bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Defenses Declines with Increasing Group Size and Genetic Similarity
Authors: Hoggard S J , Wilson P D , Beattie A J , Stow A J 
Published: January 2013

ABSTBACT
The secretion of cuticular antimicrobial compounds is an important defensive mechanism for social insects and recent studies have demonstrated their role in the evolution of sociality. However, the factors that might affect their production and effectiveness are not well understood. For example, natural variation in colony size and genetic diversity are predicted to influence susceptibility to disease and, as a consequence, we hypothesized that colonies adjust by varying antimicrobial production. We examined the effects of colony size and genetic diversity on the antimicrobial properties of cuticular compounds in 10 colonies of the Australian paper wasp, Polistes humilis F. ( Vespidae: Polistinae). The effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds produced by a colony was found to increase with genetic diversity but decrease with colony size. Further, genetic diversity appears to be the stronger factor in determining effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds and may compensate for larger group sizes. These data highlight a possible trade-off between increasing group size for work efficiency and maximizing relatedness for indirect fitness benefits, with disease risk being the underlying driving factor.
Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) from Mexico with Description of Three New Species
Authors: Ferrer-Suay M , Selfa J , Equihua-Martínez A , Estrada-Venegas E , Lomeli-Flores R , Martínez R Peña , Pujade-Villar J 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Charipinae collected in different regions of Mexico have been studied. Twelve species are cited for the first time: Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902), Alloxysta brevis (Thomson, 1862), Alloxysta castanea (Hartig, 1841), Alloxysta fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841), Alloxysta mullensis (Cameron, 1883) ; Alloxysta victrix (Westwood, 1833 ); Phaenoglyphis americanaBaker, 1896; Phaenoglyphis calvertiAndrews, 1978; Phaenoglyphis falcataAndrews, 1978; Phaenoglyphis stenosAndrews, 1978; Phaenoglyphis stricta (Thomson, 1877); and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841). Three new species are described: Alloxysta evenhuisi Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar n. sp., Alloxysta mexicana Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar n. sp., and Alloxysta sarae Ferrer-Suay n. sp. The genera Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis are cited for the first time from Mexico. A key to all Mexican Charipinae is given. New hosts and trophic relationships are presented for some species.
Prionohydrus, a New Genus of Noterini Thomson (Coleoptera: Noteridae) from South America with Three New Species and Its Phylogenetic Considerations
Authors: Gómez R Antonio , Miller Kelly B 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A new genus of Noterini, Prionohydrus Gómez and Miller gen. n., and three new species are described from South America: Prionohydrus matogrossensis Gómez and Miller sp. n. from Brazil and Prionohydrus marc Gómez and Miller sp. n. and Prionohydrus ubercornis Gómez and Miller sp. n. from Venezuela. The new genus was scored for characters presented in a recent phylogenetic analysis of the family, and key morphological characters are illustrated, including male and female genitalia. A parsimony analysis of these data resulted in a single, most parsimonious solution, with members of the new genus resolved as sister to Mesonoterus Sharp with moderate support. Prionohydrus is similar to Mesonoterus and can be distinguished from this and other Noterini based on a combination of the following: 1) distal attachment of protarsus to protibia; 2) posterior protibial spine present; 3) single, weakly curved, apical protibial spur present; 4) last abdominal tergum with large medial spine flanked by numerous setae; 5) posterior mesotibial spur strongly serrate; 6) anterior metatibial spur strongly serrate; 7) prosternal process narrow, rounded apically, and widest near the middle; 8) prosternum longitudinally broad and glabrous; 9) weak, angular setae along posterodistal margin of metafemur present; 10) pronotal bead moderately broad; 11) cluster of setae at apex of medial metacoxal lobe present; and 12) antenna of males expanded, from slightly incrassate to strongly incrassate.
Influence of Male Presence on Reproductive Parameters of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Females
Authors: Zhu Dao-Hong , Zhao Qin , Tanaka Seiji 
Published: January 2013

ABSTBACT
Mating not only enables the female to acquire spermatozoa from the male, but may also enhance female fecundity and induce egg laying in many insect species. The general consensus is that the increased fecundity that results from mating is because of substances obtained from the male reproductive accessory gland at the time of mating. To understand better the effects of mating on reproduction, we compared the longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of eggs laid by females of a tropical strain of Locusta migratoria Linné that had been subject to different mating treatments. Females that were paired with males from which the testes, accessory glands, testes and accessory glands, or genitalia were extirpated did not differ significantly from females mated with intact males in some reproductive parameters. Their reproductive rates up to 92%, preovipositional periods were around 24 d and ovipositional intervals were around 5 d. They laid ≈6 egg pods during their adult lives and produced ≈50 eggs per egg pod. However, isolated females or females physically separated from a male in the same cage only 41.2 or 48.0% laid eggs, over 80 d in preovipositional periods and nearly 8 d in ovipositional interval; they only laid 1.3 or 1.1 egg pods throughout its life span and produced ≈30 eggs per egg pod, which were significantly different with the value for females mated with operated and intact males. The hatchability of eggs laid by females paired with the surgically altered males (around 20%) were significantly lower than those laid by females mated with intact males (83.2% in mean), but significantly higher than those laid by parthenogenic females or females physically separated from a male in the same cage (3.2 or 4.4%, respectively). The results suggested that, in addition to the transfer of spermatozoa and accessory gland secretions, physical contact between males and females, especially mounting behavior, might also promote female oviposition, increasing fecundity and egg hatchability.
Description of Eggs ofAnastrepha curitisand Anastrepha Leptozona (Diptera: Tephritidae) using SEM
Authors: Dutra Vivian S , Ronchi-Teles Beatriz , Steck Gary J , Silva Janisete G 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEgg morphologies of Anastrepha curitis Stone and Anastrepha leptozona Hendel are described using scanning electron microscopy. Eggs were dissected from females captured in McPhail traps in Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Eggs of A.curitis are very long and have no aeropyles but show a seemingly porous surface on the anterior pole. Eggs of A. leptozona are robust. Eggs of both species are smooth and have no chorion ornamentation, reticulation, or protuberances. The micropyle is located at the apex of the anterior pole of the egg for both species studied. No distinct respiratory horn was detected either in A. curitis or A. leptozona. Diagnostic characters include egg length and presence versus absence of a porous surface on the anterior pole.
High Viral Load in the Planthopper Vector Delphacodes kuscheli (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is Associated With Successful Transmission of Mal de Río Cuarto Virus
Authors: Caro Evangelina B Argüello , Maroniche Guillermo A , Dumón Analía D , Sagadín Mónica B , Vas Mariana Del , Truol Graciela 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is the main natural vector of Mal de Rio Cuarto virus (family Reoviridae, genus Fijivirus, MRCV), which infects different gramineae and causes the most important maize (Zea mays L.) disease in Argentina. MRCV—vector interactions usually are studied using different winter cereals as hosts. Under experimental conditions, &lt;50% of D. kuscheli planthoppers fed on a MRCV-infected plant can transmit the virus to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). This fact is influenced by insect development stage at acquisition and the latency period. This work describes the relation between transmission efficiency and MRCV accumulation in its planthopper vector. First- and third-instar D. kuscheli nymphs were allowed to feed on MRCV-infected plants, and 9 or 17 d after the acquisition access period (AAP), viral load of transmitting and nontransmitting planthoppers was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The transmitting planthoppers showed significantly higher viral titers than nontransmitting ones, suggesting that successful transmission is positively associated to viral accumulation in the insect. However, planthoppers of the third-instars group did not transmit the virus 9 d after AAP, even when 46% had similar titers to the transmitting insects of the other treatments. These results indicate that additional factors influence MRCV transmission efficiency when acquisition occurs in older planthoppers. This is the first precise quantitative analysis of MRCV in its main vector species and will definitely contribute to better understand planthopper—Fijivirus interactions and its epidemiological implications.
Salivary Proteins ofLygus hesperus(Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Cooper W Rodney , Nicholson Scott J , Puterka Gary J 
Published: January 2013

ABSTBACTLygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) causes economic damage to a wide range of crops in the western United States. While stylet-probing, L. hesperus discharge saliva consisting of lytic enzymes that facilitate extraoral digestion of host tissues. L. hesperus saliva primarily consists of polygalacturonases, α-amylases, and proteases, but salivary constituents other than these enzymes have not been documented. Improved knowledge of L. hesperus salivary proteins could lead to a better understanding of Lygus-host interactions, and aid in the development of crops that are resistant or tolerant to injury caused by Lygus spp. The objective of our study was to use mass spectrometry to identify salivary proteins of L. hesperus adults. Multiple polygalacturonases and proteases were identified from diet that was stylet-probed and fed upon by L. hesperus. Laccase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase-like protein, glucose dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase were identified in styletprobed diets by using mass spectrometry, and laccase activity was confirmed using a colorimetric assay. This is the first study to identify laccase, glucose dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase from L. hesperus saliva; we propose these enzymes target plant-defense compounds. Nearly 100 proteins from the bacterial plant pathogen, Pantoea ananatis and nine proteins from Serratia spp. were identified in stylet-probed diets. These results suggest L. hesperus may vector these plant pathogens. Our study adds to the list of documented L. hesperus salivary proteins, and provides information that will be useful for the further study of L. hesperus saliva and Lygus-microbe interactions.
Effect of Inbreeding on Host Discrimination and Other Fitness Components in a Seed Beetle
Authors: Messina Frank J , Morris Benjamin D , Fox Charles W 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Inbreeding is well known to have adverse effects on fitness-related traits in insects, but less is known about its effect on behavior, particularly outside the context of mating success. We used the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) to determine the effect of moderate inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient F = 0.25) on host discrimination, that is, the ability of ovipositing females to avoid occupied hosts and thereby reduce competition among larval offspring. Inbreeding depression was simultaneously estimated for morphological (body mass), physiological (egg hatch), and life-history (realized fecundity) traits in the same population. Compared with outbred females, inbred females exhibited an 11% reduction in mass, a 9% reduction in fecundity, and a small (4%) but significant reduction in egg hatching success. Nearly all of the decline in fecundity among inbred females could be explained by the decline in body mass. In contrast to the other three traits, host discrimination was unaffected by inbreeding. Inbred females actually distributed their eggs slightly more uniformly among seeds than did outbred females, but this difference disappeared after we corrected for inbreeding effects on fecundity. An assay of doubly inbred females (F = 0.375) confirmed that the tendency to avoid occupied hosts is immune to moderate inbreeding. The lack of inbreeding depression for host discrimination suggests that heritable variation for the trait within populations (as detected in previous studies) is largely caused by alleles with additive rather than dominant effects, and contrasts with predictions based on population crosses.
Buprestidae Collected as Prey by the Solitary, Ground-Nesting Philanthine Wasp Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in North Carolina
Authors: Swink W G , Paiero S M , Nalepa C A 
Published: January 2013

ABSTBACT
The solitary, ground-nesting crabronid wasp Cerceris fumipennis Say excels at detecting buprestid diversity in a given geographic area, and after the introduction of the invasive pest emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) to the United States in 2002, has been developed as an effective tool for the biosurveillance of pest Buprestidae in eastern North America. Here we report records of Buprestidae collected from foraging C. fumipennis in 13 North Carolina counties over the course of three seasons (2009–2011). Nests of the wasp were located, and beetle prey collected from foraging females in three geographic regions, with a concentration on the western, mountainous area of the state. In total, 909 beetles were collected, comprising 52 buprestid species that included eight native pests and 17 species of Agrilus. Our results emphasize the utility of C. fumipennis in documenting buprestid biodiversity and in detecting forest pests. Eight new state records and five new prey records for the wasp are here recorded.
Should Posterior Vitrectomy be Made a Priority in Ophthalmic Facilities of Sub Sahara Africa?
Authors: Sunday Oluleye Tunji 
Published: January 2013

Background:Posterior vitrectomy facilities are lacking in Sub Sahara Africa due to paucity of trained personnel in vitreo retinal subspecialty. More cases are seen needing vitrectomy, especially cases with vitreous opacities and complications of cataract surgery as more residents are being trained. The review will aim to determine whether vitrectomy facility should be a priority as part of ophthalmic facility in the region.Method:A 3 year review was carried out. All cases of posterior vitrectomy performed at the retinal unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Africa between 2008 and 20011 were retrieved. Indications, and visual outcome were documented. Proportions and percentages were used to analyse the data.Results:Sixty six posterior vitrectomies were performed during the period. The most common indication for vitrectomy was vitreous hemorrhage n=30 [45.5%].Complication of cataract surgery such as dropped intraocular lens 7 [10.7%], sclera fixated intra ocular lens 6 [9.2%], and dropped nucleus 5 [7.5%] were emerging indications. Other indications noted include complicated retinal detachments 4 (6.1%), membranectomy for posterior capsule opacity from pediatric cataract surgery 3 (4.5%) and congenital lens subluxation 2 (3.0%). Improved visual outcome was noted after surgery. Forty nine [75%] eyes were blind [visual acuity of < 3/60] before vitrectomy. This proportion dropped to 24 [37%] after vitrectomy with an additional 24% regaining navigational vision [visual acuity of 3/60 to Counting fingers at 1meter] .Conclusion:Vitrectomy should be an integral part of eye care and its availability should be made a priority in ophthalmic facilities of Sub Sahara Africa, especially those involved in ophthalmology training.
A Framework for Research on Corporate Accountability Reporting
Authors: Ramanna Karthik 
Published: January 2013

SYNOPSIS
This paper provides an accounting-based conceptual framing of the phenomenon of corporate accountability reporting. Such reporting is seen as arising from a delegator's (e.g., a citizenry) demand to hold a delegate (e.g., shareholders) to account. When effective, corporate accountability reporting can internalize certain externalities into firms' resource allocation decisions, although doing so will not always serve shareholders' interests. I leverage the positive accounting literature's current understanding of properties of financial reports to develop three hypotheses on corporate accountability reporting. I argue that an accountability reporting system is likely to be more useful to a delegator if it: (1) mitigates information advantages across delegates and delegators, (2) reports both stocks and flows in the measures of account, and (3) has a mutually agreeable due process to match across periods the actions of delegates and the outcomes of those actions. I show how the successive incidence of these properties in observed corporate accountability reports can be used to determine whether and how those reports create or destroy value for shareholders and other constituencies.
Effects of inspired oxygen concentration on ventilation, ventilatory rhythm, and gas exchange in isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Crumley Mariana N. , McMurphy Rose M. , Hodgson David S. , Kreider Scott E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of 2 fractions of inspired oxygen, 50% and > 95%, on ventilation, ventilatory rhythm, and gas exchange in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
Animals—8 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—In a crossover study design, horses were assigned to undergo each of 2 anesthetic sessions in random order, with 1 week separating the sessions. In each session, horses were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg, IV) and anesthesia was induced via IV administration of diazepam (0.05 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) Anesthesia was subsequently maintained with isoflurane in 50% or > 95% oxygen for 90 minutes. Measurements obtained during anesthesia included inspiratory and expiratory peak flow and duration, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, end-tidal CO2 concentration, mixed expired partial pressures of CO2 and O2, Pao2, Paco2, blood pH, arterial O2 saturation, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure. Calculated values included the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension gradient (Pao2 − Pco2), rate of change of Pao2 − Pao2, and physiologic dead space ratio. Ventilatory rhythm, based on respiratory rate and duration of apnea, was continuously observed and recorded.
Results—Use of the lower inspired oxygen fraction of 50% resulted in a lower arterial oxygen saturation and Pao2 than did use of the higher fraction. No significant difference in Paco2, rate of change of Pao2 − Pao2, ventilatory rhythm, or other measured variables was observed between the 2 sessions.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Use of 50% inspired oxygen did not improve the ventilatory rhythm or gas exchange and increased the risk of hypoxemia in spontaneously breathing horses during isoflurane anesthesia. Use of both inspired oxygen fractions requires adequate monitoring and the capacity for mechanical ventilation.
Incidence of bacteremia following upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy in healthy dogs before, during, and after treatment with omeprazole
Authors: Jones Katherine R. , Maddox Carol W. , Ridgway Marcella D. , Clark-Price Stuart C. , Dossin Olivier 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the incidence of bacteremia, as detected by routine methods for bacterial culture of blood samples, following routine endoscopic biopsy of the stomach and duodenum in healthy research dogs and to determine whether treatment with omeprazole administration affected the incidence of bacteremia.
Animals—8 healthy purpose-bred research dogs.
Procedures—All dogs underwent gastroduodenoscopy with biopsy at 4 points: twice prior to treatment with omeprazole, once following 15 days of omeprazole treatment (20 mg, PO, q 12 h), and once 14 days after treatment ceased. Dogs had a mean ± SD body weight of 18.6 ± 2.0 kg. Blood samples were aseptically obtained at 3 points during each procedure (before, immediately following, and 24 hours after endoscopy), and routine aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture of blood was performed.
Results—96 cultures were attempted for each culture method, yielding positive results of aerobic culture for 2 dogs at separate time points and no positive results of anaerobic culture.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Routine gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy in healthy dogs did not result in a detectable bacteremia in most dogs. Treatment with the gastric acid–suppressing medication omeprazole did not affect the incidence of bacteremia as detected via standard techniques.
Evaluation of metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses
Authors: Perkins Gillian A. , Van de Walle Gerlinde R. , Pusterla Nicola , Erb Hollis N. , Osterrieder Nikolaus 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses and to determine whether horses infected with a neuropathogenic strain of the virus that develop equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) have differences in viremia.
Animals—13 seronegative horses.
Procedures—EHV-1 strain Ab4 was administered intranasally on day 0, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs [EHV-1 specific siRNAs {n = 7} or an irrelevant siRNA {6}]) were administered intranasally 24 hours before and 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after infection. Physical and neurologic examinations, nasal swab specimens, and blood samples were collected for virus isolation and quantitative PCR assay. Data from the study were combined with data from a previous study of 14 horses.
Results—No significant difference was detected in clinical variables, viremia, or detection of EHV-1 in nasal swab specimens of horses treated with the EHV-1 targeted siRNAs (sigB3-siOri2) versus controls. No significant differences in viremia were detected between horses that developed EHM and those that did not.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of siRNAs targeted against EHV-1 around the time of EHV-1 infection was not protective with this experimental design. Horses infected with the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 that developed EHM did not have a more pronounced viremia.