bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infusion phlebitis assessment measures: a systematic review
Authors: Ray‐Barruel Gillian , Polit Denise F. , Murfield Jenny E. , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesPhlebitis is a common and painful complication of peripheral intravenous cannulation. The aim of this review was to identify the measures used in infusion phlebitis assessment and evaluate evidence regarding their reliability, validity, responsiveness and feasibility.MethodWe conducted a systematic literature review of the Cochrane library, Ovid MEDLINE and EBSCO CINAHL until September 2013. All English‐language studies (randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort and cross‐sectional) that used an infusion phlebitis scale were retrieved and analysed to determine which symptoms were included in each scale and how these were measured. We evaluated studies that reported testing the psychometric properties of phlebitis assessment scales using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines.ResultsInfusion phlebitis was the primary outcome measure in 233 studies. Fifty‐three (23%) of these provided no actual definition of phlebitis. Of the 180 studies that reported measuring phlebitis incidence and/or severity, 101 (56%) used a scale and 79 (44%) used a definition alone. We identified 71 different phlebitis assessment scales. Three scales had undergone some psychometric analyses, but no scale had been rigorously tested.ConclusionMany phlebitis scales exist, but none has been thoroughly validated for use in clinical practice. A lack of consensus on phlebitis measures has likely contributed to disparities in reported phlebitis incidence, precluding meaningful comparison of phlebitis rates.
How Revolutionary is the Holy Spirit?
Authors: Webb Stephen H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMost theologians agree that the early church neglected the Holy Spirit in formulations of the Trinity, and in recent years, many books have been written to redress this deficiency. Pentecostal theologians are especially invested in recovering a fuller doctrine of the Holy Spirit. These two monographs, one by an established scholar (Steve Studebaker) and the other by a relative newcomer (Andrew Gabriel), are among the best on this topic. Both are unafraid to be critical of Pentecostal theology and both are valuable for their specificity. Gabriel revises the divine attributes of classical theism while Studebaker goes even further by arguing that the Holy Spirit constitutes the Trinity. Neither author is sympathetic to Social Trinitarianism, and Studebaker in particular is critical of Richard of Saint Victor, who is often credited as an early progenitor of the social model. This first complete translation of Richard's treatise on the Trinity, by Ruben Angelici, reveals a radical view of the Holy Spirit and thus needs to be taken seriously by all future discussions of this topic. Richard not only gives the Holy Spirit its own personal identity but also ties the Spirit to God's power of listening, just as the Son is God's Word.
Evaluation of enrichment method for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 using a rapid dipstick test in Bangladesh
Authors: George Christine M. , Rashid Mahamud‐ur , Sack David A. , Bradley Sack R. , Saif‐Ur‐Rahman K. M. , Azman Andrew S. , Monira Shirajum , Bhuyian Sazzadul I. , Zillur Rahman K. M. , Toslim Mahmud M. , Mustafiz Munshi , Alam Munirul 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the specificity of the Crystal VC dipstick test for detecting cholera.MethodsWe compared direct testing using the Crystal VC dipstick test and testing after enrichment for 6 h in alkaline peptone water (APW) to bacterial culture as the gold standard. Samples positive by dipstick but negative by culture were also tested using PCR.ResultsStool was collected from 125 patients. The overall specificities of the direct testing and testing after 6‐h enrichment in APW compared to bacterial culture were 91.8% and 98.4% (P = 0.125), respectively, and the sensitivities were 65.6% and 75.0% (P = 0.07), respectively.ConclusionThe increase in the sensitivity of the Crystal VC kit with the use of the 6‐h enrichment step in APW compared to direct testing was marginally significant. The Crystal VC dipstick had a much higher specificity than previously reported (91–98%). Therefore, this method might be a promising screening tool for cholera outbreak surveillance in resource‐limited settings where elimination of false‐positive results is critical.
Effects of racing on reticulocyte concentrations in Greyhounds
Authors: Horvath S.J. , Couto C.G. , Yant K. , Kontur K. , Bohenko L. , Iazbik M.C. , Marín L.M. , Hudson D. , Chase J. , Frye M. , DeNicola D.B. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundGreyhounds have several hematologic variables that are outside of the respective reference intervals of other dog breeds. In addition, increases in HCT, total protein and HGB concentration, and RBC and WBC counts occur immediately after exercise; these values return to resting values within a few hour after racing.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effects of exercise on the concentration of reticulocytes in circulating blood in racing Greyhounds. We hypothesized that reticulocyte numbers are significantly increased immediately after a race, and return to baseline within one to 2 h postrace.MethodsFifty actively racing Greyhounds at the Wheeling Island Racetrack and Casino were included in the study. Samples were collected by jugular venipuncture one day prior to racing at the kennel (resting), immediately after racing, and one to 2 h after the race (recovery). Reticulocyte counts were determined with an IDEXX ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). Due to a nonparametric distribution, the results were statistically compared using the Friedman test.ResultsReticulocyte concentrations were significantly different among the 3 sample collection times (P < .0001). There was a significant increase in reticulocyte concentration immediately after racing (P < .001); one to 2 h after racing, the reticulocyte numbers decreased significantly (P < .001) to counts comparable to resting samples.ConclusionThe increase in reticulocyte concentration is probably related to splenic contraction secondary to the release of catecholamines, although premature bone marrow release could also account for these changes. Thus, it is important to consider a Greyhound's activity and degree of excitement when interpreting selected hematologic data in a clinical setting.
Using Athletes’ World Rankings to Assess Countries’ Performance
Authors: Malcata Rita M. , Vandenbogaerde Tom J. , Hopkins Will G. 
Published: January 2014

There is a need for fair measures of country sport performance that include athletes who do not win medals.Purpose:To develop a measure of country performance based on athlete ranks in the sport of swimming.Methods:Annual top-150 ranks in Olympic pool-swimming events were downloaded for 1990 through 2011. For each athlete of a given rank, a score representing the athlete’s performance potential was estimated as the proportion of athletes of that rank who ever achieved top rank. A country’s scores were calculated by summing its athletes’ scores over all 32 events. Reliability and convergent validity were assessed via year-to-year correlations and correlations with medal counts at major competitions. The method was also applied to ranks at the 2012 Olympics to evaluate countries’ swimming performance.Results:The performance score of an athlete of a given rank was closely approximated by 1/rank. This simpler score has 1 practical interpretation: An athlete ranked 7th (for example) has a chance of 1/7 of ever achieving top rank; for purposes of evaluating country performance, 7 such athletes are equivalent to 1 athlete of the top rank. Country scores obtained by summing 1/rank of the country’s athletes had high reliability and validity. This approach produced scores for 168 countries at the Olympics, whereas only 17 countries won medals.Conclusions:The authors used the sport of swimming to develop a fair and inclusive measure representing a country’s performance potential. This measure should be suitable for assessing countries in any sports with world rankings or with athletes at major competitions.
Do Elite Endurance Athletes Report Their Training Accurately?
Authors: Sylta Øystein , Tønnessen Espen , Seiler Stephen 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of self-reported (SR) training duration and intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes.Methods:Twenty-four elite cross-country skiers (25 ± 4 y, 67.9 ± 9.88 kg, 75.9 ± 6.50 mL · min−1 · kg−1) SR all training sessions during an ~14-d altitude-training camp. Heart rate (HR) and some blood lactate measurements were collected during 466 training sessions. SR training was compared with recorded training duration from HR monitors, and SR intensity distribution was compared with expert analysis (EA) of all session data.Results:SR training was nearly perfectly correlated with recorded training duration (r = .99), but SR training was 1.7% lower than recorded training duration (P < .001). SR training duration was also nearly perfectly correlated (r = .95) with recorded training duration >55% HRmax, but SR training was 11.4% higher than recorded training duration >55% HRmax (P < .001) due to SR inclusion of time <55% HRmax. No significant differences were observed in intensity distribution in zones 1–2 between SR and EA comparisons, but small discrepancies were found in zones 3–4 (P < .001).Conclusions:This study provides evidence that elite endurance athletes report their training data accurately, although some small differences were observed due to lack of a SR “gold standard.” Daily SR training is a valid method of quantifying training duration and intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes. However, additional common reporting guidelines would further enhance accuracy.
Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection against a Lethal Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Chickens and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals
Authors: Park Jae-Keun , Lee Dong-Hun , Yuk Seong-Su , Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir , Kwon Jung-Hoon , Noh Jin-Yong , Kim Byoung-Yoon , Choi Soo-Won , Kang Sang-Moo , Lee Joong-Bok , Park Seung-Yong , Choi In-Soo , Song Chang-Seon 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, we developed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing NDV fusion (F) protein along with influenza virus matrix 1 (M1) protein using the insect cell expression system. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were immunized with oil emulsion NDV VLP vaccines containing increasing dosages of VLPs (0.4, 2, 10, or 50 μg of VLPs/0.5-ml dose). Three weeks after immunization, the immunogenicity of the NDV VLP vaccines was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, and a lethal challenge using a highly virulent NDV strain was performed to evaluate the protective efficacy of the NDV VLP vaccines. NDV VLP vaccines elicited anti-NDV antibodies and provided protection against a lethal challenge in a dose-dependent manner. Although the VLP vaccines containing 0.4 and 2 μg of VLPs failed to achieve high levels of protection, a single immunization with NDV VLP vaccine containing 10 or 50 μg could fully protect chickens from a lethal challenge and greatly reduced challenge virus shedding. Furthermore, we could easily differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. These results strongly suggest that utilization of NDV VLP vaccine in poultry species may be a promising strategy for the better control of NDV.
Comparison of Four Commercial One-Dose Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines Administered to Pigs Challenged with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus at 17 Weeks Postvaccination To Control Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex under Korean Field Conditions
Authors: Park Changhoon , Seo Hwi Won , Han Kiwon , Chae Chanhee 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTUnder Korean field conditions, coinfection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is most commonly observed in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Despite the wide use of PCV2 vaccination, PRDC remains a serious respiratory problem. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of 4 one-dose PCV2 vaccines on 3-week-old pigs with an experimental PCV2-PRRSV challenge at 17 weeks postvaccination. Regardless of which commercial PCV2 vaccine was used, the vaccination of piglets at 3 weeks of age was efficacious against cochallenge of PCV2 and PRRSV, on the basis of growth performance and PCV2-associated lesions. However, the inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 and the PCV2 vaccines induced higher PCV2-specific neutralizing antibody (NA) titers and PCV2-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells and lower PCV2 viremia levels than the two PCV2 subunit vaccines. The vaccination of piglets against PCV2 at 3 weeks of age was effective in reducing PCV2 viremia and PCV2-associated lesions during the finishing period, which is an age at which pigs are frequently affected by PRDC caused by coinfection with PCV2 and PRRSV under Korean field conditions.
Evaluation of the New Brilliance GBS Chromogenic Medium for Screening of Streptococcus agalactiae Vaginal Colonization in Pregnant Women
Authors: Verhoeven Paul O. , Noyel Pauline , Bonneau Julie , Carricajo Anne , Fonsale Nathalie , Ros Alain , Pozzetto Bruno , Grattard Florence 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Three commercial chromogenic agar media were evaluated for
Streptococcus agalactiae
screening in 200 vaginal swabs from pregnant women. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.3% and 100% for Granada medium (bioMérieux), 100% and 90.3% for Brilliance GBS medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 100% and 98.8% for ChromID STRB medium (bioMérieux), respectively.
Isavuconazole Treatment of a Patient with Disseminated Mucormycosis
Authors: Peixoto Driele , Gagne Lisa S. , Hammond Sarah P. , Gilmore Erin T. , Joyce Amy C. , Soiffer Robert J. , Marty Francisco M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We report a patient with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation who developed disseminated mucormycosis due to
Rhizomucor pusillus
/
R. miehei
involving lung, brain, and skin. After failing posaconazole and being intolerant to amphotericin, he was treated effectively with isavuconazole for over 6 months despite ongoing treatment for relapsed leukemia.
The Mitochondrial Translocator Protein, TSPO, Inhibits HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Biosynthesis via the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation Pathway
Authors: Zhou Tao , Dang Ying , Zheng Yong-Hui 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe HIV-1 Env glycoprotein is folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is necessary for viral entry and replication. Currently, it is still unclear how this process is regulated. The glycoprotein folding in the ER is controlled by the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway, which specifically targets misfolded proteins for degradation. Previously, we reported that HIV-1 replication is restricted in the human CD4+T cell line CEM.NKR (NKR). To understand this mechanism, we first analyzed cellular protein expression in NKR cells and discovered that levels of the mitochondrial translocator protein TSPO were upregulated by ∼64-fold. Notably, when NKR cells were treated with TSPO antagonist PK-11195, Ro5-4864, or diazepam, HIV restriction was completely disrupted, and TSPO knockdown by short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) achieved a similar effect. We next analyzed viral protein expression, and, interestingly, we discovered that Env expression was specifically inhibited. Both TSPO knockdown and treatment with TSPO antagonist could restore Env expression in NKR cells. We further discovered that Env proteins were rapidly degraded and that kifunensine, an ERAD pathway inhibitor, could restore Env expression and viral replication, indicating that Env proteins were misfolded and degraded through the ERAD pathway in NKR cells. We also knocked out the TSPO gene in 293T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat [CRISPR]/CRISPR-associated-9) technology and found that TSPO could similarly inhibit Env expression in these cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TSPO inhibits Env protein expression through the ERAD pathway and suggest that mitochondria play an important role in regulating the Env folding process.IMPORTANCEThe HIV-1 Env glycoprotein is absolutely required for viral infection, and an understanding of its expression pathway in infected cells will identify new targets for antiretroviral therapies. Env proteins are folded in the ER and secreted through the classical secretory pathway. The Env folding process involves extensive cross-linking of 10 Cys residues by disulfide bond formation and heavy N-glycosylation on ∼30 Asn residues. Currently, it is still unclear how this process is regulated. Here, we studied this mechanism in the HIV nonpermissive human CD4+T cell line CEM.NKR. We found that Env proteins were rapidly degraded through a cellular pathway that specifically targets misfolded proteins, resulting in inhibition of Env expression. Importantly, we have identified a mitochondrial translocator protein, TSPO, which could trigger this degradation by interfering with the Env folding process. Further characterization of TSPO antiviral activity will reveal a novel antiretroviral mechanism that targets the Env protein.
A Novel Poxvirus-Based Vaccine, MVA-CHIKV, Is Highly Immunogenic and Protects Mice against Chikungunya Infection
Authors: García-Arriaza Juan , Cepeda Victoria , Hallengärd David , Sorzano Carlos Óscar S. , Kümmerer Beate Mareike , Liljeström Peter , Esteban Mariano 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThere is a need to develop a single and highly effective vaccine against the emerging chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which causes a severe disease in humans. Here, we have generated and characterized the immunogenicity profile and the efficacy of a novel CHIKV vaccine candidate based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the CHIKV C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1 structural genes (termed MVA-CHIKV). MVA-CHIKV was stable in cell culture, expressed the CHIKV structural proteins, and triggered the cytoplasmic accumulation of Golgi apparatus-derived membranes in infected human cells. Furthermore, MVA-CHIKV elicited robust innate immune responses in human macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, with production of beta interferon (IFN-β), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. After immunization of C57BL/6 mice with a homologous protocol (MVA-CHIKV/MVA-CHIKV), strong, broad, polyfunctional, and durable CHIKV-specific CD8+T cell responses were elicited. The CHIKV-specific CD8+T cells were preferentially directed against E1 and E2 proteins and, to a lesser extent, against C protein. CHIKV-specific CD8+memory T cells of a mainly effector memory phenotype were also induced. The humoral arm of the immune system was significantly induced, as MVA-CHIKV elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV. Remarkably, a single dose of MVA-CHIKV protected all mice after a high-dose challenge with CHIKV. In summary, MVA-CHIKV is an effective vaccine against chikungunya virus infection that induced strong, broad, highly polyfunctional, and long-lasting CHIKV-specific CD8+T cell responses, together with neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV. These results support the consideration of MVA-CHIKV as a potential vaccine candidate against CHIKV.IMPORTANCEWe have developed a novel vaccine candidate against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the CHIKV C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1 structural genes (termed MVA-CHIKV). Our findings revealed that MVA-CHIKV is a highly effective vaccine against chikungunya virus, with a single dose of the vaccine protecting all mice after a high-dose challenge with CHIKV. Furthermore, MVA-CHIKV is highly immunogenic, inducing strong innate responses: high, broad, polyfunctional, and long-lasting CHIKV-specific CD8+T cell responses, together with neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV. This work provides a potential vaccine candidate against CHIKV.
Hardiness and Outcome of Self-catheterisation Training (HOST): protocol for an observational study exploring the effects of personality traits in women on ability to learn clean intermittent self-catheterisation
Authors: Perkins Kalbinder , Randall Duncan , Toozs-Hobson Philip , Sitch Alice , Ismail Khaled MK 
Published: January 2014

IntroductionClean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) is the recommended first-line management of voiding dysfunction; however, psychological factors involved in acceptance and take up are often neglected. There is a tendency to discuss the success of CISC in relation to factors that affect teaching and learning, with subsequent success or failure being attributed to these. There is limited research investigating what extent, personality traits impact on a woman's willingness to learn CISC and subsequent mastery of the technique.Method and analysisAll women attending a tertiary urogynaecology department as eligible for CISC will be invited to participate in the study. Over the 14-month recruitment period, an estimated 130 women will be involved. The participants will complete a series of self-reported questionnaires. Personality types will be assessed using The Hardiness Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The impact of urinary symptoms and CISC on quality of life (QoL) will be measured using an electronic pelvic-floor assessment questionnaire (ePAQ). Success and mastery will be measured by recording the number of hospital appointments and the length of time taken to learn. Confidence will be measured using the Likert scale. A sample of 20 women will be invited to participate in semi-structured in-depth interviews to explore women's views and experiences of CISC.Ethics and disseminationRegulatory approvals will be in place prior to the start of the study. Good clinical practice guidelines will be followed throughout. Eligibility and training for CISC will be undertaken in accordance to individualised care plans in line with unit protocol and will not be influenced by the study. Trial data will be anonymised and participant confidentiality will be maintained. The Study findings will be disseminated through publications in relevant journals and will be presented at multiprofessional conferences and scientific meetings.
Biliary boulders
Authors: Steed H , Lau K , Glass R , Durkin D , Deakin M , Green J R B 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the outcome of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones.DesignA retrospective review of 100 consecutive ERCPs performed for CBD stones.Results100 ERCPs were performed on 84 patients with a median cohort age of 77. Completion in this cohort, as defined by duct clearance, was achieved in 65% of cases. Completion rates fell rapidly after two ERCPs. 33% of the cohort had small stones <10 mm, and 67% had stones >10 mm. Size, but not number of stones, affected the completion rate and frequency of complications (16%). Presence of periampullary diverticulum did not affect completion or complication rates. MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) had a 90% sensitivity for detecting CBD stones compared with 56% for CT.Discussion and conclusionsERCP remains a high-risk procedure with a significant complication rate when performed to deal with CBD stones. MRCP should be the second choice of investigation for CBD stones. This cohort had an unusually high number of larger stones at ERCP of 67% compared with other published UK cohorts of 8%, and this was reflected in the completion and complication rate.