bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RAPID ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS FOR SMALL VESSEL GROUNDINGS
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Boring Christine , Locke Chris 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Vessel groundings in coral or seagrass habitats can cause significant injury to these benthic communities. Injury assessment requires information on the areal extent and degrees of injury at the grounding site, including the inbound and exit vessel tracks. Scientific divers need to rapidly delineate the boundaries of the impacted areas, map the location of specific points (such as large dislodged coral heads), and record observations along transects underwater. A series of 2–3 page protocols was developed to provide guidance on collection of key ephemeral data after small vessel groundings, particularly where resources are limited and access is difficult. The Initial Assessment protocol outlines the steps to plan and conduct emergency phase surveys to document the physical injuries. Guidance is provided on how to set up the sampling grids, develop site-specific injury categories, and record field parameters. The Live Coral Triage protocol describes how to salvage and stabilize live coral and associated resources in a coral reef or hardbottom habitat that have been physically fractured, dislodged, or overturned. The Underwater Video Mapping protocol describes how to document and provide a permanent video record of the area, type, and degree of physical damage to benthic communities. These protocols for small vessel groundings should assist first responders collect ephemeral data during the emergency phases of a response and start the recovery process.
THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING FOR A GLOBAL RESPONSE
Authors: Benns Gemma 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent developments in dispersant effectiveness monitoring have led to huge benefits for the response communities. Successfully interpreting dispersant effectiveness monitoring fluorometric data in situ has managed to speed scientific results to the Incident Command in almost real time which is becoming increasingly important in the promotion of dispersant as a response tool across the globe, particularly as more and more countries look to developing legislation permitting their use. The ability to present data linking dispersed oil to chemical dispersant is a compelling method of persuasion for their utilisation.
OSRL/EARL is unique in that it is the only industry owned oil spill response company with a global remit, this presents a number of challenges in respect of the practicalities of responding with dispersant monitoring capabilities. The equipment surrounding the use of the fluorometer requires flexibility and portability dependant upon the circumstance of the spills that arise. With the possibility of application of dispersant operations resting upon the ability to monitor as soon as possible after the operations commence, the challenges surrounding the logistics of operation must be overcome, If dispersant monitoring equipment is delayed in its deployment it is not reasonable to delay application given the limited window of opportunity however aerial observations alone present a margin for human error.
Monitoring dispersant effectiveness with the aid of fluorometry is still only a quantitative tool, although its capabilities are well respected, there is scope for further improvement to reduce its limitations. Currently the Turner 10 AU is the predominant tool in dispersant monitoring response; its replacement with a smaller in-situ fluorometer could not only improve the means of collating the data but also reduce the equipment that is required to be transported with the monitoring team. There are presently few obstacles that would prevent new fluorometer equipment being configured with the current software set up.
This paper will look at how an international response organisation has prepared for dispersant monitoring and the tools it has put in place for operational deployment. The system is operated by response personnel rather than scientists so provides a practical solution to the problem based on their experience.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Samson Pierre 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of spill response organizations to handle incidents much depends on the use of well trained personnel and specialized equipment. Knowing where equipment is located, and ensuring that it is ready to use and in good working order are both vital to the planning and management of a response.
It is with these goals and concerns that the Eastern Canada Response Corporation (ECRC) recently decided to update its computerized equipment inventory and maintenance system. An analysis showed that commercially equipment maintenance support systems were not well adapted to the general maintenance processes and tasks used within the organization, were too complex and were not flexible enough.
For this reason, an entirely new system was created to support the management of equipment maintenance. The system was developed using Microsoft Access, with a file server architecture allowing many users to access each of 6 regionally maintained equipment databases. A simple internet based mechanism was developed to enable merging of each of the database for consultation for inventory purposes. Some of the functions included:– Support for the planning of each of 4 types of maintenance, including preventive, license renewal, safety inspections and enhancements or repairs;– A simple mechanism allowing the user to indicate that a piece of equipment is located within another piece of equipment.– The capacity to associate lists of accessories to pieces of equipment– Storage and retrieval of predefined maintenance processes description
Support was also provided to the planning of equipment repair or enhancements through the production of itemized and dated tasks lists.
Some other additional features included: the management of equipment names, to prevent proliferation of names for essentially similar pieces of equipment; the inclusion of a “query-by-example” mechanism for equipment search; and the capacity to export any or all data to a spreadsheet, in order to enable flexible analysis and planning.
The system was also designed in a way to make it easy to upgrade to a database server architecture, should the need arise.
The approach used for the system development and implementation would be applicable to any small to medium size response organization.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL SKIMMER OPERATED BY CRANE BARGES
Authors: Yoshie Muneo , Fujita Isamu , Takezaki Kenji 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper reports about an oil skimming system for crane barges. It was tested with heavy fuel oil and emulsion in a large test tank and its operational test was carried out at SAKAI PORT in Japan. We can estimate performance of the skimmer from experiment data in large test tank, recovering C heavy fuel oil and its emulsion in waves. Estimated oil recovery rate is 5.9tlh and recovery efficiency is 70% when the oil slick thickness is about 2 cm. The recovery rate is equal to, and the recovery efficiency is 2 times higher than the performance of the grab-bucket (capacity 4m3). As a result of the field test, we can propose the oil skimmer as the most immediate oil recovery equipment with a crane barge'S operation.
TIER-2 IN EAST ASIA1: CHALLENGES AND ANSWERS
Authors: Nicolau Alexander 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On numerous occasions, East Asia has been affected by marine oil spills incidents, originating from tankers and other types of ships. Important spills incidents that involved the IOPC Funds in the last decade (e.g. Nakhodka, Evoikos, Natuna Sea and Solar 1 …) indicate an average occurrence of one spill per year. This figure remains significantly high when considering that some States in the region are still not parties to international compensation regimes. In addition, numerous incidents do not benefit of international media coverage, thus making them often unnoticed.
Lower scale incidents (within the range of hundreds of tonnes) occur on a more frequent basis and may appear trivial to respond to. Nevertheless, they represent the same range of difficulties experienced during larger scale incidents (logistics, suitable means to apply dispersants promptly and effectively, availability of temporary storage, lack of plan and training …)
In terms of response, the ultimate authority in the coordination of spill response activities is in the hands of Government Agencies. However, the equipment and manpower available belong in various proportions to both Government Agencies and the Oil Industry.
The latter operates numerous oil terminals and offshore facilities and is responsible to respond to minor spills defined as Tier 1. In the case of a large spill that exceeds the on-site capability, Tier 3 Cooperatives funded by the vast majority of major companies were created to assist and complement the local response, by offering access to a large range of special supplementary resources and services, such as the Airborne Dispersant Delivery System.
Whilst Tiers 1 and 3 are well defined and are respectively synonyms of small and huge oil spill incidents, there is a lack of clarity and consistency in-between, thus making the Tier 2 response difficult to define. This gap that is often underestimated and may result in a preparedness weakness leading to unfortunate consequences.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the Tier-2 response requirements and to discuss on the challenges of implementing effective measures in a region where the only imports of crude oil of China have more than doubled in the past five years.
RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEST AFRICAN REGION ∼ A NEW PARADIGM?
Authors: Salt David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
West Africa is one of the fastest growing oil industry regions in the world at present. The operations range from Floating production and storage units in the newly developing provinces, whilst mature oil production facilities in places such as Angola, Cameroon and Nigeria are being further developed by the introduction of offshore facilities in the previously unexplored deepwater areas, vastly increasing oil outputs and bringing with it attendant risks. The new challenge is how to provide oil spill response to these operations in the event of an incident. Limited personnel numbers in each operation, poor infrastructure and difficult logistics, coupled with security political and transboundary issues makes response operations complicated. There is a significant amount of equipment in the region but its response readiness is often poor. In the newly developed oil provinces, the level of equipment is generally suited to respond to the operational type of incident and is generally stored in a manner where it is ready for immediate deployment, but not stored in a manner that makes it ready to transport, as a result the combined use of tier 1 equipment does not provide for an adequate regional tier 2 resource. Even if the equipment was transportable, transboundary and political difficulties make this approach response less effective. Industry Tier 2 resources co-operatives do exist in some countries in the region, but in the main these resources are not new and have not been updated to reflect the expanded risk profile and the move of industry to the deep offshore. Tier 3 response in the region is reliant on gaining access into country, the issues of visas, security, landing, overflight rights and customs are all obstacles to providing an effective response. Recent history has shown that whilst tier 3 incidents remain the exception, spills that are consistent with a tier 2 categorisation are proving challenging for the industry to deal with. The author, using evidence gained from extensive experience in the region and practical lessons learned from case histories will look at the issues and propose some solutions to the problems.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF FLUORESCEIN DYE DISPERSION TO INFORM DISPERSED-OIL PLUME SAMPLING AND PROVIDE INPUT FOR OIL-TRANSPORT MODELING1
Authors: Payne James R. , Terrill Eric , Carter Melissa , Otero Mark , Middleton William , Chen Andy , Nordhausen Walter , Lewis Robin , Lampinen Mark , Evans Thomas , Via Greg L. , Ruiz-Santana Hector , Maly Mike , Willoughby Butch , Varela Charles , French-McCay Deborah , Mueller Chris , Jayko Kathy , Ohlmann Carter , Lynch Paul , Sanchez Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (CA OSPR) is utilizing oil-spill fate and transport modeling to develop the time and spatial scales, and equipment needs, for a formal Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan (DOMP). When fully implemented, the DOMP will aid in documenting hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column, potentially exposed organisms (zooplankton), and the impacts of entrained oil and dissolved hydrocarbons with and without dispersant applications.
Fluorescein dye studies off San Diego, California (USA) have been completed to test the operational framework for repeated sampling of dispersed oil plumes as outlined in the DOMP, to allow evaluation of high-frequency radar (HP-Radar) for providing surface current input data to oil spill models, and to provide verification of model-predicted movement of subsurface oil (dye) by comparison with drogue movement and measured dye concentrations over three dimensions and time. Aerial photodocumentation, subsurface drogues, dye transport, and HF-Radar were used to measure near-surface current fields at varying depths. High-resolution subsurface dye-plume structure was mapped using an in situ GPS-coupled towed fluorometer equipped with pressure sensors to provide dye concentration data as a function of time, position, and depth. In addition, data from the more traditional Special Monitoring of Applied Response Technology (SMART) protocols utilized by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) were compared with the in situ towed-fluorometer measurements, and conventional CTD data were collected to determine the mixed layer depth, an important variable in monitoring dispersion of oil in the water column.
As a result of these efforts, significant progress has been made on developing and testing sampling protocols for the DOMP, and nearly continuous and synoptic data have been obtained from seven cruises conducted over a 12-month period. These data sets (available on-line through the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) website: http://www.crrc.unh.edu/) are being analyzed and integrated to support oil spill model development and verification with direct applicability to spill response decision making, net environmental benefit analysis, natural resource damage assessments, and educating the spill community and public.
EFFECT OF SAND PARTICLE SIZE, OIL CONTAMINATION, AND WATER TABLE LEVEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SORBENTS IN WICKING OIL FROM CONTAMINATED WETLAND
Authors: Chung Seungjoon , Gandee Jaclyn , Suidan Makram T. , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill cleanup in wetlands is problematic because of the limited remediation techniques that can be applied in such environments. The use of sorbents to clean up oil spills presents many advantages due to simplicity of approach and the inexpensive nature of these materials. Furthermore, sorbents can be used not only as wicking agents but also as microbial media that mediate hydrocarbon biodegradation. Once a sorbent is applied to an impacted wetland, it absorbs the contaminating oil. It retains the oil for a sufficient length of time to allow biodegradation of hydrocarbons by indigenous bacteria under aerobic conditions. In addition, plant-derived organic sorbents are biodegradable, thus leaving no permanent residue. Ammoniated bagasse is one of the biodegradable organic sorbents that contain nitrogen as a nutrient needed to support the activity of oil degrading bacteria.
In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of sorbents in wicking oil from the subsurface of oil-contaminated sediments under various conditions. Several microcosms were prepared to simulate saturated wetland environments. Glass cylinders, 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height, enclosed these microcosms. Each microcosm was layered in the following sequence (from the bottom to the top): a clean sand layer, an oiled-sand layer, and an overlying sorbent layer. Sand, sorbent, and water were sterilized prior to use to ensure that no biodegradation occurs during the experiment. The different conditions included: 2 particle sizes of sand (20 × 30 and 60 × 80 U.S. Mesh), 2 levels of oil contamination (25% and 75% of saturation), 3 water levels (at the oiled-layer/clean sand interface, at the oiled-layer/sorbent-layer interface, and at the sorbent-layer/air interface), and 2 levels of sorbent (presence or absence).
Oil wicking experiments were performed in airtight microcosms for a period of 3 months. At the termination of an experiment, each layer of the microcosms was separated and samples were taken. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Mass balances in each microcosm were established in terms of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). TPH includes alkanes (C10-C35); pristane; phytane; hopane; 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAHs; and pyrogenic PAHs (5- & 6-rings). The TPH change in each layer from time zero to 3 months was used to determine the effectiveness of the sorbent under each condition tested.
MANAGING OIL SPILL LIABILITY RISKS
Authors: Day Rebecca , Rodgers Peter , Lafferty Susan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Possibly the most costly mistake for companies that transport petroleum and chemicals is the failure to fully understand potential liability for an oil spill. A company that does not understand its legal position may respond to an incident that is not its responsibility, or fail to respond to an incident that is. It may wrongly assume that international conventions (such as the CLC 92) apply, and fail to protect against the liability it will bear if they do not. This failure to understand and manage liability risks has created notorious oil spill headlines in recent months, as companies and corporate officers find themselves prosecuted for actions they thought were innocent - or even helpful - and under laws they never expected to apply.
This paper will consider, through concrete examples provided by oil spill lawyers from all over the world, how this legal liability can arise and particularly how parties who do not expect to be responsible for a spill can become so through well-meaning actions and incomplete understanding of international conventions. This paper will then suggest a variety of practical steps companies can take to manage the risk, including: vetting, contingency planning for non-shipowners, tabletop exercises, liability analyses, and education within the corporate structure.
REVIEW OF OIL SPILL INCIDENTS REPORTED TO THE NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER FROM ONSHORE OIL PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Authors: Howard Mark , Morin Isabelle , Watts Kristina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses considerations for prevention requirements under the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulation (40 CFR part 112) of onshore oil production facilities. The paper summarizes findings from a recent review of oil spill incidents reported to the National Response Center (NRC) during the period of 2000 through 2005.
The analysis covers the relative frequencies and magnitudes of reported oil discharges from onshore oil production facilities by material discharged, source, and cause. The findings are complemented by findings from reviews of spill data obtained for selected states (Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma) and by field observations of EPA inspectors.
1 The SPCC rule provides specific requirements for different types of E&P facilities, including: onshore oil production facilities (§112.9), onshore oil drilling and workover facilities (§112.10), and offshore oil drilling, production, or workover facilities (§112.11).
CANADA-UNITED STATES-DIXON ENTRANCE (CANUSDIX) EXERCISE A MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS
Authors: Gardner Kevin J. , Mattson Robert D. , Owings David R. , Rodden Don , Sifling John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since 1992, the Canadian and U.S. Coast Guard, Province of British Columbia, State of Alaska, OSRO'S, and several other organizations and authorities have joined together in a unique annual exercise program held near Dixon Entrance, a remote waterway marking the U.S./Canadian border at the southern tip of the Alaskan panhandle. Following a continuous improvement philosophy, a growing number of participants from both nations have made great strides in improving preparedness and response at the trans-boundary. Conducted over a 4 day period, CANUSDIX is an innovative combination of spill scenarios, training workshops, equipment deployment, and coordinated multi-year planning. Unlike conventional exercises, CANUSDIX is a year-round program with continuous effort directed toward achieving goals outlined in a formal 2-year workplan. Multi-year efforts include communications and logistics planning and evaluation of web-based information sharing systems. Canadian and U.S. OSRO'S also conduct a periodic review of equipment inventories and jointly plan future capital purchases to ensure equipment compatibility and avoid redundancy. Coordinated planning and exercising by partner agencies is a necessity for Dixon Entrance, an extremely remote, environmentally sensitive, region with severe weather, limited infrastructure, and a sparse road system. Resource trustees on both sides of the border are also key participants, due to crucial subsistence fisheries and numerous historical resources such as culturally important archeological sites. Innovation is a hallmark of CANUSDIX. For example, logistics skills were robustly tested by the “logistics board game,” debuted at CANUSDIX 2003 in Prince Rupert, BC. Resembling sophisticated tabletop war games, the board game employs tokens representing different types of oil spill cleanup equipment and personnel. Tokens are deployed on a board based on a chart of the response area. The logistics game required players to confront realistic equipment mobilization time constraints, while simulating the uncertainties associated with all spill responses. Other significant milestones of CANUSDIX include publication of Geographic and Wildlife Response Guideline Annexes to the Canada-United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, a landmark bi-lateral planning, preparedness and response agreement. Embracing innovation while fostering teamwork and continuous improvement, CANUSDIX is a modern, goal driven, exercise regime and a model for international cooperation.
OIL SPILL RISK ANALYSIS FOR CAPE WIND ENERGY PROJECT
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil spill risk associated with an offshore wind farm was analyzed. This paper describes the methodology employed to determine the probability that a spill would occur, as well as the size probability distribution of potential spills, including worst-case discharge scenarios from the facility. Spills from vessels transiting surrounding waters due to collisions, allisions, and groundings were also evaluated. The analysis involved: evaluating events that might cause damage to the electric service platform (ESP) and wind turbine generators (WTG) components of the wind farm; analysis of the probability of each of these events occurring; analysis of the probability that these events cause damage to the ESP/WTGs; and estimation of the probability of the events causing damage sufficient to cause an oil spill. Data were aggregated for all spill causes to determine the overall probability distribution function of spill volumes. Probability size distributions for all spill causes were coupled with the probability of spill occurrence to provide an overall function to predict the probability of a particular spill of a certain volume occurring over 5, 10, and 30 years.