bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clique-based semantic kernel with application to semantic relatedness
Authors: JADIDINEJAD A. H. , MAHMOUDI F. , MEYBODI M. R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe emergence of knowledge repositories in a variety of domains provides a valuable opportunity for semantic interpretation of high dimensional datasets. Previous researches investigate the use of concept instead of word as a core semantic feature for incorporating semantic knowledge from an ontology into the representation model of documents. On the other hand, in machine learning and information retrieval, data objects are represented as a flat feature vector. The inconsistency between the structural nature of the knowledge repositories and the flat representation of features in machine learning leads researchers to neglect the structure of the knowledge base and leverage concepts as isolated semantic features, which is known as bag-of-concepts. Although, using concepts has some advantages over words, by neglecting the relation between concepts, the problem of vocabulary mismatch remains in force. In this paper, a novel semantic kernel is proposed which is capable of incorporating the relatedness between conceptual features. This kernel leverages clique theory to map data objects to a novel feature space wherein complex data objects will be comparable. The proposed kernel is relevant to all applications which have a prior knowledge about the relatedness between features. We concentrate on representing text documents and words using Wikipedia and WordNet, respectively. The experimental results over a set of benchmark datasets have revealed that the proposed kernel significantly improves the representation of both words and texts in the application of semantic relatedness.
Do supermarkets contribute to the obesity pandemic in developing countries?
Authors: Kimenju Simon C , Rischke Ramona , Klasen Stephan , Qaim Matin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveMany developing countries are undergoing a nutrition transition with rising rates of overweight and obesity. This nutrition transition coincides with a rapid expansion of supermarkets. The objective of the present research is to study whether supermarkets directly contribute to overweight and other changes in nutritional status.DesignThis research builds on cross-sectional observational data. Household- and individual-level data were collected in Kenya using a quasi-experimental survey design. Instrumental variable regressions were employed to analyse the impact of supermarket purchase on nutritional status. Causal chain models were estimated to examine pathways through which supermarkets affect nutrition.SettingSmall towns in Central Province of Kenya with and without supermarkets.SubjectsA total of 615 adults and 216 children and adolescents.ResultsControlling for other factors, buying in a supermarket is associated with a significantly higher BMI (P=0·018) and a higher probability of overweight (P=0·057) among adults. This effect is not observed for children and adolescents. Instead, buying in a supermarket seems to reduce child undernutrition measured by height-for-age Z-score (P=0·017). Impacts of supermarkets depend on many factors including people’s initial nutritional status. For both adults and children, the nutrition effects occur through higher food energy consumption and changes in dietary composition.ConclusionsSupermarkets and their food sales strategies contribute to changing food consumption habits and nutritional outcomes. Yet the types of outcomes differ by age cohort and initial nutritional status. Simple conclusions on whether supermarkets are good or bad for nutrition and public health are not justified.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD ON TERRORISM, IMMIGRANTS, AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS: A 1908 LETTER TO THECHICAGO RECORD HERALD
Authors: Rigney Ernest G. , Lundy Timothy C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGeorge Herbert Mead's advocacy of innovative social reform was not a distinct endeavor unrelated to his pragmatist social philosophy. In fact, the convergence of social philosophy and social reform is discernable in Mead's analysis of social settlements: an analysis that led him to conclude that settlements were indispensable social organizations for promoting cooperative living and civic progress within America's emerging industrial municipalities. For Mead, the settlement was the only social organization capable of understanding the immigrant's world and explaining that world to the nonimmigrant. In 1908, Mead wrote a letter to theChicago Record Heraldendorsing the work of social settlements. He composed the letter during an era when the violent actions of some political extremists (i.e., anarchists) seemed to encourage many native-born citizens to regard all immigrants as nascent terrorists and to treat organizations created to assist immigrants, such as settlements, with distrust and hostility.Most unfortunately, theChicago Record Heraldrefused to publish Mead's letter. This article describes the historical circumstances that prompted Mead to write a letter in defense of settlements; it then reprints the original letter in its entirety, with annotations; and, it concludes by briefly noting the letter's significance in relation to Mead's other writings about social settlements.
An active atmospheric methane sink in high Arctic mineral cryosols
Authors: Lau M C Y , Stackhouse B T , Layton A C , Chauhan A , Vishnivetskaya T A , Chourey K , Ronholm J , Mykytczuk N C S , Bennett P C , Lamarche-Gagnon G , Burton N , Pollard W H , Omelon C R , Medvigy D M , Hettich R L , Pfiffner S M , Whyte L G , Onstott T C 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Methane (CH4) emission by carbon-rich cryosols at the high latitudes in Northern Hemisphere has been studied extensively. In contrast, data on the CH4 emission potential of carbon-poor cryosols is limited, despite their spatial predominance. This work employs CH4 flux measurements in the field and under laboratory conditions to show that the mineral cryosols at Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high Arctic consistently consume atmospheric CH4. Omics analyses present the first molecular evidence of active atmospheric CH4-oxidizing bacteria (atmMOB) in permafrost-affected cryosols, with the prevalent atmMOB genotype in our acidic mineral cryosols being closely related to Upland Soil Cluster α. The atmospheric (atm) CH4 uptake at the study site increases with ground temperature between 0 °C and 18 °C. Consequently, the atm CH4 sink strength is predicted to increase by a factor of 5–30 as the Arctic warms by 5–15 °C over a century. We demonstrate that acidic mineral cryosols are a previously unrecognized potential of CH4 sink that requires further investigation to determine its potential impact on larger scales. This study also calls attention to the poleward distribution of atmMOB, as well as to the potential influence of microbial atm CH4 oxidation, in the context of regional CH4 flux models and global warming.
Interaction-free measurements by quantum Zeno stabilization of ultracold atoms
Authors: Peise J. , Lücke B. , Pezzé L. , Deuretzbacher F. , Ertmer W. , Arlt J. , Smerzi A. , Santos L. , Klempt C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractQuantum mechanics predicts that our physical reality is influenced by events that can potentially happen but factually do not occur. Interaction-free measurements (IFMs) exploit this counterintuitive influence to detect the presence of an object without requiring any interaction with it. Here we propose and realize an IFM concept based on an unstable many-particle system. In our experiments, we employ an ultracold gas in an unstable spin configuration, which can undergo a rapid decay. The object—realized by a laser beam—prevents this decay because of the indirect quantum Zeno effect and thus, its presence can be detected without interacting with a single atom. Contrary to existing proposals, our IFM does not require single-particle sources and is only weakly affected by losses and decoherence. We demonstrate confidence levels of 90%, well beyond previous optical experiments.
Alternative futures for Borneo show the value of integrating economic and conservation targets across borders
Authors: Runting Rebecca K. , Meijaard Erik , Abram Nicola K. , Wells Jessie A. , Gaveau David L.A. , Ancrenaz Marc , Possingham Hugh P. , Wich Serge A. , Ardiansyah Fitrian , Gumal Melvin T. , Ambu Laurentius N. , Wilson Kerrie A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBalancing economic development with international commitments to protect biodiversity is a global challenge. Achieving this balance requires an understanding of the possible consequences of alternative future scenarios for a range of stakeholders. We employ an integrated economic and environmental planning approach to evaluate four alternative futures for the mega-diverse island of Borneo. We show what could be achieved if the three national jurisdictions of Borneo coordinate efforts to achieve their public policy targets and allow a partial reallocation of planned land uses. We reveal the potential for Borneo to simultaneously retain ∼50% of its land as forests, protect adequate habitat for the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis), and achieve an opportunity cost saving of over US$43 billion. Such coordination would depend on enhanced information sharing and reforms to land-use planning, which could be supported by the increasingly international nature of economies and conservation efforts.
No evidence for attenuated stress-induced extrastriatal dopamine signaling in psychotic disorder
Authors: Hernaus D , Collip D , Kasanova Z , Winz O , Heinzel A , van Amelsvoort T , Shali S M , Booij J , Rong Y , Piel M , Pruessner J , Mottaghy F M , Myin-Germeys I 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStress is an important risk factor in the etiology of psychotic disorder. Preclinical work has shown that stress primarily increases dopamine (DA) transmission in the frontal cortex. Given that DA-mediated hypofrontality is hypothesized to be a cardinal feature of psychotic disorder, stress-related extrastriatal DA release may be altered in psychotic disorder. Here we quantified for the first time stress-induced extrastriatal DA release and the spatial extent of extrastriatal DA release in individuals with non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD). Twelve healthy volunteers (HV) and 12 matched drug-free NAPD patients underwent a single infusion [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography scan during which they completed the control and stress condition of the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. HV and NAPD did not differ in stress-induced [18F]fallypride displacement and the spatial extent of stress-induced [18F]fallypride displacement in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and temporal cortex (TC). In the whole sample, the spatial extent of stress-induced radioligand displacement in right ventro-mPFC, but not dorso-mPFC or TC, was positively associated with task-induced subjective stress. Psychotic symptoms during the scan or negative, positive and general subscales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were not associated with stress-induced [18F]fallypride displacement nor the spatial extent of stress-induced [18F]fallypride displacement in NAPD. Our results do not offer evidence for altered stress-induced extrastriatal DA signaling in NAPD, nor altered functional relevance. The implications of these findings for the role of the DA system in NAPD and stress processing are discussed.
Recent advances in the understanding and care of familial hypercholesterolaemia: significance of the biology and therapeutic regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
Authors: Page Michael M. , Stefanutti Claudia , Sniderman Allan , Watts Gerald F. 
Published: April 2015

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal co-dominant disorder that markedly raises plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration, causing premature atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). FH has recently come under intense focus and, although there is general consensus in recent international guidelines regarding diagnosis and treatment, there is debate about the value of genetic studies. Genetic testing can be cost-effective as part of cascade screening in dedicated centres, but the full mutation spectrum responsible for FH has not been established in many populations, and its use in primary care is not at present logistically feasible. Whether using genetic testing or not, cholesterol screening of family members of index patients with an abnormally raised LDL-C must be used to determine the need for early treatment to prevent the development of CAD. The metabolic defects in FH extend beyond LDL, and may affect triacylglycerol-rich and high-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a) and oxidative stress. Achievement of the recommended targets for LDL-C with current treatments is difficult, but this may be resolved by new drug therapies. Lipoprotein apheresis remains an effective treatment for severe FH and, although expensive, it costs less than the two recently introduced orphan drugs (lomitapide and mipomersen) for homozygous FH. Recent advances in understanding of the biology of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have further elucidated the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and led to new drugs for effectively treating hypercholesterolaemia in FH and related conditions, as well as for treating many patients with statin intolerance. The mechanisms of action of PCSK9 inhibitors on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, as well as their impact on cardiovascular outcomes and cost-effectiveness, remain to be established.
About Cognitive Outcome Measures at Ecological Signal-to-Noise Ratios and Cognitive-Driven Hearing Aid Signal Processing
Authors: Lunner Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to discuss 2 questions concerning how hearing aids interact with hearing and cognition: Can signal processing in hearing aids improve memory? Can attention be used for top-down control of hearing aids?

Method
Memory recall of sentences, presented at 95% correct speech recognition, was assessed with and without binary mask noise reduction. A short literature review was performed on recent findings on new brain-imaging techniques showing potential for hearing aid control.

Conclusions
Two experiments indicate that it is possible to show improved memory with an experimental noise reduction algorithm at ecological signal-to-noise ratios and that it is possible to replicate these findings in a new language. The literature indicates that attention-controlled hearing aids may be developed in the future.
Forum on the Brain and Hearing Aids
Authors: Pichora-Fuller M. Kathleen 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to introduce and provide an overview of the 3 articles presented in the invited forum “The Brain and Hearing Aids.”

Method
The main ideas of the articles presented by the 3 panelists are identified, and a commentary is provided to synthesize the ideas.

Conclusions
Benefits from hearing aids and auditory training entail higher-level cortical and cognitive processing involved in categorizing and remembering sound. New approaches to predicting, designing, and evaluating technological and behavioral interventions will need to consider the brain and not just the ears of listeners.
The Ear–Brain Connection: Older Ears and Older Brains
Authors: Tremblay Kelly L. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to review recent research from our laboratory on the topic of aging, and the ear–brain system, as it relates to hearing aid use and auditory rehabilitation. The material described here was presented as part of the forum on the brain and hearing aids, at the 2014 HEaling Across the Lifespan (HEAL) conference.

Method
The method involves a narrative review of previously reported electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from our laboratory as they relate to the (a) neural detection of amplified sound and (b) ability to learn new sound contrasts.

Conclusions
Results from our studies add to the mounting evidence that there are central effects of biological aging as well as peripheral pathology that affect a person's neural detection and use of sound. What is more, these biological effects can be seen as early as middle age. The accruing evidence has implications for hearing aid use because effective communication relies not only on sufficient detection of sound but also on the individual's ability to learn to make use of these sounds in ever-changing listening environments.
Physiological Measures and Their Potential for the Assessment of Pediatric Hearing Needs
Authors: Small Susan A. 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to discuss how cortical auditory evoked potentials might be used to assess speech perception capacity in infants, including acoustic change complex data collected in our laboratory. This article is a summary of a paper presented at the HEaring Across the Lifespan (HEAL) Conference held June 5–7, 2014, in Cernobbio, Italy.MethodHighlights from data collected in infants and the main issues needing investigation for clinical application are presented.ConclusionsPreliminary studies show promising results for the acoustic change complex and confirm that further inquiry into its clinical application is warranted. The presence of an onset response can be used clinically to confirm that auditory information has reached the cortex; however, the absence of a response cannot be interpreted with confidence.
Maternal Depressive Symptomatology, Social Support, and Language Development of Bilingual Preschoolers From Low-Income Households
Authors: Cycyk Lauren M. , Bitetti Dana , Hammer Carol Scheffner 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThis study examined the impact of maternal depressive symptomatology and social support on the English and Spanish language growth of young bilingual children from low-income backgrounds. It was hypothesized that maternal depression would slow children's development in both languages but that social support would buffer the negative effect.MethodLongitudinal data were collected from 83 mothers of Puerto Rican descent and their children who were attending Head Start preschool for 2 years. The effects of maternal depressive symptomatology and social support from family and friends on receptive vocabulary and oral comprehension development in both languages were examined.ResultsGrowth curve modeling revealed that maternal depressive symptomatology negatively affected Spanish receptive vocabulary development only. Maternal depression did not affect children's English receptive vocabulary or their oral comprehension in either language. Social support was not related to maternal depressive symptomatology or child language.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that maternal depression is 1 risk factor that contributes to less robust primary language development of bilingual children from low-income households. Speech-language pathologists must (a) increase their awareness of maternal depression in order to provide families with appropriate mental health referrals and (b) consider their roles as supportive adults for children whose mothers may be depressed.
Effects of Context Type on Lipreading and Listening Performance and Implications for Sentence Processing
Authors: Spehar Brent , Goebel Stacey , Tye-Murray Nancy 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
This study compared the use of 2 different types of contextual cues (sentence based and situation based) in 2 different modalities (visual only and auditory only).

Method
Twenty young adults were tested with the Illustrated Sentence Test (Tye-Murray, Hale, Spehar, Myerson, & Sommers, 2014) and the Speech Perception in Noise Test (Bilger, Nuetzel, Rabinowitz, & Rzeczkowski, 1984; Kalikow, Stevens, & Elliott, 1977) in the 2 modalities. The Illustrated Sentences Test presents sentences with no context and sentences accompanied by picture-based situational context cues. The Speech Perception in Noise Test presents sentences with low sentence-based context and sentences with high sentence-based context.

Results
Participants benefited from both types of context and received more benefit when testing occurred in the visual-only modality than when it occurred in the auditory-only modality. Participants' use of sentence-based context did not correlate with use of situation-based context. Cue usage did not correlate between the 2 modalities.

Conclusions
The ability to use contextual cues appears to be dependent on the type of cue and the presentation modality of the target word(s). In a theoretical sense, the results suggest that models of word recognition and sentence processing should incorporate the influence of multiple sources of information and recognize that the 2 types of context have different influences on speech perception. In a clinical sense, the results suggest that aural rehabilitation programs might provide training to optimize use of both kinds of contextual cues.
Resonantly loaded apertures for high‐resolution near‐field surface imaging
Authors: Malyuskin Oleksandr , Fusco Vincent 
Published: April 2015

A novel type of microwave probes based on the loaded aperture geometry has been proposed and experimentally evaluated for dielectrics characterisation and high‐resolution near‐field imaging. Experimental results demonstrate the possibility of very accurate microwave spectroscopic characterisation of thin lossy dielectric samples and biological materials containing water. High‐resolution images of the subwavelength lossy dielectric strips and wet and dry leaves have been obtained with amplitude contrast around 10–20 dB and spatial resolution better than one‐tenth of a wavelength in the near‐field zone. A microwave imaging scenario for the early‐stage skin cancer identification based on the artificial dielectric model has also been explored. This model study shows that the typical resolution of an artificial malignant tumour with a characteristic size of one‐tenth of a wavelength can be discriminated with at least 6 dB amplitude and 50° phase contrast from the artificial healthy skin and with more than 3 dB contrast from a benign lesion of the same size. It has also been demonstrated that the proposed device can efficiently deliver microwave energy to very small, subwavelength, focal areas which is highly sought in the microwave hyperthermia applications.
Activation of cyclic electron flow by hydrogen peroxide in vivo
Authors: Strand Deserah D. , Livingston Aaron K. , Satoh-Cruz Mio , Froehlich John E. , Maurino Veronica G. , Kramer David M. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF) is critical for balancing the energy budget of photosynthesis, but its regulation is not well understood. Our results provide evidence that hydrogen peroxide, which is produced as a result of imbalances in chloroplast redox state, acts as a signaling agent to activate CEF in higher plants in vivo.
Ab initio study of hot electrons in GaAs
Authors: Bernardi Marco , Vigil-Fowler Derek , Ong Chin Shen , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Louie Steven G. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
How does an excited electron lose its energy? This problem is central in fields ranging from condensed matter physics to electrical engineering and chemistry. The cooling of hot electrons in gallium arsenide (GaAs) is the critical process underlying the operation of exciting electronic and optoelectronic devices, but the nature of this cooling is controversial. Here, we present calculations showing that hot electrons in GaAs lose energy chiefly by emitting lattice vibrations. We find a dominant role of acoustic vibrations, challenging the common notion that optical vibrations dominate excited electron energy loss. Our computational approach shines light on microscopic processes that are hard to capture with both experiments and semi-empirical calculations and opens new avenues to compute excited electron dynamics.