bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and the drive to exercise in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Keyes Alexandra , Woerwag‐Mehta Sabine , Bartholdy Savani , Koskina Antonia , Middleton Benita , Connan Frances , Webster Peter , Schmidt Ulrike , Campbell Iain C. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo investigate physical activity (PA) and drive for exercise in anorexia nervosa (AN) in relation to eating disorder (ED) pathology and anxiety.MethodFemale participants were recruited into four groups: AN outpatients (n = 37), AN inpatients (n = 18), an anxiety group (n = 34), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 30). PA was measured by actigraphy and self‐report together with drive/reasons for exercise, ED pathology, anxiety, depression, stress, BMI, and body composition.ResultsED psychopathology, general psychopathology, and physiological measures were consistent with diagnosis. All groups showed a wide range in activity, especially on self‐report. No significant group differences were observed in objective PA levels, yet AN groups reported 57–92% higher total activity than HCs. Outpatients reported more walking and moderate exercise than HCs, and inpatients reported more walking but less moderate and vigorous activity than all other groups. AN groups had significantly higher drive to exercise and valued “improving tone” as important and health and enjoyment as less important reasons to exercise.DiscussionSelf‐perceived activity rather than objective data may partly explain the increased activity reported in AN. Drive to exercise in AN appears to be more related to ED pathology than to anxiety. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:46–54)
Spatial patterns, ecological niches, and interspecific competition of avian brood parasites: inferring from a case study of Korea
Authors: Lee Jin‐Won , Noh Hee‐Jin , Lee Yunkyoung , Kwon Young‐Soo , Kim Chang‐Hoe , Yoo Jeong‐Chil 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSince obligate avian brood parasites depend completely on the effort of other host species for rearing their progeny, the availability of hosts will be a critical resource for their life history. Circumstantial evidence suggests that intense competition for host species may exist not only within but also between species. So far, however, few studies have demonstrated whether the interspecific competition really occurs in the system of avian brood parasitism and how the nature of brood parasitism is related to their niche evolution. Using the occurrence data of five avian brood parasites from two sources of nationwide bird surveys in South Korea and publically available environmental/climatic data, we identified their distribution patterns and ecological niches, and applied species distribution modeling to infer the effect of interspecific competition on their spatial distribution. We found that the distribution patterns of five avian brood parasites could be characterized by altitude and climatic conditions, but overall their spatial ranges and ecological niches extensively overlapped with each other. We also found that the predicted distribution areas of each species were generally comparable to the realized distribution areas, and the numbers of individuals in areas where multiple species were predicted to coexist showed positive relationships among species. In conclusion, despite following different coevolutionary trajectories to adapt to their respect host species, five species of avian brood parasites breeding in South Korea occupied broadly similar ecological niches, implying that they tend to conserve ancestral preferences for ecological conditions. Furthermore, our results indicated that contrary to expectation interspecific competition for host availability between avian brood parasites seemed to be trivial, and thus, play little role in shaping their spatial distributions and ecological niches. Future studies, including the complete ranges of avian brood parasites and ecological niches of host species, will be worthwhile to further elucidate these issues.
Maritime climate influence on chaparral composition and diversity in the coast range of central California
Authors: Vasey Michael C. , Parker V. Thomas , Holl Karen D. , Loik Michael E. , Hiatt Seth 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe investigated the hypothesis that maritime climatic factors associated with summer fog and low cloud stratus (summer marine layer) help explain the compositional diversity of chaparral in the coast range of central California. We randomly sampled chaparral species composition in 0.1‐hectare plots along a coast‐to‐interior gradient. For each plot, climatic variables were estimated and soil samples were analyzed. We used Cluster Analysis and Principle Components Analysis to objectively categorize plots into climate zone groups. Climate variables, vegetation composition and various diversity measures were compared across climate zone groups using ANOVA and nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Differences in climatic variables that relate to summer moisture availability and winter freeze events explained the majority of variance in measured conditions and coincided with three chaparral assemblages: maritime (lowland coast where the summer marine layer was strongest), transition (upland coast with mild summer marine layer influence and greater winter precipitation), and interior sites that generally lacked late summer water availability from either source. Species turnover (β‐diversity) was higher among maritime and transition sites than interior sites. Coastal chaparral differs from interior chaparral in having a higher obligate seeder to facultative seeder (resprouter) ratio and by being dominated by various Arctostaphylos species as opposed to the interior dominant, Adenostoma fasciculatum. The maritime climate influence along the California central coast is associated with patterns of woody plant composition and β‐diversity among sites. Summer fog in coastal lowlands and higher winter precipitation in coastal uplands combine to lower late dry season water deficit in coastal chaparral and contribute to longer fire return intervals that are associated with obligate seeders and more local endemism. Soil nutrients are comparatively less important in explaining plant community composition, but heterogeneous azonal soils contribute to local endemism and promote isolated chaparral patches within the dominant forest vegetation along the coast.
Time scale matters: genetic analysis does not support adaptation‐by‐time as the mechanism for adaptive seasonal declines in kokanee reproductive life span
Authors: Morbey Yolanda E. , Jensen Evelyn L. , Russello Michael A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSeasonal declines of fitness‐related traits are often attributed to environmental effects or individual‐level decisions about reproductive timing and effort, but genetic variation may also play a role. In populations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), seasonal declines in reproductive life span have been attributed to adaptation‐by‐time, in which divergent selection for different traits occurs among reproductively isolated temporal components of a population. We evaluated this hypothesis in kokanee (freshwater obligate Oncorhynchus nerka) by testing for temporal genetic structure in neutral and circadian‐linked loci. We detected no genetic differences in presumably neutral loci among kokanee with different arrival and maturation dates within a spawning season. Similarly, we detected no temporal genetic structure in OtsClock1b, Omy1009uw, or OmyFbxw11, candidate loci associated with circadian function. The genetic evidence from this study and others indicates a lack of support for adaptation‐by‐time as an important evolutionary mechanism underlying seasonal declines in reproductive life span and a need for greater consideration of other mechanisms such as time‐dependent, adaptive adjustment of reproductive effort.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Lipase‐Catalysed Acylation of Methyl α‐D‐Glycopyranosides with Fluorinated β‐Lactams
Authors: Sundell Riku , Siirola Elina , Kanerva Liisa T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBurkholderia cepacia lipase (lipase PS‐D) catalysed acylation with 3,3‐difluoro‐4‐phenyl‐, ‐thiophen‐3‐yl‐ and ‐4‐pyridylazetidin‐2‐ones was examined for the formation of N‐Boc‐protected 6‐O‐acylated sugar–β‐amino acid conjugates from methyl α‐D‐galacto‐, ‐gluco‐ and mannopyranosides and Boc2O. The 6‐O‐acylated glycopyranoside–β‐amino acid conjugates were isolated and characterized. The low solubility of the gluco‐ and mannopyranosides and the high reactivity of the pyridylazetidinone restricted product formation. Activation of the β‐lactam ring by the presence of fluorine substituents was shown to be necessary for the enzymatic acylation reaction. The (S)‐enantiomers of the racemic β‐lactam substrates reacted with the sugars.
Development and pharmacological characterization of a model of sleep disruption‐induced hypersensitivity in the rat
Authors: Wodarski R. , Schuh‐Hofer S. , Yurek D.A. , Wafford K.A. , Gilmour G. , Treede R.‐D. , Kennedy J.D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundSleep disturbance is a commonly reported co‐morbidity in chronic pain patients, and conversely, disruption of sleep can cause acute and long‐lasting hypersensitivity to painful stimuli. The underlying mechanisms of sleep disruption‐induced pain hypersensitivity are poorly understood. Confounding factors of previous studies have been the sleep disruption protocols, such as the ‘pedestal over water’ or ‘inverted flower pot’ methods, that can cause large stress responses and therefore may significantly affect pain outcome measures.MethodsSleep disruption was induced by placing rats for 8 h in a slowly rotating cylindrical cage causing arousal via the righting reflex. Mechanical (Von Frey filaments) and thermal (Hargreaves) nociceptive thresholds were assessed, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured (mass spectroscopy). Sleep disruption‐induced hypersensitivity was pharmacologically characterized with drugs relevant for pain treatment, including gabapentin (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), Ica‐6p (Kv7.2/7.3 potassium channel opener; 10 mg/kg), ibuprofen (30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).ResultsEight hours of sleep disruption caused robust mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in the absence of a measurable change in plasma corticosterone levels. Gabapentin had no effect on reduced nociceptive thresholds. Ibuprofen attenuated mechanical thresholds, while Ica‐6p and amitriptyline attenuated only reduced thermal nociceptive thresholds.ConclusionsThese results show that acute and low‐stress sleep disruption causes mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in rats. Mechanical and heat hypersensitivity exhibited differential sensitivity to pharmacological agents, thus suggesting dissociable mechanisms for those two modalities. Ultimately, this model could help identify underlying mechanisms linking sleep disruption and hypersensitivity.
A review of starch‐branching enzymes and their role in amylopectin biosynthesis
Authors: Tetlow Ian J. , Emes Michael J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStarch‐branching enzymes (SBEs) are one of the four major enzyme classes involved in starch biosynthesis in plants and algae, and their activities play a crucial role in determining the structure and physical properties of starch granules. SBEs generate α‐1,6‐branch linkages in α‐glucans through cleavage of internal α‐1,4 bonds and transfer of the released reducing ends to C‐6 hydroxyls. Starch biosynthesis in plants and algae requires multiple isoforms of SBEs and is distinct from glycogen biosynthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes which uses a single branching enzyme (BE) isoform. One of the unique characteristics of starch structure is the grouping of α‐1,6‐branch points in clusters within amylopectin. This is a feature of SBEs and their interplay with other starch biosynthetic enzymes, thus facilitating formation of the compact water‐insoluble semicrystalline starch granule. In this respect, the activity of SBE isoforms is pivotal in starch granule assembly. SBEs are structurally related to the α‐amylase superfamily of enzymes, sharing three domains of secondary structure with prokaryotic Bes: the central (β/α)8‐barrel catalytic domain, an NH2‐terminal domain involved in determining the size of α‐glucan chain transferred, and the C‐terminal domain responsible for catalytic capacity and substrate preference. In addition, SBEs have conserved plant‐specific domains, including phosphorylation sites which are thought to be involved in regulating starch metabolism. SBEs form heteromeric protein complexes with other SBE isoforms as well as other enzymes involved in starch synthesis, and assembly of these protein complexes is regulated by protein phosphorylation. Phosphorylated SBEIIb is found in multienzyme complexes with isoforms of glucan‐elongating starch synthases, and these protein complexes are implicated in amylopectin cluster formation. This review presents a comparative overview of plant SBEs and includes a review of their properties, structural and functional characteristics, and recent developments on their post‐translational regulation. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(8):546–558, 2014
A Randomized, Double-Blind Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Blosozumab, a Sclerostin Antibody, in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Recker Robert R. , Benson Charles T. , Matsumoto Toshio , Bolognese Michael A. , Robins Deborah A. , Alam Jahangir , Chiang Alan Y , Hu Leijun , Krege John H , Sowa Hideaki , Mitlak Bruce H. , Myers Stephen L. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT Sclerostin, a SOST protein secreted by osteocytes, negatively regulates formation of mineralized bone matrix and bone mass. We report the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter phase 2 clinical trial of blosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against sclerostin, in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). Postmenopausal women with a lumbar spine T-score –2.0 to –3.5, inclusive, were randomized to subcutaneous blosozumab 180 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W), 180 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W), 270 mg Q2W, or matching placebo for 1 year, with calcium and vitamin D. Serial measurements of spine and hip BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover were performed. Overall, 120 women were enrolled in the study (mean age 65.8 years, mean lumbar spine T-score –2.8). Blosozumab treatment resulted in statistically significant dose-related increases in spine, femoral neck, and total hip BMD as compared with placebo. In the highest dose group, BMD increases from baseline reached 17.7% at the spine, and 6.2% at the total hip. Biochemical markers of bone formation increased rapidly during blosozumab treatment, and trended toward pretreatment levels by study end. However, bone specific alkaline phosphatase remained higher than placebo at study end in the highest-dose group. CTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption, decreased early in blosozumab treatment to a concentration less than that of the placebo group by 2 weeks, and remained reduced throughout blosozumab treatment. Mild injection site reactions were reported more frequently with blosozumab than placebo. In conclusion, treatment of postmenopausal women with an antibody targeted against sclerostin resulted in substantial increases in spine and hip BMD. These results support further study of blosozumab as a potential anabolic therapy for osteoporosis. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)
Simultaneous acquisition of cerebral blood volume‐, blood flow‐, and blood oxygenation‐weighted MRI signals at ultra‐high magnetic field
Authors: Krieger Steffen N. , Huber Laurentius , Poser Benedikt A. , Turner Robert , Egan Gary F. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeYang et al. proposed an MRI technique for the simultaneous acquisition of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD)‐weighted MRI signals (9). The purpose of this study was to develop modified version of the Yang sequence, which utilizes the advantages of 7 Tesla, leading to a robust and reliable MRI sequence.MethodsThe inversion recovery‐based MR pulse sequence introduced here involves slice‐saturation slab‐inversion vascular space occupancy (SI‐SS‐VASO) MRI, double echo planar imaging readouts for arterial spin labeling, and VASO in order to correct for BOLD contamination, and a separate BOLD acquisition to minimize inversion effects on the BOLD signal. A standard visual stimulus block design was used to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of CBV‐, CBF‐, and BOLD‐weighted images.ResultsThe high signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial resolution of this method leads to robust activation maps. This technique enables the investigation of the differential spatial specificity and temporal characteristics of the different modalities.ConclusionThe pulse sequence could be a powerful tool for studies of neurovascular coupling, hemodynamic response, or calibrated BOLD. Magn Reson Med 74:513–517, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liminality as a Conceptual Frame for Understanding the Family Caregiving Rite of Passage: An Integrative Review
Authors: Gibbons Susanne W. , Ross Alyson , Bevans Margaret 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFamily caregiving is a significant rite of passage experienced by family caregivers of individuals with protracted illness or injury. In an integrative review of 26 studies, we characterized family caregiving from the sociocultural perspective of liminality and explored associated psychosocial implications. Analysis of published evidence on this dynamic and formative transition produced a range of themes. While role ambiguity resolved for most, for others, uncertainty and suffering continued. The process of becoming a caregiver was transformative and can be viewed as a rebirth that is largely socially and culturally driven. The transition to family caregiving model produced by this review provides a holistic perspective on this phenomenon and draws attention to aspects of the experience previously underappreciated. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Pyrene‐Capped CdSe@ZnS Nanoparticles as Sensitive Flexible Oxygen Sensors in Non‐Aqueous Media
Authors: González-Carrero Soranyel , de la Guardia Miguel , Galian Raquel E. , Pérez-Prieto Julia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA flexible, highly sensitive sensor of oxygen in non‐aqueous solvents is described. It consists of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles decorated with a considerable number of pyrene units, thus making the formation of the pyrene excimer possible. The emission of the pyrene excimer and that of the nanoparticle are suitably separated from each other and also from the excitation wavelength. This sensor can be applied as a ratiometric oxygen sensor by using the linear response of the pyrene excimer lifetime combined with the linear response of the nanoparticle excited state lifetime. This nanohybrid has been assayed in seven media with different dielectric constants and viscosities over the whole oxygen concentration range. In addition, the sensor versatility provides an easy way for monitoring oxygen diffusion through systems.
Altered α‐defensin 5 expression in cervical squamocolumnar junction: implication in the formation of a viral/tumour‐permissive microenvironment
Authors: Hubert Pascale , Herman Ludivine , Roncarati Patrick , Maillard Catherine , Renoux Virginie , Demoulin Stéphanie , Erpicum Charlotte , Foidart Jean‐Michel , Boniver Jacques , Noël Agnès , Delvenne Philippe , Herfs Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly type 16, is causally associated with cancer of the uterine cervix, which mainly develops at the squamocolumnar (SC) junction. The progression of cervical HPV infections into (pre)neoplastic lesions suggests that viral antigens are not adequately recognized by innate immunity or presented to the adaptive immune system. Members of the defensin family have recently been found to inhibit viral and bacterial pathogens, to stimulate the migration of immune cells and to play a role in anticancer responses. In the present study, we focused on the poorly characterized human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and its possible role in these processes. We showed that HD‐5 was able to prevent HPV virion entry into cervical keratinocytes and to influence adaptive immunity. Indeed, this peptide specifically induced the chemoattraction and proliferation of both activated T lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells in a CCR2/CCR6‐dependent manner and stimulated the infiltration of these professional antigen‐presenting cells in a (pre)neoplastic epithelium transplanted in vivo in immunodeficient mice. No chemotactic effect was observed with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages or natural killer cells. Proliferative and angiogenic effects of HD‐5 were also assessed in vitro and in vivo. However there was a striking regional disparity in expression of HD‐5, being prominent in ectocervical, vaginal and vulvar neoplasia, while absent, or nearly so, in the cervical SC junction. Taken together, these results suggest one possible explanation for why the SC junction is uniquely vulnerable to both high‐risk HPV infection (via reduced HD‐5 expression and viral entry) and progression of neoplasia (via altered cell‐mediated immune responses and altered microenvironment). Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Corticosteroid administration is associated with improved outcome of patients presenting high inflammatory cytokine levels during septic shock
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Jun , Tang Yong‐Min , Song Hua , Yang Shi‐Long , Xu Wei‐Qun , Shi Shu‐Wen 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the corticosteroid effects on pediatric hematology/oncology patients with septic shock.ProcedureWe performed a retrospective study by examining data from a prospective observational study in pediatric hematology/oncology patients with septic shock. We compared the clinical features and the outcomes of the patients treated with and without corticosteroid.ResultsOne hundred episodes of septic shock were recorded in this study. The 28‐day mortality of this cohort was 14.0%. Sixty‐eight episodes of shock were treated with corticosteroids while 32 were not. The demographic features and disease severity were comparable between patients with and without corticosteroid treatment. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with improved shock reversal rate (92.6% vs. 78.1%, P = 0.049) and decreased 28‐day mortality rate (8.8 ± 3.4% vs. 25.0 ± 7.7%, P = 0.032) in univariate analysis. For patients who received vasopressor support, corticosteroid therapy was associated with shortened duration of vasopressor infusion in univariate analysis as well (median: 44 hour vs. 92 hour, P = 0.035). In multivariate analysis, corticosteroid therapy did not show significant impact on the outcome for the whole cohort (HR = 0.36, P = 0.079), but it decreased the 28‐day mortality of patients presenting high inflammatory cytokine levels (HR = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.09–0.95, P = 0.040). Corticosteroid administration did not increase the superinfection rate (24.2% vs. 8.3%, P = 0.134) and did not result in superinfection‐related death in this cohort.ConclusionsCorticosteroid administration is associated with improved outcome in pediatric hematology/oncology patients presenting high inflammatory cytokine levels during septic shock. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2243–2248. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.