bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prohibition of Civilians Transfer Under International Humanitarian Law and Its Relation to Genocide
Authors: Rusman Rina , Syofyan Syofirman 
Published: July 2024

Forcible transfers or forced displacements due to an international or non-international war often happen and cause suffering to those who become displaced by loss of their homes and livelihoods and survival resources. As an example of the current situation, there are many civilians from Gaza, especially Palestinians, who have had to leave their homes and have to seek shelter. Alarmingly, some of them have fled to refugee camps that have been housing Palestinian refugees since the 1948 and 1967 conflicts with limited conditions. While, it is commonly known that evacuation should only be temporary. This fact invites us to discuss and answer the following questions: 1) How is the rule of international humanitarian law or the law of war regarding the transfer of population and civilians in time of war?; 2) How could the displacement of civil population and civilian in time of war amount to genocide or ethnic cleansing?; and 3) How is the law enforcement against the violations of international humanitarian law on the transfer of civilian population? It is expected that the answers of these questions could be a reference to comment any news of displacement due to armed conflict. To answer these questions, normative research is conducted by literature study for collecting secondary data from international treaties and other sources of international law such as customary international law, court rulings, expert opinions and information or news from the field, including the implementation of international law in Indonesian national legislation. Analysis of data for taking conclusion is carried out qualitatively, and the reporting is made in an explanatory descriptive manner. The results showed that the international humanitarian law system has contained sufficient rules containing certain prohibitions and obligations for parties to the conflict. There are several prohibitions against deportation and forcible transfer of population. There are several obligations to prevent the forcible transfer or forced displacement of population. There are several obligations to strive for the safety and fulfillment of basic needs of civilians in the event of evacuation and to ensure that the displaced civilians can immediately return to their places of origin. In circumstances, acts that cause forcible transfers or forced displaced civilians might be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity and/or genocide. Concerning the violations of the international humanitarian law relating the forcible transfer of civilian population due to war, the state is obliged to carry out the law enforcement against the persons involved who are under its jurisdiction. In addition, no State shall be allowed to absolve itself of any liability incurred by itself in respect of breaches referred to the rules discussed
Towards an astrochronological framework for the lower Paleoproterozoic Kuruman and Brockman Iron Formations
Authors: Lantink M.L. , Davies J.H.F.L. , Hennekam R. , Martin D.McB. , Mason P.R.D. , Reichart G-J. , Hilgen F.J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Recent evidence for astronomical-induced cycles in banded iron formations (BIFs) hints at the intriguing possibility of developing astrochronological, i.e. precise time-stratigraphic, frameworks for the earliest Proterozoic as also reconstructed for parts of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic. The Kuruman Iron Formation (IF) (Griqualand West Basin, South Africa) and Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman IF (Hamersley Basin, Western Australia) are of special interest in this regard, given their inferred temporal overlap at ca. 2.47 Ga and similar long-period orbital eccentricity imprint. This suggests that these two BIFs may be correlated on the basis of their large-scale cycle patterns and using additional radio-isotopic age constraints.
To examine the possibility of establishing such a framework, we generated and analysed several high-resolution proxy records from both drill-core and outcrop, combined with high-precision U-Pb dating of zircon from interbedded shale horizons. Time-series analysis of these records yields a variety of spectral peaks, of which a prominent ~5 m and ~16 m cycle can be linked to the basic stratigraphic alternations and bundling as observed in the field. New and revised 207Pb/206Pb ages calculated from the U-Pb data of the Dales Gorge Member and Kuruman IF, respectively, indicate a comparable average sedimentation rate of 10 to 12 m/Myr for both units. Based on this depositional rate, we attribute the ~5 m cycle to the long (~405 kyr) orbital eccentricity cycle. More tentatively, we interpret the ~16 m cycle as the very long (presently ~2.4-Myr) eccentricity cycle, having a reduced period of ~1.3 Myr due to chaotic behaviour in the solar system. Other identified cycles (~560 kyr, ~700 kyr and ~1.8 Myr) can be explained in terms of weaker orbital eccentricity components and/or as harmonics and combination tones of these cycles resulting from nonlinear responses.
An initial attempt to establish cyclostratigraphic correlations between the Kuruman IF and Dales Gorge Member solely based on their characteristic cycle patterns proved unsuccessful, which may be due to a difference in the recording of the astronomical signal between different depositional environments. Next, we used the zircon ages to first constrain correlations at the scale of the ~16 m cycle, followed by a correlation of the basic ~5 m cycles. The resultant framework remains problematic and debatable at the individual ~405 kyr cycle-level, but provides a starting point for future studies. Particularly, our findings highlight the need for further investigations into how Milankovitch forcing influenced BIF sedimentation and paleoenvironmental conditions at a time when the Earth and solar system behaved fundamentally different from today.
Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis of the West Rand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup
Authors: Beukes N.J. , Guy B.M. , Thiele S.T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Mesoarchaean West Rand Group displays a layer-cake stratigraphy with lithostratigraphic units correlatable on a basin-wide scale. The ~5 km-thick succession consists of fluvial braidplain and shelf deposits, which range from shallow inner shelf marine orthoquartzites, outer shelf argillites to starved shelf iron-formations. Minor diamictites are of debris flow origin and are possibly related to glacial activity. Three major sequences are present: Sequence I (Hospital Hill Subgroup) is bounded by an angular unconformity at the base of the Orange Grove Formation and a low-angle unconformity at the base of the Promise diamictite. Sequence II (Government Subgroup) extends from the base of the Promise diamictite to a well-defined low-angle unconformity at the base of the Koedoeslaagte Formation. Sequence III (Jeppestown Subgroup) comprises the succession between the Koedoeslaagte Formation and the Maraisburg Formation, up to the low-angle unconformity at the base of the Main Reef.
Sequence I was deposited during a period of highstand of sea-level, Sequence II during a period of relative lowstand, and Sequence III during a period of relative highstand coupled with high rates of sediment supply. Isopach, depofacies and palaeocurrent analyses indicate that strata in the western to northwestern parts of the basin were deposited under more proximal sedimentary conditions compared to those in the central or southeastern parts of the basin. There is little relationship between the present outline of the basin and the distribution of depofacies or isopachs of sequences, and it is therefore concluded that the original sedimentary basin was significantly larger in areal extent.
Depofacies and thickness distribution, as well as synsedimentary deformation of strata, indicate that the basin was most probably of flexural tectonic origin. These findings strongly support deposition in a wide, shallow, and rather stationary foreland basin, with an axial zone towards the west/northwest and a low amplitude peripheral bulge to the east/southeast. Such shallow foreland basins, with abundant sediment bypassing, are thought to be associated with windward-facing orogenic fronts. High rates of erosion along such fold-thrust belts lead to ineffective loading and advancement of the orogenic front, as well as an oversupply of sediment.
U-Pb detrital zircon age determination and provenance of the lower Karoo succession from the Karoo Research Initiative (KARIN) borehole KWV-1, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Vorster C. , Jeffrey L. , Beukes N.J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In recent years, the maximum age of sedimentation and possible sources of detritus to the sedimentary successions of the Karoo Supergroup has received a lot of interest, with various authors presenting age data from across the main Karoo Basin (MKB). Our paper aims to contribute to this ever-growing geochronological database as we report weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons as well as detrital zircon age distributions for the lower Karoo Supergroup succession sampled from the Centre of Excellence for Integrated Mineral and Energy Resource Analysis (CIMERA)-Karoo Research Initiative (KARIN) drill core KWV-1. A total of 880 near concordant zircon ages were determined using Laser Ablation Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-Q-ICP-MS) from fifteen samples representing the Dwyka Group, the Collingham-, Ripon-, Fort Brown- and Waterford formations of the Ecca Group and the Koonap Formation of the Beaufort Group as intersected by this ~2 352 m deep research borehole drilled in the southeastern sector of the basin. The weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons calculated for the formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups compares with findings reported by other authors and with the ages reported for tuffaceous layers associated with these units. The weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons of the Dwyka Group reflect the age of the youngest source area and do not aid in constraining the maximum age of deposition. A significant change in detrital zircon age distribution was noted between the Dwyka Group and the overlying formations of the Ecca and Beaufort groups, which we interpret as a change in provenance. The major Meso-to Neoproterozoic detrital zircon age fractions present in the Dwyka Group are attributed to source areas located towards the north and northeast of the MKB, in line with regional ice flow directions. A significant late Carboniferous to Permian detrital zircon age fraction is however observed throughout the formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups, with a lesser fraction of older zircon ages. The prevailing youngest age fraction reflects ages associated with magmatic source areas in the Gondwanide Orogeny located towards the south of the MKB at the time of deposition, while the recycling of deformed sedimentary strata of the Cape Supergroup contained in the Cape Fold Belt is considered the source of older detritus. The source of detritus to the MKB remained unchanged during the deposition of the respective formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups, despite changes in the depositional environment brough on by regional tectonics.
АНТИОКСИДАНТНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ КАК СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ, ХАРАКТЕРИЗУЮЩИЙ СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОДНОЙ ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ
Authors: Калайда М.Л. , Гордеева М.Э. 
Published: July 2024

В работе рассматривается современный комплексный показатель – суммарная антиоксидантная активность и возможность его применения в оценке состояния водных экосистем. Проанализированы методы и приборы оценки антиоксидантной активности. Показано, что для оценки суммарной антиоксидантной активности наиболее часто используемыми методами являются электрохимические в силу их быстродействия, которые подходят для исследования водных сред. Приводятся данные по изменению значений суммарной антиоксидантной активности в природных и искусственных экосистемах. Накопление базы данных по характеристике величины суммарной антиоксидантной активности в разных компонентах водных экосистем позволит управлять качеством вод более оперативно.
KETERAMPILAN FOTOGRAFI PRODUK DI KAMPUNG BATIK TEMATIK, DURENAN INDAH, SEMARANG
Authors: Febriana Kharisma Ayu , Setiawan Yuliyanto Budi , Fanani Fajriannoor 
Published: July 2024

<p>Permasalaham yang dialami anggota UMKM di Kampung Batik Durenan Indah Semarang, kekurang pahaman tentang bagaimana teknik fotografi produk yang menarik sehingga kemampuan fotografi untuk komunikasi pemasaran digital cukup rendah. Tujuan melakukan pengabdian ini mengajarkan ketrampilan fotografi produk. Metode pengabdian ini menggunakan partisipatif dengan langkah awal Pre test dilakukan untuk mengukur seperapa paham peserta tentang fotografi, selanjutnya penyampaian materi dilakukan oleh beberapa kepakaran dalam bidang fotografi, dan dilanjutkan diskusi. Setelah sesi diskusi, kegiatan selanjutnya adalah praktik oleh masing-masing kelompok didampingi tim pengabdian dalam fotografi produk. Dan terakhir post test. Hasilnya dari pengabdian ini anggota UMKM Kampung Batik Durenan Indah Semarang memiliki kemampuan fotografi produk, berupa pengetahuan dan ketrampilan, baik secara teoritis maupun praktis mengenai cara fotografi produk yang baik dan benar. Ketrampilan yang diperoleh dapat menjadi bekal para anggota UMKM Kampung Durenan Batik bisa memanfaatkan fotografi produk sebagai strategi komunikasi pemasaran.</p>
PELATIHAN APLIKASI CAPCUT BAGI SISWA SMA KESATRIAN 1 SEMARANG UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETRAMPILAN EDITING VIDEO
Authors: Handayani Sri , Susanto Susanto , Wakhidah Nur 
Published: July 2024

<p>Variasi media pembelajaran perlu didukung dengan penyajian materi yang menarik, sehingga memberikan pembelajaran yang tidak monoton. Salah satu bentuk dari pemanfaatan teknologi informasi yaitu menjadikan <em>smartphone</em> sebagai media pembelajaran yang menyenangkan bagi siswa (Suryaman, 2022). Salah satu aplikasi yang saat ini sedang tren dalam editing video adalah aplikasi CapCut. Pembelajaran desain grafis yang diberikan pada siswa masih menggunakan Corel Draw dan Adobe Photoshop. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah ketrampilan siswa dirasa masih kurang untuk membuat video yang interaktif dan menarik. Sehingga perlu adanya keterampilan editing video yang memiliki ilustrasi atau visual yang lebih kompleks menggunakan aplikasi CapCut (Wijaya et al., 2023). Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini diawali dengan <em>pra test</em>, kemudian pemaparan materi yang dilanjutkan praktik langsung di Laboratorium Komputer M.2.3 dan diakhiri dengan evaluasi hasil berupa <em>posttest</em>. Setelah mengikuti kegiatan pelatihan terdapat peningkatan kemampuan seluruh peserta yang ditunjukkan dari hasil kuesioner responden sebesar 87.9% dimana peserta telah mengikuti dengan baik terhadap materi yang diberikan saat kegiatan dilaksanakan.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> capcut, editing video, video promosi</p>
Встановлення закономірностей впливу ширини блоків розбивки зсувного клина на значення коефіцієнта стійкості укосу уступу кварцових пісків
Authors: Дзьоба Максим Вадимович , Литвинчук Ілля Дмитрович , Фролов Олександр Олександрович 
Published: July 2024

У науковій статті наведено результати досліджень зі встановлення впливу ширини блоків (секцій), на які розбивається зсувний клин, на значення коефіцієнта стійкості укосу уступу кварцових пісків в умовах Сихівського родовища. За результатами аналізу попередніх досліджень зауважено, що під час визначення коефіцієнта стійкості методом граничних побудов немає чітких вимог та рекомендацій щодо значень ширини блоків розбивки зсувного клину. Вказується лише на необхідність дотримання однакової ширини блоків.
Попередні дослідження авторів щодо визначення ступеня стійкості робочого уступу на кар’єрі Сихівського родовища виявили безпосередній вплив ширини блоків розбивки зсувного клину на чисельне значення коефіцієнта стійкості уступу. А також показано суттєву різницю між чисельними значеннями коефіцієнтів стійкості укосу уступу, розрахованих за нормативним методом та методами аналізу в пакетах прикладних програм.
Під час досліджень встановлено закономірність впливу кількості блоків розбивки (а відповідно і ширини блоків) зсувного клину на чисельні значення коефіцієнта стійкості укосу.
Встановлено, що для кута укосу уступу кварцового піску a = 50 та висоти уступу Н = 20 м збільшення кількості блоків розбивки зсувного клину з 5 до 25 (тобто зменшення ширини блоків з 4,05 до 0,81 м) призводить до зменшення чисельного значення коефіцієнта стійкості укосу з 0,85 до 0,75 та наближає його до даних, розрахованих прикладними методами аналізу.
Отримано графічну залежність впливу ширини блоків розбивки зсувного клину поверхні ковзання на коефіцієнт стійкості укосу уступу для умов розробки кварцових пісків Сихівського родовища. Ця залежність має лінійний характер у цьому діапазоні досліджень та описується відповідною функцією.
CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST: A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS
Authors: Oualid Derradji , Rabah Kaabi 
Published: July 2024

Purpose: This article examines the impact of corruption on economic growth in North
African and Middle Eastern countries. It aims to uncover the extent to which corruption influences economic performance and to provide policy recommendations for mitigating these effects.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing existing studies on corruption and economic growth in the specified regions. Empirical data from various sources were used to perform a quantitative analysis, employing econometric models to identify correlations and causations.

Results: The findings indicate a significant negative relationship between corruption and economic growth. High levels of corruption are found to stifle investment, reduce government efficiency, and deter foreign direct investment, thereby hampering economic development. The results highlight that countries with lower corruption levels tend to exhibit higher economic growth rates.

Practical Implications: The study suggests several practical measures for policymakers, including strengthening anti-corruption laws, improving transparency and accountability in government operations, and fostering a culture of integrity within public and private sectors. The recommendations aim to create an environment conducive to sustainable economic growth.

Originality/Value: This article contributes to the existing literature by providing a detailed analysis of the North African and Middle Eastern regions, which have been relatively under-researched in this context. The study&#39;s unique focus on these regions offers valuable insights and tailored recommendations for combating corruption and promoting economic growth.
Violation of Administrative regulations of discretion in employees disciplines
Authors: Hussian Mustafa Rasool , Hassan Azad Wsoo 
Published: July 2024

The deviation of administrative regulation authority is undoubtedly considered as one of the most audacious fault that may occur to the resolution of disciplinary rules, that taken the fact in account that this undersupply is unlike other violations.
Two aspects govern the validity of the disciplinary sanctions, the first is objective that represented by the necessity of sanction (penalty) must be provided for by the law, and clearly determined by the law; whereof, the disciplinary authority must stick to limits of the provision law that imposes penalty in terms of its amount, type and scope.
The second aspect is the procedural party that entails that the penalty must be inflicted by legally competent authority. It is sometimes observed that the administration may deviate of its ruling authority in imposing disciplinary penalty, whether by hardening or abusing administration regulations.
This research plot explores purpose or deviation in manipulated power use in room of disciplinary sanction as well as elimination of the disciplinary administrative resolution.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MAKE A MATCH TERHADAP AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI
Authors: Fahrurozi Muhammad , Juaini Muhammad , Kudesiah Siti 
Published: July 2024

This research was aimed to know the effect of using learning type Make A Match toward activity and the result of study economy sub material the difference of micro economy and macro economy and the problems faced by the government in field of economy on tenth grade students of MA Muâ€™allimat NW Kelayu in the school year 2015/2016. Sample of the study was taken by using simple random sampling. Grade xa as experimental group and grade xb as control group. Design of the research was using tru experimental design. Technique of collecting data was using observation sheet and result of study test. The prosentage of studentâ€™s activity by using learning type make a match around 4.26 classified into very active.Data analysed to use uji-t. result of hypothesis indicate that t [count/calculate] > t tables of that is ( 8.868 > 1.734) meaning ho refused and [is] ha accepted, so that can be concluded that there is influence of usage of model study of Make A Match to result and activity learn items sub material the difference micro economy and macro economy and the problems faced by the government in field of economy on tenth grade students of MA Muâ€™allimat NW Kelayu in the school year 2015/2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran Make A Match terhadap aktivitas dan hasil belajar ekonomi sub materi perbedaan ekonomi mikro dan ekonomi makro serta masalah-masalah yang dihadapi pemerintah dalam bidang ekonomi pada siswa kelas X MA Muâ€™allimat NW Kelayu tahun pembelajaran 2015/2016. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X di MA Muâ€™allimat NW Kelayu tahun pembelajaran 2015/2016. Sampel peneitian ditentukan dengan teknik Simple Random Sampling. Kelas Xa sebagai kelas eksperimen sedangkan kelas Xb sebagai kelas kontrol. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah nonequivalent control group design. Tehnik pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi dan tes hasil belajar. Presentase aktivitas siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Make A Match sebesar 4.26 tergolong sangat aktif. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t. hasil hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa t hitung > t tabel yaitu (8.868 > 1.734) yang berarti ho ditolak dan ha diterima, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran Make A Match terhadap aktivitas dan hasil belajar ekonomi sub materi perbedaan ekonomi mikro dan ekonomi makro serta masalah-masalah yang dihadapi pemerintah dalam bidang ekonomi pada siswa kelas X MA Muâ€™allimat NW Kelayu tahun pembelajaran 2015/2016.
PERBEDAAN HASIL BELAJAR MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE THINK PAIR SHARE DAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING
Authors: Likumahwa Melga , Ayal Carolina S , Huwaa Novalin C 
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini tujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan hasil belajar peserta didik yang diajarkan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Pair Share dan model pembelajaran Discovery Learning pada materi segiempat di kelas VII. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen (Experimental Research) dengan menggunakan desain penelitian the posttest only control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh peserta didik kelas VII SMP Kristen 1 Seram Barat dengan jumlah 84 peserta didik dan sampel dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling yaitu kelas VIIb dengan jumlah 28 peserta didik dan kelas VIIc dengan jumlah 28 peserta didik, sehingga jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu 54 peserta didik. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu instrumen tes yang terdiri dari 5 soal uraian.
Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis statistik uji-t dan diperoleh hasil akhir penelitian yaitu ada perbedaan hasil belajar peserta didik yang diajarkan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Pair Share dan model pembelajaran Discovery Learning pada materi segiempat. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada hasil perhitungan uji-t yaitu Sig.(2-tailed)=0.000 < , sehingga menyebabkan ditolak dan diterima