bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O07.1 Sexual Relationship Importance and Condom Use Among Men Attending STD Clinics in Two Southern Cities in the United States
Authors: Kissinger P , White S , Schmidt N , Taylor S N , Mena L , Lillis R , Some S , Defayette K , Adamski A , Rosenthal S L 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundRelationship type and perception of importance of the relationship may be predictors of condom use.MethodsMen who presented at STD clinics in New Orleans, LA and Jackson, MS with NGU, tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), or were contacts of women with Ct underwent computer-assisted/self-administered interviews and were asked to report information on up to 4 sexual partners in the last two months. Importance of relationship was determined using 4 variables: having history together, shared feelings, commitment to each other, and physical passion.Results1065 men reported information on 1924 partnerships; 98.9% of which were with women, 47% were considered main, but only 30% of the men lived with and 6% were married to main partners. Relationships were described as: girlfriend/boyfriend (32%), mother-of-child (6.8%), friend-with-benefit (26.4%), sex with but not friend (6.2%), ex-girlfriend/boyfriend (9.1%), someone I want to have relationship with (5.8%), one night stand (12.3%), paid for sex (1.4%). Most (82.1%) had sex in a home, while 11.3% in hotel, and 6.6% in public place/other. Importance of relationship variables by relationship (most important to least 1–8) were: girlfriend/boyfriend (1.1) and mother-of-child (1.7), and someone I might want to have a relationship (2.6), ex-girlfriend/boyfriend (3.7), friend-with-benefit (5.3), sex but not friend (6.8), paid for sex (7.1) and one night stand (7.2). The less important the relationship was, the more likely they were to be using a condom O.R. 1.13 (95% C.I. 1.08–1.18). Condom use at last sex act was least likely with the mother of child (34.5%) and most likely with paid to have sex (91.7%). Condom use was between 51% - 78% for the other categories.ConclusionIn general, condoms were used more frequently with partners whose relationships were perceived as less important, but this was not universal.
O08.1 Assessing the Added Value of Internet Partner Services For Syphilis and HIV
Authors: Bernstein K T , Kohn R , Wolf W , Strona F , Fann C , Philip S 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundInternet partner services (IPS) is the process of notifying named sexual partners to a newly diagnosed syphilis or HIV patient, where the only contact information for that partner is an email address or website handle. Although IPS is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, limited data are available regarding outcomes and the benefits to public health. San Francisco STD Prevention and Control Services has implemented IPS for over a decade. IPS data collected between 2006 and 2011 from newly diagnosed HIV and syphilis index patients and the outcomes of their partner investigations were examined.MethodsThe proportion of partners with only internet contact information who, through IPS, had more contact information gathered was calculated. Additionally, the proportion of these partners who were presumptively treated or brought to treatment (for syphilis investigation) or who were tested for HIV (for HIV investigation) was also examined.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, 4,255 partners were elicited from syphilis cases and 3,607 partners from HIV cases. Of these partners, 645 from syphilis index cases and 691 from HIV index cases only had internet contact information. Overall, 47.1% and 46.6% of the syphilis and HIV internet partners, respectively, were successfully contacted and resulted in more contact information being gathered. Of the syphilis internet partners with updated contact information, 129 (42.4%) were either presumptively treated or brought to treatment and represented an increase of 7.2% in successful partner service outcomes. Among the HIV internet contacts, 55 (17.1%) were tested for HIV; a 7.9% increase in successful partner outcomes.ConclusionsBy developing and maintaining IPS infrastructure in San Francisco, a substantially larger proportion of partners were able to be contacted by Disease Intervention Specialists (DIS) and successful outcomes of partner services increased for both syphilis and HIV.
O09.1 Voices of HIV Infected Children and Their Families
Authors: Panda B , Shaw K 
Published: July 2013

Chandipur Mother & Child Welfare Society, in partnership with Bengal Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS tied up with district networks, to achieve the following objectives:Building capacity of the Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS to track children.Assessing the profile of these children, their families and the extent to which these children are able to access basic services related to health, nutrition and education.Sixty trained HIV positive network members collected the information in 2010–11. Information collected from the families have HIV/AIDS infected or exposed children. The study team traced 1,639 children in 995 families, out of whom 857 children were reported as HIV infected and 130 were exposed children. To gather more qualitative information, number of FGDs & consultations were held.72% families fall in BPL category and mostly engaged in unorganised sector29% of fathers and 33% of mothers illiterate65% mothers not received any PPTCT services during their last pregnancy11% transmission through contaminated blood and blood products60% children receive care from a single institution43% families have spent an out of pocket expenseVery few children who were tracked are below 2 years of age, indicating late detection & initiation of treatment65% of eligible children attend school & 62% children, < six years are enrolled in ICDSParents exhibit an inherent fear of stigma and discriminationThe study reveals that most of these children belong to poor socio-economic condition. It emphasises the need to improve existing services in terms of timely access to appropriate medicine, treatment and nutrition.It also strongly recommends the need to scale up the coverage of services towards virtual elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV. There is need to change in attitude of service providers and society at large to remove stigma and discrimination.
O09.4 Mobilization For HIV, Syphilis and Hepatitis B and C Testing During Brazil’s Carnival
Authors: Bolzan A , Santos E , Serafim D , Ayer E , Neto A , Chaves M , Araújo V , Cerqueira J 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionTesting campaigns (entitled “Get to know”) during high-traffic public events have been conducted in Brazil since July 2008. On these occasions, people are offered information about health and prevention and rapid tests (RTs), as well as condoms and lubricating gels. Initially, only rapid HIV testing was conducted; RTs for syphilis screening was included in 2010 and hepatitis B and C screening in 2012. Twenty-two national mobilizations were organised between 2008 and 2012, with approximately 26,300 RTs performed.MethodologyA large number of people attend the carnival celebrations in the cities of Recife and Salvador and are the focus of Ministry of Health campaigns. In 2013, for the first time, the “Get to Know” campaign in these cities offered RTs for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C. Testing was conducted in health centres near places where large numbers of people congregated and at temporary centres at the carnival venues. In cases with RT reactive results, patients received the test results and were referred to qualified services for follow-up and healthcare.ResultsMore than 8,000 tests were performed during the four days of carnival in Recife and Salvador. In Salvador, 5,280 tests were conducted in three locations, and 1,458,984 condoms were distributed by eleven mobile teams. Of those tested, 16 were reactive for HIV, 84 for syphilis, 7 for hepatitis B, and 14 for hepatitis C. In Recife, 5,527 RTs were performed in 3 locations, and 800,000 condoms were distributed. Twenty people were reactive for HIV, 60 for syphilis, 2 for hepatitis B, and 4 for hepatitis C.ConclusionThe “Get to Know” campaign has been proven efficient in scaling up access to early diagnosis and reaching large numbers of people with information about the importance of getting tested and with awareness-raising activities about prevention.
O10.3 Predictors of Women’s Intentions to Receive Cervical Cancer Screening with Primary HPV Testing
Authors: Ogilvie G , Smith L , Niekerk D van , Khurshed F , Greene S , Hobbs S , Coldman A , Franco E 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundPrimary HPV testing for cervical cancer screening (HPV-CCS) could result in significant CCS programme changes including extended screening intervals, later age to start of screening and use of a test for a sexually acquired infection. We examine the predictors of women’s intentions to undergo HPV-CCS compared to screening with Pap smears in different screening scenarios.MethodsParticipants from a Canadian trial of primary HPV CCS completed a survey which determined women’s intentions to attend CCS in three different models - (a): HPV-CCS conducted annually; (b): HPV-CCS conducted every 4 years; and (c): HPV-CCS conducted every 4 years and starting after age 25. Demographic and health data were assessed, and scales for attitudes about HPV testing (AT), perceived behavioural control (PBC) and direct and indirect subjective norms (SND, SNI) were created. Three logistic regression models were created, to determine predictors of women’s intentions to attend HPV-CCS in each scenario.Results981 of 2016 emailed surveys were completed. Eighty four percent of women intend to be screened with HPV, which decreased to 54.2% with an extended screening interval, and 51.4% with a delayed start of age 25. Predictors of intention to undergo HPV-CCS screening in Model A were attitudes (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.15, 1.30), SNI (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01, 1.03) and PBC (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.10; 1.22). In Model B, predictors were attitudes (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.28; 1.37), and in Model C, predictors were attitudes (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.23; 1.30), education (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37; 0.93), and PBC (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02; 1.10).DiscussionWomen’s intentions to be screened for cervical cancer with HPV decreases substantially with an extended screening interval and delayed screening start. CCS programmes considering primary HPV screening must ensure robust planning to mitigate any negative impact on screening attendance.
O10.6 A Potent Combination Microbicide Gel Inhibits SHIV-RT, HSV-2 and HPV Infectionsin Vivo
Authors: Kizima L , Rodriguez A , Kenney J , Hsu M , Derby N , Mizenina O , Menon R , Zydowsky T , Robbiani M , Fernandez-Romero J 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundHIV acquisition is fueled by infection with HSV-2 and HPV. Microbicides that target all three STIs may more effectively limit HIV incidence. We previously showed that a gel containing the NNRTI MIV-150, zinc acetate (Z) and carrageenan (C, MZC) significantly protected macaques from vaginal SHIV-RT challenge, while ZC also protected mice against HSV-2 vaginally and rectally. Here we evaluate a new formulation of MZC optimised for clinical use against SHIV-RT, HSV-2, and HPV.MethodsToxicity was measured using the HSV-2 increased susceptibility model in mice. Macaques received gels vaginally every day for 14d followed by SHIV-RT (103TCID50) 8 or 24h post-last gel or SHIV-RT plus HSV-2 (2 × 108pfu) 8h post-last gel. Rectally, gels were applied 1h before SHIV-RT. Anti-HSV-2 and anti-HPV16 PsV activities were assessed by vaginally or rectally challenging mice with different viral doses 24h before to 8h after single gel application. Significance was determined by Fisher’s exact or Mann Whitney U tests (P < 0.05).ResultsMZC pretreatment did not enhance HSV-2 infection of mice. MZC protected macaques against vaginal SHIV-RT infection (in the presence or absence of HSV-2) for up to 8h (p < 0.0001 vs. C) and rectal SHIV-RT infection (0/5 MZC infected vs. 1/4 C; C barrier effect). While MZC only reduced vaginal HSV-2 infection of macaques by 27% after challenge with 2 × 108 pfu, MZC significantly reduced vaginal (p < 0.0001) and rectal (p = 0.0187) HSV-2 infection of mice when 106 pfu were applied immediately and also when 5 × 103 pfu were applied between 8h before and 2h after vaginal challenge (p < 0.0021). Protection of mice against HPV16 PsV was significant (p < 0.0001 vs. HEC) for MZC applied up to 24h before and 2h after challenge.ConclusionMZC provides a durable window of protection against SHIV-RT, HSV-2, and HPVin vivo, making MZC an excellent candidate microbicide for clinical use.
O13.1 The Use of Rapid Epidemic Appraisals For Planning and Scaling Up Focused HIV Prevention Programmes For Female Sex Workers in Nigeria
Authors: Ikpeazu A , Daniel U , Momah A , Ameyan W , Mari B Madu , Akala F A , Blanchard J 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex with substantial heterogeneity in its distribution across different regions and diverse factors that drive the epidemic. Therefore, it is critical that HIV prevention programmes and strategies match the local context and that resources are allocated to interventions with the greatest impact. Nigeria’s National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) is coordinating a large-scale initiative to conduct rapid epidemic appraisals across most states, including the mapping and size estimates of female sex workers (FSWs). Seven states have completed the appraisal of FSWs, and are now planning programmes accordingly.MethodologyMapping was done using a two-level process of identifying and validating locations where FSWs solicit and/or meet clients. The first level involved conducting interviews with secondary key informants to collect information on the location and profile of hotspots, size estimates and typology of FSWs. The second level was done by interviewing primary key informants (FSWs themselves) at each hotspot to validate the information collected and generate more detailed information.ResultsA total of 10,233 hotspots were identified across the states and 126,489 FSWs {Hotel/Lodge (29.6%) Bar/Nightclub (30%), Home based (4.1%), Brothel (14.6%) and Street based (16.6%)} were mapped. There was substantial variability in the population density of FSWs (per thousand adult men) across the states ranging from 17 in Abuja to 2 in Anambra. Furthermore, there were clear differences in the density of FSWs per spot with the mean number of FSWs/spot ranging from 17 in Abuja to 8 in Ondo.ConclusionThe FSW population in Nigeria is large and diverse, with substantial differences between and within states with respect to the population size, density and organisational typologies of sex work. This information is central to Nigeria’s planning process for scaling up focused HIV prevention programmes and services.
O14.2 Predictors and Pathogens Among 4,326 Cases of Acute Non-Gonoccocal Urethritis
Authors: Rane V S , Fairley C K , Weerakoon A , Chen M Y , Read T R , Bradshaw C S 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThis large series examines the behavioural, demographic and laboratory characteristics and pathogens among males with first presentation of acute NGU.MethodsRetrospective review using the electronic-medical record database of Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, from January 2006 to December 2011. Cases were men with their first presentation with symptoms of acute NGU, in this period. First-stream urine was routinely tested forC.trachomatisandM.genitaliumby PCR, and selectively tested, for trichomoniasis by culture, and HSV-1/2, and adenoviruses by PCR. We examined characteristics of cases, stratifying by pathogen, pathogen-clusters and sexual preference.ResultsOf 5452 cases of acute NGU during the study period, 4326 (79%) first presentations were included. 799(18.5%) hadC.trachomatis,and 264(6.0%)M.genitaliumdetected. Of cases tested selectively on clinical grounds: 28/70 had adenovirus, 31/85 HSV-1/2 and 2/50 trichomoniasis. The majority (74.5%) had no pathogen-detected. Cases with bacterial-STIs were more likely than cases with viruses to have ≥ 5 PMNL/HPF on urethral Gram-stain (62.6% vs 31.5%),p < 0.001. Cases with viruses or no pathogen detected, were more likely to report unprotected oro-genital sex as their only exposure (10.3% & 10%,respectively) compared to cases with bacterial-STIs (5.2%),p < 0.001. Compared to heterosexuals, men who have sex with men (MSM) were less likely to have a bacterial-STI (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4–0.6, p < 0.001), more likely to have no pathogen-detected (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 0.1.6–2.3, p < 0.001), and to report 100% condom-use (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 3.5–4.9, p < 0.001).ConclusionCompared to heterosexual men, MSM were less likely to haveC.trachomatisandM.genitaliumand more likely to have no pathogen detected in acute NGU. Cases with viral agents and pathogen-negative cases were significantly more likely to report unprotected oral sex as the only exposure, raising the possibility that other oropharyngeal pathogens may have an aetiologic role in acute NGU. The urethral Gram stain cut off ≥ 5 PMNL/HPF fails to detect a significant proportion of cases with bacterial and viral pathogens.
O16.1 The Behavioural Impact of Chlamydia Testing and Attitudes Towards Testing Among Young Adults in England
Authors: Hartney T , Baraitser P , Nardone A 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundIn England, the National Chlamydia Screening Programme aims to control chlamydia infection in young adults (aged 15–24 years old) through opportunistic testing. This study aimed to investigate the impact of testing on young adults’ subsequent healthcare seeking and sexual behaviour. Young adults’ attitudes to chlamydia and chlamydia testing are important barriers to screening, and thus questions on attitudes to testing and reasons for not testing were included.MethodsA cross-sectional web-based anonymous survey of 1,521 young adults aged 16–24 resident in England was conducted using a nationally representative research panel. The impact of chlamydia testing on subsequent behaviour, and attitudes towards chlamydia testing, were assessed by asking respondents to use a Likert scale to score how well they agreed with a series of statements.ResultsJust under half (46%; 695/1,521) of respondents had been tested for chlamydia previously: of whom 14% (94/695) reported ever having received a positive result. Those tested (n = 695) reported a positive impact on subsequent healthcare seeking behaviour (e.g. 68% agreeing that they were more likely to test again), and a smaller impact on sexual behaviour (e.g. 40% agreeing that they were more likely to use condoms consistently). Having positive attitudes towards chlamydia testing was associated with a higher likelihood of having been tested (OR 4.9; 95% CI 3.9–6.1). Of those sexually active but not tested (32%; 488/1,521), 70% did not consider themselves to be at risk.ConclusionsYoung adults reported that being tested for chlamydia had a positive impact on their willingness to engage with future testing, and a smaller impact on subsequent sexual behaviour. The use of online surveys is warranted as the results were comparable to those of nationally representative population based surveys. Addressing young adults’ underlying attitudes towards testing and perceptions of risk could increase their willingness to test for chlamydia.
O17.1 Increased HIV Prevention Programme Coverage and Decline in HIV Prevalence Among Female Sex Workers in South India
Authors: Alary M , Banandur P , Rajaram S P , Thammattoor U K , Thomas T , Mainkar M K , Paranjape R , Adhikary R , Duchesne T , Ramesh B M 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesAs one way of assessing the impact ofAvahan, the India AIDS Initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, we examined the association between HIV prevention programme indicators and changes in HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) between 2006 and 2010.MethodsHIV prevalence among FSWs was measured in two large surveys (2006 and 2010) across 24 districts in south India (n∼11,000 per round). A random-effect multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using HIV as the outcome, with individual independent variables (from both surveys) at level 1 and district-level FSW-specific programme indicators (from theAvahancomputerised monitoring system) and contextual variables (from Indian government datasets) at level 2. Program indicators included their 2006 value, the difference in their values between the surveys, and the interaction between the latter and study round. The analysis also controlled for baseline HIV prevalence and its interaction with study round.ResultsHIV prevalence among FSWs decreased from 17.0% (round 1) to 14.2% (round 2; p < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of the interaction term between the difference in programme coverage (% of FSWs contacted by the programme in a given year) and the survey round was 0.995 (p = 0.006), indicating that increased coverage was significantly associated with the decline in HIV prevalence between rounds. ORs comparing HIV prevalence between rounds varied with the level of increase in coverage and were statistically significant with coverage increase ≥ quartile (Q) 1: OR = 0.85 at Q1, 0.78 at Q2, 0.66 at Q3 and 0.51 at Q4.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that increased programme coverage was associated with declining HIV prevalence among FSWs covered by theAvahanprogramme. The triangulation of our results with those from other approaches used in evaluatingAvahansuggests a major impact of this intervention on the HIV epidemic in southern India.
O17.5 Impact of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS - Youth Peer Education Program with Integrated ‘Life Skills’ and ‘Community Links’ Components on Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour of Youths in 65 Schools in 2 Districts of Karnataka State, India
Authors: Borkar P 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundRapid physical and psychosocial development, wrong information, tendency to experiment and sociocultural sensitivity to discuss issues around sexuality make young people vulnerable to HIV. In 2009, young people aged 15–24 accounted for 41% of new HIV infections in people aged > 15. The objective of this evaluation was to analyse the impact of comprehensive HIV/AIDS Youth Peer Education Program (April 2008-March 2011) on knowledge, attitude and behaviour of targeted youths comparing with those without any such intervention.MethodsAs part of evaluation in February–March 2011, a sample of 26 programme schools was chosen (confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of +/- 15%). One non-programme school was selected for every two sample programme schools. The multistage stratified systematic random sampling method was deployed for selection of students and self-administered structured questionnaires were given. Descriptive statistics, graphical representations and cross tabulation of relevant factors were used for data analysis. Also, z and chi - square tests were applied at relevant places.ResultsOverall knowledge about HIV/AIDS was found significantly better in schools having peer education mechanism. Awareness on HIV testing centres was more among programme students (92%) in-comparison to non-programme student (62%). Most students from programme schools (99%) indicated positive attitude towards people living with HIV than non-programme students (39%). Adaptations of ‘prevention methods’ was high in programme students (91%) than in non-programme students (53%). Most of the programme students reported getting influenced to adopt safe sex practises (z-6.062, p-0.0001). Statistically significant no. of parents of programme students reported noticing improvement in inter-personal behaviour of their children (z-8.411, p-0.0001).ConclusionComprehensive youth peer education with integrated ‘life skills’ and ‘community links’ components can be the strategy for India and many other countries who are struggling for a comprehensive, culturally appropriate, sustainable and cost-effective strategy for adolescent/youth education on HIV/AIDS.