bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepping Out, Sitting In
Authors: Brunner Edward 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the role played by jazz and the blues in the development of modern poetry. It argues that modern poetry would not sound, move, or look the way it does were it not for jazz and the blues. Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, these arts evolved in tandem and the combination was explosive. The “new poetry” of the young practiced an art responsive to the vernacular, capable of registering fleeting moments inventively, and eager to address an audience ready to play against expectations. But when poetry aligned itself with jazz and the blues, it also embraced a minority culture in the process of defining its own history, its values, and its place. The dissonance, unexpected pauses, and off-rhythms that are staples of jazz and the blues gave rise, in poetry, to practices that not only helped de-center the meditative lyric from its position at the center of modern poetry but also re-described avant-garde practices as plausible tactics for engaging with everyday crises.
The End of the End of Poetic Ideology, 1960
Authors: Filreis Al 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a literary history moving downward into a moment in time—the poetic frenzy of the year 1960. It hypothesizes a remarkable concurrence between William S. Burroughs and Marianne Moore on the cultural value of what “Mr. Eisenhower said”: that what the president says is negligible, except in the poem, where counterintuitively it derives enormous poetic possibility and where, they also agree, such “word-waterfall” can be vital to American art—can feed us out of the well-spring of lives as actually lived in the linguistic ambience of our polity. In the writing as a worldly done thing, for both poets, nothing less than freedom is at stake.
“Internationally Known”
Authors: Smethurst James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe impact of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) of the 1960s and 1970s on subsequent poetry in the United States is profound. One might expect this impact to be obvious to readers, writers, and critics. However, as has often been the case with respect to African American literature and U.S. literature, BAM has been seen through a racial filter that makes a very large percentage of white writers and critics reluctant (or unable) to acknowledge that impact—unlike, say, the cases of basketball and jazz where white participants are willing and even proud to cite black models and mentors. In fact, many white writers are more likely to point to a black musician as a model and inspiration than to a black literary artist. This article discusses this impact of BAM within the context of a dramatic demographic shift in the United States as a result of worldwide migrations of African-descended peoples that has completely transformed the environment for poetry here as well as greatly complicating notions of social identity. The study focuses on how BAM poetry, in its aesthetics, practice, transmission, and reception within the context of this movement of African-descended peoples and culture, influenced and inflected the rise of rap and hip hop, creating a truly mass audience for poetry and spoken word in the United States, a phenomenon that all U.S. poets working after the late 1970s have had to take into account.
Minding Machines/Machining Minds
Authors: Morris Adalaide 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article attempts a switch in perspective. Instead of arranging modern and contemporary American poets in a forward-moving lineage or scanning such a lineage for generative breaks, it asks what poetries come into view if we look backward from the circuitries of twenty-first-century digital writing. The thought experiment of this article is to start the story with the body electric of the cyborg used to introduce the website of the performance artist Stelarc. The shock of Stelarc's performance—the claim that the bounded, flesh-and-blood body has been overtaken by networked-and-programmable flesh-and-wire circuitry—obscures a more complex and interesting hypothesis. It is suggested that there is not a break but a synergy between Stelarc's claim and the thinking of twentieth-century American poets who position their work at the human-machine interface in order to protest conditions of industrial labor, to appropriate for writing the aims and strategies of emergent recording and storage technologies, and to participate in the human-computer collaborations of late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century cybernetic culture.
Classification of Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Pacella-LaBarbara Maria L. , Delahanty Douglas L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was created to identify survivors soon after a trauma who were likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Though ASD demonstrates acceptable predictive power, subsequent research has often failed to display high rates of sensitivity or specificity. These qualities, in combination with the large amount of shared diagnostic features between ASD and PTSD, have led researchers to question the utility of the diagnosis. However, other early predictors of PTSD also appear to suffer from similar criticisms of the ASD diagnosis. This chapter will review research examining the predictive utility of ASD in various populations, in the context of other cognitive, biological, and psychosocial predictors of PTSD, and in disorders other than PTSD. Finally, in light of the proposed changes to the ASD diagnosis for the DSM-5, future directions for research into early predictors of PTSD will be discussed.
Learning Models of PTSD
Authors: Lissek Shmuel , Grillon Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOf all anxiety disorders, PTSD may be most clearly attributable to discrete, aversive learning events capable of evoking both conditioned fear responding to stimuli associated with the event and more general overreactivity—or failure to adapt—to intense, novel, or fear-related stimuli. The relatively straightforward link between PTSD and these basic, evolutionarily old, learning processes of conditioning, sensitization, and habituation affords models of PTSD comprising fundamental, experimentally tractable mechanisms of learning that have been well characterized across a variety of mammalian species including humans. Though such learning mechanisms have featured prominently in explanatory models of psychological maladjustment to trauma for at least 90 years, much of the empirical testing of these models has occurred only in the past two decades. The current chapter delineates the variety of theories forming this longstanding tradition of learning-based models of PTSD, details empirical evidence for such models, attempts an integrative account of results from this literature, and delineates limitations of, and future directions for, studies testing learning correlates of PTSD.
Psychometric Concerns in the Assessment of Trauma-related Symptoms in Older Adults
Authors: van Zelst Willeke H. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAssessment of PTSD in older adults is still in its infancy despite reflections on this subject in past literature. Factors that influence assessment are: traumas that occurred long in the past, lower prevalence, the fact that older people complain less, more misinterpretation of avoiding and intrusion, more somatic comorbidity and higher risk of cognitive impairment. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is mostly used to diagnose PTSD, but less researched in older age. Only two screening instruments have been validated, the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Self Rating Inventory for PTSD (SRIP), but cross-validation has still to be done. The PCL scale has been used more often and is also suitable for clinician rating, which is considered more appropriate for older adults. Biological measures have not yet been adapted for assessment in the complex biological systems of older age. Multimethod assessment is becoming more important and can address many of the difficulties in this field. Finally, much can be learned from knowledge already acquired from younger adults.
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments: Prolonged Exposure
Authors: Nayak Nisha , Powers Mark B. , Foa Edna B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy, a structured treatment program that uses imaginal and in vivo exposure as the core elements of treatment. It was first applied with survivors of sexual assault but has since been widely applied to survivors of all types of traumas. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory and proposed underlying mechanisms of the therapy, including fear activation, habituation, and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies, which have demonstrated the efficacy of PE, and data that support the generalizability of positive outcomes across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
PTSD at Late Life: Context and Treatment
Authors: Hyer Lee , Yeager Catherine A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOur knowledge about the role of aging as a moderating or mediating influence on the expression of posttraumatic symptoms, and their remission and resolution, is nascent. This is reflected in the current state of empirically supported psychotherapies for older adults with PTSD. At this time, there are no empirically validated psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacologic treatments for this age group. This chapter highlights general issues and other factors unique to aging, such as changes in cognition, that must be taken into consideration when embarking on PTSD treatment with older adults. We review extant psychotherapy research that has applicability to this cohort: treatment studies on anxiety and depression for older adults, as well as treatment studies for younger adults with PTSD. Next, we describe promising PTSD interventions for older adults that have yet to be tested on large samples or in randomized controlled trials. The chapter culminates in the presentation of a multi-modal psychotherapy intervention designed to address factors unique to aging, and which involves a gentler version of trauma-related therapy that allows exposure to be optional.
Pharmacotherapy for PTSD
Authors: Friedman Matthew J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the published literature on pharmacotherapy for PTSD with specific attention to randomized clinical trials. Specific agents reviewed include: antidepressants, antiadrenergic agents, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, D-cycloserine, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics. The empirical evidence indicates that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can be considered first line medications for PTSD. It also indicates that neither atypical antipsychotic agents nor benzodiazepines can be recommended at this time. Combined approaches are also reviewed in which pharmacotherapy is combined with psychotherapy or other medications. Important gaps in current knowledge are also considered.It is clear that pharmacotherapy remains an important clinical option because medications are effective; they are often useful for treating comorbid depression and other anxiety disorders; they are generally wellaccepted by patients; and, finally the availability of prescribing clinicians is much greater than the availability of qualified psychotherapists.
Frankfurt-Type Examples and SemiCompatibilism: New Work
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of arguments for and against Frankfurt-type examples over the past few decades. It considers various strategies by which critics of these examples have tried to rescue PAP, or variations of it, and also considers various responses to these critics. It notes that moral responsibility does not require alternative possibilities, but also believes that freedom does imply alternative possibilities. The resulting view is called semicompatibilism. According to semicompatibilism, moral responsibility is compatible with determinism (since it does not require the power to do otherwise), whereas freedom (which does require this power) is not compatible with determinism. The article concludes with an explanation of what motivates this semicompatibilist position and how to give a positive compatibilist account of moral responsibility in terms of notions of guidance control and reasons-responsiveness.
Obligation, Reason, and Frankfurt Examples
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article gives an unusual twist to debates about Frankfurt-type examples. It defends the thesis that if agents are to be fit subjects of “morally deontic judgments”, they must have the power to act and to act otherwise. It argues that, if moral praiseworthiness and blameworthiness for actions presuppose that the agents praised or blamed are “fit subjects of morally deontic judgments”, then moral praiseworthiness and blameworthiness would also presuppose the power to act and to act otherwise. In defending these claims, the article makes use of a technical analysis of the notion of moral obligation in terms of accessible possible worlds advanced by Fred Feldman and Michael Zimmerman.
A Promising Argument
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to show that libertarian free will is impossible. In this view, libertarian free will “remains a mystery.” This argument rests on the insight that if one believes one's future free choice is a libertarian free choice and so must be undetermined, one is not in a position to make a promise to someone that will choose as he or she wishes. The argument that develops on the basis of this insight is related to a general problem that indeterminism does not enhance the power or control agents have over their choices or actions, but would in fact diminish their power and control, and hence would diminish their freedom. The argument is important because it shows that many forms of libertarianism (including ones that many libertarians hold) are indeed impossible.
Rollbacks, Endorsements, and Indeterminism
Authors: Almeida Michael , Bernstein Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers another well-known argument purporting to show that a libertarian free will is incoherent and impossible. The “Rollback Argument” rests on a thought experiment in which the universe is repeatedly rolled back to the precise point where a person is faced with a libertarian choice, say to lie or not lie. If the choice is undetermined, then in some percentage of these possible universes (e.g., 42%), the agent lies, and in the others (58%), she tells the truth. The argument attempts to show that if this is the case, then on each replay the outcome that occurs will be a matter of chance, and if the occurrence of one choice rather than the other is a matter of chance on each replay, then this would be the case as well for the choice that occurred in the actual world.
Social Cognitive Theory and Motivation
Authors: Schunk Dale H. , Usher Ellen L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial cognitive theory is a theory of psychological functioning that emphasizes learning from the social environment. This chapter focuses on Bandura's social cognitive theory, which postulates reciprocal interactions among personal, behavioral, and social/environmental factors. Persons use various vicarious, symbolic, and self-regulatory processes as they strive to develop a sense of agency in their lives. Key motivational processes are goals and self-evaluations of progress, outcome expectations, values, social comparisons, and self-efficacy. People set goals and evaluate their goal progress. The perception of progress sustains self-efficacy and motivation. Individuals act in accordance with their values and strive for outcomes they desire. Social comparisons with others provide further information on their learning and goal attainment. Self-efficacy is an especially critical influence on motivation and affects task choices, effort, persistence, and achievement. Suggestions are given for future research directions.
Achievement Goals
Authors: Murayama Kou , Elliot Andrew J. , Friedman Ron 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the achievement goal construct's origin and highlight noteworthy developments in the literature. We then use this historical overview to provide the context for several key theoretical and empirical issues surrounding the current achievement goal approach, including the precise definition of achievement goals, the possible inclusion of additional goals into the achievement goal approach, the measurement of achievement goals, the debates surrounding performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals, contextual effects on achievement goals, and the consideration of methodological expansion.
Goal Pursuit
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Oettingen Gabriele 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe start out with describing how the goal concept emerged in the history of the psychology of motivation to better understand the important role it plays in current research on motivation. We then suggest a differentiation between studies targeting the setting of goals versus the implementation of goals to get a grip on the host of empirical work the goal concept has triggered. With respect to goal setting, we first discuss studies that explore determinants affecting the content and structure of set goals (e.g., entity vs. incremental theories of intelligence influence the setting of performance vs. learning goals). We then turn to studies on the self-regulation of goal setting and discuss in detail how a self-regulation strategy called mental contrasting of future and reality facilitates strong commitment to feasible goals but dissolves commitment to unfeasible ones. With respect to goal implementation we first refer to studies on the determinants of effective goal striving (e.g., the framing of the set goal in terms of approach vs. avoidance) and then turn to analyzing the effective self-regulation of goal implementation. Here we focus on the strategy of forming implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans) and explicate in detail how such planning helps in overcoming classic hurdles to goal attainment (e.g., distractions). We will end the chapter by reporting the results of recent intervention studies that successfully enhanced goal attainment in the health, academic, and interpersonal domains by combining the self-regulation strategy of mental contrasting with that of forming implementation intentions.
Avoiding the Pitfalls and Approaching the Promises of Close Relationships
Authors: Gable Shelly L. , Prok Thery 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPeople are powerfully motivated to form and maintain social relationships. Indeed, health and well-being are strongly tied to the course and quality of social bonds. However, while close relationships provide people with many advantages such as intimacy and social support, relationships can also be a detriment, such as when they are wrought with hostility and potential rejection. We present a framework of social and relationship motivation that simultaneously accounts for people's tendencies to both approach the incentives and avoid the threats in close relationships. Research examining the correlates of approach and avoidance motives and goals in relationships is reviewed and mediating mechanisms are explored. The implications and advantages of an approach and avoidance model of social motivation are highlighted and future research directions are discussed.
Neuroscience and Human Motivation
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall , Lee Woogul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecognizing the potential for interdisciplinary research in motivational neuroscience, the goal of the present chapter is to show the relevance of neuroscience research to human motivation researchers and to suggest ways to expand their programs of research, methodological options, and theoretical conceptualizations of the motivational constructs with which they work. To illustrate the neural bases of human motivation, we highlight 15 key motivation-relevant brain structures, identify the neural core of reward-based motivated action, and discuss a range of brain-generated motivational states that extend from those that are relatively automatic and stimulus dependent (e.g., pleasure from taste) to those that are relatively intentional and context sensitive (e.g., goals). We then examine the following 10 well-researched concepts from the human motivation literature to suggest how each might be enriched through neuroscientific investigation: agency, volition, value, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, flow, expectancy, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and goals. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Effort Intensity: Some Insights From the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Gendolla Guido H. E. , Wright Rex A. , Richter Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter deals with the psychological process that determines effort intensity in instrumental behavior. According to motivation intensity theory, effort should be proportional to experienced task difficulty as long as success is possible and justified and low when success is impossible or excessively difficult, given the available benefit. When task difficulty is unspecified or unknown, effort should be proportional to the importance of success. We report a program of experimental studies that have operationalized effort intensity as cardiovascular reactivity during task performance and used multiple manipulations of variables influencing subjective task difficulty (e.g., performance standards, ability, mood) and the amount of justified effort (e.g., material incentive, instrumentality, evaluation). The empirical evidence is in clear support of the principles of motivation intensity theory and challenges a number of other theoretical accounts. Directions for future research are discussed.
Through a Fly's Eye: Multiple Yet Overlapping Perspectives on Future Directions for Human Motivation Research
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Legate Nicole 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In this final chapter we examine future directions in motivation research by looking through the individual lenses of our volume authors. We review each chapter for viewpoints on new directions for research. Each chapter offers some unique ideas relevant to the particular area of inquiry, but there is also overlapping emphasis on several issues facing the field as a whole. The most widely cited future direction was for more research into dual-process models of motivation. There were also frequent calls for more intervention research, especially interventions in which process variables and active ingredients can be carefully assessed. A desire for more developmental and neuropsychological studies of motivation was also common among this selected group. The centrality of motivation for human adaptation and wellness makes the pursuit of these topics a central task for psychology.