bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleavable Ortho Ester Type Surfactants
Authors: Hellberg P.-E. , Ginkel C. G. van 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
With the focus on quaternary ammonium compounds, this paper describes how the ortho ester chemistry can be used as a versatile tool for synthesis of cleavable surfactants of various types. This class of chemodegradable surfactants hydrolyzes rapidly under mild acidic conditions at the same time as they are long-term stable in alkaline aqueous solutions.
Further, the rate of cleavage can be modified by varying the structure of the surfactant. An additional feature is the possibility to design surface active compounds that release a daughter surfactant with different properties upon cleavage. Ortho ester-based surfactants could be of use in a large number of applications as exemplified in the paper.
Good biodegradation data are of importance for virtually all types of surfactants nowadays. However, there actually seem to exist very few, if any, investigations regarding the biodegradation of cleavable surfactants under both hydrolytical and non-hydrolytical conditions.
Data from the initial part of such a study on cationic ortho ester surfactants are presented and discussed in this paper. The results strongly indicate rapid biodegradation for this class of compounds under varying conditions.
Microemulsions Containing Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Miller D. J. , Henning T. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt is well known that some water/oil/surfactant systems can be optimised to give three phases. The middle phase is a thermodynamically stable microemulsion. Three-phase systems can also form when most of the water is replaced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The phase behaviour of such PEG-based systems with undecyl and oleyl ethoxylates as surfactants has been studied. The PEG reduces the temperature sensitivity and shifts the optimum to higher EO numbers, i. e. higher HLB values. In single phase O/W microemulsions the polyethylene glycol also reduces temperature sensitivity, though the effect seems to be less than for three-phase systems. It also promotes the solubilisation of higher molecular weight oils, such as triglycerides.
Temperature Effects in Anaerobic Biodegradation of Soaps in Anaerobic Screening Tests
Authors: Galvañ P. Varó , Rico D. Prats , Pastor M. Rodríguez 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFatty acid salts (soap) are a widely used class of anionic surfactants. The applications are in fabric washing products, fabric conditioners, laundry additives and surface and toilet cleaners. The levels of soap found in the detergents applications ranges from approximately 10–15%. In this work, the percentage of biodegradation of two soaps, Na-laurate and Na-stearate has been determined under anaerobic conditions. The experiments carried out included the analysis of the effect of the temperature on the degradation of the soaps. A bath test system containing municipal digester sludge as a source of anaerobic bacteria, based on the method proposed by the ECETOC, has been applied.Based on the experimental results in the anaerobic ECETOC test, soaps tested (Na-stearate at 20°C, 35°C, 55°C and Na-laurate at 35°C, 55°C) can be regarded as ultimately biodegradable compounds, and it can expected that they are completely biodegraded under anaerobic conditions if time period allows for that. On the other hand, Na-laurate at 55°C in concentrations of 200 and 400 mg C/L was not degradaded at test conditions.
Dynamic Properties of Surfactants: Influence on Processes and Technologies
Authors: Oetter G. , Nörenberg R. , Hess S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Industrial processes become faster and faster. The corresponding formulations have to keep pace with new technical solutions like spray coating in paper production or the substitution of isopropanol in fountain solutions for offset printing. Fast diffusion of amphiphiles to interfaces and the formation of interfacial films to lower the interfacial energy are the fundamental molecular mechanisms which have to be optimised for all high speed spraying and wetting processes. Our results show that the interfacial tension at water/air and at water/solid interfaces primarily depends on the concentration of free surfactants. Micelles act as depots for free surfactants which adjust the concentration in solution as soon as surfactants disappear by interface adsorption. By using synergistic mixtures it is possible to extend the application range of dynamic surfactants towards detergency by combining fast adsorption at interfaces with micellar properties.
Cleanability of Plastic Flooring Materials Related to their Surface Properties
Authors: Pesonen-Leinonen E. , Kuisma R. , Redsven I. , Sjöberg A.-M. , Hautala M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of contact angle measurement in evaluating soilability and cleanability of 11 different surfaces of flooring materials. The surface properties were examined using an expanding contact angle technique and the cleanability was evaluated colorimetrically. The values of advancing contact angles θAwere related to the soil residues on particle-soiled surfaces and oil-soiled surfaces. The results indicate the potential of contact angle measurements to evaluate cleanability of flooring materials.
Foam Film Characterization of Commercial Surfactants and their Mixtures
Authors: Hristova E. , Khristov Khr. , Exerowa D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe properties of microscopic foam films formed by two commercial surfactants, sodium alkylethoxy sulfate and linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid as well as by their mixtures are studied. The results obtained refer to the following dependences: surface tension on surfactant concentration at three different electrolyte concentrations; film thickness on electrolyte concentration at constant surfactant concentration; film thickness on surfactant concentration at constant electrolyte concentration; disjoining pressure on film thickness (disjoining pressure isotherms). Calculated are the following physicochemical parameters: the diffuse electric layer potential, surface charge, molecule area for the respective surfactant and close packing surface concentration of the adsorption layer. The data obtained provide an option to link the model foam film experiments with the real processes and systems.
New Detergency Aspects through Visualisation of Soil Release Polymer Films on Textile Surfaces
Authors: Calvimontes A. , Dutschk V. , Koch H. , Voit B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Soiling degree and cleanability of different polyester textile materials before and after impregnation with a soil release polymer (SRP) has been systematically investigated. The use of an imaging instrument for the optical roughness analysis operating on the principle of chromatic aberration allowed visualisation of a transparent SRP film on impregnated textile surfaces. Through visualisation of the SRP film and quantification of its relative area, a possible mechanism of cleanability due to impregnation with SRP is proposed.
Preparation and Surface Activities of Novel Sodium Sulfated Aryl Oleic Acid Alkanolamides
Authors: Zhigang Xu , Bing Yuan , Jie Yan , Zongshi Li , Weihong Qiao , Cheng Lubo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Novel sodium sulfated aryl oleic acid alkanolamide surfactants (SSAOAA) with different hydrophobic groups are prepared. An aromatic ring introduced to a long alkyl chain has a significant effect on the effectiveness in reducing water surface tension. The critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) of one product and the surface tension (γc.m.c.) at the c.m.c. are investigated. Surface active properties of sodium sulfated aryl oleic acid alkanolamides are compared to those of conventional sulfated fatty acid alkanolamides. Results show that the c.m.c. decreases with increasing the sizes of alkyl chains.
Synthesis and Surfactant Properties of New Ester-capped Poly(oxyalkylated) Alcohols
Authors: Nowicki J. , Wasilewski J. , Poskrobko J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA new group of nonionic ester surfactants was synthesized. New esters were obtained in high yields from commercially available poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols and fatty acid chlorides under mild reaction conditions. Their structures were confirmed by GPC and HPLC chromatography. The surface properties such as critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.), surface excess concentration, Gc.m.c., and surface area per molecule, Ac.m.c., were determined. The emulsification properties of the new esters were investigated.
Ultrasonic Extraction and TLC Determination of Surfactants in Laundry Wastewaters
Authors: Rezić I. , Bokić Lj. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Standard method of surfactant determination is UV/VIS determination and a long time — consuming standard flask extraction with chloroform, in which very large quantities of harmful organic solvent are employed. In this work, ultrasonic solvent extraction of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants was compared with the traditional shake-flask extraction method and both methods were applied on laundry wastewater samples. Separation, identification and quantification of surfactants were done by thin layer chromatography and video densitometry. Ultrasonic extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the amount of solvent and duration of extraction. This extraction method proved to be much better because it was faster and more efficient. Due to the application of much less organic solvent, it is both economically and ecologically favorable.
Effect of Counterions and Temperature on the Association and Partition Balances of Hexadecylpyridinium Halides in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Oremusová J. , Greksáková O. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The effect of counterions and temperature on the association (critical micelle concentration, thermodynamics of micellization) and partition balances (experimental partition coefficient) of three quarternary ammonium surfactants (CPX) having a common hexadecylpyridinium cation and different anions (chloride, bromide, iodide) were studied in aqueous solutions at the temperature range 20–50°C, using conductometry, potentiometry, UV spectroscopy and measurement of surface tension. All methods used gave closely similar values for critical micelle concentration. From calculated thermodynamics parameters the process of micellization was found to be spontaneous and exothermic. Experimental partition coefficient of hexadecylpyridinium halides increased from chloride to iodide.
The objective of this work was to check whether surfactant counterions can affect the micellization and partition processes. From the results obtained it seems that the differences found in micellization and partitioning of all compounds studied, may be attributed to the different physicochemical properties of chloride, bromide and iodide anions as their differences in mobility etc.
Oxo-Alcohol Ethoxylates: Surface and Thermodynamic Properties and Effect of Various Additives on the Cloud Point
Authors: Duarte L. J. N. , Canselier J. P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this study the thermodynamic properties of various Oxo-alcohol ethoxylates related to their adsorption at the air/water interface and to their micellization have been studied. The effect of various additives, including electrolytes, alcohols, polar aromatic solutes, and ionic and nonionic surfactants on the cloud point of aqueous solutions of the same surfactants has also been investigated. Salting-out electrolytes lower the cloud point while salting-in species raise it. Except for the totally water-miscible alcohols, most hydroxylated compounds lower the cloud point. Phenols, aromatic alcohols, and amines seem to interact preferentially with the ethylene oxide groups of the micelles, leading to strong dehydration, and consequently lowering the cloud point. On the contrary, by forming mixed micelles, an anionic surfactant strongly raises the cloud point of the nonionic.
Revision of the Adsorption Behavior of the Non-ionic Surfactant Tetraoxyethylene Decylether C10E4at the Water/Air Interface
Authors: Schulze-Schlarmann J. , Stubenrauch C. , Miller R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe adsorption kinetics of the non-ionic surfactant C10E4was studied by maximum bubble pressure (MPT-2) and drop/bubble shape analysis tensiometry (PAT-1). The two methods complement each other and show good agreement in the overlapping time range if the problem of the so-called initial load at the drop/bubble surface is considered properly. The adsorption appears to be diffusion-controlled, giving an average diffusion coefficient of the order of 110−10m2s−1. At higher surfactant concentrations, the adsorption rate tends to change to a non-diffusional mechanism, which is possibly caused by surface active impurities.
Reaction Kinetics of the Heterogenous Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide in Microemulsions
Authors: Nadia Yousef , El-Sousy Khaled M. , EL-Aila Hisham J. Y. , Mhesen Fatheya 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Kinetic study for the heterogeneous decomposition of hydrogen peroxide over different non-soluble metal oxides (CuO, Fe2O3 and PbO2) was taken as a model reaction, mainly in normal micellar, inverse micellar microemulsion of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Other micellar phases of different surfactants [sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT), cetyle trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and triton X100] have been studied. Different organic solvents have been investigated. A promotional effect was generally observed. The reaction rate determining step was estimated. Reaction rate constants and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG*, ΔH* and ΔS*) were calculated. It was found that the highest promotional influence was observed in the case of (SDS/Fe3O4) in micellar and inverse micellar micro-emulsion media.
Vesicular Phase Behaviour in Ionic Surfactant Systems with Organic Counter-ions
Authors: Friman R. , Backlund S. , Teixeira C. V. , Linden M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPhase diagrams at 298.2 K were determined for aqueous systems of alkylamines and alkanoic acids in equimolecular ratio, i.e. for alkylammonium alkanoates. The bilayer structural evolution for these ionic surfactants with organic counter-ions in water was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheological measurements. The formed vesicles are highly viscoelastic and have a yield stress value. In the pentylammonium nonanoate-water system at higher contents, the vesicles collapse to micelles, while in the hexylammonium nonanoate-water and in the pentylammonium decanoate systems, a transition to a fully expressed lamellar phase is observed. The results are discussed in terms of electrostatic interactions and membrane flexibility.
Polymeric Surfactants from Beechwood Glucuronoxylan
Authors: Skalková P. , Sroková I. , Sasinková V. , Ebringerová A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPolymeric surfactants were prepared from two beechwood glucuronoxylans, differing in the uronic acid content, molecular mass and solubility, by transesterification with vinyl laurate under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions and with methyl laurate under solvent-free conditions. The water-soluble derivatives exhibit significant emulsifying efficiency comparable to that of the commercial surfactants Tween 20 and Slovasol 245. The performance tests indicated good washing power and very low antiredeposition efficiency. Water-soluble glucuronoxylan laurates can be prepared from both xylan preparations with non-toxic esterification agents as well as under “solventfree” reaction conditions.
New Family of Trisiloxane Surfactants
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Han Fu , Zhang Gaoyong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe interfacial properties of a series of novel aqueous trisiloxane of the general formula Me3SiOSiMeROSiMe3[R=(CH2)3N(CH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2CH2)nOCH3)2n=1,2] were studied. The physicochemical parameters of these trisiloxane were discussed. These surfactants reduced the equilibrium surface tension of water to a minimum value of approximate 21∼22 mN/m at concentration levels of 10−4mol·L−1.
Influence of Natural and Synthetic Additives on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation and Crystal Morphology
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The pH-stat technique has been used to study the influence of several natural and synthetic additives containing carboxyl, phenolic, and sulfonic groups on the precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions (Ca=HCO3 = 5.50 mM, NaCl=0.10 M, pH 8.50, 35°C). The additives investigated were natural i.e., green tea extract, GTE; sodium lignosulfonate, SLS and synthetic i.e., poly(acrylic acid), P-AA; poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid), P-SA. It has been found that addition of low concentrations of additive has three fold effects: a) it delays the precipitation of calcium carbonate, b) it inhibits the rate of precipitation, and c) it influences the calcium carbonate polymorph. Based on the results obtained under the test conditions, the ranking in terms of decreasing effectiveness is: P-AA ≫ GTE>SLS ∼ P-SA. The results also indicate that the delay in precipitation increases with increasing additive concentration. SEM and X-ray diffraction studies of calcium carbonate precipitated in the presence of additives reveal that whereas P-AA and P-SA favor the formation of vaterite, GTE and SLS influence the formation of calcite. By contrast, the predominant polymorph formed in the absence of additive is vaterite. Kinetic analysis suggests Langmuir-type adsorption of added additive ions on the active growth sites of CaCO3 crystals.
Force Measuring Methods for Determination of Surface Tension of Liquids: A Comparison
Authors: Richter L. , Vollhardt D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Three methods for the determination of the surface tension of liquids based on force measurements namely, the vertical plate method of Wilhelmy, the frame method of Lenard and the ring method of du Noüy are compared and studied in respect of a common principle of correction. It is shown that these three most important force-based methods allow the determination of the surface tension under static conditions. The force components of the corresponding liquid column below the measuring wire obtained for the straight part of the withdrawal curve up to the transition in its curved part provides exact surface tension values. The experimentally accessible value of the force component describes the physical background of the measured value correction contrary to the approximate equations obtained by mathematical way. Usually the determination of surface tension of liquids is based merely at the vertical plate method on exact equations thermodynamically derived whereas in the case of the frame and ring methods correction factors in approximate equations are used. At usual application of the force-based methods under the non-static condition of the withdrawal of a liquid column, the force maximum measured at withdrawal of the measuring object (plate, frame, or ring) is the basis for the determination of surface tension. In these cases, the measured surface tension values are compensated by correction equations for the frame and ring methods which are based on an correction factor and correction tables empirically obtained. The surface tension values obtained in this usual way agree with those obtained by using the force component of the corresponding liquid column below the measuring wire for the straight part of the withdrawal curve up to the transition in its curved part. Problems arising at the force measurements with increasing thickness of the measuring wires inside and outside the rings are discussed.
Different Tracer Stain Systems for Testing Laundry Detergent Performance
Authors: Hilgers T. , Ophüls A. , Bohnen J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A wide range of test methods are used worldwide for testing the performance of laundry detergents. Principally, all methods need tracer stains. Uniformly stained standard tracer stains are occasionally considered ‘artificial’ while manually prepared or circular stains are at the same time accepted as ‘natural’. This distinction is not helpful, it is even incorrect. Uniformly stained tracer stains were developed to improve reproducibility. Only few existing stains are additionally heat treated or represent combinations of several stain substances ((effect stains)). All tests are supposed to provide performance results reflecting reality (i. e. consumer perception); suitability of any of the model systems depends solely on their ability to provide results for reliable performance assessment. Extensive comparative tests using different stain systems confirmed that preparation of small batches using different fabric substrates, finish and pre-treatment is beneficial for testing e. g. soil release polymer performance. Apart from that, uniformly soiled standard stains in general showed better reproducibility while providing comparable performance results. We could confirm that standard stains are a good solution for addressing issues with dissatisfactory reproducibility.
The Synthesis and Properties of High Pure δ Layered Sodium Disilicate
Authors: Dong J.-X. , Li L.-P. , Xu H. , Deng F. , Zhang G.-Y. , Li J.-P. , Ai X.-J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstractδ layered sodium disilicate (δ-Na2Si2O5) is a single layer silicate and has good properties as detergent builder. However, it is difficult to synthesize high pure δ-Na2Si2O5. In this paper, a feasible and simple technology was found by decreasing Na content in liquid sodium silicate (water glass). The crystalline time was short and no seed needed. The suitable synthesis conditions were Si/Na = 1.05–1.10, calcining at 720 °C for 5 minutes. The synthesis conditions are of industrial value. XRD and29Si NMR data proved that synthesized samples were δ-Na2Si2O5without impure phase. High pure δ-Na2Si2O5exhibited good ions binding ability and reached 312 to 338 mg CaCO3/g.
Is the EU Ecolabel DID List a Useful Environmental Evaluation Tool for Detergent-like Consumer Products?
Authors: Nitschke L. , Malcomber I. , Tibazarwa C. , Steber J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
For comparing the environmental relevance of household and personal care products, the Critical Dilution Volume (CDV) originally developed for the EU Ecolabel of detergents is an often used key criterion. The EU Ecolabel Detergents Ingredient Database (DID) is a publicly available information basis for derivation of product CDV by providing data on key descriptors for the environmental fate and effects of chemical substances used in consumer products. The alterations of the CDV-relevant descriptors in the revised DID list (2004) have led, in many cases, to an unrealistic depiction of the environmental behaviour of product ingredients and to inadequate product evaluations. The paper reports on the framework of and the experiences with a novel DID list developed by an expert group of the German Hauptausschuss Detergentien (HAD) enabling an environmentally more realistic comparison of products.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Novel Anionic Fumaric Polymerizable Surfactants
Authors: Zhu M. , Qiao W. , Sun Y. , Liu H. , Li Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of novel anionic fumaric polymerizable surfactants with different lengths of carbon chains (C8–C14) were synthesized. The chemical structure of the surfactants was confirmed by 1H NMR, IR and MS. The values of critical micellar concentration (cmc) and γcmc of the surfactants were determined. The surface properties of this series of designed polymerizable surfactants show their potential application in the emulsion polymerization to improve the stability of the latices and water sensitivity of the films.