bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing biodiverse carbon‐rich forests
Authors: Pichancourt Jean‐Baptiste , Firn Jennifer , Chadès Iadine , Martin Tara G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRegrowing forests on cleared land is a key strategy to achieve both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation globally. Maximizing these co‐benefits, however, remains theoretically and technically challenging because of the complex relationship between carbon sequestration and biodiversity in forests, the strong influence of climate variability and landscape position on forest development, the large number of restoration strategies possible, and long time‐frames needed to declare success. Through the synthesis of three decades of knowledge on forest dynamics and plant functional traits combined with decision science, we demonstrate that we cannot always maximize carbon sequestration by simply increasing the functional trait diversity of trees planted. The relationships between plant functional diversity, carbon sequestration rates above ground and in the soil are dependent on climate and landscape positions. We show how to manage ‘identities’ and ‘complementarities’ between plant functional traits to achieve systematically maximal cobenefits in various climate and landscape contexts. We provide examples of optimal planting and thinning rules that satisfy this ecological strategy and guide the restoration of forests that are rich in both carbon and plant functional diversity. Our framework provides the first mechanistic approach for generating decision‐makingrules that can be used to manage forests for multiple objectives, and supports joined carbon credit and biodiversity conservation initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REDD+. The decision framework can also be linked to species distribution models and socio‐economic models to find restoration solutions that maximize simultaneously biodiversity, carbon stocks, and other ecosystem services across landscapes. Our study provides the foundation for developing and testing cost‐effective and adaptable forest management rules to achieve biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and other socio‐economic co‐benefits under global change.
Increased invasive potential of non‐native Phragmites australis: elevated CO2 and temperature alleviate salinity effects on photosynthesis and growth
Authors: Eller Franziska , Lambertini Carla , Nguyen Loc Xuan , Brix Hans 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe prospective rise in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may change the distribution and invasive potential of a species; and intraspecific invasive lineages may respond differently to climate change. In this study, we simulated a future climate scenario with simultaneously elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature, and investigated its interaction with soil salinity, to assess the effects of global change on the ecophysiology of two competing haplotypes of the wetland grass Phragmites australis, that are invasive in the coastal marshes of North America. The two haplotypes with the phenotypes ‘EU‐type’ (Eurasian haplotype) and ‘Delta‐type’ (Mediterranean haplotype), were grown at 0‰ and 20‰ soil salinity, and at ambient or elevated climatic conditions (700 ppm CO2, +5 °C) in a phytotron system. The aboveground growth of both phenotypes was highest at the elevated climatic conditions. Growth at 20‰ salinity resulted in declined aboveground growth, lower transpiration rates (E), stomata conductance (gs), specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and a reduced photosynthetic performance. The negative effects of salinity were, however, significantly less severe at elevated CO2 and temperature than at the ambient climatic conditions. The Delta‐type P. australis had higher shoot elongation rates than the EU‐type P. australis, particularly at high salinity. The Delta‐type also had higher maximum light‐saturated rates of photosynthesis (Asat), maximum carboxylation rates of Rubisco (Vcmax), maximum electron transport rates (Jmax), triose phosphate utilization rates (Tp), stomata conductance (gs), as well as higher Rubisco carboxylation‐limited, RuBP regeneration‐limited and Tp‐regeneration limited CO2 assimilation rates than the EU‐type under all growth conditions. Our results suggest that the EU‐type will not become dominant over the Delta‐type, since the Delta‐type has superior ecophysiological traits. However, the projected rise in atmospheric CO2 and temperature will alleviate the effects of salinity on both phenotypes and facilitate their expansion into more saline areas.
Self‐inflicted injury as a potential trigger for carcinoma of lip – a case report
Authors: Kashyap Roopashri Rajesh , Kashyap Rajesh Shanker 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo report a case of an elderly patient with an unstable mental condition, presenting with the carcinoma of lip due to repeated toothpick injury.BackgroundSelf‐induced lesions of the face and mouth may be a manifestation of unusual or aggressive oral habits or an emotional disorder. The deliberate creation of orofacial lesions, is an indication of underlying psychiatric disease. Betel quid chewing is the major risk factor for oral cancer. It conditions the oral mucosa towards the development of cancer. Repeated trauma by self mutilation on such a conditioned mucosa can lead to the development of cancer.Materials and methodsA male patient aged 85 years reported the complaint of a growth on the left side of the lower lip. Trauma followed by self inflicted injury had predisposed to the formation of cancer.ConclusionDiagnosis of self inflicted lesions are challenging as the histories of these lesions tend to be vague and misleading. Our knowledge in this particular pathology is limited mainly because of diagnostic difficulties and lack of solid statistical data.
Effect of raw rice bran supplementation on rumen methanogen population density and in vitro rumen fermentation
Authors: Matsui Hiroki , Wakabayashi Hiroaki , Fukushima Natsumi , Ito Kenji , Nishikawa Ayaka , Yoshimi Ryota , Ogawa Yuriko , Yoneda Shohei , Ban‐Tokuda Tomomi , Wakita Masaaki 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe effect of raw rice bran supplementation on in vitro rumen methane production, short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and profile, and the population density of methanogenic archaea was studied using batch cultures of rumen fluid. The experimental batch culture conditions were as follows: a control group containing a substrate without supplements; substrates supplemented with 5, 10 or 15% raw rice bran; and a culture treated with an antimethanogenic agent, bromoethanesulfonate (BES), as a positive control. The methanogen population density in the cultures was determined by methanogen‐specific real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The BES treatment completely inhibited methane production. Supplementation with 10% raw rice bran inhibited methane production by 18% after a 24‐h incubation (P > 0.05). No significant difference in total SCFA levels was observed between all the treatments, although the SCFA profiles were altered. Whereas the proportion of butyrate increased significantly, the proportion of propionate decreased significantly in the 10% rice bran treatment (P < 0.05). Only 10% raw rice bran supplementation significantly reduced the methanogen population density by 25% compared with the control after the 24‐h incubation (P < 0.05). The results showed that supplementing the substrate with 10% raw rice bran affects SCFA profiles and methanogen population density in rumen fermentation in vitro.
Preparation and Xylene‐Sensing Properties of Co3O4 Nanofibers
Authors: Qu Fengdong , Feng Caihui , Li Chao , Li Wei , Wen Shanpeng , Ruan Shengping , Zhang Haifeng 
Published: August 2013

Co3O4 nanofibers were prepared by an electrospinning method and characterized by differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analyzer (DTA‐TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT‐IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Xylene‐sensing properties of the as‐prepared nanofibers were also investigated in detail. The results showed that the morphology of the as‐prepared fibers was largely influenced by the calcination temperature. The Co3O4 nanofibers calcined at 500°C exhibited the highest response to xylene in a wide concentration range. Moreover, Co3O4 nanofibers calcined at 500°C also exhibited good selectivity, fast response (15 s) and recovery (22 s) rate at a low operating temperatures of 255°C. These properties make the fabricated nanofibers good candidates for xylene detection.
Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Turkish pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) accessions
Authors: Karaaslan Mehmet , Vardin Hasan , Varlıklıöz Suzan , Yılmaz Fatih M. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe objective of this study was to assess antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of four different Turkish pomegranate varieties (Hatay, Hicaz, Adana and Antalya) using an in vitro HepG2 cancer cell model. All the pomegranate extracts employed in this study significantly diminish the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The total phenolic acid, anthocyanin and flavonoid contents for each of the four varieties were determined. The Hatay pomegranate variety had the highest total phenolic acid (337.4 ± 2.34 mg/100 g) and flavonoid (58.42 ± 2.25 mg/100 g) contents of the pomegranates examined. Antioxidant activities of the pomegranates were determined using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The lack of correlation between colour index value and antioxidant–antiproliferative activities suggested that phenolic acids and flavonoids are predominant compounds influencing pomegranate's bioactivity rather than anthocyanins. Individual phenolic acids found in Hatay pomegranates were determined, using an HPLC system, as gallic acid being the most predominant phenolic compound.
Metabolic syndrome correlates with peri‐urethral fibrosis secondary to chronic prostate inflammation: Evidence of a link in a cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Cantiello Francesco , Cicione Antonio , Salonia Andrea , Autorino Riccardo , Ucciero Giuseppe , Tucci Luigi , Briganti Alberto , Damiano Rocco 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate the pathological relationship between metabolic syndrome and peri‐urethral fibrosis status secondary to chronic prostate inflammation.MethodsPeri‐urethral prostate tissue from 80 consecutive patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer was analyzed. Patients were divided in two groups according to whether or not they had a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. A 16‐peri‐urethral core bench biopsy was carried out on each radical prostatectomy specimen to evaluate the extent of peri‐urethral inflammatory infiltrate, and collagen and elastin amount. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to test the association between variables. Furthermore, the data were used to define a bivariate logistic regression model in which the presence (>50% collagen amount for each patients) or absence (≤50% collagen amount) of fibrosis was analyzed after adjusting for clinical and pathological variables.ResultsA significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of International Prostatic Symptoms Score (P < 0.05) and urodynamics findings (all P < 0.05). Patients with metabolic syndrome showed a more extended inflammatory infiltrate and higher peri‐urethral collagen amount, along with a lower peri‐urethral elastin amount (all P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between inflammation, International Prostatic Symptoms Score, Bladder Outlet Obstruction Index and collagen amount, whereas inflammation was inversely correlated with elastin amount. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, prostate inflammation and metabolic syndrome were the only independent predictors of peri‐urethral fibrosis (OR 1.73, 1.52, respectively).ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that metabolic syndrome might represent an independent risk factor for prostate inflammation and fibrotic changes secondary to inflammation within the peri‐urethral prostatic tissue.
The effects of smoothies on enamel erosion: an in situ study
Authors: Ali Hanein , Tahmassebi Jinous F. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo measure, in vitro, the pH and titratable acidity (TA) of various soft drinks and to assess the erosive effect of smoothies using an in situ model.MethodThe in vitro phase of this study included measuring the inherent pH of six different commercially available smoothies, diet coke, and citric acid 0.3% (positive control) using a pH meter. The TA was determined by titration with NaOH. In the second part of the study, an in situ model was used. An upper removable appliance capable of retaining two enamel slabs was constructed and worn by 14 volunteers. The drinks under test were Innocent® strawberries and banana smoothie and citric acid. Volunteers were instructed to dip the appliance in the test solutions extra‐orally five times daily for 2 min each time for 21 days. Measurements of enamel loss were made by surface profilometry and microhardness.ResultsDiet Coke was found to be the most acidic drink (pH 2.61), whereas Innocent® mangoes and passion fruit smoothie showed to be the least (pH 3.9). With regard to TA, Innocent® blackberries, strawberries, and blackcurrant smoothie had the highest TA requiring 10.8 mol of NaOH to reach pH 7.0, whereas citric acid required only 3.1 mol of NaOH to reach the same pH value. Surface profilometry and microhardness testing revealed that citric acid caused a statistically significantly greater tooth surface loss compared with smoothie after 21‐day pH cycling protocol.ConclusionSmoothies are acidic and have high TA levels. Innocent® strawberries and banana smoothie had an erosive potential to the teeth. However, its erosive effect was significantly less compared with citric acid after 21‐day pH cycling protocol using an in situ model.
Use of an ex vivo canine ventral slot model to test the efficacy of a piezoelectric cutting tool for decompressive spinal surgery
Authors: Farrell Michael , Solano Miguel A. , Fitzpatrick Noel , Jovanovik Jelena 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo test the efficacy of a piezoelectric instrument (PI) for bone removal during ventral slot surgery.Study DesignEx vivo feasibility study.Sample PopulationCadaveric canine cervical spinal specimens (n = 3; C1–7; C1–T1; C2–T1).MethodsThe spinal cord of each explanted spinal unit was replaced with a saline‐filled latex condom. In 8 disc spaces, ventral slot surgery was performed using a previously reported technique. Bone removal was achieved using a motorized burr (MB). In 8 disc spaces, bone was removed via en bloc ostectomy with a PI that selectively cuts mineralized tissue. Surgical duration and operating field visibility were recorded. Rupture of the fluid filled condom was used as a measure of iatrogenic collateral trauma. Computed tomography was used to measure ventral slot morphometry.ResultsMean surgical duration for PI (23.4 minutes) was significantly shorter than for MB (34.1 minutes; P = .049). Using a 4 point Likert scale (4 = excellent, 3 = good, 2 = fair, 1 = poor), median visibility score was significantly higher for PI (2) than for MB (1; P = .03). The condom burst twice (1MB, 1PI) during elevation of the dorsal longitudinal ligament; there was no significant difference between techniques for incidence of collateral trauma (P = .99). Regardless of surgical technique, there was a bias in slot deviation towards the right (i.e., the surgeon's left; P = .021).ConclusionsThe PI allowed completion of ventral slots in a significantly shorter time, without an increased incidence of iatrogenic trauma. The right‐handed surgeon showed a left‐sided aiming bias, regardless of surgical technique.
Low Temperature Sintering and Enhanced Piezoelectricity of Lead‐Free (Na0.52K0.4425Li0.0375)(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3 Ceramics Prepared from Nano‐Powders
Authors: Huan Yu , Wang Xiaohui , Guo Limin , Li Longtu 
Published: August 2013

(Na0.52K0.4425Li0.0375)(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3 powders were synthesized via sol–gel and solid‐state reaction methods as a raw material for the preparation of the ceramics. Dependence of piezoelectric properties and microstructure on sintering temperatures was investigated in this study. Sol–gel‐derived nano‐powders could be densified at a lower temperature of 940°C and exhibited excellent electrical properties after sintering at 1020°C (d33 = 424 pC/N, d33* = 780 pm/V, kp = 52.1%, and Tc = 265°C). The enhanced electric properties were most likely due to the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phase in the samples at room temperature, homogenous microstructure with fine grain and high density.
River network properties shape α‐diversity and community similarity patterns of aquatic insect communities across major drainage basins
Authors: Altermatt Florian , Seymour Mathew , Martinez Nicolas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimSpatial dynamics and habitat connectivity affect community composition and diversity in many ecosystems. For many decades, diversity patterns in riverine ecosystems were thought to be related to local environmental conditions. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests that diversity in rivers is strongly affected by dispersal along the dendritic landscape structure and that environmental conditions are intrinsically linked to the network position. In this study we tested hypotheses on network position by relating river network geometry and connectivity to multi‐level biodiversity patterns across large scales.LocationThree major alpine drainage basins in Switzerland were studied (Rhine, Rhone, Ticino), extending over an elevational gradient of > 2500 m and covering a total area of 41,285 km2.MethodsWe sampled all may‐, stone‐ and caddisfly species at 217 sites which representatively cover the three river networks. Using generalized additive models, we related diversity patterns in aquatic insects to centrality within the network as a direct river network property, and to catchment area and elevation, which are related to network position.ResultsCentrality within the river network, and catchment area and elevation had significant and interacting effects on α‐diversity and community similarity. Alpha diversity was lowest in peripheral headwaters and at high elevations. Species richness generally increased with increasing catchment area. Well‐connected, central communities within the river network had greater α‐diversity than more peripheral communities did. Elevation was a strong predictor of α‐diversity, with the most diverse communities found at mid‐elevation sites. Community similarity decreased with increasing along‐stream distance between sites.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the fact that diversity patterns of aquatic insects in river systems are related to local factors such as elevation, but interact with network properties and connectivity along waterways, and differ among insect orders. These findings are consistent with dispersal‐limited processes and indicate that riverine diversity should be addressed and protected taking the river network structure into account.
The fundamental hominin niche in late Pleistocene Central Asia: a preliminary refugium model
Authors: Beeton Tyler A. , Glantz Michelle M. , Trainer Anna K. , Temirbekov Sayat S. , Reich Robin M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimWe examine hominin presence in Central Asia during the late Pleistocene in order to identify the abiotic characteristics that best predict site distribution during interglacial and glacial periods. Our goal is to build a preliminary framework for climate‐mediated hominin dispersals in this understudied part of the Old World.LocationTajikistan, Uzbekistan.MethodsWe developed an ecological niche model using presence‐only data to explain the spatial relationship of abiotic variables and hominin locations (n = 15) during glacial–interglacial transitions. The model was evaluated using the Cramér–von Mises goodness‐of‐fit statistic and empiricalK‐function.ResultsHominin locations were spatially aggregated during both glacial and interglacial periods. Of the abiotic variables analysed on a small scale (30‐m resolution), only distance to water differed significantly between glacial and interglacial periods, although most locations were within 5 km of water. At a coarse scale (5‐km resolution), hominin locations appear to have been constrained by low temperatures during glacial periods, but not during interglacials.Main conclusionsHominin groups did not abandon Central Asia during colder periods. This suggests one of three possibly complementary scenarios: (1) late Pleistocene hominin groups had a more flexible behavioural repertoire than previously anticipated and were able to buffer climatic instability culturally; (2) our study area was not as hostile an environment as traditionally considered; and (3) the area examined here represents a refugium during late Pleistocene glaciations.
Reproductive isolation and patterns of genetic differentiation in a cryptic butterfly species complex
Authors: Dincă V. , Wiklund C. , Lukhtanov V. A. , Kodandaramaiah U. , Norén K. , Dapporto L. , Wahlberg N. , Vila R. , Friberg M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMolecular studies of natural populations are often designed to detect and categorize hidden layers of cryptic diversity, and an emerging pattern suggests that cryptic species are more common and more widely distributed than previously thought. However, these studies are often decoupled from ecological and behavioural studies of species divergence. Thus, the mechanisms by which the cryptic diversity is distributed and maintained across large spatial scales are often unknown. In 1988, it was discovered that the commonEurasian Wood White butterfly consisted of two species (Leptidea sinapisandLeptidea reali), and the pair became an emerging model for the study of speciation and chromosomal evolution. In 2011, the existence of a third cryptic species (Leptidea juvernica) was proposed. This unexpected discovery raises questions about the mechanisms preventing gene flow and about the potential existence of additional species hidden in the complex. Here, we compare patterns of genetic divergence across westernEurasia in an extensive data set of mitochondrial and nuclearDNAsequences with behavioural data on inter‐ and intraspecific reproductive isolation in courtship experiments. We show that three species exist in accordance with both the phylogenetic and biological species concepts and that additional hidden diversity is unlikely to occur inEurope. TheLeptideaspecies are now the best studied cryptic complex of butterflies inEurope and a promising model system for understanding the formation of cryptic species and the roles of local processes, colonization patterns and heterospecific interactions for ecological and evolutionary divergence.