bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in soil carbon and crop yield over 60 years in the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment, following land‐use change from grassland to cropland
Authors: Oberholzer Hans Rudolf , Leifeld Jens , Mayer Jochen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChanges in land‐use and agricultural management affect soil organic C (SOC) storage and soil fertility. Grassland to cropland conversion is often accompanied by SOC losses. However, fertilization, crop rotation, and crop residue management can offset some SOC losses or even convert arable soils into C sinks. This paper presents the first assessment of changes in SOC stocks and crop yields in a 60‐year field trial, the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment A493 (ZOFE) in Switzerland. The experiment comprises 12 treatments with different organic, inorganic and combined fertilization regimes. Since conversion to arable land use in 1949, all treatments have lost SOC at annual rates of 0.10–0.25 t C ha−1, with estimated mean annual C inputs from organic fertilizers and aboveground and belowground plant residues of 0.6–2.4 t C ha−1. In all treatments, SOC losses are still in progress, indicating that a new equilibrium has not yet been reached. Crop yields have responded sensitively to advances in plant breeding and in fertilization. However, in ZOFE high yields can only be ensured when mineral fertilizer is applied at rates typical for modern agriculture, with yields of main crops (winter wheat, maize, potatoes, clover‐grass ley) decreasing by 25–50% when manure without additional mineral fertilizer is applied. ZOFE shows that land‐use change from non‐intensively managed grassland to cropland leads to soil C losses of 15–40%, even in rotations including legumes and intercrops, improved agricultural management and organic fertilizer application.
Solid‐phase microextraction of phthalate esters by a new coating based on a thermally stable polypyrrole/graphene oxide composite
Authors: Jafari Mostafa , Ebrahimzadeh Homeira , Banitaba Mohammad Hossein , Davarani Saied Saeed Hosseiny 
Published: August 2014

A novel polypyrole/graphene oxide coating was made by the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and graphene oxide on a platinum wire. The prepared fiber has shown a good thermal stability up to 300°C. The fiber was applied to the direct solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatographic analysis of four phthalate esters. The effect of four parameters on gas chromatography peak area including extraction temperature, extraction time, injection temperature, and ionic strength were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits were between 0.042 and 0.26 μg/L. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations obtained at 55 μg/L, using a single fiber, were 8.2–16% and 17.3–25.6%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of phthalate esters in two real samples of boiling water in cheap disposable clear plastic drinking cups showing recoveries from 83 to 120%.
The clinical utility of vocal dosimetry for assessing voice rest
Authors: Misono Stephanie , Banks Kathryn , Gaillard Philippe , Goding George S. , Yueh Bevan 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisVoice rest is frequently recommended following surgical disruption of vocal fold epithelium, but patients report variable adherence to voice rest recommendations. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical utility of an ambulatory vocal dosimeter for measuring adherence to voice rest recommendations.Study DesignOutcomes research.MethodsPart 1: To determine the utility of the dosimeter in nonclinical use, the relationship between self‐reported voice use and dosimeter measurements was examined in normal subjects (n = 11) who prospectively logged voice use while wearing the dosimeter. Part 2: To determine clinical utility of the dosimeter, patients undergoing vocal fold surgery for which postoperative voice rest was recommended (n = 11) wore a dosimeter for 2 days prior to and 2 days after surgery. Phonation percent and sound level were compared at baseline and during voice rest.ResultsThe dosimeter performed as hypothesized with both normal subjects and patients. A moderate correlation (r = 0.62) was noted between self‐reported voice use and dosimeter measurements in normal subjects. In patients on voice rest, a statistically and clinically significant decrease was observed in measured voice use, both in phonation time (P = .002) and intensity of phonation (P = .004).ConclusionsAmbulatory vocal dosimetry may have clinical utility for assessing adherence to voice rest recommendations. This information will be useful for the design of future studies on voice rest.Level of Evidence2c Laryngoscope, 125:171–176, 2015
Poly(ε‐caprolactone) and Pluronic Diol‐Containing Segmented Polyurethanes for Shape Memory Performance
Authors: Czifrák Katalin , Karger‐Kocsis József , Daróczi Lajos , Zsuga Miklós , Kéki Sándor 
Published: August 2014

A series of novel segmented linear and crosslinked polyurethanes (PUs) are synthesized from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) (25 kg mol−1), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and various polyether diols (Pluronic (PLU) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)). The basic structures of the highly deformable PUs are PLU/PEG–MDI–PCL–MDI–PLU/PEG and PLU–MDI–PCL–MDI–PLU, respectively. The linear and crosslinked PUs are characterized. Changes in the tensile behavior are attributed to the effects of compositional variables and alterations in the crosslink density. Additional information on the morphology of the segmented PUs is deduced from differential scanning calorimetry, as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigations. Both the linear and the crosslinked PUs exhibit a broad rubbery plateau above the melting temperature of the crystalline PCL phase, which is highly beneficial for shape memory function. This work highlights that the chemical build‐up of soft segments containing high‐molecular‐weight crystallizable chain units is a proper tool to tailor the morphology and mechanical properties of PUs, and thus also their shape memory properties.
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Materialism, Religion, and Implications for Marketing—An Ethnographic Study of Nichiren Buddhism
Authors: Choudhury Koushiki 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe pursuit of material pleasures, construed as symbolizing consumer culture, is often at odds with religion. Hence for consumers for whom religion is important, there may be a quandary reconciling religious values, such as simple living and modest possessions with living in today's society awash with the ideology of consumerism with its abundance of goods and propaganda of the materialistic good life. This study explores how consumers reconcile religious precepts with materialism in today's consumer culture and society with an ethnographic study of a worldwide Buddhist organization that practices Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism. The study reveals that religion can embrace even the paradoxical entities of consumerism, materialism, and spiritualism; transcend thought duality; and emanate the positive potential intrinsic to all, leading to an individual human revolution with implications for marketing and societal transformation. The researcher hopes to add to the understanding of the religion, consumerism, and materialism linkage.
The pH induced vesicle to micelle morphology transition of a THP‐protected polymer
Authors: Doncom Kay E. B. , Willcock Helen , O'Reilly Rachel K. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA diblock copolymer consisting of tetrahydropyranyl acrylate (THPA) as a pH‐deprotectable block, and a permanently hydrophobic block, methyl acrylate, was synthesized by RAFT polymerization using a quaternary amine functionalized, hydrophilic, RAFT chain transfer agent. The polymer self‐assembled in water to form vesicles with Dh = 130 nm, as determined by DLS and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Acid catalyzed deprotection of the THPA units to yield acrylic acid resulted in a vesicle to micelle morphology transition, as evidenced by the decrease in hydrodynamic diameter to Dh = 19 nm and the observation of micelles by dry state transmission electron microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3026–3031
Pollen count and exhaled nitric oxide levels in a seasonal allergic rhinitis patient
Authors: Shirai Toshihiro , Mochizuki Eisuke , Asada Kazuhiro , Suda Takafumi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe subject was a 52‐year‐old man with Japanese cedar pollinosis, which developed between February and May. He had no history of asthma and was an ex‐smoker. He underwent fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements twice a week from 2010 to 2012. The pollen counts in 2010 were the lowest during the last decade, and the FeNO level was less than 30 ppb for the whole year. In contrast, the mean pollen count in 2011 was very high and the patient's FeNO level rose to more than 100 ppb. The mean pollen count in 2012 was comparable with that of 2010; however, high counts were detected in April and May, and the FeNO level rose to 70 ppb during the latter stages of the pollen season. These results indicate that pollen counts should be taken into consideration during the interpretation of FeNO data in asthma or allergic rhinitis.
Improvement to the scanning electron microscope image adaptive Canny optimization colorization by pseudo‐mapping
Authors: Lo T. Y. , Sim K. S. , Tso C. P. , Nia M. E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn improvement to the previously proposed adaptive Canny optimization technique for scanning electron microscope image colorization is reported. The additional feature, called pseudo‐mapping technique, is that the grayscale markings are temporarily mapped to a set of pre‐defined pseudo‐color map as a mean to instill color information for grayscale colors in chrominance channels. This allows the presence of grayscale markings to be identified; hence optimization colorization of grayscale colors is made possible. This additional feature enhances the flexibility of scanning electron microscope image colorization by providing wider range of possible color enhancement. Furthermore, the nature of this technique also allows users to adjust the luminance intensities of selected region from the original image within certain extent. SCANNING 36:530–539, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Observation of Model Catalysts under Reaction Conditions Using X‐ray Core‐Level Spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshida Masaaki , Kondoh Hiroshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChemical reactions at solid surfaces are of great importance in heterogeneous catalysis and the understanding of their reaction mechanisms has been challenged for a long time by a wide variety of approaches. In situ observation of model catalysts under reaction conditions is a promising approach to understand the mechanisms. Toward this aim we have been developing several spectroscopic techniques using synchrotron‐radiation X‐rays. In this Personal Account, synchrotron‐radiation‐based X‐ray core‐level spectroscopies for in situ observation are introduced and some of their applications in studying the mechanisms of catalytic reactions are highlighted. Future directions for further development of these spectroscopies are also described.
Applications of Time‐Domain Spectroscopy to Electron–Phonon Coupling Dynamics at Surfaces
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiyasu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhotochemistry is one of the most important branches in chemistry to promote and control chemical reactions. In particular, there has been growing interest in photoinduced processes at solid surfaces and interfaces with liquids such as water for developing efficient solar energy conversion. For example, photoinduced charge transfer between adsorbates and semiconductor substrates at the surfaces of metal oxides induced by photogenerated holes and electrons is a core process in photovoltaics and photocatalysis. In these photoinduced processes, electron–phonon coupling plays a central role. This paper describes how time‐domain spectroscopy is applied to elucidate electron–phonon coupling dynamics at metal and semiconductor surfaces. Because nuclear dynamics induced by electronic excitation through electron–phonon coupling take place in the femtosecond time domain, the pump‐and‐probe method with ultrashort pulses used in time‐domain spectroscopy is a natural choice for elucidating the electron–phonon coupling at metal and semiconductor surfaces. Starting with a phenomenological theory of coherent phonons generated by impulsive electronic excitation, this paper describes a couple of illustrative examples of the applications of linear and nonlinear time‐domain spectroscopy to a simple adsorption system, alkali metal on Cu(111), and more complex photocatalyst systems.
A self‐organized resource allocation scheme for heterogeneous macro‐femto networks
Authors: Mehta Mahima , Rane Nirbhay , Karandikar Abhay , Imran Muhammad Ali , Evans Barry G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the radio resource management (RRM) issues in a heterogeneous macro‐femto network. The objective of femto deployment is to improve coverage, capacity, and experienced quality of service of indoor users. The location and density of user‐deployed femtos is not known a‐priori. This makes interference management crucial. In particular, with co‐channel allocation (to improve resource utilization efficiency), RRM becomes involved because of both cross‐layer and co‐layer interference. In this paper, we review the resource allocation strategies available in the literature for heterogeneous macro‐femto network. Then, we propose a self‐organized resource allocation (SO‐RA) scheme for an orthogonal frequency division multiple access based macro‐femto network to mitigate co‐layer interference in the downlink transmission. We compare its performance with the existing schemes like Reuse‐1, adaptive frequency reuse (AFR), and AFR with power control (one of our proposed modification to AFR approach) in terms of 10 percentile user throughput and fairness to femto users. The performance of AFR with power control scheme matches closely with Reuse‐1, while the SO‐RA scheme achieves improved throughput and fairness performance. SO‐RA scheme ensures minimum throughput guarantee to all femto users and exhibits better performance than the existing state‐of‐the‐art resource allocation schemes.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Luminescence of Two Lanthanide‐Carboxylate Frameworks based on the 1, 4‐Naphthalenedicarboxylate and Oxalate Mixed Ligands
Authors: Gao Ming‐Jun , Wang Yu‐Ling , Cao Hai‐Yan , Liu Qing‐Yan , Chen Li‐Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIonothermal reactions of Ln(NO3)3 [Ln = Eu (1), Sm (2)] with 1, 4‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (1, 4‐H2ndc) and oxalic acid (H2ox) in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (EMIM‐Br) ionic liquid (IL) afforded two lanthanide compounds, namely, {(EMIM)[Ln(1, 4‐ndc)(ox)0.5Br]}n [Ln = Eu (1), Sm (2)]. The two isomorphous compounds consist of anionic three‐dimensional lanthanide‐carboxylate frameworks and extraframework charge‐balancing species of [EMIM]+ cations. Both compounds are 6‐connected pcu topological nets based on the dinuclear lanthanide secondary building units. It is noted that the cationic and anionic components of the IL are incorporated into the structures under the present ionothermal conditions. Moreover, the use of IL solvent for preparation of the lanthanide compounds can prevent the coordination of water and organic solvent molecules from central lanthanide atoms effectively. Detailed photoluminescence studies showed both compounds exhibit typical lanthanide luminescent emissions. An efficient excitation energy transfer from organic ligand‐to‐EuIII ion is observed in compound 1.
Using formal reasoning on a model of tasks for FreeRTOS
Authors: Cheng Shu , Woodcock Jim , D’Souza Deepak 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
FreeRTOS is an open-source real-time microkernel that has a wide community of users. We present the formal specification of the behaviour of the task part of FreeRTOS that deals with the creation, management, and scheduling of tasks using priority-based preemption. Our model is written in the Z notation, and we verify its consistency using the Z/Eves theorem prover. This includes a precise statement of the preconditions for all API commands. This task model forms the basis for three dimensions of further work: (a) the modelling of the rest of the behaviour of queues, time, mutex, and interrupts in FreeRTOS; (b) refinement of the models to code to produce a verified implementation; and (c) extension of the behaviour of FreeRTOS to multi-core architectures. We propose all three dimensions as benchmark challenge problems for Hoare’s Verified Software Initiative.
Exploring Barriers to Payer Utilization of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Doyle Nan , Cirino Allison , Trivedi Amber , Flynn Maureen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAccess to genetic counselors’ services is neither universal nor automatic, due in part to the gatekeeper role of healthcare payers – the companies and agencies that purchase healthcare services on patients’ behalf and control the bulk of healthcare spending. This pilot study surveyed and analyzed the relative importance of barriers to expanded payer coverage of genetic counselors’ services. Surveys were mailed to 263 medical directors and quality assurance directors at health insurance carriers throughout the United States. Respondents provided demographic information and indicated the importance of nine possible barriers, plus an optional write‐in “other.” Twenty‐two surveys were analyzed. “Evidence that use of genetic counselors improves health outcomes” led the list of factors having a significant/very significant influence on coverage policy. Sixteen respondents (73 %) rated this factor “4” or “5” on a Likert scale; it also received the most #1 rankings and the highest score using a weighted‐mean analysis. Provider practice guidelines, CMS/Medicare regulations, and genetic counselor licensure‐all of which are outside of payers’ direct control‐also ranked highly. The research demonstrates that although the potential barriers to expanded reimbursement for genetic counselors are numerous and complex, some are more consistently identified as important and therefore more deserving of legislative and advocacy resources to effect change. Future research should endeavor to increase survey response and include providers as well as payers. (222 words)
The Utilization of Counseling Skills by the Laboratory Genetic Counselor
Authors: Goodenberger McKinsey L. , Thomas Brittany C. , Wain Karen E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe number of available genetic testing options and the nuances associated with these options continue to expand. In addition, the scope of genetic testing has broadened to areas and specialties beyond Medical Genetics. In response to these changes, diagnostic laboratories have employed genetic counselors to help navigate the increasing complexity of genetic testing, given their expertise and training in human genetics. However a largely unrecognized aspect of this role involves the use of counseling skills. Counseling skills are used by laboratory genetic counselors in a variety of situations to convey information and facilitate understanding among clinicians and medical staff. This helps to reduce test ordering errors, promote optimal test utilization, and ensure best patient care practices. The specific counseling skills used by laboratory counselors will be explored using three fictional case vignettes, followed by a discussion of the applicability of these skills in other contexts. Exploration of the unique ways in which laboratory genetic counselors apply their counseling skills can be useful for professional development and instructive for graduate training programs.
Synthesis, Physico‐Chemical Properties and Enhanced Oil Recovery Flooding Evaluation of Novel Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Dong Zhen , Zheng Ying , Zhao Jianshe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this work, a novel series of zwitterionic gemini surfactants with different hydrophobic tails were synthesized and characterized. The physico‐chemical properties of these products (such as surface tension, oil/water interfacial tension, foaming ability, and the wetting ability of paraffin‐coated sandstone) were fully studied. The CMC of the synthesized surfactants ranged from 2.17 × 10−4 mol L−1 to 5.36 × 10−4 mol L−1 and corresponding surface tension (γCMC) ranged from 26.49 mN m−1 to 29.06 mN m−1, which showed excellent efficiency among the comparison surfactants. All the products can reduce the interfacial tension to a relatively low level of about 0.1–1.0 mN m−1. Additionally, results from applying different hydrocarbons suggested that the synergy will be clearer and oil/water interfacial tension will be lower if the oil components are similar to the surfactants. Contact angle and foaming measurements indicated that the surfactants exhibited good wetting and foaming abilities. The results of oil flooding experiments using an authentic sandstone microscopic model showed that C‐12 and CA‐12 could effectively improve the displacement efficiency by 21–29 %.
Efficiency of Laundry Polymers Containing Liquid Detergents for Hard Surface Cleaning
Authors: Uner Ahmet , Yilmaz Faruk 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThree water soluble laundry polymers were employed for the first time in liquid detergent formulations for hard surface cleaning. The polymers included in the formulations were the sodium salt of maleic acid/olefin copolymer (P1, anionic), polyethyleneimine (P2, cationic), and polyethylene glycol‐g‐vinyl acetate (P3, nonionic). Commercially available surfactants (C10 Guerbet alcohol alkoxylate (FAEO), caprylyl/decyl glucoside (APG), and the sodium salt of ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfate (SLES) were chosen to formulate bathroom, kitchen, and all‐purpose cleaners, which provide the desired broad of pH range for hard surface applications. Their hard surface cleaning efficiencies were also compared with an amphoteric polymer (amino modified polycarboxylate, P4) as amphoteric polymers are the most suitable structures for hard surface cleaning. The standard test method and the cleaning device, the so‐called cleaning robot, were used to investigate the primary cleaning performances and synergies of the chosen polymers in a hard surface cleaners system. Secondary cleaning performance tests, which indicate the effects of the hard surface cleaners on surface modification, were also performed. The results revealed that the formulations containing P3 and P4 gave the better cleaning performance for primary cleaning tests whereas only P4‐containing formulations showed the significant results for secondary cleaning tests.