bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing public satisfaction with the local police: a study in Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: Cheng Hongming 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore determining factors that account for variation in public satisfaction with the local police in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.Design/methodology/approach– An integrated method was used to gather the data for this study, including official survey data conducted by Insightrix, and interviews with citizens in Saskatoon.Findings– This research found that demographic factors including age, race (in this study, Aboriginal status in particular), education, and income, perception of neighborhood safety, citizen-police interaction, and learning about crime from news media all have impact on public attitudes toward the police, to different degrees. The gap or distance between the police and the Aboriginal community was highlighted as a major factor.Research limitations/implications– Further research should be done to compare statistical patterns in other same-level cities in Canada.Practical implications– This paper indicates that Saskatoon Police Service in the future should provide a more structured avenue for citizen participation in establishing safe neighborhoods, more structured cultural sensitivity training, and create a wider channel through which community residents with various social backgrounds can demand some measure of accountability for police work in their area.Originality/value– The paper is of value to law enforcement policy-makers and academic researchers with interest in policing and police-community relationship.
EDITOR'S CHOICE: How much would it cost to monitor farmland biodiversity in Europe?
Authors: Geijzendorffer Ilse R. , Targetti Stefano , Schneider Manuel K. , Brus Dick J. , Jeanneret Philippe , Jongman Robert H.G. , Knotters Martin , Viaggi Davide , Angelova Siyka , Arndorfer Michaela , Bailey Debra , Balázs Katalin , Báldi András , Bogers Marion M. B. , Bunce Robert G. H. , Choisis Jean‐Philippe , Dennis Peter , Eiter Sebastian , Fjellstad Wendy , Friedel Jürgen K. , Gomiero Tiziano , Griffioen Arjan , Kainz Max , Kovács‐Hostyánszki Anikó , Lüscher Gisela , Moreno Gerardo , Nascimbene Juri , Paoletti Maurizio G. , Pointereau Philippe , Sarthou Jean‐Pierre , Siebrecht Norman , Staritsky Igor , Stoyanova Siyka , Wolfrum Sebastian , Herzog Felix 
Published: November 2015

Summary

To evaluate progress on political biodiversity objectives, biodiversity monitoring provides information on whether intended results are being achieved. Despite scientific proof that monitoring and evaluation increase the (cost) efficiency of policy measures, cost estimates for monitoring schemes are seldom available, hampering their inclusion in policy programme budgets.

Empirical data collected from 12 case studies across Europe were used in a power analysis to estimate the number of farms that would need to be sampled per major farm type to detect changes in species richness over time for four taxa (vascular plants, earthworms, spiders and bees). A sampling design was developed to allocate spatially, across Europe, the farms that should be sampled.

Cost estimates are provided for nine monitoring scenarios with differing robustness for detecting temporal changes in species numbers. These cost estimates are compared with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) budget (2014–2020) to determine the budget allocation required for the proposed farmland biodiversity monitoring.

Results show that the bee indicator requires the highest number of farms to be sampled and the vascular plant indicator the lowest. The costs for the nine farmland biodiversity monitoring scenarios corresponded to 0·01%–0·74% of the total CAP budget and to 0·04%–2·48% of the CAP budget specifically allocated to environmental targets.

Synthesis and applications. The results of the cost scenarios demonstrate that, based on the taxa and methods used in this study, a Europe‐wide farmland biodiversity monitoring scheme would require a modest share of the Common Agricultural Policy budget. The monitoring scenarios are flexible and can be adapted or complemented with alternate data collection options (e.g. at national scale or voluntary efforts), data mobilization, data integration or modelling efforts.
Low‐dose metronomic chemotherapy with cisplatin enhanced immunity in a murine model of ectopic cervical cancer
Authors: Tsai Ching‐Chou , Qiu Jian‐Tai , Tseng Chih‐Wen , Hsu Yi‐Chiang 
Published: November 2015

SummaryPrevious researchers have claimed that metronomic low‐dose/dense chemotherapy can enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of cisplatin treatment in the control of cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of metronomic drug delivery with regards to its effects on adaptive immunity in a murine model of ectopic cervical cancer. The effectiveness of long‐term low‐dose/dense cisplatin treatment in HPV E7‐expressing TC‐1 cells was evaluated via morphological observations. Tumour mass and survival curves were used to determine the antitumour effect against E7‐expressing tumours. After experimental mice had been treated with low‐dose/dense cisplatin therapy, flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of MHC class I surface antigens on cultured TC‐1 cells. Splenocytes expressing both interferon (IFN)‐γ and CD8 responsible for E7 antigens and the Treg population were also quantified using flow cytometry. The results indicate that in vivo treatment with metronomic cisplatin suppresses the growth of cultured TC‐1 cells. An increase was also observed in the number of splenocytes expressing both IFN‐γ and CD8 responsible for E7 antigens and the Treg population. These results support previous reports that metronomic low‐dose/dense cisplatin chemotherapy is an effective treatment against ectopic cervical cancer with E7‐expression.
Rethinking the connection between working memory and language impairment
Authors: Archibald Lisa M. D. , Harder Griebeling Katherine 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground: Working memory deficits have been found for children with specific language impairment (SLI) on tasks imposing increasing short‐term memory load with or without additional, consistent (and simple) processing load.Aims: To examine the processing function of working memory in children with low language (LL) by employing tasks imposing increasing processing loads with constant storage demands individually adjusted based on each participant's short‐term memory capacity.Methods & Procedures: School‐age groups with LL (n = 17) and typical language with either average (n = 28) or above‐average nonverbal intelligence (n = 15) completed complex working memory‐span tasks varying processing load while keeping storage demands constant, varying storage demands while keeping processing load constant, simple storage‐span tasks, and measures of language and nonverbal intelligence. Teachers completed questionnaires about cognition and learning.Outcomes & Results: Significantly lower scores were found for the LL than either matched group on storage‐based tasks, but no group differences were found on the tasks varying processing load. Teachers’ ratings of oral expression and mathematics abilities discriminated those who did or did not complete the most challenging cognitive tasks.Conclusions & Implications: The results implicate a deficit in the phonological storage but not in the central executive component of working memory for children with LL. Teacher ratings may reveal personality traits related to perseverance of effort in cognitive research.
Modelling body mass index and endometrial cancer risk in a pooled‐analysis of three case–control studies
Authors: Rota M , Rumi F , Bagnardi V , Dal Maso L , Zucchetto A , Levi F , La Vecchia C , Tavani A 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo quantify the relation between body mass index (BMI) and endometrial cancer risk, and to describe the shape of such a relation.DesignPooled analysis of three hospital‐based case–control studies.SettingItaly and Switzerland.PopulationA total of 1449 women with endometrial cancer and 3811 controls.MethodsMultivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained from logistic regression models. The shape of the relation was determined using a class of flexible regression models.Main outcome measureThe relation of BMI with endometrial cancer.ResultsCompared with women with BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m2, the odds ratio was 5.73 (95% CI 4.28–7.68) for women with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2. The odds ratios were 1.10 (95% CI 1.09–1.12) and 1.63 (95% CI 1.52–1.75) respectively for an increment of BMI of 1 and 5 units. The relation was stronger in never‐users of oral contraceptives (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.78–4.03, for BMI ≥30 versus <25 kg/m2) than in users (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.56–2.67), and in women with diabetes (OR 8.10, 95% CI 4.10–16.01, for BMI ≥30 versus <25 kg/m2) than in those without diabetes (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.44–3.56). The relation was best fitted by a cubic model, although after the exclusion of the 5% upper and lower tails, it was best fitted by a linear model.ConclusionsThe results of this study confirm a role of elevated BMI in the aetiology of endometrial cancer and suggest that the risk in obese women increases in a cubic nonlinear fashion. The relation was stronger in never‐users of oral contraceptives and in women with diabetes.Tweetable AbstractRisk of endometrial cancer increases with elevated body weight in a cubic nonlinear fashion.
The Power to Plunder: Rethinking Land Grabbing in Latin America
Authors: Mollett Sharlene 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper I rethink land grabbing in Latin America by decentering the rhetoric of novelty and the tendency to focus on large‐scale land transactions. To do this, I attend to the longevity of racial thinking bound up in everyday forms of land control. I look at the ways race is salient in the making of land and territorial arrangements. Drawing on my own research in Honduras and Panama, I situate land grabbing in relation to a range of scholarly insights that disclose how the early postcolonial dichotomy of “civilization” and “savagery”, and its inherently whitening logics, re‐appear in contemporary development projects of biodiversity conservation, land administration, and residential tourism. I argue, therefore, that land grabbing is a longstanding process that is routinely operationalized through the state and naturalized through development practices that are underpinned by ongoing racial hierarchies.
Public education expenditures and private school enrollment
Authors: Estevan Fernanda 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate whether increases in public education expenditures lead to reductions in private school enrollment. In order to deal with the endogeneity of public expenditures, I use as a natural experiment the 1998 FUNDEF reform in Brazil that caused exogenous variations in local public school funding. Using data from Brazilian School and Population censuses, I show that public education expenditures increases are associated with reductions in the share of private school enrollment for grade 1. However, the effect is smaller for grades 2 to 4, which is consistent with the existence of costs associated with switching schools.
Delayed absorbable synthetic plug (GORE® BIO‐A®) for the treatment of fistula‐in‐ano: a systematic review
Authors: Narang S. K. , Jones C. , Alam N. N. , Daniels I. R. , Smart N. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimRecent advances in the treatment of fistula‐in‐ano have focused on surgical techniques that preserve sphincter integrity. Plugs that obliterate the lumen of the fistula track have been proposed as one such method, and may be derived from biological or delayed absorbable synthetic materials. Biological plugs have highly variable results and have not been widely adopted. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness and safety of a delayed absorbable synthetic plug (GORE® BIO‐A®) for treatment of anal fistula.MethodA systematic review of all literature in the English language relevant to the use of a plug to treat anal fistula and published between 1 January 2008 and 15 February 2015 was carried out by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews/Controlled Trials for relevant literature. Relevant articles were identified, quality assessed using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies criteria and data were extracted by two independent researchers (SKN and NNA). The identified articles were assessed with regard to fistula healing rate, duration of follow‐up and complication rates related to the use of delayed absorbable synthetic fistula plugs.ResultsTwenty six potential articles were identified from the literature search. Using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, six were included in the final analysis, data extraction and data synthesis. Of these included in the review only three were prospective in design. Complete data were available for 187 of the 221 patients who underwent this treatment. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 82 years. The fistula healing rates were reported to be between 15.8% and 72.7% at a follow‐up ranging between 2 and 19 months. Early or delayed plug extrusion occurred in 16 (8.5%) of the 187 patients. Deterioration in continence was reported in 11 (5.8%) of 187 patients.ConclusionThere are insufficient high‐quality data on the delayed absorbable synthetic (GORE® BIO‐A®) fistula plug to draw meaningful conclusions regarding its effectiveness. It does, however, appear to be a simple and safe technique associated with low complication rates and a minor deterioration in continence in a few cases.
Cardiac imaging in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Wiese Signe , Hove Jens D. , Møller Søren 
Published: November 2015

SummaryCirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is characterized by an impaired contractile response to stress, diastolic dysfunction and the presence of electrophysiological abnormalities, and it may be diagnosed at rest in some patients or demasked by physiological or pharmacological stress. CCM seems to be involved in the development of hepatic nephropathy and is associated with an impaired survival. In the field of cardiac imaging, CCM is not yet a well‐characterized entity, hence various modalities of cardiac imaging have been applied. Stress testing with either physiologically or pharmacologically induced circulatory stress has been used to assess systolic dysfunction. Whereas echocardiography with tissue Doppler is by far the most preferred method to detect diastolic dysfunction with measurement of E/A‐ and E/E′‐ratio. In addition, echocardiography may also possess the potential to evaluate systolic dysfunction at rest by application of new myocardial strain techniques. Experience with other modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac computed tomography is limited. Future studies exploring these imaging modalities are necessary to characterize and monitor the cardiac changes in cirrhotic patients.
Is Right Ventricular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension Dependent on Etiology? An Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Giusca Sorin , Popa Elena , Amzulescu Mihaela Silvia , Ghiorghiu Ioana , Coman Ioan Mircea , Popescu Bogdan A. , Delcroix Marion , Voigt Jens‐Uwe , Ginghina Carmen , Jurcut Ruxandra 
Published: November 2015

AimsSurvival in patients (pts) with pulmonary hypertension (PH) differs between subgroups at similar levels of pressure overload. We set to analyze right ventricular (RV) morphology and function in different types of PH using conventional and deformation imaging echocardiography.Material and MethodsThirty‐four pts with PH: 12 pts with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH, 42.2 ± 13 years), 11 pts with chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH, 50.8 ± 12 years), 11 pts with Eisenmenger syndrome [ES 41.2 ± 15 years, 4 with atrial septal defect (ASD) and 7 with ventricular septal defect (VSD)], and 13 age‐matched healthy individuals (38.1 ± 15 years) were evaluated. The following echocardiographic parameters were measured: echo‐derived systolic pulmonary pressure (sPAPecho), RV end‐diastolic diameter (RVEDD), RV wall thickness (RVWT), TAPSE, RV fractional area change (RVFAC), Tei index, peak systolic velocity of the tricuspid ring (S't), and speckle tracking‐derived RV free wall strain. Furthermore, right heart catheterization (RHC) was performed in pts with PH and mean, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mPAPcath, sPAPcath), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (COi), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were noted.ResultsThe levels of mPAPcath and sPAPcath were similar between pts with PH (pANOVA = NS). Patients with ES had higher COi compared to other groups (2.94 ± 0.79, 2.28 ± 0.69, and 1.74 ± 0.46 L/min/m2 for pts with ES, IPAH, and CTEPH respectively, pANOVA = 0.004, P post hoc ES versus all other groups < 0.05). TAPSE, Tei index, and S't were similar between groups and impaired versus controls (pANOVA < 0.001, P post hoc between groups of patients = NS). Patients with ES had better RVFAC (41.1 ± 9, 30.5 ± 10.8, 23.2 ± 9.8%) and RV free wall strain (−20.6 ± 3.5, −16.3 ± 7.5, −10.8 ± 5%), as well as an increased thickness of the RV free wall compared to other groups of patients (9.2 ± 1.5, 7.2 ± 1 and 7.2 ± 1.6 mm for pts with ES, IPAH and CTEPH, respectively) (pANOVA<0.001, P post hoc <0.05 ES versus all other groups). RVFAC and RV free wall strain significantly correlated with COi (r = 0.53, P = 0.006 and r = −0.77, P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionPatients with ES have a more hypertrophied RV free wall, better RV performance as assessed by RVFAC and RV free wall strain and increased COi compared to other types of PH. Furthermore, RV performance appears to be less dependent on the level of pressure overload. These findings could contribute to the better survival profile of patients with ES.
The influence of hydrogeological disturbance and mining on coal seam microbial communities
Authors: Raudsepp M. J. , Gagen E. J. , Evans P. , Tyson G. W. , Golding S. D. , Southam G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe microbial communities present in two underground coal mines in the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia, were investigated to deduce the effect of pumping and mining on subsurface methanogens and methanotrophs. The micro‐organisms in pumped water from the actively mined areas, as well as, pre‐ and post‐mining formation waters were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The methane stable isotope composition of Bowen Basin coal seam indicates that methanogenesis has occurred in the geological past. More recently at the mine site, changing groundwater flow dynamics and the introduction of oxygen in the subsurface has increased microbial biomass and diversity. Consistent with microbial communities found in other coal seam environments, pumped coal mine waters from the subsurface were dominated by bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and the family Rhodocyclaceae. These environments and bacterial communities supported a methanogen population, including Methanobacteriaceae, Methanococcaceae and Methanosaeta. However, one of the most ubiquitous micro‐organisms in anoxic coal mine waters belonged to the family ‘Candidatus Methanoperedenaceae’. As the Archaeal family ‘Candidatus Methanoperedenaceae’ has not been extensively defined, the one studied species in the family is capable of anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction. This introduces the possibility that a methane cycle between archaeal methanogenesis and methanotrophy may exist in the anoxic waters of the coal seam after hydrogeological disturbance.
On‐farm habitat restoration counters biotic homogenization in intensively managed agriculture
Authors: Ponisio Lauren C. , M'Gonigle Leithen K. , Kremen Claire 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTo slow the rate of global species loss, it is imperative to understand how to restore and maintain native biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Currently, agriculture is associated with lower spatial heterogeneity and turnover in community composition (β‐diversity). While some techniques are known to enhance α‐diversity, it is unclear whether habitat restoration can re‐establish β‐diversity. Using a long‐term pollinator dataset, comprising ∼9,800 specimens collected from the intensively managed agricultural landscape of the Central Valley of California, we show that on‐farm habitat restoration in the form of native plant ‘hedgerows’, when replicated across a landscape, can boost β‐diversity by approximately 14% relative to unrestored field margins, to levels similar to some natural communities. Hedgerows restore β‐diversity by promoting the assembly of phenotypically diverse communities. Intensively managed agriculture imposes a strong ecological filter that negatively affects several important dimensions of community trait diversity, distribution, and uniqueness. However, by helping to restore phenotypically diverse pollinator communities, small‐scale restorations such as hedgerows provide a valuable tool for conserving biodiversity and promoting ecosystem services.
Flow cytometry in hematological nonmalignant disorders
Authors: Béné M. C. , Le Bris Y. , Robillard N. , Wuillème S. , Fouassier M. , Eveillard M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryMultiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) has become an integral part of the diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies. However, several nonmalignant or premalignant disorders may benefit from this technology in hematology laboratories. This review provides information on the normal immunophenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets and their modifications in several clinical conditions. The usefulness ofMFCand the specific markers that can be investigated in hyperlymphocytosis, infection, hypereosinophilia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and large granular lymphocyte disorders is described. Mention is also made of the developments ofMFCfor analyses of red blood cells or platelets.
Sedation protocols to reduce duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU: a Cochrane Systematic Review
Authors: Aitken Leanne M. , Bucknall Tracey , Kent Bridie , Mitchell Marion , Burmeister Elizabeth , Keogh Samantha 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsAssess the effects of protocol‐directed sedation management on the duration of mechanical ventilation and other relevant patient outcomes in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients.BackgroundSedation is a core component of critical care. Sub‐optimal sedation management incorporates both under‐ and over‐sedation and has been linked to poorer patient outcomes.DesignCochrane systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Data sourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, LILACS, Current Controlled Trials and US National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Studies (1990–November 2013) and reference lists of articles were used.Review methodsRandomized controlled trials conducted in intensive care units comparing management with and without protocol‐directed sedation were included. Two authors screened titles, abstracts and full‐text reports. Potential risk of bias was assessed. Clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity were examined and the random‐effects model used for meta‐analysis where appropriate. Mean difference for duration of mechanical ventilation and risk ratio for mortality, with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated.ResultsTwo eligible studies with 633 participants comparing protocol‐directed sedation delivered by nurses vs. usual care were identified. There was no evidence of differences in duration of mechanical ventilation or hospital mortality. There was statistically significant heterogeneity between studies for duration of mechanical ventilation.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of protocol‐directed sedation as results from the two randomized controlled trials were conflicting.