bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ganoderma steyaertanum as a root‐rot pathogen of forest trees
Authors: Hidayati N. , Glen M. , Nurrohmah S. H. , Rimbawanto A. , Mohammed C. L. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryTwo Acacia seed orchards, one each of A. mangium and A. auriculiformis, in Central Java have suffered high losses from root rot associated with a species of Ganoderma that is distinct from G. philippii, which causes extensive losses in A. mangium plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Ganoderma steyaertanum was consistently isolated from roots of affected trees in the Javanese orchards and pathogenicity was confirmed by satisfying Koch's postulates. The mode of spread of the pathogen was examined by analysing the distribution of tree deaths in the A. mangium seed orchard and conducting somatic incompatibility tests among G. steyaertanum isolates from diseased trees. Spatial analyses indicate that, after an initially random disease distribution, the pattern of tree deaths was clustered. This is consistent with spore colonisation of thinned stumps followed by vegetative spread through root‐to‐root contact, as has been observed for other root pathogens such as Heterobasidion annosum. Somatic incompatibility tests demonstrated high genetic variability of the pathogen with root‐to‐root spread also confirmed.
In vitro interaction between Phlebiopsis sp. and Ganoderma philippii isolates
Authors: Agustini L. , Wahyuno D. , Indrayadi H. , Glen M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryGanoderma philippii causes root‐rot disease in a wide range of commercial perennial woody crops such as rubber and tropical acacias. In terms of productivity loss, the disease is considered as the most economically damaging disease of Acacia mangium. Many strategies to manage root rot have been developed and applied, including application of biological control which has focused on species and strains of the ascomycete genus Trichoderma. This research aimed to test the potential of a wood‐rotting basidiomycete as a biocontrol agent for root rot caused by Ganoderma philippii. This basidiomycete was isolated from a Eucalyptus pellita stump in a coppicing trial in Riau province, central Sumatra. DNA sequence analysis indicated that this isolate is most likely a Phlebiopsis sp. In vitro tests and microscopic morphological description of mycelial interactions between the Phlebiopsis and G. philippii isolates showed a mycoparasitic reaction. This result offered an alternative potential fungal isolate for root‐rot management in Indonesia as Phlebiopsis gigantea is already successfully used as a biocontrol agent for managing root rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum throughout pine forests in Europe and North America.
Identification of basidiomycete fungi in Indonesian hardwood plantations by DNA barcoding
Authors: Glen M. , Yuskianti V. , Puspitasari D. , Francis A. , Agustini L. , Rimbawanto A. , Indrayadi H. , Gafur A. , Mohammed C. L. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAn investigation of root rot in Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia generated over 1000 fungal isolates from field surveys at six locations. The majority of isolates were identified as Ganoderma philippii or Ganoderma mastoporum by species‐specific PCR, but this still left 274 isolates to be identified. As barcoding initiatives for fungi are still in the early stages, to assist identification of these isolates in this way we developed a database of sequences based on identified sporocarps and also searched public DNA sequence databases for sequences with high similarity. The database of sequences from sporocarp collections is more limited than public DNA databases. This resulted in more reliance on public DNA databases for a high proportion of taxa. Several pathogenic species were identified, with Phellinus noxius occurring at several locations and on both A. mangium and Eucalyptus pellita. Ganoderma steyaertanum was isolated from A. mangium roots and Rigidoporus microporus from E. pellita roots, each at a single location only. Potential pitfalls of using public DNA databases for fungal identification are discussed and methods to avoid these and increase confidence in the identification are presented.
The role of global trade and transport network topology in the human‐mediated dispersal of alien species
Authors: Banks Natalie Clare , Paini Dean Ronald , Bayliss Kirsty Louise , Hodda Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMore people and goods are moving further and more frequently via many different trade and transport networks under current trends of globalisation. These networks can play a major role in the unintended introduction of exotic species to new locations. With the continuing rise in global trade, more research attention is being focused on the role of networks in the spread of invasive species. This represents an emerging field of research in invasion science and the substantial knowledge being generated within other disciplines can provide ecologists with new tools with which to study invasions. For the first time, we synthesise studies from several perspectives, approaches and disciplines to derive the fundamental characteristics of network topology determining the likelihood of spread of organisms via trade and transport networks. These characteristics can be used to identify critical points of vulnerability within these networks and enable the development of more effective strategies to prevent invasions.
Substantia nigra neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging in de novo Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Reimão S. , Pita Lobo P. , Neutel D. , Correia Guedes L. , Coelho M. , Rosa M. M. , Ferreira J. , Abreu D. , Gonçalves N. , Morgado C. , Nunes R. G. , Campos J. , Ferreira J. J. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundDepigmentation of the substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) is a conspicuous pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is related to the loss of neuromelanin, whose paramagnetic properties result in high signal on specific T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent studies have suggested that neuromelanin decrease in the SN and LC of PD patients may emerge as a possible diagnostic biomarker. The SN neuromelanin signal in de novo and early stage PD patients was studied to assess its diagnostic accuracy. This is the first study based on a semi‐automated MRI analysis of the neuromelanin signal in de novo PD patients.MethodsThe inclusion criteria were untreated de novo PD and a 2–5 year disease duration; in addition, age matched healthy controls were enrolled. These were studied with a high‐resolution T1‐weighted MRI sequence at 3 T to visualize neuromelanin. The primary outcome was SN high signal area, length and neuromelanin/midbrain ratio obtained with semi‐automated methods.ResultsA total of 12 de novo PD patients and 10 PD patients with a 2–5 year disease duration were evaluated. The area, length of the SN T1 high signal and the SN neuromelanin/midbrain ratio were markedly decreased in the PD groups compared with age‐matched controls, with a substantial overlap between the two PD groups.ConclusionsNeuromelanin‐sensitive MRI techniques can discriminate PD patients from healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity. Our findings are consistent with recent findings showing that PD neuromelanin changes remain stable during the course of the disease.
High prevalence of inclusion body myositis in Norway; a population‐based clinical epidemiology study
Authors: Dobloug G. C. , Antal E. A. , Sveberg L. , Garen T. , Bitter H. , Stjärne J. , Grøvle L. , Gran J. T. , Molberg Ø. 
Published: December 2014

Background and purposeKnowledge about the occurrence of sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) in the general population is limited. Here, our aim was to identify and characterize every sIBM patient living in southeast Norway (population 2.64 million) from 2003 to 2012.MethodTwo sIBM case finding strategies were applied. First, all hospital databases in southeast Norway were screened to identify cases with sIBM‐compatible International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD‐10) codes. These cases were then manually chart reviewed. Secondly, all muscle histology reports encoded with inflammation were independently reviewed. Finally, cases were classified according to the 1997 and the 2011 European Neuro‐Muscular Centre (ENMC) Research Diagnostic Criteria for sIBM.ResultsThe combined case finding strategy identified 3160 patients with sIBM compatible ICD‐10 codes, and a largely overlapping cohort of 500 patients having muscle biopsies encoded with inflammation. Detailed retrospective review of chart and histology data showed that 95 patients met the 2011 ENMC sIBM criteria and 92 met the 1997 criteria. Estimated point prevalence of sIBM was 33/1 000 000, equal with both criteria sets. Mean age at diagnosis was 66.9 years and mean diagnostic delay was 5.6 years. Chart review revealed higher frequencies of dysphagia (94% vs. 65%) and anti‐Sjøgren syndrome A antibodies (39% vs. 12%) in female sIBM patients (n = 40) than in males. Coexisting rheumatic diseases were present in 25% of sIBM cases, with Sjøgren's syndrome in 10%.ConclusionAn estimated point prevalence of sIBM seven times higher than previously observed in Europe is reported. Our data show considerable diagnostic delay, a major challenge with new sIBM treatments in the pipeline.
Lipoid proteinosis: phenotypic heterogeneity in Iranian families with c.507delT mutation in ECM1
Authors: Youssefian Leila , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Abdollahzadeh Sina , Talari Hamidreza , Khoshnevisan Alireza , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda , Mobasher Roozbeh , Li Qiaoli , Uitto Jouni , Akhondzadeh Shahin , Tabrizi Mina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the ECM1 gene, and previous studies have noted phenotypic variability. In this study, we examined 12 patients representing three Iranian families for clinical manifestations and genotyped them for mutations in ECM1. LP was diagnosed with characteristic mucocutaneous and neurologic manifestations. Five patients were also subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT) scan of the central nervous system. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood from patients and their clinically unaffected relatives, and mutations in ECM1 were sought by PCR‐based amplification of all exons and flanking intronic sequences, followed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. Significant phenotypic variability in this multisystem disorder, including presence of convulsions and epilepsy in about half of the patients was noted. In most cases, this was associated with calcifications in the brain detected by MRI/CT scans. Genotyping of the affected individuals in three families from the central region of Iran revealed presence of homozygous c.507delT mutation in ECM1, reflecting the observed consanguinity in these families. This large cohort revealed extensive phenotypic variability in individuals with the same mutation in ECM1. This observation suggests a role for genetic and epigenetic as well as environmental modulation of the phenotype. Identification of mutations allows screening of unaffected individuals for presence or absence of this mutation in extended LP families, with implications for genetic counseling.
Peer Mentoring Second Language Teachers: A Mutually Beneficial Experience?
Authors: Kissau Scott P. , King Elena Tosky 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStudies have shown that there are not enough qualified foreign language and English as a second language teachers in this country. To increase the number of new second language teachers who remain in the profession, and to promote their use of best teaching practices, the ACTFL has identified mentoring as a national research priority. The importance of mentoring is further reflected in the new national standards established by the Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP) for teacher education programs. To address CAEP standards for advanced licensure programs and meet the needs of new second language teachers, a peer mentoring project was initiated. Using a mixed methodology, the researchers investigated the perceived benefits of a partnership between 27 mentors in an advanced licensure second language teaching program and 27 mentees, many of whom were practicing “lateral entry” second language teachers who had not yet completed second language teacher training. The results suggested that, when both parties shared content area expertise and worked together in a nonjudgmental, supportive manner, the partnership was mutually beneficial. The results also suggested that the relationship can be facilitated when both partners share certain commonalities, including age and amount of previous teaching experience.
Macroecological trends in nestedness and modularity of seed‐dispersal networks: human impact matters
Authors: Sebastián‐González Esther , Dalsgaard Bo , Sandel Brody , Guimarães Paulo R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimWe aim to characterize the macroecological patterns in the structure of mutualistic seed‐dispersal networks. Tropical areas hold more species than temperate ones. This difference in species number may favour ecological processes that minimize interspecific competition in species‐rich areas. There is theoretical evidence that both modularity (i.e. the presence of semi‐independent groups of highly interacting species) and nestedness (i.e. specialists interact with a subset of the species interacting with generalists) reduce the effects of competition. Thus, we expect high degrees of modularity or nestedness at low latitudes in seed‐dispersal networks. Moreover, we test whether climate, topography and human impact influence network structure.LocationThirty‐four qualitative and 21 weighted seed‐dispersal interaction networks located world‐wide.MethodsWe related the degree of modularity and nestedness of seed‐dispersal interaction networks with latitude. To disentangle the macroecological drivers of network structure, we also associated modularity/nestedness with species richness, altitudinal range, human impact and an array of climate predictors: precipitation, temperature, precipitation/temperature seasonality and historical climate‐change velocity and anomaly.ResultsBinary networks showed stronger macroecological patterns than weighted networks. Latitude was unrelated to the structure of seed‐dispersal networks, but more nested assemblages were species rich and were located in areas with a high degree of human impact, high temperature seasonality, low precipitation, and, especially on the mainland, high stability in precipitation. Modular networks were species rich and found in areas with low human impact. For both nestedness and modularity, the effects of species richness and human impact were especially strong and consistent.Main conclusionsAs for previous macroecological studies of mutualistic networks, we found that the structure of seed‐dispersal assemblages was related to current and historical climate. The largest influences on nestedness and modularity, however, were the number of competing species and the degree of human impact. This suggests that human disturbance, not just climate, is an important factor determining the structure of a seed‐dispersal network.
The colour of the human skin: fruitful science, unsuitable wordings
Authors: Saint‐Léger D. 
Published: December 2014

SynopsisA review of the various facets of the colour of human skin is proposed. It aims first at illustrating the paradoxical association of the remarkable recent scientific advances that characterize changes in the skin colour, with some totally inappropriate or outdated phrasings used in its communication. As a second objective, it aims at proposing an alternative to these wordings. The latter would combine six shade types, defined by Individual Type Angle (ITA) values, a coloured reference chart and associated colour adjectives, highly corresponding to the six Phototypes previously defined by Fitzpatrick. Such alternative would overcome most references to both ethnic‐ and ethical‐related issues.
Differential expression of candidate salivary effector proteins in field collections of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor
Authors: Johnson A. J. , Shukle R. H. , Chen M.‐S. , Srivastava S. , Subramanyam S. , Schemerhorn B. J. , Weintraub P. G. , Abdel Moniem H. E. M. , Flanders K. L. , Buntin G. D. , Williams C. E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEvidence is emerging that some proteins secreted by gall‐forming parasites of plants act as effectors responsible for systemic changes in the host plant, such as galling and nutrient tissue formation. A large number of secreted salivary gland proteins (SSGPs) that are the putative effectors responsible for the physiological changes elicited in susceptible seedling wheat by Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), larvae have been documented. However, how the genes encoding these candidate effectors might respond under field conditions is unknown. The goal of this study was to use microarray analysis to investigate variation in SSGP transcript abundance amongst field collections from different geographical regions (southeastern USA, central USA, and the Middle East). Results revealed significant variation in SSGP transcript abundance amongst the field collections studied. The field collections separated into three distinct groups that corresponded to the wheat classes grown in the different geographical regions as well as to recently described Hessian fly populations. These data support previous reports correlating Hessian fly population structure with micropopulation differences owing to agro‐ecosystem parameters such as cultivation of regionally adapted wheat varieties, deployment of resistance genes and variation in climatic conditions.
The Sexual Orientation Wage Gap for Racial Minorities
Authors: Douglas Jamie H. , Steinberger Michael D. 
Published: December 2014

We explore the sexual orientation wage gap across four race and ethnic groups in the 2000 U.S.Census: Asian, black, Hispanic, and white. Using decomposition analysis, we explore if racial minority groups experience the same pattern of sexual orientation wage differences as their white counterparts, and how racial and sexual orientation wage differences interact over the distribution of wages. For men, we show a combined unexplained penalty greater than the sum of their individual unexplained race and sexual‐orientation differentials. Racial minority lesbians, however, earn higher wages than what the sum of their racial and sexual‐orientation analyses would suggest.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Primary and Cross‐Contamination during the Preparation of Rock Powders for Chemical Determinations
Authors: Sertek José P. , Andrade Sandra , Ulbrich Horstpeter H. 
Published: December 2014

Quartz crystals from the Batatal site, Minas Gerais, southern Brazil, were used to determine quantitatively primary contamination when submitting the samples to milling processes. Crushing devices used were a primary steel jaw crusher (br1), a secondary tungsten carbide (WC) crusher (br2) and a hydraulic press with stainless steel plates (pr). Fragments with suitable sizes were then ground in different Fritsch planetary mills, equipped with agate, WC and chromium‐steel rings for 7, 4 and 3 min, respectively. Solutions of the powders were analysed initially with the TotalQuant™ method in a quadrupole ICP‐MS instrument, providing semi‐quantitative results for seventy‐five elements. Contamination from crushers and mills was visible in major and minor elements such as Fe, Mn and Ti, and noticeable in trace elements such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and also V, Zr, Sc; significant contamination was observed from W, Mo, Co, Ta and Nb (mainly by use of the WC devices). Little or no contamination was observed for Pb, REE, Sr and Rb, elements that are important in routine isotopic determinations. Cross‐contamination was tested by grinding either a granite or a basalt sample, followed by conventional cleaning with mica‐free quartz sand, before the working quartz powder was prepared.
Uncovering Nanoclusters in Amorphous AlN: An Ab Initio Study
Authors: Durandurdu Murat 
Published: December 2014

Amorphous AlN (a‐AlN) is modeled by melt‐and‐quench technique using ab initio molecular dynamic simulations. For the first time, three‐dimensional hexagonal‐like nanoclusters embedded in amorphous matrix are proposed for a‐AlN. The model is chemically ordered and dominantly fourfold coordinated, but its short‐range order is partially different from the crystalline morphology due to the nanoclusters. The model is semiconducting with a theoretical band gap of 1.7 eV.
The Uptake of Secondary Prevention by Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Ouellette‐Kuntz H. , Cobigo V. , Balogh R. , Wilton A. , Lunsky Y. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundSecondary prevention involves the early detection of disease while it is asymptomatic to prevent its progression. For adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, secondary prevention is critical as they may not have the ability to recognize the early signs and symptoms of disease or lack accessible information about these.MethodsLinked administrative health and social service data were used to document uptake related to four secondary prevention guidelines among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Rates were compared to those from a general population sample representing the same age ranges.ResultsOf 22% of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities had a periodic health examination in a two‐year period (compared to 26.4% of adults without intellectual and developmental disabilities). Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities were less likely to undergo recommended age and gender‐specific screening for the three types of cancer studied (colorectal, breast and cervical).ConclusionsAdults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ontario experience disparities in secondary prevention. As changes to primary care delivery and secondary prevention recommendations in the province and elsewhere continue to evolve, close monitoring of the impacts on adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities combined with dedicated efforts to increase access is warranted.
Does Limited Attention Constrain Investors’ Acquisition of Firm‐specific Information?
Authors: Dong Yi , Ni Chenkai 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAccording to the framework outlined in Peng and Xiong (), attention‐constrained investors tend to process more market‐ and sector‐level information. We empirically test this theory. We find that firms with higher media coverage have lower contemporaneous stock return synchronicity. Such an effect is robust to analyses within size deciles, inclusion of firm fixed effects, estimation using a matched sample, and a two‐stage least squares approach. The effect becomes less pronounced during the financial crisis period when both the quantity and quality of firm‐specific information decrease. Further, the attention from media coverage has a spillover effect on the firm's industry peers without media coverage. Finally, investors of firms with higher media coverage are more efficient in incorporating future firm performance into current stock prices. Collectively, our findings support the theory in Peng and Xiong () that investors increase their acquisition of firm‐specific information when a firm captures their attention.