bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Bile Acid Concentrations, Histopathological Features, and Short‐, and Long‐term Survival in Horses with Hepatic Disease
Authors: Dunkel B. , Jones S.A. , Pinilla M.J. , Foote A.K. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundSerum bile acid concentrations (SBA) and a histopathological biopsy score [Equine Vet J35 (2003) 534] are used prognostically in equine hepatic disease.HypothesisHistopathologic features and scores, but notSBA, differ between survivors and nonsurvivors and correlate with histopathologic evidence of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.AnimalsRetrospective study. Records (1999–2011) of horses with hepatic disease diagnosed by biopsy and with concurrent measurements ofSBA.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Biopsies were examined for inflammatory cell infiltration including type and distribution, fibrosis, irreversible cytopathology affecting hepatocytes, hemosiderin, or other pigment deposition and bile duct proliferation.SBA, histopathological findings and a histological score [Equine Vet J35 (2003) 534] were compared between short‐ (survival to discharge) and long‐term (>6 months) survivors and correlations betweenSBAand histopathological findings investigated.ResultsOf 81 cases 90% survived short‐term and 83% long‐term. Short‐term and long‐term nonsurvival were associated withSBA(P = .009;P = .006), overall (P = .001;P = .002) and parenchymal (short‐term only;P = .01) inflammation, portal and bridging fibrosis (allP < .001), apoptosis or single cell necrosis (P < .001;P = .008), hemosiderin deposition in hepatocytes (P = .011;P = .028), biliary (bothP < .001), vascular (P = .003;P = .045) and endothelial (P < .001;P = .02) hyperplasia, nucleic changes (P = .004;P < .001) and the histopathological score (bothP < .001).SBAwere significantly and positively correlated with overall (P = .001), parenchymal (P < .001) and portal (P = .004) inflammation and portal (P = .036) and bridging (P = .002) fibrosis.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSBA, histopathological findings and scores differ between survivors and nonsurvivors.SBAconcentrations are associated with inflammation and fibrosis suggesting interference with hepatic function. A histopathological score >2 and, less so,SBA>20 μmol/L are specific but not sensitive indicators of nonsurvival.
Co‐infections with Respiratory Viruses in Dogs with Bacterial Pneumonia
Authors: Viitanen S.J. , Lappalainen A. , Rajamäki M.M. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundBacterial pneumonia (BP) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. The pathogenesis ofBPin dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of viral co‐infections in dogs withBPand to assess demographic or clinical variables as well as disease severity associated with viral co‐infections.AnimalsTwenty household dogs withBPcaused by opportunistic bacteria and 13 dogs with chronic (>30 days) tracheobronchitis caused byBordetella bronchiseptica(BBTB).MethodsProspective cross‐sectional observational study. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic and microbiologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage or transtracheal wash fluid. Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus, canine herpes virus, canine influenzavirus, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine pneumovirus, as well asB. bronchisepticaandMycoplasmaspp. were analyzed in respiratory samples usingPCRassays.ResultsCPIVwas detected in 7/20 andCRCoVin 1/20 dogs withBP. Respiratory viruses were not detected in dogs withBBTB. There were no significant differences in clinical variables betweenBPdogs with and without a viral co‐infection.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceRespiratory viruses were found frequently in dogs withBPand may therefore play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis ofBP. Clinical variables and disease severity did not differ betweenBPdogs with and without viral co‐infection.
Preliminary Investigation of the Area Under the l‐Lactate Concentration–Time Curve (LACAREA) in Critically Ill Equine Neonates
Authors: Wilkins P.A. , Sheahan B.J. , Vander Werf K.A. , Castagnetti C. , Hardy J. , Schoster A. , Boston R.C. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundA variety of measures of l‐lactate concentration ([LAC]) in the blood of critically ill neonatal foals have shown utility as prognostic indicators. These measures, evaluating either the severity of hyperlactatemia or the duration of exposure to hyperlactatemia, perform fairly well and have correctly classified 75–80% of foals examined in several studies. The area under the l‐lactate concentration versus time curve (LACArea) encompasses both severity and duration of hyperlactatemia and should improve correct classification of patient survival.Hypothesis/ObjectivesLACArea is larger in nonsurviving critically ill neonatal foals.AnimalsForty‐nine foals admitted for critical illness to 1 of 4 referral hospitals.MethodsWhole blood was obtained at admission and 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after admission for measurement of l‐lactate using a handheld lactate meter. LACArea was calculated for: admission–6, 6–12, 12–18, 18–24 hours, and admission–24 hours using the trapezoidal method and summing the 6‐hours interval areas to determine total 24 hours area. Differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were determined using robust regression and Kruskal–Wallis testing, P < .05.ResultsLACArea was significantly larger in nonsurviving foals (n = 9) than in surviving foals (n = 40) at all time periods examined.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDifferences in LACArea between surviving and nonsurviving critically ill neonatal foals are large and support further investigation of this method as an improved biomarker for survival in critically ill neonatal foals is indicated.
Evaluation of Digital and Optical Refractometers for Assessing Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Dairy Calves
Authors: Elsohaby I. , McClure J.T. , Keefe G.P. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundFailure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) is the underlying predisposing risk factor for most early losses in dairy calves. Refractometers, either optical or digital, can be used to assess FTPI as a part of calf health monitoring program on dairy operations.ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of and differences between digital Brix and optical refractometers for assessing FTPI in dairy calves.AnimalsTwo hundred Holstein calves from 1 to 11 days of age.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was designed to measure serum IgG concentration by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, digital Brix and optical refractometers. The correlation coefficients (r) between the 2 refractometers were plotted against each other and against the measured IgG concentration from RID. The Se, Sp, and accuracy of digital Brix and optical refractometers for assessing FTPI using previously recommended cut‐offs were calculated. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created and used to identify the optimal cut‐off for this dataset.ResultsThe RID IgG concentration was positively correlated with digital Brix (r = 0.79) and optical (r = 0.74) refractometers. The best combination of Se (85.5%), Sp (82.8%), and accuracy (83.5%) of digital Brix refractometer was at 8.3%Brix. For optical refractometer, the best combination of Se (80%), Sp (80.7%), and accuracy (80.5%) was at 5.5 g/dL.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBoth refractometers exhibited utility in assessing FTPI in dairy calves.
Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Borgarelli M. , Abbott J. , Braz‐Ruivo L. , Chiavegato D. , Crosara S. , Lamb K. , Ljungvall I. , Poggi M. , Santilli R.A. , Haggstrom J. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundPulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) but its effect on clinical outcome has not been investigated.Hypothesis/objectivesThe presence of PH worsens the outcome in dogs with MMVD. To compare survival times of dogs with MMVD and PH to those without PH.AnimalsTwo hundred and twelve client‐owned dogs.MethodsCase review study. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with ACVIM stage B2 and C MMVD between January 2010 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Long‐term outcome was determined by telephone interview or from the medical record. End of the observation period was March 2013. PH was identified if tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity was >3 m/s.ResultsTwo hundred and twelve were identified. Eighty‐three dogs (39%) had PH. PH was more commonly identified in stage C compared to B2 (P < .0001). One hundred and five (49.5%) dogs died during the observation period. Median survival time for the entire study population was 567 days (95% CI 512–743). Stage C (P = .003), the presence of PH (P = .009), left atrial to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) >1.7 (P = .0002), normalized left‐ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDn) >1.73 (P = .048), and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) >55 mmHg (P = .009) were associated with worse outcomes in the univariate analyses. The presence of TRPG >55 mmHg (HR 1.8 95% CI 1–2.9; P = .05) and LA/Ao > 1.7 (HR 2 95% CI 1.2–3.4; P = .01) remained significant predictors of worse outcome in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn dogs with MMVD, moderate to severe PH worsens outcome.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Serum Pancreatic Enzymes and Ultrasonographic Findings in Diabetic Cats Without Clinically Relevant Pancreatitis at Diagnosis
Authors: Zini E. , Hafner M. , Kook P. , Lutz T.A. , Ohlerth S. , Reusch C.E. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundCats with diabetes mellitus can have subclinical pancreatitis but prospective studies to confirm this are lacking. Metabolic control of diabetic cats with pancreatitis is difficult.HypothesisSubclinical pancreatitis occurs in diabetic cats at the time diabetes is diagnosed or might develop during the follow‐up period, hampering diabetic remission.AnimalsThirty cats with newly diagnosed diabetes without clinical signs of pancreatitis on admission.MethodsProspective study. On admission and 2 and 6 months later, serum Spec fPL and DGGR‐lipase were measured and the pancreas underwent ultrasonographic examination. Pancreatitis was suspected if serum markers were increased or ≥2 ultrasonographic abnormalities were detected. Cats were treated with insulin glargine and diabetic remission was defined as euglycemia ≥4 weeks after discontinuation of insulin. Nonparametric statistical tests were used for analysis.ResultsSubclinical pancreatitis at the time of diagnosis was suspected in 33, 50, and 31% of cats based on Spec fPL, DGGR‐lipase and ultrasonography, respectively; and in 60% when diagnostic criteria were combined. During the follow‐up period, suspected pancreatitis developed in additional 17–30% cats. Only 1 cat had transient clinical signs compatible with pancreatitis. Seventeen of the 30 cats (57%) achieved remission. Frequency of abnormal Spec fPL and DGGR‐lipase and abnormal ultrasonographic findings did not differ in cats achieving remission and those who did not. Cats achieving remission had significantly lower Spec fPL at 2 months (P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBased on laboratory and ultrasonographic measurements, many cats with diabetes might have pancreatitis, although without clinical signs. Cats with high Spec fPL might have a reduced chance of diabetic remission; however, this topic needs further studies in large cohorts of diabetic cats.
Urinary and Plasma Catecholamines and Metanephrines in Dogs with Pheochromocytoma, Hypercortisolism, Nonadrenal Disease and in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Salesov E. , Boretti F.S. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl N.S. , Rentsch K.M. , Riond B. , Hofmann‐Lehmann R. , Kircher P.R. , Grouzmann E. , Reusch C.E. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundDiagnosis of pheochromocytoma (PC) is based on a combination of clinical suspicion, finding an adrenal mass, increased plasma, and urine concentrations of catecholamine metabolites and is finally confirmed with histopathology. In human medicine, it is controversial whether biochemically testing plasma is superior to testing urine.ObjectivesTo measure urinary and plasma catecholamines and metanephrines in healthy dogs, dogs with PC, hypercortisolism (HC), and nonadrenal diseases (NAD) and to determine the test with the best diagnostic performance for dogs with PC.AnimalsSeven PC dogs, 10 dogs with HC, 14 dogs with NAD, 10 healthy dogs.MethodsProspective diagnostic clinical study. Urine and heparin plasma samples were collected and stored at −80°C before analysis using high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrochemical detection or tandem mass spectrometry were performed. Urinary variables were expressed as ratios to urinary creatinine concentration.ResultsDogs with PC had significantly higher urinary normetanephrine and metanephrine : creatinine ratios and significantly higher plasma‐total and free normetanephrine and plasma‐free metanephrine concentrations compared to the 3 other groups. There were no overlapping results of urinary normetanephrine concentrations between PC and all other groups, and only one PC dog with a plasma normetanephrine concentration in the range of the dogs with HC and NAD disease. Performances of total and free plasma variables were similar. Overlap of epinephrine and norepinephrine results between the groups was large with both urine and plasma.Conclusion and clinical importanceMeasurement of normetanephrine is the preferred biochemical test for PC and urine was superior to plasma.
Association of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion with Survival Time in Boxer Dogs with Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Kaye B.M. , Borgeat K. , Mõtsküla P.F. , Luis Fuentes V. , Connolly D.J. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundTricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a useful estimate of right ventricular function in humans. Reference intervals for dogs have been generated, but the value of measuring TAPSE in other diseases, or investigating the association between TAPSE and outcome, is unknown.HypothesisTAPSE is lower in Boxer dogs with ≥50 VPCs/24 h on Holter than in dogs with fewer ventricular ectopics, and lower TAPSE is associated with a shorter survival time.AnimalsFifty Boxer dogs that presented for investigation of syncope or suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) at a veterinary teaching hospital (2004–2011).MethodsRetrospective study. Clinical records, Holter, and echocardiographic data were reviewed. TAPSE was measured in a blinded manner on stored echocardiographic cine‐loops using anatomic M‐mode. Outcome information was obtained and death was classified as cardiac or noncardiac. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsTAPSE was lower in Boxers with ≥50 VPCs/24 h (13.9 ± 4.04 mm) than Boxers with <50 VPCs/24 h (16.8 ± 3.21 mm; P < .001). TAPSE <15.1 mm was associated with shorter cardiac survival time in all dogs (P = .004) and also in dogs without left ventricular dysfunction (P = .035). When controlling for other variables, including ventricular tachycardia on Holter and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, multivariable analysis showed that TAPSE remained an independent predictor of time to cardiac death (HR >4.09, 95%CI 1.15–16.9, P < .029).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTAPSE offers prognostic value for Boxer dogs, including those with apparently normal systolic function and ≥50 VPCs/24 h on Holter analysis.
Impact of Incremental Perfusion Loss on Oxygen Transport in a Capillary Network Mathematical Model
Authors: Fraser Graham M. , Sharpe Michael D. , Goldman Daniel , Ellis Christopher G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo quantify how incremental capillary PL, such as that seen in experimental models of sepsis, affects tissue oxygenation using a computation model of oxygen transport.MethodsA computational model was applied to capillary networks with dimensions 84 × 168 × 342 (NI) and 70 × 157 × 268 (NII) μm, reconstructed in vivo from rat skeletal muscle. FCD loss was applied incrementally up to ~40% and combined with high tissue oxygen consumption to simulate severe sepsis.ResultsA loss of ~40% FCD loss decreased median tissue PO2 to 22.9 and 20.1 mmHg in NI and NII compared to 28.1 and 27.5 mmHg under resting conditions. Increasing RBC SR to baseline levels returned tissue PO2 to within 5% of baseline. HC combined with a 40% FCD loss, resulted in tissue anoxia in both network volumes and median tissue PO2 of 11.5 and 8.9 mmHg in NI and NII respectively; median tissue PO2 was recovered to baseline levels by increasing total SR 3–4 fold.ConclusionsThese results suggest a substantial increase in total SR is required in order to compensate for impaired oxygen delivery as a result of loss of capillary perfusion and increased oxygen consumption during sepsis.
Control of macaw palm seed germination by the gibberellin/abscisic acid balance
Authors: Bicalho E. M. , Pintó‐Marijuan M. , Morales M. , Müller M. , Munné‐Bosch S. , Garcia Q. S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe hormonal mechanisms involved in palm seed germination are not fully understood. To better understand how germination is regulated in Arecaceae, we used macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart.) seed as a model. Endogenous hormone concentrations, tocopherol and tocotrienol and lipid peroxidation during germination were studied separately in the embryo and endosperm. Evaluations were performed in dry (D), imbibed (I), germinated (G) and non‐germinated (NG) seeds treated (+GA3) or not treated (control) with gibberellins (GA). With GA3 treatment, seeds germinated faster and to a higher percentage than control seeds. The +GA3 treatment increased total bioactive GA in the embryo during germination relative to the control. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations decreased gradually from D to G in both tissues. Embryos of G seeds had a lower ABA content than NG seeds in both treatments. The GA/ABA ratio in the embryo was significantly higher in G than NG seeds. The +GA3 treatment did not significantly affect the GA/ABA ratio in either treatment. Cytokinin content increased from dry to germinated seeds. Jasmonic acid (JA) increased and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboylic acid (ACC) decreased after imbibition. In addition, α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol decreased, while lipid peroxidation increased in the embryo during germination. We conclude that germination in macaw palm seed involves reductions in ABA content and, consequently, increased GA/ABA in the embryo. Furthermore, the imbibition process generates oxidative stress (as observed by changes in vitamin E and MDA).
A Proof of Bell's Inequality in Quantum Mechanics Using Causal interactions
Authors: Robins James M. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Gill Richard D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe give a simple proof of Bell's inequality in quantum mechanics using theory from causal interaction, which, in conjunction with experiments, demonstrates that the local hidden variable assumption is false. The proof sheds light on relationships between the notion of causal interaction and interference between treatments.
Estimation of the Jump Size Density in a Mixed Compound Poisson Process
Authors: Comte Fabienne , Duval Celine , Genon‐Catalot Valentine , Kappus Johanna 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a mixed compound Poisson process, that is, a random sum of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables where the number of terms is a Poisson process with random intensity. We study nonparametric estimators of the jump density by specific deconvolution methods. Firstly, assuming that the random intensity has exponential distribution with unknown expectation, we propose two types of estimators based on the observation of an i.i.d. sample. Risks bounds and adaptive procedures are provided. Then, with no assumption on the distribution of the random intensity, we propose two non‐parametric estimators of the jump density based on the joint observation of the number of jumps and the random sum of jumps. Risks bounds are provided, leading to unusual rates for one of the two estimators. The methods are implemented and compared via simulations.
Immunogenicity of virosomal adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccination in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Ambati A. , Einarsdottir S. , Magalhaes I. , Poiret T. , Bodenstein R. , LeBlanc K. , Brune M. , Maeurer M. , Ljungman P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza vaccination is generally recommended to hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. However, the seasonal subunit vaccination response is frequently suboptimal, and alternate more efficient vaccination systems must be examined. We compared the immunogenicity of an adjuvanted virosomal influenza and subunit vaccine in HSCT recipients.MethodsThe immunogenicity after a single dose (0.5 mL) of adjuvanted trivalent virosomal vaccination was evaluated in a study cohort of 21 HSCT recipients and compared to a control cohort of 30 HSCT recipients who received a single dose (0.5 mL) of non‐adjuvanted seasonal trivalent subunit vaccination over 4 seasons from 2010 to 2014. Whole blood interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) release assays were tested, both before and 30 days after vaccination, in response to influenza pandemic (pdm) H1N1, H3N2, and B antigens. HLA‐A*02 dextramers, to gauge for the absolute number of antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cells, and pdm 2009 hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays, to test for neutralizing antibodies, were used as immunological readouts.ResultsThe pdm HI titers were poor in both cohorts with only 23% (5/21) after virosomal vaccination and 13.3% (4/30) in the seasonal vaccine cohort having protective titers (≥40). The delta change of IFN‐γ production in response to influenza pdm H1N1 (P = 0.005) and influenza B antigens (P = 0.01) were significantly elevated in blood from individuals who received the virosomal as compared to the seasonal vaccine. The IFN‐γ response to pdm H1N1 was stronger (P < 0.001), as compared to seasonal vaccination, in patients vaccinated >6 month post HSCT. We detected a significant increase in the frequency of matrix 1 (GILGFVTL) dextramer‐specific CD8+ T‐cells after the virosomal vaccine (P = 0.01). No differences were seen in the hemagglutinin‐specific CD8+ T‐cells between the 2 cohorts.ConclusionVaccination using a virosomal delivery system is beneficial in eliciting robust cellular immune responses to pdm H1N1 influenza in SCT recipients.