bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Student Learning
Authors: Белый  , Belyy V. 
Published: July 2015

The traditional scheme of education is obsolete and needs to be replaced with new and innovative forms of learning. Also today there are particularly relevant
forms, which are characterized by collaboration with industry in the learning process. There should be new learning theories such as constructivism, learning
without temporal and spatial boundaries. To improve the quality of education a new educational technology and possibilities of industrial enterprises must
be intensive used. This is caused by the need to revise the modern theory and practice of assessing students. After all, the student should come to the production
and begin to fulfill their duties with a minimum period of adaptation. Because assessment of knowledge and skills of the graduate urgent problem of each
university.
Syphilis Experiences and Risk Perceptions Among Repeatedly Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Plant Aaron , Stahlman Shauna , Javanbakht Marjan , Cross Johnny , Montoya Jorge A. , Bolan Robert , Kerndt Peter R. 
Published: July 2015

CONTEXTIn urban areas of the United States, syphilis is a major public health issue for men who have sex with men, despite widespread efforts to curtail a growing epidemic; repeated infections are not uncommon in this population. The ways that men who have sex with men experience and conceptualize syphilis, and how their attitudes and beliefs impact their risk for infection, are poorly understood.METHODSIn‐depth interviews were conducted in 2010–2011 with 19 Los Angeles County men aged 21–54 who reported having male sex partners and had had two or more early syphilis infections within the previous five years. Interview transcripts were analyzed inductively to uncover themes.RESULTSParticipants had considerable knowledge about syphilis symptoms, transmission and consequences, and most felt that syphilis was a highly stigmatized disease. They had had 2–5 infections in the past five years, and the majority believed they were at risk for another infection because of their sexual risk behaviors. Many had a sense of fatalism about being infected again, and some expressed that this possibility was an acceptable part of being sexually active. Concern about syphilis often decreased as men experienced more infections. Most participants reported short‐term sexual behavior changes after a syphilis diagnosis to prevent transmission; however, few were willing to make long‐term behavior changes.CONCLUSIONSAdditional qualitative studies of men who have sex with men should be conducted to better understand the continuing syphilis epidemic and to help identify the most promising intervention strategies.
Análise da adequação de eventos de precipitação extrema na Amazônia Ocidental em modelos estáticos: Rondônia
Authors: Souza Vinicius Alexandre Sikora de , Nunes Marcos Leando Alves , Francener Sandra Ferronatto , Rosa Ana Lúcia Denardin da 
Published: July 2015

<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Este estudo objetivou estimar a função Intensidade-Duração-Frequência (IDF) de eventos pluviométricos extremos a partir dos dados de precipitação das estações pluviométricas instaladas no estado de Rondônia, de modo que posteriormente tais informações possam ser utilizadas no dimensionamento de obras hidráulicas. Utilizou-se 41 estações pluviométricas com séries históricas acima de 10 anos, disponibilizadas pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Essas séries passaram inicialmente pelo teste de aderência Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), a fim de verificar o ajuste das mesmas as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">distribuições: Normal, Log-Normal, Exponencial, Gama, Gumbel, Weibull e Logística</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">. O trabalho denotou que o teste de aderência </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kolmogorov-Smirnov de forma geral forneceu uma expressiva aceitação na maioria das distribuições estatística testadas.</span></p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Analysis of fitness for extreme rainfall events in western amazon in static models: state Rondônia</em></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT: </strong>This study aimed to estimate the Intensity - Duration - Frequency (IDF) function extreme rainfall events from the data of precipitation of rainfall stations located in the State of Rondônia, so that such information can be later used in hydraulic structures. We used 41 rainfall stations with historical series over 10 years, provided by the National Water Agency (ANA). These series originally started by adherence Kolmogorov -Smirnov (KS) in order to check the fit of the same distributions: Normal, Log- Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Gumbel, Weibull and Logistics. Work denoted that the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test of adherence generally provided a significant acceptance in most of the tested statistical distributions.<strong></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></p>
Características físicas, químicas e físico-químicas dos frutos da murta
Authors: Araujo Dyalla Ribeiro de , Lucena Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de , Gomes Josivanda Palmeira , Figueirêdo Rossana Maria Feitosa de , Silva Érllens Eder 
Published: July 2015

<p>O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características físicas, químicas e físico-químicas dos frutos da murta (<em>Eugenia gracillima </em>Kiaersk.) no estádio de maturação “maduro”. Os frutos de murta foram colhidos em área de vegetação nativa, na propriedade rural da família Lermen, localizada na Serra dos Paus Dóias - Chapada do Araripe, município de Exu, PE. Após a colheita, os frutos foram transportados para o Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, para a realização das análises físicas, químicas e físico-químicas: coloração da casca; diâmetros longitudinal e transversal; massas fresca, seca e de água e teor de água; sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH, relação SST/ATT, carboidratos (amido, açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores e açúcares não redutores); vitamina C; pectinas; fenólicos; antocianinas; flavonoides amarelos e carotenoides. Os frutos da murta (<em>Eugenia gracillima </em>Kiaersk.) são relativamente pequenos com formato levemente ovalado e com coloração 100% violeta quando maduros. Apresentaram ótima qualidade para consumo pelo conteúdo dos sólidos solúveis totais (15,08 °Brix), relação SST/ATT (18,37), açúcares solúveis totais (11,61%) e açúcares redutores (7,80%), como também são frutos ricos em vitamina C (160,62 mg/100 g de massa fresca do fruto) e antioxidantes.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Physical and physico-chemical fruits characteristics of myrtle</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The present work aimed to study the physical, chemical and physico-chemical fruits characteristics of myrtle (<em>Eugenia gracillima</em> Kiaersk.) in maturation stage "mature". The fruits of myrtle were collected in an area of native vegetation in rural Lermen family property, located in the Serra dos Paus Dóias - Araripe, municipality of Exu, PE. After harvest, the fruits were transported to the Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Ceará State University, to the achievement of physical, chemical and physico-chemical analysis: peel color; longitudinal and transverse diameters; fresh, dry mass and water content and water; total soluble solids (TSS), titulable total acidity (TTA), pH, TSS/TTA, carbohydrates (starch, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars, vitamin C, pectins, phenolics, anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids and carotenoids. The myrtle fruit (<em>Eugenia gracillima</em> Kiaersk.) are relatively small with slightly oval in shape and staining with 100% purple when ripe. Showed excellent quality for consumption for the content of total soluble solids (15.08°Brix), TSS/TTA (18.37), total soluble sugars (11.61%) and reducing sugar (7.80%), as well fruits are rich in vitamin C (160.62 mg/100 g fresh weight of fruit) and antioxidants.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
The Interaction of Natural Convection and Gravity Segregation in Oil/Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Jacqmin D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
The distribution of chemical components in reservoirs is significantly affected by natural convection and diffusional gravity segregation. Model parallel flow solutions are presented that shed light on the interaction of these two processes. These solutions take into account reservoir tilt and anisotropy. The solutions are compared to and used to explain results of two-dimensional calculations of flow in a model rectangular reservoir. Nonuniqueness and instability phenomena are discussed.
Stochastic Processes and Copula Model Applied in the Economic Evaluation for Brazilian Oil Fields Projects
Authors: Marques J. B. , Trevisan O. V. , Marques L. M. , Ravagnani A. T. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over the last two decades, the stochastic processes and copula theories have been widely used in financial analysis, especially in the conditional variance models. Nevertheless, there are few applications cases addressing to the economic evaluation of E&P projects. In such context, the present paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for integration of these theories to the economic evaluation based on discounted cash flow under uncertainty of E&P projects. A cash flow simulator was specially built for the purpose, enabling the applications these theories on the relevant econometric variables. Some simulations are performed with production curves modeled by a set of analytic functions, including: linear function for the start of production until the plateau, exponential function for production decline curve and sigmoid functions for water curves (injection and production). All models were validated against curves derived from reservoir flow simulators.
Four models are shown in this paper: two models for forecasting oil price based on GARCH(1,1) and EGARCH(1,1), one model for the attractiveness minimum rate based on ARMA(1,1) and the last one refers to a model based on Gumbel copula for the CAPEX and OPEX values. The models are applied to predict NPV by cash flow simulator and were performed using the current fiscal regimes valid in Brazil, considering the tax system and production sharing contracts. In the both cases, this paper including the legal details related to the government take. The aim of these models is to determine the breakeven oil price for projects on the Brazilian pre-salt fields.
The main contribution of the present work is to provide analysts with a tool and a methodology to anticipate risk analysis of Brazilian oil fields projects based on VaR and AVaR measures. The work is divided into five sections: introduction, stochastic processes and copula theories, integration methodology, applications, results and conclusions.
Economics of Shale Gas Monetization Options
Authors: Turaga Uday 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The discovery and rapid proliferation of shale gas basins has revolutionized the supply of natural gas in North America. Natural gas from shale basins accounted for less than 1% of total natural gas supply in 2005; today shale basins provide approximately one quarter of total natural gas production. Although the supply outlook looks promising, demand for natural gas is growing moderately, if not stagnant. Sustainable growth of the natural gas industry requires that demand keep pace with supply. There are a number of natural gas monetization options including the use of gas to produce electric power; liquefaction to produce LNG for shipping globally; conversion to liquid transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel as well as chemicals; and use as transport fuel. The relative economics and incremental impact on demand varies for each of these options. ADI Analytics has recently conducted an in-depth assessment of these gas monetization options. Our findings show that cheap North American shale gas will have global industry-wide impacts through development of new LNG supply that can compete with existing supply, moderation of oil demand through substitution and GTL and MTG, a resurgence of the chemical industry driven by new supply of NGLs. Further, there are numerous competitive developments in LNG, GTL, ethylene crackers, NGL pipelines, and cleantech, all of which could alter the industry while providing first movers significant competitive advantage. These and other findings are the subject of this paper.
Translating PrEP effectiveness into public health impact: key considerations for decision‐makers on cost‐effectiveness, price, regulatory issues, distributive justice and advocacy for access
Authors: Hankins Catherine , Macklin Ruth , Warren Mitchell 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionThe extraordinary feat of proving the effectiveness of oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in clinical trials in different populations in a variety of settings may prove to have been easier than ensuring it is used well. Decision‐makers must make difficult choices to realize the promise of antiretroviral prophylaxis for their countries. This paper outlines key economic, regulatory and distributive justice issues that must be addressed for effective and acceptable PrEP implementation.DiscussionIn considering the role that PrEP can play in combination prevention programmes, decision‐makers must determine who can benefit most from PrEP, how PrEP can be provided safely and efficiently, and what kind of health system support will ensure successful implementation. To do this, they need contextualized information on disease burden by population, analyses of how PrEP services might best be delivered, and projections of the human resource and infrastructure requirements for each potential delivery model. There are cost considerations, varying cost‐effectiveness results and regulatory challenges. The principles of ethics can inform thorny discussions about who should be prioritized for oral PrEP and how best to introduce it fairly. We describe the cost‐effectiveness of PrEP in different populations at higher risk of HIV exposure, its price in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and the current regulatory situation. We explore the principles of ethics that can inform resource allocation decision‐making about PrEP anchored in distributive justice, at a time when universal access to antiretroviral treatment remains to be assured. We then highlight the role of advocacy in moving the PrEP agenda forward.ConclusionsThe time is ripe now for decisions about whether, how and for whom PrEP should be introduced into a country's HIV response. It has the potential to contribute significantly to high impact HIV prevention if it is tailored to those who can most benefit from it and if current regulatory and pricing barriers can be overcome. Advocacy at all levels can help inform decision‐making and push the access agenda to avert HIV infections among those at highest risk of HIV exposure. The benefits will accrue beyond the individual level to slow HIV transmission at the population level.
The constant‐hardness creep compliance of polycrystalline ice
Authors: Caswell Tess E. , Cooper Reid F. , Goldsby David L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe have performed creep and stress‐reduction experiments on polycrystalline ice (grain sizes, d ≈ 30 and ≈ 245 µm) in the grain boundary sliding and dislocation creep regimes (stresses σ = 0.5–5 MPa, temperature T = 233 K) to determine the constant‐hardness creep compliance under these conditions. Our results are consistent with a microstructural state‐variable description of dislocation‐effected deformation whose rate is accelerated by grain boundary sliding. The fine‐grained specimens reveal no subgrain boundaries, indicating that the stress‐sensitive microstructural feature upon which the state‐variable behavior is founded may be the dislocation structure of the grain boundaries. Deviations of our constant‐hardness data from the behavior predicted by the state‐variable formulation allow estimation of the viscosity of the grain boundaries, which is ~4.8 × 106 Pa s at this temperature.
Effects of Smart Charging of Multiple Electric Vehicles in Reducing Power Generation Fuel Cost
Authors: Ikegami Takashi , Yano Hitoshi , Kudo Koji , Ogimoto Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYThe high penetration of variable sources of renewable power generation will lead to operational difficulties in supply/demand balancing in the entire power system. The mass deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) will also cause significant changes in electricity demand. Therefore, controlling and managing the charging time of EVs/PHEVs are effective approaches that are imperative for improving balancing in power system operation. We assumed travel patterns for EVs in a model of the future Tokyo power system and analyzed the power system loads, including the charging load of the EVs, under several charging control scenarios. We verified that charging time controls are substantially effective for reducing the fuel costs in the power system. Further, we found that load leveling under a multicar charging management scenario gave the best results in terms of the fuel costs in all cases.
Reduction of Ripple Current Loss by Electromagnetic Coupling of Air‐Core Reactors
Authors: Nakamura Takayuki , Taguchi Yoshiaki , Ogasa Masamichi 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYTo reduce the loss due to ripple current in a multiphase current‐reversible chopper, we investigated electromagnetic coupling of an air‐core reactor. We derived the relationship between the amplitude of the ripple current, the duty factor, and the electromagnetic coupling coefficient, and used the results to estimate the effects of electromagnetic coupling in the design of a train energy storage system. We built reactors with electromagnetic coupling coefficients of 0.93 and 0.60. These reactors employed a new winding structure that provides an optimal electromagnetic coupling coefficient. The mass of the former type of reactor was increased by 4.4% over the conventional design, and that of the latter type of reactor was decreased by 17%. Finally, we tested the new reactors. When the chopper employs the former type of reactor and operates with equal‐phase switching and cumulative coupling, the loss due to ripple current is decreased by 11%. When the chopper employs the latter type of reactor and operates with shift‐phase switching and differential coupling, the loss is decreased to 31%. The test showed that the calculated relationships agreed with the measured values.
Robust climate scenarios for sites with sparse observations: a two‐step bias correction approach
Authors: Rajczak Jan , Kotlarski Sven , Salzmann Nadine , Schär Christoph 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObserved and projected climatic changes demand for robust assessments of climate impacts on various environmental and anthropogenic systems. Empirical‐statistical downscaling (ESD) methods coupled to output from climate model projections are promising tools to assess impacts at regional to local scale. ESD methods correct for common model deficiencies in accuracy (e.g. model biases) and scale (e.g. grid vs point scale). However, most ESD methods require long observational time series at the target sites, and this often restricts robust impact assessments to a small number of sites. This paper presents a method to generate robust climate model based scenarios for target sites with short and (or) sparse observational data coverage. The approach is based on the well‐established quantile mapping method and incorporates two major steps: (1) climate model bias correction to the most representative station with long‐term measurements and (2) spatial transfer of bias‐corrected model data to represent target site characteristics. Both steps are carried out using the quantile mapping technique. The resulting output can serve as end user–tailored input for climate impact models. The method allows for multivariate and multi‐model ensemble scenarios and additionally enables to approximately reconstruct data for non‐measured periods. The method's applicability is validated using (1) long‐term weather stations across the topographically and climatologically complex territory of Switzerland and (2) sparse data sets from Swiss permafrost research sites located in challenging conditions at high altitudes. It is shown that the two‐step approach performs well and offers attractive quality, even for extreme target locations. Uncertainties, however, remain and primarily depend on (1) data availability and (2) the considered variable. The two‐step approach itself involves large uncertainties when applied to short reference data sets or spatially heterogeneous variables (e.g. precipitation, wind speed). For temperature, results are promising even when using very short calibration periods.
The Usefulness of International Cooperation in the Repair of Inguinal Hernias in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Gil José , Rodriguez J. M. , Gil E. , Hernández Agúera Q. , González F. M. , García J. A. , Balsalobre M. D. , Tortosa J. A. , Hernández Palazón D. , Diallo A. B. , Parrilla P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe burden of disease and mortality associated with inguinal hernia in Africa, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa, is very high. The purpose of this study is to show that International Cooperation work in the field of hernia repair is effective; it minimizes the delay in hernia repairs in the targeted population, and can prevent a large number of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs).Materials and methodsAs a part of an International Cooperation program, a total of 990 black patients with inguinal hernias were studied, in whom hernioplasty was performed using polypropylene mesh. The type of hernia and surgical technique were studied. Indicators of scientific and technical quality, indicators of efficiency and of effectiveness were analyzed. The results on the usefulness of interventions were calculated as avoided DALYs.ResultsSurgery was performed on 926 patients with a total of 1033 hernia repairs. 87.2 % of the repairs were made with mesh. There was no mortality in the series, complications were minor, and 85.7 % of patients remained less than 24 h in the center. There was a 2.8 % of recurrence, with a follow‐up 58.7 % of the patients in the first year. 5014 DALYs were avoided, and the average of the avoided DALYs per patient was of 5.41.ConclusionsHernia repair with mesh in low development countries is a procedure with low morbidity and high effectiveness that can prevent a large number of DALYs.