bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of simultaneous speech and sign on infants' attention to spoken language
Authors: Ting Jonathan Y. , Bergeson Tonya R. , Miyamoto Richard T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectives:To examine the hypothesis that infants receiving a degraded auditory signal have more difficulty segmenting words from fluent speech if familiarized with the words presented in both speech and sign compared to familiarization with the words presented in speech only.Study Design:Experiment utilizing an infant‐controlled visual preference procedure.Methods:Twenty 8.5‐month‐old normal‐hearing infants completed testing. Infants were familiarized with repetitions of words in either the speech + sign (n = 10) or the speech only (n = 10) condition. Infants were then presented with four six‐sentence passages using an infant‐controlled visual preference procedure. Every sentence in two of the passages contained the words presented in the familiarization phase, whereas none of the sentences in the other two passages contained familiar words.Results:Infants exposed to the speech + sign condition looked at familiar word passages for 15.3 seconds and at nonfamiliar word passages for 15.6 seconds, t (9) = −0.130, p = .45. Infants exposed to the speech only condition looked at familiar word passages for 20.9 seconds and to nonfamiliar word passages for 15.9 seconds. This difference was statistically significant, t (9) = 2.076, p = .03.Conclusions:Infants' ability to segment words from degraded speech is negatively affected when these words are initially presented in simultaneous speech and sign. The current study suggests that a decreased ability to segment words from fluent speech may contribute towards the poorer performance of pediatric cochlear implant recipients in total communication settings on a wide range of spoken language outcome measures.
Paraganglioma of the skull base presenting as nasal polyps
Authors: Amiraraghi Natasha , Syed Mohammed Iqbal , Syed Sheeba , Williams Alun T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe authors report a case of paraganglioma of the skull base presenting as nasal polyps. A 29‐year‐old patient presented with epistaxis and was found to have nasal polyps. The patient underwent a nasal polypectomy. After pathology showed an unusual appearance, the mass was subsequently excised endoscopically using radiofrequency coblation, and it was found to be originating from the skull base. The diagnosis was made using a combination of clinical findings, radiology, and histopathology examination. It is important to consider paraganglioma in the differential diagnosis of unusual tumors of the nose and skull base. Laryngoscope, 2013
Polarization management for silicon photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Dai Daoxin , Liu Liu , Gao Shiming , Xu Dan‐Xia , He Sailing 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPolarization management is very important for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and their applications. Due to geometrical anisotropy and fabrication inaccuracies, the characteristics of the guided transverse‐electrical (TE) and transverse‐magnetic (TM) modes are generally different. Polarization‐dependent dispersion and polarization‐dependent loss are such manifestations in PICs. These issues become more severe in high index contrast structures such as nanophotonic waveguides made of silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI), which has been regarded as a good platform for optical interconnects because of the compatibility with CMOS processing. Recently, polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent detection using silicon photonics has also attracted much attention. This trend further highlights the importance of polarization management in silicon PICs. The authors review their work on polarization management for silicon PICs using the polarization independence and polarization diversity methods. Polarization issues and solutions in PICs made of SOI nanowires and ridge waveguides are discussed.
Time‐resolved reconstruction of defect creation sequences in diode lasers
Authors: Hempel M. , Tomm J.W. , Hortelano V. , Michel N. , Jim J. , Krakowski M. , Elsaesser T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe propagation of defect networks in failed 980 nm emitting high‐power diode lasers is analyzed. This is accomplished ex post facto by electron‐beam based techniques applied without device preparation and in situ by thermographic microscopy with 1 µs time resolution. Moreover, an iterative model is established, which allows for describing both the shape of the observed defect networks as well as the kinetics of their spread. This concerted approach allows the clear assignment of starting points of extended defect systems as well as analysis of their evolution kinetics. Eventually this knowledge may help in making devices more resistive against defect creation and extension.
Immunomodulatory effects of heat‐killed Enterococcus faecalis TH10 on murine macrophage cells
Authors: Itoh Tomohiro , Miyake Yasuyoshi , Onda Ayumi , Kubo Junko , Ando Masashi , Tsukamasa Yasuyuki , Takahata Muneaki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of heat‐killed Enterococcus faecalis TH10 (hk‐TH10) and its signal transduction on murine macrophage RAW264 cells. RAW264 cells produced nitric oxide (NO) following hk‐TH10 treatment. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying hk‐TH10‐stimulated NO production, we further measured NO production in RAW264 cells treated with Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitor peptide, NF‐κB inhibitor, TLR1‐siRNA, TLR2‐siRNA, and TLR‐6 siRNA. Furthermore, the activation of TLR2‐TLR1/6 pathway molecules was analyzed by Western blotting. The result of this study showed that hk‐TH10 stimulates NO in RAW264 cells through the activation of the TLR2‐TLR1/6 pathway. From our findings, we can conclude that hk‐TH10 isolated from a traditional side‐dish fermented food (tempeh) may facilitate host immunomodulation.
Reference values for nerve ultrasonography in the upper extremity
Authors: Won Sun Jae , Kim Byung‐Jo , Park Kyung Seok , Yoon Joon Shik , Choi Hyuk 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionThe aims of this study were to identify factors affecting the measurement of nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) and to establish normal reference values for nerve ultrasonography of the upper extremity.MethodsNinety‐seven age‐matched, healthy individuals were enrolled. Ultrasonographic tests were performed by tracing nerves from the axilla to the distal arm. CSA was measured at the following locations: median nerve (carpal tunnel inlet, forearm, antecubital fossa, midhumerus); ulnar nerve (wrist, 2 cm proximal to the wrist, forearm, cubital tunnel outlet and inlet, midhumerus); radial nerve (spiral groove, antecubital fossa); and musculocutaneous nerve (proximal humerus).ResultsThe CSA reference values differed between the measured points along the path of each nerve. Nerve CSA correlated significantly with weight, body mass index, height, and gender; however, the CSA ratio (distal/proximal) did not correlate with demographic factors.ConclusionsThe normal reference values may be helpful in diagnosis of pathologies involving these nerves. Muscle Nerve 47: 864–871, 2013
THE SCOPE OF NGOS AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DESIGN: APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY
Authors: Smith Stephen C. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYIn this study, basic questions concerning the scope and structure of organisations working on development and poverty activities are addressed. Under what conditions is work on many or few poverty problems by a singleorganisationwarranted? Moreover, for a given organisational scope, how many issues and in what combinations are best in a specificprogramme? How are these choices related? How does ‘inheriting’ an organisational structure, that is difficult (very costly) to change, influence choices concerning programme type? The application of the economics of organisation yields useful insights into non‐governmental organisation (NGO) structure and activities, revealing opposing forces that may lead NGOs to diversify either excessively, or inadequately. NGOs working in the poverty field are a natural focus for this research because poverty is a multidimensional problem with potential (or contingent) complementarities across dimensions. Perspectives on activity choices such as child sponsorship and microfinance emerge from this broader context. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IN SEARCH OF THE RIGHT FORMULA: PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND COMMUNITY‐DRIVEN PROVISION OF SAFE WATER IN RWANDA AND UGANDA
Authors: Golooba‐Mutebi Frederick 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYOver the last two decades, efforts have been made to find the right formula or formulae for delivering services to poor rural communities. Beginning in the late 1980s, decentralisation entailing the dispersal of powers and redistribution of resources and responsibility for public goods provision from the centre to local authorities assumed centre stage in public administration. This was in reaction to what was widely agreed to be the failure by highly centralised governments in developing countries to deliver basic services to their citizens. The failure justified a shift away from centralised public administration systems to their decentralised variant, with democratic decentralisation as the strategy of choice for reformist governments across the developing world. Accompanying decentralisation as part of the broad good governance promotion were efforts to empower local communities to participate in decision‐making processes as a strategy seeking to ensure both accountability of service providers to users, and ownership over public goods and the infrastructure through which they were supplied. There is broad agreement today that the hopes of the advocates and architects of these reforms were not fulfilled. On the contrary, many of the failures and weaknesses they were intended to address proved intractable, mostly for the same reasons highly centralised systems had failed to tackle them. Indeed, it was that very intractability that led to a renewed search for a new right formula and the eventual adoption of privatisation or public–private partnerships as an alternative or complement to public and community‐driven actions. This article examines the evolution of these efforts in Rwanda and Uganda and analyses their impact in terms of outcomes in the water sector where private contractors were brought in to mediate between a decentralised state and community in the provision of safe water in rural areas. It argues that, as was the case with democratic decentralisation and associated popular participation, privatisation or public–private partnerships are in themselves not the answer to problems of maladministration and accompanying failures in service delivery. It demonstrates that ultimately, the key to effective public goods provision is capacity for vertical and horizontal co‐ordination, inspection and supervision, and the strength of accountability enforcement mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF SAEMAUL UNDONG IN KOREA FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND WELFARE IMPROVEMENT IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Authors: Baek In Rib , Kim Pan Suk , Lee Soo Chul 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis study analyses Saemaul Undong (SMU; New Community or New Village Movement), a movement that inspired rural residents and served as an impetus for economic development in the 1970s in Korea, to provide guidance for poverty alleviation and local development for less developed countries on the basis of the Korean experience. By deploying discursive and trend approaches to SMU, this study attempts to reveal the interaction between the macroscopic (state) mobilization and the microscopic (civilian) participation in the SMU process. In addition, the study discusses SMU's contributions and limitations in order to reveal some of the drawbacks of SMU as issues that need to be considered if a similar kind of movement is to be applied to other developing countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic thermal transport in a crosslinked polyisoprene rubber subjected to uniaxial elongation
Authors: Simavilla David Nieto , Schieber Jay D. , Venerus David C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAnisotropic thermal transport in a crosslinked polyisoprene (natural rubber) subjected to uniaxial elongation is investigated experimentally. Using a novel optical technique based on forced Rayleigh scattering, two components of the thermal diffusivity tensor are measured as a function of stretch ratio. The thermal diffusivity is found to increase in the direction parallel, and decrease in the direction perpendicular, to the stretch direction. The level of anisotropy for the natural rubber is substantially lower than that reported by Tautz 50 years ago but comparable to that found in our previous studies on molten polymers, quenched thermoplastics, and other crosslinked elastomers. Thermal diffusivity data along with measurements of the tensile stress were used to evaluate the stress‐thermal rule, which was found to be valid over the entire range of stretch ratios. In contrast, failure of the stress‐optic rule was observed at stretch ratios well below the largest value at which the stress‐thermal rule was valid. This suggests that the degree of anisotropy in thermal conductivity depends on both orientation and stretch of polymer chain segments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Antimicrobial Efficacy of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Against Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Matthes Rutger , Koban Ina , Bender Claudia , Masur Kai , Kindel Eckhard , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Kocher Thomas , Kramer Axel , Hübner Nils‐Olaf 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMicrobial biofilms impair wound healing and the efficacy of antiseptics. This study used the plasma source kinpen 09 to investigate the efficacy of argon and an argon/oxygen‐mixture plasma against in vitro biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to the antiseptic chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). Biofilms were treated for 30, 60, 150, or 300 s with plasma and for 600 s with a 0.1% CHX solution. Thereafter, the biofilms were dispersed and their inactivation was determined as the reduction of colony forming units. Plasma treatment led to a significant antimicrobial effect compared to the untreated control and was at least as effective as the treatment with CHX, or even better, depending on the gas admixture, the bacterial strain used, and the exposure time. magnified image
Plasma Deactivation of Endotoxic Biomolecules: Vacuum Ultraviolet Photon and Radical Beam Effects on Lipid A
Authors: Chung Ting‐Ying , Ning Ning , Chu Jhih‐Wei , Graves David B. , Bartis Elliot , Joonil Seog  , Oehrlein Gottlieb S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIt is widely accepted that plasma‐generated energetic and reactive species are responsible for plasma‐induced sterilization; however, how these species act alone or synergistically to deactivate endotoxic biomolecules is not completely understood. Using a vacuum beam system, we study the effects of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, oxygen and deuterium radicals on lipid A, the immune‐stimulating region of lipopolysaccharide. VUV‐induced photolysis causes bulk modification of exposed lipid A film up to the penetration depth of VUV photons, ≈200 nm. Although radical‐induced etch yield of lipid A is lower than VUV‐induced photolysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and human whole blood‐based assay suggest that radicals render a higher degree of modification at the film surface. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of plasma effects on biomolecules for a better deactivation scheme and applications. magnified image
Origin, secret, and application of the ideal phase‐change material GeSbTe
Authors: Yamada Noboru 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDiscovery of the GeSbTe phase‐change alloy in particular along the GeTe–Sb2Te3 tie‐line took place in the mid‐1980s. The amorphous alloys showed ideal properties, for example, high thermal stability at r.t. and laser‐induced rapid crystallization with large optical changes. Thereafter, GeSbTe was successively applied to various optical disks such as DVDs and BDs. Through DSC and XRD analyses, the appearance of the metastable phase having a NaCl‐type structure was observed over a wide compositional region. This was the “key” to realizing the ideal phase‐change properties. During this year, the role of the constituent elements of Ge and Sb became clear by RMC modeling using AXS data at SPring‐8, where the “nucleation dominant crystallization process” was well explained. magnified imageThe aspect of the latest Blu‐ray Disc (BD) product of Panasonic: GeSbTe phase‐change films are utilized in every recording layer. It is seen that the front‐side recording layers, L1 and L2, are highly transparent.
College Student Stressors: A Review of the Qualitative Research
Authors: Hurst Carrie S. , Baranik Lisa E. , Daniel Francis 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA total of 40 qualitative studies were reviewed and coded according to the college student stressors they represented. These studies utilized a variety of qualitative methods to examine stressors representing the following themes: relationships, lack of resources, academics, the environment, expectations, diversity, transitions and other stressors. Relationship stressors were the most commonly reported theme and covered areas including stress associated with family, romantic, peer and faculty relationships. Three of the themes (relationships, diversity and other) are novel categories of stressors compared with quantitative reviews on the topic, highlighting the importance of gathering both quantitative and qualitative pieces of information. This review contributes to the stress literature by synthesizing and identifying trends in the qualitative student stress research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Nanodiamond Host on a Nitrogen‐Vacancy Color‐Centre Emission State
Authors: Bradac Carlo , Gaebel Torsten , Pakes Chris. I. , Say Jana M. , Zvyagin Andrei V. , Rabeau James R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractControl over the quantum states of individual luminescent nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centres in nanodiamonds (NDs) is demonstrated by careful design of the crystal host: its size, surface functional groups, and interfacing substrate. By progressive etching of the ND host, the NV centres are induced to switch from latent, through continuous, to intermittent or “blinking” emission states. The blinking mechanism of the NV centre in NDs is elucidated and a qualitative model proposed to explain this phenomenon in terms of the centre electron(s) tunnelling to acceptor site(s). These measurements suggest that the substrate material and its proximity to the NV are responsible for the fluorescence intermittency.
Cardiovascular function in adulthood following intrauterine growth restriction with abnormal fetal blood flow
Authors: Bjarnegård N. , Morsing E. , Cinthio M. , Länne T. , Brodszki J. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine whether intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk later in life.MethodsWe examined 19 young adults (aged 22–25 years) who were born at term after IUGR, along with 18 controls. All had been examined previously with fetal Doppler, and in the present follow‐up with echocardiography, carotid echo‐tracking ultrasound, applanation tonometry, blood pressure and laser Doppler, in order to characterize their cardiac and vascular geometry and/or function.ResultsThe diameter of the ascending aorta and the left ventricular diameter were smaller in the IUGR group, but only ascending aortic diameter remained significantly smaller after adjustment for body surface area (P < 0.05). The aortic pressure augmentation index was higher in the IUGR group (P < 0.05). The common carotid artery diameter, intima–media thickness and distensibility as well as left ventricular mass and function were similar in the two groups. IUGR status was found to be an independent predictor of ascending aortic diameter.ConclusionsIUGR due to placental dysfunction seems to contribute to the higher systolic blood pressure augmentation and the smaller aortic dimensions that are observed in adults more than 20 years later, with possible negative consequences for future left ventricular performance due to increased aortic impedance.
Measuring Global Surgical Disparities: A Survey of Surgical and Anesthesia Infrastructure in Bangladesh
Authors: LeBrun Drake G. , Dhar Debashish , Sarkar Md. Imran H. , Imran T. M. Tanzil A. , Kazi Sayadat N. , McQueen K. A. Kelly 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundSurgically treatable diseases weigh heavily on the lives of people in resource‐poor countries. Though global surgical disparities are increasingly recognized as a public health priority, the extent of these disparities is unknown because of a lack of data. The present study sought to measure surgical and anesthesia infrastructure in Bangladesh as part of an international study assessing surgical and anesthesia capacity in low income nations.MethodsA comprehensive survey tool was administered via convenience sampling at one public district hospital and one public tertiary care hospital in each of the seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh.ResultsThere are an estimated 1,200 obstetricians, 2,615 general and subspecialist surgeons, and 850 anesthesiologists in Bangladesh. These numbers correspond to 0.24 surgical providers per 10,000 people and 0.05 anesthesiologists per 10,000 people. Surveyed hospitals performed a large number of operations annually despite having minimal clinical human resources and inadequate physical infrastructure. Shortages in equipment and/or essential medicines were reported at all hospitals and these shortages were particularly severe at the district hospital level.ConclusionsIn order to meet the immense demand for surgical care in Bangladesh, public hospitals must address critical shortages in skilled human resources, inadequate physical infrastructure, and low availability of equipment and essential medications. This study identified numerous areas in which the international community can play a vital role in increasing surgical and anesthesia capacity in Bangladesh and ensuring safe surgery for all in the country.