bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fresh‐frozen plasma transfusion did not reduce 30‐day mortality in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery with excessive bleeding: the PLASMACARD multicenter cohort study
Authors: Doussau Adélaïde , Perez Paul , Puntous Maryse , Calderon Joachim , Jeanne Michel , Germain Christine , Rozec Bertrand , Rondeau Virginie , Chêne Geneviève , Ouattara Alexandre , Janvier Gérard ,   PLASMACARD Study Group
Published: October 2013

BackgroundDuring on‐pump cardiac surgery, hemorrhagic complications occur frequently. Fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) is widely transfused to provide coagulation factors. Yet, no randomized clinical trial has demonstrated its benefits on mortality. We assessed the relationship between therapeutic transfusion of FFP and 30‐day mortality in cardiac surgery patients suffering from excessive bleeding in a prospective cohort study.Study Design and MethodsAdult patients who underwent on‐pump cardiac surgery and experienced excessive bleeding during the 48‐hour perioperative period were recruited from 15 French centers between February 2004 and January 2006. Patients who received a preventive FFP transfusion were excluded. The association between FFP transfusion and all cause 30‐day mortality was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for confounding. A propensity score (PS) sensitivity analysis was also performed.ResultsAmong 967 patients included in this study, 58.1% received FFP. The median dose was 11.3 mL/kg (interquartile range, 7.6‐19.5). The cumulative 30‐day mortality rate was 11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.5‐13.5). FFP transfusion was associated with a higher 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; 95% CI, 1.7‐6.1) in univariate analysis; however, after adjusting for prognostic factors, there was no longer any association (HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.8‐3.0, p = 0.20). The results of the PS analysis were consistent with the adjusted analysis.ConclusionAmong on‐pump cardiac surgery patients experiencing excessive perioperative bleeding, there is no evidence of a beneficial impact of FFP transfusion on mortality.
Defining a reference range for cold agglutinin titers
Authors: Bendix Brenda J. , Tauscher Craig D. , Bryant Sandra C. , Stubbs James R. , Jacob Eapen K. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe cold agglutinin (CAGG) titer is offered at our institution to aid in diagnosing cold agglutinin disease (CAD). Our goal was to create a seasonally adjusted reference range using prospective samples and compare it to a reference range generated retrospectively.Study Design and MethodsProspective CAGG titer testing was performed on healthy blood donors. Retrospective electronic analysis was performed on patients in two groups defined by current and historical testing methods. Blood donor testing was performed in January and July to determine if seasonal variation existed. Retrospective patients with conditions associated with CAD were excluded from analysis. Additional prospective CAGG testing using reference range program volunteers was performed to verify blood donor and patient result differences.ResultsTiters from the blood donor and patient cohorts had no age association (p > 0.44). Titers from those same cohorts did not show winter/summer variation (p > 0.11). No sex association was found with titer reference ranges in the blood donor and historical patient cohort. A sex association was found with titers in the current method patient cohort (male 64 to 512 and female ≤64; p < 0.0001). Blood donor CAGG titer lower 95% reference range was not more than 4 while historical and current patient cohorts ranges were not more than 32 and not more than 64, respectively. Reference range volunteers confirmed the narrow reference range in healthy individuals when compared to patients and blood donors.ConclusionProspective blood donor CAGG titers were lower than retrospective patient cohorts. This may be due to blood donors representing a healthier population than the patient cohorts.
Investigation of the effects of cell model and subcellular location of gold nanoparticles on nuclear dose enhancement factors using Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Cai Zhongli , Pignol Jean‐Philippe , Chattopadhyay Niladri , Kwon Yongkyu Luke , Lechtman Eli , Reilly Raymond M. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:The authors’ aims were to model how various factors influence radiation dose enhancement by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to propose a new modeling approach to the dose enhancement factor (DEF).Methods:The authors used Monte Carlo N‐particle (MCNP 5) computer code to simulate photon and electron transport in cells. The authors modeled human breast cancer cells as a single cell, a monolayer, or a cluster of cells. Different numbers of 5, 30, or 50 nm AuNPs were placed in the extracellular space, on the cell surface, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus. Photon sources examined in the simulation included nine monoenergetic x‐rays (10–100 keV), an x‐ray beam (100 kVp), and125I and 103Pd brachytherapy seeds. Both nuclear and cellular dose enhancement factors (NDEFs, CDEFs) were calculated. The ability of these metrics to predict the experimental DEF based on the clonogenic survival of MDA‐MB‐361 human breast cancer cells exposed to AuNPs and x‐rays were compared.Results:NDEFs show a strong dependence on photon energies with peaks at 15, 30/40, and 90 keV. Cell model and subcellular location of AuNPs influence the peak position and value of NDEF. NDEFs decrease in the order of AuNPs in the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and extracellular space. NDEFs also decrease in the order of AuNPs in a cell cluster, monolayer, and single cell if the photon energy is larger than 20 keV. NDEFs depend linearly on the number of AuNPs per cell. Similar trends were observed for CDEFs. NDEFs using the monolayer cell model were more predictive than either single cell or cluster cell models of the DEFs experimentally derived from the clonogenic survival of cells cultured as a monolayer. The amount of AuNPs required to double the prescribed dose in terms of mg Au/g tissue decreases as the size of AuNPs increases, especially when AuNPs are in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. For 40 keV x‐rays and a cluster of cells, to double the prescribed x‐ray dose (NDEF = 2) using 30 nm AuNPs, would require 5.1 ± 0.2, 9 ± 1, 10 ± 1, 10 ± 1 mg Au/g tissue in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm, on the cell surface, or in the extracellular space, respectively. Using 50 nm AuNPs, the required amount decreases to 3.1 ± 0.3, 8 ± 1, 9 ± 1, 9 ± 1 mg Au/g tissue, respectively.Conclusions:NDEF is a new metric that can predict the radiation enhancement of AuNPs for various experimental conditions. Cell model, the subcellular location and size of AuNPs, and the number of AuNPs per cell, as well as the x‐ray photon energy all have effects on NDEFs. Larger AuNPs in the nucleus of cluster cells exposed to x‐rays of 15 or 40 keV maximize NDEFs.
Origin, Evolution, and Genotyping of Emergent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains in the United States
Authors: Huang Yao-Wei , Dickerman Allan W. , Piñeyro Pablo , Li Long , Fang Li , Kiehne Ross , Opriessnig Tanja , Meng Xiang-Jin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses are known to infect humans and other animals and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Here we report the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States and determination of its origin, evolution, and genotypes based on temporal and geographical evidence. Histological lesions in small intestine sections of affected pigs and the complete genomic sequences of three emergent strains of PEDV isolated from outbreaks in Minnesota and Iowa were characterized. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the three U.S. strains revealed a close relationship with Chinese PEDV strains and their likely Chinese origin. The U.S. PEDV strains underwent evolutionary divergence, which can be classified into two sublineages. The three emergent U.S. strains are most closely related to a strain isolated in 2012 from Anhui Province in China, which might be the result of multiple recombination events between different genetic lineages or sublineages of PEDV. Molecular clock analysis of the divergent time based on the complete genomic sequences is consistent with the actual time difference, approximately 2 to 3 years, of the PED outbreaks between China (December 2010) and the United States (May 2013). The finding that the emergent U.S. PEDV strains share unique genetic features at the 5′-untranslated region with a bat coronavirus provided further support of the evolutionary origin of PEDV from bats and potential cross-species transmission. The data from this study have important implications for understanding the ongoing PEDV outbreaks in the United States and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against PEDV.

IMPORTANCE
The sudden emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, for the first time in the United States causes significant economic and public health concerns. Since its recognition in May 2013, PEDV has rapidly spread across the United States, resulting in high mortality in piglets in more than 17 States now. The ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula and the historical deadly nature of the 2002 outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus create further anxiety over the emergence of PEDV in the United States due to the lack of scientific information about the origin and evolution of this emerging coronavirus. Here we report the detailed genetic characterization, origin, and evolution of emergent PEDV strains in the United States. The results provide much needed information to devise effective preventive and control strategies against PEDV in the United States.
Toward Identification of the Genetic Risk Profile for Cryptococcal Disease in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Netea Mihai G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus
spp. are important fungal pathogens that represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients. Although cryptococcal disease is one of the major causes of death in HIV-infected patients, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, not all patients at risk with low CD4 counts develop the disease. It has been thus hypothesized that host genetic variation may represent an important susceptibility risk factor for this infection. In their recent study in
mBio
, Rohatgi et al. [S. Rohatgi et al., mBio 4(5):e00573-13, 2013, doi:10.1128/mBio.00573-13] present an important piece of evidence to support this hypothesis, by demonstrating that the
FCGR3A
158 F/V polymorphism has an important impact on susceptibility to cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected patients. The authors present both genetic evidence and immunological validation for the hypothesis that humoral immunity in general and
FCGR3A
-mediated uptake and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in particular play important roles in the pathogenesis of
Cryptococcus
infection. Their discovery that the 158V allele of this polymorphism can increase the risk of
Cryptococcus
infections up to 20-fold in homozygous individuals opens the possibility for risk stratification and personalized treatment of HIV-infected patients.
Phanerozoic basins of North America
Authors: Bally Albert W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Much of North America, particularly most of its major population centers, is underlain by sedimentary basins. Within them, ground water and fossil fuel resources are concentrated. It is therefore not surprising that there is a great deal of interest in the history and evolution of the Phanerozoic basins of North America.
In the following I can only highlight but a few significant facets that concern the sedimentary basins of our continent. The main focus will be on the cratonic basin development of North America because many of the other basins are already treated separately in the different chapters of this volume. My aim will be to compare and contrast the many sedimentary basins and to focus somewhat on coeval subsidence patterns in North America.
Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America
Authors: Hoffman Paul F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
North America is an old continent. Whereas South America and Africa were not assembled until 0.7 Ga, and the assembly of Eurasia began at 0.3 Ga, most of the North American craton has been coherent since 1.7 Ga. This craton, known as Laurentia, included Greenland and northwest Scotland until their partial separation in the Late Cretaceous. This chapter describes the constituents of Laurentia, their aggregation in the Early Proterozoic (Table 1), and subsequent adventures of the craton until the rifting events at the end of the Proterozoic, which gave the continent approximately its present shape.
Radiogenic isotopic data from the Precambrian shield, and from inliers and subsurface samples on the platform indicate that about 55 percent of the area of the craton separated from the mantle in the Archean and about 45 percent in the Proterozoic (Fig. 1). In this regard, the shield is not representative of the craton as a whole, being strongly biased in favor of Archean crust (Fig. 2). Conversely, most of the Proterozoic crust underlies the Phanerozoic sedimentary veneer of the southern interior platform.
The Archean protocraton of Laurentia is an aggregate of seven former microcontinents (Fig. 1): the familiar Superior, Wyoming, Slave, and Nain (North Atlantic) provinces, and the newly recognized Hearne, Rae, and Burwell provinces (formerly parts of the composite Churchill province). The Rae province includes northern, southwestern, and southeastern prongs. Each province is a Late Archean crustal aggregate and contains variable proportions of Early and/or Middle Archean crust. Early Proterozoic rifting and subsequent collisional deformation govern the dimensions of the provinces.
The Quaternary
Authors: Wright H. E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In designing the contents of this chapter I adopted a personal view, for the subject is highly diversified and seems to be too large for a systematic or comprehensive review. I focus on facets of the subject that have stimulated my curiosity and sense of history and have reinforced my holistic view of environmental change, but I also deal with facets that have prompted specific questions by thoughtful students and colleagues—or, more directly, the more cynical question, “What’s so great about the Quaternary?”
Quaternary research involves in one way or another virtually all of the disciplines within the physical sciences, as well as certain aspects of biology, archaeology, and documentary history. Its vigor during the past two decades is illustrated by the introduction of four international journals—Quaternary Research (U.S.) in 1970, Boreas (Nordic countries) in 1972, Journal of Quaternary Science (Britain) in 1982, and Quaternary Science Reviews (London) in 1982—and by the organization of national associations in the United States, Canada, Britain, and several other countries, to say nothing of regional groups like the Friends of the Pleistocene.
But first the source of the strange term Quaternary should be clarified, and why it is spelled with only two r’s. In the early nineteenth century the hypothetical geologic time scale was subdivided into four parts, the Primary being represented by the primordial crystalline rocks of the Earth’s origin, the Secondary by fossiliferous marine rocks derived from the Primary and then consolidated and commonly deformed, the Tertiary by sediments derived from preexisting rocks and containing some extant fossil groups, and the Quaternary by materials derived from preexisting rocks but not consolidated.
North Atlantic Ocean basin; Aspects of geologic structure and evolution
Authors: Vogt Peter R. , Tucholke Brian E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In creating Volume M, the Western North Atlantic region (Vogt and Tucholke, 1986a) for the Geology of North America series, we deemed it best from both oceanographic and plate-tectonic viewpoints to deal with the entire North Atlantic spreading system from the equator to the Arctic (Figs. 1 and 2), rather than limiting treatment to the western half of the ocean basin. Even so, the scope in some places had to be expanded. The Atlantic, like other ocean basins, did not evolve in isolation from global changes in tectonic regime, oceanic circulation, or climate patterns (Fig. 3). The development of plate-tectonic theory since the late 1960s clearly has emphasized the importance of these large-scale linkages.
The present chapter continues this philosophy, summarizing the geology of the North Atlantic but noting linkages to areas outside this ocean basin. The synthesis is based largely on material presented in Volume M. The citation or lack of citation of Volume Μ references here, however, reflects only the thematic fabric of the present synthesis, not the scientific merit of the chapters. We refer the reader to original sources in Volume Μ for more complete treatment. We begin this chapter by noting ties between Volume Μ and several other Geology of North America volumes, and we continue with some “vital statistics” that describe three basic components of the Atlantic in space and time: igneous crust, sediments, and ocean waters. This is followed by a discussion of scales of spatial and temporal variability, with emphasis on the latter. The chapter concludes with a summary of some of the important advances that have occurred in the three years since Volume Μ was published.
North American fossil fuels
Authors: Bird Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal, uranium, and thorium) are found in considerable abundance in widely distributed sedimentary basins on North America (Bally, this volume, Fig. 1); uranium and thorium occur in hardrock, nonbasin areas as well. For the past 100 years, North America’s energy requirements have been met primarily by fossil fuels, and this will probably be true well into the next century. Although one or more of the fossil fuels have predominated at various times, the trend is toward the fuels with greater concentrations of energy per unit volume. This chapter provides an overview of North America’s fossil fuels, including their geographic and geologic distribution, resource volumes, associated problems, and future research related to solving these problems. Various aspects of these fuels are covered in greater detail in other volumes of this series.
Fossil fuel volumes are described in this chapter as identified resources, reserves, and undiscovered resources. Identified resources are those whose location, characteristics, and quantity are known from specific geologic evidence. This category includes resources that could be economically extracted—reserves—and those that are currently uneconomic to extract. Undiscovered resources are those postulated to exist separate from identified resources. The interrelations of these terms are illustrated on Figure 1, a simplified version of the classification and nomenclature scheme designed for all minerals, developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey (1980). Unconventional resources, a separate resource category not included in Figure 1, but of possible future importance, require extraction techniques different from conventional extraction techniques.
Mineral resources of North America
Authors: Skinner Brian J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The number of mineral deposits, large and small, discovered in North America over the last half millennium has not been tallied, but it must be in the hundreds of thousands. Most discoveries are small and of no more than local importance, but some are giants. As a result, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean region, and the United States have at one time or another each been the world′s leading producer of one or more mineral resources. The complex diversity and the remarkable plenty of the deposits played a vital role in the development of North America′s vibrant societies. From the time of the first European settlers to the present, our use of, and dependence on, mineral resources has grown steadily larger.
Mineral consumption in North America has now reached enormous proportions. For the region as a whole, the mass of mineral resources used directly or indirectly in 1988, by every man, woman, and child, weighed 14 metric tons. There are ap-proximately 360 million people in the region. In Canada and the United States, annual per capita consumption is approximately 16 metric tons; in Mexico and the Caribbean, per capita consumption is lower—closer to 10 metric tons—but still considerable. Nonmetallic resources, such as crushed stone, sand, gravel, clay, cement, and plaster, account for a significant fraction of the consumed mass. Such materials tend to be locally produced, and the sources are so large and widespread that there does not seem to be any reason to suspect that supply limitations lie ahead. But even though supply problems may not be cause for concern, continued massive use of mineral resources does raise environmental concerns. The magnitude of mineral products mined each year now exceeds the magnitude of the sediment transported annually to the sea by streams. Inevitably, use of mineral resources is changing the global environment.
Evolution of the northern Gulf of Mexico, with emphasis on Cenozoic growth faulting and the role of salt
Authors: Worrall D. M. , Snelson S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, although one of the most intensely studied and explored regions in North America, is also one of the most structurally complex (Figs. 1 and 2). Cenozoic depocenters contain abundant growth faults of a variety of shapes, orientations, sizes, and complexities. In addition, salt domes, flows, and massifs combine to form a complex near-surface pattern that tends to mask the origins of many structures. Not surprisingly, a number of contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to explain the growth faults of this region, among them theories invoking shale diapirism, shale compaction, gravity gliding, salt diapirism, and salt flow. Clearly, the best way to understand the various origins of these features is to observe their structural underpinnings at depth; unfortunately, most of the large growth fault systems of the Texas and Louisiana shelf project below the bottoms of seismic lines of 6- or 7-sec record length. However, as will be discussed in this chapter, deep seismic data now available from the Louisiana slope greatly illuminate the spectacular structural development of this province. In addition, palinspastic reconstructions are useful for analyzing the structural development of these features, and for constraining hypotheses on their origins.
Prior to discussing the Cenozoic tectonic development of the northern Gulf of Mexico—the main focus of this chapter—we will briefly review the pre-Cenozoic framework and basic Cenozoic depositional patterns of the Gulf of Mexico Basin, both of which influenced Cenozoic structural styles.
The Gulf of Mexico Basin (Fig. 1) was initiated in the late Middle to early Late Jurassic as a result of crustal attenuation and sea-floor spreading associated with the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea.