bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheology of sheared suspensions of rough frictional particles
Authors: Gallier Stany , Lemaire Elisabeth , Peters François , Lobry Laurent 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper presents three-dimensional numerical simulations of non-Brownian concentrated suspensions in a Couette flow at zero Reynolds number using a fictitious domain method. Contacts between particles are modelled using a discrete element method (DEM)-like approach, which allows for a more physical description, including roughness and friction. This work emphasizes the effect of friction between particles and its role on rheological properties, especially on normal stress differences. Friction is shown to notably increase viscosity and second normal stress difference $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}|N_2|$ and decrease $|N_1|$, in better agreement with experiments. The hydrodynamic and contact contributions to the overall particle stress are particularly investigated. This shows that the effect of friction is mostly due to the additional contact stress since the hydrodynamic stress remains unaffected by friction. Simulation results are also compared with experiments, such as normal stresses or effective friction coefficient $\mu (I_v)$, and the agreement is improved when friction is accounted for. This suggests that friction is operative in actual suspensions.
CARDINALITY OF INVERSE LIMITS WITH UPPER SEMICONTINUOUS BONDING FUNCTIONS
Authors: ROŠKARIČ MATEJ , TRATNIK NIKO 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe explore the cardinality of generalised inverse limits. Among other things, we show that, for any $n\in \{&#x2135;_{0},c,1,2,3,\dots \}$, there is an upper semicontinuous function with the inverse limit having exactly $n$ points. We also prove that if $f$ is an upper semicontinuous function whose graph is a continuum, then the cardinality of the corresponding inverse limit is either 1, $&#x2135;_{0}$ or $c$. This generalises the recent result of I. Banič and J. Kennedy, which claims that the same is true in the case where the graph is an arc.
FINITE 3-GEODESIC TRANSITIVE BUT NOT 3-ARC TRANSITIVE GRAPHS
Authors: JIN WEI 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we first prove that for $g\in \{3,4\}$, there are infinitely many 3-geodesic transitive but not 3-arc transitive graphs of girth $g$ with arbitrarily large diameter and valency. Then we classify the family of 3-geodesic transitive but not 3-arc transitive graphs of valency 3 and those of valency 4 and girth 4.
Effect of flaxseed on choroid–sclera complex thickness and on LDL oxidation in the sclera, choroid and retina of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits
Authors: de Almeida Torres Rogil José , Luchini Andrea , Both Alessandro Soares , Precoma Leonardo Brandao , Champoski Ana Flavia , Schuh Maynara Leonardi , de Almeida Torres Renan Pedro , Noronha Lucia , Pessoa Bernardo Molinari , de Almeida Torres Lucas Antonio , de França Serci Nicole Francesca , Precoma Dalton Bertolim 
Published: September 2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed on choroid–sclera complex thickness and on LDL oxidation in the sclera, choroid and retina of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. New Zealand male albino rabbits (n 21) were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1; n 11), fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet, and group 2 (G2; n 10), fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet enriched with flaxseed flour. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol, TAG and fasting blood glucose were determined at the start of the experiment and on the day of killing (8th week). Choroid and sclera samples were subjected to haematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses with the anti-oxidised LDL antibody. Sensory retina samples were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis with the primary monoclonal nitrotyrosine antibody. At the end of the experiment, a significant increase was observed in TC and LDL-C concentrations in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P= 0·008 and P= 0·02, respectively). HE staining revealed a significant increase in choroid–sclera complex thickness in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P< 0·001). Immunohistochemical analysis of choroid and sclera samples with the anti-oxidised LDL marker revealed a significant increase in immunoreactivity in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P< 0·001). Immunohistochemical analysis of sensory retina samples with the anti-nitrotyrosine marker revealed a significant increase in immunoreactivity in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P= 0·002). Flaxseed reduced the choroid–sclera complex thickness of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits and the expression of oxidised LDL in the choroid–sclera complex as well as the expression of nitrotyrosine in the sensory retina.
Upregulation ofAtg5andAIFgene expression in synchronization with programmed cellular death events in integumental epithelium ofBombyx moriinduced by a dipteran parasitoid infection
Authors: Anitha J. , Pradeep A.R. , Sivaprasad V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInfection of the commercially important silkworm,Bombyx moriby a tachnid parasitoid,Exorista bombycisinduced activation of genes and cellular responses associated with apoptosis in integumental epithelial cells. Composite cellular profile showed initial autophagy, intermediate endoplasmic reticulum degranulation and deformed nucleus as well as later DNA fragmentation indicating apoptosis. Two cell death-associated proteins, autophagy 5-like (Atg5L) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), in addition to caspase, are identified from the infected integumental epithelium through mass spectrometric analysis. Genes encoding these proteins showed age-dependent activation after the infection as revealed by quantitative expression analysis.Atg5showed early upregulation in association with signs of autophagy whereasAIFshowed late upregulation in association with DNA condensation and fragmentation. Expression ofAIFshowed negative correlation with that ofAtg5after the infection. On the other hand, in control,caspaseexpression showed positive correlation withAIFexpression indicative of regulated expression in normal larval epithelium, which was absent after infection. Activation ofAtg5, AIFandcaspasegenes in close association with different cell death events revealed the synchronized differential expression of apoptosis-associated genes in response to the macroparasitism. Enhanced expression ofAtg5,AIFandcaspasegenes coupled with the appearance of cell death symptoms indicate parasitism-induced activation of genetic machinery to modulate cell death events in the epithelium, which was hither to unknown in invertebrate systems.
Testing models of cerebellar ataxia via dynamic simulation
Authors: Grow David , Bastian Amy J. , Okamura Allison M. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYPatients with damage to the cerebellum make reaching movements that are uncoordinated or “ataxic.” One prevailing hypothesis is that the cerebellum functions as an internal model for planning movements, and that damage to the cerebellum results in movements that do not properly account for arm dynamics. An exoskeleton robot was used to record multi-joint reaching movements. Subsequently, joint-torque trajectories were calculated and a gradient descent algorithm found optimal, patient-specific perturbations to actual limb dynamics predicted to reduce directional reaching errors by an average of 41%, elucidating a promising form of robotic intervention and adding support to the internal model hypothesis.
Residential Independence of Elderly Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Lee Sharon M. , Edmonston Barry 
Published: September 2014

RÉSUMÉCet article traite trois questions: les immigrants âgés sont-ils moins susceptibles que les personnes âgées, nées au Canada, de vivre de façon autonome? Quels sont les effets que les facteurs économiques, culturels et du parcours de vie exercent sur l'indépendance résidentielle chez les immigrants âgés? Quels sont les effets des caractéristiques propres aux immigrants, tels que la durée de résidence et le contexte culturel? Les résultats descriptifs montrent que les immigrants âgés sont moins susceptibles de vivre de façon autonome, mais le grand écart de plus de 15 pour cent est réduit à 5 pour cent quand les facteurs économiques, culturels, du parcours de la vie, et d'autres sont pris en compte dans l'analyse multivariée. Les effets des facteurs économiques, culturels et du parcours de vie sont pour la plupart comme prévu, de même que ceux des caractéristiques propres aux immigrants, comme la durée de résidence. Bien que les modes de vie des immigrants âgés sont plus variés que ceux de leurs pairs nés au Canada, ceux-ci sont de plus en plus susceptibles d'inclure l'indépendance résidentielle.
Analysis of published scientific research from Deception Island, South Shetland Islands
Authors: Tejedo Pablo , Gutiérrez Berta , Pertierra Luis R. , Benayas Javier 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a methodology to assess the degree of multidisciplinarity and international co-operation between scientists working on Deception Island, using techniques based on social network analysis. A database was built of the scientific output, as represented by published articles, on Deception Island between 1964–2012. From the 173 published articles, the main topics, the temporal trends, the profile of the principal journals, and the contributions made by each country, research institution and scientist were obtained. The data presented show a significant role played by four of the six nations belonging to the Deception Island Management Group. However, collaborations between researchers in different fields was unusual and co-authoring by researchers from different countries was relatively low. These results show that there is a need to strengthen international co-operation, a highly advisable strategy in Antarctica due to the complexity of logistics and high operational costs. Studies such as this may help to identify synergies between institutions and researchers from different nations, improving the scientific collaboration in this area of priority for conservation and management.
Experimental formation of pore fluids in McMurdo Dry Valleys soils
Authors: Levy Joseph , Fountain Andrew , Lyons W. Berry , Welch Kathy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine if soil salt deliquescence and brine hydration can occur under laboratory conditions using natural McMurdo Dry Valleys soils. The experiment was a laboratory analogue for the formation of isolated patches of hypersaline, damp soil, referred to as ‘wet patches’. Soils were oven dried and then hydrated in one of two humidity chambers: one at 100% relative humidity and the second at 75% relative humidity. Soil hydration is highly variable, and over the course of 20 days of hydration, ranged from increases in water content by mass from 0–16% for 122 soil samples from Taylor Valley. The rate and absolute amount of soil hydration correlates well with the soluble salt content of the soils but not with grain size distribution. This suggests that the formation of bulk pore waters in these soils is a consequence of salt deliquescence and hydration of the brine from atmospheric water vapour.
Microclimate and mass fluxes of debris-laden ice surfaces in Taylor Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Oliphant Andrew J. , Hindmarsh Richard C.A. , Cullen Nicolas J. , Lawson Wendy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the microclimate and hydrology of debris-laden ice surfaces in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, in early summer, focusing on the onset of melt. Measurements of energy and mass fluxes were made on an outwash fan and in moraines near the terminus of Taylor Glacier. The surface microclimate was strongly controlled by absorbed solar radiation, with a low albedo of 0.17. Seasonal warming of the substrate led to an abrupt shift in thermal and hydrological patterns as temperatures exceeded freezing point. Within a week the Bowen ratio switched from 2.05 to 0.48 and mass losses to the atmosphere increased four-fold from 0.39 to 1.6 mm d-1. Melt onset also produced complex ground temperature patterns with strong diurnal damping below the freezing front. These patterns were caused by phase changes in the freezing front, coupled with an abundant water supply from local runoff. Of secondary importance to the surface energy balance and mass fluxes was the effect of local winds on boundary layer characteristics. This resulted in larger mass losses during the more turbulent, warmer and drier down-valley flows.
Long-term population trends of the Red-legged CormorantPhalacrocorax gaimardion the Argentine coast
Authors: MILLONES ANA , GANDINI PATRICIA , FRERE ESTEBAN 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe world population of Red-legged CormorantPhalacrocorax gaimardiis reasonably small and has showed rapid declines. In Argentina, this species breeds in 13 localities and is considered as ‘Endangered’ by the national government. In this study, we provide information about population trends of the Red-legged Cormorant on the Argentine coast, between 1990 and 2009. We also discuss whether these trends could be related to sea surface temperature and marine primary productivity, both of which are considered oceanographic factors that can affect breeding seabirds. The long-term trend in the breeding population showed a slight decrease of 1.2% per year. Seven colonies showed an average population change < 1. Periods of stability and increase were identified over the study period, but they were insufficient to compensate for the decreases. The largest colony of Red-legged Cormorants (La Mina, with more than 55% of the entire breeding population) seems to determine the overall population trend. We did not find a direct relationship between the overall number of Red-legged Cormorants and the two oceanographic factors analysed. However, our analysis detected a positive effect of ocean productivity close to the coast on the largest colony at the beginning of the breeding season, suggesting that coastal ocean productivity could be an important factor affecting temporal variations in the Argentinian population.
Impact of Shiny Cowbird and botfly parasitism on the reproductive success of the globally endangered Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristata
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ MARISOL , REBOREDA JUAN CARLOS , MAHLER BETTINA 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristatais a globally endangered passerine endemic to southern South America. Although the conservation status of this species is alarming, there is no information about factors that affect its reproductive success. We studied the breeding biology of a Yellow Cardinal population in Corrientes province in north-east Argentina and report reproductive parameters, such as timing of breeding, clutch size, hatching success and chick survival and analyse factors influencing nest survival. The breeding season lasted from October to December with most nesting attempts occurring during the second half of November. Re-nesting after nest failure occurred in approximately 35% of pairs but we did not observe re-nesting after successful attempts. Modal clutch size was three eggs and successful nests fledged on average 1.6 chicks. We observed brood parasitism by Shiny CowbirdsMolothrus bonariensisin 33% of the nests. The main cost of brood parasitism was the puncture of cardinal eggs by cowbird females, which very often resulted in nest abandonment. Another factor reducing reproductive success was parasitism by botfliesPhilornissp., which occurred in 22% of the nests and reduced chick survival. We determined daily nest survival rate with MARK software and found that during the egg stage, it decreased with time of breeding and brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds. Our results indicate that Shiny Cowbird and botfly parasitism represent a threat for Yellow Cardinals. Conservation actions to protect the remaining populations of Yellow Cardinals should consider the impact of Shiny Cowbird parasitism.
Out of the darkness: the first comprehensive survey of the Critically Endangered Anjouan Scops OwlOtus capnodes
Authors: GREEN KATHLEEN E. , DANIEL BRONWEN M. , LLOYD SAMUEL P. , SAID ISHAKA , HOUMADI AMELAID , SALIM DANIEL M. , M’MADI SOUFIANI , DOULTON HUGH , YOUNG RICHARD P. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAlthough birds are among the best studied taxa, many of the globally threatened species lack the information required to fully assess their conservation status and needs. One such species is the Anjouan Scops OwlOtus capnodeswhich was presumed extinct until its rediscovery to science in 1992. Based on the limited extent and decline of the moist forests in the highlands of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands, a population size of only 100–200 pairs was estimated and the species was classified as ‘Critically Endangered’. The current study is the first comprehensive survey ever conducted on this species, and aimed to establish the current distribution and population size. Point counts with distance sampling were conducted across the agroforestry and forest zones of Anjouan in both a dry and wet season. A niche suitability model predicted the species distribution to be wider than expected with owls observed as low as 300 m altitude and in highly modified agroforestry habitats. However, the encounter rate in natural relatively undisturbed forest was significantly greater than in other habitats. The wider than expected geographic range ofO. capnodessupports a possible downlisting of this species on the IUCN Red List to ‘Endangered’. Population size was found to be far greater than previously thought, at approximately 3,450 individual owls in the dry season and 5,450 in the wet season. These results show the importance of investing in robust surveys of poorly known and cryptic bird species, and provide up to date and important information for landscape scale conservation planning in the Comoros Islands.
From peacekeeping to peacebuilding: the evolution of the role of the United Nations in peace operations
Authors: Hatto Ronald 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMultifunctional peace operations have become an integral part of international society to the extent that they are now one of the major regulating institutions of international relations. The United Nations (UN) is the main player in setting up such operations. The UN has seen a major but gradual evolution of its role in maintaining and establishing peace. Having developed peacekeeping as a form of impartial interposition between belligerents during the Suez Crisis in 1956, the UN has continually broadened its sphere of action. These cumbersome and complex operations are demanding and present the UN with a number of challenges.
Erratum: Phagotrophy by the picoeukaryotic green alga Micromonas: implications for Arctic Oceans
Authors: McKie-Krisberg Zaid M , Sanders Robert W 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 1953–1961; doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.16; published online 20 February 2014 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that there is an error in the calculations of the per cell primary production rate which is presented in Figure 4, as wellas in the associated Table 1 of the article.
Topological transport and atomic tunnelling–clustering dynamics for aged Cu-doped Bi2Te3 crystals
Authors: Chen Taishi , Chen Qian , Schouteden Koen , Huang Wenkai , Wang Xuefeng , Li Zhe , Miao Feng , Wang Xinran , Li Zhaoguo , Zhao Bo , Li Shaochun , Song Fengqi , Wang Jinlan , Wang Baigeng , Van Haesendonck Chris , Wang Guanghou 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEnhancing the transport contribution of surface states in topological insulators is vital if they are to be incorporated into practical devices. Such efforts have been limited by the defect behaviour of Bi2Te3 (Se3) topological materials, where the subtle bulk carrier from intrinsic defects is dominant over the surface electrons. Compensating such defect carriers is unexpectedly achieved in (Cu0.1Bi0.9)2Te3.06 crystals. Here we report the suppression of the bulk conductance of the material by four orders of magnitude by intense ageing. The weak antilocalization analysis, Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy corroborate the transport of the topological surface states. Scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals that Cu atoms are initially inside the quintuple layers and migrate to the layer gaps to form Cu clusters during the ageing. In combination with first-principles calculations, an atomic tunnelling–clustering picture across a diffusion barrier of 0.57 eV is proposed.
The three-way switch operation of Rac1/RhoA GTPase-based circuit controlling amoeboid-hybrid-mesenchymal transition
Authors: Huang Bin , Lu Mingyang , Jolly Mohit Kumar , Tsarfaty Ilan , Onuchic José , Ben-Jacob Eshel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMetastatic carcinoma cells exhibit at least two different phenotypes of motility and invasion - amoeboid and mesenchymal. This plasticity poses a major clinical challenge for treating metastasis, while its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Transitions between these phenotypes are mediated by the Rac1/RhoA circuit that responds to external signals such as HGF/SF via c-MET pathway. Using detailed modeling of GTPase-based regulation to study the Rac1/RhoA circuit's dynamics, we found that it can operate as a three-way switch. We propose to associate the circuit's three possible states to the amoeboid, mesenchymal and amoeboid/mesenchymal hybrid phenotype. In particular, we investigated the range of existence of and the transition between, the three states (phenotypes) in response to Grb2 and Gab1 - two downstream adaptors of c-MET. The results help to explain the regulation of metastatic cells by c-MET pathway and hence can contribute to the assessment of possible clinical interventions.
Mechanochemical actuators of embryonic epithelial contractility
Authors: Kim YongTae , Hazar Melis , Vijayraghavan Deepthi S. , Song Jiho , Jackson Timothy R. , Joshi Sagar D. , Messner William C. , Davidson Lance A. , LeDuc Philip R. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
This study shows how cell contractility is triggered within an embryonic epithelial sheet by local ligand stimulation and coordinates a long-range contraction response. The stimulation–response circuit exposed here provides a better understanding of how morphogenetic processes integrate responses to stimulation and how intercellular responses are transmitted across multiple cells. Understanding the systems-level behavior of biological signaling networks may allow us to control biological actuators with engineered spatiotemporal stimulation. Our findings will provide a better understanding of contractility-dependent morphogenetic movements as well as the intercellular communication pathways critical during developmental biology, synthetic morphogenesis, and multicellular mechanotransduction signaling.
Beat synchronization predicts neural speech encoding and reading readiness in preschoolers
Authors: Woodruff Carr Kali , White-Schwoch Travis , Tierney Adam T. , Strait Dana L. , Kraus Nina 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Sensitivity to fine timing cues in speech is thought to play a key role in language learning, facilitating the development of phonological processing. In fact, a link between beat synchronization, which requires fine auditory–motor synchrony, and language skills has been found in school-aged children, as well as adults. Here, we show this relationship between beat entrainment and language metrics in preschoolers and use beat synchronization ability to predict the precision of neural encoding of speech syllables in these emergent readers. By establishing links between beat keeping, neural precision, and reading readiness, our results provide an integrated framework that offers insights into the preparative biology of reading.