bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence that glucose is the major transferred metabolite in dinoflagellate–cnidarian symbiosis
Authors: Burriesci Matthew S. , Raab Theodore K. , Pringle John R. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYReef-building corals and many other cnidarians are symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. It has long been known that the endosymbiotic algae transfer much of their photosynthetically fixed carbon to the host and that this can provide much of the host's total energy. However, it has remained unclear which metabolite(s) are directly translocated from the algae into the host tissue. We reexamined this question in the small sea anemone Aiptasia using labeling of intact animals in the light with 13C-bicarbonate, rapid homogenization and separation of animal and algal fractions, and analysis of metabolite labeling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found labeled glucose in the animal fraction within 2 min of exposure to 13C-bicarbonate, whereas no significant labeling of other compounds was observed within the first 10 min. Although considerable previous evidence has suggested that glycerol might be a major translocated metabolite, we saw no significant labeling of glycerol within the first hour, and incubation of intact animals with 13C-labeled glycerol did not result in a rapid production of 13C-glucose. In contrast, when Symbiodinium cells freshly isolated from host tissue were exposed to light and 13C-bicarbonate in the presence of host homogenate, labeled glycerol, but not glucose, was detected in the medium. We also observed early production of labeled glucose, but not glycerol, in three coral species. Taken together, the results suggest that glucose is the major translocated metabolite in dinoflagellate–cnidarian symbiosis and that the release of glycerol from isolated algae may be part of a stress response.
Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications
Authors: Moore Bret A. , Baumhardt Patrice , Doppler Megan , Randolet Jacquelyn , Blackwell Bradley F. , DeVault Travis L. , Loew Ellis R. , Fernández-Juricic Esteban 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYColor vision is not uniform across the retina because of differences in photoreceptor density and distribution. Retinal areas with a high density of cone photoreceptors may overlap with those with a high density of ganglion cells, increasing hue discrimination. However, there are some exceptions to this cell distribution pattern, particularly in species with horizontal visual streaks (bands of high ganglion cell density across the retina) that live in open habitats. We studied the spectral sensitivity and distribution of cone photoreceptors involved in chromatic and achromatic vision in the Canada goose (Branta canadiensis), which possesses an oblique rather than horizontal visual streak at the ganglion cell layer. Using microspectrophotometry, we found that the Canada goose has a violet-sensitive visual system with four visual pigments with absorbance peaks at 409, 458, 509 and 580 nm. The density of most cones involved in chromatic and achromatic vision peaked along a band across the retina that matched the oblique orientation of the visual streak. With the information on visual sensitivity, we calculated chromatic and achromatic contrasts of different goose plumage regions. The regions with the highest visual saliency (cheek, crown, neck and upper tail coverts) were the ones involved in visual displays to maintain flock cohesion. The Canada goose oblique visual streak is the retinal center for chromatic and achromatic vision, allowing individuals to sample the sky and the ground simultaneously or the horizon depending on head position. Overall, our results show that the Canada goose visual system has features that make it rather different from that of other vertebrates living in open habitats.
Detection of free light chain monoclonal proteins co-migrating with intact monoclonal proteins in patients with monoclonal gammopathy
Authors: Wetenhall Kate , Saleem Rehana , Rowbottom Anthony 
Published: September 2012

Background In a small, but potentially significant proportion of patients with a monoclonal gammopathy, patients show the existence of an intact monoclonal (M-) protein co-migrating with a free light chain (FLC) M-protein. Using traditional methods for detection of monoclonal immunoglobulins, only the intact M-protein may be detectable, and hence the FLC M-proteins may be missed. Methods Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) using two different sets of antisera were compared (one detecting both free and bound FLC epitopes, and one detecting only the free FLC epitopes), alongside urine protein electrophoresis and the Freelite assay in order to ascertain the best methods of detecting both types of M-proteins in this subset of patients. Results A total of 2% of the patient population tested were shown to have a FLC M-protein migrating coincidentally with an intact M-protein. These were not detected by IFE using the widely utilised antisera to both free and bound FLC epitopes, and hence may have been missed during routine testing, but were detectable using the other methods. Conclusions This study highlights the important finding that in some patients with both an intact and a FLC M-protein, the FLC M-protein may be missed during routine testing. In incidences where no corresponding urine sample is sent to the laboratory alongside the serum sample, we would suggest testing for the presence of FLC M-proteins in this subset of patients using the Freelite assay, if no urine sample can be obtained, to ensure all FLC M-proteins are appropriately detected.
Judging Borrowers by the Company They Keep: Friendship Networks and Information Asymmetry in Online Peer-to-Peer Lending
Authors: Lin Mingfeng , Prabhala Nagpurnanand R. , Viswanathan Siva 
Published: September 2012

We study the online market for peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, in which individuals bid on unsecured microloans sought by other individual borrowers. Using a large sample of consummated and failed listings from the largest online P2P lending marketplace, Prosper.com, we find that the online friendships of borrowers act as signals of credit quality. Friendships increase the probability of successful funding, lower interest rates on funded loans, and are associated with lower ex post default rates. The economic effects of friendships show a striking gradation based on the roles and identities of the friends. We discuss the implications of our findings for the disintermediation of financial markets and the design of decentralized electronic markets.This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
Multistage Capital Budgeting with Delayed Consumption of Slack
Authors: Baiman Stanley , Heinle Mirko S. , Saouma Richard 
Published: September 2012

Capital budgeting frequently involves multiple stages at which firms can continue or abandon ongoing projects. In this paper, we study a project requiring two stages of investment. Failure to fund Stage 1 of the investment precludes investment in Stage 2, whereas failure to fund Stage 2 results in early termination. In contrast to the existing literature, we assume that the firm can limit the manager's informational rents with the early termination of the project. In this setting, we find that the firm optimally commits to a capital allocation scheme whereby it forgoes positive net present value (NPV) projects at Stage 1 (capital rationing), whereas at Stage 2, depending on the manager's previous report, it sometimes implements projects with a negative continuation NPV but in other situations forgoes implementing projects with positive continuation NPVs. This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Oncology; Everolimus: A New Treatment Option for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Thompson Lisa A , Kim Miryoung , Wenger Sarah D , O'Bryant Cindy L 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE: To present the current clinical evidence on everolimus for use in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET). DATA SOURCES: A literature search was performed using PubMed and MEDLINE (1946-March 2012). Search terms were everolimus, RAD001, mTOR inhibitor, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2000-2012 meetings and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews were searched to obtain otherwise unpublished data. The national clinical trials registry was searched for current and future studies of everolimus in pNET. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical studies available in the English language describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical activity, and safety of everolimus in pNET were included. All peer-reviewed, clinically relevant publications were reviewed for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS: Everolimus is an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor approved by the FDA in May 2011 for the treatment of progressive, advanced pNET. Everolimus exerts its effect by inhibiting multiple downstream pathways of mTOR, which decreases cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Its pNET indication was based on the results of RADIANT-3, a Phase 3 trial demonstrating increased median progression-free survival (11 months) with everolimus 10 mg orally once daily compared to placebo (4.6 months). Everolimus was well tolerated in clinical trials. The most commonly reported adverse events included stomatitis, rash, diarrhea, fatigue, infections, nausea, and decreased appetite. Grade 3/4 events including anemia, thrombocytopenia, pneumonitis, and hyperglycemia occurred in approximately 5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on review of the available literature, everolimus is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with low- to intermediate-grade, unresectable or metastatic pNET that have progressed on prior therapies. Until results of head-to-head, randomized controlled trials are conducted to compare everolimus to other treatment options, it cannot be said whether everolimus is more efficacious or tolerable than other treatment options.
Clay Mineralogy of the Zhada Sediments: Evidence for Climatic and Tectonic Evolution Since ~9 Ma in Zhada, Southwestern Tibet
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Wang Chaowen , Zeng Kefeng , Zhang Kexin , Yin Ke , Li Zhaohui 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of the Zhada sediments was investigated, using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, to obtain a better understanding of climatic change and uplift of the Himalayas in the Zhada region of Tibet. The sediments of Zhada basin in the late Miocene to Pliocene consist of lacustrine and fluvial deposits >800 m thick and can be subdivided into five clay assemblage zones based on their clay-mineral composition. The upward zonation is as follows: (1) smectite-kaolinite; (2) illite-chlorite; (3) chlorite-illite-kaolinite; (4) illite-chlorite; and (5) smectite, illite, and kaolinite. The ratio of chlorite + illite to kaolinite + smectite (Ch+I/K+S) and the Kübler index indicate a warm and humid climate from 9.5 to 8.4 Ma, a cold and dry climate from 8.4 to 7.2 Ma, a warm and seasonal arid climate from 7.2 to 4.5 Ma, a cool and humid climate from 4.5 to 3.6 Ma, and a warm and seasonally humid climate from 3.6 to 3.0 Ma. Intense fluctuations in the Kübler index and in the quantities of evaporite minerals dolomite, aragonite, and gypsum, during the period 7.2–4.5 Ma suggest strong climatic fluctuations between humid and seasonally humid conditions in the Zhada basin. Rapid uplift around the Zhada basin occurred at 8.4 and 3.6 Ma, with sharp subsidence at 7.2 and 4.5 Ma. Evolution of the climate at Zhada showed a different model from that of global climate change, and tectonics-led climate change was the major contributor to climate evolution in the area.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrokinetic Properties of Polyindene/Colemanite Conducting Composite
Authors: Cetin Berrak , Unal Halil Ibrahim , Erol Ozlem 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of the aqueous electrokinetic experiments in the present study was to assess the relative contribution of the conducting polyindene (PIn) and inorganic colemanite components to the zeta (ζ) potentials of the composite particles, thus providing further insight into their surface composition in the dispersed state and establishing colloidally stable conditions for potential rheological, industrial applications. For this, PIn and a PIn/colemanite composite (containing 5 wt.% colemanite) were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as an oxidizing agent. Colemanite, PIn, and PIn/colemanite composite samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, conductivity, dielectric constant, magnetic susceptibility, density, particle-size measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy methods. The electrokinetic properties of colemanite and PIn/colemanite composite dispersions were determined by ζ-potential measurements in aqueous medium, taking into account the effects of time, pH, various electrolytes, surfactants, and temperature. The pH was observed to have a greater effect on the ζ potentials of colemanite in water but caused only slight changes in the presence of cationic (NaCl, BaCl2, AlCl3) and anionic (NaCl, Na2SO4) electrolytes. Increased pH values shifted the ζ potentials of PIn/colemanite composite dispersions to more negative values. The most effective surfactant acting on the ζ potentials of colemanite and PIn/colemanite composite dispersions was cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which shifted the ζ potentials to more positive regions. Elevated temperatures caused almost no change to the ζ potentials of either the colemanite or the PIn/colemanite composite dispersions.
Practical aspects of modern interferometry for optical manufacturing quality control, Part 3
Authors: Smythe Robert A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Modern phase shifting interferometers enable the manufacture of optical systems that drive the global economy. Semiconductor chips, solid-state cameras, cell phone cameras, infrared imaging systems, space-based satellite imaging, and DVD and Blu-Ray disks are all enabled by phase-shifting interferometers. Theoretical treatments of data analysis and instrument design advance the technology but often are not helpful toward the practical use of interferometers. An understanding of the parameters that drive the system performance is critical to produce useful results. Any interferometer will produce a data map and results; this paper, in three parts, reviews some of the key issues to minimize error sources in that data and provide a valid measurement.
Poetic form as meaning in Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass
Authors: Fabb, Nigel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The poetic forms of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, including its lineation and various rhythmic and syntactic patterns, are implied rather than inherent; that is, the poetic forms hold of the text as the contents of a set of implicatures, which mutually reinforce one another, and which hold somewhat loosely and with a certain degree of strength. This includes the division of the text into lines, and the presence of rhetorical groups, parallel sections, and rhythmic sequences; Whitman's idiosyncratic punctuation contributes to this loose form. Form is not just attributed as a meaning of the text, but is also meaningful in the poem, whose ‘leaves of grass’ – both the sheets of the book and the lines of the poem – are on the one hand sheets of papyrus and on the other hand manifestations of the democratic spirit. The meaningfulness of the poetic form is enabled by its attributed status.
Towards a Neo-Gricean Stylistics: Implicature in Dorothy L. Sayers's Gaudy Night
Authors: Chapman, Siobhan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This article explores the possibility of using neo-Gricean pragmatics as a tool for the stylistic analysis of literary texts, with reference to Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers (1935). Although displaying many of the traits of a detective mystery, this novel has been noted by both its author and critics to transcend this genre by exploring two more general themes. Firstly, it is concerned with attitudes to women's role and status in society, and with the consequences of these attitudes. Secondly, it deals with the psychological motivations and developments of its central characters, particularly in relation to the competing demands of emotion and intellect. In this article, neo-Gricean pragmatics is used to explain how these themes are communicated implicitly.
“It's not quite what I had in mind”: Adaptation, faithfulness, and interpretation
Authors: Furlong, Anne 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper proposes that Gutt's work on translation (2000), situated in a relevance-theoretic framework, provides a productive basis on which to discuss adaptations, especially of graphic novels. Expectations held by audience members that they will see their reading of a work presented on the screen are seriously flawed. In Gutt's terms, audiences who anticipate direct translations of their reading on the screen are disappointed by adaptations that present indirect translations; the disparity between expectation and result is the cause of disaffection. This paper argues that there is a crucial distinction between the interpretation of the text as constructed by the reader, and the filmmaker's interpretation as performed by the adaptation. This paper surveys a range of responses to film adaptations, explores the meaning of “faithfulness” in adaptation within the relevance-theoretic notion of resemblance, and concludes by showing that it is the director's, not the writer's or reader's, non-spontaneous interpretation which is performed by an adaptation.
Optimizing the Sensitivity of FT-Rheology to Quantify and Differentiate for the First Time the Nonlinear Mechanical Response of Dispersed Beer Foams of Light and Dark Beer
Authors: Wilhelm Manfred , Reinheimer Kathrin , Kübel Jennifer 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Foams are dispersions consisting of a gaseous dispersed phase and a liquid or solid dispersion medium. For the case of beer foam, only the liquid dispersion medium is of interest here. The focus of this work was closed foams that were explored for the first time using Fourier Transform Rheology (FT-Rheology). It was shown that FT-Rheology was able to resolve differences between various brands of beers. While foam rheology is of high interest especially in the food industry and for personal care products, previous investigations were typically made using steady shear or were within the linear oscillatory regime. However, the challenge facing large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) measurements in foams is detection of the resulting extremely low torque related to the higher harmonics. Foams with a high volume fraction of the dispersed gaseous phase generate a LAOS response that is generally quite low, specifically torque values on the order of μN m. Therefore, the LAOS measurements have to be performed with a very sensitive and carefully optimized rheometer. To achieve the results here, the most advanced rheometer ARES G2 from TA Instruments was used because it possesses the highest sensitivity of status quo strain controlled rheometers and is able to measure torques down to 50 nN m. This requirement of high torque resolution limited previous investigations on nonlinear oscillatory shear experiments and makes the experimental results described here both unique and pioneering.
Temperature Controlled Activity of Lipase B from Candida Antarctica after Immobilization within p-NIPAM Microgel Particles
Authors: Gawlitza Kornelia , Wu Changzhu , Georgieva Radostina , Ansorge-Schumacher Marion , von Klitzing Regine 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) within micronsized poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide (p-NIPAM) microgel particles with a crosslinker content of 5% is reported. The immobilization of the enzyme was reached by an exchange from polar to organic solvents. After determining the embedded amount of CalB within the polymer network, an enhanced specific activity in n-hexane was obtained. Due to the thermoresponsibility of the polymer particles, the activity reaction was done at 25 ºC and 50 ºC. The results presented show that the reversible collapse of the microgel leads to a decreased activity with increasing temperature. Hence, p-NIPAM microgels display a good opportunity to tailor the activity of CalB. An interesting side effect is that CalB presents a suitable probe to estimate the mesh size of the polymer network, since it penetrates in the unlabeled form but not after labeling with FITC.
Moderate Immunohistochemical Expression of HER-2 (2+) Without HER-2 Gene Amplification Is a Negative Prognostic Factor in Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Rossi Valentina , Sarotto Ivana , Maggiorotto Furio , Berchialla Paola , Kubatzki Franziska , Tomasi Nicoletta , Redana Stefania , Martinello Rossella , Valabrega Giorgio , Aglietta Massimo , Ponzone Riccardo , Montemurro Filippo 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 testing in patients with operable breast cancer is aimed at identifying candidates for adjuvant anti–HER-2 treatment. However, commonly defined “HER-2−” tumors express variable levels of the HER-2 protein, which can influence prognosis. We compared the clinical outcomes of operable breast cancer patients stratified according to a common HER-2 testing algorithm.

Methods.
We studied 1,150 women (median age, 58 years; range, 22–94 years) undergoing surgery for early breast cancer at our institution. HER-2 status was determined using the HercepTest™ (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and, when needed, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Patients receiving adjuvant trastuzumab were excluded. The impact of HER-2 status on the disease-free survival (DFS) time was studied using multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis.

Results.
Four hundred-fifty seven (40%), 454 (39%), 116 (10%), and 123 (11%) patients were considered HER-2 0+, HER-2 1+, HER-2 2+/HER-2− by FISH, and HER-2+ (3+ or HER-2+ by FISH), respectively. Compared with a HER-2 0 or 1+ status, a HER-2 2+/HER-2− by FISH status was associated with a worse DFS outcome on multivariate analysis. Compared with a HER-2+ status, a HER-2 2+/HER-2− status showed a time-dependent effect on the DFS probability, with an initial advantage that worsened every year by a factor of 1.649.

Conclusion.
A HER-2 2+/HER-2− status is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with operable breast cancer. Because of suggestions from randomized trials that the benefits of adjuvant trastuzumab may not be limited to patients with HER-2+ tumors, patients with a HER-2 2+/HER-2− status are ideal candidates for studies testing this hypothesis.