bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tarsal inflammatory response after topical prostaglandin analogues treatment ‐ pilot study
Authors: Trzeciecka A. , Paterno J.J. , Toropainen E. , Wylegala E. , Kaarniranta K. , Smedowski A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo describe impact of topical preservative‐free (PF) prostaglandin analogues on inflammatory response within eyelid tarsus.MethodsNew Zealand rabbits’ eyes (n = 12 animals) were exposed to topical PF prostaglandins for 8 weeks daily. Each right eye was treated and each left eye kept as a control – topical PBS application. As eye drops we used PF tafluprost (Taflotan, Santen), PF latanoprost (Monoprost, Thea) and PF bimatoprost (Lumigan, Allergan). After 8 weeks animals were sacrificed, eyelids were post‐fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Tarsal sections were immunostained for macrophage‐specific Iba‐1 and mucin. Tissue histology was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining. Quantitative analysis of macrophages (MFs) infiltration within tarsal: conjunctiva, stroma and glands was performed.ResultsPF prostaglandin treatment for 8 weeks did not affect mucin expression within analyzed tissues. Total number of MFs forming infiltration in tarsal conjunctiva of PF tafluprost group was 3.5 ± 2.5 vs 2.2 ± 1.5 cells (p > 0.05, respectively for treated vs control eye), in PF latanoprost group was 11.6 ± 9.8 vs 3.8 ± 1.8 cells (p < 0.05) and in PF bimatoprost group was 6.8 ± 5.1 vs 3.9 ± 2.5 (p = 0.05). There was significantly different intensity of MFs infiltration within tarsal conjunctiva between groups: PF latanoprost>PF bimatoprost>PF tafluprost (p < 0.05, Kruskal‐Wallis test). MFs infiltration within tarsal stroma and glands was slightly increased in PF latanoprost group when compared with control (p < 0.05), however it was not significantly different from other prostaglandins (p > 0.05).ConclusionsApplied PF prostaglandin analogues affected MFs infiltration within tarsus. The strongest macrophage‐associated inflammatory reaction was related to PF latanoprost application, however there is a need for further analyses of other inflammatory response pathways.
Visual acuity increases up to 7 years after Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Hansen M.S. , Correll M.H. , Julian H. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeDescemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) for corneal endothelial dysfunction restores vision up to 5 years post‐surgery, yet outcome exceeding this time span remains unknown. This study reports outcomes up to 7.8 years post‐DSAEK in a prospective observational study.MethodsThe cohort consists of the first 30 consecutive DSAEK‐surgeries in 25 subjects at Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, in 2006–2007. Data are reported for 14 eyes of 10 subjects (median age 65.8 years, range 55–79 years) who completed more than 5 years of follow‐up (mean 6.8 years, range 5.6–7.8). Best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was obtained using Snellen charts and transformed to logMAR. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was calculated by a digital Topcon SP‐3000P specular microscope camera. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by OCULUS Pentacam.ResultsBSCVA improved from −0.54 ± 0.17 logMAR (mean ± SD; Snellen equivalent 6/18) pre‐DSAEK to −0.29 ± 0.32 logMAR (6/12) at 1 year (mean 1 year, range 0.6–1.4 years) and further improved to −0.17 ± 0.09 logMAR (6/9) at 7 years (mean 6.8, range 5.6–7.8 years). The proportion of eyes with BSCVA better than Snellen 6/12 was 64% at 1 year and 93% at 7 years. All grafts had ECD above 2000 cells/mm2 pre‐DSAEK. ECD decreased in most grafts from 1 to 7 years (mean loss 31%, range 10–43%), yet 5 grafts showed increased ECD (mean gain 39%, range 6–81%). CCT remained unchanged from 1 to 7 years post‐DSAEK (p = 0.39). 16 of the initial 30 eyes were lost to follow‐up due to death (8 eyes), graft failure (3 eyes), or other circumstances (5 eyes).ConclusionsDSAEK provides continuous improvement of visual acuity up to 7.8 years post‐surgery with stable corneal thickness, and decreasing endothelial cell density in most grafts, yet some grafts showed surprising increase.
Ghrelin inhibits choroid‐retinal cell migration, proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis, under a high glucose environment
Authors: Rocha De Sousa A. , Silva‐Gomes R. , Conceição G. , Moleiro A. , Santos C. , Leite‐Moreira A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeGhrelin is a peptide expressed in many organs and tissues. Recently, ghrelin has been implicated in the pathophysiology of proliferative retinopathy, although its true involvement remains unclear. The aim of this study is to test the effect of ghrelin in the migration, proliferation, apoptosis and in vitro angiogenesis of primate choroid retinal endothelial cells (RF/6A), cultured under high glucose conditions.MethodsRF/6A cells were incubated for 24 hours with different glucose concentrations (0–300 mM). Cell migration was assessed using wound‐healing assay. Colorimetric immunoassay was used for the quantification of cell proliferation, based on the measurement of BrdU incorporation. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL technique. For each glucose concentration, the effect of ghrelin (10–10 to 10–5 nM) was determined after 24 hours of incubation. The in vitro angiogenesis was assessed by tube formation assay after exposure to the same glucose concentrations and ghrelin (10–7 nM) for 4 hours.ResultsGhrelin significantly inhibited RF/6A cell migration at every glucose concentrations, although this effect is more consistent under low glucose environment. Ghrelin, at the concentration of 10–7 nM, significantly reduces cell proliferation at every glucose concentration. In vitro angiogenesis is decreased by ghrelin under a high glucose environment. No differences on the apoptosis assay were seen.ConclusionsIn conclusion, ghrelin significantly inhibits RF/6A cells migration, proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis, under high glucose environment.
The Damato Multifixation Campimetry Online (DMCO) – A possible visual field test to detect neurological visual field defects
Authors: Steensberg A.T. , Olsen A.S. , Pinborg L.H. , Kolko M. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe aim of the present study is to determine the ability of DMCO to detect visual field (VF) loss after epilepsy surgery and to determine the risk of visual field defects related to the operation.MethodsSixty patients will be tested by DMCO and Humphrey VF Analyzer (HFA). The patients will get a full eye examination to exclude eye diseases. A questionnaire will determine the subjective claims from the patients.Results16 DT Standard tests have been performed on ten eyes. HFA found that two patients had an almost complete quadrant anopsia, two had a smaller degree of quadrant anopsia, and one had no VF loss. DMCO detected the VF defect in the two patients with almost complete quadrant anopsia and not in the patients with the smaller VF loss. None of the patients perceived their VF loss before the test.ConclusionsThe preliminary results indicate an eighty percent risk of VF loss after epilepsy surgery. Our study indicates that DMCO may be a useful tool to detect neurological unrecognized VF losses.
Small pupil and pupil dilatation methods. Comparative study in cataract surgery
Authors: Caramello C.M. , Del Buey M. , Cristobal J. , Mateo Orobia A.J. , Martinez Velez M. , Sanchez Marin J.I. , Idoate A. , Pinilla I. , Casas P. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo compare dilatation pupil devices implemented on cataract surgery, their advantages and disadvantages.MethodsProspective, interventional study to analyze the following pupil dilatation techniques: iris‐retractor hooks and Morcher‐5s, Perfect‐pupil, Graether, Malyugin and Oasis dilator ring. The following properties were studied: handiness, dilatation obtained, stability, and facility to remove the dilator ring in relation with the form, material, size and length of the necessary incision to proceed with the insertion.ResultsIris‐retractor hooks are the best option in cases of zonular instability and retropulsion syndrome. The principal advantage is their versatility. Dilator‐rings obtained similar results in stability and dilatation. Malyugin and Oasis dilator rings had the best handiness results. Graether and Oasis were the easiest to remove and Morcher and Perfect‐pupil the most complicated.ConclusionsHaving a small pupil is one of the main causes of complications in cataract surgery. There are different surgical devices that allow minimizing intra‐operative risks. Each surgeon needs to select the best option compatible with to his surgical technique. Our study revealed that the most used devices were the iris‐retractor hooks due to the capsular stability that they provides and the Oasis dilator‐ring because of its flexibility and how easy they are to remove.
Retinal Layers Changes in Diabetic Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Ferreira J. , Vicente A. , Proença R. , Costa L. , Dias‐Santos A. , Santos B. , Cunha J.P. , Abegão Pinto L. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate retinal layers thickness in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR) using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). To correlate retinal layers thickness in diabetic patients with disease duration, systemic blood pressure (BP), glycemia, glycosylate haemoglobin (HbA1c), intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA).MethodsProspective, observational case–control study. A total of 175 eyes from 175 patients (125 diabetic patients without DR; 50 healthy controls) were recruited from the outpatient clinic in a tertiary center. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed (visual acuity, refraction, Goldmann applanation and dynamic contour tonometries, fundoscopy, axial length and SD‐OCT‐Spectralis®). After automated retinal segmentation the thickness of each layer was calculated in the 9 ETDRS areas.ResultsA significant increase of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in inner and outer rings was found in diabetic eyes vs. controls (p between <0.0001 and 0.02). Thickness was also increased in specific sites of ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in diabetic eyes (p between 0.001 and 0.03). A significant decrease of outer plexiform layer (OPL) was detected in diabetic eyes at two sites of the inner ring (p = 0.04 and p < 0.0001). The different retinal layers weren't correlated with systemic BP, glycemia, HbA1c, IOP and OPA, but the photoreceptor layer was negatively correlated with disease duration at 3 sites (r between −0.18 and −0.21, p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn diabetic patients without DR thickness of the inner retina seems to be increased. This suggests that metabolic and morphological changes of the cells of these inner retinal layers occur early and before the apoptosis and neural degeneration.
Retinal Vessel Oxygen Saturation and its implications in myopia
Authors: Heitmar R. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate retinal vessel oxygen saturation and its relationship with ocular volume and axial length.MethodsWe included 65 healthy individuals (age range: 19–51 years) of varying axial lengths (20.74–28.24 mm). All subjects underwent full ocular examination including intra‐ocular pressure measurements and systemic blood pressure measurements which was followed by auto‐refraction, axial length, anterior chamber, corneal radii and retinal oxygen saturation assessments. In addition, all subjects underwent routine retinal photography which was used to determine their retinal arterial and venular calibres.ResultsRetinal vessel calibres, both arteries and venules were significantly decreasing with increasing axial length (arteries: β = −0.37; p < 0.001 and venules: β = −0.37; p < 0.001). Arterial vessel oxygenation showed a statistical significant relationship with axial length but not posterior volume (axial length: β = −0.88; p = 0.032 and posterior volume: β = 0.73; p = 0.075). Venous vessel saturation and oxygen consumption (A‐V) were independent of ocular length and volume.ConclusionsStructural vascular changes such as vessel narrowing combined with changes in posterior volume and those brought about from vitreous detachment and degeneration could explain oxygenation related glaucomatous changes in highly myopic individuals.
Ampiginous choroiditis: heterogeneity in 2 cases
Authors: Vandeputte J. , Lambrecht P. , Leroy B.P. , De Schryver I. , De Zaeytijd J. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeWe report two heterogeneous cases with ampiginous choroiditis and describe fundus photography, blue light autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and cross‐sectional optical coherence tomography.MethodsObservational report about 2 heterogeneous cases of ampiginous choroiditis.ResultsA 70‐year old woman and a 21‐year old man were referred to us with posterior uveitis. The female patient showed unilateral scattered chorioretinal lesions, whereas the male patient featured bilateral geographic chorioretinal lesions. In the first case, the lesions did not threaten the fovea. In the second case, the lesions involved the fovea of one eye and threatened the fovea of the second eye. Both patients presented with lesions showing blue light hyperautofluorescence. Fluorescein angiography showed early hypofluorescence with late staining of the borders whereas indocyanine green angiography showed hypofluorescent lesions through the early and late stages. Cross‐sectional optical coherence tomography of the lesions showed outer retinal atrophy. The tuberculin skin test and interferon‐gamma release assay were negative. The diagnosis of ampiginous choroiditis was withholded. A stepladder approach to obtain a corticosteroid‐sparing immunomodulatory treatment was initiated with azathioprine and visual acuity remained stable.ConclusionsAmpiginous choroiditis is a primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathy with distinct features. However, the heterogeneous clinical findings can complicate the diagnosis.
Cystoid macular edema associated with retinitis pigmentosa resolved by a dexamethasone intravitreal implant
Authors: Almenara C. , Ascaso F.J. , Martínez M. , Pérez I. , Esteban O. , Bartolomé I. , Cristobal J. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeCystoid macular edema (CME) is a serious complication that threatens the relatively preserved central vision in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). It occurs in 10–40% of RP patients and, although the exact origin is unknown, a chronic low grade inflammation has been implicated. Currently, there is no gold‐standard therapeutic option and treatment should be individualized.MethodsInterventional case report evaluating the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) in the management of CME secondary to RP.ResultsA 39‐year‐old man diagnosed with RP and a 5‐month history of deteriorating vision was referred for evaluation. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.1 and 0.4 in RE and LE, respectively. Slit‐lamp examination and intraocular pressure (IOP) were normal in both eyes. On funduscopy, the findings were mottled retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) caused by bone spicule formation and attenuation of blood vessels. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) revealed CME in RE which was treated with topical dorzolamide twice a day. As no visual improvement was achieved, two months later the patient underwent 0.7 mg Ozurdex® implant in his RE. One month following the injection CME resolved (from 546 µm to 310 µm) and BCVA improved to 0.3. An IOP spike (34 mmHg) was controlled with topical antiglaucoma medications and no recurrence was observed during 1‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsIntravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) seems to be an effective treatment option for patients with macular edema associated with RP.
Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal Ranbizumab: Microbiology and visual outcomes
Authors: Penwarden A. , Weston K. , Lockwood A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the spectrum of pathogenic organisms isolated from all cases of endophthalmitis identified during an 11 year period (2003–2014) at a single eye unit. The study was undertaken at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth, UK.MethodsEye casualty and theatre data bases (HICCS, Medisoft) were used to capture cases of endophthalmitis. Case notes were reviewed to identify whether an intravitreal tap had been taken and to note visual acuities prior to ranibizumab treatment as well as the best visual acuity achieved post endophthalmitis treatment. Microbiological data was gathered for these cases by using the pathology database (ICE).ResultsThere were 8 cases of endophthalmitis in the 11 year period. All except 1 had an intravitreal tap taken for gram staining and microbiological culture. 4 cultures grew coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 1 grew a Streptococcus species, 1 grew the gram negative organism Haemophilus influenza and 1 culture was sterile. All cases were treated with the intravitreal antibiotics Vancomycin and Ceftazidine.5 patients had a starting visual acuity 6/12 or better and 3 were 6/18 or worse. Post recovery from endophthalmitis 4 patients had VA of 6/24 or better and 2 had Hand Movements or worse. The patient with the gram negative culture had NPL (no perception of light) vision.ConclusionsThe proportion of coagulase negative Staphylococci was slightly higher than other published reports. 2 patients had a poor visual outcome of Hand Movements or worse despite treatment with intravitreal antibiotics, one of which had a gram negative culture. However, half of the patients retained a reasonable vision of 6/24 or better.
Visual quality assessment and imaging techniques used to study biomaterials
Authors: Spalton D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCataract surgery has evolved from a sight saving procedure to one which improves the quality of vision. Quality of vision can be thought of as the physical resolving power of the eye, what the patient sees together with associated dysphotopsia, quality of the IOL relies on quality of manufacture and quality of the optics influenced by quality of surgery. Environmental scanning electron microscopy has proved extremely useful in assessing the profile of an IOL, intra lenticule glistenings can be imaged and semi quantified and atomic force microscopy examines surface smoothness and a wide range of other techniques are require to assess other biomaterial properties. Optics can be characterised by measuring modulation transfer function, Strehl ratio and wavefront, and vision by acuity and contrast sensitivity, measurement of forward scatter of light remains difficult and controversial. Patient reported outcomes are being increasingly used to differentiate clinical from subclinical improvement.
Visual outcome following treatment with aflibercept in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Sander B. , Rasmussen A. , Lund‐Andersen H. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeObjective: To evaluate the visual outcome, number of injections and causes for discontinuation of treatment with aflibercept in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD).MethodsDesign: Retrospective chart review.Participants: The study included 350 eyes in 350 patients who initiated first time intravitreal therapy for nAMD in 2013–14.Descriptive statistical analysis of change in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from presentation to 3 and 12 months after the first injection.ResultsThe patients’ mean age and visual acuity at baseline were stable at 80 years and 0.24 Snellen. Visual acuity increased significant with a mean of 6 injections; at 3 months to 0.38 Snellen, by 1 year to 0.41 Snellen for patients still in treatment; and to 0.35 Snellen for all patients with last observation carried forward.By 1 year 77% of eyes were still in treatment, 10% had discontinued treatment with no apparent activity of disease and only a mean of 3.3 injections; 10% had discontinued treatment due to low visual acuity, 3% were lost to follw‐upConclusionTreatment with aflibecept in patients with nAMD showed excellent visual outcome for the majority of eyes treated.
Prospective study about activity of emergency unit in the Department of Ophthalmology (Nancy, University Hospital, France)
Authors: Baudot A. , Ameloot F. , Trechot F. , Angioi K. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeOphthalmological emergencies are common. Actually, access to care is difficult because of the low medical demography. The Department of Ophthalmology (Nancy, University Hospital, France) created a unit devoted to emergency in 2012.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study to describe this activity. All consecutive patients seen in the unit were included from February to April 2012 and from October to December 2014. We used a standardized evaluation (age, sex, access to care, geographic origin, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, patient outcome). Every physician considered the real nature of the emergency.Results1496 patients were included during the first period (series 1) and 1116 during the second (series 2). The most common patient was a 45 years old man (55.3% and 56.3%). Many patients came by themselves without medical advice (40.1% and 58.4%). Principal symptoms were redness (31.5% and 24.8%), pain (28.5% and 25.0%), visual loss (22.6% and 17.7%), and irritation (20.6% and 17.8%). Traumatic context was frequent (about 25.0% of patients).The most prevalent diagnosis concerned the cornea. Serious infectious condition and vascular diseases were rare. 5.0% of patients were hospitalized and 6.0% received surgical treatment. 62.7% of them benefited only one consultation in emergency. They did not need another clinical control. 62.1–63.1% of consultations were qualified as real emergency.ConclusionsActually, the management of ophthalmic emergencies is a real public health problem. It is important to train emergency physicians and general practitioners, to address wisely to the specialist. Structures such as our unit seem to be an effective way to access care.
Utility of peripheral lamelar corneal graft in PUK with corneal perforation treatment
Authors: Sanchez Marin J.I. , Del Buey M.A. , Perez I. , Almenara C. , Esteban O. , Martinez M. , Idoate A. , Ascaso F.J. 
Published: September 2015

PurposePeripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a destructive inflammation of the limbal corneal stroma with oval morphology. It is characterized by a sectorial affection with corneal thinning, usually associated with an epithelial defect, cell infiltration and progressive lysis of the stroma, which can progress to corneal perforation.We present a case of a 88 years old woman who came to our hospital with epifora and foreign body sensation in the left eye. It was observed perforated marginal corneal ulceration in inferonasal quadrant with iris incarceration. She was treated with therapeutic contact lens and topical antibiotics and was programmed for surgery. In order to maintain the corneal integrity and due to the dimensions of the perforation, we decided to employ a lamellar corneal grafting because the use of tissue adhesives or amniotic membrane coating would be insufficient. This prevents the elimination of healthy cornea and keep better the anatomy. In the same surgery the graft was covered with amniotic membrane patch securing it with biological glue and coated with therapeutic contact lens.MethodsThe lamellar corneal grafting was obtained by manually cutting one of the corneoscleral edges of a donor cornea, in which the central corneal button was drilled and used for another patient in a penetrating keratoplasty the same day of surgery.ResultsThe postoperative time coursed with no complications and showed good integration of corneal graft, through images of the anterior segment and AS‐OCT.ConclusionsLamellar corneal graft seems to be a good treatment option for maintaining the tectonic integrity in perforated patients due to peripheral ulcerative keratitis.