bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strongly real classes in finite unitary groups of odd characteristic
Authors: Gates Zachary , Singh Anupam , Vinroot C. Ryan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.
We classify all strongly real conjugacy classes of the finite unitary group U(n,𝔽
q
) when q is odd. In particular, we show that g ∈ U(n,𝔽
q
) is strongly real if and only if g is an element of some embedded orthogonal group O±(n,𝔽
q
). Equivalently, g is strongly real in U(n,𝔽
q
) if and only if g is real and every elementary divisor of g of the form (t ± 1)2m
has even multiplicity. We apply this to obtain partial results on strongly real classes in the finite symplectic group Sp(2n,𝔽
q
), q odd, and a generating function for the number of strongly real classes in U(n,𝔽
q
), q odd, and we also give partial results on strongly real classes in U(n,𝔽
q
) when q is even.
Causes and Consequences of Genetic Background Effects Illuminated by Integrative Genomic Analysis
Authors: Chandler Christopher H , Chari Sudarshan , Tack David , Dworkin Ian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scallopedE3 allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines—two commonly used laboratory strains—to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well.
Self-Crosslinking Water Base Latex with Low VOC Emission
Authors: Mendoza Juan J. , Ledezma Raquel , Elizalde Luis E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTHere we report the preparation of functionalized latexes with isocyanate groups through an emulsion terpolymerization of BA/St/TMI. The emulsions were stabilized with two surfactants, EF-800 or MA-80; the TMI acted as a self crosslinked promoter during the film formation. We found a strong dependence of surfactant type in particle size and particle number. Moreover colloidal stability of latexes by a period of time was different, and the best colloidal stability was obtained with EF-800 surfactant. Swell index and mechanical properties of latex ﬁlms were studied.
Environmental Concentrations of Agricultural Herbicides
Authors: Waite D. T. , Cessna A. J. , Grover R. , Kerr L. A. , Snihura A. D. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe herbicides 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and triallate [S‐2,3,3‐trichloroallyl di‐isopropyl(thiocarbamate)] are extensively used to control broadleaf and wild oat (respectively) weed infestations in Canadian cereal crops. In 1990, for example, more than 3.8 million kg of 2,4‐D and 2.7 million kg of triallate were applied in the three prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Maximum air concentrations of these two herbicides during the summers of 1989 and 1990 near Regina, Saskatchewan, were 3.90 ng m−3 (2,4‐D) and 60.04 ng m−3 (triallate). Concentrations of these two herbicides were also measured in bulk atmospheric deposition (wet plus dry) and in farm pond water and associated surface film. Maximum measured levels of 2,4‐D were 3550 ng m−2 d−1 (bulk deposition), 332 ng m2 (surface film), and 290 ng L−1 (pond water). Maximum levels of triallate were 2300 ng m−2 d−1 (bulk deposition), 212 ng m−2 (surface film), and 500 ng L−1 (pond water). The highest quantities of the herbicides tended to be found during or immediately after the time of regional application. The movement of the herbicides in the environment will be discussed in relation to the four matrices studied.
Fate of Polydimethylsilicone in Biosolids‐Amended Field Plots
Authors: Traina Samuel J. , Fendinger Nick J. , McAvoy Drew C. , Kerr Kathleen M. , Gupta Satish 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis research examined the fate of polydimethylsilicones (PDMS) in agricultural test plots amended with municipal biosolids. This 4 yr field study involved addition of 0, 15, and 100 Mg ha−1 of municipal biosolids, which contained ambient concentrations of PDMS (1272 mg kg−1 biosolids), to corn and soybean test plots. Soil samples collected at intermittent time intervals were analyzed for soil water, soil organic C, extractable PDMS and PDMS hydrolysis products. Above normal precipitation during the field study maintained soil water levels in excess of 100 g kg−1 for most of the testing period of 1994–1998. Under these conditions half‐lives for PDMS (based on field dissipation data) ranged from 876 to 1443 d. When biosolids amended soil samples were brought into the laboratory and subjected to more rapid drying, >80% of the PDMS was transformed to lower molecular weight hydrolysis products within 20 d. No difference in relative PDMS transformation rates were evident for soils that received PDMS in the form of a biosolids amendment or directly dosed to the soil (in the absence of biosolids) indicating little if any effect of direct PDMS–biosolids interactions on PDMS transformation rates. These results support that the overriding factor controlling the fate of PDMS in field soils is the soil moisture content.
An Apparatus for Measuring the Gas Permeability of Films
Authors: Papiernik S. K. , Ernst F. F. , Yates S. R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe gas permeability of plastic films is important in packaging, containment, and agricultural fumigation. Recently, an approach for estimating the mass transfer coefficient of vapors across a film was presented by Papiernik et al. (2001) The mass transfer coefficient is an intrinsic property of a film–chemical combination, independent of the concentration gradient maintained across the film. Here we describe an apparatus useful for obtaining permeability data; the model of Papiernik et al. (2001) may be fitted to the data to determine mass transfer coefficients. The assembled equipment provides a sealed permeability cell, where a sample of the film to be tested is sandwiched between two static half‐cells. Vapor is spiked to one side of the film and the concentrations in the spiked and receiving chamber are monitored until equilibrium. A sealed system is required for this approach; the permeability cells described here were gas‐tight for >40 d. This approach produces reproducible measures of mass transfer coefficients that are not dependent on the size of the experimental apparatus. Model parameters were similar when fitted simultaneously as when determined independently from the same data set.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lu Xin-Yu , Sun Hui , Xu Jian-Guo , Li Qiao-Yu 
Published: February 2014

Object
Over the last two decades, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has arisen as a promising approach in the management of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs). In the present study, the authors report a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available published data regarding the radiosurgical management of brainstem CMs.

Methods
To identify eligible studies, systematic searches for brainstem CMs treated with SRS were conducted in major scientific publication databases. The search yielded 5 studies, which were included in the meta-analysis. Data from 178 patients with brainstem CMs were extracted. Hemorrhage rates before and after SRS were calculated, a meta-analysis was performed, and the risk ratio (RR) was determined.

Results
Four studies showed a statically significant reduction in the annual hemorrhage rate after SRS. The overall RR was 0.161 (95% CI 0.052–0.493; p = 0.001), and 21 patients (11.8%) had transient or permanent neurological deficits.

Conclusions
The present meta-analysis for the radiosurgical management of brainstem CMs shows that SRS can decrease the rate of repeat hemorrhage and has a low rate of adverse effects compared with surgery. The authors suggest that SRS may be considered as an alternative treatment for brainstem CMs that are inoperable or have a high operative risk.
Comparative Evaluation of Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Yue Yuan , Liu Qing , Xu Chunjiao , Loo Wings TY , Wang Min , Wen Guo , Cheung Mary NB , Bai Lan-jun , Dou Yi-ding , Chow Louis WC , Hao Liang , Tian Ye , Li Jin-le , Yip Adrian YS , Ng Elizabeth LY 
Published: February 2014

Objectives This study aims to evaluate and compare cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP) before and after treatment. Methods Forty AP patients and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Clinical parameters included probing depth and sulcus bleeding index. GCF and saliva were collected from both groups. The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured using ELISA. Results The probing depth in AP patients was significantly deeper before treatment than after treatment. The concentrations of cytokines in GCF and saliva were significantly higher in AP patients than in the control group and decreased after periodontal treatment. Positive relationships were found between cytokine levels in GCF and clinical parameters. The reliability of cytokines in GCF and saliva was assessed by Cronbach's alpha analysis, which could be considered satisfactory. Conclusion Cytokine levels in GCF and saliva correlated well with clinical parameters and AP. Measurements of cytokines in saliva may be regarded as a noninvasive and quick method for monitoring periodontal disease activity.
Portraits de l’ennemi : le Prussien, la prostituée et le cochon
Authors: Cnockaert Véronique 
Published: February 2014

Durant la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870, un usage politique et idéologique fut fait de certaines théories physiologistes, notamment, on s’en doute, celles qui définissaient l’ennemi. Les différents discours contre ces derniers qui feront rage jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale s’échafaudent à partir d’élaborations scientifiques douteuses, qui relèvent également d’un imaginaire historique et d’une rhétorique qui s’appuie sur une forme de sacralisation de la guerre. Notre propos voudrait montrer que dans les nouvelles Boule de suif et Saint-Antoine, Maupassant révèle l’instrumentalisation qui est faite de ces discours modélisants. Souvent avec ironie, l’écrivain démontre que l’imaginaire social se fonde moins sur un savoir objectif et empirique que sur la conviction subjective d’une différence anthropologique et morale entre les individus, qui puise son énergie dans l’angoisse, la peur et une volonté de puissance d’un individu sur un autre. Dans les textes qui nous occupent, la « mise en ennemi » s’ajuste bel et bien, au-delà du fait historique, sur une intrication de données naturelles (biologiques, physiologiques) et culturelles (moeurs, habitudes) qui caractérisent l’ennemi comme l’« Autre à tuer ». L’ironie se cache dans l’utilisation que fait Maupassant du modèle anthropologique : en mettant en scène des identités hybrides où se mêlent qualités et défauts des dominés et des dominants, le romancier va en effet quitter l’échiquier ethnique et dépasser la question des identités nationales pour s’attaquer non pas aux Allemands ou aux Français en particulier, mais à la nature humaine en général et à sa propension à la barbarie.
UAVSAR observations of triggered slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults associated with the 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake
Authors: Donnellan Andrea , Parker Jay , Hensley Scott , Pierce Marlon , Wang Jun , Rundle John 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe 4 April 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake that occurred in Baja California, Mexico and terminated near the U.S. Mexican border caused slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults. The pattern of slip was observed using radar interferometry from NASA's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) instrument collected on 20–21 October 2009 and 12–13 April 2010. Right‐lateral slip of 36 ± 9 and 14 ± 2 mm occurred on the Imperial and Superstition Hills Faults, respectively. Left‐lateral slip of 9 ± 2 mm occurred on the East Elmore Ranch Fault. The widths of the zones of displacement increase northward suggesting successively more buried fault motion to the north. The observations show a decreasing pattern of slip northward on a series of faults in the Salton Trough stepping between the El Mayor‐Cucapah rupture and San Andreas Fault. Most of the motion occurred at the time of the M 7.2 earthquake and the UAVSAR observations are consistent with field, creepmeter, GPS, and Envisat observations. An additional 28 ± 1 mm of slip at the southern end of the Imperial Fault over a <1 km wide zone was observed over a 1 day span a week after the earthquake suggesting that the fault continued to slip at depth following the mainshock. The total moment release on the three faults is 2.3 × 1023−1.2 × 1024 dyne cm equivalent to a moment magnitude release of 4.9–5.3, assuming shallow slip depths ranging from 1 to 5 km.
Influence of fault connectivity on slip rates in southern California: Potential impact on discrepancies between geodetic derived and geologic slip rates
Authors: Herbert Justin W. , Cooke Michele L. , Marshall Scott T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlong the San Bernardino strand of the San Andreas fault (SAF) and across the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ), geologic slip rates differ from those inverted from geodetic measurements, which may partly be due to inaccurate fault connectivity within geodetic models. We employ three‐dimensional models that are mechanically compatible with long‐term plate motion to simulate both fault slip rates and interseismic surface deformation. We compare results from fault networks that follow mapped geologic traces and resemble those used in block model inversions, which connect the San Jacinto fault to the SAF near Cajon Pass and connect distinct faults within the ECSZ. The connection of the SAF with the San Jacinto fault decreases strike‐slip rates along the SAF by up to 10% and increases strike‐slip rates along the San Jacinto fault by up to 16%; however, slip rate changes are still within the large geologic ranges along the SAF. The insensitivity of interseismic surface velocities near Cajon Pass to fault connection suggests that inverse models may utilize both an incorrect fault geometry and slip rate and still provide an excellent fit to interseismic geodetic data. Similarly, connection of faults within the ECSZ produces 36% greater cumulative strike‐slip rates but less than 17% increase in interseismic velocity. When using overconnected models to invert GPS for slip rates, the reduced off‐fault deformation within the models can lead to overprediction of slip rates. While the nature of fault intersections at depth remains enigmatic, fault geometries should be chosen with caution in crustal deformation models.
The tectonic evolution of the Transbrasiliano Lineament in northern Paraná Basin, Brazil, as inferred from aeromagnetic data
Authors: Curto Julia B. , Vidotti Roberta M. , Fuck Reinhardt A. , Blakely Richard J. , Alvarenga Carlos J. S. , Dantas Elton L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractData from six airborne magnetic surveys were compiled and analyzed to develop a structural interpretation for the Transbrasiliano Lineament in northern Paraná Basin, Brazil. Magnetic lineaments, interpreted to reflect geologic contacts and structures at different depths, were illuminated using the matched‐filter technique applied to aeromagnetic anomalies. Field‐based structural measurements generally support our magnetic analysis. We estimated three primary magnetic zones: (i) a zone of deep magnetic sources at 20 km depth, (ii) an intermediate basement zone at 6 km depth, and (iii) a shallow zone of near‐surface geological features at 1.5 km depth. The deepest zone exhibits three major NE trending crustal discontinuities related to the Transbrasiliano Lineament, dividing the region into four geotectonic blocks. Anomalies associated with the intermediate zone indicate directional divergence of subsidiary structures away from the main Transbrasiliano Fault, which strikes N30°E. The shallow magnetic zone includes near‐surface post‐Brasiliano orogenic granites. Our analysis identified NE trending sigmoidal lineaments around these intrusions, indicating intense zones of deformation associated with probable shear structures. At the shallow depth zone, magnetic anomalies caused by Cretaceous alkaline intrusive bodies and basalts of the Serra Geral Formation are enhanced by the matched‐filter method. These igneous bodies are related to extensional NW striking lineaments and seismicity aligned along these lineaments suggests that they currently are reactivated. Prior to flexural subsidence of the Paraná Basin, reactivation processes along transcurrent elements of the Transbrasiliano Lineament promoted extensional processes and formed initial Paraná Basin depocenters. Cretaceous and more recent sedimentation also correlate with reactivations of NE striking structures.
An ecohydrological framework for grass displacement by woody plants in savannas
Authors: Yu Kailiang , D'Odorico Paolo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDuring the past several decades, woody plants have been encroaching into grasslands around the world. This transition in plant dominance is often explained as a state shift in bistable ecosystem dynamics induced by fire‐vegetation feedbacks. These feedbacks occur when woody plants are able to displace grasses because of their better access to soil water and light. On the other hand, grasses can displace woody plants because of their ability to increase fire frequency and of the higher susceptibility of woody plants to fire‐induced mortality. In this study, we present an ecohydrological framework to investigate the displacement of grasses by woody plants. Considering the effect of lateral root spread and of soil water and light limitations, we found that woody plant encroachment can substantially suppress grass production even without the presence of grazers. Bistable dynamics emerge as a result of the grass‐fire feedback for a wide range of rainfall conditions, fire susceptibility, and woody plant growth rates.
Silica Gel‐Mediated Hydroamination/Semipinacol Rearrangement of 2‐Alkylaminophenylprop‐1‐yn‐3‐ols: Synthesis of 2‐Oxindoles from Alkynes and 1‐(2‐Aminophenyl) Ketones
Authors: Susanti Dewi , Ng Linda Li Ru , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: February 2014

Abstract2‐Alkylaminophenylprop‐1‐yn‐3‐ols, prepared from the lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)‐mediated 1,2‐addition of alkynes to 1‐(2‐aminophenyl) ketones, can be converted to 3,3‐disubstituted 2‐oxindoles by using silica gel in n‐hexane/ethyl acetate (20:1 v/v) as the reaction medium. The utility of the approach as a potential scale‐up strategy for the synthesis of 2‐oxindoles was exemplified by the large‐scale synthesis of one adduct in excellent yield. The synthetic applicability of this chemistry was also demonstrated by the recycling of the silica gel up to 8 times with no apparent loss of activity being observed for the same example.magnified image
Chemoenzymatic Formal Total Synthesis of ent‐Codeine and Other Morphinans via Nitrone Cycloadditions and/or Radical Cyclizations. Comparison of Strategies for Control of C‐9/C‐14 Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Endoma‐Arias Mary Ann A. , Hudlicky Jason Reed , Simionescu Razvan , Hudlicky Tomas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFormal total syntheses of ent‐codeine and other morphinans were accomplished from 1‐phenyl‐2‐acetoxyethane, which was subjected to enzymatic dihydroxylation by toluene dioxygenase overexpressed in Eschericia coli JM109 (pDTG601A). The resulting cis‐dihydroarenediol was coupled with a phenol derived from bromoisovanillin and a subsequent Heck reaction was used to establish the C‐13 quaternary center. Two strategies were employed to set the C‐14 center: nitrone and nitrile oxide cycloadditions to the C‐8/C‐14 olefin and a radical cyclization of an aldehyde to C‐14. Both strategies yielded tetracyclic products that were converted to known intermediates for the synthesis of ent‐codeine, ent‐codeinone, and ent‐hydrocodone. Experimental and spectral data are provided for all new compounds.magnified image
Galectin‐7 as a potential predictive marker of chemo‐ and/or radio‐therapy resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsukawa Sho , Morita Kei‐ichi , Negishi Ayako , Harada Hiroyuki , Nakajima Yusuke , Shimamoto Hiroaki , Tomioka Hirofumi , Tanaka Kae , Ono Masaya , Yamada Tesshi , Omura Ken 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTreatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) requires the integration of multimodal approaches. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of tumor sensitivity to preoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy for OSCC in order to allow oncologists to determine optimum therapeutic strategies without the associated adverse effects. Here, the protein expression profiles of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 18 OSCC patients, termed learning cases, who received preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy followed by surgery were analyzed by quantitative proteomics and validated by immunohistochemistry in 68 test cases as well as in the 18 learning cases. We identified galectin‐7 as a potential predictive marker of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy resistance, and the sensitivity and specificity of the galectin‐7 prediction score (G7PS) in predicting this resistance was of 96.0% and 39.5%, respectively, in the 68 test cases. The cumulative 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 75.2% in patients with resistant prediction using G7PS and 100% in patients with sensitive prediction. In vitro overexpression of galectin‐7 significantly decreased cell viability in OSCC cell line. Therefore, our findings suggest that galectin‐7 is a potential predictive marker of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy resistance in patients with OSCC.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Three‐Dimensional Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Constructed from Keggin Polyoxometalates and CuI—Pyrazine Coordination Polymers.
Authors: Yang Hongxun , Meng Jingchai , Sun Xiufei , Chen Lizhuang , Yang Dan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe new compound [Cu(pz)]3[PW12O40] (pz: pyrazine) is solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of CuCl2, Na2WO4, H3PO4, pyrazine, and H2O (pH 0—0.5, autoclave, 160 °C, 7 d, 48% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Reaction of β‐Aryl‐α‐ketophosphonates and Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Guang Jie , Zao John Cong‐Gui 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe first enantioselective Michael reaction of β‐aryl‐α‐ketophosphonates and nitroalkenes is realized by using a new bifunctional Takemoto‐type thiourea catalyst.