bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction ofCO2Emissions Through Waste Materials Recycling by Mineral Carbonation
Authors: Sanna Aimaro 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) by mineral carbonation is one of the proposed technologies for the reduction ofCO2emission from power and industrial plants. Mineral carbonation occurs when metal oxides in inorganic wastes and silicate rocks react withCO2forming stable carbonates. Waste materials are of particular interest as mineral carbonation resource, as they are cheap, often colocated toCO2emitters and rich in metal oxides. Unfortunately, the reaction in nature requires geological times due to kinetics limitations and different direct and indirect mineral carbonation approaches have been proposed to overcome these limitations. The technical limits of the mineral carbonation technology, the reuse of inorganic wastes as mineral carbonation resource, and the potential application of the reaction products toward the reduction of the technology costs have been discussed. In addition, the postprocessing required to obtain the final sellable materials have been summarized.
Introduction: Intelligent Energy Systems
Authors: Conejo Antonio J. , Dahlquist Erik , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
How energy can be effectively and efficiently utilized is the main focus of the volume of Intelligent Energy System. New electrical transmission systems, smart grid and modern electrical systems, smart houses and homes, and other energy efficiency improvement are included. An in‐depth overview of current research trends in electric energy systems is provided. Such systems are increasingly penetrated by renewable sources and subject to increasingly stringent carbon limits. This overview includes investment in generation facilities, economic operation problems involving both generation and demand, control and stability issues, transmission security, and integration of electrical vehicles.
Market Design for Future Clean Electricity Systems: Advances Based on Optimization Under Uncertainty
Authors: Morales Juan M. , Pineda Salvador , Zugno Marco 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRenewable energy is rapidly penetrating power systems worldwide, particularly in the form of wind and solar power. These sources of clean energy, however, have two features that complicate the operation of an electricity system: they arestochasticand as such can be forecast only with a certain degree of accuracy, andnondispatchableor only partly dispatchable, that is, they cannot increase their production whenever requested by the system operator. In this article, we first outline the impact of these renewable energy sources on power system operations and briefly describe potential market solutions being explored to facilitate their integration. We then place emphasis on those solutions based on upgrading current market‐clearing tools using techniques of optimization under uncertainty, in particular, stochastic programming and robust optimization. The application of stochastic programming to electricity markets is illustrated through a series of friendly examples, while the robust optimization approach is briefly described. The article concludes with a summary of its content, an overview of the main conclusions drawn therein, and a discussion on future prospects in the field of renewable energy sources in electricity markets.
Robust Corrective Topology Control
Authors: Korad Akshay S. , Balasubramanian Pranavamoorthy , Hedman Kory W. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe electric power grid is one of the most complex engineered systems to date. The challenge to maintain a continuous supply of electric power, at least cost, will increase in difficulty owing to the growth in the amount of intermittent, nondispatchable renewable resources. Transmission limitations within the bulk power grid frequently inhibit the transportation of electric power across the high voltage electric grid. Such transmission bottlenecks increase costs and limit the ability to utilize ancillary services that are required to balance out resource uncertainties and contingencies. Even though specific transmission paths may not be fully utilized, due to Kirchhoff's laws, it may not be possible to transport additional electric power across these underutilized paths. This work proposes a robust corrective transmission topology control methodology, which models the flexibility in transmission paths, through transmission switching, in order to improve the transfer capability of electric power in key bottleneck areas of the bulk power grid. Intermittent resources, for example, wind, are modeled within anIEEEtest case in order to demonstrate that robust corrective topology control can improve transfer capability, reduce operating costs, improve reliability, and increase the maximum amount of intermittent resources that a system can reliably absorb.
Control of Electricity Loads in Future Electric Energy Systems
Authors: Madsen Henrik , Parvizi Jacopo , Halvgaard Rasmus , Sokoler Leo E. , Jørgensen John B. , Hansen Lars H. , Hilger Klaus B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTraditionally, electricity power production has been adjusted to balance the time‐varying electricity load. However, a transition to a system based on an increasing, fluctuating, and nondispatchable renewable power implies that the control of electricity loads becomes crucial. This article describes methods for control of electricity loads in future energy systems and methods for handling stochasticity of, for example, wind and solar power production. Hierarchies of aggregators and predictive controllers, for electricity loads in flexible demand‐side response, are implemented to achieve a balance with the nondispatchable energy production. Two distinct approaches are described: direct control of the load consumption of individual DERs and indirect control by broadcasting an electricity price. The advantages and challenges of these two approaches are discussed, and examples of the suggested techniques are provided.
Energy and Socioeconomic Systems to Realize Low Carbon Society (LCS)
Authors: Kainuma Mikiko , Pandey Rahul 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLow carbon society (LCS) and low carbon economy have become a common part of the phraseology of the global community of researchers, policymakers, and citizens engaged with the concerns of climate change and sustainable development. These terms gained currency when it was realized that on one hand, drasticGHGemission cuts necessitating major changes in energy systems and socioeconomic structures are essential to prevent dangerous climate change and, on the other hand, every country's domestic developmental goals must not be compromised. The debates aimed to achieve a convergence among the multiple goals of global climate change mitigation, national economic development, poverty elimination, sustainable development, and environmental protection have led to the importance ofLCSand related paradigms.This article offers an introduction to the concept ofLCS; the results of myriad analytical efforts to projectLCSscenarios at the levels of the world, countries, and cities; the actual efforts underway in the realms of policy, institutions, industries, and communities as concrete steps towardLCS; and finally, the numerous barriers to be overcome as part of the challenge to transition towardLCS.
Introduction: Concentrating Solar Power Systems
Authors: Mancini Thomas R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConcentrating solar power (CSP) is one way of producing electricity using solar energy. Also known assolar thermal electric power, this class of solar technologies utilizes concentrating solar collectors to focus the direct component of sunlight on a receiver where it is absorbed and heats a working fluid. The solar‐generated heat replaces the burning of fossil fuels, coal, and natural gas, in conventional heat‐engine generators to produce utility‐scale electric power. The concept of concentrating solar energy to drive a thermal‐engine generator was first demonstrated in the nineteenth century.CSPtechnologies comprise two basic architectures, point‐focus and line‐focus systems, with two types of concentrator utilized for each architecture. Parabolic troughs and linear Fresnel are line‐focus systems and central receivers (also known aspower towers) and dish engines are point‐focus ones. Each of these power generation systems has its own unique set of characteristics such as concentration ratio (ability to concentrate sunlight), operating temperature, power cycle compatibility, and of course cost. One of the “key” characteristics ofCSPsystems, addressed in a separate topic‐area article, is their ability to integrate cost‐effective thermal energy storage using molten sodium‐potassium nitrate salts. In this article, we introduce some of the optical considerations of solar concentrators, describe the fourCSPtechnologies, and provide a brief description of the current status of worldwide project development.
Energy Security and Sustainable Development Opportunities in Pacific Island Countries
Authors: Yao Xianbin , Guild Robert , Trainor J. Michael 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy sector development in Pacific Island countries varies widely in terms of access, energy mix, and policy environments; however, it is also characterized by a number of features common to most. These include a legacy of diesel‐dominant generation, lack of mandate or policy priority to pursue universal coverage, institutional and human capacity constraints, historic underinvestment, distortionary tariff policies, financially unsustainable utilities dominated by state‐owned enterprises, and various political factors. The changing global energy paradigm has exacerbated these challenges while simultaneously offering opportunities to mitigate or overcome them entirely. Rising oil prices have put severe strains on diesel‐dominated systems, while the global focus on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions has seen great advances in renewable energy technologies and commitment by the developed world of resources to help developing countries adjust their growth trajectories to emphasize low carbon energy solutions. The Pacific Island countries could be well positioned to benefit from the changed paradigm through carefully conceived sets of policies and investment priorities.
Advanced Heat Exchangers for Clean and Sustainable Technology
Authors: Sundén Bengt , Wu Zan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article presents two types of advanced heat exchangers: high‐temperature heat exchangers (HTHEs) and compact heat exchangers (CHEs). Design materials selection and coolants for high temperatures are described. As a promisingHTHEand aCHE, printed circuit heat exchanger has been outlined. Micro/mini‐channel heat exchanger and foam heat exchanger, as two types ofCHEs, are also described. Various heat‐transfer enhancement techniques for heat exchangers, especially the most recent enhancement methods, are emphasized, with a special focus on the enhancement techniques with relatively low pressure drop penalty. The development on these advanced heat exchangers will contribute to achieve a clean and sustainable environment.
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Technology
Authors: Korakianitis Theodosios , Rezaienia M. A. , Shen X. , Avital E. J. , Munjiza A. , Wen P. H. , Williams J. J. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article presents a general up‐to‐date review of the aerodynamics of wind turbine technology. The article kicks off with the history of wind energy applications, then the current status of worldwide wind energy capacity is reviewed. The principles of rapid techniques used in aerodynamic and acoustic wind turbine design, such as blade element/momentum (BEM) and dynamic wake effect, are provided. Insight into more advanced methods such as vortex wake theory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also given. The article then moves on to analysis of the structure of a wind turbine, with focus on the more common horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). This is followed by discussion of some hot research topics such as fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and unsteady aerodynamic factors. Recent studies on wind turbine control systems and wind farms are briefly reviewed. To summarize in one sentence, wind power has a bright future, but in order to fulfill its potential as a substantial source of renewable energy, it still has some way to go.
Internal Combustion Engine Performance and Emissions Aspects When Fueled by Conventional and Sustainable Fuels
Authors: Korakianitis Theodosios , Imran Shahid , Emberson David R. , Namasivayam Ashand M. , Crookes Roy J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInternal combustion (IC) engines continue to maintain their position as principle prime mover for energy transformation especially in transportation and power sectors. Research on IC engines has many frontiers: optimum engine design to get better fuel utilization and mitigate spefici emissions; development of alternate fuels to reduce the dependence on fast depleting fossil fuels; use of oxygenated hydrocarbons in conventional compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI) engines; development of reaction kinetics and thermal databases for different hydrocarbons to simulate combustion process in IC engines. This study reviews the status of the current research on all of the above mentioned frontiers. It lays down various parameters and their mutual dependencies and how they affect engine' performance and emissions characteristics. Various strategies that are employed to control these performance and emissions characteristics have been discussed. The application of different liquid (Alcohols and biofuels) and gaseous (natural gas and hydrogen) fuels as alternatives to the fossil fuels has been detailed. It also provides an insight into the development of various surrogates for gasoline and diesel fuels. Numerical modelling of the internal combustion engines and the application of emulsified nano‐fuels have also been discussed in detail.
The Role of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) for Climate Policy
Authors: Kraxner Florian , Fuss Sabine , Krey Volker , Best Dennis , Leduc Sylvain , Kindermann Georg , Yamagata Yoshiki , Schepaschenko Dmitry , Shvidenko Anatoly , Aoki Kentaro , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCombining carbon‐neutral bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and thereby reducing CO2while providing energy is an attractive concept used in model projections meeting the 2°C target. However, it is questionable whether the necessary scale can be achieved in time and many other uncertainties remain ranging from technological issues and feedstock potentials to socioeconomic challenges and lack of certainty about the mechanisms in the climate system. In this article, a review of the status quo of knowledge onBECCSis given and its role for meeting ambitious climate stabilization goals is discussed. With the help of a techno‐economic engineering model, we provide examples ofBECCSpotentials in Korea, Japan, and Russia.
The General Development of Energy Law and Climate Policy in the World
Authors: Gong Xiangqian , Cai Yidie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article is an introductory analysis focusing on energy law, climate policy, and their interactive and coordinative regulatory framework. It begins with a brief introduction of the relationship between energy utilization and climate change to illustrate how to achieve sustainable development with a proper legislative and policy framework. Then, it summarizes the existing energy law and climate policy of different countries, as well as related important events held by international organizations in order to explore the general trends in the future. Finally, this article explains the problems appearing in the decision‐making process of energy law and climate policy, makes a necessary fundamental summary, and gives some suggestions on how to deal with the relationship among energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic growth.
Energy Efficiencies in ASEAN Region
Authors: Shi Xunpeng 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

With the continuous growth of economy and population, electrification, industrialization, and urbanization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (
ASEAN
) energy demand will be more than tripled during 2010–2035, which will create huge pressure on energy supply, energy security, and the environment. Energy efficiency, which offers a possible measure to mitigate the demand shock, is particularly important in
ASEAN
because of the dramatic energy demand growth and vast energy saving potential. Many
ASEAN
countries have implemented various measures to promote energy efficiencies, with Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines being the leaders. The development of energy efficiencies in
ASEAN
members, in terms of sectoral goals, action plan, policy measures, activities, and achievements, however, is unbalanced, which offer opportunities for regional cooperation. Good practice in some
ASEAN
members in the areas of goals, policy instruments, standards, labeling, and financing offer lessons for the others. Regional cooperation has been present in the past few decades fueled by
ASEAN
dialog countries and is further boosted by the building of
ASEAN
Economic Community. The considerable economic benefits from the cooperation will further sustain the energy cooperation.
Pre‐Combustion Carbon Capture
Authors: Pardemann Robert , Meyer Bernd 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Pre‐combustion carbon capture based on integrated gasification combined cycle (
IGCC
) technology represents one approach to fossil fueled power generation with carbon capture and storage (
CCS
) in the short run. It is based on the generation of a syngas often from coal followed by a complex syngas treatment before combustion in a combined cycle power block. Because of the gas treatment and the higher combined cycle efficiency,
IGCC
power plants are regarded as highly efficient and low emission power plants. If designed for
CCS
,

CO
2

will be separated from the fuel gas before combustion in the gas turbine. The

CO
2

is captured at advantageous conditions with liquid solvents and obtained at a high quality. All major process units forming an
IGCC
power plant are well demonstrated in the electricity generation sector or the chemical industry. However,
IGCC
plants feature higher complexity and significantly higher capital investment than conventional power plants. Despite some demonstration plants, the technology has not reached full maturity or availabilities as they are achieved by competing coal power plants. Consequently, it is still yielding high costs of electricity. A new approach to overcome economic drawbacks and with the potential to integrate renewable with fossil power generation is given by polygeneration concepts. It often relies on the combination of
IGCC
with coal‐to‐liquids routes allowing for the coproduction of electricity and synthesis products. Polygeneration allows for a significant reduction of

CO
2

emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. However, conceptual and technological development is required for both,
IGCC
and polygeneration plants, for wider future application.
Basic Photovoltaic Theory
Authors: Baghzouz Yahia 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Electric power generation by means of photovoltaics (PVs) has seen an explosive growth worldwide over the past decade. This growth is driven in part by a global concern about climate change, the adoption of renewable portfolio standards, government rebates and tax incentives, and reduction in PV system cost. This article presents the basic theory on how a silicon‐based PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Silicon material and sunlight properties are reviewed with emphasis on the amount of energy that is needed to free valence electrons (i.e., bandgap) and energy content of sunlight throughout the solar spectrum. The need to add impurities to form n‐type and p‐type materials, for the purpose of separating the free electrons from the holes left behind, is clearly addressed. The electrical characteristics of a p–n junction solar cell are described in terms of drift and diffusion currents and the strength of the electric field that appears across the depletion region. Owing to their similarities, the equivalent circuit model of the cell when exposed to sunlight is derived from that of a p–n junction diode. The impact of changes in the numerous variables that appear in the circuit model, on the cell current–voltage (I–V) curve and power conversion efficiency, are reviewed, along with the building blocks that make up a solar PV module.
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
Authors: Chiasson Andrew 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Direct utilization of geothermal energy refers to its use for a thermal purpose, rather than to its conversion to some other form of energy such as electrical energy. In theory, then, geothermal energy can be directly used for any process or application that relies on heat, but in practice, actual applications are limited to the geothermal resource temperature and the useful quantity of heat that can be extracted. The most popular direct uses of geothermal energy (excluding geothermal heat pump applications) include spas and swimming pools, space heating (including district applications), greenhouse heating, aquaculture, industrial uses, snow melting, and agricultural drying. On a worldwide basis, on the order 80 countries directly use geothermal energy for a thermal purpose, with spas and recreation being the most popular at approximately 50% of the total worldwide use, followed by space heating on the order of 30% of the total worldwide use. Direct‐use geothermal projects are intensely driven by economics, and there are a number of factors that dictate their viability. These factors include the resource access and regulatory hurdles, level of effort needed for exploration, depth to the resource, distance between resource location and application site, well yield, allowable geothermal fluid temperature drop, resource temperature, thermal load and load factor, geothermal fluid chemical composition, and ease of geothermal fluid disposal.
Compression Ignition Engines: State‐of‐the‐Art and Current Technologies. Future Trends and Developments
Authors: Payri Francisco , Desantes José‐María , Benajes Jesús 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article presents the basic operation characteristics of compression‐ignition (CI) or diesel engines, focusing on those features that are distinctive of these powerplants. Therefore, the focus has been placed on the thermofludynamic phenomena related to air management, injection, and combustion. Moreover, in every section, after presenting the basics, the most important expected technologies and strategies for future improvements are commented. Care has been taken for not repeating information that is contained in other article of the manual.First, the main characteristics, advantages, and challenges of theCIengine are discussed, often in contrast with the alternativeSIengine. Then, the main features of the injection combustion and pollutant formation processes are exposed. Even though these processes are completely interrelated and occur partially simultaneously at the same time, an effort has been made to separate their individual aspects in every section. Following, some sections are devoted to the air management requirements such as turbocharging, exhaust gas recirculation, and variable valve timing.