bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Structurally Complex 2‐Acylated 2,3,1‐Benzodiazaborines and Related Compounds
Authors: Kanichar Divya , Roppiyakuda Lance , Kosmowska Ewa , Faust Michelle A. , Tran Kim P. , Chow Felicia , Buglo Elena , Groziak Michael P. , Sarina Evan A. , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Silva Isba , Xu H. Howard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA set of 2‐acylated 2,3,1‐benzodiazaborines and some related boron heterocycles were synthesized, characterized, and tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. By high‐field solution NMR, the heretofore unknown class of 2‐acyl‐1‐hydroxy‐2,3,1‐diazaborines has been found to be able to exist in several interconvertable structural forms along a continuum comprised of an open hydrazone a, a monomeric B‐hydroxy diazaborine b, and an anhydro dimer c. X‐Ray crystallography of one of the anhydro dimers, 17c, revealed it to have an unprecedented structure featuring a double intramolecular O→B chelation. The crystal structure of another compound, 37, showed it to be based on a new pentacyclic B heterocycle framework. Nine compounds were found to possess activities against E. coli, and two others were active against M. smegmatis. The finding that these two contain isoniazid covalently embedded in their structures suggests that they might possibly be acting as prodrugs of this well‐known antituberculosis agent in vivo.
Fragrant Volatile Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from the Essential Oil of Laggera pterodonta by Using Olfactory‐Guided Fractionation
Authors: Gu Jian‐Long , Li Zhi‐Jian , Zhang Hong‐Xia , Du Zhi‐Zhi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChemical composition of the essential oil from Laggera pterodonta (Compositae) was inverstigated. GC/MS Analyses led to the identification of 68 components, representing more than 96% of the total oil. By focusing on the woody note fraction of the essential oil, one new bisabolane‐type sesquiterpenoid, bisabola‐2,7(14),11‐trien‐10‐ol (1), together with ten known compounds, bisabolol oxide B (2), ylangenol (3), copaborneol (4), guai‐11‐en‐10‐ol (5), spathulenol (6), aromadendran‐10‐ol (7), caryophyllenol (8), 5α,7α‐eudesm‐11(13)‐en‐4α‐ol (9), γ‐costic acid (10), and eudesma‐4(15),11(13)‐diene‐12,5β‐olide (11), were isolated by using olfactory‐guided fractionation. The structures of the eleven compounds were determined by NMR and MS analyses. All the volatile compounds reported here were isolated for the first time from this plant. On the basis of preliminary odor assessment, the odor of the woody‐note fractions of the essential oil was assumed to be due to these isolated sesquiterpenoids.
Chloroform Extract of Underground Parts of Ferula heuffelii: Secondary Metabolites and Spasmolytic Activity
Authors: Pavlović Ivan , Krunić Aleksej , Nikolić Dejan , Radenković Mirjana , Branković Suzana , Niketić Marjan , Petrović Silvana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPlants from the genus Ferula L. (Apiaceae) were used for various purposes in traditional medicine of different nations throughout the history. Ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuffel is a perennial species endemic for Balkan peninsula. Ten compounds which belong to classes of prenyl‐furocoumarin‐, prenyl‐dihydrofurochromone‐, prenyl‐benzoyl‐ and prenyl‐benzoylfuranone‐type sesquiterpenoids, as well as sesquiterpene coumarins and phenylpropanoids, were, for the first time, isolated from the CHCl3 extract of the underground parts of this plant and identified. Furthermore, extract and three isolated compounds, i.e., latifolone (1), dshamirone (4), and (2S*,3R*)‐2‐[(3E)‐4,8‐dimethylnona‐3,7‐dien‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐7‐hydroxy‐2,3‐dimethylfuro[3,2‐c]coumarin (6) were, for the first time, evaluated for their in vitro antispasmodic activities in three experimental models: spontaneous contraction, and ACh‐ and KCl‐induced contraction of an isolated rat ileum. The extract (0.1–1.3 mg/ml) and compound 6 (1–10 μg/ml) exhibited dose‐dependent effect in all three models. Compound 1 (1–6 μg/ml) affected spontaneous contractions and those induced by KCl, while compound 4 (8 μg/ml) displayed only moderate activity with ACh‐induced contractions. It can be concluded that tested compounds contribute to exhibited antispasmodic activity of crude extract. Additionally, extract (0.1–1.3 mg/ml) was tested for in vitro relaxant activity on an isolated rat trachea, and relaxed the KCl‐induced contractions in a dose‐dependent manner.
Chemical and Genetic Studies on Hybrid of Ligularia subspicata and Ligularia cyathiceps Collected in Yunnan Province of China
Authors: Shimizu Anna , Watanabe Shizuka , Hanai Ryo , Okamoto Yasuko , Tori Motoo , Gong Xun , Kuroda Chiaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo morphologically ambiguous Ligularia samples (samples A and B), and samples with morphology of Ligularia subspicata (sample C), Ligularia lamarum (sample D), or Ligularia cyathiceps (sample E), were collected at Tianchi Pond, Shangrila County, Yunnan Province, China. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) in the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster indicated that not only sample B but also sample D was a hybrid of L. cyathiceps and L. lamarum/L. subspicata. Although the morphology of sample A suggested that it was also a hybrid, the ITS sequence of sample A was that of L. cyathiceps. Twenty compounds were isolated from the five samples, and the structures of two new compounds 7 and 14 were determined. Furanoeremophilanes typical of L. lamarum/L. subspicata were detected not only in samples C and D, but also in samples A and B. These results indicate that the ability to produce root chemicals can spread through introgression.
Thermal conductivity modelling of alumina/Al functionally graded composites
Authors: Pélegris Christine , Ferguen Nabil , Leclerc Willy , Lorgouilloux Yannick , Hocquet Stéphane , Rigo Olivier , Guessasma Mohamed , Bellenger Emmanuel , Courtois Christian , Lardot Véronique , Leriche Anne 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a new manufacturing process for producing functionally graded ceramic‐metal composites with anisotropic properties for thermal management in automotive engine blocks. These composites are elaborated by producing a porosity gradient within an alumina matrix, subsequently infiltrated by a molten aluminum alloy. The interconnected macro porosity inside the ceramic is controlled by the coalescence of PMMA (PolyMethylMethAcrylate) spherical particles during the elaboration step of an organic frame template in which bridges are created at contact points between the particles. The diameter of the interconnection contact plays a key role because it greatly controls the microstructure of the final composites and consequently the thermal conductivity. A numerical model was developed for simulating the different steps of the elaboration process of the composites. Numerical assessments of the effective thermal conductivity are achieved in order to examine interconnection contact effects. To end up, the developed model is validated by comparing the numerical predictions with experimental measurements.
Hydrocarbons – water phase equilibria using the CPA equation of state with a group contribution method
Authors: Hajiw Martha , Chapoy Antonin , Coquelet Christophe 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIt is proposed in this paper to extend the original group contribution method PPR78 to systems containing water, by combining it to the Cubic–Plus–Association (CPA) equation of state (EoS). Applying simple geometric combination rules, the binary interaction parameter kij(T) can be calculated from interaction parameters between hydrocarbon groups and water. This model, called the GC–PR–CPA is applied to predict hydrocarbons – water mutual solubilities over a wide temperature and pressure range, depending on available literature data. Group interaction parameters, here CH4, C2H6, CH3, CH2, CH, C, CHaro, CH2,cyclic, CHcyclic/Ccyclic, C2H4, CH2,alkene/CHalkene with H2O have been defined with solubility data. Predictions of the developed model have been validated against independent solubility data as well as water content in hydrocarbon rich phase. Predictions of the new model are in good agreement for light and medium hydrocarbons; however, some deviations are observed for heavier hydrocarbons.
Effectiveness of population‐based service screening with mammography for women ages 40 to 49 years with a high or low risk of breast cancer: Socioeconomic status, parity, and age at birth of first child
Authors: Hellquist Barbro Numan , Czene Kamila , Hjälm Anna , Nyström Lennarth , Jonsson Håkan 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDInvitation to mammography screening of women aged 40 to 49 years is a matter of debate in many countries and a cost‐effective alternative in countries without screening among women aged 40 to 49 years could be inviting those at higher risk. The relative effectiveness of mammography screening was estimated for subgroups based on the breast cancer risk factors parity, age at time of birth of first child, and socioeconomic status (SES).METHODSThe SCReening of Young Women (SCRY) database consists of all women aged 40 to 49 years in Sweden between 1986 and 2005 and was split into a study and control group. The study group consisted of women residing in areas in which women aged 40 to 49 years were invited to screening and the control group of women in areas in which women aged 40 to 49 years were not invited to screening. Rate ratio (RR) estimates were calculated for 2 exposures: invitation and attendance.RESULTSThere were striking similarities noted in the RR pattern for women invited to and attending screening and no statistically significant difference or trend in the RR was noted by risk group. The RR estimates increased by increasing parity for parity of 0 to 2 and ranged from 0.55 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.38‐0.79) to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65‐0.95) for attending women. The RR for women with high SES was lower than that for women with low SES (RR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.60‐0.86] and RR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.63‐0.99], respectively). For women aged 20 to 24 years at the time of the birth of their first child, the RR was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58‐0.91) and estimates for other ages were similar.CONCLUSIONSThere was no statistically significant difference noted in the relative effectiveness of mammography screening by parity, age at the time of birth of the first child, or SES. Cancer 2015;121:251–8. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Development of MRI‐based atlases of non‐human brains
Authors: Ullmann Jeremy F.P. , Janke Andrew L. , Reutens David , Watson Charles 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBrain atlases are a fundamental resource for neuroscience research. In the past few decades they have undergone a transition from traditional printed histological atlases to digital atlases made up of multiple data sets from multiple modalities, and atlases based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become widespread. Here we discuss the methods involved in making an MRI brain atlas, including registration of multiple data sets into a model, ontological classification, segmentation of a minimum deformation model, dissemination strategies, and applications of these atlases. Finally, we discuss possible future directions in the development of brain atlases. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:391–405, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative examination of neural circuit and brain patterning between the lamprey and amphioxus reveals the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate visual center
Authors: Suzuki Daichi G. , Murakami Yasunori , Escriva Hector , Wada Hiroshi 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTVertebrates are equipped with so‐called camera eyes, which provide them with image‐forming vision. Vertebrate image‐forming vision evolved independently from that of other animals and is regarded as a key innovation for enhancing predatory ability and ecological success. Evolutionary changes in the neural circuits, particularly the visual center, were central for the acquisition of image‐forming vision. However, the evolutionary steps, from protochordates to jaw‐less primitive vertebrates and then to jawed vertebrates, remain largely unknown. To bridge this gap, we present the detailed development of retinofugal projections in the lamprey, the neuroarchitecture in amphioxus, and the brain patterning in both animals. Both the lateral eye in larval lamprey and the frontal eye in amphioxus project to a light‐detecting visual center in the caudal prosencephalic region marked by Pax6, which possibly represents the ancestral state of the chordate visual system. Our results indicate that the visual system of the larval lamprey represents an evolutionarily primitive state, forming a link from protochordates to vertebrates and providing a new perspective of brain evolution based on developmental mechanisms and neural functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:251–261, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural basis for serotonergic regulation of neural circuits in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Suzuki Yoshinori , Kiyokage Emi , Sohn Jaerin , Hioki Hiroyuki , Toida Kazunori 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTOlfactory processing is well known to be regulated by centrifugal afferents from other brain regions, such as noradrenergic, acetylcholinergic, and serotonergic neurons. Serotonergic neurons widely innervate and regulate the functions of various brain regions. In the present study, we focused on serotonergic regulation of the olfactory bulb (OB), one of the most structurally and functionally well‐defined brain regions. Visualization of a single neuron among abundant and dense fibers is essential to characterize and understand neuronal circuits. We accomplished this visualization by successfully labeling and reconstructing serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine: 5‐HT) neurons by infection with sindbis and adeno‐associated virus into dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) of mice. 5‐HT synapses were analyzed by correlative confocal laser microscopy and serial‐electron microscopy (EM) study. To further characterize 5‐HT neuronal and network function, we analyzed whether glutamate was released from 5‐HT synaptic terminals using immuno‐EM. Our results are the first visualizations of complete 5‐HT neurons and fibers projecting from DRN to the OB with bifurcations. We found that a single 5‐HT axon can form synaptic contacts to both type 1 and 2 periglomerular cells within a single glomerulus. Through immunolabeling, we also identified vesicular glutamate transporter 3 in 5‐HT neurons terminals, indicating possible glutamatergic transmission. Our present study strongly implicates the involvement of brain regions such as the DRN in regulation of the elaborate mechanisms of olfactory processing. We further provide a structure basis of the network for coordinating or linking olfactory encoding with other neural systems, with special attention to serotonergic regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:262–280, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analytical synthesis of voltage‐mode even/odd‐nth‐order differential difference current conveyor and fully differential current conveyor II‐grounded resistor and capacitor universal filter structures
Authors: Chang Chun‐Ming , Swamy M. N. S. , Soliman Ahmed M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryA complete definition of an odd/even‐nth‐order notch or band‐reject filter transfer function is presented. Based on the differences between the input voltage and (i) an nth‐order high‐pass; (ii) a traditional nth‐order notch; and (iii) an nth‐order all‐pass filtering transfer function, a systematic method has been proposed to derive a universal filter structure that can realize voltage‐mode odd/even‐nth‐order low‐pass, band‐pass, high‐pass, all‐pass and traditional notch filters. The intrinsic capability of voltage‐mode addition and subtraction of the two active elements, differential difference current conveyors and fully differential current conveyors, is used to advantage in the aforementioned synthesis procedure. Based upon the definition of an nth‐order notch or band‐reject filter transfer function proposed in this paper, the aforementioned universal one has been further extended to the newly defined nth‐order band rejection filter. The voltage and current tracking errors of the two active elements are compensated by varying the resistances of the proposed filter. Filtering feasibility, stability, component sensitivities, linear and dynamic ranges, power consumption, and noise are simulated using H‐Spice with 0.35 µm process. Compared to some of the recently reported universal biquads, the new one is shown to enjoy the lowest component sensitivities and the best output accuracy for all‐pass signals. Moreover, Monte Carlo and two‐tone tests for intermodulation linearity simulations are also investigated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odd skipped related 1 is a negative feedback regulator of nodal‐induced endoderm development
Authors: Terashima Alexandra V. , Mudumana Sudha P. , Drummond Iain A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBackground: Early embryo patterning is orchestrated by tightly regulated morphogen gradients. The Nodal morphogen patterns the mesendoderm, giving rise to all endoderm and head and trunk mesoderm. High Nodal concentrations favor endoderm differentiation while lower promote mesoderm differentiation. Nodal signaling is controlled by both positive and negative feedback regulation to ensure robust developmental patterning. Results: Here we identify odd skipped related 1 (osr1), a zinc finger transcription factor, as a new element in Nodal feedback regulation affecting endoderm development. We show that osr1 expression in zebrafish germ ring mesendoderm requires Nodal signaling; osr1 expression was lost in embryos lacking Nodal signaling. Conversely, osr1 expression was ectopically induced by the activation of Nodal signaling. Furthermore we demonstrate that osr1 responds directly to Nodal signaling. Additionally, osr1 knockdown generated excess endoderm cells marked by sox32 expression while expression of osr1 mRNA was not affected in sox32‐deficient embryos. Conclusions: Our findings identify osr1 as a Nodal‐induced, negative feedback regulator of Nodal signaling that acts at the earliest stages of endoderm differentiation to limit the number of endoderm progenitors. As such, we propose that osr1 represents a novel network motif controlling the output of Nodal signaling to regulate mesendoderm patterning. Developmental Dynamics 243:1571–1580, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partitioning evapotranspiration in an intact forested watershed in southern China
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Li Yuelin , Chen Xiuzhi , Zhou Guoyi , Cheng Jing , Zhang Deqiang , Meng Ze , Zhang Qianmei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAccurate estimates and partition of evapotranspiration (ET) are difficult but critical for understanding terrestrial ecosystem processes and primary productivity. A multi‐year, multi‐technique study including the catchment water balance (12 years), a semi‐empirical ET model (9 years), eddy covariance (9 years), canopy water balance (1 year) and sap flow (1 year) techniques was conducted to measure ET and its components within an intact forested watershed in the subtropical region of southern China. Over a 9‐year period, the estimates of annual ET using the catchment water balance, eddy covariance and semi‐empirical ET model techniques were in close agreement, averaging 809.9 ± 62.8, 803.8 ± 36.6 and 801.6 ± 46.9 mm per year, respectively, amounting to an average of approximately 50.2% of the mean annual precipitation. Qualitative similarities in seasonal and diurnal variation were observed between the sap flow and eddy covariance estimates of water flux. Sap flow estimates of transpiration were approximately 60.2% of the annual ET estimated with the eddy covariance technique. Interception evaporation was 31.7% of the total ET and was demonstrated to be a main contributor of total evaporation. Soil evaporation was calculated to be approximately 8.1% of the total annual ET and 4.7% of the annual precipitation. Furthermore, daytime transpiration exhibited a logarithmic increase with increases in the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on daily scale in both the wet and dry seasons, and tended to level off when the VPD was >1 kPa because of the stomatal regulation of transpiration. Correspondingly, nighttime sap flow amounted to an average of approximately 6% of the total daily sap flow, and no significant correlations with the VPD, air temperature or relative humidity were found. Essential differences among the mechanisms of evaporation and transpiration were demonstrated, suggesting that soil evaporation is primarily a climate‐driven process, with air temperature and wind speed as the predominant driving forces. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,8‐Dioxyanthracene‐Derived Crown Ethers: Synthesis, Complexation with Paraquat and Assembly of a Tetracationic Cyclophane‐Crown Ether Based [2]Catenane
Authors: Tang Bo , Yang Hong‐Mei , Hu Wen‐Jing , Ma Ming‐Liang , Liu Yahu A. , Li Jiu‐Sheng , Jiang Biao , Wen Ke 
Published: September 2014

Abstract1,8‐Dioxyanthracene‐based bisarylene crown ethers, composed of ethylene glycol chains and aromatic moieties, have been synthesized. Complexation studies revealed that these crown ethers could form 1:1 complexes with methyl viologen dication (N,N′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium dication; MV2+) in a mixed solvent of CDCl3 and CD3CN (1:1 v/v) with association constants in a range of (1.2 ± 0.1) × 103 M–1 to (1.6 ± 0.2) × 104 M–1. The structure of the complex and the strength of the π‐donor/π‐acceptor interactions between the 1,8‐dioxyanthracene planes and the pyridinium rings of MV2+ are highly dependent on the length of the polyether chains of the ethers. Structural analysis showed that the tetraethylene glycol‐derived bis‐1,8‐dioxyanthracene‐based crown ether 9 forms a U‐shaped host‐guest complex with MV2+ by inserting the coplanar pyridinium rings of MV2+ between the two parallel oriented 1,8‐dioxyanthracene units of 9, which is driven predominantly by π‐donor/π‐acceptor interactions. The pentaethylene glycol‐derived bis‐1,8‐dioxyanthracene‐based crown ether 10, however, adopts a crescent‐shaped conformation in complex 10⊃MV2+ with the MV2+ guest being encapsulated by the polyether chains, propelled mainly by the hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the hydrogen atoms of MV2+ and the oxygen atoms of the polyether chains of 10. Similarly, the hexaethylene glycol‐derived bis‐1,8‐dioxyanthracene‐based crown ether 11 forms a complex with MV2+. However, only weak π‐donor/π‐acceptor interactions between the aromatic groups of the mixed bisarylene crown ethers 12 and 13, and MV2+ were observed, and construction of tetracationic cyclophane [CBPQT4+] and crown ether 13 based [2]catenane 15 was achieved through supramolecular interactions between the [CBPQT4+] ring and naphtho unit in the crown ether.