bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposal for defining the relevance of drug accumulation derived from single dose study data for modified release dosage forms
Authors: Scheerans Christian , Heinig Roland , Mueck Wolfgang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRecently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published the new draft guideline on the pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of modified release (MR) formulations. The draft guideline contains the new requirement of performing multiple dose (MD) bioequivalence studies, in the case when the MR formulation is expected to show ‘relevant’ drug accumulation at steady state (SS). This new requirement reveals three fundamental issues, which are discussed in the current work: first, measurement for the extent of drug accumulation (MEDA) predicted from single dose (SD) study data; second, its relationship with the percentage residual area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) outside the dosing interval (τ) after SD administration, %AUC(τ‐∞)SD; and third, the rationale for a threshold of %AUC(τ‐∞)SD that predicts ‘relevant’ drug accumulation at SS. This work revealed that the accumulation ratio RA,AUC, derived from the ratio of the time‐averaged plasma concentrations during τ at SS and after SD administration, respectively, is the ‘preferred’ MEDA for MR formulations. A causal relationship was derived between %AUC(τ‐∞)SD and RA,AUC, which is valid for any drug (product) that shows (dose‐ and time‐) linear pharmacokinetics regardless of the shape of the plasma concentration–time curve. Considering AUC thresholds from other guidelines together with the causal relationship between %AUC(τ‐∞)SD and RA,AUC indicates that values of %AUC(τ‐∞)SD ≤ 20%, resulting in RA,AUC ≤ 1.25, can be considered as leading to non‐relevant drug accumulation. Hence, the authors suggest that 20% for %AUC(τ‐∞)SD is a reasonable threshold and selection criterion between SD or MD study designs for bioequivalence studies of new MR formulations. © 2014 The Authors Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Automatic detection of layout of color yarns of yarn‐dyed fabric. Part 1: Single‐system‐mélange color fabrics
Authors: Zhang Jie , Pan Ruru , Gao Weidong , Zhu Dandan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo recognize the layout of color yarns of single‐system‐mélange color fabric automatically, a novel FCM‐based stepwise classification method is proposed in this article. This method consists of three main steps: (1) warp yarn segmentation, (2) weft color recognition, and (3) the layout of color warps recognition. In the first step, the yarn segmentation method based on mathematical statistics of subimages is adopted to localize warp yarns preliminarily; and then the segmentation results of warp yarn are corrected by misrecognized‐boundary remove and missing‐boundary interpolation. In the second step, the weft color is extracted based on RGB color histograms of whole fabric image. In the third step, the pixels in each warp yarn are classified into two clusters by fuzzy C‐means clustering (FCM) algorithm in CIELAB color model separately, and the preliminary recognized layout of color warps is obtained. All warp colors are clustered by FCM algorithm in CIELAB color model again and the precise layout of color warps is output. The experimental and theoretical analysis proved that the proposed method can recognize the layout of color yarns of single‐system‐ mélange color fabrics with satisfactory accuracy and good robustness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 626–636, 2015
Distributed SR‐LDPC codes over multiple‐access relay channel and its applications in cloud storage
Authors: Sun Rong , Cai Xin , Liu Jingwei , Kwak Kyung Sup 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDigital fountain techniques have received significant academics and industry attention in the past years because of their rateless, robust, and real‐time characteristics used in networks and storage systems such as cloud data storage. Semi‐Random low‐density parity‐check (SR‐LDPC) codes are a kind of digital fountain codes with linear encoding and decoding complexity. In this paper, We propose a novel encoding procedure to realize codes that resemble SR‐LDPC codes (rateless codes for erasure correction) in both structure and performance. For the case of two sources communicating with a single destination via a common relay, the two sources separately encode their own symbols of information using SR‐LDPC codes. The relay then makes Exclusive OR (XOR) for the two sequences received from the two sources. The destination can recover the information bits of the two sources using the sequences received directively from the two sources and the sequence received from the relay. It is shown that the sequences received by the destination are still SR‐LDPC codes. Iterative decoding can be used by the destination using the sequences received from both the relay and the sources and obtain good performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General switch‐and‐examine relaying for demodulate‐and‐forward cooperative diversity
Authors: Chau Yawgeng A. , Al‐Harbawi Mostafa 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTwo new demodulate‐and‐forward schemes of multi‐relay cooperative diversity with switch‐and‐examine relaying (SER) are analyzed. To reduce relay usage and enhance bandwidth efficiency, the two new cooperative diversity schemes employ a switch‐based relay selection. The proposed schemes consume less communication resource than regular relaying schemes, such as the selection combining (SC) or maximal ratio combining (MRC) schemes that always use all relays, and also achieve better performance than distributed switch‐and‐stay schemes. In the first scheme, the decision statistic for relay usage and selection is based on the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In the second scheme, the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR) of received signals is used for the decision of relay usage and selection. With the two SER schemes, the bit error probability (BEP) of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and the average number of used paths are derived and expressed in closed‐form for the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical and simulation results are presented for performance illustrations. According to the numerical results, the LLR‐based SER not only achieves a lower BEP but also consumes less relay resource than the SNR‐based SER. Furthermore, the LLR‐based SER scheme even outperforms the corresponding SNR‐based SC scheme for a range of average SNR. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coadministration of Tramadol and Tizanidine in an Experimental Acute Pain Model in Rat
Authors: Beltrán‐Villalobos Karla Lizet , Ramírez‐Marín Pamela Monserrat , Cruz Carlos Alberto Zúñiga , Déciga‐Campos Myrna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Preclinical Research

The use of drug combinations to achieve a desired effect is a common practice in pharmacological reaserch and in clinical practice. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential synergistic antinociceptive interactions between tizanidine, an α‐2‐adrenoceptor agonist and tramadol on formalin‐induced nociception in rat using isobolographic analyses. Tramadol (0.1–100 μg/paw) and tizanidine (0.01–10 μg/paw) were injected into the paw prior to formalin injection (1%). Both drugs produced a dose‐dependent antinociceptive effect. The EC50 values were estimated for individual drugs, and isobolograms were constructed. Tizanidine (EC50 = 0.125 ± 0.026 μg) was more potent than tramadol (EC50 = 16.45 ± 6.4 μg). The combination of tramadol‐tizanidine at fixed ratios of 1:1 (EC50exp = 67.43 ± 11 μg; EC50teo = 8.28 ± 3.2 μg) and 3:1 (EC50exp = 31.25 ± 9.49 μg; CE50teo = 12.36 ± 4.8 μg) generated subadditivity (antagonism). On the basis of the current preclinical data, the pharmacological profile of the combination of tramadol‐tizanidine produced antagonism. Thus, the utmost caution is required during the use of this combination in clinical practice, due to their antagonistic interaction.
Seasonal BMI differences between restrictive and purging anorexia nervosa subtypes
Authors: Fraga Angela , Caggianesse Veronica , Carrera Olaia , Graell Montserrat , Morandé Gonzalo , Gutiérrez Emilio 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveSeasonal differences in anorexia nervosa is an area of research which has received scarce attention in the literature. The aim of this study was to explore patterns of seasonal variation in body weight in anorexia nervosa patients admitted to an eating disorders unit from January 2007 to December 2011.MethodAnorexia nervosa restrictive (ANR) and binge eating/purging (ANBP) subtypes were compared with respect to BMI on admission during the Warm and Cold Semester, and in terms of lenght of hospital stay.ResultsThe main result was that BMI differences between ANBP and ANR patients were due to bodyweight differences during the colder months of the year (p < 0.01) whereas no difference in bodyweight on admission was observed between both subtypes during the Warm Semester months. Furthermore, ANR patients' bodyweight was lower when admitted during the Cold compared to the Warm Semester (p < 0.05). Length of stay was significantly associated with reduced BMI in ANR patients (p < 0.01), but not so for ANBP patients.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature providing data on seasonal variations in the BMI on admission of anorexia nervosa patients, and in the length of hospitalization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:35–41)
Chemical composition, thermal stability and antioxidant properties of tea seed oils obtained by different extraction methods: Supercritical fluid extraction yields the best oil quality
Authors: Shao Ping , Liu Qing , Fang Zhongxiang , Sun Peilong 
Published: October 2014

A comparison study has been performed for tea seed oils (TSO) extracted from different methods and sources, which were oil from cold‐pressing of tea seeds [TSO(CP)], oil from supercritical fluid extraction of seeds [TSO(SCF)], and oil from supercritical fluid extraction of tea seed cake [TSCO(SCF)]. The chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant properties, and physicochemical properties of the oils were determined. The main ingredient in seed and cake was fat, fiber, total sugar, and considerable amounts of amino, 74.59 and 93.25 g/100 g protein, respectively were found. The results also indicated that oleic acid and linoleic acid were the dominant unsaturated fatty acids in tea seed oils, irrespective of extraction methods and sources. The TSO(SCF) contained the highest levels of squalene, lupeol, and total sterols whereas TSCO(SCF) and TSO(CP) had higher contents of total phenolics and α‐tocopherol. The TG/DTG curves showed TSO(CP) and TSO(SCF) were more thermally stable than TSCO(SCF), and the antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that TSO(CP) and TSCO(SCF) exhibited stronger radical scavenging ability. The overall physicochemical properties of the tested oils indicated that TSO(SCF) had the best oil quality. This work may be useful to food oil industry to produce high quality tea seed oils through utilization of suitable oil extraction methods and raw materials.Practical applications: The growing consumption of green tea promoted the increased production of tea seed, which has totaled as much as 1.6 million tons annually since 2011. As an important source of edible oil, the exploitation rate of tea seed is insufficient (≤1%) in China. This study indicates that oil extracted from tea seed as well as cold‐pressing cake can be exploited for high quality edible oil because of similar fatty acid composition and better bioactive compound composition (e.g., α‐tocopherol, total phytoterols, and lupeol) compared to olive oil. Further, the evaluation of thermal stability provides basis for oil's refining to prepare salad oil, mayonnaise, etc. TSO(SCF) and TSCO(SCF) both had good antioxidant activity, which is applicable in the industry of skincare.A comparison study has been performed for tea seed oils (TSO) extracted from different methods and sources, which were oil from cold‐pressing of tea seeds [TSO(CP)], oil from supercritical fluid extraction of seeds [TSO(SCF)], and oil from supercritical fluid extraction of tea seed cake [TSCO(SCF)]. The chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant properties, and physicochemical properties of the oils were determined.
Building sandstone surface modification by biofilm and iron precipitation: emerging block‐scale heterogeneity and system response
Authors: McCabe Stephen , McAllister Daniel , Warke Patricia A. , Gomez‐Heras Miguel 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTStone surfaces are sensitive to their environment. This means that they will often respond to exposure conditions by manifesting a change in surface characteristics. Such changes can be more than simply aesthetic, creating surface/subsurface heterogeneity in stone at the block scale, promoting stress gradients to be set up as surface response to, for example, temperature fluctuations, can diverge from subsurface response.This paper reports preliminary experiments investigating the potential of biofilms and iron precipitation as surface‐modifiers on stone, exploring the idea of block‐scale surface‐to‐depth heterogeneity, and investigating how physical alteration in the surface and near‐surface zone can have implications for subsurface response and potentially for long‐term decay patterns. Salt weathering simulations on fresh and surface‐modified stone suggest that even subtle surface modification can have significant implications for moisture uptake and retention, salt concentration and distribution from surface to depth, over the period of the experimental run. The accumulation of salt may increase the retention of moisture, by modifying vapour pressure differentials and the rate of evaporation. Temperature fluctuation experiments suggest that the presence of a biofilm can have an impact on energy transfer processes that occur at the stone surface (for example, buffering against temperature fluctuation), affecting surface‐to‐depth stress gradients.Ultimately, fresh and surface‐modified blocks mask different kinds of system, which respond to inputs differently because of different storage mechanisms, encouraging divergent behaviour between fresh and surface‐modified stone over time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural signatures of fairness‐related normative decision making in the ultimatum game: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis
Authors: Feng Chunliang , Luo Yue‐Jia , Krueger Frank 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe willingness to incur personal costs to enforce prosocial norms represents a hallmark of human civilization. Although recent neuroscience studies have used the ultimatum game to understand the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie the enforcement of fairness norms; however, a precise characterization of the neural systems underlying fairness‐related norm enforcement remains elusive. In this study, we used a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using the ultimatum game with the goal to provide an additional level of evidence for the refinement of the underlying neural architecture of this human puzzling behavior. Our results demonstrated a convergence of reported activation foci in brain networks associated with psychological components of fairness‐related normative decision making, presumably reflecting a reflexive and intuitive system (System 1) and a reflective and deliberate system (System 2). System 1 (anterior insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex [PFC]) may be associated with the reflexive and intuitive responses to norm violations, representing a motivation to punish norm violators. Those intuitive responses conflict with economic self‐interest, encoded in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which may engage cognitive control from a reflective and deliberate System 2 to resolve the conflict by either suppressing (ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, left dorsolateral PFC, and rostral ACC) the intuitive responses or over‐riding self‐interest (right dorsolateral PFC). Taken together, we suggest that fairness‐related norm enforcement recruits an intuitive system for rapid evaluation of norm violations and a deliberate system for integrating both social norms and self‐interest to regulate the intuitive system in favor of more flexible decision making. Hum Brain Mapp 36:591–602, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of brain systems for nonsymbolic numerosity and the relationship to formal math academic achievement
Authors: Haist Frank , Wazny Jarnet H. , Toomarian Elizabeth , Adamo Maha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA central question in cognitive and educational neuroscience is whether brain operations supporting nonlinguistic intuitive number sense (numerosity) predict individual acquisition and academic achievement for symbolic or “formal” math knowledge. Here, we conducted a developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of nonsymbolic numerosity task performance in 44 participants including 14 school age children (6–12 years old), 14 adolescents (13–17 years old), and 16 adults and compared a brain activity measure of numerosity precision to scores from the Woodcock–Johnson III Broad Math index of math academic achievement. Accuracy and reaction time from the numerosity task did not reliably predict formal math achievement. We found a significant positive developmental trend for improved numerosity precision in the parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus specifically. Controlling for age and overall cognitive ability, we found a reliable positive relationship between individual math achievement scores and parietal lobe activity only in children. In addition, children showed robust positive relationships between math achievement and numerosity precision within ventral stream processing areas bilaterally. The pattern of results suggests a dynamic developmental trajectory for visual discrimination strategies that predict the acquisition of formal math knowledge. In adults, the efficiency of visual discrimination marked by numerosity acuity in ventral occipital–temporal cortex and hippocampus differentiated individuals with better or worse formal math achievement, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that two different brain systems for nonsymbolic numerosity acuity may contribute to individual differences in math achievement and that the contribution of these systems differs across development. Hum Brain Mapp 36:804–826, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancing Ergonomic Safety Effectiveness of Repetitive Job Activities: Prediction of Muscle Fatigue in Dominant and Nondominant Arms of Industrial Workers
Authors: Oyewole Samuel A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWork‒related musculoskeletal disorders are very common in the workplace, especially with tasks involving repetitive lifting and motions. Repetitive lifting of excessively heavy objects in the workplace could increase the severity and rates of work‒related musculoskeletal disorders. In this article, the physiological effect of muscle fatigue on the dominant and nondominant arms of adult industrial workers performing various repetitive tasks was predicted using a muscular endurance model. Twenty‒four (n = 24) industrial workers (18–45 years old) were randomly selected for this research. The effects of electromyography (EMG) were observed during incremental loading of 5–40 kg on the muscle of the dominant and nondominant arms of the subjects during static lifting activities. Results of the analysis showed that the endurance time decreased with the application of additional loads on the dominant and nondominant arms of all the subjects. This inverse relationship was used to predict the behavior of muscle fatigue. Additional findings indicated that workers performing repetitive lifting tasks could maintain maximum load capacities ranging from 20 to 30 kg. The acceptable maximum load capacity of 23 kg recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is within this range. The results obtained from this research could be used in the beginning steps of the efforts to reevaluate and reestablish guidelines and limits in the design of industrial jobs involving repetitive motion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of high‐resolution specific conductance‐based end‐member mixing analysis and a graphical method for baseflow separation of four streams in hydrologically challenging agricultural watersheds
Authors: Kronholm Scott C. , Capel Paul D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractQuantifying the relative contributions of different sources of water to a stream hydrograph is important for understanding the hydrology and water quality dynamics of a given watershed. To compare the performance of two methods of hydrograph separation, a graphical program [baseflow index (BFI)] and an end‐member mixing analysis that used high‐resolution specific conductance measurements (SC‐EMMA) were used to estimate daily and average long‐term slowflow additions of water to four small, primarily agricultural streams with different dominant sources of water (natural groundwater, overland flow, subsurface drain outflow, and groundwater from irrigation). Because the result of hydrograph separation by SC‐EMMA is strongly related to the choice of slowflow and fastflow end‐member values, a sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the various approaches reported in the literature to inform the selection of end‐members. There were substantial discrepancies among the BFI and SC‐EMMA, and neither method produced reasonable results for all four streams. Streams that had a small difference in the SC of slowflow compared with fastflow or did not have a monotonic relationship between streamflow and stream SC posed a challenge to the SC‐EMMA method. The utility of the graphical BFI program was limited in the stream that had only gradual changes in streamflow. The results of this comparison suggest that the two methods may be quantifying different sources of water. Even though both methods are easy to apply, they should be applied with consideration of the streamflow and/or SC characteristics of a stream, especially where anthropogenic water sources (irrigation and subsurface drainage) are present. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of circularly polarized light for non‐invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue‐like scattering media
Authors: Kunnen Britt , Macdonald Callum , Doronin Alexander , Jacques Steven , Eccles Michael , Meglinski Igor 
Published: October 2014

Polarization‐based optical techniques have become increasingly popular in the field of biomedical diagnosis. In the current report we exploit the directional awareness of circularly and/or elliptically polarized light backscattered from turbid tissue‐like scattering media. We apply circularly and elliptically polarized laser light which illuminates the samples of interest, and a standard optical polarimeter is used to observe the polarization state of light backscattered a few millimeters away from the point of incidence. We demonstrate that the Stokes vector of backscattered light depicted on a Poincaré sphere can be used to assess a turbid tissue‐like scattering medium. By tracking the Stokes vector of the detected light on the Poincaré sphere, we investigate the utility of this approach for characterization of cancerous and non‐cancerous tissue samples in vitro. The obtained results are discussed in the framework of a phenomenological model and the results of a polarization tracking Monte Carlo model, developed in house.
Schematic illustration of the experimental approach utilizing circularly and elliptically polarized light for probing turbid tissue‐like scattering media.magnified imageSchematic illustration of the experimental approach utilizing circularly and elliptically polarized light for probing turbid tissue‐like scattering media.