bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Histopathology of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Melanoma and the Host Immune Response
Authors: Mihm Martin C. , Mulé James J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the past five decades, the role for lymphocytes in host immune response to tumors has been shown, at least in some patients, to be a critical component in disease prognosis. Also, the heterogeneity of lymphocytes has been documented, including the existence of regulatory T cells that suppress the immune response. As the functions of lymphocytes have become better defined in terms of antitumor immunity, specific targets on lymphocytes have been uncovered. The appreciation of the role of immune checkpoints has also led to therapeutic approaches that illustrate the effectiveness of blocking negative regulators of the antitumor immune response. In this Masters of Immunology article, we trace the evolution of our understanding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and discuss their role in melanoma prognosis from the very basic observation of their existence to the latest manipulation of their functions with the result of improvement of the host response against the tumor. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(8); 827–35. ©2015 AACR.
Leksykalne wykładniki hipotetyczności w litewskiej gwarze puńskiej z odniesieniami do języków polskiego i litewskiego
Authors: Roszko Danuta 
Published: August 2015

Lexical indicators of the hypothetical modality in the Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk with references to Polish and Lithuanian.The dissertation discusses the problem of lexical indicators of the hypothetical modality in the Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk. The Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk is used by the Lithuanians living in the north-east regions of Poland. In these very regions there run important ethnic borders between Slavs and Balts, and between the Eastern and the Western groups of Slavs. The author has applied the method of theoretical contrastive studies to characterize the local dialect of Puńsk. To begin with, the author forms the definition of the hypothetical modality along with its paraphrase. She analyzes the gradation of the hypothetical modality phenomenon. Therefore, she has distinguished 6 groups, each of which is characterized by a different degree of probability. Furthermore, she gives examples of all possible indicators of the hypothetical modality in the local dialect: lexical, morphological and syntactic, where lexical indicators are more precisely described. She has distinguished the differences and resemblances between the local dialect and the literary languages of Lithuanian and Polish. In the research area, she applies the experimental corpus of the local dialect of Puńsk. Лексические средства гипотетичности в литовском говоре окрестностей Пунска в сопоставлении с польским и литовским языкамиВ статье описывается проблема лексических показателей гипотетической модальности в литовском говоре окрес тностей Пунска. На литовском говоре окрестностей Пунска говорят литовцы проживающие на северо-востоке Польши. Именно там, на этой территории, многие столетия пересекаются этнические границы между славянами и балтами, между западными и восточными славянами. В статье используется метод теоретического сопоставления естественных языков с использованием так называемого языка-посредника (tertium comparationis). В самом начале представлено содержание категории гипотетической модальности и ее парафраза. Затем описывается изменение по степеням возможности и в связи с тем выделяются шесть групп, которые постепенно отражают повышение возможности, уверенности говорящего к высказываемому им самим содержанию. В описании гипотетической модальности упоминаются лексические, морфологические и синтаксические средства выражения гипотетических значений. Более точно описываются лексические средства. Обращается внимание на сходства и различия между говором и польским и литовским языками. В исследованиях используются данные экспериментального корпуса говора окрестностей Пунска.
Ад паганскай настальгіі да неапаганскай рэвалюцыі: беларуская і польская культура першай паловы XX стагоддзя ў пошуках нацыянальнай ідэнтычнасці
Authors: Міхеева [Mikheeva] Iрына [Iryna] 
Published: August 2015

From pagan nostalgia for neo-pagan revolution: Belarusian and Polish culture of the first half of the XX century in search of national identityThe article deals with a comparative analysis of philosophical and political projects of Belarusian (Vatslav Lastovsky) and Poland (Jan Stahnyuk) national renascence. Carried out a number of philosophical-methodological and political-ideological parallels in the positions of V. Lastovovsky and J. Stahnyuk within two content and thematic blocks: models of national history and projects of national revival. The author of this article draws attention to finding the both projects in the paradigm of the conservative-traditional searches of ethnic and national identity, their obviously nationalistic character and an internal inconsistency in the views of philosophers, romanticization of the national history, calling for the risky socio-political experiments. On the basis of a theoretical reconstruction of the meaningful problem-field of both the concepts – “Krivich Renascence” and “Slavish Pan-Humanism” – the article reveals the similarities and differences in the authors’ interpretations of the essence of national culture, the specifics of its development stages, the prospects for the realization of the historic mission of the Belarusian and Polish peoples. От языческой ностальгии к неоязыческой революции: белорусская и польская культуры первой половины ХХ века в поисках национальной идентичностиСтатья посвящена сравнительному анализу философско-политических проектов белорусского (Вацлав Ластовский) и польского (Ян Стахнюк) национального возрождения. Проводится ряд философско-методологических и политико-идеологических параллелей в позициях В. Ластовского и Я. Стахнюка в рамках двух концептуальных проблемно-тематических блоков: модели национальной истории и проекты национального возрождения. Подчеркивается нахождение рассматриваемых проектов в парадигме консервативно-традиционалистских поисков этнонациональной идентичности, их национально заостренный характер, а также внутренняя противоречивость взглядов философов, романтизация ими национальной истории, призывы к рискованным социополитическим экспериментам. На основе теоретической реконструкции проблемно-содержательного поля обеих концепций – «кривичского возрождения» и «славянского пангуманизма» – делаются выводы о схожести и различиях в авторских интерпретациях сущности национальной культуры, специфике этапов ее развития, перспективах реализации исторической миссии белорусского и польского народов.
A New Estimation of Urbanization’s Contribution to the Warming Trend in China
Authors: Wang Fang , Ge Quansheng , Wang Shaowu , Li Qingxiang , Jones Philip D. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The extent to which an urbanization effect has contributed to climate warming is under debate in China. Some previous studies have shown that the urban heat island (UHI) contribution to national warming was substantial (10%–40%). However, by considering the spatial scale of urbanization effects, this study indicates that the UHI contribution is negligible (less than 1%). Urban areas constitute only 0.7% of the whole of China. According to the proportions of urban and rural areas used in this study, the weighted urban and rural temperature averages reduced the estimated total warming trend and also reduced the estimated urban effects. Conversely, if all stations were arithmetically averaged, that is, without weighting, the total warming trend and urban effects will be overestimated as in previous studies because there are more urban stations than rural stations in China. Moreover, the urban station proportion (68%) is much higher than the urban area proportion (0.7%).
High-Resolution Future Projections of Temperature and Precipitation in the Canary Islands
Authors: Expósito Francisco J. , González Albano , Pérez Juan C. , Díaz Juan P. , Taima David 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The complex orography of the Canary Islands favors the creation of microclimates, which cannot be studied using global climate models or regional models with moderate resolution. In this work, WRF is used to perform a dynamic climate regionalization in the archipelago, using the pseudo–global warming technique to compute the initial and boundary conditions from a reanalysis dataset and from results of 14 global climate models. The simulations were performed for three decades, one at present (1995–2004) and two in the future (2045–54 and 2090–99), and for two different greenhouse gas scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), defined in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The obtained results, at a 5-km horizontal resolution, show a clear dependence of temperature increase with height and a positive change in diurnal temperature range, which is mainly due to a reduction in soil moisture and a slight decrease in cloud cover. This negative change in soil moisture is mainly a consequence of a decrease in precipitation, although the evaluation of simulated reduction in precipitation does not show statistical significance in most of the Canary Islands for the analyzed periods and scenarios.
Biases in Thorpe-Scale Estimates of Turbulence Dissipation. Part II: Energetics Arguments and Turbulence Simulations
Authors: Scotti Alberto 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper uses the energetics framework developed by Scotti and White to provide a critical assessment of the widely used Thorpe-scale method, which is used to estimate dissipation and mixing rates in stratified turbulent flows from density measurements along vertical profiles. This study shows that the relevant displacement scale in general is not the rms value of the Thorpe displacement. Rather, the displacement field must be Reynolds decomposed to separate the mean from the turbulent component, and it is the turbulent component that ought to be used to diagnose mixing and dissipation. In general, the energetics of mixing in an overall stably stratified flow involves potentially complex exchanges among the available potential energy and kinetic energy associated with the mean and turbulent components of the flow. The author considers two limiting cases: shear-driven mixing, where mixing comes at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow, and convective-driven mixing, which taps the available potential energy of the mean flow to drive mixing. In shear-driven flows, the rms of the Thorpe displacement, known as the Thorpe scale is shown to be equivalent to the turbulent component of the displacement. In this case, the Thorpe scale approximates the Ozmidov scale, or, which is the same, the Thorpe scale is the appropriate scale to diagnose mixing and dissipation. However, when mixing is driven by the available potential energy of the mean flow (convective-driven mixing), this study shows that the Thorpe scale is (much) larger than the Ozmidov scale. Using the rms of the Thorpe displacement overestimates dissipation and mixing, since the amount of turbulent available potential energy (measured by the turbulent displacement) is only a fraction of the total available potential energy (measured by the Thorpe scale). Corrective measures are discussed that can be used to diagnose mixing from knowledge of the Thorpe displacement. In a companion paper, Mater et al. analyze field data and show that the Thorpe scale can indeed be much larger than the Ozmidov scale.
The Evolution of Lake-Effect Convection during Landfall and Orographic Uplift as Observed by Profiling Radars
Authors: Minder Justin R. , Letcher Theodore W. , Campbell Leah S. , Veals Peter G. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A pronounced snowfall maximum occurs about 30 km downwind of Lake Ontario over the 600-m-high Tug Hill Plateau (hereafter Tug Hill), a region where lake-effect convection is affected by mesoscale forcing associated with landfall and orographic uplift. Profiling radar data from the Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems field campaign are used to characterize the inland evolution of lake-effect convection that produces the Tug Hill snowfall maximum. Four K-band profiling Micro Rain Radars (MRRs) were aligned in a transect from the Ontario coast onto Tug Hill. Additional observations were provided by an X-band profiling radar (XPR). Analysis is presented of a major lake-effect storm that produced 6.4-cm liquid precipitation equivalent (LPE) snowfall over Tug Hill. This event exhibited strong inland enhancement, with LPE increasing by a factor of 1.9 over 15-km horizontal distance. MRR profiles reveal that this enhancement was not due to increases in the depth or intensity of lake-effect convection. With increasing inland distance, echoes transitioned from a convective toward a stratiform morphology, becoming less intense, more uniform, more frequent, and less turbulent. An inland increase in echo frequency (possibly orographically forced) contributes somewhat to snowfall enhancement. The XPR observations reproduce the basic vertical structure seen by the MRRs while also revealing a suppression of snowfall below 600 m AGL upwind of Tug Hill, possibly associated with subcloud sublimation or hydrometeor advection. Statistics from 29 events demonstrate that the above-described inland evolution of convection is common for lake-effect storms east of Lake Ontario.
Preoperative Lumbar Drain Use During Acoustic Neuroma Surgery and Effect on CSF Leak Incidence
Authors: Crowson Matthew G. , Cunningham Calhoun D. , Moses Helen , Zomorodi Ali R. , Kaylie David M. 
Published: August 2015

Objective: To determine if preoperative lumbar drain (LD) use reduces the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in patients undergoing acoustic neuroma resection. Methods: Retrospective review of 282 patients presenting for acoustic neuroma resection between 2005 and 2014. Results: Two hundred and eighty-two patients had a mean tumor size of 19.1 mm ± 10.2 mm. Twenty-nine (10.3%) patients developed a postoperative CSF leak. Two hundred and twenty patients (78.0%) received a preoperative LD, and 20 (9.1%) developed a CSF leak. Sixty-two (22.0%) patients did not receive a preoperative LD, and 9 (14.5%) developed a CSF leak. No significant difference in CSF leak frequency was observed with use versus no use of a LD ( P = .23). Fifteen (5.3%) patients with an LD placed had a complication related to the LD. No significant difference in CSF leak frequency was observed with patient age, neurofibromatosis type-2 diagnosis, tumor size, or sidedness. Conclusions: Postoperative CSF leaks are among the most common complications of acoustic neuroma microsurgery. No formal guidelines exist for elective placement of a preoperative LD to lower the incidence of CSF leaks. Our reported CSF leak incidence with preoperative LD placement is not significantly lower than without LD use, and there is a complication rate associated with LD use.
Age at Referral of Children for Initial Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation: Current Practices
Authors: Hubermann Lara , Boychuck Zachary , Shevell Michael , Majnemer Annette 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: This study describes current practices in the age at referral for diagnosis of cerebral palsy and factors that influence earlier referral. Study Design: Retrospective chart review (2002-2012). Results: Of 103 children referred for diagnosis, 81 were referred to a neurologist by other medical specialists at a mean of 13.6 ± 15.7 months, whereas primary care providers referred much later (mean = 28.8 ± 27.1 months). Children admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were referred earlier (mean = 9.3 ± 10.2 months) than those not (28.1 ± 24.9 months). Referral to rehabilitation was similarly delayed. Conclusions: Primary care providers generated a minority of referrals, of concern given their role in developmental surveillance. Remarkably high variability suggests knowledge of cerebral palsy attributes varies widely among service providers. Half of children with cerebral palsy do not have a complicated birth history; subsequently, referrals for diagnosis and management are often delayed. New strategies are needed to optimize prompt referral by primary care providers.
Effect of intramuscular interferon beta-1a on gray matter atrophy in relapsing−remitting multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Fisher E , Nakamura K , Lee J-C , You X , Sperling B , Rudick RA 
Published: August 2015

Background: Changes in gray matter (GM) volume may be a useful measure of tissue loss in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: To investigate the rate, patterns, and disability correlates of GM volume change in an MS treatment clinical trial. Methods: Patients ( n=140) with relapsing−remitting MS were randomized to intramuscular (IM) interferon (IFN) beta-1a or placebo. Treatment effects on GM fraction (GMF) and white matter (WM) fraction (WMF) changes, differences in rates of GMF and WMF change in year one and two on treatment, and differences in atrophy rates by disease progression status were assessed retrospectively. Results: Significantly less GM atrophy (during year two), but not WM atrophy (at any point), was observed with IM IFN beta-1a compared with placebo. Pseudoatrophy effects were more apparent in WM than in GM; in year one, greater WM volume loss was observed with IM IFN beta-1a than with placebo, whereas GM volume loss was similar between groups. Risk of sustained disability progression was significantly associated with GM, but not WM, atrophy. Conclusions: These results suggest that GMF change is more meaningful than WMF as a marker of tissue loss and may be useful to augment whole brain atrophy measurements in MS clinical trials.
Atrophy of reward-related striatal structures in fatigued MS patients is independent of physical disability
Authors: Damasceno Alfredo , Damasceno Benito Pereira , Cendes Fernando 
Published: August 2015

Background: MRI studies have shown gray-matter abnormalities in fatigued multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, given that physical disability is highly correlated to MS fatigue, it is often difficult to disentangle its effect in these MRI findings. Objective: The objective of this research paper is to investigate gray-matter damage in mildly disabled MS patients, addressing which variables were better related to fatigue while controlling for physical disability and depression. Methods: Forty-nine relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 30 controls underwent MRI (3T). Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the contribution of clinical and MRI metrics to fatigue. Statistical analyses were performed controlling for disability and depression. Results: Fatigue was present in 22 (44.9%) patients. FSS score was highly correlated with EDSS ( p = 0.00001). Patients with fatigue had lower brain cortical and subcortical gray-matter volumes. However, after controlling for EDSS, only the caudate and the accumbens volumes remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Fatigued MS patients have a global cortical and subcortical gray-matter atrophy that seems largely related to higher physical disability. However, striatal structures involved in effort-reward functions exhibited smaller volumes in fatigued patients, independently of physical disability and depressive symptoms, supporting the theory of cortico-striatal network impairment in MS fatigue.
Association of the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism with recurrence after catheter ablation of acquired atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Qunshan , Hu Xiaofeng , Li Shuyuan , Wang Xiaofeng , Wang Jun , Zhang Rui , Sun Jian , Zhang Pengpai , Feng Xiangfei , Li Yi-Gang 
Published: August 2015

Purpose: Previous studies showed that genetic variants of the angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene conferred higher risk for acquired atrial fibrillation (AF). The present study investigated whether AGT variants correlate with the clinical outcome in patients with acquired AF after catheter ablation (CA). Methods: A total of 150 acquired symptomatic drug-refractory AF patients (mean age 63.7±11.0 years, 24.6% non-paroxysmal AF) with acquired AF underwent a single CA procedure in our department and were included in this retrospective analysis. Eight tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in the AGT gene were genotyped. Standard electrocardiographs (ECGs) and 24-hour Holter recordings were performed during a median follow-up period of 57.5 months to detect AF recurrence. Results: Sixty-one patients (40.7%) suffered AF recurrences after a single CA procedure during follow up. Of the eight tSNPs, the frequency of the M allele of M235T was significantly higher in the recurrence group (28%) compared to the non-recurrence group (18%) ( p=0.042). The recurrence rates of patients with the TT, MT, and MM genotypes were 34.4%, 50%, and 55.6%, respectively ( ptrend=0.049). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, left atrial volume index (LAVI) and other covariates, M235T increased the risk of AF recurrence in additive and dominant models with odds ratios of 2.023 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.034–3.926, p=0.033) and 2.601 (95% CI: 1.102–6.056, p=0.025), respectively. However, in multiple correction analyses, the p values of multiple comparisons were not statistically significant ( pcorrect>0.05). Conclusions: The M allele of M235T might be associated with an increased risk of AF recurrence after CA. Genotyping may thus be helpful on identifying patients with higher risks of AF recurrence after CA and developing optimal follow-up strategies. These strategies may differ and should be individualized according to patients’ genotype. Future studies are warranted to validate the potential effect of AGT M235T on AF recurrence post CA.
The blocking of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and RhoA/Rho kinase activity in hypertensive patients: Effect of olmesartan medoxomil and implication with cardiovascular-renal remodeling
Authors: Ravarotto Verdiana , Pagnin Elisa , Maiolino Giuseppe , Fragasso Antonio , Carraro Gianni , Rossi Barbara , Calò Lorenzo A 
Published: August 2015

Hypothesis/Introduction: The pathophysiological role of oxidative stress (OxSt) in hypertension and target organ damage is recognized. Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces OxSt via NAD(P)H oxidase activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines/growth factors leading to cardiovascular-renal remodeling. Ang II stimulates the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway, which is deeply involved in the development of cardiovascular-renal remodeling via OxSt induction. Olmesartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker, possesses antioxidant and activating nitric oxide system-related effects, which we have shown in terms of p22phox reduction, heme oxygenase-1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide increase. This study evaluates in 15 untreated hypertensive patients the effect of olmesartan treatment on p63RhoGEF, key in Ang II-induced ROCK activation, and MYPT-1 phosphorylation, a marker of ROCK activity. Materials and methods: The p63RhoGEF protein level and MYPT-1 phosphorylation (Western blot) were evaluated at baseline, and after three and six months of olmesartan treatment. Results: Olmesartan normalized systolic and diastolic BP ( p < 0.001), reduced p63RhoGEF level: 1.3±0.25 d.u. (baseline) vs 1.0±0.29 (three months), p < 0.0001 vs 1.0±0.22, (six months), p < 0.0001 and MYPT-1 phosphorylation: 1.2 ±0.14 (baseline) vs 0.9±0.19 (three months), p = 0.008, vs 0.8±0.16 (six months), p = 0.001. Conclusions: These data added to our previous results further provide a mechanistic rationale for olmesartan’s antioxidant/anti-inflammatory potential translation, in the long term, toward anti-atherosclerotic/anti-remodeling effects reported by clinical trials.