bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lameness caused by plate‐like osteoma cutis in a Thoroughbred colt
Authors: Lee S. K. , Kim B‐H. , Seo E. , Kwon C. J. , Lee J‐B. , Han J‐I. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThis report describes a case of osteoma cutis diagnosed by physical examination, surgery and histopathological examination. A 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred colt with hindlimb lameness was brought to our facility. Physical examination showed a well‐circumscribed, large plate‐like mass covered with normal haired skin in the right thigh region. Ultrasonography revealed a subcutaneous linear mass. After surgical removal, histopathological examination showed thin mature bone surrounded by fibrocollagenous tissues. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous idiopathic osteoma cutis in horses.
Regional Groundwater Flow in the Louisville Aquifer
Authors: Tiaif Syafrin , Serrano Sergio E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe unconfined alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, is an important source of water for domestic and industrial uses. It has been the object of several modeling studies in the past, particularly via the application of classical analytical solutions, and numerical solutions (finite differences and finite elements). A new modeling procedure of the Louisville aquifer is presented based on a modification of Adomian's Decomposition Method (ADM) to handle irregularly shaped boundaries. The new approach offers the simplicity, stability, and spatial continuity of analytical solutions, in addition to the ability to handle irregular boundaries typical of numerical solutions. It reduces to the application of a simple set of algebraic equations to various segments of the aquifer. The calculated head contours appear in reasonably agreement with those of previous studies, as well as with those from measured head values from the U.S. Geological Survey field measurement program. A statistical comparison of the error standard deviation is within the same range as that reported in previous studies that used complex numerical solutions. The present methodology could be easily implemented in other aquifers when preliminary results are needed, or when scarce hydrogeologic information is available. Advantages include a simple approach for preliminary groundwater modeling; an analytic description of hydraulic heads, gradients, fluxes, and flow rates; state variables are described continuously over the spatial domain; complications from stability and numerical roundoff are minimized; there is no need for a numerical grid or the handling of large sparse matrices; there is no need to use specialized groundwater software, because all calculations may be done with standard mathematics or spreadsheet programs. Nonlinearity, the effect of higher order terms, and transient simulations could be included if desired.
Evaluation of soy‐based surface active copolymers as surfactant ingredients in model shampoo formulations
Authors: Popadyuk A. , Kalita H. , Chisholm B. J. , Voronov A. 
Published: July 2014

SynopsisObjectiveA new non‐toxic soybean oil‐based polymeric surfactant (SBPS) for personal‐care products was developed and extensively characterized, including an evaluation of the polymeric surfactant performance in model shampoo formulations.MethodsTo experimentally assure applicability of the soy‐based macromolecules in shampoos, either in combination with common anionic surfactants (in this study, sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS) or as a single surface‐active ingredient, the testing of SBPS physicochemical properties, performance and visual assessment of SBPS‐based model shampoos was carried out.ResultsThe results obtained, including foaming and cleaning ability of model formulations, were compared to those with only SLS as a surfactant as well as to SLS‐free shampoos. Overall, the results show that the presence of SBPS improves cleaning, foaming, and conditioning of model formulations.ConclusionsSBPS‐based formulations meet major requirements of multifunctional shampoos – mild detergency, foaming, good conditioning, and aesthetic appeal, which are comparable to commercially available shampoos. In addition, examination of SBPS/SLS mixtures in model shampoos showed that the presence of the SBPS enables the concentration of SLS to be significantly reduced without sacrificing shampoo performance.
Mechanical, Tribological, and Thermal Properties of Hot‐Pressed ZrB2‐B4C Composite
Authors: Chakraborty Shirshendu , Debnath Debashish , Mallick Azizur Rahaman , Das Probal Kumar 
Published: July 2014

The effect of addition of submicrometer‐sized B4C (5,10 and 15 wt%) on microstructure, phase composition, hardness, fracture toughness, scratch resistance, wear resistance, and thermal behavior of hot‐pressed ZrB2‐B4C composites is reported. ZrB2‐B4C (10 wt%) composite has VH1 of 20.81 GPa and fracture toughness of 3.93 at 1 kgf, scratch resistance coefficient of 0.40, wear resistance coefficient of 0.01, and ware rate of 0.49 × 10−3 mm3/Nm at 10N. Crack deflection by homogeneously dispersed submicrometer‐sized B4C in ZrB2 matrix can improve the mechanical and tribological properties. Thermal conductivity of ZrB2‐B4C composites varied from 70.13 to 45.30 W/m K between 100°C and 1000°C which is encouraging for making ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTC) component.
Interrater reliability of the Observer Rating of Medication Taking scale in an inpatient mental health facility
Authors: Byrne Mitchell K. , Deane Frank P. , Murugesan Ganapathi , Connaughton Elizabeth 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNon‐adherence to medication remains a major barrier to recovery from mental illnesses. Identification of those patients likely to experience adherence difficulties is best undertaken during inpatient treatment, prior to discharge into the community. More objective assessments of adherence behaviours might assist staff to more effectively target support to those patients most in need. This study investigated the interrater reliability of an inpatient behavioural observation scale of patient engagement with medication: the Observer Rating of Medication Taking (ORMT) scale. Eight mental health nurses working in a psychiatric hospital inpatient setting were trained in the use of the ORMT using video‐based vignettes. Working in pairs, staff then independently rated adherence behaviours of 13 inpatients in a rehabilitation unit (total of 160 ratings) over a 1‐week period. Concurrently, two expert raters also undertook independent ratings of patient medication‐taking behaviour using the ORMT. Interrater reliability was assessed across both staff and expert raters. The results indicated that the ORMT has satisfactory interrater reliability, and can be appropriately used in an inpatient setting. The observational location of raters on the ward influenced the range of medication‐taking behaviours observed, and thus the extent of concordance between raters. Further research to determine if the ORMT predicts adherence in the community is warranted.
Things you can learn from books: Exploring the therapeutic potential of eating disorder memoirs
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Brien Donna Lee , Flynn Trudi , Alexander June 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the potential benefits that books, and specifically memoirs, might offer mental health students, positing that first‐person testimonials might make the complex experiences of a mental health challenge, in this case, eating disorders, accessible to learners. The paper presents a pedagogical approach, based on transformative learning, to assist in encouraging the development of a recovery approach in students. Transformative learning is a pedagogy that is interested in problematic practices that keep afflicting an area, such as the imbalanced focus on learning illness, rather than well‐being, and in pondering and revising the educational solutions. The paper proposes that forward movement in this area will be based on considering and developing such innovative curricula, and researching its impact. By virtue of their accessibility, memoirs could offer to a large audience the benefits of universality, empathy, hope, and guidance. Teachers and learners could be making use of these books in face‐to‐face or online activities. This paper explores the groundwork that is needed before eating disorder memoirs can be confidently recommended as a therapeutic tool.
Functional morphology of the reproductive system and sperm transfer inStenopus hispidus(Crustacea: Decapoda: Stenopodidea), and their relation to the mating system
Authors: Gregati Rafael Augusto , Fransozo Vivian , López‐Greco Laura S. , Negreiros‐Fransozo Maria Lucia , Bauer Raymond 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe morphology of the reproductive system of a stenopodidean decapod is described here for the first time, with an interpretation of the sperm transfer process. Pairs of adults ofStenopus hispiduswere maintained under laboratory conditions to observe reproductive cycles. Mating behavior and sperm transfer were video‐recorded for analysis. After copulation, the shrimps were anesthetized and dissected to record the shape and location of the gonads, and pleopod morphology was described and illustrated. The reproductive systems (RS), thoracic sterna, and male and female genitalia were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The male reproductive system was restricted to the cephalothorax and was highly reduced compared with that of other decapods. Only the first pair of pleopods may be involved in the sperm transfer process; there was no appendix masculina on the second pair of pleopods as in many other decapods. The ovaries of prespawning females occupied much of the cephalothorax and reached to the 3rdabdominal segment. The oviducts were short and simple, without structures for sperm storage. We conclude that the male deposits a simple spermatophoric mass onto the posteroventral surface of the female and fertilization occurs externally as mature oocytes are subsequently spawned. This mode of sperm transfer and egg fertilization is ancestral within the decapod suborder Pleocyemata. As in some other animals, the relatively small size of the testes inS. hispidusmay be related to the monogamous mating system, which may minimize selection for a large volume of sperm production.
Ultrasonographic and Anatomic Study of the Canine Elbow Joint
Authors: Villamonte‐Chevalier Aquilino A. , Soler Marta , Sarria Ricardo , Agut Amalia , Gielen Ingrid , Latorre Rafael 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo (1) assess the canine elbow joint using a high frequency transducer (18 MHz); (2) describe the echogenicity and echo texture of the joint; and (3) correlate the ultrasonographic images with transparent plastinated anatomic sections.DesignDescriptive study.Sample PopulationGerman Shepherd cross‐breed dogs (cadavers, n = 10; live dogs, n = 5).MethodsElbow joints of 10 adult German Shepherd cross‐breed dog cadavers were examined by ultrasonography and then 5 cadavers were selected for use in an anatomic study, in which 2 mm thick sections were obtained in the same planes as in the ultrasonographic protocol. Sections were plastinated using the E‐12 plastination method and correlated to the corresponding ultrasonographic images. The elbow joints of 5 German Shepherd adult dogs were assessed by ultrasonography for comparison with cadaver images.ResultsGood correspondence of soft tissue and bone structures was obtained between ultrasound images and anatomic sections. There was no difference in the ultrasonographic appearance of elbows of cadavers and live dogs in which the muscular, ligamentous, and bone components of the joints were evaluated.ConclusionThis study presents a descriptive comparison of anatomic and ultrasonographic images, which will offer clinicians a more comprehensive understanding of the anatomic structures of the canine elbow joint and serve as reference for further imaging diagnostic studies because of the precise correspondence between anatomic plastinated sections and ultrasonographic images.
Benefiting from Climate Geoengineering and Corresponding Remedial Duties: The Case of Unforeseeable Harms
Authors: Heyward Clare 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMany have argued that that it is morally wrong to benefit from an agent's culpable wronging of a third party. This thought has formed the basis of some arguments that agents can have duties to make up for wrongful acts by others that they could not have stopped, or that occurred before they were born. For example, it has been argued that those who benefited from slavery, colonialism and other shameful events in their nation's history should surrender those benefits, their equivalent value, or provide other forms of redress. Some have also argued that it is morally wrong to benefit from unjust situations caused by third parties even where there is no culpable element. These ideas have potential to be a principle of redress for harms that are caused by the working of very complex systems, such as the global climate system. Geoengineering, the intentional manipulation of the global climate, is a new development in climate science and policy — and one which raises many normative challenges. This article focuses on one specific challenge. The global climate is very complex and there is a real possibility that the best available science will not be able to account for all the consequences of deploying a geoengineering technique. Therefore, any governance regime that allows deployment will have to consider how to organise compensation or redress for any adverse impacts that could not have been predicted at the time of deployment. This article proposes that, with some modification, the principle that agents should surrender benefits that have accrued to them from using geoengineering techniques, can be a good basis for such a scheme.
A Common SCN5A Variant Is Associated with PR Interval and Atrial Fibrillation Among African Americans
Authors: ILKHANOFF LEONARD , ARKING DAN E. , LEMAITRE ROZENN N. , ALONSO ALVARO , CHEN LIN Y. , DURDA PETER , HESSELSON STEPHANIE E. , KERR KATHLEEN F. , MAGNANI JARED W. , MARCUS GREGORY M. , SCHNABEL RENATE B. , SMITH J. GUSTAV , SOLIMAN ELSAYED Z. , REINER ALEXANDER P. , SOTOODEHNIA NONA ,   on behalf of the Candidate‐Gene Association Resource (CARE) Consortium and the Cardiac Arrest Blood Study (CABS) Investigators
Published: July 2014

rs7629265 and AF RiskObjectiveWe examined the association of rs7626962 (S1103Y) or rs7629265, a variant in high linkage disequilibrium with S1103Y (r2 = 0.87 – 1), with sudden cardiac death (SCD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) among African Americans.BackgroundThe SCN5A missense variant S1103Y has been associated with SCD among African Americans in small case‐control studies, but larger population‐based studies are needed to validate these findings. The association of this variant with AF has not been fully explored.MethodsUsing genotyping data on over 7,000 African Americans from 5 cohorts (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC], Cleveland Family Study [CFS], Jackson Heart Study [JHS], Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA], Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS]), we examined the association of rs7629265 with electrocardiographic PR, QRS, and QT intervals, and with incident AF and SCD. We examined association of S1103Y (rs7626962) with SCD using a population‐based case‐control study of SCD Cardiac Arrest Blood Study (CABS).ResultsMeta‐analyses across 5 cohorts demonstrated that rs7629265 was significantly associated with PR duration (β = −4.1 milliseconds; P = 2.2×10−6), but not significantly associated with QRS or QT intervals. In meta‐analyses of prospectively followed ARIC and CHS participants (n = 3,656), rs7629265 was associated with increased AF risk (n = 299 AF cases; HR = 1.74, P = 1.9 × 10−4). By contrast, rs7629265 was not significantly associated with SCD risk in ARIC (n = 83 SCD cases; P = 0.30) or CHS (n = 54 SCD cases; P = 0.47). Similarly, S1103Y was not significantly associated with SCD risk in CABS (n = 225 SCD cases; P = 0.29).ConclusionThe common SCN5A variant, rs7629265, is associated with increased AF risk and shorter PR interval among African Americans. In contrast to prior reports, we found no evidence of association of rs7629265 or rs7626962 (S1103Y) with SCD risk in the general population.
Unipolar Peak‐Negative Voltage as an Endocardial Electrographic Characteristic to Predict Overlying Abnormal Epicardial Substrates in Patients with Right Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: CHI PO‐CHING , LIN YENN‐JIANG , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , LO LI‐WEI , HU YU‐FENG , CHAO TZE‐FAN , CHUNG FA‐PO , LIAO JONAN , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , KUO JEN‐YUAN , HUANG JIN‐LONG , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: July 2014

Endocardial Unipolar Peak‐Negative Voltage Predicts Abnormal Epicardial SubstratesIntroductionThe characteristics of endocardial electrograms needed to detect the overlying abnormal epicardial substrates in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with epicardial ventricular tachycardia (VT) remain unclear. This study investigated which of the endocardial electrogram characteristics could predict the overlying abnormal epicardial substrates.Methods and ResultsIn 20 consecutive patients (median age: 46 years, 11 men) undergoing epicardial VT ablation, detailed endocardial and epicardial mappings were obtained by using the CARTO 3 system. The endocardial electrographic characteristics (unipolar peak‐to‐peak voltage, unipolar peak‐negative‐voltage, bipolar voltage, and bipolar electrogram duration) of the opposite endocardium and epicardium in RV were retrospectively investigated (N = 1,697 paired points, 84 ± 60 pairs/patient). Endocardial predictors of the presence of epicardial dense scar (<0.5 mV), low voltage zones (LVZ; ≤1.5 mV), and ablation targets (by using activation mapping, entrainment mapping, and pace mapping) were analyzed.ResultsIn the multivariable analysis, (1) unipolar peak‐negative voltage independently predicted the presence of epicardial LVZ, epicardial dense scar, and ablation targets; (2) bipolar voltage could not predict epicardial lesions; and (3) bipolar electrogram duration predicted epicardial LVZ, but not dense scar or ablation targets. The endocardial unipolar peak‐negative voltage of <1.66 mV (89% sensitivity and 53% specificity) was the optimal cutoff point for predicting epicardial dense scar.ConclusionsIn patients with RV epicardial VT, the presence of unipolar peak‐negative voltage of <1.66 mV in the endocardium predicted the presence of epicardial dense scar (<0.5 mV) and potential ablation targets in the overlying epicardium.
Peak Waste: When Is It Likely to Occur?
Authors: Hoornweg Daniel , Bhada‐Tata Perinaz , Kennedy Christopher 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPopulation and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) projections are used to estimate total global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation over the twenty‐first century. Some projections for global population suggest that it will peak this century. Waste generation rates per capita generally increase with affluence, although in the most affluent countries there is also a trend toward dematerialization. The confluence of these factors means that at some point in the future total global waste generation could possibly peak. To determine when peak waste might occur, we used the shared‐socioeconomic pathway scenarios (used in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] studies) combined with estimates of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates, extrapolated from our work for the World Bank. Despite the expectation that total MSW generation in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) and high‐income countries will peak mid‐century, with current trajectories global peak waste is not expected before 2100. The peak could be moved forward to around 2075 and reduced in intensity by some 30% if a more aggressive sustainability growth scenario were followed, rather than the current business‐as‐usual scenario. Further, the magnitude of peak waste is sensitive to the intensity of waste generation; it could vary from 7.3 to 10.9 megatonnes per day under the sustainability scenario. The timing of peak waste will substantially depend on the development of cities in Sub‐Saharan Africa, where population growth rates are more than double the rest of the world.
Gender differences between hypocretin/orexin knockout and wild type mice: age, body weight, body composition, metabolic markers, leptin and insulin resistance
Authors: Ramanathan Lalini , Siegel Jerome M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFemale hypocretin knockout (Hcrt KO) mice have increased body weight despite decreased food intake compared to wild type (WT) mice. In order to understand the nature of the increased body weight, we carried out a detailed study of Hcrt KO and WT, male, and female mice. Female KO mice showed consistently higher body weight than WT mice, from 4 to 20 months (20–60%). Fat, muscle, and free fluid levels were all significantly higher in adult (7–9 months) as well as old (18–20 months) female KO mice compared to age‐matched WT mice. Old male KO mice showed significantly higher fat content (150%) compared to age‐matched WT mice, but no significant change in body weight. Respiratory quotient (−19%) and metabolic rates (−14%) were significantly lower in KO mice compared to WT mice, regardless of gender or age. Female KO mice had significantly higher serum leptin levels (191%) than WT mice at 18–20 months, but no difference between male mice were observed. Conversely, insulin resistance was significantly higher in both male (73%) and female (93%) KO mice compared to age‐ and sex‐matched WT mice. We conclude that absence of the Hcrt peptide has gender‐specific effects. In contrast, Hcrt‐ataxin mice and human narcoleptics, with loss of the whole Hcrt cell, show weight gain in both sexes.
image
Female hypocretin knockout (Hcrt KO) mice show consistently higher body weight than female wild type (WT) mice, from 4 to 20 months. We report that this increase arises from the higher fat, muscle, and free fluid content of KO mice compared to WT mice. Male Hcrt KO mice did not show any significant changes in body weight throughout this time period. We conclude that absence of the Hcrt peptide has gender‐specific effects. In contrast, Hcrt‐ataxin mice and human narcoleptics, with loss of the whole Hcrt cell, show weight gain in both sexes.
Nucleosome loss facilitates the chemotactic response of macrophages
Authors: De Toma I. , Rossetti G. , Zambrano S. , Bianchi M. E. , Agresti A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundHigh mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a small nuclear protein with two functions. In the nucleus, it helps to wrap DNA around nucleosomes. When secreted, it recruits inflammatory cells and induces cytokine production. Before HMGB1 is secreted from inflammatory cells, it relocates to the cytoplasm, which partially or totally depletes cell nuclei of HMGB1. We previously showed that cells lacking HMGB1 contain 20% fewer nucleosomes and 30% more RNA transcripts levels genome‐wide.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that the depletion of nuclear HMGB1 plays a role in inflammation that can enhance or complement the role of extracellular HMGB1.MethodsWe analysed the transcriptional profile of wild‐type and Hmgb1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a proxy for cells that have lost HMGB1 from their nuclei. We explored the transcriptome of wild‐type and Hmgb1−/− macrophages differentiated in the presence of granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, before and after exposure to LPS/IFN‐γ. In the same cells, histones and nuclear HMGB1 were quantified.ResultsWe found that Hmgb1−/− MEFs show a transcriptional profile associated with stress and inflammation responses. Moreover, wild‐type macrophages that have secreted HMGB1 because of LPS/IFN‐γ exposure rapidly reduce their histone content as much as cells that genetically lack HMGB1. Importantly, unstimulated Hmgb1−/− macrophages activate transcriptional pathways associated with cell migration and chemotaxis.ConclusionsWe suggest that nucleosome loss is an early event that facilitates transcriptional responses of macrophages to inflammation, particularly chemotaxis. HMGB1's dual roles in the nucleus and in the extracellular space appear to be complementary.