bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Quest and Social Space
Authors: Campbell Mary Baine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides a very selective survey of spiritual travel in its major prose forms in medieval English literature, focusing on pilgrimage. It discusses mystic and poetic texts that engage the form of the quest in romance, allegory, and the vidas and confessions of mystics. It suggests that during this period the ecclesiastical and theological disapproval of the literalism of religious travel was raised to a level of ecstatic rejection of the body's adventures by mystical aspiration to a purely spiritual consciousness.
Policy Issues
Authors: Muchlinski Peter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the actors, ideologies, and major technical questions that contribute to the development of policy in the field of international foreign investment law. The range of actors has become wider than merely the investor and the host country. The home country may have to take on active obligations in relation to the investor and the investment; corporate investors are being subjected to increasing demands for compliance with good corporate citizenship and governance standards, in return for the benefit of investment protection. Civil society groups and NGOs are increasingly active as monitors of corporate behaviour and as lobbyists for more balanced international investment agreements (IIAs) that cover obligations for all the main sets of actors.
Investment, Investor, Nationality, and Shareholders
Authors: Schlemmer Engela C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the major issues surrounding the definition of the key terms ‘investment’ and ‘investor’ in international investment law. The main questions in relation to the first term have concerned the breadth of the definition of investment and whether all types of investments—be they direct or indirect, be they enterprise-based or contractually based—should be covered or whether narrower definitions that relate the coverage of the international investment agreements (IIAs) more precisely to cross-border capital movements and to foreign direct investment by enterprises rather than individuals should be covered. Issues concerning the second term focus on ascertainment of nationality. The nationality of both natural and legal persons is left mainly to national law and practice, with international law intervening where this causes uncertainty, as in the case of dual nationality of natural persons, or the host country nationality problem for subsidiaries of multinational enterprises incorporated in the host country.
Applicable Law
Authors: Spiermann Ole 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyses the development of the relationship between different systems and rules of law as the applicable law of an investment dispute. Section 1 identifies some aspects of the procedural framework in which arbitral tribunals find themselves, notably the jura novit curia principle. Section 2 presents an overview of different approaches to internationalizing international investment law applicable to claims brought by private investors on the basis of a contract with the host state. Section 3 discusses investment arbitration as a field in which the principle of party autonomy, although of indisputable importance, does not reign supreme. Section 4 and 5 analyse the law, or legal rules, applicable to contract claims and treaty claims, respectively.
State Responsibility and Attribution
Authors: Hobér Kaj 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the basic rules of attribution laid down in the ILC Articles. It provides a clear idea of the extent to which a state may be held responsible under international law for the conduct of state organs and others who exercise governmental authority. Topics discussed include applicability of ILC articles, general rules of attribution, attribution and federal states, and attribution and umbrella clauses.
Regulatory Transparency
Authors: Kotera Akira 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of transparency issues. It begins with a discussion of the significance of the concept in the investment field, asking why transparency is being increasingly characterized as a fundamental principle and considering why it was neglected for a long time, bearing in mind early investment treaty practice. It then reviews the development of specialized transparency obligations in more recent international investment agreements (IIAs), highlighting their principal features. Thirdly, the chapter analyses the interrelationship between the transparency obligations of the state and the principle of fair and equitable treatment, taking into account developments in international investment arbitrations in this regard. Finally, the chapter considers the role that transparency has to play in investment protection more generally.
Methods of Dispute Resolution
Authors: Reinisch August , Malintoppi Loretta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the different options available for the settlement of investment disputes, describing their main advantages and disadvantages. Topics discussed include national courts, the ICSID system, institutionally supported arbitration other than ICSID or Additional Facility, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, diplomatic protection, and international courts and tribunals.
The Jurisdictional Threshold of a Prima-Facie Case
Authors: Sheppard Audley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers the ‘prima-facie test’ that has been applied by investment treaty tribunals to the claimant's case as the threshold for jurisdiction. It examines its origins in the international courts. It observes the uncertainty as to the precise formulation of the test, and the more recent attempts to clarify how the test might apply to different aspects of the claimant's case. While the application by tribunals of the prima-facie test has shown it to be a low threshold, in a few cases tribunals have struck out some or all of the claimant's claims on the basis that the claimant's own articulation of its case would not fall within the provisions of or amount to a breach of the treaty invoked. Finally, provisions in some recent US investment protection agreements and the recent amendment to the ICSID Rules that incorporate a procedure akin to the ‘motion to dismiss’ in US law are noted.
The Relationship between International Tribunals and Domestic Courts
Authors: van Haersolte-Van Hof Jacomijn J. , Hoffmann Anne K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of the interaction of contract claims and treaty claims, their classification, and subsequent adjudication. It also considers related arbitral decisions and their consequences. Topics discussed include the distinction between contract claims and treaty claims, further issues arising from the interrelation between international tribunals and domestic courts, and waiver of the protection granted by investment treaties.
Parallel Proceedings
Authors: Yannaca-Small Katia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the most common situations where parallel proceedings can occur in investment arbitration. It considers whether the principles of res judicata and lis pendens apply in investment arbitration and could prevent conflicting awards. Finally, the chapter looks at the way investment treaties regulate and/or prevent the occurrence of parallel proceedings, with a particular emphasis on the consolidation of claims.
Review of Awards
Authors: Balaš Vladimír 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins by summing up the development of opinions on the possibility of review of the decisions of international tribunals in general. It analyses several key decisions of ad hoc committees established in accordance with the provisions of Article 52 of the ICSID Convention. It concludes with an assessment of whether it is necessary to broaden the scope of the review of arbitral awards in investment disputes, and particularly whether it would be convenient to introduce into investment disputes an appellate system allowing for the review of the merits of investment disputes.
An Appellate System in International Investment Arbitration?
Authors: Qureshi Asif H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers some of the arguments for an appellate process in the investment sphere, identifies some of the potential appellate options, and focuses on the development perspective to such a proposal. It is argued that a principal concern about the effort to introduce a non-ring-fenced appellate system in the investment sphere is that it seeks to add to the coherence and development of international investment law via a somewhat non-transparent route. Further, the need to inject the development dimension into any proposed appellate system is important. A development-friendly appellate system requires in particular a focus on its apparatus of interpretation, on participatory rights, and on technical assistance.
Preachers and Medieval and Renaissance Commentary
Authors: Trueman Carl R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explains how the polemical context of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries shaped theological attitudes towards the resources of the Christian and Jewish traditions. It first considers the impact of early Lutheranism on the English church, and then shows how Protestantism was established within the universities. It moves on to a section on the polemical context and the rise of linguistics during the period. It also introduces ecclesiology, the role of ceremonies, the fragmentation of continental Protestantism, and the debate that impacted British theologians.
Preaching in the Parishes
Authors: Green Ian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies what was preached in English parish churches from the 1560s to the 1630s. It identifies the sermon topics, which can either be in a sequence of sermons or a series of sermons on a selection of texts chosen to explain a particular theme. It studies prayer book-appointed texts and services and then presents a case study of Thomas Jackson, a preacher in east Kent during the early seventeenth century. His career demonstrates the different trends described in this article. Finally, the article discusses parochial preaching from 1640 to 1650.
Sermon Reception
Authors: Craig John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article shows how sermons were received. It first looks at the preachers' views on sermon hearing and then considers the popularity of sermon attendance. It reviews the popular responses to preaching, tries to understand the setting where sermons were delivered, and lists three important developments that helped determine how sermons were heard and received. The next section demonstrates what happens after the sermon was preached and introduces the concept of sermon notes. The article ends with a discussion of the way parish communities were expected to record and certify the names of visiting preachers.
From Tudor Humanism to Reformation Preaching
Authors: Wooding Lucy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies Tudor humanism and Reformation preaching, and it introduces John Colet's Convocation sermon. This sermon summarises the problem of interpreting English sermons from the early eighteenth century. The discussion considers the late medieval sermons and the impact of humanism. The article also examines the invention and implementation of Henry VIII's Supremacy over the English church.
Sermons in Print, 1660–1700
Authors: Dixon Rosemary 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a more complete account of the sermon in print by combining the study of sermons with the history of the book. The discussion uses several of Edmund Hickeringill's categories to study the publishing and reception of printed sermons during the late seventeenth century. It looks at some of the most prominent sermon-writers and texts, as well as some of the publishers' commercial concerns and their use by various reader groups. The article also turns to material forms and publishing histories of sermon texts.
Towards An International Comparative History Of Archaeological Heritage Management
Authors: Carman John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents an outline of the global comparative history of archaeological heritage management (AHM), and provides a narrative of the notions that have come together to create the global system of AHM as it is seen today. It also explores the diverse origins of what is now AHM in different countries, under different regimes, and at different times. Although organized roughly chronologically – with the earliest instances of AHM-like practices first – it is more importantly organized thematically to show the different ideologies and contexts within which the idea grew, and some of the historical processes that have contributed to its rise. The inherent ‘nationalism’ of the field is an important element in AHM as it has developed, and derives directly from its diverse historical origins; but it is still a potent force in the way AHM is practised, despite the global acceptance of common practices and principles.
America's Cherished Reserves
Authors: Soderland Hilary Allester 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the importance of the first consolidating legislation on National Parks in the development of America's national heritage. It considers the ‘public’ in its focus on the legal regulation of United States archaeology and asserts the enduring significance of the 1916 legislation that created the National Park Service. Utilizing a legal-historical approach, the article explores the societal ideals, values, and sentiments critical in the law-making process of the 1916 National Park Organic Act, and subsequently situates these mores within the legal historiography of American archaeology. In so doing, it addresses the importance of the 1916 Act in expanding the legal regulation inaugurated by the 1906 Antiquities Act, thus providing a foundation from which subsequent regulatory measures were to be constructed, and in safeguarding an untold number of archaeological sites through the extraction of vast areas from the public domain.
Making Sense of the History of Archaeological Representation
Authors: Skeates Robin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract‘Representation’ is one of the key cultural practices through which meanings are produced and exchanged. This article undertakes a literary and art criticism of historic and contemporary representations of prehistoric Malta, with particular reference to the senses, in order to chart, historicize, and contextualize the sensory experiences and perceptions that have surrounded the development of archaeology in Malta over the last four centuries. It considers how different generations of antiquarians and archaeologists have represented or denied the senses in the texts and images that describe their experiences and understandings of the landscape, inhabitants, and prehistoric antiquities of the Maltese Islands. Based on these criticisms, the article offers the potential for such studies to be re-evaluated as culturally determined forms of representation that provide a wealth of information about the changing representational conventions, politics, and sensory perceptions of their creators.
Archaeology and Politics in the Third World, with Special Reference to India
Authors: Chakrabarti Dilip K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article identifies the role of colonial and postcolonial influences on Indian archaeology and the problems for Indian archaeology thereby engendered. It addresses key issues in the history of archaeological heritage management. There is a major gap between the accepted norms of archaeological research and heritage management, and the ground-reality. One of the reasons why such a gap has come up is the indifference of the Indian educated class to archaeology. A good liberal education based on a respect for the country's past need not necessarily avert the tensions based on ethnicity and religion, which affect monuments. In countries where an overwhelming number of people live below the poverty line, such tensions are only likely to increase in future. Non-partisan voices of sanity are needed, and there is a better chance for such voices to emerge if there is a broad-based liberal system of historical education in the country.
Uncovering the Antiquities Market
Authors: Brodie Neil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the growing body of published research into the antiquities market undertaken over the last twenty-five years. Particular attention is paid to the research methods used to uncover the market. The antiquities market has existed since the sixteenth century to facilitate the transformation of archaeological, ethnographic, and other cultural artefacts into art, and in so doing has helped fashion the ontological terrain of European modernity. Quantitative methods, such as remote sensing and market research, provide data regarding the size and shape of the market and the nature and scale of the damage it causes, while qualitative ethnographic methods shed light on the broader socio-economic and cultural contexts of the antiquities market and of archaeological practice. The greatest challenge for future research is to investigate the cultural force of the antiquities market.
TeachingthroughRather thanabout
Authors: Bartoy Kevin M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe practice of archaeology has always had an educational component. This article attempts to draw from the rich literature in education and museum studies to situate the practice of public archaeology as a sub-discipline, which will allow practitioners to not only achieve a set of goals but also evaluate that achievement. Public archaeology is becoming more professionalized, but, at the same time, the field is suffering from the difficulties of forging a new identity. Within the archaeological community, practitioners of sub-disciplines, such as historical archaeology, have successfully drawn upon a diversity of perspectives both within and outside of archaeology to achieve maturity. While remaining grounded in anthropological tradition, public archaeologists must become conversant in several other fields to reach a true professionalization of this emerging sub-discipline. Public archaeology would become synonymous with archaeology education and stand distinct from the related endeavours of archaeology outreach and teaching archaeology.
Descendant Community Partnering, the Politics of time, and the Logistics of Reality
Authors: Davidson James M. , Brandon Jamie C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores some diverse examples as a way of furthering the understanding of the complexities of descendant community engagement and offering some suggestions as to methodology. Several sites are investigated with a variety of levels of community engagement and all have particular historical trajectories that have often helped determine the timbre and extent of this interaction. The example sites that this article draws on include the Freedman's Cemetery and Juliette Street Projects in Dallas, Texas, the Van Winkle's Mill project in the rural Arkansas Ozark Mountains, and the site of the Rosewood Massacre in northern Florida. Each of these sites has very different community dynamics. The article demonstrates how complicated, contradictory, multifaceted, and polyvocal these things called descendant communities can be.
Diplomacy
Authors: Scott Hamish 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe era of the French Revolution, and specifically the later 1780s and 1790s, saw the modern meanings first of “diplomatic” and then “diplomacy” become established in the political lexicon. A century before, when the Maurist monk Jean Mabillon wrote De re diplomatica (1681), his masterpiece devoted to the science of documents and the historical method, the term still retained its traditional meaning: relating to the study of diplomas or other documents. At this period the peaceful conduct of relations between states was known as “negotiations” (négociations ), a term which long continued to be employed. During the later eighteenth century, however, the terms “diplomatic” and “diplomacy” took on their present-day meaning both in French and in English. The Irish political journalist and British MP, Edmund Burke, did most to make the word familiar to Anglophone readers. In the Annual Register for 1787 he wrote of “civil, diplomatique [sic] and military affairs,” while a decade later, in one of his celebrated Letters on a Regicide Peace, he spoke of the French regime's “double diplomacy.” By shortly after 1800, the term was becoming established.
Revolution
Authors: Rapport Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes many facets of the French Revolution. The French Revolution introduced parliamentary government to France, but it was only “an apprenticeship in democracy,” the first step towards modern, democratic politics, not its consummation. François Furet has controversially argued that the values and practices of democracy were not definitively embedded in France until the consolidation of the Third Republic in the 1870s, which he describes as “the French Revolution coming into port.” A continuing focus of research, therefore, are the ways in which the people entered politics outside the formal processes, namely in the dramatic expansion in civil society, which had been developing since the mid-eighteenth century, but which in the Revolution flowered with the collapse of censorship, empowering a wide cross-section of French society.
What is Chinese about Chinese psychology? Who are the Chinese in Chinese psychology?
Authors: Hong Ying-yi , Yang Yung Jui , Chiu Chi-yue 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The two-pronged objectives of this article are firstly to engage Chinese psychology researchers in a critical examination of the assumptions about Chineseness in their enquiry, and secondly to suggest an expansion of the research agenda for Chinese psychology to include the psychology of Chinese identity. Chinese psychology has different meanings depending on how it is translated into Chinese. This article reviews several possible referential meanings of the term Chinese psychology, and discusses how identity politics plays a role in the debates over the term's referential meaning and influences the choice of the criteria that are used to evaluate the validity of knowledge about Chinese psychology. The goal of this article is to invite Chinese psychology scholars to reflect on the political matrix that underlies identity politics in the discipline, on the political forces that shape their definitions of Chineseness in their enquiry, and on the intellectual consequences of their identity choices.
Understanding reading disability in the Chinese language: from basic research to intervention
Authors: Ho Connie Suk-Han 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Reading disability has been studied for over a century in countries using alphabetic writing systems. It is estimated that around 3% to 5% of the school population in any Western country has a reading disability, which is described as a severe and persistent difficulty in reading and spelling not a result of any apparent intrinsic or extrinsic causes. Delayed and inappropriate intervention often results in learning, emotional, and behavioural problems in children. This article first provides a review of research literature on reading disability in alphabetic languages and then introduces the characteristics of the Chinese writing system. It highlights some research projects on Chinese reading disability; and explores how these findings may be applied to the identification of and intervention for Chinese children with reading disability. It concludes that a well-planned and systematic research in reading disability is essential for developing effective evidence-based identification and intervention approaches for children with reading disability.