bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porođajni prijelomi bedrene kosti
Authors: Vrdoljak Ozren , Bumči Igor , Car Andrija , Župančić Božidar , Bastić Mislav , Barčot Zoran , Tufeković Dražen , Vrdoljak Javor 
Published: February 2014

Porođajni prijelomi bedrene kosti su rijetki. U Klinici za dječje bolesti Zagreb, u razdoblju od 1988. do 2013. godine, liječeno je 12-ero bolesnika s porođajnim prijelomom srednje i proksimalne trećine bedrene kosti u dobi do 1. mjeseca života. Najčešći rizični čimbenik bioje porođaj zatkom. Dijagnoza je postavljenja na temelju kliničkog pregleda i rengenske snimke. Bolesnici su liječeni ekstenzijom natkoljenice prema Bryant-u, sadrenom imobilizacijom te u novije vrijeme Pavlikovim remenčićima. U svih bolesnika je u 4. tjednu života došlodo stvaranja stabilnog koštanog kalusa, a usprkos značajnijem pomaku koštanih ulomaka, postignuta je odgovarajuća osovina bedrene kosti. Tijekom daljnjeg razvoja nije došlo do značajne razlike u dužini donjih ekstremiteta kao ni angulacije bedrene kosti
A New Paradigm: Glocal Urbanism and Architecture of Rapidly Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Hasan-Uddin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The multiple new readings of globalization illuminate the global and local pressures upon the city and its particular forms of spatial organization and various architectures. Recent investigations and approaches thus reveal a revised image for the city based on innovative visions and values. The various aspects of these new developments in scholarship are complex and analysed here under six rubrics – synthetic cities and new urban forms; the Central Business District (CBD) as a generator of growth; skyscrapers as symbols of the new modernity; global architecture appropriated into the local; tourism; historic preservation and the vernacular; and, housing environments for the poor. By carefully considering the overlapping emphases of these rubrics, this editorial indicates a new paradigm within which to consider urbanism.
Visualization and Measurement of Teat Structures in Black-and-White Cows Through Ultrasonography
Authors: Fasulkov Ivan , Vasilev Nasko , Karadaev Manol , Dineva Galina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the features and size of teat structures in cows using ultrasonography. The experiment was conducted with 12 clinically healthy Black-and-White cows, 3 years of age, with body weight of 350-450 kg. Ultrasonography was performed on 48 teats using ultrasound SonoScape A5v (SonoScape, China) with multifrequency linear transducer (5-12 MHz). The potential of the imaging technique to visualize teat structures as well as teat canal length and diameter, the diameter in the area of the Furstenberg’s rosette, teat wall thickness, teat cistern diameter in its middle part and teat cistern diameter in teat base was evaluated. Scans were conducted before milking, immediately after milking, and 1 and 2 hours after milking. The average teat canal length measured by ultrasound was 8.48±1.41 mm before milking, and until the 2nd post-milking hour its size became statistically significantly (p<0.001) lower (7.48±0.93 mm). Teat canal diameter showed a significant difference (p<0.01) only immediately after milking compared to the size before milking. The diameter of the middle part and the base of the teat cistern also tended to decrease considerably after milking (p<0.001) as compared to premilking values. The teat wall thickness immediately after milking and 1 hour after milking were statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to the premilking size. The analysis of results showed that ultrasonography is a rapid non-invasive and accurate method for determination of characteristics and size of teat structures. It could be used for evaluation of changes occurring in bovine teat after milking - shortening of the teat canal, teat wall thickening and reduction of teat cistern diameter.
Unexpected high frequency of skeletal dysplasia in idiopathic short stature and small for gestational age patients
Authors: Flechtner I , Lambot-Juhan K , Teissier R , Colmenares A , Baujat G , Beltrand J , Ajaltouni Z , Pauwels C , Pinto G , Samara-Boustani D , Simon A , Thalassinos C , Le Merrer M , Cormier-Daire V , Polak M 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of skeletal dysplasias (SDs) in patients with idiopathic short stature (ISS) or small for gestational age (SGA) status.SettingRare Endocrine/Growth Diseases Center in Paris, France.DesignA prospective study on consecutive patients with ISS and SGA enrolled from 2004 to 2009.MethodWe used a standardized workup to classify patients into well-established diagnostic categories. Of 713 patients with ISS (n=417) or SGA status (n=296), 50.9% underwent a skeletal survey. We chose patients labeled normal or with a prepubertal slowdown of growth as a comparison group.ResultsDiagnoses were ISS (16.9%), SGA (13.5%), normal growth (24.5%), transient growth rate slowing (17.3%), endocrine dysfunction (12%), genetic syndrome (8.9%), chronic disease (5.1%), and known SD (1.8%). SD was found in 20.9% of SGA and 21.8% ISS patients and in only 13.2% in our comparison group. SD prevalence was significantly higher in the ISS group than in the comparison group, especially (50%) for patients having at least one parent whose height was <−2 SDS. Dyschondrosteosis and hypochondroplasia were the most frequently identified SD, and genetic anomaly was found in 61.5 and 30% respectively. Subtle SD was found equally in the three groups and require long-term growth follow-up to evaluate the impact on final height.ConclusionSD may explain more than 20% of cases of growth retardation ascribed to ISS or SGA, and this proportion is higher when parental height is <−2 SDS. A skeletal survey should be obtained in patients with delayed growth in a context of ISS or SGA.
Horizontal Transfer and Gene Conversion as an Important Driving Force in Shaping the Landscape of Mitochondrial Introns
Authors: Wu Baojun , Hao Weilong 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Group I introns are highly dynamic and mobile, featuring extensive presence-absence variation and widespread horizontal transfer. Group I introns can invade intron-lacking alleles via intron homing powered by their own encoded homing endonuclease gene (HEG) after horizontal transfer or via reverse splicing through an RNA intermediate. After successful invasion, the intron and HEG are subject to degeneration and sequential loss. It remains unclear whether these mechanisms can fully address the high dynamics and mobility of group I introns. Here, we found that HEGs undergo a fast gain-and-loss turnover comparable with introns in the yeast mitochondrial 21S-rRNA gene, which is unexpected, as the intron and HEG are generally believed to move together as a unit. We further observed extensively mosaic sequences in both the introns and HEGs, and evidence of gene conversion between HEG-containing and HEG-lacking introns. Our findings suggest horizontal transfer and gene conversion can accelerate HEG/intron degeneration and loss, or rescue and propagate HEG/introns, and ultimately result in high HEG/intron turnover rate. Given that up to 25% of the yeast mitochondrial genome is composed of introns and most mitochondrial introns are group I introns, horizontal transfer and gene conversion could have served as an important mechanism in introducing mitochondrial intron diversity, promoting intron mobility and consequently shaping mitochondrial genome architecture.
Sequencing, Assembling, and Correcting Draft Genomes Using Recombinant Populations
Authors: Hahn Matthew W , Zhang Simo V , Moyle Leonie C 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Current de novo whole-genome sequencing approaches often are inadequate for organisms lacking substantial preexisting genetic data. Problems with these methods are manifest as: large numbers of scaffolds that are not ordered within chromosomes or assigned to individual chromosomes, misassembly of allelic sequences as separate loci when the individual(s) being sequenced are heterozygous, and the collapse of recently duplicated sequences into a single locus, regardless of levels of heterozygosity. Here we propose a new approach for producing de novo whole-genome sequences—which we call recombinant population genome construction—that solves many of the problems encountered in standard genome assembly and that can be applied in model and nonmodel organisms. Our approach takes advantage of next-generation sequencing technologies to simultaneously barcode and sequence a large number of individuals from a recombinant population. The sequences of all recombinants can be combined to create an initial de novo assembly, followed by the use of individual recombinant genotypes to correct assembly splitting/collapsing and to order and orient scaffolds within linkage groups. Recombinant population genome construction can rapidly accelerate the transformation of nonmodel species into genome-enabled systems by simultaneously producing a high-quality genome assembly and providing genomic tools (e.g., high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms) for immediate applications. In populations segregating for important functional traits, this approach also enables simultaneous mapping of quantitative trait loci. We demonstrate our method using simulated Illumina data from a recombinant population of Caenorhabditis elegans and show that the method can produce a high-fidelity, high-quality genome assembly for both parents of the cross.
The Effect of Age on the Relationships between Work‐related Factors and Heavy Drinking
Authors: Morikawa Yuko , Nakamura Koshi , Sakurai Masaru , Nagasawa Shin‐Ya , Ishizaki Masao , Nakashima Motoko , Kido Teruhiko , Naruse Yuchi , Nakagawa Hideaki 
Published: February 2014

The Effect of Age on the Relationships between Work‐related Factors and Heavy Drinking: Yuko MORIKAWA, et al. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University—Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate age‐related differences in the relationship between Work‐related factors and heavy drinking.MethodsThis study in 3,398 male workers at a factory in Japan examined data on heavy drinking, defined as an alcohol consumption >40 g/day, and work‐related factors including occupation, shift work, and job stress evaluated using the Japanese version of the Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). In the present cross‐sectional study, alcohol consumption was assessed using a self‐administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ).ResultsThe prevalence of heavy drinkers in the study population was 15.5% and rose with increasing age. An increase in the odds ratio (OR) for heavy drinking was observed consistently in blue‐collar workers compared with white‐collar workers in all age groups. In subjects aged 20−29 years, shift work had also increased the OR for heavy drinking. In subjects aged 40−49 years, the two groups with a lower decision latitude had an increased OR compared with the highest group. In subjects aged 20−29 years, the age adjusted OR for individuals who Received the lowest level of social support in the workplace was increased significantly compared with the highest group (4.22 [95%CI, 1.07−16.62]). On the other hand, social support showed a positive association with heavy drinking in subjects aged 40−49 and 50−59 years. Job demand was not related to heavy drinking in any of the age groups.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that occupation and work schedule are related to alcohol use more apparently in a younger age group and that psychosocial factors are related to enhancement or prevention of alcohol use.
Ophthalmic Outcomes of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Followed Until Adolescence
Authors: Wallon Martine , Garweg Justus G. , Abrahamowicz Michal , Cornu Catherine , Vinault Sandrine , Quantin Catherine , Bonithon-Kopp Claire , Picot Stéphane , Peyron François , Binquet Christine 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND:Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) can elicit severe damage to several organs, especially the eye, and may be manifested at birth or later. We assessed the long-term ocular prognosis in a cohort of congenitally infected children treated according to a standardized protocol and monitored for up to 22 years.METHODS:This prospective study included confirmed cases of CT, which were identified by obligatory antenatal screening at the Lyon (France) reference center between 1987 and 2008. Data obtained through ocular examinations were recorded on a standardized form and confirmed by an independent external committee. Risk factors for retinochoroiditis were identified by using a multivariable Cox model and a flexible model that accounted for changes in the factor effects during follow-up.RESULTS:A total of 477 of 485 infected live-born children were followed for a median of 10.5 years (75th percentile: 15.0 years). During the follow-up, 142 patients (29.8%) manifested at least 1 ocular lesion. Lesions were unilateral in 98 individuals (69.0%) and caused no vision loss in 80.6%. Lesions were first manifested at a median age of 3.1 (0.0–20.7) years. In 48 (33.8%) of the children, recurrences or new ocular lesions occurred up to 12 years after the appearance of the first lesion. Early maternal infection and confirmation of CT in children, prematurity, and nonocular CT lesions at baseline were associated with a higher risk of retinochoroiditis.CONCLUSIONS:Although the consequences of CT are rarely severe in treated children, regular postnatal monitoring is nevertheless justified because of the lifelong persisting risk of new ocular manifestations.
Effectiveness of Nebulized Beclomethasone in Preventing Viral Wheezing: An RCT
Authors: Clavenna Antonio , Sequi Marco , Cartabia Massimo , Fortinguerra Filomena , Borghi Marta , Bonati Maurizio 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nebulized beclomethasone in preventing the recurrence of viral wheezing.

METHODS:
The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Outpatient children aged 1 to 5 years with at least 1 episode of viral wheezing in the last 12 months, presenting to any of 40 Italian pediatricians for an upper respiratory tract infection, were randomly allocated to receive beclomethasone 400 μg or placebo twice daily for 10 days. Medications were administered through a nebulizer. A clinical evaluation was performed by the pediatrician at the start and end of the treatment period. A subjective evaluation of symptoms and efficacy of treatment was performed by the parents. The primary endpoint was the incidence of viral wheezing diagnosed by the pediatricians during the 10-day treatment period.

RESULTS:
A total of 525 children were enrolled in the study, 521 of whom were visited at the end of the treatment period. Wheezing was diagnosed by the pediatricians in 47 children (9.0% [95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 11.3]), with no statistically significant differences between treatment groups (beclomethasone versus placebo relative risk: 0.61 [95% confidence interval: 0.35 to 1.08]).The treatment was considered helpful by 63% of parents (64% in the beclomethasone group vs 61% in the placebo group). In all, 46% of children still had infection symptoms at the end of the treatment period, with no differences between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
The findings from this study confirm that inhaled steroids are not effective in preventing recurrence of viral wheezing. Moreover, no benefits were found in reducing symptoms of respiratory tract infections.
Long-term Motor and Cognitive Outcome of Acute Encephalitis
Authors: Michaeli Orli , Kassis Imad , Shachor-Meyouhas Yael , Shahar Eli , Ravid Sarit 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the long-term motor and neurocognitive outcome of children with acute encephalitis and to look at possible prognostic factors.

METHODS:
Children who were treated for acute encephalitis in 2000–2010 were reevaluated. All children and their parents were interviewed by using structured questionnaires, and the children underwent full neurologic examinations, along with comprehensive neurocognitive, attention, and behavioral assessments.

RESULTS:
Of the 47 children enrolled, 1 died and 29 had neurologic sequelae, including motor impairment, mental retardation, epilepsy, and attention and learning disorders. Children with encephalitis had a significantly higher prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (50%) and learning disabilities (20%) compared with the reported rate (5%–10%) in the general population of Israel (P &lt; .05) and lower IQ scores. Lower intelligence scores and significantly impaired attention and learning were found even in children who were considered fully recovered at the time of discharge. Risk factors for long-term severe neurologic sequelae were focal signs in the neurologic examination and abnormal neuroimaging on admission, confirmed infectious cause, and long hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
Encephalitis in children may be associated with significant long-term neurologic sequelae. Significant cognitive impairment, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and learning disabilities are common, and even children who were considered fully recovered at discharge may be significantly affected. Neuropsychological testing should be recommended for survivors of childhood encephalitis.
Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Elliott Marc N. , Klein David J. , Tortolero Susan R. , Mrug Sylvie , Peskin Melissa F. , Davies Susan L. , Schink Elizabeth T. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Children who experience bullying, a type of peer victimization, show worse mental and physical health cross-sectionally. Few studies have assessed these relationships longitudinally. We examined longitudinal associations of bullying with mental and physical health from elementary to high school, comparing effects of different bullying histories.

METHODS:
We analyzed data from 4297 children surveyed at 3 time points (fifth, seventh, and tenth grades) in 3 cities. We used multivariable regressions to test longitudinal associations of bullying with mental and physical health by comparing youth who experienced bullying in both the past and present, experienced bullying in the present only, experienced bullying in the past only, or did not experience bullying.

RESULTS:
Bullying was associated with worse mental and physical health, greater depression symptoms, and lower self-worth over time. Health was significantly worse for children with both past and present bullying experiences, followed by children with present-only experiences, children with past-only experiences, and children with no experiences. For example, 44.6% of children bullied in both the past and present were at the lowest decile of psychosocial health, compared with 30.7% of those bullied in the present only (P = .005), 12.1% of those bullied in the past only (P &lt; .001), and 6.5% of those who had not been bullied (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Both chronic and current bullying are associated with substantially worse health. Clinicians who recognize bullying when it first starts could intervene to reverse the downward health trajectory experienced by youth who are repeated targets.
Novel TEM sample preparation using XeF2 selective Etching
Authors: Ambrosini Stefano Filo , Bowen Leon , Mendis Budhika , Cirlin George , Bouravleuv Alexey , Gallant Andrew , Petty Michael , Dubrovskii Vladimir , Zeze Dagou 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a new approach to prepare Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) nanowire (NW) samples that addresses the core drawbacks of conventional techniques, which are based on mechanical polishing. The proposed method is time efficient and uses XeF2 isotropic and selective dry etching of Si to remove the host substrate from the NWs, after their embedding into a poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data suggest that NWs were grown through the gaps between the parasitic layer islands and that the stems are in direct contact with the Si substrate. This technique does not adversely affect the NWs and offers a convenient means of transferring the GaAs NWs onto other surfaces for post-process TEM analysis. It also offers excellent potential to facilitate their integration into device fabrication via a bottom-up approach, using the PMMA layer as a transfer medium.
GaSb on Si: Structural Defects and Their Effect on Surface Morphology and Electrical Properties
Authors: Madisetti Shailesh Kumar , Tokranov Vadim , Greene Andrew , Novak Steven , Yakimov Michael , Oktyabrsky Serge , Bentley Steven , Jacob Ajey P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe paper reports on the growth of group III-Sb’s on silicon, substrate preparation, optimization of AlGaSb metamorphic buffer, formation of defects (threading dislocations, microtwins and anti-phase boundaries) and their effect on the surface morphology and electrical properties of these high hole mobility materials for future III-V CMOS technology. Defect density was found to be 2-3x higher than in similar structures grown on GaAs, resulting in 2x higher roughness. Defects also result in background p-type doping well above 1017 cm-3 causing inversion of polarity from n-type to p-type in thin n-type doped GaSb. MOS Capacitors fabricated on these buffers demonstrate similar characteristics to higher quality GaSb-on-GaAs. The highest hole mobility obtained in a strained InGaSb QW MOS channel grown on silicon is ∼630 cm2/V-s which is ∼30% lower than similar channels grown on GaAs substrates.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management of Infusion-Related Reactions in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Trastuzumab
Authors: Thompson Lisa M. , Eckmann Karen , Boster Bonnie L. , Hess Kenneth R. , Michaud Laura B. , Esteva Francisco J. , Hortobágyi Gabriel N. , Barnett Chad M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Learning Objectives
Identify risk factors associated with trastuzumab-associated infusion-related reactions. Describe the impact of premedications on the incidence and/or severity of trastuzumab-associated infusion-related reactions.

Background.
Trastuzumab has become a mainstay of therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 overexpressed breast cancer in nearly all stages of the disease. Like many monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab is associated with infusion-related reactions (IRRs) that are not well described, and incidence varies widely between reports (0.7%–40% of patients).

Materials and Methods.
A retrospective chart review of breast cancer patients who received trastuzumab was conducted. The primary objective was to describe the incidence, risk factors, and management of IRRs during the first 12 weeks of trastuzumab therapy in a general population of breast cancer patients.

Results.
A total of 197 patients who received trastuzumab (1,788 doses) were evaluated. Thirty-three IRRs were identified in 32 patients, resulting in an incidence of 16.2% of patients and 1.8% of doses. All IRRs were mild or moderate in severity and were successfully managed with supportive medications and/or by temporarily stopping the infusion. All patients received subsequent cycles of trastuzumab, with only one patient experiencing a subsequent reaction. Body mass index, stage of disease, and use of premedications were significantly associated with IRRs by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion.
Overall, these results support that the vast majority of IRRs occur with the first infusion, are mild in severity, and are easily managed. In addition, risk factors were identified that may help to identify a population of patients at increased risk of IRRs who may benefit from premedication.