bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Biological and Organic Fertilization and Boron Spraying in Some Soil Characteristics
Authors: Ajeel Mohammed Rahim , Al-Hakeim Mumtaz Sahib 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the Al-Azawiya area, which is part of the Al-Musayib project in Babil Governorate, for the winter agricultural season of 2023 to study the impact of biofertilization, organic fertilization, and foliar boron spray on certain soil properties using a factorial experiment design according to Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications randomly distributed within three sectors, totaling 18 treatments to make the number of experimental units 54, The experiment included three factors. The first factor was biofertilization (seed inoculation) with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria at two levels (without inoculation, inoculation). The second factor was organic fertilization (sheep manure) applied to the soil at three levels (0, 10, 20) Mg ha−1. The third factor was boron foliar spray using boric acid at three levels (0, 5, 10) mg L−1. The means of treatments were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a probability level of (0.05). The results of the experiment indicated that the addition of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer resulted in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation (electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, organic matter). However, foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation. The interaction between biofertilizer (seed inoculation) and organic fertilizer (20 Mg ha−1) also resulted in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation (electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, organic matter). However, the interactions between biofertilizer (seed inoculation) and foliar boron spray, organic fertilizer, and foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation. Similarly, the triple interactions between biofertilizer (seed inoculation), organic fertilizer, and foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation.
The Influence of Plow Types, Tillage Depth and Amendment Addition on the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) of Clay Soil
Authors: Abd Al Khanfous Talal Jaber , Sultan Al-Wally Nihad Shakir , Muhsin Sadiq Jabar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in spring 2021 at the Agricultural Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, in clay soil. The experiment included three factors: the plow type (chisel, moldboard, and disc plow), the tillage depth (15 and 30 cm) and the addition of amendments (cow dung and anionic polyacrylamide). All three factors were examined to determine their influence on mean weight diameter (MWD). The study used a split-split block randomized complete block design. The results indicated that the chisel plow outperformed the moldboard plow and disc plow in achieving the highest mean weight diameter. Furthermore, the results showed that a tillage depth of 30 cm was better than a depth of 15 cm for increasing MWD. Moreover, all amendments addition improved soil properties and increased (MWD), and the mixed treatment (T5) recorded the highest value of mean weight diameter..
Studying the Seasonal Changes of some Heavy Metals and Chemical Properties in Main Outfall Water and Evaluating Their Suitability for Irrigation Purposes
Authors: Saed Mustafa Kadhim , Hamid Mohammed Malik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating some chemical properties of main outfall water within the city limits of Babylon to demonstrate its suitability for irrigation purposes pH, Electrical conductivity, Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, and Boron and some were estimated Heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Nickel) in four time periods (June 2023, September 2023, December 2024, March 2024) and for the regions (Latifiya, Suwaira, Maamra, and Shomali). The results showed that the salinity of the main outfall water falls within the category that causes a severe salinity problem, and that the degree of reaction of the water is within the normal range, tending to light alkalinity, and that the sodium values increase towards the main outfall towards the south, and falls within the category that shows a severe salinity problem, and that the chloride concentrations were They are all located within waters that cause a severe problem for the classification. The boron problem was slight to moderate for sensitive crops. The main outfall water is classified as no problem in terms of its nitrate content. Concentrations of heavy metals in main outfall water follow the following sequence: Cd < Ni <Pb< Cu.
The Effect of the Distance Between Drippers and Drainage on the Productivity and Growth of Tomatoes Inside Greenhouses
Authors: Nayyef Hussein R. , Al-Laghawi Hasanen S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in the fall season of 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the effect of the distance between the drippers and the drainage on the productivity and growth of tomatoes inside greenhouses. The study was carried out using three distances between the drippers (25, 30, 35) cm and two discharges (4,8) liters. Hour−1, Turbo-type drippers were used. The experiment was conducted on three greenhouses, measuring the stability of the pressure at each drain referred to in the experiment and according to the specified distance between the drops, and monitoring the effect of this on the productivity and growth of the tomato crop grown over two time periods (45, 90) days. The results showed an increase in the uniformity of drainage by increasing the drainage of the dripper and bringing the drippers closer together on the same line, and this in turn led to an increase in production and growth indicators. If the results show that the distance between the drippers is 25 cm greater than the rest of the distances, the discharge will also exceed 8 liters. Hour−1 to drain 4 liters. Hour−1 in terms of plant productivity, plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area.
Effect of Enriching Vermicompost with Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Sunflower
Authors: Ibrahim Ghazwan Hameed , Mustafa Al-Alawy Hassan Hadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources of the College of Agriculture/University of Diyala in 2022 to study the effect of enriching vermicompost with chemical and biological fertilizers on the growth and yield of sunflower. The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values in plant height (198.5 cm), chlorophyll (49.76 SPAD), flower disc diameter (25.14 cm), flower disc weight (315.0 g), and weight of 100 seeds (6.065 g), followed by vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition. Spraying Azotobacter was significantly superior in increasing the previous traits compared with non-spray Azotobacter, which gave the lowest value. Vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying Azotobacter gave the highest values in previous traits during the interaction, compared to vermicompost without addition and without spraying Azotobacter.
Study of the Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Some Soils with Various Locations in Babil Governorate
Authors: Taher Amnan Abbas , Sabah Lateef Assi A. M. , Abdulameer Hameed Kazem 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field study was carried out to determine the extent of contamination of soils of different uses in Babylon governorate with heavy elements, 8 surface samples (0-60 cm) were selected from different sites in Babil governorate and 3 samples for each site, which differ in the way they are used, the pollution criteria were calculated represented by the pollution factor (CF), the pollution load index (PLI) and the geological accumulation index (Igeo). The results indicated: 1- The highest site of pollution for the heavy elements ready is the soils adjacent to the dam chemical plant, where it contained a higher percentage of copper, lead, zinc and cobalt, followed by soils adjacent to the Afiat water plant, which is the highest contamination with cadmium and nickel. 2- The highest site pollution for the total heavy elements, the soils adjacent to the dam chemical laboratory were the highest contamination with lead and nickel, followed by the soils adjacent to the housing hospital, which is the highest pollution with copper for the soils that are irrigated with puncture water, so they were the highest contamination with zinc, and the soils adjacent to the laboratory were higher contamination with cadmium, the soils adjacent to the brick factory of the highest contamination with the element cobalt.
The Effect of Wheat Residue Management and Organic and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Farhan Mohammed Jarullah , Hilai Nashmi Ahmed , Saleh Abdullah Amar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A general experiment was carried out in Kirkuk Governorate / Hawija District in the fields of the Mixed Vocational Riyadh Preparatory School during the summer season of 2023, to determine the effect of burning waste and organic fertilization on some growth characteristics and condition of the sunflower crop. The experiment included three factors, the first factor (wheat residues): leaving the residues. Burning the remains. The second factor (organic fertilization): (0 and 12,000) kg h−1. The third factor (nitrogen fertilization) included four levels (0, 100, 200, and 400) kg h−1. The experiment was designed according to a split-plate design, where waste management was placed in the main plots, organic fertilization in the secondary plots, and nitrogen fertilization in the secondary plots, with three replicates. The results showed that the burning of waste and the level of organic fertilization (12,000) kg −1 and nitrogen fertilization (400) kgN h−1 were significantly superior and gave the highest average for the dry weight of the first and second mowing, the economic and biological yield, the N concentration, and the vegetative total, with an average of (49.21) g. Plant−1and (121.00) gm Plant-1and (7619) kg h−1 and (22.20) tons h−1 and (2.88)% and (0.329)%, respectively.
Strategy for Management of Using Saline Irrigation Water and Tillage Systems in Water Productivity and Wheat
Authors: Ati Alaa S. , Dawod Shaima S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the fall season of 2022-2023 to manage the minimum tillage system and compare it with conventional tillage systems and irrigation with salt water +25% leaching requirements to determine the actual water consumption of wheat under conditions of water deficit. The amount of water added and the amount of water that can be saved, as well as evaluating water productivity. The experiment was carried out within the Shinafiya project - Nasiriyah / Iraq. Three tillage systems were used in the experiment: A. Minimum tillage with a disc harrow b. Tillage with Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows c. Tillage with Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows. Wheat seeds, Triticum aestivum L., variety Ibaa 99, were planted on 25/11/2022 and harvested on May 3, 2023, moreover, salty main outfall water was used to irrigate the plants. The study results showed that the ETa actual water consumption values differed according to the tillage treatments, as it reached 470, 449, and 415 mm/season at the treatment of Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, and Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, and Mini Tillage (Disk Harrow), respectively. The minimum tillage treatment achieved the highest water productivity, amounting to 2.09 kg.m−3, with an increase of 50.36 and 68.55% compared to the tillage treatments of Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows and Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, respectively.
Irrigation Performance Indicators to Measure Wasted Irrigation Water and Their Effect on Water Sustainability: Methodology
Authors: Nasr M. M. , Wahib H. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The issue of estimating wasted water-which is defined as the amount of water that the plant does not benefit from, and which runs out from the root zone, that is, it passes through the root zone through the process of loss through deep percolation- as a result of the irrigation process. it is an approximation and not completely true for various reasons. To estimate the depth of wasted water, must estimate the irrigation performance indicators, which in turn determine the depth of wasted water, so must know the uniformity of irrigation and the adequacy of irrigation. The amount of irrigation should be adequate and distributed with good uniformity. Sometimes the irrigation is adequate, but the distribution is inconsistent, and vice versa, so this methodology will address the cases of irrigation more than required ’Overwatering condition’ and irrigation less than required ‘Underwatering condition’, the important irrigation indicators (Adequacy ‘Ad’, Christiansen Coefficient ‘CU’, and Distribution Uniformity ‘DU’), and how to estimate the depth of wasted water. This, in turn, leads to improving the sustainability of irrigation water by estimating the amount of irrigation water without wastage, that is, rationing irrigation water and the possibility of increasing water rationalization while obtaining uniform plant growth in the field as much as possible, and this in turn is reflected in increasing the characteristics of the crop in quantity and quality.
Evaluating Soil Fertility as a Basis for Fertiliser Needs for Agricultural Crops
Authors: Al Sharoot Mustafa Ali , AbdulKarim Alrabab Tariq , Hamzah Alaa Halos 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fertilization can greatly affect the quality of crops and soil. To determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop productivity and measure the stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the soil, a study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Biotechnology, and Al-Qadisiyah University. Agricultural soil fertility is crucial to the future of agriculture, and to analyze soil elements, two organic fertilizer sources (cows and sheep) totalling 25 kg were included in the main plots. In addition, the research also included sub-plots at three levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (10 and 20 kg). These plots of land were designed and interpreted according to the RCBD method, which was unique in application. To evaluate the need to use nutrients in fertilizers to maintain soil fertility. The analysis of soil elements aims to evaluate the availability of nutrients in the depths of the soil from which samples were taken from different areas in the city of Diwaniyah in Iraq. Fertilizer recommendations are also linked to the soil index. The recommendations have broad applicability, although they may need to be modified to suit individual soil types and cropping systems in light of local experience. Basing fertilizer recommendations on soil element analysis and indexing systems provides significant benefits. The system uses simple, proven, low-cost analysis methods as part of a complete soil management program that recognizes the paramount importance of ensuring that all soil properties are within their optimum levels.
The influence of potassium clay content on potassium assimilation by plants and the availability of (NPK) in soil.
Authors: Abdalkadhum Kifah Abdalhusain , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal , Obaid Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A biological experiment was conducted to determine Effect of clay content and potassium levels on some growth characteristics of wheat plants. The experiment included three levels of clay content (low, medium, high), symbolized by (C1, C2, C3). and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 300 kg K−1). symbolized by(K0, K1, K2, K3), Two factor were used for the experiment with three replicates, so that the number of experimental units reached 36 experimental units. The experiment was conducted within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). At maturity, the plant height, number of tillers, and leaf area and chlorophyll index were measured. The results showed that Effect of high clay content had a significant effect on increasing plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and number of tillers, as the values reached (69.02cm, 48.800 SPAD, 49.07 cm2, 6 tillers(As for Effect of potassium, it achieved level K3. The highest growth indicators were for plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and number of tillers, as the values reached (62.06 cm, 46.21 SPAD, 45.37 cm2, and 5.33 tillers.(Also, bi-interaction for high clay content and full potassium level recommended a significant increase for all of the above growth indicators for the C3K3 treatment, which did not differ significantly from the C3K3 treatment for some traits.
The Influence of Dripper Type and Operation Pressure on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Yield using Different PV Panel Types
Authors: Abdeljaleel Mustafa T. , Zeinaldeen Laith A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was carried out during fall semester 2023 at Al-Raed Research Station located in Abu Ghraib area, 20 km west of Baghdad. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. The experiment consisted of three factors: first factor was the solar panel type with two levels: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Irrigation system operating pressure represents the second factor with two levels P1 (0.25 bar) and P2 (0.5 bar). The third factor was the dripper type with three levels: T1(4 L/hr.), T2(8 L/hr.), and T3(16 L/hr.). The following indicators were studied: solar panel efficiency (%), homogeneity coefficient (%), and Sunflower yield (kg/ha). The results showed that the monocrystalline solar panel achieved the best results which included the highest solar panel efficiency (26.27%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (94.28%) and the highest Sunflower yield (11163.6 kg/ha). The highest solar panel efficiency (23.48%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (91.50%), and the best Sunflower yield (10858.2 kg/ha) was achieved at P2 (0.5 bar) pressure. The 2nd dripper type T2(8 L/hr.) achieved the best plate efficiency (23.52%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (92.16%), and the best Sunflower yield (11586.5 kg/ha). The three-way interaction between the solar panels type, the operating pressure, and the dripper type showed that the monocrystalline solar panels with pressure P2 (0.5 bar) and dripper T2 (8 L/hr.) obtained the highest solar panel efficiency (26.44%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (95.67%), and the highest Sunflower yield (12837.9 kg/ha).
The Impact of Economic Shocks on the Value of Agricultural Domestic Product in Iraq for the Period (2004-2022)
Authors: Mahmoud Mahmoud Fadel , Madlul Najlaa Salah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aims to measure the impact of economic shocks on the value of agricultural domestic products in Iraq for the period (2004-2022) using quarterly time series. The value of an agricultural domestic product was used as a dependent variable while the independent variables were (oil prices - public revenues - public expenditures - allocations Agricultural investment - agricultural imports-gross domestic product), and the (Vector Error Correction Model) model, impulse response functions, and variance components analysis were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The research reached the most important results, as both the value of oil prices and agricultural imports It has a significant but in a way negative impact on the value of agricultural output due to the state’s dependence on financing the general budget through oil revenues, as well as the state’s dependence on imports. Agricultural production was largely used to obtain food as well as agricultural supplies. Public revenues, public expenditures, and agricultural investment allocations had a significant and positive impact on the value of agricultural output, as the increase in any of these variables leads to an increase in the value of agricultural output in a significant way. Relatively, the most important thing that was achieved was achieving the research hypothesis, which states that economic shocks have a negative impact on the agricultural sector. The research recommended the necessity of improving the management of depleted resources, reducing their consumption, and developing appropriate plans and policies to preserve the sustainability of these resources for future generations.
Phase field modelling of elastic-plastic fatigue fracture of oil and gas pipeline
Authors: Wang Zhen , He Wei , Li Xin , Lu Tao , Chen Shengguo , Li Dingyu , Zheng Hengwei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper established a fatigue fracture phase-field model (PFM) to evaluate fatigue damage evolution and crack propagation in oil and gas pipeline. To address inaccuracies in damage evolution, a threshold of the elastic-plastic fracture energy was introduced in the proposed PFM. Using the finite element method, the PFM was applied to simulate fatigue crack growth. Results from compact tension (CT) specimen of the X56 gas pipeline steel demonstrated that the da/dN-ΔK curve from the current PFM, accounting for plasticity, aligned more closely with experimental results than the elastic PFM. The fatigue crack propagation and fatigue life of the X80 gas pipeline with different defects of the same depth were also analyzed. The results indicated that triangular defects significantly impacted the fatigue life of the X80 gas pipeline. Finally, a model of X60 pipeline with various initial defects was developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PFM for full-scale pipeline fatigue fracture by comparing it to experimental a-N curves. The simulation results indicated that the distance and angle between two initial defects in the pipeline significantly influenced the propagation of fatigue cracks and the pipeline’s service life. These findings of this paper can serve as a reference for estimating the service life of gas and oil pipelines.
Semi-active control implementation in aircraft landing gear systems using hardware-in-the-loop test bench
Authors: Yıldız Ali Suat , Eker Sefa Burhan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In small-sized aircraft landing gear systems, magnetorheological (MR) dampers offer an innovative approach to adjusting damping levels under wide range of operating situations in order to achieve competing control objectives such as ride comfort, suspension travel, and energy consumption. Also, MR dampers have nonlinear dynamics and exhibit hysteresis. In this context, this paper aims to present a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) technique for the implementation of backstepping control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control. Experimental results highlight that, compared to passive suspension (Passive Off), backstepping control and LQR control approaches reduce the fuselage vertical acceleration by 29.13% and 24.95%, respectively. Moreover, the ISO 2631 standard was adopted to evaluate ride comfort. LQR control can able to minimize the fuselage roll acceleration under a random road profile. Also, LQR control provides the highest performance in terms of fuselage roll acceleration, achieving a 6.2% improvement with lower energy consumption. By utilizing HIL, semi-active control methods can be tested and developed without the need for the aircraft, while keeping the characteristics that the physical aircraft would bring.