bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of Hysteresis in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Pascal-Levi Yael , Shifman Evgeny , Pal-Chowdhury Manish , Kalifa Itshak , Sivan Ida , Rabkin Tsvika , Yaish Yuval E. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotube ﬁeld effect transistors (CNT FETs) have many possible applications in future nano-electronics due to their excellent electrical properties. However, one of the major challenges regarding their performance is the noticeable gate hysteresis which is often displayed in their transfer characteristics. The hysteresis phenomenon is often attributed to water-mediated charge transfer between the CNT and the dielectric layer or the CNT and the water layer itself. In this study, we implement three different experimental techniques and provide evidence that the hysteresis phenomenon of suspended CNT FETs, as well as of on-surface CNT FETs which operate at low gate voltage regimes (| Vg | < 3V), is based on gate-induced, water-assisted redistribution of mobile charge on the SiO2 surface, and it is not related to charge injection from the CNT itself. Two techniques are based on the current measurements through the CNT and the third utilizes electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) setup. In addition, the applied external gate voltage affect the relaxation time of the current. This change arises from the modification of the amount of water layers which adsorb onto the dielectric surface, which caused by dielectrophoresis attraction between the water molecules and the substrate. It is found that the relaxation time, and hence the surface conductivity, are very sensitive for the first few layers, and saturates above three monolayers of water molecules.
Diachronous Increase in Early Cambrian Ichnofossil Size and Benthic Faunal Activity in Different Climatic Regions
Authors: Mochizuki Takafumi , Oji Tatsuo , Zhao Yuanlong , Peng Jin , Yang Xinglian , Gonchigdorj Sersmaa 
Published: April 2014

In order to clarify the pattern of diversification and processes of biological activity during the Cambrian radiation, ichnofossils were comparatively studied in the early Cambrian sections of Newfoundland, South China and western Mongolia. Special attention was paid to size distributions of the most common ichnogenus, Planolites, and the densities of all the observed ichnofossils that preserve animal activity as expressed by bedding plane bioturbation indices (BPBI).From the Fortune Head section in Newfoundland, a clear size increase in the ichnogenus Planolites is confirmed from the Treptichnus pedum Zone to the overlying Rusophycus avalonensis Zone. The BPBI also shows much stronger biological activity in the R. avalonensis Zone than in the T. pedum Zone. In Meishucun, South China and Gobi-Altai, Mongolia, however, a variety of Planolites sizes had already appeared in the T. pedum Zone, and the BPBI's on some bedding surfaces of the T. pedum Zone are already comparable to those in the R. avalonensis Zone in Newfoundland. In the earliest Cambrian, diversification and increase in the biological activity of the benthic fauna were diachronous in the wide geographic scale, starting earlier at lower latitudes (South China and western Mongolia) than at higher latitudes (Newfoundland), reflecting differences in the onset of Cambrian benthic animal activity under different climatic conditions.
Twenty-two percent less water on maize with a new subscriber decision support tool
Authors: Pinel Bertrand , Moalic Marianne 
Published: April 2014

As a case study, this paper shows how a French cooperative seized on a new technology (capacitance sensors), tested it in real conditions (irrigation of maize in several Agronomic Department trial fields) and is now able to offer to its farmer members a subscriber decision support tool (DST) to increase water use efficiency.
Thus, technical and scientific trials have been conducted with fourteen farmers over the last four years. Managing irrigation with capacitance probes has resulted in an increase in water efficiency: most of the time, there is a reduction in water supply (the average is 22% (range 4–44%) less water use than without the probes). Sometimes, only a yield increase is observed with the same water quantity (see 2010 trial – farmer 2).
In 2012 Terrena conducted market research on 28 farmer members and 20 crop advisors. This showed that most farmers who irrigate do not use irrigation management tools. However with a tightening of regulations and an increase in irrigation costs, attitudes are changing. Thus, 12 farmers questioned, said they were ready to pay for an irrigation management service based on capacitance probes (continuous real time monitoring of soil moisture). It also showed that irrigation advice needs to take into account global irrigation system constraints (number of rollers, pump speed and the like). Farmers are ready to pay for an efficient irrigation management DST.
So as to be ready for a 2013 launch, a DST soft-launch was set-up in 2012 on ten experimental farms. The usual working practices of irrigators cannot be expected to change overnight. However, this study shows how important is the farmers' involvement in the building of this service, coupled with that of their crop advisors. Because farmers were involved at the beginning of the DST creation process, it made it possible to convince all of them to use this tool in a more sustainable manner.
Can External Monitoring Affect Corporate Financial Reporting and Disclosure? Evidence from Earnings and Expectations Management
Authors: Liu Alfred Zhu 
Published: April 2014

SYNOPSIS
This study examines whether financial analysts and institutional investors play a disciplinary role in monitoring corporate financial reporting and disclosure. Using a sample of firms that meet or marginally beat analysts' forecasts, likely through upward earnings management and downward expectations management, this study shows that managers' use of the two tactics is associated with monitoring measures, including analyst following, analyst experience and independence, institutional ownership, and institutional investors' experience and investment style. Managers under more effective monitoring by analysts and institutional investors are more likely to manage expectations downward than to manage earnings upward. Overall, the findings are consistent with financial analysts and institutional investors playing a monitoring role in constraining distortions in reported earnings and inducing timely disclosure of bad news.
Data Availability: All data are from public sources.
Colour and viscosity of egg yolk after addition of beetroot to feed for laying hens
Authors: Kopřiva Vladimír , Suchý Pavel , Straková Eva , Žďárský Michal , Dvořák Petr 
Published: April 2014

The colour and viscosity of egg yolk are among major indicators assessed by consumers and food technology. This study attempts to evaluate the colour and viscosity of yolk in laying hens’ eggs after the addition of dried beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. esculenta var. rubra) at the amount of 1% and 2% per feeding dose (in July and August 2012). The experiment was performed on 24 hens that were divided into three groups of 8 laying hens. The preparatory phase lasted one week (standard diet), followed by four weeks during which experimental layers received a diet enriched with beetroot. Then, all layers were fed a mixture without beetroot for the following four weeks. Eggs were collected during the whole period of 8 weeks. In total, 30 eggs from each group were subjected to analysis. The colour of eggs was determined using spectrophotometry, by the Colour-guide sphere spex portable colorimeter. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in value L* of yolk colour in experimental groups whereas values a* and b* (indicators of the international colorimetric scale CIELAB) did not vary significantly. Similarly, specific purity C*ab did not show a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the control and experimental groups. The egg yolk viscosity was lower in experimental groups compared to the control group but the difference was not significant. The addition of dried beetroot at the amount of 1 and 2% per feeding dose had no effect on colour and viscosity. This paper supported the null hypothesis that the addition of dried beetroot to the feeding dose at the amount of 1% and 2% has no effect on the colour and viscosity of egg yolk.
The history of urea as a hyperosmolar agent to decrease brain swelling
Authors: Otvos Balint , Kshettry Varun R. , Benzel Edward C. 
Published: April 2014

In 1919, it was observed that intravascular osmolar shifts could collapse the thecal sac and diminish the ability to withdraw CSF from the lumbar cistern. This led to the notion that hyperosmolar compounds could ameliorate brain swelling. Since then, various therapeutic interventions have been used for the reduction of intracranial pressure and brain volume.
Urea was first used as an osmotic agent for the reduction of brain volume in 1950. It was associated with greater efficacy and consistency than alternatives such as hyperosmolar glucose. Its use became the standard of clinical practice by 1957, in both the intensive care unit and operating room, to reduce intracranial pressure and brain bulk and was the first hyperosmolar compound to have widespread use. However, the prime of urea was rather short lived. Reports of side effects and complications associated with urea emerged. These included coagulopathy, hemoglobinuria, electrocardiography changes, tissue necrosis with extravasation, and a significant potential for rebound intracranial hypertension.
Mannitol was introduced in 1961 as a comparable and potentially superior alternative to urea. However, mannitol was initially purported to be less effective at rapidly reducing intracranial pressure. The debate over the two compounds continued for a decade until mannitol eventually replaced urea by the late 1960s and early 1970s as the hyperosmolar agent of choice due to the ease of preparation, chemical stability, and decreased side effect profile.
Although urea is not currently the standard of care today, its rise and eventual replacement by mannitol played a seminal role in both our understanding of cerebral edema and the establishment of strategies for its management.
A collection of suggested electronic course templates for use in higher education
Authors: Fresen Jill W. , Hill Robin K. , Geng Fawei 
Published: April 2014

The collection of electronic course templates suggested in this article results from collaborative investigation between instructional support staff and academic staff users of the virtual learning environment (VLE) at two institutions, one in the United Kingdom and the other in the United States. The particular VLE in use at both institutions was Sakai, although the experience described here can be applied to the design process and workflow using any VLE that allows the selection and some configuration of standard tools.We applied the lattice model of Hill, Fresen and Geng (2012) to design and build a set of six course site templates, which are used as the basis on which site owners can easily build new sites in the VLE. As the ultimate goal of template provision is to underpin pedagogy, academics are free to use a template or build a site from scratch, based on their own teaching context, and they may adapt any template according to the pedagogical purpose and nature of the course. The underlying assumptions are that academic staff retain full control over the content, tools and permissions in their new site. The templates are not mutually exclusive – that is, aspects from any template may be incorporated, where applicable, into another one.We conclude that it is helpful for the VLE support team to take the lead in proposing a set of templates according to the predominant teaching and learning models in use at a particular institution, which may contribute to consistency across course sites and ultimately result in an improved student learning experience.Keywords: virtual learning environment; learning management system; course templates; pedagogical dimensions; course site properties; faculty support(Published: 01 April 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 21669 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.21669
Key plants preserve elements of culture: A study over distance and time of fresh crops in Puerto Rican markets in Hartford, Connecticut, “A moveable feast”,
Authors: Taylor David W. , Anderson Gregory J. 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: People retain culinary customs when they migrate. We tested this commitment via the study of Puerto Rican fresh produce markets in the continental United States over time, 18 yr, and space, by comparisons with source markets in Puerto Rico (PR).• Methods: A survey of Puerto Rican markets in Hartford (HT), Connecticut in 1993–1994 was repeated in 2009–2010. A comparative study was made at open‐air markets in PR in 2009. Surveys recorded fresh crops, and interviews with vendors and Hartford Puerto Rican residents provided context.• Key results: We recorded 84 plant crops (64 species; 32 families) for seven categories. The largest category was viandas (fresh, starchy “root” crops and immature fruits), followed by saborizantes (flavorings). In the second HT survey, 80% of the crops were still present. And ∼90% of the HT 1993–1994 crops and ∼75% of the HT 2009–2010 crops were shared with markets in PR.• Conclusions: On the basis of our results, we suggest two new concepts. The persistence of these largely tropical foods in a temperate market far removed from tropical PR shows the importance of basic foods as an element of cultural identification. We recognize this stability as an example of “culinary cultural conservation”. Second, analysis of these fresh produce markets leads to the conclusion that viandas are the most prominent in diversity, persistence over time and distance, volume, and in terms of consumers’ “willingness to pay”. Accordingly, we consider the viandas a good example of a “cultural keystone food group”, a food group that is emblematic of a community's culinary conservation.
Floral colleters in Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae)
Authors: Cardoso‐Gustavson Poliana , Campbell Lisa M. , Mazzoni‐Viveiros Solange C. , de Barros and Fábio 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: The term colleter is applied to trichomes or emergences positioned close to developing vegetative and floral meristems that secrete a sticky, mucilaginous, and/or lipophilic exudate. Several ecological functions are attributed to these glands, but none are exclusive to colleters. Patterns of morphology and distribution of colleters may be valuable for systematics and phylogeny, especially concerning problematic and large groups such as the subtribe Pleurothallidinae, and are also essential to understand the evolution of these glands in Orchidaceae as a whole.• Methods: We used scanning electron and light microscopy to examine the structure and occurrence of trichomes on bracts and sepals and in the invaginations of the external ovary wall (IEOW) in flowers in several developmental stages from species in seven genera.• Key results: The exudate was composed of polysaccharides, lipophilic, and phenolic compounds. Colleters were secretory only during the development of floral organs, except for the glands in the IEOW that were also active in flowers at anthesis. After the secretory phase, fungal hyphae were found penetrating senescent trichomes.• Conclusions: Trichome‐like colleters seem to be a widespread character in Epidendroideae, and digitiform colleters are possibly the common type in this subfamily. Mucilage from IEOW colleters may aid in the establishment of symbiotic fungi necessary for seed germination. The presence of colleters in the IEOW may be a case of homeoheterotopy, in which extrafloral nectaries that produce simple sugar‐based secretions (as in other orchid species) have changed to glands that produce secretions with complex polysaccharides, as in Pleurothallidinae.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for the Moroccan endemic endangered species Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae)
Authors: El Bahloul Yasmina , Dauchot Nicolas , Machtoun Ikrame , Gaboun Fatima , Van Cutsem Pierre 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed for the Moroccan endemic endangered species Argania spinosa with a combination of a typical library enrichment procedure and a 454 GS FLX Titanium–based high‐throughput sequencing approach.• Methods and Results: A genomic DNA library was enriched and further screened using (GA)15, (GTA)8, and (TTC)8 biotin‐labeled probes coupled with chemi‐luminescence detection. To increase simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci number, an ultra‐high‐throughput sequencing‐based approach was used. Evaluation of all primer pairs was performed with labeled dUTP on an ABI 3130xl sequencer. Eleven polymorphic SSR loci were selected out of 79 SSR regions and extensively characterized on 150 individuals from eight populations. Total alleles ranged from six to 19 alleles per locus while expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.618 to 0.869.• Conclusions: The SSRs developed here will be used to further characterize the genetic diversity of A. spinosa across its distribution range, mainly in the southern part of Morocco and southwestern Algeria. They may also be transferable to other Sapotaceae species.
Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib, an Oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Open-label, Longterm Extension Studies
Authors: Wollenhaupt Jürgen , Silverfield Joel , Lee Eun Bong , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Wood Susan P. , Soma Koshika , Nduaka Chudy I. , Benda Birgitta , Gruben David , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Komuro Yoshihiro , Zwillich Samuel H. , Wang Lisy , Riese Richard J. 
Published: April 2014

Objective.To describe the longterm safety and efficacy profile of tofacitinib in patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Data were pooled from 2 open-label studies (NCT00413699, NCT00661661) involving patients who had participated in qualifying phase I, II, or III index studies of tofacitinib. Safety data included over 60 months of observation; efficacy data are reported up to Month 48. Treatment was initiated with tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily. Primary endpoints were adverse events (AE) and laboratory safety data. Secondary endpoints included American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response rates, and Disease Activity Score (28 joints) (DAS28)-4[erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) assessments.Results.Overall, 4102 patients were treated for 5963 patient-years; mean (maximum) treatment duration was 531 (1844) days; 20.8% of patients discontinued treatment over 60 months. The most common AE were nasopharyngitis (12.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (10.5%). Serious AE were reported in 15.4% of patients with an exposure-estimated incidence rate of 11.1 events/100 patient-years. Serious infections were reported in 4.5% of patients with an exposure-estimated incidence rate of 3.1 events/100 patient-years (95% CI: 2.66–3.55). Mean values for laboratory variables were stable over time and consistent with phase II and III studies. Persistent efficacy was demonstrated through Month 48, as measured by ACR response rate (ACR20/50/70) DAS28-4-ESR, and HAQ-DI. Safety and efficacy were similar for patients receiving tofacitinib as monotherapy or with background nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.Conclusion.Tofacitinib demonstrated consistent safety and persistent efficacy over 48 months in patients with RA.
Effect of Urate-lowering Therapies on Renal Disease Progression in Patients with Hyperuricemia
Authors: Levy Gerald D. , Rashid Nazia , Niu Fang , Cheetham T. Craig 
Published: April 2014

Objective.To evaluate the association between hyperuricemia and renal disease progression in a real-world, large observational database study.Methods.We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study identifying 111,992 patients with hyperuricemia (> 7 mg/dl) from a large medical group. The final cohort were ≥ 18 years old, urate-lowering therapy (ULT)-naïve, and had the following laboratory results available: at least 1 glomerular filtration rate (GFR) level before the index date and at least 1 serum uric acid (sUA) level and GFR in the followup 36-month period. The cohort was categorized into 3 groups: never treated (NoTx), ULT time receiving therapy of < 80% (< 80%), and ULT time receiving therapy of ≥ 80% (≥ 80%). Outcomes were defined as a ≥ 30% reduction in GFR from baseline, dialysis, or GFR of ≤ 15 ml/min. A subanalysis of patients with sUA < 6 mg/dl at study conclusion was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression model determined factors associated with renal function decline.Results.A total of 16,186 patients met inclusion criteria. There were 11,192 NoTx patients, 3902 with < 80% time receiving ULT, and 1092 with ≥ 80% time receiving ULT. Factors associated with renal disease progression were age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, hospitalizations, rheumatoid arthritis, and higher sUA at baseline. Time receiving therapy was not associated with renal outcomes. Patients who achieved sUA < 6 mg/dl had a 37% reduction in outcome events (p < 0.0001; HR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.5–0.78).Conclusion.Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for renal function decline. Patients treated with ULT who achieved sUA < 6 mg/dl on ULT showed a 37% reduction in outcome events.
Éradiquer le typhus : imaginaire médical et discours sanitaire nazi dans le gouvernement général de Pologne (1939-1944)
Authors: Chapoutot Johann 
Published: April 2014

Lorsque les soldats et fonctionnaires allemands prennent possession de la Pologne en 1939, ils la voient au prisme de représentations déjà très anciennes : l’Est est arriéré, pauvre, insalubre. À partir de 1942, après que la décision de tuer tous les Juifs d’Europe a été prise, quelques films et textes édités par les services sanitaires de la Wehrmacht et de la SS enseignent aux forces d’occupation allemande comment « traiter » les pathologies propres à l’Est, notamment le typhus, attribué à l’idiosyncrasie juive. La conception biologique du « danger juif » présente la « solution finale » comme une nécessaire pratique bio-médicale d’éradication sanitaire.