bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiretroviral Treatment Failure, Drug Resistance, and Subtype Diversity in the Only Pediatric HIV Clinic in Rhode Island
Authors: Rogo Tanya , DeLong Allison K. , Chan Philip , Kantor Rami 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background.  Drug resistance development in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pediatric population in the United States can impact long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficacy. Limited formularies and adherence constraints in children jeopardize lifelong-needed ART.
Methods.  We examined treatment failure, drug resistance, and their correlates in ART-naive and ART-experienced children attending the pediatric HIV clinic in Rhode Island between 1991 and 2012. Pol sequences were obtained for phylogenetic, subtype, and resistance analyses. Associations between selected covariates and virologic failure and resistance were evaluated using generalized additive models and Fisher exact tests.
Results.  Data were available for all 56 clinic-attending children. At diagnosis, 33% were aged &lt;1 year, 31% aged 1–4 years, and 37% aged ≥5 years; 54% were male, 73% black or Hispanic, 55% US-born, 20% refugees, and 64% perinatally infected. Of 44 ART-experienced children, 57% had virologic failure, most never virologically suppressed. Failure was associated with missed appointments (P = .05) and missed doses (P &lt; .01). Of 40 children with available genotypes, 35% were infected with non-B subtypes; 6% of ART-naive children had resistance; and 73% of ART-experienced children had ≥1 major mutation: (16% conferring triple-class, 47% dual-class, and 37% single-class resistance). An epidemiologically confirmed resistance transmission from a perinatally infected teenage male to a newly infected teenage female was demonstrated.
Conclusions.  We report high HIV type 1 diversity, extensive drug resistance among ART-experienced children, and horizontal transmission of resistance in the Rhode Island pediatric HIV clinic. As HIV-infected children mature into adulthood, close monitoring of ART, adherence, and diagnosis disclosure are essential to optimize patient care.
Adverse Events Following Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine in Adults Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2003–2013
Authors: Sukumaran Lakshmi , McNeil Michael M. , Moro Pedro L. , Lewis Paige W. , Winiecki Scott K. , Shimabukuro Tom T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background.  Limited data exist on the safety of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in adults. We reviewed reports of adverse events (AEs) to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to assess safety in this previously understudied group.
Methods.  VAERS is the national spontaneous vaccine safety surveillance system coadministered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Food and Drug Administration. We searched the VAERS database for US reports of adults aged ≥19 years who received the MMR vaccine from 1 January 2003 to 31 July 2013. We clinically reviewed reports and available medical records for serious AEs, pregnancy reports, and reports for selected prespecified outcomes.
Results.  During this period, VAERS received 3175 US reports after MMR vaccine in adults. Of these, 168 (5%) were classified as serious, including 7 reports of death. Females accounted for 77% of reports. The most common signs and symptoms for all reports were pyrexia (19%), rash (17%), pain (13%), and arthralgia (13%). We did not detect any new safety findings in empirical Bayesian data mining. We identified 131 reports of MMR vaccine administered to a pregnant woman; the majority of these vaccinations were in the first trimester and in 83 (62%), no AE was reported.
Conclusions.  In our review of VAERS data, we did not detect any new or unexpected safety concerns for MMR vaccination in adults. We identified reports of pregnant women exposed to MMR, which is a group in whom the vaccine is contraindicated, suggesting the need for continued provider education on vaccine recommendations and screening.
The efficacy of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of rectal chlamydia infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kong Fabian Yuh Shiong , Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Fairley Christopher Kincaid , Vodstrcil Lenka A. , Huston Wilhelmina M. , Chen Marcus , Bradshaw Catriona , Hocking Jane S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
There are increasing concerns about treatment failure following treatment for rectal chlamydia with 1 g of azithromycin. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of 1 g of azithromycin as a single dose or 100 mg of doxycycline twice daily for 7 days for the treatment of rectal chlamydia.

Methods
Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Register and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to the end of April 2014. Studies using 1 g of azithromycin or 7 days of doxycycline for the treatment of rectal chlamydia were eligible. Gender, diagnostic test, serovar, symptomatic status, other sexually transmitted infections, follow-up time, attrition and microbial cure were extracted. Meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled (i) azithromycin and doxycycline efficacy and (ii) efficacy difference.

Results
All eight included studies were observational. The random-effects pooled efficacy for azithromycin (based on eight studies) was 82.9% (95% CI 76.0%–89.8%; I2 = 71.0%; P &lt; 0.01) and for doxycycline (based on five studies) was 99.6% (95% CI 98.6%–100%; I2 = 0%; P = 0.571), resulting in a random-effects pooled efficacy difference (based on five studies) of 19.9% (95% CI 11.4%–28.3%; I2 = 48.5%; P = 0.101) in favour of doxycycline.

Conclusions
The efficacy of single-dose azithromycin may be considerably lower than 1 week of doxycycline for treating rectal chlamydia. However, the available evidence is very poor. Robust randomized controlled trials are urgently required.
The nature of obscuration in AGNs – II. Insights from clustering properties
Authors: Shao Li , Li Cheng , Kauffmann Guinevere , Wang Jing 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Based on large optical and mid-infrared (mid-IR) surveys, we investigate the relation between nuclear activity in local Seyfert 2 galaxies and galaxy interactions using a statistical neighbour-counting technique. At the same level of host galaxy star formation (SF), we find that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with stronger ${\rm [O\,\small {III}]}$ emission lines do not show an excess of near neighbours, while AGNs with stronger mid-IR emission do have more near neighbours within a projected distance of 100 kpc. The excess neighbour count increases with decreasing projected radius. These results suggest a phase of torus formation during galaxy interactions.
Determinants of Infant Susceptibility to Malaria During the First Year of Life in South Western Cameroon
Authors: Apinjoh Tobias O. , Anchang-Kimbi Judith K. , Mugri Regina N. , Njua-Yafi Clarisse , Tata Rolland B. , Chi Hanesh F. , Tangoh Delphine A. , Loh Beatrice T. , Achidi Eric A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground.  Falciparum malaria is an important pediatric infectious disease that frequently affects pregnant women and alters infant morbidity. However, the impact of some prenatal and perinatal risk factors such as season and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) on neonatal susceptibility has not been fully elucidated.Methods.  A cohort of 415 infants born to women who were positive and negative for malaria was monitored in a longitudinal study in Southwestern Cameroon. The clinical and malaria statuses were assessed throughout, whereas paired maternal-cord and 1-year-old antimalarial antibodies were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant susceptibility to malaria was ascertained after accounting for IPTp and season in the statistical analysis.Results.  Malaria prevalence was higher in women (P = .039) who delivered during the rainy season and their infants (P = .030) compared with their dry season counterparts. Infants born to women who were positive for malaria (6.40 ± 2.83 months) were older (P = .028) than their counterparts who were negative for malaria (5.52 ± 2.85 months) when they experienced their first malaria episode. Infants born in September–November (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.72) and to mothers on 1 or no IPTp-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) dose (adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28–0.91) were protected, whereas those born in the rainy season (adjusted OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.21–6.55) were susceptible to malaria.Conclusions.  Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy and month of birth have important implications for infant susceptibility to malaria, with 2 or more IPTp-SP dosage possibly reducing immunoglobulin M production.
Incidence and Predictors of Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Serum Biomarkers in a Large Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mono-Infected Patients
Authors: Sebastiani Giada , Rollet-Kurhajec Kathleen C. , Pexos Costa , Gilmore Norbert , Klein Marina B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background.  Longitudinal data on liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mono-infection are scarce. We used noninvasive serum biomarkers to study incidence and predictors of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.
Methods.  Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed by hepatic steatosis index ≥36. Advanced liver fibrosis was diagnosed by fibrosis-4 index &gt;3.25. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate incidences. Cox regression analysis was used to explore predictors of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis development.
Results.  In this retrospective observational study, 796 consecutive HIV mono-infected patients were observed for a median of 4.9 (interquartile range, 2.2–6.4) years. Incidence of hepatic steatosis was 6.9 of 100 per person-years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9–7.9). Incidence of advanced liver fibrosis was 0.9 of 100 PY (95% CI, 0.6–1.3). Development of hepatic steatosis was predicted by black ethnicity (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.58–3; P &lt; .001) and lower albumin (aHR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91–0.97; P &lt; .001). Development of advanced liver fibrosis was predicted by higher glucose (aHR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.2–1.3; P &lt; .001) and lower albumin (aHR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84–0.93; P &lt; .001).
Conclusions.  Incident hepatic steatosis is frequent in HIV mono-infected patients, particularly in those of black ethnicity. These patients can also develop advanced liver fibrosis. Identification of at-risk individuals can help early initiation of hepatological monitoring and interventions, such as targeting euglycemia.
Disinfection of Syringes Contaminated With Hepatitis C Virus by Rinsing With Household Products
Authors: Binka Mawuena , Paintsil Elijah , Patel Amisha , Lindenbach Brett D. , Heimer Robert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) is associated with the sharing of injection paraphernalia. People who inject drugs often “disinfect” used syringes with household products when new syringes are unavailable. We assessed the effectiveness of these products in disinfecting HCV-contaminated syringes.
Methods.  A genotype-2a reporter virus assay was used to assess HCV infectivity in syringes postrinsing. Hepatitis C virus-contaminated 1 mL insulin syringes with fixed needles and 1 mL tuberculin syringes with detachable needles were rinsed with water, Clorox bleach, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, isopropanol, Lysol, or Dawn Ultra at different concentrations. Syringes were either immediately tested for viable virus or stored at 4°C, 22°C, and 37°C for up to 21 days before viral infectivity was determined.
Results.  Most products tested reduced HCV infectivity to undetectable levels in insulin syringes. Bleach eliminated HCV infectivity in both syringes. Other disinfectants produced virus recovery ranging from high (5% ethanol, 77% ± 12% HCV-positive syringes) to low (1:800 Dawn Ultra, 7% ± 7% positive syringes) in tuberculin syringes.
Conclusions.  Household disinfectants tested were more effective in fixed-needle syringes (low residual volume) than in syringes with detachable needles (high residual volume). Bleach was the most effective disinfectant after 1 rinse, whereas other diluted household products required multiple rinses to eliminate HCV. Rinsing with water, 5% ethanol (as in beer), and 20% ethanol (as in fortified wine) was ineffective and should be avoided. Our data suggest that rinsing of syringes with household disinfectants may be an effective tool in preventing HCV transmission in PWID when done properly.
Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households
*
Authors: Bertrand Marianne , Kamenica Emir , Pan Jessica 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We examine causes and consequences of relative income within households. We show that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of 12 , where the wife’s income exceeds the husband’s income. We argue that this pattern is best explained by gender identity norms, which induce an aversion to a situation where the wife earns more than her husband. We present evidence that this aversion also impacts marriage formation, the wife’s labor force participation, the wife’s income conditional on working, marriage satisfaction, likelihood of divorce, and the division of home production. Within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline. In couples where the wife’s potential income is likely to exceed the husband’s, the wife is less likely to be in the labor force and earns less than her potential if she does work. In couples where the wife earns more than the husband, the wife spends more time on household chores; moreover, those couples are less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce. These patterns hold both cross-sectionally and within couples over time.
Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and Future Crime: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges *
Authors: Aizer Anna , Doyle Joseph J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOver 130,000 juveniles are detained in the United States each year with 70,000 in detention on any given day, yet little is known about whether such a penalty deters future crime or interrupts social and human capital formation in a way that increases the likelihood of later criminal behavior. This article uses the incarceration tendency of randomly assigned judges as an instrumental variable to estimate causal effects of juvenile incarceration on high school completion and adult recidivism. Estimates based on over 35,000 juvenile offenders over a 10-year period from a large urban county in the United States suggest that juvenile incarceration results in substantially lower high school completion rates and higher adult incarceration rates, including for violent crimes. In an attempt to understand the large effects, we found that incarceration for this population could be very disruptive, greatly reducing the likelihood of ever returning to school and, for those who do return, significantly increasing the likelihood of being classified as having an emotional or behavioral disorder.
Definitive Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Extracranial Oligometastases
Authors: Lewis Stephen L. , Porceddu Sandro , Nakamura Naoki , Palma David A. , Lo Simon S. , Hoskin Peter , Moghanaki Drew , Chmura Steven J. , Salama Joseph K. 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is often used to treat patients with oligometastases (OM). Yet, patterns of SBRT practice for OM are unknown. Therefore, we surveyed radiation oncologists internationally, to understand how and when SBRT is used for OM.

Methods:
A 25-question survey was distributed to radiation oncologists. Respondents using SBRT for OM were asked how long they have been treating OM, number of patients treated, organs treated, primary reason for use, doses used, and future intentions. Respondents not using SBRT for OM were asked reasons why SBRT was not used and intentions for future adoption. Data were analyzed anonymously.

Results:
We received 1007 surveys from 43 countries. Eighty-three percent began using SBRT after 2005 and greater than one third after 2010. Eighty-four percent cited perceived treatment response/durability as the primary reason for using SBRT in OM patients. Commonly treated organs were lung (90%), liver (75%), and spine (70%). SBRT dose/fractionation schemes varied widely. Most would offer a second course to new OM. Nearly all (99%) planned to continue and 66% planned to increase SBRT for OM. Of those not using SBRT, 59% plan to start soon. The most common reason for not using SBRT was lack of clinical efficacy (48%) or lack of necessary image guidance equipment (34%).

Conclusions:
Radiation oncologists are increasingly using SBRT for OM. The main reason for not using SBRT for OM is a perceived lack of evidence demonstrating clinical advantages. These data strengthen the need for robust prospective clinical trials (ongoing and in development) to demonstrate clinical efficacy given the widespread adoption of SBRT for OM.
Retinal Microglia in Glaucoma
Authors: Wang Jia-Wei , Chen Shi-Da , Zhang Xiu-Lan , Jonas Jost B. 
Published: February 2015

Objective:
To review the current research on microglia as it relates to glaucoma, and summarize the potential microglia-targeted therapies.

Data Sources:
The data were collected from PubMed and Google Scholar databases published in English up to July 2014. Keywords used, both alone and in combination, in the database search included retinal microglia, over-activation and inhibition of microglia, and glaucoma.

Study Selection:
Articles were selected and reviewed if they involved microglia in animal models or human patients with glaucoma. Moreover, we also cited some comprehensive amalgamation of published literature.

Results:
Together with the macroglia [astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, radial (Müller) cells], the microglia form the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells are generally smaller than the neural cells, but outnumber them by a factor of 5 to 10 with marked regional differences in the CNS. Approximately half of the volume of the CNS is composed of glial cells. Because of the blood-retina barrier, blood-born immunologic cells cannot penetrate into the retina under physiological conditions; the retinal microglial cells are the primary immunocompetent cells in the retina. The microglial cells are involved in any process of cell degeneration and loss, including retinal ganglion fiber and cell loss. Surveying the retinal tissue in normal situations as “spiders in a net,” the retinal microglial cells change their form from a resting dendritic-like shape to an activated ameboid form in the case of invading microorganisms or cell damage. They are involved in the process of cell apoptosis and removal of the dead cells. Studies suggested that inhibition of the microglial cell activation in the case of optic nerve damage can increase the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells and may thus be neuroprotective.

Conclusions:
Activated microglia appear early in the glaucomatous process and may contribute detrimentally to the neuronal apoptosis in the later stage. Neuroprotective strategies that inhibit activated microglia may provide novel treatment modalities for glaucomatous optic neuropathy and any other retinal and optic nerve disease.
Family Adjustment and Parenting Stress When an Infant Has Serious Liver Disease
Authors: Bowden Michael R. , Stormon Michael , Hardikar Winita , Ee Looi C. , Krishnan Usha , Carmody Diana , Jermyn Vicki , Lee Mee‐Mee , O'Loughlin Edward V. , Sawyer Janine , Beyerle Kathe , Lemberg Daniel A. , Day Andrew S. , Paul Campbell , Hazell Philip 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Parenting stress, problems in family functioning, and lack of fathers' engagement in treatment are associated with poor quality of life in children with chronic illnesses. The aim of the present study was to examine these characteristics in families of infants with serious liver disease in Australia, to inform the provision of mental health care for these families.Methods:From September 2009 to May 2013, 42 parents of infants recently diagnosed as having serious liver disease (defined as liver disease that may require transplantation in the future) completed questionnaires about family function, impact of the infant's illness on the family, parent stress symptoms, and fathers' engagement in the care of the child. Participants were recruited from 4 metropolitan children's hospitals in Australia.Results:Parents reported psychological symptoms at similar rates to normative populations. Their reports of family functioning were significantly below mean scores in previously published populations with a medically ill family member (population mean 1.89; mothers mean 1.59; fathers mean 1.61, P < 0.001). Disruption to family roles was significantly correlated with psychological symptoms for mothers (r = 0.48, P < 0.01) and fathers (r = 0.31, P < 0.05). Greater helpfulness of fathers was correlated with lower depression in mothers (r = −0.35, P < 0.05), and fathers' anxiety was correlated with their increased engagement (r = 0.40, P < 0.01).Conclusions:When parents report the presence of psychological symptoms, symptoms are likely to be present in both parents and are associated with difficulties adjusting to disrupted family roles. Father engagement may be protective of mothers' mental health.
Bile Ducts in Regenerative Liver Nodules of Alagille Patients Are Not the Result of Genetic Mosaicism
Authors: Rougemont Anne‐Laure , Alvarez Fernando , McLin Valérie A. , Guiochon‐Mantel Anne , Bouligand Jérome , Clément Sophie , Tonson La Tour Aude , Wildhaber Barbara E. , Rubbia‐Brandt Laura , Sartelet Hervé 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAlagille syndrome (ALGS) is a complex, multisystem disease associated with mutations in the JAG1 gene. In the liver, ALGS is characterized by paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts. Gene dosage analysis performed on a large, central regenerative nodule with preserved interlobular bile ducts of 2 unrelated ALGS patients, and on surrounding cirrhotic and ductopenic liver parenchyma, showed in both cases complete JAG1 heterozygous deletion in the regenerative nodule and the ductopenic liver, with no differences in gene dosage. Thus, JAG1 mosaicism and differential haploinsufficiency do not explain the presence of bile ducts in centrally located regenerative nodules.