bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity-Dependent Human Brain Coding/Noncoding Gene Regulatory Networks
Authors: Lipovich Leonard , Dachet Fabien , Cai Juan , Bagla Shruti , Balan Karina , Jia Hui , Loeb Jeffrey A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
While most gene transcription yields RNA transcripts that code for proteins, a sizable proportion of the genome generates RNA transcripts that do not code for proteins, but may have important regulatory functions. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a key regulator of neuronal activity, is overlapped by a primate-specific, antisense long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) called BDNFOS. We demonstrate reciprocal patterns of BDNF and BDNFOS transcription in highly active regions of human neocortex removed as a treatment for intractable seizures. A genome-wide analysis of activity-dependent coding and noncoding human transcription using a custom lncRNA microarray identified 1288 differentially expressed lncRNAs, of which 26 had expression profiles that matched activity-dependent coding genes and an additional 8 were adjacent to or overlapping with differentially expressed protein-coding genes. The functions of most of these protein-coding partner genes, such as ARC, include long-term potentiation, synaptic activity, and memory. The nuclear lncRNAs NEAT1, MALAT1, and RPPH1, composing an RNAse P-dependent lncRNA-maturation pathway, were also upregulated. As a means to replicate human neuronal activity, repeated depolarization of SY5Y cells resulted in sustained CREB activation and produced an inverse pattern of BDNF-BDNFOS co-expression that was not achieved with a single depolarization. RNAi-mediated knockdown of BDNFOS in human SY5Y cells increased BDNF expression, suggesting that BDNFOS directly downregulates BDNF. Temporal expression patterns of other lncRNA-messenger RNA pairs validated the effect of chronic neuronal activity on the transcriptome and implied various lncRNA regulatory mechanisms. lncRNAs, some of which are unique to primates, thus appear to have potentially important regulatory roles in activity-dependent human brain plasticity.
Energetic Aspects of Reproduction by the Cliff Swallow
Authors: Withers Philip C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnergy budgets were constructed for the Cliff Swallow during the nest building, incubation, and nestling periods using time budgets and aerodynamic theory. Mean daily energy expenditures during these periods were 1.55, 1.23, and 1.28 watts respectively, with required food harvest rates of at least 3.95, 4.42, and 4.07 watts. The cost of constructing an average size nest (600 g) was approximately 122 kilojoules expended over about 7 days, but the multiple use of the nest makes the cost per brood considerably less than this. The ecological advantages accruing from the nest apparently are related primarily to physical protection from predators and reduction of intraspecific aggression, rather than microclimatic conditions established within the nest.
Factors Affecting Nest and Site Fidelity in Adirondack Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica)
Authors: Shields William M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDuring 1979-1983, I documented the natal and breeding dispersal of the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) in the Cranberry Lake, New York, region of the Adirondacks by following the lifetime movements and breeding histories of individually marked birds. During the study, 847 birds were marked, and the movements of most were followed during the season they were marked. About 40% of the adults and 2% of the nestlings and juveniles were resighted or recaptured in two or more years. All recovered nestlings had dispersed from their natal colonies (median distance = 6.37 km). Most breeding adults remained faithful to previously used colonies, as well as to clusters within colonies, nests, and mates, when the latter were alive and available. Some individuals, however, did disperse. More females than males dispersed and usually moved farther both within and between breeding seasons. Males and, especially, females that had nested unsuccessfully with a particular mate in a particular location had a higher probability of deserting and dispersing than did successful breeders, both within and between breeding seasons. Old nests were reused at high frequencies for consecutive breeding attempts across breeding seasons. After successful first nests, breeders tended to move to secondary nests within 25 m of their first nests.
Going Concern Designations and GAAP versus Non-GAAP Earnings Metrics
Authors: Bierstaker James L. , Monahan Thomas F. , Peters Michael F. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT:
Many students have not spent much time studying or contemplating the importance of non-GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) earnings to the “Street.” Based on the facts of an actual company and utilizing the financial information drawn from this company's 10-K and Earnings Release, this case introduces students to the strengths and weaknesses of GAAP and non-GAAP earnings measures, and why the Street might be more interested in cash and recurring earnings in attempting to predict movements in stock price. It also provides the instructor with an opportunity to discuss the dangers of allowing firms to emphasize earnings in their press releases that are not defined by an external authoritative body (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB]), and how this can hurt the consistency and reliability of reporting. This is an important discussion, since regulators have recently formally proposed to include non-GAAP measures in their overhaul of the auditor reporting model (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] 2011). The case also familiarizes students with current auditing guidelines dealing with the going concern decision and the potential role that non-GAAP earnings can play in this decision. Thus, the three primary learning objectives are to teach students: (1) to apply going concern audit standards, (2) about the potential role of non-GAAP earnings in this decision—especially as a predictor of future cash flows, and (3) other issues associated with non-GAAP earnings. This topic is important, as auditors are frequently auditing companies that release non-GAAP earnings and/or have going concern issues. This case can be used in Intermediate and Auditing classes, as well as master's-level courses.
Public Health Implications of Recommendations to Individualize Glycemic Targets in Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Laiteerapong Neda , John Priya M. , Nathan Aviva G. , Huang Elbert S. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To estimate how many U.S. adults with diabetes would be eligible for individualized A1C targets based on 1) the 2012 American Diabetes Association (ADA) guideline and 2) a published approach for individualized target ranges.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied adults with diabetes ≥20 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 (n = 757). We assigned A1C targets based on duration, age, diabetes-related complications, and comorbid conditions according to 1) the ADA guideline and 2) a strategy by Ismail-Beigi focused on setting target ranges. We estimated the number and proportion of adults with each A1C target and compared individualized targets to measured levels.

RESULTS
Using ADA guideline recommendations, 31% (95% CI 27–34%) of the U.S. adult diabetes population would have recommended A1C targets of &lt;7.0%, and 69% (95% CI 66–73%) would have A1C targets less stringent than &lt;7.0%. Using the Ismail-Beigi strategy, 56% (51–61%) would have an A1C target of ≤7.0%, and 44% (39–49%) would have A1C targets less stringent than &lt;7.0%. If a universal A1C &lt;7.0% target were applied, 47% (41–54%) of adults with diabetes would have inadequate glycemic control; this proportion declined to 30% (26–36%) with the ADA guideline and 31% (27–36%) with the Ismail-Beigi strategy.

CONCLUSIONS
Using individualized glycemic targets, about half of U.S. adults with diabetes would have recommended A1C targets of ≥7.0% but one-third would still be considered inadequately controlled. Diabetes research and performance measurement goals will need to be revised in order to encourage the individualization of glycemic targets.
Estimation of the Glycation Gap in Diabetic Patients With Stable Glycemic Control
Authors: Rodríguez-Segade Santiago , Rodríguez Javier , García Lopez José M. , Casanueva Felipe F. , Camiña Félix 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
The glycation gap (the difference between measured A1C and the value predicted by regression on fructosamine) is stable and is associated with microvascular complications of diabetes but has not hitherto been estimated within a clinically useful time frame. We investigated whether two determinations 30 days apart suffice for a reasonably reliable estimate if both A1C and fructosamine exhibit stability.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 311 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes for whom simultaneous measurements of A1C and serum fructosamine had been made on at least two occasions separated by 1 month (t0 and t1). Glycemia was deemed stable if A1C(t1) – A1C(t0) and fructosamine(t1) − fructosamine(t0) were both less than their reference change values (RCVs). Instantaneous glycation gaps [gg(t0) and gg(t1)] and their mean (GG), were calculated using the data from all stable patients for the required regression.

RESULTS
Stable glycemia was shown by 144 patients. In 90% of unstable case subjects, a change in medication was identified as the cause of instability. Among 129 stable patients with an average of eight gg determinations prior to t0, GG correlated closely with the mean of these prior determinations (r2 = 0.902, slope 1.025, intercept −0.038).

CONCLUSIONS
The glycation gap can be calculated reliably from pairs of A1C and fructosamine measurements taken 1 month apart if these measurements satisfy the RCV criteria for glycemic control.
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter as a New Predictor for Incident Diabetes
Authors: Pajunen Pia , Rissanen Harri , Laaksonen Maarit A. , Heliövaara Markku , Reunanen Antti , Knekt Paul 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The commonly used obesity indicators, BMI, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), have limited ability to measure the visceral adipose tissue. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been shown to predict the amount of visceral fat. So far no study has been published on its ability to predict diabetes occurrence.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We assessed and compared the prediction of the four obesity indicators for diabetes incidence in a prospective study based on 5,168 participants from the nationally representative Health 2000 study.

RESULTS
During a mean follow-up lasting 8.1 years, 222 incident diabetes cases occurred. In multivariate models adjusted for lifestyle factors, BMI, waist girth, WHR, and SAD were significant predictors of diabetes incidence. The relative risks (95% CI) between high and low levels were 15.0 (6.94–32.6), 11.4 (5.39–23.8), 12.5 (6.47–24.2), and 14.7 (6.89–31.2), respectively. Pairwise interaction analysis showed that the co-occurrence of high BMI and high SAD was associated with the highest diabetes incidence, with a relative risk of 37.0 (11.2–122). After adjustment for waist girth and the components of the metabolic syndrome, the relative risk was 9.88 (2.81–34.7). The corresponding population-attributable fraction estimate was 84% (49–95).

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of SAD and BMI measurements yields a new predictor of diabetes incidence.
Efficacy of Metabolic and Psychological Screening for Mood Disorders Among Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Butwicka Agnieszka , Fendler Wojciech , Zalepa Adam , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Mianowska Beata , Gmitrowicz Agnieszka , Młynarski Wojciech 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To compare the diagnostic accuracy and time expenditure of screening models based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and psychometric measures for mood disorder (MD) among children with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
With semistructured clinical interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children–Present and Lifetime version, 120 min/patient) as a reference for diagnosing MD, including major depressive disorder (MDD), we tested 163 subjects, aged 8 to 18 years, with type 1 diabetes. We evaluated four screening approaches: 1) Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) at 30 min/patient, 2) HbA1c level, 3) HbA1c level plus CDI, and 4) HbA1c level plus Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) at 40 min/patient. These tests were conducted with all participants, and the total time expenditure for all four approaches was calculated as the total time needed to implement successfully the screening for MD or MDD in the center.

RESULTS
HbA1c performed on par with individual psychometric tests in diagnosing MD or MDD. The HbA1c plus CDRS model was the best screening procedure for both MD and MDD, with diagnostic thresholds for HbA1c established at 8.7% and 9.0%, respectively. Cutoff points for CDRS assessed after filtering by HbA1c were 26 (MD) and 30 (MDD) points. Center-wide application of this procedure would result in an 83% reduction of the examination time necessary for the psychiatrist for MD screening and a 91% reduction for MDD screening, as compared with standard screening with CDI.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of HbA1c level followed by CDRS is a time-efficient procedure to screen for MD in children with type 1 diabetes.
Microstructural White Matter Abnormalities and Cognitive Functioning in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Reijmer Yael D. , Brundel Manon , de Bresser Jeroen , Kappelle L. Jaap , Leemans Alexander , Biessels Geert Jan ,   on behalf of the Utrecht Vascular Cognitive Impairment Study Group
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVETo examine whether type 2 diabetes is associated with microstructural abnormalities in specific cerebral white matter tracts and to relate these microstructural abnormalities to cognitive functioning.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThirty-five nondemented older individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean age 71 ± 5 years) and 35 age-, sex-, and education-matched control subjects underwent a 3 Tesla diffusion-weighted MRI scan and a detailed cognitive assessment. Tractography was performed to reconstruct several white matter tracts. Diffusion tensor imaging measures, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), were compared between groups and related to cognitive performance.RESULTSMD was significantly increased in all tracts in both hemispheres in patients compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.05), reflecting microstructural white matter abnormalities in the diabetes group. Increased MD was associated with slowing of information-processing speed and worse memory performance in the diabetes but not in the control group after adjustment for age, sex, and estimated IQ (group × MD interaction, all P &lt; 0.05). These associations were independent of total white matter hyperintensity load and presence of cerebral infarcts.CONCLUSIONSIndividuals with type 2 diabetes showed microstructural abnormalities in various white matter pathways. These abnormalities were related to worse cognitive functioning.
Iron Metabolism Is Associated With Adipocyte Insulin Resistance and Plasma Adiponectin
Authors: Wlazlo Nick , van Greevenbroek Marleen M.J. , Ferreira Isabel , Jansen Eugene H.J.M. , Feskens Edith J.M. , van der Kallen Carla J.H. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Bravenboer Bert , Stehouwer Coen D.A. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Adipocyte insulin resistance (IR) is a key feature early in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and although scarce, data in the literature suggest a direct role for iron and iron metabolism–related factors in adipose tissue function and metabolism. Serum ferritin and transferrin were shown to be associated with muscle insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM, but little is known about the role of iron metabolism on adipose tissue. We therefore investigated whether markers of iron metabolism were associated with adipocyte IR and plasma adiponectin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Serum ferritin, transferrin, total iron, non–transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), transferrin saturation, and plasma adiponectin were determined in 492 individuals. Adipocyte IR was defined by the product of fasting insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Using linear regression analyses, we investigated the difference in adipocyte IR or adiponectin (in %) according to differences in iron metabolism markers.

RESULTS
Serum ferritin (β = 1.00% increase in adipocyte IR per 10 μg/L [95% CI 0.66–1.34]), transferrin (4.18% per 0.1 g/L [2.88–5.50]), total iron (1.36% per μmol/L [0.61–2.12]), and NTBI (5.14% per μmol/L [1.88–8.52]) were associated with adipocyte IR after adjustment for several covariates, including inflammatory markers. All markers of iron metabolism were also associated with NEFAs (all P &lt; 0.01). In addition, ferritin and transferrin were inversely associated with adiponectin (both P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
The observed associations of several markers of iron metabolism with adipocyte IR and adiponectin suggest that factors related to iron and iron metabolism may contribute to adipocyte IR early in the pathogenesis of T2DM.
Diabetes-Related Behaviors in Latinas and Non-Latinas in California
Authors: O’Brien Matthew J. , Davey Adam , Alos Victor A. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Certain dietary and physical activity behaviors have been associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, yet little is known about the prevalence of these behaviors among Latinas (Latino women). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of diabetes-related behaviors in Latinas and non-Latinas.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey, we compared self-reported diabetes-related behaviors of Latinas (n = 4,321) to non-Latinas (n = 21,112) after excluding women who were pregnant or had diabetes. For six behaviors, we determined the cut point for the least healthy tertile: walking, doing moderate to vigorous physical activity, and consuming fried potatoes, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), desserts, and fast food. We used logistic regression to examine the association between Latina ethnicity and being in the least healthy tertile compared with the other two tertiles for each of these behaviors.

RESULTS
In multivariate models adjusted for age, income, education, marital status, health status, smoking, and acculturation, Latinas had a higher risk (odds ratio [95% CI]) of being in the least healthy tertile for the consumption of fast food (1.94 [1.63–2.31]), SSBs (1.53 [1.29–1.82]), and fried potatoes (1.32 [1.18–1.67]), and lower risk for desserts (0.82 [0.70–0.95]). Latinas and non-Latinas had similar physical activity levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Dietary differences between Latinas and non-Latinas (particularly in the consumption of fast food and SSBs) may be the focus of interventions to prevent diabetes in Latinas. Further research among Latinas is needed to understand and modify these dietary behaviors.
LOGIC-Insulin Algorithm–Guided Versus Nurse-Directed Blood Glucose Control During Critical Illness
Authors: Van Herpe Tom , Mesotten Dieter , Wouters Pieter J. , Herbots Jeroen , Voets Evy , Buyens Jo , De Moor Bart , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Tight blood glucose control (TGC) in critically ill patients is difficult and labor intensive, resulting in poor efficacy of glycemic control and increased hypoglycemia rate. The LOGIC-Insulin computerized algorithm has been developed to assist nurses in titrating insulin to maintain blood glucose levels at 80–110 mg/dL (normoglycemia) and to avoid severe hypoglycemia (&lt;40 mg/dL). The objective was to validate clinically LOGIC-Insulin relative to TGC by experienced nurses.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The investigator-initiated LOGIC-1 study was a prospective, parallel-group, randomized, controlled clinical trial in a single tertiary referral center. A heterogeneous mix of 300 critically ill patients were randomized, by concealed computer allocation, to either nurse-directed glycemic control (Nurse-C) or algorithm-guided glycemic control (LOGIC-C). Glycemic penalty index (GPI), a measure that penalizes both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic deviations from normoglycemia, was the efficacy outcome measure, and incidence of severe hypoglycemia (&lt;40 mg/dL) was the safety outcome measure.

RESULTS
Baseline characteristics of 151 Nurse-C patients and 149 LOGIC-C patients and study times did not differ. The GPI decreased from 12.4 (interquartile range 8.2–18.5) in Nurse-C to 9.8 (6.0–14.5) in LOGIC-C (P &lt; 0.0001). The proportion of study time in target range was 68.6 ± 16.7% for LOGIC-C patients versus 60.1 ± 18.8% for Nurse-C patients (P = 0.00016). The proportion of severe hypoglycemic events was decreased in the LOGIC-C group (Nurse-C 0.13%, LOGIC-C 0%; P = 0.015) but not when considered as a proportion of patients (Nurse-C 3.3%, LOGIC-C 0%; P = 0.060). Sampling interval was 2.2 ± 0.4 h in the LOGIC-C group versus 2.5 ± 0.5 h in the Nurse-C group (P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with expert nurses, LOGIC-Insulin improved efficacy of TGC without increasing rate of hypoglycemia.
Randomized Controlled Phase Ib Study of Ghrelin Agonist, RM-131, in Type 2 Diabetic Women With Delayed Gastric Emptying
Authors: Shin Andrea , Camilleri Michael , Busciglio Irene , Burton Duane , Stoner Elizabeth , Noonan Patrick , Gottesdiener Keith , Smith Steven A. , Vella Adrian , Zinsmeister Alan R. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, and safety of single-dose RM-131 in type 2 diabetic patients with gastrointestinal cardinal symptoms (GCSI) and previously documented delayed gastric emptying (DGE).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a randomized crossover study, 10 female patients received RM-131 (100 μg s.c.) or placebo and underwent scintigraphic gastric emptying (GE) and colonic filling at 6 h (CF6) of a solid-liquid meal administered 30 min postdosing. Adverse events, plasma glucose, and hormonal levels were assessed. GCSI daily diary (GCSI-DD) was completed during treatments. PK was assessed in this cohort and healthy volunteers (HVs).

RESULTS
At screening, HbA1c was 7.2 ± 0.4% (SEM) and total GCSI-DD score was 1.32 ± 0.21. RM-131 accelerated GE t1/2 of solids (P = 0.011); mean difference (Δ) in solid GE t1/2 was 68.3 min (95% CI 20–117) or 66.1%. There were numerical differences in GE lag time, CF6 solids, and GE t1/2 liquids (all P &lt; 0.14). With a significant (P &lt; 0.014) order effect, further analysis of the first treatment period (n = 5 per group) confirmed significant RM-131 effects on GE t1/2 (solids, P = 0.016; liquids, P = 0.024; CF6, P = 0.013). PK was similar in DGE patients and HVs. There were increases in 120-min blood glucose (P = 0.07) as well as 30–90-min area under the curve (AUC) levels of growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin (all P &lt; 0.02) with single-dose RM-131. Only light-headedness was reported more on RM-131.

CONCLUSIONS
RM-131 greatly accelerates the GE of solids in patients with type 2 diabetes and documented DGE. PK is similar in diabetic patients and HVs.
Selected polymers on CW and pulsed THz investigations
Authors: Jarzab P. , Nowak K. , Walczakowski M. , Augustyn L. , Mikulics M. , Wilk R. , Witkowski J. , Plinski E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe paper gives the results of refractive indexes for three plastic materials: polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinyl chloride, which are measured and compared in two arrangements - a CW THz photomixer and a pulsed THz spectrometer.