bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical downscaling of general circulation model outputs to precipitation—part 1: calibration and validation
Authors: Sachindra D. A. , Huang F. , Barton A. , Perera B. J. C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis article is the first of two companion articles providing details of the development of two separate models for statistically downscaling monthly precipitation. The first model was developed with National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis outputs and the second model was built using the outputs of Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 GCM (HadCM3). Both models were based on the multi‐linear regression (MLR) technique and were built for a precipitation station located in Victoria, Australia. Probable predictors were selected based on the past literature and hydrology. Potential predictors were selected for each calendar month separately from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, considering the correlations that they maintained with observed precipitation. Based on the strength of the correlations, these potential predictors were introduced to the downscaling model until its performance in validation, in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), was maximized. In this manner, for each calendar month, the final sets of potential predictors and the best downscaling models with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data were identified. The HadCM3 20th century climate experiment data corresponding to these final sets of potential predictors were used to calibrate and validate the second model. In calibration and validation, the model developed with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data displayed NSEs of 0.74 and 0.70, respectively. The model built with HadCM3 outputs showed NSEs of 0.44 and 0.17 during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Both models tended to under‐predict high precipitation values and over‐predict near‐zero precipitation values, during both calibration and validation. However, this prediction characteristic was more pronounced by the model developed with HadCM3 outputs. A graphical comparison of observed precipitation, the precipitation reproduced by the two downscaling models and the raw precipitation output of HadCM3, showed that there is large bias in the precipitation output of HadCM3. This indicated the need of a bias‐correction, which is detailed in the second companion article.
Statistical downscaling of general circulation model outputs to precipitation—part 2: bias‐correction and future projections
Authors: Sachindra D. A. , Huang F. , Barton A. , Perera B. J. C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis article is the second of a series of two articles. In the first article, two models were developed with National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and HadCM3 outputs, for statistically downscaling these outputs to monthly precipitation at a site in north‐western Victoria, Australia. In that study, it was seen that the downscaling model developed with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis outputs performs much better than the model developed with HadCM3 outputs. Furthermore, it was found that there is large bias in HadCM3 outputs which needs to be corrected. In this article, the downscaling model developed with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis outputs was used to downscale HadCM3 20th century climate experiment outputs to monthly precipitation over the period 1950–1999. In all four seasons, the precipitation downscaled with HadCM3 20th century outputs, displayed a large scatter and the majority of precipitation was overestimated. The precipitation downscaled with HadCM3 outputs was bias‐corrected against the observed precipitation pertaining to the period 1950–1999, using three techniques: (1) equidistant quantile mapping (EDQM), (2) monthly bias‐correction (MBC) and (3) nested bias‐correction (NBC). Although all these bias‐correction techniques were able to adequately correct the statistics of downscaled precipitation, the magnitude of the scatter of precipitation remained almost the same. Considering the performances and its ability to correct the cumulative distribution of precipitation, EDQM was selected for the bias‐correction of future precipitation projections. HadCM3 outputs for the A2 and B1 greenhouse gas scenarios were introduced to the downscaling model and the downscaled precipitation for the period 2000–2099 was bias‐corrected with the EDQM technique. Both A2 and B1 scenarios indicated a rise in the average of future precipitation in winter and a drop in it in summer and spring. These scenarios showed an increase in the maximum monthly precipitation in all seasons and an increase in percentage of months with zero precipitation in summer, autumn and spring.
Projections for the 21st century of the climate potential for beach‐based tourism in the Mediterranean
Authors: Amengual A. , Homar V. , Romero R. , Ramis C. , Alonso S. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTClimate is a primary resource for beach‐based tourism. It defines the length and quality of the tourist season and plays a major role in destination choices and revenues. The Mediterranean is coincidentally one of the most visited tourist destinations and sensitive areas to climate change worldwide. Social, economic and environmental adaptation to climate change in this region should necessarily evaluate the Mediterranean and European climate resource for beach‐based tourism as well as its projected changes. To this end, the second‐generation climate index for tourism (CIT) has been adopted. ERA‐Interim reanalysis have been used as the regional observed baseline, thus providing daily atmospheric data to derive CIT. For projections, meteorological variables have been obtained from a set of regional climate models (RCMs) within the ENSEMBLES European project. A quantile–quantile adjustment has been applied to the CIT cumulative distribution functions based on each individual RCM output to properly correct biases at regional and local scales. Furthermore, an ensemble strategy is adopted to further cope with uncertainties arising from RCM errors and boundary conditions. The spatial distribution of present climate potential confirms the Mediterranean coast as the most suitable region in Europe for carrying out beach leisure activities. Excellent climatic conditions prevail in most of this coastal region during summer. However, the optimal climate asset is projected to noticeably deteriorate in summer across the Mediterranean, whereas only slightly improving in northwestern Europe by 2075–2094. On the other hand, a general enhancement of ideal climate potential is expected for the shoulder seasons in the former region. That is, optimal climatic conditions may shift from the present peak demand season to spring and autumn. These potential impacts might lead to important drawbacks for the current strongly seasonal‐adjusted beach‐based tourism industry in the Mediterranean. Therefore, main tourism stakeholders will likely need to face these challenges through adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Allergenicity of an enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean2Sprotein
Authors: Sung Dongeun , Ahn Kang Mo , Lim Seung‐Yong , Oh Sangsuk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study was performed to examine how the characteristics of soybean2Sprotein influence allergenicity after enzymatic hydrolysis. Soybean2Sprotein was extracted and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using pepsin and chymotrypsin. Allergenicity was observed using soybean‐sensitive patients' sera.RESULTSOnly 13.3% (6/45) of soybean‐sensitive patients reacted to soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI), known as the major allergen of soybean2Sprotein. After peptic hydrolysis for 90 min atpH1.2, the intensity ofSKTIdecreased to 25% but was still visible onSDS‐PAGE. Chymotryptic hydrolysis following peptic hydrolysis atpH8 for 60 min showed a limited hydrolytic effect on soybean2Sprotein. Peptic hydrolysis of soybean2Sprotein partially reduced the allergenicity of soybean2Sprotein, while chymotryptic hydrolysis following peptic hydrolysis increased slightly the allergenicity.CONCLUSIONFood allergy caused by soybean2Sprotein occurred in part of the soybean‐sensitive patients.SKTIwas partially digested after peptic hydrolysis for 90 min. The allergenicity was decreased with peptic hydrolysis, while subsequent treatment of chymotrypsin increased slightly the allergenicity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Laser Contact Opening of High Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Gebhardt Mandy , Kießling Thomas , Grimm Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPlant and machinery manufacturers face a turbulent market in the photovoltaic industry after years of growth. The core problem is cost‐reduction pressure from conventional energy sources (0.05 € / kWh) as opposed to photovoltaic (0.13 € / kWh for Germany, respectively) [1]. Prevailing competitive pressure on producers, plant manu­facturers and suppliers is reflected in an innovation race. The objective of all these projects is to increase the degree of cell effectiveness while at the same time reducing manufacturing costs. Cell concepts that complement existing plant technology, thereby breaking through insuperable effectiveness limits using productivity optimization, offer a starting point here.
Cool Laser Pulses
Authors: Frede Maik 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring the past decades pulsed laser systems have motivated many novel laser material applications. Nowadays ultrashort pulse (USP) lasers are routinely used for machining and processing high‐tech materials like glass, sapphire or ceramics and allow the production of small and powerful smart phones, high efficient solar cells or medical devices. The next generation USP lasers will focus on smaller system dimensions, a reduced price and shorter pulses to allow for even higher precision and smaller structuring. The article will give an overview of USP laser technology and concepts for future system configurations.
Seminal Tools for Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing
Authors: Schulz‐Ruhtenberg Malte , Kolbusch Thomas , Abreu Fernandes Susana , Wiesner Markus , Melle Thomas , Bergfeld Stefan , Brosda Maximilian , Schaefer Moritz , Ivanenko Mikhail , Ostendorf Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOrganic electronics is promising to be one of the groundbreaking technologies to revolutionize our everyday lives by including new functionalities into nearly any item. Cost is the most significant barrier, since new functionalities should not increase the price of the product dramatically. Roll‐to‐roll production is the solution to overcome the price barrier. In combination with integrated laser processes new possibilities are opened up for cost‐efficient, versatile and high throughput manufacturing lines (Fig. 1).
A Flexible Tool for Joining Technologies — The Diode Laser
Authors: Reinl Steffen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the history of lasers, the diode laser is the most recent technology development for industrial applications. Driven by technology improvements, the diode laser has enormous potential in penetrating more and more industrial markets within a short time frame. It has replaced applications that were typically reserved for solid‐state lasers and has the capacity to actually generate better results due to its unique beam parameters. With Dilas' long‐term market history and experience, diode lasers are finding greater uses specifically for industrial usage. The latest generation series demonstrates this development and sets new standards in regard to highest reliability due to passive cooling technology. Within this article, new possibilities in the field of plastics welding, welding of thin sheet metals and soldering will be discussed.
Component Welding for Blood Analysis Device
Authors: Wenzlau Carsten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWelding of plastics with laser radiation has been established as one of the best joining technologies in several industries. The diverse methods and techniques of applying the laser radiation allows it to be used for welding many applications. The best known method of applying the laser radiation is contour welding. In this method the laser radiation is focused by an optic into one spot. The basic function of the spot optic is therefore to focus the laser radiation. However, such an optic can do more; it can also support quality control. Many industries require that quality be controlled and monitored continually as the product moves from workstation to workstation. This control almost always comes from monitoring data which is generated during each assembly process.
Molecular Packing and Orientation Transition of Crystalline Poly(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylene)
Authors: Yang Hua , Wang Lei , Zhang Jidong , Yu Xinhong , Geng Yanhou , Han Yanchun 
Published: January 2014

The effect of thermal treatment on the transition of molecular packing and orientation of the semiconducting poly(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylene) (PPP) film is probed by the combination of in situ 2D grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (2D GIXD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The structure analysis indicates that PPP crystallizes in an orthorhombic unit cell with a = 21.20 Å, b = 3.78 Å, and c = 4.24 Å. A variation of the annealing temperature from 80 °C to 100 °C demonstrates that the worm‐like morphology in the pristine film melts and develops into nanowires. Furthermore, the molecular orientation transforms from face‐on to edge‐on via thermal annealing. Remarkably, a previously unknown metastable state of “slope” edge‐on with a tilt angle of 51.1° is observed. This orientation change arises from the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of edge‐on PPP crystal during crystallization from the melt.
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Polymethylene‐Based Copolymers by Polyhomologation or by Its Combination with Controlled/Living and Living Polymerizations
Authors: Zhang Hefeng , Alkayal Nazeeha , Gnanou Yves , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: January 2014

Polyhomologation, recently developed by Shea, is a borane‐initiated living polymerization of ylides leading to linear polymethylenes (C1 polymerization) with controlled molecular weight, low polydispersity, and well‐defined structures. In this Review, the copolyhomologation of different ylides as well as the combination of polyhomologation with controlled/living (nitroxide‐mediated, atom transfer radical, reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer) and living (ring opening, anionic) polymerizations is discussed.
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Bacterial community dynamics and activity in relation to dissolved organic matter availability during sea‐ice formation in a mesocosm experiment
Authors: Eronen‐Rasimus Eeva , Kaartokallio Hermanni , Lyra Christina , Autio Riitta , Kuosa Harri , Dieckmann Gerhard S. , Thomas David N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe structure of sea‐ice bacterial communities is frequently different from that in seawater. Bacterial entrainment in sea ice has been studied with traditional microbiological, bacterial abundance, and bacterial production methods. However, the dynamics of the changes in bacterial communities during the transition from open water to frozen sea ice is largely unknown. Given previous evidence that the nutritional status of the parent water may affect bacterial communities during ice formation, bacterial succession was studied in under ice water and sea ice in two series of mesocosms: the first containing seawater from the North Sea and the second containing seawater enriched with algal‐derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). The composition and dynamics of bacterial communities were investigated with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP), and cloning alongside bacterial production (thymidine and leucine uptake) and abundance measurements (measured by flow cytometry). Enriched and active sea‐ice bacterial communities developed in ice formed in both unenriched and DOM‐enriched seawater (0–6 days). γ‐Proteobacteria dominated in the DOM‐enriched samples, indicative of their capability for opportunistic growth in sea ice. The bacterial communities in the unenriched waters and ice consisted of the classes Flavobacteria, α‐ and γ‐Proteobacteria, which are frequently found in natural sea ice in polar regions. Furthermore, the results indicate that seawater bacterial communities are able to adapt rapidly to sudden environmental changes when facing considerable physicochemical stress such as the changes in temperature, salinity, nutrient status, and organic matter supply during ice formation.
Human leukocyte antigen haplotype phasing by allele‐specific enrichment with peptide nucleic acid probes
Authors: Murphy Nicholas M. , Pouton Colin W. , Irving Helen R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTargeted capture of large fragments of genomic DNA that enrich for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system haplotypes has utility in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current methods of HLA matching are based on inference or familial studies of inheritance; and each approach has its own inherent limitations. We have designed and tested a probe–target‐extraction method for capturing specific HLA haplotypes by hybridization of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes to alleles of the HLA‐DRB1 gene. Short target fragments contained in plasmids were initially used to optimize the method followed by testing samples of genomic DNA from human subjects with preselected HLA haplotypes and obtained approximately 10% enrichment for the specific haplotype. When performed with high‐molecular‐weight genomic DNA, 99.0% versus 84.0% alignment match was obtained for the specific haplotype probed. The allele‐specific target enrichment that we obtained can facilitate the elucidation of haplotypes between the 65 kb separating the HLA‐DRB1 and the HLA‐DQA1 genes, potentially spanning a total distance of at least 130 kb. Allele‐specific target enrichment with PNA probes is a straightforward technique that has the capability to improve the resolution of DNA and whole genome sequencing technologies by allowing haplotyping of enriched DNA and crucially, retaining the DNA methylation profile.
Mucosal C‐terminal maltase‐glucoamylase hydrolyzes large size starch digestion products that may contribute to rapid postprandial glucose generation
Authors: Lee Byung‐Hoo , Lin Amy Hui‐Mei , Nichols Buford L. , Jones Kyra , Rose David R. , Quezada‐Calvillo Roberto , Hamaker Bruce R. 
Published: January 2014

ScopeThe four mucosal α‐glucosidases, which differ in their digestive roles, generate glucose from glycemic carbohydrates and accordingly can be viewed as a control point for rate of glucose delivery to the body. In this study, individual recombinant enzymes were used to understand how α‐glucan oligomers are digested by each enzyme, and how intermediate α‐amylolyzed starches are hydrolyzed, to elucidate a strategy for moderating the glycemic spike of rapidly digestible starchy foods.Methods and resultsThe C‐terminal maltase‐glucoamylase (ctMGAM, commonly termed “glucoamylase”) was able to rapidly hydrolyze longer maltooligosaccharides, such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose, to glucose. Moreover, it was found to convert larger size maltodextrins, as would be produced early in α‐amylase digestion of starch, efficiently to glucose. It is postulated that ctMGAM has the additional capacity to hydrolyze large α‐amylase products that are produced immediately on starch digestion in the duodenum and contribute to the rapid generation of glucose from starch‐based meals.ConclusionThe findings suggest that partial inhibition of ctMGAM, such as by natural inhibitors found in foods, might be used to moderate the early stage of high glycemic response, as well as to extend digestion distally; thereby having relevance in regulating glucose delivery to the body.
Hybrid Cd‐free CIGS solar cell/TEG device with ZnO nanowires
Authors: Hsueh Ting‐Jen , Shieh Jia‐Min , Yeh Yu‐Ming 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA green energy device with a CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) cell covered with a passive light‐trapping structure (ZnO nanowires (NWs)) and connected to an active energy‐harvesting device (thermoelectric generator (TEG)) is presented. The efficiency of the ZnO NWs/CIGS PV device obtained using a deposition temperature of 550 °C and Cd‐free processes reaches 16.5%. The series‐connected CIGS PV cell with a TEG had a record‐high efficiency of 22% at a cool‐side temperature (Tc) below 5 °C. The open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the hybrid CIGS PV/TEG device was increased from 0.64 to 0.85 V. This technology has potential for high‐efficiency energy‐harvesting applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Cocrystal Explosive of HNIW with Good Comprehensive Properties
Authors: Wang Yuping , Yang Zongwei , Li Hongzhen , Zhou Xiaoqing , Zhang Qi , Wang Jianhua , Liu Yucun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn order to improve the safety of the high explosive 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), we cocrystallized HNIW with the insensitive explosive DNB (1,3‐dinitrobenzene) in a molar ratio 1 : 1 to form a novel cocrystal explosive. Structure determination showed that it belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group Pbca. Therein, layers of DNB alternate with bilayers of HNIW. Analysis of interactions in the cocrystal indicated that the cocrystal is mainly formed by hydrogen bonds and nitro‐aromatic interactions. Moreover, the thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of the cocrystal were evaluated. The results implied that the melting point of the cocrystal is 136.6 °C, which means an increase of 45 °C relative that of pure DNB. The predicted detonation velocity and detonation pressure of the cocrystal are 8434 m s−1 and 34 GPa, respectively, which are similar to that of the reported HNIW/TNT cocrystal, but its reduced sensitivity (H50=55 cm) makes it an attractive ingredient in HNIW propellant formulations.
Costs and effectiveness of on‐farm measures to reduce aquatic risks from pesticides in the Netherlands
Authors: van Eerdt Martha M , Spruijt Joanneke , van der Wal Erna , van Zeijts Henk , Tiktak Aaldrik 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe European Union requires growers to implement the principles of integrated pest management (IPM) by 2014. This paper provides a quantitative overview of the costs and effectiveness of voluntaryIPMmeasures in 15 crops in the Netherlands. The authors will focus on aquatic risks and define effectiveness as the potential to reduce the risks posed to aquatic organisms. They further identify which of these measures have actually been adopted by growers and why certain measures have not been adopted.RESULTSOf the 105 measures evaluated, the most effective measures with respect to risk reduction were emission reduction and replacement of high‐risk pesticides (each up to 80% reduction).IPMmeasures directed towards lowering pesticide use generally showed a smaller risk‐reducing potential. However, 40% of these measures reduced the overall cost of pest management. About 60% of all 105 measures were voluntarily implemented by growers. The most commonly adopted measures were pest prevention, low‐dose spraying and spray drift reduction. Cost appeared to be an important incentive for adoption; however, other factors such as risk perception, education and practicability were equally important.CONCLUSIONSVoluntaryIPMmeasures have significantly contributed to reducing aquatic risks (15–50% risk reduction, depending on crop type). Further risk reduction could be achieved if more growers were to adopt the most effective measures, such as spray drift reduction and replacement of high‐risk pesticides. However,IPMhas hardly reduced the number of pesticide applications, and therefore the dependence on chemical crop protection continues to be high. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry