Abstract A188: SINE resistant fibrosarcoma cells reveal changes in profile of gene expression, but continue to be sensitive to combination treatment by proteasome inhibition.
Authors: Crochiere Marsha L. , Kashyap Trinayan , Saint-Martin Jean-Richard , Shechter Sharon , Kalid Ori , Shacham Eran , Senapedis William , Klebanov Boris , Tamir Sharon , del Alamo Diego , Hamuza Mwanasha , Golan Gali , Baloglu Erkan , McCauley Dilara , Kauffman Michael , Shacham Sharon , Landesman Yosef 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
SINE (Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export) are novel small molecule drugs in phase I clinical trials for advanced cancers. SINEs inhibit nuclear export through covalent binding to Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) leading to forced nuclear retention of major tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) such as p53, FOXO, pRB and IkB, resulting in selective death of cancer cells. Resistant cells were created by treating the sensitive fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 with increasing concentrations of SINE over 10 months. Gene chip analysis of parental-sensitive and drug-resistant cells treated with SINE demonstrated activation of distinct pathways that mediate either cell death or survival. In addition, SINE resistance was overcome by drug combination with proteasome inhibition.
Methods: Resistant cells were generated with selection in increasing concentrations of SINE. Cell viability was assayed by MTT. Immunofluorescence was used to compare nuclear export of TSPs. FACS and immunoblots were used to measure effects on cell cycle, protein expression and cell death. RNA from nai[[Unable to Display Character: &#776;]]ve and drug treated sensitive/resistant cells was analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays and qPCR. A drug combination study was performed to evaluate whether resistance to SINE could be overcome with proteasome inhibition.
Results: Treatment of SINE-sensitive fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 (IC50 = 13.6nM) with gradually increasing concentrations of SINE for 10 months resulted in &gt; 100 fold decrease in sensitivity to SINE cytotoxicity (IC50 = 1.7μM). Resistant cells displayed prolonged cell cycle (∼72 vs 24 hrs) compared to parental cells. Resistant cells did not show increased MDR1 and MRP1 activity, suggesting that resistance to SINE was not mediated by induction of the multidrug resistance mechanism. Sequencing of XPO-1 from the SINE resistant cells revealed no mutations in the SINE / cargo binding pocket including the reactive Cys528. Upon exposure to SINE, resistant cells had reduced nuclear accumulation of p53, p21, FOXO1A, IkB, p27, and PP2A proteins compared with SINE-sensitive cells. SINE treatment of both sensitive and resistant cells resulted in pRB de-phosphorylation and induction of p53 and its downstream target p21. In addition, SINE treatment reduced the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, and induced the apoptotic markers Caspase 3 and PARP cleavage. Microarray analysis revealed changes in cell survival and cell death pathways, which were confirmed by qPCR. In spite of the changes, resistant cells continue to show synergistic death effects induced by SINE in combination with proteasome inhibition.
Conclusions: The extensive selection time (10 months) needed to achieve drug resistance suggests that generation of resistance may be difficult and that drug response may be prolonged. However such a resistance would be overcome by drug combination treatment.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A188.
Citation Format: Marsha L. Crochiere, Trinayan Kashyap, Jean-Richard Saint-Martin, Sharon Shechter, Ori Kalid, Eran Shacham, William Senapedis, Boris Klebanov, Sharon Tamir, Diego del Alamo, Mwanasha Hamuza, Gali Golan, Erkan Baloglu, Dilara McCauley, Michael Kauffman, Sharon Shacham, Yosef Landesman. SINE resistant fibrosarcoma cells reveal changes in profile of gene expression, but continue to be sensitive to combination treatment by proteasome inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A188.