bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joining multiple AEM datasets to improve accuracy, cross calibration and derived products: The Spiritwood VTEM and AeroTEM case study
Authors: Sapia Vincenzo , Viezzoli Andrea , Oldenborger Greg 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAirborne time‐domain electromagnetic methods (AEM) are useful for hydrogeological mapping due to their rapid and extensive spatial coverage and high correlation between measured magnetic fields, electrical conductivity, and relevant hydrogeological parameters. However, AEM data, preprocessing and modelling procedures can suffer from inaccuracies that may dramatically affect the final interpretation. We demonstrate the importance and the benefits of advanced data processing for two AEM datasets (AeroTEM III and VTEM) collected over the Spiritwood buried valley aquifer in southern Manitoba, Canada. Early‐time data gates are identified as having significant flight‐dependent signal bias that reflects survey flights and flight lines. These data are removed from inversions along with late time data gates contaminated by apparently random noise. In conjunction with supporting information, the less‐extensive, but broader‐band VTEM data are used to construct an electrical reference model. The reference model is subsequently used to calibrate the AeroTEM dataset via forward modelling for coincident soundings. The procedure produces calibration factors that we apply to AeroTEM data over the entire survey domain. Inversion of the calibrated data results in improved data fits, particularly at early times, but some flight‐line artefacts remain. Residual striping between adjacent flights is corrected by including a mean empirical amplitude correction factor within the spatially constrained inversion scheme. Finally, the AeroTEM and VTEM data are combined in a joint inversion. Results confirm consistency between the two different AEM datasets and the recovered models. On the contrary, joint inversion of unprocessed or uncalibrated AEM datasets results in erroneous resistivity models which, in turn, can result in an inappropriate hydrogeological interpretation of the study area.
Applying airborne electromagnetics in 3D stochastic geohydrological modelling for determining groundwater protection
Authors: Gunnink Jan L. , Siemon Bernhard 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAirborne electromagnetic (AEM) measurements provide information regarding the electrical properties of the subsurface for large spatial coverage in a limited time. In mapping and modelling for geological and geohydrological purposes, electrical properties (e.g. resistivity) need to be converted to relevant parameters, like lithology. Helicopter‐borne frequency‐domain EM measurements from an area in the Netherlands were combined with borehole data to create a 3D model of two contrasting lithologies (sand and clay) that served as proxy for assessing the vulnerability of the aquifer to surface contamination. By comparing the lithology found in boreholes with the resistivity derived from AEM at that location, a probabilistic relationship between these two variables was determined. This relationship was used to convert the AEM resistivity models into a 3D model of clay probability. Using geostatistical Monte Carlo simulations, the boreholes (hard data) and the probability of clay from the AEM resistivity models (soft data) were combined. AEM improved the 3D model substantially, compared to using only borehole data. An independent validation dataset verified the improvement of the 3D model using AEM data. Areas with a high probability of clay occurrence could be distinguished and a clay thickness map with uncertainty (standard deviation) was calculated. Using a simple groundwater model, the capability of the clay to protect the underlying aquifer from contamination was quantified. This resulted in the delineation of distinct areas that are well protected due to the large travel time for infiltrating water from the surface to the aquifer.
Geophysical evidence for the hydro‐tectonic origin of the Sabkha El Sheikh Zwayed Lake and the shallow fresh water supplies, Northern Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Khalil Mohamed A. , Santos Fernando M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe El Sheikh Zwayed Lake is a saline lake located in northern Sinai Peninsula. The origin of the lake as well as the shallow fresh water supplies between the lake and the Mediterranean are the subject of many geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical studies. Two main hypotheses have been sug gested to explain the phenomenon of the lake (i.e. hydrogeological and/or tectonic). Using direct current resistivity (DCR) and gravity data, we investigated which of these processes explain the jux taposition and the contradiction between the location of freshwater between the sea and a saline lake to the south which is supplied by a saline aquifer. We infer from the 1D and 2D resistivity inversions that a shallow grabenal structure exists between the lake and the coast. The gravity measurements enable a subsurface NE‐SW doubly plunging anticline to be suggested (and related to Syrian arc system) to the south‐west side of the lake as well as a NE‐SW associated deep inferred fault‐line crossing the lake. The results show that the hydrogeological regime in the study area is tectonically con trolled; whereby the graben structure works as a hydrogeological barrier between the lake and the sea.
CO2 from Southeast Asia to Brazil: Making Your Enemy Your Ally?
Authors: Hauville B. , Rueda Terrazas R. , Henrique S. 
Published: January 2015

For several years, Southeast Asia fields with high concentration of CO2 have been developed and have reached a mature state in production whereas in the Brazilian deep offshore environment, not only it is a novelty, but dealing with such an element brings forth several challenges, requiring additional technology and as much know-how on such issue as it may exist, especially considering the financial and technical adversities that production of deep offshore pre-salt fields entails.
In spite of the significant difference in geology, API degree and phase development of these fields, this paper analyzes the possible applications and knowledge between Asia Pacific and Brazil, concerning the lessons and expertise in mature CO2 rich offshore fields in order to predict issues that are likely to arise up until the production stage and promoting ways to mitigate these issues.
Such a correlation becomes quite substantial when one considers that during the past year, companies operating in Brazil have started to experiment with different EOR techniques such as WAG (Water-Alternating-Gas)using CO2 (which can be more collaborative and efficient in its sweeping effect), and that until now hadn't been tested in pre-salt fields rich in CO2. These techniques were, all the same, proven successful in fields of Southeast Asia with similar CO2 characteristics. Thus, an entirely new opportunity may surface: the application of the Asian experience on field development expressly taking into account the high level of CO2 present in both Asian fields and the recently discovered giant fields of Brazil also associated to very high CO2 quantities. This is definitely not a one-sided flow of know-how and experiences, since the technologies developed for the pre-salt can also be applied in Asian a mature field, which demand even less of a risk and comprises of a lesser complex environment, and can only be favored by further production.
This paper intends to comparatively examine two major petroleum regions of the world, to highlight the numerous similarities with several documented case studies and to analyze possible two way know-how exchange between fields of the Asia-Pacific region and those of the Brazilian pre-salt.
Vaccine Adjuvant MF59 Promotes Retention of Unprocessed Antigen in Lymph Node Macrophage Compartments and Follicular Dendritic Cells
Authors: Cantisani Rocco , Pezzicoli Alfredo , Cioncada Rossella , Malzone Carmine , De Gregorio Ennio , D’Oro Ugo , Piccioli Diego 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ag retention within lymph nodes (LNs) upon vaccination is critical for the development of adaptive immune responses, because it facilitates the encounter of the Ag with cognate lymphocytes. During a secondary exposure of the immune system to an Ag, immune complexes (ICs) that contain the unprocessed Ag are captured by subcapsular sinus macrophages and are transferred onto follicular dendritic cells, where they persist for weeks, facilitating Ag presentation to cognate memory B cells. The impact of adjuvants on Ag retention within the draining LNs is unknown. In this article, we provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant MF59 localizes in subcapsular sinus and medullary macrophage compartments of mouse draining LNs, where it persists for at least 2 wk. In addition, we demonstrate that MF59 promotes accumulation of the unprocessed Ag within these LN compartments and facilitates the consequent deposition of the IC-trapped Ag onto activated follicular dendritic cells. These findings correlate with the ability of MF59 to boost germinal center generation and Ag-specific Ab titers. Our data suggest that the adjuvant effect of MF59 is, at least in part, due to an enhancement of IC-bound Ag retention within the LN and offer insights to improve the efficacy of new vaccine adjuvants.
Cytotoxic Mediators in Paradoxical HIV–Tuberculosis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Wilkinson Katalin A. , Walker Naomi F. , Meintjes Graeme , Deffur Armin , Nicol Mark P. , Skolimowska Keira H. , Matthews Kerryn , Tadokera Rebecca , Seldon Ronnett , Maartens Gary , Rangaka Molebogeng X. , Besra Gurdyal S. , Wilkinson Robert J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) frequently complicates combined antiretroviral therapy and antituberculosis therapy in HIV-1–coinfected tuberculosis patients. The immunopathological mechanisms underlying TB-IRIS are incompletely defined, and improved understanding is required to derive new treatments and to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. We performed longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of human PBMCs from paradoxical TB-IRIS patients and non-IRIS controls (HIV-TB–coinfected patients commencing antiretroviral therapy who did not develop TB-IRIS). Freshly isolated PBMC stimulated with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (hkH37Rv) were used for IFN-γ ELISPOT and RNA extraction. Stored RNA was used for microarray and RT-PCR, whereas corresponding stored culture supernatants were used for ELISA. Stored PBMC were used for perforin and granzyme B ELISPOT and flow cytometry. There were significantly increased IFN-γ responses to hkH37Rv in TB-IRIS, compared with non-IRIS PBMC (p = 0.035). Microarray analysis of hkH37Rv-stimulated PBMC indicated that perforin 1 was the most significantly upregulated gene, with granzyme B among the top five (log2 fold difference 3.587 and 2.828, respectively), in TB-IRIS. Downstream experiments using RT-PCR, ELISA, and ELISPOT confirmed the increased expression and secretion of perforin and granzyme B. Moreover, granzyme B secretion reduced in PBMC from TB-IRIS patients during corticosteroid treatment. Invariant NKT cell (CD3+Vα24+) proportions were higher in TB-IRIS patients (p = 0.004) and were a source of perforin. Our data implicate the granule exocytosis pathway in TB-IRIS pathophysiology. Further understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this condition will facilitate development of specific diagnostic and improved therapeutic options.
Macronutrient Deprivation Modulates Antigen Trafficking and Immune Recognition through HSC70 Accessibility
Authors: Deffit Sarah N. , Blum Janice S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
B lymphocytes exploit macroautophagy to capture cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins within autophagosomes. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and endosomes facilitates content proteolysis, with the resulting peptides selectively binding MHC class II (MHC II) molecules, which are displayed for recognition by T lymphocytes. Nutrient deprivation or stress amplified this pathway, favoring increased MHC II presentation of cytoplasmic Ags targeted to autophagosomes. By contrast, this stress diminished MHC II presentation of membrane Ags including the BCR and cytoplasmic proteins that use the chaperone-mediated autophagy pathway. Whereas intracellular protease activity increased with nutrient stress, endocytic trafficking and proteolytic turnover of the BCR was impaired. Addition of macronutrients such as high molecular mass proteins restored endocytosis and Ag presentation, evidence of tightly regulated membrane trafficking dependent on macronutrient status. Altering cellular levels of the cytosolic chaperone HSC70 was sufficient to overcome the inhibitory effects of nutritional stress on BCR trafficking and Ag presentation. Together, these results reveal a key role for macronutrient sensing in regulating immune recognition and the importance of HSC70 in modulating membrane trafficking pathways during cellular stress.
Selective Blockade of CD28-Mediated T Cell Costimulation Protects Rhesus Monkeys against Acute Fatal Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Haanstra Krista G. , Dijkman Karin , Bashir Noun , Bauer Jan , Mary Caroline , Poirier Nicolas , Baker Paul , Scobie Linda , ’t Hart Bert A. , Vanhove Bernard 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Costimulatory and coinhibitory receptor–ligand pairs on T cells and APC control the immune response. We have investigated whether selective blockade of CD28–CD80/86 costimulatory interactions, which preserves the coinhibitory CTLA4–CD80/86 interactions and the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, abrogates the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rhesus monkeys. EAE was induced by intracutaneous immunization with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG) in CFA on day 0. FR104 is a monovalent, PEGylated-humanized Fab′ Ab fragment against human CD28, cross-reactive with rhesus monkey CD28. FR104 or placebo was administered on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. FR104 levels remained high until the end of the study (day 42). Placebo-treated animals all developed clinical EAE between days 12 and 27. FR104-treated animals did not develop clinical EAE and were sacrificed at the end of the study resulting in a significantly prolonged survival. FR104 treatment diminished T and B cell responses against rhMOG, significantly reduced CNS inflammation and prevented demyelination. The inflammatory profile in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain material was also strongly reduced. Recrudescence of latent virus was investigated in blood, spleen, and brain. No differences between groups were observed for the β-herpesvirus CMV and the polyomaviruses SV40 and SA12. Cross-sectional measurement of lymphocryptovirus, the rhesus monkey EBV, demonstrated elevated levels in the blood of FR104-treated animals. Blocking rhesus monkey CD28 with FR104 mitigated autoreactive T and B cell activation and prevented CNS pathology in the rhMOG/CFA EAE model in rhesus monkeys.
Awareness, Treatment, And Control of Hypertension among Adult Population in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina over the past Decade
Authors: Pilav Aida , Doder Vildana , Branković Suada 
Published: January 2015

Background Many studies throughout the world show that hypertension is not effectively treated and controlled, which continued to pose an important challenge in health systems in the world. Design and methods Population surveys were carried out in 2002 and 2012 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBIH) on representative sample at the age of 25-64. The surveys used systematic stratified sample. Questionnaires and anthropometric measure protocols were adapted from internationally recommended surveys. Results In the past ten years there has been a slight increase in hypertension prevalence in researched population (41% vs. 42%). Percentage of hypertensive male and female respondents who are not aware of their hypertension actually dropped in the past decade from 54.3% to 51.4%. In 2002 total number of hypertensive respondents aware of their hypertension included 8.1% of male respondents and 10.3% female respondents whose condition was not treated and this rate effectively dropped during the 10-year period. Number of hypertensive, treated, and uncontrolled respondents dropped as reported in the 2012 survey; consequently percentage of hypertensive, treated, and controlled respondents in the 2012 survey increased, in particular in female population. Conclusions Investments in primary health care, improved availability, and improved quality of health care in the FBIH in the past 10 years can explain increased rate of hypertension detection and treatment; however, efforts should be continued to introduce hypertension screening programs and hypertension control programs.
Effect of Continuous Ultrasonic Phacoemulsification with Anterior Chamber Maintainer on Corneal Endothelial Damage in Hard Nuclear Cataract
Authors: Chen Guangsheng , Wang Dongmei , Du Yi , Huang Hongbo 
Published: January 2015

Purpose To study the effects of continuous ultrasonic phacoemulsification performed with and without an anterior chamber maintainer (ACM) on corneal endothelial damage in patients with hard nuclear cataract. Methods Sixty eyes in 60 patients with hard nuclear cataract (grade IV), one lesion per eye, were randomly allocated into 2 groups: continuous ultrasonic phacoemulsification with (group A) or without (group B) ACM. The intraoperative accumulated energy complex parameter (AECP), frequency of shallow anterior chamber, and postoperative corneal incision edema, corneal endothelial cell counts, and visual recovery were compared between the groups. Results The intraoperative AECP, postoperative corneal incision edema, and postoperative visual recovery showed no significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). At 1 month postoperatively, the corneal endothelial cell loss rate and hexagonal cell percentage (postoperative compared to preoperative) in groups A and B were 0.117 ± 0.12 and 9.97 ± 9.52% and 0.15 ± 0.73 and 8.5 ± 4.60%, respectively, with no significant difference noted (p>0.05). The endothelial cell mutation rate was significantly lower in group A than in group B at 6.41 ± 6.78% and 28.27 ± 27.95%, respectively (p<0.05). The frequency of intraoperative shallow anterior chamber was significantly lower in group A than in group B (2 vs 17 times, p<0.05). Conclusions Continuous ultrasonic phacoemulsification with ACM is a safe, effective, simple, and easy method to treat hard nuclear cataract and causes minimal damage to corneal endothelial cells. It is an ideal surgical option and is worth popularizing.
Consecutive Laser in situ Keratomileusis and Accelerated Corneal Crosslinking in Highly Myopic Patients: Preliminary Results
Authors: Tan Jerry , Lytle Grace E. , Marshall John 
Published: January 2015

Purpose To report the preliminary results of an evaluation of the safety and predictability of Lasik Xtra, a technique combining laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and accelerated corneal crosslinking, in highly myopic patients. Methods In this consecutive comparative case series, 70 consecutive eyes undergoing LASIK for correction of high myopia (-8.00 D to −19.00 D manifest refractive spherical equivalent) were prospectively recruited and treated with Lasik Xtra and compared with a retrospective consecutive control group of 64 eyes who had undergone LASIK alone for correction of high myopia. The follow-up was 3 months. Outcome measures included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and refraction. Results A total of 61% of LASIK only eyes achieved UDVA of 20/25 or better, compared to 98% of Lasik Xtra eyes (p<0.001) at 3 months. A greater percentage of eyes were within ±0.50 of the intended correction in the Lasik Xtra group (88%) than in the LASIK only group (65%) at 3 months (p = 0.005). Linear regression of the scatterplot of attempted versus achieved correction reveals a coefficient of determination of 0.83 in the LASIK only group vs 0.99 in the Lasik Xtra group. A trend (p = 0.051) towards greater refractive drift in the LASIK group (-0.13 D) vs the Lasik Xtra group (-0.04 D) was observed. No adverse events were observed in either group. Conclusions Lasik Xtra did not reduce the refractive accuracy of the LASIK procedure. The addition of crosslinking may induce early stabilization of the cornea after LASIK, improving the predictability of refractive outcomes in highly myopic subjects.
Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Activity is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Blaslov Kristina , Bulum Tomislav , Duvnjak Lea 
Published: January 2015

Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent complication among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Dipeptidyl peptidase–4 (DPP4) is a protease with elevated activity in patients with T1DM. Several studies indicate that DPP4 inhibitors might have beneficial effect on nonproliferative retinopathy (NPR) development as well as on its progression to proliferative retinopathy (PR). We aimed to explore the relationship between serum DPP4 activity and DR in patients with T1DM. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 44 patients with T1DM. The DPP4 activity was measured by colorimetric assay in a microplate reader. Photodocumented retinopathy status was made according to the EURODIAB protocol. Results A total of 28 (63.6%) patients were men, mean age 45.36 years, diabetes duration 23.71 years, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.4%. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to retinopathy prevalence. Group 1 comprised 14 (31.85%) patients with DR absence while the second group consisted of 30 (68.15%) patients with both PR and NPR. Group 1 had lower fasting serum DPP4 activity (25.85 vs 33.84 U/L, p<0.001) when compared to the second group. In the binary logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, and HbA1c level, DPP4 activity was associated with DR prevalence (odds ratio 1.887 [1.073-3.321]). Conclusions Serum DPP4 activity may be independently associated with both DR types in patients with T1DM. Further study is warranted to elucidate whether there is an association between DPP4 activity and DR severity and/or progression.
Retrobulbar Dexmedetomidine Decreases the MLAC of Ropivacaine in Vitreoretinal Surgery in Children
Authors: Ye Weidi , Hu Zhiyong , Jin Xiuming 
Published: January 2015

Purpose Dexmedetomidine can prolong the duration of local anesthetics, but the effect of retrobulbar dexmedetomidine on the potency of ropivacaine for retrobulbar block has not been investigated. Our study was designed to determine the effect of retrobulbar dexmedetomidine on ropivacaine for retrobulbar block in children. Methods A group of 90 children aged 10-16 years scheduled for vitreoretinal surgery who received retrobulbar block were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group L (retrobulbar ropivacaine), group LD1 (ropivacaine plus 0.5 µg.kg−1 dexmedetomidine), or group LD2 (ropivacaine plus 1 µg.kg−1 dexmedetomidine). The minimum local anesthetic concentration (MLAC) was determined according to a Dixon-Massey protocol. The primary endpoint of the study was MLAC. Secondary outcomes were duration of postoperative analgesia, postoperative pain scores, dexmedetomidine side effects, and time to hospital discharge. Results The MLAC values of retrobulbar ropivacaine were 0.314%, 0.259%, and 0.246% in groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively. The median (interquartile range) durations of analgesia in the postoperative period were 66 (54-117), 89 (40-157), and 168 (120-194) minutes in groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively (L vs LD1 or LD2, p<0.05). Wake-up time was significantly increased in groups LD1 and LD2. Conclusions Retrobulbar dexmedetomidine reduces the MLAC values of ropivacaine and improves postoperative analgesia in children without any neurologic side effects.