bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlated measurements of ozone and particulates in the Ross Island region, Antarctica
Authors: Kalnajs Lars E. , Avallone Linnea M. , Toohey Darin W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTrace gases, submicron particle size distributions, and bulk filterable halogen content were measured on Ross Island, Antarctica, in austral spring 2007. During several surface level, partial ozone depletion events, enhanced submicron particle concentrations, and changes in filterable halogens were observed. These events were characterized by ozone depletions of 5–15 ppbv for durations between 6 and 48 h and associated with threefold‐to‐fourfold increases in submicron particle mass (PM1.0) over backgrounds of approximately 100 ng m−3. Peak particle number densities were centered on a mode at 500–600 nm in diameter, which is consistent with wintertime sea‐salt aerosol size distributions. Filterable chloride also increased during these events, consistent with aerosol being of oceanic origin. Ozone depletion and particle enhancement events were accompanied by increasing temperatures and winds, suggesting that halogen‐containing aerosol is generated from windblown snow and brine from the snow pack or sea ice near the ice edge.
Estimating the location of a tunnel using correlation and inversion of Rayleigh wave scattering
Authors: Kaslilar A. , Harmankaya U. , Wapenaar K. , Draganov D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe investigation of near‐surface scatterers, such as cavities, tunnels, abandoned mine shafts, and buried objects, is important to mitigate geohazards and environmental hazards. By inversion of travel times of cross‐correlated scattered waves, due to the incident Rayleigh waves, we estimate the location of a near‐surface tunnel from seismic field data. The cross correlation eliminates the travel path between a source and a scatterer, thus eliminating the need to know the position of the source, making the estimation of the scatterers' locations dependent only on properties between the receivers and the scatterer. First time using a numerically verified method on seismic field data, we show the potential of the method for estimating the location of a buried scatterer.
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean
Authors: Cunningham Stuart A. , Roberts Christopher D. , Frajka‐Williams Eleanor , Johns William E. , Hobbs Will , Palmer Matthew D. , Rayner Darren , Smeed David A. , McCarthy Gerard 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObservations show that the upper 2 km of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean cooled throughout 2010 and remained cold until at least December 2011. We show that these cold anomalies are partly driven by anomalous air‐sea exchange during the cold winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 and, more surprisingly, by extreme interannual variability in the ocean's northward heat transport at 26.5°N. This cooling driven by the ocean's meridional heat transport affects deeper layers isolated from the atmosphere on annual timescales and water that is entrained into the winter mixed layer thus lowering winter sea surface temperatures. Here we connect, for the first time, variability in the northward heat transport carried by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to widespread sustained cooling of the subtropical North Atlantic, challenging the prevailing view that the ocean plays a passive role in the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system on monthly‐to‐seasonal timescales.
High‐accuracy measurements of the vapor pressure of ice referenced to the triple point
Authors: Bielska Katarzyna , Havey Daniel K. , Scace Gregory E. , Lisak Daniel , Harvey Allan H. , Hodges Joseph T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe vapor pressure of hexagonal (Ih) water ice was measured over the temperature range 175 K to 253.4 K and referenced to the value at the triple point of water. This experiment combined a highly accurate humidity generation system containing an ice‐coated saturator (millikelvin‐level temperature control) to provide humidified streams of nitrogen to a cavity‐enhanced laser absorption spectrometer. The measured ice vapor pressures had relative standard uncertainties ranging from 0.4% to 0.7% over the entire temperature range. We demonstrate that these measurements validate thermodynamic correlations for ice vapor pressure based on integration of the Clapeyron equation. Moreover, they also indicate that some commonly used vapor pressure correlations are inaccurate and should be avoided.
Long‐term variations of North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity downscaled from a coupled model simulation of the last millennium
Authors: Kozar Michael E. , Mann Michael E. , Emanuel Kerry A. , Evans Jenni L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe observed historical record of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is relatively short and is subject to potential biases owing to a lack of observation platforms such as aircraft reconnaissance and satellite imagery in earlier decades. Therefore, studies of long‐term variability in TC activity are hindered by the limitations and uncertainty within the historical data. An alternative approach is to study long‐term Atlantic TC variability within the framework of a coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate model simulation. We have taken such an approach using a simulation of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model 1.4 forced with estimated natural and anthropogenic forcing over the past millennium. Atmospheric variables from the long‐term model simulation are used to drive a recently developed downscaling relationship that simulates TC genesis and tracking over the course of the 1150 year model simulation. This downscaling process generates a long‐term synthetic TC track data set, free of observational biases, though subject to limitations in the model climatology. The synthetic TC data are used to perform an analysis of long‐term variability in Atlantic TCs, specifically focusing on TC landfalls, within the context of the coupled model simulation. Ultimately, analysis of various TC time series reveals that counts of landfalling TCs and even landfalling hurricanes track relatively well with the total basin‐wide TC activity on multidecadal and longer timescales.
Linking channel hydrology with riparian wetland accretion in tidal rivers
Authors: Ensign Scott H. , Noe Gregory B. , Hupp Cliff R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hydrologic processes by which tide affects river channel and riparian morphology within the tidal freshwater zone are poorly understood yet are fundamental to predicting the fate of coastal rivers and wetlands as sea level rises. We investigated patterns of sediment accretion in riparian wetlands along the nontidal through oligohaline portion of two coastal plain rivers in Maryland, U.S., and how flow velocity, water level, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the channel may have contributed to those patterns. Sediment accretion was measured over a 1 year period using artificial marker horizons, channel hydrology was measured over a 1 month period using acoustic Doppler current profilers, and SSC was predicted from acoustic backscatter. Riparian sediment accretion was lowest at the nontidal sites (mean and standard deviation = 8 ± 8 mm yr−1), highest at the upstream tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) (33 ± 28 mm yr−1), low at the midstream TFFW (12 ± 9 mm yr−1), and high at the oligohaline (fresh‐to‐brackish) marshes (19 ± 8 mm yr−1). Channel maximum flood and ebb velocity was twofold faster at the oligohaline than tidal freshwater zone on both tidal rivers, corresponding with the differences in in‐channel SSC: The oligohaline zone's SSC was more than double the tidal freshwater zone's and was greater than historical SSC at the nontidal gages. The tidal wave characteristics differed between rivers, leading to significantly greater in‐channel SSC during floodplain inundation in the weakly convergent than the strongly convergent tidal river. High sediment accretion at the upstream TFFW was likely due to high river discharge following a hurricane.
Unprecedented wind erosion and perturbation of surface geochemistry marks the Anthropocene in Australia
Authors: Marx Samuel K. , McGowan Hamish A. , Kamber Balz S. , Knight Jon M. , Denholm John , Zawadzki Atun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAustralia, the last continent to undergo industrial development, is an ideal environment in which to quantify the magnitude of human‐induced environmental change during the Anthropocene because its entire agricultural and industrial history has occurred within this period. Analysis of an alpine peat mire showed that rapid industrial and agricultural development (both pastoral and cropping) over the past 200 years has resulted in significant environmental change in Australia. Beginning in the 1880s, rates of wind erosion and metal enrichment were up to 10 and 30 times that of background natural conditions, respectively. Increased dust deposition and an expansion in dust source areas were found to map the progression of European farming across the continent, while dust deposition pulses in the mire matched known land degradation events. After 1990 dust deposition decreased, returning to pre‐1880 rates. This was attributed to three factors: net soil loss following more than a century of agricultural activity, increased environmental awareness and soil conservation, and changing windiness. Metal enrichment in the mire reached approximately 2 times natural background accumulation rates by the 1980s as Australia's mining industry expanded. However, metal enrichment continued to increase after the 1980s reaching an average of ~5 times background rates by 2006 and reflecting increased mineral resource development in Australia. Collectively, the results show that changes to Australia's geochemical and sedimentary systems, as a result of agricultural and industrial development, have profoundly changed the Australian environment during the past two centuries.
Exposure Techniques
Authors: Vorstenbosch Valerie , Newman Leorra , Antony Martin M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExposure‐based strategies are effective treatments for many psychological disorders, yet there have been mixed findings regarding the processes underlying fear reduction during exposure. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of exposure techniques and to discuss the current evidence regarding their effectiveness and the mechanisms by which exposure leads to fear reduction. The historical roots of exposure, as well as contemporary methods of exposure, are discussed. Possible mechanisms underlying exposure are reviewed, with the goal of understanding how and why fear reduction occurs during exposure. Guidelines for conducting exposure practices are discussed in the context of current empirical research.
Emotion Regulation Strategies
Authors: Clen Shauna L. , Mennin Douglas S. , Fresco David M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTargeting emotion regulatory processes through skills‐based interventions has the potential to enhance traditional cognitive behavioral therapy, especially for disorders that tend to be resistant to long‐term remission. In this chapter, we (a) briefly review an affect science approach to emotional functioning, (b) present an argument for utilizing an emotion regulation framework to improve upon traditional cognitive behavioral therapy, (c) provide a rationale for targeting specific emotion regulatory mechanisms in treatment, and (d) outline and briefly review relevant research and interventions regarding four important emotion regulatory mechanisms, including directed attention (i.e., the ability to focus, sustain, and flexibly move attention), emotional acceptance (i.e., the ability to turn openly toward, allow, and remain in personal contact with an emotional experience), cognitive distancing (i.e., the ability to identify, observe, and generate psychological perspective from inner experiences), and cognitive change (i.e., the ability to change one's evaluation of an event such that the event is altered in its emotional significance). Utilizing an emotion regulation framework in conceptualization, intervention, and therapeutic process may facilitate the development of regulatory abilities that will alleviate suffering and enhance clients' capacities to navigate difficult life challenges and pursue meaningful goals.
Mindfulness and Acceptance Techniques
Authors: Herbert James D. , Forman Evan M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in models of cognitive behavioral therapy that incorporate principles and techniques involving mindfulness and psychological acceptance. Several novel models of cognitive behavioral therapy have been developed, and many established models have likewise begun to incorporate these ideas and procedures. Although a great deal more research is needed, the research to date is largely supportive not only of the broad effectiveness of these approaches, but also of their specific theoretical mechanisms.
Social Skills and Problem‐Solving Training
Authors: Mueser Kim T. , Gottlieb Jennifer D. , Gingerich Susan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSocial skills training is an approach to improving interpersonal functioning, based on the principles of social learning theory and the shaping of behavior through successive approximations to the desired goal. The primary emphasis in social skills training is on the clinician's use of modeling (demonstrating) specific social skills in simulated role plays, behavioral rehearsal of the targeted skills by the client in role plays, providing positive and corrective feedback following each role play to shape more effective skills, and developing home assignments for clients to practice the skills on their own. Problem‐solving training is teaching an approach to solving personal or interpersonal problems by following a standard sequence of steps: defining the problem, brainstorming solutions, evaluating the solutions, choosing the best solution(s), making a plan to implement the solution(s), and evaluating the success of the solution(s). Social skills and problem‐solving training are conducted together, and may be either the primary focus of group or individual intervention, or combined with other therapeutic techniques. These skills training methods have a strong evidence base supporting their effectiveness in a wide range of child, adolescent, and adult disorders, including developmental disorders (e.g., autism), schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. These skills training approaches are also widely used in health and mental health prevention programs, improving relationships in the general population, and teaching employees effective interpersonal skills.
Using Motivational Interviewing to Manage Resistance
Authors: Westra Henny A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMotivational interviewing is increasingly being integrated into existing treatments for major mental health problems in order to enhance client engagement with treatment. This chapter outlines the critical importance of resistance in therapy and discusses two forms of it: intrapsychic resistance (fear of change) and interpersonal resistance (opposition to the therapy/therapist). Motivational interviewing can be thought about as a way of managing and working with resistance (either type) to enhance client intrinsic motivation and collaboration in the therapy process. Thus, it is argued that a major contribution of motivational interviewing is in the provision of a framework for viewing and responding effectively to resistance. The basic philosophy and principles of motivational interviewing are discussed in this context and clinical examples of using motivational interviewing to work with resistance are detailed.
Dealing with Difficult Cases
Authors: Sokol Leslie , Fox Marci G. , Becker‐Weidman Emily 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a useful map around roadblocks that therapists may encounter in everyday practice. Each section addresses a different stumbling block, with a review of relevant literature, as well as case examples and practical advice on overcoming various problems. Case conceptualization is recommended for understanding and navigating roadblocks. Sections also address concerns related to “difficult‐to‐treat” patients, application of session structure, resistance, and hopelessness. The chapter considers how therapist factors, patient factors, their interaction, and the patient's environment and psychopathology all influence treatment outcome. Emphasis is placed on helping patients to succeed at homework, since homework completion correlates with success in cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of the chapter is to provide clinicians with practical strategies to overcome difficulties encountered in therapy.
A Cognitive Behavioral Road Map for Relapse Prevention in Depression
Authors: Beshai Shadi , Dobson Keith S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concepts and issues related to tertiary prevention for recurrent depression. The chapter begins with a review of variables that have been identified through research as moderators of risk, vulnerability, and resiliency for recurrent depression. Different models that have been presented to account for the chronic nature of the condition are discussed. Based on this conceptual review of the chronic nature of depression, both extant and potential cognitive behavioral treatments for recurrent depression are reviewed. Throughout, there is an attempt to forge a strong evidence‐based linkage between scientific investigations and clinical practice in this area.
Somatization and Conversion Disorders
Authors: Allen Lesley A. , Woolfolk Robert L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPatients presenting with somatization and conversion disorders often incur excessive health care charges and fail to respond to standard treatment. The purpose of this chapter is to examine cognitive behavioral therapy for somatization and conversion disorders. Also provided are summaries of the historical background, the diagnostic criteria, and demographic and clinical characteristics of the disorders. A review of the published literature supports the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for somatization. However, there are few data on the impact of treatment on health care utilization, especially when the cost of cognitive behavioral therapy is factored in to the equation. Too few methodologically sound studies have been published on the treatment of conversion disorder to draw any conclusions.
Obesity
Authors: Munsch Simone , Jansen Anita 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn brief, obesity is the result of energy intake exceeding energy expenditure. Obesity in children and adults has severe psychological and somatic consequences and represents a major health problem. Prevalence rates are high and still increasing. The genetic contribution to obesity is strongly related to the regulation of eating behavior. A successful therapy for obesity therefore focuses on the regulation of eating behavior. This chapter offers an overview of psychological mechanisms determining food intake and body weight such as emotion and impulse regulation as well as cognitive factors. It is underlined that in children as well as in adults, the maintenance of obesity is predominantly a behavioral problem and that insights from clinical psychology could contribute to the development of more effective interventions.
Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Nobre Pedro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSexual dysfunctions are among the most prevalent health problems in both men and women. Epidemiological studies conducted in different geographical and cultural settings have suggested that approximately 20–30% of men suffer from sexual difficulties. Additionally, studies have shown the negative impact of sexual problems on men's global health, well‐being, and life satisfaction, suggesting that this is a public health concern. This chapter reviews the updated literature on male sexual dysfunction and its treatment. An overview of the classification, prevalence, and comorbidity of men's sexual dysfunctions is presented, followed by a thorough review of the role of psychological factors and cognitive conceptual models of sexual dysfunction. Finally, a detailed description of cognitive behavioral assessment and treatment of male sexual dysfunctions, including clinical examples, is offered.
Couple Therapy
Authors: Fischer Melanie S. , Baucom Donald H. , Hahlweg Kurt , Epstein Norman B. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical foundation, clinical application, and empirical basis of cognitive behavioral couple therapy, a contextual approach that allows clinicians to address behaviors, cognitions, and emotions as they relate to relationship functioning. Individual, dyadic, and environmental factors are taken into account in the treatment of relationship distress. A cognitive behavioral conceptualization of relationship functioning is discussed. The process of therapy is described, including assessment, treatment planning, common interventions, and termination. Interventions frequently used in cognitive behavioral couple therapy are presented. Although each may target several domains, interventions are distinguished by their main focus. Interventions to modify behaviors include guided behavior change and skills‐based interventions (e.g., communication skills training). Cognitive interventions include Socratic questioning and guided discovery techniques to address cognitions that are relevant to relationship functioning. Interventions focused on emotion are used to heighten restricted emotions, or to contain problematic emotional expression. Treatment applicability, empirical support, and dissemination are discussed.
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Villodas Miguel T. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Pfiffner Linda J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPsychiatric medications for the treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder have received substantial attention in recent years. However, considerably less attention has been focused on psychosocial intervention strategies for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This chapter provides a review of cognitive and behavioral intervention strategies that have been developed for children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, emphasizing more recent innovative approaches to the implementation of these strategies. Cognitive and behavioral intervention strategies have been developed to target parents and teachers of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, as well as specific child skills deficits. However, the evidence presented in this chapter most strongly supports the use of multicomponent treatments that are coordinated across contexts (i.e., school and home). In addition, moderators and mediators of intervention effects and evidence for interventions that have been adapted to improve feasibility and sustainability are discussed.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Bruce Laura C. , Heimberg Richard G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSocial anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is highly prevalent and is associated with significant impairment. This chapter reviews theoretical models of the disorder, as well as empirically supported cognitive behavioral strategies, in an effort to inform evidence‐based practice. Treatments reviewed include group and individual cognitive behavioral therapy, Internet‐delivered and brief cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based therapies, attention bias modification programs, and combinations of cognitive behavioral therapy and medication treatments. In addition, this chapter highlights factors influencing treatment outcome.