bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Subtidal Circulation on Internal Tide Generation and Propagation in the Philippine Sea
Authors: Kerry Colette G. , Powell Brian S. , Carter Glenn S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study examines the effects of the subtidal circulation on the generation and propagation of the M2 internal tide in the Philippine Sea using a primitive equation model. Barotropic to baroclinic conversion at the Luzon Strait is found to vary due to the background circulation changes over the generation site and the changing influence of remotely generated internal tides from the Mariana Arc. The varying effect of remotely generated waves results from both changing generation energy levels at the Mariana Arc and variability in the propagation of the internal tides across the Philippine Sea. The magnitude and direction of the depth-integrated baroclinic energy fluxes vary temporally, due to a combination of changing generation, propagation, and dissipation. Spatial patterns of internal tide propagation near the Luzon Strait are influenced by the locations of mesoscale eddies to the east and west of the strait. The results provide insight into the mechanisms of variability of the baroclinic tides and highlight the importance of considering both the remotely generated internal tides and the subtidal dynamics to estimate internal tide energetics.
The Fate of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water in the FLAME Model
Authors: Gary S. F. , Lozier M. S. , Kwon Y.-O. , Park J. J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water, also known as Eighteen Degree Water (EDW), has the potential to store heat anomalies through its seasonal cycle: the water mass is in contact with the atmosphere in winter, isolated from the surface for the rest of the year, and reexposed the following winter. Though there has been recent progress in understanding EDW formation processes, an understanding of the fate of EDW following formation remains nascent. Here, particles are launched within the EDW of an eddy-resolving model, and their fate is tracked as they move away from the formation region. Particles in EDW have an average residence time of ~10 months, they follow the large-scale circulation around the subtropical gyre, and stratification is the dominant criteria governing the exit of particles from EDW. After sinking into the layers beneath EDW, particles are eventually exported to the subpolar gyre. The spreading of particles is consistent with the large-scale potential vorticity field, and there are signs of a possible eddy-driven mean flow in the southern portion of the EDW domain. The authors also show that property anomalies along particle trajectories have an average integral time scale of ~3 months for particles that are in EDW and ~2 months for particles out of EDW. Finally, it is shown that the EDW turnover time for the model in an Eulerian frame (~3 yr) is consistent with the turnover time computed from the Lagrangian particles provided that the effects of exchange between EDW and the surrounding waters are included.
Sensitivity Analysis of the VVP Wind Retrieval Method for Single-Doppler Weather Radars
Authors: Shenghui Zhou , Ming Wei , Lijun Wang , Chang Zhao , Mingxu Zhang 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The sensitivity of the ill-conditioned coefficient matrix (CM) and the size of the analysis volume on the retrieval accuracy in the volume velocity processing (VVP) method are analyzed. By estimating the upper limit of the retrieval error and analyzing the effects of neglected parameters on retrieval accuracy, the simplified wind model is found to decrease the difficulty in solving and stabilizing the retrieval results, even though model errors would be induced by neglecting partial parameters. Strong linear correlation among CM vectors would cause an ill-conditioned matrix when more parameters are selected. By using exact coordinate data and changing the size of the analysis volume, the variation of the condition number indicates that a large volume size decreases the condition number, and the decrease caused by increasing the number of volume gates is larger than that caused by increasing the sector width. Using the spread of errors in the solution, a demonstration using mathematical deduction is provided to explain how a large analysis volume can improve retrieval accuracy. A test with a uniform wind field is used to demonstrate these conclusions.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Simulations to Parametric Uncertainties in Air–Sea Fluxes and Implications for Parameter Estimation
Authors: Green Benjamin W. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are strongly influenced by fluxes of momentum and moist enthalpy across the air–sea interface. These fluxes cannot be resolved explicitly by current-generation numerical weather prediction models, and therefore must be accounted for via empirical parameterizations of surface exchange coefficients (CD for momentum and Ck for moist enthalpy). The resultant model uncertainty is examined through hundreds of convection-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations of Hurricane Katrina (2005) by varying four key parameters found in commonly used parameterizations of the exchange coefficient formulas. Two of these parameters effectively act as multiplicative factors for the exchange coefficients over all wind speeds (one each for CD and Ck); the other two parameters control the behavior of CD at very high wind speeds (i.e., above 33 m s−1). It is found that both the intensity and the structure of TCs are highly dependent upon the two multiplicative parameters. The multiplicative parameter for CD has a considerably larger impact than the one for Ck on the relationship between maximum 10-m wind speed and minimum sea level pressure: CD alters TC structure, with higher values shifting the radius of maximum winds inward and strengthening the low-level inflow; Ck only affects structure by uniformly strengthening/weakening the primary and secondary circulations. The TC exhibits the greatest sensitivities to the two multiplicative parameters after a few hours of model integration, suggesting that these parameters could be estimated by assimilating near-surface observations. The other two parameters are likely more difficult to estimate because the TC is only marginally sensitive to them in small areas of high wind speed.
An Electrical and Polarimetric Analysis of the Overland Reintensification of Tropical Storm Erin (2007)
Authors: Griffin Erica M. , Schuur Terry J. , MacGorman Donald R. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Fierro Alexandre O. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
While passing over central Oklahoma on 18–19 August 2007, the remnants of Tropical Storm Erin unexpectedly reintensified and developed an eyelike feature that was clearly discernable in Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) imagery. During this brief reintensification period, Erin traversed a region of dense surface and remote sensing observation networks that provided abundant data of high spatial and temporal resolution. This study analyzes data from the polarimetric KOUN S-band radar, total lightning data from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, and ground-flash lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network.
Erin’s reintensification was atypical since it occurred well inland and was accompanied by stronger maximum sustained winds and gusts (25 and 37 m s−1, respectively) and lower minimum sea level pressure (1001.3 hPa) than while over water. Radar observations reveal several similarities to those documented in mature tropical cyclones over open water, including outward-sloping eyewall convection, near 0-dBZ reflectivities within the eye, and relatively large updraft velocities in the eyewall as inferred from single-Doppler winds and ZDR columns.
Deep, electrified convection near the center of circulation preceded the formation of Erin’s eye, with maximum lightning activity occurring prior to and during reintensification. The results show that inner-core convection may have played a role in the reinvigoration of the storm.
Dicing with chance, life and death in systematic reviews and meta-analyses: D.I.C.E. 3, a simulation study
Authors: Clarke Mike , Halsey Jim 
Published: February 2014

Objectives To show the effects of chance on meta-analyses, and the potential dangers of being prompted to do a meta-analysis by one favourable trial. Design In total, 100,000 trials were simulated and combined into 10,000 meta-analyses, using data from the control group of a cancer trial. Each participant record was randomly coded to simulate allocation to ‘treatment’ or ‘control’. Setting Simulated study. Participants De-identified records for 578 patients from the control group of a cancer trial, of whom 147 had died. Main outcome measure Time to death from any cause. Results Of the 100,000 trials, 4897 (4.9%) were statistically significant at 2 p < 0.05 and 123 (1.2%) of the 10,000 meta-analyses were significant at 2 p < 0.01. The most extreme result was a 20% reduction (99% CI: 0.70–0.91; 2 p = 0.00002) in the annual odds of dying in the ‘treatment’ group. If a meta-analysis contained at least one trial with a statistically significant result (at 2 p < 0.05), the likelihood of the meta-analysis being significant (at 2 p < 0.01) increased strikingly. For example, among the 473 meta-analyses in which the first trial in a batch of 10 was statistically significant (at 2 p < 0.05), 18 (3.8%) favoured treatment at 2 p < 0.01. Conclusions Chance can influence the results of meta-analyses regardless of how well they are conducted. Researchers should not ignore this when they plan a meta-analysis and when they report their results. People reading their reports should also be wary. Caution is particularly important when the results of one or more included studies influenced the decision to do the meta-analysis.
Trends in hospital admission rates for whooping cough in England across five decades: database studies
Authors: Haslam Nick , Hoang Uy , Goldacre Michael J 
Published: February 2014

Objectives Our aim was to report on trends in hospitalisation rates for pertussis in England from the 1960s to 2011; and to provide context for the recent unexpected activity of Bordetella pertussis in the UK. Design A retrospective analysis of English national Hospital Episode Statistics (HES, 1968–2011) and the Oxford Record Linkage Study (ORLS, 1963–2011) for people admitted to hospital with whooping cough. Setting England and the Oxford Record Linkage Study area. Main outcome measures Age- and gender-specific hospital admission rates, and summary age- and sex-standardised rates, for people aged under 25 years per 100,000 population in each age group. Results Admission rates declined from the 1960s to the early 1970s. For example, the standardised rates were 12.8 (95% confidence interval 11.2–14.5) per 100,000 in England in 1968 and 4.0 (3.0–4.9) per 100,000 in 1973. They then increased to reach 45.0 (41.4–48.6) per 100,000 in 1978 and 47.4 (43.7–51.1) in 1982. From the late 1980s, admission rates continued to decline, falling to between 1 and 4 per 100,000 in each of the years between 2003 and 2011. While the trend in hospital admissions closely followed that in notifications, the annual ratio between these two measures was not consistent ranging from 1.07 (95% confidence interval 1.00–1.14) to 4.03 (3.79–4.27) notifications per admission over the last 10 years. Conclusions Epidemics of whooping cough in the late 1970s and early 1980s were associated with a significant rise in hospital admission rates. Current admission rates are low, by historical comparison. Vaccine programmes must continue to be fully implemented in order to improve control of pertussis activity.
Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage
Authors: Singhal Arvind , Ross Jack , Seminog Olena , Hawton Keith , Goldacre Michael J 
Published: February 2014

Background Psychiatric illnesses are known risk factors for self-harm but associations between self-harm and physical illnesses are less well established. We aimed to stratify selected chronic physical and psychiatric illnesses according to their relative risk of self-harm. Design Retrospective cohort studies using a linked dataset of Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for 1999–2011. Participants Individuals with selected psychiatric or physical conditions were compared with a reference cohort constructed from patients admitted for a variety of other conditions and procedures. Setting All admissions and day cases in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England. Main outcome measures Hospital episodes of self-harm. Rate ratios (RRs) were derived by comparing admission for self-harm between cohorts. Results The psychiatric illnesses studied (depression, bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia and substance abuse) all had very high RRs (> 5) for self-harm. Of the physical illnesses studied, an increased risk of self-harm was associated with epilepsy (RR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–2.9), asthma (1.8, 1.8–1.9), migraine (1.8, 1.7–1.8), psoriasis (1.6, 1.5–1.7), diabetes mellitus (1.6, 1.5–1.6), eczema (1.4, 1.3–1.5) and inflammatory polyarthropathies (1.4, 1.3–1.4). RRs were significantly low for cancers (0.95, 0.93–0.97), congenital heart disease (0.9, 0.8–0.9), ulcerative colitis (0.8, 0.7–0.8), sickle cell anaemia (0.7, 0.6–0.8) and Down's syndrome (0.1, 0.1–0.2). Conclusions Psychiatric illnesses carry a greatly increased risk of self-harm as well as of suicide. Many chronic physical illnesses are also associated with an increased risk of both self-harm and suicide. Identifying those at risk will allow provision of appropriate monitoring and support.
Hypoglycemia in Insulin-Treated Adults on Established Nasogastric Feeding in the General Ward
Authors: Vindedzis Sally A. , Sherriff Jill L. , Stanton Kim G. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose This study aimed to address 2 questions: First, what are the existing summary statistics of frequency of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated adults on established nasogastric feeding in the general ward? Second, to what extent does lack of homogeneity in defining, identifying, and reporting hypoglycemia affect these statistics? Methods A systematic review of the literature documenting hypoglycemia in insulin-treated adults on nasogastric feeding for ≥ 3 days in the general ward was carried out. Data sources were PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane, Directory of Open Access Journals, and PLoS. Search period was 1999 onward, postdating introduction of analog insulin. Results Initially, 231 studies were identified, with 9 judged suitable for inclusion, according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. All included studies had as their primary objective the assessment of efficacy of insulin/feed regimens in the target population. Studies exhibited major heterogeneity. Definitions of hypoglycemia varied from < 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) to < 80 mg/dL (4.4 mmol/L), and 5 methods of reporting frequency of hypoglycemia were utilized, precluding pooled analysis. A descriptive synthesis of results was generated with some comparable results presented on a modified forest plot, showing 2.1% to 10.2% of patients with a hypoglycemic event and 1.1% to 5.4% blood glucose level < 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Conclusions Hypoglycemia is not uncommon in this population, but further research is needed for quantification. Standardized documentation and reporting methods incorporating sample size and study duration, such as hypoglycemic events per patient-days, would facilitate interstudy comparisons, as would documentation of hypoglycemia at the 2 most commonly defined levels: < 63 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L) and < 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
Nasal Morphology of the Chinese: Three‐Dimensional Reference Values for Rhinoplasty
Authors: Jayaratne Yasas S. N. , Deutsch Curtis K. , Zwahlen Roger A. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine normative nasal measurements for Chinese young adults, conditioned on demographics.Study DesignA cross‐sectional descriptive study.SettingA university hospital.Subjects and MethodsThree‐dimensional (3D) photographs were captured from 103 Chinese subjects between 18 and 35 years of age using a commercial stereophotographic system. Anthropometric landmarks were identified on these 3D surface images, and measurements suitable for nasal analysis were performed and contrasted against established Caucasian norms. Gender differences in anthropometric dimensions were also analyzed.ResultsNormative data for these measurements are made available. Linear nasal measurements, except those for mid‐columella length, were significantly larger in men than in women; further, the nasal tip angle and nasofrontal angle were significantly larger in Chinese women. Contrasts of these new data against published Caucasian norms revealed dimensions that differ for these 2 groups. The Chinese normative mean values for morphological nose width, nasal tip angle, nasofrontal angle, and alar slope angle exceeded those reported for North American Caucasians.ConclusionsGender‐specific normative data for the Chinese nose were established in this study to provide a useful tool for surgeons in dealing with rhinoplasty. Moreover, the Chinese nasal anthropometric measurements in this study are broader and flatter than those reported for North American Caucasians.
Magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer: factors affecting the accuracy of preoperative lesion sizing
Authors: Mennella Simone , Garlaschi Alessandro , Paparo Francesco , Perillo Marco , Celenza Matteo , Massa Tiberio , Rollandi Gian Andrea , Garlaschi Giacomo 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundAccurate preoperative sizing of breast cancer with imaging modalities has a great importance in the surgical planning.PurposeTo assess the influence of tumor size and histology on the accuracy of measurement of cancer local extension by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Material and MethodsOne hundred and eighty-six patients with primary breast cancer, for a total of 221 lesions, were included in this retrospective study. Tumors were divided into five histological groups: invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), IDC with extensive intraductal component (EIC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and “other histology” (mucinous, papillary, medullary, tubular, and apocrine breast cancer). Microscopic measurement of the largest diameter of tumors at pathology was chosen as reference standard and compared with MRI measurement. Concordance was defined as a difference ≤ 5 mm between MRI and pathology.ResultsThe mean size of tumors at pathology was 24.8 ± 19.4 mm, while at MRI it was 29.7 ± 20 mm ( P < 0.05), with a significant overestimation of MRI. MRI–pathology concordance was found in 98/221 cases (44.3%), while MRI overestimated the size of 81/221 tumors (36.7%). The extent of overestimation was significantly different among the five histological groups ( P < 0.05). At multivariate analysis, DCIS histology was the factor more significantly associated with MRI–pathology discordance ( P = 0.0005), while the influence of tumor dimension at pathology was less significant ( P = 0.0073).ConclusionDCIS histology is strongly associated with discordance between MRI and pathology sizing of breast cancer. Lesion size can also influence the accuracy of MRI measurements, but to a lesser extent.
Prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis by serum osteoprotegerin in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematous: correlation of osteoprotegerin with monocyte chemotactic protein-1
Authors: Park Y-J , Shin Y-J , Kim W-U , Cho C-S 
Published: February 2014

Objective Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Previous studies disclosed the association of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) with the presence of symptomatic atherosclerosis in the general population and several disease conditions. We thus investigated the association between serum OPG levels and subclinical atherosclerosis in premenopausal SLE patients. Methods Serum OPG levels and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured in 181 premenopausal SLE patients and age-matched 85 control subjects. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and SLE-related factors were analyzed. Results Patients with SLE had significantly increased serum OPG levels (1086 versus 517 pg/ml, p < 0.001) and carotid IMT (0.63 versus 0.45 mm, p < 0.001) compared with control subjects. Carotid IMT significantly increased across the quartiles of OPG. Logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to the lowest OPG quartile, the odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) for increased carotid IMT in quartile 2, 3, and 4 was 1.126 (1.013–1.801), 1.562 (1.268–2.799), and 4.460 (1.126–7.128), respectively, after multiple adjustments ( p for trend across quartiles < 0.001). These associations remained significant after further adjustment for inflammatory parameters. Interestingly, serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were positively correlated with serum OPG levels (γ = 0.332, p < 0.001). Parallel analysis showed that serum MCP-1 was also an independent predictor of carotid IMT incrassation, but this association was lost when serum OPG was included in the model. Conclusion Serum OPG levels were increased and correlated with serum MCP-1 levels in premenopausal SLE patients. Increased serum OPG was independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in these patients.
Reflections on training in psychiatry
Authors: Fletcher Scott , MacDonald Joanna , Halley Elaine 
Published: February 2014

Objective: There is limited information as to whether graduates from postgraduate specialist medical training programmes in Australia and New Zealand feel prepared for practice, and none regarding the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ (RANZCP) training programme. The aims of this study were: to assess the effectiveness of the RANZCP training programme in producing psychiatrists who feel prepared for their roles; and to obtain Fellowship applicants’ perceptions of the training programme. Methods: Applicants for Fellowship (i.e. trainees who had successfully completed RANZCP training) were invited to complete an anonymous online survey that assessed their preparedness for practice and their impressions of the training programme, supervision, training specialties and course content. Results: The response rate was 66% from 101 applicants. Fellowship applicants largely felt prepared for practice and had positive perceptions of the training programme. The majority stated that most of their learning goals were met, but continued training and ongoing learning was required. Areas for improvement included assessments, administration, the balance between service delivery and training, and ongoing training. Conclusions: Fellowship applicants largely felt confident in their ability to deliver psychiatric services and that the training programme was meeting their needs.