bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation performance of multiple plasticizer systems on the physicomechanical, crystallinity and thermogravimetry of polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Bee Soo-Tueen , Mok Wen-Ru , Lee Tin Sin , Tee Tiam-Ting , Issabayeva Gulnaziya , Rahmat Abdul R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The flexibility of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials is crucial in the production of urine bags and urinary tubing. However, the combination and concentration of plasticizers offers a variation of the plasticizing efficiency to the PVC matrix. In this study, several types of plasticizers, namely dioctyl adipate (DOA), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were added into the PVC matrix to enhance the flexibility of PVC compounds. Increasing the plasticizer loading level improved elongation at break of PVC compounds, whereas the tensile strength, hardness and specific gravity deteriorated. In addition, DOA added to PVC compounds exhibited the highest plasticizing effect with the highest elongation at break results at lower percentages of plasticizer (≤50%). This is due to the linear chain of the DOA plasticizer promoting the slippage effect of polymer chains during stretching and thus imparting a higher flexibility. In addition, a higher loading level of plasticizer in PVC compounds also produced a marginal increment on the crystallinity and thermal stability of PVC compounds. Overall, DINP/DOA added to PVC compounds exhibited the highest flexibility effect (elongation at break) at higher percentages, but lowered tensile strength and crystallinity.
Processing and characterization of electrospun trans-polyisoprene nanofibers
Authors: Chen Qi , Saha Prosenjit , Kim Nam-Gyeong , Kim Jin Kuk 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The method of manufacturing nanofibers using the electrospinning technique from trans-polyisoprene (TPI) is presented in this study, possibly for the first time. The process parameters such as solution concentration, applied voltage, distance and feeding rate for electrospinning were investigated and optimized with respect to fiber morphology, as observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs. Smooth and uniform nanofibers were found to generate at the optimum conditions with 1% melt concentration, 15 kV of voltage, tip-to-collector distance (TCD) of 15 cm and injection rate 4 ml/h. The physicochemical properties of pure TPI and electrospun TPI fibers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Both DSC and FTIR characterization results show predominant transformation of TPI crystalline structure from the β form to the α form upon electrospinning.
Overt and hidden complexity – Two types of complexity and their implications
Authors: Bisang Walter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLinguistic complexity is the result of the two motivations of explicitness and economy. Most approaches focus on the exlpicitness side of complexity (overt complexity) but there is also an explicitness-oriented side to complexity (hidden complexity). The aim of the paper is to introduce hidden complexity as the neglected side of complexity and to discuss the issues of trade-offs, global complexity and equal complexity from a more encompassing perspective that integrates overt and hidden complexity.
Interculturalidad en juicio: el derecho del indígena a comunicarse en su propia lengua
Authors: Delgado-Garrido Daniela , Curihuinca-Neira Elsy 
Published: July 2014

El objeto del presente artículo es proporcionar una mirada sistematizada del derecho fundamental que tienen los indígenas a usar su propia lengua en juicios orales penales en Chile. Este derecho será abordado como la facultad que se tiene de escoger en qué idioma declarar independientemente del manejo que se tenga del idioma castellano, debiendo ser asistido por intérpretes en caso de ser necesario. Describiremos como, producto de la alta concentración de población indígena existente, se ha dado cumplimiento a esta garantía a través del surgimiento de la figura del facilitador intercultural, analizando especialmente el contexto mapuche de la novena región y declaraciones prestadas en mapudungun.
El caso de la red social Pinterest: representación propia y coleccionismo virtual a través de imágenes
Authors: Visa Barbosa Mariona 
Published: July 2014

Los usos de la fotografía nos hablan de la sociedad de cada momento y en los últimos años vemos como la representación personal, la comunicación y el coleccionismo forman parte de estos usos. Muchos usuarios de las redes sociales no producen contenido, sino que lo utilizan como herramienta para comunicarse entre ellos. La plataforma emergente Pinterest es un lugar dónde organizar aquello que nos interesa en distintas carpetas y a la vez exhibirlo al resto del mundo, posibilitando así la transmisión de información y la comunicación horizontal entre los usuarios, característica clave de los medios sociales que pueblan Internet desde principios del siglo XXI.
Interactividad y participación en las páginas web de los principales diarios deportivos españoles
Authors: Díaz del Campo Lozano Jesús 
Published: July 2014

La presente investigación plantea la evaluación de la interactividad y la participación en las páginas web de los principales diarios deportivos españoles de acuerdo a los datos de audiencia correspondientes al Estudio General de Medios (EGM). En concreto, se analizan los sitios web de Marca, As, Sport y Mundo Deportivo). Para ello se emplea un modelo de análisis compuesto por 36 indicadores organizados alrededor de ocho parámetros básicos, que miden aspectos como la interacción entre el medio de comunicación y el usuario, o la adaptación del medio a las herramientas propias de la Web 2.0, entre otros. Con ello se pretende averiguar si existe una relación entre el índice de audiencia del medio y el nivel de interactividad y participación de sus sitios web. Los resultados muestran que, efectivamente, los diarios con un mayor número de lectores son los que más han adaptado su página web a las necesidades de participación e interacción que demanda el usuario.
Regulation of cargo‐selective endocytosis by dynamin 2 GTPase‐activating protein girdin
Authors: Weng Liang , Enomoto Atsushi , Miyoshi Hiroshi , Takahashi Kiyofumi , Asai Naoya , Morone Nobuhiro , Jiang Ping , An Jian , Kato Takuya , Kuroda Keisuke , Watanabe Takashi , Asai Masato , Ishida‐Takagishi Maki , Murakumo Yoshiki , Nakashima Hideki , Kaibuchi Kozo , Takahashi Masahide 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME), specificity and selectivity for cargoes are thought to be tightly regulated by cargo‐specific adaptors for distinct cellular functions. Here, we show that the actin‐binding protein girdin is a regulator of cargo‐selective CME. Girdin interacts with dynamin 2, a GTPase that excises endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane, and functions as its GTPase‐activating protein. Interestingly, girdin depletion leads to the defect in clathrin‐coated pit formation in the center of cells. Also, we find that girdin differentially interacts with some cargoes, which competitively prevents girdin from interacting with dynamin 2 and confers the cargo selectivity for CME. Therefore, girdin regulates transferrin and E‐cadherin endocytosis in the center of cells and their subsequent polarized intracellular localization, but has no effect on integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis that occurs at the cell periphery. Our results reveal that girdin regulates selective CME via a mechanism involving dynamin 2, but not by operating as a cargo‐specific adaptor.
Demographic drivers of tree biomass change during secondary succession in northeastern Costa Rica
Authors: Rozendaal Danaë M. A. , Chazdon Robin L. 
Published: July 2014

Second‐growth tropical forests are an important global carbon sink. As current knowledge on biomass accumulation during secondary succession is heavily based on chronosequence studies, direct estimates of annual rates of biomass accumulation in monitored stands are largely unavailable. We evaluated the contributions of tree diameter increment, recruitment, and mortality to annual tree biomass change during succession for three groups of tree species: second‐growth (SG) specialists, generalists, and old‐growth (OG) specialists. We monitored six second‐growth tropical forests that varied in stand age and two old‐growth forests in northeastern Costa Rica. We monitored these over a period of 8 to 16 years. To assess rates of biomass change during secondary succession, we compared standing biomass and biomass dynamics between second‐growth forest stages and old‐growth forest, and evaluated the effect of stand age on standing biomass and biomass dynamics in second‐growth forests. Standing tree biomass increased with stand age during succession, whereas the rate of biomass change decreased. Biomass change was largely driven by tree diameter increment and mortality, with a minor contribution from recruitment. The relative importance of these demographic drivers shifted over succession. Biomass gain due to tree diameter increment decreased with stand age, whereas biomass loss due to mortality increased. In the age range of our second‐growth forests, 10–41 years, SG specialists dominated tree biomass in second‐growth forests. SG specialists, and to a lesser extent generalists, also dominated stand‐level biomass increase due to tree diameter increment, whereas SG specialists largely accounted for decreases in biomass due to mortality.Our results indicate that tree growth is largely driving biomass dynamics early in succession, whereas both growth and mortality are important later in succession. Biomass dynamics are largely accounted for by a few SG specialists and one generalist species, Pentaclethra macroloba. To assess the generality of our results, similar long‐term studies should be compared across tropical forest landscapes.
Thermal Recovery of Bitumen From the Grosmont Carbonate Formation—Part 2: Pilot Interpretation and Development Strategy
Authors: Yang Daniel , Hosseininejad Mohebati Moslem , Brand Steve , Bennett Caralyn 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Bitumen production from the Grosmont formation is enabled by bitumen-viscosity reduction caused by heating with steam, and is driven by three processes: thermal expansion, gravity drainage, and spontaneous imbibition. Gravity drainage is the dominant recovery mechanism. Maintaining a balance of injected and produced fluid is indicative of good performance. The projected steam/oil ratio (SOR) for the carbonate Grosmont formation is comparable to that of the clastic Clearwater formation; the impact of lower porosity is compensated by lower water saturation. On the basis of the experience from the pilot project, a followup development of the Grosmont formation relies on cyclic operation of injection and production. Saleski Phase 1, approved by the Alberta Energy Regulator, is designed for 1700-m3/d oil capacity from the Grosmont formation. For the first time, probable undeveloped reserves have been assigned to a fractured-carbonate bitumen reservoir. The cyclic-to-continuous steam-assisted-gravity-drainage drainage (C2C-SAGD) concept, where initial cyclic operation of individual wells is converted into continuous injection and production with well pairs as the reservoir depletion matures, intends to maximize recovery in future exploitation projects.
Genetic Diversity for Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat Landraces and Identification of Accessions with Resistance to Stem Rust and Stripe Rust
Authors: Sthapit Jinita , Newcomb Maria , Bonman J. Michael , Chen Xianming , See Deven R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTStripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, and stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, are economically important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Stripe rust continues to cause huge economic losses in major wheat‐growing regions as new races of the pathogen frequently emerge. Wheat landraces from diverse geographic regions are a potential source of novel rust resistance genes. In search of multiple rust resistance, a total of 652 landrace accessions from 54 countries previously screened for resistance to stem rust pathogen (race Ug99) were tested for resistance to current races of stripe rust in Pullman and Mt. Vernon, WA. Of the accessions, 165 showed resistance to stripe rust in the field, and 30 of them also had resistance to stem rust. The 652 landraces were genotyped with 72 simple sequence repeat markers, and 500 of them had data for 8633 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covering the whole wheat genome. Genetic analysis based on SNP markers grouped the resistant landraces into nine different clusters in an unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean dendrogram and three groups in principal coordinates analyses, suggesting that resistant genotypes are genetically diverse and are expected to possess diverse resistance genes. Landraces with resistance to stem rust and stripe rust have both global and regional importance as sources of developing new and diverse resistant germplasm.
Impact of Agromanagement Practices on Rice Elongation: Analysis and Modelling
Authors: Confalonieri R. , Stella T. , Dominoni P. , Frasso N. , Consolati G. , Bertoglio M. , Bianchi E. , Bortone L. , Cairo V. , Cappelli G. , Cozzaglio G. , Fattorossi G. , Garbelli A. , D'Incecco P. , Marazzi A. , Marescotti M.E. , Marziali F. , Maserati S. , Mazza M. , Mottadelli G. , Negrini G. , Nutini F. , Orasen G. , Pacca L. , Pinnetti M. , Pirotta M. , Porta R. , Riva A. , Riva M. , Scaramelli A. , Sessa F. , Uggeri S. , Urbinati F. , Russo G. , Chiodini M. , Bregaglio S. , Acutis M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTPlant height has a deep influence on the productivity of many crops, as it involves susceptibility to lodging, crop–weed competition, and the achievement of favorable harvest index. Nevertheless, modellers have practically ignored related ecophysiological processes, especially those modulated by management practices. The aim of this study was to analyze and model the processes involved with the effects of management on rice (Oryza sativa L.) elongation. Data were collected in two greenhouse experiments (2010–2011) where three factors (floodwater level, N fertilization, sowing density) were arranged in a split‐plot design with three replicates. The model proposed demonstrated its suitability in reproducing both the dynamics involved with tissue elongation in the different phenological phases and the effects of submergence and N luxury consumption on elongation rates. Relative root mean square error (RRMSE) ranged between 4.23 and 12.41% for different treatments and years. The inclusion of algorithms for the impact of agronomic practices on plant height in cropping system models would increase their suitability for scenario analyses and for in silico ideotyping studies, owing to the great interest shown by geneticists in related traits. Moreover, this study—performed with students of a Cropping Systems MS course—demonstrated once more the power of modeling within educational activities. In this case, models were not the subject of the teaching but tools for analyzing processes and formalizing new knowledge.
Evaluation of Perennial Warm‐Season Grass Mixtures Managed for Grazing or Biomass Production
Authors: Bonin Catherine L. , Lal Rattan , Tracy Benjamin F. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTPerennial warm‐season grasses (WSG) have potential for use as forage in grazing systems and as biomass for bioenergy production. Managing WSG stands for these purposes could affect ecosystems differently. The goal of this study was to evaluate how management of WSG stands, for either grazing or as a bioenergy crop, would impact weedy and sown biomass, community composition, and total soil C pools. Mixtures containing 1, 4, and 10 native species were established in Blacksburg, VA, and managed for grazing or as a biomass crop from 2009 to 2012. Initially, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) monocultures yielded less sown biomass and had more weed pressure than the more diverse mixtures. Grazing promoted weed invasion in all mixtures, especially in 2012 when grazed areas contained over four times more weed biomass than biomass plots. Forage species composition shifted over time, as forbs, which contributed over 50% of herbage mass in the first year, were replaced by WSG. Total soil C was not affected by management or species composition of WSG stands but did increase 17% over 4 yr. The amount of new soil C added by warm‐season species (C4) was higher in 4‐ and 10‐species mixtures, likely the result of greater WSG biomass and cool‐season species (C3) weeds that invaded switchgrass monocultures. Planting diverse WSG mixtures (4 to 10 species) and managing initially for biomass production may help accelerate stand establishment, produce high herbage yields, and reduce weed pressure.
Expression of apical junction complex proteins in duodenal mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Ohta Hiroshi , Sunden Yuji , Yokoyama Nozomu , Osuga Tatsuyuki , Lim Sue Yee , Tamura Yu , Morishita Keitaro , Nakamura Kensuke , Yamasaki Masahiro , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the expression of tight junction and adherens junction proteins in duodenal mucosa samples of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Animals—12 dogs with IBD and 6 healthy control Beagles.
Procedures—Duodenal mucosa biopsy samples were endoscopically obtained from dogs with IBD and healthy control Beagles. The expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8; E-cadherin; and β-catenin in the duodenal mucosa samples was determined by means of immunoblotting. The subcellular localization of E-cadherin in the duodenal mucosa samples was determined with immunofluorescence microscopy.
Results—The expression of each claudin and β-catenin was not significantly different between control dogs and dogs with IBD. However, expression of E-cadherin was significantly lower in duodenal mucosa samples of dogs with IBD than it was in samples obtained from healthy control dogs. Results of immunofluorescence microscopy indicated decreased intensity of E-cadherin labeling in the tips of villi in duodenal mucosa samples obtained from 6 dogs with IBD, compared with staining intensity for other dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8 and β-catenin was not significantly different between duodenal mucosa samples obtained from control dogs and those obtained from dogs with IBD. However, E-cadherin expression was significantly lower in the villus epithelium in duodenal mucosa samples obtained from dogs with IBD versus samples obtained from control dogs, which suggested that decreased expression of that protein has a role in the pathogenesis of IBD in dogs.
Rehabilitation Therapies After Botulinum Toxin-A Injection to Manage Limb Spasticity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kinnear Bianca Z. , Lannin Natasha A. , Cusick Anne , Harvey Lisa A. , Rawicki Barry 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundBotulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections are increasingly used to treat muscle spasticity and are often complemented by adjunctive rehabilitation therapies; however, little is known about the effect of therapy after injection.PurposeThe aim of this study was to identify and summarize evidence on rehabilitation therapies used after BoNT-A injections to improve motor function in adults with neurological impairments.Data SourcesSearches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, National Research Register, metaRegistry of Controlled Trials, PEDro, and OTseeker.Study SelectionRandomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials were considered for inclusion. Participants with neurological impairments received BoNT-A to treat focal spasticity in limbs, with rehabilitation interventions provided to experimental groups only. Primary outcome measures were joint mobility, function of the affected limb, and spasticity. Eleven studies with 234 participants, most of whom had stroke, were included in the review.Data ExtractionTwo reviewers extracted study details and data.Data SynthesisMethodological quality was rated using the PEDro scale. Both fixed-effects and random-effects models were used to calculate effect size.ResultsStudies were of variable quality: 3 were poor (PEDro score 1 to 4), and 8 were moderate (PEDro score 6 to 7). No study investigated effects for longer than 24 weeks (6 months). Included trials presented 9 therapy types, including ergometer cycling, electrical stimulation, stretch (casting, splinting, taping, or manual or exercise-induced stretch), constraint-induced movement therapy, task-specific motor training, and exercise programs. Statistical findings suggest that combined therapy and BoNT-A is slightly more effective than BoNT-A alone.ConclusionEvidence relating to impact of adjunct therapy is available, but the heterogeneity of studies limits the opportunity to demonstrate overall impact. Researchers need to consider the benefits of greater consistency in study approaches and measures so that meaningful evaluations of overall adjunct therapy effects can be made.
Anthropological Perspectives on Natural Resources Management, Climate Change and Global Warming: From Quandary to Actions
Authors: Upadhyay Prakash 
Published: July 2014

Anthropology brings its core theoretical tenet that culture frames the way people perceive, understand, experience, and respond to key elements of the worlds which they live in. This framing is grounded in systems of meanings and relationships that mediate human engagements with natural phenomena and processes including climate change. Anthropology’s potential contributions to natural resources, climate and global warming researches are the description and analysis of the mediating layers of cultural meanings, norms and social practices, which cannot be easily incarcerate by methods of other disciplines. There are vital key contributions that anthropology can bring to understandings of climate change. The foremost is awareness to the cultural values and political relations that shape the production and interpretation of climate change knowledge and shape the basis of responses to ongoing environmental changes as ecological colonialism. Anthropological knowledge is holistic –referring to the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. Climate change is ultimately about culture, for in its wake, more and more of the intimate human-environment relations, fundamental to the world’s cultural diversity. Anthropological lens cram to learn about human significance of climate change by studying the manner and the knowledge system of people in different cultures and communities to understand to the new threats of climate change, global warming and the local responses to tackle the menace. Through anthropological lenses on the scale of global geopolitics, anthropologists perceive the causes and effects of climate change to be about people and their life, survival, power, ethics and morals, environmental costs and justice, and cultural and spiritual endurance with a perception Raise Your Voice Not Sea Level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10815 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.2(1) 2014: 75-92