bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysmetabolic features of the overweight patients receiving antipsychotic drugs: A comparison with normal weight and obese subjects
Authors: Manu P. , Correll C.-U. , Wampers M. , van Winkel R. , Yu W. , Shiffeldrim D. , De Hert M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground:Extensive research indicates that obesity, defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater or equal to 30, is common in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs and is frequently associated with carbohydrate and lipid abnormalities leading to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In contrast, the metabolic health of overweight patients (BMI = 25–29.9) without metabolic syndrome or diabetes has not been thoroughly investigated.Objective:To assess the metabolic health of overweight patients receiving antipsychotic drugs.Methods:We compared standard metabolic parameters (BMI; waist circumference; hemoglobin A1c; fasting lipids; and fasting and post-challenge glucose and insulin) of normal weight, overweight and obese individuals from a consecutive cohort of antipsychotic-treated patients without metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes.Results:Compared with the normal weight subjects (n = 286), overweight patients (n = 212) had higher fasting insulin resistance as assessed with the homeostatic model (P = 0.023), insulin secretion during the oral glucose tolerance test (P = 0.0037), triglycerides (P = 0.0004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.0089), and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.0014). The obese (n = 50) were different from the overweight subjects only with respect to higher post-challenge insulin levels (P = 0.0002). The average fasting glucose, post-challenge glucose, and hemoglobin A1c, severity of psychiatric disorders and antipsychotics used were similar in the three groups.Conclusions:Overweight (BMI = 25–29.9) patients receiving antipsychotics are metabolically closer to the obese than to normal weight counterparts. The findings suggest that interventions promoting weight loss and metabolic health are required for overweight patients even in the absence of metabolic syndrome or diabetes.
Identification of thyroid hormone response elements in vivo using mice expressing a tagged thyroid hormone receptor α1
Authors: Dudazy-Gralla Susi , Nordström Kristina , Hofmann Peter Josef , Meseh Dina Abdul , Schomburg Lutz , Vennström Björn , Mittag Jens 
Published: February 2013

TRα1 (thyroid hormone receptor α1) is well recognized for its importance in brain development. However, due to the difficulties in predicting TREs (thyroid hormone response elements) in silico and the lack of suitable antibodies against TRα1 for ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation), only a few direct TRα1 target genes have been identified in the brain. Here we demonstrate that mice expressing a TRα1–GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein from the endogenous TRα locus provide a valuable animal model to identify TRα1 target genes. To this end, we analysed DNA–TRα1 interactions in vivo using ChIP with an anti-GFP antibody. We validated our system using established TREs from neurogranin and hairless, and by verifying additional TREs from known TRα1 target genes in brain and heart. Moreover, our model system enabled the identification of novel TRα1 target genes such as RNF166 (ring finger protein 166). Our results demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing a tagged nuclear receptor constitute a feasible approach to study receptor–DNA interactions in vivo, circumventing the need for specific antibodies. Models like the TRα1–GFP mice may thus pave the way for genome-wide mapping of nuclear receptor-binding sites, and advance the identification of novel target genes in vivo.
The Organization and Development of Spatial Representation: Insights from Williams Syndrome
Authors: Landau Barbara 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter uses the case of Williams syndrome (WS) to provide insight into the nature of human spatial representation and its development under normal circumstances. The chapter has four sections. The first starts with a discussion of the hallmark pattern of spatial breakdown observed in people with WS when they carry out visuoconstructive tasks, such as drawing and block construction. The second and third sections document aspects of the WS profile. The fourth section proposes a speculative hypothesis on how the cognitive profile in WS emerges, emphasizing the role of developmental time tables in the emergence of normal spatial cognitive profiles as well as the WS profile. This hypothesis provides a new way of thinking about the relationships among genes, brains, and minds in spatial cognitive development. It moves us away from a static and simplistic view of how genetic differences might cause cognitive differences, and toward a view that emphasizes the role of normal development and developmental timetables.
Life Course Perspectives in Intellectual Disability Research: The Case of Family Caregiving
Authors: Esbensen Anna J. , Mailick Marsha R. , Krauss Marty Wyngaarden 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines how a life course perspective contributes to research on families of persons with intellectual disability (ID), highlighting the contribution to research on families of persons with specific genetic syndromes or defined disorders. It considers the applicability of general theories of family development to families of persons with ID. It discusses salient and enduring differences in family development based on having a member with ID. It then presents specific applications of a life course perspective, with a focus on family development when the child has a specific genetic syndrome or defined disorder. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
“The Nature of Harmony”
Authors: Steege Benjamin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides and introduction and translation of Riemann's “The Nature of Harmony”. The translation in this article provides an easy access to an important Riemann's own theoretical evolution, which was written at the moment when a budding psychological perspective was beginning to supersede Riemann's earlier acoustical and physiological perspective. Just as Riemann attempts to place his theoretical program within a historical trajectory, the article locates his work within the wider and broader historical and intellectual discourse of nineteenth-century physics, physiology, and psychology, highlighting the implied and overt polemics with Helmholtz and others that course through its pages.
Whatisa Function?
Authors: Hyer Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses Hugo Riemann's notion of a tonal or harmonic function, which he first introduced into musical-theoretical discourse, Vereinfachte Harmonielehre in 1893. Riemann's notion of a tonal function refers to either the chords or properties of chords, classified as: tonic, dominant, and subdominant. In this article, the focus is on the equation of “function” with “meaning”, because it is in this connection that the term “function” occurs for the first time, and because the equation forms the core of the later references to the idea. What follows is a critical appraisal rather than history of the concept. The aim in this article is to consider within broad but specific historical boundaries, the discursive potential of the term in Riemann's theoretical writings.
Riemann and Melodic Analysis
Authors: Gelbart Matthew , Rehding Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses Riemann's Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien or “Studies in Folk-Musical Tonality”. While his study at a glance seemed to contradict his earlier beliefs on tonality as a natural and universal system, his study however, sought to reinforce the natural basis of the tonal system by looking and examining non-European repertoires. Riemann's Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien is unique among his studies in that it is his only treatise that does not start out from the assumption of tonal triadic harmonies; instead, it approaches musical structures from a strictly melodic angle. In this article, the focus is on Riemann's melodic analysis and evolutionary history of scalar models. It focuses on his analysis of pentatonicism and tetrachords. In his Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien, Riemann is generally careful not to commit to a chronology, but supplies instead heuristic links between structural stages. While his explanation of tetrachords as three-note fragments of pentatonic scales with infixed pien is historically doubtful, his study nevertheless allowed him to examine all scalar systems as combinations of these two principles. Thus, his study on folk music has been pressed into service to represent a middle ground between strict pentatonicism and modern diatonism.
Neo-Riemannian Perspectives on theHarmonieschritte, with a Translation of Riemann'sSystematik der Harmonieschritte
Authors: Engebretsen Nora 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines Riemann's discussion of the Harmonieschritte within the Skizze, locating that discussion within a nineteenth-century combinatorial tradition shaped by Riemann's conception of key. In this article, Riemann's Harmonieschritte is examined from three neo-Riemann standpoints. The first section offers a short introduction to the Harmonieschritte and examines neo-Riemann theory's embrace of these relationships, emphasizing the conflation of functional relations and root-interval transformations that this embrace has entailed. The second section discusses the development of Riemann's system of Harmonieschritte despite of neo-Riemannian theorists's acknowledgement of the system's susceptibility to interpretation as a group of transformations on the consonant triads. The third section focuses on tonal coherence, with particular interest on Riemann's recognition that Harmonieschritte might portend the sort of harmonic practice embraced by neo-Riemannians if left unchecked. The article concludes with a translation of Riemann's Systematik der Harmonieschritte, the summary of the complete “chromatic” family of triadic relations from the Skizze.
Criteria for Analysis
Authors: Caplin William E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on Riemann's theories of rhythm and meter. It specifically aims to clarify the criteria that Riemann uses in justifying his metrical analyses by examining his theories from two general perspectives. The first perspective assumes that musical events are understood to receive their metrical interpretation—that is, which events are deemed metrically accented and which are metrically unaccented—according to the mechanics of notation associated with that theory, such as time signatures and bar lines. This perspective is termed notated meter. The second perspective assumes on the contrary that the musical events themselves can express their own metrical interpretation independent of the notation. That is, the interaction of certain musical parameters (such as duration, motivic contour, duration) can engender a sense of meter in a listener who is unaware of how the music may be actually notated. This perspective is termed expressed meter. While Riemann failed to realize the full potential of his own skepticism on the status of notation, his attempt to account for the origin of accent on the basis of musical content alone remains a significant achievement in the history of metrical theory.
Reading between the Lines
Authors: Burnham Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines Riemann's most sustained treatment of harmony and meter, as found in his analyses of the Beethoven piano sonatas. In this article, Riemann's analyses are used as a basis, not only to elucidate on how Riemann's theories work but also to demonstrate how they can illuminate Beethoven's music. Focusing on three sonatas of Beethoven's Op. 31, the article reveals the circumstances in which Riemann does not have the luxury or freedom to make abstract or systematic pronouncements, but is instead confronted with the concrete situation of having to make sense of a musical composition. In this article, the focus is on Riemann's rhythmic analysis. It aims to answer how Riemann uncovers periodic logic in Beethoven's labile phrase rhythm, and what this logic means for the examination of Beethoven's compositional trajectory.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Brian , Stump Eleonore 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe book presents the contributions of Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274) as a theologist to society. The book covers his two most important works, Summa contra Gentiles (SCG) and Summa theologiae (ST) that presents the scope and philosophical character of medieval theology practiced by Aquinas. Several topics covered in those two large works are also investigated in more detail in the smaller works resulting from Aquinas's numerous academic disputations, which he conducted in his various academic posts. The book also explores Aquinas's most obvious philosophical connection with Aristotle. It also mentioned that Aquinas often adopts Aristotle's critical attitude toward theories associated with Plato, especially the account of ordinary substantial forms as separately existing entities. The book presents Aquinas as a paradigmatic Christian philosopher-theologian, who was fully aware of his intellectual debt to religious doctrine. He was convinced, however, that Christian thinkers should be ready to dispute rationally on any topic, especially theological issues, not only among themselves but also with non-Christians of all sorts. Aquinas differed from many of his thirteenth-century Christian colleagues in the breadth and depth of his respect for Islamic and Jewish philosopher-theologians, especially Avicenna and Maimonides. He saw them as valued coworkers in the vast project of philosophical theology, clarifying and supporting religious doctrine by philosophical analysis and argumentation.
Matter, Form, and Individuation
Authors: Brower Jeffrey E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of the article is to provide a systematic introduction to Aquinas's primary or basic notions of matter and form. Aquinas considered matter and form as if they were entities belonging to specific ontological types or categories such as concrete, individuals and properties. He identified the matter of the statue example with a lump of bronze, which he regarded as a concrete individual and he identified the forms of the same example with different shapes, which he regarded as contingent properties or accidents. Aquinas denied that matter and form could be identified with entities of either type. Aquinas believed that there is the existence of change in which an immaterial (or spiritual) substance acquires a new contingent property or accident. This change will involve the generation and corruption of hylomorphic compounds, and hence entities composed of both matter and form. The matter of this change will itself be immaterial. Aquinas thought that all of the changes belong to a single type namely, ones involving a substance changing with respect to one of its contingent properties or accidents. Aquinas described prime matter as the primary principle of individuation, even though he reserved a role for a certain type of accident to play. Aquinas invoked matter and form to account for certain relations of sameness and difference holding between distinct individuals.
The Five Ways
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas offered ‘Five Ways’ that are the five proofs or demonstrations near the beginning of his Summa theologiae to establish the existence of God. Some scholars think that Aquinas's Five Ways are meant to demonstrate the existence of the particularly Christian God. Others treat Aquinas's Five Ways as attempts to demonstrate the existence of something omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good. The First Way focuses on the motion in which he argued that there exist some things that are moved, for anything that is moved, it be moved by something not identical with it, a series of movers does not regress infinitely and therefore there must be a first unmoved mover. Aquinas's Second Way focuses on efficient causation in which he argued that there is an ordered series of efficient causes among sensible things, it is impossible that a thing is the efficient cause of itself, and it is not possible for an ordered series of efficient causes to continue infinitely. Aquinas mentioned that his Third Way is from possibility and necessity, but one must be careful how to understand ‘necessity’ or ‘possibility’, as one shall see. Aquinas's Fourth Way mention that there are things that are more or less good, more or less true, more or less noble, and so on, there is something maximally good, maximally true, and maximally noble, which is maximally true is maximally being and there is something which is maximally being. The Fifth Way, and final way, is from the governance of things.
God's Impassibility, Immutability, and Eternality
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article discusses Aquinas's views on God's impassibility, immutability, and eternality. Aquinas argued that God has no passions and God's perfection rules out his negative emotions, such as sorrow, fear, envy, or anger. He mentioned that God cannot be angry because he cannot feel sorrow and he cannot be injured. Aquinas believed that the emotional side of impassibility is a minor detail in the doctrine of God. God's causal impassivity is a consequence of a fundamental, far-reaching claim that Aquinas makes about God. A passive potency is an ability to ‘move’ (change), or rather be moved, with respect to having an attribute. According to Aquinas the ‘motion’ is as such the actualization of potency. Any item that passes from potency to act has the potency temporally before it has the actuality. The claim that God is causally impassive plays a large role in Aquinas's accounts of God's knowledge and providence. Aquinas argued that the doctrine of divine immutability (DDI) rules out only change in quality such as color, intelligence or quantity such as size and shape. Aquinas believed that DDI entails that God is eternal. Aquinas argued that the concept (ratio) of eternity is a consequence of immutability. Aquinas also argued that God is wholly without motion so he is not measured by time.
Emotions
Authors: King Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas's theory of the emotions (passiones animae) is cognitivist, somatic, and taxonomical. Aquinas identified eleven essentially distinct types of emotions, which include six concupiscible emotions of love and hate, desire and aversion, delight and distress, and five irascible emotions of hope and despair, confidence and fear, and anger. The concupiscible emotions are directed at objects insofar as they appear to be good or evil, whereas the irascible emotions are directed at objects insofar as they present something good or evil that might be hard to achieve or to avoid. Aquinas argued that emotions are sensitive rather than intellective because they essentially involve physiological changes, unlike the operations of the intellective faculties of intellect and will. Aquinas mentioned that there are four distinct types of psychological activity that include sensitive cognition also known as perception, the domain of the external and internal senses, sensitive appetite, the domain of the emotions, intellective cognition, the domain of thought and reasoning, and intellective appetite, the domain of free will. Aquinas held that the sensitive appetite ‘inherits’ its intentional character from cognition, which must therefore figure in the account of emotion. Aquinas is a cognitivist about emotion, since cognitive acts are not only causal preconditions of emotion, but contribute their formal causes as well
Virtues and Vices
Authors: Porter Jean 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe concept of virtue has a central role in Aquinas's thought. Aquinas's moral theology incorporates both a general theory of virtue, and extensive consideration of the ideals and precepts proper to particular virtues. According to Aquinas, actuality is the fundamental characteristic of any kind of existence, which implies that every actually existing thing is in act and can be said to be perfect insofar as it is fully in act. Perfection is understood, correlatively, as the fullest possible development and expression of the creature's dispositions and capacities, in accordance with the intelligible causal powers and inclinations. Aquinas acknowledged that one can legitimately regard the traditional cardinal virtues as general qualities of every praiseworthy action, but he argued that these are distinct virtues, corresponding to the distinct faculties of the soul. Aquinas interpreted the kinds of actions traditionally associated with particular virtues in such a way as to display these as perfections of specific faculties, and exemplifications of general ideals of praiseworthy behavior. The passions, which are naturally oriented toward what is perceived as desirable and away from what is perceived as noxious through the senses, are shaped through reason in such a way as to aim towards the overall good of the person through virtues of temperance and fortitude.
Enlightenment and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Grey Robin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article exhibits the situations that led the Transcendentalists to turn to Scottish Common Sense philosophy and the reasons behind this turn. In contrast to eighteenth-century British Enlightenment philosophy, the Transcendentalists tended to define their metaphysics and their epistemology and rejected the neoclassical literary authors on their college curriculum. It was in defiance of those philosophies that the young Emerson at Harvard adopted the Scottish Common Sense philosophies of Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart. The article explains that the turn signaled the Transcendentalists' desire not only for a less skeptical philosophy of human knowledge but also for an unequivocal explanation of moral conduct. The article also examines the indebtedness of Transcendentalists towards the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. Though they explicitly rejected it in the area of epistemology and metaphysics, it had a much less acknowledged adoption in the field of moral philosophy.
Nineteenth-Century Print Culture
Authors: Zboray Ronald J. , Zboray Mary Saracino 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at nineteenth-century print culture and the way Transcendentalism dealt with the boom of print and manuscript production, dissemination, and reception. The field of print reproduction was at the time in question redefined by broader socioeconomic changes that turned America into a modern industrial nation. The period indeed was a turning point for Transcendentalism as by the midcentury publishers were beholding a vast mass market and they had the means of tapping into it. This nascent mass consumer culture of print provided opportunities as well as posing problems for the Transcendentalists, as they could not easily adopt an ethic of meeting consumer demand. The article also examines the lack of “reception” of Transcendentalism in print.
Religion
Authors: von Frank Albert J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the variety of religious thoughts that existed in society during and before the Transcendentalist period and the impact of such thoughts on the movement and its relation with them. The article puts a emphasis on Unitarianism as the movement had its roots in Transcendentalism. The Transcendentalists sympathized with their elders' modernizing revolt against surviving forms of Puritanism and may be said to have sustained that revolt ably throughout their first and second generations. Unitarian and Transcendentalist alike shared a conclusion that Calvinism was no proper guide for nineteenth-century Americans, who required a principle of progress in their religious views, room for effectual moral education, and scope for the advancement of the intellect. The article also discusses two significant parallel developments in American popular culture: spiritualism and “New Thought” philosophy as they emerged as extensions or caricatures of Transcendentalism.