bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Geography of Case
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Nichols Johanna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCases are not evenly distributed worldwide. It is generally known, for example, that cases are common in Eurasia and much less common in Africa. Modern typological research aims at capturing and understanding such continent-wide frequency differences. A fundamental problem of linguistic geography, however, is that it is all too easy for the human eye to detect spatial patterns on a map even when they are artefacts of chance or when they arise simply because some regions have many more different people and languages than others. This article discusses linguistic geography, focusing on biogeographical and culture-historical theories of population movements and contact patterns that define a constant set of areas as predictor variables for statistical modelling (Predictive Areality Theory). It assumes areas as hypotheses and asks what, if any, aspects of case structure and case behaviour are significantly different across the hypothesised areas. It also tests a set of previously established areas against thirty-five typological variables that concern case inventories and various morphological and syntactic properties of case.
Poor (Two-Term) Case Systems
Authors: Arkadiev Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTwo-term systems are of especial relevance to the diachrony of case systems: very often such systems represent either the last or the first stage of the existence of case in the language, and their study is important for understanding how case systems emerge and dissolve. To avoid confusion and aprioristic labels, the members of a bicasual system will be called Dir(ect) and Obl(ique). The label Dir is assigned to the case which coincides with the citation form of the noun. This article deals only with those systems where both cases are able to encode semantico-syntactic functions of verbal dependents (that is, relational cases). The article also discusses the areal and genetic distribution of two-term case systems, cross-linguistic trends in the functional organisation of two-term case systems, and their morphology and diachrony.
Overview: craft production and technology
Authors: Thomas Gabor 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA growing battery of analytical techniques now exists for determining the chemical or elemental composition of an object to source its raw materials. The developing relationship between craft specialization and political centralization can be traced with some clarity during the mid Saxon period. The tenth and eleventh centuries presented the beginnings of a radical shift in the location of craft production from the countryside into the urban sphere. Workshops in the service of the late Anglo-Saxon Church were no less innovative than urban ones supplying the lay market. The ninth-century plan of the Carolingian monastery of St. Gall suggests that the more formalized layout of reformed institutions may have had a constraining effect on the spatial setting of craftwork activity, in contrast to the more generalized spread seen on mid Saxon sites.
Markets,Emporia, WICS, and ‘Productive’ Sites: Pre‐viking Trade Centres in Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Pestell Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines the workings of those places that acted as arenas for trade and exchange in mid Saxon England, by exploring the terms that have been applied to them, how modern scholars have interpreted them, and how recent discoveries may point to future research directions. The impact of Henri Pirenne's work on stimulating discussion about the nature of trade contacts and of Carolingian social structures has ensured an extensive historiography. Richard Hodges saw kings exerting a high degree of control over trade, long-distance contact being utilized politically for reciprocal exchanges of prestige goods. ‘Productive’ sites are ‘places, whether excavated or metal-detected, that produce large quantities of coin and metalwork finds’. The processes Dark Age Economics strove to disentangle have undoubtedly become more complex and nuanced.
Burhsand Boroughs: Defended Places, Trade, and Towns. Plans, Defences, and Civic Features
Authors: Hall R. A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe term ‘Borough’ is derived from the Old English word burh/byrig, the basic meaning of which is ‘defended site’. It seems that although earthworks and Roman fortifications were places where their enemies took refuge, contemporary Anglo-Saxons did not themselves build defended sites. Burh became a vernacular equivalent of mynster, meaning monastery or minster church. When burh defences were built anew in Wessex, and not incorporating Roman walls, they typically consisted of an earthen rampart with a ditch in front of it. Worcester has complementary archaeological evidence for topographical change in the Anglo-Saxon period. From the mid tenth century onwards, in relation to Worcester, Norwich, and Lincoln, there were signs in several major towns that occupation became more intense. It seems clear that right up to the Norman Conquest, kings, together with leading secular and ecclesiastical lords, attempted to foster further urban growth for the economic rewards which towns could generate.
What were they Thinking? Intellectual Territories in Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Carver Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe cemetery at Wasperton is a precise expression of complex ideological identities not yet in the history books. The Sutton Hoo burial ground has been reconciled with the exiguous written records to tell a story of kingship and conversion — and it may be so. The contemporary ideology of Portmahomack was referencing imported Christian ideas moderated by local prehistoric thinking, resulting in minimal monumentality. Stafford may be seen as essentially a fort, protecting the delivery of tribute, with a vicus on the east side where pottery was manufactured and cattle were processed. The presentation of these four case studies shows that early medieval sites in Britain can be assigned a number of intellectual properties. The Anglo-Saxons deserve more from their archaeologists than superficial explanations based on race, social structure, and Christianity.
Historical Sources and Archaeology
Authors: Campbell James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe shortfalls of burial evidence are plain enough in approaching the central problem: that of the fate of the Britons. The possible genocidal element in the Anglo-Saxon invasions may have been exaggerated in the nineteenth century, but underestimated in the twentieth. The ‘archaeological record’, as expected, raises more questions than it answers. The ‘Tribal Hidage’ as a tribute list directs attention to relations between kingdoms, a theme on which archaeology offers little beyond theories based on the movement of valuable goods, although an effort has been made to link grave patterns to hegemony. Two themes resound through the two volumes of Domesday and all the silver pennies: powerful administration and serious wealth. There is no doubt about the intellectual weight of the English church, at least for a generation or so around 700.
Victoria Dressed in Black
Authors: Gray Erik 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an explanation on Victorian elegy. It shows that Victorian Britain itself was largely characterized as a culture of mourning, and bereavement as a theme was a more obvious touchstone in the Victorian consciousness. In addition, the decline of faith that affected Victorian elegy is covered. It is appropriate that the Victorian era's most celebrated poem, Alfred Tennyson's In Memoriam (1850), should be an elegy. The Victorian culture of mourning found its poet in Tennyson and its figurehead in Queen Victoria herself. Dante Gabriel Rossetti states that there is nothing sublime or even extreme about the landscape of death. The growing popularity of women's poetry in Britain beginning in the late eighteenth century gave rise to the idea of the ‘poetess’. Thomas Hardy's poem is typical of its time and represents the logical next step in the development of elegy.
Expropriation
Authors: Reinisch August 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines problem of indirect expropriation by focusing on the actual judicial and, to a large extent, arbitral practice in the respective fields. At the heart of the investigation is the increased case-law under the ICSID Convention and the ICSID Additional Facility (in particular under NAFTA14 Chapter 11). The practice of the Iran–US Claims Tribunal, ad hoc investment arbitrations and judgments of international courts, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), are also considered. Equally, the jurisprudence of human rights bodies, in particular of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), on the protection of property rights, which has been considered to be of particular relevance to modern investment arbitration is analysed. Wherever feasible the case-law analysis has been preceded by an examination of the applicable investment instruments.
The Preacher's Bibles
Authors: Ferrell Lori Anne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article surveys the many bibles that were available to preachers in England from the early sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century. It describes the idea of ‘the Bible’ as more stable than any particular Bible, and was differentiated by distribution, accessibility, translation, and production. It also introduces the Authorized Version of the English Bible and shows that after a century and a half of changes, the Bible of England and English sermon finally settled down.
The Preacher and Profane Learning
Authors: Reisner Noam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article identifies the patterns that help define what forms ‘profane’ learning. It discusses some individual preachers and their classical intellect, and how they exploited profane learning in a variety of different contexts in their sermons. The article also considers the actual impact of profane learning on preaching and the different degrees of profanity.
Sermons in Performance
Authors: Armstrong Kate 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses centrality in the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods of classical rhetorical delivery in the formal education of future preachers. It studies the ways actio is recognised in different manuals of rhetoric and of preaching. The article also discusses the relevance of rhetorical delivery to James I and provides the background where similar anecdotes of actio from this period can be read against.
Restoration, Religion, and Law: Assize Sermons, 1660–1685
Authors: Adlington Hugh 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes a closer look at assize sermons, which is a preaching sub-genre that is mostly concerned with the connections between justice administration and religious tenets. It also presents three brief case studies of assize sermons, which were delivered and published after the Act of Uniformity. These case studies try to show how different churchmen adapted the established conventions of the assize sermon to gain different effects and purposes.
‘A Frame to Hang Clouds on’
Authors: Boyd William E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the archaeological context, a sense of the evolving landscape becomes especially important where there is considerable time depth or cultural sequencing inherent in a single site. The prehistoric occupants of that site used and related to the landscape in very different ways throughout time. However, archaeology is a modern endeavour, a form of enquiry directly related to post-Enlightenment and modernist conceptions and constructions of knowledge, place, and society, enacted within a complex of social-administrative and political constraints. The physical existence of an archaeological site reflects its multi-contextual conceptual identity. The concept of cognitive ownership has tended to be couched in relatively simple pragmatic terms: observing behaviour and drawing categorization of individuals and groups engaging in a cultural place as a management tool. In some studies, this has led to deeper understanding of cultural values, while in others, to more pragmatic management or activist conclusions.
The Value of a Looted Object
Authors: Kersel Morag M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reveals the interplay between cultural heritage and identity formation. It discusses how considerations of cultural heritage and the interpretation of the past among local populations are understood vis-à-vis archaeological tourism, the looting of archaeological sites, and the daily interaction between local populations and archaeologists (foreign and national). Under this, the article presents an examination of the values attributed to looted artefacts by the assorted publics associated with illegal trade in antiquities. It reveals the values of a looted object to the looter, the local populace, the government employee, the archaeologist (both local and foreign), the dealer, the law-maker, the collector, the museum, and the tourist. This study addresses the ethnographic, criminological, and legal theory, based on which it provides an understanding of the values of looted objects and the competing demands for those contested items from the Middle East.
‘Changing of the Guards’
Authors: Gustafsson Anders , Karlsson Håkan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article opens up with a quotation from a Swedish heritage manager concerning the rock carvings at Tanum in Sweden, which are designated as a World Heritage Site. It is a good example of the general and traditional view held by numerous heritage managers around the world in which preservation of past remains is prioritized for the purposes of public accessibility and participation. It also expresses heritage management's traditional epistemological standpoint on authenticity, in which cultural heritage is ascribed value and significance solely in terms of its status as an authentic phenomenon from the past. This standpoint also leads to specific views on ethics when it comes to: the handling, staging, and presentation of the rock carvings; the relationship between heritage managers and the public; and preservation, public accessibility, and participation.
A Vision for Archaeological Literacy
Authors: Franklin M. Elaine , Moe Jeanne M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Many archaeology educators routinely use current educational research and best practices to design and deliver high-quality educational materials to the public. Debates exist concerning whether public archaeology refers to archaeology with the public, for the public, of the public, or archaeology of public resources. Archaeological literacy refers to the knowledge, ideas, and habits of mind that, as a profession, one wants citizens to possess. An archaeologically literate citizenry concerns itself with saving the past for the future. It understands that history matters. Many parallels can be made between the profession's desire for archaeological literacy and that of American scientists to develop scientific literacy; work on the public understanding of science is dominated by empirical studies of the understanding of scientific issues and research amongst the non-scientific public. A purposeful effort is proposed among archaeologists to guide public understanding around essential archaeological concepts, knowledge, processes, and beliefs, with the goal of developing an archaeologically literate citizenry.
Public Archaeology and the us Culture Wars
Authors: Jeppson Patrice L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
United States archaeologists often appear to function as part of society's progressive faction. Their interests and efforts stem from a nexus of social and economic elements regularly cursed in conservative circles. This article describes the implications of the wars in terms of public archaeology, especially public archaeological practice that intersects with public education in the United States. It explains the reasons that these culture wars are important in terms of formal education in the United States and discusses why archaeology is relevant to social studies as it is practised in the formal education sphere. The study also examines the negative attitudes that US archaeologists have about outreach to formal education in general, and describes some recent shifts within professional archaeology societies which indicate that some of these attitudes may be changing. Finally, it argues that archaeology's lack of engagement with education's needs has served to work against those promoting a more inclusive democracy.
The cultured brain: interplay of genes, brain, and culture
Authors: Ali Farhan , Penney Trevor B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The brain is perhaps the most complex phenotype, but it is, nonetheless, plastic. It can be cultured evolutionarily and developmentally across genetic and neuroanatomical levels. This article provides a brief overview of how recent advances in molecular biology and genetics may be used to inform future cross-cultural psychological research. It discusses the interaction of genes and culture in shaping the brain and its functions, with specific reference to Chinese psychology. It further explains how one might begin to establish a genetically informed, cross-cultural psychology. It provides an understanding that how different populations and ethnic groups are related provides a context in which to test ideas about putative cultural differences in psychology and behaviour. Furthermore, in studies uncovering group relationships, a rough measure of time can be obtained, potentially providing information as to the rate of cultural and psychological change among human populations.
Language and the brain: computational and neuroimaging evidence from Chinese
Authors: Li Ping , Shu Hua 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Within only a few decades, the field of cognitive science has progressed from the mind-as-a-computer metaphor to the integration of mind, brain, behaviour, and culture at multiple levels of analysis and with multiple, convergent tools and methodologies. In particular, the interface between cognitive science and neuroscience has provided fertile ground for transformative research and revolutionary thinking, yielding perspectives that allow for fundamental scientific discoveries and rapid paradigm shifts. This article explores that the study of language, a unique human capacity, has played an important role in this scientific movement. A large body of knowledge has accumulated on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying language representation and language acquisition. This article focuses on the computational mechanisms and neural signatures based on the recent cross-linguistic computational and neural studies which examine the acquisition, representation, and processing of spoken and written Chinese in the context of both native speakers and second-language learners.
What do we know about the Chinese self? Illustrations with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-enhancement
Authors: Kwan Virginia S. Y. , Hui Chin-Ming , McGee James A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Scholars of fields as diverse as biology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and theology have sought to achieve a greater understanding of the nature of the self. Since its first appearance in psychology, the self has become the most studied topic in Western research on psychology. One of the central issues this article addresses is, ‘What do we know about the Chinese self?’ Besides taking a bottom-up approach to review the literature relevant to the self within a Chinese context, this article also identifies the recurring themes among the topics on the self by assessing the frequency of their appearance in the literature. Although there are many topics relevant to the study of self-processes, this article focuses on only a few. It discusses three widely explored and central self-processes: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-enhancement. Furthermore it identifies emerging topics and discusses future directions for research on the self.
Face and morality in Confucian society
Authors: Hwang Kwang-Kuo , Han Kuei-Hsiang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explains the various aspects and characteristics of the concept of face and morality in Confucian society. The vocabularies for describing Chinese usage of face can be divided into two broad categories, namely moral face and social face. Both are related to Confucian concepts of morality. It analyzes the relevant features of Confucian morality and discusses it from three different ethical perspectives. The article uses the thus obtained conceptual framework to explain the commonality in findings from two separate empirical studies on episodes of losing face conducted in Taiwan and mainland China. In Confucian society, not only do protective face and acquisitive face constitute significant orientations of personality, but such indigenous concepts as zuo mianzi (making face) and zheng mianzi (keeping up face) may also have important psychological implications.
Chinese cultural psychology and contemporary communication
Authors: Xu Shi , Feng Bing 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides an initial and sketchy account of a culturally different, specifically Chinese, psychology from the vantage point of linguistic communication in contemporary China. It examines the particular sort of Chinese psychology, which is characterized by a system of distinctive categories, traits, and principles that set Chinese culture apart from other Eastern and Western cultures. Drawing on the insights from existing Chinese psychological and linguistic scholarship, this article spells out some of the key cultural psychological characteristics and tries to link them up with the typical patterns of speaking and writing in contemporary Chinese communication. In addition, it suggests how this Chinese discursive-psychological framework may be used for not just making sense of texts and talk in contemporary Chinese society, but also for critically evaluating them. Broadly it puts together an integrated understanding of Chinese psychology and contemporary communication.
Introduction
Authors: Heine Bernd , Narrog Heiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide the student of language with alternatives that have been proposed in contemporary linguistics for analysing and understanding the structure of human languages. It then discusses various topics dealing with linguistic analysis and the creation of this book, including groupings and cleavages among the various approaches to linguistic analysis, analogies used for understanding linguistic phenomena, domains of language structure, relations among domains, the nature of structures, lexical vs. functional categories, and language evolution.
Embodied Construction Grammar
Authors: Feldman Jerome , Dodge Ellen , Bryant John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent developments in neuroscience and behavioural sciences suggest approaching language as a cornerstone of Unified Cognitive Science. One such integrative effort is the Neural Theory of Language (NTL) project, which studies language learning and use as an embodied neural system using a wide range of analytical, experimental, and modelling techniques. The grammar formalism of NTL is called Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG), and is notation for describing language that is being used in a wide range of theoretical and applied products. This chapter focuses on three related features of ECG: deep semantics, compositionality, and best-fit. Its core is a detailed analysis of a set of related constructions covering purposeful action, with an emphasis on compositionality. Examples illustrate the notation and central ideas of ECG formalism, and convey the underlying motivations of NTL deep semantics and conceptual composition.