bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do inflammatory pathways drive melanomagenesis?
Authors: Schneider Samantha L. , Ross Andrew L. , Grichnik James M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInflammatory pathways serve to protect the host and promote tissue healing/repair; however, over‐activation or dysregulation can be pathological with unintended consequences including malignant progression. A correlation between inflammation and cancer has been well established, and anti‐inflammatory medications have been shown to be chemopreventive in certain malignancies. Data are now becoming available that outline an inflammatory pathway that may have a critical role in melanomagenesis. ATP‐regulated membrane channels/receptors P2X7 and PANX1 have been directly implicated in melanoma tumor growth. Among other potential effects, opening of the P2X7/PANX1 channel results in activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which in turn leads to caspase‐1 activation and increased levels of activated IL‐1β. Elevated levels of caspase‐1 and IL‐1β have been correlated with melanoma progression, and inhibitors of the inflammasome, caspase and IL‐1β activity have all been shown to inhibit melanoma growth. Among many other potential actions, IL‐1β increases cyclooxygenase‐2 expression leading to local increases in inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Anti‐inflammatory medications targeting the end of this pathway have had positive results for certain cancers but overall remain mixed for melanoma. A better understanding of the pathways and appropriate intervention points may help direct future therapies. In this viewpoint, we will review data and attempt to model an inflammatory pathway that may be critical for melanomagenesis and propose future directions for exploration.
Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide and the hair cycle – is it the agonists or the antagonists that cause hair growth?
Authors: Gensure Robert C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWhile the effects of PTHrP have been studied for almost 20 years, most of these studies have focused on effects on the termination of the anagen phase, giving an incomplete picture of the overall effect of PTHrP on the hair cycle. PTHrP was determined in several experimental models to promote transition of hair follicles from anagen to catagen phase, which by itself would suggest that PTHrP blockade might prolong the anagen phase and promote hair growth. However, clinical trials with topically applied PTHrP antagonists have been disappointing, leading to a reconsideration of this model. Additional studies performed in mouse models where hair follicles are damaged (alopecia areata, chemotherapy‐induced alopecia) suggest that PTHrP has effects early in the hair cycle as well, promoting hair follicles’ entry into anagen phase and initiates the hair cycle. While the mechanism of this has yet to be elucidated, it may involve activation of the Wnt pathway. Thus, the overall effect of PTHrP is to stimulate and accelerate the hair cycle, and in the more clinically relevant models of hair loss where hair follicles have been damaged or become quiescent, it is the agonists, not the antagonists, which would be expected to promote hair growth.
Antioxidant and anticancer capacity of saponin‐enriched Carica papaya leaf extracts
Authors: Vuong Quan V. , Hirun Sathira , Chuen Tiffany L.K. , Goldsmith Chloe D. , Murchie Shane , Bowyer Michael C. , Phillips Phoebe A. , Scarlett Christopher J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe papaya (Carica papaya) leaf (PL) contains high levels of saponins and polyphenolic compounds, and historically, it has been used as a folk medicine for numerous ailments, including cancer. PL is traditionally prepared by hot water extraction; however, optimised extraction conditions have not been assessed. This study optimised conditions for the extraction of saponins from PL and assessed their antioxidant capacity and antipancreatic cancer activity. Optimisation was achieved using response surface methodology. Saponins and total phenolic compounds were assessed for their antioxidant, free radical scavenging, ion‐reducing capacity, and antipancreatic cancer activity. Optimal aqueous extraction conditions were 85 °C, 25 min. and a water‐to‐leaf ratio of 20:1 mL g−1. Ethanol extracts demonstrated higher antioxidant, free radical scavenging and ion‐reducing capacity, as well as antipancreatic cancer activity. This study revealed that the PL contains numerous bioactive compounds, with significant anticancer activity warranting further studies on the isolation and characterisation of individual bioactive compounds from the PL.
The Iceberg Risk in the Titanic Year of 1912: Was it Exceptional?
Authors: Bigg Grant , Billings Steve 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The sinking of the Titanic is typically blamed on human, design and construction errors. But what of the iceberg that did the damage? Was it a lone berg, or one of many in the area? And should it have been that far south? Earth systems scientist Grant Bigg and systems engineer Steve Billings assess the data.
Improved Green Strength and Green Machinability of ZrB2–SiC Through Gelcasting Based on a Double Gel Network
Authors: He Rujie , Zhang Rubing , Zhu Xiaolei , Wei Kai , Qu Zhaoliang , Pei Yongmao , Fang Daining 
Published: July 2014

ZrB2–SiC green ceramics were fabricated by aqueous gelcasting based on single AM‐MBAM, single Na‐alginate, and double gel network system. ZrB2–SiC ceramics obtained by aqueous gelcasting based on AM‐MBAM and Na‐alginate double gel network had a dramatically highest green strength of 98.6 ± 5.1 MPa, which was 103% and 61% higher than that of ZrB2–SiC ceramics based on single AM‐MBAM system and Na‐alginate system, respectively. A “scratch test” was conducted to evaluate the green machinability of as‐prepared ZrB2–SiC ceramics. The ZrB2–SiC ceramics based on this double gel network was found to have the best green machinability.
Videoscope‐assisted minimally invasive periodontal surgery (V‐MIS)
Authors: Harrel Stephen K. , Abraham Celeste M. , Rivera‐Hidalgo Francisco , Shulman Jay D. , Nunn Martha E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimSmall incision surgery has become routine in many areas of medicine but has not been widely accepted in periodontal therapy. A videoscope to assist minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been developed. The clinical outcomes from MIS performed using this videoscope (V‐MIS) are reported.Materials and MethodsPatients were evaluated for residual defects following non‐surgical therapy consisting of root planing with local anaesthetic. Thirty patients having 110 sites with residual pocket probing depth (PPD) of at least 5 mm, 2 mm loss of clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic evidence of bone loss were surgically treated. V‐MIS was performed utilizing the videoscope for surgical visualization.ResultsAt re‐evaluation 6 months post surgery, there was a statistically significant improvement (p < .001) in mean PPD and CAL (PPD 3.88 ± 1.02 mm, CAL 4.04 ± 1.38 mm) in 1, 2, and 3 wall defects. All PPD at re‐evaluation were 3 mm or less. There was a mean post‐surgical increase in soft tissue height (0.13 ± 0.61 mm, p = 0.168) with a decrease in recession.ConclusionsThe improvement in PPD and CAL from V‐MIS, in the authors' opinion, appears to be favourable when compared to previously reported results of periodontal regenerative surgery. The lack of post‐surgical recession following V‐MIS has not been reported with traditional regenerative surgery.
Microbial invasion of dentinal tubules: a literature review and a new perspective
Authors: Taschieri Silvio , Del Fabbro Massimo , Samaranayake Lakshman , Chang Jeffrey W.W. , Corbella Stefano 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVarious features of endodontic microbiology have been investigated using various methods. The aim of the present study was to review the existing literature on endodontic microbiology in dentinal tubules, and to present the features of two cases with endodontic pathology. An electronic search was performed with a search string created ad hoc. Ex vivo and in vitro studies were included, recording the method of detection and characteristics of analyzed teeth. Twenty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Seven of them were in vitro laboratory studies on teeth inoculated after extraction, while 13 were ex vivo studies on extracted, infected teeth. Endodontic bacteria were detected in dentinal tubules, both as single units and as biofilm aggregates. Two similar in vitro cases presented here corroborate the latter findings. A number of techniques have been utilized to observe bacteria in the dentinal tubule ecosystem. Dentinal tubules are favorable niches for microbial survival, either in the form of monomicrobial or polymicrobial communities.
A case of Invasive pulmonary infection caused by novel species of Perenniporia
Authors: Detporntewan Pitaks , Chindamporn Ariya , Worasilchai Navaporn , Suankratay Chusana 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPerenniporia species, members of basidiomycetes, are known as decay fungi from wood of hardwood tree species. The clinical significance of these non‐sporulating fungi from respiratory tract specimens is unknown. They have frequently been discarded as contaminants. There was only one case report of pulmonary fungal ball with positive culture for a Perenniporia species. We report herein a case of invasive pulmonary infection caused by the novel species of Perenniporia in a 44‐year‐old woman with active systemic lupus erythematosus who was successfully treated with voriconazole.
When mutualism goes bad: density‐dependent impacts of introduced bees on plant reproduction
Authors: Aizen Marcelo A. , Morales Carolina L. , Vázquez Diego P. , Garibaldi Lucas A. , Sáez Agustín , Harder Lawrence D. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryInvasive, alien plants and pollinators have varying effects on their interaction partners, ranging from highly beneficial to strongly detrimental. To understand these contrasting impacts, we review the benefits and costs associated with plant–pollinator interactions and enquire as to how the presence of abundant invaders affects the benefit–cost balance. We provide a conceptual framework that predicts that mutualism shifts to antagonism when invaders increase disproportionally in abundance relative to their interaction partners. This outcome is illustrated by an empirical example of a crop in which flower damage and an associated reduction in fruit quality represent interaction costs of intense visitation by invasive bees. More generally, the extremely high density of invasive flower visitors, such as Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris, might have population‐ and community‐level consequences by hampering reproduction of native plants while promoting reproduction of alien plants. Furthermore, modification of the structure of pollination networks resulting from intense visitation of native plants by superabundant alien flower visitors in highly invaded communities could predict accentuated interaction costs for many native plants. Owing to their high density and the exclusion of native pollinators, invasive bees, originally introduced for honey production and crop pollination, may negatively impact both the native biota and agriculture.
Spatial Resolution of Defibrillator Electrograms to Detect Distinct Exit Sites of Scar‐Related Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: SANTANGELI PASQUALE , ALCALDE OSCAR , ZADO ERICA S. , CALLANS DAVID J. , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS E. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAnalysis of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator electrograms (IEGMs) with pacing along the scar edge is often used to approximate distinct exit sites of scar‐related ventricular tachycardia (VT). We evaluated the spatial resolution of IEGMs in identifying distinct exit sites of scar‐related VT.Methods and ResultsSeventeen patients with scar‐related VT were included. Threshold pacing (500‐ms cycle length) was performed at sites spaced 10 mm apart along the scar border, as defined by high‐density bipolar voltage mapping. Twelve‐lead electrocardiogram and near‐field and far‐field IEGMs were recorded at each pacing site and assessed for morphology. The average scar size was 60 ± 30 cm2 and the scar border perimeter measured 28 ± 9 cm. A median of 18 pacing sites per patient were collected, spaced 14 ± 11 mm apart. The mean spatial resolution for the near‐field, far‐field, and combination of both was 82.7 ± 76 mm, 62.7 ± 53.6 mm, and 56.7 ± 50 mm (P for trend < 0.001). In all cases, IEGM analysis failed to identify distinct VT exit sites spaced <2 cm apart.ConclusionsAnalysis of IEGM morphology with pacing around the edge of the scar is unable to distinguish distinct VT exit sites spaced <2 cm apart, with an average spatial resolution of 5 cm. Given the wide range of values observed, detailed pace mapping over a perimeter of 10–15 cm along the scar edge appears crucial to define the boundaries of a linear ablation strategy to target the VT exit site based on IEGM pace match alone.
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease: Cellular pathogenesis and pharmacologic therapy
Authors: Torii Tomohiro , Miyamoto Yuki , Yamauchi Junji , Tanoue Akito 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare leukodystrophy that causes severe dysmyelination in the central nervous system in infancy and early childhood. Many previous studies showed that various proteolipid protein 1 (plp1) mutations, including duplications, point mutations, and deletions, lead to oligodendrocyte dysfunction in patients with PMD. PMD onset and clinical severity range widely, depending on the type of plp1 mutation. Patients with PMD exhibit a delayed mental and physical development phenotype, but specific pharmacological therapy and clinical treatment for PMD are not yet well established. This review describes PMD pathology and establishment of new clinical treatment for PMD. These findings support the development of a new therapy for PMD and these treatments may improve the quality of life in patients with PMD.
Trade‐Offs, Limitations, and Promises of Big Data in Social Science Research
Authors: White Patricia , Breckenridge R. Saylor 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe promise of “big data” is a grand one. The collection and aggregation of massive datasets and the development of analytical tools by which to study these data is part of cutting‐edge efforts across scientific disciplines, with social, behavioral, and economic sciences leading the way in many of these efforts. There has been a recent rise in National Science Foundation funding for “big data” research across directorates that coincides with scholarly, public, and governmental attention to the topic. Nonetheless, there are limitations and trade‐offs to “big data” research, particularly as it corresponds to scientific modes of inquiry and the limited range of topics that fall under its umbrella, that must be recognized and incorporated into the general understanding of its long‐term promise.
Time‐Series Analysis on Human Brucellosis During 2004–2013 in Shandong Province, China
Authors: Yang L. , Bi Z.‐W. , Kou Z.‐Q. , Li X.‐J. , Zhang M. , Wang M. , Zhang L.‐Y. , Zhao Z.‐T. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryHuman brucellosis is a re‐emerging bacterial anthropozoonotic disease, which remains a public health concern in China with the growing number of cases and more widespread natural foci. The purpose of this study was to short‐term forecast the incidence of human brucellosis with a prediction model. We collected the annual and monthly laboratory data of confirmed cases from January 2004 to December 2013 in Shandong Diseases Reporting Information System (SDRIS). Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was fitted based on the monthly human brucellosis incidence from 2004 to 2013. Finally, monthly brucellosis incidences in 2014 were short‐term forecasted by the obtained model. The incidence of brucellosis was increasing from 2004 to 2013. For the ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model, the white noise diagnostic check (x2 = 5.58 P = 0.35) for residuals obtained was revealed by the optimum goodness‐of‐fit test. The monthly incidences that fitted by ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model were closely consistent with the real incidence from 2004 to 2013. And forecasting incidences from January 2014 to December 2014 were, respectively, 0.101, 0.118, 0.143, 0.166, 0.160, 0.172, 0.169, 0.133, 0.122, 0.105, 0.103 and 0.079 per100 000 population, with standard error 0.011–0.019 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 58.79%.
Conditionally Rare Taxa Disproportionately Contribute to Temporal Changes in Microbial Diversity
Authors: Shade Ashley , Jones Stuart E. , Caporaso J. Gregory , Handelsman Jo , Knight Rob , Fierer Noah , Gilbert Jack A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Microbial communities typically contain many rare taxa that make up the majority of the observed membership, yet the contribution of this microbial “rare biosphere” to community dynamics is unclear. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of 3,237 samples from 42 time series of microbial communities from nine different ecosystems (air; marine; lake; stream; adult human skin, tongue, and gut; infant gut; and brewery wastewater treatment), we introduce a new method to detect typically rare microbial taxa that occasionally become very abundant (conditionally rare taxa [CRT]) and then quantify their contributions to temporal shifts in community structure. We discovered that CRT made up 1.5 to 28% of the community membership, represented a broad diversity of bacterial and archaeal lineages, and explained large amounts of temporal community dissimilarity (i.e., up to 97% of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). Most of the CRT were detected at multiple time points, though we also identified “one-hit wonder” CRT that were observed at only one time point. Using a case study from a temperate lake, we gained additional insights into the ecology of CRT by comparing routine community time series to large disturbance events. Our results reveal that many rare taxa contribute a greater amount to microbial community dynamics than is apparent from their low proportional abundances. This observation was true across a wide range of ecosystems, indicating that these rare taxa are essential for understanding community changes over time.

IMPORTANCE
Microbial communities and their processes are the foundations of ecosystems. The ecological roles of rare microorganisms are largely unknown, but it is thought that they contribute to community stability by acting as a reservoir that can rapidly respond to environmental changes. We investigated the occurrence of typically rare taxa that very occasionally become more prominent in their communities (“conditionally rare”). We quantified conditionally rare taxa in time series from a wide variety of ecosystems and discovered that not only were conditionally rare taxa present in all of the examples, but they also contributed disproportionately to temporal changes in diversity when they were most abundant. This result indicates an important and general role for rare microbial taxa within their communities.
On the Generalization of Lehmer Problem and High-Dimension Kloosterman Sums
Authors: Chen Guohui , Zhang Han 
Published: July 2014

For any fixed integerk≥2and integerrwithr, p=1, it is clear that there existkintegers1≤ai≤p-1 i=1, 2, …, ksuch thata1a2⋯ak≡r mod p. LetN(k,r;p)denote the number of alla1, a2, ⋯aksuch thata1a2⋯ak≡r mod pand 2†a1+a2+⋯ + ak. In this paper, we will use the analytic method and the estimate for high-dimension Kloosterman sums to study the asymptotic properties ofN(k,r;p)and give two interesting asymptotic formulae for it.
Patient-Derived Xenograft Models: An Emerging Platform for Translational Cancer Research
Authors: Hidalgo Manuel , Amant Frederic , Biankin Andrew V. , Budinská Eva , Byrne Annette T. , Caldas Carlos , Clarke Robert B. , de Jong Steven , Jonkers Jos , Mælandsmo Gunhild Mari , Roman-Roman Sergio , Seoane Joan , Trusolino Livio , Villanueva Alberto ,   for the EurOPDX Consortium
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development and characterization of patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models for cancer research. PDX models mostly retain the principal histologic and genetic characteristics of their donor tumor and remain stable across passages. These models have been shown to be predictive of clinical outcomes and are being used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. This article summarizes the current state of the art in this field, including methodologic issues, available collections, practical applications, challenges and shortcomings, and future directions, and introduces a European consortium of PDX models.
Significance: PDX models are increasingly used in translational cancer research. These models are useful for drug screening, biomarker development, and the preclinical evaluation of personalized medicine strategies. This review provides a timely overview of the key characteristics of PDX models and a detailed discussion of future directions in the field. Cancer Discov; 4(9); 998–1013. ©2014 AACR.
Entre verdade e ilusão: corpo e mundo em Arthur Schopenhauer
Authors: Soria Ana Carolina Soliva 
Published: July 2014

O presente estudo pretende analisar, na obra de Schopenhauer, em que medida o próprio corpo do sujeito pode ser entendido como o ponto de contato entre os domínios físico e metafísico do mundo, e a importância das noções de verdade e ilusão para a construção das concepções de corpo e de mundo.
Factors Associated With Vascular Complications in Patients Undergoing Balloon-Expandable Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement via Open Versus Percutaneous Approaches
Authors: Kadakia Mitul B. , Herrmann Howard C. , Desai Nimesh D. , Fox Zachary , Ogbara Jeffrey , Anwaruddin Saif , Jagasia Dinesh , Bavaria Joseph E. , Szeto Wilson Y. , Vallabhajosyula Prashanth , Li Robert , Menon Rohan , Kobrin Dale M. , Giri Jay 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Vascular complications after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement are common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the effect of access approach on vascular complications.

Methods and Results—

Between 2007 and 2013, 331 patients underwent transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement via open surgical (OS) or fully percutaneous (PC) approaches. Patient data and clinical outcomes were collected. Valve Academic Research Consortium–defined vascular complications were noted. Multivariable analysis with propensity matching was performed, and vascular complications, mortality, and length of stay were assessed. One hundred twenty patients were treated with the OS approach and 211 patients via the PC approach. There were fewer major vascular complications (11% versus 20%;
P
=0.03) and shorter length of stay (7.5 versus 9.9 days;
P
=0.003) in the PC group when compared with those in the OS group. In multivariable analysis, vascular complications were more likely in women (odds ratio, 2.2;
P
=0.02) and with increasing differences between sheath outer diameter and minimal artery diameter (overall vascular complications: odds ratio, 1.4;
P
=0.02 and major vascular complications: odds ratio, 2.0;
P
<0.001). Propensity-matched analysis demonstrated no difference in vascular complications between the OS and the PC groups (22% versus 19%;
P
=0.73) but significantly reduced length of stay in the PC group (7.9 versus 10.0 days;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—
Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement performed via the PC route is associated with similar risk of vascular complications and significantly lower postprocedural length of stay than the OS route. The degree of sheath oversizing with respect to iliofemoral minimal artery diameter and female sex are associated with vascular complications regardless of access approach.