bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orienting Attention Within Visual Short‐Term Memory: Development and Mechanisms
Authors: Shimi Andria , Nobre Anna C. , Astle Duncan , Scerif Gaia 
Published: August 2013

How does developing attentional control operate within visual short‐term memory (VSTM)? Seven‐year‐olds, 11‐year‐olds, and adults (total n = 205) were asked to report whether probe items were part of preceding visual arrays. In Experiment 1, central or peripheral cues oriented attention to the location of to‐be‐probed items either prior to encoding or during maintenance. Cues improved memory regardless of their position, but younger children benefited less from cues presented during maintenance, and these benefits related to VSTM span over and above basic memory in uncued trials. In Experiment 2, cues of low validity eliminated benefits, suggesting that even the youngest children use cues voluntarily, rather than automatically. These findings elucidate the close coupling between developing visuospatial attentional control and VSTM.
Multiple-digit periungual Bowen's disease: a novel treatment approach with radiotherapy
Authors: Hunt W. T. , Cameron A. , Craig P. , de Berker D. A. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Multiple periungual Bowen disease [BD; also known as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ] is rare. The pathogenesis of the disease is linked to human papilloma virus, and in some instances to chronic immunosuppression. The usual management of periungual BD is by local excision, Mohs micrographic surgery or distal phalanx amputation. Our patient was offered radiotherapy in the hope of maximizing residual function and minimizing morbidity from treatment. A good response was seen at 2 months post-radiotherapy, but this was followed by relapses at 4 and 6 months post-radiotherapy. Persistent anonychia resulted in improved access to the involved skin, making topical therapy possible. Radiotherapy can be a valuable management approach for periungual SCC/BD in locations where amputation could result in substantial disability.
Influenza infection results in local expansion of memory CD8+ T cells with antigen non-specific phenotype and function
Authors: Sckisel Gail D , Tietze Julia K , Zamora Anthony E , Hsiao Hua-Hui , Priest Stephen O , Wilkins Danice E C , Lanier Louis L , Blazar Bruce R , Baumgarth Nicole , Murphy William J 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPrimary viral infections induce activation of CD8+ T cells responsible for effective resistance. We sought to characterize the nature of the CD8+ T cell expansion observed after primary viral infection with influenza. Infection of naive mice with different strains of influenza resulted in the rapid expansion of memory CD8+ T cells exhibiting a unique bystander phenotype with significant up-regulation of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), but not CD25, on the CD44highCD8+ T cells, suggesting an antigen non-specific phenotype. We further confirmed the non-specificity of this phenotype on ovalbumin-specific (OT-I) CD8+ T cells, which are not specific to influenza. These non-specific CD8+ T cells also displayed increased lytic capabilities and were observed primarily in the lung. Thus, influenza infection was shown to induce a rapid, antigen non-specific memory T cell expansion which is restricted to the specific site of inflammation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells of a similar phenotype could be observed in other organs following administration of systemic agonistic anti-CD40 and interleukin-2 immunotherapy, demonstrating that bystander expansion in multiple sites is possible depending on whether the nature of activation is either acute or systemic. Finally, intranasal blockade of NKG2D resulted in a significant increase in viral replication early during the course of infection, suggesting that NKG2D is a critical mediator of anti-influenza responses prior to the initiation of adaptive immunity. These results characterize further the local bystander expansion of tissue-resident, memory CD8+ T cells which, due to their early induction, may play an important NKG2D-mediated, antigen non-specific role during the early stages of viral infection.
Discovering the Sequential Structure of Thought
Authors: Anderson John R. , Fincham Jon M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMulti‐voxel pattern recognition techniques combined with Hidden Markov models can be used to discover the mental states that people go through in performing a task. The combined method identifies both the mental states and how their durations vary with experimental conditions. We apply this method to a task where participants solve novel mathematical problems. We identify four states in the solution of these problems: Encoding, Planning, Solving, and Respond. The method allows us to interpret what participants are doing on individual problem‐solving trials. The duration of the planning state varies on a trial‐to‐trial basis with novelty of the problem. The duration of solution stage similarly varies with the amount of computation needed to produce a solution once a plan is devised. The response stage similarly varies with the complexity of the answer produced. In addition, we identified a number of effects that ran counter to a prior model of the task. Thus, we were able to decompose the overall problem‐solving time into estimates of its components and in way that serves to guide theory.
High‐intensity exercise promotes postexercise hypotension greater than moderate intensity in elderly hypertensive individuals
Authors: Brito Aline de F. , de Oliveira Caio Victor C. , Santos Maria do Socorro B. , Santos Amilton da C. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of high‐intensity resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension (PEH) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in the hypertensive elderly.MethodologyThe study was conducted with ten hypertensive elderly individuals (65 ± 3 years, 28·7 ± 3 kg m−2). They were subjected to three experimental sessions: control session (SC), exercise 50% (S50%) and 80% (S80%) of 1RM. For each session, subjects were evaluated pre‐and postintervention. In the preintervention, the blood pressure (BP) and FVR were measured after 10 min of rest. Thereafter, they were taken to the gym to perform the exercise sessions or remained at rest in each of the equipment during the same time. Both S50% and S80% were composed of a set of ten repetitions of ten exercises, with an interval of 90 s between exercises. Subsequently, the FVR and BP measurements were again performed at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 min of recovery (postintervention).ResultsThe PEH was greater in S80% compared with S50%, with the lower value of BP being found at 90 min of recovery for the two sessions (systolic BP: 115 ± 3,0 mmHg versus 124 ± 5 mmHg; diastolic BP: 75 ± 5 mmHg versus 86 ± 3 mmHg and mean BP: 87 ± 3 mmHg versus 95 ± 4 mmHg, respectively). Concomitantly, the FVR also decreased significantly in both sessions, this reduction being more evident in S80% (P<0·05).ConclusionHigh‐intensity resistance exercise was effective in promoting PEH, this phenomenon being accompanied by a reduction in FVR within the first minute of recovery in the hypertensive elderly.
Clinical usefulness of double‐guidewire technique for difficult biliary cannulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Ito Kei , Horaguchi Jun , Fujita Naotaka , Noda Yutaka , Kobayashi Go , Koshita Shinsuke , Kanno Yoshihide , Ogawa Takahisa , Masu Kaori , Hashimoto Shinichi 
Published: August 2013

Background and AimAlthough biliary cannulation with pancreatic guidewire placement (P‐GW) is useful for difficult cases in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the clinical significance of wire‐guided cannulation with P‐GW (double‐guidewire technique: DGT) has not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of DGT for difficult biliary cannulation after unsuccessful biliary cannulation using a cannula/sphincterotome under guidance of injected contrast with P‐GW (single‐guidewire technique: SGT).MethodsOne‐hundred and forty‐six patients with difficult biliary cannulation who underwent SGT were included in this retrospective study. DGT was carried out if SGT was unsuccessful. Pancreatic duct (PD) stenting was attempted to prevent post‐ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in all patients. The success rate of cannulation and the risk factors for PEP were investigated.ResultsBiliary cannulation with SGT was achieved in 70%. DGT was carried out in 25 patients with unsuccessful SGT, biliarycannulation being successful in 72%. Of the 13 patients who underwent precut sphincterotomy, biliary cannulation was achieved in 46%. The incidence of PEP in patients who had undergone SGT, DGT, and precut sphincterotomy was 8% (12: mild, 8; moderate, 3; severe, 1), 4% (mild, 1), and 0%, respectively. PD stenting was successfully carried out in 86%. Multivariate analysis revealed unsuccessful PD stenting to be the only risk factor for PEP (OR 8.3, 95% CI 2.3–30).ConclusionsDGT may replace SGT or become the salvage procedure in cases of unsuccessful SGT as a result of its high success rate with an acceptable incidence of PEP. Failed pancreatic duct stenting in these techniques was frequently associated with PEP.
Two types of exercise‐induced neuroplasticity in congenital hemiparesis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional MRI, and magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Juenger Hendrik , Kuhnke Nicola , Braun Christoph , Ummenhofer Frank , Wilke Marko , Walther Michael , Koerte Inga , Delvendahl Igor , Jung Nikolai H , Berweck Steffen , Staudt Martin , Mall Volker 
Published: August 2013

AimEarly unilateral brain lesions can lead to a persistence of ipsilateral corticospinal projections from the contralesional hemisphere, which can enable the contralesional hemisphere to exert motor control over the paretic hand. In contrast to the primary motor representation (M1), the primary somatosensory representation (S1) of the paretic hand always remains in the lesioned hemisphere. Here, we report on differences in exercise‐induced neuroplasticity between individuals with such ipsilateral motor projections (ipsi) and individuals with early unilateral lesions but ‘healthy’ contralateral motor projections (contra).MethodSixteen children and young adults with congenital hemiparesis participated in the study (contralateral [Contra] group: n=7, four females, three males; age range 10–30y, median age 16y; ipsilateral [Ipsi] group: n=9, four females, five males; age range 11–31y, median age 12y; Manual Ability Classification System levels I to II in all individuals in both groups). The participants underwent a 12‐day intervention of constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT), consisting of individual training (2h/d) and group training (8h/d). Before and after CIMT, hand function was tested using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and diverging neuroplastic effects were observed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Statistical analysis of TMS data was performed using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for pair‐wise comparison; for fMRI standard statistical parametric and non‐parametric mapping (SPM5, SnPM3) procedures (first level/second level) were carried out. Statistical analyses of MEG data involved analyses of variance (ANOVA) and t‐tests.ResultsWhile MEG demonstrated a significant increase in S1 activation in both groups (p=0.012), TMS showed a decrease in M1 excitability in the Ipsi group (p=0.036), but an increase in M1 excitability in the Contra group (p=0.043). Similarly, fMRI showed a decrease in M1 activation in the Ipsi group, but an increase in activation in the M1–S1 region in the Contra group (for both groups p<0.001 [SnPM3] within the search volume).InterpretationDifferent patterns of sensorimotor (re)organization in individuals with early unilateral lesions show, on a cortical level, different patterns of exercise‐induced neuroplasticity. The findings help to improve the understanding of the general principles of sensorimotor learning and will help to develop more specific therapies for different pathologies in congenital hemiparesis.
Neurodevelopmental outcome, psychological adjustment, and quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease
Authors: Schaefer Christina , von Rhein Michael , Knirsch Walter , Huber Reto , Natalucci Giancarlo , Caflisch Jon , Landolt Markus A , Latal Beatrice 
Published: August 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to examine neurodevelopment, psychological adjustment, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents after bypass surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) during early childhood.MethodFifty‐nine adolescents (34 females, 25 males) with CHD were examined at a median age of 13 years 8 months (range 11y 5mo–16y 11mo). Outcome was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, (fourth edition); the Beery Test of Visual‐Motor Integration; the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; and the KIDSCREEN questionnaires. Results were compared with those of 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy comparison individuals.ResultsOutcome with regard to full‐scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, and the working memory scale was poorer in patients with CHD than in the comparison group (all p≤0.001). Visual perception, visuomotor integration (p≤0.001), and executive functions (Rey figure copy: p=0.05) were also affected. Patients with CHD also had lower scores on all motor domains (p<0.02) except static balance. Psychological adjustment was affected only in the ‘peer relationship’ domain (p=0.05). Quality of life was similar to that of typically developing peers.InterpretationAdolescents with CHD may manifest persistent cognitive and motor impairments, while psychological adjustment and self‐reported HRQoL are mostly typical. Thus, long‐term neurodevelopmental evaluations are necessary to provide early educational and therapeutic support.
Early diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency using a high‐throughput screening method and a trial of oral S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine as a treatment method
Authors: van Werkhoven Michiel A , Duley John A , McGown Ivan , Munce Teresa , Freeman Jeremy L , Pitt James J 
Published: August 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to develop a high‐throughput urine screening technique for adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency and to evaluate S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAMe) as a potential treatment for this disorder.MethodTesting for succinyladenosine (S‐Ado), a marker of ADSL deficiency, was incorporated into a screening panel for urine biomarkers for inborn errors of metabolism using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to confirm and monitor the response of metabolites to oral SAMe treatment.ResultsIncreased levels of S‐Ado were detected in a 3‐month‐old male infant with hypotonia and seizures. ADSL gene sequencing revealed a previously described c.–49T>C mutation and a novel c.889_891dupAAT mutation, which was likely to disrupt enzyme function. After 9 months of SAMe treatment, there was no clear response evidenced in urine metabolite levels or clinical parameters.InterpretationThese results demonstrate proof of the principle for the high‐throughput urine screening technique, allowing earlier diagnosis of patients with ADSL deficiency. However, early treatment with SAMe does not appear to be effective in ADSL deficiency. It is suggested that although SAMe treatment may ameliorate purine nucleotide deficiency, it cannot correct metabolic syndromes in which a toxic nucleotide is present, in this case presumed to be succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide.
Real Time Three‐dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Novel Approach for the Assessment of Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Anwar Ashraf M. , Nosir Youssef F.M. , Alasnag Mirvat , Chamsi‐Pasha Hassan 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo explore our initial experience with real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3DTEE) for the assessment of prosthetic valves (PV).MethodsThe study included 40 patients (mean age 35 ± 8.5 years, 68% male) who underwent PV implant. Fifty PV (34 bioprosthetic and 16 mechanical) were evaluated using two‐dimensional (2D)TEE and RT3DTEE to rule out PV dysfunction.ResultsIn all patients, RT3DTEE allowed good and simultaneous visualization of PV leaflets. Ten patients had normal functioning PV (5 in mitral, 3 in aortic, and 2 in tricuspid positions). Infective endocarditis was evident in 13 patients (20 PV) by repeated 2DTEE. RT3DTEE confirmed the 2DTEE diagnosis of endocarditis in same patients. Clear delineation of vegetations (size, site, and number) was obtained from RT3DTEE full volume while the vegetation attachment, consistency, mobility and its relation to valve structure were obtained using zoom 3D. Paraaortic abscesses size, site, extension, wall thickness of the abscess could be identified by RT3DTEE in 7 PV. Through cropping of the full‐volume 3D images, the orifice of communication between the abscess cavity and aorta could be visualized well in en face view. Color full‐volume allowed the detection of paravalvular regurgitation (size, location, direction, and extent) in 8 patients. In the 18 PV who underwent redo surgery, the intra‐operative findings confirmed the RT3DTEE description of PV lesions.ConclusionReal time 3DTEE improved the anatomical and functional assessment of PV with better understanding of the underlying causes of PV dysfunction; hence, it could improve the management planning for such patients.
Ecological characteristics of insects that affect symbiotic relationships with mites
Authors: Okabe Kimiko 
Published: August 2013

AbstractParasites and pathogens that begin as symbionts, i.e., organisms living together in the same habitat, are some of the most promising drivers of species evolution. Because insects are highly diverse and important as ecosystem service agents and because mites can exert large effects on insect populations (capable of killing at least juveniles), insect–mite interactions have been analyzed from various perspectives, including evolutionary, ecological and pest‐management perspectives. Here,Ireview and examine insect–mite symbiotic associations to develop hypotheses concerning the factors that maintain and develop their relationships. Previous studies have hypothesized that insect sociality and mite richness and specificity affect insect–mite interactions. I found that both solitary and social insects, including parasocial and subsocial insects, harbor numbers of symbionts including species‐specific ones but few dangerous mite symbionts in their nests or habitats under natural conditions. Nest size or the amount of food resources in a nest may affect mite richness. On the basis of this review,Ihypothesize that the insect characteristics relevant for mite symbiotic hosting are sharing the same habitat with mites and living in a nutrient‐rich habitat. I also suggest that many cases of species‐specific symbiosis began with phoresy. To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information on mites living with insect groups and quantitative analysis to characterize each insect–mite relationship are necessary.
Domestic dogs' (Canis familiaris) understanding of Projected Video Images of a Human Demonstrator in an Object‐choice Task
Authors: Péter András , Miklósi Ádám , Pongrácz Péter 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPresenting animals with artificial visual stimuli is a key element of many recent behavioral experiments largely because images are easier to control and manipulate than live demonstrations. Determining how animals process images is crucial for being able to correctly interpret subjects' reactions toward these stimuli. In this study, we aimed to use the framework proposed by Fagot et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 519 to classify how dogs perceive life‐sized projected videos. First, we tested whether dogs can use pre‐recorded and hence non‐interactive, video footage of a human to locate a hidden reward in a three‐way choice task. Secondly, we investigated whether dogs solve this task by means of referential understanding. To achieve this, we separated the location of the video projection from the location where dogs had to search for the hidden reward. Our results confirmed that dogs can reliably use pre‐recorded videos of a human as a source of information when the demonstration and the hiding locations are in the same room. However, they did not find the hidden object above the chance level when the hiding locations were in a separate room. Still, further analysis found a positive connection between the attention paid to the projection and the success rate of dogs. This finding suggests that the factor limiting dogs' performance was their attention and that with further training they might be able to master tasks involving referential understanding.
Once Bitten, Twice Shy: Does Previous Experience Influence Behavioural Decisions of Snakes in Encounters with Predators?
Authors: Gregory Patrick T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInjuries are common in animals of diverse taxa and are usually attributed to encounters with predators. Although often non‐lethal, injuries nevertheless represent effects of predators that can have negative consequences for demography and fitness (e.g. reproductive costs). However, encounters with predators also represent experience through which animals can learn and positively adapt their future behaviour, potentially mitigating, at least partly, the negative effects of prior exposure to predators. I predicted that injured grass snakes (Natrix natrix), which presumably had been handled previously by a predator, would be more likely to move before capture than uninjured snakes. This prediction was borne out. Snakes with injuries also had lower body condition than uninjured snakes, although the effect was non‐significant. Snakes that had been previously captured also were significantly more likely to move before capture than snakes that had never been caught before. These results provide strong evidence for the role of experience and learning in modifying the antipredator behaviour of snakes.
E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus type 18 and UVB irradiation corporately regulate interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8 expressions in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hsiao Yu‐Ping , Yang Jen‐Hung , Wu Wen‐Jun , Lin Meng‐Hsuan , Sheu Gwo‐Tarng 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe lack of a human papillomavirus (HPV)‐infected skin cancer cell line has hampered the investigation of the interaction of UV and HPV in skin carcinogenesis. We identified a human basal cell carcinoma (BCC‐1/KMC) cell line integrated with E6 and E7 genes of high‐risk HPV type 18 and demonstrated that repression of E6 and E7 results in proliferation inhibition. Sublethal ultraviolet‐B (UVB) irradiation induced the expressions of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), as well as viral E6 and E7 genes, in BCC‐1/KMC cells. When E6 and E7 expressions were inhibited, IL‐6/IL‐8 expressions were repressed. Furthermore, IL‐6/IL‐8 remained inducible by UVB irradiation when E6 and E7 were inhibited. These results indicated that IL‐6 and IL‐8 can be upregulated by viral E6 and E7 proteins without UVB irradiation. Moreover, chronic exposure to UVB upregulates IL‐6 and IL‐8 when E6/E7 is induced by UVB.