bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Spatial‐Numerical Associations a Cornerstone for Arithmetic Learning? The Lack of Genuine Correlations Suggests No
Authors: Cipora Krzysztof , Patro Katarzyna , Nuerk Hans‐Christoph 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe mental number line metaphor describes how numbers are associated with space. These spatial‐numerical associations (SNA) are subserved by parietal structures (mainly intraparietal sulcus [IPS] and posterior superior parietal lobule [PSPL]). Generally, it is assumed that this association is a basic cornerstone for arithmetic skills. In this review, we present a taxonomy of SNAs and outline which of them are related to arithmetic skills. Recent research suggests that not all SNAs are related to arithmetic skills; for instance, the spatial‐numerical association of response codes (SNARC) is not or at least less related to arithmetic skills than SNAs assessed in the number line estimation task. In general, we conclude that the relationship between SNAs and arithmetic skills are rather weak or caused by mediating variables. Nevertheless, interventions based on relations between space and numbers can be beneficial for arithmetic skills because space is a powerful tool to understand arithmetic concepts.
Learning From Examples Versus Verbal Directions in Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Lee Hee Seung , Fincham Jon M. , Anderson John R. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis event‐related fMRI study investigated the differences between learning from examples and learning from verbal directions in mathematical problem solving and how these instruction types affect the activity of relevant brain regions during instruction and solution periods within problem‐solving trials. We identified distinct neural signatures during the instruction period of trials. While studying examples, greater activation was found in the prefrontal and parietal regions that were known to be involved in mathematical problem solving. In contrast, while studying verbal directions, increased activation was found in motor and visual regions. These differences, however, disappeared during the solution period. During the solution period, participants showed brain activation patterns like those they displayed while studying an example, regardless of which instruction they learned from. The results suggest instruction type becomes irrelevant after students get to an understanding. Educational implications were discussed with regard to example‐based instruction.
The identification of raft‐derived tau‐associated vesicles that are incorporated into immature tangles and paired helical filaments
Authors: Nishikawa T. , Takahashi T. , Nakamori M. , Hosomi N. , Maruyama H. , Miyazaki Y. , Izumi Y. , Matsumoto M. 
Published: October 2015

AimsNeurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a cardinal pathological feature of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are primarily composed of hyper‐phosphorylated tau protein. Recently, several other molecules, including flotillin‐1, phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), have also been revealed as constituents of NFTs. Flotillin‐1 and PtdIns(4,5)P2 are considered markers of raft microdomains, whereas CDK5 is a tau kinase. Therefore, we hypothesized that NFTs have a relationship with raft domains and the tau phosphorylation that occurs within NFTs.MethodsWe investigated six cases of AD, six cases of other neurodegenerative diseases with NFTs and three control cases. We analysed the PtdIns(4,5)P2‐immunopositive material in detail, using super‐resolution microscopy and electron microscopy to elucidate its pattern of expression. We also investigated the spatial relationship between the PtdIns(4,5)P2‐immunopositive material and tau kinases through double immunofluorescence analysis.ResultsPretangles contained either paired helical filaments (PHFs) or PtdIns(4,5)P2‐immunopositive small vesicles (approximately 1 μm in diameter) with nearly identical topology to granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) bodies. Various combinations of these vesicles and GVD bodies, the latter of which are pathological hallmarks observed within the neurons of AD patients, were found concurrently in neurons. These vesicles and GVD bodies were both immunopositive not only for PtdIns(4,5)P2, but also for several tau kinases such as glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and spleen tyrosine kinase.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that clusters of raft‐derived vesicles that resemble GVD bodies are substructures of pretangles other than PHFs. These tau kinase‐bearing vesicles are likely involved in the modification of tau protein and in NFT formation.
Bacterial RNAs activate innate immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee Boyoung , Park Yong‐Soon , Lee Soohyun , Song Geun Cheol , Ryu Choong‐Min 
Published: October 2015

Summary

The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants.

We pre‐infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells.

Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre‐infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen‐activated protein kinases and defense‐related genes observed in bacterial RNA‐pre‐treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor‐Tu (EF‐Tu). Plant defense‐related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA‐elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response.

Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe‐associated molecular pattern in plants.
Dynamic QTL mapping for plant height in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Shang Lianguang , Liu Fang , Wang Yumei , Abduweli Abdugheni , Cai Shihu , Wang Kunbo , Hua Jinping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPlant height served as one of model traits to analyse dynamic development. The objective of this research was to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) and dynamic QTL for plant height trait using an intraspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and a constructed genetic map in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Totally, 41 QTL and 23 conditional QTL controlling plant height were detected at two experimental environments, respectively. Four stable QTL were identified simultaneously in both environments. Some QTL identified at the early stage could not be detected at the final stage at plant maturity. Conditional QTL with different genetic effects were identified at certain stages, demonstrating that the expression of QTL had temporal characteristic during plant growth. Therefore, the study of dynamic QTL could unravel temporal genetic patterns controlling complex developmental quantitative traits.
Encouraging Local Compliance with Federal Civil Rights Laws: Field Experiments with the National Voter Registration Act
Authors: Hess Douglas R. , Hanmer Michael J. , Nickerson David W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCan state officials increase local officials’ compliance with an important federal civil rights law with subtle interventions? The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) requires voter registration services at certain government agencies, but many counties fail to comply with the act. Working with officials in two states, the authors conducted field experiments to determine whether two methods commonly used by state officials increase compliance with the NVRA. Findings show that although the effects of the methods on output were sizable relative to recent performance, agency performance remained poor overall, with many offices continuing their history of registering no voters. The authors also discovered that gains in performance were largest for the offices that had performed best in the past. These findings suggest that while subtle interventions by state officials can produce increased compliance, stronger tactics may be needed to secure implementation of this federal law by local government agents.
Play Behavior and Playfulness in Adulthood
Authors: Van Vleet Meredith , Feeney Brooke C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough research has established play behavior and playfulness as important to the well‐being of children and animals, researchers have not typically considered the importance or implications of play in human adults. This is surprising given that play behavior is a topic of high relevance to social psychology. Definitional issues, a lack of a theoretical framework, and a dearth of standardized measures have posed obstacles in the advancement of this interesting research area, which is ripe for investigation. In this review, we summarize the extant literature, identify strengths and weaknesses of this literature, propose definitions to guide future work in this area, identify relevant theories that may be expanded to provide a framework for programmatic research on play in adulthood, and elucidate avenues for future research. Our aim is to encourage the development of this research area within social psychology.
Vascular responsiveness determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy measures of oxygen saturation
Authors: McLay Kaitlin M. , Fontana Federico Y. , Nederveen Josh P. , Guida Federico F. , Paterson Donald H. , Pogliaghi Silvia , Murias Juan M. 
Published: October 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Can the near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐derived reperfusion rate (slope 2) of tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) be correlated with flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), the commonly used method to assess vascular endothelial function?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The present data were able to establish a correlation between the reperfusion rate of StO2 and percentage FMD in healthy young men. These data suggest that NIRS‐derived slope 2 StO2 can be used as a measure of vascular endothelial function.

Vascular impairments at the macro‐ and microcirculatory levels are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) is currently the most widely used method for non‐invasive assessment of vascular endothelial function. Recently, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐derived measures of tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) have been used to characterize the dynamic response of local tissue perfusion to a brief period of ischaemia. The purpose of the present study was to establish correlations between the reperfusion rate of StO2 and FMD. Ultrasound‐derived FMD was quantified after 5 min of distal cuff occlusion of the popliteal artery in 20 healthy young men (26 ± 3 years old). Triplicate measurements of end‐diastolic arterial diameter were made every 15 s after cuff release, and FMD response was calculated as the greatest percentage change in diameter from baseline (%FMD). The StO2 was measured using NIRS throughout the duration of each test. Two consecutive FMD tests were performed, separated by 30 min of rest, and were averaged for %FMD and StO2. The %FMD was significantly correlated with the reperfusion slope of StO2 after cuff release (slope 2 StO2; r = 0.63, P = 0.003). In conclusion, the present study established a correlation between slope 2 StO2 and %FMD in healthy young men. These data suggest that NIRS‐derived slope 2 StO2 can be used as a measure of vascular endothelial function.
Comparison of Radiative Energy Flows in Observational Datasets and Climate Modeling
Authors: Raschke Ehrhard , Kinne Stefan , Rossow William B. , Stackhouse Paul W. , Wild Martin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examines radiative flux distributions and local spread of values from three major observational datasets (CERES, ISCCP, and SRB) and compares them with results from climate modeling (CMIP3). Examinations of the spread and differences also differentiate among contributions from cloudy and clear-sky conditions. The spread among observational datasets is in large part caused by noncloud ancillary data. Average differences of at least 10 W m−2 each for clear-sky downward solar, upward solar, and upward infrared fluxes at the surface demonstrate via spatial difference patterns major differences in assumptions for atmospheric aerosol, solar surface albedo and surface temperature, and/or emittance in observational datasets. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), observational datasets are less influenced by the ancillary data errors than at the surface. Comparisons of spatial radiative flux distributions at the TOA between observations and climate modeling indicate large deficiencies in the strength and distribution of model-simulated cloud radiative effects. Differences are largest for lower-altitude clouds over low-latitude oceans. Global modeling simulates stronger cloud radiative effects (CRE) by +30 W m−2 over trade wind cumulus regions, yet smaller CRE by about −30 W m−2 over (smaller in area) stratocumulus regions. At the surface, climate modeling simulates on average about 15 W m−2 smaller radiative net flux imbalances, as if climate modeling underestimates latent heat release (and precipitation). Relative to observational datasets, simulated surface net fluxes are particularly lower over oceanic trade wind regions (where global modeling tends to overestimate the radiative impact of clouds). Still, with the uncertainty in noncloud ancillary data, observational data do not establish a reliable reference.
Recent and Projected Annual Cycles of Temperature and Precipitation in the Northeast United States from CMIP5
Authors: Lynch C. , Seth A. , Thibeault J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
A case study is presented using the northeast United States to evaluate information contained in the monthly mean annual cycle that has yet to be exploited. This research documents the performance and projections for the northeast United States from a suite of 16 climate models in the archive of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Analysis is performed for the late twentieth-century monthly mean annual cycle and changes in the late twenty-first century. A weak seasonality in temperature and a strong seasonality in precipitation changes are found. The seasonality of changes is distinct from the mean annual cycles, such that temperature increases are largest in midwinter (December–February) and late summer [July–September (JAS)]. Precipitation increases peak in late winter–early spring (February–April), associated with increased moisture convergence and a more active storm track, and exhibit greatest model disagreement in late summer (JAS) when the models suggest weak divergence and a westward extension of the Atlantic subtropical anticyclone. The late summer–early fall maximum in temperature and late winter–early spring maximum in precipitation changes have not been seen previously in annual or seasonal mean analyses. Yet there is model agreement in these results, indicating that there is important information in the annual cycle for understanding the changes in the physical climate system and for evaluating impacts and adaptation strategies. It is argued that improved understanding of seasonal transitions has potential to increase confidence in projections, and to provide additional information of use to the impacts and decision-maker communities.
Fetch- and Duration-Limited Nature of Surface Wave Growth inside Tropical Cyclones: With Applications to Air–Sea Exchange and Remote Sensing
Authors: Hwang Paul A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe 2D wavenumber spectra collected by an airborne scanning radar altimeter in hurricane hunter missions are used to investigate the fetch- and duration-limited nature of wave growth inside hurricanes. Despite the much more complex wind-forcing conditions, the dimensionless growth curves obtained with the wind-wave triplets (reference wind velocity, significant wave height, and dominant wave period) inside hurricanes, except near the eye region, are comparable to the reference similarity counterparts constructed with the wind-wave triplets collected in field experiments conducted under ideal quasi-steady fetch-limited conditions. In dimensionless terms, the youngest waves are in the back quarter of the hurricane. In the Northern Hemisphere, the dimensionless frequency decreases systematically counterclockwise (CCW), and the most mature waves are in the left-hand sector. Except for those waves near the eye region, the dominant wave phase speeds are about 0.32 to 0.71 times of the local wind speed, and they are proper wind seas. Based on the computation of the wind input or energy dissipation in the wave field, a conservative estimate of the air–sea energy exchange over the coverage area of a category one hurricane is about 5 TW. Formulas for the effective fetches and durations in the three hurricane sectors are derived from the data. Using these formulas together with the wave growth functions, the full set of wind-wave triplets can be calculated knowing only one of the three. These results may enhance the capability and scope of monitoring hurricanes from space.
Differential release and deposition of S100A8/A9 proteins in inflamed upper airway tissue
Authors: Van Crombruggen Koen , Vogl Thomas , Pérez-Novo Claudina , Holtappels Gabriele , Bachert Claus 
Published: October 2015

Intracellular Ca2+-binding S100A8/A9 proteins gain novel functions when released during inflammation. The exact outcome of their extracellular function depends on the local tissue environment in which they are released; both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory responses are described, modulating the immune system by binding Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 or the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). However, the contribution of the proteins in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear.Homomeric S100A8 and S100A9, and heteromeric S100A8/A9 proteins were evaluated in CRS with/without nasal polyps (CRSw/sNP) and controls. Functional responses were assessed in polyp tissue stimulated with S100 proteins in the presence of TLR-4 and RAGE blocking antibodies.S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 protein levels were significantly higher in CRSwNP patients, showing increased deposition on extracellular matrix (ECM) structures of CRSwNP tissue in contrast to CRSsNP and controls. In the presence ofStaphylococcus aureus, S100A8/A9 is released from neutrophils and from the ECM. Extracellular S100A8 and S100A9 proteins induced increased levels of diverse inflammatory mediatorsviaTLR-4 engagement.The inflammatory/remodelling characteristics of CRSwNP specifically allow increased retention of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 proteins in the ECM of CRSwNP tissue. Upon release, homodimeric proteins act as a local danger signal inducing inflammatory mediators, predominantlyviaTLR-4 activation.
Longitudinal assessment of airway responsiveness from 1 month to 18 years in the PIAF birth cohort
Authors: Cox Desmond W. , Mullane Dave , Zhang Guicheng C. , Turner Steve W. , Hayden Catherine M. , Goldblatt Jack , Landau Lou I. , Le Souëf Peter N. 
Published: October 2015

The Perth Infant Asthma Follow-up (PIAF) study involves a birth cohort of unselected subjects who have undergone longitudinal assessments of airway responsiveness at 1, 6 and 12 months and 6, 11 and 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between increased airway responsiveness throughout childhood and asthma in early adult life.Airway responsiveness to histamine, assessed as a dose–response slope (DRS), and a respiratory questionnaire were completed at 1, 6 and 12 months and 6, 11 and 18 years of age.253 children were initially recruited and studied. Airway responsiveness was assessed in 203, 174, 147, 103, 176 and 137 children at the above-mentioned time points, respectively (39 participants being assessed on all test occasions). Asthma at 18 years was associated with increased airway responsiveness at 6, 12 and 18 years, but not during infancy (slope 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.42; p=0.01; slope 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.49; p=0.006; and slope 0.56, 95% CI 0.29–0.83; p<0.001, respectively).Increased airway responsiveness and its association with asthma at age 18 years is established between infancy and 6 years. We propose that airway responsiveness in early life reflects the initial airway geometry and airway responsiveness later in childhood increasingly reflects immunological responses to environmental influences.
Risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism: prognostic impact of copeptin
Authors: Hellenkamp Kristian , Schwung Johanna , Rossmann Heidi , Kaeberich Anja , Wachter Rolf , Hasenfuß Gerd , Konstantinides Stavros , Lankeit Mareike 
Published: October 2015

The prognostic value of copeptin, the C-terminal fragment of the precursor protein of vasopressin which is released upon stress, and hypotension in pulmonary embolism is unknown, especially if combined with biomarkers reflecting different pathophysiological axes such as myocardial injury (high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT)) and stretch (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)).We prospectively studied 268 normotensive pulmonary embolism patients included in a single-centre cohort study.Patients with an adverse 30-day outcome (5.6%) had higher copeptin levels than patients with a favourable course (median (interquartile range) 51.8 (21.6–90.8)versus13.2 (5.9–39.3) pmol·L−1; p=0.020). Patients with copeptin levels above the calculated optimal cut-off value of 24 pmol·L−1had a 5.4-fold increased risk for an adverse outcome (95% CI 1.68–17.58; p=0.005). We developed a strategy for risk stratification based on biomarkers. None of 141 patients (52.6%) with hsTnT <14 pg·mL−1or NT-proBNP <600 pg·mL−1had an adverse outcome (low risk). Copeptin ≥24 pmol·L−1stratified patients with elevated hsTnT and NT-proBNP as intermediate–low and intermediate–high risk (5.6% and 20.0% adverse outcome, respectively). Compared to the algorithm proposed by the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guideline, more patients were classified as low risk (52.8%versus17.5%, p<0.001) and more patients in the intermediate–high risk group had an adverse outcome (20.0%versus11.6%).Copeptin might be helpful for risk stratification of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, especially if integrated into a biomarker-based algorithm.