bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS OF OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Authors: Watkins Robert L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The measure of the effectiveness of an oil spill recovery system is the ability of the system to recover the most oil in the least time. Because of the rapid spreading and thinning of spilled oil, it is essential that oil recovery equipment be tested and rated using realistic oil encounter rates and spilled oil thicknesses. ASTM standards F631 and F808 define encounter rate (ER), throughput efficiency (TE), and oil recovery efficiency (ORE). Using these definitions and testing using realistic slick thicknesses, encounter rates, and environmental conditions makes ranking the effectiveness of oil spill recovery devices possible.
COST EFFECTIVE OIL SEEP REMEDIATION: SORBENT WASTE MINIMIZATION PILOT PROJECT
Authors: Andreasik John J. , Scambos John P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Site evaluation resulted in the replacement of a passive sorbent system by floating oil stabilization with skimming to remove seeping petroleum products from navigable waterways. After one year, the following changes had occurred.Hazardous waste dropped from 135,000 to zero pounds per year.Two to three barrels per week of recycled oil containing less than 3 percent water were being produced.Long term liability inherent in landfill disposal of hazardous waste was eliminated.Remediation cost was reduced by 50 to 60 percent.
The success of this open-water project shows a high degree of applicability for thin-layer oil recovery in settling ponds, gravity separators, and stormwater processing
EXERCISE EVALUATION FOR INDUSTRY
Authors: Whelan Ann E. , Calovich Sheila M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Exercises are evaluated as a test of the utility of a response plan, as a measure of the effectiveness of training, or as an indicator of the general level of preparedness at a facility. Without evaluation, the value of an exercise is weakened and, in some cases, lost. An evaluation document leads the evaluator to look at all of the components of an exercise, provides a competency standard for both government and industry, and provides a mechanism for feedback to players and planholders. The document can help the designers of an exercise to address a wide variety of issues or, alternatively, aim narrowly at specific issues.
EARTHQUAKES, OIL, AND WATER DON'T MIX
Authors: Bastin Eric W. , McElravy Eric P. , Ostendorf Martin J. , Mancini Eugene R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The release of crude oil into a southern California river from an earthquake-related pipeline rupture resulted in an initial rise in TPH and total BTEX concentrations in the water column. No toxicity was observed in aquatic toxicity tests conducted with rainbow trout and threespine stickleback. Statistically significant differences noted in several of the indices of macroinvertebrate community structure at sites downstream from the oil entry location appeared to be due to confounding factors including the spill. The assessment of incident-related impacts was complicated by several earthquake-related phenomena.
EPHEMERAL DATA COLLECTION GUIDANCE MANUAL, WITH EMPHASIS ON OIL SPILL NRDAS
Authors: Robilliard Gordon A. , Boehm Paul D. , Amman Michael J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the guidance manual is to identify for first responders the basic methods for collecting, preserving, and documenting essential ephemeral samples and data that are needed for NRDA and general environmental assessment in oil spills. The manual assumes that first responders will have limited specialized experience, expertise, and equipment in environmental sampling. Ephemeral data and samples include (a) source oil and freshly spilled oil, (b) the spatial distribution and amount of oil on the water surface and on shorelines, (c) unoiled beach sediments, (d) oil in the water column in unoiled and oiled areas, and (e) selected unoiled intertidal organisms. The manual provides guidance on where, when, and how to collect each type of sample and data. The manual emphasizes the importance of documenting samples and data so that they can be used later to evaluate the environmental impacts of the spilled oil.
NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE CRUDE OIL SPILL: EFFECTS ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY
Authors: Duffield Joan , Dearn Susan , Fischel Marion 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Four months after the release of San Joaquin blended crude oil into the Santa Clara River, California, avian surveys were conducted to determine if there were any detectable effects on the bird community. Although mean avian abundance and species richness varied considerably within and between oiled and non-oiled areas, these differences appeared to be a function of habitat availability and heterogeneity rather than oil-related impacts. Overall, although there were some short-term impacts immediately following the spill, there were no determinable effects on the avian resources surveyed four months later.
SUBLETHAL INJURY TO RED MANGROVES TWO YEARS AFTER OILING1
Authors: Levings Sally C. , Garrity Stephen D. , Van Vleet Edward S. , Wetzel Dana L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
More than 300,000 gallons of refined petroleum products were discharged near the entrance to Tampa Bay, Florida on August 10, 1993. Floating slicks and sunken oil patty (no. 6 fuel oil) subsequently entered Boca Ciega Bay through John's Pass and washed or stranded on four mangrove keys inside the pass. Between one and two years after the spill, surviving red mangroves showed graded negative responses to oil in 4 of 4 measures of shoot growth and production. Sublethal, long-term effects of oil spills may be more common than reported, but detection requires detailed data on species-specific growth and production patterns with respect to oiling.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE PROPERTIES OF IN-SITU BURN RESIDUES
Authors: Buist Ian , Trudel Ken , Morrison Jake , Aurand Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the physical and chemical properties of the residue from in-situ burns of thick oil slicks. It involved burning small-diameter slicks of oil on water and analyzing the properties of the residues. The objective of the work was to identify the burn conditions that might produce residues that sink.
Eight oils were selected for the project: (1) Alaska North Slope crude; (2) Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude; (3) Arabian Heavy crude; (4) Arabian Light crude; (5) Bonny Light crude; (6) Iranian Heavy crude; (7) Mayan crude; and (8) automotive diesel. Burn tests were conducted on all eight oils when fresh and on two of the oils when weathered. Experiments involved burning slicks of three thicknesses (5, 10, and 15 cm) on saltwater at room temperature (15°C). Residue density, water content, pour point, and viscosity were measured. Samples of parent oils and burn residues were fractionated into three boiling point ranges, and each was analyzed to quantify total saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes.
The results showed that the residues from burns of thicker slicks of heavier crudes and weathered crudes may sink in fresh water or saltwater once they cool to ambient temperatures, whereas burn residues of lighter oils may not sink. Burn residues of all crudes were more dense than their parent oils and were solid or semisolid. Residue density was related to the density of the parent oil, the state of weathering, and slick thickness.
Chemical analysis showed that the burn residues were composed almost exclusively of the higher boiling point (HBP) fraction; virtually all of the lower boiling point fraction and almost all of the middle boiling point fraction had been removed. Most, but not all, of the HBP fraction, which included all of the asphaltenes and resins, was preserved in the burn residue. The in-situ burning process appears to be neither a pure equilibrium flash vaporization nor a pure batch distillation, but rather a process lying somewhere between the two ideals.
The results of the burns of automotive diesel contrasted strongly with those of crude oils. Diesel burns were far more efficient than those of crude oils, leaving only a few millimeters of residue regardless of the thickness of the original slick. The chemical composition of the residue and its properties were changed only slightly from those of the parent oil.
Research on the use of in-situ burning as a marine oil spill countermeasure has resulted in a rapidly growing acceptance of the technique as an option for spill cleanup. However, one area of concern with in-situ
FROM TRAINING TO TESTING: DETAILS OF AN AGGRESSIVE DRILL AND EXERCISE PROGRAM
Authors: McFarland Barry , Estes Kim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With 1997 comes a second triennial period of exercises following the implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Exercises should now be performed in more of a testing environment than in a training environment. Aggressive exercises seek to test response plans and spill management teams rather than to provide opportunities for training. Aggressive exercises also require that one learn by taking risks and making mistakes. Consequently, for this aggressive style of drills and exercises to succeed, regulatory authorities must acknowledge risk taking when they are evaluating exercises. Though training will always be a focus, at least in some elements of response exercises, it should become more specific and compartmentalized while the remaining bulk of the response is being tested. Because aggressive exercises require full agency representation, joint exercises should be considered a way of reducing the number of industry-led drills while achieving credit for multiple plan holders.
INTENT TO SPILL: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS CAUSED BY WAR, TERRORISM, VANDALISM, AND THEFT
Authors: Hosmer Alicia Watts , Stanton Colby E. , Beane Julie L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is commonly accepted that oil spills are unintended, unanticipated events due primarily to equipment failure or human error. Public perception generally attributes oils spills to accidents like groundings of transport vessels or ruptures of pipelines and tanks. Unfortunately, in reality there are a number of intended, anticipated events that result in oil spills that are equally, if not more, devastating to the environment. Most prominent among these events are war, terrorism, vandalism, and theft. This paper seeks to examine some of the oil spills caused by human intent, their impact on the environment, and how prevention and response planning can mitigate some of their consequences.
THE SEA EMPRESS INCIDENT: OVERVIEW AND RESPONSE AT SEA
Authors: Harris Chris 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil tanker Sea Empress spilled more than 72,000 tons (23 million U.S. gallons) of crude oil when she grounded at Milford Haven, United Kingdom, on February 15, 1996. The response at sea by the U.K. government through the Coastguard Agency's Marine Pollution Control Unit involved aerial surveillance, the spraying of dispersants from aircraft, and the recovery of several thousand tons of oil from the sea surface. This paper by the overall commander presents an overview of the incident and the response operation at sea.
THE NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT OF A SUCCESSFUL DISPERSANT OPERATION AT THE SEA EMPRESS INCIDENT
Authors: Lunel Tim , Rusin Jan , Bailey Nick , Halliwell Chris , Davies Louise 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The monitoring of oil concentrations in the water column during a dispersant operation carried out at the Sea Empress incident has clearly demonstrated that, although a monitoring program should not be viewed as a prerequisite to response (since the spill site may be too remote to allow monitoring to be set up for the start of the response operation), if monitoring is planned as part of the response, it enables operations to be executed efficiently.
The estimates put forward in this paper indicate that the targeted use of dispersants probably prevented 57,000 to 110,000 tons of emulsion from impacting the shoreline and potentially resulting in greatly increased impacts on sea birds, coastal waders, intertidal vertebrates and invertebrates, and amenity areas. The paper shows that these benefits outweighed the potential disadvantages associated with elevated oil concentrations in the water column.
The Sea Empress is the first incident that has been monitored in a timely fashion in sufficient detail. The monitoring program demonstrated that the use of dispersants resulted in a net environmental benefit at the Sea Empress incident.
NEW ZEALAND: “DOWN UNDER” OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING1
Authors: Roosen John T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
New Zealand has embarked upon a new direction in marine oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. The new direction was driven by a parliamentary review of the Marine Pollution Act that found New Zealand ill prepared to respond to a marine oil spill. The new program put together four key components that depended on government and industry cooperation in a user-pays environment. First, the Marine Pollution Act of 1974 was reformatted into a new Maritime Transport Act (MTA), which brought into focus broad policy guidelines. Second, Marine Protection Rules now provide detailed ongoing program information that changes with updates to industry practice and technology. Third, a Crown entity, the Maritime Safety Authority, was established as the main engine of change. Lastly, oil pollution response was redistributed from the central government into a four-tiered response mechanism. The tiers start with commercial facilities and ships, progress to regional government and then to the national government, and ultimately provide an avenue for international assistance.
TRAJECTORY PREDICTION FOR BARGE BUFFALO 292 SPILL
Authors: Lehr Bill , Simecek-Beatty Debra , Payton Debbie , Galt Jerry , Watabayashi Glen , Martin Robert D. , Solis Ruben 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil spill trajectory prediction for the barge Buffalo 292 spill was provided by NOAA and TGLO. The bulk of the 5000 barrels of IFO 380 that was leaked moved rapidly through the Galveston Channel entrance and into the Gulf of Mexico as a result of a strong meteorological event. Because of the nature of the product, it was possible to track the resulting slicks for more than 3 weeks. Initially, the oil trailed east away from shore. Changing winds and currents moved the oil south and west, leading to sporadic impacts along the shore from east of Galveston to south of Corpus Christi. Trajectory forecasts were used to alert response personnel of impending beach impacts and to direct offshore skimming operations.
Real-time current and wind meters, oil-tracking drifters, visual overflights, and remote-sensing observations provided an unusual amount of calibrating data for trajectory forecasting. This fact, along with detailed analysis assisted by computer models, allowed for a surprisingly high degree of accuracy in trajectory prediction in spite of complex current and wind patterns and changing wind drift factors for the product as it weathered. In this paper, these favorable results are compared with results of an earlier spill in the region where fewer resources were available for trajectory analysis.
SHORELINE CLEANUP IN NORWAY: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Guénette Chantal C. , Aasnes Linn , Folium Odd Arne 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A summary of shoreline cleanup case studies in Norway is presented. Six spills, spanning more than two decades, are reviewed in terms of spill size, oil type, shoreline type, extent of oiling, cleanup techniques that were used, and lessons learned. This evaluation is based on situation reports, follow-up studies, and papers.
The lessons learned and recommendations for improving the current response practices are discussed in terms of recent advances regarding current state of knowledge in oil spill behavior and cleanup techniques. These issues are addressed with reference to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority's stated aim to strengthen shoreline cleanup response capabilities in Norway.
BIOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF HYDRAULIC CLEANING OF OILED COARSE-SEDIMENT BEACHES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Mauseth Gary , Erickson Gerald , Brocco Steven , Sergy Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This document summarizes the findings of a pilot study that was designed to determine biologically optimum cleaning parameters. The objectives of this ongoing study are (1) to determine the biological effects on intertidal biota associated with the use of hydraulic cleaning techniques, and (2) to develop data on environmentally optimum combinations of hydraulic cleaning parameters for use by oil spill responders. The laboratory/pilot scale phase of the project was conducted at the Bamfield Marine Station on Barkley Sound, British Columbia, in the fall of 1995. The hydraulic cleaning parameters examined were (1) water pressures ranging from deluge or minimal pressure to approximately 345 kPa (50 psi), (2) water temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 80 C, and (3) nozzle angles of 45 degrees and 90 degrees to the substratum. Both oiled and unoiled trials were conducted. Treatment combinations of these parameters were delivered using a pressure washer connected to a constructed washing apparatus. The biological effects produced by the treatments were examined in attached organisms colonizing cobbles collected from a donor beach in Barkley Sound. Species tested included the algae Fucus spp. and Mastocarpus papillatus; the barnacles Chthamalus dalli and Balanus glandula; and limpets in the family Lottiidae. Among the main findings of the laboratory/pilot study were the following: (1) both mortalities and oil removal efficiencies were found to rise most rapidly from low to high levels between 40° and 60°C, and between 18.6 and 60 kPa (2.7 and 8.7 psi); (2) oiled trials were found to produce greater mortalities than unoiled trials; and (3) 90-degree nozzle angles were found to produce greater mortalities in some cases than 45-degree nozzle angles.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SHORELINE MAPPING FOR SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING IN CANADA
Authors: Percy Roger J. , LeBlanc Stephane R. , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of Canada's national goals is to provide a consistent or standardized application of techniques for mapping, data collection, and data generation. This consistency is crucial if personnel are brought in from different regions during a drill or spill, since they can then become instantly familiar with the process and terminology. The same sets of standard terms and conditions are applied to prespill database development, sensitivity and prespill mapping, shoreline cleanup assessment technique (SCAT) data generation, and the response management decision process. This concept is very powerful because it provides a consistent terminology for the entire range of prespill planning, preparedness, and response activities.
This paper briefly describes the scope, objectives, and status of this mapping initiative and highlights recent developments in the effort to combine the full range of prespill activities, from data generation and decision development to sensitivity mapping. The scheme addresses the requirements of decision makers, planning managers, and operation managers. The program in place for Atlantic Canada integrates the following:A single pollution reporting and alerting system covering the four eastern Canadian provincesPartnerships in the environmental emergency field, particularly with respect to the provision of comprehensive environmental adviceEnvironment Canada's SCAT methodology in prespill data generationShoreline segmentationResponse management by objectivesEnvironment Canada's Sensitivity Mapping ProgramEnvironment Canada's Field Guides for the Documentation and the Protection and Treatment of Oiled Shorelines
The desktop mapping package and spill trends database that have been adapted provide an easy-to-use approach to the manipulation and display of the wide range of technical and support data and information stored in the databases. The databases, and therefore the maps, can be updated easily and quickly with new information as it becomes available. In this way response managers have access to a wide range of information that normally would be difficult to collate and present in map form, particularly under the pressures at the time of a response.
SINTEF/IKU OIL-WEATHERING MODEL: PREDICTING OILS' PROPERTIES AT SEA
Authors: Daling Per S. , Aamo Ole Morten , Lewis Alun , Strøm-Kristiansen Tove 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the empirical approach used in the development of the IKU oil-weathering model (IKU-OWM). Weathering data from field trials with experimental oil spills during the past 15 years have provided the basis for the algorithms used in the model. These data, combined with a standardized laboratory study of each specific oil, including a bench-scale (“stepwise”) weathering investigation, a chemical dispersibility investigation, and a meso-scale flume basin weathering investigation, form the basic input to the model.
The IKU-OWM has been extensively tested and verified with results from full-scale field trials with experimental oil slicks in the North Sea in 1994 and 1995. This paper presents the correlations between the oil-weathering values predicted by the model and the ground-truth data obtained from the field trials. To obtain reliable weathering predictions, it is essential to have good laboratory weathering data of specific oils. The IKU-OWM is now extensively used in Norway to predict the changes in oil properties due to weathering under user-specified conditions. Predictions provided by the IKU-OWM enable oil spill personnel to estimate the most appropriate “window of opportunity” for using chemical dispersants in various spill situations. Prespill scenario analysis with the IKU's oil spill contingency and response (OSCAR) model system, of which the IKU-OWM is one of several components, has become an important part of contingency plans and of contingency training of oil spill personnel at refineries, oil terminals, and offshore installations in Norway.
OIL SLICK CLASSIFICATION: A SYSTEM FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL SLICKS
Authors: Allen Alan A. , Dale Dean H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper provides a classification system for describing and quantifying floating oil slicks. Simple, easy-to-remember descriptors and numerical values are used to establish standard terminology for the physical properties of an oil slick. Such terms and their numerical correlations are used to establish “codes” by which important descriptive parameters can be abbreviated. Such codes include oil type (i.e., groups I-V), oil geometry (i.e., area and shape), and oil condition (i.e., percent coverage, average thickness, nature of coverage, and percent emulsification). A brief sequence of such codes can provide a standardized “characterization” of an entire oil slick and any internal areas of significant difference. A unique surface distribution factor (SDF) is also provided for a broad range of possible volume/area relationships. Characterized by commonly observed slick geometry and condition factors, each surface distribution factor corresponds to an estimated “volume-per-unit-area” value. Combined with areal coverage rates (i.e., “area-per-unit-time” values) for various dynamic response systems, the SDF provides a rapid estimate of potential volume control rates for specific systems on a given slick. The classification scheme could simplify and standardize procedures used by observers during surface and aerial reconnaissance efforts; it could reduce the time and space needed to document such observations; and it could simplify verbal communications between spotter aircraft and vessels, between vessels, and between field operations and onshore/command groups.