bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroboration of Alkyne‐Functionalized 1,3,2‐Benzodiazaboroles
Authors: Weber Lothar , Eickhoff Daniel , Halama Johannes , Werner Stefanie , Kahlert Jan , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate 
Published: March 2013

AbstractReactions of equimolar amounts of dicyclohexylborane (DCB) with a series of 2‐alkynyl‐1,3‐diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaboroles R–C≡C–B(NEt)2C6H4 (1: R = nBu, 2: R = tBu, 3: R = Ph, 4: R = p‐Me2NC6H4, 5: R = p‐MeOC6H4) regioselectively afforded the 1,1‐diborylalkenes (Z)‐R(H)C=C{(B{NEt}2C6H4)B(c‐C6H11)2} (7a–11a) as the result of a cis‐addition of the BH bond of the borane to the C≡C triple bond in compounds 1 to 5. In contrast to this, reaction of Me3Si–C≡C–B(NEt)2C6H4 (6) with HB(c‐C6H11)2 yielded a 2.5:1 mixture of the 1,2‐diborylated alkene (Z)‐Me3Si{(c‐C6H11)2B}C=CHB(NEt)2C6H4 (12b) and the 1,1‐regioisomer (Z)‐Me3Si(H)C=C{B(NEt)2C6H4}{B(c‐C6H11)2} (12a). These results were rationalized by the differing π‐acceptor qualities of the benzodiazaborolyl and trimethylsilyl substituents at the C≡C triple bond in compounds 1 to 6. The novel products 7–12 were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, and 13C NMR). The molecular structures of 9b and 12b were substantiated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Effects of excess copper in vineyard soils on the mineral nutrition of potato genotypes
Authors: Farias Júlia G. , Antes Fabiane L. G. , Nunes Pedro A. A. , Nunes Sibila T. , Schaich Gabriel , Rossato Liana V. , Miotto Alcione , Girotto Eduardo , Tiecher Tadeu L. , Dressler Valderi L. , Nicoloso Fernando T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe ecotoxicological effects of copper (Cu) are of global concern due to the intensive and long‐term application of Cu‐based fungicides, which may cause Cu to accumulate in the soil. Relative to the effects of other metals, comparatively little is known about the accumulation and translocation of Cu and its effects on other mineral nutrients in plants. This study determined the mineral nutrient distributions under Cu toxicity in potato genotypes differing in their efficiency of use and response to phosphorus (P). Plants were grown in vineyard soils with varied Cu soil levels (2, 5, 36, 67, 96, 270, and 321 mg/kg) during the fall and spring growing seasons. The increase of Cu concentrations in plant tissues was dependent on the external Cu concentrations, and the highest concentrations were observed in root and stolon tissues. The majority of the Cu taken up by the plants accumulated in the tubers. During the fall growing season, plants classified as NER (P‐nonefficient and P‐responsive) showed the highest sensitivity to excess Cu in terms of growth and nutrition. The plants showing responses to Cu toxicity included plants without expanded leaves and plants without tuber production, whereas genotypes classified as ENR (P‐efficient and P‐nonresponsive) were able to expand their leaves and produce tubers in all tested soils. Tissue P and Cu concentrations showed a strong correlation with high Cu concentrations in Cambisols, whereas Fe and K tissue concentrations were more strongly correlated with Cu levels in Ultisols. Our data suggest that the middle and apex leaves should be used to assess Cu toxicity in potato plants. This study also provides evidence of noncompetitive uptake of Cu and Fe by potato plants.
Simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions with a spectral collocation method
Authors: Subich Christopher J. , Lamb Kevin G. , Stastna Marek 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYThis paper describes a nonlinear, three‐dimensional spectral collocation method for the simulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation, motivated by geophysical and environmental flows. These flows are driven by the interaction of stratified fluid with topography, which this model accurately accounts for by using a mapped coordinate system. The spectral collocation method is implemented with both a Fourier trigonometric expansion and the Chebyshev polynomials, as appropriate for the domain boundary conditions. The coordinate mapping prohibits the use of existing, fast solution methods that rely on the separation of variables, so a preconditioner based on the approximate solution of a corresponding finite‐difference problem with geometric multigrid is used. The model is parallelized with the Message Passing Interface library, and it runs effectively on shared and distributed‐memory systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Future changes in low precipitation patterns projected by the super‐high‐resolution MRI‐AGCM3.1S and CMIP3 AOGCMs
Authors: Hishinuma Shiro , Takeuchi Kuniyoshi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study assesses future changes in low precipitation patterns over land around the globe under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B scenario. We use global precipitation data sets derived by the super‐high‐resolution Atmospheric General Circulation Model of the Japan Meteorological Agency and Meteorological Research Institute (MRI‐AGCM3.1S) and Atmospheric Ocean coupled General Circulation Models compiled in the phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 AOGCMs). The low precipitation patterns refer to the temporal and spatial distribution of annual minimum of accumulated precipitation over a given time interval using occurrence probability and observation windows in unfixed seasons. As for the low precipitation patterns, this study assesses low precipitation quantiles in six probability levels approximated by the Weibull distribution using annual minima of monthly accumulated precipitation over 1‐, 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month time intervals. Also, low precipitation occurrence season were assessed from the centroid of the frequency distribution of the ending months with annual minima of the low precipitation over the four time intervals. The model capability of reproducing current low precipitation patterns was examined in reference to the global precipitation observation data set of VASClimO, from which MRI‐AGCM3.1S showed the best performance among all models. The MRI‐AGCM3.1S projections, as well as the multi‐model ensemble mean calculated over 16 GCMs, indicate that 0.1 probability low precipitation quantiles in 3‐ and 6‐month intervals would decrease by 10 to 50% in Mexico, southern Brazil, southern Argentina, Mediterranean area and southern Africa with high model consistency. The projected shifts in low precipitation occurrence seasons were of concern; however, they show a considerable degree of uncertainty with low model consistency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcitonin: Physiology or fantasy?
Authors: Davey Rachel A , Findlay David M 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Calcitonin, a potent hypocalcemic hormone produced by the C-cells of the thyroid, was first discovered by Harold Copp in 1962. The physiological significance of calcitonin has been questioned, but recent studies using genetically modified mouse models have uncovered additional actions of calcitonin acting through its receptor (CTR) that are of particular significance to the regulation of bone and calcium homeostasis. Mice in which the CTR is deleted in osteoclasts are more susceptible to induced hypercalcemia and exogenous calcitonin is able to lower serum calcium in younger animals. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin can regulate serum calcium by inhibiting the efflux of calcium from bone, and that this action is most important when bone turnover is high. Calcitonin has also been implicated in protecting the skeleton from excessive loss of bone mineral during times of high calcium demand, such as lactation. This action may be linked to an intriguing and as yet unexplained observation that calcitonin inhibits bone formation, because deletion of the CTR leads to increased bone formation. We propose several mechanisms by which calcitonin could protect the skeleton by regulating bone turnover, acting within the bone and/or centrally. A new more holistic notion of the physiological role of calcitonin in bone and calcium homeostasis is required and we have highlighted some important knowledge gaps so that future calcitonin research will help to achieve such an understanding. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Upregulation of calcitriol during pregnancy and skeletal recovery after lactation do not require parathyroid hormone
Authors: Kirby Beth J , Ma Yue , Martin Heather M , Buckle Favaro Kerri L , Karaplis Andrew C , Kovacs Christopher S 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Pregnancy invokes a doubling of intestinal calcium absorption whereas lactation programs skeletal resorption to provide calcium to milk. Postweaning bone formation restores the skeleton's bone mineral content (BMC), but the factors that regulate this are not established. We used Pth-null mice to test whether parathyroid hormone (PTH) is required for postweaning skeletal recovery. On a normal 1% calcium diet, wild-type (WT) and Pth-null mice each gained BMC during pregnancy, declined 15% to 18% below baseline during lactation, and restored the skeleton above baseline BMC within 14 days postweaning. A 2% calcium diet reduced the lactational decline in BMC without altering the gains achieved during pregnancy and postweaning. The hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia of Pth-null mice normalized during lactation and serum calcium remained normal during postweaning. Osteocalcin and propeptide of type 1 collagen (P1NP) each rose significantly after lactation to similar values in WT and Pth-null. Serum calcitriol increased fivefold during pregnancy in both genotypes whereas vitamin D binding protein levels were unchanged. Absence of PTH blocked a normal rise in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) during pregnancy despite high calcitriol. A 30-fold higher expression of Cyp27b1 in maternal kidneys versus placenta suggests that the pregnancy-related increase in calcitriol comes from the kidneys. Conversely, substantial placental expression of Cyp24a1 may contribute significantly to the metabolism of calcitriol. In conclusion, PTH is not required to upregulate renal expression of Cyp27b1 during pregnancy or to stimulate recovery from loss of BMC caused by lactation. A calcium-rich diet in rodents suppresses skeletal losses during lactation, unlike clinical trials that showed no effect of supplemental calcium on lactational decline in BMC.
Chd4 and associated proteins function as corepressors of Sox9 expression during BMP-2–induced chondrogenesis
Authors: Sun Fenyong , Yang Qingyuan , Weng Wenhao , Zhang Yue , Yu Yongchun , Hong An , Ji Yuhua , Pan Qiuhui 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) differentiate into fully functional chondrocytes in response to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). However, the comprehensive proteomic aspect of BMP-2–induced chondrogenesis remains unknown. We took advantage of quantitative proteomic analysis based on isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and on-line 2D nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to identify proteins differentially expressed during BMP-2–induced chondrogenic differentiation of MEFs. We found 85 downregulated proteins, and ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) revealed a protein-protein network with chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (Chd4) in the center. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and nuclease hypersensitivity assays showed that Chd4, interacting with Hdac1/2, cooperates with its related proteins Kap1 and Cbx1 to bind at −207/−148 of the Sox9 promoter. We also provided evidence that let-7a targets the 3'UTR of Chd4 to promote chondrogenesis of MEFs. Together, our findings indicate that BMP-2 induced the upregulation of let-7a, targeting Chd4 and positively controlling the chondrogenic differentiation of MEFs. These findings illustrate epigenetic regulation of the chondrogenic differentiation process and also expand the understanding of the involved intracellular mechanisms.
Risk factors for hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Results from a large prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhu Kangdi , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Putter Hein , Marinus Johan 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to identify risk factors for the development of hallucinations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A broad range of motor and nonmotor features was assessed at baseline and during the following 5 years in 386 PD patients. Cross‐sectional analyses of baseline data and longitudinal analyses of follow‐up data were performed to identify risk factors for hallucinations in PD. Twenty‐one percent of the patients had hallucinations at baseline, whereas 46% of the patients without hallucinations at baseline developed this feature during follow‐up. Univariate survival analysis showed that older age, female sex, less education, higher age at onset, and more severe motor and cognitive impairment, depression, daytimes sleepiness, autonomic dysfunction, and motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, as well as higher daily levodopa dose, were associated with the risk of developing hallucinations. This largely corresponds with the features that were associated with the presence of hallucinations at baseline. In a stepwise regression model, older age at onset, female sex, excessive daytime sleepiness, autonomic dysfunction, and dyskinesias emerged as independent risk factors for developing hallucinations. Female sex, autonomic dysfunction, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias have not been reported as risk factors in previous studies. These findings lend support to the notion that hallucinations in PD are caused by a combination of risk factors that are associated with (the interaction between) older age and more advanced disease. The identification of female sex as a risk factor for developing of hallucinations in PD is a new finding and should be verified in future studies. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Long‐term effects of weight loss after bariatric surgery on functional and structural markers of atherosclerosis
Authors: Tschoner A. , Sturm W. , Gelsinger C. , Ress C. , Laimer M. , Engl J. , Laimer E. , Mühlmann G. , Mittermair R. , Kaser S. , Tilg H. , Ebenbichler C.F. 
Published: March 2013

Objective: Pronounced weight loss after bariatric surgery was demonstrated to have significant beneficial effects on surrogates of early atherosclerosis. The aim of this prospective examination was to investigate whether these improvements of endothelial function and vascular structure are persistent in the long‐term.Design and Methods: A total of 52 obese adults were examined before and 5 years after bariatric surgery. Carotid intima media thickness (IMT), brachial flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), abdominal fat distribution, and metabolic parameters were determined. Additional 18 months data were available from 27 patients.Results: After 5 years, mean weight loss ± SD of 25% ± 12 in all subjects was accompanied by known improvements in metabolism. Change in IMT was −0.02 mm ± 0.007, whereas FMD improved by +1.5% ± 0.5. In the subgroup IMT decreased by 0.04 mm ± 0.06 within the first 18 months, whereas no significant change was observed between 18 month and 5 years. FMD improved by 3.8% ± 0.6 after 18 months followed by a nonsignificant decrease of −1.4% ± 0.9.Conclusions: These long‐term results demonstrate that bariatric surgery‐induced weight loss improves both functional and structural markers of early atherosclerosis providing further evidence for the beneficial effects of weight loss on obesity‐associated alterations of the vasculature.
Development and validation of the weight control strategies scale
Authors: Pinto Angela Marinilli , Fava Joseph L. , Raynor Hollie A. , LaRose Jessica Gokee , Wing Rena R. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo develop and validate the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS), a self‐report instrument to assess the use of specific behaviors thought to facilitate weight loss.Design and MethodsFactor analysis was conducted on 323 overweight and obese adults (mean age = 48.7 ± 10.9 years, mean body mass index = 35.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2, 74% female) enrolled in three different behavioral weight loss trials who completed the WCSS prior to starting treatment. To evaluate construct validity, additional data on dietary intake, physical activity, treatment session attendance, and weight change were obtained from a subsample of participants before and after participation in a 48‐week weight loss program.ResultsPrincipal components analysis with varimax rotation revealed a four‐component solution for the WCSS, representing the following subscales: Dietary Choices, Self‐monitoring Strategies, Physical Activity, and Psychological Coping (α from 0.79 to 0.89). Longitudinal analyses showed that WCSS subscale scores increased during treatment (P < 0.01). In adjusted models, changes in WCSS total and subscale scores were associated with post‐treatment weight loss (P < 0.01). Additionally, changes in WCSS Dietary Choices and Physical Activity subscales were related to post‐treatment changes in total daily kilocalorie consumption (P = 0.019) and weekly kilocalorie expenditure through physical activity (P < 0.001), respectively.ConclusionsFindings support the validity and reliability of the WCSS in a weight loss treatment–seeking sample.
Obesity and hypertension: It's about more than the numbers
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective:This editorial comments on the recent Obesity Society and American Society of Hypertension joint position paper, justified by the substantial link between obesity and hypertension (HTN).Design and Methods:The editorial reviews the expert opinions. Other relevant clinical research is highlighted, such as an obesity paradox. Evidence‐based lifestyle changes, drugs, and behavorial modification and newer agents are highlighted.Results:Areas of controversy are noted. Despite the importance of renin angiotensin system blockage, future federal guidelines may maintain thiazides as first choice, even with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes (DM). Chlorthalidone, 12.5‐25 mg, has shown cardiovascular benefit, including with MetS and DM.Conclusion:The conclusion calls for more research. However, the identification and elimination of racial/ethnic disparities should be addressed more explicitly. To better understand the obesity–hypertension linkage, curtail costs, and decrease premature disease and death, this excellent position paper is essential.
The Macrophage‐Specific Serum Marker, Soluble CD163, Is Increased in Obesity and Reduced After Dietary‐Induced Weight Loss
Authors: Fjeldborg Karen , Christiansen Tore , Bennetzen Marianne , J. Møller Holger , Pedersen Steen B. , Richelsen Bjørn 
Published: March 2013

Objective: Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a new macrophage‐specific serum marker elevated in inflammatory conditions. sCD163 is elevated in obesity and found to be a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether dietary intervention and moderate exercise was related to changes in sCD163 and how sCD163 is associated to insulin resistance in obesity.Design and Methods: Ninety‐six obese subjects were enrolled: 62 followed a very low energy diet (VLED) program for 8 weeks followed by 3‐4 weeks of weight stabilization, 20 followed a moderate exercise program for 12 weeks, and 14 were included without any intervention. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric measures were taken at baseline and after intervention. Thirty‐six lean subjects were included in a control group.Results: sCD163 was significantly higher in obese subjects (2.3 ± 1.0 mg/l) compared with lean (1.6 ± 0.4 mg/l, P < 0.001). Weight loss (11%) induced by VLED resulted in a reduction and partial normalization of sCD163 to 2.0 ± 0.9 mg/l (P < 0.001). Exercise for 12 weeks had no effect on sCD163. At baseline, sCD163 was significantly correlated with BMI (r = 0.46), waist circumference (r = 0.40), insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR; r = 0.41; all P < 0.001), and the leptin‐to‐adiponectin ratio (r = 0.28, P < 0.05). In a multivariate linear regression analysis with various inflammatory markers, sCD163 (β = 0.25), adiponectin (β = −0.24), and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP; β = 0.20) remained independently and significantly associated to HOMA‐IR (all P < 0.05). After further adjustment for waist circumference, only sCD163 was associated with HOMA‐IR (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The macrophage‐specific serum marker sCD163 is increased in obesity and partially normalized by dietary‐induced weight loss but not by moderate exercise. Furthermore, we confirm that sCD163 is a good marker for obesity‐related insulin resistance.
Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults
Authors: Carr Katelyn A. , Lin Henry , Fletcher Kelly D. , Epstein Leonard H. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveFood reinforcement is cross‐sectionally related to BMI and energy intake in adults, and prospectively predicts weight gain in children, but there has not been any research studying food reinforcement as a predictor of adult weight gain.Design and MethodsThis study examined whether the relative reinforcing value of food versus sedentary activities, as measured on a progressive ratio schedule, predicts 12‐month weight gain in a sample of 115 nonobese (BMI < 30) adults. Dietary disinhibition and dietary restraint were also examined as potential moderators of this relationship.ResultsIn a hierarchical regression controlling for baseline age and weight, dietary hunger, income, sex, and minority status, food reinforcement and predicted weight gain (P = 0.01) significantly increased the variance from 6.3% to 11.7% (P = 0.01). Dietary disinhibition moderated this relationship (P = 0.02) and increased the variance an additional 4.7% (P = 0.02), such that individuals with high food reinforcement had greater weight gain if they were also high in disinhibition.ConclusionsThese results suggest that food reinforcement is a significant contributor to weight change over time, and food reinforcement may have the biggest effect on those who are most responsive to food cues.
Insulin's microvascular vasodilatory effects are inversely related to peripheral vascular resistance in overweight, but insulin‐sensitive subjects
Authors: Hornstra J.M. , Serné E.H. , Eringa E.C. , Wijnker M.C. , de Boer M.P. , Yudkin J.S. , Smulders Y.M. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThe mechanisms underlying obesity‐related hypertension are incompletely understood. Microvascular dysfunction might play a role by increasing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR). Metabolic and microvascular effects of insulin are impaired in obesity, but how these impairments contribute to disturbed blood pressure homeostasis is unclear. Specifically, it is unknown whether local microvascular vasoactive effects of insulin play a role in determining systemic vascular resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PVR and local microvascular effects of insulin.Design and MethodsThirty‐seven healthy, overweight subjects (age 25‐55 years, BMI 25‐30 kg/m2) were cross‐sectionally studied. Local insulin‐mediated vasodilation was measured using skin laser Doppler fluxmetry combined with transcutaneous iontophoresis of insulin. For comparison, local vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were measured. PVR was calculated from mean arterial pressure and cardiac output, assessed by pulse‐dye densitometry.ResultsPVR was inversely correlated with insulin‐mediated vasodilation (r = −0.50; P < 0.01). This finding was maintained after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, and smoking. PVR was not associated with local microvascular effects of acetylcholine.ConclusionsOur study in overweight subjects suggests that insulin's role in the microvasculature may contribute to blood pressure control.