bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relating life‐history traits, environmental constraints and local extinctions in river fish
Authors: Bergerot Benjamin , Hugueny Bernard , Belliard Jérôme 
Published: March 2015

Summary

The life histories of freshwater fish are widely studied because they represent fundamental determinants of population performances. However, a gap remains in our understanding of how species traits may predispose species to extinction in a changing environment.

In this study, based on a large data set provided by the French National Agency for Water and Aquatic Environment (325 sites), we analysed factors that explain the probability of local extinction in 40 freshwater species across French rivers.

A total of five traits characterised the demography of 40 species, and eight environmental parameters at the 325 sites were examined. Our results agreed closely with an empirical classification of freshwater fish in temperate regions, conforming to three‐endpoint continuum of life‐history ‘strategies’ of species (equilibrium, periodic and opportunist).

The probability of local species extinction was closely related to species traits. Equilibrial species tended to show lower annual extinction rates, whereas opportunistic species and, above all, periodic ones exhibited higher extinction values.

Nevertheless, prediction of species local extinctions is not trivial and depends not only on particular suites of life‐history traits but also on their interaction with environmental conditions along the longitudinal river continuum.
Relative importance of phosphorus, invasive mussels and climate for patterns in chlorophyll a and primary production in Lakes Michigan and Huron
Authors: Warner David M. , Lesht Barry M. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Lakes Michigan and Huron, which are undergoing oligotrophication after reduction of phosphorus loading, invasion by dreissenid mussels and variation in climate, provide an opportunity to conduct large‐scale evaluation of the relative importance of these changes for lake productivity. We used remote sensing, field data and an information‐theoretic approach to identify factors that showed statistical relationships with observed changes in chlorophyll a (chla) and primary production (PP).

Spring phosphorus (TP), annual mean chla and PP have all declined significantly in both lakes since the late 1990s. Additionally, monthly mean values of chla have decreased in many but not all months, indicating altered seasonal patterns. The most striking change has been the decrease in chla concentration during the spring bloom.

Mean chlorophyll a concentration was 17% higher in Lake Michigan than in Lake Huron, and total production for 2008 in Lake Michigan (9.5 tg year−1) was 10% greater than in Lake Huron (7.8 tg year−1), even though Lake Michigan is slightly smaller (by 3%) than Lake Huron. Differences between the lakes in the early 1970s evidently persisted to 2008.

Invasive mussels influenced temporal trends in spring chla and annual primary production. However, TP had a greater effect on chla and primary production than did the mussels, and TP varied independently from them. Two climatic variables (precipitation and air temperature in the basins) influenced annual chla and annual PP, while the extent of ice cover influenced TP but not chla or primary production. Our results demonstrate that observed temporal patterns in chla and PP are the result of complex interactions of P, climate and invasive mussels.
Thermal acclimation modulates the impacts of temperature and enrichment on trophic interaction strengths and population dynamics
Authors: Sentis Arnaud , Morisson Julie , Boukal David S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGlobal change affects individual phenotypes and biotic interactions, which can have cascading effects up to the ecosystem level. However, the role of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity in species interactions is poorly understood, leaving a substantial gap in our knowledge of the impacts of global change on ecosystems. Using a cladoceran–dragonfly system, we experimentally investigated the effects of thermal acclimation, acute temperature change and enrichment on predator functional response and metabolic rate. Using our experimental data, we next parameterized a population dynamics model to determine the consequences of these effects on trophic interaction strength and food‐chain stability. We found that (1) predation and metabolic rates of the dragonfly larvae increase with acute warming, (2) warm‐acclimated larvae have a higher maximum predation rate than cold‐acclimated ones, and (3) long‐term interaction strength increases with enrichment but decreases with both acclimation and acute temperatures. Overall, our experimental results show that thermal acclimation can buffer negative impacts of environmental change on predators and increase food‐web stability and persistence. We conclude that the effect of acclimation and, more generally, phenotypic plasticity on trophic interactions should not be overlooked if we aim to understand the effects of climate change and enrichment on species interaction strength and food‐web stability.
A meta‐analysis of climate change effects on forage quality in grasslands: specificities of mountain and Mediterranean areas
Authors: Dumont B. , Andueza D. , Niderkorn V. , Lüscher A. , Porqueddu C. , Picon‐Cochard C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), global mean temperature and interannual variability in temperature and rainfall are expected to increase significantly by the end of the 21st century. To review the effects of these factors on forage quality, we carried out a meta‐analysis of climate manipulation experiments. The first notable result was a lack of effect of elevated CO2 on structural carbohydrates and digestibility. Elevated CO2 increased the total non‐structural carbohydrates of forage tissues by an average of 25% and decreased forage nitrogen (N) content by 8%. Increased legume abundance in multispecies swards can, however, maintain N concentration in the harvested biomass. There were no consistent effects of warming on contents of N, water‐soluble and structural carbohydrates, or on digestibility. We highlight the continuum in the effect of water availability, from drought to irrigation, with a curvilinear increase of forage N as water availability decreased. Digestibility increased, on average, by 7% with drought, but with strong experimental variations. The review places special emphasis on discussion of the specificities of mountain and Mediterranean grasslands, the former being limited by low temperature, the latter by drought and heat. Elevated CO2 decreased forage N content in mountain areas and in temperate plains alike. It increased N content by an average of 3% in Mediterranean areas; this could be due to shifts in vegetation communities under elevated CO2 or to a greater concentration of N in plant tissues under drought conditions. Further experiments are needed to investigate the effects of combined factors, including extreme climatic events.
Impact of acute geriatric care in elderly patients according to the Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment criteria in northern France
Authors: Frély Anne , Chazard Emmanuel , Pansu Aymeric , Beuscart Jean‐Baptiste , Puisieux François 
Published: March 2015

IntroductionIn France, over 20% of hospitalizations of elderly people are a result of adverse drug events, of which 50% are considered preventable. Tools have been developed to detect inappropriate prescriptions. The Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment (STOPP/START) criteria are innovative and adapted to French prescriptions. This is one of the first French prospective studies to evaluate the impact of acute geriatric care on prescriptions at discharge in elderly patients using the STOPP/START criteria.MethodThe evaluation of prescriptions according to STOPP/START was carried out on admission and at discharge of patients in acute geriatric units at three hospitals in the Nord‐Pas de Calais region, France. A total of 202 elderly hospitalized patients were included during the 4.5 months of the study (1.5 months per center).ResultsThe mean number of drugs was seven on admission and at discharge. Over half of the prescriptions at admission contained at least one potentially inappropriate medication or one potential prescription omission. The prescriptions at discharge contained significantly fewer potentially inappropriate medications than prescriptions on admission (P < 0.001). In contrast, there was no difference between prescriptions at discharge in terms of potential prescription omissions.ConclusionAcute geriatric hospitalization in France improves prescriptions in terms of potentially inappropriate medication, but has no impact on potential prescription omissions. Further studies must be carried out to see if STOPP/START could be used as a tool in French prescription. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 272–278.
Incorporating Stream Features into Groundwater Contouring Tools Within GIS
Authors: Bannister Roger , Kennelly Patrick 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHydrogeologists often are called upon to estimate surfaces from discrete, sparse data points. This estimation is often accomplished by manually drawing contours on maps using interpolation methods between points of known value while accounting for features known to influence the water table's surface. By contrast, geographic information systems (GIS) are good at creating smooth continuous surfaces from limited data points and allowing the user to represent the resulting surface resulting with contours, but these automated methods often fail to meet the expectations of many hydrogeologists because they do not include knowledge of other influences on the water table. In this study, we seek to fill this gap in the GIS‐based methodology for hydrogeologists through an interactive tool that shapes an interpolated surface based on additional knowledge of the water table inferred from gaining or losing streams. The modified surface is reflected in water table contours that, for example, “V” upstream for gaining streams, and can be interactively adjusted to fit the user's expectations. By modifying not only the contours but also the associated interpolated surface, additional contours will follow the same trend, and the modified surface can be used for other analyses like calculating average gradients and flow paths. The tool leverages Esri's ArcGIS Desktop software, building upon a robust suite of mapping tools. We see this as a prototype for other tools that could be developed for hydrogeologists to account for variations in the water table inferred from local topographic trends, pumping or injection wells, and other hydrogeologic features.
Current Approaches to Medieval Historiography
Authors: Lake Justin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn recent decades a variety of approaches have been adopted to wring as much meaning as possible out of medieval chronicles and narrative histories. Moving past the use of these texts merely as source material to reconstruct the history of the Middle Ages, scholars have begun to focus to an increasing extent on topics such as authorial intention, social and political function, audience, and textual transmission. This essay charts the development of new approaches to medieval historiography, focusing on: 1) the analysis of fictional elements in history; 2) the relationship between politics and history; and 3) the return to manuscripts as primary sites of historical communication.
Theorizing Conversion: Christianity, Colonization, and Consciousness in the Early Modern Atlantic World
Authors: Gerbner Katharine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile Christian evangelization and conversion were often the primary justifications for imperial expansion in the early modern Atlantic world, the meaning of the word “conversion” remains contested among scholars, particularly when used to refer to non‐European conversion to Christianity. Several historians have argued that the term “conversion” simplifies a complex process and reiterates a missionary mindset. This article surveys a variety of alternatives to the word “conversion,” including syncretism, hybridity, affiliation, appropriation, and practice. While assessing the benefits and drawbacks of each of these terms, it argues that discarding the word “conversion” risks minimizing or overlooking the experiences of non‐European converts. Instead, it is more accurate to say that conversion – for both Europeans and non‐Europeans – was a process of transformation that occurred on multiple planes. The social, cultural, and political implications are easier to identify in the historical record, but historians also need to take seriously the possibility of religious transformation as well.In order to do so, this essay draws on literature from the fields of anthropology and religious studies to identify two methods that can be particularly useful for describing non‐European conversion: first, an emphasis on “lived religion” can help historians move past the misconception that Christianity is a bound system. By focusing on practice rather than doctrine, it de‐centers missionaries and seeks, instead, to examine religious practice from the “bottom up.” Second, interrogating the process of translation has great potential for historians of conversion, particularly during a period of colonial encounter. By exploring how Christian terms were redefined through their translation into non‐European languages, historians will gain better insight into the cosmologies, beliefs, and practices of Native Americans and Africans. By using these methods – and recognizing that the meaning of “conversion” is, and always has been, in flux – historians can move past the “missionary mindset” and acknowledge the significance of the choice that many non‐Europeans made to engage in Christian rites.
Comparison of apically extruded debris after root canal instrumentation using Reciproc® instruments with various kinematics
Authors: Arslan H. , Doğanay E. , Alsancak M. , Çapar I. D. , Karataş E. , Gündüz H. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimTo assess the amount of apically extruded debris using Reciproc® instruments with different kinematics (150° counter clockwise [CCW]–30° clockwise [CW], 270° CCW–30° CW, 360° CCW–30° CW and continuous rotation).MethodologyForty‐eight maxillary central incisors were selected and assigned to four root canal shaping groups as follows (n = 12): 150° CCW–30° CW, 270° CCW–30° CW, 360° CCW–30° CW and continuous rotation. Reciproc R25 and R50® instruments were used in all groups. Apically extruded debris was collected and dried in preweighed Eppendorf tubes. The weight of extruded debris was assessed with an electronic balance. The data were analysed with one way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests (P = 0.05).ResultsThe 150° CCW–30° CW and 270° CCW–30° CW reciprocating motions extruded significantly less debris than continuous rotation (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the 360° CCW and 30° CW reciprocating motion and the continuous rotation (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAll instrument movements were associated with apically extruded debris. However, the 150° CCW–30° CW and 270° CCW–30° CW reciprocating motions were associated with less extrusion than continuous rotation.
A review of herbal medicines in wound healing
Authors: Maver Tina , Maver Uroš , Stana Kleinschek Karin , Smrke Dragica M. , Kreft Samo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHerbs have been integral to both traditional and non‐traditional forms of medicine dating back at least 5000 years. The enduring popularity of herbal medicines may be explained by the perception that herbs cause minimal unwanted side effects. More recently, scientists increasingly rely on modern scientific methods and evidence‐based medicine to prove efficacy of herbal medicines and focus on better understanding of mechanisms of their action. However, information concerning quantitative human health benefits of herbal medicines is still rare or dispersed, limiting their proper valuation. Preparations from traditional medicinal plants are often used for wound healing purposes covering a broad area of different skin‐related diseases. Herbal medicines in wound management involve disinfection, debridement, and provision of a suitable environment for aiding the natural course of healing. Here we report on 22 plants used as wound healing agents in traditional medicine around the world. The aim of this review is therefore to review herbal medicines, which pose great potential for effective treatment of minor wounds.
Preparation and characterisation of soya milk enriched with isoflavone aglycone fermented by lactic acid bacteria combined with hydrothermal cooking pretreatment
Authors: Yang Juan , Bao Zhining , Wu Nana , Yang Xiaoquan , Lin Weifeng , Chen Zhong , Wang Jinmei , Guo Jian 
Published: March 2015

SummaryA fermented soya milk (FSM) enriched with isoflavone aglycone (FSM‐SPIA) was prepared from heated soya protein isolate (SPI)‐isoflavone complex. After 48 h of fermentation, FSM‐SPIA contained higher contents of living bacteria, free amino acids and aglycone compared with the FSM of SPI (FSM‐SPI) and the FSM of SPI‐isoflavone complex (FSM‐Mix). In the in‐vitro digestion experiment, FSM‐SPIA showed higher antioxidant capacity and isoflavones (ISO) bioavailability than FSM‐SPI and FSM‐Mix. This was likely due to the soya milk containing a higher level of amino acid, peptides and the presence of soya bean isoflavone. The improved protein digestibility, the interaction and binding ability between proteins and ISO may affect the properties of the protein and the fermented products. The FSM enriched with isoflavone aglycone can be used as a functional fermented drink, as well as an auxiliary food for menopausal women during a specific pathological period.
The Warburg effect in mycobacterial granulomas is dependent on the recruitment and activation of macrophages by interferon‐γ
Authors: Appelberg Rui , Moreira Diana , Barreira‐Silva Palmira , Borges Margarida , Silva Letícia , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge , Resende Mariana , Correia‐Neves Margarida , Jordan Michael B. , Ferreira Nuno C. , Abrunhosa Antero J. , Silvestre Ricardo 
Published: March 2015

SummaryGranulomas are the hallmark of mycobacterial disease. Here, we demonstrate that both the cell recruitment and the increased glucose consumption in granulomatous infiltrates during Mycobacterium avium infection are highly dependent on interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). Mycobacterium avium‐infected mice lacking IFN‐γ signalling failed to developed significant inflammatory infiltrations and lacked the characteristic uptake of the glucose analogue fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). To assess the role of macrophages in glucose uptake we infected mice with a selective impairment of IFN‐γ signalling in the macrophage lineage (MIIG mice). Although only a partial reduction of the granulomatous areas was observed in infected MIIG mice, the insensitivity of macrophages to IFN‐γ reduced the accumulation of FDG. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays showed that macrophage activated by IFN‐γ displayed increased rates of glucose uptake and in vitro studies showed also that they had increased lactate production and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes. Overall, our results show that the activation of macrophages by IFN‐γ is responsible for the Warburg effect observed in organs infected with M. avium.
Distinct sustained structural and functional effects of interleukin‐33 and interleukin‐25 on the airways in a murine asthma surrogate
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Wei , Huang Ping , Zhang Qian , Yao Xiujuan , Wang Jingjing , Lv Zhe , An Yunqing , Corrigan Chris J. , Huang Kewu , Ying Sun 
Published: March 2015

SummaryInterleukin‐25 (IL‐25) and IL‐33, which belong to distinct cytokine families, induce and promote T helper type 2 airway inflammation. Both cytokines probably play a role in asthma, but there is a lack of direct evidence to clarify distinctions between their functions and how they might contribute to distinct ‘endotypes’ of disease. To address this, we made a direct comparison of the effects of IL‐25 and IL‐33 on airway inflammation and physiology in our established murine asthma surrogate, which involves per‐nasal, direct airway challenge. Intranasal challenge with IL‐33 or IL‐25 induced inflammatory cellular infiltration, collagen deposition, airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis and airway hyper‐responsiveness, but neither increased systemic production of IgE or IgG1. Compared with that of IL‐25, the IL‐33‐induced response was characterized by more sustained laying down of extracellular matrix protein, neoangiogenesis, T helper type 2 cytokine expression and elevation of tissue damping. Hence, both IL‐25 and IL‐33 may contribute significantly and independently to asthma ‘endotypes’ when considering molecular targets for the treatment of human disease.
Macrophages play an essential role in antigen‐specific immune suppression mediated by T CD8+ cell‐derived exosomes
Authors: Nazimek Katarzyna , Ptak Wlodzimierz , Nowak Bernadeta , Ptak Maria , Askenase Philip W. , Bryniarski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2015

SummaryMurine contact sensitivity (CS) reaction could be antigen‐specifically regulated by T CD8+ suppressor (Ts) lymphocytes releasing microRNA‐150 in antibody light‐chain‐coated exosomes that were formerly suggested to suppress CS through action on macrophages (Mφ). The present studies investigated the role of Mφ in Ts cell‐exosome‐mediated antigen‐specific suppression as well as modulation of Mφ antigen‐presenting function in humoral and cellular immunity by suppressive exosomes. Mice depleted of Mφ by clodronate liposomes could not be tolerized and did not produce suppressive exosomes. Moreover, isolated T effector lymphocytes transferring CS were suppressed by exosomes only in the presence of Mφ, demonstrating the substantial role of Mφ in the generation and action of Ts cell regulatory exosomes. Further, significant decrease of number of splenic B cells producing trinitrophenyl (TNP) ‐specific antibodies with the alteration of the ratio of serum titres of IgM to IgG was observed in recipients of exosome‐treated, antigen‐pulsed Mφ and the significant suppression of CS was demonstrated in recipients of exosome‐treated, TNP‐conjugated Mφ. Additionally, exosome‐pulsed, TNP‐conjugated Mφ mediated suppression of CS in mice pre‐treated with a low‐dose of cyclophosphamide, suggesting de novo induction of T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Treg cell involvement in the effector phase of the studied suppression mechanism was proved by unsuccessful tolerization of DEREG mice depleted of Treg lymphocytes. Furthermore, the inhibition of proliferation of CS effector cells cultured with exosome‐treated Mφ in a transmembrane manner was observed. Our results demonstrated the essential role of Mφ in antigen‐specific immune suppression mediated by Ts cell‐derived exosomes and realized by induction of Treg lymphocytes and inhibition of T effector cell proliferation.