bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Metabolic Effects of Acute Insulin Deficiency: II. Changes in Hepatic Glycolytic and Krebs-Cycle Intermediates and Pyridine Nucleotides
Authors: Kalkhoff R K , Hornbrook K R , Burch H B , Kipnis D M 
Published: December 2014

(1) Various glycolytic and Krebs-cycle intermediates and pyridine nucleotides were measured in the livers of anti-insulin serum treated (i.e., acute insulin deprivation) and alloxan diabetic rats (i.e., chronic insulin deprivation).
(2) Acute insulin deprivation of three-hour duration resulted in significant changes in the concentration profile of the various glycolytic intermediates suggesting marked impairment of glycolysis at the phosphofructokinase step, activation of glycogenolysis, and decreased hexosemonophosphate shunt activity. The tissue levels of citrate and malate were not elevated under these conditions.
(3) Insulin deficiency of forty-eight hours' duration produced changes in the hepatic levels of glycolytic and Krebs-cycle intermediates which differed in several important aspects with those seen in acute insulin deficiency. The accumulation of P-pyruvate and 3-P-glycerate in forty-eight hour alloxan diabetic rats, when gluconeogenesis is accelerated, suggests that the rate limiting step in this system resides at some step between the conversion of 3-P-glycerate and dihydroxyacetone-P.
(4) Acute insulin deficiency of three-hour duration produced no significant changes in the levels of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides. Chronic insulin deficiency (48hr. alloxan diabetic rats) did not alter the content of TPN, TPNH or DPN but did cause a significant decrease (32 per cent) in the level of DPNH.
Gestational Blood Glucose Levels in Normal and Potentially Diabetic Women Related to the Birth Weight of Their Infants
Authors: O'Sullivan John B , Gellis Sydney S , Tenney Benjamin O , Mahan Clare M 
Published: December 2014

Data from 5,534 prenatal registrants who had blood glucose determinations following the ingestion of 50 gm. of glucose indicated that age is the only maternal factor of significance to resulting blood glucose levels when other variables are held fixed.
The lack of a blood glucose—birth weight correlation in the general population was further explored with the demonstration that such a relationship exists among groups of potentially diabetic women.
Overweight women giving birth to a large baby were found to have significantly higher mean blood glucose values. The overweight women with an infant of average birth weight or the normal weight women with a large baby had no such blood glucose elevation. These data imply that more accurate separation of either the overweight women or women giving birth to large babies into groups of special significance to future development of diabetes mellitus is possible.
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus, with and without Hyperlipemia
Authors: Jones Don P , Plotkin Gerald R , Arky Ronald A 
Published: December 2014

No detectable abnormalities or changes in the post heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were found in fifteen “insulin independent” (stable) or sixteen “insulin dependent” (labile) diabetics, with or without hyperlipemia, in four patients with ketoacidosis and hyperlipemia both during the acute phase and after recovery, in two subjects with insulin induced hypoglycemia, and in two patients with gross hyperlipemia and diabetes during marked fluctuations in lipid levels in one, and during correction of the hyperlipemia in the other.
Abnormalities in the LPL system, as reflected in the post heparin plasma LPL activity, appear to play a minor role, if any, in the pathogenesis of diabetic hyperlipemia in man.
Role of the Kidney in the Disposal of Radioiodinated and Nonradioiodinated Insulin in Dogs
Authors: Zaharko Daniel S , Beck Lyle V , Blankenbaker Ronald 
Published: December 2014

Insulin concentration in each sample of dog urine, carotid artery plasma, or renal vein plasma was estimated following the infusion of bovine insulin-I-125, unlabeled bovine insulin, or glucose.
Insulin was estimated by immunoassay and by TCA insoluble radioactivity. Whenever insulin-I-125 and unlabeled insulin were infused together both methods were used on each sample.
In agreement with the conclusions of others, who have used less direct technics, it was found that the use of plasma TCA insoluble radioactivity to determine radio-insulin degradation in vivo results in an underestimate of insulin removal, and hence an overestimate of insulin half life. This finding was shown to apply not only to the whole animal but also to the kidney. All forms of insulin were removed by the kidney but the radioactive estimate of kidney insulin removal was less than that by immunoassay.
Data from experiments in which radioactive insulin was bound to guinea pig anti-insulin serum prior to infusion and from experiments in which ureteral ligation was performed prior to infusion indicated that the kidney removed insulin primarily by glomerular filtration but that direct absorption also played a role.
Study of Familial Patterns of Reported Diabetes: Evaluation of Questionnaire Data
Authors: Klimt Christian R , Meinert Curtis L , Ho Irwin P , Briese Franklin W 
Published: December 2014

This is a study, based on a family history survey for diabetes obtained by questionnaire from 31,046 students who entered the University of Minnesota during the five academic years from 1955–56 to 1959–60. For each individual reported in the questionnaire, the primary item of information obtained was the diabetes status, classified where possible according to parental mating group (i.e., both parents diabetic, one parent diabetic, neither parent diabetic).
The main purpose of the study, in the planning and initial operational stages, was to provide data adequate for testing the correlation of diabetes prevalence in offspring of parental mating groups with the number of diabetic parents and for testing single-gene genetic hypotheses. The initial data collected were on “reported diabetes”—a rather ill defined entity—and were besides, as became clear later, subject to some fairly gross errors of misclassification. The study plan included procedures for rectifying these difficulties, but it was not possible to carry this work through. As a consequence, it was felt that the data would not support the statistical analysis necessary to test the questions mentioned above.
There are, however, numerous familial patterns suggested by various tabulations of the data which, interpreted with caution, are of some interest. The following trends appearworth noting:
1. The average number of offspring per family does not appear to be correlated with mating subgroup, nor does it appear to be correlated with the presence of diabetes among first degree relatives.
2. Prevalence of diabetes appears to be positively correlated with the number of diabetic parents. In fact, the observed prevalence in families with one diabetic parent is about three times the prevalence in families with neither parent affected. This effect appears to persist even when the data are subclassified by parental age.
3. Mortality rates do not appear to be correlated with the number of diabetic parents. Sources of error inherent in the present study, in particular, and the retrospective questionnaire-based study, in general, are extensively analyzed and discussed.
Effect of Free Fatty Acids and Insulin on Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Metabolism of Isolated Rat Diaphragms
Authors: Buse Maria G , Buse John 
Published: December 2014

The effect of free fatty acids and insulin on the incorporation of C-14 from amino acids into muscle proteins was studied in vitro using “cut” or “intact” rat diaphragms.
Insulin promoted the incorporation of C-14 from L-gly-cine-2-C-14, L-histidine-2-ring-C-14 and L-leucine-U-C-14 into muscle proteins. Insulin stimulated the uptake of 0.05 mM. leucine-U-C-14 from the medium, but not its oxidation to C-14-O2.
Palmitate (3 mM.) decreased the incorporation of C-14 from glycine and histidine into proteins of muscles stimulated with insulin. Octanoate (0.5-3 mM.) decreased the incorporation of C-14 from leucine into proteins. The inhibitory effect of octanoate on protein synthesis was demonstrated in the presence or absence of glucose and/or insulin. DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (15 mM.) decreased the incorporation of C-14 from leucine-U-C-14 into proteins in the presence of insulin.
Octanoate (1 mM.) stimulated the uptake of C-14 from leucine-U-C-14 from the medium and its oxidation to C-14-O2. DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (15 mM.) appeared to inhibit both processes, however; the latter may be due to isotope dilution.
The nonutilizable amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid-C-14, penetrated less readily into the intracellular water of diaphragms incubated with 1 mM. octanoate than into controls. However, since octanoate stimulated the uptake of C-14 from leucine from the medium it appears likely that octanoate inhibited the incorporation of C-14 from leucine into proteins at a step beyond amino acid transport.
It is suggested that FFA can influence amino acid metabolism in muscles and decelerate their incorporation into proteins. Limitation of protein synthesis in muscle by increased intracellular FFA may contribute to the supply of amino acids available for neoglucogenesis during stress and carbohydrate deprivation.
Effect of Diazoxide on Glucose U-C-14 Utilization in Mice
Authors: Jansen G R , Hutchison C F , Zanetti M E 
Published: December 2014

(1) The effects of diazoxide on the conversion of oral doses of glucose-U-C-14 to fatty acids in adipose tissue, and to fatty acids and glycogen in liver have been studied in intact mice.
(2) Diazoxide in a subcutaneous dose of 10 mg. per kilogram inhibited conversion of the glucose-U-C-14 to fatty acids of epididymal fat approximately 50 per cent. The inhibition in conversion of isotopic glucose to fatty acids in liver was slightly less than that found for adipose tissue. These inhibitory effects as well as hyperglycemia occurred within twenty minutes after drug administration and ten minutes after the glucose-U-C-14 was given.
(3) In spite of the sensitivity of the system, insulin overcame the inhibitory effects of 200 mg. per kilogram diazoxide on all these parameters. This large dose of diazoxide did not antagonize the action of exogenous insulin.
(4) Although diazoxide inhibited conversion of glucose-U-C-14 to liver fatty acids, net incorporation into liver glycogen was stimulated one-hundredfold. A net increase in the weight of total liver glycogen also was found. The significance of the striking elevation in glycogen synthesis in terms of proposed mechanisms of action for diazoxide will be discussed.
(5) The inhibition in conversion of the glucose-U-C-14 to fatty acid and the hyperglycemia were accompanied by an increase rather than a decrease in the specific activity of the plasma glucose. This, combined with the fact that no antagonism to the action of exogenous insulin was observed, is consistent with the hypothesis that diazoxide-mediated hyperglycemia, at least at low doses, results primarily from an inhibition in insulin secretion. At higher doses adrenergic mechanism could also become involved in potentiating the hyperglycemia.
Effects of Ingestion of Long-chain and Medium-chain Triglycerides on Glucose Tolerance in Man
Authors: Tantibhedhyangkul Phienvit , Hashim Sami A , Itallie Theodore B Van 
Published: December 2014

A mild hyperketonemia was induced in seven normal subjects by oral administration of a medium-chain tri-glyceride (MCT) composed of C8 and C10 fatty acids. One hour following MCT administration and during the period of hyperketonemia, an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed on each subject. On other occasions, similar glucose tolerance tests were performed on the same subjects one hour following the ingestion of either water or corn oil. K values for the slopes of the disappearance curves following glucose administration were derived, and mean K values and their standard errors following water, corn oil, and MCT, respectively, were 1.80 ± 0.38; 2.64 ± 0.41; and 2.99 ± 0.89. Thus MCT-induced hyperketonemia did not inhibit the rate of disappearance of the intravenously given glucose.
The apparent enhancement of glucose tolerance after ingestion of the MCT and corn oil meals is not readily explained. It is possible that the presence of these fats in the, gastrointestinal tract promoted the secretion of certain beta-cytotropic enteric hormones. In addition, the mild hyperketonemia induced by the MCT may, of itself, have accelerated the rate of glucose disappearance by stimulating insulin production. Finally, the medium-chain fatty acids derived from MCT may have enhanced glucose tolerance by virtue of an inhibitory effect on hepatic-glucose output.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Siblings of Children with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Burkeholder James N , Pickens James M , Womack William N 
Published: December 2014

1. Eighteen per cent of a group of 138 children who were given one or more glucose tolerance tests were classified as chemical diabetics.
2. One of the siblings who were classified as chemical diabetics later developed overt clinical diabetes, as did another child whose identical twin was a diabetic and whose blood sugar was abnormally low at three hours.
3. Five of nine children (56 per cent) in three families in which both parents had diabetic glucose tolerance tests had glucose tolerance tests which were sufficiently abnormal to classify them as chemical diabetics.
Changes of Individual Free Fatty Acids During Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Nakamura H , Faludi G , Spitzer J J 
Published: December 2014

Regulation of individual FFA release from adipose tissue has been studied in control, obese and diabetic subjects in the course of glucose tolerance tests. Adipose tissue biopsies were also obtained from some of the subjects.
As in previous studies, fasting FFA levels were higher and the fall in FFA was greater in obese and diabetic subjects than in controls. There was a delay in both the fall and subsequent return of FFA.
With the decrease of FFA concentration, the contribution of palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids to total FFA decreased, while that of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids increased. The opposite changes were observed as FFA levels rose.
Plotting the concentration of individual FFA against the corresponding total FFA level suggested linear regression of the individual FFA concentration on the total plasma FFA level in all three groups of subjects. The percentage contribution of the slope of each regression line to the sum total of the slopes was found to be very similar to the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. This indicates that the release of individual FFA from adipose tissue is proportional to the total fatty acid composition of adipose tissue above FFA levels of about 200 μEq./L. or more. The existence of a “basal FFA level” is postulated (less than 200 μEq./L.) and a speculative consideration is presented indicating that the latter may be under the primary influence of factors other than adipose tissue.
Potentiation of the Tolbutamide Effect by Dicoumarol
Authors: Kristensen M , Hansen J Mølholm 
Published: December 2014

The administration of dicoumarol to four elderly diabetics who were daily receiving 500 mg. tolbutamide led to an increase in the tolbutamide concentration in the blood associated with a fall in blood sugar. The accumulation of tolbutamide was due to an increase in the half-life of tolbutamide in the blood from the normal average of 4.9 hours to an average of 17.5 hours. The mechanism responsible for this increase may be inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism in the liver by dicoumarol.
This accumulation may well increase the risk of hypoglycemia, such as has been demonstrated after administration of sulfaphenazole to diabetic patients receiving tolbutamide.
Phenindione does not seem to have a similar effect and, accordingly, would appear to be preferable in anticoagulant therapy in diabetics receiving tolbutamide.
Effect of Dextran Sulfate on Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Obese Subjects and Diabetic Patients
Authors: Shigeta Yukio , Nakamura Koji , Hoshi Mituru , Kim Minjern , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: December 2014

The changes in plasma lipoprotein lipase activity after intravenous injection of dextran sulfate, which stimulates release of lipoprotein lipase, have been studied in forty two diabetic patients, eight obese subjects and eleven normal subjects.
In normal subjects, the response of lipoprotein lipase activity to dextran sulfate averaged 5.7±0.6 (S.E.) μEq. FFA/ml. at ten minutes and 6.5±1.2 (S.E.) μEq. FFA/ml. at twenty minutes.
A significantly decreased response of lipoprotein lipase activity to dextran sulfate was found in obese subjects and in diabetic patients, especially in those with hypertriglyceridemia. No correlation was observed between the cholesterol level and lipoprotein lipase activity. No significant relation between changes of lipoprotein lipase activity and the incidence of diabetic complications was found.
Ultrastructural Pancreatic Beta-Cell Changes in Rabbits After Small and Large Doses of Alloxan
Authors: Wellmann Klaus F , Volk Bruno W , Lazarus Sydney S 
Published: December 2014

The effect of a single injection of alloxan monohydrate, varying in dosages from 12.5 to 200 mg./kg. body weight, on the ultrastructure of pancreatic β cells was investigated in 100 adult rabbits killed five minutes to fourteen days after alloxan administration.
Large doses of alloxan (50 to 200 mg./kg.) produced severe hyperglycemia due to marked β-cell damage characterized by translucent areas in the hyaloplasm, mitochondrial swelling, disintegration of the intercellular membrane, and nuclear pyknosis, followed by the dissolution of β- cell granules and, ultimately, disintegration of the cell. The sequence in which these changes occur suggests that alloxan, in high dosages, exerts its principal damaging action, at least initially, upon the paramembranous portion of the β-cell cytoplasm.
After small doses of alloxan, 12.5 or 25 mg./kg., hyperglycemia failed to occur. In these animals there was early degranulation, distension of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, variable dilatation of the profiles of the Golgi apparatus, and formation of morphologically atypical β-cell granules.
Small doses of alloxan, while not destroying the pancreatic β cells, alter the β-cell secretory apparatus sufficiently to induce subdiabetes, so that a normally nondiabetogenic dose of cortisone (1 mg./kg.) converts this state into one of overt diabetes. The ultrastructural and functional pancreatic β-cell changes after small doses of alloxan alone are quite similar to those induced by large doses of alloxan in cortisone-pretreated rabbits.
Hypoglycemic Action of Monoamineoxidase Inhibitors (MAOI'S)
Authors: Adnitt P I 
Published: December 2014

Insulin tolerance tests were carried out in six depressed patients before and after administration of mebanazine and in six before and after administration of phenelzine. There was no change in fasting blood glucose with treatment, but glucose levels after insulin were significantly lower during treatment with both these hydrazine MAOI's. There was no effect on the changes in pulse, blood pressure and sweating in response to hypoglycemia.
The hypoglycemic action of mebanazine was further investigated in five patients from a diabetic clinic who were poorly controlled on sulfonylurea treatment and who were not depressives. Glucose tolerance was improved in all cases five weeks after addition of mebanazine, 20 mg. daily to the regime, and there was a significant (p = 0.031) reduction in blood glucose at all times of the glucose tolerance test. The mean glucose tolerance of four patients showed deterioration after discontinuation of mebanazine. Glucose tolerance did not improve in five patients treated with placebo.
Insulin sensitivity of depressed patients was increased during administration of hydrazine MAOI's and a hypoglycemic action in diabetes was demonstrable in the absence of a depressive illness.
Oxidation of Glucose, Acetoacetate, and Palmitate in Brain Mince of Normal and Ketotic Rats
Authors: Openshaw Harry , Bortz Walter M 
Published: December 2014

The effect of the addition of acetoacetate or fatty acids on the oxidation of glucose, and vice versa, in rat brain minces was studied. The results suggested that acetoacetate spares the oxidation of glucose by rat brain, but only slightly. Ketosis induced by starvation or fat feeding had little effect on this sparing action. Acetoacetate appeared to lower glucose oxidation, at least in part, by diversion of a higher portion of the glucose to lactate.
The oxygen consumption was essentially the same in the minces prepared from normal or ketotic rats. Addition of glucose to the medium containing acetoacetate increased oxygen consumption and acetoacetate oxidation to the same degree. In contrast, palmitate oxidation was decreased when glucose was added to the medium.
These in vitro studies indicate that glucose is the preferred substrate for rat brain energy production in both the normal and ketotic states.
Accuracy of Urine Testing for Sugar and Acetone by Hospital Ward Personnel
Authors: Dobson Harold L , Shaffer Rose , Burns Rachel 
Published: December 2014

1. The determination of urinary sugar and acetone by ward nursing service personnel is often inaccurate. In 12 per cent of the tests reported in this study the level of inaccuracy could lead to significant errors in management.
2. Lack of familiarity with the test procedures and personal bias were two major factors associated with these inaccuracies. Both may be reduced by better training and supervision.
3. Limitations in the test procedures are also a major factor. These cannot be eliminated completely but the twodrop Clinitest method for urine sugar offers several advantages and should be used in preference to the five-drop method.
Effect of Storage Temperature on Stability of Commercial Insulin Preparations
Authors: Storvick Waldemar O , Henry Harry J 
Published: December 2014

The effects of storage on stability of six types of commercial insulins have been studied at 5°, 25°, 37°, and 50° C. for periods up to thirty-six months. Samples of insulin from thirty-two batches at concentrations of 40 and 80 U. per ml. were used.
Use of the radioimmunoassay made it practical to perform the large number of potency determinations required to obtain the data in the present report. These data show that no appreciable loss of potency occurred in any of the insulins during thirty months of storage at 5° C. At higher temperatures extent of potency loss was influenced by length of storage and type of insulin. In general, all modified insulins studied were more stable than Regular insulin. Under the same conditions Protamine Zinc and NPH insulins were more stable than the Lente insulins.
The biological reaction (duration of action) of the modified insulins which had beenstored for twenty-four months at 5°C. were compared with freshly prepared samples. No significant changes in the response curves characteristic for each insulin type were observed. Potency determination by the U.S.P. rabbit assay compared satisfactorily with data obtained by radioimmunoassay