bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jean-Paul Sartre
Authors: Skirke Christian 
Published: May 2014

Jean-Paul Sartre (b. 1905–d. 1980) was one of the most influential public intellectuals of the twentieth century and one of the very few philosophers to share this distinction. His prominence was primarily due to the fact that he was a prolific writer of short stories, novels, and plays as well as the author of numerous journalistic interventions in domestic and international politics. His wide-ranging oeuvre played a seminal role in anchoring existentialism in French culture and in popularizing existentialist ideas globally. Scholarship on Sartre reflects the diversity of his interests and engagements. This article is limited to philosophical perspectives on his writings, including literary aesthetics and decolonial theory. In his early works between Transcendence of the Ego (TE) and Being and Nothingness (BN), Sartre develops an existential philosophy that is inspired by Husserl’s phenomenology and Heidegger’s fundamental ontology. Later on, in his writings leading up to and including the Critique of Dialectical Reason (CDR), Sartre adopts a historically informed stance that is in close dialogue with Marxist ideas and contrasts with the individualism of his earlier works. Owing to Sartre’s nonacademic style and bold revisionism, established readings even of his most important works are a rather recent phenomenon and do not reach beyond BN. A contributing factor to this uneven reception may be that defending or criticizing Sartre’s later attempts to fuse existentialism with Marxism is much less urgent today than at Sartre’s time of writing. Indeed, the heated debates about Sartre’s existentialism during his lifetime have left virtually no legacy. To the contrary, the polemics surrounding his work seem to have delayed the philosophical reception of Sartre’s philosophy. An exception to this rule is the long-standing presence of his writings in decolonial discussions and the philosophy of race. Sartre contributed introductions to foundational texts of this discourse, Senghor’s classic anthology of African and Caribbean poetry, Memmi’s reflections on colonialism, and Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth. These introductions, together with his essay on antisemitism, his programmatic lecture Existentialism is a Humanism, and his existential-phenomenological perspective on agency from BN, are still relevant for philosophical debates on race, racism, and the aftermath of colonialism. Furthermore, the recent renaissance of phenomenology, especially in the philosophy of mind, has generated renewed interest in Sartre’s non-egological conception of consciousness, his account of the emotions, his controversial views on self-deception, and his treatment of the topic of others.
Case of disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection mimicking cutaneous vasculitis
Authors: Ichihara Asako , Jinnin Masatoshi , Fukushima Satoshi , Inoue Yuji , Ihn Hironobu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMycobacterium chelonae is a non‐tuberculous, rapidly growing mycobacteria and is widely distributed in the natural environment. In the immunocompetent status, localized cutaneous infections such as cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses commonly occur after traumatic injury. However, disseminated cutaneous infections occur on a background of immunosuppression. Cutaneous M. chelonae infection presents with a variety of skin eruptions. We report a case of disseminated M. chelonae infection mimicking cutaneous vasculitis. The patient was treated with long‐term oral corticosteroids and injected etanercept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Because the skin eruptions were preceded by asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and the pathological findings showed fibrinoid necrosis around the vascular of dermis, cutaneous vasculitis was first suspected. The culture from the pus revealed the bacterium which grew within 5 days on Ogawa's culture medium suggesting a rapidly growing mycobacteria. This bacterium was identified as M. chelonae by the DNA–DNA hybridization method. We chose 800 mg/day clarithromycin and 500 mg/day levofloxacin as a result of the drug‐sensitivity test. After 6 months of the treatment, infection symptoms disappeared. Rapidly growing mycobacteria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infections in patients under immunosuppression caused by diseases or drugs such as corticosteroids and biologic agents. Repeated bacterial examinations are important and required for the diagnosis of rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Successful experience of rituximab therapy for systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sumida Hayakazu , Asano Yoshihide , Tamaki Zenshiro , Aozasa Naohiko , Taniguchi Takashi , Takahashi Takehiro , Toyama Tetsuo , Ichimura Yohei , Noda Shinji , Akamata Kaname , Miyazaki Miki , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Yanaba Koichi , Sato Shinichi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that B cells play critical roles in autoimmune disorders including systemic sclerosis (SSc) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the effectiveness of rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti‐CD20 antibody, for SSc‐associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) or SLE disease activity remains controversial. We herein report an SSc patient with severely progressed ILD and concomitant SLE treated by two cycles of RTX at baseline and half a year later. This treatment improved ILD and SLE activities, along with reduction of dermal sclerosis and serum anti‐topoisomerase I antibody levels. In addition, our detailed time‐course data indicate that half a year may be appropriate as an interval between each cycle of RTX therapy aimed at SSc‐associated ILD or SLE. Overall, the current report could pave the way to establish RTX as a disease‐modifying drug for patients with SSc and/or SLE showing resistance to other already approved medications.
Comparative genome analysis of Pseudomonas knackmussii B13, the first bacterium known to degrade chloroaromatic compounds
Authors: Miyazaki Ryo , Bertelli Claire , Benaglio Paola , Canton Jonas , De Coi Nicoló , Gharib Walid H. , Gjoksi Bebeka , Goesmann Alexander , Greub Gilbert , Harshman Keith , Linke Burkhard , Mikulic Josip , Mueller Linda , Nicolas Damien , Robinson‐Rechavi Marc , Rivolta Carlo , Roggo Clémence , Roy Shantanu , Sentchilo Vladimir , Siebenthal Alexandra Von , Falquet Laurent , van der Meer Jan Roelof 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPseudomonas knackmussii B13 was the first strain to be isolated in 1974 that could degrade chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. This discovery was the prologue for subsequent characterization of numerous bacterial metabolic pathways, for genetic and biochemical studies, and which spurred ideas for pollutant bioremediation. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of B13 using next generation sequencing technologies and optical mapping. Genome annotation indicated that B13 has a variety of metabolic pathways for degrading monoaromatic hydrocarbons including chlorobenzoate, aminophenol, anthranilate and hydroxyquinol, but not polyaromatic compounds. Comparative genome analysis revealed that B13 is closest to Pseudomonas denitrificans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The B13 genome contains at least eight genomic islands [prophages and integrative conjugative elements (ICEs)], which were absent in closely related pseudomonads. We confirm that two ICEs are identical copies of the 103 kb self‐transmissible element ICEclc that carries the genes for chlorocatechol metabolism. Comparison of ICEclc showed that it is composed of a variable and a ‘core’ region, which is very conserved among proteobacterial genomes, suggesting a widely distributed family of so far uncharacterized ICE. Resequencing of two spontaneous B13 mutants revealed a number of single nucleotide substitutions, as well as excision of a large 220 kb region and a prophage that drastically change the host metabolic capacity and survivability.
How Macroprudential Financial Regulation Can save Neoliberalism
Authors: Casey Terrence 
Published: May 2014

Research Highlights and Abstract This article Examines the global financial crisis through the larger lens of the optimal models of growth for the Anglo-American political economies. Offers a concise yet thorough synthesis of two major explanations—the debt-driven growth hypothesis and the financial instability hypothesis—of the global financial crisis. Analyzes substantial empirical evidence for both hypotheses, calling into question the utility of the widely cited debt-driven growth hypothesis. Offers a novel interpretation of how the financial instability hypothesis can in fact be interpreted as showing the potential for stabilizing the neoliberal model of growth through macroprudential financial regulation. Outlines the major elements and institutions of macroprudential regulation and examines both the potential and pitfalls of this approach. For many, the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) signaled the end of neoliberalism. This article argues that the crash was less the exhaustion of the free market model as a problem of excessive credit. Focusing on Anglo-American economies, this article explores two competing hypotheses—debt-driven growth and financial instability. The rationale and empirical evidence for both are reviewed, showing that the financial instability hypothesis, with its emphasis on financial (credit) cycles, offers the more compelling explanation. The main flaw of the neoliberal growth model is a tendency for excessive credit growth, producing crashes that wipe out gains in the real economy. The solution is macroprudential financial regulations—broad controls on financial markets to smooth the credit cycle. Implementing macroprudential financial controls could ‘save’ neoliberalism by securing its more robust output while limiting the disruptive financial shocks that serve to undercut that dynamism.
A quantitative study of empty referential subjects in Old English prose and poetry
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a corpus‐based, quantitative investigation of the non‐expression of referential pronominal subjects in a wide selection of Old English prose and poetic texts. The paper demonstrates that ‘empty’ referential subjects are significantly more frequent in Old English poetry as opposed to the prose. This result may contribute to explaining the widely differing assessments found in the literature concerning the grammaticality of empty subjects in Old English. It is also shown for both genres that the occurrence of such subjects correlates with the date of composition and, to a weaker degree, with the translation‐status of the analysed texts. These results weaken Walkden's (2012) dialect‐split hypothesis somewhat, since the asymmetry between West Saxon and Anglian/Anglian‐influenced texts discussed by Walkden may at least partially be explained by the genre, period and translation‐status of the texts. The paper also shows that the differences in frequency between prose and poetry cannot be explained by morphosyntactic factors such as clause type and person/number features, since the empty subjects form similar patterns of distribution across these variables in both genres. It is also argued that verbal agreement cannot explain the occurrence of empty referential subjects in Old English prose or poetry.
Analysis of Trace Metals and Perfluorinated Compounds in 43 Representative Tea Products from South China
Authors: Zheng Hai , Li Jian‐Long , Li Hai‐Hang , Hu Guo‐Cheng , Li Hua‐Shou 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSix trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn) and 2 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were analyzed in 43 representative tea products (including 18 green, 12 Oolong, and 13 black teas) from 7 main tea production provinces in China, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for trace metals analysis and HPLC‐MS/MS for PFOS and PFOA analysis. The average contents of the 3 essential metals Mn, Cu, and Zn ions in the tea samples were 629.74, 17.75, and 37.38 mg/kg, whereas 3 toxic metals Cd, Cr, and Pb were 0.65, 1.02, and 1.92 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in the 3 types of tea were in the order of black tea > Oolong tea > green tea. Both PFOS and PFOA contents were low and PFOA content was higher than PFOS in the tea samples. The highest concentration of PFOA was 0.25 ng/g dry weight found in a Hunan green tea. The Principal component analysis was performed with the trace metals and PFCs to analyze the relationships of these indices. The results showed that black teas had higher trace metals and PFCs than green and Oolong teas, and the teas from Hunan and Zhejiang provinces had higher Pb and Cr than others.
Tackling the Challenges of Postcrisis Reconstruction in Africa: Lessons from the Field
Authors: Kakonge John O. 
Published: May 2014

As more and more of its countries emerge from periods of crisis, the issue of postcrisis reconstruction in Africa is gaining increasing prominence on the international agenda. The passage from crisis to stability and progress is a time‐consuming and potentially open‐ended process. During my career, I worked in two postcrisis African countries – Rwanda and Liberia – and I was also concerned indirectly with conflict situations in other countries. In this article I set out some personal reflections on what I consider to be the key challenges facing governments and civil society in their efforts to deal with the effects and scars of crisis and civil disruption.In my view, seven factors have a direct bearing on the pace of rebuilding and recovery.
The influence of firm financial position and industry characteristics on capital structure adjustment
Authors: Smith David J. , Chen Jianguo , Anderson Hamish D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe extend Byoun's (2008) modelling of the relationship between deficits and surpluses and adjustment speed, to demonstrate how industry characteristics identified by Kayo and Kimura (2011), including industry concentration, industry munificence and industry dynamism, impact on speed of adjustment. Using New Zealand firms as a case study, we find significant evidence that, as well as firm financial position, industry characteristics also impact on adjustment speed. The firm financial position results are the most robust, and we recommend further research to confirm the nature of the relationship between industry characteristics and the speed at which firms adjust towards target capital structures.
Interventions to reduce tourniquet‐related ischaemic damage in orthopaedic surgery: a qualitative systematic review of randomised trials
Authors: Halladin N. L. , Zahle F. V. , Rosenberg J. , Gögenur I. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIschaemia of the extremity from the use of a tourniquet and the subsequent reperfusion contribute to the release of reactive oxygen species. This release may result in injury to remote organs. We performed a qualitative systematic review exploring the interventions used to prevent tourniquet‐related oxidative damage in adults undergoing orthopaedic surgery, and the possible relationship between biochemical oxidative stress markers and postoperative clinical outcomes. Seventeen randomised controlled studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most trials were of low methodological quality and only two studies reported postoperative clinical outcomes. Nine studies tested anaesthetics (propofol, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and spinal anaesthesia); four studies tested antioxidants (N‐acetyl‐cysteine, vitamin C, and mannitol); and four studies tested ischaemic pre‐conditioning. Fifteen studies showed a significant reduction in biochemical oxidative stress markers. We conclude that propofol and ischaemic pre‐conditioning, in particular, appear to show some benefit at reducing oxidative stress following operations under tourniquet; the correlation between a reduction in oxidative stress and postoperative clinical outcomes should be further investigated in the future.
Evaluation of changes in tidal volume during mask ventilation following administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs
Authors: Sachdeva R. , Kannan T. R. , Mendonca C. , Patteril M. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe practice of checking the ability to mask ventilate before administering neuromuscular blocking drugs remains controversial. We prospectively evaluated the changes in the expired tidal volume during pressure‐controlled ventilation (two‐handed mask ventilation technique) as a surrogate marker to assess the ease of mask ventilation following administration of rocuronium. After informed consent, 125 patients were anaesthetised using a standard induction technique consisting of fentanyl, propofol and rocuronium, with anaesthesia then maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The mean (SD) expired tidal volume before administration of rocuronium increased by 61 (13) ml at 2 min following onset of neuromuscular block (p < 0.001). This supports the concept that neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium facilitates mask ventilation.
Comparative efficacy and safety of the Ambu® AuraOnce™ laryngeal mask airway during general anaesthesia in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Baidya D. K. , Chandralekha  , Darlong V. , Pandey R. , Maitra S. , Khanna P. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPrevious comparisons between the Ambu® AuraOnce™ and other laryngeal mask airways have revealed different results across various clinical studies. We aimed to perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis on the efficacy and safety of the AuraOnce compared with other laryngeal mask airways for airway maintenance in adults undergoing general anaesthesia. Our search of PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus and the Central Register of Clinical Trials of the Cochrane Collaboration yielded nine randomised controlled trials eligible for inclusion. Comparator laryngeal mask airways were the LMA Unique™ (four trials), the LMA Classic® (five trials) and the Portex® Soft Seal® (three trials). The AuraOnce provided an oropharyngeal leak pressure higher than the LMA Unique (304 participants, mean (95% CI) difference 3.1 (1.6–4.7) cmH2O, p < 0.0001) and equivalent to the LMA Classic. The Soft Seal provided a higher leak pressure than the AuraOnce (229 participants, mean (95% CI) difference 3.5 (0.4–6.7) cmH2O, p = 0.03). Insertion was significantly faster with the AuraOnce than the LMA Unique (304 participants, mean (95% CI) difference 5.4 (2.1–8.71) s, p = 0.001) and Soft Seal (229 participants, mean (95% CI) difference 9.5 (3.0–15.9) s, p = 0.004), but similar to the LMA Classic. The first‐insertion success rate of the AuraOnce was equivalent to the LMA Unique, LMA Classic and Soft Seal. We found a higher likelihood of bloodstaining on the cuff with the Soft Seal and a higher incidence of sore throat with the LMA Classic. We conclude that the AuraOnce is an effective alternative to the LMA Classic and LMA Unique, and easier to insert than all three other devices studied.
Circulating anti‐retinal antibodies in response to anti‐angiogenic therapy in exudative age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Kubicka‐Trząska Agnieszka , Wilańska Joanna , Romanowska‐Dixon Bożena , Sanak Marek 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine changes in anti‐retinal antibodies (ARAs) during anti‐VEGF therapy in patients with exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and to assess the correlations between ARAs and disease activity.MethodsThe study comprised 98 patients treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. The ophthalmic examination included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Serum ARAs levels were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on normal monkey retina substrate. These studies were repeated at 4 week intervals within 8 months of a follow‐up. The sera of 50 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy subjects were used as controls.ResultsAt baseline examination, 94 (95.5%) of the 98 patients were positive for ARAs. The ARAs titres were significantly higher (p = 0.0000) than in controls. A positive correlation was found between titres of ARAs and the diameter of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) as measured by FA (p = 0.0000), and central retinal thickness (CRT) assessed by OCT (p = 0.0000). A positive correlation was also found between the diameter of CNV, CRT and the complexity of circulating ARAs. Following treatment all patients demonstrated significant decrease in ARAs levels as well as improvement of BCVA, reduction of subretinal fluid on OCT and decreased leakage on FA.ConclusionChanges in serum ARAs levels occurred in parallel with clinical outcomes of anti‐VEGF therapy. Treatment reduced serum levels of ARAs, with the greatest reduction occurring during the ‘loading’ phase. This study demonstrated that ARAs may act as a serum biomarker of the efficacy of anti‐VEGF therapy.
Antihypertensive agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system and the risk of sepsis
Authors: Dial Sandra , Nessim Sharon J. , Kezouh Abbas , Benisty Jacques , Suissa Samy 
Published: May 2014

AimsIn response to safety concerns from two large randomized controlled trials, we investigated whether the use of telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), ARBs as a class and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) increase the risk of sepsis, sepsis‐associated mortality and renal failure in hypertensive patients.MethodsWe performed a nested case–control study from a retrospective cohort of adults with hypertension from the UK General Practice Research Database diagnosed between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2009. All subjects hospitalized with sepsis during follow‐up were matched for age, sex, practice and duration of follow‐up with 10 control subjects. Exposure was defined as current use of antihypertensive drugs.ResultsFrom the cohort of 550 436 hypertensive patients, 1965 were hospitalized with sepsis during follow‐up (rate 6.9 per 10 000 per year), of whom 824 died and 346 developed acute renal failure within 30 days. Compared with use of β‐blockers, calcium‐channel blockers or diuretics, use of ARBs, including telmisartan, was not associated with an elevated risk of sepsis (relative risk 1.09; 95% confidence interval 0.83–1.43); but use ACEIs was (relative risk 1.65; 95% confidence interval 1.42–1.93). Users of ARBs, β‐blockers, calcium‐channel blockers or diuretics, but not users of ACEIs, had lower rates of hospitalization for sepsis compared with untreated hypertensive patients. Findings were similar for sepsis‐related 30 day mortality and renal failure.ConclusionsHypertensive patients treated with ARBs, including telmisartan, do not appear to be at increased risk of sepsis or sepsis‐related 30 day mortality or renal failure. On the contrary, users of ACEIs may have an increased risk.