bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunodeficiency-associated primary CNS diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Issa Samar , Hoang-Xuan Khê , Deckert Martina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in the immunocompromised host is a well-recognized entity. It was described in the post-transplant setting, as central nervous system (CNS) post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) as early as 1970. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at high risk of PCNSL. In both entities, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) plays a causative role. EBV has strong oncogenic potential, as EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is important for B-cell immortalization and subsequent transformation to malignant B-cells. PTLD histology includes a broad spectrum of pathologies but is mostly monomorphic in nature, histologically corresponding to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Neurological presentations do not differ from those in patients with other types of brain masses, but delay in diagnosis can be encountered, especially in HIV patients with low CD4 counts due to the high prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii CNS infection which can mimic PCNSL or may even coexist with it. Immunodeficiency-associated PCNSL is an aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. In the setting of HIV infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay of treatment of patients with PCNSL, as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related PCNSL is strongly associated with advanced HIV disease. In CNS-PTLD, reduction in immunosuppression should be the first line of treatment. Most patients with PTLD and HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count of &gt;50 cells/μl will require combined chemo-immunotherapy, typically with high-dose methotrexate and rituximab.
Rare primary CNS lymphomas
Authors: Fox Christopher P. , Nagane Motoo , Sovani Vishakha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are rare malignancies characterized by lymphoid infiltration in the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, meninges, and/or eyes in the absence of systemic lymphoma. Histopathologically, the vast majority of CNS lymphomas are of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subtype, for which treatment approaches are well established. The spectrum of non-DLBCL CNS lymphomas is classified according to the histopathological subtype, as for systemic lymphomas, including low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. These histopathological subtypes of CNS lymphoma are very rare, with limited published data available to inform clinical management. Thus, there is a lack of consensus on how best to approach the diagnosis and treatment for this group of clinically and biologically heterogeneous CNS lymphomas. This chapter focuses on rare CNS lymphomas, summarizing the available clinical data, including epidemiology, clinical features, imaging, histopathology and molecular pathogenesis, and approaches to clinical management.
Neurological complications of lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Wendler Julia , Illerhaus Gerald , Nayak Lakshmi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Lymphoid malignancies can involve both the central and peripheral nervous systems and may present in various ways. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be affected directly by primary central nervous system lymphoma or metastatic or local spread of systemic lymphoma. Indirect effects include spinal cord compression, paraneoplastic syndromes, and vascular involvement. Moreover, various treatment strategies for lymphoid malignancies can negatively affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. Early and adequate diagnosis of neurological complications can be challenging but is required in order to initiate appropriate treatment strategies and to possibly reverse the progression of symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of various neurological effects caused by lymphoid malignancies.
Neurological complications of platelet disorders and disorders of coagulation
Authors: Baghshomali Sanam , Gomez, Francisco E. , Tadevosyan Aleksey , Kumar Monisha A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Arterial thrombosis, venous thromboembolism, and intracranial bleeding are commonly encountered in neurologically injured patients. Inherited and acquired thrombophilias and cancer-related thrombosis are common causes of ischaemic stroke, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and venous thromboembolism. Factor deficiencies and acquired thrombocytopenias may lead to brain haemorrhages that cause permanent disability or death. Treatment of these cerebrovascular injuries is remarkably time-sensitive and the window of opportunity to intervene is small. Treatment of arterial thrombosis, such as in myocardial infarction and stroke, differs from that of venous thromboses such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Deficiencies of natural anticoagulant proteins or gene mutations in procoagulant factors are rare; however, they are strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE), especially in the young or those with a positive family history. Inherited thrombophilias include deficiencies of the natural anticoagulant proteins antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), and protein S (PS), as well as the gain-of-function mutations in the factor V gene (factor V Leiden (FVL)) and prothrombin gene (PT G20210A). Thrombocytopenia can be a result of impaired platelet production and bone marrow suppression, blood loss with inadequate bone marrow response, extravascular sequestration, or extracorporeal destruction (splenomegaly, dialysis), as well as intravascular consumption. For patients with acute ischaemic stroke from suspected thrombophilia, common questions relate to the choice of antithrombotic therapy, potential endovascular interventions, and the extent of diagnostic evaluation. For management of life-threatening intracranial bleeding complications, knowledge of factor replacement strategies, reversal agents, and dosing protocols are critical to achieving haemostasis and optimizing neurological outcomes. This chapter reviews neurological complications and treatment of commonly encountered coagulation disorders such as genetic haemophilias, inherited and acquired thrombocytopenias, inherited and acquired thrombophilias, and manifestations of cancer-related hypercoagulability.
Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
Authors: Laloux Brivael , Georgakakis Antonis , Alexander David M , Buchner Johannes , Andonie Carolina , Acharya Nischal , Aird James , Alonso-Tetilla Alba V , Bongiorno Angela , Hickox Ryan C , Lapi Andrea , Musiimenta Blessing , Almeida Cristina Ramos , Villforth Carolin , Shankar Francesco 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
We adopt a Bayesian X-ray spectral approach to investigate the accretion properties of unobscured ($20\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 22$) and obscured ($22\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 24$) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to shed light on the orientation versus evolution scenarios for the origin of the obscuring material. For a sample of 3882 X-ray-selected AGN from the Chandra COSMOS Legacy, AEGIS, and CDFS extragalactic surveys, we constrain their stellar masses, $M_\star$, intrinsic X-ray luminosities, $L_{\rm X}$, obscuring column densities, $N_{\rm H}$, and specific accretion rates $\lambda \propto L_{\rm X}/M_\star$. By combining these observables within a Bayesian non-parametric approach, we infer, for the first time, the specific accretion rate distribution (SARD) of obscured and unobscured AGN to $z\approx 3$, i.e. the probability of a galaxy with mass $M_\star$ at redshift z hosting an AGN with column density $N_{\rm H}$ and specific accretion rate $\lambda$. Our findings indicate that (1) both obscured and unobscured SARDs share similar shapes, shifting towards higher accretion rates with redshift, (2) unobscured SARDs exhibit a systematic offset towards higher $\lambda$ compared to obscured SARD for all redshift intervals, (3) the obscured AGN fraction declines sharply at $\log \lambda _{\rm break} \sim -2$ for $z \lt 0.5$, but shifts to higher $\lambda$ values with increasing redshift, (4) the incidence of AGN within the theoretically unstable blow-out region of the $\lambda -N_{\rm H}$ plane increases with redshift. These observations provide compelling evidence for AGN ‘downsizing’ and radiation-regulated nuclear-scale obscuration with an increasing host galaxy contribution towards higher redshifts.
No Catch-22 for fuzzy dark matter: testing substructure counts and core sizes via high-resolution cosmological simulations
Authors: Elgamal Sana , Nori Matteo , Macciò Andrea V , Baldi Marco , Waterval Stefan 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Fuzzy dark matter (FDM) has recently emerged as an interesting alternative model to the standard cold dark matter (CDM). In this model, dark matter consists of very light bosonic particles with wave-like behaviour on galactic scales. Using the N-body code ax-gadget, we perform cosmological simulations of FDM that fully model the dynamical effects of the quantum potential throughout cosmic evolution. Through the combined analysis of FDM volume and high-resolution zoom-in simulations of different FDM particle masses ($m_{\chi }$$\sim$$10^{-23}\!-\!10^{-21}$ eV c−2), we study how FDM impacts the abundance of substructure and the inner density profiles of dark matter haloes. For the first time, using our FDM volume simulations, we provide a fitting formula for the FDM-to-CDM subhalo abundance ratio as a function of the FDM mass. More importantly, our simulations clearly demonstrate that there exists an extended FDM particle mass interval able to reproduce the observed substructure counts and, at the same time, create substantial cores ($r_{c} \sim 1$ kpc) in the density profile of dwarf galaxies ($\approx 10^{9}\!-\!10^{10}$ M$_{\odot }$), which stands in stark contrast with CDM predictions even with baryonic effects taken into account. The dark matter distribution in the faintest galaxies offers then a clear way to discriminate between FDM and CDM.
Interplay between the non-resonant streaming instability and self-generated pressure anisotropies
Authors: Marret A , Ciardi A , Smets R 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The non-thermal particles escaping from collision-less shocks into the surrounding medium can trigger a non-resonant streaming instability that converts parts of their drift kinetic energy into large amplitude magnetic field perturbations, and promote the confinement and acceleration of high energy cosmic rays. We present simulations of the instability using an hybrid-Particle-in-Cell approach including Monte Carlo collisions, and demonstrate that the development of the non-resonant mode is associated with important ion pressure anisotropies in the background plasma. Depending on the initial conditions, the anisotropies may act on the instability by lowering its growth and trigger secondary micro-instabilities. Introducing collisions with neutrals yield a strong reduction of the magnetic field amplification as predicted by linear fluid theory. In contrast, Coulomb collisions in fully ionized plasmas are found to mitigate the self-generated pressure anisotropies and promote the growth of the magnetic field.
Cluster population demographics in NGC 628 derived from stochastic population synthesis models
Authors: Tang Jianling , Grasha Kathryn , Krumholz Mark R 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The physical properties of star cluster populations offer valuable insights into their birth, evolution, and disruption. However, individual stars in clusters beyond the nearest neighbours of the Milky Way are unresolved, forcing analyses of star cluster demographics to rely on integrated light, a process fraught with uncertainty. Here, we infer the demographics of the cluster population in the benchmark galaxy NGC 628 using data from the Legacy Extra-galactic UV Survey (LEGUS) coupled to a novel Bayesian forward-modelling technique. Our method analyses all 1178 clusters in the LEGUS catalogue, $\sim 4$ times more than prior studies severely affected by completeness cuts. Our results indicate that the cluster mass function is either significantly steeper than the commonly observed slope of $-2$ or is truncated at $\approx 10^{4.5}$ M$_\odot$; the latter possibility is consistent with proposed relations between truncation mass and star formation surface density. We find that cluster disruption is relatively mild for the first $\approx 200$  Myr of cluster evolution; no evidence for mass-dependent disruption is found. We find suggestive but not incontrovertible evidence that inner galaxy clusters may be more prone to disruption and outer galaxy clusters have a more truncated mass function, but confirming or refuting these findings will require larger samples from future observations of outer galaxy clusters. Finally, we find that current stellar track and atmosphere models, along with common forms for cluster mass and age distributions, cannot fully capture all features in the multidimensional photometric distribution of star clusters. While our forward-modelling approach outperforms earlier backward-modelling approaches, some systematic differences persist between observed and modelled photometric distributions.
Efficacy and Safety of Exogenous Ketones in People with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Krolak-Salmon Pierre , Swerdlow Russell H , Mastain Thibault , Dive-Pouletty Catherine , Pooley Nick , Kisomi Masoumeh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Context
Mild neurocognitive disorder (NCD), formally known as mild cognitive impairment, is usually the clinical stage preceding the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent major NCD, and other causes of dementia. Glucose is a major source of energy for human brain metabolism and the uptake of glucose is reduced in patients with mild NCD, AD, and other NCDs. Unlike glucose, the uptake of ketones remains normal in people with mild NCD and AD, suggesting that the use of ketone bodies may compensate for glucose energy deficiency in patients with mild NCD and AD.

Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the efficacy and safety of exogenic ketones, including medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), on cognitive function in patients with mild NCD and AD.

Data Sources
The Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PubMed Ahead-of-Print, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Europe PMC databases were searched from inception to April 2022. Studies reporting cognitive function efficacy and safety outcomes from randomized controlled trials of exogenic ketones in patients with mild NCD and AD were included.

Data Extraction
Data were extracted by 1 reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, version 2.

Data Analysis
This review identified 13 individual trials investigating the efficacy and safety of MCT or coconut oil for patients with mild NCD or with AD. Because of the heterogeneity of the studies, a narrative synthesis was used.

Conclusion
Overall, improvements associated with exogenic ketones were observed in multiple aspects of cognitive abilities, although the large heterogeneity between the included studies makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions from the current literature. Although some studies investigated the impact of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele status on treatment efficacy, the current data are insufficient to conclude whether such an effect is present.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022336664.
Clinical ethics consultation services: public-facing information on NCI-designated cancer center websites
Authors: Koranteng Erica , Cernik Colin , Gallagher Erin , Hantel Andrew , Marron Jonathan , Abel Gregory 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Clinical ethics consultation services (CECS) can be particularly complex in oncology, and widespread misconceptions exist about their nature. As a result, visibility and accessibility of information regarding CECS is critical. We investigated the availability and content of information regarding CECS on websites of NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers and cancer centers (CCs). Each website was reviewed for information on CECS and reviewed for benchmarks partially derived from the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities recommendations for CECS. Our analysis revealed that of 70 NCI-designated center websites, 38 had information on CECS, and 17 were found directly on these sites. When CECS information was available, most websites provided a mission statement (71%) and an explanation of what constitutes an ethics consult (74%). Few provided a description of the consult process (45%) or service membership (39%). Our findings reveal a significant gap in CECS visibility on the websites of NCI-designated CCs.
Outcomes in older adults with metastatic esophageal and gastric carcinoma treated with palliative chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Xin , Allen Michael J , Espin-Garcia Osvaldo , Suzuiki Chihiro , Bach Yvonne , Panov Elan , Ma Lucy X , Jang Raymond W , Chen Eric X , Darling Gail E , Yeung Jonathan , Swallow Carol J , Brar Savtaj Singh , Kalimuthu Sangeetha , Wong Rebecca , Veit-Haibach Patrick , Elimova Elena 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
The incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma (GEC) in elderly patients is increasing, yet patients ≥75 years have historically been underrepresented in clinical trials. We sought to investigate palliative chemotherapy administration patterns and survival outcomes in older adults.

Materials and Methods
A retrospective analysis identified patients aged 65-74 (young-old) and ≥75 years (older-old) diagnosed with advanced GEC. Patient and tumor characteristics were recorded, with descriptive analysis, time-to-event data analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis performed.

Results
One hundred and ninety-eight “young-old” and 109 ‘older-old’ patients were identified. Patient characteristics were similar between groups except for Charlson Co-morbidity Index (CCI), with lower co-morbidities in the “young-old” compared to “older-old” cohort (P &lt; .001; CCI = 0 in 103 (52%) “young-old” vs 31 (28%) “older-old”). The primary diagnosis in both groups was adenocarcinoma. 119 (60%) “young-old” and 25 (23%) “older-old” patients received chemotherapy (P &lt; .001). Performance status was the primary explanation for chemotherapy non-receipt in both cohorts; age was the explanation in 21 (25%) “older-old” patients and none in the “young-old” patients. PFS for first-line systemic therapy in “young-old” patients was 6.4 (95% CI 5.9-7.6) versus 7.5 months (95% CI 5.1-11.3) in “older-old” patients (P = .69) whilst respective OS was 12.3 (95% CI 10.1-15.5) and 10.4 months (95% CI 9.0-14.6) (P = .0816). Toxicity prompted chemotherapy cessation in 17 (15%) “young-old” and 3 (13%) “older-old” patients (P = .97). Multivariate analysis identified CCI and ECOG performance status as predictive for PFS and OS, respectively. No causative relationship was identified with other variables.

Conclusion
Our study of real-world older-adults show that significant number of “older-old” patients with GEC do not receive chemotherapy. Among “older-old” adults who do receive systemic therapy, outcomes are comparable; this underscores the importance of geriatric assessment-guided care and suggests that age alone should not be a barrier to receipt of chemotherapy in patients with advanced GEC.
Computational insights into CRISP3 downregulation in cervical cancer and its cervical lineages pattern
Authors: Cintra Ricardo Cesar , Céspedes Andrés Galindo , Conceição Mércia Patrícia Ferreira , Oliveira Maiza Vitoria Aguiar Silva , Buron Alessandro , Rodrigues das Neves Deisiane , Moraes Fabio Alves , Gamarra Olinda Maria , Rodrigues de Bastos Daniel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3) emerges as a potential biomarker in the study of many cancers, including cervical cancer (CC). This study aimed to analyze the expression pattern of CRISP3 in CC patients and CC cell lineages, following treatment with the epigenetic drugs: trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza).

Methods
The differentially expressed genes identified in GSE63514 were used to construct a protein–protein interaction network. CRISP3 was selected for subsequent analyses. We utilized data from the TCGA and GENT2 projects to evaluate the expression profile and clinical behavior of CRISP3. Additionally, we conducted cell culture experiments to analyze the expression profile of CRISP3 in cells.

Results
Low levels of CRISP3 were observed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and human papillomavirus (HPV)16+, along with being associated with worse overall survival (OS). MIR-1229–3p was analyzed, and its high expression was associated with worse prognostic outcomes. In CC-derived cell lines, we observed low levels of CRISP3 in SiHa, followed by SW756, C33A, HeLa, and higher levels in CaSki. All cells were treated with TSA, 5-aza, or both. In all cell lines, treatment with TSA resulted in increased transcription of CRISP3.

Conclusion
We identified a significant downregulation of CRISP3 in CC, particularly in cases with HPV16 infection and SCC, which was associated with poorer OS. Preliminary findings suggest that epigenetic treatments with TSA and 5-aza may modulate CRISP3 expression, warranting further research to elucidate its regulatory mechanisms and potential as a prognostic biomarker.
Roles of three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in triterpene biosynthesis and their potential impact on growth and development
Authors: Yang Caiqiong , Halitschke Rayko , O’Connor Sarah E , Baldwin Ian T 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, recognized for their natural bioactivity, display complex spatiotemporal accumulation patterns within the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata. Despite their ecological importance, the underlying biosynthetic enzymes and functional attributes of triterpenoid synthesis in N. attenuata remain unexplored. Here, we show that 3 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (NaCYP716A419, NaCYP716C87, and NaCYP716E107) from N. attenuata oxidize the pentacyclic triterpene skeleton, as evidenced by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. NaCYP716A419 catalyzed a consecutive 3-step oxidation reaction at the C28 position of β-amyrin/lupeol/lupanediol, yielding the corresponding alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid. NaCYP716C87 hydroxylated the C2α position of β-amyrin/lupeol/lupanediol/erythrodiol/oleanolic acid/betulinic acid, while NaCYP716E107 hydroxylated the C6β position of β-amyrin/oleanolic acid. The genes encoding these 3 CYP716 enzymes are highly expressed in flowers and respond to induction by ABA, MeJA, SA, GA3, and abiotic stress treatments. Using VIGS technology, we revealed that silencing of NaCYP716A419 affects the growth and reproduction of N. attenuata, suggesting the ecological significance of these specialized metabolite biosynthetic steps.
The Global Crisis of Trust in Elections
Authors: Kerr Nicholas , King Bridgett A , Wahman Michael 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis article introduces a special issue on trust in elections. While the number of electoral democracies has grown globally, we are currently experiencing a crisis of electoral trust. Political polarization, social divisions, and the rapid spread of misinformation have all been related to enhanced widespread skepticism about the quality of national elections. The special issue is focused on two central questions: How can we explain variations in trust in elections at the individual and country levels? How does trust in elections shape political behavior? In the introduction essay, we frame the contributions of the special issue, provide descriptive statistics about trust in elections globally, summarize the current state of the literature, and point to avenues for future research.