bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired littoral energy pathways cause a shift to pelagic resources by fish in recovering lake food webs
Authors: Luek Andreas , Morgan George E. , Wissel Bjoern , Gunn John M. , Ramcharan Charles W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFish communities may increase in biomass and productivity due to energy subsidies from the littoral invertebrate community. In lakes recovering from acidification and metal contamination, such as those in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, impaired benthic invertebrate communities (i.e., low diversity with higher abundance of small‐bodied taxa) allowed a critical test of the role of these littoral pathways on fish diet. We compared fish abundance, diversity, diet and biomass in eight recovering and eight reference lakes and related availability of the main littoral and pelagic invertebrate groups to fish diet regime using stable isotope analysis. A Bayesian mixing model (MixSIR) was used to estimate diet likelihood, and convex hull analysis was used to estimate trophic niche space of fish communities. Fish biomass did not differ between impaired and reference lakes despite substantial differences in potential diet. Fish depended strongly on littoral benthos in the reference lakes but consumed more pelagic food in the impaired lakes. The trophic niche of the focal, most common fish species (i.e., yellow perch, smallmouth bass, pumpkinseed and brown bullhead) was larger in the impaired lakes. We attributed these differences to low diversity at the highest trophic levels of fish communities in the impaired lakes as well as to depauperate benthic invertebrate communities. In contrast to the food webs of most temperate lakes, fish in impaired lakes preyed less on littoral invertebrates yet still managed to maintain a reference lake level of biomass standing crop by relying more on pelagic resources – macro zooplankton such as Chaoborus.
Mortality and growth of dwarf mistletoe‐infected red and white fir and the efficacy of thinning for reducing associated losses
Authors: Mehl H. K. , Mori S. R. , Frankel S. J. , Rizzo D. M. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn managed forests dominated by true fir (Abies) species, stands are often restocked using understory trees retained during timber harvest, making the effects of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infestation on small true fir a concern. This study examined the response of small red (A. magnifica) and white (A. concolor) fir and their dwarf mistletoes (A. abietinum f.sp. magnificae and A. abietinum f.sp. concoloris, respectively) to precommercial thinning treatments in fir‐dominated stands in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Tree diameters and dwarf mistletoe ratings were monitored from 1981 to 2001, and mortality was observed from 1981 to 2006. Red and white fir survival and radial growth decreased significantly with greater mistletoe ratings and increased with larger diameters and live crown ratios. Thinning significantly increased survival and growth of white, but not red fir. Over the course of the study, mistletoe ratings for both fir species did not change significantly in unthinned stands, but increased in thinned stands. However, while statistically significant, increases in mistletoe ratings in thinned stands were gradual and mistletoe ratings did not statistically differ between treatments 20 years post‐thinning. Additionally, thinning did not significantly influence mistletoe spread to uninfected trees, indicating that precommercial thinning in lightly infested red and white fir stands will not likely result in substantial increases in dwarf mistletoe abundance over typical harvesting intervals. Overall, while severe dwarf mistletoe infection ratings reduced tree survival and growth, because ratings remained low, actual losses resulting from mistletoes during this study were minor and will not likely result in substantial economic losses over normal harvesting intervals. This finding indicates that precommercial thinning treatments designed specifically to compensate for mistletoe‐associated losses may not be necessary when managing red and white fir for timber production.
GABAA, NMDA and mGlu2 receptors tonically regulate inhibition and excitation in the thalamic reticular nucleus
Authors: Crabtree John W. , Lodge David , Bashir Zafar I. , Isaac John T. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTraditionally, neurotransmitters are associated with a fast, or phasic, type of action on neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). However, accumulating evidence indicates that γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate can also have a continual, or tonic, influence on these cells. Here, in voltage‐ and current‐clamp recordings in rat brain slices, we identify three types of tonically active receptors in a single CNS structure, the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Thus, TRN contains constitutively active GABAA receptors (GABAARs), which are located on TRN neurons and generate a persistent outward Cl− current. When TRN neurons are depolarized, blockade of this current increases their action potential output in response to current injection. Furthermore, TRN contains tonically active GluN2B‐containing N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These are located on reticuloreticular GABAergic terminals in TRN and generate a persistent facilitation of vesicular GABA release from these terminals. In addition, TRN contains tonically active metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptors (mGlu2Rs). These are located on glutamatergic cortical terminals in TRN and generate a persistent reduction of vesicular glutamate release from these terminals. Although tonically active GABAARs, NMDARs and mGlu2Rs operate through different mechanisms, we propose that the continual and combined activity of these three receptor types ultimately serves to hyperpolarize TRN neurons, which will differentially affect the output of these cells depending upon the current state of their membrane potential. Thus, when TRN cells are relatively depolarized, their firing in single‐spike tonic mode will be reduced, whereas when these cells are relatively hyperpolarized, their ability to fire in multispike burst mode will be facilitated.
How does climate change influence demographic processes of widespread species? Lessons from the comparative analysis of contrasted populations of roe deer
Authors: Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Mark Hewison A. J. , Klein François , Plard Floriane , Douhard Mathieu , Davison Raziel , Bonenfant Christophe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHow populations respond to climate change depends on the interplay between life history, resource availability, and the intensity of the change. Roe deer are income breeders, with high levels of allocation to reproduction, and are hence strongly constrained by the availability of high quality resources during spring. We investigated how recent climate change has influenced demographic processes in two populations of this widespread species. Spring began increasingly earlier over the study, allowing us to identify 2 periods with contrasting onset of spring. Both populations grew more slowly when spring was early. As expected for a long‐lived and iteroparous species, adult survival had the greatest potential impact on population growth. Using perturbation analyses, we measured the relative contribution of the demographic parameters to observed variation in population growth, both within and between periods and populations. Within periods, the identity of the critical parameter depended on the variance in growth rate, but variation in recruitment was the main driver of observed demographic change between periods of contrasting spring earliness. Our results indicate that roe deer in forest habitats cannot currently cope with increasingly early springs. We hypothesise that they should shift their distribution to richer, more heterogeneous landscapes to offset energetic requirements during the critical rearing stage.
Safety of endovascular treatment beyond the 6‐h time window in 205 patients
Authors: Jung S. , Gralla J. , Fischer U. , Mono M.‐L. , Weck A. , Lüdi R. , Heldner M. R. , Findling O. , El‐Koussy M. , Brekenfeld C. , Schroth G. , Mattle H. P. , Arnold M. 
Published: January 2013

Background and purposeIntra‐arterial treatment (IAT) is effective when performed within 6 h of symptom onset in selected stroke patients (‘T < 6H’). Its safety and efficacy is unclear when the patient has had symptoms for more than 6 h (‘T > 6H’) or for an unknown time (unclear‐onset stroke, UOS), or woke up with a stroke (wake‐up stroke, WUS). In this study we compared the safety of IAT in these four patient groups.MethodsEight‐hundred and fifty‐nine patients treated with IAT were enrolled. The main outcome parameters were clinical outcome [excellent: modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0 or 1; or favorable: mRS 0–2] or mortality 3 months after treatment. Further outcome parameters were the rates of vessel recanalization, and cerebral and systemic hemorrhage.ResultsSix‐hundred and fifty‐four patients were treated before (T < 6H) and 205 after 6 h or an unknown time (128 T > 6H, 55 WUS and 22 UOS). NIHSS scores were higher in UOS patients than in T < 6H patients, vertebrobasilar occlusion was more common in T > 6H and UOS patients, and middle cerebral artery occlusions less common in T > 6H than in T < 6H patients. Other baseline characteristics were similar. There was no significant difference in clinical outcome and the rate of hemorrhage in multivariable regression analysis.ConclusionsClinical outcome of our four groups of patients was similar with no increase of hemorrhage rates in patients treated after awakening, after an unknown time or more than 6 h. Our preliminary data suggest that treatment of such patients may be performed safely. If confirmed in randomized trials, this would have major clinical implications.
Lacosamide as a new treatment option in status epilepticus
Authors: Höfler Julia , Trinka Eugen 
Published: January 2013

SummaryStatus epilepticus is among the most common neurologic emergencies, with a mortality rate of up to 20%. The most important therapeutic goal is fast, effective, and well‐tolerated cessation of status epilepticus. Intravenous phenytoin/fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, or valproate is the current standard treatment after failure of benzodiazepines. Lacosamide as a new antiepileptic drug has been available as an intravenous solution since 2009. To date, PubMed lists 19 studies (10 single case reports and 9 case series), reporting a total of 136 episodes of refractory status epilepticus (50% nonconvulsive status epilepticus, 31% focal status epilepticus, and 19% convulsive status epilepticus) treated with lacosamide. The most often used bolus dose was 200–400 mg over 3–5 min. The overall success rate was 56% (76/136). Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 25% (34/136) of patients: mild sedation in 25 cases, 1 patient with possible angioedema, 2 with allergic skin reaction, 4 with hypotension, and 1 with pruritus. One patient developed a third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block and paroxysmal asystole. Overall, the rate of AEs was low. Current evidence on the use of intravenous lacosamide in acute seizures and status epilepticus is restricted to retrospective case reports and case series (class IV). Further prospective studies to inform clinicians are necessary.
Increase in the number of patients with seizures following the Great East‐Japan Earthquake
Authors: Shibahara Ichiyo , Osawa Shin‐Ichiro , Kon Hiroyuki , Morita Takahiro , Nakasato Nobukazu , Tominaga Teiji , Narita Norio 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn the afternoon of March 11, 2011, Kesennuma City was hit by the Great East‐Japan Earthquake and a devastating tsunami. The purpose of this retrospective study is to document possible changes in the number of patients with distinct neurologic diseases seeking treatment following this disaster. Because of Kesennuma's unique geographical location, the city was isolated by the disaster, allowing for a study with relatively limited population selection bias. Patients admitted for neurologic emergencies from January 14 to May 5 in 2011 (n = 117) were compared with patients in the corresponding 16‐week periods in 2008–2010 (n = 323). The number of patients with unprovoked seizures was significantly higher during the 8‐week period after the earthquake (n = 13) than during the same periods in 2008 (n = 6), 2009 (n = 3), and 2010 (no patients) (p = 0.0062). In contrast, the number of patients treated for other neurologic diseases such as stroke, trauma, and tumors remained unchanged. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an increase in the number of patients with seizures following a life‐threatening natural disaster. We suggest that stress associated with life‐threatening situations may enhance seizure generation.
An Empirical Investigation of Audit Pricing in the Public Sector: The Case of Greek LGOs
Authors: Cohen Sandra , Leventis Stergios 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates the associations between audit pricing and multidimensional characteristics of local governments by using a sample of Greek municipalities. The Greek institutional setting is interesting because it is politically pluralistic. Moreover, independent auditors appointed through a bid process exclusively perform the audits. Our results suggest a considerable variation on audit fees which is mainly driven by politically related factors indicating the importance of relevant theoretical anticipations in audit pricing in the public sector. Agency costs appear strong enough to explain audit pricing. We also confirm prior findings on the significance of audit complexity and size. Results also suggest that audit fees are reduced when an internal team dedicated to accrual accounting is appointed. Therefore, our conclusions offer practical implications for policy setters and regulators in the public sector in relation to audit quality.
Weight of apically extruded debris following use of two canal instrumentation techniques and two designs of irrigation needles
Authors: Yeter K. Y. , Evcil M. S. , Ayranci L. B. , Ersoy I. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the weight of apically extruded debris associated with canal shaping using K‐files, and the Revo‐S system using two different needle tips, open‐ended and side‐vented.MethodologyForty freshly extracted mandibular premolar teeth were divided into four groups as follows; Group 1a: Hand instrumentation of root canal with open‐ended needle used to provide irrigation, Group 1b: Hand instrumentation with a two side‐port needle, Group 2a: Revo‐S preparation with open‐ended needle, Group 2b: Revo‐S preparation with a two side‐port needle. One Eppendorf tube for each tooth was weighed with a 0.0001 electronic weighing machine before instrumentation procedures. During instrumentation, irrigation was performed after every instrument with 1 mL distilled water. On completion of the preparation, teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tubes. All of the tubes were incubated at 37 °C for 15 days, to evaporate the irrigant. After the incubation period, tubes were weighed again. The difference between pre‐and post‐debris weights was calculated, and statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance at 0.05 level of significance.ResultsNo statistically significant difference was observed between K‐files and the RevoS system. A significant difference was observed between needles (P < 0.05). Open‐ended needles were associated with significantly more debris than side‐vented needles (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBoth hand and rotary canal instrumentation resulted in extrusion of debris beyond the apical foramen. No significant difference was observed between K‐files and Revo‐S system. Open‐ended needles were associated with significantly more extruded debris than two side‐port needles.
Microcomputed tomography analysis of the root canal morphology of single‐rooted mandibular canines
Authors: Versiani M. A. , Pécora J. D. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the anatomy of single‐rooted mandibular canine teeth using microcomputed tomography (μCT).MethodologyOne hundred straight single‐rooted human mandibular canines were selected from a pool of extracted teeth and evaluated using μCT. The anatomy of each tooth (length of the roots, presence of accessory canals and apical deltas, position and major diameter of the apical foramen and distance between anatomical landmarks) as well as the two‐ and three‐dimensional morphological aspects of the canal (area, perimeter, form factor, roundness, major and minor diameter, volume, surface area and structure model index) were evaluated. The results of the morphological analysis in each canal third were compared statistically using Friedman's test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe length of the roots ranged from 12.53 to 18.08 mm. Thirty‐one specimens had no accessory canals. The location of the apical foramen varied considerably. The mean distance from the root apex to the major apical foramen was 0.27 ± 0.25 mm, and the major diameter of the major apical foramen ranged from 0.16 to 0.72 mm. Mean major and minor diameters of the canal 1 mm short of the foramen were 0.43 and 0.31 mm, respectively. Overall, the mean area, perimeter, form factor, roundness, major and minor diameters, volume, surface area and structure model index (SMI) were 0.85 ± 0.31 mm2, 3.69 ± 0.88 mm, 0.70 ± 0.09, 0.59 ± 0.11, 1.36 ± 0.36 mm and 0.72 ± 0.14 mm, 13.33 ± 4.98 mm3, 63.5 ± 16.4 mm2 and 3.35 ± 0.64, respectively, with significant statistical difference between thirds (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe anatomy and morphology of the root canal of single‐rooted canines varied widely in different levels of the root.
Identifying drug-related problems during transition between secondary and primary care in New Zealand
Authors: Maxwell Kathryn , Harrison Jeff , Scahill Shane , Braund Rhiannon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to identify the type and frequency of drug-related problems (DRPs) that are encountered when dispensing secondary care prescriptions in community pharmacy.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted attempting to recruit all patients presenting with secondary care prescriptions to a single community pharmacy in New Zealand over a 3-month period. The DRPs were recorded to allow analysis of the types and frequencies of the problems seen.

Key findings
During the 3-month period 401 patients consented to participate and 840 prescription items were analysed. DRPs were identified in 20% of prescription items analysed (n = 172), affecting 38% patients (n = 155). Bureaucratic interventions concerning product availability and payment issues accounted for 55% and affected 11% of the prescription items analysed. The remaining 45% of DRPs concerned clinical and patient issues and affected 9% of prescription items.

Conclusions
This study has shown that the secondary–primary interface is problematic with respect to DRPs. Although pharmacists are in a position to identify and act on these DRPs, access to basic patient notes such as a discharge summary and including pharmacists in the communication between secondary and primary providers should assist in achieving seamless care for the patient and help to identify and prevent DRPs.
Applications of deterministic and stochastic rock physics modelling to anisotropic velocity model building
Authors: Bachrach Ran , Osypov Konstantin , Nichols Dave , Yang Yi , Liu Yangjun , Woodward Marta 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTModern anisotropic depth imaging requires transverse isotropy velocity models. Because the surface seismic experiment alone cannot uniquely determine all transverse isotropy parameters, additional information is required. Traditional methods that use checkshots can only constrain anisotropy locally near the well and thus model building requires 3D extrapolation of well data. We propose to use rock physics. Rock physics compaction modelling of shales and sandy shales can be used to constrain and predict anisotropic parameters of sediments whose depositional environment is governed by compaction. In this study, we present several applications of rock physics modelling to anisotropic velocity model building. We show how both deterministic and stochastic rock physics modelling can be used for initial anisotropic velocity model building and as a constraint for anisotropic parameter estimation. In all cases, all predicted anisotropy models are physical and realizable in terms of effective medium theory and do not violate elasticity theory.
Activins and Inhibins: Expression and Role in Normal and Pathological Canine Reproductive Organs: A review
Authors: Marino G. , Zanghì A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryActivins and inhibins are regulatory proteins of the reproductive function. Inhibins antagonise the activin signalling at different levels and are responsible for the negative feedback in the regulation of the release of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which, in turn, is promoted by locally produced activins. In the canine ovary, both peptides are expressed by developing follicles and corpora lutea. Activins may play a stimulatory role in follicular development, promoting the aromatase function; inhibins modulate these processes and suppress the hyperplasic/neoplastic stimuli. Activins are required for ovulation and corpus luteum formation, while inhibins stimulate progesterone synthesis. The exclusive production of alpha‐inhibin by granulosa cells allows the peptide to be used as marker to identify canine ovarian stromal tumours by immunohistochemistry. In the male, activins are powerful morphogenetic factors in the foetal testis. In the adult, they display a modulating action on spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function. Inhibins, produced mainly by Leydig cells, promote testosterone secretion. Canine testicular tumours, such as Leydig, Sertoli and granulosa cell tumours (GCTs), may express inhibin subunits and produce high circulating levels of these glycoproteins. In the canine prostate, activins inhibit epithelium proliferation, antagonising androgen effects, but they are synthesised under androgenic stimulus.
Selecting Species for Passive and Active Riparian Restoration in Southern Mexico
Authors: Meli Paula , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Rey‐Benayas José M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn revegetation projects, distinguishing species that can be passively restored by natural regeneration from those requiring active restoration is not a trivial decision. We quantified tree species dominance (measured by an importance value index, IVIi) and used abundance–size correlations to select those species suitable for passive and/or active restoration of disturbed riparian vegetation in the Lacandonia region, Southern Mexico. We sampled riparian vegetation in a 50 × 10–m transect in each of six reference (RE) and five disturbed (DE) riparian ecosystems. Those species representing more than 50% of total IVI in each ecosystem were selected, and Spearman rank correlation between abundance and diameter classes was calculated. For eight species, it was determined that passive restoration could be sufficient for their establishment. Another eight species could be transplanted by means of active restoration. Five species regenerate well in only one ecosystem type, suggesting that both restoration strategies could be used depending on the degree of degradation. Finally, two species were determined to not be suitable for restoration in the RE (based on the above selection criteria) and were not selected during this initial stage of our restoration project. The high number of tree species found in the RE suggests that the species pool for ecological restoration is large. However, sampling in both ecosystem types helped us reduce the number of species that requires active restoration. Restoration objectives must guide the selection of which methods to implement; in different conditions, other criteria such as dispersal syndrome or social value could be considered in the species selection.