bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varenicline and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A new approach to the treatment of co‐occurring alcohol and nicotine addiction?
Authors: Nocente Roberto , Vitali Mario , Balducci Giuseppe , Enea Domenico , Kranzler Henry R. , Ceccanti Mauro 
Published: May 2013

Background and ObjectivesAlcohol and nicotine dependence are serious public health problems worldwide. They are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, as well as adverse social effects and increased healthcare costs. Although efficacious treatments are available for these disorders, additional therapeutic options are required to ensure greater treatment utilization. In this paper, we describe the empirical basis on which varenicline, a nicotinic partial agonist approved for smoking cessation, may also have utility in the treatment of alcohol addiction.MethodsWe sought to identify papers examining nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, smoking, alcohol, and varenicline for possible inclusion in the present review. We identified over 600 papers through Pubmed/Medline, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar. We found 12 papers taking into consideration the following criteria: original language English, varenicline effect on alcohol consumption.ResultsAnimal studies have shown that varenicline reduces alcohol consumption. Two recent studies showed that varenicline also reduces alcohol consumption in humans. Both nicotine and alcohol interact with α4β2 and α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors located in the ventral tegmental area of the brain, inducing dopamine (DA) release at the nucleus accumbens. Varenicline binds to nicotinic ACh receptors, where it has partial agonist effects, producing a moderate and constant level of DA release both in the mesolimbic pathway and in the prefrontal cortex.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceThrough these effects, varenicline may reduce alcohol craving, seeking, and consumption, in addition to promoting smoking cessation. Additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of varenicline in the treatment of alcohol dependence. (Am J Addict 2013;22:453–459)
REPRESENTING, OBJECTIFYING, AND FRAMING THE BODY AT LATE BRONZE AGE KNOSSOS
Authors: ADAMS ELLEN 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper explores how the human form is depicted, objectified and contextualized, in order to clarify the complex relationship between ‘representation’ and ‘reality’, and to investigate the various ways the body is bounded. Part one argues that objectification is not always a passive process, but that the body is deliberately presented to the world to be observed and evaluated. Part two focuses on the configuration of bodily boundaries, and how the body is framed, for example, by clothing, architecture and the mortuary context. The wealth and range of evidence (wall paintings, seals and sealings, figurines, stone vases and burials) render Knossos an excellent case study for this approach. This paper asks not who the Knossians were, in terms of identity and ethnicity, but rather how they wanted to be presented to the world and each other.
HOW STRICTLY DID THE ATHENIAN COURTS APPLY THE LAW? THE ROLE OF EPIEIKEIA
Authors: HARRIS EDWARD 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
H. Meyer‐Laurin has claimed that the Athenian courts took a stricti iuris approach to the law and did not take extenuating circumstances into account. Other scholars (Mirhady, Todd) have claimed that the courts sometimes ignored the law and took extra‐legal considerations into account, which was called ‘fairness’ (epieikeia). The essay begins with a careful reading of Aristotle's analysis of ‘fairness’ (epieikeia) in the Nicomachean Ethics and the Rhetoric and draws on an important essay by J. Brunschwig. Fairness was not a doctrine that attempted to undermine the authority of the law or placed the law of the city in opposition to the unwritten laws or the common law of mankind. Nor did the application of fairness introduce non‐legal factors into adjudication. Rather, fairness dealt with the problem of treating exceptions to the general rule contained in a specific written law. The essay then shows how litigants used arguments based on fairness and how the courts sometimes took extenuating circumstances into account. When Athenian judges swore to decide according to the laws of Athens, they did not just consider the law under which the accuser had brought his case. They could also take into account general principles of justice implicit in the laws of Athens as a whole. In this way, they avoided a rigid positivist approach to law. Finally, the essay sheds some light on the relationship between Aristotle's Rhetoric and the arguments used in the Athenian courts.
LEADERSHIP AND INDIVIDUALITY IN THE ATHENIAN FUNERAL ORATIONS
Authors: HESK JON 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Athenian funeral orations did not simply celebrate Athenian military achievements or renew and augment a specifically anonymous collective identity and hoplite ideology. Rather, the speeches also model the role and importance of sub‐groups within the democratic polis and celebrate some individual generals for their attributes and achievements as leaders. Furthermore, internal and contextual evidence shows that the prominent leaders who were chosen to deliver these speeches were often promoting or defending their own particular involvement and advocacy of the military campaign in question. This stress on the importance of the individual ‘voice’ of the orator and the speeches' inscription of exemplary individuals (probably, but by no means certainly, much more common from the 380s downwards) offers a significant contribution to literary and historical understanding of this genre and its cultural and ideological functioning.
A SOPHOCLEAN SLIP: MISTAKEN IDENTITY AND TRAGIC ALLUSION ON THE EXETER PELIKE
Authors: COO LYNDSAY 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This article examines the fourth‐century ‘Exeter pelike’ (ARV2 1516.80) by the Jena Painter, situating it within the wider debate over the relationship between vase‐painting and tragic text and performance. The front side depicts the meeting of Orestes and Electra at Agamemnon's tomb, and is commonly interpreted as relating closely to Aeschylus’Choephori. However, a widely‐missed inscription ‘Ism[ene]’ must be an error on the part of the painter for ‘Chrysothemis’, a confusion caused by knowledge of Sophocles. The inclusion of ‘Chrysothemis’ on the Exeter pelike alludes to Sophocles' Electra, but the painting is not a straightforward representation of any one play. Indeed, in tragedy Electra's recognition of Orestes becomes highly allusive, since both Sophocles and Euripides mediate their treatments of this moment through the corresponding scene in Aeschylus. In the same way, the Exeter pelike engages with numerous pictorial and textual traditions to create a complex and allusive re‐telling.
ADDING AN AUDIENCE: NOTES ON MARTIAL 11.104
Authors: ÖHRMAN MAGDALENA 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper considers once more Mart. 11.104 and its use of mythological examples in 11.104.13–16. The paper focuses particularly on the significance of the audience of a group of slaves, an embellishment of the mythological examples peculiar to Martial, and uses this addition as a stepping‐stone for a metapoetic reading. Through the reconfiguration of the mythological examples themselves and through the addition of an audience, Martial not only distinguishes his own epigrammatic text from his elegiac and epic intertexts but also reflects on the aims and workings of especially Ovidian elegy.
Primary cilia in gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs): an ultrastructural study
Authors: Castiella Tomás , Muñoz Guillermo , Luesma María José , Santander Sonia , Soriano Mario , Junquera Concepción 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal (non‐epithelial) neoplasms of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They are thought to derive from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or an ICC progenitor based on immunophenotypical and ultrastructural similarities. Because ICCs show primary cilium, our hypothesis is based on the possibility that some of these neoplastic cells could also present it. To determine this, an exhaustive ultrastructural study has been developed on four gastric GISTs. Previous studies had demonstrated considerable variability in tumour cells with two dominating phenotypes, spindly and epithelioid. In addition to these two types, we have found another cell type reminiscent of adult ICCs with a voluminous nucleus surrounded by narrow perinuclear cytoplasm with long slender cytoplasmic processes. We have also noted the presence of small undifferentiated cells. In this study, we report for the first time the presence of primary cilia (PCs) in spindle and epithelioid tumour cells, an ultrastructural feature we consider of special interest that has hitherto been ignored in the literature dealing with the ultrastructure of GISTs. We also point out the frequent occurrence of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The ultrastructural findings described in gastric GISTs in this study appear to be relevant considering the critical roles played by PCs and MVBs recently demonstrated in tumourigenic processes.
An Overview of the Courts Catalyzing Change Preliminary Protective Hearing Benchcard Study
Authors: Russell Jesse , Summers Alicia 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the Courts Catalyzing Change: Achieving Equity and Fairness in Foster Care Preliminary Protective Hearing Benchcard Study. In the fall of 2009, the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) began a study to examine the effects associated with judges' use of the Preliminary Protective Hearing Benchcard. For this study, data were gathered from case file information (both court and agency files) and from courtroom observations of more than 500 children in Los Angeles, California; Omaha, Nebraska; and Portland, Oregon. Data from a baseline sample were collected at each of the three sites, and judicial officers at each site were randomly assigned to either a Benchcard group or a control group. Benchcard implementation appears to be associated with more discussion and higher quality discussion of key dependency topics during preliminary protective hearings. Benchcard implementation also corresponds to increased judicial inquiry and parental engagement. Benchcard use also was associated with more family placements—placement with a charged parent, a non‐charged parent, or a relative—at the initial hearing and even more family placement at adjudication when comparing the same judges before and after Benchcard implementation. Similarly, the percentage of children who were reunified with the charged parent at the initial hearing and the adjudication hearing increased after Benchcard implementation.
Motor imagery in spinal cord injury patients: Moving makes the difference
Authors: Fiori Federico , Sedda Anna , Ferrè Elisa Raffaella , Toraldo Alessio , Querzola Matteo , Pasotti Fabrizio , Ovadia Daniela , Piroddi Chiara , Dell'Aquila Roberta , Redaelli Tiziana , Bottini Gabriella 
Published: May 2013

Both real action control and execution and motor imagery abilities require knowledge of the spatial location of body parts, in other words efference copy information and feedbacks from the sensory system (Frith et al., 2000, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 355, 1771). Spinal cord injuries induce severe motor disability, due to a damage of the descending motor pathways (Cramer et al., 2007, Exp. Brain. Res., 177, 233). Patients' motor imagery competences are variably reported as either normal or defective (Decety & Boisson, 1990, Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 240, 39; Lacourse et al., 1999, Behav. Brain Sci., 104, 73). We explored biomechanical constraint effects in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients, as they are considered the most reliable indexes of motor imagery abilities (Parsons, 1987b, Cogn. Psychol., 19, 178). Sixteen spinal cord injuries patients and 16 neurologically unimpaired subjects have been administered with (1) the Hand Laterality Task (HLT), in which subjects were asked to judge the laterality of a rotated hand; and (2) the Mirror Letter Discrimination Task (MLD), in which subjects were asked to judge if a rotated character was in its correct upright position or mirror‐reversed form. Our patients did not present the effect of stimulus orientation, neither did they show any effect related to biomechanical constraints. Based on these data, the hypothesis is that SCI patients' performance may be ascribed to the use of a different strategy to solve the tasks, based on memory rather than on mental rotation.
Update on Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Rinaldi Simon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUnderstanding of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) has progressed substantially since the seminal 1916 report by Guillain et al. Although Guillain, Barré, and Strohl summarised the syndrome based on observations of two French infantrymen, 2012 saw the beginning of an ambitious collaborative study designed to collect detailed data from at least 1,000 patients worldwide (IGOS, www.gbsstudies.org/about‐igos). Progress has been made in many areas even since GBS was last reviewed in this journal in 2009. GBS subsequently received prominent attention in light of concerns regarding H1N1 influenza vaccinations, and several large‐scale surveillance studies resulted. Despite these developments, and promising pre‐clinical studies, disease‐modifying therapies for GBS have not substantially altered since intravenous immunoglobulin was introduced over 20 years ago. In other areas, management has improved. Antibiotic prophylaxis in ventilated patients reduces respiratory tract infection, thromboprophylaxis has reduced the risk of venous thromboembolism, and there is increasing awareness of the benefit of high‐intensity rehabilitation. This article highlights some of the interesting and thought‐provoking developments of the last 3 years, and is based on a plenary lecture given at the 2012 Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) meeting.
Transitioning outcome measures: relationship between the CMTPedS and CMTNSv2 in children, adolescents, and young adults with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Burns Joshua , Menezes Manoj , Finkel Richard S. , Estilow Tim , Moroni Isabella , Pagliano Emanuela , Laurá Matilde , Muntoni Francesco , Herrmann David N. , Eichinger Kate , Shy Rosemary , Pareyson Davide , Reilly Mary M. , Shy Michael E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLong‐term studies of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease across the entire lifespan require stable endpoints that measure the same underlying construct (e.g., disability). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) and the adult CMT Neuropathy Score (CMTNSv2) in 203 children, adolescents, and young adults with CMT. There was a moderate curvilinear correlation between the CMTPedS and the CMTNSv2 (Spearman's rho ρ = 0.716, p < 0.0001), although there appears to be a floor effect of the CMTNSv2 in patients with a milder CMT phenotype. Univariate analyses indicate that the relationship between the CMTPedS and CMTNSv2 scores improves with worsening disease severity and advancing age. Although one universal scale throughout life would be ideal, our data supports the transition from the CMTPedS in childhood to the CMTNSv2 in adulthood as a continuum of measuring lifelong disability in patients with CMT.
Provision of health promotion programmes to people with serious mental illness: a mapping exercise of four South London boroughs
Authors: O'Brien C. , Gardner‐Sood P. , Corlett S. K. , Ismail K. , Smith S. , Atakan Z. , Greenwood K. , Joseph C. , Gaughran F. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
Background: People with serious mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk of developing various physical health diseases, contributing to significantly reduced life expectancies compared with the general population. In light of this, the Department of Health have set the physical health of people with mental health problems as a priority for improvement. Additionally, the UK government encourages the NHS and local authorities to develop health promotion programmes (HPPs) for people with SMI.
Aims: To document how many and what types of HPPs were available to people with SMI across four South London boroughs, UK.
Results: We found 145 HPPs were available to people with SMI across the four boroughs, but with an inequitable distribution. We also found that certain HPPs set admission criteria that were likely to act as a barrier to improving health.
Conclusions: A more integrated approach of documenting and providing information regarding the provision of HPPs for or inclusive of people with SMI is needed.
AbstractPeople with serious mental illness (SMI) such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders and bipolar disorder are at increased risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease, contributing to significantly reduced life expectancies. As a result, emphasis has been placed on developing Health Promotion Programmes (HPPs) to modify the risk of poor physical health in SMI. We examined how many and what types of HPPs are available for or inclusive of people with SMI across four borough in South London, UK. A cross‐sectional mapping study was carried out to identify the number of HPPs available to people with SMI. We found 145 HPPs available to people with SMI existed across the four boroughs but with an inequitable distribution, which in some boroughs we anticipate may not meet need. In some cases, HPPs set admission conditions which were likely to further impede access. We recommend that accurate and readily available information on the provision of HPPs for or inclusive of people with SMI is needed.
Hepatotoxicity from anabolic androgenic steroids marketed as dietary supplements: contribution from ATP8B1/ABCB11 mutations?
Authors: El Sherrif Yasser , Potts Jonathan R. , Howard Mark R. , Barnardo Adrian , Cairns Stuart , Knisely Alex S. , Verma Sumita 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThough possession of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is illegal, non‐prescription use of AAS persists.MethodsWe describe two Caucasian males (aged 25 and 45 years) with cholestatic hepatitis following ingestion of the dietary supplement Mass‐Drol (‘Celtic Dragon’) containing the AAS 2α‐17α‐dimethyl‐etiocholan‐3‐one,17β‐ol.ResultsDespite substantial hyperbilirubinaemia peak gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) remained normal. Besides ‘bland’ intralobular cholestasis, liver biopsy in both found deficiency of canalicular expression of ectoenzymes as seen in ATP8B1 disease. In the older patient, bile salt export pump marking (encoded by ABCB11) was focally diminished. We hypothesized that AAS had either induced inhibition of normal ATP8B1/ABCB11 expression or triggered initial episodes of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) type 1/or 2. On sequencing, ATP8B1 was normal in both patients although the younger was heterozygous for the c.2093G>A mutation in ABCB11, a polymorphism previously encountered in drug‐induced liver injury.ConclusionAAS marketed as dietary supplements continue to cause hepatotoxicity in the UK; underlying mechanisms may include unmasking of genetic cholestatic syndromes.
Histological improvement following administration of autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells for alcoholic cirrhosis: a pilot study
Authors: Jang Yoon Ok , Kim Young Ju , Baik Soon Koo , Kim Moon Young , Eom Young Woo , Cho Mee Yon , Park Hong Jun , Park So Yeon , Kim Bo Ra , Kim Jae Woo , Soo Kim Hyun , Kwon Sang Ok , Choi Eun Hee , Kim Yong Man 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn experimental models, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes and exhibit antifibrotic effects. However, there have been no studies in humans with alcoholic cirrhosis.AimThe aim of this study was to elucidate the antifibrotic effect of BM‐MSCs in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, as a phase II clinical trial.MethodsTwelve patients (11 males, 1 female) with baseline biopsy‐proven alcoholic cirrhosis who had been alcohol free for at least 6 months were enrolled. BM‐MSCs were isolated from each patient's BM and amplified for 1 month, and 5 × 107 cells were then injected twice, at weeks 4 and 8, through the hepatic artery. One patient was withdrawn because of ingestion of alcohol. Finally, 11 patients completed the follow‐up biopsy and laboratory tests at 12 weeks after the second injection. The primary outcome was improvement in the patients’ histological features.ResultsAccording to the Laennec fibrosis system, histological improvement was observed in 6 of 11 patients (54.5%). The Child‐Pugh score improved in ten patients (90.9%) and the levels of transforming growth factor‐β1, type 1 collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin significantly decreased (as assessed by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) after BM‐MSCs therapy (P < 0.05). No significant complications or side effects were observed during this study.ConclusionsBone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy in alcoholic cirrhosis induces a histological and quantitative improvement of hepatic fibrosis.
The unstructured domain of colicin N kills Escherichia coli
Authors: Johnson Christopher L. , Ridley Helen , Pengelly Robert J. , Salleh Mohd Zulkifli , Lakey Jeremy H. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBacteria often produce toxins which kill competing bacteria. Colicins, produced by and toxic to Escherichia coli bacteria are three‐domain proteins so efficient that one molecule can kill a cell. The C‐terminal domain carries the lethal activity and the central domain is required for surface receptor binding. The N‐terminal domain, required for translocation across the outer membrane, is always intrinsically unstructured. It has always been assumed therefore that the C‐terminal cytotoxic domain is required for the bactericidal activity. Here we report the unexpected finding that in isolation, the 90‐residue unstructured N‐terminal domain of colicin N is cytotoxic. Furthermore it causes ion leakage from cells but, unlike known antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with this property, shows no membrane binding behaviour. Finally, its activity remains strictly dependent upon the same receptor proteins (OmpF and TolA) used by full‐length colicin N. This mechanism of rapid membrane disruption, via receptor mediated binding of a soluble peptide, may reveal a new target for the development of highly specific antibacterials.
Fatal skin and pulmonary infection caused by Hormographiella aspergillata in a leukaemic patient: case report and literature overview
Authors: Bojic Marija , Willinger Birgit , Rath Thomas , Tobudic Selma , Thalhammer Florian , Böhm Alexandra , Mitterbauer Margit , Schulenburg Axel , Wöhrer Stefan , Kalhs Peter , Rabitsch Werner 
Published: May 2013

SummaryInvasive systemic fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We report the case of a fatal infection with Hormographiella aspergillata in a patient undergoing allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia.