bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respecting Autonomy Over Time: Policy and Empirical Evidence on Re‐Consent in Longitudinal Biomedical Research
Authors: Wallace Susan E , Gourna Elli G , Laurie Graeme , Shoush Osama , Wright Jessica 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRe‐consent in research, the asking for a new consent if there is a change in protocol or to confirm the expectations of participants in case of change, is an under‐explored issue. There is little clarity as to what changes should trigger re‐consent and what impact a re‐consent exercise has on participants and the research project. This article examines applicable policy statements and literature for the prevailing arguments for and against re‐consent in relation to longitudinal cohort studies, tissue banks and biobanks. Examples of re‐consent exercises are presented, triggers and non‐triggers for re‐consent discussed and the conflicting attitudes of commentators, participants and researchers highlighted. We acknowledge current practice and argue for a greater emphasis on ‘responsive autonomy,’ that goes beyond a one‐time consent and encourages greater communication between the parties involved. A balance is needed between respecting participants' wishes on how they want their data and samples used and enabling effective research to proceed.
Measuring the foundations of school readiness: Introducing a new questionnaire for teachers – The Brief Early Skills and Support Index (BESSI)
Authors: Hughes Claire , Daly Irenee , Foley Sarah , White Naomi , Devine Rory T. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundEarly work on school readiness focused on academic skills. Recent research highlights the value of also including both children's social and behavioural competencies and family support.AimsReflecting this broader approach, this study aimed to develop a new and brief questionnaire for teachers: The Brief Early Skills and Support Index (BESSI).SampleThe main sample, recruited from the north‐west of England, included 1,456 children (49% male), aged 2.5 to 5.5 years. A second sample consisting of 258 children (44% male) aged 3 to 5.5 years was recruited to assess the test–retest reliability of the BESSI across a 1‐month interval.MethodsFollowing development and pilot work with early years teachers, a streamlined (30 items) version of the BESSI was sent to 98 teachers and nursery staff, who rated the children in their class.ResultsThe best‐fitting model included four latent factors: Three child factors (Behavioural Adjustment, Language and Cognition, and Daily Living Skills) and one Family Support factor. The three child factors exhibited measurement invariance across gender. All four factors showed good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Structural equation modelling showed that (1) boys had more problems than girls on all three child factors; (2) older children showed better Language and Cognition and Daily Living Skills than younger children; and (3) children eligible for free school meals (an index of financial hardship) had more problems on all four latent factors. Family Support latent scores predicted all three child latent factors and accounted for their correlation with financial hardship.ConclusionsThe BESSI is a promising brief teacher–report screening tool that appears suitable for children aged 2.5 to 5.5 and provides a broader perspective upon school readiness than previous measures.
How to increase the benefits of cooperation: Effects of training in transactive communication on cooperative learning
Authors: Jurkowski Susanne , Hänze Martin 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundTransactive communication means referring to and building on a learning partner's idea, by, for example, extending the partner's idea or interlinking the partner's idea with an idea of one's own. This transforms the partner's idea into a more elaborate one. Previous research found a positive relationship between students' transactive communication and their learning results when working in small groups.AimsTo increase the benefits of cooperation, we developed and tested a module for training students in transactive communication. We assumed that this training would enhance students' transactive communication and also increase their knowledge acquisition during cooperative learning. Further, we distinguished between an actor's transactive communication and a learning partner's transactive communication and expected both to be positively associated with an actor's knowledge acquisition.SampleParticipants were 80 university students.MethodsIn an experiment with pre‐ and post‐test measurements, transactive communication was measured by coding students' communication in a cooperative learning situation before training and in another cooperative learning situation after training. For the post‐test cooperative learning situation, knowledge was pre‐tested and post‐tested.ResultsTrained students outperformed controls in transactive communication and in knowledge acquisition. Positive training effects on actors' knowledge acquisition were partially mediated by the improved actors' transactive communication. Moreover, actors' knowledge acquisition was positively influenced by learning partners' transactive communication.ConclusionsResults show a meaningful increase in the benefits of cooperation through the training in transactive communication. Furthermore, findings indicate that students benefit from both elaborating on their partner's ideas and having their own ideas elaborated on.
Long‐term results of a prospective randomized trial assessing the impact of re‐adaptation of the dorsolateral peritoneal layer after extended pelvic lymph node dissection and cystectomy
Authors: Vartolomei Mihai Dorin , Kiss Bernhard , Vidal Alvaro , Burkhard Fiona , Thalmann George N. , Roth Beat 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term oncological and functional outcomes of re‐adaptation of the dorsolateral peritoneal layer after pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and cystectomy.Patients and MethodsA randomized, single‐centre, single‐blinded, two‐arm trial was conducted on 200 consecutive patients who underwent PLND and cystectomy for bladder cancer (<cT4, cN0, cM0) between April 2006 and September 2009. Patients were randomized into two groups: group A with re‐adaptation of the dorsolateral peritoneal layer (n = 100; 73 male, 27 female; median [range] age 68 [35–86] years) and group B without re‐adapation (n = 100; 66 male, 34 female; median [range] age 65 [30–86] years). Regular postoperative follow‐up was performed at our outpatient clinic. The median follow‐up was 59 (3–100) months. Five patients were lost to follow‐up in group A and seven in group B. Bowel function was evaluated using the validated Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index questionnaire and an institutional questionnaire regarding post‐cystectomy outcome. Local recurrences and distal metastases were evaluated using computed tomography and bone scan at the regular follow‐up visits.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the rate of local (pelvic) recurrence (5/95 [5.3%] in group A; 7/93 [7.5%] in group B; P = 0.53), the rate of distant metastases (21/95 [22.1%] in group A; 23/93 [24.7%] in group B; P = 0.67), cancer‐specific survival (P = 0.37) or overall survival (P = 0.59). Group A had significantly better bowel function at 3 (P < 0.001), 6 (P < 0.006), 12 (P < 0.006) and 24 months (P = 0.04), and significantly less postoperative abdominal pain and bloating at 3 (P = 0.002) and 6 months (P = 0.01).ConclusionRe‐adaptation of the dorsolateral peritoneal layer after PLND and cystectomy has a beneficial long‐term impact on bowel function and postoperative pain without compromising oncological radicality.
Synthesis and Anti‐neuroinflammatory Activity of Lactone Benzoyl Hydrazine and 2‐nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐Indole Derivatives as p38α MAPK Inhibitors
Authors: Cheng Bao , Lin Yongsheng , Kuang Ming , Fang Sai , Gu Qiong , Xu Jun , Wang Laiyou 
Published: May 2015

Inhibition of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) would allow significant modulation of the neuroinflammation condition associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inspired from the pharmacophore of natural NF‐κB and p38α MAPK inhibitor 5,6‐dehydrokawain and p38α MAPK inhibitors 1a, 1‐pyrazolyl‐3‐(4‐((2‐anilinopyrimidin‐4‐yl)oxy)napththalen‐1‐yl)ureas, and 1b, a class of indole–pyrimidinyl compounds which were patented respectively, we designed, de novo synthesized, and evaluated two kinds of novel series of lactone benzoyl hydrazine derivatives and 2‐nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐indole derivatives in an effort to develop pharmacologically tractable agents to alleviate the progression of AD. Fourteen of the seventeen synthesized compounds exhibit significant inhibitory effect on the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced microglia activation with IC50 less than the control 5,6‐dehydrokawain. Notably, compound 27, 6‐methoxy‐2‐nitro‐1‐(1H‐1, 2, 3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐1H‐indole, with IC50 values of 1.6 μm can markedly inhibit p38α MAPK and NO release in BV‐2 microglial cells. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations demonstrate that compound 27 inhibits p38α MAPK through binding to the Glu71 and Asp168 residues. Moreover, in vitro study shows that all compounds can easily cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and did not exhibit any acute cellular toxicity checked by MTT assay. These investigations provide promising chemical lead candidate as anti‐neuroinflammatory agents for AD.
An immediate peri‐implantitis induction model to study regenerative peri‐implantitis treatments
Authors: Park Shin‐Young , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Rhee Sang‐Hoon , Lee Jeong‐Cheol , Shin Seung‐Yun , Lee Yong‐Moo , Seol Yang‐Jo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the immediate peri‐implantitis model to test regenerative therapies in peri‐implantitis defects.Material and methodsIn an immediate peri‐implantitis model in beagles, the mandibular third premolars were extracted, and dental implants were immediately placed in the distal extraction sockets. Without a healing period, experimental peri‐implantitis was induced by ligature placement for 3 months. In the conventional peri‐implantitis model, dental implants were placed in the healed mandibular fourth premolar region and were submerged for osseointegration. After 3 months of healing, peri‐implantitis induction was performed for another 3 months. After peri‐implantitis defects were formed in both models, regenerative therapy was performed in both models.ResultsAfter 3 months in the immediate model and 9 months in the conventional model, similarly shaped horizontal bone defects (wide and craterlike) were observed. However, buccal bone defects were deeply formed in the immediate model compared with the conventional model (6.02 ± 1.20 and 4.34 ± 0.86 mm, respectively; P = 0.009), but the amounts of bone regeneration were not significantly different between the models (P = 0.107). On the lingual side, re‐osseointegration was significantly greater in the conventional model than in the immediate model (0.72 ± 0.50 and 1.77 ± 0.87 mm, respectively; P = 0.009), although lingual bone defects were not significantly different between the models (P = 0.248).ConclusionsAlthough the immediate peri‐implantitis model is challenging for regeneration, it may be able to replace the conventional model to study regenerative peri‐implantitis treatment due to its short experimental time and similar defect configuration.
Tube ileostomy for faecal diversion in elective distal colorectal anastomosis: a systematic review and pooled analysis
Authors: Nachiappan S. , Datta U. , Askari A. , Faiz O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTube ileostomy may be an alternative technique to loop ileostomy for protection of distal anastomosis, but its evidence base has not yet been established. This systematic review aims to evaluate the use of tube ileostomy and compare the outcomes associated with it.MethodA systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane database was conducted. Studies reporting on elective left‐sided/colorectal anastomosis were included. Studies which reported on emergent surgery, small bowel anastomosis or tube ileostomy as a bridging procedure were excluded. The intra‐operative technique, postoperative management and complications were assessed. Outcome measures included anastomotic leak, reoperation and complications related to the stoma or tube ileostomy.ResultsSeven studies met the inclusion criteria. Three were case series with 101 patients and four were nonrandomized comparative studies with 665 patients. Pooled analyses of three comparative studies, comparing tube ileostomy (n = 278) with loop ileostomy (n = 254), revealed no significant differences in anastomotic leak rates (pooled OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.41–1.75; I2 = 0%, P = 0.43).ConclusionThere is a re‐emergence of interest in the use of tube ileostomy to defunction a distal anastomosis. Pooled analyses of studies comparing tube ileostomy with loop ileostomy do not show statistically significant differences in anastomotic leak rates. Further refinement of this technique and randomized controlled studies are necessary for this technique to be routinely taken up by surgeons.
The Role of Semantic Clustering in Optimal Memory Foraging
Authors: Montez Priscilla , Thompson Graham , Kello Christopher T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecent studies of semantic memory have investigated two theories of optimal search adopted from the animal foraging literature: Lévy flights and marginal value theorem. Each theory makes different simplifying assumptions and addresses different findings in search behaviors. In this study, an experiment is conducted to test whether clustering in semantic memory may play a role in evidence for both theories. Labeled magnets and a whiteboard were used to elicit spatial representations of semantic knowledge about animals. Category recall sequences from a separate experiment were used to trace search paths over the spatial representations of animal knowledge. Results showed that spatial distances between animal names arranged on the whiteboard were correlated with inter‐response intervals (IRIs) during category recall, and distributions of both dependent measures approximated inverse power laws associated with Lévy flights. In addition, IRIs were relatively shorter when paths first entered animal clusters, and longer when they exited clusters, which is consistent with marginal value theorem. In conclusion, area‐restricted searches over clustered semantic spaces may account for two different patterns of results interpreted as supporting two different theories of optimal memory foraging.
The Prognostic Utility of Echo‐Estimated Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure–Volume Relationship in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Heart and Soul Study
Authors: Mishra Rakesh K. , Tietjens Jeremy , Regan Mathilda , Whooley Mary A. , Schiller Nelson B. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundWhile changes in the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure–volume relationship (LV‐EDPVR) can be estimated using echocardiography, their prognostic utility in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown.MethodsUsing echo‐estimated LV end‐diastolic volume index and diastolic function category, the relative position of the LV‐EDPVR was defined in 901 participants with stable CAD as: (1) left‐shifted, (2) right‐shifted, or (3) intermediate. We then evaluated the association of LV‐EDPVR position relative to the intermediate category with time to hospitalization for heart failure (HF) or cardiovascular (CV) death using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsDuring 7.0 ± 3.1 years of follow‐up, there were 207 admissions for HF or CV deaths. Both leftward and rightward shifts of LV‐EDPVR were associated with a significantly higher risk of HF or CV death (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.15–2.62 and HR 6.75, 95% CI 4.02–11.31, respectively). In multivariable‐adjusted models, these associations were attenuated but remained significant (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.08–2.55 for left‐shifted and HR 4.19, 95% CI 2.32–7.55 for right‐shifted). The association of LV‐EDPVR with HF or CV death was no longer significant after inclusion of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide level as a covariate.ConclusionsIn stable CAD, echo‐estimated leftward and rightward shifts in the LV‐EDPVR are associated with HF and CV death. The loss of these associations after adjustment for N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide level suggests that echo‐estimated LV‐EDPVR captures changes in LV filling pressure at any given LV end‐diastolic volume.
Absence of an association between socioeconomic indicators and traumatic dental injury: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Corrêa‐Faria Patrícia , Martins Carolina C. , Bönecker Marcelo , Paiva Saul M. , Ramos‐Jorge Maria Letícia , Pordeus Isabela A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and search for scientific evidence on the association between socioeconomic indicators and traumatic dental injury (TDI) in the primary dentition.MethodologyThe PubMed, ISI, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for articles addressing possible associations between socioeconomic indicators and TDI in the primary teeth in journals dating from the inception of the databases through to December 2013. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and analyzed the quality of the studies. Meta‐analysis was undertaken. Pooled estimates were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratios (OR).ResultsSixteen articles were included in the systematic review. Children from families with household income less than two times average salary (U$ 592) (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66–0.90) or more than three times the average salary (U$ 888) (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.65–0.89) had a significantly lower chance of having TDI in the primary dentition. TDI was not associated with socioeconomic status (high vs low – OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.43–1.36; high vs medium – OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.72–1.48; medium vs low – OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.42–1.19), house ownership (owned vs rented – OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.98–1.66), mother's schooling (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.74–1.08), or father's schooling (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.62–2.74).ConclusionThe scientific evidence demonstrates that socioeconomic indicators are not associated with TDI in the primary dentition. The evidence of an association between a low income and TDI is weak. In general, studies had low risk of bias. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm this association.
Early adenosine release contributes to hypoxia‐induced disruption of stimulus‐induced sharp wave‐ripple complexes in rat hippocampal area CA3
Authors: Jarosch Marlene S. , Gebhardt Christine , Fano Silvia , Huchzermeyer Christine , ul Haq Rizwan , Behrens Christoph J. , Heinemann Uwe 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigated the effects of hypoxia on sharp wave‐ripple complex (SPW‐R) activity and recurrent epileptiform discharges in rat hippocampal slices, and the mechanisms underlying block of this activity. Oxygen levels were measured using Clark‐style oxygen sensor microelectrodes. In contrast to recurrent epileptiform discharges, oxygen consumption was negligible during SPW‐R activity. These network activities were reversibly blocked when oxygen levels were reduced to 20% or less for 3 min. The prolongation of hypoxic periods to 6 min caused reversible block of SPW‐Rs during 20% oxygen and irreversible block when 0% oxygen (anoxia) was applied. In contrast, recurrent epileptiform discharges were more resistant to prolonged anoxia and almost fully recovered after 6 min of anoxia. SPW‐Rs were unaffected by the application of 1‐butyl‐3‐(4‐methylphenylsulfonyl) urea, a blocker of KATP channels, but they were blocked by activation of adenosine A1 receptors. In support of a modulatory function of adenosine, the amplitude and incidence of SPW‐Rs were increased during application of the A1 receptor antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). Interestingly, hypoxia decreased the frequency of miniature excitatory post‐synaptic currents in CA3 pyramidal cells, an effect that was converted into increased frequency by the adenosine A1 agonist DPCPX. In addition, DPCPX also delayed the onset of hypoxia‐mediated block of SPW‐Rs. Our data suggest that early adenosine release during hypoxia induces a decrease in pre‐synaptic glutamate release and that both might contribute to transient block of SPW‐Rs during hypoxia/anoxia in area CA3.
A quantification of the relationship between neuronal responses in the rat rostral ventromedial medulla and noxious stimulation‐evoked withdrawal reflexes
Authors: Devonshire I. M. , Kwok C. H. T. , Suvik A. , Haywood A. R. , Cooper A. H. , Hathway G. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) regulates a range of involuntary behaviours but is most often associated with nociception via the action of pronociceptive ON cells and antinociceptive OFF cells. The phasic responses of ON and OFF cells determine whether or not incoming noxious signals provoke a withdrawal reflex, and previous studies have suggested that reflex RVM activity patterns actively shape motor output. Here we challenged the model by using juvenile rats, which are known to exhibit markedly different reflex responses compared with adults. By recording single‐cell activity in the RVM and the electromyography responses of hindlimb flexor muscles to noxious thermal stimulation we found that the juvenile reflex had a shorter onset latency, was larger in amplitude and exhibited a decreased rise time compared with the adult reflex. The responses of ON and OFF cells faithfully tracked the shorter onset latency of the reflex by also responding earlier and, thus, still preceded the reflex. However, neither the reflex amplitude nor the ongoing response profile was predicted by the firing rate of RVM cells in either age group. Instead we found a close correspondence between RVM activity and the reflex only during the initiation of the response. Furthermore, the short rise time of the juvenile reflex was reflected in higher rates of change of both ON and OFF cell firing. Our data suggest that the RVM is associated only with the initiation of reflexes and does not shape ongoing muscle activity, which is more likely to be subserved by downstream spinal processes.
Traumatic communication of the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath and antebrachiocarpal joint in two horses
Authors: Walker W. T. , Ducharme N. G. , Reesink H. L. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryTwo horses were examined due to lacerations at the level of the craniodistal antebrachii. Further evaluation of the lacerations revealed communication with the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath and potentially the antebrachiocarpal joint. Positive contrast arthrography performed via the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint was used to diagnose communication with the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath. Both the joints and tendon sheaths were treated aggressively with surgical debridement and lavage, followed by post operative medical management and rehabilitation. Both horses made a full recovery and are performing in their intended level of use with acceptable cosmetic results. Traumatic communication with the carpal joints should be considered when evaluating lacerations involving the forelimb extensor tendon sheaths.