bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitination of the Dishevelled DIX domain blocks its head-to-tail polymerization
Authors: Madrzak Julia , Fiedler Marc , Johnson Christopher M. , Ewan Richard , Knebel Axel , Bienz Mariann , Chin Jason W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDishevelled relays Wnt signals from the plasma membrane to different cytoplasmic effectors. Its signalling activity depends on its DIX domain, which undergoes head-to-tail polymerization to assemble signalosomes. The DIX domain is ubiquitinated in vivo at multiple lysines, which can be antagonized by various deubiquitinases (DUBs) including the CYLD tumour suppressor that attenuates Wnt signalling. Here, we generate milligram quantities of pure human Dvl2 DIX domain mono-ubiquitinated at two lysines (K54 and K58) by genetically encoded orthogonal protection with activated ligation (GOPAL), to investigate their effect on DIX polymerization. We show that the ubiquitination of DIX at K54 blocks its polymerization in solution, whereas DIX58-Ub remains oligomerization-competent. DUB profiling identified 28 DUBs that cleave DIX-ubiquitin conjugates, half of which prefer, or are specific for, DIX54-Ub, including Cezanne and CYLD. These DUBs thus have the potential to promote Dvl polymerization and signalosome formation, rather than antagonize it as previously thought for CYLD.
Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome
Authors: Naville Magali , Ishibashi Minaka , Ferg Marco , Bengani Hemant , Rinkwitz Silke , Krecsmarik Monika , Hawkins Thomas A. , Wilson Stephen W. , Manning Elizabeth , Chilamakuri Chandra S. R. , Wilson David I. , Louis Alexandra , Lucy Raymond F. , Rastegar Sepand , Strähle Uwe , Lenhard Boris , Bally-Cuif Laure , van Heyningen Veronica , FitzPatrick David R. , Becker Thomas S. , Roest Crollius Hugues 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEnhancers can regulate the transcription of genes over long genomic distances. This is thought to lead to selection against genomic rearrangements within such regions that may disrupt this functional linkage. Here we test this concept experimentally using the human X chromosome. We describe a scoring method to identify evolutionary maintenance of linkage between conserved noncoding elements and neighbouring genes. Chromatin marks associated with enhancer function are strongly correlated with this linkage score. We test >1,000 putative enhancers by transgenesis assays in zebrafish to ascertain the identity of the target gene. The majority of active enhancers drive a transgenic expression in a pattern consistent with the known expression of a linked gene. These results show that evolutionary maintenance of linkage is a reliable predictor of an enhancer’s function, and provide new information to discover the genetic basis of diseases caused by the mis-regulation of gene expression.
P2-Na0.6[Cr0.6Ti0.4]O2 cation-disordered electrode for high-rate symmetric rechargeable sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Yuesheng , Xiao Ruijuan , Hu Yong-Sheng , Avdeev Maxim , Chen Liquan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMost P2-type layered oxides exhibit Na+/vacancy-ordered superstructures because of strong Na+–Na+ interaction in the alkali metal layer and charge ordering in the transition metal layer. These superstructures evidenced by voltage plateaus in the electrochemical curves limit the Na+ ion transport kinetics and cycle performance in rechargeable batteries. Here we show that such Na+/vacancy ordering can be avoided by choosing the transition metal ions with similar ionic radii and different redox potentials, for example, Cr3+ and Ti4+. The designed P2-Na0.6[Cr0.6Ti0.4]O2 is completely Na+/vacancy-disordered at any sodium content and displays excellent rate capability and long cycle life. A symmetric sodium-ion battery using the same P2-Na0.6[Cr0.6Ti0.4]O2 electrode delivers 75% of the initial capacity at 12C rate. Our contribution demonstrates that the approach of preventing Na+/vacancy ordering by breaking charge ordering in the transition metal layer opens a simple way to design disordered electrode materials with high power density and long cycle life.
Anisotropic modulation of magnetic properties and the memory effect in a wide-band (011)-Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3/PMN-PT heterostructure
Authors: Zhao Ying-Ying , Wang Jing , Kuang Hao , Hu Feng-Xia , Liu Yao , Wu Rong-Rong , Zhang Xi-Xiang , Sun Ji-Rong , Shen Bao-Gen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMemory effect of electric-field control on magnetic behavior in magnetoelectric composite heterostructures has been a topic of interest for a long time. Although the piezostrain and its transfer across the interface of ferroelectric/ferromagnetic films are known to be important in realizing magnetoelectric coupling, the underlying mechanism for nonvolatile modulation of magnetic behaviors remains a challenge. Here, we report on the electric-field control of magnetic properties in wide-band (011)-Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 heterostructures. By introducing an electric-field-induced in-plane anisotropic strain field during the cooling process from room temperature, we observe an in-plane anisotropic, nonvolatile modulation of magnetic properties in a wide-band Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film at low temperatures. We attribute this anisotropic memory effect to the preferential seeding and growth of ferromagnetic (FM) domains under the anisotropic strain field. In addition, we find that the anisotropic, nonvolatile modulation of magnetic properties gradually diminishes as the temperature approaches FM transition, indicating that the nonvolatile memory effect is temperature dependent. By taking into account the competition between thermal energy and the potential barrier of the metastable magnetic state induced by the anisotropic strain field, this distinct memory effect is well explained, which provides a promising approach for designing novel electric-writing magnetic memories.
Synergistic Protection of N-Acetylcysteine and Ascorbic Acid 2-Phosphate on Human Mesenchymal Stem cells Against Mitoptosis, Necroptosis and Apoptosis
Authors: Li Chia-Jung , Sun Li-Yi , Pang Cheng-Yoong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) contribute to ischemic tissue repair, regeneration and possess ability to self-renew. However, poor viability of transplanted hMSCs within ischemic tissues has limited its therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new method to improve the viability of the grafted cells. By using a systematic analysis, we reveal the mechanism of synergistic protection of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) on hMSCs that were under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The combined treatment of NAC and AAP (NAC/AAP) reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases mitochondrial fission/fragmentation due to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial fission/fragmentation is a major prologue of mitoptosis. NAC/AAP prevents apoptotic cell death via decreasing the activation of BAX, increasing the expression of BCL2 and reducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria that might lead to the activation of caspase cascade. Stabilization of mitochondria also prevents the release of AIF, and its nuclear translocation which may activate necroptosis via H2AX pathway. The decreasing of mitoptosis is further studied by MicroP image analysis and is associated with decreased activation of Drp1. In conclusion, NAC/AAP protects mitochondria from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and rescues hMSCs from mitoptosis, necroptosis and apoptosis.
Transcriptomic responses of corpuscle of Stannius gland of Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) to Changes in Water Salinity
Authors: Gu Jie , Li Jing-Woei , Tse William Ka-Fai , Chan Ting-Fung , Lai Keng-Po , Wong Chris Kong-Chu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPhysiological studies of a unique endocrine gland in fish, named corpuscles of Stannius (CS), described a Ca2+-regulatory function for this gland mediated by stanniocalcin-1, a hypocalcemic polypeptide hormone. However, to date, the endocrine functions of the glands have not been completely elucidated.We hypothesized that other unidentified active principles in the glands are involved in the regulation of plasma ion (Na+, Ca2+) and/or blood pressure. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of CS glands was performed using Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) adapted to freshwater (FW) or seawater (SW) to reveal the presence and differential expression of genes encoding proteins related to the ion-osmoregulatory and pressor functions. We acquired a total of 14.1 Mb and 12.1 Mb quality-trimmed reads from the CS glands collected from FW and SW adapted eels, respectively. The de novo assembly resulted in 9254 annotated genes. Among them, 475 genes were differentially expressed with 357 up- and 118 down-regulated in the SW group. Gene ontology analysis further demonstrated the presence of natriuresis and pressor related genes. In summary, ours is the first study using high-throughput sequencing to identify gene targets that could explain the physiological importance of the CS glands.
Extremely High Brightness from Polymer-Encapsulated Quantum Dots for Two-photon Cellular and Deep-tissue Imaging
Authors: Fan Yanyan , Liu Helin , Han Rongcheng , Huang Lu , Shi Hao , Sha Yinlin , Jiang Yuqiang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMaterials possessing high two photon absorption (TPA) are highly desirable for a range of fields, such as three-dimensional data storage, TP microscopy (TPM) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Specifically, for TPM, high TP excitation (TPE) brightness (σ × ϕ, where σ is TPA cross-sections and ϕ is fluorescence quantum yield), excellent photostability and minimal cytotoxicity are highly desirable. However, when TPA materials are transferred to aqueous media through molecule engineering or nanoparticle formulation, they usually suffer from the severely decrease of quantum yield (QY). Here, we report a convenient and efficient method for preparing polymer-encapsulated quantum dots (P-QD). Interestingly, the QY was considerably enhanced from original 0.33 (QDs in THF) to 0.84 (P-QD in water). This dramatic enhancement in QY is mainly from the efficiently blocking nonradiative decay pathway from the surface trap states, according to the fluorescence decay lifetimes analysis. The P-QD exhibits extremely high brightness (σ × ϕ up to 6.2 × 106 GM), high photostability, excellent colloidal stability and minimal cytotoxicity. High quality cellular TP imaging with high signal-to-background ratio (> 100) and tissue imaging with a penetration depth of 2200 μm have been achieved with P-QD as probe.
Droplet-interface-bilayer assays in microfluidic passive networks
Authors: Schlicht Bárbara , Zagnoni Michele 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBasic biophysical studies and pharmacological processes can be investigated by mimicking the intracellular and extracellular environments across an artificial cell membrane construct. The ability to reproduce in vitro simplified scenarios found in live cell membranes in an automated manner has great potential for a variety of synthetic biology and compound screening applications. Here, we present a fully integrated microfluidic system for the production of artificial lipid bilayers based on the miniaturisation of droplet-interface-bilayer (DIB) techniques. The platform uses a microfluidic design that enables the controlled positioning and storage of phospholipid-stabilized water-in-oil droplets, leading successfully to the scalable and automated formation of arrays of DIBs to mimic cell membrane processes. To ensure robustness of operation, we have investigated how lipid concentration, immiscible phase flow velocities and the device geometrical parameters affect the system performance. Finally, we produced proof-of-concept data showing that diffusive transport of molecules and ions across on-chip DIBs can be studied and quantified using fluorescence-based assays.
Effects of Arginase Inhibition in Hypertensive Hyperthyroid Rats
Authors: Rodríguez-Gómez Isabel , Manuel Moreno Juan , Jimenez Rosario , Quesada Andrés , Montoro-Molina Sebastian , Vargas-Tendero Pablo , Wangensteen Rosemary , Vargas Félix 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND
This study analyzed the effects of chronic administration of N[omega]-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), an inhibitor of arginase, on the hemodynamic, oxidative stress, morphologic, metabolic, and renal manifestations of hyperthyroidism in rats.

METHODS
Four groups of male Wistar rats were used: control, nor-NOHA-treated (10mg/kg/day), thyroxine (T4)-treated (75 μg/rat/day), and thyroxine- plus nor-NOHA-treated rats. All treatments were maintained for 4 weeks. Body weight, tail systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded weekly. Finally, morphologic, metabolic, plasma, and renal variables were measured. Arginase I and II protein abundance and arginase activity were measured in aorta, heart, and kidney.

RESULTS
The T4 group showed increased arginase I and II protein abundance, arginase activity, SBP, HR, plasma nitrates/nitrites (NOx), brainstem and urinary isoprostanes, proteinuria and cardiac and renal hypertrophy in comparison to control rats. In hyperthyroid rats, chronic nor-NOHA prevented the increase in SBP and HR and decreased proteinuria in association with an increase in plasma NOx and a decrease in brainstem and urinary isoprostanes. In normal rats, nor-NOHA treatment did not significantly change any hemodynamic, morphologic, or renal variables. Acute nor-NOHA administration did not affect renal or systemic hemodynamic variables in normal or T4-treated rats.

CONCLUSION
Hyperthyroidism in rats is associated with the increased expression and activity of arginase in aorta, heart, and kidney. Chronic arginase inhibition with nor-NOHA suppresses the characteristic hemodynamic manifestations of hyperthyroidism in association with a reduced oxidative stress. These results indicate an important role for arginase pathway alterations in the cardiovascular and renal abnormalities of hyperthyroidism.
ESPRESSO: taking into account assessment errors on outcome and exposures in power analysis for association studies
Authors: Gaye Amadou , Burton Thomas W. Y. , Burton Paul R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMotivation: Very large studies are required to provide sufficiently big sample sizes for adequately powered association analyses. This can be an expensive undertaking and it is important that an accurate sample size is identified. For more realistic sample size calculation and power analysis, the impact of unmeasured aetiological determinants and the quality of measurement of both outcome and explanatory variables should be taken into account. Conventional methods to analyse power use closed-form solutions that are not flexible enough to cater for all of these elements easily. They often result in a potentially substantial overestimation of the actual power.Results: In this article, we describe the Estimating Sample-size and Power in R by Exploring Simulated Study Outcomes tool that allows assessment errors in power calculation under various biomedical scenarios to be incorporated. We also report a real world analysis where we used this tool to answer an important strategic question for an existing cohort.Availability and implementation: The software is available for online calculation and downloads at http://espresso-research.org. The code is freely available at https://github.com/ESPRESSO-research.Contact: louqman@gmail.comSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Enhancing independent community access and participation: services, technologies, and policies
Authors: Luc Noreau , Edwards Geoffrey , Boucher Normand , Routhier Francois , Vincent Claude , Gascon Hubert , Fougeyrollas Patrick 
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines three aspects of the community access issue: access to services, the value of both existing and emerging technologies, and social and economic policy-making. In addition to an efficient rehabilitation process focusing on physical and mental capabilities, enhancing community access and social participation will require the optimization of access to services. Key concepts in this regard include the notion of support both for individuals and their families. Technologies that enhance mobility, communication, and home adaptation also play an increasingly important role. While they are essential to compensate for various forms of disabilities, the current rapid evolution of technologies does not allow adequate efficacy testing, limiting the establishment of best practices or recommendations regarding these products and often overestimating their benefits. Finally, better community access and participation should not be based on a culture of disability but a culture of ‘ability’ that impacts all citizens.
Neurocytology
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There are two major cell types that form the nervous system: the supporting cells and conducting cells. The majority of the organelles seen within these cells are similar to those seen in other tissues. The supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system consist of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. The supporting cells in the central nervous system consist of glia, lining cells of ventricles, the cells that form the meninges, the circulating blood cells, and the endothelial lining of the blood vessels. The supporting cells are constantly being replaced, while the vast majority of the conducting cells/neurons, once formed, remain with us throughout our lives.
Atlas of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
We review the organization of the spinal cord by describing the contents of four different major levels of the spinal cord—the sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical—and their functions. We discuss organization within the tracts, crossing of the tracts, the major ascending tracts (spinothalamic, medial lemniscus), and the major descending tract (corticospinal) within the spinal cord.
A Survey of Diseases of Peripheral Nerve and Nerve Root
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This is a review of the major disease in the peripheral nerve and nerve root. It first reviews the contents of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus and then discusses mononeuropathy of the lower and upper extremity and then polyneuropathies, including a discussion on the sciatic nerve and disorder of the nerve root.
Brain Stem
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Disease in the brain stem is divided into extrinsic and intrinsic disease. Extrinsic disease originates from tumors in the cerebellar pontine angle, jugular foramen, in the cerebellum, or the tentorium of the meninges. Intrinsic disease can be cause by many vascular syndromes associated with the brain stem, which produce intrinsic disease, including aneurysms and ischemic-occlusive disease of the basilar-vertebral arteries. There are also intrinsic tumors and demyelinating disease which affect the brain stem.
Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The cerebrum is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal and into two gyri: the cingulate and insular. The four lobes were named based on their relationship to the overlying skull bones. There is a left and right hemisphere and each of these lobes has a distinct function. The major cell types in the cerebrum consist of two types—spiny or nonspiny stellate and pyramidal cell. The cortex of the cerebrum is laminated and is divided into six layers: layer 1, molecular or plexiform; layer Ii, external granular; layer iii, external pyramidal; layer iv, internal granular; layer v, internal or large and giant pyramidal cell layers; and layer vi, multiform or fusiform and spindle cell layer. Callosal fibers originate from the external three layers; all layers form associational fibers; the major thalamic input is into layer iv or i. The major output from the cerebrum onto subcortical regions is from layer v for brain stem and spinal cord and Brodmann divided the cerebral cortex into 52 different areas based on the differences noted in the lamination of the cortical layers.
Motor System and Movement
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There are central pattern generators that initiate movements in the spinal cord and mesencephalon. In order to understand motor functions, we have listed the effects of transection of the spinal cord compared to decerebrate and decorticate lesions. The cerebral cortex forms the optical righting. The motor cortex is area 4 in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The pyramidal tract, corticospinal pathway, originates in the motor sensory cortex and over 90% of the fibers cross over to the other side. The premotor and supplemental motor areas in the frontal lobe prepare and sequence the motor functions that permit fine movements of the limbs and vocal cords that are controlled by the motor cortex.
Visual System
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The visual system begins in the eye in the orbit and with the receptors for vision the rods and cones in the retinae with their axons ending on the ganglion cells, which form the optic nerve that exits the orbit via the optic foramen. The optic nerve undergoes a partial decussation in the optic chiasm forming the optic nerve, whose fibers terminate in the six-layered lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The crossed fibers of the optic nerve end in layers 1, 4, and 6 of the lateral geniculate, while the uncrossed fibers end in layers 2, 3, and 5. The visual radiation that originates from the lateral geniculate is so extensive that is cannot pass directly into the occipital lobe with the most dorsally placed fibers found deep in the parietal lobe and the more ventrally placed fibers actually passing forward in Myers’ loop deep in the temporal lobe on their way to the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex, area 17, striate cortex, is found in the calcarine cortex. The visual associational areas, 18 and 19, are found on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe.