bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Concussions in the National Football League, 2012-2014
Authors: Lawrence David W. , Hutchison Michael G. , Comper Paul 
Published: May 2015

Background: The risk of all-cause injury and concussion associated with football is significant. The National Football League (NFL) has implemented changes to increase player safety warranting investigation into the incidence and patterns of injury. Purpose: To document the incidence and patterns of all-cause injury and concussions in the NFL. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data were collected prospectively from official NFL injury reports over 2 regular seasons from 2012 to 2014, with identification of injury incidence rates and patterns. Concussion rate ratios were calculated using previously reported NFL rates. Results: A total of 4284 injuries were identified, including 301 concussions. The all-cause injury rate was 395.8 per 1000 athletes at risk (AAR) and concussion incidence was 27.8 per 1000 AAR. Only 2.3% of team games were injury free. Wide receivers, tight ends, and defensive backs had the highest incidence of injury and concussion. Concussion incidence was 1.61-fold higher in 2012 to 2014 compared with 2002 to 2007. The knee was injured most frequently, followed by the ankle, hamstring, shoulder, and head. Conclusion: The incidence of all-cause injury and concussion in the NFL is significant. Concussion injury rates are higher than previous reports, potentially reflecting an improvement in recognition and awareness. Injury prevention efforts should continue to reduce the prevalence of injury associated with football.
Selective aggregation of PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers and PAMAM/ZnPc nanodrugs on human atheromatous carotid tissues: a photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis
Authors: Spyropoulos-Antonakakis Nikolaos , Sarantopoulou Evangelia , Trohopoulos Panagiotis N , Stefi Aikaterina L , Kollia Zoe , Gavriil Vassilios E , Bourkoula Athanasia , Petrou Panagiota S , Kakabakos Sotirios , Semashko Vadim V , Nizamutdinov Alexey S , Cefalas Alkiviadis-Constantinos 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the action of photons on photosensitive molecules, where atomic oxygen or OH− molecular species are locally released on pathogenic human cells, which are mainly carcinogenic, thus causing cell necrosis. The efficacy of PDT depends on the local nanothermodynamic conditions near the cell/nanodrug system that control both the level of intracellular translocation of nanoparticles in the pathogenic cell and their agglomeration on the cell membrane. Dendrimers are considered one of the most effective and promising drug carriers because of their relatively low toxicity and negligible activation of complementary reactions. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrite delivery of PDT agents has been investigated in the last few years for tumour selectivity, retention, pharmacokinetics and water solubility. Nevertheless, their use as drug carriers of photosensitizing molecules in PDT for cardiovascular disease, targeting the selective necrosis of macrophage cells responsible for atheromatous plaque growth, has never been investigated. Furthermore, the level of aggregation, translocation and nanodrug delivery efficacy of PAMAM dendrimers or PAMAM/zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) conjugates on human atheromatous tissue and endothelial cells is still unknown.
In this work, the aggregation of PAMAM zero generation dendrimers (G0) acting as drug delivery carriers, as well as conjugated G0 PAMAM dendrimers with a ZnPc photosensitizer, to symptomatic and asymptomatic human carotid tissues was investigated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For the evaluation of the texture characteristics of the AFM images, statistical surface morphological and fractal analytical methodologies and Minkowski functionals were used. All statistical quantities showed that the deposition of nanodrug carriers on healthy tissue has an inverse impact when comparing to the deposition on atheromatous tissue with different aggregation features between G0 and G0/ZnPc nanoparticles and with considerably larger G0/ZnPc aggregations on the atheromatous plaque. The results highlight the importance of using PAMAM dendrimer carriers as a novel and promising PDT platform for atherosclerosis therapies.
Precursor cells from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) visceral fat holds the plasticity to differentiate into the osteogenic lineage
Authors: Ytteborg Elisabeth , Todorcevic Marijana , Krasnov Aleksei , Takle Harald , Kristiansen Inger Øien , Ruyter Bente 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
In order to study the potential plasticity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) precursor cells (aSPCs) from the adipogenic mesenchyme cell lineage to differentiate to the osteogenic lineage, aSPCs were isolated and cultivated under either osteogenic or adipogenic promoting conditions. The results strengthen the hypothesis that aSPCs most likely are predestined to the adipogenic lineage, but they also hold the flexibility to turn into other lineages given the right stimuli. This assumption is supported by the fact that the transcription factor pparγ , important for regulation of adiopogenesis, was silent in aSPCs grown in osteogenic media, while runx2, important for osteogenic differentiation, was not expressed in aSPCs cultivated in adipogenic media. After 2 weeks in osteogenic promoting conditions the cells started to deposit extracellular matrix and after 4 weeks, the cells started mineralizing secreted matrix. Microarray analyses revealed large-scale transcriptome responses to osteogenic medium after 2 days, changes remained stable at day 15 and decreased by magnitude at day 30. Induction was observed in many genes involved in osteogenic differentiation, growth factors, regulators of development, transporters and production of extracellular matrix. Transcriptome profile in differentiating adipocytes was markedly different from differentiating osteoblasts with far fewer genes changing activity. The number of regulated genes slowly increased at the mature stage, when adipocytes increased in size and accumulated lipids. This is the first report on in vitro differentiation of aSPCs from Atlantic salmon to mineralizing osteogenic cells. This cell model system provides a new valuable tool for studying osteoblastogenesis in fish.
Behavioral and mechanical determinants of collective subsurface nest excavation
Authors: Monaenkova Daria , Gravish Nick , Rodriguez Greggory , Kutner Rachel , Goodisman Michael A. D. , Goldman Daniel I. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Collective construction of topologically complex structures is one of the triumphs of social behavior. For example, many ant species construct underground nests composed of networks of tunnels and chambers. Excavation by these ‘superorganisms’ depends on the biomechanics of substrate manipulation, the interaction of individuals, and media stability and cohesiveness. To discover principles of robust social excavation, we used X-ray computed tomography to monitor the growth in three dimensions of nests built by groups of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) in laboratory substrates composed of silica particles, manipulating two substrate properties: particle size and gravimetric moisture content. Ants were capable of nest construction in all substrates tested other than completely dry or fully saturated; for a given particle size, nest volume was relatively insensitive to moisture content. Tunnels were deepest at intermediate moisture content and the maximum tunnel depth correlated with measured yield force on small rod-shaped intruders (a proxy for cohesive strength). This implies that increased cohesive strength allowed creation of tunnels that were resistant to perturbation but did not decrease individual excavation ability. Ants used two distinct behaviors to create pellets composed of wetted particles, depending on substrate composition. However, despite the ability to create larger stable pellets in more cohesive substrates, pellet sizes were similar across all conditions. We posit that this pellet size balances the individual's load-carrying ability with the need to carry this pellet through confined crowded tunnels. We conclude that effective excavation of similarly shaped nests can occur in a diversity of substrates through sophisticated digging behaviors by individuals which accommodate both differing substrate properties and the need to work within the collective.
The true identity of Serapias nitida, a species of Buchtienia (Orchidaceae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: de Fraga Claudio N. , Meneguzzo Thiago E.C. , Saddi Eduardo M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSerapias nitida is a name whose taxonomic identity has been considered to be in doubt. Here we show that S. nitida can be linked to a species of the genus Buchtienia. We propose the new combination Buchtienia nitida and put a recently described species into synonymy.
“Sky islands” in the eastern U.S.A.? — Strong phylogenetic structure in the Heuchera parviflora group (Saxifragaceae)
Authors: Folk Ryan A. , Freudenstein John V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLineage delimitation using multiple sources of data has received renewed emphasis owing to the new possibilities offered by multi–locus datasets and model–based analyses. Species complexes displaying interrupted sky island–like distributions may be especially under–assessed by current taxonomies, warranting reexamination with new data and methodologies. We present a molecular and morphological study of the discontinuously distributed Heuchera parviflora complex (Saxifragaceae), with the aim of identifying genetic lineages that correlate with geography and morphology and may be worthy of taxonomic recognition in this contentious group. Concatenated analyses of the molecular data suggest four genetic lineages that are allopatric or (in one case) parapatric and correlate with major physiographic provinces. These lineages also correlate with morphological differentiation in the group and suggest taxonomically useful morphological characters. Independent, confirmatory coalescent approaches strongly support the four lineages identified by concatenation. However, morphological differentiation, though involving multiple characters, is relatively weak between two of the identified lineages. For this reason, in contrast with most coalescent studies we advocate the use of both specific and varietal rank, recognizing in total three species, one with two varieties.
Integrative taxonomy of Lepidolejeunea (Jungermanniopsida: Porellales): Ocelli allow the recognition of two neglected species
Authors: Heinrichs Jochen , Feldberg Kathrin , Bechteler Julia , Scheben Armin , Czumaj Aleksandra , Pócs Tamás , Schneider Harald , Schäfer-Verwimp Alfons 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLepidolejeunea is a largely epiphytic, pantropical genus of leafy liverworts. While the phylogenetic position of Lepidolejeunea has been the subject of recent molecular investigations, the relationships within this genus have been little studied. We employed sequences of two chloroplast regions (trnL–trnF, rbcL) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region from 32 accessions of Lepidolejeunea to reconstruct its phylogeny. Two accessions of Rectolejeunea were used as outgroup. Maximum parsimony and likelihood analyses indicate that the diversity of Lepidolejeunea is underestimated by current morphological classification, and that Lepidolejeunea involuta consists of two independent entities, Lepidolejeunea involuta s.str. and Lepidolejeunea cuspidata comb. nov. Despite being treated as synonymous in earlier studies, both species nest in different main clades of Lepidolejeunea. Lepidolejeunea involuta belongs to L. subg. Kingiolejeunea which includes species with ocelli of the same size as the surrounding leaf cells. Lepidolejeunea cuspidata instead belongs to the recircumscribed L. subg. Perilejeunea which includes species having ocelli of at least partly smaller size than the surrounding leaf cells. Lepidolejeunea auriculata is introduced as a new species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Our results highlight the need for integrative taxonomic studies to clarify the status of many binomials within Lejeuneaceae. They also suggest that as integrative approaches are applied across liverworts estimates of global diversity will be revised upwards.
How Point-of-Sale Marketing Mix Impacts National-Brand Purchase Shares
Authors: Hwang Minha , Thomadsen Raphael 
Published: May 2015

Purchase shares of major national brands in consumer packaged-goods industries vary substantially across stores, both between geographic markets and across stores within markets. We measure the relationship between the variation in national-brand purchase shares and five store-specific marketing mix factors: prices, assortment shares, features, displays, and promotion intensity. We do this by first demonstrating the extent to which purchase shares of the top two national brands across six different categories vary across markets, accounts (defined as chain–market interactions) and stores: market-level variation accounts for approximately 30% of the weekly purchase share variation across stores, whereas account-level and store-level variation explain an additional 13% and 5% of the variation, respectively. We then measure the extent to which assortment, pricing, feature, display, and promotion activities affect the purchase shares of the top national brands. We find that price and assortment share are the two most important point-of-sale factors in determining a brand’s purchase share. We also examine how the proximity to a brand’s city of origin, the assortment share of a store’s private label, the extent of retail competition, and the demographics of the store’s neighborhood affect the purchase share’s sensitivity to the point-of-sale marketing mix, revealing several subtle effects. Finally, we measure the extent to which the variation in top national-brand purchase shares is explained by these five factors. We find that, on average, approximately 56% of the variation in national-brand purchase shares can be attributed to these five factors. These results demonstrate the potential importance of trade marketing on a brand’s purchase shares. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Hearing the voice of the person with dementia
Authors: Nazarko Linda 
Published: May 2015

Every person relies on their ability to communication. The ability to communicate enables a person to let others know who they are, what their values are and to express their needs and aspirations. Dementia affects the ability to communicate and this inability to communicate can lead to a loss of identity and can affect a person's quality of life ( Shadden, 2005 ). Hearing the voice of the person with dementia enriches the person's life and enables caregivers to provide the best possible quality of care.
Flora da Bahia: Lacistemataceae
Authors: Marinho Lucas Cardoso , Amorim André Márcio 
Published: May 2015

A floristic survey of the Lacistemataceae in Bahia, Brazil, is presented as a contribution to the study of the flora in the state. Three species of the genus Lacistema are recognized: L. grandifolium, L. lucidum and L. robustum. Lacistema grandifolium has its distribution in southern Bahia confirmed and L. lucidum is reported for the first time to Northeast Brazil, based on specimens from the Chapada Diamantina. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps and general notes on the taxa are provided.
Flora of Bahia: Haloragaceae
Authors: Aona-Pinheiro Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme , Costa Grênivel Mota da 
Published: May 2015

A floristic survey of the Haloragaceae in Bahia, Brazil, is presented as a contribution to the study of the flora in the state. Two species, Laurembergia tetrandra and Myriophyllum aquaticum, are recognized. Descriptions, illustrations, and general notes on the taxa are presented.
Examining the effect of artificial wall climbing as a leisure time activity on children's problem-solving skills
Authors: Özen Güçlü 
Published: May 2015

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of experiential learning education on problem solving skills of primary education students. Artificial wall climbing is considered as not only a game but also as a learning tool that can help children discover themselves, recognize their limits and their peers, make them actively involved, and lead them to experience. In this research, experimental model with pretest-posttest control group design was used. During this time, the experimental group joined exercise throughout six weeks twice a week and control group did not participate in any activities, continuing their usual life. For collecting data "Problem Solving Inventory for Children" was used. In the analysis of the research data, t-test was used to compare the pre-test, post-test results of the two groups. According to the results of statistical analysis, there were significant differences in pre-test and post-test scores regarding confidence, self-control, avoidance subscales and total scores. As a result of this research, it is argued that the applied artificial wall climbing program has a positive influence on the problem solving skills of students.
Selecting The Best Treatment Option For A Dog With Cushing’S Syndrome
Authors: Sara GALAC 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Spontaneous hypercortisolism or Cushing's syndrome is a common endocrinopathy in dogs. Pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism each require specific treatment and diagnostic imaging is very helpful in choosing the treatment that is appropriate. The aims and expectations of the treatment need to be established beforehand and discussed with the owner to avoid unexpected disappointments. The clinical signs of pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary microadenoma can be managed with the adrenocorticostatic drug trilostane, but the drug will not affect the pituitary tumor. Hypophysectomy is therefore preferred in those dogs that have an enlarged pituitary but are in good clinical condition and have a long life-expectancy. Inoperable pituitary tumors can be treated by radiotherapy. The best treatment in dogs with cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors is adrenalectomy. If surgery is not possible, because of vascular invasion or metastatic spread, mitotane is recommended. Treatment with trilostane can be considered but is only palliative: it does not affect the adrenocortical tumor.
Blood Gases, Acid-Base Status And Plasma Lactate Concentrations In Calves With Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Helena ŠOLTÉSOVÁ , Oskar NAGY , Csilla TÓTHOVÁ , Iveta PAULÍKOVÁ , Herbert SEIDEL 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate in calves the effects of respiratory diseases of various severities on blood gases, acid-base balance and plasma lactate concentration. We included in the study 128 calves with clinical signs of various severities and outcomes of respiratory disorders. The age of the calves ranged from 1 to 12 months. According to the clinical findings, course of the disease and time of blood collection, the sick calves were divided into three groups: RD 1 (n=34) – calves with moderate clinical signs; RD 2 (n=73) – calves with severe respiratory symptoms and RD 3 (n=21) – calves with severe respiratory symptoms and died within 48 hours after blood sampling. Into the study we also included one group of 28 clinically healthy calves. In the arterial blood we evaluated: blood pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2, partial pressure of oxygen – pO2, concentration of actual bicarbonate – HCO3
−, base excess – BE, and saturation of hemoglobin by oxygen – O2-sat. The concentration of lactate was determined in the blood plasma. Significant effects of health status and severity of respiratory diseases were recorded in all the evaluated variables. Marked hypoxemia and hypercapnia were found in calves with severe respiratory disorders and in animals that died within 48 hours after blood collection. In most calves, the acid-base changes were characterized as compensated respiratory acidosis. The highest mean lactate values were recorded in calves that died within 48 hours after blood sampling. The presented results suggest the usefulness of the analysis of blood gases and acid-base status in the evaluation and prognosis of various degrees and severity of respiratory diseases in calves, and in monitoring the patient response to treatment. Although plasma lactate analysis is less consistent with the severity of respiratory diseases, it might be helpful in the indication of an untreatable stage of the disease and upcoming death.
XPS Analysis of AISI 304L Stainless Steel Surface after Electropolishing
Authors: Rokosz K. , Hryniewicz T. , Simon F. , Rzadkiewicz S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the paper, the passive surface layers of AISI 304L after standard (EP50) and very-high-current density electropolishing (EP1000) in a mixture of orthophosphoric and sulfuric acids in a 1:4 ratio, are presented. The main finding of the presented studies is enrichment of the steel surface film in chromium: total chromium to total iron ratio was equal to 6.6 after EP50 and to 2.8 after EP1000; on the other hand, chromium compounds to iron compounds ratio was equal to 10.1 after EP50, and 3.9 after EP1000.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu, central eastern China
Authors: Yang Suwen , Fu Qiang , Teng Man , Yang Jing 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in environmental media have increased over the last 20-25 years in the world. In aquatic environments PBDEs were found to be accumulated along food chain and Endocrine disruptors toxicity. In this study PBDEs were investigated in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu in central eastern China. There were 10 PBDEs congeners detected out of all 41 PBDEs. BDE-47 was of the highest with 5.17 ng/g in sediment and 58.47 ng/g in fish. PBDEs were evenly distributed across the surface sediment in the whole lake. It implied that the main source of PBDEs may not be an inflow river like Nanfei. Tissue distribution patterns of PBDEs in four fish species were in the order of BDE-47 > BDE-99 > BDE-100 > BDE-66 > BDE-138 > BDE-183 > BDE-154 > BDE-153. Octa- and deca-BDEs were below the detection limit. The concentrations of all PBDE congeners were higher in gills, livers, and kidneys than those in muscles and adipose tissue. Furthermore, PBDEs in different tissues had some different distribution patterns with fish size. Those discrepancies appeared to be correlated with the PBDEs pollution fluxes varying with the change of the year and their metabolism divergences in fish tissues.
Pervaporative desulfurization of gasoline – separation of thiophene/n-heptane mixture / Perwaporacyjne odsiarczanie benzyny – separacja mieszanin tiofen/n-heptan
Authors: Rychlewska Katarzyna , Konieczny Krystyna , Bodzek Michał 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the recent advances in pervaporative reduction of sulfur content in gasoline. Methods of preliminary selection of membrane active layer material are presented. Interactions between gasoline components (typical hydrocarbon and sulfur species) and membranes are showed. Influence of pervaporation process parameters i.e. feed temperature, downstream pressure and feed flow rate on the separation efficiency is discussed. Investigations of the influence of sulfur concentration in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline on membrane performance have been conducted. A series of PV tests was carried out to investigate the separation properties of the commercial composite membrane with an active layer made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and to determine the efficiency of organic sulphur compound (thiophene) removal from model thiophene/n-heptane mixture depending on its concentration.