bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Experiments
Authors: Morris Max D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractComputer models are often used as substitutes for physical systems in science and engineering studies. When these studies are organized in advance with particular goals in mind, they are sometimes calledcomputer experiments. We briefly describe a few general types of computer experiments, the general form of variance‐based sensitivity analysis, and how Gaussian stochastic processes are used as statisticalmetamodelsorsurrogatesin some of these settings.
Mortality Laws
Authors: Forfar David O. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSince the time of De Moivre in 1725, various mathematical formulae have been suggested to represent the pattern of mortality rates with age. Some of the formulae have applied at adult ages, some at very young ages, and some over the whole span of life. Certain formulae have been used in the graduation of mortality data. This article gives a survey of the mathematical laws that have been used and examines how mortality might look in the long‐term future if it goes on improving.
Multivariate Normality Test in Practice
Authors: Keselman Harvey J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMost classical multivariate procedures (e.g., multivariate analysis of variance, multivariate measures of effect size, classification procedures, and maximum likelihood factor analysis) require that the data follow a multivariate normal density function. Behavioral science researchers risk committing many more Type I errors, quantifying inaccurately the magnitude of effect sizes, missing treatment effects, establishing inaccurate confidence intervals, and so on by failing to consider whether their data conform to multivariate normality. This article discusses a number of options for assessing and dealing with nonnormal multivariate data including (i) testing for univariate normality among thepmeasures, (ii) transforming the data to achieve normality, (iii) univariate normal probability plots, (iv) multivariate measures of skewness and kurtosis, (v) computing squared distance statistics to locate outlying values, and (vi) adopting robust estimators with robust test statistics to circumvent the biasing effects of nonnormality. In addition, findings in the literature are discussed, which compared methods for detecting nonnormal data.
Pattern Recognition and Classification
Authors: Kuncheva Ludmila I. , Whitaker Christopher J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPattern recognition is about assigning objects (also calledobservations,instances, orexamples) to classes. The objects are described by features and represented as points in the feature space. A classifier is an algorithm that assigns a class label to any given point in the feature space. Pattern recognition comprises supervised learning (predefined class labels) and unsupervised learning (unknown class labels). Supervised learning includes choosing a classifier model, training and testing the classifier, and selecting the relevant features. Classifier ensembles combine the outputs of a set of classifiers for improved accuracy. Unsupervised learning is usually approached by cluster analysis.
Factor Analysis: Confirmatory
Authors: Byrne Barbara M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The intent of this article is to present an introductory overview of the basic concepts and testing procedures associated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Working from a hypothesized four‐factor structure of nonacademic self‐concept (SC), as measured by 32 items from the Self Description Questionnaire, readers are introduced to both a graphical and a structural equation specification of this CFA model, followed by a review of the related procedures involved in its testing, estimation, and evaluation, together with the interpretation of results. Important issues and caveats associated with the testing of CFA models are also briefly addressed.
The first wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic among soldiers of the Canadian expeditionary force
Authors: Rewegan Alex , Bogaert Kandace , Yan Melissa , Gagnon Alain , Herring D. ANN 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThis article evaluates the evidence for the presence of the first, mild wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic among soldiers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF).MethodsDeath records for soldiers in the CEF who died in Canada in 1917 and 1918 were extracted from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and record‐linked to the Canada War Graves Registers, Circumstances of Casualty database. Monthly mortality rates from pneumonia and influenza (P&I) were compared with mortality rates from all other causes for 1917 and 1918, and by region for 1918.ResultsThe herald wave of influenza was present among CEF soldiers in 1918. P&I mortality was significantly higher in March and April 1918 than during the same period in 1917. P&I mortality rates varied across the country and were significantly higher among soldiers who died in the Maritime region of Canada. In March, Maritime P&I mortality was significantly higher than its counterpart in the West; in April it was significantly higher than P&I mortality in both the Central and Western regions.ConclusionsThe CEF findings suggest that local, geographic heterogeneity characterized the first wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Canada and illustrate the ways in which well‐established, historical patterns of cross‐border social contact with the United States, coupled with the special conditions created by warfare, disproportionately funnelled influenza into particular regions. Identification of the mild first wave among soldiers in the CEF calls for more research on the civilian experience of both waves of influenza in Canada. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:638–645, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta‐analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries
Authors: Rodrigues de Moura Ronald , Coelho Antonio Victor Campos , de Queiroz Balbino Valdir , Crovella Sergio , Brandão Lucas André Cavalcanti 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThis study aims at performing a systematic review and meta‐analysis with the studies of genetic admixture inference of Brazilian population and to compare these results with the genetic admixture levels in other Latin American countries.MethodsWe searched for articles regarding the estimation of Brazilian genetic admixture published between 1980 and 2014 that used autosomal markers. Then, conducted meta‐analyses at the whole‐country and regional level. Finally, we compared the results of Brazil with other estimates from other South, Central and North American countries.ResultsWe analyzed data from 25 studies in 38 different Brazilian populations. European (EUR) ancestry is the major contributor to the genetic background of Brazilians, followed by African (AFR), and Amerindian (AMR) ancestries. The pooled ancestry contributions were 0.62 EUR, 0.21 AFR, and 0.17AMR. The Southern region had a greater EUR contribution (0.77) than other regions. Individuals from the Northeast (NE) region had the highest AFR contribution (0.27) whereas individuals from the North regions had more AMR contribution (0.32). In the Latin America context, Brazil has the 5th high EUR contribution, the 12th for the AFR component and the 10th for the AMR ancestry.ConclusionsAdmixture proportions vary greatly among Brazilian populations and also through Latin America. More studies in the Center‐West, North and NE regions are needed to capture a more complete picture of the genomic ancestry of Brazil. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:674–680, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gross motor coordination and weight status of Portuguese children aged 6–14 years
Authors: Antunes António M. , Maia José A. , Stasinopoulos Mikis D. , Gouveia Élvio R. , Thomis Martine A. , Lefevre Johan A. , Teixeira Alexandra Q. , Freitas Duarte L. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo construct age‐ and gender‐specific percentiles for gross motor coordination (MC) tests and to explore differences in gross MC in normal‐weight, overweight and obese children.MethodsData are from the “Healthy Growth of Madeira Study,” a cross‐sectional study carried out in children, aged 6–14 years. All 1,276 participants, 619 boys and 657 girls, were assessed for gross MC (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder, KTK), anthropometry (height and body mass), physical activity (Baecke questionnaire) and socioeconomic status (SES). Centile curves for gross MC were obtained for boys and girls separately using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape.ResultsA significant main effect for age was found in walking backwards and moving sideways. Boys performed significantly better than girls on moving sideways. At the upper limit of the distributions, interindividual variability was higher in hopping on one leg (girls) and jumping and moving sideways (boys and girls). One‐way ANCOVA, controlling for age, physical activity and SES, indicated that normal‐weight children scored significantly better than their obese peers in all gross MC tests. Overweight boys and girls also scored significantly better than their obese colleagues in some MC tests.ConclusionsThese centile curves can be used as reference data in Portuguese children and youth, aged 6–14 years. Being overweight or obese was a major limitation in MC tests and, therefore, of the children's health‐ and performance‐related physical fitness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:681–689, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
United in death—related by blood? Genetic and archeometric analyses of skeletal remains from the neolithic earthwork bruchsal‐aue
Authors: Keller Marcel , Rott Andreas , Hoke Nadja , Schwarzberg Heiner , Regner‐Kamlah Birgit , Harbeck Michaela , Wahl Joachim 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives: Straight next to a segment of the outer ditch of the Late Neolithic Michelsberg Culture earthwork of Bruchsal‐Aue in SW‐Germany (ca. 4250–3650 calBC), a multiple burial of eight individuals (two male adults and six children) plus a subsequent child burial was excavated. In this study, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate interpersonal relationships and life histories within this collective. Materials and methods: To determine the identity of this collective, we performed aDNA analyses in addition to osteological examination using HVR I plus Y‐chromosomal and autosomal STR profiling to find evidence for kinship relations. Strontium isotopic analyses were used to reconsider migrational behavior. To find evidence for a specific social affiliation, the individual diet was reconstructed by performing nitrogen and carbon isotopic analyses. Furthermore, radiocarbon‐dating was carried out to integrate the burial context into an absolute timeframe. Two nearby single burials were included in the analyses for comparison. Results: Because of a shared HVR I haplotype, three pairs of individuals were most likely linked by kinship, and statistical testing on autosomal STR profiles shows a high probability for the pair of two men being brothers. Although it cannot be excluded, isotopic data gave no clear proof for migration. A rather poor health status is indicated by skeletal stress markers even though the isotope data attest to a diet rich in meat and fish. Discussion: Although clear kinship relations among the infants remain unconfirmed, a relationship could also be indicated by the positioning of the bodies in the burial pit. Whereas a common cause of death might have been the presupposition for their special treatment, interpersonal relationships were likely the decisive factor for the multiple burial. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:458–471, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Syndromic parkinsonism and dementia associated with OPA1 missense mutations
Authors: Carelli Valerio , Musumeci Olimpia , Caporali Leonardo , Zanna Claudia , La Morgia Chiara , Del Dotto Valentina , Porcelli Anna Maria , Rugolo Michela , Valentino Maria Lucia , Iommarini Luisa , Maresca Alessandra , Barboni Piero , Carbonelli Michele , Trombetta Costantino , Valente Enza Maria , Patergnani Simone , Giorgi Carlotta , Pinton Paolo , Rizzo Giovanni , Tonon Caterina , Lodi Raffaele , Avoni Patrizia , Liguori Rocco , Baruzzi Agostino , Toscano Antonio , Zeviani Massimo 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveMounting evidence links neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease with mitochondrial dysfunction, and recent emphasis has focused on mitochondrial dynamics and quality control. Mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA maintenance is another link recently emerged, implicating mutations in the mitochondrial fusion genes OPA1 and MFN2 in the pathogenesis of multisystem syndromes characterized by neurodegeneration and accumulation of mtDNA multiple deletions in postmitotic tissues. Here, we report 2 Italian families affected by dominant chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) complicated by parkinsonism and dementia.MethodsPatients were extensively studied by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess retinal nerve fibers, and underwent muscle and brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and muscle biopsy and fibroblasts were analyzed. Candidate genes were sequenced, and mtDNA was analyzed for rearrangements.ResultsAffected individuals displayed a slowly progressive syndrome characterized by CPEO, mitochondrial myopathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral neuropathy, parkinsonism, and/or cognitive impairment, in most cases without visual complains, but with subclinical loss of retinal nerve fibers at OCT. Muscle biopsies showed cytochrome c oxidase‐negative fibers and mtDNA multiple deletions, and MRS displayed defective oxidative metabolism in muscle and brain. We found 2 heterozygous OPA1 missense mutations affecting highly conserved amino acid positions (p.G488R, p.A495V) in the guanosine triphosphatase domain, each segregating with affected individuals. Fibroblast studies showed a reduced amount of OPA1 protein with normal mRNA expression, fragmented mitochondria, impaired bioenergetics, increased autophagy and mitophagy.InterpretationThe association of CPEO and parkinsonism/dementia with subclinical optic neuropathy widens the phenotypic spectrum of OPA1 mutations, highlighting the association of defective mitochondrial dynamics, mtDNA multiple deletions, and altered mitophagy with parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 2015;78:21–38
Properties of poly(vinyl chloride) incorporated with a novel soybean oil based secondary plasticizer containing a flame retardant group
Authors: Jia Puyou , Zhang Meng , Liu Chengguo , Hu Lihong , Zhou Yong‐Hong 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA novel bio‐based plasticizer containing flame retardant groups based on soybean oil (SOPE) was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and diethyl phosphate through a ring‐opening reaction. PVC blends plasticized with ESO and SOPE were prepared, respectively. Properties including rheological behavior, thermal stability, flame retardant performance, mechanical properties of PVC plasticized with ESO and SOPE were carefully studied. The results showed that the plasticized PVC blends indicated better compatibility, thermal, and mechanical properties. As a novel bio‐based plasticizer containing flame retardant groups, the TGA data indicated that the thermal degradation temperature of PVC blends plasticized with SOPE could reach to 275.5°C. LOI tests and SEM indicated that the LOI value of PVC blends could increase from 24.2 to 33.6%, the flame retardant performance of SOPE was put into effect by promoting polymer carbonization and forming a consolidated and thick flame retardant coating quickly, which is effective to prohibit the heat flux and air incursion. The enhancement in flame retardancy will expand the application range of PVC materials plasticized with SOPE. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42111.
Pain in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy compared to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kass‐Iliyya Lewis , Kobylecki Christopher , McDonald Kathryn R. , Gerhard Alexander , Silverdale Monty A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundPain is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathophysiology of pain in PD is not well understood. Pain characteristics have rarely been studied in atypical parkinsonian disorders such as Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP).Aim of the studyWe aimed to evaluate pain intensity, location, and associated symptoms in atypical parkinsonian disorders compared to PD.MethodsTwenty‐one patients with MSA, 16 patients with PSP, and 65 patients with PD were screened for pain using question 1.9 of the MDS‐UPDRS. Pain intensity was quantified using the short form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ). Pain locations were documented. Motor disability was measured using UPDRS‐III. Affective symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).ResultsPain was significantly more common and more severe in PD and MSA compared to PSP (P < 0.01). Pain locations were similar with limb pain being the most common followed by neck and back pain. Pain intensity correlated with HADS scores but not motor severity.ConclusionsPain is more common and more intense in PD and MSA than PSP. Differences in distribution of neurodegenerative pathologies may underlie these differential pain profiles.
Functional connectivity of the striatum in experts of stenography
Authors: Ito Takehito , Matsuda Tetsuya , Shimojo Shinsuke 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionStenography, or shorthand, is a unique set of skills that involves intensive training which is nearly life‐long and orchestrating various brain functional modules, including auditory, linguistic, cognitive, mnemonic, and motor. Stenography provides cognitive neuroscientists with a unique opportunity to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the neural plasticity that enables such a high degree of expertise. However, shorthand is quickly being replaced with voice recognition technology. We took this nearly final opportunity to scan the brains of the last alive shorthand experts of the Japanese language.MethodsThirteen right‐handed stenographers and fourteen right‐handed controls participated in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study.ResultsThe fMRI data revealed plastic reorganization of the neural circuits around the putamen. The acquisition of expert skills was accompanied by structural and functional changes in the area. The posterior putamen is known as the execution center of acquired sensorimotor skills. Compared to nonexperts, the posterior putamen in stenographers had high covariation with the cerebellum and midbrain.The stenographers' brain developed different neural circuits from those of the nonexpert brain.ConclusionsThe current data illustrate the vigorous plasticity in the putamen and in its connectivity to other relevant areas in the expert brain. This is a case of vigorous neural plastic reorganization in response to massive overtraining, which is rare especially considering that it occurred in adulthood.
Creating Identity and Community: Latino Gay and Bisexual Men's Motives for Participation in the AIDS Movement
Authors: Kuhns Lisa M. , Ramirez‐Valles Jesus 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMotives are situated vocabularies providing insight into the social context and identities of activists and volunteers. In this paper, we examine motives for participation in the AIDS movement. We focus on an understudied group of volunteers and activists (N = 75) in the USA, Latino gay and bisexual men. Participants elaborated on 11 motives: values, helping others, reciprocity, understanding, personal development, career enhancement, community concern, social change, esteem enhancement, personal experience, and social networking. Across almost all categories of motives, activists spoke of working for, and meeting, other Latinos and other Latino gay and bisexual males, and about fighting what they consider oppressing forces. Motives were articulated within the context of a collective identity. Participants' descriptions highlight the process by which they create and reproduce identity and community through their involvement and as they articulate their motives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and sensory characteristics of Italian virgin olive oils from Grossa di Gerace cv
Authors: Di Serio Maria Gabriella , Di Giacinto Luciana , Di Loreto Giuseppina , Giansante Lucia , Pellegrino Massimiliano , Vito Raffaella , Perri Enzo 
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to provide an additional element of knowledge and evaluation on extra virgin olive oil from the Italian region Calabria, belonging to the Grossa di Gerace cv. Then, the following chemical, physical–chemical, and sensory analyses have been performed: free acidity, peroxide value, UV spectrophotometric indices, ethyl esters, waxes, tocopherols, fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, alcohols, phenolic substances, dynamic headspace volatile compounds, and sensory profile. The analytical investigation allowed us to highlight the great potential of this cultivar: a “quality” product that will satisfy consumer expectations for a particular food, and especially a “typicality” because of its unique attributes in the zone of production. According to the results provided by the analysis carried out on the extra virgin olive oil samples from “Grossa di Gerace” and its mixtures with another important cultivar of Calabria, “Carolea,” and thanks to statistical tools, 17 variables have been identified that could be considered markers of single cultivar olive oils of “Grossa di Gerace”: phytol, palmitic acid, 1‐hexanol, trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, α‐amyrin, 3,4‐DHPEA‐EA‐H, palmitoleic acid, apigenin, methyl‐luteolin, geranylgeraniol, 3,4‐DHPEA‐EA, OOL + LnPP, PoOO, PoOP + SPoL + SOLn + SPoPo, citrostadienol, luteolin, and trans‐2‐hexenal. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) applied to the 17 variables has permitted us to distinguish blends with more than 10% of “Carolea.”Practical applications: The study carried out on single cultivar extra virgin olive oil of Grossa di Gerace has been executed for several practical applications: (i) the knowledge of the chemical profile of the oil is useful to define the sensory, nutritional, and conservative quality of this product; (ii) the identification of analytical parameters is useful for a Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) characterization; (iii) to protect the single cultivar extra virgin olive oil, inserted into the ATP, from mixtures with other oils, by the identified analytical markers.According to the results provided by the analysis carried out on the extra virgin olive oil samples from “Grossa di Gerace” and its mixtures with another important cultivar of Calabria, “Carolea,” and thanks to statistical tools, 17 variables have been identified that could be considered markers of single cultivar olive oils of “Grossa di Gerace.” The Principal Components Analysis applied to the 17 variables has permitted us to distinguish blends with more than 10% of “Carolea.”