyporeactive or hyperreactive by the NDV pretreatment. It is postulated that the late‐appearing, heat‐ and acid‐stable IF and the early‐appearing, heat‐ and acid‐labile IF are produced by different processes in different types of cells. The production of early IF consists of two steps, formation of “preinterferon” and conversion of preinterferon to early IF. Preinterferon formation is induced by virus but not by endotoxin, while the conversion of preinterferon to early IF is effected by both endotoxin and virus. The formation of late IF is induced only by virus, taking a one‐step process. This hypothesis seems to explain the findings in the present study.
Drug Resistance to Aminoglycosidic Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Lability
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibacterial activity of aminoglycosides toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated by using 221 clinical isolates. One hundred and seventy‐five strains were shown to be highly resistant against one or more of the antibiotics tested. Aminoglycoside resistance was found to be lost in some strains of pseudomonads, suggesting that the determinants would be located extrachromosomally. Loss of resistance in some strains was paralleled with the loss of an ability to inactivate the drug.
Antibacterial Activity of Chloramphenicol‐Related Compounds toward a Chloramphenicol‐Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kono Megumi , O'Hara Koji , Nagawa Masatoshi , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibacterial activities of 146 chloramphenicol (CM) derivatives and analogues were investigated in a CM‐resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Seventeen compounds tested showed the same or much higher antibacterial activity when compared with CM. These compounds could be classified into two groups: The first group included ten compounds containing a benzoyl moiety in their structure and the remaining seven compounds did not possess that moiety. Compounds, which showed a fourfold higher antibacterial activity than CM, were six CM derivatives and two CM analogues. They were all included in the first group. Present and previous studies indicated that the most active CM‐related compound was DL‐α‐dichloroacet‐amido‐α‐methylene‐p‐nitropropiophenone, termed No. 61 (previously called CM 17). The mechanism of antibacterial activity of this compound was due to the fact that this was not inactivated by the CM acetyltransferase produced by the CM‐resistant strain.
Application of Cell Culture in Studying Antibacterial Activity of Rifampicin toShigellaand EnteropathogenicEscherichia coli
Authors: Osada Yasuaki , Nakajo Masayuki , Une Tsutomu , Ogawa Hidemasa , Oshima Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibacterial activity of rifampicin (RFP) against intracellularShigellaand enteropathogenicEscherichia coliwas tested in a cell culture system and compared with that of known active controls such as chloramphenicol (CP), kanamycin (KM), streptomycin (SM) or tetracycline (TC), with reference to minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and to chemotherapeutic effects on intraperitoneal infections in mice. When RFP, CP, or TC was applied to L cells and HeLa cells infected respectively withShigella flexneri2a and enteropathogenicE. coli0143, both cell‐infection and intracellular multiplication of the bacilli were considerably inhibited, while RFP was less active against the extracellular bacilli in cell‐free environments than KM and SM. Comparing the intracellular antibacterial activity between RFP and TC or CP, the former was less active than the latter two. This discrepancy in antibacterial activity between extra‐ and intracellular environments could in part be attributed to the fact that RFP penetrated more easily into cultured cells than KM and SM did.
Detection of R+ Bacteria in Cultured Marine Fish, Yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata)
Authors: Aoki Takashi , Egusa Syuzo , Watanabe Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMany drug‐resistant gram‐negative bacilli were isolated from the intestinal tracts of yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata) cultured on farms in various parts of Kochi and Ehime Prefectures, Shikoku Island. They were Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Citrobacter and some unidentified Enterobacteriaceae. Of these drug‐resistant strains, Vibrio and Pseudomonas were found to carry R factors in high frequencies. These R factors had four types of resistance markers, SA, SA. CM, SM. CM. ABP. and SA. SM. CM. TC. All R factors were found to belong to the fi– type. In contrast, only one drug‐resistant gram‐negative bacillus was detected in a cultured yellowtail on farms near Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture.
Dose Effect of Immune Ribonucleic Acid Fraction on Antibody Formation
Authors: Kitamura Kouichi , Kurashige Satonori , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn immune ribonucleic acid (iRNA) preparation was extracted with phenol from the spleens of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When mice were injected intravenously with iRNA, rosette formers in the spleens of such mice were demonstrated but plaque formers and serum antibody could not be detected. As reported previously, iRNA against SRBC also could induce memory cells capable of responding to a small amount of antigen to produce a high titer of antibody. The necessary interval between the iRNA and antigen stimulation for induction of a secondary response was found to be three weeks or more. Presence of an optimal dose of iRNA for the induction of memory cells was demonstrated, and the role of iRNA in antibody formation and the optimal dose of iRNA for the induction of memory cells were discussed.
The Possible Presence of Ribonucleic Acid‐Dependent Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase in the Immune Response
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTImmune ribonucleic acid (iRNA) preparations were extracted from spleens of rabbits immunized either with Salmonella flagella or f2 phage. The enzyme extract prepared from popliteal lymph node cells of immunized rabbits induced DNA synthesis in a cell‐free system in the presence of iRNA. The enzyme activity was demonstrated only after stimulation with a corresponding antigen and was inhibited by large amounts of rifampicin, rifampicin derivatives or by treatment of the iRNA with ribonuclease, but neither actinomycin D nor mitomycin C affected it. Pretreatment of iRNA with deoxyribonuclease did not affect the enzyme activity. This DNA polymerase could induce DNA synthesis only by using the corresponding iRNA but not by using either normal RNA or iRNA prepared against another antigen. This new DNA presumably represents an intermediate in the antibody formation process specified by this enzyme using iRNA as a template.
Immunochemical Studies on Bacterial Blood Group Substances
Authors: Kochibe Naohisa , Furukawa Ken , Iseki Shoei 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo oligosaccharides were isolated from a partial hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae which had a common antigen with human red blood cells (RBC). A disaccharide sh‐2 had a structure of O‐β‐D‐galactosyl‐(l→2)‐D‐galactose, and was active in the hemagglutination inhibition test between human O RBC and anti‐S. dysenteriae chicken serum. A tetrasaccharide sh‐12 was composed of galactose and rhamnose and was a more effective inhibitor than sh‐2. Both oligosaccharides were assumed to be derived from the determinant structure of a common antigen. Serological specificity of the hemagglutinin in chicken serum was examined using these oligosaccharides and human milk oligosaccharides, and the 1→2 linked galactosyl residue was supposed to be important for determination of the heterophile RBC antigenicity.
Purification and Characterization of Mouse L Cell Interferon
Authors: Kawade Yoshimi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInterferon was produced in high yields in mouse L cell cultures infected with Newcastle disease virus, with a specific activity of the order of 106 units per mg protein. It was partially purified by zinc acetate precipitation, carboxymethyl Sephadex chromatography, Sephadex gel filtration and pressure dialysis. On electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, it consisted of a fast‐moving sharp component and a slow, broadly distributed component(s). The highest specific activity of the former component so far obtained was 8 × 107 units per mg protein, numerically the highest value ever reported for interferon. It was considered likely, however, that the protein components in the purified samples, revealed by staining of the electrophoresis gel, still represented mostly impurities. Gel filtration experiment indicated some heterogeneity of interferon in molecular weight but the major component was estimated to be 30 000 in molecular weight. Interferon activity could be maintained without added preservatives for prolonged periods, provided that the protein concentration of the sample itself was high. One interferon unit as defined in this paper was found to correspond to 0.3 international unit.
Formation of the Recombinant between Ampicillin Re istance Determinant and Transfer Factor
Authors: Nakajima Takashi , Suzuki Mitsue , Kameda Mitsuo , Harada Kenji , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn vitro‐developed resistant mutants were obtained by inoculating a clinical isolate of Aerobacter cloacae on plates containing various concentrations of ampicillin (APC). This resistance was paralleled by an increase in the formation of β‐lactamase. When A. cloacae carrying the nontransmissible APC resistance‐determinant (amp) was infected with a T‐tet factor, a recombinant T‐tet.amp factor was formed; the recombinant being conjugally transmissible and capable of conferring APC resistance on their host. This fact implies the origin of the R factor; the R factor being formed by the recombination of sex factors with nontransmissible drug resistance‐determinants.
Development of a Sensitive Microbioassay Using Amplified Cultivation1
Authors: Nakamura Hiroshi , Samejima Keijiro , Tamura Zenzo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA novel ultramicro microbioassay was developed. The present method, referred to as amplified cultivation, is composed of two successive kinds of culture. The first culture is performed until a maximum difference is obtained in the ratio of numbers of viable cells appearing in a basal medium and that contained in a nutrient. The second culture is continued after adding a complete medium to the cultures and stopped just after the growth of microorganisms in the blank reaches a certain detectable limit, e.g., by optical density or acid production. Lactose was analyzed by this amplified cultivation method with an extremely low concentration of viable cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum N4 as the inoculum. The detectable limits of lactose were 0.05 μg and 1 μg by the test tube method and by the pulp disc method respectively, with an increase in sensitivity by a factor of more than 103 compared with the corresponding conventional microbioassays. Moreover, a relationship between the diameters of the growth zones and the logarithm of the amount of lactose was achieved in a range of 50–1000 μg of lactose in the pulp disc method.
Detection of a Specific Surface Antigen(s) in Adenovirus Type 12‐Transformed Cells by Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Hamada Chuya , Nakajima Setsuko , Uetake Hisao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA surface antigen(s) was detected in adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)‐transformed cells by fluorescent antibody technique. The antigen was revealed by antisera of mice and rabbits immunized with the virus, and by those of rabbits immunized with conditioned medium from cell cultures carrying the surface antigen. The antigen was specific for the Ad12‐transformed cells, since it was found only in the Ad12‐transformed cells regardless of the animal species and not in any other cells, including SV40‐ and polyoma virus‐transformed cells. The antigen was distinct from the Ad12‐specific viral and T antigens, since the sera of rabbits immunized with the conditioned medium contained little or no detectable antibodies to the latter two antigens. On the contrary, the surface antigen was not detected in any tumor cells induced by Ad12 by the above antisera, and no detectable antibody to the surface antigen was produced in mice immunized with the tumor cells.