bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Social Environment: Behavior of Unrelated Adults Affects Future Juvenile Behaviors
Authors: Liebgold Eric B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractJuveniles' behaviors are often influenced by the behaviors of conspecifics. Most experimental studies of the influence of conspecific behavior vary the social environment by the presence or absence of conspecifics or investigate the impact of the outcome of social encounters (winner/loser effects) but less frequently expose individuals to variation in behavioral phenotypes present in the social environment. Based on previous work showing that juveniles of the salamander Plethodon cinereus are likely to interact frequently with non‐parental adults, I hypothesized that territorial adults in the social environment alter the future behaviors of juveniles. I measured the intracohort social behaviors of juvenile salamanders collected from two geographic areas, Michigan (MI) and Virginia (VA), before and after housing with ostensibly territorial (VA) or non‐territorial (MI) adults. There were overall effects of adult territoriality and aggression on the behavior of juveniles. However, juveniles from populations in MI were especially susceptible to behavioral modification. Compared with behaviors prior to being housed with adults, MI juveniles increased investigatory and escape behaviors in juvenile–juvenile interactions after being housed with adults that displayed territorial behaviors and decreased investigatory and escape behaviors after being housed with non‐territorial adults. This study shows that not only is a specific behavior, territoriality of adult salamanders, a social environment that modifies future juvenile behaviors, but the effects of social environment may differ between populations.
Climate controls the distribution of a widespread invasive species: implications for future range expansion
Authors: McDowell W. G. , Benson A. J. , Byers J. E. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Two dominant drivers of species distributions are climate and habitat, both of which are changing rapidly. Understanding the relative importance of variables that can control distributions is critical, especially for invasive species that may spread rapidly and have strong effects on ecosystems.

Here, we examine the relative importance of climate and habitat variables in controlling the distribution of the widespread invasive freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea, and we model its future distribution under a suite of climate scenarios using logistic regression and maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt).

Logistic regression identified climate variables as more important than habitat variables in controlling Corbicula distribution. MaxEnt modelling predicted Corbicula's range expansion westward and northward to occupy half of the contiguous United States. By 2080, Corbicula's potential range will expand 25–32%, with more than half of the continental United States being climatically suitable.

Our combination of multiple approaches has revealed the importance of climate over habitat in controlling Corbicula's distribution and validates the climate‐only MaxEnt model, which can readily examine the consequences of future climate projections.

Given the strong influence of climate variables on Corbicula's distribution, as well as Corbicula's ability to disperse quickly and over long distances, Corbicula is poised to expand into New England and the northern Midwest of the United States. Thus, the direct effects of climate change will probably be compounded by the addition of Corbicula and its own influences on ecosystem function.
Climate Change, Environmental Governance and the Scale Problem
Authors: Haarstad Håvard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs the world faces critical challenges in resource and energy sustainability, the importance of transforming the way governance institutions work across scales is increasingly recognized by policy makers, policy advocates and scientists. The scale problem has become a central topic of discussion in different disciplines, but it is one to which the discipline of geography has a particularly important contribution to make. This article argues for geography's relational concept of scale – seeing scales as interconnected arenas produced and constructed by social action, rather than naturally existing, discrete units – and shows some implications this has for how we frame and act on environmental issues. In particular, a relational perspective on scale changes the way we frame the scalar “existence” of environmental problems and how we assign responsibility. This can open new possibilities for analyses and for politics that can be mobilized around these problems.
Geographies of Marriage and Migration: Arranged Marriages and South Asians in Britain
Authors: Pande Raksha 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the extant literature on marriage and migration with reference to the South Asian populations in Britain (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi). It will focus specifically on debates surrounding the practice of arranged marriages, their purpose, value and status in Britain. It will identify a gap in the literature when it comes to theorising and revealing the contemporary lived experience of arranged marriage among South Asians in Britain through lenses other than that of forced marriage. The article will begin by discussing the different ways in which arranged marriages have been defined. Central to this discussion will be an examination of how arranged marriages, as they are practised by the South Asian diaspora, are viewed as opposed to western notions of marriage. It will make a case for a renewed understanding of the institution of arranged marriage, one which gives due recognition to the affective register of such practices. It will conclude by calling for human geography research to attend to how contemporary British South Asians ‘do’ an arranged marriage, in order to see the ways in which this practice has been translated and reworked to suit individual aspiration and new (trans)national contexts.
Hydrothermal, multiphase convection of H2O‐NaCl fluids from ambient to magmatic temperatures: a new numerical scheme and benchmarks for code comparison
Authors: Weis P. , Driesner T. , Coumou D. , Geiger S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThermohaline convection of subsurface fluids strongly influences heat and mass fluxes within the Earth's crust. The most effective hydrothermal systems develop in the vicinity of magmatic activity and can be important for geothermal energy production and ore formation. As most parts of these systems are inaccessible to direct observations, numerical simulations are necessary to understand and characterize fluid flow. Here, we present a new numerical scheme for thermohaline convection based on the control volume finite element method (CVFEM), allowing for unstructured meshes, the representation of sharp thermal and solute fronts in advection‐dominated systems and phase separation of variably miscible, compressible fluids. The model is an implementation of the Complex Systems Modelling Platform CSMP++ and includes an accurate thermodynamic representation of strongly nonlinear fluid properties of salt water for magmatic‐hydrothermal conditions (up to 1000°C, 500 MPa and 100 wt% NaCl). The method ensures that all fluid properties are taken as calculated on the respective node using a fully upstream‐weighted approach, which greatly increases the stability of the numerical scheme. We compare results from our model with two well‐established codes, HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, by conducting benchmarks of different complexity and find good to excellent agreement in the temporal and spatial evolution of the hydrothermal systems. In a simulation with high‐temperature, high‐salinity conditions currently outside of the range of both HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, we show the significance of the formation of a solid halite phase, which introduces heterogeneity. Results suggest that salt added by magmatic degassing is not easily vented or accommodated within the crust and can result in dynamic, complex hydrologies.
The Interaction of a Histidine‐Rich Protein Hpn with the Membrane Mimics: Implications for Pathologic Roles of Hpn in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Zhou Qinglu , Qi Shuang , Sun Xuesong , Ge Ruiguang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundHpn is a small histidine‐rich protein in Helicobacter pylori. This protein has been shown to play roles in nickel storage and detoxification and to exhibit cytotoxicity to gastric epithelial cells. Hpn can be secreted outside of the bacterium and forms amyloid‐like structures.ObjectiveTo study the interactions between Hpn and membrane mimics, which may further our understanding of the pathologic roles of this bacterium.MethodsVarious biochemical and biophysical methods, such as secondary structure determination be CD, calcein release assay with fluorescence spectrometry, and Laurdan and Prodan generalized polarization determination have been used to characterize the interaction between Hpn and membrane mimics.ResultsMembrane mimics induced the formation of α‐helix in Hpn. The interaction disrupts the integrity of the membrane mimics and leads to the release of inner calcein probe. The experiments involving the Laurdan and Prodan fluorescence indicated that increasing the total protein/lipid ratio leads to a less ordered and more hydrated lipid membrane structure close to the water/lipid interface of lipid bilayers modeling the mitochondrial inner membrane.ConclusionThe present data indicated that Hpn may take part in the pathological roles of Helicobacter pylori through membrane interactions.
ENTANGLED MEMORY: TOWARD A THIRD WAVE IN MEMORY STUDIES
Authors: FEINDT GREGOR , KRAWATZEK FÉLIX , MEHLER DANIELA , PESTEL FRIEDEMANN , TRIMÇEV RIEKE 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis essay takes up the call for a “third phase” in memory studies and makes theoretical and methodological suggestions for its further development. Starting from an understanding of memory that centers on memory's temporality, its relation to language, and its quality as a social action, the essay puts forward the concept of “entangled memory.” On a theoretical level, it brings to the fore the entangledness of acts of remembering. In a synchronic perspective, memory's entangledness is presented as twofold. Every act of remembering inscribes an individual in multiple social frames. This polyphony entails the simultaneous existence of concurrent interpretations of the past. In a diachronic perspective, memory is entangled in the dynamic relation between single acts of remembering and changing mnemonic patterns. Memory scholars therefore uncover boundless cross‐referential configurations. Wishing to enhance the dialogue between the theoretical and the empirical parts of memory studies, we propose four devices that serve as a heuristic in the study of memory's entanglement: chronology against time, conflict, generations, and self‐reflexivity. Current debates on European memory permit us to explore the possible benefits that the concept of entangled memory carries for memory studies.
LÖWITH, LÖWITH'S HEIDEGGER, AND THE UNITY OF HISTORY
Authors: TRÜPER HENNING 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article is about the problem of the unity of history as seen through the writings of Karl Löwith. By “unity of history” I understand the notion that all history constitutes one and only one range of kinds of objects and/or one field of knowledge. The article argues that the problem of the unity of history—though often neglected as a matter of mere argumentative infrastructure—is central to a number of wider problems, most prominently the possibility of a plural understanding of historicity and the possibility of ultimately avoiding a unified historical teleology. The article revisits Löwith's writings and proposes a variety of novel interpretations with the aim of evincing the centrality, and of exploring diverse aspects, of the problematic of the unity of history. This problematic is shown to have informed Löwith's work on the secularization thesis as well as his debate with Hans Blumenberg. The foundations of Löwith's discussion of the problem are pursued across his ambivalent critique and appropriation of Heidegger's model of an ontology of historicity as marked by inevitable internal conflict and thus disunity. The paper reconstructs the manner in which, after the Second World War, Löwith's philosophy of history sought to salvage basic traits of the Heideggerian model when it tried to establish the possibility of plural historicity from a notion of the natural cosmos. It is demonstrated that the motives for this salvage operation ultimately extended beyond the problem of Löwith's reception of Heidegger and concerned the possibility of continuing any debate on the philosophy of history.
AN OPEN INVITATION?: ADDING LINKS TO THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Carbonell Bettina M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGradual changes in the way historians select, interpret, and represent aspects of the past are related to equally or perhaps more gradual changes in museum practice. Edited collections on this subject reflect the state of both disciplines and offer an opportunity to evaluate trends, assess progress, and forecast the future. The collection examined in this review essay focuses on the idea of sharing historical authority: How far have we come? What methods have been used? What is the value of collaborative effort? Have technological developments, including digital media and the “participatory Web,” really enabled more inclusive participation? The analysis of the collection includes specific attention to the text itself as an exhibitionary object and emphasizes the effects of its unusual design elements, deictic signals, and heterogeneous genres—particularly the case studies and “thought pieces” that form a significant part of the collection. Other focal points include: the interrogative mood of the text and its call for active reading; explicit historical, social, and disciplinary contexts; and precursor texts that have addressed similar subject matter.
A novel HLA‐B*18:80 allele identified by SBT typing in an Italian bone marrow volunteer donor
Authors: Lochmann E. , Frison S. , Longhi E. , Moscetti A. , Vecchiato C. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryA novel allele, officially named B*18:80, was detected in a Caucasoid individual by polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers and SBT. The new allele differs from B*18:01:01 at two nucleotidic positions in codon 24 at exon 2.
Analysis of polymorphic sites in the promoter of the nitric oxide synthase 2 gene in Brazilian patients with leprosy
Authors: Messias‐Reason I. J. T. , van Tong H. , Velavan T. P. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryLeprosy is one of the most neglected infectious tropical diseases of the skin and the nerves caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae. The inducible NOS isoform encoded by NOS2A plays a vital role in host defence against bacterial infections. The functional promoter polymorphisms in NOS2A are associated with various autoimmune and infectious diseases. We investigated the association of NOS2A variants with progression of leprosy in a Brazilian cohort including 221 clinically classified patients and 103 unrelated healthy controls. We observed a novel variant ss528838018A/G in the promoter region at position −6558. The other functional variants were observed with low frequency of minor allele (<0.005). NOS2A promoter variant (−954G/C) was not observed in Brazilian populations, and the new observed promoter variant (ss528838018A/G) as well as other promoter variants were not associated with any clinical forms of leprosy in the Brazilian populations.
Return of the internal jugular vein—development of collateral drainage following neonatal ligation of the vein
Authors: MARTIN M.J. , ARMSTRONG T.S.H. , JOHNSTON G.M. , YOUNGSON G.G. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe development of collateral venous drainage in the neck of a child, who as a neonate had undergone ligation and cannulation of the right internal jugular vein, is described. The resultant vessels were of sufficient calibre to be considered as potential sites for vascular access, although it is possible that their course in the thorax may preclude correct placement of a central venous catheter. Nevertheless, we feel that this case further illustrates the benefit of hand‐held ultrasonography in visualizing the vascular structures of the neck. Moreover, ligation of a vein in the neonatal period should not be a contraindication to subsequent assessment of that site for vascular access.
Using Qualitative Methods in Research with People Who Have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Beail Nigel , Williams Katie 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundJARID has a long and positive association with qualitative research dating back to its first issue. This paper looks at the development of qualitative methods and their application in the field of intellectual disability (ID).MethodWhen invited to make a contribution on qualitative research for the 25th Anniversary of JARID, the present authors considered the options. We examined the frequency with which qualitative studies have been published in three major intellectual disability journals over a decade, and we considered attempting a systematic review or a meta‐synthesis.ResultsThe volume of published studies has increased, but there were too many across a diverse range of topics for a systematic review of qualitative research in general; but not enough for a systematic review or meta‐synthesis with a particular focus. However, there were many issues that needed to be aired. This paper therefore contains some critical reflections on the use of qualitative methods.ConclusionIf we want to hear the voices of people who have ID then we need appropriate ways to do this. Qualitative methods are playing an increasing role in bringing the unknown about people who have ID into the known. The approach plays a valuable role in informing us about the experiences and lives of people who have ID. However, we have identified many methodological issues which will need to be further explored. At the same time, we need to develop methods to enable increased participation of people who have ID in some aspects of research. The participatory paradigm is more established in qualitative approaches as it lends itself to participation in generating research questions, developing interview questions, conducting interviews and even stages of the analysis. There are clearly areas that need to be addressed by trained researchers and the whole process will need some facilitation and support. Writing up for journals is one aspect that could be very problematic: so other forms of dissemination need to be explored.
An intrauterine catch‐up growth regimen increases food intake and post‐natal growth in rats
Authors: Baik M. , Rajasekar P. , Lee M. S. , Kim J. , Kwon D‐H. , Kang W. , Nguyen T. H. , Vu T‐T. T. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryNutritional conditions during the intrauterine stage are an important developmental programming factor that can affect the growth and metabolic status during foetal development and permanently alter the phenotypes of newborn offspring and adults. This study was performed to examine the effects of intrauterine catch‐up growth (IUCG) on food intake, post‐natal body growth and the metabolic status of offspring and growing rats. Control pregnant rats were fed ad libitum during the entire gestation period. For the IUCG regimen, pregnant rats were fed 50% of the food of the controls from pregnancy days 4 through 11 (8 days), followed by ad libitum feeding from pregnancy days 12 through parturition. The birth weight of offspring was not affected by the IUCG regimen. At weaning, offspring from each treatment group were assigned to two groups and given either a normal diet or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks until 103 days of age. In the normal diet group, the IUCG offspring showed a 9.0% increase (P < 0.05) in total food intake, were 11.2% heavier (p < 0.05) at 103 days of age and had an 11.0% greater (p < 0.05) daily weight gain compared with control offspring. The IUCG regimen did not affect body glucose and lipid metabolism. After exposure to the HFD, the IUCG regimen has not exacerbated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the IUCG nutritional regimen during pregnancy can increase the food intake and post‐natal body growth of offspring without inducing metabolic disorders such as obesity and insulin resistance. The IUCG nutritional regimen might be used to improve the food intake and post‐natal body growth of domestic animals.
Oclacitinib (APOQUEL®) is a novel Janus kinase inhibitor with activity against cytokines involved in allergy
Authors: Gonzales A. J. , Bowman J. W. , Fici G. J. , Zhang M. , Mann D. W. , Mitton‐Fry M. 
Published: February 2014

Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes are involved in cell signaling pathways activated by various cytokines dysregulated in allergy. The objective of this study was to determine whether the novel JAK inhibitor oclacitinib could reduce the activity of cytokines implicated in canine allergic skin disease. Using isolated enzyme systems and in vitro human or canine cell models, potency and selectivity of oclacitinib was determined against JAK family members and cytokines that trigger JAK activation in cells. Oclacitinib inhibited JAK family members by 50% at concentrations (IC50's) ranging from 10 to 99 nm and did not inhibit a panel of 38 non‐JAK kinases (IC50's > 1000 nm). Oclacitinib was most potent at inhibiting JAK1 (IC50 = 10 nm). Oclacitinib also inhibited the function of JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy and inflammation (IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐13) as well as pruritus (IL‐31) at IC50's ranging from 36 to 249 nm. Oclacitinib had minimal effects on cytokines that did not activate the JAK1 enzyme in cells (erythropoietin, granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, IL‐12, IL‐23; IC50's > 1000 nm). These results demonstrate that oclacitinib is a targeted therapy that selectively inhibits JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy, inflammation, and pruritus and suggests these are the mechanisms by which oclacitinib effectively controls clinical signs associated with allergic skin disease in dogs.
Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Cachara Catfish, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum
Authors: Henrique Gomes Cornélio Fernando , da Cunha Douglas Amaral , Silveira Jennifer , Alexandre Daniel , Silva Carlos Peres , Fracalossi Débora Machado 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCachara, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, is a high commercial value carnivorous catfish in Brazil, but whose dietary protein requirement is still unknown. Aiming to determine this requirement, groups of 15 juveniles (16.08 ± 1.13 g) were fed isoenergetic diets (4600 kcal/kg gross energy) with increasing levels of crude protein (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%). After 60 d, regression analysis revealed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of increasing dietary crude protein concentration on growth variables. The highest weight gain and specific growth rate as well as the best feed conversion were shown by fish fed the 50% crude‐protein diet. Similarly, protease activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed 50% crude protein. However, the highest protein retention was observed in fish fed the 45% crude‐protein diet. Protein and dry matter digestibilities did not differ (P > 0.05) for diets containing 40, 45, or 50% crude protein. Therefore, based on weight gain and at a dietary energy concentration of 4600 kcal/kg, the estimated protein requirement for juvenile cachara between 16 and 85 g is 49.25% crude protein. This is equivalent to 44.79% digestible protein and a gross energy to digestible protein ratio of 10.27 kcal/g.