bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Struck by a Thunderbolt
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Arch Federalists were horrified by Adams’s appointment of William Vans Murray as special envoy to France. A committee of Federalist senators visited the president, attempting to persuade him to withdraw the nomination. Adams refused, so the senators threatened to reject the appointment. After a stalemate, Adams agreed to nominate two other Federalist envoys as part of a three-person commission. The squabble over the nomination revealed the increasing divisions within the Federalist Party and forecast a coming showdown over executive power, the presidency, and the cabinet.
A Paltry Insurrection
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
John Adams issued a presidential proclamation calling for the immediate end of the rebellion. Fries and his fellow protestors complied with the order; there was no violence or further resistance. Unconvinced, the president ordered Secretary of War James McHenry to summon the local militia to subdue the insurrection. Adams then left Philadelphia to return to Quincy for the next nine months. It was one of the worst decisions of his presidency. In his absence, the militia force arrested any suspected rebels, including John Fries. Fries and several leaders of the rebellion were charged and convicted of treason.
Dreaming the New Woman
Authors: Bond Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses how students constructed and performed their gendered identities at mission schools for girls. It highlights the alliance between the Chinese government’s and missionaries’ rather conservative goals for women’s education, namely, to create good wives and wise mothers. The paradoxes of being a missionary school student are also revealed in the chapter. Missionary schools offered girls an all-female space in which they could daydream new roles for themselves. They envisioned a future society where they could become lawyers, bankers, politicians, and even interstellar explorers. From dressing as male and pursuing same-sex courtships, to acting male roles in the school play and taking on leadership roles, missionary schools also offered girls a space in which they could experiment with new ways of being a woman in China. Upon graduation, however, girls woke up to the reality of a society in which traditional gendered ideas about women’s homemaking roles were firmly entrenched.
‘A Gay Presence’
Authors: Grundy David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the early 1970s, the nationwide upsurge of Gay Liberation saw a concurrent blooming of gay poetry. Addressing Boston-based queer anarchist group Fag Rag and the related Good Gay Poets Press, the chapter focuses on texts by Charley Shively which advance a frank, explicit, and sex-positive view of sexuality, before turning to John Wieners’ work of the 1970s: radically performative, formally disjunctive, and centred in working-class, non-neurotypical, and queer lived experience. Feminist, anti-racist, and anti-imperialist in its focus, and intent on challenging conventional understandings of family, private property, and the state, such work, as Michael Bronski puts it, ‘conceptualised a new way to be gay’. Emblematic of the utopian sexual politics of the pre-AIDS era, the writings of Wieners and Shively are a vital component of post-Stonewall queer history in the United States.
Jewish Mobilities and the Business of Migration
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In a transformative phase during the middle decades of the nineteenth century the railroad business in Central and Eastern Europe attracted several Jewish investors and entrepreneurs. These mobility entrepreneurs made a substantial impact on mass mobility in and far beyond Eastern Europe. In the 1880s and 1890s Albert Ballin, the son of a Jewish ticket broker from Denmark, turned the Hamburg America Line into the largest steamship line in the world. German steamship lines dominated the transatlantic passenger market in Eastern Europe. The mobility revolution displaced many Jews from economic niches, forcing especially younger men and women to move to industrializing cities. Increasing numbers crossed the Atlantic to the United States. The railroad stories of Sholem Aleichem illustrate the dramatic social transformation and the ambiguities of mobility for Jews in this period.
Exposure Science to Protect Children’s Health
Authors: Weisel Clifford P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Exposure science is the study of human contact with chemical, physical, and biological contaminants in the environment. Exposure science is critical for understanding and quantifying relationships between exposures and health effects. Knowledge of exposure is essential for preventing diseases of environmental origin. Exposure science studies the routes of exposure to environmental hazards. These include inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion, and injection. Measurement of total exposure and of total risk from environmental exposure requires consideration of exposures to multiple contaminants via multiple routes. Total exposure is a function of not only of the levels of contaminants in the environment, but also of the human activities and behaviors that lead to contact with contaminants. Quantification and characterization of exposure is undertaken through a series of direct and indirect measurements. These include traditional environmental monitoring as well as personal environmental sampling and biological sampling.
Developmental Toxicology and Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Levin Edward D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Developmental toxicology is the study of toxic exposures in early life and their impacts on health and development. It employs a combination of experimental and human studies. Early development from zygote, through gestation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence is a highly vulnerable period. Exposures to environmental toxicants in early development can disrupt developmental processes and result in lifelong functional impairment. The timing of exposure is of critical importance. Early development is also a time of enhanced exposures to toxic substances because of sole-source nutrition and hand-to-mouth behavior. Even low-level exposures to environmental toxicants can be deleterious when they occur on a population-wide scale and result in widespread impairment. The consequences of developmental toxicity are not restricted to children. The entire population has progressed through development, and people of all ages can bear lifelong impacts of early toxic events.
The School/Child Care Environment
Authors: Galvez Maida P. , Evans Sarah , Mann Mana , Paul Hester 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Children of all ages in most countries may spend from 35 to 50 hours every week in schools and other learning environments. These learning environments are multifaceted and include the routes that children take to school, the buildings where they attend class, eating areas, pools, gymnasia, and outdoor areas such as playgrounds and sports fields. Healthy school environments optimize children’s learning potential and minimize harmful exposures that may cause injuries or trigger illnesses such as asthma. Unhealthy schools, by contrast, may result in exposures to toxic chemicals or other environmental hazards that impair children’s health. Unhealthy school environments can be the result of poor school siting. Unhealthy school environments can result also from use of unsafe materials in school construction such as asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, or synthetic turf fields. And unhealthy schools can result from use of toxic chemicals such as noxious cleaning products, hazardous arts supplies, or dangerous pesticides within the school environment. These hazards are magnified when schools are poorly ventilated.
Nanomaterials and Child Health
Authors: Sripada Kam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nanomaterials are all around us. Nanomaterials are used in everything from paint to batteries, car tires, sunscreen, and water filters, and they are generated unintentionally through combustion, friction, volcanic eruptions, and countless other processes in nature. Nanomaterials represent a growing category of potentially toxic substances for children. Some nanoscale particles may be more toxic than larger forms, and some nanomaterials are smaller than the barriers of the human body. It is therefore important to understand the potential for early exposures. Even if just a small fraction crosses the body’s protective barriers, this can still be a large number of particles.
Engaging in YPAR With Middle School Students
Authors: Hayden Laura A. , Siwek Faith , Cox Mackenzie , Gould Kait 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to consider the use of youth participatory action research (YPAR) in middle school settings. Developmentally, middle school students traverse a period of identity formation shaped by interactions with peers and the larger ecosystem, including familial values and traditions as well as the greater community and society, making YPAR an intriguing approach to support their development. The authors offer a case study that illustrates YPAR as a multimodal process with positive youth development outcomes for students. The authors also offer recommendations for how school counselors can engage in YPAR with middle school students. The authors start at the individual level, with student voices being centered and elevated, with attention to improving personal and community circumstances while simultaneously building coping and collective healing strategies to support capacity for cocreating equitable systems and practices.
Why Exact Repetitions May Not Be the Best Goal
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Deliberately changing the details and parameters of a skill enables us to learn the skill in a richer, more flexible way, enhancing performance. This is known as variable practice. The use of variable practice is dependent on skill level, however. Novices already have a high level of variability in their execution of a skill, and so introducing more is likely to be detrimental. As skill level improves, introducing a greater variety of variation will be more beneficial than sticking with uniform practice. In addition to discussing this research, this chapter offers variable practice ideas specific to musicians, including instrument-specific ideas.
The Most Effective Ways to Memorize Music
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There are different types of memory that all work together seamlessly on a day-to-day basis. Understanding these different types and how to strengthen them individually increases ability and confidence in memorized performance. This chapter discusses the various types of memory used in performing, focusing on the most important type of memory for consistent performance: long-term memory. The formation of long-term memories requires three stages—encoding, consolidation, and retrieval—the first of which is the focus of this chapter. Specific practice strategies are given to enhance encoding, targeting the different subtypes of memory involved, namely muscle memory, auditory memory, and declarative memory.
The Earnings-Return Relation
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes research on the magnitude and determinants of the relation between stock returns and accounting earnings, that is, the earnings response coefficient (ERC). ERC research is motivated by its potential use in valuation and fundamental analysis as well as in performing more powerful tests of contracting or disclosure hypotheses in accounting. The literature documents two prominent phenomena: (1) the estimated ERC is relatively small compared to its predicted value, and (2) the incremental slope on negative returns is positive in a piecewise linear regression of earnings on returns. To explain these empirical patterns, researchers advance several hypotheses, such as prices leading earnings and accounting conservatism. This chapter emphasizes that economic fundamentals and accounting practices jointly determine the observed earnings-return relation.
The land between the rivers
Authors: Paulette Tate 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe chapter “The Land Between the Rivers” introduces ancient Mesopotamia, the geographical, cultural, and historical setting for the remainder of the book. The chapter begins with the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the great classics of Mesopotamian literature and also one of the most vivid illustrations of the centrality of beer in the Mesopotamian worldview. Early in the tale, the wild man Enkidu is taught to eat bread and drink beer like a civilized human being. After recounting this episode, the chapter provides an introduction to the environment and geography of Mesopotamia, as well as the key types of source material available: archaeological remains, cuneiform documents, and artistic representations. Following a brief discussion of chronology and dating, the chapter concludes by considering the position of beer within Mesopotamian history. Attention is devoted in turn to the connection beer and the city, the state, the economy, and inequality.
Deng Xiaoping and the Reform Era (1976–2012)
Authors: Gilley Bruce 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the thirty-six years in China’s politics from the death of Mao Zedong to the ascension to power of Xi Jinping, a period often known simply as “the reform era.” It uses the idea of “reform” of the ravages of the Mao era to define the successive politics and policies of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao as the three top leaders of this era. Emphasis is on internal economic reforms toward a market economy, political institutionalization to better manage and control the party’s grip on power, and international integration and diplomacy to restore China’s place in the world. The role of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protest movement and its aftermath is discussed as evidence for the reform era as a distinctive political period in China’s history that came to an end in 2012.
Insights About Data Sources, Validation Testing, and Theory
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 13 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research focuses on insights yielded from the findings of Project CONTEXT. Project CONTEXT is a study, described in Chapters 11 and 12, that was designed to test innovative strategies for interpreting discrepant results when assessing adolescent social anxiety. The chapter describes insights about the kinds of data sources and validity criteria that optimize the interpretability of discrepant results. These insights set a foundation for additional insights germane to theory development. In particular, the chapter discusses theoretical developments surrounding the mechanisms that underlie converging and discrepant results, with a focus on the concepts that underlie the operations triad model described in Chapter 7.
Research, Education, and Training
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 16 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes how research on discrepant results informs practices surrounding research, education, and training in mental health. In particular, the chapter covers practices relevant to integrating mental health data. First, the chapter discusses the implications of research on discrepant results for informing how to describe use of analytic procedures designed to integrate mental health data in the methods sections of journal articles. Second, the chapter describes the implications of research on discrepant results for coursework designed to build competencies surrounding the integration of mental health data. Third, the chapter articulates the implications of research on discrepant results for informing guidelines geared toward integrating mental health data when assessing clients receiving mental health services.
Uncertainty
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Uncertainty is essential for furthering excitement, creativity, and entertainment, but it is mostly something that actors shun. This book analyses ways in which actors try to increase, deal with, but above all reduce, uncertainty. Uncertainty is an issue facing an individual or an organization, and to decrease their uncertainty, ways to gain more certainty are used. Increased certainty is often the result of knowing more, and scientific production has generated a large systematic body of knowledge that can be put to use. Though each individual faces his or her problems, this book focuses on public solutions that reduce uncertainty for many. How can public means of uncertainty reduction be created, and how can they be used? Concrete solutions to the problem of uncertainty involve informal institutions, for example norms, and formal institutions, for example laws, as well as standards. Much of the uncertainty relates to values, and through markets, competitions, valuations, and contests, it is possible to settle these uncertainties so that knowledge can be used by many to facilitate coordination and action. Organizations, individually or with others, can actively change their environment to reduce their uncertainties rather than merely adapting to them. The publicly available knowledge that is produced is central to building a society that allows communication based on shared ideas and understanding, rather than bubbles, echo chambers, or private truths.
How Much Can We Know?
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter presents central themes and terms of the book, and outlines where it sits in the research field. Over time, human society has produced much knowledge, and what were once ‘unknown unknowns’ (what we do not know that we do not know), have gradually become ‘known unknowns’ (what we know that we do not know), to ‘known knowns’ (what we know). This approach is presented and complements the existing business study literature that focuses on individual actors’ strategies and decision-making to reduce uncertainty by private means. It zooms in on the ways in which means of uncertainty reduction are made—intentionally and unintentionally—in the public domain. Uncertainty is epistemic and means that we cannot know the ‘future consequences of present action’. It is different from risk and ambiguity, and knowledge is seen as the main way of addressing uncertainty.
Conclusion
Authors: Svensson Manfred 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This conclusion offers a final overview of the Protestant tradition of Aristotelian commentary. As the book has shown, this tradition reaches every corner of the Protestant world, with commentaries consistently distributed over time and geography. It was a Protestant tradition, but one open to the many voices of the preceding and contemporary Aristotelian tradition. Finally, the conclusion discusses both the decline and the survival of this tradition. In the late seventeenth century, new arguments were added to the centuries-old grievances against Aristotle, and the modern school of natural law largely replaced his moral and political philosophy. Despite this, when the tradition of Aristotelian commentary reemerged in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it explicitly connected with the Protestant tradition explored in this book.
Economic Inequality and Social Mobility
Authors: Brea-Martinez Gabriel , Dribe Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the long-term development of income inequality and social mobility. During the twentieth century Landskrona experienced a dramatic socioeconomic transformation that shaped economic inequality and social mobility. There were three main phases in the development of socioeconomic disparities, which reflect development at the national level. The first phase (1905–1930) saw high and fluctuating levels of economic inequality resulting from economic fluctuations relating to industrialization. During the second phase (1930–1969), inequality declined, following national development in terms of social and economic policy. During the last phase (1970–2015), Landskrona experienced economic crisis and deindustrialization marked by an increase in unemployment and a negative migratory balance. When the whole country was affected by new economic policies and a financial crisis in the early 1990s, inequality started to increase steadily until the 2010s, when it reached the same level as before World War II.
Climate Obstruction in Sweden
Authors: Vowles Kjell , Ekberg Kristoffer , Hultman Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Applying the concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary climate obstruction, this chapter explores the concept of Swedish ‘middle way’ environmental politics as a type of secondary obstruction. Since the 1970s, there has been a near consensus among Swedish policymakers that economic growth and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand. This middle way has led to incremental emission reductions that may be progressive compared with those of some other industrialized nation-states but are inadequate to reach compliance with the Paris Agreement. While primary obstruction in Sweden has been aimed at those demanding more ambitious climate policies, the chapter argues that the middle way has contributed to secondary obstruction through tactics of delay and geographical displacement, constraining calls for more socially transformative policies. In recent years, middle-way compromise has broken down, with the Swedish far right returning to outright climate science denial and pushing the conservative-liberal government toward such policies.
Subversion Found
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Falun Gong, a spiritualistic organization-cum-social-movement with roots in a tumultuous 1990s confrontation with the government of the People’s Republic of China. Falun Gong is well known around the world as an anticommunist advocate for freedom from oppression in the Chinese mainland. Perhaps most interesting, however, is that Falun Gong is not a conventional subversive organization. Rather, its fringe status was forced upon it by Chinese authorities, and the resulting period of exodus and underground reorganization produced a dispersed movement that was quite arguably akin to other subversive entities in functional terms only. Interestingly, this circumstance saw members of the group take actions that paralleled those seen in the Fringe 1.0, including the construction of new techniques for digital circumvention and political cracking. In more recent years, there is evidence that Falun Gong has become strategically subversive in their outlook.
Emotional Pedagogy
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although training curricula attempt to fix meaning to gender, there is no automatic correspondence between how training designers imagine the practice and goals of gender training, what is set in the training curriculum, and what happens in the classroom. This chapter thus turns to examine classroom practices in order to investigate what gender training participants learn and how. It presents the case for understanding knowledge itself as produced through affective processes and highlights the ways in which training fosters specific types of epistemic and political investments. Substantively, the chapter examines how conflict-related sexual violence is treated as a training topic and sketches out the ways in which training navigates the ambivalent demand that peacekeepers be stoic and emotional; warriors and humanitarians. The ambivalence contained within this discourse means that excess emotion persists as trainees struggle to make sense of the limitations and shortcomings of martial action.